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Talk:Supramolecular chemistry

Why supramolecular chemistry, not supramolecular science?
I wonder if the article can be more appropriately titled as 'Supramolecular Science' or just 'supramolecules' after all the subject is multidisciplinary and definitely not limited to conventional chemistry Hallenrm (talk) 08:54, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

Unverified Claims or Possible Original Research
The section I have marked does not cite sources which corroborate that those listed are, in fact, subsections of Supramolecular Chemistry. A source, such as one from Lehn or Cram or, well, anyone reputable, would help. Jeremiah (talk·cont) 16:12, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

 * that tag is not helpful. The points you raise should be addressed on the specialist page with each segment (only the part on templated synthesis does not have a specialist page). I have seen a Lehn reference on at least three pages. No point in duplicating references V8rik (talk) 20:34, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

 * If there was a large banner that just said "Who says this?" I would have used it. Otherwise I would have to tag each paragraph with  and it would make the whole section look like shit.  If you'd like to avail yourself of something more useful than suggesting a tag is unhelpful, perhaps you could dig up that Lehn reference you seem to be aware of on at least 3 pages and posting it in the appropriate location.  Jeremiah (talk·cont) 18:48, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I apologize, my previous entry was unhelpful and brash. The tag does does necessarily describe each paragraph, but nevertheless there are several subsections (or paragraphs) within the section, thus I employ a full tag.  The following sections do not contain references to supramolecular chemistry in them (if they contain any references at all).  Resolve the reference issues therein or cite the appropriate reference in the paragraph and I'll consider the issue resolved.

Template-directed synthesis

Biomimetics

Molecular imprinting

Jeremiah (talk·cont) 15:56, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

tags at the appropriate places instead of the current tag. That would be more to the point. V8rik (talk) 21:42, 29 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for being considerate. Molecular imprinting appears to be a subset of molecular recognition. I still prefer you use

 * If we can cut it back to just one paragraph, as opposed to three, I'd be happy to use as opposed to a full tag.  As for molecular imprinting being a component of molecular recognition, it certainly is.  The problem being, this is an article about supramolecular chemistry - which generally doesn't include (though it should) protein-substrate interactions  --  this article presents it as an entirely synthetic concept.  I would think that a reference could easily be found where synthetic molecular imprinting has been done under the penumbra of "supramolecular chemistry."  Such a reference would be excellent.  Jeremiah (talk·cont) 16:27, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Dumb Down
Think you could possibly dumb this down a bit. I understand it, but going on scienceforums.net and explaining it to someone is much of an annoyance. --Cyberman 08:24, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I hope that my revisions helped. I attempted to remove content that simply described self-assembly and not the broader topic of supramolecular chemistry. There is a self-assembly topic for this content. I also tried to remove content that was repeated. --M_stone 19:14, 11 March 2006

Cycloaddition of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (already in green chemistry)
this edit will have to go, it is also included in green chemistry. Try to limit specific content to just one page V8rik 15:21, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, I'm sorry. I just thought that it was applicable to both articles, but I'm still getting the hang of editing--thanks for the info. Mrestko 23:31, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * First of all, welcome to Wiki! Also thanks for your consideration V8rik 19:06, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that this subject is too general to site specific examples. Instead I suggest linking it to another topic that is more specific to the example, such as green Chemistry perhaps. --M_stone 14:13, 4 May 2006

Definition of supramolecular chemistry
I wonder if the definition of supramolecular chemistry on this page is not broad enough. The IUPAC definition is rather narrow. A better definition might be found to include coordination complexes that still retain subunit function, but are definitely connected by covalent bonds. Polynuclear ruthenium and osmium complexes bridged by polyimine ligands require rather harsh conditions (refluxing DMF) to be broken, often resulting in decomposition, not reversible reaction behavior. There are other examples in the literature. For examples see: Balzani, V. et al. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 759. or Sauvage, J.-P. et al. Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 993.

 * I think the definition is reasonably broad and well-supported. The non-covalent bonding requirement is crucial to avoid encompassing all areas of chemistry. M stone 22:26, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

New material and some organization.
I have added a lot of material in an attempt to cover more of the subject, since the article seemed to be rather focused on the synthetic chemical side of things. Other notable additions are a thermodynamics section (which is important since supramolecular thermodynamics has many differences to that of covalent chemistry), and a section listing important building blocks. I have tried to make this a better "jumping off" point for people looking for information.

 * It could still do with something about analytical techniques of particular interest to supramolecular chemistry (e.g. soft ionization MS methods, VT-NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy to measure CT complexes). Also, something about kinetics would be good, and although the pictures currently in are beautiful, it would be nice to have some that cover other aspects of the subject. I'm sure there are also a lot of details to add and copyedit to be done on my additions. Not to mention references to add (unfortunately I don't have easy access to a library and my old stuff is all boxed up so that's a bit of a PITA for me).

 * Any specific comments about my edit can be put here. I will check back. I think this is an extremely important article to have at a very high level, and I hope I've gone some of the way to make it so! • TheBendster (talk) 3 October 2007, 14:29 (UTC)

Overlap with Host-guest chemistrry
There is no obvious reason for this article and Host–guest chemistry being separate articles. I suggest that these two articles need to be replaced by a single article. A re-write rather than a merge is needed. Is anyone interesting in helping me to do this? Petergans (talk) 09:04, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Help, please - nomenclature
The caption to the fifth figure from the left gives the included species as " p-xylylenediammonium ". This name comes from the original publication. Can someone please specify the IUPAC name. The chemical formula of the included compound is [H3NCH2(C6H4)CH2NH3]2+. Petergans (talk) 09:37, 13 May 2018 (UTC)

Gallery
If nobody objects, then move the gallery to Supramolecular chemistry. But some one image should remain here to illustrate the topic. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 20:35, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

Needs Examples
Many topics in the first half of the article do not mention any specific chemicals, reactions, or examples. It is hard to understand what the author really means. I am a person who thinks from concrete examples. Could someone just mention an example in each paragraph that does not have one? GoodExplainer (talk) 06:02, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Supramolecular chemistry


text:
Stichocotyle

Stichocotyle is a monospecific genus of trematodes, in the monospecific family Stichocotylidae, which is itself in the monotypic order Stichocotylida. It comprises the single species Stichocotyle nephropis, which is an internal parasite of elasmobranch fishes. It was originally described from the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, by J. T. Cunningham in 1884. This flatworm is distinguished by a single ventral row of well separated suckers.

Stichocotyle has not been seen since 1986, and it is possible that it is extinct. Like many parasites, it relied on multiple hosts, and its disappearance is hypothesized to be associated with declines in some of these hosts. The thornback ray Raja clavata and the barndoor skate Dipturus laevis were hosts for the adult form, and have declined because they are killed as bycatch in fisheries. The thornback ray is listed as "Near Threatened," and the barndoor skate is globally listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stichocotyle


text:
Confessions of Fire

Confessions of Fire is the debut studio album by American rapper Cam'ron. It was released through Epic Records on July 21, 1998. Originally titled "Who Is Cam'ron?" The production on the album was mostly handled by Darrell "Digga" Branch, along with Swizz Beatz, Trackmasters, Jermaine Dupri, and among others. The album also features guest appearances by Mase, Usher, Kelly Price, Noreaga, and more.

Confessions of Fire was supported by three singles: "Horse & Carriage," featuring Mase, "357" and "Feels Good" featuring Usher. The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics and received commercial success. The album debuted and peaked at number six on the US Billboard 200, selling over 107,000 copies in its first week of release and was certified gold by the RIAA with over 500,000 copies sold.

Singles
The album was supported by three singles. The first single, "Horse & Carriage" was released on April 13, 1998. The song features a guest appearance by Mase. It received moderate chart success. On the chart dated August 29, 1998, the single peaked at number 41 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, narrowly missing the top 40. In addition, it managed to reach the top ten on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, peaking at number nine.

The second single, "357" was released on June 2, 1998. The single missed the Billboard Hot 100 chart. But managed to peaked at number 88 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

The third single, "Feels Good" was released on December 8, 1998. The single features a guest appearance by Usher. The song also missed the Billboard Hot 100 chart. But managed to peaked at number 54 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

Critical reception
Confessions of Fire received generally mixed reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic spoke on Cam'ron following in the footsteps of Sean "Puffy" Combs, calling his music polished and melodic while still maintaining the East Coast gangsta aesthetic like Puffy. He also claimed that Cam'ron is a better rapper than Puffy but lacks the pop flair that he's used to create big hits. Erlewine then spoke about Cam'ron potential as a charismatic rapper. Ultimately, Erlewine  thinks Cam'ron showed promise on his debut and managed to create "an accessible fusion of rap and pop that manage to keep some sort of street edge". He gave the album 3 stars.

Commercial performance
Confessions of Fire debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 107,000 copies in its first week. This became Cam'ron's first US top-ten debut on the chart. On October 27, 1998, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States.

Track listing
Leftover tracks
 * "Pull It" (featuring DMX)

Sample credits
 * "357" contains a sample of "Magnum P.I. Theme" by Mike Post.
 * "A Pimp's A Pimp" contains a sample of "Don't Turn the Lights Off" by The Originals.
 * "D Rugs" contains a sample of "Mother's Theme (Mama)" by Willie Hutch and "I'm Your Pusherman" by Curtis Mayfield.
 * "Feels Good" contains a sample of "When Somebody Loves You Back" by Teddy Pendergrass.
 * "Fuck You" contains a sample of "Phuck U Symphony" by Millie Jackson.
 * "Me & My Boo" contains a sample of "Being With You" by Smokey Robinson.
 * "Prophecy" contains a sample of "Fragile" by Sting.
 * "Me, My Moms & Jimmy" contains samples of "Genius Of Love" by Tom Tom Club and "Mama Used to Say" by Junior.
 * "Wrong Ones" contains a sample of "As We Lay" by Shirley Murdock.
 * "Horse & Carriage" contains samples of "Cuban Cabby" by Desi Arnaz and "Who Is He (And What Is He to You)?" by Bill Withers.
 * "Death" contains a sample of "Suicidal Thoughts" by The Notorious B.I.G.
 * "We Got it" contains a sample of "Say What" by Idris Muhammad

title: Confessions of Fire


text:
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Mike@jons-reddy.org was previously mreddy@glam.ac.uk and all edits attributed to that username are mine

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text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/July 13, 2005


text:
Tata Steel Europe

Tata Steel Europe Ltd.  (formerly Corus Group plc) was a steelmaking company headquartered in London, England, with its main operations in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The company was created in 2007, when Tata Group took over the British-Dutch Corus Group.

In 2021, the company was split into a British and a Dutch branch. Tata Steel Netherlands (TSN) and Tata Steel UK both of which fell directly under the Indian parent company Tata Steel

Corus Group was formed through the merger of the Koninklijke Hoogovens and British Steel plc in 1999 and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It was acquired by Tata of India in 2007, and renamed Tata Steel Europe in September 2010.

At formation Corus operated steelmaking plants (blast furnaces) in Port Talbot and Llanwern, Wales; Scunthorpe and Teesside, England; and IJmuiden, Netherlands, with additional steelmaking facilities in Rotherham, England (electric arc furnace), as well as downstream steel production of both long and flat steel.

Profitability at the business was affected by the aftermath of the Financial crisis of 2007–08 (see Great Recession): the Teesside plant was mothballed and sold in 2009/2010; the long products division including the steelworks at Scunthorpe was sold for a nominal sum to Greybull Capital in April 2016.

Background – Corus
British Steel plc was a large British steel producer, consisting of the assets of former private companies which had been nationalised on 28 July 1967 by the Labour Party government of Harold Wilson. On 5 December 1988 the company was privatised as a result of the British Steel Act 1988. The Koninklijke Hoogovens (lit. Royal Blast furnaces) was a Royal Dutch steel and aluminium producer founded in 1918, located in IJmuiden, Netherlands. The plant is now called Tata Steel IJmuiden.

In October 1999, British Steel merged with Koninklijke Hoogovens to form Corus Group plc. At formation the steel company was the largest in Europe and the third largest worldwide. The French steel company Sogerail, specialising in rail manufacture, was acquired in 1999 shortly before the merger of BSC for £83 million.

In 2001 Corus announced it was to cut 6,050 jobs between 2001 and 2003.

In 2003 Corus became the sole owner of SEGAL, a galvanizing company established 1983 as a joint venture.

In March 2006, Corus announced that it had agreed to sell its aluminium rolled products and extrusions businesses to Aleris International, Inc. for €728million (£572 million). Corus was to retain its smelting operations and supply Aleris under a long-term agreement. On 1 August, the sale to Aleris Europe was completed. The sale took place in May 2006.

In 2006 the Mannstaedt works (Troisdorf, Germany, special profiles, acquired by BSC in 1990) was sold to Georgsmarienhütte (GMH Holding).

Takeover by Tata Steel
On 20 October 2006, Corus announced that it had accepted at £4.3 billion ($8.1 billion) offer from Tata Steel; a valuation of  £4.55 per share. The combination of Corus (18.18MT pa) and Tata (4.4MT pa) would create the fifth largest steelmaking company worldwide. Tata surprised the credit default swap segment of the derivative markets by deciding to raise $6.17 billion of debt for the deal through a new subsidiary of Corus called 'Tata Steel UK', rather than by raising the debt itself. Tata's security credit rating was investment grade, whereas the new subsidiary may not be. The higher risk associated with raising debt through a subsidiary with a lower credit rating prompted Fitch Ratings to downgrade its rating of the credit swap risks in the takeover to 'negative'. Fitch also stated that Corus' responsibility for the debt may lead to Corus' own unsecured debt rating being downgraded. This does not affect the rating of bonds issued by Corus which are secured debt.

On 19 November 2006, the Brazilian steel company Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) launched a counter offer for Corus at a higher valuation of £4.75 per share. CSN and Corus had previously discussed a merger in 2002, cancelled late 2002; CSN's iron ore assets would provide synergy with Corus's need to import ore.

Subsequently, Tata submitted an improved bid at £5.00 per share, followed by an improved bid from CSN at £5.15 per share which was accepted by the board of Corus on 11 December 2006. On 19 December 2006 the UK body, the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers announced a close date for bidding of 30 January 2007.

On 30/31 January an auction was held by the Panel for Corus's shares, with Tata outbidding CSN at £6.08 vs £6.03 per share. CSN's bid had been supported by Goldman Sachs whilst Tata's was supported by ABN Amro, Rothschilds, and Deutsche Bank.

2007 – 2014
In January 2009, Corus announced job cuts of 1,000 in the Netherlands and 2,500 in the UK due to the economic downturn (see Great Recession) and consequent reduction of steel demand. Cuts included cessation (mothballing) of production at a hot strip mill in Llanwern, Wales (600 jobs), as well as major jobs losses (up to 700) at the engineering steel production site in Rotherham. Corus also closed down its defined benefit pension scheme to new members.

In late 2009 Corus announced the mothballing of the Teesside Cast Products plant (Teesside blast furnaces), following the unexpected cancellation of 10 year contracts with Marcegaglia (Italy) signed 2004. Corus's workforce was expected to be reduced by approximately 1,700 as a result; The plant had been identified as surplus to requirements in 2003, with Corus's own steel requirements to be supplied from Port Talbot and Scunthorpe, with Teesside Cast Products to seek external markets for its steel slab. Partial mothballing took place in early 2010. In mid 2010 the company reached preliminary agreement to sell the plant to Thai steel producer SSI. The plant was sold in February 2011 for £300 million.

In September 2010, Corus announced that it was changing its name to Tata Steel Europe and adopting the Tata logo.

In July 2012, Tata Steel were fined £500,000 over the 2006 death of worker Kevin Downey at their Port Talbot plant. Engulfed in steam and left disorientated during a night shift, Downey died after wandering into a channel of molten slag heated to 1,500 °C.

On 23 November 2012 Tata Steel Europe announced that, as a result of restructuring proposals, there would be a net loss of 900 jobs in the UK.

2014 – 2020
By late 2014 Tata Group remained £13 billion in debt, which had increased following the acquisition of Corus in 2007, due to reduced demand in Europe (see Financial crisis of 2007–08 and Great Recession). As a result, the company sought to reduce liabilities: the European long products division was offered in sale to Klesch Group. The long products division employed around 6,500, and was operating at about 60% of its 5 million ton pa capacity; the division included primary production at Scunthorpe steelworks; mills in Teesside (Teesside Beam Mill, Skinningrove and Darlington special profiles); France (Hayange rail mill); Scotland (Dalzell and Clydebridge), and other assets including the Immingham Bulk Terminal. In late 2014 estimates for the value of the property were about $1.4 billion. In August 2015 talks on the acquisition ended unsuccessfully, with Klesch citing energy prices and (dumping of) Chinese steel imports as factors against the sale.

In October 2015 the Dalzell and Clydebridge plants were announced to be mothballed, The mothballing in Scotland and further reductions at Scunthorpe (around 900 jobs) led to 1,200 redundancies in late 2015. In late 2015 Tata Steel UK reached a preliminary agreement with Greybull Capital for it to acquire Tata's European long products division, excluding the Dalzell and Clydebridge plants.

In early 2016 CEO Karl Koehler stood down to be replaced by CTO Hans Fischer.

In March 2016 The Sunday Post report that a preliminary agreement had been reached between Tata and Liberty House Group on the sale of the Dalzell and Clydesbridge plants.

At the end of March 2016 the Tata board rejected a turnaround plan for the Port Talbot site, and announced it would seek to sell all (or part) of its UK steel business. Its UK steel operations had lost £68 million in the three months to February 2016, from a profit the previous year despite rising demand – a primary factor in the loss was lowered steel prices due to global imports, with Russia, South Korea and particularly China cited as dumping steel. Other factors mitigating against profitability included high energy costs (including green taxes), high business rates and oversupply/low demand. In addition the UK government had voted against increased tariffs on imported Chinese steel due to its free trade policies, limiting import duties to minimal amounts (around 10%). – the Daily Telegraph reported that the UK Government's failure to back EU attempts to increase anti-dumping measure on imported steel had been the tipping point in Tata's decision to exit the UK steel business.

After a successful turnaround of the Long Products division led by Bimlendra Jha, (Executive Chairman Tata's European Long's business) the sale to Greybull Capital for a nominal £1 was agreed on 11 April 2016, with Greybull taking over assets and liabilities of the division. On completion of the sale Greybull was to rename the business "British Steel". At takeover the division employed approximately 5,000 persons, predominately in the UK. The sale was completed end of May 2016.

Tata set a deadline of 28 May 2016 for bids for its remaining UK business. Liberty House confirmed it was to bid for Tata's remaining UK assets, and a management backed buyout, named Excalibur UK also submitted a bid. In early May 2016 Tata stated it was considering offers from seven bidders for the whole UK business, taking forward only bids for the whole of the business. Other bidders were rumoured to be JSW Steel (India), Nucor (US), Hebei Iron & Steel Group (China), ThyssenKrupp (Germany), private equity fund Endless LLP (UK), and Greybull Capital. Wilbur Ross (USA) was also rumoured to be a late bidder for the assets.

In early July 2016 Tata paused the sale procedure in part to assess the effect of the vote to leave the EU (Brexit) in the UK EU membership referendum of 2016; on 8 July it announced it was in discussion with other steelmakers, specifically ThyssenKrupp on the formation of a joint venture between their respective European steel businesses. JSW Steel and Hebei Iron & Steel were also reported as potential joint venture partners. In addition to the talks on a joint venture the company was also stated to be in talks to sell the pipe (Hartlepool) and EAF/speciality steel (South Yorkshire) businesses separately.

In November 2016 Tata and Liberty House signed a letter of intent on the sale of Tata's speciality steel business (Rotherham, Stocksbridge, Brinsworth) for £100 million. This sale was completed in February 2017 to form Liberty Speciality Steels and included the Wednesbury bright bar division and Hartlepool tubes division.

In December 2016 Tata made commitments to: invest £1 billion over ten years into its British operations, and continue operating two blast furnaces at Port Talbot for at least 5 years; as well as promising to avoid compulsory redundancies in the next five years; at the same time an agreement was announced between unions and Tata leading to the closure of a defined benefit pension scheme.

In September 2017, Tata Steel Ltd reached an agreement to merge its European steel business with the German steel manufacturer ThyssenKrupp to form a joint venture headquartered in Amsterdam. The agreement was later abandoned after the European Commission indicated it would not approve the venture.

Present – Company liquidation
In November 2020 Tata Steel Limited (the parent company) announced its plan to separate the European operations into two entities, one based in the UK and one in the Netherlands. In October 2021, Tata Steel Europe was officially split into a British and a Dutch branch; creating stand alone businesses in the Netherlands (Tata Steel Netherlands) and the UK (Tata Steel UK). The branches fall directly under Tata Steel as Tata Steel Europe as a company ceased to exist after the break up of European business. The split was a historic moment, after 22 years of the British-Dutch collaboration in the steel company. Tata Steel IJmuiden aims to make the company more sustainable, and was pressured to do so by the Dutch government and society. The British branch has been heavily loss-making for years, which was holding down the Dutch branch into fulfilling these plans.

Blast furnaces
At the beginning of 2016 Tata Steel Europe had three blast furnaces based steelmaking facilities; the long products division was sold in April 2016 including the Scunthorpe Steelworks.

 * Port Talbot, Wales (Port Talbot Steelworks) – slab, hot and cold rolled coil, galvanised coil
 * Tata Steel IJmuiden, Netherlands (former Koninklijke Hoogovens) – hot and cold rolled coil, galvanised and colour coated coil and tinplate

Steel mills
It also had rolling mills and steel product manufacturing sites situated at:

 * Flat products
 * Shotton, Wales – galvanised and (plastic) coated sheet
 * Ivôz-Ramet nr Liège, Belgium – galvanised and (plastic) coated sheet
 * Trostre, South Wales (Trostre Steelworks) – Tinplate and packaging steels
 * Duffel, Belgium – polymer coated packaging steel Protact
 * Louvroil, Maubeuge, France – colour coated coil
 * Adapazarı, Turkey – colour coated coil
 * Llanwern, Wales (Llanwern steelworks) – hot and cold rolled strip/coil, galvanised coil
 * Düsseldorf and Trier, Germany – electroplated strip
 * Warren, Ohio and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States – electroplated strip
 * Durango, Spain (Layde works) – narrow strip
 * Walsall, England – coated narrow strip

 * Tube

 * Corby, England – tube
 * Maastricht, Netherlands – tube
 * Oosterhout, Netherlands – tube
 * Zwijndrecht, Netherlands – tube

 * Other

 * Wednesbury, England – bright bar
 * Tata Steel Europe produce electrical steels via their subsidiary Cogent Power. Grain-orientated sheet at Orb Works, Newport, South Wales; and non-grain orientated sheet at Surahammar, Sweden; a finishing works in Burlington, Ontario, Canada.

Former operations

 * Ravenscraig steelworks, at Motherwell, slab, hot and cold rolled products, part of British Steel from 1967 until its closure in 1992.
 * Tesside Cast Products, blast furnaces at Lackenby, Redcar, North Yorkshire, UK – mothballed 2010, sold 2011 to SSI, closed c. 2014
 * Dalzell Works and Clydebridge Works, at Motherwell, Scotland, steel plate – mothballed 2015, sold to Liberty House 2016
 * Aluminium division – primary production sold to Aleris 2006
 * Ebbw Vale Steelworks, integrated steel mill located in Ebbw Vale, South Wales. Iron and steel making ceased in the 1970s and redeveloped as a specialised tinplate works. Formerly owned by Richard Thomas & Baldwins, part of British Steel and latterly Corus. Closed by Corus in 2002.
 * Long product division – sold to Greybull Capital 2016, forming British Steel Limited
 * Scunthorpe Steelworks, England – primary blast furnace based production – bloom, billet, slab, rail, wire, rod and plate
 * Teesside, England (Teesside Beam Mill) – heavy sections
 * Skinningrove Steelworks, England – special sections
 * former Sogerail plant, Hayange, France – railway rails
 * Rotherham Engineering Steels and Narrow Strip – sold February 2017 to Liberty House Group along with the Stocksbridge rolling mill

title: Tata Steel Europe


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User:A scientist

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title: User:A scientist


text: Wikipedia:POTD/July 13, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/July 13, 2005


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Henry County Airport

Henry County Airport may refer to:

 * Henry County Airport (Tennessee) in Henry County, Tennessee, United States (FAA/IATA: PHT)
 * Henry County Airport (Ohio) in Henry County, Ohio, United States (FAA: 7W5)
 * Clayton County Airport - Tara Field, (formerly Henry County Airport) located in Henry County but owned and operated by Clayton County, Georgia, United States (FAA: 4A7)

title: Henry County Airport


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Walter Bonatti

Walter Bonatti (22 June 1930 – 13 September 2011) was an Italian mountaineer, alpinist, explorer and journalist. He was noted for many climbing achievements, including a solo climb of a new alpine climbing route on the south-west pillar of the Aiguille du Dru in August 1955, the first ascent of Gasherbrum IV in 1958, and, in 1965, the first solo climb in winter of the North face of the Matterhorn on the mountain's centenary year of its first ascent. Immediately after his solo climb on the Matterhorn, Bonatti announced his retirement from professional climbing at the age of 35, and after 17 years of climbing activity. He authored many mountaineering books and spent the remainder of his career travelling off the beaten track as a reporter for the Italian magazine Epoca. He died on 13 September 2011 of pancreatic cancer in Rome aged 81, and was survived by his life partner, the actress Rossana Podestà.

Famed for his climbing panache, he also pioneered little-known and technically difficult climbs in the Alps, Himalayas, and Patagonia. In 2009, Bonatti was awarded the first-ever Piolet d'Or Lifetime Achievement Award. He is widely considered as being one of the greatest climbers in history.

Life and career

An only child, born in Bergamo, in Lombardy, Italy, Bonatti spent his childhood in the Po Valley dreaming of adventure. WWII left his working-class family impoverished. His father was a fabric merchant, Bonatti took to gymnastics through a sports association in Monza. The physical strength and balance he developed here would prove to be crucial skills for Bonatti as a climber. At age 18, Bonatti started climbing on the Grigna, a rocky mountain of the Italian Prealps, where he spent the summer of 1948 climbing intensively.

In 1949, within a year of starting to climb, he made the first repetition of the Oppio-Colnaghi-Guidi Route, a challenging climb on the South Face of the Croz dell'Altissimo 250 m long and rated UIAA V+. Soon after followed the climb of the Bramani-Castiglioni Route on the North-West face of Piz Badile, a second repetition of the Ratti-Vitali route on the West Face of the Aiguille Noire de Peuterey, a rocky mountain in the Italian part of the Mont Blanc massif and the fourth ascent of the Walker Spur on the North Face of the Grandes Jorasses in only two days and with limited equipment. This last route had been climbed for the first time in 1938 by famous climber Riccardo Cassin and consists of 1200 m of rock-climbing with UIAA difficulty of IV and V and one step of VI+. The climb of the Walker Spur by the Cassin route is exposed to stone fall and ranks together with the North Face of the Eiger as one of the major climbs achieved in the Alps between the two world wars.

Bonatti had limited financial means and his first climbs were done with very basic equipment, including pitons that he had manufactured personally. During the first years, Bonatti worked in a steel mill and climbed on Sunday directly after the Saturday night shift. In less than two years since he started climbing, Bonatti had already joined the restricted circle of the best Italian climbers.

The early climbs
In 1950, he tried what would have been his first major achievement: the first ascent of the east face of the Grand Capucin, an unclimbed face of red granite in the group of Mont Blanc, together with climber Camillo Barzaghi. They climbed a few pitches before being forced back by a storm. Three weeks later, together with Luciano Ghigo, another attempt was made. After three days of climbing and three hanging bivouacs, they had reached the most difficult section of the climb, a vertical section of 40 m of smooth granite, but a storm again forced them to retreat.

In 1951 the same team tried again to climb the east face of the Grand Capucin. They started the climb on 20 July in good weather conditions. In two days they got close to the summit but again the weather worsened and they had to spend a day on the face in a hanging bivouac. The next day, despite bad weather conditions, they managed to successfully complete the climb and return safely to the hut. A few years later, in 1955 and after completing the climb himself, Hermann Buhl stated that it was the "most difficult granite climb in an absolute sense". In 1952, Bonatti and Roberto Bignami opened the first route on the south ridge of the Aiguille Noire de Peuterey.

In February 1953, together with Carlo Mauri he made the first winter ascent of the north face of the legendary Cima Ovest di Lavaredo. A few days later they made the first repetition of the winter ascent of the north face of Cima Grande, climbed already in 1938 by Fritz Kasparek. Before the end of the 1953 winter, with Roberto Bignami, and in only two days, Bonatti opened on Matterhorn a new direct variant on the Furggen Ridge. In the summer of 1953, he achieved the first climb of Mont Blanc by the north gully from the Peuterey Col.

In 1954 Bonatti was assigned to the Alpine regiment and for four days each week he trained men to climb; for the other three, he was allowed to head off into the mountains on his own. With all his achievements he had become an unavoidable selection for the Italian assault on K2, which would rebound to his disadvantage.

K2
Bonatti was the youngest participant of the 1954 Italian expedition to K2 organized by Ardito Desio. As Bonatti said afterward at the age of 80: It was the era when European countries picked off the 8,000m peaks in the same way they had colonies 100 years previously. On 31 July, two members of the Italian team, Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni, reached the summit, securing the first ascent of K2 for the Italian team. However, years after the expedition Bonatti found himself accused and at the center of a bitter controversy based on conflicting accounts of events that occurred during the ascent. 53 years later, the Italian Alpine Club officially recognize that both Lacedelli and Compagnoni lied in their account of the ascent and that Bonatti's version of the facts was accurate.

Along with Hunza climber Amir Mehdi, Bonatti had the task to carry oxygen cylinders up to Lacedelli and Compagnoni at Camp IX for a summit attempt. However, Compagnoni had decided to place Camp IX at a higher location than previously agreed with Bonatti. Bonatti and Mehdi reached a point close to Camp IX but by this time night had fallen and Mehdi's condition had deteriorated. Bonatti knew that he and Mehdi needed the shelter of a tent to survive a night at this altitude without risk of frostbite or worse, but the Camp IX tent was placed at the end of a dangerous traverse across icy slopes and visibility was too reduced to get there. Bonatti saw that Mehdi was in no condition to climb further or make a return to Camp VIII and was reluctantly forced to endure an open bivouac without a tent or sleeping bag at 8100 m and -50 °C. This cost Mehdi his toes, while Bonatti was lucky to survive the terrible night unharmed. Compagnoni gave the explanation that his decision to change the agreed site of the camp was to avoid an overhanging serac, but Bonatti accused both (and the facts would later support his claim) of having deliberately changed the location to make it impossible for Bonatti and Mehdi to remain overnight at that height, so there would be no way they too could attempt the summit themselves.

Bonatti was in the best physical condition of all the climbers and the natural choice to make the summit attempt, but Ardito Desio selected Lacedelli and Compagnoni. Had Bonatti joined the summit team he would likely not have used supplemental oxygen. Therefore, Lacedelli and Compagnoni's oxygen-assisted climb could have been eclipsed. Although the Bonatti-Mehdi forced bivouac was not anticipated, Compagnoni intended to discourage Bonatti from reaching the tent and participating in the final summit climb. On the morning of 31 July, after Bonatti and Mehdi had already begun their descent to the safety of Camp VIII, Compagnoni and Lacedelli retrieved the oxygen cylinders left at the bivouac site and reached the summit of K2 at 6.10pm. Ardito Desio, in his final report, mentioned the forced bivouac only in passing. Mehdi's frostbite was an embarrassment to the expedition. Bonatti was later accused by Compagnoni of using some of the oxygen to survive his bivouac, causing the climbers to run out of oxygen earlier than expected on the summit day. Bonatti immediately claimed that he could not use this supplemental oxygen because both the mask and the regulator were at Camp IX. Bonatti brought evidence supporting his response that Compagnoni had lied about running out of oxygen en route to the summit. Although Bonatti's version of facts was supported by Lacedelli in K2: The Price of Conquest (2004), Lacedelli contended that the oxygen had in fact run out. However, he attributed this not to Bonatti's alleged use of the oxygen, but to the physical exertion of the climb causing the use of more oxygen than expected.

For a long time, Bonatti was accused and vilified by a part of the climbing community but over time the growing amount of evidence in support of his version of the facts proved his honesty. Reinhold Messner, in June 2010, said: ''Bonatti was one of the greatest climbers of all time – the last true Alpinist, an expert in all disciplines. But more importantly, Walter was a marvelous, tolerant, loving person. He leaves a great spiritual testament: he was a clean man vilified for 50 years over what happened on K2, but in the end, everyone accepted that he was right.''

In 2007, the Italian Alpine Club published a revised official account, entitled K2 – Una storia finita, that accepted Bonatti's version of events as completely accurate.

Bonatti tried to organize a solo ascent of K2 without oxygen the following year to put the record straight but could not get the backing, so he retreated to Courmayeur, where he became a mountain guide in 1954.

Aiguille du Dru
Many years later, Bonatti would write:

"Until the conquest of K2, I had always felt a great affinity and trust for other men, but after what happened in 1954 I came to mistrust people. I tended to rely only on myself. This was limiting me and I knew it, but it at least served to protect me from further disappointment."

- Walter Bonatti

In the August 1955, after two attempts frustrated by the weather, he managed to solo climb a new route on the south-west pillar of the Aiguille du Dru in the Mont Blanc Group. The climb, rated ED+ with difficulties up to UIAA VIII-, required six days (and five hanging bivouacs) and still today is considered a masterpiece of climbing.

After five days of climbing on a vertical rock offering very limited protection, Bonatti found himself stalled and faced with an impassable overhanging section. On the left and on the right the rock was absolutely smooth. Bonatti put together all the slings and small sections of ropes he had on him, attached one end of the rope in a crack, and swinging on the other end managed to negotiate the difficulty. This route, known afterward as the Bonatti Pillar, is considered still today as one of the greatest achievements in alpinism. In order to overcome long vertical sections and several overhangs, Bonatti had to adapt the techniques of aid climbing to the granitic rock formations of the Dru.

In 2005 a massive landslide completely destroyed the Bonatti Pillar route.

The "Vincendon and Henry tragedy"
In December 1956, together with his partner Silvano Gheser, Bonatti attempted a winter ascent of the Pear Route on the Brenva side of Monte Blanc. During the approach they met two climbers, the French Jean Vincendon and the Belgian François Henry, en route to the nearby Brenva Spur, a climb of medium difficulty. Both parties started their respective climbs at 4am on Christmas Day in clear sunny conditions. After a few hours, ice conditions on Bonatti's climb deteriorated dangerously and he and Gheser were forced to seek a safe exit up the Brenva Spur where Jean Vincendon and François Henry were climbing. The two parties continued the climb on different, but parallel, lines. Close to the end of the climb at 4pm, Bonatti's party was around 100 m higher. In the meantime, with the approach of darkness, a strong storm began. The two parties were forced to make an unplanned bivouac at 4100 m, but could not keep up a vocal and visual link.

Bonatti managed to pass the night unharmed but his companion Gheser started to suffer from frostbite to one foot. On 26 December Bonatti and Gheser descended 100 m lower to join the other party. The four climbers continued the climb together and arrived on the Brenva Col. From there two options were possible: descend directly to Chamonix crossing a section of unstable and avalanche-prone snow, or climb to the summit of Mont Blanc and descend the normal route to find shelter in the Vallot Hut. Bonatti decided to take the second option, the safest but also the longest and more painful because it required the four men to gain 500 m of elevation in a winter storm. Bonatti pushed the men to climb as fast as possible because he realized time was limited; Gheser's feet and hands were suffering from severe frostbite (later in the valley he would have some fingers amputated). They arrived at the Vallot Hut when night had already fallen.

In the meantime Vincendon's party decided, 200 m from the summit of Mont Blanc, to turn back and head directly to Chamonix, but the arrival of darkness forced them to spend the night in a crevasse at 4600 m. Bonatti and Gheser left the Vallot Hut on 27 December, descended the Italian side of Mont Blanc and arrived at the Gonella Hut, where on 30 December a team of alpine guides arrived to rescue them.

Vincendon and Henry, in the meantime, were totally exhausted and frostbitten and waited in the crevasse to be rescued, but the bad weather prevented a successful operation. Multiple attempts to save the climbers were made (including a helicopter sent to rescue the party but crashed on the glacier). All proved useless. Both climbers died of cold after 10 days exposure. Their bodies were recovered in March 1957. The events that marked this tragedy triggered changes in mountain rescue techniques and procedures in France.

Grand Pilier d'Angle
In 1957 Bonatti relocated to Courmayeur. After a long period spent recovering from his Brenva Spur climb, Bonatti turned his attention to the last big virgin face in the Mont Blanc Group: the north face of the Grand Pilier d'Angle. Three new routes were opened on the Grand Pilier d'Angle between 1957 and 1963: on the north-east face with Toni Gobbi (1–3 August 1957), on the north face (22–23 June 1962) with Cosimo Zappelli and again with Zappelli on the south-east face (11–12 October 1963). All these routes have an alpine difficulty around ED and are UIAA-rated V/VI.

Bonatti declared after the first ascent of the north-east face of the Grand Pilier d'Angle, that "The mixed terrain of the face was, without doubt, the most somber, the most savage and the most dangerous of any that I have ever encountered in the Alps.".

On 9 March 1961, Bonatti climbed together with Gigi Panei and made the first winter ascent of the Via della Sentinella Rossa, a classic route on the Brenva side of Mont Blanc in a record time of 11 hours from the bivouac of La Fourche.

Patagonia
In January 1958 Bonatti was in Patagonia, (Argentina), to participate in a mixed Italian-Argentinian expedition in the glaciated mountains of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. The objective was to climb with Carlo Mauri the unclimbed Cerro Torre (3128 m). The climb started from the west side of the mountain on 2 February in conditions of fair weather, but the route would prove to be difficult and the climbing equipment (ropes and pitons) insufficient. Very likely, the climb itself was above the skills of the best climbers of the time. Indeed, the first undisputed and fair climb of Cerro Torre would be achieved only in 1974 by another Italian expedition, after many unsuccessful attempts by other climbers.

During the same expedition, along with Argentines René Eggmann and Folco Doro Altán, they ascended on 4 February the unclimbed Cerro Mariano Moreno and on 7 February the also unclimbed Cerro Adela. In the following days, they concatenated the mountains Cerro Doblado, Cerro Grande, and Cerro Luca (this last one climbed for the first time). Cerro Luca, in the Group of Cerro Grande, was named by the two climbers after Mauri's son. The traverse of the three mountains is currently known as Travesía del Cordón Adela (Cerro Adela traverse). This impressive traverse took place only two days after the first ascent of Cerro Mariano Moreno.

Gasherbrum IV
In 1958 Bonatti joined an Italian expedition led by Riccardo Cassin to the Karakoram mountains of Pakistan. The intention was to climb the previously unconquered Gasherbrum IV (7925 m, the 17th highest mountain on Earth and the 6th highest in Pakistan). On 6 August, together with Carlo Mauri, Bonatti summitted after an alpine style ascent by the north-east ridge.

Cordillera Huayhuash
In May 1961, Walter Bonatti and Andrea Oggioni climb Nevado Ninashanca (5607 m) and achieved the first ascent of Rondoy Norte (5789 m), a remote peak of the Cordillera Huayhuash. This peak was climbed by the west face, a very serious and difficult climb rated ED+. It has recorded very few ascents since.

The tragedy of the Central Pillar of Frêney
In the summer of 1961 Walter Bonatti, Andrea Oggioni, and Roberto Gallieni decided to climb the Central Pillar of Frêney, an unclimbed peak of the Mont Blanc Group. During the approach at the Bivouac of La Fourche they met a French team composed of Pierre Mazeaud, Pierre Kohlmann, Robert Guillaume and Antoine Vieille. The two teams decided to make the ambitious climb together. A snowstorm, lasting more than one week, blocked the two parties only 100 m from the summit of the pillar. In the meantime, two alpine guides (Gigi Panei and Alberto Tassotti) alerted by the fact that Bonatti had not yet returned to Courmayeur, moved to the Bivouac of La Fourche and realized, reading a note left by Bonatti in the hut book, the scope of the climb of the two teams. Meanwhile, Bonatti and the others were in a stalled situation; they had not moved for the previous three days. Finally, they decided to descend, but only three climbers (Bonatti, Gallieni and Mazeaud) managed to return safely. The other four died of exhaustion or from accidents while trying to find a way out through the fresh snow. Vieille died at the Rochers Gruber (a technical section of the climb) and Guillaume fell into a crevasse of the Freney Glacier. Andrea Oggioni died in the Innominata Gully, less than one hour of descent from the hut. Pierre Kohlmann died only 10 minutes walk from the hut. In 2002, French President Jacques Chirac awarded Bonatti the National Order of the Legion of Honor for the courage, determination, and altruism he demonstrated in trying to save his fellow climbers.

The Central Pillar of Frêney remained unclimbed only for a few days. On 29 August 1961 Chris Bonington, Ian Clough, Don Whillans and Jan Długosz were the first to solve what was called the "Last Great Problem of the Alps’.

Grandes Jorasses
In four days, between the 6 and 10 August 1964, Bonatti climbed for the first time the Pointe Whymper (one of the six summits of the Grandes Jorasses) together with Michel Vaucher. The climb (known today as the Bonatti-Vaucher route) is still considered very technical and difficult. It is classified as ED alpine grade and consists of 1100 m of rock-climbing rated UIAA VI, several sections of mixed ground quoted M6 (vertical to overhanging with difficult dry tooling) and with some pitches of A2 aid climbing. This difficult climb would be repeated in winter in 1976 by Pierre Béghin and Xavier Fargeas. In 1977 Pierre Béghin would solo the route in winter.

Matterhorn

In February 1965, Bonatti tried with two companions to climb a new, direct route on Matterhorn Nordwand (north face) but the team was turned around by a storm. Back in the valley, his two friends had to leave. He considered his options and then set off on 18 February 1965 for a second attempt alone. Five days later he emerged on the summit, having completed a demanding climb of 1.200 metres rated ED+. This climb has since been rarely repeated solo and in winter, the three most notable repetitions being perhaps:

 * February 1994: Catherine Destivelle in four days;
 * March 2006: Ueli Steck in 25 hours;
 * 27. September 2011: Patrik Aufdenblatten and Michi Lerjen-Demjen in 7 hours and 14 minutes.

Shortly after the climb, Walter Bonatti announced his retirement from professional climbing at the age of 35 and after only 17 years of climbing activity.

Life after professional climbing: Reporter and explorer
Bonatti worked for more than 20 years as a reporter for the weekly Italian magazine Epoca, traveling off the beaten track. Here are the most notable places he visited:

 * 1965 : Alaska to explore the Pribilof Islands
 * 1966 : Uganda and Tanzania to ascend the Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and the Ruwenzori, and track the itinerary made by Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi in 1906. He crossed alone a wild jungle of 1200 km.
 * 1967 and 1973 : South America to explore the Orinoco and the Amazon River.
 * 1968 : Island of Sumatra to study the behavior of the tiger and enter in contact with the Sakai, a population of Aboriginal people coming originally from Malaysian jungles.
 * 1969 : Australia to explore the Center of Australia and Lake Eyre.
 * 1969 : Marquesas Islands to make in the jungle the trip made by Melville. He found the same locations described by Melville and proved that the original story was true.
 * 1971 : Cape Horn.
 * 1971 : Argentina to climb Aconcagua.
 * 1972 : Zaire and Congo to climb Nyiragongo Volcano.
 * 1974 : New Guinea to enter in contact with some local tribes.
 * 1976 : Antarctica to explore the McMurdo Dry Valleys with a team of scientists.
 * 1978 : South America to locate the sources of the Amazon River.
 * 1985–1986 : Chile to explore the Patagonian Southern Patagonian Ice Field.

Most of these adventures are described in his book In terre lontane.

The union with Rossana Podestà
In 1980 Bonatti met the former actress Rossana Podestà in Rome and they soon relocated to Dubino, a small town in the Alps.

Bonatti, aged 81, died alone at a private clinic where the hospital management would not allow his partner of more than 30 years to spend the last minutes of his life together because the two were not married. His funeral took place in Lecco on 18 September 2011, where he was cremated and the ashes interred in the cemetery of Porto Venere.

Climbing philosophy
Walter Bonatti called his climbing philosophy "The pursuit with the extremely hard". He pulled off a fantastic number of audacious ascents plus more remarkably survived some horrific climbs that killed some of his associates. The underlying idea of his approach was to accept climbing the mountain hard as it is, with fair means and in the simplest and most aesthetic way possible. In an interview left to John Crace of The Guardian on 30 June 2010, he said: ''Modern equipment is so technically advanced you can climb anything if you put your mind to it. The impossible has been removed from the equation.''

He was always fiercely opposed to the use of expansion bolts. Reinhold Messner shared Bonatti's approach and stated in the book The Murder of the Impossible that "Expansion bolts contribute to the decline of alpinism".

In his book The Mountains of My Life Walter Bonatti writes:

"For me, the value of a climb is the sum of three inseparable elements, all equally important: aesthetics, history, and ethics. Together they form the whole basis of my concept of alpinism. Some people see no more in climbing mountains than an escape from the harsh realities of modern times. This is not only uninformed but unfair. I don’t deny that there can be an element of escapism in mountaineering, but this should never overshadow its real essence, which is not escape but victory over your own human frailty."

Honors

 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Cavaliere di gran croce dell'Ordine al merito della Repubblica italiana)

 * Rome, 2 December 2004

 * Bonatti later refused the honour because it was jointly awarded to Achille Compagnoni.

 * Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honor (Commandeur de l'Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur)

 * Paris, June 2002

 * Piolet d'Or Lifetime Achievement Award, the first-ever time the award was made.

 * 2009

Legacy
The life of Walter Bonatti has inspired entire generations of climbers, in Italy and worldwide.

A hut in the Val Ferret, at 2025 m near the village of La Vachey, in the municipality of Courmayeur is dedicated to Bonatti.

In 2009 Bonatti was awarded the Piolet d'Or for his lifetime achievement. After his death, the Piolet d'Or prize for lifetime achievement was renamed Piolet d'Or for lifetime achievement, Walter Bonatti prize.

British climber Doug Scott wrote in his 1974 book Big Walls that Bonatti was perhaps the finest alpinist there has ever been, while in 2010 Reinhold Messner described him as one of the greatest climbers of all time and a marvellous person.

The legendary Chris Bonington said about Bonatti: ''He was a complex person and a sensitive one too. K2 always preyed on his mind. But he was also a man of great integrity. And a great gentleman.''

French alpinist Pierre Mazeaud declared: ''Il y a de la spiritualité chez cet être-là. Pour moi, Walter est sans doute un héros de légende mais c’est avant tout un homme de vérité qui a tout simplement du cœur (There is spirituality in that person. For me, Walter is undoubtedly a legendary hero but it is above all a man of truth who has a big heart).''

Gaston Rebuffat would speak of Bonatti in the following terms: ''Un homme doté d'un idéal mais également doté des précieuses qualités humaines qui permettent de réellement mettre un idéal en pratique. (A man with ideals, but also with the precious human qualities making possible ideals to become real)''.

In May 2012 the first movie on the life of Bonatti: Con i muscoli, con il cuore, con la testa, was produced by Road Television. The production of the movie started before Bonatti's death and modified slightly afterwards.

List of main mountaineering achievements
Listed are some of the most significant climbs of Water Bonatti.

 * Oppio-Colnaghi-Guidi Route – Croz dell'Altissimo – 27–29 June 1949 – First repetition with Andrea Oggioni and Iosve Aiazzi
 * Ratti-Vitali Route – Aiguille Noire de Peuterey – 13–14 August 1949 – Third repetition with Andrea Oggioni and Emilio Villa
 * Cassin Route – Grandes Jorasses (Walker spur) – 17–19 August 1949 – Fifth repetition with Andrea Oggioni
 * Gaiser-Lehmann Route – Pizzo Cengalo – 30 June −2 July 1950 – First repetition with C. Casati
 * Bonatti-Nava Route – Punta Sant'Anna – 6–7 August 1950 – First ascent by the north ridge
 * Bonatti-Ghigo Route – Grand Capucin – 20–23 July 1951 – First ascent of the east face
 * Cassin Route – Cima ovest di Lavaredo – February 1953 – First winter ascent with Carlo Mauri
 * Bonatti-Gobbi Route – Grand Pilier d'Angle – 1–3 August 1957 – First ascent with Toni Gobbi of the east face
 * Northeast ridge – Gasherbrum IV – 6 August 1958 – First ascent with Carlo Mauri
 * Runtuy North – May 1961 – First ascent with Andrea Oggioni
 * Sentinella Rossa Route – Mont Blanc – 9 March 1961 – First winter ascent with Gigi Panei
 * Bonatti-Zappelli Direct Route – Mont Blanc (Frêney) – 20–22 September 1961 – First ascent with Cosimo Zappelli
 * Bonatti-Zappelli Route – Grand Pilier d'Angle – 22–23 June 1962 – First ascent with Cosimo Zappelli, north face
 * Cassin Route – Grandes Jorasses – 25–30 January 1963 – First winter ascent with Cosimo Zappelli
 * Bonatti-Zappelli Route – Grand Pilier d'Angle – 11–12 October 1963 – First ascent with Cosimo Zappelli, south face
 * North ridge – Trident du Tacul – 30 July 1964 – First ascent with Livio Stuffer
 * Bonatti-Vaucher Route – Grandes Jorasses (Pointe Whymper) – 6–10 August 1964 – First ascent of the north face with Michel Vaucher

Routes soloed
 * Bonatti Route – Aiguille du Dru – 17–22 August 1955 – First solo ascent of the south-east pillar
 * Major Route – Mont Blanc (Brenva) – 13 September 1959 – First solo ascent. The same day Carlo Mauri soloed for the first time the parallel Poire Route.
 * South-East face – Brenva Col – 28 March 1961 – First solo ascent
 * Bonatti Route – Matterhorn – 18–22 February 1965 – First solo and winter climb of a new route on the north face

Books
Walter Bonatti was a prolific writer. Hereafter are listed his books. Most of them were translated in several languages.

 * Le Mie Montagne (My Mountains), Walter Bonatti, Bologna: Zanichelli, 1961
 * I Giorni Grandi (The Great Days), Walter Bonatti, Verona: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1971
 * Magia del Monte Bianco (Magic of Mont Blanc), Walter Bonatti, Como: Massimo Baldini Editore, 1984
 * Processo al K2 (Trial on K2), Walter Bonatti, Como: Massimo Baldini Editore, 1985
 * La Mia Patagonia (My Patagonia), Walter Bonatti, Como: Massimo Baldini Editore, 1986
 * Un Modo di Essere (A way of Living), Walter Bonatti, Milan: dall'Oglio Editore, 1989
 * K2 Storia di un Caso (K2 – The Story of a Court Case), Walter Bonatti, Bergamo: Ferrari Editrice, 1995
 * Montagne di Una Vita, Walter Bonatti, Milan: Baldini & Castoldi, 1995
 * K2 Storia di un Caso (K2 – The Story of a Court Case) 2nd edition, Walter Bonatti, Milan: Baldini & Castoldi, 1996
 * In terre lontane (In far away lands), Walter Bonatti, Milan: Baldini & Castoldi, 1998
 * The Mountains of My Life, Walter Bonatti, Penguin Classics, 2010. ISBN 978-0-141-95716-6
 * ''K2 La verità. 1954–2004" (K2 The truth),, Walter Bonatti, 2005, Baldini Castoldi Dalai editore. ISBN 88-8490-845-0.
 * K2 Lies and Treachery, Robert Marshall, 2009, Carreg Ltd. UK. ISBN 978-0-9538631-7-4.
 * Un mondo perduto: viaggio a ritroso nel tempo, Walter Bonatti, Milan: Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009

title: Walter Bonatti


text: User:Ragib/ToDo

title: User:Ragib/ToDo


text:
Talk:San Diego Comic-Con

Shango God Double sided axe of Thunder LightningThunder and firer
Thor Marvels Animated Character 2601:586:4A02:6620:1DC:BC5B:F962:9DE3 (talk) 19:27, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

Thor Marvels Animated Character
Seems like such a replica of the Orisha African God Shang correct me if I’m wrong!!!! 2601:586:4A02:6620:1DC:BC5B:F962:9DE3 (talk) 19:40, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:San Diego Comic-Con


text:
User:Mike@jones-reddy.org

Mike@jons-reddy.org was previously mreddy@glam.ac.uk and all edits attributed to that username are mine

title: User:Mike@jones-reddy.org


text:
Mary Ball (naturalist)

Mary Ball (1812–1898) was an Irish naturalist and entomologist most noted for her studies of Odonata and for her discovery of the stridulation in aquatic bugs in the family Corixidae.

Early life
Mary Ball was born in 1812, the second daughter of Bob Stawell Ball and his wife Mary née Green. She was born near Cobh, County Cork, but shortly moved with the family to nearby Youghal, County Cork. Mary had three siblings who lived into adulthood: Robert, Bent (1806–1860), and Anne, a well-known algologist. The family was Protestant and "involved in trade".

There is not much known about Mary's training, but as a middle-class family she certainly would have access to a microscope and the latest volumes of natural history and scientific classification of the times. It has been recorded that Robert started collecting specimens with his father at the age of five. It can be assumed that Mary would have participated as well. Robert encouraged Mary in her early insect studies, purchasing for her a copy of James Stephens' Systematic Catalogue of British insects, published in 1829. In this she detailed the insects in her growing collection.

Zoological work
In 1833 Mary began a correspondence with the Belfast naturalist William Thompson. Her insect collection became large for the time and was very well known. Thompson named about twenty species of molluscs and crustaceans in her honour, including a small spiral snail Rissoa balliae in 1856.

Mary concentrated on collecting shells and insects, accumulating what was considered one of the best collections of molluscs in the country at the time, though it was disposed after her death. One of her most interesting finds was a specimen of the migratory locust figured in John Curtis's British Entomology - Folio 608 Locusta christii dated 1 August 1836. "In the cabinets of Miss Ball and the author" - "Another specimen, captured last September at Ardmore in the county of Waterford by Miss M. Ball has been kindly transmitted to me for my inspection by Mr Robert Ball of Dublin. It is of the same sex as the one figured but the elytra are much more spotted".

Mary Ball's Odonata were studied by the Belgian entomologist Michel Edmond de Selys-Longchamps on his visit to Dublin. Her entomology collections are now housed in the Natural History Museum in Dublin, and the Zoology Museum in Trinity College, Dublin.

Later life
After the successive deaths of her father in 1841, her mentor William Thompson in 1852 and her brother Robert in 1857, Mary seems to have given up entomology and taken to fern gardening. A success too: "If Aunt Mary had planted a parasol it would have grown into an umbrella", one of her nephews remarked. She spent her last years living with her sister Anne in Dublin. She died there in 1898 at the age of eighty-six.

Publications
Mary, as was the convention, did not publish her work under her own name. The three known works were all communicated by her brother Robert. They are:

 * "On the sounds produced by the Notonectidae under water" Annals and Magazine of Natural History 16: 129. (1846)
 * "On the noises produced by one of the Notonectidae Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science". Notices and abstracts of communications Cambridge Meeting, June 1845: 64–65. Ball, R. (1846).
 * "Corixa striata, Curtis". Annals and Magazine of Natural History 17: 135–136. (18--)

Her observations of butterflies and moths were cited by the "father of Irish entomology" Alexander Henry Haliday in his work on the Irish Lepidoptera.

title: Mary Ball (naturalist)


text:
Independent University, Bangladesh

Independent University, Bangladesh (ইন্ডিপেন্ডেন্ট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, more commonly known as IUB) is a private research university in Bangladesh. It is located in Bashundhara of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Founded in 1993 under the Private University Act, 1992. The university awards bachelor's degrees, master's degrees in a wide variety of subjects within business, humanities, social sciences,information technology, engineering, medicine and space and astronomy.

The university has over 12,000 students, both national and international, and is one of Bangladesh's top private universities. It is the first university in Bangladesh to launch deep-sky imaging telescopes.

History
Independent University, Bangladesh was established in 1993.

List of vice-chancellors
Pro Vice-Chancellors
 * M Omar Ejaz Rahman (2012 – 2022)
 * Tanweer Hasan (23 February 2022 – present)

 * Milan Pagon (2017 – 2021)
 * Niaz Ahmed Khan (2021 – present)

Academics
Source:

The educational curriculum adheres to the North American Liberal Arts Model, with English serving as the medium of instruction. Currently, there are five academic schools in IUB.

Undergraduate program
The school offers an undergraduate Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) degree. Available areas of concentration are accounting, economics, finance, general management, human resource management, international business, management information systems, and marketing.

Graduate program (MBA)
The school offers an MBA degree. Students are allowed up to five years from the date of initial enrollment to complete the degree requirements. It is possible to finish the program within five semesters by taking the maximum course load, or within three semesters if students have waivers or transfer courses. Available areas of concentration are banking, finance, human resources management, and marketing.

Graduate program (EMBA)
The school also offers an EMBA degree.

Graduate program (MSc Economics)
The school also offers a Master of Science (MSc) in Economics degree. The program offers a concentration in Development Economics, International Economics, Applied Econometrics, Financial Economics and Environmental and Natural Resource Economics.

Undergraduate program
The school offers undergraduate programs on various majors under the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Physical Sciences:

 * 1) B.Sc. in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE)
 * 2) B.Sc. in Electrical & Telecommunication Engineering (ETE)
 * 3) B.Sc. in Computer Science & Engineering (CSE)
 * 4) B.Sc. in Computer Science (CS)
 * 5) B.Sc. in Computer Engineering (CEN)
 * 6) B.Sc. in Physics
 * 7) B.Sc. in Mathematics

Graduate program

 * 1) M.Sc. in Computer Networks and Communications (CNC)
 * 2) M.Sc. in Telecommunication Engineering (TE)
 * 3) M.Sc. / M.Eng. in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE)
 * 4) M.Sc. in Computer Science (CSC)
 * 5) M.Sc. in Software Engineering (SEN)

Undergraduate program
The school offers undergraduate programs on various majors under the Department of Environmental Science and Management and the Department of Life Sciences.
 * Department of Environmental Science and Management:
 * 1) B.Sc. in Environmental Science and Management

 * Department of Life Sciences:
 * 1) B.Sc. in Microbiology
 * 2) B.Sc. in Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Graduate program
The school offers graduate programs on various majors.

Undergraduate program
The school offers undergraduate programs on a rare variety including Anthropology, Sociology, Global Studies and Governance (the only program of such kind in the country), Media and Communication (Advertising, Film Studies, Journalism and Development Communication), English Literature, English Language Teaching and Law. Besides the school offers undergraduate minors on all subjects mentioned above. It also offers many foundation courses ranging from history to philosophy, art to politics, music to culture.

Graduate program
The school offers graduate programs in Development Studies, English Language Teaching, Media and Communication, and English Literature.

Undergraduate program
The school offers an undergraduate program in Pharmacy.
 * 1) Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm)

Executive Master of Public Health
The school offers an executive master of Public Health.

Faculty members
The faculty includes scholars such as musicologist Mustafa Zaman Abbasi, microbiologist Shah M. Faruque, pharmacologist J. M. A. Hannan, and climatologist Saleemul Huq. Ekushey Padak and Independence Day Award recipient Enamul Haque taught at the university.

Campus
The IUB campus spans across 3 acres, featuring an amphitheater and laboratories dedicated to life, environmental, and social sciences, as well as engineering. The infrastructure includes 95 multimedia classrooms, equipped for both physical and online classes. Accommodations are provided in the form of a dormitory for female students from outside Dhaka and a guest house for visiting scholars.

Library
Source:

Established in 1992 within a single room in a rented residence at Banani, Dhaka, the IUB Library received an initial donation of 160 volumes of books from Dr. A. Majeed Khan, the founder President and President Emeritus of IUB. Driven by a commitment to learning and discovery, the library quickly expanded, moving to larger spaces at House number 8, Road 10, Baridhara, Dhaka, in 1993, and later to two floors of a rented house on Baridhara’s Road 14, House number 5, in 1998.

Accommodation
IUB provides a secure dormitory to accommodate female students arriving from locations outside Dhaka, as well as foreign students. Additionally, a guesthouse is available to host visiting scholars.

Clubs
The following list of clubs as per the university website:

 * 1) Global Gatekeepers
 * 2) Green Planet Club
 * 3) IEEE Computer Society, IUB
 * 4) IEEE IUB Student Branch
 * 5) Independent Accounting Association (IAA)
 * 6) Independent Beta Elites
 * 7) Independent HR Society (IHRS)
 * 8) Independent Managerial Society
 * 9) Independent Marketers’ Association
 * 10) Independent Photography Club - IPC
 * 11) IUB ACM Student Chapter
 * 12) IUB Art Club
 * 13) IUB Badminton Club
 * 14) IUB Chess Club
 * 15) IUB Cricket Club
 * 16) IUB Dance Club
 * 17) IUB Debate Club
 * 18) IUB English Language Club
 * 19) IUB Esports Club
 * 20) IUB Football Club
 * 21) IUB K-Club
 * 22) IUB Music Club
 * 23) IUB Table Tennis Club
 * 24) IUB Theatre Global
 * 25) IUB Toastmasters Club
 * 26) Jukti - The IUB CSE Club
 * 27) The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award at IUB - DEA IUB
 * 28) The Environment Club

Alumni

 * Mishu Sabbir, actor
 * Nazifa Tushi, actress
 * Jannatul Ferdous Oishee ,model and actress
 * Nishita Barua, singer
 * Moumita Tashrin Nodi, singer
 * Shirin Akter Shila, model
 * Iftekhar Rafsan, Youtuber
 * Rakin Absar, Comedian
 * Mashfiq Enam Turjo, Comedian[39]

title: Independent University, Bangladesh


text:
Raphael Samuel

Raphael Elkan Samuel (26 December 1934 – 9 December 1996) was a British Marxist historian, described by Stuart Hall as "one of the most outstanding, original intellectuals of his generation". He was professor of history at the University of East London at the time of his death and also taught at Ruskin College from 1962 until his death.

Life
Samuel was born into a Jewish family in London. His father, Barnett Samuel, was a solicitor and his mother, Minna Nerenstein, was at various times composer and partner in Jewish publishers Shapiro, Valentine. Samuel joined the Communist Party of Great Britain when a teenager and left following the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary in 1956.

Samuel was a member of the Communist Party Historians Group from a young age, alongside E. P. Thompson, Eric Hobsbawm and others, and would later study at Balliol College, Oxford under fellow member Christopher Hill. In 1957, he co-founded the magazine Universities and Left Review with Gabriel Pearson, Charles Taylor, and Stuart Hall, which would become, following its merger with The New Reasoner, the New Left Review in 1960. He also founded the Partisan Coffee House in 1958 in Soho, London, as a meeting place for the British New Left.

He founded the History Workshop movement at trade union connected Ruskin College, Oxford. Samuel and the History Workshop movement powerfully influenced the development of the approach to historical research and writing commonly called "history from below".

In 1987 Samuel married the writer and critic Alison Light. Samuel's archive is held at Bishopsgate Library.

After Samuel's death in 1996, the East London History Centre of the University of East London was renamed the Raphael Samuel History Centre, in honour of his role in creating it. The Centre was established to investigate and document the history of London since the eighteenth century. Consistent with Samuel's belief that historical studies should extend outside the academy, the Centre encourages research in the community, and the publication of materials ranging from monographs by established scholars to student dissertations and "Notes and Queries" features in the local press. Since September 2009 the Raphael Samuel Centre has been a partnership between the University of East London, Birkbeck College and the Bishopsgate Institute.

In an obituary in the journal Radical Philosophy, Carolyn Steedman describes Samuel's work:"Like Raymond Williams and Edward Thompson, he produced his historical work in interaction with working-class adult returners to education.... The standard charge against the history Samuel inspired was of a fanatical empiricism and a romantic merging of historians and their subjects in crowded narratives, in which each hard-won detail of working lives, wrenched from the cold indifference of posterity, is piled upon another, in a relentless rescue of the past. When he was himself subject to these charges, it was presumably his fine – and immensely detailed – accounts of the labour process that critics had in mind. But it was meaning rather than minutiae that he cared about."

Raphael Samuel was interred on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery.

Selected bibliography

 * East End Underworld (1981)
 * Theatres of Memory: Volume 1: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture (1994)
 * Theatres of Memory: Volume 2: Island Stories: Unravelling Britain (1997)
 * The Lost World of British Communism (2006)
 * Workshop of the World: Essays in People's History (2023)

'''Edited Collections
 * Village Life and Labour, edited by Raphael Samuel (1975)
 * Miners, Quarrymen and Saltworkers, edited by Raphael Samuel (1977)
 * People's History and Socialist Theory, edited by Raphael Samuel (1981)
 * Culture, Ideology and Politics, edited by Raphael Samuel and Gareth Stedman Jones (1983)
 * Theatres of the Left: 1880–1935, Raphael Samuel, Ewan MacColl and Stuart Cosgrove (1985)
 * The Enemy Within: The Miners' Strike of 1984 edited by Raphael Samuel, Barbara Bloomfield and Guy Boanas (1987)
 * Patriotism (Volume 1): History and Politics, edited by Raphael Samuel (1989)
 * Patriotism (Volume 2): Minorities and Outsiders, edited by Raphael Samuel (1989)
 * Patriotism (Volume 3): National Fictions, edited by Raphael Samuel (1989)
 * The Myths We Live By, edited by Raphael Samuel and Paul Thompson (1990)

title: Raphael Samuel


text:
Content Protection Status Report

The Content Protection Status Report is the title of a series of three documents submitted to the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary during 2002 by the Motion Picture Association of America. (The Senate Judiciary Committee has jurisdiction over, and regularly holds hearings related to, U.S. copyright law.) In these documents, the MPAA discusses its progress in devising, and getting technology firms to adopt, digital rights management and recording controls for consumer technology products.

The Status Report also proposes, in general terms, legislation related to three areas of concern to the MPAA in 2002:

 * The ATSC broadcast flag
 * The analog hole
 * Peer-to-peer file sharing

The original documents remain available from the Senate Judiciary Committee's web site:

 * http://judiciary.senate.gov/special/content_protection.pdf Content Protection Status Report
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20050903004220/http://judiciary.senate.gov/special/mpaa_june.pdf Content Protection Status Report II
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20050527202214/http://judiciary.senate.gov/special/mpaa110702.pdf Content Protection Status Report III

title: Content Protection Status Report


text:
MPIO

MPIO may refer to:

 * Multipath I/O
 * Mpio, a former Korean electronics manufacturer known for portable media players

title: MPIO


text:
Talk:Daniel Maynard Burgess

Comment
A worthy candidate for Wiki-immortality. I confess I have yet to get hold of the book, but I think the word "explorer" would be justifiable for 19th century travelers in Central and South America.

 * The book cited is available online, so some industrious editor could expand this article considerably. --DThomsen8 (talk) 20:52, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniel Maynard Burgess


text:
User:Mreddy@glam.ac.uk

Now moved to Mike@jones-reddy.org

title: User:Mreddy@glam.ac.uk


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/July 15, 2005


text:
Tatihou

Tatihou is an islet of Normandy in France with an area of 29 ha. It is located to the east of the Cotentin peninsula just off the coast near Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue. It is almost uninhabited, and is usually reached by amphibious craft although, being a tidal island, it is also possible to walk there over the local oyster beds at low tide. Access to the island is limited to 500 visitors per day.

History
Tatihou, like many of the islets of the Channel Islands contains the -hou suffix.

In 1692 the naval Battle of La Hougue took place between the English and the French close to the island of Tatihou. In 1756 the surroundings of La Hougue were defended by many batteries and forts, but the lack of regular maintenance ensured that these quickly fell into disrepair. In 1720 Tatihou was used for quarantining plague victims from Marseilles.

On 10 December 1803, the 36-gun frigate HMS Shannon grounded on Tatihou. All her crew survived to be captured by troops from a battery. The next day a party from HMS Merlin burned Shannon to prevent her arms and stores falling into French hands.

Culture
Tatihou has hosted a small folk festival since 1995, Les Traversées de Tatihou, every August 15. The hours are selected according to the tides to allow the festival goers to get home. The island also hosts music courses several times a year.

The watch-tower on Tatihou is among the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Flora and fauna
An ornithological reserve was founded in 1990 with an area of 3 ha. The island is a stopping place for many migrating birds, including the herring gull, great black-backed gull, common shelduck, little egret, eider, wigeon and yellow-legged gull. There is also a botanical garden on the island.

Twinning
Tatihou is twinned with:

 * Brownsea Island, United Kingdom

title: Tatihou


text: Wikipedia:POTD/July 15, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/July 15, 2005


text:
Just-Ice

Joseph Williams Jr. (born June 22, 1965), better known by the stage name Just-Ice, is an American rapper from New York City.

Career
In 1986 he was charged with the murder of drug dealer Ludlaw DeSouza, but later proven innocent. His third album, The Desolate One (1989), had minor success in the United Kingdom, reaching no. 16 on the UK Independent Chart.

Williams relocated from the Ft. Greene area in Brooklyn to the Castle Hill section of the Bronx in his early adolescent years. He currently resides in the Bronx which he considers his hometown.

Bradley Nowell (Sublime) brought Just-Ice's vinyl record The Desolate One to KROQ 106.7 FM Radio Station in California in the 1990s at the height of the band's success and proclaimed "You can drop the needle anywhere on this record and I guarantee you, GOLD!" Of which, the DJ allowed and played "NA TOUCH DA JUST".

Discography

 * Back to the Old School (1986)
 * Kool & Deadly (1987)
 * The Desolate One (1989)
 * Masterpiece (1990)
 * Gun Talk (1993)
 * Kill the Rhythm (Like a Homicide) (1995)
 * VII (1998)
 * Gangster Boogie (2008) (digital download only)
 * 32 Degrees (2009) (digital download only)
 * The Just-Ice and KRS-One EP Vol.1 (2010) (digital download only)

title: Just-Ice


text:
Talk:Oswald the lucky Rabbit

Disney and the ownership of the character
According to the article, Disney's rights to Oswald does not include the Universal-produced Oswald films and other related products were not included, but the original 26 short films made by Disney and the character itself are included. But the character has evolved a lot since Disney and Ub Iwerks left and created Mickey Mouse instead. In the comic book the character evolved so much from its origin that all it has common is being a rabbit and the name. The universe where the Oswald from the comic books are living are also very different from where he started, sharing it with Woody Woodpecker and other new and familiar comic animals. So what is someone wants to make an animated feature based on the Oswald from the comic books instead of the original Oswald? Would Disney still have the ownership? If they do, would it then be OK if they changed the name, but kept everything else from the late comic version of Oswald?

A new Oswald cartoon
Everything seems to indicate there will be a new Oswald cartoon:

"As we've said before, Lasseter and Catmull want to put a bunch of new animated shorts into production, the idea being that a new one will be up in front of each new animated feature as it lifts off at the box office. The thought originally was (we're told) to get a new one produced for "Meet the Robinsons," but its release schedule is too tight for that to happen. So, a Golden Oldie will be dusted off for "Robinsons," and new one-reelers created for the animated features sitting further down the tarmac." (http://animationguildblog.blogspot.com/2006/08/dancing-to-and-fromand-todisney.html)

"Word is that Lasseter has a very smart and productive approach to getting the division used to seeing pencils in the building again: he’s approved production of two short films to be produced in hand-drawn animation (and one of them will bring back to the big screen one of the studio’s most successful short-format stars) thus creating both a production pipeline for one of animation’s most rewarding forms of entertainment and a kind of artists’ gym for getting into shape and getting ready to tackle what will doubtless be the glorious and triumphant return of the Disney of old. This is similar to the R & D attitude Pixar has toward short films, and one that Walt himself believed in right up until he died." (http://www.laughingplace.com/News-PID510530-510532.asp)

"Given that Oswald-related merchandise is still very popular in Japan, Disney's reportedly looking into creating some brand-new animation of this classic cartoon character as he appeared back in the 1920s. So that this lucky rabbit can then make appearances on cellular phones and/or on other handheld devices."

"The story that I've heard from a number of Disney insiders is that it was actually an article that ran on Jerry Beck & Amid Amidi's excellent Cartoon Brew website back in January of 2005 that reportedly put Oswald the Lucky Rabbit on Iger's radar." (http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2006/02/09/751.aspx)

"Those that showed up were treated to a warm performance by new CEO Iger, who has seemingly made reconciliation part of the central focus of his tenure to date. While still CEO-elect, Iger eased the exit of Harvey and Bob Weinstein from Miramax and negotiated a peaceful end to the Save Disney campaign. In recent days, he has engineered the return of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Walt Disney's first star cartoon character, and the purchase of Pixar Animation Studios." (http://www.mouseplanet.com/articles.php?art=bm060314mg)

"Recently, a team led by John Lasseter bought back the rights to Oswald from Universal, with plans to make new short cartoons and even a feature length movie with Oswald." (http://scribbleking.typepad.com/movie_scribblings/2006/06/the_return_of_o.html)

"John Lassiter apparently has plans for Oswald... Animated shorts... an Animated Feature possibly... we'll have to wait and see." (http://www.aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id=23705)

title: Talk:Oswald the lucky Rabbit


text:
Većeslav Holjevac

Većeslav Holjevac (22 August 1917 – 11 July 1970) was a Croatian and Yugoslav soldier and communist politician.

Holjevac was born in Karlovac, at the time in Austria-Hungary. He joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 1939. Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and establishment of Independent State of Croatia, Holjevac was active in resistance movement and in July 1941 he was one of the founders of Partisan units in Kordun and Banovina regions of Croatia. He served as political commissar of Partisan units in that region, including the 4th Croatian Corps, until the end of war.

The most famous action which Holjevac commanded in 1941, happened on November 17 in Karlovac. He was in command of the platoon whose assignment was to liberate partisan Marijan Čavić, who was wounded by Ustashe, captured and set to healthcare in Karlovac hospital. Holjevac's platoon was redressed in Homeguard uniforms, so they entered Karlovac without problems. Unfortunately, Čavić was taken from hospital before their arrival, so the assignment was not completely executed. However, this action made a high impression within the population of Karlovac and neighbouring places.

After the war, Holjevac served in many important posts in Tito's Yugoslavia.

For his war service he received the title of People's Hero of Yugoslavia on Jul 23, 1951. The following year he was named mayor of Zagreb, a post he held until 1963. As such, he is credited with many important construction projects that modernised the city, most notably the creation of Novi Zagreb. He also successfully lobbied for establishment of Zagreb trade fair.

Holjevac died in 1970 in Zagreb.

His daughter Tatjana Holjevac used his legacy to launch her own political career during the 2005 local elections in Zagreb.

A major thoroughfare of Zagreb, Većeslav Holjevac Avenue is named after Većeslav Holjevac.

title: Većeslav Holjevac


text:
Norodom Buppha Devi

Norodom Buppha Devi (នរោត្តម បុប្ផាទេវី ; 8 January 1943 – 18 November 2019) was a Cambodian princess, dancer, director of the Royal Ballet of Cambodia, senator, and Minister of Culture and Fine Arts. She was the daughter of Norodom Sihanouk and the late Neak Moneang Phat Kanhol, the elder sister of Prince Norodom Ranariddh, and a half-sibling of the current King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihamoni. Her official title was Her Royal Highness Samdech Reach Botrei Preah Ream Norodom Buppha Devi (សម្តេចរាជបុត្រីព្រះរៀមនរោត្តម បុប្ផាទេវី).

Name
Buppha Devi derives from Pali words puppha (បុប្ផា), meaning flower, and devi (ទេវី), meaning goddess. The name is also romanised as "Bopha Devi" or "Bophadevi".

Life and career
Buppha Devi finished her high school education at Lycée Preah Norodom in Phnom Penh. As a young princess, her grandmother, Queen Sisowath Kossamak, chose her to become a dancer early in her life. At the age of 15, she became the premier dancer of the Royal Ballet of Cambodia. At the age of 18, she was granted the title of prima ballerina.

She then toured the world as the principal dancer of the Royal Ballet with Queen Kossamak, performing in public. In the past the ballet had been performed only before royalty to commemorate their dynastic ancestors and to honour the gods. For her dancing ability, her father Norodom Sihanouk cast her in his first feature-length film Apsara in 1966.

Buppha Devi served as Deputy Minister of Culture and Fine Arts from 1991–1993, advisor to the Royal Government in charge of Culture and Fine Arts from 1993–1998, Vice President of the Cambodian Red Cross from 1993–1997, President of the Cambodian-Chinese Association in the year 2000 and the Minister of Culture and Fine Arts from 1998–2004.

Personal life
Buppha Devi married her first husband in 1959 at the age of fifteen. Her four total marriages produced five children:

1) Norodom Norinractevong

2) Sisowath Monichivann

3) Bruno Jacques Forsinetti 4) Sisowath Chivanmonirak
 * Princess Sisowath Moni Kossoma (born 1960)
 * Princess Sisowath Kalyan Tevi (born 1961)
 * Keo Chansita Forsinetti (born 1965). She is now known as Norodom Chansita
 * Prince Sisowath Chivannariddh (born 1968)
 * Prince Sisowath Veakchiravuddh (born 1973)

title: Norodom Buppha Devi