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Photo CD

Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and saving photos onto a CD. Launched in 1991, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They were intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players (Apple's PowerCD for example), and any computer with a suitable software (LaserSoft Imaging's SilverFast DC or HDR for example).

The system failed to gain mass usage among consumers partly due to its proprietary nature, the rapidly decreasing scanner prices, and the lack of CD-ROM drives in most home personal computers of the day. Furthermore, Photo CD relied on CRT-based TV sets for home use. However, these were designed for moving pictures. Their typical flicker became an issue when watching still photographs. The Photo CD system gained a fair level of acceptance among professional photographers due to the low cost of the high quality film scans. Prior to Photo CD, professionals who wished to digitize their film images were forced to pay much higher fees to obtain drum scans of their film negatives and transparencies. Both JPEG and JPEG 2000 support PhotoYCC colorspace as described below that is used in pcd files.

Variants
The Kodak Pro Photo CD Master Disc contains 25 images with maximum resolution of 6144 x 4096 pixels (six resolutions per file, Base/16 to 64 Base). This type is appropriate for 120 film, 4x5, but also for small picture film, if highest resolution is required.

Separate from the Photo CD format is Kodak's proprietary "Portfolio CD" format, which combines Red Book CD audio and Beige Book PCD with interactive menus and hotspots on PCD images. Some standalone Philips Photo/Audio CD players could play Portfolio CDs, and Windows player application was freely available. The Kodak Portfolio CD is not defined in any particular Rainbow Book.

History

The Photo CD system was announced by Kodak in 1990. Photo CD targeted a full range of photographic needs, ranging from consumer level point-and-shoot cameras to high-end professionals using large format 4x5 sheet film. The first Photo CD products, including scanners for processing labs and Photo CD players for consumers, became available in 1992. The project was expected to be a $600 million business by 1997 with $100 million in operational earnings. Kodak entered into a number of partnerships in order to grow the usage of Photo CD. This included, for example, an arrangement with L.L. Bean in 1992 by which the catalog would be distributed in Photo CD format, and an arrangement with Silicon Graphics in 1993 to make all Silicon Graphics image-processing workstations capable of accepting Kodak Photo CD optical disks. These measures, together with the then relatively low cost of $3 per image and convenience, made Photo CD the digital imaging solution of choice for many photographers in the mid to late 1990s.

By 2000, over 140 Photo CD processing labs in the U.S. were active, with many more outside the U.S. However, by the late 1990s, Photo CD was being eclipsed by alternate formats, mainly based on the industry standard JPEG format. In the consumer segment, the Photo CD format's relatively inefficient compression scheme meant that Photo CD files were significantly larger than JPEG files of similar quality, and thus less convenient for transmission across the internet, etc. For example, a 16Base Photo CD image of 5.5 Mb can be encoded as a JPEG image of 2.1 Mb at 80% quality, visually indistinguishable from the original. When the Photo CD format was designed in the early 1990s, a design goal was to allow low cost playback-to-TV devices. At that time the available technology precluded 2-dimensional compression schemes such as JPEG, but by the late 1990s, advances in microprocessor technology had moved JPEG/PNG compression to well within the range of even very low cost consumer electronics.

In the professional and advanced amateur segments, Photo CD had been eclipsed by low cost desktop scanners such as those from Nikon and Minolta in the mid range, and by drum scanners at the very high end. While the pixel resolution of Photo CD was still comparable or better than the alternatives, Photo CD suffered from a number of other disadvantages. Firstly, the Photo CD color space, designed for TV display, is smaller than what can be achieved by even a low cost desktop scanner. Secondly, the color rendition of Photo CD images changed over time and with different scanner versions; 4050 scanners had different color rendition to earlier versions. Thirdly, the dynamic range of scans was lower than for desktop scanners. Tests at the time indicated that the dmax rating (a measure of maximum density obtainable) of Photo CD was 2.8-3.0, while commonly available desktop scanners were reaching 4.2, a substantial difference. As a result of this, and Photo CD's problems with color rendering, by 2004 the professional segment of the user community had generally turned against Photo CD.

In the retail segment, while Photo CD was initially relatively popular with consumers, it was largely an economic failure for processing labs. At the time of its introduction, Kodak claimed that processing costs to labs would be close to $1 per image, which would allow the lab profitably sell at the $3 per image mark. However this promise was never realized, often resulting in the scanning process being rushed, with a resulting fall in quality. As a result of Photo CD's loss of market share and substantial corporate losses, partially attributed by Kodak Management to its scanning business, Kodak abandoned the format over the period 2001-2004. By 2004, Kodak 4050 Photo CD scanners were being offered for free to anyone that would pay for their removal by more than one processing lab. This abandonment generated considerable controversy both at the time and subsequently as the Photo CD format's technical specifications have never been released by Kodak. Photo CD remains an often quoted example of an “orphan format” and of the dangers of proprietary image formats within photographic circles.

Despite Kodak not releasing the specifications for the Photo CD format, it has been reverse engineered, thus allowing images to be converted to more modern formats. The original reverse engineering work was performed by Hadmut Danisch of the University of Karlsruhe, who deciphered the format by studying hex dumps of Photo CD files, and subsequently wrote hpcdtoppm, which converts Photo CD Images to PPM format, in the early 1990s. During the early 1990s, hpcdtoppm was extensively distributed as part of various Linux distributions, but has since been almost entirely abandoned due to concerns about hpcdtoppm's restrictive license conditions  and lack of color management. However, Hadmut Danisch's reverse engineering work has been used to create a number of other open source implementations of Photo CD decoders such as ImageMagick. In 2009, pcdtojpeg was created under the GPL open source licence. Also acknowledged by the author to be based on Hadmut Danisch's reverse engineering work, pcdtojpeg allows Photo CD metadata to be decoded, is color managed, and can decode all known variants of Photo CD files. Currently hpcdtoppm and pcdtojpeg together form the core of information available in the public domain on the technical details of the Photo CD format.

Image components
Photo CD images are stored as a hierarchy of components ranging from Base/16 to 64Base which relate to the varying image resolutions that can be reconstructed. The Base image, which has a luma resolution of 512 lines by 768 pixels, is typically used for the TV systems. The higher-resolution images are usually used for photographic imaging. The Base and lower resolution images are usually used for file indexes and thumbnails. The components used to create the Base/16 through 16Base resolutions are stored in a single file called an Image Pac. The Base, Base/4, and Base/16 images are stored uncompressed in order to allow easy extraction for display. 4Base and 16Base images are stored compressed, and as deltas (incremental images) from the resolution below them. Note all resolutions up the maximum resolution in a file (actually an Image Pac) are all present simultaneously. So, for example, a 16Base file contains a Base/16, Base/4, Base and 4Base image as well as the 16Base components. The sixth component, 64Base, is stored in separate files on the Photo CD as part of the IMAGE PAC Extension (IPE). This only exists on Photo CD Pro Master discs.

Encoding
PCD images use a gamma transformed PhotoYCC encoding. Under this scheme, in order to encode scanned images into Photo CD file, the first step is to preshape the RGB data via a non-linear transform (the Rec. 709 OETF flipped to become an odd function, same as the later xvYCC ):

 * $$\mathit{RGB^\prime=\begin{cases}

\alpha\cdot RGB^{0.45} - (1-\alpha), & RGB \ge \beta\\ -\alpha\cdot (-RGB)^{0.45} + (1-\alpha), & RGB \le -\beta\\ 4.5\cdot RGB & -\beta < RGB < \beta\\ \end{cases}} $$

In Kodak documentation, α = 1.099, β = 0.018. However, the full standard values (1.099296826809442, 0.018053968510807) provide mathematical continuity.

As a result of this function, colors that are outside of the gamut defined by the CCIR 709 primaries are encoded by the negative values. Linear RGB values are from -0.20 to 2.00, while nonlinear RGB' are from -0.43357 to 1.402278. Reference white (perfect, non-fluorescent, white-reflecting diffuser in the original scene) is 1.0, just like in BT.709.

The preshaped RGB values are then converted to a luminance and two chrominance components via a CCIR 601-1-like matrix:

Y^\prime=0.299R^\prime+0.587G^\prime+0.114B^\prime $$

B^{\prime}-Y^\prime=-0.299\cdot R^\prime-0.587\cdot G^\prime+0.886\cdot B^\prime $$

R^{\prime}-Y^\prime=0.701\cdot R^\prime-0.587\cdot G^\prime-0.114\cdot B^\prime $$

Finally the luminance and chrominance components are scaled to 8-bit values by the following equations:

Y^{\prime\prime}={255/1.402}\cdot Y^{\prime} $$

C_1=111.40\cdot (B^{\prime}-Y^{\prime})+156 $$

C_2=135.64\cdot (R^{\prime}-Y^{\prime})+137 $$

Gamut size
Kodak claims that "the scale factors and offsets for the C1 and C2 channels result from the distribution of real world colors". Given the 8-bit integer range for each of the 3 components, 0 ≤ Y ≤ 1.402, -1.40036 ≤ B' - Y'  ≤ 0.888689, -1.01003 ≤ G' - Y'   ≤ 0.86995.

An oddity of this encoding scheme is that it allows Photo CD images to represent colors which are above 100% (up to 140.2%), "whiter than white". At the time of Photo CD's introduction, this allowed the display of images on the analog televisions of the day to show brighter, more vivid colors than would otherwise be the case. This was acceptable as the analog televisions of the day were designed to be driven beyond their 100% level without abruptly clipping. However, this aspect of Photo CD encoding is not compatible with modern image formats, and is the cause of the well documented "Blown Highlights" problem when converting Photo CD images to more modern formats. All modern photo formats enforce hard clipping at 100% (video formats in YUV still have headroom that is present on high level TVs), resulting in highlight clipping in converted images unless some form of Photo CD specific luminance and chrominance mapping is performed.

In addition, although "toeroom" (Y < 0) is not provided, Kodak expressly allows the use of R, G, B < 0, allowing out-of-gamut (for Rec. 709) colors to be expressed. The effect is similar to xvYCC, which came much later.

Compression
Photo CD images use three forms of compression in order to reduce image storage requirements. Firstly, chroma subsampling reduces the size of the images by approximately 50%. This subsampling is by a factor of 4 for 4Base images, and a factor of 2 (4:2:0) for all other resolutions. Secondly an additional reduction in size is achieved by decomposing the highest-resolution image data, and storing the 4Base, 16Base and 64Base components as residuals (differences from pixels at the previous level of resolution). Thirdly and finally, the Photo CD system employs a form of quantization and Huffman coding to further compress this residual data. This Huffman encoding is performed on an image-row-by-image-row basis. The Huffman tables are encoded into the Photo CD image itself, and have different lengths depending on the compression class. These Huffman classes are: For example, to recompose an image of 1024 lines by 1536 pixels, the 512-line by 768-pixel luma Base image (which is neither "residual" or Huffman compressed) is interpolated to a 1024-line by 1536-pixel image. A 1024-line by 1536-pixel 4Base residual is then decompressed from its Huffman-encoded form, and its elements are added to each corresponding pixel. The resulting image contains detail for the full 1024-line by 1536-pixel sampled image. To recompose an image to a resolution of 2048 lines by 3072 pixels, the process is essentially repeated, using both the 4Base and 16Base residual. A similar operation is subsequently used to recompose the 4096 line by 6144 pixel resolution. In each step, an identical process is applied to the chroma channels.
 * class 1 - 35mm film; pictorial hard copy,
 * class 2 - large format film,
 * class 3 - text and graphics, high resolution,
 * class 4 - text and graphics, high dynamic range.

ICC profiles
Kodak based the PhotoYCC scheme on some existing video standards, notably on aspects of CCIR Recommendation 601 used with PAL and NTSC digital television systems, and also on CCIR Recommendation 709 (now ITU-R Recommendation BT.709) used for HDTV. The PhotoYCC definition is defined in a manner that is not constrained by the limitations of the actual video display.

In practice the color space of Photo CD images varies significantly from Rec. 709. Firstly, the Photo CD encoding scheme allows greater than 100% values for color components, thus allowing Photo CD images to display colors outside of the nominal Rec. 709 gamut. In addition, in order to achieve accurate color reproduction, especially when scanning reversal film, Kodak found it necessary to provide ICC color profiles specific to film type and scanner. As a result, by the time that the Photo CD format fell into disuse, five different color spaces were in common use in Photo CD images (PCD 4050 is a Kodak scanner model number): Thus, while the use of the generic Photo CD color space will provide color reproduction that is acceptable for many purposes e.g., Web viewing of thumbnail images, in order to achieve fully accurate color reproduction, e.g., for photographic purposes, any Photo CD display or conversion software must use the correct color profile for the combination of the original media and scanner model.
 * Color Negative
 * Universal E-6
 * Universal K-14
 * PCD 4050 E-6
 * PCD 4050 K-14

Converting Photo CD images
For practical use, any Photo CD images will have to be converted to a modern format such as JPEG, TIFF or DNG. While there are a large number of image conversion programs available, both commercial and freeware or open source, most are capable of only basic, low resolution (often only to Base resolution, 512x768) conversions. The main distinguishing features between programs as regards Photo CD capabilities are:
 * The ability to convert images at maximum resolution, ideally up to the 64Base (4096x6144) level.
 * Correct highlight handling. Blown or clipped highlights are a common problem with many Photo CD conversion packages. Once a highlight is clipped by a conversion program, the information cannot be recovered by later manipulation. Many Windows based software packages partially correct for the highlight problem by using a “hacked” DLL created by Ted Felix.
 * The use of scanner and film type specific ICC color profiles. Unless such profiles are used, the color reproduction of the image will be incorrect, often, especially for reversal (slide) films, very noticeably so.
 * Extracting metadata. Metadata is information such as the date that the scan was performed, the model number of the scanner, and film type. This information is not only useful to the user, but is also critical in selecting the appropriate color profile, as these vary by film type and scanner.

title: Photo CD


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Workers Party of Acapulco

Workers Party of Acapulco (Partido Obrero de Acapulco) was a Mexican Magonist and Socialist political party locally in Acapulco, Mexico. Founded by Juan R. Escudero and existed between 1919 and 1923. POA published Regeneración.

The party represented worker-peasant movements of a regional scope that sought electoral means to lay the foundations for the construction of popular and democratic local power.

Background
between the mid-19th century and early 20th century during the Porfirio Presidency. Acapulco was a focal point for gachupíns. Essentially, wealthy families and or Individuals predominantly from Spain.

As a result of the influx of these substantial families moving into Acapulco, commerce and economics were strictly controlled by the upper-class families. In turn, the lower working-class locals of Acapulco went through alleged forms of exploitation and difficult working conditions.

The Spanish maintained tight control over the city, and the military's complicity prevented peasant revolts. However, the labor conditions and authoritarian control that they imposed on the lower classes provided thriving ground for left-wing ideas and ideology.

Founding of the LTOPA and TBBT
in 1911 in response to the strict control imposed by the foreign upper class. Juan R. Escudero founded and led the League of Workers of the Port of Acapulco (Liga de Trabajadores y Obreros del Puerto de Acapulco) LTOPA, which brought together peasants and commoners from Acapulco and the state of Guerrero.

The “Association” was transformed between 1912 and 1913 into the League of Workers on Board Ships and Land (Liga de Trabajadores a Bordo de Buques y Terrestres) TBBT. a workers union which declared itself in favor of the Revolution and demanded the payment of salaries in cash to avoid the payment of commercial houses conveniently made to their workers, with market prices set by themselves.

When Francisco I. Madero came to the presidency between 1911 and 1913 and not able to resolve the expectations of all the raised sectors, In Guerrero. The peasants and other commoners radicalizing themselves with the ideals of the Ayala Plan, separated themselves from the landowners, and began to build their own identity that was already outlined in their demands.

Huerta’s coup
The coup delivered by Victoriano Huerta in February 1913 further fractured the political scene in the entity. Porfiristas as well as some upstarts, supported Huertism in the coastal region, subsidized by the commercial houses of the port.

Venustiano Carranza's diplomants arrived at the port in mid-1914 and with the emergence of constitutionalism before Huerta's coup, represented an effort to pacify and unite the different revolutionary forces that were scattered throughout the country; and for this purpose, it helped establish contact with the Acapulco labor movements offering guarantees to improve working conditions, a promise that was accepted by Escudero, who was officially named as a representative of constitutionalism in the port; Later, The House of the World Worker of Acapulco (La Casa del Obrero Mundial de Acapulco) was created and Escudero was elected as general secretary.

in response to the labor union that had obtained its formalization, the oligarchs regrouped and created the Acapulco Chamber of Commerce a few months before.

1915 Acapulco Dock Strikes
Between the months of July and September 1915, The dockers who were subjected to aberrant working conditions went on strike and appointed a committee for negotiation that had the support and advice from the House of the World Worker of Acapulco.

The Spanish oligarchs controlling the commerce refused to recognize the demands of the dockworkers only managed to prolong and enlarge the strike, paralyzing and disrupting port activity and affecting the life of the commercial houses.

The Acapulco Chamber of Commerce attempting to end the strikes, forced other workers to replace the dockworkers in unloading tasks. eventually, the strikers were forced at gunpoint to resume their activities with the same working conditions for which they had stopped. the written press, controlled by the oligarchy and meetings with state and federal authorities in which they all imaged and accused Escudero for staging "anarchy" with prevailing the port and strikers.

Exile of Escudero
Escudero was arrested and imprisoned after having formed and undertake social plans that affected the interests of Spanish business oligarchs. he was later expelled from the state of Guerrero by the then Governor Silvestre G. Mariscal.

The exile lasted until 1918, during those almost three years of itinerancy, where Escudero would establish contact with Ricardo Flores Magón and managed to link up with the House of the World Worker, working as a garden inspector, court secretary and taking the time to study in detail the recently promulgated Constitution that was established in 1917.

In those years of exile, the local oligarchy used indiscriminately Maderism, Huertism, Carrancism and Obregonism to prevent the port of any popular rebellions, The funds used by the oligarchy was for bribery, to pay the gunmen to maintain dumping practices, keep officials at all levels on the payroll and finance attacks by different means on opponents through military leaders and plaza bosses.

The Acapulco oligarchy at the time of the revolution, had no problem in negotiating with any political or military leader of any faction according to the circumstances, always in favor of its own interests. for this reason, the owners of the commercial houses and Oligarchs in the port did not hesitate to join forces with Carrancism to confront the peasant movements rising up in Guerrero led at that time by Jesús H. Salgado, who was ideologically close to Emiliano Zapata.

The Spanish oligarchy used Carrancism to manage itself to stay afloat but also used it in the union that Escudero created to combat Zapatism, Furthermore it embraced the policy of reconciliation that constitutionalism offered in the union and the introduction of Silvestre G. Mariscal into the peasant movements in Acapulco.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Workers Party of Acapulco


text:
User talk:Severus Snape~enwiki

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 15:11, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

Please change your user page
Would you mind changing your user page so it does not appear we are the same people? Thank you, my servant. I shall be calling on you soon. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 20:22, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

LOL
That is a slightly funny user page. --MichTheWeird 18:27, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Severus Snape. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Severus Snape~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:56, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:44, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Severus Snape~enwiki


text:
Charles James Apperley

Charles James Apperley (1777 – 19 May 1843), Welsh sportsman and sporting writer from an English family, and often resident in both countries, better known as Nimrod, the pseudonym under which he published his works on the chase and on the turf, was born at Plasgronow, near Wrexham, in Denbighshire, Wales in 1777.

Youth
Charles James Apperley was the second son of Thomas Apperley, of Wootton House, Gloucestershire, but is stated to have been born near Wrexham during 1778. Apperley was educated at Rugby School before joining the Ancient British Light Dragoons in 1798. He served with the regiment in Ireland during the rebellion that year, and in 1801 married Winifred Wynn of Peniarth, daughter of a Caernarvonshire landowner. He settled in Warwickshire, where he devoted himself to the pleasures of the Chase.

Sporting activities and literary career
Between the years 1805 and 1820 Apperley devoted himself to fox-hunting. From 1813 to 1819 he was the agent for his brother-in-law's estates and lived at Tŷ Gwyn, Llanbeblig. Around 1821, under the pseudonym of "Nimrod", Apperley began to contribute a series of articles to The Sporting Magazine that covered horse races, hunt meets and other sporting events. His references to the personalities of the people he knew or met at such events helped to double the circulation of the magazine within a few years. Mr. Pittman, the proprietor of The Sporting Magazine, gave Nimrod a handsome salary and defrayed all the expenses of his tours. He also gave Nimrod a stud of hunters. After Pittman's death, the proprietors of the magazine sued Apperley for the money that had been advanced. To avoid imprisonment, Apperley moved to Calais in 1830, where he supported himself by writing. Apperley is best known for the two books, The Life of a Sportsman, and Memoirs of the Life of John Mytton, both of which were illustrated with coloured engravings by Henry Thomas Alken.

Apperley eventually returned to England and died in Upper Belgrave Place, London, on 19 May 1843.

Works

 * Nimrods German Tour (1828) (first edition of Nimrods German Tour from Sporting Magazine in 1829–1830. Publishing company:Godewind Verlag, Germany 2006.) ISBN 978-3-939198-70-3
 * Remarks on the Condition of Hunters, the Choice of Horses, &c.(1831);
 * The Chase, the Turf, and the Road (originally written for Quarterly Review), (1837)
 * Memoirs of the Life of the Late John Mytton (1837)
 * Nimrod's Northern Tour (1838)
 * Nimrod Abroad (1842)
 * The Horse and the Hound (a reprint from the seventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica) (1842)
 * Hunting Reminiscences (1843)

title: Charles James Apperley


text:
User talk:198.133.178.17

February 2011
Please do not add nonsense to Wikipedia. Such edits are considered vandalism and quickly undone. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Nakon 22:19, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

March 2011
Please do not vandalize pages, as you did with this edit to Randy Newman. If you continue to do so, you will be blocked from editing. Epbr123 (talk) 22:21, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

This is your last warning. You will be blocked from editing the next time you vandalize a page, as you did with this edit to Randy Newman. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 22:21, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

April 2011
Please do not add or change content without verifying it by citing reliable sources, as you did to Oxyhydrogen. Before making any potentially controversial edits, it is recommended that you discuss them first on the article's talk page. Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. VQuakr (talk) 17:24, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Real Madrid C.F.. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Walter Görlitz (talk) 21:25, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make any unconstructive edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant warnings.

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Randy Newman, you may be blocked from editing. Kevin Forsyth (talk) 21:28, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
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August 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from Physical attractiveness. When removing content, please specify a reason in the edit summary and discuss edits that are likely to be controversial on the article's talk page. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the content has been restored, as you can see from the page history. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia, and if you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you.  Puffin  Let's talk! 16:43, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

November 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from Cast Away with this edit. When removing content, please specify a reason in the edit summary and discuss edits that are likely to be controversial on the article's talk page. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the content has been restored, as you can see from the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cast_Away&action=history page history]. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia, and if you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Excirial ( Contact me, Contribs ) 18:59, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Please do not remove content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to Cast Away with this edit, without giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your content removal does not appear constructive, and has been reverted. Please make use of the sandbox if you'd like to experiment with test edits. Thank you. Excirial ( Contact me, Contribs ) 19:01, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did to Cast Away with this edit, you may be blocked from editing. Excirial ( Contact me, Contribs ) 19:03, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

This is your last warning. You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize a page, as you did with this edit to Cast Away. Excirial ( Contact me, Contribs ) 19:05, 29 November 2011 (UTC) Excirial ( Contact me, Contribs ) 19:05, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Emma Harriet Joseph for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Emma Harriet Joseph is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Emma Harriet Joseph until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Fyddlestix (talk) 01:59, 17 August 2015 (UTC)

January 2016
Hello, I'm CAPTAIN RAJU. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Duke— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. CAPTAIN RAJU ( ✉ ) 21:32, 25 January 2016 (UTC)
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May 2018
Hello, I'm CLCStudent. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Grown Ups 2 have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help Desk. Thanks. CLCStudent (talk) 21:24, 7 May 2018 (UTC)
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Linking to pirated material
I've reverted your edits because you added a link to a pirating website. This is not permissible on Wikipedia. Do not link to piracy sites again. Canterbury Tail talk 16:47, 21 November 2019 (UTC)

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title: User talk:198.133.178.17


text:
User talk:Andreas D.C.

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 15:13, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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Auschwitz Trials
Well, I think the the Auschwitz Trial page is split up between two pages, one for the polish trial and one for the later trials. But it's best to keep information in one page, in my opinion. I'd say that the Trials page is up for some expansion, and you seem to know something of the subject...:) Go for it!  The Wiki is meant to be edited!

BTW, do you mean to have your signature not link back to your userpage? humblefool® 21:16, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

@ Humblefool: Dear Humblefool, you're correct, and the info on the existing pages is much more detailed then on the one which I began. Well. the main prolem, then, is / was only one of links that one could find without searching too hard. I will redirect my energies to this task. Thanks for the help ! Andreas D.C.

PS.: I haven't quite figured out how to discuss / respond but I will learn ... :-)
 * Don't worry, you're doing fine. However, if you could sign your comments on other people's talk pages with this: ~, it would save a little work.  That creates your name, the date, and a link back to your user page, which you can also create about yourself. Good luck!  humblefool® 21:33, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Andreas D.C.! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 07:35, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Andreas D.C.


text:
User talk:JTBurman

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Hyacinth 15:13, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Tony Burman

 * Hi there. Just as a heads up, you might want to have a look at our guideline on creating an article about yourself. There's nothing overly self-aggrandizing about the article Tony Burman, at least compared with some that we see here, and I'm only going by your user name to assume that it's about you. Ignorance ("I didn't know I wasn't supposed to do that") sometimes can be a good excuse. But you should at least be aware of that guideline in case anybody questions you about it. --OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 16:50, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The article is not about me; we just have the same last name. The article is based on material found at cbc.ca, which was written and vetted by CBC staff.  I simply added relevant links to increase usability. --Jeremy - 10:16, 27 December 2005

Nepotism?
Are you related to Tony Burman, or is it just a co-incidence that you have the same last name as him?

--  Denelson83  17:56, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I am related to him. But I have no more power or influence than anyone in reporting what's publicly available information. I chose to use as transparent an ID as possible, given that I also do research in psychology and didn't want to mislead anyone when I added comments. JTBurman 22:30, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Tony Burman (again)
I've given the Tony Burman article a bit of a trim. There didn't seem any need to link to each of his weekly columns separately - one link (in the External Links section) probably suffices. Also, the section about CBC seemed out of place. The article is about Mr Burman, not his employers; all of that information is adequately covered in Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. --OpenToppedBus - Talk to the driver 15:26, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Tony Burman
Okay, done...the main thing is that while I know it's generally accepted as corporate/institutional style to capitalize job titles like "editor" or "president" in corporate communications, it's not actually standard English style, and Wikipedia follows the latter rules. Thanks for your help :-) Bearcat 03:06, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Burman conflict?
Hi - Given the similarity between your username and Tony Burman is there any conflict of interest WP:COI there? It does seem like a nice bio. Canuckle 23:26, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * As I pointed out in response to a similar question in 2005 (and following the WP:COI guidelines), I declared my potential conflict of interest in choosing to edit using my own name. But the bio isn't about me and everything there is properly referenced and fully verifiable; I've kept it up to date using only what's available in the public record.  When I might have made a controversial edit, say to the Virginia Tech massacre article (regarding the CBC's decision not to show the killer), I chose not to. I think I have been utterly spotless in my ethics, but am glad you reminded me that neutrality is so important.  And thanks for the compliment too, regarding the article's quality. JTBurman 01:38, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the response. I had looked at the older posts here but missed the most relevant ones. Canuckle 02:18, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

The Layne Morris interview
I was disappointed in the Layne Morris interview.

I have been following news reports about him for the last year or so. What I have found is that he is not an intellectually honest man:
 * 1) He implies he was wounded by the same grenade that mortally wounded Christopher Speer
 * 2) He has implied that he observed Khadr, and was in a position to judge whether he was a "highly trained killer".

 * 1) In fact Morris was wounded early in the skirmish, I believe he had already been evacuated before Speer was wounded.
 * 2) He has no idea if he was wounded by Omah Khadr, or by one of his comrades.
 * 3) I don't believe he ever had an opportunity observe Khadr and that all his comments about Khadr looking like a killer were based on photographs, same as all the rest of us. --  Geo Swan 04:43, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Layne Morris's credibility
I responded to your question on my talk page. You said you would tell the producers. Do you work for the CBC? -- Geo Swan 19:29, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Barnstar
Hi, great idea! I had thought of it like a year ago, but decided against it as there is a Barnstar of National Merit. However, it can be given for any country. -- Earl Andrew - talk 04:52, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

CanCon
Can anyone use your CanCon recognition symbol you created? WayneRay 14:13, 5 May 2006 (UTC)WayneRay
 * Of course! I had originally submitted it for consideration as a new barnstar, but the consensus was that the Barnstar of National Merit was sufficient.  If you would like to use it, please feel free.  JTBurman 06:50, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

copy editing Louis Braille
I've given a glance to your article, it seems fair, though I'll have to look closer on coming back tonight. I notice that the section headings are markedly different from their French originals, though. Is that voluntary? Also, when I've got a full critique ready, where do you want me to post it? Svartalf 09:54, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right: I took some liberties with the section headings. The first was reflective of my intent to preserve what I perceived to be an intentional pun on doit/doigt by the original author, which then became "bump" in translation.  The third I assumed reflected an idiomatic usage, so I translated it using the equivalent English term: "consumption." --JTBurman 10:06, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Alright, critique posted. As expected, the only real beef I have is with your section titles, but my misgivings have been voiced, I won't launch an edit war if you decide to cling to them. everything there is to read is on the Louis Braille talk page --Svartalf 18:02, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Changes are here: IronDuke 16:25, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Ah. Can you tell me a bit more? (And where the translation is?) Thanks. IronDuke 17:04, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Vestiges
Glad you found it useful! Your information looks good too. I don't know much about the content of Vestiges but I've read up a bit on the history of its publication. I found the fact that it consistently out-sold Origin of Species until the 20th century quite fascinating! --Fastfission 04:09, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Kuhn
Hey JTBurman - nice to meet you. I finally got around to making that edit to the Thomas Samuel Kuhn page. It could benefit from a fresh pair of eyes, so please have a look. Always nice to meet a fellow Kuhn fan. Cheers. BFD1 19:51, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello JTBurman! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 23:44, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
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Ya. Hi. I made that edit because the previous version said that Kuhn said you can't compare. That's wrong. JTBurman (talk) 01:29, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

Quebec City - Looking for help bringing this article to GA
Any help you could provide in bringing the Quebec City article to GA status would be greatly appreciated. Alan.ca (talk) 03:37, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

JT: Willing to help with some Wikipedia-related research?
Hi! I'm a first-year PhD student working on a system to help improve the quality of Wikipedia articles on scientific topics by providing easier access to relevant scientific publications. I was hoping to speak with some editors who work on scientific articles in order to solicit requirements for my system in order to better satisfy the needs of the Wikipedia community. I noticed that you have been a caretaker for a number of pages on psychology-related topics, and I would really appreciate your input. If you are interested, please let me know on my talk page (talk). Thanks! —Preceding undated comment added 23:24, 27 May 2011 (UTC).
 * Hi JT, thanks for posting on my page. I'm in my first year right now, so still feeling things out (no specific dissertation plans quite yet). Generally my work focuses on how to leverage information shared in online social systems, which explains my interest in Wikipedia. For a summary of this specific project, we are essentially hoping to build a dashboard that provides recommendations for articles relevant to a Wikipedia article both to help editors with editing and to give readers additional information sources for further reading. Our hope is that the recommendations will lead to better articles, which will lead to better recommendations, and so on. Any input you could provide will hopefully benefit the Wikipedia community as a whole, so I hope that you are able to find some time to help. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sanjaykairam (talk • contribs) 05:49, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

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A barnstar for you!
Neat! Thanks!! I always wanted one. JTBurman (talk) 15:17, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

Ways to improve History of Psychology (discipline)
Thanks for creating History of Psychology (discipline).

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January 2020
Hello, I'm SteveMcCluskey. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Scientific Revolution have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the help desk. As the hatnote to that article points out, this article is not about Kuhn's analysis of "process of scientific progress via revolutions," which is the basis for his discussion of incommensurability of scientific theories. SteveMcCluskey (talk) 20:34, 9 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I made this edit because what was on the page, and what you have reverted to, is incorrect. Because the sentence has Kuhn as its subject, being "not wrong" about what Kuhn said would be more encyclopedic. Marking it as vandalism, or experimentation, is an overreach. JTBurman (talk) 12:23, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

Hello!
Thank you for your editing and looking forward to more improvements to history of psychology pages! Zeromonk (talk) 14:29, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:JTBurman


text:
Buckhorn Lake (Kentucky)

Buckhorn Lake, located south of Buckhorn, Kentucky, United States and northwest of Hazard, Kentucky off Kentucky Route 28, is a 1230 acre reservoir created by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1967 by impounding the Middle Fork of the Kentucky River. The lake was flooded over top of a small township called Bowlingtown.

Buckhorn Lake is an impoundment of the Middle Fork of the Kentucky River. Buckhorn Dam is an earthen dam, 160 feet high and 1,020 feet in length at its crest, with a maximum capacity of 167,900 acre feet and normal storage of 32,100 acre feet. The origin of the lake's name is uncertain. Some claim the name is taken from the discovery of a buck's horn at a nearby salt lick. Others claim that it is named for a buck killed by Jerry Smith, the area's first settler.

Buckhorn Lake is home to a sizable population of muskie, making it an attractive destination for fishermen.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Buckhorn Lake has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

History
Construction of the dam began in 1956, just upstream of a very small village known as Bowlingtown. The residents of Bowlingtown were forced to move from their homes and given very little compensation for the land that was bought out by the Army Corps of Engineers. The most any family received was ten cents per acre of property, with no value being added for buildings, businesses or farms. Citizens of Bowlingtown were not happy with the project, but ultimately had no voice in the matter. Despite their best efforts the lake was created anyway. Among the citizens there was significant controversy surrounding the project, none more so than the family cemeteries that were forcibly dug up and moved without notifying the families of the deceased. Most families did not know their loved ones had been moved until years later. The individual cemeteries were combined into one that is nearly inaccessible for half the year.

Attractions
Buckhorn Lake is home to Buckhorn Lake state park. The state lodge has the Bowlingtown History Museum, Bowlingtown Country Kitchen, swimming pool, and miniature golf course.

An island in the middle of the lake has a cemetery where former residents of Bowlingtown are still laid to rest.

title: Buckhorn Lake (Kentucky)


text:
Psion Revo

The Psion Revo, launched in November 1999, is a personal digital assistant (PDA) from Psion. It is the successor to the Psion Series 3 and a light version of Psion Series 5mx. It is software-compatible with the 5mx and has the same processor but is more lightweight (200 g vs 354 g of 5mx) and substantially smaller (157 ×). Relative to the Series 5 and 5mx, the Revo has a smaller screen (480 × 160 vs 640 × 240 of Series 5–5mx), and lacks a flash-card slot and backlight.

The Revo comes in two variants, Psion Revo and Psion Revo Plus, having 8 and 16 MB of random-access memory (RAM) respectively. It is powered by a 36 MHz ARM architecture 710T microprocessor, and a larger battery for the Plus model. Among other things, the hardware is equipped with a short-range Infrared Data Association (IrDA) wireless infrared communication system and a touchscreen. Like its bigger counterpart Series 5mx, it comes with a small suite of office and communications programs built into the ROM chips. Other programs are user-installable by using a docking station to send Revo programs from a desktop computer.

SONICblue Incorporated produced a version of the Psion Revo Plus renamed to Diamond Mako, which they distributed in the United States and Canada.

Along with Enfour, Psion made two versions of the Revo for the Chinese market named the 618C (Traditional Chinese characters) and 618S (Simplified Chinese characters).

OpenPsion
Open-source software projects were begun to port Linux to the Psion Revo and other Psion PDAs, including OpenPsion, formerly PsiLinux, and Revol, an optimized version of OpenPsion for the Revo.

Conan
Shortly before the demise of Psion in the commercial PDA market, work was near completion on a successor to the Revo, a 3rd-generation PDA with the codename Conan. The Conan ran EPOC Release 6 and was to feature support for Bluetooth and a backlight, although the former did not function in the development builds.

Battery
The Revo was notorious for battery and charging problems. Unlike the Series 5mx, which used 2 user-replaceable AA batteries, the Revo is powered by 2 built-in rechargeable AAA 700 mAh nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH) batteries. After backing up all data, the batteries can be accessed by closing the unit, gently prying off the logo plate (using heat and a watchmaker's knife or a similar tool), moving the 2 small pins that are behind it, and carefully opening the clam shell (silver part) of the casing, removing a third pin from the left hinge and very carefully lifting the part away unclipping it and sliding it to the right and off of the right hinge's fixed pin. The batteries are wrapped in black tape, which can be removed starting from the left, taking care not to break the thermistor that it also encloses. The positive and negative wires can be desoldered from their tabs, minding the iron tip does not make contact with the cell (don't cut the wires). Replacement batteries must be taped in just as securely and put a dab of glue over the socket, as Revos suffer from batteries coming loose and unplugging (fixed in the Plus model). After replacing (and after a hard reset), the unit must be charged uninterrupted from 0-100%, which is 6 hours for stock battery capacity (preferably with the unit turned off), so that the hardware can recalibrate, as per instructions for a new unit. Due to the way the charging circuit works, it is not recommended you use anything other than Ni-MH cells. If you replace with higher capacity, you will need to work out how much longer the device needs charging for. Ignore the battery meter on first charge. The (red) charging light turns off around 84%.

It is not recommended to put either Revo models on charge when their battery is over 80% due to a sense in thermal change required around this level. Missing this thermal change can and does lead to overchargeing.

title: Psion Revo