text:
Death-qualified jury

A death-qualified jury is a jury in a criminal law case in the United States in which the death penalty is a prospective sentence. Such a jury will be composed of jurors who:
 * 1) Are not categorically opposed to the imposition of capital punishment;
 * 2) Are not of the belief that the death penalty must be imposed in all instances of capital murder—that is, they would consider life imprisonment as a possible penalty.

The creation of such a jury requires the striking during voir dire of jurors who express opposition to the death penalty such that they are unable or unwilling to set aside personal, moral, or emotional objections toward the supporting of a death sentence, and is designed to produce a fair and impartial jury of which the members will fairly consider all options, including the death penalty and life imprisonment.

Expressing opposition to the death penalty does not automatically disqualify a juror. A party may attempt to rehabilitate the juror by asking questions as to whether, personal convictions notwithstanding, they might consider the death penalty. A juror who expresses exorbitant support for the death penalty who would thus otherwise be struck may be rehabilitated should they state a willingness to consider life imprisonment.

The use of a death-qualified jury was found to be consistent with the United States Constitution, most especially with the Sixth Amendment thereto, by the Supreme Court of the United States in Witherspoon v. Illinois, and in Lockhart v. McCree; neither decision, though, mandated the use of death-qualified juries as against those containing jurors categorically unwilling to impose a penalty of death. It is in view of the Witherspoon decision that the process of one's death-qualifying a jury is, in the United States, referred to colloquially as Witherspooning a jury.

A poll commissioned by the Death Penalty Information Center on June 9, 2007, showed 57% of Americans believed they would qualify to be jurors in capital cases.

Bias
The bias imposed by the rule goes beyond the application of the death penalty itself. Several studies have found that death-qualified juries are made up of fewer women and minorities. Death-qualified juries are often criticized because they have a similar effect as excluding jurors based on race or gender, which intentional exclusion, in Batson v. Kentucky in 1986, was held as inconsistent with the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Empirical evidence adduced in Lockhart also has shown that death-qualified juries are more likely than other jurors to convict a defendant. That is, death-qualified jurors are more likely than non-death-qualified jurors to vote for conviction when assessing the same sets of facts. It is argued that since death-qualified juries overrepresent these groups there is a propensity to render guilty verdicts on cases of any type, including those in which the death penalty is not considered.

title: Death-qualified jury


text: User talk:70.49.61.31

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.49.61.31


text:
Talk:Ilona Feher Foundation

The foundation has a separate entry from "Ilona Feher" since it is a different, distinct entity.

Special note irrelevant to the description of IFF as an entry in Wikipedia removed.

Attribution tag
User: CatherineMunro, Pls see added references. Thanks. Micke5000 12:45, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ilona Feher Foundation


text:
Talk:Lisburn

Origin of name
The town was known as Lisnagarvey until it was burned to the ground in 1641. In the years afterwards it became known as "Lisburn", as a reference to the fire. I have this on good authority from a prominent local historian. It's nothing to do with the Ulster-Scots word "burn" or "stream". See "Voices from the Street: Bridge Street and the Quay of Lisburn", published by Lisburn City Council in 2006. --Tireoghain2 15:39, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Well, in July 2011 I added the following to the article:"The origin of the town's current name is uncertain. The modern spelling Lisburn first appears in a January 1662 entry in the church records. After February 1662, the name Lisnagarvy is no longer found in the records. It is commonly believed that the town was renamed after being burnt during the Irish Rebellion of 1641. In his book Lisburn Cathedral and Its Past Rectors (1926), Rev W P Carmody argues 'This seems to be most improbable; after twenty years the burning would be a memory, and the loyal people of the town would not be disposed to give it a name that would be forever reminiscent of its destruction by rebels'. There is evidence that the name existed even at the time of the rebellion. In the depositions concerning the rebellion, an English soldier stated on 9 June 1653 that the rebels entered the town of Lisnagarvy at 'a place called Louzy Barne'. Carmody believes that, in the town's early days, there were two co-existing ringforts: Lisnagarvy to the north and Lisburn to the south. He suggests that both names come from Irish and concludes: 'Lisburn, being shorter and more easily pronounced by the English settlers, became the familiar name and Lisnagarvey gradually dropped out'."

If Lisburn does come from an Irish name, what is that name? What has been suggested?

The entry for Lisburn at the Placenames Database of Ireland givs Lios na Bruidhne and Lios Uí Bhroin as possible origins, but it doesn't tell us anything else.

On Google Books I found the following extract from the book Irish Haiku (2005) by Christopher John Arthur:"In fact, any connections made between the burn in the town's name and the blazes that twice destroyed it, is entirely spurious. This point is emphasized by Adrian Room in his Dictionary of Irish Place Names. The name Lisburn is, he says, 'almost certainly entirely Irish.' Two derivations can be identified: Although Lios na Bearnan ('ring fort of the gap') is…"

I'm not able to read beyond that. If anyone can, or if you can get a hold of either Irish Haiku or Dictionary of Irish Place Names, could you tell us what is written? ~Asarlaí 00:06, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

City Status
I feel that the reference to the Belfast-Dublin Corridor is inaccurate. The majority of people would view Newry as the third city in that trio rather than Lisburn. This should be amended. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.123.185.230 (talk) 14:21, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

While I understand that Lisburn has official city status from the Queen, does anyone agree that it would be reasonable for us to add that most people regard it as a town, or an extension of Belfast? (The same goes to Newry and Armagh) Jonto 21:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Well, Lisburn is part of the BUMA (Belfast Urban Metropolitan Area) or Greater Belfast, it technically is part of Belfast in a sense. But it dos have city status. Jvlm.123 17:57, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Definitely a city, www.lisburncity.gov.uk Djegan 19:23, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

I don't believe that most people do regard it as a town actually.

 * I've reverted the changes to the article that removed any mention of city status. It is a city, but I've added a line to say that most regard it as a town due to its size. Stu   ’Bout ye!  08:04, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Speaking as someone living in Belfast. Most regard it as a suburb of belfast and find it's city status pretty laughable.Goblinman (talk) 16:08, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I've updated the article to make it more relavent to Lisburn City, personally when someone says Lisburn I think 1st The town, 2nd The council and 3rd The city. I grew up in what is now called Lisburn City, which many still refer to as Lisburn borough. When I say Lisburn I would always mean the town, not the administritive area! Maybe I am too close to the problem, and the rest of the world sees the council area as the more importnat of the two entities. I posted a bit on diambiguation at the bottom of this page, but no-one responded to it. Fasach Nua 19:08, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * On an aside the Strabane article is about Strabane town, not Strabane district council area and Craigavon is about Craigavon town, not Craigavon council area, maybe we should look at some uniformity Fasach Nua 20:20, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Teen Talk!
Is this relevant:

''Lisburn is home to a large youth population. The constant expansions to the "Bow Street Mall" make the mall a hotspot for youth, as well as the multiscreen "Omliplex" and "Leisureplex". Popular youth "hangout" spots include Duncan's Dam, and Castle Gardens''

Or even accurate?

Gerry Lynch 17:11, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't suppose that matters. Considering that most places on the island of Ireland are made up of around 25% of people being under 16 years. Sure in Dublin, 50% of the population is said to be under 25. 08:22, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Police - it's not HQ for Belfast Region

 * No evidence that Lisburn police station is the HQ for Belfast Region. The PSNI website mentions the Lisburn DCU (District Command Unit), but Belfast is split in East, West, South and North Belfast DCUs ... each with non-Lisburn base stations.
 * Lisburn police state = hq for Lisburn DCU = no surprise, so not worth mentioning. Reference to police station removed.  AMe 23:26, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Wallace

 * Can't remember the details from primary school, but wasn't Wallace Park named after someone who had a big influence over the town? Maybe someone can add in the details.  AMe 23:26, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Sir Richard Wallace, invented the Potato Waffle, another brilliant example of ingenuity from the vast collection of intellectuals in Lisburn 'City'. :-)

Disambiguation
I find this article confusing, there is:
 * 1) Lisburn Town - which is the market town
 * and

and from reading the artile, I couldn't tell which of the two this article is meant to refer to, does anyone else have any thoughts on this? Fasach Nua 19:32, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Lisburn city - which is the council area, which encompasses the town plus many non-trivial villages, such as Moira, Dunmurry and Hillsborough

20% nationalist population
Looking at the figures for "20%[3] nationalist population" its more a matter of faith than statistics. Ultimately whilst its easy to assume SDLP+SF=20% we do not know if these people are nationalist or not, simply that they vote for broadly nationalist based parties; indeed Alliance polled around 10% and these people could represent nationalist or unionist traditions but not align themselves with the more extreme viewpoints on either side. Indeed its the sentence at large that troubles me, viz "a decision which has angered many of the city's 20% nationalist population"; do we know if these people even care if the Union Flag is flown all year round. Fundementally if the sentence cannot be reasonably citied as a whole then its not fit for inclusion at all; the citation does not reach WP:VERIFY and is potentially in violation of WP:NOR as we are interpreting the conscience of voters by voting pattern. Djegan 13:36, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

In addition to the highly salient points raised above, is the fact that these statistics are based upon an electoral population. The electoral population of Lisburn, differs significantly from the city’s general population, and as such the figures cited are completely erroneous, especially given the context in which they are used !!!

So, do you have any trouble with the 'unionist' population? How do you support the claim that it is a predominantly unionist town, even if many people vote for unionist parties? How do you know if these people are unionist or not? Or does this logic just apply to the nationalist population? 86.42.119.12 (talk) 03:30, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Museum
No mention of the Irish Linen Museum!? --Ulster Linen (talk) 11:49, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Proposed Northern Ireland Wiki Meetup
A Wikimeet is proposed for Northern Ireland in the next few months. If you have never been to one, this is an opportunity to meet other Wikipedians in an informal atmosphere for Wiki and non-Wiki related chat and for beer or food if you like. Most take place on a Sunday afternoon in a suitable pub but other days and locations can also work. Experienced and new contributors are all welcome. This event is definitely not restricted just to discussion of Northern Ireland topics. Please add your suggestions for place and date to the discussion page here: Proposed Northern Ireland Wiki Meetup. Philafrenzy (talk) 22:13, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
 * This is a reminder to please add any views you may have to the project page linked above. Thanks. Philafrenzy (talk) 08:38, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

Population growth
Is there any explanation as to why the city's population nearly trebled between 1991 and 2011? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.155.226.3 (talk) 13:45, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Good question. The answer is that the figures weren't comparing like for like. The figures for 1991 and 1981 seem to have been solely for Lisburn Urban Area. The figures for 2001 and 2011 were for Lisburn local government district, which covers a much wider area. I've amended the figures for 1991 and 1981 to reflect the census for the current "Lisburn City" area. Valenciano (talk) 17:49, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Name in Irish Language
I have just undone an edit made by an unregistered user, who deletes the Irish language name for "Lisburn" on the ground that the Irish language name suggested is not a translation of "Lisburn". Actually there is a well written explanation of the naming issue in the article, on which I rely to justify my undo. I have asked the editor in my edit summary not to revert again without entering in to discussion here. Other editors (of course) very welcome to chip in.

Daithidebarra (talk) 19:06, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

Te same unregistered user (ie same IP address ) undid my edit earlier today, without any discussion here. Another editor has now intervened, and reverted to my version. For which thanks. In the meantime I have now placed a formal request for discussion on that user's talk page.

Daithidebarra (talk) 18:03, 10 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I actually agree with the IP editor on this one. Even the name section says what the town was originally called, and this isn't what's in the infobox. It may have been derived from that name, but that doesn't mean it's the Irish name for Lisburn. The Irish Name field should contain the Irish Name not something that it may have originally derived from. Canterbury Tail   talk  01:58, 11 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I explicitly explained to the IP editor at Talk:Hillsborough, County Down the manual of style in regards to this issue as well as links that show what is regarded as the "official" Irish name of places north and south are considered to be (click here for evidence for Lisburn), and going by it appears that the "Lis" of Lios na gCearrbhach) is incorporated in Lisburn. So the IP is in the wrong on all accounts. Mabuska (talk) 22:55, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

For some reason the editor keeps adding an old defunct name for Lisburn that has not been used since 1620 ad it is not an official Irish name or translation of lisburn so must be being added for a disruptive or political reason I am only interested in facts and that is that there is no Irish translation or name for lisburn — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.7.125.216 (talk) 08:29, 21 May 2017 (UTC)
 * For some reason it has taken for the two articles in question to have IP editing indefinitely blocked for you to finally engage in the proper place for discussion and disputes. Making allegations about user intentions when you clearly have no clue on the issue you are arguing about also doesn't help. If anyone was being disruptive it was you ignoring the discussions opened up and explanations given to you already especially at the Hillsborough article. If you wish to keep ignoring all that then why should I repeat it here for you know? Mabuska (talk) 14:36, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

 * This is also a discussion at Talk:Hillsborough, County Down which is both relevant and explains that an Irish name for a place in Ireland need not be a translation of an English language name for a place, and indeed, often enough, is not.Daithidebarra (talk) 15:30, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

Once again I find I must make it clear that there is no Irish name for Lisburn you are using the Irish original when even the anglicized version lisnagarvey has not been the name used since 1620 as Irish is the first language of a quarter of a percent of the population of Northern Ireland this addition of a name not used from the 1500's seems very strange, the reason you refuse to put up the direct translation for lisburn is Because there isn't one and the Irish name for lisburn is defunct for 500 to 600 years old , I also live in lisburn where there is no recorded residents who use Irish as their first language or even recognise the Irish version of the longer used Lisnagarvey or the official name Lisburn , perhaps you should also add the ulsterscots name , Latin , proto Celtic names and beyond — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.104.12.20 (talk) 10:13, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Once more with spurious false allegations based on one's own personal unsupportable POV. And to think I have been accused of being a loyalist by republican editors.
 * Let's see if we can make this crystal clear for you:
 * Of course there is no direct literal translation of Lisburn because there does not need to be one. A language can call anywhere whatever it wants regardless of what it is called in another language, and in regards to Irish they tend to use the original Irish name of the place before it was changed. Prime examples along with Lisburn include: "Baile na Croise" (Ballynacross) instead of Draperstown and "Sean Mullach" (Shanemullagh) instead of Castledawson. Ballynacross is an old name used for the cross-roads prior to the foundation of Draperstown in the 1810's, whilst Shanemullagh is the townland Castledawson was founded in just like Lisnagarvey is the townland that Lisburn was founded in. In contrast Newtownhamilton, which was founded in the townland of Tullyvallan is known in Irish as "An Baile Úr" meaning "the New Town", meaning it is literal translation of the first half of the English name. Another literal translation example is Randalstown, which was founded in the townland of Ardmore but is known in Irish as "Baile Raghnaill". Is it consistent? No. Does it have to be? No. But are all these names reliably sourced as being the Irish forms of these places? Yes!
 * Just because you live there and according to you no-one speaks it in Lisburn doesn't mean the place does not have an Irish form of its name. I don't know how many Irish speakers live in China but it also has an Irish name, "an tSin".
 * If you have the Scots form of Lisburn then by all means add it in, preferably with sources, though the "burn" part itself is from Scots so Lisburn is quite possibly the Ulster-Scots form as well as it is. Suggesting Latin and proto-Celtic is simply idiocy.
 * So Lisnagarvey hasn't been used since the 1500's? And has been defunct for 500 to 600 years? Considering the name spelt as "Lisnagarvy" is recorded in the 1659 Census (358 years ago) shoots that argument out of the water and shows how much you know on the topic.
 * Indeed for someone from Lisburn you should obviously know that the local GAA club, St. Patrick's GAC Lisburn, is called what in Irish? Oh yes that's right: . Don't believe me, here's the Antrim GAA link for them and here is the clubs own website, its also clearly part of their club badge. They were founded in 1965, which also proves that the name is not defunct as you claim.
 * Indeed according to Logainm, "Lios na gCearrbhach" is the validated Irish name for Lisburn. Who or what is Logainm? A department of the Republic of Ireland's Department of Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs, tasked with rediscovering, recovering and validating the Irish forms of all places on the island of Ireland. That makes it pretty much as official as you can get.
 * Your credibility on this issue has been shown to be non-existent, which is no surprise considering you have provided no evidence to contradict the above sites and official authority on the subject, and no surprise considering your viewpoint is based on simple bigotry against the Irish language. Mabuska (talk) 14:00, 22 May 2017 (U

Again a biggoted agenda being hidden, if Any language can call it anything why pick Irish a long defunct language why not put up polish there are more polish speakers in northern Ireland than the southern Irish dialect you constantly post
 * If you can't be bothered reading the responses which explains how you are wrong on all counts, then discussion is over no matter how much you cry. The only one with a bigoted agenda is yourself. Mabuska (talk) 15:40, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

Coat of arms
For what it's worth, I've put together an SVG graphic of the coat of arms of Lisburn after the city's website:

No supporters, motto, or crest, obviously, just the scutcheon. Don't know if you want to include it, but it's there. Solidarity, Q·L·1968 ☿ 00:00, 19 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Is this the actual coat of arms for Lisburn? I have noted there appears to be official ones and then Roman Catholic based/inspired ones for counties and places in Ireland. Mabuska (talk) 12:25, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120317010708/http://www.placenamesni.org/resultsdetail.phtml?entry=18398 to http://www.placenamesni.org/resultsdetail.phtml?entry=18398
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100924210933/http://lisburncity.gov.uk/irish-linen-centre-and-lisburn-museum/ to http://www.lisburncity.gov.uk/irish-linen-centre-and-lisburn-museum/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071206141412/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Sr/sr2002/20020231.htm to http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Sr/sr2002/20020231.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120217095720/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census/ to http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080828021441/http://www.lisburn.gov.uk/ to http://www.lisburn.gov.uk/

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External links modified
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External links modified
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Population again
I'm considering updating Lisburn's population to 2011 census figures. I'm pinging here because of the edits in 2014 regarding population.

The population given in the lede, 71,465, reflects a 2001 census figure for Lisburn Urban Area. The figure in the Infobox, 120,465, is likely for the Local Government District in 2001. In the 2011 census NISRA records there are three Lisburn figures: one for Local Government District (120,165), one for City Settlement (45,370) and one for Metropolitan Settlement (31,186). For example the City Settlement figure is [https://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/AreaProfileReportViewer.aspx?FromAPAddressMulipleRecords=Lisburn%20City@Partial%20match%20of%20location%20name:%20@Partial%20Match%20Of%20Location%20Name:%20%20Lisburn%20City@23? here]. I propose to update the population to the City Settlement one. The scope of the Local Government District is too large and I believe the scope of the Metropolitan Settlement is too small. NISRA gives an overall table of urban populations (Settlements) for 2011 here (use Usual Resident Population). On Page 5, it lists Lisburn City at 45,370 (the City Settlement figure).

The effect of this will be to drop Lisburn's place in the overall table of Northern Ireland settlements from 3rd to perhaps 8th. So there may be some controversy with this change. I've been updating populations for other towns in Northern Ireland to NISRA Census 2011 figures and I believe that NISRA numbers (rather than those from a Council) represent the most reliable source. Interested to hear others' thoughts on this. Thanks Declangi (talk) 08:00, 23 August 2019 (UTC)

 * City settlement. The idea that places like Moira, Hillsborough and Glenavy, let alone Poleglass and Twinbrook, were part of a "Lisburn city" was always dubious. The idea of Dundonald being part of that even more so. Valenciano (talk) 13:43, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

 * ✅ Declangi (talk) 08:26, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

If you keep changing the areas covered, you really should not show percentage changes 18:35, 26 January 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C6:148A:9B01:CD69:E73A:42D7:5975 (talk)

The Burnings 1920
Trying to keep this concise. (1) War of Independence is mentioned in the proceeding section. (2) Ret. Brigadier General Pain, even though given command of troops, appears at the time to have been RIC Divisional Commander. While he was absolutely a UVF man (Craig's righthand man as Chief of Staff), is their evidence that in August 1920 he was an active "UVF leader? (3) It is an inference that the failure to pursue special constables was the result of the threatened resignations, but Lawlor suggests there were other pressures and considerations in the decision. Can't the connection be left to the reader. Cheers. ManfredHugh (talk)

 * Some of your changes to this section are fine, but other changes made the wording less concise and introduced too many long-drawn-out sentences. On your first point: the War of Independence and events of 1920 should be mentioned before events of 1922, so I've moved them into chronological order. I've also moved the March assassination of MacCurtain and the August assassination of Swanzy back into chronological order. On your second point: Lawlor says on page 120 that "Hacket Pain was one of the leaders of the UVF", and the same wording was used in this article. However, Lawlor doesn't say whether his UVF involvement ended or if it continued after the war. Other sources suggest he was replaced, so I'm happy to use "former UVF leader". ~Asarlaí 22:57, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

Asalai, That's fine, thanks. I am not sure that the discussion of Nicholson's Commemoration on the day of British withdrawal from Dublin (which is emblematic of the local unionist response to partition), and the dedication of the Victory Memorial, sits well under the section heading "From town to city". Maybe the two paragraphs can have their own heading. Regards ManfredHugh (talk)

Without altering the chronological order in which you have rearranged things, I have put the Burnings and the Richardson commemoration (both of which can be seen as part of a local response to the War of Independence) together under one heading The Burnings and Partition. Small matter: but given that he was pursued from Cork to Lisburn to avenge the death of Mac Curtain, as a matter of economy do we have to state that Swanzy was moved to Lisburn for his own safety? Wouldn't that be the inference. But, anyway, put it back if you think it important.ManfredHugh (talk)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 April 2023
Update the population to the 2021 figure - 51,452 2A02:C7C:621B:7C00:CD86:4F92:B93C:8281 (talk) 09:06, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. M.Bitton (talk) 11:33, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lisburn


text:
Rugila

Rugila or Ruga (also Ruas; died second half of the 430s AD), was a ruler who was a major factor in the Huns' early victories over the Roman Empire. He served as an important forerunner with his brother Octar, with whom he initially ruled in dual kingship, possibly a geographical division where Rugila ruled over Eastern Huns while Octar over Western Huns, during the 5th century AD.

Etymology
The name is mentioned in three variants, Ρούγας (Rougas), Ρουας (Rouas), and Ρωίλας (Roilas). Common spellings are Ruga, Roas, Rugila. Otto Maenchen-Helfen included this name among those of Germanic or Germanized origin, but without any derivation, only comparison with Rugemirus and Rugolf. Denis Sinor considered a name with initial r- not of Altaic origin (example Ragnaris).

Omeljan Pritsak derived it from Old Turkic and considered it to be of composite form, with the change ουγα- > ουα, Greek suffix -ς, and those with ila as Gothicized variant. The Ancient Greek Ρ (rho) would thus render Hunnic *hr-, which Pristak connects to Old Turkic *her > har/ar/er (man), common component of names and titles. He connects the second part, ουγα- or ουα, to the Old Turkic title ogä (to think). Thus Pritsak reconstructs a development of *hēr ögä > *hər ögä > hrögä.

History
Initially Rugila had ruled together with his brother Octar, who died in 430 during a military campaign against the Burgundians. In 432, Rugila is mentioned as a sole ruler of the Huns. According to Prosper of Aquitaine, "After the loss of his office, Aetius lived on his estate. When there some of his enemies by an unexpected attack attempted to seize him, he fled to Rome, and from there to Dalmatia. By the way of Pannonia, he reached the Huns. Through their friendship and help he obtained peace with the rulers and was reinstated in his old office. Ruga was ruler of the gens Chunorum". Priscus recounts "in the land of the Paeonians on the river Sava, which according to the treaty of Aetius, general of the Western Romans, belonged to the barbarian", some scholars explain this as meaning that Aetius ceded part of Pannonia Prima to Ruga. Scholars date this cession to 425, 431, or 433. Maenchen-Helfen considered that the area was ceded to Attila.

In 422, there was a major Hunnic incursion into Thracia launched from Danube, menacing even Constantinople, which ended with a peace treaty by which Romans had to pay annually 350 pounds of gold. In 432–433, some tribes from Hunnic confederation on the Danube fled to Roman territory and service of Theodosius II. Rugila demanded through his experienced diplomat Esla return of all fugitives, otherwise the peace would be terminated, but soon died and was succeeded by sons of his brother Mundzuk, Bleda and Attila, who became joint rulers of the united Hunnic tribes.

The Eastern Roman politician Plinta along quaestor Epigenes nevertheless had to go for adverse negotiations at Margus; according to Priscus, it included trade agreement, the annual tribute was raised to 700 pounds of gold, and fugitives were surrendered, among whom two of royal descent, Mamas and Atakam probably because of conversion to Christianity, were crucified by the Huns at Carso (Hârșova).

According to Socrates of Constantinople, Theodosius II prayed to God and managed to obtain what he sought - Ruga was struck dead by a thunderbolt, and among his men followed plague, and fire came down from the heaven consuming his survivors. This text is panegyric on Theodosius II, and happened shortly after 425 AD. Similarly, Theodoret recounts that God helped Theodosius II because he issued a law that ordered destruction of all pagan temples, and Ruga's death was the abundant harvest that followed these good seeds. However, the edict was issued on November 14, 435 AD, so Ruga died after that date. Chronica Gallica of 452 places his death in 434, "Aetius is restored to favor. Rugila, king of the Huns, with whom peace was made, dies. Bleda succeeds him".

title: Rugila


text: User talk:82.161.89.20

title: User talk:82.161.89.20


text:
Eric Ghiaciuc

Eric M. Ghiaciuc [GUY-check] (born May 28, 1981) is a former American football center. He was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the fourth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Central Michigan.

Early life
While attending Oxford High School, Ghiaciuc was a three-sport standout in football, wrestling, and track and field. In football, he won All-League, All-County, All-Metro, All-State honors, and he was ranked No.37 prospect by The Detroit News, and No.47 by the Detroit Free Press. In wrestling, he was the state heavyweight champion. Ghiaciuc is of Romanian descent.

College career
At Central Michigan University in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, Ghiaciuc was part of an offensive line which generated 105 touchdowns in a three-year stint. He was redshirted in 2000, saw limited action in 2001, then took over as starting center in 2002, starting for the next 37 games for the Chippewas. He was an Industrial Education major who graduated with a 3.30 GPA.

Cincinnati Bengals
Ghiaciuc was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the fourth round (119th overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft. Ghiaciuc's college teammate, Adam Kieft, was drafted in the fifth round. Paul Alexander, the Bengals' offensive line coach and assistant head coach, had also attended Central Michigan University. Ghiaciuc made his NFL debut and got his first career start against the Jacksonville Jaguars on October 9, 2005. He went on to play in four more games in his rookie season as a reserve. In 2006, Ghiaciuc started 12 of the final 13 games of the season at center, following an injury to Rich Braham in Week 2. He started in 12 games in 2007 and all 16 games in 2008 for the Bengals.

Kansas City Chiefs
An unrestricted free agent after the 2008 season, Ghiaciuc signed with the Kansas City Chiefs on April 30. He was waived on September 4, 2009.

San Diego Chargers
Ghiaciuc was signed by the San Diego Chargers on December 22, 2009 after center Scott Mruczkowski was placed on injured reserve. He was inactive for the final two games of the Chargers' regular season, as well as their playoff game against the New York Jets. He became a restricted free agent after the season but was not offered a tender by the Chargers.

Cleveland Browns
Ghiaciuc was signed by the Cleveland Browns on April 8, 2010. He was released on June 16, 2010.

Florida Tuskers
Ghiaciuc was a member of the Florida Tuskers' (United Football League) minicamp roster in June 2010.

New England Patriots
Ghiaciuc was signed by the New England Patriots on August 4, 2010. He was released on September 3, during final cuts.

Miami Dolphins
Ghiaciuc was signed by the Miami Dolphins on November 22, 2010 after placing Cory Procter on injured reserve. Ghiaciuc was released on December 28, 2010.

title: Eric Ghiaciuc


text:
Vasilyevsky Island

Vasilyevsky Island (Васи́льевский о́стров, Vasilyevsky Ostrov, V.O.) is an island in St. Petersburg, Russia, bordered by the Bolshaya Neva and Malaya Neva Rivers (in the delta of the Neva River) in the south and northeast, and by Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland in the west. Vasilyevsky Island is separated from Dekabristov Island by the Smolenka River. Together they form the territory of Vasileostrovsky District, an administrative division of Saint Petersburg.

Situated just across the river from the Winter Palace, it constitutes a large portion of the city's historic center. Two of the most famous St. Petersburg bridges, Palace Bridge and Blagoveshchensky Bridge, connect it with the mainland to the south. The Exchange Bridge and Tuchkov Bridge across the Malaya Neva connect it with Petrogradsky Island. Vasilyevsky Island is served by Vasileostrovskaya and Primorskaya stations of Saint Petersburg Metro (Line 3 ). There are plans to build new Metro stations on Vasilyevsky Island by extending Line 4 (the Orange Line) to the Island. In addition, the island is serviced by bus routes and tramway lines.

History
Originally, planners wanted Vasilyevsky Island to have canals in lieu of streets (similar to Venice). However, this plan never came to fruition and today the island has streets.

Etymology
Speakers of Russian understand the name of the island as a possessive adjective made of the Russian masculine personal name Vasily (Basil), or possibly of the family name Vasilyev (derived from "Vasily").

There are various versions of who the original Vasily was, though these may be a product of false etymology, as the Russian name of the island may in fact be a corruption of its previous Swedish or Finnish name, because the island had been shown under them on Swedish maps before its present Russian history began after the Great Northern War.

First Russian record of the island, and under virtually its modern name, is found in a registry book of 1500 land survey (Pistsovaya kniga) of Votes' Pyatina (Vodskaya Pyatina) of Novgorod Republic.

It makes less probable another, a later one, Vassily-related etymology dating back to the 18th century. It is connected, like many other city legends, with the person of the founder of the present-day city, Peter the Great. One of his foremost gunner officers and military engineers, some Vassily Korchmin, had his artillery battery to ward off the Swedish navy at the spit of the island and got the tsar's letters addressed "To Vassily in the Island", thus making it another possible cause of the island's name. The man was commemorated by a lively statue in a pedestrian street on the island (see photo). Finnish etymology may lead to a corrupted compound word Vasikkasaari, Calf Island. Another known Finnish name of the island was Hirvisaari - Elk (Moose) Island.

Topography
Geographically, the island consists of two main parts. The south and east of the island are old, with buildings mostly from the 19th century. The southern embankment (with its western part named after St Petersburg University located there) has some of the oldest buildings in the city dated from 18th century. That part of the island is notable for its rectangular grid of streets (originally intended to be canals, like in Amsterdam), with three lengthwise thoroughfares called prospekts – Bolshoi (Big), Sredniy (Middle) and Maly (Small) – going roughly from east to west, and with about 30 crosswise Linii (Lines) forming about 15 peculiarly numbered streets going perpendicularly from south to north. The island boasts the city's narrowest street named after the artist Ilya Repin.

Landmarks
The easternmost tip of the island, called Strelka (spit, literally Arrow), features a number of museums, including the Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange (Bourse) as well as two Rostral columns, and is a popular tourist attraction. The edifices lining the Universitetskaya Embankment along the Bolshaya Neva include the Kunstkamera, Twelve Collegia, Menshikov Palace, Imperial Academy of Sciences, and St. Andrew's Cathedral – all dating from the 18th century. In the island center there is a considerable Museum of electrical transport organised by transport history enthusiasts. It is based at the oldest Vasileostrovsky tram depot. Another recent notable attraction was an animated floating anchored illuminated musical fountain located just off the Spit.

In contrast with the Neva embankments in the historical center, the western part of the island was developed much later, in the late Soviet times, and has mostly typical Soviet apartment blocks. A monument to Vasily, the legendary Peter I's local gunners' battery commander after whom the island may have been named, was opened in 2003.

The principal buildings of Saint Petersburg State University are located on the island and include the Twelve Collegia by Domenico Tresini (1722–44) and the former palace of Peter II of Russia.

Economics, science and culture
In recent centuries Vasilyevsky Island has provided a home both to academic life and to various industries.

Science and education
The island's learning facilities have included the Imperial Academy of Sciences with its copious library, Saint Petersburg State University (including their Russian Language and Culture Institute), the 1st Army Cadet Corps (later the Military Academy of Supplies and Logistics) and the Naval Cadet Corps, and (among newer bodies) the Civil Service Academy (now termed the North-West Institute of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration). Many of these entities occupy historically significant buildings (for example the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute).

The Russian Academy of Sciences with its branches has always had many of its research institutions in its cradle - on the island. They include the institutes of: soils study, zoology, optics, aerial photography, Precambrian and general geology, polymers, world ethnography and anthropology, physiology, chemistry of silicate and fireproof compounds. Possibly best-known of the institutes, the Institute of Russian Literature (known as Pushkin House) holds manuscripts and archives of Russian prominent writers of the past and of the present.

A number of institutions maintain museums, some of them open to the general public. Several require neither obligatory pre-booking nor pre-arranging groups-only visits (like Kunstkamera and the Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Others require pre-organised visits, like the Literary Museum at Pushkin House or the Soils Study Museum of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Industries
The island, like many other areas located around the city centre, has had a number of well-developed industries and factories, ranging from shipbuilding to making pianos and to industrial bread baking.

Now, in a supposedly post-industrial era, a number of buildings of former factories have been converted to other usages, like the former Jacob Becker's Piano Factory.

Energy supply to many industrial facilities and housing in the island is provided by a cogeneration thermal power station.

One of three biggest Saint Petersburg shipyards is Baltiysky Zavod (Балтийский завод - Rus. for Baltic Shipyard ). Having had in recent years some financial difficulties, now it is recovering. There are private developers' plans to relocate the factory to Kronshtadt to make way for housing development schemes.

Another redevelopment spot is claimed to change part or all of the site of former Steel-rolling Plant (Staleprokatniy zavod - Rus. Сталепрокатный завод ), presently known as Saint Petersburg Precision Alloys Foundry (Peterburgskiy zavod pretsezionnykh splavov).

Until recently, all of Saint Petersburg Metro escalators as well as those for all the underground railroad systems of the former Soviet Union were made since the 1950s at a local facility called Zavod "Eskalator", now known as LATRES (Rus. abbr. ЛАТРЭС ). Now they produce moving staircases for shopping malls around Russia as well.

A major producer of electric power and signal cables is Sevkabel (Rus. for North(ern) Cable (Factory)). Traditionally a branch of metal-processing, this industry now also includes production of optic fibre.

Marine and consumer electronics have been designed produced at a number facilities in the island (see e.g. Russian Institute for Power Radioengineering:), one of them being a nationalized Siemens & Halske plant that was known in the Soviet times as (Nikolay) Kozitsky Plant making Raduga (Rus. for rainbow) colour television sets. Now it is a Raduga group company.

Like every other district of Saint Petersburg in the Soviet times, the island has had its own industrial bakery (Rus. khlebozavod хлебозавод) - Vasileostrovskiy khlebozavod, now a subsidiary of Fazer Group.

Churches
The Lutheran Church of Saint Michael was built on the island in 1874–1876.

Literature

 * A Lonely Cottage on the Vasilyevsky Island, by Alexander Pushkin
 * is a poem by Letitia Elizabeth Landon about an annual mourning feast held at the Smolensko Church on the graves of the deceased. This illustrates a painting by Alfred Gomersal Vickers, engraved by E. Smith, in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837.

title: Vasilyevsky Island


text:
List of storms named Otis

The name Otis was used for five tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

The name Otis was retired after the 2023 Pacific hurricane season, and was replaced with Otilio for the 2029 season.
 * Hurricane Otis (1981) – a Category 1 hurricane that briefly impacted Mexico as a tropical storm
 * Hurricane Otis (1987) – a Category 3 hurricane that stayed out to sea, causing no threat to land
 * Hurricane Otis (2005) – a Category 2 hurricane that nearly threatened Baja California Sur
 * Hurricane Otis (2017) – a Category 3 hurricane that stayed out to sea, causing no threat to land
 * Hurricane Otis (2023) – a Category 5 hurricane that made landfall near Acapulco, Mexico, the strongest and most damaging hurricane ever recorded along the Pacific coast of North America

title: List of storms named Otis


text:
R236 road (Ireland)

The R236 road runs in County Donegal in Ulster, and links Stranorlar, via Convoy and Raphoe, to St Johnston and Carrigans, becoming the A40 into Derry in Northern Ireland.

The R236 road is a regional road in the Republic of Ireland, running from the N13 straight off the road from Stranorlar in Kilross, whilst the rest of the N13 continues from the T junction to Letterkenny. The R236 then runs through farmland via the townland of Killynure, crosses Glasly Bridge, which takes it across the Burn Dale, and continues on via Convoy and Raphoe. The stretch of the R236 between the Kilross Junction and Convoy is known locally as 'the Braaid Rayid' or 'the Braaid Roád', both Ulster-Scots terms meaning 'the Broad Road'.

The R236 joins the N14 at a T junction for a short length running north from the Lifford and Strabane direction to Letterkenny, before another T junction leaving the main N14 and running via Carrickdawson, Momeen, Magheraghcloy, Castletown. In Tullyowen the R265 (linking southwards to Rossgeir near Lifford) and that road number is in St Johnston before the northward parting of the ways in Dundee with the northwestward R265 running to Newtown Cunningham and the N13 at Castleforward Demesne, whilst the R236 runs northeastward. The R236 runs via Carrigans before becoming the A40 when the border with County Londonderry is reached with the road linking Derry.

title: R236 road (Ireland)


text:
Talk:Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben, BWV 8

Title
I think it is more common to leave out the punctuation marks (here quotation mark) at the end of the cantata titles. --Mst 21:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm using the Grove dictionary as my primary source, and they include incipit-final punctuation in all cases. Most of the other secondary literature I have does the same. Micro tonal  (Put your head on my shoulder) 23:38, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The book by Alfred Dürr and the (German) music publishers omit them, also the NBA (Neue Bach-Ausgabe). --Mst 08:48, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll check out the Dürr tomorrow, as I haven't looked at it in years. I suppose I ought to have done before I started doing the cantatas, but I don't think I've done anything that can't be improved. I'd love a look at the new edition of Dürr, but our library doesn't have it yet (no surprise there, given that it just came out last month), and it's prohibitively expensive to the individual buyer (~$350 retail, last I saw).
 * The German paperback edition is slightly cheaper (~$35)... --Mst 10:09, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Frankly, this may be a language difference, in which case, I'm inclined to let the German usage take precedence in cases where Bach's own usage is in doubt. I'll spend some time concentrating on this particular issue when I get back into the library tomorrow. Micro tonal ... (Put your head on my shoulder) 09:06, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Infobox
Proposal → --Francis Schonken (talk) 08:03, 2 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the proposal which could be useful once the article gets much longer. Even then,
 * The BWV number should be visible above the image, to avoid confusion with the hymn article.
 * For the infobox, it seems enough that it is a cantata by Bach. The inclusion of a setting by a different composer for just a 4-part hymn seems not worthy of mentioning there.
 * I don't think we need to mention the author of the hymn as the hymn has a link.
 * I don't think the term "premiere" is suitable for sacred music.
 * I don't think the instrumentation needs to be specified for individual movements.
 * --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:50, 2 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Re. "... once the article gets much longer" – many of the Bach cantatas are GA or FA (only BWVs 5 and 8 are neither in the BWV 1–12 range), so expanding this article, trying to get it to GA level would, imho, be an excellent idea. Trying to address your concerns in a split variant proposal ↓ --Francis Schonken (talk) 09:54, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

Or, split
Like the first proposal, I agree with Gerda's suggestion that such more elaborate box(es) are only appropriate when the article has grown. Lead infobox (presented without image for talk page size: the image would be the same as the current one) →

Second infobox (could be inserted at Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben? BWV 8 – compare Magnificat (Bach) which also has a second infobox further down the page for the "other" version) → --Francis Schonken (talk) 09:54, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

Or, this short version for the second box → --Francis Schonken (talk) 10:06, 2 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I've linked the occasion as you proposed, and have proposed a new version of based_on. Beyond that I think discussion of expansion and/or addition of a second box should be postponed until the article has grown enough to warrant it. Nikkimaria (talk) 12:04, 2 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Re. "discussion of expansion and/or addition of a second box should be postponed until ..." – disagree: whether planning to expand, trim or split, discussion can continue here, even if such discussion would come to a consensus that certain adjustments (expansion and/or trimming) to the article content are a prerequisite for updating the template in mainspace. --Francis Schonken (talk) 07:53, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Other proposal
Proposing to remove the infobox, apart from the lead image (and its caption) enclosed in it. --Francis Schonken (talk) 07:53, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Infobox and new material
, The current infobox at the moment seems fine. So far there has been no consensus to remove it or adjust it in any major way. The infobox is not dissimilar from the infobox for BWV 105 that was recently added.

Researchers on the Bach Archive have created a link to this article.

Content from the 1978 book of Whittaker has not yet been incorporated in the current wikipedia article. On wikipedia the 1971 Taschenbuch of Alfred Dürr has been used for other cantatas. It is available on archive.org. I checked that for BWV 8 it contains less information than the 2006 book of Dürr & Jones, available a while back as an ebook on google books. Content about the reaction to pietism has not been added. The German version of Dürr's 1992 book is not available electronically. The reference for BWV2a, now available as an electronic resource, has only recently been added. Mathsci (talk) 12:30, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Liebster Gott, wann werd ich sterben?
The article above concerns a Lutheran chorale with the same title as the cantata. The content there, however, is only concerned with the statement that Vetter's closing chorale was "borrowed" by Johann Sebastian Bach. No Bach commentators, many of whom are or were connected to the Bach Archive, have disagreed with that assessment. The borrowing from Vetter and its labelling as "spurious" is currently described in one paragraph of the "Music" section of the current article. There a single reference to Emil Platen's 1975 Bach-Jahrbuch plus one line on the small BWV2a listing of 1998, which is linked to Platen's discussion. The article on the Lutheran chorale seems to be out of balance with the article on the cantata, often in a contradictory way. Mathsci (talk) 13:41, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Liebster Gott, wann werd ich sterben? is the article on the hymn, with the text. It's a different question where material not related to the hymn itself should go. A link to the text should be part of the cantata article. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 13:56, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
 * (ec) The article is nevertheless unbalanced. For this current article, there is a slightly problem in finding appropriate English translations for the arias. For BWV 39 and Carus-Verlag, English translations outside copyright were available. That does not apply to BWV 8. The Novello English translation, which were originally used for the vocal score, were converted to only German texts when Kalmus remastered the Novello edition on IMSLP. The chorales of C. S. Terry have survived. Mathsci (talk) 14:16, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Gerda, Talk:Liebster Gott, wann werd ich sterben (that is the talk page of the hymn article) is currently a redlink: feel free to initiate – whatever improvement suggestions regarding the hymn article are of course welcome there. Tx. --Francis Schonken (talk) 14:05, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Ideas
Some ideas I'd like to implement for this article include: --Francis Schonken (talk) 13:57, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
 * By movement subsections, i.e. subsections where each movement is discussed separately (see models in many Bach cantata articles)
 * Reception section, i.e. approaching reception as a whole
 * Winterfeld's analysis, in Vol. III, pp. 308–309, of the difference between how Bach treats the older chorale melodies rhythmically as compared to how he does so with those closer to his own time (like Vetter's).
 * The use of out-dated 19th sources, such as those of Winterfeld, does not seem appropriate and appears to be original research. These aspects of the article "Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben?" unbalance the article on the cantata. Giving different images of the same chorale seems unusual when it is done in "wikipedia's voice." At the moment there seems to be no consensus to incorporate this kind of material on the cantata at the moment.
 * Use of contemporary scholarshiship is now the norm, but needs care. The Bach Archive does gives a guide to page numbers for standard references, such as the Bach-Jahrbuch. However, as with the series on Bach perspectives, they need to be be read and absorbed carefully. Citing a single page of the Bach Archive does not constitute a reliable source, although it is a starting point.
 * In other comparable articles on cantatas, some of which are featured articles, there are no comparable sections on reception. Sometimes transcriptions are mentioned.
 * All of the content concerning Dürr's 2006 has been extracted. There has also content from Christoph Wolff which has been incorporated. Passages from Hans-Joachim Schulze and Leisinger have also been used. As has already been commented on this page, the pages on the book of William G. Whittaker still await summary. Mathsci (talk) 15:16, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

John the Evangelist image
Image moved here from mainspace while I don't see the connection to the topic of this article →

I'd be very happy if someone could explain? Thanks. --Francis Schonken (talk) 15:26, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Question mark in article title
In the Dürr/Jones book on Bach's cantatas (2005/2006) the title of the cantata is given as:"Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben, BWV 8"That is, with a comma, and not a question mark, between the German incipit of the cantata's text and the BWV number. Similar in the New Bach Edition (1982):"Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben, BWV 8"And, according to the Bach Digital website, neither question mark nor comma: In fact, virtually no source, that is, neither an English-language one nor a German-language one, seems to refer to Bach's cantata with a question mark at the end of the German-language incipit. For the hymn, in Wikipedia spelled without question mark ("Liebster Gott, wann werd ich sterben"), I've seen a few sources, but as far as I can remember not the majority, which refer to it with a question mark at the end of the title, but for Bach's cantata, the practice appears to be non-existent, or at least very rare. So, I'd move this article to the format as in the Dürr/Jones book, that is Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben, BWV 8. Any objections? --Francis Schonken (talk) 08:05, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben (1st version) BWV 8.1;...
 * Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben (2nd version) BWV 8.2;...
 * No objections from me. It was created with the ? and I never cared about this detail that doesn't change a meaning. If I had time, I'd care about oversized lead image, references pointing nowhere, sandwiched text and empty sections. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:15, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved – Re. "oversized lead image": the image is just filling the width of the infobox: that width is dictated by the infobox title, not the image. I "cared" in the sense that I replaced the former image by one that has a lesser height. Re. "sandwiched text": afaik there isn't any sandwiched text any more currently, or did I miss anything? Re. "references pointing nowhere, ... and empty sections": yeah sure, working on it (but give me some time to get the consequences of the article title change such as navboxes, italictitle etc ironed out first) – anyhow better that the page was moved without further delay, before all the other work is done, rather than getting everything else right first, and then another overhaul for a changed article title. --Francis Schonken (talk) 08:33, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you, and understand. I made the lead image a tad smaller. "Sandwiched" isn't quite right - sorry - just a load of images in the history section. Perhaps some can go to the movements once they are there. Take your time, - I just asked for patience in another corner, In the news, where it seems a foreign word. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:53, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Micro-biographies
I reduced some micro-biographies per WP:COATRACK: I expect these updates to be unproblematic, but to make sure, I put them here for further discussion, if needed. --Francis Schonken (talk) 13:09, 15 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Troutbeck :"... Rev Dr John Troutbeck (1832–1899). A musicologist specializing in Bach's choral music, he became a Minor Canon at Westminster Abbey and Chaplain-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria."reduced to:"John Troutbeck ..."
 * Barth :"... Carl Friedrich Barth, born in 1734, the son of a merchant from Glauchau. Barth became a chorister at the Thomasschule in 1746, where he was picked out by Bach for his skills in Latin to become music prefect. After leading performances at the Thomaskirche and Nikolaikirche, he enrolled at the University of Leipzig in 1757 to study philosophy and theology. In 1770 he was appointed as a Cantor in Borna, where he died in 1813."recast as:"Carl Friedrich Barth, who had become a pupil of the St. Thomas School in Leipzig in 1746, was a copyist who worked for Bach and his successors Gottlob Harrer and Johann Friedrich Doles. In the period between Harrer's demise (9 July 1755) and the start of Doles's tenure (January 1756) he was, together with Christian Friedrich Penzel, acting Thomascantor."

Libretto translations
Proposing to replace (in Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben, BWV 8): In Diack's translation, the text of the first movement reads:Gracious God, when will Thou call me to my home in Heav'n above? Where, with all the saints and angels, I will praise Thy wond'rous love; 'Tis the fate of man to know, pain and sorrow here below, for a season he endureth, then to mother earth returneth. By: In Lunn's translation, the text of the first movement reads:O my God, when shall I perish? For my days run swiftly by, as with all who here do flourish, for of Adam's seed am I. We inherit this from him, that we for a little time here on earth are tried and wearied then ourselves in earth are buried. I'm not sure but possibly Diack's translation is still under copyright (but maybe not everywhere), and I'd avoid too much copyrighted material from the same source (there's another Diack translation of an entire movement further down the page, while no part of the Lunn translation is quoted yet). See MOS:LYRICS (guideline) and WP:NOTLYRICS (policy). Also, I think that for this stanza the Lunn translation works way better than Diack's.

In general we'd have to consider how much primary source text material (copyrighted and non-copyrighted) we'd want to retain in the article, in view of the indicated guideline and policy. Whittaker's translation of two separate stanzas is maybe too much too (copyrighted afaik). Ideas? --Francis Schonken (talk) 11:23, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

Detailed description of Vetter's Musicalische Kirch- und Hauß-Ergötzlichkeit
In an unfortunate edit conflict I apparently overwrote:"Aimed at the pious Leipzig merchant class for 'spiritual recreation' or 'refreshment' through music, the simple four-part organ chorales were paired with spinet or clavichord broken-chord variations, in the style brisé, then in vogue. Like Bach's Orgelbüchlein composed during the same period, Vetter's collection starts with Nun komm der Heiden Heiland. It has one piece per page, except for the final chorale Liebster Gott of the 1713 volume which is annotated on two full pages with four separate staves for cantus, alto, tenor and figured bass:"

A few points: --Francis Schonken (talk) 06:13, 18 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The article is still "in use", please some patience – in the mean while suggestions can be posted on this page.
 * IMHO, this is not the place for a detailed description of Vetter's Musicalische Kirch- und Hauß-Ergötzlichkeit, especially as the other 220 pieces in those volumes (for organ/keyboard) have a different nature from the concluding piece (Vetter's "Liebster Gott, wann werd ich sterben", for SATB singing voices) – there are several options where such content can be added, e.g.,
 * Start an article Musicalische Kirch- und Hauß-Ergötzlichkeit
 * Add such content to Daniel Vetter

in-use tags
An in-use tag was removed on 22:30 November 17, 2020 by me when no editing was happening (bed time usually). An edit adding two new sentences and one high resolution image from Commons in a gallery format was added on 5:53 November 18, 2020 when there no in-use tag. Mathsci (talk) 06:35, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

Caption of Scheibe-organ image
Suggesting: →

With this entry added to the sources list: Reason: more precision. --Francis Schonken (talk) 10:36, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

MdZ and period instrument practice
The sources for the current article are not up to date.

Moritz Hauptmann became Thomaskantor in Leipzig in 1842. The publication of the Bach cantatas started in 1851. Their pdf files can be read online or downloaded on the MdZ, the Munich Digitization Center. The first volume contains the first 10 cantatas; no D major version was published at that stage. The commentary for the 1851 volume is a primary source so cannot be used directly. As director of the St Thomas choir in Leipzig, Hauptmann would have had access to its archives. But choral performances in Leipzig moved on into quite a different direction, e.g. the public performances of St Matthew Passion organised by Felix Mendelssohn at the Gewandhaus. The 1986 book "Moritz Hauptmann of Leipzig" by Dale Jorgensen gives a modern historical account of Moritz Hauptmann. I am not sure how accessible that source is.

The article at the moment mentions en passant technical difficulties for the transverse flute and the oboes d'amore. Using the original manuscripts from the Thomaskirche archive, the conductor Masaaki Suzuki has given a very detailed account of what kind of flute or recorder was used for the first and fourth movements of the cantata. Those details can be found in the liner notes here: https://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Rec-BIG/Suzuki-C24c[BIS-CD1351].pdf. Similar liner notes are often discussed concerning period instrument practice/adaptation to baroque instruments: e.g. the Gustave Leonhardt-Nikolaus Harnoncourt complete cantata set. There are other in addition some special practices such as "one voice per part": these ahve been used by Joshua Rifkin for BWV 8 and BWV 78, often to make orchestral textures more transparent.

The 1982 Osthoff edition (which includes the adapted D major version) includes some odd editing. The first movement for the strings in recent editions is usually marked sempre pizzicato. In Osthoff's version, "pizzicato" has been removed and the words "con sordini" added. Later editions seem to adhere more faithfully to original manuscripts.

It is also not quite clear why the second movement from circa 1755 is labelled as hautbois instead of hautbois d'amour.

Despite these ambiguities with "period instrument practice", it is clear that modern performers are adept at playing their baroque instruments. Although Suzuki has given a D major version for the first movement as an appendix, in the end he has opted for the E major version. Similarly the recordings of Leonhardt-Harnoncourt, Rilling, Herreweghe, Koopman, Gardiner, Rifkin and Johanssen are in E major with oboes d'amore and transverse flute. Karl Richter is old school and very much slower. Mathsci (talk) 17:13, 23 November 2020 (UTC)


text: User talk:84.238.3.23

title: User talk:84.238.3.23


text:
WDNR

WDNR (89.5 FM, "Widener's Best") was a college radio station in Chester, Pennsylvania, licensed to Widener University. The station used to broadcast a wide variety of music and could also be listened to on the Internet via an online stream. WDNR marked its 40th anniversary in 2008.

On August 29, 2014, the FCC cancelled WDNR's license, after the university decided to no longer operate the station.

title: WDNR


text:
Forensic chemistry

Forensic chemistry is the application of chemistry and its subfield, forensic toxicology, in a legal setting. A forensic chemist can assist in the identification of unknown materials found at a crime scene. Specialists in this field have a wide array of methods and instruments to help identify unknown substances. These include high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thin layer chromatography. The range of different methods is important due to the destructive nature of some instruments and the number of possible unknown substances that can be found at a scene. Forensic chemists prefer using nondestructive methods first, to preserve evidence and to determine which destructive methods will produce the best results.

Along with other forensic specialists, forensic chemists commonly testify in court as expert witnesses regarding their findings. Forensic chemists follow a set of standards that have been proposed by various agencies and governing bodies, including the Scientific Working Group on the Analysis of Seized Drugs. In addition to the standard operating procedures proposed by the group, specific agencies have their own standards regarding the quality assurance and quality control of their results and their instruments. To ensure the accuracy of what they are reporting, forensic chemists routinely check and verify that their instruments are working correctly and are still able to detect and measure various quantities of different substances.

Role in investigations
Forensic chemists' analysis can provide leads for investigators, and they can confirm or refute their suspicions. The identification of the various substances found at the scene can tell investigators what to look for during their search. During fire investigations, forensic chemists can determine if an accelerant such as gasoline or kerosene was used; if so, this suggests that the fire was intentionally set. Forensic chemists can also narrow down the suspect list to people who would have access to the substance used in a crime. For example, in explosive investigations, the identification of RDX or C-4 would indicate a military connection as those substances are military grade explosives. On the other hand, the identification of TNT would create a wider suspect list, since it is used by demolition companies as well as in the military. During poisoning investigations, the detection of specific poisons can give detectives an idea of what to look for when they are interviewing potential suspects. For example, an investigation that involves ricin would tell investigators to look for ricin's precursors, the seeds of the castor oil plant.

Forensic chemists also help to confirm or refute investigators' suspicions in drug or alcohol cases. The instruments used by forensic chemists can detect minute quantities, and accurate measurement can be important in crimes such as driving under the influence as there are specific blood alcohol content cutoffs where penalties begin or increase. In suspected overdose cases, the quantity of the drug found in the person's system can confirm or rule out overdose as the cause of death.

Early history
Throughout history, a variety of poisons have been used to commit murder, including arsenic, nightshade, hemlock, strychnine, and curare. Until the early 19th century, there were no methods to accurately determine if a particular chemical was present, and poisoners were rarely punished for their crimes. In 1836, one of the first major contributions to forensic chemistry was introduced by British chemist James Marsh. He created the Marsh test for arsenic detection, which was subsequently used successfully in a murder trial. It was also during this time that forensic toxicology began to be recognized as a distinct field. Mathieu Orfila, the "father of toxicology", made great advancements to the field during the early 19th century. A pioneer in the development of forensic microscopy, Orfila contributed to the advancement of this method for the detection of blood and semen. Orfila was also the first chemist to successfully classify different chemicals into categories such as corrosives, narcotics, and astringents.

The next advancement in the detection of poisons came in 1850 when a valid method for detecting vegetable alkaloids in human tissue was created by chemist Jean Stas. Stas's method was quickly adopted and used successfully in court to convict Count Hippolyte Visart de Bocarmé of murdering his brother-in-law by nicotine poisoning. Stas was able to successfully isolate the alkaloid from the organs of the victim. Stas's protocol was subsequently altered to incorporate tests for caffeine, quinine, morphine, strychnine, atropine, and opium.

The wide range of instrumentation for forensic chemical analysis also began to be developed during this time period. The early 19th century saw the invention of the spectroscope by Joseph von Fraunhofer. In 1859, chemist Robert Bunsen and physicist Gustav Kirchhoff expanded on Fraunhofer's invention. Their experiments with spectroscopy showed that specific substances created a unique spectrum when exposed to specific wavelengths of light. Using spectroscopy, the two scientists were able to identify substances based on their spectrum, providing a method of identification for unknown materials. In 1906 botanist Mikhail Tsvet invented paper chromatography, an early predecessor to thin layer chromatography, and used it to separate and examine the plant proteins that make up chlorophyll. The ability to separate mixtures into their individual components allows forensic chemists to examine the parts of an unknown material against a database of known products. By matching the retention factors for the separated components with known values, materials can be identified.

Modernization
Modern forensic chemists rely on numerous instruments to identify unknown materials found at a crime scene. The 20th century saw many advancements in technology that allowed chemists to detect smaller amounts of material more accurately. The first major advancement in this century came during the 1930s with the invention of a spectrometer that could measure the signal produced with infrared (IR) light. Early IR spectrometers used a monochromator and could only measure light absorption in a very narrow wavelength band. It was not until the coupling of an interferometer with an IR spectrometer in 1949 by Peter Fellgett that the complete infrared spectrum could be measured at once. Fellgett also used the Fourier transform, a mathematical method that can break down a signal into its individual frequencies, to make sense of the enormous amount of data received from the complete infrared analysis of a material. Since then, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) instruments have become critical in the forensic analysis of unknown material because they are nondestructive and extremely quick to use. Spectroscopy was further advanced in 1955 with the invention of the modern atomic absorption (AA) spectrophotometer by Alan Walsh. AA analysis can detect specific elements that make up a sample along with their concentrations, allowing for the easy detection of heavy metals such as arsenic and cadmium.

Advancements in the field of chromatography arrived in 1953 with the invention of the gas chromatograph by Anthony T. James and Archer John Porter Martin, allowing for the separation of volatile liquid mixtures with components which have similar boiling points. Nonvolatile liquid mixtures could be separated with liquid chromatography, but substances with similar retention times could not be resolved until the invention of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by Csaba Horváth in 1970. Modern HPLC instruments are capable of detecting and resolving substances whose concentrations are as low as parts per trillion.

One of the most important advancements in forensic chemistry came in 1955 with the invention of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) by Fred McLafferty and Roland Gohlke. The coupling of a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer allowed for the identification of a wide range of substances. GC-MS analysis is widely considered the "gold standard" for forensic analysis due to its sensitivity and versatility along with its ability to quantify the amount of substance present. The increase in the sensitivity of instrumentation has advanced to the point that minute impurities within compounds can be detected potentially allowing investigators to trace chemicals to a specific batch and lot from a manufacturer.

Methods
Forensic chemists rely on a multitude of instruments to identify unknown substances found at a scene. Different methods can be used to determine the identity of the same substance, and it is up to the examiner to determine which method will produce the best results. Factors that forensic chemists might consider when performing an examination are the length of time a specific instrument will take to examine a substance and the destructive nature of that instrument. They prefer using nondestructive methods first, to preserve the evidence for further examination. Nondestructive techniques can also be used to narrow down the possibilities, making it more likely that the correct method will be used the first time when a destructive method is used.

Spectroscopy
The two main standalone spectroscopy techniques for forensic chemistry are FTIR and AA spectroscopy. FTIR is a nondestructive process that uses infrared light to identify a substance. The attenuated total reflectance sampling technique eliminates the need for substances to be prepared before analysis. The combination of nondestructiveness and zero preparation makes ATR FTIR analysis a quick and easy first step in the analysis of unknown substances. To facilitate the positive identification of the substance, FTIR instruments are loaded with databases that can be searched for known spectra that match the unknown's spectra. FTIR analysis of mixtures, while not impossible, presents specific difficulties due to the cumulative nature of the response. When analyzing an unknown that contains more than one substance, the resulting spectra will be a combination of the individual spectra of each component. While common mixtures have known spectra on file, novel mixtures can be difficult to resolve, making FTIR an unacceptable means of identification. However, the instrument can be used to determine the general chemical structures present, allowing forensic chemists to determine the best method for analysis with other instruments. For example, a methoxy group will result in a peak between 3,030 and 2,950 wavenumbers (cm−1).

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a destructive technique that is able to determine the elements that make up the analyzed sample. AAS performs this analysis by subjecting the sample to an extremely high heat source, breaking the atomic bonds of the substance, leaving free atoms. Radiation in the form of light is then passed through the sample forcing the atoms to jump to a higher energy state. Forensic chemists can test for each element by using a corresponding wavelength of light that forces that element's atoms to a higher energy state during the analysis. For this reason, and due to the destructive nature of this method, AAS is generally used as a confirmatory technique after preliminary tests have indicated the presence of a specific element in the sample. The concentration of the element in the sample is proportional to the amount of light absorbed when compared to a blank sample. AAS is useful in cases of suspected heavy metal poisoning such as with arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium. The concentration of the substance in the sample can indicate whether heavy metals were the cause of death.

Chromatography
Spectroscopy techniques are useful when the sample being tested is pure, or a very common mixture. When an unknown mixture is being analyzed it must be broken down into its individual parts. Chromatography techniques can be used to break apart mixtures into their components allowing for each part to be analyzed separately.

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a quick alternative to more complex chromatography methods. TLC can be used to analyze inks and dyes by extracting the individual components. This can be used to investigate notes or fibers left at the scene since each company's product is slightly different and those differences can be seen with TLC. The only limiting factor with TLC analysis is the necessity for the components to be soluble in whatever solution is used to carry the components up the analysis plate. This solution is called the mobile phase. The forensic chemist can compare unknowns with known standards by looking at the distance each component travelled. This distance, when compared to the starting point, is known as the retention factor (Rf) for each extracted component. If each Rf value matches a known sample, that is an indication of the unknown's identity.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be used to extract individual components from a mixture dissolved in a solution. HPLC is used for nonvolatile mixtures that would not be suitable for gas chromatography. This is useful in drug analysis where the pharmaceutical is a combination drug since the components would separate, or elute, at different times allowing for the verification of each component. The eluates from the HPLC column are then fed into various detectors that produce a peak on a graph relative to its concentration as it elutes off the column. The most common type of detector is an ultraviolet-visible spectrometer as the most common item of interest tested with HPLC, pharmaceuticals, have UV absorbance.

Gas chromatography (GC) performs the same function as liquid chromatography, but it is used for volatile mixtures. In forensic chemistry, the most common GC instruments use mass spectrometry as their detector. GC-MS can be used in investigations of arson, poisoning, and explosions to determine exactly what was used. In theory, GC-MS instruments can detect substances whose concentrations are in the femtogram range. However, in practice, due to signal-to-noise ratios and other limiting factors, such as the age of the individual parts of the instrument, the practical detection limit for GC-MS is in the picogram range. GC-MS is also capable of quantifying the substances it detects; chemists can use this information to determine the effect the substance would have on an individual. GC-MS instruments need around 1,000 times more of the substance to quantify the amount than they need simply to detect it; the limit of quantification is typically in the nanogram range.

Forensic toxicology
Forensic toxicology is the study of the pharmacodynamics, or what a substance does to the body, and pharmacokinetics, or what the body does to the substance. To accurately determine the effect a particular drug has on the human body, forensic toxicologists must be aware of various levels of drug tolerance that an individual can build up as well as the therapeutic index for various pharmaceuticals. Toxicologists are tasked with determining whether any toxin found in a body was the cause of or contributed to an incident, or whether it was at too low a level to have had an effect. While the determination of the specific toxin can be time-consuming due to the number of different substances that can cause injury or death, certain clues can narrow down the possibilities. For example, carbon monoxide poisoning would result in bright red blood while death from hydrogen sulfide poisoning would cause the brain to have a green hue.

Toxicologists are also aware of the different metabolites that a specific drug could break down into inside the body. For example, a toxicologist can confirm that a person took heroin by the presence in a sample of 6-monoacetylmorphine, which only comes from the breakdown of heroin. The constant creation of new drugs, both legal and illicit, forces toxicologists to keep themselves apprised of new research and methods to test for these novel substances. The stream of new formulations means that a negative test result does not necessarily rule out drugs. To avoid detection, illicit drug manufacturers frequently change the chemicals' structure slightly. These compounds are often not detected by routine toxicology tests and can be masked by the presence of a known compound in the same sample. As new compounds are discovered, known spectra are determined and entered into the databases that can be downloaded and used as reference standards. Laboratories also tend to keep in-house databases for the substances they find locally.

Standards
Guidelines have been set up by various governing bodies regarding the standards that are followed by practicing forensic scientists. For forensic chemists, the international Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) presents recommendations for the quality assurance and quality control of tested materials. In the identification of unknown samples, protocols have been grouped into three categories based on the probability for false positives. Instruments and protocols in category A are considered the best for uniquely identifying an unknown material, followed by categories B and then C. To ensure the accuracy of identifications SWGDRUG recommends that multiple tests using different instruments be performed on each sample, and that one category A technique and at least one other technique be used. If a category A technique is not available, or the forensic chemist decides not to use one, SWGDRUG recommends that at least three techniques be used, two of which must be from category B.  Combination instruments, such as GC-MS, are considered two separate tests as long as the results are compared to known values individually  For example, the GC elution times would be compared to known values along with the MS spectra. If both of those match a known substance, no further tests are needed.

Standards and controls are necessary in the quality control of the various instruments used to test samples. Due to the nature of their work in the legal system, chemists must ensure that their instruments are working accurately. To do this, known controls are tested consecutively with unknown samples. By comparing the readouts of the controls with their known profiles the instrument can be confirmed to have been working properly at the time the unknowns were tested. Standards are also used to determine the instrument's limit of detection and limit of quantification for various common substances. Calculated quantities must be above the limit of detection to be confirmed as present and above the limit of quantification to be quantified. If the value is below the limit the value is not considered reliable.

Testimony
The standardized procedures for testimony by forensic chemists are provided by the various agencies that employ the scientists as well as SWGDRUG. Forensic chemists are ethically bound to present testimony in a neutral manner and to be open to reconsidering their statements if new information is found. Chemists should also limit their testimony to areas they have been qualified in regardless of questions during direct or cross-examination.

Individuals called to testify must be able to relay scientific information and processes in a manner that lay individuals can understand. By being qualified as an expert, chemists are allowed to give their opinions on the evidence as opposed to just stating the facts. This can lead to competing opinions from experts hired by the opposing side. Ethical guidelines for forensic chemists require that testimony be given in an objective manner, regardless of what side the expert is testifying for. Forensic experts that are called to testify are expected to work with the lawyer who issued the summons and to assist in their understanding of the material they will be asking questions about.

Education
Forensic chemistry positions require a bachelor's degree or similar in a natural or physical science, as well as laboratory experience in general, organic, and analytical chemistry. Once in the position, individuals are trained in protocols performed at that specific lab until they are proven competent to perform all experiments without supervision. Practicing chemists in the field are expected to complete continuing education to maintain their proficiency.

title: Forensic chemistry


text:
Juster

Juster may refer to:

People named Juster

 * A. M. Juster (born 1956), American poet
 * Kenneth Juster (born 1954), American Under Secretary of Commerce at the Bureau of Industry and Security
 * Norton Juster (1929–2021), American architect and writer
 * Samuel Juster (1896–1982), American architect of New York

Companies

 * DePace & Juster, defunct architecture firm based in New York City

title: Juster


text:
Cherry Creek High School

Cherry Creek High School (commonly Cherry Creek, Creek, or CCHS) is the oldest of seven high schools in the Cherry Creek School District in the Denver metropolitan area. It is located in Greenwood Village, Colorado, and is the largest high school in the Denver metro area, with an 80 acre campus and approximately 3,800 students. Cherry Creek High School is ranked 16th in Colorado and 716th nationally, and ranked 2nd in Colorado for public schools behind Stargate Charter School.

Location
The Cherry Creek High School campus is located in the city of Greenwood Village on East Union Avenue between Yosemite Street and Dayton Street. It is directly across the street from Cherry Creek State Park. Also located on the property are the Cherry Creek School District's West Admissions building, West Maintenance building, and Education Service Center. It is adjacent to the buildings and campus of Campus Middle School and Belleview Elementary School, both of which feed into the high school.

Facilities
The campus contains four buildings (West, Information Center, Fine Arts, and East) with 170 classrooms; eight tennis courts; a baseball diamond; two practice football fields; Stutler Bowl, Creek's stadium; and a challenge course. The West Building, by far the largest of the four, houses two gyms; a swimming pool; a weight room; Shillinglaw Lecture Center; and the West Cafeteria. The Information Center Building has a library and technology center, the Registrar's Office, the Counseling and Post-Grad Center, and another (former) cafeteria. Connected to the IC by the "IC Tunnel", the Fine Arts Building features a large theater, music labs, the debate room, and art labs. The East Building contains a gym and the Attendance and Security offices. The sprawling campus is meant to evoke a large "college-like" feel in order to prepare students for college life.

Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 3,797 students enrolled in 2022–2023 was:
 * Male - 52.1%
 * Female - 47.9%
 * Native American/Alaska Native - 0.5%
 * Asian - 12.8%
 * Black - 3.9%
 * Hispanic - 13.1%
 * Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander - 0.2%
 * White - 63.4%
 * Two or more races - 6.1%

13.4% of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch.

Academics
Cherry Creek High School offers Advanced Placement (AP) exams in 31 subject areas. In 2007, 906 students took 2,374 AP exams, and 87% of the students scored 3 or higher (considered passing). The next year 986 students took 2,240 AP exams, 88% scoring 3 or higher. Creek has been recognized as one of the nation's top high schools for AP participation in math, science, and technology, receiving the 2008 Advanced Placement Siemens Award. Creek is also the only school in Colorado to have offered AP French Literature every year, until the test was discontinued.

Activities
Cherry Creek High School offers more than 100 activity organizations, the majority of which are open to all students. Many are nationally recognized, including the Union Street Journal, Fine Print, the Speech and Debate Team, Amnesty International, Key Club, and Future Business Leaders of America.

The school's DECA chapter took 75 students to the national competition in May 2009, the most students any high school has ever brought to the competition in the history of DECA. The Speech and Debate Team is one of the top twenty in the nation and part of “The 400" society, the top one-half of one percent of the National Speech and Debate Association school speech programs. Cherry Creek hosts an annual Model U.N. competition.

Cherry Creek's Wind Ensemble was selected as a featured ensemble at the 2014 Music For All National Concert Band Festival in Indianapolis, Indiana. In 2014 Cherry Creek was selected as a Grammy Signature School for commitment to music education.

The Union Street Journal has received several awards from the Colorado High School Press Association, including four first-place awards in 2007 for ad design, front-page layout, and editorial writing. The magazine received All-Columbian Honors and a Gold Medalist rating from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association for its work during the 2019-20 school year.

Academics

 * Steven Gubser, professor at Princeton University, first American to win the International Physics Olympiad, received Sloan Fellowship

Media/film

 * Neal Baer, executive producer for the television show Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
 * Tracey Needham, actress, best known for the television shows Life Goes On and JAG
 * Aron Ralston, mountain climber, author, outdoorsman, engineer, and motivational speaker who inspired the movie 127 Hours starring James Franco
 * Jessica Rothe, actress, notably in Happy Death Day, Forever My Girl, Valley Girl, and Utopia
 * John Wells, producer for television shows including ER and The West Wing
 * Alexis Martin Woodall, executive producer for the television show American Horror Story

Music

 * Kate & Kacey Coppola, country singer-songwriters
 * Ben Levy, double bassist for the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Boston Pops
 * Mieka Pauley, singer-songwriter
 * Gregory Stapp, opera singer
 * Austin Wintory, film and video game composer of Grammy-nominated soundtrack for Journey

Politics

 * Michael Huttner, liberal activist, political consultant, and founder of ProgressNow
 * Brad Schneider, congressman from Illinois

Sports

 * David Aardsma, Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Tom Ashworth, offensive tackle for New England Patriots and Seattle Seahawks
 * Josh Bard, former MLB catcher
 * J.D. Brookhart, former head football coach at University of Akron
 * Bobby Brown, freestyle skier, X Games gold medalist
 * John Burke, Major League Baseball pitcher, first-ever draft pick of Colorado Rockies
 * Cynda Chew, former youth figure skater
 * Amy Van Dyken, Olympic swimmer, six-time gold medalist
 * Jon Embree, former University of Colorado head football coach
 * Matt Iseman, host of Sports Soup
 * Brad Lidge, former MLB closer, 2008 World Series champion
 * Darnell McDonald, former MLB outfielder
 * Donzell McDonald, former MLB player for New York Yankees
 * Jill McGill, professional LPGA golfer
 * Ben Pinkelman, USA Eagles 7's Rugby
 * Tyler Polumbus, NFL offensive tackle
 * Sam Raben (born 1997), soccer player
 * Mark Randall, former NBA basketball player, led Kansas Jayhawks to 1991 national championship game
 * Mike Reid, PGA golfer, winner of 2005 Senior PGA Championship
 * Jim Rooker, former MLB player (Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Royals, Pittsburgh Pirates)
 * Michael Ruffin, forward for NBA's Portland Trail Blazers, Washington Wizards, Chicago Bulls
 * Jeff Salzenstein (born 1973), tennis player
 * Kyle Shanahan, NFL head coach for San Francisco 49ers
 * Eve Torres, WWE Diva for Monday Night RAW
 * Sean Tufts, former linebacker for Carolina Panthers
 * Jonathan Vaughters, former professional cyclist
 * Bill Wilkinson, former MLB player (Seattle Mariners)
 * Parker Wolfe, American middle and long-distance runner

title: Cherry Creek High School


text:
Winsome Andante

Winsome Andante (April 6, 1993 - September 25, 2019) was an English imported crossbred eventer (84.5% Thoroughbred, 9.5% Arabian, and 6% Irish) who competed successfully to the highest levels of the sport of eventing. His rider, Kimberly Severson, rode him in many well-known events, and he won the Rolex CCI**** a record three times. He also competed at the Burghley Horse Trials, as well as in the Olympics and the World Equestrian Games.

"Dan" was strong in all three phases. He usually won or placed among the top horses in the dressage, followed by a fast, clean cross-country run and a good show jumping round. He stood.

In November 2006, Dan rose to the top of the USEA Leader Board, ahead of retired Giltedge, with a total of 1,184 career points.

Dan was retired in November 2007 due to a hind limb lameness.

Top Placings

 * Winner of the 2001 Blenheim Horse Trials
 * Winner of the 2002 Rolex Kentucky CCI****
 * Winner of Over the Walls Horse Trials in 2002
 * Individual 6th place and Team Gold at the World Equestrian Games in Jerez, Spain
 * Winner of the 2004 Rolex Kentucky CCI****
 * Winner of the individual silver and team bronze medal at the Athens Olympics in 2004
 * Winner of the 2005 Rolex Kentucky CCI****
 * Member of the US Eventing Team at the 2006 World Equestrian Games in Aachen (team finished in fourth place)
 * Top of the USEA Leader Board (as of 2006)
 * 3rd at the 2007 Badminton Horse Trials CCI****

title: Winsome Andante


text:
Talk:Huaco (pottery)

Untitled
How much do you think these things are worth?

title: Talk:Huaco (pottery)


text:
Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government

Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government, 522 U.S. 520 (1998), was a United States Supreme Court case. The local tribal council in Venetie, Alaska, wanted to collect tax from non-tribal members doing business on tribal lands. The Supreme Court granted certiorari on appeal from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which had ruled in the tribe's favor, saying they occupied Indian Country.

The Court decided unanimously that the land was not the tribe's land subject to the tribal tax, even though it was owned by the tribe, because it was not part of a Native American reservation. Because all but one reservation in Alaska (the Annette Island reservation of the Tsimshian) had been eliminated by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, the decision had the practical effect of prohibiting almost all Indian tribes in Alaska from collecting taxes for activities conducted on tribal land. Taxing authority is reserved as a right of the states and federal government.

The State of Alaska, the petitioner, was represented by John G. Roberts, who later became the Chief Justice of the United States. The respondent was represented by Heather Kendall-Miller, an attorney of Athabascan descent.