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Widget (TV series)

Widget (also known as Widget the World Watcher) is an animated children's television series created by Voltron creator Peter Keefe, directed and produced by Tom Burton of Zodiac Entertainment, which debuted in syndication on September 29, 1990. The series ran for two seasons; in the first season (1990), it aired once a week (usually on Saturday or Sunday), and in the second season (1991), the series expanded to weekdays. The show featured environmentalist themes and was recognized by the National Education Association as recommended viewing for children.

Overview
The show focused on a short purple extraterrestrial from the planet Widget who could shapeshift by spinning like a spinning top into different forms. He and a group of young human friends - brothers Kevin and Brian, and their teenage sister Kristine - protect the natural environment from those who wish to plunder or harm it. Later on they are joined by fellow shapeshifter Half-Pint, Widget's mischievous and overly-curious cousin. Widget is frequently accompanied by the Mega Brain, an intelligent but somewhat clumsy being who appears as a floating head (with a transparent cranium) and floating hands.

The show was produced by Calico Creations to teach children about the dangers of pollution. Each episode would have Widget contending with a villain from either Earth or outer space wishing to exploit Earth's environment or natural resources, like Dr. Dante, Mega Slank, and his evil twin, Ratchet. In this respect, Widget, the World Watcher is very similar to Captain Planet and the Planeteers and Toxic Crusaders, as all those heroes attempt to save the Earth from ecological disaster. As in those series, Widget occasionally fought against malicious entities spawned by copious pollution. For example, in one episode Widget battled a fellow shapeshifter; a sentient but hostile life form, disguised as a toxic ooze/slick, who was contaminating Earth's beaches and oceans.

The TV series ran for 65 episodes: 13 in the first season, and 52 in the second season. The animation for the show was produced by South Korean studio; Sei Young Animation.

It also aired on TVO, CFA and Le Canal Famille in Canada and later on ITV, The Children's Channel, Sky One and Channel 4 in the UK, TV3 in Sweden, RTÉ1 and RTÉ2 in Ireland, Sjónvarpið in Iceland, Fun Channel in Chile, Bop TV, SABC1 and M-Net in South Africa, Saudi 2 in Saudi Arabia, Dubai 33 in the United Arab Emirates, KBS, KBS2 and American Forces Korea Network in Korea, Syndication, USA Network and UniMás (with the Spanish-dubbed version aired on Toonturama weekend morning block) in United States, TV1 and TV3 in Malaysia, Channel 55 in Bahrain, Canal+ and FR3 in France, ZBC TV in Zimbabwe, Channel One in Russia, Channel 5 in Singapore, KUAM-TV in Guam, NBC in Namibia, Swazi TV in Eswatini, TVP1, TVP2 and TVP Polonia in Poland, TV2 and TV3 in New Zealand, ProSieben and Armed Forces Network (with the original English recorded version) in Germany, TV3 in Estonia, IBC in the Philippines, RTB in Brunei, Canale 5 in Italy, Channel 2 in Israel, the ABC in Australia, Canal Panda in Spain and ANT1 in Greece.

Characters

 * Widget the World Watcher (voiced by Russi Taylor): The courageous and heroic shapeshifting heliotrope alien and the title character.
 * Mega Brain (voiced by Jim Cummings): Mega Brain is Widget's assistant. He is a rose pink floating head with floating glove-like hands. He has a transparent brain enclosed by a dome on top of his head.
 * Half-Pint (voiced by Cree Summer): Widget's mischievous, overly-curious, hyperactive cousin, fellow shapeshifter and is the sky blue alien.
 * Kevin (voiced by Dana Hill): Brian's older brother and a friend of Widget.
 * Brian (voiced by Kath Soucie): Kevin's younger brother and a friend of Widget.
 * Kristine (voiced by Kath Soucie): Brian and Kevin's older sister.
 * Ratchet (voiced by Tress MacNeille): Widget's evil twin, who lives in an alternate dimension. Whereas Widget tries to save the world, Ratchet attempts to pollute it.
 * Dr. Dante (voiced by Jim Cummings): The natural earth villain and a confidence trickster scientist.
 * Hubert "Ratty" Ratman: Doctor Dante's main minion.
 * Mega Slank (voiced by Pat Fraley): The other natural outer space villain; who seems to have a grudge against Widget's kind.
 * Flim Flam McSham: A two-headed ringmaster who captures creatures from across the universe.
 * Gyp: Works alongside Flim Flam. She is a slave trader whose loyalty to Flim Flam is quite strong.
 * Crocorillagator: A crocodile/gorilla/alligator creature, who is one of Ratchet's minions.
 * Elewolf: An elephant/wolf creature, who is one of Ratchet's minions.
 * Duckster: A duck/rooster creature, who is one of Ratchet's minions.
 * Piglion: A pig/lion creature, who is one of Ratchet's minions.

Principal cast

 * Jim Cummings - Mega Brain, Dr. Dante, Elder #1
 * Dana Hill - Kevin
 * Kath Soucie - Brian, Kristine
 * Russi Taylor - Widget

Additional voices

 * Cam Clarke
 * Townsend Coleman
 * Peter Cullen - Bob the Poacher, Rooney Kangaroo, Gdunu
 * Brian Cummings
 * Pat Fraley - Mega Slank
 * Tress MacNeille - Ratchet, Elder #2
 * Cree Summer - Half Pint

Production and distribution
Widget was produced by Zodiac Entertainment, a Studio City, California-based firm backed by British media company Central Independent Television. Zodiac President Kevin Morrison stated that in 1990, Widget was being broadcast on 80% of independent U. S. television stations and that in 1991, the show started being shown five times a week.

Video games
The series spawned two video games. Widget was released by Atlus on the NES in 1992 and Super Widget also by Atlus on the SNES in 1993.

Accolades
The episode "Sort it Out" won an Environmental Media Award.

title: Widget (TV series)


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Mordechai Eliyahu

Mordechai Tzemach Eliyahu (מרדכי צמח אליהו, March 3, 1929 – June 7, 2010, on the Hebrew calendar: 21 Adar I, 5689 - 25 Sivan, 5770), was an Israeli rabbi, posek, and spiritual leader.

The son of a Jerusalem Kabbalist, in his youth, Eliyahu was active in Brit HaKanaim, a radical religious underground organization. He served as a dayan in Beersheba, and in the Supreme Rabbinical Court in Jerusalem. He later served as the Rishon LeZion, or Chief Rabbi of Israel, from 1983 to 1993.

As a leader of Religious Zionism, Eliyahu was instrumental in moving many of its members over to the religious right, sparking the beginnings of the Hardal movement. A supporter of Meir Kahane and Jonathan Pollard, Eliyahu expressed his opposition to the Israeli disengagement from Gaza.

Eliyahu died at age 81, after complications from a heart condition. He was buried on Har HaMenuchot in Jerusalem.

Early life
Mordechai Eliyahu was born in the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem, the son of Iraqi Jewish rabbi Salman Eliyahu, a Jerusalem Kabbalist, and his wife Mazal, who was a sister of Yehuda Tzadka. The family surname was Hebraicised from Elias. He had an older brother, Naim Ben Eliyahu, a younger sister Rachel, and brother Shimon. Salman was a disciple of Yosef Hayyim (the Ben Ish Hai), who was Mazal's great-uncle. The family was so poor that Eliyahu had to improvise ways in which to study, which often meant learning by candlelight. Salman died when Eliyahu was eleven, but not before he instilled in his son a love of Torah and Kabbalah.

In his youth, Eliyahu attended Porat Yosef Yeshiva, and had the opportunity to learn from many great teachers such as Ezra Attiya, Sadqa Hussein, and Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz (the Chazon Ish). He would later come into contact with Mordechai Sharabi, Yaakov Mutzafi, and Yitzhak Kaduri. Later in life, he cultivated a unique relationship with Menachem Mendel Schneerson (the Lubavitcher Rebbe).

Activism
As a teenager, Eliyahu teamed up with Shabtai Yudelevitz in order to conduct Jewish outreach. In 1950–1951, Eliyahu was among the leaders of Brit HaKanaim (Hebrew: בְּרִית הַקַנַאִים, lit. Covenant of the Zealots), a radical religious Jewish underground organization which opposed the widespread trend of secularization in the country. The group was involved in torching the cars of people who drove on Shabbat, and also butcher shops where non-kosher meat was sold. They once plotted to toss a smoke bomb into the Knesset during a debate on drafting Orthodox women into the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). A member of the group was in the audience during the debate with the smoke bomb in his pocket, but lacked the opportunity to activate it.

On May 14, 1951, the group's members were arrested by the Shin Bet. Eliyahu was sentenced to ten months imprisonment for his part in the group's deeds. Later in his life, he stated that even though his opinions did not change, "The path that I chose in the past was mistaken."

Career
Eliyahu received semikhah (rabbinic ordination) from Sephardic Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Nissim. The latter requested from him to arrange for the reinterment of Chaim Yosef David Azulai (the Hida) from Livorno, Italy to Israel. On May 17, 1960, the Hida was laid to rest at Har HaMenuchot in Jerusalem.

That year, Eliyahu was appointed dayan in Beersheba, the youngest one in the country. He was often involved in adjudicating complicated family issues. Eliyahu was a favorite of the Baba Sali, who lived nearby in Netivot. One day, the latter insisted Eliyahu stop whatever he was doing and come visit him for a glass of arak. Not wishing to upset the holy man, Eliyahu accepted the invitation, only to find out later that a disgruntled ex-litigant had gone to the beth din seeking to do him harm.

Four years later, Eliyahu was transferred to the Jerusalem regional beth din, and later was elected to the Supreme Rabbinical Court in Jerusalem, a position he would retain during his term as Chief Rabbi of Israel and afterwards.

Chief Rabbinate
On March 18, 1983, Eliyahu was appointed Rishon LeZion (Chief Rabbi of Israel) at the Yochanan Ben Zakai Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. He served concurrently with Chief Ashkenazi Rabbi Avraham Shapira until 1993, when both of their terms expired.

During his term as Chief Rabbi, one of Eliyahu's focuses was on attempting to reach out to secular Israeli Jews, giving them a better understanding of Jewish customs and their importance. He traveled extensively throughout Israel and the world, often together with Shapira, emphasizing the importance of Jewish education, Shabbat observance, niddah (family purity), fighting assimilation, and making aliyah. Eliyahu showed a willingness to go to secular environments in order to connect with other Jews, occasionally lecturing in secular moshavim and kibbutzim. After stepping down from his official post, Eliyahu remained active, even ramping up his work for the Jewish community in Israel and the diaspora.

Hardal
As one of the spiritual leaders of the Religious Zionist movement, Eliyahu was instrumental in moving many members of that group over to the religious right, in the direction of Haredi Judaism. One of the ways he did this was by insisting that his followers adhere to rabbinic authority in all of their endeavors. He was thus considered the progenitor of the Hardal movement. "Hardal" is a Hebrew acronym for Haredi Dati Le'umi, or Haredi Religious Nationalist.

Gaza disengagement
Eliyahu was an outspoken opponent of the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza. He made statements interpreted as forbidding Orthodox Jews from participating in or facilitating the expulsion of the Jews from Gush Katif, but later said he did not mean for soldiers to engage in "active refusal". In January of that year, Eliyahu stated that the 2004 tsunami was a (pre-emptive) "divine punishment" for Asian governments supporting the disengagement plan.

In March 2006, three days before the Israeli elections, Eliyahu stated that it was forbidden to vote for any political party that had backed the disengagement, and stressed that anyone who voted for Kadima was "assisting sinners". He stressed the importance of voting for a party committed to religious education and yeshivas, but urged against voting for those religious parties that had supported the disengagement, and called for members of the religious Shas party to repent for supporting the Oslo Accords.

Gaza incursions
In May 2007, Eliyahu wrote a letter to Prime Minister Ehud Olmert which suggested "that there was absolutely no moral prohibition against the indiscriminate killing of civilians during a potential massive military offensive on Gaza aimed at stopping the rocket launchings". Shmuel Eliyahu explained that his father opposed a ground troop incursion into Gaza that would endanger IDF soldiers.

The Holocaust
In a 2007 radio interview, given to Haredi radio station Kol Haemet on the eve of Holocaust Remembrance Day, Eliyahu was asked what was the sin of the six million Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust. He said: "Those people were innocent, but Reform started in Germany. Those reformers of religion started in Germany, and because it is said that the wrath of God does not distinguish between the righteous and the evil ones – this was done."

Other
Eliyahu was considered somewhat controversial for his decades-long support of what some characterize as the radical right of the Religious Zionist movement. Eliyahu was a supporter of Meir Kahane, and was friendly with his family. He officiated at the marriage of Kahane's son, Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane, and delivered the eulogy at Meir Kahane's funeral. Eliyahu was a long-time supporter of Jonathan Pollard, becoming his spiritual mentor while Pollard served time in U.S. prisons, having visited him there several times.

In 2008, at a service to remember the death of 8 Israeli students killed in the Mercaz HaRav massacre, Eliyahu said, "Even when we seek revenge, it is important to make one thing clear – the life of one yeshiva boy is worth more than the lives of 1,000 Arabs. The Talmud states that if gentiles rob Israel of silver, they will pay it back in gold, and all that is taken will be paid back in folds, but in cases like these, there is nothing to pay back, since as I said – the life of one yeshiva boy is worth more than the lives of 1,000 Arabs".

Eliyahu worked for the preservation of the Iraqi Jewish rite and the opinions of the Ben Ish Hai, and opposed the attempts of Ovadia Yosef to impose a uniform "Israeli Sephardi" rite based on the Shulchan Aruch and his own halakhic opinions. He published a prayer book called Qol Eliyahu, based on this stance.

Personal life
At the age of 24, Eliyahu married Tzviya, the daughter of his rabbi, Nissim David Azran, the founder and rosh yeshiva of Bet Shmuel Yeshiva in Nachlaot, Jerusalem. They had three sons; Shlomo, a lawyer; Shmuel Eliyahu, Chief Rabbi of Safed; Yosef Eliyahu, dean of Darchei Hora'ah LeRabbanim; and Merav, a daughter.

Death
Eliyahu suffered from a heart condition. On August 24, 2009, he collapsed in his home, and was rushed to the hospital while unconscious. He died on June 7, 2010, at Shaare Zedek Medical Center from complications related to his heart condition. He was 81 years old. An estimated 100,000 people attended his funeral in Jerusalem, which began at 10:00 PM on Monday, June 7, 2010. He was interred on Har HaMenuchot, adjacent to the Hida.

Legacy
Eliyahu founded the Heichal Yaakov Synagogue, named after Jacob Safra, and Darchei Hora'ah LeRabbanim yeshiva in the Kiryat Moshe neighborhood of Jerusalem, which is now headed by his son Yosef Eliyahu.

Published works

 * Ma'amar Mordechai; Laws of prayer
 * Darchei Tahara; Laws of family purity
 * Mahzor Qol Ya'aqov; Prayerbook for the festivals
 * Siddur Qol Eliyahu; Daily prayerbook, 1998
 * Kitzur Shulhan Arukh LaGaon HaRav Shlomo Ganzfried Im Hearot Darchei Halakhah; Daily laws for Ashkenazim and Sephardim, 1999
 * She'eloth U'tshuvoth HaRav HaRashi; Responsa
 * She'eloth U'tshuvoth Qol Eliyahu; Responsa
 * Divrei Mordechai; Torah commentary

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mordechai Eliyahu


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The Hot Kid

The Hot Kid is a 2005 novel by Elmore Leonard.

Plot summary
This fictional story is set during The Great Depression and follows the career of Carl (Carlos) Webster, a crack shot, well respected, and mannerful lawman who killed his first criminal, aged 15. The reader follows Carlos' career as he begins a long dance of death with Jack Belmont, an ambitious criminal who wants to become public enemy number one. The story follows other characters like Louly Brown, a woman who loves Carlos, but wants to be known as Pretty Boy Floyd's gal. There's also writer Tony Antonelli, of True Detective magazine, who wants to write like a pro, and wishes Elodie, a gal he likes, wasn't a whore. The novel is full of grade-A action and violence perpetrated through criminals, lawmen, Tommy guns, bank robberies, hot cars, all falling against the backdrop of Prohibition.

Carl Webster is presented as the son of Virgil Webster, introduced in Leonard's 1998 novel Cuba Libre. Both men reappear in Leonard's 2007 novel Up In Honey's Room.

Real life contemporary bank robbers who make an appearance in the novel include Bonnie and Clyde, Pretty Boy Floyd, Machine Gun Kelly, John Dillinger and Baby Face Nelson

Reception
Janet Maslin of The New York Times described the book as 'far from being an exercise in nostalgia, this book reinvigorates what Mr. Leonard might have experienced at his most impressionable: the mythmaking process that turned commonplace crooks into figures of folklore'

title: The Hot Kid


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User:Imaglang/Sandbox

'''This is my personal sandbox. The contents in this page are only edit testings and/or drafts.'''

Wise words:

title: User:Imaglang/Sandbox


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Talk:Whoopee cushion

Untitled
i think the whoopee cushion was invented by Antoine Lavoisier!!! tommylommykins 18:47, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Does the last sentence need restructuring? Can an era be 'opened'? Perhaps better terminology might be 'The new technology era allowed the development of...' or something similar? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Djmorison (talk • contribs) 12:57, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

What is the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of this device? I'm guessing it's a blown idiophone (14), albeit not falling into any of the more specific categories. Does this sound right? — Smjg (talk) 23:37, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Aug 31 2022 edit is factually incorrect
An edit was made on August 31 2022 to assert that Whoopi Goldberg was the inventor of the whoopee cushion in 1930, however the actress was born in 1955. This seems to be a disingenuous edit made in bad faith in an attempt at humor. 98.1.121.34 (talk) 19:36, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

Early whoopee cushions?
This has been discussed at Reference_desk/Humanities (Dec 26, 2022), part of which is copied below:

"...a factoid repeated on many websites, including Wikipedia's article on Whoopee cushion#History and modern usage (since 2010). The claim's cited book source does indeed mention Roman Emperor Elagabulus' ...practice of seating [...] his guests on 'whoopee cushions' that let out a farting noise but when I checked that book's primary source, Historia Augusta (English translation here, lines 25:2–3 (Latin available by clicking 🇻🇦), it tells a slightly different story: Some of his humbler friends he would seat on air-pillows instead of on cushions and let out the air while they were dining, so that often the diners were suddenly found under the table. The Roman emperor's prank here being not the sound of flatulence, but that the seated unexpectedly found themselves lowered below the table".

In view of this, it seems in order to delete the whole misleading entry. Also the reference to the emir and his inflated cushions is not viewable on Google Books (to me at any rate) and the concencus amongst the Reference Desk editors was that an animal skin seems unlikely to make the required raspberry noise and is therefore not the same joke. So I propose to delete all the text about early whoopee cushions and go with an invention date of the 1930s. Your comments below please. Alansplodge (talk) 18:36, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

 * The cited book page is viewable on Google Books via this link or in its entirety by borrowing on Archive.org – Vuccala 22:21, 27 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes I agree to remove this ancient history section as I did pretty much the same thing as you and found the source here (page 379) was talking about a collapsible seat in the form of a sack and not a whoopee cushion.
 * The reference in Warwick ball's book was found on page 464 not 412 as quoted saying:
 * "With the more lurid details stripped away, there are some details that have a ring of truth and even bring out a more likeable side to Elagabalus’ character. He had an endearing propensity for practical jokes, for example, such as his practice of seating his more pompous dinner guests on ‘whoopee cushions’ that let out a farting noise, or placing his drunk dinner guests after they had fallen asleep into a room with wild, but (unknown to the guests) perfectly tamed and harmless, beasts."
 * Which I believe to be slightly incorrect. Flightofbird (talk) 02:31, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whoopee cushion


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User talk:Grpunkim

VfD
First off....

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Also, when editing a vote for deletion, you probably want to keep Guide to Votes for deletion in mind, especialy the items from section 7 (Rationales). Your reasons for voting delete, keep, etc. should be based on those given as examples.

Happy editing! -Harmil 18:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Grumpkin
Welcome to Wikipedia.

A few days ago, there was some anonymous user who was inserting the word "grumpkin" (an anagram of "Grpunkim", I may note) into an assortment of articles -- including Maine, where you're from. Know anything about that? --Calton | Talk 02:17, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

Yes, actually I do. The anonymous one is my roommate. The word "Grumpkin" is a sort of joke between us, and this is why he finds it funny to randomly insert it into articles. I have since told him to stop doing it, and he has agreed, saying that the joke has pretty much run its course. He was also the one who suggested my handle, and I decided to humor him. I assure you that he won't be vandalizing the site anymore. --Grpunkim 19:14, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grpunkim


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José Domingo Molina Gómez

José Domingo Molina Gómez (26 September 1896 – 5 April 1969) was the Commander and Chief of the Argentine Army. Grandson of former president of Argentina Nicolás Avellaneda, he appears to have temporarily taken "the reins of Government" on 19 September 1955. This was following the Revolución Libertadora which had begun on 16 September 1955. Eduardo Lonardi would eventually be recognized as the de facto President of Argentina on 23 September 1955.

Biography
Born in San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca on September 26, 1896, was the son of Daniel Molina Avellaneda and Melitona Gómez. His grandfather was Nicolás Avellaneda, former president of Argentina. In his early career, José Domingo married Delina del Carmen Botana in Choya, Santiago del Estero.

He was appointed as Director General of the National Gendarmerie Argentina from 1945 to 1947. He was then appointed as the Commander and Chief of the Argentine Army.

The Revolución Libertadora began on September 16, 1955. On September 19, 1955 President Juan Perón wrote what appeared to be a resignation letter.

A military junta composed of general José Domingo Molina and other military officers, was created with Molina at "the reins of Government". The next morning Perón asked for asylum in Paraguay, leaving the government in the hands of the military junta. Eduardo Lonardi would eventually be recognized as the de facto President of Argentina on September 23, 1955.

On October 3, 1955 Molina was arrested by Eduardo Lonardi and later released.

He died in Buenos Aires on 5 April 1969 at the age of 72.

title: José Domingo Molina Gómez


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User:Wujastyk/sandbox

Here at Wikipedia I write and edit on a range of topics connected with history and especially India.

I have undergraduate degrees in Physics (Imperial College, London) and Sanskrit (University of Oxford), and a DPhil in Sanskrit specializing in Sanskrit grammar (University of Oxford). My doctoral studies were partly carried out at the Centre for the Advanced Study of Sanskrit at the University of Pune. My teachers in Oxford were Thomas Burrow, Alexis Sanderson, Richard Gombrich and Bimal Krishna Matilal (DPhil supervisor) and, in India, Shivram Dattatray Joshi, Venkatesh Laxman Joshi, Vaman Balkrishna Bhagavat, and Saroja Bhate. For many years I worked at the Wellcome Institute and later at the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at University College London. In that capacity I researched the history of science and medicine in pre-modern India, with special reference to printed and manuscript evidence in the original Sanskrit-language sources. Since 2015 I have been professor and Singhmar Chair in Classical Indian Polity and Society at the University of Alberta in Canada.

My academic home page can be viewed here, where many of my publications can also be downloaded. My informal scribblings on various topics can be read in my blog called Cikitsā.

I (Dominik Wujastyk) am married to Dagmar Wujastyk, who also researches and writes on the history and culture of India, and on ayurveda. We are different people! :-)

title: User:Wujastyk/sandbox


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Hazari

Hazari may refer to:
 * something of, or related to, several of the entities referred to as "Hazara", particularly:
 * the Hazaras, an ethnic group of Afghanistan
 * Hazara, Pakistan, a region in northern Pakistan
 * Northern Hindko, also known as Hazari, an Indo-Aryan language of northern Pakistan
 * Hazari (caste), a caste in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh
 * Hazari, an alien species appearing in the "Think Tank" episode of Star Trek
 * Hezari, Chabahar, a village in Iran
 * Hezari, Qasr-e Qand, a village in Iran

People named Hazari

 * Abdul Ghani Hazari (1921–1976), Bangladeshi poet and journalist
 * Joynal Hazari, Bangladeshi politician
 * Maheshwar Hazari (born 1971), Indian politician of Bihar
 * Nizam Hazari, Bangladeshi politician
 * Hazari Lal Chauhan, Indian politician from New Delhi
 * Hazari Prasad Dwivedi (1907–1979), Hindi writer and scholar

title: Hazari


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Talk:Upstate New York statehood movement

Are there any sources you can cite for this?--Pharos 18:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * My attempts to source were fruitless. Can anybody fix this, or should I nominate for deletion?--Inonit 19:43, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Buffalo Article
 * NYTimes Article
 * NYTimes Article
 * NYTimes abstract
 * []
 * Upstate’s economy is in trouble. Part of the problem is ‘made in New York.’ And more freedom might be part of the solution.

--Ctrl build 21:40, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * These articles refer to the underlying tension between Upstate and Downstate, but I see nothing to support the idea that anyone of consequence is actually, actively, presently advocating the secession of Upstate from New York, which is what the article purports to be about. Can you point more specifically to anything in any of these sources that advocates secession presently and seriously?  (That's a pretty selective quote you use above -- the same report also says We hestitate to raise the issue, lest we set off a pointless discussion about whether Upstate should be its own state. Secession would be impossible, and the last thing New York needs is some kind of destructive Upstate-Downstate showdown.)  I'm not saying it's not in there (I didn't read them all end-to-end), but I don't see it and I did some keyword searching that didn't uncover anything either.--Inonit 23:17, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * '''If there are issues, I would suggest just combining the New York City secession article with this article into an article like Secession movements of New York State. You can probably include the Staten Island movement, the east end movement of long island from sulfolk. The balkanization of central park should probably go in there to. --Ctrl build 21:54, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Ctrl build, merge them both in a new article. --Awiseman 21:21, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The use of the term upstate in an article title is awkward as there's no universal definition of what exactly is upstate. As depicted on this page, it appears to be the entire state, minus NYC. I doubt many in Massena or Plattsburgh would consider all of these places to be particularly far upstate.
 * No, that's pretty much it. "Upstate" is anywhere in New York State that is not the NYC metro area.  It does not refer to being in the north, but rather to being north of New York City.  Since NYC is as far south as you can go in NYS, the vast majority of NYS is "upstate".  This term is widely understood in New York, although the exact boundary is always up for dispute.  RobLinwood 22:06, 14 May 2006 (UTC)


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William Martin (Royal Marines officer)

Major William Martin was a persona invented by British Military Intelligence for Operation Mincemeat, the Second World War deception plan that lured German forces to Greece prior to the Allied invasion of Sicily. Also known as "the man who never was", Martin's personal details were created to lend credence to the scheme, which involved a body, dressed as a British officer and carrying secret documents, to wash up on shores of neutral Spain, apparently the victim of an air crash. It was intended that these documents, containing information that suggested an Allied assault on Greece was planned, should fall into the hands of German intelligence.

The identity of the body employed as Major Martin was kept secret during and after the war, and was the source of some speculation. The body was identified in 1996 as that of Glyndwr Michael, a Welsh homeless man, and recognised as such by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

Operation Mincemeat
The aim of Operation Mincemeat was to allow documents pertaining to Allied operations in the Mediterranean to fall into the hands of German Military Intelligence, to mislead them regarding the target of the intended invasion of southern Europe. In order to convince the Germans of the veracity of the documents, it was decided they would be on the body of a Marine officer, which would also carry documents and personal items attesting to his identity. Finding a usable cadaver had been difficult, as indiscreet inquiries would cause talk, and it was impossible to tell a dead man's next of kin what the body was wanted for. A suitable body was identified, and considerable effort was made to create Martin's persona: identity card and discs, personal letters, a photograph of a fiancée, St. Christopher medal, some bills and theatre tickets.

On 30 April 1943, Lt. Norman Jewell, captain of the submarine HMS Seraph (P219), read the 39th Psalm, and "Martin"'s body was gently pushed into the sea where the tide, aided by the push of the submarine's propellers, would bring it ashore off Huelva on the Spanish Atlantic coast.

Attached to Martin's body was a briefcase containing secret documents that had been fabricated by the British Security Service. The purpose was to make German intelligence (which was known to have operatives in Huelva) think he had been a courier delivering documents to a British general. The documents were crafted to deceive the Germans into thinking that the British were preparing to invade Greece and Sardinia, rather than Sicily.

Martin's body was found by a fisherman and, as planned, the documents he was carrying found their way into the hands of German Intelligence. The operation was judged a success, as the invasion of Sicily was accomplished more easily and quickly than its planners had expected.

Ewen Montagu's account
Ewen Montagu, the officer in charge of Operation Mincemeat, was faced with the task of finding a body to give substance to the persona of William Martin. In this he was assisted by Bentley Purchase, coroner of St Pancras District. Several different accounts of this have been given. In Montagu's book, The Man Who Never Was, written in 1953, he states that in 1942 there was no shortage of bodies, but none they felt they could take. He states that the body of a young man who had died of pneumonia was found, and that permission to use the body was given. Pneumonia was important because it meant the presence of liquid in the lungs which, in the event of autopsy, would appear consistent with death by drowning. The body was released on the condition that the man's real identity would never be revealed.

However, historian Ben Macintyre states that the dead man's parents had died and no known relatives were found. Anna Pukas states that neither of Montagu's claims, that the man died from pneumonia and that the family had been contacted and permission obtained, were true.

Glyndwr Michael
Montagu stated that the body was released on the condition that the man's real identity would never be revealed. However, in 1996, Roger Morgan, an amateur historian from London, uncovered evidence in the Public Record Office that the identity of the corpse was a Welshman named Glyndwr Michael.

Michael was born in Aberbargoed in Monmouthshire in South Wales. Before leaving the town, he held part-time jobs as a gardener and labourer. His father Thomas, a coal miner, killed himself when Michael was 15, and his mother died when he was 31. Homeless, friendless, depressed, and with no money, Michael drifted to London where he lived on the streets.

Michael was found in an abandoned warehouse close to King's Cross, seriously ill from ingesting rat poison that contained phosphorus. Two days later, he died at age 36 in St Pancras Hospital. His death may have been suicide, although he might have simply been hungry, as the poison he ingested was a paste smeared on bread crusts to attract rats.

After being ingested, phosphide reacts with hydrochloric acid in the stomach, generating phosphine, a highly toxic gas. One of the symptoms of phosphine poisoning is pulmonary edema, an accumulation of large amounts of liquid in the lungs, which would satisfy the need for a body that appeared to have died by drowning. Purchase explained, "This dose was not sufficient to kill him outright, and its only effect was to so impair the functioning of the liver that he died a little time afterwards". When Purchase obtained Michael's body, it was identified as being in suitable condition for a man who would appear to have floated ashore several days after having died at sea by hypothermia and drowning.

John Melville
After the identification of Michael as Major Martin, doubts began to surface. It seemed odd that an operative as meticulous as Montagu would risk the success of the operation by using a body of a man neither physically fit (as might be expected of a Marine officer) nor having died in the manner suggested (drowned, or as a result of an air crash). Montagu formally states in his book that, in 1942, there was no shortage of bodies, but none they felt they could take. He also states that he feared they may have to steal a body ("do a Burke and Hare"), before the body of a young man who had died of pneumonia, and for whom permission to use the body was given, could be found.

From this Montagu dismissed the need for physical fitness ("he doesn't need to look like an officer – only a staff officer") and the difference in cause of death ("If a post mortem examination was made by someone who had formed the preconceived idea that the death was probably due to drowning there was little likelihood that the difference between this liquid, in lungs that had started to decompose, and sea water would be noticed").

However, in 2004 John and Noreen Steele suggested that Montagu resolved these objections by using the body of a serviceman, and pointed to the accidental loss of HMS Dasher in the Clyde in March 1943, and the loss of 349 of her crew. They argued that such a person would be of military fitness (which Michael was not) and had died in a marine accident (as Michael had not); also that there would be little difficulty in obtaining identity papers and that the body would be considerably fresher than one that had been on ice for three months.

The submarine designated for the mission was HMS Seraph, which departed from the Clyde on 19 April 1943. Before the mission set off from the Clyde, Montagu described having to drive from London with the body while a Scottish source for the body would have made this task easier.

The Steeles named the person whose body was used as John Melville; in recognition of this, in 2004 a memorial service was held on the present-day Dasher, a patrol craft, at which John Melville's daughter was present. However the Royal Navy later said that there had been a mistake and that the crew had been given wrong information ahead of the service. Ordinary Coder John Melville of HMS Dasher, died 27 March 1943, is recorded by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission as buried in Ardrossan Cemetery, Ayrshire.

Tom Martin
Another investigation into the Dasher affair was published in 2003 by Colin Gribbons, drawing similar conclusions to the Steeles'. However, Gribbons identified the body used in Operation Mincemeat as that of yet another person, Tom Martin, a sailor who perished in the Dasher incident.

Commemoration
The body was buried, with full military honours, as Major William Martin. His grave, No.1886, is in the San Marco section of the cemetery of Nuestra Señora, in Huelva, Spain. The headstone reads:

"William Martin, born 29 March 1907, died 24 April 1943, beloved son of John Glyndwr Martin and the late Antonia Martin of Cardiff, Wales, Dulce et Decorum est pro Patria Mori, R.I.P."

In 1998, after the British government identified the body as Glyndwr Michael, a new inscription was added to the gravestone:

"Glyndwr Michael Served as Major William Martin, RM"

A plaque commemorating Glyndwr Michael has been added to the war memorial in Aberbargoed. It is headed Y Dyn Na Fu Erioed (translation – "The Man Who Never Was").

Glyndwr Michael has been commemorated on stage in Cardboard Citizens' 2009 play Mincemeat and Spitlip's Olivier Award-winning Operation Mincemeat musical, as well as on film in The Man Who Never Was (1956) and in the 2021 production Operation Mincemeat.

title: William Martin (Royal Marines officer)


text: File:UltimateXCover.jpg

title: File:UltimateXCover.jpg


text:
Talk:Objective

I have created an objective approach page - JB Well done - dd —Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.178.178.175 (talk) 15:40, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Objective


text:
Talk:Kickflip

WTF
how the hell has the kickflip been done on a snowboard? who the fuck put that?--72.87.255.177 (talk) 07:56, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

Ummm... guys. I think Rodney Mullen invented the kickflip in 1983... seeing as how he was born then and such. So someone ought to get on that case at some point.

-The Notorious Tatersalad

ok he might have but the trick is to easy that what i think skatepark of tampa

Well I was wondering whats the record of kickflips because I can do a single, double, tripple, and a quadrupple, also I am gonna go try quincetupple today. By the way same about a varial kickflip I can do varial doubles and I'm gonna try a varial tripple today. So if you can please find this info for me it will be surely apprechated. Please email me at TaylorLenard@hotmail.com

If Steven Lewis really is a great skater like Mullen and Caballero, then surely Google would return some hits with keywords Steven, Lewis and skate (or triple flip)? Can you provide a reference for the triple flip claim? Tp 08:11, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ouch. Don't bother with that Steven Lewis. Just checked the article history and it's plain old vandalism. Tp 07:45, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

I thought Rodney Mullen invented the kickflip, not Alan Gelfand, he just invented the Ollie.

Daewon Song & Quadflip
Can anyone produce any sperm evidence that Daewon Song can perform a quadflip? A google search for quadflip yields only five results, about half of which stem from this article. GoodSirJava 09:17, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I googled around and found a couple articles talking about different pros that had done them. I don't think we should list them all by name, so I just took it out. --Liface 16:56, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

I've seen him land one at Hawthorne Skatepark in California. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.108.154.112 (talk) 00:31, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Incomprehensible sentence
I pulled the following sentence from the end of the third paragraph, as I really couldn't make it out: "This can also be done by pushing to foot directly down and making sure to get the foot you have pushed the board down with out of the way of the spinning board." If anyone know what it's trying to say, could you rewrite it and re-add it? Incidentally, the "you" should come out: "making sure that the foot that pushed the board down is out of the way of the spinning board." But the "pushing to foot directly down" part has me scratching my head. Should that be "two feet", "the foot"; if the latter, which one?

I also removed the tone tag, as the writing seemed reasonable to me. It is, after all, a specialized vocabulary. -- Mwanner | Talk 19:28, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * i'm fairly certain that it's supposed to say "the" foot, not to. even in skateboarding lingo that makes no sense. Emb gunther (talk) 09:49, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Variations
The last sentence says pressure flips are considered taboo in modern skating, that is not true pressure flips are used in flip out of boardslides which is an advanced trick.So I think some one should delete that sentence it is only the opinion of whoever wrote that paragraph. He was talking about the kind of "kickflip" where you ride down the street and kind of pressure flip the board and it more does a barrel roll on the ground then anything and usually moves about 2 feet behind you. That trick is garbage now adays.

animation
I think it would help out, to have some sort of moving image, just to get a better understanding of the trick. Who's up for it? AlexWangombe (talk) 01:35, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

anti-kickflip?
^- The anti-kickflip is a flip trick where you flick your toe in the direction of a heelflip.

anti-kickflip?
Rodney Mullen created the KickFlip, where does it come from? —Preceding unsigned comment added by -Nmd77950 (talk • contribs) 19:43, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Headline text
When you add that 20mg mdma with the 2c-b 3h after the candy flip. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.67.135.115 (talk) 14:37, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

Wrong Photo
In the "execution" section, the trick depicted is not a Kickflip. It is most likely a 360 flip. In the first photo you can clearly see the skater scooping the tail, which is something you'd not want to do when you kickflip. In the second photo the board is clearly not parallel to the skaters axis as it would be when doing a kickflip.

Please correct this mistake! It is by 100% not a kickflip! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.179.158.176 (talk) 10:28, 29 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kickflip


text:
FUNREDES

FUNREDES (acronym in Spanish for Fundación-Redes-y-Desarrollo, or Networks-and-Development-Foundation) was a non-governmental organization based in the Dominican Republic and dedicated to the dissemination of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the developing countries, especially in Latin America and the Caribbean.

It did so in collaboration with international organizations, NGOs, the States, administrations, and public or private institutions, with the objective of contributing to regional development and integration.

Since the early 1990s, FUNREDES's position has been that: "''Internet for Development" is not about plugging and playing, chatting and surfing, getting information abroad, converging to one language, one culture and one market. On the contrary, it is more about empowering people and communities, collaborating and social networking, producing local content, and facilitating a diversity of languages, cultures and opinions.''

Its goal is communication above technology not the contrary.''"

A pioneer ICT4D organization since 1988, FUNREDES was a member of APC since 2006.

The main area of activities of FUNREDES included:

- Creating national networks for research and civil society

- Linguistic diversity in the Internet

- Social impact of the Internet

- Virtual communities

- Digital literacy and information ethics

FUNREDES ended its existence as an NGO in May 2017, however, the program named Observatory of Linguistic and Cultural Diversity on the Internet is maintained and gained independent formal existence in 2021, maintaining on line also the Funredes site.

title: FUNREDES


text:
Wang Ying

Wang Ying may refer to:

 * Wang Ying (Tang dynasty) (died 877), rebel to the Tang Dynasty
 * Wang Ying (Water Margin), fictional character in the Water Margin
 * Wang Ying (Ming dynasty), author of Shiwu bencao Food Materia Medica, see List of sources of Chinese culinary history
 * Wang Ying (ROC) (1895–1951), Chinese military commander and Japanese puppet warlord
 * Wang Ying (actress) (1913–1974), Chinese actress
 * Wayne Wang (born 1949), Chinese American film director
 * Wang Ying (actor) (born 1957), Chinese male actor
 * Wang Ying (softball) (born 1968), Chinese softball player
 * Wang Ying (composer) (born 1976), Chinese composer
 * Wang Ying (ice hockey) (born 1981), Chinese ice hockey player
 * Wang Ying (wrestler) (born 1983), Chinese wrestler
 * Wang Ying (water polo) (born 1988), Chinese water polo player
 * Wang Ying (footballer) (born 1997), Chinese soccer player

title: Wang Ying


text:
Firbank Girls' Grammar School

Firbank Grammar School is an independent, Anglican, day and boarding school, situated in the suburb of Brighton, in the Bayside area of Melbourne, Australia.

Established on 26 April 1909, by the Anglican Archbishop of Melbourne, Henry Lowther Clarke, the school currently caters for approximately 1,200 students. The Early Learning Centre and primary school are co-educational, whilst the secondary school (years 7–12) is for girls only.

Firbank is a member of the Australian Anglican Schools Network, the British Schools and Universities Foundation and Girls Sport Victoria (GSV). Firbank has close ties with its brother school, Brighton Grammar School, a boys' school. Students of the two schools participate in a number of co-educational activities together such as music and drama.

History
Firbank Grammar School was established as a Christian, day and boarding school for girls in 1909, by the Anglican Archbishop of Melbourne, Henry Lowther Clarke who was left a legacy for educational purposes. The Archbishop purchased 'Gawsworth', a property which stretched between Outer and Middle Crescents, and named the school after Firbank, his birthplace in Westmorland, England. He chose the motto, Vincit Qui Se Vincit ("She conquers who conquers herself") and gave the School his Archbishop crest.

The school opened and in 1910 there was an experienced head in charge. Florence Emily Green had founded and run the New England Girls' School before she sold it. She stood in as a temporary head until 1911 but she was in poor health.

Under the leadership of Maud Cameron, Firbank's longest serving Headmistress, enrolments grew and further land was purchased, including the 'Pen-y-bryn' estate and 'Atherstone' in Sandringham. Since its foundation, Firbank has maintained a strong connection with St Andrew's Anglican Church, Brighton where formal school services are held.

In 1961 Dorothy Whitehead left the headship of Ascham School to become the head of Firbank. She served until 1970 and during her time the students were allowed more freedom. She had previously taught with the Dalton Plan at Ascham. She replaced exams with tests and removed the streaming of students. New buildings were introduced for physical education and to increase the boarding facility.

Campus
Firbank consists of three educational sections on two campuses: 'Sandringham House', a co-educational primary school in Sandringham offering a quality education; 'Turner House', a primary school for girls; and the Senior School catering for girls only in Years 7 to 12. The houses are Sheppard Tyson, Aylwin Cameron, Tonkin Clarke and Hancock Crowther.

Sport
Firbank is a member of Girls Sport Victoria (GSV). Firbank has competed in rowing since 1992. It has produced many nationally and internationally recognised swimmers.

GSV premierships
Firbank has won the following GSV premierships.

 * Badminton (2) – 2008, 2015
 * Diving (18) – 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
 * Soccer (4) – 2010, 2015, 2017, 2018
 * Swimming – 2004
 * Triathlon, Mini (2) – 2019, 2020
 * Triathlon, Sprint – 2015

Media
The Brighton campus was one of the sites for filming the 2005 television series We Can Be Heroes: Finding The Australian of the Year, in two episodes of the television production Neighbours in 2007, the film Any Questions for Ben? in 2012, Ja'mie Private school girl in 2013 and Upper Middle Bogan also in 2013.

Notable alumnae

 * Prue Acton – fashion designer
 * Shaniera Akram – philanthropist, wife of cricketer Wasim
 * Amanda Bateman – rower
 * Marjorie Bick – biochemist
 * Diana Bryant – Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia
 * Jane Bunn – meteorologist, Seven News
 * Deb Cox – screenwriter
 * Judy-Joy Davies – Olympic swimmer and journalist
 * Beverley Dunn – actress
 * Moya Dyring – artist
 * Mavis Freeman – bacteriologist and biochemist
 * Chris Gallus – politician
 * Jennifer Hansen – former co-presenter, Channel 10 News
 * Christie Jenkins – trampoline gymnast
 * Amie Kaufman – New York Times bestselling author
 * Kirstie Marshall, – Labor MP for Forest Hill and former Aerial Skiing World Champion, also went to Mentone Girls' Secondary College
 * Ida Elizabeth Osbourne, – founder of A.B.C. Radio's national Children's Session
 * Jeannette Patrick – politician
 * Thérèse Rein – wife of former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and founder of employment agency Ingeus
 * Susan Renouf – socialite
 * Deborah Richards – journalist
 * Nina Taylor – politician
 * Hayley Verbunt – rowing coxswain
 * Jan Wade – Attorney General in Jeff Kennett's government

Notable staff

 * Maud Cameron and Dorothy Whitehead

title: Firbank Girls' Grammar School


text:
Jeff Walker

Jeff Walker or Jeffrey Walker may refer to:

 * Jeffrey Walker (actor) (born 1982), Australian actor and director
 * Jeffrey Walker (cricketer) (born 1960), Australian cricketer
 * Jeffrey N. Walker, American attorney and academic
 * Jeff Walker (American football) (born 1963), American football player
 * Jerry Jeff Walker (1942–2020), American country music singer and songwriter
 * Jeffrey Walker (chief executive), American chief executive
 * Jeff Walker (musician), member of extreme metal band Carcass

title: Jeff Walker


text:
Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1895–1903)

Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (Elisabeth Marie Alice Viktoria; 11 March 1895 – 16 November 1903) was a German Hessian and Rhenish child princess, the only daughter of Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, and his first wife, Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. She was named after her paternal great-grandmother, Princess Elisabeth of Prussia. Her paternal aunt had the same name, and both the young princess and her aunt were nicknamed Ella.

Elisabeth’s early death was rumored to be a result of poison meant for her uncle Emperor Nicholas II, but the court physician said she died of virulent typhoid fever, probably caused by her taking a drink of water from a contaminated stream.

Birth
Elisabeth's parents, nicknamed ‘Ernie’ and ‘Ducky’, were first cousins who married at the instigation of their common grandmother, Queen Victoria. The marriage was an unhappy one from the start. Princess Victoria Melita was eighteen at the time of Elisabeth’s birth. She was fond of Elisabeth, but found it hard to compete with Ernst’s devotion to their daughter. Ernst was convinced even before Elisabeth could speak that he alone could understand her. At the age of six months, she was scheduled to move to a new nursery and her father "consulted her" on her color preferences. He claimed that she made "happy little squeals" when he showed her a particular shade of lilac material. Ernst then decorated her nursery in shades of lilac. He later had a playhouse built for his daughter that stood in its own garden. Adults were forbidden to enter "much to the frustration of royal nurses and tutors, who could be seen pacing up and down impatiently outside as they waited for their high-spirited young charges to stop their games and emerge."

Childhood
Margaretta Eagar, a governess for the daughters of Tsar Nicholas II, described Elisabeth as "a sweet and pretty child, with wide grey-blue eyes and a profusion of dark hair. She was much like her mother, not only in face, but also in manner". The four-year-old Elisabeth wanted a baby sister and tried to persuade her aunt and uncle to let her parents adopt one of her paternal first cousins, Tatiana or Maria. Her parents had only one other child together, a stillborn son, in 1900. She was a favorite with her great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, who called the little girl "my precious". Queen Victoria refused to permit the unhappily married Victoria and Ernst to divorce for the sake of Elisabeth. It was Elisabeth whom Queen Victoria asked to see first and to receive eightieth birthday greetings from in 1899. When the child heard Queen Victoria’s pony cart approaching on the road below Windsor Castle, the four-year-old Elisabeth ran out on the balcony, waving and calling, "Granny Gran, I’m here!" Elisabeth’s playfulness made the queen laugh out loud. Elisabeth’s maternal grandmother, the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, brought five-year-old Elisabeth to see Queen Victoria on her death bed on 22 January 1901. After the queen died, the child was taken in to see her body and told that her great-grandmother had gone to be with the angels; "but I don’t see the wings", Elisabeth whispered. Elisabeth sat next to her second cousin Prince Edward of York (called David by family and friends, later to become King Edward VIII in 1936) during Queen Victoria’s funeral. "Sweet little David behaved so well during the service", wrote his aunt Maud, "and was supported by the little Hesse girl who took him under her protection and held him most of the time round his neck. They looked such a delightful little couple."

In his memoirs, written more than thirty years after her death, her father wrote of Elisabeth’s "deep sensitivity" and "very large heart". He wrote that "I never knew a child who had so much influence on adults. Her inner personality was very strong, and she had a natural quality that protected her from being spoiled." In October 1901, after the death of Queen Victoria, Elisabeth’s parents finally divorced. Her mother had rekindled a previous romance with another cousin, her future husband, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia. Her father, according to letters written by her mother, had been caught cavorting with domestic servants. Her parents’ divorce meant that Elisabeth divided her year between Darmstadt and her mother’s new home in Coburg. Elisabeth was at first mistrustful of her mother and resented the divorce, although Victoria did her best to mend her relationship with her daughter during her visit with Elisabeth in the spring of 1902. She was only partially successful, though Victoria enjoyed turning her daughter into an outstanding horsewoman.

In his memoirs, Ernst said he had difficulty persuading Elisabeth to visit her mother. Before one visit, he found the child "whimpering under a sofa, full of despair". He assured Elisabeth that her mother loved her too. "Mama says she loves me, but you do love me", Elisabeth replied. Margaret Eager thought the child’s eyes were "the saddest she had ever seen". "Looking at her I used to wonder what those wide grey-blue eyes saw, to bring such a look of sadness to the childish face", she wrote. Eagar wondered if Elisabeth had a premonition of her own death because she often told her cousin, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, that "I shall never see this again". However, despite Elisabeth’s sad eyes, she was generally a sweet, happy child who was a peacemaker when her cousins had a dispute.

Death
On 6 October 1903, Ernst hosted a large family gathering at Darmstadt for the wedding of his niece, Princess Alice of Battenberg, to Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark. A few weeks later he took Elisabeth to stay with his younger sister, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna, her husband, Tsar Nicholas II, and their family. At the imperial family’s hunting lodge in Skierniewice, Poland, Elisabeth went on long walks and had picnics in the forest with her cousins.

Elisabeth's nanny, who called her "my baby", woke Elisabeth in the middle of the night and settled her in a window seat of the nursery so that she might look out on the game spread out upon the grounds below. One morning, the eight-year-old awoke with a sore throat and pains in her chest, which the Russian Court doctor put down to too much excitement with her cousins the previous day. Her fever rose to 104 degrees. The imperial party didn’t believe her illness was a serious one and went ahead with their plans for the day and attended the theater as planned. By the evening Elisabeth was in even more severe pain and had started gasping for breath. A specialist was summoned from Warsaw. The specialist gave her injections of caffeine and camphor to stimulate her slowing heart, but without success.

"Suddenly she sat up in her bed and looked from one to the other of us with wide, frightened eyes", wrote Eagar. "She cried out suddenly, "I’m dying! I’m dying!" She was coaxed to lie down again but remained agitated. "The child turned to me, and said anxiously, 'Send a telegram to mama.'" Eagar promised it would be done. She added, "immediately." ... We continued to fan the feeble spark of life, but moment by moment it declined. She began to talk to her cousins and seemed to imagine she was playing with them. She asked for little Anastasie and I brought the wee thing into the room. The dying eyes rested on her for a moment, and Anastasie said, "Poor cousin Ella! Poor Princess Elisabeth!" I took the baby out of the room." Doctors told Alexandra that the child’s mother should be notified, but the telegram did not arrive until the following morning when Elisabeth had already died. An autopsy following her death confirmed that she had died of virulent typhoid, although it was rumored she had eaten from a poisoned dish intended for the Tsar.

Funeral and legacy
Elisabeth’s body was placed in a silver casket, a gift from Nicholas II, for the journey back to Darmstadt. Her father arranged a white funeral, with white instead of black for the funeral trappings, white flowers, and white horses for the procession. The Hessian people came out by the thousands to view the funeral procession and "sobbed in unison so that I could hear it", Ernst wrote. A cousin, Kaiser Wilhelm II, expressed shock at the child’s death in a letter to Tsar Nicholas II on the day after. "How joyous and merry she was that day at Wolfsgarten, when I was there, so full of life and fun and health ... What a terrible heartrending blow for poor Ernie, who doted and adored that little enchantress!" Elisabeth was buried in the Rosenhöhe with other members of the Hessian grand ducal family. A marble angel was later installed to watch over her grave. In a final gesture to Elisabeth and Ernst, Victoria Melita placed her badge of the Order of Hesse, granted to her upon her marriage, into Elisabeth’s coffin. Ernst was still devastated by the memory of his daughter’s death thirty years later. "My little Elisabeth", he wrote in his memoirs, "was the sunshine of my life."

Archives
Documents about Elisabeth’s death, including telegrams and letters from relatives and a Hessian employee to Elisabeth’s aunt, Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, are preserved in the Hohenlohe Central Archive (Hohenlohe-Zentralarchiv Neuenstein), which is in Neuenstein Castle in the town of Neuenstein, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.


text:
User:Dcsohl

I am a software engineer in the Boston area.

title: User:Dcsohl


text:
Electromagnetic suspension

Electromagnetic suspension (EMS) is the magnetic levitation of an object achieved by constantly altering the strength of a magnetic field produced by electromagnets using a feedback loop. In most cases the levitation effect is mostly due to permanent magnets as they have no power dissipation, with electromagnets only used to stabilise the effect.

According to Earnshaw's Theorem a paramagnetic body cannot rest in stable equilibrium when placed in any combination of gravitational and magnetostatic fields. In these kinds of fields, an unstable equilibrium condition exists. Although static fields cannot give stability, EMS works by continually altering the current sent to electromagnets to change the strength of the magnetic field and allows a stable levitation to occur. In EMS, a feedback loop which continuously adjusts one or more electromagnets to correct the object's motion is used to cancel the instability.

Many systems use magnetic attraction pulling upwards against gravity for these kinds of systems as this gives some inherent lateral stability, but some use a combination of magnetic attraction and magnetic repulsion to push upwards.

Magnetic levitation technology is important because it reduces energy consumption, largely reduces friction. It also avoids wear and has very low maintenance requirements. The application of magnetic levitation is most commonly known for its role in maglev trains.

History
Samuel Earnshaw was the one to discover in 1839 that “a charged body placed in an electrostatic field cannot levitate at stable equilibrium under the influence of electric forces alone”. Likewise, due to limitations on permittivity, stable suspension or levitation cannot be achieved in a static magnetic field with a system of permanent magnets or fixed current electromagnets. Braunbeck’s extension (1939) states that a system of permanent magnets must also contain diamagnetic material or a superconductor in order to obtain stable, static magnetic levitation or suspension.

Emile Bachelet applied Earnshaw's theorem and the Braunbeck extension and stabilized magnetic force by controlling current intensity and turning on and off power to the electromagnets at desired frequencies. He was awarded a patent in March 1912 for his “levitating transmitting apparatus” (patent no. 1,020,942). His invention was first intended to be applied to smaller mail carrying systems but the potential application to larger train-like vehicles is certainly apparent.

In 1934 Hermann Kemper applied Bachelet’s concept to the large scale, calling it “monorail vehicle with no wheels attached.” He obtained Reich Patent number 643316 for his invention and is also considered by many to be the inventor of maglev.

In 1979 the Transrapid electromagnetically suspended train carried passengers for a few months as a demonstration on a 908 m track in Hamburg for the first International Transportation Exhibition (IVA 79).

The first commercial Maglev train for routine service was opened in Birmingham, England in 1984, using electromagnetic suspension, and a linear induction motor for propulsion.

Electromagnets
When a current passes through a wire, a magnetic field around that wire is generated. The strength of the generated magnetic field is proportional to the current through the wire. When a wire is coiled, this generated magnetic field is concentrated through the center of the coil. The strength of this field can be greatly increased by placing a ferromagnetic material in the center of the coil. This field is easily manipulated by passing a varying current in the wire. Therefore, a combination of permanent magnets with electromagnets is an optimal arrangement for levitation purposes. To reduce average power requirements, often the electromagnetic suspension is used only to stabilise the levitation, and the static lift against gravity is provided by a secondary permanent magnet system, often pulled towards a relatively inexpensive soft ferromagnetic material such as iron or steel.

Feedback
The position of the suspended object can be detected optically or magnetically, other schemes may sometimes be used.

The feedback circuit controls the electromagnet to try to keep the suspended object at the correct position.

However, simply controlling the position usually leads to instability, due to the small time delays in the inductance of the coil and in sensing the position. In practice then, the feedback circuitry must use the change of position over time to determine and damp the speed.

Hybrid Electromagnetic Suspension (H-EMS)
In the 21st century there has been several proposals to use hybrid electromagnetic suspension (also known as H-EMS) as an upgrade to the classical EMS configuration by adding permanent magnets to the electromagnets forming what it's called an array of electropermanent magnets. This configuration has proven to increase air gap and reduce energy consumption and is being used by both maglev and hyperloop experts.

Maglev
Maglev (magnetic levitation) is a transportation system in which a vehicle is suspended on a guiding rail by the principle of electromagnetic suspension. Maglev has the advantages of being quieter and smoother than wheeled transportation due to eliminating much of the physical contact between wheels and track. Since a maglev requires a guiding rail, it is mostly used in railed transport systems like trains.

Since the first commercial maglev train was opened in Birmingham, England in 1984, other commercial EMS maglev train systems, such as the M-Bahn and the Transrapid have also been put into limited use. (Maglev trains based on electrodynamic suspension technology have also been developed and deployed.) With the possible exception of the 30.5 km Shanghai Maglev Train, no major long-distance EMS maglev routes have been built.

Active magnetic bearing

An active magnetic bearing (AMB) works on the principle of electromagnetic suspension and consists of an electromagnet assembly, a set of power amplifiers which supply current to the electromagnets, a controller, and gap sensors with associated electronics to provide the feedback required to control the position of the rotor within the gap. These elements are shown in the diagram. The power amplifiers supply equal bias current to two pairs of electromagnets on opposite sides of a rotor. This constant tug-of-war is mediated by the controller which offsets the bias current by equal but opposite perturbations of current as the rotor deviates by a small amount from its center position.

The gap sensors are usually inductive in nature and sense in a differential mode. The power amplifiers in a modern commercial application are solid state devices which operate in a pulse-width modulation (PWM) configuration. The controller is usually a microprocessor or DSP.

Spaceship Launch Aid
NASA has been developing a launch aid using a magnetic levitation system to propel a spaceship. Proponents of maglev launch aid posit that it saves on design and launching costs, while providing a safer launching method.

title: Electromagnetic suspension


text:
Coconut shy

A coconut shy (or coconut shie) is a traditional British game frequently found as a sidestall at funfairs and fêtes. The game consists of throwing wooden balls at a row of coconuts balanced on posts. Typically a player buys three balls and wins when each coconut is successfully dislodged. In some cases other prizes may be won instead of the coconuts.

The word "shy" in this context means to toss or throw.

Origins
The origins of the game are unclear, but early references to it appear in the late 1800s. It probably derives from the game of Aunt Sally, with coconuts being seen as an exotic prize in the late 19th century and into the 20th century. The National Fairground Archive holds a photograph of a coconut shy dating from 1890. The game is mentioned by Graham Greene in The Ministry of Fear in 1943, H. G. Wells in The Invisible Man in 1897, by E. Nesbit in The Story of the Treasure Seekers in 1899, and by P.G. Wodehouse in the short story "The Purity of the Turf". The term is first listed in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1903.

One theory suggests the coconut shy may have originated at the annual Pleasure Fair in Kingston upon Thames in 1867. That event took place on the town's Fairfield, not far from a coconut fibre mill on the Hogsmill river. The Surrey Comet reported how "for the small sum of one penny, you could have three throws with sticks with the prospect of getting a cocoa nut..." The coconuts could have come from nearby Middle Mill, which advertised in the Surrey Comet as "The Patent Cocoa Fibre Co Ltd the only cocoa nut fibre manufactory in Surrey. All descriptions of mats in cocoa nut fibre made to order wholesale". Today the only reminder of Kingston's association with coconuts is a pub in Mill Street, which was the principal route between Fairfield and Middle Mill for several centuries. Called "The Cocoanut", it is not only spelled the old way but is furthermore the only pub in Britain with that name.

However, there is a similar game shown in etchings by Thomas Rowlandson. Sketch on York Race Ground (1804) shows a carnival game in which sticks are thrown at various shaped objects atop posts; the drawing was etched and printed in 1805 titled Gaffers at a Country Fair, and a revised version was printed in 1808 titled Doncaster Fair the Industrious Yorkshirebites. An image in the lower left corner of A Prospect of Greenwich Fair, from Manners and Cvstoms of ye Englyshe in 1849, no 13, Getty Images, shows the same game with taller poles and the coconuts shown atop them.

According to a source described as an official from the Showman's Guild, coconut shies began at the Cambridge Midsummer Fair with cockerels as the targets rather than coconuts.

Popular culture
In Rumer Godden's short story "Candy Floss," the titular Candy Floss is a doll who "assists" in running a coconut shy along with her owner. The story describes the set-up and management of an early 20th century coconut shy and life on the road as the group follows the fair in a van.

Other countries
In German-speaking countries the game of Dosenwerfen (throw cans) is popular for school parties, as well as in professional stalls at fairgrounds. It involves throwing balls at stacks of empty tin cans.

In France, a similar game known as Chamboule-Tout is frequently found at fun fairs.

In the U.S. and Canada, milk cans are commonly used.

title: Coconut shy


text: User talk:195.215.8.244

title: User talk:195.215.8.244


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Sango123

Sango123
Final (37/1/0) ending 18:55 July 26 2005 (UTC)

I have been editing at Wikipedia since March 2005, and I just reached my 3000th edit milestone. I contribute here quite often— from welcoming and assisting newcomers to monitoring Special:Newpages for speedy deletion candidates. I believe I am ready for adminship, as I have a good grip on Wikipedia policies, and I am more than willing to help in tidying and maintaining Wikipedia to the best of my abilities. More information can be found in my answers to the candidate questions. Thanks, Sango  123  18:55, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here: Self-nom. I accept.

Note: When voting do not refer to this editor as "he". Thank you, Redwolf24 23:55, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Support. I'll be the first to stick my name here; I've run across Sango123 on welcome detail and I think the work speaks for itself. -- Essjay -·   Talk 19:15, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support Excelent welcomer and could use admin powers. Howabout1 Talk to me! 19:25, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support User fits my admin criteria. Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 19:27, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support — Sango123 is not only a great artist (both in Barnstars and WP:MIND), but also a great Wikipedian who would make a great admin. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 19:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Definite support. I've noticed Sango's name all over the place this week - including cleaning up my mistakes... Shimgray 19:40, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Since I'm a somewhat new user (used and occasionally edited wikipedia when I was anonymous), I needed (and still do need) help. Sango gave me that help. Link 19:53, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support. He She handled the Devadasi situation very well, appears to be a friendly, civil editor, has sufficient experience, and edits significantly across several namespaces.  Plus, that prism picture he she added as a logo for WP:MIND was so good, I had to vote for it even though I didn't know that page even existed! --Idont Havaname 20:03, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you! And I'm a she by the way. :) Sango  123  20:54, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry for my mistake then. Thanks for correcting me.  Fixed now. :-) --Idont Havaname 23:16, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support. Absolutely. Sango has shown familiarity with Wikipedia procedures, and puts in a lot of work for image-related projects (especially Barnstars). --Deathphoenix 20:41, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. Very welcoming, very helpful, seems to have a lot of presence around the site and I'm sure she'll use her admin powers to great positive effect. Keep up the good work! Javacava 21:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) This user has been contributing for only three and a half months. But when I looked through her talk page, I saw that this user treats newcomers to Wikipedia with profound respect, and she appears to have amassed quite a bit of trust from the community.  She also appears to enjoy improving other users' talk pages.  So I will abandon my nine-month threshold for this vote, and support this user's application for adminship. Denelson83 21:38, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) What the... Denelson voted for you despite that I do all those things (mild jealousy :P) Anyways, this user is amazingly courteous and I don't understand why she's self nominating I mean I'm sure many people would've nominated her. Ah well, this user is funny, nice, and all around a great person. Sincerely, Redwolf24 21:44, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems while I was casting my vote on your RFA, Redwolf24, I was just not "seeing the forest for the trees," so to say. Denelson83 23:13, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Whole-hearted support There is nothing that I have found with Sango that I do not like. A great editor, and Wikipedia will benefit with a mop in her hands. Bratsche talk  5 pillars 22:28, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) I hear nothing but good things about Sango. She is very great when drawing images for the Barnstars and she has been a welcome addition to the WP:BAP since she first started drawing for us. Unconditional support. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 23:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. Sango123 is willing, capable, eager, helpful, knowledgeable, courteous, personable, assertive, and excited about this ongoing project. If Sango123 wants to volunteer, I am confident this community will benefit from Sango123's efforts. ZachsMind 00:03, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Sure. 3000 or so edits since March, and I haven't heard anyone complain about Sango123—so she can probably be given the mop and shotgun. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 00:53, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support, why not. --Sn0wflake 04:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. --194.6.242.2 10:03, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As an anon. IP you cannot vote. Please create an account or log in. Howabout1 Talk to me! 14:18, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * However, if you've seen Sango123 around, and would like to share your experiences, please feel free to leave a note under the "Comment" section. -- Essjay -·  Talk 14:26, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support. Kama I was a newbie who wandered into a revert war and some very nasty personal attacks at devadasi and had no idea what to do and Sanjo123 guided me through the whole thing and without her help I think I would have just left in tears. It was so nice to be treated in such a non-prejudicial and transparent way.
 * 2) Andre ( talk ) 23:00, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support! Sango123 welcomed me within seconds of my first edit, giving me information that helped me clear some of the initial difficult hurdles associated with joining this vast community.  My only regret is that I did not nominate her to this post.  Sophrosune   (talk)  00:02, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) User:Merovingian (t) (c) 00:04, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support. Always proactive and polite. Redux 05:50, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. I see a consensus building. CO GDEN  22:56, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) . -- BRIAN 0918  19:52, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Apparently does not rile easily. --Michael Snow 21:15, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support Very active in WC, KC, et al. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 02:17, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support. Baaaa... Fire Star 04:10, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support. JuntungWu 05:36, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Support a valuable contribution to Wikipedia!-Poli (talk • contribs) 22:08, 2005 July 23 (UTC)
 * 13) Support for all reasons stated above. -mysekurity 03:32, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Support valuable contributor to wikipedia. Jtkiefer  T - 05:09, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Support for Sango's full-hearted ambition and hardwork on pulling disputes into concensus and on modifying wiki policies. Deryck C. 08:20, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Support a kind, industrious, and diplomatic editor. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 17:50, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Support. In addition to the above very good reasons, this note left for me on my talk page about a dispute shows that Sango123 is willing to listen to anyone, including anonymous POV warriors. Should make a great admin. android  79  01:25, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Sure. Everyking 05:09, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) Support the wub  "?/!"  08:33, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Support Many positive contributions to the Wiki. -- Solipsist 15:31, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) --Boothy443 | comhr+ 07:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Neutral

Comments
 * Kate's tool says 3021, with 1156 to articlespace, 867 to user talk, and 448 to "Wikipedia:" as of 19:18, July 19, 2005 (UTC) -- Essjay -·  Talk 19:18, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have a sneaking suspicion that Sango here is a she See this diff's sentence. Bratsche talk  5 pillars 22:28, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Confirmed! Thanks for pulling that up; the edit was made quite a while ago. Sango  123  22:33, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I already monitor Special:Newpages and Special:Shortpages, so I plan to help with speedy deletion, which would be far more efficient than tagging obvious candidates for another to take care of. I would also like to become more involved with vandalism-fighting, since before, I could do nothing other than to alert an admin. Before issuing warnings and blocking anyone, however, I will make sure I completely understand Blocking policy; I also plan to check Administrator intervention against vandalism regularly.

 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I am very pleased with my work in welcoming new Wikipedians— several hundred as of today— as an active member of the Welcoming Committee and Kindness Campaign. Also, I participate in discussions at Barnstar and award proposals, where two of my designs have been accepted as official Barnstars. As for articles, I find Deadend pages and, more often, the random article link ready to lend a hand in finding needy pages.

 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A. I have never experienced a great deal stress or been in any significant conflicts, but one thing comes to mind. An editor I had welcomed was experiencing personal attacks at Talk:Devadasi, and her edits to the Devadasi article were consistently being reverted. I believe I dealt with it in a very calm manner (see User talk:Kama) when she reported her situation on my talk page, and thankfully, the issue was resolved by a rewrite (see this message). If I ever experience a stressful altercation, however, I plan to adhere faithfully to Civility. Finally, concerning conflicts or disputes, my talk page is always open to questions and requests, and it will remain that way in the future. Sango  123  18:56, July 19, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Jagdfaust

The Sondergerät SG 500 Jagdfaust ("hunting fist") or Jägerfaust ("hunter's fist") was an experimental airborne anti-bomber recoilless rifle designed for use in the Me 163 Komet rocket plane by the German Luftwaffe during World War II.

Design
The Jagdfaust design was based on the Schräge Musik, the manually triggered upward-firing air-to-air cannon extensively deployed with the Luftwaffe night fighter squadrons.

The Komet was so fast that pilots found it difficult to fire enough cannon rounds to destroy a bomber in a single pass. The Jagdfaust was developed to address this problem. A 5 cm shell was mounted in a launch tube held in place by a pair of thin pins. Four such tubes were mounted vertically (to fire upward) in each wing. To ensure it would be fired at the correct time, the weapon featured a simple form of automated trigger in which an optical photocell detected the dark silhouette of an Allied bomber replacing bright blue sky and triggered the firing of the armed Jagdfaust guns. When the weapon fired, the force of the launch would break the pins holding the tube in place and the heavy tube would be ejected downward to offset the momentum of the explosive force of the shell. As a result, the plane's flight was not affected.

The Jagdfaust used a 5 cm Minengranate shell, whose thin walls traded fragmentation for additional explosives; when detonated within an aircraft with sheet metal skin, the skin would be blown off to devastating effect. The entire weapon was designed for economy. Because it was intended for short range use, the shell had an aerodynamically inefficient shape that could be easily forged or stamped. Its tolerances were loose, as its long-range accuracy was not an issue. Instead of a driving band, the shell flared at its base and was machined to engage the rifling. The launch tube was made of soft unalloyed steel since it would not need to keep its rifling over repeated firings. The shell used a simple type of fuse instead of the more complex and expensive AZ 39 Safety Fuse. It was probably shipped pre-assembled and ready to install.

Operational history
The weapon system is credited with one kill: on April 10, 1945 Fritz Kelb downed an RAF Lancaster using it. Though initial results were promising, the war ended before it could see extensive deployment. It is believed only two aircraft were ever outfitted with it.

title: Jagdfaust


text:
Hindu Temples: What Happened to Them

Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them is a two-volume book by Sita Ram Goel, Arun Shourie, Harsh Narain, Jay Dubashi and Ram Swarup. The first volume was published in the Spring of 1990.

Contents
The first volume includes a list of 2,000 mosques that the authors claim had been built on top of the location of Hindu temples, based primarily on the books of Muslim historians of the period or inscriptions found on mosques. The second volume excerpts from medieval histories and chronicles and from inscriptions concerning the destruction of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist temples. The authors claim that the material presented in the book as "the tip of an iceberg".

The book contains chapters about the Ayodhya debate. The appendix of the first volume contains a list of temple-destructions and atrocities that the authors claim took place in Bangladesh in 1989. The book also criticizes "Marxist historians", and one of the appendices of the second volume includes a questionnaire for "Marxist professors", one of whom was an Indian historian Romila Thapar.

Reception
Cynthia Talbot, writing in 1995 about religious identities in pre-modern India, noted temple desecration to have been on the rise in Andhra Pradesh only since the late sixteenth century—while such a statistic did hold true for Goel's too, she cautioned that his estimates were "largely inflated" as a result of his uncritical reliance upon Perso-Arabic chronicles and inscriptions. Romila Thapar has criticized Goel's list, arguing that he does not understand how to read historical sources contextually.

title: Hindu Temples: What Happened to Them


text:
User talk:FreplySpang/Archive/June2005

Freply, Please don't do that
I'm trying to insert a link to a recognized source, in the subsection regarding Christo-Paganism, by way of illustration. Your decision to play games with the revert key isn't making that any easier, and it is thoroughly uncalled for.

-

Freply, my "multiple edits" represent an attempt on my part to get rid of an annoying space which kept inserting itself in the link, for reasons obscure to me. I was under the impression that trying to make the page look as attractive as possible was a good thing.

Apparently, however, going the extra mile to produce a polished result has been taken as a sign of ill intent on my part. Don't worry, I won't do it again.

Thank You
What a year! My first year in Wiki, a featured article and now administrator. Thank you for your support. I feel honored to have befriended you. Tony the Marine (UTC)

WikiFun
It is now 15 days after the last WikiFun round. In the interest of continuing the game, I am willing to be a neutral party to assist in this three way tie. You may email me a list of WikiFun questions and answers, then I shall pick the best ones out of the three of you. Please elaborate the difficulty for each question. I will need at least 7 questions from you, but I won't stop you from sending me 20 of them or more. Thank you. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:27, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for your support
Thank you for supporting my candidacy for administrator. Kelly Martin 14:43, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Round 9
Sorry, but I couldn't help myself in making the game continue on... the new round is up. I am sorry for the death in your family and I hope this bit of distraction can help you. -- AllyUnion (talk) 10:58, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Doppelgangers
I noted your contribution to the Doppelganger discussion at Village pump. I created a template for these accounts, and I thought you might want to know about it. I take it from your comments that you watch new accounts looking for possible vandals; when you find a Doppelganger, you might want to suggest they use the template. It contains formatting to automatically insert the user's "real" account name so they can easily be contacted, so you might want to send potential users to take a look at the template page: Template:doppelganger before they use the template. Hope you find good use for it! Essjay ·  talk 12:30, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you for the reversion on my page. I honestly hadn't thought of Sept 11 when I chose the name. I was thinking more of the Cold War use of the phrase. Of course, I have no way of conveying that to the vandal. thanks again, and mplease accept my condolences. Ground Zero 21:21, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your kind thoughts. Sorry that guy was such a jerk on your userpage! Personally, I have no problem with your username, but you may be in for a lot of harassment from others. It might help to add a brief note to your userpage about why you chose it, but that probably won't prevent it 100%. Good luck and happy editing! FreplySpang (talk) 21:39, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Spartak Varna In Control
You can't ever win. Varna.

You need to stop vandalizing Wikipedia pages by making your senseless reverts of my changes. The anti-worm article is clearly not going to be removed, as indicated on the deletion talk page you've already seen. Please refrain from senselessly reverting my changes.

Your edit summary
Hi, I liked the edit summary in this edit of yours. :-) -- 10:56, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Mind Benders
Hello! I've noticed your interest in Wikifun, and thought I might share this with you. I have recently taken over the responsibilities of Mind Benders (shortcut: WP:MIND), and I just wanted to let you know that the pre-round, an artistic competition, is now open! Afterwards, we will hold "normal" competitions once a month- the normal rounds will each consist of ten or more fun, logical, brain-stimulating questions. For right now, though, you can check out the practice problems from old competitions. I'm looking forward to seeing you on our page and having some WikiFun!!! Thanks, Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 22:19, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Check the village pump news for updates- I'll put an announcement up when round one opens.

Thank you so much. Well, I guess that means I can't use the sandbox anymore. → Jarlaxle Artemis   02:41, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

User:JarlaxleArtemis
Also asked me to unblock, and seems to be in the habit of deleting any negative or neutral comments on (his?) talk page, so did think I would ask you here instead of risking asking you on (his?) talk page and having you perhaps not see the question. Did you ask User:Linuxbeak why, in LinuxBeak's opinion etc. etc. and in the interests of having both sides of a story, JarlaxleArtemis was blocked before unblocking that user? Regards and sincere best wishes Schissel : bowl listen 03:12, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Just to give you a heads-up: Jarlaxle email-bombed me over 120 times with the term "FUCKER" after I blocked him. As the rule of thumb goes, I will not repeat the same admin action twice, but consider Jarlaxle to be high on my user-contrib blacklist for some time now. Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 03:42, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * I did no such thing. →  Jarlaxle Artemis   03:42, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Anyway, he blocked me merely for doing this. →  Jarlaxle Artemis   03:44, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Schissel - The block log said that Jarlaxle's block was set to expire at 00:55 Jun 22 (IIRC) then an autoblock of his IP effectively extended the block by nearly 24 hours. I didn't lift the original block, but the extension. Linuxbeak - thanks for the headsup. I'm not sure how best to connect that kind of extra-Wikipedia actions to Wikipedia reactions. From the discussion on his talk page, it looks like he was blocked for his annoying Sandbox edits. I can see why you would be wary, in any case.  Cheers, FreplySpang (talk) 13:40, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Another clarification: Jarlaxle email-bombed me after I had blocked him, so it would actually be a Wikipedia action to an extra-Wikipedia reaction (or is it? I might be getting words confused). Anyway, thanks for the confirmation that you received the heads-up. I'm going back to being productive now :P Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 15:32, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Jar. was right to remind me that the reasons I actually gave for blocking him were extra-Wikipedia, so to speak, and not valid reasons for a block/ban. If it's not lifted already I'll go and do so. In my honest opinion while Linuxbeak banned him for placing very objectionable images in the sandbox, his other behavior on Wikipedia in that period included material that might have been added to that list (removing ban warnings from his talk page comes to mind.) Schissel : bowl listen 17:39, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

Regarding the edits to the ED page
I own the copyrights to this text, even though it appears on a different site as well. How do I proceed to add it anyway?

Adding a note on the article's talk page
That's fine. I actually don't mind sharing my copyrighted primers, especially on Wikipedia. In the latest version (where I added clinical tests, I also provided an external link to a full primer, which text would be an overkill for the Wikipedia entry on ED - I own the copyright to that primer.

So, should I revert my changes and add a note on the talk page? What would the note look like? Thank you for your help.

Thank you for your help
Thank you very much for your help and advice. I created an account.

Your RFA
Hi FreplySpang - belated congrats, and no probs with the support. Hope the "family situation" sorted itself out OK! Grutness...  wha?  23:12, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, I'm taking a chemistry class. And hope the "family situation" turned out okay. :) – ugen64 23:16, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I'm sorry to hear about "sad events" and hope things are as well as can be hoped.  Guettarda 01:38, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I don't think I vote oppose all that often, but anyway I appreciate it. I'm sorry about whatever happened. Everyking 01:40, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Again, congratulations, and well deserved (although perhaps saying anyone *deserves* to be an admin isn't all that complimentary!). Glad to see you back. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:14, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I'm a bit late, too
Congratulations! I should really be more active here ^^; -- M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 03:55, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)

sorry, im a child

me
sorry im a child, are you large?

Look, no shift key!
my edits to vampier lifestyle are some good too just because you are not a vampire i don't think you should say because you do not know these things. .... contributed at 06:20, 2005 Jun 25 64.12.116.70

 * (I've retitled this section more appropriately.) Freply, congratulations on being handed the mop and bucket. (And I'm sorry to hear of family problems.) Well, the mop would be well used on our little chum 64.12.116.70. Give him -- somehow I always picture these people as male -- at least a couple of hours to cool off, would you? Thanks, Hoary 06:29, 2005 Jun 25 (UTC)
 * Ah, you'd already done it. Fast work! Thank you. -- Hoary 06:31, 2005 Jun 25 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but it's an AOL IP address, so I didn't feel right about blocking it for a long time. Grumble. FreplySpang (talk) 06:33, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC) P.S. ... and thank you for your kind thoughts and congratulations! FreplySpang (talk) 06:35, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

RFA thanks
Hey, I never even got around to thanking everyone after my promotion. It was my pleasure to support you. - Mgm|(talk) 07:17, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes congratulations – you certainly deserve it. I am very sorry to hear of your family problems.  Cheers, smoddy 09:12, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed, no explanations necessary -- I hope that your family issues are, if not resolved, at least better. · Katefan0(scribble) June 28, 2005 19:27 (UTC)

Albuquerque
Technically the largest part of downtown ABQ is in the Northwest. The dividing point is CENTRAL AVE. for north and south, and the BNSF railroad tracks for east and west. the majority of downtown lies west of the railroad tracks and north of Central. As time has past, more-and-more people use the two Interstates of I-25 & I-40 to divide the city in casual conversation, but this in not a technical or legal description, and the Post Office still uses Central and the tracks. WikiDon 15:55, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:FreplySpang/Archive/June2005


text:
Talk:Firbank Girls' Grammar School

Name
I have put this at "Firbank Grammar", not "Firbank Grammar School", as the former seems to be what they call themselves (check their web site). A web search gives:

 * 586 for "Firbank Grammar School"
 * 924 for "Firbank Grammar"

though (note that the count for the first has to be deducted from the second, to give a count of sites that refer only to "Firbank Grammar"), so most others seem to call them "Firbank Grammar School". Noel (talk) 18:55, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The students tends to call the school Firbank Grammar over Firbank Grammar School, although the school states that it is called Firbank Grammar School on all official postings. -Dan 60.224.77.198 10:58, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Firbank Girls' Grammar School. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224608/http://www.crikey.com.au/Politics/20060614-Famous-alumni-on-Lathams-hit-list.html to http://www.crikey.com.au/Politics/20060614-Famous-alumni-on-Lathams-hit-list.html

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:52, 31 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Firbank Girls' Grammar School. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070830011608/http://www.firbank.vic.edu.au/home/inner.asp?mainID=9&subID=34&pageID=34 to http://www.firbank.vic.edu.au/home/inner.asp?mainID=9&subID=34&pageID=34
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070830011704/http://www.firbank.vic.edu.au/home/inner.asp?mainID=6&subID=27&pageID=27 to http://www.firbank.vic.edu.au/home/inner.asp?mainID=6&subID=27&pageID=27
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050615113918/http://www.aasn.edu.au/index.cfm to http://www.aasn.edu.au/index.cfm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050316220848/http://www.bsuf.org/index.htm to http://bsuf.org/index.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:08, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Firbank Girls' Grammar School