text:
Cell therapy

Cell therapy (also called cellular therapy, cell transplantation, or cytotherapy) is a therapy in which viable cells are injected, grafted or implanted into a patient in order to effectuate a medicinal effect, for example, by transplanting T-cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity in the course of immunotherapy, or grafting stem cells to regenerate diseased tissues.

Cell therapy originated in the nineteenth century when scientists experimented by injecting animal material in an attempt to prevent and treat illness. Although such attempts produced no positive benefit, further research found in the mid twentieth century that human cells could be used to help prevent the human body rejecting transplanted organs, leading in time to successful bone marrow transplantation as has become common practice in treatment for patients that have compromised bone marrow after disease, infection, radiation or chemotherapy. In recent decades, however, stem cell and cell transplantation has gained significant interest by researchers as a potential new therapeutic strategy for a wide range of diseases, in particular for degenerative and immunogenic pathologies.

Background
Cell therapy can be defined as therapy in which cellular material is injected or otherwise transplanted into a patient. The origins of cell therapy can perhaps be traced to the nineteenth century, when Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard (1817–1894) injected animal testicle extracts in an attempt to stop the effects of aging. In 1931 Paul Niehans (1882–1971) – who has been called the inventor of cell therapy – attempted to cure a patient by injecting material from calf embryos. Niehans claimed to have treated many people for cancer using this technique, though his claims have never been validated by research.

In 1953 researchers found that laboratory animals could be helped not to reject organ transplants by pre-inoculating them with cells from donor animals; in 1968, in Minnesota, the first successful human bone marrow transplantation took place. In more recent work, cell encapsulation is pursued as a means to shield therapeutic cells from the host immune response. Recent work includes micro-encapsulating cells in a gel core surrounded by a solid, but permeable, shell.

Bone marrow transplants are the most common and well established cell transplantation therapies. The first recording of a successful bone marrow transplant, dates back to 1956 by dr. E Donnall Thomas, who treated a leukemia patient with their twin-siblings bone marrow. In general, for patients presenting damaged or destroyed bone marrow, for example after chemotherapy and/or radiation for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), bone marrow derived cells can be infused into the patients blood stream. Here the injected cells are able to home into the affected bone marrow, integrate, proliferate and recover or re-establish its biological function e.g. the haematopoiesis. Annually an estimated 18,000 patients require potentially life-saving bone marrow transplants in the US. For a long time, bone marrow transplantation was the only clinically applicable method of cell transplantation, however, since the 1990s, cell therapy has been investigated for a wide scale of pathologies and disorders. Cell therapy provided a novel approach to effectuate therapeutic efficacy. Previously, medical agents could only be effective by directing and inducing the patients own cells. However, in many diseases and disorders, cell are compromised by e.g. senescence, limited blood supply (ischemia), inflammation, or simply a reduction in the number of cells. Cell therapy offers a new strategy that supports the introduction of new and active cells to restore previously compromised or deteriorated tissue- and organ structures. As such, in recent times, cell therapy has been recognized as an important field in the treatment of human disease, and investigations are ongoing in articular cartilage, brain tissue, spine, heart, cancers, etc. As a consequence cell therapy as a strategy has been attracting significant investments by commercial entities which suggest strong prospects for future growth.

In 2021 Atara biotherapeutics became the first ever allogeneic T cell therapy company to be reviewed by any regulatory agency in the world (EMA)

Mechanisms of action
Cell therapy is targeted at many clinical indications in multiple organs and by several modes of cell delivery. Accordingly, the specific mechanisms of action involved in the therapies are wide-ranging. However, there are two main principles by which cells facilitate therapeutic action:

 * 1) Stem, progenitor, or mature cell engraftment, differentiation, and long-term replacement of damaged tissue. In this paradigm multipotent or unipotent cells differentiate into a specific cell type in the lab or after reaching the site of injury (via local or systemic administration). These cells then integrate into the site of injury, replacing damaged tissue, and thus facilitate improved function of the organ or tissue. An example of this is the use of cells to replace cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction,  to facilitate angiogenesis in ischemic limb disease, or the production of cartilage matrix in intervertebral disc degeneration.
 * 2) Cells that have the capacity to release soluble factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors which act in a paracrine or endocrine manner. These factors facilitate self-healing of the organ or region by inducing local (stem) cells or attracting cells to migrate towards the transplantation site. Early cell passages have been shown to be more efficient paracrine activity than later passages.  The delivered cells (via local or systemic administration) remain viable for a relatively short period (days-weeks) and then die. This includes cells that naturally secrete the relevant therapeutic factors, or which undergo epigenetic changes or genetic engineering that causes the cells to release large quantities of a specific molecule. Examples of this include cells that secrete factors which facilitate angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis.   This mode of action is proposed by companies such as Pluristem and Pervasis that use adherent stromal cells or mature endothelial cells to treat peripheral artery disease and arteriovenous access complications.

Allogeneic
In allogeneic cell therapy the donor is a different person to the recipient of the cells. In pharmaceutical manufacturing, the allogenic methodology is promising because unmatched allogenic therapies can form the basis of "off the shelf" products. There is research interest in attempting to develop such products to treat conditions including Crohn's disease and a variety of vascular conditions.

Autologous
In autologous cell therapy, cells are transplanted that are derived from the patients own tissues. Multiple clinical studies are ongoing that obtain stromal cells from bone-marrow, adipose tissue, or peripheral blood to be transplanted at sites of injury or stress; which is being actively explored for e.g. cartilage and muscle repair. It could also involve the isolation of matured cells from diseased tissues, to be later re-implanted at the same or neighboring tissues; a strategy being assessed in clinical trials for e.g. the spine in preventing disc reherniation or adjacent disc disease. The benefit of an autologous strategy is that there is limited concern for immunogenic responses or transplant rejection. Nevertheless, an autologous strategy is often costly due to patient-by-patient processing, thus preventing the option to create large quality-controlled batches. Moreover, autologous strategies generally do not allow for product quality and effectiveness testing prior to transplantation, as it is highly donor (thus patient) dependent. This is a particular concern as often the patient functioning as donor is diseased, and this can impact cell potency and quality.

Xenogeneic
In xenogeneic cell therapies, the recipient will receive cells from another species. For example, the transplantation of pig derived cells to humans. Currently, xenogeneic cell therapies primarily involve human cell transplantation into experimental animal models for assessment of efficacy and safety, however future advances could potentially enable xenogeneic strategies to humans as well.

Human embryonic stem cells
Research into human embryonic stem cells is controversial, and regulation varies from country to country, with some countries banning it outright. Nevertheless, these cells are being investigated as the basis for a number of therapeutic applications, including possible treatments for diabetes and Parkinson's disease.

Neural stem cell therapy
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are the subject of ongoing research for possible therapeutic applications, for example for treating a number of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy
MSCs are immunomodulatory, multipotent and fast proliferating and these unique capabilities mean they can be used for a wide range of treatments including immune-modulatory therapy, bone and cartilage regeneration, myocardium regeneration and the treatment of Hurler syndrome, a skeletal and neurological disorder.

Researchers have demonstrated the use of MSCs for the treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Horwitz et al. transplanted bone marrow (BM) cells from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical siblings to patients with OI. Results show that MSCs can develop into normal osteoblasts, leading to fast bone development and reduced fracture frequencies. A more recent clinical trial showed that allogeneic fetal MSCs transplanted in utero in patients with severe OI can engraft and differentiate into bone in a human fetus.

Besides bone and cartilage regeneration, cardiomyocyte regeneration with autologous BM MSCs has also been reported recently. Introduction of BM MSCs following myocardial infarction (MI) resulted in significant reduction of damaged regions and improvement in heart function. Clinical trials for treatment of acute MI with Prochymal by Osiris Therapeutics are underway. Also, a clinical trial revealed huge improvements in nerve conduction velocities in Hurler's Syndrome patients infused with BM MSCs from HLA-identical siblings.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), derived from bone marrow or blood, are cells with the abilities to self-renew and to differentiate into all types of blood cells, especially those involved in the human immune system. Thus, they can be used to treat blood and immune disorders. Since human bone marrow grafting was first published in 1957, there have been significant advancements in HSCs therapy. Following that, syngeneic marrow infusion and allogeneic marrow grafting were performed successfully. HSCs therapy can also render its cure by reconstituting damaged blood-forming cells and restoring the immune system after high-dose chemotherapy to eliminate disease.

There are three types of HSC transplantation: syngeneic, autologous, and allogeneic transplants. Syngeneic transplantations occur between identical twins. Autologous transplantations use the HSCs obtained directly from the patient and hence avoid complications of tissue incompatibility; whereas allogeneic transplantations involve the use of donor HSCs, either genetically related or unrelated to the recipient. To lower the risks of transplant, which include graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), allogeneic HSCT must satisfy compatibility at the HLA loci (i.e. genetic matching to reduce the immunogenicity of the transplant).

In addition to bone marrow-derived HSCs, the use of alternative sources such as umbilical cord blood (UCB) and peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) has been increasing. In comparison with bone marrow-derived HSC recipients, PBSC recipients who had myeloid malignancies reported a faster engraftment and better overall survival. The use of UCB requires less stringent HLA loci matching, although the time of engraftment is longer and graft failure rate is higher.

Differentiated or mature cell transplantation
Alternative to stem- or progenitor cells, investigations are exploring the transplantation of differentiated cells that only possess low or no proliferation ability. This tends to involve specialized cells able to facilitate specific function in the patients body (for example, transplantation of cardiomyocytes to repair heart function or islet cell transplantation for establishing insulin homeostasis in diabetes patients) or support/regenerate the extracellular matrix production of specific tissues (for example intervertebral disc repair by transplanting chondrocytes ).

Alternative medicine
In alternative medicine, cell therapy is defined as the injection of non-human cellular animal material in an attempt to treat illness. Quackwatch labels this as "senseless", since "cells from the organs of one species cannot replace the cells from the organs of other species" and because a number of serious adverse effects have been reported. Of this alternative, animal-based form of cell therapy, the American Cancer Society say: "Available scientific evidence does not support claims that cell therapy is effective in treating cancer or any other disease. It may in fact be lethal ...".

Manufacturing
Despite being one of the fast growing areas within Life Sciences, the manufacturing of cell therapy products is largely hindered by small scale batches and labour-intensive processes.

A number of manufacturers are turning to automated methods of production, eliminating human involvement and risk of human error. Automated methods of cell therapy manufacturing have opened up larger scale production of higher quality products at lower cost.

Supply chain
Logistics departments of biopharma companies experience new obstacles because of the introduction of new cell and gene therapy products, such as CAR T-cell therapies and allogeneic therapies. Cell and gene therapies require manufacturer and distributors alike to implement new systems and processes in order to ensure safe handling and delivery. Additionally, on-demand inventory therefore becomes more and more important, especially with regard to unforeseeable events like the COVID-19 pandemic, so that supply chain interruptions can be prevented. Furthermore recent changes as a result of the COVID 19 pandemic and political instability in Europe, secondary to Brexit, have further impacted the logistics chain for cellular therapies.

title: Cell therapy


text:
Talk:Lorenzo Ruiz

Untitled
Why does this article link to Martyrdom of the 26 Saints of Japan? TheCoffee 05:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a section that mentions L. Ruiz's name under "Other Martyrs of Japan". Dragonbite 13:02, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:St Lorenzo Ruiz.jpg
Image:St Lorenzo Ruiz.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:39, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

cooooool i'm gonna pass cle —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.54.110.74 (talk) 09:59, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Why is an SLR camera there in the Lorenzo Ruiz article?
Why is there a camera here in place of the picture of Lorenzo Ruiz? This camera is not allowed there. Could someone replace the camera picture with a picture of Lorenzo, please? --Angeldeb82 (talk) 17:47, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lorenzo Ruiz


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cirque Du Freak

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep (4k, 2m). Scimitar parley 18:11, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Cirque Du Freak
This goes along with the VfD on The Vampire's Assistant. Aerion//talk 05:06, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Part of the Derren Shan series. I only read the first 3 books but it appears to be quite notable and popular with it's audience. Books have been translated into several languages.
 * Condense liberally and Merge into Darren Shan. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  12:28, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Smerge to Darren Shan. Dcarrano 16:16, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Very notable book series.  Darren Shan is starting another series, and it would be helpful to keep them separate from each other and his bio page.  That said, this page should discuss the entire series, not summarize the plot of book 1.  -- Norvy (talk) 16:41, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. With 12 published books in the series, I am sure people would research it, specifically here.  It just needs some cleaning up. --Evmore 20:24, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep as a notable book series. --Badlydrawnjeff 21:31, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep! as it was just noted in U.S. News July 25, 2005 issue -- Randy2063 18:55, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page..


text:
Thomas Francis

Thomas Francis may refer to:

 * Thomas Francis (MP), English Member of Parliament for Colchester (UK Parliament constituency), 1386–1413
 * Thomas Francis (English physician) (died 1574), English physician, President of the Royal College of Physicians
 * Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano (1596–1656), Italian general
 * Thomas Willing Francis (1767–1815), American merchant
 * Thomas Francis Jr. (1900–1969), American physician, virologist, and epidemiologist
 * Thomas Francis (cricketer) (1902–1969), South African cricketer

 * Tomas Francis (born 1992), Welsh rugby union player

title: Thomas Francis


text:
Lake Ariel, Pennsylvania

Lake Ariel is a village in Lake and Salem Townships of Wayne County, Pennsylvania, United States.

Located in northeastern Pennsylvania, Lake Ariel was founded by settlers with the name of Jones, and was previously known as Jonestown. Following a name change, Lake Ariel became home to Lake Ariel Park, a major tourist destination for Pennsylvanians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

History
First settled in 1822 by the Jones family, the town was first called The Stock Farm and later Jonestown or Jones Pond. The first farm was located at the south end of the lake. Although when the village was first settled, it was populated by only a few family farms, Jonestown soon expanded due to the Pennsylvania Coal Company's Gravity Railroad. It brought workers and soon businesses were needed to fulfil their needs, including a post office named Ariel, which would later lead to the change in name of the town.

Lake Ariel Park
Lake Ariel Park was a major destination for many in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Since the late 19th century through the 20th century, Lake Ariel has had various thriving businesses. There were numerous sawmills, and Lake Ariel also had different factories such as a cheese factory and a chair factory. Many locals also held jobs at the ice houses and Lake Ariel Park. Lake Ariel Park was a major tourist area for the community. It contained a pavilion for picnics and dancing. There were also rides such as a waterslide, a rollercoaster called the Cyclone, carousels, and miniature train rides. The park also had a beach where visitors could go swimming or boating. The owners of Lake Ariel Park also purchased an airplane so that their visitors could pay to get rides in the plane. The Lake Ariel Park also led to the increased popularity of the Lake Ariel Hotel which was formerly known as the Columbia Hotel. The Lake Ariel Hotel stood in disrepair for many years until it was finally torn down in 2011. Unfortunately, the Lake Ariel Park had a worse fate. Due to summer hurricanes and bad winters the park had to be closed down in the early 1950s. Some businesses did withstand the test of time. John T. Howe started his gas station in 1919, the business was passed down to his son and is still in business today. It now is called Howe Convenient Market. It is a gas station and store but it is not in the original building. Another business that had a few changes but is still running today is the Wayne Garage. It was built in 1915, making it the oldest business in Lake Ariel. After it was sold to new owners in 1958 it was changed to a body shop and remains one today.

The original St. Thomas More was dedicated in 1942. In 1996 the construction for the expansion of the church began; the rectory was torn down and rebuilt across the street, the church was converted into a steeple and offices and a new, larger church was built connected to it. A church from the past that remains unchanged today is the Avoy Christian Church, not only is it still standing but it still has services on Sunday. The Gravity Pentecostal Church is also still intact today, but it is now used as a house.

The Lake Ariel Elementary school has gone through many changes in its time. The original building is no longer the educational institute. The building known today as the Lake Ariel Elementary School was formerly known as the Lake Consolidated School. It was built in 1936 and in the 1950s in held the grades kindergarten through 12th. Since a new high school was built in Varden in 1973 it has been used solely as an elementary school. The Lake Ariel Elementary School closed down in 2011, after a new elementary school was built in a nearby town. The building was demolished in mid to late 2016

Present day
The center of Lake Ariel is the setting of most of the community's businesses, although there are numerous others.

Lake Ariel also contains many churches and religious institutions. St. Thomas More's Catholic Church is located in the center of the community, while several Protestant churches are located at various places in the community.

In Lake Ariel, there was the Lake Ariel Elementary School. Children from third to fifth grade attended this school. It was part of the Western Wayne School District which also has schools in the nearby communities of Waymart, Hamlin, and Varden. It was torn down in 2016.

Western Wayne's newest school, Evergreen Elementary, opened August 31, 2011. It is located on Route 191 between Lake Ariel and Hamlin. The school replaced Lake Ariel Elementary and Hamlin Elementary and houses pre-k through fifth grade. According to the Western Wayne School District website the projected cost of the school was $18 million. The new facility is the premier 'green' school in the state. The school attained the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Silver Certification for its use of geo-thermal heating and cooling, and solar and wind energy.

Media
WCRV 97.7FM is a low-powered station serving Lake Ariel, Cherry Ridge, and Southern Honesdale.

title: Lake Ariel, Pennsylvania


text: User talk:69.57.202.232

title: User talk:69.57.202.232


text:
Talk:High-end audio

Distinguish High-End from Audiophile/Hi-Fi! "Definition" vs. "Studio" sections
The definition section defines "high-end" by its fidelity. The studio monitor section goes on to explain that high-end audio gear actually modifies sound on purpose to make it sound better, in contrast with hi-fidelity gear, which is specifically not "high-end"! It seems to me the Definition section is the one requiring a fix, but as I do not credit myself with sufficient knowledge to make the change, I am simply bringing the contradiction up for discussion. Ventifact 01:35, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The definition of high-end audio is almost all bull. Competently-designed mass-market amplifiers, cd players, and wires sound as good as their competently-designed high-end counterparts.  Properly-designed amplifiers, cd players, and wires sound neutral.  So there is no accuracy, warmth, tonal colour, speed, timbre, size of sound stage, depth, clarity, pace, or timing involved.  Either the sound is neutral or it deviates from neutral.  But because many audiophiles refuse to accept evidence from double-blind tests, the usual bull is repeated.  William Greene 18:05, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't necessarily disbelieve you. Feel free to offer a citation or even go so far as to create a section in the article documenting criticism of "high-end" audio culture.  Definitions, however, (which are what I brought up) are abstract and exist so long as someone conceives of them mentally.  That is, high-end audio's definition will be its definition regardless of whether the aims of high-end manufacturers are ever met when they build their gear.  The definition for "high-end" given in the "Definition" section of this article contradicts the definition used in the "Studio" section.  The former section defines high-end as hi-fi, but the latter section specifically says that high-end is intentionally not hi-fi.

 * And anyway, you (probably intentionally) did not include speakers in your comment. You would probably agree with me that the difference between cheap and expensive speakers is not seriously contested, even if the value of specially wound cables is?  As I mentioned before, I understand that audiophile equipment is centrally defined by fidelity (though somewhat moreso in the Anglosphere, as I understand it, than in other cultures), but I do not know whether it is correct to define high-end gear by fidelity or by other standards (cost, intentional and desired alteration of the sound, etc.).  So I bring up the contradictory definitions used in the article hoping that someone who knows the "high-end" world can sort it out.  69.76.1.183 21:25, 29 October 2007 (UTC)Ventifact

 * Umm, and by "create a section" I mean add to the pre-existing one... 69.76.1.183 09:46, 30 October 2007 (UTC)Ventifact

 * Citations and references are in the “Audiophile” article and its discussion page and the article “Audio equipment testing.”

 * “High-end audio's definition will be its definition regardless of whether the aims of high-end manufacturers are ever met when they build their gear.” For sound quality, amplifiers, cd players, and wires are already state of the art.  But some high-end vendors feel that this is not good enough to compete against their mass-market counterparts.  This is where marketing comes into play.  And the marketing boys and girls will say that high-end components will sound better even though evidence indicates that this is not so.

 * “The definition for ‘high-end’ given in the ‘Definition’ section of this article contradicts the definition used in the ‘Studio’ section. The former section defines high-end as hi-fi, but the latter section specifically says that high-end is intentionally not hi-fi.”  Lots of high-end components are junk.  The Audio Critic has reviewed a few; this website, incidentally, is an excellent reference if you want to learn about high-end bull.  The Audio Critic tells the truth.

 * “And anyway, you (probably intentionally) did not include speakers in your comment. You would probably agree with me that the difference between cheap and expensive speakers is not seriously contested, even if the value of specially wound cables is?“  Good and bad loudspeakers are available from about $150 US.  But the reason I did not include loudspeakers is that high-quality loudspeakers will sound different from each other.

 * “As I mentioned before, I understand that audiophile equipment is centrally defined by fidelity (though somewhat more so in the Anglo sphere, as I understand it, than in other cultures), but I do not know whether it is correct to define high-end gear by fidelity or by other standards (cost, intentional and desired alteration of the sound, etc.).“ No.  Audiophile equipment is defined by the strength of the audio equivalent of the placebo effect it can produce and maintain in opposition to a mountain of evidence.

 * “So I bring up the contradictory definitions used in the article hoping that someone who knows the ‘high-end’ world can sort it out.” High-end audio is more marketing than high-quality components.  William Greene 16:20, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Wow. A very resolute and successful effort to read and respond to things that were not written. Ventifact (talk) 22:32, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Acoustic vs Electronic Sounds, which Benefits More from High-End
The article said (in the definition section, which as I've mentioned about probably needs a rewrite anyway) of hi-fidelity reproduction that '[t]his is obviously more important with performances involving acoustic instruments and without studio manipulations of vocals.' This is simply not true; in my experience, it is often the opposite that is true. For example, artificial sounds have a knack for finding their way into gaps in poor speakers' response ranges. I suspect the claim about acoustic instruments and unmodified vocals was based on a listener's appreciation of the aspects of those sounds, but that the listener had little appreciation for artificial or modified sound's own qualities. I have removed the claim. Ventifact 01:35, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Internal Nonexisting Links Are Being Added
People are adding internal links that do not exist in the Wikipedia. I'm not sure of the rules on this, but I will wait a week or so before considering these links to be inappropriate and deleting them. If you are going to add internal links-- make sure that an internal link exists- even if you have to create it and even though it may be just a stub.

I appreciate that you would like to create an entry which this page links to, if so please create it and make it a stub by inserting the code into the article that you are linking to.

links deleted so far for failing to be acutal valid wikipedia links-

Wilson Audio

JMLab

Bowers & Wilkens

 * This is always a judgement call. If there's a liklihood that someone will create the article, then it's probably a good idea to Wikilink it now. One of the many meta-pages that can be accessed lists the various "red" links and people occasionally browse that list and create a missing-but-linked article or two. But if the Wikilink is to something that's very obscure (say, "Atlant's Audio Association" and no one is ever likely to create the article, then it's better to leave it unlinked.

 * By the way, you should always sign your "talk" postings. This can be most-easily done by including four tildes ( ~ ) in your edit. When you save the edit, the tildes will be turned into a handy link to your username and timestamp showing when you posted.

 * Atlant 11:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the goal is to avoid having links to a bunch of articles that do not exist. So we should use judgment in deciding which ones to keep.  And people can always add "external" links in the external link section (which is not being done currently).  If there are no links on some of these obscure entries, then perhaps its better to change them to plain text rather than a link?  Or perhaps put them in the external link category with weblink?  Another option is to keep the internal link and have a description - "article needs to be created."

 * (thanks for the advice on the 4 tildes-- always wondered how you guys did that).

 * Lgreen 16:18, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Please do not do this! List entries should not be deleted just because there isn't a Wikipedia article about them yet. There is a category (Category:High end audio) which includes all the Wikipedia articles, so there is no need to duplicate it with a "list of internal links". Mirror Vax 02:34, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * OK. Sorry.  Lgreen 02:46, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No need to be sorry. Incidentally, there might be some articles missing from the category - I'm not sure, since I created it a while ago and haven't checked it. Might be good to create subcategories, too, for speakers, electronics, etc. Mirror Vax 02:59, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Recording
if someone with recording knowledge can polish up the 'recording companies' list it would be of great appreciation. I think this day in age there is certainly a demand for 'high end' recording. Add to the list and please add to their stubs, or simply create a stub.

 * Pro audio is not 'high end', by definition. 'High end' is a consumer market. (Of course some companies sell to both 'pro' and 'high end' markets - dCS is a good example). Mirror Vax 23:58, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Pro-audio (i.e. recording and broadcast) is a completely different field from high-end consumer audio. It uses an almost entirely different set of products from different companies, with relatively little overlap. --Spliced 11:10, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Well, when you get to the mastering end of things this is no longer true. Go to any high end mastering studio, and you will see speakers, amplifiers, cabling, and acoustic treatments pulled from the exact same pool as the high end of consumer audio.

The reason you don't see much overlap at the recording end of things is that the goals are so different. Even the gear that seems like it might be similar, like speakers, is designed for a different purpose. Studio monitors are not designed for enjoyment. They're designed for analysis. That being said, there is some crossover. Some audiophiles like the sound of near field studio monitors, and buy them for home listening. Other gear, like microphone preamplifiers, mixing consoles, compressors, parametric equalizers, limiters, microphones, etc. etc. have no home audio equivalent. There are a few companies that make gear for both recording studio and home use. They tend to be high end. Bryston and Manley come to mind; I'm sure you can find others.

Manufacturer's list
Hi:

If I'm wrong about this, please ridicule me mercilessly, but Sony's no longer making power amplifiers and has killed their Esprit line, which means they're no longer making audiophile equipment. I'm not saying like snobs we should pull them from the list of manufacturers of hi-fi audio, but ....

High End cables useless?
Are high end cables really useless as stated in this article? Im not an audiophile so I can't comment technically, but im sure they must have benefits?

 * Well, they have the benefit of returning a huge profit to their manufacturers and resellers. But's that's probably not exactly what you meant.

 * Yes, they're useless. With cables, the laws of physics and diminishing returns cut in pretty quickly, and there's really not much difference if your speaker is wired with 2 meters of 12 gauge lamp cord or that cable you paid $899 for. Same thing for signal cables; audio just isn't that hard to send through a cable at high fidelity. But P. T. Barnum called it right; there'll always be a market for those $899 cables.

 * Atlant 13:29, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Laws of Physics? The trouble is, no one knows what laws we're dealing with. I've had conversations with a couple of research psychologists who specialize in human psychoacoustics. They admit that they don't even know what they don't know when it comes to the intricacies of human hearing. One of them has worked with a physicist who studies signal dynamics. He confirms that beyond the very basics, there is essentially no hard research on the effects of signal wire on harmonically complex signals, especially with regard to human hearing. So when anyone with an electrical engineering 101 textbook tells you "that's impossible ... you can't be hearing that!" it might be prudent to be skeptical. It's true that most of the scientific claims made by cable companies are pseudo science. Less known is that the scientific claims made against these companies are pseudo science as well. The presumption that there are no significant factors besides resistance, capacitance, and inductance are just that--presumptions. They're based on nothing other than the fact that we don't know much else.

Personal experience: virtually all wires I've listened to sound different from each other. Some significantly, some not. There is very generally a correlation between price and performance, but there are dramatic (and embarrassing) exceptions. The wires I use now in my stereo replaced ones that cost twice as much. I have no experience with stratospherically expensive cabling; I have tested various wires from the radio shack level to ones that cost in the $20/foot range. This could be considered low to middle end, but the middle end would seem outrageously expensive to someone accustomed to mass market equipment. I do not pretend to understand the physics behind the different sounds, even if the manufacturers often pretend.

At the very least, it should be noted that this is a subject of some contention. Personally, I would dismiss the views of anyone who has not listened seriously to cables. Good scientists do not dismiss ideas based on prejudice; they test them.

 * Yes, laws of physics. Lots of people know exactly which laws we are dealing with.  And these laws predict that expensive cables, as long as they are competently designed, will probably sound no different from their competently-designed inexpensive counterparts.  The way to verify this claim is through double-blind tests.  And, yes, double-blind tests have shown that there is no audible difference if measurements predict that there should be no audible differences when listening to music.  Please see the Wikipedia article "Audiophile" for the links.

 * Your point about how humans hear is a red herring. While it is true that psychologists do not know all there is to know about how humans hear, they know enough to apply double-blind tests to validate or invalidate claims made by cable vendors.  If you are truly sceptical, you would put your trust in evidence instead of aural illusions.  If objectivists say that expensive cables should be able to consistently pass double-blind tests for difference before they pass tests for preference, where does pseudoscience come into play?

 * Does your personal experience include the ability to consistently pass double-blind tests? If it does, then you would be the first person in the world to be able to consistently pass these tests.  This is a contentious subject like a flat earth is a contentious subject.  Personally, I would dismiss the views of anyone who claims to be able to hear differences in cables without providing any evidence.  Good scientists do not dismiss ideas based on prejudice; they test them.  Double blind.  Again, disinterested readers should examine some of the links in the "Audiophile" article.  William Greene 18:21, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Doesn't matter. Soon, it'll all be digital audio over optical fibers and "bits is bits", no matter what Monster or any other overpriced cable vendor claims. ;-)

 * Atlant 18:27, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * expensive cables, as long as they are competently designed, will probably sound no different from their competently-designed inexpensive counterparts.
 * The problem is that most of them are not competently designed. (An, yes, I am an electronics engineer).  Google "skin effect simulation audio OR 20Khz" for example. Or Google Thorsten Loesch.
 * The second problem is while most of us cannot smell or taste what a Master of Wine can, neither can most people hear what a "golden ears" can. And so the snake-oil salesmen and sideshow-skeptics have an equally damaging free reign.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thoglette (talk • contribs) 13:36, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you kidding? The skin depth at 20 KHz is about 18 mils, making it pretty unimportant for relatively high-impedance audio circuits; there's plenty of copper to carry the signals to a typical 10-100Kohm audio load. Even at 50 ohms, 100 feet of RG58 has a loss of about 0.05 dB at 20 KHz. You might make a slightly more-effective argument for speaker cables, but they tend to be a lot shorter than my hypothetical 100 foot piece of coax.

 * It takes no real effort to design a highly-competent audio cable and any other claims are just attempts to baffle the credulous.

 * Atlant 23:17, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

What about Harman Kardon?
Why isn't this venerable high-end manufacturer represented in the article? Also - how about some more down-to-earth explanations about what makes a good audio system? RCSB 12:50, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * This is Wikipedia, so you know what to do: be bold and update the article!

 * Atlant 13:00, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

"Audiophile Propaganda"
"Audiophile Propaganda" - that's a nice, flame-baity way for me to put it! :-)

I've noticed, on Wikipedia, that a number of articles have come under the influence of - how shall I put it? - "audiophile propaganda". I've noticed it particularly with claims made in relation to valves, where there'll often be a brief claim of 'sonic superiority', or the like. But it's not just valve stuff. Here, in this article, there's the "Debate" section, which doesn't really seem to really belong, or need to be, in this article. (Such things would be better placed in, say, the audiophile article.)

The thing that really struck me about the "Debate" section is the last line of the following (emphasis mine):-

"At the core of much of this debate is the limit of human hearing. While it can be clearly shown with basic electrical engineering that accessories such as analog audio cables (which we will focus on for this discussion) do modify the signal going through them, some argue that the modifications to the signal cannot be heard. At the center of this issue are a limited number of experiments that have been performed in attempts to determine limits to human hearing. The results from experiments that have been performed generally come up with different limits to human hearing that vary based on the test variables. These experiments generally do not deal with complex signals (such as music) and thus are not valid for extrapolation to this debate."

I've also noticed the comments on this talk page, by someone anonymous, on the issue of cables. That commenter says, "At the very least, it should be noted that this is a subject of some contention." Yes, and so is the issue of the shape of the earth (flat-earthers).

There really is no reason why what I've rudely called "audiophile propaganda" should be treated any differently to, say, pseudoscience. Golden-ear myths have already been debunked, and the rejections of such debunkings are recognisably typical of psychoceramics.

So, I'm deleting that section of the article.

Simon G Best 06:25, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Right on, Simon! Anoneditor 04:17, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * High-end audio and subjectivists have given me much more laughs than Monty Python. It is incredible to observe how blinding the ego can be.  Rather than accept evidence and admit that one has been take in by some very slick snake-oil sellers and hype magazines, subjectivists would rather go on blithely reinforcing myths.  A snake-oil seller's most dangerous enemy is a person who has the ability to do critical thinking and not let his ego get in the way.  William Greene 18:57, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

And on the other hand
"Professional recording studios" don't use high-end audio for three reasons:
 * roving producers demand a standard "reference" sound.  Hence the proliferation of that hideous white coned "reference" speaker.
 * they are much more concerned with how the 'music' will sound in a Chevy pick up than via a Krell powered set of Martin Logans
 * they buy different magazines

The rest of the section is also basically wrong.

Thoglette 13:17, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Koss? Bose?
Of course it differs in opinion as to whether Bose is "high-end audio" or not (see links on the Bose article), but the company Koss is listed in this article. Maybe I haven't heard the right product, but everything I know that Koss makes is low-end junk of the Behringer type. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.191.179.114 (talk • contribs).

 * I can't speak for Koss nowadays, but they certainly used to be viewed as a "high end" provider of headphones. I still have my second pair of Koss Pro-4AA (IIRC) headphones and, while the second pair wasn't as good as the first pair (owing to obvious cost reductions in their manufacture such as no liquid-filled earcups), they were nice enough.

 * Atlant 12:04, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Adding in Bose. See links and citations in the Bose article, as well as the discussion page. ASH1977LAW 18:24, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Citations for Bose being a high-end system
For Bose being a high-end system please see the following citations & the bose talk page

C|Net "Classy compacts: high-end CD radios"

The Register "Bose SoundDock iPod speakers"

Forbes Magazine (which is famed for it's coverage of high-end lifestyle products) - describing Bose as a producer of "high-end" products

Wetfeet - describing Bose as a producer of "high-end" products "Bose is arguably the number-one manufacturer of high-end audio equipment"

Popular Science (a magasine with over 100 years publishing history) - describing Bose as a producer of "high-end" products

PC Magasine describing Bose as a producer of "high-end" products

Flyingmag review - describing Bose as a producer of "high-end" products

Let us take the citations one at a time. C|Net reviews high-tech products. The Register is a technology news site aiming to provide objective content. Forbes bills itself as "Home Page For The World's Business Leaders" and is the most widely visited business web site. It features in-depth coverage of current business and financial events and of high-end lifestyle. WetFeet is a job site, and describes Bose as “arguably the number-one manufacturer of high-end audio equipment, with sales accounting for 25 percent of the world market.”, so whilst it is unqualified to comment on and review individual products it is qualified to talk about the company itself. Popular Science is a reputable magazine (with a 135 year history!) with a focus on science and technology. PCMag.com is the name for the online part of PC Magazine provides reviews and previews of the latest hardware and software for the information technology professional. Note that PCMag has only reviewed systems that are applicable to it’s target audience (the iPod docking station and the multimedia computer speakers). Also it is important to note that one reviewer (also from PCMag.com) states that Bose is a company that produces high-end products and the other reviewer says that while most people view Bose as a producer of high-end products, that “audio-snobs” are unlikely to hold that view. Flyingmag is aimed at pilots and has reviewed the aviation headsets. So, to recap:

Three publications reviewing high-technology products and the latest technology hardware and software

A high-end lifestyle publication

A site reviewing buisinesses

A highly respected science and technology magasine with over 100 years of publication history

A publication aimed at pilots which reviewed the aviation headsets

… all have said that Bose is a producer of high-end audio products. All are qualified to speak on the subject and are respected and well known in their respective fields. All are excellent citations for Bose being a producer of High-End audio systems. We have seven separate and dissimilar, highly respected and trustworthy sources saying the same thing. I think it is fair to say that Bose is indeed a producer of high-end audio. ASH1977LAW 10:42, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * But I wonder if audiophiles and audiophile magazines regard Bose as a high-end vendor. High-end vendors are often small companies that sell their products only in audio salons.  Bose appears to sell their products in mass-market stores like Best Buy and in salons.  I think there is less debate about whether vendors like Krell or Halcro are high end.  Perhaps the article should note that Bose tries to cater to both segments of the market.  William Greene 16:11, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Not even one of those magazines is a credible source for this, because none of them are Audio, Stereo, or Psychoaucoustic magazines. They deal in things OTHER than audio. They are not experts in audio. And Popular Science is not a credible source. They frequently make far-fetched suppositions that are almost always incorrect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.28.228.243 (talk) 06:47, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Apart from my own feelings of horror caused by once hearing out the loud-touted Bose system (which made me conclude that it's crap), the fact is that mainstream publications are not authoritative in the matter. They regard even $1,000 speakers as expensive. To consider putting it into the article, one would need at least an article from Stereophile. CP/Mcomm |Wikipedia Neutrality Project| 12:15, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Lightweight puff pieces by non-specialist writers, such as those cited above, are ten a penny.--Harumphy (talk) 16:09, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

Snake oil business
Adamantios, you say the snake oil section is verifiable but you don't verify it. I've added "citation needed" tags, even though I agree with the assertions under that heading. Binksternet 22:07, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Binksternet, the deletion of the section was by an anonymous user who didn't provide any explanation. I'll try supply citations. Regards, Adamantios 15:44, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Decent effort, Adamantios. None of the references are to specific articles but the section is better than before. Say, should the cable stands be said to be marketed as a remedy against airborne vibration? Lifting cables into the air wouldn't relieve this notional problem. How about vibration that might come from lying on a floor? Binksternet 18:12, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you, this article still needs a lot of work ofcourse. That's what I thought about the stands, but I can't really say. I wouldn't buy them in the first place :) Adamantios 18:41, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Section on studio monitors is blatantly false
The notion that studio monitors are not high end audio equipment is so blatantly false, it seems redundant to point out how incorrect that is. Studio monitors are as high as high end can get.

One popular studio monitor that is an audiophile grade home speaker was the ADS L1290 and ADS L1590, very clean, very accurate, very impressive. It was used both in the home and in the studio, directly contradicting the incorrect section.

I will delete the section in its current state, but leave the part explaining that studios seek accurate reproduction as that is true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.28.228.243 (talk) 06:34, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Added citation #4 to last section
Added a source and citation to the controversy section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.28.228.243 (talk) 06:45, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

A Picture of My Stereo is Needed
I'm going to take a picture of my stereo and include it in the article, ok? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.143.107.85 (talk) 13:27, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:High-end audio


text: Category:Competitors at the 1984 Summer Olympics


text:
Dead Lovers' Sarabande (Face Two)

 Dead Lovers' Sarabande (Face Two) is the fifth album by darkwave band Sopor Aeternus & the Ensemble of Shadows, and was released in 1999. It is the second of a two-album suite detailing the mourning of a lover who has recently passed. Like Face One, Face Two was also released in multiple formats, including a double vinyl edition and an A5-sized boxed set edition; both were limited pressings, of 500 and 3,000 copies, respectively.

Overview
Dead Lovers' Sarabande, as a whole, is a transitory death suite detailing the unnamed protagonist's mourning of her lover and her desire to rejoin him in the afterlife. Major recurring themes in the work include euthanasia, necrophilia, decay and loneliness. In (Face Two), the protagonist seems to have accepted the fact that her lover is dead and they will no longer share the same life they have led. She decides to continue loving him as she always have, despite his memory haunting her. She concludes by admitting that "it's easier to love the dead" and that she would truly be alone if Love was considered everything in life, rather than Death or Loneliness. Anna-Varney Cantodea later admitted that "Dead Lovers' Sarabande" was dedicated to, but not about, the late Rozz Williams, former frontman of deathrock band Christian Death.

The album retains the focus on folk music and chamber pieces presented by (Face One), but transplants many of the string instruments for brass arrangements. Electric guitar is featured on "If Loneliness was all", for the first time since "Todeswunsch - Sous le soleil de Saturne". The influence of drone music is still present on songs like "Procession/Funeral March". "Va(r)nitas, vanitas..." contains elements of "Feralia Genetalia" from "Voyager" - The Jugglers of Jusa. As a subtle joke, Cantodea referenced her own name in the song title, effectively translating it as "Varney, vanity... (...all is vanity)."

"Dead Lovers' Sarabande" (Face Two) was re-released on CD with newly packaged artwork in 2004.

Personnel

 * Katrin Ebert: Violin
 * Martin Höfert: Cello
 * Johannes Knirsch: Double bass
 * Eric Santie-Laa: Cor anglais
 * Doreena Gor: Bassoon
 * Michael Schmeißer: Trumpet
 * Carsten Weilnau: Trombone
 * Eugene de la Fontaine: Tuba, oboe
 * Thomas Langer: Guitars
 * Anna-Varney Cantodea: Vocals, all other instruments and programming

title: Dead Lovers' Sarabande (Face Two)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cripes

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 17:09, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Cripes
WP:WINAD. A slang dicdef, already in Wiktionary. I don't see a potential at all here. Delete. --Dmcdevit·t 05:10, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef without potential. --Angr/undefined 05:45, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dicdef. Dcarrano 16:21, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. JamesBurns 04:11, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cripes


text:
File:Forefather2004.jpg

Summary
The cover to the Forefather album Ours is the Kingdom

title: File:Forefather2004.jpg


text:
Talk:East Randolph, New York

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title: Talk:East Randolph, New York


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Upper Myanmar

Upper Myanmar (အထက်မြန်မာပြည် or MY မြန်မာပြည်အထက်ပိုင်း, also called Upper Burma) is one of two geographic regions in Myanmar, the other being Lower Myanmar. Located in the country's centre and north stretches, Upper Myanmar encompasses 6 inland states and regions, including Mandalay, Sagaing, Magway Regions, and Chin, Kachin and Shan States. By contrast, Lower Myanmar encompasses the southern and coastal-facing regions of Myanmar. Upper Myanmar is home to several distinct cultural regions, including the homeland of the Bamar in the low-lying central plains, and those of the Chin, Kachin, and Shan peoples in the highlands. Home to over 23 million people, the region's agricultural sector, natural resources, and shared borders with India, China, and Thailand have made Upper Myanmar a major economic hub. Four of Myanmar's ten largest cities, Mandalay, Taunggyi, Monywa, and Myitkyina, are located in the region.

Geography
Upper Myanmar is geographically diverse, bounded by the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau to the north, and the Arakan Mountains to the west, the latter of which separates this region from Rakhine State in Lower Myanmar. Upper Myanmar is home to the country's highest peak, Hkakabo Razi. The region is bisected by the country's primary river, the Irrawaddy River, which runs throughout the length of the country. The eastern stretches of Upper Myanmar are surrounded by the Shan Hills, and the Thanlwin River, which separates parts of Myanmar from China and Thailand. The low-lying central plains (also dubbed the 'Irrawaddy Basin') between the Arakan Mountains and Shan Hills are predominantly inhabited by the Bamar, while the Shan Hills are inhabited by various Shan-speaking ethnic groups and other minorities.

History
The term 'Upper Burma' was first used by the British to refer to the central and northern areas of what is now modern-day Myanmar, a division that accentuated between 1852 and 1885. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, Lower Burma was annexed by the British Empire, while Upper Burma remained independent under the Konbaung empire until the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. Historically, Upper Burma was predominantly Bamar (whereas Lower Myanmar was historically Mon-speaking until the early 19th century), while the Frontier Areas, as designated by the colonial administration, included areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, such as the Shan States and modern Kachin State.

In the aftermath of the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, Upper Myanmar, including the Bamar heartland, has become a major centre of anti-military resistance and fighting in the ongoing Myanmar civil war (2021–present), due to the presence of People's Defence Forces and ethnic armed organisations.

Administration
Upper Myanmar continues to be used as a geographic designation with respect to government administration and legislation. The national government's Ministry of Home Affairs invokes separate land and revenue laws for Upper and Lower Myanmar. Myanmar's national weather agency, the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, has a dedicated sub-department for Upper Myanmar. Likewise, the country's civil service commission, the Union Civil Service Board, operates separate civil service academies for Upper and Lower Myanmar. Until 2015, Myanmar's Department of Higher Education was divided into separate departments to support tertiary schools in Upper and Lower Myanmar.

Parts of Kachin and Shan States remain contested; they are administered to varying degrees by the central government as well as numerous non-state actors like ethnic armed organisations. Upper Myanmar is also home to all of the country's self-administered zones: Danu, Kokang, Naga, Pa Laung, Pa'O, and Wa.

Bamar heartland
Anya (MY အညာ, lit. 'upstream', also spelt Anyar), the Bamar heartland, is situated around the low-lying central plains of the Chindwin and Irrawaddy Rivers that now comprise Sagaing, Magway, and Mandalay regions. The region has been the homeland of the predominantly Buddhist Bamar people for over a millennia. The Anya region (MY အညာဒေသ) is often called the 'Central Dry Zone' in English due to its paucity of rainfall and reliance on water irrigation. For 1,100 years, this region was home to a series of Burmese royal capitals, until the British annexation of Upper Burma (the last remaining part of the Konbaung Kingdom) in 1885. Bamar from this region are called anyar thar (အညာသား) in Burmese, while their counterparts from Lower Myanmar are called auk tha (MY အောက်သား).

Economy
Agricultural cultivation is a mainstay in Upper Myanmar. The region's proximity to major undammed rivers has also made it the site of many hydropower dams. Natural resources also play a big role in the economy, including extraction of timber (including Teak), precious gems (including jade, rubies, sapphires and gems), metals and minerals (including silver, lead, zinc, and gold, barite). Sharing of natural resources remains primary factor driving armed conflict in many parts of Upper Myanmar. Upper Myanmar is also home to controversial economic projects, including the Myitsone Dam and Letpadaung Copper Mine. Upper Myanmar's contested border regions, particularly the Golden Triangle and Wa State, are also major global producers of methamphetamines and opium.

Agriculture
The Central Dry Zone in Upper Myanmar cultivates 35% of the country's grain crops and occupies two-thirds of arable land in the country. However, the region is remains food insecure, and is the most water-stressed region of the country, due to lack of regular rainfall (the lowest in the country, at 500-1000 mm), inequitable distribution of water, and climate change, which has intensified droughts in the region. 80% of the land there is used to grow pulses (e.g., chickpea, black gram, mung bean, etc.), legumes, sesame, and sunflower. Shan State cultivates most of Myanmar's soybeans.

Border trade
Upper Myanmar is a major hub for border trade due to its shared borders with India, China, Laos and Thailand. The region is home to all five of Myanmar's official border gates with China (i.e., Muse, Chinshwehaw, Lweje, Kanpaikti, and Kyaingtong), one of seven border gates with Thailand (i.e., Tachileik), and both border gates with India (Tamu and Rikhawdar). In 2022, total trade volume at these gates stood at US$2.7 billion.

Population
According to the 2014 Myanmar Census, Upper Myanmar had a population of 23,354,199, who make up 46% of the country's population. 75% of residents in Upper Myanmar live in rural townships. 75% of the population in Upper Myanmar lives in Mandalay and Sagaing Regions, and Shan State.

title: Upper Myanmar


text:
Sancocho

Sancocho (from the Spanish verb sancochar, "to parboil") is a traditional stew in Canarian cuisine and several Latin American cuisines. Latin variations represent popular national dishes in Dominican Republic, Colombia, Cuba, Honduras, Mexico, Ecuador, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. It usually consists of large pieces of meat, tubers and vegetables served in a broth.

Canary Islands
Canarian sancocho is a dish based on salted fish (usually cherne or corvina), parboiled potatoes, sweet potato (unpeeled and in large pieces) and mojo (red or green).

Colombia
Sancocho is a traditional food in Colombia made with many kinds of meat (most commonly chicken, hen, pork ribs, beef ribs, fish, and ox tail) with large pieces of plantain, potato, cassava and/or other vegetables such as tomato, scallion, cilantro, and mazorca (corn on the cob), depending on the region. Some top it off with fresh cilantro, onion and squeezed lime—a sort of "pico de gallo", minus the tomato. It is also served with a side of sliced avocado and a plate of white rice, which is usually dipped in with each spoonful of soup.

Dominican Republic
Sancocho is considered one of the national dishes, along with "la bandera" (the flag), consisting of rice, generally red or black beans, some root vegetables and meat. Although, Dominicans usually serve the dish with white rice and avocados. There is a variant called sancocho cruzado or sancocho de siete carnes, which includes different parts of chicken, beef, pork, and sometimes goat. Sancocho de siete carnes means "seven meat sancocho" and is considered the ultimate sancocho dish. Longaniza, a type of pork sausage, is also used. Sancocho de gallina (hen sancocho) is common as well, often made for special occasions like holidays or on weekends. While sancocho de habichuela (bean sancocho) and sancocho de guandules are common, other types of sancocho are very rare.

Panama
Also known as sancocho de gallina, it is the national dish of Panama. The basic ingredients are chicken, ñame (adding flavor and acting as a thickener, giving it its characteristic texture and brightness), and culantro (giving it most of its characteristic flavor and greenish tone); often yuca, mazorca (corn on the cob) and otoe are added. Other optional ingredients include ñampí (as the Eddoe variety of taro is known), chopped onions, garlic and oregano. It is frequently served with white rice on the side, meant to be either mixed in or eaten with each spoonful. Hot sauce is frequently added, depending on regional and individual preferences. Regional varieties include sancocho chorrerano (a specialty of the town of La Chorrera, which is only made with free-range chicken, onions, garlic, chili peppers, oregano and ñame ) and Sancocho chiricano (a specialty from Chiriquí Province and the heartiest variety, containing squash in addition to all basic and optional ingredients mentioned before, having a yellowish color as a result). It is often recommended as the best remedy for a hangover. It is used as a metaphor for the country's racial diversity due to the varied ingredients that contribute their particular properties to and have an equally important role in the cooking process and final product.

Philippines
Reflecting its Spanish influence, sancocho is eaten in the Philippines, where the hearty stew is made with fish, beef shanks, three kinds of meat, chicken, pork butt, bacon, chorizo de bilbao and morcilla (Spanish blood sausage) as well as yucca, potatoes, cilantro, corn, cabbage, bok choy, carrots and string beans. The Ilocano dish pinapaitan is also known as sankutsar (or singkutsar) is made from stewed goat (or beef) and offal flavored with its cud.

Puerto Rico
Sancocho is considered a fairly rustic dish. It is made with chicken and smoked ham (sancocho de gallina), top round beef (sancocho), pork feet with chickpeas (sancocho de patitas), beef short ribs with chorizo, or fish, shellfish and salted cod cooked in coconut milk and ginger with rice dumplings (caldo santo). There are several versions and every household has their own take on sancocho, but a true Puerto Rican sancocho always calls for corn on the cob, a variety of tubers, squash, green bananas, and meat. The hearty stew is served with a small bowl of rice, pique criollo, tostones, and bread.

Venezuela
Sancochos are prepared throughout the country, recognized as a typical meal of the weekend. The stew can be beef (usually in the Llanos region), chicken (usually central and western region), beef stomach and shank (simply called "tripe") or goat (here called "goat tripe", typical of western Falcón and Lara states) and fish or seafood (usually East and Caribbean coast). When mixing two types of meat (chicken and beef, etc.) is called crossover or "cruzado". Among vegetables and traditional spices for all varieties are yam, onion, garlic, salt, pepper, oregano, potato, cassava, jojoto (maize/corn), celery (celeriac), taro (mafafa/malanga), pumpkin (squash), cabbage, Chinese taro or Chirel hot pepper, cilantro, and green or topocho banana.

These soups are major Venezuelan cuisine dishes that are not usually accompanied by other foods. Consumed at lunchtime or in the evening, the stew is a common dish at celebrations, usually served during or after meals—the latter, according to popular belief, to relieve hangover. For this reason, it is typical to serve this dish for lunch on Christmas or New Year's Day.

Similar dishes
There is a similar dish in Costa Rica: it is called olla de carne (meat pot).

The Peruvian sancochado, made with meat chunks, corn, rice, and potatoes, is similar to the Colombian sancocho. It has the typical ingredients: yuca, plantain, and corn "choclo". It is usually made with beef but can also be done with hen, chicken, or fish. Fish is particularly used in the coastal regions where peanuts are also added to give their characteristic flavor. A similar dish in Chile is called cazuela.

A soup similar to sancocho is called sancoche in Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. It is also known as run down or dip and fall back in Jamaica, oil down in Trinidad and Tobago and Grenada, and metagee in Guyana. In Trinidad and Tobago, it is known as sancoche or "Saturday soup", because, like the Venezuelan version, it is primarily eaten on the weekend. The fish version of the dish is known as "fish broff". Generally, these are heavily spiced with green seasoning, pimiento (seasoning pepper) and hot pepper (scotch bonnet). It is usually served with cassava or with arepas. Some people add lemon juice (especially fish). There are variants of the same, such as the cruzado and the three-phase, when three types of meat are combined. The popularity of this dish is seen at celebrations: instead of saying one is going to a party, it is common to "go to a sancocho." Colloquially, it is often simply called "soup". In some regions (as in Zulia state) it is given the name sopón.

title: Sancocho


text:
Wikipedia talk:How not to be a spammer

See Wikipedia talk:Spam
This proposal was originally discussed at Wikipedia talk:Spam. Please see the older discussion there. --FOo 05:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It looks reasonable. I would propose merging it back to Spam once people are roughly agreed as to the content. Radiant_ >|< 12:12, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * This is great! I've seen many anons adding their own links and such, and I'm sure it was in good faith although they had to be removed.  This should be part of the tutorial.  Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 19:30, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * I like this. Once we've reached consensus on the content, we probably should add a link to this from Template:Spam (assuming we decide not to merge it back into Spam).  JYolkowski // talk 23:56, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I like this a lot. Merge it back into Spam, I think. Andre ( talk ) 20:41, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

Merged. --FOo 22:53, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:How not to be a spammer


text:
Sister2Sister

Sister2Sister or S2S are an Australian duo comprising the Muscat sisters, Christine and Sharon, who are pop singers, songwriters and television presenters. Their debut album, One (June 2000), peaked at No. 3 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It provided two top five singles, "Sister" (1999) and "What's a Girl to Do?" (2000). At the ARIA Music Awards of 2000 "Sister" won Best Independent Release. From 2001 they undertook a career as television presenters, as VJs on MTV Hits, and subsequently opened the Sister2Sister School of Singing in 2004. The sisters have performed as backing vocalists for Australian singer Delta Goodrem on her Australian tours.

Background
The Muscat sisters, Christine (born 27 February 1981) and Sharon (born 23 August 1984 to Maltese immigrants), are the duo that make up Sister2Sister. Their career started young when they grew up in the Sydney suburb of St. Clair, where they attended Holy Spirit Primary school and later Emmaus Catholic College in nearby Erskine Park.

Growing up in a musical family, it was during those early years that the two developed a love for music. However, they also had a knack for acting, which resulted in both of them television presenting and landing roles in TV commercials and soap operas.

At the ages of 9 and 13, Christine and Sharon joined Brent Street Studios to also study dancing. Soon after joining the school, the girls were invited to join the Brent St. Kids performance troupe and began singing and dancing all over Sydney. It was through this exposure that they attracted the attention of Tina Arena who saw their performance at the Variety Club Heart Awards. Arena mentioned the girls to her now former manager/husband. He later signed them to his management company and new record label in 1997.

1999–2004: One
After relocating to Melbourne to write their first album, the name Sister2Sister was born. It was at this time Sharon also studied at the Victorian College of Arts. The duo also opened for Britney Spears for 6 dates on her Oops!... I Did It Again Tour in the US.

2022–present: "Nothing’s Gonna Bring Us Down Now" and "Believer"
In August 2022, Sister2Sister released their first new song in 23 years, titled, "Nothing’s Gonna Bring Us Down Now". In October, Sister2Sister released "Love You".

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Sister2Sister won 1 award from 2 nominations.

! Ref.
 * rowspan="2"| 2000
 * rowspan="2"| "Sister"
 * Best Independent Release
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"|
 * Highest Selling Single
 * Nominated
 * Highest Selling Single
 * Nominated

title: Sister2Sister


text:
Independiente Santa Fe

Club Independiente Santa Fe, known simply as Santa Fe, is a Colombian professional football team based in Bogotá, that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A. They play their home games at the El Campín stadium. Santa Fe is one of the three most successful teams in Colombia, winning eighteen titles, which include nine national championships (most recently in 2016), four Superliga Colombiana, two Copas Colombia, and international titles such as one Copa Sudamericana, one Suruga Bank Championship, and one Copa Simón Bolívar. Santa Fe is one of the three clubs that has played every championship in the Categoría Primera A.

Santa Fe became the first Colombian team to win the Copa Sudamericana, and the first and only Colombian team to win an official tournament outside America. The club was recognized as one of the ten best clubs in the world in 2015 by the IFFHS, occupying the seventh position and being the best ranked of South America.

Santa Fe has a fierce rivalry with Millonarios who share the same stadium. The game is considered one of the most famous derbies in South America and is known as El Clásico Bogotano or El Clásico Capitalino.

History
Independiente Santa Fe was officially founded on February 28, 1941, as an amateur football team. The club's founders were mainly graduates from the Gimnasio Moderno and of a high social class. Santa Fe was at first going to be a team based on ex-students of Gimnasio Moderno, but later incorporated players from other schools. The primary objective of the club was to participate in a local tournament hosted by the Sports Association of Bogotá. Their first recorded game was against Universal, a match that ended in a goalless draw. The team ended the tournament as runner-up with 20 points, being beaten by Legión Militar Deportiva de los Taxis Rojos, a representative of a transportation company.

In 1942, Santa Fe was coached by Jack Greenwell, former Barcelona player and coach, notable for having won three times the Copa del Rey and the 1939 South American Championship with Peru. That year Santa Fe played in the first division of the A.D.B., which was canceled in the middle of that year. That same year also reached the final of the Torneo de Cundinamarca, which lost against América de Cali. Jack Greenwell died on November 20 of that year.

On 21 May 1948 was established in Colombia the DIMAYOR, which would serve to manage Colombian professional football. They agreed to hold the first professional championship for the second half of the year. On August 15, Santa Fe played its first game in the professional championship against Deportes Caldas, a match that ended 3–3. Santa Fe finished the league as the first champion of the Colombian first division, winning 12 of 18 games, drew 3 and also lost 3. The team was able to score 57 goals for and received 29 goals. The goalscorer of the team was the Spanish Argentine Jesús María Lires with 20 goals, second goalscorer of the tournament.

Next year Santa Fe was third, five points behind the champion, local rivals Millonarios. Seeking for a new title, Santa Fe took advantage of the events of El Dorado signing Argentines Héctor Rial and René Pontoni (the former became a star of Real Madrid years later), as well the Englishmen Neil Franklin and George Mountford from Stoke City, and Charlie Mitten from Manchester United. However, the signings did little, as Santa Fe was not into the top three for about ten years, being their worst the 1954 campaign where they finished last with just five points.

In 1958, Santa Fe got its second title after finishing first with 48 points. They got its third title just two after years with 61 points. Getting this title, Santa Fe became the second Colombian club appearing at the Copa Libertadores. In that tournament, Santa Fe was placed in the preliminary round with Ecuadorian club Barcelona. The first match was a 3–0 victory for Santa Fe and the second game was a 2–2 draw. In the next round, Santa Fe eliminated Bolivian club Jorge Wilstermann. Santa Fe drew 2–2 with Jorge Wilstermann on point aggregate and 3–3 on aggregate score, so the winner was decided by a draw of lots. In the semifinals, Santa Fe faced Brazilian club Palmeiras. The home leg was a 2–2 draw, but Santa Fe lost 4–1 in the away leg.

Santa Fe's first success in the 2000s came late, when the team won the Copa Colombia, beating Deportivo Pasto in the finals. Since then, Santa Fe has had a successful period. Santa Fe got its seventh league title in the 2012 Torneo Apertura, 37 years after its last league title. Santa Fe was second in the First Stage of the tournament with 29 points. In the semifinals, they were grouped with Boyacá Chicó, Itagüí and La Equidad. Santa Fe advanced to the finals with 14 points. Santa Fe faced Deportivo Pasto in the finals. The first match ended in a 1–1 draw and the second was a 1–0 victory for Santa Fe. They got its first Superliga Colombiana title the next year and were runners-up in the 2013 Torneo Apertura, won by Atlético Nacional. In its Copa Libertadores appearance, they got into Semifinals. They began the tournament in the Second Stage, facing Cerro Porteño, Deportes Tolima and Real Garcilaso, where they finished first with 14 points and unbeaten. They eliminated Grêmio in the Round of 16 and Real Garcilaso in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, they were eliminated by Olimpia, with an aggregate score of 2–1.

In the 2014 Torneo Apertura, Santa Fe was fourth on the First Stage, advancing to Quarterfinals. There Santa Fe eliminated Once Caldas with an aggregate score of 5–3. In the semifinals, the team faced Atlético Nacional. The first match ended in a 1–0 win for Santa Fe. However, Nacional got a comeback with a 2–0 win, thus eliminating Santa Fe. In the Torneo Finalización, Santa Fe was first with 31 points. In the semifinals, the team was placed in a group with Atlético Huila, Atlético Nacional and Once Caldas. Santa Fe placed first in the group, advancing to the finals where they faced Independiente Medellín. Santa Fe won the first match and drew in the second, with an aggregate score of 3–2, winning its 8th title. That year, Santa Fe was runner-up in the Copa Colombia, losing the finals against Deportes Tolima with an aggregate score of 3–2.

In the 2014 Copa Libertadores, Santa Fe played against Monarcas Morelia in the First Stage, drawing 2–2 on aggregate score and advancing to the next round due to away goals rule. In the Second Stage, the team was last of its group, in which they faced Atlético Mineiro, Club Nacional and Zamora, winning only one match of six.

The 2015 season had a great start for the team, as they qualified for the 2015 Copa Sudamericana after winning 2015 Superliga Colombiana in which they faced 2014 Torneo Apertura winners Atlético Nacional. However, in the 2015 Torneo Apertura, the team can not advance to the knockout phase after placing ninth with 31 points. In the Torneo Finalización, the team was 8th with the same number of points as the last tournament, however this time it was enough to advance to the next round. There the team was eliminated by Junior, whom also defeated them months later in the Copa Colombia Finals.

The international season of the team began with its Copa Libertadores participation. The team started in the Second Stage, where they faced Atlético Mineiro, Colo-Colo and Club Atlas. Santa Fe placed 1st with 12 points. In the Round of 16, they played against Argentine team Estudiantes de La Plata. They lost the away match 2–1, but with a 2–0 victory in home the team advanced to the quarterfinals. There the team faced Brazilian club Internacional. The team got a 1–0 victory in the home game, but lost 2–0 in the away match.

Santa Fe got its first international title in the 2015 Copa Sudamericana. They eliminated Ecuadorian LDU Loja in the First Stage and Uruguayan Nacional in the Second Stage. In the Round of 16 they eliminated Ecuadorian Emelec on away goals after drawing 2–2 on aggregate score. In the quarterfinals they won 2–1 on aggregate to Argentine Independiente and in the semifinals they also advanced on away goals after drawing 1–1 with Paraguayan Sportivo Luqueño. In the finals they faced Argentine Huracán. After drawing 0–0 in both matches, the winner had to be decided on penalties. There Santa Fe won 3–1, thus getting the first international title of the club and qualifying for the 2016 Copa Libertadores, 2016 Recopa Sudamericana and 2016 Suruga Bank Championship. Santa Fe's Wilson Morelo tied with three footballers as top goalscorers of the tournament with five goals.

In the 2016 Torneo Apertura, Santa Fe placed fourth, advancing to the next round. There, Santa Fe was eliminated by Cortuluá with an aggregate score of 2–3. In the 2016 Copa Libertadores, the team advanced to the Second Stage after eliminate Oriente Petrolero with an aggregate of 1–6. However, they were eliminated in the Second Stage after placing third in a group consisting of Cerro Porteño, Cobresal (who were last) and Corinthians.

Colours and badge
The first badge of Santa Fe was designed by Ernesto Gamboa and Gonzalo Rueda with a clear British influence. Highlighting the Bogotá flag colors, red and yellow, combined to form the Holy Cross, a symbol of faith and respect, referring to the name of the club.

There are many versions about the origin of the colors of the uniform. The most commonly accepted version is that Luis Robledo, one of the founders of the Independiente Santa Fe who was educated in England, was a fan of Arsenal, thus gives the team the red and white, which from 1941 became the symbol of the club.

Although historically the uniform of Santa Fe has been red and white, the club has used other colors in its uniform.

Stadium
The stadium Nemesio Camacho, also known as El Campín, located in Bogotá, is the venue where Independiente Santa Fe plays their home games. Its capacity is 36,343. Santa Fe's supporters traditionally tend to sit in the southernmost half of the stadium.

El Campín was inaugurated on August 10, 1938, at 57th Street with 30, having started its construction in 1935 on the initiative of the mayor of Bogotá, Jorge Eliecer Gaitán. The structure was handled by the German engineer Frederick Leder Müller. The stadium was designed to hold 10,000 spectators. The opening match was held in the 1938 Bolivarian Games, facing the Colombia national football team and the Ecuador national football team, with a 2–1 defeat for the local team.

In 1951, the year that Santa Fe begins to use it to its home games, the stadium expanded its capacity to 39,000 spectators. The second extension of El Campín occurred in 1952 with a dramatic transformation. The total capacity changed to 62,500 spectators, but was limited to 48,000 for security. The last major modification was made for the qualifying matches for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa and for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

Other grounds that have been used by Independiente Santa Fe for their home games have been: the Estadio Alfonso López Pumarejo, its first ground, the Estadio Municipal Los Zipas and the Estadio Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento.

Supporters and rivalries

In the late 1990s, the most notorious Barra brava of Santa Fe, La Guardia Albi-Roja Sur (White-Red South Guard) was created. It was one of the first fan-led organizations in Colombia that was fully formalized. In 2005, La Guardia Albirroja Sur made one of the largest soccer team's flag in the world. The flag, named the Lienzo de Fe was 350 meters long and 38 meters high, covering the southern end of the Estadio El Campín, the half of the stadium, where the team's fans locate in home games.

Clásico Capitalino
Santa Fe has a fierce rivalry with intercity team Millonarios, who also play in the same stadium as them. During this match Millonarios fans ubicate themselves in the northern part of the stadium much like Santa Fe's in the south.

Honours

 * {{legend|gold|record}}
 * shared record

Performance in CONMEBOL competitions

 * Copa Libertadores: 13 appearances
 * 1961: Semifinals
 * 1967: Group stage
 * 1972: Group stage
 * 1976: Group stage
 * 1980: Group stage
 * 2006: Round of 16
 * 2013: Semifinals
 * 2014: Group stage
 * 2015: Quarterfinals
 * 2016: Group stage
 * 2017: Group stage
 * 2018: Group stage
 * 2021: Group stage

 * Copa Sudamericana: 7 appearances
 * 2010: Round of 16
 * 2011: Quarterfinals
 * 2015: Winners
 * 2016: Round of 16
 * 2017: Round of 16
 * 2018: Semifinals
 * 2023: Group stage

 * Recopa Sudamericana: 1 appearance
 * 2016: Runners-up

 * Copa CONMEBOL: 1 appearance
 * 1996: Runners-up

World Cup players
The following players were chosen to represent their country at the FIFA World Cup while contracted to Independiente Santa Fe.
 * 🇨🇴 Carlos Aponte (1962)
 * 🇨🇴 Héctor González Garzón (1962)
 * 🇨🇴 Jaime Silva (1962)
 * 🇨🇴 Hernando Tovar (1962)
 * 🇨🇴 Francisco Zuluaga (1962)
 * 🇨🇴 Eduardo Niño (1990)
 * 🇧🇴 Juan Manuel Peña (1994)
 * 🇨🇴 Léider Preciado (1998)
 * 🇪🇨 Édison Méndez (2014)
 * 🇨🇴 Carlos Valdés (2014)
 * 🇨🇴 Camilo Vargas (2014)

Top 10 most appearances of all time
Source: BDFA Last updated on: 21 January 2018

Top 10 scorers of all time
Last updated on: 21 January 2018

Women
Independiente Santa Fe Femenino is the women's football section of Independiente Santa Fe and they currently play in the Colombian Women's Football League, the top level women's football league in Colombia. The club is the most successful team in the Colombian women's football league with two titles, won in 2017 and 2019.

Like the institution's male counterpart, who were the first Colombian professional football champions in 1948, the women's team obtained the honor of being the first club to win the Colombian Women's Football League with their title in 2017.

Affiliated clubs

 * 🇨🇴 Patriotas

title: Independiente Santa Fe


text:
Labo

Labo may refer to:

Places

 * Labo, Camarines Norte, Philippines
 * Labo, Ozamiz, Philippines
 * Labo, Togo

People

 * Ken "Labo" Labanowski (born 1959), American-Israeli basketball player

Other uses

 * Labo Phowa language (China)
 * Labo Ninde language (Vanuatu)
 * Nintendo Labo, a gaming and construction toy developed by Nintendo.

title: Labo


text:
User talk:Tanish2k

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 05:15, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

India quick links
pamri 10:35, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tanish2k


text:
User talk:Tamils

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 05:15, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

India quick links
pamri 05:48, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:My Opera Community Logo3.png
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Thanks for uploading Image:Aircel-logo.gif. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 11:29, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tamils


title: File:Nforce4.png