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George Catlin (political scientist)

Sir George Edward Gordon Catlin (26 July 1896 – 7 February 1979) was an English political scientist and philosopher. A strong proponent of Anglo-American co-operation, he worked for many years as a professor at Cornell University and other universities and colleges in the United States and Canada. He preached the use of a natural science model for political science. McMaster University Libraries holds his correspondence archive and the body of some of his works. He had two children, one of whom was the politician and academic Shirley Williams.

Early life
Catlin was born in Liverpool, the son of Edith Kate (Orton) and George Edward Catlin (1858–1936), an Anglican clergyman. He was educated at St Paul's School, and New College, Oxford. It was here that he converted to Roman Catholicism after his wartime hiatus.

He volunteered for military service in the early months of World War I, but was rejected, and spent most of the war working for the liquor traffic department of the Central Control Board. However, he became a soldier in the last months of the war, fighting on the Western Front in Belgium.

Academic
After the war he received his M.A. at Oxford and won three major prizes, including the Gladstone Prize and the Matthew Arnold prize in 1921 for his essay on the political thought of Thomas Hobbes entitled Thomas Hobbes as Philosopher, Publicist and Man of Letters. He took up the relatively new field of political science. This was better established in the US and at the invitation of the historian Wallace Notestein he began lecturing at Cornell University where he had the close association of Carl Becker. There he completed his doctoral thesis, published in 1926 entitled The Science and Method of Politics. This was followed in 1929 by A Study of the Principles of Politics. He was an assistant professor of Politics at Cornell by the age of 28 and subsequently twice Acting chairman. In 1926 he was appointed to be the director of the National Commission (Social Research Council) to study the impact of prohibition in the United States. His conclusions were subsequently published as a book.

Politics
Catlin was a strong proponent of Anglo-American co-operation, even to the extent of advocating an organic union between the two countries. He published Anglo-Saxony and Its Tradition in 1939. He also had ambitions to be directly involved in British politics through the Labour Party.

Between 1928 and 1931 Catlin was attached to the personal staff of Sir Oswald Mosley. This was a period before Mosley had made his final break with the Labour Party to become openly fascist. In 1929 he assisted H. G. Wells, Arnold Bennett, and others in establishing The Realist magazine.

Catlin was an unsuccessful Labour candidate in two general elections: 1931 in Brentford and Chiswick, and 1935 in Sunderland. From 1935 to 1937 he served on the executive committee of the Fabian Society.

During the 1930s Catlin travelled extensively. He visited Germany, where in 1933 he witnessed the trial of Georgi Dimitrov for, allegedly, setting the Reichstag on fire, a forewarning of what National Socialism was to engender. He traveled to Soviet Russia, for a prolonged study of the newly established Bolshevik regime there, and to Spain, during the height of the Civil War. During this period Catlin wrote a large number of articles as a journalist, mostly for the Yorkshire Post. He served on the campaign team of Presidential candidate Wendell Willkie, during 1940, and his subsequent book, One Anglo-American Nation appeared in 1941. He was an early advocate for the independence of India, after meeting Mahatma Gandhi in 1931 in London. He visited India in 1946 and 1947 and published a tribute to Gandhi after his assassination, In the Path of Mahatma Gandhi (1948). In 1947 Catlin lectured in Peking. He served as Provost of Mar Ivanios College in India for 1953–54 and as chairman and Bronfman Professor in the Department of Economics and Political Science at McGill University between 1956 and 1960. He was a founder of the Movement for Atlantic Union, which was established in 1958. He drafted the constitution of the Paris-based Atlantic Institute, founded in 1961. He was also a member of the Pilgrims Club of Great Britain.

His autobiography, on which he had worked sporadically since the end of the First World War, was finally published in 1972 as For God's Sake, Go.

Honours
In the 1970 Birthday Honours, Catlin was knighted for services to Anglo-American relations.

Private life
Catlin married the English novelist Vera Brittain in 1925 after a courtship that began as a correspondence. She was pursuing her own career as a writer in Britain and the marriage endured many Atlantic-wide separations. They had two children: John Edward Jocelyn Brittain-Catlin (1927–1987), whose memoirs, Family Quartet, appeared in 1987; and the Liberal Democrat politician Shirley Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby (1930–2021).

After Vera's death in 1970, Catlin married Delinda Gates (1913–2002) in Chelsea, London, in 1971. He died in Southampton, Hampshire, in 1979 at the age of 82 and was buried alongside his father at St James the Great Church, Old Milverton, Warwickshire.

title: George Catlin (political scientist)


text:
John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl

John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl, KT (2 May 1631 – 6 May 1703) was a leading Scottish royalist and defender of the Stuarts during the English Civil War of the 1640s, until after the rise to power of William and Mary in 1689. He succeeded as 2nd Earl of Atholl on his father's demise in June 1642 and as 3rd Earl of Tullibardine after the death of his first cousin the 2nd Earl in 1670.

Early life
Murray was the son of John Murray, 1st Earl of Atholl (cr. 1629) by his wife Jane, daughter of Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy. In 1650 he joined in the unsuccessful attempt to liberate Charles II from the Covenanters, and he was, in 1653, a chief supporter of the 8th Earl of Glencairn's rising to power in opposition to English plans to incorporate Scotland into the Commonwealth and devoted 2,000 men to the battle. He was eventually obliged to surrender the following year to George Monck, the victorious Commonwealth commander.

Appointments
In 1660, Murray became a privy councillor for Scotland, obtained a charter of the hereditary office of sheriff of Fife, and in 1661 became Lord Justice-General of Scotland. In 1663 he was appointed Lord President of the Court of Session. Murray became the first captain-general of the Royal Company of Archers in 1670. in 1671 he became a Commissioner of the Exchequer, the following year Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland and on 14 January 1673 became an Extraordinary Lord of Session.

In 1670 he succeeded to the earldom of Tullibardine on the death of his cousin, the 4th Earl and was created Marquess of Atholl and Viscount Glenalmond on 7 February 1676.

He commissioned William Bruce for a rebuild of Dunkeld House in 1676. The house had been badly damaged in 1654, during the civil war, and Bruce was given the task of building its replacement.

Glorious Revolution
Murray was initially a supporter of the robust policies of Lord Lauderdale, taking part in a 1678 raid against the Covenanters, but he then temporarily lost royal favour by counselling moderation concerning the measures taken against them. In 1679, however, he was present at the Battle of Bothwell Bridge; in July 1680 he was made vice-admiral of Scotland, and in 1681 president of parliament.

In 1684 he was appointed lord-lieutenant of Argyll, fought vigorously against the 9th Earl of Argyll in Argyll's Rising of 1685 and was instrumental in defeating him. Murray was knighted in 1687.

He showed himself to be lukewarm to the accession of William III and waited on the event. Finally in April 1689 he wrote to William to declare his allegiance, and in May took part in the proclamation of William and Mary as king and queen at Edinburgh. But during Viscount Dundee's insurrection he allowed his troops to be used at the Battle of Killiecrankie against the supporters of the new king, which helped bring about the defeat of the government's troops. He was then summoned to London and imprisoned during August. In 1690 he was implicated in the Montgomery plot to restore James and subsequently in further Jacobite intrigues. In June 1691 he received a pardon, and acted later for the government in the pacification of the Highlands.

Ironically, given Murray's rumoured Jacobite leanings but public opposition to the group, his grandson, Lord George Murray became a famed general of the Jacobites and was responsible for their success throughout the greater part of the 1745 uprising.

Murray was described by Lord Macaulay as "the falsest, the most fickle, the most pusillanimous of mankind", regarding Murray's indecisive position surrounding the succession of William of Orange and the deposition of King James."

Marriage
On 5 May 1659, Lord Atholl married Lady Amelia Ann Sophia Stanley (1633-22 February 1702/1703), daughter of James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby and Charlotte de La Tremoille. They had twelve children, but four died young: Prior to his marriage with Amelia Sophia Stanley one "natural son" was born c. 1658 to Janett Mannachie from Dunkeld Perthshire. This son's name is unknown; however he is stated to have been apprenticed to an Edinburgh Lawyer (Writer) by the name of Louefoote (Lightfoot?). According to correspondence from the above-mentioned Lord Edward Murray born 1669 and reproduced in the Atholl Chronicles-dated 25 March 1735 addressed to his nephew John 1st Duke of Athol, this son died of smallpox c. 1680–90.
 * John Murray, 1st Duke of Atholl (24 February 1660 – 14 November 1724), eldest son and heir, married (1) Lady Katherine Douglas-Hamilton, (2) Lady Mary Ross.
 * Charles Murray, 1st Earl of Dunmore (24 February 1661 – 19 April 1710), married Catherine Watts.
 * Lord James Murray (8 May 1663 – 30 December 1719), married Anne Murray of Glenmuir.
 * William Murray, 2nd Lord Nairne (1664-3 February 1726), married Margaret Nairne. Their daughter Margaret Murray (died 28 May 1773) married in 1712 William Drummond, 4th Viscount Strathallan.
 * Lady Charlotte Murray (1663–1735), married Thomas Cooper. No issue.
 * Lady Amelia Murray (1666–1743), married 1. Hugh Fraser, 9th Lord Lovat; 2. Simon Fraser of Beaufort.
 * Lady Jane Murray (1666–1670), died young.
 * Sir Mungo Murray, Bt. (1668–1700), Scotland; Killed in Panama 1700, fighting the Spanish. Married Rachel Beaverich; son David married Margaret Donald; two daughters. Scotland, Select Marriages, 1561–1910, FHL Film # 1040174 22 Feb 1695, St. Andrews And St. Leonards, Fife, Scotland shows marriage to Rachell Beavrich.  Possibility of 2 children, 1 male, David, and 1 female, Catherine.
 * Lord Edward Murray (1669–1743), married Katherine Skene.
 * Lord Henry Murray (born 1670), died young.
 * Lady Katherine Murray (1672–1689), died young.
 * Lord George Murray (1673–1691), died young.

The same source records: Jane Murray born 1676 c- twin, & Male Murray- born 1676c- twin born Castle Tullibardine Perthshire and lived in France. (Mother was: Ms Richards a "companion" of Amelia Sophia Stanley) m. 1. Captain Anderson (Navy); m. 2. Mr Ongolling; m3. James Mazel.

Also possibly:
 * William Murray c. 1658–1725, remained in Scotland and married Mary Vans; son William Vans Murray died 1763 in Maryland.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl


text:
Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish

The Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish (Astacopsis gouldi), also called Tasmanian giant freshwater lobster, is the largest freshwater invertebrate and the largest freshwater crayfish species in the world. The species is only found in the rivers below 400 m above sea level in northern Tasmania, an island-state of Australia. It is listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List due to overfishing and habitat degradation, and it has been prohibited to catch the crayfish since 1998.

The diet of the freshwater crayfish varies with age, but predominantly consists of decaying wood, leaves and their associated microbes. They may also eat small fish, insects, rotting animal flesh and other detritus when available. A. gouldi is very long-lived, surviving for up to 60 years. It has previously been reported to attain weights of up to 6 kg and measure over 80 cm long; however, in recent years the majority of larger specimens are 2-3 kg. When fully mature the species has no natural predators due to its large size, while smaller individuals can be prey of platypus, river blackfish and rakali.

Name
Although a crayfish, the species is locally known as the giant freshwater lobster. In Tasmanian Aboriginal language (palawa kani) the giant freshwater lobster is referred to as lutaralipina. Previously, it has been common to use ‘tayatea’ as the Aboriginal name for A. gouldi. However, historical record does not support the use of this word for this species. The palawa kani Language Program of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre has revived ‘lutaralipina’ (pronounced: lu-tar-rah-lee-pee-nah) as the appropriate Tasmanian Aboriginal term for the giant freshwater crayfish (A. gouldi); and ‘tayatitja’ (pronounced: tie-yah-tee-tchah) for the small southern freshwater crayfish (A. franklinii).

The specific epithet of the scientific name, Astacopsis gouldi, honours the first Tasmanian Government Geological Surveyor Charles Gould (1834-1893), son of the 19th century English ornithologist John Gould and natural history illustrator Elizabeth Gould (née Coxen). Charles Gould was an amateur naturalist and member of the Royal Society of Tasmania who published observations on the giant freshwater lobster's distribution, diet and habits in 1870. Astacopsis gouldi was first formally described in 1936 by Ellen Clark, a naturalist specialising in Australia's crustaceans. Prior to Clark's revision in 1936, all three of Tasmania's large stream-dwelling crayfish of the genus Astacopsis were collectively known as Astacopsis franklinii in honour of the polar explorer and Governor of Van Diemen's Land Sir John Franklin. Astacopsis franklinii now refers only to the smaller southern species, while the medium-sized western species is known as Astacopsis tricornis and Astacopis gouldi refers exclusively to the giant northern crayfish. It is a common misconception that A. gouldi is named after the convict artist William Buelow Gould. WB Gould's "Sketchbook of fishes" produced at the Macquarie Harbour penal settlement contains an image of the large western Tasmanian freshwater crayfish A. tricornis not A. gouldi.

Biology and ecology
A. gouldi are omnivorous crustacean, primarily eating decaying wood, leaves and their associated microbes. They may also eat small fish, insects, rotting animal flesh and other detritus when available. Colour varies considerably among individuals, with adults ranging from dark brown-green to black or blue. For undetermined reasons, populations in the Frankland River system on the West Coast are predominantly found to be blue-white in colour. Males can be identified by their larger pincers compared to females. Young juveniles moult several times a year, becoming less frequent as they mature. The species is long lived and known to live up to 60 years of age and attain weights of up to 6 kg, however in recent years specimens of 2-3 kg are considered large.

Results from a genetic study indicated that specimens of A. gouldi from a site in the Pipers River catchment (north of Launceston) were significantly genetically distinct from the rest of the species.

Behaviour
The dispersal and migratory patterns of A. gouldi are largely unknown, but they are recorded to be most active during summer and autumn when water temperatures are higher, they are also known to walk over land. A 2004 study found the species appears to have periods of relative inactivity restricted to a "home-pool" for 1–10 days interspersed with movements involving travel over relatively large distances, including one crayfish moving over 700 m in a single night.

Juveniles are suspected to migrate to seasonal creeks or shallow faster-flowing waters known as riffle zones where they are at less risk from predators including other crayfish, fish, platypus and rakali. Larger sub-adults (<100 mm carapace length) will move to deeper-flowing straight sections of the catchment. Adults have no natural predators and will take refuge in sheltered deep pools and appear to tolerate each other despite being aggressive elsewhere. Males are territorial and maintain a harem of up to several females.

Reproduction
Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish have extremely slow maturation rates, with females reaching sexual maturity at approximately 14 years of age, a weight of 550 g and a carapace length of 120 mm. Males are thought to reach maturity more quickly at around 9 years, 300 g and 76 mm carapace length.

Females mate and spawn once every two years in autumn after a summer moult, producing 224–1300 eggs proportional to its size. Gestation of the eggs takes about nine months, with females carrying the eggs on their tail through winter. After hatching in mid-summer, the hatchlings of about 6 mm attach to the female's swimming legs and will remain with the mother until a few months later in autumn. A long reproductive process means that females spend much of their life attached to their eggs and hatchlings.

Distribution
A. gouldi inhabit rivers and streams at elevations of approximately 20-300 m above sea level, with upper limits of 400 m. Approximately 18% of the waterways in which the species habitat is predicted to occur are protected in a formal reserve.

Formerly, the species was distributed from the Arthur River in the west and eastwards across northern Tasmania, where it was found in all rivers flowing into Bass Strait, except for those of the Tamar catchment. Despite the two disjunct ranges, populations across these are genetically similar. The species has been introduced into the North Esk (St Patricks River) and the Derwent catchments where populations have become established. Today, distribution of A. gouldi is fragmented and limited to less disturbed areas. Large declines in numbers or localised extinctions are thought to have occurred in the Welcome, Montagu, Rubicon, Don, Brid, Boobyalla, Pipers, Ringarooma, Duck, Little and Great Forester Rivers and Claytons Rivulet. Eastern populations are particularly reduced.

Habitat
A. gouldi inhabit slow-moving rivers and streams of several sizes including headwaters and rivulets. Water should be of high quality with high dissolved oxygen content, little suspended sediment, and water temperatures between 5.2-21 C, although relatively low temperatures are preferred. Adults need still, deep pools with submerged decaying logs and overhanging, but not eroding, banks to shelter beneath. Juveniles prefer shallow, faster-flowing stream habitats with distinct cavities to hide under and higher portions of bolder substrate and moss cover.

Excellent habitat requires intact, native riparian vegetation which is densely canopied and shades the waterways. However, the species has been recorded in confines of non-native riparian vegetation (e.g. pine plantations), without riparian vegetation and in farm dams. A 1994 study failed to find crayfish in waterways of established agricultural areas where all riparian vegetation had been removed.

Commercial importance

Fishing for the giant freshwater crayfish was never a commercial proposition, and its slow growth and aggressive nature suggest that the species is not suitable for aquaculture. As an edible animal, they are further disadvantaged of being so spiny that they can cut hands if carelessly shelled after cooking, and they yield little meat relative to total weight. However, the striking nature of the species makes it a potential tourism drawcard.

Threats and conservation
The principal causes for the population declines of the Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish have been previous overfishing, continued illegal fishing and habitat disturbance by agriculture, forestry and urban activities. Experts estimate there are less than 100,000 remaining in the wild. Land clearing typically requires approval with a Forest Practices Plan and 10m streamside buffers. Until recently, buffer zones only prohibited machinery operating near waterways with harvesting and burning permitted up to the stream edge.

A. gouldi is protected under the federal government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Tasmanian state government Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 which prohibit the fishing or handling of the species without permit. The effectiveness of some current conservation efforts are not fully determined and are subject to review in the 2016 Recovery Plan. Population surveys and behavioural research are being undertaken in order to be able to provide improved habitat management and protection.

Overfishing and illegal fishing
The relative ease of catch, slow maturation (14 years for females), infrequent breeding (once every 2 years) and the removal of young when females are caught make A. gouldi highly susceptible to human fishing pressures. The larger individuals were targeted for eating and trophies, which has had a significant effect on breeding stock, completely removing populations from some river systems. The lack of any bag limit until the 1990s allowed overfishing to occur for many years.

In 1998, the species was listed as "vulnerable" under Australian law and an amendment to the Inland Fisheries Act 1995 made it illegal to catch or handle A. gouldi without a permit, carrying a maximum fine of A$10,000. Although past fishing pressures are believed to have had a significant impact on populations, a degree of illegal fishing is known to continue and has potential to significantly threaten the remaining populations. The level of illegal fishing is not fully known, but is evidenced by prosecutions, the presence of bait lines and anecdotal reports. New developments of fire roads and double track trails can consequentially allow illegal fishers to access previously unexploited populations.

Habitat disturbance
Habitat disturbance for A. gouldi includes the removal or destruction of native riparian vegetation, bank erosion, removal of snags, stream flow alterations such as culverts and farm dams, siltation and toxic chemical runoffs.

The clearance of riparian vegetation causes the destabilisation of waterway banks, which impacts the burrowing habitats for A. gouldi and increases sediment runoff into waterways. Increased sediment levels arising from agricultural and forestry related land-uses have been correlated with decreased abundances of freshwater crayfish. The increase in turbidity impacts the ability of the crayfish to effectively transpire oxygen through its gills. Sediment depositions arising from upstream forestry operations have been observed to impact in-stream habitat for considerable distances downstream of up to 10 km. Loss of riparian canopy cover allows more light to reach the water and has a negative impact on habitat by increasing water temperatures.

While Tasmanian river basins have been found to be generally less impacted by flow alterations than other catchments across Australia, some river basins (such as the Mersey and Pipers–Ringarooma river basins) are heavily impacted by hydro-electric schemes, with the use of in-stream barriers reducing the dispersal potential of the crayfish. Water extraction for irrigated agriculture and urban water use is of concern to a lesser degree, however there has been an identified lack of contingency plans in the event of reduced environmental flows in waterways. Anecdotal reports indicate that low environmental flows caused the death of giant freshwater crayfish in several catchments in the north-west and north-east of Tasmania in 2006–07

Notable events
In 1994, a large spill from a holding dam at a pyrethrum extraction plant caused a major kill in the Hogarth Rivulet and the main channel of the Great Forester River. Reports from locals and fisheries officers suggested that there was little life left in much of the main channel, and the incident is believed to have severely harmed any populations that were in the waterways at the time of the spill.

The 2016 Tasmanian floods, which killed 3 people, raised concerns about the future for the Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish after up to 100 carcasses were found washed up along the banks of the Leven River on a property in North West Tasmania, likely caused by the high water flows during the flood. Previous population surveys in the area had revealed already low numbers. There are further concerns that the floods displaced snags from waterways which are a vital part of the habitat for the species.

Identified important locations
The 2006–2010 Giant Freshwater Lobster Recovery Plan highlighted several catchments (or parts of) which had been identified to contain good habitat quality and good crayfish populations and should be considered for conservation efforts. Some areas require renewed evaluation since habitat quality may have changed since surveys were conducted. North-eastern Tasmanian rivers lacked sufficient data to fully determine all areas of importance.

1997

 * Aitken Creek, downstream of Nook Road to Sheffield Road crossing
 * Black River and tributaries
 * Dip Range streams
 * Duck River catchment above Trowutta Road
 * Emu River tributaries
 * Flowerdale River from the top of the catchment to near Lapoinya
 * Great Forester River and tributaries
 * Inglis River and tributaries
 * Little Forester River and tributaries

2003

 * Cam River catchment
 * Hebe River (catchment of Flowerdale River)
 * Arthur River catchments including Frankland, Rapid, Keith and Lyons rivers

title: Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Survival techniques

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge and redirect -- Francs2000 | Talk 14:44, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Survival techniques
This is a duplicate of Survival skills.
 * Unsigned nomination by Pappa

 * Redirect to Survival skills. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 10:58, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment It appears that a redirection has already taken place. Would it be possible to get a (relatively) speedy conclusion on this VFD? --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 11:02, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I posted here before I realised that a redirect was a much better option, so I went ahead with that. --Pappa 11:04, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge to Survival skills, if any addition to the second could be made, otherwise just Redirect.-Poli (talk • contribs) 13:59, 2005 July 26 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Finnish models

title: Category:Finnish models


text:
Talk:Solid geometry

Is Cone a regular geometry
Discussion on the afore said " Is Cone a regular geometry " are invited.

Volume of a sphere
Since when "the volume of a sphere is the cube of its radii"?! The volume equals to 4/3 times pi times the cube of the radius. Maybe one meant that the volume is proportional to the cube of the radius? Elenthel 20:32, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

I'm assessing this article as mid importance, stub quality. -Bryanrutherford0 (talk) 20:56, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solid geometry


text: User talk:81.139.159.22

title: User talk:81.139.159.22


text:
User talk:Bernburgerin

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 10:57, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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Thanks for the warm welcome and these excellent tips. I have contributed already to lots of German Wikipedia pages but just start here (mainly with the German equivalents of words or perspectives) Bernburgerin 16:23, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Tarpaulin
Why did you change a working link: Tarpaulin into a non-working one: Tarpaulin; geteertes Segeltuch ? Mfranck 07:54, 29 July 2005 (UTC) Ooops, more than one word is generally not allowed? Then I have learnt something new. Thanks for the hint. Bernburgerin 08:53, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

RAG
In what way does "RAG" stand for "Essener Energie- und Chemiekonzern"? If it actually is a legitimate abbreviation, you should explain on the page itself. --DLand 04:02, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I am deleting your entry on the RAG page. If you explain yourself I will undo this. --DLand 03:57, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

http://www.rag.de/indexd.htm = Ruhrkohle AG Bernburgerin 09:45, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'll add it to the page, though I'm still not so sure what it is that RAG does. --DLand 14:37, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

SOA
Bernburgerin, I'm just looking that the TLA disambiguation page for SOA, and you seem to have added a german translation of Service Oriented Architecture to that page; was there a reason for this? There's already a link to the german version on the Service Orientated Architecture page itself. Would you mind explaining if this was deliberate, or an experiment? I've removed it for the time being, but if I'm missing something, I'll undo my change!

--PaulRussell 21:50, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Hi PaulRussell, you are completely right. I somehow must have missed the link your are referring to. Bernburgerin 18:55, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Bernburgerin! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:41, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Brigitte Riebe -

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Bismarck Tower (Heidelberg) moved to draftspace
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Speedy deletion nomination of Scrum.org

A tag has been placed on Scrum.org, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, group, product, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

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 * SPS ([//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/SPS check to confirm] | [//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/SPS?client=notify fix with Dab solver])
 * added a link pointing to Scrum

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Nexus framework moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Nexus framework, does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. MarginalCost (talk) 12:53, 5 June 2019 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Jon Kern

A tag has been placed on Jon Kern requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be an unambiguous copyright infringement. This page appears to be a direct copy from https://moodle2016-17.ua.es/moodle/pluginfile.php/80324/mod_resource/content/2/agile-manifesto.pdf. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images taken from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites or other printed material as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to use it for any reason — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. The same holds if you are not the owner but have their permission. If you are not the owner and do not have permission, see Requesting copyright permission for how you may obtain it. You might want to look at Wikipedia's copyright policy for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. S Philbrick (Talk)  12:59, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Hi, By deleting this article – I agree it would have been better – the link to this person on this page is now red / broken. I would contest the deletion. Maybe somebody else can rephrase the article a bit to align it more with Wikipedia standards, but this author of the Agile Manifesto needs to get credit to laying a foundations many software developers now rely on. Thanks, Bernburgerin (talk) 14:49, 13 June 2019 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Arie van Bennekum

A tag has been placed on Arie van Bennekum requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be an unambiguous copyright infringement. This page appears to be a direct copy from http://agilemanifesto.org/authors.html. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images taken from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites or other printed material as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to use it for any reason — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. The same holds if you are not the owner but have their permission. If you are not the owner and do not have permission, see Requesting copyright permission for how you may obtain it. You might want to look at Wikipedia's copyright policy for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. S Philbrick (Talk)  13:00, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Hi, By deleting this article – I agree it would have been better – the link to this person on this page is now red / broken. I would contest the deletion. Maybe somebody else can rephrase the article a bit to align it more with Wikipedia standards, but this author of the Agile Manifesto needs to get credit to laying a foundations many software developers now rely on. Thanks, Bernburgerin (talk) 14:49, 13 June 2019 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Brian Marick

A tag has been placed on Brian Marick, requesting that it be deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under two or more of the criteria for speedy deletion, by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
 * It appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion discussion, such as at articles for deletion. (See section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) If a page has substantially identical content to that of a page deleted after debate, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time.
 * It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Praxidicae (talk) 13:58, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Hi, By deleting this article – I agree it would have been better – the link to this person on this page is now red / broken. I would contest the deletion. Maybe somebody else can rephrase the article a bit to align it more with Wikipedia standards, but this author of the Agile Manifesto needs to get credit to laying a foundations many software developers now rely on. Thanks, Bernburgerin (talk) 14:48, 13 June 2019 (UTC)

Scrum Alliance moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Scrum Alliance, does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please follow the prompts on the Articles for Creation template atop the page. ... disco spinster   talk  14:33, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for June 12
An automated process has detected that when you recently edited PAL-E, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Agile ([//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/PAL-E check to confirm] | [//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/PAL-E?client=notify fix with Dab solver]).

(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 16:02, 12 June 2019 (UTC) Thanks for letting me know - I corrected it. Bernburgerin (talk) 04:36, 13 June 2019 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Acceptance criteria
Hello, Bernburgerin,

Welcome to Wikipedia! I edit here too, under the username TheLongTone and it's nice to meet you :-)

I wanted to let you know that I have tagged an article that you started, Acceptance criteria, for deletion, because it's impossible to identify the subject of the article.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=&action=edit&section=new&preload=Template:Hangon_preload&preloadtitle=This+page+should+not+be+speedy+deleted+because...+ contest this deletion] but please don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top. If the page is already deleted by the time you come across this message and you wish to retrieve the deleted material, please contact the.

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TheLongTone (talk) 13:11, 13 June 2019 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Bismarck Tower (Heidelberg)

Hello, Bernburgerin. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Bismarck Tower".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia! Dom from Paris (talk) 16:19, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

Draft:Nexus framework concern
Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Nexus framework, a page you created, has not been edited in 5 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.

If your submission is not edited soon, it could be nominated for deletion. If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it.

You may request Userfication of the content if it meets requirements.

If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available at WP:REFUND/G13.

Thank you for your attention. HasteurBot (talk) 01:28, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

Draft:Scrum Alliance concern
Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Scrum Alliance, a page you created, has not been edited in 5 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.

If your submission is not edited soon, it could be nominated for deletion. If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it.

You may request Userfication of the content if it meets requirements.

If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available at WP:REFUND/G13.

Thank you for your attention. HasteurBot (talk) 01:26, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Nexus framework

Hello, Bernburgerin. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Nexus framework".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia! HasteurBot (talk) 06:01, 6 December 2019 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Scrum Alliance

Hello, Bernburgerin. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Scrum Alliance".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia! HasteurBot (talk) 07:00, 13 December 2019 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Eileen Furlong

The page Eileen Furlong has been speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This was done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appeared to be an unambiguous copyright infringement. This page appeared to be a direct copy from https://www.iscb.org/ismbeccb2015-program/2401-ismbeecb2015-eileen-furlong. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images taken from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition has been be deleted. You may use external websites or other printed material as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to use it for any reason — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. The same holds if you are not the owner but have their permission. If you are not the owner and do not have permission, see Requesting copyright permission for how you may obtain it. You might want to look at Wikipedia's copyright policy for more details, or ask a question here.

Please do not recreate the material without addressing these concerns, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If you think this page should not have been deleted for this reason, you may contact the, or if you have already done so, you may open a discussion at Deletion Review — Diannaa (talk) 13:14, 13 March 2021 (UTC)

Sorry, I will keep this in mind as I definitively want to be create content in the future. I am a big believer in crowd intelligence. --Bernburgerin (talk) 14:10, 13 March 2021 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Akhil Ennamsetty
Hello Bernburgerin,

I wanted to let you know that I just tagged Akhil Ennamsetty for deletion, because the article doesn't clearly indicate why the subject is important enough to be included in an encyclopedia.

If you feel that the article shouldn't be deleted and want more time to work on it, you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=&action=edit&section=new&preload=Template:Hangon_preload&preloadtitle=This+page+should+not+be+speedy+deleted+because...+ contest this deletion], but don't remove the speedy deletion tag from the top.

You can leave a note on my talk page if you have questions. Thanks!

Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.

CoconutOctopus  talk  15:31, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Akhil Ennamsetty

A tag has been placed on Akhil Ennamsetty requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a real person or group of people that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. Gjs238 (talk) 22:25, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Akhil Ennamsetty

The article Akhil Ennamsetty has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of any encyclopedic significance, as evidenced by the absence of a lead sentence definition 'Akhil Ennamsetty is a ...'."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Pam D  07:01, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of Akhil Ennamsetty for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Akhil Ennamsetty is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Akhil Ennamsetty until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Pam D  07:23, 22 April 2021 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of User:Bernburgerin

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. A tag has been placed on User:Bernburgerin requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section U5 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to consist of writings, information, discussions, and/or activities not closely related to Wikipedia's goals. Please note that Wikipedia is not a free web hosting service. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. GTNO6 (talk) 10:29, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bernburgerin


text:
User talk:Euromutt

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 10:57, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Euromutt


text:
Edwin, Earl of Mercia

Edwin (Old English: Ēadwine) (died 1071) was the elder brother of Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, son of Ælfgār, Earl of Mercia and grandson of Leofric, Earl of Mercia. He succeeded to his father's title and responsibilities on Ælfgār's death in 1062. He appears as Earl Edwin (Eduin comes) in the Domesday Book.

Family
His younger brother, Morcar was elected Earl of Northumbria when Tostig Godwinson was ejected by the Northumbrians (3 October, 1065). Tostig had been accused of robbing churches, depriving men of their lands and lives, and acting against the law.

Edwin's sister, Ealdgyth, had been married to Harold Godwinson until the latter's death at Hastings on 14 October 1066.

Career
In 1066 Tostig raided in Mercia but was repulsed by Edwin and Morcar and fled to Scotland. Later in the year he returned, accompanied by King Harald Hardrada of Norway at the head of a huge Norwegian army, which defeated Edwin and Morcar at the Battle of Fulford near York (20 September). Harald and Tostig were in turn defeated and slain by Harold Godwinson's army, five days later at the Battle of Stamford Bridge (25 September). After Harold's death at the Battle of Hastings, where Edwin and Morcar were absent, they were the principal supporters of a new regime under Edgar the Ætheling, though they had wished the public to elect one of them king, but failed to take effective steps against the invading Normans and soon submitted to Duke William.

In 1068, Edwin and Morcar attempted to raise a rebellion in Mercia but swiftly submitted when William moved against them. Edwin died in 1071; while making his way to Scotland he was betrayed by his own retinue to the Normans and killed.

Lands
Edwin's lands centred at Gilling West in his brother's Northumbrian earldom, were given to Alain Le Roux (also known as Alan Rufus) in 1071 or perhaps earlier, and the district was renamed Richmondshire, or the Honour of Richmond.

Depictions in fiction
Edwin was portrayed by Adam Bareham in the TV drama Blood Royal: William the Conqueror (1990). He is mentioned in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by Lewis Carroll, when the mouse attempts to dry itself and other characters by reciting a dry example of English history. This inclusion in Carroll's book is made interesting as he is distantly related to both Edwin and Morcar. (Martin Gardner, The Annotated Alice, Clarkson Potter, New York (1960), pp 46-7.)

title: Edwin, Earl of Mercia


text:
User talk:ULOVEKYLE

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. [[smoddy ]] 11:00, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ULOVEKYLE


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rigism

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 23:36, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Rigism
An extension of a forum joke.

To the Rig faithful:

Welcome to Wikipedia. I am sorry but the encyclopedia is not a depository for jokes. Please keep your enthusiasm in the thread. The faux rapture in Big Rigs related entries is a nuisance to clean up.

Regards,

lots of issues | leave me a message 11:00, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, non-notable forumcruft in the extreme.   — J I P | Talk 11:06, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopaedic.-Poli (talk • contribs) 14:15, 2005 July 26 (UTC)
 * Delete nn forumcruft. JamesBurns 09:15, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This article is absurd. flipjargendy 18:41, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rigism


text:
User:Tungsten

Hello!

I'm Tungsten, a Wikipedia user.

That's all folks!

title: User:Tungsten


text:
TRSI

TRSI may refer to:

 * Tristar and Red Sector Incorporated, a demogroup
 * The Right Stuf International, an anime- and manga-related retailer

title: TRSI


text:
Sweet Women Lie

Sweet Women Lie is a crime novel by Loren D. Estleman. The book is set in Detroit, Michigan and was first published in 1990. The book is the eleventh of a series and the main character is Amos Walker, a private detective. The series has established itself in the genre and runs to more than thirty titles.

Plot summary
Amos Walker's ex-wife has a new boyfriend, whom she cannot find. She employs Walker in the search, but the new "beau" has a secret life as a government assassin. The events of the book unfold from that discovery.

title: Sweet Women Lie


text:
User:Comidadehospital

My name is Miguel Corvo, i was born somewhere in the 70's.

title: User:Comidadehospital


text:
Diourbel Region

The Diourbel Region (Serer and Cangin: Jurbel) is a region of Senegal with 2,080,811 inhabitants (2023). The regional capital is the city of Diourbel, and the largest city is Touba. The region corresponds roughly to the precolonial Kingdom of Bawol and is still called by that name. Bawol (or Baol) is an ancient kingdom formerly ruled by the Joof family, one of the members of the Serer ethnic group found in Senegambia. Inhabitants of the area are called Bawol-Bawol which takes its name from the Serer mode of pluralisation, other examples being : Sine-Sine or Siin-Siin (inhabitants of Sine), Saloum-Saloum (inhabitants of Saloum), etc. The population is primarily comprised by the Serer people especially those from the Cangin group, the Safene in particular. The Serers are believed to be the original inhabitants of this area. The Wolof and other ethnic groups are also present. The Diourbel Region is rich in history and it is where the Cekeen Tumulus are located. Scholars such as Charles Becker, Henry Gravrand, and Victor Martin suggest that these monuments were built by the Serer people and form part of the Serer tumulus of Baol (see also Senegambian stone circles). They are some of the most sacred sites in Serer religion. The Département of Mbacke also includes Murid Islamic Sufi order's holy city of Touba. The installation of this order in Serer country is a controversial one, especially among those Serers who adhere to the tenets of Serer religion (see Serer history (medieval era to present). However, some Serers are also Muslims and have headed this religious order.

Départements
The Diourbel Region is composed of three départements:
 * Bambey Département
 * Diourbel Département
 * Mbacké Département

title: Diourbel Region


text:
Louga Region

Louga is a city and region of Senegal. The region is located to the northwest part of the country and Louga city is in the northwest of the region - about 50 km inland from the Atlantic coast.

Departments
Louga region is divided into 3 départements:
 * Kébémer Département
 * Linguère Département
 * Louga Département

Geography
Louga is traversed by the northwesterly line of equal latitude and longitude.

title: Louga Region


text:
Kolda Region

Kolda is a region of Senegal (regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions). It is also referred to historically and popularly as Haute Casamance.

It's one of the 14 regions of the country and is located in the south. It shares borders with Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, The Gambia and its fellow regions of Sédhiou and Tambacounda.

Departments
Kolda region is divided into three departments:
 * Kolda Département
 * Médina Yoro Foulah Département
 * Vélingara Département

title: Kolda Region


text:
Dripping

Dripping, also known usually as pork dripping or beef dripping, is an animal fat produced from the fatty or otherwise unusable parts of cow or pig carcasses. It is similar to lard, tallow and schmaltz.

History
It is used for cooking, especially in British cuisine, significantly so in the Midlands and Northern England, though towards the end of the 20th century dripping fell out of favour due to it being regarded as less healthy than vegetable oils such as olive or sunflower.

Traditionally fish and chips were fried in beef dripping, and while this practice does continue in some places, most shops now use vegetable oils.

Preparation is traditionally described as collection of the residue from meat roasts but modern production is from such residue added to boiling water with a generous amount of salt (about 2g per litre). When the stock pot is chilled a solid lump of dripping (the cake) settles. The stock pot should be scraped clean and re-chilled for future use. The residue can be reprocessed for more dripping and strained through a cheesecloth lined sieve as an ingredient for a beef stock. Dripping can be clarified by adding a sliced raw potato and cooking until potato turns brown. The cake will be the colour and texture of ghee.

Pork or beef dripping can be served cold, spread on bread and sprinkled with salt and pepper (bread and dripping). If the flavourful brown sediment and stock from the roast has settled to the bottom of the dripping and coloured it brown, then in parts of Yorkshire it is known colloquially as a "mucky fat sarnie”.

Pastry
Dripping can be used to make pastry, for pasties and other foods.

title: Dripping


text:
Talk:Hawaiian Independence Movement

The three paragraphs added by Loffer seem like a personal POV. I'm considering moving them here to this discussion page pending a more NPOV rewrite that can actually cite/link to sources in international law. Alternatively, perhaps one could simply refer the reader to the Hawaiian sovereignty article, which already has a lot of links to pro and con sources that include detailed discussion of the legal debate on independence. --IslandGyrl 11:07, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like Scottmaui beat me to it by removing the three paragraphs entirely.
 * Also, under Pro & Con, I‘ve changed "Historian Miland Brown" to "A blogger writing under the pseudonym of ‘Miland Brown‘". This is because the linked-to page, in Blogspot, does not identify its author except for a note that: "Miland Brown is a pseudonym for an academic who works in North America. If you wish to contact me, post a comment on a blog entry." --IslandGyrl 01:10, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Neutrality and quality problems
The evolution of this article is taking a problematic direction. First, it is not fully clear why a separate article was created in the present sketchy and incomplete form. Every fact that could be mentioned here could also properly belong in the Hawaiian sovereignty or the history section of the Hawaii article. The article is a subset of the historical facts about Hawaii. How is one to decide which facts to put in the subset and how to organize them?

The article might be justified if it would be reorganized to catalog more clearly and succinctly the arguments made by those who favor Hawaiian independence and those opposing it. However, even the historical basis of this topic has become part of an emergent political controversy that is unfolding even as we wiki. Thus a high-quality analysis might very well run afoul of the Wikipedia rule against "original research". In any case it is very difficult to handle the topic in a neutral, encyclopedic way.

In its present form the article does not clearly lay out and identify pro and con arguments. It is in danger of turning into an edit battle between contributors who support Hawaiian independence and those who oppose it. "Pro" user A mentions fact(oid) X while omitting fact(oid) Y. "Anti" user B inserts fact(oid) Y but neglects to mention fact(oid) Z. "Pro" user inserts fact(oid) Z etc.

Recent edits demonstrate the problem. By adding the reference to (Y) the case of Texas, an anonymous contributor presumably was seeking to balance the pro-independence argument that (X) the annexation is void due to the lack of a treaty as prescribed by the U.S. constitution. But someone might then argue that (Z) although the people of Texas were for annexation and Texas was admitted immediately as a state, the people of Hawaii were overwhelmingly opposed to annexation and Hawaii was given only the inferior status of a territory. That is (goes the argument), Texans were exercising their basic human right of self-determination, but Hawaiians were in fact being deprived of theirs; so the Texas case is not relevant, is it? Without getting into details, basically, some would argue yes, some no. So referring to the Texas case as if its relevance were an accepted fact just compounds the difficulty by adding more POV.

If president Grover Cleveland is to be mentioned, then one should probably mention the reason his administration opposed annexation: namely, that the Blount report to Congress determined that the planters' "republican government" was totally unrepresentative and had no legitimacy among the people. The American president, or so I have read, further recommended that the U.S. reinstate Queen Liliuokalani, by force if need be. If that is true, then that would be very relevant to understanding the phenomenon of support for Hawaiian independence. But then anti-independence contributors would want to insert material supporting the planters' POV, and so on.

The topic of Hawaiian independence merits serious treatment. As the history of Oscar Temaru and the Tahitian independence movement shows, it would be wrong and short-sighted to just say "won't happen" and dismiss the topic out of hand. Due to patriotic sentiments, Wikipedia's U.S. readership may have a strong vested interest in seeing an anti-Hawaiian-independence POV here. That presents an underlying dilemma, as with all Wikipedia topics where all existing historical accounts are highly politicized and even today draw a strong emotional response.

--IslandGyrl 11:38, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Unfortunately, the Hawaiian sovereignty article is not neutral. It treats dissenting views as being either apologetic or a backlash. It is not balanced and it does not fairly address the views of a large number of people who are not apologizing and are not in backlash mode about what they feel is the fair and free status of Hawaii today. Any attempts to edit the Hawaiian sovereignty article will almost certainly result in an edit war. As such, this article is best left in place to present a more balanced approach to this topic.

Presenting facts such as how Texas was acquired by the USA does not unbalance this article. Presenting factual information helps to balance an article which is clearly unbalanced and is currently biased towards a pro-Hawaiian independence view.

"As the history of Oscar Temaru and the Tahitian independence movement shows, it would be wrong and short-sighted to just say "won't happen" and dismiss the topic out of hand."

Hawaii and Tahiti are very different cases. Hawaii is an intergral part of the USA just as is Texas, New York, and other states and this has been repeatedly recognized by international law. Removing Hawaii from the Union would have major consequences to American consitutional law. This article would get lots of attention quickly if this issue ever became one that was seriously debated in the USA and would see major editing.

Further, Hawaiians do not favor independence like the Tahitians have in the past. If Hawaiian Independence appeared on the ballot in Hawaii, it would almost certainly lose by a large percentage. The fact that you try to compare apples and oranges here shows you a NPOV axe to grind on this topic.

"But then anti-independence contributors would want to insert material supporting the planters' POV, and so on."

And why shouldn't Wikipedia do this? The Blount Report is balanced by the Stevens Report issued by the US Senate which supported the Hawaiian revolutionaries. Adding this to the article would balance the article further and make it less POV.

As for the link to the Miland Brown article, I see no reference to a pseudnoymn. If it is, who cares? Just about everyone edits at Wikipedia under a fake name. Is IslandGyrl your real name? How does the authorship of a blog with solid historical analysis make any difference? If you don't like the points, refute them in the article. For example, why should the overwhelming vote of Hawaiians in 1959 by ignored by the world? Why did the UN certify this vote if it was wrong? It would help to make this a better article as both sides weigh in and make this more substantive. 172.140.3.96

The blogger in question seems to have changed his page to remove the "pseudonym" reference. Do a Google search for "Miland Brown" and "pseudonym" and then click on the "Cached" link to retrieve [this copy] from Google's cache. The cached copy will go away at some point of course, so anyone interested is encouraged to verify this quickly. I am reinstating my edit to the link. Thanks to 172.140.3.96 for correcting my misspelling though.

The point is, as an encyclopedia, I feel WP shouldn't say "Historian Xxx Yyy" unless it is a verifiable fact that the person truly is a historian and that Xxx Yyy is his or her real name. And if we editors think we know (because the author originally stated such) that the name is a pseudonym, we should disclose that to the reader upfront.

Whether IslandGyrl is my real name is neither here nor there. I think there's an obvious difference between WP editors like us being anon-/pseudonymous and a source being cited as an authority being anon-/pseudonymous. WP policy is that "WP is not a soapbox" for propaganda or advocacy...whether its your axe or mine :-) . If there were no quality standards on links, it'd be too easy to circumvent this by posting "soapbox" material elsewhere on the Web and then having WP articles link to it.

--IslandGyrl 21:57, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Neutrality
I notice this article has had a neutrality dispute note on it for some time. Unless someone has objections, I am going to remove it. If there are objectins to this, please offer reasons (and language for the article) which could end this npov dispute. I will wait a few days before removing the tag.LarryQ 03:45, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I have an objection. The last couple of paragraphs raise an argument in the editorial voice against the ideas of the Hawaiian Independence Movement.  Definitely POV. --Kenji Yamada 09:31, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Would this work as a replacement:

The legal idea of Hawaiian independence is based on the premise that since the Hawaiian revolution of 1893 was illegal under previous Hawaiian law, all subsequent events were illegal. Critics assert that in international law the legality of a government is not based on the laws of the deposed government, but on international recognition. (See: Legal status of Hawaii)

Every nation with diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Hawaii (including the USA and the United Kingdom) recognized the Provisional Government which took power in 1893, the subsequent Republic of Hawaii declared in 1894, and the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. Since 1898, every nation in the world has recognized Hawaii as a part of the United States.

 * --JereKrischel 18:41, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think this would work. Would substituting this text be sufficient for removing the neutrality tag?  If not, please suggest other language. LarryQ 02:21, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. LarryQ 04:21, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * This article should be deleted Jpetersen46321 15:32, 26 June 2006 (CDT)

 * Why? If you think so, nominate it for deletion at the votes for deletion page.  LarryQ 00:41, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Akahi Nui
Is there any relation between the HIM and the monarchist Akahi Nui? - Keith D. Tyler ¶ (AMA) 19:11, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hawaiian Independence Movement


text:
Eskişehir

Eskişehir (, ; from eski 'old' and şehir 'city') is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province. The urban population of the city is 898,369 with a metropolitan population of 797,708. The city is located on the banks of the Porsuk River, 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby hills one can find hot springs. The city is 233 km to the west of Ankara, 330 km to the southeast of Istanbul and 78 km to the northeast of Kütahya. It is located in the vicinity of the ancient city of Dorylaeum. Known as a university town; Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and Anadolu University are based in Eskişehir. The province covers an area of 2678 km2.

Etymology
The name Eskişehir can be literally translated as 'Old City' in Turkish. The name has been documented in Ottoman records since the late 15th century.

History

The city was founded by the Phrygians in at least 1000 BC, although it has been estimated to be older than 4000 years old. The current city lies about a mile from the ancient Phrygian city of Dorylaeum. Many Phrygian artifacts and sculptures can still be found in the city's archeological museum. There is also a museum of meerschaum stone, whose production remains still notable, used to make high quality meerschaum pipes. In the fourth century AD the city moved about ten km northeast, from Karacahisar to Şehirhöyük. The region was originally inhabited by Hittites.

Many ancient geographers described the city as one of the most beautiful in Anatolia.

As with many towns in Anatolia, Christianity arrived after Constantine the Great legalized the religion in the Roman Empire. Beginning in the 4th century, records exist of bishops holding office in Eskişehir. The city was known as Dorylaeum (Δορύλαιον) in Greek in that period. One of these bishops, Eusebius, was heavily involved in shaping the evolving dogma of the church.

It was called Sultanönü during the Seljuk period. In 1097 it was the site of a battle of the First Crusade in which the Crusaders defeated the Seljuk Turkish sultan Kilij Arslan I; the town later fell to the Turks in 1176, or the 13th century. From 1867 until 1922, Eskişehir was part of Hüdavendigâr vilayet. In 1921, it was captured by the invading Greek Army.Eskisehir holds the title of Cultural Capital of the Turkish World and UNESCO Capital of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2013.

Geography
The city of Eskişehir is sited on the banks of Porsuk River, which flows into the Sakarya River. Porsuk Dam, located near the Eskişehir-Kütahya border controls the flow of the water in the river.

Climate
Eskişehir has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk) under the Köppen climate classification, and a temperate continental climate (Dc) under the Trewartha climate classification. The city features cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. Due to Eskişehir's high altitude and its dry summers, nightly temperatures in the summer months are cool. Precipitation levels are low, but precipitation can be observed throughout the year.

Economy
Traditionally dependent on flour milling and brickyards, the city expanded with the building of railway workshops in 1894 for work on the Berlin–Baghdad railway.

As of 1920, Eskişehir was one of the major locations for meerschaum mining. At that time, most of the mining sites were owned by the state.

Devrim, the first Turkish automobile, was produced in 1961 at the TÜLOMSAŞ factory in Eskişehir. Devrim never put into mass production and stayed a concept study and can be viewed in TÜLOMSAŞ factory Eskişehir. In addition to production, first Turkish steam powered locomotive called Karakurt was produced at the TÜLOMSAŞ in 1961. Eskişehir was also the site of Turkey's first aviation industry (Aeronautical Supply Maintenance Centre) and its air base was the command center of Turkey's first Tactical Air Force headquarters on NATO's southern flank during the Cold War.

Eskişehir produces trucks, home appliances, railway locomotives, fighter aircraft engines, agricultural equipment, textiles, brick, cement, chemicals, processed meerschaum and refined sugar. , one of Turkey's largest food brands (mostly producing biscuit, chocolate and candy varieties) is based in Eskişehir. Arçelik, a major Turkish home appliances and consumer electronics manufacturer, has one of its production plants in Eskişehir. Eskişehir was the first stage of High-speed rail in Turkey from Ankara. This service improved the travel and commerce between Eskişehir and Ankara, thanks to reduced journey time. GKN, a major global automotive supplier for passenger and commercial car powertrain systems has a plant in Eskişehir.

The city is served by the Hasan Polatkan Airport.

Education
There are three universities in Eskişehir. These are the Anadolu University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and the Eskişehir Technical University which is the first university in the world that gained the privilege of managing airports. Anadolu University, in addition to its on-campus studies, started open university courses through TV broadcasts in the 1980s. Allowing access to tertiary education for thousands of students who otherwise would not have been able to benefit from any.

Culture
The city has a significant population of Turkic Crimean Tatars. It also attracted ethnic Turks emigrating from Balkan countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, Bosnia, North Macedonia and the Sandžak region of Serbia, who contributed to the development of the city's metalworking industries. Eskişehir also hosted the inaugural Turkvision Song Contest in 2013, which aims to highlight music and artists from various Turkic-speaking regions. The city is also home to the Dünya Müzeleri Müzesi or Museum of World Museums.

Other museums in the city are Eti Archaeology Museum, Aviation Museum, Meerschaum Museum, Museum of Independence, Museum of Modern Glass Art, Tayfun Talipoğlu Typewriter Museum, Yılmaz Büyükerşen Wax Museum and the Odunpazarı Modern Museum.

Attractions
Most of modern-day Eskişehir was rebuilt after the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923), but a number of historic buildings remain, such as the Kurşunlu Mosque. The archaeological site of the ancient Phrygian city of Dorylaeum is close to Eskişehir. The city is noted for its natural hot sulphur springs.

Sports
Association football club Eskişehirspor, founded in 1965, plays in the TFF Second League after being relegated during the 2021-22 TFF First League. It plays its home games in the New Eskişehir Stadium.

Notable natives

 * Eusebius of Dorylaeum – 5th century bishop
 * Battal Gazi – 8th century Muslim saint buried in Seyitgazi
 * Yunus Emre – 13th century Turkish folk poet
 * Sheik Edebali – 13th century religious leader, spiritual founder of the Ottoman Empire
 * Behiç Erkin - Turkish Schindler, first director (1920–1926) of the Turkish State Railways, Minister of Public Works (1926–1928), Turkish Ambassador (Budapest 1928–1939, Paris and Vichy 1939-1943)
 * Yakup Satar - last Turkish veteran of the First World War
 * Fahrettin Kerim Gökay - Professor, former Mayor of Istanbul (1949–1957), former Turkish Ambassador (Bern), former Minister of State
 * Yılmaz Büyükerşen - Professor, Reporter, Columnist, Caricaturist, Editor, former Rector of Anadolu University, former member of RTYK, Professional Wax Sculptor
 * Cüneyt Arkın - Actor, Director, Producer, Martial Artist, Doctor in Medicine
 * Nuri Alço - Actor, Director, Producer
 * Eqrem Çabej - Linguist and scholar
 * Melis Birkan - Actress
 * Zeki Sezer - former Leader of the Democratic Left Party DSP, Chemical Engineer, Minister of State (57th government)
 * Hasan Polatkan - Politician
 * Mehmet Terzi - Long-Distance Runner
 * Gamze Bulut - Mid-Distance Runner
 * Zeki Önder Özen - Football Manager
 * Ömer Çatkıç - Football Goalkeeper
 * Neslihan Demir Darnel - Volleyball Player
 * İpek Şenoğlu - Tennis Player
 * Ersan İlyasova - Basketball Player
 * Kerem Gönlüm - Basketball Player
 * Ceyhun Yıldızoğlu - Basketball Coach
 * Asya (singer) - Pop Singer, Song-Writer
 * Tuna Kiremitçi - Author, Poet, Columnist, Composer
 * Enis Batur - Author, Lecturer
 * Alper Erturk - Professor at Georgia Institute of Technology
 * Gürer Aykal - Conductor, Adjunct Professor at Bilkent University
 * Banu Avar - Writer and journalist
 * Mete Erpek (Joker) - Rapper
 * Meryem Boz - Volleyball Player
 * Sertan Saltan - Artist and winner of 2011 BP Young Artist Award

International relations
Eskişehir is twinned with:

 * 🇰🇿 Shymkent, Kazakhstan
 * 🇨🇳 Changzhou, China
 * 🇩🇪 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
 * 🇷🇺 Kazan, Russia
 * Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus
 * 🇦🇹 Linz, Austria
 * 🇰🇷 Paju, South Korea
 * 🇧🇪 Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Belgium

title: Eskişehir


text:
Amos Walker

Amos Walker is a fictional private detective in a series of more than thirty novels and short stories written over the course of five decades by Loren D. Estleman. Publishers Weekly has called author Estleman "arguably the finest [living] practitioner of hard-boiled private eye fiction with his Amos Walker novels," and the series has won multiple Shamus Awards from the Private-Eye Writers of America (PWA), including a Lifetime Achievement Award for the author.

Walker works in Detroit and lives on the Detroit-Hamtramck border. A Vietnam veteran who boxed in college and served as a military policeman, he is sharp and streetwise. Like all good private investigators, Amos has an independent and pugnacious streak: While still in the police academy, he was fired from the Detroit Police for punching out a creepy but connected fellow cadet in the shower. On his first appearance, in Motor City Blue (set around 1980), Amos is in his thirties, and he ages over the course of subsequent novels.

Amos Walker is a traditionalist. As one reviewer noted:

"Like Estleman, who pecks out his books on a 1967 Olympia manual typewriter, Walker is wa-a-ay low-tech. At one point, the middle-aged P.I. turns on his cell phone and draws its antenna out with his teeth. (When was the last time you saw a cell phone with a retractable antenna?!)"

The Thrilling Detective website stated:

"Walker is definitely a throwback to another time, an unapologetically old-fashioned, defiantly politically-incorrect gumshoe — but it could certainly be argued that that’s part of his charm. It often seems he has no use for anything since WWII. That includes feminists, liberals, gun control, gun nuts, civil rights, politicians, foreign cars, modern cars, cellphones, television, non-smokers, etc., etc., etc. But he’s an equal opportunity crank — he spits on both sides of the glass. He’s a hard-drinking, chain-smoking tough guy who “dresses like the late show” and is twice as tough as he talks, which is plenty tough. He can also be an incredible pain in the ass — just ask the authorities. He’s always bitching, snapping out wisecracks worthy of Chandler about something, be it women or pollution or seatbelts or whatever. This guy’s not so much a cynic sometimes as an uncompromising crank — the Oscar the Grouch of private eyes."

title: Amos Walker


text:
User:IslandGyrl

Howdy and welcome to IslandGyrl's user page.

Some articles added by IslandGyrl
Bethany School (Glendale, Ohio) Bryant Bowles Corky Trinidad Equity Funding Ernest Dichter Gary Hallgren Geerat J. Vermeij Gluyas Williams GS8 Braille Javits-Wagner-O'Day Act (JWOD) JEVS Human Services (JEVS) Kinderen voor Kinderen Nguyen Charlie Paier College of Art Svanholm The Reporter (magazine) William H. Lash Women's Wear Daily

title: User:IslandGyrl


text:
Riverside Ground

The Riverside Ground, known for sponsorship reasons as the Seat Unique Riverside, is a cricket venue in Chester-le-Street, County Durham, England. It is home to Durham County Cricket Club, and has also hosted several international matches.

History
Durham's acceptance into first-class cricket in 1991 was made conditional on the building of a new Test match-standard cricket ground. Work began on the new ground at the Riverside in a location overlooked by Lumley Castle in 1990, with development continuing in phases. Work on the outfield and playing surface began in 1993. In its first three seasons in the County Championship, the Club played in a variety of locations around the county, but the Riverside ground was pronounced ready for cricket in time for the 1995 season, even though many of the buildings were still temporary or unfinished. The ground hosted its first game, Durham vs. Warwickshire, on 18 May 1995.

Other facilities at the ground continued being built over subsequent years, and the club's Don Robson Pavilion was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1996. The full ground capacity, including permanent and temporary seating, is 17,000.

In September 2008 plans were announced concerning further developments to the ground. These included installing permanent floodlights, and extending the County Durham stand so that permanent seating surrounds the entire ground, raising the ground capacity to around 20,000. A new entrance building was also planned to house the box office and club shop, as well as offices for club officials, a new perimeter road and a hotel. These developments were seen as a necessity, as the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) have specified that they must take place in order for the ground to secure its status as a venue for the 2019 Cricket World Cup.

In April 2015, planning permission was granted to erect six permanent 55-metre floodlights around the ground. Within weeks, the lights were in action as Durham Jets hosted the Yorkshire Vikings in a T20 Blast match.

On 16 September 2017, during the Riverside Ground's hosting of England's Twenty20 International match against the West Indies, a stand in the North-East Terrace partially collapsed. Three spectators were injured, and part of the stand was evacuated.

Irish pop vocal band Westlife were due to perform at the stadium on 18 July 2020 for their "Stadiums in the Summer Tour" but the concert was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

International matches
The development of the Riverside into a significant cricketing venue was underscored in 1999, when it hosted two World Cup matches involving Pakistan, Scotland, Australia and Bangladesh, and then in 2000 when it staged two One-Day International matches in a triangular series between England, Zimbabwe and the West Indies. In 2001 a One-Day International between Australia and Pakistan was abandoned without a ball bowled due to rain.

2003 saw the Riverside Ground raised to Test match status; it has hosted six England Test matches: against Zimbabwe in 2003, Bangladesh in 2005, West Indies in 2007 and 2009, Australia in 2013 and Sri Lanka in 2016. The fourth day of the West Indies Test, 18 June 2007, saw Paul Collingwood hitting a century on his home pitch for England against the West Indies, and so becoming the first local Durham player to hit a Test century at the Riverside.

It was announced in July 2009 that the ground would host the fourth Ashes Test match of the 2013 Ashes series, the culmination of Durham's growth as a First Class County since 1992 coming after Durham missed out to Cardiff in its bid to host an Ashes test in 2009. Hosting an Ashes Test match was predicted to generate £20 million for the local economy.

The first scheduled Twenty20 International at the ground, against South Africa in 2008, was abandoned due to heavy rain. In 2012 South Africa returned for the Riverside Ground's second Twenty20 match, defeating England by 7 wickets, in a match held alongside a women's T20I against the West Indies. A second T20I double header was hosted in August 2013, where England defeated Australia in both men's and women's matches. The women's match formed the final encounter of the 2013 women's Ashes series. Further Twenty20 matches were held against West Indies in 2017 and New Zealand in 2023.

ODI matches held included against India in 2002, New Zealand in 2004, Pakistan in 2010, Australia and South Africa in 2013. Further international matches held at the Riverside Ground included two ODI matches, against Sri Lanka in 2014 and New Zealand in 2015, and a Test match against Sri Lanka held in 2016.

As part of the conditions of a package of financial support announced in October 2016, the ECB imposed a number of sanctions on Durham County Cricket Club, including removal of the club's eligibility to bid to stage Test cricket at the Riverside Ground. The club will still be eligible to bid to host one-day and Twenty20 international matches, with a Twenty20 international against the West Indies scheduled to be held in 2017. It hosted three matches at the 2019 Cricket World Cup. Riverside Ground is the northernmost cricket ground in the world which has hosted a test match. Additional England ODI matches include against Australia in 2018, Sri Lanka in 2021, South Africa in 2022 and scheduled versus Australia in 2024.

Sponsorship
On 4 June 2010 it was announced that the stadium would be renamed the 'Emirates Durham International Cricket Ground' for sponsorship reasons. In February 2016 it was again renamed, this time to 'Emirates Riverside', following the extension of Emirates' contract with the county until 2022. The ground reverted back to The Riverside Cricket Ground at the end of 2021 season due to the impact of Covid 19 on the airline.

title: Riverside Ground


text:
John R. Hodge

General John Reed Hodge (June 12, 1893 – November 12, 1963) was a highly decorated senior officer of the United States Army. His final assignment before retiring was as chief of Army Field Forces from 1952 to 1953.

Early life and career
Born in Golconda, Illinois, Hodge attended Southern Illinois Teachers College and the University of Illinois. After completing an officer indoctrination program at the U.S. Army Officer Candidate School at Fort Sheridan, he received a direct commission in the Army as an infantry second lieutenant in 1917. He served in World War I in France and Luxembourg.

Remaining in the Army following the end of the war, he taught military science at Mississippi State University from 1921 to 1925 and graduated from the Infantry School in 1926. After a posting to Hawaii, he graduated from the Command and General Staff School, from where he graduated in 1934, the Army War College, and the Air Corps Tactical School.

World War II
At the beginning of World War II, Hodge served as chief of staff of the VII Corps under the command of Major General Robert C. Richardson Jr., located in California as a part of the Western Defense Command. He was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier general in June 1942 and transferred to the 25th Infantry Division in Hawaii, where he was appointed assistant division commander and deputy of Major General J. Lawton Collins.

The 25th Division was sent overseas to Guadalcanal in November 1942. Hodge stayed with 25th Division until April 1943, when he was promoted to the rank of major general and transferred to the temporary command of the 43rd Infantry Division, where he relieved Major General John H. Hester, who was exhausted from combat. Hodge commanded the 43rd Division during the combats in Northern Solomons and was decorated with the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his service.

After three months of service with the 43rd Division, Hodge was given command of the "Americal" Infantry Division on the Fiji Islands. He subsequently commanded the division during the Bougainville campaign.

Hodge was appointed commanding officer of the newly activated XXIV Corps in Hawaii and participated in the Battle of Leyte within Philippines Campaign and later in Battle of Okinawa. He received the Army Distinguished Service Medals for each of these campaigns. Hodge was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant general in June 1945.

Later career

From 1945 to 1948, Hodge was the commanding general of United States Army Forces in Korea (USAFIK). He took his corps to Korea under orders of Douglas MacArthur, landing at Incheon on 9 September 1945. He was the commanding officer receiving the surrender of all Japanese forces in Korea south of the 38th parallel. Hodge refused to recognize the People's Republic of Korea and its People's Committees, and outlawed it on 12 December 1945.

Hodge then returned to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to command V US Corps from 1948 to 1950. After the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, he was named the commanding general of the US Third Army, based in the United States of America, and not in Korea.

Hodge was promoted to general on 5 July 1952. His final assignment was as Chief of Army Field Forces from 8 May 1952 until he retired from military service on June 30, 1953.

General Hodge died in Washington, D.C., in 1963, at the age of 70.

title: John R. Hodge