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User talk:Ђорђе Д. Божовић

 * User talk:Ђорђе Д. Божовић/Archive 1

Thank you I am fed up with individuals who have no idea and want to turn black into white and vice versa.

Template:Slavic languages
Why do you keep adding Croatian and Serbian under Serbo-Croatian? The Serbo-Croatian language is a separate language that was created in 1850 from Croatian and Serbian languages which have been spoken for a thousand years before the Vienna Agreement. Both of these languages are recognized internationally, they are official languages of more than one country, they have their respective standards regulated by institutions and a history of literature. By denying the differences between them and negating their status you are offending millions of people. They do belong to the same diasystem, but that doesn't make them any less of a language. I understand that there is a problem in sorting the various languages and dialects in the territory of former Yugoslavia, but you need to have uniform criteria for all languages. Please, be objective! Mrcina —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.10.62.69 (talk) 22:24, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * No, Serbo-Croatian is not a separate language. As a literary language, it was a phase in the history of the Serbian and Croatian (and other Central South Slavic) languages, during which they had a common standard and a common name. That is, it was not created in the 19th century out of Croatian and Serbian, but it was Croatian and Serbian of that time. Also, "Serbo-Croatian" is a unitary name, an umbrella term for the languages of the Central South Slavic diasystem, and that's why they are sorted like that in the template. If you prefer, instead of "Serbo-Croatian" you could also put "Central South Slavic", but it is necessary to keep them together in order not to create usual nationalist edit wars from either side. (Serbian users, for example, would not have accepted Montenegrin listed as a separate language, while Croatian users might not accept Bunjevac or Šokac as separate languages. That's why we came up with this solution in the first place.) --George D. Božović (talk) 15:16, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much for your answer. The current template is rather confusing to me. Can we please have Central South Slavic diasystem as a subgroup of South Slavic languages like in this template Template:South Slavic languages sidebar? Or maybe just replace "Serbo-Croatian" with "Central South Slavic" like you suggested? Both are fine with me and, I think, would better suit Bosniaks, Montenegrin, Bunjevac and Šokac as they do not consider themselves (or their language) whether Croatian nor Serbian. Mrcina (talk) 19:44, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Sure, I have already replaced it with "Central South Slavic," which is probably a more neutral name for this diasystem than "Serbo-Croatian." --George D. Božović (talk) 15:17, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

IPA
How skilled at IPA are you George? --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 23:08, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I need them for the following articles:
 * Andrija Radović
 * Nikola Petanović
 * Đurađ II
 * Do you think you could do them perhaps? --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 23:23, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Scripts
I've done some thorough researching of the history of linguistics, and it seems that I now know less than I knew before.

So, Glagolitic was originally known as "Curillic" and the Cyrillic scrip was simply known as "the Serb script" until the 16th century? --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 21:32, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Причај по нашки :)--Vojvodaen (talk) 12:32, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * This is English wiki. --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 17:25, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course, I know all that. I was just shocked after I read that I read that in the "History of the Serb people" (that "Cyrillic" is used for Cyrillic for the first time in the 16th century). --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 18:02, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Template:South Slavic languages sidebar
Hi Đorđe. With your latest edit you merged the Central South Slavic diasystem (Srpskohrvatski) with Western South Slavic (Slovenian). Is there any reason for that? Regards,  Balkan Fever  04:43, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, there is. Western South Slavic group actually consists of both Slovene and Serbo-Croatian languages (also referred to as Central South Slavic, which is a term coined by Croatian linguist Dalibor Brozović as I recall), not only Slovene. --George D. Božović (talk) 21:49, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Also, I put Torlakian under Western South Slavic dialects because it is a Western South Slavic dialect, as explained by Serbian dialectologist Pavle Ivić. :) --George D. Božović (talk) 21:49, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * OK then, thanks.  Balkan Fever  00:20, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Church-Slavonic & Serb-Slavonic
...could you do me a refresher course please? --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 11:38, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Pozdrav
Hej Djordje, pogledaj molim te ovu glupost: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Balkans

Cesku stavili na Balkanu, kakav idiotizam:-)). Nije tesko pogoditi ko je to mogao uraditi, a to je niko drugi nego poznati ustaski debili, koji ne zele shvatiti da je 'njihova lijepa' tipicna Balkanska provincija. Zbog takvih kao njih ce i ostati na Balkanu jos dugo, dugo, ha, ha. Oh, by the way, isti mentalci su i opet otklonili hrvatsku zastavu sa lista Balkanskih zemalja. Mozes li staviti stvari u redu na clanku o Balkanu i na linku koji sam ti dao? Puno pozdrava. 24.86.127.209 (talk) 05:35, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

Dje si brate
Dje si brate! I ja sam Bozovic. Iz kojega plemena si? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Apiya (talk • contribs) 12:34, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Teslina rasprava
Brate dragi šta si ti tereta iznio u raspravi o Teslinoj nacionalnoj pripadnosti!! Sa ovim g.... zapadnjacima od kojih neki ne znaju šta je to nacionalnost. Ili imaju više značenja za to, pa koriste kako im je zgodnije. Pozdrav!

--Čikić Dragan (talk) 20:07, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Talk:Montenegro
Considering you're a linguist, you might be interested in the very intriguing ongoing discussion over there.

Cheers! --PaxEquilibrium (talk) 22:52, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Pozdrav ponovo
Hej Djordje, daj molim te ako mozes da ucinis nesto da mi pomognes da prijavim ovih nekoliko hrvatskih nacionalista, koji pretstavljaju lazne mape i neistine u clancima o 'Stokavskom dijalektu' i 'Srpskohrvatskom jeziku' na engleskoj wikipediji, i sa kojima se svadjam na stranicama za razgovor. Evo link od prepucavanja: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Shtokavian_dialect

Ako mozes, takodje, ispravi i mapu stokavskog dijalekta, koju su ovi zlocudi osakatili bez dijela gdje je Srbija i Crna Gora; link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect kao i tabele (templates) o Juzno Slavenskim jezicima, o kojima se nasa vruca 'rasprava' vodi i koje su oni namjerno promjenili. Hvala puno i pozdrav.24.86.116.250 (talk) 06:05, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Hm, da. To je vrlo vruća tema u skorije vreme, i predmet je sporova a pritom ne može biti prostija i jasnija. Mišljenja sam, kao i ti, da se štokavsko narečje mora jedino posmatrati kao jezični sustav za sebe, nezavisno od narodnosti govornikâ štokavskih dijalekata, a iz kojega sustava onda nastaju današnji književni jezici kao pisane nacionalne varijante opšteg govornoga dijalekta. Ove karte pokazuju samo dijalekte u Hrvatskoj, zatim se njima dodaju prostori gde žive Hrvati u BiH, a potom se pokazuju dijalekti Hrvatske i BiH. To je u redu, ako se želi ograničiti samo na taj prostor, a i to što se svi dijalekti navode kao hrvatski može se podneti znajući da bi se isto tako svi mogli navesti kao srpski, dakle tačnije bi bilo reći srpskohrvatski odmah na početku, no nije važno. Dakle, njihove karte nisu loše, osim što pokazuju samo deo štokavskoga narečja. (Neka se ima u vidu to što je podela na zapadnoštokavsko i istočnoštokavsko narečje, koje se danas laćaju neki nacionalisti, važila samo u ranom srednjem veku, ali danas ne dolazi u obzir!) U članku zaista nedostaje makar i jedna karta celokupnoga štokavskog prostora. --George D. Božović (talk) 01:35, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Upravo, te tri karte u članku o štokavskom narečju uopšte ne pripadaju tamo, nego im je mesto u članku o dijalektima hrvatskog jezika, kao onima dijalektima zajedničkog narodnoga jezika kojima se koriste Hrvati. One uopšte ne pokazuju štokavsko narečje, nego hrvatske dijalekte, znači mesto im je u članku o hrvatskom jeziku. U članku o štokavskom narečju dobro bi došla i ova karta: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Shtokavian_Subdialect_en.png ili neka Ivićeva, Brozovićeva; verovatno i J. Lisac ima koju u svojoj novoj dijalektologiji, ali ne znam jer mi ona još nije došla do ruku. --George D. Božović (talk) 01:41, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Neka se ima u vidu to što je podela na zapadnoštokavsko i istočnoštokavsko narečje, koje se danas laćaju neki nacionalisti, važila samo u ranom srednjem veku, ali danas ne dolazi u obzir! - Oh really? ^_^ Ta podjela je genetsko-dijalektološka, i zasnovana je na čitavom nizu izoglosa i dandanas vrlo živih koje povezuju zapadnoštokavske govore s kajkavskim i čakavskim idiomima, istočnoštokavske s torlačkima, za razliku od ovih velikosrpskih "istočnohercegovačkih" (Ivićeva izmišljotina) i sl. fantazmičkih grupacija zasnovanim na arbitrarnim geografsko-fonološkikm kriterijima, dijakronijski potpuno slijepih, a nazivoslovno motiviranih posve bjelodanim teritorijalno-imperijalističkim težnjama (Slavonija je baš "istočna Hercegovina", LOL) i danas nasreću većma prevladanih od strane stručnjaka. A sad, to što si ti tabula rasa po tom pitanju je tvoj problem... Prelistaj deder malo Liščevu knjigu, dosta je dobra iako ima nekih manjih grješkica. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 05:34, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Ivane, jesi u pravu u tome što je tačno kako su neke odlike zapadne i istočne štokavštine sačuvane do danas u štokavskim dijalektima — sâm istočnohercegovačko-krajiški dijalekat i te kako je jasno polarizovan na istočne i zapadne govore. Međutim, oni i dalje pripadaju tom jednom dijalektu, jer ih mnogo više drugih osobina povezuje, nego što ih razdvajaju na dve poddijalektalne grupe. Ti grešiš u tome što potcenjuješ značaj seoba koji ističe Ivić. Upravo seobe stanovništva iz istočnohercegovačkog žarišta doprinele su tome da se dijalekatska slika unešto izmeni, i da današnje jedinstveno štokavsko narečje zameni prvobitna dva, istočno i zapadno. Jer, nanosi seoba potisnuli su starije i zapadnije dijalekte, odnosno dijalekatske osobine, te raširili mlađe i istočnije. Sâm naziv dijalekta ne govori ništa o njegovim osobinama; isti je dijalekat u Slavoniji, u Lici i u istočnoj Hercegovini, a kako će se on u dijalektologiji zvati pitanje je dogovora i najbanalnija je moguća stvar. (Ivićev naziv „istočnohercegovački“ zasnovan je na tome što se ovaj dijalekat upravo raširio iz istočne Hercegovine, koja je bila njegovo, kako rekoh, žarište. Ništa on ne govori o prostiranju toga dijalekta; kako bi ti predložio Iviću da ga nazove, da te je kojim slučajem tada bio pitao: „Ivane, kako da nazovem dijalekat kojim se govori u Hercegovini, diljem Bosne, Crnoj Gori, zapadnoj Srbiji, Slavoniji i hrvatskoj Krajini? Šta bi mu rekao, istočnohercegovačko-bosansko-crnogorsko-zapadnosrbijansko-slavonsko-krajiški? Danas ga dijalektolozi nazivaju „istočnohercegovačko-krajiškim“, što je ime koje, po mom mišljenju, ne samo što sasvim zgodno pokazuje krajnju zapadnu i krajnju istočnu tačku njegova prostiranja, već i otkriva njegovu podeljenost na dve grupe, jednu na zapadu u Krajini, i nešto šire, i jednu na istoku u Hercegovini, i nešto šire.) Sem toga, Lisac ništa ne odstupa od ovakvog stanja dijalekata — i kod njega je istočnohercegovački dijalekat isti kao kod Ivića, kao što i jeste, a ako si ti pametniji od svih oko sebe, sedi pa napiši svoju knjižicu, ili možda i sâm malo prelistaj ove već postojeće. Jesam li ja tabula rasa ili nisam, to je, upravo tako, samo moj problem, a ti si, izgleda, vrlo neodgojen, prepotentan i egocentričan, i to je tvoj. :) --George D. Božović (talk) 22:45, 23 December 2008

(UTC)

Potpuno si u pravu Djordje, i uzalud je trositi vremena sa ovakvim bolesnim stvorenjima kao sto je Ivan Stambuk. Samo ponavlja svoju bezvrijednu nacionalisticku retoriku kao pokvarena ploca, sve uz paranoju od nekakve 'Velike Srbije'. Kakav je on paranoik i jadnik. Nemam vise rijeci, svasta se izrodi na ovome svijetu, to je zalosno. Samo cu da dodam da sve uvrijede koje taj Ivan Stambuk salje drugima odnose se samo na njega samoga i otslikavat ce samo njega i njegovo problematicno ponasanje. Pozdrav i Sretna Nova Godina.24.86.116.250 (talk) 01:35, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * U rodoslovno-narječnom jezikoslovlju jedino što je bitno i jesu razlike i njihovi dijakronijski odnosi. Jednom kad se dogodi "razdvajanje" na stablu, nema više "združivanja".
 * pravo seobe stanovništva iz istočnohercegovačkog žarišta doprinele su tome da se dijalekatska slika unešto izmeni, - da, dovele su do koineizacije i zatiranja negdanjih znatno većih razlika kad je postojao pravi narječni prijetok. Naravno, dislokacija ~2M duša 1990-ih zbog velikosrpskog ekskurzusa u BiH i Hrvatskoj, kao i školovanjem/medijima/urbanizacijom propagirano širenje "standardnog jezika" posljednjih 60-70 godina je poprilično izmjenilo prostornu sliku, tako da su manje-više svi narječni zemljovidi danas u grubim crtama zastarjeli.
 * Problem je što cijeli koncept te tzv. "istočnohercegovšćine" bazdi nadaleko po velikosrpstvu kao artificijelna grupacija ne odveć važnih izoglosa (nit je neoštokavska retrakcija isključivo ijekavska, nit je ijekavština isključivo neoštokavska etc.) koja se vrlo zanimljivo podudara sa izvjesnim političkim načertanijama. I raspad jata i naglasni obrasci debelo kronološki predatiraju te seobe, i mogu se naći u predjelima u kojima daleko da se može pričati o nekakovoj srpskoj (vlaškoj, crnogorskoj..) imigraciji.
 * Istina je da nažalost Lisac većma preuzima politički-blagoslovljenu sliku iz Juge, iako i on polako razbija neke mitove (npr. o primjesama ikavštine/čakavštine u starodubrovačkih pisaca koja se se tobože "nije govorila" eda bi se legitimizirale i velikosrpske aspiracije na Dubrovnik i "čisti narodni jezik" u koji su se djela "prevodila" od strane Karadžića i njegovih zatucanih idolopoklonika), no stasaju novije generacije koje hrabro kroče put naprijed iz sivila komunističkih pseudoznanstvenih teorija :) --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 23:27, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

Ha, ha, kakve li gluposti mogu dolazit iz poremecenog mozga ovog Ivana, joj!C,C,C,C:)) 24.86.116.250 (talk) 01:35, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Tačno tako, ovaj istočnohercegovački koji znamo je, sve u svemu, uveliko — dijalekat dinarskih Srba. To je onaj dijalekat kojim govore Srbi u istočnoj Hercegovini i drugim mestima koja su naselili isti ti dinarski Srbi odatle. Zato on ne može sasvim obuhvatiti mnoge autohtone govore koje inače kao da obuhvata kada se prikaže na zemljovidu tako kako smo navikli. A ti su autohtoni govori zapadnoštokavski; tu su, naravno, i dubrovački i istočnobosanski i slavonski govori i ijekavski dijalekti Hrvata i Bošnjaka na novoštokavskom prostoru. Međutim, oni jesu pretrpeli jak uticaj ovoga dijalekta, što se i očituje, na primer, u znatnom gubljenju starodubrovačke ikavice i čakavskih osobina, ili u potiskivanju ikavice u starijim dijalektima Bosne. Tu se mi nemamo oko čega ne složiti.
 * Ono oko čega se ne slažemo jeste kako bi se štokavski dijalekti prikazali na karti — dok ja pretpostavljam jedno narečje i podelu na istočne i zapadne dijalekte stavljam u drugi plan, s tim da verujem kako postoje dijalekti koji se i ne mogu u celosti svrstati u jedne odnosno druge, jer samo neki njihovi govori čuvaju osobine jednog a neki drugi ne (kao istočnohercegovački ili, svakako, i vojvođanski dijalekat); ti bi ga radije podelio na zapadno i istočno narečje, tj. na dva odelita narečja, za što ja mislim da bi samo bespotrebno povećalo broj dijalekata unutar tih narečja, koji bi i uprkos tima razlikama koje jesu u jednom pogledu bitne ipak bili umnogome slični međusobno, u drugom pogledu, da bih ih ja mogao nazvati odvojenim dijalektima. --George D. Božović (talk) 03:01, 28 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Problem je Božoviću što se tim "dijalektom dinarskih Srba" govori i u područjima gdje njima nema previše traga (recimo u dolini Neretve odakle sam ja), te bi ga tako nacionalno krstiti mogao samo netko tko ima nekakove pretenzije na njegove govornike koji nisu Srbi. Teško je zamisliti kako bi se 13-16 st. kad se većina za taj "istočnohercegovački" relevantnih izoglosa širila narodi po nacionalnosti (Srblji, Hrvati, Vlasi, Bošnjaci, Crnogorci etc.) bili toliko zemljopisno ili uljudbeno razdijeljeni da bi se moglo govoriti o nekakovim "etničkim dijalektima". Kao što rekoh - sama koncepcija "istočnohercegovačkoh narječja" jer po nekima nategnuta, uvedena ponajprvo po slaboumnim političkomotiviranim i prije svega krajnje imaginativnim kriterijima 19 stoljeća a koji se i dandanas nažalost debelo vuku. Koncept "dijalekta" je samo zamišljen misaoni uređaj za oblikovanje u svežnja skupinu izoglosa koje su na neki (obično arbitraran i subjektivan) način uzajamno povezane, eda bi im nazivoslovno bilo lakše manipulirati. Još i ako neke od izrazito važnih izoglosa nisu isključive za danu grupaciju (npr. većspomenute neoštokavska retrakcija i i(j)ekavski odraz jata), a bez toga ne čine validan čvor u genetičkoj razredbi, tada faktor arbitrarnosti raste i postaje sve više i više konotiran predrasudama raščlanitelja. Danas, kada barem 90% slavista nije ni svijesno da primjerice "južnoslavenski", "zapadnoslavenski", pa čak i "istočnoslavenski" (uzevši u obzir najnovija dostignuća filologije staronovgorodskog narječja u djelima Zaliznjaka et al.) nisu nikakve genetske "grane" već obični ostatci negdanjeg narječnog prijetoka koji nije imao praktički nikakvih formalnih granica, teško je očekivati i naprjedak u shvaćanju nečega toliko škakljivog i imanentno izuzetno složenoga poput dijakornijske razredbe i uzajamnog odnosa narječja na tom tzv. "srednjojužnoslavneskom" području (koji ni samo po sebi dokazano nije genetski čvor). Jedini ispravan pristup bi bio izgradnja dijakronijskog zemljovida širenja pojedinih izoglosa u povijesnom razdoblju (jasno naznačavajući sve spekulativnog sadržaja, bez obzira koliko se "zdravorazumski" nešto činilo), i pustiti računalo da probavi ulaznu matricu i izbljuje aproksimativno najvalidnije filogenetsko stablo i pripadajuće narječne grupacije. Svaka izoglosa je u svom širenju potpuno ortogonalna (mada moguće i pod utjecajem/utječući) na širenje drugih, te u suštini svaka sama za sebe predstavlja mali čvor u Stammbaumu, odnosno drugim riječima potrebno je višedimenzionalnom kronološkom analizom reducirati genezu današnjeg (ili negdanjeg) stanja i prjeslikati ga u ono što danas vidimo na tom tzv. "narječnom zemljovidu".
 * Što se tiče starodubrovačke ikavice (Š. Menčetić, Dž. Držić etc.) i općenito čakavizama u leksiku starodubrovačkih pisaca - ona je tu zbog prirodnog polažaja susjednog čakavskog područja s kojima je govor dubrovnika dijelio (ne "bio pod utjecajem") dotične izoglose. Jat se u čakavskim govorima izgubio oko stoljeće ranije nego u štokavskim, i prirodno je da je u okolici južnočakavskih narječja (gdje je dobio "ikavski" odraz) ta izoglosa podijeljena sa susjednim zapadnoštokavskim idiomima. Ako pogledaš neke moliškohrvatske tekstove na mundimitar.it, koji, naknadni razvitak na stranu, trijebaju odražavati to pred-koineizacijsko (odnosno "predmigracijsko", kako vi Srbi to volite reći :D) stanje stapanja južnočakavštine i zapadnoštokavštine, sasma je razvidno da nema ni govora o nekakovom "anomalnom" pojavljivanju ikavizama u djelima dubrovačkijeh poeta kojih tobože nije bilo u govornom jeziku. Posve je besmisleno (ja bih još dodao, čisto fašistički) tvrditi da to što se neka pojedina izoglosa (recimo neoštokavska retrakcija naglaska) prije nekoliko stoljeća izvorno (adaptivnom radijacijom, pri čemu svaka promijenjena točka može postati novo žarište) širila iz područja koje pripada govornicima koji se danas deklariraju kao pripadnici etničke skupine X automatski povlači da su svi govornici nekog obližnjeg i srodnog narječja a koje je više ili manje zahvaćeno širenjem dotičnice i sami time nekako etnolingvistički "integrirani" (odnosno mogu da budu integrirani, a bez da toga budu svijesni, nakon nekoliko stoljeća od strane pojedinijeh jezikoslova sa sumnjivom motivacijom) s govornicima idioma odakle dotičnica izvorno ponire, čak i ako postoji kako uljudbeni tako i samodeklarativni kontinuitet pripadanja etničkoj skupini Y kod ovih potonjih. Jat je bio anomalan zvuk u fonološkom sustavu (barem u fonetskoj vrijednosti "zatvorenoga e" kakav se dadne rekonstruirati za nekakov "prazapadnojužnoslavenski"; drugdje u Slaveniji je vrlo izvjesno imao drugojačiju vrijednost), i njegov odraz se IMHO mora ponajprvo razmatrati kao arealna (supranarječna) osobina, i to uza sve ne previše važna. Nažalost, "srpskohrvatska" terminologija o jeziku u dvije "varijante" primarno separiranim odrazom jata, i udomaćenost u kolektivnoj svijesti kako običnjaka tako i stručnjaka o "ijekavskim", "ikavskim" i "ekavskim dijalektima" je učinila svoje, pa danas imamo stanje kakvo već imamo. Mene nitko na svijetu ne može uvjeriti da ima smisla promatrati ikavske zapadnoštokavske govore kao nešto "odvojeno" od susjednih mu ikavskih čakavskih govora, a što se radi nažalost i dandanas zapravo svagdje i od strane svakog. Slavistici u ovom stoljeću predstoji ono što se u 20. stoljeću dogodilo poredbenopovijesnoj indoeuropeistici: "desanskrtizacija" (kako je to već nazvao jedan ugledni njemački filolog) - lišavanje svih predrasuda naslijeđenih iz romantičarskog 19. stoljeća, kad je proces "izmišljanja naroda" na osnovi zamišljenih projekcija odnosa idioma govornika bio intelektualna masturbacija nekolicine eltitista koji su ne samo bili debelo odcijepljeni od stvarnosti, nego igrali prljavu igru u svrhu kojekakvih režima kojima je na umu bio kako zator stoljećima oblikovanih čitavih kulturnih krugova (koji su tu neovisno percepira li ih netko ili ne, odnosno želi ih ili ne percepirati), tako i oblikovanje novih pseudonaroda. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 23:59, 15 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Ivane, molim te, oprosti mi što ovoliko kasnim s odgovorom — imao sam drugih obaveza u poslednjih mesečak dana, a na Vikipediju i inače veoma retko zalazim. Glupavo sam se izrazio kada sam rekao „dijalekat dinarskih Srba“; svakako da je besmisleno potencirati kako ijedna izoglosa može biti etnički pretpostavljena, i to još u 16. veku. Ja sam u stvari govorio o nečemu drugome (o mlađim ijekavskim govorima u istočnoj Hercegovini i slivu Drine, isključivo istočnoštokavske boje, a čiji su većina govornika danas Srbi — jer o tome sam tada bio razmišljao), a nadovezao sam se na priču o ivićevskom istočnohercegovačkom dijalektu, što nije imalo veze jedno s drugim. :) Tačno je da „mi Srbi“ volimo da kažemo predmigracijsko stanje — ali je ružno od tebe što pretpostavljaš odmah da sam ja Srbin i lepiš mi nacionalnu etiketu. Kada govorim kao dijalektolog, ja svakako to ne govorim kao Srbin i svakako ne govorim ni iz kakve nacionalne pozicije. (Ako je nacionalnost već toliko bitna, reći ću ti da sam u privatnom životu i te kako anacionalan, a po poreklu sam Užičanin, i to je jedino osećanje blisko nekakvome nacionalnom koje imam; što naravno, nema nikakvog uticaja na moju dijalektologiju, sve i da sam Japanac. ;)) Vidi, upravo tu leži neslaganje između mene i tebe. Dijalekti se svakako osim dijahronijski moraju posmatrati i sinhronijski — te na osnovu oba gledišta klasificirati — a upravo tim migracijama došlo je do koineizacije srednjovekovnog istočnog i zapadnog štokavskog narečja u današnje štokavsko narečje. Njegovi zapadniji dijalekti čuvaju neke osobine tog predmigracijskog stanja — pretkoineizacijskoga — ali ih u seobama nanete osobine vrlo usko i sinhronijski neraskidivo povezuju sa istočnoštokavskim dijalektima, zbog čega oni i čine jedinstveno narečje. Nemoj me pogrešno shvatiti, veoma mi se sviđa kako ti razmišljaš, ali smatram da previše značaja daješ dijahroniji, a premalo sinhroniji; a u dijalektologiji se oba gledišta moraju uzeti u obzir, inače bismo došli u takvu apsurdnu situaciju da dijalekat, recimo, Banje Luke i dijalekat Trebinja smatramo različitim dijalektima zbog toga što su u jednom trenutku te „predmigracijske“ istorije bili odeliti, iako oni danas (od npr. 17. veka naovamo) dele niz istovetnih fonetskih i fonoloških, morfoloških, sintaktičkih i leksičkih osobina, tek se zamalo unečemu sitnome razlikuju (primerice, u Banjoj Luci je dugo jat diftongalno, a u Trebinju dvosložno). Ne, u osnovi je svega nekakva mešavina, uvek je u pitanju jezička mešavina i ne može ništa biti tako jasno odeljeno i raščlambeno jedno od drugoga. --George D. Božović (talk) 02:28, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Hvala na odgovoru. To je sve u redu sto si napisao, ali molio bih te da, kao dugogodisnji editor na wikipediji, promjenis te mape i postavis one koje odgovaraju (na clanku o stokavskom dijalektu), te da promjenis template o J.S. jezicima, gdje je slovenski jezik ravnopravno stavljen sa 3-ma varijantama Srpskohrvatskog jezika, a to je je nedopustivo. Inace, ja zaista nemam puno vremena da proucavam pravila wikipedije, te kako se radi postavljanje mapa, mjenjanje, kako se obraca administratorima za vandalizme, i sl. To iziskuje puno vremena, sto ja nemam, a vjerujem da si ti vec uhodan u tome. Ja bih zelio ostati za sada samo kao 'IP member', ali sa budnim pracenjem svih gluposti koje rade hrvatski nacionalisticki izrodi, te prijavljivanjem istih tebi ili nekome drugom normalnom editoru. Dobro bi bilo da ucinis nesto da se mape i templet o Juznoslavnskim jezicima promjeni, jer kao ovakavi oni samo dovode u veliku zabludu onog ko zeli nesto nauciti od engleske wikipedije, a to se ne smije tolerirati. Puno pozdrava.24.86.116.250 (talk) 19:42, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Hey Djordje, kako mozes trpjeti da ti ovaj jadni uspaljeni patetican imbecil (Ivan Stambuk) 'drzi lekcije' i propovjeda svoje lazi. Kakva jadna 'Zapadna' i 'Istocna' Stokavstina, LOL, Stokavstina je bila i ostace jedinstvena, pa neka crknu svi koji je razdvajaju. Cudna neka 'logika' kojom se prikriva i prekraja istina, a iza koje stoji propala rasisticko-nacionalisticka ustaska propaganda. Ta je 'logika' proizvod poremecenog uma, sto se nazalost pocelo tolerirati na wikipediji. Daj, molim te ako imas vremena i moci, prijavi ovog i slicnih njemu uljeza nekom od administratora, jer ovo sto rade po stranicama wikipedije je zaista nedopustivo. Wikipedija ce izgubiti vrijednost uzdane enciklpoedije ako se ne stopiraju ovi sijaci mrznje. Slicno nesto se dogadja i na diskusionoj stranici Srpsko-hrvatskog jezika. Ovaj jadnik (Ivan Stambuk) redovito brise moje odgovore na njegove iluzionisticke gluposti na toj stranici, ali zasada bezuspjesno. Kako i da jest, on i slicni njemu NO PASSARAN na wikipediji i svugdje uopste. Nadam se da ces procitati ovo i poduzeti nesto da se situacija popravi. Pozdrav i Sretni Blagdani.24.86.116.250 (talk) 06:02, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

Kusturica
Господине Божовићу,можете ли да ми помогнете са овим. мислим да би то требало уградити у чланак о Кустурици http://www.blic.rs/hronika.php?id=110061. Ако је већ неко потегао те чланке онда је ред да се зна како се све завршило. Далибор Ђурић

Pitanje
Dragi Djordje, ja sam Marko Prelevic, novinar "Vecernjih novosti". Video sam da ste jedan od kontributora Vikipedije na staroslovenskom jeziku i voleo bih da napravimo pricu o tome, posto mislim da je poduhvat krajnje zanimljiv za citaoce u Srbiji. Ako ste zainteresovani, javite mi se na markop@novosti.rs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Markonovosti (talk • contribs) 12:30, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:WChurchill.jpg

A tag has been placed on File:WChurchill.jpg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F9 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted images or text borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion," which appears inside of the speedy deletion tag (if no such tag exists, the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate). Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.  Ron h jones (Talk) 20:04, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

An invitation to join the WikiProject Republika Srpska
--Anulmanul (talk) 21:46, 17 February 2015 (UTC)

Population update project
Hi. The 18th edition of Ethnologue just came out, and if we divide up our language articles among us, it won't take long to update them. I would appreciate it if you could help out, even if it's just a few articles (5,000 articles is a lot for just me), but I won't be insulted if you delete this request.

A largely complete list of articles to be updated is at Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 17. The priority articles are in Category:Language articles with old Ethnologue 17 speaker data. These are the 10% that have population figures at least 25 years old.

Probably 90% of the time, Ethnologue has not changed their figures between the 17th and 18th editions, so all we need to do is change "e17" to "e18" in the reference (ref) field of the language info box. That will change the citation for the artcle to the current edition. Please put the data in the proper fields, or the info box will flag it as needing editorial review. The other relevant fields are "speakers" (the number of native speakers in all countries), "date" (the date of the reference or census that Ethnologue uses, not the date of Ethnologue!), and sometimes "speakers2". Our convention has been to enter e.g. "1990 census" when a census is used, as other data can be much older than the publication date. Sometimes a citation elsewhere in the article depends on the e17 entry, in which case you will need to change "name=e17" to "name=e18" in the reference tag (assuming the 18th edition still supports the cited claim).

Remember, we want the *total* number of native speakers, which is often not the first figure given by Ethnologue. Sometimes the data is too incompatible to add together (e.g. a figure from the 1950s for one country, and a figure from 2006 for another), in which case it should be presented that way. That's one use for the "speakers2" field. If you're not sure, just ask, or skip that article.

Data should not be displayed with more than two, or at most three, significant figures. Sometimes it should be rounded off to just one significant figure, e.g. when some of the component data used by Ethnologue has been approximated with one figure (200,000, 3 million, etc.) and the other data has greater precision. For example, a figure of 200,000 for one country and 4,230 for another is really just 200,000 in total, as the 4,230 is within the margin of rounding off in the 200,000. If you want to retain the spurious precision of the number in Ethnologue, you might want to use the sigfig template. (First parameter in this template is for the data, second is for the number of figures to round it off to.)

Dates will often need to be a range of all the country data in the Ethnologue article. When entering the date range, I often ignore dates from countries that have only a few percent of the population, as often 10% or so of the population isn't even separately listed by Ethnologue and so is undated anyway.

If Ethnologue does not provide a date for the bulk of the population, just enter "no date" in the date field. But if the population figure is undated, and hasn't changed between the 17th & 18th editions of Ethnologue, please leave the ref field set to "e17", and maybe add a comment to keep it so that other editors don't change it. In cases like this, the edition of Ethnologue that the data first appeared in may be our only indication of how old it is. We still cite the 14th edition in a couple dozen articles, so our readers can see that the data is getting old.

The articles in the categories linked above are over 90% of the job. There are probably also articles that do not currently cite Ethnologue, but which we might want to update with the 18th edition. I'll need to generate another category to capture those, probably after most of the Ethnologue 17 citations are taken care of.

Jump in at the WP:LANG talk page if you have any comments or concerns. Thanks for any help you can give!

— kwami (talk) 02:12, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Ђорђе Д. Божовић


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tv carnage

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Tv carnage
Basically just an advert JeremyA 01:53, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad for non-notable product. Dcarrano 03:00, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. This doesn't read like an ad to me. It reads like a genuine, if weak, attempt at an article. A TV show that has 4-5 series and 648 Googles just about makes some kind of late-night bar for notability. Needs capitalizing right, though.-Splash 04:38, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's very late/early here and that was a very stupid vote of me, as Dcarrano has pointed out very nicely. -Splash 04:59, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, besides description of it as "horribly amazing"... not a TV show, but a series of videotapes. Dcarrano 04:42, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. What a weird article....:-\ -mysekurity 05:38, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. JamesBurns 09:13, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --User:Evice User talk:Evice Special:Contributions/Evice 20:37, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Nobs/Grand Alliance of World War II

Grand Alliance of World War II The Grand Alliance of World II came into being as the War unfolded and progressed. After Nazi Germany had occupied the remains of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, the British ambassador was recalled from Berlin and Neville Chamberlain declared that if Hitler attacked Poland, considered next in turn for an assault by the Third Reich, then the UK and France would give Poland "all support in their power", a promise soon also given to Greece and the later Axis member Romania after Italy's conquest of Albania on April 7, 1939. A formal military alliance was concluded between the UK, France and Poland on April 6th, 1939, whereafter also the Soviet Union initiated alliance negotiations, although unsuccessfully. The Soviet Union instead agreed with Nazi-Germany in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 23 August 1939. The Big 3 Alliance of the British Commonwealth of Nations, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics with her Comintern allies (some governmental, some not) and the United States of America with its Pan-American Union allies emerged in the latter half of the War as the United Nations Organization (later the United Nations) when it was formed following the war. The founding members of the United Nations Organization were the Allies, at least in the sense of having declared war on Germany before the end. By the War's end, the alliance system looked very different from what it looked like in 1938 and 1938. Several "neutrals" in 1939 in fact became belligerent powers on one side or the other.

Neutrals
(in 1939)

Oslo Group of States

 * Kingdom of Denmark
 * Republic of Finland League of Nations Expulsion of the U.S.S.R., 14 December 1939
 * Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
 * Kingdom of Norway
 * Kingdom of the Netherlands
 * Kingdom of Sweden

Original Allies
These countries were allied to each other by a net of common defence pacts and military alliance pacts signed before the war. The Franco-British Alliance dated back to the Entente Cordiale of 1904 and the Triple Entente of 1907, active during the World War I. The Franco-Polish Alliance was signed in 1921 and then amended in 1927 and 1939. The original allies were the states that declared war on Nazi Germany in September of 1939, thus starting the World War II.
 * French Third Republic
 * Republic of Poland
 * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The Commonwealth
In addition to Britain, several independent members of the Commonwealth of Nations, known as the Dominions, declared war on Germany separately, either on the same day, or soon afterwards: India and many other crown colonies were under direct rule by the United Kingdom, and were therefore considered to be at war from the same date as the UK.
 * Commonwealth of Australia (from September 3, 1939)
 * Dominion of New Zealand (from September 3, 1939)
 * Union of South Africa (from September 6, 1939)
 * Canada (from September 10, 1939)

Atlantic Charter
The Atlantic Conference : Resolution of September 24, 1941 The dates given below are for entry into the war. The Polish government in exile, after 1939 continued the Polish contribution to World War II on several fronts with hundreds of thousand of members in the Polish Army in France and UK, as well as the Home Army in occupied Poland. The Soviet Union however, did not recognize the government and in 1943 organized the Polish People's Army under Rokossovsky, around which eventually became the post-war successor state. British, Dutch and French colonies fought alongside their mother countries, and many continued their contribution also when the mother countries were occupied.
 * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (from September 3, 1939)
 * United States of America (from December 8 1941)
 * Kingdom of Belgium (invaded by Germany, May 10, 1940)
 * Czechoslovak Republic (seized by Germany, September 29, 1938 as part of the Munich Agreement)
 * Kingdom of Greece (invaded by Italy, October 28, 1940)
 * Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (invaded by Germany, May 10, 1940)
 * Kingdom of the Netherlands (invaded by Germany, May 10, 1940)
 * Kingdom of Norway (invaded by Germany, April 9, 1940)
 * Republic of Poland (invaded by Germany and Russia in September 1939)
 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (from June 22, 1941)
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia (invaded by Germany, Italy, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, April 6, 1941)
 * Free France (from Charles De Gaulle's the Appeal of June 18, 1940)

Comintern

 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
 * International Brigades
 * Popular Front
 * Albanian National Liberation Army
 * Chinese People's Liberation Army
 * Moldova & Bukovina
 * Communist Party of Yugoslavia
 * Greek National Liberation Front
 * Malayan Communist Party
 * Tudeh Party of Iran
 * Mongolian People's Republic
 * Polish People's Army
 * Viet Minh
 * People's Republic of Azerbaijan
 * Kurdish People's Republic

United Nations Declaration
Declaration by United Nations, January 1, 1942 (Note: During 1942 the Declaration was adhered to by Mexico, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, and Ethiopia; in the first four months of 1943, it was adhered to by Iraq, Brazil, and Bolivia.
 * United States of America
 * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
 * Republic of China
 * Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
 * Commonwealth of Australia
 * Kingdom of Belgium
 * Canada
 * Republic of Costa Rica
 * Republic of Cuba
 * Czechoslovak Republic
 * Dominican Republic
 * Republic of El Salvador
 * Kingdom of Greece|Kingdom of Greece
 * Republic of Guatemala
 * La Republique d' Haiti
 * Republic of Honduras
 * India
 * Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
 * Kingdom of the Netherlands
 * Dominion of New Zealand
 * Republic of Nicaragua
 * Kingdom of Norway
 * Republic of Panama
 * Republic of Poland
 * Union of South Africa
 * Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Tripartite Treaty of Alliance
29 January 1942
 * United Kingdom
 * Soviet Union
 * Iran

Pan American Union
(21 members) (Final Act of the Second Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics at Habana, Cuba, July 30, 1940)
 * Havana Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics, July 21-30,1940
 * United States of America
 * Bolivia
 * Brazil (25 August 1942)
 * Colombia
 * Costa Rica
 * Cuba
 * Dominican Republic
 * El Salvador
 * Guatemala
 * Haiti
 * Honduras
 * Mexico (1 June 1942)
 * Nicaragua
 * Panama

Other Allies
From July 1944, a Brazilian Expeditionary Force of 25,000 personnel joined the Allies in the Italian campaign. The other countries in this group contributed support units, small combat forces, or to lesser degrees. (The Irish Free State was sometimes referred to as "a neutral ally". While theoretically a neutral country, pro-Allied and anti-Axis sentiment in the population enabled the government to covertly favor the Allies in matters including supplies, shipping, and use of ports and airfields. However, a few elements of the IRA actively supported Germany due to hostility towards Britain.)
 * Kuomintang (from December 9 1941)
 * Ethiopia
 * Commonwealth of the Philippines

Sympathisers
Some countries, while remaining neutral, managed to favour the Allies in certain respects. This includes Éire, where popular support favoured the Allies. It is estimated that 70,000 people from Éire served in various Allied armed forces, whereas almost none served with Axis forces.


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User:Redwolf24/Awards

 I can't say that I mind getting awards <_< >_> Redwolf24 02:00, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Redwolf24/Awards


text:
Die Frau ohne Schatten

Die Frau ohne Schatten (The Woman without a Shadow), Op. 65, is an opera in three acts by Richard Strauss with a libretto by his long-time collaborator, the poet Hugo von Hofmannsthal. It was written between 1911 and either 1915 or 1917. When it premiered at the Vienna State Opera on 10 October 1919, critics and audiences were unenthusiastic. Many cited problems with Hofmannsthal's complicated and heavily symbolic libretto. However, it is now a standard part of the operatic repertoire.

Composition history
Work on the opera began in 1911. Hofmannsthal's earliest sketches for the libretto are based on a piece from Goethe's collection Conversations of German Emigrants (1795). Hofmannsthal handles Goethe's material freely, adding the idea of two couples, the emperor and empress who come from another realm, and the dyer and his wife who belong to the ordinary world. Hofmannsthal also drew on portions of The Arabian Nights, Grimms' Fairy Tales, and even quotes Goethe's Faust. The opera is conceived as a fairy tale on the theme of love blessed through the birth of children. Hofmannsthal, in his letters, compared it with Mozart's Magic Flute, which has a similar arrangement of two couples.

Strauss began composing immediately. He and Hofmannsthal worked on music and words in parallel, each receiving inspiration from the other. Strauss was happy with Hofmannsthal's text, but asked him to rewrite many passages for the sake of dramatic effect. Hofmannsthal was adamantly opposed and was more worried about the symbolism beneath his libretto. The opera was finished in 1915, during the First World War, but had to wait for its premiere until 1919. The sometimes difficult genesis of the opera is documented in their correspondence.

Strauss himself called this opera his "child of woe"; he even called it Die Frosch ("Frosch" means "frog" in German), that is "Die Frau ohne Schatten"). The complexity of the text and the stress of wartime made its composition a laborious task, and Strauss was also disappointed with the first productions.

Musically, Die Frau ohne Schatten is one of Strauss's most complicated and colorful scores. In contrast to the quickly-moving Salome and Elektra, it includes extended monologues and scenes. The opera remains a challenge to stage, even for a major opera house, calling as it does for five top soloists in the demanding principal roles, first rate secondary roles, a large orchestra, and elaborate sets and scenic effects.

Scenically, it is also demanding, with all the scene changes and special effects. Children singing out of a frying pan is particularly demanding, as is the final golden waterfall scene. Few opera houses are capable of staging the work.

In 1946 Strauss created a one-movement orchestral piece, Fantasy on Die Frau ohne Schatten, based on highlights from the opera. It was premiered in Vienna in 1947.

Writing about Die Frau ohne Schatten in 1948, Strauss said, despite the difficulties of staging it, "it has succeeded nevertheless and has made a deep impression ... and music lovers in particular consider it to be my most important work."

Roles
The role of the Empress calls for a dramatic soprano who can support a very high tessitura and negotiate an act 1 entrance aria including coloratura passages, a trill, and a high D. Similarly, any tenor attempting the Emperor must be able to handle numerous passages in his uppermost range, particularly his extended solo scene in act 2. The Nurse's role makes some demands on the singer's lower range but also requires frequent leaps above the staff. The Dyer's Wife also calls for a soprano with immense sound to be heard over heavily orchestrated passages. The Dyer is the most approachable of the leading vocal parts, but again the orchestration is very heavy and requires a baritone with sufficient stamina to last the opera's three hours and fifteen minutes.

Synopsis
The opera's story is set in the mythical empire of the Southeastern Islands and involves five principal characters: the Emperor (tenor), the Empress (soprano), her Nurse (mezzo-soprano), Barak, a lowly dyer (bass-baritone), and the Dyer's Wife (dramatic soprano). A sixth character, Keikobad, King of the Spirit Realm and father to the Empress, sets the plot in motion, but never appears on stage. The Empress is half human: she was captured by the Emperor in the form of a gazelle. She assumed human shape and he married her, but she has no shadow. This symbolizes her inability to bear children. Keikobad has decreed that unless the Empress gains a shadow before one year elapses after her human marriage, he will reclaim her as his daughter and the Emperor will turn to stone.

Act 1
Scene 1

It is dawn, outside the bedchambers of the Emperor and Empress. The Messenger of Keikobad arrives, and tells the Empress's nurse that the Empress must acquire a shadow within three days, or she will be forcibly returned to his realm, and the Emperor turned to stone. The Nurse is excited about the prospect of returning to the spirit world, since she hates humans and having to dwell with them.

The Messenger leaves and the Emperor emerges from his bedchamber. He departs on a three-day hunting trip, seeking his favorite falcon, which he drove away for attacking a gazelle that later turned into the Empress. He leaves his wife to the Nurse's care. The Empress emerges from her chamber and reminisces about times when she had the ability to turn into any creature she wanted.

It is revealed that after being attacked by the red falcon that the Emperor is seeking, she lost a talisman that gave transformation powers, and on which was inscribed a curse that foresaw the fate she and the Emperor are about to face if she does not acquire a shadow. The red falcon appears and warns the Empress that the curse is about to be fulfilled. The Empress begs the Nurse to help her get a shadow. The Nurse, who is steeped in magic, suggests descending to the mortal world and finding a woman who will sell her shadow to the Empress.

Scene 2

Barak, a dyer, shares his hut with his Wife and his three brothers: the One-Eyed Man, the One-Armed Man, and the Hunchback. The three brothers fight about a stolen item and are separated by the Wife, who throws a bucket of water at them. The three brothers then argue with the Wife. Barak enters and stops the argument. The Wife wants to have her brothers-in-laws thrown out, but her husband refuses.

The Dyer desires children, but his Wife fears the responsibility and has secretly sworn not to have any. The Dyer and his brothers leave, and the Empress and the Nurse arrive in disguise. The Nurse conjures up visions of luxury and promises them to the Wife in return for her shadow. The Wife agrees to deny her husband for three days, during which the Nurse and the Empress will live at the Dyer's hut as poor relatives who have come to work as servants.

Barak approaches and the Wife is worried that dinner is not ready. The Nurse uses her magic to have dinner ready, and also splits the couple's bed into two single beds, separating them with a curtain. The Nurse and Empress disappear, and the Wife is greatly upset by the offstage Voices of Unborn Children lamenting, which emerge from the fish that are cooking on the fire. The Dyer returns to find he is barred from his marital bed. The Wife informs him of the impending stay of her "cousins" and goes off to her separate bed. From outside, the Town Watchmen are heard singing of the importance of conjugal love. Barak sighs and lies down to sleep on the floor.

Act 2
Scene 1

The Empress, acting as a servant, helps the Dyer leave for work, but is troubled by her role, because Barak is very kind to her. The Nurse conjures up the image of a handsome youth by bringing a broom to life, which tempts the Dyer's Wife. The Dyer returns with his hungry brothers and a throng of beggar children. He has had a magnificent day at the market, selling all his goods, and has invited everyone to celebrate. However, his Wife manages to ruin the celebration by refusing to eat the food he has brought home.

Scene 2

The Emperor is led to his hunting lodge in the forest by the red falcon. He sees the Empress and Nurse surreptitiously enter the lodge, and is suspicious. When he comes closer, he smells a human odor trailing the Empress. Thinking she has betrayed him, he resolves to kill her. He first thinks of using an arrow, and then his sword, and then his bare hands. Finally he realizes he can't do it. He resolves to seek out some isolated ravine to be alone with his misery.

Scene 3

At the Dyer's house, the Dyer is drugged into sleep by the Nurse. The Nurse again conjures up the young man for the Wife, who grows frightened and rouses the Dyer. Barak is surprised to learn that there is a man in his house but then is quickly turned upon by his Wife, who shouts at him, then leaves for the city, leaving her confused husband. Left alone with Barak, the Empress feels guiltier than before.

Scene 4

The Empress goes to sleep at the hunting lodge, but in her sleep she is further troubled by her crime and by the possible fate of the Emperor. In a dream, she sees the Emperor enter her father's realm. Unseen choruses chant the curse of the talisman. Awakening, she is overcome with guilt and remorse.

Scene 5

The next day, the Wife announces that she has sold her shadow. When a fire reveals that she has no shadow, the enraged Barak is ready to kill her. The Empress cries out that she no longer wants the shadow. A sword appears in the Dyer's hand. His brothers restrain him as the Wife declares her remorse and urges Barak to kill her. An earthquake splits the ground and Barak and his wife are swallowed into the earth. The brothers flee, and the Nurse, recognizing Keikobad's hand, spirits the Empress away.

Act 3
Scene 1

In a grotto beneath the realm of Keikobad, the wife and the Dyer are seen in separate chambers, unaware of the other's presence. The Wife is haunted by the Voices of Unborn Children. She protests that she loves the Dyer, who regrets his attempted violence. A voice directs them up separate staircases.

Scene 2

The Empress and Nurse arrive before Keikobad's temple. The Nurse tries to convince the Empress to escape but she remembers the doors from her dream and knows that her father is waiting for her on the other side. She dismisses the Nurse and enters. The Nurse foretells terrible tortures awaiting the Empress and misleads the Wife and Barak, who are looking for each other, she to die at her husband's hand, he to forgive her and hold her in his arms. Keikobad's Messenger condemns the Nurse to wander the mortal world.

Scene 3

Inside the Temple, the Empress speaks to Keikobad, asking for forgiveness and to find her place amongst those who cast shadows. Keikobad does not answer but shows the Emperor already almost petrified. The Fountain of Life springs up before the Empress, and a temple guardian urges her to drink from it and claim the Wife's shadow for herself. But the Dyer and the Wife are heard offstage, and the Empress refuses to steal their future happiness and become human by robbing humanity from someone else: "Ich will nicht!" ("I will not!"). This act of renunciation frees her: she receives a shadow, and the Emperor is restored to natural form.

Scene 4

The scene changes to a beautiful landscape. Barak and his Wife are reunited and she regains her own shadow. Both couples sing of their humanity and praise their Unborn Children.

Instrumentation
The opulent 164 piece instrumentation includes:

 * woodwind: 4 flutes (2 doubling piccolo), 3 oboes (one doubling English horn), 2 clarinets, basset horn (doubling 1st C clarinet), bass clarinet (doubling 2nd C clarinet), E-flat clarinet, 4 bassoons (1 doubling on contrabassoon)
 * brass: 8 French horns (4 doubling on 4 Wagner tubas), 4 trumpets, 4 trombones, bass tuba
 * percussion: glass harmonica, 4 timpani, 5 Chinese gongs, cymbals, snare drum, rute, sleigh bells, bass drum, tenor drum, big field drum, triangle, tambourine, 2 castanets, tamtam, whip (slapstick), xylophone, glockenspiel, 2 celestas
 * strings: 16 I violins, 16 II violins, 6 I violas, 6 II viola, 6 I cellos, 6 II cellos, 8 double basses, 2 harps
 * stage orchestra: 2 flutes, oboe, 2 clarinets in C, bassoon, horn, 6 trumpets, 6 trombones, wind machine, thunder machine, organ, 4 tamtams (on-stage woodwind and horn may play in pit if necessary; two of the on-stage trumpets move to the pit for act 3, thus a total of 10 trumpets is required.)

Historical sources of the libretto
For the name of the opera, see The Woman Who Had No Shadow.

Hofmannsthal was inspired by the fairy tale by Wilhelm Hauff, "The Cold Heart".

Keikobad is a variant spelling of the name of the Sasanian king Kovad and the mythical Iranian king Kai Kobad from the Kayanian dynasty in the Shahnameh (book of kings) by Ferdowsi. There are other references to Iranian mythology in the story, such as the trial of fire and the fountain of life, which are present in Shahnameh.

title: Die Frau ohne Schatten


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Constellation Energy

Constellation Energy Corporation is an American energy company headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland. The company provides electric power, natural gas, and energy management services. It has approximately two million customers across the continental United States.

The company was known as Constellation Energy Group (former NYSE ticker symbol CEG), a Fortune 500 company and one of the largest electricity producers in the United States, until a merger with Exelon in 2012. When FERC approved the acquisition, Constellation Energy's energy supply business was re-branded as Constellation, an Exelon company. As part of the 2012 merger, Baltimore Gas and Electric, the regulated utility operated by Constellation Energy, became a regulated utility operating under Exelon Utilities. The current iteration of the company was founded in 2022 after splitting off from Exelon.

Before merging with Exelon, Constellation Energy Group operated more than 35 power plants in 11 states (mainly Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, and California). Baltimore Gas and Electric created Constellation as a holding company in 1999.

History
On September 15, 2005, Constellation Energy announced a joint venture, UniStar Nuclear, with Areva to market the European Pressurized Reactor (EPR) in the United States. On December 19, 2005, FPL Group, Inc. announced the acquisition of Constellation Energy in a merger transaction valued at more than $11 billion, as well as the fact that it would adopt Constellation Energy as its name for the post-merger entity. The merger was canceled on 25 October 2006.

On July 1, 2008, Constellation Energy bought uranium trading firm Nufcor International from AngloGold Ashanti and FirstRand International. A year later it was sold to Goldman Sachs.

In September 2008, after reports that Constellation Energy had exposure to Lehman Brothers following that firm's bankruptcy filing, Constellation's stock price dropped 56% in a single day. The massive drop led the New York Stock Exchange to halt trading in Constellation. The next day, as the stock fell as low as $13 a share, the company announced it was hiring Morgan Stanley and UBS to advise it on "strategic alternatives" suggesting a buyout. While French power company Electricite de France (EDF), which already owned 9.5% of Constellation's shares, bid for the company, Constellation ultimately agreed to a buyout by MidAmerican Energy, part of Berkshire Hathaway. However, on December 17, 2008, the firm canceled its merger with Berkshire Hathaway and opted to sell its nuclear energy assets to EDF.

In April 2010, Constellation Energy closed its agreement with Clipper Windpower to acquire the Criterion Wind Project in Garrett County, Maryland, and to purchase 28 Clipper Liberty 2.5-MW wind turbines for the project. Construction was completed in December 2010. In May 2010, the firm acquired two natural gas combined-cycle generation facilities in Texas from Houston-based Navasota Holdings. The $365 million transaction included the Colorado Bend Energy Center, a 550-MW facility near Wharton, Texas, and Quail Run Energy Center, a 550-MW facility near Odessa, Texas. The purchase added 1,100 MW of capacity.

On April 28, 2011, Exelon announced its intention to purchase Constellation Energy. The merger was completed on March 12, 2012.

On May 27, 2011, Constellation Energy announced its intention to purchase StarTex Power, a retail electricity provider in Houston, Texas; the purchase was completed on June 1, 2011. In 2018, the StarTex brand was discontinued; Constellation served its existing customers instead. In May 2011, the company acquired MXenergy, a residential and small business energy provider with approximately half a million customers. In December 2011, it announced the acquisition of ONEOK Energy Marketing Co., a natural gas company with customers in the Midwest. In 2011, it contracted to construct and operate for the Toys-R-Us distribution center in Flanders, New Jersey, what was then the largest rooftop solar array ever constructed.

In March 2014, it agreed to acquire ETC ProLiance Energy, a supplier of natural gas to customers in several states. In November 2014, it completed its acquisition of Integrys Energy Services, a competitive retail electricity and natural gas subsidiary serving customers in 22 states. In September 2016, it completed its acquisition of the retail electricity and natural gas business from ConEdison Solutions, a subsidiary of Consolidated Edison, Inc. In the purchase, Constellation acquired ConEdison's retail electricity and natural gas customer contracts and associated supply contracts serving approximately 15 TWh of electricity and 1 e9cuft/a of natural gas to more than 560,000 commercial, industrial, public sector and residential customers.

In August 2018, it began constructing a 10-megawatt solar array outside of Ocean City, Maryland. The array will provide the city with approximately 20% of its annual energy usage when completed. In October 2018, Constellation and the Tucson Unified School District completed a project that added solar generation capability to 82 of the district's buildings and facilities. The project is estimated to meet 47% of the district's electricity needs.

In 2022, it became an independent company after Exelon split its utilities and power generation businesses. Former subsidiary Baltimore Gas & Electric remained part of Exelon.

Electric power
Constellation provides electric power to commercial and industrial customers. Its electricity supply business manages energy sales, dispatch, and delivery from Exelon's power generation portfolio to utilities, municipal co-ops, and energy retailers nationwide. , Constellation had around 360 megawatts of solar generation assets that are either in operation or under construction across the United States, including Maryland, California, Arizona, New Jersey, and Texas. In 2011, Constellation was contracted to construct and operate what was then the largest rooftop solar array ever constructed for the Toys-R-Us distribution center in Flanders, New Jersey.

The company's offsite renewables service (CORe) provides access to offsite renewable energy projects through a retail power contract. CORe combines location-specific renewable energy purchases and certificates with a physical load-following energy supply contract.

Natural gas
Constellation delivers approximately 730 e9cuft of natural gas annually to customers, making it one of the ten largest natural gas marketers in the United States. The company oversees trading, transport, and storage of physical gas supply, pricing, hedging, and risk management.

Constellation Technology Ventures
Constellation Technology Ventures (CTV), Constellation's venture capital fund, invests in start-up companies with emerging energy technologies. Their portfolio includes Proterra, ChargePoint and Aquion Energy

Nuclear
Constellation is the United States' leading nuclear power plant operator, with over 19,000 megawatts.

 * Braidwood Nuclear Generating Station (Illinois)
 * Byron Nuclear Generating Station (Illinois)
 * Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (Maryland)
 * Clinton Nuclear Generating Station (Illinois)
 * Dresden Generating Station (Illinois)
 * Ginna Nuclear Generating Station (New York)
 * James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant (New York)
 * LaSalle County Nuclear Generating Station (Illinois)
 * Limerick Nuclear Power Plant (Pennsylvania)
 * Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station (New York)
 * Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station (Pennsylvania)
 * Quad Cities Nuclear Generating Station (Illinois)
 * Salem Nuclear Power Plant (New Jersey) (minority owner)
 * Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (Pennsylvania) (Unit 2 owned by EnergySolutions)
 * South Texas Nuclear Generating Station (Texas) (Minority owner)

Fossil
Constellation owns and operates a portfolio of fossil fuel and other sources generating more than 12,000 megawatts (MW) of power.

 * Chester Generating Station – Oil (Pennsylvania), which is distinct from the historic Chester Waterside Station
 * Colorado Bend II Energy Center – Natural gas (Texas)
 * Croydon Generating Station – Oil (Pennsylvania)
 * Delaware Generating Station – Oil (Pennsylvania)
 * Eddystone Generating Station – Natural gas and oil (Pennsylvania)
 * Everett LNG Facility – Natural gas imports (Massachusetts) a.k.a. Distrigas, purchased in 2019
 * Falls Generating Station – Oil (Pennsylvania)
 * Framingham Generating Station – Oil (Massachusetts)
 * Grande Prairie Generating Station – Natural gas (Alberta, Canada)
 * Handley Generating Station – Natural gas (Texas)
 * Handsome Lake Generating Station – Natural gas (Pennsylvania)
 * Hillabee Generating Station – Natural gas (Alabama)
 * Moser Generating Station – Oil (Pennsylvania)
 * Mystic Generating Station – Natural gas (Massachusetts)
 * Perryman Generating Station – Oil and natural gas (Maryland)
 * Philadelphia Road Generating Station – Oil (Maryland)
 * Richmond Generating Station – Oil (Pennsylvania)
 * Schuylkill Generating Station – Oil (Pennsylvania)
 * Southwark Generating Station – Oil (Pennsylvania)
 * West Medway Generating Station I – Oil (Massachusetts)
 * West Medway Generating Station II – Natural gas or oil (Massachusetts)
 * Wolf Hollow II Generating Station – Natural gas (Texas)
 * Wyman Generating Station – Oil (Maine) (minority owner)

Hydro
Constellation's two hydroelectric plants generate 1,600 MW of power.

 * Conowingo Dam (Maryland)
 * Muddy Run Pumped Storage Facility (Pennsylvania)

Solar

 * Antelope Valley Solar Ranch One (California)

Wind
Constellation has 27 wind projects in ten states, totaling nearly 1,400 megawatts (MW).

Generation Services
Constellation owns Constellation Generation Solutions (CGS). CGS functions as an industry-leading maintenance and technical services organization emphasizing precision and quality, structured to streamline the work execution of the nuclear fleet.

Constellation PowerLabs is a wholly owned subsidiary of Constellation. Since 1911, PowerLabs has transformed from supporting the power industry to becoming Exelon's primary calibrations and testing laboratory. It has four individual labs strategically located from the upper Midwest to the Northeast, enabling experienced staff in engineering, metrology, and nuclear power generation to support the urgent demands of our nation's nuclear facilities, power grids, and critical supply chains.

Historical Archives
Constellation owns the archives of the Baltimore Gas & Electric Company, the former Consolidated Gas Light, Electric Power Company of Baltimore City, and its ancient predecessor, the Gas Light Company of Baltimore. The Baltimore Gas & Electric Company's photographic collection consists of approximately 250,000 photographic prints and negatives, in more than 50,000 series The archives are held by the Baltimore Museum of Industry.

Philanthropy
Constellation ranks second in local corporate giving among Baltimore-based companies and donated $7.10 million in 2017. The company also provides grants to local schools that implement education programs promoting science and technology.

title: Constellation Energy


text:
User talk:TanyaE

welcome to my Wiki

Hope u like it

title: User talk:TanyaE


text:
Talk:Andromeda (disambiguation)

Proposed move to "Andromeda"

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the debate was to move this page --Lox (t,c) 17:33, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support. No single use seems to deserve primary disambiguation, and redirecting Andromeda to the disambiguation page is silly--as long as the dab page gets primary disambiguation, it should be at Andromeda. Niteowlneils 00:41, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, per Niteowlneils. —Lowellian (talk) 04:17, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, Dragons flight 15:44, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The primary meaning is clearly the mythological Andromeda. -- Naive cynic 15:12, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose I agree with cynic. All other Andromedas are named after her.  —Michael Z. 2005-07-26 16:13 Z
 * Support. The galaxy and the constellation are both as known as the mythological figure. -Hapsiainen 22:02, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support since Andromeda redirects to Andromeda (disambiguation). Vegaswikian 01:25, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support When someone types "andromedia" into the search box and hits go it is reasonable to assume they are expecting the astronomical features to come up on their screen equally as well as the mythological figure. Plus this is a reflexive redirect so it should be moved for technical reasons.—jiy (talk) 17:49, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Support --Lox (t,c) 20:44, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Andromeda (disambiguation)


text:
Lazybed

Lazybed is a play written by author and playwright Iain Crichton Smith. It was first performed in the Traverse Theatre in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 10 October 1997 with a cast of seven.

Plot
It follows the story of Murdoch, a middle-aged man who takes to his bed for "metaphysical reasons". A series of visitors come and see him in his 'horizontal' state: his mother, his brother, his nosey neighbour 'Snoopy', a life insurance salesman, his local minister, a "medical specialist", and Death – a cheerful, sunny man. The death of his mother shakes him out of his bed and into life, and while his friendship with Death, who is having issues of his own, develops, Murdoch sets about falling in love.

Characters
Murdo – 39-year-old man

Death – Optimistic grim reaper

Mother – Older lady, Murdo's mother

Neighbour – Older lady, gossip

Judith – Adult lady, love interest

Specialist – Medical specialist

Salesman – Sells insurance

Brother – thirty-something, Murdo's brother

Minister – Stereotypical Church of Scotland Minister

Immanuel Kant – Cloaked metaphysicist

'Voice' – Voice, sounding rather like Murdo's

Publication
It is published in the anthology Scotland Plays, published by Nick Hern Books.

title: Lazybed


text:
User:Sashazlv/Kyiv

Kiev (Киев, Kiev), also Kyiv, is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper river. As of 2003, Kiev officially had 2,642,486 inhabitants, although the large number of unregistered migrants would probably raise this figure to about 3 million. Administratively, Kiev is a national-level subordinated municipality, independent from surrounding Kiev Oblast. However, the governing bodies of that oblast are situated in the city. Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational and cultural center of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, world-famous museums and art institutions. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including a Kiev Metro system.

Historically, Kiev is one of the most ancient and important cities of the region, the center of Rus' civilization, survivor of numerous wars, purges and genocides. Many historical and architectural landmarks are preserved or reconstructed in the city, which is thought to have existed as early as the 5th century A.D. With the exact time of city foundation being hard to determine, May 1982 was chosen to celebrate the city's 1,500th anniversary. During the eighth and ninth centuries Kiev was an outpost of the Khazar empire. At some point during the late 9th or early 10th century Kiev fell under the rule of Varangians and became the nucleus of the Rus' polity, which became known as Kievan Rus'. From 1362 it was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and from 1569 a part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569, as a capital of Kijów Voivodship). In 17th century it fell under the Muscovy (later Russian Empire). An important Russian industrial revolution in the late 19th century, Kiev became the capital of several short-lived Ukrainian states following the turbulent period of the Russian Revolution and Polish-Soviet War. From 1921 the city was part of the Soviet Union, since 1934 as a capital of Soviet Ukraine. It now remains the capital of Ukraine, independent since 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Geography and climate
Kiev is located on both sides of the Dnieper river which flows south through the city towards the Black Sea. Its geographic co-ordinates are 50.45°N, 30.5°W. Geographically, Kiev belongs to the Polissya natural zone (a part of the European mixed woods). However, the city's unique landscape distinguishes it from the surrounding region. The elder right-bank (western) part of Kiev is represented by numerous woody hills, ravines and small rivers (now mostly extinct). It is a part of the larger Prydniprovs'ka height (Придніпровська височина) adjoining the western bank of the Dnieper. The left-bank (eastern) part of the city was built in the Dnieper valley. Significant areas of it were artificially sand-deposited and enforced by dams.

The river forms a branching system of tributaries, isles and harbors within city limits. The city is adjoined by the mouth of the Desna River and the Kyivs'ke reservoir in the north, and the Kanivs'ke reservoir in the south. Both Dnieper and Desna around Kiev are navigable, although regulated by the reservoir shipping locks and limited by winter freezing-over.

Kiev's climate is continental humid, although it has changed significantly during recent decades due to global climate changes. Its absolute recorded temperatures since 1880 are:+39.4C and -32.2C.

Middle Ages through 17th century
Kiev was probably founded in the 5th century and functioned as a trading post between Constantinople and Scandinavia. The Hervarar saga may refer to it as the Goth capital Arheimar (...á Danparstöðum á þeim bæ, er Árheimar heita...), whereas the Norse sagas otherwise call it Könugarð. As the region came under Slav rule the town became known as Kyiv. Legend speaks of a founder-family consisting of Kyi (Кий) the eldest, his brothers Schek and Khoriv, and also their sister Lybid'.

During the eighth and ninth centuries Kiev was an outpost of the Khazar empire. A hill-fortress, called Sambat (Old Turkic for "High Place") was built to defend the area. At some point during the late ninth or early tenth century Kiev fell under the rule of Varangians (see Askold and Oleg) and became the nucleus of the Rus polity. The date given for Oleg's conquest of the town in the Primary Chronicle is 882, but some historians, such as Omeljan Pritsak and Constantine Zuckerman, dispute this and maintain that Khazar rule continued as late as the 920s (documentary evidence exists to support this assertion - see the Kievian Letter and ''Schechter Letter.)

From Oleg's seizure of the city until 1169 Kiev was the capital of the principal Varangian/East-Slavic state, known as Kievan Rus' (or Kyivan Rus'). The church of Saint Sophia in Kiev, begun in 1037, was designed to emulate the splendor of Byzantine churches, reflecting the reception of Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Though it is dedicated to "Holy Wisdom", as was the great cathedral of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, the building has a very different form—rather than a single hemispherical dome rising out of the block of the building, Hagia Sophia in Kiev has 13 onion-shaped domes carried on drums. The central dome is larger than the rest (and in the most recent renovations, gilded), but not significantly so.

Devastated by the invading Mongols in 1240, it subsequently passed under the rule of the state of Halych-Volynia [before 1264] and then Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1362), Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569, as a capital of Kijów Voivodship), a short-lived Ukrainian Cossack state of Zaporozhian Host (1648), which formed a protective treaty with Muscovy (1654) and slowly lost independence, then autonomy by 1775, as Muscovy renamed itself, "Russia" (1713), then the "Russian Empire" (1721), successively.

In 1497, the city was granted a Magdeburg law, turning it into a self-governed entity independent from szlachta rule. In 1632, Peter Mogila the Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia established the Kiev Mogila Academy, an educational institution aimed to preserve and develop Ukrainian culture and Orthodox faith despite Polish Catholic oppression. Although ruled by the church, the academy provided students with educational standards close to universities of Western Europe (including multi-lingual training). Later it became one of the main educational centers of the Slavic world. Closed by the Russian Tsarist government in 1817, the academy was reestablished in 1992 as a secular semi-governmental international university. It is still based in the same compound, containing some 17th century architecture.

19th century to 1917 Revolution
In 1834, St. Vladimir University was established in Kiev (now known as National Taras Shevchenko University of Kiev). The great Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko cooperated with its geography department as a field researcher and editor.

From the late 18th century until the late 19th century, city life was dominated by Russian military and ecclesial concerns. Orthodox Church institutions formed a significant part of Kiev's infrastructure and business activity at that time. In the late 1840s, the famous historian, Mykola Kostomarov (Nikolay Kostomarov in Russian), founded the secret political society, the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius whose members put forward the idea of federation of free Slavic people with Ukrainians as a distinct group among them rather than a part of the Russian nation (the society was quickly suppressed by the authorities).

Following the gradual loss of Ukraine's autonomy, Kiev experienced growing Russification in the 19th century by means of Russian migration, administrative actions and social modernization. At the beginning of the 20th century, the city was dominated by Russian-speaking population, while the lower classes retained Ukrainian folk culture to a significant extent. However, enthusiasts among ethnic Ukrainian nobles, military and merchants made recurrent attempts to preserve native culture in Kiev (by clandestine book-printing, amateur theater, folk studies etc.)

During the Russian industrial revolution in the late 19th century, Kiev became an important trade and transportation center of the Russian Empire, specializing in sugar and grain export by railroad and on the Dnieper river. As of 1900, the city also became a significant industrial center, having a population of 250,000. Landmarks of that period include the railway infrastructure, the foundation of numerous educational and cultural facilities as well as notable architectural monuments (mostly merchant-oriented). The first electric train tram line of the Russian Empire was established in Kiev (arguably, the first in the world).

At that time, a large Jewish community emerged in Kiev, developing its own ethnic culture and business interests. This was stimulated by the prohibition of Jewish settlement in Russia proper (Moscow and Saint Petersburg) —  as well as further eastwards. In fact, the Pale of Settlement (Russian: черта оседлости) banned Jews from Kiev as well, fencing off the city's districts from the Jewish population.

The development of aviation (both military and amateur) became another notable mark of distinction of 1900s Kiev. Prominent aviation figures of that period include Kievites Pyotr Nesterov (well-known aerobatics pioneer) and Igor Sikorsky. The world's first helicopter was built and tested in Kiev by Sikorsky.

Ukrainian Revolution and Independence
In 1917 the Central Rada (Tsentral'na Rada), a Ukrainian self-government body headed by the famous historian Mykhailo Hrushevsky, was established in the city. Later that year, Ukrainian autonomy was declared. On November 7, 1917 it was transformed into an independent Ukrainian People's Republic with the capital in Kiev. During this short period of independence, Kiev experienced rapid growth of its cultural and political status. Academy of Sciences and professional Ukrainian-language theaters and libraries were established by the new government.

Later Kiev became a war zone in the lasting and bloody struggle between Ukrainian, Polish and Russian Bolshevik governments in the time of Russian Revolution, Polish-Ukrainian War and Polish-Soviet War.

1918-1941
The Bolsheviks took control of Kiev in 1918 and then finally in 1920. After the Ukrainian SSR was formed, Kharkiv was declared its capital. In 1934, the capital was moved back to Kiev, starting a new period of growth, mostly by migrants.

In the 1930s, Kiev suffered the results of the controversial Soviet policy of that time. While encouraging lower-class Ukrainians to pursue careers and develop their culture, the Communist regime soon began harsh oppression of political freedom, Ukraine's autonomy and religion. Recurring political trials were organized in the city to purge "Ukrainian nationalists", "Western spies" and opponents of Joseph Stalin inside the Bolshevik party. Numerous historic churches were destroyed or vandalized and the clergy repressed.

In the late 1930s, clandestine mass executions began in Kiev. Thousands of Kievites (mostly intellectuals and party activists) were arrested in the night, hurriedly court-martialed, shot and buried in mass graves. The main execution sites were Babi Yar and the Bykivnya forest. Tens of thousands were sentenced to GULAG camps. However, the city's economy continued to grow, following Stalin's industrialization policy.

World War II
During the Second World War, the Nazi Germany occupied Kiev on 19 September 1941 during the Battle of Kiev. On September 29 and 30 at Babi Yar, SS Einsatzgruppen carried out the mass murder of 33,771 Jews (some sources put this number to 100,000) with the role of local collaborators in this massacre being a matter of painful debate in Ukraine even today. Both Communists and Ukrainian nationalists established underground resistance activities (known as Підпілля, pidpillia; подполье, podpoliye in Russian) in Kiev during the occupation. Kiev was heavily bombarded during the war, so many architectural landmarks (including most of the main Khreschatyk Street) were destroyed.

The city was liberated by the Soviet Army on 6 November 1943. For its role during the War, the city was later awarded the title Hero City.

Post-WWII Ukrainian SSR
Post-wartime in Kiev was a period of rapid socio-economic growth and political pacification. The arms race of the Cold War caused the establishment of a powerful technological complex in the city (both R&D and production), specializing in aerospace, microelectronics and precision optics. Dozens of industrial companies were created employing highly skilled personnel. Sciences and technology became the main issues of Kiev's intellectual life. Dozens of research institutes in various fields formed the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Kiev also became an important military center of the Soviet Union. More than dozen military schools and academies were established here, also specializing in high-tech warfare (see also Soviet education).

This created a labor force demand which fed migration from rural areas of both Ukraine and Russia. Large suburbs and an extensive transportation infrastructure were built to accommodate the growing population. However, many rural-type buildings and groves have survived on the city's hills, creating Kiev's image as one of the world's greenest cities. The city grew tremendously in the 1950s through '80s. Some significant urban achievements of this period include establishment of the Metro, building new river bridges (connecting the old city with Left Bank suburbs), and Boryspil airport (the city's second, and later international).

Meanwhile, city life was declining in the political, cultural, and ethnic realms, especially after the end of Khrushchev's era. Systematic oppression of pro-Ukrainian intellectuals became a major object of Russification in the 1970s, when universities and research facilities were gradually and secretly discouraged from using Ukrainian. Switching to Russian, as well as choosing to send children to Russian schools was expedient for educational and career advancement. Thus the city underwent another cycle of gradual Russification.

Every attempt to dispute Soviet rule was harshly oppressed, especially concerning democracy, Ukrainian SSR's self-government, and ethnic-religious problems. Campaigns against "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism" and "Western influence" in Kiev's educational and scientific institutions were mounted repeatedly. Due to limited career prospects in Kiev, Moscow became a preferable life destination for many Kievans (and Ukrainians as a whole), especially for artists and other creative intellectuals. Dozens of show-business celebrities in modern Russia were born in Kiev.

In the 1970s and later 1980s–'90s, given special permission from Soviet government, a significant part of the city's Jews migrated to Israel and the West.

The Chornobyl accident of 1986 affected city life tremendously, both environmentally and socio-politically. Some areas of the city have been polluted by radioactive dust. However, Kievans were neither informed about the actual threat of the accident, nor recognized as its victims. Moreover, on May 1, 1986 (a few days after the accident), local CPSU leaders ordered Kievans (including hundreds of children) to take part in a mass civil parade in the city's center—"to prevent panic". Later, thousands of refugees from accident zone were resettled in Kiev.

Independent Ukraine
After 57 years as the capital of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, Kiev in 1991 became the capital of independent Ukraine.

The city was the site of mass protests over the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election by supporters of opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko beginning November 22, 2004 at Independence Square. Smaller counter-protests in favor of Viktor Yanukovych also took place.

Kiev hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 on May 19 and May 21 in the Palace of Sports.

The current city mayor is Olexander Omelchenko.

Kiev or Kyiv?
English traveller Joseph Marshall called city Kiovia in his book Travels published in London in 1772. The city has been called Kiev in English since at least the 19th century. The earliest quotation in the Oxford English Dictionary containing "Kiev" is dated 1883, while the name was used in print as early as 1823 in the English traveller Mary Holderness' travelogue ''New Russia. Journey from Riga to the Crimea by way of Kiev''.

In 1995, the Ukrainian government made a declaration concerning English-language usage of the name of the city, favoring the use of Kyiv over Kiev. This act has legal jurisdiction only over Ukrainian government spelling of the city's name. It says in part:

 * 1) To acknowledge that the Roman spelling of Kiev does not recreate the phonetic and scriptural features of the Ukrainian language geographical name.
 * 2) To confirm that the spelling of Kyiv as standardized Roman-letter correspondence to the Ukrainian language geographical name of Київ.
 * 3) On the basis of point 7 of the Provision on the Ukrainian Commission for Legal Terminology, determine as mandatory the standardized Roman-letter spelling of Kyiv for use in legislative and official acts.

Many people have followed suit and use the spelling Kyiv in all Latin alphabet publications. The new spelling Kyiv is increasingly being used by the United Nations and most English-speaking diplomatic missions, and by some English-language publications.

Some find the spelling Kiev inappropriate, because it reflects Russian instead of Ukrainian pronunciation. Some even consider it offensive, a remnant of Russification under Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union. However, the Kiev spelling was used in English before reforms of Ukrainian orthography and vocabulary, and also reflects the Old East Slavic (the language of the ancestors of modern Ukrainians and Russians) spelling of the name. The name is pronounced by Ukrainians and many Russians as one would in English say "Keev."

Some writers of English do not accept the authority of the Ukrainian government over English spelling. They point out that the spelling Kiev remains the most widespread spelling in English by a substantial margin and that many cities have different names in English than in their native language, such as Moscow and Warsaw.

title: User:Sashazlv/Kyiv


text:
Talk:1942 in rail transport

Rollback to restore "events" in subsection headings
I rolled back the edit to make this page consistent with all of the other YEAR in rail transport articles. When births and deaths related to rail transport are added to this article, they will have their own MONTH births and MONTH deaths subsections. Keeping the "events" in the current subsections provides automatic disambiguation in the TOC. slambo 01:59, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * The trouble is that it looks silly. Why would births and deaths not just go under the relvant month?  Also, you've reverted my removal of the (incorrect) hyphens, and a definite article. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:53, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been formatting all of the YEAR in rail transport in this manner because that's how other YEAR in TOPIC pages do it. For example, 1942 in aviation uses a hyphen between the date and the event description; that page doesn't list births/deats, but does list first flights split out by months.  They get around the ambiguous section headers by not using section headers in the first flights section, just formatting the headers in boldface type.  The main 1942 page uses hyphens and splits out the births by month.  I have no strong preference, but since the other YEAR in rail transport pages and the majority of other timeline pages are formatted a certain way, that's how I was following here. slambo 10:37, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * I know — I've never been keen on it for the other "Year in Foo" pages either. Use of the hyphen is dealt with in the Style Manual, in that (if anything's needed at all) it can be changed to an em-rule or en-rule, depending on context and use.  In this case, an em-rule would be appropriate; it's just that there didn't seem to be any real need for anything. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:09, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:1942 in rail transport


text:
Shōnai, Yamagata

Shōnai (庄内町) is a town located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. , the town has an estimated population of 20,940 in 7108 households, and a population density of 87.5 per km². The total area of the town is 249.17 km².

Geography
Shōnai is located in the coastal plains of north-central Yamagata Prefecture. The Mogami River flows through the town. Mount Gassan, the highest of the Three Mountains of Dewa is at the intersection of the borders of Shōnai, Tsuruoka, Ōkura and Nishikawa.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Yamagata Prefecture
 * Tsuruoka
 * Sakata
 * Mikawa
 * Tozawa
 * Ōkura
 * Nishikawa

Climate
Shōnai has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Shōnai is 12.0 C. The average annual rainfall is 2074.1 mm with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.5 C, and lowest in January, at around 0.6 C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Shōnai peaked around 1950 and has declined gradually since then. It is now less than it was a hundred years ago.

History
The area of present-day Shōnai was part of ancient Dewa Province. After the start of the Meiji period, the area became part of Higashitagawa District, Yamagata Prefecture. The town of Amarume was established on April 1, 1889, with the creation of the modern municipalities system, and the town of Karikawa on April 1, 1937. Karikawa merged with the neighboring villages of Kiyokawa and Tachiyazawa on October 1, 1954, and was renamed Tachikawa. On July 1, 2005, the towns of Tachikawa and Amarume merged to form the new town of Shōnai.

Economy
The economy of Shōnai is based on agriculture.

Education
Shōnai has five public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Yamagata Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
East Japan Railway Company - Uetsu Main Line East Japan Railway Company - Rikuu West Line
 * Nishibukuro - Amarume - Kita-Amarume
 * Kiyokawa - Karikawa - Minamino - Amarume

Twin towns and sister cities

 * 🇷🇺 Korsakov, Russia, since July 23, 1992

title: Shōnai, Yamagata