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Richard Davis (bassist)

Richard Davis (April 15, 1930 – September 6, 2023) was an American jazz bassist. Among his best-known contributions to the albums of others are Eric Dolphy's Out to Lunch!, Andrew Hill's Point of Departure, and Van Morrison's Astral Weeks, of which critic Greil Marcus wrote (in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll), "Richard Davis provided the greatest bass ever heard on a rock album."

Biography
Born on April 15, 1930, in Chicago, Illinois, Davis began his musical career with his brothers, singing bass in his family's vocal trio. He studied double bass in high school with his music theory teacher and band director, Walter Dyett. He was a member of Chicago Youth Symphony Orchestras (then known as the Youth Orchestra of Greater Chicago) and played in the orchestra's first performance at Chicago's Orchestra Hall on November 14, 1947. After high school, he studied double bass with Rudolf Fahsbender of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra while attending VanderCook College of Music.

After college, Davis performed in dance bands. The connections he made led him to pianist Don Shirley. In 1954, he and Shirley moved to New York City and performed together until 1956, when Davis began playing with the Sauter-Finegan Orchestra. In 1957, he became part of Sarah Vaughan's rhythm section, touring and recording with her until 1960.

During the 1960s, Davis was in demand in a variety of musical circles. He worked with many of the small jazz groups of the time, including those led by Eric Dolphy, Jaki Byard, Booker Ervin, Andrew Hill, Elvin Jones, and Cal Tjader. From 1966 to 1972, he was a member of The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra. He has also played with Don Sebesky, Oliver Nelson, Frank Sinatra, Miles Davis, Dexter Gordon, Joe Henderson and Ahmad Jamal.

Davis recorded with pop and rock musicians in the 1970s, appearing on Laura Nyro's Smile, Van Morrison's Astral Weeks (for which Davis also served as de facto bandleader during the recording sessions ), and Bruce Springsteen's Greetings From Asbury Park, N.J. and Born to Run. During his career he performed classical music with conductors Igor Stravinsky, Leonard Bernstein, Pierre Boulez, Leopold Stokowski, and Gunther Schuller.

After living in New York City for 23 years, he moved to Wisconsin in 1977 and became a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, teaching bass, jazz history, and improvisation. His former students include William Parker, David Ephross, Sandor Ostlund, Hans Sturm, Alex Kalfayan, Ryan Maxwell and Karl E. H. Seigfried.

Richard Davis died on September 6, 2023, after two years in hospice care, at the age of 93.

Grammy-winning music producer, Ian Brennan (music producer), wrote an obituary for Davis in Tape Op Magazine noting how his bass playing was the first and last thing heard on Astral Weeks, propelling the entire album.

Awards and honors

 * Best Bassist, Downbeat International Critics' Poll (1967–74)
 * NEA Jazz Master (2014)

Discography

 * Heavy Sounds (Impulse!, 1967) with Elvin Jones
 * Muses for Richard Davis (MPS, 1969)
 * The Philosophy of the Spiritual (Cobblestone, 1971)
 * Epistrophy & Now's the Time (Muse, 1972)
 * Dealin' (Muse, 1973)
 * As One (Muse, 1976)
 * Fancy Free (Galaxy, 1977)
 * Divine Gemini (SteepleChase, 1978) with Walt Dickerson
 * Harvest (Muse, 1977 [1979])
 * Way Out West (Muse, 1977 [1980])
 * Tenderness (SteepleChase, 1977 [1985]) with Walt Dickerson
 * Persia My Dear (DIW, 1987)
 * Body and Soul (Enja, 1989 [1991]) with Archie Shepp
 * The Bassist: Homage to Diversity (Palmetto, 2001)

title: Richard Davis (bassist)


text: Template:Metrolink (California)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Metrolink (California)


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Horkheimer

Horkheimer is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * H. M. Horkheimer (along with his brother), proprietor of Balboa Amusement Producing Company
 * Jack Horkheimer (1938–2010), American astronomer and television host
 * Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), German philosopher and sociologist

title: Horkheimer


text:
User:Steffen Schneider~enwiki

I am from Germany.

title: User:Steffen Schneider~enwiki


text:
Hilliard Ensemble

Hilliard Ensemble was a British male vocal quartet originally devoted to the performance of early music. The group was named after the Elizabethan miniaturist painter Nicholas Hilliard. Founded in 1974, the group disbanded in 2014.

Although most of its work focused on music of the Medieval and Renaissance periods, the Hilliard Ensemble also performed contemporary music, working frequently with the Estonian composer Arvo Pärt and included in its concerts works by John Cage, Gavin Bryars, Giya Kancheli, and Heinz Holliger.

Membership
The group was founded by Paul Hillier, Errol Girdlestone, Paul Elliott, and David James, although the membership was flexible until Hillier left in 1990. After that, the core members were David James (counter-tenor), Rogers Covey-Crump (tenor/high tenor), John Potter (tenor), and Gordon Jones (bass), except that in 1998 John Potter was replaced by Steven Harrold.

Recordings
The Hilliard Ensemble, under Paul Hillier, had an extensive discography with EMI's Reflexe early music series during the 1980s. The ensemble then recorded mainly for the ECM label. In 1994, when popular interest in Gregorian chant was at its height, the ensemble released the CD Officium, an unprecedented collaboration with the Norwegian saxophonist Jan Garbarek. The disc became one of ECM's biggest-selling releases, reaching the pop charts in several European countries and receiving five gold discs in sales. Officium's sequel, the 2-CD set Mnemosyne, followed in 1999. The third album, Officium Novum, was released in 2010. Their recordings have also been included in Craig Wright's Listening to Music textbook for music students and music appreciation.

Performances
In 2005 the ensemble took part in the Rheingau Musik Festival's composer's portrait of Arvo Pärt, together with the Rostock Motet Choir. In 2008 the Hilliard Ensemble premiered Heiner Goebbels' avant-garde staged concert I went to the house but did not enter at the 2008 Edinburgh International Festival, repeated at the Berliner Festspiele.

New music
In 2009 the ensemble premiered five new works: Guido Morini's Una Iliade, Fabio Vacchi's Memoria Italiana, Steffen Schleiermacher's Die Beschwörung der Trunkenen Oase, Simon Bainbridge's Tenebrae and Wolfgang Rihm's Et Lux. In September 2010 the Hilliard Ensemble joined the London Philharmonic Choir and Orchestra for the world premiere of Matteo D'Amico's Flight from Byzantium at the Royal Festival Hall, London.

Miscellaneous
They also performed three pieces by Guillaume Dufay: Moribus et genere, Vergene bella and Lamentatio sanctae matris ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae.

On 15 November 2010, the group appeared at Church of St. Paul the Apostle in New York to perform Kjartan Sveinsson's Cage a Swallow Can’t You but You Can’t Swallow a Cage.

Disbanding
The Hilliard Ensemble decided to disband after 41 years and gave their final concert on 20 December 2014 at the Wigmore Hall, London.

Harmonia Mundi

 * 1982: Cipriano de Rore: Le Vergine (LP, HM 1107)
 * 1982: Medieval English Music (HMC 901106)
 * 1983: Sumer is icumen in (HMC 901154)
 * 1983: The Singing Club (HMC 901153)

EMI Reflexe

 * 1980: Lionel Power: Messen und Motetten (LP, EMI Reflexe 1C 069-46 402)
 * 1982: John Dunstable: Motets (EMI Reflexe CDC 7 49002 2)
 * 1983: Josquin Desprez: Motets and chansons (EMI Reflexe CDC 7 49209 2)
 * 1983: Schütz: Matthäus-Passion (EMI Reflexe CDC 7 49200 2)
 * 1984: J. S. Bach Motets (EMI Reflexe CDC 7 49204 2) with Knabenchor Hannover
 * 1984: Ockeghem: Requiem; Missa Mi-Mi (EMI Reflexe CDC 7 49213 2)
 * 1984: Palestrina: Canticum canticorum, Spiritual madrigals (EMI Reflexe CDS 7 49010 8)
 * 1985: Schütz: Schwanengesang (Opus ultimum) (EMI Reflexe CDS 7 49214 8) with London Baroque and Knabenchor Hannover
 * 1985: Lassus: Penitential Psalms (EMI Reflexe CDS 7 49211 8) with the Kees Boeke Consort
 * 1986: Dufay: Missa L'Homme armé, Motets (EMI Reflexe CDC 7 47628 2)
 * 1987: Draw on Sweet Night - English Madrigals (EMI Reflexe CDC 7 49197 2)
 * 1988: Ockeghem: Missa prolationum and Marian Motets (EMI Reflexe CDC 7 49798 2)
 * 1989: Josquin Desprez: Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae (EMI Reflexe CDC 7 49960 2)

Coro

 * 1996: Perotin and the Ars Antiqua (HL 1001)
 * 1996: For Ockeghem (HL 1002) music by Ockeghem, Busnois and Lupi and translated excerpts from Lament on the Death of the Late Ockeghem by Guillaume Crétin
 * 1997: Antoine Brumel (HL 1003)
 * 1998: Guillaume Dufay - Missa Se la Face ay Pale (HL 1004)

ECM

 * 1986: Thomas Tallis: The Lamentations of Jeremiah (ECM 1341)
 * 1987: Arbos (ECM 1325) with the Staatsorchester Stuttgart Brass Ensemble under Dennis Russell Davies performing works of Arvo Pärt
 * 1988: Passio (ECM 1370) performing works of Pärt
 * 1989: Perotin (ECM 1385) performing works of Perotin
 * 1991: Tenebrae (ECM 1422–23) performing works of Carlo Gesualdo
 * 1991: Miserere (ECM 1430) performing works of Pärt
 * 1993: The Hilliard Ensemble Sings Walter Frye (ECM 1476)
 * 1994: Officium (ECM 1525) with Jan Garbarek (Part 1 of the Officium-trilogy)
 * 1995: Codex Speciálník (ECM 1504)
 * 1996: A Hilliard Songbook - New Music for Voices (ECM 1614–15)
 * 1998: Lassus (ECM 1658) performing works of Orlande de Lassus
 * 1999: Mnemosyne (ECM 1700–01) with Jan Garbarek (Part 2 of the Officium-trilogy)
 * 2001: Morimur (ECM 1765) with Christoph Poppen
 * 2003: Ricercar (ECM 1774) with Christoph Poppen and Münchener Kammerorchester performing works of Bach and Webern
 * 2003: Tituli - Cathedral in the Thrashing Rain (ECM 1861) performing works of Stephen Hartke
 * 2004: Motets (ECM 2324) performing works of Guillaume de Machaut
 * 2005: Lamentate (ECM 1930) with Alexei Lubimov performing works of Pärt
 * 2007: Motetten (ECM 1875) performing works of Bach
 * 2008: Audivi Vocem (ECM 1936) performing works of Thomas Tallis, Christopher Tye and John Sheppard
 * 2010: Officium Novum (ECM 2125) with Jan Garbarek (Part 3 of the Officium-trilogy)
 * 2011: Song of Songs (ECM 2174) with the Rosamunde Quartett performing works of Boris Yoffe
 * 2012: Quinto Libro di Madrigali (ECM 2175) performing works of Gesualdo
 * 2013: Terje Rypdal: Melodic Warrior (ECM 2006)
 * 2013: Il Cor Tristo (ECM 2346) performing works of Roger Marsh, Bernardo Pisano and Jacques Arcadelt
 * 2014: Transeamus (ECM 2408)
 * 2015: Heinz Holliger: Machaut-Transkriptionen (ECM 2224) with Geneviève Strosser, Jürg Dähler and Muriel Cantoreggi
 * 2019: Remember me, my dear (ECM 2625) with Jan Garbarek

Other labels

 * 1983: Madrigals by Luca Marenzio (University of East Anglia Recordings UEA 82126)
 * 1988: Music from the time of Christian IV. Church Music at Court and in Town (BIS CD-389)
 * 1990: The Romantic Englishman (Meridian Records DUOCD 89009)
 * 1996: Sweet Love, Sweet Hope (Isis Records CD030)
 * 1997: Cristóbal de Morales: Missa Mille Regretz (Almaviva DS-0101)
 * 2013: Prayers and Praise. Vocal music by Alexander Raskatov (Challenge Classics CC72578)
 * 2016: Roger Marsh: Poor Yorick (CMRC001)
 * 2017: Trans Limen ad Lumen (Divox CDX-21702)
 * 2019: John Casken: The Dream of the Rood (NMC Recordings NMC D245) with Asko/Schönberg

title: Hilliard Ensemble


text:
Talk:Cobalt blue tarantula

Handling?
how do you transfer a cobalt blue to another cage if they're so quick and agro??? E-mail me the answer PLEASE!!???
 * llxxll27@msn.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.224.39.204 (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Cobalt blue tarantula


text:
Lake Voulismeni

Lake Voulismeni (Greek: Λίμνη Βουλισμένη, Límni Voulisméni) is a small, formerly freshwater lake, later connected to the sea, located at the centre of the town of Agios Nikolaos on the Greek island of Crete. It has a circular shape with a diameter of 137 m and a depth of 48.8 m. The locals refer to it as simply "The Lake". The lake is connected to the harbour of the town by a channel dug by soldiers of the French Army in 1907. A panoramic view of the lake can be seen from a small park situated above it.

According to legend, the goddess Athena bathed in it. Every year at midnight turning to Orthodox Christian Easter day, the majority of the population of the town gathers around the lake to celebrate with fireworks, and firecrackers thrown by the people attending the event.

The rocks at the lake are limestone breccias, the result of undersea landslides coming down from the mountains to the north-west of the town.

A normal fault which cuts right through the town in a roughly NNE to SSW direction passes directly through the north-western side of the lake, the cliff at the lake is the scarp slope of this fault. Elsewhere in the town the fault was later buried by subsequent underwater landslides. An underground stream that was cut by this fault created a solution sinkhole and a small cave following the disappearance of the overlying sea during the Messinian Salinity Crisis. After only a few hundred thousand years the small cave, dissolved out of the unstable and structurally weak breccia, collapsed creating a deep hole. The destabilised breccia at the top of this hole subsided into the hole creating a deep funnel-shaped sinkhole which was subsequently filled with freshwater by the still running spring. The creation of the Mediterranean Sea during the Zanclean Flood left a deep, spring-fed, freshwater lake that overflowed via a small stream into the nearby sea.

In 1852 Captain Thomas Spratt surveyed eastern Crete on behalf of the Royal Navy and recorded the lake as being ...a small circular pool of brackish water and ....having a small stream opening out of it into the sea, clear evidence that the spring was still flowing at that time. He also measured the depth of the lake as 64 m and it is this figure that is used in almost all publications and writings about the lake today. In September 2000 the geology department of the University of Athens conducted a detailed underwater survey of the lake, finding its maximum depth to be only 48.8 m.

On 12 October 1856 a massive earthquake occurred in the sea off Crete with an epicentre only 40 km from the lake. Although its magnitude was not recorded, it was listed as grade XI on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, one grade down from the maximum possible. This earthquake was most likely responsible for the blocking or diversion of the freshwater spring leading to the later stagnation of the lake and the collapse of the western corner of the lake which reduced the lake depth from the 64m measured by Thomas Spratt to the 48.8 m today.

Once the spring had stopped flowing, the lake soon became stagnant. It became known locally as Vromolimni; 'the stinky lake'. The obvious solution was to dig a channel to the nearby sea to allow the denser seawater to flush away the stagnant freshwater and remove the source of the smell.

The first channel connecting the lake to the sea was dug by Kostas Adosides Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Lasithi at the time, between 1867 and 1871. This canal was dredged and widened several times between 1883 and 1890, and a simple wooden footbridge was built. The wider canal we see today was constructed by the French Army between 1905 and 1907. A lifting footbridge allowed boats to pass and be loaded and unloaded in the relative safety of the lake. The modern concrete road bridge was opened in 1954.

Urban legends
A local urban myth is that the lake is bottomless and the crater of an extinct volcano. That notion is most likely based on its impressive depth compared to its width (48.8 m depth and only 134 m width) or/and on locals noticing disturbances at the surface or also the level of the water during the 1956 Amorgos earthquake (which was wrongly attributed to an eruption of Santorini). Because of the latter, many incorrectly assume a geological relationship between the two locations.

The complete absence of igneous rocks anywhere near the lake precludes its being a volcano crater, the supposed connection with Santorini can also be dismissed for this reason.

title: Lake Voulismeni


text:
Paul Hyde

Paul Reginald Nelson (born 21 May 1955), known by the stage name Paul Hyde, is a British-born Canadian singer-songwriter.

He co-founded the rock band Payola$ with Bob Rock, serving as the band's main lyricist and vocalist. He later performed and recorded with Rock under the band name Rock and Hyde and has released six solo albums over his musical career.

Early life
Born in Harrogate, Yorkshire, England, Hyde emigrated to Canada at 15 years of age, settling in Victoria, British Columbia. Hyde met Bob Rock while the pair were attending Belmont High School in Langford, a Victoria suburb. Rock, who moved to Victoria from Winnipeg at age 12, described his first encounter with Hyde to the Times Colonist in 2007: "He had his hair all cut off, and later I found out it was because he wanted to look like a skinhead when he immigrated to Canada so he wouldn't get beat up. Being such a fan of English culture and bands, I saw this kid standing there in a long trenchcoat and shaved head and I went, 'That's a guy I wanna know.'"

The two connected on their love of glam rock and were both interested in the burgeoning Vancouver punk scene. Hyde traveled multiple times between England and Canada in his youth, bringing Rock with him on one occasion. In the mid-1970s, Hyde and Rock formed the Paul Kane Blues Band and toured Vancouver Island.

Payolas, Tears are Not Enough, Rock and Hyde (1978–1988)
In the late 1970s, Hyde followed Rock to Vancouver after Rock landed a job as an apprentice recording engineer at Little Mountain Sound Studios and was working with many bands from Vancouver's punk scene.

In 1978 the two men formed the punk-influenced rock band Payolas and released their first single "China Boys" on their own Slophouse label the following year. The song, whose lyrics reference the westernization of China, attracted the attention of A&M Records. Their four track EP Introducing Payola$ was released by A&M in 1980. The band recorded 1981's In a Place Like This, first at Little Mountain Sound Studios, then completed at the famed Le Studio in Morin-Heights, Quebec. The album's sound contained both reggae and ska influences. Produced by Rock, In a Place Like This was a critical success, but didn't do well commercially.

The band attracted the attention of famed British songwriter and producer Mick Ronson, who produced Payolas' 1982 album No Stranger to Danger. Incorporating elements of reggae, pop, punk, and new wave, No Stranger to Danger included the hit single (No. 4) in "Eyes of a Stranger", which won the Juno Award for best single. Junos were also given to Rock and Hyde for their songwriting, Rock was awarded Recording Engineer of the Year, and the band as a whole won the Most Promising Group.

In 1985, Hyde was a co-writer of the No. 1 Canadian charity single "Tears Are Not Enough" by Northern Lights. He was one of over 40 vocalists featured on the song. Hyde and Rock came up with the song's title and contributed to the French lyrics along with Rachel Paiement, receiving co-writer credits on the song along with Bryan Adams, David Foster, Paiement and Jim Vallance.

Hyde and Rock, whose band was now known as Paul Hyde and the Payolas, released the David Foster produced Here's the World for Ya in 1985. Hyde, Rock, and Miriam Nelson (who is also Hyde's wife) were recognised at the 1987 Performing Rights Organization of Canada Limited (PROCAN) awards presentation for their writing contributions to the album. Despite the critical acclaim, disappointing sales resulted in them dropped by A&M. In 1987 the pair signed with Capitol/EMI and put out one album, Under the Volcano, in 1987, this time credited as Rock and Hyde.

In 1985, producer and songwriter David Foster helped assemble the supergroup Northern Lights to record the song "Tears Are Not Enough". Hyde was one of over 40 vocalists featured on the song and Rock served as one of the engineers. Rock and Hyde came up with the song's title and contributed to the French lyrics along with Rachel Paiement, receiving co-writer credits on the song along with Bryan Adams, Foster, Paiement and Jim Vallance.

Solo work (1989–2002)
In 1988, Hyde, Murray McLauchlan and Tom Cochrane collaborated on the single "Let The Good Guys Win". The song was written by McLauchlan as a Christmas gift to the people of Capitol Records. That same year Hyde traveled to Los Angeles to record his debut solo album, Turtle Island, with producer Davitt Sigerson.

The album single "America is Sexy" the song was ranked as No. 23 of the top 25 Cancon songs of the year in 1988 and reached No. 28 on the RPM 100 Singles chart of 23–28 October. The album also appeared on the RPM Top 100 Albums chart in 1989.

Hyde released his next album Love and the Great Depression on the independent Canadian record label, Broken Records, in 1996. Hyde followed this album with Living off the Radar, which was released in 2000 by EMI Music Canada. Bob Rock produced the album and co-wrote some of the songs. In 2002 Hyde released The Big Book of Sad Songs, Volume 1 on the independent label, Bongo Beat.

Payolas reunion (2003–2008)
Rock and Hyde played live in Vancouver in 2003, reformed as The Payolas. An EP called "Missing Links" was released for a charitable foundation, consisting of previously-unreleased Payolas songs and demos, a couple of which had surfaced earlier, in slightly different productions, on Hyde's solo album Living off the Radar.

In 2006 they reunited once more and on July 17, 2007, the Payola$ released a seven-song EP, Langford (Part One). It was announced that there would be a full length follow-up to the Langford (Part One) EP, possibly incorporating some of the EP's tracks, however this release never materialized.

The band stopped performing live as of 2008, and the official Payolas website shut down in 2009. In a 2018 interview with the Canadian music magazine, Music Express, Hyde indicated that a Payolas reunion was not imminent, not for lack of interest by his band mate Rock, but due in part to Hyde's fear of live performances.

Further solo work and work as a visual artist (2009–present)
In 2009 Paul Hyde resumed his solo career, releasing his fifth studio album Peace Sign, followed nine years later with the 2018 release No Gods, Just Men.

In a 2020 interview with the Vancouver Sun, Hyde said that he hadn't performed live music in five years and had changed his creative focus towards visual art. Hyde exhibited 26 of his collages at Chernoff Fine Art in Vancouver in 2020.

In a 2023 podcast interview, Hyde revealed that he and Rock had been working on a covers album, for release at an indefinite future time.

Solo albums

 * Turtle Island (1989)
 * Love and the Great Depression (1996)
 * Living off the Radar (2000)
 * The Big Book of Sad Songs, Volume 1 (2002)
 * Peace Sign (2009)
 * No Gods, Just Men (2018)

Personal life
Paul has three children with ex-wife Myriam Nelson. He has a son and twin daughters.

title: Paul Hyde


text:
Streaked flycatcher

The streaked flycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus) is a passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family.

Description
The streaked flycatcher is 22 cm long, weighs 43 g and has a strong black bill. The head is brown with a concealed yellow crown patch, white supercilium and dusky eye mask. The upperparts are brown with darker brown streaks on the back, rufous and white edges on the wings, and wide chestnut edges on the rump and tail. The underparts are yellowish-white streaked with brown. Sexes are similar, but immature birds are brown where the adult is black. M. m. solitarius has black rather than brown streaking above and below. The streaked flycatcher is a conspicuous bird, with a noisy sqEEE-zip call.

It is very similar in appearance to the less widespread sulphur-bellied flycatcher. The streaked flycatcher has a heavier bill, lighter yellow belly, pink basal half of the lower mandible and creamy (not white) superciliary.

Distribution and habitat
This species breeds from eastern Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago south to Bolivia and Argentina. The southern subspecies M. m. solitarius migrates to Venezuela and the Guianas from March to September during the austral winter. It is found at the edges of forests and cocoa plantations. Common across its wide range, this species is not considered threatened by the IUCN.

Feeding
Streaked flycatchers eat a range of food items, mostly large insects (such as cicadas, locusts and beetles), but also lizards and berries. It perches on a high watchpoint from which it sallies forth to catch insects in mid-flight or off plants using a range of aerobatic maneuvers, and occasionally gleans prey from the vegetation. The wintering southern migrants seem to include a considerable amount of fruit in their diet, for example those of Tamanqueiro (Alchornea glandulosa) which they sometimes eat in quantity; fruit are typically ripped off in mid-hover. It occasionally follows mixed-species feeding flocks, pouncing from up in the trees on prey flushed by birds in the undergrowth.

Breeding
The nest is an open cup of twigs and grasses placed in a tree hollow or sometimes a bromeliad. The female builds the nest and incubates the typical clutch of two or three creamy-white eggs, which are marked with red-brown spots, for 16–17 days to hatching. Both sexes feed the chicks, which fledge in a further 18–21 days.

title: Streaked flycatcher


text:
User talk:AlDragon

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes ( Redwolf24 06:15, 13 July 2005 (UTC) ) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes ( Redwolf24 ) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Hi. Mwalther 01:04, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

You maybe interested in the Article Rescue Squadron
I noticed that you are part of Category:Wikipedians against notability.

I would like to invite you to join the Article Rescue Squadron. Although Rescue Squadron members do not share any official position on notability, and are simply focused on rescuing articles for deletion, you may find our project matches your vision of Wikipedia.

Caveat: I am writing this as a wikipedian, not as a representative of Article Rescue Squadron. Ikip (talk) 19:52, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlDragon


text:
2005 Macquarie Fields riots

The 2005 Macquarie Fields riots were a series of disturbances in south-west Sydney which occurred from 25 February 2005-1 March 2005. The Macquarie Fields riots were referred to as a riot by both the Parliament of New South Wales and the media.

Trigger event
The riots were sparked by a high-speed police pursuit on 25 February through the Glenquarie housing estate in the south-west Sydney suburb of Macquarie Fields. The chase resulted in the driver, 20-year-old Jesse Kelly, crashing the stolen vehicle into a tree and killing his two passengers, 17-year-old Dylan Raywood and 19-year-old Matthew Robertson. Certain circumstances around the riots including the fatal police pursuit in a low-income area were seen to be a repeat of the riots that took place in Redfern, New South Wales during the previous year.

The accident sparked protests and accusations of police impropriety after Kelly's aunt Deborah claimed police had rammed the car prior to the crash. A surveillance tape recorded Deborah fabricating the accusation with Kelly.

Premier of New South Wales Bob Carr mobilised hundreds of police, including heavily armed riot squads into the area. The violence that followed lasted four nights, involving at least 300 residents clashing with police. The rioters hurled rocks, bottles, bricks, petrol bombs, and set cars alight, injuring several officers. During a Parliamentary inquiry nine months later, NSW Police Commissioner Ken Moroney stated that the violence during the incident was not a riot when compared to incidents in Los Angeles or Paris, referring to the distinction between "disturbance" and "riot" as defined by Los Angeles Police Department police chief Bill Bratton, who had been visiting Australia at the time of the disturbances.

Criticism of response
The police were criticised at the time for not acting to quell the disturbances quickly enough, with some arguing the riots could have been ended in their first day had a more aggressive stance been adopted. The so-called 'soft' approach by police was put down to downsizing and a lack of training within the NSW Police Force that inhibited their ability to contain the ringleaders effectively. The police eventually made 55 arrests, including that of Jesse Kelly, who had fled the scene of the fatal car crash which preceded the riots.

Social issues
The suburb of Macquarie Fields suffered from a high unemployment rate of 11.3 per cent, more than twice the National average. Of its 4,600 homes, 1,500 are housing commission projects and home to low-income and disadvantaged families. Criticisms have been made about this controversial cul de sac-style urban planning that left many residents with very little privacy.

Charges and sentences
In October 2006, Jesse Kelly was formally charged after admitting two counts of aggravated dangerous driving occasioning death and was sentenced to 5 years' jail. In the same month a coronial inquiry officially cleared New South Wales Police of any responsibility for the riot. His aunt Deborah Kelly, who started the rumours that sparked the riots, was charged with attempting to pervert the course of justice and with concealing a serious indictable offence.

title: 2005 Macquarie Fields riots


text:
Talk:Kingdom of Fear (book)

Untitled
I just finished reading "Kingdom of Fear", an excellent biography I must say, and though it wasn't similar to any of his other books, for a reason, it is a great piece to read to understand Hunter's wild and crazy life. Those who have an interest in his books, life or hobbies, should give this book a try. Hunter takes snapshots of his life, articles that have been written about him and articles he wrote to try to define who he is. At the end of it all, we realize that Hunter doesn't need to be understood, solely, respected for whom he is as a person, a "teenage girl in the body of an elderly dope fiend".

Article needs to either...
get a significant expansion or be deleted altogether. This article is a stub among stubs as it is now. Could some Hunter S Thompson aficionado, without getting POV, provide a little meat-n-bones to this please? --I am not good at running 23:22, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Plus
While someone's at it fix the paragraph under plot summary. It's embarrassing in a Hunter S. Thompson related article that the first line is an incomplete sentence. That's not gonzo, it's shitzo. 68.229.184.37 (talk) 11:36, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kingdom of Fear (book)


text:
Cranbrook/Canadian Rockies International Airport

Cranbrook/Canadian Rockies International Airport is an international airport located 5 NM north of Cranbrook and 20 km south-east of Kimberley, British Columbia, in the Canadian Rockies.

It is owned by the City of Cranbrook and operated by Elevate Airports Inc. Runway 16/34 is an 8000 by asphalt runway with a category 1 instrument landing system capable of guiding aircraft down to 200 ft in 1/2 mi of visibility. The terminal building covers 23000 sqft. In 2008, YXC served over 106,277 passengers and in 2010 had 15,060 aircraft movements. In 2017 YXC served 134,455 passengers, peaked in 2018 serving 184,973 passengers and in 2022 has rebounded from a low of 56,901 passengers during the covid-19 pandemic to serve 138,700 passengers, a 145% increase year over year from 2021. The airport is operated 24 hours a day by the Cranbrook Flight Service Station.

It is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers. With prior notice, CBSA officers are able to handle commercial aircraft with up to 50 passengers, cost recovery is in effect for handling commercial aircraft.

Accidents and incidents
On February 11, 1978 Flight 314, a Pacific Western Airlines 737-200 on a scheduled flight from Edmonton, via Calgary and Cranbrook, to Castlegar Airport crashed at Cranbrook Airport. The aircraft crashed after thrust reversers did not fully stow following a rejected landing that was executed in order to avoid a snowplow. The crash killed 42 of the 49 people on board.


text: User talk:70.56.92.84

title: User talk:70.56.92.84


text:
Fretwork (music group)

Fretwork is a British consort of viols, established in 1985. It specialises in English music for viol consort from approximately the time of William Byrd to that of Henry Purcell, but also performs Renaissance and contemporary repertoire.

History
The group was formed in 1985, and received financial support from the Arts Council of Great Britain. Its first performance was in the Wigmore Hall in 1986. In 1999 the group consisted of Richard Boothby, Richard Campbell, Wendy Gillespie, Julia Hodgson, William Hunt and Susanna Pell. In 2023 the members were listed on the website as Emily Ashton, Emilia Benjamin, Richard Boothby, Joanna Levine, Jonathan Rees and Sam Stadlen. Among those who have performed with the group are the singers Catherine Bott, James Bowman and Michael Chance, the instrumentalists Paul Nicholson and Christopher Wilson, and the Red Byrd vocal ensemble.

The group has published a number of editions of music for consort of viols, and also a book by David Pinto on the consort and dance music of William Lawes.

Recognition

 * 1997: French Grand Prix du Disque for Lachrimae, or Seaven Teares by John Dowland
 * 2009: Gramophone Award for 'Purcell: Complete Fantazias' (by Henry Purcell) on Harmonia Mundi
 * 2016: Royal Philharmonic Society 'Chamber Music & Song' Award

Recordings

 * In Nomine, 1987
 * Heart's Ease, 1988
 * Armada, 1988
 * Cries and Fancies by Orlando Gibbons, 1989
 * Night's Black Bird by John Dowland and William Byrd, 1989
 * Goe nightly cares by John Dowland and William Byrd, 1990
 * Lachrimae by John Dowland, 1990
 * For ye Violls by William Lawes, 1991
 * Music for Viols, 1992
 * A Play of Passion, 1992
 * The English Viol, 1994 (compilation album)
 * William Byrd: The Complete Consort Music by William Byrd, 1994
 * Henry Purcell: The Fantazias and In Nomines by Henry Purcell, 1995
 * Concord is conquer'd by William Lawes, 1995
 * Matthew Locke: Consort of Fower Parts by Matthew Locke, 1996
 * The Mirrour and Wonder of his Age by John Jenkins, 1996
 * Sit Fast, 1997
 * Celestiall Witchcraft, 1999
 * Missa 'Mater Christi sanctissima' by John Taverner, 2000
 * The Hidden Face by John Tavener and John Taverner, 2001
 * Harmonice Musices Odhecaton compiled by Ottaviano Petrucci, 2001
 * The Art of Fugue by J.S. Bach, 2002
 * Above the Starrs by Thomas Tomkins, 2003
 * Im Maien by Ludwig Senfl, 2004
 * Consort Songs by William Byrd, 2004
 * Bach: Alio Modo by Johann Sebastian Bach, 2005
 * Agricola: Chansons by Alexander Agricola & Fabrice Fitch, 2006
 * Birds on Fire: Jewish Music for Viols, music by Thomas Lupo, Orlando Gough etc., 2008
 * English Music for Viols (a 5-CD set of previous recordings of works by Purcell, Lawes, Locke & Jenkins), 2008
 * Purcell Complete Fantazias The fantazias & In Nomines by Henry Purcell of 1680, 2009
 * The Silken Tent, music by Alexander Goehr, William Byrd, Michael Nyman, Henry Purcell, Claude Debussy etc., 2009
 * J. S. Bach: The Goldberg Variations, arranged for six viols by Richard Boothby, 2011
 * The World Encompassed music by Orlando Gough, Robert Parsons, Robert White with Simon Callow, narrator, 2017
 * Consort Anthems by Orlando Gibbons, with the Magdalena Consort & His Majesties Cornets & Sackbuts, 2017
 * John Jenkins Complete four-part consort music, 2018
 * If - Music by Michael Nyman & Henry Purcell with Iestyn Davies, 2019
 * In Nomine II - In Nomines by Nico Muhly, Parsons, Ferrabosco and others, 2019
 * In Chains of Gold Volume Two, 2020
 * An Elizabethan Christmas with Helen Charlston. Music by Byrd, Weelkes, Holborn and others, 2021
 * Lamento - German music for alto and viols with Iestyn Davies, 2021
 * Matthew Locke - The Flatt Consort, 2022
 * Fantasia - The consort music of Thomas Lupo, 2022
 * Matthew Locke - The Little Consort, 2022
 * Tom & Will - music by William Byrd and Thomas Weelkes with The Kings Singers, 2023

title: Fretwork (music group)


text:
Ultimate Nullifier

The Ultimate Nullifier is a fictional device of immense power appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The device made its first appearance in Fantastic Four volume 1, issue #50 (May 1966), in which Johnny Storm retrieves it from the home of Galactus (as directed by Uatu the Watcher) to employ against Galactus himself. The Nullifier appears as a small, hand-held metallic device with no apparent functionality. When first introduced in 1966, it was described as the only known weapon in the universe capable of inspiring fear in Galactus.

Fictional history
In its first appearance, Reed Richards threatens the use of the Ultimate Nullifier as a last-ditch effort to stop Galactus from destroying Earth as Human Torch recovered it from the base of Galactus with the help of Uatu the Watcher. Faced with the prospect of dying by Richards' activation of the Nullifier, Galactus withdraws.

The Nullifier later appears in "The Infinity War". Quasar tries to use it in an attempt to destroy the Magus, who had acquired the collective power of five cosmic cubes and a gauntlet containing 5 of the 6 Infinity Gems. The Reality Gem was replaced in this instance with a duplicate created by Thanos. Although Quasar tried to use the weapon on Magus, Quasar's attack gets redirected by the incomplete Infinity Gauntlet, temporarily nullifying Quasar in the process.

The Ultimate Nullifier is generally kept within Galactus' Worldship Taa II, though at times Galactus has been known to carry it aboard his spherical starship. In the rare instances that the Nullifier gets stolen or kept in other locales such as the Fantastic Four's headquarters, the Nullifier inevitably returns to Galactus' possession. In the Abraxas saga Galactus demonstrates his ability to recall the Nullifier to himself at will. In conjunction, he stated it to be "as much a part of me as my heart itself." In the 2006 edition of Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe, Marvel Comics included a profile of the "Ultimate Nullifier" which, using technobabble, described the device to be of "unknown origins" within the context of the fictional Marvel Universe.

Later on, Titus lies to Sam Alexander telling him that he had killed his father. This is not true because Jesse Alexander is being held captive by the Chitauri. When Titus finds Sam, he threatens not only him, but everything he holds dearly to him in exchange for the Ultimate Nullifier he stole from their ship. Sam then gets back his helmet from Titus and takes them both to outer space, expecting the lack of oxygen to kill Titus. When that plan fails, Sam takes out the Ultimate Nullifier and tells Titus to take his forces and leave. Titus and Sam then struggle for the Ultimate Nullifier and Sam accidentally triggers it apparently killing Titus and an entire fleet of Chitauri.

During the "Original Sin" storyline, an evolved Mindless One had the Ultimate Nullifier in its possession and used it on itself to put it out of its misery despite Thing trying to talk it down. By this time, Nick Fury and the Avengers arrive where Captain America wants the Ultimate Nullifier left alone until it is contained.

Powers
The Ultimate Nullifier has been described as "the universe's most devastating weapon". As such, the Ultimate Nullifier has the ability to eliminate any target the wielder chooses, along with the user if his or her mind is not focused enough. In the hands of a being with an extremely powerful mind, the Ultimate Nullifier can destroy entire timelines from beginning to end or even erase (and paradoxically recreate) the entire infinite Marvel multiverse.

Earth X
In the Earth X trilogy, Universe X in particular, the Ultimate Nullifier is one of the cosmic objects Captain Marvel, resurrected as a child, gathers to create Paradise. Later, it is used against Death after Marvel's spiritual counterpart, Mar-Vell, reveals to Thanos how Death has manipulated him in the past and gives the Ultimate Nullifier to him. Thanos annihilates Death and removes her from power, paving the way for the new paradise. However, as an unforeseen consequence, it leaves those still living unable to die, forcing the remaining heroes on Earth to resurrect Jude The Entropic Man as a means for dying.

JLA/Avengers
During the JLA/Avengers crossover (published between Sep 2003 - Mar 2004), the JLA and the Avengers go after twelve items of power, six from each universe. The Grandmaster approaches the League and tells them the Ultimate Nullifier is one of the great six items of power of the Marvel Universe, along with the Infinity Gems, the Casket of Ancient Winters, the Wand of Watoomb, the Evil Eye of Avalon and the Cosmic Cube. The first item the League collects is the Ultimate Nullifier. The Martian Manhunter examines it, but it threatens to overwhelm his mind, and he starts to lose control of his shape due to the immense power felt while probing the Nullifier, stating the item alone could destroy an entire universe.

Marvel Adventures
In Marvel Adventures: The Avengers #26, Spider-Man theorizes that the Nullifier does not actually destroy things, or it would be called an "Ultimate Annihilator." He believes that it instead alters the laws of probability, changing the universe so that "everything has an equal likelihood of affecting everything else." The theory turns out to be right when Spider-Man activates the Nullifier in an attempt to stop Galactus.

Ultimate Marvel
During the Ultimate Extinction storyline in the Ultimate Marvel universe, Reed Richards created a massively upsized, towering version of the very same portal device that he had previously designed on two other occasions to connect to the N-Zone. This weapon unleashed the tremendous energies of an alternate universe's Big Bang at Gah-Lak-Tus, destroying 20% of its mass and driving it off. This weapon is referred to as "the Nevada Gun", and is activated by triggering a Big Bang in an infant universe, and channeling that energy into a giant beam of destruction.

Marvel: What If?
In What If? vol. 1 #32 'What If The Avengers Had Become Pawns of Korvac?,' Korvac sends a recreated and mind-controlled Captain America to the worldship of Galactus to steal the Nullifier and then use it on Galactus. In doing so Captain America destroys both Galactus and himself. It is explained that that is the secret of the Nullifier: that it nullifies both target and wielder. The story ends with a frustrated and angry Korvac having absorbed almost all the most powerful beings in the universe, but still unable to achieve complete domination. Seeing countless beings from the stars coming to destroy him, he shouts "I am strong, stronger than any being in the universe!... but not stronger than every being in the universe." Korvac in a fatalistic rage absorbs the energy of every living being on Earth and grows to planetary size. He bonds with the spirit of Eternity, and uses the Nullifer against the armada of sentient races of universe who have banded together to stop him. Not physically present at the destruction of Galactus, Korvac is potentially unaware of how the Nullifier works, and destroys all of reality, and himself, in the confrontation. Even in this all-encompassing use of the device, it survives the destruction of all else.

Several issues later, in issue #43 of the same volume of the series, Doctor Strange, the Phoenix, and The Silver Surfer—who had all been thrown entirely out of the local universe at an earlier point by Korvac and thus were spared its destruction—were stopped by the "ghost" of Eternity from attempting to use the Ultimate Nullifier on the void once they separately found their way back to that alternate universe and located the device—the only remaining object in all of the void. The entity implied that the three survivors of the destroyed universe were correct in their deduction that if they used the device on the same region that it had previously nullified, that the resulting action would "undo" the previous nullification event and restore the universe; instead of restoring the universe, Eternity's spirit wanted the empty expanse to forever serve as a warning to others that might try to use the Nullifier.

Age of Ultron
In the "Age of Ultron" reality, the Ultimate Nullifier is shown stored at Nick Fury's secret base in the Savage Land. When its use is discussed, Iron Man claims that he will not entertain the thought.

Television

 * The Ultimate Nullifier appears in the Fantastic Four (1967) episode "Galactus".
 * The Ultimate Nullifier appears in the Fantastic Four (1994) episode "Silver Surfer and the Coming of Galactus". This version resembles a two-handed gun.
 * The Ultimate Nullifier makes a cameo appearance in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Awesome" as one of several items kept in Curt Connors' laboratory on the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier.
 * The Ultimate Nullifier appears in the M.O.D.O.K. episode "The M.O.D.O.K. That Time Forgot!", where it was found by M.O.D.O.K. in a S.H.I.E.L.D. storage facility. Despite the device's incredible power, it was stored inside a regular cardboard box.

Video games

 * The Ultimate Nullifier appears in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance. A side mission involves finding the damaged Ultimate Nullifier in a laboratory at Castle Doom. If the player successfully finds the damaged Ultimate Nullifier, Mister Fantastic will repair it and use it one day to prevent Mephisto from invading Earth. If it is not found, the team of heroes will be forced to band together once again to fight Mephisto with the resulting battle causing a tremendous amount of destruction.
 * In Marvel Heroes, the Ultimate Nullifier is one of the Legendary Items available to players, giving the wielder a tremendous Brutal bonus.

title: Ultimate Nullifier


text:
User talk:Steffen Schneider~enwiki

Wikipedia - knowledge for everyone!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Steffen Schneider. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Steffen Schneider~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:11, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:12, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Steffen Schneider~enwiki


text:
MARAUDER

MARAUDER (Magnetically Accelerated Ring to Achieve Ultra-high Directed Energy and Radiation) was a United States Air Force Research Laboratory project concerning the development of a coaxial plasma railgun. The first computer simulations occurred in 1990, and its first published experiment appeared on August 1, 1993.

Objectives
The first MARAUDER experiment was motivated by RACE, or the Ring Accelerator Experiment, which took place in 1991 at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The ultimate goal of the MARAUDER program was to accelerate highly dense toroids containing plasma to high speeds. Such a system could be used for “hypervelocity projectiles,” x-ray production, and electrical power amplification. The stated goals of the program included studying the “formation, compression, and acceleration of magnetized plasma rings.”

Specifically, the objective of the program was the acceleration of a toroid of 0.5 to 2 mg plasma to a kinetic energy level on the order of megajoules using a 5-10 MJ coaxial gun design.

Design
In 1993, the Phillips Laboratory developed a coaxial plasma gun capable of accelerating 1 to 2 mg of plasma by up to 100 e9g-force in a toroid of 1 meter in diameter. The toroids are similar to spheromaks, but differ in that an inner conductor is used to accelerate the plasma and that confinement behavior results from interactions of the toroid with its surrounding atmosphere. It utilized the Shiva Star capacitor bank to satisfy the large energy requirements that were needed.

The plasma projectiles would be shot at a speed expected to be 3000 km/s in 1995 and 10000 km/s (3% of the speed of light) by 2000. A shot has the energy of 5 pounds of TNT (2.27 kgTNT). Doughnut-shaped rings of plasma and balls of lightning caused "extreme mechanical and thermal shock" when hitting their target, as well as producing a pulse of electromagnetic radiation that could scramble electronics.

title: MARAUDER


text:
User:Paulyhart

Pauly Hart is an artist of this century who uses Abstract Expressionism as well as textures to paint in Mixed media. He has also composed several Electronic music albums. Pauly has self published many Chapbooks containing Poetry and Prose.

Upon graduating from a seminary in Tulsa, Oklahoma Pauly became a youth minister and held jobs at churches; both in Oklahoma and Indiana.

Pauly has been an artist since 2003, although he has been writing poetry and fiction since 1994. In 2004, Pauly's Science Fiction manuscript, the product of ten years, was stolen from him in a bizarre incident which caused him to quit writing this form of literature, until recently when he published his first novel "By the Gates of the Garden of Eden" a Supernatural Thriller. Pauly is also working on several other books at present time.

Pauly has never limited himself in his creative undertakings. Pauly is also the creator of several Board Games, has been in several Music Groups, Co-Owned two Zines, served as a Christian Music Industry Promoter, and Co-owned a Coffeehouse.

Pauly is fun to be around and has great things to say.

title: User:Paulyhart


text:
User talk:TalionNelson

Welcome!
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Tobycat 06:24, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:TalionNelson


text:
List of IRC commands

This is a list of all Internet Relay Chat commands from RFC 1459, RFC 2812, and extensions added to major IRC daemons. Most IRC clients require commands to be preceded by a slash (" "). Some commands are actually sent to IRC bots; these are treated by the IRC protocol as ordinary messages, not as -commands.

Conventions used here: Angle brackets ("<" and ">") are used here to indicate a placeholder for some value, and are not a literal part of a command. Square brackets ("[" and "]") are used to indicate that a value is optional.

ADMIN
Syntax:

Instructs the server to return information about the administrators of the server specified by, where is either a server or a user. If is omitted, the server should return information about the administrators of the current server.

AWAY
Syntax:

Provides the server with a message to automatically send in reply to a PRIVMSG directed at the user, but not to a channel they are on. If is omitted, the away status is removed. Defined in RFC 1459.

CNOTICE
Syntax:

Sends a channel NOTICE message to on that bypasses flood protection limits. The target nickname must be in the same channel as the client issuing the command, and the client must be a channel operator.

Normally an IRC server will limit the number of different targets a client can send messages to within a certain time frame to prevent spammers or bots from mass-messaging users on the network, however this command can be used by channel operators to bypass that limit in their channel. For example, it is often used by help operators that may be communicating with a large number of users in a help channel at one time.

This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is in use by some IRC networks. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the CNOTICE keyword

CPRIVMSG
Syntax:

Sends a private message to on that bypasses flood protection limits. The target nickname must be in the same channel as the client issuing the command, and the client must be a channel operator.

Normally an IRC server will limit the number of different targets a client can send messages to within a certain time frame to prevent spammers or bots from mass-messaging users on the network, however this command can be used by channel operators to bypass that limit in their channel. For example, it is often used by help operators that may be communicating with a large number of users in a help channel at one time.

This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is in use by some IRC networks. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the CPRIVMSG keyword

CONNECT
Syntax:
 * (RFC 1459)
 * (RFC 2812)

Instructs the server (or the current server, if is omitted) to connect to on port. This command should only be available to IRC operators. Defined in RFC 1459; the parameter became mandatory in RFC 2812.

DIE
Syntax:

Instructs the server to shut down. This command may only be issued by IRC server operators. Defined in RFC 2812.

ENCAP
Syntax:

This command is for use by servers to encapsulate commands so that they will propagate across hub servers not yet updated to support them, and indicates the subcommand and its parameters should be passed unaltered to the destination, where it will be unencapsulated and parsed. This facilitates implementation of new features without a need to restart all servers before they are usable across the network.

ERROR
Syntax:

This command is for use by servers to report errors to other servers. It is also used before terminating client connections. Defined in RFC 1459.

HELP
Syntax:

Requests the server to display the help file. This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is in use by most major IRC daemons.

INFO
Syntax:

Returns information about the server, or the current server if is omitted. Information returned includes the server's version, when it was compiled, the patch level, when it was started, and any other information which may be considered to be relevant. Defined in RFC 1459.

INVITE
Syntax:

Invites to the channel. does not have to exist, but if it does, only members of the channel are allowed to invite other clients. If the channel mode  is set, only channel operators may invite other clients. Defined in RFC 1459.

ISON
Syntax:

Queries the server to see if the clients in the space-separated list are currently on the network. The server returns only the nicknames that are on the network in a space-separated list. If none of the clients are on the network the server returns an empty list. Defined in RFC 1459.

JOIN
Syntax:

Makes the client join the channels in the comma-separated list, specifying the passwords, if needed, in the comma-separated list. If the channel(s) do not exist then they will be created. Defined in RFC 1459.

KICK
Syntax:

Forcibly removes from. This command may only be issued by channel operators. Defined in RFC 1459.

KILL
Syntax:

Forcibly removes from the network. This command may only be issued by IRC operators. Defined in RFC 1459.

KNOCK
Syntax:

Sends a NOTICE to an invitation-only with an optional, requesting an invite. This command is not formally defined by an RFC, but is supported by most major IRC daemons. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the KNOCK keyword.

LINKS
Syntax:

Lists all server links matching, if given, on , or the current server if omitted. Defined in RFC 1459.

LIST
Syntax:

Lists all channels on the server. If the comma-separated list is given, it will return the channel topics. If is given, the command will be forwarded to for evaluation. Defined in RFC 1459.

LUSERS
Syntax:

Returns statistics about the size of the network. If called with no arguments, the statistics will reflect the entire network. If is given, it will return only statistics reflecting the masked subset of the network. If is given, the command will be forwarded to for evaluation. Defined in RFC 2812.

MODE
Syntax:

The MODE command is dual-purpose. It can be used to set both user and channel modes. Defined in RFC 1459.

MOTD
Syntax:

Returns the message of the day on or the current server if it is omitted. Defined in RFC 2812.

NAMES
Syntax:
 * (RFC 1459)
 * (RFC 2812)

Returns a list of who is on the comma-separated list of, by channel name. If is omitted, all users are shown, grouped by channel name with all users who are not on a channel being shown as part of channel "*". If is specified, the command is sent to for evaluation. Defined in RFC 1459; the optional parameter was added in RFC 2812.

The response contains all nicknames in the channel prefixed with the highest channel status prefix of that user, for example like this (with @ being the highest status prefix)

If a client wants to receive all the channel status prefixes of a user and not only their current highest one, the IRCv3 multi-prefix extension can be enabled (@ is the channel operator prefix, and + the lower voice status prefix):

See also NAMESX below for an alternate, older approach to achieve the same effect. However, by today most clients and servers support the new IRCv3 standard.

NICK
Syntax:
 * (RFC 1459)
 * (RFC 2812)

Allows a client to change their IRC nickname. Hopcount is for use between servers to specify how far away a nickname is from its home server. Defined in RFC 1459; the optional parameter was removed in RFC 2812.

NOTICE
Syntax:

This command works similarly to PRIVMSG, except automatic replies must never be sent in reply to NOTICE messages. Defined in RFC 1459.

OPER
Syntax:

Authenticates a user as an IRC operator on that server/network. Defined in RFC 1459.

PART
Syntax:

Causes a user to leave the channels in the comma-separated list. Defined in RFC 1459.

PASS
Syntax:

Sets a connection password. This command must be sent before the NICK/USER registration combination. Defined in RFC 1459.

PING
Syntax:

Tests the presence of a connection. A PING message results in a PONG reply. If is specified, the message gets passed on to it. Defined in RFC 1459.

PONG
Syntax:

This command is a reply to the PING command and works in much the same way. Defined in RFC 1459.

PRIVMSG
Syntax:

Sends to, which is usually a user or channel. Defined in RFC 1459.

QUIT
Syntax:

Disconnects the user from the server. Defined in RFC 1459.

QUOTE
Syntax:

Sends a command string to the server as-is, i.e. without parsing it in the client application.

REHASH
Syntax:

Causes the server to re-read and re-process its configuration file(s). This command can only be sent by IRC operators. Defined in RFC 1459.

RULES
Syntax:

Requests the server rules. This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is used by most major IRC daemons.

SERVER
Syntax:

The server message is used to tell a server that the other end of a new connection is a server. This message is also used to pass server data over the whole network. details how many hops (server connections) away is. contains addition human-readable information about the server.

Defined in RFC 1459.

SERVICE
Syntax:

SQUERY
Syntax:

Identical to PRIVMSG except the recipient must be a service. Defined in RFC 2812.

SQUIT
Syntax:

Causes to quit the network. Defined in RFC 1459.

SETNAME
Syntax:

Allows a client to change the "real name" specified when registering a connection.

This command is not formally defined by an RFC, but is in use by some IRC daemons. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the SETNAME keyword

SILENCE
Syntax:

Adds or removes a host mask to a server-side ignore list that prevents matching users from sending the client messages. More than one mask may be specified in a space-separated list, each item prefixed with a "+" or "-" to designate whether it is being added or removed. Sending the command with no parameters returns the entries in the client's ignore list.

This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is supported by most major IRC daemons. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the SILENCE keyword and the maximum number of entries a client may have in its ignore list. For example:

STATS
Syntax:

Returns statistics about the current server, or if it's specified. Defined in RFC 1459.

SUMMON
Syntax:
 * (RFC 1459)
 * (RFC 2812)

Gives users who are on the same host as a message asking them to join IRC. Defined in RFC 1459; the optional parameter was added in RFC 2812.

TIME
Syntax:

Returns the local time on the current server, or if specified. Defined in RFC 1459.

TOPIC
Syntax:

Allows the client to query or set the channel topic on. If is given, it sets the channel topic to. If channel mode +t is set, only a channel operator may set the topic. Defined in RFC 1459.

TRACE
Syntax:

Trace a path across the IRC network to a specific server or client, in a similar method to traceroute. Defined in RFC 1459.

USER
Syntax:
 * (RFC 1459)
 * (RFC 2812)

This command is used at the beginning of a connection to specify the username, hostname, real name and initial user modes of the connecting client. may contain spaces, and thus must be prefixed with a colon. Defined in RFC 1459, modified in RFC 2812.

USERHOST
Syntax:

Returns a list of information about the nicknames specified. Defined in RFC 1459.

USERIP
Syntax:

Requests the direct IP address of the user with the specified nickname. This command is often used to obtain the IP of an abusive user to more effectively perform a ban. It is unclear what, if any, privileges are required to execute this command on a server.

This command is not formally defined by an RFC, but is in use by some IRC daemons. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the USERIP keyword.

USERS
Syntax:

Returns a list of users and information about those users in a format similar to the UNIX commands who, rusers and finger. Defined in RFC 1459.

VERSION
Syntax:

Returns the version of, or the current server if omitted. Defined in RFC 1459.

WALLOPS
Syntax:

Sends to all operators connected to the server (RFC 1459), or all users with user mode 'w' set (RFC 2812). Defined in RFC 1459.

WATCH
Syntax:

Adds or removes a user to a client's server-side friends list. More than one nickname may be specified in a space-separated list, each item prefixed with a "+" or "-" to designate whether it is being added or removed. Sending the command with no parameters returns the entries in the client's friends list.

This command is not formally defined in an RFC, but is supported by most major IRC daemons. Support is indicated in a RPL_ISUPPORT reply (numeric 005) with the WATCH keyword and the maximum number of entries a client may have in its friends list. For example:

WHO
Syntax:

Returns a list of users who match. If the flag "o" is given, the server will only return information about IRC operators. Defined in RFC 1459.

WHOIS
Syntax:

Returns information about the comma-separated list of nicknames masks. If is given, the command is forwarded to it for processing. Defined in RFC 1459.

WHOWAS
Syntax:

Used to return information about a nickname that is no longer in use (due to client disconnection, or nickname changes). If given, the server will return information from the last times the nickname has been used. If is given, the command is forwarded to it for processing. In RFC 2812, can be a comma-separated list of nicknames.

Defined in RFC 1459.

title: List of IRC commands


text:
Marauder

Marauder, marauders, The Marauder, or The Marauders may refer to:
 * A person engaged in banditry or related activity
 * Piracy
 * Plunder
 * Outlaw
 * Partisan (military)
 * Robbery
 * Theft

Entertainment

 * Marauder, the second novel in the Isaac Asimov's Robots in Time series
 * One of the four fictional characters in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban who created the Marauder's Map
 * Marauder (comics), several characters
 * Marauders (comics), a Marvel Comics supervillain team
 * Marauders (comic book), a Marvel Comics comic book launched in 2019
 * Marauder (G.I. Joe), a fictional vehicle from the G.I. Joe Battleforce 2000 toy line
 * "Marauders" (Star Trek: Enterprise), a second-season episode
 * Marauders (World of Darkness), antagonists in the role-playing game Mage: The Ascension

Film

 * The Marauders (1947 film), a Hopalong Cassidy film
 * The Marauders (1955 film), starring Dan Duryea
 * Marauders (1986 film)
 * Starship Troopers 3: Marauder, a 2008 direct-to-DVD film
 * Marauders (2016 film)

Music

 * Marauder (Blackfoot album)
 * Marauder (Interpol album)
 * Marauder (Magnum album)
 * Gibson Marauder, electric guitar model
 * "The Marauders", a 1983 song by Tears for Fears, B-side to "The Way You Are"

Video games

 * Marauder (video game), a 1988 game developed by Hewson Consultants
 * Marauder, a ship class in EVE Online
 * Marauder, a class in Star Wars: The Old Republic
 * Marauder, a class in Path of Exile
 * Marauder Faction in Ryzom
 * Marauder, a mech in MechWarrior (video game series)
 * Marauders, synthetic creatures derived from Turians in Mass Effect 3
 * Marauders, an enemy in Borderlands and Borderlands 2
 * Marauder, a class in Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn
 * Savage Marauders, a variant of Locust in Gears of War 3
 * Marauder, a Super-heavy class demon in Doom Eternal
 * Marauders, a playable faction in New World (video game)

Sports

 * Marauders, mascot of the University of Mary, a Benedictine university in Bismarck, ND.
 * Marauders, mascot of St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute Catholic Boy's High School in Buffalo, New York.
 * Marauders, mascot of Clearwater Central Catholic High School, Clearwater, Florida.
 * Bradenton Marauders, a Class A-Advanced baseball team
 * Marauders, mascot of Mira Mesa Senior High School, San Diego, California
 * Marauders, mascot of Mount Vernon High School (Fortville, Indiana)
 * Massachusetts Marauders, a professional American football team
 * McMaster Marauders, official mascot and sporting team for McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario
 * Millersville Marauders, athletic teams of Millersville University of Pennsylvania
 * Marauder (dinghy), alternative name for the Mirror 14 class dinghy
 * Marauder, mascot of Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio
 * Marauder, mascot of Jesuit High School (Sacramento), California
 * Marauder, mascot of Edward S. Marcus High School, Flower Mound, Texas
 * Marauder, mascot of Mitchell High School, Colorado Springs, Colorado
 * Marauder, mascot of Midland Secondary School, Midland, Ontario
 * Mauauders, mascot of Antelope Valley College, Lancaster, California
 * Marauders, mascot of Bay Shore High School, Bay shore, New York
 * Marauders, mascot of Miraleste High School, Rancho Palos Verdes, California
 * Marauders, mascot of Walter Murray Collegiate Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Transportation

 * B-26 Marauder, American bomber
 * Marauder Cars, British sports car company
 * Marauder (vehicle), South African armoured vehicle
 * Marauder, motorcycle model series from Suzuki
 * Mercury Marauder, automobile

Other uses

 * MARAUDER, a U.S. government nuclear fusion research project
 * Merauder, an American metalcore band
 * Masked Marauder, a fictional Marvel Comics character
 * Merrill's Marauders, United States commando unit in World War II

title: Marauder


text:
The Most Serene Republic

The Most Serene Republic is a Canadian indie rock music group formed in 2003 in Milton, Ontario. The band takes its name from the sobriquet of Venice under the Doges, which was regarded as "The Most Serene Republic of Venice".

Current

 * Adrian Jewett – vocals, trombone (2003–present)
 * Ryan Lenssen – piano, backup vocals (2003–present)
 * Nick Greaves – guitar, EBow, banjo (2003–present)
 * Sean Woolven – guitar, backup vocals, (drums '04) (2004, 2006–present)
 * Simon Lukasewich – bass, violin (2006–present)

Past

 * Peter Van Helvoort – guitar (2004)
 * Andrew McArthur – bass (2004–2006)
 * Tony Nesbitt-Larking – drums (2006–2008)
 * Adam Nimmo – drums (2004–2006), (2008)
 * Emma Ditchburn – guitar, vocals (2004–2009)
 * Adam Balsam – drums (2009–2021; died 2021)

History
The roots of the band were planted in 2003 when Ryan Lenssen and Adrian Jewett formed Thee Oneironauts (O-nye-rawn-nauts). The pair recorded and self-released an EP entitled Night of the Lawnchairs on the GROK Studios imprint, which had also released Lenssen's concept band "Rushing To Redlights". The Oneironauts grew to trio status with the addition of Nick Greaves on guitar before ultimately becoming The Most Serene Republic.

Their debut album Underwater Cinematographer was produced, mixed and engineered by Lenssen and mastered by Ryan A. Mills and recorded at ASF Studios. Its original release was in late 2004 on the independent label Sunday League Records before being picked up by Arts & Crafts. It was re-released on June 28, 2005, featuring new artwork. They were the first band signed by Arts & Crafts that was not related to Broken Social Scene. After touring the album extensively with Metric, Stars and Broken Social Scene, the band recorded what ultimately became the Phages EP, that was first made available when the band supported The Strokes on their Canadian tour of 2006.

In 2006, long-time drummer Adam Nimmo left the band, replaced by Tony Nesbitt-Larking. The latter appeared on Population and toured with the band throughout 2008. TMSR spent much of 2007 prepping their second album, Population, which was released by Arts & Crafts on October 2, 2007, to generally positive reviews.

In 2007, Jewett and Lenssen appeared on MTV Live to promote the release of Population. This would be the band's first television appearance. The two were interviewed during the airing of Making the Band wearing Star Trek outfits. During the interview they said they were on their way to a Star Trek convention following the interview. In 2008, the full band appeared on MTV Live for an interview and three-song performance.

In an interview from June 17, 2008, guitarist Nick Greaves stated that the band will be recording their third album with Broken Social Scene and Super Furry Animals producer David Newfeld, and hinted there might be a slight change of musical direction.

2008 saw the release of Live at XMU, a four-song acoustic EP made up of songs from Population and Phages. It was recorded December 11, 2007, at the XMU studios in Washington, D.C., and released on August 12, 2008, exclusively to iTunes.

On April 20, 2009, the band announced their newest album, ...And The Ever Expanding Universe, would be released on July 14, and offered the album's second track, "Heavens to Purgatory", as a free download. In addition, they announced that an EP of 16-bit remixes entitled Digital Population would be released on April 28.

On August 14, their song "Humble Peasants" was featured in the trailer for A Generation After Genocide, a documentary about the healing power of soccer in Rwanda.

Their video "Heavens to Purgatory" was directed by Ben Steiger-Levine and was nominated for Video of the Year at the 2010 Juno Awards.

The band released Pre Serene: Thee Oneironauts, a remastered compilation of material recorded by the band's direct ancestor, Thee Oneironauts in the latter half of 2003, on May 24, 2011.

The Most Serene Republic have announced a return to action with their first new album in six years, Mediac, which was released on November 13, 2015, on MapleMusic Recordings. Mediac was recorded in Toronto, produced by TMSR's Ryan Lenssen, and mixed by David Newfeld.

On October 27, 2021, the band announced the passing of longtime friend and drummer Adam Balsam; he was 41.

Albums

 * 2005: Underwater Cinematographer (Arts & Crafts)
 * 2007: Population (Arts & Crafts)
 * 2009: ...And the Ever Expanding Universe (Arts & Crafts)
 * 2011: Pre Serene: Thee Oneironauts (Home of the Rebels)
 * 2015: Mediac (MapleMusic Recordings)

EPs

 * 2006: Phages
 * 2008: Live at XMU - Acoustic EP
 * 2009: Digital Population
 * 2010: Fantasick Impossibliss (Home of the Rebels)

7"s

 * 2006: "Content Was Always My Favorite Color" b/w "Tragedy of the Commons"
 * 2006: The Most Serene Republic / Headlights [Split]

Videography

 * "Content Was Always My Favourite Color" (2006, Underwater Cinematographer)
 * "Oh (God)" (2007, Underwater Cinematographer)
 * "The Men Who Live Upstairs" (2008, Population)
 * "Heavens to Purgatory" (2009, ...And the Ever Expanding Universe)
 * "Jelly Chamber" (2010, Fantasick Impossibliss)

title: The Most Serene Republic


text:
User talk:Hymenoptera

Handy Links
Stub-sorting. [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting|You can help!]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Browse - Category browsing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Stubs - Stubs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Stub_types - Stub Types

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_tutorial - Picture Tutorial

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_copyright_tags - Copyright Tags

title: User talk:Hymenoptera


text:
Problematization

Problematization is a process of stripping away common or conventional understandings of a subject matter in order to gain new insights. This method can be applied to a term, writing, opinion, ideology, identity, or person. Practitioners consider the concrete or existential elements of these subjects. Analyzed as challenges (problems), practitioners may seek to transform the situations under study. It is a method of defamiliarization of common sense.

Problematization is a critical thinking and pedagogical dialogue or process and may be considered demythicisation. Rather than taking the common knowledge (myth) of a situation for granted, problematization poses that knowledge as a problem, allowing new viewpoints, consciousness, reflection, hope, and action to emerge.

What may make problematization different from other forms of criticism is its target, the context and details, rather than the pro or con of an argument. More importantly, this criticism does not take place within the original context or argument, but draws back from it, re-evaluates it, leading to action which changes the situation. Rather than accepting the situation, one emerges from it, abandoning a focalised viewpoint.

To problematize a statement, for example, one asks simple questions:

 * Who is making this statement?
 * For whom is it intended?
 * Why is this statement being made here, now?
 * Whom does this statement benefit?
 * Whom does it harm?

Problematization (Foucault)
For Michel Foucault, problematization serves as the overarching concept of his work in "History of Madness".

He treats it both as an object of inquiry and a specific form of critical analysis. As an object of inquiry, problematization is described as a process of objects becoming problems by being “characterized, analyzed, and treated” as such.

As a form of analysis, problematization seeks to answer the questions of “how and why certain things (behavior; phenomena, processes) became a problem”. Foucault does not distinguish clearly problematization as an object of inquiry from problematization as a way of inquiry. Problematization as a specific form of critical analysis is a form of “re-problematization”.

History of Thought
Problematization is the core of his “history of thought” which stands in sharp contrast to "history of ideas" ("the analysis of attitudes and types of action") as well as "history of mentalities" ("the analysis of systems of representation"). The history of thought refers to an inquiry of what it is, in a given society and epoch, “what allows one to take a step back from his way of acting or reacting, to present it to oneself as an object of thought and question it as to its meaning, its conditions and its goals”. Therefore, thought is described as a form of self-detachment from one's own action that allows “to present it to oneself as an object of thought [and] to question it as to its meaning, its conditions, and its goals". Thought is the reflection of one's own action “as a problem”. According to Foucault, the notions of thought and problematization are closely linked: to problematize is to engage in “work of thought”. Crucially, then, Foucault implies that our way of reflecting upon ourselves as individuals, as political bodies, as scientific disciplines or other, has a history and, consequently, imposes specific (rather than universal or a priori) structures upon thought.

Responses To Problems
A central element in the problematization analysis are responses to problems. The analysis of a specific problematization is “the history of an answer (…) to a certain situation”. However, Foucault stresses that "most of the time different responses [...] are proposed". His analytical interest focuses on finding at the root of those diverse and possibly contrasting answers, the conditions of possibility of their simultaneous appearance, i.e. “the general form of problematization”. This sets Foucauldian problematization apart from many other approaches in that it invites researchers to view opposing scientific theories or political views, and indeed contradictory enunciations in general as responses to the same problematization rather than as the manifestations of mutually excluding discourses. It is this level of problematizations and discourses that Foucault refers to when establishing that Foucault's “history of thought” seeks to answer the question of "how [...] a particular body of knowledge [is] able to be constituted?".

Engaging in Problematization
Engaging in problematization entails questioning beliefs held to be true by society. Ultimately, this intellectual practice is “to participate in the formation of a political will”. It also carves out elements that “pose problems for politics”. At the same time, it also requires self-reflection on behalf of the intellectual, since problematization is to investigate into the ontological question of the present and to determine a distinguishing “element of the present". This element is decisive for the “process that concerns thought, knowledge, and philosophy” in which the intellectual is part of as “element and actor". By questioning the present, or “contemporaneity”, “as an event”, the analyst constitutes the event's “meaning, value, philosophical particularity” but relies at the same time on it, for he/she “find[s] both [his/her] own raison d’être and the grounds for what [he/she] says” in the event itself.

Actor-Network Theory
The term also had a different meaning when used in association with actor–network theory (ANT), and especially the "sociology of translation" to describe the initial phase of a translation process and the creation of a network. According to Michel Callon, problematization involves two elements:

 * 1) Interdefinition of actors in the network
 * 2) Definition of the problem/topic/action program, referred to as an obligatory passage point (OPP)

Criticism
In Literary Criticism, An Autopsy Mark Bauerlein writes: "The act of problematizing has obvious rhetorical uses. It sounds rigorous and powerful as a weapon in the fight against lax and dishonest inquiry. Also, for trained critics, problematizing x is one of the easiest interpretative gestures to make. In the most basic instance, all one has to do is add quotation marks to x, to say 'Walden is a 'classic'' instead of 'Walden is a classic.' The scarequotes cause a hesitation over the term and imply a set of other problematizing questions: what is a 'classic'? what does it presuppose? in what contexts is it used? what does it do? what educational and political purposes does it serve? Instead of being a familiar predicate in scholarship, one readers casually assimilate without much notice, 'classic' now stands out from the flow of discourse. The questions hover around its use and, until they are resolved, the use of 'classic' is impaired. Usually, such questions yield ready answers, but their readiness does not cut into the apparent savviness of the critics asking them. This is another advantage of the term 'problematize': it is a simple procedure, but it sounds like an incisive investigative pursuit."

title: Problematization


text:
I'm Against It

I'm Against It may refer to:

 * A track on album Road to Ruin by the Ramones
 * A song sung by Groucho Marx in the film Horse Feathers

title: I'm Against It


text:
Frankie Andreu

Francisco "Frankie" Andreu (born September 26, 1966) is an American former professional cyclist whose career highlights include riding as team captain of the U.S. Postal Service cycling team in 1998, 1999 and 2000. During his career, he won a number of race stages and finished fourth in the cycling road race at the 1996 Olympics. His testimony played a key part in the United States Anti-Doping Agency's investigation of fellow U.S. Postal cyclist Lance Armstrong's doping practices.

Cycling career
Andreu was born in Dearborn, Michigan. He began his cycling career in track cycling, with Wolverine Sports Club in Detroit, winning the individual pursuit during the 1984 Junior National Track Cycling Championships in Trexlertown, Pennsylvania. In 1985, he finished first in the Madison during the National Track Cycling Championships in Indianapolis, Indiana and second in the points race and team pursuit. In 1988, he qualified as a member of the United States cycling team for that year's Olympic Games, where he finished eighth in the points race.

Andreu moved from track cycling to road cycling after signing to the 7-Eleven Pro Cycling Team in 1989 when he finished his first professional stage race, the Giro d'Italia. His highest finish in the Tour de France was second during the 18th stage of the 1993 race where he was teammates with a young Lance Armstrong on the Motorola Pro cycling team. Andreu finished fourth in the road race during the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta.

He is best remembered by the professional cycling community for his role as a super domestique.

Performance-enhancing drug use
In a September 2006 interview given to The New York Times, Andreu admitted that he had taken the performance-enhancing drug erythropoietin (EPO) to help prepare for the 1999 Tour de France. Andreu said that he was introduced to performance-enhancing drugs in 1995 while he was riding for Motorola.

Andreu gave more details in his September 2012 USADA affidavit declaring he used EPO in 1998 as he traveled preparing for the 1999 Tour. Andreu declared he knowingly received EPO injections in 1999 after races by the USPS Team doctor, Luis Garcia del Moral. His wife, Betsy, became suspicious when she watched her husband pull Armstrong through the Alps at Sestriere during the ninth stage of the 1999 Tour, which paved the way for Armstrong to win the first of his seven titles. She knew that Frankie was a sprinter, not a climber; normally, it would have been all he could do to finish a mountain stage. Her suspicions were confirmed shortly after the Tour, when she found a thermos with EPO in their refrigerator. Betsy questioned Andreu about the drugs and was very upset. In a signed affidavit to the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), Andreu testified he responded to his wife by saying: "You don't understand. This is the only way I can keep up in the Tour." Betsy then told her husband that if he needed to dope to be on the USPS team, he shouldn't be riding for it.

Andreu continued to ride strongly for the USPS Team in 2000 and to serve as the team's Assistant Director in 2001 and 2002.

Armstrong testimony
In 2005, Andreu and his wife Betsy testified that Lance Armstrong told cancer doctors in their presence in 1996 he had doped with EPO (erythropoietin), growth hormone and steroids. This took place after Frankie Andreu began using performance-enhancing drugs himself in 1995. The Andreus' testimony was intended to remain sealed in court documents and is among thousands of pages of documents related to litigation between Armstrong and a Texas-based company that was attempting to withhold a $5 million bonus. Armstrong swore under oath it didn't happen. Frankie Andreu never offered information to media sources on the topic until court documents were released. He then stood by his testimony when giving interviews. A settlement was reached in February 2006 before the three-person arbitration panel made a ruling. As part of the settlement, SCA Promotions paid Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5 million, to cover the $5-million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees. In a statement, Armstrong said, "It's over. We won. They lost. I was yet again completely vindicated." Armstrong's statement also suggested that Betsy Andreu may have been confused by possible mention of his post-operative treatment which included steroids and EPO that are routinely taken to counteract wasting and red-blood-cell destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy. In that period of time, the Andreus claim to have received threatening messages on their answering machine left by Stephanie McIlvain, the Oakley representative for Armstrong. In one of them, she stated that she hopes someone "breaks a baseball bat over your [Betsy's] head", among other threats. In 2012, the Andreus participated in the USADA investigation into Armstrong's doping practices, testifying along with 24 other witnesses, including former Armstrong teammates. Armstrong did not contest the doping charges, was banned for life from competing and was stripped of all results from August 1, 1998, onward, including his seven Tour de France titles. In the USADA's 200 page "Reasoned decision", the hospital room incident where the Andreus heard Armstrong say to his doctor that he took performance-enhancing drugs was covered in great details in the "Addendum Part 2".

In a January 2013 interview, Lance Armstrong finally admitted that he had used performance-enhancing drugs for much of his professional career, including all seven of his Tour de France wins. In response to being asked if the 1996 claims by the Andreus were true, he responded; "Um, I’m not gonna take that on. I’m laying down on that one". He also admitted to describing Betsy as a "crazy bitch".

Post-racing career
Andreu has served as a bicycle race commentator for Universal Sports on the Versus television network since retiring from professional cycling in 2001 and remains active in domestic pro racing, often lending his voice and knowledge announcing for professional races. Frankie also served as the official voice of the USA CRITS Series on USACRITS.tv.

In 2007, Andreu became the director of Rock Racing, but resigned in January 2008 stating differences "with business strategies and the direction the team is headed". When Andreu started out with Rock Racing, he described in a Cycling News interview how attitudes in cycling had changed, and that it was no longer acceptable to use drugs. A year later, it was clear that there were differences between him and the owner of Rock & Republic jeans, Michael Ball. Andreu was unhappy that his role as a director was being undermined; in some instances, he was not consulted before riders were signed. Many of the riders, including Tyler Hamilton, Santiago Botero, Óscar Sevilla and Mario Cipollini, were involved in or linked to drug investigations in cycling. This raised eyebrows, especially when aligned with Ball's "win or you're fired" mentality. "'Rider choices, sponsor choices, the way they were handling the prospective sponsors... they are an aggressive team and everything they do is aggressive. The cycling community is small and to me it is important to keep friends and not win at all costs.'"

Andreu was working with the American women's cycling team, Proman, in 2008. The team hoped to draw attention to women's cycle racing with Andreu's leadership.

In 2010, Andreu took the position of directeur sportif for the Kenda Pro Cycling team, a UCI Continental team sponsored by 5-hour Energy.

Andreu was also identified as the only American that Lance Armstrong would allow to interview him in Alex Gibney's documentary The Armstrong Lie.

Major results

 * 1986
 * 1st MaillotUSA.PNG Team pursuit, National Amateur Track Championships

 * 1991
 * 8th Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
 * 8th Paris–Tours

 * 1992
 * 7th Tour du Haut Var

 * 1993
 * 7th Omloop Het Volk

 * 1994
 * 1st Stage 7 Tour de Pologne
 * 4th Wincanton Classic
 * 9th Paris–Roubaix

 * 1996
 * 4th Road race, Olympic Games

 * 1997
 * 1st Stage 6 Mi-Août en Bretagne

 * 1998
 * 1st Lancaster Classic
 * 1st Stage 5 Tour du Luxembourg

 * 2000
 * 8th Overall Paris–Nice

title: Frankie Andreu