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Stephen Bishop (singer)

Earl Stephen Bishop (born November 14, 1951) is an American singer-songwriter, actor, and guitarist. His biggest hits include "On and On", "It Might Be You", and "Save It for a Rainy Day". He contributed musically and appeared in many motion pictures including National Lampoon's Animal House.

Early life, family and education
Earl Stephen Bishop was born and raised in San Diego, California. Originally a clarinetist, he persuaded his brother to buy him a guitar after seeing the Beatles perform on The Ed Sullivan Show. Stephen is married to Liz Kamlet, his manager. He attended Will C. Crawford High School in San Diego.

Music
In 1967, he formed his first group, the Weeds, a British Invasion-style band. After the Weeds folded, Bishop moved to Los Angeles in search of a solo recording contract. During a lean eight-year period, where he was rejected "by nearly every label and producer," he continued to write songs eventually landing a $50-a-week job with a publishing house.

Bishop's break came when a friend, Leah Kunkel, gave Art Garfunkel one of Bishop's demo tapes. Garfunkel chose two of his songs, "Looking for the Right One" and "The Same Old Tears on a New Background", to record for his platinum album Breakaway. Via Garfunkel's patronage, Bishop finally secured a recording contract with ABC Records in 1976. His first album, Careless, included two of his biggest hits. The first single released, "Save It for a Rainy Day", introduced Bishop to the listening public and was number 22 on the Billboard singles chart. The next single, Bishop's highest charting to date, "On and On", peaked at No. 11. The album itself rose to number 34 on the Billboard albums chart. Eric Clapton, Garfunkel, and Chaka Khan all contributed their talents to the album.

Careless went gold as did Bishop's next album Bish, released in 1978. Bish included one single, "Everybody Needs Love", which made it to number 32. The album has a smooth classic called "A Fool At Heart" which features Chaka Khan and Natalie Cole on background vocals. His third album, Red Cab to Manhattan, released in 1980, failed to chart and was the last released in North America for nine years. Bishop has written and performed music for many feature films. In 1978, he contributed the original song "Dream Girl" and theme to National Lampoon's Animal House, which he sang in falsetto. In 1980, he contributed backing vocals to "This Must Be Love", from Phil Collins' debut solo album Face Value. Bishop's next hit, charting at number 25 in 1982, was "It Might Be You", the theme from the movie Tootsie, unusual in that it was not penned by Bishop. Written by Dave Grusin, Alan Bergman, and Marilyn Bergman, it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.

Bishop's composition "Separate Lives", sung by Phil Collins and Marilyn Martin, from the 1985 movie White Nights, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. It lost to "Say You, Say Me" from the same film. Bishop wrote the song about his breakup with actress Karen Allen, who also appeared in Animal House. He said: "I write much better when I'm heartbroken and sad or melancholy." Other film music includes "Somewhere in Between" (written and performed) from The China Syndrome (1979), "Your Precious Love" (performed with Yvonne Elliman) from Roadie (1980), "If Love Takes You Away" (written and performed) from Summer Lovers (1982), "Unfaithfully Yours (One Love)" which was written and performed from Unfaithfully Yours (1984), "Something New in My Life" (performed) from Micki & Maude (1984), "The Heart Is So Willing" (performed) from The Money Pit (1986), "All I Want" (performed) from All I Want for Christmas (1991), and "You Can Do Anything" (written and performed by Bishop and Jeff Jones) from Barney's Great Adventure (1998). In addition, the original version of "Walkin' on Air" (written and performed by Bishop) was featured in the 1986 film The Boy Who Could Fly.

In 1989, Bishop released the album Bowling in Paris with Phil Collins (the co-producer on some of the songs), Eric Clapton, and Sting contributing. The album included a revamped version of "Walkin' on Air", this time featuring drumming, production, and additional vocals from Collins. The version became a #13 hit on the Adult Contemporary chart. In 1987, the Norwegian swing/pop duo Bobbysocks! had recorded their own version of "Walking on Air" (as "Walkin' on Air") as the title track to their album Walkin' on Air.

Acting
Bishop has appeared in several motion pictures as a "charming" character including four directed by John Landis. He had a cameo role, billed as "Charming Guy", in The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977); he appeared as a hustler in the infamous "Catholic High School Girls in Trouble" segment. In addition to singing the theme song off-screen, Bishop had a cameo appearance in National Lampoon's Animal House in 1978 (the aspiring folk singer billed as "Charming Guy with Guitar" who sang "The Riddle Song"). Charming Guy's guitar was smashed against a staircase wall at the Delta Tau Chi house by John "Bluto" Blutarsky (John Belushi). The scene was filmed twice and Bishop had the second smashed guitar signed by the cast and framed.

He appeared in The Blues Brothers (1980), billed as "Charming Trooper", who breaks his watch during a mall chase. He appeared very briefly in Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983), billed as "Charming G.I.", in the Vietnam War scene. Bishop appeared, as "Blue London", in Harry Jaglom's Someone to Love (1987).

Eric Clapton, in his autobiography, mentions Bishop as being one of his favorite singer-songwriters.

Songs by Bishop recorded by others
Numerous artists have recorded songs written by Bishop. They include:
 * Aswad – "On and On"
 * Eric Clapton – "Holy Mother"
 * Phil Collins & Marilyn Martin – "Separate Lives"
 * Jonathan Coulton - "On and On"
 * David Crosby – "Natalie"
 * Shelley Duvall – "Tiny Pillow"
 * Yvonne Elliman – "Sailing Ships"
 * Four Tops – "Save It for a Rainy Day"
 * Frida – "Tell Me It's Over"
 * Art Garfunkel – "Looking for the Right One", "The Same Old Tears on a New Background", "Sail on a Rainbow", "One Less Holiday", "Slow Breakup", "King of Tonga", "If Love Takes You Away"
 * Patricia Kaas – "When I Was in Love"
 * Leah Kunkel – "A Fool at Heart", "Under the Jamaican Moon"
 * Cheryl Ladd – "Rock and Roll Slave"
 * Cleo Laine – "One More Night"
 * Kenny Loggins – "Give It Half a Chance"
 * Johnny Mathis – "One More Night", "Let Your Heart Remember"
 * Megon McDonough – "Not the Same Woman"
 * Stephanie Mills – "Give It Half a Chance"
 * Luciano Pavarotti – "Holy Mother"
 * Steve Perry – "Donna Please"
 * Kenny Rankin – "On and On"
 * Helen Reddy – "One More Night"
 * Rumer − "Separate Lives"
 * Diane Schuur – "Red Cab to Manhattan"
 * Phoebe Snow – "Never Letting Go"
 * James Lee Stanley – "Every Minute"
 * Barbra Streisand – "One More Night"

Albums

 * Careless (1976)
 * Bish (1978)
 * Red Cab to Manhattan (1980)
 * Sleeping with Girls (1985; Asia only)
 * Bowling in Paris (1989; re-released in 2015 with different sequencing and cover)
 * Blue Guitars (1996; released in 1994 in Japan with different tracks and cover)
 * Happy Bishmas (2002; re-released in 2003 with different cover)
 * Yardwork (2002; released in Japan with different cover)
 * The Demo Album 1 (2003)
 * The Demo Album 2 (2003)
 * Fear of Massage: Demo 3 (2003)
 * Stephen Bishop Live at Duo Music Exchange (2006; Japan only)
 * America & Friends: Live at the Ventura Theater (2007; Japan only)
 * Saudade (2007; Target-only release. Re-released worldwide as Romance in Rio)
 * Romance in Rio (2008)
 * Be Here Then (2014)
 * Stephen Bishop Live (2014; also issued 2015 as The '70s: Stephen Bishop with series cover)
 * Blueprint (2016)
 * We'll Talk About It Later In The Car (2019)

Collections

 * Best of Bish (1988)
 * On and On: The Hits of Stephen Bishop (1994)
 * An Introduction to Stephen Bishop (1997)
 * Back to Back (1999; split title with Michael Johnson)
 * The Millennium Collection (2002)

title: Stephen Bishop (singer)


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International Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry

The International Symmetry Society ("International Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry"; abbreviated name SIS) is an international non-governmental, non-profit organization registered in Hungary (Budapest, Vármegye u. 7. II. 3., H-1052). Its main objectives are:
 * 1) to bring together artists and scientists, educators and students devoted to, or interested in, the research and understanding of the concept and application of symmetry (asymmetry, dissymmetry);
 * 2) to provide regular information to the general public about events in symmetry studies;
 * 3) to ensure a regular forum (including the organization of symposia and the publication of a periodical) for all those interested in symmetry studies.

The topic was introduced for the first time by Russian and Polish scholars. Then in 1952, Hermann Weyl published his fascinating book Symmetry, which was later translated into 10 languages. Since then, it has become an attractive subject of research in various fields. A variety of manifestations of the principle of symmetry in sculpture, painting, architecture, ornament, and design, in organic and inorganic nature, has been revealed; the philosophical and mathematical significance of this principle has been studied. During the 1980s, the discussions concerning the nature of the world, whether it was essentially probabilistic or naturally geometric, revived the interest of the researchers in the topic. The intellectual atmosphere of this period facilitated the idea of the establishment of a new institution devoted to the study of all forms of complexity and patterns of symmetry and orderly structures pervading science, nature and society, which ultimately led to the establishment of the International Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry.

The Society's community comprises several branches of science and art, while symmetry studies have gained the rank of an individual interdisciplinary field in the judgement of the scientific community. The Society has members on over 40 countries on all continents.

The Society was founded in 1989 following a successful international meeting in Budapest. It has operated continuously since its foundation, publishing printed and web journals and hosting an International Congress and Exhibition entitled Symmetry: Art and Science every three years:

 * 1989 in Budapest, Hungary
 * 1992 in Hiroshima, Japan
 * 1995 in Washington DC, US
 * 1998 in Haifa, Israel
 * 2001 in Sydney, Australia
 * 2004 in Tihany, Hungary
 * 2007 in Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * 2010 in Gmünd, Austria
 * 2013 in Crete, Greece
 * 2016 in Adelaide, Australia
 * 2019 in Kanazawa, Japan

Interim, full conferences have been held in
 * Tsukuba Science City (co-organized with Katachi no kagaku kai, Japan), 1994 and 1998
 * Brussels (2002)
 * Lviv [Lemberg] (2008)
 * Kraków and Wroclaw (2008).

A new series of conferences under the general heading Logics of Image was launched in 2013 and is planned to take place every two years. This series is co-organised with the Research Group on Universal Logic:
 * ISSC 2016: Logics of Image - Visualization, Iconicity, Imagination and Human Creativity, in Santorini, Greece
 * ISSC 2018: Logics of Image - Visual Learning, Logic and Philosophy of Form in East and West, in Crete, Greece

The President of the International Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Symmetry is Dénes Nagy. The Society is governed by a number of special Boards and Committees. The International Advisory Board consists of:
 * Rima Ajlouni (United States of America)
 * Alireza Behnejad (UK),
 * Beth Cardier (Australia)
 * Oleh Bodnar (Ukraine),
 * Beth Cardier (Australia),
 * Liu Dun (China),
 * Shozo Isihara (Japan),
 * Ritsuko Izuhara (Japan),
 * Eugene Katz (Israel),
 * Patricia Muñoz (Argentina, representing SEMA),
 * Janusz Rębielak (Poland),
 * Vera Viana (Portugal).
 * Dmitry Weise (Russia).

Among the Honorary Members of the Society are:
 * Carol Bier (USA)
 * Jürgen Bokowski (Germany)
 * Michael Burt (Israel)
 * Donald Crowe ([United States of America])
 * Istvan Hargittai (Hungary)
 * William Huff ([United States of America])
 * Peter Klein (Germany)
 * Koryo Miura (Japan)
 * Tohru Ogawa (Japan)
 * Werner Schulze (Austria)
 * Caspar Schwabe (Switzerland)
 * Dan Shechtman (Israel)
 * Ryuji Takaki (Japan)

Honorary Members of the Society (died)
 * Johann Jakob Burckhardt (Switzerland)
 * Harold S. M. Coxeter (Canada)
 * Victor A. Frank-Kamenetsky (Russia)
 * Heinrich Heesch (Germany)
 * Kodi Husimi (Japan)
 * Michael Longuet-Higgins (UK and [United States of America])
 * Yuval Ne’eman (Israel)
 * Ilarion I. Shafranovskii (Russia)
 * Cyril Smith ([United States of America])
 * Eugene P. Wigner ([United States of America])

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Roche lobe

Hill sphere
Most of the sources I can find seem to indicate that the roche lobe and the hill sphere are really the same thing. (the latter being a spherical approximation of the former?). They both have similar definitions and represent the same concept as far as my understanding goes. However the article on the Hill sphere seems to say that the two must not be confused. Is anyone able to clarify this? (I posted this on the talk pages for both articles, I hope I'm not violating any guidelines?) 69.157.226.139 16:58, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * uh oh, the wiki police are going to come after you... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.61.140 (talk) 17:54, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

L1
The article is in error, as the centre of mass of a binary system is not the L1 lagrange point.

 * Does the article make that claim? I don't see it.  Are you saying it is incorrect that "A critical equipotential intersects itself at the center of mass of the system"? --Doradus 02:35, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

picture
Can anyone find a good picture of this? This article seems like it could use some visuals. --Ignignot 22:10, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * let's fire up the old starship and snap you some pictures...8x10s okay? don't get too close to that gravity well over there... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.61.140 (talk) 17:56, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

Readability
This article needs to be written to be a little more friendly to the non-scientist. Anyone up to the task? -- Renesis13 20:28, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Illustration question
The mesh in the upper portion of the illustration is not well explained. Does it just show the shape of the equipotention in that portion of space, or is it more significant? A shadow-mesh of the actual Roche lobe, would also be helpful, as well as a more firm visual indicator of the lobes themselves (which are actually 3D, not 2D as in the illustration). -- Beland 23:19, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

The Caption contains "L1, L2 and L3 are the points of Lagrange where forces cancel out.", which may or may not be an accurate translation. Not so, except for those who believe in "centrifugal force". At each of the (five) Lagrange points, the combination of the gravitational forces from the massive bodies is the centripetal force which curves the path of a particle at the L-point so that it remains in the same relative position. Suggestion: "L1, L2 and L3 are the Lagrange points in which a particle can orbit in unstable equilibrium.". Also, for general interest, L4 and L5 could be marked. - 82.163.24.100 11:07, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

References?
This article gives no references, except for the image. - Jmabel | Talk 16:34, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

not only stars
The way the introduction to the article is worded, one could be forgiven for thinking the concept only applies to stars for some pecuiliar reason. Also, the issue of the difference to the Hill sphere, raised in a previous comment should be addressed. It would perhaps be easy enough to track down these issues if someone had bothered to reference the article. Deuar 21:06, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roche lobe


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Provinces of Fiji

The Provinces of Fiji ("veiyasana" (pl.) and "yasana" (s.) in the Fijian language) are the 14 administrative units into which the country is divided, particularly in relation to the provision of resources and services to the indigenous Fijian population by the Fijian Affairs Board. They are more or less derived from the major clan affiliations for each provincial region.

Structure
The most basic administrative unit in modern Fijian communities is the koro (village). Each village is led by a village headman called the turaga-ni-koro, who is elected by the other villagers. A subunit of the yasana is the tikina, which is composed of several koros. Each yasana is governed by a provincial council, mainly composed of well educated people, and chiefly Fijians, and headed up by an executive head, under the title Roko Tui.

Provinces

The largest province by land area according to the latest Fiji Bureau of statistics is Cakaudrove (281,600 ha) followed by Ba (263,400 ha) and Nadroga-Navosa (238,500 ha) The largest province by population is Ba Province with 247, 708 according to 2017 census. The fourteen provinces and the present Roko Tui are:

List of provinces of Fiji by Human Development Index
This is a list of provinces of Fiji by Human Development Index as of 2021.

title: Provinces of Fiji


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Binegar

Binegar is a small village and civil parish in Somerset, England. It is located on the A37, 4 mi east of Wells, between Shepton Mallet and Chilcompton. Its population in 2011 was 313. Binegar and Gurney Slade on the opposite side of the A37 are effectively a single village and share a sign on the main road. In Gurney Slade, the quarry and houses on the north side of Tape Lane are in Binegar parish whilst the south side is in Ashwick parish. In Binegar, some houses on the south side of Station Road are in Ashwick parish and some on the north side of the village are in Emborough parish.

History
The village had one Church of England Voluntary Controlled primary school, which was shut at the end of 2011, one very old church, post office, and smattering of houses. It also has 2 pubs, the Horse & Jockey and The George.

It used to have a station on the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, which closed in 1966, and was the site of accidents on the line in 1885 and 1886.

The name of the village was Begenhangra, in a charter of 1065, which probably meant the slope where beans are grown. It formed part of the endowment of Wells Cathedral.

Calamine ore was mined at Merchants Hill in the late 18th century, but the area's principal focus was on limestone quarrying, at Gurney Slade quarry, and agriculture. Adjacent to the quarry there is now a plant which processes powdered material (known as filler) from various Mendip quarries.

The parish was part of the hundred of Wells Forum.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of Mendip, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Shepton Mallet Rural District, which is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Wells county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Religious sites
The Norman Church of the Holy Trinity was rebuilt in the 15th century, and again rebuilt (except for the tower) in 1858 for Rev William Heade. The tower contains two bells dating from 1776 and made by William Bilbie of the Bilbie family. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building.

title: Binegar


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Namibia Women's Action for Equality Party

Namibia Women's Action for Equality Party was a political party in Namibia. It was formed on 20 July 1994 by Ilenikelao Nhinda Latvio. The party never gained many members and never took part in an election.


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Central Division, Fiji

The Central Division (Fiji Hindi: सेंट्रल डिवीजन) of Fiji is one of Fiji's four divisions. It consists of five provinces - Naitasiri, Namosi, Rewa, Serua and Tailevu.

The capital of the division is Suva, which is also the capital of Fiji. The division includes the eastern part of the largest island in Fiji, Viti Levu, with a few outlying islands, including Beqa. It has a land border with the Western Division on Viti Levu, and sea borders with the Northern Division and Eastern Division.

The Central Division includes most of the Kubuna Confederacy and part of the Burebasaga Confederacy, two of the three hierarchies to which Fiji's chiefs all belong. The nonconformity between the boundaries of the divisions and confederacies does not affect administration, as their functions are different.

title: Central Division, Fiji


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Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a long-term type of inflammation of the skin (dermatitis). It results in itchy, red, swollen, and cracked skin. Clear fluid may come from the affected areas, which can thicken over time. AD may also simply be called eczema, a term that generally refers to a larger group of skin conditions.

Atopic dermatitis affects about 20% of people at some point in their lives. It is more common in younger children. Females are slightly more affected than males. Many people outgrow the condition.

While the condition may occur at any age, it typically starts in childhood, with changing severity over the years. In children under one year of age, the face and limbs and much of the body may be affected. As children get older, the areas on the insides of the knees and folds of the elbows and around the neck are most commonly affected. In adults, the hands and feet are commonly affected. Scratching the affected areas worsens the eczema and increases the risk of skin infections. Many people with atopic dermatitis develop hay fever or asthma.

The cause is unknown but believed to involve genetics, immune system dysfunction, environmental exposures, and difficulties with the permeability of the skin. If one identical twin is affected, the other has an 85% chance of having the condition. Those who live in cities and dry climates are more commonly affected. Exposure to certain chemicals or frequent hand washing makes symptoms worse. While emotional stress may make the symptoms worse, it is not a cause. The disorder is not contagious. A diagnosis is typically based on the signs, symptoms and family history.

Treatment involves avoiding things that make the condition worse, enhancing the skin barrier through skin care and treating the underlying skin inflammation. Moisturising creams are used to make the skin less dry and prevent AD flare-ups. Anti-inflammatory corticosteroid creams are used to control flares-ups. Creams based on calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus or pimecrolimus) may also be used to control flares if other measures are not effective. Certain antihistamine pills might help with itchiness. Things that commonly make it worse include house dust mite, stress and seasonal factors. Phototherapy may be useful in some people. Antibiotics (either by mouth or topically) are usually not helpful unless there is secondary bacterial infection or the person is unwell. Dietary exclusion does not benefit most people and it is only needed if food allergies are suspected. More severe AD cases may need systemic medicines such as cyclosporin, methotrexate, dupilumab or baricitinib.

Other names of the condition include "infantile eczema", "flexural eczema", "prurigo Besnier", "allergic eczema", and "neurodermatitis".

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms refer to the sensations that people with AD feel, whereas signs refers to a description of the visible changes that result from AD.The main symptom of AD is itching which can be intense. Some people experience burning or soreness or pain.

People with AD often have a generally dry skin that can look greyish in people with darker skin tones of colour. Areas of AD are not well defined, and they are typically inflamed (red in a light coloured skin or purple or dark brown in people with dark skin of colour). Surface changes include:

 * scaling cracking (skin fissures)
 * swelling (oedema)
 * scratch marks (excoriation)
 * bumpiness (papulation)
 * oozing of clear fluid
 * thickening of the skin (lichenification) where the AD has been present for a long time.

Eczema often starts on the cheeks and outer limbs and body in infants and frequently settles in the folds of the skin such as behind the knees, folds of the elbows, around the neck, wrists and under the buttock folds as the child grows. Any part of the body can be affected by AD.

AD commonly affects the eyelids, where an extra prominent crease can form under the eyelid due to skin swelling known as Dennie-Morgan infraorbital folds. Cracks can form under the ears which can be painful (infra-auricular fissure).

The inflammation from AD often leaves "footprints" known as postinflammatory pigmentation that can be lighter than the normal skin or darker. These marks are not scars and eventually go back to normal over a period of months providing the underlying AD is treated effectively.

People with AD often have dry and scaly skin that spans the entire body, except perhaps the diaper area, and intensely itchy red, splotchy, raised lesions to form in the bends of the arms or legs, face, and neck.

Causes
The cause of AD is not known, although some evidence indicates environmental, immunologic, and potential genetic factors.

Pollution
Since 1970, the rates of atopic dermatitis in the US and UK have increased 3-6 fold. Even today, people who migrate from developing nations before the age of 4 years to industrialized nations experience a dramatic rise in the risk of atopic dermatitis and have an additional risk when living in urbanized areas of the industrial nation. Recent work has shed light on these and other data strongly suggesting that early life industrial exposures may cause atopic dermatitis. Chemicals such as (di)isocyanates and xylene prevent the skin bacteria from producing ceramide-sphingolipid family lipids. Early life deficiency in these lipids predictive which children will go on to develop atopic dermatitis. These chemicals also directly activate an itch receptor in the skin known as TRPA1. The industrial manufacturing and use of both xylene and diisocyanates greatly increased starting in 1970, which greatly expanded the average exposure to these substances. For example, these chemicals are components of several exposures known to increase the risk of atopic dermatitis or worsen symptoms including: wildfires, automobile exhaust, wallpaper adhesives, paints, non-latex foam furniture, cigarette smoke, and are elements of fabrics like polyester, nylon, and spandex.

Climate
Low humidity, and low temperature increase the prevalence and risk of flares in patients with atopic dermatitis.

Genetics
Many people with AD have a family history or a personal history of atopy. Atopy is a term used to describe individuals who produce substantial amounts of IgE. Such individuals have an increased tendency to develop asthma, hay fever, eczema, urticaria and allergic rhinitis. Up to 80% of people with atopic dermatitis have elevated total or allergen-specific IgE levels.

About 30% of people with atopic dermatitis have mutations in the gene for the production of filaggrin (FLG), which increase the risk for early onset of atopic dermatitis and developing asthma. However, expression of filaggrin protein or breakdown products offer no predictive utility in atopic dermatitis risk.

Hygiene hypothesis
According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood exposure to certain microorganisms (such as gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergic diseases by contributing to the development of the immune system. This exposure is limited in a modern "sanitary" environment, and the incorrectly developed immune system is prone to develop allergies to harmless substances.

Some support exists for this hypothesis with respect to AD. Those exposed to dogs while growing up have a lower risk of atopic dermatitis. Also, epidemiological studies support a protective role for helminths against AD. Likewise, children with poor hygiene are at a lower risk for developing AD, as are children who drink unpasteurized milk.

Allergens
In a small percentage of cases, atopic dermatitis is caused by sensitization to foods such as milk, but there is growing consensus that food allergy most likely arises as a result of skin barrier dysfunction resulting from AD, rather than food allergy causing the skin problems. Atopic dermatitis sometimes appears associated with coeliac disease and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. Because a gluten-free diet (GFD) improves symptoms in these cases, gluten seems to be the cause of AD in these cases. A diet high in fruits seems to have a protective effect against AD, whereas the opposite seems true for heavily processed foods.

Exposure to allergens, either from food or the environment, can exacerbate existing atopic dermatitis. Exposure to dust mites, for example, is believed to contribute to the risk of developing AD.

Role of Staphylococcus aureus
Colonization of the skin by the bacterium S. aureus is extremely prevalent in those with atopic dermatitis. Abnormalities in the skin barrier of persons with AD are exploited by S. aureus to trigger cytokine expression, thus aggravating the condition. However, atopic dermatitis is non-communicable and therefore could not be directly caused by a highly infectious organism. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence for the effectiveness of anti-staphylococcal treatments for treating S. aureus in infected or uninfected eczema.

Hard water
The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children may be linked to the level of calcium carbonate or "hardness" of household drinking water. Living in areas with hard water may also play a part in the development of AD in early life. However, when AD is already established, using water softeners at home does not reduce the severity of the symptoms.

Pathophysiology
Excessive type 2 inflammation underlies the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis.

Disruption of the epidermal barrier is thought to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of AD. Disruptions of the epidermal barrier allows allergens to penetrate the epidermis to deeper layers of the skin. This leads to activation of epidermal inflammatory dendritic and innate lymphoid cells which subsequently attracts Th2 CD4+ helper T cells to the skin. This dysregulated Th2 inflammatory response is thought to lead to the eczematous lesions. The Th2 helper T cells become activated, leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-13 and IL-31 which activate downstream Janus kinase (Jak) pathways. The active Jak pathways lead to inflammation and downstream activation of plasma cells and B lymphocytes which release antigen specific IgE contributing to further inflammation. Other CD4+ helper T-cell pathways thought to be involved in atopic dermatitis inflammation include the Th1, Th17, and Th22 pathways. Some specific CD4+ helper T-cell inflammatory pathways are more commonly activated in specific ethnic groups with AD (for example, the Th-2 and Th-17 pathways are commonly activated in Asian people) possibly explaining the differences in phenotypic presentation of atopic dermatitis in specific populations.

Mutations in the filaggrin gene, FLG, also cause impairment in the skin barrier that contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Filaggrin is produced by epidermal skin cells (keratinocytes) in the horny layer of the epidermis. Filaggrin stimulates skin cells to release moisturizing factors and lipid matrix material, which cause adhesion of adjacent keratinocytes and contributes to the skin barrier. A loss-of-function mutation of filaggrin causes loss of this lipid matrix and external moisturizing factors, subsequently leading to disruption of the skin barrier. The disrupted skin barrier leads to transdermal water loss (leading to the xerosis or dry skin commonly seen in AD) and antigen and allergen penetration of the epidermal layer. Filaggrin mutations are also associated with a decrease in natural antimicrobial peptides found on the skin; subsequently leading to disruption of skin flora and bacterial overgrowth (commonly Staphylococcus aureus overgrowth or colonization).

Atopic dermatitis is also associated with the release of pruritogens (molecules that stimulate pruritus or itching) in the skin. Keratinocytes, mast cells, eosinophils and T-cells release pruritogens in the skin; leading to activation of Aδ fibers and Group C nerve fibers in the epidermis and dermis contributing to sensations of pruritus and pain. The pruritogens include the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, histamine, and various neuropeptides. Mechanical stimulation from scratching lesions can also lead to the release of pruritogens contributing to the itch-scratch cycle whereby there is increased pruritus or itch after scratching a lesion. Chronic scratching of lesions can cause thickening or lichenification of the skin or prurigo nodularis (generalized nodules that are severely itchy).

Diagnosis
AD is typically diagnosed clinically, meaning it is based on signs and symptoms alone, without special testing. Several different criteria developed for research have also been validated to aid in diagnosis. Of these, the UK Diagnostic Criteria, based on the work of Hanifin and Rajka, has been the most widely validated. Other diseases that must be excluded before making a diagnosis include contact dermatitis, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

Treatments
No cure for AD is known, although treatments may reduce the severity and frequency of flares. The most commonly used topical treatments for AD are topical corticosteroids (to get control of flare-ups) and moisturisers (emollients) to help keep control. Clinical trials often measure the efficacy of treatments with a severity scale such as the SCORAD index or the Eczema Area and Severity Index.

Moisturisers
Daily basic care is intended to stabilize the barrier function of the skin to mitigate its sensitivity to irritation and penetration of allergens. Affected persons often report that improvement of skin hydration parallels with improvement in AD symptoms. Moisturisers (or emollients) can improve skin comfort and may reduce disease flares. They can be used as leave-on treatments, bath additives or soap substitutes. There are many different products but the majority of leave-on treatments (least to most greasy) are lotions, creams, gels or ointments. All of the different types of moisturisers are equally effective so people need to choose one or more products based on what suits them, according to their age, body site effected, climate/season and personal preference. Non-medicated prescription moisturisers may also be no more effective than over-the-counter moisturisers.

There is no evidence that the additional use of emollient bath additives is beneficial.

Topical
Corticosteroids applied directly on skin (topical) have proven effective in managing atopic dermatitis. Newer (second generation) corticosteroids, such as fluticasone propionate and mometasone furoate, are more effective and safer than older ones. Strong and moderate corticosteroids work better than weaker ones. They are also generally safe when used in intermittent bursts to treat AD flare-ups. Applying once daily is as effective as twice or more daily application.

In addition to topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus or pimecrolimus are also recommended as first-line therapies for managing atopic dermatitis. Both tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are effective and safe to use in AD. Crisaborole, an inhibitor of PDE-4, is also effective and safe as a topical treatment for mild-to-moderate AD. Ruxolitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, has uncertain efficacy and safety.

Systemic
Oral medications used for AD include systemic immunosuppressants such as ciclosporin, methotrexate, interferon gamma-1b, mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine. Antidepressants and naltrexone may be used to control pruritus (itchiness).

Leukotriene receptor antagonists such as montelukast might be a useful for the treatment of AD but their effectiveness has not yet been proven by research.

Certain monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are highly effective for managing atopic dermatitis, but modestly increase the risk of conjunctivitis. Among monoclonal antibodies, dupilumab (Dupixent) and tralokinumab (Adtralza, Adbry) are approved to treat moderate-to-severe eczema in the US and the EU. Lebrikizumab (Ebglyss) is also approved in the EU for treating moderate-to-severe AC but in the US its approval was declined due to manufacturing issues.

Some JAK inhibitors such as abrocitinib, trade name Cibinqo, and upadacitinib, trade name Rinvoq, have been approved in the US for the treatment of moderate-to-severe eczema as of January 2022. These treatments are among the most effective systemic treatments, but have uncertain serious harms.

Allergen immunotherapy may be effective in relieving symptoms of AD but it also comes with an increased risk of adverse events. This treatment consists of a series of injections or drops under the tongue of a solution containing the allergen.

Antibiotics, either by mouth or applied topically, are commonly used to target overgrowth of S. aureus in the skin of people with AD, but there is insufficient evidence for the effectiveness of anti-staphylococcal treatments for treating S. aureus in infected or uninfected eczema.

Diet
The role of vitamin D on atopic dermatitis is not clear, but vitamin D supplementation may improve its symptoms.

There is no clear benefit for pregnant mothers taking omega 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) in preventing the development of AD in their child.

Several probiotics seem to have a positive effect, with a roughly 20% reduction in the rate of AD. Probiotics containing multiple strains of bacteria seem to work the best.

In people with celiac disease or nonceliac gluten sensitivity, a gluten-free diet improves their symptoms and prevents the occurrence of new outbreaks.

Use of blood specific IgE or skin prick tests to guide dietary exclusions with the aim of improving disease severity or control is controversial. Clinicians vary in their use of these tests for this purpose and there are very limited evidence of any benefit.

Lifestyle
Health professionals often recommend that people with AD bathe regularly in lukewarm baths, especially in salt water, to moisten their skin. Dilute bleach baths may be helpful for people with moderate and severe eczema, but only for patients with Staphylococcus aureus.

Avoiding woolen clothing or scratchy fibres is usually recommended for people with AD as they can trigger a flare.

Self-management
Treatment regimens can be confusing and written action plans may support people to know what treatments to use where and when.

A website supporting self-management has been shown to improve AD symptoms for parents, children, adolescents and young adults.

Light
Phototherapic treatment involves exposure to broad- or narrow-band ultraviolet (UV) light. UV radiation exposure has been found to have a localized immunomodulatory effect on affected tissues and may be used to decrease the severity and frequency of flares. Among the different types of phototherapies only narrowband (NB) ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure might help with the severity of AD and ease itching. However, UV radiation has also been implicated in various types of skin cancer, and thus UV treatment is not without risk. UV phototherapy is not indicated in young adults and children due to this risk of skin cancer with prolonged use or exposure.

Alternative medicine
While several Chinese herbal medicines are intended for treating atopic eczema, no conclusive evidence shows that these treatments, taken by mouth or applied topically, reduce the severity of eczema in children or adults.

Burden of disease
Atopic dermatitis significantly impairs the quality of life of affected individuals. The impact of AD extends beyond physical symptoms, encompassing substantial humanistic and psychosocial effects. Its burden is significant, especially given the high indirect costs and psychological impacts on quality of life.

According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, AD is the skin disease with the highest disability-adjusted life year burden and ranks in the top 15 of all nonfatal diseases. In comparison with other dermatological conditions like psoriasis and urticaria, AD presents a significantly higher burden.

While AD remains incurable, reducing its severity can significantly alleviate its burden. Understanding the extent of the burden of AD can aid in better resource allocation and prioritization of interventions, benefiting both patients and healthcare systems.

Humanistic burden
AD significantly decreases the quality of life by affecting various aspects of people's lives. The psychological impact, often resulting in conditions like depression and anxiety, is a major factor leading to decreased quality of life. Sleep disturbances, commonly reported in people with AD, further contribute to the humanistic burden, affecting daily productivity and concentration.

Clinical and economic burden
Economically, AD imposes a substantial burden on healthcare systems, with the average direct cost per patient estimated at 4411 USD and the average indirect cost reaching 9068 USD annually. These figures highlight the considerable financial impact of the disease on healthcare systems and people with the condition.

Productivity loss
AD also has a marked impact on productivity. The total number of days lost annually due to these factors is about 68.8 days for the general AD population, with presenteeism accounting for the majority of these days. The impact on productivity varies significantly with the severity of AD, with more severe cases resulting in higher numbers of days lost.

Burden of disease in the Middle East and Africa
Atopic dermatitis leads to the highest loss in disability-adjusted life years compared to other skin diseases in the Middle East and Africa. Patients with AD in these regions lose approximately 0.19 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) annually due to the disease. Egypt experiences the highest QALY loss and Kuwait the lowest.

The average annual healthcare cost per patient varies is highest in the United Arab Emirates, estimated at US $3569, and lowest in Algeria at US $312. These costs are influenced by the economic status of each country and the cost of healthcare. Advanced treatments like targeted therapies and phototherapy are among the main cost drivers.

Indirect costs, primarily due to productivity loss from absenteeism and presenteeism average about 67% in these countries. Indirect costs in Saudi Arabia are the highest in the area, estimated at US $364 million. Factors like mental health impact, side effects of treatments, and other indirect costs such as personal care products are not fully accounted for in these estimates, suggesting that the actual burden might be even higher.

To mitigate the burden of AD, experts recommend strategic actions across five key domains: capacity building, guidelines, research, public awareness, and patient support and education. Key measures include increasing the number of dermatologists, establishing evidence-based treatment guidelines, investing in patient education, and enhancing public awareness to reduce stigma. Improving access to effective treatments and conducting further research on AD's impact are also crucial for reducing the disease's clinical, economic, and humanistic burdens in the MEA.

Epidemiology
Since the beginning of the 20th century, many inflammatory skin disorders have become more common; AD is a classic example of such a disease. Although AD was previously considered primarily a childhood disease, it is now recognized as highly prevalent in adults, with an estimated adult prevalence of 3-5% globally. It now affects 15–30% of children and 2–10% of adults in developed countries, and in the United States has nearly tripled in the past 30–40 years. Over 15 million American adults and children have AD.

Conspiracy theories
A number of false and conspiratorial claims about AD have emerged on the internet and have been amplified by social media. These conspiracy theories include, among others, claims that AD is caused by 5G, formaldehyde in food, vaccines, and topical steroids. Various unproven theories also claim that vegan diets, apple cider vinegar, calendula, and witch hazel can cure AD and that air purifiers reduce the risk of developing AD.

Research
Staphylococcus aureus may have a role in producing atopic dermatitis by colonizing on the skin.

title: Atopic dermatitis


text:
Western Division, Fiji

The Western Division of Fiji is one of Fiji's four divisions. It consists of three provinces in western and northern Viti Levu, namely Ba Province, Nadroga-Navosa Province, and Ra Province. The largest city and capital is Lautoka.

It also includes a few outlying islands, including the Yasawa Islands, Viwa Island, and Mamanuca Islands. It has a land border with the Central Division on Viti Levu, and sea borders with the Northern Division and Eastern Division.

title: Western Division, Fiji


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Llama tribune

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 06:49, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Llama tribune
Vanity page, effectively an advert for an external website. Thedatastream 11:10, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - indeed a vanity/ad page. No other notability demonstrated. Naturenet | Talk 11:56, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable blog (not on Alexa, 0 Google hits. Dcarrano 17:21, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above royblumy 21:38, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete blogger self promotion. JamesBurns 07:57, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - advert / vanity - Tεx  τ  urε  19:54, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Template:Kitchenware-stub

title: Template:Kitchenware-stub


text:
Douglas Palmer

Douglas Harold Palmer (born October 19, 1951) is a former politician who was the first African-American mayor of Trenton, New Jersey.

Biography
Palmer was born in Trenton and attended Trenton public schools. He then graduated from the Bordentown Military Institute in Bordentown, New Jersey. He is a graduate of Virginia's private historically black college Hampton University, where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Management in 1973. Doug is also a member of Groove Phi Groove Social Fellowship Incorporated. He took office as mayor of Trenton on July 1, 1990, having defeated former city council president and mayor Carmen Armenti.

Palmer helped to initiate the Trenton Office of Policy Studies, now the John S. Watson Institute for Public Policy, at Thomas Edison State University a unique think tank under the executive directorship of  John P. Thurber, representing a partnership among the Mayor's Office, the University, and foundations to provide high quality focused research to the administration of a small city.

Palmer assembled a talented cabinet, including William Bill Watson as Chief of Staff, Alan Mallach as Director of Housing and Urban Development, and Elizabeth Johnson as Director of Recreation, Natural Resources, and Culture.

Palmer was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, a bipartisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition is co-chaired by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.

Palmer announced at a press conference December 7, 2009, that he would not seek a sixth term as mayor of Trenton.

title: Douglas Palmer


text:
Angoor (1982 film)

Angoor  is a 1982 Indian Hindi-language comedy film. Starring Sanjeev Kumar and Deven Verma in double roles, it is directed by Gulzar. The film was a remake of the 1963 Bengali-language comedy film Bhranti Bilas, an Uttam Kumar classic that is based on Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Bengali novel by the same name, which itself is based on Shakespeare's play The Comedy of Errors Do Dooni Chaar 1968 Film also remake from the same Film and was also adapted by Rohit Shetty as Cirkus. All characters are naïve and destiny plays the main role in bringing all characters to one place. Most of the other films are generally based on false characters and deliberately make false statements to fool others.

Plot
The film is about two pairs of identical twins separated at birth and how their lives go haywire when they meet in adulthood.

Raj Tilak (Utpal Dutt) and his wife (Shammi) are on a trip with their twin sons, both of whom they call Ashok. Since they look the same, they should be called the same, is Mr Tilak's reasoning. As fate would have it, they adopt another set of twins, both of whom they call Bahadur. An unfortunate accident then divides the family, leaving each parent with one child out of each pair of twins.

A few years later, Ashok (Sanjeev Kumar) is married to Sudha (Moushumi Chatterjee) and Bahadur (Deven Verma) is married to Prema (Aruna Irani). They all stay together with Sudha's younger sister Tanu (Deepti Naval). Into their lives enter the other Ashok, a detective novel aficionado, and Bahadur, a bhang (an edible preparation made from the leaves of the cannabis plant) lover. Now there are two Ashoks and two Bahadurs in the same city. This is more than their families, the Jeweller, the Taxi Driver and the Inspector can handle.

Cast

 * Sanjeev Kumar in a double role as twin brothers Ashok Tilak and Ashok Tilak.
 * Moushmi Chatterjee as Sudha Tilak, Ashok's wife
 * Deepti Naval as Tanu, Sudha's sister
 * Deven Verma in a double role as twin brothers Bahadur and Bahadur.
 * Aruna Irani as Prema, Bahadur's wife
 * Yunus Parvez as Mansoor Miyan, Chhedilal's worker
 * C. S. Dubey as Chhedilal, a jeweller
 * T. P. Jain as Ganeshilal, a diamond merchant
 * Padma Chavan as Alka, Ashok's friend
 * Rammohan Sharma as Taxi Driver
 * Shammi as Ashok's mother
 * Utpal Dutt as Raj Tilak, Ashok's father (Cameo)
 * Raj Kumar Kapoor as Inspector Sinha
 * Arjun Chakraborty as an office assistant under Ashok Tilak
 * Kamaldeep as 'Angoor' landlord
 * Raj Mata as Kashibai

Awards and nominations

 * 30th Filmfare Awards :

Won

 * Best Comedian – Deven Verma

Nominated

 * Best Actor – Sanjeev Kumar

Home media
The DVD version of the film was released by IndiaWeekly under its own label.

title: Angoor (1982 film)


text:
Alonso Cano

Alonso Cano Almansa or Alonzo Cano (19 March 1601 – 3 September 1667)  was a Spanish painter, architect, and sculptor born in Granada.

Biography
He learned architecture from his father, Miguel Cano; painting in the academy of Juan del Castillo, and from Francisco Pacheco the teacher of Velázquez; and sculpture from Juan Martínez Montañés. As a sculptor, his most famous works are the Madonna and Child in the church of Lebrija (also called Nebrija), and the colossal figures of San Pedro and San Pablo.

He was made first royal architect, painter to Philip IV, and instructor to the prince, Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias. The King gave him the church preferment of a canon of the Granada Cathedral (1652), in order to take up a position as chief architect of the cathedral. Towards the end of his life, he designed the cathedral façade, which was erected to his design after his death.

He was notorious for his ungovernable temper; and it is said that once he risked his life by committing the then capital offence of dashing to pieces the statue of a saint, when in a rage with the purchaser who begrudged the price he demanded. According to another story, he found his house robbed after coming home one evening, his wife murdered, and his Italian servant fled. Notwithstanding the presumption against the fugitive, the magistrates condemned Cano, because he was of a jealous temper. Upon this he fled to Valencia, but afterwards returned to Madrid, where he was put to the torture, which he endured without incriminating himself, and the king received him into favour.

After the death of his wife he took Holy Orders as a protection from further prosecution, but still continued his professional pursuits. He died in 1667. In his last moments, when the priest held to him a crucifix, he told him to take it away because it was badly carved. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the dying Cano refused the Sacrament from a priest who gave it to conversos.

Works Works by Cano in the Prado Museum in Madrid include:
 * San Vicente Ferrer (praying)
 * Virgin of the Olive Tree (1629)
 * Inmaculada del Facistol (1655–1656) in the sacristy of the Cathedral of Granada.
 * Virgen of Bethlehem
 * Bust of Saint Paul
 * Head of San Juan de Dios
 * Annunciation
 * Christ Bound to the Column in the church of the Convento del Stmo. Cristo de la Victoria de Serradilla (Cáceres).
 * Entrance of the Cathedral of Granada
 * Saint John the Baptist as a Youth 1634, in the National Sculpture Museum (Valladolid).
 * St. Anthony Preaching to the Fishes (ca. 1630) [The Detroit Institute of Arts]
 * Christ and the Samaritan Woman(ca. 1650-1652) Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando Madrid.
 * The Death of Saint Francis. Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid.
 * The Christ Crucified (c.1646) Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando.
 * The Crucifixion
 * Saint Anthony of Padua
 * The Crucified Christ appears to Saint Teresa
 * A king of Spain
 * Two kings of Spain
 * The Miracle of the Well
 * Saint Bernard and the Virgin
 * The Virgin and Child
 * The Dead Christ supported by an Angel

title: Alonso Cano


text:
Naturphilosophie

Naturphilosophie (German for "nature-philosophy") is a term used in English-language philosophy to identify a current in the philosophical tradition of German idealism, as applied to the study of nature in the earlier 19th century. German speakers use the clearer term Romantische Naturphilosophie, the philosophy of nature developed at the time of the founding of German Romanticism. It is particularly associated with the philosophical work of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel —though it has some clear precursors also. More particularly it is identified with some of the initial works of Schelling during the period 1797–9, in reaction to the views of Fichte, and subsequent developments from Schelling's position. Always controversial, some of Schelling's ideas in this direction are still considered of philosophical interest, even if the subsequent development of experimental natural science had a destructive impact on the credibility of the theories of his followers in Naturphilosophie.

Naturphilosophie attempted to comprehend nature in its totality and to outline its general theoretical structure, thus attempting to lay the foundations for the natural sciences. In developing their theories, the German Naturphilosophen found their inspiration in the natural philosophy of the Ancient Greek Ionian philosophers.

As an approach to philosophy and science, Naturphilosophie has had a difficult reception. In Germany, neo-Kantians came to distrust its developments as speculative and overly metaphysical. For most of the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was poorly understood in Anglophone countries. Over the years, it has been subjected to continuing criticism. Since the 1960s, improved translations have appeared, and scholars have developed a better appreciation of the objectives of Naturphilosophie.

Development
The German Idealist philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte had attempted to show that the whole structure of reality follows necessarily from the fact of self-consciousness. Schelling took Fichte's position as his starting-point, and in his earliest writings posited that nature must have reality for itself. In this light Fichte's doctrines appeared incomplete. On the one hand, they identified the ultimate ground of the universe of reason too closely with finite, individual Spirit. On the other, they threatened the reality of the world of nature by seeing it too much in the manner of subjective idealism. Fichte, in this view, had not managed to unite his system with the aesthetical and teleological view of nature to which Immanuel Kant's Critique of Judgment had pointed.

Naturphilosophie is therefore one possible theory of the unity of nature. Nature as the sum of what is objective, and intelligence as the complex of all the activities making up self-consciousness, appear as equally real. The philosophy of nature and transcendental idealism would be the two complementary portions making up philosophy as a whole.

German philosophy
Naturphilosophie translated into English would mean "philosophy of nature", and its scope began to be taken in a broad way. Johann Gottfried Herder, particularly taken in opposition to Immanuel Kant, was a precursor of Schelling:

"Herder's dynamic view of nature was developed by Goethe and Schelling and led to the tradition of Naturphilosophie [...]"

Later Friedrich Schlegel theorised about a particular German strand in philosophy of nature, citing Jakob Böhme, Johannes Kepler and Georg Ernst Stahl, with Jan Baptist van Helmont as an edge case. Frederick Beiser instead traces Naturphilosophie as developed by Schelling, Hegel, Schlegel and Novalis to a crux in the theory of matter, and identifies the origins of the line they took with the vis viva theory of matter in the work of Gottfried Leibniz.

Subsequently Schelling identified himself with Baruch Spinoza, to whose thought he saw himself as approaching. The Darstellung meines Systems, and the expanded treatment in the lectures on a System der gesamten Philosophie und der Naturphilosophie insbesondere given in Würzburg in 1804, contain elements of Spinoza's philosophy.

Schelling
In a short space of time Schelling produced three works: Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur als Einleitung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft, 1797 (Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature as Introduction to the Study of this Science); Von der Weltseele, 1798 (On the World Soul); and Erster Entwurf eines Systems der Naturphilosophie, 1799 (First Plan of a System of the Philosophy of Nature). As criticism of scientific procedure, these writings retain a relevance. Historically, according to Richards:

"Despite the tentativeness of their titles, these monographs introduced radical interpretations of nature that would reverberate through the sciences, and particularly the biology, of the next century. They developed the fundamental doctrines of Naturphilosophie."

In System des transzendentalen Idealismus, 1800 (System of Transcendental Idealism) Schelling included ideas on matter and the organic in Part III. They form just part of a more ambitious work that takes up other themes, in particular aesthetics. From this point onwards Naturphilosophie was less of a research concern for him, as he reformulated his philosophy. However, it remained an influential aspect of his teaching. For a short while, he edited a journal, the Neue Zeitschrift für speculative Physik (bound volume 1802).

Schelling's Naturphilosophie was a way in which he worked himself out of the tutelage of Fichte, with whom he quarrelled decisively towards the end of the 1790s. More than that, however, it brought him within the orbit of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, both intellectually and (as a direct consequence of Goethe's sympathetic attitude) by a relocation; and it broke with basic Kantian tenets. Iain Hamilton Grant writes:

"Schelling's postkantian confrontation with nature itself begins with the overthrow of the Copernican revolution [...]"

Schelling held that the divisions imposed on nature, by our ordinary perception and thought, do not have absolute validity. They should be interpreted as the outcome of the single formative energy which is the soul or inner aspect of nature. In other words he was a proponent of a variety of organicism. The dynamic series of stages in nature, the forms in which the ideal structure of nature is realized, are matter, as the equilibrium of the fundamental expansive and contractive forces; light, with its subordinate processes (magnetism, electricity, and chemical action); organism, with its component phases of reproduction, irritability and sensibility. The continual change presented to us by experience, taken together with the thought of unity in productive force of nature, leads to the conception of the duality through which nature expresses itself in its varied products.

In the introduction to the Ideen he argues against dogmatism, in the terms that a dogmatist cannot explain the organic; and that recourse to the idea of a cosmic creator is a feature of dogmatic systems imposed by the need to explain nature as purposive and unified. Fichte's system, called the Wissenschaftslehre, had begun with a fundamental distinction between dogmatism (fatalistic) and criticism (free), as his formulation of idealism.

Beiser divides up the mature form of Schelling's Naturphilosophie into the attitudes of:

 * 1) transcendental realism: the thesis that "nature exists independent of all consciousness, even that of the transcendental subject" (in Kantian terminology (Critique of Pure Reason) the transcendental subject is the condition of possibility of experience), and
 * 2) transcendental naturalism: the thesis that "everything is explicable according to the laws of nature, including the rationality of the transcendental subject".

Beiser notes how Naturphilosophie was first a counterbalance to Wissenschaftslehre, and then in Schelling's approach became the senior partner. After that, it was hardly to be avoided that Schelling would become an opponent of Fichte, having been a close follower in the early 1790s.

We are able to apprehend and represent nature to ourselves in the successive forms which its development assumes, since it is the same spirit of which we become aware in self-consciousness, though here unconsciously. The variety of its forms is not imposed on it externally, since there is no external teleology in nature. Nature is a self-forming whole, within which only natural explanations can be sought. The function of Naturphilosophie is to exhibit the ideal as springing from the real, not to deduce the real from the ideal.

Influence and critics of Naturphilosophie
Criticism of Naturphilosophie has been widespread, over two centuries. Schelling's theories, however influential in terms of the general culture of the time, have not survived in scientific terms. Like other strands of speculation in the life sciences, in particular, such as vitalism, they retreated in the face of experiment, and then were written out of the history of science as Whig history. But critics were initially not scientists (a term not used until later); rather they came largely from within philosophy and Romantic science, a community including many physicians. Typically, the retrospective views of scientists of the 19th century on "Romantic science" in general erased distinctions:

"Scientific criticism in the nineteenth century took hardly any notice of the distinctions between Romantic, speculative and transcendental, scientific and aesthetic directions."

One outspoken critic was the chemist Justus von Liebig, who compared Naturphilosophie with the Black Death. Another critic, the physiologist Emil du Bois-Reymond, frequently dismissed Naturphilosophie as "bogus".

Role in aesthetics
Isaiah Berlin summed up the reasons why Naturphilosophie had a wide-ranging impact on views of art and artists:

"if everything in nature is living, and if we ourselves are simply its most self-conscious representatives, the function of the artist is to delve within himself, and above all to delve within the dark and unconscious forces which move within him, and to bring these to consciousness by the most agonising and violent internal struggle."

Philosophical criticism
Fichte was very critical of the opposition set up in Schelling's Naturphilosophie to his own conception of Wissenschaftslehre. In that debate, Hegel then intervened, largely supporting his student friend Schelling, with the work usually called his Differenzschrift, the Differenz des Fichteschen und Schellingschen Systems der Philosophie (The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's System of Philosophy); a key publication in his own philosophical development, his first book, it was published in September 1801.

Schelling's Absolute was left with no other function than that of removing all the differences which give form to thought. The criticisms of Fichte, and more particularly of Hegel (in the Preface to the Phenomenology of Spirit), pointed to a defect in the conception of the Absolute as mere featureless identity. It was ridiculed by Hegel as "the night in which all cows are black."

Other views in Romantic science
Ignaz Paul Vitalis Troxler, a follower of Schelling, later broke with him. He came to the view that the Absolute in nature and mind is beyond the intellect and reason.

Naturphilosophen

 * Adam Karl August von Eschenmayer, engaged in controversy with Schelling from 1801, published Grundriss der Natur-Philosophie in 1832
 * Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer, an influence on Schelling's thinking, he was a founder rather than a follower, and a proponent of recapitulation theory
 * Johann Friedrich Meckel
 * Lorenz Oken
 * Hans Christian Ørsted
 * Johann Wilhelm Ritter
 * Henrik Steffens
 * August Ludwig Hülsen
 * Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus
 * Karl Joseph Hieronymus Windischmann

title: Naturphilosophie


text:
Gigi Gryce

Gigi Gryce (born George General Grice Jr.; November 28, 1925 – March 17, 1983), later in life changing his name to Basheer Qusim, was an American jazz saxophonist, flautist, clarinetist, composer, arranger, and educator.

While his performing career was relatively short, much of his work as a player, composer, and arranger was quite influential and well-recognized during his time. However, Gryce abruptly ended his jazz career in the 1960s. This, in addition to his nature as a very private person, has resulted in very little knowledge of Gryce today. Several of his compositions have been covered extensively ("Minority", "Social Call", "Nica's Tempo") and have become minor jazz standards. Gryce's compositional bent includes harmonic choices similar to those of contemporaries Benny Golson, Tadd Dameron and Horace Silver. Gryce's playing, arranging, and composing are most associated with the classic hard bop era (roughly 1953–1965). Composer of softer, more poetic music who discovered a friendly environment in Hard-Bop. He was a well-educated composer and musician, and wrote some classical works as a student at the Boston Conservatory. As a jazz musician and composer he was very much influenced by the work of Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk.

Early life
George General Gryce Jr. was born in Pensacola, Florida on November 28, 1925.

Gryce spent most of his early life in Hartford, Connecticut. His family's strong emphasis on music, manners, and discipline had a tremendous effect on him as a child and into his later career. Gryce's parents were of modest means: his father owned a small cleaning and pressing service, and his mother, Rebecca Rials, was a seamstress who also helped her husband run the business. The family belonged to the African Methodist Episcopal Church and attended services diligently. Especially as the Great Depression began to take its toll on the family's financial welfare, the Gryces did their best to instill the value of discipline and hard work in their children.

Music was very much emphasized in the Gryce household. The family had a piano, which Gigi and his siblings (four older sisters and one younger brother) were encouraged to play. Mostly church music was performed in the Gryce home, while pop and jazz was mostly frowned upon. (Later, however, when Gigi pursued jazz as a career, his mother and older sisters would support him personally and financially.) Many of the Gryce children were encouraged to pursue vocal performance at church, school, and other community; for a time the family even held weekly recitals in their home.

The early '30s saw tragedy and hardship for the Gryce family. In 1931, as the economic crisis of The Great Depression began to take hold, the Gryces were forced to sell their cleaning business. Two years later, Gigi's father, George Sr., died after suffering a heart attack. Rebecca Gryce was forced to raise the children as a single mother, relocating the family in order to rent out the house. Even through this hardship, however, Rebecca continued to motivate her children for success through strict but supportive parenting, encouraging musical development, hard work, discipline, and Christian morals.

Gigi very much applied his family's sense of discipline to his developing passion for music. As a youth Gigi was described as bright but reserved, extremely polite, studious, and formal in nature. It is unclear exactly when Gigi first began learning the clarinet – it is rumored he may have started as early as age 9 or 10, but the first evidence for his pursuit appears later as he entered high school. The under-resourced, and at this time, mostly black Booker T. Washington High School had a series of music teachers through the Federal Music Project; Gigi first studied with Joseph Jessie and later Raymond Shepard. As it was for many, a musical instrument would have been a crippling expense for the Gryces during the Depression; when Gigi and his brother Tommy studied clarinet with Shepard they allegedly borrowed the same clarinet from a friend directly before each lesson. Eventually, Gigi's mother was able to buy him his own Cavalier metal clarinet, with which Gigi became quite successful as a high school student, winning school and state competitions. At school Gigi was also able to study music theory, which he very much enjoyed and continued to explore on the piano at home

Early music career
Gryce graduated from high school in 1943, working at the shipyard and playing in Raymond Shepard's professional band for a time before being drafted by the navy in March 1944. Gryce continued to pursue music during his two-year term, making his way into the navy band and earning the rank of musician second class. While stationed in Great Lakes, Illinois, Gryce spent time in Chicago during leaves and became more acquainted with the sound of bebop. It was at this time that he bought his own alto saxophone and, in Chicago, that he met musicians Andrew "Goon" Gardner and Harry Curtis. Gryce may have even briefly studied at the Chicago Conservatory of Music.

After completing his time in the navy, Gryce decided to continue his musical education, financially supported by the G.I. Bill as well as his mother and older sisters. He moved to Hartford to live with his sister Harriet and her husband in 1946, and the following year enrolled at the Boston Conservatory. At the Boston Conservatory Gryce developed his theoretical background and studied classical composition, writing three symphonies and a ballet in addition to other works. He was very much inspired and influenced by the work and philosophy of Boston Conservatory composer Alan Hovhaness, a musical eclectic whose passion was for melodicism and lyricism.

During his time at the conservatory Gryce also developed connections in the Hartford, Boston, and New York jazz scenes which would have a tremendous effect on his later career as a jazz musician, composer, and arranger. While New York was best known for cutting edge jazz of the time, both Boston and Hartford were also the sites of active and innovative jazz scenes. Gryce traveled between the two cities, and arranged for local bands including those of Sabby Lewis, Phil Edmonds, and Bunky Emerson. While Gryce developed his theoretical background and a passion for the works of Bartok and Stravinsky, he simultaneously developed an obsession for the work of Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk, with whom, around 1949, he became acquainted and also performed. Gryce developed a reputation as a well-trained and talented artist, and became relatively well known in the local Boston and Hartford scenes. He also began to explore the New York scene, where he would eventually find himself in the early fifties.

Gryce is rumored to have traveled to Paris on a Fulbright scholarship in 1951 to study with Nadia Boulanger and Arthur Honegger. However, there is much confusion and rumor surrounding this period in Gryce's life, and there is no evidence to suggest that Gryce did receive a Fulbright or formally study with the two composers. Gryce did take two semesters off to study in Europe, but little is known about his travels. It is possible that he studied with the composers privately. While Gryce did propagate the Fulbright rumor himself to substantiate his credentials, Gryce had little else to say about this time in his life.

New York, the Lionel Hampton Band, and Europe
After graduating with a degree in composition in 1952, Gryce relocated to New York City, where he would enjoy much success in the mid fifties. In 1953 Max Roach recorded one of Gryce's charts with his septet, and soon after Gryce recorded with Howard McGhee and wrote for Horace Silver's sextet as well.

Gryce was influenced by Tadd Dameron, with whom he played in 1953 at the Paradise Club. Gryce had not yet reached his peak as a musician or soloist, but was developing a reputation as a versatile and talented composer and arranger. Later in 1953 Gryce also contributed a tune, "Up in Quincy's Place" to Art Farmer's Prestige recordings. While this recording was rather inconsequential, Farmer would become one of Gryce's closest colleagues.

One of the most important connections Gryce made in New York was with Quincy Jones, who encouraged Lionel Hampton to hire Gryce for his band in the summer of 1953. After playing with Hampton's band in the States, Gryce was invited to join the band for their European tour.

While the style of the Hampton band was outdated and overly commercialized in Gryce's eyes, the opportunities and connections made on the European tour were largely what propelled Gryce into success as an artist. In Hampton's band, Gryce played with Anthony Ortega, Clifford Solomon (tenor saxophone), Clifford Scott, Oscar Estelle (baritone saxophone), Walter Williams (trumpet), Art Farmer, Clifford Brown, Quincy Jones, Al Hayse, Jimmy Cleveland, George "Buster" Cooper, William "Monk" Montgomery, and Alan Dawson. Gryce became particularly close friends with Clifford Brown, with whom he found much in common. The Hampton tour did not pay well, and Gryce and others frequently sought recording opportunities on the side, particularly in Stockholm and Paris, where Europeans were eager to record touring Americans. There was already some tension in the band between young bebop-influenced musicians and the more established swing musicians (including Hampton himself), and Hampton did not react well when he heard his musicians were recording on the side.

The recordings Gryce made with Clifford Brown and others on the tour were often hurried and done on the fly, yet they were instrumental in building his career, particularly as a composer. Notable of these European recordings were "Paris the Beautiful", featuring tonal centers a third apart and a Parker-influenced solo by Gryce; "Brown Skins", a concerto for a large jazz ensemble; "Blue Concept", recorded by the Gryce-Brown sextet; and "Strictly Romantic", which oscillates between A flat and G major. In addition, Henri Renaud recorded an entire album exclusively of Gryce's work, which did a great deal to build his reputation.

Career in the United States
Gryce and the other personnel from the Hampton Band returned to New York in November 1953, where the hard bop scene was just beginning to gain traction. This was the perfect time for Gryce to arrive on the scene. Soon after his return, he recorded with Henri Renaud, and Art Blakey recorded seven of Gryce's songs for EmArcy records. Gryce formed a quintet with Farmer in March 1954, which first recorded for Prestige Records in May of that year. Personnel included pianist Horace Silver, bassist Percy Heath, and Drummer Kenny Clarke. Gryce's works with Farmer are some of his most influential and best known. In June of that year Gryce again recorded with Farmer, this time exclusively as composer and arranger. By the time Farmer and Gryce began their third project, they had hit their creative stride.

The record made in May 1955 by the Farmer-Gryce quintet featured pianist Freddie Redd, bassist Addison Farmer, and drummer Art Taylor. This session exemplifies Gryce's feel for thematic development, all of the pieces artfully composed and arranged. Later in 1955 Gryce also played for Oscar Pettiford's octet, and got the opportunity to play alto in Thelonious Monk's session with Percy Heath and Art Blakey for Signal Records (released as one side of Gryce's 1955 album, best known under the title Nica's Tempo).

The final ticket to Gryce's success was his third recording with the Farmer Quintet in October 1955 and his nonet recordings for Signal Records immediately after. The Farmer record featured non-standard forms, and adventurous arrangements which pushed the limits of the hard bop idiom. His Signal Records arrangements were very much influenced by the style and instrumentation of Miles Davis's Birth of the Cool group, and were very well received by the jazz community. By the mid-1950s Gryce was a major figure in jazz, known as a great individualist, a competent studio musician, and an innovative composer.

Publishing career
In addition to his musical career, Gryce was a vehement advocate of composers' and musicians' rights. In 1955 he started his own publishing company, Melotone Music, and later an additional company called Totem. This was a time when black musicians in particularly were taken advantage of by the music industry. Many musicians neglected the business side of their careers or were actively cheated by record companies. As a composer Gryce always ensured that he got credit for his work, and actively encouraged his colleagues to do the same. Silver largely credits Gryce with inspiring him to found his Ecaroh Music company and the Silveto label. Little is known about Gryce's financial troubles in the early 1960s, but this hardship very much contributed to Gryce's breakdown and withdrawal from the jazz community.

Later career
Gryce stayed on the cutting edge through 1956 until his career peaked in 1957. He worked on several projects as composer and arranger with the Teddy Charles Tentet and the Oscar Pettiford Orchestra. The Tentet began as an outgrowth of Charles Mingus's Jazz Composers Workshop, and was very successful as a performing dance band despite its experimental nature. Gryce primarily served as sideman in Teddy Charles Tentet. His work with the Oscar Pettiford Orchestra was also extremely well-recognized, producing significant coverage to the musicians who participated as well as to Gryce himself.

In 1957 Gryce and Donald Byrd collaborated on a series of projects with Jazz Lab, which produced play-along recordings as educational tools. Gryce's arrangements were fresh but accessible, tailored for educational purposes. The rhythm section played with a soloist to give the play-alongs a more natural feel. The group also performed, and gave a rather lukewarm performance at the Newport Jazz Festival.

The years 1957 to 1960 saw a series of miscellaneous projects for Gryce. He continued to play with the Jazz Lab, as well as writing for Betty Carter, Art Farmer, Jimmy Cleveland, Curtis Fuller, and Max Roach. He put together his own quintet, which he renamed the Orch-tette after adding vibraphonist Eddie Costa in 1960. His recordings with the Orch-tette had potential, but featured intricate arrangements which limited space for solos. Gryce worked on a handful of other projects in 1960, including a film score to On the Sound by Phil Baker and a final studio recording on Randy Weston's Uhuru Afrika. However, by this time Gryce was becoming preoccupied with business troubles associated with his publishing companies, as well as some family issues. Gryce's genre of hard bop was beginning to give way to more experimental strains. Around 1963, Gryce withdrew completely from his jazz career.

Personal life
From childhood Gryce was always marked by a private and formal disposition. While he was very well liked by his colleagues, he was often very much an outsider in the community. Gryce also followed a strict moral lifestyle, abstaining from alcohol, drugs, and other vices common among his colleagues.

Family life
Gryce is known to have had other romantic relationships before his marriage to Eleanor Sears in 1953. Gryce had a brief relationship with Evelyn "Baby" Dubose in Pensacola during his Pensacola and Navy years, for whom he named his piece "Baby" which was recorded in Europe in 1953.. He also had a casual relationship with vocalist Margie Anderson, with whom he worked during his time in Boston.

On December 20, 1953, soon after his return from the Lionel Hampton tour, he married Eleanor Sears, to whom he was introduced by trumpeter Idrees Sulieman. Their wedding was a simple event, held at a mosque in Brooklyn. The ceremony and the subsequent luncheon were attended by only Eleanor's sister, her husband, and a Muslim friend of Gryce's. They had three children: Bashir (born 1957); Laila (born 1959); and Lynette (born 1963).. They also had a child, Bilil, in 1958 who was born prematurely and did not survive infancy..

In 1972, Gigi Gryce, now known as Basheer Qusim, married Ollie Warren, a school secretary in the Bronx. Throughout their marriage until Gryce's death, his earlier music career took a back seat to his passionate dedication to education. Focused on teaching children, Gryce went above and beyond, aiming to bring out the best in his students, many of whom were at risk of failing. His innovative approach included using music to teach reading skills, aligning with research that shows music instruction improves reading and math skills for students in grade school.

Conversion to Islam
Gryce had always been described as having a strict moral sensibility. He may have been interested in Islam as early as 1950, and as a student became interested in religious history. At the Boston Conservatory in 1953 he named one of his symphonies "Gashiya" for a surah in the Qur'an. Gryce reveals little about who or what urged his conversion, but Islam was an increasingly popular faith among black jazz musicians in the fifties, particularly Ahmadiyya, Nation of Islam, and Sunni Islam. Gryce is believed to have converted during or shortly after his travels in Europe during his college years. While Gryce did not regularly attend the mosque, he did read the Qur'an and abstain from drugs, alcohol, and pork. His faith was a source of some tension in his marriage to Eleanor, who remained a practicing Christian. Many of Gryce's compositions had Islamic titles and his first two children were given Islam-inspired names.

Withdrawal, teaching career, and death
Little is known about the real nature of Gryce's retreat from jazz, as this period is characterized by a great deal of misunderstanding and rumor. Gryce revealed very little about his business hardships, but what is known is that his publishing business encountered financial troubles in the early 1960s, with many musicians withdrawing from Melotone and Totem. Many of his colleagues believe that powerful interests considered Gryce's publishing activities a threat, and were forcing him out of business. Rumors circulated about intimidation and threats to his family. While these rumors have not been confirmed, Gryce's behavior became extremely introverted and erratic during this time. He dissolved his publishing companies in 1963 and gave up his music career, thereafter adopting his Islamic name entirely, Basheer Qusim. Several of his compositions are credited to the pseudonym Lee Sears.

In the 1960s Gryce reinvented himself as a public school teacher in New York. He was somewhat interested in education throughout his life, and was said to be an excellent music instructor. He received a master's degree in education from Fordham University in 1978 and developed an incredible passion for teaching. He left a lasting legacy at Elementary School No. 53 in the Bronx, which was renamed in his honor after his death. Students, colleagues, and parents who encountered Gryce during this time knew him as a very private, serious, passionate, and caring man. Believing that music aided literacy, Gryce was a strict but caring teacher, and went out of his way to aid students at educational risk, working at an under-resourced mostly black and Hispanic school.

Gryce died on March 14, 1983, of a heart attack after becoming increasingly ill. His death was a shock to many of his former music career colleagues, as well as students, teachers, and parents of the students whom he had encountered over the years. Before his death, he reached out to his family again, and visited Pensacola for the first time in almost 30 years.

Musical style, influences, and legacy
While in many ways his work exemplifies the conventions of the hard-bop era, Gryce always attempted to push the limits of common practice. As an educated composer with an extensive theoretical background, Gryce was prone to unconventional harmonization, form, and instrumentation as his style developed. In "Up in Quincy's Place", one of his very early tunes, Gryce was rather ahead of his time in his frequent use of quartal harmony, a practice that would be popularized during the cool jazz era.

His compositions and arrangements with Farmer continued to feature non-standard forms and harmonies 175. His approach to hard bop trod the line between experimental and accessible, particularly in later work with the Teddy Charles Tentet and the Oscar Pettiford Orchestra. As an experimental composer, his goal was not jazz without limits, but forms which provided boundaries which liberated the soloist.

While Gryce was a very accomplished saxophonist, clarinetist, and flautist, his playing tended to be less innovative than his writing. As a saxophonist, he was always very much influenced by Charlie Parker, who he had always idolized and became friends with in the mid-fifties. Contemporaries recall that Parker would sometimes borrow Gryce's horn.

More recently, Gryce's music has found a resurgence, specifically his composition "Social Call". Prominent recordings of this song (with lyric by Jon Hendricks) have been recorded by a new generation of jazz vocalists such as Jazzmeia Horn and Veronica Swift. The song is included on Samara Joy's "Linger Awhile" which won the 2023 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album.

As leader

 * 1954–55: When Farmer Met Gryce with Art Farmer (Prestige, 1955)
 * 1955: Nica's Tempo (Signal, 1955) – re-released on Savoy
 * 1957: Jazz Lab with Donald Byrd (Columbia, 1958)
 * 1957: Gigi Gryce and the Jazz Lab Quintet (Riverside, 1957)
 * 1957: At Newport with Donald Byrd (Verve, 1958) – Live. One side of LP; other side is by Cecil Taylor.
 * 1957: New Formulas from the Jazz Lab with Donald Byrd (RCA Victor, 1982)
 * 1957: Jazz Lab with Donald Byrd (Jubilee, 1958)
 * 1957: Modern Jazz Perspective with Donald Byrd (Columbia, 1957)
 * 1958: Gigi Gryce (MetroJazz, 1960)
 * 1960: Saying Somethin'! (New Jazz, 1960)
 * 1960: The Hap'nin's (New Jazz, 1960)
 * 1960: The Rat Race Blues (New Jazz, 1960)
 * 1960: Reminiscin' (Mercury, 1960)

Compilation
 * Doin' the Gigi (Uptown, 2011) – previously unissued tracks of 1957–61

As sideman and arranger
With Art Blakey
 * Blakey (EmArcy, 1954)
 * Mirage (Savoy, 1957) – arranger
 * Theory of Art (RCA Victor, 1957) – arranger

With Clifford Brown
 * New Star on the Horizon (sextet with Charlie Rouse) (Blue Note, 1953)[10"] – also included in Memorial Album (1956)
 * Memorial Album (Blue Note, 1956)
 * Memorial (Prestige, 1956) – rec. 1953
 * The Clifford Brown Sextet in Paris (Prestige, 1970) – rec. 1953
 * Clifford Brown in Paris (Complete Master Takes) (Prestige, 1971) – rec. 1953

With Betty Carter
 * Out There (Peacock, 1958) – also rereleased as part of I Can't Help It (Impulse!/GRP, 1982)
 * Social Call (Columbia, 1980) – rec. 1956

With Kenny Dorham
 * Afro-Cuban (Blue Note, 1955) – arranger
 * Jazz Contrasts (Riverside, 1957) – arranger

With Art Farmer
 * The Art Farmer Septet (Prestige, 1954) – arranger
 * Art Farmer Quintet featuring Gigi Gryce (Prestige, 1955) – also released as Evening In Casablanca (Prestige New Jazz, 1962)
 * Modern Art (United Artists, 1958) – arranger

With Dizzy Gillespie
 * Jazz Recital (Norgran, 1955)
 * The Greatest Trumpet of Them All (Verve, 1957)

With Benny Golson
 * Benny Golson's New York Scene (Contemporary, 1957)
 * The Modern Touch (Riverside, 1957) – arranger
 * Benny Golson and the Philadelphians (United Artists, 1958) – arranger

With Thelonious Monk
 * Monk's Music (Riverside, 1957)
 * Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane (Riverside, 1957 [1961])

With Oscar Pettiford
 * Another One (Bethlehem, 1955)
 * The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi (ABC-Paramount, 1956) – performer, composer and arranger
 * The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi Volume Two (ABC-Paramount, 1958) – performer and arranger

With Max Roach
 * The Max Roach Quartet featuring Hank Mobley (Debut, 1954)
 * Rich Versus Roach (Mercury, 1959) – arranger

With Tony Scott
 * The Touch of Tony Scott (RCA Victor, 1956)
 * The Complete Tony Scott (RCA, Victor, 1957)

With others
 * Teddy Charles, The Teddy Charles Tentet (Atlantic, 1956)
 * Jimmy Cleveland, Rhythm Crazy (EmArcy, 1959 [1964]) – arranger
 * Earl Coleman, Earl Coleman Returns (Prestige, 1956)
 * Curtis Fuller, Sliding Easy (United Artists, 1959) – arranger
 * Thad Jones, The Magnificent Thad Jones Vol. 3  (Blue Note, 1957)
 * Duke Jordan, Do It Yourself Jazz Vol. 1 with Duke Jordan Oscar Pettiford, Kenny Clarke (Savoy, 1955)
 * Herbie Mann, Salute to the Flute (Epic, 1957) – arranger
 * Mat Mathews, The Modern Art of Jazz (Dawn, 1956)
 * Big Maybelle, Big Maybelle Sings (Savoy, 1957)
 * Howard McGhee, Howard McGhee Volume 2 (Blue Note, 1953)
 * Lee Morgan, Lee Morgan Vol. 3 (Blue Note, 1957)
 * Johnnie Ray, The Big Beat (Columbia, 1956)
 * Mal Waldron, Mal-1 (Prestige, 1956)
 * Randy Weston, Uhuru Afrika (Roulette, 1960)
 * Leo Wright, Blues Shout (Atlantic, 1961) – arranger

title: Gigi Gryce