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Night of the Long Knives (1962)

British prime minister Harold Macmillan carried out a major cabinet reshuffle of his premiership on 13 July 1962. Macmillan dismissed seven members of his Cabinet, a third of the total.

The reshuffle took place against a backdrop of declining Conservative popularity in Britain. Conservative candidates had fared poorly in several by-elections, losing ground to Liberal candidates. Concerned that traditional Conservative voters were expressing their disapproval with the government's economic policies by switching to the Liberals, Harold Macmillan planned to replace his Chancellor of the Exchequer, Selwyn Lloyd, with Reginald Maudling. Lloyd had already clashed with Macmillan over economic strategies, and Maudling was considered to be more amenable to the economic policies Macmillan wished to implement. The reshuffle was also an attempt to reinvigorate the party, bringing in younger and more dynamic figures and replacing some of the older and less capable ministers. After discussions with Conservative Party chairman Iain Macleod and Home Secretary Rab Butler, a reshuffle was planned for autumn 1962.

Macmillan was overtaken by events when Butler leaked the details of the reshuffle to press baron Lord Rothermere over lunch on 11 July. The newspapers reported the impending changes on 12 July, and Macmillan made the decision to press ahead with the reshuffle at once. Lloyd was called to a meeting that evening and dismissed. The remaining six were informed the following day, 13 July. Macmillan faced sharp criticism over the scale of the changes, and his political opponents both within the Conservative Party and in the Opposition characterised him as ruthless and opportunistic. Despite an initial sharp drop in his approval ratings, opinion eventually swung back in his favour and the Party recovered. Macmillan regretted the way the reshuffle was carried out, and was particularly concerned about his treatment of Lloyd, who was a loyal confidant. Despite the dramatic changes in the Cabinet, the Conservatives were rocked by a series of scandals in 1963 and Macmillan retired in October of that year, citing ill health. He was replaced as Prime Minister by Alec Douglas-Home, who was defeated in the 1964 general election.

Background
The Conservatives won a convincing majority at the 1959 general election, increasing their lead over their nearest rivals, Labour. The Labour party were further weakened by internal disputes, but the Conservatives' economic policies unveiled in the 1960 Budget proved damaging. The tax cuts of 1959 were reversed, decreasing the government's popularity while the Liberals began a revival. The Conservatives were forced into third place in several by-elections, culminating in the loss of the previously safe seat of Orpington (neighbouring Macmillan's Bromley seat) in a March 1962 by-election victory for the Liberal candidate, Eric Lubbock. The by-election result, announced on 14 March, came one day after the Blackpool North by-election, another former Conservative safe seat; though the Conservative candidate Norman Miscampbell succeeded in holding the Blackpool North seat, the previous majority of 15,587 was reduced to just 973 by the Liberal candidate, Harry Hague. The Conservatives were struggling with deep unpopularity over their economic policies. A pay-pause and rising prices, together with discontent at high taxation that was demonstrably inequitable, drove voters to protest against government policies by switching their votes to the Liberals, or by abstaining from voting Conservative.

Macmillan saw in the by-election results evidence that former Conservative voters would abandon their candidates in support of the Liberals, who were well placed in Conservative safe seats. In instances where the Liberals had no candidate standing, such as the Labour safe seat of Pontefract, the Conservatives maintained their share of the vote. When a Liberal candidate was fielded, such as at the Stockton-on-Tees by-election in April, in a seat Macmillan himself formerly held, the Conservatives saw large numbers of voters desert them for the Liberals. Later by-elections confirmed the trend. By July the Chairman of the Conservative Party Iain Macleod warned that a government reshuffle was necessary to revitalise flagging support, a view confirmed by Martin Redmayne, the Conservative Chief Whip. Macmillan met with Rab Butler on 21 June. With Conservative unpopularity stemming from economic issues, they discussed replacing Selwyn Lloyd as Chancellor of the Exchequer with Reginald Maudling. Lloyd and Macmillan had already clashed over economic policy: Lloyd was opposed to an incomes policy and reflation, and his austerity measures were causing discontent.

The Cabinet was also relatively elderly, and with younger political leaders on the world scene, like American President John F. Kennedy, at a time of dramatic social changes, Macmillan resolved to bring some younger men into important posts. The seven ministers earmarked for replacement averaged 59 years of age. The incoming seven would have an average age of 50. Butler was in favour of the move, and together with Macleod, they worked out an orderly reshuffle of several Cabinet posts, including the Chancellor of the Exchequer. In all, seven ministers were to be replaced, amounting to one third of the total Cabinet of twenty-one.

12/13 July
Macmillan intended to carry out the reshuffle in autumn 1962 after parliament returned from its summer recess. Events overtook him when, on 11 July, Butler lunched with Lord Rothermere, proprietor of several newspapers, including the Daily Mail. Butler let slip the details of the impending reshuffle, and the following day the Daily Mail broke the plans to the public with the headline "Mac's Master Plan". A horrified Macmillan, suspecting that the plans were deliberately leaked by Butler to further his political career, felt compelled to act. He summoned Lloyd to a meeting that evening and informed him that he was to be replaced as Chancellor. He attempted to mollify Lloyd by suggesting that he consider a career in the city as chairman of Martins Bank, and hinted at the possibility of a peerage. Lloyd refused both. The remaining six officeholders were informed the following day, 13 July. Mills, Maclay and Watkinson were reported to have gone quietly, as did Hill, though he expressed his disapproval on the way the reshuffle was handled. Eccles and Kilmuir were the most disappointed, Eccles having hoped to succeed as Chancellor, and Kilmuir later writing that Macmillan appeared to have lost his 'nerve and judgement'. The reshuffle was completed three days later with the removal of nine junior ministers.

Macmillan suggested on several occasions, including at his meeting with Lloyd to dismiss him as Chancellor, that he felt there was a conspiracy within the party to replace him as Prime Minister. While the run of poor Conservative results led to informal talk among party MPs and ministers, no such conspiracy existed. His intimations of party disloyalty and the speed and surprise of the sackings were particularly hurtful to Lloyd, who was loyal to Macmillan, and remained so even after his dismissal.

Aftermath
The speed and size of the reshuffle was unprecedented in British political history, and would not be exceeded until the formation of the Johnson ministry in 2019. The sackings were mockingly named after the 1934 Night of the Long Knives, when Adolf Hitler had many Sturmabteilung supporters of Ernst Röhm either executed or arrested. Macmillan was accused of having acted hastily and of being ungrateful in sacking his party's most loyal officials. His reputation of being calm and unflappable in a crisis was badly tarnished, and his ratings in opinion polls fell sharply. His political opponents made capital from this: Liberal MP Jeremy Thorpe, in a humorous twist on a biblical phrase, observed that "Greater love hath no man than this, that he lay down his friends for his life." Lloyd was cheered on his next appearance in the House on 17 July, while Macmillan was faced with silence from his own benches, and jeers from the opposition. The opposition tabled a motion of censure against Macmillan, which was debated on 26 July. Macmillan also faced divisions within his own party. Conservative MP Gilbert Longden, employing a similar humorous twist on Rudyard Kipling's "If—", congratulated him on keeping his head, while all around him were losing theirs. Former Prime Minister Anthony Eden and former Minister Nigel Birch also voiced their disapproval. Despite these voices of dissent, the reaction from most Conservative MPs was positive.

The damage was relatively short-lived. Macmillan's position improved within a few months of the affair. Butler was moved from the position of Home Secretary and appointed First Secretary of State. Macmillan made out that it was the equivalent of Deputy Prime Minister, a post that had lapsed after 1955. It was in actuality a demotion. Butler was tasked with overseeing the Central African Office, which moved him away from the more powerful state offices. With Lloyd replaced as Chancellor by Maudling, Macmillan pushed ahead with reflation. The more cautious Lloyd had rejected reflation because of the risk of ultimately damaging the economy with a balance of payments crisis. Maudling however was prepared to accept the devaluation of sterling and the placement of controls on imports to stave off this eventuality. By the time of the party conference Macmillan's popularity within his party had largely recovered. Maudling reversed Lloyd's austerity measures that November, following this up with cutting the tax on motor cars, and reducing the bank rate and purchase tax. In the Spring 1963 budget he abolished the Schedule A tax, one of the main causes of dissatisfaction with the Conservatives, and a move which Lloyd had resisted. Liberal fortunes, which rested largely on the unpopularity of these policies, declined thereafter. Labour recovered by early 1963 as the exceptionally harsh winter that year drove up unemployment and the economy unexpectedly faltered.

Macmillan regretted the way the reshuffle was carried out, and was particularly guilt-ridden over how he treated his former confidante, Lloyd. He arranged a meeting with Lloyd on 1 August 1962, before which Macmillan's private secretary, Tim Bligh, informed Lloyd that "He [Macmillan] is spending all the time thinking of how to bring you back." Macmillan apologised to Lloyd, saying that he had made a mistake in not discussing it with him beforehand, and that he was rushed, his hand was forced. He again mentioned a conspiracy, suggesting that "Butler had been plotting to divide the party on the Common Market, and bring him [Macmillan] down."

Despite the upswing in the Conservatives' fortunes which followed after the disapproval over the reshuffle abated, the Party suffered further problems. Macmillan's government was rocked by the Vassall and Profumo affairs the following year, and Macmillan decided to step down in October 1963, citing ill-health. He was replaced as Prime Minister by Alec Douglas-Home, but the Conservatives were defeated in the 1964 general election by Labour under Harold Wilson.

title: Night of the Long Knives (1962)


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USS Glacier (AGB-4)

USS Glacier (AGB-4) (later USCGC Glacier (WAG/WAGB-4)) was a U.S. Navy, then U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker which served in the first through fifteenth Operation Deep Freeze expeditions. Glacier was the first icebreaker to make her way through the frozen Bellingshausen Sea, and most of the topography in the area is named for her crew members. When built, Glacier had the largest capacity single armature DC motors ever installed on a ship. Glacier was capable of breaking ice up to 20 ft thick, and of continuous breaking of 4 ft thick ice at 3 kn.

Named for Glacier Bay, Alaska, USS Glacier was launched on 27 August 1954 at Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula, Mississippi, sponsored by Mrs. Roscoe F. Good; and commissioned on 27 May 1955, CDR. E.H. Mayer USN, Commanding. Glacier is the only icebreaker built in the Glacier class, and was in U.S. Navy service for 11 years, and U.S. Coast Guard service for 21 years.

Construction
Glacier was essentially an improved Wind-class icebreaker, larger and more powerful. Like them, her entire hull was designed for great strength. With a relatively short length in proportion to the great power developed, her bow had the characteristic sloping forefoot that enabled her to ride up on heavy ice and break it with the weight of the vessel. The stern was similarly shaped to facilitate breaking ice while backing down. The sides of the icebreaker were rounded, with marked tumblehome, and she had fore, aft and side heeling tanks that enabled the ship to break free from ice by heeling from side to side and changing trim fore to aft. Diesel electric machinery was chosen for its controllability and resistance to damage.

Antarctic operations, 1955–1960
Glacier's shakedown cruise and maiden voyage were combined in "Operation Deep Freeze I", as flagship for Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd. Her first encounter with the ice was in December 1955, breaking through the Ross Ice Pack, she carved out an ice harbor in Kainan Bay to allow the discharge of cargo from vessels at the site for Little America V. Glacier continued 400 nmi west to break ice into an off-loading site to establish the U.S. Naval Air Facility at McMurdo Sound. In March 1956, Glacier explored the Weddell Sea. Glacier then surveyed Vincennes Bay in Wilkes Land and made the first landing in history on the Princess Martha and Princess Astrid coasts. Glacier returned to Boston, her home port, on 6 May 1956 after these accomplishments.

The ship returned to McMurdo Sound on 28 October 1956 for "Deep Freeze II", having made the earliest seasonal penetration in history. Glacier then delivered stores and supplies at McMurdo and then Little America, she led seven other ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) through the ice pack to the two Antarctic bases. In January 1957 she led two cargo ships into Vincennes Bay where the last of the seven American bases for the International Geophysical Year was to be constructed. Glacier departed Wilkes Station on 17 February 1957 for the United States via Melbourne, Australia when the operation was completed.

During "Deep Freeze III" and the IGY of 1957–1958, Glacier participated as a launching platform for "rockoon" tests during which balloon-lifted rockets gathered information of interest to the "Explorer" space satellite program. Additionally, Glacier continued her usual icebreaking and escort duties, and conducted oceanographic surveys in the Ross Sea.

In the summer of 1958, Glacier provided ice-escort for "Operation Sunec" for the resupply of North Polar radar and weather stations. By November 1958, however, she was again near the South Pole at McMurdo Sound, and after resupplying the base, steamed to Little America V to begin the station deactivation. Subsequently, while operating in the Terra Nova Bay on the coast of Victoria Land, she discovered two unknown islands and what was likely the largest emperor penguin rookery in the Antarctic, home of over 50,000 of the large birds. Glacier then sped to the assistance of the Belgian expedition ship RV Polarhav near Breid Bay, halfway around the Antarctic continent from the Ross Sea.

For "Operation Deep Freeze 5" in 1959–1960, Glacier sailed to McMurdo and then on an exploration of the Bellingshausen Sea. In late February 1960 Glacier raced to assist Argentine Navy icebreaker ARA General San Martín and Danish cargo ship MV Kista Dan. When this rescue mission was accomplished, Glacier sailed to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 2 April 1960 and provided emergency assistance to flooded areas there for twelve days. Glacier also did relief operations; providing helicopter and boat transportation, and emergency supplies to residents of Paramaribo, Suriname after the floods. Glacier then got underway for Boston, Massachusetts on 17 April 1960.

Antarctic operations, 1960–1966
The icebreaker departed Boston on 13 October 1960 on her sixth Antarctic voyage and reached Lyttelton, New Zealand on 21 November 1960 to unload cargo. Most of December 1960 was spent in breaking a 21 nmi channel through McMurdo Sound to open the way for supply ships. Glacier returned to Wellington, New Zealand for repairs, and to receive the U.S. Navy Unit Commendation for her Bellingshausen Sea expedition success. She then returned to the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas on another expedition. Oceanographic work continued until March 1961 when she sailed for Boston, arriving on 27 April 1961.

Underway again on 8 October 1961 for "Deep Freeze 62", she loaded cargo at Lyttelton, New Zealand, in early November 1961 and entered the Ross Sea ice pack on 13 November 1961, reaching McMurdo Sound by the end of the month. After repairs at Wellington, Glacier returned to McMurdo Station and to the site of Little America V for cartographic studies. She returned to New Zealand on 6 March 1962 and then put in at Boston on 5 May 1962 after steaming 36000 nmi.

Glacier stood out of Boston on 17 September 1962 for "Deep Freeze 63", entering the pack ice on 6 November 1962 and reaching the edge of the bay ice of McMurdo Sound a week later. Glacier sustained minor damage in the thick ice and proceeded to Wellington for repairs. On 31 December 1962, Glacier cut through McMurdo Sound en route to McMurdo Station. She continued operations off McMurdo Station through 1965. Her diverse duties included keeping the channel open for supply ships. On 29 December 1965, US ships Atka and USCGC Burton Island (WAGB-283) assisted her in pushing an iceberg out of the shipping lane. After further participation in her 11th "Operation Deep Freeze", Glacier returned to Boston in the late spring of 1966. On 1 July 1966, Glacier was struck from the Navy List, the day after her transfer to the United States Coast Guard.

Coast Guard operations, 1966–1987
Prior to her transfer to the U.S. Coast Guard, Glacier had her smaller armament removed. In September 1967, Glacier departed her new homeport of Long Beach, California en route to the Chukchi Sea north of Cape Lisbourne, Alaska, to aid in the rescue of USCGC Northwind, beset in Arctic ice. The Canadian icebreaker CCGS John A. MacDonald had freed Northwind by the time of Glacier's arrival. Glacier departed Arctic waters to sail to Port Lyttelton, to start Operation Deep Freeze 1967–68. Due to the Northwind rescue trip, Glacier had crossed the Arctic Circle, International Dateline, Equator, and Antarctic Circle lines all within six weeks, attaining "Square Knot Sailor" status in that short time frame. Glacier and other USCG icebreakers opened up the McMurdo shipping lanes, then returned to Port Lyttelton. At that time an experimental navigational satellite (NavSat) system was installed in Glacier by the Applied Physics Lab of Johns Hopkins University, to allow precise positioning in the upcoming exploration in the Weddell Sea. Glacier transited the South Pacific Ocean to Punta Arenas, Chile and the Magellan Straits, then entered the Weddell Sea as lead vessel for the 1968 International Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expedition. Glacier occupied most of the scheduled oceanographic sampling stations in the Weddell Sea. Current meter arrays were set with the precise positioning of the NavSat system. These stations were to be revisited in three years, and the current meters sonic-released for data collection. The heavy fast ice in the Weddell Sea thwarted the scheduled retrieval of this array, until 1975.

Glacier visited the new Palmer Station on Anvers Island, after USCGC Iwsoe, to retrieve USN Seabees and transport them to Punta Arenas for eventual transit back to Davisville, Rhode Island. While departing Arthur Harbor at Palmer Station, Glacier was 1/2 mi astern of USCGC Southwind. Southwind ran aground on an uncharted pinnacle (now called Southwind Rock), tearing out an 80 by section of hull. Glacier escorted the damaged Southwind across the Drake Passage to Puntas Arena, then up the West coast of South America to the Panama Canal. Glacier then departed Panama Canal for Long Beach.

In 1968, the 5-inch guns were also removed. Only the M2 Browning machine guns, M60 machine guns and small arms were retained for law enforcement purposes. During 1973, she and her helicopters were painted red for improved Arctic visibility.

In 1975, Glacier was trapped in ice in Antarctica for six days, finally breaking free and escaping into the waters of Antarctic Sound on 10 March 1975. "She backed and rammed her way to the open sea with the use of only one of her two propellers," said the Coast Guard. Two of the three blades on her other screw were sheared off by "steel hard ice" on Wednesday 5 March, while en route to assist an Argentine icebreaker, ARA General San Martín, which had engine trouble while on a supply mission to a south polar scientific base. The Argentine ship made its way to freedom on its own.

Decommissioning
Following 29 Antarctic and 10 Arctic deployments, Glacier was decommissioned in 1987. She went under the control of the U.S. Maritime Administration, located in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Suisun Bay, on the Sacramento River, California. The Glacier Society saved Glacier from the scrapyard in 2000, and planned to convert the ship into a hospital or research vessel. However, on 16 February 2012 Glacier was sold for $146,726 to be broken up by ESCO Marine in Brownsville, Texas. Efforts to save the vessel from the breakers continued as the ship was taken to the former naval base at Mare Island, Vallejo, on 17 April 2012 for cleaning. Nevertheless, she was towed away to Brownsville, arriving on 19 June. A last-minute stay of execution was rejected, and MARAD ordered her scrapping to begin on 2 July 2012.

Awards

 * Navy Unit Commendation
 * National Defense Service Medal
 * Antarctic Service Medal

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Glacier (AGB-4)


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American Jurisprudence

American Jurisprudence (second edition is cited as Am. Jur. 2d) is an encyclopedia of the United States law, published by West. It was originated by Lawyers Cooperative Publishing, which was subsequently acquired by the Thomson Corporation. The series is now in its second edition, launched in 1962. It is a staple of law libraries, and the current edition is over 140 volumes, updated with replacement volumes, annual pocket supplements, and a New Topic Service binder. The discussion has extensive research references to other Thomson West publications, including sister publications ''Am. Jur. Trials, Am. Jur. Proof of Facts, Am. Jur. Pleading and Practice Forms, and Am. Jur. Legal Forms.'' Before Thomson's acquisition of West Publishing, it was a competitor to Corpus Juris Secundum. ''Am. Jur.'' is available online through both Westlaw, and LexisNexis.

There is also an American Jurisprudence award in some law schools given to law school students for achieving the highest grade and rank in the class for a particular subject (Contracts, Constitutional Law, etc.).

title: American Jurisprudence


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User talk:Tocky

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Tocky


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Bambeanos

Bambeanos were a snack developed by Colgate-Palmolive which consisted of roasted and flavored whole soybeans. The product was introduced in 1975 and was discontinued by May 1976, having rapidly gained a reputation for causing excessive flatulence. Bambeanos cost Colgate $750,000 to develop and market before being withdrawn with fewer than 25,000 cases sold. A jury later awarded $571,000 to the roasting contractor, United Roasters, after Colgate’s withdrawal.

The snack has often been described as a commercial failure.

title: Bambeanos


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Terziere

A terziere (: terzieri) is a subdivision of several towns in Italy. The word derives from (lit. 'third') and is thus used only for towns divided into three neighborhoods. Terzieri are most commonly found in Umbria, for example in Trevi, Spello, Narni and Città della Pieve; towns divided into terzieri in other regions include Lucca in Tuscany, and Ancona and Macerata in the Marches. The medieval Lordship of Negroponte, on the island of Euboea, was also divided into three distinct rulerships, which were known as terzieri.

Other Italian towns with more than three official neighborhoods are frequently divided into analogous quartieri (4, whence the English word "quarter" to mean a neighborhood) or sestieri (6); some towns merely refer to these neighborhoods by the non-number-specific rioni. Terzieri, quartieri, sestieri, rioni, and their analogues are usually no longer administrative divisions of these towns, but historical and traditional communities, seen especially in towns' annual Palio.

title: Terziere


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Dick Hensold

Dick Hensold (born 16 March 1959) is an American folk musician based in the state of Minnesota. An active promoter of bagpipes, he plays Northumbrian smallpipes, Swedish pipes (säckpipa), medieval great-pipes, reel pipes, Montgomery smallpipes, Great Highland bagpipes, recorder, seljefloyte, low whistle and string bass. He played the Edinburgh Folk Festival in 1994, the Lowland and Border Pipers' Society Collogue (Peebles, Scotland) in 1997, and has taught Northumbrian smallpipes at workshops in the United States, Canada, and Northumberland.

He has also studied Cambodian music for many years, and performs in the ensemble Light From Heaven (formerly called New International Trio), led by Cambodian master musician Bun Loeung until his death in 2007.

He has released a solo CD titled "Big Music for Northumbrian Smallpipes," which includes music written and arranged by him, as well as some traditional tunes.

He studied recorder and early music at Oberlin conservatory, graduating in 1981.

Discography

 * New International Trio (Atomic Theory)
 * Way Up North (Hungry Hill Records)
 * Piper's Crow (Piper's Crow)
 * Big Music for Northumbrian Smallpipes (Ten Thousand Lakes)

title: Dick Hensold


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Half Hollow Hills Central School District

Half Hollow Hills Central School District (#5) is located in Dix Hills, New York, on Long Island, and primarily serves the hamlets of Dix Hills and part of Melville, while also serving small areas of East Farmingdale, Deer Park, West Hills, East Northport, and Wheatley Heights in Suffolk County. The district include five elementary, two middle, and two high schools.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the district, consisting of nine schools, had an enrollment of 7,317 students and 647.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.3:1.

Schools
The district has two high schools (East and West), two middle schools (Candlewood and West Hollow), and five elementary schools (Otsego, Paumanok, Signal Hill, Sunquam and Vanderbilt).

Half Hollow Hills East
High School East is located at 50 Vanderbilt Parkway in Dix Hills, New York, Hills East is fed from West Hollow Middle School and is the larger of the district's two high schools. The class of 1978 was the last class where East was the exclusive high school in the district; commencing in 1979 there were graduating classes from both high schools.

High School East features a domed planetarium that houses a Evans & Sutherland digital projection system that is generally used to host class trips from the middle and elementary schools.

High School East is home to the Eugene Orloff Auditorium, a two-level theater boasting a seating capacity of 2200, making it the second largest not-for-profit auditorium on Long Island. The stage is a full Broadway-sized stage (88 feet wide, 49 feet deep, three stories tall for fly space (hanging scenery). The stage has an orchestra pit containing two pistons (although only one functions) that are capable of raising and lowering the pit.

Half Hollow Hills West
High School West, also known as Hills West, is located at 375 Wolf Hill Road in Dix Hills, New York. The school was built in 1975 and in its first year was 10th grade only, for class of '78. After its first year of classes, the district was split and the two high schools became typical 10, 11, 12 grade each. The school grounds of High School West are adjacent to those of Signal Hill Elementary School; however, students from Signal Hill Elementary School attend High School East rather than High School West. West students generally attend Candlewood Middle School from 6th to 8th grade. As of 2019, Michael Catapano serves as the principal of Hills West.

Hills West has been successful in a variety of sports including Cross Country, Track, Football, Baseball, Basketball, Soccer, Swim, Dance, and Volleyball. In 2008, the Cross Country team won the Suffolk County A Championship. In 2009, they once again won the Suffolk County A Championship, however a disqualification of one of the runners led them to take second place. The winter track team won 7 straight county titles (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011) and in the spring of 2007, 2008 and 2009 the spring track team has won the league by going undefeated. In addition, the Colts have fielded strong baseball teams over the years, winning multiple league titles, two county championships, and a state championship in 2003 under the coaching Thomas Migliozzi who recently accomplished his 500th win as the head coach. The Varsity Boys Basketball team has won 4 Suffolk County AA championships (2008, 2010, 2011, and 2016) And won back to back Long Island Championships (2010 and 2011). The first time that has been accomplished in school history. In 2009, the Football team also won its first Long Island Championship in school history. The Boys Basketball team has made the class AA playoffs every year since 2006. Former Head Coach Bill Mitaritonna was named Newsday's HS Basketball Coach of the Year (2010). The Varsity Soccer team made the state semi-finals in 2007 and won the Long Island Championship in 2017. The Hills Swim team has gone undefeated and won league and county champs. The Varsity Football Team has made the playoffs the past 5 of 8 years and were the 2009 Long Island Champions and the 2018 Long Island Champions. In 2014, The Hills West Varsity Softball team won its first ever Suffolk County Championship with a 22-4 record. Hills West Dance team, the Wranglerettes, are the 2007 champions in the Long Island Kickline Association competition, winning in the jazz category for the 14th year, and in the newly created hip hop category. The official school mascot is the Colt. The school's colors are red and gold.

Middle schools
West Hollow Middle School, which opened in 1970, is located at 250 Old East Neck Road in Melville, is the largest middle school in the district. Candlewood is located at 1200 Carll's Straight Path in Dix Hills.

Elementary schools
In the district's history, there were as many as 11 operating elementary schools. The first to close was Sweet Hollow in the 1970s. In the early 1980s, Taukomas, The Hills School, and Manasquan closed due to declining enrollment. Manasquan became the district's central office building (later renamed as Fran Greenspan Administration Center) and fed to Burr's Lane Junior High School (also closed, eventually becoming part of the Five Towns College campus in the early 1990s). Vanderbilt, Otsego, and Forest Park used to all feed to Candlewood, which feeds to High School West. Signal Hill, Chestnut Hill, Paumonok, and Sunquam used to all feed to West Hollow, which feeds to High School East. Sunquam re-opened in 1999 after being closed since 1991. It underwent extensive renovations and an expansion, and is located across the street from the Melville branch of Half Hollow Hills Community Library. Chestnut Hill and Forest Park closed in 2014 (eliminating one school from each high school's tracks).

Administration
The Fran Greenspan Administration Center (formerly known as the Manasquan building) houses the central offices of the Half Hollow Hills School District. It is located at 525 Half Hollow Road, directly adjacent to the southern end of the High School East campus. In addition to housing the offices of the Superintendent and other administrators, Central Office serves as the location for a small mock-astronautics program for children and certain community events, as well as child care services. Reach CYA is also housed in the Central Office Location.

Notable alumni

 * Sal Agostinelli, East, baseball player and International Scouting Director for the Philadelphia Phillies.
 * Gary Bettman, '70, commissioner of the National Hockey League
 * Stephen Bowen, West '02, professional football player
 * Raymond Enners, '63, U.S. Military Academy '67; killed in Vietnam War (1st Lt., platoon leader); awarded Distinguished Service Cross posthumously
 * Melvin Fowler, West '97, professional football player
 * Tobias Harris, West '10, professional basketball player
 * Joe Jones, West '83, basketball head coach at Boston University
 * Mark LoMonaco of The Dudley Boyz, East '90s, pro wrestler
 * Ralph Macchio, West '79, actor, The Karate Kid
 * Kyle Merber, West '08, professional runner
 * James Metzger, East '77, businessman and philanthropist
 * Greg Mottola, East '82, writer-director of Superbad and Adventureland
 * Srihari S. Naidu, physician
 * Cameron Ocasio, West '17, actor known for the leading role in Sam & Cat
 * Todd Phillips, West, filmmaker & actor
 * Michael Prywes, writer-director
 * Jenna Rose, East '16, singer and musician
 * Ryan Star, West '96, rock singer-songwriter
 * Northern State, West '90s, hip hop trio
 * Debbie Wasserman Schultz, East '84, politician
 * Judd Winick, East '88, artist, writer, reality-TV personality and creator of The Life and Times of Juniper Lee


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Parlington Hall

Parlington Hall was the seat of the Gascoigne family, Aberford near Leeds in West Yorkshire, England.

History
The Parlington estate was acquired by the Gascoignes from the Wentworth family in 1546. The hall was modified by successive family members including Sir Edward Gascoigne (early eighteenth century), his son Sir Thomas Gascoigne, the last baronet (late eighteenth century), Richard Oliver-Gascoigne (early nineteenth century) and lastly Isabella and her husband Frederick in the mid- and late nineteenth century.

The house therefore consisted of mixture of architectural styles and materials, and was set in landscaped gardens, but it was abandoned in 1905, after which incremental demolition took place until the late 1950s. Most (?) of what can be seen in old photographs is later than the seventeenth century. Pevsner (1967) does not mention the house at all, implying that nothing substantial survived by that date.

Sir Thomas Gascoigne, 8th and last Baronet, succeeded his brother in 1762. Sir Thomas was M.P. for Thirsk from 1780 to 1784, for Malton in 1784 and for Arundel in 1795. He was also a keen breeder and trainer of horses and with Sir Thomas Stapleton won the St Leger Stakes in 1778 with Hollandoise and the same race twenty years later with his home-bred colt Symmetry. He supported the cause of American independence and commissioned a triumphal arch celebrating the American victory in the War of Independence which stands at the west end of the avenue leading to the estate. The architect was Thomas Leverton. The inscription is 'LIBERTY IN N.AMERICA TRIUMPHANT.MDCCLXXXIII'. Pevsner describes the lettering as 'very fine'.

The death in February 1810 of Sir Thomas Gascoigne the last baronet, aged 65 came just a few months after his heir and only child Tom had pre-deceased him as a result of an accident whilst hunting. Sir Thomas had a new will prepared and his step-daughter, Mary (second child of Sir Charles Turner and Mary Turner) benefitted with her husband Richard Oliver in a lifetime interest in the estates, a proviso being that the family took on the name of Gascoigne and that they had issue. Thereafter Richard Oliver-Gascoigne, presided over the properties. Richard continued the horse-racing tradition of the estate, winning the St Leger in 1811 with Soothsayer and in 1824 with Jerry. He was responsible for building the "Dark Arch" in 1813, a still existent shallow, stone-lined road tunnel which allowed traffic to pass by on Parlington Lane without disturbing the occupants of the house. He was High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1816–17. Mary died in 1819 having had four children, two sons and two daughters. Both sons pre-deceased Richard Oliver-Gascoigne, and the daughters Isabella and Elizabeth inherited all his estates in 1843.

Isabella and Elizabeth, two deeply creative women, immediately (?) commissioned the building of schools, almshouses and churches in the region and made huge improvements to their estates and to the living conditions of their tenantry. The sisters personally fabricated stained glass windows for their various projects. One of these survives in the park at Parlington (in which building?). Isabella's particular interest was wood-turning and she installed at least three lathes in her own workshop at Parlington, as well as writing an authoritative book on the subject (called?). In 1850, Isabella married Colonel Frederick Charles Trench of Woodlawn, County Galway, Ireland. In 1852, Elizabeth married Frederick's cousin Frederick Mason Trench, 2nd Baron Ashtown, head of the Trench family. Jointly the two sisters had already built the magnificent Castle Oliver on their father's estate in Limerick, Ireland. Elizabeth and her husband lived at Castle Oliver, while Isabella and her husband continued to reside at Parlington Hall until her death in 1891.

Following the death of Frederick Charles Trench in June 1905 Parlington Hall was abandoned. His son Col. Frederick Richard Thomas Trench-Gascoigne was already established at another family residence, Lotherton Hall, to the east of the nearby village Aberford, which property he had inherited on the death of his Aunt Elizabeth. After 1905, much of the contents and smaller architectural features of Parlington were transferred to Lotherton, which lies on the B1217 road towards Towton and Sherburn-in-Elmet. It is open to the public, and contains many Gascoigne family memorabilia.

Listed buildings
The Parlington estate contains a number of features: the grade II* listed Triumphal Arch, designed by Thomas Leverton and built around the end of the Eighteenth Century, which is unique in commemorating the victory of the American colonialists over the British in the American War of Independence. An inscription on both faces of the arch reads, "Liberty in N.America Triumphant MDCCLXXXIII"; a tunnel known locally as the "Dark Arch", which was built to shield the inhabitants of the hall from traffic passing along Parlington Lane, still intact almost two hundred years later; an underground icehouse, also intact — a testament to Georgian brick construction.

title: Parlington Hall


text:
Patrologia Graeca

The Patrologia Graeca (PG, or Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca) is an edited collection of writings by the Church Fathers and various secular writers, in the Greek language. It consists of 161 volumes produced in 1857–1866 by J.P. Migne's Imprimerie Catholique, Paris.

Description
The Patrologia Graeca is an edited collection of writings by the Church Fathers and various secular writers, in the Greek language. It consists of 161 volumes produced in 1857–1866 by J. P. Migne's Imprimerie Catholique, Paris. It includes both the Eastern Fathers and those Western authors who wrote before Latin became predominant in the Western Church in the 3rd century, e.g. the early writings collectively known as the Apostolic Fathers, such as the First and Second Epistle of Clement, the Shepherd of Hermas, Eusebius, Origen, and the Cappadocian Fathers Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa.

The 161 volumes are bound as 166 (vols. 16 and 87 being in three parts and vol. 86 in two). An important final volume, which included some supplements and a full index, was never published, as the plates were destroyed in a fire (1868) at the printer.

The first series contained only Latin translations of the originals (81 vols., 1856-61). The second series contains the Greek text with a Latin translation (166 vols., 1857-66). The texts are interlaced, with one column of Greek and a corresponding column on the other side of the page that is the Latin translation. Where the Greek original has been lost, as in the case of Irenaeus, the extant Greek fragments are interspersed throughout the Latin text. In one instance, the original is preserved in Syriac only and translated into Latin. Quite often, information about the author is provided, also in Latin.

A Greek, D. Scholarios, added a half-published list of the authors and subjects, (Athens, 1879) and began a complete table of contents (Athens, 1883). In 1912, Garnier Frères, Paris, published a Patrologia Graeca index volume, edited by Ferdinand Cavallera.

List of volumes
As with the Patrologia Latina, the authors are (with a few exceptions) in chronological order, spanning the period from the earliest Christian writers to the Fall of Constantinople.

Pre-Nicaean

 * PG 1: Clement of Rome
 * PG 2: Clement of Rome, Epistle of Barnabas, Hermas, Epistle to Diognetus, Anonymous Testaments of the 12 Patriarchs
 * PG 3-4: Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (5th to 6th centuries), Maximus the Confessor (7th century) commentary on Pseudo-Dionysius, George Pachymeres (14th century) commentary on Pseudo-Dionysius
 * PG 5: Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp, Melito of Sardis, Papias of Hierapolis, Apollonius of Ephesus, etc.
 * PG 6: Justin Martyr, Tatian, Athenagoras of Athens, Theophilus of Antioch, Hermias philosophus
 * PG 7: Irenaeus
 * PG 8-9: Clement of Alexandria
 * PG 10: Gregory Thaumaturgus, Pope Zephyrinus, Sextus Julius Africanus, Pope Urban I, Hippolytus of Rome, Theognostus of Alexandria, etc.
 * PG 11-17: Origen
 * PG 18: Methodius of Olympus, Alexander of Lycopolis, Peter of Alexandria, Theodore of Heraclea, etc.

4th century

 * PG 19-24: Eusebius of Caesarea
 * PG 25-28: Athanasius
 * PG 29-32: Basil the Great
 * PG 33: Cyril of Jerusalem, Apollinaris of Laodicea, Diodorus of Tarsus, Peter II Bishop of Alexandria, Timotheus Bishop of Alexandria, Isaac the ex-Jew
 * PG 34: Macarius of Egypt and Macarius of Alexandria
 * PG 35-37: Gregory of Nazianzus, Basil (the Minor) Bishop of Caesarea (10th century)
 * PG 38: Gregory of Nazianzus, Caesarius
 * PG 39: Didymus the Blind, Amphilochius Iconiensis, Nectarius
 * PG 40: Egyptian Fathers: St Anthony Abbot, Pachomius, Serapion, Bishop of Thmuis, Isaias the Abbot, Orsisius, Theodorus the Abbot. Other: Asterius bishop of Amaseia, Nemesius, Hieronymus Theologus Græcus, Serapion of Antioch, Philo Bishop of Karpasia, Evagrius Ponticus
 * PG 41-42: Epiphanius
 * PG 43: Epiphanius, Nonnus of Panopolis
 * PG 44-46: Gregory of Nyssa

5th century

 * PG 47-64: John Chrysostom
 * PG 65: Severian of Gabala, Theophilus of Alexandria, Palladius Bishop of Helenopolis, Philostorgius, Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople, Proclus of Constantinople, Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople, Marcus Eremita, Marcus Diadochus, Marcus Diaconus
 * PG 66: Theodore of Mopsuestia, Synesius, Arsenius the Great
 * PG 67: Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomenus
 * PG 68-76: Cyril of Alexandria
 * PG 77: Cyril of Alexandria, Theodotus of Ancyra, Paul Bishop of Emesa, Acacius of Beroea, John of Antioch, Memnon Bishop of Ephesus, Acacius Bishop of Melitene, Rabbulas Bishop of Edessa, Firmus bishop of Caesarea, Amphilochius of Sida
 * PG 78: Isidore of Pelusium
 * PG 79: Nilus of Sinai
 * PG 80-84: Theodoretus of Cyrus
 * PG 85: Basil of Seleucia, Euthalius Deacon of Alexandria, John of Karpathos, Aeneas of Gaza, Zacharias Rhetor Bishop of Mytilene, Gelasius of Cyzicus, Theotimus, Ammonius, Andreas Bishop of Samosata, Gennadius of Constantinople, Candidus Isaurus, Antipater of Bostra, Dalmatius Bishop of Cyzicus, Timothy Bishop of Berytus, Eustathius Bishop of Berytus.

6th century

 * PG 86a: Presbyter Timothy of Constantinople, Joannes Maxentius, Theodorus Lector, Procopius Deacon of Tyre, Theodorus Bishop of Scythopolis, Presbyter Timothy of Jerusalem, Theodosius I of Alexandria, Eusebius of Alexandria, Eusebius of Emesa, Gregentius of Taphar, Patriarch Epiphanius of Constantinople, Isaac of Nineveh, Barsanuphius of Palestine, Eustathius monk, Emperor Justinian, Agapetus the Deacon, Leontius Byzantinus
 * PG 86b: Leontius Byzantinus (continuation), Patriarch Ephraim of Antioch, Paulus Silentiarius, Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople, Evagrius Scholasticus, Eulogius of Alexandria, Simeon Stylites the Younger, Patriarch Zacharias of Jerusalem, Patriarch Modestus of Jerusalem, Anonymous on the siege of Jerusalem by the Persians, Jobius, Erechthius Bishop of Antioch in Pisidia, Peter Bishop of Laodicea.

7th century

 * PG 87a-87b: Procopius of Gaza
 * PG 87c: Procopius of Gaza, John Moschus (Spiritual Meadow), Sophronius, Alexander monk
 * PG 88: Cosmas Indicopleustes, Constantine the Deacon, Joannes Climacus, Agathias Myrinæ, Gregory Bishop of Antioch, Joannes Jejunator (Patriarch John IV of Constantinople), Dorotheus the Archimandrite
 * PG 89: Anastasius Sinaita, Anastasius of Antioch, Anastasius (abbot of Euthymius), Anastasius IV Patriarch of Antioch, Antiochus of Sabe
 * PG 90: Maximus the Abbot
 * PG 91: Maximus the Confessor, Thalassius the Abbot, Theodore of Raithu
 * PG 92: Paschal Chronicle, George Pisides
 * PG 93: Olympiodorus Deacon of Alexandria, Hesychius, Leontius Bishop of Neapolis in Cyprus, Leontius of Damascus

8th century

 * PG 94-95: John of Damascus
 * PG 96: John of Damascus, John of Nicæa, Patriarch John VI of Constantinople, Joannes of Eubœa
 * PG 97: John Malalas (6th century), Andrew of Crete, Elias of Crete and Theodore Abucara
 * PG 98: Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople, Cosmas of Jerusalem, Gregory of Agrigento, Anonymus Becuccianus, Pantaleon Deacon of Constantinople, Adrian monk, Epiphanius Deacon of Catania, Pachomius monk, Philotheus monk, Patriarch Tarasios of Constantinople
 * PG 99: Theodore of Studion

9th century

 * PG 100: Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Stephen Deacon of Constantinople, Gregory of Decapolis, Patriarch Christopher I of Alexandria, Patriarch Methodios I of Constantinople
 * PG 101-103: Photius of Constantinople
 * PG 104: Photius of Constantinople, Petrus Siculus, Peter bishop of Argos (Saint Peter the Wonderworker), Bartholomew of Edessa
 * PG 105: Nicetas ('David') of Paphlagonia, Nicetas Byzantius, Theognostus monk, Anonymous, Joseph the Hymnographer

10th century

 * PG 106: Joseppus, Nicephorus the Philosopher, Andreas of Caesarea (Cappadocia), Arethas of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Joannes Geometres, Cosmas Vestitor, Leo the Patrician, Athanasius Bishop of Corinth, anonymous small Greek works
 * PG 107: Emperor Leo VI the Wise
 * PG 108: Theophanes Abbot and Confessor, Unknown Author, Leo Grammaticus, Anastasius the Historian and Church Librarian
 * PG 109: Scriptores post Theophanem (Theophanes Continuatus) (edition of Combefisius)
 * PG 110: Georgius Monachus
 * PG 111: Nicholas Patriarch of Constantinople, Basil Bishop of Neai Patrai, Basil (the Minor) Bishop of Caesarea, Gregory Presbyter of Caesarea, Joseph Genesius, Moses son of Cepha in Syria, Theodorus Daphnopata, Nicephorus Presbyter of Constantinople, Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria, Georgius Monachus
 * PG 112: Constantine Porphyrogenitus
 * PG 113: Constantine Porphyrogenitus (De Thematibus Orientis et Occidentis Libri Duo , Liber de Adminstrando Imperio , Delectus Legum Compendiarius Leonis et Constantini , Constantini Porphyrogeniti Novelle Constitutiones , Excerpta de Legationibus), Nicon monk in Crete, Theodosius the Deacon
 * PG 114-116: Symeon Metaphrastes
 * PG 117: Emperor Basil II, Emperor Nikephoros II, Leon Diaconus, Hyppolitus of Thebes, Joannes Georgides monk, Ignatius the Deacon, Nilus the Eparch, Christophorous Protoasecretis, Michael Hamartolus, Anonymus, Suidas
 * PG 118: Pseudo-Oecumenius
 * PG 119: Pseudo-Oecumenius, various writers (patriarchs, bishops, other) on Jus Canonicum Græco-Romanum

11th century

 * PG 120: Anonymous on the Life of Nilus the Younger, Theodorus Bishop of Iconium, Leo Presbyter, Leo Grammaticus, Joannes Presbyter, Epiphanius of Jerusalem monk, Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople, Demetrius Syncellus Bishop of Cyzicus, Nicetas Chartophylax of Nicaea, Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople, Samonas Bishop of Gaza, Leo of Ohrid Archbishop of Bulgaria, Nicetas Pectoratus (Stethatos) presbyter and monk of Monastery of Stoudios, Joannes Bishop of Euchaita, Patriarch Joannes Xiphilinus of Constantinople, Joannes Deacon of Constantinople, Symeon the Younger
 * PG 121-122: Georgius Cedrenus
 * PG 123-126: Theophylactus Bulgarias

12th century
Note: Vol. 127 actually spans the 11th to 12th centuries.
 * PG 127: Nicephorus Bryennius, Constantinus Manasses, Patriarch Nicholas III of Constantinople, Luce VII Abbot of Grottaferrata, Nicon monk in Raithu, Anastasius Archbishop of Caesarea, Nicetas Serronius, Jacobus monk in Coccinobaphi, Philippus Solitarius, Job the monk, Petrus Chrysolanus Mediolanensis Archiepiscopus, Irene Augusta, Emperor Nicephoros III Botaneiates, Nicetas of Side
 * PG 128-130: Euthymius Zigabenus
 * PG 131: Euthymius Zigabenus, Anna Comnena Porphyrogenita Cæsarissa
 * PG 132: Theophanes Kerameus, Nilus Doxapatris, John Bishop of Antioch, Emperor John II Komnenos, Isaac Catholicus of Magnæ Armeniæ
 * PG 133: Arsenius monk in Philotheou monastery, Alexius Aristenus, Patriarch Lucas Chrysoberges of Constantinople, Theorianus Philosophus, Joannes Cinnamus, Manuel Comnenus, Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, Emperor Andronicus Comnenus, Theodorus Prodromus
 * PG 134: Joannes Zonaras
 * PG 135: Joannes Zonaras, Patriarch Georgius Xiphilinus of Constantinople, Emperor Isaac II Angelos, Neophytus Presbyter, Joannes Chilas Metropolite of Ephesus, Nicolaus Metropolite of Methone, Eustathius of Thessalonica
 * PG 136: Eustathius of Thessalonica, Antonius Melissa

13th century

 * PG 137-138: Theodorus Balsamon
 * PG 139: Isidorus Metropolite of Thessalonica, Nicetas of Maroneia Metropolite of Thessalonica, Joannes Bishop of Citrus (Pydna), Patriarch Marcus of Alexandria, Joel the Chonographer, Nicetas Choniates
 * PG 140: Nicetas Choniates, Anonymus Greek, Michael Acominatus Archbishop of Athens, Theodorus Bishop of Alania, Theodorus bishop of (S)Andide, Manuel Magnus Rhetor of Constantinople, Pantaleo Deacon of Constantinople, Manuel Charitopulus, Patriarch Germanus II of Constantinople, Michael Chumnus Metropolite of Thessalonica, Emperor Theodore I Laskaris, Methodius monk, Patriarch Nicephorus II of Constantinople, Constantine Acropolita, Arsenius Autorianus (Patriarch Arsenius I of Constantinople), Georgius Acropolita, Nicephorus Chumnus, Alexander IV, Sixtus IV
 * PG 141: Joannes Veccus, Constantine Meliteniotes, Georgius Metochita
 * PG 142: Georgius Cyprus, Athanasius Patriarch of Constantinople, Nicephorus Blemmida

14th century

 * PG 143: Ephraemius Chronographus, Theoleptus Metropolite of Philadelphia, George Pachymeres
 * PG 144: George Pachymeres, Theodore Metochites, Matthew Blastares
 * PG 145: Matthew Blastares, Theodulus monk alias Thomas Magister, Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos
 * PG 146: Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos
 * PG 147: Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos, Callistus and Ignatius Xanthopuli monks, Patriarch Callistus of Constantinople, Callistus Telicoudes, Callistus Cataphugiota, Nicephorus monk, Maximus Planudes
 * PG 148: Nicephorus Gregoras
 * PG 149: Nicephorus Gregoras, Nilus Cabasilas Metropolite of Thessalonica, Theodorus of Melitene Magnæ Ecclesiæ Sakellarios, Georgius Lapitha the Cypriot
 * PG 150: Constantine Harmenopulus, Macarius Chrysocephalus Metropolite of Philadelphia, Joannes Caleca, Theophanes Archbishop of Nicæa, Nicolaus Cabasilas, Gregorius Palamas
 * PG 151: Gregorius Palamas, Gregorius Acindynus, Barlaam of Seminara (Calabria)
 * PG 152: Manuel Calecas, Joannes Cyparissiotes, Emperor Matthew Kantakouzenos, Synodical and Patriarchical canons and legislations of various Patriarchs of Constantinople (Joannes Glycys (or Glycas), Isaias, Joannes Caleca, Isidorus, Callistus, Philotheus)
 * PG 153: John Cantacuzenus
 * PG 154: John Cantacuzenus; Philotheus, Archbishop of Selymbria; Demetrius Cydones; Maximus Chrysoberges, monk

15th century

 * PG 155: Symeon Archbishop of Thessalonica
 * PG 156: Manuel Chrysoloras, Joannes Cananus, Manuel II Palaeologus, Joannes Anagnosta, George Sphrantzes
 * PG 157: Georgius Codinus Curopalates, Ducas the historian
 * PG 158: Michael Glycas, Joannes Deacon of Adrianople, Isaias of Cyprus, Hilarion monk, John Argyropoulos, Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople, Job monk, Bartholomæus de Jano Ord. Minorum, Nicolaus Barbarus Patricius Venetus, Anonymus on the life of Mehmed II
 * PG 159: Laonicus Chalcondyles of Athens, Leonardus Chiensis Archbishop of Mitylene, Isidore of Thessalonica, Josephus Bishop of Methone
 * PG 160: Patriarch Gregory III Mammas of Constantinople, Patriarch Gennadios II of Constantinople, Georgius Gemistus Plethon, Matthæus Camariota, Marcus Eugenicus Metropolite of Ephesus, pope Nicholas V
 * PG 161: Bessarion, George of Trebizond, Constantinus Lascaris, Theodorus Gaza, Andronicus Callistus

Republication
A new edition has been prepared by the Centre for Patristic Studies, Athens (Κέντρο Πατερικών Εκδόσεων). It comprises additional supplements: introductions, bibliographies, biographical summaries, detailed tables of contents and hagiographic passages.

title: Patrologia Graeca


text:
Compensator

Compensator can refer to:

 * Pressure control on a piston pump
 * An alternative term for pipeline expansion joints
 * A muzzle brake, used to counter the recoil of a firearm, or to prevent the muzzle from climbing due to kickback from the rapid firing of an automatic or semi-automatic weapon
 * A device that offsets or counterbalances a destabilising factor: See
 * Buoyancy compensator (diving)
 * Buoyancy compensator (aviation)
 * Static VAR compensator
 * Heisenberg compensator, key part of a Transporter (Star Trek)
 * Lead-lag compensator
 * Motion compensator
 * Optical compensator, also known as a wave plate or a retarder
 * another term for the dual-predictable projection of a Point process
 * Compensator (Control Theory)

title: Compensator


text:
File:Dissociatives cover.jpg

Fair use rationale in The Dissociatives (album)
It is contended that the use of this album cover in The Dissociatives (album) qualifies as fair use for the following reasons:
 * 1) This image illustrates the cover of the album or associated single that is discussed in the article.
 * 2) The image is only a small portion of the overall product.
 * 3) This image can be used to identify the album or associated single that is the subject of this article.
 * 4) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to market or sell the album in any way.
 * 5) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 6) The image is being used in an informative way and does not detract from sales of the album.
 * 7) No free or public domain images have been located for this album.

title: File:Dissociatives cover.jpg


text: User talk:71.104.29.157

title: User talk:71.104.29.157


text:
Orestiada

Orestiada (Ορεστιάδα, formerly Νέα Ορεστιάς, Nea Orestiás), is the northeasternmost, northernmost and newest city of Greece and the second largest town of the Evros regional unit of Thrace. Founded by Greek refugees from Edirne after the Treaty of Lausanne when the population exchange occurred between Turkey and Greece, in which the river Evros became the new border between the two countries. The population is around 20,000.

History
In ancient times, there was Orestias, a small settlement on this site which legends claim was founded by Orestes, the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.

Following the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) and the Armistice of Mudanya (October 1922), the Western Forces surrendered Eastern Thrace to Turkey and the Greek army was ordered to withdraw within 15 days to positions east of Evros. As a result, Adrianople (renamed Edirne) which is located to the east of Evros, became Turkish, but Karagatch (Karaağaç), located to the west of Evros, remained in Greece. As Eastern Thrace was evacuated by its Greek population, several residents of Edirne fled to its neighboring suburb, Karagatch, on the other bank of the river (the west and still Greek), hoping that something would change and they could go back to their homes more easily. However at the Lausanne conference, Karagatch was transferred to Turkish control. The 17,000 Greek inhabitants of the Karagatch Triangle learned of this concession on 27 May 1923. The abandonment of the old Orestiada began in July 1923, as the population moved beyond the Evros River, the new border. On 4 June 1923, a committee, which had only been formed the day before at a joint meeting of the inhabitants of old Orestiada, traveled 17 kilometers south, to the uninhabited rural site of Kum-Tsiflik (Sandy Estate), to view the possible new settlement. On 12 August 1923, the new city called New Orestiada was inaugurated to remind the old Orestiada, Karagatch. The inauguration of the new city took place in August 1923 by the Metropolitan of Adrianople Polycarpos, with Spyros Dassios also in attendance.

Economy
Orestiada has a medical center, an orchestra, and a choir as well as a sugar factory, outside the city which processes locally grown sugar beets. Asparagus, potatoes, tobacco, watermelons, and corn are also grown. As well, a cattle breeding fund gives commercial impetus to the city and the whole area which is in such an economically strategic location in Europe.

It is also the site of the Fylakio detention center for refugees seeking asylum in Greece. In November 2010, the European Union sent Frontex forces to Orestiada to help Greek police patrol the local section of the border with Turkey. Some 31,400 people crossed just that portion of the border in the first nine months of 2010.

Geography
Orestiada lies in the plain of the river Evros, at 40 metres above sea level. Orestiada is only 6 km west of the banks of the Evros, which forms a natural border between Greece and Turkey. Orestiada is located 17 km north of Didymoteicho, 19 km south of Edirne, 28 km southeast of the Greek-Turkish-Bulgarian tripoint, 40 km southeast of Svilengrad, 91 km northeast of Alexandroupoli, and 212 km west of Istanbul.

Road
The Greek National Road 51/E85 passes 1 km to the west of Orestiada.

Rail
The city is served by two railway stations, the larger Orestiada railway station, and a smaller station Sakkos, both on the Alexandroupoli–Svilengrad line. Historically the city was on the İstanbul Sirkeci-Svilengrad line, since 1971 a parallel railway line that runs exclusively over Turkish territory so that the Orestiada station is now touched only by regional traffic.

Education
In 1999, Orestiada became the fourth town to host university departments (faculties) of the Democritus University of Thrace. The faculties based in Orestiada are the Department of Agricultural Development and the Department of Forestry, Environmental Management and Natural Resources. Both faculties have a five-year curriculum. More than 800 students live in the city.

Sports
Orestias hosts two sports club with presence in the higher national divisions, Orestis Orestiadas F.C. a football club and A.C. Orestias a volleyball club, playing in A1 Ethniki.

Climate
Orestiada has relatively mild winters and hot summers. Rain falls mostly during the winter.

Municipality
The municipality Orestiada was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
 * Kyprinos
 * Orestiada
 * Trigono
 * Vyssa

The municipality has an area of 955.591 km2, the municipal unit 256.898 km2.

Communities
The municipal unit Orestiada is subdivided into the following communities (constituent settlements in brackets):
 * Orestiada (Orestiada, Lepti, Neos Pyrgos, Palaia Sagini, Sakkos)
 * Ampelakia
 * Chandras
 * Megali Doxipara
 * Neo Cheimonio
 * Neochori (Neochori, Patagi)
 * Thourio
 * Valtos

Province
The province of Orestiada (Επαρχία Ορεστιάδας) was one of the provinces of the Evros Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present municipality. It was abolished in 2006.

Population
The population of the settlements within the municipal community of Orestiada at the 2021 census was:
 * Orestiada 18,164
 * Lepti 483
 * Neos Pyrgos 855
 * Palaia Sagini 17
 * Sakkos 147

title: Orestiada


text:
Messa di Gloria (Rossini)

Messa di Gloria is a nine movement mass, composed by Gioacchino Rossini for the Arciconfraternità di San Luigi. First performed on 24 March 1820 in the Chiesa di San Ferdinando in Naples, it is in the traditional form of a "Gloria" mass, that is a setting of the first two prayers of the Catholic mass, the Kyrie and Gloria. (A "Gloria" mass omits the Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei.) The Messa di Gloria was the only major piece of sacred music written while Rossini was still an active opera composer.

Analysis
The "Kyrie" is divided into three portions, the first a dotted-rhythm "Kyrie eleison" for chorus in E-flat minor, the second, a more lyrical E-flat major "Christe eleison" for two tenors with the first minor-key section rounding out the prayer.

The "Gloria" portion takes up the vast majority of the work and is split up into operatic-style "numbers", soprano soloists alternating with tenors, basses, etc. The high point, emotionally, comes at the "Qui tollis", which begins with a slow portion for chorus and tenor, then concludes with a brilliant cabaletta ("Qui sedes"), showing off the extreme upper end of the tenor's range. Critics of the time were slightly scandalized by Rossini's morphing of sacred ceremony into opera seria, and even buffa, at times.

In his 1995 study of the Messa di Gloria, Jesse Rosenberg agrees with contemporary reports that Rossini was helped in the composition of the concluding "number" of the Messa, a four-part double fugue setting of "Cum sancto spiritu", by another Italian composer more versed in counterpoint, Pietro Raimondi.

Cited works

 * Gallo, Denise P., Gioachino Rossini: a guide to research, Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-8153-3474-5
 * Osborne, Richard, Rossini: his life and works 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press US, 2007. ISBN 0-19-518129-8.

title: Messa di Gloria (Rossini)


text:
John Breathitt

John Breathitt (September 9, 1786 – February 21, 1834) was an American politician and lawyer who was the 11th Governor of Kentucky. He was the first Democrat to hold this office and was the second Kentucky governor to die in office. Shortly after his death, Breathitt County, Kentucky was organized and named in his honor.

Early in life, Breathitt was appointed a deputy surveyor in Illinois Territory. On his return to Kentucky, he taught at a country school. Through investments, he amassed enough wealth to live on while he studied law ("read the law") with Judge Caleb Wallace. In 1811, Breathitt was elected to the first of several terms in the Kentucky House of Representatives. He was the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor in 1828. Although his running mate William T. Barry lost the office of governor to Thomas Metcalfe, Breathitt defeated his opponent for lieutenant governor.

During his term as lieutenant governor, Breathitt was one of several proposed candidates to succeed John Rowan in the United States Senate. The General Assembly deadlocked over the appointment and the seat went unfilled until the Assembly's next term. In the next gubernatorial election in 1832, Breathitt was nominated by the Democrats for governor. Breathitt won, but James Turner Morehead, the Whig candidate for lieutenant governor, defeated Breathitt's running mate. Initially, Breathitt enjoyed popularity for his public condemnation of John C. Calhoun's doctrine of nullification, but he struggled in state politics because the Whigs controlled the legislature. He died in office of tuberculosis on February 21, 1834.

Early life
John Breathitt was born near New London, Henry County, Virginia on September 9, 1786. He was the eldest of five sons and four daughters born to William and Elizabeth (Whitsett) Breathitt. William Breathitt had immigrated to Maryland from Scotland, then settled in Virginia. Elizabeth was of English ancestry.

Two younger brothers later also became active in politics: George Breathitt served as a private secretary to President Andrew Jackson. James Breathitt became Commonwealth's Attorney for the state of Kentucky.

Their sister Jane Breathitt married Dr. John Sappington from Nashville, Tennessee, and the couple moved to central Missouri territory in 1817. There Sappington developed businesses, and then acquired land and slaves, becoming politically influential in Saline County. But he became nationally known for his development of a patent medicine: quinine pills to treat malaria and other fevers, which were widespread in the Missouri and Mississippi valleys. He manufactured and sold the pills, which became national bestsellers. Two of the Sappington sons-in-law became governors of Missouri, as did one of his and Jane's grandsons.

Breathitt was educated at home and in the few public schools of his native state. His family moved to Logan County, Kentucky in 1800, where he continued his education. In early adulthood, he was appointed as a deputy surveyor in Illinois Territory. He returned to Kentucky, where he taught in a country school. He invested his income in land purchases, and shortly amassed enough wealth to sustain him for a few years. He studied or read law under Judge Caleb Wallace. He was admitted to the bar of Russellville, Kentucky in 1810 and opened his practice there.

In 1812, Breathitt married Caroline Whitaker of Logan County. The couple had a son and a daughter together. After Caroline died, Breathitt married Susan M. Harris of Chesterfield County, Virginia. Breathitt had another daughter by his second wife. Although Breathitt died at age 47, he had survived both of his wives.

Political career
Breathitt was elected to represent Logan County in the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1811, and was re-elected every year until 1815. In the gubernatorial election of 1828, the Democrats chose William T. Barry as their candidate for governor. Initially, they offered the nomination for lieutenant governor to Judge John P. Oldham, but Oldham declined, and Breathitt was chosen as his replacement. Barry lost the governorship to National Republican Thomas Metcalfe, but Breathitt defeated Metcalfe's running mate Joseph R. Underwood by more than 1,000 votes.

As lieutenant governor, Breathitt promoted the creation of public schools in the state. On December 31, 1829, he was elected president of the Kentucky Educational Society, whose stated mission was to "'promote improvement and diffusion of popular education by the circulation of information, by enlisting the pulpit and the press, by procuring the delivery of popular addresses on the subject on the 4th day of July, and in different neighborhoods, and by other means that may be found practicable.'"In 1833, Breathitt became president of the Kentucky Common School Society.

In 1831, Breathitt was one of several candidates put before the General Assembly to succeed John Rowan in the United States Senate. He received 66 of 137 votes, 3 votes short of a majority. Other unsuccessful nominees included John J. Crittenden (68 votes), Richard Mentor Johnson (64 votes), and Charles A. Wickliffe (49 votes). After 15 ballots, the Assembly was unable to select a nominee, and postponed the matter until the next session. At that session, the Assembly chose Henry Clay to fill the seat.

Governor of Kentucky
In 1832, the Democrats selected Breathitt and Benjamin Taylor as their candidates for governor and lieutenant governor, respectively. They faced a Whig (formerly National Republican) ticket of Richard Aylett Buckner and James Turner Morehead. Buckner was hurt by his highly religious ideals, including opposition to handling mail on Sunday, and failed to garner the support of some of his own party's newspapers. Breathitt defeated Buckner by a small margin, but Morehead defeated Taylor, Breathitt's little-known running mate.

Breathitt's election marked the first time a Democrat was elected to the governorship of Kentucky. The election was marred by fraud, however. In Oldham County, the number of votes tallied represented 162.9% of the eligible voters in the county, and these votes were recorded as two-to-one in favor of Breathitt. Most Kentuckians were more concerned about the upcoming presidential election, hoping Whig and native son Henry Clay would defeat Democrat Andrew Jackson. Because of this leaning, voters elected Whig candidates for most of the other state offices.

Early in his term, Breathitt won favor from both Whigs and Democrats by opposing South Carolina's actions during the Nullification Crisis. Following Breathitt's lead, the state legislature passed resolutions condemning the doctrine of nullification on February 2, 1833. This action was particularly significant because John C. Calhoun's justification for nullification was largely based on the 1799 Kentucky Resolutions.

Breathitt did not fare as well in state politics. He ardently supported Jacksonian principles, and wielded his veto against bills critical of President Jackson's land policy. He supported Jackson's desire to dissolve the Second Bank of the United States. Instead, he favored opening a number of state banks but, faced with a Whig majority in the legislature, he succeeded only in chartering the Louisville Bank of Kentucky. He also favored completion of the Lexington and Ohio Railroad to improve infrastructure and access to markets. He supported a $300,000 loan from the state Board of Internal Improvements for that purpose. In 1833, a loan for half the amount was approved, resulting in the railroad not being completed until 1851.

Breathitt was part of the temperance movement in Kentucky. In an 1832 address, he blamed consumption of alcohol for the high murder rate in the state. When the Kentucky Legislative Temperance Society was formed at a meeting in the state house on January 13, 1834, Breathitt was chosen as its president and Lieutenant Governor Morehead served as one of five vice-presidents.

Breathitt died in office of tuberculosis in the governor's mansion in Frankfort on February 21, 1834. He was the second sitting governor of Kentucky to die in office. Originally buried in the Breathitt family cemetery, he was later re-interred at Maple Grove Cemetery in Russellville. Breathitt County, Kentucky was formed in 1839 and named in his honor. On March 5, 1872, the Kentucky General Assembly resolved to erect a monument over Breathitt's grave in Russellville.

title: John Breathitt


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Jeanie Tracy

Jeanie Tracy is an American singer-songwriter, actress, and record producer. She rose to fame in the late 1970s as a background singer of Sylvester, an American disco singer. Her first album, Me and You (1982), featured post-disco hits "I'm Your Jeanie","Sing Your Own Song" and the overlooked 1983 smash R&B and Funk hit,"Can I Come Over And Play With You Tonight". From late 1984 to early 1985, she performed on television Show Star Search where she was the winner in the Female Vocalist category for six weeks. In 1995, Tracy released her second album It's My Time.

In 2012, Tracy portrayed gospel singer Mahalia Jackson in the theater production Mahalia: A Gospel Singer. She released an extended play Making New Friends (2015), which features past singles.

Throughout her career, Tracy has scored four number-one dance singles: "The Power" (2001), "Cha Cha Heels" (2004), "Party People" (2006), and "Livin' for Your Love (Your Love)" (2016).

Early life
Jeanie Autre Tracy was born in Houston, Texas and raised in Fresno, California. At a young age, Tracy began singing in her church choir at Pentecostal Church of God in Christ. During her high school years, she studied opera and classical piano. She played the lead in Oscar Brown Jr.'s stage play Slave Driver in 1970.

1975–1981: Sylvester and background singing
In 1975, Tracy released her debut single "Making New Friends" on the Brown Door Records. In 1976, she contributed vocals to Richard "Dimples" Fields' album Ready For Anything. In 1979, Tracy relocated to San Francisco, California where she was introduced to Harvey Fuqua, the manager for American disco singer Sylvester. Soon after meeting Sylvester, Tracy became friends with him and began singing backgrounds for him in addition to his then-current background singers Two Tons o' Fun (Martha Wash and Izora Armstead). In March 1979, she debuted as his background vocalist on Sylvester's live album Living Proof which was performed at the War Memorial Opera House. In the same year, Tracy contributed her vocals to the soundtrack of Francis Ford Coppola's film, Apocalypse Now.

In 1980, Tracy sang background vocals on Two Tons o Fun first-two albums Two Tons of Fun and Backatcha. In 1981, Sylvester released his fifth and final album Too Hot to Step. The album featured two duet songs from Sylvester and Tracy called "Here Is My Love" and "Give It Up", both of which peaked at number 20 on Billboard's Disco chart. In the same year, she appeared as a featured vocalist on the song "You're Gonna Lose Me" for jazz musician Freddie Hubbard's album Splash.

1982–1988: Me and You
In 1982, Tracy released her debut album Me and You on Fantasy Records. The album's lead single was "Your Old Standby", a cover of Mary Wells's 1963 hit. The second single "I'm Your Jeanie" would inspire Sylvester's song "Do You Wanna Funk". The third single was the album's titled-track "Me and You". In the same year, she released two singles "Can I Come Over And Play With You Tonight" and "Hot(For Your Love)". In 1984, she secured a record contract with Megatone Records and released two singles "Sing Your Own Song" and "Time Bomb", which peaked at number thirty-three on Billboard's Dance chart. From late 1984 to early 1985, she performed on television Show Star Search where she was the winner in the Female Vocalist category for six weeks. In 1985, she released her version of "Don't Leave Me This Way", which peaked at number twenty-two on the Dance chart. In the same year, Tracy became friends with Narada Michael Walden, whom she sang backgrounds vocals on his album The Nature of Things.

In 1987, Tracy took a brief hiatus from the mainstream spotlight to take care of friend Sylvester, who had now been diagnosed with AIDS. In 1988, she appeared alongside Sylvester in the Castro's 1988 Gay Freedom Parade. Following Sylvester's death, Tracy sang Sylvester's favorite song "Never Grow Old" during his funeral at Love Center Church in East Oakland. In the same year, Tracy released a single "Let's Dance".

1989–1998: Transition to house music and It's My Time
In 1990, Tracy made a transition in house music and techno music. Between 1990 and 1991, she released two singles under the alias Technodiva called: "I Found Love" and "Picture This". She released two additional singles, "Funkin' With Yo Emotion" and "Party Up (Feel The Funky Beat)", before retiring her Technodiva moniker.

In 1994, Tracy signed to UK record label Pulse-8 Records. In August 1994, she released "If This Is Love" as the lead single from forthcoming album. She follow-up with the release of another single "Do You Believe In The Wonder" in November 1994. In March 1995, she released "It's My Time". In June 1995, Tracy released her second album It's My Time. The album's fourth single "It's A Man's Man's Man's World", a cover version of the James Brown hit, featured a collaboration with singer Bobby Womack. The single peaked at number seventy-three on the UK Singles chart. "Crying In My Sleep" was released as the album's final single in 1995. In 1997, she released a single called "Happiness". In 1998, no longer signed with Pulse-8, she re-united with the "It's My Time" album's team of producers, the Band of Gypsies, for a single entitled "Answer My Prayer". In the same year, Tracy began a regular cast member and voiced the character Bantu in the children series Adventures with Kanga Roddy.

1999–2016: Rosabel and Altar
In 1999, Tracy released a single "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", remixed by Rosabel and released on AM Records. The single peaked at number twenty on Billboards Dance chart. In March 2000, Tracy released another single produced by Rosabel called "Keep The Party Jumpin" on AM Records. The single charted at number five on Billboards Dance chart. In another collaboration with house music duo Rosabel, Tracy released a single "The Power" in 2001. The single peaked at number one on Billboards Dance chart, spending one week at number one. In June 2004, they released another single "Cha Cha Heels", which also peaked at number one on Billboard's Dance chart.

In March 2006, Tracy released a single titled "Party People", a collaboration with house music duo Altar on MamaHouse Records. The single became Tracy's third number-one song on Billboards Dance chart. In 2007, Tracy and American singer Vicki Shepard released a single "I Got a Feeling 2007", a re-recorded version of her earlier single. The single peaked at number fifteen on Billboards Dance chart. In the same year, she appeared in the BBC television documentary "The Queens of Disco". In February 2008, she released another collaborative single with Altar called "Everybody Up". The song peaked at number seven on Billboard's Dance chart. In November 2008, Tracy performed at Winds of Change event during Pride Festival in Palm Springs, California. In May 2009, she performed at the Let the Sunshine in benefit concert.

In 2010, she appeared on TV One's Unsung program about Sylvester. In February 2010, Tracy replaced Jennifer Holliday and portrayed gospel singer Mahalia Jackson in the theatre play Mahalia: A Gospel Singer. Tracy also appeared in the Unsung television documentary about her friend Angela Bofill in 2012. In the same year, she appeared in the BBC television documentary "The Joy of Disco".

On April 20, 2015, Tracy released an extended play Making New Friends. The extended play consisted of four past singles: "Can I Come Over And Play With You Tonight", "Hot (For Your Love)", "Making New Friends", and "Trippin' on the Sounds".

2017–present: Recent projects
In May 2018, she released a single "Is This My Last Stop for Love".

Legacy
In 2012, Tracy was inducted into the West Coast Blues Hall of Fame. In the same year, she was also inducted into the Just Circuit Award Hall of Fame Artist Award. Aretha Franklin and Patti LaBelle, both of whom have recorded with Tracy, have considered Tracy to be "One of the Top Ten Voices in the World". As of 2016, Tracy has collectively accumulated a total of four number-one dance singles.

Personal life
She is married to her husband William Smith. As a devout Christian, she regularly attends Acts Full Gospel Church in Oakland, California. She is also fluent in the French language.

Albums

 * Me and You (1982)
 * It's My Time (1995)

Singles

 * As a main performer

 * As a featured performer

title: Jeanie Tracy


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Category:Districts of the United Kingdom

Districts are units of local government in the United Kingdom, introduced in 1973 and 1974. In Scotland and Wales they were abolished in 1996, but they continue in England and Northern Ireland. Districts have or had different functions in the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom.

For districts in the sense of neighbourhoods or suburbs, see Category:Neighbourhoods in the United Kingdom.


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User:Munira

Munira ''is the name. of a princess

title: User:Munira


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Rio Natsume

Rio Natsume (夏目理緒) is a Japanese gravure idol. She has released several DVDs and photobooks and has appeared in several TV shows in Japan.

In 2005, Natsume was featured in a video game called "Gal of the Sparrow 2", which also features other popular J-idols such as Chikako Sakuragi, Saori Yamamoto, Yuka Watanabe, Akari, Kaede Shimizu, Hitomi Okada and Hatsune Matsushima. This DVD/video game is sold only in Japan.

In 2009, she came in number seven in the online magazine AskMen.com's list of "Top 10: Japanese Models."

DVDs

 * Pure Smile (2003)
 * Miss Magazine 2003—Rio Natsume (2003)
 * Peach2 no Shizuku (2004)
 * Cosplay (2004)
 * Go to Beach! (2004)
 * Idol One (2004)
 * Beach Angels: Rio Natsume in Maldives (2005)
 * G-Girl Private+ (2005)
 * Idol One: Rio Natsume Special DVD Box (2005)
 * Missionary (2005)
 * Cow Girl (2005)
 * Diary (2005)
 * Waterdrop (2005)
 * rio no carnival (2005)
 * natsume no kajitsu (2005)
 * Idol Colosseum 2005-Road to Break! (2006)
 * Erotica (2006)
 * Milk-T (2006)
 * Lemon-T (2006)
 * Freedom (2007)
 * Love Affair (2007)
 * Naked (2008)
 * Muse (2008)
 * Mature (2008)
 * Rio Bravo (2008)
 * Moumou (2009)
 * Young Sister Style (2009)
 * Old Sister Style (2009)
 * Lingeriena J (2009)
 * My Girl (2010)

Picture books

 * R - September 20, 2003 J Cup  (2003)
 * Rio-chan (2004)
 * Rio no kisetsu (2004)
 * Yurari (2004)
 * Mitsuhime (2005)
 * 98 Gram Adventure (2005)
 * J&J (2006)

title: Rio Natsume


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Betts v. Brady

Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that denied counsel to indigent defendants prosecuted by a state. The reinforcement that such a case is not to be reckoned as denial of fundamental due process was famously overruled by Gideon v. Wainwright. In the dissent, Justice Hugo Black famously opined that "A practice cannot be reconciled with "common and fundamental ideas of fairness and right which subjects innocent men to increased dangers of conviction merely because of their poverty."

Background
In its decision in Johnson v. Zerbst, the Supreme Court had held that defendants in federal courts had a right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. In Powell v. Alabama, the Court had held that state defendants in capital cases were entitled to counsel, even when they could not afford it; however, the right to an attorney in trials in the states was not yet obligatory in all cases as it was in federal courts under Johnson v. Zerbst. In Betts v. Brady, Betts was indicted for robbery and upon his request for counsel, the trial judge refused, forcing Betts to represent himself. He was convicted of robbery, a conviction he eventually appealed to the Supreme Court on the basis that he was being held unlawfully because he had been denied counsel.

Betts filed writ of habeas corpus at the Circuit Court for Washington County, Maryland, and claimed that he had been denied counsel. He then filed a petition for writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeals of Maryland, the state's ultimate appellate court. All of his petitions were denied. Finally, he filed for certiorari to the Supreme Court.

Issue
In a 6–3 decision, the Court found that Betts did not have the right to be appointed counsel with Justice Hugo Black emphatically dissenting. In the majority opinion, Justice Owen Roberts stated,

"The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the conviction and incarceration of one whose trial is offensive to the common and fundamental ideas of fairness and right, and while want of counsel in a particular case may result in a conviction lacking in such fundamental fairness, we cannot say that the amendment embodies an inexorable command that no trial for any offense, or in any court, can be fairly conducted and justice accorded a defendant who is not represented by counsel."

Throughout the opinion, Roberts continually makes the point that not all defendants in all cases will need the assistance of counsel in order to receive a fair trial with due process. Roberts appears to be of the opinion that while counsel may be necessary to receive a fair trial in some cases, it is not necessary in all cases. However, in his dissent, Black wrote:

"A practice cannot be reconciled with 'common and fundamental ideas of fairness and right,' which subjects innocent men to increased dangers of conviction merely because of their poverty. Whether a man is innocent cannot be determined from a trial in which, as here, denial of counsel has made it impossible to conclude, with any satisfactory degree of certainty, that the defendant's case was adequately presented."

Black stated in his dissent that the denial of counsel based on financial stability makes it that those in poverty have an increased chance of conviction, which is not equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment. During his dissent, Black also cited Johnson v. Zerbst and made the point that had the proceedings of Betts's case been held in federal court, his petition for counsel to be appointed to him would have been accepted, and counsel would have been appointed. Black argued that because this right was guaranteed in federal courts, the Fourteenth Amendment should make the right obligatory upon the states, but the majority disagreed. Black argued also that a man of even average intelligence could not possibly be expected to represent himself without any training in such matters as the law.

title: Betts v. Brady