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Ron Chernow

Ronald Chernow ( born March 3, 1949) is an American writer, journalist, and biographer. He has written bestselling historical non-fiction biographies.

Chernow won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for Biography and the 2011 American History Book Prize for his 2010 book Washington: A Life. He is also the recipient of the National Book Award for Nonfiction for his 1990 book The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. His biographies of Alexander Hamilton (2004) and John D. Rockefeller (1998) were both nominated for National Book Critics Circle Awards. His biography of Hamilton inspired the popular Hamilton musical, which Chernow worked on as a historical consultant. For another book, The Warburgs: The Twentieth-Century Odyssey of a Remarkable Jewish Family, he was awarded the 1993 George S. Eccles Prize for Excellence in Economic Writing. As a freelance journalist, Chernow has written over sixty articles for various national publications.

Early life and education
Chernow was born on March 3, 1949, in Brooklyn, New York. His father, Israel, was the owner of a discount store and creator of a stock brokerage firm; his mother, Ruth, was a bookkeeper. He is brother to Bart Chernow and uncle to Shandee Chernow. He is of Jewish descent. Chernow was voted "Most Likely to Succeed", and was class president and valedictorian when he graduated in 1966 from Forest Hills High School in Queens in New York City. Chernow graduated summa cum laude from Yale University in 1970 and Pembroke College at Cambridge University with degrees in English literature. He began but did not finish a PhD program. He says that in politics he is a "disgruntled Democrat" and gives his religion as "Jewish, though more in the breach than the observance."

Chernow married Valerie Stearn in 1979; she died in January 2006. Valerie S. Chernow was an assistant professor of languages and social sciences at the New York City College of Technology.

Ron Chernow has received honorary degrees from Long Island University, Marymount Manhattan College, Hamilton College, Washington College, and Skidmore College.

Career
Chernow began his career as a freelance journalist. He wrote more than 60 articles for various national newspapers and magazines from 1973 to 1982. In the mid-1980s, he put his writing pursuits aside when he began serving as the director of financial policy studies with the Twentieth Century Fund in New York City. In 1986, he left the organization and refocused his efforts on writing. In addition to writing nonfiction books and biographies, Chernow contributes articles to The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He has also commented on business, politics, and finance on national radio and television shows, and appeared as an expert in documentary films.

The House of Morgan
In 1990, Chernow published his first book, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance, which traces four generations of the J.P. Morgan financial empire. The reviewer for The New York Times Book Review said, "As a portrait of finance, politics and the world of avarice and ambition on Wall Street, the book has the movement and tension of an epic novel. It is, quite simply, a tour de force." The House of Morgan was honored with the National Book Award for Nonfiction.

The Warburgs
In 1993, Chernow published The Warburgs: The Twentieth-Century Odyssey of a Remarkable Jewish Family, an account of the Warburg family, who immigrated to the U.S. from Germany in 1838. The Warburg family was a prominent financial dynasty of German Jewish descent, known for their accomplishments in physics, classical music, art history, pharmacology, physiology, finance, private equity, and philanthropy. The book was awarded the Columbia Business School's George S. Eccles Prize for Excellence in Economic Writing. It was named as one of the year's ten best works by the American Library Association and a Notable Book by The New York Times.

The Death of the Banker
In 1997, Chernow published a collection of essays entitled The Death of the Banker: The Decline and Fall of the Great Financial Dynasties and the Triumph of the Small Investor.

Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.
In 1998, Chernow published the 774-page Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., about the industrialist, philanthropist, and founder of the Standard Oil Company. The book reflected Chernow's continued interest in financial history, especially when shaped by compelling and influential individuals. The book remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 16 weeks, while Time called it "one of the great American biographies". Both publications listed it among the year's ten best books.

Alexander Hamilton
In 2004, Chernow published Alexander Hamilton. The biography was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award and was named as the winner of the inaugural George Washington Book Prize for early American history. It remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for three months. In his review for the Journal of American History, Stephen B. Presser, who is professor of business law emeritus at Northwestern University, wrote: This book is one of those happy rarities: a popular biography that should also delight scholars. ...This is the kind of synthetic narrative history and biography that is rarely done to such high standards and is clearly one of the best introductions to the American formative era available. Moreover, the way Chernow integrates international affairs, domestic politics, economic and constitutional theory, and astute psychological analysis is nothing short of wondrous.

The biography was adapted into a Tony award-winning musical, Hamilton, by Lin-Manuel Miranda, which opened on Broadway in August 2015. Chernow served as historical consultant to the production.

George Washington
Chernow's 904-page Washington: A Life was released on October 5, 2010. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography and the American History Book Prize. Professor Gordon S. Wood, renowned scholar of the Founding era, wrote: [T]he best, most comprehensive, and most balanced single-volume biography of Washington ever written.... One comes away from the book feeling that Washington has finally become comprehensible.... [Chernow's] understanding of human nature is extraordinary and that is what makes his biography so powerful.

Ulysses S. Grant
In 2011, Chernow signed a deal to write a comprehensive biography on Ulysses S. Grant. Chernow explained his transition from writing about George Washington to Grant: "Makes some sense as progression. Towering general of Revolution to towering general of Civil War. Both two-term presidents, though with very different results." Grant was released on October 10, 2017, and the biography strongly argues against the conventional wisdom that Grant was an "adequate president, a dull companion and a roaring drunk." The book received overwhelmingly positive reviews and was named by The New York Times as one of the 10 Best Books of 2017.

Board memberships
In 1990, Chernow became a member of the PEN American Center. In 2006, he was named as the President of the Board of Trustees, succeeding novelist Salman Rushdie.

Honors and awards

 * 1990: National Book Award for Nonfiction for The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance (winner)
 * 1993: George S. Eccles Prize for Excellence in Economic Writing for The Warburgs: The Twentieth-Century Odyssey of a Remarkable Jewish Family (winner)
 * 1998: National Book Critics Circle Award for Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (nominated)
 * 2004: George Washington Book Prize for Alexander Hamilton (winner)
 * 2004: National Book Critics Circle Award for Alexander Hamilton (nominated)
 * 2011: Pulitzer Prize for Biography for Washington: A Life (winner)
 * 2011: American History Book Prize for Washington: A Life (winner)
 * 2013: BIO Award from Biographers International Organization for advancing the art and craft of biography.
 * 2015: National Humanities Medal
 * 2016: Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site Advancing American Democracy (winner)
 * 2017: Gold Medal Honoree from the National Institute of Social Sciences
 * 2017: The Lincoln Forum's Richard Nelson Current Award of Achievement
 * 2018: American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal in Biography
 * 2019: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement

Filmography

 * 1996: Biography, "J. Pierpont Morgan: Emperor of Wall Street" (documentary), as himself
 * 2000: The American Experience, "The Rockefellers: Part 1" (documentary), as advisor
 * 2000: The American Experience, "The Rockefellers: Part 2" (documentary), as advisor
 * 2007: The American Experience, "Alexander Hamilton" (documentary), as advisor
 * 2010: Tavis Smiley, "October 12, 2010 episode" (talk show), as guest
 * 2010: Rediscovering Alexander Hamilton (documentary), as himself/historian
 * 2020: Grant, as writer

title: Ron Chernow


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Comhairle na Poblachta

Comhairle na Poblachta was an Irish republican organisation established in 1929.

The organisation had the support of the IRA, which had agreed to its formation at its General Army Convention in January 1929. The IRA envisaged it as a co-ordinating body of anti-Treaty republican forces and its membership was drawn from Sinn Féin, Comhairle na dTeachtaí (consisting of the remaining anti-Treaty members of the Second Dáil), the IRA, Cumann na mBan and left-wing republicans.

According to leading member Mary MacSwiney, the Comhairle sought "agreement and co-operation between the civil and military arms of the Republic". Other prominent members included Margaret Buckley, Maud Gonne, Count Plunkett, Frank Ryan, Peadar O'Donnell, Brian O'Higgins, and Mick Fitzpatrick. A weekly newspaper, An Phoblacht, was issued. Apart from their shared hostility to the Cumann na nGaedheal government, the party's members had little in common.

The Comhairle was not successful in its aims.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Comhairle na Poblachta


text:
Talk:Hazaribagh district

Untitled
A request to all the fellow Wikipedians interested in the development of contents of this page: I shall be adding (say, by end-April/ early-May 2006) some more contents to this page. If some one may add a map and picture/s, the page shall become better. Thanks. --Bhadani 13:03, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Jharkhand workgroup Addition
WP India with Jharkhand workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Jharkhand or one of its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 10:24, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hazaribagh district


text: Portal:Formula One/box-header

title: Portal:Formula One/box-header


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User talk:Jayjg/Disruptive Apartheid editor

This user, who has used many different IPs and userids, has spent a couple of months trying to force some text into the Apartheid article against a strong consensus. Having not gotten his way there, he has targetted me and a couple of other editors, making many personal comments about their alleged ethnicities and political beliefs. He is now reverting me apparently solely for the purpose of reverting me, e.g.. An RfAR would be a lengthy procedure, and unlikely to be particularly effective, given the individual's constant use of differing IP addresses. Unsure how to proceed at this point. Jayjg (talk) 5 July 2005 16:33 (UTC) So you think an immediate RfAR is the way to go? Jayjg (talk) 5 July 2005 17:27 (UTC)
 * I'll throw in my two cents worth. An RfAr (woof!) could allow us to revert this guy on sight, without engaging in an utterly pointless discussion about it -- utterly pointless because he seems incapable of understanding basic principles such as "consensus". --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 5 July 2005 16:43 (UTC)
 * Revert his idiocy, remove his personal attacks, and see what he does. Snowspinner July 5, 2005 16:46 (UTC)

 * Isn't this the same editor who was trolling the David Irving and Anti-Defamation League talk pages a few weeks/months ago with different IP addresses and user names, and who became very abusive? He seemed first and foremost to be an Irving supporter. If he's doing nothing but make disruptive edits, perhaps he can be blocked for disruption for short periods until he either learns or leaves. SlimVirgin (talk) July 5, 2005 17:03 (UTC)

I guess we can see where your POV is. However, a NPOV editor is not "first and foremost" anything, and definitely not "trolling" or an "idiot" (unless you say so?). Please refrain from personal opinion, mischaracterization, and repeated personal attacks, Wikipedia has a policy of no personal attacks. How hypocritical can you get? 69.218.25.180 8 July 2005 15:30 (UTC) Yes, it's the same editor. He uses Ameritech Electronic Commerce in the 69.xxx range, where xxx is a number between 209 and 222. He's used at least 30 IP addresses, and at least 11 different userids. Blocking him is tedious because he simply reboots, gets a new IP address, and continues editing. Jayjg (talk) 5 July 2005 17:27 (UTC)
 * You're not a person, just a series of numbers. Tomer TALK  July 8, 2005 17:48 (UTC)
 * I was just going through my talk-page history to find some of the comments. I remember he got pretty abusive, and I think I blocked him for it, as did several others, and he did eventually get fed up and stayed away for awhile. The arbcom could ban him, but he'll still be able to come back. I wonder whether it would make more sense just to keep blocking him until he gets bored again. He's made no useful edits that I'm aware of. All he does is disrupt, introduce POV, and leave snarky comments on talk pages. SlimVirgin (talk) July 5, 2005 17:36 (UTC)

See how easy redacting comments from an abusive user is? Snowspinner July 5, 2005 18:00 (UTC)

 * No need to look far for a valid reason to block:   are the latest violations of WP:NPA.

 * Exactly, he's been doing this for weeks. Anon, I don't know where you get the idea that you've broken no rules. You constantly violate WP:NOR (by inserting your own idiosyncratic views of what's relevant), WP:NPOV (by trying to introduce tiny-minority views), and WP:NPA whenever you're thwarted, added to which there's the sockpuppetry. You're eminently blockable. SlimVirgin (talk) July 5, 2005 17:56 (UTC)

Wikipedia is open to all editors. Do not ban this IP address without a valid reason. 1) There have been unjustified personal attacks made upon me from the beginning. WP:NPA, perhaps those editors should be blocked. 2) The Googletest needs to be applied consistently henceforth on a constant basis, especially by those that are administrators. The WP:NOR and WP:NPOV policies apply both ways. The constant idiosyncratic views on Wikipedia are apparent when the same few POV editors revert and censor others over and over, they have the exact same editing style and POV, they protect articles from NPOV and improvement, and they communicate to avoid the 3 revert rule. That's dishonesty.69.218.25.180 8 July 2005 15:30 (UTC)

 * It's all coming back now. This was the one who created User:FuckSlimVirgin and who left this message for me. I think he was also editing as, though he denied it, and I recalling he was vandalizing Chameleon's page at one point using different IP addresses. SlimVirgin (talk)  July 5, 2005 18:52 (UTC)

--SHAME ON YOU. SlimVirgin, you cannot back that accusation up, and stop making unsubstantiated personal attacks. You are really digging really low now. Kindly stop defamation that you cannot back up. Whoever that person was, their actions are unacceptable, but one can see that controversy seems to follow you and Jayjg around.
 * To be fair, was actually banned User:Alberuni, who felt he had found a kindred spirit. Jayjg (talk)  5 July 2005 22:15 (UTC)

Perhaps a conciliatory approach would be more effective here. Jayjg has a reputation as a difficult contributor who often aggravates things with his hostile approaches. It is not hard for me to imagine that he may have been marginalized and radicalized as a result of a conflict with Jay. Perhaps we should let bygones be bygones and focus on agreeable resolution. Everyking 5 July 2005 18:42 (UTC)

 * JayJG has a reputation as a contributor who brings needed sanity to topics that are continually overrun by trolls and POV-pushing lunatics like this one. That this gives him a reputation for difficulty speaks more of the people who complain than it does of Jay. Snowspinner July 5, 2005 18:46 (UTC)
 * As usual, we disagree. To his credit, I suppose his reputation is at least a little better than yours. Everyking 5 July 2005 18:59 (UTC)

 * This constant support for trolls and attacks on editors trying to deal with them is getting really tiresome, Everyking. SlimVirgin (talk) July 5, 2005 18:52 (UTC)

 * SlimVirgin, you are the troll. Takes one to know one.  It gets tedious for others to deal with you.  You are divisive and controversy follows you.  You are part of a little POV pushing team that jealously guards and restricts input.  It's flat out dishonest.  If you and Jayjg would stop censoring other contributors for one day and let others get involved, then you won't create so much animosity.69.209.239.161
 * I got tired a long time ago. Everyking 5 July 2005 18:59 (UTC)
 * His conflict is not with me, but with a dozen Wikipedia editors. No doubt they're all to blame for not being "conciliatory" enough. Jayjg (talk)  5 July 2005 20:47 (UTC)
 * Yah. The mostly-now-archived discussion started back on May 2, when I removed a change the anon had made and explained why. From the very start, many editors have tried to get this guy to understand both the correctness of my deletion of his edit (which, certainly, is a fair subject for discussion), as well as the consensus nature of article development on Wikipedia. The anon seems to believe that pointing out that he's on the short side of an overwhelming majority of editors (some long-time editors of the article, others brought in through WP:RFC) is a personal attack; that he's right and everyone else is wrong and therefore his change must go in; etc, etc. We've done all the recommended conflict resolution steps; a survey is running right now at Talk:Apartheid, but it's pretty clear that the anon will not abide by the findings of the survey. Everyking is wrong here; we've given this guy lots of opportunity, many of us have tried to explain our positions -- but he explicitly discards any arguments he disagrees with, and states his own position over and over again. Someone else referred to it as crapflooding; I don't think it's really that -- I don't get a sense that the guy is trolling. But we're pretty frustrated. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 5 July 2005 22:32 (UTC)
 * I have only recently become involved in the discussion on Talk:Apartheid by invitation, and have been denigrated elsewhere by this anon, for doing so. If s/he has any concept of consensus, s/he clearly has no interest in abiding thereby, and the same goes with WP:NPA, WP:NPOV and WP:NOR.  I'm not frustrated with this anon, I'm conflusterpated as how it can be possible that we have, collectively, engaged in troll-feeding for this long.  None of his (I'm going to now go ahead and assume the anon is a guy, henceforth, because without wanting to sound too incredibly sexist, I've never met a woman who's so pig-headed as this anon, when it comes to this kind of issue) arguments have changed from day one of the discussion, even after (literally) dozens of refutations of each and every single point he tries to make to back the purported legitimacy of his edit.  This has long since spread from Apartheid to other articles, mostly related to Israel, where he has engaged in the same unproductive activities:  making unsupportable claims and additions to articles that clearly back some POV, then making personal attacks and wild accusations on the talk pages.  Not only are his edits useless, they're wasting the time of valuable wikipedians, who have to go clean up behind him.  Tomer TALK  July 5, 2005 22:57 (UTC)

Right, so since this guy is a personal attack making troll nut, I'm trying something new. He's blocked for 24 hours for disruption as of now. I've left a note on his talk page. But since SBC DSL lets you have a new IP address by unplugging your modem, there's not a lot of point in the actual technical measure of a block, so instead, I'm just going to roll back his edits for 24 hours regardless of content. Snowspinner July 5, 2005 19:28 (UTC)
 * Please stop the personal attacks and wild accusations, and pushing POV via reverts of legitmate contributions. That's called censorship.69.218.25.180 8 July 2005 15:34 (UTC)

 * Of course, he's now using . Jayjg (talk) 5 July 2005 20:10 (UTC)

 * Of course he is. But the nice thing about a "manual block" like this is that it transfers to new IPs effortlessly. Snowspinner July 5, 2005 20:44 (UTC)

 * Blocked for 24 hours for block evasion. SlimVirgin (talk) July 5, 2005 20:37 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I still don't get it. Why dosen't Everyking try to do something himself as per conciliation. He seems fond of the approach so long as he dosen't need to do any of the actual conciliatory work. Which is getting tiresome. El_C 5 July 2005 23:17 (UTC)

 * Indeed. I encourage Everyking to actually do some work in the areas he's so quick to criticize others for - his criticisms would carry much more weight did they not continually come from the sidelines, and I think the lesson in the abject stupidity of certain elements of our userbase would be instructive. I know, for example, that I never truly appreciated RickK until I tried Newpages patrol. Snowspinner July 5, 2005 23:23 (UTC)
 * These criticisms you speak of are mild encouragements toward consensus and civility when I see people turning towards solutions that I see as possibly (not definitely, because often I haven't fully reviewed them) too harsh. They are emphatically not implications that I could do any better—in many cases I am quite sure that I couldn't. Everyking 5 July 2005 23:31 (UTC)
 * I'm tempted to remove this comment just so I can put it on BJAODN. Snowspinner July 5, 2005 23:34 (UTC)
 * I think that you must "fully review them," or please refrain from jumping to conlcusions, Everyking. Thanks. El_C 5 July 2005 23:54 (UTC)
 * I don't think I jump to conclusions. Often I don't even draw conclusions about these things. Everyking 6 July 2005 00:00 (UTC)
 * Please don't play with semantics, James. I am speaking of your reaction and its inherent leaning. El_C 6 July 2005 00:21 (UTC)

 * Everyking needs to cease all the backseat driving and take the wheel, for once. RickK departure underscores some of the deep concerns I have for Wikipedia. And the encyclopedia is much worse off without him. El_C 5 July 2005 23:28 (UTC)

 * Not really. There are plenty of other admins who are willing to throw their weight around rather than try more constructive approaches, as we're seeing here. -- Grace Note.

 * If this came to the arbcom, we would almost certainly say something like "the admins don't need us to tell them how to deal with abusive IPs." - David Gerard 5 July 2005 23:47 (UTC)

 * This is a serious and ongoing problem. Everyking's comments are useless.  It is he who, his claims to the contrary notwithstanding, is jumping to utterly unsupportable conclusions.  My conclusion:  Everyking monitors this page all day long, which is why he has so little time to investigate the problems he so flagrantly and uninformedly comments on, all day long.  Nothing he has said thus far in this discussion (nor in any other in which I've seen him involved today) is even remotely relevant, and not worthy of a split second's regard.  If he thinks he doesn't jump to conclusions, then I have to jump to the conclusion that he simply doesn't think at all.  That said, David Gerard is correct.  If Everyking's silly suggestion that this should be brought to ArbCom were actually followed, ArbCom would probably ban everyone for a week.  This is a clearcut case of violation of at least a dozen WP policies.  This troll's edits need to be reverted on sight.  Jayjg and SlimVirgin both blocked him today, Jayjg did so on, I believe he said 19 IP addresses and sockpuppets before Jay believed he'd quit for the night, after he'd told him that he was going to take 24 hours "off" whether he liked it or not.  The troll has stopped crapflooding this page, to use Bcrowell's neologism, but is back hard at work with his personal attacks and unmitigated stupidity at Talk:Apartheid, now as  at the very least.  I'm tempted to nominate myself for a speedy RfA just so I can get keep this troll under the bridge.  Tomer TALK  July 6, 2005 08:41 (UTC)
 * I don't believe in squelching legitimate discussion, and so I fully support User:JohanL's vote in favor of this anonymous troll's positions, as expressed on Talk:Apartheid, eventhough I fundamentally disagree with his rationale. That said, User:Molloy appears to be a vandalistic sockpuppet of the said anon, and it's astonishing that this vandalistic edit has yet to be challenged by anyone.  The edsum is a blatant lie, the [This] poll is a ripoff of the poll at Talk:Apartheid, and serves no useful purpose whatsoever.  Tomer TALK  July 6, 2005 09:02 (UTC)
 * Upon further review, it appears my assumption that Molloy was a sockpuppet of this troll was in error. I had not thought it possible, but it appears Molloy is even more malicious.  This doesn't change the fact that the edsum of  is a lie, and that the edit constitutes nothing short of rampant vandalism.  I've invited Molloy to undo it at Talk:Anti-Defamation League. Tomer TALK  July 6, 2005 09:15 (UTC)
 * Upon even further review, I have retracted my accusations not only of sockpuppetry, but of lying and vandalism as well . It appears that aside from some political and prejudicial views of Molloy's which I find highly objectionable, s/he is actually only guilty (at least in this case) of really..."bad" archiving and using a talk page to make a point.  Tomer TALK  July 6, 2005 13:35 (UTC)
 * I strongly refute that claim, I am not his, nor anyone elses sockpuppet. I suggest Tomer produce some sort of evidence before throwing around vile accusations. Molloy 6 July 2005 09:12 (UTC)
 * Yeah. Molloy's his own breed of Nazi (or, since he insists that only members of the NSDAP can be called Nazis, I'll just call him a notsi.) He does share an obsession with Jews and Jewish-related topics with the anon, but they're not the same guy. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 6 July 2005 16:16 (UTC)
 * I concur. Molloy is a unique New Zealand based Jew-bashing neo-Nazi, he's not our American Jew-bashing anon. Jayjg (talk) 6 July 2005 16:25 (UTC)

I concur, jayjg is a Jewish supremacist and propagandist, and although American domiciled, he's a Zionist through and through. Meanwhile, within hours he was editing (and reverting) again as. Jayjg (talk) 6 July 2005 14:59 (UTC)
 * above WP:NPA violation courtesy of . Tomer TALK  July 8, 2005 17:20 (UTC)

 * /shrug. So we extend the block 24 hours, and this time when you see him doing it from another IP, revert him as a blocked user as soon as you see it. Or drop me a line and I'll do it. Snowspinner July 6, 2005 15:20 (UTC)

I have created a page which lists all this users Userids and IP address. You will find it at User:Jayjg/Jews did Apartheid editor. Jayjg (talk) 8 July 2005 21:13 (UTC)

Possible reincarnations
Strike these out once they're either added to the developing RfAr or shown by CheckUser to be other editors unassociated with this disruptive quasianon. Tom e rtalk 05:08, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * - Tom e rtalk 05:08, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Looks like we have another disruptive apartheid editor in our midst. This user is engaging in edit wars in White (people), and making ridiculous accusations in Talk:White (people). All he's doing is just deleting contents he doesn't like in the article. Probably a sockpuppet of. Regards, --Gramaic | Talk 08:39, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Is it possible this is someone else?
Some of the attack names look similar to those used by a notorious banned troll and sockpuppeteer... 68.39.174.238 01:59, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Is it possible who is someone else? And which notorious banned troll are you talking about? SlimVirgin (talk) 03:00, 29 November 2006 (UTC)


text: Portal:Formula One/box-footer

title: Portal:Formula One/box-footer


text:
Comparison of SSH clients

An SSH client is a software program which uses the secure shell protocol to connect to a remote computer. This article compares a selection of notable clients.

Platform
The operating systems or virtual machines the SSH clients are designed to run on without emulation include several possibilities:

 * Partial indicates that while it works, the client lacks important functionality compared to versions for other OSs but may still be under development.

The list is not exhaustive, but rather reflects the most common platforms today.

Authentication key algorithms
This table lists standard authentication key algorithms implemented by SSH clients. Some SSH implementations include both server and client implementations and support custom non-standard authentication algorithms not listed in this table.

title: Comparison of SSH clients


text:
Max Cunningham

Max Cunningham is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, played by Ben Sheriff from 1995 to 1997, and Matt Littler from 1997 to 2008. He first appeared on 13 November 1995, and Littler took over the role in September 1997. In 2008, Max was the second longest running character in Hollyoaks, after Tony Hutchinson (Nick Pickard). In May 2008, it was announced that Littler had decided to leave the show and would depart in July 2008.

Character creation
The character of Max first appeared in 1995 as one of the original Hollyoaks characters. At this time, he was played by actor Ben Sheriff. Hollyoaks producer Phil Redmond decided to recast the character in 1997 when he found Matt Littler. Littler spoke of playing an already established character stating: "I didn't really watch it much, so it didn't really affect me" and also revealed he had met with Sheriff and his career was fine post filming. Littler followed the role for almost eleven years until his decision to leave the show in 2008.

Family deaths
Max found himself surrounded by death, with older sister Dawn dying of leukaemia in 1997. His stepbrother Lewis committed suicide in 2001. His death made Max look at life in a different way, deciding to spend less time with OB and open a new business, a burger van. Max also began dating Jodie Nash, however it was soon over. In 2004, Max saw more misery when his father Gordon and stepmother Helen were killed in a car crash. Max took it upon himself to raise younger half brother Tom. In 2006, another death hit the family, this time Max's step niece Grace Hutchinson, who died to suspected Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. With the four deaths, Max decided to live his life to the full rather than not get to live in at all. Max then met and fell in love with Clare Devine.

Marriage to Clare
Max found himself engaged to Clare Devine, who he had previously hired as an event organiser for The Loft. OB saw through gold-digging Clare and tried to tell Max. Max and OB ended up falling out over Clare. After Max suffered a heart attack, Clare took it upon herself to make sure he never recovered. She started tampering with his pills. During Christmas in a secluded cottage, Max found out that Clare had tampered with his pills and realised OB was right about her. Clare had put Tom's jacket in an icy lake outside, which made Max jump in. Clare the revealed Tom was in no danger as he was not in the lake. Luckily, OB turned up and rescued Max.

Clare called the social services and told them Max was hurting Tom, and also told Tom that he was the cause of his parents and Grace's deaths and if he spoke to Max, Max would die. Clare, who had built up many enemies in Hollyoaks, was pushed over a balcony at The Loft and was left for dead. Max and OB were two of the suspects, however Max's name was soon cleared. Max made a visit to a recovering Clare at her home and threatened her, telling her if she did not tell the social services she made Max's abuse of Tom up, he would kill her. Clare then agreed. Clare was forced out of Hollyoaks, however kidnapped Katy Fox. Max, Warren Fox and Justin Burton followed Clare to save her. A high speed car chase led to Clare and Katy plummeting over a quarry into water below. Warren and Justin jumped in to save Katy. Max then leapt in to save Clare, even though she had repeatedly tried to kill him. Under the water, Max tried to save Clare who was pulled away by the current and apparently drowned. Back in Hollyoaks, Max had a heart to heart with Steph Dean, who told Max it was not his fault Clare had died.

Second love
Max and Steph grew closer and eventually found themselves in love. The pair found themselves breaking up on several occasions. Steph then embarked on a relationship with Niall Rafferty, however, realising she loved Max, ended it and got back with Max. Max and Steph then announced their engagement. Matt Littler made the decision to leave the show after eleven years. Speaking of his decision to leave, Littler stated, "I feel that I have grown up on Hollyoaks over the past eleven years and I'm not only leaving behind friends but also family. I wouldn't change a second of my time at Hollyoaks and working with Darren Jon Jefferies has been amazing – every second of it! I'd just like to thank everyone who has made my life at Hollyoaks a very happy one." It was also announced that Max's departure would involve his wedding to Steph. Hollyoaks producer Bryan Kirkwood commented on what the future holds for Littler, stating, "Matt, together with Darren Jon Jefferies have created a partnership in Max and O.B. that has been at the heart of Hollyoaks success for the last eleven years. Matt is a talented directed as well as a successful actor and although Max's exit marks the end of an era on screen, Matt's not going too far as he will be directing a few episodes of Hollyoaks in the not too distant future."

On their wedding day, Niall, still angry and upset over his break-up with Steph, raced off in his car, unknowingly towards Tom. Max saw this and pushed Tom out of the way, however Niall ended up running him over. Max died in OB's arms with Steph and Tom also present. Max's final appearance was the month following his death. While OB was leaving for a new life in America, he turned around and saw Max standing outside Drive 'n' Buy.

Storylines
Max first appears as part of the Cunningham family in 1995, as the youngest child and only son. His parents were already divorced, as his mother was remarried. However Max's life changed, when he received bad news, as he was devastated when Dawn Cunningham had an affair with Jack Osborne leading to their daughter Bethany, being put up for adoption. Dawn suffered with leukaemia, which lead to her death. One year after Dawn's death, Max's sister, Jude Cunningham got herself in trouble with the police, after stealing a cars along with their father's cousin Benny to pay off her debt. Also his other sister, Cindy Cunningham was pregnant, due to a one-night stand with Lee Stanley, and gave birth to their daughter Holly, on the day Dawn died. But when her father got killed in car accident, Cindy begins a relationship with Sean, but turns to abused along with Holly, causing them and Jude to leave the country. Max and OB make up money-making schemes, and create their own single. The CD became a failure. Max starts working at Hollyoaks College. Another tragedy hits the family when stepbrother Lewis commits suicide. Max decides to make the most of his life, opening a burger van and going on a date with Jodie Nash. Max reveals his sensitive side in his affection for Anna Green, helping her during the difficult stages of her pregnancy. Max and Anna both admit their feelings to each other and they sleep together in Max's van. Anna tells boyfriend Alex Bell about the affair and she moves in with Max and her son Charlie. Max finds it difficult staying with Anna as he never really has much time for social life. Another tragedy hits Max whilst he, OB, Ben Davies, Kristian Hargreaves, Jamie Nash and Theo Sankofa go potholing. The trip results in a rock fall and leaves Theo and Jamie dead. After returning home, Max ends his relationship with Anna.

OB tells Max that his stepmother Helen Cunningham is having an affair with Tony Hutchinson. Max is angered by Helen and Tony's actions towards his father so he warns them if they continue, he will tell Gordon. Helen and Tony continue their affair so Max tells a devastated Gordon. Helen then leaves Gordon for Tony and prepares to leave. During a journey together, Gordon and Helen are involved in a car accident when Gordon suffers a heart attack at the wheel of the car. Luckily, Tom isn't injured. With Gordon already dead, Helen suddenly collapses at home and soon passes away in hospital, leaving Max as Tom's legal guardian. Max's stepsister Mandy supports Max, as does OB. After Tom burns down the house after playing with firecrackers, the social services arrive. Max tells Mandy he thinks Tom should be put into care, which Tom overhears. Tom then runs away from home and is found at his parents grave. Max, OB and Tom then move into the flat next to Mandy and new fiancé Tony. Yet another tragedy hits the family when Mandy and Tony's daughter Grace dies of SIDS.

Tony makes OB and Max managers of The Loft after the pair work hard to show him they are responsible. Tony eventually gives The Loft to them as a Christmas present. Max and OB's first major decision for the club is to hire an events organiser, Clare Devine. Both Max and OB immediately fall for Clare. After an ultimatum, Clare chooses Max. Max and Clare's relationship begins well and Max asks her to move in with him, OB and Tom. OB's girlfriend Mel Burton catches Clare having an affair with Sean Kennedy and tries to tell Max. Due to her alcoholism, no one believes Mel except OB, causing a drift between Max and OB. Max and Clare get engaged. OB tries to make Max see Clare's true self, however is unsuccessful. At their wedding, OB bursts in begging Max to rethink his engagement. Max hits him and vows never to speak to him again. After the wedding, Max tells her he wants to start a family. Clare fakes being pregnant and also a miscarriage and tells Max she cannot have children. After finding Clare and Warren Fox taking cocaine, Max decides to join them and takes some as well. This causes a heart attack which leads to Max having to go on medication. Clare begins to tamper with this medication in order to bring on a second heart attack. During a Christmas break at an isolated cottage, Max finds the tampered medication and realises the truth. On seeing Tom supposedly in an icy lake, Max jumps in after him, however Clare has tricked him and refuses to help. OB arrives, punches Clare, saves Max and struggles to revive him. Luckily, he does. Max apologises to OB over not believing him. After Clare threatens him, Max signs The Loft over to Clare. With their friendship back on track, Max and OB open a new business, a juice bar called MOBS.

Clare is pushed over the balcony of The Loft and Max becomes one of five named suspects for her attempted murder. Tony and Dom give Max their alibi for the night. Clare returns from hospital and tells social services Max is hurting Tom. Max breaks into Clare's flat and threatens to kill her if she does not tell them she made everything up, which she does. Clare signs The Loft over to Warren Fox and is forced out of Hollyoaks. She also discovers Justin Burton pushed her over The Loft balcony. In revenge, Clare kidnaps Katy Fox. Warren, Justin and Max set off to find her. After a dangerous car chase, Clare's car goes over a quarry into water below. Warren and Justin jump in after Katy while Max attempts to save Clare. Clare is dragged underwater by a current and apparently drowns, however is revealed to have survived. Max tells Steph Dean of his guilt over letting Clare die and have a heart to heart, in which they appear to grow close.

Steph begins helping Max look after Tom. The pair begin to fall for each other. After several failed attempts, Max finally tells Steph his true feelings and they begin a relationship. With Max spending more time with Steph, OB begins to feel left out. OB befriends Simon Crosby, who apparently turns out to be a paedophile. Max and Jake Dean attack Simon's home with other residents. Innocent Simon tries to commit suicide, however survives. After Max discovers Simon was innocent, he apologises to OB, who is disgusted, although they later made up. OB decides to leave for London with girlfriend Summer Shaw. Max and Tom bare OB a sad farewell as he leaves. Max decides to propose to Steph, which she accepts. Max and Steph's engagement is short-lived when they split up and she seeks comfort in Niall Rafferty. Niall falls in love with Steph, who then gets back together with Max. With the wedding back on, Max's mother Angela, sister Cindy, niece Holly, stepsister Mandy and also OB return for his wedding, except for his older sister Jude, who cannot attend to the wedding due to being wanted by the police ten years earlier, and Steph father Johnno. After a perfect wedding, distraught Niall speeds off in his car. Max sees him driving unknowingly towards Tom and rushes to him, pushing him out of the way in time. Max is hit by Niall's car. Max is held by OB and Tom as he bleeds. Steph rushes to his side as he dies.

Reception
For his portrayal of Max, Matt Littler won the 'Outstanding Serial Drama Performance' at the 2008 National Television Awards. Subsequent to his National Television Awards nomination, the character has also won the award for 'Best On-screen Partnership' with Darren Jeffries (OB) at The 2008 British Soap Awards. The same year, Littler, along with Gemma Bissix (Clare), Jamie Lomas (Warren), Chris Fountain (Justin) and Hannah Tointon (Katy), won the award for 'Spectacular Scene of the Year' for Clare kidnapping Katy and driving the car over the edge of the cliff. In 2009, Littler's exit from the show got his nominated for 'Best Exit' and 'Best Single Episode' for Max and Steph's wedding day. The character was selected as one of the "top 100 British soap characters" by industry experts for a poll to be run by What's on TV, with readers able to vote for their favourite character to discover "Who is Soap's greatest Legend?"

Virgin Media profiled Max and O.B's double act, stating: "This pair have fallen out more times than you can shake a stick at. Both mischievous, they are a bit of a double act but have grown more serious in recent times."

title: Max Cunningham


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Tobias Rau

Tobias Rau (born 31 December 1981) is a German former professional footballer who played as a left back.

In a career blighted by injuries, he retired from professional play at only 27.

Wolfsburg
Rau was born in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony. After making his professional debut at the third level of the German league pyramid with hometown club Eintracht Braunschweig, he moved to the professionals with VfL Wolfsburg.

Rau amassed 52 official appearances for the latter side. His Bundesliga debut came on 18 August 2001, starting and featuring 52 minutes in a 1–1 home draw against SC Freiburg.

Bayern Munich
In June 2003, Rau's solid performances caught the attention of powerhouse FC Bayern Munich. However, several serious injuries and stiff competition from Frenchmen Willy Sagnol and Bixente Lizarazu restricted his chances to 19 games across all competitions (with a further eight for the reserve team).

Arminia Bielefeld
In the summer of 2005, Rau signed with Arminia Bielefeld, where he would also be a backup and suffer severely with injuries – only an average of eight league matches in four years – being released on 30 June 2009 before announcing his retirement on 6 July.

International career
Rau played seven times for Germany, all in 2003. His debut came on 12 February in a friendly with Spain played in Palma, Majorca, and his only goal contributed to a 4–1 home defeat of Canada on 1 June.

Personal life
In July 2009, shortly after retiring, Rau announced his return to school to start a career as a teacher despite having offers from clubs abroad and from the 2. Bundesliga.

Rau returned to playing football in 2012, joining Kreisliga amateurs TV Neuenkirchen.

title: Tobias Rau


text:
User:Wikinewsblackcat

Offline
 * Online

Working on Mammoth, UFO, or anything that is out there. Gorilla minor edit

title: User:Wikinewsblackcat


text:
Talk:First Slayer

Untitled
I've just watched "Restless" and not once is the first slayer called primeval slayer, so I'm moving this to The First Slayer. -Erolos 16:55, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Following the enjoining spell in Primeval, The Buffy/Giles/Xander/Willow collective in Buffy invokes the power of the first Slayer in a Summerian incantation that is translated to:

''We are heart. We are mind. We are spirit. From the raging storm, we bring the power of the Primeval One.''

While I'm convinced that the name Sineya is the name of the First Slayer, I've put included both an interrogation sign and an unconfirmed for those who don't believe that's her name.--Gonzalo84 22:05, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Slayer


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User talk:Monkeegrrl

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 16:55, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Monkeegrrl


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jobpac

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --malathion talk 02:13, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Jobpac
A non-notable piece of commercial software. CDC  (talk)  16:57, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Delete - As above --PhilipO 20:22, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Cdc. Dcarrano 02:11, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

The vfd notice was never placed on the article, so I'm re-opening the vote. Eugene van der Pijll 21:52, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vegaswikian 06:56, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jobpac


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trust-forum

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 07:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Trust-forum
This appears to be a "vanity" article about a new software project which is not (yet) notable. The user who wrote the Wikipedia article is the same person who is the author of the project. The project appears to be a FUSSP -- an unproven attempt to "solve the spam problem". In any event, vanity articles and original research are both criteria for deletion under Wikipedia deletion policy. FOo 16:58, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Well, if it is only the reference to the antispam solution that is the reason to delete this article, we can just delete this aspect and focus on other aspects of this software, that can be interesting too ?--Spoirier 19:44, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The reasons to delete it isn't that it's an FUSSP; it's that it's vanity (you wrote the article about your own program) and that it's not a notable project (yet). Once you solve the spam problem for thousands of people, one of them will write a Wikipedia article about your program. --FOo 03:32, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * All right, anyway I don't worry: important corrections are being made these days, as I'm starting to use the system for myself, and I expect that thousands users will finally come in the next few weeks. So even if it is deleted now it is likely to come back a bit later.--Spoirier 10:34, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. I'm sorry, Spoirier, but you can't write the article about your own software.  Concentrate on making your software good enough to attract attention, and somebody else will write an article on it.  Otherwise this counts as a "vanity article" and "original research." Jdavidb 20:57, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not yet notable (see SourceForge page -- still in beta, 6 downloads in last week. Keep working on it, sounds interesting!  Dcarrano 00:33, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Rausonid

no way can you delete this, it is valuable to society! someone spent time and energy creating it!


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Field ration

A field ration is a type of prepackaged military ration designed to be easily and quickly prepared and consumed in the field, in combat, at the front line, or where eating facilities are otherwise unavailable. Field rations are primarily used by military forces, though they are also sometimes distributed to civilians as part of humanitarian aid and emergency management. They differ from garrison rations and field kitchen provisions, which are intended for where proper meals can be supplied and prepared with relative ease and safety, such as in the rear where logistics are steady and fresh food can be supplied. They are similar to, but distinct from, other purpose-designed long-lasting types of food or rations such as emergency rations, humanitarian daily rations, and camping food.

Names used for field rations vary by military and type, and include combat ration, food packet, ration pack, battle ration, iron ration, or meal ready-to-eat (MRE); the latter is widely used but informal, and more accurately describes a specific U.S. field ration, the design and configuration of which has been used worldwide since its introduction. Field rations may be divided into two types: individual rations, which are intended to sustain a single soldier; and group rations, which are intended to sustain multiple soldiers in numbers ranging from a fireteam to a platoon.

Contents
A typical field ration consists of:

 * An entrée or main course, typically full meals consisting of preserved and nonperishable precooked meat, vegetables, legumes, grains, rice, or staple foods; dehydrated soup or broth may also be offered, often in the form of bouillon cubes
 * Side dishes or appetizers such as crackers or biscuits, spreads (commonly cheese spread, peanut butter, jam or jelly, chocolate spread, or pâté), pickles, or preservable salad (usually potato salad, tuna salad, or fruit salad)
 * Desserts or snacks such as candy, chocolate, dried fruits, nuts, cookies, cakes, pastries, cereal bars, or energy bars
 * Drink mixes, commonly juice, powdered milk, instant coffee, instant tea, hot chocolate, energy drinks, protein drinks, or soft drinks
 * Food supplements such as condiments, chewing gum, dietary supplements, and water purification tablets
 * Basic meal items, typically mess kits and eating utensils (usually a single multipurpose utensil like a spoon, spork, chopsticks, or lusikkahaarukka)
 * Additional items provided for personnel to use for themselves, such as multipurpose paper, napkins or tissue paper, toilet paper, matches, cigarettes (historically), and solid fuel

Field rations may come in different varieties, or carry multiple meals, for breakfast, lunch, dinner, or supper. Vegetarian, vegan, and religious diet variants may be available if a military's demographics necessitate them. Specialized variants of field rations may exist for different environments, situations, and roles, such as cold-weather warfare, mountain warfare, jungle warfare, desert warfare, long-range reconnaissance patrols, and vehicle crew variants.

The meals offered in a field ration often come in multiple different "menus" (varieties) predominantly featuring foods from a military's national or traditional cuisine—and, if diverse enough and possible under the constraints of a field ration, fusion cuisine such as soul food or Canadian Chinese cuisine—intended to evoke the "taste of home" while on deployment or away. Some rations include commercially available items, often snacks such as Tootsie Rolls, Charms, and Yorkie bars. However, basic or less-accommodating rations (usually emergency rations) may consist of very simple meals intended to provide enough nutrients and energy to keep a soldier combat-ready or alive, like compressed food bars.

Field rations are commonly issued to land forces such as armies, who may spend lengthy periods of time away from fixed food sources. Navies and air forces are not commonly issued field rations as they are closely attached to the rear or steady supplies of food—prepared in galleys aboard naval vessels and flight kitchens at air bases—though they may still be issued to marines and air force ground forces. Additionally, rations may still be issued to personnel in certain situations or roles, like long-range flight rations for bomber, transport, and reconnaissance aircraft crews, who could otherwise spend hours in flight without food.

Packaging
As field rations are intended to last long, the packaging they are stored in is designed to ensure a long shelf life and prevent spoilage. Rations are canned, vacuum-sealed, or freeze-dried foods stored in packages to prevent leakage or spoilage, commonly retort pouches, boxes, or cases. These containers are preferably easy to open, though some may require specific tools that are issued to soldiers or included in the ration package, such as the American P-38 can opener or Australian field ration eating device. Some, but not all, ration packages may be biodegradable or compostable.

NATO categorizes ration packaging under three types:

 * Primary packaging, which is in contact with or contains food items (e.g., a can containing food)
 * Secondary packaging, which contains and groups several primary packages (e.g., a retort pouch containing food packages)
 * Tertiary packaging, which contains and groups several secondary packages for storage, shipping, handling, and distribution (e.g., a box containing several rations for distribution)

Nutrition
NATO bases the nutritional content requirement on a reference soldier weighing 79 kg, who on normal operations would have an energy expenditure of approximately 3,600 kcal per day. For combat operations, energy expenditure is estimated to be 4,900 kcal per day; however, this is seen to be a worst-case scenario.

Heating
Field rations can be eaten at any temperature, but are preferably heated or cooked. However, as the use of cooking appliances or fire may be unavailable or tactically unwise, smokeless solid fuel and a portable stove are typically included in rations to heat meals. Hexamine fuel tablets have traditionally been preferred, though gelatinized ethanol is also sometimes used. Some modern field rations use a flameless ration heater instead of fuel tablets.

NATO standardization states that, while main courses and entrées must be consumable without heating, main course components and hot beverages should be provided with a heater, with such items intended to be heated to a minimum temperature of 62 °C from an ambient temperature of 20 °C within 12 minutes.

Shelf life
The shelf life of rations depends on the type and purpose, including how long the ration is intended to be used or kept until logistics and steady food supplies can reach the front lines. Per NATO standardization, the shelf life of a field ration from the time of delivery must be at least 24 months at a storage temperature of 25 °C; individual rations are designed to be used for a period of 30 days, after which fresh food should be given and medical screening should be conducted for nutritional deficiencies.

History
Military rations have existed since the beginnings of organized warfare. Some form of military food distribution and ration system has existed in practically every region and recorded era in history. However, for the most part, food actually brought into the field with military forces was uncommon; most of what could be considered "field rations" were, until around the early modern period, stable ingredients (such as grains), easily or already preserved foods, food soldiers brought with them, and livestock. As most reliable food preservation methods did not exist, military food at the time focused more on foods that could keep and transit well, such as hardtack, rather than foods that were nutritious. Modern field rations took recognizable forms with the inventions of airtight food preservation, tin cans, and pasteurization in the 19th century. Canned and preserved rations became standard in both World War I and World War II, with modern ration configurations being developed and becoming standard during and after the Cold War.

By region
As of the 21st century, a vast majority of the world's militaries field their own field rations, with different varieties of food based on national and cultural considerations. Many use 20th century-style packaging such as cans, boxes, and vacuum-sealed packaging, though some newer rations use retort pouch-based packaging.

title: Field ration


text:
Charles Auguste Frossard

Charles Auguste Frossard (26 April 1807 – 25 August 1875) was a French general.

He entered the army from the École polytechnique in 1827, being posted to the engineers. He took part in the siege of Rome in 1849 and in that of Sevastopol in 1855, after which he was promoted general of brigade. Four years later as general of division, and chief of engineers in the Italian campaign, he attracted the particular notice of the emperor Napoleon III, who made him in 1867 chief of his military household and governor to the prince imperial.

He was one of the superior military authorities who in this period 1866-1870 foresaw and endeavoured to prepare for the inevitable war with Germany, and at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War he was given by Napoleon the choice between a corps command and the post of chief engineer at headquarters. He chose the command of the II corps. On 6 August 1870 he held the position of Spicheren against the Germans until the arrival of reinforcements for the latter and the non-appearance of the other French corps compelled him to retire. After this he took part in the battles around Metz, where he distinguished himself at Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte. He then participated with his corps in the Siege of Metz and was involved in the surrender of Bazaine's army. General Frossard published in 1872 a Rapport sur les operations du 2 corps. He died at Cháteau-Villain (Haute-Marne).

title: Charles Auguste Frossard


text:
Saint Elizabeth Catholic Church

Saint Elizabeth Catholic Church (sometimes called Saint Elizabeth of the Hill Country Catholic Church) is a parish church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlotte located in Boone, North Carolina. Its canonical territory includes all of Watauga County. Father Brendan Buckler is the pastor.

The parish had its beginnings in the 1940s for the few Catholic families and students at Appalachian State University. Early celebrations of Mass took place in the homes of residents before a new church was built in 1958. The Church continues to serve Appalachian State students.

Priests from St. John Baptiste deLasalle in North Wilkesboro served the people in this new parish. In 1964 Glenmary Home Missioners served the parish until it was returned to the Diocese of Charlotte in 1973. The first Glenmary pastor was Fr. Ed Smith. The first diocesan pastor was Fr. George Kloster. The first church structure was gutted by a fire in 1984. New property was found and a second structure was built in 1988. Fr. Frank Connolly was the pastor during the building of this church. Additional space for education was built in 1993 under pastor Fr. H. Cornell Bradley, S.J.

Daily Masses are at 6:00 PM Tuesdays, 12:15 PM Wednesdays, 9:30 AM Thursdays and a Traditional Latin Mass at 9:30 AM on Fridays. Saturday Vigil is at 4:15 PM and Sunday Masses are 9:00 AM (English), 11:30 AM (Spanish) and 1:00 PM Traditional Latin Mass.

Also offered is the Sacrament of Confession at 11:45 AM and 5:00 PM Wednesdays, 9:00 AM Thursdays and Fridays and 3:00 PM Saturdays. Adoration is held 5:00 - 6:00 PM Wednesdays (also including Confessions) and 10:00 AM - 7:00 PM Thursdays.

Saint Elizabeth operates a seasonal mission church, Church of the Epiphany, located in nearby Blowing Rock. Mass is offered at 6:00 PM on Saturday mid-May through mid-October.

The parish clergy serve the sacramental needs of the Appalachian State Catholic Campus Ministry, a vicarial organization for college students within the parish. CCM is financially divorced from the parish, however, and funded by the Diocese of Charlotte. Parishioners are active in CCM and students are encouraged to be a fully functioning part of the Parish.

title: Saint Elizabeth Catholic Church


text:
List of wavelet-related transforms

A list of wavelet related transforms:

 * Continuous wavelet transform (CWT)
 * Discrete wavelet transform (DWT)
 * Multiresolution analysis (MRA)
 * Lifting scheme
 * Binomial QMF (BQMF)
 * Fast wavelet transform (FWT)
 * Complex wavelet transform
 * Non or undecimated wavelet transform, the downsampling is omitted
 * Newland transform, an orthonormal basis of wavelets is formed from appropriately constructed top-hat filters in frequency space
 * Wavelet packet decomposition (WPD), detail coefficients are decomposed and a variable tree can be formed
 * Stationary wavelet transform (SWT), no downsampling and the filters at each level are different
 * e-decimated discrete wavelet transform, depends on if the even or odd coefficients are selected in the downsampling
 * Second generation wavelet transform (SGWT), filters and wavelets are not created in the frequency domain
 * Dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT), two trees are used for decomposion to produce the real and complex coefficients
 * WITS: Where Is The Starlet, a collection of a hundredth of wavelet names in -let and associated multiscale, directional, geometric, representations, from activelets to x-lets through bandelets, chirplets, contourlets, curvelets, noiselets, wedgelets ...

title: List of wavelet-related transforms


text: File:Pac-Man Fever box art.jpg

title: File:Pac-Man Fever box art.jpg


text:
McKenzie Lake, Calgary

McKenzie Lake is a residential neighbourhood in southeast Calgary, Alberta. The community was in development from the mid-1980s through to present. The area is bordered by Deerfoot Trail on the east, Stoney Trail on the south, Fish Creek Provincial Park on the west, and 130th Ave SE on the north. The community is most known for its private lake and island in the centre of the community. Multimillion-dollar homes can be seen along both the ridge and the lake. The community centre is home to an ice rink. Basketball courts, and tennis courts.

History
The original community of McKenzie was built in 1984 south of Stonegate. During the mid-1990s, when town of Midnapore was annexed into the city of Calgary proper, interest in city's deep south began to peak. McKenzie Lake developed as an expansion of the former McKenzie community after an artificial lake was produced in response to the popularity of similar amenities in communities such as Lake Bonavista.

The community was expanded again in 1997 when Legacy Ridge was developed in a belt of agriculture land that separated McKenzie from McKenzie Lake, thus unifying the two areas.

Demographics
In the City of Calgary's 2012 municipal census, McKenzie Lake had a population of living in  dwellings, a -0.1% increase from its 2011 population of. With a land area of 5.1 km2, it had a population density of in 2012.

Residents in this community had a median household income of $97,291 in 2000, and there were 7.8% low income residents living in the neighbourhood. As of 2000, 14.2% of the residents were immigrants. Most buildings were single-family detached homes, and 6.3% of the housing was used for renting.

Education
This neighbourhood includes two public schools: McKenzie Lake Elementary School (K-4) and Mountain Park Middle School (5-9); and one separate school, Cardinal Newman School (K-9).

title: McKenzie Lake, Calgary