text:
.17 HMR

.17 Hornady Magnum Rimfire, commonly known as the .17 HMR, is a rimfire rifle cartridge developed by Hornady in 2002. It was developed by necking down a .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire case to take a .17 caliber (4.5mm) projectile. Commonly loaded with a 17 grain (1.1 g) projectile, it can deliver muzzle velocities in excess of 775 m/s (2,650 ft/s).

Development
The .17 HMR round is similar to rounds developed by dedicated rimfire wildcatters who worked to create a rimfire cartridge with an exceptionally flat trajectory. These wildcatters were seeking to match the ballistics of the obsolete 5mm Remington Rimfire Magnum, which was made from 1970 to 1974, and was to that point the fastest rimfire cartridge ever produced. With 5 mm diameter barrels and bullets being virtually unavailable at the time (the 5mm RMR was the last commercial 5 mm round until the 2004 release of the centerfire .204 Ruger), the commercially available .17 caliber became their bullet of choice. The .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire was the logical parent case, rather than the 5mm RMR (with its unique case head size, which requires a significantly different bolt and magazine) because it was commonly available, and it is a far larger and stronger case than the next largest, the .22 Long Rifle. The .17 caliber wildcats not only met but far exceeded the 5mm RMR's velocities and flat trajectory. The accuracy of these cartridges was also quite good. However, the downrange energy of the 5mm RMR is superior to both .22 WMR and .17 HMR, so there is still potential in the 5 mm rimfire for wildcatters.

Hornady, in conjunction with Marlin Firearms and Sturm, Ruger & Co. (manufacturers in the rimfire rifle market), followed much the same path. With the .22 WMR case as the starting point, a simple barrel change was sufficient for most .22 WMR firearms to chamber the new cartridge. In 2002, the first rifles and ammunition began appearing on the market. While the ammunition was relatively expensive due to the high-performance .17 caliber bullets used, it was still cheaper than most centerfire ammunition. By 2004, CCI, Federal Cartridge and Remington had each introduced .17 HMR ammunition offerings.

Availability
Cartridges for .17 HMR come with bullets that weigh 15.5 gr, 17 gr, and 20 gr, and come in designs such as plastic-tipped bullets, hollow points, soft points, and FMJs. The terminal ballistics of the lightweight expanding bullets limit the .17 HMR to small game animals and varmints. .17 HMR ammunition is less common and more expensive than the .22 caliber rimfire rounds, but this is changing as the popularity of .17 HMR rifles gathers momentum.

A growing number of companies offer .17 HMR ammunition. CCI Ammunition loads all of the .17 HMR ammunition for the CCI, Federal Cartridge, Hornady, and Remington brands. However, the ammunition is loaded with different bullets to different specifications. Ammunition is also available from Winchester, PMC and Sellier & Bellot.

Examples of bolt-action or lever-action rifles that are chambered for (or have variants chambered for) .17 HMR include Armscor M1700, Browning T-Bolt, CZ 452, Henry Golden Boy, Ruger Model 96, Sako Quad, Savage 93, Steyr Zephyr II, Marlin 917 and Weihrauch 60J.

Citing safety concerns about the round's use in semi-automatic firearms, Remington issued a product safety warning and recall notice.

.17 Hornady Mach 2
Following the success of the .17 HMR, the .17 Hornady Mach 2 was introduced in early 2004. The .17 HM2 is based on the .22 LR (slightly shorter in case length) case necked down to .17 caliber using the same bullet as the HMR but at a velocity of approximately 2100 ft/s in the 17 gr polymer tip loading.

title: .17 HMR


text:
Arch Allies: Live at Riverport

Arch Allies is a live album recorded by REO Speedwagon and Styx at Riverport Amphitheatre (now Hollywood Casino Amphitheater) in Maryland Heights, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. It was released on September 26, 2000, by Sanctuary Records, and a single DVD was also released on November 7, 2000.

Each band also released single live albums containing only their own tracks from this album. This includes songs cut from the combined release. The Styx songs were released alone as At the River's Edge: Live in St. Louis (also including the songs "Everything Is Cool" and "Lorelei") and the REO Speedwagon songs (including "Keep Pushin'", "Tough Guys" and "That Ain't Love") were released as Live Plus and Extended Versions.

Background
According to REO Speedwagon vocalist/rhythm guitarist Kevin Cronin, the tour sampled on the album was the first time REO Speedwagon and Styx had ever played together, and "We hit it off so well, we ended up putting on a double live CD together. It’s just been a tremendous synergy between the bands on a personal level and on a musical level as well. Tommy Shaw and I have become really good friends."

Reception
Allmusic gave the video release a rave review, opining that both bands gave strong performances and gel together "surprisingly well" in the collaborative jam which ends the album. The review especially praised the performances of new Styx members Glen Burtnik, Todd Sucherman, and Lawrence Gowan, comparing the Styx lineup favorably to that of the band's commercial heyday.

REO Speedwagon
The DVD of the show omits "The Grand Illusion" from the Styx set and "Roll With The Changes" from the REO Speedwagon set (although the jam version with Styx is still present at the end).

Personnel
Styx
 * Tommy Shaw - guitar, vocals
 * Lawrence Gowan - keyboards, vocals
 * James "J.Y." Young, guitar, vocals
 * Glen Burtnik - bass, guitar, vocals
 * Chuck Panozzo - bass
 * Todd Sucherman - drums

REO Speedwagon
 * Kevin Cronin - lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano
 * Dave Amato - lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Bruce Hall - bass, backing and lead vocals
 * Neal Doughty - keyboards
 * Bryan Hitt - drums

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arch Allies: Live at Riverport


text:
Walter Aston, 3rd Lord Aston of Forfar

Walter Aston, 3rd Lord Aston of Forfar (1633 – 20 November 1714) was the eldest son of Walter Aston, 2nd Lord Aston of Forfar, and his wife Lady Mary Weston, daughter of Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland. He is best remembered today as a fortunate survivor of the Popish Plot.

He succeeded his father as Lord Aston of Forfar in the peerage of Scotland in 1678; he resided mainly at Tixall in Staffordshire. He also owned an estate at Standon in Hertfordshire, which came to the Aston family by inheritance from their Sadler relatives.

Family
He was twice married, first marrying Eleanor Blount Knightley of Soddington in Worcestershire, England, widow of Robert Knightley, and daughter of Sir Walter Blount, 1st Baronet, and his wife Elizabeth Wylde, daughter of George Wylde, by whom he had five surviving children, and who died in 1674. He married secondly Catherine Gage, daughter of Sir Thomas Gage, 2nd Baronet of Firle in Sussex and Mary Chamberlain of Sherborne Castle, who died in 1720.

By Elizabeth, he had four sons who reached adulthood, Edward, Francis, Walter, 4th Lord Aston and Charles, and one daughter Mary, who never married. Edward and Francis predeceased their father and Walter succeeded to the title.

Popish Plot
Like his father, he was an ardent Roman Catholic, and succeeded in his father's role as the unofficial leader of the large Catholic community in Staffordshire. As such, he was a principal target of the informers during the Popish Plot. His former steward Stephen Dugdale, whom he had dismissed for stealing money to pay his gambling debts, turned on him and gave perjured evidence which sent Aston and his brother William to the Tower of London in 1679 on charges of conspiracy to kill King Charles II Dugdale was a charming, educated and plausible man, who made a noticeably different impression on the Government from the unsavoury parade of previous informers like Titus Oates and Thomas Dangerfield, some of whom were notorious criminals. Even Charles II, who had been entirely sceptical about the Plot, was so impressed by Dugdale that "he began to think there was somewhat in it (the Plot)".

In the event, it proved impossible to find a second witness to the charge of treason against Lord Aston, and even at the height of the Plot hysteria, the judges scrupulously observed the rule that a charge of treason required two witnesses. Aston was never brought to trial, and was released on bail in the summer of 1680. He never returned to prison.

Later years
Under the Catholic King James II he was in favour at court, and served as Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire from 1687 to 1689. After the Glorious Revolution, he remained loyal to James, but no action was taken against him as a result. In his last years, he felt sufficiently secure in his position to complain about his exclusion, on the grounds of his religion, from the House of Lords. As his peerage was a Scots title he argued that he should be one of the Scottish representative peers who took their seats in the unified House of Lords after the Act of Union 1707, but his claim to be entitled to sit in the Lords was rejected.

He died in 1714, and was succeeded by his third but eldest surviving son Walter Aston, 4th Lord Aston of Forfar. A younger son, Charles Aston, served with the British Army in Ireland and was killed in action at the Battle of the Boyne, 1 July 1690.

title: Walter Aston, 3rd Lord Aston of Forfar


text:
File:Louisville 4thStLive aug11.jpg

Fans occupying the area of Fourth Street Live! in downtown Louisville for the free Gretchen Wilson concert on August 11, 2004.

Photo by Derek Cashman.

title: File:Louisville 4thStLive aug11.jpg


text:
Superman (The Clique song)

"Superman" is a 1969 song by the Texas band The Clique, made more famous in 1986 when it was recorded by R.E.M.

It was written by Mitchell Bottler and Gary Zekley and originally released as the first single off of The Clique's first album for White Whale Records.

R.E.M. recorded it for their fourth album, Lifes Rich Pageant. It was released as a single and received a fair amount of radio play, but did not chart on the main U.S. singles chart, though it did reach #17 on Billboard magazine's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.

R.E.M. version
The B-side to the single, a surf rock instrumental entitled "White Tornado", was first recorded by the band in 1981. The version used on the single was recorded in January, 1984, during the Reckoning sessions, but remained unreleased until "Superman."

The scratchy spoken intro is attributed to a Japanese pull-string Godzilla doll. Translated loosely from the Japanese, it says, "This is a special news report. Godzilla has been sighted in Tokyo Bay. The attack on it by the Self-Defense Force has been useless. He is heading towards the city. Aaaaaaaaagh...."

Cash Box called it "another sparing example of simplicity maximized." Rolling Stone called it "an irresistibly cheesy psychedelic grunge rocker." with "energetic treatment."

Songwriter Gary Zekley joined R.E.M. on stage during a performance at Northern Illinois University in De Kalb, Illinois, on October 21, 1986.

The R.E.M. version was played during the "Tempus, Anyone?" episode of Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. It was also used as part of the soundtrack for the movie DC League of Super-Pets (2022).

7": IRS / IRM 128 (UK)
All songs written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe unless otherwise indicated.

 * 1) "Superman" (Gary Zekley/Mitchell Bottler) – 2:52
 * 2) "White Tornado" – 1:56

12": IRS / IRT 128 (UK)

 * 1) "Superman" (Gary Zekley / Mitchell Bottler) – 2:52
 * 2) "White Tornado" – 1:56
 * 3) "Femme Fatale" (Lou Reed) – 2:50

12": IRS / ILS 65025 5 6 (Holland)

 * 1) "Superman" (Gary Zekley/Mitchell Bottler) – 2:52
 * 2) "White Tornado" – 1:56
 * 3) "Perfect Circle" – 3:30

title: Superman (The Clique song)


text:
User talk:FlintWestwood

Welcome!
Hello, FlintWestwood, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  02:28, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

File permission problem with File:Fort Buford 2010.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Fort Buford 2010.jpg, which you've sourced to https://www.facebook.com/pages/Fort-Buford-State-Historic-Site-North-Dakota/175823072454606. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
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If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to permissions-en@wikimedia.org.

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as non-free fair use or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read the Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 19:53, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:FlintWestwood


text:
User talk:Rishabhnasa

Welcome!
Hello, Rishabhnasa, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  02:29, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Aristotle paragraph in History of astronomy
Hi Rishabhnasa!!

I was reading the Astronomy article and I didn't undersand your paragraph at all:

"Aristotle said that the Earth was the center of the Universe and eerything rotated around it in orbits that were perfect circles. Aristotle had to be right because people thought that Earth had to be in the center with everything rotating around it because the wind would not scatter leaves, and birds would only fly in one direction. For a long time, people thought that Aristotle was right, but now some people think that Aristotle accidently did more to hinder hour knowledge than help it."

I wonder whether I'm not getting the meaning or it's just that some information's missed. I would like to know what 'wind scattering leaves' has to do with the Earth being in the center of the Universe. Don't you agree we should add some information?

Please forgive me if I'm wrong. My english is not as good as I'd like and sometimes I don't catch on everything -but asking is the way to learn, don't you think ;-)?

Best wishes,

Herumire

22:30, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

If you drive a car at 60 mph, and you throw leaves out the window. The result would be the leaves would be left behind your car. Even if you throw the the leaves so they should land ahead of you, they will end up behind you. Aristotle thought that if the Earth is like the car driving around the sun, the leaves should act similarly. Hopefully, this is helpful to you.

title: User talk:Rishabhnasa


text:
Walter Aston, 4th Lord Aston of Forfar

Walter Aston, 4th Lord Aston of Forfar (1660 or 1661 – 4 April 1748) was the eldest surviving son of Walter Aston, 3rd Lord Aston of Forfar, and his first wife Eleanor Blount of Soddington, daughter of Sir Walter Blount, 1st Baronet.

Biography
In 1714, he succeeded his father as Lord Aston of Forfar in the peerage of Scotland. Despite the title, they were a Staffordshire family whose seat was at Tixall.

He married Lady Mary Howard, daughter of Lord Thomas Howard and Mary Savile, and sister of Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk and Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk, by whom he had five sons and six daughters, most of whom died in infancy. She died in 1723 during the birth of their 11th child, James, who would succeed him as Lord Aston of Forfar. Two daughters also reached adult life: Margaret, who became a nun, and Catherine, who married Edward Weld of Lulworth Castle, Dorset. The Astons, like the Howards, were staunch Roman Catholics: during the outbreak of anti-Catholic hysteria called the Popish Plot, Walter's father and uncle had been charged with treason and imprisoned in the Tower of London, although they were never brought to trial, and in due course were simply released.

The 4th Lord Aston commissioned a painting of himself, his wife, and seven of their children by Richard van Bleeck. The painting, which survives, was not completed until two years after Lady Aston's death.

He died on 4 April 1748, and was succeeded by his fifth but only surviving son James Aston, 5th Lord Aston of Forfar.

title: Walter Aston, 4th Lord Aston of Forfar


text:
Dunn's River Falls

Dunn's River Falls is a famous waterfall near Ocho Rios, Jamaica.

Appearance
At about 180 ft high and 600 ft long, the waterfalls are naturally terraced like giant natural stairs. Several small lagoons are interspersed among the vertical sections of the falls.

The falls empty into the Caribbean Sea at the western end of a white-sand beach.

Tourism
Climbing the waterfalls is a popular tourist activity and is often, but not exclusively, performed with the help of tour guides from the park. It takes about 1-1.5 hours to climb with short breaks for photographs and video recordings taken by the guides. There are also stairs alongside of the falls for those who do not want to get wet or are unable to manage the rocky, uneven terrain of the actual waterfall.

The falls are bordered by lush, green vegetation that shades the area from the sun and keeps the area, and climbers, cool. The climb can be relatively hard so is often undertaken as a hand-holding human chain led by a guide to make it easier.

In addition to the falls, a park has developed where there is an area for zip-lining, a kids splash pad, and a merchandise area.

In 1988 the falls were used as a filming location during the Hollywood movie Cocktail.

History

The falls were the location where the Battle of Las Chorreras took place in 1657, when the British defeated a Spanish expeditionary force from Cuba. A plaque placed at the bottom of the falls by the Jamaican Historical Society commemorates the event (see photo).

Geology
Dunn's River, a short stream dropping only 55 m from its source to the sea, is fed by spring water rich with calcium carbonate and deposits travertine forming a sequence of tufa terraces. Such waterfalls are described by geologists as "a living phenomenon" because they are continuously rebuilt by the sediments in spring water.

Dunn's River Falls is one of the very few travertine waterfalls in the world that empties directly into the sea.

Awards
Dunn's River Falls won the Caribbean's Leading Adventure Tourist Attraction in 2023, 2021, and 2020. The Dunn’s River Falls Zip Line (Ocho Rios) also won Best Caribbean Attraction from the Porthole Cruise Magazine's 2020 Editor-in-Chief Awards.

title: Dunn's River Falls


text:
User talk:The V

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 02:32, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:The V


text:
User talk:Nstroud

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
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 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 02:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

Image Tagging Image:Hayes.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Hayes.png. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 23:14, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nstroud


text:
User talk:OdinMaster

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 02:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:OdinMaster


text:
User talk:Omar89

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 02:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Omar89


text:
Ghurid dynasty

The Ghurid dynasty (also spelled Ghorids; ; self-designation: شنسبانی, Šansabānī) was a Persianate dynasty of presumably eastern Iranian Tajik origin, which ruled from the 8th-century in the region of Ghor, and became an Empire from 1175 to 1215. The Ghurids were centered in the hills of the Ghor region in the present-day central Afghanistan, where they initially started out as local chiefs. They gradually converted to Sunni Islam after the conquest of Ghor by the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud of Ghazni in 1011. The Ghurids eventually overran the Ghaznavids when Muhammad of Ghor seized Lahore and expelled the Ghaznavids from their last stronghold.

The Ghurids initially ruled as vassals of the Ghaznavids and later of the Seljuks. However, during the early twelfth century the long-standing rivalry between the Seljuks and Ghaznavids created a power vacuum in eastern Afghanistan and Panjab which the Ghurids took advantage of and began their territorial expansion. Ala al-Din Husayn ended the Ghurid subordination to the Ghaznavids, ruthlessly sacking their capital, although he was soon defeated by the Seljuks after he stopped paying tribute to them. The Seljuk imperial power, however, was itself swept away in eastern Iran with the contemporaneous advent of the Khwarazmian Empire.

During the dyarchy of Ala al-Din Husayn nephews - Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad and Muhammad of Ghor, the Ghurid empire reached its greatest territorial extent, holding encompassed territory from eastern Iran through easternmost India. While Ghiyath al-Din was occupied with the Ghurid expansion in the west, his junior partner in the dyarchy, Muhammad of Ghor and his lieutenants were active east of the Indus Valley as far as Bengal and eventually succeeded in conquering wide swaths of the Gangetic Plain, while in the west under Ghiyath al-Din, engaging in a protracted duel with the Shahs of Khwarazm, the Ghurids, reached as far as Gorgan (present-day Iran) on the shoreline of the Caspian Sea, albeit for a short time.

Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad died in 1203 of illness caused due to rheumatic disorders and soon after the Ghurids suffered a crushing defeat against the Khwrezmians aided by timely reinforcements from the Qara Khitais in the Battle of Andkhud in 1204. Muhammad was assassinated soon after in March 1206 which ended the Ghurid influence in Khurasan. The dynasty became extinguished all together within a decade when Shah Muhammad II uprooted the Ghurids in 1215. Their conquests in the Indian Subcontinent nevertheless survived for several centuries under the evolving Delhi Sultanate established by Qutb ud-Din Aibak.

Origins
In the 19th century some European scholars, such as Mountstuart Elphinstone, favoured the idea that the Ghurid dynasty was related to today's Pashtun people  but this is generally rejected by modern scholarship and, as explained by Morgenstierne in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, is for "various reasons very improbable". Most scholars state that the dynasty was of Tajik origin. Many Ghurid princes married into local ethnicities such as Tajiks, Persians, Turks, and Afghans, thus characterizing them as some of these ethnicities.

Encyclopædia Iranica states: "Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks". Bosworth further points out that the actual name of the Ghurid family, Āl-e Šansab (Persianized: Šansabānī), is the Arabic pronunciation of the originally Middle Persian name Wišnasp.

Historian André Wink explains in The New Cambridge History of Islam: "The Shansabānī dynasty superseded the Ghaznavids in the second half of the twelfth century. This dynasty was not of Turkish, nor even Afghan, but of eastern Persian or Tājīk origin, speaking a distinct Persian dialect of its own, like the rest of the inhabitants of the remote and isolated mountain region of Ghūr and its capital of Fīrūzkūh (in what is now central Afghanistan)."

When the Ghurids started to distinguish themselves through their conquests, courtiers and genealogists (such as Fakhr-i Mudabbir and al-Juzjani) forged a fictive genealogy which connected the Ghurids with the Iranian past. They traced the Ghurid family back to the mythical Arab tyrant Zahhak, mentioned in the medieval Persian epic Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings"), whose family had reportedly settled in Ghur after the Iranian hero Fereydun had ended Zahhak's thousand-year tyranny.

Additionally, nothing is known of the pre-Islamic religious beliefs of the Ghurids.

Language
The Ghurids' native language was apparently different from their court language, Persian. Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, the famous historian of the Ghaznavid era, wrote on page 117 in his book Tarikh-i Bayhaqi: "Sultan Mas'ud I of Ghazni left for Ghoristan and sent his learned companion with two people from Ghor as interpreters between this person and the people of that region." However, like the Samanids and Ghaznavids, the Ghurids were great patrons of Persian literature, poetry, and culture, and promoted these in their courts as their own. Modern-day authors refer to them as the "Persianized Ghurids". Wink describes the tongue of the Ghurids as a "distinct Persian dialect".

There is nothing to confirm the recent conclusion that the inhabitants of Ghor were originally Pashto-speaking, and claims of the existence of "Pashto poetry", such as Pata Khazana, from the Ghurid period are unsubstantiated.

Early history
A certain Ghurid prince named Amir Banji was the ruler of Ghor and ancestor of the medieval Ghurid rulers. His rule was legitimized by the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid. Before the mid-12th century, the Ghurids had been bound to the Ghaznavids and Seljuks for about 150 years. Beginning in the mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire. The early Ghurids followed Paganism before being converted to Islam by Abu Ali ibn Muhammad. In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram-Shah of Ghazna poisoned a local Ghurid leader, Qutb al-Din Muhammad, who had taken refuge in the city of Ghazni after having a quarrel with his brother Sayf al-Din Suri. In revenge, Sayf marched towards Ghazni and defeated Bahram-Shah. However, one year later, Bahram returned and scored a decisive victory against Sayf, who was shortly captured and crucified at Pul-i Yak Taq. Baha al-Din Sam I, another brother of Sayf, set out to avenge the death of his two brothers, but died of natural causes before he could reach Ghazni.

Ala al-Din Husayn (1149–61), one of the youngest of Sayf's brothers and newly crowned Ghurid king, also set out to avenge the death of his two brothers. He managed to defeat Bahram-Shah, and then had Ghazni sacked; the city burned for seven days and seven nights. He also sacked the Ghaznavid fortresses and palaces of Bost. These actions earned him the title of Jahānsūz, meaning "the world burner". The Ghaznavids retook the city with Seljuq help, but later lost it to Oghuz Turks.

In 1152, Ala al-Din Husayn refused to pay tribute to the Seljuks and instead marched an army from Firozkoh but was defeated and captured at Nab in the Harīrūd Valley by Sultan Ahmed Sanjar after his forces defected to the Seljuqs. During the battle, 6000 nomads from Ala al-Din's forces went over to the Seljuk army. Despite relatively smaller size of both armies, the defection of nomads at critical point of the battle eventually decided the issue in favour of the Seljuks. Ala al-Din Husayn remained a prisoner for two years, until he was released in return for a heavy ransom to the Seljuqs and was allowed to reclaim his principality in Ghor. However, Sanjar was soon captured and imprisoned by the Ghuzz nomads in 1153, which allowed the Ghurids to expand their polity again. Meanwhile, a rival of Ala al-Din named Husayn ibn Nasir al-Din Muhammad al-Madini had seized Firozkoh, but was murdered at the right moment when Ala al-Din returned to reclaim his ancestral domain. Ala al-Din spent the rest of his reign expanding the domains of his kingdom; he managed to conquer Garchistan, Tukharistan, Zamindawar, Bust, Bamiyan and other parts of Khurasan. Ala al-Din died in 1161, and was succeeded by his son Sayf al-Din Muhammad, who died two years later in a battle against the Oghuz Turks of Balkh.

During the reign of Ala ad-Din, the Ghurids firmly established themselves at Firuzkuh and made it their capital, at the same time, the minor branches of the family who were the offshoot of concubinage with Turkish slave girls whom chronicler Juzjani called "Kanizak-i-turki" established themselves in Bamiyan and elsewhere.

The Ghurids at their zenith
Sayf al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his cousin Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, who was the son of Baha al-Din Sam I, and proved himself to be a capable king. Right after Ghiyath's ascension, he, with the aid of his loyal brother Muhammad of Ghor (later known as "Shihabuddin Ghuri"), killed a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas. Ghiyath then defeated his uncle Fakhr al-Din Masud who claimed the Ghurid throne and had allied with the Seljuq governor of Herat and Balkh.

In 1173, Muhammad of Ghor after multiple attempts reconquered the city of Ghazni from the Ghuzz Turks, who had deposed the Ghaznavids from there earlier. In 1175, the Ghurids took control of Herat from the Seljuks, and the city became one of their main power bases and centers of cultural development, together with Firozkoh and Ghazni. They also took control of the areas of Nīmrūz and Sīstān, and extended their suzerainty as far as the Seljuks of Kerman.

Conquest of Khorasan (1192)
Afterwards, Muhammad assisted his brother Ghiyath in his contest with the Khwarezmian Empire, who were at times supported by their "pagan" suzerains the Qara Khitai, for the lordship of Khorasan. Seljuk power in Khorasan had collapsed since the defeat of Ahmad Sanjar against the Ghuzz Turks in 1153, which left the region at the hands of the Turkmen. In 1181, Sultan Shah, a pretendent to the Khwarezmian throne, managed to take control of Khorasan, until 1192 when he was defeated near Merv by the Ghurids, who captured his territories. The Ghurids then took control of all Khorasan following the death of his successor Tekish in 1200, capturing Nishapur in 1200, and reaching as far as Besṭām in the ancient region of Qūmes.

After the death of his brother Ghiyath on 13 March 1203, Muhammad became the successor of his empire and ruled until his assassination in 1206 near Jhelum by Ismāʿīlīs whom he persecuted during his lifetime.

Conquest of India (1175 to 1205)

On the eve of the Ghurid invasion of the subcontinent, northern India was ruled by many independent Rajput kings, often fighting with each other, such as the Chahamana ruler Prithviraja III in Delhi and Ajmer, the Chaulukya ruler Mularaja II in Gujarat, the Gahadavala ruler Jayachandra in Kanauj, further in the east of Ganges Plain there were other independent Hindu powers such as the Sena's under Lakshmana in Bengal etc.

Northern India and Bengal were conquered by Muhammad of Ghor during the period from 1175 to 1205, just before his death in 1206. His capital was in Ghazni, while his elder brother Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad with whom Muhammad ruled in a diarchy, governed the western part of the empire from his capital at Fīrōzkōh. In 1175, Muhammad crossed the Indus River, approaching it through the Gomal Pass instead of Khyber Pass, in order to outflank the Ghaznavids in Panjab. Muhammad captured Multan from the Carmathians, and also took Uch by 1176.

In 1178, he turned south and again marched through the Gomal Pass, marching by the way of Multan and Uch to enter into the present-day Gujarat via Thar desert, where his armies got exhausted in their long march from Ghazna and were routed in the Battle of Kasahrada fought near Mount Abu at Kasahrada in the southern Aravalli Hills by a coalition of Rajput chiefs, which forced him to change his route for further incursions into India. Afterwards, Muhammad pressed upon the Ghanzavids, whose domain was considerably truncated, though they were still controlling parts of Punjab and Pakistan down to the valley of Kabul which were of strategic importance in the pathway to northern India. Thus by the turn of next decade, Muhammad conquered Sindh, Peshawar, Sialkot and annexed the last Ghaznavid principality in Punjab, with their capital in Lahore, in 1186 through stratagem after three incursions.

In 1191, the Ghurids seized Bathinda and marched towards Delhi, but were defeated in the First Battle of Tarain by the Rajput confederacy led by the Ajmer-Chahamana king Prithviraja III. Nevertheless, Muhammad returned a year later with an army of Turkish mounted archers and routed the Rajput forces in the Second Battle of Tarain, and executed Prithviraja shortly afterwards. Govindaraja IV, son of Prithviraj Chauhan, submitted to the Ghurids the region of Ajmer, which became a vassal state. In 1193, Delhi was conquered by Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad's general Qutbu l-Din Aibak. The newly conquered territories were then put under the governorship of Qutb ud-Din Aibak, who was now Viceroy in Delhi.

In 1194, Muhammad returned to India and crossed the Yamuna River with an army of 50,000 horses and at the Battle of Chandawar defeated the forces of the Gahadavala king Jayachandra, who was killed in action. After the battle, Muhammad continued his advance to the east, with his general Qutb ud-Din Aibak in the vanguard. The city of Benares (Kashi) was taken and razed, and "idols in a thousand temples" were destroyed. It is generally thought that the Buddhist city of Sarnath was also ravaged at that time. In 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak vanquished Sulakshanapala, the ruler of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty of Gwalior, capturing Gwalior fort. Also in 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak vanquished a coalition of the Rajputs of Ajmer and the Chaulukyas under king Bhima II at Mount Abu, thereafter sacking Anhilwara.

In 1202–1203 CE, Qutbu l-Din Aibak, now Ghurid governor of Delhi, invaded the Chandela kingdom in the Ganges Valley. The Ghurids toppled local dynasties and destroyed Hindu temples during their advance across northern India, in place constructing mosques on the same sites. The revenue and booty gained after sacking the Hindu temples fuelled the efforts of Muhammad to finance his imperial aspirations in the west.

Around 1203, Bakhtiyar Khalji, another Turkic general of Muhammad of Ghor, swept down the lower Gangetic Plain and into Bengal. In Bihar, he is said to have destroyed Buddhist centers of learning such as Nalanda University, greatly contributing to the decline of pre-Islamic Indic scholarship. In Bengal, he sacked the ancient city of Nudiya in central Bengal, and established an Islamic government in the former Sena capital of Lakhnauti in 1205.

Muhammad placed his faithful Turkic generals, rather than his own Ghurid brethens, in position of authority over local tributary kings, throughout the conquered Indian lands. After the asssasination of Muhammad in March 1206, his territories fragmented into smaller Sultanates led by his former Mamluk generals. Tajuddin Elduz became the ruler of Ghazni, Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha became Sultan of Multan, Bahauddin Tughril became Sultan of Bayana and Qutb al-Din Aibak became Sultan of Delhi. Bakhtiyar Khilji became Sultan of Bengal, but was soon assassinated and succeeded by several Khalji rulers, until Bengal was incorporated into the Delhi Sultanate in 1227. Between 1206 and 1228 the various Turkic rulers and their successors rivaled for preeminence until the Sultan of Delhi Iltutmish prevailed, marking the advent of the Mamluk dynasty. This was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, which in total had five dynasties and would rule most of India for more than three centuries until the advent of the Mughal Empire in 1526.

Decline and fall
Ghiyath died on 13 March 1203 due to gout and was succeeded by Muhammad of Ghor as the sole ruler of the vast Ghurid Empire. Soon after, Alauddin Khwarazm Shah besieged and captured some of the strongholds of the Ghurids around Merv, although Muhammad drove him back and further besieged their capital Gurgānj.

Alauddin then appealed to his nominal suzerain the Qara-Khitai, who dispatched a large contingent led by Yelü Zhilugu. In the ensuing Battle of Andkhud (1204), fought near the river Oxus, the Ghurid troops were completely routed by the combined forces of the Qara-Khitai and the Khwarizmians. The defeat at Andkhud was a watershed for the Ghurids who lost their control over most of the Khurasan. Notwithstanding, Muhammad within a year or so raised a vast army and build bridge across the Oxus to launch a full-scale invasion of Transoxiana to avenge his defeat. However, he was forced to move towards Punjab to crush a Khokhar rebellion whom he defeated and massacred in large number. On his way back, Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated near the Indus on March 15, 1206.

After the death of Muhammad Ghori in 1206, a confused struggle then ensued among the remaining Ghūrid leaders and the Khwarezmians. The Khwarezmians under Ala al-Din Muhammad captured Herat and Ghor in 1206, and finally Ghazni in 1215, completing the takeover of the western part of the Ghūrid empire. The Ghurid capital was transferred to Delhi, recognizing Khwarazmian rule on north and central Afghanistan. The Ghurids continued their rule on much of the Indian subcontinent, Sisitan region of Iran and south of Afghanistan. Though the Ghūrids' empire was short-lived, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad's conquests strengthened the foundations of Muslim rule in India.

Religion
The Ghurids positioned themselves as defenders of Sunnism. They had good relations with the Abbasids in Baghdad, who urged them to repel the advances of the Kwarizmians into western Persia. Their conquests in India were also presented as a battle between the armies of Islam (lashkar-i Islam) and the armies of the unbelievers (lashkar-i kuffar), and gave them great prestige in the Islamic world as defenders of the orthodoxy.

Culture
The Ghurids were great patrons of Persian culture and literature and lay the basis for a Persianized state in the Indian subcontinent. However, most of the literature produced during the Ghurid era has been lost. They also transferred Persian architecture to India. According to Amir Khusrau (died 1325), the Indians learned Persian because of the influence of the "Ghurids and Turks." The notion of Persian kingship served as the basis for the imperial formation, political and cultural unity of the Ghurids.

Out of the Ghurid state grew the Delhi Sultanate which established the Persian language as the official court language of the region – a status it retained until the late Mughal era in the 19th century.

There was a strong Turkic presence among the Ghurids, since Turk slave-soldiers formed the vanguard of the Ghurid armies. There was intense amalgamation between these various ethnic groups: "a notable admixture of Tajik, Persian, Turkish and indigenous Afghan ethnicities therefore characterized the Shansabanis". At least until the end of the 13th century when they ruled the Mamluk Sultanate in India, the Turks in the Ghurid realm maintained their ethnical characteristics, continuing to use Turkish as their main language, rather than Persian, and persisting in their rude and bellicose ways as "men of the sword", in opposition to the Persian "men of the pen".

Metalwork of the Ghurid period
An important metalwork school was located in Herat during the Ghurid period, following the conquest of the Seljuk city by the Ghurids in 1175. In the Islamic world, inlaid metalworking, consisting of patterned silver inlays in a brass background, was first developed in the region of Khurasan in the 12th century, by silversmiths facing a shortage of silver. By the mid-12th century, Herat in particular had already gained a reputation for its high-quality inlaid metalwork, with works such as the Bobrinski Bucket (dated inscription of 1163).

A series of remarkable ewers is attributed to this Herat school of metalwork at the time of Ghurid rule, during the 1180–1200 period. One of them, now in the Georgian National Museum, is marked with a poem in Persian which specifically records its manufacture in Herat in 1181–1182, and permits the attribution and dating of this group of ewers to 1180–1200 in Herat, at the time of Ghurid rule.

"My ewer is the most beautiful ewer of all time. Who in this world has anything like this today? Everyone who has seen it has said it is very beautiful. No one has seen its equal, for it is unparalleled

Look at the ewer from which spirit is born. It is the water of life that flows from it. Any stream that comes from it into the hand. Creates a new pleasure every moment

Look at the ewer that is praised by everyone. It would be worthy of service to an honored person like you Every eye that sees it opens wide. And says that nothing could be better than this

This water vessel is made in Herat. Who else could product anything like it (in the world)? Although the seven stars the Planets of the celestial sphere lift their heads high, May they look favorably upon him who produces such a ewer

Mercy be on him who makes such a ewer. May he be given silver and gold for making it. May good fortune come to him and caress him in friendship. May affliction be removed and given to his enemies"

The practice of inlaying "required relatively few tools" and the technique spread westward, perhaps by Khurasani artisans moving to other cities. By the turn of the 13th century, the silver-inlaid-brass technique had reached Mosul under the Turkic Zengid dynasty (area of modern Iraq).

Bamiyan Branch

 * Green shaded row signifies Ghurid vassalage under the Khwarazmian dynasty.

title: Ghurid dynasty


text:
Talk:Wide Angle (TV program)

[Untitled]
Alright, just started this article. Wide Angle is a very good show, the "son" of the more important "Frontline", which made me wonder why there wasn't a wikipage for this. I'll be back to add some more content later.Jersey Devil 02:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Wide Angle (PBS) was a seperate page, and was redirected here based on this AfD. DES (talk) 22:25, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

So was this show cancelled? I haven't seen it on any of the three local PBS stations in my area (Los Angeles). This article shows the last episode to be in 2005, but I only started watching it this year - 2007. Now it's gone. For the longest time I blamed Ken Burns because the last week they aired Wide Angle was the week before his new doc premiered. Is it only on WNET? What's the situation? Wellesradio 00:33, 11 November 2007 (UTC)Wellesradio edit: never mind. Their web site states the show airs from July through September. Wellesradio 00:45, 11 November 2007 (UTC)Wellesradio

Videos not avaible?
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/the-market-maker/full-episode/5293/ "We're sorry, but this video is not available in your region due to right restrictions." is there a reason pbs videos can not be viewed in europe? 81.173.162.122 (talk) 18:26, 19 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wide Angle (TV program)


text:
Intocable

Intocable ("Untouchable" in English) is an American band from Zapata, Texas that plays regional Mexican music; specializing in norteño and tejano music. It was started by friends Ricardo Javier Muñoz and René Orlando Martínez in the early 1990s. In a few years, Intocable fused the genres Tejano and Norteño with a musical signature that fused Tejano's robust conjunto and Norteño folk rhythms with a pop balladry. Intocable is perhaps the most influential group in Tejano and their Tejano/Norteño fusion has become the blueprint for several Tejano bands. The group's style combines romantic, hooky melodies, tight instrumentation and vocal harmony.

Career
Career accomplishments include four consecutive sold-out nights at Mexico City's prestigious Auditorio Nacional and the group's 2003 headlining appearance at Reliant Stadium in Houston, which drew a record 70,104 fans. They also play every year as tradition with two sold-out dates (lately three) at the 10,000-capacity Monterrey Arena in Monterrey, Mexico —an unusual accomplishment given that Norteño groups typically play large dance halls and rarely arenas unless it is an all day festival event. Intocable has also won at least eight of Univision's Premio Lo Nuestro awards. They received their first Grammy win in February 2005 at the 47th Annual Grammys (Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album; Intimamente) and second at the 53rd annual Grammys for their album Classic.

They were the first of their genre to play at Dallas Cowboys Stadium, at the halftime show of the 2011 Dallas Cowboys vs. Washington Redskins game, and also at The Greek Theatre in Los Angeles. They garnered two of the 5 nominations to the Billboard Regional Mexican Awards and got a nod for Best Norteño Album to the 2011 Latin Grammy for their album INTOCABLE 2011. They were also nominated for a Grammy for the album. INTOCABLE 2011 was released under the group's own music label Good-i Music and the first two singles, Robarte Un Beso and Prometí, went to Number 1 on US regional radio charts. The 3rd single Arrepientete also did very well on radio and their 4th single Llueve was premiered live onstage at the 2012 Premio lo Nuestro where the group swept with all three categories they were nominated for.

On October 12, 2015, Intocable made history by streaming a showcase for the whole world, in which more than 22,000 people tuned in. 100% of the proceeds were donated to St. Jude Hospital to help children affected with cancer; there the inception of #AyudaAAyudar was formed and will continue to do events to raise funds for this noble cause.

On January 23, 2016, Intocable announced their partnership with St. Jude, a pledge first of its kind in the music industry. Today, their support not only creates awareness for the cause, but their pledge of support contributes to assure that families pay for nothing and can focus on letting their children live.

Intocable headlined SXSW 2016 SXAmericas All Latino Showcase, making Intocable the first Latino act to headline this three-day series of charity beneficiary concert events. The group took over the largest SXSW stage, which attracted more than 50,000 attendees over the three-day period.

In the early 1990s, the band's first indie albums barely sold. In February 1994 their album Fuego Eterno, with new label EMI Latin, had notable sales. The music of Ramón Ayala influenced the direction of the band. The band's lead vocalist and accordion player, Ricky Muñoz has stated that Ayala is his biggest inspiration. In 1997, the band suffered a setback when two members of the band left to form their own group—Johnny Lee Rosas, (bajo sexto and 2nd voice), and Albert Ramirez, (bass), formed Grupo Masizzo. Rosas rejoined the group in 2003 after four successful solo albums. In July 2017, Intocable performed their first ever concert in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

On June 11, 2020, Intocable came back out on tour since the pandemic shut down almost everything. They hosted their first Drive-In show in Poteet, Texas

June 30, 2020, it was announced by Lead Singer Ricky Muñoz that 5 members tested positive for COVID-19.

Road accident
On January 31, 1999, two band members, José Ángel Farias and Silvestre Rodríguez, along with road manager José Ángel González were tragically killed in an accident while driving to Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico's General Mariano Escobedo International Airport to catch a flight to Mexico City. The group's van blew a tire, causing the vehicle to roll off Mexican Federal Highway 40 and crash. After rolling over, Ricky Muñoz was the only one left in the van due to him wearing his seat belt on while the other members were laying on the side of the highway. Muñoz and the remaining members of the group suffered multiple injuries and spent weeks in a Monterrey hospital. After a six-month layoff, Intocable toured successfully behind the comeback album Contigo (With You), whose first single was entitled "El Amigo Que Se Fue" (The Friend That Has Left), a tribute song to the fallen band members.

Latin hits
Intocable gained 20 Latin top 10 hits. The following are some of Intocable's songs that reached the top ten on Billboard Latin singles charts: Caminare, Te Perdono, Llueve, Eso Duele, Eres Mi Droga, Amor Maldito, Soñador Eterno, Perdedor, El Amigo Que Se Fue, Ya Estoy Cansado, Enséñame A Olvidarte, Déjame Amarte, Contra Viento y Marea, Y Todo Para Qué? and other songs.

Current members

 * Ricardo Muñoz – (Lead Vocalist, Accordion) (1993–Present)
 * René Orlando Martinez– (Drums, Chorus) (1993–Present)
 * Sergio Serna – (Percussion)(1993–Present)
 * Johnny Lee Rosas – (Bajo Sexto, Backup Vocalist)(1994-1997) (2003–2016)(2017-Present)
 * Alejandro Gulmar - (Bajo Sexto)(2013–Present)
 * Felix Salinas - (Bass)(1995)(1999-2015) (2016-Present)n

Former members

 * José Juan Hernández - (Group Motivator, Rhythms)(1999-2020)
 * Albert Ramírez - (Bass)(1995-1997) (2015)
 * Daniel "Danny" Sanchez – (Bajo Sexto, Second Voice)(1997-2007)(2009-2012)(2016–2017)
 * José Ángel Farías – (Group Motivator, Rhythms) (Deceased) (1995-1999)
 * Silvestre Rodríguez – (Bass) (Deceased) (1997-1999)
 * José Ángel González – (Road Manager) (Deceased)
 * Juan J. González Jr. – (Bajo Sexto, Guitar) 1993
 * Juan J. Serna – (Bass) 1993–1995
 * Jason Rodriguez - (Bass) 1996-1997

Discography

 * Simplemente...Intocable (Simply...Untouchable) (1993)
 * Fuego Eterno (Eternal Fire) (1994)
 * Otro Mundo (Another World) (1995)
 * Llévame Contigo (Take Me With You) (1996)
 * IV (4) (1997)
 * Intocable (Untouchable) (1998)
 * Contigo (With You) (1999)
 * Es Para Tí (It's For You) (2000)
 * Sueños (Dreams) (2002)
 * The History (2003)
 * Nuestro Destino Estaba Escrito (Our Destiny Was Written) (2003)
 * Intimamente (Intimately/Live album) (2004)
 * X (10) (2005)
 * Crossroads: Cruce de Caminos (2006) (2007-Fan Edition)
 * 2C (12) (2008)
 * Classic ("Clasico" Mexico) (2009)
 * Super #1's (2010)
 * INTOCABLE 2011 (2011)
 * En Peligro de Extinción (In Danger Of Extinction) (2013)
 * XX (20) Aniversario (20th Anniversary) (2015)
 * Highway (Highway) (2016)
 * Percepción (Perception) (2019)
 * Desde Casa en Concierto y Canciones Desempolvadas (From Home in Concert and Dusted Songs) (2020)
 * Texican (2020)
 * Modus Operandi (2024)

Awards
Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album (2005)

Latin Grammy Award for Best Norteño Album (2005, 2013)

Grammy Award for Best Norteño Album (2011)

Billboard Latin Music Lifetime Achievement Award (2012)

Nominations
ALMA Award for Outstanding Latin Group of the Year (2002)

American Music Award for Favorite Latin Artist (2004)

Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year (2005)

Latin Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video (2006)

Grammy Award for Best Banda or Norteño Album (2012)

Grammy Award for Best Regional Mexican Music Album (2014)

title: Intocable


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Larry Hryb

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect/merge CDC   (talk)  00:01, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Larry Hryb
Non-notable outside the xBox community. Denni ☯ 02:36, 2005 July 22 (UTC)
 * Delete unless there evidence of some other achievement.--nixie 06:06, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 03:56, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with XBox Live and redirect. This could have been done without a VfD listing. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:18, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep no less notable than Bruno Bonnell who helped create Atari. He isn't well known even inside the gaming industry. Considering over two million people  count on his product, I think that's fairly noteworthy by itself.66.191.177.59 07:40, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Peter Ho Davies

Peter Ho Davies (born 30 August 1966), is a contemporary British writer of Welsh and Chinese descent.

Biography
Born and raised in Coventry, Davies was a pupil at King Henry VIII School. He studied physics at Manchester University and then English at Cambridge University.

In 1992, he moved to the United States to study in the graduate creative writing program at Boston University. He has taught at the University of Oregon and at Emory University and is currently a professor in the Helen Zell MFA Program in Creative Writing at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

Awards and honors
Davies has received grants from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. In 2003, he was named by Granta magazine as one of twenty 'Best of Young British Novelists'.

His short fiction has appeared in The Atlantic, Harper's and The Paris Review and been widely anthologized, appearing in Prize Stories: The O. Henry Awards 1998, and Best American Short Stories 1995, 1996, and 2001. The Boston Globe named The Welsh Girl one of the best fiction books of 2007, and People named A Lie Someone Told You About Yourself one of the ten best books of the year.

Short story collections

 * The Ugliest House in the World (1997)
 * Equal Love (2000)

Novels

 * The Welsh Girl (2007)
 * The Fortunes (2016)
 * A Lie Someone Told You About Yourself (2021)

Non fiction

 * The Art of Revision: The Last Word (2021)

title: Peter Ho Davies


text:
James Aston, 5th Lord Aston of Forfar

James Aston, 5th Lord Aston of Forfar (23 May 1723 – 24 August 1751), was a son of Walter Aston, 4th Lord Aston of Forfar, and Lady Mary Howard.

On 30 June 1742, James married Lady Barbara Talbot, sister of the 14th Earl of Shrewsbury, by whom he had two daughters.

In 1748, he succeeded his father as Lord Aston of Forfar in the Peerage of Scotland.

Lord Aston produced no direct male heir, and on his death in 1751 his title passed to his distant cousin Philip Aston, 6th Lord Aston of Forfar.

title: James Aston, 5th Lord Aston of Forfar


text:
John Fisher (North American politician)

John Fisher (March 13, 1806 – March 28, 1882), iron founder, manufacturer, was a politician, both in Canada and the United States. He had one son.

Born in Londonderry, New Hampshire, Fisher moved to Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1835, when he established what is believed to have been the first foundry in the city, on the northwest corner of James and Merrick streets, Fisher designed and manufactured the first threshing machines in Canada, basing his ideas on a 1786 model designed by a Scot. He expanded the business with his cousin Calvin McQuesten (who himself would found a powerful Hamilton family), they formed a partnership with two other men, to manage the foundry, with McQuesten remaining in the United States to gain additional necessary funds.

The firm experienced difficulties getting established In 1836 Fisher was forced to sell some assets, lay off workers, and seek loans. In the following year, anti-American sentiment was high, owing to the support given by the United States to William Lyon Mackenzie, and it found expression in a refusal to pay bills and threats to burn the foundry. Fisher was ready to leave, but McQuesten convinced him to remain. The latter settled in Hamilton in 1839, and the two partners, by now the sole proprietors of the business, were determined to make it prosper. The foundry expanded during the 1840s, producing a variety of agricultural equipment. In the 1850s, Fisher, in partnership with other foundries, was a contractor for the Great Western Railway in the manufacture of railway cars. The firm of Fisher and McQuesten was moved to Wellington Street in 1855 after a fire destroyed the original premises. Six years later (1857), he sold his interest in the foundry and moved from Hamilton to Batavia, New York. He was elected as a Republican representative to the 41st Congress (1869–1871), but was unsuccessful in his subsequent re-election bid.

During his years in Hamilton, Fisher was an active participant in the civic life of the community. In 1843 he built a fire engine which he donated to the city and which was housed at the James Street Foundry. Fisher also served on the Hamilton city council as an alderman from 1848 to 1849, and became the city's fourth mayor (for a one-year term) in 1850. He helped build an orphan asylum donating in 1851 £100 (which according to some sources was his salary as mayor) to the Hamilton Ladies' Benevolent Society for the costs of construction. He served on the building committee with Edward Jackson and Edward Cartwright Thomas, and the asylum (Barton Street Jail) on Wellington Street opened in June 1853.

title: John Fisher (North American politician)


text:
File:Stranger in a Strange Land Cover.jpg

Summary
This cover for Stranger in a Strange Land was scanned, not taken off the internet.


text:
File:JohnnyCashHymnsByJohnnyCash.jpg

Fair use in Hymns by Johnny Cash
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:JohnnyCashHymnsByJohnnyCash.jpg


text:
Manta F.C.

Manta was founded in 1998 after the purchase of the franchise rights from the defunct Manta Sport. From 1999–2001, the club competed in the Segunda Categoría, the third tier of Ecuadorian football league system before being promoted in 2002 to Serie. Manta won promotion again in 2003 to Serie A for the first time but finished poorly and were relegated back to Serie B where they would spend the next 6 seasons. 2009 saw the club back in Serie A but no titles were forthcoming and they were relegated again in 2014.

They got promoted back to the Ecuadorian Serie A in 2020 and will play in the first tier after a 7 year absence.

Honours

 * Serie B
 * Champions (1): 2008

Players
–

Managers

 * 🇦🇷 Fabián Bustos (July 14, 2009 – Dec 15, 2010)
 * 🇦🇷 Gabriel Perrone (Dec 15, 2010 – May 3, 2011)
 * 🇨🇴 Armando Osma (Aug 30, 2011 – Dec 13, 2012)
 * 🇪🇨 Edwin Cózar (Dec 15, 2012 – June 30, 2013)
 * 🇦🇷 Fabián Bustos (July 2, 2013 – Dec 31, 2013)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Manuel Llop (Jan 1, 2014 – Aug 1, 2014)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge Alfonso (Aug 1, 2014 – Jan 1, 2015)
 * 🇪🇨 Jefferson Huerta (Jan 1, 2015–)

title: Manta F.C.


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I Just Wasn't Made for These Times (album)

I Just Wasn't Made for These Times is the second album by American musician Brian Wilson and the soundtrack to Don Was' documentary of the same name, released by MCA Records on August 15, 1995. It consists almost entirely of rerecordings of Wilson's past songs. The title is derived from the Beach Boys' 1966 song "I Just Wasn't Made for These Times".

Wilson commented of the rerecordings in a 1995 interview: “At first, I thought ‘This is gonna be contrived, the songs were all old hat. But then I understood the context of it all, so I felt free to talk without worrying about what I was saying. I got a sense of my self — a sense of worth.

Personnel
From liner notes. • Brian Wilson – vocals, piano

• Waddy Wachtel – guitar

• Mark Goldenberg – guitar

• James "Hutch" Hutchinson – bass guitar

• Benmont Tench – piano, organ

• Jim Keltner – drums

• Dave McMurray – saxophone, flute

• Andrew Gold – background vocals, "background vocal conductor"

• Donald Ray Mitchell – background vocals

• Sir Harry Bowens – background vocals

• Jeff Pescetto – background vocals, "background vocal conductor"

• Kip Lennon – background vocals

• Sweet Pea Atkinson – background vocals

• Carnie Wilson – background vocals on "Do It Again"

• Wendy Wilson – background vocals on "Do It Again"

• ;Production and technical staff

• Don Was - producer (except "Still I Dream of It")

• Brian Wilson - producer

• Rik Pekkonen - engineer/recording, mixing

• Dan Bosworth - engineer/recording, assistant engineer

• Rail Rogut - mix assistant

• Doug Sax - mastering

• Gavin Lursson - mastering assistant

• Jane Oppenheimer - "chief of staff"

• Carrie McConkey ("for The Marsha Burn Co.") - production coordinator

• Vartan - art direction

• Don Engel - design

• Forest Fein - design

• Caroline Grayshock - photography

• ;Recording studios

• Recorded at Ocean Way, Hollywood, CA

• Additional recording done at The Chomsky Ranch, Los Angeles, CA

• Mixed at Record One, Los Angeles, CA

• Mastered at The Mastering Lab, Hollywood, CA


text:
Eloise (books)

Eloise is a series of children's books written in the 1950s by Kay Thompson and illustrated by Hilary Knight. The series consists of Eloise (1955) and four sequels.

Eloise is a young girl who lives in the "room on the tippy-top floor" of the Plaza Hotel in New York City with her nanny, her pug dog, Weenie, and her turtle, Skipperdee.

History
The character was developed by the author based on her childhood imaginary friend and alter ego, with a voice in which Thompson spoke throughout her life, according to her biographer, filmmaker Sam Irvin. Thompson's goddaughter, Liza Minnelli, was often speculated as a possible model for Eloise.

The illustrator stated that the image for Eloise was based on one that his mother, Katherine Sturges Dodge, had painted, during the 1930s.

Original

 * Eloise: A Book for Precocious Grown-ups (1955)
 * Eloise in Paris (1957)
 * Eloise at Christmastime (1958)
 * Eloise in Moscow (1959)
 * Eloise Takes a Bawth (2002), posthumously published

Subsequent
Other modern Eloise titles released by Simon & Schuster include Eloise's Guide to Life (2000), Eloise at Christmas (2003), Eloise's What I Absolutely Love Love Love (2005) and Love & Kisses, Eloise (2005). The same publisher began producing Eloise stories "in the style of Kay Thompson and Hilary Knight" to their early-reader Ready-to-Reads line in 2005. By 2007, 11 titles had been released in that line.

Thompson's time on the set of the 1957 musical film Funny Face inspired a new Eloise cartoon—Eloise in Hollywood (2006).

Bernadette Peters narrates a collection of four Eloise stories—"Eloise", "Eloise in Paris", "Eloise at Christmastime", and "Eloise in Moscow", released by Simon & Schuster Audio in October 2015. They are available in audiobook and CD and book.

Dramatic adaptations
In 2003, two made-for-TV movies based on the first two books were made by Walt Disney Television, titled Eloise at the Plaza and Eloise at Christmastime, starring Sofia Vassilieva as Eloise and Julie Andrews as Nanny. In 2006, an animated television series based on the characters of the books, premiered on Starz! Kids & Family, featuring Mary Matilyn Mouser as Eloise and Lynn Redgrave as Nanny.

A direct-to-DVD animated feature entitled Eloise in Africa was announced in February 2009 but was never finished. It would have been made entirely at Animation Collective’s New York City facility. In 2011, an animatic from the film was uploaded onto Vimeo.

A movie based on Eloise in Paris, starring Jordana Beatty as the title character and Uma Thurman as Nanny, was being developed by Charles Shyer, director of Alfie and Father of the Bride but little, if any, development on the film has been announced, and it was reported in 2010 that Thurman filed and subsequently settled a lawsuit against Handmade Films for £6m after production stalled and the company failed to meet her initial pay-or-play fee.

In 2020 it was announced that the film re-entered development at MRC Film, to be written by Beauty and the Beast screenwriter Linda Woolverton and produced by Handmade Films.

Television
 * Playhouse 90, "Eloise" (broadcast on November 22, 1956)
 * Eloise: The Animated Series (broadcast from October 8 to November 12, 2006)

Movies
 * Eloise at the Plaza (2003)
 * Eloise at Christmastime (2003)
 * Eloise in Paris (Cancelled)
 * Eloise in Africa (Cancelled)
 * Untitled Eloise live-action film (TBA)

Legacy
A portrait of Eloise was hung in the lobby of the Plaza until it closed for renovations in 2005. The portrait was re-hung in May 2008 after three years in storage. They also have a room at the Plaza call The Eloise Suite.

Filmmaker Lena Dunham sports an Eloise tattoo and produced the HBO documentary short, It's Me, Hilary: The Man Who Drew Eloise, chronicling the life and career of series co-author and illustrator Hilary Knight.

title: Eloise (books)


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Hymns by Johnny Cash

Hymns by Johnny Cash is the third studio album and first gospel album by American singer Johnny Cash. The album was produced in 1958 and released in 1959. An alternate version of the song It was Jesus was an added bonus track after the album was re-issued in 2002. Cash said he left Sun Records because Sam Phillips would not let him record a gospel album. Columbia promised him to release an occasional gospel album; this was a success for him to record. The album was Cash’s first and most popular gospel album, and is an example of traditional hymns set to country gospel music. The album was recorded simultaneously with The Fabulous Johnny Cash.

Critical reception
The Rolling Stone Album Guide deemed the album "fairly uninspiring." Billboard called It Was Jesus and I Saw a Man "outstanding."

Personnel
Musicians
 * Johnny Cash - vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Luther Perkins - lead guitar
 * Don Helms - steel guitar
 * Marshall Grant - bass
 * Marvin Hughes - piano
 * Buddy Harman - drums
 * Morris Palmer - drums on "Lead Me Father"
 * The Jordanaires - backing vocals

Additional personnel
 * Al Quaglieri - producer
 * Don Law - producer
 * Seth Foster - mastering
 * Mark Wilder - mastering, mixing
 * Hal Adams - photography
 * Don Hunstein - photography
 * Stacey Boyle - tape research
 * Matt Kelly - tape research
 * Kay Smith - tape research
 * Steven Berkowitz - A&R
 * Darren Salmieri - A&R
 * Patti Matheny - A&R
 * Howard Fritzson - art direction
 * Randall Martin - design
 * Nick Shaffran - consultant
 * Johnny Whiteside - liner notes

title: Hymns by Johnny Cash


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Tönning

Tönning (German; Low German Tünn, Tönn or Tönnen; Danish: Tønning; North Frisian: Taning) is a town in the district of Nordfriesland in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.

History
Tönning was destroyed in the Burchardi flood in 1634. During the Great Northern War, (1700–1721), Tönning was besieged twice.

Geography
It is located on the northern bank of the Eider river, approximately eight kilometers away from its mouth at the North Sea. Tönning has a population of some 5,000 people.

Transport
Tönning is connected by a regional train with Sankt Peter-Ording to the West, and Husum to the North-East. Tönning is also served by several bus routes.

Honorary citizen

 * Friedrich Wilhelm Selck (1821–1911), councilor of commerce, honorary citizen since 1899
 * Friedrich von Esmarch (1823–1908), German physician and the founder of the civilian Samaritan system in Germany, honorary citizen since 1897; there is a memorial statue dedicated to him in the castle park.

Sons and daughters of the city

 * Jürgen Ovens (1623–1678), painter, portraitist
 * Johann Friedrich Alberti (1642–1710), composer, organist
 * Fanny Suenssen (1832–1918), Danish novelist and short story writer
 * Teckla Juel (1834–1904), Danish writer and composer.
 * Kurt Thomas (1904–1973), composer, music educator and chorus leader

Connected to Tönning

 * Hinrich Braren (1751–1826), captain, pilot and navigation instructor, died in Tönning. He wrote the first German-language textbook of shipping.

title: Tönning


text:
Talk:Hymns by Johnny Cash

Fair use rationale for Image:JohnnyCashHymnsByJohnnyCash.jpg
Image:JohnnyCashHymnsByJohnnyCash.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:32, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Updates to the Page
A group of college students have been working all week to improve this article. We have been citing 6 different sources on the Hymns album and would like to import these changes into the full article. These sources have been verified by each member of the group. The information that will be listed on the page will be set under headings that include a background about the album and recording history. Thank you -->Bsasse9 20:41, 9 July, 2012 —Preceding undated comment added 01:43, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hymns by Johnny Cash


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Talk:Constipation

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Perseuspatel, Ryan1514, Rads4lyfe. Peer reviewers: Q59k511, Jbonano15, Angelwhit06.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:22, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Low liquid intake
This article lists as one of the causes of constipation "low liquid intake". Would it not be better to say "dehydration"? It is possible to have dehydration while liquid intake is quite high. This may be the case for untreated diabetes mellitus. Vorbee (talk) 09:50, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

Hirschsprung's disease
Link required for Hirschsprung's disease 2A00:23C4:AA17:B200:C843:1BE:8B4C:ECF1 (talk) 22:37, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

Needs better sourcing for "Added referenced sentence on use of a high enema. Also fixed an indirect link."
Firstly, I can't imagine why my fixing of an indirect link would be reverted, but I suppose that such reversions are performed hastily, taking legitimate editing in their wake. I have taken the liberty of re-doing that and marking it as a minor edit.

As for referencing, everything I've referenced is for standard medicine, and I have been careful to avoid alternative medicine sources and, also, klismaphile and other enema obsession sources I have likewise avoided.

Now I have added a reference from a state university and now the proposed sentence reads thus: "A large volume or high enema can be given to cleanse as much of the colon as possible of feces. However, a low enema is generally useful only for stool in the rectum, not in the intestinal tract."

Please advise as to whether or not this is yet acceptable. If not, I'll find (yet more) legitimate sources.

I thank you. Helen4780 (talk) 18:32, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

 * the two sentences regarding "high-enema" and "low enema" seem to be in the same train of thought basically describing the two procedures in terms of difference. since there is no collision between the two sentences, the "however" beginning of the second sentence seems to be logically inadeqate. maybe better to replace "however" with "on the other hand". also the two sentences could be easily merged into one single sentence. 89.134.199.32 (talk) 10:54, 10 March 2019 (UTC).

epidemiology section
I believe that the part saying "constipation with no known cause affects females more often affected than males" should be corrected to "constipation with no known cause affects females more often than males" (redundant "AFFECTED" to be deleted). 89.134.199.32 (talk) 10:45, 10 March 2019 (UTC).

"Hung Chow" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Hung Chow. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. gnu 57 15:08, 30 August 2019 (UTC)

Trans-inclusive/Non-binary-inclusive language
Under epidemiology, in the first paragraph:

"It is more common in women, the elderly and children."

If the source is referring to people assigned female at birth, I would change "women" to people assigned female at birth, and this would apply to any other text that uses the terms "man" or "woman" to refer to someone's assigned sex at birth (what someone's sex is "identified" as at their birth like male, intersex, female, etc) 2600:4040:A034:A300:7017:9EAB:537:A5E7 (talk) 18:32, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Better, "It is more common in females, the elderly, and children." "Female" is a biological category. Downtowngal (talk) 13:40, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Should be "adult females" Downtowngal (talk) 13:54, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

It should say what the original source says

Rome IV + ICD-11
For some reason I can't change the article even though I made an account.
 * Article should be updated with Rome IV criteria instead of III.
 * Should include ICD-11 definition and codes.
 * It should be more clear in the article when it is talking about functional constipation and when it is talking about the symptom generally (i.e. functional constipation + other types). On wikipedia there is also a functional constipation article, but it is short and seems neglected.

Rome-IV categorizes disorders of chronic constipation into four subtypes:
 * functional constipation
 * irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-c),
 * opioid-induced constipation
 * functional defecation disorders including inadequate defecatory propulsion and dyssynergic defecation

Definition
According to ICD-11 constipation is "an acute or chronic condition in which bowel movements occur less often than usual or consist of hard, dry stools that are often painful or difficult to pass." There are separate codes for functional constipation (DD91.1), functional constipation of infants, toddlers or children (DD93), atonic constipation (DD91.1), slow transit constipation (DB32.1), neurogenic constipation (DD91.1) and spastic constipation (DD91.1) as well as codes for related conditions like functional defaecation disorders (DD92.2). In agreement with the Rome-IV criteria, it is not possible to have a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and functional constipation at the same time.

Diagnostic criteria
Rome IV has widely-accepted diagnostic criteria for functional constipation (C2). For a diagnosis of functional constipation, there must be two or more of the following criteria, which must have been true for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis: According to Rome-IV, it is not possible to have both a diagnosis of functional constipation and IBS-C. Related conditions like IBS-C, opioid-induced constipation and functional defecation disorders (including dyssynergic defecation) have separate diagnostic criteria.
 * Straining during more than 25% of defecations
 * Lumpy or hard stools (Bristol Stool Form Scale 1-2) more than 25% of defecations
 * Sensation of incomplete evacuation more than 25% of defecations
 * Sensation of anorectal obstruction/blockage more than 25% of defecations
 * Manual maneuvers to facilitate more than 25% of defecations (e.g., digital evacuation, support of the pelvic floor)
 * Fewer than three spontaneous bowel movements per week
 * Loose stools rarely present without the use of laxatives

title: Talk:Constipation


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Talk:Oldfield Thomas

Two articles in one?
OK so what's happened here then? Two articles in one?? Does anyone with a bit more Wiki experience know how to move the Geoffrey Tandy information into a separate one? It doesn't belong here, that's clear, but it should be a separate article, surely??Tobycek (talk) 23:50, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oldfield Thomas


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Shah Mahmud Khan

Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan (Pashto/Dari: سردار شاه محمود خان – b:1890 d: 27 December 1959) was the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from May 1946 to 7 September 1953, under King Mohammad Zahir Shah's monarchy. He was from the Pashtun tribe of Barakzai Mohammadzai. He was a brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah, who ousted Habibullāh Kalakāni (also known as Bacha-ye Saqao), and uncle of both Zahir Shah and Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan, his eventual successor. His other two brothers are Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan and Sardar Shah Wali Khan. He was married to Safora Sultan, a sister of Amanullah Khan

Under his leadership, relatively free 1949 elections were permitted, in response to a mostly middle-class youth movement wanting reforms. However, by the 1952 elections, the policy reverted to strict control. Also during his time as Prime Minister, the Pakistani state was formed following India's independence from the United Kingdom. The Afghans contended that the Pashtuns living in the border regions of Pakistan should be given a choice to join Afghanistan or form an independent state, which led to tense relations with Pakistan from the onset. Afghanistan went through economic troubles in the early 1950s, and having failed at an ambitious irrigation scheme in western Afghanistan, Mahmud Khan was eventually replaced by Daoud Khan.

title: Shah Mahmud Khan


text:
File:Louisville 4thStLive HRguitar.jpg

The signature guitar of Hard Rock Cafe is displayed prominently over Louisville's Fourth Street Live! entertainment district.

Photo by Derek Cashman.

title: File:Louisville 4thStLive HRguitar.jpg


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Illinois Route 137

Illinois Route 137 (IL 137) is a 23.49 mi state highway in northeast Illinois. It runs from the Wisconsin state line north of Winthrop Harbor south to North Chicago, west to Libertyville, and then back northwest to Grayslake, terminating at IL 83 just south of IL 120.

The eastern portion of IL 137 carries part of the Amstutz Expressway, a short freeway between downtown Waukegan and Lake Michigan.

Route description
IL 137 is called Buckley Road in the northwest-southeast segment, as well as the east–west segment east of IL 21 (Milwaukee Avenue). Between these segments, in northern Libertyville, business addresses use Peterson Road. However, street signs name it Buckley Road, which continues west as IL 137 turns northwest. In North Chicago, at the east end of the Buckley Road alignment, the route turns north where it cuts Naval Station Great Lakes into two areas, and becomes Sheridan Road for most of its remaining length to the Wisconsin state line. The exception is the Amstutz Expressway (a short, limited-access road in downtown Waukegan), which runs from Sheridan Road near the southern border of Waukegan to Greenwood Avenue roughly 2 mi north, where the expressway abruptly ends; IL 137 follows Greenwood Avenue west a short distance back to Sheridan Road and continues north through Beach Park, Zion, and Winthrop Harbor before terminating at the state line. Sheridan Road continues north as Wisconsin WIS 32.

History
In 1928, IL 137 was established. Initially, it ran from IL 1 to St. Francisville. This routing resembled a spur of IL 1. In 1929, the easternmost portion of IL 137 (from St. Francisville to Indiana state line) was removed. In 1936, without any significant changes to the routing since 1929, the designation was removed.

In 1953, IL 137 was established again. It initially ran from IL 21/IL 63 (now just IL 21) to IL 42 (now Sheridan Road) on its present-day routing. In 1973, one year after the decommissioning of IL 42, IL 137 was cut back from Sheridan Road to IL 131. By 1975, IL 63 was decommissioned. As a result, a portion of IL 21 moved from serving Grayslake to Gurnee. IL 137 then extended west via former IL 21. By 1979, the Amstutz Expressway opened between Grand Avenue and Greenwood Avenue. However, at first, the expressway was not signed. By 1992, IL 137 extended north all the way to WIS 32 at state line. The extension followed parts of the former IL 42 and the Amstutz Expressway; acquiring part of IL 173 from Zion to Winthrop Harbor.

Amstutz Expressway
The Amstutz Expressway was built in the 1970s in an attempt to ease traffic in Waukegan’s downtown area, but is now also known as the "road to nowhere". The 2.9 mi, four-lane highway was intended to be a connecting route for the downtown area, but a critical link through the neighboring village of North Chicago was never built, and the factories that the expressway was designed to serve have since closed. Today, the thoroughfare carries fewer than 15,000 vehicles per day. Because it is used so little, this short stretch of highway has been the setting for filming such movies and television programs as Groundhog Day, The Blues Brothers, The Ice Harvest, Batman Begins, and Chicago Fire.

At one point, the expressway was proposed to extend south from Grand Avenue to I-94 (Tri-State Tollway), of which the extension was designated as Federal-Aid Primary (FAP) 437. Back then, the expressway ended at Grand Avenue. However, the expressway was only extended south to Genesee Street in 1992.

In the early 2000s, proposals were made to remove the expressway, thus narrowing the space needed for roadway, and then moving the nearby railroad right-of-way to the unused expressway land as part of a revitalization project for the lakefront area. IL 137 follows the entire length of the expressway, and received this designation in 1994 when IL 137 was extended north to the Wisconsin state line.

The Amstutz Expressway was named after Mel Amstutz, a former Lake County Highway Superintendent. In 2007, legislation was pending in the Illinois General Assembly to rename the expressway, Bobby Thompson Expressway, after the former mayor of North Chicago. The bill received unanimous support in the Illinois House of Representatives, but has not yet been voted on by the Illinois Senate. This name change took effect in 2010.

title: Illinois Route 137