text:
Talk:Srebrenica massacre/Archive 1

revisionism
could you offer explanation for removing my edits. it is not true that version of bosnian serbs was that bodies were of serbs, but of muslims killed in the battle (i.e. trying to flee srebrenica region)- that was the argument which denied the massacre. please offer source for the claim made in the article. --bane

The word alleged
It seems that various people are deleting and reinserting the word "alleged" in the article, without any discussion, for instance in the following sentence
 * [The Srebrenica Massacre] refers to the killing of a large number of Bosniak men in the region of Srebrenica, allegedly by the Bosnian Serb army of general Ratko Mladi&.

Can we please try to build a consensus? I think it is misleading to say "alleged massacre," since there are many reports from independent organizations, including the Yugoslavia Tribunal, the UN, and the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, concluding that a massacre did take place, while I know of no similar reports concluding that there was no massacre. However, the word "alleged" may have refered to something else, for instance that the massacre took place under the command of Mladic. Perhaps Everyking can explain why he wants this word in the text? May I also suggest that edit wars can sometimes be avoided if precise references are provided for the statements in the article, especially the controversial ones? -- Jitse Niesen 10:16, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The current wording is fine, it doesn't talk about allegations but clearly states that there has been a court indictment. --Shallot 10:33, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Also, Mladić is known to have been the supreme commander of Bosnian Serb troops in the area so his responsibility exists for crimes committed by his troops, only its extent can be debated. --Shallot 10:35, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I second Shallot's statements. The use of alleged is in my opinion riddiculeous concerning whether the massacre occured, was carried out by Serbian troops under command of Ratko Mladic, and if Serbian troops conducted a campaign of ethnic cleansing in Eastern Bosnia. The only thing that is debatable is the extent and exact number. This I feel is resolved with the following quote: "Due to the nature of these events, mass confusion, and propaganda from both sides, the exact numbers, details, and causes of this are debated to this day" --Asim Led 00:15, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Nikola's edit dd 12 Aug 2004
Nikola, I think it would be more productive if you could amend the current version of the article, instead of replacing it by an old version of Srebrenica. If you want to delete some parts, fine, say so and we can discuss it. But please don't just delete everything. -- Jitse Niesen 21:59, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, it was not me who deleted anything, it was Asim who, instead of copying the article from Srebrenica and editing what he didn't like commited "Removal of various propaganda, point of view bias, questionable sources, decisevly opinionated external links, and irrelevent material." and any mention of Naser Oric and his hordes. Nikola 06:39, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Removed rash statement, although I still suggest he read the article more closely and stand by my statement that the original Srebrenica page was riddiculeously biased. This is I believe a far more fair article that notes the shamefull actions of both sides. Asim Led 14:11, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I understand this is an emotional subject, but can we please try to keep our heads cool? Asim, I doubt it is helpful to indulge in personal attacks (thank you, Asim). Nikola, can you please explain what you mean with your remark about Oric? He is mentioned in the current article, in the fourth paragraph. -- Jitse Niesen 13:38, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It's emotional for exactly these reasons... for the Bosnian Serbs, it's just another one in line of reprisals against the Bosniaks and it's incomprehensible for them why anyone would be raising that much of a stink over it without paying much attention to the prior events. Whereas for the Bosniaks it's incomprehensible how anyone could superimpose any other facts over the one that that 7.5K of their people were killed there. Each argument has some merit but it's still only fair that we concentrate on the most important facts. The present version does seem to accomplish that — it doesn't omit the information about Naser Orić, but it doesn't pontificate about it either. --Joy [shallot]   13:55, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that most Bosnian Serbs don't believe in "7,000 Bosniak men massacred" story at all. Nikola 06:01, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * That number is taken as an established fact by the ICTY, do you want to say that they are lying? Some independent researchers even put the number at 8.000. GeneralPatton 23:29, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well Bosnian Serbs also believe that Bosniaks wanted to set up a fundementalist Islamic state with Foca as the new Mecca and that the only reason Serb soldiers fired at hospitals and museums is because Bosnian government soldiers provoked them by setting up positions there so as to attract media attention. It is a generally accepted fact that Bosnian Serbs were the most brainwashed and propaganda fed people in the Balkans at the time. Asim Led 13:09, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I would also like to point out that this part of the third paragraph:

 * Like most Bosniak populated cities in the region, Bosnian Serb forces began bombardment of Srebrenica at the very outset of the conflict. Similar to other Serbian bombardments at the beginning of the conflict, there is no indication that these attacks discriminated between military and civilian targets.

 * ... is very calmly and neutrally phrased, probably more than I would have done. Freewheeling bombardment was an alarmingly popular tactic that probably caused the most damage and casualties in the war overall but in a slow manner which meant that it was often ignored and/or understated. --Joy [shallot]   14:04, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Except that it never happened. BBC suggests that the only shelling (and not bombardment, BTW) worthy of notice occured during the capture of the city.

 * The BBC story notes in paragraph for the initial two days that the siege lasted since May, and that the UN peacekeepers called for air support when the bombs got too close to their facilities. So basically I've no idea where you drew this conclusion from and I'd find it very hard to believe that a siege is set up over the period of two months without any bombardment. --Joy [shallot]   09:52, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we should assume that Naser Oric never happened either, since after all he is not mentioned on the page. The shelling/bombardment referred to in that paragraph occured at the outset of the war, whereas BBC only talks of 1995. Asim Led 13:09, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Joy, I think this needs some more proof. I'm not sure what the difference between shelling and bombardment is, but I'd use shelling if the explosives are fired from artillery and bombardment if they are dropped from planes. For the moment, I removed this part. But I did replace Nikola's version of the article (again), because its first paragraph does not even refer to the topic and its fifth paragraph (on the number of victims) is rather confusing. -- Jitse Niesen 12:13, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Notice also that "Bosnian Muslim fighters in the town asked for the return of weapons they had surrendered to the peacekeepers but their request was refused." but "One peacekeeper was fatally wounded when Bosnian Muslims fired on retreating Dutch troops." with the weapons they didn't have :))) BBC is funny but for sure anti-Serb so I trust them on the shelling. Nikola 06:01, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * It doesn't say "the return of all of their weapons". It says "of weapons they had surrendered to the peacekeepers". Try reading without Hanlon's Razor in mind... --Joy [shallot]

 * I did not pay attention to such a distinction when writing the article, however by 1995 Serb forces used improvised airplane bombs and fired them from the hills at many major cities (most notably Sarajevo). These could destroy three story buildings in one hit. Asim Led 13:09, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

This version is better *snicker* --Joy [shallot]

Neutrality disputed
And that is just the first paragraph. Nikola 08:08, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * According to 1991 census, 25% of city residents were Serbs. They must have lived quite unnnoticeable lives as the article doesn't mention them at all.
 * At the very top of the article - 7,000 victims. This number is heavily disputed.
 * According to the article, they have all been "killed". According to Serbian version of the story, they were killed in combat. The truth is probably somewhere inbetween.

 * 1) 1991 census deals with the municipality not the city itself, so to say 25% of the city were Serbs would be quite faulty.

 * Well, let's say that the city core population was 5% Serb. They still are not mentioned. Nikola
 * Do you have any hard facts? And what are you trying to imply? GeneralPatton 09:38, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Only that this article doesn't mention at all what happened to Serbs who lived in Srebrenica. Nikola 10:09, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * If you have any legitimate information about that, feel free to add it. GeneralPatton 16:47, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * 2) 7,000 is the number generally cited by international sources, the article repeatedly mentions that the exact number is unknown and disputed.

 * The number is generally cited by non-neutral international sources. The article mentions that the exact number is disputed, but well below the introduction. Nikola
 * ICTY is a "non-neutral" international source to you? What about Republika Srpska's own comission that also found the number to be around 7000. Only die-hard Serb radicals are disputing that, not even a majority of RS population, as indicated by the latest election results there. All of this has been coverd in the article. GeneralPatton 09:38, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, ICTY is a non-neutral source. RS's commission was heavily pressured by the high representative into giving "correct" conslusion, and even this article mentions that. Nikola 10:09, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * So who is then a "neutral" source according to you, and what is the "agenda" of ICTY and why was RS commission pressured? Are you talking about some kind of an "international conspiracy" against Serbs?GeneralPatton 16:47, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * 3) That Serbs consider them to have died in combat is worthy of mention as dealing with the Serb opinion, and will be added, but not in dealing with the cold hard facts. A large number of men were killed: Fact. They were killed in combat: Serb Opinion which brings up a false perception that we are dealing with a traditional battle.

 * Wrong. A large number of men were killed: Fact noone disagree with. They (or most of them) were killed in combat: Fact some disagree with. The event might indeed have been a traditional battle and that perception might indeed be true. And the introduction does not simply state that the "men have been killed". The introduction states that "Srebrenica Massacre was killing of men by a person indicted for genocide which is one of the most horrific events. Nothing of that stands if they were killed in combat, and nothing of that is true. Nikola
 * You claim all of them were killed in combat, even tough ICTY has in fact found it otherwise, or is it all a "conspiracy to you", even Dragan Čavić acknowledged civilians were killed on purpose. All of this has been coverd in the article. GeneralPatton 09:38, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't claim that all of them were killed in combat, only that the RS claimed that all of them were killed in combat, and that that claim is not accurately represented in the article. Nikola 10:09, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, RS government doesn’t claim that anymore, that was the official line when Karadzic was in power. The article does mention that the Serb nationalists dispute the comissions finding, that's pretty NPOV i'd say.GeneralPatton 16:47, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The rest of the article presents the facts and readers are left themselves to determine if they agree with the Serbian view or not. In short I see nothing about this article that deserves a NPOV notice. Asim Led 00:14, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The rest of the article is even worse than the introduction. Nikola 23:41, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Any examples?

 * I agree with Asim, it should be noted that RS Comission for Srebrenica also validated the number of 7000. The idea of “battle casualties” has been proven as deceptively fallacious at the Hague tribunal. GeneralPatton 05:38, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The original RS commission most definitely did not validate the NATO claims. Paddy Ashdown then appointed his own commission which did but this is not the same thing. Several people seem to be using the western funded ICTY as being equivalent to an impartial "court" - a suggestion the Wiki article on the subject disputes - any reference to the court should make this clear. An article on the Katyn massacre which correctly said that an international commission had determined that the Germans done it without mentioning that the commission was appointed by Stalin would not be maintaining impartiality - the same principle applies. Neil Craig

Double standards
Its funny how Nikola is fighting hard to remove the NPOV notice from the Demographic history of Kosovo article, yet he keeps inserting it here. hmm... Nikola, i have yet too see a fact-backed explanation about what you think is POV in this article. GeneralPatton 16:47, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"Personal attack"
In his latest revert, Nikola stated "GP retorted to personal attacks as usual. The end of any discussion with him)". Would Nikola explain where did I do such a thing? It looks to me like he cannot validate his claims and now he’s seeking other ways of keeping that NPOV notice. GeneralPatton 18:55, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Protection
I have protected this article. Please stop edit warring and discuss the problem on the talk page. — Kate Turner | Talk 19:01, 2004 Oct 8 (UTC)

DNA identification
The two versions are that DNA has been used to identify 200 or >4000 of the bodies. Which is it, then? --Joy [shallot]   03:20, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/07/11/bosnia.srebrenica/ says it would get done 200 per month since August 2001. If it really came out that way, that's 7600 by now. Can anyone find a newer reference? --Joy [shallot]   03:24, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * At the time of that article, more than 1000 had been identified. Im not sure of the exact number but I believe its closer to 4000 than 200. Asim Led 03:25, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Ah, found something better with a narrower web search.
 * http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3884599.stm
 * http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/06/12/bosnia.massacre.ap/ (Associated Press)
 * http://www.inq7.net/wnw/2004/jul/12/wnw_6-2.htm (Associated Press)

All of these have stories from this year about 989, >1,200 and then 1,327 people identified by DNA and then buried in batches. It seems that the tempo of the identification process picked up recently. The revisionist stories are all outdated. --Joy [shallot]   03:31, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

moved external links
I'm moving the links to newspaper stories about the topic to Talk because there's just too many of them to be useful in the article, and they also tend to keep repeating the story and then report just a few new tidbits. --Joy [shallot]   11:15, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The Economist's July 1995 article "Call that safe?"
 * AFP: Hundreds of remains found at Bosnia mass grave as exhumation starts
 * BBC News: Serbs admit Srebrenica death toll
 * CNN: Mass grave holds Srebrenica victims

I'm also moving the following link here:

 * Western media article excerpts on Srebrenica

It starts out as some sort of analysis, but ends up as yet another Serb nationalist apologist diatribe about how everyone's conspired against the poor old defenseless Serb people of Bosnia, both the western press and the Muslims on a jihad, la la la la... After the morgues of eastern Bosnia have finally filled up with thousands of human remains, this kind of propaganda is entirely worthless and indeed offensive. --Joy [shallot]   11:15, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This too:

 * BBC: Srebrenica Muslim chief on trial

--Joy [shallot]   23:37, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Schouten quote
Moved here from the article:
 * the senior UN officer on the scene at the time said:
 * "Everybody is parroting everybody [about Srebrenica] but nobody shows hard evidence. In the Netherlands people want to prove at all costs that genocide has been committed. I don’t believe any of it. The day after the collapse of Srebrenica, July 13, I arrived in Bratunac [alleged massacre site] and stayed there for eight days. I was able to go wherever I wanted to. I was granted all possible assistance; nowhere was I stopped." (Captain Schouten, the ranking UN officer on the scene in Bratunac, Het Parool, 27/07/95)

However, in a 2000 interview, Schouten said that he had heard shots in Bratunac, fired in two long bursts, which had seemed reminiscent of executions. So I think the above quote is outdated. By the way, UNMO Major De Haan was in Brutanac with Schouten and I think he would outrank a captain. -- Jitse Niesen 01:13, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Hearing bursts of fire during wartime is not unusual - the point is that he was there & saw no massacre. I think it is improper for those not putting the "revisionist" view to edit (or censor) facts or verified quotes, particularly from the one section of this article that they hold no responsibility for. If somebody wanted to put up a new section "criticisms of alternate view" I would undertake not to alter it if the Natoists were to allow me to post in the same way. --Neil Craig

 * When a statement is proven to be irrelevant/wrong, then it's not wrong to remove it. --Joy [shallot]

As regards the DNA - the fact that for 7 years it was impossible to identify more than a few bodies & then suddenly they started doing so in their hundreds is a legitimate reason for suspicion if one believes that the fact that the ICTY being funded by Nato members makes them less impartial than Patton says. Neil

 * And on the other hand, it could just be that they lacked funding/expertise/experience/circumstances to do the analyses in a more timely manner. Do you think it's an easy task to go around forested mountains searching for covered up graves, digging bodies out and then sorting out the remains in a state where DNA can be isolated with certainty from them? Especially when it done in the RS where pretty much everyone is aware what shit went on after the fall of the enclave, and has naturally been hostile to the whole idea of uncovering the whole disgrace. --Joy [shallot]

I would be interested to hear in what way Capt Schouten's statement is either wrong or irrelevant. In fact I would strenuously dispute that anything I have had censored here is untrue (if it was irrelevant I obviously would not have posted it). However I take it from what you said Joy that you consider it would be quite proper for me also to remove anything untrue. Neil

 * Egad, I just saw the latest commit... Please stop this trolling. I can't be bothered to revert right now but I'm sure someone will find the time to do a point-by-point rebuttal. Can't you go play devil's advocate somewhere else? --Joy [shallot]   20:18, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Joy/Shallot it is grossly improper of you to censor commentry here, particularly when you refuse, or are unable, to point to a single thing said which is not clearly true.

 * I'm not censoring your commentary here, I'm simply pointing out that such commentary in the article is wrong and unencyclopedic. You've also managed to alienate Everyking with the amount of blather, which is quite an accomplishment IMHO. --Joy [shallot]

You have already been caught on the Franjo Tudjman entry posting his hagiography produced by the Croatian nazi government as your own independent work. Since you are a citizen, supporter (& possibly employee) of that genocidal regime as well as a Jewish Holocaust denier I think, if you wish to exchange insults rather than facts I could find something worse to say about you & your spamming than merely "trolling". Neil Craig 7/11

 * What's wrong with you? You can't read page histories? You can't comprehend that I did not write most of the Franjo Tudjman article, and instead that Mir Harven did?
 * You aren't acquainted with the exact meaning of the words "genocidal", "Holocaust denier", or "spamming"? For someone who's so trigger-happy on the use the former two words, I'd at least expect for them to have read the explanation of logical fallacies at nizkor.org. --Joy [shallot]   10:05, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Neil Craig, you are making it very hard for the rest of us to take you seriously unless you tone down your language. Please keep yourself to the subject of the article. -- Jitse Niesen 11:26, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

More moved external links
I moved the following external links from the article: I deleted them because we do not want to link to any article written on the Srebrenica Massacre; in my personal opinion, we need only sites referenced explicitly in the article, and perhaps some major collections of good articles. Before reinstating the links, please consider to integrate their content in the article itself or (if you feel that would not be appropriate) explain why. -- Jitse Niesen 19:55, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Read the forbidden Srebrenica report
 * "Official" Story of Srebrenica Casualty Number is Challenged by Experts
 * Srebrenica and Naser Oric: An Analysis of General Philippe Morillon’s Testimony at the ICTY

title: Talk:Srebrenica massacre/Archive 1


text:
Nephritic syndrome

Nephritic syndrome is a syndrome comprising signs of nephritis, which is kidney disease involving inflammation. It often occurs in the glomerulus, where it is called glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis is characterized by inflammation and thinning of the glomerular basement membrane and the occurrence of small pores in the podocytes of the glomerulus. These pores become large enough to permit both proteins and red blood cells to pass into the urine (yielding proteinuria and hematuria, respectively). By contrast, nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria and a constellation of other symptoms that specifically do not include hematuria. Nephritic syndrome, like nephrotic syndrome, may involve low level of albumin in the blood due to the protein albumin moving from the blood to the urine.

Signs and symptoms

Historically, nephritic syndrome has been characterized by blood in the urine (hematuria), high blood pressure (hypertension), decreased urine output <400 ml/day (oliguria), red blood cell casts, pyuria, and mild to moderate proteinuria. If the condition is allowed to progress without treatment, it can eventually lead to azotemia and uremic symptoms. This constellation of symptoms contrasts with the classical presentation of nephrotic syndrome (excessive proteinuria >3.5 g/day, low plasma albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) <3 g/L, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia).

Signs and symptoms that are consistent with nephritic syndrome include:
 * Hematuria (red blood cells in the urine)
 * Proteinuria (protein in the urine) ranging from sub-nephrotic (<3.5 g/day) to >10 g/day, although it is rarely above nephrotic range proteinuria levels.
 * Hypertension resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg.
 * Blurred vision
 * Azotemia (increased plasma Urea and Creatinine)
 * Oliguria (low urine output <400 ml/day)
 * Red blood cell casts (seen with urinalysis and microscopy)
 * Pyuria (white blood cells or pus in the urine)

Causes
Nephritic syndrome is caused by extensive inflammatory damage to the glomerulus capillaries, which is associated with a variety of medical conditions that we will discuss. Furthermore, the cause of this inflammation can be infectious, autoimmune, or thrombotic. The causative conditions can be divided conveniently between age groups as follows, though it is important to note that many of the conditions listed in children/adolescents can also occur in adults with lower frequency, and vice versa:

Children/adolescents

 * IgA nephropathy (Note: Contrast time of onset with Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis) - Most commonly diagnosed in children who recently had an upper respiratory tract infection (URI). Symptoms typically present within 1–2 days of a non-specific URI with severe flank/abdominal pain, gross hematuria (characterized by dark brown or red colored urine), and edema of the hands, feet, and/or face.
 * Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) - Similar to IgA nephropathy, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) most often occurs in children who have recently had an upper respiratory infection (URI). In contrast with IgA nephropathy, however, PSGN typically presents 2–3 weeks after recovering from an URI that was caused specifically by a Streptococcus bacteria. The symptoms at onset are very similar to IgA nephropathy and include abdominal pain, hematuria, edema, and oliguria.
 * Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) - Often considered a systemic form of IgA nephropathy, Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a systemic small-vessel vasculitis that is characterized by deposition of IgA antibody immune complexes in different key areas throughout the body. Most often, the condition presents in children with palpable purpura, abdominal pain, and arthritis. When the kidneys are affected, the IgA immune complexes deposit in the glomerulus very similarly to IgA nephropathy and will present in a similar way.
 * Hemolytic uremic syndrome - Most cases occur immediately following infectious diarrhea caused by a specific type of E. coli (O157:H7). The bacteria produces a toxin that causes widespread inflammation and numerous blood clots in small blood vessels (thrombotic microangiopathy). When the inflammation reaches the kidney, or the by-products of systemic inflammation build up in the kidney, the patient will begin showing signs of nephritic syndrome or potentially acute kidney failure (elevated creatinine, BUN, etc.).

Adults

 * Goodpasture syndrome - This is a rare autoimmune disease where autoantibodies are produced that target the glomerular basement membrane in both the lungs and the kidneys. The damage to the basement membrane causes bleeding, and the disease often presents in patients as hematuria and haemoptysis (coughing up blood). If not treated promptly with plasmapharesis to remove the autoantibodies, it can lead to permanent damage in the lungs/kidneys.
 * Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Better known as simply "Lupus", this autoimmune disease can affect nearly every major system in the human body and the kidneys are no exception. Autoantibodies produced in SLE can form immune complexes that deposit along the glomerular basement membrane and cause glomerular inflammation which leads to a nephritic syndrome.
 * Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis - This is a syndrome of the kidney that is characterized by rapid loss of kidney function (usually >50% decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) within 3 months) with glomerular crescent formation frequently seen on kidney biopsy. Without treatment, it will quickly lead to kidney failure and potentially death within months. This syndrome has numerous underlying causes that can also cause nephritic syndrome, so this may be more of an association than a cause.
 * Infective endocarditis - Infection that affects the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) and can potentially cause a thrombus to form on one or more heart valves and, if left untreated, can cause septic emboli that can have many systemic effects, including deposition into the glomerulus, causing glomerulonephritis and nephritic syndrome.
 * Cryoglobulinemia - Antibodies that are sensitive to the cold can become activated in cold conditions and cause an increase in blood viscosity (hyperviscosity syndrome) as well as forming immune complexes that can deposit in the small blood vessels and can cause nephritic syndrome when this occurs in the kidneys.
 * Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) - Another type of glomerulonephritis that is caused primarily by immune complex deposition in the glomerular mesangium and glomerular basement membrane thickening, which activates the complement cascade and damages the glomerulus. This damage leads to inflammation in the glomerulus and can present with a nephritic syndrome.
 * Other ANCA small-vessel vasculitides - The conditions included in this category are eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of nephritic syndrome is dependent on the underlying disease process, which can vary depending on what condition the nephritic syndrome is secondary to. More specifically, different diseases (many of which are mentioned above in the Causes section) affect different segments of the glomerulus and cause disease-specific segments of the glomerulus to become inflamed. Most often, it is dependent on what part of the glomerulus is damaged by antibody-antigen complex (immune complex) deposition. In all cases, however, the inflammatory processes in the glomerulus cause the capillaries to swell and the pores between podocytes become large enough that inappropriate contents in the blood plasma (i.e. red blood cells, protein, etc.) will begin to spill into the urine. This causes a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and, if left untreated over time, will eventually produce uremic symptoms and retention of sodium and water in the body, leading to both edema and hypertension.

Diagnosis
The diagnostic approach to nephritic syndrome includes evaluating the patient for any suspected underlying pathology that could cause a nephritic syndrome.

Physical examination
If the person in the office is being examined by a physician, some physical exam findings consistent with nephritic syndrome include the following:
 * Edema - This could present as generalized edema (anasarca) or specific swelling of the hands, feet, and/or face.
 * Other signs of fluid overload - Diffuse rales (crackles) may be heard at bilateral lung bases or diffusely in all lung fields on auscultation with a stethoscope. Jugular venous distention (JVD) may also be appreciated when visualizing the veins of the neck on physical exam.
 * Elevated blood pressure - Measured at least two separate times with at least two minutes between measurements using a sphygmomanometer or equivalent method.
 * Abnormal heart sounds - If the underlying cause is cardiac in nature (such as infective endocarditis), then you may appreciate abnormal heart sounds during auscultation of the heart.

Laboratory testing
If the physician is suspicious of a possible nephritic syndrome, then he/she may order some common lab tests including:
 * Serum electrolytes - The kidney is one of the main regulators of electrolytes in the human body and measuring the different electrolyte levels using either a basic metabolic panel (BMP) or comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) can be a useful indicator of the underlying pathology.
 * Serum creatinine - Also measured using a BMP or CMP, creatinine is one of the most important indicators of current kidney function and is used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). An elevated creatinine level is considered abnormal and may indicate decreased kidney function.
 * Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - Also measured using a BMP or CMP, blood urea nitrogen is an indicator of how much nitrogen is in the blood at the time of the phlebotomy. The kidney is responsible for excreting nitrogenous substances in the urine, so an elevated BUN usually indicates that the kidney is not functioning appropriately.
 * Urinalysis - After the patient provides a urine specimen, it is sent to the lab for analysis using a variety of methods including urine dipstick testing and microscopic examination. Because the kidney is responsible for making urine, analyzing the urine directly can provide crucial data that can help the physician diagnose nephritic syndrome. Some findings on urinalysis that are consistent with nephritic syndrome include red blood cells (hematuria), red blood cell casts, proteinuria, and possibly white blood cells (pyuria).

If nephritic syndrome is identified and diagnosed, then it is important for the physician to determine the underlying cause. To do this, he/she may order any of a large variety of relevant lab tests, some of which are included here:
 * Blood culture - This is the process where a sample of the patient's blood is sent to the microbiology lab to attempt to isolate and grow any bacteria that may be circulating in the blood, in order to identify the pathogen. This is helpful if the physician suspects infection as the underlying cause of the nephritic syndrome.
 * Antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer - ANA is commonly positive in patients who have an underlying autoimmune disease, so this test is useful if the physician suspects an underlying autoimmune disease (refer to the Causes section above for examples) as the cause of the presenting nephritic syndrome. If positive, then the physician may order additional tests to determine which autoimmune condition is the cause and how best to treat it.
 * Antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody - If positive, this is highly indicative of Goodpasture's syndrome and can be used to guide treatment.
 * Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) - If positive, this indicates that there is likely an underlying vasculitis that may be causing the acute nephritic syndrome.
 * Serum complement (C3 and C4) - Complement factors bind to antibodies to form immune complexes and a decreased serum complement level could indicate that the complement is being consumed at a higher rate due to the formation of immune complexes leading to deposition in the glomerulus of the kidney.

Invasive testing
A kidney biopsy will provide a fully definitive diagnosis of nephritic syndrome and may also reveal the underlying cause of the nephritic syndrome depending on the underlying pathological process. On biopsy, a patient with nephritic syndrome would show inflammation of numerous glomeruli.

Treatment
When a patient is confirmed to have nephritic syndrome, the main goal of treatment (regardless of the underlying cause) is to control elevated blood pressures and reduce active inflammation in the kidney itself. Most often, the patient will need to be admitted to the hospital for close monitoring to ensure the efficacy of treatment and make adjustments as needed. Some treatment modalities commonly used to meet these goals include:
 * Bed rest during the recovery process to ensure administration of optimal medical therapy with as low of a risk as possible for any exacerbating factors (falls, infection, etc.).
 * Fluid restriction to minimize the risk of edema (if not already present) or to reduce any active edema that may be present.
 * A special diet during the hospital stay that restricts sodium, potassium, and fluids in conjunction with the previously mentioned fluid restriction in an attempt to control symptoms of fluid overload.
 * Administration of diuretics if patient is showing signs of fluid overload. This will cause excess fluids to be excreted in the urine and may lessen the workload placed on the kidney, allowing it to recover from the inflammatory damage.
 * Administration of antihypertensives to alleviate hypertension and maintain a normal blood pressure during the recovery process.
 * Administration of anti-inflammatory medications (such as steroids or NSAIDs) to reduce active inflammation in the kidney.
 * If the patient is showing signs of kidney failure or end-organ damage, the treatment team may opt to utilize kidney dialysis temporarily (or permanently, in some severe cases) to decrease stress on the kidneys and allow for optimal recovery.

Once the acute phase of the nephritic syndrome is controlled, it is crucial to determine the underlying pathology that caused the onset of the acute nephritic syndrome and to treat that condition. If the underlying cause is not determined and treated appropriately, it increases the risk of a recurrence of nephritic syndrome or chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the future.

Prognosis
Because nephritic syndrome is a syndrome and not a disease, the prognosis depends on the underlying cause. Generally, the prognosis of nephritic syndrome in children is better than it is in adults.

Epidemiology
According to the CDC, nephritis/nephrosis/nephritic syndrome was the 9th leading cause of death in the United States in 2017. It was listed as the cause of death for 50,633 out of the total 2,813,503 deaths reported in 2017.

Geography
The southeast region of the United States reported a significantly higher death rate due to kidney disease than any other region in 2017. Mississippi reported the highest death rate due to kidney disease (21.7), followed by Louisiana (20.6) and Arkansas (19.7). Although Vermont reported the lowest death rate due to kidney disease (3.3), the western United States reported the lowest regional average death rate due to kidney disease in 2017.

Gender
Out of the 1,374,392 female deaths reported in the US in 2017, kidney disease was listed as the cause of death for 24,889 women and was reported as the 9th overall cause of death for women in 2017.

Out of the 1,439,111 male deaths reported in the US in 2017, kidney disease was not listed in the top 10 causes of death.

Race and ethnicity
Out of the 2,378,385 deaths reported in individuals who identified as White, kidney disease was ranked 10th overall (39,105 deaths) in causes of death in the US in 2017.

Out of the 340,644 deaths reported in individuals who identified as Black or African American, kidney disease was ranked 8th overall (9,609 deaths) in causes of death in the US in 2017.

Out of the 74,094 deaths reported in individuals who identified as Asian or Pacific Islander, kidney disease was ranked 9th overall (1,563 deaths) in causes of death in the US in 2017.

Out of the 197,249 deaths reported in individuals who identified as Hispanic or Latino, kidney disease was ranked 10th overall (3,928 deaths) in causes of death in the US 2017.

Other countries of world
In a review of Romanian cases, a 10-year review yielded that upon biopsy, nephritic syndrome was the second most common clinical syndrome at 21.9% (nephrotic syndrome was 52.3%)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nephritic syndrome


text:
File:Louie Louie Motorhead.jpg

Cover of Motorhead's single 7" vinyl "Louie, Louie". Alf 15:07, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: File:Louie Louie Motorhead.jpg


text: Template:Tribal class destroyer (1905)

title: Template:Tribal class destroyer (1905)


text:
Talk:Gus Hansen

Comments
Please so not delete the trivia about Hanson's love of baking again. You are not the only one who knows of Gus Hanson's many hobbies.

Re your analysis of his game Evercat. I am fine with it all but the phrase "Implied odds and pot odds seem to form a large part of his game."... the implication being that these aren't a critical part of the game of other players who earn their living through poker. If that is true then this poker bubble is going to bust hard one day not too long from now! Pcb21| Pete 15:08, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

second highest pot?
can someone confirm he won the "second" highest pot in high stakes poker? I'm almost sure in the later seasons it had higher pots

Doyle Brunson vs Guy Laliberte 818k Pot

Look-a-like?
Known for being a Willem Dafoe look-a-like? Hadn't heard that before... is it really relevant on wikipedia? He is known for being a great poker player, not for looking like willem dafoe.

Gus is about 25 years younger than him. He absolutely DOES NOT look anything like him at all.

I concur, mentioning Gus Hansen as a Willem Dafoe look-a-like is ridiculous, and has nothing to do with poker; therefore irrelevant. --DavidD4scnrt (talk) 03:32, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

your reversions
Do you understand that you keep removing things that CAME FROM THE HORSE'S MOUTH -- live broadcast and print interviews, as well as pretty big articles about him both here and abroad?

 * Cite your sources. Login as a user. Don't add POV as fact, even if it is the subject's POV (like, "I'm the best soccer player ever" or "in absolute command of the equity calculations necessary to play high level poker" or calling a common expertise "unusual"). Don't add multiple redundant links.  Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a platform. 2005 05:45, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Try getting your hands on some industry and trade papers with in-depth analyses.

Poker Tramp
Just to point out, if you google search for "gus hansen" "poker tramp" you will get results attributing this nickname to him. Essexmutant 08:33, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, only eleven, which is about 500 less refernces than should merit a listing as a nickname. "Great Dane", for instance, manages 628 mentions.  Just because somebody calls a player some name on a couple message boards doesn't mean we should list that name as someone's nickname. 2005 09:26, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * How about adding to that number how many people heard that nickname used on TV broadcasts and radio interviews referring to him that way? (IIRC, it was regarding his travelling only to the big tournaments....)

 * What broadcasts specifically? the name obviously has no merit as a significant nickname since it isn't used anywhere online.  We can have nicknames that are just vanity creations otherwise we'll be faced with The Poker Dork or the Poker Whining Nine Bracelet Crybaby or anything else.  Nicknames should come fromofficial sites or widespread use online. 2005 00:16, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * So "real life" doesn't count as much as "online life"? ;P  Mad Gus is a Britishism.  The Poker Tramp I've heard as recently as last month's cable/local (re-)broadcasts.  They are both in use offline.

is there a standard for external links?
that fan site's writing is laughable. (backgammon is called a "card game")

 * Good catch. I'll remove it. 2005 00:13, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * also-a lot of the profile pages are redundant. some have good galleries attached to the site, others have unique trivia.  but some are just obvious rewriting of the various interviews out there.

DVD+book(?)
is someone going to work in that he is in a couple of DVD's and supposedly wrote a book? (i can't find the book on amazon, just the DVD's). thanks!

vandalism
i'm sure you guys are all savvy enough to realise that just because we share an IP address doesn't mean we are all the same person.
 * Why don't you register then to differentiate yourselves? Essexmutant 07:30, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

creating categories
how nice of you to create the GIN PLAYERS category. :)

why didn't you do the same thing when i was trying to get BACKGAMMON PLAYERS (and DANISH BACKGAMMON PLAYERS) to work? there are quite a few of them, some of them world champions.

 * Why don't you? It's not my job to do what you ask. Wikipedia is an open environment. Essexmutant 09:34, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * you can check to see that those categories were put in for gus before, but the editor's comment when repeatedly removed was: NO SUCH CATEGORY (i believe this happened a few times -- the eds just kept removing the cats, yet DID NOT BOTHER TO SIMPLY CREATE THEM, or leave them in until someone else could do so).
 * You could have created the category yourself, so it is not valid to shout at others for not doing it. --Maitch 10:24, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Strangest message of the year. The rest of us don't work for you.  If you are too lazy to do things, let alone do them right, please don't screw them up. 2005 22:21, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * But "people from AOL" aren't shouting when they type all in caps! ;D

I miss this quote, only because it's very telling of what he's really like!
"I am a very individual person. I like gambling. I love what I do and I love the fact that I don’t have to answer to anyone. It sounds egotistical, but if I have to choose between you and me, it’s me, baby. As far as my situation is concerned right now, this way of life gives me a lot of freedom — no girlfriend, no ties, and I’m not looking. I like to hang out and have fun. I like my independence. I don’t want to make promises I can’t keep."

 * Quotes should go on Wikiquote anyway. Essexmutant 18:22, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Where should quotes *about* the person go? Other entries have them directly on the main page, before or after the "personal quotes".

Style of play
"He seems to focus his play on maximizing his implied odds". I'm not sure what is meant here, perhaps "maximizing the expected value of his hands by calculating the implied odds accurately" (everyone wants to do that so that's not his "style") or "wants to get into situations where the implied odds are good" (again, that's quite obvious and I wouldn't call that his "style")? My earlier attempt to clarify it resulted in a POVish sentence, and the current version of this section is not much better than that. Also, "Perhaps most importantly, he is a probability expert, in command of the equity calculations necessary to play high level poker" sounds really POVish. Any ideas on improving this section? --Zoz (t) 22:53, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * In the meantime, I removed these sentences. --Zoz (t) 23:07, 31 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Removing it is a nice improvement. 2005 23:44, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

All-rounder?
Should Gus Hansen feature on List of all-rounders in games of skill? (See discussion on Talk:List of all-rounders in games of skill.) -- JocK 18:56, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Nicknames?
I would like to remove the nicknames "Gamblin' Gus" and "Gatlin Gun". I have watched Gus on countless broadcasts of the WPT, EPT, High Stakes Poker, and PSIT, and I have never heard anyone mention either of these names. Has anyone else heard him referenced as either of these ridiculous names?

 * Go ahead and get rid of them. 2005 23:02, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I heard "Gamblin' Gus" on the WPT, but I've never heard "Gatlin Gun". --Maitch 21:37, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * heard both over the years....they usually say "Gatlin Gun Gus"....

 * okay.....so, how about Gussie or Gussy? everyone on Poker After Dark was calling him that!  :D

Gus Hansen & Full Tilt Poker
Would anyone be able to add a section on Gus Hansen and his affiliation with Full Tilt Poker. Perhaps a story on how he came aboard-- with citation/ sources of course. Rumor has it that he joined the online Poker team in exchange of them taking care of his debts from the Big Game. --DavidD4scnrt (talk) 03:47, 31 March 2008 (UTC)
 * We don't do rumor. It's unlikely there would ever be a reliable source to corroborate something like that. 2005 (talk) 10:16, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Interesting statistic
Along with Michael Mizrachi, Gus Hansen is the only player to have scored four 7-digit sums of money. Although I'm not sure it's entirely notable, thought some people might be interested. JaeDyWolf ~ Baka-San (talk) 23:24, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Fred Hansen (poker player)" listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: Talk:Gus Hansen


text:
William Fife

William Fife Jr. (15 June 1857 – 11 August 1944), also known as William Fife III, was the third generation of a family of Scottish yacht designers and builders. In his time, William Fife designed around 600 yachts, including two contenders for the America's Cup. The Royal Yachting Association was formed in 1875 to standardise rules, and Fife and his rival G.L. Watson, were instrumental in these rule changes. Around one third of Fife's yachts still exist. His last designs were built in 1938.

Biography
Fife was born in Fairlie, North Ayrshire on the Firth of Clyde. His father William Fife Sr. (1821–1902) and grandfather William Fyfe (1785–1865) had also been designers and boat builders in Fairlie. The family business operated from a shipyard on the beach in the village. Fife began building yachts in 1890 and soon surpassed the achievements of his father and grandfather and became known as one of the premier yacht designers of the day.

As the third generation of a venerable Scottish boat building family, William Fife inherited a rich legacy but was quick to establish his own reputation as one of the top designers in the yachting world. Often dominating his chief competitors, Fife was a master of his trade who received commissions from European royalty and from clients as far away as Australia. Following on the heels of the success of his design Dragon (1888), Fife adopted a stylized Chinese dragon as his trademark. Thereafter, those yachts that took shape on the shingle at Fairlie were known throughout the yachting world by this distinctive scrollwork.

Fife designed two America's Cup yachts for grocery and tea magnate Sir Thomas Lipton who challenged for the cup a total of five times. The Fife-designed challenger Shamrock I (1899) lost to Columbia (Nathanael Greene Herreshoff, 1899) and Shamrock III (1903) lost to Reliance. After the establishment of the first International Rule in 1906, Fife became a prolific designer of metre boats, designing and building several successful 15-Metre and 19-Metre yachts in the years leading up to the Great War. Between 1907 and 1913, William Fife Jr. designed eight of the twenty 15mR yachts ever built, but his first 15mR named Shimna was not built at his famous Fairlie boatyard, but by Alexander Robertson & Sons, because all Fife's principal yacht builders were needed to work on Myles Kennedy's new 23mR, White Heather II.

Fife died on 11 August 1944 at the age of 87 in Fairlie, North Ayrshire. He never married or had children. He was buried in Largs. The yard was continued for some years after his death by his nephew, but never achieved the renown known under Fife's ownership.

Quotes
French yachtsman Éric Tabarly, two-time winner of the OSTAR and owner of the Fife design Pen Duick wrote:the great designers of the period were Herreshoff, George Lennox Watson, Charles E. Nicholson and William Fife. Amongst these, Fife has acquired a particular reputation thanks to the sheer artistry and balance of his designs. Furthermore, those of his designs which took shape in his yard were of unmatched construction.

While Fife established a leading reputation on the yacht racing circuit, his work also included a number of fine cruising vessels. Dr. William Collier wrote of Fife's 1920s work:[Fife] designed and built not only smaller Metre boats but also a series of fine cruisers. This combination typified the inter-war era of the Fairlie yard. Like the schooner Altair (1931), many of the cruisers echo his turn of the century designs such as Cicely (1902) or Susanne (1906); similarly there were few fundamental differences in his ketch designs spanning this era. Perceived by some as anachronistic, these yachts were considered by many to represent some of the greatest refinements of the auxiliary cruising yacht ever achieved.

Vessels
The Fife yard also had a reputation for the extremely high quality of the craftsmanship of the yachts built at the yard. Today, it is thought that there are somewhat less than 100 Fife designs still in existence. Of these, there are around fifty still sailing, most notably:
 * cruiser handicap rater Nan (1897)
 * 36-rater Pen Duick (formerly Yum, 1898)
 * 21-rater Mignon (1898), sisterships Pierette and Yvette (1899)
 * cruiser handicap raters Moonbeam III (1903) and Moonbeam IV (1920)
 * 15mRs Mariska (1908), Hispania (1909), Tuiga (1909) and The Lady Anne (1912)
 * 12mR Cintra (the oldest 12mR in existence, launched 1909)
 * 8mR Lucky Girl (launched 1909) and Ierne (launched 1914 )
 * 19mR Mariquita (1911)
 * Ketches Sumurun (1914), Adventuress (1924) and Belle Aventure (1929) on the Eastern Seaboard
 * handicap rater Hallowe'en (1926)
 * 23mR Cambria (1928)
 * gaff-rigged schooner Altair (1931)
 * 10.4m canoe stern auxiliary sloop Sumarel (1973)
 * ketch Eilean (1936), which famously featured in the music video for the 1982 Duran Duran song Rio.

Fife once said that the secret of a great yacht was that it should be both "fast and bonnie".

Honours
He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1919 New Year Honours. In 2004, he was inducted into the America's Cup Hall of Fame.

Selected historic yachts

 * Torch (15-ton cutter, William Fife Sr. design, 1864)
 * Kilmeney (30-ton cutter, William Fife Sr. design, 1864)
 * Fiona (80-ton cutter dubbed the Fawn of Fairlie, William Fife Sr. design, 1865)
 * Neptune (50-ton cutter, later a yawl, William Fife Sr. design, 1875)
 * Erycina (96-ton cutter, later a yawl, William Fife Sr. design, 1882)
 * Ulidia (10-tonner, William Fife Jr. design, 1883)
 * Thalia (40-rater, William Fife Jr. design, 1891)
 * Calluna (first-class rater, William Fife Jr. design, 1893)

Yachts for Irish owners

 * 15 ton cutter Corsair (1860) – designed by William Fife Sr.
 * 3 ton lugger Achilla (1889)
 * 2 ton lugger Gew Gaw (1891) – built by James E. Doyle Kingston
 * 3 ton 1-rater lugger Nansheen (1892) – built by James E. Doyle Kingston
 * 5 ton lugger Elva (1894)
 * 8 ton 1.5-rater lugger Vill-u-An (1895) – built by Alexander Robertson & Sons
 * 6-ton Dublin Bay 25 cutters Darthula, Nepenthe and Whisper (1898–1899) – built by James E. Doyle Kingston

title: William Fife


text:
AMX-10 RC

The AMX-10 RC is a French armoured fighting vehicle manufactured by Nexter Systems for armoured reconnaissance purposes. Equipping French cavalry units since 1981, over 240 remained in service with the French Army in 2021. 108 units were sold to Morocco and 12 to Qatar. "RC" stands for "Roues-Canon", meaning "wheeled gun". English language newspapers have often incorrectly referred to it as a light tank, a mistranslation of the French term "char", which refers to a wider category of armoured fighting vehicles than the English word "tank".

The AMX-10 RC is distinct from the amphibious AMX-10P: they share automotive components, but have completely different battlefield roles. The AMX-10 RC is usually used for reconnaissance missions in dangerous environments or for fire support.

Since 2021, France has been gradually replacing it with the EBRC Jaguar.

Design and development

Initial work on the AMX-10 RC began in 1970. Prototypes testing began in 1976. The first production vehicle was delivered in 1981 to the 2nd Regiment de Hussards in Sourdun. The vehicle features a powerful GIAT 105 mm gun mounted in a welded aluminium turret. The TK 105 turret houses three crew members, while the driver sits in the front of the hull. A COTAC fire control system is provided for gun aiming. It has a six wheel drive. The AMX-10 RC uses skid steering to turn the hull.

Engine
The AMX-10 RC initially used the Hispano-Suiza HS 115-2, multi-fuel, liquid-cooled, supercharged V8 engine with 250 hp at 3,200 rpm.

In 1985, the Baudouin 6F11 SRX supercharged diesel engine was selected to equip the last production AMX-10 RC vehicles as a production cut-in, as well as for eventual retrofit to all AMX-10 RC vehicles of the French Army. This engine has 300 hp, but governed at 250 hp at 3,000 rpm in the French army.

A 24 volt electrical system with six 12-volt/100-ampere-hour batteries is standard. Two waterjets are used for water propulsion, mounted on each side of the hull at the rear.

Transmission
The AMX-10 RC vehicles use an unspecified preselector gearbox with four forward and four reverse gear ratios. The clutch is electro-magnetically operated and the gearbox is fitted with a torque converter. A power take-off unit operates the two waterjets. The AMX-10 RC is skid steered and can perform a pivot turn.

Suspension and running gear
The 6x6 AMX-10 RC is fitted with a hydropneumatic suspension system with variable ground clearance and tilt, provided by Messier Auto-Industry. A centralized lubrication and tire inflation system is fitted. A shock damper is mounted at each wheel station.

Armament
The AMX-10 RC is fitted with a 105/47 F2 MECA 105 mm medium-pressure gun, mounted in a GIAT Industries TK 105 three-man turret. The F2 cannon fires 105×527R proprietary ammunition. The turret uses a SAMM CH49 electrohydraulic gun control system. No stabilization system is fitted.

An ANF1 7.62 mm machine gun is mounted coaxially to the main armament. Two electrically operated smoke grenade launchers are mounted on each side of the turret. 38 main-gun rounds, 4,000 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition, and 16 smoke grenades are carried.

The F2 105 mm medium-pressure rifled gun fires four types of 105×527R ammunition: OFL 105 F3 APFSDS, OE 105 F3 HE, OCC 105 F3 HEAT-FS and the BSCC 105 F3 target practice round. The APFSDS, which uses the penetrator from the GIAT OFL 90 F1 mm APFSDS round, is capable of defeating a NATO single heavy tank target at a range of 1,200 metres and the NATO triple heavy tank target at a range of 2,200 metres.

The AMX-10 RC has been upgraded many times. The DIVT-13 LLTV was replaced by using DIVT-16, 18 and 19 CASTOR thermal sights taken from decommissioned AMX-30B2 MBTs. For its part in the 1991 Gulf War, the AMX-10 RC was provided with extra-high-hardness steel add-on armour and an EIREL infrared jammer. The original muzzle brake was replaced by a more efficient one, with a 10% recoil reduction, after the introduction of the OFL 105 F3 APFSDS in 1987. The flotation barrier and the water pump jets were removed, with their intakes sealed.

The AMX-10 RCR introduced a FINDERS C2R battlefield management system. One improvement considered, but not implemented, was the installation of the TML 105 modular light turret, armed with a more powerful 105 mm G2 high-pressure gun, as the F2 gun was not compatible with NATO munitions. A central tire inflation system is available for added traction over soft terrain. The AMX-10 RC is equipped with an NBC (Nuclear/Biological/Chemical) protection system and may conduct reconnaissance in a radioactive environment.

AMX-10 RCR modernisation
In 2010, Nexter completed the modernisation of 256 AMX-10 RC vehicles to the RCR (Rénové; renovated) configuration. This programme integrated various systems and additional armour, active self-protection by SAGEM, LIRE (Leurre InfRarougE, infrared flare), the SIT (Système d'Information Terminal) V1 battlefield management system, Galix smoke grenade launchers, changes in the NBC protection and improvements in the suspension. Speed gearboxes and tactical communications were completed with Thales Communications & Security PR4G VS4. The integration was done by DCMAT (Direction Centrale du Matériel de l'Armée de Terre, Land Army Central Matèriel Directorate).

Variants

 * AMX-10 RC: initial production model with amphibious capability.
 * AMX-10 RC surblindé (uparmored): fitted with add-on armor and without amphibious capability.
 * AMX-10 RCR revalorisé (upgraded)

Prototypes

 * AMX-10 RTT: APC version.
 * AMX-10 RAC: fitted with the TS 90 turret armed with a 90 mm gun.
 * AMX-10 RAA: AAA version first presented at Eurosatory in 1981. It featured a large turret armed with two 30 mm autocannons.
 * AMX-10 RC with TML 105: AMX-10 RC fitted with the Tourelle Modulaire Légère (Light Modular Turret) featuring a stabilized G2 high-pressure 105 mm gun, GALIX launchers and new sights. A two-man configuration with a bustle-mounted autoloader was available as an option.

Operational history
The French army's AMX-10 RC has been deployed to many theaters of operation since it was introduced, including the First Gulf War, the War in Afghanistan, in Mali, Kosovo, and Ivory Coast.

During the Russo-Ukrainian War, the AMX-10 RC saw action in the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive in Zaporozhia. First promised in January 2023, they entered Ukrainian service four months later with the 37th Marine Brigade (Ukraine). Ukrainian crews underwent a month of training in France to learn how to operate the vehicle. On 2 July 2023, amid the Ukrainian counteroffensive, it was reported that although they are good for fire support, the lack of a stabilizer for the main gun and their light armor made them unsuitable for frontal assaults. In one instance, fragments from 152mm artillery shells exploding nearby were able to pierce the armor, causing the stored ammunition to explode, destroying the vehicle and killing the crew of four.

French military experts had warned that the AMX-10 RC was useful in providing fire support and for exploiting gaps in the frontline, but that it was not designed to cope with modern anti-tank weaponry or to be used as a substitute for main battle tanks. The vehicle can also have problems with its gearbox if used for prolonged periods on hard roads. One AMX-10 RC was captured by forces of the Russian Federation and displayed in a military exhibit in Moscow on 15 August 2023.

According to Oryx, as of 30 July 2023, 4 of the 38 AMX-10 RC in Ukrainian service were lost during the counteroffensive: one destroyed, two abandoned and one captured by Russian forces.

Operators

 * 🇨🇲 Cameroon: 6.
 * 🇫🇷 France: 248 in service in December 2021.
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco: 198.
 * 🇶🇦 Qatar: 12.
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine: 38 delivered, including 14 by February 2023.

Missions

 * Armoured reconnaissance
 * Armoured support
 * Flanking security

title: AMX-10 RC


text:
LCG

LCG may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * The League of Crafty Guitarists, a performance ensemble
 * Living Card Game, a variant of collectible card game

Businesses and organisations

 * LCG Entertainment, Inc., the legal name of Telltale Games (2018–present)
 * Lebanese Communication Group, parent company of Al Manar
 * Living Church of God, a U.S. church
 * London Computer Group, now the British Computer Society

Places

 * A Coruña Airport, Spain (IATA code: LCG)
 * Lochgelly railway station, Scotland (GBR code: LCG)
 * Lord's Cricket Ground, a stadium in London, England

Science, technology and mathematics

 * Landing Craft Gun, a craft adapted to carry guns in amphibious operations
 * LHC Computing Grid, a computing project for the Large Hadron Collider
 * Linear congruential generator, in mathematics, a type of pseudorandom number generator algorithm
 * Liquid Cooling Garment, a component of space suits
 * London Computer Group, now the British Computer Society

title: LCG


text:
Port Union, Ohio

Port Union is an unincorporated community in western West Chester Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States, on State Route 747 about three miles north of Springdale and three miles southeast of Hamilton. The town was laid out in 1827 by William Elliott alongside the turning basin for the Miami and Erie Canal and was about midway between Crescentville and Hamilton on the canal. It was originally known as McMaken's Bridge, but took the name its township. (West Chester Township was Union Township until 2000). The Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad later laid tracks through Port Union.

The town possessed its own school district until the 1920s when it merged with the other districts in the township.

title: Port Union, Ohio


text: Template:Reformed Christianity

title: Template:Reformed Christianity


text:
File:BandersnatchAdvert.jpg

This is an advert from circa 1984.

I took the image from http://www.tzxvault.org/Spectrum/Adverts/BandersnatchAdvert1.jpg and have reduced the size considerably.

title: File:BandersnatchAdvert.jpg


text:
Talk:Operation Rösselsprung (1944)

Footnotes and Sources
, thanks for this revert, as I'm sure I haven't made things clear in my summary. I'm aware that many FAs have the "footnotes" and "references" schema; that's why I find them detrimental. Most of them are old ways of Wikipedia articles. "Notes" and "Footnotes" are definitively the same, and the thing below "Footnotes" are part of "Footnotes", so should be a subsection. It's something I commonly do with TFAs, if you look at my contribs. I also don't think a revert is mandated, as there is nothing wrong with my edit; if I were you I would just brush it off as long as it doesn't make things worse. Hope we can reach an agreement here.  Gerald WL  07:17, 25 May 2021 (UTC) (please ping me!)
 * G'day Gerald. I don't know why I would brush it off anymore than you would if I changed an FA you developed and which used your preferred schema. I also don't see how your schema is better than the one I have used. The one I have used is completely with the scope of MOS:REFERENCES, see note h on that page. Cheers, Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 07:33, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * , I totally agree that it's up to editors. But I feel like it's confusing as, as I've said, "Notes" and "Footnotes" mean the same thing.  Gerald WL  07:39, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * That's your opinion, mine differs. This is the first time in over 50 TFAs and 65 FACs I've nominated that anyone has ever mentioned it to me, so I just don't see that confusion about this is common, or warrants a change. Cheers, Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 08:10, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * , TFAs and FACs never determine perfection. Sometimes people just don't notice or don't care. That's what I get from my experience-- even in the most engaging discussion pages, there would be some small detail you miss and someone would bring it up. Anything below the body is something many people overlook. But even mildly confusing is confusing. I've seen other variations of the references section, but this is just confusing definitively, not opinionatedly.  Gerald WL  12:00, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I know that, I'm just pointing out that each of those articles has been looked at by multiple reviewers, many of whom are highly experienced. That means dozens of reviewers (many of whom have commented on aspects of the references sections) have looked at these articles, and not one has raised it as an issue. And again, this is only your opinion, despite your claim that it is somehow objectively confusing. It isn't. The issue of layout and headings for the references sections is a perennial issue on Wikipedia that has never been interpreted rigidly, despite the attempts of some to impose their preferred schema. You are trying to impose your preferred model rather than accepting that others have a different view. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 21:57, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

 * , I am not making my own opinion and be unaccepting of others' opinion. But just because experienced reviewers reviewed your article, does not mean your article is perfect. How is it that the reviewers not managed to find the dead znaci links? Why do you think others still edit this article? I would normally not care if editors name the sections "Citations" or "Bibliography" etc, however this is DEFINITIVELY, not OPINIONATEDLY, a weird combination. I could have an article and name them "Citations" and "References" as they're allowed by the policy— but they mean the same thing, and is confusing, even if nobody seems to voice an opinion. What is wrong with disambiguating?  Gerald WL  04:33, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I disagree. That is exactly what you are doing. It is your opinion, nothing more. Re: znaci, it became a dead link AFTER it was last reviewed. It is obvious to any reader from the content of the notes/footnotes under the two headings that they are different in nature. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 14:33, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
 * , I feel like this won't go anywhere, so I'll decide to surrender and let it all be yours. I feel like this is getting further heated too.  Gerald WL  02:24, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Operation Rösselsprung (1944)


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Dolmuş

In Turkey and Northern Cyprus, a dolmuş is a share taxi that runs set routes within and between cities.

Background
The name dolmuş is derived from Turkish for "seemingly stuffed", in reference to how the vehicles were often filled to the brim. At some locations they depart from the terminal only when a sufficient number of passengers have boarded.

In some cities, dolmuşlar are only allowed to board and disembark passengers at designated stops or terminals. In less busy locations, passengers may board anywhere along the route. In fact, a dolmuş with empty seats may slow down to pick up more passengers. In some cities, to prevent extremely slow travel, intermediate stop timings of dolmuşes are regulated more like a regular bus on a latest allowable arrival basis.

A foreign passenger described the ride as being "terrifying, awe-inspiring, confusing, incomprehensible, charming, hospitable and alien", and those unfamiliar with them may be surprised by the speed of dolmuş travel.

In Turkey the vehicles used are often brand-new minibuses, but in some parts of Cyprus – – aging Mercedes-Benz stretch limos serving as dolmuşlar can still be seen.

Regulations
In Turkey the industry is regulated under an apportionated registration scheme. Despite the meaning of their name, laws prevent these minibuses from becoming too crowded. In İzmir and some other cities, standing passengers are not allowed; in İstanbul and some other cities, they are. In Turkish controlled Northern Cyprus, dolmuş routes are leased under an apportionated registration scheme and vehicles are licensed.

In 2024, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality started trialing minibuses using a contactless smart card system for payment instead of cash.

title: Dolmuş


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USWA Middleweight Championship

The USWA Middleweight Championship was a short-lived title in the United States Wrestling Association for the lighter wrestlers in 1993.

title: USWA Middleweight Championship


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Vertical draft

In meteorology, an updraft (British English: up-draught) is a small-scale current of rising air, often within a cloud.

Overview
Vertical drafts, known as updrafts or downdrafts, are localized regions of warm or cool air that move vertically. A mass of warm air will typically be less dense than the surrounding region, and so will rise until it reaches air that is either warmer or less dense than itself. The converse will occur for a mass of cool air, and is known as subsidence. This movement of large volumes of air, especially when regions of hot, wet air rise, can create large clouds, and is the central source of thunderstorms. Drafts can also be caused by low or high pressure regions. A low pressure region will attract air from the surrounding area, which will move towards the center and then rise, creating an updraft. A high pressure region will attract air from the surrounding area, which will move towards the center and sink, spawning a downdraft.

Updrafts and downdrafts, along with wind shear in general, are a major contributor to airplane crashes during takeoff and landing in a thunderstorm. Extreme cases, known as downbursts and microbursts, can be deadly and difficult to predict or observe. The crash of Delta Air Lines Flight 191 on its final approach before landing at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport in 1985 was presumably caused by a microburst, and prompted the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to research and deploy new storm detection radar stations at some of the major airports, notably those in the South, Midwest, and Northeast United States where wind shear affects air safety. Downbursts can cause extensive localized damage, similar to that caused by tornadoes. Downburst damage can be differentiated from that of a tornado because the resulting destruction is circular and radiates away from the center. Tornado damage radiates inward, towards the center of the damage.

The term "downdraft" can also refer to a type of backdraft which occurs through chimneys which have fireplaces on the lowermost levels (such as basements) of multi-level buildings. It involves cold air coming down the chimney due to low air pressure, and makes it hard to light fires, and can push soot and carbon monoxide into domiciles.

title: Vertical draft


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kevin Dienst

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Eugene van der Pijll 21:25, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Kevin Dienst
Apparent vanity page, no Google hits for Kevin Dienst other than to wikipedia/mirrors, no Google hits for Veritas Arcanum. I'd tag it speedy but I don't want to waste some admin's time relisting it here. Delete Eliot 15:18, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no verifiability. Friday 17:25, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nnanity, probably hoax, unverifiable. (It's not a candidate for speedy under the present rules, though.) -Splash 17:42, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn/unverified. --Etacar11 23:14, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Office Etiquette

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus, so keep (with suggestion to merge to etiquette) Also, I'm going to excercise my editorial (and not administerial) prerogative and move it to Office etiquette (lowe case) per naming convention. Dmcdevit·t 07:59, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

Office Etiquette

 * Probably fits a lot better on H2G2 than Wikipedia. --Paula Sandusky 08:36, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Non-encyclopedic humor RoySmith 15:18, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete or Merge with Etiquette. Manik Raina 15:57, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't know that it's humor, but non-encyclopedic. Redirect to etiquette unless rewritten substantially. Meelar (talk) 16:02, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Would the goal of the re-writing be to make it more encyclopedic or more humorous? :-) RoySmith 16:56, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't Delete Don't worry, I am planning on making this much more than a list. It is not humor. Read the discussion page. What is the policy on Wiki? Do all articles need to be in complete condition before they are posted or can an incomplete article be posted and then finished? This thing has only been up for a day. If this one is subject to deletion than so should Dance_etiquette and just about everything else in the Etiquette category. Would adding the stub template avoid this problem? I don't see anything regarding these rules in the wiki tutorial or elsewhere. Ravedave 17:22, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * To answer your question: this is OK material, it's just not an encyclopedia article. For more information, see The perfect article, as well as What Wikipedia is not. Or take a look at a few featured articles, to see what the eventual goal is. This article is more prescriptive and how-to rather than an encyclopedia article that defines a phenomenon. Best, Meelar (talk) 18:21, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unencylopedic unless this can be turned into a sensible comparative study of the differences around the world, though I suspect we have that somewhere already. I agree with the author that everything in the category (apart from Wikiquette) should go (including his article, I'm afraid). Just look at Public cardroom etiquette (poker)!-Splash 17:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Put Netiquette up for deletion as well as this article please Ravedave 18:20, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * NOTE complete re-write as of this time. Ravedave 18:58, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I appreciate the effort you put into the rewrite, but while the presentation may be substantially improved, I still think the topic is just not encyclopedia material. As for the rest of the category, Etiquette, Customs and etiquette in Hawaii and Etiquette of Japan seem to me the only ones worth keeping, but that's another VfD for another day.  RoySmith 19:18, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I dont follow. You disagree with this topic (could be called Etiquette of an Office), but agree with another exactly parallel article Etiquette of Japan? Please explain why one falls on one side of a line and the other does not - in Topic terms, not content terms. We need to be consistant in this matter, so all articles in the Etiquette category need to need to be deleted or not (excluding the meta article Wikiquette). Can we create a VfD for All distinct Etiquette articles and hash this out there instead? Ravedave 19:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The articles I cited contrast cultures around the world. I find that interesting (obviously, there's a lot of subjectivity here).  Etiquette in the office seems rather banal to me.  Perhaps if I were Japanese I would find the Japan article banal as well.  RoySmith 19:43, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How does that fit in with determining if an entry is enyclopedic? Ravedave 20:21, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - this is encyclopedic. Andreww 22:42, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Let's see. First, strip out the how-to (Wikipedia is not a finishing school). Next, strip out the unverifiable information (e.g., snapping at someone is considered inappropriate in some parts of the US). Next, strip out the non-encyclopedic gas and filler (customs vary by region). And we're left with ... a dicdef! And an unhelpful one at that. Delete -EDM 00:04, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * "encyclopedic ... embracing all branches of learning; full of information, comprehensive.". So I would argue that topics with whole books that discuss the subject should be included. Andreww 02:39, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Office culture is vast and varies greatly, its a deep topic with alot of factual evidence to potentially make this a very insightful article, it's encyclopedic. Also, snapping at someone being seen as a rude act most definately is verifiable, not just in some parts of the US either, how could it possibly not be? 0104, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Source please? -EDM 00:17, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Source? This is ridiculous, you walk into any office and be relentlessly moody and see what happens.. snapping at someone being considered not good etiquette shouldn't need any linkage or a source provided, what could possibly be linked to anyway? Maybe there is some obscure thesis out there or research on how lashing out at others all the time is not considered polite, but you've got to be kidding me if I have to provide it.. having said that, by the same token I don't see it as a very informative thing to be put in an article, its a bit.. obvious?
 * You bet. But no less informative than the rest of the article. -EDM 02:27, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * But if you want a source there are one or two websites (a random selection includes:, , , but Google lists more) and books (e.g. Grace Fox, "Office Etiquette and Protocol"; Post & Post, "The Etiquette Advantage in Business : Personal Skills for Professional Success"; Sue Fox "Business Etiquette for Dummies"), not to mention all the little things in company handbooks, induction packs and intro guides. Andreww 02:39, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no links in the article namespace, and Wikipedia does not do lists. — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' 02:34, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What does 'no links in the article namespace' mean? Can provide an example? The wiki namespace stuff doesn't clear it up for me. The article is not currently a list, like the 1st iteration Ravedave 03:21, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia does do lists. At least 48,400 of them according to a google search on ' list of '. Ravedave 04:32, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Merge and redirect to ettiquette. Howabout1 Talk to me! 04:36, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Merge Not my cup of tea - the phrase honour among thieves comes to mind -- but merge with etiquette. --Simon.Pole 08:31, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Merge with etiquette. It'd be worth keeping if there were massive improvement of content beyond its present "behave as is polite for where you are, with whatever extra rules the company has". This is a complex area: it needs stuff like cultural differences, the crossover with office politics and netiquette, reference to people like Robert Townsend who tried to alter office culture (seeing etiquette as one of the ways inefficient business practice is propagated - as Simon says, honour among thieves), etc. It also needs quality sources (anyone can sit down and write a list of things not to do in the office, and most such online guides are just personal views). Company etiquette summaries like this umass.edu one are worth reading as objective sources. There are plenty of topic ideas at the office etiquette section of the Wall Street Journal's executive careers site here. Tearlach 17:34, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above. Radiant_ >|< 13:13, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think it's notable enough. -- A Link to the Past 20:15, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Needs expanding as above. -- Meersan 02:08, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Derktar 05:05, July 21, 2005 (UTC).
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Roy Anthony Bridge

Roy Anthony (Tony) Bridge, OBE (4 February 1921 – 13 December 2000) was a Jamaican member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

Bridge was active in sport from 1947 until his death in 2000. He was appointed to the International Olympic Committee IOC in 1973, and was the eighth most senior member at the time of his death. He also represented the West Indies Federation at the 1960 Summer Olympics and Jamaica at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

Biography
Bridge was born 4 February 1921 in Kingston, Jamaica. He attended Wolmer's School in Kingston. Upon graduation he joined the Jamaican Civil Service and eventually joined his father at Novelty Trading Company, which imported books and magazines into the island. He rose to the position of Managing Director.

Sport
His involvement in sport was wide-ranging and included terms as the vice president of the Jamaica Boxing Board of Control (1947–62), President of the Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association (1958–77), Vice President of the Jamaica Rifle Association (1960–62), first vocal of the Pan American Sports Organization (1971–75), and the Vice Chairman of the Commonwealth Games Federation (1974–1982).

Along with Sir Herbert Macdonald, Bridge was instrumental in organising the 1966 Commonwealth Games in Kingston, Jamaica. This led to his interest in the Olympics and his eventual election to the IOC in 1973 at the 74th session of the IOC in Varna, Bulgaria. At that meeting four new members of the IOC were elected: Mr. Roy Anthony (Tony) Bridge for Jamaica, Mr. Manuel Gonzales Guerra for Cuba, Mr. Ashwini Kumar for India, Mr. Keba M'Baye for Senegal.

title: Roy Anthony Bridge


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User:Vikvik

e-mail: vd@itep.ru

title: User:Vikvik


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Moon rock

Moon rock or lunar rock is rock originating from Earth's Moon. This includes lunar material collected during the course of human exploration of the Moon, and rock that has been ejected naturally from the Moon's surface and landed on Earth as meteorites.

Apollo program
Six Apollo missions collected 2,200 samples of material weighing 381 kg, processed into more than 110,000 individually cataloged samples.

Luna program
Three Luna spacecraft returned with 301 g of samples.

The Soviet Union abandoned its attempts at a crewed lunar program in the 1970s, but succeeded in landing three robotic Luna spacecraft with the capability to collect and return small samples to Earth. A combined total of less than half a kilogram of material was returned.

In 1993, three small rock fragments from Luna 16, weighing 200 mg, were sold for US$ 442,500 at Sotheby's. In 2018, the same three Luna 16 rock fragments sold for US$ 855,000 at Sotheby's.

Chang'e missions
In 2020, Chang'e 5, the fifth lunar exploration mission of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, returned approximately 1731 g of rocks and dust from the Oceanus Procellarum, (the Ocean of Storms), the largest dark region on the Moon, visible on the western edge. The Chang'e-5 samples contain 'perplexing combination' of minerals and include the sixth new lunar mineral, named Changesite-(Y). This phosphate mineral characterized by colorless, transparent columnar crystals. Researchers estimated the peak pressure (11-40 GPa) and impact duration (0.1-1.0 second) of the collision that shaped the sample. Using shock wave models, they estimated the resulting crater to be between 3 to 32 kilometers wide, depending on the impact angle.

The follow-up mission to Chang'e 5, Chang'e 6, reached the Moon on May 8, 2024, and entered lunar orbit for 20 days to find an appropriate landing site. On 1 June, 2024, the lander separated from the orbiter and landed on a mare unit at the southern part of the Apollo crater (36.1°S, 208.3°E). The mission objective was to collect about 2 kg of material from the far side of the Moon and bring it back to Earth.

The Chang’e-6 probe withstood the high temperatures and collected the samples by drilling into the Moon’s surface and scooping soil and rocks with a mechanical arm, according to a statement from the China National Space Administration (CNSA). The collected rock was crushed, melted and drawn into filaments about one third of the diameter of a human hair, then spun into thread and woven into cloth. “The lunar surface is rich in basalt and since we’re building a lunar base in the future, we will most likely have to make basalt into fibers and use it as building materials," said engineer Zhou Changyi.

The samples were placed in the ascent vehicle, which docked with the Chang'e 6 orbiter-return vehicle on June 6, 2024 China’s Chang’e-6 lunar probe, carrying the first lunar rocks ever collected from the far side of the Moon, landing in China’s Inner Mongolia region on June 25, 2024.

Lunar meteorites
More than 370 lunar meteorites have been collected on Earth, representing more than 30 different meteorite finds (no falls), with a total mass of over 1090 kg. Some were discovered by scientific teams (such as ANSMET) searching for meteorites in Antarctica, with most of the remainder discovered by collectors in the desert regions of northern Africa and Oman. A Moon rock known as "NWA 12691", which weighs 13.5 kg, was found in the Sahara Desert at the Algerian and Mauritanian borders in January 2017, and went on sale for $2.5 million in 2020.

Dating
Rocks from the Moon have been measured by radiometric dating techniques. They range in age from about 3.16 billion years old for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria, up to about 4.44 billion years old for rocks derived from the highlands. Based on the age-dating technique of "crater counting," the youngest basaltic eruptions are believed to have occurred about 1.2 billion years ago, but scientists do not possess samples of these lavas. In contrast, the oldest ages of rocks from the Earth are between 3.8 and 4.28 billion years.

Composition
Moon rocks fall into two main categories: those found in the lunar highlands (terrae), and those in the maria. The terrae consist dominantly of mafic plutonic rocks. Regolith breccias with similar protoliths are also common. Mare basalts come in three distinct series in direct relation to their titanium content: high-Ti basalts, low-Ti basalts, and Very Low-Ti (VLT) basalts.

Almost all lunar rocks are depleted in volatiles and are completely lacking in hydrated minerals common in Earth rocks. In some regards, lunar rocks are closely related to Earth's rocks in their isotopic composition of the element oxygen. The Apollo Moon rocks were collected using a variety of tools, including hammers, rakes, scoops, tongs, and core tubes. Most were photographed prior to collection to record the condition in which they were found. They were placed inside sample bags and then a Special Environmental Sample Container for return to the Earth to protect them from contamination. In contrast to the Earth, large portions of the lunar crust appear to be composed of rocks with high concentrations of the mineral anorthite. The mare basalts have relatively high iron values. Furthermore, some of the mare basalts have very high levels of titanium (in the form of ilmenite).

Highlands rocks

Primary igneous rocks in the lunar highlands compose three distinct groups: the ferroan anorthosite suite, the magnesian suite, and the alkali suite.

Lunar breccias, formed largely by the immense basin-forming impacts, are dominantly composed of highland lithologies because most mare basalts post-date basin formation (and largely fill these impact basins).

 * The ferroan anorthosite suite consists almost exclusively of the rock anorthosite (>90% calcic plagioclase) with less common anorthositic gabbro (70-80% calcic plagioclase, with minor pyroxene). The ferroan anorthosite suite is the most common group in the highlands, and is inferred to represent plagioclase flotation cumulates of the lunar magma ocean, with interstitial mafic phases formed from trapped interstitial melt or rafted upwards with the more abundant plagioclase framework. The plagioclase is extremely calcic by terrestrial standards, with molar anorthite contents of 94–96% (An94–96). This reflects the extreme depletion of the bulk Moon in alkalis (Na, K) as well as water and other volatile elements. In contrast, the mafic minerals in this suite have low Mg/Fe ratios that are inconsistent with calcic plagioclase compositions. Ferroan anorthosites have been dated using the internal isochron method at circa 4.4 Ga.
 * The magnesian suite (or "Mg-suite) consists of dunites (>90% olivine), troctolites (olivine-plagioclase), and gabbros (plagioclase-pyroxene) with relatively high Mg/Fe ratios in the mafic minerals and a range of plagioclase compositions that are still generally calcic (An86–93). These rocks represent later intrusions into the highlands crust (ferroan anorthosite) at round 4.3–4.1 Ga. An interesting aspect of this suite is that analysis of the trace element content of plagioclase and pyroxene requires equilibrium with a KREEP-rich magma, despite the refractory major element contents.
 * The alkali suite is so-called because of its high alkali content—for Moon rocks. The alkali suite consists of alkali anorthosites with relatively sodic plagioclase (An70–85), norites (plagioclase-orthopyroxene), and gabbronorites (plagioclase-clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene) with similar plagioclase compositions and mafic minerals more iron-rich than the magnesian suite. The trace element content of these minerals also indicates a KREEP-rich parent magma. The alkali suite spans an age range similar to the magnesian suite.
 * Lunar granites are relatively rare rocks that include diorites, monzodiorites, and granophyres. They consist of quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase or alkali feldspar, rare mafics (pyroxene), and rare zircon. The alkali feldspar may have unusual compositions unlike any terrestrial feldspar, and they are often Ba-rich. These rocks apparently form by the extreme fractional crystallization of magnesian suite or alkali suite magmas, although liquid immiscibility may also play a role. U-Pb date of zircons from these rocks and from lunar soils have ages of 4.1–4.4 Ga, more or less the same as the magnesian suite and alkali suite rocks. In the 1960s, NASA researcher John A. O'Keefe and others linked lunar granites with tektites found on Earth although many researchers refuted these claims. According to one study, a portion of lunar sample 12013 has a chemistry that closely resembles javanite tektites found on Earth.
 * Lunar breccias range from glassy vitrophyre melt rocks, to glass-rich breccia, to regolith breccias. The vitrophyres are dominantly glassy rocks that represent impact melt sheets that fill large impact structures. They contain few clasts of the target lithology, which is largely melted by the impact. Glassy breccias form from impact melt that exit the crater and entrain large volumes of crushed (but not melted) ejecta. It may contain abundant clasts that reflect the range of lithologies in the target region, sitting in a matrix of mineral fragments plus glass that welds it all together. Some of the clasts in these breccias are pieces of older breccias, documenting a repeated history of impact brecciation, cooling, and impact. Regolith breccias resemble the glassy breccias but have little or no glass (melt) to weld them together. As noted above, the basin-forming impacts responsible for these breccias pre-date almost all mare basalt volcanism, so clasts of mare basalt are very rare. When found, these clasts represent the earliest phase of mare basalt volcanism preserved.

Mare basalts
Mare basalts are named as such because they frequently constitute large portions of the lunar maria. These typically contain 18–21 percent FeO by weight, and 1–13 percent TiO2. They are similar to terrestrial basalts, but have many important differences; for example, mare basalts show a large negative europium anomaly. The type location is Mare Crisium sampled by Luna 24.
 * KREEP Basalts (and borderline VHK (Very High K) basalts) have extraordinary potassium content. These contain 13–16 percent Al2O3, 9–15 percent FeO, and are enriched in magnesium and incompatible elements (potassium, phosphorus and rare earth elements) 100–150 times compared to ordinary chondrite meteorites. These are commonly encountered around the Oceanus Procellarum, and are identified in remote sensing by their high (about 10 ppm) thorium contents. Most of incompatible elements in KREEP basalts are incorporated in the grains of the phosphate minerals apatite and merrillite.

Curation and availability

The main repository for the Apollo Moon rocks is the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. For safekeeping, there is also a smaller collection stored at White Sands Test Facility in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Most of the rocks are stored in nitrogen to keep them free of moisture. They are handled only indirectly, using special tools.

Some Moon rocks from the Apollo missions are displayed in museums, and a few allow visitors to touch them. One of these, called the Touch Rock, is displayed in the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. The idea of having touchable Moon rocks at a museum was suggested by Apollo scientist Farouk El-Baz, who was inspired by his childhood pilgrimage to Mecca where he touched the Black Stone (which in Islam is believed to be sent down from the heavens).

Moon rocks collected during the course of lunar exploration are currently considered priceless. In 2002, a safe was stolen from the Lunar Sample Building that contained minute samples of lunar and Martian material. The samples were recovered, and NASA estimated their value during the ensuing court case at about $1 million for 10 oz of material.

Naturally transported Moon rocks in the form of lunar meteorites are sold and traded among private collectors.

Goodwill Moon rocks

Apollo 17 astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt picked up a rock "composed of many fragments, of many sizes, and many shapes, probably from all parts of the Moon". This rock was later labeled sample 70017. President Nixon ordered that fragments of that rock should be distributed in 1973 to all 50 US states and 135 foreign heads of state. The fragments were presented encased in an acrylic sphere, mounted on a wood plaque which included the recipients' flag which had also flown aboard Apollo 17. Many of the presentation Moon rocks are now unaccounted for, having been stolen or lost.

Discoveries
Three minerals were discovered from the Moon: armalcolite, tranquillityite, and pyroxferroite. Armalcolite was named for the three astronauts on the Apollo 11 mission: Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins.

Stolen and missing Moon rocks
Because of their rarity on Earth, and the difficulty of obtaining more, Moon rocks have been frequent targets of theft and vandalism, and many have gone missing or were stolen.

General sources

 * Paul D. Spudis, The Once and Future Moon, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996, ISBN 1-56098-634-4.
 * Paul D. Spudis, The Once and Future Moon, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996, ISBN 1-56098-634-4.

title: Moon rock