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Sangley

Sangley (English plural: Sangleys; Spanish plural: Sangleyes) and Mestizo de Sangley (Sangley mestizo, mestisong Sangley, chino mestizo or Chinese mestizo) are archaic terms used in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era to describe respectively a person of pure overseas Chinese ancestry and a person of mixed Chinese and native Filipino ancestry. The Sangley Chinese were ancestors to both modern Chinese Filipinos and modern Filipino mestizo descendants of the Mestizos de Sangley, also known as Chinese mestizos, which are mixed descendants of Sangley Chinese and native Filipinos. Chinese mestizos were mestizos (mixed peoples) in the Spanish Empire, classified together with other Filipino mestizos.

The Spanish had such categories as indios (indio for natives of the East Indies), mestizos de Español (descendants of colonial ethnic Spanish and native-born Filipinos), the tornatrás (Spanish-Chinese mestizos, descendants of colonial Spanish Filipinos and Sangley Chinese), the mestizos de Bombay (Indian mestizos, descendants of colonial Indian Filipinos and native Filipinos), mestizos de japoneses (Japanese mestizos, descendants of colonial Japanese Filipinos and native Filipinos), etc.

Overseas Chinese entered the Philippines as traders prior to Spanish colonization. Many emigrated to the Philippines, establishing concentrated communities first in Manila and throughout the island of Luzon, then in other cities and settlements throughout the archipelago, historically going from Luzon to Visayas and Mindanao.

Other Filipino terms that refer to ethnic Chinese or Filipinos with Chinese ancestry:
 * Intsik (derived from the Philippine Hokkien ) is the native, colloquial informal term in Tagalog/Filipino and other Philippine languages used to refer to Chinese people in general, albeit some speakers prefer 'Tsino' (see below) due to some perceived informal vulgar connotations.
 * Chinoy or Tsinoy (a blend of or  with  or the ) is a modern term currently used in Philippine English and Tagalog/Filipino and other Philippine languages to refer to a Filipino citizen or permanent resident of either mixed (whether partial or half or majority descent) or pure Chinese descent born and/or raised in the Philippines, also known as   Chinese Filipinos  or  Fil-Chi .
 * Chino or Tsino is derived from Spanish and literally means “Chinese”. "Tsino" is the formal and literary spelling in Tagalog/Filipino and other Philippine languages.
 * Chinito or Tsinito is a term derived from Spanish and means “a young Chinese man”, from Chino with the diminutive suffix . "Tsinito" is the spelling in Tagalog/Filipino and other Philippine languages.
 * Chinita or Tsinita is the feminine form of the above, meaning “a young Chinese woman”, also from Chino with . "Tsinita" is the spelling in Tagalog/Filipino and other Philippine languages.
 * Chekwa or Tsekwa is an offensive derogatory slang or slur referring to both Filipinos with Chinese ancestry, and Chinese people in general. It is derived from Cebuano Bisaya as an elided compound of + wákang, from “Insik wákang, káun, kalibang!", a derogatory Visayan children's limerick from the late Spanish colonial era, where "Insik"/"Intsik" was originally the Philippine Hokkien, and "wákang" from . The last two words come from kaon and kalibang; The full phrase was thus "Chinese (labourer), I work, eat, and shit!" and was when opium dens were rampant, with many Chinese migrants working as low-wage labourers.
 * Langlang (derived from Philippine Hokkien ) is a very obsolete term in Tagalog referring to ethnic Chinese persons. It is recorded in the 1613 Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, where its entry reads in Early Modern Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos. This has long fallen out of use except in food such as Pancit Langlang from Cavite. The etymon, Philippine Hokkien, retains its meaning and is still used primarily in Philippine Hokkien by Chinese Filipinos as an endonym.

Etymology
There are multiple versions of the interpretation on the word Sangley, especially as it is also used in historical place names such as Punta Sangley (Sangley Point), the northern promontory point and former US naval base headquarters in the Cavite Peninsula. Generally, Sangley is usually believed or purported to literally mean "merchant traveler" or "frequent visitor." According to Go Bon Juan, the most commonly accepted version is usually that the term "sangley" comes from the Hokkien, which is consistent with the business background of the early Chinese in the Philippines. According to Saul Hofileña Jr on the history of Sangley Point, the name supposedly derived from 'xiangli, a Chinese word for 'trader', which became "sangley" to the Spaniards. According to Go Bon Juan, Hofileña had apparently based this on the pronunciation of the word "trader" in, which Go Bon Juan considered "a rather literal term uncommon among early Chinese in the Philippines", although Hokkien is indeed recorded in the Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum (1626-1642) that the Dominican Spanish friars recorded before in Manila as one of the terms listed as mercader. Another cited possible etymon is the Hokkien, which appeared beside "Sangley" labeled in the Boxer Codex (circa 1590s), Dasmariñas record to the King of Spain, which also contains the probable earliest romanization of Japan as "Iapon." It is said that the late William Henry Scott, an authority on Philippine history, had seen this picture and supported this version. Additionally, the Bocabulario de la lengua sangleya por las letraz de el A.B.C. (1617) also offers two explanations, it also gives Hokkien explaining it as "he who comes very often" and Hokkien  which it explains as "those who come to trade" which the Bocabulario however prefers the latter. In Wenceslao Retana's Diccionario de filipinismos (1921), the entry for Sangley was also recorded before as (sic): "Sangley (del chino xiang-lay, mercader.) adj. Nombre que en lo antiguo se dio en Filipinas a los mercaderes chinos, y que luego se hizo genérico de los de esta raza residentes en aquellas islas

Sangley (from Chinese xiang-lay, merchant.) adj. Name that in ancient times was given in the Philippines to Chinese merchants, and that later became generic to those of this race residing in those islands." Spanish Governor-General Francisco de Sande also notes in his Relacion y Descripciones de las Islas Filipinas ("Relation and Description of the Filipinas Islands", 1576) as per Manuel (1948):

"Throughout these islands they call the Chinese 'Sangleyes', meaning 'a people who come and go,' on account of their habit of coming annually to these islands to trade, or, as they say there, 'the regular port'."

The majority of Chinese sojourners, traders, and settlers in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period came from southern Fujian and spoke Hokkien, leaving their mark on Filipino culture (especially the cuisine). Although mestizo de sangley literally means "mixed-race (person) of business," it implies a "mixed-race (person) of Chinese and indigenous/Indio (Filipino) descent" because many early Chinese immigrants were traders and intermixed with the local population. Outside the Philippines, the Spanish word mestizo (without the qualifying de sangley) is normally used to refer to persons of mixed European and non-European ancestry, but the lower number of European mestizos in the Philippines made the term mestizo come to mean mestizo de sangley. For example, Benito Legarda used this definition when talking to the United States Philippine Commission (1899–1900), citing Wenceslao Retana's Diccionario de filipinismos (1921). The term chino mestizo was also used interchangeably with mestizo de sangley.

In 16th to 19th century Spanish Philippines, the term mestizo de sangley differentiated ethnic Chinese from other types of island mestizos (such as those of mixed Indio and Spanish ancestry, who were fewer in number. Their Indio ancestry (generally on the maternal side) made the Chinese mestizos be granted the legal status of colonial subjects of Spain, with certain rights and privileges denied to the pure-blooded Chinese immigrants (sangleys).

Today, Tsinoy or Chinoy (from portmanteau of Filipino word Tsino or Chino in Spanish, and the Filipino word Pinoy) is widely used in Filipino/Tagalog and other Philippine languages to describe a Sangley, a person born of pure or majority ethnic Han Chinese descent or of mixed native Filipino and Han Chinese ancestry or a person with likewise similar features.

Background
Mestizo de sangley is a term that arose during Spanish colonization of the Philippines, where circumstances were different from colonial settlement of the Americas. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas of the 16th and 17th centuries, numerous male Spaniards (conquistadors, explorers, missionaries, and soldiers) settled there. For decades most Spanish men made liaisons and intermarried with indigenous women; their children were considered mixed race and were called mestizo.

Male Chinese traders and workers came during the colonial period, most of whom intermarried with native women. The Spanish government classified the anyone who had ancestry from China as Sangley regardless of their ethnic makeup. Their mixed-race descendants with native women were classified as Mestizo de sangley; they were also known as chino mestizos.

As an example, in the late 19th century, the author and activist José Rizal was classified as mestizo de sangley due to his partial Chinese ancestry. But he also had indigenous, Japanese, and Spanish ancestors, and he asked to be classified as Indio.

History

Spanish explorers and conquistadors landed in Las Islas de Filipinas, which they named in honor of Philip II of Spain. The Spanish colonization of the Philippines required more skilled laborers and they recruited Chinese immigrants. The economy became highly dependent upon the Chinese for their economic role as traders and artisans. Most of the Chinese living in the Manila area settled in a place called the Parían near Intramuros.

The Spanish encouraged those China traders to convert to Catholicism. Many of the Chinese men married native women, and over time the multi-cultural mestizo de sangley caste developed. Although the colonial government never required them to adopt Spanish surnames, in many cases they chose to change their Chinese names. They adopted names such as Lopez, Jalandoni, Palanca, Paterno, Rizal, Laurel, Osmeña, etc., or used a kind of transliteration and Spanish phonetic spelling to make them appear Hispanic by concatenation, for example: Lacson, Landicho, Laoinco, Biazon, Gaspar, Tuazon, Ongpin, Yuchengco, Quebengco, Cojuangco, Cuyegkeng, Goquilay, Yaptinchay, Yuchenco, Yupangco, Sylianco, Tanchanco, Tiongson, Tanbengco, Tanjuatco, Locsin, Tetangco, etc.

In 1574, a few years after the Spaniards established Manila as the colonial capital of the Philippines, the Chinese pirate Limahong (Teochiu ) attacked Manila and burned it to the ground. He retreated later to other places around the Luzon coast, where his forces continued killing and looting. Some of them deserted Limahong, settled down and interbred with local women.

Economy
Most of the sangleys worked as skilled artisans or traders. Aside from shopkeeping, the sangleys earned their livelihood as carpenters, tailors, cobblers, locksmiths, masons, metalsmiths, weavers, bakers, carvers and other skilled craftsmen. As metalsmiths, they helped to build the Spanish galleons in shipyards located in Cavite. As masons, they built Intramuros and its numerous structures. The Spanish gave the mestizos de sangley special rights and privileges as colonial subjects of the Spanish Crown and as baptized converts to the Catholic Church. They were given preference to handle the domestic trade of the islands. In addition, they were allowed to lease land from the friar estates through the inquilino or lessee system, that allowed them to sublet those lands.

Later, the mestizos de sangley came to acquire many native lands, chiefly through a legal instrument called pacto de retro or contract of retrocession. Through this instrument, a moneylender extended loans to farmers, who in exchange for cash, pawned their land with the option of buying it back. In the event of default, the moneylender recovered the loan by foreclosing on the land from the farmer. Many local farmers lost their lands to mestizos de sangley in this manner.

The Spanish Galleon Trade (1565–1815) tied China to Europe via Manila and Acapulco, Mexico. Acting as a transshipment port, Manila attracted Chinese traders from Xiamen (Amoy); they traveled in armed ships to trade with the Spanish. Chinese luxury goods, such as silk, porcelain and finely crafted furniture, were exchanged for silver from Mexican and Peruvian mines. Twice a year the galleons sailed across the Pacific Ocean from Manila to Acapulco and back. The goods were later shipped to Spain via Veracruz, a Gulf Coast port on the Atlantic side of Mexico. As the Spanish galleons carried mostly Chinese luxury goods destined for Europe, Mexicans called them náos de China (Chinese ships). The Spanish galleon trade was mainly a business affair involving Spanish officials in Manila, Mexico and Spain, and Chinese traders from Xiamen. The highly lucrative galleon trade carried few products originating from the Philippine islands or involving resident domestic traders. The trade was so profitable that Mexican silver became an unofficial currency of Southern China; an estimated one-third of silver mined from the Americas flowed into China during that period. The Spanish galleons also transported Filipino crew and militia men to the Americas, among which were many Sangleys; Some of them chose to settle in Mexico, Louisiana, and parts of present United States, specially California. Americans called these immigrants Manilamen and the Mexicans called them los indios Chinos.

Apart from the Portuguese-controlled Macao-Manila trade in the 17th century and the British-controlled Madras-Manila trade in the 18th century, it was chiefly the Spanish-controlled Manila-Acapulco trade that sustained the colony for much of the period. When the trade ended with the last ship's sailing in 1815, the Spaniards needed new sources of revenue. With the Spanish American wars of independence resulting in the loss of Spain's colonies in the Americas, the Spanish government quickly lost its position of pre-eminence amongst the Western powers.

After losing Mexico when it became independent in 1821, Spain took over direct control of the Philippines. It had been governed by the Virreinato de Nueva España or Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) during much of the colonial period. Coinciding with the advent of steamships and the consequent expansion of the global economy, the Spaniards decided to open up the Philippines to foreign trade. They appointed Governor-General Basco y Vargas, who was instrumental in establishing the tobacco monopoly in the Philippines, though with much help from other Spanish interests and reliance on Filipino local elites, called the principalía.

As the subsistence economy shifted to an export crop economy, for sugar, abaca and tobacco, in 1834 the Spanish allowed both non-Spanish Westerners and Chinese immigrants to settle anywhere in the islands. The mestizos de sangley had been displaced from tobacco marketing as the Spanish established their monopoly. Some wholesale and retail traders converted their capital into larger landholdings. They developed sugar plantations for the new export market, particularly in Central Luzon, and on the islands of Cebu, Iloilo and Negros. The mestizos de sangley took advantage of the rapid changes as the colonial economy was integrated into the markets of the Western world.

From the late 18th century through much of the 19th century, the Spanish encouraged development of tobacco as another commodity crop, controlling it as a monopoly. Cultivation was concentrated in Cagayan, where the Spanish relied on the principalía to have their workers produce and deliver the tobacco.

With the opening of the colony to foreign trade in 1834, Western merchants established import/export and financial companies in Binondo. They partnered with Chinese wholesale/retail traders throughout the islands. The mestizos de sangley shifted to the export crop economy by developing and enlarging plantations devoted to agricultural commodities.

The increase in the late 19th century of British and American commercial interests in Manila coincided with the British founding of a network of treaty port-cities in Hong Kong, Singapore and Shanghai. They also expanded the Nanyang trade, previously limited to Xiamen, Quanzhou and Macao.

In 1868, the United States and China signed the Treaty of Burlingame, legalizing and liberalizing Chinese emigration, which had been illegal since the Ming dynasty. This led to a rapid increase in the population of Overseas Chinese traders in the Philippines. By the 1870s, the economic dominance of the British and American merchants and their Chinese trading partners was said by some observers to turn the Philippines into an "Anglo-Chinese Colony under the Spanish Flag".

Politics
The Spanish authorities had initially depended upon the sangleys to both supply the labor and manage the colonial economy of the islands. However, after the attacks of the Chinese pirate Limahong, the Spanish colonists viewed the sangleys differently, fearing them as enemy aliens who posed a security threat due to their number. To protect their precarious position, the Spaniards enacted policies designed to control the residents of the islands by means of racial segregation and cultural assimilation, such as limiting the number of resident sangleys to around 6,000, a measure that was proved soon impossible to maintain. The Spanish founded the Parían in 1581 in what became Manila as the official marketplace and designated residence for the sangleys who did not convert to Catholicism. Circumventing a royal decree outlawing the sangleys, as governor-general of the Philippines, Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas created Binondo in 1594 for the Catholic sangleys and their indio wives and their mestizos de sangley children and descendants. He gave the sangleys and mestizo de sangleys a land grant in perpetuity. They were allowed to establish a self-governing organization, called Gremio de Mestizos de Binondo (Guild of Mestizos of Binondo).

The Spanish colonists attempted to assimilate the sangleys into the Hispanic culture and converted many to Catholicism. They allowed Catholic sangleys to intermarry with indio women. They did not recognize marriages of the unconverted sangleys, as they did not officially sanction marriages among subjects that were performed outside the Catholic Church.Beginning in 1600, the first generation of mestizos de sangley formed a small community of several hundred in Binondo. This is where San Lorenzo Ruiz grew up in the early 1600s. He was martyred under torture in Japan with three missionaries; none would recant their Christian beliefs. Long venerated in the Philippines, he later was beatified by the Catholic Church and canonized in 1987 as the first Filipino saint.

During the 17th century, the Spaniards carried out four great massacres and expulsions against the unconverted sangleys, usually generated from real or imagined fears of an imminent invasion from China. In the aftermath, many sangleys converted at least nominally to Catholicism, adopted Hispanicized names, and intermarried with indio women.

Contemporary 21st century historians have studied demographic and social changes in the Philippines during this period. They note the changes in how mestizo de sangley fared in Philippine society. In the late 18th century, the mestizo de sangley began to markedly improved their position. After the violence and turmoil of the Spanish expulsion of Chinese-Filipino population for having sided with the British in their 1762 capture of Manila,

"mestizo economic power increased in conjunction with its social and political clout. The formation of auxiliary units called Real Princípe in Tondo mirrored these trends. Spanish military commanders publicly expressed a preference for mestizo regiments over native militias, enraging Filipino indio elites and requiring a deft negotiation of the political realities in Manila."

The founding of Chinese mestizo regiments in the Philippines was part of New Spain's military modernization during the reformist Bourbon era. At the same time, New Spain created a colonial militia in Latin America, also enrolling mestizos there. While the colonies developed in distinct ways, there were similarities in the rise of the mestizo classes in Latin American and the Philippines. When colonial authorities accepted them into the militias and armed them, it was in recognition of their rising social position and integration into the colonial economies.

After the Spanish colonists abolished the Parían in 1790, they allowed the sangleys to settle in Binondo. In the 19th century, the population of mestizos de sangley grew rapidly over the years as more Chinese male immigrants arrived, converted to Catholicism, settled in Binondo and intermarried with indio or mestizo de sangley women. With no legal restrictions on their movement, mestizos de sangley migrated to other areas in the course of work and business, such as Tondo, Bulacan, Pampanga, Bataan, Cavite, Cebu, Iloilo, Samar, Capiz, etc. The number of unconverted sangleys dropped from a high of 25,000 prior to the first great massacre of 1603 to below 10,000 by 1850.

From the 18th century until the latter half of the 19th century, Spanish authorities came to depend upon the mestizos de sangley as the bourgeoisie of the colonial economy. From their concentration in Binondo, Manila, the mestizos de sangley migrated to Central Luzon, Cebu, Iloilo, Negros and Cavite to handle the domestic trade of the islands. From trading, they branched out into landleasing, moneylending and later landholding. With wealth, they gained the ability to give their children elite education at the best schools in the islands and later in Europe.

Following the promulgation of the Cádiz Constitution of 1812, the Philippines was granted the status of a Spanish province, with representation in the Spanish Cortes. These subjects were granted Spanish citizenship, thus acquiring legal equality in the Philippines with Spanish-born Spaniards. Toward the end of Spanish rule in the 19th century, the mestizos de sangley identified as Filipinos, showing their identification with these islands.

Also identifying as the "true sons of Spain", the mestizos de sangley tended to side with the white Spanish colonists during the numerous indio revolts against Spanish rule. In the late 19th century, José Rizal, a fifth-generation mestizo de sangley, arose as an intellectual from the relatively wealthy, middle-class, Spanish-educated Filipinos known as Ilustrados. He was among those who called for reforms in the administration of the colony, integration as a province of Spain, and political representation for the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes.

Culture
From the beginning of the colonial period in the Philippines, the Spanish administration had the goal of converting natives to Catholicism. Missionaries were among the Spanish settlers in the colony. With the help of the colonial government, religious orders built traditional stone-and-brick churches throughout the islands in the Spanish or Mexican Baroque style. Constructed within the walled-city of Intramuros, San Agustin Church was the first stone church built in the archipelago. It became the spiritual center of Christianity in the Philippines, and also in Asia. The remains of Miguel López de Legazpi, Juan de Salcedo and Martín de Goiti (who was killed during Limahong's siege) were interred in that church. The church was sacked during the Battle of Manila in 1762, before being rebuilt in 1854.

The Spanish colonial government established schools and colleges run mostly by religious orders, including the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, the Ateneo Municipal, the Universidad de Santo Tomás in Manila, or the Colegio de San Ildefonso in Cebu, that accepted all types of students, regardless of race, gender or financial status in the case of primary grade instruction. In 1863, the Spanish government established a modern system of free public education, the first of its kind in Asia.

Binondo served as the traditional center of community life for the Catholic sangleys and mestizos de sangley. The Gremio de Mestizos de Binondo was the official guild chartered to administer community affairs. Born in Binondo, San Lorenzo Ruiz was a mestizo de sangley who served as an altar boy in the Binondo Church (which has since been named after him). Established by the Spanish Dominicans for Catholic sangleys, the Binondo Church is now known as the Minor Basilica of San Lorenzo Ruiz. It became the center site for the religious rites of the community. The Catholic mestizos de sangley expressed religious devotion with processions marking important occasions, such as the Feast of La Naval de Manila, commemorating the naval victory of the Spanish over the Dutch off Manila Bay in 1646. In the late 19th century, cosmopolitan mercantilism emerged in Binondo, at the same time that Western and overseas Chinese merchants entered the island's economy, which was being integrated into the global trading system. The Spaniards tended to be more isolated from the new urban environment. They lived in Intramuros, where Hispanic Catholicism dominated the walled city. The rapid urbanization elsewhere transformed the ethnic enclave of Binondo into a thriving commercial district within an expanding urban core. The overseas Chinese (traditional Chinese: 華僑; pinyin: Huáqiáo) merchants essentially displaced the mestizos de sangley from their role as the domestic traders of the islands. Although officially under Spanish rule, cosmopolitan Binondo became the semi-official capital of an "Anglo-Chinese colony" in the late 19th-century Philippines.

Chinese-Filipino merchants dominated the textile industry in Molo and Jaro. Iloilo produced sinamay, a hand-woven cloth made from fine abaca threads, which was used for the casual camisa de chino; jusi (Chinese term for raw silk), a translucent fabric woven from silk yarn for the formal barong tagalog; and piña, a handwoven fabric made of pineapple fiber for heirloom garments. During the late 19th century, the mestizos de sangley wore embroidered barong tagalog while indios wore multicolored camisa de chino. As a means of maintaining social stratification, the Spanish prohibited the indios from wearing European-style clothing, as a means of separating the groups.

In food, Chinese-Filipinos adapted Hokkien food from Fujian. They used indigenous ingredients and Spanish names to improvise what became part of an evolving creole Filipino cuisine. During the 19th century, noodle shops called panciterias serving comida China (Chinese food) dotted the islands. The ubiquitous pancit (meaning "noodle" from the Hokkien word pian-e-sit) became pancit luglog and lomi (flavored with sauce); mami (served with broth); pancit molo (cooked as pasta) and pancit Malabon (mixed with seafood). The Chinese brought their use of rice as a staple (and wet-rice agriculture). One result was the local rice porridge called arroz caldo. Other well-known Filipino dishes such as lumpia (egg-roll), maki (soup dish), kiampong (fried rice) and ma-chang (sticky rice,) among others, trace their origins to the Chinese immigrants.

In Vigan, Ilocos Sur, known as kasanglayan (meaning "where sangleys live"), prosperous Chinese-Filipino merchants built stone-and-wood houses (really brick and wood) called bahay na bato. These followed some of the tradition of Malay village houses-on-stilts, called bahay kubo, but instead of using bamboo and thatch, they used molave-wood structural beams to frame the two-story house. Walls were formed of brick coated with plaster. Sliding window panels made of translucent capiz shells, in latticework patterns, enclosed the typically large horizontal windows. On the outside, sliding wooden shutters could cover the windows for another layer of privacy and ventilation control. This area has been designated as an historic district.

In contrast to the typical stone-and-brick Spanish colonial houses, this style of residence was better suited to the tropical environment of the islands. It was more flexible, so could better withstand frequent earthquakes. The steep roofs with overhanging eaves provided shelter against rain and storms, and added to the sense of openness and space connecting the interior and exterior. These helped shield residents from seasonal monsoons. During less severe rain and in the hot summers, the sliding windows could be opened to allow greater circulation of air and more light into the house. When illuminated at night, such houses resemble giant Chinese lanterns. The stone/brick-and-wood house became so widespread throughout the islands that this Chinese-Filipino merchant's house came to be known as the "colonial Filipino" style.

The mestizos de sangley synthesized a hybrid culture incorporating Hispanic and European influences with both indigenous and Asian elements. In fashion, cuisine, design and architecture, a distinctive style emerged, especially among the wealthier segment. As the sangley prospered from trading, they built the first and in many cases the only stone-and-wood houses in the countryside. Like other rising elites, they created forms of conspicuous consumption to signify their status. The mestizos de sangley held feasts to commemorate baptisms, weddings, funerals and processions. As the 19th century drew to a close, the colonial Spanish empire in the Philippines was defeated by the rising Western empire of the United States following the Spanish–American War.

Following the war, the United States took possession of the Philippines and influenced its culture in turn. The Filipinos, including the mestizos de sangley, were referred to as "little brown Americans". The Philippines was made a protectorate in relation to the United States, with the residents given special status but not U.S. citizenship at the time.

title: Sangley


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Category:Sexism

Sexism or gender discrimination is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender. This category is for issues relating to sexism. It must not include articles about individuals, groups or media that are allegedly sexist.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Sexism


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Principal variation search

Principal variation search (sometimes equated with the practically identical NegaScout) is a negamax algorithm that can be faster than alpha–beta pruning. Like alpha–beta pruning, NegaScout is a directional search algorithm for computing the minimax value of a node in a tree. It dominates alpha–beta pruning in the sense that it will never examine a node that can be pruned by alpha–beta; however, it relies on accurate node ordering to capitalize on this advantage.

NegaScout works best when there is a good move ordering. In practice, the move ordering is often determined by previous shallower searches. It produces more cutoffs than alpha–beta by assuming that the first explored node is the best. In other words, it supposes the first node is in the principal variation. Then, it can check whether that is true by searching the remaining nodes with a null window (also known as a scout window; when alpha and beta are equal), which is faster than searching with the regular alpha–beta window. If the proof fails, then the first node was not in the principal variation, and the search continues as normal alpha–beta. Hence, NegaScout works best when the move ordering is good. With a random move ordering, NegaScout will take more time than regular alpha–beta; although it will not explore any nodes alpha–beta did not, it will have to re-search many nodes.

Alexander Reinefeld invented NegaScout several decades after the invention of alpha–beta pruning. He gives a proof of correctness of NegaScout in his book.

Another search algorithm called SSS* can theoretically result in fewer nodes searched. However, its original formulation has practical issues (in particular, it relies heavily on an OPEN list for storage) and nowadays most chess engines still use a form of NegaScout in their search. Most chess engines use a transposition table in which the relevant part of the search tree is stored. This part of the tree has the same size as SSS*'s OPEN list would have. A reformulation called MT-SSS* allowed it to be implemented as a series of null window calls to Alpha–Beta (or NegaScout) that use a transposition table, and direct comparisons using game playing programs could be made. It did not outperform NegaScout in practice. Yet another search algorithm, which does tend to do better than NegaScout in practice, is the best-first algorithm called MTD(f), although neither algorithm dominates the other. There are trees in which NegaScout searches fewer nodes than SSS* or MTD(f) and vice versa.

NegaScout takes after SCOUT, invented by Judea Pearl in 1980, which was the first algorithm to outperform alpha–beta and to be proven asymptotically optimal. Null windows, with β=α+1 in a negamax setting, were invented independently by J.P. Fishburn and used in an algorithm similar to SCOUT in an appendix to his Ph.D. thesis, in a parallel alpha–beta algorithm, and on the last subtree of a search tree root node.

The idea
Most of the moves are not acceptable for both players, so we do not need to fully search every node to get the exact score. The exact score is only needed for nodes in the principal variation (an optimal sequence of moves for both players), where it will propagate up to the root. In iterative deepening search, the previous iteration has already established a candidate for such a sequence, which is also commonly called the principal variation. For any non-leaf in this principal variation, its children are reordered such that the next node from this principal variation is the first child. All other children are assumed to result in a worse or equal score for the current player (this assumption follows from the assumption that the current PV candidate is an actual PV). To test this, we search the first move with a full window to establish an upper bound on the score of the other children, for which we conduct a zero window search to test if a move can be better. Since a zero window search is much cheaper due to the higher frequency of beta cut-offs, this can save a lot of effort. If we find that a move can raise alpha, our assumption has been disproven for this move and we do a re-search with the full window to get the exact score.

Pseudocode
function pvs(node, depth, α, β, color) is if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node then return color × the heuristic value of node for each child of node do if child is first child then score := −pvs(child, depth − 1, −β, −α, −color) else score := −pvs(child, depth − 1, −α − 1, −α, −color) (* search with a null window *) if α < score < β then score := −pvs(child, depth − 1, −β, −α, −color) (* if it failed high, do a full re-search *) α := max(α, score) if α ≥ β then break (* beta cut-off *) return α

title: Principal variation search


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User:Pompadour Samurai

O rly?

title: User:Pompadour Samurai


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User:HorsePunchKid/Gallery

Here are some (ideally all, though I know I'll forget to update) of the various original photos and drawings I have contributed. Most of these live on the Commons. I would almost undoubtedly freely contributed anything from my personal gallery; I just don't have the time to go through and find articles that could benefit from one of my photos. If you see something you'd like to have on Wikipedia, just let me know!

title: User:HorsePunchKid/Gallery


text: User talk:69.68.62.175

title: User talk:69.68.62.175


text:
User:Iewikiar

I could fill this page with more information, as this probably isn't what's meant by vanity page, but I do think this handle deserves some explanation. Iewikiar is an amalgam of three things: ie - my shortened Pseudonym, wiki - Wikipedia, and ar - my initials or even Action Replay.

Also of note is the kind of things I wish to do here. (Interests may or may not appear here.) I enjoy editing, so I will do some grammar editing where I see them as necessary. I will also add information where I can, with proper sources. Other things, too, maybe.

title: User:Iewikiar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Werner

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 01:36, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Michael Werner
See also: Andrew Meyers & Andrew and the Atlas Shruggeds & "Royale with Cheese"

 * Delete Non-notable producer of non-notable band. Very little on google. Forbsey 08:35, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as string of Andrew and the Atlas Shruggeds and "Royale with Cheese". Not Notable Vanity. Hamster Sandwich 08:56, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 03:34, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
AEC Matador

The AEC Matador was a heavy 4×4 truck and medium artillery tractor built by the Associated Equipment Company for British and Commonwealth forces during World War II. AEC had already built a 4×2 lorry, also known as the Matador (all AEC lorries received 'M' names).

Description
The Matador was distinctive with its flat fronted cab with gently curved roof, wheels at the corners and a flat load carrying area covered by a canvas or tarpaulin tilt. As an artillery tractor, rather than a cargo vehicle, the wooden sides were fixed in place without folding down, but did have a narrow crew door on each side. Two transverse bench seats were provided for the gun crew, reached through the side doors, at the 1st side bay on the left and the 2nd on the right.

The cab was framed in ash and clad in steel. It was equipped with a winch (7-ton load in its case) like all artillery tractors. The O853 provided the basis for the 'Dorchester' armoured command vehicle.

AEC also produced a larger 6×6 vehicle, model O854, based on components from both the AEC Marshal 6x4 and the 4×4 Matador. These were produced in both petrol and diesel and were also referred to as Matadors. The O854 provided the basis for the O857.

A small number of Petrol engined 4x4 Matadors were also built. These were given the model number 853.

Service
Over 9,600 Matadors were built, some going to the Royal Air Force (RAF).

For the British Army, it fulfilled a role between field artillery tractors (FATs) such as the Morris C8 Quad, which towed smaller guns such as the 25-pounder gun-howitzer, and the Scammell Pioneer, used for towing the 7.2-inch howitzer. It was commonly used to tow the 5.5-inch medium gun and the QF 3.7-inch AA gun. The Matador was found to be a generally useful vehicle and was adapted for other roles, including carrying a 25-pounder gun.

The RAF used Matadors in the flat bed form for load carrying. The 6-wheeler Matador Type A with refuelling pumps and equipment by Zwicky Ltd, was used as a refuelling tanker, capable of carrying 2500 impgal of fuel and also for towing ashore Short Sunderland flying boats at their stations.

Six armoured flamethrowers, the 'Heavy Cockatrice' on the 6×6 chassis, were used by the RAF for airfield defence.

In 1942/43, for the North African campaign, some Matadors mounted the 6-pounder anti-tank gun to give the AEC Mk1 Gun Carrier "Deacon".

The Canadian Army used the Matador during World War II.

Post-war
Post-war, the Matador was found in civilian use as a recovery truck, a showman's vehicle, and general contractor use. It was also useful for forestry work because of its good off-road performance. When used as a bus fleet recovery truck, many were fitted with lifting jibs for suspended towing and re-bodied with semi-enclosed bodies, often based on bodywork from scrapped buses.

title: AEC Matador


text:
Jacarezinho, Rio de Janeiro

Jacarezinho is a favela (Brazilian neighborhood) in Rio de Janeiro, with more than 60,300 residents living in an area of 40 ha. It is located in the North Zone of the city, and borders the neighborhoods of Jacaré, Méier, Engenho Novo and Triagem. It is the third-largest favela in Rio de Janeiro, behind Rocinha and Complexo do Alemão. The favela expanded as the city industrialized, and it became the biggest favela in Rio de Janeiro by the mid-20th century, with a population of 23,000 in 1960. The crucial element in its growth was the industrial boom in the nearby Méier district after World War II, according to the historian Julio Cesar Pino, author of a book about the favelas of Rio de Janeiro.

Jacarezinho suffers from problems that are common in favelas, including violence, poverty and drug dealing. In 2021, at least 25 people were killed in a shootout with police.

Jacarezinho means Little Jacaré, and it is named after the Jacaré River. Jacaré is also the Portuguese language name of the yacare caiman, but the river's name actually means tortuous or sinuous, and it is not named after the animal.

The favela's samba school is called Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Unidos do Jacarezinho; it was founded on June 16, 1966. Its colors are pink and white.

The footballer Romário was born in Jacarezinho.

title: Jacarezinho, Rio de Janeiro


text:
Talk:Ernest Saunders

PoV
Reverted a major edit by Newshounder -- it was not explained. Some changes may be factual corrections but much seems to bowdlerize facts in the article to make it more favourable to the subject. Further editing may be useful if some explanation can be given for changes. --mervyn 08:38, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Earnestsaunders.jpg
Image:Earnestsaunders.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. BetacommandBot (talk) 06:53, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Who?
Presumably this applies to Lord Justice Neill "A DTI report described him as a man who did "unjustifiable favours for friends and himself"."

A medical miracle
This man apparently made a full recovery from an incurable condition. Why is there no fuller medical explanation?

The article should also make it clearer that the man is a convicted criminal (a "crook" as the Americans would say). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.155.145.170 (talk) 14:57, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I have heard the word "crook" used in England. I see your point, however. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.155.53.143 (talk) 19:21, 26 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Lyons also had the same problem, bad health. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.155.53.143 (talk) 17:56, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ernest Saunders


text:
Miles College

Miles College is a private historically black college in Fairfield, Alabama. Founded in 1898, it is associated with the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (CME Church) and a member of the United Negro College Fund.

History
Miles College began organization efforts in 1893 and was founded in 1898 by the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church (now the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church). It was chartered as Miles Memorial College, in honor of Bishop William H. Miles. Bishop Miles had been born into slavery in Kentucky and was later freed (although sources disagree on the date). In 1911, the Miles College awarded its first bachelor's degrees.

It was originally housed in the former Booker City High School campus in Booker City, Alabama. In 1907, the college moved from Booker City to its present campus in Fairfield, Alabama, roughly six miles west of downtown Birmingham.

The school was able to survive the Great Depression with the help of two term college president, William Augustus Bell. In 1941 the name was changed from Miles Memorial College to Miles College.

Modern history
In January 2020, Charles Barkley, who is an Alabama native, donated $1 million to Miles College, under first female President Dr. Bobbie Knight. Barkley's gift is the biggest donation from a single person that the school has ever received. Dr. Knight said the donation will kickstart efforts to raise $100 million.

Presidents
• L. L. Wilson, –1904

• R. S. Williams, –1907

• James Albert Bray, 1907–1912

• William Augustus Bell, 1912–1913

• John Wesley Gilbert, 1913–1914

• George A. Payne, 1914–1918

• Robert T. Brown, 1918–1922

• George L. Word, 1922–1926

• Mack Burley, 1926–1931

• Brooks Dickens, 1931–1936

• William Augustus Bell, 1936–1961

• Lucius Holsey Pitts, 1961–1971

• W. Clyde Williams, 1971–1986

• Leroy Johnson, 1986–1989

• Albert Sloan, 1989–2005

• George T. French Jr., 2006–August 31, 2019

• Bobbie Knight (interim), August 1, 2019–March 5, 2020

• Bobbie Knight, March 5, 2020– present

Academics
Miles is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (for the awarding of baccalaureate degrees), the Alabama State Department of Education, and the Council of Social Work Education. Miles College offers 25 bachelor's degrees in the following divisions: Business and Accounting, Communications, Education, Humanities, Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Social and Behavioral Sciences. Miles College is one of 41 schools in the nation with a Center of Academic Excellence under the office of the Director of National Intelligence.

Miles offers 28 Bachelor's degree programs in six academic divisions to an enrollment of approximately 1,700 students and also offers an honors program for undergraduate students with exceptional academic records.

Campus
Miles College purchased the Lloyd Noland Hospital site, which more than doubled the size of the campus. The college completed the construction of a new student activity and dining center, a new welcome and admissions center, and a new 204 bed residence hall. Part of the campus is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Sloan Alumni Stadium, named after the college's 13th president, Albert J. H. Sloan II, was recently expanded to include a $1 million Environ-Turf field.

Student activities
Organizations for students include the Student Government Association, Honors Curriculum, academic clubs, religious organizations, National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations, general interest clubs, a gospel choir, and a concert choir.

Radio station
The school operated a radio station, WMWI FM 88.7. It was established in 2009 and was licensed to serve Demopolis, Alabama. It went off the air in 2019 and its license was cancelled in December 2023.

Marching band
The Miles College band is known as the Purple Marching Machine (PMM). The Purple Marching Machine was established in 1996, under the direction of Prof. Arthur Means, Jr. There are nearly 200 members in the band now and it is under the direction of Willie Snipes Jr. PMM has performed at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, numerous battle of the bands, and for the Atlanta Falcons. PMM is accompanied by the Golden Stars danceline and Steaming Flags color guard.

Athletics
The Miles College athletics program competes in the NCAA Division II's Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC). The program has men's and women's sports that include: basketball, football, volleyball, track, baseball, softball, cross country, and golf. Their nickname is the Golden Bears.

Notable alumni

 * Richard Arrington Jr., first African-American Mayor of the City of Birmingham
 * U. W. Clemon, first African-American federal judge in the State of Alabama
 * Autherine Lucy, first African-American to attend the University of Alabama
 * Fred Horn, politician, former member of the Alabama House of Representatives
 * Vince Hill, American football player
 * Juandalynn Givan, politician, member of the Alabama House of Representatives
 * Thales McReynolds, former NBA player
 * Bennett M. Stewart, former Democratic U.S. Representative from Illinois
 * Paul A. G. Stewart, 50th Bishop of the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church and Vice Chairperson of Board of Trustees Miles College
 * Cleopatra Tucker, politician, who has served in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2008

Notable faculty and staff

 * John U. Monro, director of freshman studies at Miles College; former dean of Harvard College
 * Sam Shade, professional football player and college football coach
 * Steven Whitman, public health researcher

title: Miles College


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ultimate Crossover Tournament Fighting

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. No such thing as speedy keep, folks. Woohookitty 02:21, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Ultimate Crossover Tournament Fighting
Not notable. Psuedo-advertising.-- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 08:40, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy Keep. Very Successful E-federation that has been around for 7 years. pvegeta 09:06, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: this user is most likely a sockpuppet. The account was created within 15 minutes of this post and all its contributions are limited to voting on UCTF.
 * Keep and Expand.Yeah, 7 years is tons longer than most e-feds out there. It's got come of the most creative people on the net working on it.S3
 * Note: this user is most likely a sockpuppet. Actually, this isn't a sock puppet, becuase S3 is not an actual user account on wikipedia, a anon user (66.227.137.82) just signed S3.
 * Speedy Delete Unless someone proves to me the importance of this and can offer some proof other than the existence of a possibly obscure "convention" that takes place in Ohio. I find no references to this anywhere. Hamster Sandwich 09:38, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Addendum: I would site Example 1. under heading Articles of the WP:CSD page as the qualification for the speedy delete. And I must thank Splash for his help in directing me as per his critisism of my initial vote! Thank you so much! Hamster Sandwich 04:44, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as per above. UncleFloyd 14:06, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as a hoax. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 17:17, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as Hamster Sandwich said. Balster neb 18:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unverifiable and in any case non-notable. Hamster Sandwich is wrong to suggest that either being a hoax or not being notable is a candidate for speedy. The WP:CSD do not allow either of those. Please do read policy before citing what you would like it to say. -Splash 23:07, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If it can be confirmed as "patent nonsense" it can be speedied, however it is up to the nominator to demonstrate beyond doubt that it is patent. At the moment the claims in the article are just plain unverifiable. JamesBurns 03:41, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep. 7 year running E-federation brings notable points of success including: The expansion of a close-knit community through the web, harboring a massive intake of fan-fiction creativity and juggling of many members for nearly a decade. LcwS

 * Speedy Keep This does not meet the deletion critieria, it is notable in the wealth of stories that it holds and has held for its duration. Since this page is NOT meaningless content or history, with text completely meaningless or unsalvageably incoherent. And no other deletion criteria can be associated with this I believe it should stay stay.Melvic
 * Delete as per Splash. Junkyard prince 23:17, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 03:41, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Crusader Roach

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  08:40, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Crusader Roach


text:
User:Takkaria

Hi, I'm Andi Sidwell, and my website is http://takkaria.org/.

I'm more of a tinkerer than anything else, though if I find an underwhelming philosophy stub article, I enjoy filling in some more of the blanks. I hit "edit" and correct minor mistakes, like confusing "less" with "fewer". I also maintain the game Angband.

title: User:Takkaria


text:
User:Ormondroyd

Articles which I have significantly expanded from stubs:

 * Johnny Haynes

Articles to which I have made a significant contribution:

 * Deal, Kent

title: User:Ormondroyd


text:
Davidstow

Davidstow (Logdewi (village) and Pluwdhewi (parish) ) is a civil parish and village in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The village is north of Bodmin Moor straddling the A395 road about 3 mi north of Camelford. The hamlets of Hallworthy, Hendraburnick, Tremail and Trewassa are in the parish. It was formerly known as Dewstow(e).

'Davidstow Cheddar' and 'Cathedral City' brands of cheese are produced at Davidstow Creamery which is operated by Dairy Crest using water ultimately from St David's Holy well, next to the parish church.

A military airfield, RAF Davidstow Moor, was built near the village during the Second World War and was later used as a motor racing circuit.

Parish church
'Davidstow' means David's Place and according to legend the church was founded by Saint David in the 6th century, whilst visiting his mother at nearby Altarnun. The church is large but was very much restored in 1875 so that little original work remains inside. Both the nave and the east windows are wider than usual in a Cornish church; a few benchends are interesting, one portrays a bagpiper. The parish is part of the group in the charge of the Rector of Boscastle.

In former times the remoteness of the parish led to many vicars choosing non-residence. The older name Dewstowe is evidenced by a Guild of Our Lady of Dewstowe in 1545 (when it was abolished). The vicars of the 18th-century were non-resident and even the curates they employed could be absentees (e.g., in 1745 the vicar resided at St Ervan, his curate at Pancrasweek and the curate also minded the parish of Boyton). In 1561 information collected for Archbishop Parker included the fact that the vicar, William Waller, was non-resident and "all things are in ruin". Arthur Langdon (1896) records two Cornish crosses in the parish, one at Lambrenny and one at Trevivian.

Treglasta
The manor of Treglasta was recorded in Domesday Book (1086) when it was held by Robert, Count of Mortain; before 1066 it had been held by Earl Harold. There were 6 hides of land and land for 20 ploughs. The lord had one hide of land with 2 ploughs and 15 serfs. 24 villeins and 20 smallholders had the rest of the land with 12 ploughs. There were 300 acres of pasture, 4 unbroken mares, 4 cattle and 50 sheep. The value of the manor had been 12 silver marks (i.e. £8 sterling) but was in 1086 worth £15-18-4d.

title: Davidstow


text:
User:Jovan

Hello!

My name is Jovan David, I grew up in Xalapa, and lived in Coatepec and Fortín de las Flores, currently I´m living in Kanazawa, Japan. I am currently studying a PhD program at the University of Kanazawa.

Although my first and efimer articule in Wikipedia was some years ago, my interest in Wikipedia has been renewed, I'm hoping in being able to participate more actively. Some articules where I have been collaborated:

Coatepec, Kanazawa, Lóbulo Frontal , | Jovan David en Español

es:user:jovandavid

title: User:Jovan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/UCTF Anime Championship

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 02:16, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

UCTF Anime Championship
This is in the Ultimate Crossover Tournament Fighting series of articles. The UCTF is not notable. Also, wikipedia is not a web hosting provider.-- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 08:55, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not the least bit notable. Thatdog 08:57, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep. Very Successful E-federation that has been around for 7 years. pvegeta 09:06, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: this user is most likely a sockpuppet. The account was created within 15 minutes of this post and all its contributions are limited to voting on UCTF.
 * Note: pvegeta has been with Wikipedia for months
 * Delete Anime fighting championship? Like, is it cartoon characters that fight? Is the outcome known to the animator before the final bell? I'm confused. Is this encyclopedic? sorry, maybe its just me. Hamster Sandwich 09:11, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Expand.Yeah, 7 years is tons longer than most e-feds out there. It's got come of the most creative people on the net working on it.S3
 * Note: this user is most likely a sockpuppet. Actually, this isn't a sock puppet, becuase S3 is not an actual user account on wikipedia, a anon user (66.227.137.82) just signed S3.
 * KEEP IT. Why delete this? there's other stuff on the internet that needs to be deleted....much worse then people role playing. Hyper This was actually annon .  did not sign this, and if he/she did, they have only two edits to their name.
 * Speedy Delete as per Ultimate Crossover Tournament Fighting. UncleFloyd 14:10, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 17:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and kick the ass of sock puppets. --malathion talk 21:06, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons in other VfD. But I do not see how the WP:CSD allow this to be speedied. -Splash 23:09, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy Keep This does not meet the deletion critieria, it is notable in the wealth of stories that it holds and has held for its duration. Since this page is NOT meaningless content or history, with text completely meaningless or unsalvageably incoherent. And no other deletion criteria can be associated with this I believe it should stay stay.Melvic
 * Delete. Junkyard prince 23:20, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable unencyclopedic animecruft. JamesBurns 03:45, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Template:MultiLicenseCommunism

title: Template:MultiLicenseCommunism


text:
Sport in South Korea

South Korea has traditional sports of its own, as well as sports from different cultures and countries.

Sports originating from Korea
Taekwondo, a popular martial sport is often claimed to have historical origins on the Korean peninsula with origins said to have been traced as far back as the 1st century BCE. However, such historical claims are difficult to empirically verify and separate from the influences of neighboring counties. The sport rose to prominence following the end of Japanese occupation with the end of WWII. Formalized rules were established in 1961 and in 1988 the sport became an Olympic event. The name "Taekwondo" literally means way of foot and fist, although the modern emphasis lies on the kicks. This may be a way to help legitimize the sport's connection to the traditional practice called Taekkyon, which originated in Korea during the Goguryeo period in the 4th century. Taekkyon uses hands and feet as well as any part of the body; though only open feet and open hands are allowed during competitions. The motions are smoother and more curvilinear than in Taekwondo. Although both disciplines start with the sound "tae" in English, there is no relationship.

Although there is much controversy regarding the historical origins of many martial disciplines in South Korea, there is little question that, Koreanized or traditional in origin, Korean martial arts and sports have enjoyed considerable success. Styles such as Hapkido, Kuk Sool, Hwarangdo, Han Moo Do, Yudo, Kumdo, Goog-sool, and many others arose quickly out of an independent Korea and have spread to countries around the world. Although they are not as popular as Taekwondo, they each uniquely represent the Korean martial spirit which dates back to antiquity. Unlike Japanese martial arts which often use "-do" at a name's end (meaning "way"), traditional Korean martial arts were called "Mu Sool" or "Mu Yea". This could lead to some confusion since although the "do" in Taekwondo and Hapkido means "way" (as in Karate-do and Aikido), the historical meaning in Hwarangdo is different from the modern usage (also "way" like the others). When that martial art was invented in the 1960s, the name was borrowed from an ancient group (do) consisting mainly of the children of the gentry class (yangban) for learning military tactics, leadership, and fighting skills.

Popular sports
Football and baseball have traditionally been regarded as the most popular sports in Korea. A 2021 poll showed that a plurality of 25% of South Korean sports fans identified football as their favorite sport, with baseball ranked 2nd at 18.8% of respondents. However, the polling did not indicate the extent to which respondents follow both sports.

Baseball

Baseball was introduced in 1905 by American missionaries. The American missionaries' goal was to use Baseball to spread muscular Christianity. Professional baseball league, KBO League started in 1982 with six teams, now ten teams. Korea won the Gold Medal in baseball at the 2008 Olympic Games. Korea is also a regular participant in the World Baseball Classic, and runner-up in 2009 and 3th in 2006. Korea is considered one of the best baseball countries in international competition. Several Korean players have gone on to play in Major League Baseball. The domestic KBO League consistently draws 8 million total fans per year, averaging approximately 11,500 spectators per game, both highest among professional spectator sports in South Korea. There is also an active baseball cheering culture in South Korea, with each team having its own method of cheering.

Association football

In the early 1900s, football became an integral piece of Korean nationalism. It also became a symbol for the rivalry between Pyongyang and Keijō (Seoul) at the time. The people of Pyongyang used it to demonstrate their modernity and to resist the centralizing power of Keijō.

The national football team became the first team in the Asian Football Confederation to reach the FIFA World Cup semi-finals in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, jointly hosted by South Korea and Japan. The Korea Republic national team (as it is known) has qualified for every World Cup since Mexico 1986, and has broken out of the group stage thrice: first in 2002, then in 2010, when it was defeated by eventual semi-finalist Uruguay in the Round of 16, and in 2022, where it was defeated by eventual quarter-finalist Brazil. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, South Korea won the Bronze Medal for football.

South Korea, which competes internationally under the name of "Korea Republic", has qualified for eleven FIFA World Cups including the most recent 2022 tournament (Asian record), and co-hosted the 2002 World Cup, finishing in 4th place. Also in 2010, the country's under-17 women's team won the 2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in Trinidad and Tobago, claiming South Korea's first-ever title in worldwide FIFA competition. The K-League is the oldest domestic professional football league in Asia. A huge number of tiny amateur football gatherings are active and immensely popular.

Rivalry

Korea has rival relationships with various countries. As for soccer, North Korea, Japan, and Iran are South Korea's rivals. Since South Korea is a divided country, soccer matches against North Korea receive a lot of public attention. The same goes for the game against Japan. Iran is consistently strong against South Korea.

In 2022 nearly one in four South Koreans supported English Premier League team Tottenham Hotspur due to the presence of captain Son Heung-min.

Ice skating
Ice skating is also a very popular sport which sees kids as young as five years old starting to compete and getting private coaching on a daily basis. National leadership deliberately focused on short-track speed skating as an area of focus to do well in the Olympics and thus encouraged a culture of skating. The sport was first introduced to the country in 1982 by a Japanese university team who competed in an exhibition event, and the South Korean national team was established three years later, in time for the 1986 Asian Winter Games. By the first half of the 1990s they had become a major power in the sport, with Kim Ki-hoon becoming the country's first Winter Olympic gold medalist at the 1992 Winter Games in the men's 1000 metres, and the team winning five golds and a silver at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

Archery
South Korea has dominated archery at the international level, having the most medals in the Olympic Games of any country in the world as well as consistently strong performances in other international competitions.

Esports
Esports have found a strong home in South Korea, StarCraft professional competition being the largest example of these. Major corporate sponsored teams and leagues have formed in esports, the most notable leagues being the OnGameNet Starleague, the MBCGame StarCraft League (retired), and Proleague. Some television stations are devoted to broadcasting electronic sports, such as Ongamenet, GomTV, and formerly MBCGame. The Korean e-Sports Association, an arm of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, was founded in 2000 to promote and regulate esports in the country.

Basketball
Another sport gaining popularity in South Korea is Basketball. Professional basketball teams compete in the Korean basketball league. The South Korea national basketball team won a record number of 25 medals at the Asian Basketball Championship. The only Korean NBA player to date has been Ha Seung-Jin, who played there from 2004 to 2006. Basketball was the most popular sport in South Korea in the 1990s, along with football but its popularity has declined since the 2000s. In a 2022 ESPN story on Lee Hyun-jung, at the time starring in NCAA Division I basketball at Davidson College, a writer for Korean basketball magazine Jumpball commented, "In terms of popularity in Korea, if baseball and soccer are like BTS, then basketball is like '90s hair metal."

Volleyball
Volleyball is very popular in South Korea with the V-League being a professional league with men's and women's teams.

Fencing
In recent years, South Korea has performed well in fencing, winning many medals from recent Olympic Games and World Championships.

Korean martial arts
Taekwondo is the most practiced martial art in the country and is very popular outside of South Korea.

Field Hockey
Field Hockey is one of the sports where South Korea have achieved significant success on the continental level. There achievements include

 * Asian Games (Men's) :- South Korea has had a significant record in Asian Games, having finished 8 times on the podium of which they won the Gold Medal on 4 occasions.
 * Asian Games (Women's) :- Just like in Men's Competition,South Korea have excelled in the women's tournament having won 5 Gold medals and 4 Silver medals.
 * Asia Cup(Men's) :- South Korea are the best team in Asia Cup having won the competition 5 times and achieving the podium 9 times in total.
 * Asia Cup(Women's) :- Just like in Men's Competition, South Korea are the best team in Asia Cup having won the competition 3 times and achieving the podium 9 times in total.
 * Asian Champions Trophy(Men's) :- South Korea have won the Asian Champions Trophy once in 2021 and finished fourth twice.
 * Asian Champions Trophy(Women's) :- South Korea have won the Asian Champions Trophy thrice and finished on the podium 4 times in total and thus are the most successful team.

Lacrosse
The South Korea national lacrosse team has qualified for the World Lacrosse Championship five consecutive times (2002 to 2018).

South Korea has sent national teams to the Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships.

Golf
Golf is very popular in South Korea. It is often thought that this is linked to the fact that golf is considered a status symbol. Membership in golf clubs in South Korea is considerably more expensive than in Japan or the US.

Yang Yong-eun won the 2009 PGA Championship, the first Asian player to win a men's major tournament. K. J. Choi won eight PGA Tour events, including the 2011 Players Championship, and also claimed two top 5s at the Masters Tournament. Yang and Choi were selected for the Presidents Cup international team multiple times.

South Korea is especially strong in women's golf; 47 Koreans play on the world's leading women's tour, the LPGA Tour. Notable players include Pak Se-ri, who won five major tournaments from 1998 to 2006 and 25 LPGA Tour events; Inbee Park, who has won seven major tournaments since 2008 and 21 LPGA Tour events; and Jiyai Shin, Ryu So-yeon, Chun In-gee, Park Sung-hyun and Ko Jin-young, who have won two major tournaments each.

The two professional tours are the Korean Tour for men and the LPGA of Korea Tour for women.

Handball
The South Korea women's national handball team is one of two non-European countries to have won the World Championship and the only one to have captured Olympic gold.

Rugby union
Rugby union is played to some degree in South Korea, with the Korean team being currently ranked 30th in the world (as of July 2023) in the current IRB world rankings. Korea has been participating in the Asia Rugby Championship since 1969, with 5 total first-place finishes. In the two most recent Asia Rugby Championships (2022 and 2023), South Korea has finished both times as the runner-up. Most of South Korea's national rugby team players play their club rugby in Japan as South Korea doesn't have a professional league. The national rugby sevens side finished third in the Asian qualifier for the 2016 Summer Olympics, reaching the final qualifying tournament, but was unable to proceed past first-round group play in the final qualifier.

Kabaddi
Kabaddi is a growing sport in South Korea, with the South Korea national kabaddi team ranked 3rd in the world. Nine Korean players are playing in the Pro Kabaddi league in India.

Korean captain Jang Kun Lee is the most famous international player in the Pro Kabaddi league in India and is currently playing for the Bengal Warriors.

In the 2016 Kabaddi World cup, Korea finished in 3rd place in the tournament, as they lost to Iran in the semi-finals. Korea was the only team to beat the eventual winners and world champions India in the tournament. Korea was also invited to participate in the 2018 Dubai Kabaddi Masters as being among the top four Kabaddi playing nations in the world. As of 2022 Jang Kun Lee's younger brother is playing in Indian pro kabbadi league.

Cricket
Cricket is not that common, but South Korea did enter a national team during the 2014 Asian Games which saw them beat the People's Republic of China. Cricket is mostly played by expats and a league only exists in Seoul and the surrounding suburbs; the side for the Asian Games, which could only draw from South Korean citizens, consisted partially of converted baseball players.

Table tennis
Table tennis is popular in South Korea. There are minor leagues in many universities.

Motorsport
South Korea hosted the annual Formula One Korean Grand Prix in Yeongam from 2010 until 2013. However, South Korea has yet to have a driver on the grid.

On 30 November 2018, Formula E CEO, Alejandro Agag signed an agreement with Moon Jae-sik, chairman of JSM Holdings. South Korea was given the right to hold the Seoul ePrix from 2020 to 2025. It will be first ePrix in South Korea and third Asian country hosting after Hong Kong and China (Beijing and Sanya).

Ice hockey
Ice hockey is slowly emerging as a sport in South Korea, indicated by Anyang city seeing sell-out games for the Anyang Halla hockey club, which became the first non-Japanese club to win the championship title for Asia League Ice Hockey. South Korea has four teams participating in the Asia League Ice Hockey championship.

Other sports
Popular throughout Asia, Badminton is played by many Koreans. Badminton nets can be found in many outdoor recreation parks. Korean players often reach the finals in regional and world championships. Bowling is a popular sport in South Korea, with many local leagues. Computerized systems are commonplace.

Hiking on Korea's many mountains is very popular, particularly among older generations. Hiking is a massive industry for clothing companies and for tourism. Hence hiking trails in South Korea have good infrastructure.

Scuba diving is popular on Jeju island.

Fishing is a popular activity to do in streams, rivers, and the oceans. There are arranged fishing tours.

Korea's alpine skiing slopes were made known during the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang. Snowboarding was not allowed in most resorts until recently.

Summer Olympics
The 1988 Summer Olympics were celebrated in Seoul from September 17 to October 2, 1988. They were the second Summer Olympic Games to be held in Asia, last hosted in Tokyo in 1964.

At the Seoul Games, 160 nations were represented by 8391 athletes: 6197 men and 2194 women. 237 events were held. 27221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics. 11331 media (4978 written press and 6353 broadcasters) showed the Games all over the world.

These were the last Olympic Games for two of the world's "dominating" sport powers, Soviet Union and East Germany, as both ceased to exist by the next Olympic Games.

North Korea, still officially at war with South Korea, and its allies, Albania, Cuba, Madagascar and Seychelles boycotted the games. For differing reasons, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, and Albania (who declared an Olympic-record fourth consecutive boycott) did not participate in the Games. However, the much larger boycotts seen in the previous three Summer Olympics were avoided, resulting in the largest ever number of participating nations to that date.

North Korea and South Korea marched together in the 2000 and 2004 Olympics, and were thought likely to do so in 2008, however they did not. (See Sports in North Korea.)

South Korea has the distinction amongst Asian countries of collecting more Winter Olympics medals with 45 medals: 23 gold, 14 silver, and 8 bronze. South Korea ranked second in the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics medal table with ten gold medals. But, if they lost the title they followed up with a silver medal.

The 2018 Winter Olympics took place in Pyeongchang between 9 and 25 February 2018. Pyeongchang won on its third consecutive bid. After a series of large cities (Nagano to Sochi), for the first time since Lillehammer 1994 the Winter Olympics returned to a mountain resort.

FIFA World Cup
The 2002 FIFA World Cup was held in Korea and Japan with extreme success. More than 10 million Koreans came to the streets to support their team in the semifinals against Germany.

The 2002 FIFA World Cup was the 17th staging of the FIFA World Cup, held in South Korea and Japan from 31 May to 30 June. It was also the first World Cup held in Asia, and the last in which the golden goal rule was implemented. Brazil won the tournament for a record fifth time, beating Germany 2–0 in the final. Turkey beat South Korea 3–2 in the third place match.

title: Sport in South Korea


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User talk:Rob de Voogd

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 09:01, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rob de Voogd


text:
User talk:Upshine

NOTHING

Upshine; I've been very impressed with your editing and work on Wikipedia. Keep it up! TheFireTones (talk) 12:56, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Upshine!
Hey mate ;) Contact me if you wanna learn how to make the fancy signature! O yeah! Learned how to do it!

The Fire  Tones  18:35, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Go to preferences, and edit the section that says "Signature", using HTML to format your signature as you wish. Mine would be  The Fire  Tones . Its good to have a link to your User page, talk page and possibly contribs as well.  The  Fire  Tones  11:23, 26 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Be sure you check the box that says "raw signature" The  Fire  Tones  11:23, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Hope to see you in fancy signature land! ;) The  Fire  Tones  11:23, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Well...
I'm certainly no Upshine. That said, I may be an awful person in real life, but on Wikipedia I am the honorable, noble, and virtuous The  Fire  Tones  13:48, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

London Wikimedia Fundraiser
Good evening! This is a friendly message from Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, inviting you to the London Wikimedia Fundraising party on 19th December 2010, in approximately one week. This party is being held at an artistic London venue with room for approximately 300 people, and is being funded by Ed Saperia, a non-Wikipedian who has a reputation for holding exclusive events all over London. This year, he wants to help Wikipedia, and is subsidising a charity event for us. We're keen to get as many Wikimedians coming as possible, and we already have approximately 200 guests, including members of the press, and some mystery guests! More details can be found at http://ten.wikipedia.org/wiki/London - expect an Eigenharp, a mulled wine hot tub, a free hog roast, a haybale amphitheatre and more. If you're interested in coming - and we'd love to have you - please go to the ten.wikipedia page and follow the link to the Facebook event. Signing up on Facebook will add you to the party guestlist. Entry fee is a heavily subsidised £5 and entry is restricted to over 18s. It promises to be a 10th birthday party to remember! If you have any questions, please email me at chasemewiki at gmail.com.

Hope we'll see you there, (and apologies for the talk page spam) - Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry (talk) 00:09, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

The Contribution Team cordially invites you to Imperial College London All Hail The Muffin Nor does it taste nice... 12:05, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Upshine