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Andrew O'Hagan

Andrew O'Hagan (born 1968) is a Scottish novelist and non-fiction author. Three of his novels have been nominated for the Booker Prize and he has won several awards, including the Los Angeles Times Book Prize.

His most recent novel is Caledonian Road (2024) published by Faber. His previous novel Mayflies (2020) won the Christopher Isherwood Prize, and was adapted into a two-part BBC television drama of the same name. O'Hagan was executive producer of the TV adaptation.

Early life and education
O'Hagan was born in Glasgow City Centre in 1968, of Irish Catholic descent, and grew up in Kilwinning, North Ayrshire. His mother was a school cleaner, his father worked as a joiner in Paisley, and he had four elder brothers. His father was a violent alcoholic, and as a boy, he would hide books from his father under his bed.

He attended St Winning's Primary then St Michael's Academy before studying at the University of Strathclyde, the first in his family to reach tertiary education. He earned his BA (Honours) in English in 1990.

Writing career
In 1991, O'Hagan joined the staff of the London Review of Books, where he worked for four years.

In 1995, he published his first book, The Missing, which drew from his own childhood and explored the lives of people who have gone missing in Britain and the families left behind. The Missing was shortlisted for three literary awards: the Esquire Award, the Saltire Society Scottish First Book of the Year Award, and the McVities Prize for Scottish Writer of the Year award.

In 1999, his debut novel, Our Fathers was nominated for several awards, including the Booker Prize, the Whitbread First Novel Award and the International Dublin Literary Award. It won the Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize.

In 2003, his next novel Personality, which features a character similar to Lena Zavaroni, won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. That same year, O'Hagan won the E. M. Forster Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

In 2006, his third novel, Be Near Me, was published by Faber and Faber and long-listed for that year's Booker Prize. It went on to win the Los Angeles Times's 2007 Prize for Fiction. In 2008, he edited a new selection of Robert Burns's poems for Canongate Books, published as A Night Out with Robert Burns. A copy was lodged in every secondary school in Scotland. Following on from this, he wrote and presented a three-part film on Burns for the BBC, The World According to Robert Burns, first on 5 January 2009. In January 2011, Scotland on Sunday gave away 80,000 copies of the book. Also in 2008, Faber & Faber published O'Hagan's first non-fiction collection, The Atlantic Ocean: Essays on Britain and America, which was shortlisted for the 2008 Saltire Book of the Year Award.

His 2010 novel, The Life and Opinions of Maf the Dog, and of His Friend Marilyn Monroe, is told in the voice of a Scottish Maltese poodle ("Maf"), the name of the real dog given by Frank Sinatra to Marilyn Monroe in 1960. It was published by Faber & Faber in May 2010 and won O'Hagan a Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award.

In 2012, O'Hagan worked on a theatrical production about the crisis in British newspapers, entitled Enquirer, with the National Theatre of Scotland.

In March 2014, O'Hagan wrote about his experience as a ghost-writer for Julian Assange's autobiography (published by Canongate and Alfred A. Knopf). His essay, entitled "Ghosting", published in the London Review of Books, gained significant media attention because of his description of Assange's character and strained relationships with past and present colleagues.

In 2015, O'Hagan published his fifth novel The Illuminations: A Novel, which was longlisted for the Booker Prize.

In June 2016, the London Review of Books published a 35,612-word essay by O'Hagan, titled "The Satoshi Affair: Andrew O'Hagan on the many lives of Satoshi Nakamoto", which followed the events surrounding programmer Craig Wright's claim to be bitcoin founder, Satoshi Nakomoto. In the article, O'Hagan describes how he was approached by Wright and, a group that he was associated with, in order to cover the exposure of Craig Wright's identity as Satoshi. Though the article is inconclusive as to the true identity of Satoshi, some have taken it as evidence that Wright is a fraud.

In October 2017, O'Hagan published The Secret Life: Three True Stories of the Digital Age which includes stories about his attempt to help Julian Assange write his memoirs, the author using the identity of a deceased man to make a new life on the Internet, and expanding on Craig Wright's claim to be Satoshi Nakamoto.

In September 2020, O'Hagan published his sixth novel, Mayflies.

His essays, reports and stories have appeared in London Review of Books, New York Review of Books, Granta, The Guardian and The New Yorker.

Adaptations
Four of O'Hagan's books have received adaptations into different media. In 1996, Channel 4 Television presented Calling Bible John: Portrait of a Serial Killer, nominated for a BAFTA award. In 2009, his novel Be Near Me was adapted by Ian McDiarmid for the Donmar Warehouse and the National Theatre of Scotland.

In September 2011, the National Theatre of Scotland presented The Missing as a play adapted by O'Hagan and directed by John Tiffany at Tramway, Glasgow. The play received favourable reviews. The Daily Telegraph called it "a profound act of mourning and memory." The Guardian called the work "an arresting, genre-defying work – part speculative memoir, part Orwellian social reportage" that "induces the kind of shock he [the author] must have experienced..."

In December 2022 BBC One showed an adaptation of Mayflies starring Martin Compston, Tony Curran, and Ashley Jensen.

Other activities
In 2001, O'Hagan was named as a Goodwill Ambassador by the UK branch of UNICEF, and he has been involved in fundraising efforts for the organisation. He has travelled to Sudan, India, Malawi and Mozambique and has joined fellow ambassadors Ewan McGregor, Ralph Fiennes, James Nesbitt, Martin Bell and Jemima Khan in campaigning for Unicef.

In August 2017, O'Hagan gave a speech at The Edinburgh International Book Festival, where he declared that he had become a supporter of Scottish independence.

, O'Hagan has been a visiting professor of creative writing at King's College London.

In June 2023, The Age reported that the FBI is seeking to gather new evidence in the Julian Assange case, based on a request from the FBI to interview O'Hagan. O'Hagan refused the request, and said to the newspaper that "I would not give a witness statement against a fellow journalist being pursued for telling the truth. I would happily go to jail before agreeing in any way to support the American security establishment in this cynical effort."

Personal life
O'Hagan has a daughter, whose mother is fellow author India Knight.

Recognition, awards and honours
O'Hagan was selected by the literary magazine Granta for inclusion in their 2003 list of the top 20 young British novelists, and his novels have been translated into 15 languages.

Book awards

 * 1995 – Esquire Award for The Missing (shortlist)
 * 1995 – McVitie's Prize for Scottish Writer of the Year for The Missing (shortlist)
 * 1995 – Saltire Society Scottish First Book of the Year Award for The Missing (shortlist)
 * 1996 – BAFTA, Calling Bible John (TV series, winner)
 * 1999 – Booker Prize for Our Fathers (shortlist)
 * 1999 –Whitbread First Novel Award for Our Fathers (shortlist)
 * 2000 – Mail on Sunday/John Llewellyn Rhys Prize for Our Fathers (shortlist)
 * 2000 – Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize for Our Fathers (winner)
 * 2001 – International Dublin Literary Award for Our Fathers (shortlist)
 * 2003 – James Tait Black Memorial Prize (for fiction), Personality (winner)
 * 2006 – Los Angeles Times Book Prize (for fiction), Be Near Me (winner)
 * 2010 – Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award for Writing (winner)
 * 2020 – Christopher Isherwood Prize for Autobiographical Prose (winner)

Other honours and appointments

 * Trustee of George Orwell Trust
 * Patron of Scottish Book Trust
 * 2008: Honorary Doctor of Letters, University of Strathclyde
 * 2008: Joined Robert Burns Humanitarian Award judging panel
 * 2009: Honorary lifetime member of Irvine Burns Club
 * 2010: Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
 * 2019: Named chief judge of Scottish Arts Trust Story Awards, succeeding Alexander McCall Smith in that role, on 6 December 2019

Fiction books

 * Our Fathers, 1999
 * Personality, 2003
 * Be Near Me, 2006
 * The Life and Opinions of Maf the Dog, and of His Friend Marilyn Monroe, 2010
 * The Illuminations, 2015
 * Mayflies, 2020
 * Caledonian Road, 2024

Non-fiction books

 * The Missing, 1995
 * The Atlantic Ocean: Essays, 2008
 * The Secret Life: Three True Stories of the Digital Age, 2017

Other writings

 * Short stories: online text from Sunday Times, 7 December 2008
 * As a ghostwriter: Julian Assange: The Unauthorised Autobiography, 2011
 * Editing:
 * New Writing 11, 2002
 * The Weekenders: Adventures in Calcutta, 2004
 * A Night Out with Robert Burns, 2008
 * Book Reviews:
 * "Racing against reality" The New York Review of Books 54/11 (28 June 2007): 4–8 [review of Don DeLillo, Falling Man]
 * "Run" Publishers Weekly Fiction Reviews: Week of 16 July 2007. Review of Run by Ann Patchett.
 * The Satoshi Affair: Andrew O’Hagan on the many lives of Satoshi Nakamoto (2016, non-fiction)
 * "Ghosting" London Review of Books, 6 March 2014
 * The Tower, a 60,000-word essay about the Grenfell Tower fire in The London Review of Books

title: Andrew O'Hagan


text:
Laur (clan)

Laur,  (also spelled) Lava,  Lavi or Lor is a major clan of the Gurjar ethnic community of northern India.

Gujjars are divided into two groups in Gujarat and Rajasthan: the Khari and the Laur (or Lava). These two are further subdivided into a number of clans.

Background
Lava and Khari Gujjars are equal in status. However, Laur Gurjars typically regard themselves as inferior to Khari or Khadwa Gurjars, and thus sometimes disregard intermarriage.

Ethnography
Laur Gurjar are found in Gujarat and Rajasthan, Including the Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Girnar, districts of Gujarat and Bharatpur, Jaipur, Alwar, Kota, Karoli, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Mewar, Sirohi districts of Rajasthan.

Subclans
Laur/Laava Gujjars have over twenty subclans, which are shown below.:
 * Bagarwal (Bagadwal)
 * Kumbar
 * Madi
 * Sirande (Saradhana) and
 * Chadri (Chaddar)
 * Bhadana
 * Betan (Beetan)
 * Char
 * Chechi
 * Chesat
 * Dhakar
 * Deorata (Dorata)
 * Doi
 * Kasana (Kushan)
 * Koli
 * Khatana
 * Kanaks
 * Chandela
 * Mokar (Makkar)
 * Mootan (Mutan)
 * Mawai (Mavi)
 * Nekari
 * Tanwar

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Laur (clan)


text:
Llanera

Llanera is the feminine form of the Spanish word llanero. It may refer to:

 * Llanera, Nueva Ecija, a municipality in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines
 * Llanera, Asturias, a municipality in the autonomous community of Asturias, Spain
 * Llanera music, music of the Llanero culture in Colombia and Venezuela
 * Mariano Llanera (1855–1942), Filipino General
 * Llanera, also spelled lyanera, an oval-shaped tin mold used to make leche flan and hardinera in Philippine cuisine

title: Llanera


text:
Hugh Cornwell

Hugh Alan Cornwell (born 28 August 1949) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and writer, best known for being the lead vocalist and lead guitarist for the punk rock and new wave band the Stranglers from 1974 to 1990. Since leaving the Stranglers, Cornwell has recorded a further ten solo studio albums and continues to record and perform live.

Early life and career
Cornwell grew up in Tufnell Park and Kentish Town and attended William Ellis School in Highgate, where he played bass in a band with Richard Thompson, later a member of folk rock band Fairport Convention. In the late 1960s, after earning a bachelor's degree in biochemistry from the University of Bristol, he embarked on post-graduate research at Lund University in Sweden. Not long after his arrival he formed the band Johnny Sox.

The Stranglers
Cornwell returned to the UK in 1974 with Johnny Sox (minus Hans Wärmling). Drummer Jet Black then joined the band. At one stage it was just Cornwell and Black, who were then joined by bassist Jean-Jacques Burnel. Guitarist, keyboardist and saxophonist Hans Wärmling, on holiday from Sweden, joined the line-up towards the end of 1974. The Johnny Sox name was dropped, with the band adopting the name the Guildford Stranglers before settling on the Stranglers. Wärmling was soon replaced by Dave Greenfield, who joined in 1975 after answering an advertisement placed in the Melody Maker magazine. Cornwell was the lead guitarist in the group and he also sang the majority of songs, with Burnel handling lead vocals on about a third of the band's songs. Years later, Burnel recalled that he often sang lyrics written by Cornwell, and vice versa, depending on "who had the best voice for that particular song".

By 1977, the group had secured a recording contract with United Artists Records. They went on to become the most commercially successful band to emerge from the UK punk scene, with numerous hit singles and record albums. He recorded his first studio album away from the group, Nosferatu, in collaboration with the Captain Beefheart's Magic Band's drummer, Robert Williams, in 1979. Cornwell's first solo studio album, Wolf (1988) was produced by Ian Ritchie with additional production on two tracks by Clive Langer and Alan Winstanley, who had engineered the first three Stranglers albums and produced their fourth studio album, The Raven (1979).

Throughout his Stranglers career, Hugh used a Black Fender Telecaster all the way from 1974 until 1989 when he adopted a Gibson Melody Maker for the 10 Tour. Hugh also used a Hofner Razorwood for the La Folie Tour in 1981-82 for certain songs which required distinctive sounds. He also used a Bass guitar when performing Dead Loss Angeles on The Raven tour in 1979 and was instrumental in teaching Stranglers bassist Jean Jacques Burnel how to play bass guitar. In 1990, due to growing tensions within the band and a constant clash with Jean Jacques Burnel, he decided that he could go no further artistically. He recorded the album 10 with the band before leaving them after 16 years.

Post-Stranglers solo career
After leaving the Stranglers, Cornwell worked with Roger Cook and Andy West as CCW. Their self-titled studio album was released in 1992, with five of the ten tracks co-produced by Neil Davidge. Wired (1993), produced by Gary Langan (Art of Noise) with the exception of "Ain't It Strange", which was produced by Cornwell; Guilty (1997); Hi Fi (2000) (both produced by Laurie Latham). HiFi was released on 180g vinyl in 2020 through HIS Records Ltd with a new remix by Hugh Cornwell and a remaster. Footprints in the Desert released in 2002 is Cornwell's second "lost album" and compiles rare and unreleased tracks from the mid-1990s, that were not part of a record deal. It was recorded in Bath with James Kadsky, who engineered the album Wired (1993).

Beyond Elysian Fields (2004) was produced by Tony Visconti. MusicOMH described it as "something like a cross between [Bob] Dylan and Dire Straits at their best...with a dash of Travelling Wilburys for good measure". Beyond Elysian Fields was released on 180g vinyl in 2020 on HIS Records Ltd.

In June 2008, Cornwell followed in the footsteps of Radiohead and Nine Inch Nails by initially offering his new album, Hooverdam, as a free download on his website. The album was recorded at Toe Rag Studios with record producer, Liam Watson. It was accompanied by a film, Blueprint, which depicted the recording process of the album. Cornwell explained that the film was partly motivated by the risible quality of the DVDs accompanying contemporary CD releases. Blueprint was described as "an engrossing film that borrows from [Jean-Luc] Godard's Sympathy for the Devil and [Norman] Jewison's The Thomas Crown Affair".

The studio album Totem and Taboo followed in 2012; engineered and mixed by Steve Albini, it was described as "Cornwell's finest and most unashamedly epic moment since the punk era". Prior to a Scottish tour that year The Herald wrote "The album yields its eloquent lyrical strengths on repeated listenings: stand-out tracks include the evocative 'A Street Called Carroll', 'Love Me Slender', 'I Want One of Those', a commentary on consumerism, and, unquestionably best of all, the atmospheric, nine minute noir epic, 'In the Dead of Night', which should become a live favourite. Cornwell's forthcoming tour sees him play the new album and the Stranglers' landmark 1977 record, No More Heroes, but Totem and Taboo is strong enough on its own." A review on the Witchdoctor.co.nz website stated that "In a world or egotistic over-achieving and slack-arse under-achieving, Hugh Cornwell knows how to play it just right, and Totem & Taboo is a master class in sticking to your guns and doing what you do well".

In 2016, Cornwell collaborated with performance poet John Cooper Clarke to create the album This Time It's Personal, a collection of classic American and British pop songs from their youth. Cornwell had the idea that Clarke should apply his distinctive vocals to "MacArthur Park" and the project grew from there. Jethro Tull's Ian Anderson also makes an appearance on flute. The album was described as "a modern masterpiece from 'Punk's Progressive Alliance'" by Louder Than War.

In 2018, Cornwell signed to Sony as a solo artist and released Monster. On this album, Cornwell sang about Evel Knievel, Lou Reed, Hedy Lamarr, Benito Mussolini, Phil Silvers and many more. The title track "Monster" pays tribute to special effects wizard Ray Harryhausen, of whom George Lucas said "Without Ray Harryhausen, there would likely have been no Star Wars". Aaron Badgley of The Spill Magazine wrote that "This is perhaps his strongest solo album since 1997's Guilty, and it might be even better than that album... Cornwell is a genius and Monster is just another example of his brilliant work."

Film, theatre, television and podcast
Cornwell has an interest in acting, and has appeared in a number of productions. In the early 1980s, he appeared in Charlie's Last Stand with Bob Hoskins and Stephen Rea at the Almeida Theatre, London. He also appeared in the 1987 Peter Richardson film Eat the Rich, the award-winning BBC Screen Two series (successor to Play for Today) and in the 1995 BBC production, Rumble. He has also appeared in a number of videos and short films, including Bertrand Fèvre's L'étoile de sang.

Cornwell hosts Mr Demille FM, a podcast that takes his passion for film and explores it through interviews and episodes on careers and themes. Guests have included Debbie Harry, Brian Eno and Sir David Puttnam.

Cricket
A cricket fan, Cornwell appeared on the Jamie Theakston Cricket Show on BBC Radio 5 Live in 2001. He played a live acoustic version of "(Get A) Grip (On Yourself)" with the then England batsman and guitarist Mark Butcher. Cornwell subsequently became a player with Bunbury Cricket Club, and has been a guest on "A View from the Boundary" on BBC Radio 4's Test Match Special and BBC Radio 5 Live's Yes It's the Ashes.

Books
Cornwell has written six books:
 * Inside Information (1980) tells of the time he spent in HM Prison Pentonville for drug possession
 * The Stranglers – Song by Song (2001) guides the reader through all of the Stranglers catalogue
 * A Multitude of Sins (2004) is his autobiography
 * Window on the World (July 2011) ISBN 978-0-7043-7230-6 is a novel
 * Arnold Drive, ISBN 978-1-78352-052-7, was published in 2014. It is a novel.
 * Future Tense, was published on 8 October 2020 by HIS.

Studio albums

 * Wolf (1988)
 * Wired (1993) (US title: First Bus to Babylon, 1999)
 * Guilty (1997) (US title: Black Hair, Black Eyes, Black Suit, 1999)
 * Hi Fi (2000)
 * Footprints in the Desert (2002)
 * Beyond Elysian Fields (2004)
 * Hooverdam (2008)
 * Totem and Taboo (2012)
 * Monster (2018)
 * Moments of Madness (2022)

Live albums

 * Mayday (download: 1999, CD: 2002)
 * Solo (1999) (*)
 * In the Dock (2003) (*)
 * Live It and Breathe It (2005) (selected highlights from People, Places, Pieces)
 * Dirty Dozen (2006) (selected highlights from People, Places, Pieces)
 * People, Places, Pieces - 3CD box set (2006)
 * Beyond Acoustic Fields (2007) (live in-studio acoustic recording of Beyond Elysian Fields, limited edition to buy on tour only) (*)
 * New Songs for King Kong - 2CD (2010)
 * Live at the Vera - 2CD (2014)
 * Note: Albums marked with asterisk (*) indicate solo live performances; all others are band performances.

Compilation albums

 * You're Covered (2011) (limited to 250 copies on Cornwell's 2011 tour, features covers of Cornwell's influences)
 * The Fall and Rise of Hugh Cornwell (2015)

Collaborations

 * Nosferatu (1979) – Hugh Cornwell and Robert Williams
 * CCW (1992) – CCW featuring Hugh Cornwell, Roger Cook and Andy West
 * Sons of Shiva (download: 1999, CD: 2002 ) – Sons of Shiva (Sons of Shiva are Cornwell and poet Sex W. Johnston (actually John W. Sexton))
 * This Time It's Personal (2016) – John Cooper Clarke and Hugh Cornwell

title: Hugh Cornwell


text: Category:Beef

title: Category:Beef


text:
Peñaranda

Peñaranda may refer to:

 * Peñaranda, Nueva Ecija
 * Peñaranda (surname)

title: Peñaranda


text:
Batman: Vengeance

Batman: Vengeance is a 2001 action-adventure video game based on the fictional superhero of the same name. It was released for PlayStation 2, Game Boy Advance, GameCube, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. The game was developed and published by Ubi Soft in conjunction with Warner Bros. and DC Comics.

The game is based on the television series The New Batman Adventures, and features the voice cast from the show reprising their roles. The story centers on Batman's investigation of the Joker's apparent death after their latest encounter, while having to deal with other villains and their schemes, all part of a larger plot orchestrated by the Clown Prince of Crime. Batman: Vengeance received mixed reviews upon release.

Plot
Batman saves a woman named Mary from a bomb placed by the Joker at Gotham Chemicals, who is holding her son hostage for ransom. Using a transmitter, Batman tracks down the Joker and Mary to a partially demolished Gotham Bridge, where she is unmasked as Harley Quinn and the kidnapping scheme is revealed to be a plot to trap Batman. Batman defeats the Joker, but the latter falls off the bridge to his apparent death. Suspicious that the Joker survived, Batman lets Harley escape in order to monitor her using the transmitter.

Batman and Batgirl are alerted to Mr. Freeze attacking Gotham Industrial Research to kill scientist Isaac Evers, the creator of the miracle drug Promethium for cryogenically frozen people. Freeze seeks revenge against Evers for a promotional Promethium video he believes Evers sent to mock him. While pursuing Freeze, Batman uncovers Evers' dealings with the Joker, who funded his research after his initial government funding was cut because of Promethium being unstable. After saving Evers and defeating Freeze, Batman discovers Poison Ivy has created a new species of super-plants infested with deadly worms, and tracks her down to the remains of Gotham Chemicals. There, he finds Mayor Hamilton Hill, who explains Ivy blackmailed him and other wealthy socialites by poisoning them with her worm-infected plants, which were created from a mysterious chemical. Batman defeats Ivy and obtains an antidote to save her victims.

Batman witnesses the Joker's goons hijacking a blimp and speaks with Harley, who informs him that they have been operating on their own since the Joker's apparent death. After foiling their plan to send explosive Joker toys into the city's sewers, Batman finds an abducted Issac Evers. He explains that he had hired the goons to destroy Gotham Industrial for the insurance money, having been unable to collect on the damage left by Mr. Freeze without revealing his deals with the Joker. The goons then turned on him to carry out their plan to destroy Gotham using the toys. As Batman hands Evers over to the police, Commissioner Gordon is hit with a batarang. Blamed for the attack, Batman escapes from the police and concludes that Harley is behind everything since the Joker's apparent death. Disguising himself as a drifter to avoid police attention, Batman investigates the Joker's former hideout and finds evidence hinting at his survival.

After tracking the stolen blimp to the Gasworks, Batman confronts a still-living Joker, having faked his death to exact his true plan. He reveals that he secretly manipulated Evers, Freeze, Ivy, and Batman into fulfilling his goals to mass-produce a flammable Joker toxin developed from Promethium, which he intends to spread throughout the city's sewers. Batman shuts off the city's pipe network to stop the flow of the toxin, while the Joker attempts to escape in the blimp and spread the toxin himself. After subduing Harley, Batman stows aboard the blimp and stops the toxin from being released. As a last resort, the Joker tries to crash the blimp into the city, but Batman destroys the blimp and saves the Joker from falling to his death.

The villains are incarcerated at Arkham Asylum. Batman meets an apologetic Gordon, as it was discovered Harley threw the batarang, and thanks Batman for saving Gotham. Batman retreats to look out over the city, when the Bat-Signal appears behind him.

Development
Vengeance took environmental and character designs from The New Batman Adventures, with the voice cast from that show including Kevin Conroy as Batman, Mark Hamill as the Joker, Tara Strong as Batgirl, Diane Pershing as Poison Ivy, Michael Ansara as Mr. Freeze, Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. as Alfred Pennyworth, Arleen Sorkin as Harley Quinn, Bob Hastings as Commissioner Gordon, and Lloyd Bochner as Mayor Hill.

Reception
Batman: Vengeance received "mixed or average reviews" across all versions of the game, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Jeff Lundrigan of NextGen said of the PlayStation 2 version, "While it has a number of things going for it, Batman Vengeance still comes up short in a few key areas."

Jon Thompson of AllGame gave the PlayStation 2 version three-and-a-half stars out of five, saying that it was "hampered by its linear nature and lack of mental challenge, but the game is still heads and shoulders above all other Batman titles released in the last few years. Those looking for an entertaining action game as well as those who are huge fans of the Dark Knight will definitely get a kick out of the experience." Later, Chris Holowka gave the GameCube version a similar score of three-and-a-half stars, saying it was "truly an interactive cartoon, beautifully mimicking the simple, bold animation style that made the animated television series so groundbreaking." However, Brett Alan Weiss gave the Game Boy Advance version three stars out of five, saying, "The simplified Metal Gear-type gameplay is marginally appealing and helps tie the package together as an entertaining mixture of well-known play styles with a Batman theme." Computer Games Magazine gave the PC version two stars out of five, saying, "There's a few clever puzzles scattered throughout the levels; unfortunately, there's also a few incredibly painful flying and driving sequences as well."

Pong Sifu of GamePro said of the PlayStation 2 version, "With some fine tuning, Batman Vengeance could've been legendary. Though many gamers may be put off by the game's shortcomings, Bat-fans looking for a fun-filled romp above the streets of Gotham will be delighted by the film-noir visuals and engaging story line." The Man in Black said of the Xbox version, "There's much to praise about the effort behind this rough-hewn but imagnative game. If you're a fan, you might tackle this tale of the Dark Knight with a Vengeance." Michael Lafferty of GameZone gave the Game Boy Advance version 8.4 out of 10, saying, "The graphical elements are very well done, the animation is solid and the various challenges will keep players intrigued." Carlos McElfish gave the Xbox version seven out of ten, saying, "The gameplay as a whole is lethargic and inaccurate." Lafferty later gave the PC version a similar score of seven out of ten, calling it "a year-old game newly ported to the PC that plunges players into a world of bad camera angles and overwrought control elements."

The game was nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in Original Musical Composition" at the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' 5th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, which ultimately went to Tropico. The PlayStation 2 version was also nominated at The Electric Playground's 2001 Blister Awards for "Biggest Disappointment of the Year", but lost to the Xbox version of Shrek.

By the end of 2001, sales of the game had surpassed 540,000 units. Its sales surpassed 670,000 units by the end of March 2002.

title: Batman: Vengeance


text:
HDP

HDP may refer to:

Politics

 * Free Democratic Party (Turkey) (Turkish: Hür Demokrat Parti), in Turkey; defunct
 * Hazara Democratic Party, in Pakistan
 * Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey) (Turkish: Halkların Demokratik Partisi), in Turkey

Science and technology

 * Hemodialysis product
 * HD Photo, a graphics file format
 * Health Device Profile, a Bluetooth profile
 * Heme ligase, an enzyme
 * Hierarchical decision process
 * Hierarchical Dirichlet process, a stochastic process
 * High-density plasma, a type of plasma (physics)
 * Hurricane Destruction Potential
 * Hydrocarbon dew point
 * Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate, a starch

Other uses

 * HDP (album), an album of Czech hip-hop group Prago Union
 * Hadapsar railway station, in India
 * Harness, Dickey & Pierce, an intellectual property law firm
 * Heritage Documentation Programs of the United States National Park Service
 * Historical Dictionary Project of the Hebrew Language
 * Hortonworks, an American software company

title: HDP


text:
Category talk:German generals

Untitled
Would some person kindly move Otto Von Emmich to "E" from "O?". Superslum 13:02, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:German generals


text:
Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm von Bischoff

Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm von Bischoff (28 October 1807 in Hannover – 5 December 1882 in Munich) was a German physician and biologist.

Biography
He lectured on pathological anatomy at Heidelberg (1835-1843) and held professorships in anatomy and physiology at Giessen (1843-1855) and Munich, where he was appointed to the chair of anatomy and physiology in 1854. In 1843, Theodor von Bischoff was elected as member of the German Academy of Sciences.

His most important contributions were made in embryology with a series of four exhaustive memoirs on the development of the mammalian ovum; published in 1842 (rabbit), 1845 (dog), 1852 (guinea pig), and 1854 (roe deer). His studies concerning animal metabolism by measuring urea were less successful, as was his research on the anatomy of skull and brain.

He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1878.

Selected works

 * Beiträge zur Lehre von den Eyhüllen des menschlichen Fötus, 1834 – Contributions to the study of the human fetus.
 * Entwickelungsgeschichte der Säugethiere und des Menschen, 1842 – Developmental history of mammals and man.
 * Entwicklungsgeschichte des kaninchen-eies, 1842 – Developmental history of the rabbit ovum.
 * Entwicklungsgeschichte des hunde-eies, 1845 – Developmental history of the dog ovum.
 * Entwicklungsgeschichte des meerschweinchens, 1852 – Developmental history of the guinea pig.
 * Entwicklungsgeschichte des Rehes, 1854 – Developmental history of the roe deer.
 * Die Grosshirnwindungen des Menschen : mit Berücksichtigung ihrer Entwicklung bei dem Fötus und ihrer Anordnung bei den Affen, 1868 – The cerebral convolutions of man.
 * Das Studium und die Ausübung der Medicin durch Frauen, 1872 – The study and practice of medicine by women.

title: Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm von Bischoff


text:
Talk:Faryadi Sarwar Zardad

Untitled
the external link is broken.. will put in bbc news one -max rspct 13:03, 18 July 2005 (UTC

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 21:54, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Zardad Khan → Faryadi Sarwar Zardad– {In most of the news stories, he is called Faryadi Sarwar Zardad, or Zardad Faryadi Sarwar. The Guardian newspaper, the BBC and the Crown Prosecution Service all call him Faryadi Sarwar Zardad - Zardad Khan seems to just be a nickname meaning "Emperor Zardad"} copied from the entry on the WP:RM page. Note that the CPS spell Faryadi wrong at the start of their press release, but get it right later on. I tried to move it automatically, but it failed because there is a redirect page there already which started out as a stub. Jll 21:22, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Faryadi Sarwar Zardad


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Talavera

Talavera may refer to:

Battles

 * Battle of Talavera de la Reina, Spain, an 1809 battle of the Peninsular War
 * Battle of Talavera de la Reina (1936), during the Spanish Civil War

People

 * Talavera (surname), list of people with this name
 * Talavera Vernon Anson (1809–1895), Royal Navy Admiral

Places

 * Talavera District, a district in Andahuaylas, Peru
 * Talavera, Nueva Ecija, a municipality in Nueva Ecija, Philippines
 * Talavera, a barangay of the Municipality of Tagana-an, Surigao del Norte, Philippines

Spain

 * Talavera de la Reina, a municipality of the province of Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha
 * Talavera la Nueva, an EATIM part of the municipality of Talavera de la Reina
 * Talavera la Real, a municipality in Badajoz, Extremadura
 * Talavera, Lleida, a municipality in Segarra, Catalonia

Sports

 * Talavera CF, an association football club based in Talavera de la Reina, active 1948–2010
 * Talavera FS, a futsal club based in Talavera de la Reina, founded 1990
 * UD Talavera, an association football club based in Talavera de la Reina, founded 1993

Other uses

 * The Battles of Talavera, an 1809 poem by John Wilson Croker
 * HMS Talavera (1818), a Royal Navy ship in service 1818–1840
 * Talavera (gymnastics), a balance beam move named after Tracee Talavera
 * Talavera pottery, a type of Mexican pottery
 * Talavera Regiment or talaveras, a Spanish unit involved in the Battle of Rancagua
 * Talavera (spider), a genus of jumping spiders

title: Talavera


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Kofman

Kofman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Abram Kofman, (1865–1940), Russian Esperanto poet
 * Bereck Kofman (1900–1943), French rabbi
 * Boaz Kofman (born 1935), Israeli footballer
 * Celina Kofman (1924–2020), Argentine human rights activist
 * Galina Kofman, American computer scientist
 * Jeffrey Kofman (born 1959), Canadian television journalist
 * Michael Kofman, American military analyst
 * Roman Kofman (born 1936), Ukrainian composer and conductor
 * Sarah Kofman (1934–1994), French philosopher

title: Kofman


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Nitrogen mustard

Nitrogen mustards (NMs) are cytotoxic organic compounds with the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino ((ClC2H4)2NR) functional group. Although originally produced as chemical warfare agents, they were the first chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of cancer. Nitrogen mustards are nonspecific DNA alkylating agents.

Name
Nitrogen mustards are not related to the mustard plant or its pungent essence, allyl isothiocyanate; the name comes from the pungent smell of chemical weapons preparations.

Chemical warfare
During World War II, nitrogen mustards were studied at the Yale School of Medicine by Alfred Gilman and Louis Goodman, and in December 1942, they started classified human clinical trials of nitrogen mustards for the treatment of lymphoma. In early December of 1943, an incident during the air raid on Bari, Italy, led to the release of mustard gas that affected several hundred soldiers and civilians. Medical examination of the survivors showed a decreased number of lymphocytes. After World War II was over, the Bari incident and the Yale group's studies eventually converged prompting a search for other similar compounds. Due to its use in previous studies, the nitrogen mustard known as "HN2" became the first chemotherapy drug mustine.

Examples
The nitrogen mustard drug mustine (HN2), is no longer commonly in use in its original IV formulation because of excessive toxicity. Other nitrogen mustards developed include cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, uramustine, melphalan, and bendamustine. Bendamustine has recently re-emerged as a viable chemotherapeutic treatment.

Nitrogen mustards that can be used for chemical warfare purposes are tightly regulated. Their weapon designations are:
 * HN1: bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine
 * HN2: bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine
 * HN3: tris(2-chloroethyl)amine

Normustard (mustine without a methyl group on the nitrogen atom; bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine) can be used in the synthesis of piperazine drugs such as mazapertine, aripiprazole & fluanisone. Canfosfamide was also made from normustard.

Some nitrogen mustards of opiates were also prepared, although these are not known to be antineoplastic. Examples include chlornaltrexamine and chloroxymorphamine.

Mechanism of action
Nitrogen mustards form cyclic ammonium ions (aziridinium ions) by intramolecular displacement of the chloride by the amine nitrogen. This aziridinium group then alkylates DNA once it is attacked by the N-7 nucleophilic center on the guanine base. A second attack after the displacement of the second chlorine forms the second alkylation step that results in the formation of interstrand cross-links (ICLs) as it was shown in the early 1960s. At that time, it was proposed that the ICLs were formed between N-7 atom of guanine residue in a 5’-d(GC) sequence. Later it was clearly demonstrated that nitrogen mustards form a 1,3 ICL in the 5’-d(GNC) sequence.

The strong cytotoxic effect caused by the formation of ICLs is what makes NMs an effective chemotherapeutic agent. Other compounds used in cancer chemotherapy that have the ability to form ICLs are cisplatin, mitomycin C, carmustine, and psoralen. These kinds of lesions are effective at forcing the cell to undergo apoptosis via p53, a protein which scans the genome for defects. Note that the alkylating damage itself is not cytotoxic and does not directly cause cell death.

Safety
Nitrogen mustards are powerful and persistent blister agents. HN1, HN2, HN3 are therefore classified as Schedule 1 substances within the Chemical Weapons Convention. Production and use is therefore strongly restricted.

title: Nitrogen mustard


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Koffman

Koffman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Elliot Koffman (born 1942), computer scientist and educationist
 * Laura Koffman (born Laura Bonarrigo in 1964), American actress
 * Moe Koffman (1928–2001), Canadian jazz saxophonist and flautist

title: Koffman


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Sports in the United States

Sports in the United States are an important part of the nation's culture. Historically, the national sport has been baseball. However, in more recent decades, American football has been the most popular sport in terms of broadcast viewership audience. Basketball has grown into the mainstream American sports scene since the 1980s, with ice hockey and soccer doing the same around the turn of the 21st century.

These sports comprise the "Big Five". In the first half of the 20th century, boxing and collegiate football were among the most popular sports after baseball. Golf, tennis, and collegiate basketball are other spectator sports with longstanding popularity. Tennis is currently considered to be the sixth most popular sport in the United States. Most recently, mixed martial arts has been breaking records in attendance and broadcast viewership for all combat sports.

Based on revenue, the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada are the National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Hockey League (NHL), and Major League Soccer (MLS). At $16 billion in revenue, the NFL is by revenue the largest sports league in the world.

The market for professional sports in the United States is about $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined. All these leagues enjoy wide-ranging domestic media coverage and, except for Major League Soccer, all are considered the preeminent leagues in their respective sports in the world. Although American football does not have a substantial following in other nations, the NFL does have the highest average attendance (67,254) of any professional sports league in the world. MLB has the second highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. (29,293) followed by MLS, the NBA, and the NHL. Of these five U.S.-based leagues, all but the NFL have at least one team in Canada.

Professional teams in all major sports in the United States operate as franchises within a league, meaning that a team may move to a different city if the team's owners believe there would be a financial benefit, but franchise moves are usually subject to some form of league-level approval. All major sports leagues use a similar type of regular-season schedule with a post-season playoff tournament. In addition to the major league–level organizations, several sports also have professional minor leagues, active in smaller cities across the country.

As in Canada and Australia, sports leagues in the United States do not practice promotion and relegation, unlike most sports leagues in Europe. Another notable distinction is that most sports fans in the United States tend to follow more than one team sport, depending on the time of year, unlike the case in many parts of the world where fans might avidly follow only one team sport such as soccer or baseball. Thus, it is possible for a U.S. sports fan who follows multiple sports to spend practically every single day of the year watching professional sports, since there is no time of year when all the Big Five leagues would be off-season.

Sports are particularly associated with education in the United States, with most high schools and universities having organized sports, and this is a unique sporting footprint for the U.S. College sports competitions play an important role in the American sporting culture, and college basketball and college football are more popular than professional sports in some parts of the country. The major sanctioning body for college sports is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Colleges collectively receive billions of dollars from TV deals, sponsorships, and ticket sales. In 2019, the total revenue generated by NCAA athletic departments added up to $18.9 billion.

Based on Olympic Games, World Championships, and other major competitions in respective sports, the United States is the most successful nation in the world in baseball, basketball, athletics, swimming, lacrosse, beach volleyball, figure skating, tennis, golf, boxing, diving, shooting, rowing and snowboarding, and is all time one of the top five most successful nations in ice hockey, wrestling, gymnastics, volleyball, speed skating, alpine skiing, bobsleigh, equestrian, sailing, cycling, weightlifting and archery, among others. This makes the United States the most successful sports nation in the world. The United States has been referred to by some as the Hegemon of World Sports. The United States has placed first in the Summer Olympic medal table 18 times out of 29 Summer Olympics and 28 appearances. Unlike most other nations, the United States government does not provide funding for sports nor for the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee.

History
American football, indoor American football, baseball, softball, and indoor soccer evolved out of older British (Rugby football, British baseball, Rounders, and association football) sports. However, basketball, volleyball, beach volleyball, racquetball, pickleball, skateboarding, snowboarding, Ultimate, wind-surfing, and Water Skiing are fully American inventions, some of which have become popular in other countries and worldwide.

Up until the American Civil War, cricket was a somewhat popular sport in the United States, with presidents such as George Washington and Abraham Lincoln having played or watched the game. However, cricket at the time was a sport played over several days, and during the Civil War, troops preferred to play the newly rising game of baseball, which was much shorter in duration and did not require a special playing surface to be played.

Olympics
American athletes have won a total of 2,638 medals (1,065 of them gold) at the Summer Olympic Games and another 330 (114 of them gold) at the Winter Olympic Games, making the United States the most prolific medal-winning nation in the history of the Olympics. The U.S. is ranked first in the all-time medal table even if all the incarnations of Russia and Germany are combined, leading the second-placed Russians by 430 gold and 957 total medals. These achievements are even more impressive considering the fact that the American Olympic team remains the only in the world to receive no government funding.

The United States hosted both Summer and Winter Games in 1932, and has hosted more Games than any other country – eight times, four times each for the Summer and Winter Games:
 * The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, 1932 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles; and the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta;
 * The 1932 Winter Olympics and 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York; the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California; and the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Los Angeles will host the Summer Olympics for a third time in 2028. Salt Lake City will host the Winter Olympics for a second time in 2034 marking the tenth Olympics hosted in the United States.

The United States has won the most gold and overall medals in the Summer Olympic Games, even if the medal totals of the Soviet Union/CIS and Russia are combined, and has topped the medal table 18 times. The country has won the second most gold and overall medals in the Winter Olympic Games, behind Norway, but has topped the medal table only one time, in 1932. If all of Germany's and Russia's incarnations are combined, the United States slips to fourth in the all-time Winter Olympic Games table.

Golf
Golf is one of the most popular participation sports in the United States, with approximately 24 million people playing golf on a regular basis as of 2023. Golf's origins can be traced back to 15th century Scotland, where players would hit a pebble around sandy dunes using a stick or primitive club. The game has evolved over centuries into the version played today, which involves hitting a small, dimpled ball into each hole on a course in as few strokes as possible.Introduced to America in the late 19th century, it quickly gained favor among the upper class. The United States Golf Association was founded in 1894 to establish rules. Iconic courses like Augusta National and Pebble Beach have hosted legendary tournaments.

Key U.S. golf events include The Masters, PGA Championship, U.S. Open, and Ryder Cup. Legends like Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods have left a lasting mark on the sport, while talents such as Scottie Scheffler and Rory Mcllroy continue to shine.

Golf is now more accessible across demographics, offering a blend of relaxation and mental challenge. Advancements in equipment and training ensure its continued evolution.

Since the 1970s, the landscape of golf in the United States has seen significant advancements, particularly in the recognition of female players. This has been highlighted by increased support for women's golf programs, the expansion of women's tournaments, and greater representation of female golfers at all levels of the sport.

In 2020, nearly 25 million people or around 8% of the total population of the U.S., played golf on a golf course in the United States, according to the National Golf Foundation.

Boxing

The United States became the center of professional boxing in the early 20th century. The National Boxing Association was founded in 1921 and began to sanction title fights. Joe Louis was an American professional boxer who competed from 1934 to 1951. He reigned as the world heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1949, and is widely considered to be the one of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all-time. Louis is widely regarded as the first person of African-American descent to achieve the status of a nationwide hero within the United States, and was also a focal point of anti-Nazi sentiment leading up to and during World War II. Since the late 1990s, boxing has declined in popularity.

As of 2021, boxing participation in the United States reached approximately 6.7 million people, indicating a robust growth in the sport's popularity.

Overview
The most popular team sports in the United States are American football, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, and soccer. All five of these team sports are popular with fans, are widely watched on television, have a fully professional league, are played by millions of Americans, enjoy varsity status at many Division I colleges, and are played in high schools throughout the country.

 * 1) TV viewing record measures the game with the most TV viewers in the U.S. since 2005 for each sport: 2015 Super Bowl, 2016 NBA Finals Game 7, 2016 World Series Game 7, 2014 FIFA World Cup Final, and 2010 Winter Olympics Gold medal ice hockey game.
 * 2) The column titled "States (HS)" represents the number of states that sponsor the sport at the high school level. For the purpose of this table, Washington, D.C. is counted as a state.

The five most popular sports teams on Instagram from the United States as of June 14, 2023:

American football
Football has the most participants of any sport at both high school and college levels, the vast majority of its participants being male.

The NFL has the highest average attendance (67,591) of any professional sports league in the world and has the highest revenue out of any single professional sports league. The NFL has two conferences, the AFC and the NFC. The AFC has 4 divisions (AFC East, AFC North, AFC South, and AFC West). The NFC also has 4 divisions (NFC East, NFC North, NFC South, and NFC West.) Each division has 4 teams, with a total of 32 teams in the NFL.

Millions watch college football throughout the fall months, and some communities, particularly in rural areas, place great emphasis on their local high school football teams. The popularity of college and high school football in areas such as the Southern United States (Southeastern Conference) and the Great Plains (Big 12 Conference and Big Ten Conference) stems largely from the fact that these areas historically generally did not possess markets large enough for a professional team. Nonetheless, college football has a rich history in the United States, predating the NFL by decades, and fans and alumni are generally very passionate about their teams.

Baseball
Baseball and a variant, softball, are popular participatory sports in the U.S. Baseball was the first professional sport in the United States. The highest level of baseball in the U.S. and the world is Major League Baseball. There are a total of 30 MLB teams. The World Series of Major League Baseball is the culmination of the sport's postseason each October. It is played between the winner of each of the two leagues, the American League and the National League, and the winner is determined through a best-of-seven playoff.

The New York Yankees are noted for having won more titles than any other U.S. major professional sports franchise. The Yankees' chief rivals, the Boston Red Sox, also enjoy a huge following in Boston and throughout New England. The Philadelphia Phillies of the National League are the oldest continuous, one-name, one-city franchise in all of professional American sports, and enjoy a fanbase renowned for their rabid support of their team throughout Philadelphia and the Delaware Valley, and have famously been dubbed as the "Meanest Fans in America".

Every four years in March, the World Baseball Classic is held, which is the national team game, the most popular baseball national team game.

Basketball
Of those Americans citing their favorite sport, basketball is ranked second (counting amateur levels) behind football. However, in regards to revenue the NBA is ranked third in popularity. More Americans play basketball than any other team sport, according to the National Sporting Goods Association, with over 26 million Americans playing basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian physical education teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts.

The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. It contains 30 teams (29 teams in the U.S. and 1 in Canada) that play an 82-game season from October to June. After the regular season, eight teams from each conference compete in the playoffs for the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy.

In high school basketball, Indiana has 10 of the 12 largest high school gyms in the United States, and is famous for its basketball passion, known as Hoosier Hysteria.

Professional basketball is most followed in cities where there are no other sports teams in the four major professional leagues, such as in the case of the Oklahoma City Thunder, the Sacramento Kings, the San Antonio Spurs, the Memphis Grizzlies, or the Portland Trail Blazers.

Soccer
With an average attendance of over 21,000 per game (prior to COVID-19), Major League Soccer has the third-highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Baseball (MLB), and is the ninth-highest attended professional soccer league worldwide.

The NWSL is expected to expand to 14 teams in 2024 and 15 shortly thereafter.

The Major Arena Soccer League (MASL) is a North American professional indoor soccer league. MASL is the highest level of arena soccer in the North America and the world.

Ice hockey
The U.S. now has more youth hockey players than all other countries, excluding Canada, combined. USA Hockey is the official governing body for organized ice hockey in the United States. The United States Hockey Hall of Fame is located in Eveleth, Minnesota.

Historically, the vast majority of NHL players had come from Canada, with a small number of Americans. As late as 1969–70, Canadian players made up 95 percent of the league.

However, the modern NHL has a much larger percentage of American players. At the start of the 2023-24 NHL season, American players made up 29.1 percent of the league, compared to 41.7 percent from Canada and 29.2 percent from various European countries.

Overview
The following table shows additional sports that are played by over 500,000 people in the United States.

 * 1) Attendance record measures highest single-game attendances. Attendance records are: Volleyball: 2023 Volleyball Day in Nebraska at Memorial Stadium, Lincoln; Rugby: 2014 New Zealand vs. Ireland in Chicago; and Lacrosse: 2007 NCAA Division I men's championship semifinals.
 * 2) TV viewership records are: Volleyball: 2010 NCAA women's championship on ESPN2; Rugby: 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens on NBC; Lacrosse: 2016 NCAA championship on ESPN2

Lacrosse

Lacrosse is a team sport that is believed to have originated with the Iroquois and the Lenape. The sport is most popular in the East Coast area from Maryland to New York. While its roots remain east, lacrosse is currently the fastest growing sport in the nation. The National Lacrosse League is the professional Box lacrosse league, while the Premier Lacrosse League is the professional Field Lacrosse league. Major League Lacrosse was a semi-professional Field Lacrosse league that was operating nationally before merging into PLL in 2020.

Volleyball

Volleyball is played in the United States, especially at the college and university levels. Unlike most Olympic sports which are sponsored widely at the collegiate level for both sexes, the women's college volleyball teams are more common than men's college volleyball teams. In the 2011–12 school year, over 300 schools in NCAA Division I alone (the highest of three NCAA tiers) sponsored women's volleyball at the varsity level, while fewer than 100 schools in all three NCAA divisions combined sponsored varsity men's volleyball, with only 23 of them in Division I. Men's volleyball has grown at the non-scholarship NCAA Division III level in the 21st century, with a national championship established in 2012. As of the most recent 2022 season (2021–22 school year), 113 schools sponsor the sport at that level. At the same time, 26 D-I and 31 D-II members sponsored men's volleyball at the National Collegiate level, defined for the purposes of that sport as the combination of Divisions I and II. The National Volleyball Association is the professional men's volleyball league, while the Pro Volleyball Federation is the professional women's volleyball league.

Rugby union
Rugby union participation in the U.S. has grown significantly in recent years, growing by 350% between 2004 and 2011. A 2010 survey by the National Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association ranked rugby union as the fastest-growing sport in the U.S.

Rugby union is the fastest growing college sport and sport in general in the United States.

Minor sports

 * Australian rules football in the United States
 * Bandy in the United States
 * Cricket in the United States
 * Field hockey in the United States
 * Handball in the United States

College sports
The most practiced college sports, measured by NCAA reporting on varsity team participation, are: (1) football (64,000), (2) baseball/softball (47,000), (3) track and field (46,000), (4) soccer (43,000), (5) basketball (32,000), (6) cross-country running (25,000), and (7) swimming/diving (20,000). The most popular sport among female athletes is soccer, followed closely by track and field.

High school sports

Most public high schools are members of their respective state athletic association, and those associations are members of the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS). Some states have separate associations for public and non-public high schools.

The 2018–19 school year was the first in 30 years to see a decrease in high school sports participation. Increases through the previous decades had been largely driven by growth in girls' participation. The high school sports with the highest number of participants for 2018–19 are:

 * Team sports
 * 1) Football – 1,008,417
 * 2) Basketball – 939,836
 * 3) Baseball/Softball – 854,859
 * 4) Soccer – 853,182
 * 5) Volleyball – 516,371

 * Individual sports
 * 1) Track & field (outdoor) – 1,093,621
 * 2) Cross country – 488,640
 * 3) Tennis – 348,750
 * 4) Swimming & diving – 309,726
 * 5) Wrestling – 268,565

 * Notes

Popular high school sports in various regions of the U.S. include the Texas High School football championships, the Indiana basketball championships, and ice hockey in Minnesota. The Minnesota State High School Hockey Tournament is the largest high school sporting event in the country, with average attendance to the top tier, or "AA", games over 18,000.

Sports media in the United States
Sports have been a major part of American broadcasting since the early days of radio. Today, television networks and radio networks pay millions (sometimes billions) of dollars for the rights to broadcast sporting events. Contracts between leagues and broadcasters stipulate how often games must be interrupted for commercials. Because of all of the advertisements, broadcasting contracts are very lucrative and account for the biggest chunk of major professional teams' revenues. Broadcasters also covet the television contracts for the major sports leagues (especially in the case of the NFL) in order to amplify their ability to promote their programming to the audience, especially young and middle-aged adult males.

The advent of cable and satellite television has greatly expanded sports offerings on American TV. ESPN, the first all-sports cable network in the U.S., went on the air in 1979. It has been followed by several sister networks and competitors. Some sports television networks are national, such as CBS Sports Network and Fox Sports 1, whereas others are regional, such as NBC Sports Regional Networks, Bally Sports and Spectrum Sports. General entertainment channels like TBS, TNT, and USA Network also air sports events. Some sports leagues have their own sports networks, such as NFL Network, MLB Network, NBA TV, NHL Network, Big Ten Network, Pac-12 Network and SEC Network. Some sports teams run their own television networks as well.

Sports are also widely broadcast at the local level, ranging from college and professional sports down to (on some smaller stations) recreational and youth leagues. Internet radio has allowed these broadcasts to reach a worldwide audience.

Most popular sports in the United States
In the broadest definition of sports—physical recreation of all sorts—the four most popular sports among the general population of the United States are exercise walking (90 million), exercising with equipment (53 million), swimming (52 million) and camping (47 million). The most popular competitive sport (and fifth most popular recreational sport) is bowling (43 million). Other most popular sports are fishing (35 million), bicycling (37 million), weightlifting (33 million), aerobics (30 million), and hiking (28 million).

According to a January 2018 poll by Gallup, 37% of Americans consider football their favorite spectator sport, while 11% prefer basketball, 9% baseball, and 7% soccer. There is some variation by viewer demographics. Men show a stronger preference for football than women, conservatives a stronger preference than liberals, and those over 35 a stronger preference than those under 35. In all groups, however, football is still the most popular. Basketball and soccer are more popular among liberals than conservatives.

For two years in a row, 2021 and 2022, pickleball was named the fastest growing sport in the United States by the Sports and Fitness Industry Association (SFIA). Between 2019 and 2022, the SFIA estimates the number of US players increased almost 40% to 4.8 million.

The sports leagues
The following table shows the major sports leagues, professional and collegiate, which average over 15,000 fans per game and that have a national TV contract that pays rights fees.

title: Sports in the United States


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Pantelimon, Ilfov

Pantelimon is a town in Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. The town — bordered to the west by the Romanian capital, Bucharest — has an area of 69 km2. Its name is derived from the Greek saint Panteleimon.

Geography
The town is situated in the middle of the Wallachian Plain. It lies on the left bank of the river Colentina, which separates it from Bucharest, and forms three lakes along the way: Lake Dobroești, Lake Pantelimon, and Lake Cernica.

The city borders to the southwest with Bucharest, to the west with Dobroești commune, to the northwest with the town of Voluntari, to the north with Afumați commune, to the northeast with Găneasa commune, to the east with Brănești commune, and to the south with Cernica and Glina communes.

The eastern part of Pantelimon is covered by the Cernica Forest, a remnant of the ancient Codrii Vlăsiei. The river Pasărea flows through the forest, forming the border with Brănești.

Local government
The last local election was on September 27, 2020. The Mayor (Primar) of Pantelimon is Marian Ivan (PNL). The Pantelimon Local Council has 19 councillors. The council has the following party composition:

Demographics
The town's population, according to the 2011 census, was 23,309 people, an increase from 16,019 persons in the 2002 census. In 2011, 93.2% of the population were ethnic Romanians, 5.9% Roma, and 0.9% others. At the 2021 census, Pantelimon had a population of 32,873; of those, 80.61% were Romanians and 2.83% Roma.

Natives

 * Daniel Novac
 * Nicolae Steinhardt

Transport
Pantelimon is traversed by national road DN3, which connects Bucharest to Călărași and Constanța to the east, and by Centura București, the ring road around the capital city. There is also a railroad station, serving the CFR Line 800, connecting Bucharest with the Black Sea coast at Mangalia.

The town is linked with Bucharest by small transport companies that operate minibuses from the town to several locations in Eastern Bucharest, where passengers can switch to RATB or the Bucharest Metro. Pantelimon metro station, the eastern starting point of the Bucharest Metro's M1 line, is located in the eastern extremity of Bucharest, near the Pantelimon town.

Economy
The city's economy is closely related to that of Bucharest; of the city's workforce, most work in the capital. There are also some local enterprises, such as the bread factory Titan, and the beer factory owned by the United Romanian Breweries, which produces the Carlsberg and Tuborg beer brands.

Points of interest
The main tourist attraction is Cernica Monastery, which lies on the shores of Lake Cernica, in the southeastern extremity of the town, near the border with Cernica commune.

On an island on the lake, the monastery has a cemetery where the writer Gala Galaction, the politician Pan Halippa, the producer Marioara Murărescu, the actress Stela Popescu, the musician Johnny Răducanu the film director Geo Saizescu, the theologian Dumitru Stăniloae, the painter Ion Țuculescu, and the singer Zavaidoc are buried.

title: Pantelimon, Ilfov


text: User talk:81.133.244.94

title: User talk:81.133.244.94