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Girish Kasaravalli

Girish Kasaravalli (born 3 December 1950) is an Indian film director, in the Kannada cinema, and one of the pioneers of the Parallel Cinema. Known internationally for his works, Kasaravalli has garnered fourteen National Film Awards, including four Best Feature Films; Ghatashraddha (1977), Tabarana Kathe (1986), Thaayi Saheba (1997) and Dweepa (2002). In 2011, he was awarded with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award by Government of India.

A gold medalist from the Film and Television Institute of India, Pune, The film he made to fulfill his diploma, Avashesh, was awarded the Best Student Film and the National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film for that year. He has received fourteen National Film Awards.

Early life
Girish Kasaravalli was born in Kesalur, a village in the Tirthahalli taluk in Shimoga district on 3 December 1950 to Ganesh Rao, an agriculturist, as well as a freedom fighter, and Lakshmidevi, a homemaker, one of 10 children (five brothers and four sisters). He had his primary education in Kesalur and middle school education in Kammaradi. Hailing from a family of book lovers, he was initiated to reading from a young age by his father. His father was a patron of Yakshagana, a folk system of dance native to Karnataka.

He was attracted to the touring talkies which visited his village once in a while to screen popular Kannada films. This was his first exposure to the world of cinema. Another relative who supported his love for creative arts was his maternal uncle K.V.Subbanna, a Magsaysay award winner who founded Neenasam, a critically acclaimed and popular drama company.

He shifted to Shimoga where he graduated from Sahyadri College. College was transformative for Kasaravalli as poets G S Shivarudrappa and Sa Shi Marulaiah were his Kannada teachers. He then enrolled for the B.Pharma course in the College of Pharmacy, Manipal. The college was a common place for many cultural activities and kept Kasaravalli's creative interests alive. After completing his degree, he went to Hyderabad for training. But, due to his pre-occupations in cinema and art, he found it difficult to manage his profession and interest together. He decided to quit the career in Pharmacy and join the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune.

Career

Kasaravalli graduated from FTII Pune in 1975, with a specialisation in film direction. The world of Kurosawa, Ray, Ozu, Fellini and Antonioni inspired him, and his conviction in neo-realist cinema deepened. In an interview many years later, he recollected how he was inspired by these filmmakers, especially Ozu. While in his final year, he was chosen to be the assistant director for B. V. Karanth for the film Chomana Dudi. He passed out of the FTII with a gold medal to his credit. His student film Avasesh won the President's Silver Lotus award for the best experimental short film of the year.

His first film as an independent director was Ghatashraddha in 1977; it won him the Golden Lotus and a few international awards. This film was followed by many more masterpieces. For a short while, he served as the principal of a film institute in Bangalore.

He has worked as associate director for T. S. Nagabharana's Grahana movie during 1981 He won his second Golden Lotus for Tabarana Kathe in 1987. Considered one of the best edited films in India, it deals with the futile efforts of a retired government servant to earn his pension. In 1997, he came up with another masterpiece, Thaayi Saheba which won him his third Golden Lotus award. Thaayi Saheba is considered to be the most mature work of the director, dealing with the transition in the Indian society from the pre- to the post-independence periods.

The narrative structure was unique, and it had a powerful way of depicting a social situation. He repeated his success with Dweepa in 2002 starring late actress Soundarya. It won his fourth Golden Lotus award. Dweepa was different from his earlier films: It used music extensively and was visually stunning. Apart from these four films winning Golden Lotus awards, Kasaravalli directed Akramana in 1979, Mooru darigalu in 1981, Bannada Vesha in 1988, Mane in 1990, Kraurya in 1996, Hasina in 2004 and Naayi Neralu in 2006.

Naayi Neralu dealt with a very intense and bizarre concept of reincarnation, based on the novel with the same name by S.L. Bhyrappa. Kasaravalli has given a different interpretation of the subject. It won the Best Film award at KARA film festival, Karachi thus making it the first ever Kannada film to win the top honour in any international festival.

In 2008 he directed Gulabi Talkies based on a short story of the same name by Vaidehi. It was shown in many international film festivals, winning awards and accolades. In 2010, he made Kanasemba Kudureyaneri (Riding the Stallion of Dreams) which, too, won him many international awards. He has finished his Koormavatara (The Tortoise, an Incarnation) which won the National film award for the best Kannada film of 2011. In 2015 he made a documentary film on Adoor Gopalakrishnan named Images/Reflections.

The International Film Festival of Rotterdam held a retrospective of Kasaravalli's films in 2003. In August 2017, the Entertainment Society of Goa organized a film festival in Goa in his honour.

Personal life
Kasaravalli married actress Vaishali on 21 April 1978. They have two children: son Apoorva and daughter Ananya. Vaishali died of illness in 2010, aged 59.

Kasaravalli is a voracious reader and counts the works of K. Shivaram Karanth, Kuvempu and U. R. Ananthamurthy among his influences.

title: Girish Kasaravalli


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Debt (game show)

Debt is an American game show hosted by Wink Martindale which aired on Lifetime from June 3, 1996, to August 14, 1998. It was produced by Buena Vista TV, a part of The Walt Disney Company. The show featured contestants who were trying to earn money to get out of debt. It had a similar format to Jeopardy!, on which contestants answered trivia. However, it targeted a younger audience and placed a larger emphasis on popular culture.

Personnel
The game was conceived by Sarah Jane West. Its host was Wink Martindale, and Kurt Engstrom was featured as an assistant playing the role of a security guard. Julie Claire was the show's announcer.

Conception and development
The show was produced by The Walt Disney Company. The show's set was designed to resemble the aesthetics of the 1950s, and had a disco soundtrack. The trivia asked on the show was typically based on popular culture and its target audience of Generation X viewers. Martindale later described it as "a 21st-century version of Jeopardy for the MTV crowd".

Television producer Michael Davies invited Martindale to host the show, which he agreed to. Martindale later stated that the producers at Disney had told him the show would "do for [him] what MTV did for Tony Bennett."

Potential contestants had to prove that they had at least $6,000 worth of debt in order to qualify for the show. 5,000 people auditioned to compete on the show.

After the first season, the show was sued by Merv Griffin Productions on the basis that its question and answer format was too similar to Jeopardy!. The show subsequently changed its format in the next season which caused ratings to decline.

Gameplay
Three new contestants competed per episode, each having accumulated several thousand dollars worth of debt (usually between $6,000 and $10,000) for various reasons (school loans, paying for a wedding, credit card bills, etc.). For scoring purposes, their debts were averaged before the game began. Scores were shown in negative amounts to indicate their remaining debts.

Round 1 (General Debt)
In the first round, contestants faced a gameboard with five categories, each with five questions in negative dollar values ranging from −$50 to −$250, in increments of $50. The first choice of question went to the contestant who had the lowest debt before averaging. This contestant chose a category and value, then Martindale asked a "Who am I?" question that all contestants could answer. Contestants buzzed in to answer and were required to phrase their response as "You are..." to receive credit (although the contraction "You're" also was accepted). (The correct answer to the example is "You are Cap'n Crunch".) A correct answer deducted the question's value from the contestant's debt. A wrong answer, or failing to respond within an allotted time, increased the contestant's debt, and allowed the others to buzz in. The contestant answering correctly then chose the next question from the board. If no one answered correctly, the contestant who gave the last correct answer kept control.

A "Debt-onator" was hidden behind one question, judged by the producers to be the most difficult one of the round. Regardless of the displayed value, it was played for −$500.

The players were warned when the round entered its final two minutes. Once time ran out or all 25 questions had been asked, the two contestants with the lowest debt amounts moved on to the next round, while the contestant with the highest debt amount was eliminated and received a consolation prize of a $200 savings bond, along with a piggy bank.

Season two changes
As originally conceived, the first-round gameplay for Debt was almost indistinguishable from that of the popular game show Jeopardy!, which prompted the show to make changes for Debt's second and final season.

After the debts were averaged, Martindale asked a toss-up question that awarded −$1 and initial control of the round. Rather than selecting an individual question, the contestant in control chose one of five categories from the board and Martindale asked five questions in succession, with values increasing from −$50 to −$250. The "Debt-onator" was hidden behind one category and doubled the value of its questions (−$100 to −$500). The contestant who gave the last correct answer in a category chose the next one. Finally, contestants were no longer required to start their answers with the "I am" and "You are..." phrases at any point in the game. When a contestant was eliminated by having the highest amount of debt in the first two rounds, the three phrases: "See Ya", "Bye-Bye", and "So Long", were displayed in the eggcrate contestant's podium.

Round 2 (Gambling Debt)
A category was revealed, and the contestants bid back and forth as to how many of its five questions they could answer correctly. Bidding continued until one contestant either reached the maximum of five or challenged the other to "Prove it!"

If the winning bidder gave enough correct answers to fulfill the contract, the value of the category was deducted from their debt; otherwise, the opponent's debt was reduced by that same amount. The contestant with the lower remaining debt at the end of Round 1 started the bidding on the first category, and the winner of each category earned the right to place the first bid on the next one. Five categories were played in this round, with values of -$300, -$400, -$500, -$750, and -$1,500.

At the end of the round, the contestant with the lower debt amount moved on to the bonus round for a chance to pay off all of their debt, while their opponent was eliminated and received a piggy bank and a $500 savings bond. If one contestant built up an insurmountable lead, the game ended immediately (referred to by Martindale as being "Mathematically eliminated") and they advanced to the bonus round.

Bonus Round
The bonus round was played in two parts. In the first part, "Get Out of Debt," the contestant had 60 seconds to answer 10 questions in a given category. If they passed or missed a question, Martindale asked another one in its place. If the contestant succeeded, their entire original debt (before averaging) was paid off; otherwise, they kept all money won during the first two rounds.

For the second part, "Bet Your Debt," the contestant was given the option to stop playing and keep their winnings, or risk them on one question from their favorite topic in the world of popular culture. If they chose to take the risk, Martindale asked the question and gave the contestant 10 seconds to respond. A correct answer doubled the contestant's winnings (e.g.: if a contestant had accumulated $7,525 in debt, then they would win $15,050), while a miss forfeited everything. In the latter case, the contestant received a piggy bank and a savings bond worth either $1,500 (for winning the first part of the round) or $1,000 (for losing it). If the contestant chose not to take the risk, they were still asked the question and given a chance to respond, in order to find out what would have happened.

Reception
The show received mostly negative reviews at the time of its premiere. New York Daily News called it "stupid", criticizing the contestants and quality of questions. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described it as "kitsch" and "tacky". John Carman of SFGATE was similarly critical of the premise, which he described as a "gimmick", and the trivia. Debt was criticized by credit card companies and consumer advocates for being "irresponsible".

Ratings
In August 1996, the show was the most popular series on Lifetime, with an average of 750,000 weeknight viewers. It was Lifetime's highest rated program with male viewers, a demographic the network wasn't going after. The series had a 1.8 Nielsen rating as of April 1998, when it went into syndication. The show was cancelled in 1998 due to declining ratings after it changed its format in the wake of the lawsuit from Merv Griffin Productions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Debt (game show)


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Talk:Hitlers Bombe

Comments
Unless this has been released in English yet, shouldn't the page title be Hitlers Bombe rather than the Anglicized version? --Fastfission 19:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

I removed the "reactions" section because I found it pretty dubious -- which press? German press or U.S.? I haven't seen too many people even talk about it in the U.S. press besides a few "ooh wow" articles, in part because it hasn't been translated yet. If it has been different in the German press, that would be very interesting, but it should be specifically cited as such. --Fastfission 20:09, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Heinkel He 177, Hitler and the bomb?
German article for Heinkel He 177 says
 * "Eine im Mai 1945 auf dem Flugplatz Prag-Kbély von den Alliierten vorgefundene, noch im Umbau befindliche He 177 erwies sich als Versuchsflugzeug für den vergrößerten Bombenschacht des geplanten, aber noch nicht fertig gestellten ersten deutschen Atombomben-Trägerflugzeugs (die entsprechende Bombe dazu kam jedoch in Deutschland bis zur Kapitulation im Gegensatz zu den USA nicht über das Planungsstadium hinaus)."

that in May 1945 at Prague-Kbély a He 177 was found which had an enlarged bomb door to test this part of the planned airplane that should carry Hitlers Bombe which was in planning stage, too. No reference provided, though. -- Matthead discuß!    O       19:51, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Soil samples
It's not true that the soil samples turned out negative. They showed a clear rise of radiation levels towards all anecdotally reported explosion sites that Karsch researched, not only at Ohrdruf but also in relation to Trinks's exploded experimental reactor in Berlin, which suggests that Trinks was indeed successfull in initiating a nuclear chain reaction in 1942. The final report read that the radiation levels were definitely not due to Chernobyl and that further tests were necessary to exclude any other possibilities than Nazi Germany's nuclear weapons program. The media then widely reported that as an "inconslusive" test and that the radiation *WOULD* be due to Chernobyl, and Karscht lost all funding for any further experiments due to the tendentious mudslinging in the media. The SPIEGEL published a slanderous one-page article about nutty Nazi lunatics as the only people who could be interested in this kind of research, but in the concluding last sentence wrote that the soil tests were "interesting" and further research was needed, "but nobody is gonna give any more money to ridiculous clowns intending to prove farcical claims of racial Germanic superiority". Which had nothing to do with Karscht's book or background.

The entire "dirty bomb" references in the article are unncessary. Karscht only discusses the "dirty bomb" possibility in the preface and quickly rules it out. He clearly describes his thesis that the exakt weapon several Nazi scientists groups were evidently working on was a small, tactical thermonuclear fusion design based upon shaped charge, which is exactly the design successfully tested by the US in 1954 in Castle Union, as part of Operation Castle. Most people only think of a large-scale Hiroshima fission bomb when they hear nuclear bomb, but the design that Nazi scientists were evidently working on was much smaller and cost-effective, you only need a better understanding of theoretical nuclear physics in order to bypass the large and expensive Hiroshima fission bomb and start right at a small-scale thermonuclear fusion bomb. In 1949 Erich Schumann, who prior to 1945 had been one of the leading German scientists working on the nuclear bomb, turned in a script for publication on these Nazi German experiments which described in detail the thermonuclear design of the German nuclear bomb as well as all the basics also of the hydrogen bomb, at a time when all this was still highly classified knowledge that American and Soviet scientists were working out, but he was denied publication because of the Occupation statute (which also regulated all military scientific publications) that would last up until 1955. The only controversy is whether Nazi Germany actually tested its thermonuclear design or not, but it's clear from the documented evidence that they definitely weren't working on dirty bombs. --87.180.222.141 (talk) 14:41, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Hmmmm. So the Nazis managed to build a thermonuclear device without a fission stage. This may be a surprise to a lot of nuclear physicists.  According to Pure fusion weapon, this is currently an undiscovered technology. No conventional explosive I know of, shaped or not, can provide the necessary pressure/temperature needed to spark fusion. "...you only need a better understanding of theoretical nuclear physics in order to bypass the large and expensive Hiroshima fission bomb and start right at a small-scale thermonuclear fusion bomb." seems to be unusually nonchalant, not to speak of condescending, under the circumstances; you'll need a hell of a lot more than better theoretical nuclear physics.  I think I'd class this as requiring some extraordinary evidence. SkoreKeep (talk) 20:41, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hitlers Bombe


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Marlene Streit

Marlene Stewart Streit, (born March 9, 1934) is a Canadian amateur golfer, and a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.

She was born in Cereal, Alberta. She learned golf from Gordon McInnis Sr. at the Lookout Point Golf Club in Fonthill, Ontario. She is the most successful Canadian amateur female golfer, and the only golfer in history to have won the Australian, British, Canadian and U.S. Women's Amateurs. She graduated from Rollins College in 1956 and won the national individual intercollegiate golf championship that same year.

Streit was a member of the Canadian team at the Espirito Santo Trophy in 1966, 1970, 1972, and 1984. She owns a home in Wellington, Florida. She won the Bobbie Rosenfeld Award for best Canadian female athlete for the fifth time in 1963.

Significant career wins

 * Ontario Junior Girls (2-time winner)
 * Ontario Ladies' Amateur – 1951, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977
 * Ontario Senior Ladies' Amateur (6 times)
 * Canadian Women's Amateur – 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1963, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1973
 * CLGA Close Amateurs – 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1963, 1968
 * CLGA Senior Women's Amateur – 1985, 1987, 1988, 1993
 * U.S. Women's Intercollegiate Championship – 1956
 * British Ladies Amateur – 1953
 * U.S. Women's Amateur – 1956
 * Australian Women's Amateur – 1963
 * North and South Women's Amateur – 1956, 1974
 * U.S. Senior Women's Amateur – 1985, 1994, 2003

Honours

 * In 1951 and 1956, she was awarded the Lou Marsh Trophy.
 * In 1952, 1953, 1956, 1957, and 1963, she won the Bobbie Rosenfeld Award.
 * In 1962, she was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
 * In 1967, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.
 * In 1971, she was inducted into the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame.
 * In 1995, she was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1995.
 * In 2000, she was inducted into the Ontario Golf Hall of Fame.
 * In 2004, she was the first Canadian inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame.
 * In 2006, she was made a member of the Order of Ontario.

Team appearances
Amateur
 * Espirito Santo Trophy (representing Canada): 1966, 1970, 1972, 1984

title: Marlene Streit


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File:Kicking Pigeons EP.jpg

Licensing
from official [spunge] site

title: File:Kicking Pigeons EP.jpg


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Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt

The Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt (German: Hochstift Eichstätt, Fürtsbistum Eichstätt, Bistum Eichstätt) was a small ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire. Centered on the town of Eichstätt, it was located in the present-day state of Bavaria, somewhat to the west of Regensburg, to the north of Neuburg an der Donau and Ingolstadt, to the south of Nuremberg, and to the southeast of Ansbach.

Geography
Geographically, the territory of the Prince-Bishopric was very fragmented and, as of 1789, consisted of one main part to the east that was bordered by Bavaria in the north, east, and south, and by Pappenheim and Brandenburg-Ansbach in the west. The rest of the principality was located to the west and consisted of several fragments of various sizes enclaved mostly within Brandenburg-Ansbach. The total area was about 1100 km2, with a population of 58,000 (as of 1855).

History
The Diocese of Eichstätt was established in 741, when the Anglo-Saxon missionary Willibald was consecrated to the episcopate by Saint Boniface and turned to the church of Eichstätt in the German stem duchy of Bavaria. His successors achieved the status of a Prince-Bishop, when they inherited the Franconian territories of their former Vogt officials, the extinct Counts of Hirschberg (at Hirschberg Castle in the present-day town of Beilngries). In reaction to the Protestant Reformation, Eichstätt joined the Catholic League in 1617. The lands of the bishopric were a centre of the Counter-Reformation and the site of numerous witchcraft trials.

In the course of the 1802 German mediatization following the French Revolutionary Wars, the bishopric was secularized and was in 1803, along with the Archbishopric of Salzburg, given in compensation to Archduke Ferdinand of Habsburg-Lorraine, brother of Emperor Francis II and former Grand Duke of Tuscany. Three years later, following Austria's defeat by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, the area was given to the Kingdom of Bavaria according to the Treaty of Pressburg. From 1817 to 1855, the Principality was recreated as a fief of Bavaria for the benefit of Napoleon's stepson Eugène de Beauharnais.

title: Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt


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Li Ru

Li Ru (fl. 180–192), courtesy name Wenyou, was an official serving under the warlord Dong Zhuo during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

Life
Li Ru was from Heyang County (郃陽縣), Zuopingyi (左馮翊), which is in present-day Heyang County, Shaanxi. He served as Prefect of the Gentlemen of the Palace of Hongnong Kingdom (弘農郎中令) when Dong Zhuo controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian between 189 and 192. In March 190, Dong Zhuo sent Li Ru to poison Liu Bian (the deposed Emperor Shao). After Dong Zhuo's death in May 192, he served under Li Jue, a former subordinate of Dong Zhuo. In the winter of 192, Li Jue recommended Li Ru to be a Palace Attendant (侍中), but Emperor Xian refused to endorse the recommendation and said: "(Li) Ru was formerly a Prefect of the Gentlemen of the Palace under the Prince of Hongnong (Liu Bian). He killed my elder brother and ought to be punished." In defence of Li Ru, Li Jue said, "It was not Li Ru's intention to follow Dong Zhuo's order. We should not punish the innocent."

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Li Ru has a greater role as a minor character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In the novel, he is not just a trusted adviser of Dong Zhuo, but also a son-in-law of the warlord. As Dong Zhuo's advisor and henchman, he has a strong influence over many of the key decisions Dong Zhuo makes. For example, among other things, he advises Dong Zhuo to induce Lü Bu into defecting to his side from Ding Yuan, replace Emperor Shao with Emperor Xian, and relocate the imperial capital from Luoyang to Chang'an. When Dong Zhuo falls for the "beauty's trap" involving him, Lü Bu and Diaochan, Li Ru tries to warn Dong Zhuo about it but Dong Zhuo fails to heed his advice. After Dong Zhuo meets his end at the hands of Lü Bu in 192, Li Ru is arrested and executed for being an accomplice to Dong Zhuo's "crimes".

title: Li Ru


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European plaice

The European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), commonly referred to as simply plaice, is a species of marine flatfish in the genus Pleuronectes of the family Pleuronectidae.

Description
The European plaice is characterized, on their dorsal side, by their dark green to dark brown skin, blotched with conspicuous, but irregularly distributed, orange spots. The ventral side is pearly white. The skin is smooth with small scales. They are able to adapt their colour somewhat to match that of their surroundings, but the orange spots always remain visible. The skin lacks any prickles.

The outline of adults is oval. The head is rather small and is less than 25% of the total length. The pointed mouth is terminal and fairly small with its maxilla reaching just below the right eye. Both eyes are located at the right side of the body. The bony ridge behind the eyes is another characteristic for this species. The lateral line curves slightly above the pectoral fin. The dorsal fin reaches the eye. The dorsal and anal fins are distant from the caudal fin. The anal fin contains 48 to 59 soft rays and is preceded by a spine. The dorsal fin has 65 to 79 soft rays, the pectoral fin 10 to 11, and the ventral fin six.

European plaice can live up to 20 years and will reach its maximum size at about 50 to 70 cm but individuals up to 78 cm and 5.7 kg have been observed.

Distribution and habitat
European plaice is a common flatfish which inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms of the European shelf, usually at depths between 10 and 200 m. It is found from the Barents Sea down to the Iberian peninsula and around Iceland and the Faroe Islands. It is often reported in ichthyological check lists for the Mediterranean Sea but this is likely to be misidentified specimens of European flounder.

Adult fish are generally found in deeper waters whereas young fish are found in shallow waters e.g. estuaries and sandy coasts. Plaice tend to burrow in the sediment during the day and remain stationary for long periods to avoid predators and ambush prey.

Diet
It is active at night and feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans and bivalves. Young plaice (between 1 and 2 years old) tend to consume mainly shrimps.

Lifecycle
The main spawning grounds in the North Sea are located in the Southern Bight and in the eastern English Channel. Plaice are determinate spawners in which fecundity is determined before the onset of spawning. Females mature, i.e. are able to spawn, at ages from 3 to 7 years. However, in the North Sea, most females mature at 3 years. Ovary development begins around late August to September with the spawning being from December to May. Each female releases eggs in batches every 3 to 5 days for around a month.

The eggs hatch after about two weeks and drift passively in the plankton. The larvae drift in the plankton and metamorphose after about 8 to 10 weeks, dependent on temperature, at which time they settle in the intertidal zone of sandy beaches. The larvae exhibit what is sometimes called semiactive tidal transport. As the larvae cannot swim against the prevailing currents, they make use of their ability to alter their vertical position in the water column to ensure they are transported to suitable habitat. On incoming or flood tides (water level is rising), the larvae move up into the water column and are thus transported towards land. On the outgoing or ebb tides (water level is falling), the larvae move down the water column and are not transported away from the intertidal by the tidal currents.

When the larvae have reached a suitable site for settlement, the metamorphosis to the asymmetric body shape takes place. This can take up to 10 days.

Recently transformed juveniles settle onto shallow intertidal beaches. The very youngest juveniles will, for a period of up to a week, strand themselves in very shallow pools on the intertidal once the tide has receded. The reasons for this behaviour are not clear. During the first year of life (when the fish are called 0+ group), the juveniles will stay in these shallow intertidal habitats for up to 7 months (depending on latitude and/or temperature), before migrating to deeper waters. Some of these fish will return the next year (when they are I+ group) and even fewer when they are II+ group; however, the majority of juveniles do not return after they have migrated during their first year.

Fisheries
European plaice are generally caught as part of a mixed flatfish fishery or in other groundfish fisheries. The most common gears used in these fisheries are beam trawls, otter trawls and Danish seine. It is also caught in other fishing gears such as bottom set gillnets, longlines and hand lines. The majority of landings of European plaice are caught in the North Sea. Total landings peaked in 1985-1990 when approximately 200 thousand tonnes were landed, current landings are generally less than 120 thousand tonnes.

After a period of time in the 1980s and 1990s where landings exceeded management advice for several stocks, the fishing pressure has been reduced and the status of the stocks has improved and all the stocks are considered to be within safe biological limits as defined by ICES.

As a food
Plaice is sometimes used as the fish in fish and chips, in countries where the dish is popular.

In North German and Danish cuisine, plaice is one of the most commonly eaten fishes. Filleted, battered, and pan-fried plaice is popular hot or cold as an open sandwich topping together with remoulade sauce and lemon slices. Battered plaice can also be served hot with french fries and remoulade sauce as a main dish; this fish and chips variant is commonly available as a children's special in Danish restaurants. Breaded frozen plaice, ready to be baked or fried at home, is readily available in supermarkets. Fresh plaice is also oven-baked.

title: European plaice


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Alison Sealy-Smith

Alison Sealy-Smith (born 1959) is a Barbadian-born, Canadian actress who is best known for her role as Storm in various Marvel animated TV series.

Early life and education
Smith was born in Bridgetown, Barbados and raised in Toronto. She attended Mount Allison University in New Brunswick, Canada, where she studied psychology on a scholarship.

Career
She is the founding director of Obsidian Theatre, a company that specializes in African-Canadian drama. Smith was awarded a Dora Mavor Moore Award for her 1997 star turn in Djanet Sears' Harlem Duet.

Her film and television credits have included the series Street Legal, This is Wonderland and The Line, and a recurring role in Kevin Hill. She also had a small role in the 1998 film My Date with the President's Daughter.

Smith also voiced characters in various animated series such as Storm on the 1990s X-Men and Scarlett on the Teletoon series Delilah and Julius. She played Sergeant Rose in the film Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen, Honey (with Jessica Alba), Dark Water, and Talk to Me. Since the mid-2000s, she had a recurring role as Ms. Mann in the children's series Naturally, Sadie. In 2009, she performed as Nurse Lydia in the HBO Canada series Bloodletting & Miraculous Cures.

Smith won a Dora Mavor Moore Award in 1997 for Best Female Performance for her role in Harlem Duet. She also won a Dora Mavor Moore Award in 2009 for Outstanding Performance By A Female In A Principal Role with her role as Lena in A Raisin In The Sun.

Personal life
Her daughter, Makyla Smith, is also an actress.

title: Alison Sealy-Smith


text: User talk:199.46.200.238

title: User talk:199.46.200.238


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Califone

Califone is an experimental rock band from Chicago. The band is named after Califone International, an audio equipment manufacturer. Their work has been critically acclaimed.

Califone has released an album and feature film, both of which are titled All My Friends Are Funeral Singers. The album was released October 6, 2009 on Dead Oceans. The feature film was made available in 2010, and the band toured as a live soundtrack to the film.

All My Friends Are Funeral Singers is the follow-up album to 2006's Roots & Crowns, which The New York Times called "enthralling."

In 2011, a feature-length tour documentary about Califone, called "Made a Machine by Describing the Landscape", was released by IndiePix. The film was directed by Solan Jensen and Joshua Marie Wilkinson, and presents an intimate portrait of the band on tour in Europe and the US after the release of "Heron King Blues".

History
After the breakup of his former band Red Red Meat, frontman Tim Rutili formed Califone as a solo project. Rutili's solo effort soon became a full-fledged musical project with a regular and rotating list of contributors, including many former members of Red Red Meat and some members of other Chicago bands.

According to Rutili, Califone started as a home project: "The statement of intent would have been 'easy listening' compared to what we were doing with Red Red Meat. This was supposed to be making little pop songs out of found pieces. It was supposed to be just a little home project, and it slowly grew from there. Now it seems like just about anything goes."

Califone's sound is a combination of Red Red Meat's blues-rock and experimental music, with inspiration drawn from early American folk music, pop, as well as electronic and groups like Psychic TV. Listeners familiar with Red Red Meat can quickly tell that Califone is not an attempt to revive the old band; elements from a number of musical styles contribute to their distinctive sound.

Their single "Funeral Singers" appears on the soundtrack of the video game Watch Dogs.

In 2019, Califone undertook a tour of house concerts and other small venues. The lineup consisted of Rutili, Massarella, and second percussionist Rachel Blumberg.

Concepts
Many of Califone's albums are individually thematic, sometimes inspired by stories (All My Friends Are Funeral Singers), dreams (Heron King Blues), and silent era films (Deceleration albums).

All My Friends Are Funeral Singers
The album's companion film is about a psychic woman who lives alone in the woods. According to Rutili, who wrote the screenplay and directed the film, "She lives in a house full of ghosts, and one day, the ghosts realize they’re trapped, and she has to find a way–even though she doesn’t want them to go–to get them out of the house. Then they start destroying her life."

Heron King Blues
Califone's 2004 release Heron King Blues is a concept album involving a recurring dream: "Rutili has had a recurring dream since his youth, involving a giant man-bird creature, and then he discovered that the creature was actually a representation of an ancient Druid god called the heron king, which the British feared so deeply that they fled the battlefield when an effigy of the heron king was hoisted above the heads of the opposing army, and that Rutili realized that he had somehow been manifesting an image of this long-dead god figure in his head since he was a child."

Deceleration series
Califone has released instrumental albums that were recorded while the band played live soundtracks for films recorded in the 2000s. Deceleration 1 and Deceleration 2 were released in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Decelerations 3 and 4 are rumored to be released sometime in the future.

Collaborations
In 1997, members of Red Red Meat collaborated with members of oRSo and Rex to record as Loftus for Perishable Records.

In 2002, Tim Rutili and Ben Massarella collaborated with Modest Mouse frontman Isaac Brock and others to release the album Sharpen Your Teeth under the band name Ugly Casanova.

In 2003, Tim Rutili, Ben Massarella and Jim Becker collaborated with Ottawa musician Miche Jetté, to record five of his songs for an independent mini-disc. This recording would later be released properly in 2005 as the first side of Jette's debut solo album (under his stage name Flecton), for the Canadian label, Kelp Records. The latter half of Flecton's Never Took a Wife was recorded with Memphis indie rockers, the Grifters.

In 2005, Califone collaborated with Freakwater as a backing band to record the album Thinking of You.

In 2006, Tim Rutili teamed up with Wil Hendricks and Michael Krassner under the name The Unseen Hand to record the soundtrack for Rank, a documentary about bullriding.

In 2006, Califone teamed up with animator/musician Brent Green on a series of performance art pieces featuring animation, live music, and spoken word. That same year, they were featured on the soundtrack for the movie Stranger than Fiction.

In December 2008, the Canadian band Flecton released The Bright Side of Dying, with Califone as the backing band. The album was recorded in Chicago and features Ben Massarella, Tim Rutili, Joe Adamik, and Jim Becker. The eight song vinyl LP (including a cover of Merle Haggard's "Workin' Man Blues") was released on Ottawa's Kelp Records.

Members of Califone made significant contributions to The Fruit Bats' 2009 album The Ruminant Band. Tim Rutili contributed vocals to the title song on the album, and Jim Becker provided vocals on the songs "Feather Bed" and "Flamingo", and guitar and fiddle on the songs "Tegucigalpa" and "Feather Bed". Members of Califone have also contributed to past Fruit Bats albums.

Members of Califone helped record Iron and Wine's 2011 album, Kiss Each Other Clean.

Discography

 * Califone (Flydaddy Records, 1998)
 * Califone (Road Cone Records, 2000)
 * Roomsound (Perishable Records, 2001; reissue with extra tracks Dead Oceans, 2016 )
 * Sometimes Good Weather Follows Bad People (Perishable Records / Road Cone Records, 2002)
 * Deceleration One (Perishable Records, 2002)
 * Quicksand / Cradlesnakes (Thrill Jockey, 2003)
 * Deceleration Two (Perishable Records, 2003)
 * Heron King Blues (Thrill Jockey, 2004)
 * Everybody's Mother Vol. 1 (Roots Crown Arts, 2005)
 * Roots & Crowns (Thrill Jockey, October 10, 2006)
 * All My Friends Are Funeral Singers (Dead Oceans, October 6, 2009)
 * Sometimes Good Weather Follows Bad People (Jealous Butcher Records), 2012)
 * Stitches (Dead Oceans, September 3, 2013)
 * Insect Courage EP (Future Oak Records, March 21, 2016)
 * Guitars Tuned to Air Conditioners (Jealous Butcher Records, July 22, 2016)
 * Echo Mine (Jealous Butcher Records, 2020)
 * Villagers (Jealous Butcher Records, 2023)

title: Califone


text:
Okeechobee Waterway

The Okeechobee Waterway or Okeechobee Canal is a relatively shallow artificial waterway in the United States, stretching across Florida from Fort Myers on the west coast to Stuart on Florida's east coast. The waterway can support tows such as barges or private vessels up to 50 ft wide x 250 ft long which draw less than 10 ft, as parts of the system, especially the locks may have low water depths of just ten feet. The system of channels runs through Lake Okeechobee and consists of the Caloosahatchee River to the west of the lake and the St. Lucie Canal east of the lake.

Geologically and geographically, the north bank of the canal is the official southern limit of the Eastern Continental Divide.

History
It was built/finished in 1937 to provide a water route across Florida, allowing boats to pass east–west across the state rather than traveling the long route around the southern end of the state.

Management
Lake Okeechobee and the Okeechobee Waterway Project is part of the complex water-management system known as the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project. The projects cover 16000 sqmi starting just south of Orlando and extending southward through the Kissimmee River Basin to the Everglades National Park to Florida Bay.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manages five locks and dams along the Okeechobee Waterway.

St. Lucie Lock and Dam
The St. Lucie lock was built in 1941 for navigation and flood-control purposes. In 1944, the connecting spillway structure was built for flood and regulatory flow control through the St. Lucie Canal to manage the water level in Lake Okeechobee.

Port Mayaca Lock and Dam
The Port Mayaca Lock and Dam was built in 1977 for navigation purposes, to permit the raising of water levels in Lake Okeechobee, and to moderate the effects of higher lake stages along the St. Lucie Canal.

Ortona Lock and Dam
The Ortona Lock and Dam were constructed in 1937 for navigation purposes.

In 1934, the locks were dredged by Captain James B. Cox, who worked on the Hoover Dike, with Robert Pierce as engineer. The first lockmaster was Jack O'Day, then Captain Cox, afterward.

Moore Haven Lock and Dam
The Moore Haven Lock and Dam were constructed in 1935 for navigation and flood-control purposes. The lock was renamed Julian Keen Jr. Lock and Dam. Effective: 06/18/2021 Notice to Navigation 2021-014

W.P. Franklin Lock and Dam
The W.P. Franklin Lock and Dam were constructed in 1965 for flood control, water control, prevention of saltwater intrusion, and navigation purposes.

title: Okeechobee Waterway


text:
Reflections (Rick James album)

Reflections is a compilation of Rick James songs released in 1984. It also contains three until then unreleased tracks: "17", "Oh What a Night (4 Luv)", "You Turn Me On" and also contained a double sided poster. It was released on the Gordy Records imprint of Motown Records.

title: Reflections (Rick James album)


text:
Morazán

Morazán is a name shared by several places in Central America, all named in honour of 19th century regional statesman Francisco Morazán:

 * Morazán Department, El Salvador
 * Francisco Morazán Department, Honduras
 * Morazán, Yoro, municipality in Honduras
 * Morazán, El Progreso, a city in El Progreso Department, Guatemala
 * Puerto Morazán, a town in Chinandega Department, Nicaragua
 * Morazán (film), a 2017 Honduran film

title: Morazán


text:
Route 121 (Rhode Island–Massachusetts)

Route 121 is a numbered state highway running 1.0 mi in Rhode Island and 4.4 mi in Massachusetts. It is part of the route connecting the city of Woonsocket (via Route 114) with the town of Wrentham.

Route description
In Rhode Island, Route 121 exists entirely in a rural section of Cumberland. It proceeds for 1 mi from an intersection with Route 114 along Wrentham Road to the Massachusetts State line. Now in Wrentham, Massachusetts, the road proceeds for 4.4 mi to an intersection with Route 1A. In Massachusetts, it is known as Cumberland Road and West Street.

History
The route from Woonsocket to Wrentham was assigned as Route 142 in the early 1920s when the New England states began numbering their state highways. Route 142 ran for about 11 mi between Route 122 and current Route 1A (then designated as U.S. Route 1). It used present-day Route 114 from Route 122 in Woonsocket and Cumberland, then along present-day Route 121 to Wrentham. Around 1933, the entire route (in both Rhode Island and Massachusetts) was renumbered as Route 11 and its northern end extended into Dedham along old Route 1 (current Route 1A) when Route 1 was realigned. Route 11 was later cut back to its original length after a few years when Route 1A was designated in the area.

In the mid-1960s, the southern end of the route was truncated by about 5.4 mi to its current southern terminus at the intersection of Pine Swamp Road and Diamond Hill Road in Cumberland. This was due to the westward extension of the Route 114 designation into the city of Woonsocket. At the same time, the route was renumbered to Route 121.

title: Route 121 (Rhode Island–Massachusetts)


text:
Maniac (1980 film)

Maniac is a 1980 American psychological slasher film directed by William Lustig and written by C. A. Rosenberg. It stars Joe Spinell as Frank Zito, an Italian-American serial killer residing in New York City who murders and scalps young women. Spinell was also co-writer of the film.

With a minuscule budget, many scenes in the film were shot guerrilla style. Originally considered an exploitation film, Maniac has since attained a cult following despite receiving polarized reviews. The film was remade in 2012 by director Franck Khalfoun and produced by Alexandre Aja, starring Elijah Wood in the lead role.

While not prosecuted for obscenity nor officially listed as a video nasty, Maniac was seized by various police forces across Greater Manchester and Lancashire during the video nasty panic, presumably based on the film's notorious reputation overseas.

Plot
Italian-American landlord Frank Zito was abused as a child by his prostitute mother Carmen, and as a result, becomes a serial killer who murders young women, scalps them and attaches their hair to mannequins. After he awakens from a nightmare about killing a couple on a beach, he dresses himself, revealing terrible scars on his torso, and leaves his apartment, heading towards Manhattan into Times Square. When Frank is randomly invited inside a hotel by a prostitute, she kisses him before he abruptly strangles and scalps her. He returns home, dresses a mannequin with the dead prostitute's clothing and nails her scalp to its head. Frank tells himself that beauty is a crime punishable by death.

Sometime later, he dresses again and takes a collection of weaponry with him, including a double-barrelled shotgun, before leaving. He drives around Brooklyn and the Queens area, where he finds a couple exiting a local disco and parking near the side of the Verrazzano Bridge. When the boyfriend starts up the vehicle after his date sees Frank spying on them, Frank kills the couple with his shotgun and then adds the woman to his mannequin collection. After seeing his recent crime on television, he talks to himself and the mannequins as he sobs himself to sleep.

During the next day in Central Park, Frank follows a photographer named Anna after she takes a photo of him and a little girl riding a bicycle in the distance. At night, Frank sees a nurse leaving the Roosevelt Hospital, where he then stalks her inside the subway station and murders her with a bayonet before adding her to his mannequin collection. Days later, Frank heads to Anna's apartment and is invited inside by Anna after she recognizes him from the photo she took of him. Upon him asking her out to dinner, he later shows her a photo of his mother who died in a car crash years ago. A few days later, Frank is invited by Anna to a studio during a photography session, and she introduces one of her models Rita to him. After seeing the two talking and holding hands, he steals Rita's necklace and leaves. Later that same night, he arrives at Rita's apartment to give her the necklace, before then attacking her and tying her to the bed. Frank begins talking and addresses her as his mother and stabs her with a switchblade before scalping her for his collection.

One night, Frank takes Anna on a date and they stop by a cemetery to visit his mother's grave. While laying some flowers beside the headstone, Frank begins to mourn over one of his early victims and attacks Anna. He chases her around the cemetery, but she hits him in the arm with a shovel before fleeing. He hallucinates his decomposing mother attacking him from the grave. He runs back to his apartment, where he sees his mannequins suddenly coming alive. They mutilate Frank with his weapons before ultimately tearing off his head.

The next morning, two police officers break into Frank's apartment and see Frank lying dead on his bed, having committed suicide by stabbing himself. After the officers leave, Frank's eyes suddenly open.

Production
Director William Lustig, who previously had worked as a director of pornographic films, used profits from his 1977 film Hot Honey to make Maniac.

Principal photography began on October 21, 1979, and wrapped on January 18, 1980. Many scenes had to be filmed guerrilla-style because the production could not afford city permits, including the shotgun sequence, which was filmed in just an hour.

The infamous sequence where Frank murders the boyfriend (played by Tom Savini) was loosely inspired by the "Son of Sam" murders committed by serial killer David Berkowitz, who shot people in parked cars with a .44 Special revolver. Savini, who served as the film's make-up artist, received the role for the male victim from him having already made a cast of his own head, which was filled inside with leftover food and fake blood. Since Savini used live ammunition for the scene, he immediately threw the shotgun into the trunk of a waiting car driven by an assistant Luke Walter, who was a friend of Spinell, to avoid being caught by the police.

Maniac was one of the three films that Spinell and co-star Caroline Munro worked together; the other films being Starcrash and later The Last Horror Film.

Release
According to Variety report, Maniac was scheduled for a midnight screening at the Cannes Film Festival on May 10, 1980. The film had its U.S. premiere in New York City on January 30, 1981, followed by a Los Angeles premiere on March 6.

Censorship
Since the film was not submitted to the MPAA, the film was released unrated, with the designation "For adults only". Despite the poster stating "No one under 17 will be admitted", a severely-edited version of the film received an R-Rating in the South and was distributed in March 1981 in several other States such as California, of the unrated version shortly after its first U.S. domestic release in New York in January 1981.

The film was refused a classification by the British Board of Film Classification upon its original cinema release and was additionally banned for video in 1998, but was later passed at an 18 certificate in 2002 with 58 seconds of cuts. In 2022, the BBFC passed the film uncut with an 18 certificate.

In Australia, the film's promotional campaign featured a censored version of the theatrical poster image, which blacked out the scalp held in the killer's hand.

Home media
The film was originally released on Beta and VHS by Media Home Entertainment in 1981.

The film was released on DVD and VHS in North America by Anchor Bay Entertainment in 2001. Blue Underground re-released Maniac on Blu-ray on October 26, 2010.

Contemporaneous
Upon its theatrical release, Maniac received numerous unfavorable reviews, with many critics lambasting the film for its depiction of violence. Gene Siskel did a TV piece for the CBS affiliate in New York City where he strongly criticized the use of TV kiosks that showed graphically violent and gory scenes from the film outside a theatre in Times Square; he later picked the movie as one of his "Dogs of the Week" on his show with Roger Ebert, stating that he walked out of the movie after 20 minutes because he felt it could not redeem itself at that point.

Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "Good sense, if not heaven, should protect anyone who thinks he likes horror films from wasting a price of admission on Maniac, a movie that shows how an aging, pot-bellied maniac slices up young women of no great intelligence".

Contemporary
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Maniac holds a 40% approval rating based on 20 critic reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10.

Stuart Galbraith IV (DVD Talk) said of the film: "Despite some good direction and a sincere, even daring performance by character actor Joe Spinell (Rocky), who also co-produced and co-wrote its screenplay, Maniac (1980) is alternately repellent and boring, despite the obvious intelligence that went into its making. A low-budget slasher film notable for its extremely graphic splatter effects by Tom Savini - who also appears in the picture - Maniac is mostly a character study, anticipating the much superior (if no less unpleasant) Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986)".

Tom Becker of DVD Verdict said "that the film is so effective is due in no small part to the performance of Joe Spinell as Frank, the schlubby-looking guy whose darkness overwhelms him. This is not the standard, amateurish, paint-by-numbers horror villain turn. Spinell creates a fully formed portrait of this monster that goes far beyond the surface. He mutters to himself, talks to mannequins, growls like an animal when stalking his prey—yet he can be charming as well, and while the pairing of Spinell and Munro as lovers has a definite Beauty and the Beast quality to it, it's not entirely unbelievable. Had Maniac been more of a mainstream film, Spinell might have been remembered as one of the great horror heavies".

The Hollywood Reporter cites the film as "something of a grubby touchstone among genre fans".

Film scholar John Kenneth Muir wrote that the film "positively oozes sleaze and despair, and that's a compliment...After watching Maniac, you'll want to take a deep breath, maybe even a shower, but you won't have wasted ninety minutes on something that has no meaning, no pulse, and no heart". Jim Harper, in his book Legacy of Blood: A Comprehensive Guide to Slasher Movies, praised Spinnell's performance, noting it as the "centerpiece" of the film.

Legacy
Maniac has been cited by some media outlets as one of the greatest slasher/horror films ever made. Esquire placed it at #18 in their list of "The 55 Scariest Movies of All Time". It was ranked at #44 in Paste magazine's "50 Best Slasher Movies of All Time".

The film is discussed, in contrast with Christo and Jeanne-Claude's artwork Surrounded Islands, in David Antin's poem what it means to be avant-garde.

Maniac 2: Mr. Robbie
A horror short promotional film was shot in 1986 by Joe Spinell and director Buddy Giovinazzo entitled Maniac 2: Mr. Robbie as a remake of the 1973 film The Psychopath, about a psychopathic children's television show host who murders abusive parents. The short was done to raise financing for a sequel to Maniac.

The short film was included with the 30th anniversary edition release of Maniac.

The feature-length version of the film was never shot after Spinell died in 1989.

Remake
Lustig planned a remake. During the 2009 edition of the New York Horror Film Festival, while receiving a Lifetime Achievement Award, Lustig announced that the deal for a remake has been sealed. During a Q&A session at the Sunshine Cinema in New York City in November 2010, Lustig announced that the remake rights had been acquired by a French production company with Alexandre Aja attached. He also stated that he would love to see Tom Sizemore take over the Frank Zito role, as he feels Sizemore is a lot like Spinell, and that he had recommended as much to the French production company.

Elijah Wood was cast as Frank Zito and the plan was to begin filming later in the year. Aja produced the film and Franck Khalfoun was signed on to direct the remake. America Olivo and Morgane Slemp were cast,  alongside Nora Arnezeder and Genevieve Alexandra.

Arnezeder discussed of the remake using POV shots and Elijah Wood's character as half-angel/half-devil. Arnezeder described her role in the film as an artist who develops a friendship with Wood's character. She declined to reveal more, but hinted at a different take on the original. She said she was drawn to the concept of the film as a psychological horror, stating it would not be that interesting if the movie was just blood and screams. The film finished shooting in Los Angeles in December 2011 and was released in 2012.

Accolades
Maniac was nominated for a Saturn Award by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films, USA, for Best Low-Budget Film in 1981.

title: Maniac (1980 film)


text:
Santa Rita, New Mexico

Santa Rita is a ghost town in Grant County in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The site of Chino copper mine, Santa Rita was located fifteen miles (24.1 km) east of Silver City.

History
Copper mining in the area began late in the Spanish colonial period, but it was not until 1803 that Franscisco Manuel Elguea, a Chihuahua banker and businessman, founded the town of Santa Rita. He named it Santa Rita del Cobre (Saint Rita of the Copper), after Saint Rita of Cascia and the existing mine. During the early 19th century the mine produced over 6 million pounds (2.7 million kg) of copper annually. The crudely smeltered ore was shipped to Chihuahua for further smelting and then sent to Mexico City on mule back. Americans Sylvester Pattie, James Kirker, and Robert McKnight managed the mine in the 1820s and 1830s. Partners Robert McKnight and Stephen Courcier took possession of "El Cobre", (Santa Rita del Cobre mine) in 1828 and worked the property until 1834. McKnight and Courcier profited greatly from the rich copper mining operation and amassed a large fortune from it.

The area was relatively peaceful, despite an occasional attack from the Warm Springs (Mimbres) band of the Chiricahua Apache, who lived nearby at the headwaters of the Gila and Mimbres rivers.

In 1837, however, an American trader named John Johnson lured the Apaches to a gathering and then massacred them to sell their scalps for the bounty offered by the Mexican government. Johnson's massacre inflamed the Apache rather than intimidated them. The rich Santa Rita copper mine in New Mexico was a principal target of Mangas Coloradas and his followers. In 1838, 22 fur trappers were killed nearby and the Apache severed the mine's supply line. The 300 to 400 inhabitants of Santa Rita fled south toward the Janos presidio, 150 miles (241.4 km) away, but the Apache killed nearly all of them en route. Afterwards, the Santa Rita mine was only occasionally in operation until 1873, when Apache chief Cochise signed a peace agreement with the U.S. and the mine was reopened.

Martin B. Hayes reopened the mine. However, the town continued to be subject to Apache attacks from Geronimo, Victorio and other Apache warleaders until 1886, when Geronimo surrendered for the last time. A post office opened in 1881 and the coming of the railroad five years later spurred further development of the mine.

After the Santa Rita mine was converted to an open pit in 1901, the town was forced to move several times as the pit grew. Shortly after the town relocated in 1957, heavy rains washed boulders and mud into the new townsite. The town was abandoned once and for all in 1967, and the school system for the area was discontinued in 1972.

The population of Santa Rita was about 500 in 1884. By 1915 it was 2,500, and by 1920 had reached 6,000. It remained at 6,000, until significant layoffs at the mine started in the 1950s.

Notable people

 * Ralph Kiner (1922–2014), National Baseball Hall of Fame Major League Baseball player and broadcaster. Kiner's number 4 is retired by the Pittsburgh Pirates, and the New York Mets honored Kiner's broadcasting career by depicting a microphone, along with his name and displayed them on the left-field wall.
 * William Harrell Nellis (1916–1944), was a United States fighter pilot who flew 70 World War II combat missions. Nellis Air Force Base was named after him
 * Harrison Schmitt (b. 1935), geologist, Apollo 17 astronaut and moonwalker, U.S. Senator 1977-1983

title: Santa Rita, New Mexico


text:
Glow (Rick James album)

Glow is the 8th studio album, and 9th overall by Rick James, released in 1985 on the Gordy Records imprint of Motown Records.

It peaked at No. 50 on the Billboard album chart.

Critical reception
The Rolling Stone Album Guide wrote that James had "[run] out of ideas," describing the album as a "waste."

Track listing
All tracks composed and arranged by Rick James.

Side A
 * 1) "Can't Stop" - 6:10
 * 2) "Spend the Night with Me" - 4:12
 * 3) "Melody Make Me Dance" - 5:17
 * 4) "Somebody (The Girl's Got)" - 5:11

Side B
 * 1) "Glow" - 5:44
 * 2) "Moonchild" - 4:22
 * 3) "Sha La La La La (Come Back Home)" - 5:24
 * 4) "Rock and Roll Control" - 4:39
 * 5) "Glow (Reprise)" - 1:45

2014 digital remaster bonus tracks
Glow / Glow (Reprise) - 6:59
 * 1) Spend The Night With Me (12" Extended Version) - 7:20
 * 2) 17 - 6:44
 * 3) Oh What A Night (4 Luv) - 5:05
 * 4) You Turn Me On - 4:42

2014 Complete Motown Albums bonus tracks

 * 1) Glow / Glow (Reprise) - 6:59
 * 2) Glow (12" Instrumental) - 8:20
 * 3) Spend The Night With Me (12" Extended Version) - 7:20
 * 4) Spend The Night With Me (12" Instrumental) - 7:33
 * 5) Can't Stop (Instrumental) - 6:13
 * 6) 17 - 6:44
 * 7) 17 (12" Instrumental) - 5:40
 * 8) Oh What A Night (4 Luv) - 5:05
 * 9) You Turn Me On - 4:42
 * 10) You Turn Me On (12" Long Version) - 5:30
 * 11) You Turn Me On (12" Long Version Instrumental) - 5:33

Personnel

 * Backing Vocals – Greg Levias, LaMorris Payne, Levi Ruffin Jr., Maxwell Karmason, Val Young
 * Bass – Jerry Livingston, Rick James
 * Drums – Steve Ferrone, Lanise Hughes
 * Flute – Daniel LeMelle
 * Guitar – Kenny Hawkins, Rick James, Tom McDermott
 * Harmonica – Rick James
 * Keyboards – Rick James
 * Percussion – Nate Hughes, Rick James
 * Piano – Greg Levias
 * Saxophone – Daniel LeMelle
 * Strings – Levi Ruffin Jr.
 * Synthesizer – Daniel LeMelle, Greg Levias, Levi Ruffin Jr.
 * Vocoder – Rick James

title: Glow (Rick James album)


text:
Obsidian Theatre

Obsidian Theatre Company is a Canadian professional theatre company that specializes in works by Black Canadian artists. The company is located in Toronto, Ontario. The declared mandate of the company is a threefold mission: to produce plays, to develop playwrights and to train theatre professionals. Obsidian is dedicated to the exploration, development, and production of the Black voice. They produce plays from a world-wide canon focusing primarily, but not exclusively, on the works of highly acclaimed Black playwrights. Obsidian provides artistic support, promoting the development of work by Black theatre makers and offering training opportunities through mentoring and apprenticeship programs for emerging Black artists.

History
Founded in February 2000, Obsidian Theatre Company has grown into a large independent theatre company with a full schedule of productions, playwright/play development and professional training programs. Since the company's inception, Obsidian has worked to change the profile of culturally diverse theatre in Canada by encouraging companies to re-evaluate the way artists of colour are involved in the work. The company does not manage its own physical theatre and rather partners with other theatre companies to produce works.

In 2021, the theatre created the web series 21 Black Futures for CBC Gem.

In 2022, Obsidian launched Young, Gifted & Black, a 14-month training program that invites five emerging Black artists each year and provides them with masterclasses, mentorships, apprenticeship placements, and ensemble creation.

Founding members

 * Awaovieyi Agie
 * Ardon Bess
 * David Collins
 * Roy Lewis
 * Yanna McIntosh
 * Diane Roberts
 * Kim Roberts
 * Sandi Ross
 * Djanet Sears
 * Satori Shakoor
 * Tricia Williams
 * Alison Sealy-Smith
 * Philip Akin

Board of directors

 * Harmony Cohen - Chair
 * Walter Gibbons - Treasurer
 * Arlene Campbell - Secretary
 * Ashima Chopra- Director
 * Sascha Cole - Director
 * Kevin Hanchard- Director
 * Greg Holness - Director
 * Stacey Norton - Director
 * Bev Salmon- Director

Staff

 * Philip Akin - Artistic Director (2005-2020); Mumbi Tindyebwa Otu (2020-)
 * Michael Sinclair - General Manager
 * daniel jelani ellis - Artistic Producer
 * Cherise Solomon - Marketing and Development Officer

Playwrights Unit
An integral part of the company is the Obsidian Playwrights Unit, a venue for exploration of ideas.

Playwrights commit to monthly meetings over a yearlong period (September to June). The group is headed by the Play Development Coordinator and is focused on playwright development as opposed to full-length play creation. This allows for each playwright to work on a short piece for workshop production and also explores a number of philosophical ideas that stimulate ideas and conversation.

In June, the playwrights are matched with three directors to work on staging the plays for a workshop production, culminating in a Performance showcase.

Awards

 * 2019 Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding Production (School Girls; Or, The African Mean Girls Play)
 * 2012 Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding Production (Topdog/Underdog)
 * 2012 Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding Production (in partnership with Acting Up Stage Company) (Caroline, or Change)

title: Obsidian Theatre


text:
Talk:Health economics

Health and utility section
Thanks for adding a section to the article based on a properly cited scholarly source. It just needs some changes to fit Wikipedia's house style; at the moment it's written in a textbook style. On Wikipedia we don't use first-person or second-person language ("every decision we take during our lifetime" / "when you introduce the uncertainty") and we can't tell the reader what to do ("Think of X as..."). Would you like to have a go at changing the style of your text? MartinPoulter (talk) 17:55, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Health economics


text:
Holcus mollis

Holcus mollis, known as creeping soft grass or creeping velvet grass, is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae. It is native to Europe and north Africa.

Description
Holcus mollis is a rhizomatous perennial grass found in woods and hedgerows, growing to 50 cm tall. It has rhizomes that occur around 5 cm deep in soil or sometimes deeper. Rhizome growth occurs in the period May to November but is fastest from mid-June to mid-July. The rhizomes have many dormant buds that do not develop unless the rhizomes are disturbed and then fresh aerial shoots may arise from the broken fragments. It flowers from June to July.

The main distinguishing characteristics from H. lanatus are the presence of rhizomes, and the bearded nodes or 'hairy knees' on the culm.

Habitat
Holcus mollis is favoured by conditions in woodland clearings and at the early stages of coppicing. Growth and flowering are restricted as the tree canopy develops. It is often a relict of former woodland vegetation, surviving in open grassland and grassy heaths after woodland clearance despite being a shade lover. It is found mostly on moist, freely-drained acid soils, normally light to medium texture and high in organic matter; it is absent from areas of calcareous or base rich soil, and often grows with bracken.

Insect foodplant
The caterpillars of some Lepidoptera use it as a food plant, e.g. the Essex skipper (Thymelicus lineola).

Status as a weed
In a survey of weeds in conventional cereals in central southern England in 1982, it was found in 1% of winter barley but not at all in winter wheat or spring barley.

Each small piece of rhizome is capable of developing into a new plant. Research shows that within 6 - 8 in of the surface, 1 sqft of rhizome infested soil may contain up to 110 ft of rhizome, the weight of roots and rhizomes being estimated at 7.5 tons per acre.

Varieties and hybridisation
A pentaploid variant of H. mollis is common in Britain; it is sterile but spreads vegetatively. H. mollis var. variegatus has striped green and white leaves; it is sometimes cultivated.

A male sterile hybrid with Holcus lanatus exists with 2n = 21 chromosomes. Hybrids tend to resemble H. lanatus in their morphology.

title: Holcus mollis


text: Category:Radio-related lists

title: Category:Radio-related lists