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South West Africa Territorial Force

The South West Africa Territorial Force (SWATF) was an auxiliary arm of the South African Defence Force (SADF) and comprised the armed forces of South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1977 to 1989. It emerged as a product of South Africa's political control of the territory which was granted to the former as a League of Nations mandate following World War I.

History and background
From 1966 until 1989, South African security forces waged a long and bitter counterinsurgency conflict against indigenous nationalists in what was then South West Africa, represented by the Marxist South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) and its military wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). As the guerrilla war intensified, however, it became clear that the local civilian police alone were not enough to cope with SWAPO/PLAN incursions and escalating unrest. Consequently, military units were deployed for the first time; 60,000 South African combat troops were engaged in South West Africa by the late 1970s.

Establishment
As part of a general policy of military and social reform, Pretoria initiated the establishment of local defence and police agencies for its protectorate beginning in 1977.

Structure and activation
A start was also made with the regrouping of existing units into four formations:

 * a Formation Headquarters Staff,
 * a Reaction Force (conventional),
 * an Area Force (Territorial) and
 * an Air Wing.

As regarding the latter, the South African Air Force would remain responsible for aerial operations although provision was made for an air commando squadron consisting of private and commercially qualified air crews. Their main function was to assist the South African Air Force in reconnaissance and communication flights and to provide operational officers for the operational service.

The new South West African Territorial Force was officially created on 1 August 1980, from South West African citizens already serving with the South African Defence Force.

Operationally, the SWATF was further divided into a Permanent Force infantry component, logistic/administrative divisions, a training wing, and a Citizen Force, which included at least three motorised infantry battalions. The 'permanent force' comprised mostly volunteer auxiliaries and national servicemen, who formed eight battalions. A militia system was also developed for local security, including over twenty 'area protection units'.

By 1981, SWATF's total strength numbered some 10,100 men, organised into both tribal-based battalions (including separate units for Ovambo, Herero, and Coloured ethnic groups) and multiethnic units partially manned by at least 10,000 white South West African personnel.

By 1987, SWATF had an estimated 22,000 troops, including additional units of engineers, signals personnel, mounted troops, a parachute battalion, and a commando squadron.

Training
A school cadet program similar to that in South Africa was developed for South West Africa.

Primarily all SWATF members received their initial training at 2 SA Infantry Battalion at Walvis Bay, (considered South African territory at that stage).

Advanced training, NCOs and Officer development however occurred at the SWA Military School at Okhandja.

Supervision
For all practical purposes, SWATF remained firmly integrated into existing SADF command structures. Its primary goal was protection of the territory of SWA from SWAPO incursions. The SWATF was placed under the control of the Department of Defence for South West Africa and was always headed by a SADF general. There was also a joint SWATF/SADF committee established for "planning, liaison, and coordination" efforts. South West Africa Command also existed and was originally responsible for all of South West Africa but after the establishment of SWATF became responsible for the northern border area.

Uniform, rank structure, corps emblems, proficiency and ops badges
The first major step in the establishment of an independent territorial defence force in SWA was the introduction of a new nutria uniform on 6 September 1979 through which SWA units could be distinguished from SADF units.

Ranks
The rank structure of the SWATF was identical to that of the SADF. The insignia however differed considerably.

Brigade

 * Reaction Force Brigade, mainly a Citizen and cross corps force, 91 Brigade had a motorised sub-brigade composing two (later three) infantry battalions, an armoured car regiment, and an artillery regiment. The Brigade also included a training battalion and a mobilisation center. SWATF 91 Brigade emblem.jpg

 * Logistics Brigade

Battalions

 * Eight full-time battalions
 * 31 Bushman Battalion (became 201 Battalion) HQ at Omega Base, SWA 31 Battalion emblem.jpg
 * 32 Battalion at Buffalo, SADF 32 Battalion SSI.svg
 * 33 Eastern Caprivi Battalion, (became 701 Battalion) SWATF 701 Battalion emblem.jpg
 * 34 Kavangoland Battalion, (became 202 Battalion)Kavango 202 BN badge.jpg
 * 35 Ovamboland Battalion, SWA 101 Battalion emblem.jpg (became 101 Battalion) The Quick reaction force.
 * 36 Bushman Battalion, (became 203 Battalion) SWATF 36 203 Battalion emblem.jpg
 * 37 Kaokoland Battalion, (became 102 Battalion) SWATF 102 Battalion emblem.jpg
 * 41 Multi-ethnic Regiment Windhoek (became 911 Battalion) (As 911 Battalion – it became known as "Swing Force" due to its ability to operate as a conventional unit or as a Counter-insurgency (COIN) unit.SWATF 911 Battalion emblem.jpg It recruited from South West Africa at large and deployed predominantly as a reserve force. An infantry element, a mechanised contingent, artillery, and a regiment of Eland armoured cars was included. The unit was never mobilised en masse.

SWATF Special Forces
Although SWATF relied heavily on South Africa's special forces, over time it developed its own capability.

 * 1 SWA Recon Regiment: started out as a sub unit under the command of the Commanding General SWATF in 1982, staffed mainly by ex South African operators.
 * Front-line Recon Wings: most front-line battalions, such as 31, 36 and 101 also had their own Recon Wings.

 * 1 SWA Specialist Unit: SWATF 1 Spes emblem.jpg at Otavi – containing trackers, dogs, horses and dirt bikes. By 1984, 1 SWA SPES was based at Omaruku and at Omathoni together with 32 Battalion's Recce Wing.
 * 1 SWA Parachute Battalion: By 1987, 1 SWA Parachute Battalion and 32 Battalion's Recce Wing were amalgamated to become 2 SWA Specialist Unit or 2 SWA SPES and relocated to Luipersvallei, Windhoek.

South West African Military Operations Sectors
By 1979, South West Africa was subdivided into Operational Sectors. Three Frontline Sectors, 10, 20 and 70 fell under direct control of the South Africa Defence Force's South West Africa Command. Four additional Sectors, 30, 40, 50 and 60 covered the rest of South West Africa and was commanded directly by SWATF officers from 1980.

Frontline Sectors
Frontline Sectors were used for the massing of forces in preparation for external operations into Angola, acting as a buffer with the rest of the territory and reaction to immediate threats.

Although theoretically under control of the Area Force, due to their proximity to Angola the vast majority of conventional forces was based in these areas and remained under the direct control of South West Africa Command, a SADF regional command.

Sector 10
(Kaokoland and Owambo) – HQ Oshakati

 * SADF's 51 Battalion at Ruacana, 51 SWATF Battalion.jpg
 * SADF's 52 Battalion at Oshakati, SWATF 51 Battalion emblem.jpg
 * SADF's 53 Battalion at Ondangwa, SWATF 53 Battalion emblem.jpg
 * SADF's 54 Battalion at Eenhana, 54 SWATF battalion.jpg
 * 101 Battalion at Ondangwa and
 * 102 Battalion at Opuwa,

Combined SADF and SWATF forces in Sector 10

 * SADF's Air Force Base Ondangwa,
 * SADF's 5 Maintenance Unit at Ondangwa,
 * SADF's Sector 10 Training Unit at Oshivelo,
 * SADF's Sector 10 Signals Unit at Oshikati,
 * SADF's Sector 10 Maintenance Unit at Oshikati,
 * SADF's Sector 10 Provost Unit at Oshikati,
 * SADF's 25 Engineering Squadron at Oshakati, and
 * SADF's 61 Mechanised Battalion Group at Omuthiya (although not SWATF, 61 Mech had its origins in South West Africa)

Sector 20
(Kavango and Western Caprivi) – HQ Rundu

 * SADF's 55 Battalion at Nepara. SWATF 55 Battalion.jpg
 * 32 Battalion at Buffalo. SADF 32 Battalion SSI.svg
 * 201 Battalion at Omega base,
 * 202 Battalion at Rundu and
 * 203 Battalion at Mangeti.

Special Service Companies for quick reaction
These frontline Sectors also had immediate reaction forces (Special Service Companies) to deal with any attack and were primarily infantry company strength and fully motorised.

 * 905 SSC was based at Nepara in Sector 20 and deployed on Buffels.
 * 906 SSC was based at Omahoni in Sector 20 and deployed on Buffels. Local Kwanyama troops made up the bulk of the personnel.

SADF units in Sector 20

 * SADF's Air Force Base Rundu and
 * SADF's 6 Maintenance Unit at Rundu.

Sector 70
(Eastern Caprivi) – HQ Mpacha Encompassed the Eastern Caprivi covering the Zambian border from Cuado to the Zambezi River.
 * SWATF 701 Battalion, at Mpacha with attached SWATF armoured car and artillery battery. SWATF 701 Battalion emblem.jpg

SADF units in Sector 70

 * SADF's Air Force Base at Mpacha,
 * SADF's Navy Marine Company utilized for river patrols, and
 * SADF's 9 Maintenance Unit at Mpacha.

Countrywide Sectors
Apart from the Frontline Sectors, four additional Sectors existed. 26 Area Force Units, similar to the South African commando system, was established for these less vulnerable parts of the territory.

Sector 30
HQ Otjiwarongo (Citadel).

 * 301 Bn at Otjiwarongo. SWATF 301 Battalion emblem.jpg

SWATF Otjiwarongo AME (Area Force Unit – Area Mag Eenheid), Outjo AME, Grootfontein AME, Tsumeb AME, Herreroland AME, Ethosa AME, Otavi AME, Damaraland AME and UIS PL. Its area of responsibility was likewise the Grootfontein, Tsumeb, Otavi, Outjo, Otjiwarongo, Hereroland and Damaraland regions.

SADF Units in Sector 30

 * SADF's Air Force Base Grootfontein
 * SADF's Northern Logistics Command at Grootfontein comprising:
 * NLC 101 Workshop
 * NLC Provost Unit
 * NLC 6 Signals Unit
 * NLC 16 Maintenance Unit

Sector 40
HQ Windhoek.

SWATF Alte Feste AME, Khomas AME, Hochl AME, Okahandja AME, Omaruru AME, Swakopmund AME, Rehoboth AME, Katatura AME and Khomasdal AME.

Other Units in this Sector:
 * Regiment Windhoek
 * 1 SWA Provost Unit

Sector 50
HQ Gobabis.

SWATF Aranos AME, Auob AME, Bo-Nossob AME, Aminius PL, Gobabis AME, Rietfont AME, Mariental AME and Maltahohe AME.

Sector 60
HQ Keetmanshoop.

SWATF Karasburg AME, Keetmanshop AME, Hoop AME, Bethanien AME, Oranjemund AME, Luderitz AME and Namaland AME.

Aircrews
While the SWATF relied heavily on the South African Air Force for combat and heavy logistics transportation, it did have its own Air Wing, which consisted mainly of civilian aircraft.

1 SWA Commando Squadron was established as 112 Air Commando on 24 September 1963 in Windhoek. The unit was staffed by volunteer civilian aircraft. From 1968, control of 112 Commando squadron passed from the SA Army to the SAAF and it was transferred to Light Aircraft Command. In 1970, it was disbanded, but in 1980 it was re-established as part of the SWATF.

Armoured

 * Buffel APC/MRAP
 * Casspir APC/MRAP
 * Eland Mk7 Armoured Car
 * Wolf APC manufactured by Windhoeker Maschinenfabrik

Soft-skinned

 * Samil 20
 * Samil 50
 * Samil 100
 * Kwêvoël 100

Counterinsurgency
A lot of effort was used to interdict insurgent groups that had crossed over the Angolan border. These Insurgents were on foot, but knew the land and moved fast. There have been stories of the insurgents moving incredible distances with little supplies, whilst being chased and if cornered putting up a good resistance to their followers. Adrenaline injections were found at some of the incident scenes after a fire fight.

These insurgents were normally stalked by using trained trackers, who directed the reaction force. In some instances a stopper group was choppered in to cut off the insurgents before they reached the border.

Demobilisation
Under UN resolution 435, the United Nations Transition Assistance Group was mobilised, while SWATF was demobilised, its strength in the last years of operation was at about 22,000. Special arrangements were made for two San units of SWATF, as they originated from local tribal communities. They were thus allocated land near their previous bases.

All citizen force units were demobilised.

The SWATF was completely demobilised on 1 June 1989.

Withdrawal of some units to South Africa
UN Resolution 435 additionally called on South Africa to reduce its forces in Namibia to 12,000 before the start of any peace process and finally to 1,500 by 1989. Several thousand former SWATF members, especially from the San people who feared reprisals or intimidation, left for South Africa with the withdrawing SADF.

32 Battalion, whose members to a large extent could not claim Namibian citizenship, also withdrew to South Africa completely.

title: South West Africa Territorial Force


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Pontus De la Gardie

Baron Pontus De la Gardie (c. 1520 – 5 November 1585) was a French nobleman and general in the service of Denmark and Sweden.

Life and career
He was born Ponce d'Escouperie in Caunes-Minervois (Aude), Languedoc, a son of Jacques Escoperier and X Armengaud. As a youngster, he wanted to become a priest and was educated in a monastery. He changed his mind, however, and left Languedoc to become a mercenary in the service of Denmark. De la Gardie was promoted to officer and was in charge of a regiment of mercenaries. In 1565, during the Northern Seven Years' War, he was captured by Swedish troops at Varberg and changed allegiance to Sweden. De la Gardie quickly became a favourite of John III of Sweden and in 1569, after only four years in the Swedish service, he received nobility status. In 1571, he was created a baron and was given Ekholmen Castle.

Alleged involvement in Mornay plot
He was suspected to have taken part in the Mornay plot to assassinate John III. The plot was led by Charles de Mornay, who was in contact with Christina of Denmark and the French ambassador in Copenhagen Charles Dancay. John III was to be killed during a sword dance performed by Scottish mercenaries at the party which was to be given in October that year before the Scottish mercenaries departure to the Baltic. After the assassination, the king's brother Duke Charles was to be placed upon the throne. The plot did not materialize as de Mornay lost his nerve and never gave the sign to the mercenaries to take action. In September 1574, the plot was revealed and Charles de Mornay was arrested, interrogated and executed. It was never made clear who participated in the plot. However, it is noted that the suspected conspirators Hogenskild Bielke, Gustaf Banér and Pontus De la Gardie often gathered at meetings in the apartment of Princess Elizabeth of Sweden, meetings where Princess Cecilia of Sweden had also frequently been seen, and the two sisters and their brother Charles were somewhat compromised though they were never accused. Pontus De la Gardie was himself never put on trial for his suspected involvement in the affair.

Service during the Livonian War
After Clas Åkesson Tott's resignation as the supreme commander of the Swedish forces in Finland and Estonia as a consequence of the Siege of Wesenberg during the Livonian War, de la Gardie took over Tott's office. De la Gardie's skills, combined with the fact that Sweden's enemy Russia had to transfer troops to defend against Polish attacks further south, led to considerable military success for Sweden during the following years. In the fall of 1580, Karelia was conquered. De la Gardie led his troops over the frozen Gulf of Finland to capture the fortresses of Wesenberg (now Rakvere) and Tolsburg (now Toolse). In September 1581, Narva was taken after a storming that had been preceded by a massive bombardment. 4,000 soldiers and civilians were killed, pointing out the fact that De la Gardie was not only a skillful warrior, but a cruel and hard commander as well. De la Gardie and his Swedish troops went on to capture the fortress of Ivangorod and several other fortresses that autumn. In 1582, the war with Russia ended and Sweden got to keep the conquests made in Karelia and Ingria, but had to withdraw from Livonia.

De la Gardie was the most renowned military commander in Sweden during the 16th century and has been credited with much of the country's military success in the 1580s. An example of his ingenuity was the strategy of using zigzag shaped saps during the siege of Narva, a new technique at the time.

De la Gardie drowned in the Narva River and is buried in St Mary's Cathedral of Tallinn. His tomb chest is made by well-known artist and architect Arent Passer.

Family
On 4 February 1580, De la Gardie married Sofia Johansdotter Gyllenhielm (ca.1556-1583), the illegitimate daughter of John III of Sweden and a Finnish lady, Karin Hansdotter. During the wedding, a gallery in the church collapsed and one person was killed. Some sceptics claimed it was a bad omen or a divine act with which God condemned the marriage.

Pontus De la Gardie and Sofia Gyllenhielm had three children:
 * 1) Brita Pontusdotter De la Gardie  (1581–1645)
 * 2) Baron Johan De la Gardie (1582–1642), statesman of the Swedish Empire
 * 3) Count and Field Marshal Jacob De la Gardie (1583–1652)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pontus De la Gardie


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USS La Vallette (DD-315)

USS LaVallette (DD-315) was a Clemson-class destroyer in service with the United States Navy from 1920 to 1930. She was scrapped in 1931.

Description
The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding Wickes-class destroyer although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced 1290 LT at standard load and 1389 LT at deep load. They had an overall length of 314 ft, a beam of 30 ft and a draught of 10 ft. They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 27000 shp intended to reach a speed of 35 kn. The ships carried a maximum of 371 LT of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of 2500 nmi at 20 kn.

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
La Vallette, named for Elie A. F. La Vallette, was laid down 14 April 1919 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, San Francisco, California; launched 15 July 1919; sponsored by Miss Nancy Lane, daughter of the Secretary of the Interior; and commissioned 24 December 1920. Homeported at San Diego, California throughout her service La Vallette participated in the intensive training schedule through which the peacetime Navy maintained its readiness. West coast operations were highlighted by annual Pacific Fleet battle practice in Hawaiian or Panamanian waters. In 1924 and 1927, La Vallette transited the Panama Canal for Caribbean maneuvers, participating in a presidential review by Calvin Coolidge 4 June 1927.

As early as 1922 La Vallette participated in antiaircraft training, and witnessed the growing importance of naval aviation while serving as plane guard for USS Lexington (CV-2) during the destroyer's final months of service. Also in 1922, La Valette was the first duty station of Ensign (later Vice-Admiral, permanent rank) Hyman G. Rickover, ' Father of the Nuclear Navy'. She decommissioned at San Diego 19 April 1930, and on 10 June 1931 was scrapped in accordance with the London Naval Treaty.

title: USS La Vallette (DD-315)


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Luján, Buenos Aires

Luján (pronounced ) is a city in the Buenos Aires province of Argentina, located 68 km north west of the city of Buenos Aires. The city was founded in 1755 and has a population of 106,899 (per the ).

Luján is best known for its large neo-gothic Basilica, built in honor of the Virgin of Luján, the patron saint of Argentina. Every year, more than six million people make pilgrimages to the basilica, many walking there from Buenos Aires. The city is known as La Capital de la Fe (Capital of the Faith). It is a popular day-trip for non-believers too, with abundant grill restaurants (like most places in Argentina) and souvenir shops with kitsch religious memorabilia.

The church was designed by the French architect Ulderico Courtois and started in 1889, completed by 1937. Its towers stand 106m high and it has a copper roof and bronze doors. The huge church towers over the surrounding flat country and houses the tiny 38 cm high statue of the Virgin. A large and important organ by French builder Cavaille-Coll stands in the gallery in a state of deterioration, although efforts are underway to see to its restoration.

Luján is also home to the Enrique Udaondo museum complex, housing exhibitions of colonial life in the house of the Viceroy and old town hall, with art, uniforms, silverware and transport with many antique vehicles including Plus Ultra the first hydroplane to cross from Europe to Argentina and La Porteña, Argentina's first steam locomotive operated by Ferrocarril Oeste. Also on display are the prison cells where Colonel William Carr Beresford, commander of the 1806 British invading forces, and General Cornelio Saavedra, president of the first national government (Primera Junta) in 1810, were held.

Since 1987, Benedictine monks of the Cono-Sur Congregation have resided at Abadía de San Benito on the outskirts of Luján. In addition to providing retreat facilities for the residents of the city, the monks support themselves by means of agriculture and publishing.

The nearby city of Mercedes is seat of the Bishop of Mercedes and Luján. Luján is the principal settlement of the Lujan Partido or municipality. The city has a railway and bus station and is easily reached from Buenos Aires.

title: Luján, Buenos Aires


text:
Talk:Robert Carter III

Untitled
This page has serious errors. The bio describes Robert Carter III, grandson of Robert "KIng" Carter, richest man in North America. This connection is important to an understanding of his biography. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.209.195.246 (talk • contribs) July 24, 2005

I've revised the page extensively, but can't find the citation in Levy's book for the quote in the letter to Mrs. Maund. I don't know how to do the citation needed bit so it shows in blue next to the quote, and I'm far away from the archives that hold his papers. I also haven't been able to yet locate the Swedenborgian history, which is another possible source, and which might enable me to break down the final years section (I know the priest returned to the Episcopal Church but don't know if Carter did as well, only that Swedenborgians always opposed slavery). Finally, I know the citation for the final legal case is wrong, since it has no title, but again am not in a location where I can correct it.Jweaver28 (talk) 15:05, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

Robert Carter Nicholas
I just removed the hyperlink for Robert Carter Nicholas, because it redirected to a page about "Robert C. Nicholas," who was a Louisiana-born senator in the early 19th century, obviously not the same person as the cousin of Robert Carter III, who currently does not have a wikipedia page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.207.107.5 (talk) 13:54, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Carter III


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Centaurea calcitrapa

Centaurea calcitrapa is a species of flowering plant known by several common names, including red star-thistle and purple star thistle. It is native to Europe but is rarely found there, it is known across the globe as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. The species name calcitrapa comes from the word caltrop, a type of weapon covered in sharp spikes.

Description
This an annual or biennial plant growing erect to a maximum height of one to 1.3 metres.

The stems are hairless and grooved.

It sometimes takes the shape of a mound, and it is finely to densely hairy to spiny. The leaves are dotted with resin glands. The lowermost may reach a length of 20 centimeters and are deeply cut into lobes. The inflorescence contains a few flower heads. Each is 1.5 to 2 centimeters long and oval in general shape. The phyllaries are green or straw-colored and tipped in tough, sharp yellow spines. The head contains many bright purple flowers. The fruit is an achene a few millimeters long which lacks a pappus.

It flowers from July until September, and the seeds ripen from August to October.

The Red Star-thistle has been identified as a Priority Species by the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. It is identified as 'vulnerable' by the UNIC and is listed as Nationally Rare in the UK Red Data Book. There is no national or Sussex BAP for this species.

Native distribution

 * Albania
 * Algeria
 * Austria
 * Baltic states
 * Bulgaria
 * Cape Verde
 * Cyprus
 * Czech Republic
 * Egypt
 * Sinai Peninsula

 * In France
 * Corsica

 * Greece
 * Crete
 * Dodecanese
 * North Aegean islands

 * Hungary
 * Iran
 * Italy
 * Sardinia
 * Sicily

 * Lebanon
 * Morocco
 * Portugal
 * Madeira

 * Romania
 * Saudi Arabia
 * Slovakia
 * Spain
 * Balearic Islands
 * Canary Islands

 * Sudan
 * Syria
 * Tunisia
 * Turkey
 * East Thrace
 * North Aegean islands

 * Ukraine
 * Crimea

 * former Yugoslavia

Introduced distribution

 * In Australia
 * South Australia
 * Tasmania
 * Victoria

 * Belgium
 * In Canada
 * Ontario

 * France
 * Germany
 * Great Britain
 * Western Himalaya
 * Ireland
 * Netherlands
 * Norway
 * Pakistan
 * Poland
 * In South Africa
 * Cape Provinces
 * Free State

 * Switzerland
 * Uruguay
 * In the United States:
 * Alabama
 * Arizona
 * California
 * Washington, D.C.
 * Florida
 * Georgia
 * Illinois
 * India
 * Iowa
 * Maryland
 * Massachusetts
 * New Jersey
 * New Mexico
 * New York State
 * Oregon
 * Pennsylvania
 * Utah
 * Virginia
 * Washington

Uses
In western Crete, Greece a local variety called gourounaki (γουρουνάκι - little pig) has its leaves eaten boiled by the locals. A south Italian variety of the species is also traditionally consumed by ethnic Albanians (Arbëreshë people) in the Vulture area (southern Italy). In the Arbëreshë communities in Lucania the young whorls of Centaurea calcitrapa are boiled and fried in mixtures with other weedy non cultivated greens.

Herbicides
Picloram + 2,4-D, low volatile ester 2,4-D, Dicamba, and Fluroxypyr + Aminopyralid are recommended for use in New South Wales, and aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron, aminopyralid, chlorsulfuron, clopyralid, clopyralid + 2,4-D, dicamba, diflufenzopyr + dicamba, picloram, and triclopyr + clopyralid for the Pacific Northwest of North America.

Herbicide resistance
Picloram + 2,4-D, low volatile ester 2,4-D, Dicamba, and Fluroxypyr + Aminopyralid all carry a "moderate" risk of producing resistance in C. calcitrapa.

Similar species

 * Centaurea aspera, known as rough star-thistle. The main difference is the bract appendages are palmately arranged.
 * Centaurea solstitialis, known as yellow star thistle. Differs in having yellow flowers palmately arranged, spiny bract appendages, with middle spine only 1 to 2 cm.

title: Centaurea calcitrapa


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Muhammad Imaaduddeen VI

Sultan Haji Muhammad Imaaduddeen VI Iskandar was the sultan of the Maldives from 1893 to 1902. Sultan Imaaduddeen was born on 25 October 1868 to Prince Hassan Izzuddeen and Maandhoogey Dhon Didi. He was the younger half brother of Sultan Muhammad Mueenuddeen II [Kuda Bandaarain] and the grandson of Sultan Muhammad Imaduddeen IV of the Maldive islands. Despite being the eldest son of the latter, his father Prince Hassan Izzuddeen was removed from the line of succession on account of his blindness.

Sultan Imaaduddeen VI ascended the throne on 20 July 1893. After his Hajj pilgrimage he became famous with the name as Haji Imaadudeen. He spoke fluent Urdu and Arabic. Sultan Imaaduddeen VI went to Egypt to marry his fiancé Sharifaa Hanim, and while he was there he was deposed from the throne.

He died on 30 September 1932 and was buried in Cairo, the capital of Egypt.

title: Muhammad Imaaduddeen VI


text:
Toy Matinee

Toy Matinee was a short-lived American rock band, which released one eponymous album. Their sound featured an array of influences, including progressive rock, album-oriented rock and pop reminiscent of both the Beatles and the Beach Boys.

Around the end of 1988, Patrick Leonard approached bassist Guy Pratt about forming a band and helping him audition and recruit members, as the two had become friends through working on Madonna's Like a Prayer (song) song and I'm Breathless album, and other material previously. Pratt agreed and from then through the beginning of 1989, they recruited singer/lyricist/multi-instrumentalist Kevin Gilbert, drummer Brian MacLeod, and guitarist Tim Pierce to complete the ensemble. Pratt recalls that for various legal reasons he never signed up as a full member of the band despite being in at the start of the project and co-writing half of the songs on the band's only album, which featured guest appearances from other musicians including Julian Lennon. The album was engineered and produced by Bill Bottrell, and released by Reprise Records in 1990.

The album's themes covered a broad ground. The lead single and album opener "Last Plane Out" came from a long standing fascination Pratt had with the idea of the last flight out of a war zone, and the tracks "Turn It On Salvador" and "Remember My Name" were dedicated to painter Salvador Dalí, and Czech poet and political figure Václav Havel respectively. "Queen of Misery" is about Madonna; Leonard was the singer's longtime songwriting and producing partner, and he and most of the other members of Toy Matinee had worked on Madonna's I'm Breathless album—Leonard as producer/writer/keyboardist, Pratt on bass, Gilbert and Bottrell as producers and engineers, and Pierce on guitar.

After the album was released, Pratt went on tour with Pink Floyd to promote their Momentary Lapse of Reason album, a commitment he had made prior to the project beginning (and being engaged at the time to Gala Wright, daughter of Pink Floyd's keyboard player Richard Wright, one he was loath to break). MacLeod and Pierce moved on to other session work, and Leonard was not interested in being part of a tour that involved replacing so many of the original members. Gilbert took on that role himself instead, assembling a promotional band for the album which featured Gilbert's then girlfriend, Sheryl Crow, on keyboards, Marc Bonilla on guitar, Spencer Campbell on bass and Toss Panos on drums. There was short tour in the spring of 1991 around mostly the west coast.

A 1991 live recording of Gilbert and this touring band performing songs from the album was released in 2010 as Kevin Gilbert Performs Toy Matinee Live at the Roxy. The group engaged in heavy radio promotion wherever possible, most notably frequent appearances on the Mark & Brian show on Los Angeles-area station KLOS.

Two of the songs on Toy Matinee—"The Ballad of Jenny Ledge" and "Last Plane Out"—received wide play on AOR stations partly due to Gilbert's promotional work, both of them peaking at No. 23 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Despite the chart success of the singles, the album's highest U.S. chart position was No. 129, and sales were enough below expectations that many unsold copies of the CD were widely available as cut-outs in the early '90s.

Gilbert went on to do additional work with Bottrell, including Sheryl Crow's debut album and solo projects. In 1994, Leonard and former Mr. Mister frontman Richard Page released the album Meanwhile as Third Matinee. Leonard has revealed that he spoke to Gilbert about doing "another project" shortly before Gilbert's untimely death in 1996 ended any possibility of a second Toy Matinee album. Retrospectively, Tim Pierce has called Toy Matinee "the greatest band he ever joined", while Guy Pratt has dubbed it "one of the coolest projects he was ever involved with."

Personnel

 * Album musicians
 * Kevin Gilbert – vocals, guitar, bouzouki, keyboards, bass (track 9)
 * Patrick Leonard – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Brian MacLeod – drums, percussion
 * Tim Pierce – guitar
 * Guy Pratt – bass (all tracks except 9)
 * Bill Bottrell – guitar, percussion, backing vocals
 * Sal's Clarinet Trio: Jon Clarke, Jon Kip, Donald Markese – clarinet
 * Julian Lennon – backing vocals (2, 3)
 * Durga McBroom – backing vocals (3)
 * Live band
 * Kevin Gilbert – vocals, guitars, bouzouki, keyboards
 * Marc Bonilla – guitars, backing vocals
 * Spencer Campbell – bass, backing vocals
 * Sheryl Crow – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Toss Panos – drums, percussion

Surround releases
In 1999 the album was remixed into surround by DTS Entertainment by Elliot Scheiner, and released as a DTS encoded 5.1 compact disc with a slightly altered version of the first track, "Last Plane Out". A second DTS version was released in 2001 as a DVD-Audio title, using Meridian Lossless Packing and a 2.0 channel stereo version of the album encoded in Dolby Digital. The 2001 stereo remaster and the 2.0 Dolby Digital version on the DVD-Audio release all include the alternate "Last Plane Out". None of the bonus tracks are included on either surround release.

title: Toy Matinee


text:
Convention on Road Traffic

Convention on Road Traffic can refer to:

 * The Convention on Road Traffic signed in Geneva in 1949, commonly known as the 'Geneva Convention on Road Traffic'
 * The Convention on Road Traffic signed in Vienna in 1968, commonly known as the 'Vienna Convention on Road Traffic'

title: Convention on Road Traffic


text:
Knightley, Staffordshire

Knightley is a hamlet and former manor in Staffordshire, England. It is situated near the villages of Gnosall and Woodseaves, now on the B5405 road.

There is a church, an agricultural contractor, a few farms and houses and an old blacksmiths.

The hamlet is on the site of a former Roman military station, which was called Mediolanum.

de Knightley family
The prominent de Knightley family originated at the Staffordshire manor of Knightley, acquired by them shortly after the Norman Conquest of 1066. The Domesday Book of 1086 lists the tenant of Chenistelei as Rainald, namely "Reginald the Sheriff", who held 88 manors throughout England, said to be the ancestor of this family. Mark Noble (1787) wrote of the de Knightley family:
 * There is no private family in the kingdom has given more knights; none which has been more numerous in its branches; some of them have almost rivalled the eldest in consequence, and that fettled in France surpassed them, having many centuries ago been declared noble; the alliances they have contracted have been equal to themselves, and the many high offices held by them in the state, have been exceeded only by the very large possessions they have constantly had.

In 1415 Sir Richard Knightley purchased the manor of Fawsley in Northamptonshire, where the senior line of the family became seated. Branches of the family became Knightley baronets, of which two titles were created, and in 1892 Rainald Knightley, 1st Baron Knightley (1819-1895) was created Baron Knightley "of Fawsley" in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

title: Knightley, Staffordshire


text:
Æthelburg of Wessex

Æthelburg (also Æthelburh or Ethelburga) (ca. 673–740) was Queen of Wessex by marriage to King Ine of Wessex. Perhaps most famed for her act in 722, when she destroyed the stronghold of Taunton (which had been built by Ine) in an attempt to find the rebel Ealdbert.

Life
Æthelburg was born circa 673. She was the wife of King Ine of Wessex. Æthelburg is considered by some historians to be one of the few Anglo-Saxon women warriors. In 722, Æthelburg burned down the city of Taunton, a city built by Ine. Æthelburg's exact motivations for burning down the city are not clear, but she was either trying to find the rebel Ealdbert or she was trying to prevent Taunton from being taken by the rebels. In 726 Æthelburg went on a pilgrimage to Rome with her husband King Ine of Wessex who had abdicated the throne, he left no clear heir. Both Æthelburg and King Ine died in Rome.

Legacy
Æthelburg is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor. In The Dinner Party the character Æthelburg is actually a combination of Æthelburg of Wessex and Æthelburg of Kent, which she is often confused with. She is associated with the place setting for Theodora.

title: Æthelburg of Wessex


text:
Talk:The Secret History

Film
Does anyone have any news on The Secret History film? I heard Gwyneth Paltrow was producing, but haven't heard anything further.

Fair use rationale for Image:The Secret History, front cover.jpg
Image:The Secret History, front cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:44, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Julian knew?
Shouldn't this unsourced speculative comment be dropped? If Julian knew, then what is evidence of that in the plot? If he knew, he could simply destroy the letter and continue teaching. If he knew, then such undercuts the entire point of the moment when he sees the letterhead. Pepso2 23:53, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay, I deleted those two sentences, as per my comment above: unsourced, speculative and no internal evidence in the narrative. Pepso2 22:35, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Trivia section reinsertion
An IP editor has reinserted the trivia section twice. There are several reasons why this section is unnecessary/redundant/pointless/insignificant etc: If you still believe the information belongs in this article, please obtain consensus for it here rather than reverting. Thanks, Somno (talk) 10:03, 3 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Per WP:TRIVIA, trivia sections should be avoided and the content integrated into the text. It is not possible to integrate this content into the text because there is no logical place for it.
 * Julian Morrow from The Chaser was born with the name "Julian Morrow". He didn't choose it based on the book, but even if he had, that would belong in his article, not the book's article.
 * That The Hampdens chose their band name based on the book is mentioned in their article. It is not necessary to duplicate this information here because it's irrelevant -- 99.99% of the people reading this article will not know who The Hampdens are, and therefore will not find the information interesting. (And this is coming from an Australian who has heard of The Hampdens.)

Cross-references
The Bret Easton Ellis book The Rules of Attraction (published 1987) refers explicitly to The Secret History, which is perhaps appropriate to include within Trivia/Popular Culture. As I don't own the book I am unable to quote the page number but this is easily overcome. Thoughts on re-insertion of Trivia.. or another heading..? greatly appreciated. Many thanks, VerySplendid (talk) 14:01, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I added. Thanks. Pepso2 (talk) 15:50, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Uh, how could a novel published in 1987 refer a book published in 1992? Ifnkovhg (talk) 06:28, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Ellis and Tartt knew each other during the early 1980s when she began writing her novel. Pepso2 (talk) 07:12, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I thought it might be something like that, but maybe the article should be explicit? I'm going to bed. Ifnkovhg (talk) 08:03, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Henry Breaks Down?
Is this a correct interpretation? Is it anything other than an interpretation? I'm hesitant to inject my own take (as I fear original research), but it might be just as valid to say that Henry's comments about being "liberated" by the murder are possibly a return to the earlier Dionysian-bacchanalia theme. Henry is certainly presented as an atypical (and possibly sociopathic) personality, but I'm not certain that he is any more (or less) 'crazy' after the murder than he was beforehand. Would welcome others' opinions before I go on a cowboy-edit crusade. Sskoog (talk) 14:51, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

A.E.Houseman
'With rue my heart is laden'

The choice of this poem to be read at the funeral by Henry is very apt contrary to the thoughts of Richard and Julian, who of all people should have known better! Houseman was a classicist - Professor of Latin at London and Cambridge who wrote what appear to be simple poems in the language of soldiers and farm boys. However this poem is far from simple - an elegaic poem of two stanzas written in trochaic trimeter rhyming abab cdcd. Houseman has taken considerable care over the poem using assonance consonance and sibilance to convey his meaning. Readers should also note his onomatopaeic forms and the use of metaphor and simile and other figures of speech in this very short poem. Julian would certainly have known of and read some of Houseman's work on the Latins as of course would Henry. Bunny evidently loved the poem - what better to read than this - I'm sure Henry's heart was rue laden with,as he thought,having to kill Bunny. Don't write off Houseman as a poet - he's clever! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.76.193.215 (talk) 18:13, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

Article on the cover
I don't know anything about the book, but thought it would be prudent for me to link to an interesting article on this book's equally interesting cover. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/f26dc6fc-2fe3-11e0-a7c6-00144feabdc0.html?ftcamp=rss#axzz1DI8nxqYR – if anyone's looking to improve this article to any degree, this should be an essential resource. Seegoon (talk) 16:41, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

Theme statements need a source
The following info, removed from the article:
 * On a deeper level, highlighted by many literary references and allusions, the novel undertakes a complex analysis of truth versus beauty, aesthetics versus justice, social constraints compared to the desire for liberation, and an examination of the relationships that exist behind social structure, particularly relationships of power and control.   Early on, the question arises: "Does such a thing as 'the fatal flaw,' that showy dark crack running down the middle of a life, exist outside literature? I used to think it didn't. Now I think it does. And I think that mine is this: a morbid longing for the picturesque at all costs." This theme continues throughout the novel as Richard is repeatedly confronted with the separation of literary and artistic beauty as he would capture and report it, compared to reality as it unfolds.

cannot return to the article without citation, as it seems composed of entirely Original Research. - Jack Sebastian (talk) 21:08, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Charles came to the hotel room to kill Richard not Henry.
That's what I read. Anyone else agree? Hannaschott (talk) 02:05, 14 July 2016 (UTC)

"Henry inadvertently killed a local farmer", hm...
It is nowhere stated explicitly that Henry (or another member of the group) indeed killed the farmer. Noone really remembers the event. The traces hint to an animal: Charles suffered a non-human bite on his arm. The wounds of the farmer were to severe to be done by humans. Henry hit at something he did not recognize, but thought was the farmer. Later in the book it is mentioned that there are mountain lions living nearby. Reading the book again once being aware of this possibility, I find it hard to avoid the idea that a mountain lion killed the farmer. In particular this gives the story an entire new twist. Maybe one should change "Henry ... killed" to "Henry ... assumed to have killed"? Frettloe (talk) 13:11, 24 January 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: LIT 3319 Contexts
— Assignment last updated by Rayaxj (talk) 19:49, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Secret History


text:
Caliban (Marvel Comics)

Caliban is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #148 (Aug. 1981), by writer Chris Claremont and artist Dave Cockrum. A mutant with the ability to sense other mutants, he was originally a member of the Morlocks. He was also a member of the X-Factor, X-Men, X-Force and The 198. He was chosen twice by Apocalypse as one of the Horsemen of Apocalypse, first as Death and the second time as Pestilence, and Apocalypse also enhanced his superpowers through genetic manipulation.

The character was portrayed in film by Tómas Lemarquis in X-Men: Apocalypse (2016) and his alternate older version by Stephen Merchant in Logan (2017).

Publication history
Caliban's first appearance was in The Uncanny X-Men #148 (Aug. 1981), written by Chris Claremont and illustrated by Dave Cockrum.

Fictional character biography
He is born an albino mutant with a pale complexion and large yellow eyes. At some point in his life, he is banished from his home by his father, who called him Caliban, after a character from the play The Tempest by William Shakespeare.

Growing up, a still young Caliban, who speaks in the third person, is discovered by the mutant Callisto and taken under her wing. Learning of his mutant tracking ability, Callisto uses Caliban to locate other disenfranchised mutants and organizes them into the Morlocks, a band of homeless, rejected mutants. The founding Morlocks consist of Caliban, Callisto, Masque, Plague, and Sunder. The Morlocks live in the sewers and abandoned subway tunnels running underneath New York City, and, like Caliban, most of them had grotesque appearances.

Caliban senses the presence of nearby mutants and enters a New York City nightclub seeking their friendship. He finds Storm, Dazzler, Kitty Pryde, and the original Spider-Woman in the club, and has a misunderstood confrontation with them. Though the battle ends peacefully, Caliban returns to his home underground.

Shortly thereafter, Morlock leader Callisto desires a consort and has the Morlocks abduct Warren Worthington, the Angel and a member of the X-Men, to be her husband. The X-Men arrive in the sewers to rescue their ally, and Kitty is infected with a virus by Plague. Caliban takes her to his quarters to care for her. Kitty pleads with Caliban to allow her to assist her teammates. Caliban agrees, but only if she will return after the fight and stay with him. Though Kitty promised to stay with him forever, she left and returned home. Weeks later, Callisto, vengeful after losing a one-on-one battle with X-Men leader Storm, orders the Morlocks to kidnap Kitty to force her to marry Caliban, knowing Storm would return. Caliban, however, realized Kitty did not truly love him and released her from her promise. Kitty then became Caliban's friend.

Caliban was later temporarily magically merged with Professor X by Kulan Gath during a confrontation with the sorcerer.

X-Factor
During the Morlock massacre, X-Factor rescued Caliban from the Marauders, and Caliban swore vengeance upon the Marauders. With nowhere else to stay, he took up residence at X-Factor headquarters with several other surviving Morlocks. Soon, he forced Masque to undo damage to the Beast's face, and then returned to the Alley. However, shortly thereafter, Rictor went missing and Caliban volunteered to help X-Factor find him, officially joining the group at that point. Alongside X-Factor, he next battled the Horsemen of Apocalypse. Caliban voiced his wish for increased power, so Iceman began teaching Caliban unarmed combat. He next fought the Right's soldiers and was nearly killed by them; then he aided X-Factor in rescuing the Right's mutant captives.

Horseman of Apocalypse
Not long after that, X-Factor's immortal enemy Apocalypse kidnaps the entire team after changing Angel into Death. Caliban, intrigued by Apocalypse's transformation of the fallen Angel, betrays X-Factor and asks Apocalypse to do the same to him. Agreeing, Apocalypse promises to give Caliban enough power to gain revenge against the Marauders who killed his Morlock family. Caliban agrees to become Apocalypse's servant and locator of mutants. Apocalypse renames him Hellhound. Caliban senses the telepathic cry of Val-Or. Through genetic manipulation, Caliban becomes the second Horseman of Apocalypse known as Death.

When Apocalypse had re-located to the moon in a confrontation with the original X-Factor and the Inhumans, Caliban returns to the Morlock tunnels. There, he locates Sabretooth, a ferocious mutant and member of the Marauders, who is stalking the sewers to find and kill more Morlocks. In combat, Caliban breaks Sabretooth's back and leaves him for dead, not realizing that he has a healing factor. Caliban then attacks and defeats Archangel. He later finds and defeats Sabretooth again.

As Death, Caliban performs various tasks for his new master, serving as his warrior servant. During the X-Cutioner's Song, Caliban attacks former X-Factor members (and current X-Men) Jean Grey and Cyclops, under Apocalypse's (actually Mister Sinister posing as Apocalypse) orders. Alongside War and Famine, Caliban kidnaps Cyclops and Jean Grey so Apocalypse can give the pair to the mad telepath Stryfe, who believes the couple to be his parents. Famine, War, and Death then battle the X-Men and are defeated by them.

X-Force
Eventually, the loner Caliban defeats Apocalypse's control at the cost of his mental faculties. At one point, when Sabretooth is a reluctant X-Men member, the mutant detector kidnaps X-Man Jubilee in exchange for the savage mutant, but he flees when Sabretooth mauls his face.

Though mentally unwell, he retains enormous physical power and is befriended by the mutant Cable. Oddly, Caliban's color shifts from white and monstrous to a semi-friendly Ogre-like form that is purple in coloration. Cable invites Caliban to join his team X-Force. Caliban has many adventures with the team, such as confronting Mojo and his forces, and when Apocalypse's enemy Mister Sinister infiltrates the X-Mansion, Apocalypse's mental leash causes him to savagely maul Sinister. He also has several confrontations with Sabretooth during this time.

Return to Apocalypse
After some time, Apocalypse returns and takes Caliban away from X-Force. This time, Apocalypse makes him his new Horseman Pestilence (coincidentally, the former Pestilence was Caliban's Morlock ally Plague). This time, Apocalypse augments Caliban's physical power even more and gives him the ability to spread telepathic disease as well. This time, Apocalypse's horsemen include Ahab, Deathbird, and Wolverine. After Apocalypse is merged with Cyclops, Caliban tracks down the merged being, and is freed from his service shortly before Cable destroys Apocalypse's spirit.

Released from his servitude to Apocalypse, Caliban once more reverts to his childlike state although he retains the monstrous physique he attained through Apocalypse's machinations. Subsequently, Caliban is captured by an anti-mutant medical research facility called the Watchtower. The Watchtower wishes to use Caliban for their own purposes but he is freed by X-Force. Caliban has devolved into a feral mental state where he only grunts and snarls but he manages to help X-Force against a menace called the Skornn.

Post M-Day
After M-Day, Caliban turned up at the Xavier institute as a member of the 198. He is seen carrying the 198 banner, created by Erg, during the confrontation with O*N*E* over the "tracking chips" and again during Mr. M's exodus from the institute. He later helps the 198 escape with Domino and Shatterstar to one of Nick Fury's secret bases in the Nevada desert. Caliban was able to sense the stockpile of weapons in the base, but they were activated and locked down by Johnny Dee, a mutant who had puppet-like control over a fraction of the team. The original X-Men team went to collect the 198 but Bishop's pro-registration team stopped them. After a short battle, the two sides teamed up and, thanks to a joint effort by Cyclops and Bishop, were able to free the 198.

Seeking The X-Men
Caliban later aids the Uncanny X-Men team after he is seriously injured by Masque, and crawls his way back to the Xavier Institute. Caliban enters the Morlock Tunnels with Warpath, Storm, and Hepzibah and find what Masque was talking about.

Messiah Complex and Death
Caliban becomes part of a strike-force, who are in search of the first newborn mutant since Decimation, along with Wolverine, Wolfsbane, X-23, Warpath, and Hepzibah (all of whom, except Hepzibah, form the new incarnation of X-Force). During a battle with Lady Deathstrike and the Reavers, Caliban sacrifices himself to save Warpath by jumping into the path of a line of bullets meant for him. His death distracts Warpath making Wolverine the only X-Force member to chase down Cable.

Necrosha
During the Necrosha storyline, Caliban is revived through the Technarch transmode virus by Eli Bard and presented to Selene for the purpose of finding other dead mutants and resurrecting them by the same means, so Bard can sacrifice them and their powers to her. Caliban is later seen next to the grave of long time deceased New Mutants member Cypher and began reviving him. Through him Selene resurrected many deceased mutants, and as she faced X-Force, she digested their powerful life-force energies that would help extend her life.

Dawn of X
Caliban was one amongst the mutants who were killed by assailants who invaded Krakoa, the homeland of Homo Superior. He and the other mutants were revived by The Five.

Powers and abilities
Caliban is a mutant with the ability to psionically sense other mutants out to several miles away and track their movements. He also has the uncontrolled ability to psionically sense, absorb, and turn the psionic energy of fear radiated by humans against them, inducing more intense fear within their minds. He could also utilize fear from others to boost his strength to a level sufficient to easily overpower the original Spider Woman (Jessica Drew).

He is a formidable hand-to-hand combatant, having been trained by Iceman and later Apocalypse.

As Death, he attained superhuman strength, speed, agility, reflexes, coordination, balance, endurance, claws and fangs as well as imperviousness to physical injury through Apocalypse's genetic manipulation. He also has great skill at climbing and possesses superhuman leaping ability. He was also mentally conditioned to attack Apocalypse's former ally Mister Sinister on sight. His fear siphoning abilities had also been augmented and he can now control them as well as cast his power over a much wider net; not only gaining in strength from siphoning the anxiety of others but could harness strengthen and redistribute it in much stronger quantities by force of will. This facet of his bolstered power was dubbed the Shadow of Fear by Caliban himself.

As Pestilence, Apocalypse gave him the ability to generate a mental plague, a virus that attacks from within on the highest planes of the psyche and breaks down the mental functions of the target.

Being reverted to his original form by Masque, Caliban still appears to retain some superhuman strength affected by his adrenaline, as he was shown lifting rubble off of Skids that proved difficult for even Warpath to hoist.

After being reanimated through the Technarch transmode virus, his ability changed to psionically sense not living mutants but dead mutants.

Once resurrected after the rise of the new mutant homeland, he resumed his muscular physical appearance he had when he was a Horseman of Apocalypse and before Masque warped his excess flesh away.

Reception

 * In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked Caliban 89th in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list.

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse reality, Caliban was a henchman of the bounty hunter Domino, using his powers to track down Nate Grey. In this incarnation he is an egotistical coward who is nonetheless well-learned in literature and a skilled swordsman. He is killed by Toad, a member of the Outcasts.

House of M
In the House of M reality, Caliban is seen as a member of the Genoshan Black Ops version of the Marauders.

Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel reality, Caliban appears in the pages of Ultimate X-Men #82 as a member of the Ultimate Morlocks. His look is somewhat different, as he is now portrayed with a darker grey color instead of chalk white. He is also a stronger physical combatant and has the ability to change into a hulking monster.

X-Factor Forever
In X-Factor Forever, Caliban appeared as a henchman and Horseman of Apocalypse.

Television

 * Caliban appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Norm Spencer. This version is featured in several cameos as an associate of the Morlocks. In his most notable appearance in the episode "The Fifth Horseman", Fabian Cortez turns him into one of Apocalypse's Hounds until Jubilee frees Caliban.
 * Caliban appears in X-Men: Evolution, voiced by Michael Dobson.

Film

 * Caliban appears in X-Men: Apocalypse, portrayed by Tómas Lemarquis. This version is an underground broker.
 * Caliban appears in Logan, portrayed by Stephen Merchant. Years prior, he worked with the Transigen Project to locate mutants until he realized the error of his ways and went into hiding with other mutants. He was later recruited by Logan to help care for Charles Xavier. After being kidnapped by the Reavers, their leader Donald Pierce tortures Caliban into helping Transigen find Logan, Xavier, and Laura. Caliban complies but gives the Reavers minimal information to impede their progress until Dr. Zander Rice manipulates him into helping them properly by promising him that the trio will not be harmed. Upon seeing Transigen's clone operative X-24 kill Xavier, Caliban rebels against his captors and sacrifices himself to give Logan and Laura time to escape. Rice later recovers Caliban's body and orders his scientists to extract his tissue in the hopes of using his powers in future experiments.

Video games
Caliban appears in X-Men: Destiny, voiced by Bob Glouberman.

Merchandise

 * Caliban in his Horsemen of Apocalypse form received an action figure in Toy Biz's X-Force toy line.
 * A Build-A-Figure of Caliban was released in Hasbro's Marvel Legends line.

title: Caliban (Marvel Comics)


text:
Elie A. F. La Vallette

Elie Augustus Frederick La Vallette (May 3, 1790 – November 18, 1862) was an American military officer who served in the United States Navy from 1812 to 1862. He served during the War of 1812, in the Mediterranean and Africa Squadrons, and during the Mexican-American War. He was one of the first rear admirals appointed when Congress created the rank in July 1862. Two United States Navy vessels and the borough of Lavallette, New Jersey were named in his honor.

Career
La Vallette was born on May 3, 1790, in Alexandria, Virginia to a distinguished family of French origin. At the age of 10, he accompanied his father, a chaplain, on a cruise in the frigate USS Philadelphia (1799), commanded by Stephen Decatur, Sr.

After serving in the merchant marine, La Vallette entered the United States Navy on June 25, 1812, as sailing master. La Vallette distinguished himself during the battle, winning promotion and a medal. He received his commission as lieutenant on December 9, 1814.

He formally anglicized his name to Lavallette in 1830. Lavallette was promoted to master commandant on March 3, 1831, and to captain on February 23, 1840.

From 1842 to 1845, Lavallette served as commandant of the Navy Yard at Pensacola, Florida. During his time as commandant, a government contractor requested that Lavallette order his sailors to assist in the search for escaped slaves used in construction of the Navy Yard, but Lavallette refused.

During the Mexican–American War, Lavallette commanded the frigates USS Independence (1814) and the USS Congress (1841), directing operations against Guaymas in the Gulf of California on November 19–20, 1847. He played a key role in the capture of Mazatlán and in 1848, served as Military Governor of Mazatlán, and the crew of the Congress comprised the occupying garrison. In 1851 he commanded the Africa Squadron.

Death and legacy
Lavallette died on November 18, 1862, at the Philadelphia Naval Yard Hospital and was interred in Laurel Hill Cemetery.

Two destroyers of the United States Navy were named USS La Vallette in his honor.

The Borough of Lavallette, New Jersey was named in his honor and was co-founded by his son Albert T. Lavallette.

title: Elie A. F. La Vallette


text:
Matt Vogel (puppeteer)

Matthew James Vogel (born October 6, 1970) is an American puppeteer, actor and director known for his work with Sesame Workshop and The Muppets Studio. He has been the performer of Kermit the Frog since 2017 and the full-time performer of Big Bird since 2018.

Career
Vogel began his puppeteering career at the Jim Henson Company in 1996, joining Sesame Street as an ensemble puppeteer. Since 2008, Vogel has served as a director on the program and was appointed puppet captain in 2012.

In 1996, Vogel became the understudy performer for Big Bird, officially taking over the role in 2018 following Caroll Spinney's retirement. Vogel also served as the assistant puppeteer for Ernie on Sesame Street, working alongside Whitmire. Following Jerry Nelson's passing in 2012, Vogel assumed performing duties for Count von Count. Vogel has additionally performed Mr. Johnson, Biff, Herb the Dinosaur, Hansel, Forgetful Jones, Sherlock Hemlock, and one of the Yip-Yip Martians. Since 2013, Vogel has performed Alex, a Muppet addressing parental incarceration, for the Sesame Street in Communities initiative.

Since 2008, Vogel has been a principal cast performer with the Muppets, inheriting many of Nelson's character roles. Vogel has performed the characters Floyd Pepper, Uncle Deadly, Lew Zealand, Crazy Harry, Sweetums, Camilla the Chicken, Dr. Julius Strangepork, Pops, '80s Robot, and Constantine. In July 2017, Vogel was officially announced as the new performer for Kermit the Frog, succeeding Steve Whitmire in the role. His first performance as Kermit was in a "Muppets Thought of the Week" segment on YouTube. He performed Robin the Frog until 2017, when Peter Linz took over the role to allow Kermit and Robin to appear in scenes together.

In 2016, Vogel voiced the character Wilkins in Alice Through the Looking Glass.

Personal life
Vogel is originally from Kansas City, Kansas. As a child, he was a fan of both Sesame Street and The Muppet Show. Vogel interned at Mesner Puppet Theater where he played his first role of Victor Frankenstein in Paul Mesner Puppets’ production of “Frankenstein” in 1993. After 1993, he moved from Kansas City to New York. Vogel has been married to his wife Kelly C. McDonnell since August 31, 1997; together they have five children.

title: Matt Vogel (puppeteer)


text:
Jules Allard and Sons

The Parisian firm of Jules Allard and Sons (or Jules Allard et Fils), in business between 1878 and Allard's death in 1907, was one of the most notable interior decorating houses of the turn of the twentieth century. The firm opened a New York branch in 1885. Allard's Paris origin reinforced the firm's credibility in composing "high style" French interiors for the American elite, at times employing authentic boiseries, mirrors and chimneypieces, skillfully extended and adapted for results that were comprehensive, acceptably correct from an academic point of view and socially conservative. Architectural fittings and sculpture were provided from the firm's ateliers, as well as furniture and upholstery, carpets, curtains and hangings.

Allard, who employed, retained and collaborated with architects, had an arrangement with the designer Eugène Prignot, with whom he formed a partnership for the New York branch of his business. Prignot also provided designs for the London furniture makers Jackson and Graham; his prize-winning designs for elaborate draperies and curtains were exhibited at World's Fairs and published in engravings. Allard's Paris showrooms were in rue de Châteaudun. According to the 1895 London street directory the company, 'Jules Allard & Sons, Decorators' also had a branch in the heart of London's architectural quarter at No.9 Buckingham Street, Adelphi, just off the Strand.

The French salon supplied by Allard at the William K. Vanderbilt House at 660 Fifth Avenue helped launch the taste for French dix-huitième interiors in New York City. This room and what was called a "lady's room" in the house of William Henry Vanderbilt at 640 Fifth Avenue ensured the American reputation of Jules Allard's firm (founded in 1878), which traded in New York as Allard and Sons from 1885, becoming the pre-eminent source for French architectural interiors until the death of Jules Allard in 1907. The firm was subsequently absorbed by Lucien Alavoine and Company.

In the leading northeastern resort of Newport, Rhode Island alone, Allard and Sons worked on the interiors of Richard Morris Hunt's The Breakers. There they cooperated with the decorator Ogden Codman, Jr. who permitted AF to be incorporated into the painted designs of the Music Room ceiling; that room and the state dining room, were entirely constructed in Allard's Paris workshops, disassembled, and shipped across the Atlantic. At Hunt's Marble House Allard's name is connected with the Gothic Room and is to be found on the bronze figures reclining on the pedimented mantel in the Grand Salon. Elsewhere in Newport, at The Elms, Allard's name is cast in the bronze lion and crocodile group on the terrace; Allard worked also at Vernon Court. Allard et Fils were the favored decorators of the architect Horace Trumbauer and of Stanford White, whose own New York house in Gramercy Park was fitted out to his own designs, by Jules Allard and his son, Georges.

Beginning with the highly finished ink and watercolor presentation sketches for interiors that Allard's draughtsmen could deliver through an architect the Allard workshops, working either with sketches or specification drawings from architects, could extend old panelling or equally well design and execute new, and finish their carved and molded surfaces with gilding and decorative painting, done in-house. Accurate reproductions of Louis XV and Louis XVI seat furniture could be built, gilded and upholstered. Allard maintained close connections with textile workshops to provide appropriate silks and velvets for upholstery, window curtains and portières.

title: Jules Allard and Sons


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Benjamin Vaughan (bishop)

Benjamin Noel Young Vaughan (25 December 1917 – 5 August 2003) was an Anglican priest.

He was born on Christmas Day 1917, the son of a Newport alderman, and took a first class degree in Classics at St David's University College, Lampeter. He then moved to St Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he achieved a second class degree in Theology, and Westcott House, Cambridge, where he trained for ordination.

Ordained in 1943, he served two curacies, in Llannon and Carmarthen - before going in 1948 to teach theology at Codrington College in Barbados, the main centre of Anglican theological training in the Caribbean. Several of his students went on to become bishops in the Church in the Province of the West Indies. After four years there, he returned to his alma mater at University of Wales, Lampeter to teach Old Testament and doctrine, from 1952 to 1955. He was Rector of Holy Trinity Cathedral, Port of Spain and Dean of Trinidad from 1955 to 1961; and Bishop Suffragan of Mandeville from 1961 to 1967. From 1967 until 1971 he served as Bishop of British Honduras (now the Anglican Diocese of Belize).

In 1971 he returned to Britain, and became dean of Bangor and assistant bishop in the Bangor diocese, giving assistance to the Archbishop of Wales, Gwilym Williams.

In 1976 Vaughan was elected Bishop of Swansea and Brecon, a post that he held until his retirement in 1987. Vaughan was affectionately referred to by his clergy as Beniamin Fychan (Welsh 'bychan' meaning small, in its mutated form 'fychan' from which the name Vaughan derives) in allusion to the Welsh of Psalm 68,v.27.

He died on 5 August 2003, aged 85.

title: Benjamin Vaughan (bishop)


text:
Ling Mengchu

Ling Mengchu (1580–1644) was a Chinese writer of the Ming Dynasty. He is best known for his vernacular short fiction collections Slapping the Table in Amazement (拍案驚奇), I and II.

Biography
Ling Mengchu was born into the Ling clan of Wucheng in northern Zhejiang province (modern day Wuxing District). His courtesy name was 'Xuanfang' (玄房) and his pseudonym was 'Chucheng' (初成).

His ancestors were government officials. His grandfather was named Ling Yueyan (凌约言). He was a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations of Ming Dynasty and in Nanjing served as an adjutant, managing legal affairs and prisons. Ling Mengchu's father was Ling Dizhi (凌迪知), styled Zhizhe (稚哲). He was a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations in 1556. He first worked in the Labor ministry as a leader, managing projects, water conservation, farmlands and so on. This was an unimportant position, but Ling Dizhi was studious and serious. Soon he was appreciated by the emperor of Ming Dynasty, and became tongpan (通判) of Ding Zhou government and Tong Zhou government.

At the time of Ling's birth, his family fortunes were declining. He had four brothers, and he was the fourth son in this family. He went to school when he was 12 and became Xiucai at age eighteen. By 1605 his mother died and he failed the next level of exams. Afterwards, he wrote Break with Ju Zi (绝交举子书). In 1623, he was 44 years old. He met with minister of the Ministry of Rites Zhu Guozhen (朱国桢). After that meeting, Ling Mengchu decided to take up writing. In 1634 he worked as a country magistrate in Shanghai. In 1637 he wrote Wu Sao He Bian (吴骚合编) with Zhang Xudong. 1643 he was promoted to tongpan of Xuzhou government.

In addition family members were actively engaged in the printing business with a local specialty of books in polychrome. The Wucheng area was adjacent to the commercial and cultural areas of Hangzhou and Suzhou where reading materials were in increasing demand. Ling Mengchu was certainly a merchant businessman and also certainly a traditional scholar with civil service ambitions.

The business motive of the Ling family was originally discussed by Ling Mengchu’s contemporary Xie Zhaozhe (谢肇浙 1567-1624) in his Wu zazu (五雜俎 - Five Assorted Offerings). Such were the times. Ling repeatedly failed at the examinations and did not take a government post until he was fifty-four. Ling would finally perish in fighting against the Li Zicheng led rebels in 1644. He is frequently associated with Feng Menglong.

Works
Ling’s Two Slaps collections of short stories (Slapping the Table in Amazement and Slapping the Table in Amazement, vol. 2) comprise a detailed composite portrait of his 17th century moral world, offering tales of virtue, vice, and adventure. Sometimes racy, often outrageous, and wildly imaginative, they have remained popular reading for centuries. While focusing on extraordinary events, the narratorial attitude alternates openness toward the unorthodox with reflexive Confucian conservatism, a mix also found in contemporaneous works such as Feng Menglong's Three Words trio of story collections and Zhang Yingyu's The Book of Swindles. Ling was most strongly influenced by Feng Menglong, whose success he acknowledged as having emboldened him to publish commercially.

In the prefatory material to his first short story collection he insisted it was infinitely more difficult to paint a likeness of a dog or horse one had actually seen than to render a ghost or goblin one had never observed (a quotation from Han Feizi).

title: Ling Mengchu


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Urge (song)

"Urge" is the second single from the album Endless, Nameless by The Wildhearts. The single was released in three different formats featuring different B-sides. Former guitarist Devin Townsend sings backing vocals on the CD1 B-side "Kill Me To Death". "Genius Penis" was written by drummer Ritch Battersby and features guest vocals by Vickie Perks from Fuzzbox.

CD1:

1. Urge  2. Fugazi (Do The Fake)  3. Kill Me To Death

CD2:

1. Urge  2. Zomboid  3. Genius Penis

7":

A. Urge  B. Lost Highway

Released: October 1997 · Label: Mushroom Records · UK Chart: No. 26 Formats: CD1 (MUSH14CD), CD2 (MUSH14CDX), 7" Vinyl (MUSH14S)

title: Urge (song)


text:
User:Who/RFAC

[ Vote here] (0/0/0) ending 00:00 00 Month 0000 (UTC)

Your nomination/description of the user  NOMINATOR signature

Comments on

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A.

title: User:Who/RFAC


text:
Bivouac shelter

A bivouac shelter or bivvy (alternately bivy, bivi, bivvi) is any of a variety of improvised camp site or shelter that is usually of a temporary nature, used especially by soldiers or people engaged in backpacking, bikepacking, scouting or mountain climbing. It may often refer to sleeping in the open with a bivouac sack, but it may also refer to a shelter constructed of natural materials like a structure of branches to form a frame, which is then covered with leaves, ferns and similar material for waterproofing and duff (leaf litter) for insulation. Modern bivouacs often involve the use of one- or two-person tents but may also be without tents or full cover. In modern mountaineering the nature of the bivouac shelter will depend on the level of preparedness, in particular whether existing camping and outdoor gear may be incorporated into the shelter.

Etymology
The word bivouac is French and ultimately derives from an 18th-century Swiss German usage of Beiwacht (bei by, Wacht watch or patrol). It referred to an additional watch that would be maintained by a military or civilian force to increase vigilance at an encampment. Following use by the troops of the British Empire the term became also known as bivvy for short.

Construction
Artificial bivouacs can be constructed using a variety of available materials from corrugated iron sheeting or plywood, to groundsheets or a purpose-made basha. Although these have the advantage of being speedy to erect and resource-efficient, they have relatively poor insulation properties.

There are many different ways to put up a bivouac shelter. The most common method is to use one bivouac sheet as the roof of the shelter and a second as the groundsheet. The 'roof' flysheet is suspended along its ridge line by a cord tied between two trees which are a suitable distance apart. The four corners of the flysheet are then either pegged out or tied down to other trees. Care must be taken to leave a gap between the ground and the sheet to ensure that there is enough air flow to stop condensation.

A basha is a simple tent, made from one or two sheets of waterproof fabric and some strong cord. Generally a basha is made of reinforced nylon with eyelets and loops or tabs located along all four sides of the sheet and sometimes across the two central lines of symmetry. The basha is an extremely versatile shelter that can be erected in many different ways to suit the particular conditions of the location. (The word also sometimes refers to a special type of bivouac sack described below).

Bivouac sack
A bivouac sack is a smaller type of bivouac shelter. Generally it is a portable, lightweight, waterproof shelter, and an alternative to larger bivouac shelters. The main benefit of a bivouac sack shelter is speed of setup and ability to use in a tiny space as compared to tent-like shelters. A bivouac sack is therefore a common choice for hikers, cyclists or climbers who have to camp in tight areas, or in unknown areas. A bivouac sack will usually have a thin waterproof fabric shell that is designed to slip over a sleeping bag, providing an additional 5 to 10 °C of insulation and forming an effective barrier against wind chill and rain.

A drawback of a simple bivouac sack is the humidity that condenses on the inner side, leaving the occupant or the sleeping bag moist. Moisture severely decreases the insulating effect of sleeping bags. This problem has been alleviated somewhat in recent years with the advent of more waterproof, but breathable fabrics, such as Gore-Tex, which allow some humidity to pass through the fabric while blocking most external water. A traditional bivouac bag typically cinches all the way down to the user's face, leaving only a small hole to breathe or look through. Other bivouac sack have a mesh screen at the face area to allow for outside visibility and airflow, while still protecting from insects. Fully zipping up a bivouac sack is poor practice, both from the obvious risk of hypoxia and the dramatically increased levels of condensation that will form inside the bag.

Boofen
In the German region of Saxon Switzerland in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains, climbers refer to overnighting in the open air as Boofen (pronounced "bo-fen"). The spot selected for overnight stays usually comprises an overhang in the sandstone rock or a cave, the so-called Boofe ("bo-fe"). This has often been adapted with a sleeping area and fireplace. In the national park itself, Boofen is only permitted at designated sites and only in connection with climbing, although in this case lighting fires is absolutely forbidden. The colloquial Saxon word boofen was derived from pofen (= sleep soundly and for a long time).

Examples
Count Henry Russell-Killough, the "hermit of the Pyrenees", is broadly accredited with the invention of the bivouac in extreme, inhospitable places. He would bivouac in the open, creating a blanket of rocks and earth or using a simple bag.

An example of a bivouac being made in a time of urgency was shown when the climber Hermann Buhl made his ascent of Nanga Parbat in 1953 and was forced to bivouac alone on a rock ledge at 8000 m altitude, in order to survive until the following morning.

Modern bivouacs have evolved to offer heightened levels of comfort for climbers and explorers. Modern portaledges (the vertical camping version of a tent) are a more comfortable, safer, and sturdier option to hanging hammocks.

title: Bivouac shelter


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Cedar Creek Lake (Kentucky)

Cedar Creek Lake is a 784 acre reservoir in eastern Lincoln County, Kentucky, USA, between Stanford and Crab Orchard along U.S. Highway 150. Cedar Creek Lake is the second largest state-controlled lake in Kentucky.

Project history and information

"This project, first conceived in 1989, will soon result in a recreational and economic jewel for Lincoln County and this region," as said by Kentucky ex-Governor Paul E. Patton during the September 4, 2002, Cedar Creek Dam dedication. Cedar Creek Lake was a joint venture of the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife (KDFW), Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC), and the leaders of Lincoln County—most importantly ex-Judge-Executive John Sims who envisioned the project. On February 16, 2003, due to excessive amounts of rain, the lake was filled sooner than predicted. This impounded 784 acre of the 14000 acre Cedar Creek watershed, making Cedar Creek Lake the second largest state-controlled lake in Kentucky (with Lake Malone being the largest). During the preparations for Cedar Creek Lake, it was decided to leave all trees and brush to provide a habitat for the future lake's many species of fish. In areas without trees and brush, cement-filled buckets with arrays of 5 ft wooden sticks protruding out, packaging tarps, anchored downed trees, and other various fish habitat improvement structures were placed to fill in these bald areas. Any developments such as houses and certain sections of old US 150 were removed (except for the old US 150 bridge crossing Cedar Creek). The Hebron Methodist Church, the Vardeman/Holmes/Daws/Stephenson Family Cemetery, and a small section of Kentucky Route 1770 were relocated before the lake's impoundment.

Cedar Creek Lake was included as part of the planning for the reconstruction of the 7.2 mi section of U.S. Highway 150 (designated the John Sims Highway) between Stanford and Crab Orchard by the KYTC. The construction of the earth-fill dam was at a cost of US$4 million. Of the $4 million, the KYTC paid $3.5 million and Lincoln County paid $0.5 million. The Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife paid for the purchase of the 1600 acre of land needed for the lake at the cost of $4.1 million and paid $300,000 for the lake's three boat ramps, parking facilities, and courtesy docks. Total cost of the project was nearly $8.5 million.

Future developments around Cedar Creek Lake will include a marina and a public beach (no completion date is known at this time).

Lake statistics

 * Watershed: 14000 acre, primarily agricultural: 45% pastureland, 35% woodland, and 19% cropland.
 * Cedar Creek Lake features a larger than usual 300 ft buffer zone to prevent private land encroachment problems.

Boat ramps

 * John Sims Boat Ramp: The main boat ramp of Cedar Creek Lake located where the old Boone Rd becomes submerged. This boat ramp is named after John Sims, a previous Lincoln County Judge-Executive who helped start the Cedar Creek Lake project.
 * Old US 150 Boat Ramp: Located at the end of the old US 150 on the west side of the lake.
 * Cowan Road Boat Ramp: Located where Cowan Road becomes submerged off Kentucky Route 1770.

Bank access

 * A bank access is located off the small relocated section of Kentucky Route 1770.

Future facilities

 * Marina: Currently in the planning phases and will be built by Lincoln County.
 * Public Beach: Currently under construction by Lincoln County.( The beach has been closed since 2012)

Stock of fish
Cedar Creek Lake is inhabited by the following species of fish:
 * Bluegill
 * Black crappie
 * Channel catfish
 * Largemouth bass
 * Redear sunfish
 * Trout
 * Smallmouth bass
 * Flathead catfish

title: Cedar Creek Lake (Kentucky)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bradoon

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep -- Francs2000 | Talk 02:37, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Bradoon
A dicdef, adn seems unlikely to expand beyond a dicdef. Transwiki to wictionary. DES 22:12, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I see more information here than a dicdef. Joyous  (talk) 22:36, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, encyclopedic. Kappa 22:52, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I know I haven't officially joined Wikipedia yet, but seeing that I wrote the article I'd like to suggest you delete Bradoon and merge the information into the snaffle article. Looking back, that’s probably what I should’ve done. 70.144.154.154

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bradoon


text: User talk:69.159.19.66

title: User talk:69.159.19.66


text:
I Will Follow

"I Will Follow" is a song by rock band U2. It is the opening track from their debut album, Boy, and it was released as the album's second single in October 1980. Lead singer Bono wrote the lyrics to "I Will Follow" in tribute to his mother, who died when he was 14 years old.

"I Will Follow" is the only song that U2 have performed on every tour since they released their first album. The song was U2's first music video, directed by Meiert Avis in Dublin, Ireland. The song was issued five times, first in 1981 on a 7" vinyl in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, second on the same format in the United States and Canada, third in the Netherlands in 1982 with a track from 1981's October, in 1983 with a live version of the song, and finally in 2011 with a live version of the song recorded at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival.

Composition
"I Will Follow" was written three weeks before U2 began recording Boy. During early rehearsals of the song, the group frequently had loud arguments, as lead vocalist Bono was struggling to convey the aggression for the guitar riff that he was envisioning. Frustrated, he took the Edge's guitar from him and "hammer[ed] away" on the two-stringed chord the Edge had created to show his bandmates the urgency he wanted. Bono said, "It was literally coming out of a kind of rage, the sound of a nail being hammered into your frontal lobe". Producer Steve Lillywhite stated that Siouxsie and the Banshees guitarist John McKay's playing on the song "Jigsaw Feeling" (1978) was a point of reference for the Edge on "I Will Follow", calling the beginning of both songs "almost identical".

Bono has said that he wrote the lyrics from the perspective of his mother Iris, who died in 1974 when he was 14 years old, and that they were about the unconditional love a mother has for her child. The song features a glockenspiel to provide what Bono called "underlying instrumental colouring"; it was added at his suggestion, and was played during the Boy recording sessions by him and the Edge. For the middle eight section of the song, Lillywhite recorded the sounds of cutlery rubbing against the spokes of a spinning wheel on an upturned bicycle, as well as Bono smashing bottles.

Release
Record World reviewed the original single release in 1980, describing the song as an "electronic rocker" in which the "urgent vocals match the intense keyboard pulse."

"I Will Follow" had a second single release as a live version in the Netherlands and Germany in 1982, and a third release in the United States in 1983, taken from the Under a Blood Red Sky album. It appeared on both the compilation album and video collection The Best of 1980–1990, and in some countries, on the U218 Singles compilation.

The song is included in the 2015 music video game Rock Band 4 as a playable track.

Live performances
It is the band's second most frequently performed song with over 1000 performances, only behind Pride (In the Name of Love). It has been performed at every concert of The Joshua Tree, PopMart Tour, Innocence + Experience Tour and Experience + Innocence Tours. It has been played extensively on every tour; exceptions to this are the Zoo TV Tour (where it was performed infrequently as part of the acoustic set), the U2 360° Tour (where it wasn't played until the third leg) and The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 (where it was sporadically performed as the concert closer). For The Joshua Tree Tour 2019 however, it was again played regularly as the second song of the show.

The song appears on the live recordings/films Under a Blood Red Sky, U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky, Live from the Point Depot, PopMart: Live from Mexico City, Elevation 2001: Live from Boston, Live from Boston 1981, Live from Paris, and U22. It also appears on Vertigo 05: Live from Milan, the bonus DVD that is included with the U218 Singles compilation and as a bonus track for UK/Australia releases of the CD.

U2 performed the song on the BBC2 television show The Old Grey Whistle Test in 1981. The performance was later released on DVD on a compilation of performances from the show.

Reception and legacy
In 2005, Blender ranked the song at number 214 on its list "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born". The magazine wrote, "The first song on U2's first album introduced the guitar sound that would define their work. [...] The arena-ready clarion call also established Bono's trademark lyrical earnestness, one of the reasons the song remains a fan favorite and a staple of the band's recent tours." In 2023, "I Will Follow" was selected and re-recorded for the band's album Songs of Surrender.

Formats and track listings
Note
 * The Netherlands release was recorded for the Veronica TV concert series Countdown, and was reissued in Germany in 1983. The cover of the Canadian and U.S. releases feature the same image as the North American release of Boy. The 1983 release was in a generic red sleeve with no cover artwork.

Personnel

 * Bono – vocals, glockenspiel
 * The Edge – guitar, backing vocals
 * Adam Clayton – bass guitar
 * Larry Mullen Jr. – drums

title: I Will Follow


text: User:Zagalejo

title: User:Zagalejo


text:
Combloux

Combloux is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France. A mountain village in the French Alps, it is also popular as a ski resort. Combloux is located 4 km from Megève and 30 km from Chamonix-Mont-Blanc.

History
Before Combloux became a skiing resort, it was a traditional mountainous village with the main economy being made from farming which still exists today. It has stone and wooden chalets for accommodation and besides the residents, chalets are also an option for tourists. The village has expanded quickly recently. Combloux has been described as La perle du mont Blanc ("The pearl of the Mont Blanc") as a full view of the Mont Blanc is ever present. Combloux also has the first ecological lake for swimmers in France, open in summer and heated by the sun.

Tourism
In winter, Combloux is a skiing resort. It shares its skiing area with Megève, Saint-Gervais, Les Contamines, and La Giettaz, as a part of the "Evasion Mont-Blanc" area which gives it a total of 445 km of skiable pistes.

Combloux is also a tourist destination in summer, mainly for hiking and mountain-biking.

title: Combloux


text:
User:Mmom

Hi! This is my user page. There's not much here yet but someday maybe. I'm an avid Internet user, contribute to Wikipedia, promote free software, I even used to code some, and I am a computer engineer.

My interests are Wikipedia, open source software, sailing, paragliding, meteorology and video games.

I maintain a soaring weather forecasting site for glider pilots in Europe at https://www.velivole.fr

I'm contributing in Computer Science, History of Bulgaria, Bulgarian Culture, Medieval History and everything else I happen to stumble upon :-)

I speak Bulgarian, French, English and Russian.

title: User:Mmom


text:
Summer capital

A summer capital is a city used as an administrative capital during extended periods of particularly hot summer weather. The term is mostly of relevance in historical contexts of political systems with ruling classes that would migrate to a summer capital, making it less prevalent in modern times. The ubiquity of air conditioning systems also reduces the imperative to periodically relocate to summer capitals.

China
Shangdu (Xanadu) was an "Upper Capital" during Kublai Khan's reign in the 13th century.

In the Qing dynasty, Chengde Mountain Resort in Chengde was often being used by emperor to perform their official function during the summer months.

In the era of the Republic of China, core members of Nationalist Party of China often held meetings at Kuling, Jiujiang in summer to make important internal decisions. Foreign businessmen and missionaries also like to spend summer time in Kuling during ROC government rule.

In the era of the People's Republic of China, core members of the Chinese Communist Party often held meetings at Beidaihe District in the summer to make important internal decisions.

India
During the reign of Mughal emperor Babur, the city of Kabul in the north-west of the Mughal Empire was used as a summer capital due to its cooler temperatures compared to Agra and Delhi. This practise ended during emperor Aurangzeb.

In India, the government of the British Raj was annually transferred to Shimla during the summer months. This practice was stopped due to the difficulty of transporting officialdom, and the negative perceptions of the public about politicians and public servants making such a move. Srinagar is the summer capital of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, with Jammu being its winter capital. Nagpur is the winter capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra.

Philippines
The hill station of Baguio in the northern mountains of Luzon was selected as the summer capital of the Philippines during the American Occupation in the early 20th century. Its cool climate was a preferred alternative to the sweltering, humid climate of the de facto capital, Manila. While the present sovereign government has long stopped transferring there en masse, the city still hosts the official summer residence of the President of the Philippines, and the Supreme Court of the Philippines still maintains its "Summer Sessions" in the city, while it remains a popular holiday spot, especially around Christmas season, when temperatures are considerably lower than in the rest of the archipelago.

Russia
Following Russia's loss of the traditionally popular resorts of the Crimea (transferred away from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954 by Nikita Khrushchev), Sochi emerged as the unofficial summer capital of the country. Additionally, Sochi has also served as the location for the signing of many treaties, especially those between the Georgian, separatist Abkhazian, and separatist South Ossetian governing authorities.

Saudi Arabia
The Saudi royal family has historically relocated to the mountainous city of Taif, near Mecca, which is far cooler in the summer months than the official capital of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh.

Spain
The location of San Sebastián in the cooler, northern seaside of Spain close to the French border ideally placed it as a summer capital alternative to Madrid. Maria Christina of Austria, the queen consort of Spain, vacationed there from 1887 and was followed by the court. The dictator Francisco Franco spent the summers between 1941 and 1975 at the Ayete Palace.

title: Summer capital


text:
Bivouac (ants)

A bivouac is an organic structure formed by migratory driver ant and army ant colonies, such as the species Eciton burchellii. A nest is constructed out of the living ant workers' own bodies to protect the queen and larvae, and is later deconstructed as the ants move on.

Army ants can forage and feed on insects over large areas of more than 1,800 square yards in a single day, so they must constantly move to new areas. During what is called the migratory phase, the ants set up bivouacs at new sites each night. As many as 150,000 to 700,000 worker bodies cover and protect the queen, linking legs and bodies in a mass that measures a meter across. Thousands of larvae are located near the centre with the queen, and workers are responsible for feeding them. Larger workers also serve as porters, carrying larvae to new bivouacs. In the morning, the bivouac dissolves into raiding columns that form a fan-shaped front. These raiding columns can travel up to 20 metres per hour with lead workers laying a chemical trail for other workers to follow. Smaller workers lead the column, while larger, formidable soldiers protect the flanks.

title: Bivouac (ants)