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WBAP (AM)

WBAP is an AM news/talk radio station licensed to Fort Worth, Texas, and serving the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. WBAP is owned by Cumulus Media and broadcasts with $50,000 watts$ from a transmitter site in the northwest corner of Mansfield. Its programming is also simulcast on WBAP-FM (93.3) in Haltom City.

WBAP is a Class A clear-channel station, using a non-directional antenna. Its nighttime signal can often be heard throughout the Southern, Central, and Midwestern states and Northern Mexico, while its daytime signal provides at least secondary coverage from Oklahoma City to Austin. WBAP is one of the oldest radio stations in Texas, dating back to 1922, when stations in Texas were still given call signs beginning with "W" instead of "K".

Emergency preparedness
WBAP and sister station KSCS are responsible for activation of the North Texas Emergency Alert System when hazardous weather alerts, Disaster area declarations, and child abductions are issued.

During a severe weather event on October 10, 2021, WBAP lost power along with much of its listening area. Brad Barton and several spotters had to broadcast its EAS and coverage via their 4G phones.

Early years
WBAP began broadcasting May 2, 1922. It transmitted at a wavelength of 360 meters (about 833 kHz). It changed to 400 meters (750 kHz) in August 1922. The station shared time with Dallas stations WFAA and WRR. It was the first station in the United States to have an audible logo signal similar to the NBC chimes, the WBAP cowbell. According to President Herbert Hoover, the station's call letters stood for "We Bring A Program", although in reality, the call letters were assigned sequentially, without any special meaning.

On May 15, 1923, the Federal Radio Commission expanded the broadcast band, and WBAP and WFAA moved to 476 meters (about 630 kHz). Another expansion moved WBAP to 600 kHz effective June 15, 1927, and this frequency was shared with WOAI in San Antonio. On November 11, 1928, WBAP moved to 800 kHz, and on June 1, 1929, WFAA also moved to 800 kHz, sharing time (and NBC Red Network affiliation) with WBAP. Station owner Amon G. Carter was unhappy with having to share time on 800 kHz with WFAA. Carter Publishing purchased KGKO in Wichita Falls (570 kHz) and moved it to Fort Worth as an affiliate of the NBC Blue network (which became ABC), and more importantly as a second frequency to be used when 800 kHz was not available. The sale was approved by the Federal Communications Commission September 24, 1935. On March 29, 1941, as a consequence of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), WBAP and WFAA moved one last time, to 820 kHz.

Carter eventually sold half of KGKO to A. H. Belo, owners of WFAA and the Dallas Morning News. On April 27, 1947, KGKO was replaced by a second shared frequency between WBAP and WFAA.

TV and FM stations
On September 29, 1948, WBAP pioneered television service in Texas with the opening of the state's first video outlet, NBC-TV network affiliate WBAP-TV on channel 5. A year later, WBAP added an FM station on 100.5, WBAP-FM. It moved to 96.3 MHz in 1955 and today is co-owned KSCS.

The dual frequency sharing arrangement between WBAP and WFAA continued through the 1950s and 1960s, with the stations switching frequencies several times a day. When WBAP changed frequencies, it signaled the change with a cowbell, which became widely associated with the station. Even though the stations swapped frequencies several times each day, the network affiliations remained constant: NBC network programming stayed on 820 kHz and ABC network programming stayed on 570 kHz. This frequently proved confusing for announcers and listeners alike.

820 AM
On May 1, 1970, the unique dual split-frequency lives of WBAP and WFAA ended when WBAP paid $3.5 million to WFAA in exchange for sole occupancy of 820 kHz (and the NBC affiliation). WFAA took on 570 kHz (and the ABC affiliation), but with only 5,000 watts full-time. Once the frequency-sharing with WFAA ended in 1970, both stations were free to program musical formats, and WBAP began programming a full service country music format. It also gained the added benefit of 820's clear-channel signal; previously WFAA controlled it during these prime nighttime hours.

Also around this time, the FCC began to scrutinize ownership of broadcast stations and print media in the same market with the tightening of its rules, which disallowed new radio and/or television combinations with newspapers while grandfathering existing instances. Carter Publications' ownership of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram and WBAP-AM-FM-TV was one of three which existed in the Dallas/Fort Worth market. However, Carter voluntarily ended the cross-ownership issue in January 1973, when it announced the sale of all its Fort Worth media interests. WBAP and its FM sister (now known as KSCS), and the Star-Telegram were packaged to Capital Cities Communications for $64.5 million. LIN Broadcasting paid $35 million to acquire WBAP-TV, whose call letters were changed to KXAS-TV. The sales became final in the summer of 1974.

After a series of network affiliation changes in the late 1970s among WBAP, KRLD and WFAA, WBAP switched affiliations to ABC.

All-talk format
WBAP changed to an news/talk format on October 25, 1993, calling itself "News/Talk 820". It was also the radio flagship radio station of the Texas Rangers baseball team, airing the play-by-play, pre-game and post-game broadcasts.

Morning show host Hal Jay celebrated his 25-year anniversary with WBAP by organizing a charity fund-raising event for Cook Children's Hospital ("Hal Jay's Celebrity Roast"). Among those who attended were Baseball Hall-of-Famer Nolan Ryan and syndicated radio talk show host Sean Hannity.

Changes in ownership
On June 12, 2007, WBAP was one of many Disney/ABC Radio stations sold to Citadel Broadcasting. That same year, WBAP transmitted iBiquity HD Radio (digital) during the daytime and when not airing sports programming, until abruptly ending the "HD" digital transmission in early December 2008. Because the license to broadcast digital "HD Radio" is perpetual, the station could resume digital broadcasts at any time.

For many years, WBAP was the flagship station for Dallas Stars hockey team, but relinquished the rights beginning in the 2009–2010 season, as on January 16, 2009, the Dallas Stars named KTCK as its new flagship station for the next 5 years. With Cumulus Media's 2011 acquisition of Citadel, WBAP and KTCK became sister stations.

FM simulcasts
Sister station KPMZ (later WBAP-FM, now KTCK-FM) started simulcasting WBAP on 96.7 FM, March 15, 2010. Although broadcasting on a rimshot signal, management said that WBAP-FM provides "crystal-clear FM fidelity" for their listeners within 96.7's coverage area.

On October 7, 2013, Cumulus announced the discontinuation of the WBAP simulcast on 96.7 FM. It switched call letters to KTCK-FM as a simulcast of the sports radio programming on co-owned KTCK. Dan Bennet, the vice president/market manager of Cumulus, said he had "seen no ratings increase since adding the FM". Bennett added, "WBAP at 820 AM still covers 114 counties in the day and has been heard in up to 38 states at night and early morning before the sun comes up. WBAP at 820 is one of the biggest radio signals in America." The WBAP simulcast moved to the second HD Radio channel of KPLX.

In 2015, WBAP ended decades of ABC News Radio affiliation and changed its national news feed to Westwood One News. On August 31, 2020, after the shutdown of Westwood One News, WBAP switched its national news affiliation to Fox News Radio.

WBAP's programming returned to FM on January 3, 2024, when the station began simulcasting on KLIF-FM 93.3, replacing the 1990s/2000s hits-formatted "Hot 93.3".

Current programming

WBAP airs both local and nationally syndicated shows. Weekdays begins with the WBAP Morning News with Hal Jay & Ernie Brown followed by Casey Bartholomew late mornings and Chris Krok evenings. The syndicated shows come from the co-owned Westwood One Network: Dan Bongino, Mark Levin and on weekends Chris Plante, Rich Valdes and Ben Ferguson. Weekends include shows on money, cars, home improvement, real estate and the outdoors. Brokered programming is also aired. Most hours on weekdays start with local news at the top of the hour while on nights and weekends, Fox News Radio is heard.

WBAP is the flagship station of Westwood One's nationally syndicated Red Eye Radio (formerly Midnight Trucking Radio Network), that traces its roots to Bill Mack's overnight show from 1969. Hosts Eric Harley and Gary McNamara are heard live locally weeknights, with "Best Of" programs heard weekend overnights.

Prior to Citadel's takeover of the station in August 2007, talk show host Mark Davis's show was a full three hours, (9 A.M. to Noon). As a result, Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity and Mark Levin were all forced to air on a one-hour tape delay. However, with Citadel's ownership of the station, Davis's show was both cut in length and shifted back by a half-hour, to carry the top-rated talkers live. Davis departed the station in March 2012 when a contract agreement could not be reached.

In the fall of 2010, WBAP began an agreement with Texas Christian University to air live play-by-play of TCU Horned Frogs football and TCU Horned Frogs men's basketball. The station carried every game of the undefeated football team in that first season.

title: WBAP (AM)


text: Category:Kostroma Oblast

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Kostroma Oblast


text: User talk:70.89.72.9

title: User talk:70.89.72.9


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User:NorthernLore

Greetings
In my time here I hope to contribute articles on the local lore of the Northern Midwest, including unexplained phenomenon and ghost stories. Please do not assume that the entries are being presented as fact, merely as documentation of a rich aspect of a regional culture.

title: User:NorthernLore


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User talk:DavidKing04

Welcome!
Hello, DavidKing04, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:46, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything. :)

title: User talk:DavidKing04


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xtra, Halifax College

This article has been moved to Xtra (York), which fits in better with the names given to other articles. There are no active links to it. It should be deleted.


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Talk:Dave Thomas (storyboard artist)

On 6 July 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Dave Thomas (storyboard artist) for a record of the discussion.

title: Talk:Dave Thomas (storyboard artist)


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User talk:Jbrendan

Welcome!
Hello, Jbrendan, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:46, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything. :)

File:DSCN0484.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:DSCN0484.JPG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. – Quadell (talk) 14:21, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jbrendan


text:
User talk:Winkipedia

Welcome!
Hello, Winkipedia, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:47, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything. :)

Images uploaded
Hi Winkipedia, you've uploaded a number of images without copyright sources. Several of them, in particular those from comic books, are almost certainly copyrighted. Could you let me know where you found them, and then we can see which of them would be compliant with the copyright restrictions here? Otherwise they might all get deleted. Thanks! — Asbestos | Talk  14:01, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:Pirate.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded, Image:Pirate.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you.

title: User talk:Winkipedia


text:
USS S. P. Lee

USS S. P. Lee may refer to the following ships operated by the United States Navy:

 * USS S. P. Lee (DD-310), a Clemson-class destroyer commissioned in 1920 and wrecked in 1923
 * USNS S. P. Lee (T-AGS-31), a hydrographic survey ship delivered in 1968 and struck in 1992; transferred to the Mexican Navy in 1992 as Antares (BI-04)

title: USS S. P. Lee


text:
User talk:JMurphy

Online Gambling Ban
12/05/2006 - JMurphy, why was the information about Kyl's mission to ban online poker removed? It is very "relevant" to millions of Americans and needs to be recorded as part of the historical record. If is properly sourced so I just need to know what the problem is?

A welcome from Sango123
Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions; I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Though we all make goofy mistakes, here is what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:49, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything. :)

 * Hello, JMurphy.

The 2006 Gubernatorial Election image has a problem: New Jersey is not up for reelection that year. Could you please change that? Thanks. Lst27 ( t a l k )  19:55, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

revert of renzi not appreciated
your revert of my edits to the rick renzi page were not appreciated... please see renzi page discussion

sorry for over reacting
.

Captain Republican
No problem, reverting him was no issue for me. I also noticed the IP comes from the House of Representatives, interesting. My first impression of the troublesome fellow (or lady) was that he was trying to ridicule Rick Renzi by sarcasm.....Oh well, at least he/she has been blocked. I wonder if Captain Republican works for Rick Renzi......Cheers  Ban e  s  17:46, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Re: just thought you could help
Hi, JMurphy! I'm afraid I can't give you an adequate response. Perhaps you can find an answer at the Wikipedia help desk. Thanks, and best of luck, Sango  123   (talk)  23:00, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Hello. Sorry I've been kind of busy lately, and I didn't get a chance to respond the first time I saw your message. I've started an article called Arizona statewide elections, 2006. However, I don't know enough about Arizona politics to finish the article. All you need to do is add the elections for other statewide offices. Thanks. --Lst27 [[User talk:Lst27|(talk)]] 23:30, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Bachs
What do we do about Bachs? He insists on slamming Ronnie Earle and his investigation of Tom Delay on nearly any US House member's article that has a connection to Delay, and has violated the 3RR at least twice. I'm not sure where to go from here, if admins should be contacted or whatnot, I haven't had to deal with this kind of situation before. Thanks. --JMurphy 19:32, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Bachs and I ended up in an uneasy truce on the ARMPAC recipients' pages. Look at the history of, say, Chris Chocola, and you'll see that there used to be a whole paragraph of Earle-bashing. I think that a sentence criticizing the indictments is reasonable, though. Probably the best solution would be a quotation from Rick Renzi or whoever (or a spokesperson) explaining why the representative is keeping the money.
 * Now Bachs is inserting a paragraph about Earle's investigation of Kay Bailey Hutchison into Tom DeLay. There used to be a brief sentence on it, and that's all there ought to be. I would remove what Bach has added, but I have already reverted three times in the past 24 hours.
 * I believe that Bachs is acting in good faith, but I'd appreciate your help with Tom DeLay and the ARMPAC recipients' pages. NatusRoma 20:21, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I have proposed a solution along these lines on Talk:Chris Chocola, where Bachs and I have been hashing out an agreement to affect a number of pages, including Rick Renzi, E. Clay Shaw, Jr, Bob Beauprez, Rob Simmons, Anne Northup, Mike D. Rogers, Heather Wilson, Marilyn Musgrave, John Kline (politician), Cathy McMorris, Robin Hayes, and Geoff Davis. Please head over and see what you think. NatusRoma 04:55, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:US gov races 06.PNG
Thanks for uploading Image:US gov races 06.PNG. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Dethomas 21:53, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

hey
When I saw the JMurphy had edited the Pederson page I had a pretty good laugh. Can't imagine who that is. BTW do you think you can fix the portion about him trailing in double digits. The latest WSJ poll puts him at -4 %. Mherlihy 20:08, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Re:Helpdesk question

 * You may want to look up WikiProject Biography or else WikiProject Politics. They generally develop relevant guidelines. If you dont find any, you can begin discussions at their talk pages -- Lost (talk) 07:56, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Hi JMurphy
Please see the talk page at the Al Gore article. I am sure we can find some sort of compromise. Turtlescrubber 21:49, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Land Line Telephone Sampling
Hey there! I don't have an exact citation (I was putting it there in hopes of someone else being able to find a citation for it), but it has something to do with the fact that cell phone numbers aren't normally made available through the public records or the yellow pages. If the organization has been diligent and actually purchased a voter file, then it may be able to contact cell phones; but even then, most polling organizations randomly sample using only the individual's primary phone number. This is primarily an issue with young voters, because many don't own land-line phones. I know some polling organizations have tried to oversample young voters to make up for it, but it's not a universal practice, and raises its own sampling issues. Thanks for the question! Happy Holidays. Davemcarlson (talk) 01:24, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello JMurphy! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 00:46, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Terry Goddard -

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JMurphy


text:
User talk:Trixka

Welcome!
Hello, Trixka, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:49, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything. :)

title: User talk:Trixka


text: User talk:24.47.205.140

title: User talk:24.47.205.140


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chipmonk

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete and redirect to Chipmunk. – ABCD✉ 23:26, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Chipmonk
Not notable local band that never peformed for years. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 20:51, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Chipmonk was a real band. They were a garage band, but they did play several shows in their short tenure as a musical group.  I should know; I was substitute lead singer for the band at their show at Marquis de La Fayette hotel in Cape May in March 2002.  (Check the external link page for more info) --Runciblerabbit 21:10, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The thing is that though the band might have existed, but I want you to look at WP:MUSIC to show what we think bands have to meet in order to get articles on here. Better yet, I am going to pull examples to show you on why I placed it here. "Chipmonk is the name of a little-known improv/punk band from Cape May, New Jersey formed in January 2002 by a group of friends composed of bored, 20-somtething, college dropouts and some high school students. While Chipmonk was short-lived (lasting only 3 months), they were quite prolific, producing three self-released albums, consisting of a total of over 90 songs." A local band lasting for three months, self produced records. That does not meet the requirements for notability. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 21:15, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Same user also created articles for each of their "records". Friday 21:25, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Based on the exchange above, this can be considered a vanity article since he was a "guest lead singer." Zscout370 (Sound Off) 21:26, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable vanity. Gwk 21:35, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Got it. I didn't know of the notable rule before I started creating the page and since they never released an album I guess that they're not notable (Though you'd be hard-pressed to name another Improv/Punk band from South Jersey with 90+ songs).--Runciblerabbit 21:44, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Mainly, users do not want Wikipedia to be used as launch-pads for advertisements for bands, shows, groups, etc. That was why we have the WP:MUSUC guidelines to set a bench mark on which bands should be included in here or not. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 21:47, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess I'll just have to go back to building that shrine in my backyard--Runciblerabbit 21:54, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. --Etacar11 00:15, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Hee... funny VfD, nice to see a sense of perspective here. Delete, natch.  Dcarrano 00:53, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. JamesBurns
 * Delete and redirect to Chipmunk as likely misspelling. --Angr/undefined 07:50, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (and redirect, per Angr). This doesn't seem to be a sufficiently notable for inclusion now, I'm afraid. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 15:30, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Batty Matty

Hi Batty Matty,

welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

Andre ( talk ) 20:51, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Batty Matty


text:
Talk:Elementary particle

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 30 March 2020 and 5 June 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): JoeschUW.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:24, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Outdated information about electrons and quasiparticles

This is outdated and incorrect. A split state of collective excitations has been demonstrated in free electrons. http://phys.org/news/2015-05-electron.html --142.105.162.127 (talk) 22:18, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I think the electrons in that paper where bound up in a conductor of some sort, and a charge pulse was being measured - i.e. a collective excitation as you mention.
 * Different from beta particles or electrons in a cathode ray tube, say.
 * So I think the statement still stands 86.174.108.154 (talk) 07:36, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

Possible new topic for the "Beyond the Standard Model" section
This is to suggest you consider including a new topic in the "Beyond the Standard Model" section. The topic could feature the existence of a possible list of beyond-the-Standard-Model elementary particles. The Springer-published book "Models for Physics of the Very Small and Very Large" provides a possible analog (for elementary particles) to the periodic table (for elements). The analog points, with some specificity regarding particle properties, to possible beyond-the-Standard-Model elementary particles. [Link to a Springer webpage for the book - http://www.springer.com/book/9789462391659 .] The underlying basis is a model for 'elementary particles of which people know or that might be yet-to-be-discovered.' (People might say that the work does not provide a model of 'how nature (in effect) chooses to produce particles.' Perhaps this parallels the situation [for elements and the periodic table] before people understood atoms.) A basis for the model is solutions to equations featuring isotropic pairs of isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators. A subset of the solutions correlates with the known (or, Standard Model) elementary particles. Other solutions correlate with possible yet-to-be-discovered (or, -inferred) elementary particles. Aspects include spins (for each particle), masses (for zero-mass particles), approximate masses (for non-zero-mass elementary bosons [This work provides a math-model basis for an approximation to the weak mixing angle {or, Weinberg angle}.]), and some allowed (or not allowed) interactions. Each of the following lists families of possible particles - (a) Table 7.3.2 in the book and (b) slides 7 through 10 in a video. [Link to the video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-QwnG-M6H0 .] Applications of (or, extensions to) above-discussed 'core' aspects of the work provide possible bases for dark matter, the 'dark energy' that correlates with more than two-thirds of the density of the universe, the 'dark energy' that correlates with changes in the 'rate of expansion of the universe,' and the ratio of density of dark matter to density of ordinary matter. [Sections 4.1 through 4.4 in the book; or, subsequent slides in the video.] --Thomasjbuckholtz (talk) 21:40, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

Lead image (difficult to eat when clicked on)
Recently, introduced a new lead image to this article, ,. When I click on this image to read it, the text is very small and difficult to read. This is in contrast to the previous the lead image, which was very easy to read when clicked on. I've gone back and forth with Cush on this. Can someone please fix this? Thank you, Isambard Kingdom (talk) 14:15, 31 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I am moving the discussion to the image file page at Wikimedia Commons ♆ CUSH ♆ 14:33, 31 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't understand why this article in particular should have a different version of the figure to standard model (or the numerous other pages on en.wiki and various other wikipedias). It makes zero sense to me, and I think comes under WP:CSD. Two images means twice the work in maintaining them both. Replacing the old image with the one with the black background is also quite a lot of work (for no real gain) and results in loss of history. — dukwon (talk) (contribs) 12:18, 10 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't see explaining what was wrong the previous/regular file - File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg, why a file with a dark background is required or preferred over the more widely used file, or if there is an issue with the more widely used file, why it hasn't been replaced elsewhere with this new version. It's also not clear why this discussion has been moved to Commons, this is an English Wikipedia content issue. Cush - there seems to be clear issues with the use of the new file, I would suggest reverting to the previous version until you can gain consensus to use your new version, and can work out the claimed technical issues. Nick (talk) 12:50, 10 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Restored the original longstanding version., gain consensus for your change because we shouldn't be using two versions of the same thing across different articles. Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 13:17, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

Graviton
It says that the graviton has its own antiparticle rather than it is its own antipartitcle, and then proceeds to explain that it would anhillate if existed and would be difficult to detect. By the same reasoning a photon would be hypothetical since it is its own antiparticle — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mupufata (talk • contribs) 14:31, 13 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Yeah, the main graviton article mentions nothing about annihilation at all. I had a go at fixing the section. — dukwon (talk) (contribs) 16:32, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

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Something missing?
I got to the following in the introduction:

Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. That's a big step with no explanation and everything from here on depends upon it.

Whats the point of the rest if most people who know very little about do not get this explained?

john f 2.30.131.253 (talk) 12:37, 6 April 2018 (UTC)

No substructure?
Can this part be rewritten to state something like in Standard Model physics elementary particles have no known substructure, but in the string theory model, particles have a string substructure, in which particles are described as being composed of fluctuations in the spacetime environment and therefore fit sensibly in a spacetime framework. -Inowen (nlfte) 19:49, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

Scarce on conceptual properties
Typically for en.Wikipedia, we see users busy pushing some, blatant off-topic about “holons, spinons, and orbitons” (and the resulting complaint lies for four years without motion), whereas a reader can learn little about conceptual properties. True, but too vague, and where does it explain that spin doesn’t require substructure? Particle statistics? True, but no different from subatomic particles in general. Masses? We know that the principal distinction is massive/massless (due to difference between little groups), whereas specific [positive] mass values for elementary particles, except for electron, are not very important for “users” in atomic physics and above. The first specific thing of crucial importance that can remind are Feynman diagrams, but holy crap… the article does not show any—not even in a navbox!—and doesn’t mention such term altogether. Misery. Look at particle, subatomic particle, and boson for comparison. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 07:17, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

To clarify what do understand as explanation of conceptual properties. Consider a statement: “photon is an elementary particle”. What would a user fed on Wikipedian trivia say: yes, it is a quantum of electromagnetic (or electroweak) force, one of fundamental interactions. What would a person able of critical thinking say: in which conditions? It is elementary in vacuum yes, whereas in continuous media, such as air, a photon is not elementary and essentially no different from any quasiparticle. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 07:33, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

Look at Elementary particle : The Standard Model of particle physics contains 12 flavors of elementary fermions, plus their corresponding antiparticles, as well as… What is flavor? There is even no appropriate wiki link on the word. Of course, there should not be a thorough discussion on it per WP:stay on topic, but at least the article should explain that flavor completely determines the rest mass and electric charge. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 08:11, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * For neutrinos … and isn’t needed for electric charge. Ironic. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 09:07, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

In the sidebar diagram, photon links to proton.
In the sidebar diagram, "photon" links to the "proton" page. I don't know how to edit those sidebar templates. So if someone could do that, thanks. Renyu777 (talk) 00:07, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

Inorganic chemistry
Deals with the study of all elements which is discovered expect hydrocarbons and their relatives or derivatives 39.33.32.151 (talk) 14:12, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

Aren't electrons leptons?
From the first paragraph: "Particles currently thought to be elementary include electrons, the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons, which generally are matter particles and antimatter particles), as well as the fundamental bosons...". That seems like a strange way to put it (mentioning electrons *and* leptons). Bruce Mardle (talk) 14:15, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elementary particle


text:
Bitap algorithm

The bitap algorithm (also known as the shift-or, shift-and or Baeza-Yates-Gonnet algorithm) is an approximate string matching algorithm. The algorithm tells whether a given text contains a substring which is "approximately equal" to a given pattern, where approximate equality is defined in terms of Levenshtein distance – if the substring and pattern are within a given distance k of each other, then the algorithm considers them equal. The algorithm begins by precomputing a set of bitmasks containing one bit for each element of the pattern. Then it is able to do most of the work with bitwise operations, which are extremely fast.

The bitap algorithm is perhaps best known as one of the underlying algorithms of the Unix utility agrep, written by Udi Manber, Sun Wu, and Burra Gopal. Manber and Wu's original paper gives extensions of the algorithm to deal with fuzzy matching of general regular expressions.

Due to the data structures required by the algorithm, it performs best on patterns less than a constant length (typically the word length of the machine in question), and also prefers inputs over a small alphabet. Once it has been implemented for a given alphabet and word length m, however, its running time is completely predictable – it runs in O(mn) operations, no matter the structure of the text or the pattern.

The bitap algorithm for exact string searching was invented by Bálint Dömölki in 1964 and extended by R. K. Shyamasundar in 1977, before being reinvented by Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Gaston Gonnet in 1989 (one chapter of first author's PhD thesis) which also extended it to handle classes of characters, wildcards, and mismatches. In 1991, it was extended by Manber and Wu to handle also insertions and deletions (full fuzzy string searching). This algorithm was later improved by Baeza-Yates and Navarro in 1996.

Exact searching
The bitap algorithm for exact string searching, in full generality, looks like this in pseudocode:

algorithm bitap_search is input: text as a string. pattern as a string. output: string m := length(pattern) if m = 0 then return text /* Initialize the bit array R. */ R := new array[m+1] of bit, initially all 0 R[0] := 1 for i := 0; i < length(text); i += 1 do /* Update the bit array. */        for k := m; k ≥ 1; k -= 1 do R[k] := R[k - 1] & (text[i] = pattern[k - 1]) if R[m] then return (text + i - m) + 1 return null

Bitap distinguishes itself from other well-known string searching algorithms in its natural mapping onto simple bitwise operations, as in the following modification of the above program. Notice that in this implementation, counterintuitively, each bit with value zero indicates a match, and each bit with value 1 indicates a non-match. The same algorithm can be written with the intuitive semantics for 0 and 1, but in that case we must introduce another instruction into the inner loop to set. In this implementation, we take advantage of the fact that left-shifting a value shifts in zeros on the right, which is precisely the behavior we need.

Notice also that we require  additional bitmasks in order to convert the   condition in the general implementation into bitwise operations. Therefore, the bitap algorithm performs better when applied to inputs over smaller alphabets.

Fuzzy searching
To perform fuzzy string searching using the bitap algorithm, it is necessary to extend the bit array R into a second dimension. Instead of having a single array R that changes over the length of the text, we now have k distinct arrays R1..k. Array Ri holds a representation of the prefixes of pattern that match any suffix of the current string with i or fewer errors. In this context, an "error" may be an insertion, deletion, or substitution; see Levenshtein distance for more information on these operations.

The implementation below performs fuzzy matching (returning the first match with up to k errors) using the fuzzy bitap algorithm. However, it only pays attention to substitutions, not to insertions or deletions – in other words, a Hamming distance of k. As before, the semantics of 0 and 1 are reversed from their conventional meanings.

External links and references

 * 1) Bálint Dömölki, An algorithm for syntactical analysis, Computational Linguistics 3, Hungarian Academy of Science pp. 29–46, 1964.
 * 2) Bálint Dömölki, A universal compiler system based on production rules, BIT Numerical Mathematics, 8(4), pp 262–275, 1968.
 * 3) R. K. Shyamasundar, Precedence parsing using Dömölki's algorithm, International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 6(2)pp 105–114, 1977.
 * 4) Ricardo Baeza-Yates. "Efficient Text Searching." PhD Thesis, University of Waterloo, Canada, May 1989.
 * 5) Udi Manber, Sun Wu. "Fast text searching with errors." Technical Report TR-91-11. Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, June 1991. (gzipped PostScript)
 * 6) Ricardo Baeza-Yates, Gastón H. Gonnet. "A New Approach to Text Searching." Communications of the ACM, 35(10): pp. 74–82, October 1992.
 * 7) Udi Manber, Sun Wu. "Fast text search allowing errors." Communications of the ACM, 35(10): pp. 83–91, October 1992,.
 * 8) R. Baeza-Yates and G. Navarro. A faster algorithm for approximate string matching. In Dan Hirchsberg and Gene Myers, editors, Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM'96), LNCS 1075, pages 1–23, Irvine, CA, June 1996.
 * 9) G. Myers. "A fast bit-vector algorithm for approximate string matching based on dynamic programming." Journal of the ACM 46 (3), May 1999, 395–415.
 * 10) libbitap, a free implementation that shows how the algorithm can easily be extended for most regular expressions. Unlike the code above, it places no limit on the pattern length.
 * 11) Ricardo Baeza-Yates, Berthier Ribeiro-Neto. Modern Information Retrieval. 1999. ISBN 0-201-39829-X.
 * 12) bitap.py - Python implementation of Bitap algorithm with Wu-Manber modifications.

title: Bitap algorithm


text:
George Lockhart (politician)

Sir George Lockhart of Lee (1673 – 17 December 1731), of Carnwath, South Lanarkshire, also known as Lockhart of Carnwath, was a Scottish writer and Jacobite politician who sat in the Parliament of Scotland from 1702 to 1707 and as a Tory in the House of Commons from 1708 to 1715. He was a member of the Commission on the Union before 1707 but acted as an informant to his Jacobite colleagues and later wrote an anonymous memoir of its dealings. He supported the Stuart cause in the Jacobite rising of 1715.

Early life
Lockhart was the son of Sir George Lockhart of Carnwath and his second wife Philadelphia Wharton, daughter of Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton and sister of Thomas Wharton, 1st Marquess of Wharton one of the leaders of the Whig Junta. After his father’s death, Lockhart succeeded to a sizable estate at the age of eight years. His Whiggish guardians removed his tutor, John Gillane, the family’s episcopalian chaplain. His education was placed in the hands of Presbyterian tutors who also tutored John Campbell. Lockhart and Argyll became friends as children, and remained friends into adulthood despite political differences. Campbell became one of Scotland's leading Whigs, while Lockhart came to have a profound dislike of Presbyterianism. By 1695 he had obtained the appointment of episcopalian guardians and had begun to manage his own financial affairs. He developed the estate and exploited the coal reserves to become one of the wealthiest of Scottish commoners, and gathered a major electoral interest in Lanarkshire and Midlothian. He married Lady Euphemia Montgomerie (d. 1738), daughter of a leading Episcopalian peer Alexander Montgomerie, 9th Earl of Eglintoun on 30 April 1697.

The Parliament of Scotland and the Treaty of Union
In 1702, Lockhart became shire commissioner for the shire of Edinburgh in the Parliament of Scotland. He joined the cavalier wing of the Country party. He was made a privy councillor in 1703 as part of the Court’s attempt to woo the cavaliers. He was attracted to a political alliance in the hope of achieving legal toleration for Episcopalians but as this was not forthcoming, he went into opposition, and remained disaffected with the Court for the rest of his  time in the Scottish parliament. He denounced the defection from the Country party of the so-called ‘New Party’ (later Squadrone) in 1704. He had a close connection with the Duke of Hamilton, although he was frustrated at the Duke’s unwillingness to pursue Jacobite objectives. After he voted for Hamilton’s motion for deferring a decision on the succession, he was removed from the privy council in December 1704. In 1705, to his annoyance, he was appointed a commissioner for arranging the union with England apparently through the influence of Wharton. Initially he decided not to accept the post, but was persuaded by Jacobite colleagues that it would be useful for him to report back to them on the proceedings. He avoided signing the treaty, and in Parliament became one of the most vigorous opponents of the Union. Although he had some support for the article on communication of trade, he usually voted  with the opposition, and abstained from voting on ratification.

British parliament and attempt to repeal the Union
After the union Lockhart was not one of the  but he decided to seek election to Westminster to serve the Jacobite cause, and  to distract the ministry from   suspicion about the intended invasion. He gave his interest in Lanarkshire to Lord Archibald Hamilton  and was returned as Member of Parliament for Edinburgh. He was also returned for Wigtown burghs where he stood as an insurance. In 1713 he took part in an abortive movement aiming at the repeal of the union. He was deeply implicated in the rising of 1715, the preparations for which he assisted at Carnwath and at Dryden, his Edinburgh residence. He was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle, but probably, through the favour of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, he was released without being brought to trial; but his brother Philip was taken prisoner at the Battle of Preston and condemned to be shot, the sentence being executed on 2 December 1715. Lockhart continued to act on behalf of James III; his letters were intercepted by the government in 1727 but he was warned of his imminent arrest by Charles Erskine, a senior government legal officer and managed to escape to the Continent.

Death
Argyll's influence was again exerted in Lockhart's behalf, and in 1728 he was permitted to return to Scotland, where he lived in retirement until his death in a duel on 17 December 1731.

Writings
The "Lockhart Papers" are a significant authority for the history of the Jacobites. Lockhart was the author of Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland, dealing with the reign of Queen Anne up to the union with England, first published in 1714. These Memoirs, together with Lockhart's correspondence with the Pretender, and some other papers of minor importance, were published again in the two volumes of Lockhart Letters (1817), edited by Anthony Aufrère.

Lockart was the source of intelligence revealing the extensive bribery of Scottish parliamentarians prior to the Treaty of Union, giving rise to the famous Robert Burns line: "bought and sold for English gold". He published a list of bribes paid by the English Treasury.

Family
Lockhart belonged to the Lockharts of Lee, who were active in Scots law and politics during the 17th century. He married Eupheme Montgomerie, daughter of Alexander Montgomerie, 9th Earl of Eglinton, by whom he had a large family.

He had 2 sons one being Alexander Lockhart, Lord Covington, and the older, more reclusive brother, Henry Lockhart (1690-1787), who had 1 son with his wife Mary Lockhart (1692-1780)

His daughter Grace Lockhart married John Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aboyne.

title: George Lockhart (politician)


text:
Larry Junstrom

Lawrence Edward Junstrom (June 22, 1949 – October 5, 2019) was an American bassist who was a member of the rock band .38 Special from 1977 until 2014. He was also one of the founding members of the southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd.

Biography
Junstrom was the bass guitarist of Lynyrd Skynyrd from its formation in 1964, until he was replaced by Greg T. Walker in 1971. Donnie Van Zant, the younger brother of the Lynyrd Skynyrd leader, Ronnie Van Zant, formed .38 Special in 1974, with Junstrom joining as the bass guitarist in 1977.

An avid amateur radio operator, he had the call letters K4EB, which translate to "Known 4 Excellent Bass".

Junstrom retired from .38 Special in 2014, due to a hand injury that required surgery. He died on October 5, 2019, at the age of 70.

title: Larry Junstrom


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mark E. Davis

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 05:51, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Mark E. Davis
I believe this person is not notable and suspect this is merely a vanity page. There has been only one editor (two IP addresses) who has basically never done anything else except insert himself into the birthday list. Jdavidb 20:53, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I see no evidence of notability. Friday 21:27, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Search on google doesn't suggest this person is notable. MarkS 22:29, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No notability established. --TheMidnighters 22:35, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Seems to be self-written, definitely not encyclopedic. Themindset 22:59, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn artist vanity. --Etacar11 00:18, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 06:47, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Periyar River

Periyar,, (meaning: big river) is the longest river and the river with the largest discharge potential in the Indian state of Kerala. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region and provides drinking water for several major towns. The Periyar is of utmost significance to the economy of Kerala. It generates a significant proportion of Kerala's electrical power via the Idukki Dam and flows along a region of industrial and commercial activity. The river also provides water for irrigation and domestic use throughout its course besides supporting a rich fishery. Due to these reasons, the river has been named the "Lifeline of Kerala". Kochi city, in the vicinity of the river mouth, draws its water supply from Aluva, an upstream site sufficiently free of seawater intrusion. Twenty five percent of Kerala's industries are along the banks of the Periyar. These are mostly crowded within a stretch of 5 km in the Eloor-Edayar region (Udhyogamandal), about 10 km north of Kochi harbor.

Origin and path
The Periyar has a total length of approximately 244 km and a catchment area of 5398 km2, of which 5284 km2 is in Kerala and 114 km2 is in Tamil Nadu.

Course
In its early course, the river flows in a narrow north sloping valley starting from the Chokkampatti hills and extending north about 25 km, with a number of sharp lateral ridges running down to it from east and west. After flowing 48 km from its origin and on reaching Mount Plateau at its eastern end, it is joined by the west-flowing Mullayar—an important tributary—at Mullakudy. During this journey the Periyar traverses through the Periyar Tiger Reserve, flowing across or forming the boundaries between various sections of the reserve. Going downstream, it defines a part of the border between Periyar section of the reserve in the east and Sundaramala section in the west and then the borders between Moolavaigai and Thannikudy sections in the east and Ummikuppan, Mlappara and Aruvioda sections in the west before reaching the Periyar Lake.

The Mullaperiyar dam is constructed at the confluence of the Periyar and Mullayar to create the Periyar Thekkady lake and reservoir, as well as the Periyar National Park. The area belonging to Tamil Nadu in the Periyar basin is located far down the river from the Mullaperiyar Dam site. This area is drained by the tributary Nirar, which is diverted to Tamil Nadu as a part of inter-state Parambikulam-Aliyar Project (PAP) agreement.

From Periyar Thekkady lake and reservoir, some water is diverted eastwards to Tamil Nadu via a tunnel. The diverted water, after power generation, is let into the Suruliar river (a tributary of the Vaigai River) thereby resulting in an inter-basin transfer of water. Downstream of the Mullaperiyar dam, the Periyar continues to flow northwestward for 35 km, exiting the Periyar Tiger Reserve and passing through Vandiperiyar, Elappara and Ayyappancoil to the Idukki reservoir formed by the Idukki, Cheruthoni and Kulamavu dams. The Idukki dam is constructed across the Periyar river on the famous Idukki gorge formed by the Kuravan and Kurathi hills.

The main Periyar below the Idukki reservoir flows due north parallel to the western edge of the Idukki plateau and is joined by the Perinjakutty from the east and Muthirapuzha from the north. After the confluence with Muthirapuzha, the river flows northwestwards and enters Ernakulam district at Neriamangalam. It is joined by its major tributary, the Idamalayar, 1.5 km upstream of the Bhoothathankettu barrage. After receiving the waters of the Idamalayar river, the Periyar flows west along the midlands of Ernakulam district.

At Aluva, the river bifurcates into the Marthandavarma and the Mangalapuzha branches. The Mangalapuzha branch joins Chalakudy River and empties into the Lakshadweep Sea at Munambam, and the Marthandavarma branch flows southwards, again dividing into two near Kunjunnikkara island, going through the Udhyogamandal area and finally draining into the Cochin backwater system (part of Vembanad Lake) at Varappuzha. The Vembanad backwaters are connected to the Lakshadweep Sea at Cochin and Kodungallur.

Tributaries
Its major tributaries are:
 * Muthirapuzha River
 * Mullayar River
 * Cheruthoni River
 * Perinjankutti River
 * Edamala River

Minor tributaries are: Muthayar, Perunthuraiar, Chinnar, Deviyar, Cheruthony, Kattappanayar

Although the Chalakudy river in strict geological sense is a tributary of the Periyar, for all practical purposes it is treated as a separate river by Government and other agencies. Chalakudy river itself has a catchment area of 1704 km2, with 1404 km2 in Kerala and 300 km2 in Tamil Nadu.

Basin
The Periyar basin spreads over an area of 5398 km2, most of it in central Kerala. It lies between latitudes 9°15’30"N and 10°21’00"N and longitudes 76°08’38"E and 77°24’32"E. The river drains parts of Idukki, Ernakulam and Thrissur districts in Kerala and Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu. The basin has an inverted "L" shape with a maximum width at the intersection. The length-width ratio is 6:1. Most of the streams flow in deep gorges with steep valleys along the highlands of the basin. Coming out of the hills, the Periyar flows west and its basin occupies the northern part of Ernakulam district, covering the region from Neriamangalam through Aluva to Varapuzha and Munambam.

The Periyar is an 8th order stream with considerable development of tributary network. The average drainage density of the basin is 2.46 km/ km2 with a total number of first order streams of 15,773. The total stream length inclusive of all orders in the basin is 13291 km. The river originates from the high hills of the Western Ghats and the influence of tectonism can be evidenced from the stream pattern and presence of structural valleys. Forests occupy nearly 1500 km2 (28%) of the basin area whereas cardamom and settlement with mixed tree crops occupy an area of 322 km2 and 2176 km2 respectively. The basin is ecologically sensitive. Nearly 80% of the total area situated in the high ranges are susceptible to erosion and mass movements.

Anamudi, at 2695 m the highest peak in South India, is the highest point in the basin.

Cardamom Hills

The upper part of the Periyar basin extends across the Cardamom Hills. In the north, these hills extend up to the high Munnar saddle running east to Chokkanad Mala and further on to Kolukkumala on the eastern edge of the Ghats. In the south, the hills reach up to the westerly spur at Chokkampatti Mala. This section of the basin is divided into three parts.

Source – Southern Cardamom Hills
The southernmost part of the Cardamom Hills i.e. the source of Periyar River is a narrow valley extending south of Kumily. This is the southern extreme of the Periyar basin. It is less than 20 km wide and is about 40 km long. The upper catchments of Periyar extend as a wedge deep into the northeastern corner of the neighboring Pandalam Hills. This section of the Cardamom Hills extends deep into but is clearly separated from the Pandalam Hills. The main Western Ghats watershed line forming the eastern border of the Cardamom Hills is highest to the southeast of the Kumily Gap. Here the High Wavies branch off towards north-west into Tamil Nadu, with some peaks reaching elevations of over 1900 m along the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Further south, the ridge along the watershed line is heavily forested. This part of the Cardamom Hills is called the Sivagiri Range and it extends south up to Chokkampatti Mala which is at the junction of Pamba and Periyar River basins. The southern boundary of the Cardamom Hills runs along a westerly spur hill starting from the Chokkampatti Mala which initially runs north and then turns northwest almost parallel to the Sivagiri Range. This ridge separates the basin of Pamba from Periyar. From its source near Chokkampatti Mala initially Periyar flows north between these two heavily forested ridges. The valley floor is at an elevation of 1000 m and the ridges on either side often reach 1800 m. This valley of Periyar at its source and the valley of Kunthi River in the Silent Valley are the only two forested higher valleys in the Western Ghats left intact even now. The 925 km2 Periyar Tiger Reserve is mostly within this southernmost part of the Cardamom Hills.

Cardamom Hills plateau
A poorly defined ridge that runs from near Chakkupallam (north of Kumily) on the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu extending southwest to near Vallakkadavu segregates the upper reaches of Periyar from the rest of the Cardamom Hills. Immediately downstream of Mullaperiyar dam, Periyar cuts through this ridge. North of this ridge, the Cardamom Hills extend up to the high Munnar saddle. Here, east of the river channel, the undulating plateau rises up to the watershed line of the Western Ghats. This section drains into the Periyar through the Perinjankutty Ar and the drainage channel is essentially from south-east to north-west. This portion of the Cardamom Hills is on an average 800 m high. The northern edge of the Cardamom Hills bordering the High Range Plateau on the other hand slopes steeply to the south and is drained by Panniyar. The Panniyar joins the Muthirapuzha, which drains the High Range Plateau section of the Periyar Basin in the north. The crestline of the Cardamom Hills in this section along the border with Theni and Kambam, in comparison with the rest of the main watershed line of the Cardamom Hills and the High Ranges, is low, reaching up to only about 1000 m. East of Chakkupallom, a small part of the adjacent Vaigai basin protrudes from Tamil Nadu into Kerala in this section. This portion of the Periyar basin is drier than all other west sloping parts of the Western Ghats. It has no significant extent of natural forests remaining anywhere. At the turn of the 20th century, it was fully covered by evergreen forests.

Idukki Sub-plateau
The portion west of the main Periyar channel which flows from south to north here, is the true Idukki sub-plateau. This is the lowest part of the Cardamom Hills sloping towards the north in which the Idukki reservoir is located. It is separated from the rest of the Cardamom Hills by the deep channel of the Periyar River. The sub-plateau extends north from near Ayyappankoil to near Neriamangalam. Its western border is the clearly demarcated scarp face of the Ghats descending to the plains of Thodupuzha. This 900 to 1000 m high western crestline separates the Periyar catchment from the Manimala, Meenachil and Moovattupuzha drainage basins. It ends in the north along the channel of Periyar from Neriamangalam to Panamkutty. The catchment of Kattappana Ar located beyond the southeastern corner of the Idukki reservoir also falls in this portion. A southwest to northeast ridge called the Chekuthan Mala separates the Idukki Sub-plateau from the Peermade Plateau as well as the main mass of Cardamom Hills. Its eastern boundary is a northwest to southeast ridge separating the Idukki reservoir from the Kallar/Perinjankutty tributary of Periyar which drains the main Cardamom Hills. The Idukki Subplateau is at an average elevation of 700 m. This area was heavily forested till the 1950s but now only three small fragments of forest vegetation alone remain. The largest is within the Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary. South of Vagamon, the tributaries of Meenachil, Manimala and Pamba have eroded away extensive areas of the Periyar basin between Ayyappankovil and Vallakkadavu. The Periyar only has a narrow strip of the Cardamom Hill tableland to flow northward here.

High Range Plateau
The High Range Plateau is located around Munnar and Devikulam. It has an average elevation of about 1800 m and drains to the south through Muthirapuzha into Periyar. The high Rajamala-Anamudi-Umayamala part of the main Anamalai ridge forms its northern boundary. A spur ridge starting from the main Anamalai ridge, going south immediately to the west of Munnar and continuing on to Parvathi Mala forms the western boundary of the High Range Plateau. This ridge separates the High Ranges from the Lower Periyar Valleys further to the west. The eastern edge of the High Range plateau runs north from Kolukkumala, at the junction of the High Range Plateau with the Cardamom Hills, and continues onto the Top Station along the border between Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The High Range portion is essentially the south and west draining slopes of the main Anamalai ridge with the Cardamom Hills located to its south. All the northern slopes of the main Anamalai ridge falling within Kerala drain into Idamalayar and Pooyamkutty Ar, both tributaries of Periyar.

The High Range Plateau has been almost totally transformed by tea plantations and hydroelectric dams. The original forest was mostly of the Shola-Grassland type. From the biodiversity value, this unit is of special importance because of its specialized high altitude flora and fauna.

Lower Periyar Valleys
The lower valleys of Idamalayar and Pooyamkutty Ar constitute the Lower Periyar Valleys. The exceedingly violent impact of very heavy rainfall on a likely geologically unstable part of the Western Ghats where there is extensive faulting has caused accelerated weathering and erosion, carving out a complex of deep valleys on the western face of the High Range Plateau. This topographically complex segment of the Western Ghats extends from near Neriamangalam in the southwest to Panamkutty in the southeast along the Periyar River and continues north up to the watershed divide between the Periyar and the Chalakudy Basins. Its eastern border is the main Anamalai ridge. This section of western slope of the Western Ghats is deeply dissected and has geographical as well as ecological characteristics found nowhere in the Western Ghats. To the south of this section is the Idukki sub-plateau and to the southeast, the Cardamom Hills. The western edge of Panniyar and Muthirapuzha Basins form the eastern border of this section. The Parvathimudi-Umayamala ridge forms the northeastern corner of the Lower Periyar Valleys.

Towards north, the Lower Periyar Valleys and the Periyar Basin extend up to the Idamala gorge cut by Periyar’s northernmost tributary – Idamalayar. The basin is bounded in the north by the ridge separating Sholayar from the Idamala River. This ridge is a spur hill extending from near Valaparai in Tamil Nadu, projecting far west into Kerala. The Idamala gorge separates the Sholayar forests in the Nelliyampathies towards the north from the southern Anamudi Reserved Forest and High Range Plateau. The area belonging to Tamil Nadu in the Periyar basin is situated here. This area forms the north-eastern corner of the Periyar basin. It is drained by the tributary Nirar, which runs in a South Westerly Direction and falls into Idamalayar. Within this section there are a series of deep west-sloping valleys where the valley floors are often at elevations less than 300 m. Separating these valleys are a jumble of steep hills and flat topped plateaux with scarp faces rearing up to elevations of around 900 to 1500 m. The Idamala and Pooyamkutty rivers drain most of this section while its southern edge drains into the main Periyar. This tract is almost entirely forested and the forests extend northwest between Periyar and Chalakudy rivers along the plains almost up to Kalady.

Periyar Midlands and Lowlands
To the west of the Lower Periyar Valleys are the midlands, which are characterized by undulating topography with small hills separated by valleys. The general gradient is towards the west here. The lowlands occur as a narrow belt almost parallel to the present shoreline. The landforms of this section are broad valleys, submerged lands with swamps and marshes and subdued sand dunes. Many parts of the area are directly connected to the backwaters with a network of canals. The river bifurcates near Aluva into two major distributaries; one continues to flow through Desam as Mangalappuzha and finally drains into the Lakshadweep Sea. The Chalakudy river also joins to this branch of the Periyar 10 km south-east of Kodungalloor which expands to its maximum width at Munambam. The Marthandavarma branch flows southwards, again dividing into two near Kunjunnikkara Island, and finally drains into the Vembanad backwaters at Varapuzha. The most industrialized zone of Periyar lies in this part of the basin between Angamaly and Cochin, with over 50 large and medium scale industries. The Edayar branch of Periyar caters to the needs of these industries.

Hydro-electric projects
The Idukki Dam is the largest hydro-electric project in Kerala and lies on the Periyar. It is the biggest dam of its kind (a concrete, double curvature parabolic, thin arc dam ) in Asia and the second-biggest in the world. Its generators have a power output of 780 MW (6 × 130), and generate electricity through the underground facility at Moolamattam, built by an India-Canada joint venture. Power generation at Idukki is minimal during the monsoon. The dam also permits storage of water for the dry summer period when many other reservoirs in the area are low. Since the commissioning of the Idukki project in 1976, tail-race water (between 19.83–78.5 m3/s) has been diverted from the Idukki reservoir through the Moolamattom power station into the Thodupuzha tributary of the Muvattupuzha river.

There are other hydro-electric generation facilities on the river at Pallivasal, Chenkulam, Panniyar, Neriyamangalam and Lower Periyar.

Reservoirs
The important reservoirs in the Periyar basin within Kerala are Bhoothathankettu, Idamalayar, Lower Periyar, Mattupetty, Anayirangal, Kundala, Ponmudi, Kallarkutti, Idukki (formed by construction of three dams—Idukki, Cheruthoni and Kulamavu), Sengulam, Kallar, Erattayar and Mullaperiyar. The dams falling within Tamil Nadu in the Periyar basin are the Upper Nirar Weir and the Lower Nirar Dam. These dams help divert water from the Nirar tributary of Periyar to the adjacent Sholayar basin.

Irrigation
The Periyar valley Irrigation project in Ernakulam district envisages the utilization of the tail race discharge from the completed Hydel scheme in the Muthirapuzha tributary of river Periyar together with the controlled release from Ennackal dam constructed by Kerala State Electricity Board under Hydel scheme across the Idamalayar tributary and the dependable run off from the uncontrolled catchment of Periyar river, for irrigating an area of 32800 ha of land lying on the left bank of Periyar river through a network of canal system and controlling devices. The scheme consists of the Periyar Barrage at Bhoothathankettu with a catchment area of 3048 km2 along with a network of canals.

Apart from irrigation on left bank of Periyar, the project also enables a supply of minimum quantity of water through the river to check the intrusion of salinity at lower reaches of the river as well as to meet the requirements of many lift irrigation schemes of river Periyar. Supply of water for drinking and industrial purposes are met by a portion of storage water by the barrage of Bhoothathankettu.

Inter-basin transfer of water
Mullaperiyar dam was one of the earliest instances of inter-basin transfers in the peninsular India. While it met the demand for water on one hand, it led to the deterioration of water quality downstream of the river. Salinity intrusion and pollution dispersion problems arose in the lower reaches of the Periyar due to non-availability of sufficient quantity of water for flushing. Another inter-basin transfer from the Periyar to the Muvattupuzha river due to the Idukki project has further adversely affected the downstream flow in the Periyar river.

The Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP) agreement was conceived to harness and share the waters in the inter-State rivers in Bharathappuzha, Chalakkudypuzha and Periyar basins. Nirar and Anamalayar, tributaries of Periyar are covered under this agreement. Water from these rivers are transferred to the adjacent Sholayar basin as part of the PAP agreement.

Due to all the diversions in its basin, the Periyar has lost 22 per cent of its average flow.

Ecological significance

South of the Mullaperiyar reservoir, at the source of Periyar River, there is an unbroken stretch of about 350 km2 of sheltered, unmodified rainforests within the Periyar Tiger Reserve. These rainforests extend further west into the adjacent Pamba basin within the Gudarakal Forest Range and continue south beyond the Gudarakal Range into the forests of the Achankovil Division. This entire stretch contains about 600 to 700 km2 of undisturbed wet evergreen forests typical of the Western Ghats. The forests on the upper reaches of Periyar are mostly inaccessible and is one of the least disturbed evergreen forests left in the Western Ghats.

The Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) is also one of the most ecologically diverse regions in India. The flora of the reserve is very rich and diverse. Out of the estimated 3,800 species of angiosperms of Kerala, 1,966 have been reported from within the reserve. Nowhere in the subcontinent, has such a large number of taxa been reported from an area comparable to that of the PTR. Apart from this, the reserve also contains an estimated 323 species of birds, 38 species of fish and 44 species of reptiles.

The Periyar plateau forms a part of the Project Elephant Reserve 10, which also includes the Agasthyamalai-Mahendragiri hills. The landscape on the Periyar Plateau portion of Elephant Reserve 10 maintains the most intact elephant range in Southern India. This area is believed to harbour about 2,000 elephants and is one of the potential landscapes for the long-term conservation of the species. This population is genetically more diverse and distinct from the much larger elephant population further north in the Ghats. This region is also known for its rich biodiversity. On the other hand, the landscape has also witnessed a variety of developmental activities including commercial plantations, hydroelectric and irrigation projects and other forms of infrastructural development that impede the movement of elephants.

Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, one of the important bird sanctuaries of India, is an evergreen low-land forest located between the branches of Periyar River. It has a rich and varied birdlife. Several species of birds, both forest birds as well as the water birds visit the sanctuary. Dr. Salim Ali, India's greatest ornithologist, once described this tiny, 25 km2 bird sanctuary, located about 60 km north-east of Kochi, as "The richest bird habitat in peninsular India".

Periyar is one of the six major rivers flowing into the Vembanad lake. Vembanad Kol Wetland was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. It is home to more than 20,000 waterfowls—the third largest such population in India.

Religious and cultural significance
There are several places of religious significance along the banks of the Periyar. The famous Aluva Sivarathri festival is celebrated on the banks of the Periyar River in Aluva. The temple festival is conducted every year on Sivarathri day of the Kumbham month of Malayalam calendar. The Siva temple on the sand bank of Periyar River throngs with devotees every year on Mahasivarathri day.

Kalady is a town located on the banks of the Periyar river. It is the birthplace of Sri Adi Shankara, the Hindu philosopher who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta. Kalady started featuring in the spiritual map of India only after its rediscovery in the late 19th century by the then Shankaracharya of Sringeri and the subsequent consecration of a temple for Sri Adi Shankara in 1910.

Located 52 km from Kochi, the Malayatoor Church is situated atop the 609 m high Malayatoor Hill. The church is dedicated to St. Thomas, who is believed to have prayed at this shrine. One of the most important Christian pilgrim centres in Kerala, it attracts devotees in very large numbers not only from Kerala but also from the neighbouring states. This famous church is situated at Kurisumudi, a verdant hill in the Western Ghats girdled partially by the Periyar (river). The Church has a life-size statue of St. Thomas and the imprint of the feet of the Apostle on a rock. This shrine has now been accorded an international pilgrimage station.

Pollution
The lower reaches of the Periyar are heavily polluted. Industries in the Eloor industrial zone discharge waste into the river. Greenpeace India describes the lower Periyar as "a cesspool of toxins, which have alarming levels of deadly poisons like DDT, endosulfan, hexa and trivalent chromium, lead, cyanide, BHC". Several studies have pointed out that the riverbed has deposits of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, nickel, cobalt and zinc and the ecosystem of the river has many dead zones. Some of the major recommendations are ensuring zero effluent discharge from the industrial units in the Eloor-Edayar stretch and zero emission from companies. Pollution of the river and surrounding wetlands has almost wiped out traditional occupations, including fishing and farming.

Illegal sand mining
Illegal sand mining from the Periyar is another major environmental issue. Studies have pointed out that the quantity of sand being mined from the Periyar is at least 30 times the actual quantity that can be taken out without causing damage to the river’s environmental system. In the Periyar river basin, land sand mining is widespread in the plateau region in the highlands. Mining of sands from these areas impose severe environmental problems to the river basin environment.

Environmental protection efforts
Efforts have been made to prevent soil erosion on the banks of river periyar at Aluva Sivarathri manappuram (sand bank) through afforestation programs headed by renowned environmentalist, Prof. S. Sitaraman, since 1992. The Aluva Environmental Protection Forum started by Sitaraman and others have played a pivotal role in the prevention of illegal sand mining and water pollution in the lower reaches of the river.

Dispute
The control and safety of the Mullaperiyar dam on the river and the validity and fairness of the corresponding lease agreement have been points of dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu states. Intertwined with this, there is a dispute as to whether the Periyar should be classified as an inter-state river or not. Kerala states that the Periyar is an intrastate river since no part of it flows through Tamil Nadu. The river originates in Kerala, flows entirely through Kerala and joins the Arabian Sea in the Kerala. Although these facts have been admitted by Tamil Nadu,  it counters that the Periyar should be considered an inter-state river since a part of the catchment of the river lies in Tamil Nadu. It has also cited a 1950 report signed by the then Kerala state irrigation minister V R Krishna Iyer recording that Periyar is an inter-state river since some of its drainage area lay in Madras state. Essentially, the dispute over the status of the river comes down to the definition of an inter-state river, with Kerala supporting the definition to be according to the course of the river, while Tamil Nadu favouring the definition to be according to the catchment area of the river.

The Supreme Court of India, in its verdict on 7 May 2014, stated that although the Periyar rises in and traverses only in the territory of Kerala before entering into Arabian sea, no part of the land in Tamil Nadu abuts river Periyar and that Tamil Nadu is not a riparian state of the Periyar river, the fact that a small part of the Periyar river basin lies in Tamil Nadu is enough to make the river interstate in nature.

title: Periyar River


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MotorStorm (video game)

MotorStorm (モーターストーム) is a 2006 racing video game developed by Evolution Studios and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the Sony PlayStation 3 computer entertainment system. Announced at E3 2005, the game was released in Japan on 14 December 2006 and worldwide in March 2007. MotorStorm has sold over 3 million units. Two sequels were made, MotorStorm: Pacific Rift in 2008, and MotorStorm: Apocalypse in 2011. Another game was also created, MotorStorm: Arctic Edge, for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable. As of January 2012, the online multiplayer servers for the game have been permanently shut down.

Gameplay
The events of the game take place at the fictional MotorStorm Festival in Monument Valley. The objective of the game is to win a series of off-road races and to be the overall winner of the Festival. MotorStorm holds the Guinness World Record for the biggest variety of vehicles in a racing game - players are in control of seven different types of vehicles throughout the game: bikes, ATVs, buggies, rally cars, racing trucks, mudpluggers and big rigs. Each vehicle has its own strengths and weaknesses. For example, dirt bikes are capable of accelerating very fast and capable of maneuvering through tight spaces, but they are also easily damaged, and only reach mediocre top speeds. On the other hand, big rigs have great durability, medium speed, but poor acceleration and handling.

Each race requires the player to choose a particular vehicle type and often race against many of the other vehicles. Every track has many different ways of getting through it, each catering to a specific class of vehicle thereby making the racing field more even. The events in the game occur in real-time, such as the mud effects, tire marks, and crashes (for example, if a car loses a wheel, it will remain where it lands for the duration of the race). Each track is filled with a variety of jumps, bumps, cliffs, ledges, mud pits, parts from other cars, and other obstacles. Races are generally three-lap events with two to fifteen racers. There are nine playable tracks in the game with a further four, which were available to purchase as downloadable content through the PlayStation Store.

Tracks experience real-time deformation, which means each lap is different from the last; obstacles and other elements that are displaced from their original position will remain that way unless disturbed again. Larger vehicles can create large holes or leave ruts that can easily upset smaller, lighter vehicles, and every vehicle responds in different ways to different track environments. Vehicles like big rigs and mudpluggers get excellent traction in mud, whereas lighter vehicles like dirt bikes and ATVs will slip and slide.

Nitrous boost plays a large part in MotorStorm and is used to either catch up to opponents or pull away from them. Players must keep an eye on their boost meter, which shows how hot the car's engine is. The longer the boost is held, the hotter the engine becomes. If the boost is held when the engine reaches its critical temperature, it will explode. Since explosions resulting from the boost typically rocket the player's vehicle forward, they can be used to edge out another racer across the finish line. This can be very useful when behind, although this does not work all of the time if the AI opponent gains the upper hand.

In online play, Catch-up mode can be enabled. This means the leader of a race has less boost than everyone else, allowing players further back in the field to "catch-up". If the leader changes, so does the racer with less boost. This makes using boost for the leader a technical task, in theory they should only use it when necessary, and relying on their individual driving skills to win them the race.

E3 video footage
While the game was originally being developed under the title as Stampede, early details released by Sony and Evolution Studios show high-quality rendered video sequences. Many gaming enthusiasts and members of the press became sceptical as to the source of the material shown, with most people suspecting the footage to be pre-rendered as opposed to real-time in-game footage.

In March 2006, shortly following the Game Developers Conference, leaked footage of a tech demo was spread across the Internet on sites such as YouTube. The demo showed a yellow buggy and a motorbike both cutting through mud, as well as splashing the mud onto a white truck, and showed violent crashes, such as a bike landing on a purple rally car, causing it to spin out, and a white mud plugger ramming through the yellow buggy, causing it to get crushed by rolling over and crossing through flames and crashing into the guardrail. Being a technical demo, it did not show any gameplay aspects or whether the final game would reach the standard of the E3 2005 video. Sony representative Phil Harrison said it would make an appearance at E3 2006, which eventually did, although it missed the first day of the expo due to the show versions being completed and uploaded to LA that day. The build at the show was only 50% complete but still showed some effects such as motion blur and track deformation.

Demos
Two demo versions of the game have been made available to the public. The first was only available on PlayStation 3 retail kiosks, while the second was only available for download from the PlayStation Store. While both demos featured the same track, the kiosk demo allowed the player to switch vehicles on the grid before the race starts, which means that the player was able to race in approximately twenty different vehicles, while the downloadable demo restricted players to two vehicles. The downloadable demo had a smoother frame rate and extra visual detail.

Both demos allowed the player to steer using Sixaxis motion-sensing.

Downloadable content
In 2007, there were several add-ons and DLCs: first one, both in Europe and North America, an add-on was made available on the PlayStation Network in June. This free download, when used in conjunction with the 1.2 update, unlocked a time-trial mode. In this mode, players were able to select a track and vehicle to race around and achieve the best time. When online, players could upload their best times to see where they rank in a global leaderboard. There was also the ability to download the "ghosts" of best laps of other players, including the creators and race against them.

Later in September in Europe, a second add-on was made available for purchase on the PlayStation Network, called the Coyote Revenge Weekend VIP Pass (named Revenge Weekend in North America). This download, when used in conjunction with the 2.0 update, unlocked the Coyote Weekend mode. This allowed players to access an additional three tickets, combining nine races (four races each in the first and second tickets and one final race in the third ticket). The races were unlocked sequentially and via player success in preceding races. The mode is called Coyote Weekend because the track Coyote Revenge features predominantly, and the races were presented as happening over a weekend festival over Saturday and Sunday. Out of the nine races, the Coyote Revenge track was featured five times, with various new routes and short-cuts. Four other tracks were also featured in the Coyote Weekend festival. The download also included two new vehicles, a bike, an ATV and a bonus vehicle that could be accessed on successful completion of the races. There was also a vehicle pack available on the PlayStation Network, that included a rally car which looks very similar to a DeLorean and a Big Rig which is based on a prison bus, and new livery skins known as Numskull Helmets and Big Blue Bunny.

Also in September in USA, a third add-on was made available which included a truck (known as the Castro Capitano, preceded by the Castro Robusto) with three styles. In October in Europe, a new Halloween livery was made available for download, on the Castro Robusto racing truck. Downloading this livery automatically unlocked the truck (but only for that livery, the others were to be unlocked by progressing in the Festival). The Devil's Weekend pack was released in Europe and North America in November 20 and contained The Devil's Crossing track, nine new races, four new vehicles and new liveries such as Crazy Samurai and QuickFoot liveries. In December in USA, it featured a new downloadable holiday skin for Castro Varadero (a big rig). Two tracks, Eagle's Nest and Diamondback Speedway were released in Europe and North America in January 2008. In North America and Europe, a Chinese New Year skin became available for download for the Wulff Revo rally car in February.

Despite the closure of the multiplayer servers in 2012, it was still possible to download the game updates, as they were required for DLC compatibility. While most PS3 games search for updates from the XMB or after starting them, this game required the user to enter the now-defunct online modes in order to trigger the updating process. The most recent update was version 3.1, but it is no longer officially available to download, despite the DLC being still available for purchase on the PlayStation Store. However, a workaround for both the multiplayer and the game updates download was found in November 2021.

PlayStation Home
In PlayStation Home in October 2009, a MotorStorm themed personal apartment was released to all four versions of Home, being Asia, Europe, Japan, and North America. The apartment was called the "MotorStorm Monument Valley Campsite" and could be purchased from the Home Estates store in Home's shopping complex. There were also sixteen MotorStorm themed furniture items that could be purchased to go along with the apartment, including a sofa constructed from a mangled skateboard, the clapped out car seat from one of the original MotorStorm vehicles and a smouldering barbecue cunningly fashioned from an old oil-drum and other nondescript pieces of junk. These were possible to purchase from the Furniture store in Home's shopping complex.

MotorStorm was featured at E3 2007 as fully supporting game launching in PlayStation Home, but was released without this feature. Its successor, MotorStorm: Pacific Rift, however, did fully support game launching in Home. Although it does not fully support the feature, it could still be game launched through the Universal Game Launching method which does not have all of the features of a game that would have full support for game launching.

Release
MotorStorm was officially released in Japan on 14 December 2006, where it became the best-selling PlayStation 3 game; and in March 2007 in North America and the PAL region, the latter as part of the European PlayStation 3 launch on 23 March. Both the North American and European versions include online play, which was not included in the Japanese version at the time of its release. Online play for Japan was released in an update on 20 June.

By 9 July 2007, MotorStorm had sold more than one million units in North America. As of October 2011 MotorStorm had sold 3.5 million units worldwide.

Reception
MotorStorm received "generally favourable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot praised the game's online aspect saying "Motorstorm's rampageous brand of racing is a great deal of fun" as well as the graphics and soundtrack of the game while noting its lack of offline multiplayer and its single-player mode. IGN summed up its review by saying that "it may be shallow, but it's also the most engaging racing experience you'll find anywhere", but expressed its excitement in the potential of its sequel due to the strong foundations the original laid out. However, GameTrailers criticized the AI of the game saying it was based on a "rubber-band" principle which allowed computer drivers to easily catch up with the player regardless of the player's performance, but praised the online gameplay of MotorStorm as well as its gameplay physics. GameZone gave the game 8.8 out of 10, saying, "The overall package may feel a little light in terms of variety, but the game is terrific eye candy that plays very well, has a solid challenge and is much fun to play." In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 30 out of 40. Mr. Marbles of GamePro said, "I probably wouldn't buy a PS3 just for MotorStorm, but it is the first legitimate must-have title if you've already got one."

Maxim gave the game all five stars, saying, "playing MotorStorm is like having sex with one of the Olsen twins: It's awesome, it's brief, the two of you won't really have much to talk about afterward, and you'll be left wondering why the other twin didn't join in." USA Today gave it 8.5 stars out of 10, calling it "white-knuckled racing at its best, with jaw-dropping visuals and explosive action so grimy you may get the urge to take a shower afterward." 411Mania gave it eight out of ten, saying, "If you're looking for a next gen racer full of action and tons of eye candy, this title is for you. It may not have all the added bells and whistles of some racing games, but that is part of its appeal. It's a rugged unapologetic action packed racer. Is it a must have for the PS3? This reviewer says yes. It's a great title with lots to keep you occupied if you like explosions. Seriously, get some friends over and watch the fireballs fly. They will not be disappointed. What Motorstorm [sic] lacks in depth it more than makes up for in high octane action." The Sydney Morning Herald gave it a similar score of four out of five, calling it "Giddy and intense off-road racing shenanigans with stunning presentation." Detroit Free Press gave it three stars out of four, saying, "Sadly, there is no split-screen multiplayer mode. There is an online mode, the same as regular 'Play' mode, except against people all over the world. The graphics, as in all PS3 games, are unbelievably first-rate."

The game received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 units in the UK.

The game was selected as one of Gaming Target's "52 Games We'll Still Be Playing From 2007. During the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' 11th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the game won the award for "Racing Game of the Year".

title: MotorStorm (video game)


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List of members of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame

This list shows all the recipients of the Order of Sport and members of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. As of 2023, there are 679 Order of Sport recipients and Hall of Famers.


text: Category:Taiwanese models

title: Category:Taiwanese models