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Charles J. Joachain

Charles J. Joachain is a Belgian physicist.

Biography
Born in Brussels on 9 May 1937, Charles J. Joachain obtained his Ph.D. in Physics in 1963 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (Free University of Brussels). From 1964 to 1965 he was a Postdoctoral Fellow of the Belgian American Educational Foundation at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and from 1965 to 1966 a Research Physicist at these institutions. At the Université Libre de Bruxelles he was appointed chargé de cours associé in 1965, chargé de cours in 1968, professeur extraordinaire in 1971 and professeur ordinaire in 1978. He was chairman of the Department of Physics in 1980 and 1981. He was also appointed professor at the Université Catholique de Louvain in 1984. In 2002, he became professeur ordinaire émérite (Emeritus Professor) at the Université Libre de Bruxelles and professeur honoraire at the Université Catholique de Louvain.

Professor Joachain has been a visiting professor in several universities and laboratories in Europe and the United States, in particular at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, the Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), the University of Rome “La Sapienza” and the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching.

Research activities
The research activities of Professor Joachain concern two areas of theoretical physics: 1) Quantum collision theory: electron and positron collisions  with atomic systems, atom-atom collisions, nuclear reactions, high-energy hadron collisions with nuclei. 2) High-intensity laser-atom interactions: multiphoton  ionization, harmonic generation, laser-assisted atomic collisions, attophysics, relativistic effects in laser-atom interactions.

Publications
Professor Joachain has published five books : 1) "Quantum Collision Theory", North Holland, Amsterdam (1975), 2d edition (1979); 3d edition (1983). 2) "Physics of Atoms and Molecules" (with B.H. Bransden), Longman, London (1983); 2d edition, Prentice Hall-Pearson (2003). 3) "Quantum Mechanics" (with B.H. Bransden), Longman, London (1989), 2d edition, Prentice Hall- Pearson (2000). 4) "Theory of Electron-Atom Collisions. Part I. Potential Scattering" (with P.G. Burke), Plenum Press, New York (1995). 5) "Atoms in Intense Laser Fields" (with N.J. Kylstra and R.M. Potvliege), Cambridge University Press (2012).

He has co-edited four books : 1) "Atomic and Molecular Physics of Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion"(with D.E. Post), Plenum, New York (1983). 2) "Photon and Electron Collisions with Atoms and Molecules"(with P.G. Burke), Plenum, New York (1997). 3) "Atoms, Solids and Plasmas in Super-Intense Laser Fields" (with D. Batani, S. Martellucci and A.N. Chester), Kluwer Academic-Plenum, New-York (2001). 4) "Atoms and Plasmas in Super-Intense Laser Fields" (with D. Batani and S. Martellucci), Conference Proceedings, Volume 88, Italian Physical Society, Bologna (2004).

He is also the author of hundred and forty-seven research articles and forty-five review articles in theoretical physics, devoted mainly to quantum collision theory with applications to atomic, nuclear and high-energy processes and to the theory of high-intensity laser-atom interactions.

Distinctions and prizes
Joachain has received many scientific distinctions and prizes, in particular the Prix Louis Empain in 1963, the Alexander von Humboldt Prize in 1998 and the Blaise Pascal Medal for Physics of the European Academy of Sciences in 2012. He was President of the Belgian Physical Society from 1987 to 1989 and of the “Institut des Hautes Etudes” of Belgium from 2006 to 2011. He has been a Fellow of the Institute of Physics (UK) since 1974, a Fellow of the American Physical Society since 1977 and a Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Durham since 1989. He is a member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium (President, 2015–16), of the Academia Europaea and of the European Academy of Sciences.

title: Charles J. Joachain


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Lime Pictures

Lime Pictures, formerly known as Mersey Television, is a British television production company, founded by producer and writer Phil Redmond in the early 1980s. It produces drama and entertainment shows for the international market, including Hollyoaks, The Only Way is Essex, Geordie Shore and Free Rein.

Mersey Television productions
Mersey Television's first major production was the soap opera Brookside for Channel 4, which ran from the channel's foundation in 1982 until 2003, when it was taken off air due to declining ratings. A three-part spin-off ('soap bubble') of Brookside was produced in November 1987, titled Damon and Debbie.

In 1995, the company began producing a second soap opera for Channel 4, Hollyoaks, which still runs.

Both Brookside and Hollyoaks were created by Redmond himself, and in 2003 the company took over production of another series he had created, the children's drama Grange Hill, which had first been broadcast on BBC1 in 1978 and had been made in-house by the BBC until Mersey Television took over. The company moved production of the series to its Liverpool base, with the fictional school no longer being established as in London but instead at an unspecified UK location.

North West Television franchise bid
In 1991 Mersey Television under the name of North West Television made an audacious bid during the ITV network franchise auction to win the Channel 3 licence in the North West England from holders Granada Television. Granada had held the North West franchise ever since the inception of independent television in the 1950s, and Granada was one of the biggest and the most established of the ITV companies. Granada was also a popular production company and it came second only to the BBC to find the most respected British television company amongst the British public.

The bid was supported financially by Yorkshire Television and Tyne Tees Television and the bid had aimed to provide a more balanced television service for the North West, in particular featuring more content from Liverpool as opposed to Manchester. However, although North West Television bid more money for the franchise totalling £35 million as opposed to Granada's £9 million, the licence stayed with Granada because the Independent Television Commission declared that the Mersey Television bid did not meet the required quality threshold.

Furthermore, Granada was aware of Mersey Television's attempts to gain the North West franchise, and built defences to avoid the loss of the licence it had owned for decades. Would-be franchise-holders that had no experience of owning an ITV franchise (Mersey Television was one such example) would have to a pass a "quality hurdle" that Granada executives actually helped the ITC to adopt. Granada also had a well-known catalogue of productions including Prime Suspect, Cracker, World in Action and Coronation Street and if Mersey Television had gained the franchise, then Granada would have sold these to satellite television. It did not happen.

Lime Pictures
Mersey Television was bought by All3Media in June 2005 and, in a contractual requirement, renamed as Lime Pictures in 2006. Since then the company has produced the following series:

 * In 2007, Lime Pictures produced an eight-part series called Living on the Edge, documenting the real lives of a group of teenagers in Cheshire, which was shown on MTV.
 * In 2007, it produced the short-lived ITV sitcom Bonkers.
 * In 2008, it produced the first (and so far, only) series of Apparitions, starring Martin Shaw as an exorcist.
 * In 2009, it produced the BBC Switch reality drama The Season filmed in Val-d'Isère.
 * In 2010, Lime Pictures produced a pilot episode for the E4 sitcom Sex and the Chippy, written by Heather Robson and Neil Jones.
 * Since 2010, Lime Pictures has produced the award-winning reality series The Only Way Is Essex for ITV2.
 * Through 2011 to 2013, Lime Pictures, along with Nickelodeon Productions and Studio 100, produced House of Anubis, which aired on Nickelodeon.
 * From 2011 to 2022, Lime Pictures produced Geordie Shore for MTV in the UK and Ireland.
 * From 2011 to 2014, Lime Pictures produced Rocket's Island for CBBC.
 * From 2014 to 2016, The Evermoor Chronicles were produced for Disney Channel.
 * Since 2016, Lime Pictures has produced Celebs Go Dating for E4.
 * In 2017, it began producing Free Rein for Netflix.

 * In 2021, they produced Hollyoaks IRL for Channel 4. The series has been nominated for a BAFTA TV award, in the Short-form Programme category.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lime Pictures


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Kushiel's Avatar

Kushiel's Avatar is a fantasy novel by American writer Jacqueline Carey, the third book in her Kushiel's Legacy series. It is often referred to as the last of the Phèdre Trilogy.

Synopsis
In the ten years of peace following the events of Kushiel's Chosen, Phèdre nó Delaunay has prospered. As the foremost courtesan of Terre D'Ange and the confidante of the Queen, she has a place at the peak of D'Angeline society. But the fate of her oldest friend Hyacinthe, living out the terms of an angel's curse, is never far from her heart. The search for the key to his freedom intertwines in unexpected ways with the quest for the missing son of her onetime lover and sometime enemy, Melisande Shahrizai. Phèdre and her consort Joscelin Verreuil travel through many lands, finding the boy in the darkest place on earth and fighting through hell to thwart his captors.

title: Kushiel's Avatar


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Roman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana

The Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana (Dioecesis Lafayettensis in Indiana) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in central Indiana in the United States. The current bishop is Timothy L. Doherty. The Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Indianapolis.

Early history
The Indiana area was part of the French colony of New France during the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. It was explored by French fur traders and missionaries under the Bishop of Quebec. It became British territory after the French Indian War ended in 1763; however, the British government refused to allow American colonists to enter the region.

Several years after the American Revolution in 1789, Pope Pius VI erected the Diocese of Baltimore, covering the entire United States. John Francis served as vicar-general in the west from 1798 until his death in 1804. In 1808, Pope Pius VII erected the Diocese of Bardstown, with jurisdiction over the Indiana Territory and other areas in the Midwest.

Diocese of Vincennes
The Diocese of Vincennes was created in 1834 by Pope Gregory XVI to cover the entire state of Indiana and part of Illinois. The diocese sent many French missionaries to this very anti-Catholic area. The most notable missionary was Sister Theodore Guerin who made her way to southern Indiana with her Sisters of Providence in 1841. Guerin and the other sisters formed St. Mary of the Woods College at Terre Haute, Indiana. Many alumni of St. Mary traveled throughout Indiana preaching.

In 1857, Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of Fort Wayne, taking its territory from the Diocese of Vincennes. The Lafayette area would be part of this diocese for the next 87 years.

1944 to 1965
Pope Pius XII erected the Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana on October 21, 1944, with territory of the Diocese of Fort Wayne. The new diocese had 54 parishes and an approximate population of 31,700 Catholics. In 1945, the pope named Reverend John Bennett of Fort Wayne as the first bishop of the new diocese.

Monsignor John Carberry of the Diocese of Brooklyn was appointed coadjutor bishop of Lafayette in Indiana to assist Bennett in 1956 by Pius XII. When Bennett died in 1957, Carberry automatically became the next bishop of Lafayette in Indiana.

Carberry convened the first diocesan synod and established the Diocesan Council of Men and the Society for Priestly Vocations during his tenure. A 1964 census of the diocese found a population of 73,822 Catholics and noted a move from mostly rural populations to scattered suburban areas. In 1965, Pope Paul VI appointed Carberry as bishop of the Diocese of Columbus.

1965 to 2010
In August 1965, Paul VI appointed Monsignor Raymond Gallagher of the Diocese of Cleveland as the next bishop of Lafayette in Indiana. Within his first five years, Gallagher dedicated many churches in northern Indiana.

With Gallagher's retirement in 1982, Auxiliary Bishop George Fulcher of the Diocese of Columbus was appointed by Pope John Paul II as his replacement. In January 1984, Fulcher died in a car crash. The pope selected Monsignor William Higi in 1984 to succeed Fulcher.

2010 to present
Higi opened St. Theodore Guerin High School in Noblesville. In addition to working within the diocese, he also established outreach programs to Haiti. After over 26 years as bishop, Higi retired in 2010.

The current bishop of the Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana is Timothy Doherty from the Diocese of Rockford. Doherty was named by Pope Benedict XVI in 2010. Between 1990 and 2010, the number of priests in the diocese had fallen from 154 to 129. To alleviate the shortage, Doherty recruited priests from Nigeria and Mexico.

In July 2020, Doherty suspended Theodore Rothrock, a priest at St. Elizabeth Seton Parish in Carmel, from public ministry. In a Sunday bulletin, Rothrock had described the Black Lives Matter organizers as parasites and maggots. Rothrock later apologized for his statement.

Sex abuse
In 1988, Reverend Ron Voss was first accused of sexually abusing a teenage boy. After undergoing therapy, Voss transferred to Haiti. He was ultimate laicized in 1993. Eight men eventually accused Voss of sexual abuse when they were teenagers. Also in 1988, Reverend Ken Bollinger was removed from public ministry by the diocese after it received complaints of him sexually abusing teenage boys. He confessed to plying his victims with alcohol and playing sex games with them. Bollinger was laicized in 2009.

The diocese was sued in 1995 by a woman who claimed she was sexually abused by Monsignor Arthur Sego. However, the case was dismissed in court as the crime was past the statute of limitations. Sego was removed permanently from ministry in 1994. He was accused of fondling adult women and photographing young nude girls.

In 1997, the Indianapolis Star and News published a series of articles on sexual abuse allegations against priests in the Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana and the mishandling of these cases by diocesan officials. The paper reported that Bishop Higi established two tiers of response to sexual abuse claims:

 * If the victim was under age 13, the priest was permanently removed from ministry
 * If the victim was over age 13, but still a minor, the priest was sent away for therapy, then returned to some ministerial role.

In 2003, Higi reported that 18 priests serving in the diocese since 1950 had been accused by 26 parishioners of sexually abusing them as minors. Nine priests were removed from ministry due to credible accusations.

The diocese was sued in September 2018 by a man who claimed that he had been sexually abused as a minor by Reverend James Grear at Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church in 1982. When the boy reported the alleged crime to another priest at that time, the priest told him to pray to God for forgiveness and forget about the incident. Two other men were later added to the lawsuit. Grear was permanently removed from ministry in 2001.

In 2020, a Navajo Nation man sued the diocese, claiming that he had been abused by Grear after he moved to Arizona. The 2020 plaintiff accused the Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana of covering up Grear's history of sexual abuse crimes when he transferred.

The diocese in March 2022 suspended Reverend James DeOreo from ministry after it received allegation of sexual abuse and other offenses from a minor. DeOreo sued the diocese in April 2022, saying that it had investigated the allegations twice and found no evidence to support them.

Bishops

 * 1) John George Bennett (1944–1957)
 * 2) John Joseph Carberry (1957–1965), appointed Bishop of Columbus and later Archbishop of Saint Louis (elevated to Cardinal in 1969)
 * 3) Raymond Joseph Gallagher (1965–1982)
 * 4) George Avis Fulcher (1983–1984)
 * 5) William Leo Higi (1984–2010)
 * 6) Timothy Doherty (2010–present)

Patron saint

 * See: Immaculate Conception
 * See: St. Mother Théodore Guérin

From its beginning in 1944, the patron of the Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana has been the Immaculate Conception because the seat of the diocese, The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception in Lafayette shares the namesake. The feast day for the Immaculate Conception is on December 8. It was in the early first decade of the 21st century that the diocese began contemplating adding another patron. With the formation of St. Theodore Guerin High School in Noblesville in 2004, Guerin was officially named as another patron of the diocese.

Colleges

 * Saint Joseph's College, Rensselaer, offers certificate programs in health science, veterinary science, CPR training and executive education.

High schools

 * Lafayette Central Catholic Jr/Sr High School, Lafayette
 * St. Theodore Guerin High School, Noblesville

Radio

 * WRDF "Redeemer Radio" 106.3 FM licensed to Columbia City and based in Fort Wayne, plus audiostream.
 * WSQM "Catholic Radio Indy" 90.9 FM in Noblesville. It is a repeater of WSPM 89.1 based in Indianapolis and licensed in Cloverdale, plus audiostream.

Publications
The Diocese of Lafayette publishes a weekly newspaper, The Catholic Moment, established in 1945. Its circulation is approximately 28,000.

Ecclesiastical province

 * See: List of the Catholic bishops of the United States


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Sringeri Sharada Peetham

Dakṣiṇāmnāya Śrī Śāradā Pīṭham or Śri Śṛṅgagiri Maṭha (, ; मठ, ) is one amongst the four cardinal pīthams following the Daśanāmi Sampradaya - the peetham or matha is said to have been established by acharya Śrī Ādi Śaṅkara to preserve and propagate Sanātana Dharma and Advaita Vedānta, the doctrine of non-dualism. Located in Śringerī in Chikmagalur district in Karnataka, India, it is the Southern Āmnāya Pītham amongst the four Chaturāmnāya Pīthams, with the others being the Dvārakā Śāradā Pītham (Gujarat) in the West, Purī Govardhana Pīṭhaṃ (Odisha) in the East, Badri Jyotishpīṭhaṃ (Uttarakhand) in the North. The head of the matha is called Shankarayacharya, the title derives from Adi Shankara.

Śri Śringerī Mutt, as the Pītham is referred to in common parlance, is situated on the banks of the Tuṅgā River in Śringerī. The Mutt complex consists of shrines on both the northern and southern banks of the river. The three prominent shrines on the northern bank of the Tunga are dedicated to the presiding deity of the Pītham and the divinity of Ātma-vidyā - Śrī Śāradā, Śrī Ādi Śaṅkara, and Jagadguru Śrī Vidyāśankara Tīrtha, the 10th Jagadguru of the Pītham. The southern bank houses the residence of the reigning pontiff, the adhisthānam shrines of the previous pontiffs and the Sadvidyā Sañjīvini Samskrita Mahāpāthashālā.

The Pītham is traditionally headed by an ascetic pontiff belonging to the order of the Jagadguru Śankarāchārya. According to tradition, the first pontiff of the Pītham was Śrī Ādi Śaṅkara's eldest disciple, Śrī Sureshvarāchārya, renowned for his treatises on Vedānta - Mānasollāsa and Naishkarmya-Siddhi. The current pontiff, Śrī Bhārathī Tīrtha Svāmin is the 36th Jagadguru in the since-unbroken spiritual succession of pontiffs.

The Pītham is one of the major Hindu institutions that has historically coordinated Smārta tradition and monastic activities through satellite institutions in South India, preserved Sanskrit literature and pursued Advaita studies. The Pītham runs several vedic schools (pathashalas), maintains libraries and repositories of historic Sanskrit manuscripts. The Śringerī Mutt has been active in preserving Vedas, sponsoring students and recitals, Sanskrit scholarship, and celebrating traditional annual festivals such as Śaṅkara Jayanti and Guru Pūrnima (Vyāsa Pūrnima). The Pītham has branches across India and maintains temples at several locations. It also has a social outreach programme. It has initiated various reforms against orthodoxy in an initiative to become the holy see of a single united Hindu religion with the support of the BJP and the Sangh Parivar.

Location
Sri Sharada Peetham is located in Sringeri about 85 km east of Udupi and 100 km northeast from Mangaluru across the Western Ghats, and about 335 km west-northwest from the state capital, Bengaluru. Sringeri can be accessed from Bangalore and Mangalore via road.

Traditional accounts
According to tradition, Sri Adi Shankaracharya, the principal exponent of Advaita Vedanta, established four pithams (dioceses) in India to preserve and propagate Sanatana Dharma and Advaita Vedanta. These were Sringeri Sri Sharada Peetham (Karnataka) in the South, Dvārakā Śāradā Pītham (Gujarat) in the West, Purī Govardhan Pīṭhaṃ (Odisha) in the East and Badri Jyotishpīṭhaṃ (Uttarakhand) in the North.

A hagiographic legend states that Sri Adi Shankara, during His travels across India, witnessed a snake unveiling its hood like an umbrella to shield a pregnant frog from the hot sun on the banks of the river Tunga in Sringeri. Deducing that non-violence amongst natural predators was innate to a holy spot, Sri Adi Shankara decided to establish His first Peetham in Sringeri. Sringeri is independently associated with Sage Rishyasringa of Ramayana fame, son of Sage Vibhandaka.

According to tradition, Shankara also instituted the tradition of appointing a succession of monastic pontifical heads, called the Jagadgurus, to each of the four monasteries, installing Sri Sureshvaracharya, Sri Hastamalakacharya, Sri Padmapadacharya and Sri Totakacharya as the first Jagadgurus of the Peethams at Sringeri, Dvaraka, Puri and Badri respectively. According to tradition, Sri Adi Shankara installed Sri Sureshwaracharya, believed by tradition to be the same as Maṇḍana Miśra, as the first acharya of the Peetham at Sringeri before resuming his tour to establish the three remaining Peethams at Puri, Dwaraka and Badarinath. The math holds one of the four Mahavaakyas, Aham-Bramhasmi. The math claims to have a lineage of Jagadgurus, stretching back straight to Sri Adi Shankaracharya himself. The present and 36th Jagadguru acharya of this peetham is Jagadguru Bharathi Teertha Mahaswami. His guru was Jagadguru Sri Abhinava Vidyatirtha Mahaswami. The successor-designate (the 37th Jagadguru acharya) was appointed in 2015, and was given the Yogapatta (monastic name) Sri Vidhushekhara Bharati Mahaswami.

Historical accounts
While tradition attributes the establishment of Sringeri Sharada Peetham to Adi Shankara, situating him in the 5th century BCE, the history of Sringeri Peetham from the time of Adi Shankara (8th century CE) to about the 14th century is unknown. This may be because the sources are contradictory about the dates and events, in part because of the loss of records, and also because the pontiffs of the monastery adopted the same name which has created confusion in understanding the surviving records. Yet, it may also be because the peetham was not founded by Shankara, but only centuries later. The early inscriptions that mention Sringeri, in the regional Kannada language, are donative or commemorative. Though useful in establishing the significance of the matha, they lack details to help establish the early history. According to Hermann Kulke, the early history of Sringeri is unknown and the earliest epigraphical evidence in the region is from the 12th century and belongs to the Jainism tradition. According to Paul Hacker, no mention of the mathas can be found before the 14th century CE. Until the 15th century, the timespan of the directors of Sringeri Math are unrealistically long, spanning 60+ and even 105 years. After 1386, the timespans become much shorter. According to Hacker, these mathas were probably established in the 14th century, to propagate Shankara's view of Advaita.

Vijayanagara Empire - Vidyaranya
The history of Sringeri Peetha is recorded in the matha's literature as well as in kadatas (ledger records and inscriptions of various forms) and sanads (charters) from the 14th century onwards.

A pivotal figure in the history of the matha is Vidyaranya (sometimes referred to as Madhava Vidyaranya or Madhavacharya ) who was an ideological support and the intellectual inspiration for the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire. He helped Harihara I and his brother Bukka to build a Hindu army to overthrow the Muslim rule in the Deccan region, and re-establish a powerful Hindu kingdom from Hampi. In his counsel, the Vijayanagara founders lead an expansive conquest of much of the southern Indian peninsula, taking over lands from the Sultanates that had formed after several invasions by the Delhi Sultanate. According to tradition, the monk's efforts were supported by the 10th and 11th pontiff of Sringeri peetham. Vidyaranya later became the 12th acharya of the Sringeri peetham in 1375 CE. Shortly after the start of the Vijayanagara empire in 1336 CE, the rulers began building the Vidyashankara temple at the Sringeri peetham site. This temple was completed in 1338. The Vijayanagara rulers repaired and built numerous more Hindu and Jain temples in and around the Sringeri matha and elsewhere in their empire. This is a period where numerous inscriptions help establish the existence of the Sringeri peetham from the 14th century onwards.

The Vijayanagara rulers Harihara and Bukka gave a sarvamanya (tax-exempt) gift of land in and around Sringeri in 1346 CE to the Sringeri matha guru Bharati Tirtha, in a manner common in the Indian tradition for centuries, to help defray the costs of operating the monastery and temples. The grant is evidenced by a stone inscription by the king who reverentially refers to the 10th pontiff of Sringeri matha as a guru (counsellor, teacher). This grant became a six-century tradition that ended in the 1960s and 1970s when the Indian central government introduced and enforced a land-reform law that redistributed the land. The Vijayanagara empire gift also began a regional philanthropic tradition of endowments by the wealthy and the elderly population to the Sringeri matha. The matha managed the land and therefore operated as a sociopolitical network and land-grant institution for over 600 years beyond its religious role and spiritual scholarship. This relationship between the monastery and the regional population has been guided by a mutual upcara (hospitality, appropriate conduct) guideline between the matha and the populace. According to Leela Prasad, this upcara has been guided by the Hindu Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras texts preserved and interpreted by the matha, one composed by a range of authors and generally dated to be from the second half of the 1st-millennium BCE through about 400 CE.

In the late 15th century, the patronage of the Vijayanagara kings shifted to Vaisnavism. Following this loss of patronage, Sringeri matha had to find other means to propagate its former status, and the story of Shankara establishing the four cardinal mathas may have originated in the 16th century.

According to Shastri, following the traditional accounts, the Vijayanagara kings visited the Sringeri monastery many times over some 200 years and left inscriptions praising the monks, revering their knowledge of the Vedas and their scholarship. The monastery also provided the Vijayanagara empire administration with guidance on governance. The descendant rulers of the Vijayanagara empire regularly visited the monastery and made a series of endowments to the Sringeri matha as evidenced by various inscriptions. They also established the agrahara of Vidyaranyapuram with a land grant for the Brahmins, and in the 15th century established the earliest version of the Saradamba temple found at the Sringeri peetham site. The tradition of establishing satellite institutions under the supervision of the Sringeri peetham started in the Vijayanagara empire period. For example, Vidyaranya organized a matha in Hampi.

Keladi era
After the defeat of the Vijayanagara empire and the destruction of Hampi by a coalition of Deccan sultanates, the Vijayanagara empire territories faced a political turmoil. The Deccan region was largely divided among five Islamic sultanates. The coastal regions of Karnataka that included the Sringiri matha ultimately came under the control of the Nayakas of Keladi from the Lingayatism tradition, who has previously served as governors for the Vijayanagara emperors. The Keladi dynasty supported the Sringiri peetham for nearly 250 years, from 1499 to 1763, when the Keladi Nayakas rule was ended by Hyder Ali seeking to create a sultanate from Mysore.

The Sringeri matha received gifts and grants from the Keladi Nayakas, as evidenced by ledger records and literature preserved by the monastery. Unlike the copious epigraphical evidence from the Vijayanagara era, few inscriptions from the Keladi era history are available and the history of this period is mostly discernible from the literary records. The lands held by the monastery and the goods meant for its operation were treated by the Nayakas as tax-exempt and not subject to any tariffs. Additionally, the 17th-century records show that the matha received special gifts from the Lingayat rulers on festive occasions such as acharavicharas and Diwali. Some of the Nayaka princes studied at a school run by the monastery.

Maratha era
The Sringeri matha was supported by the Maratha rulers when they came to power in the post-Aurangzeb Mughal era. The monastery provided the Marathas with counsel in return as evidenced by over two dozen letters, mostly in the Marathi language and some in Sanskrit using Kannada script. These have been preserved by the monastery. According to the letters and ledger entries, the Maratha rulers delivered gifts and bestowed grants to the monastery between 1738 and 1894. The letters of the Maratha rulers are typically in Marathi, while the replies from the Sringeri pontiff are in Sanskrit. In addition to these records, the monastery literature mention land grants from the Marathas as well as records of the visit by the jagadguru (pontiff) to Maratha ruled regions and towns such as Pune and Nasik.

The religio-political significance of the Sringeri monastery was such that both the Marathas and the Muslim ruler Hyder Ali sought "cordial relations" with it. According to Leela Prasad, after the Maratha ruler Raghunatha Rao invited the Sringeri matha's Jagadguru to visit him and the pontiff accepted the invitation, when Hyder Ali – whose hostility to the Marathas had been legendary – heard about the trip, Hyder Ali sent the Jagadguru gifts and an escort consisting of a palanquin, five horses, an elephant and cash for the travel expenses.

Peshwa Maratha sacking of the temple in 1791
After the third Anglo-Mysore war in 1791 between the armies of the British and Maratha coalition and those of Tipu Sultan, a part of the defeated contingent of the Marathas, that is, the irregular Pindaris returned through Sringeri and looted the monastery temples of its gold and copper, statues, killed some Brahmin priests, and destroyed property. The news reached Tipu Sultan, who sent funds to restore the damage. Tipu Sultan, a Muslim, also sent a letter requesting the Jagadguru to perform penance and Hindu worship for "good showers and crops". Scholars have interpreted this event both as an evidence of Tipu Sultan's religious tolerance and the predatory habits of some contingents in the Maratha army, or alternatively as a strategic political move by Tipu Sultan to request the monastery to perform "superstitious rites" to "conciliate with his Hindu subjects and to discomfort his Maratha enemies", quotes Leela Prasad.

The sacking led to a protest by the pontiff of the Sringeri matha who started a fast to death on the banks of the Tunga river. According to Shastri, after the Maratha Peshwa ruler learned about the Pindari sacking, he took corrective action and sent his contingents to locate the loot, the statues, gold and copper, to return it along with compensation. In the years and decades that followed the Pindari sacking of 1791, the cordial relations and mutual support between the Sringeri monastery and the Maratha rulers returned. However, according to Leela Prasad, the culprits were never brought to book and neither was any compensation given to the temple.

British rule
The Sringeri monastery has been a historic politico-religious center at least from the 14th century. Along with the Vijayanagara emperors and the Mysore Muslim rulers such as Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, the colonial British authorities and their Nayak and Wodeyar dynasty appointees considered the monastery to be a strategically important hub for regional politics. Its operations were a target of surveillance, its collection of Hindu texts on Dharma and its counsel given its regional significance were sought by the British authorities.

Temples
The Sringeri matha includes two major temples. One is dedicated to Shiva and is called the Vidya Shankara temple, the other to Saraswati and is called the Sharada Amba temple. The earliest version of the Shiva temple was built in the 14th century, of goddess Saraswati in the 15th century.

The Vidyashankara temple is a fusion of pre-Vijayanagara Hindu temple architecture traditions with Hoysalas and Vijayanagara styles, giving it an unusual appearance. The temple has an apsidal shape with its interior chambers and sanctum set on the square principle while the spire and outer walls use an almost circular plan. The temple is set on a high plinth like the Hoysala temples, with the basement adorned with sculpted animals and balustrades with yalis flanking the steps. The outer walls of the Shiva temple have large sculptured panels at right angles to each other and these show the major gods and goddess of Vedic tradition and post-Vedic Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism, Saurism (Surya) and Ganapatya (Ganesha) traditions of Hinduism. The base of the temple have relief friezes depicting a large variety of stories from Hindu epics and puranas. The sanctum has a linga, the southern side of the sanctum features Brahma-Sarawati, the western side Vishnu-Lakshmi, and the northern side Shiva-Parvati.

The temple can be entered from four directions. Inside the temple is a large mandapa with intricately carved pillars, several antechambers with artwork, a sanctum with linga and a circumambulation passageway around it. The passageway opens to smaller shrines dedicated to Hindu gods and goddesses from various Hindu traditions. According to George Michell, the current Vidyashankara temple reflects the 16th-century additions.

Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge and arts in the Hindu tradition, is the presiding deity of the monastery. The monastery tradition states that Adi Shankara installed a sandalwood image of Saraswati as Saradamba in a simple shrine, one that was replaced with its current copy in gold during the Vijayanagara era. The shrine was rebuilt in the 15th century and expanded in the early 20th century. The temple has a maha-mandapa (main hall) with images of saptamatrikas (seven mothers) sculpted. The goddess sits in a golden chariot. Along with Saraswati in the sanctum, the temple has small shrines for Ganesha and for Bhuvaneshvari. The Saradambda temple and nearby structures additionally house a library, a Vedic school, a shrine for Adi Shankara, and other facilities of the monastery. It has been the historic epicenter of Sringeri's annual Navaratri festival celebrations, as well as the chariot festival held in February or March every year. The temple also gives the site its name, with "Sarada peetha" meaning "seat of learning". The temple was renovated to its current form in 1916.

Library
Sringeri matha has preserved and been a source of ancient Sanskrit manuscripts to scholars. In the contemporary monastery, a library is located on the first floor of the Saradamba temple. It has about 500 palm-leaf manuscripts and a large collection of paper manuscripts, most of which are in Sanskrit. These manuscripts are not only related to Advaita philosophy, but to classical subjects such as Sanskrit grammar, Dharmasutras, ethics, and arts.

Organization
The Sringeri Sharada Peetham, over its centuries of operations has evolved a structure to manage the monastery, its succession and its branches. Some of the key positions and features include:
 * Jagadguru (lit. "teacher of mankind") is the pontiff, both in spiritual and secular sense. A celibate ascetic by tradition, he leads the learning institutions within the monastery and worship festivals. In case of differing views on the operation of monastery, his decision is considered by the monks as binding. He is also responsible for screening, studying and selecting the candidate monk who will succeed him as the next pontiff.
 * Samsthana is the administrative organization that has historically managed the monastery resources, properties and endowments in accordance with historic policies and guidelines. This includes the temples, the Vedic schools, the library, the kitchen and free feeding houses for the monks and visiting pilgrims at Sringeri and other branches of the Sringeri Sharada Peetham. Prior to the 1970s change in Indian law, the Samsthana responsibilities included managing the extensive lands and its tenants.
 * The monastery has a number of officials with various duties. The sarvadhikari is the administrative superintendent and the parupatyagara is the manager of temples, the amildar (revenue collector from tenants on the monastery land grants), the senubova (the finance officer), the bokkasta (treasurer), achara-vichara (conduct and ethical behavior of monks), the rayasadavas (letter writers and certified messengers for pontiff's official correspondence) and others. Since the geo-political disturbances in the 18th century, the monastery added the position of subedar (legal officer who coordinated law and justice issues with the king's administration) and killedar (police officer).

The Sringeri Sharada Peetham has a network of branches in India. Some of the major branches include those in Varanasi, Haridwar, Nasik, Gaya, Mysore, Hyderabad, Madurai, Chennai, Kanchipuram, Tirupati, Coimbatore, Ramesvaram, Kalady, Ramnad and Bengaluru. The monastery also supervises a number of Vedic studies and Sanskrit schools in various parts of India. The monastery owns some agriculture land and this is farmed by the monks and monastery workers.

Modern era pontiffs
Jagadguru Vidhushekhara Bharati was appointed as Uttaradhikari of the Sringeri Sharada Peetham by Jagadguru Bharathi Teertha Mahaswami on 23 January 2015. The last five Jagadgurus were:

title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ilfirin

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Eugene van der Pijll 21:38, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Ilfirin
Hoax? Move to wikitionary? -- BMIComp (talk) 13:48, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * ''I'm restarting this vote from today, August 3, because the template wasn't linked in correctly, preventing many people from voting. Checking those who have voted, most of them seem to be relatively new to Wikipedia and I think we need more votes especially from more experienced editors. No vote from me. --Tony Sidaway Talk  20:42, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Move to wikitionary. Grpunkim 18:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I can find no evidence that it carries any meaning outside of Tolkien's works. All non-Tolkien usages are related to fantasy-gaming or fanfic.  Perhaps add it to Wiktionary as a protologism, but I'm not even inclined to do that.  I find no precedence for including the words of a fictional constructed language (as opposed to an auxiliary language) in the Wiktionary--Bayyoc 20:21, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The link from the Vfd page to this page appears to be bad.  Dcarrano 18:56, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Tolkien minutiae is non-notable, "rare form of homo sapien" [sic] is hoax or unverifiable.  Dcarrano 18:56, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as a fairly through reader of Tolkien, I do not recall this term, and don't think it was used in his works, pending a citation. Even if it was, it was certainly not a promenient term in his mythology, and does not have the notability of, for example "Valar". The other meaning looks like a hoax, or at best some sort of neologism. DES (talk) 20:48, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as a fairly through reader of Tolkien, I do not recall this term, and don't think it was used in his works, pending a citation. Even if it was, it was certainly not a promenient term in his mythology, and does not have the notability of, for example "Valar". The other meaning looks like a hoax, or at best some sort of neologism. DES (talk) 20:48, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ilfirin


text:
Canton, Iowa

Canton is an unincorporated community in Jackson and Jones counties, Iowa, United States. There is a restaurant there, and no other businesses or services.

History
In the mid-19th century, Canton contained a flouring mill, a saw mill and a woolen factory powered by the waters of its river. Canton's population was 210 in 1902, and 75 in 1925. The population was 54 in 1940.

title: Canton, Iowa


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Ranakpur

Ranakpur is a village located in Desuri tehsil near Sadri town in the Pali district of Rajasthan in western India. It is located between Jodhpur and Udaipur, 162 km from Jodhpur and 91 km from Udaipur, in a valley on the western side of the Aravalli Range. The nearest railway station to reach Ranakpur is Falna and Rani railway station. Ranakpur is easily accessed by road from Udaipur, Pali district in Rajasthan. Ranakpur is one of the most famous places to visit in Pali, Rajasthan and is widely known for its marble Jain temple, said to be the most spectacular of the Jain temples.

Jain temple
The renowned Jain temple at Ranakpur is dedicated to Tirthankara Adinatha. Local legend has it that Dharma Shah, a local Jain businessperson, started construction of the temple in the 15th century following a divine vision. The temple honours Adinath, the first Tirthankar of the present half-cycle (avasarpiṇī) according to Jain cosmology. The town of Ranakpur and the temple are named after the provincial ruler monarch, Rana Kumbha who supported the construction of the temple.

title: Ranakpur


text:
Talk:History of religion

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 12 January 2021 and 30 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Masonleighlaw.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:39, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
What is usually now called "History of Religion" in English (German: Religionsgeschichte) is a recognised academic discipline with university departments devoted to it, and is quite distinct from "Religious Studies" (Religionswissenschaft). In my opinion, therefore, it should certainly have a separate article. The present article "History of religions", moreover, would in my view serve better under the German title of the (German) movement, by which it is generally known even in English-language scholarship. User:Shulgi December 14, 2006, 17:00.
 * I agree with this, having arrived here after being redirected from History of religion --Astrokey 44 02:11, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, Religionswissenschaft is normally translated as "The History of Religion" (for example, The IAHR, the Internation Association for the History of Religions's affiliate in Germany is the Deutsche Vereinigung für Religionswissenschaft, http://www.iahr.dk/associations.htm#de, but yes the intellectual strand that runs from Max Muller, to Joachim Wach, to Mircea Eliade, and through him to such scholars as Joseph Kitagawa, Ioan P. Culianu, Jonathan Z. Smith, Wendy Doeniger, and Bruce Lincoln should be represented in an article. It is a specific discipline with in the larger category of Religious Studies, which also include Anthropology/Sociology of Religion, the still-born Psychology of Religion (may God look after the soul of William James!), and depending on where you cut it, things like Theology and Church history (Harvard, for example, has a separate Divinity School and Department of Religion, whereas the University of Chicago combines them).  The specific discipline of the History of Religions (the plural on religions is pretty standard I think, though it certainly wasn't always) has its roots in both early attempts at "comparative religion" and earlier than that in so-called "Missionswissenschaft" (the Missionary Science).  Anyway, it certainly deserves its own article (which it once had).  The difference between the History of Religions and Religious Studies can be seen from the fact that, in America at least, there are two separate (but overlapping) professional associations: The North American Association for the Study of Religion http://www.as.ua.edu/naasr/ and the American Academy of Religion http://www.aarweb.org  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.235.122.162 (talk) 13:28, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

For a history article, their sure isn't much of it here!! //// Pacific PanDeist * 02:48, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

I agree, there is no history in this article. Headlessrider (talk) 17:59, 7 July 2008 (UTC) I would suggest incorporating a structure similar to the Timeline of religion

format
The current article is the result of a merger of two articles. However, it seems there are numerous problems with the merger. Firstly two leads follow each other. The topic is introduced twice. Secondly, there are 'see also' lists in the middle of the article when they should be at the bottom per WP:layout.Kobolola (talk) 22:10, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree. This is very confusing KalevTait (talk) 17:58, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

POV article
A lot of this article seems to be POV Faro0485 (talk) 23:00, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

And this "(There are now claims "that religion evolved from polytheism to monotheism has now been discredited" p. 1763 Man, Myth & Magic 1995)" doesn't seem to be in the right place. Faro0485 (talk) 09:22, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

 * There is no rationale here for the NPOV tag. If nothing is forwarded it should be removed. Fig (talk) 23:32, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

history of religion
The history of religion refers to the written record of human religious experiences and ideas. This period of religious history typically begins with the invention of writing  about 5,000 years ago (3,000 BCE) in the Near East. The prehistory of religion relates to the study of religious beliefs that existed prior to the advent of written records. The timeline of religion is a comparative chronology of religion.

OVERVIEW The nineteenth century saw a dramatic increase in knowledge about other cultures and religions, and also the establishment of economic and social histories of progress. The "history of religions" school sought to account for this religious diversity by connecting it with the social and economic situation of a particular group.

Typically religions are divided into stages of progression from simple to complex societies, especially from polytheistic to monotheistic and from extempore to organised. (There are now claims "that religion evolved from polytheism to monotheism has now been discredited" p. 1763 Man, Myth & Magic 1995)

Thus, the starting point is the tribal band whose religion is animistic and involves shamans and totems. Since the group is tribal, there is no permanent sanctuary. Cultic rites centre on identification with wild animals and appeasing spirits, often of the hunted.

Nevertheless, it is still widely held that ethical monotheism (e.g. Judaism, Christianity, Islam, some forms of Hinduism and Buddhism) was encouraged by the growth of city states. This was partly due to the role of a hierarchical society with a god-like absolute ruler. A more powerful social force was the isolation of the individual as he moved from the clan to a more cosmopolitan lifestyle. Questions of justice and value that had been previously answered by the family and small tribe were now to be pursued independently. The relative anonymity of the city afforded the opportunity for not only "sin" but also loneliness. Ethical monotheism answered society's need for a moral guide and motivation, whilst a unique personal God who was sovereign over all areas of life answered people's feelings of isolation and powerlessness. ’

Good examples of this are the prophetic literature of the Jewish Tanakh (Old Testament), especially Isaiah, and the wisdom literature of the ancient near east dealing with apparently unjustified suffering. This includes Job, in the Judaeo-Christian Bible, and "The Dialogue of Pessimism", a Babylonian text. ORIGIN The earliest evidence of religious ideas dates back several hundred thousand years to the Middle and Lower Paleolithic periods. Archeologists refer to apparent intentional burials of early homo sapiens from as early as 300,000 years ago as evidence of religious ideas. Other evidence of religious ideas include symbolic artifacts from Middle Stone Age sites in Africa. However, the interpretation of early paleolithic artifacts, with regards to how they relate to religious ideas, remains controversial. Archeological evidence from more recent periods is less controversial. A number of artifacts from the Upper Paleolithic (50,000-13,000) are generally interpreted by scientists as representing religious ideas. Examples of Upper Paleolithic remains associated with religious beliefs include the lion man, the Venus figurines, cave paintings from Chauvet Cave and the elaborate ritual burial from Sungir. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.32.197.33 (talk) 00:38, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Kind of weak
is it because there were too many Edit wars that this page was left with very little information? ceezmad I could not sign the page! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ceezmad (talk • contribs) 16:49, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Edits for pov
i made some minor changes to the overview and Origins sections due to poor grammar (misuse of articles) and strong editorializing POV. For example, there is no reason to call circumcising religions "primitive" and non-circumcising religions "advanced", without evidence to back your claim. In point of fact circumcising religions, like Judaism and some forms of Islam, tend to be more recent than non-circumcising religions like Buddhism. If one believes that circumcision is barbaric, that is of course a legitimate point of view. It is nevertheless a point of view and is uneccessary here.

In a similar vein I changed the sentence under "Origins" which made the claim that "the study of religions is important because of the religious wars and conflicts caused by intolerant monotheistic religions.". This is obvious editorializing, and inappropriate. The study of religion is important because religion has been a major force in human life throughout history, in the formation and preservation of culture, the formation of law and moral codes, the organization of highly structured societies, the fostering or art, music, and science, and, not least, in the exploration and evolution of human spirituality.

To limit the significance of religion to the wars that it has created is small-minded. To claim that these wars stem solely from the "intolerant monotheistic religions" is nothing short of bigotry.

This is also why I changed the descriptions of "proselytizing religions" and "the more peaceful, tolerant, non-proselytizing religions" to something less clearly biased and more in keeping with encyclopediec standards. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vickithesmith (talk • contribs) 22:01, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

Trying again
I am re-instating my edits. I apologize if anyone was offended by my changes, but I stand by my assertion. To say that the *only* reason to study religion is to gain insight into conflicts caused by "primitive intolerant monotheistic religions" is shallow and strongly POV. It is also POV to call circumcising religions "primitive."

If you are going to revert my changes, please explain why. I am perfectly willing to reconsider or withdraw my edits if they are inaccurate or inappropriate, but I would appreciate an explanation why they are so.

66.25.9.19 (talk) 04:15, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I guess you're User:Vickithesmith. Your edit looks perfectly sensible and shouldn't have been reverted. The "History of study" section is embarassingly poor - if you know more about it, do expand it William M. Connolley (talk) 08:56, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

Better map needed
I've made a request at Graphics_Lab/Map_workshop. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 22:02, 12 January 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned references in History of religions
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of History of religions's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Smithsonian": From Göbekli Tepe:  From Americas:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 14:53, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 2 May 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved as requested. Dekimasu よ! 18:25, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

History of religions → History of religion – Per WP:SINGULAR, the singular form should be used in the title. Rreagan007 (talk) 17:15, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Support the article itself uses the singular in the intro. Vpab15 (talk) 19:02, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Re: Recent edits around the Bible
I am afraid that I cannot see any reference in the Britannica article you link to any part of it being written ca. 1500-1200. The "Surviving early copies of religious texts" list is for manuscripts (i.e. physical copies). As such dates for the original text's authorship (such as the 700s date for the Book of Horsea) do not belong there. Your edit for the Song of Deborah lacks citations. (cc: ). ~ El D. (talk to me) 19:36, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

Check the math
5200 years ago would be 3000 BC not 3200 2601:940:C000:EA0:B100:CA7C:B909:6DE8 (talk) 13:18, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

Origins of religion
Origins of religion explain with Tagalog topic of origins of religion 103.62.153.108 (talk) 11:09, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of religion


text:
User talk:Warningpunk

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Mike Garcia | talk 13:50, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Warningpunk


text:
Brian Pittman

Brian Lee Pittman (born October 21, 1980) is an American musician most notable as the former bassist for the Christian rock band Relient K, of which he was a founding member. He has also played bass for the Christian metal band Inhale Exhale, and owns a landscaping company called Aura Concrete & Landscaping. Pittman married on August 30, 2008 and currently resides in Canal Fulton, Ohio.

Relient K
Pittman played bass for Relient K from the band's beginning in 1998 until Bleach's farewell show on August 29, 2004. He contributed to 13 Relient K projects, including five full-length albums, four EPs, a two-track single, and two Christmas albums. The last album he contributed to was Mmhmm (the band's fourth album), along with longtime bandmates Matt Thiessen, Matt Hoopes, and Dave Douglas. Some people think the song "For the Band", which is found on Relient K's Employee of the Month EP, was written about his leaving, but that is unlikely, as that song was recorded two years before his departure. Though he left the band in August 2004, he returned to play with the band during their CD release show for Mmhmm on November 1, 2004 at the Newport Music Hall in Columbus, Ohio.

Inhale Exhale
Shortly after leaving Relient K, Pittman joined the band Inhale Exhale. They released their first album on November 21, 2006, entitled The Lost. The Sick. The Sacred. Pittman reportedly claimed after leaving Relient K that he wanted to play a different genre of Christian music, and said before that he grew up preferring metal music more. Inhale Exhale's style is much heavier than Relient K's.

Discography
Pittman has been on a combined fourteen releases with Relient K and Inhale Exhale. He has also appeared in three music videos for Relient K, and two videos with Inhale Exhale. He appears in Relient K's second Christmas album as bass on tracks 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16.

With Relient K

 * All Work and No Play (1998)
 * 2000 A.D.D. (2000)
 * Relient K (album) (2000)
 * "My Girlfriend" music video (2000)
 * The Creepy EP (2001)
 * The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek (2001)
 * "Pressing On" music video (2001)
 * "The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything" (2002)
 * Employee of the Month EP (2002)
 * Two Lefts Don't Make a Right...but Three Do (2003)
 * "Chap Stick, Chapped Lips, and Things Like Chemistry" music video (2003)
 * The Vinyl Countdown (2003)
 * Deck the Halls, Bruise Your Hand (2003)
 * Mmhmm (2004)
 * Let It Snow Baby... Let It Reindeer (2007) (on tracks recorded in 2003 or earlier)
 * The Bird and the Bee Sides (2008) (on tracks recorded in 2004 or earlier)

With Inhale Exhale

 * The Lost. The Sick. The Sacred. (2006)
 * "Redemption" music video (2006)
 * "A Call to the Faithful" music video (2007)

title: Brian Pittman


text: Template:User xh-1

title: Template:User xh-1


text: User talk:24.60.161.0

title: User talk:24.60.161.0


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Choi Gee-sung

Choi Gee-sung (born 2 February 1951) is President and Chief Executive of the digital media division at Samsung Electronics, overseeing the third-largest business group of the South Korean company, which includes televisions, flat-panel screens, MP3 players, personal computers, and other consumer electronics. He was a New York City torchbearer for the 2004 Summer Olympics relay.

Early life
Choi grew up in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, where he attended Chuncheon Middle School and Chuncheon High School. He graduated from Seoul National University's Department of Business in 1977.

Career
Choi had a stint as chief design officer and established Samsung's chip business in Europe in the 1980s. He is best known as a marketing expert, however, and is credited with having steered Samsung past Sony (SNE) to become the world's No. 1 TV brand in 2006. Choi took over the running of Samsung's mobile phone business in January 2007. By September 2008, the company's global market share stood at 17.1%—second only to Nokia and up from 14.4% in 2007.

title: Choi Gee-sung


text: User talk:129.89.253.116

title: User talk:129.89.253.116


text:
Talk:Dougie Poynter

When he was a porn star
Dougie used to be a Pornstar accorrding to other wiki pages

 * Which other pages? Jim Michael (talk) 19:47, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

Full name?
is his first name just Dougie or Douglas?
 * Dougie and his mother have said many times his name is not short for Douglas, he was christened Dougie. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.132.30.181 (talk) 18:37, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Spectacles
Dougie used to wear glasses but now he has JJ lens

 * Dougie wore glasses at a couple of film premiers last year...he looked great hot as ever ! :D

I don't think he has any eyesight problems

Greek?
Y'know, I may be missing something, but is there a good soure that says he's actually of Greek descent/Greek? I.e. a reliable source. Not that he likes Greek food or that he apparently speaks Greek, which I am not so sure is true either. Thanks Mad Jack 18:33, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Dougie 86.19.174.78 (talk) 16:40, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

Actually according to www.mcflyofficial.com, before the recent change, one of Dougie's favorite food types is indeed Greek, the other is seafood and on www.imdb.com Dougie was able to speak fluent Greek at the age of three. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.17.54.68 (talk) 18:14, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

According to his mother, he spoke greek due to the fact that his friends did and he picked up sentences... Also, i believe she mentioned that he was not greek. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.112.30.3 (talk) 07:39, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

Personality
Hmm, I don't think there's been a complete personality transformation. Dougie's usually just as quiet as he was in the early days of McFly!
 * Hm...good point. Feel free to edit :D I changed it slightly. --Stacey 16:31, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Name
Could someone rehost the Ancestry.co.uk thing so that people who don't pony up cash can see it too? Also, add in the reference name that it confirms his name is (?), so people hopefully edit it less. mattbuck 23:36, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

'Years active'
McFly actually formed in 2003 so shouldn't the 'years active' thing be 2003-present? Although I seem to remember it being like that before! --CC 91 18:09, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Early life
"...Dougie lived with...at one point his cousin, two lizards, two cats, etc. etc" implies that he lived at the same time with "his cousin, two lizards, two cats, etc. etc". I'm guessing that what's actually meant is that "...Dougie lived with...and at various points, his cousin, etc etc". It would be even clearer if the sentence was broken into two.

Also, "He wasn't quite popular at school." Is this intended to mean that "he wasn't `quite popular'" (that is, he was merely "popular"), or is it intended to mean that "he wasn't, quite, popular" (that is, he fell short of attaining full popularity, but was nevertheless moderately popular)?

By "He wasn't quite popular at school." they mean that, he was not popular at all, in fact he was picked on a lot. CaughtLBW (talk) 14:36, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Personal life
"...this was mostly down to his dad's abandonment a few weeks before..." His dad's abandonment of what? Of his family? Of Dougie? Of a large handbag at Victoria Station? His dad's abandonment of Dougie and his family.

"...a chocolate labrador puppy..." Is this a Labrador puppy made of chocolate? A puppy of the breed "chocolate Labrador"? Or a chocolate-colored Labrador puppy? The puppy breed of "chocolate labrador"

"...is an open skateboarding fan..." Is he a fan of a sport called "open skateboarding"? Or is he unabashed about his enjoyment of skateboarding? He enjoys skateboarding and admits that he does rather than deny it.

don't know if this is any importance but Dougie has recently been quoted in a teen magazine as losing his virginity at 15 years of age. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.104.177.31 (talk) 00:38, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

He is currently in rehab dealing with personal issues, prompting McFLY to move their first three tour dates. According to the papers, he was struggling to cope after his split from Frankie of The Saturdays in November.

please sign your posts. And I think it is clear what the author is speaking of when you read the article in it's correct context. ApsbaMd2 (talk) 16:39, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

He has now split up with Francesca of the Saturdays: http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a207414/mcflys-dougie-confirms-split.html 80.47.3.62 (talk) 16:32, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I got the page semi-ed because people were adding it using twitter as a source, and that doesn't meet WP:RS. Not entirely sure that an article which uses twitter as a source meets RS, but I'll run with it. -mattbuck (Talk) 17:43, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Repetition and unnecessary info
I decided to change some things. I added more sections and erase some unnecessary info. This page resembles a fansite not an encyclopedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.2.141.122 (talk) 08:15, 10 January 2008 (UTC) CaughtLBW (talk) 15:00, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Dougie's pets
The lizards Zukie and Buffy are both dead now, and his new dogs are Flea, a Labrador and Presley, a pug. I believe Fraser and Maggie live with Dougie's mum. There is also another lizard Jerry but Dougie probably still has other lizards and iguanas too...I'm not sure how accurate we can be in naming all his pets here! I'll see how I can tidy that part of the article up a bit. Catherine (talk) 15:28, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Presley Dougie's New Dog Lives with Dougie's Girlfriend Frankie Jenzzyuk (Talk) 09:27 18th May 2009

 * I believe that Frankie now has ownership of Presley after the breakup.

Pictures
Shouldn't there be new pictures updated atleast every year? He changes his look all the time, so the one that's posted in the article is very outdated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.112.30.3 (talk) 05:15, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Sure, it would be great to have more recent photos. However, we can only use free media - that is media which can be used by anyone, for anything, including making derivatives and commercial use, without having to notify the author. This means we can't just find a new picture somewhere and use it, we have to make sure the author releases it explicitly under a free licence. That's a bit tricky. -mattbuck (Talk) 08:54, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

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text:
Jerry York

Jerry York (born July 25, 1945) is an American former ice hockey coach who was the men's ice hockey coach at Boston College. York is the winningest coach in NCAA hockey, and leads the all-time list as the only Division I head coach with over 1,000 wins. He has won the NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey title five times as a coach, at Bowling Green State University in 1984 and at Boston College in 2001, 2008, 2010 and 2012, tying him with Murray Armstrong for second-most all-time behind only Vic Heyliger (6). York received the Spencer Penrose Trophy for being named Division I Coach of the Year in 1977. On June 25, 2019, York was elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the Builders Category.

Background
The eighth of ten children, York is a "Triple Eagle", having graduated from Boston College High School in 1963 and Boston College in 1967, as well as earning a Master's degree from Boston College.

Coaching career
York's coaching career began at Clarkson as an assistant coach. In 1972, York became the head coach when he took over the job from Len Ceglarski who had accepted the head coaching job at BC. York coached at Clarkson for 7 years, winning the ECAC regular season title in 1977.

In 1979 York moved from Clarkson to Bowling Green, taking over from Ron Mason. In 15 seasons at the school, he compiled nine 20-win seasons, 4 CCHA regular-season titles, 1 CCHA tournament title, 6 NCAA tournament appearances, and a National Title in 1984.

York returned to his alma mater, Boston College, in 1994, and began rebuilding the program. In the 1997–98 season, Boston College surprised the college hockey world by reaching the NCAA title game. In 27 years, York has led the Eagles to eleven Hockey East regular-season titles in 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2020, nine Hockey East tournament titles in 1998, 1999, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2012, nine Beanpot titles in 2001, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016, eighteen NCAA tournament appearances, twelve Frozen Four appearances and four national titles. The four championships came in 2001 by beating North Dakota]], 2008 over Notre Dame, 2010 against Wisconsin, and in 2012 defeating Ferris State University. His 2001 title was BC's first national title since 1949, and only the second in the storied program's then 81-year history. York's Boston College teams have had twelve Frozen Four appearances in fifteen years from 1998 to 2016. During that span, Boston College has played in the national championship game eight times. Boston College lost four national title games – to Michigan in 1998, to North Dakota in 2000, to Wisconsin in 2006, and to Michigan State in 2007.

During the 2014–15 season at Boston College, York passed legendary John "Snooks" Kelley, whom he played under as a student-athlete, for most programs win all-time at Boston College. Kelley had 501 victories for the Eagles.

York became the winningest men's college ice hockey coach in history after passing Ron Mason's 924 wins on December 29, 2012.

On January 22, 2016, York earned his 1000th career win as a head coach, becoming the first coach in NCAA Division I ice hockey history to reach this milestone. He again achieved a new milestone of 1,100 wins on January 23, 2021.

After coaching his 28th year at Boston College and 50th year overall in the NCAA, York announced his retirement on April 14, 2022.

Personal life
York is married to fellow Boston College graduate Bobbie (née O'Brien). They have two adult children.

title: Jerry York


text:
Armação de Pêra

Armação de Pêra is a town (vila) and Portuguese parish (freguesia) in the municipality of Silves. The population in 2011 was 4,867, in an area of 7.99 km2. The village used to be called Pêra de Baixo or Lower Pêra to distinguish it from the present Pêra, which was then named Pêra de Cima or Upper Pêra.

The town (vila in Portuguese) of Armação de Pêra is a popular tourist center with fine beaches, hotels, cafés and restaurants. It is on a broad bay that stretches from Pont da Galé to Senhora da Rocha. Its beaches extend from Praia dos Pescadores or the Fishermen's Beach, to Salomão beach, including those of Maré Grande and Beijinhos.

The town is one of the last places in the region where fishing boats are launched from and recovered to the actual beach. There is no harbour.

Location
The town is 20.9 km southeast of Silves, 3 km from Alcantarilha, 1.5 km from Pêra and 263 km south south east of Lisbon.

title: Armação de Pêra


text:
Talk:Lunatic

I am not confortable about this article being in category:mental health. Would it be more appropriate to put it in category:mental illness, an alternative, or neither? I would be interested on others' people's thoughts on this matter. --Vincej 13:53, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't really like the category 'mental health'. 'Mental health' suggests that there is a way that the mind ought to function (an ontological and ethical problem), and that the practitioner knows what this is (an epistemological problem). In extremes, this can lead to abuses like: 'If you disagree with Marxism-Leninism then there is something wrong with your mind', which I think is what happened in Stalin's Soviet Union for a while. (Any references to this practice would be appreciated - publunch.) Here the practioner 'knows' that the mind 'ought' to agree with Marxism-Leninism.

Saying what 'mental health' is, beyond saying it is 'a properly functioning mind' (if there is such a thing) would involve getting involved in lots of POVs about what a properly functioning mind is supposed to be.

'Mental illness' is not quite so bad, as I think people can agree on cases of gross dysfunctionality. Thomas Szasz has written a book called The Myth of Mental Illness however. He does not deny that many mentally ill people have problems which need to be taken seriously, but disputes that such people have a 'mental illness' which is in any way analagous to a physical illness such as measles or mumps.

I'd like to lump the categories 'mental health' and 'mental illness' under the banner 'psychiatry'. I think this is a more neutral word. The difficulties involved in giving a sharp translation of ψυχή are actually a benefit, as one can use the word without suggesting a sharp commitment to a particular point of view on such matters as whether there is such a thing as mental health.

--Publunch 22:07, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Removed link
I removed Raison CL, Klein HM, Steckler M. The moon and madness reconsidered. J Affect Disord. 1999 Apr;53(1):99-106

The link no longer worked and an archive was unavailable. Open2universe 23:52, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I've put it back, this time with a working PubMed link. -- Karada 10:42, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, I just spent well over the last half hour putting this link in (I'm slow, and don't want to bork it up - and more like an hour now..) - but then I see here (should have checked here first) that it was added twice before - and I tried both of their links, and they both worked! Argh. However, the link I found actually links to the actual Journal of Affective Disorders web site, and page for the actual abstract for the article in question.

 * I was surprised to see the "external links" section come up with the new line, I was just copying what someone did for ref [1], as I've never done one before.. but since the [citation needed] link said BE BOLD. I did bold things, and hopefully someone can fix it if I did it wrong! - And hopefully it's ok, as I don't know why the previous one (Karada's) was removed. UnRheal (talk) 21:52, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Non Sequiter
I removed the section about women's menstral cycle being about equal to the lunar cycle. It doesn't relate to the rest of the section unless PMS is assumed to be a form of lunacy (a view that at least 50% of the world would have a problem with). A discussion of how this belief has led to the institutionalization of 'deviant' women, I think, would make this an appropriate item--this discussion could include a reference to the origion of the term hysterical which derives from the greek word for womb which early doctors saw as a source of madness. The sentence is copied below for easy reference.

"Many women suffer from premenstrual stress syndrome, which can involve depression and irritability. The menstrual cycle is more-or-less the same length as the lunar cycle."Antonrojo 15:57, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

===This whole section should be removed, as it has only tangential relevance to the article. Kent Witham 04:48, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Move?
Should we move this to "Lunacy"? For example, "Schizophrenia" isn't "Schizophrenic".

I Totally Agree!
I to think that it should be under mental illness! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.179.114.107 (talk) 21:23, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Old-fashioned
This article does not mention that "lunatic" is used either as a) a dated old fashioned term from the 19th C or earlier, as in 'lunatic asylum', and signifying out-dated views of psychiatry, or as b) an informal derogatory term. 84.13.42.164 (talk) 23:07, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

Something I do not get
So humanity have lived with the moon for like... several thousands of years... And not getting used to the moon cycle?

But when we suddenly gets electricity, then we get used to it and get less crazy!

Just a random note, not to be taken seriously, but I somehow needed to say it. Maybe the moon made me.

// Alice — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.78.215.131 (talk) 20:59, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

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Pliny attribution
I'm researching this topic and can't find any reference in Pliny's writings to the moon affecting the brain. All citations for it I've found go back to the Kelly article but he doesn't actually cite or quote Pliny himself. Maybe that line should be removed? 212.221.15.99 (talk) 12:53, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lunatic


text:
David Sherman Boardman

David Sherman Boardman (December 8, 1768 – December 2, 1864) was an American lawyer, judge, and state assemblyman in the early United States.

The youngest child of Deacon Sherman and Sarah (Bostwick) Boardman, he lived for nearly his entire life in New Milford. He was born at a farm near Housatonic, and suffered severe illness. For a time this illness Attendance at school in his father's house for a few months, and in the village for four months at the age of fourteen, gave him all the common-school education he received.

For a time, failure in his eyesight seemed to bar him from further education; however in 1791, after stints in local boarding schools, he matriculated at Yale University. Near the end of his first semester, he was elected member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. He graduated in 1793.

In 1796 Yale President Dwight proposed to nominate him as a tutor, but he had already been admitted to the Bar, and declined the offer. He opened an office in his native town. He practiced in Litchfield and Fairfield counties. After thirty-six years, he was appointed for five successive years Chief Judge of the County Court for Litchfield County, before he was displaced for political reasons. He was made Judge of Probate for the district of New Milford in 1805, and held the place by successive annual appointments for sixteen years. He was Justice of the Peace for thirty-two years. He was elected Representative to the General Assembly eight times. In 1808, he was elected a member of the Connecticut Society of Arts and Sciences, and was Vice-President of the Connecticut Historical Society from its first establishment.

He married May 18, 1806, Charlotte Taylor, the daughter of Nathaniel Taylor, Esq., and they had seven children. John Taylor, April 17, 1807; Catharine Ann, December 12, 1808, died October 9, 1811; George William, February 26, 1811, died September 23, 1815; Charles Sherman, December 4, 1812, died October 26, 1815; Augustus, April 19, 1814, died October 31, 1815; Frederick, July 20, 1817, died July 17, 1876, and Mary Cornelia, May 29, 1819.

In March 1838, he was admitted with his wife to the fellowship of the Congregational Church.

He was from the first to the last a Washingtonian Federalist. At ten years, he had seen Washington in an encampment some twenty miles off. A local party of Jeffersonians was early organized in New Milford and supported by two of his brothers, but this circumstance did not abate the form of his allegiance to federalist principles, nor on the other hand did it weaken the tenderness of his fraternal love.

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were the objects of his profoundest admiration. He rarely wrote for publication. He contributed however a few papers of great value for the newspapers, and for the New Englander of November 1858, a review of Mr. J. C. Hamilton's History of the United States, as traced in the writings of Alexander Hamilton, also for the American Quarterly Church Review for January 1859, a review of Parton's Life and Times of Aaron Burr, and in 1860 a pamphlet entitled Early Lights of the Litchfield Bar.

title: David Sherman Boardman


text:
Touchstone Television

The second incarnation of Touchstone Television (formerly known as Fox 21 Television Studios) was an American television production company that was a subsidiary of Disney Media Networks' Walt Disney Television owned by The Walt Disney Company. It was founded in 2014 from the merger of Fox Television Studios and Fox 21, and given its second name in mid-2020 following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney.

On December 1, 2020, Disney announced that the label was folded into 20th Television.

Fox Television Studios
Fox Television Studios, Inc. was a television production subsidiary of 21st Century Fox's Fox Entertainment Group, as well as being the unofficial production arm of Fox and the secondary production arm of 20th Century Fox Television, itself a division of 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. Fox Television Studios (FTVS) was formed on August 1, 1997 alongside 20th Century Fox Television and 20th Television under executive David Grant. The studio was created to house smaller production units, starting with the Greenblatt-Janollari Studio (G-JS). Greenblatt-Janollari started producing shows in the 1998–1999 season with 3 comedy series for ABC and CBS. While funded by Fox, G-JS was presented as an "independent mini-studio". The studio also partnered with David Gerber and his Gerber Company venture to produce various telemovies and television series. With Fox Entertainment Group holding a 20% stake in New Regency Production's parent corporation, Fox Studios formed a joint venture, Regency Television, by 2000, managed by Gail Berman. Another production unit formed was Fox Television Studios Productions (FTSP) under Lisa Berger. Early output by the individual units, or "pods" were FTSP's Son of the Beach for FX, The Hughleys by G-JS and Regency had Malcolm in the Middle.

The pod model evolved into five divisions: alternative, scripted, international, Fox World and Regency Television:
 * The alternative division was responsible for Talkshow with Spike Feresten and The Wanda Sykes Show, along with E!'s The Girls Next Door franchise. In mid-2002, Fox Alternative Productions was formed by Fox TV Studios and headed by David Martin with its first show to be "The Coach".
 * The scripted division produced The Shield, along with a number of television films and miniseries.
 * Fox World division, formed in 2000, produced international versions of its reality television programs such as Joe Millionaire and Temptation Island. The company was shut down by FTVS in 2014.

Eventually the only division operating was the scripted unit. Next FTVS attempted international co-productions of direct-to-series broadcast series. The company had a hit with Burn Notice on USA Network. In August 2010, Dave Madden was appointed to head the unit, where he evenly increased its production slates until he was appointed as president of entertainment for Fox Broadcasting in August 2014.

Fox Television Studios International

 * This is about the company that exists according to the News Corporation page

Fox Television Studios International was the international division of Fox Television Studios operated in 2000–2001. Daniella Welteke was tapped up to head the division, which was eventually folded into Fox World.

The pod model evolved into five divisions: alternative, scripted, international, Fox World and Regency Television:
 * The alternative division was responsible for Talkshow with Spike Feresten and The Wanda Sykes Show, along with E!'s The Girls Next Door franchise. In mid-2002, Fox Alternative Productions was formed by Fox TV Studios and headed by David Martin with its first show to be "The Coach".
 * The scripted division produced The Shield, along with a number of television films and miniseries.
 * Fox World division, formed in 2000, produced international versions of its reality television programs such as Joe Millionaire and Temptation Island. The company was shut down by FTVS in 2014.

Eventually the only division operating was the scripted unit. Next FTVS attempted international co-productions of direct-to-series broadcast series. The company had a hit with Burn Notice on USA Network. In August 2010, Dave Madden was appointed to head the unit, where he evenly increased its production slates until he was appointed as president of entertainment for Fox Broadcasting in August 2014.

Fox World
Fox World (formerly Fox Television Studios International) was a television production company formed in 2000 as a division of Fox Television Studios (FTVS). The company produced international versions of its reality television programs such as Joe Millionaire and Temptation Island.

On March 5, 2001, SBS inked a deal/joint venture with Fox World to launch a northern European-based production company.

On November 22, 2004, Hayley Babcock was named senior vice president of production at the Fox World studio, while Daniella Welteke would remain as head of the division.

Fox Lab
Fox Lab was a low-profile production sub-division of 20th Television, originally formed in 1986 as Fox Television Stations Productions (or FTSP) and was responsible for the development of A Current Affair, Cops and America's Most Wanted. It was rebranded to the current moniker in 1995, although the FTSP label was continued to be used on several older shows until Fox's cancellation of Cops in 2013.

In 1990, Fox Television Stations debuted a soap opera, Tribes, only shown on Fox owned-and-operated stations. It only lasted one season on the air.

By the early 90s, the company was producing a show, Not Just News, for first-run syndication. Also, in 1994, Fox Television Stations Productions produced an international version of America's Most Wanted, Manhunter, to be shown throughout international networks. It was later evolved into a US version for syndication, America's Most Wanted: Final Justice.

In 2003, Fox Lab was producing the syndicated show Classmates, that lasted only two seasons.

Fox Lab's library is currently co-owned by The Walt Disney Company and Fox Corporation.

Foxstar Productions
Foxstar Productions was a division of Fox Television Studios.

The original incarnation of Touchstone Television
The original iteration of Touchstone Television was a television production company founded in 1985 as a division of Disney's subsidiary Touchstone Pictures. It is nowadays known as ABC Signature (since 2020), and was known as ABC Studios since 2007.

Fox 21
Fox 21 (styled fox21.) was a low-cost scripted and reality cable television production arm of 20th Century Fox, which was a division of the Fox Entertainment Group, part of Rupert Murdoch's 21st Century Fox. The company produces, the FX series Sons of Anarchy, Terriers and Tyrant, the A&E action series Breakout Kings, The CW reality series Beauty and the Geek, the Showtime series Homeland, the Comedy Central series Brickleberry, the WGN America series Salem and the Lifetime series Witches of East End. On December 4, 2014, Fox Television Studios merged with Fox 21 to form Fox 21 Television Studios.

Fox 21 was formed in 2004 by 20th Century Fox Television executives Dana Walden and Gary Newman to develop and back smaller-budgeted but unique and daring shows. Fox 21's first executive was Jane Leisner. The unit's early hits were the FX series Sons of Anarchy and The CW reality series Beauty and the Geek.

After originally being passed over for programming the new network, MyNetworkTV, Fox 21 was in consideration along with Twentieth Television and independent producers as of December 2006 in a potential reprogramming from telenovela to low-cost reality and game shows.

Bert Salke, who moved from his Brancato/Salke production company based at ABC Studios, took charge of the unit in 2010 and led an increase in show productions starting with the Showtime series Homeland. In early 2015, Mythology Entertainment signed a first look deal with the company and its sister studio 20th Century Fox Television while announcing the head of its TV division.

The company produces or had produced the FX series Terriers, Tyrant, Sons of Anarchy, Mayans MC, The Americans and The Bastard Executioner, the A&E action series Breakout Kings, the Showtime series The Chi, the Hulu series Chance, the Comedy Central series Brickleberry, the WGN America series Salem and the Lifetime series Witches of East End.

History
It was announced in December 2014 that Fox 21 and Fox Television Studios would merge into Fox 21 Television Studios. This situation came as a result of FTVS's president David Madden being promoted to Fox Broadcasting Company and the fact that both units were focusing on the same market, cable television. The combined operation is headed by Fox 21 president Bert Salke.

In January 2020, Fox 21 reached a first-look deal with Marta Kauffman's studio Okay Goodnight, beginning with an adaptation of the 2019 novel The Dreamers. In early-February 2020, it reached a first-look deal with the Gotham Group.

On August 10, 2020, as part of a reorganization of Walt Disney Television following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney, the studio was renamed Touchstone Television — reviving a brand dormant since the previous Touchstone Television was renamed ABC Studios in 2007. ABC Studios had also merged with the previous iteration of ABC Signature Studios to form the current iteration of ABC Signature. The renamed Touchstone Television studio retains a typewriter-styled logo similar to the previous Fox 21 and Fox 21 Television Studios brandings. The first and only production under the name was the Hulu film Books of Blood.

Less than four months following this change, on December 1, 2020, Walt Disney Television head Dana Walden announced a further reorganization which will see the newly renamed division wound up, with Salke transitioning to an overall producing deal with Disney Television Studios, and remaining operations absorbed into 20th Television.

title: Touchstone Television


text:
Milonga (dance event)

Milonga is an event where Argentine tango is danced. The venue dedicated to milongas may also be called "milonga". People who frequently go to milongas may be called milongueros.

The music played is mainly tango, vals and milonga. Most milongas are held on a regular basis (usually weekly), and they often begin with dancing classes and sometimes demonstration dances. Usually, three to five songs of a kind are played in a row (this is called tanda) followed by a short musical break (called cortina) to clear the dance floor and facilitate partner changes. There are a number of informal rules that dictate how dancers should choose their dancing partners and navigate the floor.

title: Milonga (dance event)