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Little Children (film)

Little Children is a 2006 satirical melodrama film directed by Todd Field, based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Tom Perrotta who co-wrote the screenplay with Field. It follows Sarah Pierce (Kate Winslet), an unhappy housewife who has an affair with a married neighbor (Patrick Wilson). Also starring are Jennifer Connelly, Jackie Earle Haley, Noah Emmerich, Gregg Edelman, Phyllis Somerville and Will Lyman.

Little Children premiered at the 44th New York Film Festival, and was released October 6, 2006, on 5 screens, earning $145,946, with a $29,189 per-screen average. However, during its 64 weeks in theaters, 32 screens were the most on which New Line Cinema ever exhibited the film, only briefly increasing that count to 109 in the few weeks leading up to the 79th Academy Awards. Consequently, few cinema-goers had access to it, significantly limiting its earnings. Despite this, it won numerous critics' group prizes and received Oscar nominations for Best Actress for Winslet, Best Supporting Actor for Haley, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Field and Perrotta.

Plot
Sarah Pierce lives with her husband Richard and daughter Lucy in suburban Boston. Their marriage falls apart when she discovers his addiction to Internet pornography. One day, she meets Brad Adamson, a married law student who brings his 4-year-old son, Aaron, to the park. Brad and Sarah become friendly and, on a dare, kiss in the park, but resolve not to act on their mutual attraction.

One day, several parents panic when they see recently paroled sex offender Ronnie J. McGorvey swimming in the pool with the children. After he is escorted away by the police, Sarah and Brad take Lucy and Aaron back to her house and put the kids to bed. While Sarah is drying towels in her basement, Brad comes down and they have sex.

Ronnie lives with his mother, May, who believes that Ronnie's pedophilia would be cured if he met a woman his own age. Ronnie reluctantly agrees to go on a date May has arranged for him with a woman named Sheila, which ends badly when he masturbates next to her in her car by a children's playground.

When Brad skips taking the bar exam again, his wife Kathy grows suspicious and tells him to invite Sarah, Richard, and Lucy over for dinner. The intimacy evident between Brad and Sarah confirms her suspicions, and Kathy arranges for her mother to come for an extended visit. When Brad's football team plays its final game, Sarah attends and cheers as Brad scores the winning touchdown. Afterwards, they make out on the field, with Brad convincing her to run away with him.

Brad's friend Larry Hedges, a former police officer who went on disability after accidentally killing a little boy, spends much of his time harassing Ronnie. One night, he enters Ronnie's neighborhood with a megaphone. May comes out to confront him, suffering a heart attack in the process when Larry pushes her to the ground, causing him to be arrested. May is taken to a hospital, where she dies. When Ronnie returns home from the hospital, he finds a letter written by May saying: "Please be a good boy." Distraught, Ronnie destroys much of his mother's collection of Hummel figurines before grabbing a knife.

That same night, Sarah and Brad agree to run away together, and plan to meet in the park. As he heads to the park, he is distracted by skateboarding teenagers. Attempting to try a jump himself, he knocks himself out. When he regains consciousness, he asks the paramedics to call his wife to meet him at the hospital.

When Sarah takes Lucy to the park, she sees Ronnie stagger onto one of the swings, revealing to her that his mother died. When Lucy disappears, Sarah panics and rushes to find her, forgetting about Brad. She finds her staring at a street lamp and places her back into her car. Larry arrives to apologize to Ronnie about May, but when he discovers that Ronnie has castrated himself and is bleeding to death, he races him to the hospital, the same time as Kathy meets Brad there.

Production
For this film, director Todd Field and novelist Tom Perrotta intended to take the story in a separate and somewhat different direction than the novel. "When Todd and I began collaborating on the script, we were hoping to make something new out of the material, rather than simply reproducing the book onto film," says Perrotta.

Kate Winslet said she was left with a bruised bottom after filming her sex scene in a sink.

Critical reception
The film was well-received. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 80% approval rating based on 162 reviews, with an average rating of 7.40/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Little Children takes a penetrating look at suburbia and its flawed individuals with an unflinching yet humane eye.” Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews.”

A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote:

"Mr. Field proves to be among the most literary of American filmmakers. In too many recent movies intelligence is woefully undervalued, and it is this quality—even more than its considerable beauty—that distinguishes Little Children from its peers. A movie that is challenging, accessible, and hard to stop thinking about."

Scott later placed Little Children ninth on his list of the top 10 films of 2006.

Carina Chocano of The Los Angeles Times also praised the film:

"Little Children is one of those rare films that transcends its source material. Firmly rooted in the present and in our current frame of mind—a time and frame of mind that few artists have shown interest in really exploring—the movie is one of the few films I can think of that examines the baffling combination of smugness, self-abnegation, ceremonial deference and status anxiety that characterizes middle-class Gen X parenting, and find sheer, white-knuckled terror at its core."

Awards and honors
The film received multiple awards and accolades, including three Academy Award nominations: Best Actress for Kate Winslet, Best Supporting Actor for Jackie Earle Haley, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Todd Field and Tom Perrotta.

Top ten lists
Little Children was listed on many critics' top ten lists.

 * 1st – Kevin Crust, Los Angeles Times
 * 2nd – Mick LaSalle, San Francisco Chronicle
 * 3rd – Michael Phillips, Chicago Tribune
 * 3rd – Dennis Harvey, Variety
 * 4th – James Berardinelli, Reelviews
 * 4th – J.R. Jones, Chicago Reader
 * 5th – Peter Hartlaub, San Francisco Chronicle
 * 6th – Frank Scheck, The Hollywood Reporter
 * 8th – Shawn Levy, Portland Oregonian
 * 9th – A.O. Scott, New York Times
 * 10th – William Arnold, Seattle Post-Intelligencer
 * 10th – Richard Schickel, Time
 * Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Carina Chocano, Los Angeles Times
 * Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Ruthe Stein, San Francisco Chronicle
 * Top 10 (listed alphabetically) – Steven Rea, Philadelphia Inquirer
 * Best of 2006 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – David Denby, The New Yorker

Film archives
35mm safety prints are housed in both the UCLA Film & Television Archive and the Museum of Modern Art's permanent film collection.

Home media
The film was released on DVD on May 1, 2007. The DVD does not include extra features or a director's commentary.

title: Little Children (film)


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Miles of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford

Miles FitzWalter of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford (died 24 December 1143) (alias Miles of Gloucester ) was a great magnate based in the west of England. He was hereditary Constable of England and Sheriff of Gloucestershire.

He inherited vast landholdings in Wales from his wife Sibyl de Neufmarché (whose father had conquered the independent kingdom of Brycheiniog (Brecknockshire, modern: Breconshire) in South Wales, which became the Lordship of Brecknock, and other lands in Gloucestershire from his father (the nucleus of which were the Domesday Book holdings of his great-uncle Durand of Gloucester) and acquired other large landholdings himself, including the extensive Lordship of Abergavennny in South Wales, and St Briavel's Castle and the Forest of Dean in the west of Gloucestershire. These combined lands became a feudal barony, now known as the "Barony of Miles of Gloucester".

By his three daughters and eventual co-heiresses his barony was split between the families of de Bohun, which inherited the fiefdom of Durand of Gloucester (Miles's great-uncle), the hereditary Constabulary of England and was re-created Earl of Hereford in 1200; de Braose, which inherited the Lordships of Brecon and Abergavenny; and FitzHerbert, which inherited Blaen Llyfni.

In 1136 he founded Llanthony Secunda Priory half a mile south of Gloucester Castle, in the chapter house of which he and many of his de Bohun descendants were buried. John of Salisbury classed him with Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex and others as non tam comites regni quam hostes publici ("not so much earls of the kingdom as public enemies"). The charge is justified by his public policy, but the materials for appraising his personal character do not exist.

Origins
He was the son and heir of Walter of Gloucester (d. 1129), hereditary Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1097 and in 1105–1106, and Castellan of Gloucester Castle. Walter was also seemingly Constable of England under King Henry I (1100-1135), as he is described in an annal of Llanthony Secunda Priory (transcribed by Dugdale ) as Constabularius, princeps militiae domus regiae, vir magnus et potens et inter primos regni praecipue honoratus ("Constable, chief of the royal military household, a great and powerful man and amongst the first of the kingdom especially honoured"). Some sources, however, suggest that Walter was merely the Constable of Gloucester Castle. Walter's wife (and Miles's mother) was a certain Berta. Walter was in favour with King Henry I (1100-1135), three of whose charters to him are extant.

Walter's father was Roger de Pitres, Sheriff of Gloucestershire from about 1071, who at some time before 1083 was succeeded by his brother Durand of Gloucester (d. circa 1096), Sheriff of Gloucestershire at the time of the Domesday Book of 1086, who made Walter his heir.

Career
Early in 1121 Miles married Sibyl de Neufmarché, daughter and heiress of Bernard de Neufmarché, the conqueror of Brycheiniog, which brought him her father's possessions (such as the new Lordship of Brecknock). In the Pipe Roll of 1130 Walter is found to have been succeeded by his son, having died in or around 1126.

Miles was (from 1128 at least) sheriff of Gloucestershire, a justice itinerant, and a justice of the forest, and by 1130 was sheriff of Staffordshire. He had also (though the fact has been doubted) been granted his father's office of constable by a special charter. In conjunction with Pain fitzJohn, sheriff of Herefordshire and Shropshire, he ruled the whole Welsh border "from the Severn to the sea".

On his accession, King Stephen set himself to secure the allegiance of these two lords-marchers, who at length, on receiving a safe conduct and obtaining all they asked for, did him homage. It was at Reading that they met the king early in 1136. Miles is next found attending the Easter court at Westminster as one of the royal constables, and, shortly after, the Oxford council in the same capacity. He was then despatched to the aid of the widow of Richard fitz Gilbert de Clare, who was beleaguered in her castle by the Welsh and whom he rescued.

Meanwhile, Miles had married his son and heir, Roger, to Cecily, daughter of fitzJohn, who inherited the bulk of her father's possessions. In the same year 1136 Miles transferred the original house of Augustinian canons at Llanthony Priory, Monmouthshire to a site on the south side of Gloucester, which they named Llanthony Secunda.

Two years later (1138) Miles received, in his official capacity, Stephen at Gloucester in May. He has been said to have renounced his allegiance a few weeks later, but he was with Stephen in August (1138) at the siege of Shrewsbury, and his defection did not take place till 1139.

In February 1139 Stephen gave Gloucester Abbey to Miles's kinsman Gilbert Foliot at his request. In the summer of 1139, however, he joined his lord, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, in inviting Empress Matilda to England. On her arrival Miles met her at Bristol, welcomed her to Gloucester, recognised her as his rightful sovereign, and became thenceforth her ardent supporter. She at once gave him St. Briavels Castle and the Forest of Dean.

Miles's first achievement on behalf of Matilda was to relieve Brian Fitz Count who was blockaded in Wallingford Castle. In November (1139) he again advanced from Gloucester and attacked and burnt Worcester. He also captured the castles of Winchcombe, Cerne, and Hereford. Meanwhile, he was deprived by Stephen of his office of constable. He took part in the victory at Lincoln (2 February 1141), and on the consequent triumph of the empress, he accompanied her in her progress, and was one of her three chief followers on her entry (2 March) into Winchester. He was with her at Reading when she advanced on London, and on reaching St. Albans Matilda bestowed on him a house at Westminster. He was among those who fled with her from London shortly after, and it was on his advice, when they reached Gloucester, that she ventured back to Oxford. There, on 25 July 1141, she bestowed on him the town and castle of Hereford and made him earl of that shire, as well as the forests of the Hay of Hereford and Trinela in avowed consideration of his faithful service. With singular unanimity, hostile chroniclers testify to his devotion to her cause. He even boasted that she had lived at his expense throughout her stay in England.

As "Earl Miles", he now accompanied her to Winchester, and on the rout of her forces on 14 September 1141 he escaped to Gloucester, where he arrived "exhausted, alone, and with scarcely a rag to his back". Towards the end of the year he was in Bristol making a grant to Llanthony Priory in the presence of the Empress Matilda and the Robert, Earl of Gloucester. In 1142 he is proved by charters to have been with the Empress at Oxford and to have received her permission to hold Abergavenny Castle of Brian Fitz Count. It is probably to the summer of this year that he made a formal deed of alliance with the Earl of Gloucester, and as a hostage, he gave the Earl his son Mahel.

In 1143 Miles's pressing want of money to pay his troops led him to demand large sums from the church lands. Robert de Bethune, Bishop of Hereford, withstood his demands, and, on the Earl invading his lands, excommunicated him and his followers, and laid the diocese under interdict. The Earl's kinsman, Gilbert Foliot (Abbot of Gloucester), appealed to the legate on his behalf against the bishop's severity.

Death and burial
On Christmas-eve of 1143 he was slain while hunting by a stray arrow shot at a deer. A dispute at once arose for possession of his body between the canons of Llanthony Secunda, his own foundation, and the monks of Gloucester. The case was heard before the bishops of Worcester, Hereford, and St. David's, and was terminated by a compromise on 28 December. The Earl was then buried in the chapter house at Llanthony.

Succession
Miles was succeeded by his eldest son and heir, Roger Fitzmiles, 2nd Earl of Hereford, who died without an heir twelve years later in 1155, when the Earldom of Hereford became extinct. The shrievalty of Hereford and Gloucester passed to his younger brother Walter de Hereford. On the death of the latter and two other brothers with no children the family possessions passed to their sisters and their descendants, namely Bertha of Hereford who through her marriage brought Abergavenny to William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber, and Margaret of Hereford, the eldest sister, taking the bulk (Liber Niger) to Humphrey II de Bohun, later (1199) Earls of Hereford, and Constables of England, in recognition of their descent from Miles.

Marriage and children
In 1121 he married Sibyl de Neufmarché, daughter and heiress of Bernard de Neufmarché (d.1125), Lord of Brecon, and Agnes or Nest, daughter of Osbern fitzRichard by his wife Nest, a daughter of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King of Wales. By Sibyl he had issue including:

Sons

 * Roger Fitzmiles, 2nd Earl of Hereford (d.1155), eldest son and heir, hereditary Sheriff of Gloucestershire;
 * Walter de Hereford (d.post-1159) heir to his elder brother Roger. He was hereditary Sheriff of Gloucestershire 1155–1157 and Sheriff of Herefordshire 1155–1159. He died after 1159 in the Holy Land.
 * Henry of Hereford (d. 12 April 1165), who succeeded to the Lordship of Abergavenny in 1141/42.
 * William de Hereford. He died before 1160 childless.
 * Mahel de Hereford (d. October 1165), 4th son, who died at Bronllys Castle, Breconshire, Wales, mortally injured by a stone toppled from a tower during a fire. He died childless and was buried at Llanthony Secunda Priory.

Daughters and eventual co-heiresses

 * Margaret of Hereford, co-heiress of the last of her brothers, whose 1/3rd moiety share of her fraternal inheritance of the barony of Miles of Gloucester appears to have comprised the fiefdom of Durand of Gloucester (Miles's great-uncle), namely 14 1/2 knights-fees centred on Haresfield in Gloucestershire. She also inherited the patronage of Llanthony Secunda Priory, her father's foundation where many of her Bohun descendants were buried. She married Humphrey II de Bohun, 4th feudal baron of Trowbridge in Wiltshire, by whom her grandson was Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (1176-1220), who in 1199 (following the extinction of the male line of Miles of Gloucester) was created by King John Earl of Hereford and Constable of England.
 * Bertha of Hereford, co-heiress of the last of her brothers, whose share of her fraternal inheritance was the Lordships of Brecon and Abergavenny. At some time before 1150 married William de Braose, feudal baron of Bramber in Sussex, by whom she had issue.
 * Lucy of Gloucester, co-heiress of the last of her brothers, whose share of her fraternal inheritance was Blaen Llyfni and the Forest of Dean. She married Herbert FitzHerbert, of Winchester, Lord Chamberlain, by whom she had issue Peter FitzHerbert. She was buried at Llanthony Priory.

Attribution

 * Endnotes: Continuation of Florence of Worcester (ed. B. Thorpe, 1848–1849); the Cartulary of Gloucester Abbey (Rolls series); and J. H. Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville (1892).
 * Endnotes: Continuation of Florence of Worcester (ed. B. Thorpe, 1848–1849); the Cartulary of Gloucester Abbey (Rolls series); and J. H. Round's Geoffrey de Mandeville (1892).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia talk:Browse/Archive 1

Old talk
This should replace "Browse Wikipedia by topic" on the main page. This makes it much easier to browse Wikipedia. Den fjättrade ankan 23:47, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I reverted this to the last version by DavidLevinson who has been working on a new template at Template:Categories which improves on the existing one and removes a lot of redundancies and reintroduces the simplicity of the pre-Template TOC as well as incorporating/preserving many of the changes by Kenny sh. My thoughts are at: Template talk:Categories. --Lexor|Talk 05:16, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Do you know, that a lot of other peoples worked on previous version (12:11, 2004 Jul 21 Krik)? I don't agee with your Template:Categories version. I thik is missleading to put together Ecology and Mathematics, Medicine and Transport in same categories. Also, there is a lot of features of our ToC. If you like, we can discuss. Kenny 10:04, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)

 * Discussion is fine.   Yes, I know others have worked on it, but they have mainly tweaked it, but the basic design is still the one you started, when you branched from the original (non-category) one at Template:Wikipediatoc, and I maintain that both are overly cluttered and have too much repetition (this is OK in the category system itself, but for a top-level page, simplicity and clarity should be the guide).  My suggestions:

 * I agree that mathematics shouldn't be in the same topic as transport, it could well be under mathematics and natural sciences, as in the original TOC: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Template:Wikipediatoc&oldid=2530290
 * I think we could simply slim down the headings to one or two words, max. Technology, Engineering, Computers, and Mathematics is overkill for the description lines, because they are repeated underneath.
 * I also think that mathematics and natural sciences should be grouped together, mathematics is not really a "technology" subject and is more naturally grouped with the natural sciences.
 * It's not necessary to have computer science, software engineering, computer software and computers as top-level categories in the same page.
 * I dispute putting philosophy apart from the humanities, in a separate "fundamental" category, which is a strange mixture: wikipedia, documents, human (also a repetition, since it is included below).

 * --Lexor|Talk 10:37, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Answers are accordinly numbers.
 * (note, I mean pairs: Ecology+Mathematics, Medicine+Transport) Mathematics is either abstract science, or precise science (because of numbers), it is very related  to technology and engineering, but it not related directly to Nature.
 * Sure.
 * Not agree. Mathematics relates to Nature in same way as it relates to Psyhology. Yes, we can count cells, fingers. See #1.
 * You are right. Computers could be enough.
 * Philosophy and Mathematics are most fundamental and abstract scienses. May be another topics should be in another place. I partially agee with you that Philosophy is near to Humanities. Ethics, a branch of philosophy, is sure part of Humanities. But whole Philosophy is science about all in the world. Metaphysics, a branch of philosophy, for example related to the Nature.

 * Humans could be fundumental for humans :).

 * Thank you for comments. Kenny 12:06, 2004 Jul 28 (UTC)

Mathematics and logic are like language, tools for communication, and hence technologies (by my reasoning). Similarly, mathematics statistics, and logic are not natural sciences, (though of course they are tools for both natural science, social science, and for technology)  I won't fall on my sword about it, there is arbitrariness in any category system. Language falls under culture, which isn't unreasonable either, but it would be strange for math and logic to be there.

Perhaps math logic statistics should get their own row (below technology).

The purpose of this isn't simply to arbitrarily divide the world (There are two kinds of people, those who divide the world into two kinds of people, and those who don't), it is to provide a simple clear navigation system for users (both new and old) to find articles in Wikipedia.

However the current schema privileges mathematics over everything else, it gets a header and a top-level category

Geography is also a physical and social science here, and that might ought to be cleaned up.

Humanity needs a better title. Also it is in Fundamental, and some/all of the other headers aren't. All of the headers should be in Fundamental if some are (for consistency, especially if this shows up on the main page). In that case, the whole Fundamental row would be unnecessary, as it would be implicit in the headers.

dml 13:06, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I made some more edits (be bold in editing), I think this eliminates the mathematics/philosophy not fitting elsewhere problem, but we still need a better title than mathematical and computer science, it is more like Abstract analysis ... ideas. Also the Humanity line still doesn't work. dml 23:34, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

What is the consensus for the order of categories on this page
I attempted to follow the names in Wikipediatoc, namely Abstractions replaces M&CS,Phil.

However, the Wikipediatoc places the larger categories thus
 * 1) Nature
 * 2) Human
 * 3) Culture
 * 4) Society
 * 5) Technology
 * 6) Abstraction is at the end, which is a nice progression from concrete to abstract
 * 7) (Fundamental is not mentioned on Main Page)
 * 8) Other

What is the consensus for the order on this page?

 * I think it is a very useful order Jørgen Friis Bak 20:07, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I took this to mean yes per the order in the Wikipediatoc, so I implemented. Anyone who disagrees, please switch it as you so please. Ancheta Wis 02:32, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks good. No need more than 6 lines. Kenny 16:44, 2004 Aug 29 (UTC)

Merge with Template:Wikipediatoc or Template:Categories
Browse by category contains almost an exact copy of Template:Wikipediatoc. I think it would make more sense for it to be an exact copy, using template transclusion. I would like to merge them, reducing this page to:

[link to edit the above template] [link to edit the above template] inter-language links category links

Then all editing of the real content would take place in the templates. Any objections or alternative suggestions? —AlanBarrett 12:10, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Sounds good. Ancheta Wis 12:29, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC) Note that instead of Articles, "Browse by category" goes to the Category pages. I am curious how you will solve that.
 * After experimenting, I see that a Template of the Browse by Category will be needed, otherwise, it simply goes to the articles Wikipediatoc, and not to the categories.

Ah, I see what you mean. Although they look visually almost identical, the link s are different. For example, Template:Wikipediatoc links to Astronomy, while Browse by category links to Category:Astronomy. I have also discovered Template:Categories, which links to categories, not to articles. So, we could: I like option 3, because it involves the least duplication of effort. —AlanBarrett 14:14, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Do nothing;
 * 2) Change Template:Wikipediatoc to link to categories instead of articles, and change Browse by category to transclude the template;
 * 3) Update Template:Categories and change Browse by category to transclude the template.

So Option 3 looks good. I concur. Ancheta Wis 16:34, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC) Your proposal is to update Template:Categories and change Wikipedia:Browse by category to something like

[link to edit the above template] [link to edit the above template] inter-language links category links

 * Yes, that's exactly what I meant by option 3. —AlanBarrett 17:16, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

How about a Quick Index link here on the side too? It's not a category per se, but still fits in I think (or is necessary for a "one-stop shop" of having accessing to the major ways of finding info... [[User:Brettz9|Brettz9 (talk)]] 19:47, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * You mean like at the top right of Template:Wkipediatoc? I think that those links would be better in Template:Wikipediacats-flat.  —AlanBarrett 20:58, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Are you thinking of right-justifying the 2 links, I hope? Ancheta Wis 20:27, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'll right-justify the links to edit the templates. —AlanBarrett 20:58, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Done the merge
I have finished the merge discussed above. I included the links to Quick index and Browse by overview, although I don't like them. I would prefer to see those links incorporated into Template:Wikipediacats-flat. —AlanBarrett 21:51, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, if 'Quick index' and 'Browse by overview' go into 'Wikipediacats-flat' then doesn't that mean that 'Quick index' and 'Browse by category' go into the analogous place at the bottom of 'Browse by overview'? Just for consistency of User Interface. Ancheta Wis 23:27, 30 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, they should. —AlanBarrett 17:04, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Fundamental categories
It appears that Eloquence means for the 7 Fundamental categories at the top of 'Browse by category ' to go into the Browse bar in the Main Page. Is anyone amenable to these 7 items? 'Knowledge, Nature, etc., Wikipedia' - Or perhaps he means for the items to go thru a consensus. Ancheta Wis 03:03, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I think that both the main page and the "Browse by category" page should choose the same set of seven fundamental categories (not different sets as we have now), and that each of those seven categories should have a good introduction (unlike what we have now). I suspect that a major reason for the Main Page's choice of a different set of categories is the poor quality of the introductions to some of the seven categories on this page (Documents, Human, Knowledge, Nature, Philosophy, Reference, Wikipedia).  —AlanBarrett 17:04, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree, I think the same set of categories listed in the browse bar on the main page should appear in this list. --Lexor|Talk 10:49, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Since the Category:Fundamental is at the top of 'Browse by category', it is starting to get some traffic as well as some complaints. I tried some copyedits on that category page and welcome your critiques on the Category talk:Fundamental page. Ancheta Wis 10:07, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

abstraction?
I personally think the category "abstraction" is awful. Can't we find something better for these subjects? Computer science, math, and philosohpy don't all belong together! Revolver 09:11, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Kenny suggested this category. The reason that I remember is that these categories are distanced from Category:Nature; they are all a form of abstraction rather than a description of processes that occur in Nature. Agreed, there is an implicit POV in this, one that tends to be reflective or contemplative, rather than action-oriented, etc. Ancheta Wis 12:09, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I checked Category:Culture- it also includes Category:Philosophy as a sub-category.
 * It's fine for there to be categories with multiple parents, and even loops in the category graph. We are not trying to write down the One True Way of categorising topics.  —AlanBarrett 13:05, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

New category browse page.
I have been working on an improved version of this page, which can be found at User:Norm/Browse. This version also includes a sidebar of links to various category schemes (rather than being at the bottom) and selected article lists. I've been working on it for a while now and need some feedback on it. Norman Rogers 16:23, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Ancheta Wis 03:31, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

How about Economy?
The subject title pretty much says it all! How come no one thought about the economy? It's such an important part of a country. I personally think some one should write about this! user:Proud Canadian
 * There is a category called Category:National economies (subcategory of Category:Economics), contains articles about each country's economy. Norman Rogers 11:27, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Move to Browse?
With the new design, this page is no longer just for browsing by category, but a more general browsing starting point. How about moving it to Browse? Tom- 02:09, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Well I think its a good idea, especially because the Main Page link says "Browse:", it would make a lot more sense for this page to be at that location. Norman Rogers 11:34, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

How about a new main category: Products ?
A new main category: products would automatically lead to a couple of new sub-categories on specific products types such as: cars, electronics, utilities, tools, air planes, clothing/fashion, furniture, software, etc. but also service categories.

This new category would also extend the listings or documentations of manufacturer or companies providing products or having provided products in their past.

In the more specific articles, not only product features, but also the history of products, the features to differentiate them and different types or alternatives could be described and documented. In the same context, publicly available market number could be included as well. Furthermore very specific product types/versions could be documented/described e.g. by the owner of these products. These directory would give a broad audience (from consumers to market research) a very valuable survey and resources for further investigations. No other directory would be able to gather a similar high deverity and density of information related to all sorts of products.

Products are an essential part of our culture. It is worth to be documented in an encyclopedia. This new category would be a step beyond a primarily academic encyclopedia.

I hope this suggestion will be realized soon ....

--Ike 05:16, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Very pleased
I haven't looked at this page for months on end, it was a disaster. It has become far far better and looks nice too. Congratulations!

Critics 2005-1-11
Conan 10:06, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Too long and overloaded. It would much better and nicer if the brousing page will fit one page.
 * Some related categories are located too far: History, Society, Personal life, Culture all have common property: all belong to Humans.
 * Category Science duplicates other topics just by adding -logy (NPOV violation) to other topics: Anthropology is human race history, Sociology duplicates Society.
 * Duplications: Philosophy is under Math and Science, Politics and  Social sciences under Science and Society and may be more.
 * Lack of Nature category. IMHO it is much more NPOV than Sciences and have to include: Astronomy ? Biology ? Chemistry ? Earth sciences ? Ecology ? Natural hazards ? Physics ? Space
 * As someone who has helped in creating this page, here are some of my views.
 * The purpose of this page is to be a general portal for browsing Wikipedia. The page is long because of the large amount of categories it links to, but it isn't too long, I've reduced its size a bit and it can now fit on one page on higher resolutions.
 * There is no one way to sort articles in a way that is completley neutral that everyone agrees with. The categories used here are the ones used on the Main Page.
 * The duplications are there becasue topics can belong to more than one category. Also, since this is a popular page, category creep can occur, often resulting in duplications and increase the page size. These need to be watched.
 * The Nature category was a category here before, but it was largely decided to merge it under the natural sciences category, which is part of science. There is a Nature category which is what you might want, but it is not part of this page. Instead it is part of the Fundamental category, which is another category scheme.
 * Most of the categories are human based because an encycopedia a resource based on human knowledge, so it is written from a human point of view.
 * While some problems can be addressed, I think there will always be problems with the category system as I have been monitoring it for several months and have noticed that categories shift about alot every few months as people try to re-arrange it to various POVs. That's why the alternative category schemes were invented and this is linked both on this page and on the Main page. Norman Rogers\talk 16:16, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Need a consensus
The Browse page should not really be pruned until we have a consensus. Ancheta Wis 10:43, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * The trouble is, it was already decided months ago that Science should be a main category, and Nature would be a subcategory of it. Category:Nature is a already a subcategory of Category:Science. Science includes a lot more than just the natural sciences, so elimnating science for nature is inappropriate. These categories reflect the links on the main page which are now protected. This page is an expansion of the Main Page categories which need to be the same layout as to not to confuse. This page is also supposed to be stable, as the gateway to the topics in the encyclopedia. This page in its current state has changed little from when it was implemented in Mid-November. Before then there was constant changes and the categories switched around every few weeks or even days. Now that is 2005 I do not want to see many changes happening as a stable category structure is important to a maturing encyclopedia. I want to focus on developing the encyclopedia, not constantly re-arrange the layout. I have reverted the changes and made it clearer that Nature is part of the existing category structure. Norman Rogers\talk 15:11, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * "Science and Nature" is just confusing. Keeping it simple and user-friendly is important. I liked Norm's original simple approach which used a simple set of single categories. However, I do agree that we need to keep the categories the same so we can concentrate on building our collection of useful articles and placing each into appropriate categories. Icurite

huitres farci avec boudin noir
Please can anyone tell me anything about huitres farci avcec boudin noir?

 * Sounds like a very weird request (oysters stuffed with blood sausage). Never heard about it. David.Monniaux 20:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Browse/Archive 1


text:
1927 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1927.

Excavations

 * Large scale excavations begin at Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China under Canadian paleoanthropologist Davidson Black with support from the Rockefeller Foundation.
 * The Swedish Cyprus Expedition begins 3½ years of excavations under Einar Gjerstad.
 * Excavations at Skara Brae begin under V. Gordon Childe (completed in 1930).
 * Excavations at Tepe Gawra begin by an American team under Ephraim Avigdor Speiser.
 * Pločnik archaeological site discovered in southern Serbia, with findings of the Vinca culture (5500 BC).
 * Excavations begin at Garðar Cathedral Ruins.

Finds

 * Davidson Black's excavations at Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China yield a human tooth that he proposed belonged to a new species that he names Sinanthropus pekinensis.
 * Skeleton of Asselar man discovered by Théodore Monod and Wladimir Besnard in the Adrar des Ifoghas.
 * Kents Cavern 4 maxilla found in England.
 * Leonard Woolley's excavations at Ur uncover the Enheduanna calcite disc.
 * "Priest-King" sculpture from the Indus Valley civilisation found at Mohenjo-daro.
 * First location of wreckage from the VOC Zuytdorp in Western Australia.
 * Pilot Percy Maitland observes stone wheel-like structures across Syria and Saudi Arabia.

Publications

 * March - The journal Antiquity is first published in the United Kingdom. In the first two issues, the editor O. G. S. Crawford dismisses the Glozel artifacts as largely fakes.
 * Alan Gardiner's Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs is first published.

Other events

 * Work begins on draining Lake Nemi to recover the Nemi ships.
 * December - An international commission declares most artefacts from the excavations at Glozel to be forgeries.

Births

 * January 14 - Rodolphe Kasser, Swiss philologist and archaeologist (d. 2013)
 * February 10 - Bridget Allchin, British archaeologist and prehistorian (d. 2017)
 * July 1 - Leo Klejn, Russian archaeologist, anthropologist and philologist (d. 2019)
 * August 20 - John Boardman, British classical archaeologist and art historian (d. 2024)
 * November 4 - Ivor Noël Hume, British historical archaeologist (d. 2017)

Deaths

 * January 21 - Gen. Sir Charles Warren, British Biblical archaeologist (born 1840)

title: 1927 in archaeology


text:
User talk:-ts-

talk to me. my normal hangout: http://peace.wikicities.com/wiki/User:-ts-

test of floating TOC

title: User talk:-ts-


text:
Inverted nipple

An inverted nipple (occasionally invaginated nipple) is a condition where the nipple, instead of pointing outward, is retracted into the breast. In some cases, the nipple will be temporarily protruded if stimulated. Both women and men can have inverted nipples.

Causes
The most common causes of nipple inversion include: Most common nipple variations that women are born with are caused by short ducts or a wide areola muscle sphincter.
 * Born with condition
 * Trauma which can be caused by conditions such as fat necrosis, scars, or a result of surgery
 * Breast sagging, drooping or ptosis
 * Breast cancer
 * Breast carcinoma
 * Paget's disease
 * Inflammatory breast cancer
 * Breast infections or inflammations
 * Mammary duct ectasia
 * Breast abscess
 * Mastitis
 * Genetic variant of nipple shape, such as:
 * Weaver syndrome
 * Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1A and 1 L
 * Kennerknecht-Sorgo-Oberhoffer syndrome
 * Gynecomastia
 * Recurrent infections
 * Tuberculosis

Inverted nipples can also occur after sudden and major weight loss.

Grading system
The three grades of inverted nipples are defined on how easily the nipple may be protracted and the degree of fibrosis existent in the breast, as well as the damage it has caused on the milk ducts.

Inverted nipple grade 1 refers to nipples that can easily be pulled out, by using finger pressure around the areola. The grade-1 inverted nipple maintains its projections and rarely retracts. Also, grade-1 inverted nipples may occasionally pop up without manipulation or pressure. Milk ducts are usually not compromised and breast feeding is possible. These are "shy nipples". It is believed to have minimal or no fibrosis. There is no soft-tissue deficiency of the nipple. The lactiferous duct should be normal without any retraction.

Inverted nipple grade 2 is the nipple which can be pulled out, though not as easily as the grade 1, but which retracts after pressure is released. Breast feeding is usually possible, though it is more likely to be hard to get the baby to latch comfortably in the first weeks after birth; extra help may be needed. Grade 2 nipples have a moderate degree of fibrosis. The lactiferous ducts are mildly retracted, but do not need to be cut for the release of fibrosis. On histological examination, these nipples have rich collagenous stromata with numerous bundles of smooth muscle.

Inverted nipple grade 3 describes a severely inverted and retracted nipple which can rarely be pulled out physically and which requires surgery to be protracted. Milk ducts are often constricted, and breast feeding is difficult, but not necessarily impossible. With good preparation and help, babies often can drink at the breast, and milk production is not affected; after breastfeeding, nipples often are less or no longer inverted. Women with grade-3 inverted nipples may also struggle with infections, rashes, or problems with nipple hygiene. The fibrosis is remarkable and lactiferous ducts are short and severely retracted. The bulk of soft tissue is markedly insufficient in the nipple. Histologically, atrophic terminal duct lobular units and severe fibrosis are seen.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Women with inverted nipples may find that their nipples protract (come out) temporarily or permanently during pregnancy, or as a result of breastfeeding. Most women with inverted nipples who give birth are able to breastfeed without complication, but inexperienced mothers may experience higher than average pain and soreness when initially attempting to breastfeed. When a mother uses proper breastfeeding technique, the infant latches onto the areola, not the nipple, so women with inverted nipples are actually able to breastfeed without any problem. An infant that latches on well may be able to slush out an inverted nipple. The use of a breast pump or other suction device immediately before a feeding may help to draw out inverted nipples. A hospital grade electric pump may be used for this purpose. Some women also find that using a nipple shield can help facilitate breastfeeding. Frequent stimulation such as sexual intercourse and foreplay (such as nipple sucking) also helps the nipple protract.

Other corrective strategies
Other strategies for protracting inverted nipples include regularly stimulating the nipples to a protruding state, in an attempt to gradually loosen the nipple tissue. Some sex toys designed for nipple stimulation, such as suction cups or clamps, may also cause inverted nipples to protract or stay protracted longer. Some special devices are specifically designed to draw out inverted nipples, or a home-made nipple protractor can be constructed out of a 10-ml disposable syringe. These methods are often used in preparation for breastfeeding, which can sometimes cause inverted nipples to become protracted permanently.

Two methods which are now discouraged are breast shells and the Hoffman technique. Breast shells may be used to apply gentle constant pressure to the areola to try to break any adhesions under the skin that are preventing the nipple from being drawn out. The shells are worn inside the bra. The Hoffman technique is a nipple-stretching exercise that may help loosen the adhesions at the base of the nipple when performed several times a day. Although both techniques are heavily promoted, a 1992 study found that not only do shells and the Hoffman technique not promote more successful breastfeeding, but they may also actually disrupt it.

title: Inverted nipple


text:
Stilbestrol

Stilbestrol, or stilboestrol, also known as 4,4'-dihydroxystilbene or 4,4'-stilbenediol, is a stilbenoid nonsteroidal estrogen and the parent compound of a group of more potent nonsteroidal estrogen derivatives that includes, most notably, diethylstilbestrol (DES). The term "stilbestrol" is often used incorrectly to refer to DES, but they are not the same compound.

Stilbestrol itself is an active estrogen but is less potent than DES and other derivatives.

Stilbestrol derivatives
The stilbestrol estrogenic drugs include the following:

 * Acefluranol (an antiestrogen)
 * Benzestrol (technically not a stilbestrol derivative due to its elongated central chain, but a very close analogue and grouped with the stilbestrol estrogens in any case)
 * Bifluranol
 * Dienestrol
 * Dienestrol acetate
 * Diethylstilbestrol (commonly, but erroneously shortened to simply “stilbestrol”)
 * Diethylstilbestrol diacetate
 * Diethylstilbestrol dilaurate
 * Diethylstilbestrol dipalmitate
 * Diethylstilbestrol dipropionate
 * Diethylstilbestrol disulfate
 * Diethylstilbestrol monobenzyl ether
 * Dimestrol (dianisylhexene, diethylstilbestrol dimethyl ether, dimethoxydiethylstilbene)
 * Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)
 * Furostilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol difuroate)
 * ICI-85966 (diethylstilbestrol bis[di(2-chloroethyl)carbamate)
 * Mestilbol (diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether)
 * Dimethylstilbestrol
 * Hexestrol (dihydrodiethylstilbestrol)
 * Diaethiphenum (hexestrol bis(2-diethylaminoethyl) ether) (a coronary vasodilator)
 * Hexestrol diacetate
 * Hexestrol dicaprylate
 * Hexestrol diphosphate
 * Hexestrol dipropionate
 * Phenestrol (hexestrol bis[4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenylacetate)
 * Methestrol (promethestrol; dimethylhexestrol)
 * Methestrol dipropionate (promethestrol dipropionate)
 * Pentafluranol
 * Terfluranol

Of the stilbestrol estrogens, diethylstilbestrol, hexestrol, and benzestrol are the most well-known.

Mechanism of action
The stilbestrol estrogens bind with high affinity to both ERα and ERβ.

Closely related compounds

Estrogens closely related to the stilbestrols include paroxypropione (a metabolite of diethylstilbestrol) and the anise and fennel-derived compounds anol, dianol, anethole, dianethole, and photoanethole (from which the stilbestrol estrogens were actually originally derived). The triphenylethylene group of estrogenic drugs that includes triphenylethylene itself, estrobin, chlorotrianisene, broparestrol, ethamoxytriphetol, clomifene, tamoxifen, and more recently developed derivatives is also very closely related structurally to the stilbestrols.

Resveratrol is a stilbenoid with estrogenic properties that is not technically a stilbestrol derivative (it is 3,4',5-stilbenetriol).

Occupational exposure
Occupational exposure to stilbestrol has resulted in gynaecomastia in workers.

title: Stilbestrol


text:
Robert Earl

Robert Earl (born 29 May 1951) is an English-American film producer, investor, restaurateur, and television personality. He is the founder and CEO of Planet Hollywood, chairman of the Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino in Las Vegas, and host of Robert Earl's Be My Guest television program which airs weekly on the Cooking Channel.

Early life
Robert Earl was born Robert Ian Leigh, son of British entertainer Robert Earl. Earl grew up in Hendon and was educated at the local school, but also travelled around a great deal in the UK, Europe and the United States, following his father's career.

Earl graduated from the University of Surrey with an honours degree in Hotel and Catering Management. In 2012, he set up the Robert Earl Scholarship, awarded each year to 14 students across the School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, worth up to £2,500 each.

Business career and investments
Earl was named one of "The 25 Most Influential Americans" by Time in 2001.

President Entertainment
Earl began his career with his first Beefeater medieval theatre-themed restaurant in 1972. With its success, Earl opened additional themed restaurants, The Cockney Club, Shakespeare's Tavern, and Talk of London, close by in the late 1970s. Seeing the US market as having more growth potential, he attempted to sell the concepts to developers working on Disney's EPCOT, but the deal fell through. He stayed to open several theme restaurants with medieval and Wild West concepts in the Orlando market. Amongst those themed restaurants in central Florida were Caruso's Palace (now Race Rock), King Henry's Feast and the original Shakespeare's Tavern on Church Street.

Earl enlarged the business to include 70 restaurants by the time he merged his company President Entertainment with Pleasurama PLC, a London-based leisure group, in 1987. The transaction yielded Earl $63 million.

Pleasurama PLC and Hard Rock Cafe
Joining the board, he was tasked to undertake the purchase of Hard Rock Cafe. After becoming the brand's CEO, Earl enlarged Hard Rock from 7 to 22 units in 5 years, resulting in the eventual sale of the brand to Rank Group. Earl was also a director of Pelican Group PLC, which owns the Café Rouge, Dôme, and Mamma Amalfi brands. leaving the company after its sale to Whitbread PLC.

Planet Hollywood Restaurants
In 1991, Earl founded Planet Hollywood, negotiating celebrity investments from Arnold Schwarzenegger and Bruce Willis, and partnerships including Demi Moore, and Sylvester Stallone. The company has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy twice, but Earl still owns a large amount of stock with original investors Schwarzenegger and Willis, alongside new Asian investors.

Planet Hollywood Hotels
In June 2003, in partnership with Bay Harbour Management LC and Starwood, Earl purchased the Aladdin Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. In 2007 it was relaunched as the Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino. In 2010, Earl sold the property to Caesars Entertainment, but retained the brand's license.

Earl of Sandwich
In 2004, Robert Earl, Lord John Montagu, and Orlando Montagu founded Earl of Sandwich, a series of sandwich shops, and opened the first location at Downtown Disney. Earl of Sandwich has since become a franchise with 36 locations, and Earl serves as the chairman.

Everton Football Club
In October 2006, Earl became a 23% owner and director of English Premier League club Everton, buying the shareholding of Paul and Anita Gregg via his BCR Sports investment vehicle registered in the British Virgin Islands.

In March 2016, Earl sold his stake in Everton Football Club to Farhad Moshiri at a reported £ 175 million valuation.

Buca di Beppo Italian Restaurants
In 2008, he acquired the casual dining company Buca di Beppo and its chain of 88 restaurants, which serve family-style Italian-American food. He has since expanded the chain into new locations in the US and internationally.

Bertucci's Brick Oven Pizzeria Restaurants
In 2018, he acquired the Bertucci's Company and its 59 locations, predominantly located in New England and the northeastern United States.

Chicken Guy!
In 2018, Earl and Guy Fieri collaborated to open a fried chicken fast-food chain called Chicken Guy! The first location opened at Disney Springs in Orlando, Florida. Additional locations have opened at FedEx Field, Levi's Stadium, and the Aventura Mall in Aventura, Florida.

Bravo! Italian Kitchen and Brio Italian Grille
In June 2020, Earl through Earl Enterprises acquired Bravo! Italian Kitchen and Brio Italian Grille restaurant chains for $30 million after they went bankrupt in April. The acquisition included 45 of their locations across 19 U.S. states and the rehiring of over 4,000 previous employees.

Virtual Dining Concepts
In 2018, Earl launched Virtual Dining Concepts, a company centered around starting virtual kitchen businesses that are delivery only. Some concepts created include Wing Squad as well as various celebrity collaborations like Tyga Bites and MrBeast Burger.

Host of Robert Earl's Be My Guest television program
As Host of Robert Earl's Be My Guest, Earl travels the world exploring popular restaurants and dishes out his knowledge from decades in the dining industry. The series premiered in September 2014 and airs weekly on the Cooking Channel. The show's success was celebrated with a primetime marathon in February 2015.

Food Fortunes
On the Food Fortunes television program, food visionaries pitch their products to a rotating panel of investors, who are some of the biggest names in the food, online and retail industry. Earl is a recurring castmember during Season 1, as a member of the panel of investors. The series, which premiered on 9 March 2015, airs weekly on the Food Network.

On The Menu
In 2014, Earl was a guest judge on two episodes of the television series On the Menu, which was produced by Mark Burnett and aired on TNT television network. Two episodes centred around restaurant chains owned by Earl, for which he served on the panel of judges deciding the winner. In Season 1 Episode 4, the final challenge was creating a dessert for Earl's Planet Hollywood restaurants. In Season 1 Episode 9, the final challenge was creating a pasta dish for Earl's Buca di Beppo restaurants.

Personal life
Earl and his wife Tricia have three children and reside in Orlando, Florida.

title: Robert Earl


text:
WBBM-FM

WBBM-FM (96.3 MHz, "B96") is a gold rhythmic top 40 radio station in Chicago, Illinois. It is owned by Audacy, Inc. The station has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 3,300 watts, broadcasting from a transmitter atop the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower). The studios and offices are located at Two Prudential Plaza in the Loop. WBBM-FM's main competition is 103.5 WKSC-FM, owned by iHeartMedia.

Early years
The station began experimental broadcasts in November 1941, as W67C, broadcasting on 46.7 MHz. The station's transmitter was located atop the American National Bank Building, at 33 N. LaSalle Street. It simulcast co-owned WBBM (780 AM), carrying its CBS Radio Network schedule of dramas, comedies, news, sports, game shows, soap operas and big band broadcasts during the "Golden Age of Radio".

In 1943, the station's call sign was changed to WBBM-FM. In 1946, the station began broadcasting on 99.3 MHz. In 1947, the station's frequency was changed to 97.1 MHz, and in 1953, WBBM-FM moved to its current frequency of 96.3 MHz. In the 1950s, as network programming moved from radio to television, WBBM-AM-FM carried a full service middle of the road format of popular music, news and talk. After 1964, most of the music was eliminated, in favor of talk and news.

The Young Sound
In 1966, WBBM-FM split from simulcasting the AM and flipped to "The Young Sound", a format pioneered by John DeWitt for co-owned WCBS-FM in New York City. Bud Kelly was the announcer for "The Young Sound" on WBBM-FM.

"The Young Sound" aired instrumental cover versions of recent hits, contemporary pop instrumentals from artists like Herb Alpert, and contemporary vocal hits from artists like Petula Clark. Every hour's playlist was designed so that each song would complement the titles that preceded and followed it. Initially, the station had a three to one instrumental to vocal ratio. However, its playlist was skewed towards a young audience, which distinguished it from most easy listening and beautiful music stations of the era.

Chicago's Favorite Rock
By the early 1970s, the station was airing a format consisting of top 40, album cuts, and past hits. The station was branded as "Stereo 96 WBBM-FM, Chicago's Favorite Rock!" Bob Johnston served as program director.

In 1971, the station's transmitter was moved to the John Hancock Center.

Mellow sound
By 1977, WBBM-FM and several other FM stations owned by CBS had adopted an adult contemporary format defined as the "mellow sound", playing contemporary music but without the harder-edged titles. During this era, the station was branded as "The Mellow Sound of Chicago" and "Soft Rock 96". Initially, all of CBS's "mellow sound" stations were automated.

Dick Bartley, who later became a popular syndicated radio personality, spent time at WBBM-FM as program director and morning disc jockey in the late 1970s. WBBM-FM briefly carried American Top 40 with Casey Kasem during the soft rock years.

B96
In May 1982, WBBM-FM began airing a Top 40/CHR format known as "Hot Hits", which was created by consultant Mike Joseph. Concurrent with the format change was the phase-out of all automation. Hot Hits was a high-energy format, playing only current hits, and featured numerous jingles to reinforce the station's identity. The station was branded B96 the following year.

When late 1986 rolled along, B96's format began to tweak slowly towards a rhythmic top 40 direction, and a couple of years later during the late 1980s began to embrace dance products. Despite those moves at the time, the station retained a selection of mainstream titles during both of their runs. In May 1990, the station became known as "The Killer Bee: B96". In 1995, the station began to add more R&B and hip hop as the dance scene diminished.

In October 2008, the station's slogan was changed from "Chicago's Hits and Hip-Hop" to "Chicago's #1 Hit Music Station", as its format shifted back to mainstream Top 40.

On April 21, 2023, WBBM-FM shifted to a "gold"-based rhythmic top 40 format featuring some current top 40/CHR songs, along with a broader playlist of songs from the 90s to the present day. This follows the trend of other struggling Top 40/CHRs flipping to the format, such as WFLC in Miami and KLIF-FM in Dallas-Fort Worth to attract a wider listener base. The station also reverted to its heritage logo used throughout the 2000s and 2010s.

Since 1992, the station has presented the B96 SummerBash concert.

Morning shows
B96's longtime morning program was the "Eddie & JoBo" morning zoo show. Joe Colborn (air name "Bohannon") first signed on at B96 in 1984 hosting evenings as "JoBo In Chicago". Ed Volkman started at B96 in 1986 hosting morning drive along with Karen Hand and Mike Elston. When Elston left B96 in 1988, Bohannon was moved to mornings along with Volkman and Hand, launching the "Eddie & JoBo" show. Outside of a three-year period between 1994 and 1997, morning show ran for two decades but was canceled on November 21, 2008.

On January 5, 2009, Julian Nieh and Jamar "J. Niice" McNeil started a new morning show, "J. Niice & Julian on the Radio". The two were previously together at iHeartMedia's WIHT in Washington, D.C. Nieh stayed with the show until December 2012. The show continued as "The J Show", with J. Niice as the host alongside Showbiz Shelly and Gabe.

J. Niice left in March 2018 and in April, B96 debuted "DreX & Nina" with Gabe Ramirez still being kept on. DreX left B96 in February 2019 and the show became "Gabe and Nina in the Morning", hosted by Gabe Ramirez and Nina Hajian. In September 2021, Hajian left the station, with Ramirez continuing to host the show, which was renamed "B96 Mornings".

In April 2022, 'The Morning Mess', hosted by Joey ‘Nachoo’ Rodriguez, Aneesh, Jeana and Karla, moved from Phoenix sister station KALV-FM to host mornings on WBBM-FM. In February 2024, 'The Morning Mess' would come to an end, as Rodriguez would return to KALV-FM, Jeana moved to middays, and Aneesh left the station; Karla remained in mornings. Later that month, John Moug, formerly of KPLZ Seattle, would join the station for mornings.

Ownership changes
CBS had owned WBBM-FM since its beginnings. In 1995, CBS was acquired by Westinghouse. Infinity Broadcasting Corporation was acquired in December 1996, and shortly thereafter Westinghouse's name was changed to CBS Corp. Through its CBS Radio division, the CBS Corporation owned WBBM-FM for 76 years.

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom and would no longer be part of the CBS Corporation. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17.

HD Radio
WBBM-FM broadcasts in the HD Radio format. The HD2 subchannel carries a national LGBTQ talk and EDM radio format called "Channel Q".

In January 2006, the station officially launched its HD2 FM subcarrier, airing a Dance Top 40 format as "B96 Dance". That format moved to a subchannel on co-owned 105.9 WCFS-FM in February 2019 and rebranded as "Energy". WBBM-FM's HD2 subchannel then switched to an Entercom format known as "Channel Q", a talk and EDM format, aimed at the LGBTQ community and heard in many radio markets served by Entercom FM stations.

title: WBBM-FM


text:
Bells Are Ringing

Bells Are Ringing may refer to:

 * Bells Are Ringing (musical), a 1956 Broadway musical, or the title song
 * Bells Are Ringing (album), a 1959 jazz album by Shelly Manne featuring compositions from the above musical
 * Bells Are Ringing (film), a 1960 film based on the stage musical
 * "Bells Are Ringing", a Russian song with lyrics by Stepan Skitalets
 * "The Bells Are Ringing", a track from They Might Be Giants' sixth album, Factory Showroom

title: Bells Are Ringing


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sekom

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 19:29, August 5, 2005 (UTC)

Sekom
This article is an ad. The article gives no hint why this company would be notable or important (Also: an earlier version of this article was an exact copy of its creator's user page: User:Sekom). Csobankai Aladar 20:27, 23 July 2005 (UTC) (modified: 15:38, 24 July 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete unless some notability can be shown. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 20:38, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Confused keep . I get 29,000 Googles, but they seem to refer to many different companies in languages I can't speak. Is there anynone out there who can make a useful disambig out of it? -Splash 23:28, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this offering is evidently not the place to start this article. (Vote changed from above.) -Splash 03:29, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Er... I didn't know about that when I nominated the article, but it seems obvious to me that the Electrical (Electrotechnical) Commission of Sweden (Svenska Elektriska Kommissionen) or slavic words like šekom have nothing to do with this company. If one would like to create a disambig. page for them later, they can do it regardless of this current article is kept or deleted. I also noticed that the GoogleRank of this particular company's homepage is a bit higher than I expected but that may well be due to manipulation (inserting its link wherever they can). Csobankai Aladar 15:38, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sekom


text:
Talk:Vergangenheitsbewältigung

Cleanup
This article is a bit messy. Although I don't see anything objectable about the content, the formatting is very lacking.

It's a lot of info but lacks some order. Either the paragraphs should be shortened or more sections (or any sections in the first place) should be added. Preferably by someone who knows something about the subject -- I only know what I've read in the article, otherwise I'd have attempted a partial rewrite myself.

Any questions? -- Ashmodai 20:28, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * How about now? Kelisi 03:03, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

I took the liberty of changing the label from cleanup to wikify. The article is quite good as it stands. What it needs is primarily typographical changes, and perhaps a relevant picture of a German Holocaust memorial site. --Thorsen 07:58, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The article presents a sound overview of the concept, however it tends to generalize and make arguments without supporting fact, I might suggest just a few changes:

1. "As a technical term in English, this relates specifically to the atrocities committed during the Third Reich, when Adolf Hitler was in power in Germany, and to both ongoing and historical concerns about the extensive compromise and co-optation of many German cultural, religious, and political institutions by National Socialism." Though it is now commonly accepted that Vergangenheitsbewältigung is primarily concerned with mastering the past, the term "coming to terms with or mastering a past" in the German sense, is in itself quite ambiguous. This statement suggests that any working through or bewältigung of traumatic pasts is 'specific' to Germany. (Could it be said that, for example Australian attempts to come to terms with the 'stolen generation' and murder of indigenous peoples is specifically related to National Socialism?) 2."Historically, Vergangenheitsbewältigung may be seen as the logical "next step," after [a?] denazification driven at first under Allied Occupation and then by the Christian Democratic Union government of Konrad Adenauer." There is no evidence supporting this argument. Why a logical step? was it to atone the crimes committed, or maybe aid the process of reconstructing a functioning civil society? (see H, Lübbe cited in R. Moeller, "Germans as Victims: Thoughts on a Post-Cold War History of World War II's Legacies," In: History & Memory, Vol. 17, No, 1-2, 2005. p. 164.) 3. "This includes honestly admitting that such a past did indeed exist, attempting to remedy as far as possible the wrongs committed, and attempting to move on from that past." Though Vergangenheitsbewaeltigung might seek to reconfigure the past, it by no means implies "to move on." Though, the post-1989 era certainly displays a shift from the traditional (as in pre-Unification West & East German) focus on 'exclusively dealing with the crimes committed under National Socialism," any suggestion that coming to terms with the National Socialist past equates to 'mov[ing] on from the past' may invoke suspicion due to the fact as Ignatz Bubis argued: those who are not willing to continuously confront the past may be guilty of: "Intellectual Arson" (see R. Moeller, "What has Coming to Terms with the Past Meant in Post World War II Germany? From History to Memory to the History of Memory," In: Central European History, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2002.), thus in my opinion though Vergangenheitsbewaeltigung might call for a reconfiguration or in the Freudian sense a critical "Durcharbeiten," forgetting or suppressing the National Socialist past is not one of its primary aims. 4. Finally as to the comment by Kelisi which calls for " a relevant picture of a German Holocaust memorial site," firstly what do you consider to be the Holocaust? is it exclusive destruction of the European Jewry or the combined victims of, firstly National Socialism and collective violence/? wouldn't making a memorial dedicated to one particular group negate the experiences of such other groups as the Roma, Sinti, disabled, homosexuals etc?

 * A German history prof. starting a new comment here.

I think this article REALLY needs work. It presumes that there is such a thing as VB, thereby reifying the concept. Actually it started out as the phrase unbewaeltigte Vergangenheit around 1953, and then was nominalized to VB by the end of the decade. At that time Theodor Adorno coined a new term in a presentation and article titled "Was heisst Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit?" (What does 'Working through the past' mean?). This was a conscious counterpostion of a verb meaning to process (or work through) as opposed to bewaeltigen, which means to master, implying a process with an endpoint. There are many translations, indicating the wide variety of meanings of the term: coping, coming to terms with, dealing with, working through, processing. In any case, I think the article needs a lot of work. When I next cover this in my lecture course, I will come back and work on it. Hmarcuse (talk) 07:04, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Vergangenheitsbewältigung, Konrad Adenauer and CDU
"a denazification driven at first under Allied Occupation and then by the Christian Democratic Union government of Konrad Adenauer" - I find this misleading. Formally, it is, of course, true, that the denazification programme that was begun by the Allies was continued under Konrad Adenauer and his CDU-government. But I believe it would be better to simply state that the denazification was continued in the first years of the Federal Republic by the German government. In my opinion mentioning Konrad Adenauer and the CDU in this context gives the wrong impression that denazification was on Adenauer's and the CDU's political agenda more than on that of other parties. Which would be blatantly wrong. It is fair to assume that a government made up of social democrats and possible communists would have cleansed the institutions and society in general much more eagerly and effectively than what was done under the rule of the Christian Democrats. It happened under Adenauer, after all, that most of the war and other criminals that had been tried in Nuremberg were pardoned, most life-long prison terms reduced to just a couple of years etc. At the same time tens of thousands of former Nazi-officials regained their old positions or came into new influential ones. Just like the Western allies found nothing wrong with making use of the German experts who had been involved in Nazi crimes, as long as they seemed useful or even indispensable in the beginning confrontation with the Soviet Union, the CDU-Federal government (even more so the Länder-governments) included countless former members of the NSDAP and did not shun away from employing former SS-members and the like especially in the police forces and the secret services (Verfassungsschutz, Bundesnachrichtendienst). Hardly any of the Nazi jurists were punished, most of them continued their careers as attorneys, judges and in the administrative institutions and universities. The willingness to declare all matters that had to do with the Nazi period as past and over evolved unbelievably early, even before 1950, and this broad movement found political support mainly in the CDU. So this is why I would hate to see Konrad Adenauer and his CDU depicted as protagonists of "Vergangenheitsbewältigung", provided that term is not understood as meaning denying, belittling, hushing up and effectively forgetting what had happened between 1933 and 1945.141.91.129.5 (talk) 15:45, 23 November 2011 (UTC)
 * an encylopadic entry is not about what you like to see, or what you beleive could have happen with Kurt Schumacher as chancelor. 16:50, 7 February 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.210.114.106 (talk)

POV
in the after denazification part: "Having replaced the institutions and power structures of National Socialism, the aim of liberal Germans was to deal with the guilt of recent history." That is very euphemistic. The institutions were replaced, but not at all the people controlling the instituions. Look for example at Kurt Georg Kiesinger.

in the Poland part: "...that of the Communist regimes which possessed them for more than four decades." Sounds like they were grabbing the memorials in Auschwitz & Theresienstadt from someone, not creating them in the first place. --  ExpImp talk con 21:32, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see why "Having replaced the institutions and power structures of National Socialism, the aim of liberal Germans was to deal with the guilt of recent history" should be qualified as "very euphemistic", and the case of Kurt Georg Kiesinger doesn't disprove the statement. "The institutions were replaced, but not at all the people controlling the institutions" - this is also true. But you obviously disregard that the first statement is limited to "liberal Germans". Kiesinger wasn't one of them, neither before nor after 1945. He was one of the leading politicians of the Christian Democratic Union, a conservative party that, although led by Konrad Adenauer, who had belonged to the conservative, catholic opposition against the Nazis, had very little qualms receiving "former" Nazis into its ranks. The sentence that refers to the liberal Germans could be criticized as to the fact that certainly the German left (social democrats and communists) who, after all, belonged to the group of people that had suffered most under the totalitarian régime was even more interested in "Vergangenheitsbewältigung", including identifying and punishing the perpetrators of Nazi crimes. Most notable critics of German post-war politics, when under the auspices of the Cold War the western allies lost their interest in denazification and the conservative governments of the Federal Republic was even less inclined to perform a real "Vergangenheitsbewältigung", belonged to the German left, and they were more often then not denigrated by the conservatives as unpatriotic mudrakers. While the sentence quoted above is not inclusive enough on the one hand (because it focuses only on the liberals), it is unwittingly over-inclusive on the other. For the relatively small political party that was programmatically affiliated with liberalism, the FDP (Freie Demokratische Party = liberal democratic party)was a very strange mix: on the one hand it consisted of old liberals of the Weimar Republic and, of course, of young liberal democrats, on the other hand there was a very strong tendency to absorb "old" Nazis, and in fact in some regions it seems that such old Nazis used their membership in the liberal party as a camouflage of their true political ambitions, which were not as far removed from that of the NSDAP as one would have wished.141.91.129.4 (talk) 14:39, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vergangenheitsbewältigung


text:
Wayne Roberts (activist)

Wayne Roberts (30 September 1944 – 20 January 2021) was a Canadian food policy analyst and writer. He was known for his role as the manager of the Toronto Food Policy Council (TFPC) from 2000-2010. The TFPC, a citizen body of thirty food activists, is responsible for generating food policy for the City of Toronto government.

As a leading member of the City of Toronto government's Environmental Task Force, Roberts helped develop a number of official plans for the city, including its Environmental Plan Clean, Green and Healthy: A Plan for an Environmentally Sustainable Toronto and Toronto's Food Charter. These were adopted by Toronto City Council in 2000 and 2001 respectively. His manual, based on Toronto's experiences, is called, Food for City Building: a Field Guide for Planners, Actionists and Entrepreneurs.

Roberts included many ideas and projects of the TFPC in his book, The No-Nonsense Guide to World Food (2013).

In April 2009, under Roberts's leadership, the TFPC received the Bob Hunter Environmental Achievement Award for its efforts to make food an action item on the environmental agenda. The TFPC also won honorary mention for a major award from the Community Food Security Coalition that honors exceptional work to promote food sovereignty in October 2009.

Roberts died on 20 January 2021 at the age of 76.

Career
Roberts earned a Ph.D. in social and economic history from the University of Toronto in 1978. He has written twelve books, including: Get A Life! (1995) a manual on green economics, and Real Food For A Change (1999), which promotes a food system based on the four ingredients of health, joy, justice and nature. From 1989 to 2013, he wrote a column for NOW Magazine, generally on themes that linked social justice, public health and green economics.

Roberts published "A Green New Deal" in the April-May 1992 issue of Canadian Dimension, which is believed to be the first use of the term in print.

In 2002, Roberts received the Canadian Environment Award for his contributions to sustainable living. NOW Magazine named Roberts one of Toronto's leading visionaries of the past twenty years. In 2008, he received the Canadian Eco-Hero Award presented by Planet in Focus. In 2011, he received the University of Toronto's Arbor Award in recognition of his role in launching the university's first post-secondary courses on food security studies at New College.

Roberts chaired the Toronto-based Coalition for a Green Economy for fifteen years.

Prior to his involvement with environmental issues, Roberts was active in the Trotskyist movement during the 1970s, and later worked for two decades in community organizing, university teaching, media, labor education, industrial relations and union administration. During the latter part of this period, he wrote a number of books including: Cracking The Canadian Formula (1992) on the Energy and Chemical Workers Union, Don't Call Me Servant (1993) on the Ontario civil service and Ontario Public Service Employees Union, and Giving Away a Miracle (1992) on Bob Rae's New Democratic Party (NDP) government in Ontario.

Before his retirement in September 2010, Roberts was a major contributor to Toronto Medical Officer of Health David McKeown's food strategy report called Cultivating Food Connections. Roberts served on the boards of FoodShare, Unitarian Service Committee, Alternatives Journal, as well as Sustain Ontario's Advisory Council.

Roberts was a regular reporter on local and global food issues for Rabble.ca. He spoke across Europe and North America on matters related to food policy councils, food charters, food waste and food-related careers.

Awards

 * 2013 - Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal in recognition of his community service contributions.
 * 2012 - Lifetime achievement award from Food Secure Canada, recognizing his encouragement of youth activists.

title: Wayne Roberts (activist)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of gay porn stars

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. -- BD2412 talk 02:44, August 5, 2005 (UTC)

List of gay porn stars
According to "What Wikipedia is not," Wikipedia is not "lists or repositories of loosely associated topics such as quotations, aphorisms, or persons," unless the entries are famous because they are associated with or significantly contributed to a topic. This list is just an indiscriminate listing of gay porn actors. The vast majority of them did very few films and do not meet this criteria, and better and more relevant lists are found elsewhere. Many of these stage names are not associated with gay porn and wouldn't be readily recognized, and most did not contribute anything significant to the industry. They do not meet the standard for fame set by Wikipedia, and most industry experts would agree.

Lastly, much of the information in the listing is incorrect and incomplete, specifically that information regarding the actors' real names. Having reported on that industry, I can tell you that many of the "real names" listed have no factual link to the actor and the information is obviously not verified. I will submit this article for verifyability, but considering that there are people in the world who coincidentally possess these incorrect real names, I thought I should mention it here as well. This article should be deleted, and if not, the information verified. 24.11.99.60 20:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, Its a large list with many notable names. Looks legitimate, as stated below. CindyAbout /T/P/C/ 06:10, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Keep, we certainly have more absurd lists, this is perfectly legitimate. Remove any ones that are non-notable. --Tothebarricades 20:35, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Note. Sorry about not logging in. I thought I was. The nomination for deletion above is mine. Poiboi25 20:39, 23 July 2005 (UTC) Poiboi25.

I looked at the history for this article. It looks as if it was started by just grabbing names off the internet. Some of the information apparently is only verified through Google. I started editing for non-notable names but there are just so many. There aren't nearly as many porn stars who had a real impact on the industry or are associated with it as are listed here. For comparison, Jenna Jameson would obviously have a place on a straight porn star list, but Random Porn Actress #5 does not. Many of these people are just random gay porn actors in that same vein. And again, from what I understand, Wikipedia isn't supposed to be lists of random people, but those who are notable. I think the article should be deleted. It's just a random list and it isn't a legitimate list of any thing but names. Poiboi25 22:10, 23 July 2005 (UTC) Poiboi25

 * So let's blank the current article and start it over with notable gay porn stars. --Tothebarricades 23:59, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Alternatively, Delete And Replace With Category and let the category be named something that appropriately conveys the information "Gay Porn Star".  Thus there's still a way people who want it can get a list of gay porn stars, but it's limited to ones important enough to get articles. The Literate Engineer 06:41, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Both ideas sound fair to me. Whether its blanking or deleting, I don't think the current list can be saved, though. Someone would have to cut it down, and there are just so many names thrown on. It would probably be easier to start over with new guidelines. I think its important that whatever replaces it stresses notability. I like the guideline that Wikipedia sets up: the name is strongly associated with the field itself, or the person contributed significantly to the field. With that guideline, it keeps the information relevant, I believe. Poiboi25 09:28, 24 July 2005 (UTC) PoiBoi25
 * Delete as per nominator. CalJW 14:01, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep "gay porn stars" is far from "loosely associated topic".  Grue   17:02, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep as per Tothebarricades. --Tony Hecht 00:30, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep as per User:Tothebarricades.tk. JamesBurns 05:17, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

In my opinion, this is a useful list. It can probably be amended, as time goes on. Rather than delete actors, I would add them as new films are produced.
 * Keep as per JDC. --User:JDC 06:30, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Why is this not a section in 'List of porn stars'. I don't see a good reason that gay porn stars should be sequestered into their own separate place. There are good reasons to treat porn stars in a single, connected article/list, with daughter articles/lists of subcategories. Tony 12:08, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep "gay porn stars" - like it or not gay porn (and straight and bi-, etc.) is an important part of our ('Western'/US in particular) culture and has probably helped save many a life at the height of the AIDS crisis and has also been a way for men (and women) to explore their sexuality safely, especially in a society that amazingly still considers loving and/or being intimate with a member of the same sex as taboo.[User:RichM]

 * Keep. Exploding Boy 01:48, August 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
1990 in archaeology

Excavations

 * Start of 5-year project of large excavations at Birka (Sweden).
 * Start of 5-year project of excavation and restoration at the Ruins of Saint Paul's, Macau.
 * Start of long-term project of large excavations at Sagalassos (Turkey) by Marc Waelkens.
 * Work begins at Leptiminus (Tunisia) by David Mattingly.
 * Survey and excavation at Tall el-Hammam.
 * Vijayanagara research project begins in India.
 * The first of three World War II German tanks is recovered from the Czarna Nida river in southern Poland.

Finds

 * March – Swash Channel Wreck, a continental European armed merchantman of the early 17th century, is found off the south coast of England.
 * July - Discovered the rests of a man of the Ortoiroid culture in Vieques island, Puerto Rico, dated back about 2000 b.c.
 * October – Wonoboyo Hoard of gold and silver artifacts from the 9th century Mataram Kingdom in Central Java.
 * December 13 – West Runton Mammoth partially uncovered in England.
 * Vũng Tàu shipwreck, a lorcha (boat) of about 1690 carrying a cargo of porcelain, is identified in the South China Sea (in the Côn Đảo archipelago).
 * Workers' tombs in Giza pyramid complex of Egypt.
 * "Ossuary of Caiaphas" in Jerusalem.
 * A road-building crew in Central China accidentally uncovers a Han dynasty vault, containing perhaps tens of thousands of terra-cotta figures.

Publications

 * Sylvia P. Beamon and Susan Roaf – The Ice-houses of Britain.

Events

 * November – British Government produces Planning Policy Guidance 16: Archaeology and Planning to advise local authorities on the treatment of archaeology within the planning process. Site developers are required to contract with archaeological teams to have sites investigated in advance of development.

Deaths

 * January 29 – Leslie Peter Wenham, English Roman archaeologist (born 1911)

title: 1990 in archaeology


text:
Ureteroscopy

Ureteroscopy is an examination of the upper urinary tract, usually performed with a ureteroscope that is passed through the urethra and the bladder, and then directly into the ureter. The procedure is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders such as kidney stones and urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Smaller stones in the bladder or lower ureter can be removed in one piece, while bigger ones are usually broken before removal during ureteroscopy.

The examination may be performed with either a flexible, semi-rigid or rigid device while the patient is under anesthesia. In specific cases, the patient is free to go home after the examination.

In pyeloscopy, the endoscope is designed to reach all the way to the renal pelvis (also called pyelum), thereby allowing visualisation of the entire drainage system of the kidney. The endoscope can contain an instrument port which allows for introduction of laser fibres to fragment stones, and micro-baskets to retrieve stone fragments. Kidney stones up to 2 cm in size can be treated by pyeloscopy.

title: Ureteroscopy


text: User talk:69.228.95.136

title: User talk:69.228.95.136


text:
Talk:Maja Gojković

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title: Talk:Maja Gojković


text:
Kathy Kirby

Kathy Kirby (born Catherine Ethel O'Rourke; 20 October 1938 – 20 May 2011) was an English singer. She is best known for her cover version of Doris Day's "Secret Love" and for representing the United Kingdom in the 1965 Eurovision Song Contest where she finished in second place. Her popularity peaked in the 1960s, when she was one of the best-known and most-recognised personalities in British show business.

Early life
Kirby was born in Ilford, Essex, (later part of Greater London), the eldest of three children of Irish parents. Her mother Eileen brought them up alone after their father left early in their childhood. Kirby grew up on Tomswood Hill, Barkingside, in Ilford, and attended the Ursuline Convent School where she sang in the choir.

Career
Kirby's vocal talent became apparent early in life, and she took singing lessons with a view to becoming an opera singer. She became a professional singer after meeting bandleader Bert Ambrose at the Ilford Palais in 1956. She remained with Ambrose's band for three years and he remained her manager, mentor and lover until his death on stage in Leeds in 1971.

During the summer of 1957, Kirby performed at the Florida Park Restaurant in Madrid, and after returning to the UK not only performed with Ambrose's orchestra, but also with Nat Allen and his band. In 1959, Kirby joined vocalists Tony Mansell and Rikki Henderson in the Denny Boyce Band, and appeared regularly at the Lyceum Ballroom in London. In the summer of 1959, she made her solo cabaret debut at the Astor Club. She subsequently signed to Pye Records in 1960, for which she released two singles, "Love Can Be" and "Now You're Crying". They sold few copies but helped her get a six-month contract at Mayfair's Blue Angel nightclub. She adopted a "blonde bombshell" look and was compared to Marilyn Monroe.

In 1962, she signed a contract with Decca Records, for which her first single was "(He's a) Big Man", released in October 1962. It sold well over a long period of time, but failed to reach the British charts. However, it was a hit in Vancouver's CFUN in January 1963. In the summer of 1963, after becoming a regular on the musical TV program Stars and Garters, she had her first hit, "Dance On!", which peaked at No. 11 in the UK chart and No. 1 in Australia. Its follow-up was an upbeat reworking of the Doris Day classic "Secret Love", which peaked at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart. In the same year, she won Top British Female Singer in the New Musical Express poll. Her album 16 Hits From Stars & Garters was released at the end of 1963, and cracked the top 20. The single "Let Me Go, Lover!", another upbeat reworking, this time of the classic by Joan Weber, reached No. 10 in early 1964. Kirby disliked the song, stating that: "Honestly, I was really surprised because I never had much hope for this record, and when I recorded it I thought it might never get anywhere at all."

"Let Me Go, Lover!" was followed by "You're The One", which peaked at No. 17 in May 1964. That success was followed by a record-breaking summer season show at the ABC Theatre in Blackpool.

Kirby became one of the biggest stars of the early to mid-1960s, appearing in the Royal Command Variety Performance and two television series for BBC TV. She represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1965 and came second with the song "I Belong" which also became a hit. Author and historian John Kennedy O'Connor describes Kirby's "I Belong" as being far more representative of current musical tastes than other songs from the contest, but she was beaten by France Gall from France and representing Luxembourg, singing an even more contemporary song written by Serge Gainsbourg. Bitter at her defeat, she slapped France Gall. An EP was issued featuring the six songs selected for the Eurovision Contest, featuring a different version of "I Belong", which peaked at No. 10 in 1965. An Italian version of I Belong was recorded by her under the title Tu Sei Con Me. She also sang the theme tune of the BBC television series Adam Adamant Lives!.

In September 1965 her single "The Way of Love" charted at No. 88 on the US Billboard Top 100. The song also charted in some of the regional charts, such as No. 35 in New York, No. 16 in Philadelphia, No. 39 in Detroit, No. 39 in Washington, and No. 38 in Los Angeles.

After the chart success of "I Belong", Kirby recorded more than a dozen singles between 1965 and 1967, but they all failed to chart. She continued to make television appearances, and her 1975 appearance on The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club, (where she sang 'You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me'), is now available to watch again on 'YouTube'; (there had been a copyright dispute which removed it from view for some time).

During the 1970s, Kirby's singing career was eclipsed by a turbulent personal life, but she continued to perform live at smaller venues and made occasional television appearances and performed a few live concerts on the "nostalgia circuit". On 31 December 1976, she performed her hit song "Secret Love" on BBC1's A Jubilee of Music, celebrating British pop music for Queen Elizabeth II's impending Silver Jubilee.

Her final single "He" was released in March 1981, at which time she was interviewed by Simon Reed for ITV. The interview focused on her attempted comeback after a difficult decade personally and professionally.

In December 1983, she gave one last concert in Blackpool, then retired from show business altogether.

Post-retirement
Kirby did not perform in public after her retirement, but interest in her and her work continued, particularly among gay men, for whom she was something of an icon. In her last decade, she recorded short greetings for her official website. A biography was published in 2005, and there was a 2008 stage show about her life, written and produced by Graham Smith, called Secret Love. Smith re-wrote the show for the 2012 Haworth Festival, entitling it: Dance On: The Kathy Kirby Story.

The Daily Express reported in 2008 that plans for a newly filmed interview had been abandoned, but later reports confirmed that the interview had been filmed, and it was subsequently included on a DVD compilation released the following year. She also gave an interview to the Express in 2009, which included recent photographs and was billed as her first in 26 years.

Following the 2009 interview, the Sunday Express reported that some previously unreleased recordings would be made available on CD in 2010, and that Kirby had been approached to appear on Desert Island Discs, although neither the programme nor the CD has been released.

Personal life
Kirby met bandleader Bert Ambrose in her teens and, despite his being 42 years older and having an estranged wife at the time, began a relationship with him that lasted until his death in 1971. In the 2009 interview, she said she had had an affair with Bruce Forsyth during this time.

Kirby was married briefly to writer and former London policeman Frederick Pye in the 1970s. Following her bankruptcy in 1975 and a court case following an arrest over an unpaid hotel bill, she was referred to St Luke's psychiatric hospital in London in 1979. Following her discharge, she lived with a female fan, Laraine McKay. McKay was imprisoned for fraud and forgery. In the early 1980s Kirby had relationships with musician David Cross and lawyer Alan Porter.

Kirby was diagnosed with schizophrenia and was in poor physical and mental health for much of her life. After her retirement she lived in a series of apartments and hotels in west London, settling in an apartment in Emperor's Gate, South Kensington, surviving on state benefits and some royalties, and maintaining what has been called a "Garbo-esque" seclusion. Shortly before her death, Kirby moved to Brinsworth House in Twickenham at the insistence of her niece Sarah, Lady Thatcher, wife of Mark Thatcher.

Kirby died on 20 May 2011, a few days after moving to Brinsworth House. According to a message posted by a relative on a fan website, she had a heart attack. She was survived by her sister Pat and her brother Douglas.

Singles (UK)
Note: Kirby had one charted single on the US Billboard Hot 100. "The Way of Love" peaked at No. 88 in 1965; Cher also recorded the track, and peaked at No. 7 in the US in 1972.

title: Kathy Kirby


text:
Talk:Dick Birchum

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. Its content was merged and redirected to the current target. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 20:32, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dick Birchum


text:
Monte Perdido

Monte Perdido (in Spanish; Mont Perdu in French; Mont Perdito in Aragonese; all three meaning lost mountain) is the third highest mountain in the Pyrenees. The summit of Monte Perdido (3355 m), located in Spain, lies hidden from France by the seemingly impenetrable peaks of the Cirques of Gavarnie and Estaubé. It stands in the north of Huesca province. The mountain forms part of the Monte Perdido Range and is located in the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park, in the western part of the Pyrenees, in the community of Aragon, Spain.

Description
Monte Perdido Glacier, located on the north-facing slope of Monte Perdido, is the third-largest glacier in the Pyrenees. It is surrounded by vertical cliffs up to 800m in height. Similar to most European glaciers, the Monte Perdido Glacier has been shrinking since the Little Ice Age, and since 1981, the glacier has lost 48 hectares of surface area. The rate of retreat is continuing to accelerate due to the effects of global climate change.

Access to the mountain is easier from Spain than from France. The route starts near the village of Torla, Aragon, at the Ordesa Valley and ascends the Cirque de Soaso towards the Refuge of Góriz before the stiff climb to the summit. It is a dangerous climb with snow.

National park
Monte Perdido is the centrepiece of the Spanish Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park which was established in 1918 with just 21 square kilometres/hectares of land. In the 1970s work began to build a dam in the nearby Añisclo Canyon with the objective of creating hydroelectric energy but institutions and citizens demonstrated against this and succeeded in stopping it. In 1982 the park was expanded significantly to 156 square kilometres/hectares and now incorporates the whole of the Añisclo Canyon. There are more than 1,500 species of flowers, 171 species of birds, 32 different mammals and 8 types of reptile in the Ordesa. Among these is the lammergeier (bearded vulture) with a 3-metre wingspan. The Pyrenees is one of the few places in Europe where these birds can be seen.

Because of its imposing landforms, the national park was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997 as part of the Pyrénées – Mont Perdu World Heritage Site.

title: Monte Perdido