text:
Baby Jane Hudson

Baby Jane Hudson is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Henry Farrell's 1960 novel What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? She was portrayed by Bette Davis in the 1962 film adaptation and by Lynn Redgrave in the 1991 television remake. The 1962 production is the better-known, and Bette Davis received an Academy Award nomination for her performance. The character is portrayed by Susan Sarandon, who plays Bette Davis, in the TV anthology Feud: Bette and Joan.

Novel and film
At the start of the book, Baby Jane Hudson is a highly successful child star in vaudeville, billed as "The Diminutive Dancing Duse from Duluth". In the film version, a prologue set in 1917 shows Baby Jane performing with her father while her mother and sister Blanche watch from backstage. She is favored and spoiled by her father, while her mother attempts to soothe Blanche's envy and resentment by promising that one day she will achieve stardom.

The novel reveals that, when both parents die in the late-1910s flu pandemic, the sisters move to Hollywood to live with an aunt who favors Blanche the way their father used to treat Jane (this detail is absent in the film). By the mid-1930s, Blanche and Jane both have careers as Hollywood actresses. Blanche is a successful star, and Jane largely is reduced to working as an extra in her movies, a condition Blanche inserts in her contracts. Blanche is the leading lady of her era, but Jane is widely seen as a has-been, and the films she tries to make on her own are all critical and commercial failures.

One night, an inebriated Jane mocks and humiliates Blanche at a party, provoking Blanche into leaving in tears. That night, Blanche is paralyzed from the waist down in a mysterious car accident that is unofficially blamed on Jane, who is found three days later in a drunken stupor with no memory of the party and its aftermath. The accident ends Blanche's, and by extension, Jane's career. With the loss of income, the sisters move in together, and Jane spends the next three decades as Blanche's caretaker and cook, stoking bitter resentment which consumes her.

Over the years, Jane's mental illness worsens and she descends into alcoholism. Her appearance slowly becomes a grotesque caricature of her childhood self: hideously caked on make-up, greasy hair in curls, and dresses like a 10-year-old girl. A television retrospective honoring Blanche's old films sends Jane into a jealous rage as she is again reminded that no one remembers her career. Her anger only increases when she discovers that Blanche plans to sell the house and have her committed to a mental hospital.

Delusional and stuck in the past, she clings to hopes of reviving her childhood act despite being both too old and decades out of practice. She steals Blanche's money to pay for an accompanist and for adult-sized versions of her old Baby Jane costumes. She removes Blanche's telephone, making her a virtual prisoner in her room. At her first practice, Jane gets drunk and pathetically sings her signature song "I've Written a Letter to Daddy", a maudlin song from her vaudeville days. However, upon seeing her reflection in a mirror and realizing how hideous she looks, Jane snaps and shatters the glass. Her abuse of Blanche worsens when she kills Blanche's pet parakeet and serves it to her on a dinner platter; she later serves Blanche a dead rat in the same way.

When Elvira Stitt, Blanche's cleaning woman, threatens to report Jane to the police, Jane kills her with a hammer and disposes of the dead body. After the police call about Elvira when her family reports her missing, Jane worries that she will be caught. Edwin Flagg, her accompanist, discovers Blanche bound and gagged in her bedroom; he calls the police and Jane flees to the seashore with Blanche.

On the beach, a near-death Blanche reveals that she is paraplegic by her own fault: She intended to kill Jane by running her down, but her car instead struck the metal gates outside their mansion, snapping Blanche's spine. Blanche blamed the accident on Jane, who was too drunk to remember, so she could force Jane to care for her. This revelation destroys what little remains of Jane's sanity, and she regresses to her childhood and becomes "Baby Jane" once again, dancing for startled on-lookers at the beach. When two policemen notice the Hudsons' illegally parked car nearby and link it to Elvira's death, they spot Blanche lying on the sand and rush to her aid. Jane is too caught up in her delusions to notice the policemen's presence.

Acting
For the film adaption, director Robert Aldrich mined the careers of stars Bette Davis and Joan Crawford (who played Blanche) by using their early ~1930s film clips when the story called for examples of their characters' work. The other characters react to clips of Bette Davis's early roles with dismay at her "bad acting", and when clips of Joan Crawford's old movies are shown, the other characters speak with praise for her acting. (Davis's scenes from the film Ex-Lady are presented out of context to make Jane Hudson's performance seem amateurish.)

title: Baby Jane Hudson


text:
Talk:List of Odonata species of Great Britain

Counties or vice-counties? Explanation of revert
Wikipedia articles should be accessible to a general audience as well as to specialists. I can see some merit in including vice-county info for completeness when locations are mentioned, so that the needs of specialist entomologists are catered for. To the average reader however "East Norfolk" and "West Cornwall and Scilly" are pretty meaningless names; if these names linked to pages which explained the names and their context, that would help, but to add them and then link to pages that don't provide any such information doesn't seem to me to aid improving the understanding of the majority of the likely readership of this page. - SP-KP 19:23, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

capitalization
Is dragonfly normally capitalized in British English? If not, the article title should be changed. Tuf-Kat 23:34, August 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Good spot. Done - SP-KP 23:51, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Britain or Great Britain?
I appreciate that there's relatively little ambiguity between these terms (although "Britain" is often, incorrectly, used for the UK) but "Great Britain" seems clearer than just "Britain". Also, is there a way to get rid of the (brackets (within brackets)) (followed by brackets) in the lead, by rewording that section? TheGrappler 23:27, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Yellow winged-darter image
It is a great photo, but does anyone else also think that a more widely known British Dragonfly should be used as they main photo for the page? For the main Dragonfly page its fine but this page is after all about British Dragonflies. Samasnookerfan (talk) 17:06, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Taxobox colour
The new taxobox colour is so much better for the Dragonfly articles. That pink colour was crap. Samasnookerfan (talk) 17:44, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Improvements
This list shouldn't have the reference author stated in the main text, a citation note is all that's needed. For example:
 * Scarlet Dragonfly, first recorded at Hayle Kimbro Pool, The Lizard, Cornwall on 7 August 1995 (Jones 1996 ), with a small number of further records at scattered locations throughout Britain

Should be:
 * Scarlet Dragonfly, first recorded at Hayle Kimbro Pool, The Lizard, Cornwall on 7 August 1995, with a small number of further records at scattered locations throughout Britain.

The other issue is the naming of the article. Britain is highly ambiguous and should be replaced with Great Britain when referring to the island. In this case Great Britain seems to be the subject (although the Channel Islands are mentioned at the bottom), and the article should also be renamed accordingly. See WikiProject Biota of Great Britain and Ireland. Cheers, Jack (talk) 12:44, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Lookups by description?
One of the things Wikipedia is astonishingly bad at is helping someone who has seen something in the wild but does not know what its colloquial name is (let alone the taxo one), which makes it impossible to look it up here, other than by plodding, laboriously, through page after page until you chance upon the right one. What ought to be a 5-minute task, to put a handle on something so one can mention it in conversation (in fewer than five words), turns into a big time-wasting exercise. (Many is the time that Wiki's ability to spew forth yet more information has meant I ran out of endurance before I got my answer and have had to go away, disappointed and still ignorant).

Those who, like me, thought there were only a dozen or so UK species to flick through and that 10 minutes' searching might be tolerable will be sorely disappointed to discover closer to 40 articles to be read (including rarities, vagrants, complete one-offs, extinct varieties) and yet more due to come, which are still redlinks.

Of course, no sooner does a contributor load a series of images onto a page, in an attempt to assist the reader (an "ID parade", so to speak), some other smart-rear-end comes along and drops a boilerplate on it to say "Wikipedia is NOT a gallery". That may be so (policy is policy) but at least a half-decent reference book allows you to look at drawings or photos of several species all at once (side by side, none of this scrolling the page up and down nonsense). Identification is all about comparison and the process of elimination.

I am convinced that there are ways to get around the problem without resorting to a high image load. Textual descriptions like "dominant colour", "secondary colour", "other features" would suit a table layout with hotlinks to the relevant articles.

Regrettably, I am merely a passer-by in a hurry, with a time-saving suggestion. I lack the technical expertise with the markup, as well as the patience to read every article and collect the information required to make the table factually correct as well as functional. I wish good luck to whoever volunteers to take this idea on. EatYerGreens (talk) 15:07, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Dots
Should there be dots at the end of each line of some summing up, or shouldn't there? The different paragraphs are not consistent now. Scarabaeoid (talk) 22:03, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Out of date
This page is now seriously out of date with regards to willow emerald, southern emerald, southern migrant hawker and winter damselfly - (indeed the first three may now be breeding species.) Unfortunately I can't get my head around how to cite the references for these. cab anyone help? Harasseddad (talk) 16:58, 16 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Replied on your talk page. Cheers, Jack (talk) 23:24, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Lower case for common names
Have we not long ago agreed to lower case for common names? And ought we not to carry this through on this page? Macdonald-ross (talk) 16:34, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
J. B. Martin

Dr. J. B. Martin (September 24, 1885 – May 1, 1973) was president of the Negro American League, owner of the Chicago American Giants baseball team, and a prominent Republican Party leader in Memphis and later Chicago.

Early life
Martin was born on September 24, 1885, in Walls, Mississippi. He attended LeMoyne High School in Memphis. He later moved to Nashville, where he attended Meharry Medical College and graduated in 1910. He later returned to Memphis where he opened a drug store.

Career
Martin and his brother B. B. Martin were Memphis dentists with other business interests. One of these was the Memphis Red Sox. The brothers built Martin Park on Crump Boulevard in Memphis, Tennessee for the club, making the Red Sox one of the few clubs in the Negro leagues with their own ballpark. For several decades, Martin owned the South Memphis Drug Store. It was one the largest owned by African Americans in the South and included a post office substation.

In 1940, Martin, a longtime Republican Party activist, became chair of the Shelby County Republican Party. He had the backing of his African American predecessor, Robert Church Jr, who had been driven Memphis because of Crump's legal harassment. After Martin staged a rally for Republican Wendell Willkie in October, Boss E. H. Crump ordered officers to "police" or search all incoming and outgoing patrons of Martin's South Memphis drugstore. Because he faced a possible term in the prison workhouse on trumped up charges, he left the city. Republican leaders and civil rights organizations, such as the NAACP, urged the Roosevelt administration to bring charges against, or denounce, Crump, who was a major ally of Franklin D. Roosevelt, but had no success. Although the head of the Civil Rights Section of the Department of Justice indicated a willingness to prosecute Crump for violation of Martin's civil rights, more senior officials in the Roosevelt administration refused to do so.

When Martin briefly returned to Memphis in 1943 to attend a game at the Martin Stadium (which he had helped to build), police arrested him, put him in a holding cell, and ordered to leave Memphis. After that incident, Martin personally appealed for help from the Department of Justice. He was turned down. Meanwhile, Martin and Robert Church Jr. successfully urged labor leader A. Philip Randolph to come to Memphis to speak out against Crump's suppression of free speech. Crump's subordinates responded by denying Randolph speaking venues by intimidating local black leaders into withdrawing invitations and shunning him. When Randolph urged Eleanor Roosevelt, who had friendly political ties with Crump, to do something to counter Crump's "fascist" denial of free speech, she refused. Her reply on December 18, 1943 to Randolph read in full: "I referred your letter to a friend of mine when I received it and I am sorry it has not been answered before. I was advised not to do anything, as it might do more harm than good."

Martin settled permanently in Chicago where he remained active in Republican politics. After an unsuccessful run for Cook County commissioner a year later, he won election in 1946 as a Republican to become the first African American trustee of the Sanitary District Board.

Martin appointed Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe as manager of the Chicago American Giants in 1950. He was concerned about Black players joining major league teams so he instructed Radcliffe to sign white players. Radcliffe recruited at least five young White players (Lou Chirban, Lou Clarizio, and others). The team disbanded in 1952.

He died on May 1, 1973, in Detroit, Michigan.

title: J. B. Martin


text:
Talk:Lake Barkley

Rock Quarry
Sorry, I'm too lazy, but the photos of the rock quarry are from Kentucky Lake, not Lake Barkley.

Untitled
Hmm... I wonder why the author of this article didn't create on for Kentucky Lake. It seems a little odd doesn't it?

I am curious why the article did not mention that Lake Barkley has a small beach just large enough to attract visitors as far away as Clarksville and Nashville. I was 10 years old the last time we went there (that was in 1972), so I am not aware of the current state of Lake Barkley Beach, therefoe did not see editing the article myself as prudent. It would be better for someone who has been there recentley to do that.[retrograde62 11:33 AM PST, 18 september 2011] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.227.57.112 (talk) 18:35, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

There are several beaches along Barkley Lake -- the lake stretches from almost Nashville all the way up to Eddyville, KY. Identifying all the beaches along both sides of the lake would be excessive. Also, I'm going to start editing this page soon -- it needs further detail and citations. 74.141.241.50 (talk) 16:00, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lake Barkley. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070210163838/http://fw.ky.gov/recordfish.asp to http://fw.ky.gov/recordfish.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:17, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Barkley


text:
Toktogul

Toktogul (Toктогул, known until 31 July 1957 as Muztör (Музтөр)), is a city (since 2012) in Jalal-Abad Region of Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 20,577 in 2021. It is the administrative seat of Toktogul District.

It is named after its most famous son: the poet and musician Toktogul Satilganov. Toktogul was born in Kushchusu, a village now submerged in the Toktogul Reservoir. It is located on the northern shore of the Toktogul reservoir. To the south, highway M41 curves around the eastern end of the reservoir toward Karaköl and Jalal-Abad city. To the north the road goes up the Chychkan valley into Talas Region on its way to Bishkek.

title: Toktogul


text:
Burow's solution

Burow's solution is an aqueous solution of aluminium triacetate. It is available in the U.S. as an over-the-counter drug for topical administration, with brand names including Domeboro (Moberg Pharma), Domeboro Otic (ear drops), Star-Otic, and Borofair. The preparation has astringent and antibacterial properties and may be used to treat a number of skin conditions, including insect bites and stings, rashes caused by poison ivy and poison sumac, swelling, allergies, and bruises. However, its main use is for treatment of otitis (ear infection), including otomycosis (fungal ear infection).

History
The creator of Burow's solution was Karl August Burow (1809-1874), a military surgeon and anatomist. Burow was also the inventor of some plastic surgery and wound healing techniques which are still in wide use today.

Otitis
Burow's solution may be used to treat various forms of ear infections, known as otitis. As a drug it is inexpensive and non-ototoxic. In cases of otomycosis it is less effective than clotrimazole but remains an effective treatment.

Skin irritation
Most versions of Burow's solution can be used as a soak or compress. As an FDA approved astringent it is used for the relief of skin irritations due to poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, and rashes from allergic reactions to soaps, detergents, cosmetics and jewelry. This is due to the combination of two active ingredients found in this version of Burow's solution, i.e. aluminum sulfate tetradecahydrate and calcium acetate monohydrate.

The solution is used by some to reduce inflammation and potential infection from conditions such as ingrown nails, in a warm water soak.

title: Burow's solution


text:
John Dobson

John Dobson is the name of:

 * John Dobson (architect) (1787–1865), British architect
 * John Dobson (amateur astronomer) (1915–2014), popularizer of astronomy and the Dobsonian telescope
 * John Dobson (Canadian politician) (1824–1907), Canadian senator
 * John Dobson (Northern Ireland politician) (1929–2009), Northern Irish politician
 * John Dobson (priest) (born 1964), British priest and Dean of Ripon
 * John Dobson (rugby union coach), South African rugby union coach
 * John Dobson (rugby union, born 1886) (1886–1936), Scotland international rugby union player
 * John Dobson (academic) (1690–1724), warden of New College, Oxford

title: John Dobson


text:
Talk:Anthracene

Offensive External link
The "mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" on this page contains a 7000x7000px invisible image with a link through shortening service gee.su to an offensive FB page. I inspected the HTML. I don't know enough of WP infrastructure to know what is going on, but this is definitely weird and wrong. I don't see an edit on this page that would have caused this, but the same change doesn't seem to have propagated to every WP page with a sistersitebox, which is roughly all WP pages. So... raising my hand or pointing my finger or something.

IUPAC name
The c is not correct — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.221.89.14 (talk) 16:51, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * "Anthracene" is given as the IUPAC name at the PubChem link in the infobox. What would you suggest as the IUAPC name instead?  -- Ed (Edgar181) 16:53, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

Diagram needed
The discussion of 9,10-dehydroanthracene and 1,4-dehydroanthracene as possible reduction products would be clearer with a diagram showing the numbering of the carbons. Dirac66 (talk) 14:18, 24 October 2013 (UTC)

Toxicology reference
The reference for "Unlike many other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), anthracene is not classified as carcinogenic as listed by the U.S. agency OSHA" leads to a sigma aldrich page that doesn't have any data on it. All the other sources I have found say that it is a carcinogen, such as an actual sigma aldrich page (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/help-welcome/hazard-and-precautionary-statements.html#pictogram). As such I will be removing the statementDeadlyops (talk) 00:33, 17 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for catching that glitch. I will go back and repair that section.  --Smokefoot (talk) 01:27, 17 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Anthracene. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol32/anthracene.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091114145131/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol32/volume32.pdf to http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol32/volume32.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:53, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Anthracene. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060518002254/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/74.html to http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/74.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110122105255/http://echa.europa.eu/home_en.asp to http://echa.europa.eu/home_en.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:29, 7 July 2017 (UTC)

Hatnote required?
It occurred to me that people may confuse it with Anthropocene, and my suspicions would seem to be confirmed by the existence of Anthrocene as a redirect. 88.145.189.130 (talk) 20:11, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

Interest in a short historical section ala 1,2-dichloroethane
The compound was discovered by Auguste Laurent in 1835. I think the articles on his derivatives ought to make mention of him and the significance of the compound. This compound was very important in the development of the atomic theory in the 1800s. There is precedent for the inclusion of at minimum a pithy historical discussion in articles of this nature - see the article on 1,2-dichloroethane. The crystalline nature of the stuff was interestingly also very important as well. See DeMilt, Clara, "Auguste Laurent, Founder of Modern Chemistry." Chymia, Vol. 4 (1953), p. 85-114. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27757164. These compounds are also discussed in the later memoires of Jean-Baptiste Dumas, Gerhardt, and Pasteur. 24.170.207.220 (talk) 06:46, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

To add to article
Basic information to add to this article (in order to help make it more properly encyclopedic): the etymology of the term "anthracene." 173.88.246.138 (talk) 05:09, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Benz(a)anthracene
Should this article include a mention of Benz(a)anthracene? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 05:10, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anthracene


text: File:The pillows - pantomime.jpg

title: File:The pillows - pantomime.jpg


text:
Zona Rosa, Mexico City

Zona Rosa ("Pink Zone") is an area in Mexico City which is known for its shopping, nightlife, gay community and its recently established Korean community. The larger official neighborhood it is  part of is Colonia Juárez, located just west of the historic center of Mexico City.

The area's history as a community began when it was developed as a residential district for wealthy foreigners and Mexico City residents looking to move from the city center. The development of the area stalled during and after the Mexican Revolution. From the 1950s to 1980s the neighborhood was revitalized by artists, intellectuals and the city's elite who repopulated the area, gave it a bohemian reputation and attracted exclusive restaurants and clubs for visiting politicians and other notables. It was during this time that the area received the name of Zona Rosa, from José Luis Cuevas. The era ended in the 1980s, when many of the upscale businesses moved out and tourism, men's clubs, prostitution and crime moved in.

Although the area declined during the 1980s, it is still a major shopping and entertainment district and has also become a major tourist attraction for the city, one that the city has worked to preserve and rehabilitate since the 2000s, with mixed success. From the 1990s, the area has also become home to Mexico City's gay community, which is prominent around Amberes Street and sponsors an annual pride parade on Paseo de la Reforma.

History
Zona Rosa began to be developed along with the rest of Colonia Juárez in the mid-19th century; however, it has always had an independent identity. Originally the area was called “La Teja”, then “La Zona Americana” or “Colonia Americana”, as presidents from Benito Juárez to Porfirio Díaz promoted it for foreign investment and residency up until the early 20th century. The area also attracted Mexico City's elite who were looking to escape the city center. During this time, the area was filled with cafes, pastry shops, and a number of green areas designed to create a European atmosphere. For this reason the streets were named after European cities such as Hamburg (Hamburgo), London (Londres), Copenhagen (Copenhague), Genoa (Genova), Nice (Niza), and Liverpool. The Mexican Revolution put an end to the building here and the initial mansions remained, but many were abandoned.

Nevertheless, the area remained one of the more glamorous zones for most of the 20th century. Expensive cafes and restaurants, art galleries, and jewelry stores continued to attract wealthy residents, although on a reduced scale.

Bohemian appeal
In the 1950s, the area was repopulated and reinvigorated by artists and intellectuals attracted to its location between the historic center and Chapultepec Park. This period saw the opening of trendy bars, clubs, restaurants, cafes, bookstores, and art galleries which gave the area a bohemian feel. Pasaje Jacaranda was an innovative shopping center that opened on Genova Street in the 1960s. By the 1960s, politicians such as Adolfo López Mateos, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, and Miguel Alemán, as well as painters such as José Luis Cuevas and writers such as Carlos Fuentes and Carlos Monsivais, lived, worked and visited the clubs here such as Café Kineret. Fine restaurants were established such as Focolare in 1953, La Gondola in 1958 and Passy, also in 1958. These three don't exist anymore. Clubs and restaurants were exclusive, with dress codes. However, there were also several clubs known for chorus girls. One of these was the Can-can, on the corner of Hamburgo and Genova Streets. This mix of bohemian and propriety prompted Cuevas to comment that the area "Es demasiado ingenua para ser roja, pero demasiado frívola para ser blanca, por eso es precisamente rosa (is too naive to be red, but too frivolous to be white, for this reason it is precisely pink)". This is the origin of the area's current name.

In 1967, Cuevas created a mural on a rooftop in Zona Rosa only to destroy it seconds afterwards. This event was meant to rebel against the social and political content of most of Mexico's post-Revoluction mural movement. In 2003, a reproduction of Cuevas’ “ephemeral mural” was placed on the same rooftop on which the artist created and destroyed the original. This era of Zona Rosa's development continued until the 1980s. During this time many galleries, bohemian bars and restaurants opened. The area was considered to be tolerant, intellectual and cosmopolitan. It even had its own literary magazine called Zona Rosa.

Decline
Problems in the area began as early as 1968, when the construction of the Mexico City Metro caused the area to lose its exclusiveness and crime increased. Real deterioration began when the older, finer businesses such as boutiques and galleries moved out, mostly due to the economic crisis of the 1980s and the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which substantially damaged the area. Many of the more exclusive businesses were replaced by men's clubs, gay bars, and massage parlors, which has made Zona Rosa more “red” than “pink”. As the area was promoted for tourism, fast-food places, nightclubs, and bars sprung up, which have engendered problems with underage drinking and prostitution.

La Ronda was an establishment visited by intellectuals such as Guadalupe Amor and Manuel Felgueres, but today it is a men's club named Foxy's. Other establishments, such as a bar named Tirol once located in one of the area's old mansions, have simply shut down and their buildings remain deserted. Many of the stores selling jewelry, arts and other fine merchandise have been converted into stores with more mass-produced items and souvenirs. Another change occurred in the vicinity of Amberes Street, where bars, clubs and other businesses catering to the gay community have appeared. These are distinguished by the use of rainbow colors on their facades.

Most of the decline of the area occurred in the 1980s and 1990s, when the city was governed by appointees of the federal government. In the late 1990s, the city government began to be elected by residents and in 1997, the ruling PRI lost power in the city to the PRD. The new city government was more interested in promoting and restoring the neighborhood. Tourist police were implemented, and efforts to better regulate businesses, control prostitutions, repair infrastructure and promote tourism were undertaken at various times during the 2000s.

These efforts have had mixed success. The city has conducted some high-profile raids of clubs such as the Bar Continental DJ Club, searching for drugs and minors. This operation eventually led to the expropriation of the property on Florencia Street as well as another club on Berna Street. They mayor stated it was part of ongoing operations and meant to be a warning to other club owners in the area. The expropriated building on Florence Street now houses a contingent of the Mexico City police. There have also been other raids in response to complaints about underage drinking and illegal gambling.

In 2007, a public-private venture was started to connect and promote Zona Rosa along with the historic center as the Reforma-Centro Historico corridor. Crime has decreased, but residents and businesses continue to move out, while more “red” businesses move in. In 2004, two theaters were opened exclusively to show erotic movies under the name of Contempo Cinema. According to the owners, the movies shown are not pornography but rather films such as Last Tango in Paris, Basic Instinct and Wild Orchid, which do not have explicit sex scenes meriting an XXX rating. The new venues have about 200 seats each with a bar, restaurants and film store.

Work on infrastructure has been completed, mostly on Genova and Hamburgo Streets, but residents complain that the work is too slow, hurting their businesses. There are fears that these interventions, along with those scheduled between 2010 and 2012, will not be enough to save the area.

Description
Zona Rosa is a portion of the official neighborhood of Colonia Juárez, comprising 24 of the colonia's 99 city blocks. The borders of the area are formed by Paseo de la Reforma to the north, Varsovia Street to the west, Avenida Insurgentes to the east and Chapultepec Avenue and Metro Insurgentes to the south. Most of the streets in the area are named after European cities. A number of these streets are made of cobblestone, with two pedestrian-only. About 40 sculptures – 17 created by young artists from the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plasticas of UNAM – have been installed on various streets, sponsored by the Rotary Club of Zona Rosa.

The area is one of Mexico City's primary shopping districts and nightclub areas. Streets are filled with bars and nightclubs, which fill on weekends. Among these clubs, men's clubs with table dances and gay bars stand out. In total, there are 714 businesses in the area, 137 of which are restaurants, which cater to foreign and Mexican visitors as well as businessmen who work on nearby Paseo de la Reforma. From its bohemian and intellectual heritage, there are also art galleries, bookstores and the like.

One echo from the area's past are a number of early 20th-century mansions built when the area was an exclusive residential area for Mexico City's wealthy. These homes were designed to look European, especially French. Some of these still remain, such as the one at 115 Hamburgo Street, but most are abandoned.

Leading to the area from the Insurgentes Metro is Genova Street, a pedestrian mall lined with eateries, 13 of which own areas on the street on which to put tables. It is popular with both locals and foreign visitors. Here, dozens of people handing out flyers stop pedestrians and drivers advertising gay bars and men's clubs, some of which operate illegally. It is also the site of the Corridor de Arte José Luis Cuevas, which occurs on weekends when an average of 40 artists display their works for sale. On this street stand around 40 sculptures created by young artists of the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plasticas of UNAM.

Despite the installation of tourist police and other efforts, crime is still a problem in the area. The streets with the most problems are Londres, Hamburgo, Florencia, Liverpool, Niza, Amberes and Genova.

Gay community
Another prominent area is Amberes Street, home to Mexico City's gay community. This community was established in the 1990s due to the area's overall tolerance and the fact that police here did not extort members of the gay community. Today, homosexuality on Amberes Streets and the rest of Zona Rosa is fairly open with handholding and kissing among same-sex couples. This has led it to be compared to Barrio de Chueca in Madrid and the Castro District in San Francisco. It is famous for being a gay encounter area, especially for young gay men, with some being minors. A number of gay men make money through prostitution, mostly younger men soliciting older men. In 2010, the city opened a consulting office for homosexuals wishing to take advantage of Mexico City's law allowing them to marry.

Zona Rosa is one of three areas in Mexico City where gay bars and other businesses operate, along with Plaza Garibaldi and an area on Avenida Insurgentes South. However, Zona Rosa is the largest of these and considered to be the gay community's business center, with over 200 businesses spread over 16 blocks. These bars, clubs, and other entertainment places mostly cater to younger crowds and play reggaeton, psycho-punk, etc., with lasers, strobe lights and other typical decor. However, these businesses are usually marked with rainbow colored flags or other decorations on the facade. Singles and couples dance sensually and sometimes a cloud of generated smoke covers the dance floor. Touching and kissing between couples of the same sex is highly tolerated in many of these clubs. Some also have “dark rooms” where patrons can find privacy for more intimate acts. A number also have unofficial dress codes.

Zona Rosa's annual pride parade is officially called the Marcha del Orgullo Lésbico, Gay, Bisexual, Transgénero, Travesti, Transsexual e Intersexual (LGBTTTI) (March of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Transvestite, Transsexual and Intersexual Pride). It was first held in 1978 with about 300 people participating. During this event, the nightclubs, discothèques and bars of Zona Rosa fill with members of the LGBT community starting at midday. Many businesses, whether they cater to gays or not, are decorated with rainbow colored balloons, streamers and other items. Despite the crowds, police presence is not significantly heightened.

The parade usually marches along Paseo de la Reforma from Puerta de los Leones to the Glorieta de la Palma, with the entire stretch completely closed to traffic for the event. The city has even participated, offering free AIDS tests to attendees. In 2003, there were more than 20,000 participants. The 2010 march adopted the theme of "Marcha del Bicentenario, Marcha de las Libertades" (March of the Bicentennial, March of Liberties) and extended from the Angel of Independence to the Alameda Central. The march in Mexico City was paralleled in 25 other Mexican cities.

Despite its prominence, the existence of a large, open gay community in Zona Rosa still creates controversy. Some, such as the president of the Agrupacion de Comericantes de la Zona Rosa (Acozoro), Mariano Molina, state that the presence of an open gay community drives away visitors and customers who are not accustomed to seeing gay couples in public. Others state that the government will not work to save the area because of the gay bars and Mexico's ethic of machismo.

While male and female prostitution exists in Zona Rosa, there have been complaints of the prostitution of minors in the gay community, despite efforts since the 1990s to eradicate it. Residents and business owners complain that this prostitution is very open and can be very aggressive, centered on the various gay bars that can be found on and around Ambares Street. However, business owners in the gay community state that the prostitution issue, including that of minors, is not the problem that neighbors say it is; rather it is that some have a problem with having an open gay community. These businesses state that gays have a high level of purchasing power and many own their own businesses that employ thousands in the city. They also state that the gay community attracts visitors from other parts of the city and even internationally. This is particularly true on Gay Pride Day, when the city holds a parade on Paseo de la Reforma and at Christmastime.

Korean community
Most of Mexico City's Korean population of about 9,000 lives in and around Zona Rosa. According to the newspaper Reforma, there are at least 1,000 Koreans living in Zona Rosa proper and about 3,000 total in Colonia Juárez. In Zona Rosa, especially west of Florencia Street, barber shops, restaurants, and Internet cafes with signs in Korean dot the area.

Many Korean residents do not speak Spanish and are relatively isolated from their Mexican neighbors. The area around Hamburgo, Praga, Berna and Biarritz streets has been converted into “Pequeño Seúl” (Little Seoul), with Biarritz Street's residents almost 90% Korean.

The number of Korean residents in the colonia continues to increase even as the number of younger people in general decreases. Most immigrated to Mexico in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century, as a result of commercial agreements signed by the Mexican government with Korea and Taiwan, allowing companies such as Daewoo to bring workers over from Asia. However, according to some sources such as Alfredo Romero, professor of the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences at UNAM, a large percentage of Koreans living in Mexico have questionable immigration status. There have been conflicts between Korean-owned businesses and Mexican neighbors over noise and sanitation issues, with some Mexicans complaining that the Koreans do not want to adapt to Mexican society. Another issue has been legal problems, both with the status of merchandise and the status of employees. A store owned by Koreans was shut down by police for selling imported merchandise of questionable origin in 2002, with 33 workers detained.

Economy and tourism
Most of the business conducted in Zona Rosa is through retail establishments. The area is home to 714 businesses, which include 137 restaurants and 37 parking garages. It is still one of the city's primary entertainment and shopping districts. It contains stores (especially clothing stores), cafes, hotels, chain stores, fast-food places, restaurants, major hotels, airline offices, banks, clubs and more. There is an antiques mall on Londres Street, and a large handicrafts and souvenir market called Mercado Insurgentes between Liverpool and Londres street, where a number of shopkeepers speak English and some take U.S. dollars. Approximately 100,000 people pass through the area each day, and an estimated 12,000,000 pesos is spent here each day.

Another prominent retail segment includes businesses that cater to Mexico City's gay community. Since they were established in the 1990s, these businesses have grown in size and number and include sex shops, bookstores, movie theaters and exclusive hotels, as well as bars and nightclubs. These total over 200 businesses spread over 16 blocks, which is now considered to be the community business center. Most customers in Zona Rosa's businesses are visitors from other parts of the city, foreign tourists, and businessmen who come from nearby office buildings concentrated on or near Paseo de la Reforma. The area that connects Metro Insurgentes with Zona Rosa tends to become crowded with street peddlers selling tamales, perfumes, handicrafts, unlicensed CDs/DVDs and more to passerby groups.

The attractions of the area for tourists, especially foreign ones, are the shopping, the cafes, and the nightclubs. However, these nightclubs, especially the men's clubs, have a reputation for attracting prostitution, underage drinking, illegal gambling, and other crime, which has a detrimental effect on tourism. The general deterioration of the area, both in physical infrastructure, crime, and types of businesses, has been problematic for the area as well. Although the area is still heavily promoted by the city, its secretary of tourism has admitted that it has lost much of its international prestige and can no longer be assured of its status as a tourist attraction.

While there are about 38 bars and 10 men's clubs known to police that report good business, they also create problems for the area. Many are linked to illicit activities such as prostitution, both male and female, which noticeable on the streets after 10 pm seven days a week. Another problem is “tarjeteros”, who crowd the area's streets day and night (especially Genova Street), handing out cards and flyers to passersby advertising bars, clubs and other businesses. While this activity is legal, these tarjeteros have been accused of bothering area visitors and being associated with small-scale drug trafficking.

To counter its decline, the city has worked to rehabilitate the area, linking it with the more popular historic center through the Reforma-Centro Historico tourism corridor in 2005. There have been efforts to improve the area through the 2000s, which are projected to continued at least until 2012. This area was designated as a "Barrio Mágico" by the city in 2011.

Luxury hotels in the area include Maria Isabel Sheraton, Galeria Plaza, Plaza Florencia, Cristal Rosa, Geneve, Marquis, Aristos, Royal and Marco Polo. Despite the area's problems, the 24 hotels in the area report an average occupancy rate of 80%, mostly from foreign tourists, year-round.

Education
The Center for the Teaching of Foreign Languages (CELE) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) has a venue at Milán Street, partially sponsored by Fundación UNAM.

title: Zona Rosa, Mexico City


text:
Bangor Auditorium

The Bangor Auditorium was a 5,948-seat multi-purpose arena located in downtown Bangor, Maine.

History
Construction of the Bangor Auditorium began in early 1955, after the city of Bangor, Maine hired architect Eaton Tarbell to design the facility. The auditorium opened its doors to the public for the first time on October 1, 1955 with a maximum capacity of 7,426.

The auditorium shared the same complex as the Bangor Civic Center, and was mainly used for concerts, sporting events, circus performances, political rallies, as well as trade shows with 16,000 square feet (1500 m2) of space.

During its years of operation, the auditorium hosted several notable politicians, musicians, and other people of note, including: Barack Obama, Jimmy Carter, Bob Dylan, KISS, Aerosmith, Garth Brooks, Willie Nelson, the WWE, and others.

It was demolished in 2013. For decades, the auditorium was a hub for youth and men's basketball competitions. It hosted the Maine Principals' Association basketball tournament each February, as well as the graduation ceremonies for Bangor High School in June. It also served as the home of the Maine Windjammers of the Continental Basketball Association, and the University of Maine men's and women's basketball teams for a few seasons until 1992. The V-shape style of the building gave it the look of giant wings and adds to the atmosphere. A statue of Paul Bunyan towered outside as a symbol of the city's prosperous history as a lumber port in the early-to-mid-19th century.

The auditorium and civic center shared its campus with Bass Park, home of the Bangor State Fair as well as Bangor Raceway, one of the oldest harness racing facilities in New England. Bangor Auditorium has hosted many major musical acts and has been a stop for World Wrestling Entertainment house shows for many years.

Replacement
Over the course of a few years, the city discussed significantly renovating or replacing the aging auditorium with a state-of-the-art venue. Poor ventilation and HVAC systems as well as substandard handicap accessibility have been cited as primary reasons for this.

In 2009 the city consulted with Sink Combs Dethlefs, Denver architects, and others to discuss the construction of a $51 million, 5,000-seat arena adjacent to the existing structure. Their proposal suggested using the new 160000 sqft facility as the centerpiece of the complex, while renovating the existing auditorium and the Bangor Civic Center for smaller events at an additional cost of $18 million.

After a May 2011 public referendum in which Bangor voters supported building new facilities by a margin of 3 to 1, the plan now moved forward to build an entirely new set of primary buildings at Bass Park to replace the existing Bangor Auditorium and Civic Center with new structures, while leaving the old buildings open almost until the new buildings opened. The Bangor Auditorium was demolished in 2013 with the new arena completed.

The new arena, officially the Cross Insurance Center, has varying maximum seating depending on the configuration that is used. For events that use the main floor for performance there are 5,800 fixed seats. For events using an end stage of 60 feet by 40 feet the new arena will seat as many as 8,050 persons. The new facility is managed by Global Spectrum, a division of Comcast.

title: Bangor Auditorium


text:
Conservative liberalism

Conservative liberalism, also referred to as right-liberalism, is a variant of liberalism combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right wing of the liberal movement. In the case of modern conservative liberalism, scholars sometimes see it as a more positive and less radical variant of classical liberalism; it is also referred to as an individual tradition that distinguishes it from classical liberalism and social liberalism. Conservative liberal parties tend to combine economically liberal policies with more traditional stances and personal beliefs on social and ethical issues. Ordoliberalism is an influential component of conservative-liberal thought, particularly in its German, British, French, Italian, and American manifestations.

In general, liberal conservatism and conservative liberalism have different philosophical roots. Historically, liberal conservatism refers mainly to the case where conservatives embrace the elements of classical liberalism, and conservative liberalism refers to classical liberals who support a laissez-faire economy as well as socially conservative principles (for instance, Christian family values). Since classical liberal institutions were gradually accepted by conservatives, there is very little to distinguish liberal conservatives from conservative liberals. Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism, and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism.

Overview
Conservative liberalism emerged in late 18th-century France and the United Kingdom, when the moderate bourgeoisie supported the monarchy within the liberal camp. Representatively, Doctrinaires, which existed during the Bourbon Restoration was a representative conservative-liberal party. Radicalism, the leftward flank of liberalism during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that is referred to as classical radicalism, emerged as an opposition against the moderateness of these conservative liberals. Whiggism, or Whig liberalism, in the United Kingdom also forms early conservative liberalism and is distinguished from the Radicals (radical liberalism).

According to Robert Kraynak, a professor at Colgate University, rather than "following progressive liberalism (i.e. social liberalism), conservative liberals draw upon pre-modern sources, such as classical philosophy (with its ideas of virtue, the common good, and natural rights), Christianity (with its ideas of natural law, the social nature of man, and original sin), and ancient institutions (such as common law, corporate bodies, and social hierarchies). This gives their liberalism a conservative foundation. It means following Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Edmund Burke rather than Locke or Kant; it usually includes a deep sympathy for the politics of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and Christian monarchies. But, as realists, conservative liberals acknowledge that classical and medieval politics cannot be restored in the modern world. And, as moralists, they see that the modern experiment in liberty and self-government has the positive effect of enhancing human dignity as well as providing an opening (even in the midst of mass culture) for transcendent longings for eternity. At its practical best, conservative liberalism promotes ordered liberty under God and establishes constitutional safeguards against tyranny. It shows that a regime of liberty based on traditional morality and classical-Christian culture is an achievement we can be proud of, rather than merely defensive about, as trustees of Western civilization."

In the European context, conservative liberalism should not be confused with liberal conservatism, which is a variant of conservatism combining conservative views with liberal policies in regards to the economy, social and ethical issues. The roots of conservative liberalism are to be found at the beginning of the history of liberalism. Until the two world wars, the political class in most European countries from Germany to Italy was formed by conservative liberals. The events such as World War I occurring after 1917 brought the more radical version of classical liberalism to a more conservative (i.e. more moderate) type of liberalism. Conservative liberal parties have tended to develop in those European countries where there was no strong secular conservative party and where the separation of church and state was less of an issue. In those countries, where the conservative parties were Christian democratic, this conservative brand of liberalism developed.

Political stance
Conservative liberalism is generally a liberal ideology that contrasts with social liberalism. Conservative liberalism, along with social liberalism and classical liberalism, is mentioned as the main liberal ideology of European politics. While there are conservative liberals who are located on the right-wing political position, liberal conservatism is often used to describe liberalism close to the political centre to the centre-right of the political spectrum.

Social, classical and conservative liberalism
Social liberalism is a combination of economic Keynesianism and cultural liberalism. Classical liberalism is economic liberalism that partially embraces cultural liberalism. Conservative liberalism is an ideology that highlights the conservative aspect of liberalism, so it can appear in a somewhat different form depending on the local reality. Conservative liberalism refers to ideologies that show relatively conservative tendencies within the liberal camp, so it has some relative meaning. In the United States, conservative liberals mean de facto classical liberals; in Europe, Christian democrats and ordoliberals can also be included. Christian democracy is a mainstream European conservative ideology, so there are cases where it supports free markets, such as Röpke.

France
Alexis de Tocqueville and Adolphe Thiers were representative French conservative liberals. They were classified as centre-left liberals (progressive-Orléanists) during the July Monarchy alone; after the French Revolution of 1848, the now French Second Republic entered and they were relegated to conservative liberals.

Germany
Prior to World War II, conservative liberalism or right-liberalism (Rechtsliberalismus) was often used in a similar sense to national-liberalism (Nationalliberalismus). National Liberal Party during the German Empire and German People's Party during the Weimar Republic are representative. "Right-liberalism" and "national liberalism" are used in similar meanings in Germany. According to the German Wikipedia, most of the national liberals during the Weimar Republic joined the CDU, a liberal-conservative party. For this reason, the terms "conservative liberalism" are not often used in Germany.

Ordoliberalism is more a variant of conservative liberalism than classical liberalism, which is economic liberalism that embraces cultural liberalism, or social liberalism, in principle because it is influenced by the notion of social justice based on traditional Catholic teachings. After the war, Germany pursued economic growth based on the social market economy, which is deeply related to ordoliberalism.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Edmund Burke have been identified as conservative liberals.

United States
In the United States, liberal usually refers to a social liberal form. As such, those referred to as conservative liberals in Europe are often simply referred to as conservatives in the United States. Milton Friedman and Irving Kristol are mentioned as representative conservative liberal scholars.

Political scientists evaluate all politicians in the United States as liberals in the academic sense. In general, rather than the Democratic Party, which is close to social liberalism, the Republican Party is evaluated as a conservative-liberal party. In the case of the Democratic Party, the Blue Dog Coalition is evaluated as close to conservative-liberal in fiscal policy, and as moderate to liberal on cultural issues. Unlike classical liberals, conservative liberals in Europe, such as Finland's Centre Party, sometimes criticize cultural liberalism.

American neoconservatives might be classified as conservative liberals according to Peter Lawler, a professor at Berry College, who argued:

"[I]n America today, responsible liberals—who are usually called neoconservatives—see that liberalism depends on human beings who are somewhat child-centered, patriotic, and religious. These responsible liberals praise these non-individualistic human propensities in an effort to shore up liberalism. One of their slogans is 'conservative sociology with liberal politics.' The neoconservatives recognize that the politics of free and rational individuals depends upon a pre-political social world that is far from free and rational as a whole."

Notable thinkers

 * David Hume (1711–1776)
 * Adam Smith (1723–1790)
 * Edmund Burke (1729–1797)
 * Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834)
 * Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877)
 * Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)
 * William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898)
 * Camillo Benso (1810–1861)
 * Stanley Baldwin (1867–1947)
 * Winston Churchill (1874–1965)
 * Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929)
 * Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950)
 * Walter Eucken (1891–1950)
 * Robert Menzies (1894–1978)
 * Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977)
 * Wilhelm Ropke (1899–1966)
 * Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992)
 * Michael Oakeshott (1901–1990)
 * Ayn Rand (1905–1982)
 * Raymond Aron (1905–1983)
 * Milton Friedman (1912–2006)
 * Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn (1919–1999)
 * Irving Kristol (1920–2009)
 * Helmut Schoeck (1922–1993)
 * Francis Fukuyama (born 1952)

Current parties

 * Argentina: Union of the Democratic Centre, Christian Democratic Party
 * Australia: Liberal Party of Australia
 * Belgium: Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats,   Reformist Movement,   New Flemish Alliance, Libertarian, Direct, Democratic, People's Party
 * Brazil: Progressive Party, Social Democratic Party (factions), Liberal Party, New Party
 * Bulgaria: National Movement for Stability and Progress
 * Canada: British Columbia United, Coalition Avenir Québec, Saskatchewan Party
 * Chile: Evópoli
 * Croatia: Croatian Social Liberal Party
 * Czech Republic: Mayors and Independents, TOP 09, Civic Democratic Party,  ANO 2011
 * Denmark: Venstre–Liberal Party of Denmark
 * Estonia: Estonian Reform Party
 * El Salvador: Nuevas Ideas, GANA
 * Faroe Islands: Union Party, People's Party
 * Finland: National Coalition Party, Centre Party
 * France: The Republicans, Horizons, The Centrists
 * Germany: Free Democratic Party
 * Ghana: New Patriotic Party
 * Greece: New Democracy
 * Greenland: Feeling of Community
 * Iceland: Independence Party
 * Ireland: Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael
 * Israel: Likud, Telem, New Hope
 * Italy: Forza Italia
 * Japan: Liberal Democratic Party
 * Latvia: Unity
 * Lithuania: Liberal Movement, Freedom and Justice
 * Luxembourg: Democratic Party
 * Moldova: Liberal Party, Liberal Reformist Party
 * Netherlands: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy,    JA21
 * New Zealand: New Zealand National Party
 * Norway: Progress Party
 * Philippines: Liberal Party (factions), Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
 * Poland: Civic Platform
 * Portugal: Social Democratic Party
 * Romania: National Liberal Party
 * Russia: Democratic Choice
 * Serbia: People's Party
 * Slovakia: Freedom and Solidarity
 * Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party
 * South Africa: Democratic Alliance
 * South Korea: Minsaeng Party, Democratic Party of Korea (factions)
 * Spain: People's Party, Catalan European Democratic Party, Basque Nationalist Party
 * Switzerland: FDP.The Liberals
 * Sweden: Liberals
 * Thailand: Democrat Party
 * Turkey: Good Party
 * Ukraine: Civil Position
 * United Kingdom: Conservative Party
 * United States: Republican Party

Historical parties

 * Austria: Constitutional Party, Federation of Independents, Freedom Party of Austria
 * Belarus: Belarusian Peasant Party
 * Brazil: National Democratic Union
 * Canada: Liberal-Conservative Party
 * Chile: National Party
 * Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Alliance, Public Affairs
 * El Salvador: National Coalition Party
 * France: Feuillant, Thermidorians, Doctrinaires, Resistance Party, Union for the New Republic/Union of Democrats for the Republic/Rally for the Republic, Independent Republicans/Republican Party/Liberal Democracy, Union for French Democracy Republican Party, Union for a Popular Movement, Agir
 * Germany: German People's Party
 * Iceland: Liberal Party (1927), Liberal Party (1998)
 * Ireland: Fianna Fail, Progressive Democrats
 * Israel: General Zionists, Liberal Party
 * Italy: Italian Liberal Party, Italian Liberal Right, Forza Italia, Civic Choice
 * Japan: New Party Sakigake
 * Latvia: Latvian Way, Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way
 * Lithuania: National Resurrection Party, Liberal and Centre Union
 * Mexico: Liberal Party
 * Netherlands: Liberal State Party, Party of Freedom
 * New Zealand: United Party
 * Norway: Frisinnede Venstre
 * Poland: Liberty, League of the Right of the Republic, Liberal Democratic Congress, Poland Together
 * Romania: Democratic Liberal Party, Liberal Reformist Party
 * Russia: Democratic Choice of Russia
 * Serbia: Serbian Progressive Party
 * Slovakia: Democratic Party
 * South Korea: Korea Democratic Party, Democratic Nationalist Party, Democratic Party (1955), New Democratic Party, Reunification Democratic Party, Democratic Party (1990), United Democratic Party (1995), National Congress for New Politics, Democratic Party (South Korea, 2000), People Party (2016), Party for Democracy and Peace, New Alternatives
 * Spain: Liberal Party, Democratic Convergence of Catalonia
 * Switzerland: Free Democratic Party, Liberal Party
 * Turkey: Motherland Party
 * United Kingdom: Whigs, Liberal Unionist Party, National Liberal Party
 * United States: Whig Party

title: Conservative liberalism


text:
Evergreen High School

Evergreen High School can refer to one of the following institutions: Evergreen Schools Sokoto Nigeria- Gidado road adjacent State Library Sokoto
 * Evergreen Schools Enugu, Enugu State Nigeria
 * Evergreen High School (Oakhurst, California)
 * Evergreen High School (Colorado)
 * Evergreen High School (Ohio)
 * Evergreen High School (King County, Washington)
 * Evergreen High School (Vancouver, Washington)

title: Evergreen High School


text:
Bobby Byrd

Bobby Howard Byrd (August 15, 1934 – September 12, 2007) was an American rhythm and blues, soul and funk singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, bandleader, and talent dedicated, who played a part in the development of soul and funk music in association with James Brown.

Byrd began his career in 1952 as a member of the gospel group, the Gospel Starlighters, who later changed their name to the Avons in 1953 and the Five Royals in 1954, before settling on the name the Flames in 1955 prior to Brown's joining the group; their agent later changed it to The Famous Flames. Byrd was the founder of "The Flames," is credited with the discovery of James Brown, and also claimed responsibility for writing most of James Brown's hits. As group founder, and one of the longest-serving members of the group, Byrd was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame posthumously in 2012 as a member of The Famous Flames. Byrd was also a 1998 recipient of the Rhythm and Blues Foundation's Pioneer Award, and was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Hall of Fame with The Famous Flames in 2020.

Early life and career
Bobby Howard Byrd was born in Toccoa, Georgia, to a religiously devout family where they were respected members of the church congregation and active in their neighborhood. Byrd started being active in his local church choir with the gospel group, the Zioneers, later making a name for himself as member of the Gospel Starlighters, which included his sister Sarah. At a time when church elders disapproved of secular singing, the band members would leave their home state and perform in South Carolina as the R&B group the Avons, leaving gospel behind. The original group consisted of Byrd, who played piano and organ and sang lead vocals, Nafloyd Scott, Fred Pulliam, and Doyle Oglesby.

Meeting James Brown and the formation of The Famous Flames
In 1952, Bobby Byrd formed and sang with a gospel group called the Gospel Starlighters. During a friendly baseball match at a juvenile prison, he met a young James Brown who was serving time there on robbery charges. Byrd befriended him and arranged for Byrd's family to oversee Brown's parole. This began a personal and professional association that lasted until 1973.

Although Byrd would eventually have over twenty years as a solo performer, it is his association with James Brown for which he is chiefly remembered. Contrary to belief, the group had already changed its name to the Flames when Brown asked Byrd for a spot in the group, with Brown first settling as a drummer. Eventually Brown was driven to perform as lead singer, as he felt lead vocalists got more attention from women. Byrd recognized early on that Brown was unique, and it would be impossible to control him: "I didn't need him in competition, I needed him with me, that's why I worked so hard to get him over to my group." In 1956, Clint Brantley signed on as the group's manager. With Johnny Terry and Nash Knox on board, the group became "The Famous Flames" and won a deal with Ralph Bass' Federal label, which was a subsidiary of Syd Nathan's King Records, in February 1956. Their first record, "Please, Please, Please," which Byrd said he wrote with Johnny Terry, featured a lead vocal by James Brown and was issued under the billing "James Brown and the Famous Flames," which did not sit well with the rest of the group. After three sessions, the original Flames broke up.

The Flames without Brown changed their name to Byrd's Drops of Joy. However, they found little success. When Brown approached them to reform the Flames, they agreed. At this point, The Famous Flames ceased being a vocal/instrumental group and became a straight vocal group since Brown had begun to employ the old J.C. Davis outfit as his road band. Original Flames members Bobby Byrd and Johnny Terry returned, and new Flames members Bobby Bennett and Baby Lloyd Stallworth were added. Along with Brown, these four men comprised the longest-lasting lineup of The Famous Flames. Original Flames guitarist Nafloyd Scott also returned and was added to the band. The rest of the original Flames faded into obscurity.

With this lineup, the group would have a series of hits between 1959 and 1964 and participated in many of the albums that helped to bring R&B to a crossover audience, including the landmark million-selling 1963 live album, Live at the Apollo. Byrd and the Famous Flames also performed together on a few episodes of The Ed Sullivan Show, made a brief appearance in the film Ski Party, and upstaged headliners the Rolling Stones in the landmark 1964 rock concert/motion picture The T.A.M.I. Show. Byrd (and fellow Famous Flame Lloyd Stallworth) were credited as songwriters on the Flames hit "Lost Someone." However, Brown was the only member who sang on the recording. Its success led Brown to record more songs on his own, but the majority of his early hits were as a member of the Famous Flames, including songs such as "Try Me," "I'll Go Crazy," "Bewildered," "Think," "Baby You're Right," "I Don't Mind," "This Old Heart," "Shout and Shimmy," "Good Good Lovin," and "Oh Baby Don't You Weep". As was the case with some recordings, the Famous Flames were often not credited on album covers, though ironically enough, on recordings in which Brown appeared by himself, the group was credited, leaving fans to erroneously believe the Famous Flames were actually Brown's backing band, instead of the singing group that they actually were. The group continued performing together until 1968, when they left over monetary issues. The last Flames-associated recording to be released was the pre-funk soul hit "Licking Stick - Licking Stick," to which Byrd contributed vocals without the other members, who had departed before Byrd did that summer.

Solo career and continual work with Brown
After two years away, Byrd reunited with Brown in 1970. He hired, on the spot and without rehearsal, Bootsy Collins, Bootsy's brother Catfish, and their band to fill in for Brown's former band after they left him before a gig. After that performance, Byrd and Brown brought the band to a studio session where they recorded the famous funk hit "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine."

When The Famous Flames were still together, Byrd and Brown co-formed the production company Fair Deal to distribute The Famous Flames' recordings—and Brown's own solo recordings—to mainstream markets after years solely on the rhythm and blues circuit. This led to both Byrd and Brown signing solo deals with Smash Records. In 1964, Byrd recorded his first solo hit, "Baby, Baby, Baby," with Anna King. A year later, he had a bigger R&B hit with "We Are in Love," which reached #14. Later in the late 1960s, as Byrd and Brown together began working under the yet-to-be-named genre of funk, Byrd had a funk hit song with "I Need Help (I Can't Do It Alone)," which reached #14 R&B, (#79 Pop) in 1970.

In 1971, when Brown signed with Polydor Records, he and Byrd formed the label People Records, and issued several records by other artists, including Byrd himself, who recorded the funk hit "I Know You Got Soul" (1971). Byrd appeared onstage with Brown from 1970 until leaving his band again in 1973 due to a combination of issues, including uncredited compositions on some Brown hits, Brown's issues with singer Vicki Anderson, whom Byrd eventually married and remained with until his death, and wanting to start a family with Anderson. Though he remained in contact with Brown following this final split, this departure ended Byrd's 21-year professional association with Brown, who now went by the nickname "Godfather of Soul", after composing the soundtrack to the film, Black Caesar (1973). Without Byrd's help, however, Brown began struggling with the production of the music on People Records and soon began experiencing financial troubles. Byrd recorded the song "Back From The Dead" in 1975.

In 1993, Byrd recorded a solo album, On the Move, on the German record Label, Soulciety Records. After a few more live performances, Byrd decided to retire in 1996, though he occasionally re-emerged with the assistance of Brown. Following Brown's parole from drug and weapons charges in 1991, he hired Byrd to join him on stage for his pay-per-view 1992 concert. Byrd would occasionally perform with Brown in some venues. They would also collaborate on the song "Killing Is Out, School Is In" from Brown's final studio album, 2002's The Next Step. At his funeral in December 2006, Byrd sang "Sex Machine" with Brown's other bandmates, paying homage to his late estranged friend and former performing partner.

In 2003, a few years before his death, Bobby, his wife Vicki, and Famous Flames Bobby Bennett and Lloyd Stallworth sued lead singer James Brown and Universal Music for non-payment of royalties, stating that monies that rightfully belonged to them for numerous Famous Flames hits, and Byrd's hit "I Know You Got Soul," which was sampled by numerous rappers, including Eric B. & Rakim, were sent by Universal to James Brown instead, who allegedly kept them. The suit was dismissed due to the statute of limitations having run out. However, rapper Jay-Z, who sampled Byrd's song "I'm Not to Blame" for his recording "U Don't Know" on his 2001 multi million-selling The Blueprint, paid Byrd 65% of the royalties for the song, allowing Byrd and his family to secure a mortgage for their home, which was worth about $250,000.

Personal life
After splitting from Brown in 1973, Byrd and Vicki Anderson, who left Brown's band at the same time as Byrd, got married. Byrd had three children with his first wife, Gail Harbin Byrd, (Walda, Orrin and Ruthie) in Toccoa, Georgia. He also had two children from another relationship. Byrd raised Anderson's children, including Carleen. The couple remained married throughout Byrd's lifetime. Though he had moved to Cincinnati after the Famous Flames signed with Federal/King, Byrd retained residences in Georgia and, after leaving Brown, settled at Loganville for the remainder of his life.

Death
Bobby Byrd died of cancer on September 12, 2007, at the age of 73.

Legacy
Numerous songs in hip hop music have sampled Byrd-associated songs such as "I Know You Got Soul," "Think (About It)," "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine," "Soul Power," "Make It Funky" and "I'm Not to Blame." Byrd's music has had a lasting influence on numerous soul, R&B, and hip-hop artists.

In the Famous Flames' Rock & Roll Hall of Fame page, Byrd is regarded as "one of the more important auxiliary figures in the career of a major artist in music history."

In October 2004, Byrd's songs "I Know You Got Soul" and "Hot Pants" were featured on the Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas soundtrack, playing on fictional radio station Master Sounds 98.3. In September 2005, his song "Try It Again" appeared on the soundtrack of Indigo Prophecy.

Byrd was portrayed by actor Nelsan Ellis in the 2014 James Brown biopic Get on Up.

Induction to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and initial controversy
In 1986 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame officials announced that James Brown would be included in a list of the first nine musicians to be inducted by the organization. However, James Brown did not meet the Hall of Fame's criteria for induction at that time which required an artist to have released their first single as a solo artist at least 25 years prior to induction. Brown's first solo release in 1965 was only 21 years before, although Brown had been active in the industry and released songs as part of The Famous Flames prior to 1965. For Brown to be inducted by the organization in 1986, the inclusion of the other members of The Famous Flames was required.

Brown's inclusion as a solo artist without the other Flames members was met with criticism but was not amended until years later. In late 2011, the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame formed a special committee to discuss several pioneering groups they felt deserved to be inducted but were initially excluded in error, due to the impact of their lead singers, who were incorrectly inducted as solo artists. This committee's decision led to the induction of The Famous Flames and its members. This was an amending gesture that did not require nomination or voting, under the premise that they should have been inducted with Brown back in 1986 since, according to Rock Hall CEO Terry Stewart, Brown's first solo recording missed the 25-year criterion for performing musicians. Brown, Byrd, Stallworth, and Terry had long been deceased by this point, and Bobby Bennett, the Flames' only surviving member, accepted the honor on behalf of the group in Cleveland, on April 14, 2012. Less than one year after the induction, Bennett himself died on January 18, 2013.

In 2015, Bobby Byrd was nominated for a second induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The J.B.'s, a group which he discovered in 1970 to replace the Original James Brown Band, who left Brown in 1970 (as the Famous Flames left him in 1968) due to salary disputes.

In 2020, Bobby Byrd was posthumously inducted with the rest of The Famous Flames' members Baby Lloyd Stallworth, Bobby Bennett, and Johnny Terry into the National Rhythm and Blues Hall of Fame, some seven years after the induction of Flames lead singer James Brown into the same organization.

title: Bobby Byrd


text:
Pierre Joseph Pelletier

Pierre-Joseph Pelletier (, , ; 22 March 1788 – 19 July 1842) was a French chemist and pharmacist who did notable research on vegetable alkaloids, and was the co-discoverer with Joseph Bienaimé Caventou of quinine, caffeine, and strychnine. He was also a collaborator and co-author with Polish chemist Filip Walter.

title: Pierre Joseph Pelletier


text:
Pelham bit

A pelham bit is a type of bit used when riding a horse. It has elements of both a                                                                                curb bit and a snaffle bit. In this respect a pelham bit functions similar to a double bridle, and like a double bridle it normally has "double" reins: a set of curb reins and a set of snaffle reins. Because it has a bit shank and can exert curb-style pressure on the horse, it is considered a curb bit. Like all curb bits, a pelham bit has a mouthpiece, shanks with both purchase and lever arms, a ring for rein attachment at the bottom of the shank, and a curb chain. But like a snaffle bit, a pelham bit also has a bit ring on either side of the mouthpiece. Like some curb bits, a pelham bit usually has "loose" shanks - hinged at the mouthpiece in the same way that the rings of a snaffle bit are hinged. When two sets of reins are used, the snaffle rein generally is wider, to help distinguish it from the curb. A "cowboy pelham" is a western style of loose-jawed curb bit with additional rings at the mouthpiece allowing a second set of reins to be added.

Action

A pelham works on several parts of a horse's head, depending on which rein is applied. The mouthpiece acts when either the snaffle or curb rein is applied and puts pressure on the bars, tongue, and lips of the horse. The curb chain and design of the mouthpiece can alter the degree of pressure placed on the horse's mouth. The roof of the mouth is affected if the bit mouthpiece of the pelham has a high port or if it is jointed. Pressure on the poll occurs when the curb rein is engaged, and pressure is directly related to the length of the upper shank (purchase arm) in relation to the lower shank (lever arm). All pelhams apply some pressure on the poll. Pressure is applied to the chin groove by the curb chain when the curb rein is used. Direct rein pressure from the snaffle rein may put some pressure on the sides of the horse's mouth, depending on the specific bit design.

Shank
A pelham is a leverage bit, meaning that it increases the force but reduces the extent of movement applied by the rider. Unlike a snaffle bit, the curb rein can amplify the rein pressure several times over, depending on the geometry and length of the shank. Shank lengths are 2 in ("Tom Thumb") and longer, although most are less than 4 in.

The relation of the purchase arm—the length from the mouthpiece to the cheekpiece rings—and the "shank" or lever arm—the length from the mouthpiece to the lowest rein ring, is important in the severity of the bit. A long lower shank in relation to the upper shank increases the leverage, and thus the pressure, on the curb groove and the bars of the mouth. A long upper shank in relation to the lower shank increases the pressure on the poll, but does not apply as much pressure on the bars of the mouth.

However, longer-shanked bits must rotate back further before applying pressure on the horse's mouth than shorter-shanked bits. Therefore, the horse has more warning in a long-shanked bit, allowing it to respond before any significant pressure is applied to its mouth, than it would in a shorter-shanked bit. In this way, a longer shank can allow better communication between horse and rider, without increasing severity. This is also directly dependent on the tightness of the curb chain.

If the bit has a 1.5" cheek and a 4.5" lower shank, thus producing a 1:3 ratio of cheek to lower shank, while the ratio of the cheek to (upper + lower) shank is 1:4, and producing 4 pounds-force of pressure on the horse's mouth for every 1 pound-force (4 newtons per newton) placed on the reins. If the bit had 2" cheeks and 8" shank (ratio of 1:4), the bit will produce 5 lbf of tension for every one applied by the reins (5 N/N). Regardless of the ratio, the longer the shank, the less force is needed on the reins to provide a given amount of pressure on the mouth. So, if one were to apply 1 lbf of pressure on the horse's mouth, a 2" shank would need much more rein pressure than an 8" shank to provide the same effect.

Mouthpiece
As with many other bits, a pelham may have a solid or a jointed mouthpiece. If solid, it may range from a nearly straight "Mullen" mouthpiece up to a medium port. The pelham's mouthpiece controls the pressure on the tongue, roof of the mouth, and bars. A mullen mouth places even pressure on the bars and tongue. A port places more pressure on the bars, and provide room for the tongue. A high port may act on the roof of the mouth as it touches, and will act as a fulcrum, amplifying the pressure on the bars of the mouth.

Jointed mouthpieces increase the pressure on the bars as the mouthpiece breaks over in a "nutcracker" effect. Unlike a jointed mouthpiece on a snaffle bit, a jointed mouthpiece on a bit with shanks, such as the pelham, can be quite severe in its effect, particularly if the pressure from the shanks causes the joint of the bit to roll forward and press the tip of the joint into the tongue.

The mouthpiece is placed lower down in a horse's mouth than snaffle bits, usually just touching the corners of the mouth without creating a wrinkle. The lower the bit is placed, the more severe it is as the bars of the mouth get thinner and so pressure is more concentrated.

Curb chain
The curb chain applies pressure to the groove under a horse's chin. It amplifies the pressure on the bars of the horse's mouth, because when it tightens it acts as a fulcrum.

Adjusted correctly, the chain links lie flat and hang loose below the chin groove, coming into action against the jaw only when the shanks have rotated due to rein pressure. The point at which the curb chain engages varies with the individual needs of the horse, but contact at 45 degrees of shank rotation is a common default adjustment.

Uses
The pelham bit has several uses. In the English riding disciplines, it is used in place of a double bridle, when it is desirable to have double reins but not two bits. The pelham bit is also used for polo, when the action of a double bridle is desired, but the rider's ability to make rein adjustments is limited. In training, a pelham bit sometimes is used in both English and western disciplines to transition a horse from a snaffle bit to a curb bit or double bridle.

Sometimes, a bit converter, also known as a pelham rounding, is used so a pelham can be used with one pair of reins. This is most often seen with beginners and for riders in the cross-country phase of eventing. However, use of a converter is illegal in most other horse show classes.

Horse shows
In horse shows, a pelham bit may be used in some disciplines but is prohibited in others. In the United States, use of a pelham bit is prevalent in hunt seat equitation, and occasionally in show jumping and eventing. Use of this bit is legal, but not common, in show hunter, and English pleasure. In the United Kingdom, this bit is often used in place of a double bridle in show hunter, show hack, riding horse, show cob and mountain and moorland classes, but it is forbidden in equitation and novice classes. The pelham is not permitted in dressage at any level. The pelham is never legal for use in any western riding discipline, where either a snaffle bit or a curb bit is used.

Driving
Variations of the pelham bit are often seen in driving in situations where a bit more control is required that can be obtained with a snaffle alone or with a combination of snaffle and overcheck. Shank designs and size are governed by the rules for various forms of competition and very considerably across disciplines from combined driving to draft horse showing.

Polo
In polo, a pelham bit is one of the two bits most commonly used (the other being a gag bit). Double reins are held in one hand. Neck reining is used almost exclusively, and riders have little or no need to adjust the reins while riding. Draw reins are commonly used, on the snaffle ring. The rein lengths are adjusted so that the rein used normally is the snaffle rein, with the curb rein only coming into effect when needed. Such techniques are not legal in show disciplines and are exclusive to polo.

History
The angle cheek pelham was formerly used in the Australian Light Horse and other cavalry units as it was designed to suit as many horses' mouths as possible. The Australian design had one side of the mouthpiece smooth and the other serrated. Various rein attachments were also possible with this bit.

title: Pelham bit


text:
Dignity and Shame

Dignity and Shame is the fourth album recorded by the indie rock band Crooked Fingers. This album was chosen as one of Amazon.com's Top 100 Editor's Picks of 2005. It has been billed as a concept album based on the lives of bullfighter Manolete and Spanish actress Lupe Sino. Lara Meyerratken is featured on lead vocals on four songs.

American indie-rock band, The National covered "Sleep All Summer" with St. Vincent for the album ''SCORE! 20 Years of Merge Records''. Singer Eric Bachmann collaborated with singer/songwriter Neko Case on a cover of "Sleep All Summer" for her album Hell-On.

Track listing

 * 1) "Islero" - 3:29
 * 2) "Weary Arms" - 2:29
 * 3) "Call to Love" - 3:25
 * 4) "Twilight Creeps" - 5:41
 * 5) "Destroyer" - 5:18
 * 6) "You Must Build a Fire" - 5:38
 * 7) "Valerie" - 3:18
 * 8) "Andalucia" - 2:51
 * 9) "Sleep All Summer" - 4:42
 * 10) "Coldways" - 3:39
 * 11) "Wrecking Ball" - 4:20
 * 12) "Dignity and Shame" - 5:12

The vinyl version of the album includes two bonus tracks:

 * 1) "The Ballad of El Cuchillo"
 * 2) "New Drink for the Old Drunk"

title: Dignity and Shame


text:
Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)

Newport was a parliamentary borough located in Newport (Isle of Wight), which was abolished in for the 1885 general election. It was occasionally referred to by the alternative name of Medina.

(Prior to the Great Reform Act of 1832 there was also a separate Newport parliamentary borough in Cornwall.)

History
The borough was first represented in the parliament of 1295, and returned two members of parliament (MPs) from 1584 to 1868. At the 1868 election the Second Reform Act reduced its representation to a single seat, and under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 the constituency was abolished altogether with effect from the 1885 general election. Newport's re-enfranchisement in 1584, like that of the other Isle of Wight boroughs (Newtown and Yarmouth) seems to have been at the urging of the new Governor of the island, Sir George Carey, a relative of the Queen. In token of thanks, the borough granted him for life the right to nominate one of the two MPs – which seems to have been the reward he expected and the motive for his petition to the Queen in the first place.

Between 1807 and 1811 its two seats were held by two future Prime Ministers: Arthur Wellesley, later to become the Duke of Wellington (who also found himself elected to two other seats at the same time), and Henry Temple (later Lord Palmerston), who would go on to become one of the United Kingdom's most notable Prime Ministers. Palmerston's late father had been unable to convert his Irish title into a United Kingdom peerage, therefore the young politician was able to enter the Commons. The local patron arranging the deal was Sir Leonard Holmes, who made it a condition that they never visited the borough!

The borough was also represented by two other future Prime Ministers in the 1820s. George Canning was MP for Newport when appointed Prime Minister in 1827; however, under the law as it then stood a minister accepting office automatically vacated his seat and had to stand for re-election to the Commons, and Canning chose to stand at Seaford, a government pocket borough in Sussex, rather than fight Newport again. In the by-election that followed at Newport, the vacancy was filled by the election of the Honourable William Lamb, later 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose father had also represented the borough in the 1790s. However, Lamb remained MP for Newport for only two weeks before also being elected for Bletchingley, which he preferred to represent.

Before the Great Reform Act of 1832, the right to vote was vested in the Mayor and Corporation (consisting of 11 aldermen and 12 burgesses). For much of the previous century the borough was "managed" for the government by the Holmes family, meaning that ministers could generally secure the election of their favoured candidates, but often only at the expense of considerable "gratuities" to the voters – in 1754, this apparently amounted to a payment of £600 for each candidate. The borough consisted of the parish of Newport and of Castle Hold in the parish of St Nicholas, thereby excluding that part of the town which extended over the boundary into Carisbrooke parish; this gave the borough a population of 4,398 in 1831. The 1832 reforms extended the borough to take in the rest of the town, raising the population to 6,700, though the electorate was still only 421.

Newport's representation was reduced from two members to one by the second Reform Act for the 1868 general election, and abolished altogether in 1885, leaving the town represented as part of the Isle of Wight county constituency.

Elections in the 1830s
Ord was appointed as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, requiring a by-election.

Elections in the 1850s
Biggs resigned, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1860s
Seat reduced to one member

Elections in the 1870s
Martin's death caused a by-election.

Notes and references

 * Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807)
 * D Brunton & D H Pennington, "Members of the Long Parliament" (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
 * Michael Brock, The Great Reform Act (London: Hutchinson, 1973)
 * F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd Ed) (Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
 * D Englefield, J Seaton & I White, Facts About the British Prime Ministers (London: Mansell, 1995)
 * J E Neale, The Elizabethan House of Commons (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949)
 * J Holladay Philbin, Parliamentary Representation 1832 – England and Wales (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)
 * Henry Stooks Smith, "The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847" (2nd edition, edited by FWS Craig – Chichester: Parliamentary Reference Publications, 1973)
 * Robert Walcott, English Politics in the Early Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956)
 * Frederic A Youngs, Jr, Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Volume I (London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society, 1979)