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Hong Kong Fire Services Department

The Hong Kong Fire Services Department is an emergency service responsible for firefighting and rescue on land and sea. It also provides an emergency ambulance service for the sick and the injured and gives fire protection advice to the public. It is under the Secretary for Security who heads the Security Bureau.

History

The history of the Hong Kong Fire Service began in the Government Gazette dated 9 May 1868. Charles May became the first Superintendent of the Fire Brigade. At the time, the Fire Department was part of the Hong Kong Police Force. It had a total strength of 62 with a supplement of 100 Chinese volunteers. The fire department expanded to 140 members during the 1920s.

During the Japanese Occupation during World War II, the service was disbanded. Its two fire engines were exported to Tokyo to become part of the Imperial Palace Fire Unit, and were returned after the war.

Hong Kong's ambulance service is part of the Fire Department. Previously, emergency ambulance service was provided by the Fire Service while non-emergency ambulance service was handled by the Medical Corps. In 1950, the Auxiliary Fire Service Unit was created to establish the Hong Kong Auxiliary Fire Brigade to provide additional manpower to regular fire brigade members under the Essential Services (Auxiliary Fire Service) Corps Regulations.

In 1953, all Medical Corps vehicles and crew were transferred to the Fire Service. Thus, leading to the creation to the present Ambulance Command. Over the past 50 years it has grown to accommodate 30 ambulance depots, 240 ambulances, 35 motorcycles and 2,350 uniformed staff.

Overview
The department has 9,351 (8,675 uniformed and 676 civilian) members. It is organised into seven commands － three operational commands, a Licensing and Certification Command, a Fire Safety Command, an Ambulance Command and a Headquarters Command. They are supported by an Administration Division. Commanding the department is the Director of Fire Services.

Fire and special services
Firefighting, rescue and other emergency services are undertaken by the three operational commands － Hong Kong (including marine and off-shore islands), Kowloon and the New Territories. There are 81 fire stations across Hong Kong's three operational commands. In 2004, they responded to 35,092 fire calls and 20,059 special service calls. Careless handling or disposal of cigarette butts, matches and candles remained the major causes of fires, followed by incidents involving the preparation of food and electrical faults. Fires claimed nine lives and left 451injured in 2004. Of the injured, 46 were Fire Services personnel. Special service calls cover a wide range of incidents, including traffic and industrial accidents, gas leakages, landslides, flooding, house collapses, suicide attempts and malfunctioning lifts. In 2004, 717 people died and 1,995 others were injured in such incidents. One of the dead and 16 of the injured were Fire Services personnel. The department has 835 operational appliances and vehicles fitted with up-to-date fire-fighting and rescue equipment. The first-line appliances, basically comprising major pumps, hydraulic platforms, light rescue units and turntable ladders/snorkels, are supported where necessary by other special appliances/equipment. A fleet of eight fireboats, including two command boats, one diving support vessel and two diving support speedboats provide fire protection and rescue services within Hong Kong.

Ambulance services
The Ambulance Command operates from 38 depots with 2,350 uniformed staff. The services fleet consists of 268 ambulances, four village ambulances, four mobile casualty treatment centres and 35 paramedic motorcycles. All motorcycles and ambulances are equipped with paramedic facilities to provide paramedic care. In 2004, the Command responded to 574,901 calls, conveying a total of 521,127 patients or casualties to hospitals/clinics, or an average of 1 575 calls a day. There were 106 cases of ambulance personnel sustaining injury whilst on active duty in 2004. Front-line firemen are also trained as first-responders to provide basic life support to casualties and patients before the arrival of an ambulance crew. So far, first-responders are available in 81 fire stations.

Communications
The Fire Services Communication Centre (FSCC) is equipped with a computerised mobilising system for the efficient and effective mobilising of fire-fighting and ambulance resources for fires and emergencies. It is linked to all fire stations, ambulance depots and fireboat stations for dispatch of resources. The FSCC, staffed around the clock, also caters for receipt of complaints and enquiries of fire hazards and dangerous goods. During major incidents, it acts as a co-ordinator for government departments and public utilities. The FSCC has five Mobile Command Units which serve as on-scene command and control centres in major incidents. The Third Generation Mobilising System came into operation in phases starting in the first quarter of 2005. The system's objective is to further enhance the capability and efficiency in mobilisation and communications to meet anticipated growth of emergency calls over the next decade.

Licensing and certification
The Licensing and Certification Command enforces fire safety regulations and policies, and processes the registration of fire service installation contractors. The Policy Division deals mainly with the formulation of guidelines on fire protection matters, prosecutions, research and approval of portable fire-fighting equipment and gas cylinders. The Dangerous Goods Division is responsible for the licensing of dangerous goods stores and vehicles, and timber stores. The Fire Service Installations Division and Ventilation Division are responsible for inspecting fire service installations and ventilating systems in buildings respectively. The two regional offices － the Hong Kong and Kowloon West and the New Territories and Kowloon East － are responsible for advising other government authorities on the fire safety measures for the purposes of licensing/registering various types of premises. Officers of the Command are seconded to the Home Affairs Department to inspect hotels, guesthouses, private clubs and bedspace apartments, and formulate fire safety requirements on these premises; whereas some are seconded to the Social Welfare Department to advise on fire protection measures in residential care homes for the elderly.

Fire safety
The Fire Safety Command assists and advises the public on fire protection measures with the aim of enhancing their fire safety awareness. The Community Relations Division is responsible for promoting fire safety and co-ordinating with other government departments and District Fire Safety Committees in stepping up fire prevention publicity. To promote fire safety awareness at district levels, the Division works closely with local fire stations in organising fire safety talks, seminars, exhibitions, fire drills and training of Fire Safety Ambassadors, who are volunteers from various sectors of the community to raise awareness of fire safety. The Commercial Buildings and Premises Division enforces the Fire Safety (Commercial Premises) Ordinance for upgrading fire safety measures in prescribed commercial premises (i.e. supermarkets, department stores, shopping arcades, banks, jewelry or goldsmith premises and off-course betting centres) and specified commercial buildings (i.e. commercial buildings constructed or the plans of building works of which first submitted to the Building Authority for approval on or before 1 March 1987). A Building Safety Loan Scheme has also been established to provide financial assistance to owners of such premises and buildings to upgrade the fire safety measures where necessary. Pending implementation of the Fire Safety (Buildings) Ordinance, the Building Improvement and Support Division continues to inspect old private composite and domestic buildings with a view to enhancing fire safety and advising owners and occupiers concerned on the improved standards to be required. The Fire Service Installation Task Force inspects fire service installations in buildings, handles complaints regarding building fire service installations and monitors the performance of registered fire service installation contractors. The Railway Development Strategy Division scrutinises fire safety strategies and processes building plans of new railway infrastructure projects. It also carries out acceptance tests of fire service installations on completion of those projects. The Theme Park Projects Division formulates fire safety requirements for buildings and other supporting infrastructures in the Hong Kong Disneyland theme park in Penny's Bay. It also carries out acceptance tests on fire service installations upon completion of these works.

Administration and logistic support
The Headquarters Command offers policy, planning, management and logistic support to the operational commands. It also oversees the operation of Fire Services Communication Centre, Airport Fire Contingent, Fire Services Training School, recruitment and examination, workshops and transport, stores and supplies, diving service, physical training, information and publicity matters, staff welfare and statistics. The Administration Division, staffed by civilians, deals with departmental establishment, personnel, finance, appointments, general matters, staff relations, audit and translation service.

Airport fire contingent
The primary role of the contingent is to provide rescue and fire fighting coverage for Hong Kong International Airport. The contingent, which comprises two fire stations (one next to DHL Asia Hub and one next to the Air Traffic Control Tower) and two sea rescue berths (east and west ends of Chep Lap Kok) at strategic locations on the airport platform, is equipped with 14 fire appliances, two command boats and eight speedboats.

Diving services
The Diving Unit has a fleet of five diving tenders, one diving support vessel and two diving support speedboats deployed at seven strategic locations throughout Hong Kong, and a three-compartment compression chamber at Stonecutter's Island for treating patients with decompression illness and requiring hyperbaric oxygen treatment. It comprises about 150 active divers responsible for maritime search and rescue within Hong Kong waters down to the maximum depth of 42 metres using compressed air diving equipment and underwater breaking-in tools.

Training
Fire Services Training School (FSTS) provides initial training for recruit fire and ambulance personnel. It also provides refresher and advanced training courses for all fire personnel. Fire Services Ambulance Command Training School (FSACTS) provides initial and paramedic training to recruits and ambulance personnel. It also provides Advanced Ambulance Aid Training at first-responder level to serving fire personnel. The duration of various courses ranges from one day to 26 weeks. The fire and ambulance recruits who have successfully completed the initial training courses will be posted to fire stations and ambulance depots respectively to continue their on-the-job training in order to gain field experience. Apart from providing training for staff of other government departments, private organisations and overseas fire officers, FSTS also runs Youth Pre-employment Training Programmes and Smart Teen Challenge Camps for youngsters jointly with the Labour Department and the Education and Manpower Bureau respectively. FSACTS also provides initial and refresher training on cardio-pulmonary resuscitation to members of the public. In addition to overseas training on latest fire services technology and management skills, officers and instructors also attend various advanced courses conducted by overseas fire professionals in Hong Kong.

Workshops
The Workshops Division is responsible for all engineering matters relating to fire appliances, fire-fighting and rescue equipment. These include design, development, procurement, inspection and maintenance, fitting out, modification, testing and commissioning.

Response times
There are altogether 81 fire stations, 37 ambulance depots and six fireboat stations. They are strategically located to provide an emergency response for all areas. The graded response times for building fire calls are six minutes for built-up areas and nine to 23 minutes for areas of dispersed risks and isolated developments. For emergency ambulance services, the target response time is 12 minutes. The performance target is to achieve these response times in 92.5% of all calls. In 2004, 94.06% of building fire calls and 91.08% of emergency ambulance calls were responded to within the respective target response times.

Public liaison group
The group which comprises 30 members of the public from all walks of life monitors and improves the delivery of the department's public services. It helps foster better understanding between the public and the department.

Equipment
The Fire Services Department of Hong Kong is a force of 8,000-plus firefighters serving one of the most densely populated urban areas in the world. They served under the British before 1997 and are equipped much like their counterparts in the United Kingdom.

While most cities' high-rise buildings are concentrated in their commercial areas in the central business districts, they are ubiquitous in Hong Kong. Most residential buildings in this very crowded Asian metropolis are more than twenty storeys tall, with some reaching forty or fifty storeys and the tallest over seventy.

Thanks to strict fire code and the use of non-flammable materials, severe structural fires are rare. The Fire Services Department is nonetheless equipped with a significant quantity of hydraulic platforms and possesses some of the tallest ladder platforms in the world. Common fire engines in Hong Kong include:
 * Hydraulic Platforms: Carry out firefighting and rescue at elevated levels - similar of snorkel, aerial tower or cherry pickers used in North America
 * Major Pumpers: Basically Type B Water Tenders that provide water supply - called pumpers in North America
 * Turntable Ladder: Similar to Hydraulic Platforms but they use telescopic ladders instead of hydraulic platforms and are better suited for high level rescue - called aerial in North America
 * Light Rescue Units: First-strike fire appliances, equipped with varieties of rescue equipments
 * Major Rescue Units: Also serve as light rescue units but are capable of special missions when teamed up with the rescue tenders
 * Mobile Command Units: Field command centre
 * Rescue Tenders: Perform rescue missions in major disasters
 * Hazmat Tenders: Hazardous materials handling
 * Hazmat Pods: Equipped with radioactivity detectors, protective aprons and decontaminating tools, Hazmat Pods are used in nuclear/biohazardous incidents.
 * Lighting Tenders: Provide lighting
 * Hose Layer: Carry hoses for water relay
 * Light Pumping Appliances: Perform pumping or rescue operations when area is inaccessible to major appliances
 * Reserve Heavy Pumps: Conduct water relay and pumping in remote areas or major fires
 * Snorkels: Perform rescue operations at 26–30 m.
 * Aerial Ladder Platforms (ALP): Carry a telescopic ladder and capable of reaching 47–53 m

The following appliances are mainly deployed to the airport and stations close to fuel depots: A list of vehicles used in the past and present:
 * First Intervention Vehicle: Carries foam and water and capable of discharging 6000 litres per minute
 * Foam Tenders: Carry out oil fuel fire fighting with foam and foam concentrate transportation
 * Bulk Foam Tender: Supply foam concentrate, pre-mixed foam solution for First Intervention Vehicle for prolonged fuel oil fire fighting
 * Jackless Snorkel: Equipped with a piercing nozzle that can pierce through the fuselage of airplanes and discharge foam in cabin. The FSD introduced this to prepare for the commencement of the Airbus A380.

For funerals Turntable Ladder with turntable unit removed is used to carry the coffin.
 * AEC Turntable ladder
 * Austin LD3 ambulance
 * Ford Transit ambulance
 * Scania Hydraulic platform
 * Dennis pumper
 * ERF Turntable ladder
 * Scania Turntable ladder 52m
 * Magirus-Deutz Turntable ladder 37/ 50 / 55 m
 * Iveco Turntable ladder
 * MAN Hazmat tender
 * MAN Angloco foam tender
 * MAN Command unit
 * Scania P94GB-300 Rescue tender
 * Scania P124GB-360 First intervention vehicle
 * Scania P124GB-360 Heavy Pump
 * Scania Jackless Snorkel – with Snozzle (Model S2000-CA)
 * Mercedes-Benz Sprinter 414 416CDI 518CDI ambulance - European Class C / American Type III
 * Mercedes-Benz E-310 ambulances - European Class B
 * Mercedes-Benz Sprinter 316CDI light ambulance - European Class C / American Type I
 * Suzuki EDE51V village ambulance - European Class C / American Type I
 * Mercedes-Benz 1828L (F581) Mobile Casualty Treatment Centre
 * Dennis DFS237R4B Mobile Casualty Treatment Centre
 * Mercedes-Benz 1517L Mobile Casualty Treatment Centre
 * Safe at Sea RescueRunner
 * BMW R850RT motorcycle
 * BMW R900RT motorcycle
 * Honda ST1300 Pan European motorcycle
 * Scania Snorkel (SS263)
 * Land Rover 130 Defender ambulance
 * Dennis Sabre pumper/engine
 * Dennis RapierWIKINEWS 2010 3 03 004.JPG

Gear (Incident Uniform)

 * Gallet F1 XF helmet (2015) - all fire crews
 * USAR rescue helmet - for urban search teams
 * EMS rescue helmet - for ambulance personnel

For other ranks, the name of the station is printed on both sides of the helmet e.g. Shek Kip Mei - SKM on the sides of the helmet. All station names abbreviations are in letters form. However, this does not apply to officers as their rank is shown by stars and pipes on the side of their helmet, unlike other ranks who display their rank as thin lines on their helmets. fire retardant up to 1093c
 * Nomex protection hood
 * PBI Matrix Structural Firefighting protection tunic/overtrousrs (2010-)

Superintendents and Chief Fire Officers

 * Charles E. May (1868–1879) - Superintendent of the Hong Kong Fire
 * Francis Joseph Badeley - Superintendent of the Hong Kong Fire Brigade
 * Thomas Henry King - Chief Fire Officer
 * Philip Peveril John Wodehouse - Chief Fire Officer
 * Henry Tom Brooks (1880–1940) - appointed as Superintendent of the then Hong Kong Fire Brigade in 1922 and was Chief Officer of the Fire Brigade when he retired in 1937 (and his son John Brooks would become Deputy Chief Officer retiring in 1955)

Directors of Fire Services
The Director of Fire Services was created in 1961 and replaced the role of Chief Fire Officer and Superintendent of Fire Services:

Superintendent of Fire Services

 * Charles May (1868–1879)

Directorate

 * Director of Fire Services (DFS) (Traditional Chinese: 消防處處長): Bauhinia over pip over wreathed and crossed torches
 * Deputy Director of Fire Services (DDFS) (Traditional Chinese: 消防處副處長): Bauhinia over wreathed and crossed torches

Firefighters

 * Chief Fire Officer (CFO) (Traditional Chinese: 消防總長): pip over wreathed and crossed torches
 * Deputy Chief Fire Officer (DCFO) (Traditional Chinese: 副消防總長): two pips over wreathed crest
 * Senior Divisional Officer (SDO) (Traditional Chinese: 高級消防區長): pip over wreathed crest
 * Divisional Officer (DO) (Traditional Chinese: 消防區長): wreathed crest
 * Assistant Divisional Officer (ADO) (Traditional Chinese: 助理消防區長): three pips
 * Senior Station Officer (SStnO) (Traditional Chinese: 高級消防隊長): two pips over bar
 * Station Officer (StnO) (Traditional Chinese: 消防隊長): two pips
 * Probationary Station Officer (PStnO) (Traditional Chinese: 見習消防隊長): pip
 * Principal Fireman (PFn) (Traditional Chinese: 消防總隊目): three bars
 * Senior Fireman (SFn) (Traditional Chinese: 消防隊目): two bars
 * Fireman (Fn) (Traditional Chinese: 消防員): slide

Ambulance

 * Chief Ambulance Officer (CAO) (Traditional Chinese: 救護總長): pip over wreathed and crosses torches
 * Deputy Chief Ambulance Officer (DCAO) (Traditional Chinese: 副救護總長): two pips over wreathed crest
 * Senior Assistant Chief Ambulance Officer (SACAO) (Traditional Chinese: 高級助理救護總長): pip over wreathed crest over bar
 * Assistant Chief Ambulance Officer (ACAO) (Traditional Chinese: 助理救護總長): pip over wreathed crest
 * Ambulance Superintendent (Supt) (Traditional Chinese: 救護監督): wreathed crest
 * Senior Ambulance Officer (SAO) (Traditional Chinese: 高級救護主任): three pips
 * Ambulance Officer (AO) (Traditional Chinese: 救護主任): two pips
 * Probationary Ambulance Officer (PAO) (Traditional Chinese: 見習救護主任): pip
 * Principal Ambulanceman (PAmbm) (Traditional Chinese: 救護總隊目): three bars
 * Senior Ambulanceman (SAmbm) (Traditional Chinese: 救護隊目): two bars
 * Ambulanceman (Ambm) (Traditional Chinese: 救護員): slide

Crest and flag
The current Fire Service crest was adopted in 1997 to replace the pre-handover crest due to presence of colonial elements. The changes impacted both uniforms (lapels, buttons, helmets, caps), vehicles, flags and other signage.

Crest
The new crest removed all colonial elements. Laurel wreath was retained. St Edward's Crown was replaced with Bauhinia. The motto changed from the uni-lingual Fire Services - Hong Kong to the bilingual Fire Services Hong Kong (消防). The badge theme changed from a crowned lion holding a pearl to a pair of fire axes and a burning torch

Flag
As the crest was also used on the flag, it too was changed in 1997. The old red flag was replaced by a purple flag with the new crest. This flag is only flown at Headquarters, whereas the Flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region flies at all fire stations.

Fire services on TV and film
The fire service has been portrayed in a number of Hong Kong TV series and films:

 * Burning Flame – 1998 TVB series
 * Burning Flame II – 2002 TVB series
 * Burning Flame III – 2009 TVB series
 * Lifeline – 1997 film of pre-handover FS
 * F.S.D. / Elite Brigade – 2010 RTHK series
 * As the Light Goes Out – 2014 film of post-handover FS
 * Life on the Line – 2018 film about Cheung Sha Wan ambulance station

title: Hong Kong Fire Services Department


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Talk:Recidivism

The update
The update to this page is expected go up later this evening. The link to our sandbox is Shanti's Sandbox. Baileyshanti (talk) 20:15, 20 March 2014 (UTC)Baileyshanti

Untitled
Measurement of recidivism by sexual offenders is a "catch me if you can" endeavor, since offenders know their honed deception abilities assure they face a very low likelihood that their sexual abuse episodes will be detected or reported. Polygraph testing (see reports by Mrs. Cory Jewell-Jensen and separately by Dr. Anna Salter from their pedophile panel research) show even in treatment the offenders are highly unlikely to be truthful about their reoffending, especially if its disclosure is not self-serving. Law Enforcement, Corrections, and Parole authorities who are charged with minimizing recidivism, have a built-in incentive to keep the definition vague and to allocate scarce investigation resources elsewhere. (dallburn@SafeHarborResources.org July 13, 2005)
 * As reported on BBC Radio 4 on 2 September 2005, the United States of America has a 60% recidivism rate, whereas the UK has a 50% recidivism rate. The UK attributes its lower recidivism rate to its focus on rehabilitation and education of prisoners as opposed to the US focus more on punishment, deterent and keeping potentially dangerous individuals away from society. - Recidivism in regards to what? Drugs? Alcohol? Sexual assault? This paragraph should specify. -Branddobbe 19:41, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know in this instance, but recividism rates (which are general, like these ones are - not specifically about drug/sex/violence) usually refer to one of two options: the percent of all released prisoners that are rearrested or the percent that return to prison. 60% seems on the low side for a lifetime prediction, so I'm guessing that these are reincarceration rates (although it's easy enough to monkey around with statistics - recidivism is more often specified in terms of "within X years" since we don't know, e.g., how many prisoners released in 2000 will recidivate within 10 years).  Long story short, someone should get the transcript or use more reliable figures (US DOJ and UK equivalent)--69.162.60.87 03:41, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Overall critique of page - v. weak article
The deeper problem with the BBC citation is not that it fails to give proper sources, but that it's used at all. A news gathering organization does not research; what are needed are actual statisitics from actual studies, or from Corrections UK, Corrections Canada, the US Justice dept, etc. To lead off with a BBC report is to announce: this is not a serious article.

In the comments on that first section, someone has added a riff on sexual offenders and their ability to hide their own recidivism. I can see the relevance to the TOPIC, but not to this section. Perhaps some studies on pedophile recidivism rates would merit a sub-section of the article.

Further down the page, we have an amazing (perhaps Foucaldian) assertion that recidivism depends on who's defining the violation. Well, with respect, that's a debate that belongs elsewhere, maybe in an article on social deviance, with normative definitions of recidivism as the focus of a critique (and it could link to this page). Otherwise, it merely confuses the topic, by introducing more theoretical concerns where they are not warranted, or, it seems to me, particularly well-grounded. First give the normative meanings and discuss them, then link to the critiques, and the methodological concerns. The writer begins this section with the assertion that the word "effectively" means continued rebellion against authority; again, and with respect, it doesn't. The root form simply means to fall again, and was originally used in the 16th and 17th centuries to label religious apostates or backsliders (see OED). Its application to criminal behaviour is relatively recent, but it has nothing to do with authority per se; that is something the writer has imported into the definition.

Recividism has also been combatted by trying to educate and retrain prisoners, that is, to make up for some of the social and educational deficits that led them to crime in the first place. Wherever that discussion is, it belongs on this page, since such programs have been shown to have an effect on reducing rates of recidivism. Keep in mind too, that almost all studies have shown that recidivism across most prison systems is slightly below 50 percent, that is, more than half of prisoners returned to society manage not to get busted again. Whether that is because they become better criminals, or because they go straight, is another discussion that perhaps should be on this page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Theonemacduff (talk • contribs) 21:13, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

No citations
No citations, tagging for cleanup. 86.133.229.194 (talk) 03:55, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

"Div"
Deleted the claim about this phrase, I don't believe it belongs in the article, is likely unverifiable and a quick search shows at least 5 other alleged originations of this term. 86.133.229.194 (talk) 03:59, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Dubious
Looks like the standard "therapy makes psychopaths more manipulative" was the intended claim here rather than "therapy makes psycopaths" but without the benefit of the book... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.112.178.244 (talk) 14:20, 25 May 2011 (UTC)   The underlying importance of this article is not in proving therapy works or not. It is pointing out a serious problem results from a general lack of faith in the ability to succeed in reducing crime to an eventual one percent. I know a strategy for ending the epidemic. I need qualified researchers to guide my insights. danieljones8814@gmail.com

Paedophilia Offences
The low recidivism rates of murderers and rapists was interesting. Does anyone have the rates for paedophiles? It's often plastered across certain "news" sources that such individuals are prone to recidivism, yet one wonders if this is truly the case. 87.112.178.244 (talk) 14:29, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

Charts vs. Statistics?
What's the difference between these two sections exactly? I'd suggest just putting all the info in one Statistics section. Theshibboleth (talk) 22:06, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

Repeat Offender redirect
Hi there, just a drive-by note to say that I think Repeat offender should redirect here, possibly via a disambig page, but my preference would be straight here. Cheers. 205.228.108.58 (talk) 03:47, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Oops - it does! Apologies, I was fooled by Repeat Offender (note capital 'O'). 205.228.108.58 (talk) 03:48, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Pardon me?
I find that the statistics are very skewed towards keeping offenders imprisoned. If you take the conviction rates of the general population, 15%, and compare them to those who have offended but have earned a pardon, 4%, the stats listed here (40%??) just don't pan out. Source: http://www.expresspardons.com/bill-c-23b-requires-calm-and-measured-response/ (I am no affiliated the company, just looking for a supporting source.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.70.212.100 (talk) 20:26, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

poor grammar in the rates section
The article currently has this very difficult/poor sentence:
 * Certain organizations are currently working towards lowering recidivism rates that is equivalent to that of every male in NYC will be arrested four times by sixty and black males ten times, the highest in the country and the world.

Is there any objection to making this much more readable? If I understand the sentence correctly (and I'm not sure I do!) are they trying to say,
 * "Certain organizations are currently working towards lowering recidivism rates in the US; which are currently equivalent to every male in New York City being be arrested four times by age sixty and black males ten times by age sixty, the highest rates in the country and the world."

Even if that's what that sentence is supposed to mean, it's still really hard to make sense out of. Do we have a cite for this statistic? If not, I would think we should consider removing it completely. Thoughts? --Des pay re ( talk ) 17:56, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

 * That sentence is trying to say too much in a single breath. I suggest breaking it up:
 * Certain organizations are currently working towards lowering recidivism rates.
 * New York City's recidivism rates are the highest in the country and the world.
 * Every male in NYC will be arrested four times by sixty and black males ten times.

 * The third sentence is crying out for a fact tag. --Uncle Ed (talk) 20:30, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree wholeheartedly, although I think the 3rd sentence might need to add a little clarification too (I assume they're talking statistically?), the way you have it there could be taken literally, which I don't think was the idea behind that sentence. --Des pay re ( talk ) 20:37, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

Rehabilitation is needed to lower recidivism rates
I just completed an arrgumentative paper on rehabilitaion in prisons. I found that the recidivism rates are lower when inmates sucessfuly complete rehabilitation programs. Upon research, I found that most prisons and the general idea behind them are on the right track on paper but how come the system is failing to meet their missions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Justdrea2012 (talk • contribs) 03:04, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

Unsupported claim in 4.1
The last sentence of this paragraph is not supported with an adequete citation:

In an effort to equalize the racial make up of those in Rikers, the NYPD is sending whites and women to jail for miner nonviolent crimes at the highest rate in the country. [23]

23.^ BARBARA ROSS, JANON FISHER $1.2M jury award for Playboy beauty February 21, 2012 http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-02-21/news/31084792_1_cab-driver-jury-verdict-cops

This article highlights an incident where Stephanie Adams was awarded damages by a jury for being mishandled by police officers after an incident with a cab driver. Not only does this article not state or cite statistics pertaining to whites or women being sent to Rikers island at a higher rate than other parts in the country, it does not even contain anything which suggests that this is true. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Badguy15 (talk • contribs) 16:38, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

Other nations?
The article mentions the US and UK, but what about other nations? It seems likely bringing the Scandinavian nations in here could be interesting to many readers due to the extraordinarily low recidivism rates (About 20% in Norway for example, a quick Google reveals this source: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1986002,00.html#ixzz0n9t8l6FT ) El.vegaro (talk) 07:19, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

Peer Review and Responses During the Educational Assignment in Winter 2014
Content: The content is good, yet very broad. Thinking about who the audience will be, it could help to break it down a bit more. A way to do this would be to also talk about the offenses that African-Americans are criminalized for in comparison to Whites. What are the differences in charges? What are the differences in served time? What are the differences in type of crime? You could also create various links that you don’t have to go into detail (because they already have wiki pages) but can further explain recidivism, such as linking it to institutionalized racism, school-to-prison pipeline, private prisons, prison-industrial complex etc.

“A cultural re-grounding of African Americans is important to improve self-esteem and help develop a sense of community” is a bit confusing. Is this “cultural re-grounding of African Americans” and “develop[ment] of a sense of community” Is this referring to something that should take place while they are imprisoned? Or is it a broader comment in regards to people of African descent?

In regards to the programs that address “social skills training and social problem solving,” it would be helpful to be more specific. What are examples of these programs? What type of social skills? What type of social problems would they address?

Also, because recidivism is related to racism, it would be great to mention programs that educate employers, detention centers, prisons, and communities about this unjust situation. You could also mention groups that are trying to address prison abolition. You could make a link to The New Jim Crow or Angela Davis.

There are a few places where grammar could be tweaked-I (Becca) would be happy to help. I love proofreading (seriously). Also, the term "Caucasian" is a misnomer for white people-if you look it up on Wikipedia, it leads you to information about peoples of the Caucasus region (the border of Europe and Asia). I understand that can be tricky if your source uses the classification "Caucasian" though.

Additionally, the section titled "Reducing Recidivism Among African-Americans" seems a little unclear to me (Becca)-the language about conformity implies heightened social control, and I'm not sure that's what the intended meaning is. (I hope that makes sense!)

Figure: Did you make this image? Is it an original? If so it’s great! if not it would be good to turn it into a simplistic chart/graph. Otherwise, good job.

If you make another graph, it may be helpful to have something specifically about recidivism--the current graph refers generically to incarceration rates.

References: The references in the introduction do not have a link. We were unable to check the quality and appropriateness of the rest of the references because you did not include your sources, so just remember to try to vary your sources so they aren't all one type (textbooks, primary literature, and review articles are mentioned in the rubric). Also, you didn’t include a content box.

Peer Review Response
Thank you for your feedback; it was definitely insightful. We agree in part with your assessment of the broad nature of our contribution. Because this article deals solely with recidivism, we did not feel it was appropriate to discuss charges, institutional racism, etc. However, we will take your suggestion and provide links to the appropriate pages so that the reader can explore further if they wish.

We will also take your suggestion regarding mentioning programs that work to reduce recidivism. In addition, we will work to clear up the confusion within the section "Reducing Recidivism Among African-Americans". We are definitely not trying to convey that African-Americans should conform.

The figure was found on the website the librarian showed us in class (the name escapes me at this moment). We will consider creating our own figure, or at the very least, provide better citations for it.

We apologize for the references. We are still trying to work out the bugs. We will have that complete this weekend.

Again, thank you for your insights. We will use them to strengthen our article. Baileyshanti (talk) 16:09, 12 March 2014 (UTC)baileyshanti

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Out of Date Information and missing content
The article touches upon statistics from studies published in 2009, however, the statistics from said study are from 1994 which can seem very outdated considering the altered political climate on incarceration since 1994 which has effects on crime statistics. This can be seen in the overview section of the article with a graph that is used from statistics in 1994. Thus, the numbers used from the study may not correctly represent today or even the past five years which can lead to misleading representations of recidivism. There are statistics that are up to date such as statistics taken from the BJS which were last updated in 2005 and are still the statistics used currently on their website. As has already been addressed earlier on the talk page there are areas of the article that are missing citations.

Looking at the California section of this article it does seem to be out of date. Upon researching on the California Department of Corrections website in 2009, the recidivism rate was lower than what was mentioned in the article. Moreover, California is no longer the state with the highest recidivism rate in the nation according to a PEW study conducted from 2004-2007. The California portion of the article is very disconnected as it states what the offenders receive while in prison but it does not make a connection to recidivism rates. I also researched the citation link [41] and found that it directs me to the top story page on the California Government website of Governor Jerry Brown. The issue lies in the fact that the 'top story' updates to new issues periodically, so I could not find information or statistics in regards to the prison system or recidivism as the current 'top story' when I reviewed the article (11/7/2017) was on the European Union and there was no clear way to find a quick link to what the California recidivism section was written upon.Mgmarkulin (talk) 18:32, 8 November 2017 (UTC)

What could be added
The article touches upon stakeholders or those affected by recidivism. It does mention many of those affected, however, it does not mention the taxpayers. Tax payers are adversely affected as their tax money goes into the prison system instead of other places of society.. Moreover, the price to house an inmate is consistently rising as they are provided housing, food, health care and other programs. It is not only the fact that tax money is funneled to provide these necessary functions for inmates but a person who pays taxes (whether sales tax or income tax) and is an active consumer in the economy is no longer a tax producer in the economy as they are now a tax consumer once incarcerated.

Another section that could be added is global recidivism rates, especially in countries that can be deemed similar to the united states whether democratically or economically. This would allow for more context on a global scale. Also mentioned on the talk page was that places in Northern Europe have very low recidivism rates which can then be added to this article on ways to look at or try to deal with recidivism. Moreover, there could be more context added on many of the state statistics as the information seems very narrow especially in a state such as California with one of the highest recidivism rates. What are causes of recidivism pertaining to California? Are there any policies measures that have been put in place to aide in lowering recidivism? Have past policies worked or failed? Has the recidivism rate dropped in a 10 year span, 20 year span, and so on?Mgmarkulin (talk) 19:07, 8 November 2017 (UTC)

Education and Recidivism
In this article there are a few mentions of how education can reduce recidivism. However, there was more of a concerted effort to view recidivism in relation to finding employment. Education has been stated in studies to reduce recidivism significantly.. Moreover, there are different statistics when an inmate has obtained a GED, an inmate has taken one college course or an inmate has completed an Associates Degree. There should be an expansion or a section created to address the effects that education has on individuals within the prison system or those that have been released from the system.Mgmarkulin (talk) 19:16, 8 November 2017 (UTC)

Typo in References
The 15th reference has a typo in the name of the primary author: it should be Tripodi, not Tripoli. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Velteau (talk • contribs) 01:40, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Equitable Futures - Internet Cultures and Open Access
— Assignment last updated by Editi2000 (talk) 02:44, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Recidivism


text:
Talk:SMS.ac, Inc.

Archive 1

Raga Edit to add link spam back
Raga states that the link spammer site is not important enough to have a page. What makes them important enough to have a ink at all other than the link to their spam PDF page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.231.54.18 (talk • contribs)

 * I don't know the answer to that, but I do know that I'm getting pretty tired of signing your comments for you. It was understandable for the first month or two, but this point you have been around long enough to learn that ~ at the end of your comment will sign your name. Themindset 16:23, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Is that a serious question? I'd hate to start spelling it out for you. --Raga 17:41, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Criticism
In order for criticism to be in an article, and to be feature as such it has to meet certain criteria. WP:V, WP:NPOV, WP:OR, the criticism has to come from a reliable source, and they have to identify it is as such. There also has to be a demonstration that the viewpoint that item x is a criticism of subject y is not a trivial viewpoint. This cannot be done without showing reliable sources criticizing them over the items in question. As well WP:NOT wikipedia is not a soapbox, and original research is not acceptable here. Digging up a line from their ToS and calling it criticism is the opinion of the editor adding it. They're presenting a fact (that line from the ToS) in such a way to build a case that favours their viewpoint without citing a reliable source who holds that view. Every single item in the criticism section currently fails those and I'm going to remove them. If someone can provide reliable sources (not forums, not blogs, not other self-published material) which criticizes them on any of those points, those particular points can be reinstated.--Crossmr 02:59, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I have blanked it since it was still unsourced and basically a soapbox. I'm not defending this company, far from it (trust me), but references and citations are a must. EconomicsGuy (talk) 16:51, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

List of social networking websites
Hi. I have removed this article from the above List, due to it primarily being about a mobile telephone company and not an article dedicated to the social network aspect of its website. If a dedicated article were to be created, a link to it might be placed in the List successfully. If anyone has issues or comments relating to this action, could they please post to the List's talk page, or alternatively my own. Thanks. Ref (chew) (do) 00:21, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Accolades
Without adding to articles saying that SMS.ac is a scam or anything do we really need to have an Accolades section? That *does* make it sound like some kind of an ad. Furthermore, I think it would be enough to simply state that there is a Consumer Bill of Rights without going into it; this is like advertising its policies or something. This comprimise doesn't say anything negative and doesn't give the company any lee-way as far as advertising. ---192.94.73.2 02:49, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
 * If any one disagrees, say so in the next few days.--66.93.220.66 05:22, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

alternate spelling for ScaMS Inc
(alternate spelling for ScaMS Inc) Yup that made me smile. Still, it proves how wikipedia is not an encyclopedia

Fanbox vs Other social networking sites
Fanbox needs an un biased fact filled article. I came to wikipedia searching for information about fanbox.com, and I was redirected to SMS.ac Inc.'s article, a found a one line comment, 2007 SMS.ac creates the spin-off site fanbox.com, a spam-driven social networking site.

Shouldn't there be a little more content to the article for fanbox.com and/or at least have its own article? Badbez (talk) 17:59, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

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Current status?
The article is mostly written in the present tense, implying that the company is still operating and providing the services described. However, the sms.ac website has closed down and the domain is apparently for sale. Apart from this single statement about the latter point, there's nothing indicating that the company or service has become defunct.

The History section has nothing after 2009. So what is the current status of the company? And what is it (or its successor) doing now? A quick web search reveals nothing meaningful. — Smjg (talk) 10:46, 28 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:SMS.ac, Inc.


text: Category:Public health and safety in Hong Kong


text:
Penaeus

Penaeus is a genus of prawns, including the giant tiger prawn (P. monodon), the most important species of farmed crustacean worldwide.

Taxonomy
The genus has been reorganised following a proposition of Pérez Farfante and Kensley based on morphological differences, in particular the genital characteristics of these animals, although this revision has not been universally accepted. Following the revision, many species formerly in the genus Penaeus (members of which are listed to the right) have been reassigned to new genera in the family Penaeidae: Farfantepenaeus, Fenneropenaeus, Litopenaeus, and Marsupenaeus. The following table gives an overview:

A few more species that are sometimes given as Penaeus spp. are actually assigned to the genus Melicertus:

title: Penaeus


text: Category:Education in Washington, D.C.

title: Category:Education in Washington, D.C.


text:
Rockingham bus station

Rockingham bus station was a Transperth bus station located next to Rockingham City Shopping Centre, 47 km south of Perth, Western Australia.

The original Rockingham bus station opened in November 1974.

A new station was opened on 8 May 1981 by the minister for transport, Cyril Rushton. This enabled Rockingham to receive more bus services to Perth and Fremantle, as well as new and increased suburban feeder routes through Rockingham.

It closed on 7 October 2007, being replaced by bus facilities at Rockingham railway station. It was demolished in 2008.

title: Rockingham bus station


text:
Secretary for Security

The Secretary for Security is the member of the Government of Hong Kong in charge of the Security Bureau, which is responsible for public safety, security, and immigration matters.

The post was created in 1973 and since the Principal Officials Accountability System was adopted in 2002, the Secretary for Security has been a member of the Executive Council. Before 1973, the office was known as the Secretary for Defence.

Areas of responsibility include:

 * Police Force
 * Correctional Services
 * Immigration Department
 * Customs and Excise Department
 * Fire Services Department
 * Government Flying Service
 * Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre

List of office holders
Political party:

title: Secretary for Security


text: Wikipedia:Multilingual monthly statistics/2003


text:
Talk:Cesare Bendinelli

Untitled
This is a translation of a following text in Russian, which was pasted into English Wikipedia: Бендинелли (Bendinelli), Чезаре (?, Верона, — 1617, Мюнхен[?]). Итальянский трубач. С 1567 — в Вене; с 1580 — главный придворный трубач в Мюнхене. Автор первой в истории школы игры на трубе (Tutta l’arte della trombetta, ок. 1614), в которую включены самые ранние известные пьесы для регистра кларино, датированные 1584—88.

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title: Talk:Cesare Bendinelli


text:
File:Gujarat flood 2005.jpg

Flooding in Gujarat in Summer 2005.

Source

NASA Earth Observatory copyright information http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/masthead.html.

title: File:Gujarat flood 2005.jpg


text: Template:Campaignbox Hungarian–Ottoman War


text: User talk:83.245.22.96

title: User talk:83.245.22.96


text:
New York Guard

The New York Guard (NYG) is the State Defense Force (SDF) of New York State, and is one of the four branches of the New York Military Forces (NYMF). Originally called the New York State Militia, it can trace its lineage back to the American Revolution and the War of 1812.

The organization now has a unified command structure, while formerly it contained an Army Division and an Air Division. The missions of the New York Guard include augmentation, assistance, and support of the New York Army National Guard and New York Air National Guard respectively and aide to civil authorities in New York State. New York also has a New York Naval Militia which, with the State Guard and the Army and Air National Guards, is under the command of the Governor of New York, the Adjutant General of New York, and the Division of Military and Naval Affairs (DMNA).

The New York Guard is one of the largest organized State Defense Forces in the United States. It is historically derived from Revolutionary and Civil War era state military units that were reorganized several times in American history in response to various international and domestic crises.

Organized under New York State Military Law, the New York Guard cannot be federalized at any time and cannot be deployed outside New York State without the consent of the governor.

Members of the New York Guard are entitled to many of the benefits accorded members of other components of the "Organized Militia of the State of New York", the legal collective term describing the New York Army and Air National Guards, New York Naval Militia and New York Guard. These include military leave for employees of state or local governments and many private employers.

History
The 265th New York State Militia was a small unit of the New York line and could trace its lineage to the War of 1812. The new regiment was given the designation, 14th regiment, which is one of the oldest military organizations in the United States because of its direct lineage through various separate companies, to the militia companies of the Dutch burghers of New Amsterdam.

In Sketches of America (1818) British author Henry Bradshaw Fearon, who visited the young United States on a fact-finding mission to inform Britons considering emigration, described New York military service as he found it in New York City in August 1817: Every male inhabitant can be called out, from the age of 18 to 45, on actual military duty. During a state of peace, there are seven musters annually: the fine for non-attendance is, each time, five dollars. Commanding officers have discretionary power to receive substitutes. An instance of their easiness to be pleased was related to me by Mr. —, a tradesman of this city. He never attends the muster, but, to avoid the fine, sends some of his men, who answer to his name; the same man is not invariably his deputy on parade: in this, Mr. — suits his own convenience; sometimes the collecting clerk, sometimes one of the brewers, at others a drayman: and to finish this military pantomime, a firelock is often dispensed with, for the more convenient wartime weapon—a cudgel.

Courts-martial have the power of mitigating the fine, on the assignment of a satisfactory cause of absence, and in cases of poverty. Upon legal exemptions I cannot convey certain information. During a period of three months in the late war, martial law existed, and no substitutes were received. Aliens were not called out.

Civil War era
For more detail, see List of New York Civil War Regiments.

Many units of the New York State Militia saw service in the American Civil War, after being activated into federal service by President Abraham Lincoln.

The activation of state militia by President Abraham Lincoln led to some conflict with State authorities in command of the units:

"With the advent of the Civil War in April 1861, the 14th regiment saw its first war service in guarding the Brooklyn Navy Yard. By mid-April of that year, the 'Brooklyn Chasseurs' were ready to leave New York for Washington D.C. Colonel Alfred Wood advised the Honorable Governor Morgan that the regiment was prepared to march and had accepted a three-year federal enlistment. However, the governor would not issue orders for the regiment to leave New York. While encamped at Fort Greene Park in Brooklyn, Colonel Wood and Congressman Moses O'Dell went to see President Lincoln to secure orders for the regiment to march to Washington. President Lincoln lost no time in issuing those orders to the 14th Brooklyn. When Governor Morgan learned that the regiment was preparing to march, he telegraphed Colonel Wood and inquired 'by what authority' did he move his regiment, Colonel Wood coolly replied, 'By the authority of the President of the United States.'"

Following the Civil War, efforts were made to link the varied military units in New York under overall headquarters. As a result of this, the 3rd Brigade, New York State Militia, came into being on August 5, 1886.

New York Guard created, 1917
On 3 August 1917, the Adjutant General of New York, in order to comply with the provisions of the State Constitution requiring that troops be available to the Governor for the protection of life and property of the citizens of New York, organized a State Military Force known as the New York Guard. The new force replaced the New York National Guard, drafted in the service of the United States on 5 August 1917.

Additionally, in accordance with Special Orders No. 311, Adjutant General's Office dated 11 December 1917 a Provisional Brigade of the New York Guard was created from existing units, to include a Brigade Headquarters and the 1st and 2nd Provisional Regiments which were ordered to active duty guarding public property. The Headquarters of the Brigade was located at Albany, New York. The 1st Provisional Regiment Headquarters first located at Croton Lake and later at Ossining, New York, had the mission of guarding the water supply of the City of New York, with its territory extending from the northern boundary of the city to include the entire Croton Aqueduct system. The territory assigned to the 2nd Provisional Regiment extended from Troy and Albany across the State to the International Border at Niagara Falls. The Headquarters of the 2nd Provisional Regiment was located in the State Armory, Troy, New York.

During the existence of the Provisional Brigade, a total of 9,960 men were ordered on active duty. Discipline was maintained by enforcement of Articles of War, State Military Law & Regulations. On 1 January 1919, the strength of the NYG was approximately 22,000 officers and men.

After the Armistice was signed and the Federalized New York National Guard units were returned to State status, New York Guard units were deactivated.

New York Guard during WWII
On 25 October 1940, the New York Guard was formally organized to replace Federalized New York National Guard units. The 76th Congress provided the authority for State Guards to be organized as a replacement force for the National Guard in October 1940.

The approved organization established a Headquarters, New York Guard, five (5) Brigade Headquarters and twenty (20) Regiments. New York Guard units were distributed so that at least one (1) unit was located in every one of the seventy-four (74) armories in the State.

As New York National Guard units departed for Federal service, New York Guard units were organized and mustered into State service. In 1941, the units were organized and after the first year of existence unit reports indicated the average attendance at armory drills was 83%.

During the period from 1941 to early 1944, the New York Guard was issued individual uniforms and organizational type ordinance and equipment,1942 Bridge Guard providing the New York Guard with sufficient support to conduct both weekly home station training and annual training for periods of 10 to 12 days duration. In 1943, the NYG gained a new Commander in LTG Hugh Aloysius Drum, (until 1948). By 22 February 1944, the New York Guard attained an aggregate strength of 24,722 officers and enlisted men. On 15 June 1944, the New York State Emergency Plan Field Order No. 1 was completed and issued.

On 30 January 1945, the Governor declared a State Emergency caused by extraordinary heavy snow storms and freezing weather, jeopardizing the transportation of fuel and food. The New York Guard was alerted for mobilization under the provisions of Field Order No. 1. The area involved was central and western New York State. The Governor directed the Commanding General New York Guard to order into active service such parts of the New York Guard as necessary to facilitate movement of transportation and supplies. Assigned troops were relieved from active duty on 10–11 February 1945, & 19 February 1945. The Governor, by a Statewide radio broadcast, commended and congratulated the personnel of the New York Guard for their service.

Also during 1945, the State Headquarters initiated plans to reorganize the New York National Guard, effective 1 January 1946. New York Guard units would be used as the basis for this reorganization when directed to do so by the Federal Government, as the New York National Guard was not to return to State status as organized units. During 1945, twelve (12) days of field training was completed.

In 1946, a United States property and fiscal office was established within New York State, which subsequently determined that federal property assigned to the New York Guard would be utilized to equip newly organized National Guard units. During the transition from New York Guard to National Guard, an organization known as the State War Disaster Military Corp (SWDMC) was established to be available to the State, to supplement the National Guard in case of domestic disaster or disturbances. The SWDMC consisted of personnel from New York Guard units and lasted a short time and was then deactivated.

On 7 October 1946, an official National Guard troop allotment was accepted, and the New York Guard of World War II was phased out of existence by the reorganization of the National Guard.

New York Guard, 1950-2000
In 1950, Federal legislation was again enacted authorizing States to establish State Guard units as replacement forces for the National Guard.

In 1951, after several New York National Guard units had been ordered into Federal service, the Chief of Staff to the Governor directed planning for the reorganization of a New York Guard. New Tables of Organization were approved and published authorizing 2 Area Commands, 5 Zone Commands, 6 to 8 Group Headquarters & 35 Battalions of 4 Companies each. However, only Area and Zone Command Headquarters were organized, with a mission of preparing plans for the organization and recruitment of subordinate units, if and when a New York National Guard Division was ordered into Federal service.

By the conclusion of the Korean Emergency, the New York Guard organization was limited to a cadre staff of Headquarters, New York Guard. The mission of this cadre was to prepare plans in coordination with Civil Defense to furnish logistical support to State Military Forces in the event of a National Emergency.

Pursuant to federal legislation for the creation of State Defense Forces, enacted by the 84th Congress (1955 – Public Law 364), and State Legislation enacted in 1958, the New York Guard was reorganized as a reserve land force of the organized Militia of New York.

Through the ensuing years to 1977, the New York Guard cadre force continued to function, with its primary objective being to establish and maintain necessary plans and programs in coordination with the Division of Military and Naval Affairs to insure of a rapid and smooth mobilization to full strength if ordered to replace the New York Army National Guard.

To insure Cadre personnel at each level of Command were prepared to properly respond to tasks assigned, administrative & training directives were developed and issued requiring all cadre members to attend weekly home station training drills, and to participate in scheduled annual training programs designed to test the effectiveness of training conducted at home station.

As a result of New York Guard training, over one hundred & thirty-five (135) members were placed on State Active Duty in support of the New York Army National Guard during the State Correctional Officers Strike, from 19 April to 6 May 1979.

Further, a New York Guard study conducted in mid 1979 concluded that for the New York Guard Cadre to maintain its readiness to respond to State emergencies as ordered, its’ Tables of Organization should be expanded to allow for the recruitment & assignment of personnel having professional & technical skills compatible with advancing technologies. Approval for such expansion was extended by issuance of Division of Military & Naval Affairs, Permanent Orders 66-1 dated 25 September 1979, which authorized a Command Headquarters Professional and Technical Detachment. This Detachment was subsequently reorganized as a Command Support Brigade effective 7 July 1989.

Like its forefathers, members of the New York Guard have and continue to serve in a voluntary capacity; support & participate in local & State community projects and give willingly of their time & talents to insure that the New York Guard is prepared to fulfill its designated missions providing protection to the citizens of the State of New York.

New York Guard, 2001 to present
In the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the New York Guard provided security, disaster relief, legal, communications and other services to New York City and the surrounding areas in cooperation with the National Guard. During this period, Major General John F. Bahrenburg was Commander of the New York Guard (his tenure as Commander was from 1999 to 2002).

The New York Guard experienced a resurgence after the September 11, 2001 attacks. New York Guard units were activated after the attacks, performing a variety of missions, including logistical support to forces stationed at "Ground Zero." Medical units of the Guard worked in conjunction with other DMNA forces providing care at several location including Camp Smith, in Westchester county.

Principal occupational specialties of the New York Guard include, communications, logistics, administrative, and medical and legal services, provided in support of all components of New York State military forces, i.e., the Army and Air National Guards, Naval Militia and the New York Guard, as well as to civil authorities.

Trained and state-certified New York Guard soldiers augment and assist National Guard units in the following missions: weapons of mass destruction [WMD] decontamination – the joint New York Army National Guard / New York Air National Guard / New York Guard decontamination, or CERF, team was activated by the governor for state duty for 11 days during the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City, Military Emergency Radio Network – the Guard is assigned to operate the MERN at various locations to ensure the free flow of information during an emergency, and search and rescue (SAR) a secondary mission to the state. New York Guard SAR teams have been mobilized, for example, in the summer of 2006 to search for a missing camper in the Adirondack Mountains preserve. Selected units and personnel of the New York Guard were called to State Active Duty with pay in response to Hurricane Irene in 2011.

2012 saw the largest deployment of the New York Guard since the September 11, 2001 attacks. Every brigade was at least partially activated for service during 'Superstorm' Sandy. New York Guard members served as equals alongside the Army National Guard, Air National Guard, and New York Naval Militia, at one point making up approximately one third of all troops in the field during a two-month deployment.

New York State Guard personnel provide training to the New York Army and Air National Guards including first aid training at Camp Smith Training Center.

The 244th Medical Group has worked with the NY Army National Guard Medical Command (MEDCOM), augmenting National Guard personnel for in-state MEDCOM missions. These have included screening of National Guard personnel in Soldier Readiness Programs.

In addition to its SAR work as a secondary mission under the New York State Defense Emergency Act and Article 2-B of State and Local, Natural and Man-Made disasters Act, engineer units of the NY Guard 10th and 65th Brigades have built facilities for the National Guard.

The New York Guard augments the capabilities of the National Guard. Guard personnel are drawn from almost every profession and areas of expertise – from plumbers to professors, clerks and CEOs, persons with long prior military service and those without, and every part of the state.

The headquarters unit of the New York Guard is located at Camp Smith, Cortlandt Manor, New York. Camp Smith is a New York State military reservation. It is adjacent to Peekskill, New York, and about 35 miles north of New York City.

In March 2020, New York Guard service members were activated to support National Guard efforts at combating the coronavirus pandemic. State guardsmen were activated to serve in essential command and control roles to support operations throughout New York State. In total, over 185 New York Guard members served as part of the Joint Task Force tasked with various civil support operations including supporting testing and vaccination centers, warehouse operations, nursing home support missions, and logistic support.

Structure
The New York Guard has recently undergone a force reorganization aimed at increasing overall service member availability for State Active Duty. The current structure of the NYG follows a model akin to US Army Civil Affairs commands, with units (referred to as Area Commands) composed of platoons and led by a command team of Majors (AC Commanders) and an Area Command First Sergeant.

The New York Guard is currently organized as follows as of August 2023:

 * New York Guard Headquarters (NYG HQ) located at Camp Smith, Cortlandt Manor
 * 56th Area Command (Eastern New York)
 * 65th Area Command (Central and Western New York)
 * 88th Area Command (NYC, Long Island)

Eligibility

To join, an applicant must be between 18 and 55 years of age, a citizen of the United States, and successfully pass a medical health screening and background check. Potential recruits work with NYG Recruiters to ensure that they meet eligibility requirements, and must commit to a minimum enlistment period of three years.

Awards and decorations
New York Guard personnel are eligible to receive both New York State and New York Guard awards and decorations. The New York Guard issues several awards.

New York Guard (NYG) awards:

 * New York Guard Commander's Citation.jpg NYG Commander's Citation
 * New York Guard Achievement Ribbon.jpg NYG Achievement Medal
 * New York Guard Good Conduct Ribbon.jpg NYG Good Conduct Medal
 * New York Guard Operations Support Ribbon.jpg NYG Operations Support Medal
 * New York Guard Service Ribbon.jpg NYG Service Ribbon
 * New York Guard Distinguished Graduate Ribbon.JPG NYG Distinguished Graduate Ribbon
 * New York Guard First Provisional Regiment Ribbon.jpg First Provisional Regiment Medal

Descriptions of New York State awards and decorations can be found at the New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs website: dmna.ny.gov.

title: New York Guard


text:
Airport Core Programme

The Airport Core Programme was a series of infrastructure projects centred on the new Hong Kong International Airport during the early 1990s. The programme was part of the Port and Airport Development Strategy, commonly known as the Rose Garden Project.

The cost for the whole project was estimated at over HK$200 billion, and the Chinese Government was concerned about its impact on the financial reserve of the future Hong Kong SAR Government. Several changes were made to the plan, including the shortening in distance of the two main towers of the Tsing Ma Bridge and the construction of the Airport Railway as a double-track railway. The project ended up costing HK$160.2 billion.

The Programme formally commenced after the signing of a memorandum of understanding between British Prime Minister John Major and Chinese Premier Li Peng in Beijing on 3 September 1991, and lasted eight years in total. It was the most expensive airport project in the world, according to the Guinness World Records. It was the biggest infrastructure programme in Hong Kong's history.

History
Plans to replace the old Kai Tak Airport were drafted after the Second World War. However, for financial and political reasons, the plan was abandoned in 1951 and the Hong Kong Government decided to expand the original airport instead.

With the growth of the economy of Hong Kong during the 1970s, the project reemerged for discussion. The government earmarked Chek Lap Kok, just off the north coast of Lantau Island near Tung Chung, as the designated site for the new airport. However, the plan was shelved in 1983 for economic reasons, as well as the question of Hong Kong's sovereignty and the impending signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration.

The plan was announced on 11 October 1989 by the then Governor David Wilson, and it was perceived to be part of the government's effort to reinstate confidence in Hong Kong after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. The public was initially surprised by the huge budget and there were concerns that it would drain much of the public revenue. The programme was completed with the opening of the new Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok in July 1998.

The Ten Core Projects
The programme included:

Hong Kong International Airport
The Hong Kong International Airport is the centrepiece of this massive project; it provided the foundation for the other nine core projects of the Airport Core Programme.

Chek Lap Kok was selected as an optimal site due to its development potential. Construction finally started in 1992 and was planned to finish in mid-1997. Chris Patten, the last Governor of Hong Kong, expressed his hope of leaving Hong Kong via the new airport after the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong, though this did not materialise. The airport finally came into operation on 6 July 1998, at a cost of around US$20 billion.

Airport Railway
The Airport Railway was built to connect Kowloon Peninsula and Hong Kong Island (over the Western Immersed Tube)  to the airport and the planned new town of northern Lantau. The railway is operated by the MTR Corporation and has two routes: the Airport Express and the Tung Chung line which provides a commuter service linking the new town of Tung Chung to the city. These two lines share the same double-tracks for most of their routes, however, the railway was initially planned to have four tracks along its length. The commuter service offered by the Tung Chung line also provided relief to the overcrowded Tsuen Wan line of the MTR.

Lantau Link
Comprising Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Tsing Ma Bridge and Ma Wan Viaduct, the Lantau Link connects Lantau with Tsing Yi, via Ma Wan. It carries both road and railway traffic between the islands.

Western Harbour Crossing
This is the third cross-harbour tunnel for Victoria Harbour. Built under a build-operate-transfer agreement with the Western Harbour Tunnel Company, the tunnel was intended to relieve congestion at the Cross-Harbour Tunnel and is part of expressway Route 3.

North Lantau Expressway
With the highest posted speed limit in Hong Kong, at 110 km/h on most of its length, this six-lane motorway links Tung Chung in the west to the Lantau Link in the east, via the north coast of Lantau. A service road, Cheung Tung Road, runs parallel to it between Tung Chung and Yam O.

Route 3 – Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi Sections
Route 3 is one of the 10 strategic expressway routes of Hong Kong, linking Sai Ying Pun on Hong Kong Island and Yuen Long in the New Territories. The Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi sections were built to link the Lantau Link and West Kowloon Expressway.

The Kwai Chung section is 3 km in length. The route connects with the West Kowloon Highway near Lai Chi Kok, then bypasses the Kwai Tsing Container Terminals, finally connecting with the Cheung Tsing Bridge of the Tsing Yi section. It is an 8-lane elevated motorway. This section is now known as Tsing Kwai Highway.

The Tsing Yi section comprises the 500 m long Cheung Tsing Bridge, which crosses over Rambler Channel, and the 1.6 km Cheung Tsing Tunnel, which cuts through the high ground on Tsing Yi Island. This section is now known as the Cheung Tsing Highway.

West Kowloon Highway
This is a six-lane motorway 4.2 km in length with the northern 2 km elevated for the Airport Railway running underneath. It links the Kowloon portal of the Western Harbour Crossing in the south to the Tsing Kwai Highway in the north and is built entirely on newly reclaimed land in West Kowloon.

Land Reclamation in West Kowloon
Reclamation work was needed along the west coast of Kowloon Peninsula to provide land for the expressway, Route 3, as well as supporting infrastructure. The Airport Railway also runs through the reclaimed land of West Kowloon. The reclamation work has increased the area of Kowloon Peninsula by 30%.

Central Reclamation Phase I
This phase required the reclamation of an area of 20 hectare along the waterfront of Central to provide land for the Airport Railway's Hong Kong station. Two ferry piers serving outlying islands as well as a government dockyard had to be relocated to facilitate the work.

Phase I of North Lantau New Town
The first phase of the new town in Northern Lantau is centred on Tung Chung and was planned to provide housing to 18,000 people. The new town was meant to be a supporting community for the new Hong Kong International Airport, as well as to act as a "gateway" to Hong Kong for visitors. At present, phases I, II and IIIA of the new town have been completed, all around Tung Chung. When all 4 phases are completed, the new town will be home to 320,000 people, covering an area of 830 hectare between Tung Chung and the neighbouring area of Tai Ho.

Exhibition Centre
The Airport Core Programme Exhibition Centre introducing the programme is located in Ting Kau near Sham Tseng in Hong Kong.

title: Airport Core Programme


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dave Timeline Carter

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:45, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Dave Timeline Carter
Non-notable blogger, ZERO goggle hits for "Dave Timeline Carter} Gorrister 14:00, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity. --Durin 14:08, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity, nn, alexa 1,819,729 for referenced site -Harmil 15:43, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity/self-promotion. --Etacar11 01:02, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 05:52, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Sinker (pitch)

In baseball, a sinker or sinking fastball is a type of fastball which has significant downward and horizontal movement and is known for inducing ground balls. Pitchers capable of utilizing the sinker are able to throw the pitch almost exclusively, as it forces weak contact and ground balls, allowing them to rely less on secondary pitches in order to change speeds. While coaches agree that this pitch is very similar to the two-seam fastball, a two-seamer tends to have more lateral movement than a sinker. In either case, the pitch is thrown in a two-seam orientation and has a gyro angle far from 0 degrees, leading to seam-shifted wake effects that cause downward and lateral movement compared to a four-seam fastball.

History
Before the 1950s, pitchers did not know what caused their pitches to sink or "hop". They regarded either ability as a "gift from heaven". Bill James cites Curt Simmons as the first pitcher to be able to throw both sinkers and rising fastballs, apparently indicating that it was not known how to make a pitch sink and how to make one hop.

Throwing mechanics
One method of throwing the sinker is to simply grip the baseball along the two seams and throw it similar to a fastball. Some pitchers use a downward motion on their wrist when throwing it. The pitcher's palm turns to the right at release for a right handed pitcher. This causes a sharper sink, but also has a greater risk of a wild pitch. This wrist movement is also called pronation.

To effectively throw the sinker, one must apply pressure with their fingers on the inside edge of the baseball when throwing. This will tilt the spin axis away from a traditional backspin and also reduce overall spin rate, both of which will help the ball sink and add lateral movement to it.

Effects on the batter
The sinker drops 6 to 9 inches more than a typical four seam fastball, which causes batters to hit ground balls more often than other fastballs, mostly due to the tilted sidespin on the ball. Horizontal movement also occurs when sinkers are thrown. Sinkerball pitchers can often get called strikes and swinging strikes on the pitch.

Notable sinkerballers

 * Matt Albers
 * Sandy Alcántara
 * Burke Badenhop
 * Ronald Belisario
 * Brad Bergesen
 * Zack Britton
 * Kevin Brown
 * Trevor Cahill
 * Steve Cishek
 * Aaron Cook
 * Kevin Correia
 * Camilo Doval
 * Scott Erickson
 * Jeurys Familia
 * Scott Feldman
 * Jon Garland
 * Josh Hader
 * Roy Halladay
 * Roberto Hernández
 * Orel Hershiser
 * Chris Heston
 * Luke Hochevar
 * Tim Hudson
 * Tommy John
 * Jim Johnson
 * Randy Jones
 * Jeff Karstens
 * Scott Kazmir
 * Kyle Kendrick
 * Dallas Keuchel
 * Brandon League
 * Mike Leake
 * Jonathan Loáisiga
 * Kameron Loe
 * Mickey Lolich
 * Derek Lowe
 * Greg Maddux
 * Seth Maness
 * Jason Marquis
 * Justin Masterson
 * Lance McCullers Jr.
 * Jackie Mitchell
 * Frankie Montas
 * Charlie Morton
 * Carl Pavano
 * Mike Pelfrey
 * Dan Quisenberry
 * Carlos Silva
 * Paul Skenes
 * Bob Stanley
 * Mel Stottlemyre
 * Bill Swift
 * Mike Timlin
 * Chien-Ming Wang
 * Brandon Webb
 * Logan Webb
 * Randy Wells
 * Jake Westbrook
 * Jerome Williams
 * Carlos Zambrano

title: Sinker (pitch)


text:
Fishing sinker

A fishing sinker or plummet is a weight used in conjunction with a fishing lure or hook to increase its rate of sink, anchoring ability, and/or casting distance. Fishing sinkers may be as small as 1 g for applications in shallow water, and even smaller for fly fishing applications, or as large as several pounds (>1 kg) or considerably more for deep sea fishing. They are formed into many different shapes for diverse fishing applications. Environmental concerns surround the usage of lead and other materials in fishing sinkers.

Types

A large variety of sinkers exist which are used depending on the fish being pursued, the environment, the current and personal preference.

Pyramid sinkers
Pyramid sinkers are shaped like a pyramid and are used when it is desirable to anchor on the bottom of water bodies. They are attached to the terminal end of fishing line by loops of bra.

Barrel or egg sinkers
Barrel or egg sinkers are rounded and often bead-like with a narrow hole through which fishing line is threaded. These sinkers are desirable on rock or debris covered substrates.

Split-shot sinkers
Split-shot sinkers are small and round with a split cutting halfway through the sinker. The split can be placed on a piece of fishing line and then crimped closed. This feature makes adding and removing the weights easy and quick.

Bullet sinkers
Bullet sinkers are bullet-shaped and used widely on largemouth bass fishing for rigging plastic worms "Texas-style".

Dipsey
Dipsey sinkers are ovate or egg-shaped and are attached to the fishing line with a loop of brass wire embedded in the sinker.

Bank sinker
Bank sinkers are long and ovate and have a small hole at the top for the fishing line to thread through.

Claw sinker
A claw sinker consists of a sinker weight which is typically of round shape, and a number of metal wire spikes grouped around the sinker weight acting as barbs. Claw sinkers are used in surf fishing on sandy bottoms with strong currents, mainly to prevent the sinker from getting carried off with the current. Upon casting a claw sinker, the line is briefly tugged so that the claws will dig themselves into the sand, allowing the rig to stay in place.

Deep drop weight
A deep drop weight is used to reach the bottom in deeper offshore fishing applications. These fishing weights are typically cylindrical in with a brass eyelet at the top for attaching to a rig. Weights for this style of sinker range from one pound to as much as fourteen pounds. Target species include tilefish, grouper, and swordfish, among others.

Materials

An ideal material for a fishing sinker is environmentally acceptable, cheap and dense. Density is desirable as weights must be as small as possible, in order to minimize visual cues which could drive fish away from a fishing operation.

In ancient times as well as sometimes today, fishing sinkers consisted of materials found ordinarily in the natural environment, such as stones, rocks, or bone. Later, lead became the material of choice for sinkers due to its low cost, ease of production and casting, chemical inertness (resistance to corrosion), and density. However, lead is known to cause lead poisoning and enter the environment as a result of the inevitable occasional loss of fishing sinkers during routine fishing. Thus, most lead-based fishing sinkers have been outlawed in the United Kingdom (under 1 oz weight), Canada, and some states in the United States. Lead based fishing sinkers are banned in all of US and Canadian National Parks. These bans have motivated the use of various other materials in sinkers.

Steel, brass, and bismuth sinkers have been marketed, but anglers have not widely adopted them due to their lower density and higher cost compared to lead. Sandsinkers have also been developed, using sand as weight. However, sand has a comparably low density to that of lead and makes a poor replacement. Tungsten is now in use, especially among largemouth bass anglers. Although several times costlier than lead, tungsten is just under twice as dense as lead and thus found desirable. The environmental effects of tungsten, however, are essentially unknown. Another variant of lead-free fishing weights is presented by the Czech brand UFO Sinker, which offers weights made of heavy concrete, that can be pulled out of the water using a magnet.

More recently, terminal tackle manufacturers are experimenting with high density composite resins. These materials present a non-toxic alternative to lead sinkers at a lower monetary cost than alternative metallic sinkers.

title: Fishing sinker


text:
Kalka, South Australia

Kalka is an Aboriginal community in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia administered under the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981.

At the 2016 Australian census, Kalka had a population of 92. The community uses many of the facilities at nearby Pipalyatjara.

Time zone
Due to its links with the Northern Territory and proximity to the border, the APY Lands do not observe daylight savings, unlike the rest of South Australia. The time zone observed throughout the year is Australian Central Standard Time (UTC+9:30), in line with Darwin rather than Adelaide.

Geography
Kalka is situated in the far northwest of South Australia, right alongside the Gunbarrel Highway. The Kalka community is just kilometres from the Surveyor-General's Corner (the intersection of the South Australia, Western Australia and Northern Territory borders). The community of Pipalyatjara is situated 15 kilometres away by road, on the south side of the mountain ridge of which Kalka sits on the north. Kalka is situated at the foot of the Tomkinson Ranges.

Climate
Based upon the climate records of the Giles Weather Station, which is across the border and slightly to the northwest in Western Australia, Kalka experiences summer maximum temperatures of an average of 37.2 degrees Celsius in January and a winter maximum average temperature of 19.9 degrees Celsius in July. Overnight lows range from a mean minimum temperature of 23.5 degrees in January to 6.8 degrees in June.

Annual rainfall averages 284.2 millimetres.

Population
At the 2016 Australian census, Kalka had a population of 92. The median age was 25 years old.

Fifteen years earlier, the 2001 Australian Census indicated a total population of 139, with 90.6% being Indigenous Australians.

History
According to PY Media:

"Kalka Community is the administrative and residential centre for Pitjantjatjara Homelands Council. PHC is an incorporated Aboriginal organisation that exists to further the social, economic, political and cultural interests of its members. PHC was born out of the Aboriginal homelands movement of the 1970s when Anangu left the missions and government settlements to the east and west and returned to their traditional country. Many Anangu had been brought into or were attracted into these settlements during the 1950s and 1960s when the Australian Government ran the Maralinga atomic bomb tests and Woomera rocket tests. Kalka was originally planned as a resource centre for surrounding homelands but by the early 1990s it had developed into a small Aboriginal community with the full range of housing, infrastructure and service needs."

The settlement was funded by the federal government as an outstation (homeland) during the 1980s.

Facilities
Kalka Community has an unsealed airstrip. None of the roads within the community are sealed, though work to seal the roads was scheduled for completion by mid-2007.

A fortnightly truck brings fresh, frozen and dry groceries and other freight to the community.

There is no school or health clinic at Kalka, both services of which are supplied from nearby Pipalyatjara.

A Technical and Further Education (TAFE) facility provides education on running a store or office, computer and Internet use. The TAFE also assists students in getting their driver's licence.

The Kalka community also has a small community store (said to be the only Anangu-run store on the APY Lands), a craft facility, children's playground, basketball court, administrative office and mechanic garage.

The South Australian Department for Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation (DAARE) provide many essential services.

Essential services support comes via Pipalyatjara.

Kalka does not have a permanent police presence. South Australian police are based at Marla and run patrols in the area. Unlike other communities on the APY Lands, no community constable is based at Kalka.

A mobile polling booth visits nearby Pipalyatjara for elections every 4 years to elect the Parliament of South Australia.

A permit is required for a member of the public to visit any community on the APY Lands, as they are freehold lands owned by the Aboriginal people.

title: Kalka, South Australia


text:
1893 in South Africa

The following lists events that happened during 1893 in South Africa.

Incumbents

 * Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and High Commissioner for Southern Africa:Henry Brougham Loch.
 * Governor of the Colony of Natal:
 * until July: Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell.
 * July–September : Francis Seymour Haden
 * starting 27 September: Walter Hely-Hutchinson.
 * State President of the Orange Free State: Francis William Reitz.
 * State President of the South African Republic: Paul Kruger.
 * Prime Minister of the Cape of Good Hope: Cecil John Rhodes.
 * Prime Minister of the Colony of Natal: Sir John Robinson

Events

 * January
 * 10 – The South African and International Exhibition closes
 * May
 * 23 – Mahatma Gandhi arrives in Durban.

 * Unknown date
 * The first Crocidolite (Blue Asbestos) mine is opened near Prieska.

Births

 * 16 May – Clement Martyn Doke, South African linguist. (d. 1980)

Deaths

 * 30 April – Johannes Willem Viljoen, big-game hunter and politician, dies on his farm near Zeerust at the age of 81.
 * 23 June – Sir Theophilus Shepstone, South African statesman. (b. 1817)
 * 9 July – George Christopher Cato, the first mayor of Durban, dies at the age of 79.

Railway lines opened

 * 1 January – Transvaal – Germiston to Pretoria, 35 mi.

 * 30 December – Transvaal – Nelspruit to Airlie, 42 mi.

Locomotives

 * Cape
 * The Cape Government Railways places the first of forty 6th Class 4-6-0 passenger steam locomotives in service on its Western and Midland Systems. They will become the Class 6 on the South African Railways in 1912.

 * Transvaal
 * The first of an eventual 175 46 Tonner 0-6-4 tank steam locomotives are placed in service by the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. The survivors will become the Class B on the South African Railways in 1912.

title: 1893 in South Africa


text: User talk:203.129.36.113

title: User talk:203.129.36.113


text: Wikipedia:Multilingual monthly statistics/2004


text:
Talk:Tristram Hunt

Untitled
Tristram Hunt (born 1974), is a controversial British TV historian. He also lectures at the University of London.

Dr Hunt's four-part series on the English Civil War, first broadcast on the BBC2 in 2002, though regarded by many as extremely gimmicky and lightweight, attracted considerable attention. Hunt added to the controversy by attacking the popular history programmes presented by David Starkey, accusing him of a "gossip columnist" approach.

In the series of programmes concluding the 100 Greatest Britons poll organised by the BBC, Hunt presented the programme advocating Isaac Newton.

Hunt also recently published his first book, Building Jerusalem [1], which received mixed reviews. He is now undertaking a biography of Friedrich Engels and has just completed a television programme for Channel 4 on the historical role of the middle class in England. He was recently appointed to the board of the Heritage Lottery Fund.

Hunt is married and lives in Harringay.

Good point
He has compared the Cromwellian England to Talibans Afghanistan. I am of less than a slight different opinion. Thinking of the Iranian way of doing things, you first rid the Monarchy, replace it by something "better", and then everything is more PC and dogmatic. One major difference, is that England had to deal with it for ten years, Iran still has it after 30 years. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.134.28.194 (talk) 09:29, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Elgin Marbles
Tristram Hunt supports the Britsish Museum keeping the Elgin Marbles which were stolen from Greece in 1801 by Thomas Bruce. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.154.176.86 (talk) 18:41, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

WWI
Article should be updated with his recent view on WWI "...I can hardly believe that the author of this fatuous Observer article is proposing to oversee the teaching of history in our schools..." http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10552336/Germany-started-the-Great-War-but-the-Left-cant-bear-to-say-so.html

Early Education
Is it really important to give his grades at his A levels? Cymruisrael (talk) 07:26, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Education
Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_Education says, The position is currently vacant.? Govindaharihari (talk) 02:32, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tristram Hunt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sarah Qaiyumi

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete all three. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:46, 21 July 2005 (UTC) div>