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The Covenant (novel)

The Covenant is a historical novel by American author James A. Michener, published in 1980.

Overview
The novel is set in South Africa, home to five distinct populations: Bantu (native Black tribes), Coloured (the result of generations of racial mixture between persons of European descent and the indigenous occupants of South Africa along with slaves brought in from Angola, Indonesia, India, Madagascar and the east Coast of Africa), British, Afrikaner, and Indian, Chinese, and other foreign workers. The novel traces the history, interaction, and conflicts between these populations, from prehistoric times up to the 1970s.

Chapters
The text is divided into 14 chapters, each accompanied by local fauna (which sometimes feature in the events of that chapter):

 * 1) "Prologue" (Eland): Set circa 13,000 BC, it follows a wandering group of San, including their hunting and cave painting practices.
 * 2) "Zimbabwe" (Rhinoceros): Starting in 1453, it covers the culture of areas economically connected to Great Zimbabwe, including Arab traders.
 * 3) "A Hedge of Bitter Almond" (Hippopotamus): Covers the Portuguese explorations east via Africa in the 1490s, European rivalry over the Spice Islands, and the founding of the Cape Colony.
 * 4) "The Huguenots" (Leopard): Details the 17th-century intermingling of African, Asian and European cultures in the colony, including the arrival of French religious refugees and the founding of the wine industry.
 * 5) "The Trekboers" (Hyena): Follows the 18th-century expansion of the colony as Boers are drawn to the open farmlands to the east (and conflicts with the Xhosa) as authorities seek to organise legal and religious control.
 * 6) “The Missionary” (Wildebeest): Covers the 19th-century British takeover of the colony, Black Circuit courts and the events at Slagter’s Nek, the confrontation at Grahamstown, the missionary work of the LMS, and arrival of English settlers.
 * 7) "Mfecane" (Lion): Details the lifestyles of the various tribes in the Natal region, particularly the Zulu. It focuses on the rise of Shaka, his military reforms, the expansion of the Zulu state from 1816, and the anguish of the Mfecane.
 * 8) "The Voortrekkers" (Sable Antelope): Follows the ongoing tensions, into the 1830s, of the settlers and the Xhosa. The passing of the Slavery Abolition Act then led to increased dissatisfaction culminating in the Great Trek and conflicts with Mzilikazi and Dingane.
 * 9) "The Englishmen" (Zebra): Details the disastrous prophecy of Nongqause in the 1850s. It also covers Prince Alfred's visit, the arrival of Indian workers, the diamond rush, and a botched raid. It also details the 1890s politics of Cecil Rhodes and Paul Kruger.
 * 10) "The Venloo Commando" (Basuto Pony): Introduces figures around the Second Boer War such as Buller, Botha, Churchill, Gandhi, Kitchener, and Roberts. Events include the battles of Ladysmith, Spion Kop, and Vaal Krantz, alongside blockhouses and concentration camps.
 * 11) "Education of a Puritan" (Springbok): Details the decades after 1902 when Afrikaner nationalism begins among the defeated Boers. Includes antagonism to English and Dutch languages, the eviction of Chinese labourers, the founding of the ANC, a failed pro-German uprising, and rising popularity of rugby and cricket.
 * 12) "Achievement of a Puritan" (Elephant): In the leadup to the 1961 Republic, Afrikaners continue to work on their vision of a nation. Covers the 1920 Johannesburg riot, tsotsis gangs, the Broederbond, the 1938 Trek, the 1947 royal visit, the 1948 election, racial legislation, Sharpeville, and the Verwoerd assassination.
 * 13) "Apartheid" (Cape Buffalo): Covers life under apartheid, including the Racial Classification Board, the 1955 demolition of Sophiatown, the impending clearance of Pageview, the Black Sash movement, life in the gold mines, BOSS and extrajudicial murders, and Robben Island.
 * 14) "Diamonds" (Giraffe): Details life in the 1970s, starting with the strictures around diamond prospecting and the diamond monopoly. It also introduces life in the Bantustans and Soweto. It explores banning, a trial, and emigration, and speculates on the future (i.e., post-1980) course of the nation.

Themes
Michener writes largely from the point of view of the Afrikaners, descendants of Dutch settlers, German immigrants, and French Huguenots who traveled to South Africa to practice freedom of worship in the Calvinist tradition, and other European groups, all of whom were absorbed by the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch Reformed Church.

The Afrikaners, whose Dutch ancestors first established a trading and resupply stop at Cape Town in the 17th century to service ships moving between Holland and Java, considered themselves the "New Israelites". They found in the Old Testament verification for their belief that God favored their conquest of the new land.

Their strict, fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible supported them through the Great Trek of the 19th century; battles against Zulu and other Bantu tribes, who also laid claim to lands to the north; the Anglo-Boer War (when after the British won the war on the conventional battlefield and took all the main Boer towns and cities, a few Boer commandos of a few hundred Afrikaner farmers continued to hold out in isolated pockets of the veld until the cessation of hostilities, despite tens of thousands of British regulars combing the countryside in pursuit of them); and their institution of Apartheid in the 20th century, when they insisted on racial purity, separatism, and white supremacy, per the moral expectations of the God of Israel in the Old Testament and their own determination to keep political power in the hands of White Africans of European descent.

Both historical and fictional characters appear throughout the novel. The experiences of the fictional van Doorn family illustrate the Dutch and Huguenot heritage of South Africa, and in the 1970s also illustrate the differences between liberal and conservative Afrikaners. The fictional Saltwood family represents the English settlement of the area. The Nxumalo family illustrates the area's black heritage and culture. African Zulu leader Shaka appears in the novel, during the chapter on the Mfecane.

Michener suggests that the Afrikaner oppression of Blacks was partly due to Dutch animosity towards the English, who assumed political and financial control of southern Africa in 1795 and fought against the traditional way of life, including slavery, pursued by Afrikaner farmers, or Boers. As one Bantu character observes, "no matter whether the English or the Dutch win, the Blacks always lose."

Having been written before 1994, the book keeps the outlook of a time when the Apartheid regime was still strong and no one knew when and how it would end. Though Michener lived to see the end of Apartheid and the election of Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa, by then he was too old and ill to undertake a revision of the book and the addition of a final chapter.

title: The Covenant (novel)


text:
Ode to Psyche

"Ode to Psyche" is a poem by John Keats written in spring 1819. The poem is the first of his 1819 odes, which include "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and "Ode to a Nightingale". "Ode to Psyche" is an experiment in the ode genre, and Keats's attempt at an expanded version of the sonnet format that describes a dramatic scene. The poem serves as an important departure from Keats's early poems, which frequently describe an escape into the pleasant realms of one's imagination. Keats uses the imagination to show the narrator's intent to resurrect Psyche and reincarnate himself into Eros (love). Keats attempts this by dedicating an "untrodden region" of his mind to the worship of the neglected goddess.

Background
Keats was never a professional writer. Instead, he supported himself with a small income that he earned as a surgeon for Guy's Hospital. At the age of 23, Keats left the hospital, losing his source of income, in order to devote himself to writing poetry. He lived with Charles Brown, a friend who collected Keats's poetry while supporting him, during spring 1819 and composed poetry. The early products of this effort included La Belle Dame sans Merci and "Ode to Psyche", the first of a series of odes that he would write that year. It is uncertain as to when the poem was actually completed, but Keats sent the poem to his brother on 3 May 1819 with an attached letter saying, "The following poem, the last I have written, is the first and only one with which I have taken even moderate pains; I have, for the most part, dashed off my lines in a hurry; this one I have done leisurely; I think it reads the more richly for it, and it will I hope encourage me to write other things in even a more peaceable and healthy spirit."

Keats was exposed to a few sources of the Psyche myth. His contemporary sources for the myth included John Lempriere's Classical Dictionary and Mary Tighe's Psyche, an 1805 work that Keats read as a child and returned to in 1818. Keats wrote to his brother George, just a few months before writing "Ode to Psyche", to say that he was no longer delighted by Tighe's writing. Dissatisfied, he turned to Apuleius's Golden Ass, translated by William Adlington in 1566, and read through the earlier version of the Cupid and Psyche myth. After reading the work and realizing that the myth was established during the twilight of Roman mythology, Keats wrote to George: "You must recollect that Psyche was not embodied as a goddess before the time of Apuleius the Platonist who lived after the Augustan age, and consequently the Goddess was never worshipped or sacrificed to with any of the ancient fervour—and perhaps never thought of in the old religion—I am more orthodox than to let a heathen Goddess be so neglected."

Structure
"Ode to Psyche", Keats's 67 line ode, was the first of his major odes of 1819. As such, the poem is an experiment in the ode structure that he was to then rely on for his next five odes. Although Keats spent time considering the language of the poem, the choice of wording and phrasing is below that found within his later works, including Hyperion or the odes that followed. "Ode to Psyche" is important because it is Keats's first attempt at an altered sonnet form that would include longer more lines and would end with a message or truth. Also, he did not want the poem to be based simply around that message, so he incorporated narrative elements, such as plot and characters, along with a preface to the poem. Of these additions, the use of a preface was discontinued in his next odes along with the removal of details that describe setting within the poems; they would only be implied within later odes.

H. W. Garrod, in his analysis of Keats's sonnet form, believes that Keats took various aspects of sonnet forms and incorporated only those that he thought would benefit his poetry. In particular, Keats relies on Petrarch's sonnet structure and the "pouncing rhymes" that are found within Petrarch's octave stanzas. However, M. R. Ridley disputes that Keats favours Petrarch and claims that the odes incorporate a Shakespearean rhyme scheme. Regardless of which sonnet structure was favoured over the other, Keats wanted to avoid the downsides of both forms. "Ode to Psyche" begins with an altered Shakespearean rhyme scheme of ABABCDCDEFFEEF. The use of rhyme does not continue throughout the poem, and the lines that follow are divided into different groups: a quatrain, couplets, and a line on its own. These are then followed by a series of twelve lines that are modelled after the Shakespearean sonnet form, but lack the final couplet. The next lines are of two quatrains, with cddc rhyme, followed by two lines that repeat the previous rhymes, and then a final quatrain, with efef rhyme.

Poem
The poem does not describe the plot of the original Cupid and Psyche myth: according to Harold Bloom, the poem "has little to do with the accepted myth". In the original myth, Aphrodite punishes Psyche, a well admired girl, by having Cupid use his power to make her fall in love. Cupid, instead, falls in love with her, but he could only be with her in the cover of darkness in order to disguise his identity. Curious, she uses a light to reveal Cupid's identity, but he flees from her presence. Psyche begins to search after Cupid, and Aphrodite forces her to perform various tasks before she could be united with her love. After nearly dying from one of the tasks, Cupid asks Zeus to transform Psyche into a goddess so the two can be together.

The action of "Ode to Psyche" begins with a narrator witnessing two individuals embracing. The narrator immediately recognizes Cupid and is astonished when he recognizes Psyche:

The third stanza describes how Psyche, though a newer Goddess, is better than the other deities. However, she is neglected while the others were worshipped:

The previous list of what Psyche lacks in terms of religious worship only describes external symbols of worship. In the fourth stanza, the narrator emphasizes the internal when he describes how he is inspired by Psyche:

The narrator, inspired by the young goddess, becomes her priest. His imagination allows him to join with both the natural and supernatural elements of Psyche, and his form of worship is within himself while "Ode to Psyche" the poem serves as a song in praise of the goddess. The narrator becomes the prophet for Psyche and says in the final stanza:

In the conclusion of the poem, the narrator metaphorically says that he will expand his consciousness, which would allow him to better understand both the good and the bad of the world. This will allow the narrator to attain a new sense of inspiration while providing Psyche with a sanctuary:

Theme
The moment that Cupid and Psyche are revealed is an example of "Keatsian intensity" as they are neither in a state of separation nor are they united; they exist in a state somewhere in between in a similar manner to the figures depicted in Keats's "Ode on a Grecian Urn". The narrator's ability to witness the union is unique to Keats's version of the Psyche myth because the lovers in the original story were covered in darkness. However, the narrator questions if he was able to see them at all or if he was dreaming. This inability of the narrator to know if he was awake is a theme that appears in many of Keats's odes that followed, including "Ode on Indolence", "Ode on a Grecian Urn", and "Ode to a Nightingale". Regardless of the narrator's state of consciousness, he is able to relate himself to Cupid as he believes himself to be in love with Psyche, representing the mind.

Part of the problem within "Ode to Psyche" is in the narrator's claim that Psyche was neglected since she became a goddess later than the other Greco-Roman deities. As such, the narrator serves as a prophetic figure who is devoted to the soul. Worship towards the soul is through use of the imagination, an idea that shows the influence of William Wordsworth upon the poem's themes. In particular, the lines are reminiscent of the description of inspiration and the muse within Wordsworth's "The Recluse". To serve Psyche, the narrator of "Ode to Psyche" seeks to worship her by thoroughly exploring the regions of his mind. However, the temple dedicated to the goddess within his mind does not yet exist.

This reveals that there is a struggle between the acceptance of imaginative experience that exists only within a small part of the mind. This struggle, according to Walter Evert, has "no relevance to the world of external action and perhaps no truth to offer even the visionary dreamer himself." However Anthony Hecht looks at the problem in a different way and believes that there must be a connection between the external and internal worlds for the narrator to even face the problem. Regardless, the narrator never states that this worship of Psyche or embracing the imagination would aid mankind, but the poem does rejoice in exercising the imagination.

In addition to the theme of dedicating one's self to the mind, the theme of reception plays heavily upon the poem's presentation; Andrew Bennett states that the poem, like all poems, is "'heard' both by itself (and therefore not heard) and by an audience that reads the poem and 'hears' it differently". Bennett implies that the word "wrung" in line one contains a double entendre as it also alludes to the "ringing in the ears" involved with active listening. The poem's treatment of the reader as a third-party to the conversation between the narrator and the goddess exemplifies the narrative question common among many of Keats's odes and leads Bennett to question how exactly the reader should regard his place within the poem, or outside of it.

Critical reception
Responding to the poem, Keats's friend Leigh Hunt declared that "When Mr Keats errs in his poetry, it is from the ill management of the good things,--exuberance of ideas. Once or twice, he does so in a taste positively bad, like Marino or Cowley, as in a line in his 'Ode to Psyche'... but it is once or twice only, in his present volume."

Robert Bridges, turn of the 19th-century literary critic, wrote "for the sake of the last section (l. 50 to end), tho' this is open to the objection that the imagery is work'd up to outface the idea—which is characteristic of Keats' manner. Yet the extreme beauty quenches every dissatisfaction. The beginning of this ode is not so good, and the middle part is midway in excellence." Later, T. S. Eliot thought very highly of Keats's work and wrote "The Odes—especially perhaps the Ode to Psyche—are enough for his reputation."

Kenneth Allott, in defending against any possible harsh criticism of "Ode to Psyche", argues that the poem "is the Cinderella of Keats's great odes, but it is hard to see why it should be so neglected, and at least two poets imply that the conventional treatment of the poem is shabby and undeserved". Allott then cites Bridges and Eliot as views that he sympathizes with, and he believes that the poem "is neither unflawed nor the best of odes, but to me it illustrates better than any other Keats's possession of poetic power in conjunction with what was for him an unusual artistic detachment, besides being a remarkable poem in its own right. This may be another way of saying that it is the most architectural of the odes, as it is certainly the one that culminates most dramatically."

Walter Jackson Bate states that the poem has "always puzzled readers ... But finding the poem so elusive, we return to it only after we know the others far better. If we had hope to use them as keys, we discover they do not quite fit the lock. Meanwhile they have given us a standard hard to equal. Hence we either feel a disappointment about the 'Ode to Psyche' or else, remembering the care Keats supposedly gave it, we once more put the poem aside for future consideration." However, he also states that "The modern, respectful attitude toward this ode is deserved. But the itch for novelty has encouraged a few critics to suggest that the poem, in some dark but fundamental way, has more to it as a whole than do the later odes."

To Harold Bloom, the last lines of Keats's ode "rivals any as an epitome of the myth-making faculty". He elaborates further on this when he writes, "The poem Ode to Psyche is unique, and also central, for its art is a natural growth out of nature, based as it is upon a very particular act of consciousness, which Keats arrests in all its concreteness."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ode to Psyche


text:
User:Kollkata

There's your karma, ripe as peaches.

title: User:Kollkata


text:
Talk:Ode to Psyche

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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Comment by Tothebarricades
I remember this page being here at some point in the past, perhaps it was deleted. I assure any skeptics that this article can and should be expanded; there is a fair bit of commentary on it in my volume of Keats but I confess that I scarcely understand it, due to a lack of knowledge on the mythology involved. I'm sure, however, that someone could come along and discuss Keats's perspective, the symbolism of the poem, and its meaning with regards to his worldview and Romanticism. --Tothebarricades 04:55, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * The page that was here wasn't a proper article, just a copy of the source text. See Votes for deletion/Ode to Psyche.  The text was transwikied to Wikisource. —Cryptic (talk) 11:01, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ode to Psyche


text:
René Lévesque Boulevard

René Lévesque Boulevard (Boulevard René-Lévesque), previously named Dorchester Boulevard (Boulevard Dorchester) is one of the main streets in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

It is a main east–west thoroughfare passing through the downtown core in the borough of Ville-Marie. The street begins on the west at Atwater Avenue (though see below) and continues until it merges with Notre Dame Street East just east of Parthenais Street. This boulevard is named after former sovereignist Quebec Premier René Lévesque.

Much of René Lévesque Boulevard is lined with highrise office towers. Notable structures bordering René Lévesque Boulevard include, from west to east, the former Montreal Children's Hospital, the Canadian Centre for Architecture, E-Commerce Place, 1250 René-Lévesque, CIBC Tower, Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral, the Queen Elizabeth Hotel, Place Ville-Marie, Central Station, Telus Tower, St. Patrick's Basilica, Complexe Desjardins, Complexe Guy-Favreau, Hydro-Québec Building, UQAM and the Maison Radio-Canada. Former structures on the street include the Laurentian Hotel and a residential area razed to make way for the future YUL Condos residential project.

All of Canada's French radio and television networks are located within a few blocks of each other, making the street French Canada's media centre.

The street separates the adjacent Place du Canada and Dorchester Square.

Dorchester
From the time of its formal naming in 1844, the street was known as "Dorchester Boulevard" in honour of Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester (1724–1808), Governor of the Province of Quebec and Governor General of Canada. As part of the Golden Square Mile, several mansions once stood on this street.

Shortly after Jean Drapeau was elected mayor in 1954, his administration ordered the destruction of hundreds of buildings along Dorchester. In 1955, the street was widened into an eight-lane boulevard.

The name was changed in 1987 after the death of Quebec premier René Lévesque. A portion of the thoroughfare located in the largely anglophone city of Westmount, between Clarke and Atwater, retains the name "Boulevard Dorchester", as does a portion in the mainly French-speaking Montréal-Est, where it is known as "Rue Dorchester."

Other streets of the same name
There is an unrelated street called Boulevard René-Lévesque on Nuns' Island in Verdun.

title: René Lévesque Boulevard


text: File:Radiohead There there singlecover.jpg


text:
Kenneth W. Royce

Kenneth W. Royce is an American author who primarily writes under the pen-name of Boston T. Party. He has written non-fiction books that offer a libertarian stance on privacy, police encounters, tax resistance and gun politics. His books are published by Javelin Press, which only publishes these works. He has written one fiction novel, Molôn Labé!, and is one of the founders of the Free State Wyoming project. In 2005, Royce was interviewed by Larry Pratt of Gun Owners of America on the nationally syndicated Live Fire radio show, about the Free State Wyoming project. He also speaks at Libertarian conferences.

Synopsis of books
According to Royce, the Constitution was written not with the intention of creating a free society, but to create a political system of an ever-expanding Federal Government at the expense of individual rights and state prerogatives. His 1997 Hologram of Liberty led to his conclusion that only a free state movement could possibly counter the national trend of increasing regulation. A new version was released in 2009 with forty added pages addressing new court cases, the Patriot Act, and the (forever) War on Terrorism, and more.

Good-Bye April 15th details Royce's views on how the IRS has tricked millions of Americans into a limited tax jurisdiction. Published in 1992, Javelin Press announced that the title would go out of print in 2006: "Boston hates to see his first title go, but he grew weary of the tedious subject matter years ago and all the personal attention many of its readers often expected. So, he quit pushing the book, which no doubt reduced sales over time. He is very proud, however, of the book and that no reader ever contacted him with a negative experience from having used his procedures. Thus, the information (after 13 years!) has stood the test of time for thousands of readers. . . . Since 1992 there have happily emerged several new personalities, books, and websites on untaxation."

You and the Police deals with how to manage encounters with police and other law enforcement personnel. Royce stresses education as the best way to have successful encounters. He claims to have developed the techniques presented in the book through repeated experiences with law enforcement. Specifically treated is how to deal with law enforcement encounters when there are firearms involved. A new version was released in 2005 with forty added pages addressing new court cases, the Patriot Act, and the (forever) War on Terrorism, and much more.

Bulletproof Privacy covers how to maintain privacy in what Royce refers to as a more dangerous time. He covers both legal methods and those of questionable (or jurisdiction-dependent) legality. This was published in 1997, and Royce wrote an updated version to deal with the Patriot Act, the Internet, and other current privacy issues. This new version, which came out in May 2009, was titled One Nation Under Surveillance.

Boston's Gun Bible is Royce's 848 page exhaustive firearms almanac and philosophical treatise on becoming and remaining an armed citizen. The last full revision was in 2002, but dozens of pages have been added or updated in the reprints of 2004, 2005, and 2006.

Boston on Surviving Y2K is a survivalist book published in 1998 about how to prepare for the then-widely expected Y2K problem and also contains general information on emergency preparedness. Surviving Doomsday (A Practical Guide) is essentially a completed version of the same book that was published in September 1999 containing much more detail than was provided in the earlier book. Both books are widely suitable for general purpose disaster preparation and planning for individuals interested in surviving a wide range of disasters.

Molôn Labé! is Royce's only work of fiction. Published in 2004, it covers his view of what could happen as a result of a libertarian migration to specific counties within a specific state. It is partly a blueprint for his Free State Wyoming (FSW). In 2007, Royce told The Casper Star Tribune newspaper: "...FSWers aren't moving to Wyoming to change it, but to preserve and enhance its culture of freedom-mindedness. The state is already a 'good fit' for us, else we wouldn't be moving there."

Safari Dreams is Royce's entrance into big game hunting, for hunting both Dangerous Game (DG) and plains animals in Africa, based on his experiences from three hunting safari trips there. Published in January 2008, it covers the adventure and reasons for big game hunting in Africa, the selection of appropriate locations along with considerable guidance regarding safety considerations among the possible choices of locations, the choice of caliber and gun to take, and hints on tipping the PH (Professional Hunter), trackers, and staff. Taxidermy, obtaining the necessary licenses and permits, and customs clearance paperwork considerations are also covered. This book is written under his own name instead of under his pseudonym of Boston T. Party, and even contains many pictures of Royce taken while preparing to go and while on safari in Africa.

All his titles except for "Good-Bye April 15th" are available as paperback and Kindle versions. "Good-Bye April 15th" is the only Royce book out-of-print.

Cultural impact
During the June 2010 U.S. Senate confirmation hearing of Elena Kagan's nomination to the Supreme Court, Royce was quoted by Senator John Cornyn (R-TX) in his opening remarks: "An email came across my inbox this morning that I thought of....'Liberty is not a cruise ship full of pampered passengers. Liberty is a man-of-war, and we are all crew.'....Of course we'll be talking about the different roles we each play on that crew'".

The Washington Post archived it as video

On Senator Cornyn's Facebook page, he accurately attributed the quote to Royce.

The quote is from chapter 19 of Royce's "Boston's Gun Bible".

Non-fiction

 * Good-Bye April 15th, ISBN 1-888766-00-X
 * You and the Police, ISBN 1-888766-09-3
 * Bulletproof Privacy, ISBN 1-888766-02-6
 * Hologram of Liberty, ISBN 1-888766-03-4
 * Hologram of Liberty (revised 2012), ISBN 1-888766-13-1
 * Boston on Guns and Courage, ISBN 1-888766-04-2
 * Boston's Gun Bible, ISBN 1-888766-06-9
 * Boston on Surviving Y2K, ISBN 1-888766-05-0
 * Surviving Doomsday (A Practical Guide), ISBN 0-7394-0526-8
 * Safari Dreams, ISBN 1-888766-10-7
 * One Nation, Under Surveillance, ISBN 1-888766-11-5
 * Modules for Manhood, (Volume 1 of 3), ISBN 1-888766-12-3
 * Modules for Manhood, (Volume 2 of 3), ISBN 1-888766-14-X
 * Modules for Manhood, (Volume 3 of 3), ISBN 1-888766-15-8

Fiction

 * Molôn Labé!, ISBN 1-888766-07-7

title: Kenneth W. Royce


text:
Reconstructionist Rabbinical College

The Reconstructionist Rabbinical College (RRC) is a Jewish seminary in Wyncote, Pennsylvania. It is the only seminary affiliated with Reconstructionist Judaism. It is accredited by the Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. RRC has an enrollment of approximately 80 students in rabbinic and other graduate programs.

A 2012 restructuring of the Reconstructionist movement's institutions left RRC as the primary organization of the movement, headed by Rabbi Deborah Waxman. This central organization changed its name to "Reconstructing Judaism" in January 2018. — the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College remains part of this organization.

Founding to 1981
Reconstructionist Judaism, a liberal movement that views Judaism as the “evolving religious civilization of the Jewish people” was established by Mordecai Kaplan in the 1930s as a school of thought. He had extensive influence on American Judaism, particularly on Conservative and Reform Judaism. However, his followers, including Ira Eisenstein (Kaplan’s son-in-law and leader of the Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation from 1959 onward) were frustrated by the lack of a continuing framework to promote their ideas in American Judaism. Eisenstein criticized dependence on “’Reconstructionist rabbis’ …borrowed from the ranks of Reform and Conservativism…A movement must produce its own leaders.” Kaplan himself was reluctant to establish a seminary which would mean creating a separate denomination alongside Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox Judaism. However, lay and rabbinic leaders of the small Federation of Reconstructionist Congregations and Havurot (FRCH, later re-named the Jewish Reconstructionist Federation) encouraged this step, and Kaplan eventually gave his blessing. At the FRCH conference in Montreal in June, 1967, the delegates overwhelmingly called for the establishment of a school for training rabbis.

The college opened in 1968 based in two brownstone buildings at 2308 North Broad Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, near Temple University.

From its founding, RRC had two unique features in its curriculum. First, based on the Reconstructionist concept of an “evolving religious civilization” the five-year curriculum was centered on a historical period each year. These were biblical, rabbinic, medieval, modern (roughly to 1948), and contemporary periods. During each year, students would focus on the history, texts, and concepts of that period. With modifications, this developmental approach continues as a central feature of the RRC curriculum. RRC describes this goal:”…students enter into a dialogue with those in previous generations who addressed perennial human issues. In this way, RRC educates leaders who can articulate the voice of tradition as it speaks to today’s Jews.”

The second curricular innovation, based on Kaplan’s concept that American Jews live in two civilizations (Jewish and American), had all rabbinical students enroll in a secular doctoral program, initially in religion at Temple University (a nearby state-related institution), later including other potential majors and universities. The goal was that students be aware of general trends in the study of religion and of other religious traditions. This “dual program” proved difficult to complete, as most students were enrolled in two graduate programs while also working part-time. The initial doctoral requirement was eventually reduced to a secular master's degree.

The Reconstructionist Rabbinical College also recognized that future rabbis needed preparation in addition to purely academic courses and text studies. From the early years of RRC there were courses in practical rabbinics, covering such issues as pastoral counseling and life cycle events. In more recent years these have expanded to a multi-tiered program of practical rabbinics that includes coursework, supervised field internships, group supervision, and a requirement to shadow religious leaders in the field.

1981-1993
In 1981, Eisenstein, the founding president, retired, succeeded by Ira Silverman (1981–86). Under his leadership RRC moved from its urban setting in September 1982 to its current location, formerly the mansion of John Charles Martin, on Church Road in suburban Wyncote.

By the early 1980s, curriculum changes at RRC included more Hebrew, classic texts, and electives, reducing the time available for secular graduate studies. In addition, many more entering students were preparing for their second career and had already completed a secular master's degree or the equivalent. The “dual program” requirement for a secular graduate degree was dropped. However, a program of courses in religious studies including Christianity, Islam, and Eastern religions was instituted at RRC, some taught by adjunct faculty. At least two of these courses, including one in Christianity, are required for rabbinical students. A mekhinah (preparatory) year was added for many students who needed additional work in Hebrew and traditional Jewish sources and traditions.

Arthur Green, a student of mysticism and a founder of the havurah movement, became president in 1986 after serving as dean from 1984. Faculty and student enrollment significantly increased, and the Israel study program expanded. To move beyond a strictly academic focus, RRC began offering programs in spiritual growth in 1987, under the leadership of dean Jacob Staub. Staub commented that the early focus of RRC, as with other seminaries, was not on questions of meaning but “We were going for the original, objective, dispassionate description of phenomena.” But this expansion enabled the faculty to begin working with students as spiritual people and future leaders. The first experimental edition of a new Reconstructionist Sabbath eve prayer book, the first in the Kol Haneshamah series, by the Reconstructionist Press in 1989 included contributions from a number of RRC faculty members.

Since 1993
David Teutsch became president in 1993. During his tenure the college strengthened its financial base and expanded its programs, publications, and facilities. The new series of Reconstructionist prayer books, Kol Haneshamah, was published under the leadership of Teutsch. Although RRC struggled to reach a $500,000 minimum endowment in its early years, by 1992 it reached $2.4 million, $14.8 million in 2004, and $19.7 million in 2006. Cantorial and master’s programs in Jewish studies were added. Three academic centers were established, The Center for Jewish Ethics (1994); Kolot: The Center for Jewish Women’s and Gender Studies (1996) and Hiddur: The Center for Aging and Judaism (2003).

RRC had long been preparing students for a variety of rabbinic careers, including campus work, chaplaincy, and Jewish education as well as congregational leadership. Especially since the mid-1990s many students take at least one unit of Clinical Pastoral Education, a supervised program of training for clergy and other caregivers, often based in a hospital.

During this time the college expanded its vision of modeling creation of a Jewish community for its future rabbis. From 1998, aided by a grant from the Nathan Cummings Foundation, a Jewish spiritual direction program founded by faculty member Jacob Staub grew. In 2007, on a completely voluntary basis, spiritual direction included 75% of the student body. The program includes individual meetings with a spiritual director, small groups, and in hevrutah (partners or dyads). Faculty member Barbara Breitman says, “Every spiritual tradition has within it the qualities of soul that people need to cultivate in their lives so that they can live according to a higher sense of purpose: generosity, patience, gratitude, truthfulness. Spiritual companioning needs to support people in cultivating those qualities.”

The college marked a milestone in 2002 when Rabbi Dan Ehrenkrantz became the first graduate of RRC to become president. The RRC curriculum continues to be based on its civilizational approach. In addition, the college focuses on developing community and integrating spiritual growth with academic studies.

In 2011 Sandra Lawson became the first openly gay African-American and the first African-American admitted to RRC.

In 2013 Rabbi Deborah Waxman was elected as the President of RRC. As the President, she is believed to be the first woman and first lesbian to lead a Jewish congregational union, and the first female rabbi and first lesbian to lead a Jewish seminary.

In 2015 RRC voted to accept rabbinical students in interfaith relationships, making Reconstructionist Judaism the first type of Judaism to officially allow rabbis in relationships with non-Jewish partners.

Academics
RRC is a graduate institution. Rabbinical and other degree candidate students are required to have a bachelor's degree, and meet Hebrew and other requirements before enrolling.

Graduates of the five- to six-year program are required to spend one of those years studying in Israel before graduating. Graduates receive the title of rabbi and a Master of Arts degree in Hebrew letters.

In conjunction with the rabbinic program, RRC offers joint masters programs in Jewish education and in nonprofit management with Gratz College, a coordinated masters in nonprofit leadership with the University of Pennsylvania, and certificate programs in Congregational and Family Systems and in Marital and Family therapy with the Council for Relationships.

From its early years, RRC included students in decision making. Representatives of students, alumni, faculty, and administration meet in a College Council that advises on current issues. In addition, all these groups have representatives on the RRC Board of Governors. Students are members of the Reconstructionist Student Association (RSA.)

Campus
The college's main building is 27500 sqft and is red-brick, slate-roofed, and an example of Georgian architecture. It includes classrooms, a lounge, faculty and administrative offices, the Einstein Reconstructionist Archives; a beit midrash (study and discussion hall, also used for religious services); a media center, and conference rooms. The adjacent Goldyne Savad Library Center opened in 1999. The library houses approximately 50,000 books on Judaica, primarily in English, Hebrew, and Yiddish.

Enrollment and alumni
The first graduate of RRC, Michael Luckens, was ordained in 1973. From its second year, 1969, RRC students included women. Sandy Eisenberg Sasso was ordained in 1974, the second woman rabbi in the United States, and the first female Reconstructionist rabbi. Since 1984, RRC has admitted and allowed the ordination of openly gay, bisexual, and lesbian rabbis, the first major rabbinic seminary to do so.

As of June 2018, RRC has graduated more than 420 rabbis.

Most RRC graduates are members of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association. Approximately half the graduates serve congregations (Reconstructionist, those affiliated with other movements, or unaffiliated.) Others serve in academia, in Hillel and campus positions, as civilian and military chaplains, educators, in Jewish agencies, or are employed by the Reconstructionist movement. About one-fifth work in other areas, including as authors, editors, researchers, spiritual counselors, independent rabbis, or are retired. RRC graduates serve Jewish communities in the US, Canada, Australia, France, and Israel.

College centers
The College sponsored three program centers, of which The Center for Jewish Ethics is still in operation:

The Center for Jewish Ethics
The Center for Jewish Ethics, founded in 1994, helps address the ethical challenges of contemporary life, through the training of future rabbis, hosting of conferences, and publication of ethics-related material.

Kolot, The Center for Jewish Women's and Gender Studies
Created in 1996, this center worked in both gender and women's studies. Kolot sponsored a variety of publications and seminars. It hosted a Web site for creative Jewish liturgy for holidays and life cycle events. In 2004, Kolot spun off a program for Jewish teenage girls, "Rosh Hodesh: It's a Girl Thing", to "Moving Traditions", a program that promotes a more inclusive and expansive view of gender. Ritualwell is another initiative of Kolot still in operation. The center closed in the mid-2000s.

Hiddur, The Center for Aging and Judaism
Created in 2003, and closed in 2011, Hiddur's efforts focused on developing spiritual resources and scholarship around aging Jews.

Current faculty

 * Deborah Waxman, President, Aaron and Marjorie Ziegelman Presidential Professor; Assistant Professor of Contemporary Jewish Thought
 * Tamar Kamionkowski, Chair, Department of Biblical Civilization, Associate Professor of Bible
 * Mordechai Liebling, Director, Social Justice Organizing Program; Instructor of Practical Rabbinics

Former faculty

 * Jack Cohen (rabbi)
 * Ira Eisenstein
 * Ari Elon
 * Arthur Green
 * Mordecai Kaplan
 * Lori Hope Lefkovitz, Founding Director of Kolot: The Center for Jewish Women's and Gender Studies
 * Hershel Matt
 * Zalman Schachter-Shalomi
 * Arthur Waskow

Notable alumni

 * Rebecca Alpert, professor in Religion Dept. at Temple University, author on lesbian rabbis
 * Deborah Brin, one of the first openly gay rabbis and one of the first hundred women rabbis
 * Dan Ehrenkrantz, President of RRC
 * Steve Gutow, president and CEO of Jewish Council for Public Affairs
 * Carol Harris-Shapiro, lecturer in Temple University's Department of Intellectual Heritage and author of Messianic Judaism: A Rabbi's Journey through Religious Change in America
 * Sharon Kleinbaum, rabbi of Congregation Beit Simchat Torah, prominent gay and lesbian oriented congregation in New York. On Newsweek list of leading rabbis, 2008
 * Joy Levitt, first female president of a national rabbinical group (Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association), co-editor of Reconstructionist Passover haggadah (2000)
 * Mordechai Liebling, Director, RRC's Social Justice Organizing Program, former director Jewish Reconstructionist Federation, former director, Torah of Money at Jewish Funds for Justice
 * Brant Rosen, congregational rabbi and social justice activist. Listed by Newsweek magazine, 25 top pulpit rabbis, 2008
 * Sandy Eisenberg Sasso, first woman ordained by RRC (in 1974), noted author of children’s books.
 * Toba Spitzer, president of Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association (2007–09). First open lesbian to head a major rabbinical organization
 * Michael Strassfeld., co-editor of Jewish Catalogues, co-editor of Reconstructionist Passover haggadah, a Night of Questions, 2000

title: Reconstructionist Rabbinical College


text:
Talk:Dawood Ibrahim

POV tag- Voting
User:Freestylefrappe claims this article to be baised. The world knows that Dawood Ibrahim runs the biggest illegal empire in the world. Calling him a Mafia don is not a POV, its a fact. --IncMan 04:57, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * The irony of someone who's obviously emotionally biased in regards to the article's content accusing another of bias is, hopefully, not lost on the crowd. More to the point, the commonly-held format in any and all publications of any repute is to use terms such as "accused of" and "allegedly" until a criminal has been tried and convicted in a court of law. Regardless of how obvious it may be that Dawood Ibrahim has committed these acts, it cannot be stated that he has because it has not yet been proven. By all means, if you can prove he's guilty, then you should be bringing your evidence to the attention of the Indian police, not arguing about it on Wikipedia. In the meantime, please adhere to publishing common sense. Gila m0bster 04:38, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, and while we're at it, this thing needs proper citing format. I don't know what parts of the article are citing what outside links. Gila m0bster 04:42, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

In favor of the POV tag

 * Innocent until proven guilty. I feel that if the phrasing is changed to "allegedly" or "is generally thought to be responsible for" or "is wanted on charges of..." would be more neutral. The way it is now...it just doesnt seem NPOV. freestylefrappe 20:17, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * The fact that Ibrahim is a underworld don is widely accepted. Problem is that, Dawood Ibrahim has successfully foiled all Indian attempts to catch him. Osama has not yet been proven guilty, does that mean he's innocent? --IncMan 20:23, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Osama admitted his role in 9/11 and previous attacks...as far as I can tell from the Dawood Ibrahim page he still maintains his innocence, or at the very least has yet to go out and admit he is respoinsible. This is the major difference. freestylefrappe 20:08, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Then why doesn't he surrender himself and come up with evidences proving his innocence? 1000s of people have testified against him. If Dawood Ibrahim was innocent he would have faced the charges against him instead of hiding in Pakistan and UAE. Mumbai Police has never got a chance to put up a case against him because Pakistan refuses to extradite him to India. Why? thats anyone's guess. In such a scenario, I regard a person guilty until proven innocent. By the way, Osama praised the 9/11 attacks but never admitted his role in them. --IncMan 06:24, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Osama bin laden, Teleban and Lashkar i taibba are not terrorists or terrorist organizations. they are terrorists only for those who see them as a threat to 'their own personal' interests. unfortunately for the world, they are the ones who control the media and have somewhat successfully brainwashed the public into believing that OBL, teleban and mujahideen are infact violent thugs. but in general, muslims all over the world support jehadi politics if not their tactics. this article is definately biased. OBL and mujahideen were considered heros 20 years back, they r considered terrorists now, who know what they would be after another 20 years? -- —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.252.96.16 (talk • contribs) 00:15, 25 July 2005.

 * Heros don't fight like cowards. Terrorising innocent people is a coward act. By the way, this article is on Dawood Ibrahim and his underworld/illegal business, not on so-called Jehadis. --IncMan 06:24, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Not in favor

 * --IncMan 04:57, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hitler, Stalin, Osama all were not convicted of any crime. If there should be a NPOV tag in front of this article there should be one in those articles also. This is utter nonsense. --DuKot 15:50, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that dawood is a terrorist of the worst kind because he finances terrorism against innocent people, while he lives a luxurious life. i dont care what his philosphy is, but drug dealing, prostitution and killing innocents isnt sanctioned by ISLAM the last time i checked. BTW Drugs are how he earns his cash, if the prophet were alive today he would definitely condemn this man.  Funny how a CROOK has gained the cloak of respectability by putting on the cloak of radical islam.

Couldn't Care Less

 * The article needs a lot more improvement before this topic is even discussed. There needs to more information about his past, how he came to be, how far was his reach, how much power he still holds, and most of all: what the authorities say about him and how they are trying to catch him! And someone please explain to me why the second paragraph in background has 'according to United States'?? Since when did they become the leading authority on him?
 * hydkat 20:33, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

according to me and the world being involved or on knowing and hiding a criminal is also considered as a crime and as per indian government and other international security agencies dawood ibrahim is considered a criminal who was involved in killing of so many innocent people and in destruction of childrens'futures by the supplying of drugs dragging them to the hell of crime who is biased? nobody is biased protesting against crimes and criminals is not biasment Ayd003 (talk) 06:58, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

Hajji Mastana

 * Dudes! How come there absolutely no mention of Hajji Mastana?? For pity's sake if you are going to give a history of the man atleast give a correct account about it! They are tons of stuff written about this guy.
 * hydkat 14:12, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

dawood ibrahim most dreaded don is under pakistans protection what can united states do about it???.U.S.never been clear about its foreign policy .which ever faith man follows it is wrong if one smuggles drugs, arms ,kills people .definately he will be punished on earth or after death. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 219.64.130.129 (talk • contribs) 16:44, 11 March 2006.

Now im not doubting that Dawood Ibrahim is an extemely controversial figure. However, the article needs to be extensively revised. I'm pretty sure someone has done a copy paste job from an Indian newspaper on the latter section of the article. The latter part should be removed until someone who is knowledgble on the matter will write it in an unbiased manner. Sandbreak 04:04, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

links with mqm
no one has mentioned about dawoods links with MQM

Content removed, probably copyright violation, taken from. See COPY Bazzargh (talk) 09:05, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Byword
"His name has become a byword in political, business and law enforcement circles."

A byword for what? This is meaningless. --IRONY-POLICE (talk) 13:56, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Mumbai 08
Is this of interest? mum08

Guess it has to mature more before added as a paragraph, - but might under "current status" kind of review?

Edmundmedmunn (talk) 17:28, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

'' ach, never mind. Read the article without catching it. Do not know how i managed that. Sorry for any inconvenience.

Edmundmedmunn (talk) 17:32, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

redirect to D-Company
He isn't important.--24.171.1.195 (talk) 17:33, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Frankly it seems unlikely to me that anyone would agree with you there, and I certainly would not since Ibrahim has clearly been covered in reliable sources, and indeed was ranked as the 50th most powerful person in the world (whatever that means) by Forbes magazine as the article intro points out. We need to watch for BLP violations but he definitely warrants an article. --Bigtimepeace | talk | contribs 21:06, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Massive reversion necessary
User:Bugnot more than doubled the size of this article by adding a bunch of new text, but a huge percentage of it (if not all of it) was taken verbatim from other sources and is as such a copyright violation. I have thus reverted to a much earlier version. This material is not lost (it's there in the edit history), and I imagine much of it can be incorporated, but it needs to be written in our own words, not taken directly from news sources. To Bugnot, please discuss this matter rather than simply re-adding it—violating copyright is a major problem and we cannot have that. --Bigtimepeace | talk | contribs 22:16, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Comments from Bugnot
Dear Bigtimepeace: Thanks for your comment on the Dawood article. While I understand that some of the new information is portions of news/other articles but please also note that I've mentioned them as quotes from newspapers (which are copied as it is) and have also referenced the source appropriately, in which case, they can't be termed as copyright violations. If you think that there is any copyvio, please correct that portion of the article and/or reword it and/or summarize it but please don't delete information because information regarding Don Dawood's early years and criminal-career is scarce and is very difficult to find. However, I've worked hard and collected information from many, many different sources and referenced them appropriately so that any Wikipedian is able to get any/all info. regarding Dawood very easily. As such, I'm reverting your edit. I hope you will understand. Thanks.--Bugnot (talk) 22:37, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, that's simply not acceptable. Citing a source does not mean that you can steal their exact wording—Wikipedia can get sued for that kind of thing. I'm reverting you again, and I'm going to have to ask you to not add any further information to this article until we clear this matter up. You put the entire project at (legal) risk when you put material like that into a Wikipedia article, and this is a completely non-negotiable point. Nothing will be fully "deleted" by my reversion, you can still look at the old revisions obviously. Please discuss this further before re-adding anything though, since you do not seem to have an adequate understanding of issues relating to copyright and plagiarism. --Bigtimepeace | talk | contribs 22:31, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Please don't revert back again and again as it will lead to an edit-war. OK, I will try to do my best to reword the article as you have mentioned but please don't delete the info completely due to the reasons mentioned above. Thanks & Regards.--Bugnot (talk) 22:37, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I have reverted per my note to your talk page. Much of the material is copyrighted, and simply cannot sit around in this article. Again it's not something that is up for debate. This is the place to discuss what can be re-added, something you will have to do slowly. Mostly what you need to do is use the sources to write something in your own words. --Bigtimepeace | talk | contribs 22:56, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Dear Bigtimepeace: OK, I'm not going to revert back again and again because my intention is of benefiting Wikipedia, not of harming it. However, as I'm confused as to which edits are copyvios and which are not, I sincerely request you kindly to take some time and reword or summarize the Dawood Ibrahim article as well as the other articles (especially Abu Salem and Hasan Ali Khan) because full information on these people is very difficult to find on a single page and, being an experienced user, you're in a much better position to do the required improvements than I am. Let me know what you think. Regards.--Bugnot (talk) 00:10, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

This seems to still be a pretty big problem. Bugnot must have reverted, yet again, because a massive proportion of the article is comprised of verbatim multi-paragraph quotations. Bugnot, Bigtimepeace is right, your additions are copyright infringement and put Wikipedia at serious legal risk. For quotations to be protected as fair use, must account for the amount and sustainability of the work as a whole. That is to say, a few sentences taken from a book, used in a book review is acceptable, reproducing half of the book is not. Your quotations amount to significant proportions of the news article from which they were taken, and serve as substitutes for original content. Quotations may act to further illustrate points or provide examples, but may not make the entire argument themselves - the quotations cannot be the content, they may only serve to better illustrate the content. Furthermore, by reproducing such large portions of these articles, you have potentially negatively impacted the market potential of the originals - thus violating fair use protections. If large enough portions of a work are quoted to act as an effective market substitute (if people could just read the wikipedia article, instead of the news sources from which you were citing), it is a direct violation of copyright law. I am reverting this page to its previous state. If you wish the page to have the additional material please illustrate the salient points in your own words, and cite your sources properly. Otherwise, do not re-re-re-re-revert the page. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.41.54.159 (talk) 08:26, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Copyvio
I've blanked the article and am submitting it for copyvio clean up. From the looks of the talk page this doesn't appear to be the first time this problem has come up. I checked about 4-5 references and most of the associated text is either outright copyvio or a close paraphrase. Here are some copyvio sources: ,, ,. — Spaceman  Spiff  19:20, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

Hi — Preceding unsigned comment added by 8.37.224.238 (talk) 03:17, 10 September 2015 (UTC)

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Infobox and other changes
'''Please change Infobox and starting content to this. The edits are appropriate and sourced. Please don't reject IF found a minor error.'''--119.160.101.59 (talk) 07:06, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

 * ✅ jd22292 (Jalen D. Folf) (talk) 20:37, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

POV in lead
The sources all state that india either insists or claims he resides in Pakistan the information should reflect the sources can neutral users please read this as the ones with pov agenda seem to think its pov to state this is a Indian claim. 82.132.187.115 (talk) 21:51, 20 December 2017 (UTC)
 * More neutral sources have been added which state that he is in Pakistan. Please stop with your POV editing and block evasion. Adamgerber80 (talk) 21:59, 20 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Back at ya. -- Dlohcierekim (talk) 22:00, 20 December 2017 (UTC)
 * And plenty of neutral sources state that India accusses Pakistan of him being there....Pakistan nonetheless refutes all these allegations so Pakistans response atleast needs to state that they refute Indias claim of him being there. Just like In the Balochistan insurgency article Indias refusal to accept its role in terrorism is stated alongside Pakistans claims. The articles also state Pakistan denies hes there. So atleast we need a Pakistani refutation. 82.132.187.115 (talk) 22:10, 20 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Two of the sources are opinion pieces so this is not good enough. 82.132.187.115 (talk) 22:12, 20 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I can provide more sources. Here are more books (1) Film Piracy, Organized Crime, and Terrorism (Auhtors:Gregory F Treverton, Carl Matthies, Karla J Cunningham, Jeremiah Gouka, Greg Ridgeway), Rand Corporation, 2008 (2) The Most Dangerous Man in the World (Author:Gilbert King), Chamberlain Bros., 2004 (3) Karachi in the Twenty-First Century: Political, Social, Economic and Security Dimensions (Authors:Mansoor Bin Tahnoon Al Nahyan), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016. These are books published by neutral authors and esteemed publishers. It seems that all you see is writing a POV version before actually researching the subject. Adamgerber80 (talk) 22:29, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

alright then, let's discuss each of the "neutral" and "credible" sources you've listed here (i assume you believe them to be so else it would be pointless to share them here). first, even without diving into the book, telling by the fact it is a piece by the RAND corporation, we can deduce that it is not a credible source in the context of Pakistan. not only does this organisation have a history of one-sided analysis on issues relating to Pakistan, they are a think-tank. Think tanks are not, by nature, reliable sources of information regardless of how "independent" they claim to be (see this page for discussions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Think_tank). now, onto the book itself. this book was published in 2008. a lot of things can and have changed in 10 years since then so already this book is outdated. Now, the book, in order to justify its claims of Dawood's relocation to Karachi, references the book "Karachi, a terror capital in the making" by Wilson John which was published by rupa and co, an indian publisher based in kolkata in association with the observer and research foundation, an "independent" indian think tank whos notable advisors and fellows include indian ambassadors, media advisors an a former head of the indian Research and Analysis Wing. so not only is the book you mentioned uncredible, but so is the book it references.

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NsJGLW_hX3IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Film+Piracy,+Organized+Crime,+and+Terrorism+(Authors:Gregory+F+Treverton,+Carl+Matthies,+Karla+J+Cunningham,+Jeremiah+Goulka,+Greg+Ridgeway&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6xJCGo5XcAhXHLMAKHUpJClEQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=karachi&f=false

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a5DaAAAAMAAJ&q=8129102234&dq=8129102234&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTupPGppXcAhUIK8AKHSJDC-YQ6AEIKTAA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupa_%26_Co.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_Research_Foundation

so that's the first source refuted, now onto the next one. sadly i don't have the book at hand nor can i find an available online copy so i can't dismiss it but neither can it be accepted as a source to support the idea that ibrahim is in pakistan unless evidence can be provided from the book. finally onto the last source. if we take a look at page 69, the only page that even mentions anything about dawood relocating to karachi, we find that it is said that he relocated to karachi and indian claims this to be the case, not that it is a certainty. interestingly on the same page, we find that "In 2000, a campaign was orchestrated by India to link Dawood to Al Qaeda and the global network of terrorists. The main objective was to enlist the support of the United States and other Western countries in finding him."

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pSj5DAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Karachi+in+the+Twenty-First+Century:+Political,+Social,+Economic+and+Security+Dimensions&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0t5G7qZXcAhVlBsAKHTFkDWEQ6AEIKTAA#v=snippet&q=dawood&f=false

so that's 2 of the sources refuted and 1 neutralised. if you hadn't just written a "POV version before actually researching the subject", you would have realised the books were not "published by neutral authors and esteemed publishers". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gangadesh721 (talk • contribs) 20:10, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Karachi as residence should not be mentioned, only Pakistan. Even the current citations in the main article merely say things like "organised criminal syndicate that is steered from the Pakistani port city of Karachi"... they do not say he has a residence in Karachi...https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/02/mumbai-most-wanted . And the points above by Gangadesh721 seem to hold. Further the actual lines within the current sources are vague and do not categorically state the "residence' is in Karachi. I don't think Karachi should be mentioned as residence, rather it is more a operational headquarters... DiplomatTesterMan (talk) 03:45, 11 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Think-tanks are considered WP:RS, especially, ones that are notable. RAND corporation is up there with Brookings, IISS and so on. I am not entirely sure where you get this notion from. Secondly, I am adding more sources which should rest this case:
 * (1) Karachi in the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge Scholars Publishing - "he is said to have relocated to Karachi". Moreover the book dedicates multiple pages to him.
 * (2) Storming the World Stage: The Story of Lashkar-e-Taiba, Stephen Tankel, Oxford University Press - "Ibrahim fled to Karachi following the attack"
 * (3) Crime-Terror Nexus in South Asia, Ryan Clark, Taylor & Francis"Dawood Ibhraim strategic asset in Karachi but wanted in Mumbai"
 * I am happy to provide more. But these should suffice for now in addition to the existing sources. Adamgerber80 (talk) 17:20, 11 July 2018 (UTC)

first, i would recommend you read through my first response carefully this time. second, i would appreciate if you were to provide the page numbers in the books that you provide to support your claims if it is possible.

now, think tanks are not automatically WP:RS. even if i were to give you that the RAND corporation is reliable, you cannot deny their explicit bias toward nations and ideas that oppose their agenda. just one indicator of this is their funding which can be seen through this link (https://www.rand.org/about/clients_grantors.html)

the first source you provided has already been debunked in my first reponse. please read my first reponse more carefully.

the second source you provided is by stephen tenkel, an american who has closely co-operated with the US department of defense and US policy makers and members of the US intelligence community so the bias in his writing is irrefutable (https://www.american.edu/sis/faculty/tankel.cfm). also, the page where the author claims that dawood fled to karachi has no citation for this and is outdated since it makes claims that no plan has been adopted by pakistan to clean up karachi but not long after the book was published, pakistani rangers were sent into karachi to eradicate terrorists and terrorist sanctuaries as well as gangs and very significant progress has been achieved. (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Iu1wBAAAQBAJ&q=dawood#v=onepage&q=dawood&f=false).

the third source you provided is written by Ryan Clarke who has links to the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses (New Delhi) (https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/people.cfm?authorID=765) (https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4379559.Ryan_Clarke). this overwhelmingly references indian sources, namely news outlets and web portals and exclusively references them with regard to dawood ibrahim. examples include rediff, an Indian news, information, entertainment and shopping web portal, founded in 1996 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com), the hindu and the times of india so there is undoubtedly bias.

now that that's cleared up, let me make a few important notes: first, i know that sources don't have to be neutral to be reliable according to wikipedia rules; however, these need to be used in proportion to sources that present the opposing case when cited in a wikipedia article (WP:NPOV) else they should not be used at all. second, this discussion was not about whether dawood moved to karachi, but about whether he currently resides there. all of these sources that you've provided mention that he moved there but like i said, it's been more than a decade since the claimed date of his relocation to karachi so there is no certainty that he still resides there (if he resided there at all). that's why my edits were perfectly reasonable when the article was changed to read that india "alleges" he lives in karachi because that's the truth. you can even throw in that the US alleges he lives there but they are only allegations. also there is no reason to revert my edits when i added that pakistan refutes these allegations, which it does. i even provided sources.

i hope you read this response and my first response carefully before posting more "sources" to backup your claims. thanks, — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gangadesh721 (talk • contribs) 12:39, 12 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Please ping in the future when you respond. I am going to reply to your points as follows:
 * (1) Some think-thanks and international organizations irrespective of their sources of funding are considered WP:RS. This is the case for RAND and many others. This is per WP:RS and they are considered WP:NPOV. If you feel this is not the case, please take this to WP:RSN.
 * (2) Same applies to scholars and their publications from known publishing houses specifically, ones like Cambridge and Oxford. If you would like to "discredit" these references please take them to WP:RSN
 * (3) Yes all these sources do state that he moved to Karachi and some of them are recent while others are a decade old, do you have a scholarly reference of equal standing which places him in another country or states that he has moved to some other country since then? If yes, please provide us one.
 * (4) When you say Karachi was cleaned up of gangs and criminals, how does that matter? Does the source explicitly state that Dawood Ibhraim was removed from Karachi? Unless it states that, what you are trying to do is WP:SYNTH.

I hope this answers all your questions. Adamgerber80 (talk) 19:53, 12 July 2018 (UTC)

thanks for your response. Here are my responses: (1) I can accept that RAND is WP:RS though that is only due to their stated high editorial and research standards but they are by no means WP:NPOV. This is not possible due to their funding by government institutions especially when those institutions are related to defence, security and intelligence.

(2) I don't understand how this counters my point about stephen tenkel's bias due to his association with those as stated in my previous response as well as his failure to back up his claim of dawood moving to karachi with with a citation.

(3)Good point though like I've said, these are biased sources. I did, however, find this article which states that the indian media's so called "proofs" were fake: https://www.dawn.com/news/1203319 and this article which states that the addresses that india believed dawood was living at were fake: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1168888/india-embarrassed-dawood-ibrahim/ therefore there is good reason to believe he is not presently in karachi or in pakistan as a whole.

this article quotes an indian official as saying dawood was shifted from karachi to the pak-afghan border and even to central asian countries: https://tribune.com.pk/story/898391/dawood-ibrahim-shifted-to-pak-afghan-border-region-indian-official/ the article originally appeared on the indian express, for the record.

i'm not claiming these sources are neutral but according to WP:NPOV biased sources must be balanced out proportionally to represent both sides.

(4) Yes I will accept this but it is a testimony to how outdated the source is that it was published before major developments in the region it was centred around.

The article should also read that Pakistan denies dawood is in pakistan, like i said in my previous response:

https://www.firstpost.com/india/its-official-fresh-photo-and-passport-copy-of-dawood-ibrahim-confirm-hes-in-pakistan-2403302.html

https://www.deccanherald.com/content/379857/dawood-ibrahim-not-here-pakistan.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gangadesh721 (talk • contribs) 21:12, 12 July 2018 (UTC)
 * (1) I am going to repeat this for the very last time since this is turning into a WP:IDONTLIKEIT. Sources which are WP:RS are based on scholarly sources and the quality of their publication. You cannot term a source not meeting WP:NPOV simply because the source has funding from something you "don't like" or they spent their time in a place you think is pro one side. For example, Ryan Clarke easily qualifies as an expert in the field based on his Bio. He has spent a lot of time at different places and received his PhD from Cambridge. Just FYI, academics usually publish their content and since it needs to be peer-reviewed this is generally considered to a a great WP:RS on Wikipedia. The only way you can counter this is with a source of equal scholarly repute. If you have issue with any of these sources then I believe this is not the right forum for it and you should take it WP:RSN.
 * (2) If you wish to state that this information is outdated and does not reflect current situation, then do you have a scholarly source which actually states clearly that he is no longer in Pakistan? Unless you provide us one, what you are doing is plain WP:SYNTHESIS and is not acceptable here.
 * I am happy to engage in this discussion if you actually provide quality counter references which have not done and are basing much of your conclusions on random hearsay. As of now this debate is simply you not liking stuff. Adamgerber80 (talk) 18:15, 17 July 2018 (UTC)

Never tried?
Was he never put on trial for his involvement in terrorist attacks? Or is there no trial in absentia in Indian law? Totally confused here. --Prüm (talk) 03:59, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi here is my understanding. The court has accepted his involvement in the 1993 Bombay bombings case per these sources . In this case, his aides were convicted of perpetrating the blasts. He is still wanted in this case but he has not been tried in absentia. Although there is provision in Indian law to do so based on this source . AFAIK, this has hardly been done so far and most cases in India do wait for the accused to be caught before initiating the trial.
 * Having said this, his role in the incident is widely accepted in the international community. He was designated a terrorist by the US in 2003 and he was added to the UN list of designated terrorists in 2011 . Hope this helps. Adamgerber80 (talk) 04:14, 1 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your kind response. This should help me and others a lot to gain a finer understanding of the issues involved. Peace, --Prüm (talk) 04:23, 1 May 2018 (UTC)

Currently resides in Dubai
The introduction says that Dawood is in Dubai. There is an entire section about the location of Dawood and the various claims of India, Pakistan, etc. What does it even mean "Currently"? Why is no-one disputing it? If it is so confidently known, Dubai police should know it before Wikipedia! Breakfastisready (talk) 18:33, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

Movie
Why you have reverted as unsourced speculation? These things at "In popular culture" require no sources. You can just click on the article of the movie name D-Day (2013 film) and find the details. GenuineArt (talk) 20:25, 3 February 2019 (UTC)
 * GenuineArt - I'm always willing to learn - please point me to the section of WP:Verifiability (or any other core content policy) that says things in a "Popular culture" section (or any other section) do not need sources. - Thanks - Arjayay (talk) 09:45, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * "When tagging or removing material for lacking an inline citation, please state your concern that it may not be possible to find a published reliable source for the content, and therefore it may not be verifiable", it says. Source is probably not needed since the main page provides the information and sources for this information would be also easy to discover. GenuineArt (talk) 20:42, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Search for Dawood Ibrahim
WP:MERGEREASON - Short text and context. Also, Dawood Ibrahim isn't too long either, so a merge won't result in the target article becoming to big and can easily become a subsection. DiplomatTesterMan (talk) 08:14, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
 * ✅ That was a required one. Thank you Manupriy Ahluwalia (talk)

Proposed merge with Gang wars between Chota Rajan and Dawood Ibrahim
The article could even be merged into D-Company DiplomatTesterMan (talk) 08:23, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:21, 18 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Dawood-e1554186997323.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:07, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Dawood Ibrahim.jpg

Counterfiet money
change to counterfeit. Otherwise intra-wiki link is correct 94.109.18.101 (talk) 23:38, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅.  Wylie pedia  @ 13:58, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dawood Ibrahim


text:
Alejandro Silva (musician)

Alejandro Silva is a Chilean instrumental heavy metal guitarist, best known as the founder and lead guitarist of his band, Alejandro Silva Power Cuarteto.

Silva started guitar when he was fourteen years old. Other musicians he has played with include Marty Friedman, Joe Satriani, Steve Vai, and Billy Sheehan, on the 2004 G3 tour held in Chile.

He is also a guitar teacher and a sound engineer.

title: Alejandro Silva (musician)


text:
Bristol, Illinois

Bristol, Illinois, is an unincorporated community in Bristol Township, Kendall County in the U.S. state of Illinois, just south of the Kane County border. Oswego lies to its east, Montgomery lies to its north, and Yorkville lies to its south and west.

History
Bristol originally was referred to as Bristol Station until 1957, when nearby Bristol merged with Yorkville to form a single unified city. Due to the unification, Bristol Station was able to drop the Station off its name and it is officially referred to as simply "Bristol". The community is still within proximity to Yorkville, whose borders are now no more than a mile from the center of town, and due to the growth of Oswego, Yorkville, and Sugar Grove, Bristol will soon either be annexed by one of the larger municipalities or become completely surrounded. Bristol has a small post office, bar, and train station located near the center of town. In June 2008, Raging Waves, Illinois' largest water park, was built just north of Bristol.

Education
Bristol is served by the Yorkville Community Unit School District 115, including Yorkville High School.

title: Bristol, Illinois


text:
Yuan Xi

Yuan Xi (died c. December 207 ), courtesy name Xianyi or Xianyong, was a Chinese military general and politician. He was the second son of Yuan Shao, a warlord who controlled much of northern China during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He was executed along with his brother Yuan Shang by Gongsun Kang.

Yuan Xi's wife, Lady Zhen, was taken as a wife by Cao Cao's son, Cao Pi, while Yuan Xi still lived.

Descendants
Yuan Shuji, a Tang dynasty chancellor, was a descendant of Yuan Xi.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Yuan Xi was described in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms as "intelligent but weak and indecisive", in contrast to his older brother Yuan Tan, who was described as "brave but impulsive and violent". After the combined forces of Yuan Xi and his younger brother Yuan Shang was defeated in battle against Cao Cao in the follow-up battles after the Battle of Guandu, he fled to Liaodong with Yuan Shang and stayed with administrator Gongsun Kang, hoping to one day take over Gongsun's forces and have their revenge on Cao Cao. However, they were themselves betrayed and were killed in an ambush set up by Gongsun, who instead wanted to join Cao's forces.

title: Yuan Xi


text:
Picasso's Rose Period

The Rose Period (Spanish: Período rosa) comprises the works produced by Spanish painter Pablo Picasso between 1904 and 1906. It began when Picasso settled in Montmartre at the Bateau-Lavoir among bohemian poets and writers. Following his Blue Period – which depicted themes of poverty, loneliness, and despair in somber, blue tones – Picasso's Rose Period represents more pleasant themes of clowns, harlequins and carnival performers, depicted in cheerful vivid hues of red, orange, pink and earth tones.

Based largely on intuition rather than direct observation, Picasso's Rose Period marks the beginning of the artist's stylistic experiments with primitivism; influenced by pre-Roman Iberian sculpture, Oceanic and African art. This led to Picasso's African Period in 1907, culminating in the Proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, regarded as a masterpiece.

Overview
The Rose Period lasted from 1904 to 1906. Picasso was happy in his relationship with Fernande Olivier whom he had met in 1904 and this has been suggested as one of the possible reasons he changed his style of painting. Harlequins, circus performers and clowns appear frequently in the Rose Period and populated Picasso's paintings at various stages throughout the rest of his long career. The harlequin, a comedic character usually depicted in checkered patterned clothing, became a personal symbol for Picasso. The Rose Period has been considered French influenced, while the Blue Period more Spanish influenced, although both styles emerged while Picasso was living in Paris. Picasso's Blue Period began in late 1901, following the death of his friend Carlos Casagemas and the onset of a bout of major depression. It lasted until 1904, when Picasso's psychological condition improved. The Rose Period is named after Picasso's heavy use of pink tones in his works from this period, from the French word for pink, which is rose.

Picasso's third highest selling painting, Young Girl with a Flower Basket, and his fifth highest, Garçon à la pipe (Boy with a pipe) were both painted during the Rose Period. Other significant Rose Period works include: Woman in a Chemise (Madeleine) (1904–05), The Actor (1904–1905), Lady with a Fan (1905), Two Youths (1905), Harlequin Family (1905), Harlequin's Family With an Ape (1905), La famille de saltimbanques (1905), Boy with a Dog (1905), Nude Boy (1906), Boy Leading a Horse (1905–06), and The Girl with a Goat (1906).

Suggested reading

 * Wattenmaker, Richard J.; Distel, Anne, et al. (1993). Great French Paintings from the Barnes Foundation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-40963-7

title: Picasso's Rose Period


text:
File:Pgatourgolf96 MD cover.jpg

Summary
PGA Tour 96 Sega Mega Drive cover, scanned by wS for wikipedia.

title: File:Pgatourgolf96 MD cover.jpg


text:
User talk:Cedars/inote.pl

Please feel free to post your comments and ideas on the script below.

Just glancing over this (I found it by your (later removed) link on WikiProject User Scripts), this looks like a nice thing. You should definitely list it at Tools and Footnotes(which-ever number the ref/note form is). Keep up the good work! JesseW, the juggling janitor 07:51, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cedars/inote.pl


text:
Densha Otoko

Densha Otoko (電車男) is a Japanese movie, television series, manga, novel, and other media, all based on the purportedly true story of a 23-year-old otaku who intervened when a drunk man started to harass several women on a train. The otaku ultimately began dating one of the women.

The event, and the man's subsequent dates with the woman, who became known as "Hermès" (エルメス), were chronicled on the Japanese mega-BBS 2channel. This led to the compilation of the relevant threads in a book, followed by several manga versions, a movie, a theatrical play later released as a DVD, and finally a TV series.

Densha Otoko is a popular example of the "nice guy" class of Japanese geeks who wish to lead normal lives, but are too shy to find a girlfriend, or speak openly only online. The television series uses a large number of computer-bound extras.

Story
On March 14, 2004, at 9:55 p.m., an anonymous user posted in a 2channel thread for single men to talk about their woes. According to his account, he had been sitting next to a young woman on the train when a drunken man entered the car and began to badger a particular woman. The poster took the risk of telling the man to stop bothering the passengers, who were all women. The two struggled for a short time while the other passengers used this distraction to summon the conductor, who took control of the situation.

Never having done such a thing in his life, the poster was amazed to find the woman thanking him deeply for saving her from harassment. The young woman requested his address, telling him that she wanted to express her appreciation for his act, before they parted ways. The poster, upon returning home, shared his experience with other posters in the thread and was eventually nicknamed "Densha Otoko" (Train Man).

A few days later, Train Man received a package from the woman: an expensive set of cups and saucers made by Hermès, a French luxury goods company. Flabbergasted, the man turned to the 2channelers for advice; he was soon convinced that the tea set was too expensive to be a mere thank-you gift. Following the advice and suggestions of the other posters, Train Man eventually contacted the woman.

The man who wrote admitted things about himself, such as the fact that he had never had a girlfriend before, that he was an Akihabara nerd and an otaku, and that he had never been on a date. Because of this last fact, he consistently posted updates on his situation, asking for advice on everything from restaurant choices to what clothing to wear. After an enjoyable first date, they began meeting regularly. Following the 2channelers' collective advice, he got a haircut, updated his wardrobe, and began to emerge from his shell. After several dates, his demeanor had changed for the better and this culminated a few months later in his confessing his love for her. She reciprocated, and when the 2channelers were informed, there was a mass celebration; posts began flowing in congratulating the new couple, and extravagant Shift JIS art pictures were posted.

Train Man's posts continued for a while longer, but on May 17, there were posts about the couple being on the verge of having sex, and several forum members made inappropriate comments on the subject. Later that night, Train Man left the boards for good.

Authenticity
While many attest to the truth of the story—including the producers of the television series, who supposedly contacted the real Train Man—it has not been proven that the story was completely authentic. The true identity of "Train Man" is never revealed and the book is based on an edited collection of posts on the 2channel bulletin board. The original conversation lasted fifty-seven days and contained 29,862 posts, whereas the book contains 1,919 posts, as collected on a fan website. A list of inconsistencies in the story has been collated, including Train Man being too young to have a university degree and be in the workforce for three years.

Production
The initial setting of the film is in Akihabara, Tokyo.

Mark Schilling of The Japan Times comments that "since Fuji TV intends Densha Otoko for prime-time broadcast, Hermess (Nakatani) can only suggest a big sisterly friendliness and affection, meaning that the sexual chemistry between her and Train Man (Yamada) is zero". Pop Culture Shock's Erin Finnegan reported, "when asked if the original novel would ever be imported, manga industry reps at New York Comic Con lamented that 2chan's version of l33t is nearly impossible to translate." The fansite compiling the posts which became the book has been translated into other languages by fans of the story, including into English in 2006. President and CEO for Viz Pictures, Seiji Horibuchi, comments that the film Train Man: Densha Otoko "will make people think fondly about their own first experiences with love and the thrill and rush it caused. Perhaps it will even inspire a few to take a chance on someone they like!" "For Densha Otoko, two manga versions were seinen (geared toward young men); one was shōnen (for boys); and one was shōjo (for girls). Del Rey Manga licensed the shōjo version from Kodansha, with which it has strong ties. Viz Media licensed a seinen version, and CMX licensed the shōnen version."

Book
Densha Otoko originated from a fifty-seven-day online conversation, from March 14 to May 16, that included a total of 29,862 posts on 2channel was edited into a six-chapter story, each called "Missions" of 1,919 posts and made available on the Matome site. According to "Fūin sareta 'Densha Otoko'" (封印された｢電車男｣) by Kenji Andō, only 6.4% of the whole conversation thread was published in the Densha Otoko book.

The author of the book used the name "Nakano Hitori" (中野独人). This name is a pun on the Japanese term "Naka no hitori", referring to all the people who are part of message boards on the Internet. There isn't a specific person that is credited as the author; rather, it is close to a shared pseudonym.

Shinchosha released the novel on October 22, 2004. Del Rey Books released the novel, renamed as Train Man, on April 24, 2007.

Drama
The drama's 11 episodes were aired on Fuji TV from July 7 to September 22, 2005 (with a special episode on October 6, 2005). A two-hour-long TV special, Densha Otoko Deluxe, aired on September 23, 2006. Pony Canyon released the series on a DVD box set on December 22, 2005. It also aired in Taiwan's Videoland Japan from January 24, 2006 (with a special episode on December 28, 2006), and in Hong Kong's TVB Jade from April 15, 2006 (with a special episode on January 27, 2007).

Film
Densha Otoko film was directed by Shosuke Murakami. It premiered in Japanese Cinemas by Toho on March 26, 2005. The movie was screened in North American cinemas by Viz Pictures on September 22, 2006. Viz Media released the DVD of Train Man: Densha Otoko on February 6, 2007. The ending theme is "Love Parade" (ラヴ・パレード) by Orange Range. The movie stars Takayuki Yamada as Train Man/Densha Otoko and Miki Nakatani as Hermes.

Manga versions
There are four manga adaptations of Densha Otoko:
 * Train Man: Densha Otoko (電車男〜ネット発、各駅停車のラブストーリー〜) is written and illustrated by Hidenori Hara. It was serialized in Shogakukan's Young Sunday from January 6, 2005. Shogakukan released the manga's three tankōbon volumes between April 5, 2005, and September 5, 2005. It was licensed in North America by Viz Media, which released the manga's three tankōbon volumes between October 10, 2006, and February 13, 2007.  It is licensed in Spain by Glènat España as Otaku in Love, in France by Kurokawa and in Germany by Carlsen Comics.
 * Densha Otoko: The Story of a Train Man Who Fell in Love with a Girl (電車男〜でも、俺旅立つよ.〜) is written and illustrated by Wataru Watanabe. It was serialized in Akita Shoten's Champion Red from January 19, 2005. Akita Shoten released the manga's three tankōbon volumes between March 20, 2005, and February 20, 2006. Akita Shoten re-released the manga in two tankōbon volumes, both released on October 8, 2013.  The manga is licensed in North America by CMX, which released the manga's three tankōbon volumes between October 11, 2006, and April 30, 2007. It is licensed in France by Taifu Comics.
 * Train Man: Go, Poison Man! (電車男 がんばれ毒男!) is written by Hitori Nakano and illustrated by Daisuke Dōke. It was serialized in Akita Shoten's Weekly Shōnen Champion from December 28, 2004. Akita Shoten released the manga's three tankōbon volumes between March 20, 2005, and January 20, 2006.  It is available in English as a scanlation.
 * Train Man: A Shōjo Manga (電車男〜美女と純情ヲタク青年のネット発ラブストーリー) is a one shot shōjo manga written and illustrated by Machiko Ocha. Kodansha released the manga on June 13, 2005. The manga is licensed in North America by Del Rey Manga, which released the manga on November 7, 2006.

Reception
Densha Otoko novel sold 260,000 copies in just three weeks and 500,000 copies in two months. Following its popularity, "Chikan Otoko" was produced, the story of a man who is accused of being a groper on public transport, and Napoleon Dynamite was retitled Basu Otoko ("Bus Man") for its Japanese release. The Japan Times' Janet Ashby commented that the book felt like an "otaku wish-fulfillment fantasy: Someday I will magically meet Miss Right, rescue her like a knight on a white horse, be transformed into Mr. Right, and we will live happily ever after. The reaction of Miss Hermes when Trainman belatedly shows her the log of his postings about their private affairs was particularly unbelievable to me. Far from being hurt or angry, she is impressed by what good friends he has!"

Mania.com's Matthew Alexander commends Densha Otoko: The Story of a Train Man Who Fell in Love With A Girl for being realistic, saying, "right after [Train's] session with a hair stylist, his hair is standing up in the right spots and looks good. Then, just like in real life, a couple of days afterwards his hair is back to looking like a shorter version of his hairstyle before it got cut. A very small part of the story I know, but I really appreciated the effort at displaying realism." Coolstreak Comics' Leroy Douresseaux comments on Densha Otoko: The Story of a Train Man Who Fell in Love With A Girl, saying, "Watanabe understands the visual metaphor of the comics medium, which allows him to deliver his story with a force that captures the quiet awkwardness of two shy people". IGN's A.E. Sparrow comments on the artwork of Densha Otoko: Train Man saying, "Hidenori Hara brings an old school style to his illustration, and there are moments where the complex panel layouts (particularly when several online people are offering advice at once) recall some of Will Eisner's best work." A later review by Sparrow comments that Hidenori Hara's "work seems the most cartoonish of the bunch, with some of the characters looking almost like afterthoughts, but it's that scribbling style that really sets this version of the story apart." He also comments on Hermess looking "like a slightly more pixie-ish version of Lisa Hayes from Robotech". Anime News Network's Carlo Santos' review of Train Man: A Shōjo Manga commends it for its "unique character viewpoint and a sweet, lighthearted mood". However, he criticises it for "skimping on plot and character development; sometimes awkward with Internet humor."

"Watanabe draws a Hermess that is among the cutest female manga characters I have ever seen, making her the perfect object of affection for Train. And the facial expressions that he captures throughout this volume are very appropriate and revealing, giving us a great insight into their heads. Plus, not to be outdone, each character looks unique, which is something that many manga artists have a problem with."

title: Densha Otoko


text: User talk:68.7.98.110

title: User talk:68.7.98.110