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Situation calculus

The situation calculus is a logic formalism designed for representing and reasoning about dynamical domains. It was first introduced by John McCarthy in 1963. The main version of the situational calculus that is presented in this article is based on that introduced by Ray Reiter in 1991. It is followed by sections about McCarthy's 1986 version and a logic programming formulation.

Overview
The situation calculus represents changing scenarios as a set of first-order logic formulae. The basic elements of the calculus are:

 * The actions that can be performed in the world
 * The fluents that describe the state of the world
 * The situations

A domain is formalized by a number of formulae, namely:

 * Action precondition axioms, one for each action
 * Successor state axioms, one for each fluent
 * Axioms describing the world in various situations
 * The foundational axioms of the situation calculus

A simple robot world will be modeled as a running example. In this world there is a single robot and several inanimate objects. The world is laid out according to a grid so that locations can be specified in terms of $$(x,y)$$ coordinate points. It is possible for the robot to move around the world, and to pick up and drop items. Some items may be too heavy for the robot to pick up, or fragile so that they break when they are dropped. The robot also has the ability to repair any broken items that it is holding.

Elements
The main elements of the situation calculus are the actions, fluents and the situations. A number of objects are also typically involved in the description of the world. The situation calculus is based on a sorted domain with three sorts: actions, situations, and objects, where the objects include everything that is not an action or a situation. Variables of each sort can be used. While actions, situations, and objects are elements of the domain, the fluents are modeled as either predicates or functions.

Actions
The actions form a sort of the domain. Variables of sort action can be used and also functions whose result is of sort action. Actions can be quantified. In the example robot world, possible action terms would be $$move(x,y)$$ to model the robot moving to a new location $$(x,y)$$, and $$pickup(o)$$ to model the robot picking up an object $o$. A special predicate $Poss$ is used to indicate when an action is executable.

Situations
In the situation calculus, a dynamic world is modeled as progressing through a series of situations as a result of various actions being performed within the world. A situation represents a history of action occurrences. In the Reiter version of the situation calculus described here, a situation does not represent a state, contrarily to the literal meaning of the term and contrarily to the original definition by McCarthy and Hayes. This point has been summarized by Reiter as follows:

 * A situation is a finite sequence of actions. Period. It's not a state, it's not a snapshot, it's a history.

The situation before any actions have been performed is typically denoted $S_0$ and called the initial situation. The new situation resulting from the performance of an action is denoted using the function symbol $do$ (Some other references also use $result$). This function symbol has a situation and an action as arguments, and a situation as a result, the latter being the situation that results from performing the given action in the given situation.

The fact that situations are sequences of actions and not states is enforced by an axiom stating that $$do(a,s)$$ is equal to $$do(a',s')$$ if and only if $$a=a'$$ and $$s=s'$$. This condition makes no sense if situations were states, as two different actions executed in two different states can result in the same state.

In the example robot world, if the robot's first action is to move to location $$(2,3)$$, the first action is $$move(2,3)$$ and the resulting situation is $$do(move(2,3),S_{0})$$. If its next action is to pick up the ball, the resulting situation is $$do(pickup(Ball),do(move(2,3),S_{0}))$$. Situations terms like $$do(move(2,3),S_{0})$$ and $$do(pickup(Ball),do(move(2,3),S_{0}))$$ denote the sequences of executed actions, and not the description of the state that result from execution.

Fluents
Statements whose truth value may change are modeled by relational fluents, predicates that take a situation as their final argument. Also possible are functional fluents, functions that take a situation as their final argument and return a situation-dependent value. Fluents may be thought of as "properties of the world"'. In the example, the fluent $$\textit{isCarrying}(o,s)$$ can be used to indicate that the robot is carrying a particular object in a particular situation. If the robot initially carries nothing, $$\textit{isCarrying}(Ball,S_{0})$$ is false while $$\textit{isCarrying}(Ball,do(pickup(Ball),S_{0}))$$ is true. The location of the robot can be modeled using a functional fluent $$location(s)$$ that returns the location $$(x,y)$$ of the robot in a particular situation.

Formulae
The description of a dynamic world is encoded in second-order logic using three kinds of formulae: formulae about actions (preconditions and effects), formulae about the state of the world, and foundational axioms.

Action preconditions
Some actions may not be executable in a given situation. For example, it is impossible to put down an object unless one is in fact carrying it. The restrictions on the performance of actions are modeled by literals of the form $$\textit{Poss}(a,s)$$, where $a$ is an action, $s$ a situation, and $Poss$ is a special binary predicate denoting executability of actions. In the example, the condition that dropping an object is only possible when one is carrying it is modeled by:

\textit{Poss}(drop(o),s)\leftrightarrow \textit{isCarrying}(o,s) $$

As a more complex example, the following models that the robot can carry only one object at a time, and that some objects are too heavy for the robot to lift (indicated by the predicate $heavy$):

\textit{Poss}(pickup(o),s)\leftrightarrow(\forall z\ \neg \textit{isCarrying}(z,s))\wedge\neg heavy(o) $$

Action effects
Given that an action is possible in a situation, one must specify the effects of that action on the fluents. This is done by the effect axioms. For example, the fact that picking up an object causes the robot to be carrying it can be modeled as:

Poss(pickup(o),s)\rightarrow \textit{isCarrying}(o,do(pickup(o),s)) $$

It is also possible to specify conditional effects, which are effects that depend on the current state. The following models that some objects are fragile (indicated by the predicate $fragile$) and dropping them causes them to be broken (indicated by the fluent $broken$):

Poss(drop(o),s)\wedge fragile(o)\rightarrow broken(o,do(drop(o),s)) $$

While this formula correctly describes the effect of the actions, it is not sufficient to correctly describe the action in logic, because of the frame problem.

The frame problem
While the above formulae seem suitable for reasoning about the effects of actions, they have a critical weakness—they cannot be used to derive the non-effects of actions. For example, it is not possible to deduce that after picking up an object, the robot's location remains unchanged. This requires a so-called frame axiom, a formula like:

Poss(pickup(o),s)\wedge location(s)=(x,y)\rightarrow location(do(pickup(o),s))=(x,y) $$

The need to specify frame axioms has long been recognised as a problem in axiomatizing dynamic worlds, and is known as the frame problem. As there are generally a very large number of such axioms, it is very easy for the designer to leave out a necessary frame axiom, or to forget to modify all appropriate axioms when a change to the world description is made.

The successor state axioms
The successor state axioms "solve" the frame problem in the situation calculus. According to this solution, the designer must enumerate as effect axioms all the ways in which the value of a particular fluent can be changed. The effect axioms affecting the value of fluent $$F(\overrightarrow{x},s)$$ can be written in generalised form as a positive and a negative effect axiom:

Poss(a,s)\wedge\gamma_{F}^{+}(\overrightarrow{x},a,s)\rightarrow F(\overrightarrow{x},do(a,s)) $$

Poss(a,s)\wedge\gamma_{F}^{-}(\overrightarrow{x},a,s)\rightarrow\neg F(\overrightarrow{x},do(a,s)) $$

The formula $$\gamma_{F}^{+}$$ describes the conditions under which action $a$ in situation $s$ makes the fluent $F$ become true in the successor situation $$do(a,s)$$. Likewise, $$\gamma_{F}^{-}$$ describes the conditions under which performing action $a$ in situation $s$ makes fluent $F$ false in the successor situation.

If this pair of axioms describe all the ways in which fluent $F$ can change value, they can be rewritten as a single axiom:

Poss(a,s)\rightarrow\left[F(\overrightarrow{x},do(a,s))\leftrightarrow\gamma_{F}^{+}(\overrightarrow{x},a,s)\vee\left(F(\overrightarrow{x},s)\wedge\neg\gamma_{F}^{-}(\overrightarrow{x},a,s)\right)\right] $$

In words, this formula states: "given that it is possible to perform action $a$ in situation $s$, the fluent $F$ would be true in the resulting situation $$do(a,s)$$ if and only if performing $a$ in $s$ would make it true, or it is true in situation $s$ and performing $a$ in $s$ would not make it false."

By way of example, the value of the fluent $broken$ introduced above is given by the following successor state axiom:

Poss(a,s) \rightarrow \left[ broken(o,do(a,s)) \leftrightarrow a=drop(o)\wedge fragile(o) \vee broken(o,s) \wedge a \neq repair(o) \right] $$

States
The properties of the initial or any other situation can be specified by simply stating them as formulae. For example, a fact about the initial state is formalized by making assertions about $$S_{0}$$ (which is not a state, but a situation). The following statements model that initially, the robot carries nothing, is at location $$(0,0)$$, and there are no broken objects:

\forall z\,\neg \textit{isCarrying}(z,S_{0}) $$

location(S_{0})=(0,0)\, $$

\forall o\,\neg broken(o,S_{0}) $$

Foundational axioms
The foundational axioms of the situation calculus formalize the idea that situations are histories by having $$do(a,s)=do(a',s') \iff a=a' \land s=s'$$. They also include other properties such as the second-order induction on situations.

Regression
Regression is a mechanism for proving consequences in the situation calculus. It is based on expressing a formula containing the situation $$do(a,s)$$ in terms of a formula containing the action $a$ and the situation $s$, but not the situation $$do(a,s)$$. By iterating this procedure, one can end up with an equivalent formula containing only the initial situation $S_{0}$. Proving consequences is supposedly simpler from this formula than from the original one.

GOLOG
GOLOG is a logic programming language based on the situation calculus.

The original version of the situation calculus
The main difference between the original situation calculus by McCarthy and Hayes and the one in use today is the interpretation of situations. In the modern version of the situational calculus, a situation is a sequence of actions. Originally, situations were defined as "the complete state of the universe at an instant of time". It was clear from the beginning that such situations could not be completely described; the idea was simply to give some statements about situations, and derive consequences from them. This is also different from the approach that is taken by the fluent calculus, where a state can be a collection of known facts, that is, a possibly incomplete description of the universe.

In the original version of the situation calculus, fluents are not reified. In other words, conditions that can change are represented by predicates and not by functions. Actually, McCarthy and Hayes defined a fluent as a function that depends on the situation, but they then proceeded always using predicates to represent fluents. For example, the fact that it is raining at place $x$ in the situation $s$ is represented by the literal $$raining(x,s)$$. In the 1986 version of the situation calculus by McCarthy, functional fluents are used. For example, the position of an object $x$ in the situation $s$ is represented by the value of $$location(x,s)$$, where $location$ is a function. Statements about such functions can be given using equality: $$location(x,s)=location(x,s')$$ means that the location of the object $x$ is the same in the two situations $s$ and $$s'$$.

The execution of actions is represented by the function $result$: the execution of the action $a$ in the situation $s$ is the situation $$\textit{result}(a,s)$$. The effects of actions are expressed by formulae relating fluents in situation $s$ and fluents in situations $$\textit{result}(a,s)$$. For example, that the action of opening the door results in the door being open if not locked is represented by:

 * $$\neg locked(door,s) \rightarrow open(door, \textit{result}(opens,s))$$

The predicates $locked$ and $open$ represent the conditions of a door being locked and open, respectively. Since these conditions may vary, they are represented by predicates with a situation argument. The formula says that if the door is not locked in a situation, then the door is open after executing the action of opening, this action being represented by the constant $opens$.

These formulae are not sufficient to derive everything that is considered plausible. Indeed, fluents at different situations are only related if they are preconditions and effects of actions; if a fluent is not affected by an action, there is no way to deduce it did not change. For example, the formula above does not imply that $$\neg locked(door,\textit{result}(opens,s))$$ follows from $$\neg locked(door,s)$$, which is what one would expect (the door is not made locked by opening it). In order for inertia to hold, formulae called frame axioms are needed. These formulae specify all non-effects of actions:

 * $$\neg locked(door,s) \rightarrow \neg locked(door, \textit{result}(opens,s))$$

In the original formulation of the situation calculus, the initial situation, later denoted by $S_0$, is not explicitly identified. The initial situation is not needed if situations are taken to be descriptions of the world. For example, to represent the scenario in which the door was closed but not locked and the action of opening it is performed is formalized by taking a constant $s$ to mean the initial situation and making statements about it (e.g., $$\neg locked(door,s)$$). That the door is open after the change is reflected by formula $$open(door,\textit{result}(opens,s))$$ being entailed. The initial situation is instead necessary if, like in the modern situation calculus, a situation is taken to be a history of actions, as the initial situation represents the empty sequence of actions. The version of the situation calculus introduced by McCarthy in 1986 differs to the original one by the use of functional fluents (e.g., $$location(x,s)$$ is a term representing the position of $x$ in the situation $s$) and for an attempt to use circumscription to replace the frame axioms.

The situation calculus as a logic program
It is also possible (e.g. Kowalski 1979, Apt and Bezem 1990, Shanahan 1997) to write the situation calculus as a logic program:

 * $$\textit{Holds}(f, do(a, s)) \leftarrow \textit{Poss}(a, s) \wedge \textit{Initiates}(a, f, s)$$

 * $$\textit{Holds}(f, do(a, s)) \leftarrow \textit{Poss}(a, s) \wedge \textit{Holds}(f, s) \wedge \neg \textit{Terminates}(a, f, s)$$

Here $Holds$ is a meta-predicate and the variable $f$ ranges over fluents. The predicates $Poss$, $Initiates$ and $Terminates$ correspond to the predicates $Poss$, $$\gamma_{F}^{+}(\overrightarrow{x},a,s)$$, and $$\gamma_{F}^{-}(\overrightarrow{x},a,s)$$ respectively. The left arrow ← is half of the equivalence ↔. The other half is implicit in the completion of the program, in which negation is interpreted as negation as failure. Induction axioms are also implicit, and are needed only to prove program properties. Backward reasoning as in SLD resolution, which is the usual mechanism used to execute logic programs, implements regression implicitly.

title: Situation calculus


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Talk:NSA (disambiguation)

Nichirin Shoshu of America (NSA), now renamed Soka Gakkai International (SGI)- USA

NSA is not exclusive to the United States National Security Agency
A misguided redirect in a global resource caused just over 5000 page viewers seeking "NSA" to be redirected to the National Security Agency in the month of November without brakes and the redirect was introduced by a nameless Wikipedia editor who seems to think that the initials NSA 'are the same as' or primal to the National Security Agency despite the initials being used prior to their very existence as a company of the United States government. The statistics indicate that during the past year just over 66,000 views encountered by the NSA redirect rather than disambiguation page compared to the nearly 900,000 that the National Security Agency actually received were flawed and more than 60% of Wikipedia users were misdirected by the redirect, those 60% were looking for non-state actor and over thirty other possible results, that is 31,000 misguided users who would have been better served by this disambiguation page so I have corrected the redirect to favor transparency and reflect the encyclopedic policy of Wikipedia. Problemsmith (talk) 10:15, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
 * And what evidence suggests those 5000 readers were not looking for the national security agency? Rather than change the target of this redirect causing a malplaced disambiguation page, please gain consensus for moving the disambiguation page (instructions at WP:RM). Also consider the large number of articles that link to NSA which would need to be fixed before any such move. IMO, this is much the same case as [[FBI] or KGB or NHS. older ≠ wiser 11:46, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The great number of pages written by authors incorrectly is no justification for the direct link and bypassing this disambiguation page. The disambiguation should be as I had it as a forward progression, not a correction for those who arrived there accidently, and the disambiguation page serves a purpose letting the reader know that there are other terms expressed. So in essence you are inviting me to remove the National Security Agency from the "TOP" of the disambiguation page. My research when I started this was how many people were looking for non-state actor changing this was not my intention or cup of tea anyway. So have it as you will, it is arrogant and belligerent to supreme the United States Corporation it is racist, nationalist and supremacist with its working in the area of public diplomacy and soft power, a farse! Problemsmith (talk) 13:31, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
 * So no tangible evidence then? Empty hyperbole and invective is not very convincing. older ≠ wiser 13:36, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:NSA (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Kim Komando

"Bibliography" -> "Published Works" or "Writings"
The term "bibliography" is ambiguous as a title for the section listing Komando's published works. It is not immediately clear if she is the author of the books, or if she is a subject of the books. Please clarify. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 138.67.12.44 (talk) 21:36, 29 April 2007 (UTC).
 * Ok, makes sense. I switched it to "Published Works". ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 23:50, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

"Komando" origins
Encyclopedic content must be verifiable--a birth certificate and an expert source on genealogy are needed to verify the claim about her last name. Otherwise, the claim merely belongs in a "trivia" section. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 138.67.11.244 (talk) 18:38, 10 May 2007 (UTC).

 * The statement "X claims Y is Z" is very different then "Y is Z". Your demanding a source for the second statement when we actually aren't printing that.  Kim could claim her last name is from Martian ancestor and we could truthfully and verifiably say "Kim claims her name is from Mars".  Do understand the distinction that is being drawn here? ---J.S  (T/C/WRE) 00:27, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I understand the distinction. As the statement is now, I still think it belongs in a trivia section.  It sounds trifling.  It really isn't significant where her last name comes from.  Plenty of people have Russian last names.  I look at "A" rated biographies, and I don't see those sorts of autobiographical comments in the main section.  The reference link provided is filled with self-promotional topics. See Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest#Self-promotion --"Links that appear to promote products by pointing to obscure or not particularly relevant commercial sites (commercial links) or biographical material that does not significantly add to the clarity or quality of the article."  Let's be clear that www.kimkomando.com is not Komando's personal website.  It is ostensibly a commercial website for the Kim Komando Radio Show. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 138.67.11.178 (talk) 07:46, 11 May 2007 (UTC).

 * Fair enough... I'll concede the point that it's a fairly trivial bit of fact and I wouldn't relay be opposed to removal on that grounds. Then again, I'm sure the question gets asked alot (I was wondering...) so it I think we would better serve our readers to leave it in the article somewhere.
 * The website is commercial, yes, but that in no-way removes it as a reliable primary source for Kim's own statements. ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 13:41, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with OP. If there's going to be precedence for quoting tidbits off her radioshow website, it's going to open up a whole can of worms.  And I think this page has been down that road before (e.g. the Surius Radio and Howard Stern quibble or Komando's comments about Wikipedia).  If the reader is really interested in her private comments regarding her name and her radio show, there is a link to her show's website in the maintext itself, and in the general references.  There's no need to be quoting her website multiple times. J.S. does make an interesting point:  she could have claimed her name has martian origins, and that would be still be a valid primary source.  But, then again, why are these particular comments about her name included at all? The surname "Komando" is a standard and popular name in Germany and eastern European nations, and is certainly not unique even in the Americas.  I agree:  the reference note is pointing to a highly commercialized page on her radioshow website.  I vote that this comment be removed or moved to an approciate section.
 * I'm not opposed to removing it on the ground of it's trivialness... however, I bet this question comes up all the time. ---J.S (T/C/WRE) 02:12, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, now that the link is dead, it should be removed. But if someone can find support, I believe it is nontrivial. I'm really curious whether it is a real name or a pseudonym. I mean, it's a really Hollywood sounding name... some people are born with those, and others make them up.  I think which she is would be interesting and notable --TjoeC (talk) 16:18, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I initially thought it was a radio name due to its alliteration, but I have found newspaper articles back to 1977 and her mother also uses it. Since she also has it in her FAQ (I fixed the link), I think it is worth including. I will leave it in "Early life" and continue to improve that section. StrayBolt (talk) 06:11, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

 * This discussion is altogether academic. "Komando" is a last name. No fewer than three of them graduated in various years from Saint Mary's Regional High School, Amboy NJ, with first names corresponding to those of the subject's claimed siblings: Richard, Kathy, and an incredibly full-monikered "Christine Komando Komando" ( https://old-friends.co/class.php?s=19428&c=1973 ), hopefully a misprint.
 * That would put the subject reasonably in the claimed provenance, but of course she did not graduate from that NJ high school but the claimed NJ Mount St. Mary Academy. This graduation is re-verifed and extant Jan.12, 2019, Wayback Machine ( https://web.archive.org/web/20160610072935/http://www.e-yearbook.com/yearbooks/Mount_Saint_Mary_Academy_Mountain_Chimes_Yearbook/1981/Page_179.html ) There is little more to say about it. JohndanR (talk) 06:41, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

Reasons for removing audience rating assertion
Here is the text of the assertion: "Accordig[sic] to a talk radio industry publication, the program is considered the most-listened to weekend syndicated talk radio show. [1]"

Why it has been removed: 1) The source reference link is not correctly cited at the bottom of the Wikipedia page. It says Kim Komando is the source, then directs the browser to the talkers.com page.  This is a violation of the talkers.com terms of use, and therefore, must be removed immediately. 2) The more appropriate place for this assertion is on The_Kim_Komando_Show Wikipedia page. 3) This list of statistics is not substantial authority on the topic. The footnotes clearly say these statistics are very rough estimates. 4) The list makes no claim about Komando's show being the "most-listened to" or a "weekend show." It is only by inference by the reader that this claim is made. 5) Serious doubts about the validity of this list: a) Don Imus is still listed, b) why is the distinction given to Komando's show over Brinker's when the statistics are indistinguishable?, c) Art Bell's weekend show isn't even listed here, d) do these statistics include Komando's *daily* Computer Minutes? 6) Weasel wording. "is considered" is on the list of avoidable weasel words. Her show could be *considered* to be all sorts of things.

 * Response:
 * - talkers.com's TOS is irrelevant to wikipedia. For the rest of it the article's citation can be improved to fix this problem.
 * - I can accept this point, but it doesn't mean it can't be mentioned here in the context of mentioning her accomplishments.
 * - Industry magazines are considered reliable sources. Thats why we cite the source.
 * - Fair enough.
 * - The stats are part of a magazine article, and as such, are not updated daily. Either way this entire point is irrelevant.
 * - It's not a weasel word because the source making the consideration is referenced.
 * So, in closing, even with my objections to your various points I support the removal of the sentence.  I'll see what I can do about creating a better worded sentence using this source. ---J.S  (T/C/WRE) 18:00, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I still object to the distinction about the top weekend-only rating. The source listing does not make this distinction.  The reader is led to infer this conclusion.  IN FACT, the Brinker Show and the Komando show are statistically indistinguishable, if you look at the margin of error.  The source list does not even distinguish what qualifies as a weekend-only show.  You are, therefore, adding original research.  About the weasel wording:  The talkers.com list makes NO CONSIDERATIONS at all. A consideration is a view or an opinion based on reflection.  Humans make considerations.  That's why it's weasel wording.  Finally, the cume statistic should be placed in the first paragraph that deals primarily with her radio show.

Gee, had no idea posting information about one of the most listened to women radio talk show hosts would generate such controversy. Komando's like No. 3, and the biggest on the weekend. She doesn't do politics, which is rare. Thought someone might care about that accomplishment.

Regarding that list of biggest hosts, the Talkers Magazine list hasn't been updated. It list Imus, who recently was forced off the air. G. Gordon Liddy, I believe, doesn't have such a big show anymore. So it's likely Komando may move up.

Anyway, I put the original claim to large listenership on the Kim Komando Radio Show page, which I at the time didn't realize existed as a separate entity. Don1962 01:25, 29 May 2007 (UTC)Don1962
 * Don1962, thanks for adding this insight. I was concerned that the original wording claimed much more than what the talkers.com statistics actually represent.  The error bars are significant, and there's been a lot of criticism about the ratings method itself due to newer, but ignored, distribution channels like podcasts, internet streaming, and satellite.  Her show is indeed quite popular on the weekends, but making a superlative statement when comparing apples to oranges seems inappropriate. Do you feel satisfied with the current wording?

How about some more information, i.e., place of birth, parents, education? T.E. Goodwin 19:50, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Biography

Article reads a little bit like propaganda
i mean it says something like "broadcasts from a 10,000,000,000 square-foot studio" - who the hell would care about that? and many of the citations are from Komando.com

who edits this page, Kim herself? it just sounds silly. and i listen to her a few times a month but come on. 66.87.4.244 (talk) 20:38, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

The so-called www.komando.com 'Forum' requires that you pay a fee & register before you can critique any of her assertions. While I admire much of the stuff she writes, she is virtually uncritical (and misleading) of her sponsor products. (Is this whistling in the wind?) See 'Carbonite Shortcomings' --Wikidity (talk) 04:32, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

I agree this seems a lot like propaganda; I visited her web site, and got to a page that says "For security reasons, we block IPs from a few parts of the world. Our business primarily serves the citizens of the United States. Regarding online operations, we will take whatever precautionary steps that we believe are in the best interests of our company and our operations." How can she claim to be the most listened to program when by her own admission she has no presence outside North America ? How can someone who claims to understand technology not "get" that the internet is global ? per the comment on carbonite, someone should write a section "criticism" to balance things out — Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.118.154.88 (talk) 13:19, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

Born in 1967? Graduated from college in 1985??
Her bio info says she graduated from college at 20. That would still have her born in 1965... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.188.252.185 (talk) 14:33, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

Article says she was born in 1967 and graduated from ASU in 1985 with a B.S. degree in Computer Information Systems. Anyone else here have a compsci degree? Anyone actually CHECK the ASU registrar records or is this just another case of "believing some website because it says so"? Anyone actually SEEN proof of birth? Something doesn't jive here.

I've heard this woman's radio segments and I have a compsci degree, there is no way this article is accurate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.21.232.38 (talk) 04:04, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

>>My impression about "Computer Information Systems" as a major is that it's Computer Science Lite: You'll know yourself around an IT department but you'll won't get "elbow-deep" in the hardware or software. ASU has a perfectly good School of Engineering that's capable of turning out perfectly good computer engineers but CIS is a major taught by the School of Business. However,the W.P. Carey School of Business at ASU is a Top-20 business school so a BS from there (regardless of the major) won't exactly be worthless. My guess that CIS graduates in the working world would serve as go-betweens between the IT nerds and the other departments. Bayowolf (talk) 22:22, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

i think i heard that she graduated high school at age 15 or so, then graduating from university at age 18 or 19 if you're that smart might be possible? maybe i just heard an myth about her? i does burn me a little to hear her call herself the digital goddess or whatever    "im so hot im so hot" lol. 107.32.156.252 (talk) 22:42, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

Her year of birth has jumped around in various edits, hopefully honing in on the truth. Two other events I found: she graduated eighth grade in 1978 and was a junior in high school in 1981. Still searching for birth information. StrayBolt (talk) 07:03, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

I was born in July 1967 and came up through the New Jersey public education system. I graduated "on-time" from high school in 1985. If Kim graduated HS in 1981 (as stated in the current version), that's a full four graduating classes ahead of "normal" for someone born in 1967.Atltraffic (talk) 21:27, 15 June 2019 (UTC)

"She graduated eighth grade from Watchung's Valley View School in 1978". Huh? Born in 1967, finished 8th grade in 1978? She would've had to have started first grade at three years old for that to make sense! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.170.142.74 (talk) 02:56, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

FWIW, Kim appears in the most recent issue of AARP magazine (August-September 2022) and is said to be 58. Richard K. Carson (talk) 20:21, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

Dead Links and overall lack of citation
I tagged the whole article and all the dead links I could find (almost all). I was able to fix one of them. Article needs lots of work.--TjoeC (talk) 16:18, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Toned this down, referencing needs work
I agree with the tag placed two years ago: the referencing is atrocious. There are some that fall afoul of WP:BLPPRIMARY and others are just a bad idea such as her mother's LinkedIn profile. I think in a while I'll challenge and cut some more of the wholly unreferenced stuff. 2600:8800:1880:91E:5604:A6FF:FE38:4B26 (talk) 10:29, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kim Komando


text:
Anthoupolis

Anthoupolis (Greek: Ανθούπολη) is a village, south of Nicosia, Cyprus. Anthoupolis is a rather new area which was created after the Turkish Invasion of 1974 to house refugees. The original refugee site is slowly abandoned and new houses and projects are being held to regenerate the wider area. The Greek name means Flower-City or in a more metaphorical sense flowering, expanding city.

Anthoupolis is located next to the A9 highway exit towards Troodos mountain.

title: Anthoupolis


text:
Oshivelo

Oshivelo is a settlement in northern Namibia.

Transport and infrastructure
Oshivelo has a clinic that in 2014 was refurbished and named after Catherine Bullen, a woman that died here in 2002 due to inadequate facilities.

In early 2005, the new Northern Railway reached Oshivelo with a 89 km section from Tsumeb. By mid-2006, it had reached Ondangwa, and. A train service known as the Omugulugwombashe Star traveled weekly on this track until the locomotives broke down after a few rounds of service.

title: Oshivelo


text:
Cristidiscoidea

Cristidiscoidea or Nucleariae is a proposed basal holomycota clade in which Fonticula and Nucleariida emerged, as sister of the fungi. Since it is close to the divergence between the main lineages of fungi and animals, the study of Cristidiscoidea can provide crucial information on the divergent lifestyles of these groups and the evolution of opisthokonts and slime mold multicellularity. The holomycota tree is following Tedersoo et al.

Classification

 * Class Cristidiscoidea Cavalier-Smith 1998
 * Order Fonticulida Cavalier-Smith 1993
 * Family Fonticulidae Worley, Raper & Hohl 1979
 * Genus Fonticula Worley, Raper & Hohl 1979
 * Genus Parvularia López-Escardó 2017
 * Species P. atlantis López-Escardó 2017
 * Order Nucleariida Cavalier-Smith 1993
 * Family Nucleariidae Cann & Page 1979
 * Genus Nuclearia Cienkowski 1865

title: Cristidiscoidea


text:
Talk:WIMP (computing)

Meaning
I just realized this has another meaning. So I added WIMP server, I'm linking it up to the LAMP page as I write. I am not sure however if what I wrote is completely accurate, i.e. if you can actually get python running with IIS like you can with apache, or perl.(Does IIS support CGI on have anything like apache mods?). Could someone who is actually running a WIMP(hehe, it's so humourous to call it a WIMP server)or knows about it edit this up for me? I tried to check most of the wiki links I put up as well, however I think my ignorance of the subject showed through. --Capi crimm 04:43, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

WIMP also means Windows IIS MySQL PHP, which is the development platform of a lot of LAMP developer. --WhiteEcho 15:57, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Haha... I've just realized that too - sorta says it all! (now, back to NPOV :)) Ah, yeah, that seems to be the official way of referring to it (MSFT must be feeling a bit gutted - especially as WIMP could mean Windows IIS Microsoft SQL Server Programming Language - i.e mean a completely proprietary server of all MSFT products) - a quick Google search of "WIMP IIS" reveals hosting companies using that acronym. Well, at least it's something humorous to light up the day! --J. Atkins (talk - contribs) 15:44, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * This article does not seem completely accurate conisdering the studies that have been done showing that GUI environments are actually more complicated for completely new users. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.97.99.52 (talk) 02:44, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

I have to disagree with the general concept given in this (and other articles) and feel that the term WIMP has lost it's original concept.

WIMP is WINDOWS, ICONS, MENU, POINTER (not POINTING DEVICE, which begins to imply a mouse, rather than the graphical element the other components imply).

A WIMP is a sub-set of a GUI. For example, a mobile phone has a GUI but not a WIMP system. Windows and MacOS are both WIMP systems (and in turn GUIs). A basic Venn Diagram would show clearly this relationship.

 * Agreed that WIMP continues to have its original meaning. Just because you can come up with other 4-word combinations, doesn't mean there's any academic literature or broad recognition of that set.  Using the P to stand for "PHP", for instance is much more specific.  WIMP as a term is 30 years old and still relevant.  How relevant do you think PHP will be in 2045?

 * Disagree that phones aren't WIMP interfaces. Of course they are.  When you run your application full-screen in Windows, isn't it still a WIMP interface?  When you switch applications on your iPhone, isn't it in a different window, *isolated* from the other applications?  When you choose a menu item and it slides another *windows* in from the left, or you touch an input field and the virtual keyboard rises from the bottom, aren't those windows?  There's no T in WIMP: you don't need a title bar, or more than one window on the screen, to have a WIMP system.  The salient characteristics are the same.    — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jklowden (talk • contribs) 20:49, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

The WINDOW element is a graphic representation of the separation within memory of each program and process. The window is a (supposed) ring-fenced program that could, if necessary, be closed without affecting other windows or system processes. Windows has always been criticised for not truly isolating programs in this way.

The ICONs allow for easy execution of a program through a graphical representation of the command line instruction.

The MENU system is the basic system used within most GUI system and can be a simple text list (such as a basic web page navigation system) to an all-folding, button based system (so frequented by most programs).

The POINTER is the arrow that allows you to navigate the screen through a random selection process (rather than through a sequential system popular within mobile phones - try jumping from the first icon or menu item on your phone to the middle one without having to click or navigate through the ones inbetween).

To treat WIMP and GUI as interchangeable makes the reason for the two terms to be useless. To identify WIMP as a subset of GUI allows for greater clarity and to identify the extending of GUI into more than simply a graphical solution to the old command line routines. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gary.newport (talk • contribs) 10:42, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Lack of neutrality
This article takes a too naive "pro" stance, including a criticism section that is more or less a one-sided praise. Other examples include mentioning power-users among those that benefit---where, in fact, power users tend to be among the more likely to complain, prefer keyboard controls, and even command lines.

Generally, there are many uncritical and unsubstantiated claims of advantages that do not (necessarily) pan out on closer inspection.

While WIMP does bring many advantages, it (and GUI's in general) is also among the most debated topics in usability discussions involving power users, and a one sided laudatory is highly controversial. 94.220.247.12 (talk) 14:53, 17 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Are you concerned only about the overall positive language "are very good", "benefits"? Or do you have some real and verifiable alternate POVs in mind, that you want to be reflected in the article? Diego (talk) 15:24, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

The article is about WIMP, not user-interface, so it's not a "obligation"(it would improve the article, but not "needed") to talk about CLI or other "Options". Look to the CLI article, it don't even as a criticism section. And ""power users tend to be among the more likely to complain"" is biased itself and original research. Wikipedia need to be unbiased, don't matter if most your editors are "power user", "tech savvys", "linuxers" or any other tastes or opinions shared with our editors, so wacth yourself for sistemic bias. Talking about bias, the CLI article is obviously more biased than this, if you really want change something to create a NPOV wikipedia.189.104.174.29 (talk) 18:52, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

I also question the neutrality of the article, in particular the criticism section. The article space is not a place to argue or endorse your vision. I'll remove most of the "criticism" section now; re-expand with neutral and verifiable statements only, please. --141.228.106.150 (talk) 15:57, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

I don't quite understand the sentence "Due to the nature of the WIMP system, simple commands can be chained together to undertake a group of commands that would have taken several lines of command line instructions." It is considerably more difficult to reliably chain together a sequence of icon clicks then it is a sequence of CLI instructions yet this makes it sound like it's easier in the WIMP interface? HazyBlueDot (talk) 20:18, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

HCI
The term HCI should be linked to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.42.47.172 (talk) 21:15, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

Hover over to see pointer
Regarding The image captioned "Hover over to see pointer": Now that we exist in a touch screen world, this is no longer necessarily true. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.178.228.224 (talk) 06:14, 13 May 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Trevj (talk) 10:22, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

The caption is cute and all but touch screens are not the only exception to pointer-driven UI. Text/hint-driven interfaces, voice control, and not least static hardcopies aka printouts all do without pointers. The illustration should illustrate a pointer. It avoids this fundamental function in all cases where such an illustration would actually be most useful, i.e. on media that don't have pointers. Don't change the caption, change the picture. --82.113.122.166 (talk) 17:54, 16 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Point taken. I've now replaced the image with File:Geubuntu Prima Luna Sunshine.jpg. If someone finds a better example (preferably in a lossless format rather than JPEG), be bold and replace it. -- Trevj (talk) 10:30, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

Chaining Commands
"Due to the nature of the WIMP system, simple commands can be chained together to undertake a group of commands that would have taken several lines of command line instructions."

What does this mean in the context of WIMP? It actually sounds more like a description of command line pipelining. Bagunceiro (talk) 20:24, 25 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:WIMP (computing)


text: Category:Mines in Canada

title: Category:Mines in Canada


text:
User:Mattmc

matt mccalvin is a selfsustained thinker, musician, traveler and freeperson

title: User:Mattmc


text:
José Joaquín de Arredondo

José Joaquín de Arredondo y Mioño  (also known as Jose Arredondo y Miono Pelegrin y Oceja) (1768–1837) was a 19th-century Spanish and Mexican soldier who served during the last two decades of Spanish rule in New Spain. He was military commandant of the Texas province during the first Texas revolutions against Spanish rule.

Early life
Jose Joaquin de Arredondo was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1768 to Nicolás Antonio de Arredondo y Pelegrín and Josefa Rosa de Mioño. His father served as Governor of Cuba and as Viceroy of Buenos Aires.

Military career
Arredondo entered the Royal Spanish Guards as a cadet in 1787 and was detached for service in New Spain. In 1810 he was promoted to the rank of colonel and given the command of the infantry regiment of Vera Cruz. In 1811 he was made military commandant of Huasteca and governor of Nuevo Santander. Arredondo enforced a rigid interpretation of the Laws of War regarding guerrillas, partisans and insurgents. He applied his rules of warfare in proactive campaigns against Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's revolt of 1811 and the criollos revolts of 1813, taking part in Ignacio Elizondo's plot to capture Miguel Hidalgo. Arredondo was rewarded for his actions in suppressing the revolutionaries with an appointment as commandant of the eastern division of the Provincias Internas (comprising the provinces of Coahuila, Texas, Nuevo Santander and the New Kingdom of León); the region had a predominantly royalist population (see below), and the independence movement would not be supported by a majority of the population in those provinces until the late 1810s, after Servando Teresa de Mier's fight for Mexican independence.

Texas
As part of the New Kingdom of León, the area of Texas then called Tejas was a bulwark against the large-scale marauding attacks of hostile Indian nations such as the Apaches and the Comanches. Because of long-term hostility between the Indians and the Europeans in the area, much of the New Kingdom of León and Tejas had a population almost wholly European in origin, unlike other parts of New Spain. Spanish authorities supported the settlement of Tejas, the frontier of the Kingdom between Indian territory and the growing American nation. Thus, while the southern areas of the New Kingdom of León remained royalist, the northern areas were mostly ambivalent about supporting either the revolution or the royalist cause. This neutrality disappeared when independence fervor spread among the population following brutal suppression tactics by the Spanish colonial authorities and the threat of an even more absolutist government in the province.

First Texas Rebellion
In 1811, José Bernardo Maximiliano Gutiérrez de Lara, an idealistic mestizo blacksmith from Nuevo Santander, dedicated himself to the Hidalgo Independence movement. With his substantial contacts in the region and his personal militancy he received a commission as a Lt. Colonel in Hidalgo's Army of the Americas and traveled to Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia to enlist aid supporting his own goals for the independence movement in Texas. In Washington and Philadelphia he met Caribbean adventurer José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois who was wanted by Spanish authorities in Texas. Upon both his departure and then his return trip through the Neutral Ground on the Texas-Louisiana border, Gutiérrez was encouraged by numerous sympathetic factions who supported the revolutionary cause. In Natchitoches, which had a long-standing predominantly American settlement, he made plans to invade the rest of Texas from the east. He enjoined another adventurer and former US Army Lieutenant, Colonel Augustus William Magee, to carry out the mission in the field. William Shaler, later an American consul to Havana, Europe and Algiers, as well as a writer, was attached to Gutiérrez's expedition by the United States government to oversee the revolutionaries' invasion of Spanish Texas. Shaler, a friend of Secretary of State Robert Smith, had been appointed by President James Madison as a confidential agent; he advised Gutiérrez and Magee with the direct involvement of upper levels of the American government as high as Secretary of State James Monroe; officially, however, the United States maintained a stance of disapproving the invasion.

From their headquarters in the Neutral Ground, Gutiérrez and Magee openly advertised for revolutionary recruits from Louisiana and Texas for the "Republican Army of the North". They mustered them to participate in the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition and adopted a solid emerald green flag, thought to have been introduced by Colonel Magee, who was of Protestant Irish descent. Volunteers were offered forty dollars a month and a square league (4,428 acres) of to-be-captured land. From San Antonio the Texas governor, Manuel María de Salcedo, followed developments through his intelligence network and lobbied intensively for more aid from his superiors and comrades-in-arms south of the Rio Grande to prepare for the invasion and limit distribution of rebel propaganda. Governor Salcedo was treated condescendingly by his protocol-oriented and bureaucratic uncle, Commandant General Nemesio Salcedo.

On 12 August 1812, the Republican Army of the North, consisting of about 150 men, crossed the Sabine River and took Nacogdoches with little opposition. Capt. Bernardino Montero, the commander of Nacogdoches, was unable to recruit a single civilian militiaman for the royalist cause, as the majority of the province erupted in support of the fledgling independence movement. When he retreated toward San Antonio, all but ten of his soldiers deserted and joined the revolutionary army. By late fall the Republican Army of the North controlled the area between the Sabine and Guadalupe Rivers.

After receiving reinforcements and conducting negotiations, Salcedo and Lt. Governor Muñoz de Echavarria deployed along the Guadalupe River east of San Antonio to meet the invading Republican Army. Learning of this, Gutiérrez and Magee turned south down the Guadalupe River valley, proceeded to La Bahia where they took control without much resistance; soon after Gov. Salcedo began a prolonged siege of the Presidio La Bahia where the rebels were grouped. Neither side could budge the other, tying up the meager forces of both armies.

Following several weeks of attrition warfare, stalemate, and negotiations, Col. Magee died under uncertain circumstances, probably related to actions by Gutierrez, who didn't trust him. Meanwhile, Gov. Salcedo and Col. Simon de Herrera had lifted the siege and returned to San Antonio, leading to a further loss of confidence among the royalists and more defections. The main Republican army, now commanded by Virginian Col. Samuel Kemper, who had taken over after Magee's death, and buttressed by more recruits from the Neutral Ground and allied coastal Lipan and Tonkawa Indians, had moved along the San Antonio River towards the capital city of San Antonio, where they defeated Col. Herrera's royalist forces at the Battle of Rosillo Creek (also known as the Battle of Rosalis or the Battle of Salado Creek). When the Republican Army moved toward San Antonio, Gov. Salcedo composed a twelve-point plan of honorable surrender and delivered it to Col. Gutiérrez, who was encamped at Mission Concepcion.

The terms of the surrender were refused by Guttierrez, who ordered the execution of Herrera and several other officers even as they dined with several of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers. Gutierrez then released all the other rebel prisoners, formed a provisional government with himself as governor, and organized a tribunal which found Salcedo and Herrera guilty of treason against the Hidalgo movement, condemning them to death. The Anglo officers protested the decision and endeavored to convince the self-appointed generalissimo and governor to spare them and send them either to prison in southern Mexico or to exile in Louisiana. Instead, the prisoners were placed under the escort of the Mexican rebel Capt. Antonio Delgado who summarily executed them along with 12 others and mutilated the corpses, leaving them lying at the site without burial; even going so far as to steal their belongings. Delgado returned to San Antonio, where he boasted of the butchery, which was announced publicly on the military parade grounds.

The brutal atrocity of these events sickened most of the Anglo-Tejano and American forces supporting the independence movement; all the Anglo officers and recruits were horrified, and a party of them rushed to the execution site and gave the victims a Christian burial. Subsequently, most of the Anglo-Tejano and American officers immediately abandoned the cause and returned to eastern Texas, Louisiana and further points east. Samuel Kemper, James Gaines, Warren D.C. Hall and others were so shocked they took furloughs and returned to Nacogdoches. Nonetheless, the appeals of Col. Miguel Menchaca and other Mexican leaders persuaded some to stay and continue fighting for the cause of Mexican independence.

On 6 April 1813, Gutiérrez declared the province of Texas independent of Spain and on 18 April proclaimed the first Constitution of Texas, which was more Centralist than Republican. This only further demoralized the remaining Anglo-Tejano and American volunteers, who provided the backbone of the army. The Republican Army of the North, through influence of the putatively independent state of Texas, now initiated its plans for full-scale independence and prepared to meet a counter-offensive from the south, where outrage over the execution of Salcedo and Herrera caused previously neutral criollo forces to join the loyalist troops.

Arredondo's revenge
To meet the threat represented by the recently separated province, the Spanish crown appointed General José Joaquín de Arredondo to command the Eastern and Western Divisions of the Provincias Internas. He quickly re-organized the royalist forces, appointed new officers, drilled his troops, and awaited for additional supplies while planning for a vast implementation of his counter-insurgency tactics. The anger of the royalist criollos toward the Gutierrez regime, however, was such that many wanted quick and violent retribution by marching toward San Antonio to capture and execute the first "President Protector of the State of Texas."

Consequently, Lt. Col. Ignacio Elizondo, a one-time rebel who had been repelled by the revolutionaries' dishonorable behavior and now fought for the royalists, organized a volunteer regiment of criollos in June. Against orders, he marched his force toward San Antonio to engage the Republican Army. On 16 June, the Republican Army, under an Anglo-Tejano called Henry Perry, met and routed Elizondo's forces, which suffered 400 men killed and many prisoners taken at the Battle of Alazan Creek outside San Antonio. He retreated to the Rio Grande, where he was reprimanded by Gen. Arredondo, who nevertheless joined forces with him.

Meanwhile, the high-handed methods of Gutierrez, the mistreatment of the Spanish loyalists, and the anti-Republican policies of the Gutierrez regime had resulted in a total loss of confidence in President Gutierrez amongst the Anglo-Tejano and American community. On 4 Aug 1813, Gutiérrez was deposed by these elements, who installed their chief propagandist, a formal naval officer and member of the Spanish Cortes from Santo Domingo, José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois.

With the Texas government paralyzed by these events, Arredondo launched his campaign. Arredondo now had about 1,800 troops in his army, buttressed with criollos who were provoked by the senseless slayings of Salcedo and his company. He immediately left for San Antonio de Bexar, resolved to apply his concepts of counter-insurgency warfare on the entire Tejano population. Heavily supplied for a long campaign, his army marched forth.

Battle of Medina
On August 18, 1813, under José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois the Army of the North and the Royal Spanish forces under Arredondo met in the four-hour-long Battle of Medina. The Spanish Army completely destroyed the 1,400-man Army of the North. Arredondo listed enemy casualties as 600 killed, and several hundred were captured. Arredondo summarily gathered the names of the captured men, executed the rank and file, and tortured the officers for further information and then executed them, and ordered their corpses or parts of their bodies hung in trees. No effort was made to bury the remains of the Republican Army's dead, which lay on the battlefield for nine years. He later revised the number to 1,000 killed. In San Antonio, he quickly rounded up the families of the Texian soldiers, and had some of them publicly executed in the plaza of San Antonio and their heads posted on the plaza's perimeter. He spent the next year pursuing the remaining rebel leaders, including the civilian leadership of the Texas Republic, sparing few, and destroying all of the farms, buildings, and mills of the province except for a few located in San Antonio and newly built citadels such as that near Goliad. The approximately 2,500 men killed in the Republican Army's campaign exceeded the total number of Texians killed during the entire Texas Revolution twenty-three years later in 1836, and the death or expulsion of at least 3,000 other Anglo-Tejano and American settlers resulted effectively in an ethnic cleansing of the entire province.

After his victories, Arredondo appointed Cristóbal Domínguez as interim governor, and having completing his assignment in Texas, returned south to Monterrey. He subsequently crushed the filibustering expedition of Francisco Javier Mina by overrunning his defenses at the village of Soto la Marina in October 1817. He remained the primary military commander of the Coahuila and Texas area for the next several years.

Resettlement of Texas
The utter crushing of the Texas province had removed the primary obstacle to the marauding Indian nations further north. Between 1817 and 1821, expeditions of Comanche and Apache Indians numbering several thousand penetrated deep into the provinces further south of Texas. Ravaged by the war of Independence and the subsequent Indian raids, the Kingdom of León fell backward in wealth and population, and along with the rest of Mexico essentially entered into a period of intense depression and anarchy.

Consequently, on January 17, 1821, General Arredondo approved the petition of Moses Austin to bring three hundred settlers into an area of 211000 acre in Texas. They were required officially to convert to Catholicism and provide arms and men for defending the routes into Mexico further south, although only one tenth of the settlers ever converted. Later, this settlement was expanded to encourage more emigration by Americans from the United States into northern Mexico.

Mexican allegiance
When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo offered on July 3, 1821, to swear fealty to the new government if he could retain his office as commandant general; his offer was rejected by the citizens of Saltillo, and Agustín de Iturbide's Plan de Iguala for Mexican independence led to his removal from power. Arredondo is remembered in Texas history as a "butcher" because of his executions of republicans. When Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Arredondo endorsed the Plan of Iguala and swore allegiance to the Republic of Mexico on July 3, 1821. He surrendered his command, went into retirement in Havana, Cuba, and died in 1837 shortly after Texas had gained its independence.

title: José Joaquín de Arredondo


text:
Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) is a professional organization that was founded in the United States in 1940 to advance the science of vertebrate paleontology around the world.

Mission and Activities
SVP has about 2,300 members internationally and holds annual scientific conferences in North America and elsewhere. It is organized for educational and scientific purposes with a mission to "advance the science of vertebrate paleontology and to serve the common interests and facilitate the cooperation of all persons concerned with the history, evolution, comparative anatomy, and taxonomy of vertebrate animals, as well as field occurrence, collection, and study of fossil vertebrates and the stratigraphy of the beds in which they are found." SVP is also concerned with the conservation and preservation of fossil sites. SVP publications include the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, the SVP Memoir Series, the News Bulletin, theBibliography of Fossil Vertebrates and most recently Palaeontologia Electronica.

History
SVP was founded as an independent society in 1940 by a group of scientists who had formed the 'section of vertebrate paleontology' in the Paleontological Society six years earlier. Among the founding members were George Gaylord Simpson, who was nine years later also a founding member of the Society for the Study of Evolution, and Alfred Sherwood Romer. SVP's members wanted to maintain a strong focus on evolution and zoology at a time when the Paleontological Society was becoming increasingly biostratigraphic and industry focused. SVP's first president was Al Romer (served 1940-41), and its current president is Jessica Theodor. Six out of the last eight of SVP's presidents have been women (Annalisa Berta, Catherine E. Badgley, Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Catherine Forster, Emily Rayfield, and Jessica Theodor), as is the president-elect (Margaret Lewis).

Public policies
SVP considers that "vertebrate Fossils are significant nonrenewable paleontological resources that are afforded protection by federal, state and local environmental laws and guidelines", and that scientifically important fossils, especially those found on public land, should be held in the public trust, preferably in a museum or research institution, where they can benefit the scientific community as a whole. The Paleontological Resources Preservation Act. S. 546 and H. R. 2416 were introduced in the US Congress with the support of SVP. SVP has also been involved in legal action to protect the original boundaries of Grand Staircase–Escalante and Bears Ears national monuments, both of which were established to provide protection for paleontological resources.

The ethics by-law of SVP states "The barter, sale, or purchase of scientifically significant vertebrate fossils is not condoned, unless it brings them into or keeps them within a public trust." Because of this, SVP has advocated that scientifically important fossils, such as the theropod skeleton auctioned in Paris in 2018, be placed in public trust repositories like those at major museums and universities.

The position of the SVP is that "The fossil record of vertebrates unequivocally supports the hypothesis that vertebrates have evolved through time" and that evolution is "the central organizing principle of biology, understood as descent with modification" and is important to geology as well. The Society believes only scientifically supported evolutionary theory should be taught in school and that creationism and intelligent design have no place in the scientific curriculum. To this end, SVP has set up programs to train educators in teaching evolution.

Publications

 * The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (JVP) is the society's flagship publication. JVP was founded in 1980 at the University of Oklahoma and continued in 1984 by SVP. JVP contains original contributions on all aspects of the vertebrate paleontology; including vertebrate origins, evolution, functional morphology, taxonomy, biostratigraphy, paleoecology, paleobiogeography, and paleoanthropology.
 * The SVP Memoir Series publishes monographic papers that are longer than JVP articles.
 * The News Bulletin has been published for SVP since its founding. The News Bulletin contains minutes of annual business meetings, news from members around the world, address changes, new members, job advertisements, and obituaries.
 * The Bibliography of Fossil Vertebrates is an index for publications on all subjects related to vertebrate paleontology.
 * Palaeontologia Electronica is the world's first electronic journal of paleontology and is sponsored in part by SVP.

Awards and prizes
The SVP issues the following awards, grants and prizes:

 * Cohen Award for Student Research (after Steven Cohen)
 * Colbert Prize Student Poster Prize (after Edwin H. and Margaret Colbert)
 * Dawson Predoctoral Fellowship Grant (after Mary R. Dawson)
 * Estes Memorial Grant (after Richard Estes)
 * Gregory Award (after Joseph T. Gregory)
 * Hix Preparators' Grant (after Marvin and Beth Hix)
 * Honorary Membership
 * Institutional Membership (a program for institutions in developing nations)
 * Lanzendorf-National Geographic PaleoArt Prizes (after John Lanzendorf)
 * Patterson Memorial Grant (after Bryan Patterson)
 * Program for Scientists from Economically Developing Nations
 * Romer Prize (after Alfred Romer)
 * Romer-Simpson Medal (after Alfred S. Romer and George G. Simpson)
 * Skinner Award (after Morris Skinner)
 * Wood Award (after Albert E. Wood)
 * Jackson School of Geosciences Travel Grant
 * SVP Futures Award
 * Carroll Award (after Robert Carroll)

title: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology


text:
Oshikango

Oshikango is a former village in northern Namibia and since 2004 part of the town of Helao Nafidi, although it still maintained its own village council for a number of years. Oshikango is still the name of the border post with Angola and the electoral constituency for this suburb. It is estimated to have grown from "a tiny cluster of shebeens around an open market into a thriving boomtown with around 5,000 to 8,000 inhabitants over a period of 10 years".

History
The Oshikango area was heavily affected by the 1966 to 1989 South African Border War between South Africa and its allied forces (mainly UNITA) and the Angolan government and the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO). The war ended with South Africa agreeing to Namibian independence. In 1996 Oshikango, along with many other settlements in the area, was proclaimed a village with the aim of increasing border trade.

Economy
The border post between Namibia and Angola has brought business opportunities to Oshikango and the surrounding area. With the help of the European Union an Export Processing Zone consisting of 14 warehouses was established there. The nearby village of Omafo, now a suburb of Helao Nafidi, hosts an annual trade show.

The parallel prevalence of land owned by the village of Oshikango, the town of Helao Nafidi, and land under traditional jurisdiction has led to uncertainties about ownership that had to be settled in court. There are some manufacturing companies in Oshikango, for example Fatima Plastic which donated Engela hospital the cost of building a bridge after a flood. Chicco, a building material wholesaler, has also set up shop in Oshikango, and there are also large retailers like Pick n Pay and Fysal Fresh Produce. Most villagers however, still mainly survive by agriculture and face the risk of periodic drought.

Transport
In mid-2005, the second stage of the new Northern Railway between Oshikango and Oshivelo began construction. By mid-2006, it had reached Ondangwa. A train service known as the Omugulugwombashe Star traveled weekly on this track until the locomotives broke down after a few rounds of service. In 2008, a short extension across the border was proposed to bypass the congested border post. The next station to the south is Ohangwena.

Life
Oshikango is considered the business hub of the North in Namibia. Many foreign as well as local investors have chosen Oshikango as their stepping-stone for exports into Angola. A governing body dubbed the Oshikango Business Association, in conjunction with Local Government as well as the NCCI (Namibia Chamber of Commerce and Industry) regulate all business related matters in the area.

title: Oshikango


text:
Bomberman (1983 video game)

Bomberman (ボンバーマン) is a maze video game developed and published by Hudson Soft. The original home computer game Bomber Man (爆弾男) was released in July 1983 for the NEC PC-8801, NEC PC-6001 mkII, Fujitsu FM-7, Sharp MZ-700, Sharp MZ-2000, Sharp X1 and MSX in Japan, and a graphically modified version for the MSX and ZX Spectrum in Europe as Eric and the Floaters. A sequel, 3-D Bomberman, was produced. In 1985, Bomberman was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It spawned the Bomberman series with many installments building on its basic gameplay.

Gameplay
In the NES/Famicom release, the eponymous character, Bomberman, is a robot that must find his way through a maze while avoiding or destroying enemies. He can set bombs to attack enemies and destroy rocks that block his path; initially, the bombs explode after a short delay. Doors leading to further maze rooms are hidden under rocks, as are power-up items that grant abilities such as placing multiple bombs at once, increasing their blast radius, and being able to set them off at any desired moment.

Bomberman will turn human when he escapes and reaches the surface. Each game has 50 levels in total. The original home computer games are more basic and have some different rules. Notably, completing the NES and Famicom version reveals that the game is a prequel to Hudson Soft's NES port of Broderbund Software's 1983 game Lode Runner. Upon clearing the final screen, Bomberman is shown turning into Lode Runner's unnamed protagonist. In the Japanese version of the game, the player is explicitly told that Bomberman will 'See [them] in Lode Runner', while in the international version, they are instead asked if they can recognise the protagonist from another Hudson game.

Development
Bomberman was written in 1980 to serve as a tech demo for Hudson Soft's BASIC compiler. This very basic version of the game was given a small-scale release for Japanese PCs in 1983 and the European PCs the following year. The Famicom version was developed (ported) by Shinichi Nakamoto, who reputedly completed the task alone over a 72 hour period. According to Zero magazine, Bomberman adopted gameplay elements from the Coreland/Sega arcade hit Pengo (1982).

The European home computer versions were released as Eric and the Floaters to avoid any association with a series of terrorist bombings carried out by the Irish Republican Army during The Troubles.

Enhanced ports and re-releases
Bomberman is most known for the NES version released in Japan on December 20, 1985 and in North America in January 1989. Hudson Soft's director of research and development, Shinichi Nakamoto, commented in a 1995 interview that "I personally believe that the Famicom version of Bomberman is the one and only version of the game." This version was ported back to the MSX the following year as Bomberman Special. Bomberman's appearance in this game (Hudson Soft re-used an enemy graphic taken from their own 1984 NES/Famicom port of Broderbund's Lode Runner) is an early version of Bomberman's more famous design, a robotic anime-like character with a pink antenna. The game was also released on Game Boy as a "Game B" mode of the game Atomic Punk. In 2004, this version of Bomberman was re-released for the Game Boy Advance as part of the Famicom Mini series in Japan and the Classic NES Series in North America and Europe. It was released in the same year for the N-Gage.

A remake/update was released for the PlayStation, titled Bomberman in Japan and Europe, and renamed Bomberman Party Edition in North America. This release features a port of the original version of the single-player game as well as a revised and updated version with pre-rendered 3D graphics and contemporary audio. The updated graphics and audio were also used for the multiplayer aspect of the game.

Other sources

 * Top Secret Passwords Nintendo Player's Guide
 * Bomberman Operation Manual, NES-BM-USA, Hudson Soft USA

title: Bomberman (1983 video game)


text: Template:Shenzhou program

title: Template:Shenzhou program


text:
Talk:Köpenick

The third paragraph, which is about a radio antenna, must have been translated from a similar paragraph in the German Wikipedia. It could be translated a lot better. But I couldn't figure out how to fix it without misrepresenting a technical term. Art LaPella 04:51, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Köpenick


text:
Talk:Wallkill River

Untitled
What does it mean for a river to be impounded?

An impoundment is the technical term for any purposely constructed impediment to a river's flow, such as a dam or weir.Daniel Case 05:09, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Creek?
In British English a Creek is a small estuary where a river enters the sea, so draining in to a creek is the usual situation. The North American usage of a creek being a stream or small river stems from such rivers being explored originally from the sea and the name persisting further up stream. Would it be better to say drains in to a stream if that is what is meant? Billlion 06:37, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, to be fair, the Rondout where the Wallkill drains into it really ought to be called a river, since it's as wide as the Wallkill would be if not impounded at that point. I think it's really a matter of the Rondout having been taken its name further up, or the impoundment having been created later on.Daniel Case 05:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * American English is inconsistent in its use of designations such as "creek, river, brook, etc." with its waterways. One drive out in Montana and Idaho will introduce you to creeks and brooks that should be called rivers and rivers that should be called brooks.--ColonelHenry (talk) 15:55, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comments
''These have been moved here from a subpage as part of a cleanup process. See Discontinuation of comments subpages.''

I have assessed this article as C-class and identified the following areas for improvement:  shirulashem     (talk)   14:44, 28 December 2008 (UTC)
 * The article needs inline citations
 * The article needs references

Twischsawkin
The Lenape name of the river does not mean "where the plums abound". The morphology is wrong. I know this comes out of Schrabisch's Indian Habitations (1915) where he mentions an old 1769 survey of the Drowned Lands, but his translation skills were always lacking. The Lenape meaning indicates a specific place where a stream meets the river, where it was "open" and "grassy". No where does it mean plums. --ColonelHenry (talk) 04:18, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I have taken it out. Do we have something we can cite this new meaning to? Daniel Case (talk) 04:51, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * There are two books currently in manuscript form scheduled for publishing later in the year that I read it in recently, but I confirmed it using John O'Meara's Lenape Dictionary. Perhaps a section stating, several historical sources have claimed the river's aboriginal name was "Twischsawkin" but the translation of this name does not match Lenape morphology.  Recall taht most surveyors just wrote down what they were told.  Whether they interpretted it correctly or could confirm it was even correct is another matter.  And when those books are published, we cite their definitions in conferment.--ColonelHenry (talk) 15:32, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

Isn't the Wallkill River a tributary of Rondout Creek...
...And Rondout Creek a tributary of the Hudson River Gjs238 (talk) 22:17, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

Flooding of 2011 & other comments
Mention of the severe flooding of 2011 (Hurricane Irene followed immediately by Tropical Storm Lee) should be made as it was worse than 1955's flooding. It effected the availability of some crops in the US as well as their prices, onions and pumpkins spring to mind. Where I live, the fields a mile from the Wallkill were under four feet of water. And I don't see anything about continuing proposals for dredging by the Army Corps of Engineers to try to mitigate the flooding.

The History section, 3rd paragraph, begins with: "Settlers recognized the agricultural possibilities of the Drowned Lands almost as soon as they moved in." This is the first and only reference to the Drowned Lands. An explanation is in order at minimum and an article of it's own at maximum. The flood plain was formed from glacial activity, was it not? The depth of the black dirt is somewhere around 30 feet in places. I don't know the name of the soil type, but it's very peaty and holds water like a sponge, increasing the impact of the flooding on farmers.

If only the Wallkill looked as pretty all along it's course as the photograph in the article, taken near Walden. Unfortunately, it does not.

This article is much better than so many others for this area of the Hudson River Valley. Congratulations! Wordreader (talk) 16:45, 25 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I'm certainly aware of the post-Irene flooding, as someone who lives in the area, however I have just been too busy with other things since I started this article to keep making running updates (Actually, I do think Effects of Hurricane Irene in New York has some stuff there that can be ported over with sources, so it might be easier than I want to think). The soil name you're thinking of is called chernozem (from the Slavic for "black earth"). It's not found in too many other places in the U.S. If you like this, I commend your attention as well to another Hudson-tributary article I did most of the work on, Esopus Creek (which also needs some updating, but is more in-depth). Daniel Case (talk) 17:24, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Wallkill River


text:
Talk:Antarctic krill/to do

 * Convert to ref and note

title: Talk:Antarctic krill/to do


text:
Hershel Reichman

Hershel Reichman (רב צבי יוסף רייכמן) (born February 18, 1944) is an Orthodox rabbi and rosh yeshiva of Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, an affiliate of Yeshiva University.

Education
Reichman received a BA from Yeshiva University and Ph.D. in Operations Research from New York University (NYU). Reichman considers himself primarily a student of the twentieth century Talmudic genius Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik. However, Reichman officially received his rabbinical ordination (semicha) from Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, with whom he studied Jewish Law in a private tutorial. In addition, Reichman is known for his passionate support of Religious Zionism.

Books
Rabbi Hershel Reichman, has authored seven volumes of Reshimos Shiurim which are lucid notes and explanations of Rabbi Soloveitchik's lectures on specific sections of the Talmud. These include the Mesechtot ("Tractates") of Sukkah, Shevuot, Nedarim, Bava Kamma, Berachot and Yevamot. The Rav gave shiur for one year on the particularly challenging tractate of Yevamot in the year of 1962–63. Additionally, Rav Reichman is a teacher of Hasidism, and is particularly fond of the philosophy of the Shem Mishmuel.

Professorship
Reichman became the newest member of the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary faculty to occupy an endowed chair when he was invested by President Richard M. Joel as the Bronka Weintraub Professor of Talmud on September 18, 2006 in the Harry Fischel Beit Midrash of Zysman Hall on the Wilf Campus. Reichman also gives a weekly shiur at Rambam Mesivta in Lawrence, NY.

Family
Reichman's father was born in Belz, Poland to a family of Belzer Hasidim. After World War II, Reichman's grandfather served as an emissary of the Belzer Rebbe, Rabbi Aharon Rokeach.

One of Rabbi Reichman's sons, Rabbi Zev Reichman, is a teacher at the Mechinah program (James Striar School of General Jewish Studies) at Yeshiva University. The younger Reichman has written a book about Hasidic thought called Flames of Faith: An Introduction to Chassidic Thought, adapted from the Torah classes of Rabbi Moshe Wolfson, and has translated the book Haser Ka'as Milibecha, under the title Remove Anger from Your Heart.

Another of Rabbi Reichman's sons, Rabbi Moshe Nechemia Reichman, is a senior Ra"m of Yeshivat Torat Shraga in Israel.

Reichman resides in Washington Heights, New York.

title: Hershel Reichman


text:
James Malcolm Rymer

James Malcolm Rymer (1814–1884) was a British 19th-century writer of penny dreadfuls, and is the probable co-author with Thomas Peckett Prest of both Varney the Vampire (1847) and The String of Pearls (1847), in which the notorious villain Sweeney Todd makes his literary debut.

History
Information about Rymer throughout his life is difficult to find, possibly due to his infamous shyness and desire to escape the public eye, as well as his usage of many pseudonyms such as Merry or Errym. He was of Scottish descent, though born in Clerkenwell, London on 1 February 1814 to a working-class family. He later in life became a civil engineer of which he was still noted to follow as his profession in 1841. He married Caroline Huttley in 1839 and they had their first child in 1840.

Rymer began his literary career in 1842 when he began editing the Queen's Magazine, of which it is speculated he wrote the majority of the published articles. After only five months he was forced to declare the magazine a failure and was forced to seek out other work which he eventually found under the employ of Edward Lloyd. It was during this time that Rymer made a name for himself with the publication of Ada the Betrayed in 1843. This would later be followed up with the popular serials Varney the Vampire from 1845 to 1847 and The String of Pearls from 1846 to 1847 both of which serialized in People's Periodical and Family Library. Edward Lloyd moved on from publishing penny dreadfuls and began publishing newspapers in 1850, that same year a new publication of A String of Pearls was released with extra content. After this Rymer instead did work for Reynold's Miscellany and befriended the owner of the publication George Reynolds. During this time in 1855 he wrote The Unspeakable, which he claimed to partly be a biography; because of this, some have suggested Rymer suffered from a stutter in real life.

His wife Caroline is speculated to have died in 1853 and he remarried in 1859 to Sarah Rebecca Carpenter. His son youngest George also passed away 1865, both of these deaths led to a drop in his writing with him halting all his work in 1869. He and Sarah would move to Sussex in 1870 and take over the Sea House Hotel there. In 1877 he made his last public appearance during a court case about if dogs were allowed on hotel property which he won, he health began to deterioate in 1883 forcing him and his wife to move back to London. He died on 11 August 1884 and is buried in Kensal Green cemetery, West London.

Authorship question
Unfortunately Lloyd's business practices did not allow authors to put their name on their published work, due to this there is disagreement over the authorship of many works published by his company. In particular the authors of Varney the Vampire and The String of Pearls are much debated. E.F. Bleiler has argued that Rymer is most likely the author of Varney due to the differences in how he wrote dialogue compared to Prest as did Louis James, the latter citing a piece of the manuscript in Rymer's handwriting.

The String of Pearls is usually attributed to either Rymer or Thomas Peckett Prest, however other contenders such as George Mcfarren or Edward Lloyd have been suggested. The first claim of Prest being the author came in 1894 followed by a 1901 response claiming that Rymer was the true author. Although historically attributed to Prest recently arguments have been made that Rymer should be considered the true author of The String of Pearls. It is commonly noted that these works were cooperatively written and so they usually are both considered co-authors of the piece.

Legacy
Rymer is held to be one of the four important writers of vampires and helping popularise them alongside Bram Stoker, Sheridan Le Fanu, and John William Polidori.

In popular culture
According to legend it is said that Rymer and Lloyd both grew so embarrassed by his previous work that they paid people to go around and take them out of stores in order to prevent them being seen by the public. Dick Collins speculates that this story originates from a copyright dispute where Lloyd lost the rights to some of Rymer's works and had to ask for them to be sent back as he could no longer profit off their sales.

James Malcolm Rymer features as the narrator of The Springheel Saga, Series Two: The Legend of Springheel'd Jack, by The Wireless Theatre Company. Set in 1845, Rymer is played by John Holden-White.

title: James Malcolm Rymer


text: Category:Japanese table tennis players

title: Category:Japanese table tennis players


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ABDL

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect. humblefool®Deletion Reform 00:51, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

ABDL
I made effort to make this NPOV, but it's a how-to/FAQ. There is no content here that is not also in Infantilism. Please look at the talk page for examples of the material I've moved off the main page. brenneman (t) (c) 04:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Infantilism Tom k&e 15:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. — RJH 15:33, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, no merge is nessesary or desired. func (talk) 17:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * do not delete I think it offers a look at a community rather than a clinical survey as offered in the infantilsm page. Dave
 * do not delete The seperation of the two articles allows one to have a clinical veiw while the other has a multiple point of veiw. I would also like to note that the ABDL article has sections dealing in more practical matters, something that infantilism does not. There were complaints about how the Infantilism article was writen before and there was some agreement that the seperation of the articles would cut down on article size and keep the point of veiw consistant for both articles. (EDIT: Signed for the sake of others) -- OrbitOne
 * (Unsigned edit by 80.62.170.94 - brenneman (t) (c)  11:22, 24 July 2005 (UTC) )

 * do not delete Though addressing the same general topic, the two articles address it from two very different places. Like the above voter said, Infantilism is more of a clinical exploration and ABDL is more from the point of view of people practicing it.  If there is to be a re-direct, it should be merged instead of just deleted.  But seeing as they originated as one article before being split due to article length, re-merging them wouldn't make much sense.
 * (Unsigned edit by Icarus3 - brenneman (t) (c)  11:22, 24 July 2005 (UTC) )

 * do not delete This is an article on a community, while Infantilism is an article on the fetish that this community shares - related yes, but not at all the same thing. - Pacula 03:48, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ABDL


text: Category:1992 in Canada

title: Category:1992 in Canada


text:
Hellfighters (film)

Hellfighters is a 1968 American adventure film directed by Andrew V. McLaglen and starring John Wayne, Katharine Ross, Jim Hutton and Vera Miles. The movie depicts a group of oil well firefighters and is based loosely on the life of Red Adair. Adair, "Boots" Hansen, and "Coots" Matthews served as technical advisers on the film.

Hellfighters was for the most part negatively received, with criticism aimed at the overlong plot and dull characterization.

Plot
Chance Buckman is the head of a Houston–based oil well firefighting outfit. With a team that includes Joe Horn, Greg Parker, and George Harris, Chance travels around the world putting out blazes at well heads from industrial accident, explosion or terrorist attack. Chance enjoys the thrills, but longs for ex-wife Madelyn. She divorced him 20 years earlier, taking their daughter Letitia with her, because Madelyn could not bear to see her husband risk his life. Though they love each other, Madelyn could not deal with her terror that Chance might be badly injured or burn to death in a fire.

While extinguishing a burning wellhead, Chance suffers a near-fatal accident when he is crushed by a bulldozer blade. Against his wishes, his daughter Letitia (Tish) visits him in the hospital, summoned by his old friend and former firefighting partner Jack Lomax and fetched by Greg Parker in The Buckman Company's corporate jet. She also pursues Greg Parker to a well fire in Louisiana. (Greg has a notorious reputation for using fires to pick up women. Generally, any woman he takes to a fire ends up in bed with him.) In the case of Buckman's spitfire of a daughter, however, after considerable initial friction Greg and Tish fall in love and marry five days after their first meeting. In spite of Greg's reputation, Buckman comes to trust his daughter's choice and accepts Greg into the family. Madelyn, projecting her own fears onto her daughter, though gracious, is rather less accepting, despite her liking for Greg.

Greg suspects that his new father-in-law is growing increasingly protective of him after the marriage in an effort to protect his daughter from heartbreak should her new husband be harmed or killed. Tish wishes to see the fires that her husband and father fight, something that neither man encourages. Her father relents and allows her to accompany Greg into the field.

Chance, trying to re-unite with his ex-wife, leaves The Buckman Company to accept an executive position with his old friend Jack Lomax on the board of directors of Lomax Oil as a way to win her back. Chance gives his company to his son-in-law as a "wedding present", although Greg's pride compels him to tell Buckman he "doesn't want any gifts" and that he will "pay twice what it's worth." Greg and Tish begin traveling the world to put out oil fires. Soon the older couple announce that they will remarry, to the delight of Tish. Madelyn is happy to see her husband in a safe job, but before too long Chance becomes bored with corporate life and longs to be back in the field. As Jack Lomax earlier told Tish, "Your father is the best there is at what he does. No man can walk away from that."

Greg encounters problems with a fire in Venezuela: five oil wells in a tight line burning all at once, further compounded by guerrillas who are trying to undermine the operation. He asks Chance to return and help fight the fire. Chance does so without hesitation. Buckman goes to Venezuela in a Texas Air National Guard transport full of firefighting gear, unaware that Madelyn and Tish have followed him to Caracas. Madelyn uses Jack Lomax's influence with the President of Venezuela to get herself and Tish to the oilfield where the fire is burning. Madelyn declares "This is it for me," in the sense that it will either make or break her ability to deal with the fires once and for all, fully aware that her relationship with Chance is on the line.

The Hellfighters put out the fires with the help of the Venezuelan Army while under attack by rebel warplanes that strafe the oilfield. Madelyn explodes in anger at what she perceives as the Venezuelans' inability to protect the team from the unexpected air raid, railing at the Venezuelan army and civil officials for allowing the guerrillas to get close enough to attack. Chance pulls her away during her tirade. She snaps, "Damned if I understand your attitude!", to which he replies, "It's very simple — you'll do." When Greg asks Tish for her take on it, she just smiles and says, "I think we ought to get her a tin hat," referring to the bright red hardhats with The Buckman Company logo worn by the Hellfighters.

Cast

 * John Wayne as Chance Buckman
 * Katharine Ross as Tish Buckman
 * Jim Hutton as Greg Parker
 * Vera Miles as Madelyn Buckman
 * Jay C. Flippen as Jack Lomax
 * Bruce Cabot as Joe Horn
 * Barbara Stuart as Irene Foster
 * Edward Faulkner as George Harris
 * Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez as Hernando (Houseboy) (uncredited)
 * Cactus Pryor as Chance's Doctor
 * Edmund Hashim as Colonel Valdez
 * Edward Colmans as Deputy Minister Caldez
 * Alberto Morin as General Lopez
 * Howard Finch as Ed 'Cal' Calhoun
 * Valentin de Vargas as Amal Bokru
 * Frances Fong as Madame Loo
 * Laraine Stephens as Helen Meadows
 * Alan Caillou as Harry York
 * John Alderson as Jim Hatch
 * Big John Hamilton as Lipman

Production
Red Adair had been fighting fires since 1946. He was well known in the industry but became more generally known in 1962 after extinguishing the Devil's Cigarette Lighter Sahara Desert gas well fire. Clair Huffaker wrote an original script which was bought by Universal in February 1967. Robert Arthur was assigned to produce. John Wayne agreed to star in November 1967.

Vera Miles played Katharine Ross' mother, yet Miles is only ten years older than Ross.

Wayne made the film after The Green Berets. It reteamed him with Andrew McLaglen, with whom Wayne had made McLintock! (1963), and Jim Hutton, who had been in The Green Berets.

This was the first film for which Wayne was paid $1 million. Unlike many of Wayne's films around this time, it was not made for his own company.

Much of the filming took place on the Snodgrass Ranch just outside of Casper, Wyoming.

During filming, a catering truck crashed into Wayne's trailer while the star was inside. However, he was not injured.

Critical reception
Hellfighters received mostly negative reviews, garnering a 13% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times described the film as a "slow moving, talkative, badly plotted bore". A. H. Weiler of The New York Times wrote that John Wayne made "actionful, if not stirringly meaningful, child's play of exotic disasters" and remarked that "the unrestrained cast and director maintain a welcome sense of humor".

title: Hellfighters (film)