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User talk:Oog555

President From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, companies, universities, and countries. Etymologically, a "president" is one who presides, who sits in leadership (from Latin prae- "before" + sedere "to sit"). Originally, the term usually referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting (i.e. chairman); but today it most commonly refers to an official with executive powers.

Among other things, President is today a common title for the head of state of a republic, whether popularly elected, chosen by the legislature or a special electoral college. It is also often adopted by dictators.

The bulk of this article is dedicated to this usage by heads of state. For more on other kinds of presidents, see Non-Governmental Presidents, below. For more on the usage of term "president", see President (history of the term).

Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States of America (1901-1909)Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Presidents in democratic countries 2.1 Presidential systems 2.2 Parliamentary systems 2.2.1 "President of Government" in parliamentary systems 2.3 Semi-presidential systems 2.4 Collective Presidency 3 Presidents in dictatorships 4 Presidential symbols 5 Presidential chronologies 6 Specific information 7 Additional reading 8 Non-governmental presidents 9 See also

[edit] History Though there had been several republican countries in the past, it was the United States of America which popularized the position of President when the post was created as the new republic's Head of State in 1789. As South America became independent from Spanish rule, so too did these new republics adopt the title of "President" for their leaders, creating constitutions purposely similar to that of the US.

The first European president was the President of France, a post created in the Second Republic of 1848. (The First Republic had harkened back to the ancient Roman Republic by appointing several consuls at its head.) The first Asian president was the President of the Republic of China (1912), and the first African President was the President of Liberia created in 1848.

Today, the majority of countries have a President as their Head of State.

[edit] Presidents in democratic countries [edit] Presidential systems In states with what is called a Presidential system of government, the President is also the head of government, as well as the head of state. Countries with such a system include the United States and most nations in Latin America. In this system the office of President is very powerful, both in practice and theory. In the United States, the President is indirectly elected by the U.S. Electoral College made up of electors chosen by voters in the presidential election. In most U.S. states, each elector is committed to voting for a specified candidate determined by the popular vote in each state, so that the people, in voting for each elector, is in effect voting for the candidate. However, in several close U.S. elections (notably 1876, 1888, 2000), while one candidate received the most popular votes, another candidate managed to win more electoral votes in the Electoral College and so won the presidency.

[edit] Parliamentary systems Other states have what is called a Parliamentary system of government, in which the President is only head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. Countries with such systems include India, Ireland, Italy and Singapore. Under such a system, executive authority is often vested in the president, with the Government governing in his or her name, producing phrases such as "His/Her Excellency's Government" in some formal state documentation. However a president may also possess some reserve powers or powers which can be exercised by the President without formal advice (ie, binding instruction) from 'His' or 'Her' Governnment.

In parliamentary systems, the president's role is usually primarily ceremonial. However, due the combination of constitutionally established "reserve powers," protocol (which may require them to formally chair cabinet meetings and/or have access to all cabinet memoranda), and his or her role as the person in whose name executive authority is vested, often gives the president a degree of informal influence not often publicly realised.

An example of this influence is the following: between 1870 and 1940, and again from 1945 to 1958, France operated a classic parliamentary system of government, with power in a cabinet chosen by the National Assembly, and a largely though not totally symbolic president; in 1877, President Mac-Mahon showed that his office was constitutionally significant when he dismissed the then prime minister before calling new elections, in the hope of achieving a royalist majority to restore the monarchy (the plan failed).

[edit] "President of Government" in parliamentary systems Some countries with parliamentary systems use the term 'president' in connection with the head of parliamentary government, often as 'President of the Government', 'President of the Council of Ministers' or 'President of the Executive Council'.

Mary McAleese, the current President of Ireland.However, such an official is explicitly not the president of the country. Rather, he or she is called a president in an older sense of the word to denote the fact that he or she heads the cabinet. A separate head of state generally exists in their country that instead serves as the president or monarch of the country.

Thus, such leaders are really premiers, and to avoid confusion are often described simply as 'prime minister' when being mentioned internationally.

There are several examples for this kind of presidency:

Under the French Third and the Fourth Republics, the "President of the Council" (of ministers) was the head of government, with the President of the Republic a largely symbolic figurehead. The prime minister of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1937 was titled President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State. At the same time, the Irish Free State was a kingdom with a reigning monarch, the King of Ireland, as well as a resident Governor-General carrying out many head of state functions. The Prime Minister of Spain is officially referred to as the President of the Government of Spain, and informally known as the "President". Spain is also a kingdom with a reigning King of Spain. The official title of the Prime Minister of Serbia is President of the Government, while the country has a President of Serbia. [edit] Semi-presidential systems Charles de Gaulle, President of the Fifth French Republic (1958-1969), wearing the Legion of Honour as grand-master of the order.A third system is the semi-presidential system, also known as the French system, in which like the Parliamentary system there is both a President and a Prime Minister, but unlike the Parliamentary system the President may have significant day-to-day power. When his party controls the majority of seats in the National Assembly the president can operate closely with the parliament and prime minister, and work towards a common agenda. When the National Assembly is controlled by opponents of the President however, the president can find himself marginalized with the opposition party prime minister exercising most of the power. Though the prime minister remains an appointee of the president, the president must obey the rules of parliament, and select a leader from the house's majority holding party. Thus, sometimes the president and PM can be allies, sometimes bitter rivals. This situation is known as cohabitation. The French semi-presidential system, which can be considered a hybrid between the first two, was developed at the beginning of the Fifth Republic by Charles de Gaulle. It is used (of course) in France, Russia, and several other post-colonial countries which have emulated the French model.

[edit] Collective Presidency Only a tiny minority of modern republics do not have a head of state; examples include:

Switzerland, where the headship of state is collectively vested in the seven-member Swiss Federal Council despite the fact the system includes a President of the Confederation. The President is a member of the Federal Council elected by the Swiss Federal Assembly (the Swiss Parliament) for a year; and the President is merely primus inter pares (first among equals). Nevertheless, on the international stage he or she is treated as head of state. Letters of Credence appointing ambassadors are formally addressed to him or her by other heads of state. Bosnia and Herzegovina, which has a three-member Presidency, each of which are elected by a different constituent nation. The position of the President of the Presidency rotates between the three members. San Marino, which has two Captains Regent elected by the Great and General Council. [edit] Presidents in dictatorships In dictatorships, the title is frequently taken by self-appointed and/or military-backed leaders. Such is the case in many African states; Idi Amin in Uganda, for example. Sometimes the title is even extended into the more presumptuous form of "president for life." In some communist states, the head of the Communist party was also given the presidency, such as Fidel Castro in Cuba and Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union. On other occasions in the Soviet Union, the real power was exercised by the General Secretary of the Communist Party, with some local notable holding the presidency.

Josip Broz Tito, the President for Life of Yugoslavia.President for Life is a title assumed by some dictators to ensure that their authority or legitimacy is never questioned.

The first well-known incident of a leader extending his term indefinitely was Roman dictator Julius Caesar, who made himself "Perpetual Dictator" (commonly mistranslated as 'Dictator-for-life') in 45 BC. His actions would later be mimicked by the French leader Napoleon Bonaparte who was appointed "First Consul for life" in 1802.

Ironically, most leaders who proclaim themselves President for Life do not in fact successfully serve a life term. Even so presidents like Alexandre Sabès dit Pétion, Rafael Carrera, Josip Broz Tito and François Duvalier died in office.

The only living officially proclaimed president for life is Saparmurat Niyazov of Turkmenistan.

Many of them do not proclaim it officially "for life" even if it is evident that they are, like Fidel Castro of Cuba.

Several presidents have ruled until their death in democratic countries, but they have not actually been made and/or proclaimed themselves as President for Life. For instance, Archbishop President Makarios became president of Cyprus late in his life (in 1960) and ruled until his death in 1977, having successfully won re-election several times.

[edit] Presidential symbols As the country's head of state, in most countries the president is entitled to certain symbolic honors, as well as luxury perks that come with the office. For example, most of the world's presidents have a special residence; often a lavish mansion or palace. The President of the United States for example resides in the famous White House.

As well as an official residence, in some nations the Presidency brings with it certain symbols of office, such as an official uniform, decorations, or other accessories. Perhaps the most common presidential symbol are the presidential sashes worn by the presidents of Latin America. In these countries, the sash is a symbol of the presidency's continuity, and presenting the sash to the new president is a key part of the inauguration ceremony.

[edit] Presidential chronologies Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Austria Bangladesh Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Czech Republic Dominican Republic Ecuador Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Kenya Korea, North Korea, South Latvia Lebanon Liberia Lithuania Mexico Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Yemen Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia Somaliland South Africa South Yemen Sri Lanka Switzerland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda Ukraine United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

European Commission Leaders of post-Soviet independent states [edit] Specific information President of the Republic of China President of the People's Republic of China President of Austria President of Fiji President of France President of Germany President of India President of Ireland President of Israel President of Malta President of Pakistan President of the Philippines President of the Republic of Poland President of Serbia President of Serbia and Montenegro President of Trinidad and Tobago President of the United States [edit] Additional reading The powers, functions and functioning of presidents were reviewed by six international experts for Australia's Republic Advisory Committee in 1993. Reports by among others Professor Klaus Von Beyme (on Germany), A.G Noorani (on India), Jim Duffy (on Ireland) and Sir Ellis Clarke (on Trinidad and Tobago) outline the role of various presidencies. The full report is called An Australian Republic: The Options - The Appendices (ISBN 0644325895)

[edit] Non-governmental presidents President is also used as a title in some non-governmental organizations. The head of a university or non-profit corporation, particularly in the United States of America, is often known as president. President is also a title in many corporations. In some cases the president acts as chief operating officer under the direction of the chief executive officer.

In British constitutional practice, the chairman of an Executive Council, acting in such a capacity, is known as a President of the Executive Council. Usually this person is the Governor but is not always so.

In university systems with multiple independent campuses, the relationship between the roles of president and chancellor can become quite complicated. See chancellor.

Many other organizations, clubs, and committees, both political and non-political are led by Presidents as well. Examples can vary from the President of a political party, to the president of a chamber of commerce, to the President of a students' union and even the president of a high school chess club.

In French legal terminology, the president of a court consisting of multiple judges is the foremost judge; he chairs the meeting of the court and directs the debates (and this thus addressed as "Mr President", Monsieur le Président, or appropriate feminine forms). In general, a court comprises several chambers, each with its own president; thus the most senior of these is called the "first president" (as in: "the First President of the Court of Cassation is the most senior judge in France").

[edit] See also List of democracy and elections-related topics CEOs of major corporations Head of state Governor-General Monarch Prime Minister List of national leaders Heads of state timeline Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President" Categories: Chief executives | Management occupations | Positions of authority | Titles

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George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair

George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (20 January 1879 – 6 January 1965), styled Lord Haddo until 1916 and Earl of Haddo from 1916 to 1934, was a Scottish peer and politician.

Aberdeen was born in 1879 at Grosvenor Square, London, the eldest son of The 7th Earl of Aberdeen (later created The 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair in 1916) and his wife, Ishbel, daughter of The 1st Baron Tweedmouth. He was educated at Harrow, St Andrews University, and Balliol College, Oxford. He was a Progressive member of the London County Council for Peckham from 1910 to 1925 and for Fulham West from 1931 to 1934. He was also Chairman of the Charity Organization Society from 1934 to 1937 and Lord-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire between 1934 and 1965. Aberdeen was invested as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1920, as a Knight of the Order of St John (KStJ) in 1949, and was awarded an honorary doctorate of Laws from the University of Aberdeen in 1954.

Lord Aberdeen and Temair married, firstly, Mary Florence Clixby, on 6 August 1906. After her death in 1937 he married, secondly, Anna Orrok Stronach Sheila Forbes, on 21 December 1940. She died in 1949. There were no children from the two marriages. Lord Aberdeen and Temair died in January 1965, aged 85, and was succeeded in the marquessate by his younger brother, Dudley.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Caol Ila distillery

Caol Ila distillery (Taigh-staile Chaol Ìle, "Sound of Islay Distillery") is a Scotch whisky distillery near Port Askaig on the isle of Islay, Scotland, owned by Diageo.

History
Caol Ila is derived from Gaelic Caol Ìle for "Sound of Islay" (lit. "Islay Strait") in reference to the distillery's location overlooking the strait between Islay and Jura. It was founded in 1846 by Hector Henderson. The distillery did not fare well, and changed hands in 1854 when Norman Buchanan, owner of the Isle of Jura Distillery, took over. In 1863 the business was acquired by Bulloch Lade & Co, of Glasgow, traders in whisky stocks. According to the 1871 census, Duncan Johnston was the Distillery Manager at the time. Duncan was the nephew of John Johnston of Lagavulin and cousin to the Laphroaig Johnstons and so the family were involved with yet another distillery on the island. By the 1880s over 147000 impgal of whisky were produced there each year.

In 1920 Bulloch Lade went into voluntary liquidation, and a consortium of businessmen formed the Caol Ila Distillery Company Ltd. In 1927 the Distillers Company acquired a controlling interest in Caol Ila, and in 1930 Scottish Malt Distillers Ltd obtained ownership of all the shares. The distillery closed during World War II, from 1942 to 1945, because of wartime restrictions on the supply of barley to distillers. From then, production continued until 1972, when the entire structure of the distillery was demolished. A larger distillery was then built, designed by George Leslie Darge in the same architectural style as many of his others with his trademark glazed curtain walls to the still houses, and production resumed in 1974. The company eventually became part of Diageo.

The whisky
Caol Ila is one of the lighter Islay whiskies, pale in colour, with peaty, floral and peppery notes. In addition to being sold as a single malt, it is used heavily (around 95% of their production) in blends such as Johnnie Walker's Black Label. Since 1999, the distillery has also produced a non-peated "highland spirit".

Awards
Different expressions of Caol Ila have generally rated highly at spirit ratings competitions. The 12-year, for example, received two double gold, three gold, and one silver medal from the San Francisco World Spirits Competition between 2005 and 2010. It also received an above-average score of 90-95 from Wine Enthusiast in 2005. The 18- and 25-year expressions, though not as frequently rated by outside agencies, have also tended to score well.

title: Caol Ila distillery


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Putting It Together

Putting it Together is a musical revue showcasing the songs of Stephen Sondheim. Drawing its title from a song in Sunday in the Park with George, it was devised by Sondheim and Julia McKenzie. The revue has received several productions, beginning with its premiere in England in 1992, Broadway in 1999 and the West End in 2014.

Original UK production (1992)
The revue came about due to many requests for an update to Side by Side by Sondheim (1976). Having resisted a new show, he was finally convinced by producer Cameron Mackintosh, and Julia McKenzie was brought in to assist.

Putting It Together was first performed on January 27, 1992 at the Old Fire Station Theatre in Oxford, England, where it ran for 24 performances. Directed by Julia McKenzie and produced by Cameron Mackintosh, the cast included Diana Rigg, Clive Carter, Claire Moore, Clarke Peters, and Kit Hesketh-Harvey.

Original US production (1993)
The Manhattan Theatre Club production opened Off-Broadway on April 1, 1993 at New York City Center, where it ran for 59 performances and 37 previews. It was directed by McKenzie and choreographed by Bob Avian, with scenery by Robin Wagner, costumes by Theoni V. Aldredge, and lighting by Tharon Musser. The cast included Stephen Collins, Christopher Durang, Michael Rupert, Rachel York, and Julie Andrews, making her return to the New York City stage after an absence of more than 30 years.

The markedly revised revue now had a slight plot: At an all-night, black-tie party in a penthouse. The hosts, an older couple (Andrews and Collins) face their disillusions and marital troubles; a younger, less jaundiced couple (Rupert and York) struggle with their feelings and desires, and a commentator (Durang) oversees and influences the action. The spouses deal with infidelity and divorce but finally reconcile before dawn. A cast recording was released by RCA Records.

Broadway production (1999)
A production at the Mark Taper Forum (Los Angeles) transferred to Broadway the following year, opening November 21, 1999 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, where it ran for 101 performances and 22 previews. Directed by Eric D. Schaeffer and choreographed by Bob Avian, the Broadway cast included Carol Burnett (Wife), George Hearn (Husband), Ruthie Henshall (Young Woman), John Barrowman (Young Man), and Bronson Pinchot (Observer). Kathie Lee Gifford replaced Burnett at some performances. The production marked the return of Burnett to the Broadway stage after performing in Moon Over Buffalo in 1995. Hearn was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical.

A video recording of the Broadway production (directed by Don Roy King) was released for television and home media as Putting It Together: Direct from Broadway. The DVD release includes blooper footage of Burnett's skirt falling down during the opening of the second act.

West End production (2014)
The revue received its West End premiere in January 2014 at St. James Theatre, London with a cast that included Janie Dee, David Bedella, Damian Humbley, Caroline Sheen, and Daniel Crossley. It was directed by Alastair Knights, with choreography by Matthew Rowland and Musical Supervision by Alex Parker. It ran for a strictly limited 3-week run, closing on the 1st February 2014.

Original Ireland production (2015)
The revue received its Irish premiere in December 2015 at Lyric Theatre, Belfast with Fra Fee, Carol Starks, Nicholas Pound, Christina Tedders, and Brad Clapson, directed by Stephen Whitson, and musical supervision by Alex Parker.

Original production
Act I
 * Invocation and Instructions (The Frogs)
 * Putting It Together (Sunday in the Park with George)
 * Rich and Happy (Merrily We Roll Along)
 * Merrily We Roll Along (Merrily We Roll Along)
 * Lovely (A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum)
 * Everybody Ought to Have a Maid (A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum)
 * Sequence:
 * Sooner or Later (Dick Tracy)
 * I'm Calm (A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum)
 * Impossible (A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum)
 * Ah, But Underneath ...! (Follies - London)
 * Hello Little Girl (Into the Woods)
 * My Husband the Pig/ Every Day a Little Death (A Little Night Music)
 * Have I Got a Girl for You (Company)
 * Pretty Women (Sweeney Todd)
 * Now (A Little Night Music)
 * Bang! (A Little Night Music)
 * Country House (Follies - London)
 * Could I Leave You? (Follies)

Act II
 * Entr'acte/ Back in Business (Dick Tracy)
 * Rich and Happy (Merrily We Roll Along)
 * Night Waltzes (A Little Night Music-stage and film)
 * Gun Song (Assassins)
 * The Miller's Son (A Little Night Music)
 * Live Alone and Like It (Dick Tracy)
 * Sorry-Grateful (Company)
 * Sweet Polly Plunkett (Sweeney Todd)
 * I Could Drive a Person Crazy (Company)
 * Marry Me a Little (Company)
 * Getting Married Today (Company)
 * Being Alive (Company)
 * Like It Was (Merrily We Roll Along)
 * Old Friends (Merrily We Roll Along)

Broadway production (1999)
Act I
 * Invocation and Instructions to the Audience (from The Frogs) — The Observer
 * Putting It Together (from Sunday in the Park with George) —The Company
 * Rich and Happy (from Merrily We Roll Along) — The Company
 * Do I Hear a Waltz? (from Do I Hear a Waltz?) — The Wife, The Husband
 * Merrily We Roll Along #1 (from Merrily We Roll Along) — The Observer
 * Lovely (from A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum) — The Younger Woman, The Wife
 * Hello Little Girl (from Into the Woods) — The Husband, The Younger Woman
 * My Husband the Pig (from A Little Night Music) — The Wife
 * Everyday a Little Death (from A Little Night Music) — The Wife, The Younger Woman
 * Everybody Ought to Have a Maid (from A Funny Thing Happened On The Way to the Forum) — The Wife, The Observer
 * Have I Got a Girl for You (from Company) — The Younger Man, The Husband
 * Pretty Women (from Sweeney Todd) — The Younger Man, The Husband
 * Sooner or Later (from Dick Tracy) — The Younger Woman
 * Bang! (from A Little Night Music) — The Younger Man, The Observer, The Younger Woman
 * Country House (from Follies) — The Wife, The Husband
 * Unworthy of Your Love (from Assassins) — The Younger Man, The Younger Woman
 * Merrily We Roll Along #2 (from Merrily We Roll Along) — The Observer
 * Could I Leave You? (from Follies) — The Wife
 * Rich and Happy (Reprise) — The Company

Act II
 * Back in Business (from Dick Tracy) — The Company
 * It's Hot Up Here (from Sunday in the Park with George) — The Company
 * The Ladies Who Lunch (from Company) — The Wife
 * The Road You Didn't Take (from Follies) — The Husband
 * Live Alone and Like It (from Dick Tracy) — The Younger Man
 * More (from Dick Tracy) — The Younger Woman
 * There's Always a Woman (from Anyone Can Whistle) — The Wife, The Younger Woman
 * Buddy's Blues (from Follies) — The Observer
 * Good Thing Going (from Merrily We Roll Along) — The Husband
 * Marry Me a Little ( from Company) — The Younger Man
 * Not Getting Married Today (from Company) — The Wife
 * Merrily We Roll Along #3 (from Merrily We Roll Along) — The Company
 * Being Alive (from Company) — The Company
 * Like It Was (from Merrily We Roll Along) — The Wife
 * Old Friends (from Merrily We Roll Along) — The Company

title: Putting It Together


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User talk:Revx~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Ragib 17:52, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Revx. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Revx~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:40, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:03, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Revx~enwiki


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User talk:Kasintahan

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Ragib 17:52, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Kasintahan


text:
User talk:Profvk

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Ragib 17:52, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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stub, expansion
You can remove the stub if your want. It's mostly for small articles and articles that have barely any content. I mostly just categorize Hinduism topics or and to do some minor fixes. Why don't you add yourself to the list in WikiProject Hinduism? --Dangerous-Boy

There are no obligations. The project is just there for reference to help you with article construction if you want it. You don't have to anything that you don't want to do. It has the code for templates in case you need them. --Dangerous-Boy

Your message
Thank you for your message. I have written a lot of articles on Hinduism such as nayanars, karma in Hinduism, vishnu sahasranam, shri rudram. There's a lot of ignorance in the wikipedian community about Hinduism and I am trying to correct them.

Raj2004 13:08, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

I have made edits to most articles in the Hinduism category. Besides the ones listed in the earlier message, I have wrote articles on avatar, linga, Ishta Deva, Smartism, Madhva, Raghavendra Swami, Nayanars, and Kalahasti. we need help on Lalitha sahasranama. I wrote on Rudram and Vishnu sahasranama but I don't have enough (on hand) resources on Lalitha sahasranama. As you can see, the article on Lalitha sahasranama is quite short and needs a lot of improvement. The articles on Hinduism were in pretty bad shape before I and others came along.

Raj2004 17:57, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

for my contributions, please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Raj2004 I will add myself to the project list.

Thanks for your help with the articles! also, when you write the articles, there is no need to add a signature at the end. The history section would identify the contributor. Thanks. I read your article on the saivite teacher, ayyapa. It is very good.

Raj2004 18:49, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

TTA
I saw your much-needed expansion to Tat Tvam Asi, an article that I started. I think that I saw your posting on the Yahoo Advaita group. Namasteji. --goethean ॐ 14:50, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

History of Hinduism
Do you think you can help improve History of Hinduism? The goal is to get it as good as History of Buddhism. --Dangerous-Boy

smartism
Profvk, the term, smartism was coined by Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami to describe a Hindu denomintation that follows the smarta tradition that follows Sankara.

http://www.hinduism-today.com/archives/2003/10-12/44-49_four_sects.shtml

Raj2004 00:55, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Picture for Friendship Theorem
Dear Professor, thank you for your article on the Theorem on Friends and Strangers. It is a very nice theorem. I read you would like to illustrate the article and I'd like to offer my help. Do you already have a picture and are you having problems including them in the article, or do you want me to draw a picture?

Yours, Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:16, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Tat tvam asi: vishishtadvaita interpretation
Yes, the introduction to the article has been improved a lot, thank you. I found your page by watching the Special:Newpages list for pages that need attention. --IByte 11:49, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Your question
Hello, Profvk I don't know how to do it. Please ask my good friend User: Sam Spade on how to do it.

Raj2004 16:16, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Karma in Hinduism
Profvk, I made more changes to my article, Karma in Hinduism. Please take a look.

Thanks,

Raj2004

Eknath copyright
Hi, I noticed you copy-pasted the article at Eknath from http://www.geocities.com/profvk/gohitvip/52eknath.html which seems to be your site. I have removed the paras for now, for copyright violation. But I will revert it, once you give permission. You can do that, either by licensing your content (at http://www.geocities.com/profvk/gohitvip/52eknath.html) under GFDL. Or you can mail me giving me the permission from a mail id listed on the site, so we could verify the owner. -- Pamri • Talk 07:54, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

=Raja Yoga controversy= Dear Hinduism Project editors,

There is a controversy on the Hinduism regarding Raja Yoga. Please read the debate on the Hinduism discussion page. Your comments are requested on the Hinduism discussion page to help resolve the controversy. Thank you. HeBhagawan 14:50, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Request for edit summary
When editing an article on Wikipedia there is a small field labeled "Edit summary" under the main edit-box. It looks like this: The text written here will appear on the Recent changes page, in the page revision history, on the diff page, and in the watchlists of users who are watching that article. See m:Help:Edit summary for full information on this feature.

Filling in the edit summary field greatly helps your fellow contributors in understanding what you changed, so please always fill in the edit summary field, especially for big edits or when you are making subtle but important changes, like changing dates or numbers. Thank you. – Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 15:17, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Inappropriate external links
Please will you desist from adding external links such as the one that you did in this edit. It is inappropriate, per our policies. You can view those policies at WP:ELNO. Thanks. - Sitush (talk) 13:17, 17 May 2012 (UTC)
 * This one also appears to be dubious. Why are we linking to what appears to be a personal page? - Sitush (talk) 13:20, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Eknath

A tag has been placed on Eknath requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article or image appears to be a clear copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

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If you think that the page was nominated in error, contest the nomination by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion" in the speedy deletion tag. Doing so will take you to the talk page where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but do not hesitate to add information that is consistent with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.  Ol Yeller21 Talktome  15:57, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of South India's 75 Apostles of Bhakti for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article South India's 75 Apostles of Bhakti is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Redtigerxyz Talk 07:06, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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WikiProject Hinduism
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title: User talk:Profvk


text:
Notoungulata

Notoungulata is an extinct order of ungulates that inhabited South America from the early Paleocene to the end of the Pleistocene, living from approximately 61 million to 11,000 years ago. Notoungulates were morphologically diverse, with forms resembling animals as disparate as rabbits and rhinoceroses. Notoungulata are the largest group of South American native ungulates, with over 150 genera in 14 families having been described, divided into two major subgroupings, Typotheria and Toxodontia. Notoungulates first diversified during the Eocene. Their diversity declined from the late Neogene onwards, with only the large toxodontids persisting until the end of the Pleistocene (with Mixotoxodon expanding into Central America and southern North America), perishing as part of the Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions along with most other large mammals across the Americas. Collagen sequence analysis suggests that notoungulates are closely related to litopterns, another group of South American ungulates, and their closest living relatives being perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates), including rhinoceroses, tapirs and equines as part of the clade Panperissodactyla. However their relationships to other South American ungulates are uncertain. Several groups of notoungulates separately evolved ever-growing cheek teeth.

Taxonomy
Notoungulata is divided into two major suborders, Typotheria and Toxodontia, alongside some basal groups (Notostylopidae and Henricosborniidae) which are potentially paraphyletic. Notoungulates make up over half the described diversity of indigenous South American ungulates, with over 150 genera in 14 different families.

This order is proposed to be united with other South American native ungulates in the super-order Meridiungulata. The notoungulate and litoptern native ungulates of South America have been shown by studies of collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequences to be a sister group to the perissodactyls, making them true ungulates. The estimated divergence date is 66 million years ago. This conflicts with the results of some morphological analyses which posited them as afrotherians. It is in line with some more recent morphological analyses which suggested they were basal euungulates. Panperissodactyla has been proposed as the name of an unranked clade to include perissodactyls and their extinct South American ungulate relatives.

Cifelli has argued that Notioprogonia is paraphyletic, as it would include the ancestors of the remaining suborders. Similarly, Cifelli indicated that Typotheria would be paraphyletic if it excluded Hegetotheria and he advocated inclusion of Archaeohyracidae and Hegetotheriidae in Typotheria.

Notoungulata were for many years taken to include the order Arctostylopida, whose fossils are found mainly in China. Recent studies, however, have concluded that Arctostylopida are more properly classified as gliriforms, and that the notoungulates were therefore never found outside South and Central America.

Based on an analysis of 133 morphological characters in 50 notoungulate genera, Billet in 2011 concluded that Homalodotheriidae, Leontiniidae, Toxodontidae, Interatheriidae, Mesotheriidae, and Hegetotheriidae are the only monophyletic families of notoungulates. Some studies have suggested that Pyrotheria, often ranked as an independent order, should also be included within Notoungulata.

Classification

 * Suborder Notioprogonia (probably paraphyletic)
 * Family Henricosborniidae
 * Family Notostylopidae
 * Suborder Toxodontia
 * Family Isotemnidae
 * Family Leontiniidae
 * Family Notohippidae (paraphyletic)
 * Family Toxodontidae
 * Family Homalodotheriidae
 * Suborder Typotheria
 * Family Archaeohyracidae
 * Family Archaeopithecidae
 * Family Campanorcidae
 * Family Hegetotheriidae
 * Family Interatheriidae
 * Family Mesotheriidae
 * Family Oldfieldthomasiidae

Ecology
Notoungulates varied widely in body size, with early diverging notoungulates like Simpsonotus, and some hegetotheriid and interatheriid typotherians having a body mass of approximately 1-2 kg, while the toxodontid Toxodon is suggested to have had a body mass exceeding 1000 kg. Typotheres generally occupied small-medium body size niches, while toxodontians were generally medium-large sized animals. The families Interatheriidae, Hegetotheriidae, Mesotheriidae and Toxodontidae separately evolved high crowned (hypsodont) ever-growing cheek teeth, with high crowned species constituting the majority of notoungulates from the Late Oligocene onward. This adaptation was historically suggested to be the result of a diet increasingly incorporating grass, but this has been questioned, and other authors suggesting that it may have been due to the increasing intake of abrasive particles from volcanic sources. Many typotheres have bodyforms convergent on rodents, hyraxes and rabbits, with some rabbit-like hegetotheriids suggested to have developed a rabbit-like bounding locomotion. The basal notungulate Notostylops and the mesotheriids are suggested to have engaged in digging, with mesotheriids suggested to have had an ecology similar to wombats. Toxodontids have sometimes been compared to rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses in overall bodyform and tooth morphology. The Miocene toxodontian Homalodotherium had claws on its forelimbs and is thought to have had an ecology similar to the extinct chalicotheres, rearing on its hindlegs to feed. Like perissodactyls, notoungulates were likely primitively hindgut fermenters, but it has also been proposed that some of them may have had fermentation more similar to ruminants based on their skeletal anatomy, though this is uncertain.

Evolutionary history
The oldest notoungulates appeared during the Paleocene, probably originating from "condylarth" ancestors that had migrated from North America. Notoungulates and other South American native ungulates reached their apex of diversity during the Eocene and Oligocene. Notoungulate species diversity was stable during the Miocene, though 45% of the family diversity of the group became extinct during the interval, including Homalodotheriidae, Leontiniidae, and Interatheriidae. The diversity of the group declined during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, which is coeval in time with the Great American Interchange, which allowed ungulates and other mammals from North America to enter South America. This decline has historically been attributed to competition with the new North American arrivals, though earlier views had probably overstated the importance of this, with climatic change also likely being an important factor. As part of the Great American interchange, the toxodontid Mixotoxodon migrated into Central and North America, with its furthest northern record being in Texas. The last hegetotheriids are known from the Early Pleistocene (with a supposed Middle Pleistocene record being considered questionable). The youngest known member of Typotheria, the mesotheriid Mesotherium, has its last records in the late Middle Pleistocene, around 220,000 years ago. The last notoungulates, the toxodontids Toxodon, Mixotoxodon and Piauhytherium became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago as part of the Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions, along with most other large mammals in the Americas. The extinction coincides with the arrival of the first humans to the Americas and they are suggested to have been a causal factor in the extinction.

title: Notoungulata