text:
McDonogh School

McDonogh School is a private, coeducational, PK-12, college-preparatory school founded in Owings Mills, Maryland, United States in 1873. The school is named after John McDonogh, whose estate originally funded the school. The school now enrolls approximately 1,300 students, between 90 and 100 of whom participate in the Upper School's five-day boarding program. McDonogh employs approximately 177 full-time faculty members, more than 80% of whom hold advanced degrees and 20% of whom live on-campus.

McDonogh is regarded as one of the Baltimore region's most prestigious preparatory schools and has been called a "Power School" by Baltimore magazine. The school's students frequently matriculate to Ivy League and other top-ranked colleges and universities. McDonogh's athletic programs have also seen widespread success, particularly in lacrosse, soccer, wrestling, track, and football, where the school's teams have been nationally ranked in recent years.

The school is a member of the Association of Independent Maryland Schools.

History
The school was established outside of Baltimore, Maryland in 1873 and funded by the estate of John McDonogh (1779 - 1850), a former Baltimore resident and enslaver. The McDonogh campus encompasses 800 acres of land and houses more than 15 educational buildings including a new home for the middle school, The Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Building.

McDonogh was established as a semi-military school for orphan boys who worked on the farm in exchange for their tuition, room, and board. Paying students arrived in 1922, and day students in 1927. The first African-American student was admitted in 1959, eight years after Brown v. Board of Education outlawed school segregation. In 1971, the military traditions of the school were discontinued. The school became coeducational in 1975. McDonogh School's annual tuition ranges from $19,900 for Pre-Kindergarten students up to $46,600 for students of the Upper School. Full and partial McDonogh scholarships continue to this day, with $6.1 million in need-based aid awarded in the 2019-2020 school year.

David J. Farace, the present head of school, is the 13th person to hold this position. He assumed the role in 2018, succeeding Charles W. Britton.

Academics
The Upper School offers a college preparatory curriculum that includes English, foreign language, history, mathematics, science, visual and performing arts, and physical education courses. Honors or Advanced Placement courses are available in all academic departments. Upper School students must also complete a community service requirement. All students perform an academic project independently or in small groups during the final three weeks of their senior year.

Academic and personal integrity is emphasized in the Upper School's Honor Code, which a student-run Honor Council enforces. The Honor Code reads: "I will not lie, cheat, or steal. I will respect the rights and well-being of myself and others."

The academic calendar at McDonogh follows a semester system.

Roots Farm
At McDonogh, the Roots Farm performs humanitarian work by growing vegetables and then donating them to local charity organizations.

The farm has so far donated 2,064 pounds of produce to charity organizations and has benefited from 2,850 student service hours.

Notable alumni

 * David Adkins, actor and playwright
 * Grant Aleksander (1978), actor and director
 * John R. Bolton (1966), National Security Advisor of the United States
 * Edward Marshall Boehm (1929), sculptor
 * Wallace E. Boston, Jr., president and chief executive officer, American Public University System
 * Luke Broadwater (1998), journalist, Pulitzer Prize and George Polk Award winner
 * Henry G. Chiles, Jr. (1956), former commander-in-chief of the United States Strategic Command
 * Ken Cloude, former professional baseball pitcher for the Seattle Mariners
 * Jazwyn Cowan, professional basketball player.
 * Taylor Cummings (2012), women's field lacrosse player for the University of Maryland, first person to win the Tewaaraton Award three times
 * Bruce Davidson (1968), world champion equestrian, Olympic gold medalist
 * Dani Dennis-Sutton (2022), college football defensive end for the Penn State Nittany Lions
 * W. Timothy Finan, Maryland state delegate and judge
 * Henry Gantt (1878), mechanical engineer and management consultant, most famous for developing the Gantt chart in the 1910s
 * Darrius Heyward-Bey (2005), 7th pick of 2009 NFL draft and former University of Maryland wide receiver, current NFL wide receiver for the Pittsburgh Steelers
 * Louis Hyman (1995), economic historian
 * Curtis Jacobs (2020), college football linebacker for the Penn State Nittany Lions
 * Eric King (2000), defensive back for the Buffalo Bills and Tennessee Titans
 * Kayel Locke, professional basketball player.
 * Myles Martin (2015), freestyle and collegiate wrestler, NCAA champion
 * James McDaniel (1976), actor, played Lt. Fancy on NYPD Blue
 * Ben Queen (1992), screenwriter, television producer, wrote Disney/Pixar's Cars 2 and Cars 3
 * Pam Shriver (1979), former professional tennis player and current sports broadcaster
 * Frederic N. Smalkin (1964), Maryland's Chief Federal District Judge and brigadier general
 * DaJuan Summers (2006), former Georgetown University basketball player, drafted by the Detroit Pistons in the 2009 NBA Draft
 * Evan Taubenfeld (2001), Sire/Warner Bros. recording artist, EMI professional pop staff songwriter; Avril Lavigne's lead guitarist from spring 2002 to September 2004
 * Joseph D. Tydings (1946), former senator for Maryland, 1965–1971
 * Jenn Wasner (2004), indie rock musician
 * Josh Woods (2014), professional football player for the Chicago Bears

title: McDonogh School


text:
Edward Ullman

Edward Louis Ullman (1912 – 1976), son of classical scholar Berthold Ullman, was trained as a geographer at University of Chicago where he was influenced by the urban and economic emphasis in social science. He was an urban geographer, transportation researcher and regional development specialist and became the champion of applied geography. His study and dissertation on the economic aspects of Mobile, Ullman began a career of transit studies. He was the Office of Strategic Services transportation specialist in World War II.

After the war he served as a lieutenant in the United States Navy Reserve and was an economist for the United States Maritime Commission. He also did research for the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the Pentagon and the State Department. In 1951 he began his academic work at the Department of Geography, University of Washington and was a Fulbright research professor at the Sapienza University of Rome in 1956-1957. He did academic work in Germany and Israel. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Amtrak utilized his services in their formative years.

He proposed that trade was an interaction based on three phenomena: complementarity, intervening opportunities, and transferability of commodities.

The level of interaction can be measured by the Gravity model of trade:

$$ I_{i,j} = \frac{p_ip_j}{d_{i,j}^\beta} $$

Where:
 * I: Level of interaction between i,j. alternatively, quantity of trade between i,j.
 * Pi = population of i
 * di,j = distance separating i,j
 * β = impedance factor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edward Ullman


text:
Talk:Star Trek: Voyager

Races?
This article uses the word "races" while the series consistently said "species"...--82.37.67.151 (talk) 10:07, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

I always thought so, too and was disappointed, when hearing "race" several times on tng. KhlavKhalash (talk) 11:39, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

Previous Appearances
Both Robert Picardo and Ethan Phillips had appeared in the movie Wagons East in 1994. 2001:56A:FA85:3800:7C50:1695:6045:C6C5 (talk) 23:42, 2 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Which should appear on their Wiki pages and have nothing to do with Star Trek Voyager. Ckruschke (talk) 18:15, 4 May 2021 (UTC)Ckruschke

Sentence on series availability on streaming services
Do we really need the sentence on series availability at the end of the Broadcast history section? It's entirely US centric and unsourced. The US centricism in particular is an issue because in other regions, like the UK and Ireland, the series is still available on Netflix. Sideswipe9th (talk) 19:46, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:53, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Enterprise & Voyager.jpg

Cast order
The usual and most impartial way to order the cast in articles about series or films is to follow the credits order. Usually that gives no problems, but Voyager is a series with a character that left mid-series (Kes) and another one who joined as a lead (Seven of Nine). The order in the first seasons is Janeway / Chakotay / Torres / Kes / Paris / Neelix / Doctor / Tuvok / Kim. Later on Kes is removed from the list, which keeps the others in the same order, but Seven is not placed on the same spot but between Tuvok and Kim.

Should we use the cast order of the first season and add Seven at the end, or mix both styles and add Seven between Tuvok and Kim? Cambalachero (talk) 16:51, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The consensus for a lot of the other tv show articles is to add new cast at the end. See Arrow (TV series). DonQuixote (talk) 17:18, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

Chakotay redirects
Might consider adding some redirects to help people who don't know how to spell Chakotay. Including one to differentiate from "Chicote", as in the whip, and the "Checote", as in Samuel Chicote (there are redirects for these so a parenthetical like "(Star Trek)" after these two could help). — al-Shimoni  (talk) 05:35, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Star Trek: Voyager


text:
Macabre

In works of art, the adjective macabre ( or ; ) means "having the quality of having a grim or ghastly atmosphere". The macabre works to emphasize the details and symbols of death. The term also refers to works particularly gruesome in nature.

History
Early traces of macabre can be found in Ancient Greek and Latin writers such as the Roman writer Petronius, author of the Satyricon (late 1st century CE), and the Numidian writer Apuleius, author of The Golden Ass (late 2nd century CE). Outstanding instances of macabre themes in English literature include the works of John Webster, Robert Louis Stevenson, Mervyn Peake, Charles Dickens, Roald Dahl, Thomas Hardy, and Cyril Tourneur. In American literature, authors whose work feature this quality include Edgar Allan Poe, H. P. Lovecraft, and Stephen King. The word has gained its significance from its use in French as la danse macabre for the allegorical representation of the ever-present and universal power of death, known in German as Totentanz and later in English as the Dance of the Dead. The typical form which the allegory takes is that of a series of images in which Death appears, either as a dancing skeleton or as a shrunken shrouded corpse, to people representing every age and condition of life, and leads them all in a dance to the grave. Of the numerous examples painted or sculptured on the walls of cloisters or church yards through medieval Europe, few remain except in woodcuts and engravings.

The theme continued to inspire artists and musicians long after the medieval period, Schubert's string quartet Death and the Maiden (1824) being one example, and Camille Saint-Saëns' tone poem Danse macabre, op. 40 (1847). In the 20th century, Ingmar Bergman's 1957 film The Seventh Seal has a personified Death, and could thus count as macabre.
 * The series at Basel originally at the Klingenthal, a nunnery in Little Basel, dated from the beginning of the 14th century. In the middle of the 15th century this was moved to the churchyard of the Predigerkloster at Basel, and was restored, probably by Hans Kluber, in 1568. The collapse of the wall in 1805 reduced it to fragments, and only drawings of it remain.
 * A Dance of the Dead in its simplest form still survives in the Marienkirche at Lübeck as 15th-century painting on the walls of a chapel. Here there are 24 figures in couples, between each is a dancing Death linking the groups by outstretched hands, the whole ring being led by a Death playing on a pipe.
 * In Tallinn (Reval), Estonia there is a well-known Danse Macabre painting by Bernt Notke displayed at St. Nikolaus Church (Niguliste), dating the end of 15th century.
 * At Dresden there is a sculptured life-size series in the old Neustädter Kirchhoff, moved here from the palace of Duke George in 1701 after a fire.
 * At Rouen in the cloister of St Maclou there also remains a sculptured danse macabre.
 * There was a celebrated fresco of the subject in the cloister of Old St Pauls in London.
 * There was another in the now destroyed Hungerford Chapel at Salisbury, of which only a single woodcut, "Death and the Gallant", remains.
 * Of the many engraved reproductions of the Old St Pauls fresco, the most famous is the series drawn by Holbein.

The origin of this allegory in painting and sculpture is disputed. It occurs as early as the 14th century, and has often been attributed to the overpowering consciousness of the presence of death due to the Black Death and the miseries of the Hundred Years' War. It has also been attributed to a form of the Morality, a dramatic dialogue between Death and his victims in every station of life, ending in a dance off the stage. The origin of the peculiar form the allegory has taken has also been found in the dancing skeletons on late Roman sarcophagi and mural paintings at Cumae or Pompeii, and a false connection has been traced with the fresco Trionfo della Morte ("Triumph of Death"), painted by the Italian Renaissance artist Buonamico Buffalmacco (c. 1330s–1350, disputed), and currently preserved in the Campo Santo of Pisa.

Etymology
The etymology of the word "macabre" is uncertain. According to Gaston Paris, French scholar of Romance studies, it first occurs in the form "macabree" in a poem, Respit de la mort (1376), written by the medieval Burgundian chronicler Jean Le Fèvre de Saint-Remy:

"Je fis de Macabree la dance, Qui toute gent maine a sa trace Et a la fosse les adresse."

The more usual explanation is based on the Latin name, Machabaeorum chorea ("Dance of the Maccabees"). The seven tortured brothers, with their mother and Eleazar (2 Maccabees 6 and 7) are prominent figures in the dramatic dialogues. Other connections have been suggested, as for example with St. Macarius the Great, an Egyptian Coptic monk and hermit who is to be identified with the figure pointing to the decaying corpses in the fresco Trionfo della Morte ("Triumph of Death") painted by the Italian Renaissance artist Buonamico Buffalmacco, according to the Italian art historian Giorgio Vasari; or with the Arabic word maqābir (مقابر, plural of maqbara) which means "cemeteries". A related suggestion has been made that the word originates in Hebrew mqbr meaning "from the grave".

title: Macabre


text:
User talk:Skaffenamtiskaw

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!--Pharos 00:48, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
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 * How to write a great article
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 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Skaffenamtiskaw


text:
Talk:George Reid

PC postnominals
Contrary to a source provided on the website, George Reid using the postnominals "PC" is a violation of honours protocol as only peers use the postnominals to set themselves apart because as peers they already use the title "The right honourable". Members of the privy council who are not peers aka "commoners" can only use the prefix "the right honourable".

for more information please refer to: Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council under sub-heading "Rights and priviledges of members"

--202.14.81.49 (talk) 06:28, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * http://www.apmc.oph.gov.au/lib/docs/04%20Reid%20Web.pdf has PC and is a reliable source. Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council can't be used for a reason to remove it. Bidgee (talk) 06:35, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on George Reid (Australian politician). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120905110035/http://apmc.moadoph.gov.au/lib/docs/Prime-Ministers-list.pdf to http://apmc.moadoph.gov.au/lib/docs/Prime-Ministers-list.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080416072354/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au:80/prod/parlment/members.nsf/1fb6ebed995667c2ca256ea100825164/ae558b5953251e90ca256cb400821378?OpenDocument to http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/members.nsf/1fb6ebed995667c2ca256ea100825164/ae558b5953251e90ca256cb400821378?OpenDocument

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:50, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 27 July 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. Cúchullain t/ c 20:22, 3 August 2017 (UTC)

– The Australian prime minister is far and away the primary topic for "George Reid". With respect to long-term significance, he is the only "George Reid" to have been a head of government, and he (and his governments) have been the subject of multiple full-length biographies and other shorter academic works. No other person with his name approaches his career in terms of significance and public interest, and because his article is linked to from (e.g.) List of Prime Ministers of Australia, it will remain that way for the foreseeable future.
 * George Reid (Australian politician) → George Reid
 * George Reid → George Reid (disambiguation)

With respect to usage, the pageviews statistics clearly demonstrate that most readers looking for "George Reid" are looking for the Australian prime minister, rather than anyone else of that name. George Reid (Australian politician) is visited by readers more than twice as often as all the (10+) other George Reids put together. Within the past 90 days:
 * George Reid / George Reid (disambiguation) has been viewed |George_Reid_(disambiguation) 246 times (many of which are probably people looking for the Australian PM)
 * George Reid (Australian politician) has been viewed 6606 times
 * George Reid (Victorian politician) has been viewed 77 times
 * George Reid (soldier) has been viewed 116 times
 * George Reid (Scottish artist) has been viewed 312 times
 * George Ogilvy Reid has been viewed 104 times
 * George Agnew Reid has been viewed 446 times
 * George Macdonald Reid has been viewed 24 times
 * George Reid (RAF officer) has been viewed 112 times
 * George Reid (Scottish politician) has been viewed 1505 times
 * George Reid (footballer) has been viewed 54 times
 * George Croghan Reid has been viewed 122 times

––Ivar the Boneful (talk) 14:21, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

 * support: George Reid PM's scores are consistently much higher than anyone else's. Wikiain (talk) 23:55, 27 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support. I don't usually hold with pageview stats when determining primary topic, but in this case they really do tell a story. The PM is clearly the primary topic here - none of the others come close. Frickeg (talk) 06:36, 28 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support as per nom. --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  08:05, 28 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per Frickeg and Wikiain. The Drover's Wife (talk) 10:27, 28 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Support Pretty clear-cut case here per coverage and page views. He is far and away the primary topic. AusLondonder (talk) 17:39, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Federation
A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central federal government (federalism).Australia became an independent nation on 1 January 1901 when the British Parliament passed legislation allowing the six Australian colonies to govern in their own right as part of the Commonwealth of Australia.

The Commonwealth of Australia was established as a constitutional monarchy. 'Constitutional' because the Commonwealth of Australia was established with a written constitution, and 'monarchy' because Australia's head of state was Queen Victoria.

The Constitution, the monarch and the Governor-General The Australian Constitution - external site is the most important document in Australian government history. It established the Commonwealth of Australia government, defined its structure, powers and procedures, and defined the rights and obligations of the states in relation to the Commonwealth.

The Constitution was brought into existence through a British Act of Parliament, the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. This Act granted permission to the six Australian colonies, which were still then subject to British law, to form their own Commonwealth government in accordance with the Constitution. The text of the Constitution (which was clause 9 of the Act) was written by representatives of the six colonies during a series of conventions in the 1890s, and accepted by a referendum in each colony.

Under the Constitution, the reigning British monarch is also the Australian monarch, and therefore Australia's head of state. The Constitution grants the monarch certain governing powers that place them above all other levels of the government. Because of the large distance between Australia and Britain, the monarch is permitted to appoint a Governor-General who can exercise the monarch's powers in their absence.

The federal system The birth of our nation is often referred to as 'federation'. This is because the Constitution created a 'federal' system of government. Under a federal system, powers are divided between a central government and several regional governments. In Australia, power was divided between the federal government and the governments of the six colonies, which were renamed 'states' by the Constitution.

Specific areas of legislative power were given to the federal government, including taxation, defence, foreign affairs and postal and telecommunications services. A complete list of Commonwealth power is at section 51 of the Constitution. The federal government also has power to make laws for Australia's territories (section 122).

The states retained legislative power over all other matters that occurred within their borders, including police, hospitals, education and public transport.

The wording of the law has often created situations where both the federal government and the states claim the authority to make laws over the same matter. See State and territory government for a discussion of the federal-state relationship and how these conflicts are resolved. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:7420:1F00:5D47:56FE:4442:431D (talk) 07:23, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

Federation
A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central federal government (federalism).Australia became an independent nation on 1 January 1901 when the British Parliament passed legislation allowing the six Australian colonies to govern in their own right as part of the Commonwealth of Australia.

The Commonwealth of Australia was established as a constitutional monarchy. 'Constitutional' because the Commonwealth of Australia was established with a written constitution, and 'monarchy' because Australia's head of state was Queen Victoria.

The Constitution, the monarch and the Governor-General The Australian Constitution - external site is the most important document in Australian government history. It established the Commonwealth of Australia government, defined its structure, powers and procedures, and defined the rights and obligations of the states in relation to the Commonwealth.

The Constitution was brought into existence through a British Act of Parliament, the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. This Act granted permission to the six Australian colonies, which were still then subject to British law, to form their own Commonwealth government in accordance with the Constitution. The text of the Constitution (which was clause 9 of the Act) was written by representatives of the six colonies during a series of conventions in the 1890s, and accepted by a referendum in each colony.

Under the Constitution, the reigning British monarch is also the Australian monarch, and therefore Australia's head of state. The Constitution grants the monarch certain governing powers that place them above all other levels of the government. Because of the large distance between Australia and Britain, the monarch is permitted to appoint a Governor-General who can exercise the monarch's powers in their absence.

The federal system The birth of our nation is often referred to as 'federation'. This is because the Constitution created a 'federal' system of government. Under a federal system, powers are divided between a central government and several regional governments. In Australia, power was divided between the federal government and the governments of the six colonies, which were renamed 'states' by the Constitution.

Specific areas of legislative power were given to the federal government, including taxation, defence, foreign affairs and postal and telecommunications services. A complete list of Commonwealth power is at section 51 of the Constitution. The federal government also has power to make laws for Australia's territories (section 122).

The states retained legislative power over all other matters that occurred within their borders, including police, hospitals, education and public transport.

The wording of the law has often created situations where both the federal government and the states claim the authority to make laws over the same matter. See State and territory government for a discussion of the federal-state relationship and how these conflicts are resolved. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:7420:1F00:5D47:56FE:4442:431D (talk) 07:25, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

F
F f f and f 139.130.124.102 (talk) 06:18, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

what came first, the chicken or the egg?
Here we try to find out what came first with this VERY popular question. A lot of people wouldv'e asked you this question.

(Try to be appropiate please) Almighty Avocado (talk) 06:25, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Reid


text:
Greg Hargrove

Gregory James Hargrove (born March 4, 1959) is a former politician in New Brunswick, Canada. He led the New Brunswick Confederation of Regions Party from 1995-1999.

Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick in 1959, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in the 1991 election along with seven other members of CoR. He defeated incumbent Liberal Robert Simpson in the riding of York North, who had been elected as the first Liberal in the riding since 1953, in the 1987 Liberal sweep. The CoR party went through numerous leadership disputes, and Hargrove eventually became the leader in July 1995 shortly before that year's election. He was defeated in his bid for re-election in the riding of Mactaquac, placing a strong third place.

The CoR party failed to win any seats in the legislature in the 1995 election. Hargrove attempted to re-enter the House in a 1997 by-election in Tantramar, but finished a distant fourth of four candidates, getting only 2.5% of the vote, compared to 10% for the CoR candidate two years earlier.

He continued to the lead the party until after the writs were dropped for the 1999 election, but declined to contest a seat and resigned the leadership. He was replaced as leader by Jim Webb.

title: Greg Hargrove


text:
Veturia

Veturia was a Roman matron, the mother of the possibly legendary Roman general Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus. According to Plutarch her name was Volumnia.

Veturia came from a patrician family and encouraged her son's involvement in Roman politics. According to Roman historians, Coriolanus was expelled from Rome in the early fifth century BC because he demanded the abolition of the office of Tribune of the Plebs in return for distributing state grain to the starving plebeians. He settled with the Volscians, a people hostile to Rome, while formulating his revenge.

Coriolanus and the Volscians marched upon Rome and laid siege to the city. The Romans sent envoys to Coriolanus, but to no avail. Then Veturia, together with Coriolanus' wife Volumnia, plus other family members and matrons of Rome, successfully entreated Coriolanus to break off his siege.

The precise versions of the entreaties differ.

According to Plutarch, when Veturia came to her son's camp, Coriolanus embraced her and begged her to ally herself with his cause. Veturia refused on behalf of all the Roman citizens and convinced her son to cease his crusade against Rome, throwing herself at his feet and threatening to do harm to herself if he did not retreat. Coriolanus obliged, and marched away from Rome; soon, the angry and frustrated Volscians put him to death.

Livy says that Veturia refused to embrace her son, but ultimately convinced him to desist, and is quoted as having said:

"Before I receive your embrace, let me know whether I have come to an enemy or to a son; whether I am in your camp a captive or a mother? Has length of life and a hapless old age reserved me for this—to behold you an exile, then an enemy? Could you lay waste this land, which gave you birth and nurtured you? Though you had come with an incensed and vengeful mind, did not your resentment subside when you entered its frontiers? When Rome came within view, did it not occur to you, within these walls my house and guardian gods are, my mother, wife, and children? So then, had I not been a mother, Rome would not be besieged: had I not a son, I might have died free in a free country. But I can now suffer nothing that is not more discreditable to you than distressing to me; nor however wretched I may be, shall I be so long. Look to these, whom, if you persist, either an untimely death or lengthened slavery awaits."

Livy also records that sources differ as to Coriolanus' fate, and whether he lived on after the incident.

The Romans honored Veturia for her courage, patriotism, and strength in a crisis; she had succeeded where all men before her had failed. She became a model of Roman female virtue. A temple to divine Fortuna was built in honour of her and the other women. She did not ask for any special favors or honors, except that a temple be built as a monument of Female Fortune. Plutarch wrote: "The senate, much commending their public spirit, caused the temple to be built and a statue set up in it at the public charge; they, however, made up a sum among themselves, for a second image of Fortune, which the Romans say uttered, as it was putting up, words to this effect, “Blessed of the gods, O women, is your gift.”"

In Shakespeare's play Coriolanus, the character of Coriolanus' mother performs much the same function as in the Roman story, but her name has been changed to "Volumnia."

title: Veturia


text: Category:States of Palau

title: Category:States of Palau


text:
Foot Clan

The Foot Clan (also known simply as the Foot) is a fictional ninja clan in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics and all related media and are the main antagonists. It is led by the devious Shredder and his second in command Karai. The Foot Clan was originally a parody of the criminal ninja clan The Hand in the Daredevil comics published by Marvel Comics. In addition to the obvious similarity in their names, both clans originate from Feudal Japan, practice ninjutsu and black magic, and are now powerful global organized crime rings who are familiar with multiple illegal activities such as drug smuggling, counterfeiting of money, gunrunning, murder, assassination, computer hacking, theft, and terrorism.

Eastman and Laird's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
In the universe of Eastman and Laird's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, the Foot Clan was founded in Feudal Japan by two men named Sato and Oshi. In Volume 1 Issue 47, the Turtles and Time Mistress Renet traveled to a time prior to the Foot's creation. There, Raphael met Sato and Oshi, and, not realising who they are, he taught them about Ninjutsu. After the Turtles returned to the present, Sato and Oshi decided to follow the ways of the ninja.

The Foot Clan are the most feared clan of warriors and assassins in Japan. Both Hamato Yoshi and Oroku Nagi were members, until one day, Nagi attacked Yoshi's love Tang Shen and Yoshi killed Nagi. Dishonored, Yoshi and Shen fled to New York City, while Nagi's younger brother Oroku Saki was adopted by the clan and was trained to become a fierce ninja. When he was ready, Saki was sent to America to head the New York branch of the Clan. Under his leadership, it took only a year for it to become a powerful and fearsome groedder's elite guard. Karai, a clan leader from Japan, came here to stop the clan war. She enlisted the Turtles' help in this, in exchange for promising that no Foot shall ever try to avenge the Shredder again. This peace treaty is still in effect in Volume 4 of the comic.

1987 series and TMNT Adventures
The 1987 series and the spin-off TMNT Adventures comics share a similar continuity, and thus the same version of the Foot Clan. The Foot is an ancient ninjutsu clan, founded in Japan in 1583. The Shredder, followed by the Turtles and Splinter, went back and forth in time to try to kill the creator of the Foot Clan. In 1583, Shredder's ancestor Oroku Sancho led a small group of samurai, and Shredder offered to help him find magical artifacts that would give him power and wealth beyond his wildest dreams. Meanwhile, Splinter's ancestor Hamato Koji had been sent to find the same artifacts and did find them with the help of his descendant and the Turtles. One of the artifacts released a dragon, which headed for nearby villages; Splinter and Koji went to stop it while the Turtles went to fight Shredder. Sancho's men captured the Turtles and were about to execute them when Koji arrived, riding the dragon, which he had tamed. Seeing this, Sancho fled in fear, and Koji offered to lead Sancho's men and teach them the ninjutsu art of Shibana-Sama, founding the Foot Clan, so named for the footprint of the dragon in which he stood as he made his speech. (However, according to "Blast from the Past", the Foot was founded by the noble warrior Shibana-Sama).

In 1960s Japan, both Oroku Saki and Hamato Yoshi were part of the Clan. Saki framed Yoshi for trying to murder a visiting sensei and had him exiled to New York City, thus clearing the way to take over the Foot Clan. He then proceeded to turn the Foot Clan into an army of criminals. Over the years, Saki, who became known as The Shredder, moved to the US, allied himself with the alien warlord Krang, and replaced the human Foot Ninja with robotic Foot Soldiers. However, these robots are no match for the Ninja Turtles, who destroy them at every encounter.

In the cartoon, The Shredder once considered making more intelligent Foot Soldiers, capable of learning and taking decisions by themselves. However, the idea was quickly abandoned when the first intelligent prototype, named Alpha 1, rebelled against The Shredder.

The Foot Clan's logo is a drawing of a right foot, and the Foot Soldiers wear purple and black uniforms featuring the logo on their foreheads. The Foot logo can also be seen on the Technodrome.

The Archie TMNT Adventures comics features more advanced Foot Soldiers in addition to the basic model. In the comics, The Shredder also built a giant Foot Soldier, who fought against the Warrior Dragon in New York City. The robot was destroyed when it crashed into the Statue of Liberty.

The Foot robot concept allowed the Turtles to destroy the Foot soldiers without any moral thoughts, allowing Leonardo and Raphael to use their weapons more offensively. Meanwhile, the series could keep its younger audience and remain a "family show". This principle also benefited the video games.

IDW Publishing
In the IDW Publishing adaption, the Foot Clan existed since the time of feudal Japan where it was founded by a ronin by the name of Takeshi Tatsuo who had been betrayed by his master. The sorceress Kitsune helped Tatsuo, to recover from the severe wounds he had suffered in the assassination attempt. The name of the clan was created by the bloody footprint of Tatsuo whose leg was completely healed by Kitsune ministrations.

When Tatsuo was betrayed by his clan are learning that he made a pact with a magician, his mind was born again in the son of his murderer Oroku Saki, the uprooting of the reawakening of his old memories powered over the communities and with Kitsune's counsel the Foot was revived in modern times.

In more recent times, the clan under the leadership of Oroku Saki (who was now operating as Shredder) tried to expand its supremacy in New York City. Its Foot Ninja were therefore often sent to amass any science that could help the Foot and also to find new test subjects. In this way, it led to the creation of the mutant arctic fox Alopex.

In this endeavor, the Foot Clan also came into contact with the extradimensional warlord General Krang who also wanted to create a mutant army to meet his objectives. An attack by the Foot Clan in the laboratory of Krang's ally Baxter Stockman led by a combination of circumstances to the creation of the Turtles and their father Splinter (who in a previous life had himself belonged to the Foot Clan).

Besides Shredder, Kitsune, and a substantial number of Foot Ninjas, other members of the Foot Clan include Karai (who was a descendant of Oroku Saki and the daughter of Oroku Yori), Masato, Dr. Miller, Alopex (a mutated Arctic Fox), Rocksteady, Bebop, Koya (Shredder's pet brown falcon who was later mutated), and Bludgeon (a mutant hammerhead shark).

IDW also did a crossover issues with Batman called Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles where the Foot Clan appeared. The first crossover showed the Foot Clan collaborating with the League of Assassins.

At the time when Mutant Town was established following a mutagen bomb going off the day when Baxter Stockman became the Mayor of New York City, Old Hob was meeting with Oroku Karai to sell her some mutants in order to strengthen the Foot Clan. She was able to purchase Tokka and Rahzar. A possible future in issue #113 depicts an event in 2032 where the Foot Clan goes to war with the Splinter Clan.

1990–2007
In the first and second movies, the Foot Clan is a group of ninja thieves founded by the Shredder in Japan, but later stationed in New York. The Shredder had taken what Foot Soldiers he had from Japan, and began taking kids from the streets upon moving to New York and training them in Ninjutsu himself. His second-in-command is another Ninjutsu master called Tatsu. In the films, the Foot use the kanji Oni (鬼), which translates to "demon" or "ogre", as their symbol, worn in their hachimaki or on their backs.

In the second film, Tatsu tried to take command. He relinquished his claim when the Shredder returned. The clan then kidnapped Professor Jordon Perry of TGRI and forced him to use a mutagen so the Foot Clan could create two mutant warriors to fight the turtles. This results in a common snapping turtle and a gray wolf taken from the zoo being mutated into Tokka and Rahzar.

In the fourth film, the Foot is now under leadership of Karai, who has taken control after the Shredder's demise. They have grown in numbers and skill, and offer their services as mercenaries in the film. They are hired by Max Winters to track down and bring in the 13 monsters arriving in New York City.

2014 film
In the 2014 live-action film (which is a reboot of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film series), the Foot Clan are no longer considered an international ninja cult, but rather a modern American terrorist organization. Besides Shredder and Karai, the film also introduced Eric Sacks who is Shredder's student, Dr. O'Neil's former lab partner, and the CEO of Sacks Industries. Instead of black unitard-clad masked ninjitsu warriors, they are portrayed as fully armed men that wear black military-like uniforms and often wore kabuki style masks to conceal one's identity.

In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, the Foot Ninjas make their appearance, under leadership of Baxter Stockman to free Shredder. After Krang met with Shredder and told him about the device that would bring the Technodrome to Earth, Shredder and Karai recruited escaped prisoners Rocksteady and Bebop to aid them in obtaining the pieces.

Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation
In the 1997-1998 Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation series, the Foot Clan is a street gang, similar to the movies. After Venus defeated The Shredder, Leonardo told the kids that the Foot is a lie, and the clan was disbanded.

2003 series
In the 2003 series, the Foot Clan is more similar to its original comic version. The Foot Clan are a group of warriors and assassins that Shredder created 10 centuries ago in Japan. The Shredder, who in this series is a long-lived Utrom named Ch'rell, has led the Clan since its creation and has turned it into a fearsome and secret group present across the world. The Foot emblem is a red, trident-like dragon's footprint (hence the name of the clan), an inverted version of the "Three-Toed Sign of the Dragon", the symbol of the five warriors who had defeated the original demon known as the Shredder in 300 AD. Thanks to Shredder's knowledge of Utrom technology, the Clan has weapons and equipment centuries ahead of human technology. They once created Foot Mechs in Rogue in the House which were based on Master Splinter, the President, the Prime Minister, and some others.

2012 series
In the 2012 series, the Foot Clan's origins are expanded on in the second season of the series. The clan was founded in Japan by a master martial artist named Koga Takuza, who used the swords of his fallen foes to forge a helmet stronger than steel, dubbing it the Kuro Kabuto. The Kabuto helmet is a symbol of the leader of the Foot Clan, passed down to the various rulers in the Foot's history. The Foot Clan would end up in a lengthy war against the Hamato Clan, which reached a boiling point when Oroku Saki was raised alongside Hamato Yoshi. Though the two were raised as brothers, Saki discovered his true heritage as being an orphaned Foot Clan member, and when his love Tang Shen wed Yoshi, he inadvertently killed Shen leaving Yoshi to supposedly perish while saving his infant daughter Hamato Miwa. In this series, the Foot Clan is a global ninjutsu clan an crime syndicate answering only to the Shredder, though others run the various factions of the Foot Clan across the globe.

The basic Foot Soldiers are silent ninjas with black robes and red bug-like eyes who are equipped with various weapons such as swords, shurikens, spears, nunchucks and tonfas. Eventually after a alliance with the Kraang, these warriors are replaced by robotic duplicates called "Foot-Bots", who have more advanced combat and have the ability to learn and predict the Turles' moves, they also have the ability to grow extra limbs and can morph their hands into deadly weapons like curved blades, buzzsaws, maces and drills. Another variation of these machines are the Elite Foot-Bots, who are based off Chrome Dome and are built with plasma weapons. After Shredder had fled New York, Karai wants to regain the Foot Clan's honor with the help of her friend Shinigami and recruit more students, who all wear robes resembling the Hamato Clan.

2018 series
In Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, the Foot Clan were initially peaceful and lived in the feudal Japan, but came under attack and were nearly wiped out, their leader Oroku Saki sought help from an Oni who provided him with a mystic armor that allowed him to defeat their attackers, but the armor corrupted Saki and turned him to the Shredder who led the Foot down to an evil path. Its known members in the present are the Foot Lieutenant and the Foot Brute. They can make origami ninjas out of paper and have the power of teleportation through hidden gateways. They seek to revive their master and are collecting the pieces of his armor in the shape of ancient artifacts.

Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
The Foot Clan appear in the film Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (which is based on the IDW crossover). Sato and Oshi (see above) are mentioned as founders of the Foot Clan. The Foot Clan collaborated with the League of Assassins in a plot that involved using a stolen Wayne Enterprises cloud seeder to spread a compound containing a mixture of mutagen and Joker venom on Gotham City. A select number of Foot Ninjas were mutated into mutant animals where two of them were mutated into a mutant pigeon and a mutant Tyrannosaurus.

Video games

 * Unlike the 1987 cartoon series on which they were based, the TMNT videogames introduced Foot Soldiers with uniforms of several different colors. These colors represent the type of weapons they are carrying.
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Manhattan Missions uses Foot Soldiers from the Mirage Comics though they dress in black like in the films.
 * Video games, based on the 2003 animated series, have Foot Soldiers which appear as they do in the new series.
 * The fighting games TMNT: Mutant Melee and TMNT: Smash Up have Foot Ninja as playable characters.
 * In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge, the Foot Clan is steadily rebuilt by Shredder after their alleged destruction in Turtles in Time. They are placed under the control of various members of the Shredder Elite, though due to Shredder not giving away information about the fact the other members are supposed work together, they become embroiled in a gang war. Their presence is unknown after the events of the game.

Members

 * Shredder - The leader of the Foot Clan and the arch-villain of the Ninja Turtles in most versions his real name is Oroku Saki a villainous ninjitsu master and often have a personal connection to Hamato Yoshi and Splinter in the Turtles origins and their most recurring foe in the franchise.
 * Karai - A female high-ranking member of the Foot originally someone on equal level of authority with Shredder in later versions she would become his right-hand and often his relative who usually has a rivalry with Leonardo.
 * Bebop and Rocksteady - A mutant warthog and rhinoceros who usually serve the Shredder.
 * Tokka and Rahzar - A mutant snapping turtle and wolf who are usually employed to the Shredder in most versions.
 * Baxter Stockman - A mad scientist who sometimes works for the Shredder in some versions.
 * Tatsu - Shredder's right-hand man in the live action movies.
 * Purple Dragons - A street gang led by Hun who are affiliated with the Foot in a few versions.
 * Hun - The leader of the Purple Dragons who sometimes works for the Shredder in some versions and is the arch-enemy of Casey Jones.
 * Hamato Yoshi - He was a former member of the Foot Clan in most versions.
 * Shredder Clones - Clones of the Shredder whose origins vary in different media appearances.
 * Claw Shredder - A clone of Shredder with monstrous crustacean-like claws.
 * Mini Shredder - A miniature clone of Shredder.
 * Shiva Shredder - A towering four-armed clone of Shredder.
 * Foot Ninja - The Foot Ninja serves as the basic soldiers for the Foot.
 * Foot Elite - The elite Foot Ninjas trained by the Shredder.
 * Foot Mystics - The Foot Mystics first appeared in the 2003 series. Another version of them appeared in the comics.
 * Foot Bots - Foot Bots are robotic soldiers for the Foot.

Mirage era members

 * Cha Ocho - A member of the Foot Clan.
 * Hiroshi - A Foot med-tech.
 * Izumi -
 * Lin - A female member of the Foot Clan.
 * Mamoru - A Foot Mystic.
 * Mashima - A Foot Mystic.
 * Oroku Nagi - The older brother of Shredder.
 * Oshi -
 * Pimiko - The daughter of Shredder.
 * Sato -
 * Sid Jones - The cousin of Casey Jones.
 * Tomai -
 * Yanada -
 * The Mistress - Tang Shen's sister and Shredder's former concubine.

1990s film members

 * Danny Pennington - Charles Pennington's teenage son who joined the Foot Clan. He later defected to the Turtles' side during the final battle.
 * Freddy - A Foot Clan member in the second movie who poses as April O'Neil's camera operator.

2003 members

 * Khan (voiced by Sean Schemmel) - A Foot Clan member that worked for Cyber-Shredder.
 * Dr. Chaplin (voiced by Zachary Mastoon) - A young scientist who worked for the Foot Clan and was a fan of Baxter Stockman. He develops a crush on Karai. After the conclusion of the Ninja Tribunal story arc, they start a relationship with each other.
 * Yin and Yang - Karai's male attendants.

IDW members

 * Bludgeon - A mutant hammerhead shark.
 * Kitsune - A member of the Pantheon and the youngest of the group who assisted Shredder in the founding the Foot Clan. She seeks to revive her father and untie the pantheon which would wipe out humanity in the process and wanted Shredder to be his host. Despite this, Kitsune and Shredder were lovers and sincerely felt affection towards one another.
 * Jennika - A young Foot assassin who is later turned into a mutant turtle and joins the Turtles as their fifth member.
 * Toshiro - An elderly mentor of the Foot Clan who is often consulted by Karai for his wisdom and serenity.
 * Koya - A female mutant brown falcon that was mutated from Shredder's pet brown falcon.
 * Masato - A former leader of the Foot Clan and the sensei of Hamato Yoshi.
 * Natsu - Natsu is young woman who was a part of the Yakuza, but now serves Karai.
 * Ocho - Ocho is a Yokai mole transformed by Kitsune who was guarding a sword until Karai retrieves it and thus becoming her servant.
 * Oroku Maji - The father of Oroku Saki.
 * Patrick Miller - A professor and expert on the Foot Clan. He was later killed by a Foot assassin sent by Karai.
 * Sarsparilla - A mutant armadillo seen in the possible future of 2032 during the Foot Clan's war with the Splinter Clan.
 * Takeshi Tatsuo - The founder of the Foot Clan and past life of the Shredder.
 * Tetsu Oni - An alias of Krang.

2012 series members

 * Koga Takuzu - The founder of the Foot Clan who forged the Kuro Kabuto helmet made from the armor pieces that he claimed from his defeated opponents.
 * Oroku Keiji - The father of Oroku Saki. He was killed by Hamato Yuta.
 * Chris Bradford (voiced by Clancy Brown) - An American celebrity martial arts master and action star. Unknown to the broad public, he is one of Shredder's disciples. Chris is mutated twice in the series: in the first instance, Chris was mutated into a mutant akita named Dogpound as a result of Chris being bitten by Shredder's pet akita Hachinko. In the second instance, he was mutated into this show's version of Rahzar. He continued to serve the Shredder until his death at the hands of Leatherhead towards the end of the fourth season. Rahzar was resurrected by the demon Kavaxas in the fifth season, only to be revealed to be serving as Kavaxas's puppet. Rahzar fell into the Netherworld during Kavaxas's attack on the mortal realm, never to return. Bradford was also the producer and star of the TV cartoon series Chris Bradford's 2 Ruff Krew.
 * Xever Montes (voiced by Christian Lanz) - An Afro-Brazilian street urchin who was freed from prison by Shredder after being caught stealing an item that belonged to Shredder and got recruited into the Foot Clan. He is often partnered with Bradford, despite the two of them never getting along. He later gets mutated into a mutant snakehead called Fishface, after touching one while visiting a fish shop in search of the Turtles. Initially unable to walk and capable of breathing only underwater, he was soon provided with a pair of mechanic legs as well as a breathing device built by Baxter Stockman and became a crime lord under the alias Mr. X. In season 5, in the midst of Shredder being revived, Fishface decides it's too much for him and returns to a simpler life of crime, getting out of the turtles way. He is never seen again.
 * Shinigami (voiced by Gwendoline Yeo) - A young witch who is allied with Karai's branch of the Foot Clan and a new ally of the Ninja Turtles who made her debut in season 4 and 5.
 * Tiger Claw (voiced by Eric Bauza) - As a boy, Takeshi was mutated into a mutant Bengal tiger after stumbling into one of the Kraang's portals. He later became an assassin hired by Shredder to aid him in his affairs. In the past, he lost a battle by losing his tail to her own sister named Alopex, who was mutated into an arctic fox and then his right arm in season 4. In season 5, he formed an underground and gathered his Foot Cultist to obtain the Demodragon Scroll to finally summon the demon Kavaxas and raise the Shredder from the dead. Succeeding, Claw was betrayed and joins the Turtles to defeat Shredder and Kavaxas, declaring a truce after the incident and it would be the last time he would be seen in the series.

2014 film members

 * Eric Sacks (portrayed by William Fichtner) - The CEO of Sacks Industries who was adopted at a young age by Shredder.

2018 series members

 * Foot Lieutenant (voiced by Rob Paulsen) - A tall and thin member of the Foot Clan serves as the Foot Clan's lieutenant.
 * Foot Brute (voiced by Maurice LaMarche) - A super-strong member of the Foot Clan who is partnered with the Foot Lieutenant.
 * Origami Ninjas - The Foot Ninja soldiers made of paper.
 * Franken-Foot - A patchwork Origami Ninja made by Raphael from the remnants of many Origami Ninjas as a sparring partner, who joins the Turtles' side.
 * Foot Recruit (Cassandra "Casey" Jones) (voiced by Zelda Williams) - Cassandra "Casey" Jones is a member of the Foot Clan with a hyper-aggressive personality. She debuted in "Hot Soup: The Game" where she was helping the Foot Lieutenant and the Foot Brute look for an artifact. Foot Recruit's real name was revealed when she later defects to the Turtles' side during the final battle against Shredder.
 * Jocelyn (voiced by Cree Summer) - A Foot Initiate who gains the mark of the Foot Initiate in "How to Make Enemies and Bend People to Your Will." The Foot Recruit claimed to Baron Draxum that she got the mark because her parents are "big donors."

Analysis
Peter Vogl, referring to the movie from 1990, found the teenage members of the Foot Clan a remarkably dark representation of the youths of New York, who are so depraved and without moral compass that they prefer to follow a Japanese gangster boss rather than the generation of their parents. He found that this culture-pessimistic vision seems implausible only at first glance, considering actual cases of youths from Western countries following the Islamic State. He also pointed out that the root of the challenge depicted in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is not domestic, but Shredder and his assistants come from abroad. Vogl concludes that, even if not intended by the creators, the movie employs fears of city crime, of the young generation, and of foreignness.

title: Foot Clan


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User talk:Suzanne03

No clue how to respond to Superdawg, who left me a useful message. Seeing as my plight was written on a similar page to this, I'm hoping it gets through! Have uploaded an image and am very proud of "my" Sam Michael page. My children and I love this site and I hope we can continue being useful to each other for a very long time!

Image Tagging Image:Mark Webber Sam Michael.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Mark Webber Sam Michael.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Longhair 13:20, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Selected articles on Portal:F1
Hello again.

I dropped notes round a while back to those who have listed themselves at WikiProject_Formula_One to ask for suggestions for selected articles on portal:Formula One. There was a pretty good response, both in terms of how it might work and of articles suggested. Damon Hill came out with the most support and was brought up to Good Article standard after a lot of work by Skully Collins and others before going on as the F1 portal selected article a couple of weeks ago. It is now at Featured Article Candidates as a Featured Article candidate (why not drop by and see if you can help polish it further?).

Several people who responded to the original request suggested that a monthly or bi-weekly 'Selected Article' could act as a catalyst for an improvement drive to get more articles up to a higher standard. Although it wasn't quite what I had in mind when I started, this seemed to work pretty well for the Damon Hill article, so I've drafted up a process for doing this more regularly. See Portal_talk:Formula_One/Management_of_selected_articles for details. Essentially the suggestion is that we vote for an article to improve every couple of weeks and at the end of the improvement process the article goes on the portal as the new 'Selected Article'. I'd be grateful for any comments on how this might work - I'm sure some of you are more familiar with things 'Wiki' than me - as well as your votes for the next candidate (by 16 July).

You may also want to help with the article Gilles Villeneuve, which was the next most popular after Damon Hill. The idea is to try and get it up to GA standard by 16 July and then put it on the portal as the 'Selected Article'. I hope you can help! 4u1e 18:27, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Suzanne03


text:
Matt West

Matt West is a choreographer and actor. He choreographed the first Broadway production of Beauty and the Beast. He won a Drama-Logue Award for his work on that show.

His acting credits include the role of Bobby in the Broadway musical A Chorus Line. He reprised this role in the 1985 movie version directed by Richard Attenborough.

West co-produced and choreographed Lestat, a musical based on the Vampire Lestat stories by Anne Rice.

title: Matt West


text:
Louisiana Scholars' College

The Louisiana Scholars' College at Northwestern State University, or "Scholars' College" as it is known by its students and faculty, is Louisiana's only designated four-year, selective-admissions honors college in the liberal arts and sciences.

History
The Scholars' College was established in 1987 by the Louisiana Board of Regents and then-governor Edwin Edwards as the state's only officially designated honors college for the State of Louisiana.

Curriculum
The Scholars' College curriculum has four distinct components:
 * The Common Curriculum
 * Academic Major
 * Senior Colloquium and Thesis
 * Electives

The Common Curriculum
All students develop a common core of knowledge in mathematics, philosophy, literature, science, history, languages, and the fine and performing arts. By completing the Common Curriculum, all students satisfy the requirements for the Certificate of Excellence in undergraduate education awarded by the State Board of Regents.

Texts and Traditions I–IV: The Shaping of Western Thought
A central vehicle of the College's commitment to multidisciplinary inquiry, the development of critical thinking skills, and the expression of those skills, Texts and Traditions seminars are a major component of the student's course of study in the first two years. Students move chronologically from antiquity through the twentieth century, studying works by such figures as Homer, Plato, Sappho, Sophocles, Dante, Shakespeare, Galileo, Swift, Austen, Marx, Darwin, Dostoevsky, Conrad, Freud, Woolf, Levi-Strauss, and others. The reading lists for "T 'n T" are revised annually.

Democratic Vistas
The Democratic Vistas course explores essential works from the American cultural tradition. This course includes representative texts by such figures as Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, de Tocqueville, Emerson, Hawthorne, Douglass, Whitman, Dickinson, James, Veblen, Faulkner, Morrison, and others, and includes an examination of music, painting, and photography in addition to literary works. As with "T 'n T", the reading list for "DV" is revised annually.

Paradigms of Nature
The several Paradigms of Nature courses explore essential elements of mathematics and the natural sciences over four semesters, developing skill in quantitative reasoning and experimental procedure, together with an understanding of the main theoretical postulates of modern science.

In the one credit-hour Science Seminar, students read, discuss, and analyze works of general interest concerning science topics.

Writing
Writing-intensive seminars are offered to first-year students on various topics. Offerings have included Music and World Cultures, Selfhood and Community, Writing About Film, Southern Fiction, and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Gender. The College offers options in French, Spanish, Russian, Greek, and Latin, and requires that students study at least four semesters of the language of their choice.

Academic Major
While completing the Common Curriculum, a student may choose to develop a more individualized program in one of the concentrations within the major in Liberal Arts, or may choose to pursue a traditional major. Each student is assisted in this decision making process by an academic advisor within the Scholars' College.

The Liberal Arts Major
Scholars' College offers the Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts, along with a Masters of English obtained in only five years, with six areas of concentration. The areas of concentration are:
 * Fine and Performing Arts
 * Foreign Languages
 * Philosophy, Politics, and Law (formerly, History and Philosophy of Science)
 * Humanities and Social Thought
 * Scientific Inquiry
 * Classical Studies

The concentration allows the student, with the advice of a faculty member, to develop a cohesive course of study which has a common theme, but which may combine a number of disciplines.

Traditional Majors
A student may choose one of sixteen traditional majors which include:
 * Accounting
 * Biology
 * Business Administration
 * Chemistry
 * Criminal Justice
 * Education
 * Electronic Engineering Technology
 * English
 * Fine and Graphic Arts
 * Health and Exercise Science
 * History
 * Industrial Engineering Technology
 * Music
 * Political Science
 * Psychology
 * Theater
 * Unified Public Safety Administration

These majors are offered within the guidelines established by agreements with departments of NSU. Students must complete all requirements, or their equivalent, for this major in addition to the Scholars' College Common Curriculum. In some cases, the student will be assigned an advisor within the appropriate NSU department in addition to his or her Scholars' College major advisor.

Senior Colloquium
The Senior Colloquium, which extends over the entire senior year, examines some issue of contemporary concern, chosen collaboratively by the faculty of the College and the junior class. With a common list of important written works serving as points of departure, students in their senior year meet weekly for two hours to attend lectures and presentations by College and University faculty, outside speakers, and students of the class, followed by lively discussion. Topics are chosen on the basis of their significance and contemporary urgency, the disciplinary range they embrace, and the mutual interests of students and faculty. Past topics have included:

 * Disease and Public Policy (1990–1991)
 * Liberty and the First Amendment (1991–1992)
 * Environmental Science, Environmental Policy: Local Issues and Global Concerns (1992–1993)
 * AIDS: Societal Changes and Cultural Impacts (1993–1994) (**Need additional confirmation for this title**)
 * Education for the Twenty-First Century: Needed Improvements (1994–1995)
 * Multiculturalism and American Society in the Global Economic Community (1995–1996)
 * Mediated Realities: the Media and National Values (1996–1997)
 * Crime and Punishment in the Modern World (1997–1998)
 * Science and Religion: The Scopes Trial and Its Consequences (1998–1999)
 * The Drug Culture: Pharmacology, Economics, and the Law (1999–2000)
 * The Nineties: A Critical Retrospective (2000–2001)
 * The Sixties (2001–2002)
 * Censorship: Who Judges the Judges Themselves? (2002–2003)
 * Religious Tolerance (2003–2004)
 * Sex and Society (2004–2005)
 * Unknown title for Pop culture topic (2005–2006)
 * Unknown title for Documentary films topic (2006–2007)
 * Unknown title for possible Drugs topic (2007–2008)
 * Food: Basic Necessity to Metaphoric Image (2008–2009)
 * Topic unknown (2009–2010)
 * World Mythology (2010–2011)
 * Unknown title for Gender studies topic (2011–2012)

After school year 2011–2012, Senior Colloquium was replaced by the one-credit course Liberal Arts in Practice.

Thesis
Extending over the whole of the senior year, the thesis is the culmination of each student's work in his or her area of study. The student works with one or more faculty members and demonstrates his or her familiarity with the existing work in his or her field as well as their ability to carry out an extended research project. The thesis is presented to the College at the end of the senior year, and a bound copy is kept in the College's thesis room.

Electives
All students complete electives depending on the hours remaining after completing either a major or the concentration.

Campus life
The Louisiana Scholars’ College Forum Council, the student-led "governing" body (much like SGA), hosts many events throughout the year; these events invite students and teachers to connect and form lasting friendships. Often, the events are themed and have included Halloween and Christmas themes. Scholars' College students are also active in various NSU organizations, including Student Government Association, Student Activities Board, and many sororities and fraternities.

title: Louisiana Scholars' College


text:
Talk:Quebec Route 138

WP:RM
It was suggested that this article should be renamed Quebec route 138. The vote is shown below: See Talk:Quebec provincial highway 389 for the main discussion

- 132.205.94.174 00:52, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename because of distinction between Quebec Routes and Autoroutes, because Quebecers use Route in English.
 * See California State Route 138 vs New Jersey State Highway 138 shows that the US doesn't call all their state highways as state highways either.

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 18:22, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Kings Highway section
About the Kings Highway section in the article. Wouldn't it be better off if it was a template? --JB82c 21:42, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Why Sherbrooke Street redirects here
Though the article doesn't exist yet,this section of 138 is one of Montreal's main east-west thoroughfares... Ranma9617 04:03, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quebec Route 138


text:
Talk:Quebec Route 185

WP:RM
It was suggested that this article should be renamed Quebec route 185. The vote is shown below: See Talk:Quebec provincial highway 389 for the main discussion - 132.205.94.174 00:52, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename because of distinction between Quebec Routes and Autoroutes, because Quebecers use Route in English.
 * See California State Route 138 vs New Jersey State Highway 138 shows that the US doesn't call all their state highways as state highways either.

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 18:22, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:New Brunswick Route 2 (TCH).png
The image Image:New Brunswick Route 2 (TCH).png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --03:20, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quebec Route 185


text:
Kalpana, Inc.

Kalpana, Inc., was a computer-networking equipment manufacturer located in Silicon Valley which operated during the early 1990s. Its co-founders, Vinod Bhardwaj, an entrepreneur of Indian origin, and Larry Blair named the company after Bhardwaj's wife, Kalpana, whose name means "imagination" in Sanskrit. Charles Giancarlo was Kalpana's vice president of products and corporate development, became its General Manager, and went on to roles at Cisco Systems and Silver Lake Partners.

In 1990, Kalpana introduced the first multiport Ethernet switch, its seven-port EtherSwitch. The invention of Ethernet switching made Ethernet networks faster, cheaper, and easier to manage. Multi-port network switches became common, gradually replacing Ethernet hubs for almost all applications, and enabled an easy transition to 100-megabit Fast Ethernet and later Gigabit Ethernet. Kalpana also invented EtherChannel, which provides higher inter-switch bandwidth by running several links in parallel. This innovation, more generally called link aggregation, was also widely adopted throughout the industry. Kalpana also invented the Virtual LAN concept as closed broadcast domains, which was later replaced by 802.1Q.

Cisco Systems acquired Kalpana in 1994.

Product
Kalpana produced two models of Ethernet switch, the EPS-700 and the EPS-1500.

title: Kalpana, Inc.


text:
Talk:Quebec Route 132

WP:RM
It was suggested that this article should be renamed Quebec route 132. The vote is shown below: See Talk:Quebec provincial highway 389 for the main discussion - 132.205.94.174 00:53, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename because of distinction between Quebec Routes and Autoroutes, because Quebecers use Route in English.
 * See California State Route 138 vs New Jersey State Highway 138 shows that the US doesn't call all their state highways as state highways either.

This article has been renamed after the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 18:22, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quebec Route 132


text:
Talk:General purpose registers

This article was proposed for deletion. Votes for deletion/General purpose registers Joyous  (talk) 00:54, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:General purpose registers


text:
User:Pdobkinh

I have been contributing to Wikipedia since early this year (2005).

Though trained as a historian, I teach in a school of public service - mostly courses relating to policy and management as they bear on nonprofit organizations. Accordingly, most of my contributions relate to these subjects.

Folks interested in knowing more about my work should visit my website -- http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~phall/index.htm

I think the idea of an open source encyclopedia is *great*! And the reality is even better!

title: User:Pdobkinh


text:
Old South Church

Old South Church in Boston, Massachusetts, also known as New Old South Church or Third Church, is a historic United Church of Christ congregation first organized in 1669. Its present building was designed in the Gothic Revival style by Charles Amos Cummings and Willard T. Sears, completed in 1873, and amplified by the architects Allen & Collens between 1935–1937. The church, which was built on newly filled land in the Back Bay section of Boston, is located at 645 Boylston Street on Copley Square. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 for its architectural significance as one of the finest High Victorian Gothic churches in New England. It is home to one of the oldest religious communities in the United States.

History of the congregation
Established in 1669, Old South Church is one of the older religious communities in the United States. It was organized by Congregationalist dissenters from Boston's First Church and was known as the Third Church (to distinguish it from the First and Second Congregational Churches in the city). The Third Church's congregation met first in their Cedar Meeting House (1670), then at the Old South Meeting House (1729) at the corner of Washington and Milk Streets in Boston. Members of the congregation have included founders Edward Raynsford, Thomas Savage, John Alden, John Hull, Judith Quincy Hull and parishioners Daniel Quincy, John Alden Jr., Samuel Adams, William Dawes, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Sewall, and Phillis Wheatley. In 1773, Samuel Adams gave the signals from the Old South Meeting House for the "war whoops" that started the Boston Tea Party.

During the Unitarian Movement of the early 19th century, Old South was the sole Congregational Church in Boston to adhere to the doctrine of Trinitarianism. In 1816 Old South Church joined with Park Street Church to form the City Mission Society, a social justice society to serve Boston's urban poor. During the American Civil War, Old South became a recruiting center for the Union Army under minister Jacob Manning. Though the congregation was not entirely abolitionist, it strongly supported the Union cause. The conclusion of the Civil War was followed by an expansive time of increased inclusion for the congregation. Under minister George Angier Gordon the congregation moved from its meeting house at Washington Street to its Back Bay location in 1875, occupying the present church constructed on newly filled land.

Old South's commitment to urban ministry and care continued on into the 20th century becoming a segue for the inclusion of new members increasingly diverse by race, class, and sexual orientation. The congregation has formally adopted a platform of equality, social justice, and peace.

Architecture
The church building was designed between 1870 and 1872 by the Boston architectural firm of Cummings and Sears in the Venetian Gothic style. The style follows the precepts of the British cultural theorist and architectural critic John Ruskin (1819–1900) as outlined in his treatise The Stones of Venice. Old South Church in Boston remains one of the most significant examples of Ruskin's influence on American architecture. The architects, Charles Amos Cummings and Willard T. Sears, also designed the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. The exterior of the church is primarily built of Roxbury Conglomerate commonly called puddingstone. Many arches, and several walls of stone, are striped with alternating courses of yellow-beige and deep red sandstone. The porticos and large open arches in the campanile are decorated with simple plate tracery. The upper arches of the porticos are decorated with screens of ornate wrought iron. The building is roofed in alternating bands of red and dark gray slate and the roofline finished with ornamental iron cresting.

Campanile
A tall tower, or campanile, is the trademark feature of Old South and is visible from several Boston neighborhoods. The tower, on the western end of the church, rises to a height of 246' and houses the church's 2,020-pound bell. This is the second campanile built on the same site, designed by Allen & Collens it is similar to the 1875 design in its use of Moorish arches. The first tower, completed in 1875 along with the present Narthex and sanctuary, had begun to list by the late 1920s. The cause was determined to be the faulty footings and piles anchored in the soft former swampland. They were insufficient for the load of the tower. The congregation engaged the architectural firm of Allen & Collens to design a replacement campanile and a new chapel to be named in memory of the Reverend George Angier Gordon. The tower was dismantled, and early 1930s technology of steam shovel and steel pilings provided a lasting solution. Today, the pitch and height of the tower are tested annually and records attest to its enduring stability. The bell wheel, which by motion of a heavy rope swings the large bell, had deteriorated by the late 20th century requiring that the bell be rung by an external hammer. A faithful reconstruction of the original 1931 bell wheel, installed in early fall 2006, returned Old South's bell to "full swing."

Lantern
Centered above the Sanctuary on the east side of the church is a copper clad cupola surrounded by twelve ornate gothic arched windows. This feature is reminiscent of the cupolas of the Basilica of St. Mark in Venice. While the lantern provides a striking visual presence, it was also built with function in mind. In the days before mechanical fans and air conditioning, a series of mechanically operated louvers allowed for window panels to be opened to help cool the sanctuary inside.

Decorative arts
The interior of Old South is exuberant yet quietly modulates the mix of rich materials: highly carved Italian cherry woodwork, limestone, stenciled plaster, and stained glass. The sanctuary is entered from the narthex through a screen carved in the Venetian Gothic style from French Caen limestone. Hidden among the carved foliage that decorates the screen can be found a squirrel, lizard, owl, and snail. A similar theme of animals is also found in the carving of the building's exterior. The interior of the chancel at the east end of the church, behind the choir, is faced by a running screen of wooden arches with quatrefoil lunettes adapted from the upper arcade of the Doge's Palace in Venice. The stained glass windows are by the English stained glass manufacturers Clayton and Bell and were produced in the style of 15th-century English glass.

1875 Cummings and Sears interior
When Old South's church opened in 1875 it looked very much as it does today, based upon the design of Cummings and Sears. The walls were decorated in polychrome stenciling in shades of complex tertiary colors: a rose madder background with overlays of ochre, bay leaf green, warm gray, and persimmon, and highlights of metallic gold. Most of the interior structure, except for the carved wood frieze along the balconies, was already in place by 1875. High above the crossing of the transepts and nave is the lantern, or cupola. The ceiling of the lantern was painted a deep Prussian blue with a pattern of gilded stars to represent the firmament of God. The limestone tracery of the west wall of the sanctuary, with its foliage and animals, combined with the highly carved foliated woodwork and the overhead representation of the nighttime sky was intended to echo God's creation. Above the doors on the east chancel walls are glass mosaics of the tree of life by Antonio Salviati. A third mosaic by Salviati originally hung in the tympanum above the tower's front doors. That mosaic was relocated to the vestibule when the tower was rebuilt 1922-1937. The combined effect was extremely rich; at once a spiritual and sensuous experience, and in great contrast to the chaste interior of Old South Meeting House on Washington Street. Stylistically the 1875 interior was in harmony with the Ruskinian Gothic exterior, and expressed Ruskin's ideal that it is "in art that the heart, the head, and the hand of a man come together."

1905 Tiffany interior
In 1905 the congregation engaged Louis Comfort Tiffany to redecorate the sanctuary. Tiffany headed a group of artisans called the Associated Artists who worked largely in a style now described as the Aesthetic Movement. Tiffany was a part of an emerging American view of design in the United States, increasingly taking fewer cues from Europe. Tiffany had decorated Mark Twain's home in Hartford, Connecticut, the state rooms at the White House, and several Back Bay homes. In some ways Tiffany was an expected choice to redecorate Old South. He followed many of the ideas of John Ruskin; he believed in the dignity and importance of the human hand and eye in the decorative arts. Yet Tiffany arrived at Old South at a time when his gilded age style had begun a decline. A new wave of neoclassicism called Beaux-Arts, and the Colonial Revival style were replacing Victorian ornament with a simpler classicism. Theodore Roosevelt's 1902 White House renovation removed all of the Tiffany influence. In Tiffany's redecoration, Old South's stained glass windows were covered by insets of translucent tinted purple glass. The original polychrome stenciled plaster walls were painted purple, then stenciled in a series of geometric patterns with metallic silver paint intended to appear as mother of pearl inlay. Similar to Tiffany's work at Mark Twain's Hartford, Connecticut home, or his design for the White House's Red Room. The resulting work at Old South was a highly ornamented visual experience, unified by a limited color palette.

1950s minimalism
In the early 1950s, possibly influenced by the minimalism of the International Style, a second renovation of the Sanctuary took place. The mid-20th-century renovation largely ignored the architectural history of the church. Louis Comfort Tiffany's paint and stenciling was obscured by a coat of light gray paint, and the purple Tiffany glass installed over the stained glass was removed. The oculus of the cupola was closed up. In some ways the removal of decoration recalled the congregation's Puritan roots.

Recognition and restoration
Old South Church's building was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1970.

In 1984 a research-driven restoration was begun. The period of the building's construction was adopted, using old photographs and engravings as sources, and paint analysis to replicate original colors, the interior spaces were returned closely to their 1875 appearance. Walls were repainted rose madder and the original Cummings and Sears' stencil patterns were recreated. The cupola was reopened, once more admitting light to the Sanctuary below. Polychrome stenciling repeated the original palette of ochre, bay leaf green, warm gray, and persimmon with metallic gold.

Organ
The church's present organ, Opus 308, was built in 1921 by E. M. Skinner & Company of Boston for the Municipal Auditorium Theater in St. Paul, Minnesota, and brought to the church in 1985 when that building was demolished. Originally 82 ranks and 5,728 pipes, it now has 115 ranks and 7,625 pipes ranging from 0.25 in to 32 ft in length. The church had previously installed another Skinner organ in 1915; its successful inaugural concert series featured organists William C. Hammond, Gaston Dethier, Edwin Arthur Kraft, Charles Heinroth, and T. Tertius Noble.

The organ console is located behind the pulpit and is on a hydraulic platform so that it may be raised for concerts and recessed for worship services. The organ's pipes are located behind and to the right and left of the chancel and also at the back of the rear balcony above the entrance to the Sanctuary (32' and chamade). Ten ornately painted wooden pipes are mounted at the front of each side balcony.

In December 2008, construction at the adjacent MBTA Copley station created a crack in the church's exterior and damage in the sanctuary. Out of fear that its use might cause further damage, the organ was not used from then until just before Easter in 2009.

Bay Psalm Book
Old South Church is the owner of one of eleven remaining first-edition copies of the Bay Psalm Book. The Bay Psalm Book, printed in 1640 by Stephen Daye, "was the first book printed in the what became the United States." Until 2013, when one copy was sold at auction to David Rubenstein, Old South Church owned two of the eleven first-edition copies. Old South Church's copy of the Bay Psalm Book is currently housed in the Rare Books Department of the Boston Public Library.

Senior ministers
To date twenty ministers have served Old South's congregation as Senior Minister; they are:
 * At Cedar Meeting House:
 * Thomas Thacher 1670-1678
 * Samuel Willard 1678-1707
 * Ebenezer Pemberton 1700-1717
 * Joseph Sewall 1713-1769
 * Thomas Prince 1718-1730
 * At Old South Meeting House:
 * Thomas Prince 1730-1758
 * Alexander Cumming 1761-1763
 * Samuel Blair 1766-1769
 * John Hunt/John Bacon 1771-1775
 * Joseph Eckley 1779-1811
 * Joshua Huntington 1808-1819
 * Benjamin B. Wisner 1821-1832 (departed in 1832 to become a Corresponding Secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions)
 * Samuel H. Stearns 1834-1836
 * George W. Blagden 1836-1872
 * Jacob M. Manning 1857-1882
 * At Old South Church
 * George Angier Gordon 1884-1927
 * Russell Henry Stafford 1927-1945
 * Frederick M. Meek 1946-1973
 * James W. Crawford 1974-2002
 * Carl F. Schultz Jr. 2002-2005 (Interim)
 * Nancy S. Taylor 2005-2022
 * Rich Spalding 2022-2023 (Interim)
 * John M Edgerton 2023 -

title: Old South Church


text:
1973 Norwegian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 9 and 10 September 1973. The Labour Party remained the largest party, winning 62 of the 155 seats in the Storting.

Debates

 * 1) Politisk kvarter with Anders lange
 * 2) Politisk kvarter with Berit Ås og Ragnar Kalheim

title: 1973 Norwegian parliamentary election


text:
Vedanga

The Vedanga (वेदाङ्ग ', "limb of the Veda-s"; plural form: वेदाङ्गानि ') are six auxiliary disciplines of Hinduism that developed in ancient times and have been connected with the study of the Vedas:

List of the Vedanga

 * 1) Shiksha (Sanskrit: शिक्षा , "instruction, teaching"): phonetics, phonology, pronunciation. This auxiliary discipline has focused on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, accent, quantity, stress, melody and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation.
 * 2) Chandas (Sanskrit: छन्दस् , "metre"): prosody. This auxiliary discipline has focused on the poetic meters, including those based on fixed number of syllables per verse, and those based on fixed number of morae per verse.
 * 3) Vyakarana (Sanskrit: व्याकरण , "grammar"): grammar and linguistic analysis. This auxiliary discipline has focused on the rules of grammar and linguistic analysis to establish the exact form of words and sentences to properly express ideas.
 * 4) Nirukta (Sanskrit: निरुक्त , "etymology"): etymology, explanation of words, particularly those that are archaic and have ancient uses with unclear meaning. This auxiliary discipline has focused on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words, given the context they are used in.
 * 5) Kalpa (Sanskrit: कल्प , "proper. fit"): ritual instructions. This field focused on standardizing procedures for Vedic rituals, rites of passage rituals associated with major life events such as birth, wedding and death in family, as well as discussing the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life.
 * 6) Jyotisha (Sanskrit: ज्योतिष , "astrology"): Right time for rituals with the help of position of nakshatras and asterisms and astronomy. This auxiliary Vedic discipline focused on time keeping.

History and background
The character of Vedangas has roots in ancient times, and the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mentions it as an integral part of the Brahmanas layer of the Vedic texts. These auxiliary disciplines of study arise with the codification of the Vedas in Iron Age India. It is unclear when the list of six Vedangas were first conceptualized. The Vedangas likely developed towards the end of the Vedic period, around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. An early text of the genre is the Nighantu by Yaska, dated to roughly the 5th century BCE. These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time.

Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas, but its insights into meters, structure of sound and language, grammar, linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies, arts, culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy. The Kalpa Vedanga studies, for example, gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras.

title: Vedanga


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Asuka sakamaki

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was No Consensus. Redwolf24 (talk) 02:26, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Asuka Sakamaki
''I'm not the author of this VfD; I'm completing PhilipO's VfD. -- Antaeus Feldspar 16:44, 20 August 2005 (UTC)''

 * I don't see this as any more or less appropriate or relevant than any other article about a porn star. I'd say keep it. unsigned vote by
 * Delete. Fails the "average X" test. -- Antaeus Feldspar 16:44, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete another undistinguished product of the sex industry. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:50, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. per Antaeus Feldspar. -- DS1953 18:47, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, like Monique DeMoan. She gets over 35,000 google hits in Japanese, and Amazon.co.jp lists 2 DVDs, 9 videos and 2 books . One of her DVD's has an Amazon.co.jp sales rank of 18,259 in DVDs  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kappa (talk • contribs) , at 2005-08-20 22:01:56
 * Keep as per WP:BIO as actress in commercially distributed movies with total viewing audience of more than 5,000. Capitalistroadster 00:04, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Verifiability for an encyclopedia means having independent reputable/scholarly sources which are centered on the subject. That is an absolute requirement to writing a serious (non-op/ed) article. 35,000 porn sites with pictures of someone's boobs are not source material. I truly believe that verifiability is the least understood policy on WP, even among many admins. Has someone studied this person in a serious book, or journal article, or film documentary? Has anyone even written about her in a newspaper article? No? Then how can even the thought of including this in an encyclopedia cross our minds? The concept of verifiability is the conerstone of WP; Jimbo has made it's importance clear repeatedly. And yet, daily, it is being violated both in the encyclopedia and on the VFD pages.— Encephalon |  ζ   01:22:17, 2005-08-21 (UTC)
 * So where are the independent reputable/scholarly sources which are centered on Cyrus Farivar? Kappa 01:38, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I missed this. I understand the difficulty that these decisions entail, Kappa. On a spectrum ranging from eminently encyclopedic articles to clearly unencyclopedic fare, there is a line that divides the two worlds. The problem is that there is no agreement between some editors about where precisely that line should lie. IMO, the Farivar article teeters right at the lower edge of what is acceptable for WP; he is, if you take an extremely broad view of notability, mildly notable, and there is one reference that I can see that one could use to write about him. The fact that it will be difficult to produce a decent article on him however is the big clue: if it's hard to write about someone because there are almost no secondary sources, that's telling you something. I honestly suspect that many contributors who vote to include almost everything on WP have never written a scholarly article, or a good encyclopedia entry, and do not understand how difficult it can be to write thoroughly referenced and reliably sourced material. This is not surprising: there are 700,000 articles on WP. Do you know how many are of sufficient quality that they are considered "featured"? About 700.
 * Clearly, you and I understand the verifiability requirements differently. Your reasoning, from comments both here and elsewhere, indicate that you believe that anything and everything should have a place on WP if it can be verified in some way. That is to say, you take the verifiability requirement to mean simply verifying existence of the subject, and little else. If this was the standard, it is very difficult (for me) to concieve of the product as an encyclopedia, and I am unable to understand some of the decisions made using this criterion. For example, Kappa, you've just woted on VfU to keep the Marvin Lara article deleted. Yet, conversely, you also voted to keep articles on Doody Trap, and a nude model/"actress". Lara has appeared in bits of many movies seen by millions of people; the model has appeared once or twice in bits of a newspaper seen by millions of people. Why the difference? What is transparently clear of course is that neither of them is even remotely remarkable; no one has produced any study of either, there are no reputable sources focusing on them that form a biographical nexus around which an encyclopedia article can be written. And that's the crux, Kappa. You never seem to acknowledge that this is an encyclopedia. What you wish to do here is suited for Everything2, which doesn't call itself an encyclopedia. But WP does, and is aims to be. I think it is impossible to reconcile your beliefs about verifiability with your decisions, and with the encyclopedic nature of WP, without resorting to cut-offs which are enormously arbitrary. Kind regards— Encephalon |  ζ   20:01:44, 2005-08-26 (UTC)

 * Sounds like grounds to renominate his entry for VfD... ;) Dottore So 05:41, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Amazon seems independent enough, we use its subsidiary IMDB as our major source for info on movies/actors/etc. Christopher Parham (talk) 05:32, 2005 August 21 (UTC)
 * Delete. Do you know how much porn is out there in the world? Sdedeo 03:33, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There's a lot of porn, and TV, and baseball, and journalism, and since wikipedia is not paper, it can aim to cover every aspect of all of them which is verifiable and has a significant audience. Kappa 03:39, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable. I moved this to the proper title. Christopher Parham (talk) 05:28, 2005 August 21 (UTC)

 * Keep, seems popular in Japan. cution 20:30, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Akko (disambiguation)

Akko may refer to:

Places

 * Acre, Israel
 * Akko, Nigeria
 * Hakko, Armenia

People

 * Acco (Senones), Gallic ruler who revolted against Julius Caesar in the 50BCs
 * Akiko Wada (born 1950), Japanese singer and television performer
 * Akko, vocalist of Japanese pop group My Little Lover

Fictional characters

 * Akko(-chan), the heroine of the manga Himitsu no Akko-chan
 * Atsuko "Akko" Kagari, the protagonist of the Little Witch Academia franchise

Other uses

 * Akko (fish), a genus of gobies in subfamily Gobiinae

title: Akko (disambiguation)