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Indian Statistical Institute

Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) is a public research university headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was declared an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India under the Indian Statistical Institute Act, 1959. Established in 1931, it functions under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation of the Government of India.

Primary activities of ISI are research and training of statistics, development of theoretical statistics and its applications in various natural and social sciences. Key areas of research at ISI are statistics, mathematics, theoretical computer science and mathematical economics. It is one of the few research oriented Indian institutes offering courses at both the undergraduate and graduate level.

Apart from the degree courses, ISI offers few diploma and certificate courses, special diploma courses for international students via ISEC, and special courses in collaboration with CSO for training probationary officers of Indian Statistical Service (ISS).

History
ISI's origin can be traced back to the Statistical Laboratory in Presidency College, Kolkata, set up by Mahalanobis, who worked in the Physics Department of the college in the 1920s. During 1913–1915, he did his Tripos in Mathematics and Physics at the University of Cambridge, where he came across Biometrika, a journal of statistics founded by Karl Pearson. Since 1915, he taught physics at Presidency College, but his interest in statistics grew under the guidance of polymath Brajendranath Seal. Many colleagues of Mahalanobis took an interest in statistics and the group grew in the Statistical Laboratory. Considering the extensive application of statistics in solving various problems in real life such as analyzing multivariate anthropometric data, applying sample surveys as a method of data collection, analyzing meteorological data, estimating crop yield etc., this group, particularly, Mahalanobis and his younger colleagues S. S. Bose and H. C. Sinha felt the necessity of forming a specialized institute to facilitate research and learning of statistics.

On 17 December 1931, Mahalonobis held a meeting with Pramatha Nath Banerji (Minto Professor of Economics), Nikhil Ranjan Sen (Khaira Professor of Applied Mathematics) and Sir R. N. Mukherjee. This meeting led to the establishment of the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), which was formally registered on 28 April 1932, as a non-profit distributing learned society under the Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860. Later, the institute was registered under the West Bengal Societies Registration Act XXVI of 1961, amended in 1964. Mukherjee accepted the role of the president of ISI and held this position until his death in 1936. In 1953, ISI was relocated to a property owned by Professor Mahalanobis, named "Amrapali", in Baranagar, which is now a municipality at the northern outskirts of Kolkata.

In 1931, Mahalanobis was the only person working at ISI, and he managed it with an annual expenditure of Rs. 250. It gradually grew with the pioneering work of a group of his colleagues including S. S. Bose, Samarendra Kumar Mitra (Head of the Computing Machines and Electronics Laboratory and designer of India's first computer), J. M. Sengupta, Raj Chandra Bose, Samarendra Nath Roy, K. R. Nair, R. R. Bahadur, Gopinath Kallianpur, D. B. Lahiri, and Anil Kumar Gain. Pitamber Pant, who had received training in statistics at the institute, went on to become a secretary to the first prime minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, and was a great source of help and support to the institute.

The institute started a training section in 1938. In due course, many of the early workers left the ISI for careers in the United States or for positions in the public and private sectors in India. By the 1940s, the ISI was internationally known and was taken as a model when the first institute of statistics was set up in the United States by Gertrude Cox – perhaps the only time an institute in a developing country was used as a model in a developed country.

As asked by the government of India, in 1950, ISI designed and planned a comprehensive socio–economic national sample survey covering rural India. The organisation named National Sample Survey (NSS) was founded in 1950 for conducting this survey. The field work was performed by the Directorate of NSS, functioning under the Ministry of Finance, whereas the other tasks such as planning of the survey, training of field workers, review, data processing and tabulation were executed by ISI. In 1961, the Directorate of NSS started functioning under the Department of Statistics of government of India, and later in 1971, the design and analysis wing of NSS was shifted from ISI to the Department of Statistics forming the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).

J. B. S. Haldane joined the ISI as a research professor from August 1957, and stayed on until February 1961, when he had a falling out with ISI Director P.C. Mahalanobis over Haldane's going on a much-publicized hunger strike to protest the United States pressuring U.S. National Science Fair winners Gary Botting and Susan Brown from attending an ISI banquet to which many prominent Indian scientists had been invited. Haldane helped the ISI grow in biometrics. Haldane also played a key role in developing the structure and content of the courses offered by ISI.

Until 1959, ISI was associated with the University of Calcutta. By 'The Indian Statistical Institute Act 1959' of the Parliament of India, amended in 1995, ISI was declared an institute of national importance, and was authorised to hold examinations and to grant degrees and diplomas in Statistics, Mathematics, Computer Science, Quantitative Economics, and in any other subject related to statistics as identified by the institute from time to time. ISI is a public university, as the same act also states that ISI would be funded by the Central Government of India.

ISI had by the 1960s started establishing special service units in New Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai and Hyderabad to provide consultancy services to business, industry and governmental public service organisations in the areas of statistical process control, operations research and industrial engineering. Additionally, Bangalore had a Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC). In the early 1970s, the Delhi and Bangalore units were converted to teaching centres. In 2008, ISI Chennai was upgraded to a teaching centre. In 2011, ISI added a new centre in Tezpur.

Campuses
The major objectives of the ISI are to facilitate research and training of Statistics, to indulge in development of statistical theory and in application of statistical techniques – in the scenarios of planning at national level and in theoretical development of natural and social sciences, to participate in the process of data collection and analysis, to operate related projects in planning and improvement of efficiency of management and production.

The Sanskrit phrase भिन्नेष्वैक्यस्य दर्शणम् (Bhinneswaykyasya Darshanam), which literally means the philosophy of unity in diversity, is incorporated in the logo of the institute, and is the motto of ISI. ISI Kolkata is the headquarter with centers at New Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai. Tezpur, the 4th center of ISI was inaugurated in 2011.

ISI, Kolkata

ISI Kolkata has a campus consisting of six addresses at 201 through 206 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Bonhooghly (Baranagar). These include a house, which was an erstwhile office of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) of India.

ISI Kolkata campus is eco-friendly, as conceived by Mahalanobis. Hollow bricks that protect from heat and noise were used with minimum use of reinforced concrete, to avoid radiation. There was no use of bitumen-basalt combination at the roads inside ISI campuses. This helps in reduction of radiation and preservation of rain-water to maintain equilibrium in ground-water level.

The Kolkata campus offers bachelor's level degree course in Statistics (B. Stat), Statistical Data Science (BSDS), master's degree course in Statistics (M.Stat), Mathematics (M.Math), Computer Science (MTech), Cryptology & Security (MTech), Quality Reliability and Operations Research (MTech) and Quantitative Economics (M.S.). Major divisions and units are: Statistics and Mathematics Unit (SMU), Human Genetics Unit (HGU), Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit (PAMU), Geological Studies Unit (GSU), Advanced Computation and MicroElectronics Unit (ACMU), Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit (CVPRU), Machine Intelligence Unit (MIU), Electronics and Communication Sciences Unit (ECSU), Applied Statistics Unit (ASU), Economic Research Unit (ERU), Linguistic Research Unit (LRU), Sociology Research Unit (SRU), Psychometry Research Unit (PRU) and Population Studies Unit (PSU).

The Kolkata campus houses the International Statistical Education Centre (ISEC), which opened in 1950. This centre provides training in statistics to sponsored students mainly from the Middle East, South and South East Asia, the Far East and the Commonwealth Countries of Africa. The centre also offers various short-term courses in statistics and related subjects.

The Center for Soft Computing Research: A National Facility, an associate institute of Indian Statistical Institute and established in Kolkata in 2005, is unique in the country. Apart from conducting basic research, it offers a 3-month course and promotes less endowed institutes by providing fellowships and research grants.

The Central Library of ISI is located at Kolkata with branches at the other facilities. The library has over 200,000 volumes of books and journals with a special emphasis on the field of statistics and related studies. The main branch also has a collection of official reports, reprints, maps, and microfilms. The library receives over a thousand new technical and scientific journals every year. The Library has databases on CD-ROM and is working on further digitization of the collection. The library has a separate collection of works on the topics of mathematics and statistics called the Eastern Regional Centre of NBHM collection, funded by grants from the National Board for Higher Mathematics. It also looks to set up research unit in artificial intelligence

ISI, Delhi
The ISI campus at New Delhi was established in 1974 and was shifted to the present campus in 1975.

The Delhi campus offers bachelor's level degree course in Statistical Data Science (BSDS), master's level courses Master of Statistics (M. Stat) and Master of Science (M. S.) in Quantitative Economics, and doctoral programs.

ISI, Bangalore
The Bengaluru centre of ISI started with a Statistical Quality Control and Operations Research (SQC & OR) unit in 1954. The Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC) here became operational from 1962 with honorary professor S. R. Ranganathan as the head. Prof. Mahalanobis planned of starting a full-fledged centre of ISI here around the mid-sixties. In 1966, the then Government of Karnataka granted ISI 30 acres of forest land full of eucalyptus trees, next to the upcoming campus of the Bangalore University, located on the Mysore Road on the outskirts of the city.

However, after death of Prof. Mahalanobis in 1972, the project of establishing Bengaluru centre got temporarily shelved. The project was again revived during 1976–78. Concrete proposals were made to the Government of India to get grants for the development of the land already in possession of ISI, along with the construction of an academic block with a library and offices.

In the meantime, a building was rented on Church Street, in Bengaluru downtown, and various activities of the Bengaluru centre started in September 1978. The Economic Analysis Unit (EAU) and the Statistics and Mathematics Unit were established. The SQC&OR Unit and the DRTC unit, which were functioning from other rented buildings at that time, joined this new Centre.

As construction of the administrative block at the new campus got completed, the various units moved to the new campus in May 1985.

The Bengaluru centre was formally declared as a centre of ISI in September 1996.

The Systems Science and Informatics Unit (SSIU) was established in 2009

The Bengaluru centre has by now became an institution for academic activities in Mathematics, Statistics, Computer Science, SQC and Operations Research, Library and Information Science, and Quantitative Economics.

The Bengaluru campus offers bachelor level course Bachelor of Statistical Data Science (BSDS), Bachelor of Mathematics (B.Math), master level courses Master of Mathematics (M.Math), Master of Science (M. S.) in Library and Information Science and Master of Science (M. S.) in Quality Management Science, and doctoral programs.

Academics
Traditionally, ISI offers fewer programs (and admits fewer students) than most other degree granting academic institutions. Following the empowerment for granting degrees in the subject of Statistics as per the ISI Act 1959, in 1960, ISI initiated bachelor level degree program Bachelor of Statistics and master level degree course Master of Statistics, and also began awarding research level degrees such as PhD and DSc. Later, ISI started offering Master of Technology (MTech) courses in Computer Science and in Quality, Reliability & Operations Research (QR&OR); these courses got recognition from All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). As ISI Act of 1959 was amended by the Parliament of India in 1995, ISI was empowered to confer degrees and diplomas in subjects such as Mathematics, Quantitative Economics, Computer Science, and other subjects related to Statistics and Operations Research as determined by ISI from time to time. Apart from the degree courses, ISI offers few diploma and certificate courses, special diploma courses for international students via ISEC, and special courses in collaboration with CSO for training probationary officers of Indian Statistical Service (ISS).

Research Divisions and Centers

 * R C Bose Centre for Cryptology and Security
 * Center for Soft Computing Research
 * Center for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
 * Technology Innovation Hub

Degree courses
ISI offers three undergraduate programs, viz. Bachelor of Statistics (Honours) (B.Stat), Bachelor of Mathematics (Honours) (B. Math) and Bachelor of Statistical Data Science (Honours) eight graduate programs, viz. Master of Statistics (M. Stat), Master of Mathematics (M. Math), Master of Science in Quantitative Economics (MSQE), Master of Science in Library and Information Science (MSLIS), Master of Science in Quality Management Science (MSQMS), Master of Technology in Computer Science (MTech–CS), Master of Technology in Cryptology & Security (MTech-CrS) and Master of Technology in Quality, Reliability and Operations Research (MTech–QROR).

ISI also offers four PG Diploma programs, viz. Postgraduate Diploma in Agricultural and Rural Management with Statistical Methods [PGDARSMA], Postgraduate Diploma in Statistical Methods & Analytics [PGDSMA], Post Graduate Diploma in Business Analytics [PGDBA] and PG Diploma in Applied Statistics [PGDAS].

B.Stat (Hons) and B.Math (Hons) courses are of 3 years duration, BSDS (Hons) course is of 4 years duration and the master's level courses of 2 years of duration. For all undergraduate and graduate level courses, the academic year is divided in two semesters. Except for sponsored candidates of MTech courses, ISI students are not required to pay any tuition fees. Conditional to performance beyond a threshold, all students and research fellows receive stipends, fellowships and contingency/book grants. Students demonstrating outstanding performances are rewarded at the end of the semesters. ISI campuses provide hostel accommodations with recreational facilities and limited medical facilities available free of cost.

Admissions
Applicants of all degree courses are required to go through written admission tests and/or interviews. ISI conducts the written tests at various examination centers across India. Only in few cases, candidates may get called for the interview directly, viz. applicants of MTech Computer Science course having a GATE score above a threshold. Candidates applying to doctoral research programmes who have been awarded (or qualified for) a Junior Research Fellowship by UGC / CSIR / NBHM etc. are also required to clear the ISI admission test or an equivalent separate test and interview conducted by the relevant JRF selection committee of the institute if they wish to obtain a PhD from Indian Statistical Institute.

International Statistical Education Centre
In 1950, ISI, in collaboration with International Statistical Institute, UNESCO and Government of India, had set up International Statistical Education Centre (ISEC) to impart knowledge of theoretical and applied statistics to participants from Middle East, East and South-East Asia, the Far East and Commonwealth countries of Africa. The main training course offered by ISEC is meant for international students, preferably graduates with proficiency in English and Mathematics. ISEC, located in Kolkata campus of ISI, functions with support from the Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation of the Government of India.

Publications
Sankhya, the statistical journal published by ISI, was founded in 1933, along the lines of Karl Pearson's Biometrika. Mahalanobis was the founder editor. Each volume of Sankhya consists of four issues; two of them are in Series A, containing articles on theoretical statistics, probability theory and stochastic processes, and the other two issues form the Series B, containing articles on applied statistics, i.e. applied probability, applied stochastic processes, econometrics and statistical computing.

Rankings
According to India Education Review, no Indian university is in the world's top 200 universities, as of 2012. The ascribed ranking of ISI is 186. The web ranking of this institute, according to 4ICU (4 International Colleges and Universities), is 1693. According to the web ranking published by Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, ISI currently holds the world rank of 1352. In the subject-wise academic world ranking of Computer Science, Indian Statistical Institute features in 101—150 category. The Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata is ranked 2nd in Computer Science research by mean citation rate, p-Index, h-index among all universities in India.

Student Fest
Integration is the annual techno-cultural fest of Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata usually held during the first and second weekend of January each year.

Chaos is the annual techno-cultural fest of Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore usually held during the last weekend of March each year.

Placement
Alumni of ISI – including recipients of PhD degree – are employed in government and semi–government departments, industrial establishments, research institutions, in India and other countries. There is a placement cell in ISI Kolkata that organizes campus interviews by prospective employers in various campuses of ISI. Since recent past, a high percentage of ISI alumni gets absorbed into jobs in analytics, banking, finance and software industry.

Statistical Quality Control (SQC) and Operations Research (OR) units
Since mid-forties, ISI pioneered in research and application of Statistical Quality Control (SQC) in India. Walter A. Shewhart, the statistician known as the father of SQC, and other experts of this field visited ISI over the years. The first Statistical Quality Control and Operations Research (SQC & OR) unit of ISI was set up in Mumbai in 1953, followed by Bangalore and Kolkata units in 1954. In 1976, this unit was transformed into the SQC & OR Division, which now operates seven units, located at various industrial centres in India – Kolkata, Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Pune, Mumbai and Vadodara. These units partake in technical consultancy with public and private organisations, in addition with performing research and training activities. The branch at Giridih was set up in 1931 and it has two operational units, viz. the Sociological Research Unit and the Agricultural Research Unit.

Achievements
Over the years, researchers of ISI made fundamental contributions in various fields of Statistics such as Design of Experiments, Sample Survey, Multivariate statistics and Computer Science. Mahalanobis introduced the measure Mahalanobis distance which is used in multivariate statistics and other related fields. Raj Chandra Bose, who is known for his contributions in coding theory, worked on Design of Experiments during his tenure at ISI, and was one of the three mathematicians, who disproved Euler's conjecture on orthogonal Latin squares. Anil Kumar Bhattacharya is credited with introduction of the measures Bhattacharyya distance and Bhattacharya coefficient. Samarendra Nath Roy is known for his pioneering contributions in multivariate statistics. Among colleagues of Mahalanobis, other notable contributors were K. R. Nair in Design of experiments, Jitendra Mohan Sengupta in Sample Survey, Ajit Dasgupta in Demography and Ramkrishna Mukherjea in Quantitative Sociology. C. R. Rao's contributions during his association with ISI include two theorems of Statistical Inference known as Cramér–Rao inequality and Rao-Blackwell Theorem, and introduction of orthogonal arrays in Design of Experiments. Anil Kumar Gain is known for his contributions to the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient with his colleague Sir Ronald Fisher at the University of Cambridge.

In 1953, India's first indigenous computer was designed by Samarendra Kumar Mitra who headed the Computing Machines and Electronics Laboratory at ISI Calcutta. The Indian Statistical Institute was also hosted the first two digital computers in South Asia; the HEC-2M from England in 1956, and the URAL from the Soviet Union in 1959. These were also among the earliest digital computers in Asia (outside Japan).

During 1953 – 1956 distinguished scientists, like Ronald Fisher, Norbert Wiener and Yuri Linnik visited ISI. Norbert Wiener collaborated with Gopinath Kallianpur on topics including ergodic theory, prediction theory and generalized harmonic analysis. In 1962, during his month-long visit to ISI, Soviet mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov wrote his notable paper on Kolmogorov complexity, which was published in Sankhya, 1963. Other distinguished scientists including Jerzy Neyman, Walter A. Shewhart, W. Edwards Deming and Abraham Wald have visited ISI during the tenure of P. C. Mahalanobis.

Planning Commission
The second five-year plan of India was a brainchild of Mahalanobis. The plan followed the Mahalanobis model, an economic development model developed by Mahalanobis in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth. It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimisation as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at ISI. This second five-year plan shifted the focus from agriculture to industrialisation, with an objective of attaining self-reliance by economy of India. Domestic production of industrial products was encouraged in this plan, particularly in the development of the public sector. The two-pronged strategy devised in this plan targeted rapid growth of the heavy industry, keeping emphasis on growth of small and cottage industries.

B. S. Minhas and K. S. Parikh, both from the Planning Unit of ISI Delhi, played key roles in the Planning Commission of the Government of India. Minhas, who joined the Planning Unit in 1962 and retired as a distinguished scientist in 1989, was a member of the Planning Commission during 1971–74. Parikh, who was a member of the Planning Commission during 2004–09, chaired Integrated Energy Policy Committee of the commission, was a member of the Economic Advisory Council of India during the tenure of five prime ministers, also played a role in the Department of Atomic Energy establishment, and was a key advisor to the government on energy issues.

Computer science
In India, the first analog computer was designed by Samarendra Kumar Mitra and built by Ashish Kumar Maity at ISI in 1953, for use in computation of numerical solutions of simultaneous linear equations using a modified version of Gauss-Siedel iteration. In 1955, the first digital computer of India was procured by ISI. This machine was of a model named HEC-2M, manufactured by British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM). As per the agreement with BTM, ISI had to take care of the installation work and maintenance of it, before it became operational in 1956. Though this HEC-2M machine and the URAL-1 machine, which was bought in 1959 from Russia, were operational until 1963, ISI began development of the first second-generation digital computer of India in collaboration with Jadavpur University (JU). This joint collaboration led by the head of the Computing Machines and Electronics Laboratory at ISI, Samarendra Kumar Mitra, produced the transistor-driven machine ISIJU-1, which became operational in 1964. The first annual convention of the Computer Society of India (CSI) was hosted by ISI in 1965. The Computer and Communication Sciences division of ISI produced many eminent scientists such as Samarendra Kumar Mitra (its original founder), Dwijesh Dutta Majumdar, Sankar Kumar Pal, Bidyut Baran Chaudhuri, Nikhil R. Pal, Bhabani P. Sinha, Bhargab B. Bhattacharya, Malay K. Kundu, Sushmita Mitra, Bhabatosh Chanda, C. A. Murthy, Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay and many. ISI is regarded as one of the top most centres for research in computer science in India.

The Knowledge-based Computer Systems project (KBCS), funded jointly by Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DoE), Government of India and UNDP since 1986, has a nodal centre at ISI Kolkata. This unit is responsible for research in the area of image processing, pattern recognition, computer vision and artificial intelligence.

Social sciences
R. L. Brahmachari, known for his work in many fields like agricultural sciences, zoology, botany, biometrics, did much of his work at ISI.

The institute has done some pioneering work and research in anthropology and palaeontology. A trove of dinosaur fossils was discovered by a team led by ISI researchers in the early 1960s. The scattered fossils were recovered and the partial skeleton was reconstructed at ISI's Baranagar campus. It turned out to be a unique species and was named the Barapasaurus tagorei (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), after Rabindranath Tagore and was mounted in the Geology Museum at the Kolkata Campus of the institute.

The Linguistic Research Unit (LRU) of ISI was involved in the study of speech pathology. Đorđe Kostić of this laboratory was a distinguished scientist. He invented a unique hearing aid, called SAFA (Selective Auditory Frequency Amplifier) that simulates frequency-range according to the need of the particular hearing impaired person.

Administration
ISI functions as an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI), which is the nodal ministry of the Government of India that ensures the functioning of ISI in accordance with The Indian Statistical Institute Act 1959. ISI Council is the highest policy–making body of the institute. Members of this council include the president of ISI, the chairman of ISI, representatives of the Government of India including one representative of RBI, scientists not employed in ISI including one representative from the Planning Commission of India and one representative of the UGC, representatives of scientific and non-scientific workers of ISI, and representative from academic staff of ISI, including the director of ISI and the Dean of Studies of ISI. Bimal Kumar Roy was the director until 10 June 2015; in a move unique in the history of the institute, he was removed from his post via a notice posted on the web site of the Ministry of Statistics and Planning. He was sacked over financial and administrative irregularities The list is the following:

Visits by Heads of states
Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev visited ISI during his visit to India in 1955. Zhou Enlai, the Prime Minister of China, and Ho Chi Minh, the President of Vietnam, during their visit to India specifically visited ISI respectively on 9 September 1956 and 13 February 1958.

title: Indian Statistical Institute


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Talk:MIL-STD-6011

Note: This article was originally based on public domain text from Army Airspace Command and Control in a Combat Zone, Headquarters, Department of the Navy, publication FM 3-52 (FM 100-103), August 2002

TADIL
Suggest TADIL should take you to the TDL wiki page. Currently wikipedia does not have a TADIL page or any link to another page... Also, typing "Tactical Digital Information Link" should take you to the "Tactical Data Link" page. I know TADIL is an obsolete term, but wikipedia should help by pointing you to the current "equivalents". 80.4.63.73 (talk) 12:09, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:MIL-STD-6011


text: Category:Forts in Illinois

title: Category:Forts in Illinois


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gamaliel Coloma

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mgm|(talk) 12:50, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Gamaliel Coloma
Notability not established. Sietse 08:53, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. --TheMidnighters 12:00, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 17:08, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 22:49, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 04:42, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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List of birding books

The literature relating to birding is vast; however, certain books or series are regarded by the birding community as key milestones, setting standards of quality and influencing the development of birding literature, or birding itself. These works and their impact are dealt with on this page, in chronological order of publication. More information on each of the individual works can be found on their individual pages.

 * Bird Neighbors (1897) by Neltje Blanchan was an early birding book which sold over 250,000 copies. It was illustrated with color photographs of stuffed birds.
 * The Field Guide to the Birds by Roger Tory Peterson is regarded as the key birding book of the 20th century, due to its impact on the development and popularisation of birding.
 * Atlas of Breeding Birds of the West Midlands, produced in 1970 by the West Midland Bird Club; the first modern bird atlas.
 * The Birds of the Western Palearctic is a comprehensive regional avifauna for the Western Palearctic. It consists of 9 volumes, the first published in 1977 and the ninth in 1996. Its format and breadth influenced the development of regional avifaunas for other parts of the world, notably The Birds of Africa.
 * The Helm Identification Guides are a series, originally produced by Christopher Helm, covering the identification of groups of birds at a worldwide scale. The first volume produced was Seabirds by Peter Harrison, published in 1983.
 * The Macmillan Field Guides to Bird Identification are two small field guides. They adopt an unusual format, in that not all species in the geographical area of coverage are included; instead only groups of species which the authors regarded as difficult to identify are covered. Each such group is given a chapter, where identification is covered discursively rather than in the abbreviated form more usually used in a field guide. The publication of the first volume (covering Britain and Ireland) was the first time that this approach had been used in a European guide; the book undoubtedly had a major influence on improving the identification skills of birders in Britain during the 1990s.
 * The publication of Charles Sibley & Jon Ahlquist's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds in 1990 brought a debate about the higher-level systematics of modern birds to the consciousness of birders. Sibley and Ahlquist proposed a radically different phylogenetic tree for birds, based on the results of DNA-DNA hybridisation studies. More details can be found in the article Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy.
 * Handbook of the Birds of the World is the first work to describe and illustrate all of the world's birds. It is currently in production.
 * The Sibley Guide to Birds by David Allen Sibley was published in 2000, and was widely regarded as setting a new standard for field guides in North America.
 * The Collins Bird Guide by Peter J. Grant and Lars Svensson was first published in 2000, and was received extremely warmly by birders. It deals with the birds of the bulk of the Western Palearctic.
 * The Big Year, by Mark Obmascik, was an account of a year-long birding contest, later turned into a movie.

title: List of birding books


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Simon Bernard

Baron Simon Bernard (28 April 1779 – 5 November 1839) was a French general of engineers. Born in Dole, Simon Bernard was educated at the École polytechnique, graduating as second in the promotion of 1799 and entered the army in the corps of engineers.

French military service
He rose rapidly, becoming a captain in 1800 and a major in 1809. After being involved in the works to the Port of Antwerp, Bernard served (1809–1812) as aide-de-camp to Napoléon. Promoted to colonel in 1813, he was wounded in the retreat after the battle of Leipzig and distinguished himself the same year (1813) in the gallant three month defense of the besieged city of Torgau against the allies.

After Napoléon's first abdication he rallied to the Bourbons and was promoted to general de brigade by Louis XVIII of France and made a knight of Saint Louis. Bernard was tasked by the minister of war Clarke with topographical work. After Napoléon's return from Elba, Bernard rallied to the emperor and took part in the battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Service in the United States Army
After the emperor's second abdication he was banished from France and, refusing an offer for employment from czar Alexander I of Russia, emigrated to the United States, where he was accepted as an assistant engineer with the rank and pay of a brigadier-general of engineers on November 16, 1816. He designed a number of extensive forts for the Army, notably Fort Monroe and Fort Wool in Virginia, Fort Adams in Newport, Rhode Island, Fort Morgan in Alabama, Fort McRee in Florida and Fort Pulaski in Georgia. During Marquis de LaFayette's famous trip to the United States in 1824–1825, the Marquis admired Fort Monroe, the Old Point Comfort stronghold which had also been designed by Bernard. During his time in America, he was a member of the prestigious Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, which counted among its members presidents Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams and many prominent men of the day, including well-known representatives of the military, government service, medical and other professions. In 1829, under the employ of the U.S. congress, Bernard completed a survey to discover the feasibility of a Cross Florida Canal.

He resigned from the United States Army on July 10, 1831.

Return to France
He returned to France after the July Revolution of 1830 and he was made a lieutenant-général by Louis Philippe I of France. He was named to the general committee on fortifications and was tasked with drafting the plans to improve the fortifications of Paris. He was made a peer of France in 1834. He served twice as minister of war. In 1834 he held the post for eight days (10–18 November) and again from September 1836 to March 1839 under Louis-Mathieu Molé.

General Bernard died in Paris on November 5, 1839.

title: Simon Bernard


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Wikipedia:List of constructed languages with Wikipedias

The list below is a list of constructed languages ("conlangs") which have Wikipedias.

External link

 * meta:List_of_Wikipedias_by_language_family - see #constructed


text: Category:Forts in Pennsylvania

title: Category:Forts in Pennsylvania


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Mick Rix

Mick Rix (born 11 April 1963 in Barnsley, West Riding of Yorkshire) is a British trade unionist and politician.

Union career
Rix is the former General Secretary of ASLEF. He left school at 16 and started work the next day with no qualifications. During his tenure of ASLEF, most members saw their real earnings rise by an average of 6% per annum, and their working week cut to an average of 35 hours, and with many working a four-day week.. He fought for the safety of his members, and the inquiry into the Ladbroke Grove rail crash led by Lord Cullen. He got into trouble with Cullen, when he was quoted in the press stating that leading counsel for Railtrack were lying to cover up their negligence about the cause of the Ladbroke Grove crash. Rix refused to apologise, stating to do so would dishonour the memories of his deceased members.

There is a plaque and a tree outside Euston station which Rix planted to celebrate the memories of those killed in railway disasters. Rix founded the group Take Back the Track, which was successful in turning Railtrack into a not-for-profit publicly owned company in 2001. Rix's defeat in the election for General Secretary of ASLEF by Shaun Brady, a relatively right wing candidate, came as a great surprise to the left wing of the trade union movement. It was widely claimed that those in New Labour and the railway companies had a hand in his defeat. The defeat led to a period of instability in ASLEF culminating in a brawl at a barbecue at the union's London headquarters, which resulted in a number of senior officers being removed from their positions, including Brady.

Rix is currently a National Officer with the GMB Union responsible for relationships with DHL. He also leads the union on all transport and aviation matters, including Yodel, BA, Servisair, Menzies, BMI, the private hire taxi industry and ASDA Distribution.

Political views
Rix joined the Labour Party in February 1980. He created the left-wing FUWL group (Fed Up With Losing) in 1999 after a discussion with Kenny Cameron, Alan Sapper and Ken Gill. The group became more widely known in the public and media as the "awkward squad", after journalist Kevin Maguire coined the term in an article in The Guardian in 2001, in which he also reported that Rix had recently rejoined Labour after a period in the Arthur Scargill's Socialist Labour Party. Rix insisted that the FUWL group had not to ape the left of the old days but had to include a senior officer, senior lay member and a trusted staffer, so that the decisions made at FUWL meetings would go through the various networks of union internal structures. FUWL insisted that it was not the preserve of males, and included the very powerful TUC women's network, along with the editor of the Morning Star. FUWL became a powerful block on the TUC. FUWL basically wrote the policy agenda and in 2001 it ended the right wing dominance at the TUC on policy, and in winning elections to the general council elections in a number of unions. FUWL worked with the Campaign Group of MPs on a whole host of projects.

Rix was responsible for creating the influential Justice for Colombia (JFC) group in late 2000, which helped raise awareness of the deaths and murders of trade unionists taking place in the country. When Rix formed this influential group within the British trade union movement, there were over 250 trade unionists being murdered in Colombia each year. By the time Rix had moved on, this figure had been cut to around 50 to 70 a year, with regular visits and fact finding missions to Colombia taking place by leading trade unionists, journalists, solicitors, politicians, and NGOs. Rix even met the Vice President, later President, Juan Manuel Santos, and berated him over the impunity involved in the murders. Nearly every trade union in the UK plays an active part in JFC.

Rix, along with others, was a founder of the Stop the War Coalition, but later resigned from the organisation. He spoke at most of STWC's large popular demonstrations. He is also active in the Cuba Solidarity Campaign, has visited Cuba many times, has met with many leading Cubans, including Castro, and holds the Workers' Central Union of Cuba (CTC) medal, and the Che Guevara medal, presented to him by the general secretary of the Cuban CTC.

Rix also helped Denis Goldberg, the South African anti-apartheid activist, with his activities with the Woodcraft Folk on numerous occasions, until his return to South Africa. Rix has visited many countries meeting leading trade unionists and politicians.

Personal life
Born in the West Riding of Yorkshire but raised in Leeds, Rix has three children. He owns a golden retriever named Che Keir.

title: Mick Rix


text:
Talk:Hawthorne effect

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 13 January 2020 and 24 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Lhsimpkins, Jzhang152, Cskretz.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:09, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

2008 Merge
No mention of the 'Rabble hypothesis', which was an important aspect of the Hawthorne studies in dismissing the belief orchestrated by Taylor, that society on a whole was unorganized and that individuals only acted to serve self interest. A dismissal, which led to the formation of McGregor's theory X and theory Y principles of motivation. This is something Mayo thought of being one of the greatest contributions of the Hawthorne studies. Unfortunately it isn't discussed or mentioned in many business school texts as they tend to over emphasize the importance of the illumination and bank wiring vault experiments.

-scarfjackson 16:54, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

2005 merge
These should not be merged. I am just learning about both subjects for the first time and they seem quite distinct. The experiments were specific and apparently some of the first in industrial psychology. The Hawthorne effect appears to have a much broader applicability and to have been an interesting by product of the studies. I think they are fine as separate articles. scarykitty

I think that this is correct in every situation

I concur.

 * I agree-- the "Hawthorne effect" only describes one aspect of the Hawthorne experiments, the latter should be a separate article instead of a redirect. There are some good references listed here, we just need someone to read them and write up a summary. -Rbean 03:16, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Quote
Statistician David Salsburg wrote:

 * The Hawthorne plant gave its name to a phenomenon known as the "Hawthorne effect." An attempt was made to measure the difference between two methods of management during the 1930s at the Hawthorne plant. The attempt failed because the workers impoved their efforts immensely for both methods. This was because they knew they were being watched carefuly. Since then, the term Hawthorne effect has been used to describe the improvement in a situation that occurs just because an experiment is being run. Typical is the fact that large clinical trials comparing new treatments with traditional ones usually show an improvement in patient health, more than would have been expected from the traditional one based on past experience. This makes it more difficult to detect the difference in effect between the traditional and the new treatment. The Lady Tasting Tea, page 254.

brup!
 * I would recommend you get the answer for that at the reference desk. - Master of Hedgehogs (converse) (hate that hedgehog!) 14:02, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

Donation of text from a university professor
On Sun, 16 Oct 2005, Ed Poor wrote:

> Would you be willing to write an article about the > Hawthorne effect for Wikipedia? Or perhaps simply > license your notes for use as a first draft for our > dedicated volunteer staff to work into an article? I

Feel free to have an article written out of those pieces. I think an encyclopaedia rather than a dictionary entry would be right, because as my web page I think shows, there are actually a bunch of related effects and what people most need to know is that: i.e. there isn't a single Hawthorne effect which was just what they were thinking of in the first place. So explaining it by contrast, with pointers to things like placebo effect, and Rosenthal's pygmalion effect would probably do most to interest and educate readers.

Steve Draper Dept. of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K. 0141-330 4961 (...5089 to leave a message; fax: ...5086) (The code for UK is 44 e.g. in Germany dial: 00 44 141 330 4961) s.draper@psy.gla.ac.uk http://www.psy.gla.ac.uk/~steve/

I regard the above e-mail exchange as permitting us to consider the GFDL to apply to the entire Steve Draper article, the same as if he had created a Wikipedia account and posted his article himself. Uncle Ed 20:53, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Good stuff
This article, although it's far too long for an encyclopedia, has a lot of good stuff in it. Some of it should be separated into Pygmalion effect, like the accounts of teacher expectation at "Oak School".

I have personally found as a teacher that once a student believes that "they can do it", their progress can be astonishing. But students who think they are backward or stupid show only the barest of improvement, and it often vanishes soon after the last test of the unit.

I had sort of an epiphany during 6th grade in which I suddenly grasped the basic concept of the equation in algebra. Four years later, I scored higher than 99% of all college-bound takers of the Math SAT. Was I a child prodigy, or did I simply exploit one of these effects? I sure did learn, but why so quickly and lastingly, when my peers were barely passing? Uncle Ed 22:47, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, the info is good. But we should work on making the article more readable so the info can be more accessable. I'm going to work on it as I have time. --DanielCD 14:54, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Issues
Here's a sampling of issues that I came across in this article:
 * "The Hawthorne Effect is still widely invoked, even after being proved incorrect." Sounds pov to me, and the rest of the article doesn't seem to support the fact that it has been proven incorrect. I've never heard it criticized before, at the very least, you might say that the validity is in dispute.
 * What is up with "Can we trust the research?" and "Can we trust the literature?" Both sounds like the same question to me. sections should probably be merged and a more encyclopedic heading chosen.
 * (May be the literature on this subject can't be trusted because it improved just because people were going to read it...? 193.129.65.37 07:22, 1 June 2006 (UTC))

Sorry if this comes across as harsh, You've got a lot of data here, so you're well on your way to a good article. It just needs a good editing job. Matt 20:40, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * In the Can we trust the research section, it's not clear what is a quote and what is a comment on a quote, very difficult to read.
 * Some of the quotes in this section are uncited, and it's not clear their relevance. Who is Don Smith and why do I care what he thinks of the Hawthorne effect?
 * In that same section "A dismissive comment which back-handedly tells you something about the power of anecdote and narrative." Unencyclopedic and pov. If you've given me the quote with the proper context, why do you then need to tell me what the quote says? Either I can see that myself, or it's just one interpretation of the comment (and then that interpretation needs to be cited).
 * Why do we have a "summary view of hawthorne" right dab in the middle of the article? Summaries are good at the beginning, and less good at the end, but in the middle?
 * In that section "In the light of the various critiques, I think we could see the Hawthorne effect at several levels". Use of first person and particularly the phrase like "I think" and "I would" makes this original research. It's also prescriptive instead of descriptive. axe this section.
 * From "Teacher effects" -- "Tim O'Shea once told me that in all studies..." What's all this first person? This is beginning to smell like a copyvio, has anyone looked into whether this is someones essay yanked off the web? In anycase, this should be rewritten as an encyclopedia article.
 * And finally, this article is way too long. Remember to write in summary style and cover just the essentials, other stuff can be moved off to more specific or appropriate articles.
 * Ok, a follow up. The bulk of the text is from here. Added in this edit where it's stated that the text was donated. Just mentioning it here to save others the time of looking into it. Matt 21:26, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The only major problem with this is the use of personal pronouns. Length is not really the issue - some articles simply have to be longer than is preferable for a *print* encylopedia to fully explain their subject. Since I don't really have any knowledge of this I can't say whether or not this is one of those articles, but cutting length is not something that is high priority. Good organization can cut down on 'perceived' length so people can stomach the article more easily. Rarr 22:12, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Illumination Issue, and general good source
==

Joe Romm's book "Cool Companies" published in 1998 included an appendix on the Hawthorne Effect. He dealt with the illumination study issue as well; it turns out that when natural light is included (based on weather records) that productivity was indeed showing a response to level of illumination - either excessively dim light or excessive glare. I put this in comments rather than editing the article because I am paraphrasing from memory, and Romm is a secondary source in any case; he referenced a primary source. So there is pointer. If someone wants to track down the primary source it might make a good addition. I'm adding this in talk because I have to give a secondary rather than primary source. If someone wants to find a copy of "cool companies" to find the reference, then track the primary source it might interesting. That appendix by the way refers to a number of major debunking studies on the subject, so it is a good guide in general. Apparently there was an extensive review of literature, which showed no Hawthorne effect in a number of studies where it might have been expected. Gar Lipow 01:58, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Comments from the original trouble maker
The wikipedia entry was originally based on my web page about this. Having just done some minor updates to that, I've had a look at the article and at the discussion here. I think most of the comments, including the harsh ones, have some merit. However here's a few points I think should be borne in mind by anyone minded to clean up this article.

Although the article is much longer than typical encyclopedia articles, there was a reason for that at least in the original web page: that understanding what the Hawthorne effect might be seemed best done by relating it to a number of other effects/things that I at least didn't have separate articles on. Defining it by contrast, in other words, but where all the terms had to be introduced for the first time.

Furthermore, it is not clear what field it belongs in: or rather, its significance varies across fields. Taking the view that the Hawthorne studies were in management science (or possibly, organisational psychology) is perfectly logical BUT in fact the enquiries I've had (and so the hits the page might get in wikipedia) have actually come mostly from elsewhere. That is because there are methodological lessons here for all fields that have humans as experimental subjects (or participants, to use the politically and technically more correct term): psychology, education, medicine, management, ... I suppose I'm saying that on the one hand, it might be good to separate each of these aspects into cross-referring articles. But it is worth noting that a number of people half remember it from one field and want to apply it in another. They are right to try, but the discussion they really need isn't provided by a one-field article.

This relates to the fact that it is disputed by some whether any Hawthorne effect exists. The long debate in management science (as referred to by Gillespie, cited in the article) on how to interpret those studies is one thing, and those in that field can find it fairly easily. However outsiders periodically want to refer to the issue of how the expectations of participants may seriously affect experiments, and apart from having had lectures refer to the Hawthorne effect, it isn't easy for them to get a clear and easily available treatment. For them, it perhaps doesn't matter what the opinions are on how to manage factory workers: they just need to think about and talk about possible effects with a view to improving experimental designs. But here I couldn't think how to do better than alert them to a variety of such effects.

Let me try again:
 * 1) There is no absolute or completely factual truth in this area. What most of the less confused people seem to mean by "the Hawthorne effect" is, I believe, essentially Mayo's interpretation of the Hawthorne studies.  Roughly, that the awareness of being studied had at least as big an effect as the variables that the researchers thought they were studying.  This was eventually an important landmark in management science.  But Mayo's interpretation, though permanently influential, was and continues to be disputed.
 * 2) Other fields need a term like Hawthorne effect to refer to the issue of how observing people can change their behaviour and so change the outcome of studies (regardless of what happened at Hawthorne): and quite a lot of people use "Hawthorne effect" for this.  It's a case where a term is needed, but not really soundly established.
 * 3) My web page came out of a discussion on an email forum: hence some of the quotes.  Use of the first person came from flagging up personal opinions.
 * 4) I think it likely that a rewrite would benefit readers of wikipedia but don't feel I have the right distance to do it myself (I am indeed happy for any use to be made of any of my web pages here).  Although I think this is actually a quite interestingly tricky case for the whole notion of an encyclopedia: both because of the overlap of related but distinct terms and issues; and because of the mix of consensus, dispute and uninformed need around the topic.

Steved2 13:21, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Factual Accuracy
Does this mean the factual accuracy box can be removed yet...? The article doesn't seem to be THAT disputed... and certainly seems to be attempted to present all points of view. 193.129.65.37 07:24, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Not in my opinion. The unqualified claim that the "Hawthorne effect has been proven false" is totally inappropriate. It must be acknowledged that the phrase as commonly used has a number of meanings from very specific to very general, that some of the original Hawthorne studies and the conclusions drawn from them are debatable, but the fact that observation has a large influence, perhaps but not certainly overwhelming the influence of the intervention, is not much under debate, and certainly not "proven false."

The Harthorne effect is when subjects guess the hypothesis and act according to it. The first time this was noticed was at the Hawthorne factory. As a result production did increase, but only because the workers believed that was what the study was about increasing production. The workers could have guessed to decrease downtime and as a result done that instead of increasing production. (Research Design in Counseling, Heppner 2nd ed. pg 273)

Plagiarism
It looks like much of this article is plagiarized fromhere. Mo-Al 01:49, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * by permission of the author, surely (see above) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.69.103.247 (talk • contribs)

Too Long - Keep it simple
I did a copy and paste into MS Word to get some statistics

Words      7,800+ Lines        770 Characters 49,000+ (Spaces included)

The Wikipedia style guide says to consider the user. The Hawthorne effect is a simple story.

Please break this up into separate sections so that the basic idea is accessible to the general reader. Use links to further develop concepts, history, etc. for those who are interested.

I agree with this. This article could be much shorter, even if we allow for multiple views of the effect to be presented.--Jlray (talk) 17:13, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

Factual... Definitely
It is well known that the Hawthorne Effect is a major concern when designing and implementing studies. If you don't think that this article has acedemic or encyclopedic value, or that any part of it is untrue, please do point out the portions that are not accurate. I have taken both College Psychology and Sociology, Of which the professor cose (Richard T. Shaefer, Tenth Edition, 2007) and "The Hawthorn effect" is referenced as TERMS in both of the college level books that I have used. There is no need to mute it because the theory is simple. The fact that this term is used amongst many disciplines such as Psychology, Sociology, Marketing, to name a few, has different considerations for the design for each of these studies in these disciplines. But I agree that it could be shortened. The "Teacher Effects" section should be completely moved to a seperate article called "Teacher-Expectancy Effect". This term meens that teachers expectations of students will have an effect on studen'ts actual performance. I will either create a new article if it does not exist, or add this text to the existing one. Just don't burn my ass because I will put a "see also" link at the bottom of the page. That's just my two pennies.M jurrens 17:00, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Teacher effect split
I split the teacher effects into these two articles: Pygmalion_effect, for the teacher effects portion and Placebo effect, for the portion mentioning the placebo effect. Thus eliminating that section all together. I will be working to try to find any loose references and transfer them. The Three articles will all have see also sections that mention each other since yes they are very similar.M jurrens 17:15, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It is done feel free to revert it if you like, but none of what was written was lost, just transfered to the applicable articles :P.M jurrens 17:15, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Clean-up and editing suggestions
I'm a new reader of this article, and I think the writers assume I know what the Hawthorne experiments are, but I don’t. I have a vague idea from something I learned in college, but I would really appreciate it if this article were organized more like: definition, background (with a possible link to a separate "Hawthorne experiments" article), and current findings and analysis.

First sentence of article now: “The Hawthorne effect is a label first used in 1955 to give a new interpretation of the results of the original Hawthorne experiments conducted from 1924-1932.” Right here we need an explanation of what the Hawthorne experiments were. I recommend a short explanation and then, if desired, a separate article on the Hawthorne experiments.

This sentence from the “Case studies” section would be better at the beginning: “The original Hawthorne research was a series of studies on the productivity of workers manipulated various conditions (pay, light levels, rest breaks, etc.), but on average each change resulted in productivity rising, including eventually a return to the original conditions. This was true of each of the individual workers as well as of the group mean.”

Also in the “Case studies section: Studies were done between 1924 and around 1933. Fritz Roethlisberger and William J. Dickson give a great amount of detail, but little interpretation. Elton Mayo of Harvard Business School gives a shorter account,…” What studies?

I’ve written other comments in the article with hidden text, so you’ll have to edit the article in order to see them. I apologize for entering the fray so ungently, but my nitpicky editor got out and I couldn’t get her back in. Dblomgren 22:49, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Well, I got tired of waiting on the experts :) and decided to make some of my suggested changes in the first two sections. I didn't remove the "needs cleanup" tag because I thought it would be more appropriate for someone else to make that judgment.  I will add more info to the bank wiring studies when I have more time.  In case anyone's interested in continuing, I used these sites for resources. (Should they be added as references at the bottom of the article?) Dblomgren 02:56, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * http://www.psy.gla.ac.uk/~steve/hawth.html#orig
 * http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/Hawthorne.html

 * this is a really comment, but I found the same reference (http://www.psy.gla.ac.uk/~steve/hawth.html) to fill in the Clark and Sugrue reference. In the process, I noticed that almost the same line about Clark and Sugrue's research on novelty effects is repeated twice in this entry. The aforementioned website states, "Clark & Sugrue (1991, p.333) in a review of educational research say that uncontrolled novelty effects cause on average 30% of a standard deviation (SD) rise (i.e. 50%-63% score rise), which decays to small level after 8 weeks. In more detail: 50% of a SD for up to 4 weeks; 30% of SD for 5-8 weeks; and 20% of SD for > 8 weeks, (which is < 1% of the variance)."

 * The website also states that some of the information was taken from others, so perhaps that line started here. Thoughts? - Paul2520 (talk) 13:42, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Outline of proposed rewrite
I propose the following outline for this article. The case studies section will be more complete (and longer), but the overall article should be shorter since I’ll delete much of the content that came from Steve Draper’s webpage. Note that not all bullets will be headings. It’s just to give an idea of what should be included.

1. General information about the Hawthorne effect (general definition, place, researchers, purpose, significance, controversy)

2. Case studies 3. Sources of information on the studies 4. Definitions and significance of the Hawthorne effect 5. Interpretation, criticism, and conclusions 6. Footnotes
 * Illumination studies
 * Relay assembly test room
 * Mica splitting
 * Bank wiring room
 * Interviewing
 * Personnel counseling
 * Primary resources from the researchers and their backgrounds
 * Major secondary sources
 * Sample definitions of Hawthorne effect
 * Significance
 * industrial and occupational pscychology
 * organizational development
 * social psychology
 * business management
 * medicine (placebo effect)
 * educational psychology (halo effect)
 * research methods and experiment variables (meaning the researchers thought they were only changing the lights and didn’t take into account other changes they introduced to conduct the experiments) – nice segue to:
 * other possible causes of results
 * untruthful reporting of events (use part of section Can we trust the literature?)
 * accepted without foundation

7. References (books and websites referenced in text)

8. Further reading 9. External links
 * halo effect (add part of section Teacher effects)
 * placebo effect
 * Pygmalian effect
 * John Henry effect (create article base on information in this one)
 * etc.

Please let me know what you think. Dblomgren 04:34, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Seems very reasonable. Andrew73 18:26, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That appears to be a sound approach with a good flow. M jurrens 18:13, 19 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed that it sounds like a good approach. Something missing from the current article are the implications of the Hawthorne effect for experimental design. I gather that you plan to cover this under your section 4, which would be a vaulable addition. Zoe Ocean 02:43, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

In case anyone's wondering, I am rewriting and reorganizing the article. I was hoping to replace the text in one fell swoop, but I decided it would be more reassuring to other editors to add it piece by piece. DBlomgren 03:07, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Uhh, and just out of reference, not sure of the correct section to place this, but per a discussion above... in the UK at least, the hawthorne effect is a part of the Sociology Syllabus for A-level, which is a college level qualification.... but not the Psychology Syllabus - if you reference it in psychology you lose marks as each subject has pretty specific terminology. 90.240.133.130 22:05, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Please do not link to HUP
Please do not link this article to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. It is a misconception to attribut observers interfering with the experiment as the reason behind HUP. Quantum mechanics is not applicable in these scenarios. Thanks, --ScienceApologist 15:31, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Quite right. Steved2 18:26, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

This is a very important topic for every management student.So,this should not be removed from the wiki.

I understand that the actual topic is not a Psychology topic. There still remains the fact that the improvements were short lived. I would endevor to relate finding this to regression psychology in order to understand the stress of observation. From an Industrial Engineering point of view the sociological factors are also of importance and tend to be overlooked by scholars.

Reactivity
As I learned it, a lot of the content on this page applies to the more general concept of reactivity, which Hawthorne effect applies only to situations where study participants alter their behavior in response to the awareness that they are being observed. I would like to move some of this content to that article to tighten this one up a bit, does anyone have a problem with that? Steve CarlsonTalk 05:43, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

I think it would be great to do whatever we can to cut this article's length down.--Jlray (talk) 17:18, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

University of Chicago Economists' Self Promotion?
It saddens me to see an article like this apparently being hijacked for the self promotion of the two University of Chicago economists (or their employer) mentioned in the opening section. (They even appear so clumsy as to refer to their work in the first person at the end of the article.) The paper they refer to is as yet an unpublished manuscript and so has not been subject to the rigours of peer review. If the claims they make in that paper are correct it does not alter the whole body of scholarship on the subject as they appear to suggest, it provides additional information supporting SRG Jones' interpretation of the original Hawthorne experiments in his 1992 article. Self promotion or institutional self-promotion are contrary to Wikipedia policies and I therefore suggest that references to this work are removed or significantly downplayed.

Econobbler (talk) 23:24, 1 October 2009 (UTC)Econobuster

Missing Illumination experiment
Although the illumination experiment is mentioned, unless I missed it it doesn't seem to be described. I didn't see any reference to it either. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ghaag (talk • contribs) 10:27, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Do you have a good source about the illumination experiment? Then maybe you could write something about it.  Lova Falk     talk   14:07, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

This section has grown out of control, so I have moved it out of the article into this talk page. Please see Further reading and put only entries that are topical, reliable and balanced, and please, keep the section limited in size. "Wikipedia is not a catalogue of all existing works." Please, if you add an entry back into the article, motivate why. Thank you! Lova Falk    talk   16:45, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

 * [Reviews references to Hawthorne in the psychology methodology literature.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]
 * [A very detailed description, in a more accessible source, of some of the experiments; used to argue that the effect was due to feedback-promoted learning.]

redundancy
Most of the fourth paragraph in "History" is redundant and is mentioned again, in part even word by word, under "Interpretation and Criticism". I don't dare doing it myself but maybe somebody with a bit more knowledge of the matter wants to clean that up. Sansmalrst (talk) 16:51, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

I agree with you and I have therefore turned that section into a comment and moved the part that was not mentioned into the interpretation section. Kind regards. --Suturn (talk) 11:47, 27 November 2017 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 17:18, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I'm not going to be the one to remove this, but I agree that it should be deprecated. Lussier, quoted, is retailing a discredited hypothesis for why or how the Hawthorne Effect works. There is no reason to take that "observer effect" chatter seriously. It's just a phase that social science went through in one of those storms of "let's all talk about quantum mechanics blahblahblah."

 * David Lloyd-Jones (talk) 08:11, 30 January 2019 (UTC)

Grammatical Error
I noticed the second sentence of the article is a sentence fragment:

 * "Descriptions of this well-known and remarkable effect, which was discovered in the context of research conducted at the Hawthorne Western Electric plant, which some scholars feel turned out to be fictional"

I am not familiar enough with the effect to feel confident correcting the issue. Could someone more knowledgable please correct this, or let me know which "which" clause should become the primary action of the sentence?

Cheers, Flyingpinkpotato (talk) 20:02, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

 * , going off the source, I've attempted to address the issue. Thanks for pointing it out; I just happened upon this article today. Sdrqaz (talk) 21:13, 9 September 2021 (UTC)

Thanks @Sdrqaz ! 🥳 Flyingpinkpotato (talk) 01:33, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

Landsberger or French???
According to https://sociology.unc.edu/henry-landsberger-1926-2017/, Landsberger "coin[ed] the term “the Hawthorne Effect” in an early major critique of Elton Mayo’s workplace study". According to this Wikipedia page, "The term "Hawthorne effect" was coined in 1953 by John R. P. French".

So who was it guys??? 149.111.26.128 (talk) 14:00, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hawthorne effect


text:
Baughurst

Baughurst is a village and civil parish in Hampshire, England. It is located west of the town of Tadley, 6 mi north of Basingstoke. In the 2001 census, it had a population of 2,473.

The village is known for its historical association with Tadley in the manufacture of besom brooms.

History
A number of tumuli are in the parish, suggesting that a settlement may have been in the Baughurst area in the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Roman times. Portway, the Roman road between London (Londinium) and Dorchester (Durnovaria) via nearby Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum), ran through the parish. The recorded history of Baughurst traces to Anglo Saxon Britain. In 885, the area was given to the Bishop of Winchester, and became part of Hurstbourne Priors near Andover. Baughurst was not mentioned in the Domesday Survey of 1086; it was probably still part of Hurstbourne Priors. During the late 13th century, a number of tithings within Baughurst were held by the Coudray family on behalf of Edward I.

In 1440, Baughurst became part of the Manor of Manydown near Basingstoke. In the mid-16th century, Baughurst's tithings were bought by the Palmes family. Around the same time, the Dissolution of the Monasteries occurred and Aldermaston returned to Winchester Cathedral in 1541. It later swapped to Manydown once more, before being sold in 1649 and returned to Winchester in 1660. After the Civil War, the area became one of the wealthiest Quaker centres in the south of England. After George Fox's visit to Basingstoke in 1657, a dissident – James Potter – was imprisoned for standing up in church and reading from a Quaker paper which conflicted with standard church beliefs. After his release, Potter established a Friends meeting house in the village. After the Act of Toleration 1689, Baughurst became less valuable to the Quakers – many joined the Anglicans. The majority, however, began following the Methodist movement of John and Charles Wesley, who regularly visited Baughurst. The Wesleys' friend, George Whitefield, lived in Baughurst around 1736.

In the late 18th century, Jane Austen (who lived in nearby Steventon) visited Baughurst Priory. She wrote about her visit in a letter to her sister Cassandra.

In 1847, Baughurst became part of the Duke of Wellington's Stratfield Saye estate. The subsequent dukes were the main land owners of Baughurst until 1943. In 1942, land was cleared to build RAF Aldermaston. One of the RAF base's hangars, located at Baughurst Plantation, was used to assemble Spitfires. Between 1943 and 1945, the plant produced approximately 500 photo-reconnaissance aircraft, including Mark IX and XIX. It also produced some Mark IX and XIV fighter aircraft. Over the next 30 years, the parish's population grew from 490 to 2,250. This because of the RAF base and, later, the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment.

Toponymy
A number of explanations for the name "Baughurst" exist. "Hurst" was Old English for a thick wood or wooded hill. "Baughurst" may either refer to the wood inhabited by a Saxon named Beagga, or by badgers; "wood of the badgers". The latter is referred to in the name of one of the village's pubs, "The Badger's Wood".

A number of alternative spellings of Baughurst have been recorded, including Bagganhyrst (11th century), Baggehurst (12th century), Bagehurst (15th century), Baugust (18th century), and Baghurst (19th century).

Geography
Baughurst is 2.8 mi2 in area, and is neighboured by a number of parishes in Berkshire and Hampshire:

The tithings of Ham and Inhurst are within the parish; they were first recorded in 1298. Baughurst Brook, which is a tributary of the River Enborne, is a Site of Nature Conservation Interest.

Geology
Baughurst is situated on a natural ridge between Silchester and Brimpton Common. The ridge, which is situated towards the north of the parish, is approximately 100 m above sea level. Moving south through the parish, the land drops by 30 m to Baughurst Brook, before rising to 143 m at the northern edge of the North Hampshire Downs. The brook leaves the lower land in the parish liable to flooding. The soil and subsoil of the area are clay. The Brook travels East to eventually become the Foudry Brook. Some tributaries of the River Enborne are also found in the area around Baughurst.

Economy
Along with Tadley, Baughurst is associated with the manufacture of besom brooms. Historically, much of the land in the parish was heathland used to grow birch trees, which were taken to Tadley to manufacture the brooms.

Landmarks
Built in 1937, Lattice House was originally the depot for Kent's Buses and was built with a single-span wooden Belfast truss roof. It was used for the storage of Spitfire aircraft parts during 1943–1945, which were assembled at the neighbouring RAF Aldermaston. At one time the building's arched roof was the largest single-span wooden roof in Western Europe.

Education

The Hurst School is in the village, and provides secondary education for students between the ages of 11 and 16. It is the main secondary school in the Tadley area. Aside from one independent school, the parish's primary education is in nearby Tadley.

Religious sites
The parish church is dedicated to Saint Stephen, and is in the Diocese of Winchester. The church consists of a chancel, vestry, nave and a tower. The tower, which is 100 ft tall, forms part of the porch. It is built in flint and incorporates earlier materials. The bell tower houses five bells, all of which were cast by Thomas Swaine in 1775.

The current church was built by Benjamin Ferrey in 1845 on the site of an earlier (possibly 12th century) chapel, which had partially collapsed the same year. Baughurst had a Primitive Methodist Church between 1872 and 1987. The Quakers established a meeting house at Brown's Farm in the mid 17th century, which operated until 1791.

Sport
Baughurst AFC, the village's association football club, used to play in Tadley. AFC Aldermaston train and play at the Atomic Weapons Establishment on the Baughurst-Tadley border.

title: Baughurst


text:
User:IAMCanadian

I. AM.

title: User:IAMCanadian


text:
User talk:BouncinDave

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and ask your question there. Again, welcome! Pan Dan 02:19, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
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A tag has been placed on TimandDave, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable, that is, why an article about that subject should be included in Wikipedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert notability may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is notable, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add  on the top of the page (below the existing db tag) and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Pan Dan 02:19, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

License tagging for File:Stslogo.png
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File permission problem with File:TimandDave.jpg
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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read the Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk ) 06:26, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

File:TimandDave.jpg listed for deletion
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title: User talk:BouncinDave


text:
User:Lipothymia

Lipothymia, administrator at Norwegian Wikipedia and Wikiquote.

da:Bruger:Lipothymia no:Bruker:Lipothymia nn:Brukar:Lipothymia sv:Användare:Lipothymia

title: User:Lipothymia


text:
Ray Collins (actor)

Ray Bidwell Collins (December 10, 1889 – July 11, 1965) was an American character actor in stock and Broadway theatre, radio, films, and television. With 900 stage roles to his credit, he became one of the most successful actors in the developing field of radio drama. A friend and associate of Orson Welles for many years, Collins went to Hollywood with the Mercury Theatre company and made his feature-film debut in Citizen Kane (1941), as Kane's political rival. Collins appeared in more than 75 films and had one of his best-remembered roles on television, as Los Angeles homicide detective Lieutenant Arthur Tragg in the CBS-TV series Perry Mason.

Life and career

Ray Bidwell Collins was born December 10, 1889, in Sacramento, California, to Lillie Bidwell and William Calderwood Collins. His father was a newspaper reporter and dramatic editor on The Sacramento Bee. His mother was the niece of John Bidwell, pioneer, statesman, and founder of society in the Sacramento Valley area of California in the 19th century. Collins was inspired as a young boy to become an actor after seeing a stage performance by his uncle, Ulric Collins, who had performed the role of Dave Bartlett in the Broadway production of Way Down East. He began putting on plays with neighborhood children in Sacramento. Collins made his professional stage debut at age 13, at the Liberty Playhouse in Oakland.

In December 1912, Collins and his first wife, Margaret Marriott, were a vaudeville team, who performed at the Alhambra Theatre in Seattle. In July 1914, the couple and their young son, Junius, moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, where Collins worked as an actor. In 1922, he was part of a stock company, Vancouver's Popular Players, which enacted plays at the original Orpheum Theatre. He operated his own stock company for five years at his own theatre, the Empress Theatre, in Vancouver. Collins toured in vaudeville and made his way to New York.

Collins worked prodigiously in his youth. Between the ages of 17 and 30, he was, it is said, out of work as an actor for a total of five weeks. In 1924, he and Marriott were divorced. That same year, he opened in Conscience, and after that, he was almost continually featured in Broadway plays and other theatrical productions until the Great Depression began. In 1926, he married Joan Uron. At the start of the Great Depression, Collins turned his attention to radio, where he was involved in 18 broadcasts a week, sometimes working as many as 16 hours a day. He also played parts in short films, starting in 1930, including the Vitaphone Varieties series based on Booth Tarkington's Penrod stories.

In 1934, Collins began a long association with Orson Welles, which led to some of his most memorable roles. They met when Welles joined the repertory cast of The American School of the Air, his first job in radio. In 1935, Welles won a place in the prestigious company that presented the news dramatization series The March of Time—an elite corps of actors, including Collins, Agnes Moorehead, Everett Sloane, and Paul Stewart, who would soon form the core of Welles's Mercury Theatre.

On radio, Collins was in the distinguished repertory cast of the weekly historical drama Cavalcade of America for six years. Collins and Welles worked together on that series and others, including Welles's serial adaptation of Les Misérables (1937) and The Shadow (1937–1938).

Collins became a member of the repertory company of Welles's CBS Radio series The Mercury Theatre on the Air (1938) and its sponsored continuation, The Campbell Playhouse (1938–1940). Through the run of the series, Collins played many roles in literary adaptations, including Squire Livesey in "Treasure Island", Dr. Watson in "Sherlock Holmes", and Mr. Pickwick in "The Pickwick Papers". Collins's best-known (albeit uncredited) work on this series, however, was in "The War of the Worlds", the celebrated broadcast in which he played three roles, most notably the rooftop newscaster who describes the destruction of New York.

Along with other Mercury Theatre players, Collins made his feature-film debut in Citizen Kane (1941), in which he portrayed ruthless political boss Jim W. Gettys. He appeared in Welles's original Broadway production of Native Son (1941) and played a principal role in Welles's second film, The Magnificent Ambersons (1942). His ongoing radio work included Welles's wartime series, Ceiling Unlimited and Hello Americans (1942), and the variety show The Orson Welles Almanac (1944).

Having returned to his native California, Collins appeared in more than 75 major motion pictures, including Leave Her to Heaven (1945); The Best Years of Our Lives (1946); Crack-Up (1946); A Double Life (1947); two entries in the Ma and Pa Kettle series; and the 1953 version of The Desert Song, in which he played the nonsinging role of Kathryn Grayson's father. He displayed comic ability in The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947) and The Man from Colorado (1948), and played a supporting role in Welles's Touch of Evil (1958).

On television, Collins was a regular in The Halls of Ivy (1954–1955), starring Ronald Colman. He appeared as Judge Harper in a 1955 TV adaptation of the holiday classic Miracle on 34th Street, starring Thomas Mitchell, Teresa Wright, and MacDonald Carey. In 1957, Collins joined the cast of the CBS-TV series Perry Mason and gained fame as Los Angeles police homicide detective Lieutenant Arthur Tragg.

By 1960, Collins found his physical health declining and his memory waning, problems that in the next few years brought an end to his career. About the difficulty in remembering his lines, he said: "Years ago, when I was on the Broadway stage, I could memorize 80 pages in eight hours. I had a photographic memory. When I got out on the stage, I could actually — in my mind — see the lines written on top of the page, the middle, or the bottom. But then radio came along, and we read most of our lines, and I got out of the habit of memorizing. I lost my natural gift. Today it's hard for me. My wife works as hard as I do, cueing me at home."

In October 1963, Collins filmed his last Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Capering Camera", broadcast January 16, 1964. Although clearly Collins would not return to work on the series, his name appeared in the opening title sequence through the eighth season, which ended in May 1965. Executive producer Gail Patrick Jackson was aware that Collins watched the show every week and wished not to discourage him.

On July 11, 1965, Collins died of emphysema at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California, at age 75. Masonic funeral services were held at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills.

Private life
Collins supported Thomas Dewey in the 1944 United States presidential election.

Theatre credits
Ray Collins played 900 roles on the legitimate stage.

title: Ray Collins (actor)


text:
Patrick McGrath

Patrick McGrath may refer to:

 * Patrick McGrath (novelist) (born 1950), British novelist
 * Patrick J. McGrath (1945–2023), Roman Catholic bishop to the Diocese of San Jose, CA
 * Patrick McGrath (psychologist) (born 1948), Canadian psychologist
 * Patrick McGrath (Irish politician) (died 1956), Irish Fianna Fáil politician
 * Patrick W. McGrath (1927–2001), Irish Fine Gael politician
 * Patrick McGrath (Irish republican) (1894–1940)
 * Sir Patrick Thomas McGrath (1868–1929), Newfoundland politician
 * Patrick Rory McGrath (born 1956), British comedian, television personality, and writer

title: Patrick McGrath


text:
User talk:The Peacemaker

Heya. I joined Wikipedia in July 2005. If you've got an article that needs a NPOV, let me know, and I'll try to come help.

Thanks for keeping an eye on Current Events
A minority of aggressive and stubborn troublemakers who can't seem to grasp the concept of Neutral Point of View are constantly inserting edits that reflect their own very strong biases. Wikipedia needs good editors who are willing to step up when needed to smack the POV out of articles. Thanks for helping to keep this project as objective as possible. --Jablonski 19:51, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

User talk:Sango123/Message
Hi, Peacemaker. I was wondering if your text on User talk:Sango123/Message was posted accidentally or intentionally, as the content doesn't seem relevant to the welcome message. Thanks, Sango  123  13:56, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of Sunni Council for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Sunni Council is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Sunni Council until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Kutyava (talk) 13:48, 23 August 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:The Peacemaker


text: Category:The Bloodhound Gang albums

title: Category:The Bloodhound Gang albums


text:
User:The Peacemaker

Heya. I joined Wikipedia in July 2005, after several months of anonymous work. Here's to a brand new start :^) If you've got an article that needs a NPOV, let me know, and I'll try to come help.

I'm most often found creating articles from "red links" on the "Current Events" page. My goal is to basically provide templates for articles people create links for, but might not have time or knowledge to actually create *articles* for.

title: User:The Peacemaker


text:
Leuville cemetery

Leuville Cemetery (also known as Leuville sur Orge Communal Cemetery) is in the French town of Leuville-sur-Orge, 25 km south of Paris. The cemetery is a burial ground to many prominent Georgian political emigres who had left country after the Soviet invasion of Georgia of 1921. Among them are the members of the Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile.

Notable people buried at Leuville-sur-Orge

 * Razhden Arsenidze, Georgian minister
 * Akaki Chkhenkeli, Georgian minister
 * Kakutsa Cholokashvili, National Hero of Georgia (until 2005)
 * Evgeni Gegechkori, Georgian minister
 * Vlasa Mgeladze, Georgian politician
 * Noe Ramishvili, president of first Georgian government
 * Grigol Robakidze, Georgian writer and public figure
 * Kalistrate Salia, Georgian historian and politician
 * Irakli Tsereteli, Georgian minister
 * Mikheil Tsereteli, Georgian historian and politician
 * Grigol Uratadze, Georgian politician
 * Noe Zhordania, president of second and third Georgian governments
 * Vladimer Goguadze, Georgian military figure, participant of the revolutionary movement in the Caucasus. Commander of the armored trains of the Georgian People's Guard in 1918–1921. He had the title of "Hero of the Republic" (1918).
 * David Sagirashvili, Georgian journalist and politician

title: Leuville cemetery