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Friday the 13th Part 2

Friday the 13th Part 2 is a 1981 American slasher film produced and directed by Steve Miner in his directorial debut, and written by Ron Kurz. It is a direct sequel to Friday the 13th (1980), and the second installment in the franchise. Adrienne King, Betsy Palmer, and Walt Gorney reprise their respective roles from the first film as Alice Hardy, Pamela Voorhees, and Crazy Ralph. Amy Steel and John Furey also star. Taking place five years after the first film, Part 2 follows a similar premise, with an unknown stalker killing a group of camp counselors at a training camp near Crystal Lake. The film marks the debut of Jason Voorhees as the series' main antagonist.

Originally, Friday the 13th Part 2 was intended to be an anthology film based on the Friday the 13th superstition. However, after the popularity of the original film's surprise ending, the filmmakers opted to continue the story and mythology surrounding Camp Crystal Lake, a trend that would be repeated in every film in the franchise.

Like the original film, Friday the 13th Part 2 faced opposition from the Motion Picture Association of America, who noted its "accumulative violence" as problematic, resulting in numerous cuts being made to allow an R rating. The film opened theatrically in New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco on May 1, 1981. Friday the 13th Part 2 received generally negative reviews, and was less financially successful than the first film, grossing $21.7 million in the U.S. on a budget of $1.25 million. A direct sequel, Friday the 13th Part III, was released one year later.

Plot
Two months after the murders at Camp Crystal Lake, sole survivor Alice Hardy is recovering from her traumatic experience. In her apartment, when Alice opens the refrigerator to get her cat some food, she finds the severed head of Pamela Voorhees and is murdered with an ice pick to her temple by an unknown intruder.

Five years later, Paul Holt has opened a school for camp counselors on the shore of Crystal Lake. The camp is attended by Sandra, her boyfriend Jeff, Scott, Terry, the wheelchair-bound Mark, Vickie, Ted, and Paul's assistant Ginny, as well as many other trainees. Around the campfire that night, Paul tells the counselors the legend of Jason Voorhees, a boy who drowned at Camp Crystal Lake in 1957, sending his vengeful mother on two killing sprees in 1958 and 1979, until she was eventually killed by Alice Hardy in self-defense. According to the legend, Jason survived and is now living in the woods near Crystal Lake; enraged at his mother's death, he will kill anyone he comes across. As Paul finishes the story, a man with a spear scares everyone, but it's revealed to be Ted wearing a mask. Paul reassures everyone that Jason is dead and that Camp Crystal Lake is now condemned and off-limits.

That night, Crazy Ralph wanders onto the property to warn the group but is garroted from behind a tree by an unseen killer. The following day, Jeff and Sandra sneak off to Camp Crystal Lake and find a dog carcass before getting caught by Deputy Winslow and returning to the camp. Later, Winslow spots a man wearing a burlap sack mask running across the road. Winslow chases him into the woods and finds a shack. The man kills Winslow with a hammer claw.

Back at camp, Paul offers the others one last night in town before the training begins. Six of them stay behind, including Jeff and Sandra, who are forced to stay as punishment for sneaking off. At the bar, Ginny muses that if Jason were still alive and had witnessed his mother's death, it may have left him with no distinction between life and death, or right and wrong. Paul dismisses the idea, proclaiming that Jason is nothing but an urban legend. Meanwhile, the assailant appears at the camp and kills the counselors, one by one. Scott has his throat slit with a machete while caught in a rope trap, and Terry is killed off-screen upon finding Scott's dead body. Mark has a machete slammed into his face, and he falls down a flight of stairs as he dies. The killer then moves upstairs and impales Jeff and Sandra with a spear as they have sex, then stabs Vickie to death with a kitchen knife.

Ted stays behind at the bar while Ginny and Paul return to find the place in disarray. In the dark, the killer ambushes Paul and continues to chase Ginny throughout the camp and into the woods, where she comes across the shack. After barricading herself inside, she finds an altar with Pamela Voorhees' severed head on it, surrounded by a pile of bodies. Realizing that Jason Voorhees is the killer, Ginny puts on Pamela's sweater and tries to convince Jason that she is his mother psychologically. The ruse briefly works, until Jason sees his mother's head on the altar and awakens from the trance. Paul suddenly returns and tries to save Ginny, but Jason incapacitates him. Just as Jason is about to kill Paul with a pickaxe, Ginny picks up a machete and slams it down into Jason's shoulder, seemingly killing him.

Paul and Ginny return to the cabin and hear someone outside. Thinking that Jason has followed them, they open the door, only to find Terry's dog, Muffin. Just as they sigh in relief, an unmasked Jason bursts through the window from behind and grabs Ginny. She then awakens to being loaded into an ambulance and calls out for Paul, who is nowhere to be seen, leaving his fate unknown. Back in the shack, Pamela's head remains on the altar, but Jason is nowhere to be found.

Development
Following the success of Friday the 13th in 1980, Paramount Pictures began plans to make a sequel. First acquiring the worldwide distribution rights, Frank Mancuso, Sr. stated, "We wanted it to be an event, where teenagers would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to see the latest episode." The initial ideas for a sequel involved the "Friday the 13th" title being used for a series of films, released once a year, that would not have direct continuity with one another but be a separate "scary movie" in their own right. Phil Scuderi—one of three owners of Esquire Theaters, along with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian, who produced the original film—insisted that the sequel have Jason Voorhees, Pamela's son, even though his appearance in the original film was only meant to be a joke. Steve Miner, associate producer on the first film, believed in the idea and would go on to direct the first two sequels, after Cunningham opted not to return to the director's chair. Miner would use many of the same crew members from the first film while working on the sequels. Cunningham had mixed feelings about the entire "Friday the 13th" enterprise that he outlined for film critic and author Stephen Hunter in an interview for a book Hunter wrote on violent films. Hunter stated that Cunningham "wasn't particularly proud" of his work on these films, and Cunningham bluntly said that the only thing that seemed to reach a teenaged audience at that time involved high levels of gore and graphic violence.

Casting
Adrienne King was pursued by an obsessed fan after the success of the original Friday the 13th and purportedly wished her role to be as small as possible, though in the documentary Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th, it was stated that King's agent had asked for a higher salary, which the studio could not afford.

The film's heroine, Ginny, is played by Amy Steel, who won the part through an audition. "At the time of [making the film], it was before the genre really picked up so I didn't give it a lot of credit or take it seriously. For me, it was just another audition because I had no idea what it would end up meaning after all this time. When I played Ginny, I was really young and different from a lot of the people working at the time so that came out in my character. I was naturally suspicious of cocky guys at that age, and you see a lot of that when I'm on screen with Paul (John Furey). I tried to put so much behind the actual words in the script just so she felt almost unreachable, to Paul and to audiences. I wanted her to have some power."

Actor Warrington Gillette played Jason unmasked at the end of the film. Stuntman Steve Daskawisz (also known as Steve Dash) was credited as Jason Stunt Double but played the masked Jason throughout the rest of the film.

Filming
Principal photography took place from October 3 and finished in November 1980, and primarily occurred in New Preston and Kent, Connecticut. Special effects artist Tom Savini was asked to work on the film but declined because he was already working on another project, Midnight (1982). In addition, he was not receptive to the concept of Jason as the killer in the film. Savini was then replaced by Stan Winston. Winston, however, had a scheduling conflict and had to drop out of the project. The make-up effects were ultimately handled by Carl Fullerton. Fullerton designed the "look" for the adult Jason Voorhees and went with long red hair and a beard while following the facial deformities established in the original film in the make-up designed by Tom Savini for Jason as a child. Fullerton's look for the adult Jason was abandoned in the sequel, Friday the 13th Part 3, despite the fact that the film took place the following day and was helmed by the same director, Steve Miner. Some fans have theorized that the sequence showing Jason with a beard and long hair reflects a "dream" rather than a reality because the following sequel picks up with the events showing his face having not happened, and therefore what was represented was Ginny's guess at what he looked like under the burlap sack rather than what he actually looked like, which would excuse the break in continuity.

Steve Daskawisz was rushed to the emergency room during filming after Amy Steel cut his hand with a machete. Steel explained, "The timing was wrong, and he didn't turn his pickaxe properly, and the machete hit his finger." Daskawisz received thirteen stitches on his middle finger. During the subsequent shoot, Daskawisz was forced to wear a piece of rubber over his finger, and both he and Steel insisted on reshooting this scene. During one take of Alice being killed by Jason, the ice pick prop didn't retract, injuring King.

In one scene where Daskawisz was wearing the burlap flour sack, part of the flour sack was flapping at his eye, so the crew used tape inside the eye area to prevent it from flapping. Daskawisz received rug burns around his eye from the tape from wearing the rough flour sack material for hours. The use of the sack hood was similar to the 1976 film The Town That Dreaded Sundown.

The scene where Steel's character gets grabbed from behind by an unmasked Jason in the climax took three takes to shoot it right. Steel was tense and frightened during filming of the scene.

Rumors sparked that John Furey left before the film wrapped, as his character does not appear in the end. In truth, his character was not intended to have appeared.

Post-production
Like its predecessor, Friday the 13th Part 2 had difficulty receiving an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Upon reviewing the film, the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA) warned Paul Hagger, an executive at Paramount, that the "accumulation of violence throughout the film" may still lead to an X rating even if substantial cuts were made.

A total of forty-eight seconds had to be cut from the film in order to avoid an X rating. This film received a deluxe DVD release in February 2009, but the edited footage was not included. Most noted by censors was the murder scene of Jeff and Sandra, who are impaled by a spear while having sex in a bed (a scene many have compared to a scene in Mario Bava's A Bay of Blood), which the censors found particularly graphic. In September 2020, it was announced that the uncut footage had been located by Samuelson Studios and was included as an extra on the upcoming box set release from Scream Factory.

After Paramount discovered actress Marta Kober was only 16, a scene showing her with full frontal nudity was completely deleted. In September 2020, cult horror movie distributor Scream Factory announced in conjunction with Samuelson Studios that cut footage from the film, including Marta Kober's full frontal nude scene had been found on a VHS owned by FX artist Carl Fullerton, who had saved the footage for his own portfolio. Fullerton lent the VHS to Scream Factory, who included it on the Friday the 13th Blu-Ray Collection: Deluxe Edition, though it did not include Kober's underage nudity.

Originally, the film was supposed to end with Mrs. Voorhees' head opening her eyes and smiling towards the camera. However, Miner removed the scene out of the final film as he ultimately decided that would make the film's conclusion "too silly". To this day, the footage of this alternate ending has yet to be released.

Music
In 1982, Gramavision Records released an LP album of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini's scores from the first three Friday the 13th films. On January 13, 2012, La-La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfredini's scores from the first six films. It sold out in less than 24 hours. Waxworks Records released the score, composed by Harry Manfredini, on vinyl in summer 2015.

Home media
Friday the 13th Part 2 was released on VHS and Betamax by Paramount Home Video in 1981. Paramount reissued the VHS again in 1994. The film was first released on DVD by Paramount on October 19, 1999, in a standard widescreen release featuring the theatrical trailer as the sole bonus feature.

In 2009, Paramount issued a "deluxe edition" of the film on both DVD and Blu-ray, which included several documentary featurettes along with the theatrical trailer. In 2011, it was released in a 4-disc DVD collection along with the first, third, and fourth films in the series. It was again included in two Blu-ray sets: Friday the 13th: The Complete Collection, released in 2013, and Friday the 13th: The Ultimate Collection, in 2011 with a roughly 3/4 size replica of Jason's mask and glossy cardstock booklet (this collection was re-released in 2018 in a plastic multi-disc case). In October 2020, Shout! Factory released a 40th Anniversary box set which includes a 4K scan of part 2's original camera negative and also includes the long lost uncut footage.

Box office
The film was released theatrically on May 1, 1981, bringing in $6,429,784 its opening weekend. It played on 1,350 screens and would ultimately gross $21.7 million on a budget of $1.25 million; though a financial success, the sequel's 7,813,948 admissions only accounted for 53% of the original film's 14,778,662 tickets sold. It was the 35th highest-grossing film of 1981, facing strong competition from such high-profile horror releases as Omen III: The Final Conflict, The Evil Dead, The Howling, My Bloody Valentine, Happy Birthday to Me, Graduation Day, Halloween II, and The Burning.

Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Friday the 13th Part 2 holds an approval rating of 32% based on 47 reviews, with an average score of 4.6/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Friday the 13th Part 2 sets the template for the franchise to follow with more teen victims, more gruesome set pieces, and fewer reasons to keep following along." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 26 out of 100, based on eight critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that Friday the 13th Part 2 is "a cross between the Mad Slasher and Dead teenager genres; about two dozen movies a year feature a mad killer going berserk, and they're all about as bad as this one. Some have a little more plot, some have a little less. It doesn't matter." Ebert never wrote another print review for any Friday the 13th movies after that, finishing his 1/2-star review of Part 2 by writing "this review will suffice for the Friday the 13th film of your choice." Helen Verongos of The Clarion-Ledger wrote: "Friday the 13th Part 2 obviously does not pretend to be any more than it is, a cheap—dimestore cheap—thriller aimed at the adolescent market... It is designed to be predictable enough to make the average fourth-grader feel sharp-witted."

The Dayton Journal Herald's Terry Lawson deemed the film a "special effects freak show for an audience immune to violence," and "exploitative and gratuitous." Jacqi Tully of the Arizona Daily Star praised the film's special effects, noting Jason as "effectively disgusting sight," and ultimately summarizing: "Gross is a pretty good way to describe it. Scary, bloody and violent come to mind, too. Also very effective." Howard Pousner of The Atlanta Constitution was less laudatory, deeming the return of the Jason Voorhees character as a "ludicrous arrangement... before you know it, eight more people have been murdered in virtually every manner: a neck sliced by barbed wire, a skull smashed, a jugular macheteed sic, a heart speared, et al."

When reviewing the film's Blu-ray release, David Harley of Bloody Disgusting said, "It doesn't exactly stray far from the formula of the original film — neither do most of the other sequels — but Friday The 13th Part II still stands as an iconic and important entry in the series due to the introduction of Jason as the antagonist of the series and the usage of Italian horror films as an inspiration for its death scenes — most notably, the spear copulation death from Mario Bava's A Bay of Blood." Scott Meslow of The Week described it as a transitional film that blended elements of the original film and those to come later in the series.

Novelization
A novelization based on the screenplay of Ron Kurz was published in 1988: Hawke, Simon, Friday the 13th Part II: A Novel, New American Library, New York, 1988, ISBN 0-451-15337-5

title: Friday the 13th Part 2


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User:Tiresais

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Tiresais

Links
Jürgen Grabowski's international record

Kalac's International Record

Eduard Streltsov (recommended visit if you like soccer or soviet history)

Full international match records of various important players

User:Tiresais/Westside Superstarz

Knowledge/interests
Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Military history & strategy

Golf

Economics and Economic History

First edit: 18:15, 20 February 2005

Futbol topics

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tiresais


text:
Talk:King of Dalriada

I know this is a bit of a data dump, but I sorted it a touch, and am hoping someone with a bit more research time can make a wonderful article. Jesse 19:22, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:King of Dalriada


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Talk:3 Live Kru

Any sites where I can get a good pic of the 3LK?

4Live Kru
Even though 3Live Kru is now 4Live Kru, PLEASE do not move it to the name 4Live Kru. In fact, I'm creating 4Live Kru as a redirect to 3Live Kru. A precedent is the fact that Team 3D still redirects to Dudley Boyz. 3Live Kru has much greater history, and to be perfectly honest, it's anticipated (though not set in stone) that 4LK is not going to last long. --Kitch 23:38, 27 November 2005 (UTC) $$Insert formula here$$

title: Talk:3 Live Kru


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Talk:Issue (computers)

Untitled
Something is fishy here. It this really a technical term? I cut this article out of issue. The current text was created by an anon in 2003 and strikes me as a pretty naive one. mikka (t) 19:23, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The term "issue" has a special meaning in computer science. Kslotte (talk) 11:25, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

I think it's strange about this article, "issue" is a normal English word, I don't think it has specific meaning in computers field.

"issue" can mean concern or problem.

Merging

 * I support a merging with Issue management. --Kslotte (talk) 14:40, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not entirely sure this should be merged with Issue management but I'm thinking this should probably still be merged somewhere. The Severity levels section seems more Bugzilla-like but "issues" aren't always "bugs". All of the articles listed in the See also section (Issue management, Bug tracking system, Issue tracking system) are related to the same overall subject of Software project management so perhaps it's worth considering merging and expanding many of these into a more comprehensive article? --Tothwolf (talk) 23:55, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi Tthwolf, I agree, merging into Software project management makes more sense. PhilKnight (talk) 13:41, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Merge completed per above. Jeepday (talk) 23:13, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Issue (computers)


text: User talk:65.84.126.242

title: User talk:65.84.126.242


text: Category:Heavy metal musical groups by nationality


text: User talk:81.77.189.175

title: User talk:81.77.189.175


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Wikipedia:Featured list candidates/List of signatories of the United States Constitution

List of signatories of the United States Constitution
The names appear twice on this list, first in order of signing, and second in alphabetical order. Anything else this needs? --Spangineer (háblame)  19:25, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Suppport I would add some interesting facts and trivia (such as why Rhode Island was absent) and a picture of the signatures if available.  Maybe also another column to describe the profession of each signatory at the time, etc.  NoSeptember  19:55, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added a picture of the fourth page of the constitution, which has the signatures on it. If you'd like, I can crop it so that only the signatures are present.  Also, I expanded the lead to include a few details found in the US Constitution article (some of the notable people who weren't there, the rhode island thing, etc.), but those are unsourced (I'm not sure which sources were used where in the US Constitution article, because no one over at FAC bothered to pay attention to inline citations... yes, I'm bitter).  Let me know what you think of the changes. If I can find a source for their occupations, I'll add it, but I'm not sure how readily available all that is. --Spangineer  (háblame)  21:54, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess most are lawyers and Continental Congressmen so it is not essential to add; maybe someone has a better idea for an additional column (their age at the time?) - the chart seems so bare with only two columns. I think the signature block would look nicer if it were cropped (but not too much - maybe show Articles 6 & 7 with the signatures).  The list is looking good.  NoSeptember  11:40, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I cropped the image; it now shows part of article 6 and the right half of article 7 along with the signatures. Look ok? It might be cool to add a column showing how each signed their name (maybe find a higher resolution copy of the constitution image and put each guy's signature next to his name?), but that might be tough to find. Age seems interesting yet somewhat irrelevant for a general list like this one. A separate list of delegates by age might be worth making. --Spangineer  (háblame)  13:44, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Very nice --Sophitus 04:17, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- ALoan (Talk) 14:08, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Phoenix2 16:09, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Suport Dsmdgold 14:31, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support =Nichalp   «Talk»=  14:24, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Ian ≡ talk 01:58, 31 July 2005 (UTC)


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Debbie Hockley

Deborah Ann Hockley (born 7 November 1962) is a New Zealand former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter and right-arm medium bowler. Hockley was the first woman to become President of New Zealand Cricket.

Domestic career
Hockley played domestic cricket for Canterbury and North Shore.

International career
Hockley appeared in 19 Test matches for New Zealand, making a high score of 126 not out and averaging 52.04 with the bat. Hockley captained New Zealand in six Tests, drawing them all. She also appeared in 118 One Day Internationals for New Zealand, averaging 41.89 with the bat. She captained 27 of them, winning 12 and losing 15. She was also Player of the Match in the World Cup final in India in 1997 and holds the record for scoring the most runs by any woman in the ICC Women's Cricket World Cup (1501), playing in five World Cups.

Hockley was the first woman to reach 4000 ODI runs and to play 100 ODIs. She was also the first woman to score 1,000 runs in ODIs for New Zealand. Her international career spanned from 1979 to 2000.

Honours
In the 1999 New Year Honours, Hockley was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to cricket. She was the fourth woman to be inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame in 2013. Her final WODI appearance was in the final of the 2000 Women's Cricket World Cup.

In 2016 she was the first woman to be elected president of New Zealand Cricket in its 122-year history.

In the 2021 New Year Honours, Hockley was promoted to Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to cricket. In 2023, the award for New Zealand's most outstanding female cricketer of the year, the Debbie Hockley Medal, was named in her honour.

title: Debbie Hockley


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List of storms named Francene

The name Francene has been used for three tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean:

 * Tropical Storm Francene (1967)
 * Hurricane Francene (1971)
 * Tropical Storm Francene (1975)

title: List of storms named Francene


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WXFT-DT

WXFT-DT (channel 60) is a television station licensed to Aurora, Illinois, United States, serving as the Chicago-area outlet for the Spanish-language network UniMás. It is owned and operated by TelevisaUnivision alongside Joliet-licensed Univision station WGBO-DT (channel 66). The two stations share studios on Fairbanks Court (near Columbus Drive and Illinois Street) in the Streeterville neighborhood. Through a channel sharing agreement with ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV (channel 7), WXFT-DT transmits using WLS-TV's spectrum from an antenna atop the Willis Tower.

Prior history of channel 60 in Chicago
The UHF channel 60 allocation to Aurora was originally occupied by WLXT-TV, which broadcast from May 16, 1969, to July 17, 1970. WLXT was an independent station that abruptly closed after 14 months of attempting to serve its suburban coverage area, but it was notable for the people that passed through it, particularly news director Christine Lund, who became a well-known news anchor in Los Angeles, and Tom Skilling, longtime chief meteorologist at WGN-TV (channel 9), who got his start in television broadcasting at WLXT and presented daily weather forecasts for the station during his junior year of high school.

WPWR-TV/WBBS-TV timeshare
When applications for channel 60 were reopened in 1978, considerable interest was attracted. Several applicants proposed a new Spanish-language television station, including the Spanish International Network (which ended up applying for channel 66 instead) and a local group headed by Marcelino Miyares, the owner of Spanish-language advertising agency OMAR. The Miyares group became known as Hispanic American Television–Chicago and eventually HATCO-60 when it merged with competing applicant Aurora-Chicago Telecasters, Inc. The FCC received five proposals, three of which were designated for hearing by the FCC in July 1980: HATCO-60 (specifying West Chicago); Metrowest Corporation, specifying Aurora; and the College of DuPage, for Glen Ellyn.

In late 1981, HATCO-60 and Metrowest agreed to a shared-time agreement. Under the agreement, Metrowest would broadcast daily from 2:30 a.m. to 7 p.m., while the Hatco-60 station would broadcast daily from 7 p.m. to 2:30 a.m., giving channel 60 the distinction of being the only split-licensed station in the United States (and the first to operate in more than 20 years).

With the arrangement in place, the two stations signed on in April 1982, sharing transmitter facilities atop the Sears Tower. Eychaner signed on independent station WPWR-TV.

At the same time WPWR debuted, Miyares signed on WBBS-TV (a call sign assigned to the station by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over the objections of CBS owned-and-operated station WBBM-TV, channel 2 ), which maintained a Spanish-language entertainment format as a founding affiliate of NetSpan (which would evolve into Telemundo in 1987). WBBS featured various programming aimed at Hispanic audiences including local news programming, telenovelas and variety series as well as other locally produced shows, such as the popular music video program Imagen, hosted by local Spanish-language television personality (and now media executive) Rey Mena and Vivianne Plazas. One of the notable events for WBBS occurred in 1983, when the station introduced the Latin teen pop group Menudo (which included a young Ricky Martin), to Chicago's Latino community. The station's primary competitor was WCIU-TV (channel 26, now a CW affiliate), which was then a part-time affiliate of the Spanish International Network (the forerunner to the present-day Univision).

Both stations shared one critical piece of programming: a new subscription television service called SportsVision (a companion service to ON TV), which Eychaner and Miyares had developed through a deal with Chicago White Sox co-owners Jerry Reinsdorf and Eddie Einhorn. In order to access the service, viewers had to purchase a set-top descrambling converter and pay a monthly subscription fee in order to view sporting events such as White Sox games. However, SportsVision achieved little success on WPWR/WBBS-TV and converted into a cable channel in January 1984. With SportsVision removed from the station, WPWR ran public domain movies, cartoons and classic sitcoms from the early to mid-1950s to fill its schedule. In 1984, more popular classic sitcoms and newer barter cartoons were mixed into the lineup.

In 1984, Eychaner acquired the construction permit for WDAI, a proposed station that would be licensed to Gary, Indiana and broadcast on UHF channel 56, for $1.5 million. The permit had been held by a group of Indiana businessmen doing business as GWWX-TV and later Great Lakes Broadcasting. The WDAI construction permit had existed since 1982, but short-spacing concerns to channel 60 and to two allocations in southeast Wisconsin had meant channel 56 could not be placed on the Sears Tower; this finding crippled a previous attempt to build the allocation as WGMI in 1968. However, another channel allocated to Gary could: channel 50, which as educational station WCAE had folded the previous year due to financial problems. The license was transferred to Northwest Indiana Public Broadcasting, but NIPB was not able to reactivate the station from improved facilities without an infusion of resources. Eychaner paid $684,000 to Northwest Indiana Public Broadcasting, giving it the funding it needed to build its facility, if it would switch allocations with WDAI. The move had been initially designed to potentially allow WBBS-TV to go full-time on channel 60, but the loss of NetSpan affiliation doomed those plans. In August 1986, the commission issued final orders switching the commercial and noncommercial allocations for Gary. This allowed Metrowest to proceed with its plan of moving the WPWR-TV intellectual unit from channel 60 to channel 50 while selling the channel 60 license; the noncommercial allocation shifted to channel 56, which signed on as WYIN on November 15, 1987.

HSN/USA Networks ownership
In the spring of 1985, WSNS-TV (channel 44) ended its five-year run as an affiliate of the ON TV subscription service and announced that it would affiliate with SIN. In response to losing access to SIN programming, WCIU chose to align with NetSpan, which in turn sent WBBS-TV into a tailspin. In October 1985, Eychaner purchased a financially struggling WBBS-TV for $11 million. At that moment, WPWR took over the weekday hours held by WBBS; channel 60 continued to broadcast on weekend evenings until August 1986, when the sale was approved. Channel 50 was ready to sign on as a commercial outlet by October 1986, at which point Eychaner then sold the channel 60 allocation to the Home Shopping Network for $25 million. HSN, which owned the station through its Silver King Television arm, changed the station's call letters to WEHS (originally planned to be changed to WHSI). WPWR moved to channel 50 on January 17, 1987, at which time the channel 60 signed on as an HSN owned-and-operated station, with its only diversions from the master HSN schedule being the minimum fulfillment of local and educational programming requirements.

Barry Diller—then-owner of USA Network—acquired Silver King Communications in November 1995; the sale was finalized on December 19, 1996, ten months after its March 11 approval by the FCC. By 1998, the company rebranded as USA Broadcasting after merging with the TV assets of Universal Pictures. In 1999, USA Broadcasting began converting its stations into a general entertainment independent format called "CityVision" and WEHS was slated to convert to this format infusing locally produced and syndicated programming along with live sports content; with the station likely to have become "Windy 60" under new WNDE calls (both referencing Chicago's nickname, "The Windy City")

Univision Communications ownership
However, before the proposed conversion into an independent station could occur, the plans were put on ice after USA Broadcasting announced that it would sell off its television station group in 2000. One of the two prospective buyers for the group was The Walt Disney Company (had Disney's bid been successful, it would have created the market's first television duopoly with ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV); however, Disney was outbid by Spanish-language broadcaster Univision Communications, which purchased the USA Broadcasting stations for $1.1 billion on December 7, 2000; the sale was finalized on May 21, 2001. As a result, channel 60 changed its call letters to WXFT, and became a charter owned-and-operated station of Univision's new 2nd network, Telefutura (later rebranded to UniMás), when that network launched on January 14, 2002.

WXFT's 5,000,000-watt transmitter malfunctioned in the early hours of December 6, 2006, causing an alarm which forced action by the Chicago Fire Department to extinguish the smoldering equipment. The transmitter was destroyed, leaving only half of its power available. The station still remained available via cable fed via a direct connection from the station. A new transmitter was commissioned on January 11, 2007, which restored normal operations.

WXFT shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 60, on June 12, 2009, the official deadline for full-power television stations in the United States to convert from full-time analog to full-time digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal moved from its pre-transition UHF channel 59 to channel 50, using virtual channel 60.

In December 2009, WXFT and sister station WGBO, along with most of Univision's other owned-and-operated stations, upgraded their main digital channels to transmit in 16:9 1080i high definition in preparation for the launches of Univision and Telefutura's HD feeds which launched in 2010.

On April 13, 2017, station owner Univision Communications announced the over-the-air spectrum of WXFT-DT was sold in the FCC's spectrum reallocation auction for $126.1 million. In January 2016, the ABC Owned Television Stations group, owners of WLS-TV announced they will enter into a channel sharing agreement with Univision for WXFT. While WXFT-DT did not go off the air, it began to share spectrum with WLS-TV in June 2017.

title: WXFT-DT


text: User talk:134.161.245.102

title: User talk:134.161.245.102


text:
1838 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1838.

Explorations

 * August 31 - Scottish-born scene painter David Roberts sets sail for Egypt (with the encouragement of J. M. W. Turner) to produce a series of drawings of the region for use as the basis for paintings and chromolithographs, later published in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
 * John Shae Perring, a British engineer working under Colonel Howard Vyse, clears the entrances to the pyramids of Sahure, Neferirkare and Nyuserre in Egypt.
 * French orientalist painters Antoine-Alphonse Montfort and François Lehoux visit and paint the Roman temple of Bziza.

Finds

 * The 5th century BC bronze Chatsworth Head (found on Cyprus in 1836) is acquired by the 6th Duke of Devonshire at Smyrna from H. P. Borrell.
 * Etruscan statuettes found in Lake of the Idols.
 * Victoria Cave near Settle, North Yorkshire in England, containing Paleolithic remains, is discovered.
 * Winter 1837/38 - The Neolithic settlement of Rinyo on Rousay in Orkney (Scotland) is discovered.

Publications

 * Rifa'a el-Tahtawi publishes The History of Ancient Egyptians.
 * Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes publishes the first part of De La Création, Essai sur L'Origine et la Progression des Êtres.
 * Jean-Frédéric Waldeck publishes the first detailed account of the Maya ruins of Uxmal.

Deaths

 * March 12 - Richard Polwhele, Cornish antiquarian (b. 1760).
 * May 19 - Sir Richard Colt Hoare, English archaeologist (b. 1758).

title: 1838 in archaeology


text:
User:Cosmotron

This page is about Ryan Lewis. I attended Clarkson University where I earned an M.S. in Computer Science. I tend to do a lot of vandalism reversals.

Internal Links
My sandbox

title: User:Cosmotron


text:
Talk:Skaw, Unst

Location
Note that (as is rather common in Shetland) there's more than one Skaw. The Unst one is at, whereas its larger counterpart on Whalsay is at. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 19:28, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Coastal Defence U-Boat
What on earth is it? Surely the defences were against U boats so maybe the naming is wrong??--JBellis 18:49, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The Coastal Defence (CD) radar was initially designed for use by the Army for Gun and Light Laying (GL). These then became the RAF Chain Home Low (CHL) radar.  Some of the CD sets were modified to a shorter wavelength to make them more suitable for finding U-Boats near the coast.  These were designated Coastal Defence U Boats (CDU).      --jmb 19:13, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Road to Skaw
What is the name of the "unclassified road" to Skaw? Richard75 21:16, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

=why tag was added= this article needsw to be soured think youOo7565 07:35, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Skaw, Unst


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Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

The Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (CDAAA) was an American mass movement, political action group formed in May 1940. Also known as the White Committee, its leader until January 1941 was William Allen White. Other important members included Clark Eichelberger and Dean Acheson. The CDAAA shared its leadership with the dissolved Non-Partisan Committee for Peace through Revision of the Neutrality Law (NPC), who was also chaired by White and directed by Eichelberger. Additionally, the CDAAA used ex-NPC offices in the League of Nations building at 8 W. Fortieth Street in New York City, as their central base. This has drawn commentators to regard the CDAAA as the successor to the NPC.

The primary objective of the CDAAA was to achieve pro-British politics in U.S. government against the Nazi Germany, which was winning the war in Europe. This included economic and material support through the Destroyer-for-Bases Agreement and the Lend-Lease policy. The CDAAA, however, advocated against the declaration of war against Germany or any other belligerents until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Organisation and membership
Unlike other pro-intervention groups like the NPC and Committee for Non-Participation in Japanese Aggression (ACNPJA), the CDAAA actively incorporated the public into committees. As a result, 300 self-financed, self-controlled local units had been created across America by 1 July 1940. This improved the mobilization of its membership, which was especially significant considering its reliance on its members for outreach work. For example, volunteers from the Minneapolis unit sent out thousands of mimeographed letters, pamphlets, "V for Victory" stickers, "Stop Hitler" matches and aid-to-Britain Christmas cards during the war to gather funding and draw support for intervention on behalf of the Allies. However, while their geographic coverage was broad, the CDAAA lacked depth in various U.S. States: while Massachusetts had 137 chapters in April 1941, Idaho only had 1.

The CDAAA used a "qualitative approach" when structuring their organisation to counter the wealthy, white male predominance of their leadership and target groups that were divided on the issue of U.S. intervention into World War Two. This meant separating the organisation into four distinct groups: the youth division, the college division, the women's division, and the labour division.

The CDAAA by the end of October 1940 had 1 million members. By the time the CDAAA disbanded on December 11, 1941 it had 450 chapters and at least 250,000 members.

Women and the CDAAA
Women were involved with the CDAAA from the beginning. By May 29, 1940 when the committee had 354 sponsors of which 47 were women (13% of the total). A national committee list that was dated to January 16, 1941 showed 603 members with 95 being women or 16%. Prominent women in the organization included Freda Kirchwey and Esther Caukin Brunauer.

Interaction with African-American communities
The committee targeted African-Americans as a group to cultivate support, which helped diversify their membership. They released pamphlets such as "Colored People Have a Stake in the War" to relate pro-Allied intervention to entice their membership. High-profile African-Americans, such as Ralph Bunche- who, from 1941, held a position in the Office of Strategic Services [OSS]- were included in their national committee.

The CDAAA campaigned for anti-discriminatory legislation that coincided with their pro-interventionist stance. For example, in response to Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802, the CDAAA published a press release that called for an extension of the ban on racist employment practices to the armed services, as "anti-Negro discrimination was inconsistent with the democratic principles which the American people as a whole are being called upon to defend."

However, the CDAAA's segregation of African-American membership caused resentment within their communities; when Phillip A. Randolph joined the CDAAA, he argued that the formation of a separate "Negro-branch" undermined the independence of African-American organizations and "savour[ed] jim-crowism".

Aims and methods
The primary concern of the CDAAA was to ensure America's national security during the Second World War. It believed the best strategy for this was the provision of economic and material support to its allies, especially Britain's campaign against Nazi Germany. In a statement in July 1940, White made this position clear; he argued that Britain was America's first line of defence and that, if Britain were not supported, the United States would become "the subject of an envy that would lead to attack." In spite of their interventionist advocacy, the CDAAA refused to further their aims towards a declaration of war against the Axis Powers.

Involvement in the 1940 Destroyer-for-Bases Exchange
In May 1940, Winston Churchill requested the purchase of old U.S.Navy Destroyers to bolster the British Royal Navy. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was hesitant to agree because of the Neutrality Acts, which banned the shipment or sale of arms from the U.S. to any combatant nation, and the existing anti-interventionist sentiment that drove the passage of these reforms. Furthermore, this request coincided with election year, which made Roosevelt increasingly sensitive to public opinion.

In response, the CDAAA campaigned to drive popular support for the selling of military resources to Britain. Robert Sherwood penned the provocative newspaper advertisement "Stop Hitler Now", published on 10 June 1940, which urged the American people to ask their president and congressional representatives to support maximum aid to the Allies. He argued that the conquest of Europe would leave America "alone in a barbaric world." This effort was supported by the Pershing Address on 4 August 1940, which the CDAAA organised with co-operation with the Century Group. John J. Pershing's comments gained significant traction from the press, with the New York Herald Tribune printing the story as its front-page and the New York Times publishing it under the headline, "Pershing Warns U.S. to Aid Britain by Sending 50 Destroyers Now."

Alongside popular mobilisation, the CDAAA pursued the legitimisation of this suggested trade by finding legal grounding from existing laws. On 11 August 1940, a document named "No Legal Bar Seen to Transfer of Destroyers" was published, which suggested that no further consent was required from Congress for Roosevelt to conduct the selling of Navy Destroyers to Britain. This was signed by Charles C. Burlingham of the New York Bar, former solicitor general Thomas D. Thatcher, former Federal Trade Commission member George Rublee, and Dean Acheson.

In the build-up to the 1940 election, the CDAAA worked to ensure that no partisan debate arose in regard to the degree of American intervention into World War Two. This was facilitated by their nonpartisan position, which allowed them to endorse both Roosevelt and Wendel Willkie, who were both pro-interventionists. When Willkie was announced as the Republican candidate on 17th August, he didn't explicitly refer to the destroyers but did concede that the loss of the British fleet would "greatly weaken our defense" and an Atlantic dominated by Germany would be “a calamity.”

On September 3, 1940, in response to popular and legal opinion swinging into his favor, Roosevelt announced the exchange of 50 U.S.warship in return for the right to lease naval and air bases in eight different British territories.

This was a great success for the CDAAA. Following the election, on November 26, 1940, the CDAAA released a new statement of policy to further their aims. It included support for "the maintenance of the lifeline between Great Britain and the United States," the "assumption by Congress of greater responsibility with the President," and the repeal of "restrictive legislation."

Involvement in Lend-Lease (1941)
Similar to in 1940, the CDAAA used popular pressure to exert influence over the U.S. government in favor of Lend-Lease. This was primarily directed towards its success in Congress, which they now had direct access to due to the role of their new leader, Ernest Gibson Jr., as Senator of Vermont. In 1941, Gibson presented their position in a statement of support for the bill before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Previous to this, he had endorsed the bill in spite of its implications on Presidential power, stating that "only large powers will serve to meet the growing threat to our safety."

Meanwhile, Eichelberger used a radio debate against 1936 Republican presidential nominee Alf Landon to appeal for bipartisan support for the bill.

The CDAAA, again, provided legal support for the Lend-Lease bill. The group released a statement by George Rublee, one of the signatories of the New York Times letter of the previous August, that specifically opposed the dictatorship charges made in the minority report of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. It states that "the Bill of Rights will still operate. This measure does not add to the powers the President already has as Commander in Chief of the Nation’s armed forces, and under which powers he could get us into war today, if he wanted to.”

This help facilitated the passage of the Lend-Lease bill through Congress, which was signed into law by Roosevelt on 11th March 1941. As the passage of the Lend-Lease bill ensured maximum aid to the Allies, the CDAAA had largely fulfilled its objectives of obtaining Allied support short of war.

Opposition
The CDAAA competed for American sympathy with the America First Committee. Created on 4th September 1940, it was the main pressure group supporting complete neutrality and non-intervention.

On occasion, the CDAAA was accused of being a British front by its rivals. After the release of the “Stop Hitler Now” advertisement, Democratic West Virginia senator Rush Holt claimed that its funding was sourced from industrialists, international lawyers, international bankers and directors of corporations in Britain. This painted the committee as a tool of big business and, thus, drove the CDAAA to provide the Department of State with details of those who had contributed financially to the advertisement’s publication and reprinting. This ensured that the “Stop Hitler Now” piece had been funded by “100% American sources.”

In September 1941, the CDAAA were criticized for having close British connections in a St. Louis Post-Dispatch article by Charles Ross. The story accused committee member John L. Balderson of frequent contact with the British embassy, Senator Holt highlighted Balderston’s role, stating that he “is not interested in preserving America but is directly under the British Ministry of Information.” As a result, Balderson was forced to step back from the CDAAA.

When the No Foreign War Committee organized in mid-December 1940, its chair, Verne Marshall, said its mission was to counter the "propaganda" of the CDAAA, which had, he said, "the same public psychology as that which was carefully created during the war period preceding our declaration of hostilities in April 1917." He said his group aimed to force the CDAAA to provide details "specific, exact, and unequivocal" of what it meant when it called for "steps short of war."

White's resignation
In late 1940, there were reports of differences of opinion in the group's leadership after White made remarks that some thought to be at odds with the CDAAA program. He said: "The only reason in God's world I am in this organization is to keep the country out of war.... If I were making a motto for the Committee it would be 'The Yanks Are Not Coming.'"

New York City Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia wrote White a letter of protest, accusing him of "doing a Laval." That referred to French Prime Minister Pierre Laval, the principal figure in France's Vichy government's co-operation with Germany. Herbert Bayard Swope supported the mayor and said that the organization as a whole, despite what White had said, takes as its priority "all possible aid to Britain and the allies." Meanwhile, the national director denied any differences and said thaï everyone in the group supported Lend-Lease and opposed both appeasement and a negotiated peace. He quoted and endorsed White's statement: "appeasement is treason to democracy."

The America First Committee capitalised upon these differences. Robert E. Wood suggested White’s statement offered a basis for national unity and that the remarks "essential[ly] agreement with our position."

On 2 January 1941, White resigned as chairman of the CDAAA. He cited his age as his reason for resigning.

Ernest W. Gibson Jr. succeeded White as national chairman in January 1941.

Change to Campaign to Defend America and decline
After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the CDAAA dropped "by Aiding the Allies" from their name and became simply the Committee to Defend America (CDA). That was caused by the strong aversion from committee members to embracing Joseph Stalin and communism, which were now part of the Allied forces against the Axis Powers. The CDA maintained its official anti-communist stance in spite of American cooperation with the Soviets.

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 effectively brought an end to the CDA by bringing America into war. It also marked the dissolution of the America First Committee.

In January 1942, the CDA merged with the Council for Democracy to form Citizens for Victory: To Win the War, To Win the Peace. The combined organization then dissolved in October 1942, which marked the official cessation of the CDAAA.


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The Ballad of Davy Crockett

"The Ballad of Davy Crockett" is a song with music by George Bruns and lyrics by Thomas W. Blackburn. It was introduced on ABC's television series Disneyland, in the premiere episode of October 27, 1954.

Background
Fess Parker is shown performing the song on a log cabin set in frontiersman clothes, accompanied by similarly attired musicians. The familiar refrain of "Davy, Davy Crockett" is heard throughout the song, which sings of the man's praises. The song would later be heard throughout the Disneyland television miniseries Davy Crockett, first telecast on December 15, 1954. This version was sung by The Wellingtons. Parker played the role of Davy Crockett in the miniseries and continued in four other episodes made by Walt Disney Studios. Buddy Ebsen co-starred as George "Georgie" Russel, and Jeff York played legendary boatman Mike Fink.

Archie Bleyer, the president of Cadence Records, heard the song on the ABC telecast (December 15, 1954) and called Bill Hayes that night to gauge his interest in recording it. The next day, Hayes (vocals), Al Caiola (guitar), and Art Ryerson (guitar) recorded it in one take at an RCA studio in Manhattan. Other versions by Fess Parker and Tennessee Ernie Ford (recorded on February 7, 1955) quickly followed. All three versions made the Billboard magazine charts in 1955: Hayes' version made number 1 on the weekly chart (from March 26 through April 23) and number 7 for the year, Parker's reached number 6 on the weekly charts and number 31 for the year, while Ford's peaked at number 4 on the weekly country chart and number 5 on the weekly pop chart and charted at number 37 for the year. A fourth version, by bluegrass singer Mac Wiseman, reached number 10 on the radio charts in May 1955. The song also reached number 1 on the Cash Box chart, from March 26 through May 14, 1955. A contemporary version also exists by Western singing group the Sons of the Pioneers. Over ten million copies of the song were sold. Louis Armstrong also recorded the song in 1968.

In the United Kingdom, Hayes' version reached number 2 in the New Musical Express chart; Ford's version achieved number 3, and a version by UK singer Max Bygraves reached number 20. Several other British artistes recorded versions in 1955 and 1956, including Billy Cotton, Gary Miller, Ronnie Ronalde, and Dick James. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.

The Crockett craze
Walt Disney Productions launched a massive marketing campaign in the UK in 1955 to publicize the film Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier (released in Britain in 1956) and to make the country's youth "Crockett conscious". There was already a "Crockett craze" in the U.S., where the episodes had become wildly popular. Crockett merchandise was produced en masse, the most iconic item being the imitation coonskin cap. The craze became immensely popular amongst schoolchildren, and the ballad made its way across the Atlantic Ocean. A French version by Annie Cordy was number 1 for five weeks in France in August 1956.

United States Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee wore a Davy Crockett cap during the 1956 campaign, as the Democratic vice-presidential nominee. Adlai Stevenson and Kefauver lost in the general election to incumbents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon.

The Crockett phenomenon is referenced in books of the time such as Back in the Jug Agane, one of the Molesworth series by Geoffrey Willans and Ronald Searle.

The craze was referenced in the film Back to the Future, which is set predominantly in 1955. In the film, the Fess Parker version of the song is heard on a jukebox inside Lou's Diner and, in a later scene, one of Lorraine Baines' brothers appears wearing a coonskin cap. The song is sung by the characters Henry and Sammy in the Country Bear Jamboree. The 2009 film Fantastic Mr. Fox opens with the eponymous fox playing the song on his belt radio.

Parodies
Several parodies were issued in 1955, including "Duvid Crockett" by Mickey Katz; "Pancho Lopez" by Eduardo Lalo Guerrero; "Ole Svenson" by Yogi Yorgesson; and "The Ballad of Davy Crew-Cut" by Homer and Jethro.

Covers

 * A 1955 single release on Dot Records by International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame inductee Mac Wiseman reached the number 10 position on the Country charts.
 * Also in 1955, Burl Ives released the song as a single on Decca.
 * Annie Cordy's version, "La Ballade de Davy Crockett", was number 1 in the charts for five weeks in France in August 1956.
 * Pinky and Perky included their version of the song on their 1962 EP Pinky and Perky Out West.
 * Mary Wilson of The Supremes sung lead on a cover the group recorded for their album Diana Ross & the Supremes Sing Disney Classics in 1968. The album was shelved and never released, but the song still appeared on the 1986 compilation The Never-Before-Released Masters.
 * A rendition was recorded and released on The Kentucky Headhunters' 1991 album Electric Barnyard, and was released as a single. It peaked at number 49 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.
 * Mannheim Steamroller's new-age instrumental rendition appeared on their 1999 album Mannheim Steamroller Meets the Mouse.
 * They Might Be Giants covered the song, with modified lyrics, as "The Ballad of Davy Crockett (in Outer Space)" on their 2009 album Here Comes Science.

title: The Ballad of Davy Crockett


text:
List of storms named Francesca

The name Francesca has been used for three tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Hurricane Francesca (1966)
 * Hurricane Francesca (1970)
 * Hurricane Francesca (1974)

The name Francesca has also been used for one tropical cyclone in the Southwest Indian Ocean.
 * Cyclone Francesca (2002)

title: List of storms named Francesca


text:
Wordplay (game show)

Wordplay is an American game show which ran on NBC from December 29, 1986 to September 4, 1987. It was hosted by Tom Kennedy, with Jamie Farr substituting for Kennedy for one week of shows, and announced by Charlie O'Donnell. The show was produced by Scotti Bros.-Syd Vinnedge Television in association with Fiedler/Berlin Productions and Rick Ambrose Television.

Main game
Two contestants, one usually a returning champion, competed through three rounds to win money by guessing the definitions of unusual words. The gameboard consisted of a 3-by-3 grid of words, with the middle column shifted one level above the others. The contestant in control chose a word, and three celebrity panelists each gave a possible definition with an accompanying humorous anecdote. Panelists were provided with definitions before the show. If the contestant chose the correct definition, he/she won money; an incorrect choice gave the opponent a chance to steal the value with a correct guess.

Two words were played per round, with each contestant choosing one. The champion (or the contestant on the left, if there was no returning champion) played first in round one, the challenger in round two, and the trailing contestant (or, in case of a tie, the left contestant) in round three. Words were worth $25, $50, or $75 in round one; these values doubled in round two, and again in round three. Every word was horizontally and vertically connected to its immediate neighbors. Guessing a correct definition won not only the money for that word, but also the total of all values to which it was connected. For example, a $75 word connected to an already-defined $50 word would award $125 to the contestant who won it ($75 + $50). If a $150 word connected to either of these two values was guessed in a later round, it would award $275 ($150 + $75 + $50). If both contestants missed a word, a block was placed on the board in that location and all connections to it were broken.

One word per game was designated as the day's bonus word. Choosing this word and guessing its definition correctly awarded a bonus prize to the contestant, usually if not always a vacation, which was his/hers to keep regardless of the game's outcome.

The contestant with the higher total after three rounds became the champion, kept his/her accumulated money, and advanced to the Double Definitions bonus round. If the game ended in a tie, a seventh word was played, selected by the champion (or the contestant on the left). Each celebrity gave a brief definition with no accompanying story, and the champion had the option to either play the word or pass it to the challenger. A correct guess won the game, while an incorrect guess gave the victory to the opponent.

Double Definitions
The day's champion advanced to the Double Definitions bonus round for an accumulating cash jackpot. The round was originally titled "Speedword" for the first week, but was quickly changed once the producers realized that fellow NBC game show Scrabble had been using the term for more than two years at the time. The gameboard for this round was a grid of 24 numbered spaces, in four rows of six, with each space vertically and horizontally connected to its immediate neighbors. When the champion called a number, Kennedy read two definitions for a word (such as "Writing Implement/Animal Enclosure" for the word "pen"). Guessing the word awarded control of that space, while passing put up a block that the champion would have to go around. Multiple guesses were allowed with no penalty; the champion could move off a space only by giving a correct response or passing.

The champion had 45 seconds to complete a path connecting the left and right sides of the board. Doing so won the jackpot, which began at $5,000 and increased by $2,500 for every day it went unclaimed. Failing to complete the path won $100 per correct answer. The largest jackpot awarded on the show was $27,500, which occurred during the final week on the air.

Contestants were allowed to stay for three consecutive days or until they were defeated, whichever came first.

Broadcast history
When Wordplay premiered on December 29, 1986, it was slotted in the 12:30pm/11:30 am timeslot following Super Password. That slot had been occupied by the soap opera Search for Tomorrow for over four and a half years on NBC; the serial had aired continuously, first on CBS, since 1951 and was the longest running daytime program in history at the time of its cancellation.

The series faced off against the first half-hour of the highly-rated The Young and the Restless on CBS and Loving on ABC, but did not perform well against both soap operas; the show was also prone to being preempted by some NBC affiliates continuing to air local newscasts or other syndicated programming in the 12:00pm hour. NBC announced the cancellation of Wordplay in the summer of 1987 in order to make room for Win, Lose or Draw on the network's schedule; the final episode of the series aired on September 4, 1987. Three days after the final episode aired, Scrabble was moved to the 12:30pm Eastern timeslot.

Episode status and reruns
The series exists in its entirety and is in the possession of Fremantle, which inherited the rights to the series from its predecessor company Pearson Television, which in turn acquired those rights through the acquisition of All American Television.

Prior to 2017, Wordplay had not been seen on television since its cancellation by NBC, but episodes circulated on YouTube through private collectors. Additionally, the series was one of six considered for a Sunday night slot on Buzzr called "Pick & Play" in the fall of 2015, but failed to generate enough votes from viewers to make it on the schedule. The series was later set to begin airing regularly on Buzzr two years later, in September 2017, only to be pulled by the channel after two days and replaced by Match Game.

Pilot episode
The pilot episode, shot in October 1986 for NBC, featuring Peter Tomarken as host and Rod Roddy as announcer, also exists. Highlights from the pilot were featured by Wink Martindale as part of his ongoing "Wink's Vault" series on YouTube, and it was later shown in its entirety as part of a Buzzr "Lost and Found" marathon in September 2017. This episode features a different layout for the word grid (a 4-by-3 rectangle with three blocks already in place) and a different theme song. The pilot theme was Hitting Home, composed by British composers David Reilly & John Devereaux and released as part of the KPM Music library.

title: Wordplay (game show)


text: User talk:70.80.37.205

title: User talk:70.80.37.205


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Ask price

Ask price, also called offer price, offer, asking price, or simply ask, is the price a seller states they will accept.

The seller may qualify the stated asking price as firm or negotiable. Firm means the seller is implying that the price is fixed and will not change.

In bid and ask, the term ask price is used in contrast to the term bid price. The difference between the bid price and the ask price is called the spread.

Stock exchange
In the context of stock trading on a stock exchange, the ask price is the lowest price a seller of a stock is willing to accept for a share of that given stock. For over-the-counter stocks, the asking price is the best-quoted price at which a market maker is willing to sell a stock.

Mutual funds
For mutual funds, the asking price is the net asset value plus any sales charges. It is also called asked price or offering price or ask.

Commodities
The ask price is the lowest price a seller of a commodity is willing to accept for that commodity.

Auctions
In auctions, the ask price is the reservation price. Some auctions may not have such a price. This price is the minimum that the seller will agree to for the object being sold.

title: Ask price


text:
R175 road (Ireland)

The R175 road is a regional road in Ireland, running its full length on the Cooley Peninsula in County Louth. It runs northeast from its junction with the R173 at The Bush to its terminal point at Greenore Port via Rogan's Cross, Saint James' Well; and the Shore Road at Greenore all in the County Louth. Two kilometres (1.2 mi) south of Greenore it is joined by the R176 from nearby Carlingford. The road is 6 km long.

title: R175 road (Ireland)


text:
R173 road (Ireland)

The R173 road is a regional road in Ireland, running its full length in County Louth. It loops around Cooley Peninsula, mainly along the coast. It nearly encircles the Cooley Mountains.

It starts at a roundabout at Ballymascanlan, just north of Dundalk, where it meets the N52 and the M1/N1 roads. It then heads east, along the northern coast of Dundalk Bay to The Bush where it veers north, past the village of Grange to Carlingford. From there it heads NW along the southern shore of Carlingford Lough, through the village of Omeath to the Northern Ireland border where it becomes the B79 into Newry, County Down.

The R173 is a former Trunk Road and was previously numbered as the T62. The road is 32 km long.

In June 2024, construction began on the Narrow Water bridge connecting the road to the A2 road in County Down, under the Shared Island scheme.

title: R173 road (Ireland)


text:
Richard A. Knaak

Richard A. Knaak (born May 28, 1961 ) is the author of Dragonlance novels, Dragonrealm, six novels for Blizzard Entertainment's Diablo series, and ten works in the Warcraft universe. He has also written five non-series fantasy books.

Early life and education
Richard Allen Knaak was born May 28, 1961, in Chicago, Illinois, to James Richard Knaak and Anna Maria (Trappen) Knaak. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, studying chemistry at first, and subsequently rhetoric, and earned a bachelor's degree in 1984. He worked as a warehouseman, resume writer, and office clerk before becoming a full-time freelance writer in 1988.

Career
After reading Andre Norton's Storm over Warlock, he became a fan of fantasy and science fiction. He eventually sold his first short story in 1986, and it was published in 1987. His Dragonlance titles include The Legend of Huma, Reavers of the Blood Sea, Kaz the Minotaur, Land of the Minotaurs, and The Citadel, in addition to short stories in various anthologies. He also wrote the ten-volume Dragonrealm series, and the first Dragonrealm story, "Firedrake," helped him get his first Dragonlance project. He has also written several stand-alone volumes, including the contemporary fantasies Frostwing, King of the Grey, and Dutchman, plus the heroic adventure The Janus Mask. He has also worked on novels based in the worlds of the computer games Warcraft and Diablo.

Knaak lists Roger Zelazny, Edgar Rice Burroughs, and Edgar Allan Poe as major influences, and has even listed a few of his favorite fellow authors, those being Robert E. Howard, Glen Cook, L. Sprague de Camp, Lawrence Watt-Evans, Harry Turtledove, Jennifer Roberson, Laurell K. Hamilton, Harry Harrison, and Robert Sawyer.

Dragonlance

 * 1) Series
 * 2) The Legend of Huma (1988), ISBN 0-88038-548-0
 * 3) Kaz the Minotaur (1990), ISBN 0-88038-910-9
 * 4) Land of the Minotaurs (1996), ISBN 0-7869-0472-0
 * 5) Reavers of the Blood Sea (1999), ISBN 0-7869-1345-2
 * 6) The Citadel (2000), ISBN 0-7869-1683-4
 * 7) Minotaur Wars
 * 8) Night of Blood (2003), ISBN 0-7869-2938-3
 * 9) Tides of Blood (2004), ISBN 0-7869-3251-1
 * 10) Empire of Blood (2005), ISBN 0-7869-3733-5
 * 11) Ogre Titans
 * 12) The Black Talon (2007)
 * 13) The Fire Rose (2008)
 * 14) The Gargoyle King (2009)

Dragonrealm

 * 1) Firedrake (1989), ISBN 0-445-20940-2
 * 2) Ice Dragon (1989), ISBN 0-445-20942-9
 * 3) Wolfhelm (1990), ISBN 0-445-20966-6
 * 4) Shadow Steed (1990), ISBN 0-445-20967-4
 * 5) The Crystal Dragon (1993), ISBN 0-446-36432-0
 * 6) Dragon Crown (1994), ISBN 0-446-36464-9
 * 7) The Horse King (1997), ISBN 0-446-60353-8
 * 8) Shade (2012)
 * 9) Origins
 * 10) The Shrouded Realm (1991), ISBN 0-446-36138-0
 * 11) Children of the Drake (1991), ISBN 0-446-36153-4
 * 12) Dragon Tome (1992), ISBN 0-446-36252-2
 * 13) The Turning War
 * 14) Dragon Masters (2013)
 * 15) The Gryphon Mage (2014)
 * 16) The Horned Blade (2015)
 * 17) PDF Series
 * 18) Past Dancer (2002)
 * 19) Dragon Master (2002)
 * 20) Skins (2003)
 * 21) A Wolf in the Fold (2003)
 * 22) Storm Lord (2003)
 * 23) The Still Lands (2004)
 * 24) Game of Ghosts (2012)

Diablo

 * 1) Diablo series
 * 2) Legacy of Blood (2001), ISBN 0-671-04155-X
 * 3) The Kingdom of Shadow (2002), ISBN 0-7434-2692-4
 * 4) Moon of the Spider (2006), ISBN 0-7434-7132-6
 * 5) The Sin War series
 * 6) Birthright (2006)
 * 7) Scales of the Serpent (2007)
 * 8) The Veiled Prophet (2007)

Warcraft

 * 1) Day/Night Of The Dragon
 * 2) Day of the Dragon (2001), ISBN 0-671-04152-5
 * 3) Night of the Dragon (2008), ISBN 0-7434-7137-7
 * 4) War of the Ancients
 * 5) The Well of Eternity (2004), ISBN 0-7434-7119-9
 * 6) The Demon Soul (2004), ISBN 0-7434-7120-2
 * 7) The Sundering (2005), ISBN 0-7434-7121-0
 * 8) Sunwell Trilogy
 * 9) Dragon Hunt (2005), ISBN 1-59532-712-6
 * 10) Shadows of Ice (2006), ISBN 1-59532-713-4
 * 11) Ghostland (2007), ISBN 1-59532-714-2
 * 12) Shadow Wing
 * 13) The Dragons of Outland (2008), ISBN 1-42781-026-5
 * 14) Nexus Point (2011), ISBN 1-42781-449-X
 * 15) Independent Books
 * 16) "Stormrage" (2010), ISBN 1-4165-5087-9
 * 17) "Wolfheart" (2011), ISBN 1-4516-0575-7
 * 18) Dawn of the Aspects
 * 19) Part 1 (Feb 2013)
 * 20) Part 2 (Mar 2013)
 * 21) Part 3 (Apr 2013)
 * 22) Part 4 (May 2013)
 * 23) Part 5 (Jun 2013)

Age of Conan

 * 1) The God in the Moon (2006), ISBN 0-441-01422-4
 * 2) The Eye of Charon (2006), ISBN 0-441-01445-3
 * 3) The Silent Enemy (2006), ISBN 0-441-01452-6

Pathfinder Tales

 * 1) Reaper's Eye (2016), ISBN 978-0-7653-8436-2

Independent

 * 1) King of the Grey (1993), ISBN 0-446-36463-0
 * 2) Frostwing (1995), ISBN 0-446-60149-7
 * 3) The Janus Mask (1995), ISBN 0-446-60150-0
 * 4) Dutchman (1996), ISBN 0-446-60151-9
 * 5) Ruby Flames (1999), ISBN 0-671-03266-6
 * 6) Beastmaster:Myth (2009)
 * 7) Dragon Mound: Book One of the Knight In Shadow Trilogy (2011)
 * 8) Black City Saint (2016)
 * 9) Black City Demon (2017)
 * 10) Rex Draconis (2018)

title: Richard A. Knaak


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Lesley Murdoch

Lesley Jean Murdoch (Shankland; born 18 March 1956) is a New Zealand former cricketer and field hockey player. Between 1979 and 1990 she appeared in 6 Test matches and 25 One Day Internationals for New Zealand as a batter. Murdoch also captained New Zealand in three Tests, drawing two and losing one, and fifteen One Day Internationals, winning eight and losing six, with one no result. She played domestic cricket for Canterbury. In hockey, she was a member of the New Zealand team that finished sixth at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.

In the 1987 New Year Honours, Murdoch was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to cricket and hockey. In the 2016 Queen's Birthday Honours, she was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to sport.

Murdoch is currently a commentator for Sky Network Television calling netball, hockey and cricket. She also is a sideline reporter for Radio Sport during rugby matches at AMI Stadium and hosts a Saturday morning sports show on Christchurch's Newstalk ZB.

She is also a commentator for the OBS.

title: Lesley Murdoch


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Beverly Adams

Beverly Sassoon (born 1945 (age 21) ) is a Canadian-American actress and author.

Early life
Adams was born in Alberta, Canada, but is a citizen of the United States. She is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Wayne Adams. Raised Roman Catholic, she moved with her family to Burbank, California after the war where, as a teen, she competed in and won beauty contests before becoming an actress. She began working as a model while she was a student at Valley State College.

Adams, who initially wanted to become a doctor, had a weekend job in a dress shop while she worked during the week as secretary to a Superior Court judge in Los Angeles. When the dress shop had a fashion show televised, Adams modeled some of the dresses. An advertising man saw her modeling on that broadcast and invited her to make a commercial at a local television station. Ozzie Nelson was at the station at the same time, and he invited her to play a bit part in an episode of The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet.

Acting
Adams appeared in various guest roles in television series of the 1960s, including a recurring role on the Dr. Kildare TV series. She was selected for Columbia Pictures' New Talent Program and was signed to a contract where she appeared on several Screen Gems television series and several films, including the recurring role of Lovey Kravezit in the Matt Helm movies starring Dean Martin.

After appearing uncredited in two films with Elvis Presley, Roustabout and Girl Happy, she played the redheaded Cassandra in How to Stuff a Wild Bikini

Post-acting career
During her retirement from acting, Adams, going by her married name of Beverly Sassoon, published several books and served as a spokeswoman for Vidal Sassoon, Inc.

She launched her own line of pet care products, Beverly Sassoon Pet Care System.

Personal life
Adams met hairstylist Vidal Sassoon when she was sent to his London salon while she was filming Torture Garden. They married on February 16, 1967, and Adams retired from acting, after fulfilling a commitment to appear in Irving Allen's Hammerhead, to raise the couple's children.

They had four children: daughter Catya, an actress who died from a drug-induced heart attack; son Elan BenVidal ; son David; and daughter Eden Sassoon. In 1981, the couple divorced, and Adams returned to acting. She married a matador, Antonio Migoni, but the marriage was annulled. Adams later married Philip Neal, whom she described as "the love of my life". Neal died in 2004.

In November 2022, Adams was profiled in Classic Images, where she discussed her onscreen career.

title: Beverly Adams


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ben Walther

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE -- Francs2000 | Talk 02:02, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Ben Walther
Not notable. Does not seem to meet standards set in WP:MUSIC either.-- BMIComp (talk) 19:30, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, only has one album and no other claim to fame, thus fails WP:MUSIC which suggests at least two albums. Has no mention on allmusic.com, and "Ben Walther" "Where I Want To Be" only gets 7 Googles. -Splash 22:21, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. Fails WP:MUSIC guidelines. JamesBurns 08:23, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Henrybaker

hey henry

sorry i didn't respond quicker, i only have access through internet cafes currently and because of that haven't been here in a couple weeks.

i'm not actually an admin so i can't help with that- but that's certainly something you should talk to someone about. if you click on WP:LA there's a list of admins that you can peruse. just click on someone you are familiar with and leave a message on their talk page. good luck, i hope you get that sorted out!!

--Heah (talk) 19:31, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

NO MA'AM
Another editor has added the "prod" template to the article NO MA'AM, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 02:14, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Henrybaker


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Pamela Voorhees

Pamela Voorhees is a fictional character and the overarching antagonist of the Friday the 13th series of horror films. She was created by Victor Miller, and first appeared in Sean S. Cunningham's Friday the 13th (1980), played by Betsy Palmer. Pamela is the main antagonist of the first film, in which she is known only as Mrs. Voorhees, and remains an antagonistic presence in its sequels, in which she is seen mostly as a severed head or a figment of her son's imagination. In Friday the 13th Part III (1982), the character appears as a reanimated corpse in a hallucination, played by Marilyn Poucher. Paula Shaw played Pamela in the crossover Freddy vs. Jason (2003); according to Palmer in Friday The 13th Reunion, she was asked to reprise her role in the film, but turned it down after reading the script. Nana Visitor played Pamela in the 2009 reboot.

In the original film, Pamela is introduced as the mother of Jason Voorhees, a boy who supposedly drowned in 1957 at Camp Crystal Lake, where Pamela worked as a cook, due to the negligence of the camp staff. After she has exacted revenge on those she blamed for her son's death, the camp is closed; 21 years later, its new owner and a group of counselors attempt to re-open it. To ensure that the camp remains closed so no other children will ever suffer Jason's fate, the vengeful and psychotic Pamela stalks and kills them one by one but is ultimately decapitated by the sole survivor of her killing spree. After Jason is revealed to still be alive, he avenges his mother and later murders anyone who sets foot into Camp Crystal Lake and the surrounding woods area, guided by Pamela's spirit, which he hallucinates inside his head as urging him to kill.

Friday the 13th (1980)
Pamela (whose maiden name is never revealed) was born in 1930 (as revealed in Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter). At age 15, Pamela became pregnant by a man named Elias Voorhees. Very little is known about their romance and short marriage, aside from the fact that Pamela kept a class ring which she wore on her ring finger of her left hand (as seen in several scenes in the first Friday the 13th film). On June 13, 1946, at age 16, she gave birth to a hydrocephalic boy and she named him Jason (as shown in Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday). Because of his condition, Pamela never sent him to school, and was extremely overprotective of him.

Pamela later got a job as a cook at Camp Crystal Lake through her acquaintances David and Louise Christy. On a fateful day in 1957, Jason, infuriated by the constant teasing and harassment from other children, sneaked out of his cabin late at night to prove that he could swim. No counselors were watching him, as they were partying and having sex in one of the adult cabins. Jason was presumed dead by drowning, but his body was never found in the lake. When an investigation concluded that Jason's death was accidental, the camp resumed as scheduled.

After Jason's death, Pamela began to hear auditory hallucinations of her son telling her to kill those responsible for his demise. In 1958, a year after Jason's death, Pamela brutally murdered two counselors, Barry and Claudette, in cold blood, blaming them for allowing her son to drown. Camp Crystal Lake was closed after the murders and nicknamed "Camp Blood" by local residents. When the owners tried to re-open the camp in 1962, Pamela returned, poisoned the water, and set several fires, causing the camp to be closed once more (the first film establishes that the culprit behind these incidents was never found). At the time of these incidents, Pamela lived in a house that bordered Camp Crystal Lake, which allowed her to observe that the camp remained unattended.

In 1978, Steven "Steve" Christy inherited the property from his parents, who had reported died bankrupt and traumatized by the series of events. The younger Christy was confident that the camp could reopen, and spent nearly $25,000 and a good portion of the year hiring contractors to renovate the rundown summer camp in anticipation of the following summer. Steve hired seven young counselors: Annie Phillips, Alice Hardy, Bill Brown, Ned Rubenstein, Marcie Stanler, Jack Burrell, and Brenda Jones. On June 13, 1979, Steve had the counselors making final preparations on the property for its grand reopening, even after several ominous warnings of a death curse by the local residents. Steve's goal had been to appeal to inner-city families, offering their children an opportunity to spend a summer outdoors. Pamela, who does not want the camp re-opened for fear of another tragic accident, is enraged and goes on a savage killing spree: she slashes Annie's throat in the woods with her bowie knife, lures Ned inside a cabin to slit his throat, pierces Jack's throat with an arrow from underneath the bed, slams a felling axe into Marcie's face inside the bathroom stalls, and brutally attacks Brenda at the archery range. Prior to the killing spree, Steve had gone into town to procure supplies. Returning to the camp after a rain squall hit, Steve recognized Pamela and greeted her, surprised at seeing her so far out in the woods. Before Steve could make any other remarks, she stabbed him in the heart.

Bill investigates the generator which has been turned off, and Pamela slits his throat before pinning his body with arrows to the shed door. With Alice as the last remaining counselor, she finds Bill's body and barricades herself in the main cabin. After terrorizing Alice by throwing Brenda's body into one of the windows, she drives her jeep towards the cabin to lure Alice out, thinking that Steve has returned. Outside, she greets the frightened Alice in a friendly manner and cites herself as a friend of Steve Christy. When she enters inside the cabin with Alice, she sees Brenda's body and begins to discuss about Jason's drowning in which she blames the counselors for not paying attention to his incident. As she begins to have visions of Jason's drowning, she turns violent and draws her bowie knife to attack Alice, but the surviving counselor strikes her with a fireplace poker. When Alice flees into the gun storage, Pamela violently slaps her before Alice stuns her by smacking the butt of a rifle into her face. As Pamela searches around the camp saying in Jason's voice "kill her, mommy!", she finds Alice hiding inside the pantry of the mess hall. When Pamela breaks parts of the door and tries to attack with a machete, Alice renders her unconscious with a frying pan. When she later awakes, she finds Alice at the shore and attacks her once again. During the struggle, Alice gains the upper hand. Pamela's last look is one of horror as Alice attacks Pamela with her own machete, which decapitates her.

Other films
Although Pamela does not share her son's immortality, she does reappear in later films, as a corpse or a hallucination in Jason's mind urging him to kill. In Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981), Pamela's head is used by the resurrected Jason to scare Alice by placing it in her fridge, before killing her to avenge his mother's death. The head is later seen on a shrine built by Jason in his cabin, which also stores the rest of Pamela's body and those of some of Jason's victims. One of the few survivors of Jason's killing spree, Ginny Field, stumbles upon the cabin and dons Pamela's sweater to trick Jason into thinking she is his mother. When Ginny attempts to calm Jason down, he briefly visualizes his mother (again played by Betsy Palmer) talking to him, but then notices Pamela's head on the shrine and sees through the deception. Despite this, Ginny is ultimately able to escape from Jason and injure him with his machete.

Pamela is seen again in Friday the 13th Part III (1982) when lone survivor Chris Higgins has a nightmare which ends with Pamela's corpse (played by the Second Assistant Director, Marilyn Poucher), with her head attached, reaching up from the lake to pull her underwater. Pamela's grave briefly appears in Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984), revealing that her body was eventually found in Jason's cabin after he abandoned it, and laid to rest in a run down, roadside cemetery. Pamela's final appearance in the original series is in Freddy vs. Jason (2003), where she is played by Paula Shaw. While in Hell, Jason sees his mother commanding her son to come back to life and kill the children of Elm Street; however, it is quickly revealed that "Pamela" was actually Freddy Krueger in disguise, trying to manipulate Jason for his own ends. Jason is notably furious when the deception is revealed.

Pamela (played by Nana Visitor) has a minor presence in the 2009 Friday the 13th reboot. The opening scene shows her chasing a young girl, presumably Alice, at the end of her Camp Crystal Lake killing spree, who ultimately decapitates Pamela with her own machete. The event is witnessed by a young Jason, who later examines his mother's corpse and finds a locket containing pictures of him and a younger Pamela, before hearing her voice commanding him to "kill for Mother." As an adult, Jason kidnaps one of his potential victims, Whitney Miller, who resembles the young Pamela seen in the picture, setting the film's events into motion.

In an interview, John Carl Buechler revealed he had originally intended to have a scene in Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood in which protagonist Tina Shepard has a surreal vision in which Pamela's severed head appears in Jason's arms, repeatedly yelling "help me mommy!" The scene was never shot, due to being deemed too over-the-top. Reportedly, the character was to make another appearance for Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday in a flashback. Jason X was originally meant to feature an appearance of Pamela in the holographic projection of Camp Crystal Lake that Jason is distracted by in the film; one idea was to even have Jason attack the virtual Pamela to show just how evil he had become.

Literature
The severed head of Pamela Voorhees is a major character in the first book of Eric Morse's Camp Crystal Lake series. In the novel, hunter Joe Travers finds an unmarked gravestone in the forest and digs nearby to find a wet cardboard box containing the still living head, having been reanimated by Jason's cursed mask. Pamela then gives him directions to the location of Jason's buried hockey mask, which he digs up and puts on, thus becoming possessed by Jason in the process. Carly, the novel's heroine, later discovers the head still in its box, still in the grave. During the final showdown with Pamela and the hunter, she destroys the head with a shotgun blast, killing Pamela.

In the non-canonical Jason vs. Leatherface comic miniseries by Topps Comics, Mrs. Voorhees is identified as Doris and appears in two flashbacks, one in the first issue and another in the second; in the first flashback, brought on by Jason being asked his name by Cook, she appears, face obscured, encouraging a young Jason as he writes his name on a chalkboard. The second flashback, provoked by Jason seeing the Hitchhiker abuse his younger brother Leatherface, has her killing Elias Voorhees with a machete when he attempts to beat Jason.

The comic one-shot Jason X Special by Avatar Press features Pamela coming back from the dead by possessing a swarm of nano ants. Discovering Jason has been captured by a bio-engineer named Kristen, Pamela releases him and guides him to a camp near Kristen's laboratory populated by androids, who Jason begins to destroy, quickly becoming disastified with these victims due to the fact that, as Pamela states, "they aren't real." At the end of the comic, Pamela, after Jason is launched into space by Kristen, gets revenge on the bio-engineer by possessing her lover Neil and forcing him to stab Kristen in the stomach and slit his own throat. In the sequel to the one-shot, the two-issue miniseries Friday the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X, Pamela appears only as a fragmented memory shared between Jason and his clone (which was created using a portion of Jason's brain). After Jason disposes of his clone and assimilates the portion of his brain it possessed, his memories of Pamela (who he and the clone did not recognize) are restored.

In the novel Jason X: Death Moon by Black Flame, a character, while in a holographic version of Crystal Lake, stumbles across an underwater recreation of Pamela's grave in the lake and is attacked by a zombified version of her created by Dr. Armando Castillo. In Friday the 13th: Hell Lake, the character Gretchen Andrews, after an encounter with Jason, seemingly becomes possessed by Pamela. Friday the 13th: Carnival of Maniacs involves Pamela possessing characters who come into contact with her severed head.

In 2007, a two issue comic miniseries titled Friday the 13th: Pamela's Tale, detailing much of Pamela's history, was printed by Wildstorm; the comics take place before the main events of Friday the 13th and feature Pamela picking up Annie, one of the Camp Crystal Lake counselors in-training, and recounting her past. She reveals that Elias abused her while she was pregnant, which may have caused Jason to be born deformed. Driven by what she believed to be the unborn Jason's voice, Pamela killed Elias with an axe, blew up their trailer and dumped her husband's body in Crystal Lake. After killing Elias, Pamela moved to Crystal Lake and got a job as a chef at a diner, later being hired as Camp Crystal Lake's cook by the Christy family. After telling Annie her origin Pamela, as in the film, slits her throat, but treats her body as if it were still alive afterwards. The miniseries ends with a recreation of the scene from the film where Pamela meets Alice at Camp Crystal Lake. In the two-issue miniseries Friday the 13th: How I Spent My Summer Vacation, Pamela appears in a flashback to when she first brought Jason to Camp Crystal Lake in the first issue and the end of the second issue has Jason visiting his mother's grave.

In the first issue of the six-issue comic book miniseries Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, in a dream of Jason's, Freddy Krueger creates a vision of Pamela and uses it to manipulate Jason into seeking out the Necronomicon that is in the house that he and Pamela lived in when he was a child, as seen in the movie Jason Goes To Hell: The Final Friday. In the fifth issue of the miniseries, in addition to there being a portrait of Pamela in her and Jason's old house, it is implied that she used the Necronomicon to resurrect Jason after he drowned in Crystal Lake.

Other media
Pamela also appears in the Friday The 13th video game for the NES. Her severed head is a mini-boss in a hidden cave. It floats around after lifting itself off a pedestal surrounded by candles, reminiscent of the second movie. Just as Jason has to be defeated three times to complete the game, Pamela can also be fought three times, and each defeat earns the player a unique item — a powerful weapon (usually a machete or axe), then her sweater, and finally the pitchfork.

In the 2017 video game Friday The 13th: The Game, Pamela (whether it's the real Pamela or a figment of Jason's imagination is unknown), voiced by Jennifer Ann Burton, tells Jason to kill the camp counselors that have come to Camp Crystal Lake. In the game, there are two series of unlockable audio tapes, one of which follows Pamela after Jason's drowning, and the other of which follows Tommy Jarvis after the events of the fourth, fifth, and sixth films of the Friday The 13th film series. Pamela's tapes offer background information on Pamela and Jason's life before the latter's drowning, revealing that Jason was not actually the son of Elias Voorhees, but the product of a brutal rape by an unknown stranger. Pamela and Jason were heavily abused by Elias, culminating in Pamela murdering her husband. When questioned by the police on the murder, Pamela claims that she did on Jason's urging. The tapes also feature a brief, friendly exchange between Pamela and Dr. Malcolm Jarvis, the father of Jason's future nemesis Tommy Jarvis, who sympathizes with Pamela. Over the course of the tapes, Pamela becomes increasingly errant and vicious as the police's apathy towards her plight becomes more apparent, culminating in the search for her son being dropped altogether and her being removed from the premises. As she is taken away, she ferociously declares that Crystal Lake now has "death curse", igniting the town's bloody history.

Action figures of Pamela have been released by both Sideshow Collectibles and NECA.

Pamela's grief and homicidal rage are the subject of "Pamela," the third track on the 2022 album God's Country by Oklahoma City noise rock band Chat Pile.

Reception
In 2016, Dread Central ranked Pamela in fifth place on their Top 5 Most Powerful Performances in Horror History Since 1960! list, opining that Pamela encompassed both false compassion and blind rage and Palmer made the most of every second she appeared onscreen in the original film. Empire ranked Pamela as the 92nd best horror movie character, bemoaning that she was never resurrected and calling her "much more interesting than her son, Jason".

title: Pamela Voorhees