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Talk:Islamophobia/Archive 5

Draft
I have created a draft version of this document so that we can all work on it to get an agreed version before the page protection expires so as to avoid edit wars. In particular, we should focus on the following issues: Axon

Introduction
The introduction is obviously the most contentious issue: what belongs here and what doesn't? Axon 10:12, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Agreed. The edit war concentrates on the introduction. I suggest to stick to the dictionary definition of 'islamophobia', which is clear and NPOV and move all POV content, such as the definitions of people like Said and the leftist Runnymede Trust to sections 'proponents' and 'critics'.

Islamophobia encompasses the belief that [1] Islam promotes religious fanaticism, [2]violent tendencies towards non-Muslims, [3] terrorism and rejects concepts such as [4]equality, [5]tolerance, [6]democracy and [7]human rights. POV. 1. Empty word. What is religious fanatism? Every religion promotes adherence to the doctrines of the faith. 2. Islamic sources, e.g. Quran e.g. Surah At-Taubah, Hadith of Bukhari, Muslim etc contain orders to subjugate and kill non-Muslims. All scholars agree on this, there is only difference in POV on its scope. 3. Define terrorism. When terrorism is defined like 'violent actions towards non-combatants in order to strike fear in them in order to achieve political goals', jihad practice as described in the Qur'an and Sunnah fits the bill. 4. The Quran, Sunnah and, therefore, Shari'ah discriminates between men and women, Muslim and non-Muslim, idolator vs. "People of the Book". 5. Define tolerance. According to two madhdhabs, only people of the book can live as subjugated, 'protected', dhimmi's and continue practicing their religion under Muslim rule. According to the Shafi, polytheists as well can live as dhimmi's, while the austere Hanbali school doesn't recognize dhimmi's. 6. The Qur'an contains an injunction to rule by Allah's laws only, not by human law, otherwise, 'you will be among the losers'. 7. Islamic human rights are different from the UN Declaration of Human Rights. Exactly because of that reason, islamic countries have come with their own "Cairo Declaration".

It is seen as a new form of racial prejudice... With all due respect, this is weasel wording. Seen by whom? Many people see islamophobia as a consequence of violence by Muslims.

--Germen 1 July 2005 12:45 (UTC)

 * I see you are back, Germen. I hope we can all work together construcively and avoid some of the more unpleasant tactics we've seen here.
 * I hope this as well. Because I don't want to mobilize a group of supporters, I was forced to violate the 3RR rule in the past. --Germen 1 July 2005 16:40 (UTC)
 * You were forced to do no such thing: no-one held a gun to your head and made you revert the changes. If you wish to avoid the above impasse I ask you contribute to the discussion here constructively without recourse to calling out the muslims in the discussion and other such tactics. Axon 4 July 2005 10:36 (UTC)
 * A group of people tries to push their POV by misusing their number to revert again and again. In order to keep opinions balanced I was forced to revert more often than three times within 24 hours.
 * I think identifying the members of one group as Muslim is relevant to the discussion, because their POV is pro-Muslim and therefore biased. Muslims believe they get a kind of spiritual air miles, 'hasanat', to defend and whitewash their faith. --Germen 5 July 2005 11:31 (UTC)
 * Yet, you were warned about the 3RR. This is how Wikipedia works and, if you don't like it, I ask you either refrain from reverting or you move to another forum.

I think identifying Muslims is prejudiced and the essence of Islamophobia. On Wikipedia we are all equal and entitled to a fair say in the content of articles. Ones own biases and prejudices, including your own, are irrelevant to the discussion and are a show of bad faith. Axon 5 July 2005 11:42 (UTC)
 * This means next time, the group with the biggest number of supporters or generate sufficienty aliases to win the reversion war.

If you think that will improve the quality of Wikipedia, OK, go ahead. I was honest till now, because I believed in good faith.
 * Perhaps, but the 3RR is not there to ensure the POV with most numbers gains precedence, but to cap edit wars. You can always come back the next day and revert the edits. Once again, if you dislike the rules of Wikipedia that is fine but this is not the forum to do so. What is more, this is not a scientific discussion, no the House of Reprensentatives, nor Yale: this is an encyclopaedia that anyone can edit with its own special rules to deal with that. There are no excuses for violating the 3RR and an admin will block you if you breach it again, possibly resulting in further consequences. Axon 5 July 2005 17:49 (UTC)
 * I note you still maintain the defintion of islamophobia as it is defined by the Runnymede Trust et al is "disputed" but have yet to provide any alternative defintions with citations. This would be most helpful, otherwise we have no reason to believe the defintion is contested.
 * I think we already have an agreement: islamophobia = [negative] prejudice against islam and/or Muslims. This is an alternative, uncontested and clear definition of islamophobia.

In order to find out whether a certain negative POV about islam or Muslims is a prejudice, we must find out which is the objective truth. I will open a section in Talk especially about the Runnymede Trust definition where we will examine the claims. Agreed? --Germen 1 July 2005 16:40 (UTC)

 * No, because you have yet to demostrate the definition as provided by the Runnymede Trust is actually disputed by a non-significant minority at the very least (your own disagreement is not evidence of such). What is more, discovering the "objective truth" about Muslims is not what this article is about. If you wish to write about Muslims I ask you contribute to the Islam article. The "objective truth" about Muslims (such that it can exist over such a controversial subject) is irrelevant to writing an encyclopaedia article... we are not out to prove whether Islamophobia is justified or not (see WP:NOR). We are here to summarise existing knowledge in an encyclopaedic way. Axon 4 July 2005 10:36 (UTC)
 * Argumentum ad populum. I gave you the concise definition of islamophobia in reputed online dictionaries. The Runnymede Trust Definition violates this definition and is internally inconsistent as I proved.
 * The Runnymede Trust is a partisan, leftist organisation with the stated goal to promote a so-called "multicultural society".
 * So this means both the source and the quality of the definition is disputed. QED.--Germen 5 July 2005 11:25 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but your line of reasoning above does not follow. Simply because some consider the Runnymede Trust to be biased it does not naturally follow (QED) that the definition they provide is similarly disputed. What is more, the two defintions do not seem inconsistent to me.
 * Again, this is just your POV and you need to demonstrate it is more than just a no-significant minority view (i.e. not just your own) to satisfy the basic rules of inclusion for Wikipedia - that is, a primary or secondary source offering an alternative defintion or dissenting or criticising the Runnymede definition. Your own "logic" is irrelevant to the discussion. I'm certainly not going to discuss the inconsitency or lack thereof the Runnymede Definition (I shall refer to this as the RD from now on) since that would be original research and this is not the forum for that.
 * Side note: could you also indent all your comments, including subsequent paragraphs and not just the first. This helps with clarity and figuring out who said wait. Cheers :) Axon 5 July 2005 12:44 (UTC)

 * I would also like to point out that a lot of your points above are spurious. We have to accept some common ground (i.e. the definition of religious fanatacism) otherwise there would seem to be little discussion/ Again, you are really just re-stating your opinion as uncontested fact ("Islamic human rights are different", etc) without considering that we are attempting to discuss the definition of islamophobia, not whether that definition applies. Axon 1 July 2005 16:26 (UTC)
 * OK, we will concentrate on the definition of islamophobia first. We both agree to the dictionary definition of islamophobia: any [negative] prejudice about Islam or Muslims. --Germen 1 July 2005 16:40 (UTC)

--Germen 5 July 2005 17:35 (UTC)

With all due respect, the christophobia entry allows for the POV of Christian haters which practically defines the term and does say that christophobia is brought on by the past violence of "Christians". This article should probably do the same. I didn't think that encyclopedias were supposed to be p.c. and subject to 'popular' thought.

 * The RMT definition is overly broad. It's entriely possible for non prejudiced people to beleive that:

 * 1) Islam promotes religious fanaticism
 * Taliban existed in one country.

 * 1) violent tendencies towards non-Muslims
 * These were strictly military expeditions.

and rejects concepts such as
 * 1) terrorism
 * 1) equality
 * This hasn't been practiced in centuries and it was tolerant for its time.

 * 1) tolerance
 * This hasn't either and it was very tolerant for its time.

 * 1) democracy
 * This is an islamic empire.

 * 1) human rights
 * Only a few countries practice this.

because quite simply because Orthodox Islam as promoted and practiced by most muslims fulfills every quality of the RMT definition of Islamophobia. Far better to define Islamophobia as a hatred of or prejudice against muslims. That is the plain meaning of the word, and the rest is commentary. Klonimus 05:05, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * What occurs on the "Christanophobia" article is irrelevant to the discussion here: it is best you discuss problems with that page at the appropriate talk page. I'm surprised that such a page even exists given that it is patently a neologism created purely in reaction to islamophobia and homophobia.

 * Encylopaedias are not supposed to be "subject to 'popular' thought" but are supposed to summarise existing knowledge, not generate new knowledge. Please familiarise yourself with WP:NOR and the extensive discussion above and below on this very topic.

 * Finally, Do you have any actual evidence to back up the claim that the RD is "overly broad", other than spurious links to other Wikipedia articles? Axon 11:50, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Islamophobia and the Crusades
Germen removed a section in the original version on the crusades and how it relates to islamophobia. I think this should be added back to the article, but with citation. I propose a call for comments and references on this topic. Axon 10:12, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Crusades were wars. Christian pilgrims were attacked and they tried to defend themselves. Do you want to say that since Christians did not surrender lamely and tried to fight back, therefore they are prejudiced against Islam? I, for one, won't be surprised. 70.105.188.134 23:57, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Really, what source are you using? Your recent contributions indicate a highly anti-Islamic "source".--Anonymous editor 00:03, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * All contributions you've made till date to Wikipedia are biased and highly pro-Islamic (Islamophillic). But that's not the point. Read any trusted source on crusades. The wikipedia article would be a good starting point.

 * I look forward to finding these so-called "trusted" sources, perhaps they are other hindu extremist ones like you have used in the past to add biased information to articles. You are saying that Christian pilgrims tried to "defend" themselves and so genocide of civilian population was justified? Ridiculous. The christians were indeed prejudiced against Islam, thats why the Pope's call to war was so successful. The constant calls to war made zealous christians eager to go to the lands and "fight". Everyone knows it was fear of the Muslims in this case, especially Muslim expansion. Any credible source, even Christian ones will tell you that. Anyways I don't know why you are bringing this up when the article is already locked for disputes. Thanks. --Anonymous editor 05:36, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * This article is protected from editing "until disputes have been resolved on the discussion page." I don't know what are you saying about why this should not be brought up. Please read wikipedia policies. Locking does not mean that the locked version is endorsed by wikipedia. It was a good strategy to make the article correspond as closely to your POV as possible, and get it locked immediately. Yes, of course it was fear of Muslim expansion, as you said. But where exactly do you find irrationality or prejudice in that? What else could be have been expected? Christians welcoming Muslim invaders with open arms? As mentioned earlier, the wikipedia article on crusades provides fairly good elementary information about the reasons behind the crusades. Please read it. Additionally, you might want to read the causes of crusades section of the Encylopedia Britannica article on crusades. I dont't think I need to pin point at particular portions of these article. Tell me if I do. It is at best, an undefendable POV that the crusades represented Christian prejudices against Islam, or were a symptom of an irrational fear of Islam. 70.105.188.134 06:40, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Funny, the dispute was not mine. It was between Germen and other users. I just got here a day ago. Please get your facts straight before accusing me of having a "good strategy to get the article locked". Btw, "fear of Muslims" as you wrote = Islamophobia and there was prejudice against Muslims in the Christian world of the crusades, resulting in so many volunteers to the Pope's call to fight them. And the article you cited is not from the Encyclopedia Britannica. Thanks. --Anonymous editor 06:46, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Not at all. Only a few editors like you have claimed "fear of muslims = islamophobia", which has been debated even by the proponents of the term. I would go by the more established definition: "prejudice against Islam and Muslims." I didn't even say "fear of muslims". I said "fear of muslim expansion." What makes you think it was prejudice against Muslims that led Christians defend themselves and try to recover occupied territories including their holy cities? I am not surprised you are following double standards here too: While muslims were justified in invading the Byzantine empire, occupying Spain, destroying the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and persecuting pilgrims, Christians were irrational in even fearing Muslim expansion into their territories. 70.105.188.134 07:02, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Please read more on the crusades as you are clearly misinformed by what they were, or how many there were and why did they occur so many times in prolongated periods. I have no time to sit here and have you accuse me of "Double standards" when I didn't even really add/remove from the article. If you have a personal problem with Muslims, please deal with it rather then making extensive debates on talk pages. Thanks. --Anonymous editor 07:07, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * The article is from the eleventh edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, first published in 1911, and now in public domain. Your quick reply suggests you did not read any of these articles. 70.105.188.134 07:08, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Your lack of knowledge says the same. Anyways, I don't really care to carry this any longer as there is no motive, beside your constant rants, quick false accusations, and lack of knowledge on the subject. I am sure the other editors here who know history will be happy enough to debate with you. Thanks. --Anonymous editor 07:11, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Another very typical behavior. When nothing else works, just say "you know nothing." Seriously, there's not point talking to you.
 * Indeed, Anonymous. This is a common discussion technique among Muslims (like Anonymous editor). They mimick it from the Quran, in which Muhammad stated: "Allah knows what you do not know", after he was confronted with some critical questions of non-Muslims. So they follow qiyaas (Arab for 'analogy'). Too bad it doesn't help to advance science in this way. For that reason, human development in Arab countries is extremely low. --Germen 5 July 2005 11:58 (UTC)

Readers, please read about the causes of crusades and be cautious of the logical fallacy of argumentum ad populum. Articles such as this one are nurtured by sheer numbers of editors and administrators who want to use wikipedia as a platform to promote certain ideologies. 70.105.188.134 07:25, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * If you wish to give yourself some more credibility I ask that you register a user name and log into Wikipedia, familiarising yourself with our poliicies, in particular NPOV. Your comments above and the IP address you are editing (its history includes vandalism of a user's talk page) do not do your argument any favors. Previous experience has taught many of us to be wary of anonymous comments.

 * That aside, though the Arabs were by no means innocent of bloodshed, to characterise the crusades simply as the Christians "defending themselves" against hostile muslims is not accurate either. This is all irrelevant: many have compared the current islamophobic climate with the climate of the crusades and thus the point need be raised in the discussion of this article. How that is done depends much on how constructively you engage in discourse on this talk page. Axon 09:18, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You are right that it is irrelevant. Even if it were true that the Christians were the agressors and entirely responsible for the wars, it does not mean Islamophobia. Nobody would claim that the wars between England and France imply any phobias although the terms Francophobia and Anglophobia do exist. Please cite trustable sources (which do not include quran.ca and khalifah.org)on who are these many people who have compared the "current islamophobic climate" with the climate of the crusades. Also, since this comparision does not amount to saying that crusades were a manifestation of Islamophobia, if you happen to have any authentic sources, I think still the article should contain exactly what you just said: "many have compared the current islamophobic climate with the climate of the crusades" and not something that implies that "the history of Islamophobia goes back to the crusades." I always include my IP (which identifies me uniquely.) Please refrain from changing the topic and resorting to personal slander. 70.105.188.134 17:51, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed, Axon frequently resorts to personal slander. --Germen 5 July 2005 11:48 (UTC)
 * I dispute the accusation of slander: I clearly ask people to confirm if they are the parties responsible and have not made any accusations. In the above case i was quite correct that teh anon IP had been vandalising IP addresses (see evidence below). Axon 5 July 2005 17:35 (UTC)

 * If you read my starting remark you will see I started this discussion with an open call for citations and references on this topic.

 * I'm not making personal slanders... if that IP address marks you uniquely, then you have previously vandalised a user's page here, here and here. As we've seen, unpleasant activity from anon IPs have caused us other problems on this page. Axon 19:33, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Why, then, even in the absence of any references, you are still adamant to keep this highly POV Christianity bashing speculation in the article? 70.105.188.134

 * I'm not adamant about anything, I'm just asking for a call of references for the inclusion of this content. If there are no references to source this material, I agree it should not be in the ariticle. Given time, though, I'm sure some references can be found to back this up.

 * BTW, do you have anything to say about your vandalising of user's pages above? Axon 19:43, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * More slandering of Axon. Talking about hypocrisy.... --Germen 5 July 2005 11:48 (UTC)
 * Once again, there is evidence of the vandlising above and I quite clearly am asking for information about whether the user has or has not vandalised user pages. I see no reason I should not ask. Axon 5 July 2005 17:35 (UTC)

Normally it works this way: You first read about the topic, find a lot of references stating a particular position, and then you decide to include it in the article.

It does not work this way: You first write whatever you would love people to believe, let it stay as long as people don't object, and when people object, just keep it there and wait for an indefinite time wishing some references would spring up. This page is meant to discuss the article on Islamophobia. Please don't bring other issues here. 70.105.188.134 20:12, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've always wanted to ask: does bolding or capitalising your comments ever actually convince anyone of anything? It must do as so many editors (see above) seem to resort to it.

 * I wasn't aware there was a right and wrong way of calling for references for writing articles! Which Wikipedia policy or guideline are you referring to above?

 * That aside, a google test returns 3k+ hits for islamophobia and the Crusades (some of which are mirrors of this article) demonstrating the link has been made before by others before. An article in the New Statesman also seems to make reference to this link as well as the following paper/book: Constructing the Muslim Enemy Edited by Emran Qureshi and Michael A. Sells. Now, that's what I call a constructive contribution to the dialogue. Axon 28 June 2005 13:34 (UTC)

 * On "other issues": I don't see how the subject is seperate to this discussion. All three incidents seem related to editing on Islam-related pages, bear a stricking resemblence to bad-faith remarks made elsewhere on this talk page and do require some explanation to help build the trust and confidence that is the hallmark of cooperative Wikipedia editing.

 * With this in mind, I once again ask you to explain these edits to user pages. Were you responsible for these edits? If so, why did you do it and will you do it again? Can I expect my user page to be vandalised? Axon 28 June 2005 16:11 (UTC)
 * And more unnuendo and slandering.... --Germen 5 July 2005 11:48 (UTC)

 * Once again, Germen, you accusastions of slander are misplaced. I'm clearly asking for confirmation and an explanation and not making an accusation. Given the behaviour of yourself and other anonymous IPs on this page I think this is fully justified. if you did not want to be "slandered" you should not have indulged in your own reprehensible behaviour (violating the 3RR etc) and broken down the trust on this page. Axon 5 July 2005 17:35 (UTC)

 * Interesting, your IP signs one of it's remarks here as deeptrivia. This would mean not only did you vandalise user pages but you also attempted to vote twice on the VfD for Islamophilia, once as 70.105.188.134 and again as Deeptrivia. You also appear to have attempted to similarly vote twice on the Vfd for Persecution of Muslims. Please explain? Are you and Deeptrivia the same person? Axon 28 June 2005 16:21 (UTC)
 * More slander.... --Germen 5 July 2005 11:48 (UTC)
 * Once again, the edit history clearly confirms this and Deeptrivia has yet to deny this. I am not making slander, I am asking for an explanation to the evidence I have found here. Axon 5 July 2005 17:35 (UTC)

Whoa! After Axon's convincing demonstration that many people have linked Islamophobia with the Crusades, no doubt should be left. Following his footsteps, I found out that there are many other things that people have attributed to the crusades. I think the first step towards improving the factual accuracy of Wikipedia would be to mention crusades on all these pages:

 * Rugby 108,000 + hits
 * Television 729,000 + hits
 * Internet 885,000 + hits
 * Cloning 57,700 hits
 * Lesbianism 7,700 hits
 * Photography 182,000 hits
 * Anti-semitism 95,000 hits
 * Communism 170,000 hits
 * Cybercrime 3500+ hits
 * Organic farming 19,000 + hits
 * atom bomb 50,000 + hits

and many more.

This was an eye-opener for me because I did not know the crusades were so important in the history. But the way, the articles you mentioned just says that Islam is mentioned in British textbooks only for its confrontation with the West during Crusades (the word is used only once in the article). Although that doesn't prove anything that you want to prove, the google test by itself is the most convincing proof of anything I've ever seen. 130.203.202.156 29 June 2005 00:31 (UTC)

 * Please register and login: anonymous user's are generally distrusted. To respond to your rather over-elaborated point, I supply other evidence to back up the assertion a comparison between current islamophobia and the Crusades (which you selectively choose to ignore) and not just the Google test to demonstrate the link has been made. Your comments above are in bad faith, and are not really constructive. If you have any actual evidence or citations, please mention them and refrain from silly remarks.

 * I also notice that this IP address has also been vandalising user pages and shares a editing history similarity with other logins/IPs. Please verify, are you the anonymous IP address that has been commenting on this talk page and who may be Deeptrivia. Axon 29 June 2005 01:06 (UTC)

 * Yes, and I object to your hawkish attitude. My point might be witty, but it is not in bad faith. I am concerned about the degrading standard of wikipedia. I was shocked by the pathetic quality of arguments some editors have been presenting in an attempt to justify the inclusion of crusades in this article. I commented on the other accessible source that you pointed out,, which does not prove anything at all. I don't intend to buy an expensive book written by Emran Qureshi et al. which would either be like rest of the sources, just containing the word crusade in some unrelated context, or simply some Mein Kampf kind of book. In any case, Emran Qureshi is not even a historian. deeptrivia 29 June 2005 02:46 (UTC)

My IP is 130.203.202.156 Thank you. deeptrivia 29 June 2005 02:53 (UTC)

PS: This is a University IP which might be shared by others. deeptrivia 29 June 2005 02:59 (UTC)

PPS: By the way, what evidence do you want me to present? Since you are making a claim, you have to present evidence. If someone tells me that Martians were involved in the Trafalgar 'battle', it is not my responsibility to find sources that disprove it, and I am sure none would exist. deeptrivia 29 June 2005 03:08 (UTC)

I removed the reference to the Crusades because they were a consequence rather than a reason for islamophobia. It would be more logically sound to mention the conquest of the vast Christian territories of North Africa and the Middle East and the endless Muslim invasions of Spain and southern Italy as a plausible reason for 'islamophobia'. --Germen 1 July 2005 12:56 (UTC)

 * As we can see from the above evidence I have provided, the comparison between the current climate of Islamophobia and the Crusades has been made before, at least by a signicant minority and in respectable publications like the New Statesmen. For this reason, I hold that this should be noted in the article. Axon 4 July 2005 13:40 (UTC)
 * You have not provided any solid evidence, you repeated islamic and leftist propaganda. The New Statesman is, according to Wikipedia, known as a leftist journal. Please state the logical chain connecting crusades as a cause and islamophobia as a consequence. As long as you cannot prove your bold assertion, this claim does not belong in the introduction. --Germen 5 July 2005 11:41 (UTC)

 * As clearly pointed out by deeptrivia, the Statesman article that you are showing as evidence just says in one line: " at my own school, I came across Islam only in the negative and confrontational context of the Crusades." It doesn't even come close to saying that the crusades were caused due to/in spite of/ were a result of Islamophobia. At the very best, this describes the Islamophobia of the British authors who wrote these textbooks a few decades back. You are yet to show any credible evidence. 141.151.236.224 4 July 2005 17:23 (UTC)
 * Exactly. --Germen 5 July 2005 11:41 (UTC)
 * Please register and login - remarks and comments from anonymous IPs will be treated by suspicion on this page, given the high incidence of hostile anonymous IPs editing on the subject of Islam.

 * No-one is claiming that: what we are examining is the relationship between the Crusades and Islamophobia as highlighted in the article and references above.

 * Some more references:

 * Today Europe relishes in the propaganda against Islam, creating myths and stereotypes and perpetuating them in order to create a climate of Islamophobia. Words like Saracens, barbaric and Infidels where created in the past to negatively and wrongly stereotype Muslims and today they have been replaced by words like Terrorist, Fundamentalist or Extremists we often see in the western media.
 * Private webpage. Not very objective as a source. Further: I agree, we should call Muslim terrorists, fundamentalists and extremists pious Muslims, as they follow the example of their "Prophet"Muhammad (pbuh). --Germen 5 July 2005 11:53 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but I think i've provided more than enough reputable sources to demonstrate the association has been made before. Axon 5 July 2005 17:28 (UTC)
 * We cannot afford the easy, facile prejudices that inform thinking about Islam and have since the middle ages. When I was in Jerusalem, I saw that our tradition of Islamophobia developed, at the time of the crusades, at exactly the same time as our tradition of Jewish anti-Semitism. The two were linked, and in the 20th century we saw where such bigoted thinking could lead. We simply cannot afford to do it again. Axon 4 July 2005 17:29 (UTC)
 * As I requested before: please state the locical connection between crusades as a cause and islamophobia as a consequence. If you cannot do so, acknowledge. --Germen 5 July 2005 11:53 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I'm not sure what you are getting at here. I'm discussing the relationship between islamophobia and The Crusades, a comparison which has clearly been made before. I'm certainly not trying to state that islamophobia was a consequence of the Crusades, logical or otherwise, just that The Crusades was a period of islamophobia as we would define it today. I'm not sure what point you are trying to make, but constructive contributions to the discussion are welcome. Axon 5 July 2005 17:26 (UTC)

 * Axon please summarize all the reputable sources that you said you have mentioned, showing clear comparision between the crusades and Islamophobia, so that it is convenient for us to go through them. I went through the whole conversation again, and couldn't find any. Also, I hope, according to Wikipedia Policy, Mein Kampf cannot be used as a source to justify that Judaism and Communism are the twin evils of the world, and that Aryans are the master race. I mean to say, not all published books are valid sources. The credibility of the author is important. 130.203.202.156 5 July 2005 20:44 (UTC)

 * I almost hate to intrude, but I had always linked the two myself. Of course, since I am not published, no one could use me as a source. Nice to see we've invoked Godwin's Law a second time here, though! Perhaps reference to the far less than credible Protocols of the Elders of Zion would have been more approrpiate? --Habap 5 July 2005 21:06 (UTC)

 * I would ignore the remarks from anon IPs: that one looks like one of Germen's IPs, but it is difficult to be sure although the edits the IP makes mirror his own closely. It could also be Deeptrivia who is known for logging in anonymously. I lose track. I leave it as an exercise for individuals to find my citations above since I can't be bothered to sift through the endless commentary above and below. Axon 5 July 2005 21:47 (UTC)
 * Actually, it's me. I keep forgetting to log in. Now, can you kindly summarize the sources. I failed to find any reputable source. deeptrivia July 5, 2005 23:46 (UTC)

It is a fact that right before the crusades started Muslims invaded Turkey which was Christian (remember Constantine?) at the time, and then the Pope called for the defense of Christian lands. I would say they awoke the sleeping giant. (comment by User:152.163.100.6 )

 * In absence of any sources, I think it is high time to finally decide to remove the alleged causal relationship between crusades and Islamophobia. deeptrivia 02:42, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

I did note reputable several sources above (Guardian, a book on the subject, New Statesmen, etc). The google test demonstrates numerous examples of people contrasting islamophobia with the crusades. Please do not ignore the comments and sources I took time and effort to dig out otherwise you waste my time. Axon 13:43, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Please address the objections raised against these sources in the preceding talk. For example, the New Statesman article "describes the Islamophobia of the British authors who wrote these textbooks a few decades back." (comment by 141.151.236.224 4 July 2005 17:23 (UTC)) deeptrivia 04:48, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

I believe i have addressed the concerns above. Once again, I'm not going to go through all this again (hours of pointless, incompromising talk) just to because you demand it. If there is anything you think I missed or didn't properly respond to I recommend you wade through the discussion above yourself and precis them in a new section below. The above is too incomprehensible to me, mostly thanks to people not properly formatting their comments. Axon 08:50, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Your belief is wrong, you have not provided even a spat of evidence. --Germen 11:56, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Is that why no-one has met my challenge and summarised my references above and their problems with them? Axon 11:54, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Islamophobia/Archive 5


text:
File:Guitar Wolf - Planet Of The Wolves.jpg

Summary
Album cover for Planet of the Wolves by Guitar Wolf

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Writing implement

Untitled
Have the writing instrument(s) entries link to this page.

I have started listing Writing accessories at the bottom of the page - until there are enough to create a separate page (which might include other related items).

Can someone correct the film's name please?

Needs parallel translation to and from the German version. Jackiespeel 18:29, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

The reference is to Aguirre Wrath of God - since removed (using a stencil for name).

Jackiespeel 17:56, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

should Line (art) go to the article Line Art or are these two seperate things? --illumi 05:57, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Article Need to be Expanded
It would be good if the ancient writing instrument section be expanded. There are other writing instruments from other cultures/civilizations not mention. Like Sanskrit, Arabic, Tibetan, ancient Greek etc.

--Bill--

Thursday February 19, 2009

Sources?
I was really doubtful of one of the many claims make on this article that are unsourced. And I cannot find any evidence that Roman's abraded lead onto wood/papyrus to write with. See my History.SE thread. Wisnoskij (talk) 12:55, 25 September 2015 (UTC)

School use of slates
Typically schoolroom slates were *not* used with chalk, except for very young children. Chalk lines would have been far too crude/fat for older children to allow much work to be recorded. "Slate pencils" were used - these were made of soft slate or a slate composite which left a greyish, pencil-thickness line on the (harder) slate which was being written on. Usually such things wouldn't be worth mentioning, but this is about writing implements!176.251.188.26 (talk) 20:08, 3 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Writing implement


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User talk:Aidan b5

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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3 revert rule
Please read WP:3RR before confirming that User:Uncle G has broken it. It's more than 3 reverts in 24 hours, not 3 reverts ever. -Splash 16:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Bosh
You are about to break WP:3RR, as Splash has suggested, please read this before continuing. Also, this article has been re-written to a more usefull disambiguation page, as discussed on its Vfd page. We welcome your edits, however we are only trying to maintain a list of useful articles on Wikipedia. Thank you. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 19:39, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aidan b5


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Rautavaara's Case

"Rautavaara's Case" is a science fiction short story by American writer Philip K. Dick. It was first published in 1980 in Omni magazine and subsequently in the 1985 short story collection I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon. The story was also included on We Can Remember It For You Wholesale, volume five of the Collected Short Stories of Philip K. Dick in 2003.

The story is about Agneta Rautavaara, a young Finnish technician, who dies in an accident while working on a space vessel with two other technicians. However, a rescue team from Proxima Centauri gets there in time to save Rautavaara's brain and impose artificial life support on it. In her damaged brain, Rautavaara goes through a series of experiences that draw on the conceptions of afterlife held by herself on the one hand and the Proxima Centauri natives on the other.

A theme of the story is whether it is ethically right to keep a human on life-support if they exist only as a mind, with their body paralyzed or otherwise destroyed.

title: Rautavaara's Case


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Talk:Sir William Honeywood Courtenay

Bossenden wood riot has a lot more on this person and it should be expanded. Looks like an interesting person though historical significance limited. RJFJR 16:06, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sir William Honeywood Courtenay


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New York Police

New York Police may refer to:

 * New York City Police Department (NYPD)
 * New York State Police (NYSP)
 * Port Authority Police Department (PAPD)

title: New York Police


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Brent Hoberman

Brent Shawzin Hoberman (born 25 November 1968) is a British entrepreneur and investor. During the dot-com boom, he co-founded lastminute.com with Martha Lane Fox in 1998, where he was CEO from its inception, before selling the business to Sabre in 2005 for $1.1bn.

Hoberman's other business involvements include Made.com, which he co-founded in 2010. Hoberman left his role as Chair shortly before the company went public with a valuation of $1bn, voicing that he was not in favour of the IPO. The company was a 'pandemic star' but fell into administration in late 2022.

Brent is also co-founder of the startup accelerator Founders Factory, tech community Founders Forum, and $270m seed fund firstminute capital. Technology businesses co-founded by Hoberman have cumulatively raised over $1 billion.

Hoberman sits on the advisory boards of Google Cloud, UK Government Digital Service and the WEF Digital Europe Group, as well as advising the British government on technology. He previously chaired the Oxford Foundry, the Royal Foundation Taskforce on the Prevention of Cyberbullying for William, the Prince of Wales, and had further board roles including The Royal Academy, TalkTalk, TimeOut, The Guardian Media Group, Shazam Entertainment, Eton College, Imperial College Innovation Fund and The Economist.

Early life
Brent Hoberman was born in Cape Town, South Africa on 25 November 1968. He was educated at the Dragon School in Oxford, followed by Eton College. He subsequently read Modern Languages at New College, Oxford.

Career
Hoberman remained CEO of lastminute.com throughout 2005, until April 2006 when he handed over the CEO position to Ian McCaig and took the position of chairman and chief strategy officer. He stepped down as chief strategy officer and chairman in January 2007.

Hoberman founded VC-backed internet startup, mydeco.com, an online furniture and interior design site providing 3D technology for consumers to design their own rooms online in 2007 and the website launched in February 2008.

In 2007, Hoberman took on the role of non-executive chairman of Wayn, a travel and leisure social network, and in December 2009, stepped down from the company's board.

In July 2009, Hoberman co-founded PROfounders Capital, a fund that invests in early stage internet projects, with Michael Birch, Peter Dubens, Jonnie Goodwin, Rogan Angelini-Hurll and Sean Seton-Rogers.

Hoberman is the co-founder and was founding chairman of Made.com, an online furniture retailer that is a joint venture between mydeco.com and founder Ning Li. In December 2015, it was reported that Hoberman was leaving PROFounders Capital.

Hoberman is a co-founder of Founders Forum, a private network for digital and technology entrepreneurs. Founders Forum has been hosting invite-only events in London since 2006 and has since 2011 expanded to events in other countries such as the US, Brazil, India, Turkey and China.

In 2013, Hoberman launched Founders Intelligence, a digital consultancy that advises corporates and investors on digital innovation and strategy and Founders Forum for Good, the precursor to Founders Pledge, the charitable arm of Founders Forum through which founders can commit a percentage of their future exit proceeds to social causes.

In 2014, Hoberman co-founded Founders Keepers, an executive search firm within the digital and technology space and Smartup, a peer-to-peer knowledge sharing and micro-learning platform.

In 2015, Hoberman launched corporate-backed tech startup accelerator and studio with Henry Lane Fox in London. Corporate investors in Founders Factory include The Guardian, L’Oreal, easyJet, CSC Group, Holtzbrinck Macmillan and Aviva, Marks & Spencer and Reckitt Benckiser. In 2018, Founders Factory launched in Africa with corporate investors including Standard Bank and Netcare. In 2019, Founders Factory launched in Paris backed by Aviva France, and in New York backed by Johnson & Johnson Innovation.

In 2015, Hoberman also launched Grip, an AI event matchmaking business which raised a $13million seed round in 2021.

In 2016, Hoberman launched Founders of the Future which provides programmes, events and tools for aspiring entrepreneurs, and accelerateHER which is a network to support women working in technology.

In 2017, Hoberman was appointed chair of the advisory board for the Oxford Foundry.

In 2018, Hoberman and Spencer Crawley launched firstminute capital, a $100m pan-European seed fund with Atomico as its cornerstone investor.

In 2019, Hoberman, Riya Pabari and Asha Haji launched Founders Academy, an alternative MBA programme to train startup leaders.

In 2020, Hoberman launched firstminute capital's second fund, a $250m seed fund with global remit, backed by over 100 unicorn founders.

In 2021, Hoberman launched 01 Founders, a free-to-access coding school with a job guarantee with a mission to train 100,000 diverse software engineers by 2030. The first school is launching in Regent's Park.

In September 2021 he took Made.com public and with his co-founder and initial investors gained £90m by selling shares. In 2022 the Made.com share price collapsed to close at 0.5p on Oct 25th. Concerns had started as early as March 2022 after shipping costs increased. A first profit warning followed in May 2022 and rescue talks which followed were ultimately unsuccessful.

Hoberman has been a non-executive director of TalkTalk, Shazam Entertainment, The Guardian News & Media, The Economist and LetterOne Technology. Hoberman sits on the Royal Academy corporate advisory group and the UK Government digital advisory board.

Personal life
Brent is married with two daughters and one son.

Inspiration and motivation
Hoberman says his mentors have been his father and South African grandfather Leonard Shawzin, who built an empire of over 650 clothes shops from a single store. He credits his entrepreneurial drive to the business successes of his father and grandfather, and says the catalyst for him starting his own business was being fired from his first job in investment banking for being "a prima donna".

Hoberman has stated that he believes what makes a business successful is passion; in an interview with BBC The Bottom Line, he states his belief that the most successful small businesses are those where the founders remain passionate about their business, and are themselves part of their target market. He believes that by building a business to offer a solution to a problem you have yourself – as he did with lastminute.com and mydeco.com – founders stand a greater chance of remaining passionate and being successful.

Public and political activities
In 2009, Hoberman was selected as one of the World Economic Forum's Global Young Leaders for the UK, and in July 2009, Hoberman joined The Business Sectors Council for Britain under Prime Minister Gordon Brown.

Hoberman was a member of the New Enterprise Council, a group of entrepreneurs who advise the Conservative Party (UK) on policies related to the needs of business.

Hoberman was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to entrepreneurship.

In 2016, Hoberman was appointed chair of the Royal Foundation Taskforce on the Prevention of Cyberbullying for the Duke of Cambridge.

In 2018, Hoberman was appointed co-chair of Prime Minister Theresa May's Business Sector Council for Small Business, Scale ups and Entrepreneurs.

title: Brent Hoberman


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André Boniface Louis Riqueti de Mirabeau

André Boniface Louis Riqueti, Vicomte de Mirabeau (30 November 1754 – 15 September 1792), son of Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau and brother of the orator Honoré Mirabeau, was one of the reactionary leaders at the opening of the French Revolution.

Life
Known as Barrel Mirabeau (Mirabeau-Tonneau) because of his "rotundity" and voluminous taste for drink, he was sent to the army in Malta in 1776, and spent part of his two years there in prison for insulting a religious procession. He served as a colonel, commanding the Touraine Regiment under the comte de Rochambeau in the American Revolution. During the war, he was in several sea-fights with the English and witnessed the Battle of Yorktown in 1781.

In the following year, he had two narrow escapes from drowning. With his debts paid up by his father, he was elected by the noblesse of Limoges a deputy to the States General. Unlike his brother, he opposed the French Revolution. He was a violent conservative and opposed everything that threatened the old régime. and in 1790 left France to join the royalist counter-revolutionary forces in Germany. He was not very successful in his efforts to form a regiment from French exiles and deserters, and died of a stroke in Freiburg two years later.

To Mirabeau is attributed a statement otherwise associated with Voltaire, "Other states possess an army; Prussia is an army which possesses a state."

He shared fully in the eccentric family pride; and boasted of his brother's genius even when bitterly opposing him. He emigrated about 1790 and raised a legion which was to bear his name; but his insolence alienated the German princes and his command was taken from him. He died in August 1792 of apoplexy or from a duel in Freiburg im Breisgau. He wrote some verse as well as various pamphlets.


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Marrow Controversy

The Marrow Controversy was a Scottish ecclesiastical dispute occasioned by the republication in 1718 of The Marrow of Modern Divinity (originally published in two parts in London in 1645 and 1649 by "E. F.", generally believed to be a pseudonym for Edward Fisher, a lay theologian of the seventeenth century). The work consists of religious dialogues which discuss the doctrine of the atonement and aim to guide the reader safely between Antinomianism and Neonomianism. The dispute involved two parties, being the Marrow Brethren and the General Assembly.

History
In 1700, while making a pastoral visit in the small country parish of Simprin, in the course of his work as a Church of Scotland minister, Thomas Boston borrowed a copy of The Marrow of Modern Divinity. He greatly appreciated the book and while a member of the 1717 General Assembly, commended it to a fellow minister. As a consequence of this conversation, in 1718 arrangements were made to have the Marrow reprinted, with a preface by James Hog of Carnock.

Based on the book, the Presbytery in Auchterarder issued a declaration, the Auchterarder Creed, which said it was unorthodox to say a person must repent of their sins to be justified.

This Auchterarder Creed was condemned by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1717, saying that one could only be saved after a person had gotten rid of their sins through repentance.

James Hadow, Professor of Divinity and Principal of St. Mary's College in the University of St Andrews, took the lead in opposing The Marrow, assailing it in his opening sermon at the Synod of Fife in April 1719. This was published shortly thereafter as The Record of God and Duty of Faith Therein required. An interchange of pamphlets with Hog ensued, with Hadow accusing the Marrow of the Antinomian heresy and Hog asserting that Hadow was misrepresenting the Marrow.

Committee for Purity of Doctrine report
At the May 1719 General Assembly, an existing "Committee for Purity of Doctrine" was instructed to "enquire into the publishing and spreading of Books and Pamphlets", tending to the spread of doctrines "inconsistent with our Confession of Faith" and to call such authors to account. The committee's report, submitted in May 1720, strongly condemned the book as Antinomian. The Assembly overwhelmingly approved this report, prohibited all ministers of the Church of Scotland from recommending The Marrow in any way, and instructed them to warn their people against reading it. This had the effect of advertising a previously obscure book to people throughout Scotland and many proceeded to buy a copy and to read it carefully.

Representation and Petition
At the Assembly in 1721 twelve men, including Boston, Hog and Ralph and Ebenezer Erskine, submitted a "Representation and Petition", arguing that in condemning The Marrow the Assembly had condemned propositions which were scriptural, and other expressions which were plainly taught both by many orthodox divines and in the doctrinal standards of the Church of Scotland. They also argued that the report had misrepresented the book's teaching, taking various expressions out of context. Their petition was rejected. In the Assembly of 1722 The Marrow's condemnation was reaffirmed and the twelve Representers were rebuked.

Associate Presbytery
Subsequently, every effort was made by the men who had opposed The Marrow to prevent ministers holding Marrow doctrines from obtaining more influential pastoral charges, but no effective disciplinary action was taken against them. The ecclesiastical controversy thus gradually drew to an end, but theological disagreement continued. In the 1730s, though over a different issue, that of patronage, some of the proponents of Marrow theology left the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, with the distinctive doctrines of The Marrow forming the theological basis for the new church.

In 1726 a new edition of The Marrow was published, with a preface and extensive annotations by Thomas Boston, defending and expounding the Marrow's teaching as Scriptural. In this form The Marrow has been frequently reprinted over the last nearly 300 years and has been widely influential.

Viewpoints held by the Marrow Brethren
The Marrow Brethren, though rejecting universal atonement, held to common grace and that in some way God desires the salvation of all. They attacked "High Calvinism", and sought to clear the gospel out of any other conditions other than faith. The Marrow Brethren denied that actions such as repentance, with either inward or outward reformation, are necessary to receive salvation, but saw them as naturally flowing from receiving Christ.

The Marrow Brethren taught the republication of the covenant of works. The Marrow had a high emphasis on the possibility of assurance, seeing the work of Christ as the foundation of the believer's assurance, while the general Assembly emphasized the human element in having assurance.

title: Marrow Controversy


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Vagn

Vagn is an  Old Norse masculine forename, meaning 'vehicle; wagon, wain'. It was the name of a famous 10th-century Jomsviking, Vagn Åkesson.

The Old Norse was revived in modern Scandinavia, the first modern bearer of the name on record being Vagn Ekman (1874-1954), a Swedish oceanographer. The name became popular in Denmark during the 1920s and 1930s. Other people called Vagn include:
 * Vagn Bennike (1888–1970), Danish resistance fighter during World War II
 * Vagn Holmboe (1909–1996), Danish composer.
 * Vagn Hovard (1914–1998), Danish field hockey player
 * Vagn Jørgensen (fl. 1930s), Danish sprint canoeist
 * Vagn F. Flyger (1922–2006), Danish-American wildlife biologist
 * Vagn Schmidt (born 1935), Danish sprint canoeist
 * Vagn Nielsen (born 1943), Danish handball player

Related terms

 * Vaghn, Vaughn (disambiguation), Vaughan, Wagn, Waghn

title: Vagn


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Failure to comply

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 18:13, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Failure to comply
Band with no records. DJ Clayworth 16:08, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No claim to notability. Does not meet WP:MUSIC -Harmil 16:40, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Has been redirected to User:Brines. What now?  --  Etacar11   00:54, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. JamesBurns 04:32, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/You know you have no life when

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 18:12, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

You know you have no life when
Non-encyclopedic. --pile0nadestalk 16:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete or move to a subpage on BJAODN. --pile0nadestalk 16:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Content already at Wikipediholics so delete -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 16:28, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Just delete it, I didn't realize there was a formal page for that stuff Cunado19 16:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete Adds nothing that's not in WP:WHT Flowerparty 16:51, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN I did this, then forgot to list the page on VfD. Sorry. smoddy 17:24, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You can't BJAODN your own creations! It's in the rules or something.  Plus, I have a condition to add: *When you try and be witty on VfD. humblefool® 23:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Was nae my article! I BJAODN'ed it, then forgot to VfD it.  Sorry...  [[smoddy ]] 22:43, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not funny enough for BJAODN Cyclone49 07:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dump into BJAODN (as has already been done) or make into an article about "You know you have no live or are too addicted to [insert item name here] when..." jokes. ~GMH 07:18, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Richard Miniter

Richard Miniter (born 1967) is an American investigative journalist and author whose articles have appeared in Politico, The New York Times, The Washington Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, Newsweek, The New Republic, National Review, PJ Media, and Reader’s Digest. A former editorial writer and columnist for The Wall Street Journal in Europe, as well as a member of the investigative reporting team of the Sunday Times of London, he is currently the National Security columnist for Forbes. He also authored three New York Times best-selling books, Losing bin Laden, Shadow War, Leading From Behind, and most recently Eyes On Target. In April 2014, Miniter was included by CSPAN's Brian Lamb in his book Sundays At Eight, as one of Lamb's top 40 book author interviews of the past 25 years for Miniter's investigative work on 9/11 mastermind Khalid Shaikh Mohammed.

Family and education
Miniter was born in New York City and grew up in Rosendale, New York. Among his siblings are several writers and journalists, including Frank Miniter, executive editor of American Hunter magazine, and Brendan Miniter, formerly of The Wall Street Journal, who is the editor of the book The 4% Solution: Unleashing the Economic Growth America Needs.

He studied philosophy at Vassar College, graduating in 1990. He was an editor of the Vassar Spectator, one of the school's student periodicals, where he worked with Mark Thiessen and Jonathan Karl.

Policy and early media work
In 1989, he was a summer fellow at the Institute for Humane Studies. He later worked as an environmental policy analyst at the Competitive Enterprise Institute. From 1992 to 1994, Miniter was an associate producer of the PBS talk show TechnoPolitics. In 1996, he produced a radio series profiling female executives and entrepreneurs, Enterprising Women, that was distributed to more than a hundred radio stations in the United States. He was also a fellow and senior editor of the Hudson Institute.

Career in journalism
Miniter published in a number of newspapers, including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, The Sunday Times (London), South China Morning Post, and Australian Financial Review. He travelled to South Sudan, Uganda and Kenya to write about modern-day slavery for The Atlantic Monthly in "The False Promise of Slave Redemption".

Dow Jones Newswires
Miniter worked for the Dow Jones Newswires during the summers of 1987 and 1988.

Wall Street Journal Europe
Hired by The Wall Street Journal editor Robert Bartley in 2000, Miniter was sent to Brussels as an editorial page writer at The Wall Street Journal Europe and editor of its weekly "Business Europe" column. He also wrote a weekly column, "The Visible Hand", for The Wall Street Journal's OpinionJournal.com.

Post-Journal
Miniter left the Journal after less than two years to take a position with the Centre for the New Europe in Brussels, Belgium. He left there after a short stint as a senior fellow.

The Washington Times
Miniter was the editorial page editor and Vice President of Opinion at The Washington Times from March until October 2009. Miniter later sued for breach of contract and other claims.

In September 2010, the case of Miniter v. Moon et al. and the related EEOC complaint was settled. Miniter refused to disclose the terms, but said "I am very, very happy with the equitable and just result."

Forbes and investigative journalist
Miniter wrote the "National Security" column for Forbes.com. Miniter's June 2014 Forbes exposé of President Joseph Kabila, the leader of the Democratic Republic of Congo, reportedly provoked Kabila's younger brother, Zoe, to beat unconscious Congo parliament speaker Évariste Boshab. The Kabila family accused Boshab of having been an anonymous source for Miniter's article, which estimated President Kabila had extracted and secreted away as much as $15 billion from the impoverished Congo.

National security columnist at Forbes.com
Miniter wrote a regular national security column for Forbes.com. and wrote about the growing al Qaeda presence in Africa—the same presence that has been implicated in the recent attacks in Benghazi, Libya.

American Media Institute
In 2012, Richard Miniter founded the American Media Institute, a 501(3)(c) non-profit organization that provides investigative news stories to leading newspapers, magazines, radio and television news outlets around the world.

Richard Miniter's attendance at a controversial 2014 Passover dinner hosted by Israel's ambassador to the U.S. was revealed pursuant to an Israeli Supreme Court order in 2016. Ambassador Ron Dermer had fought media requests for information about the gathering, but the court rejected his argument that Israel's national security required the guest list to remain secret. Miniter was one of three American journalists present at the Seder, which was also attended by U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry.

Zenger News
Richard Miniter started Zenger News, a digital news wire, in 2019. The company, which has now grown to 5,000 correspondents in 120 countries, distributes content to over 400 news outlets across the U.S.

The Myth of Market Share
Miniter's first book, The Myth of Market Share, was published in 2002 by Crown Publishing, an imprint of Random House. The book asserts that business strategy that focuses on increasing market share is wrong-headed and distracts from profit-seeking. According to a review by The Washington Post, the book "although at times repetitious ... makes it clear why there is zero correlation between profitability and market share."

Losing bin Laden
In 2003, Miniter's Losing bin Laden, was published. The book is the result of eighteen months of reporting from Khartoum, Cairo, Frankfurt, Hamburg, London, Paris, and Washington, D.C. It offers an account of United States policy relating to Al Qaeda and bin Laden during the Clinton administration. According to George Will,

"Miniter suggests that the appointment of [Richard] Clarke on May 22, 1998, as the government's first coordinator of the counterterrorism efforts that were dispersed to 40 agencies, 'could have been the beginning of the end of al Qaeda. But the lack of presidential leadership, government inertia and bureaucratic squabbling often got in the way.'"

It became a New York Times bestseller, peaking at number ten in September 2003. Losing bin Laden was cited on NBC's Meet the Press by host Tim Russert in an interview with Madeleine Albright. Steve Forbes praised the book, stating that Miniter "tapped an extraordinary array of sources to piece this sorry tale together." Miniter appeared on CNN in 2006 and disputed portions of ABC's miniseries The Path to 9/11, which included a scene depicting Clinton National Security Advisor Sandy Berger as failing to kill bin Laden when presented with the opportunity to do so. Miniter stated on the Situation Room program that "if people wanted to be critical of the Clinton years there's things they could have said, but the idea that someone had bin Laden in his sights in 1998 or any other time and Sandy Berger refused to pull the trigger, there's zero factual basis for that."

The Washington Times printed a critical reply to the book from Roger Cressey, a former member of the United States National Security Council staff during the Clinton administration, and Gayle Smith, who participated in the NSC as a Special Assistant to the President. Cressey and Smith characterized four specific allegations in the book as "erroneous," and questioned the veracity of Miniter's sources. Miniter's rejoinder was published with Cressey and Smith's criticism.

Shadow War
Miniter's next book was based on research in Iraq, Kuwait, Egypt, Sudan, Hong Kong, Singapore and the Philippines. Shadow War: The Untold Story of How America is Winning the War on Terror, became his second New York Times bestseller, debuting at number seven on the November 7, 2004 edition of the newspaper's non-fiction bestseller list.

Disinformation
Disinformation: 22 Media Myths That Undermine the War on Terror, was published by Regnery in 2005. Miniter traveled to Egypt, Sudan and corresponded with sources in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Afghanistan while working on the book. Among other claims, Miniter asserts in the book that Osama bin Laden was not on dialysis.

Jack Bauer for President
Miniter edited a 2008 book entitled Jack Bauer for President: Terrorism and Politics in 24. Published by BenBella Books, the volume "addresses how much of the show [24] is realistic and what it has to say about modern politics and foreign policy in America’s fight against terrorism."

Mastermind
Sentinel, a division of Penguin Group, published Miniter's 2011 book Mastermind about Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. In the book, Miniter examines his subject's childhood in Kuwait and Pakistan and his college education in the United States. He draws conclusions about Mohammed's involvement in such events as the killing of Meir Kahane, the kidnapping and killing of Daniel Pearl, and the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Leading from Behind
St. Martin's Press, published Leading From Behind: The Reluctant President and the Advisors Who Decide for Him in August, 2012, just as the 2012 presidential campaign entered its national phase. The book almost immediately became Miniter's third New York Times best seller.

Miniter was attacked by CNN national security analyst Peter Bergen. Miniter's book alleged that Obama was indecisive and delayed when action was needed on the attack of bin Laden, which brought Bergen to state "Miniter's account of the intelligence that led to bin Laden and the decision-making surrounding the operation that killed him is a pile of poppycock served up with heaps of hogwash". Responding to this, Miniter wrote to CNN saying that reporters rely too heavily on White House officials and Pakistani government officials, and marginalize those who were actually present during the hours and days after the operation, hence standing behind his account detailed in his latest book.

Publishers Weekly debuted Miniter's work as #13 on Week's Best Sellers in late August and discussed how Miniter's book received major press from publication through the election, appearance on Sean Hannity's television show and The Drudge Report, in addition to national television appearances, national radio shows, and so on.

Eyes On Target
Center Street, published Eyes on Target: Inside Stories from the Brotherhood of the U.S. Navy SEALs in February, 2014. This latest book, co-authored with Scott McEwen, chronicles the history and long standing traditions of the Navy SEALs and provides details on some of the key battles these brave men fought such as Red Wings and the attack on the US Consulate in Benghazi.

title: Richard Miniter


text:
Your Choice Live Series Vol. 10

Your Choice Live Series Vol. 10 is a live album by American hardcore punk band Scream, released in 1990 through Your Choice Records. It was recorded live at the Oberhaus in Alzey, Germany, on May 4, 1990.

The band also performed the song "A No Money Down" that was left off this album and appears on the It's Your Choice compilation.

Track listing

 * 1) "C.W.W. (Part II)"
 * 2) "I.C.Y.U.O.D."
 * 3) "The Zoo Closes"
 * 4) "Hot Smoke and Sasafrass"
 * 5) "Fight"
 * 6) "American Justice"
 * 7) "Show and Tell"
 * 8) "Sunmaker"
 * 9) "No Escape"
 * 10) "Take It from the Top"
 * 11) "Dancing Madly Backwards"
 * 12) "Hit Me"

Personnel

 * Scream
 * Pete Stahl – vocals
 * Franz Stahl – guitar
 * Skeeter Thompson – bass
 * Dave Grohl – drums
 * Tobby Holzinger – producer

title: Your Choice Live Series Vol. 10


text:
Illinois Route 3

Illinois Route 3 (IL 3) is a 187.44 mi major north–south arterial state highway in southwestern Illinois. It has its southern terminus at Cairo Junction (about 4 mi north of Cairo) at the intersection of U.S. Route 51 (US 51) and Illinois Route 37, and its northern terminus in Grafton at IL 100.

Route description
The majority of IL 3 has four lanes from Waterloo to Godfrey, with brief six-lane stretches from the entrance to the McKinley Bridge in Venice to near the River's Edge area (formerly the Army Depot) in Granite City and near Alton Square Mall in Alton, as well as a brief two-laned section between its separation from I-55, I-64, and US 40 in East St. Louis and Venice. It is also two-laned the majority of the southern part from Waterloo to Cairo near areas of the Shawnee National Forest, as well as the northern portion from Godfrey to Grafton. It briefly overlaps IL 111 at Alton, I-255 and US 50, and IL 127 north of Cache.

IL 3 parallels the Mississippi River for the entire length of its journey, and it carries the Illinois portion of the Great River Road for most of its length. South of St. Louis, I-55 is its parallel on the west side of the river, along with US 61. The road runs along many historical sites along the Mississippi River, and is the closest Illinois state highway to the old state capital of Kaskaskia.

Original 1918 route
The original IL 3 route went from Chester in southern Illinois to Morrison in northwest Illinois via Rock Island. With the completion of highway bridges over the Mississippi River (e.g. Clark Bridge at Alton) U.S. Route 67 (US 67) was extended from St. Louis to Godfrey and replaced the original IL 3 to Rock Island. Today, this route is still the major north–south corridor for western Illinois—and the only major Illinois north–south route never converted to the Interstate Highway System like I-57, I-55, or I-39.

Current route
On August 4, 1976, the new Berm Highway from Wood River to Alton was opened. It was signed as IL 3, which left the old alignment on Lewis and Clark Boulevard and Broadway unmarked. However, on June 29, 1987, the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) built the new Madison Avenue extension in Wood River and marked that road and the Berm Highway as IL 143 and truncated IL 3 at IL 143 (highway signage and IDOT planning maps suggested otherwise, however). This new terminus for Route 3 was short-lived, however.

On November 26, 1987, a new section of Homer M. Adams Parkway in Alton opened to traffic, and IL 3 was extended onto Lewis and Clark Boulevard (a former IL 3 alignment) back into Alton and onto the extension. IL 3 was then cosigned with IL 111 until the intersection with Godfrey Road, where IL 3 takes over the former IL 100 alignment.

title: Illinois Route 3


text:
Tatiana Silva

Tatiana Silva Braga Tavares (born 5 February 1985) is a Belgian TV host, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Belgium 2005. She entered the pageant as Miss Brussels and represented Belgium at the Miss World 2005 and later at Miss Universe 2006.

Early life in Belgium
Tatiana Silva was born in the Brussels suburb of Uccle (Ukkel) to Cape Verdean parents. She was studying to become a PA or personal assistant and working as a shop assistant at the time of the contest. Fluent in French, Dutch, English, Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole, she enjoys reading, dancing and traveling. She succeeded Miss Belgium 2004 Ellen Petri.

Miss Belgium
In 2005, Tatiana Silva won Miss Belgium. She succeeded 2004 winner Ellen Petri. Her win made headlines around the world as being the first black Miss Belgium. She continued on to represent her country Belgium in the Miss World contest that year. A second Miss Belgium of African descent later won in 2012 Laura Beyne.

Ambassador for UNICEF
In 2014, Tatiana Silva join forces with UNICEF in combating poverty and hunger in the region of Africa. Her efforts in promoting the importance of education, nutrition and medicine can be seen through the UNICEF campaigns reflecting her visits to regions in West Africa and the factories dedicated to supporting those in need. Earlier in her joining the UNICEF team, she visited the country of Côte d'Ivoire, bringing attention to the country's difficulties. She continues to be an advocate for organizations like UNICEF and Handicap International. She has traveled to Angola as an Ambassador for Handicap International to rally support for Angolans with disabilities. Her objective is to help in any way possible and educate others on issues other countries endure. She is also an outspoken person for Cancer.

Television and radio
In 2006, Tatiana Silva worked for the channel AB3 commenting on the reality TV show Miss Swan. In 2010, Tatiana Silva participated in the reality show Expeditie Robinson 2010 (en), a survival game in the tropics. In Belgium, this game is broadcast on Dutch channel 2BE. Her career continued in a number of joint efforts with M6, TV5 and the RTBF as a weather presenter and personality ((host)) on shows, such as, "C'est du belge", "Drôle d'été", "Cap 48" and "Printemps, grandeur nature". In April 2015, she co-hosts during one week "Les 2 font la paire" and Weekly radio on the 8/9 (2014) on Vivacité radio channel. Her career in Television and radio spans more than nine years.

In 2017, she participated in the eighth season of Danse avec les stars, the French version of Dancing with the Stars. She was partnered with professional dancer Christophe Licata. They finished third.

Music
In 2008, she released a single covering Nu Shooz's 1986 hit "I Can't Wait". She has been presenting the weather on Belgian channel RTBF since December 2009 and on French channel M6 since April 2013. She now presents the weather on French Channel TF1

Personal life
Tatiana Silva is also related to another famous Cape Verdean, singer: Mayra Andrade. The two are first cousins.

In June 2011, Belgian singer-songwriter Stromae confirmed he was dating Silva. Of her relationship with him, she said: "it is for life". They broke up in September 2012.

title: Tatiana Silva


text:
Hefty Records

Hefty Records is an independent record label based in Chicago, Illinois (United States). Founded in 1995 by John Hughes III, the label releases records in a range of genres that include post-rock, IDM, down-tempo, nu jazz, experimental music, and hip-hop.

History
Hefty Records was formed by John Hughes with Dan Snazelle as a way of releasing Hughes' own music. Hughes, the son of filmmaker John Hughes, had been interested in music since his youth, but had initially been more interested in record production than in creating music of his own. The label was formed in 1995 while Hughes was a college student, and was originally set up in his dorm room. Hughes chose the label name because, as he put it, "I liked it because it sounded optimistic. And it had a conquering tone to it."

The first label's releases were of Hughes's own work as Slicker just after the breakup of his previous band Bill Ding. Hefty began the Immediate Action series in 2000, a collection intended to consist of six vinyl records. The sleeves were created by the Brooklyn graphics company Graphic Havoc. In 2005, the label hosted a live concert in Chicago and released two volumes of compilation and remix material from artists on the label, titled History is Bunk: Collaborations, Reinterpretations and New Compositions. Their last release was in 2010.

Artists

 * Victor Bermon
 * Phil Cohran
 * Euphone
 * Ghosts and Vodka
 * L'Altra
 * Eliot Lipp
 * Plus Device
 * Prefuse 73
 * Radicalfashion
 * Phil Ranelin
 * Retina.IT
 * Savath and Savalas
 * Slicker
 * Smaze
 * Samadha
 * Solo Andata
 * Some Water and Sun
 * Spanova
 * Telefon Tel Aviv
 * T. Raumschmiere
 * Twine (band)

Compilation albums

 * Immediate Action series of 9 EP's
 * Hefty's 10th Anniversary series of 4 albums

title: Hefty Records


text:
Talk:Nachi worm

 * This should be merged or used as a redirect. Welchia is more detailed, perhaps this could be used as a summary? Guardian653

title: Talk:Nachi worm


text:
Cork Celtic F.C.

Cork Celtic F.C., originally Evergreen United F.C., was an Irish football club based in Cork. They played in the League of Ireland between 1951 and 1979 and played their home games at Turners Cross. In 1974, they were League of Ireland champions and the following season they reached the second round of the European Cup.

Evergreen United
The club's foundation date is unknown, but its earliest appearance in the FAI Cup was in 1936–37. Evergreen finished as League runners-up in 1954 and 1959. In 1953 they also played in an all-Cork FAI Cup final against Cork Athletic, losing 2–1 in a replay after drawing the first game 2-2. During the 1956–57 season Evergreen's Donal Leahy finished as joint top goalscorer in the league with 15 goals. In the following two seasons Leahy finished top goalscorer outright with 16 and 22 goals respectively. Irish international Tommy Moroney finished his playing career with Evergreen and, on 4 October 1953 in a World Cup qualifier against France, he won the last of his 12 caps while with the club. In 1959 the club changed its name to Cork Celtic.

Cork Celtic
As Celtic in the 1960s they enjoyed a local rivalry with Cork Hibernians. Attendances reaches record highs in the late 1960s, with players such as Carl Davenport, the Dav, drawing crowds of up to 18,000. In 1974 with a team that included Alfie Hale and Bobby Tambling, Celtic won their only League of Ireland title under manager and former player Paul O'Donovan. Tambling, a former Chelsea player and England international had initially moved to Ireland to work as a Jehovah's Witness missionary. He scored 7 league goals in his first season as he helped Celtic win the title.

Best, Hurst and Seeler
In subsequent seasons Celtic attracted several other notable players. On the back of League success in 1974, Paul O'Donovan signed George Best and then Geoff Hurst. In December 1975 George Best had a brief spell with Celtic in between equally brief spells at Stockport County and Los Angeles Aztecs. He played only three league games, against Drogheda United, Bohemians and Shelbourne, but despite attracting big crowds he failed to score or impress. In 1976 Geoff Hurst spent a month with Celtic, scoring three goals during his brief stay. Uwe Seeler also played one game for Celtic during the 1977–78 season and scored twice in a 6–2 defeat to Shamrock Rovers.

Demise
At the start of the 1977–78 season Celtic looked for a longer lease on Turners Cross in order to develop it for the purpose of raising additional income. The club, now in decline since winning the League in 1973–74, saw developing Turners Cross as their only means of survival. The FAI's legal advisers had previously been unable to find the property owner or their original lease, however a complex ownership structure was eventually unravelled. Unable to resolve the tenancy situation with the FAI, Celtic spent no money on the upkeep of Turners Cross and it was eventually deemed unfit for use by the League for the 1978–79 season. As a result, the club moved to Flower Lodge for what would be their final season. But three years of deteriorating relationships with both the League and the F.A.I. led to Celtic being expelled from the League in the summer of 1979.

Despite exiting the League, Cork Celtic's holding company still held the sub-lease on Turners Cross, and the club proposed joining the Munster Senior League. However the Munster F.A. refused, and the trustees of the club eventually relinquished the lease on Turners Cross in 1980, bringing the club to an end.

Honours

 * League of Ireland: 1
 * 1973–74
 * League of Ireland Shield: 1
 * 1960–61
 * Dublin City Cup: 1
 * 1961–62
 * Top Four Cup: 4
 * 1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1973–74
 * Munster Senior League: 2
 * 1936–37, 1955–56
 * Munster Senior Cup: 6
 * 1951–52, 1959–60, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1971–72, 1973–74
 * FAI Junior Cup
 * Winners: 1935–36: 1
 * Runners Up: 1934–35: 1
 * FAI Youth Cup
 * Winners: 1938–39, 1948–49: 2
 * Runners Up: 1961–62, 1976–77: 2

Source:

Notable former players

 * 🇮🇪 Florrie Burke
 * 🇮🇪 Tommy Moroney
 * 🇮🇪 Donal Leahy
 * 🇮🇪 Jim "Jimux" O'Keeffe GK
 * 🇮🇪 Paul O'Donovan
 * 🇮🇪 Kevin Blount
 * 🇮🇪 Dinny Allen
 * 🇮🇪 Jimmy Barry-Murphy
 * 🇮🇪 Amby Fogarty
 * 🇮🇪 Alfie Hale
 * 🇮🇪 Patsy Dorgan
 * 🇮🇪 Keelan Hegarty
 * 🇮🇪 Jimmy O'Neill
 * 🏴 Geoff Hurst
 * 🏴 Bobby Tambling
 * George Best
 * Billy McCullough
 * Uwe Seeler
 * 🏴 Barry Notley
 * 🏴 Alec Ludzic

Notable former managers

 * 🇮🇪 Paul O'Donovan
 * 🏴 Bobby Tambling
 * 🇮🇪 Alfie Hale

title: Cork Celtic F.C.


text:
Carlo Marochetti

Baron Pietro Carlo Giovanni Battista Marochetti (14 January 1805 – 29 December 1867) was an Italian-born French sculptor who worked in France, Italy and Britain. He completed many public sculptures, often in a neo-classical style, plus reliefs, memorials and large equestrian monuments in bronze and marble. In 1848, Marochetti settled in England, where he received commissions from Queen Victoria. Marochetti received great recognition during his lifetime, being made a baron in Italy and was awarded the Legion of Honour by the French government.

Early life
Carlo Marochetti was born in Turin, where his father, Vincenzo, a former priest, was a local government official and professor of eloquence at Turin University, but after the family moved to Paris, Carlo was brought up as a French citizen. He studied at the Lycée Napoléon and then studied sculpture at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where his teachers were François Joseph Bosio and Antoine-Jean Gros. At the Paris Salon in 1827 he exhibited a marble statue of A Young Girl playing with a Dog which won a silver medal. Between 1822 and 1830 Marochetti frequently spent long periods in Rome where his mother was resident and where he collaborated with François-Joseph Duret and Antoine Étex and worked briefly at the studio of the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen.

Career in France
From 1832 to 1848 Marochetti lived in Paris and largely adopted a neo-classical Romantic style of sculpture. He married Camille de Maussion in 1835 and together they had two sons and a daughter. In Paris, Marochetti received two significant commissions. One was for a relief panel of the Battle of Jemappes on the Arc de Triomphe and the other for a large marble statue group, the Elevation of Mary Magdalene for the altar of the Church of La Madeleine. He delayed completing the altar group to create a monumental equestrian statue of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy which he donated to the city of Turin. The king of Sardinia, Charles Albert rewarded Marochetti for his gift by making him a baron. Before being sent to Italy the Philibert statue was displayed in the courtyard of the Louvre Palace during 1838. This effectively established Marochetti's reputation for creating equestrian monuments and led to him being commissioned to create such a statue of Ferdinand, Duke of Orleans, which stood in the courtyard of the Louvre for four years. In 1839 the French government awarded him the Legion of Honour. During 1840 Marochetti was competing to win both the commission for a monument to the Duke of Wellington for the city of Glasgow and for the commission to design the tomb of Napoleon for Les Invalides in Paris. Although he won the Glasgow commission, Marochetti's proposal for the tomb attracted widespread public criticism in France and was rejected.

When his father died, Marochetti inherited the family château at Vaux-sur-Seine outside of Paris and served as mayor of the town there from 1846. After the fall of the July Monarchy in 1848, and his subsequent failure to win a seat in the National Assembly, Marochetti followed the French king Louis-Philippe into exile in the United Kingdom.

Career in London
Marochetti spent the greater part of his time from 1848 until his death, in London. He lived on Onslow Square, and maintained a large studio and his own foundry in the adjacent Sydney Mews. In his studio, Marochetti created an equestrian statue, in plaster, of Richard Coeur de Lion which was displayed at the Great Exhibition during 1851. A public campaign led to a bronze copy being made which was eventually, in 1860, erected in front of the Palace of Westminster on the orders of Prince Albert. From his studio and foundry Marochetti, and his workforce, produced numerous statues, memorials and equestrian monuments plus smaller pieces. He also experimented with the use of new materials and the creation of multi-coloured, or polychromic, sculptures. Between 1853 and 1855 Marochetti created three life-size statues, plus busts and garden ornaments, for the Kingston Lacy country mansion in Dorset. His equestrian statues included those of Viscount Combermere in Chester and Sir Mark Cubbon in Bangalore and for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in Glasgow. Works featuring mourning angels by Marochetti include the monument in St. Paul's Cathedral to Viscounts William and Frederick Melbourne, the Crimean War memorial at the Haydarpaşa Cemetery in Istanbul, dating from 1856 to 1858, and his Angel of the Resurrection for the Cawnpore memorial in India from 1862 to 1865. From 1864 Marochetti collaborated with Sir Edwin Landseer on the four bronze lions to be placed at the base of Nelson's Column in Trafalgar Square, and cast them at his Sydney Mews foundry. He experimented in using coloured marble following the work of John Gibson and a coloured statuette of Queen Victoria was exhibited at a London studio but is now lost.

Not all of Marochetti's designs were so successful. His proposed design for the tomb of the Duke of Wellington was rejected. Marochetti's equestrian monument to George Washington for the 1853 World Fair in New York was destroyed by fire. In the 1860s he championed a scheme for a set of statues celebrating British engineers to be erected in the churchyard of St Margaret's, Westminster. The scheme was rejected but three of the statues, of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Robert Stephenson and Joseph Locke were erected separately elsewhere. His monumental statue of Robert Peel in Parliament Square was melted down and the metal used for the smaller model of Peel by Matthew Noble which replaced it. With the support of the exiled Louis-Philippe of France, Marochetti first met Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1849 and subsequently received a number of royal commissions. Marochetti's first royal commission in England was for a marble portrait bust of Prince Albert in 1849, which was commercially reproduced in Parian ware by the Mintons company in 1862. That year Queen Victoria commissioned Marochetti to produce a portrait bust of herself as a birthday gift for Prince Albert and that too was reproduced by Mintons for the retail market. Rather than a crown, he depicted her wearing a headpiece of various flowers, including roses and shamrocks, to represent the nations of the United Kingdom.

Marochetti designed Victoria's memorial to Princess Elizabeth and a bust of Prince Albert at Newport Minster on the Isle of Wight. He also created the marble recumbent effigies for the tomb of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in the Royal Mausoleum at Frogmore in Windsor Great Park. He was commissioned to make the seated figure of Albert for the Albert Memorial in Kensington Gardens. However the first version was rejected by the architect of the monument, Sir George Gilbert Scott, and Marochetti died before a satisfactory second version could be completed. He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy 1861 and a full academician in 1866.

Marochetti died, suddenly, at Passy in Paris and was buried at the Vaux-sur-Seine cemetery.

Other works

 * Seated statue in marble of Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, 1857, in the Asiatic Society Library, Mumbai Town Hall. Two versions in bronze of the same design, at the entrance to the JJ Institute and on Narriman Road, are also known.
 * Memorial, in marble and black stone, to Sixteen Officers of the Engineers of 1857-58, c. 1862, in St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata. The memorial has a central inscription listing the names of British officers killed in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 with a surround containing their portraits in carved relief above a panel depicting the Siege of Lucknow.
 * Bust of Queen Victoria, Haddo House, Scotland
 * East Devonshire Regiment Crimean War memorial, Exeter Cathedral
 * Memorial plaque, with portrait medallion, to Prince Albert, Sts Thomas Minster, Newport, Isle of Wight
 * Monument to Princess Elizabeth, 1635–1650, Sts Thomas Minster, Newport, Isle of Wight, 1856
 * Tomb of Lady Margaret Leveson Gower, Church of St Mary Magdalene, Castle Ashby, Northamptonshire, c. 1858
 * Statue of St Michael, Parish Church of Champmotteux, Essonne
 * Statue of General Henri Gatien Bertrand, 1773–1844, at Châteauroux, Indre, France
 * Bronze bust of John Charles Robinson from 1864-65 in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London
 * Plaster head of George Washington, from 1851-53, in the Victoria and Albert Museum collection

title: Carlo Marochetti


text: User talk:172.203.8.59

title: User talk:172.203.8.59


text:
ESTREAM

eSTREAM is a project to "identify new stream ciphers suitable for widespread adoption", organised by the EU ECRYPT network. It was set up as a result of the failure of all six stream ciphers submitted to the NESSIE project. The call for primitives was first issued in November 2004. The project was completed in April 2008. The project was divided into separate phases and the project goal was to find algorithms suitable for different application profiles.

Profiles
The submissions to eSTREAM fall into either or both of two profiles:

 * Profile 1: "Stream ciphers for software applications with high throughput requirements"
 * Profile 2: "Stream ciphers for hardware applications with restricted resources such as limited storage, gate count, or power consumption."

Both profiles contain an "A" subcategory (1A and 2A) with ciphers that also provide authentication in addition to encryption. In Phase 3 none of the ciphers providing authentication are being considered (The NLS cipher had authentication removed from it to improve its performance).

eSTREAM portfolio
the following ciphers make up the eSTREAM portfolio:

These are all free for any use. Rabbit was the only one that had a patent pending during the eStream competition, but it was released into the public domain in October 2008.

The original portfolio, published at the end of Phase 3, consisted of the above ciphers plus F-FCSR which was in Profile 2. However, cryptanalysis of F-FCSR led to a revision of the portfolio in September 2008 which removed that cipher.

Phase 1
Phase 1 included a general analysis of all submissions with the purpose of selecting a subset of the submitted designs for further scrutiny. The designs were scrutinized based on criteria of security, performance (with respect to the block cipher AES—a US Government approved standard, as well as the other candidates), simplicity and flexibility, justification and supporting analysis, and clarity and completeness of the documentation. Submissions in Profile 1 were only accepted if they demonstrated software performance superior to AES-128 in counter mode.

Activities in Phase 1 included a large amount of analysis and presentations of analysis results as well as discussion. The project also developed a framework for testing the performance of the candidates. The framework was then used to benchmark the candidates on a wide variety of systems.

On 27 March 2006, the eSTREAM project officially announced the end of Phase 1.

Phase 2
On 1 August 2006, Phase 2 was officially started. For each of the profiles, a number of algorithms has been selected to be Focus Phase 2 algorithms. These are designs that eSTREAM finds of particular interest and encourages more cryptanalysis and performance evaluation on these algorithms. Additionally a number of algorithms for each profile are accepted as Phase 2 algorithms, meaning that they are still valid as eSTREAM candidates. The Focus 2 candidates will be re-classified every six months.

Phase 3
Phase 3 started in April 2007. Candidates for Profile 1 (software) were:

 * CryptMT (version 3)
 * Dragon
 * HC (HC-128 and HC-256)
 * LEX (LEX-128, LEX-192 and LEX-256)
 * NLS (NLSv2, encryption only, not authentication)
 * Rabbit
 * Salsa20/12
 * SOSEMANUK

Candidates for Profile 2 (hardware) were:

 * DECIM (DECIM v2 and DECIM-128)
 * F-FCSR (F-FCSR-H v2 and F-FCSR-16)
 * Grain (Grain v1 and Grain-128)
 * MICKEY (MICKEY 2.0 and MICKEY-128 2.0)
 * Moustique, Pomaranch (version 3)
 * Trivium

Phase 3 ended on 15 April 2008, with the announcement of the candidates that had been selected for the final eSTREAM portfolio. The selected algorithms were:
 * For Profile 1: HC-128, Rabbit, Salsa20/12, and SOSEMANUK.
 * For Profile 2: F-FCSR-H v2, Grain v1, Mickey v2, and Trivium.

In eSTREAM portfolio
The eSTREAM portfolio ciphers are, :

Versions of the eSTREAM portfolio ciphers that support extended key lengths:

Note that the 128-bit version of Grain v1 is no longer supported by its designers and has been replaced by Grain-128a. Grain-128a is not considered to be part of the eSTREAM portfolio.

No longer in eSTREAM portfolio
This cipher was in the original portfolio but was removed in revision 1, published in September 2008.

title: ESTREAM


text: Category:Jomsvikings

title: Category:Jomsvikings