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Arthur Cravan

Arthur Cravan (born Fabian Avenarius Lloyd; 22 May 1887 – disappeared 1918) was a Swiss writer, poet, artist and boxer. He was the second son of Otho Holland Lloyd and Hélène Clara St. Clair. His brother Otho Lloyd was a painter and photographer married to the Russian émigré artist Olga Sacharoff. His father's sister, Constance Mary Lloyd, was married to Irish poet Oscar Wilde. He changed his name to Cravan in 1912 in honour of his fiancée Renée Bouchet, who was born in the small village of Cravans in the department of Charente-Maritime in western France.

Cravan was last seen at Salina Cruz, Mexico in 1918 and most likely drowned in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Mexico in November 1918.

Early life
Cravan was born and educated in Lausanne, Switzerland, then at an English military academy; he was expelled under mysterious circumstances, but some sources suggest that it was for spanking a teacher. After his schooling, during World War I, he travelled throughout Europe and America using a variety of passports and documents, most of them forged. He declared no single nationality and claimed instead to be "a citizen of 20 countries".

Career
Cravan set out to promote himself as an eccentric poet and art critic, but his interest in art and literature was that of the provocateur which is typified by his claim in Maintenant (March – April 1914) that art is "situated more in the guts than in the brain" and that he wanted to "break the face" of the modern art movement. He staged public spectacles with himself at the centre, once acting on the front of a line of carts where he paraded his skills as a boxer and singer. His proclivity for shock was what endeared him to the New York Dadaist movement, who adopted him as a poster boy after his death despite the fact Cravan never self-identified with the movement.

From 1911 to 1915, Cravan published and edited a critical literary magazine, Maintenant! ("Now!"), which appeared in five issues and which he notoriously distributed around Paris with a wheelbarrow. It was gathered together and reprinted by Eric Losfeld in 1971 as J'étais Cigare in the Dadaist collection "Le Désordre". The magazine was designed to cause sensation; in a piece about the 1914 arts salon, Cravan viciously criticised a self-portrait by Marie Laurencin, stating that it looked like she "needed a good shag". His remarks drove Laurencin's lover and influential modernist critic and poet Guillaume Apollinaire into a fury that resulted in a bid for a duel. It is not known whether the duel ever happened, though Apollinaire was depicted more than once with a sling on his arm around that time. Cravan's rough vibrant poetry and provocative, anarchistic lectures and public appearances (often degenerating into drunken brawls) earned him the admiration of Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia, André Breton, and other young artists and intellectuals.

Carolyn Burke notes that Amelia von Ende, writing in The Dial in 1914, argued that Cravan "had not only put the idea of pluralisme into poetic form but also invented the term 'machinisme', which very appropriately characterises the mechanical and industrial side of our life. [...] [von Ende] observed that Cravan's 'machinisme' had not found favour because it was less euphonious than 'dynamism', the critical term in vogue."

After the First World War began, Cravan left Paris to avoid being drafted into military service. On a stopover in the Canary Islands a boxing match was arranged in Barcelona between Cravan and the former world champion Jack Johnson to raise money for Cravan's passage to the United States. Posters for the match touted Cravan as "European champion". Johnson, who didn't know who the man was, knocked Cravan out cold after six rounds. In his autobiography, My Life and Battles, Johnson noted that Cravan must have been out of training.

Cravan's pride in being the nephew of Oscar Wilde produced hoax documents and poems which Cravan wrote and then signed "Oscar Wilde". In 1913 he published an article ("Oscar Wilde is Alive!") in Maintenant claiming that his uncle was still alive and had visited him in Paris. The New York Times published the rumour, even though Cravan and Wilde never met. In 1915 Cravan held an exhibition of his paintings at the gallery Bernheim Jeune in Paris under the pseudonym Èdouard Archinard.

New York (1916–17)
On 13 January 1916 Cravan arrived in New York on the same ship as Leon Trotsky, Carolyn Burke notes, "just a few weeks before the Kaiser announced the resumption of attacks on steamships". On the journey Trotsky and Cravan actually became acquainted and, although Cravan reportedly liked Trotsky, he felt that "It was useless telling him the result of his revolution would be the founding of a red army to protect the red liberty". While Cravan's practices may have aligned with certain anarchist and socialist principles, he was staunchly unaffiliated, mocked all notions of progress and subscribed to no single ideology or movement.

In 1917, Cravan met the poet Mina Loy at a war benefit ball where the dress code was modern art movements. That night Cravan had to deliver an address on "The Independent Artists of France and America" but he was pranked by Picabia and Duchamp who got him so drunk that he ended up swaying and slurring his speech on the platform, shouting obscenities and removing his coat, vest, collar and suspenders. This led to his arrest by four private detectives at the event but, after being taken to the local police station, Cravan was soon bailed out by friend Walter Conrad Arensberg who took him back to his home at West Sixty-Seventh Street.

Loy was to describe him, for the rest of her life, as the love of her life.

Mexico
Cravan left New York for Mexico on 1 September with a friend called Frost. Around this time in his letters to Loy, who remained in New York, he wrote that "I am only at my best when travelling" and that "[w]hen I have to stay too long in the same place, I become almost imbecilic." Together Cravan and Frost hitchhiked north through Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Maine to Canada. After many failed attempts to sail from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland due to the Canadian authorities refusing their lack of papers, Frost became ill and Cravan boarded a schooner bound for Mexico alone.

By December, Cravan had reached Mexico City and sent Loy a multitude of letters pleading with her to join him, insisting that his life depended upon it. In one such letter he begged for a lock of her hair and begged, "Better yet, come with all of your hair." He finished this letter with: "La vie est atroce." Soon after this Loy purchased a one-way ticket to Mexico City involving a 5-day train journey.

Loy, in one of the extracts from her autobiography Colossus (the title taking after her name for Cravan), recalls their time in Mexico City:"'Our life together consisted entirely in wandering arm in arm through the streets. It never made any difference what we were doing – making love or respectfully eyeing canned foods in groceries, eating our tamales at street corners or walking among weeds. Somehow we had tapped the source of enchantment.'"Not too long after Loy's arrival the pair decided to get married and, as they were unable to afford a luxurious wedding in a Mexican chapel, the pair eventually got married on 25 January 1918 at the mayor's office with two passersby as witnesses.

The couple lived on very humble means and Cravan eventually got seriously ill with amoebic dysentery, fever, stomach issues. During this time there was increasing pressure for the couple to leave Mexico City as Cravan, being a draft-dodger, was being pursued by American secret police. After Loy nursed him back to health, the couple decided to leave Mexico City separately – Loy leaving first, in order to research escape routes to Argentina, and Cravan remaining in order to raise some money. In his desperation Cravan took up a fight against Jim Smith in which he was humiliatingly beaten.

After reuniting it was clear that Loy was pregnant. With very little money, and Cravan's passport documents still not in order, it was agreed that Loy would travel on a passenger ship to protect her health and Cravan, as well as his friends Winchester, Cattell, and their Swedish friend (none of whom had the necessary papers) would sail to Chile. After purchasing and repairing an old and small craft cheaply in Salina Cruz, Cravan sailed alone to Puerto Angel, a few days up the coast, with the intention of selling or trading it for a larger vessel which he would then return to Salina Cruz in so as to accommodate all his friends in their journey to Chile.

Cravan never arrived or returned and it is presumed that he capsized and drowned in a storm raging at sea in the following days.

Loy gave birth to Fabienne Cravan Lloyd, named after her father, on 5 April 1919 in London.

In popular culture
In the Bob Brown novel You Gotta Live (1932) the character Rex takes after Cravan and Rita to Loy.

"Song Without Any End", a track on Brian Ritchie's album I See a Noise (1990), features Arthur Cravan as its subject.

Shadow-Box (1999), a novel by Irish author Antonia Logue, is a fictional version of the interweaving of the lives of Cravan, Mina Loy and Jack Johnson, the first black heavyweight champion of the world.

Cravan vs. Cravan (2002), a documentary film by Catalan Spanish director Isaki Lacuesta, traces Cravan's history through re-enactments featuring French boxer and filmmaker Frank Nicotra.

Cravan (2005), a biographical graphic novel on the life of Arthur Cravan, was written by Mike Richardson and illustrated by Rick Geary. Published by Dark Horse Comics, this biography puts forth the idea that Arthur Cravan and novelist B. Traven might be one and the same.

Last Stop Salina Cruz (2007), a novel by British author David Lalé, tells the story of a young man following in the footsteps of Cravan across France, Spain, USA, Mexico and finally Salina Cruz.

Tonight Sandy Grierson Will Lecture Dance and Box was a 2011 theatre show at the Edinburgh Fringe, co-created by the actor Sandy Grierson, who played Cravan, and the director Lorne Campbell.

The Arthur Cravan Memorial Society was a 2013 BBC Radio 4 portrait of Cravan by the comedian Arthur Smith.

The Escape Artist, a 10-part documentary on the poet-boxer Arthur Cravan by Ross Sutherland, was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 in January 2020.

title: Arthur Cravan


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Keith Lehrer

Keith Lehrer (born January 10, 1936) is Emeritus Regent's Professor of philosophy at the University of Arizona and a research professor of philosophy at the University of Miami, where he spends half of each academic year.

Education and career
Lehrer received his PhD in philosophy from Brown University where he studied under Richard Taylor and Roderick Chisholm. He joined the faculty at the University of Arizona in 1973, where he helped build a major graduate program. Prior to that, he taught at the University of Rochester.

His research interests include epistemology, free will, rational consensus, Thomas Reid and, recently, aesthetics.

Lehrer is a former president of the Pacific Division of the American Philosophical Association (APA) and also served as the APA executive director for a number of years. He is an elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Lehrer, and his wife Adrienne Lehrer, are also artists. Their work has been on display at the Vincent Gallery in Coconut Grove, Florida, concurrent with his stay at the University of Miami, where he was a visiting professor.

Philosophical work
Lehrer is best known for his defense of a coherentist theory of knowledge. According to Lehrer, "a person is justified in accepting a proposition just in case that proposition coheres with the relevant part of her cognitive system."

Lehrer's work, "Why Not Scepticism?" (WNS) is used in many introductory philosophy courses as a coherent and readable introduction to the subject (1971 Philosophical Forum, vol. II, pp. 283-298). In part VI he critiques Wittgenstein’s view that philosophical skepticism is “disguised nonsense” (Philosophical Investigations §464). In Lehrer’s textbook, Philosophical Problems and Arguments: An Introduction 4th ed. (PPA), he distinguishes two kinds of nonsense, “epistemic” and “semantic,” and presents examples of each. Lehrer argues that skepticism appears to be preposterously false and therefore is nonsense only in the epistemic sense. Yet the skeptic’s sentences are perfectly well-formed and meaningful in the semantic sense (PPA pp 59-60). A Wittgensteinian would respond that the skeptic’s well-formed syntax is deceptive. By misusing everyday epistemic language, Lehrer creates the illusion that skepticism is also semantically meaningful. If we cannot know anything for certain as Lehrer claims, then according to Wittgenstein we cannot be certain of the meaning of our words either (On Certainty §114). In Wittgenstein’s view, both skepticism and its negation (realism) are epistemic nonsense cloaked in the well-formed syntax of ordinary language. The mistake according to Wittgenstein lies in the assumption that well-formed sentences are semantically meaningful regardless of how one uses them in philosophical contexts. Lehrer on the other hand argues that philosophers have an “extraordinary” linguistic dispensation that allows them to meaningfully engage in epistemic nonsense (WNS p 289). (See also )

He has authored seven books on philosophical subjects, and over 170 scholarly articles. Lehrer is perhaps best known for his defense of the coherence theory of justification in epistemology. He is the originator of the widely discussed TrueTemp example.

Selected publications

 * Books
 * Exemplars of Truth (Oxford, 2019)
 * Art, Self, and Knowledge (Oxford, 2011)
 * Self Trust: A Study of Reason, Knowledge and Autonomy (Oxford, 1997)
 * Philosophical Problems and Arguments: An Introduction (Hackett, 1992, 4th ed.), with James Cornman and George Pappas
 * Metamind (Oxford, 1990)
 * Theory of Knowledge (Westview, 1990)
 * Thomas Reid (Routledge, 1989)
 * Rational Consensus in Science and Society: A Philosophical and Mathematical Study (D. Reidel, 1981), with Carl Wagner
 * Knowledge (Oxford, 1974)

 * Recent articles

 * "Love and Autonomy," in a volume Love Analyzed, ed. R. Lamb, Westview Press, 1997.
 * "Semantic Fields and Vectors of Meaning," with Adrienne Lehrer, In Lexical Semantics, Cognition and Philosophy, B. Lewandowska-Tomaszcyzyk, Lødz University Press, 1998.
 * "Meaning, Exemplarization and Metarepresentation," written for Metarepresentation, Dan Sperber ed., a volume of Vancouver Studies in Cognitive Science.
 * "Acceptance and Belief Reconsidered," in a volume edited by P. Engel, Belief and Acceptance, to be published by Kluwer in Philosophical Studies Series.
 * "Justification, Knowledge and Coherence," to be published in Erkenntnis.
 * "Rationality," to be published in Guidebook to Epistemology, Blackwell's, edited by J. Greco and E. Sosa.
 * "Individualism versus Communitarianism: A Consensual Compromise," written for a symposium at the World Congress of Philosophy, Boston, August, 1998, and to published in the proceedings.
 * "Reid, Hume and Common Sense," to be published in Reid Studies.

 * Books edited

 * Knowledge, Teaching and Wisdom (Kluwer, forthcoming), with Jeannie Lum, Beverly Slichta and Nicholas Smith
 * Austrian Philosophy, Past & Present (Kluwer, in process), with Johann Marek.
 * An Opened Curtain: A U.S.-Soviet Philosophical Summit (Westview, 199), with Ernest Sosa
 * Knowledge and Skepticism (Westview, 1989), with Marjorie Clay
 * Science and Ethics (Rodopi, 1988) Thomas Reid's Inquiry and Essays (Hackett, 1983), with Ronald Beanblossom
 * Analysis and Metaphysics: Essays in Honor of R.M. Chisholm (D. Reidel, 1975)
 * New Readings in Philosophical Analysis (Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972), with Herbert Feigl and Wilfrid Sellars
 * Theory of Meaning (Prentice Hall, 1970) with Adrienne Lehrer
 * Freedom and Determinism (Random House, 1966).

 * Books about Keith Lehrer

 * Keith Lehrer, edited by Radu Bogdan, Reidel, 1980.
 * The Current State of the Coherence Theory: Critical Essays on the Epistemic Theories of Keith Lehrer and Laurence Bonjour, edited by John W. Bender, Kluwer, 1989.
 * Metamind, Knowledge, and Coherence: Essays on the Philosophy of Keith Lehrer, edited by Johannes Brandl, Wolfgang Gombocz, and Christian Piller, Rodopi, 1991.
 * The Epistemology of Keith Lehrer (Series: Philosophical Studies Series, Vol. 95), edited by Erik J.Olsson, 2003, 364 p., Hardcover.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Keith Lehrer


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Matonabbee

Matonabbee (c. 1737–1782) was a Chipewyan hunter and leader. He was also a trader and a Chipewyan representative at the Prince of Wales Fort. He travelled with Chief Akaitcho's older brother, Keskarrah. After his father died, Matonabbee spent some time living at Prince of Wales Fort where he learned to speak English.

He acted as a guide for Samuel Hearne during his exploration from 1770 to 1772, together they travelled more than 5600 km. On July 14, 1771, while on an Arctic overland journey, he, his followers, and a group of Yellowknives, Dene Suline, also known as Chepewyan, who had joined them at Clowey Lake, massacred a group of over 20 unsuspecting Inuinnait, also known as Copper Inuit; this would be known as the Bloody Falls massacre.

A combination of the deaths of many Chipewyans during a smallpox epidemic of 1782, and the defeat of Fort Prince of Wales by the French in the same year, caused Matonabbee to become depressed. Fort Prince of Wales had been the primary source of his fortune and fame and he had been the main middleman between the various tribes of the Cree and the Hudson's Bay Company. He then committed suicide by hanging himself, thus being the earliest record of a northern First Nations to kill himself.

title: Matonabbee


text:
User talk:199.207.253.101

Attention: This IP address is registered to KPMG LLP abuse@kpmg.com. Comments left on this page may be received by other users of this IP and appear to be irrelevant. Caution should be used when blocking this IP or reverting its contributions without checking. In the event of vandalism from this address, efforts will be made to contact KPMG LLP abuse@kpmg.com to report abuse.

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September 2017
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November 2017
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December 2017
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January 2018
You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you add unsourced material to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to Hillside, New Jersey.  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   14:47, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

April 2018
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May 2020
Hello. Your recent edit to Lassiter High School appears to have added the name of a non-notable entity to a list that normally includes only notable entries. In general, a person, organization or product added to a list should have a pre-existing article before being added to most lists. If you wish to create such an article, please first confirm that the subject qualifies for a separate, stand-alone article according to Wikipedia's notability guideline. Thank you. Meters (talk) 02:00, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

October 2021
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title: User talk:199.207.253.101


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Allen Dillan Newman

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 15:51, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

Allen Dillan Newman
Non-notable individual (stuntman who has worked on one film); appears to have been written by a friend of the subject. tregoweth 22:40, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it would take much more for a stuntman to become notable; also seems hoaxy/personal attack-y, with the stuff about changing his name, "rumors of his death", marrying his sister-in-law, etc. Dcarrano 00:24, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Restore yoo can not do this it is not right Marijuanaisbad
 * This user also removed the VfD notice from the article (edit summary: "revert user was playing a practicil joke"). tregoweth 01:58, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 02:34, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 09:41, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. Xoloz 18:00, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 23:05, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Levert (disambiguation)

LeVert was an R&B vocal group, formed in 1984 by brothers Gerald and Sean Levert.

Levert or LeVert may also refer to:
 * Levert, Alabama, unincorporated community in Perry County, Alabama, United States

People with the surname Levert

 * Caris LeVert (born 1994), American basketball player
 * Charles Levert (1825–1899), French public servant and politician
 * Eddie Levert, (born 1942), American singer, lead vocalist of The O'Jays and father of Gerald and Sean Levert
 * Gerald Levert, (1966–2006), American R&B singer
 * Léopold Levert (1819–1882), French artist
 * Mireille Levert (born 1956), Canadian writer
 * Sean Levert, (1968–2008), American R&B singer

People with the given name Levert

 * Levert Carr (born 1944), American football player

title: Levert (disambiguation)


text:
Kolach (cake)

A kolach, from the Czech and Slovak koláč (plural koláče, diminutive koláčky, meaning "cake/pie"), is a type of sweet pastry that holds a portion of fruit surrounded by puffy yeast dough. Common filling flavors include tvaroh (a type of cottage cheese), fruit jam, poppy seeds, or povidla (prune jam). In the United States, the word kolache is sometimes used as the singular rather than as the plural, and the letter "s" is often added to the end of the word kolache to form "kolaches", which is a double plural.

Background
Originating as a semisweet pastry from Central Europe, kolache have become popular in parts of the United States. The name originates from Bohemian, originally Old Slavonic word kolo, meaning "circle" or "wheel".

Traditional Czech koláče are used in villages during feasts as a treat or at important events, such as weddings. They are usually small, with a diameter of no more than 8 cm and with only one type of filling, sprinkled with sweet crumbs or sugar.

Variants
In Moravia, large koláče are popular. In some areas, they have regional names: for example, in Wallachia, they bake so-called frgály, approximately 25 cm in diameter. These are made of yeast dough and are most often filled with jam from apples, pears, or plums. In southern and western Bohemia (especially in the Chod region), koláče are also large in diameter and decorated with contrasting ornaments, most often made of povidla, poppy seeds, and cottage cheese. They are served cut into triangles, similar to pizza.

In some parts of the US, especially in Houston, Texas, klobásník (or klobasnek), which contains sausage or other meat, is also called kolach, because the same kind of dough is used. This pastry is more closely related to a pig in a blanket, however. In contrast, a Czech koláč is always sweet. Unlike kolache, which came to the United States with Czech immigrants, klobásníky were first made by Czechs who settled in Texas. In Texas, kolaches are often known among people not of Czech origin as "sweet kolaches" or "fruit kolaches", while klobasneks are called kolaches.

Kolache are often associated with small towns in the midwestern United States, where they were introduced by Czech immigrants. They are served at church suppers and on holidays but also as an everyday comfort food. Recipes are usually passed down, with some including spices like mace or nutmeg. They can be filled with a combination of prune, apricot, cream cheese, poppy seed, or assorted other fillings.

Holidays and festivals
Bujanov (a municipality in the South Bohemian Region of Czechia) holds annual koláč celebrations (Koláčové slavnosti) and a koláč marathon (Koláčový běh).

Several US cities hold annual koláč festival celebrations:

 * Tabor, South Dakota
 * Verdigre, Nebraska
 * Wilber, Nebraska
 * Prague, Nebraska
 * Caldwell, Texas
 * New Prague, Minnesota
 * East Bernard, Texas
 * Crosby, Texas
 * Hallettsville, Texas
 * Prague, Oklahoma
 * St. Ludmila's Catholic church in Cedar Rapids, Iowa
 * Kewaunee, Wisconsin

Both Verdigre, Nebraska, and Montgomery, Minnesota, claim to be the "kolache capital of the world". Prague, Nebraska, claims to be known as the home of the world's largest koláč. Both Caldwell, Texas, and West, Texas, claim the title of "Kolache Capital" of the state, and kolache are popular in Central and Eastern Texas. They are part of the Texas Czech Belt, which grew in the 1880s and is full of koláč bakeries.

title: Kolach (cake)


text:
User talk:Benamies

Hi. Thanks for uploading Image:Montjuic Communications Tower.jpg. It looks like you're fighting with the syntax of including it. The best idea is to copy the syntax used for the images above it in the article, just with a different image name. Oh, and don't worry too much about the images lining up with the text - it never works out well (different screen sizes complicate matters). A sensible image caption is enough to allow the user to figure out what's what. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 22:40, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Montjuic Communications Tower.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Montjuic Communications Tower.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 07:06, 7 June 2009 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Jay32183 (talk) 07:06, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Benamies


text:
Talk:Truth/Archive 5

edits by 67.182.157.6
I removed:

"The term, 'truth' refers to a statement that is factual. For example, the statement, 'God exists' is true if it is a fact that God exists."

In attempting to achieve clarity, .6 has provided no clarification; A fact is a true statement, so the definition is quite circular. The previous introduction (to which I reverted) does not attempt to define truth, since the body of the article is precisely a discussion of the various definitions, and to place one in the intro would be POV. Instead, this intro sets out that the article is going to discuss a particular use of true. Banno 00:52, July 13, 2005 (UTC) Archiving the diff here as Troll insurance Ancheta Wis 14:27, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Deflation and Redundancy
I've removed:

"One important question in this regard is whether asserting that a statement is true is any different from just asserting the statement itself. (See below)"

Because it is misleading - it is the redundancy theory, in particular, that makes this assertion, not the various deflationary theories. But does the point Jim makes still hold?

The only advocate of this sort of redundancy I am aware of is Frank Ramsey; From http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-deflationary/#Utility :

"On the contrary, however, advocates of the deflationary theory (particularly those influenced by Ramsey) are at pains to point out that anyone who has the concept of truth in this sense is in possession of a very useful concept indeed (Banno's emphasis)"

and goes on to show that Ramsey indeed held that "truth" was a useful notion, because it allowed users of ordinary language to avoid infinite conjunctions. In other words, Ramsey argued that "P" and "P is true" are equivalent; he did not argue that to assert "P" is not to evaluate it; rather that to assert "P" was to evaluate it in the same way as one does when one asserts "P is true".

Indeed, it is hard to imagine anyone arguing that to assert some proposition is not to evaluate it. What sense could one make of that?

So while there is a superficial disparity between the first paragraph and the redundancy theory, I think it disappears when one looks more closely at Ramsey's work. Banno

 * I think to understand "P is true" we need to understand "P is false" --JimWae 04:23, 2005 July 15 (UTC)
 * But to understand "P is true" is not to assent to "P is true". Banno 05:05, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, Banno, if you can edit out the second paragraph, then to be fair, in the interest of preserving the neutral point of view, the first paragraph is now edited out too. Aside from that first paragraph being reduntant, it really contributed nothing to the article, and only served to violate the neutral point of view requirement right at the start of the article. -- 67.182.157.6 07:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't like leaving the first para out, but I'll leave reinserting it to others. I have presented, above, an extensive argument as to why the first Para is not POV, but 67.182.157.6 has insisted, without comment, on removing that para. Given that .6 has removed the part he/she found problematic, why re-inserted the NPOV banner? What is POV about the present version? Banno 20:53, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * This isn't a tit-for-tat negotiation here. The first paragraph is useful, but the paragraph which 67.182 repeatedly adds does not appear to be correct. There is nothing wrong with removing invalid information. Wikipedia doesn't work on the "I get to do this since you did that" principle. Rhobite 21:06, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't say it was "tit for tat." I said to be fair, in the interest of preserving the neutral point of view, the first paragraph is now edited out too. Aside from that first paragraph being reduntant, it really contributed nothing to the article, and only served to violate the neutral point of view requirement right at the start of the article, in that "'3 is less than 4' is true" is redundant. It is perfectly sufficient to simply say 3 is less than 4. See the section of the article on redundancy. -- 67.182.157.6 21:45, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * .6, you have still not provided a reply to my post re: Ramsey. I maintain that the first paragraph sets up the context for the remainder of the article. Others apparently agree, since you have now had to revert three times. Take care, less you draw the wrath of the admins. Banno 22:13, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Principled Negotiation is a cooperative process whereby participants try to find a solution which meets the legitimate interests of both parties, which in the context of Wikipedia usually involves appropriate mention of all points of view in an article thus improving the quality of the article. Explanation of all points of view is done throughout the body of the article, so your POV concerning "'3 is less than 4' is true", and my POV that it is redundant, in that it is perfectly sufficient to say simply "3 is less than four" are both covered in the body of the article, Truth, so there is no need for either of them in the header. So neither my POV nor yours need appear in the header of the article. Okay sir? Peace? -- 67.182.157.6 22:41, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There are more parties here than you and I, my friend. As I said above, I will not revert your edit. I'm doing this so that the other parties can express their view. Your edit has been reverted by those other users - it seems that it is you alone who think the first paragraph unnecessary. If there ever was an absence of peace, it was the result of your editing. Also, you have still not provided a reply to my post re: Ramsey. Banno 23:25, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

So what are you saying, that you will ignore my offer of a peaceful negotatiated settlement (see above), and lead your side away from any consideration of a principled negotiation, in effect condoning an endless revert battle between your side and mine?

(Number on each side should not matter in a PRINCIPLED negotiation, should it, sir, since Wikipedia is governed by principles, by consensus, and certainly not by tyrany of the majority, don't you agree? This is strictly a matter of the Wikipedia principle that a neutral point of view should be maintained, not favoring one side or the other, don't you agree? ) -- 67.182.157.6 23:55, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not leading anyone. NPOV does not mean "not favouring one side or the other". See Neutral point of view - yours is a minority view. Nor have I a knighthood, so please don't call me "Sir". Also, you have still not provided a reply to my post re: Ramsey. Frankly, I don't see a point to this discussion. Banno 00:08, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

I have to agree with Banno - from what I can tell, the other guy's main objection is that there is even an article on truth --JimWae 00:56, 2005 July 16 (UTC) Folks,

Actually, the more I think about it, 67.182.157.6 may have a point about that first paragraph, even though I think he is ... well, I won't throw gas on the flames by saying what I think of him.

 * Argument _ad hominem_ wouldn't help matters in any case, would it sir, since it is logical fallacy? 8^)
 * Exactly why I did not make an ad hominen attack, although you do when you call people who disagree with you obscurantists.

Although Ramsey, and other Deflationists, do see the word "truth" as useful, they don't believe that it is used to evaluate statements. This is an example of the kind of knots one can get tied up in when writing about philosophy: the issues are so disputed in so many ways, its hard to write even a single sentence that doesn't conflict with somebody's opinion. I'd vote to just get rid of that first paragraph. --Nate Ladd 06:07, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd vote to just get rid of that first paragraph too, if edits were decided in Wikipedia by straight majority vote, but they are not, the policy as I understand it is principled negotiation. Principled negotiation is a cooperative process whereby participants try to find a solution which meets the legitimate interests of both parties, which in the context of Wikipedia usually involves appropriate mention of all points of view in an article thus improving the quality of the article. Both points of view need to be included to achieve Wikipedia:Neutral point of view. And both points of view are included in the body of the article, it is the bit that Banno and company insist on adding to the header, the redundant bit about '3 is less than 4' being true, that is objectionable to those with the point of view that is redundant, and it is perfectly sufficient to say simply, '3 is less than 4'.

 * So, to preserve NPOV it is better to avoid placing the point of view of only one side as an introduction to the article.

 * "Wikipedia policy is that all articles should be written from a neutral point of view: without bias, representing all views fairly. According to Wikipedia founder Jimbo Wales, NPOV is "absolute and non-negotiable". " -- NPOV

-- 67.182.157.6 16:07, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Ancheta Wis posting somebody else's email address here for the spam bots to pick up is a breach of netiquette
Shame on you sir!! -- 67.182.157.6 16:07, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Limit edits to one per day?
Folks, we are best off with one-per-day edits, per editor, for the forseeable future on this article. Ancheta Wis 02:46, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll agree to that - I'd like to gauge others opinions. Banno 05:11, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Is limiting the number of edits per day set as Wikipedia policy somewhere you can point out, or do you boys like to just make things up as you go along?? What do you think this is, Calvinball? -- 67.182.157.6 15:33, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * In the message, We did not refer to you. I apologize for not including you in the circle (viz. us). You, of course, are free to act in accord with your natural values, come what may. Those actions are then a reflection of what will be seen as your character, to us. Ancheta Wis 16:57, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There is time. Join us, with what that implies.

Dealing with Ramsey
The "controversial" first para is:

This article is primarily concerned with truth as it is used in the evaluation of propositions, sentences, and similar items. For example, the sentence "3 is less than 4 is true" is an evaluation of the sentence "3 is less than 4".

 * Not everyone agrees that paragraph is in accord with NPOV, on grounds that saying, for example, "'Snow is white' is true" is redundant, and it is sufficient to say simply "Snow is white." So, to preserve a neutral point of view, that paragraph should be deleted, or additional material added to show the other points of view, the one in section 2.2 of the article for example.
 * (this doggerel by .6 - unsigned - Banno)

Nathan suggests that Ramsey and perhaps other deflationary theorists (in particular, I guess, those that call themselves redundancy theorists) do not think that "P is true" is an evaluation of P. This is interesting. I had thought of Ramsey as differentiating two uses of "true": The first that "P is true" is logically equivalent to "P", and therefore redundant in all cases, except for the second, where it is used as a predicate over the content of someone's beliefs, as in "Everything Banno says is true".

Now I should make it clear that I do not have a copy of "Facts and Propositions". I cannot find one on-line. So I;m making use of secondary sources. In particular, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1746-8361.2004.tb00321.x

It is pretty clear from that article that Ramsey denied the existence of facts, replacing them with "judgements", and making judgements the bearers of truth. This fits with the main body of his work, on probability and belief. So, for him, the equivalence of "P" and "P is true" arises because they express the very same judgement. Now, it seems to me that he is here in precise agreement with the first paragraph - to put my words into his mouth, "the judgement that three is less than four is equivalent to the judgement that ''it is true that: 3 is less than four, and so the latter is redundant".

I hope that it is clear from this that Ramsey thought "P is true" to be a judgement, and so an evaluation of P; one that he held to be the same as the judgement that "P"; and that he would therefore not have a problem with the introductory paragraph. He would simply have added: "and the is true is unnecessary".

Nathan, is my analysis satisfactory? What do you think? Banno 23:19, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * We are having a discussion of how to preserve a neutral point of view in the introductory material over in the "NPOV in Introduction" section. Care to join that discussion? -- 67.182.157.6 01:14, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * "We"? .6, you have still not provided a reply to my post re: Ramsey. Oh, I mentioned that before, didn't I? Banno 06:19, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't pretend to understand 67.182.157.6's problem with the established para, which seems good, but the current (as of 01:32 17 July 2005) intro seems to me to be unhelpful. IMO, the best solutions would be to either simply to take the term 'truth' as given, and then to debate it, or to adopt a more "dictionary" definition to start with, and then address the philosophical problems associated with the term. Paul B 01:41, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Some people think the word "truth" has a referent, some think it a collection of true statements, while some think that all true statements have some single property in common (or 2 if you call truth a property) --JimWae 02:16, 2005 July 17 (UTC)

 * I don't agree with Banno's analysis of Ramsey. It seems to me that Ramsey would say that P is a judgement about some state of affairs, not about itself. So if "P is true" is equivalent to P, then "P is true" is also about that same state of affairs. It, too, is NOT about P. So it isn't an evaluation of P. The essence of all deflationary theories is that "is true" only looks like a predicate; but it really isn't. It isn't really predicating a property of P or attributing a value to P. So it is not evaluating P.

 * One source of the trouble this article will always have with any introduction is that it is really trying to cover two different kinds of theories: (1) theories of truth and (2) theories about what people are doing when they make what APPEAR TO BE truth-ascribing utterance like "snow is white" is true. Deflationist theories are all really theories of the second kind. Theories of turth, the first kind, simply take for granted that what people are doing when they make those utterances is that they are evaluating the statement in question. (The utterances are doing exactly what they appear to be doing.) This is precisely what Deflationist theories reject. The latter all claim that the surface grammar of such utterances is misleading. --Nate Ladd 04:28, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Well, I disagree; but given that I have considerable respect for your understanding of philosophical issues, I'll concede to the following modification:

This article is primarily concerned with truth as it is used in discussing propositions, sentences, and similar items. For example, the sentence "3 is less than 4 is true" is about the sentence "3 is less than 4".

This at least points to the nature of the discussion in the article, without, saying anything about truth. I don't think this modification as good as the original, but I do think, and I guess that others here agree with me, that something is needed to point to the basic content of the article. Banno 06:16, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Truth/Archive 5


text:
Le Vert

Le Vert may refer to:
 * Octavia Walton Le Vert, a popular antebellum socialite and author, also known as Madame Le Vert.
 * LeVert, an R&B group from Ohio, USA
 * Le Vert, Deux-Sèvres, a commune in western France

title: Le Vert


text: Category:Lists of scientists

title: Category:Lists of scientists


text:
Talk:Shekel

The coin was originally a "warehouse claim ticket" made of metal
It represented a weight of goods in the city state warehouse. It was created as a security feature to replace tokens made of paper, wood, clay, etc.. because they were easily counterfeited, and mining and refining metals and making coins was very difficult at that time. The use of tokens, in general, happened after the invention of the ledger to allow anyone to retrieve the goods from the warehouse, not just the one who deposited them. Christopher Theodore (talk) 19:15, 5 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Do you have a reference for that? --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 20:43, 10 April 2018 (UTC)
 * yes, there is missing the etymology of this word. Is it heavy or weight ? Probably the reference for this are the dictionaries of Simo Parpola on Sumerian and Akkadian or the new book of Mailhammer and Vennemann, which contains a chapter on Schilling and Schekel. 115.164.75.254 (talk) 09:40, 24 June 2020 (UTC)

Judas
So Judas' "30 pieces of silver" would be Tyrian shekels? I always thought they would be Roman denarii, or possibly Hellenistic drachms/tetradrachms... Do we have any sources for that? --Svartalf 22:43, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Zionist Shekel
I got here from World Zionist Organization Page which had a link titled Zionist Shekel (or something similar) and stated that you had to something like purchase a Zionist Shekel in order to vote as a member of the World Zionist Organization ? It sounds to me like something like a poll tax token was being described...I may have misread this though. Well, I guess if this is the case then there needs to be a disambiguation page. John5Russell3Finley 22:05, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Pronounciation of plural
The plural of shekel (in Hebrew) is shkalim not shekalim. The spelling in hebrew doesn't change (שקלים) but the sheva under the shin isn't pronounced (at least not in modern Hebrew). The article should be updated to include this. --Belfry 03:27, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It's pronounced without it casually in modern Hebrew, but that schwa and the slight sound that comes with it is still a part of the word, and it would still be audible in clear or slow speech. (That is to say, it is phonologically correct -- someone who includes it isn't pronouncing the word incorrectly or changing its meaning). When the adjoining letters in that mishkal don't flow together quite as easily (such as in "b'gadim"), that schwa becomes a little more audible. A good comparison is probably the 't' in the English word "often". Even though most speakers in North America don't pronounce it, it is still phonologically part of the word, and isn't incorrect when pronounced... it just comes off as careful. 192.197.178.2 (talk) 21:20, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

"Used informally"?
Could someone clarify this part? Because I live in Wisconsin and have never once heard anyone refer to money as "shekels". - Gargomon251 (talk) 19:18, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

I hate to be the one to tell you this, but Wisconsin is far, far away from Israel. The public school system really is that bad these days, isn't it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.126.248.185 (talk) 01:04, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The statement in the article that Shekel is used informally for "money". makes no sense - it is used in Israel for money, because that's the official name of the currency! Before this name was officially chosen for the currency, nobody used this name informally to refer to money. So this statement has no business of appearing in the article, so I'm removing it. Nyh (talk) 12:42, 21 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It is used as an antisemitic remark https://www.newsweek.com/eric-trump-uses-anti-semitic-word-woodward-made-three-extra-shekels-book-1119081 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.179.184.17 (talk) 01:56, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

Hittite Shekel
1 Hittite shekel = 12.5 gr (according to Mahfi Eğilmez, "Hitit Ekonomisi" = The Hittite Economy)/ Of course, there was no money at that time! Böri (talk) 09:57, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

in Mesopotamia
1 shekel (shiqlu) = 8.333 gr Böri (talk) 09:58, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Potentially useful sources
This might be helpful:

Article mixes two very different concepts
The article mixes the unit of weight and the coin. Just because they have the same name, and may have been related originally, they should not be considered the same concept. See for example pound (unit of weight) and pound (currency), or car (automobile) and car (train wagon), etc. The article should be split in at least two articles. --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 20:37, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I think that a one shekel coin has a weight of one shekel though. They were on a direct silver standard. GliderMaven (talk) 21:40, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Article lacks references, dates, places
The article lacks references for major points, such as the claim that the coin was originally a token for the palacial warehouse. (Could that be original research:?) It also lacks specifics of places and dates. --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 20:39, 10 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shekel


text:
Germán Figueroa

Germán Figueroa Sullivan (born May 6, 1975) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler, actor and mixed martial artist better known as "El León" Apollo (alternatively spelled "Apolo") and El León.

Figueroa began performing in Puerto Rico's independent circuit, before entering the International Wrestling Association and World Wrestling Council. Abroad, he has made appearances in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and Ring Ka King, among others. Figueroa has also been signed to WWE and held an administrative role in World Warriors Wrestling (WWW).

Professional wrestling career
Figueroa was originally a professional basketball player, and represented Puerto Rico in a game against the United States basketball team in Madison Square Garden in 1991. Figueroa first became involved with professional wrestling by performing in the local independent circuit, performing as "Peter el Stripper". He subsequently migrated to Mexico, adopting the masked persona of "Power Man", wrestling along veteran luchador Silver Star.

International Wrestling Association (1999–2006, 2007)
After deciding to become a professional wrestler, Figueroa trained under Hector Soto, Savio Vega, Miguel Pérez, Jr. and others and debuted in the Puerto Rican International Wrestling Association in 1999 as Nuevo Gran Apolo ("New Great Apolo"), facing Andy Anderson. He quickly ascended the ranks of the promotion, at first forming a tag team with Ricky Banderas known as the Nueva Generación ("New Generation"). They first won the IWA Tag Team Championships on May 7, 2000, in Moca, defeating the Starr Corporation. They held the titles twice more that year, but on August 6, a day after their third reign began, Banderas turned on Figueroa and named Miguelito Pérez as his new partner. In 2001 Figueroa and Pérez formed a tag team, and on February 24 they won the IWA Tag Team Championships, making Figueroa a four-time tag team champion. On March 23, however, Pérez no-showed a scheduled title defence, and Figueroa fell to the Starr Corporation in a de facto handicap match.

Having been betrayed by two tag team partners, Figueroa decided to focus on the richest prize in the IWA; the IWA Heavyweight Championship. His goal was swiftly realized; on June 16, 2001, in Bayamón Figueroa defeating reigning champion Ricky Banderas and Tiger Ali Singh in a Three Way match to become IWA World Champion. He lost the title to Pain on September 29, who in turn lost to Glamour Boy Shane. Figueroa began feuding with Shane over the title, winning the title for a second time on October 27. Shane was, however, unwilling to relinquish the title, and two months later the title was held-up after a TLC Match ended in controversial fashion. Figueroa immediately went after the vacant title, but lost a crowning match to Primo Carnero when IWA President Victor Quiñones threw in a towel on his behalf. Figueroa soon returned to the title pictures, however, and won the IWA Heavyweight Championship three more times in 2002, and one in 2003 and 2004 respectively. In April 2003 he was sidelined for eight months with a serious neck injury.

Figueroa shortened his name to Gran Apolo, then simply Apolo. He later added the prefix "El León".

Figueroa left the IWA in 2006, returning on September 23, 2007, at the Golpe de Estado event.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2002, 2004, 2005–2006)
Figueroa joined Total Nonstop Action Wrestling in July 2002 as Apolo. He made several appearances for the promotion, with his last match being a loss to Jeff Jarrett on August 7 in a match with Ricky Steamboat as the special guest referee.

On January 14, 2004, Figueroa returned to TNA under a mask as El León ("The Lion"), attacking Jarrett. The following week he faced Jarrett in a street fight that ended in a no-contest. Figueroa unmasked on March 31, and formed a tag team with D'Lo Brown. That same night, Figueroa and Brown defeated three other teams to become number one contenders to the vacant tag team championships. On April 14, 2004, Figueroa and Brown defeated Kid Kash and Dallas for the NWA World Tag Team Championships, winning by disqualification (in TNA, title can change hands on countouts or disqualifications) when Dallas brought a pipe into the ring. The following week, Kash and Dallas claimed their rematch. In the course of the match, Kash attempted to hit Figueroa with a pipe, but Figueroa was able to wrestle it from him and use it on Kash and Dallas. Referee Rudy Charles saw Figueroa with the weapon and disqualified him as a result, thereby returning the titles to Kash and Dallas. The two teams faced one another for a third time on April 28 in a Nightstick on a Pole Match to determine the undisputed NWA World Tag Team Champions, and Figueroa and Brown were defeated. Figueroa then left the promotion once more.

Figueroa returned to TNA for a third run on March 4, 2005, with Director of Authority Dusty Rhodes welcoming him as part of his "open door policy". After defeating Sonny Siaki on the March 25 episode of TNA Impact!, Figueroa earned the respect of his Samoan opponent, and the duo formed a tag-team. On June 19 at Slammiversary they were defeated by Simon Diamond and Trytan. The team was split when Siaki's contract expired in December 2005.

On the December 31 episode of Impact!, Figueroa helped Konnan and the debuting Homicide to ambush Bob Armstrong. The trio were later identified as "The Latin American Xchange".

After Figueroa no-showed TNA Final Resolution 2006, he was removed from TNA television. At TNA Against All Odds 2006 on February 12, 2006, he was replaced with Machete. He was released from the promotion that same month.

Figueroa was a participant in a TNA event that took place on June 3, 2007, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He was booked to wrestle in a tag team match with Jeff Jarrett against Scott Steiner and James Storm, Figueroa's team won the match.

Puerto Rican independent circuit (2006–2007)
After entering into a backstage conflict with the IWA's management, Figueroa no-showed a scheduled appearance on June 24, 2006, going on to debut in the New Wrestling Stars (NWS), then a large independent promotion with a talent exchange and cooperation arrangement with WWC, the following night. His first appearance in the NWS was a spot where his characteristic music was played and he made the save by interfering in an assault on the face faction. He was recruited by Rico Casanova. However, since Figueroa was still under contract with the IWA until March 2007 and had taken the case to the courts of Puerto Rico seeking a release, WWC decided not to air this segment in their television program, Superestrellas de la Lucha Libre. The NWS had been experiencing talent losses and economic difficulty prior to this angle, relying heavily on it to recover and its ownership was infuriated over the segment being skipped, which led to the end of the NWS-WWC agreement. Still unable to wrestle under his character while it was under legal litigation, Figueroa adopted a masked persona known as "El Rey Romano", though his actual identity was not denied or ignored. This was a strategy that the promotion had previously used with Shane Sewell, known as the masked "Mr.GPR", and initially used by the IWA when Ray González entered it as "Rey Fénix" while challenging his contract with WWC. Figueroa entered an angle against manager Ángel "El Profe" Pantojas, who brought in Rein Stein, whom he defeated by disqualification.

While working in NWS, Figueroa made appearances in another independent promotion the Puerto Rico Wrestling Association (PRWA), debuting on July 19, 2006, in a non-wrestling role as "El Romano". On September 3, 2006, he won a disqualification over Brutus "El Carnicero" when the heel stable interfered. At PRWA's Purgatorio event, he defeated a wrestler known as "Tonka". On September 13, 2006, Figueroa defeated "Voodo Man" by pinfall. The entrance of Figueroa to NWS had considerable impact due to the fact that he had remained exclusive to the IWA throughout his career, a distinction only shared by the other half of the Dream Team tag team, Ricky Banderas. However, the lack of a licensed promoter following the end of the company's relationship with WWC propelled it into immediate economic problems due to the cost of the roster's established figures. The NWS aired the last edition of its television program, A Puro Fuego, on September 10, 2006, and in less than three months its personnel had been salvaged by IWA and WWC. After this, Figueroa continued performing in PRWA, wrestling Edgar "Spectro" Díaz at Levantando la Dignidad. Figueroa next focused on a new independent company founded in his native Ponce, the World Wrestling Revolutions, where he debuted on September 8, 2006, using the ringname "El León Apolo" (fusing his nickname and former ringname) in a tag team match. In his second appearance for the promotion, he won a tag team match. Figueroa was later involved in a visit that the WWR's CEO, Denys Negrón, made to meet with TNA personnel. By November, the promotion decided to change his ring name to "Rey de Reyes". Figueroa also made two appearances for independent promotion WOA, losing a singles match and being disqualified in a tag team match.

World Wrestling Council (2007)
After his contract with IWA expired Figueroa joined Carlos Colón's wrestling promotion the World Wrestling Council under his former IWA gimmick. He was first involved in an angle involving Bronco, in which he was accused of not fulfilling his obligations two years before when he has rumored to debut on WWC. Following this feud he was involved in several confrontations with Eddie Colón; this led to the two of them meeting in two number one contendership matches both of which were won by Apolo. On May 12, 2007, in WWC's annual event Summer Madness, Apolo faced Alofa "The Samoan tank" in a match where Colón served as guest referee, Apolo applied his finishing move to Alofa gaining a pinfall victory in the process becoming the WWC Universal Heavyweight Champion. Figueroa would lose the title on May 19, 2007, in a twelve-man Royal Rumble where Eddie Colón would be booked to become the new champion.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2007)
On December 21, 2007, the company announced that Figueroa had signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment, in this announcement they informed that Figueroa would wrestle in Florida Championship Wrestling, one of the company's development territories before being promoted to one of the main rosters. On March 4, 2008, it was reported that Figueroa had been released from his contract.

Various promotions (2007–present)
Figueroa returned to the International Wrestling Association after working several months in the World Wrestling Council and wrestled there during the final months of 2007.

After being released from his contract Figueroa remained inactive for several months. On June 7, 2008, he returned to action in the Puerto Rico Wrestling Association, winning a three-way match. On November 16, 2008, Figueroa performed in a card presented by the IWA.

Subsequently, Figueroa began competing for NWA On Fire, one of the independent promotions that form part of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). On December 27, 2008, Figueroa was booked to win the NWA On Fire Heavyweight Championship by defeating Danny Inferno. On May 2, 2009, Figueroa defeated Mike DiBiase II to win the NWA North American Heavyweight Championship, becoming a dual-champion within the NWA.

After being released, Figueroa returned to wrestling at WWC's Aniversario 2012 event, where he defeated "The Precious One" Gilbert Cruz to win his second Universal Heavyweight Championship. While working for WWC, Figueroa was recruited by the World Wrestling League as a member of the interpromotional Team Puerto Rico, joining Banderas and Joe "Hercules" Gómez with Rico Casanova as the GM of the promotion. On June 25, 2013, Figueroa defeated a masked luchador known as Apocalipsis to win the Maximum Heavyweight championship of the Peru-based Leader Wrestling Association. This was the main event of Campeones del Ring: Hacedores de Proezas 2013 and it marked the first instance that a foreign wrestler won the belt. He dropped the belt to Apocalipsis in the final event of this tour. On July 27, 2013, Figueroa teamed with Joe "Hercules" Gómez to defeat J. T. Dunn and Mike Graca for the NWW World Tag Team Championship. The team challenged for the WWL World Tag Team Championship on September 8, 2013, but failed to win due to outside intervention. On November 16, 2013, at Crossfire, he won the WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship.

On December 30, 2013, Figueroa filmed a promotional skit for a debuting independent promotion named Latin Wrestling Alliance appearing along his son, Alex Figueroa, in the later's debut appearance in professional wrestling. The company's first show took place on February 1, 2014, where he defeated his opponent after his son intervened on his behalf. On March 7, 2014, Figueroa returned to WWL winning a three-way match over Cien Caras Jr. and X-Fly. Two days later he wrestled Cien Caras, Jr. in a one-on-one rematch, winning by using the ropes for leverage. On September 16, 2014, Figueroa makes an appearance in Canada Legends City Wrestling (LCW) promotion as a heel mysterious wrestler who would face in a single match against Rhyno, due to interventions of Kilgrave and Kowboy Mike Hughes the match was changed to a tag team match between Figueroa & Kilgrave Vs Rhyno & Kowboy Mike Hughes losing the match Kilgrave after receive The Gore of Rhyno. On October 18, 2014, in WWL, Apolo teamed with ATLAS to face Mr. Big and his returning surprise partner Noel Rodriguez, in a controversial victory when Mr. Big chockeslamed his partner. After the match, Mr. Big and several authority enforcers attacked Rodriguez, and after several minutes, Apolo returned to help Noel.

On June 13, 2015, Figueroa defeat a masked wrestler known as Mr. Fantastic for win the LCW Heavyweight Championship, later on June 24, 2015, Figueroa & his wife Havana, returns to WWC in the event Summer Madness.

Mixed martial arts career
On December 19, 2019, Combate Americas announced that Figueroa (competing under his real name) would be making his debut in a fight against John Calloway. In the press release it was reported that he had been training for a year. The fight was scheduled for January 25, 2020, as part of a card to be headlined by Amanda Serrano at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum.

Personal life
Figueroa is married to former professional wrestler Verónica Polera, also known under her ring name Habana. The couple married on an event of the International Wrestling Association which was aired in the promotion's weekly television program. Figueroa has five children, a fifteen-year-old and eleven-year-old son and seven-year-old daughter with his current wife Havana and two other from a previous marriage. In his youth, Figueroa had a brief career as a professional basketball player, making appearances for the Maratonistas de Coamo of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN).

Figueroa was arrested on May 23, 2007, for missing a child-support payment, he was released on May 30, 2007, after part of the alimony money was lent by his best friend Jorge Maldonado (Rico Casanova).

On June 22, 2007, Figueroa was jailed after he supposedly twisted Polera's arm and squeezed her neck. According to the official report the couple were traveling through the road numbered 861 in the San Fernando sector of Bayamón, Puerto Rico when the incident happened. Following the aggression Polera sought refuge in the police headquarters located in West Bayamón. Polera was attended by medical personnel in the Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Bayamón. According to Héctor Rivera Sánchez who served as prosecutor in the case Polera had bruises in her neck. Figueroa was subsequently arrested after judge Milagros Muñiz determined there was cause for his arrest. Figueroa did not present any resistance at the moment of his arrest, Muniz established the bail amount at eight thousand dollars which he paid being released later that evening. Following this event, a preliminary court hearing was scheduled for July 11, 2007, to determine a sentence regarding this case. The case was attended on October 10, 2007, in the hearing Figueroa pleaded guilty on domestic violence charges and the sentence involved him participating in a detour program for a period of a year.

On November 16, 2014, German introduced his son Alex Figueroa into the business at LWA (a promotion in Connecticut that later fell due to complications). Under the ring name of his father Apolo jr and continuing his training at PWA CT< Apolo Jr traveled with his father to wrestle in various promotions together such as WWC and WWL in Puerto Rico, WXW in Florida and many more shows around the states. residing in Florida Apolo Jr now is under the training of Afa The Wild Samoan at The Wild Samoan Pro Wrestling Training Center and Pro Wrestling 2.0 with Alex Pourteau. Apolo Jr continues to wrestle successfully in various promotions all over the states under his new Dark/Chaotic persona "The Maker Of Chaos" Apolo Jr/Alex Misery.

Championships and accomplishments

 * International Wrestling Association
 * IWA World Heavyweight Championship (8 times)
 * IWA World Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Ricky Banderas (3) and Miguel Pérez (1)
 * IWA Hardcore Championship (2 times)
 * International Wrestling Association Florida
 * IWA Florida World Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
 * Leader Wrestling Association
 * LWA Maximum Championship (1 time)
 * Legend City Wrestling
 * LCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * New World Wrestling
 * NWW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Joe Gómez
 * NWA On Fire
 * NWA / On Fire Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * NWA Pro East Television Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Southwest
 * NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Planet Championship Wrestling
 * PCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Power of Wrestling
 * POW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him #143 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2003
 * Qatar Pro Wrestling
 * QPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Al Snow
 * Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with D-Lo Brown
 * World Wrestling Council
 * WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
 * WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

title: Germán Figueroa


text:
Fath al-Bari

 is a commentary on, the first of the Six Books of Sunni Islam, authored by Egyptian Islamic scholar Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. Considered his magnum opus, it is a widely celebrated hadith commentary.

Reception
Abd al-Hayy ibn Abd al-Kabir al-Kattani said: “When the author of al-Hittah quoted Ibn Khaldun as saying that the explanation of Sahih al-Bukhari is a debt upon the Muslim nation, he said, ‘This debt has been fulfilled by the explanation of al-Hafith Ibn Hajar.’ For that reason, when it was suggested to Muhammad ibn ‘Ali al-Shawkani, that he write an explanation of al-Jami’ al-Sahih by al-Bukhari just as others have, he responded, ‘There is no migration after al-Fath,’ referring to Fath al-Bari".

Abd al-Hakim Murad said of Fath al-Bari in the introduction to the translation of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani's commentary on selected hadith (published as a booklet by the Muslim Academic Trust): "The importance of this literature may be gauged by the fact that at least seventy full commentaries have been written on Imam al-Bukhari’s great Sahih... the most celebrated [of which] is without question the magnificent Fath al-Bari (Victory of the Creator) by Imam Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani, a work which was the crown both of its genre and of the Imam’s academic career. It is appreciated by the ulema for the doctrinal soundness of its author, for its complete coverage of Bukhari’s material, its mastery of the relevant Arabic sciences, the wisdom it shows in drawing lessons (fawa’id) from the hadiths it expounds, and its skill in resolving complex disputes over variant readings."

Islamicist Norman Calder described Ibn Hajar's work as "the most magnificent achievement of exegetical discourse".

Editions
Editions include one from the Egyptian Press of Mustafa Al-Babi Al-Halabi, 1959 (1378 A.H.).

title: Fath al-Bari


text:
Talk:Horseshoe Las Vegas

Pronunciation
How is the name pronounced, is the first part pronouned like ball with ee on the end or bal with ee on the end?--NeilEvans 19:51, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

I would like to replace the image on this page
I just visited Vegas and shot over 200 pictures, including one of the Bally's property. My photo is sharper, color balanced, and isn't as washed out (that is, it's not shot straight into the sun like the one on this page). If no one objects I'm putting in my photo in a week. --Coolcaesar 07:19, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * If you have a better picture why wait? You can replace it and move the existing picture elsewhere. Vegaswikian 08:05, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Merge?
There is no reason for merging these articles. The name change delineates a significant change resulting from the fire. One could argue that under the old name the hotel is clearly more notable, significant and really represents a significantly different property that can be kept as two articles. Vegaswikian (talk) 00:30, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The articles were nearly identical when discussing the old MGM Grand, and the fire is discussed in a separate article entirely which was unaffected. SchuminWeb (Talk) 11:07, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Skyscraper
Perhaps I should have been more clear about this edit. Nothing in the article says that the hotel towers are skyscrapers, so the category is unsourced. Bally's is not listed in that navigation box, so the box is irrelevant here. Are the towers frequently referred to as "skyscrapers"? I did some searches and couldn't find anything. From what I can tell, skyscrapers are generally about 330 feet tall, or 40 stories. The Bally's towers would seem to qualify as high-rises (based on Wikipedia's article) but not specifically as skyscrapers. AJFU (talk) 17:41, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
 * It looks like there are some firms which have proposed definitions for skyscrapers, but it doesn't look like a "skyscraper" is specifically defined anywhere. The Wikipedia article specifically defines "skyscraper" but I think this is problematic and I've noted so on the talk page, as it appears the change was made without any discussion a few years ago, and then there has been some squabbling over what skyscraper actually means. For instance, the MGM Grand fire is listed under Skyscraper fires on this site, is referred to as a skyscraper fire elsewhere, and I always assumed the Sahara was the first skyscraper on the Strip, which the NY Times confirms in Martin Stern's obituary. That's pretty much why I reverted - I didn't understand why the Sahara or the Mint would have been a skyscraper and the MGM Grand/Bally's not a skyscraper, and I hadn't researched the definition at that point, so I assumed it was a mistake. SportingFlyer  T · C  13:24, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Indeed, there are conflicting definitions. As for this particular article, I think more research is needed to see how sources refer to it. I have not had luck finding any sources that use the terms "skyscraper" or "skyscraper fire", but I'm still looking. AJFU  (talk) 16:43, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Horseshoe Las Vegas


text:
User talk:PEEJAYBEE

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 22:43, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:PEEJAYBEE


text:
User:Jacob Davenport

[Jacob Davenport's home page]

title: User:Jacob Davenport


text:
Néstor Almendros

Néstor Almendros Cuyás, ASC (30 October 1930 – 4 March 1992) was a Spanish cinematographer. One of the most highly appraised contemporary cinematographers, "Almendros was an artist of deep integrity, who believed the most beautiful light was natural light...he will always be remembered as a cinematographer of absolute truth...a true master of light".

Early life
Néstor Almendros Cuyás was born in Barcelona, Spain, but at the age of 18, he moved to Cuba to join his exiled anti-Francisco Franco father. In Havana, he wrote film reviews. Then, he went on to study in Rome at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia. He directed six shorts in Cuba and two in New York City.

Early career
After the 1959 Cuban Revolution, he returned and made several documentaries for the Castro regime. But, after two of his shorts (Gente en la playa and La tumba francesa) were banned, he moved to Paris.

France
Starting in 1964, he became the favorite collaborator of French New Wave director Éric Rohmer. In the early seventies, he also started working with François Truffaut, Barbet Schroeder and other directors.

Almendros’ collaborations with Rohmer would prove particularly fruitful, and are considered amongst the finest works of both men. These include the four feature length works from Rohmer’s Six Moral Tales series, La Collectionneuse (1967), My Night at Maud’s (1969), Claire’s Knee (1970), and Love in the Afternoon (1972), in addition to La Marquise d'O... (1976), Perceval le Gallois (1978), and Pauline at the Beach (1983).

Hollywood
Almendros began his Hollywood career with Days of Heaven (1978), written and directed by Terrence Malick, who admired Almendros' work on Truffaut’s The Wild Child (1970). Almendros was impressed by Malick's knowledge of photography and his willingness to use little studio lighting. The film's cinematography was modeled after silent films, which often used natural light. In 1979, Almendros won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for Days of Heaven.

Almendros received three further Academy Award nominations for his work on Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), The Blue Lagoon (1980) and Sophie's Choice (1982), making him the most nominated Spanish person in Academy history as of the 93rd Academy Awards in 2021.

Almendros was the cinematographer for the John Lennon documentary, Imagine: John Lennon (1988), directed by Andrew Solt.

Later career
In his later years, Almendros co-directed two documentaries about the human rights situation in Cuba: Mauvaise Conduite (1984) (Improper Conduct) about the persecution of gay people in Cuba; and Nadie escuchaba (Nobody Was Listening), about the alleged arrest, imprisonment and torture of former comrades of Fidel Castro. He also shot several prestigious advertisements for Giorgio Armani (directed by Martin Scorsese), Calvin Klein (directed by Richard Avedon) and Freixenet.

Legacy and honors
Human Rights Watch International has named an award after him by establishing the Nestor Almendros Award for Courage in Filmmaking and it is given every year at the Human Rights Watch International Film Festival.

In 1980, Almendros won the César Award for François Truffaut's The Last Metro.

Death
In 1992, Néstor Almendros died of AIDS-related lymphoma in New York City at the age of 61.

Documentary works
Short film

Television

Film

Director
Short film Documentary short

Documentary film

Awards and nominations
Academy Awards César Awards New York Film Critics Circle

title: Néstor Almendros


text:
Talk:List of regional district electoral areas in British Columbia

Untitled
I do not understand the naming convention used here. I have worked for two of those regional districts in the list and I have never heard the areas referred to like that. They should be called "Electoral Area x". We call them Area x for short. On the Regional Board, the rural directors (ie. the politicians representing these areas) have a little plaques in front of them with "Electoral Area x" written on them. So my question is what was the source used for this list? With permission/consensus I would like to change these names. With time I will expand the "Regional District, British Columbia" page in order to communicate a better understanding of them.

PS. The vast majority of people living in these E.A.s have no idea what E.A. they are in. This term is really only used by the local governments. maclean25 22:44, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Statistics Canada of course. They are listed as such by statscan, and I notice that Elections Canada uses it this way as well. -- Earl Andrew - talk 23:36, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Statistics Canada is based in Ottawa, for one thing, and Ottawa rarely uses the same language/terms as BCers do....I don't think StatsCan names shoudl be a priori here, most of all because the names used are NOT how these places are best-known, which is "Electoral Area X, Y Regional District". There's a difference between the name given/used for a census area and how the area itself relates to its citizenry, and to the Regional District it's a part of.  The Regional Districts themslves do not use these terms, but use the full-form just described.  I say change 'em all, because nobody's going to search for them in the format given, and all will be targets of redirects from the "Electoral Area X" form.....Skookum1 (talk) 17:44, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Ahhh, I see. These seem to be the names of Census Subdivisions which conviently enough follow the borders of electoral areas (as well as municipalities). Well, before I mess with anything I will put a Request for Comment on the Canadian Wikipedia Notice Board. If articles do get written about these I suspect we will end up using redirects. The 'Fraser Valley x' format has the advantage of distingiushing between RDs, but is only used by federal agencies (inconsistently I noticed) to manage unincorporated areas. The 'Electoral Area x' format is what is used by the RDs and electoral areas themselves but require additional notation in order to distinguish between RDs.  -maclean25 01:42, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * How is it inconsistent? They always use Regional District X. But anyways, I agree redirects are in order to the names recognized by the federal agencies, unless you can provide a link to better names :-P. It's just that StatsCan lays it all out nicely so I can understand. :) -- Earl Andrew - talk 03:44, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I meant inconsistent in the choices of designations. I see on Elections Canada they sometimes use Regional District X and sometimes call the poll by its community name. For example in Chilliwack-Fraser Canyon they say "Boston Bar" and not "Fraser Valley A" but in Abbottsford they say "Fraser Valley H" and not "Sumas Mountain" (sorry no links, ElectionsCanada is not a link friendly website). And I just shut down when I saw StatsCan started calling them Fraser Valley Subdivision x (I just didn't want to consider another options). -maclean25 04:16, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * When I spoke of Elections Canada, I meant the actual legislation regarding district boundaries. I have not searched all of the legislation, but from what I have seen recently, they seem to use Regional District X. As for StatsCan, they are very consistent, in at least their lists of CSD's in the province. -- Earl Andrew - talk 04:23, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Uh, last time I looked up riding boundaries - albeit for historical ones like Coast Chilcotin, the legal language primarily used boundaries of Land Districts and Township parcels (TPs); this is partly answered because old legislation couldn't have used RD boundaries as they didn't exist yet (RDs were come up with c.1967 and not before). I haven't looked at the legislation for more recent gerymanderings, I mean electoral redistributions, but it's not as if electoral districts coinide with RDs or their electoral areas; they may do so when said boundary folllows a landform, such as a river, creek or spine of a mountain range, but I remain unconvinced.  I also dont' think that comparmentalization-of-data systems based 3000 miles away have much to do with the way British Columbia works (including the supposition/imposition that RDs are the same as counties and should be used as such; which in fact is OR).  Can you cite me a passage from current legislation using Regional District Electoral Areas?  if they do that, it's only because they're following the census subdivisions; but by no means is this consistent.  RDs as a whole do not resmelbe ridings; Lillooet is in the SLRD, but is in Chilliwac-Fraser Canyon, most of which (esp. population) is in the Upper Fraser Valley (formerly the Fraser-Cheam Regional District, now t he Fraser Valley Regional District).  Electoral Areas are really only significant to Regional District articles and census figure computations; nobody else thinks in terms of them or has much use for them (or for RDs...but taht's a side issue).  What's next - Category:People from Squamish-Lillooet B instead of Category:People from the Bridge River Country?  Not Category:People from Boston Bar but Category:People from Fraser Valley H???!Skookum1 (talk) 21:45, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

I have added "Electoral Area B" to the Central Coast Regional District. It's a unique one, because it is actually defined as the "Bella Bella 1" Indian Reserve (Heiltsuk First Nation). As a result, you won't find it in Stats Can (or most other such places, because it's numbers will be recorded as "Bella Bella 1".AshleyMorton 01:21, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Actually, in general, I hope everyone is taking note of that in population numbers - if an Indian Reserve exists within the boundaries of the Electoral area in question, it will not show up in the Census Data - you'll have to find it and add it.AshleyMorton 01:21, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Which means original research, which is the problem with using reginoal districts and electoral areas as if they were region articles; they are only "valid" as census districts (see my main post below).Skookum1 (talk) 18:14, 15 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Central Coast B will have to be re-directed to Bella Bella if and when that page is created. --Curlingstub.png Earl Andrew - talk 03:57, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe. See, the problem is that "Bella Bella" as a community can be interpreted a number of ways.  For instance, the post office bearing the designation "Bella Bella" is not actually within the boundaries of the Reserve (it's on a neighbouring island), and there is a (much smaller) non-Reserve population in that location (who are therefore actually in Electoral Area A).  So it's not a one-to-one correspondence.  In fact, the use of the name can be politically-charged, in connection with concerns by the Heiltsuk First Nation (for whom the "Bella Bella 1" Reserve is their primary home) about naming.  As a result, until I (or someone more capable than me!) writes a coherent, responsible, NPOV-but-still-politically-aware article that describes the situation, I'm concerned about re-directing to something that isn't really a one-to-one matchup.  But, yes, after that, it definitely should be. AshleyMorton 16:18, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, I'm not sure the number of the reserve, but from your description it appears to be "Bella Bella 1" In this case, Central Coast B, British Columbia will re-direct to Bella Bella 1, British Columbia while the community of reserve will be at Bella Bella, British Columbia. Make sense? --Curlingstub.png Earl Andrew - talk 16:25, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm here about something else (see below) but in trying to follow the discussion above and not having maplinks to refer to, are you sure Electoral ARea B isonly the reserve? That's odd because I don't think reserve residents voet in Regional District elections as the RDs don't include band governments in their structure.....are you sure there's no non-native residents/territory in Area B?  And re "Bella Bella 1" the issue of having numbered-IR articles is problematic; coordinating them all (if they all get made, numbered-reserve articles) with band-government articles) is a job and a half....tricky because gov articles, community  articles, and resserve articles don't necessarily coincide, and the community articles also often have non-native releavance as well; a web of articles evern for a locality like Nimpo Lake or Anahim Lake.....discvoering taht they have to be coordinated with the electoral areas/regional districts - because that's how the census data is sorted - makes it even more complicated.  Sigh.Skookum1 (talk) 15:58, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Origin of regional districts
I can't remember if I posted anything about this on Talk:Regional districts of British Columbia but I'm curious as to the year and circumstance of the genesis of the RD system, and what came before. Also are there pd. maps of any kind that could show the electoral areas in each regional district? This is partly to help with community articles; i just started Dewdney, British Columbia and need to know what electoral area of the FVRD it's in, and in general with tiny communities finding population stats seems hard because of Statscan's main pages dwelling on "census metropolitan areas", a demonstration to me of the urban focus of Canadian priorities....also curious about decommissioned municipalities, like Dewdney, as to how to find info on them; I think Boston Bar and Spences Bridge used to be incorporated, too, for example, and Sandon and so on.....although maybe not Lillooet was non-municipal for the longest time (the Govt Agent ran things).Skookum1 (talk) 15:58, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

name format
I gather some wikipedia guideline somewhere is what produced the name format used here; I don't like it, as people don't say, "Squamish-Lillooet A, British Columbia" they say "Electoral Area A, Squamish-Lillooet Regional District". The name should at least be "Squamish-Lillooet Area A" if not "Squamish-Lillooet Elctoral Area A". It may be convenient to shorten the names, but it's WP:OR in terms of being a new coinage......Skookum1 (talk) 21:32, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

WP:notability re these articles & cat
Land districts are notable, health regions are notable, forest districts are notable, environment regions are notable, tourism regions are notable, regional management planning units are notable....and while regional districts are equally notable (though actually much less significant than nearly all of those just named), electoral areas are only notable in respect to regional district taxation and bylaws, they do not play a role in community life nor are they useful or relevant as regional subdivisions of British Columbia. Clearly there are people who think so, i.e. Wikipedians who've decided to impose regional districts as the main demarcator of subidividing BC with, which is just not valid at all. A bot has just added "articles without sources" to a number of the electoral area stubs; and really the only source/reference that can be provided is the electoral districts' own pages and maps and tax schedules, which are trivial in nature relative to regional geography, which is apparently what somebody out there in wikiland long ago thought these articles should be. I know that, for example, around Lillooet the Yalakom Valley and the west side of the Fraser north of town is one electoral district, and the Texas Creek Road and west side south of town is another, and that Seton-Shalalth is another....which I think is the same EA as the upper Bridge River Valley....but for the life of me I've never heard anyone say "I live in Electoral ARea X", except maybe at regional district board meetings when somebody's bitching about something stupid the RD has done in their area. Communities matter, valleys matter ("valleys" as in a form of regional community, which is often how things are in BC); but electoral areas do not matter. There is little point to this list, or to any of the article in question; any that are written as regional-geography pieces are inherently original research; those that are just census-tables, which really is all that's citable about them except their tax revenues, should just be merged to their respective regoinal district articles. This is especially so because of hte name-format that has been imposed on them, just because Statistics Canada has this shorthand that nobody else uses (ditto for IRs); it's just not relevant - "Comox Valley A" is where? Does it really matter? I say throw prod or db on all of them and be done with it; this list actually has no reason to exist. It's like having a List of integers where each line is 1, 2, 3, 4 etc and nothing more. The category has even less reason to exist, escept that these few articles do so far exist; they have no reason to. Similarly the breakdown categories like "people from the such-and-so RD" and "settlemnents in the such-and-so RD" are not relevant or notabile eitherr; nobody t hinks in those terms escept Wikipedians. Somebody will say t hey're from the Cariboo or the Kootenay(s), but nobody will say they're from the Cariboo Regional District or the Regional Distirct of East Kootenay unless they work for the regional district. And regional district categories, as I've slowly been cleaning them out, should only be used for institutions, buildings and parks run by the regional district; they are not relevant in terms of regional geography; mountains are classed by mountatin ranges, rivers and streams could perhaps be classed by which basin they're in; provincial parks by which landform they're in, or which Ministry of Environment region they're in (though in public websites they're often mentioned as being in which forest district/region). This list to me is representative of the WP:Undue weight placed on regional districts, and its very existence points to distorted importance of the electoral areas. And Statistics Canada, as with the name-format for IRs, is only one citable govenrment system; for IRs BCGNIS and CGNDB and so on use "Pavilion Indian Reserve (No.) 1A", not "Pavilion 1a", which is actually a transposition of the French usage into English. Not even basemap bothers with "Electoral Area A, Comox Valley Regional District", much less "Comox Valley A". And when you have "Electoral Area A, Greater Vancouver Regional District", which remains that EAs proper name though no doubt if it exists someone has mis-titled it to "Metro Vancouver A", it's not even a unified area - Indian River and Wigwam Inn have very little to do with Brunswuck Beach. I say ditch this article, and the attached category; it's pointless for them to exist and any attempt to "amke it so" is a combination of undue weight and original research/synthesis. Statistics Canada is only a census source; it has nothing to do with the way people live. There are lies, damned lies, and statistics.....Skookum1 (talk) 18:14, 15 August 2009 (UTC)