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Talk:Doctor of Medicine

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M.D. Thesis
Could someone who has access to US and Canadian sources explain what sort of thesis or dissertation is required for a medical doctorate in North America? NRPanikker 16:43, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * A few medical schools in the U.S. require a thesis, the majority don't; it's medical school specific. However, overseas, e.g. in Germany, some kind of scientific dissertation is required for the "Doctor of Medicine" degree title pe se.  A medical education in e.g. (many parts of) Europe is essentially equivalement to the educational process for a bachelor's degree in the U.S, whereas in the U.S., a medical degree involves education past a bachelor's degree.  Andrew73 19:44, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I would have said that the education is equivalent (bachelor v. US doctorate), but that in the US, a bachelor's degree is pre-requisite for medical training. This would be true for almost all US first professional doctorates, where the equivalent non-US training in law, dentistry, pharmacy etc. is a bachelor's degree. Things are changing slowly, with an increasing number of overseas dentistry and vet practioners using the title "Dr", as well as the introduction of some professional doctorates (e.g. PsyD). I'm also aware of some universities thinking of offering a shorter postgraduate medical education, in addition to the longer MBChB, however, I don't know if that will be a doctorate. --Limegreen 21:33, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It's probably worth noting, though, that bachelor's degrees in the UK tend to be more specialised than those in the USA. You start studying your chosen subject (or two subjects in the case of 'joint honours' degrees) from day one and while many universities or departments do have some limited scope for taking courses in other subjects for credit, generally the core of the degree programme is focused on one subject for the entire three years (or four in the case of the relatively new first master's degrees like the MMath, MPhys, etc).  There isn't a requirement to study a range of elective courses in other subjects before choosing a 'major'.
 * I guess that when comparing the US MD and the UK MBChB, the crucial test is to ask whether there's any difference in knowledge and expertise by the time of graduation - and as far as I can tell, they're pretty analogous. The new postgraduate-entry fast-track MBChB programmes, which are restricted to people who already have a BSc in biology or biochemistry, are like the conventional undergraduate-entry ones, except that a year's worth of biology and biochemistry courses are skipped on the grounds that the students already know it.
 * You're right that there's been a recent, sneaking tendency in the UK for other medical-related practitioners to start adopting the courtesy title of 'Dr' - something that many of us with actual doctoral degrees regard with varying levels of suspicion. My dentist, despite being a Bachelor of Dental Surgery, is called 'Dr' (not, of course, that I'm inclined to argue the point when she's in the middle of poking at my teeth with scary bits of sharp metal).  I guess the real test will be whether or not the lawyers (who over here are still LLBs or LLMs) eventually try it as well. -- Nicholas Jackson 00:55, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I know that in the UK the accelerated medical programmes for graduates all lead to the same degrees as the mainstream courses, which would be MB ChB or MB BS (etc): this was necessary as there was at first some suspicion about the shortened courses. In the same way, in the US the shortened two year programmes for people with PhDs (in English Literature, or whatever) lead to an MD. NRPanikker 13:27, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I'm not quite sure I understand what you meant NRP. PhDs in America do not get shortened school terms for previous PhD degrees that I know of.  Or did I entirely misunderstand you?  tc. BruceD270 00:36, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There is only one medical school in the US which requires a thesis for graduation: Yale University. There are several others where it is optional. Since the MD is a first professional degree, and is a practical, not research, degree, most US medical schools do not require a thesis at all. DrGaellon (talk | contribs) 02:44, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

The UK medical education should adapt the bologna process as the Australian one did. It means that the medical curriculum should be at masters' level due to the ETCS (European Credit Transfer System) which normally takes at least 240 ETCS credits not just only 120- 180 ETCS as normal bachelors' degree. The British universities are trying to lobby their students by giving multiple degree at the same time of graduation such BSc/MBBS (bachelor of Sciences/ Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) so on and so far. However, it seems nonsense and useless to do so. It is supposed to follow the criteria of Bologna process and to give MD (Doctor of Medicine) degree to their graduates as most of European countries do. Logically, degree in medicine is considered strongly to be a professional degree which means that the degree identify their job as a skillful-designed person in the field. The UK system (MBBS or MBChB= bachelors' degree) tried to illuminate their graduates by giving courtesy title of "Dr." (seem to be more criticized by many other academic scholars in other majors that they should not be called Dr. if they have no word "doctor" in their degrees) to them in to make not to feel inferior than other who get MD degree (such most other European and the US graduates). To get a PhD in medicine does mean that those people are very outstanding in the field because it is just a philosophy not a real professional one, It is the specialist training or specialist registrar who will give them this achievement. If the adapttion is done, it is not so complicated to covert the name of their current MD degree (higher or first doctorate) to a Doctor of Medical Sciences (DMedSc or MedScD) in order to distinguish the professional and research doctorate

MD as a first degree
I remember reading a long time ago that American (and possibly Canadian) college students could apply to medical schools after a couple of years studying pre-medical subjects, without completing a BA or BS first. Is that still the case? Or has the level of competition for entry effectively raised the barrier and made the MD a postgraduate degree, as happened to the LLB (now JD)? NRPanikker 19:07, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Pretty much; its not really possible for an American student to gain admissions w/o a four year BS or BA. Schools still reserve the right just in case they come by someone like the dali lama who might not meet the minimums but still wants in (i.e. its there but it never happens). Allgoodnamesalreadytaken 02:53, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * There are some combined BA/MD programs where you are accepted right out of high school. Andrew73 21:56, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I wonder whether the effective requirement for a BA or BS before enrolling for an American MD equates academically to the French requirement for a baccalauréat or Bachelier ès Sciences degree on leaving the lycée followed by a year's premedical study at university, or even the English call for Advanced Level GCE passes. NRPanikker 03:33, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, to me it seems that the BA requirement is more significant (by far) compared to either, though I admit I know much less about the French system. Allgoodnamesalreadytaken 20:58, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * To be really nitpicky, it's possible to gain admission to certain med schools (Brown) without a 4-year degree, but before you can matriculate you'll need to have completed your degree (that is, you can apply for a BS/MD right out of high school, but you have to complete the BS first). For all practical purposes, you're exactly right. Ante  lan  talk  19:37, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

MB in the USA
Currently the main MD article states that American medical schools used to give bachelor of medicine degrees, until they switched to giving doctorates. I remember hearing a long time ago that Dartmouth College could award a bachelor's degree to those who got half way through the medical course, but is the main assertion correct or just vandalism? NRPanikker 15:17, 5 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Vandalism? How could this assertion qualify as vandalism? User:Hopping  T  16:02, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * "During the first years of the Harvard Medical School, students were granted an M.B. degree, the Bachelor of Medicine ...In 1811, Harvard began to confer the M.D. on all medical graduates that year."  We are not talking about the MB being granted currently in the US.  The MB is the traditional British medical degree and used to be conferred as the standard medical degree in the US (until the early 1800s).  Hope that helps!

Jwri7474 17:10, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Allopathic
I thought all that 'allopathic' business had been resolved months ago. If not, perhaps we should discuss it here. -- Nicholas Jackson (talk) 07:42, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I thought so too: see the discussion from last month See WhatamIdoing's comment below for the updated link. Antelan talk  11:41, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah but a certain editor insists on being tendentious about this.  Orange Marlin  Talk• Contributions 00:45, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The correct link is here. The discussion was archived.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 18:44, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Oops, thanks. I've fixed my post. Antelan talk  20:41, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Censor tag
There is currently a war in place over the addition of the censor tag to this talk page. I don't personally believe that it is needed for this page, however, rather than engage in an edit war, it would be better to discuss it here. DigitalC (talk) 07:32, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

 * This use of the censor tag is the most asinine thing I've seen today. It's used on pages which may attract censoring of images (such as pictures of Mohamed or human nudity). Not a Intelligent-design-esq "the establishment is censoring our arguments". Jefffire (talk) 08:45, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Arguments? What arguments?  Bryan Hopping  T  13:48, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * If you look at WP:CENSOR, it's clear that "not censored" applies to graphic content which some might consider obscene or inappropriate. The examples cited are the articles on penis and pornography. In any content dispute, both sides typically feel that the other is "censoring" their arguments. That's not what WP:CENSOR is about. A censorship tag isn't appropriate to this particular page or dispute. Instead of edit-warring over the tag, why not set forth the dispute concisely and seek outside input? MastCell Talk 15:49, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Well then why won't someone block Hopping for edit warring and putting a dumbass 3RR warning on my user talk page for removing it?  Orange Marlin  Talk• Contributions 20:44, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Is it up to 4 yet? I sent my WP sttings to Ozzie times which confuses me sometimes...Cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 21:26, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

MD or M.D.
The article seems to switch between the two. Being an aussie I don't use the term - should it always have the little dots? In any case, the article should stick to one. I'd do it myself but I can't decide which.....Cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 14:28, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I prefer LRU. Lord Ruler of the Universe.  But that may just be me. Manual of Style (abbreviations) says either is preferred.  Which means there is no standard.  But I would presume if this article was being copyedited, it should be consistent.  I'd vote for MD, since it's easier to type.   Orange Marlin  Talk• Contributions 14:37, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * MD is fine by me, as well. Anyone want to stick up for poor old M.D.? Antelan talk  23:51, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'll race you to see how many M.D.'s can be changed to MD in the next 10 minutes. :)   Orange Marlin  Talk• Contributions 23:54, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh you're on. If you beat me to it, I'll just revert you and then revert myself, claiming all the credit. Antelan talk  23:55, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Damn. All that ctrl+f / del / paste, and you still beat me to it. All I got was a typo. Antelan talk  23:59, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * You see, the Macintosh is a superior computer for editing on Wikipedia. And all those years threading catheters in coronary arteries, has made my finger more dextrous for typing!  Orange Marlin  Talk• Contributions 00:04, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Uhoh. All this typing on Wikipedia is going to make my fingers arthritic, which will be something of a liability when I begin threading catheters in coronary arteries. Antelan talk  00:14, 10 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Don't worry. The fluoroscopy will kill you first.   Orange Marlin  Talk• Contributions 01:03, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Scope of Practice
A brief mention of scope of practice would be appropriate near the top of the article. Practice demographics might also be handy to make the article more robust. Thoughts? CorticoSpinal (talk) 18:11, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Status as higher doctorate
This page from Cambridge, Higher Doctorates, lists Law, Science, Letters, Music, and Divinity as higher doctorates. This page, Doctor of Medicine Prizes, states that the degree is 'given to medically qualified graduates who submit a dissertation on an approved new area of research'. The page, Doctor of Medicine (DM), from Oxford states that, 'The DM degree is awarded on the basis of a thesis (or, for senior staff only, published work) on a medical subject previously approved by the Divisional Board.' Looking beyond Oxbridge, at UCL the MD degree is awarded on the basis of a 60,000-word thesis, has a supervisor, is completed over a recommended time period, and incurs tuition fees equal to those for an MPhil or PhD. Interestingly, it seems to be the only higher doctorate for which UCL has designed new academic dress.

These requirements seem very different to those for other higher doctorates, which are awarded exclusively on the basis of a body of published work and may represent the culmination of a life's work. In the case of Paul S. Fiddes, for example, the degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred two years after he was appointed Professor of Systematic Theology, by which time he had written nine books. Rowan Williams became a DD three years after being appointed to the university's second most prestigious chair in Divinity, two years after the first edition of his masterpiece Arius: heresy and tradition and just one year before his election as a Fellow of the British Academy. G. E. M. de Ste. Croix became an FBA in 1972 but did not submit his work for the degree of DLitt until 1975. It seems that the degree of Doctor of Medicine can be obtained on the basis of a far less distinguished academic record than the other higher doctorates in divinity, laws, civil law, letters, literature, and science, and possibly music (which may be awarded on the basis of composition, which is not easily compared with a body of scholarship). It appears that it may even be awarded for a thesis of the same length as that submitted for the degrees of MLitt or MPhil. At Oxford there also seems to be the difference that one registers as a Student for the Degree of DM, whereas any other higher doctorate is awarded on the basis of work carried out in the course of one's career; nobody is ever a Student for the Degree of DLitt.--Oxonian2006 (talk) 16:41, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

In Great Britain, Ireland and countries influenced by them there are two doctorates in medical science, Doctor of Medicine (MD or DM) which can be obtained early in an academic or clinical career and Doctor of Science (DSc or ScD) which requires a whole programme of published research. The latter degree requires more than just a few papers from one project, and is usually obtained by career scientists (whether medically qualified or not) of at least Senior Lecturer or Senior Research Fellow rank. Since PhDs were introduced to Britain early in the 20th century, the DSc has become elevated in status and now resembles a German Habilitation, except that it is not necessary to have another doctorate such as a PhD or MD first before becoming a "Doctor Habiltatus." However, there is no need to have a DSc to become a Professor, so most British academics don't bother to get one. Very few go to the other extreme and get MD, PhD and DSc.

Doctorates in Medicine, Law and Divinity are much older than the others: for a long period the DD and LLD were normally given as honorary degrees to senior clergymen and judges, and the LLD was also given to non-lawyers, such as Samuel Johnson and continues to be used in that way. The DD is still given to senior clergymen in that way (e.g. Ian Paisley’s DD from Bob Jones University) but it is also available after three years or so of research in the Scottish universities, as well as by published work. The MD was different, in that it was possible, before regular curricula were introduced in the 19th century, to study at a variety of locations (in Britain and Europe) and then take the degree (in Latin) wherever it was most convenient to do so: which could mean wherever it was easiest. Aberdeen and St Andrews Universities were notorious for awarding the MD by post on the basis of a dissertation plus testimonials, and a few undeserving candidates got through, but apart from that it was rarely given on an honorary basis.

The precise significance of the MD has changed over the past 150 years. When the Scottish universities replaced it by the MB and CM degrees at the end of the medical course, the thesis at first remained part of the MB and there was no further examination in medicine for the few who went on to an MD: instead there was a requirement for study in classics, since it was no longer necessary to be examined in Latin or to produce a dissertation in that language for the MB. The claim was that a new MB had a complete knowledge of medicine and was not to be regarded as a lesser clinician than an MD. That attitude did not last, and later on the thesis was transferred to the MD, and there was also a clinical examination for the MD (and also for the similar ChM introduced later for surgery). The research element grew over the years, and most British universities abolished MD clinical examinations in the 1940s, while retaining the oral examination on the thesis. The remaining exceptions are in surgery, where Oxford and Cambridge retain a Part One examination before the thesis for the MCh and MChir, and Liverpool, which introduced specialised degrees in orthopaedic and ENT surgery.

Indian medical colleges have taken the postgraduate MD the other way, by setting up three year courses for the MD or MS in general medicine, general surgery, obstetrics & gynaecology, pathology, etc, and more recently higher doctorates (DM or MCh) in subspecialties. These involve examinations as well as a research project. Sri Lanka has followed this model of the MD. A number of Asian and Middle Eastern countries have instead set up Master of Medicine (MMed) degrees to follow the MB BS (etc) at this level.

Many Commonwealth countries instead have free-standing Colleges of Physicians (or Surgeons, etc) or Academies of Medicine, who hold specialty examinations for a Membership or Fellowship qualification. This follows the other strand of British postgraduate medical training, which the US deliberately did not follow, to avoid the elitism with which the Royal College of Physicians of London was formerly reproached. There was about a century of rivalry and sometimes hostility between the Harley Street consultants who ran the Royal Colleges and the academics who awarded the degrees, but the two groups have to some extent merged and research is creeping into the college examinations too. For example, Membership of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland can be obtained either by passing written and clinical examinations, or by submitting published research: currently their website asks for 15 to 20 principal-author publications in peer-reviewed journals. The US equivalent to these membership and fellowship examinations is Board certification by a member organisation of the American Board of Medical Specialties, which is more necessary for a medical trainee than any higher degree. NRPanikker (talk) 21:17, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Looking back at the above, I realise that in fact there are three doctorates in medical science in the British system, as is implicit in the mention of the PhD. A PhD or DPhil can be done on a purely clinical topic: it is not just a matter of laboratory/library research as in the USA. As it is the newest of the three doctorates, there used to be some snobbery about the choice of degree, and young researchers could at one time be urged to submit their work for an MD instead, as "no gentleman has a PhD," but I have not heard that for a long time, and it is normal for someone who has undertaken intensive formally supervised research at the start of their career to expect a PhD. The rules for the MD are looser, there used to be much less supervision, or none (as with the higher doctorates) and it could be obtained at any stage in a career: but only by a medical graduate. NRPanikker (talk) 14:56, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Rewrite the section "equivalent degrees in other countries"
This entire section is too North American centric in its viewpoint and does not really fall in line with Wiki's neutral world view policy. Why can't we simply create a simple point list of basic entry level equivalent medical qualifications from around the world that (in each country entitles one to practice medicine). Ex:
 * MD, MDCM (US, Canada, Germany)
 * MBBS, MB, MBChB, BMed, BMBS, BMBCh (UK + Commonwealth)
 * MuDr (Czec)
 * Titlo (Mexico)

etc etc etc

The section has the feeling like every other degree is being compared to the North American MD (as if its a gold standard or something). 1) Not everyone wants to work in the United States.  2) No where is it written that the American medical education is the "gold standard". Lets be a little more diplomatic and neutral with our article here. Thanks (anyone want to start the rewrite?)  Jwri7474 (talk) 13:11, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

I completely agree. This article is utterly US-centric and is written as though other countries' medical degrees are follow-ons and afterthoughts. It seriously needs re-writing. Can somebody please mark it as ethnocentric? I don't know how Arctic hobo (talk) 02:00, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

While this page is fairly US-centric, I would contend that this is reasonable, as the title of the page is "Doctor of Medicine". The title "Doctor of Medicine" seems to suggest MD. In contrast, if the page was called "Medical Doctor", I would agree completely with your contention. I'm not sure if it's appropriate to include too much information about the other types of medical doctors. I would suggest that we move some of this information to the "Medical Doctor" (which redirects to physician) page, and include it under some type of heading such as Medical Degrees by Country. This way, it wouldn't be framed as "equivalent degrees" (which presumes that the US degree is the standard), but rather, as "types of medical degrees". Do any of you have thoughts on this? Wjdittmar (talk) 21:42, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

Hi, i'm an italian "Dottore in medicina e chirurgia", the sentence about Italy in "equivalent degrees in other countries" contains some mistakes. We can use the title Dott. or Dr. right after the discussion of our thesis (dissertaion) even though we are allowed to work as physician only after the "Esame di Stato", equivalent in Italy for habilitation. It is also wrong to say that we must sign to a school of specialization, because it is strongly reccomended but not mandatory. I'm writing here instead of modifying the article because my english is not perfect. In my opinion there should be no difference between "Academic degrees for physicians by country" and "equivalent degrees in other countries", i fink it's redundant and confusing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.65.245.159 (talk) 08:23, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

m.d.
what is a m.d. and what does m.d. stand for? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.219.168.152 (talk) 19:03, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

regarding south korea
the oriental degree in south korea is not a m.d. degree

it never was and never will be

its a degree focused on learning about acupuncture and herbs based on ancient chinese psuedoscience which has nothing to with science and with some papers thrown in about acutal science

someone who graduates from this oriental psuedoscience sit a completely different qualification national exam as a real m.d.

every Korean knows this please fix it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.216.172.38 (talk) 04:57, 17 October 2013 (UTC)

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 * There's nothing obviously wrong with the edit by the bot - the archive links it added do work and display topical content once at now-dead links.  BUT, that source content does NOT really verify the article content.  I.e. no mention of main topics of the article content that uses the sources - the NIH or Nobel Laureates on the first page, or a (Título de Médico) on the second.  So  tags seem apropos.  Agreed?--Elvey(t•c) 18:18, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

Advertising and license verification
Should there be a section (or spread out content) on advertising and license verification? What if anything makes it illegal (e.g. in the US, Israel and Russia) to advertise claiming to be a medical doctor or D.O. (and, e.g. claiming to be able to eliminate [all] disease including colon cancer) without appropriate licensing? Who enforces it? in essence, what's the equivalent of http://codes.findlaw.com/ca/business-and-professions-code/bpc-sect-4980.html for regular medical doctors? Apropos this,. --Elvey(t•c) 17:58, 17 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm assuming you mean a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) when you say medical doctor...anyway, such a discussion of holding physicians accountable for false/misleading advertising or for outright breaking the law would be better suited on the physician page, IMO. TylerDurden8823 (talk) 08:37, 22 November 2015 (UTC)
 * agree--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 10:26, 22 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Does this pertain to a Wikipedia edit? Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 19:52, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

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text WRT DO degree
This text:

>>>The Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degree, which is awarded by osteopathic medical schools, is the only professional equivalent to the MD degree in the United States and Canada. Osteopathic medical schools are accredited by the Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation (COCA), an independent body sponsored by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA). The sole difference between the MD and the DO degrees is the additional musculoskeletal training in osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT).<<<

has been reverted, supposedly because it was unsourced or off-topic. Please explain why information about the DO degree is not relevant to this article. DiverDave (talk) 15:17, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, I had reverted the moving of that material to further up to near the top of a section. I hadn't removed it. Some of the other material that was added by other editors before and after yours was was unsourced or off-topic and that was what had caught my eye. There is a lot of unsourced material in this article, and a lot of people adding material that is on the broader topic of medical school rather than to the specific degree that is the of Doctor of Medicine. I had tried to clear some of the unsourced/off-topic material back in April but the article is already in such a mess. There are some legitimate comparisons to be made between MD and other degrees and this page already has a link at the top of the section to the article comparing MD and DO degrees. I didn't think that increasing the prominence of osteopathic degrees was an improvement to an article about a different degree. Drchriswilliams (talk) 16:26, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

Russia and Ukraine
The article goes to state that: "In Russia, medical Universities in Russia offer a 6-year curriculum leading to award Doctor of Medicine (MD) "Physician".". That's wrong. There no title like "Doctor of medicine" in Russia. There is a research degree of the Doctor of medical sciences which is the second research degree after the Candidate of medical sciences. Few practicing physicians in Russia hold such a degree. After medical university course, including some clinical practice, a graduate is awarded the professional title "Vrach" (врач) which can be translated as "physician" (in the broader sense, i.e. it includes surgeons). Perhaps, the confusion arises because physicians/surgeons are colloquially adressed in Russia as "doctors", which does not reflect their official titles and is likely to be a vestige of the medical education and titling system of the Russian Empire. As to the Ukraine, I'm not sure, but in my opinion, it should be checked out whether ukrainian physicians really receive the title "Doctor of Medicine" just upon university graduation. Эйхер (talk) 17:06, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

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Move discussion in progress
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External links modified
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Reverting unreadable anonymous article edits
As I looked at this article, the introduction was very messy and difficult to read. Among wordy sentences that said very little and/or were grammatically incomplete, I could discern this questionable claim: there is consensus that people with MD degrees should not be given the title "Dr." before their names. The paragraph refers to the Department of Education classification of the degree, but does not cite it. I did not read the entirety of the source that is cited, but searching it for any information regarding the Department of Education, debates, doctors, MDs, and a variety of other terms did not return any results even closely related to the claim in this article. I find no evidence of "Department of Education, historical application, and general international consensus" withholding the title of "Doctor" from physicians holding MD degrees. The highly questionable claim as well as the general messiness of the paragraph appear to be the result of anonymous edits made on December 14, 2018, by an IP address which has only made 9 edits total, 7 of which were within half an hour. Because of the untrustworthiness of the information, I am simply reverting these edits. If any grammatical errors remain in the reverted version, I will clean those up. Jojopeanut (talk) 20:25, 25 December 2018 (UTC)

History Section
The history section starts off with someone being awarded an MD at Glasgow in 1703. That was not the first MD in the world, or Great Britain, or even in Scotland.

It goes on to explain why medical schools in the British Isles and Commonwealth give MB ChB (or similar) degrees instead of the MD. This is lifted from the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery article and appears to be an inaccurate precis of my talk page entry of 2008 on "Why are there two two degrees?" Two issues are being conflated here. Early in the 19th century (I have no details at hand) the UK parliament laid down that ships' doctors and those employed in prisons and by the Poor Law authorities had to be qualified in both medicine and surgery. At that time Scottish medical graduates had an MD. There were very few medical graduates from Oxford and Cambridge: most English doctors had diplomas from both the Royal College of Surgeons and the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries in London. The Army Board was persuaded that Scottish MDs were qualified in both medicine and surgery, as both subjects were taught and examined for the degree, but English employers continued to discriminate against Scottish MD holders. As substantial numbers of Scottish graduates were actually from England and intended to return there, there was strong market pressure for a switch from one degree to two, even though there was still only one diploma. So it was not parliament or the General Medical Council which enforced the switch from MD to MB CM and later MB ChB. The change from MD to MB was a separate issue. NRPanikker (talk) 14:48, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

Picture of Claude Bernard's diploma
I have removed the anonymous contributor's claim that Claude Bernard's "Doctorat en Médecine" was a Ph.D. The title page displayed says nothing about philosophy. His MD thesis may have been of the standard that could have got him a PhD elsewhere at that time, but that was not what the French system gave him. NRPanikker (talk) 13:55, 1 July 2019 (UTC)

Doctors in Japan
I am just curious as to the reason the country of Japan is not included in the list of countries that describe doctoral/medical education. If it's merely because nobody's added it, I happily will. But that's the only legitimate reason it's not included. Japan isn't a third-world country and the scientific, technical and medical communities in Japan are respected world-wide by other doctors and scientists. So I was surprised to see, for instance Georgia and several third-world South American countries included in this list, but not Japan. I'm not ranting or anything. I'm just curious. I'd be happy to add the information myself if it's an issue of not being able to find references or simply forgetting, but don't want to "step on anyone's toes" if they are currently planning on or indeed actually writing such a section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sdshepherdx (talk • contribs) 00:37, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

ERC Position (under "Germany")
The sentence:

"The European Research Council ruled in 2010 that a medical doctorate alone is not considered equivalent to a PhD research degree for the purpose of selection for ERC Starting Grants, requiring additional evidence (e.g., proof of an appointment that requires doctoral equivalency, such as a post-doctoral fellowship) for the overall training to be considered equivalent to a PhD."

should either be moved to the introduction, or some other suitable general section, or be deleted, as it has nothing specific about Germany in the source.

Do I handed under retransmission a
fdh — Preceding unsigned comment added by 42.111.38.228 (talk) 11:33, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

anemul
a — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.67.156.19 (talk) 11:45, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: English 102 Section 6
— Assignment last updated by Jahmyahill47 (talk) 20:31, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doctor of Medicine


text:
The Invisible

The Invisible may refer to:

 * The Invisible (2002 film), a Swedish thriller film by Joel Bergvall and Simon Sandquist based on Mats Wahl’s YA novel
 * The Invisible (2007 film), a Swedish-American thriller film based on the book and the 2002 film
 * The Invisible (soundtrack)
 * The Invisible (2020 film), a Spanish film
 * The Invisible (band), a British band
 * The Invisible (album), their debut album

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Invisible


text:
Eagle Wing

Eagle Wing (otherwise known as Thirteen Down) is a Patience game which is played with a deck of 52 playing cards. The game takes its name from the tableau which depicts an eagle-like bird spreading its wings in flight. It is somewhat related to the Canfield variant Storehouse (Thirteen Up).

Rules
Thirteen cards are dealt face down as one pile, and will act as the "trunk" of the eagle, e.g the reserve. Four cards are dealt each to the left and right of the trunk (eight cards in all), which act as the "wings" of the eagle, i.e. the tableau. After these 21 cards are dealt, a twenty-second card is placed above the "eagle", which is the base of the first foundation; the three other foundations must start with cards with the same rank.

The cards on the wings are available only to be built on the foundations, which are built up by suit and round-the-corner (aces placed on top of kings). Gaps are immediately filled with cards face-up from the trunk.

When there are no more moves to be made from the wings, the stock is dealt one card at a time to be played onto the foundations. Unplayed cards are placed on the waste pile, the top card of which is available for play. The stock can be dealt three times, i.e. two redeals are allowed by picking up the wastepile and turning it face down.

When the trunk is down to its last card, it is turned face up and immediately available to be built onto the foundations without having to wait for an empty space on the wings. Afterwards, any space on the wings may be filled with a card from the stock or the wastepile.

The game ends when all moves have been made after the stock has been dealt the third time. The game is won when all cards are built up in the foundations.

Variations
As described there is no building allowed in the tableau, and this makes wins extremely rare. In her book 100 Games of Solitaire, Helen L. Coops allows building down by suit in the tableau. Many software implementations of Eagle Wing follow these rules, with a maximum of three cards per space. This makes the chances of winning as much as 80%.

Other variations adjust the number of redeals, or the size of the trunk. Variations include Wings and Bald Eagle.

title: Eagle Wing


text:
The Main Event (album)

The Main Event is the debut album by Fingathing. It was released in 2000 on Grand Central Records.

Production
The album was produced by Fingathing's DJ Peter Parker and Sneaky; Parker provided the scratching, and Sneaky played double bass. Many of the tracks are about wrestling.

Critical reception
AllMusic wrote that "it's rare that discs released by scratch or battle DJs ever hold a candle to their respective live performances, but here Fingathing definitely defy convention." The Guardian wrote that some of the songs "are lushly atmospheric, while others have the rudimentary feel and brutal minimalism of earliest hip hop."

Track listing

 * 1) "Intro"  – 0:43
 * 2) "Check It Out"  – 2:58
 * 3) "Big Monsters Crush Cities"  – 5:56
 * 4) "Come On Girls"  – 1:50
 * 5) "Head To Head"  – 4:08
 * 6) "How To Smoke" (featuring DJ Noize)  – 4:11
 * 7) "Slappy's Tune"  – 2:22
 * 8) "Just Practice" (featuring Mr. Scruff)  – 3:52
 * 9) "Big Kid"  – 2:40
 * 10) "Remember This?"  – 0:48
 * 11) "You Fly Me"  – 3:11
 * 12) "Ffathead"  – 3:20
 * 13) "Slippin" (featuring Veba)  – 5:14
 * 14) "A Light Refreshment"  – 1:11
 * 15) "Crowd Pleasers" (featuring DJ Noize)  – 3:42
 * 16) "Ffling"  – 3:42
 * 17) "The Final Bout"  – 5:07

title: The Main Event (album)


text:
WHN

WHN may refer to:

 * WHN, a former New York City radio station
 * Whiston railway station (National Rail station code), England
 * Wuhan railway station, China Railway telegraph code WHN

title: WHN


text:
User:Matve

Articles
As Matve, I have initiated the following articles:
 * Willy Burkhard
 * Peter Racine Fricker
 * Humphrey Searle
 * Denis ApIvor
 * Grigoriy Korchmar
 * Pēteris Vasks
 * Graham Fitkin
 * Lowell Liebermann
 * David Starobin
 * Per Nørgård
 * Poul Ruders
 * Erling Møldrup
 * Niels Viggo Bentzon
 * Jørgen Bentzon
 * Ole Buck
 * John Frandsen
 * Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen
 * Axel Borup-Jørgensen
 * Angelo Gilardino
 * Pierre de Bréville
 * Antonio José
 * David Tanenbaum
 * Tom Eastwood
 * Giles Swayne
 * Hans Erich Apostel
 * Richard Arnell
 * Cristóbal Halffter
 * Stephen Oliver
 * Tom Kerstens
 * John Metcalfe
 * Ad Neeleman
 * Paul Postal
 * Robert Saxton
 * Richard Wernick
 * Melinda Wagner
 * James Dillon (composer)
 * Raoul Pleskow
 * Jenő Takács
 * Hoover
 * Leif Christensen
 * Maria Kämmerling
 * Giulio Regondi
 * Gunnar Berg
 * List of composers for the classical guitar
 * The Crownhate Ruin
 * Bluetip
 * Regulator Watts
 * Kerosene 454
 * Francesco Molino
 * Ragnar Östberg
 * Eberhard Werdin
 * Emile Desportes
 * Deirdre Gribbin
 * Richard Stoker
 * Nicola LeFanu
 * Tim Souster
 * Jonathan Harvey (composer)
 * Robin Holloway
 * Francis Nolan
 * The Romeros
 * Celedonio Romero
 * Celin Romero
 * Angel Romero
 * Ettore Desderi
 * Henri Gagnebin
 * Errollyn Wallen
 * Bruce MacCombie
 * Edward McGuire (composer)
 * Gardner Read
 * Roger Smalley
 * Christopher Fox
 * Alwynne Pritchard
 * Larry Goves
 * John Buller
 * Kenneth Platts
 * Gerald Garcia
 * Gabriel Estarellas
 * Josep Mestres Quadreny
 * Melissa Hui
 * John McCabe (composer)
 * William Albright (musician)
 * Graham Anthony Devine
 * Alan Thomas
 * Paul Jacobs (pianist)
 * Heinz Friedrich Hartig
 * Laurence Crane
 * William Anderson (guitarist)
 * Sally Beamish
 * Aldo Clementi
 * Pablo Sáinz Villegas
 * Tilman Hoppstock
 * Linguistic Inquiry
 * Journal of Linguistics
 * Natural Language and Linguistic Theory
 * Ian Pace
 * Jerrold Katz
 * Robert Lees (linguist)
 * James Erber
 * José María Sánchez-Verdú
 * Bruno Bartolozzi
 * Robert D. Borsley
 * Neil Smith (linguist)
 * Peter Culicover
 * Jan Nepomucen Bobrowicz
 * Michael Brody
 * Luigi Legnani

Categories
And I have created the following categories:
 * Category:Venezuelan composers
 * Category:Serbian composers
 * Category:Latvian composers
 * Category:Iranian composers
 * Category:Serbian linguists
 * Category:Lithuanian sculptors
 * Category:Brazilian guitarists
 * Category:Orphism (art)
 * Category:Purism
 * Category:Syntacticians
 * Category:Classical double-bassists
 * Category:Hungarian guitarists
 * Category:Argentine guitarists
 * Category:Belgian guitarists
 * Category:Danish guitarists
 * Category:German guitarists
 * Category:Spanish guitarists
 * Category:Russian guitarists
 * Category:Bolivian composers
 * Category:Belizean composers

Translations

 * Michael Denhoff (from German)
 * William Glock (from German)
 * Joseph Horovitz (from German)
 * Roman Haubenstock-Ramati (from German)

title: User:Matve


text:
Talk:Collège de France

Untitled
Just added a short paragraph on the availability of podcasts and videos —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.87.58.165 (talk) 06:06, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Hi,"although some high-level courses are not open to the general public." : This is not true, every courses are open to the general public. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.204.247.199 (talk) 00:14, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

Misplaced link
There is a link to Present Chairs, College of France that is misplaced, inside the article section "Faculty". The proper place would be in "external links". I will relocate it if there is no reasonable objection.--Auró (talk) 17:48, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

Sonia Garel and Timothy Gowers
Have been appointed professors. Tim is th ninth fields medalist.

https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/en-news/Sonia-Garel-and-Timothy-Gowers-appointed-professors-at-the-College-de-France.htm

86.161.210.38 (talk) 10:16, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Collège de France


text: Category:216 BC

title: Category:216 BC


text:
Talk:Hurricane Emily (2005)

Todo
Shorter intro, more structure (subsections). Jdorje 03:01, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Corpus Christi, TX report - If not done so, this should be included. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 01:01, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

"Just nine days before"
The intro (and numerous other places) say that Emily broke dennis's nine-day-old record for July intensity. But such a claim of precision is very dubious. Dennis reached 150 mph/938 mbar on July 8 at 1200 UTC breaking Audrey's record (145 mph/946 mbar) then. However, it reached peak strength 140 mph/929 mbar on July 10 at 1200 UTC in the Gulf. Thus Dennis broke Audrey's record on the 8th and then broke its own record on the 10th. Emily broke Dennis's record reaching 155/929 on the 16th (pending TCR). I changed the wording in the intro to "just six days before" but it might be safer to be a little more fuzzy with "less than two weeks earlier". — jdorje (talk) 18:19, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Damages
Does anyone have a source for the correct estimate? It looks like the number in the infobox was taken from the estimate for Mexico alone. I was hoping the TCR would clear this up, but it hasn't. ETA: I changed the casualty figures to agree with what was in the TCR. Feel free to add a citation, although I didn't feel the need to since we are not doing this for all storms. Good kitty 22:40, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I know that Mexico was around $400M and Grenada was $110M. Since there was some damage elsewhere as well (Texas, Jamaica, several other islands of the Windwards), I think the actual number is in the $550-600M range. CrazyC83 23:39, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * At one point, back when the article was very incomplete, the infobox listed something like $600 million but the main article only listed a small fraction of that (adding mexico and grenada together), so I changed the infobox. Of course we should attempt to find the best possible estimates for each area and then just add them together to get the total - having a table here might be of some use. — jdorje (talk) 03:26, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

I believe the Texas damage estimates cited are both contradictory and dubious. The article states that there was "no significant structural damage," but then immediately afterward states that "several homes were destroyed." Are destroyed homes not significant structural damage? Building damages in Texas are subsequentlky estimated at $125,000. Again, if "several" homes were actually destroyed, the damages would almost certainly be well in excess of $125,000, even in the poor Rio Grande Valley area of south Texas. Finally, the $178 million figure for south Texas crop losses is surely overstated. Such massive losses would have devestated agriculture in the Rio Grande Valley. Original sources may have provided these figures and information; but they are inaccurate nonetheless. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.163.90.86 (talk) 01:29, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

Redirect
Since the name wasn't retired, should we abolish the redirect? I am not sure about this, so others should have their say. Miss Madeline | Talk to Madeline 19:08, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * What do you mean? There will need to be major work done, to change all the Hurricane Emily links to Hurricane Emily (2005), because of this surprise (the biggest surprise since Gordon in 1994). Until that is all done, we should keep the main article as the redirect here. CrazyC83 02:42, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it is fine either way. I also think it would be fine with 2005's Emily having the main name. — jdorje (talk) 04:35, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Luckily I had a day off work and needed something to do... so I changed as many Hurricane Emily links as I could find (not on people's talk pages, just main articles) to Hurricane Emily (2005). Just go to the Hurricane Emily redirect page and click "What links here" in the toolbox on the side. That's how I found the links that needed changing. PenguinCDF 14:02, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

As I see it we have two choices. The current method of redirecting Hurricane Emily to this article is bad. If we're going to do that we should just give this article the main name. However I do realize there's a lot of links to be fixed before we change the redirect. — jdorje (talk) 02:21, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Redirect Hurricane Emily to the disambiguation page, or simply move the disambiguation there.
 * Keep the 2005 storm under Hurricane Emily, since it is undoubtedly the most notable Hurricane Emily to date and therefore by wikiproject practices may get the main article name. Hurricane Emily (2005) would of course remain as a redirect.

 * See WikiProject_Tropical_cyclones. This may naturally need some revision after the current discussion as it's never been challenged before. — jdorje (talk) 02:40, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd support keeping this article at the main name, unless/until? another Cat 5 Emily comes along. NSL E (T+C) at 04:55 UTC (2006-04-08)

 * At least altering the links is straightforward enough see Special:Whatlinkshere/Hurricane Emily (2005). Whether this storm gets Emily or Emily (2005), all the links (at least those in articles) should point to the article. Nilfanion 10:53, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Considering Emily won't be used for another 6 years, I think it should be at Hurricane Emily, without the year. Hurricanehink 13:08, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Since the 1987 and 1993 Emilies also have articles, the main article should be the disambiguation page once all redirecting is complete. CrazyC83 22:13, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The main article should be the disambiguation page, and the articles should all carry years.  SchuminWeb (Talk) 02:23, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

The only links to Emily which redirect from the main page to (2005) are in userspace, WP pages or talk pages - none from articles. If Emily is moved back to the main page, redirects through (2005) arent harmful are they? Nilfanion 22:28, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Grenada Damage
Is the damage estimate for Grenada for the insured damage, or is total damages? Let me know soon okay.--Lionheart Omega 15:57, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

GA on hold
The storm history section is nicely written, but I'm concerned with the patchiness of the impact section. By my count there are four paragraphs that contain only one sentence, and another two paragraphs that contain only two. It gives the impression that you're trying to stretch a limited amount of information further than it can confortably be stretched. Can you edit this section so that it flows a bit more naturally, and perhaps add a few more details? MLilburne 11:45, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks; it looks a lot better. I have made a couple of small changes myself and will pass the article. MLilburne 17:44, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

GA Sweeps Review: Pass
As part of the WikiProject Good Articles, we're doing sweeps to go over all of the current GAs and see if they still meet the GA criteria. I'm specifically going over all of the "Meteorology and atmospheric sciences" articles. I believe the article currently meets the criteria and should remain listed as a Good article. I have made several minor corrections throughout the article. Altogether the article is well-written and is still in great shape after its passing in 2006. Continue to improve the article making sure all new information is properly sourced and neutral. It would also be beneficial to go through the article and update all of the access dates of the inline citations and fix any dead links. If you have any questions, let me know on my talk page and I'll get back to you as soon as I can. I have updated the article history to reflect this review. Happy editing! --Nehrams2020 (talk) 03:09, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Animated image
This warrants inclusion: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/2005/jul/emily-satellite.gif  Plasticup  T / C  03:04, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Fatalities and Damage totals
This section is for the cumulative fatalities and damages which will be listed by country.

 * Overall
 * 17 deaths (14 direct, 3 indirect), 1 missing
 * $1.014 billion (round to $1 billion)

 * Grenada
 * 1 direct death
 * $110.4 million

 * Jamaica
 * 5 direct deaths ("Freak" accident that killed a mother, her two children and two police officers trying to rescue them; all were swept off a 70ft cliff)
 * J$5.98 billion (for Dennis and Emily; minus $32 million for Dennis stated in TCR gives $65 million)

 * Haiti
 * 5 direct deaths, 1 missing (All 5 drowned)

 * Honduras
 * 1 direct death (Drowned)

 * Mexico
 * 5 deaths (2 direct, 3 indirect)
 * 8.871 billion pesos ($834.3 million)

 * Quintana Roo
 * 1.11 billion pesos ($104.3 million)
 * 3 indirect deaths (2 from helicopter crash, 1 from electrocution)

 * Yucatan
 * 1.02 billion pesos ($95.9 million)

 * Nuevo Leon
 * 726.5 million pesos ($68.3 million)
 * 1 direct death (Drowned)

 * Tamaulipas
 * 1.53 billion pesos ($143.9 million)
 * 1 direct death (Drowned)

 * PEMEX (oil)
 * 4.484 billion pesos ($424.7 million)

 * United States
 * $125,000 in structural damage
 * $4.7 million in crop losses

Cyclonebiskit (talk) 00:59, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Requested move 25 February 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved; request withdrawn. (non-admin closure) Laurdecl talk 02:20, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

Hurricane Emily (2005) → Hurricane Emily – Obviously the most notorious Emily of all, was earliest C5 on record in the Atlantic and caused $1 billion in damages. More then enough to qualify as having the main title. MarioProtIV (talk/contribs) 19:55, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

Fine, I withdraw the request per your reasons. --MarioProtIV (talk/contribs) 22:21, 25 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose - This Emily was the most notable single use of the name for reasons you mentioned, but I'm not convinced it's the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Per that policy, "A topic is primary for a term, with respect to usage, if it is highly likely—much more likely than any other topic, and more likely than all the other topics combined—to be the topic sought when a reader searches for that term." (emphasis mine) Several of the other storms named Emily had severe impacts on land. Emily 87 is frequently cited as the most destructive TC in Bermuda's history, Emily 93 caused significant damage in NC's Outer Banks, and Emily 11 was one of the wettest systems ever recorded in Hispaniola. |Hurricane_Emily_(1987)|Hurricane_Emily_(2005)|Tropical_Storm_Emily_(2011) Page views are not conclusive; while Emily 05 does have a consistent edge, it still receives fewer than 100 hits per day, such that it's not a vastly more likely target than all of the other storms combined. The difference isn't large enough to negate the inherent flaws of using page views as a determining factor for primary topics. I believe that with so many damaging storms named Emily, the disambiguation is appropriate. –  Juliancolton  | Talk 21:34, 25 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Completely agreed with what Julian said. I'd like to add that Emily is on the list this year. Therefore it's more appropriate to have the disambiguation. Hurricanehink mobile (talk) 22:01, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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Significance
More needs to be reported on Emily's significance and the changes that she brought to South Texas. Damage was not as high as in the past, but she brought changes that linger to this day and have become a part of family lore for hundreds of thousands of Texans. No one will ever forget Emily, but we may forgive, as time goes by. Meanwhile, the next generations should be made aware of the storm's incredible impact and significance on our daily lives, even today. 169.252.4.21 (talk) 08:22, 28 August 2017 (UTC)HWatcher

Dude, I think you are the only person in Texas who will "never forget" Emily, it was not a particularly bad storm, and it is not a part of "family lore" for hundreds of thousands of people in Texas. Come on! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.252.4.21 (talk) 13:25, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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Some sources

 * Meteo journals/papers
 * Intense Convection Observed by NASA ER-2 in Hurricane Emily (2005)
 * Diagnosis of the Initial and Forecast Errors in the Numerical Simulation of the Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Emily (2005)
 * The Impact of the Amazon–Orinoco River Plume on Enthalpy Flux and Air–Sea Interaction within Caribbean Sea Tropical Cyclones
 * Sensitivity of Numerical Simulation of Early Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Emily (2005) to Cloud Microphysical and Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterizations
 * Conditions Influencing Hurricane Emily's (2005) Precipitation Patterns, Convection and Upper Tropospheric Outflow
 * Effects of the Madden Julian Oscillation on the Cyclogenesis of Hurricane Fausto (2002) and Hurricane Emily (2005)
 * Impact of MODIS and AIRS total precipitable water on modifying the vertical shear and Hurricane Emily simulations
 * A comparison of the tropical disturbances that spawned Hurricanes Dennis, Emily, Katrina
 * Resumen del Hurácan "Emily" del Océano Atlántico (in Spanish)

 * Other Journals
 * Effects of Hurricanes Emily and Wilma on coral reefs in Cozumel, Mexico (paid access only)
 * The landslide disasters induced by the precipitation with Hurricane Emily in July 2005 at the cities of San Pedro and Monterrey along the mountain range of Sierra Madre Oriental, Nuevo Leon, Mexico (in Japanese)
 * Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatenensis) Cope with the Negative Consequences of Hurricanes Through Changes in Diet, Activity Budget, and Fission–Fusion Dynamics (paid access only)
 * Damage and recovery of forest structure and composition after two subsequent hurricanes in the Yucatan Peninsula (paid access only)

 * Grenada
 * Grenada: Macro-Socio-Economic Assessment of the Damage caused by Hurricane Emily July 14th, 2005

 * Mexico
 * Características e impacto socioeconómico del huracán Emily en Quintana Roo, Yucatán, Tamaulipas y Nuevo León en Julio de 2005 (in Spanish, paid access only)

~ Cyclonebiskit (chat) 21:44, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 17 April 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. No evidence that this article is the primary topic. (closed by non-admin page mover) – Material  Works   (contribs)  19:03, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

Hurricane Emily (2005) → Hurricane Emily – The name was Good without a (2005) 119.94.56.230 (talk) 09:02, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment, there are several other Hurricane Emily's. Can you provide evidence that this is the primary topic? Esolo5002 (talk) 12:05, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Hurricane Emily (2005)


text:
Tatiana Perebiynis

Tatiana Yurevna Perebiynis (Тетяна Юріївна Перебийніс; born 15 December 1982) is a former professional tennis player from Ukraine.

She reached the Wimbledon junior girls' singles final in 2000, and won the Wimbledon juniors doubles final that same year.

In 2008, she reached her career-high ranking of world No. 55.

Biography
Tatiana Perebiynis was coached by her husband, Dimitriy "Dima" Zadorozhniy. They married on 15 October 2005 in Kharkiv. Her father, Yuriy Perebiynis, is retired and her mother, Alla Lihova, is an economist at a bank.

Tennis career
She lists winning the Wimbledon junior doubles in 2000 and reaching the final in singles that same year as memorable experiences.

Although Perebiynis has not won a WTA Tour singles title but she has a runner-up in single when she lost to Australian Alicia Molik in Stockholm in 2004. She did, however, win six WTA tournaments in doubles. Her most notable doubles titles are her two victories at the J&S Cup in Warsaw, partnering with Barbora Strýcová (2005) and Vera Dushevina (2007).

Her best performance at a Grand Slam tournament came at Wimbledon in 2005, when she partnered with Australia's Paul Hanley in mixed doubles. The pair reached the final, losing in straight sets to Mahesh Bhupathi and Mary Pierce.

The following year, she partnered with fellow Ukrainian Yuliana Fedak for the qualifying event of women's doubles at Wimbledon. The pair qualified for the event, then reached the semi-finals where they lost to Paola Suárez and Virginia Ruano Pascual.

While Perebiynis was a talented junior and a respected doubles player, she has had less success in singles on the main tour. Though she swiftly climbed up the ranks early in her career, reaching the third round at both Roland Garros and Wimbledon in 2004, her tennis career faltered when she was diagnosed with a viral infection in mid-2005. She was forced out of competition for over six months and, as a result, her ranking dropped to outside of the top 200. In October 2007, Perebiynis re-entered the top 100 after qualifying for the Kremlin Cup, jumping over 30 places to 97 in the rankings.

Singles performance timeline
1Doha became a Tier I event in 2008. San Diego and Zurich are no longer Tier I events.

title: Tatiana Perebiynis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Yellow Yell

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted by Morwen. - Mgm|(talk) 13:18, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

The Yellow Yell
Nonsensical, not encyclopedic.--Blu Aardvark | (talk) 10:47, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. --TheMidnighters 12:05, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --KFP 13:10, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above... just trying to add another LEGITIMITE vote here. --Gunmetal 13:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Since this page is patent nonsense (hence meeting one of the criteria for speedy deletion) and was created by a vandal, I've speedily deleted it. Morwen - Talk 13:33, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Log-structured File System (BSD)

Untitled discussion
I am using LFS in NetBSD/alpha 3.0_BETA and it seem to be working again, I have used it for a few weeks to store mp3s and I have run a few bonnie++ tests and the filesystem seems to hold up fine. According to the CVS logs there has been a moderate amount of work on LFS in the last few months. --Jrash 10:47, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

LFS is nearing production quality as the 4.0 release date approaches
This article needs to be updated. Recently (notably Jun-Sep 2006) there have been a lot of improvements in LFS stability. In the last few months, I have not had one LFS-related kernel panic. There are many people using LFS for whom the benefits (virtually instant fsck, excellent write performance) largely outweigh the drawbacks (occasional deadlocks, lack of coalescing in lfs_cleanerd, etc.). See http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/src/sys/ufs/lfs/TODO for more information.

There still are plenty of outstanding issues, but LFS development is anything but stagnant! Please, try it out instead of dismissing it outright (as other BSD variants have done).

Contradiction
I added the tag: This article claims that the file system was initially written for BSD, while the author's article, John Ousterhout, states that it was initially written for the Sprite operating system. -- intgr #%@! 07:52, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Different LFS's. Looks like the Log-structured_file_system was originally about V's LFS, but has veered off course into an article about the general concept of an LFS.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by CalPaterson (talk • contribs) 02:04, August 30, 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh I see; makes sense. -- intgr #%@! 07:35, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Log-structured File System (BSD)


text:
Korean literature

Korean literature is the body of literature produced by Koreans, mostly in the Korean language and sometimes in Classical Chinese. For much of Korea's 1,500 years of literary history, it was written in Hanja. It is commonly divided into classical and modern periods, although this distinction is sometimes unclear. Korea is home to the world's first metal and copper type, the world's earliest known printed document and the world's first featural script.

Korean literature
Classical Korean literature has its roots in traditional folk beliefs and folk tales of the Korean peninsula. There are four major traditional poetic forms: hyangga ("native songs"); byeolgok ("special songs"), or changga ("long poems"); sijo ("current melodies"); and gasa ("verses"). Other poetic forms that flourished briefly include the kyonggi-style, in the 14th and 15th centuries, and the akchang ("words for songs") in the 15th century. The most representative akchang is Yongbi och'on ka (1445–47; Songs of Flying Dragons), a cycle compiled in praise of the founding of the Yi dynasty. Korean poetry originally was meant to be sung, and its forms and styles reflect its melodic origins. The basis of its prosody is a line of alternating groups of three or four syllables, which is probably the most natural rhythm to the language.

One famous earliest poetry or lyric song was the Gonghuin (Konghu-in) by Yeo-ok during Gojoseon.

Hyangga
Hyangga was written in Korean using modified hanja in a system that is called idu. Specifically, the variety of idu used to write hyangga was sometimes called "hyangchal". Idu was a system using hanja characters to express Korean. The key to the system was to use some hanja characters for their intended purpose, their meaning, and others for their pronunciation, ignoring their pictographic meaning. On the surface, it appears to be a complicated, even incomprehensible system, but after using the system one becomes comfortable with certain characters consistently standing for Korean words.

Hyangga was the first uniquely Korean form of poetry. It originally indicated songs that were sung in the Silla period. Only twenty five survive. The Samguk Yusa contains 14 poems and the "Gyunyeojeon", a set of biographies of prominent monks, contains eleven poems. Both these classic works were written much after the Unified Silla, in the subsequent Goryeo dynasty, yet the poems in the Samguk Yusa appear to be based on no-longer-extant records actually from the Silla period.

Hyangga are characterized by a number of formal rules. The poems may consist of four, eight or ten lines. The ten-line poems are the most developed, structured into three sections with four, four, and two lines respectively. Many of the ten-line poems were written by Buddhist monks, and Buddhist themes predominate the poems. Another dominant theme was "death". Many of the poems are eulogies to monks, to warriors, and to family members.

 * Jemangmae-ga (Lament for My Sister; 제망매가; 祭亡妹歌) is a hyangga written by a buddhist monk named Wol-myeong(월명). Through this hyangga he mourns the death of his sister.
 * Ode to Eternal Life (원왕생가; 願往生歌)

Goryeo songs
The Goryeo period was marked by a growing use of hanja characters. Hyangga largely disappeared as a form of Korean literature, and "Goryeo gayo" became more popular. Most of the Goryeo songs were transmitted orally and many survived into the Joseon period, when some of them were written down using hangul.

The poetic form of the Goryeo songs is known as byeolgok or changga. It flourished during the middle and late Koryo dynasty. It is characterized by a refrain either in the middle or at the end of each stanza. The refrain establishes a mood or tone that carries the melody and spirit of the poem or links a poem composed of discrete parts with differing contents. The theme of most of these anonymous poems is love, the joys and torments of which are expressed in frank and powerful language. The poems were sung to musical accompaniments chiefly by women entertainers, known as kisaeng. There are two distinct forms: dallyeonche (단련체)and yeonjanche (연잔체). The former is a shorter form in which the entire poem was put into a single stanza, whereas the latter is a more extended form in which the poem is put into several stanzas. The Goryeo songs are characterized by their lack of clear form, and by their increased length. Most are direct in their nature, and cover aspects of common life.

Sijo and Gasa
Sijo and gasa are closely linked to the development of hangul in the early Joseon period. As hangul was created, akjang was developed as a way to note musical scores using the Korean script. King Sejong himself is credited with a compilation of Buddhist songs.

Sijo (literally current tune) was common in the Joseon period. Although its poetic form was established in the late Goryeo period, it did not become popular until the Joseon period. Many of the sijo reflected Confucian thought; the theme of loyalty is common. Sijo are characterized by a structure of three stanzas of four feet each. Each foot contains three to four syllables except on the third stanza, where the 1st foot is supposed to have 3 syllables and the 2nd foot can have as many as seven. Sijo are thought to have been popular with common people.

Gasa is a form of verse, although its content can include more than the expression of individual sentiment, such as moral admonitions. Gasa is a simple form of verse, with twinned feet of three or four syllables each. Some regard gasa a form of essay. Common themes in gasa were nature, the virtues of gentlemen, or love between man and woman.

Prose
Korean prose literature can be divided into narratives, fiction, and literary miscellany. Narratives include myths, legends, and folktales found in the written records. The principal sources of these narratives are the two great historical records compiled in Classical Chinese during the Koryo era: Samguk sagi (1146; "Historical Record of the Three Kingdoms") and Samguk yusa (1285; "Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms"). The most important myths are those concerning the Sun and the Moon, the founding of Korea by Tangun, and the lives of the ancient kings. The legends touch on place and personal names and natural phenomena. The folktales include stories about animals; ogres, goblins, and other supernatural beings; kindness rewarded and evil punished; and cleverness and stupidity. Because the compiler of the Samguk yusa was a Zen master, his collection includes the lives of Buddhist saints; the origin of monasteries, stupas, and bells; accounts of miracles performed by Buddhas and bodhisattvas; and other tales rich in shamanist and Buddhist elements. It also includes the 14 hyangga mentioned above. The compilations made in the Koryo period preserved the stories of prehistoric times, of the Three Kingdoms, and of the Silla dynasty and have remained the basic sources for such material. Later compilations made during the Yi dynasty served as a major source of materials for later Yi dynasty fiction.

Fiction
Korean fiction can be classified in various ways. First, there is Korean fiction written in Chinese and that written in Korean. Second, there are the short works of one volume, "medium" works of about 10 volumes, and long works of more than 10 volumes. Third, there are works of yangban writers and those of common writers. In respect to the last classification, however, there is also a group of fictional works in which the viewpoints of the yangban and the commoner are combined. Most of this fiction was based on the narratives mentioned above, the author adding incidents and characters to the original story. It is not possible to assign definite dates or authors to most of these works. The stories are generally didactic, emphasizing correct moral conduct, and almost always have happy endings. Another general characteristic is that the narratives written by yangban authors are set in China, whereas those written by commoners are set in Korea. The literary miscellany consists of random jottings by the yangban on four broad topics: history, biography, autobiography, and poetic criticism. Like fiction, these jottings were considered to be outside of the realm of officially sanctioned Chinese prose (e.g., memorials, eulogies, and records), but they provided the yangban with an outlet for personal expression. Thus, their portrayal of the customs, manners, and spirit of the times in which they were composed make these writings an essential part of Korean prose. The first known classical work of Korean fiction is Geumo Sinhwa (金鰲新話 금오신화 New stories from Mount Geumo) by Kim Si-seup (김시습). It was written in Chinese. From the 17th century onwards, fiction became increasingly popular and more readily available through book rental schemes.

Pansori-based fiction was a particularly popular form of fiction, appearing in the late 17th and early 18th century, based on the five orally transmitted pansori (Chunhyangga, Simcheongga, Heungbuga, Jeokbyeokga and Sugungga). Although based on older traditional songs, it was composed in its present form in the 1870s by the pansori writer, and characterized by human stereotypes of ordinary people of the time.

In the mid-Joseon period, parable-like stories were published. By the end of the Joseon period, many writers had started to deviate from the orthodox conventions of classical Chinese literature, and literature about common people such as merchants, thieves, or gisaeng was commonplace.

 * Kim Manjung (1637–1692) wrote The Cloud Dream of the Nine (구운몽).
 * Tale of Hong Gildong (홍길동전)
 * Chunhyangjeon is a kodae sosol (고대 소설) novel based on the pansori Chunhyangga.
 * Several lives of the poet Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn have come down: In hanmun the Choegounjeon (최고운전) Choemunhonjeon (최문헌전), in hangul the Choechungjeon (최충전, 崔忠傳), The Story of Faithful Ch'oe.

Oral literature
Oral literature includes all texts that were orally transmitted from generation to generation until the invention of Hangul (han'gul)--ballads, legends, mask plays, puppet-show texts, and p'ansori ("story singing") texts. In spite of the highly developed literary activity from early in Korean history, song lyrics were not recorded until the invention of Hangul (han'gul). These orally transmitted texts are categorized as ballads and are classified according to singer (male or female), subject matter (prayer, labour, leisure), and regional singing style (capital area, western, and southern). The songs of many living performers, some of whom have been designated as "intangible national treasures" by the South Korean government, are still being recorded. Legends include all those folk stories handed down orally and not recorded in any of the written records. These legends were for long the principal form of literary entertainment enjoyed by the common people. They deal with personified animals, elaborate tricks, the participation of the gods in human affairs, and the origin of the universe. An example of a folktale orally passed is the Gyeonmyo jaengju which is about a journey a cat and a dog take to retrieve a lost marble out of gratitude toward their master. The mask plays are found in Hahoe, Chinju, T'ongyong, Kimhae, and Tongnae in North and South Kyongsang provinces; Yangju in Kyonggi Province; Pongsan in Hwanghae Province; and Pukch'ong in south Hamgyong Province. The most representative plays are the sandae kuk genre of Yangju, the pyolsin kut of Hahoe, and the okwangdae nori (five-actor play) of Chinju. Although the origin of these plays is uncertain, they are generally presumed to have developed from primitive communal ceremonies. Gradually, the ceremonial aspect of the plays disappeared, and their dramatic and comic possibilities were exploited. The dialogue was somewhat flexible, the actors being free to improvise and satirize as the occasion demanded. The plays were not performed on a stage, and there were no precise limits as to the space or time in which the performances took place. The audience also traditionally responded vocally to the play as well as passively watching it. The organization of the mask plays—through repetition and variety—achieves a remarkable effect of dramatic unity. (see also dramatic literature) Only two puppet-show texts are extant, Kkoktukaksi nori (also called Pak Ch'omjikuk; "Old Pak's Play") and Mansok chung nori. Both titles are derived from names of characters in the plays. No theory has been formulated as to the origin and development of these plays. The plots of the puppet plays, like those of the mask plays, are full of satiric social criticism. The characters—Pak Ch'omji, governor of P'yongam, Kkoktukaksi, Buddhist monk, and Hong Tongji—dance and sing, enacting familiar tales that expose the malfeasance of the ruling classes. (see also puppetry) The final type of folk literature is found in the texts of p'ansori of the Yi dynasty. These texts were first recorded in the 19th century as verse, but the written forms were later expanded into p'ansori fiction, widely read among the common people. This transformation from poetry to narrative fiction was easily accomplished, since p'ansori were always narrative. Originally the entire p'ansori performance repertoire consisted of 12 madang ("titles"). Although all 12 remain as narrative fiction, only five of them are sung today. The texts evolved gradually from the legends, which provided their sources and were altered and expanded as they were passed from one performer to another.

The early Joseon period
Yongbi eocheonga (hangul: 용비어천가, hanja: 龍 飛 御 天 歌) literally means "Songs of the Dragons Flying to Heaven". It was compiled during the reign of Sejong the Great as an official recognition of the Joseon dynasty and its ancestral heritage as the forerunners of Joseon, the Golden Age of Korea. The Songs were composed through the efforts of a committee of Confucian philologists and literati in the form of 125 cantos.

This compilation was the first piece of Korean text to depart from a long history reliant on Chinese characters and be recorded in Hangul, the first and official alphabet of Korea. There are several underlying themes in addition to the establishment of the Joseon Dynasty which are of significant importance to understanding the events that provoked the creation of these poems: linear events that took place in China, the apotheosis of virtuous Kings proceeding the fall of the Goryeo Dynasty, and Confucian political and philosophical ideologies of the era in rejection to Buddhism. Each of the poems included in the work convey deep-seated feelings of nationalism and a proud proclamation of cultural independence from the Mongol empire.

The late Joseon period
Modern Korean literature developed against the background of the Joseon Dynasty's fall. This first period of modern Korean literature is often called the "enlightenment". This period was to a large extent influenced by the 1894 Gabo Reforms which introduced Western-style schools and newspapers emerged. Many newspapers published sijo, gasa, or even serial novels and led to the emergence of professional writers. Sinchesi was established, and contributed to the formation of modern free verse poetry which is called Jayusi. Sinchesi abandoned the fixed metaphor found in classical Korean poetry, influenced by the French vers libre.

Many biographical works were published in the late Joseon period where the main character was often depicted as a hero. These works cultivated patriotism and national consciousness.

Modern literature
Modern Korean literature gradually developed under the influence of Western cultural contacts based on trade and economic development. The first printed work of fiction in Korean was John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, translated by James Scarth Gale (1893).

Christian religion found its way into Korea, culminating in the first complete edition of the Bible in Korean published in 1910. However, it was mostly Western aesthetic schools that influenced Korean literature. Music and classical poetry, formerly considered one as part of changgok, were increasingly perceived as old-fashioned and out of date.

Modern literature is often linked with the development of hangul, which helped increase working class literacy rates. Hangul reached its peak of popularity in the second half of the 19th century, resulting in a major renaissance. Sinsoseol, for instance, are novels written in hangul.

Korean Literature during Japanese rule
During the period of Japanese imperial rule (1910–1945), Japanese literature had deep connections with the establishment of modern literature in Korea due to some of the founders of modern literature in Korea having come from Korean students who had studied in Japan during the Meiji period. Their representatives are Choi Nam-seon and Lee Kwang-su. Many expressions of the late Joseon period, with their focus on self-reliance and independence, were no longer possible. Ernest Bethell's Taehan Maeil Shinbo (大韓每日申報) provided for Korean writers a brief opportunity of artistic expression free from censorship, from July 1904 till May 1909, but after control of the paper was seized by the Government-General uncensored Korean publishing became impossible.

Lee In-jik's New Novel: Bloody Tears, which was published in 1906 in Mansebo, later became a universal name for "New Novel". "New novel" refers to the works created for about 10 years before 1917. "New Novel" generally involved realistic problems as sanctions. Accordingly, it dealt with topics related to self-reliance, freedom of association, the promotion of new education, enlightenment, and the destruction of tradition and superstition, and the act of salvation of enlightenment.

With the Samil Movement in 1919 came a new form of Korean literature. Many writers exhibited a more positive attitude, trying to cope with the national situation at the time. Literature focused on self-discovery, and increasingly on concrete reality. Artistic endeavors were supported by new nationalist newspapers.

In 1919 Kim Tong-in and Kim Hyok founded a literary magazine, Changjo (창조 Creation) marking the starting point of contemporary Korean literature. The magazine was followed in 1920 by GaeByeok (개벽), and Pyeho (폐허 廢墟 The Ruins, Hwang Song-u and Yom Sang-sop); in 1921 Changmichon (장미촌); in 1922 Baekcho (백조 White Tide, Yi Sang-hwa and Hyon Chin-gon); and in 1923 Geumsong (금성 Gold Star, of Yi Chang-hui and Yang Chu-dong). The literary magazines which appeared during the 1920s and 1930s laid the basis for the future development of modern Korean literature. Almost all of these magazines were ordered to discontinue publication in the 1940s as the Japanese tightened their grip with the spread of their aggressive war to the Pacific and all of Southeast Asia. The important task of the 1920s was to work out ways of introducing foreign elements into literary works dealing with the reality of colonial rule in Korea.

Many novels of the 1920s centered on themes of the suffering of intellectuals. The lives of farmers were often depicted as pathetic. As the Japanese government strengthened ideological coercion during the 1930s, Korean literature was directly affected. Many novels of the time experimented with new literary styles and techniques.

 * Kang Kyeong-ae (강경애, 姜敬愛; 1907–1944): In'gan munje (인간문제 From Wonso Pond)
 * Kim Tong-in (1900–1951): Pulgun San (붉은 산 Red Mountain)
 * Shim Hun (1901–1936): Sangnoksu (상록수 Evergreen Tree, 1943 posthumously)
 * Ri Ki-yong (리기영, 李箕永; 1895–1984): Kohyang (The Home Village, 1932), later a North Korean author
 * Hong Myong-hui (1880—1968): Im Kkok-chong (Story of the bandit Im Kkok-chong)
 * Choi Seo-hae (최서해, 崔曙海; 1901–1932): Hongyom (홍염)
 * Yom Sang-seop (염상섭, 廉想涉; 1897–1963): Sam dae (Three Generations, 1932) Mansejon (만세전)
 * Chae Man-shik (1902–1950): Thaepyong Chunha (태평천하 Peaceful Spring on Earth, 1937) and Tagryu (Muddy Stream, 1941)

Poets included: Han Yong-un, Buddhist reformer and poet: Nimui chimmuk (The Silence of My Beloved, 1925), Chang Man-yong, Chu Yo-han, Hwang Sok-woo (황석우), Kim Myeong-sun, Kim Sowol, Kim Yeong-nang, Pak Tu-jin, Yi Sang, Yi Sang-hwa (이상화, 李相和), Yu Chi-hwan, Yun Dong-ju, and Yi Yuk-sa (이육사, 李陸史; 1904–1944) tortured to death by the Japanese military police.

National division
After 1945, Korea soon found itself divided into North and South. The Korean War led to the development of literature centered on the wounds and chaos of war and tragedy.

North Korea (DPRK)

South Korea (ROK)

Much of the post-war literature in South Korea deals with the daily lives of ordinary people, and their struggles with national pain. The collapse of the traditional Korean value system is another common theme of the time. In the post-war period, a traditionalist movement emerged: going back to the roots of traditional rhythms and folk sentiments. Other poets are linked to an experimentalist movement, attempting to bring new experiences to Korean poetry.

In the 1960s many South Korean writers started to reject post-war literature as sentimental escapism. While some South Korean authors reflected traditional humanism, writings by many others reflect deep alienation and despair. They sought to engage the readers with the political reality of the time. This led poetry and literature in general to become an important means of political expression. Also remarkable for the development of literature in 1960s was the influence of Western modernism. The 1970s saw the emergence of literature that was anti-establishment and dealt with the concerns of rapid industrialization, such as the neglect of farmers.

At the same time, literature concerned with the national division (bundan soseol) became more popular. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the national division is still a common theme, but classic stories are also popular. Some North Korean writers are very highly appreciated in the South and in 2005 writers from both Koreas held a joint literary congress.

Korean literature abroad
In the Soviet Union, ethnic Korean Koryo-saram and left-leaning Koreans published and read literature through the Leninist Banner (now Koryo Ilbo), including poet Cho Ki-chon, who eventually moved to North Korea.

Until the 1980s Korean literature was largely ignored by non-Korean speakers. The diversity of the books translated and quality of translations have both improved. Flowers of Fire (1974) was one of the first anthologies of Korean literature published in English. In non-English-speaking countries there are fewer Korean works translated, though LTI Korea has also promoted translations in German, Spanish, French and Polish. The increased popularity of Korean film has increased interest in Korean mass market literature, particularly in Japan and China.

title: Korean literature


text:
Elmshorn

Elmshorn (Elmshoorn) is a town in the district of Pinneberg in Schleswig-Holstein in Germany. It is 30 km north of Hamburg on the small river Krückau, a tributary of the Elbe, and with about 50,000 inhabitants is the sixth-largest town in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is the birthplace of writer and editor Hermann Schlüter (1851–1919), the mathematician Hermann Weyl (1885–1955) and the medievalist Heinz Woehlk (1944- ).

Economy and industry
Historically Elmshorn had many companies in the food industry. Including meat processing and sausage production, margarine production and cereal processing. Major surviving companies include Dölling-Hareico (meat processing/sausage production) and Kölln (cereal processing, mainly oats and muesli).

Twin towns – sister cities
Elmshorn is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Tarascon, France (1987)
 * 🇩🇪 Wittenberge, Germany (1990)
 * 🇵🇱 Stargard, Poland (1993)
 * 🇫🇮 Raisio, Finland (2000)

Notable people
The following people were born in Elmshorn (in order of year of birth):
 * Johann Christoph Biernatzki (1795–1840), writer.
 * Johannes Rehmke (1848 in Hainholz – 1930), philosopher
 * Fritz Höger (1877–1949), (born in Bekenreihe near Elmshorn), architect
 * Hermann Weyl (1885–1955), mathematician, theoretical physicist, logician and philosopher.
 * Carl August Rathjens (1887–1966), geographer
 * Harald Paulsen (1895–1954), actor and director
 * Walter Ohmsen (1911–1988), highly decorated soldier and organized the sailing at the Summer Olympics
 * Karsten Voigt (born 1941), politician and member of the SPD
 * (born 1959), Cultural Prize 2002, graphic artist and object artist
 * Ixi (singer) (born 1962), singer and one-hit wonder
 * Anka Feldhusen (born 1966), diplomat; German ambassador in Kyiv, Ukraine since 2019
 * Sören Sieg (born 1966), tenor, songwriter, composer, arranger, satirist, columnist and writer.
 * Michael Stich (born 1968), tennis player (grew up in Elmshorn); 1992 Summer Olympics men's doubles winner
 * Tim Mälzer (born 1971), cook and author of cookery books
 * Chiara Schoras (born 1975), actress
 * Hanno Behrens (born 1990), soccer player, over 400 pro games

title: Elmshorn


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Armypants

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deleted by User:Morwen. - Mgm|(talk) 13:12, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Armypants
Questionable notability. Anonymous IP 68.191.163.243 created article 04:29, July 15, 2005. Article tagged speedy shortly thereafter. 68.191.163.243 removed tag. Multiple users replaced tag, 68.191.163.243 has repeatedly removed tag. See also comment from anon on talk page. Admins, please assist. EvilPhoenix talk 10:47, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable/non-encyclopedic.- Mgm|(talk) 11:08, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 *  Don't Delete, Notable signifigance to an isolated community.- [User:TimonQ]]|(talk) 12:59, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * note: User:TimonQ's fourth edit. I suspect sockpuppetry. jglc | t | c 18:04, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * note: No sockpuppetry here, I've been a registered patron of Wikipedia for some time now, and have chosen to contribute to this article as I have first hand knowledge that this article is completely relevant and factual User:TimonQ 13:24, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete: Unverifiable, non-encyclopaedic content; even if all claims on page were true, would still be non-notable. jglc | t | c 19:28, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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MOS composite static induction thyristor

MOS composite static induction thyristor (CSMT or MCS) is a combination of a MOS transistor connected in cascode relation to the SI-thyristor.

The SI thyristor (SITh) unit has a gate to which a source of MOS transistor is connected through a voltage regulation element. The low conduction loss and rugged structure MCS make it more favorable than conversional IGBT transistors.

In the blocking state nearly the complete voltage drops at the SITh. Thus the MOSFET is not exposed to high field stress. For fast switching the MOSFET with only 30–50 V blocking voltage is able. In IGBT, charge carrier concentration at emitter side in n-base layer is low as holes injected from collector easily pass to emitter electrode through p-base layer. Thus the wide-base pnp transistor operates by virtue of its current gain characteristics causing the rise collector-emitter saturation voltage.

In an MCS the positive difference between the voltage of regulation element and conduction voltage drop of MOSFET is applied to location between the collector region and emitter region of the pnp transistor. Hole concentration is accumulated at emitter side in n-base layer because of impossibility of the hole flow through forward bias collector-base junction of the pnp transistor. Carrier distribution in n-base is similar to that of saturation bipolar transistor and low saturation voltage of MCS, even at high voltage ratings, can be achieved.


text: User talk:84.83.54.148

title: User talk:84.83.54.148