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Endless Night (novel)

Endless Night is a crime novel by Agatha Christie, first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club on 30 October 1967 and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company the following year. The UK edition retailed at eighteen shillings (18/-) and the US edition at $4.95. It was one of her favourites of her own works and received some of the warmest critical notices of her career upon publication.

Etymology
The title comes from William Blake's Auguries of Innocence:

 * Every night and every morn,
 * Some to misery are born,
 * Every morn and every night,
 * Some are born to sweet delight.
 * Some are born to sweet delight,
 * Some are born to endless night.

Plot summary
The story begins with Michael Rogers, a twenty-two year old, telling the reader about his time as a chauffeur and how he met the architect Rudolf Santonix. He plans to one day have a house built by Santonix. Mike is poor though, and so can't afford to hire Santonix to build the house he wants. Michael explains that he’s a “rolling stone”; he isn't content doing just one thing and so has held down many different jobs over the years. One day he wants to settle down in his dream house with his dream woman, but for now he can't imagine settling down.

Mike is walking along a village road near the Gipsy's Acre property one day when he falls in love with the grounds. He fantasises about one day building a house there with the woman he loves. Curious to see what an auction is like, he goes to the auction for the property. Several people are interested in buying it, but the bid doesn't go high enough and no one ends up getting the property rights. Michael suspects that this is because of the supposed gipsy’s curse over the property.

While walking through the grounds, he meets Fenella (Ellie) Guteman by chance, a wealthy heiress who wants to escape from her world of snobby friends, begging relatives, and restrictive financial advisors. She introduces herself as Fenella "Goodman," not wanting him to know her true identity as an heiress. They get along quite well and it seems like love at first sight. He shares his dream of owning the acre with her and she seems to reciprocate and encourage the idea. Ellie also mentions her lovely hired companion, Greta Andersen. Apparently, Greta has acted like a best friend to her for several years now and is described as very efficient. Mike appears incredibly jealous of their close relationship, despite never actually having met Greta before.

Mike then sees Ellie on and off over the next few weeks before she has to travel abroad for her twenty-first birthday. While away from Ellie, Michael discovers that the property he wants has finally been bought. He also returns to his mother's house to ask her for money to marry Ellie. It's quite clear that he doesn't like his mother and she doesn't like him. The situation reads as though she simply disapproves of his spontaneous lifestyle, but Michael claims that his mother knows him all too well. He leaves without the money.

When Ellie returns, she reveals to Mike that she is in fact, one of the wealthiest women in America and that she was the person who bought Gipsy's Acre. She wants to marry him and help fulfill his dream of building a beautiful house there. She doesn't mind leaving her home and family in America to move to England for him. They get married in a simple civil ceremony, without her family's knowledge. Michael is poor and Ellie fears that her family would not approve of him. When they find out, they are indeed highly disapproving of Mike. They fire Greta for helping arrange the marriage in secret. Regardless, Ellie refuses to leave Michael.

Once married, they hire Santonix to build a mansion for them on the acre.

On the night Ellie and Mike move in, a rock is thrown through their window, telling them to leave the acre. Ellie is shaken by the incident, but not enough to want to move. Ellie entertains the idea of inviting Greta to live with them at the acre, feeling bad for getting her fired, but Michael doesn't like the idea.

Mike and Ellie discover a folly near the cliffs on their property, which they restore and use as a secret getaway.

The newlywed couple spend the next few weeks meeting the villagers. Major Phillpot, the local landowner, although not a wealthy man, is seen as the "God" of the village; he becomes close with Michael. Another villager, Claudia Hardcastle, rides horses and befriends Ellie. They start riding horses together regularly. Ellie reveals that although she is allergic to horses, she takes pills to calm her allergies before riding. She offers them to Claudia, who is also mildly allergic. Later, it is revealed that Claudia is Santonix's half sister and was once married to one of Ellie's lawyers, Stanford Lloyd.

Meanwhile, an old gipsy woman, Mrs. Lee, continues to warn Mike and Ellie of a curse and instructs them to leave the house they built. Ellie grows increasingly wary of her, so much so that Michael goes to the police station to report Mrs. Lee. He learns that in the past, Mrs. Lee had been bribed with money to terrify other residents. Mike wonders if someone is doing that again.

In the meantime, much to Ellie's chagrin, her American family refuses to leave her alone. Her step mother, Cora, has moved to the UK to be close to her. Ellie's lawyers also keep in constant contact with her. Her head lawyer, Mr. Lippincott (known to Ellie as ‘Uncle Andrew’) is especially concerned over her marriage to Michael.

When Ellie injures her ankle she needs someone to help take care of her; she persuades Michael to let Greta stay with them. Ellie worries about Michael and Greta, as they don't appear to like each other and even get into a very heated argument one night.

Michael's mother comes to visit them at Gipsy’s Acre when he isn't there; she meets with Ellie and has a short conversation with her. Ellie tells Michael this later and he becomes enraged that his mother came to visit, unbeknownst to him. Ellie is puzzled by his anger.

One day, Ellie goes out horse riding in the morning. She goes alone because Claudia is shopping in London with Greta that day. Before she leaves, Mike suggests that Ellie join him and Major Phillpot at lunch later, which she agrees to. Mike attends an auction with Major Phillpot; since he married Ellie, he can now afford whatever he wants, so he outbids several others to buy a gift for Ellie. After the auction, he thinks he sees Claudia and one of Ellie's lawyers driving away in a car. He thinks it odd, since Claudia was supposed to be shopping at the outlets and the lawyer was supposed to be in America.

While at lunch with Major Phillpot, Mike begins to worry that Ellie has not yet joined them. She never turns up to lunch and when Mike calls Gipsy’s Acre, he learns that she has not yet returned from her morning ride. Mike and Phillpot search the forest around the house; eventually, Mike discovers Ellie's dead body, having sustained no apparent injuries. The local police determine that Ellie died of shock when she was thrown from her horse. Several witnesses come forward, claiming that they saw a woman in the woods at the same time Ellie was riding her horse. The police believe it was Mrs. Lee who scared the horse on purpose and murdered Ellie by accident, not knowing she had a heart condition.

At the inquest, it is revealed that a gold lighter was found in the nearby folly with the initial ‘C’ on it. It could either belong to Claudia Hardcastle, Ellie's riding companion, or Cora, her stepmother. The inquest is inconclusive, because Mrs. Lee does not show up in court.

After the inquest, Michael travels to America to attend Ellie’s funeral with her family and collect his inheritance. While there, he hears that Mrs. Lee has been found dead in a quarry, and Claudia Hardcastle has also died while out riding her horse. He wonders if it can be a coincidence.

From Mr. Lippincott, he also officially learns that Claudia used to be married to Stanford Lloyd, another one of Ellie's lawyers (the one he thought he saw her with that day). Mr. Lippincott asks Mike if he ever knew Greta before meeting Ellie, which he denies. Mr. Lippincott mentions that he has written and sent a letter to Michael – he'll get it upon his arrival back in England.

Before returning to England, Mike goes to visit Santonix on his deathbed in California, his failing health having worsened over the course of the novel. Before Santonix dies, he screams, “You should have gone the other way!” Feeling disturbed by this, Mike returns to the UK on a sea voyage, giving him time to reflect.

When he finally returns to his dream home, he opens the door to join his dream woman: Greta Andersen. He reveals how he and Greta had met in Hamburg years ago. They had fallen in love and later, after Mike had heard that Gipsy's Acre was for sale, they devised a plan to get Ellie’s money. Greta first became Ellie's maid and gained her trust. Greta then arranged that Ellie would meet Michael on the day of the auction. Mike and Greta pretended not to know each other and even hate each other so no one would suspect them. They plan to get married and share Ellie's wealth now that she's dead.

They killed Ellie with cyanide, putting it inside her allergy capsules that she took prior to her horse ride. It was Mike who paid Mrs. Lee to frighten Ellie with the story of the curse. To eliminate Mrs. Lee as a witness, Michael and Greta pushed her into a quarry. Claudia Hardcastle was unintentionally poisoned after finding and taking one of Ellie's pills in the folly. It was her lighter that was left behind by accident.

Michael and Greta celebrate what they have done, but when Michael opens the letter from Mr. Lippincott, he is horrified to find an old newspaper clipping with a picture of himself with Greta in Hamburg. He worries that people will suspect the truth and becomes agitated. He hallucinates that he sees Ellie on the grounds before entering the house. Greta tries to re-assure him, but, in a fit of rage, he strangles her.

Shortly afterwards, the police and the local doctor arrive, their suspicions aroused by Claudia Hardcastle's death. They find him sitting with Greta's corpse, slowly losing his sanity.

It's revealed that after Mike was arrested, he wanted to write down the entire story from his perspective; the entire novel is that account.

He recounts that as a child, he let his friend drown in a frozen pond to steal his watch. As a young adult, he let another friend bleed to death after he was stabbed during a mugging, just so Mike could steal the money on his person. He always hated his mother because she was the only person who could see through him and suspected the truth about his murderous tendencies, hence his anger when Ellie met his mother: he was worried his mother might reveal his true character to her.

Michael thinks Santonix might have known or suspected his true character as well. When Santonix told him he "should've gone the other way," he meant that Mike should not have murdered Ellie and instead learned to love her.

He wonders if he could have ever actually been happy with Ellie and why he threw his chance with her away. He wonders if he ever did love her. The novel ends.

Characters

 * Michael Rogers: a 'rolling stone', who shifts from job to job.
 * Fenella Rogers (née Guteman): often called Ellie, she is a sweet heiress with a head for business.
 * Greta Andersen: Ellie's Scandinavian, blonde companion who manages and organises her life.
 * Claudia Hardcastle: a young woman in the village who shares Ellie's passion for horse-riding.
 * Cora Van Stuyvesant: Ellie's stepmother.
 * Andrew Lippincott: Ellie's guardian and trustee, a Bostonian, who disapproves of Greta's influence over Ellie.
 * Esther Lee: the village gypsy, who enjoys frightening people, especially when money is involved.
 * Stanford Lloyd: Claudia Hardcastle's former husband and one of Ellie's trustees.
 *  Frank Barton: the husband of Ellie's aunt, a man who borrows but doesn't return.
 * Rudolf Santonix: a perfectionist architect who 'looks through you' and 'sees right through the other side'.
 * Major Phillpot: the village 'god' who befriends Michael.
 * Mrs. Rogers: Michael's mother.

Literary significance and reception
The novel was published in 1967. Christie later said she normally wrote her books in three to four months but wrote Endless Night in six weeks. The novel is dedicated "To Nora Prichard from whom I first heard the legend of Gipsy's Acre." Nora Prichard was the paternal grandmother of Mathew, Christie's only grandson. Gipsy's Acre was a field located on a Welsh moorland. The Times Literary Supplement of 16 November 1967 said, "It really is bold of Agatha Christie to write in the persona of a working-class boy who marries a poor little rich girl, but in a pleasantly gothic story of gypsy warnings she brings it all off, together with a nicely melodramatic final twist."

The Guardian carried a laudatory review in its issue of 10 November 1967 by Francis Iles (Anthony Berkeley Cox) who said, "The old maestrina of the crime-novel (or whatever is the female of 'maestro') pulls yet another out of her inexhaustible bag with Endless Night, quite different in tone from her usual work. It is impossible to say much about the story without giving away vital secrets: sufficient to warn the reader that if he should think this is a romance he couldn't be more mistaken, and the crashing, not to say horrific suspense at the end is perhaps the most devastating that this surpriseful author has ever brought off."

Maurice Richardson in The Observer of 5 November 1967 began, "She changes her style again and makes a determined and quite suspenseful attempt to be with it." He finished, "I shan't give away who murders whom, but the suspense is kept up all the way and Miss Christie's new demi-tough, streamlined style really does come off. She'll be wearing black leather pants next, if she isn't already." The poet and novelist Stevie Smith chose the novel as one of her Books of the Year in the same newspaper's issue of 10 December 1967 when she said, "I mostly read Agatha Christie this year (and every year). I wish I could write more about what she does for one in the way of lifting the weight, and so on."

Robert Barnard: "The best of the late Christies, the plot a combination of patterns used in Ackroyd and Nile (note similarities in treatment of heiress/heroine's American lawyers in Nile and here, suggesting she had been rereading). The murder occurs very late, and thus the central section seems desultory, even novelettish (poor little rich girl, gypsy's curse, etc.). But all is justified by the conclusion. A splendid late flowering."

"The Case of the Caretaker"
A short story collection by Agatha Christie, titled Miss Marple's Final Cases and Two Other Stories, published in October 1979, features a short story called "The Case of the Caretaker" whose overall plot is the same as Endless Night, although the character names are different.

"‘The Case of the Caretaker’ was first published in Strand Magazine, January 1942, and then in the USA in Chicago Sunday Tribune, 5 July 1942." from "Miss Marple – Miss Marple and Mystery: The Complete Short Stories (Miss Marple)" by Agatha Christie

Endless Night (1972 film)
In 1972, Sidney Gilliat directed a film adaption starring Hayley Mills, Britt Ekland, Per Oscarsson, Hywel Bennett and George Sanders (who died by suicide before the film's release). The film received mixed reviews, and following an unsuccessful run in the United Kingdom, was not released theatrically in the United States.

Christie was initially pleased by Gilliat's involvement and the casting. However, she was disappointed in the finished product, calling it "lacklustre." She also voiced her reservations about the film featuring a brief nude scene with Ekland at the end.

Saturday Theatre (BBC Radio 4)
Endless Night was presented as a one-hour radio play in the Saturday Theatre strand on BBC Radio 4 on 30 August 2008 at 2:30pm. The play's recording took place at Broadcasting House and had an original score composed by Nicolai Abrahamsen.

Adaptor: Joy Wilkinson Producer/Director: Sam Hoyle Cast: Jonathan Forbes as Mike Lizzy Watts as Ellie Sara Stewart as Greta Joan Walker as Cora/Mike's Mother Victoria Lennox as Mrs. Lee Chris Pavlo as Mr. Constantine/Auctioneer/Policeman/Assistant John Rowe as Philpott/Lippincott Joseph Tremain as Young Mike/Army Boy Dan Starkey as Santonix/Frank Thomas Brown-Lowe as Oscar

Graphic novel adaptation
Endless Night was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 3 November 2008, adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq (ISBN 0-00-727533-1).

Agatha Christie's Marple adaptation
Although the book did not feature Miss Marple, the novel was an extension of a Miss Marple story called "The Case of the Caretaker". It was filmed as part of the sixth series of Agatha Christie's Marple, starring Julia McKenzie. It aired first on Argentina's Film&Arts on Wednesday 20 November, Australia's ABC on Sunday 22 December 2013, and aired on ITV on Sunday 29 December 2013. This adaptation by Kevin Elyot remains fairly faithful to the book, although, with the exception of adding Miss Marple.

French adaptation
A French adaptation as part of the television series Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie was planned for 2021.

Publication history

 * 1967, Collins Crime Club (London), 30 October 1967, Hardcover, 224 pp
 * 1968, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), 1968, Hardcover, 248 pp
 * 1969, Pocket Books (New York), Paperback, 181 pp
 * 1970, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 192 pp
 * 1972, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 342 pp, ISBN 0-85456-115-3
 * 2011, HarperCollins; Facsimile edition, Hardcover: 224 pages, ISBN 978-0-00-739570-5

In the US, the novel was first serialised in two parts in The Saturday Evening Post from 24 February (Volume 241, Number 4) to 9 March 1968 (Volume 241, Number 5) with illustrations by Tom Adams.

title: Endless Night (novel)


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A Place in the Sun (1951 film)

A Place in the Sun is a 1951 American drama film based on the 1925 novel An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser and the 1926 play, also titled An American Tragedy. It tells the story of a working-class young man who is entangled with two women: one who works in his wealthy uncle's factory, and the other a beautiful socialite. Another adaptation of the novel had been filmed once before, as An American Tragedy, in 1931. All these works were inspired by the real-life murder of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette in 1906, which resulted in Gillette's conviction and execution by electric chair in 1908.

A Place in the Sun was directed by George Stevens from a screenplay by Harry Brown and Michael Wilson, and stars Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor, and Shelley Winters; its supporting actors included Anne Revere and Raymond Burr. Burr's performance impressed TV producer Gail Patrick, and would later lead to her casting him as Perry Mason.

The film was a critical and commercial success, winning six Academy Awards and the first-ever Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama. The film is sometimes considered one of the greatest American films ever made. In 1991, A Place in the Sun was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
In 1950, George Eastman, the poor nephew of rich industrialist Charles Eastman, is offered an entry-level job at his uncle’s factory, where he begins dating co-worker Alice Tripp. Alice believes George’s Eastman name will bring her advantages. George is invited by Charles to a social event, where George meets socialite Angela Vickers. There is a mutual attraction and they fall in love. Just as George enters the intoxicating and care-free lifestyle his new life with Angela brings, Alice announces she is pregnant and, unable to procure an abortion, expects George to marry her. George puts Alice off and continues spending more time with Angela without Alice's knowledge. George is invited to Angela's family lake house over Labor Day and tells Alice the visit will advance his career. Alice discovers George's lie after seeing a newspaper photograph of George and Angela boating with friends. Alice calls George at the Vickers home and threatens to come there and reveal herself unless he leaves and returns to her. Shaken, George tells his hosts his mother is sick and he must leave.

The next morning, George and Alice drive to City Hall to get married but it is closed for Labor Day. George is relieved and, remembering Alice cannot swim, begins forming a plan to drown her in the lake by feigning an accident. Alice unsuspectingly agrees to the lake venture. Arriving at the lake, George attempts to cover for the upcoming murder by falsely stranding his car in the woods and renting a rowboat under a false name. While they are out on the lake, Alice talks about her dreams concerning their happy future together with their child. As George apparently takes pity on her, Alice tries to stand up in the boat, causing it to capsize, and Alice drowns.

George escapes, swims to shore, behaves suspiciously when he comes across campers on his way back to the car, and eventually drives to the Vickers' lodge. He fails to report the accident. Alice's body is discovered and her death is treated as a homicide as the evidence against George begins to mount. Just as Angela's father approves Angela's marriage to him, George is arrested and charged with Alice's murder. George's furtive actions before and after Alice's death condemn him. His denials are futile, and he is found guilty of murder and sentenced to death in the electric chair. Near the end, he agrees when the priest suggests that, although he did not kill Alice, he did not act to save her because he was thinking of Angela. The priest then states that, in his heart, it was murder. Angela visits George in prison, saying that she will always love him, and George slowly marches toward his execution.

Cast

 * Montgomery Clift as George Eastman
 * Elizabeth Taylor as Angela Vickers
 * Shelley Winters as Alice Tripp
 * Anne Revere as Hannah Eastman
 * Keefe Brasselle as Earl Eastman
 * Fred Clark as Bellows, defense attorney
 * Raymond Burr as Dist. Atty. R. Frank Marlowe
 * Herbert Heyes as Charles Eastman
 * Shepperd Strudwick as Anthony "Tony" Vickers
 * Frieda Inescort as Mrs. Ann Vickers
 * Kathryn Givney as Louise Eastman
 * Walter Sande as Art Jansen, George's Attorney
 * Ted de Corsia as Judge R.S. Oldendorff
 * John Ridgely as Coroner
 * Douglas Spencer as the Boat Keeper
 * Lois Chartrand as Marsha
 * Paul Frees as Rev. Morrison
 * Kathleen Freeman as Factory Worker/Prosecution Witness (uncredited)
 * Ian Wolfe as Dr. Wyeland (uncredited)
 * Ken Christy as Warden (uncredited)

Censorship
In a November 14, 1949, letter from the Production Code Administration, Joseph I. Breen pointed out an issue regarding the dialogue between Alice and her doctor. Breen cautioned against direct references to abortion, specifically the line in the script in which Alice says, "Doctor, you've got to help me." In the finished film, the line became, "Somebody's got to help me" and, while abortion is rather clearly implied, the film does not include any actual mention of it.

In 1965, director Stevens threatened to sue for US$1,000,000 any TV station that inserted any commercial into the running of his film without his specific approval of the ad.

Reception
The film earned an estimated $3.5 million at the U.S. and Canadian box office, and earned critical acclaim in 1951. Upon seeing the film, Charlie Chaplin called it "the greatest movie ever made about America".

One impact of the film was from the Edith Head white party dress with its bust covered with flower blossoms worn by Taylor; it was the most popular prom dress style in the U.S. in 1951 and influenced prom and wedding dress design for the rest of the decade.

The film's acclaim has not completely held up over time. Reappraisals of the film find that much of what was exciting about the film in 1951 is not as potent in the 21st century. Critics cite the slow pace, the exaggerated melodrama, and the outdated social commentary as qualities present in A Place in the Sun that are not present in the great films of the era, such as those by Alfred Hitchcock and Elia Kazan, although the performances by Clift, Taylor, and Winters continue to receive praise.

Still, many consider the film to be a classic. It was listed at No. 92 in American Film Institute's 1998 list 100 Years...100 Movies, and No. 53 in 100 Years...100 Passions in 2002, while the film holds a strong 82% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 38 reviews. In 2013, the British Film Institute re-released the picture across the United Kingdom because of its significant merit.

Acclaimed writer-director David Mamet, in his book Bambi vs. Godzilla: On the Nature, Purpose, and Practice of the Movie Business, included A Place in the Sun in a list of four "perfect" films, along with The Godfather, Galaxy Quest and Dodsworth.

Awards and nominations

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: A Place in the Sun (1951 film)


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David Lindley (physicist)

David Lindley (born 4 December 1956) is a British theoretical physicist and author. He holds a B.A. in theoretical physics from Cambridge University (1975–1978) and a PhD in astrophysics from the University of Sussex (1978–1981). Then he was a postdoctoral researcher at Cambridge University. From 1983 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Theoretical Astrophysics Group at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. He then served as Technical Editor and Writer with the Central Design Group for the Superconducting Supercollider at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in Berkeley, California. He was an Associate Editor at Nature (1987–1993), a Senior Editor of Science (1994–1995), and an Associate Editor of Science News (1996–2000). Since 2000, he has been a freelance science writer and consultant.

Lindley is known for writing entertaining scientific texts that show not only great knowledge of physics, but also a wit and understanding of what the layman can grasp. Most of his books explain the scientific theories through the use of a scientist's biography or an historical account of disagreement amongst scientists.

In The End of Physics, Lindley challenged the assumption that string theorists might achieve a unified theory. He contended that particle physics was in danger of becoming a branch of aesthetics, since these theories could be validated only by subjective criteria, such as elegance and beauty, rather than through experimentation.

Selected books

 * Where Does the Weirdness Go: Why Quantum Mechanics is Strange, But not as Strange as You Think, Basic Books (1996), ISBN 0-465-06785-9;
 * Where Does the Weirdness Go: Why Quantum Mechanics is Strange, But not as Strange as You Think, Basic Books (1996), ISBN 0-465-06785-9;

title: David Lindley (physicist)


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Ambergate

Ambergate is a village in Derbyshire, England, situated where the River Amber joins the River Derwent. It is about 6 mi south of Matlock.

The village forms part of the Heage and Ambergate ward of Ripley Town Council with a population of 5,013 at the 2011 Census. Ambergate is within the Derwent Valley Mills UNESCO World Heritage site, and has historical connections with George Stephenson, and is notable for its railway heritage and telephone exchange. The village also hosts an annual carnival.

The A610 road from Ripley and Nottingham joins the A6 trunk road at Ambergate as it runs north to south along the Derwent valley between Matlock and Derby. Neighbouring hamlets are Sawmills and Ridgeway. Alderwasley, Heage (the site of Heage Windmill), Nether Heage and Crich are other significant neighbouring settlements. Shining Cliff woods, Thacker's woods and Crich Chase border the village.

Name and origins
Until the early 19th century it was known as Toadmoor, with no more than a few artisans' cottages. The placename has previously been attributed as deriving from the Derbyshire dialect "t'owd moor" (Old Moor). The origins of Toadmoor have been traced back by the Survey of English Place-Names as meaning "toadpool", the earliest reference being in 1397 and associated references suggesting how the name of "toad mire" was later corrupted to become "toad moor" therefore confusing the landscape feature meanings of "mire" and "moor". As the area is a steep-sided valley bottom with notable floodplains, marsh and bog areas adjacent to the River Derwent the "toadpool" definition is more likely.

The southerly half of the present village is still shown as Toadmoor on Ordnance Survey maps, and the name is retained in the street name Toadmoor Lane and the Toadmoor Tunnel. The name "Amber Gate" was originally applied to the tollgate for the Nottingham turnpike, but was adopted by the North Midland Railway for Ambergate railway station on the Derwent Valley line.

Development of industry and transportation
In 1791 Benjamin Outram and Samuel Beresford had built kilns at nearby Bullbridge to process limestone from their quarry at Crich. George Stephenson had discovered deposits of coal at Clay Cross and realised that burning lime would provide a use for the slack which otherwise would go to waste. He leased Cliff Quarry at Crich, and built eight limekilns beside the railway. Within a year they had grown to twenty. They were connected by another wagonway known as "The Steep", a 550 yd self-acting incline at a slope of 1 in 5.

The turnpike to Matlock was opened in 1818. Until then the main road from Belper northwards had been through Wirksworth and such traffic as there was, would have been mainly cotton from Arkwright's Mill at Cromford. However, the Cromford Canal, opened in 1794, also passes the village. In 1818 the turnpike to Nottingham was opened with a toll house at the junction. The canal towpath can be followed from here to Cromford Wharf, passing High Peak Junction, which is the start of the High Peak Trail). This 6 mi section is listed as a Biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), and also forms part of the Derwent Valley Heritage Way.

In 1840 the North Midland Railway opened with a station at 'Amber Gate' which brought trade for 'omnibus and posting conveyance' to Matlock, which was becoming a fashionable spa town. By 1867 there was a through line from London St Pancras to Manchester, as well as to Leeds. Ambergate became an important interchange and, in 1876, Francis Hurt built the 'Hurt Arms' to replace the former 'Thatched House Tavern and Posting House' which the Midland Railway had converted into three cottages (now Midland Place). The main railway line runs through the elliptical Toadmoor Tunnel designed by George Stephenson.

By 1851 the tiny hamlet had grown to a population of 206. In 1876 Richard Johnson and Nephew opened the wireworks by the river.

20th century
By 1931 the population had reached 901, rising to 1,794 in 1951.

The quarry and the wagonway closed in 1957 but the limeworks carried on until 1965 and the passage of the Clean Air Act. The kilns were demolished the following year to build a storage facility and processing plant for natural gas.

In 1966 the first fully operational electronic telephone exchange in Europe opened in Ambergate. This was also the first small to medium electronic exchange in the world and the first of many TXE2 type exchanges.

Public houses
Ambergate had two pubs: The Hurt Arms Hotel, at the junction of the A6 and A610, and The White House, which is now a private residence.

Community
Ambergate has an active community life, particularly centred on the school, pubs, churches, sports clubs; and annual village carnival which is with popular associated events in carnival week and throughout the year. The carnival is organised by a voluntary committee.

title: Ambergate


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Revere Beach

Revere Beach is a public beach in Revere, Massachusetts, measuring over 3 mi long and located about 5 mi north of downtown Boston. In 1875, a rail link was constructed to the beach, leading to its increasing popularity as a summer recreation area, and in 1896, it became the first public beach in the United States. It is still easily accessible from Boston by the MBTA subway's Blue Line, and can accommodate as many as one million visitors in a weekend during its annual sand sculpture competition. The Revere Beach Reservation and Revere Beach Reservation Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Colonial to early development
In the 1620s, the area was first traversed by Europeans settlers. Within the decade, the area thrived as a farming community and after being annexed to Chelsea, Massachusetts from Boston, Massachusetts, the area became known as Chelsea Beach.

In 1875, the Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn Railroad, known as the "Narrow Gauge", came to Chelsea Beach, making it easily accessible to visitors from Boston and elsewhere. Various beach-related and recreational buildings sprang up along the beach itself, which was constrained by the nearness of the railroad to the high tide mark. Several years later in 1881, locals voted to change the name of the beach to Crescent Beach.

On October 1, 1896, the Metropolitan Park Commission (now part of the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation) assumed control over the beach. Following the design of landscape architect Charles Eliot, the railroad tracks were moved from the beach itself to the alignment now used by the MBTA Blue Line, and hundreds of structures were removed from the beach. On July 12, 1896, Revere Beach was opened as the first public beach in the nation. An estimated 45,000 people showed up on opening day. Only a few weeks later, tens of thousands more fled to the beach to escape the heat wave of 1896.

In the following decades, Revere Beach developed many attractions, including restaurants, dance halls and ballrooms, roller skating rinks, bowling alleys, and roller coasters. Three roller coasters were particularly well-known: the Cyclone, a wooden roller coaster that was the tallest roller coaster ever built at the time of its construction in 1925; the Lightning, which was a steel roller coaster; and the Derby Racer, a racing roller coaster. All have since been torn down.

Revere Beach riot of 1920
On the night of August 8, 1920, a riot broke out in Revere Beach when a police officer arrested a United States Navy sailor on the charge of drunkenness. Sailors who were on leave for the weekends saw what happened and attempted to wrestle control of their comrade from a police officer, and the riot ensued. United States Marines and a few United States Army soldiers joined the sailors and surrounded the police station in attempt to free their drunken comrade. Numbering to about 400, mobs of servicemen pelted the station with rocks and fired stolen shooting-gallery weapons at it. Request for assistance was summoned to Federal troops from Fort Banks and the Boston Navy Yard, and the Chelsea Police Department.

A detachment of 200 Army soldiers from Fort Banks arrived with fixed bayonets and assisted police in clearing the beach. The Navy gave orders to its master-at-arms personnel that every sailor in Revere was to be arrested. More than 100 had been placed under arrest and by August 9, military and police authorities finally kept the disorder under control. Many injuries inflicted upon policemen and civilians as well as a mob of five sailors were minor, mostly from flying stones when the mob hurled objects at the police station. The windows were smashed and much of the furniture in the station was broken.

Decline and renewal
The popularity of Revere Beach began to decline in the 1950s as the facilities at the beach deteriorated. In February 1978, a large blizzard destroyed many of the remaining structures, the sidewalks, and the sea wall.

After a significant revitalization effort by city of Revere and the state of Massachusetts, the beach reopened in May 1992. On the weekend of July 19, 1996, Revere commemorated the centennial of the first opening of Revere Beach with a three-day celebration, and on May 27, 2003, Revere Beach was designated a National Historic Landmark. In 2007, Revere Beach Boulevard was redesigned with new landscaping and sidewalks, and improved parking.

New England Sand Sculpting Festival
The New England Sand Sculpting Festival has taken place at Revere Beach each July since 2004. During the festival, an area of the beach is fenced off, creating a temporary art gallery for visitors. Event organizers have proclaimed that the festival is the largest sand-sculpting contest in New England. A total of $15,000 in prize money was available for the 2010 event. The annual contest draws approximately one million visitors each year.

Water quality
Starting with the passage of the BEACH Act in 2000, a concentrated effort has been made to improve the water quality of Revere Beach and other beaches in Massachusetts. This includes a public website with water quality results and notifications of beach closures due to waterborne pathogens.

Revere Beach undergoes routine testing for Enterococcus, a pathogen indicating bacteria responsible for illnesses as slight as sore throat to meningitis, gastroenteritis, and encephalitis. The water is tested on a weekly basis at four different sites throughout the summer, from June to August. These sites are Oak Island, Revere Beach Bathhouse (state police station), Beach Street, and Point of Pines. This data is collected by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority.

Wildlife
Piping plovers, a vulnerable species of bird, are known to build their nests along Revere Beach in the Spring. During the birds' nesting season, string and fence enclosures are constructed to protect the birds and their eggs, the latter of which are so small as to blend in with the sand.

title: Revere Beach


text:
Talk:Prince Félix of Luxembourg

Untitled
Does this article really fulfill encyclopedic criteria, how is this person noteworthy enough. All that information suits to his father's article, no need of separate one. Arrigo 18:15, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Prince Félix of Luxembourg


text:
INS Khukri (F149)

INS Khukri was a Type 14 (Blackwood-class) frigate of the Indian Navy. She was sunk off the coast of Diu, Gujarat, India by the Pakistan Navy Daphné-class submarine submarine PNS Hangor on 9 December 1971 during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. This was the first warship sunk in action by a submarine since World War II. It remains the post-independence Indian navy's only warship to be lost in war.

Sinking
After the beginning of hostilities on 3 December 1971, Indian Naval radio detection equipment identified a submarine lurking about 35 mi southwest of Diu harbour. The 14th Frigate Squadron of the Western Fleet was dispatched to destroy the submarine. It normally consisted of five ships, Khukri, INS Kirpan (1959), Kalveti, Krishna and Kuthar, but at the time of the incident Kuthar's boiler room was being repaired in Bombay. One reason that may have prompted the decision to deploy two obsolete Blackwood-class frigates against a modern Daphne-class submarine was that the Indian Navy lacked sufficient numbers of anti-submarine aircraft.

The submarine sighted the squadron on the evening of 9 December. Khukri was still not aware of the submarine's presence and continued slowly on a steady course because she was testing an improved version of the 170/174 sonar, which required a low speed to increase detection, despite the fact that moving on low speed was against Indian anti-submarine doctrine. At 19:57 Hangor fired a homing torpedo on a sonar approach at Kirpan. The torpedo did not explode and was detected by Kirpan which turned away and fired anti-submarine mortars. Khukri increased its speed and turned towards the submarine, which then fired a second torpedo directed at Khukri. The torpedo struck Khukri and exploded under its oil tanks. According to the Pakistani submarine captain, Commander Ahmed Tasnim, the ship sank within two minutes. Other sources claim that Khukri was struck by three torpedoes before going down.

After a few minutes, Kirpan attacked Hangor with depth charges, as her anti-submarine mortars were no longer functional. Hangor then fired a final torpedo at Kirpan before leaving the area. Hangor patrolled the region for the next four days before returning safely to her berth.

Casualties
Khukri is the only ship lost in combat in the history of the Indian Navy. Eighteen officers and 176 other sailors were killed. The captain, Mahendra Nath Mulla, was among the casualties and is the only Indian captain to go down with a vessel as INS Khukri is the only warship of Indian navy lost in combat. He was posthumously awarded India's second-highest military honour, the Maha Vir Chakra.

There is a memorial to the sailors in Diu. The memorial consists of a scale model of Khukri encased in a glass house, placed atop a hillock facing the sea. The memorial was inaugurated by Vice Admiral Madhvendra Singh as the flag officer commanding-in-chief.

Controversy
Responsibility for errors by Indian naval officers related to the sinking has caused some controversy. The naval officer who led the inquiry into the sinking, Benoy Bhushan, has claimed that India's official naval history invented fictional accounts to cover up bungling and a surviving sailor from the frigate, Chanchal Singh Gill, has called for an investigation and withdrawal of gallantry awards to negligent officers in the squadron.

title: INS Khukri (F149)


text:
Template talk:General relativity sidebar

Re the picture question
de:User:CorvinZahn can do GRT Ray Tracing. Perhaps we can ask him for something better than the NASA art which doesn't really fit.

Pjacobi 18:15, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, that is a great idea! Those pictures are very cool, and despite my very limited German it's pretty easy to figure out what they are. –Joke137 18:28, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Corvin has uploaded a nice sample and I've inserted it in our template. Perhaps some cropping is called for. --Pjacobi 11:17, August 15, 2005 (UTC)

Bug in wikicode?
Hi all, this template is used in the "General relavity" article. This article happens to have a name which is shared by a category. Now take a look at the Category:general_relativity page. Note that several articles are listed under "asterisk" (before "A") and a few more are listed under "{" (after "Z"). I think this is a bug, yes? And I notice that the articles listed under "asterisk" correspond with the SUBTOPICS in this template. Can't see anything "special" about the two which wind up under "{". Any ideas what might be going on here? ---CH (talk) 09:33, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I can explain both. In brief, the astericks are my doing, while the "{" was due to a now-resolved bug in this template (which I should have posted some talk on yesterday when I found it but did not have time).  Now the details:

 * The asterick entries are due to explicit category links in those pages. For example, the category link for general relativity is  .  This is called the "pipe trick". The "|" is called a "pipe" for historical/UNIX reasons.  In a category link, instead of changing the displayed text (as for a normal link), it instead changes the text used to sort the entry in the category (which by default is the page name iteself).  In the category, I wanted the core pages to appear first, as in done in other categories.  In this template, I wanted them grouped together too, which is why they are subtopics of "general relativity".

 * In this template, there also is a category link reading .  Within a template,  says to use the page name of the current entry (instead of the template name I guess).  However, yesterday it read , which caused the inner braces to become part of the sorting text in the category.  To remove this, the affected pages need to be editted so that they are resorted using the corrected template.  (I started doing that, but as I mentioned above ran out of time before I could complete the job.) --EMS | Talk 15:17, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Removing the category link from this template
I am removing the category link from this template. Instead of being an aid, it is a nuisance.

 * Item: A bug in this template missorted a number of these entries (as noted above)
 * Item: The black hole page, which is the main page for Category:black_holes is forced to also be part of Category:general_relativity. However, that is made reduntant because the "black hole" category is a subcategory of "general relativity".  This also violates a Wikipedia rule that the main page for a category should only be part of one category, and that is the category that it is the main page of.
 * Item: This category link is being overridden for the core pages, which I have chosen to sort differently than by their page name.

It seems to me that navigation and categorization are two different functions and should not be mixed up. I see templates without navigation where you want to know what pages use it. In that case having a category for those pages which is populated by the template's use is helpful. However, this is a different situation.

They happen because you touch yourself at night —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.113.245.113 (talk) 21:11, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

If there are pages in the template which lack an explicity link to the general relativity category or one of its subcategories, then that should be remedied in the page itself.

BTW - This type of phenomenon is one of the reasons I decided that I did not like Template:cosmology being included in the general relativity page. --EMS | Talk 15:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Einstein equation or Einstein equations
I, personally, use the singular because when written in tensorial form, as it usually is, it is only one equation. Besides, the page it links to is Einstein's field equation. –Joke 22:31, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I roll my eyes at that page being misnamed, and will see about getting that fixed soon. However, I need to have a redirect at the correct name deleted first.  If you really want to make the artlcle titles consistent, then go ahead and revert my change out pending the title change to the EFE article.  --EMS | Talk 05:58, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Horizontal template?
As ever with vertical-format templates - it's messing with the formating of some articles and it's always difficult to work images in around them - can we reformat to a horizontal? --Joopercoopers 13:24, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that the vertical template makes things look awkward. Where would you have a horizontal template go - above the article?  Below?  Below the lead? --Markus Poessel 13:30, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the bottom of the article is the norm. --Joopercoopers 14:49, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * BTW is the equation listed at the top of the box anything to do with relativity or is it just used as a generic equation for all physics articles? --Joopercoopers 14:51, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah - it's the field equation - got it. --Joopercoopers 14:52, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Bottom would be OK. Even top would be OK with me, if the default is "hidden".  I really like the box examples you and Awadewit posted on the "Introduction to gr" side, so yes, splendid, or, reverting to the local dialect, strong support for the idea.  Many thanks for taking care of this. --Markus Poessel 15:53, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Afterthought: I don't know if EMS happens to have this page on his watchlist. From all I've seen, he's one of the reliable old relativity article hands around here, and apparently was involved with this template from (almost) the beginning, so it would be great if you could solicit his opinion before going forward with the change. I don't think he'll mind, but it would be courteous if you were to ask him directly. --Markus Poessel 16:00, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Markus, strong support. The template might be especially good at the bottom of the Intro to GR page, where it might act to draw readers into learning more, as in "but wait! there's more..." ;) If we put it at the top, I think it should be hidden by default, as Markus said, so that readers can dive right into the article.  For flexibility with other pages and other editors who prefer the vertical mode, perhaps you could make the layout of the template tunable, by adding a "horizontal=yes" parameter or somesuch and then add a conditional to the template itself.  Just a suggestion, Willow 19:08, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * That last bit is beyond my technical expertise I'm afraid Willow, unless you have the knowhow - I'll have a stab at creating a new page with the horizontal version - that way editors have the choice. (but there's a little more work updating both) --Joopercoopers 16:58, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * As long as I have been called on, I will comment a bit. Overall, this box started as a simple navigation tool based on template:physical cosmology, and to some extent the two have been developed in parallel.  Part of the current problem is that it has grown quite a bit recently.  If you go back to a previous version, yuo find a much smaller template that is much less disruptive.
 * At this point your options are to either shrink it back a ways so that it is less diruptive or change the format and move it to the bottom of the articles. For shrinking, the sections "Equations", "Advanced theories", and "Solutions" can be removed, with "Eintein Field Equations" and "Schwarzschild Solution" being moved up to "Key topics".  A lot depends on where people want to go with this.  Should this be a breif listing of the most important articles (in which case it is best being as a short, vertical, left-side box), or should it be a fairly comprehensive listing of the significant articles on the topic (in which case it becomes a larger listing kept in a horizontal box at the bottom of the articles)? --EMS | Talk 04:53, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

I removed the vulgar vandalism from the template title. I think it's from the same ex-user that was banned by the admins here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.242.201.47 (talk) 03:28, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Picture
The picture should be of E=mc2 instead of what it is now, because E=mc2 is far more well-known. --J4\/4 <talk> 19:15, 1 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't know what the picture should be, but if the navbox is vertical, should be about as wide as the box rather than squished to the left ~1/2 of the top region. At least could make the denominator closer to the vinculum, which would allow the whole image to be enlarged to become wider-but-not-taller. DMacks (talk) 22:29, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Please move the navbox to the bottom
Navboxes at the top of the article take up precious screen space that should be used for pictures relevant to the topic's article. They also imply that the article belongs to only one subject area (and therefore to one particular subset of the editors). They also make the article less readable by "stealing" the reader's attention from the head section (especially if the navboxcontains a canned picture, which the reader will have to look at before realizing that it has absolutely nothing to do with the article). Finally they seem to imply that the reader will want to jump to some other article of the series before reading the article he just got to. So please change this navbox to a navbar and move it to the bottom of the article. (Indeed, please consider whether the navbox is worth the effort. Isn't its purpose already  served by the relativity article? Wouldn't it be more effective to work on that article rather than on the navbox?) All the best, --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 00:10, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I think both navboxes and navbars (and also categories) can be useful, depending on the circumstances. Which one(s) to use should be decided at each article. Some general guidelines on how to build and improve a consistent navigation system would of course be nice, and I'm not sure what exists to that end. But finding or changing a consensus about this will be a major process, and I don't think getting rid of all navboxes will be part of the result. —  H HHIPPO  11:59, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

As with template:tensors, I still disagree with Jorge Stolfi, and agree with H HHIPPO. Discussion and consensus is here. As for the navbox:

Best, M∧Ŝc2ħεИτlk 17:47, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Unlabeled equation
What is the unlabeled equation? Is it supposed to mean something to the average reader?

It should be labeled with the name of the equation, or be a link to the page for the equation, or something useful.

As it stands, it's useless, expect perhaps as a shibboleth to identify those smart people who already know what it is.

2601:142:100:DDF5:0:0:0:9508 (talk) 06:54, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Putting a link to Einstein's field equations, or just the text (Einstein's field equations) under the equations might help, but on the other hand that could also distract the reader. As this is just a sidebar with an illustration and some links—one of which indeed pointing to the Einstein's field equations article—, and the equation is part of the illustration, i.m.o. it does not need to be labeled. Compare this with Template:Electromagnetism. Does the illustration by itself mean something to the average reader? Do we have to stick the label (solenoid) under it? - DVdm (talk) 07:36, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

 * If you want to undo or add another label go ahead. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:General_relativity_sidebar&diff=804285587&oldid=776094871 190.183.246.183 (talk) 20:30, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Yes, I had seen it. No problem. - DVdm (talk) 20:52, 17 October 2017 (UTC)


text:
Air Regional

Air Regional was an airline based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It operated domestic and international air charter services in the Papua region, with principal bases in 2018 focussing at Sorong Airport (SOQ), serving the West Central Region and Nabire Airport (NBX) to handle the East Central Region.

History
The airline was established on 13 August 2001, and began operations under Air Regional AOC 135 #027 on 16 October 2002. It was founded and is owned by Captain Pinky Firmansyah, President and Chief Executive Officer of the company. It had 50 employees as of March 2007.

Destinations

 * Raja Ampat
 * Sorong
 * Fak Fak
 * Kaimana
 * Timika
 * Faowi
 * Beoga
 * Magoda
 * Apowo
 * Kegata
 * Bugalaga
 * Komopa
 * Bilai
 * Timepa
 * Modio
 * Jila
 * Agats
 * Ewer
 * Mapenduma
 * Angguruk
 * Wagethe
 * Serui
 * Ilaga
 * Manokwari
 * Zugapa
 * Silimo
 * Ninia
 * Obano
 * Mulia
 * Ilu
 * Pogapa
 * Borme
 * Kuyawagi
 * Bokondini
 * Biak
 * Serui
 * Elilim
 * Yahukimo
 * Abmisibil
 * Sumtamon
 * Borme
 * Apalapsili
 * Korupun
 * Kenyam
 * Timipa
 * Epouto
 * Tiom
 * Nduga
 * Modio
 * Enarotali
 * Holuwon
 * Tanah Merah
 * Kimaam
 * Merauke

Fleet
The Air Regional fleet includes the following aircraft as of March 2007:
 * 3 De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 300 Papua, Indonesia

Air Regional will include following aircraft/s in its additional fleet plan (as of December 2018):
 * 2 (DHC6) installed with Wipaire Amphibian Floats equipped with SAR and EMS Air Ambulance
 * 1 Airbus AS350B3 helicopter (AS350B3) equipped with SAR and EMS Air Ambulance

title: Air Regional


text:
Talk:Prince Louis of Luxembourg

Untitled
Does this article really fulfill encyclopedic criteria, how is this person noteworthy enough. All that information suits to his father's article, no need of separate one. Arrigo 18:16, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

He is noteworthy because he is a Prince of Luxembourg.

Succession rights
Why does Prince Louis give up succession rights upon marriage to Tessy and what does this mean for the Luxembourgish royal family? - GilliamJF 06:56, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It was Louis' personal choice to give up his rights, and he probably gave them up because of the circumstances of his marriage. However, it probably doesn't mean much for the family. Louis has two older brothers, as well as a younger brother and several male cousins, so there is no real threat to the dynasty. His son, Gabriel, has no rights, and will not have rights even after Louis and Tessy marry. Morhange 07:01, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed, Gabriel would not have been in line to the throne, as he was born before his parents married. He would be considered illegitimate for succession purposes, even though his parents later married. Indisciplined 13:46, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Why was Prince Louis's wife and child (born in wedlock) denied the rank of prince/ss with personal attribute of royal highness. Is it because he married commoner.... ? other member of the family have married commoner and they were raised to rank of princess ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.203.116.154 (talk) 23:21, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Photograph
The photo of Prince Louis will be/is 7 years old of September 29, 2013, which seems rather old to me. Does anyone have an acceptable, newer photo of him that can be used legally? I checked the Commons photo lists, but there are no other photos of him available there. Nor is there a recent one for Princess Tessy. Metheglyn (talk) 06:01, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Try the new one I've put on. --79.64.100.136 (talk) 21:46, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

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text:
Sidama language

Sidama or Sidaamu Afoo is an Afro-Asiatic language belonging to the Highland East Cushitic branch of the Cushitic family. It is spoken in parts of southern Ethiopia by the Sidama people, particularly in the densely populated Sidama National Regional State (SNRS). Sidaamu Afoo is the ethnic autonym for the language, while Sidaminya is its name in Amharic. It is not known to have any specific dialects. The word order is typically SOV. Sidaama has over 100,000 L2 speakers. The literacy rate for L1 speakers is 1%-5%, while for L2 speakers it is 20%. In terms of its writing, Sidaama used an Ethiopic script up until 1993, from which point forward it has used a Latin script.

Terminology and classification
The term Sidamo has also been used in the past to refer to most Highland East Cushitic languages, earlier even to some Omotic languages. The results from a research study conducted in 1968-1969 concerning mutual intelligibility between different Sidamo languages suggest that Sidaama is more closely related to the Gedeo language, which it shares a border with to the south, than other Sidamo languages. According to Ethnologue, the two languages share a lexical similarity of 60%. Another study shows over 64% lexical similarity with Alaba-K'abeena, 62% with Kambaata, and 53% with Hadiyya, all of which are other Highland East Cushitic languages spoken in southwestern Ethiopia. Sidaama vocabulary has also been influenced by Oromo vocabulary.

Consonants

 * Other consonant sounds /p/ and /v/ are only heard from loanwords.
 * Gemination is also present for most consonants (e.g. /tː, kː, pʼː/).
 * /ɾ/ can also be heard as a trill [rː] when geminated.

Noun phrases
In Sidaama, not all noun phrases have nouns. This can occur when it is so obvious what kind of thing the referent of the noun phrase is, that it is unnecessary for the speaker to mention it. Sidaama has two types of noun phrases without nouns. One type is made up only of an adjective or a numeral, where the adjective or the numeral agrees in case, number, and gender with the referent of a noun phrase. This is shown in the examples below:

busul-u da-ø-ino.

smart-NOM.M come-3SG.M-PERF.3

‘The smart one (masculine) came.’

sas-u da-ø-ino

three-NOM.M come-3SG.M-PERF.3

‘The three (masculine) came.’

The other type of noun phrase without a noun is formed with a noun-phrase clitic, or NPC. This NPC starts with t ( FEM ) or h ( MASC ). This is thought to originate from the Afro-Asiatic demonstrative containing t ( FEM ) or k ( MASC ). The Sidaama NPC appears in various forms. Which form is used then depends on the gender of the referent of the noun phrase, and the syntactic role or case of the noun phrase. When a noun phrase without a noun is formed with an NPC, both the speaker and the listener know its referent. In this case, the NPC attaches to the end of a genitive noun phrase or relative clause to form a noun phrase without a noun. This is shown in the examples below:

‘His (FEM) disappeared.’

ani ku’uí beett-í=ta seekk-o-mm-o.

‘I (MASC) repaired that boy’s (FEM).’

Grammars

 * Abebe Gebre-Tsadik (1982) "Derived nominals in Sidamo," B.A. thesis, Addis Ababa University. Addis Ababa.
 * Abebe Gebre-Tsadik. 1985. "An overview of the morphological structure of Sidamo verbs," The verb morphophonemics of five highland east Cushitic languages, including Burji. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 2. Cologne: Institut für Afrikanistik. Pages 64–81.
 * Anbessa Teferra (1984) "Sidamo verb morphology," B.A. thesis, Addis Ababa University. Addis Ababa.
 * Anbessa Teferra. 2000.  "A grammar of Sidaama," Doctoral dissertation. Jerusalem, Israel: The Hebrew University.
 * ANBESSA TEFERRA, Sidaama (Sidaamu Afoo), Languages of the World/Materials, 501 (München: LINCOM GmbH, 2014); 109 pp.
 * Cerulli, Enrico (1938) La Lingua e la Storia del Sidamo (Studi Etiopici II). Rome: Istituto per l’Oriente.
 * Cohen, Marcel (1927) "Du verbe sidama (dans le groupe couchitique)," Bulletin de la Société de la Linguistique de Paris 83: 169-200.
 * Gasparini, Armido (1978) Grammatica Practica della Lingua Sidamo. Awasa (Mimeographed: 127 pp.).
 * Kramer, Ruth, and Anbessa Teferra. "Gender switch in Sidaama." Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 12, no. 2 (2020): 286-327.
 * Kawachi, Kazuhiro (2007) "A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Cushitic language of Ethiopia," Doctoral dissertation. State University of New York at Buffalo.
 * Moreno, Martino Mario (1940) Manuale di Sidamo. Milan: Mondadori.

Dictionaries

 * ACADEMY OF ETHIOPIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES, Sidaamu Afii Dikshinere (‘Sidaama monolingual dictionary’) (Addis Ababa: Academy of Ethiopian Languages and Cultures, Addis Ababa University, 2015)
 * Gasparini, Armido (1983) Sidamo-English dictionary. Bologna, Italy: E.M.I.
 * Hudson, Grover (1989) Highland East Cushitic Dictionary (Kuschitische Sprachstudien 7). Hamburg: Buske.
 * Sileshi Worqineh and Yohannis Latamo (1995) Sidaamu-Amaaru-Ingilizete Afii Qaalla Taashsho [Sidaama–Amharic–English Dictionary]. Awasa: Sidaamu Zoone Wogattenna Isporte Biddishsha [Sidaama Zone Sports and Culture Department].
 * Kjell Magne Yri, & Steve Pepper. (2019). dictionaria/sidaama: Sidaama Dictionary (Version v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo.

Bible translations

 * British and Foreign Bible Society (1933) St. Mark’s Gospel in Sidamo. London.
 * Ethiopian Bible Society (1984) HaÌro GondoÌro [New Testament of Sidamo]. Addis Ababa.

Sociolinguistics and pragmatics

 * ANBESSA TEFERRA. Women’s Language of Avoidance and Some Other Sidaama Endangered Cultural Practices. Journal of Afroasiatic Languages 6/1 (2016), 59–78.
 * FEKEDE MENUTA GEWTA. The sociolinguistics and pragmatics of greetings in Sidama. Journal of Languages and Culture 7/3 (2016), 28–36.
 * NIGUSSIE MESHESHA MITIKE and KJELL MAGNE YRI. Sociopolitical Discourse and Communication in Sidaama Folk Media. in Multilingual Ethiopia 339–357.
 * YRI, KJELL MAGNE. School Grammars with Everyday Vocabulary: Suggestion for a Culture Specific Approach, with Sidaamu Afoo as an example. in Multilingual Ethiopia 319–338.

title: Sidama language


text:
Talk:Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg

Untitled
Does this article really fulfill encyclopedic criteria, how is this person noteworthy enough. All that information suits to his father's article, no need of separate one. Arrigo 18:16, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If you do it for one royal, you would need to do it with all of them, or most of them. I can possibly see a justification for underage royals to be merged with their mom's or dad's, but, is it really worth it, and would it take away from that article. Perhaps its best to just have seperate articles for each.--Azathar 21:42, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Alexandra to become an aunt
Does the last paragraph really belong here? I mean, there's a link to her brother and that's on his article Lee S. Svoboda 22:49, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, I'm not sure this belongs here, since its not that pertinent to the article.--Azathar 21:42, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Once she actually becomes an aunt, we can add the information back in.Prsgoddess187 01:09, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Picture

I added a picture because I felt that it needed one. I am working on getting its fairuse qualifications set, but, in the meantime, I could use some help with formatting the page to make it look better.--Azathar 16:28, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Really, it was just trial and error, and infoboxes make it harder. Next time, just try moving things and using the "Show Preview" button. All I can say is keep trying, and one day you will be able to do it too.Prsgoddess187 22:48, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I moved the infoboxes around, and I think that it looks better. What do you think?Prsgoddess187 19:09, 1 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Definately, Thank you very much. I tried, but could get it to do what I wanted it to do, and you did it so much easier. I still need some practice with infoboxes, I guess...--Azathar 22:10, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * What happened to the picture that I put up here? Did I miss something? Why was it deleted?--Azathar 14:15, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I've already replied on your talk page - I assume you've seen my explanation by now. Regards, CLW 14:56, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I did, see your talk page. Thanks.--Azathar 18:33, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:53, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg.png

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:07, 23 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Alexandra de Luxembourg.jpg

title: Talk:Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg


text:
WNDY-TV

WNDY-TV (channel 23) is a television station licensed to Marion, Indiana, United States, serving the Indianapolis area as an affiliate of MyNetworkTV. It is locally owned by Circle City Broadcasting alongside Indianapolis-licensed CW affiliate WISH-TV (channel 8) and low-power, Class A getTV affiliate WIIH-CD (channel 17). The stations share studios on North Meridian Street (at the north end of the Television Row section) on the near north side of Indianapolis; WNDY-TV and WISH-TV also share transmitter facilities on Walnut Drive in the Augusta section of the city's northwest side (near Meridian Hills). Despite Marion being WNDY-TV's city of license, the station maintains no physical presence there.

Early history
The station first signed on the air on October 19, 1987, as WMCC. Founded by G. J. Robinson, it originally operated as an independent station; it ran mostly paid programming, but slowly added classic sitcoms, cartoons and older movies. The station's original studios and transmitter were located on East 246th Street/State Road 213 in White River Township. WMCC continued to acquire more recent sitcoms, and added some talk and reality shows during the early 1990s. The station would later relocate its operations to a new studio facility on West 16th Street in Indianapolis.

On December 7, 1994, WMCC was sold for $10 million to Wabash Valley Broadcasting (making it a sister station to WTHI AM-FM-TV in Terre Haute and two Florida television stations), a company owned by the Hulman-George family, the longtime owners of Indianapolis Motor Speedway; the station's license was held by IMS Broadcasting, LLC during this time. The new owners changed channel 23's call letters to WNDY-TV on January 9, 1995 and rebranded the station "INDY-TV"; the station also began using a checkered flag as part of its logo – a nod to the Speedway and its signature Indianapolis 500 race, which covered the left diagonal line of the "W" in the calls. WNDY became a charter affiliate of The WB when the network launched two days later; the station eventually amended its branding to "INDY-TV WB 23" in reflection of the affiliation.

The Hulman-George family decided to sell WNDY-TV in 1997. Spartan Communications – which planned on turning over WNDY's operations to Fox affiliate WXIN (channel 59) under a local marketing agreement with Tribune Broadcasting – agreed to acquire the station in August 1997, only to back out of the deal an hour before it was scheduled to be finalized on October 3. Paxson Communications then made a $28.4 million offer for WNDY, before it was outbid by the Paramount Stations Group (now CBS Television Stations), which purchased the station for $35 million in October 1997; Paramount decided to buy the station after the Sinclair Broadcast Group signed an agreement to switch its UPN affiliates and independent stations to The WB, with UPN-affiliated WTTV (channel 4) and its Kokomo satellite WTTK (channel 29) slated to switch.

WNDY-TV began carrying UPN programming on January 22, 1998; initially, the station aired the network's programming on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays, as it remained a WB affiliate. The move followed the expiration of WTTV's contract with UPN a week earlier. The sale to Paramount was finalized on February 4, 1998. Though channel 23's contract with The WB was originally slated to expire in January 1999, WB programming moved to WTTV on April 6, 1998; at that time, WNDY became a UPN owned-and-operated station and changed its branding to "UPN 23". With the switch, the station became the first O&O of a major commercial broadcast network in the Indianapolis market.

The station adopted the "UPN Indiana" branding in September 2003, dropping on-air references to its channel 23 allocation; this was done partly due to the fact that most cable providers in the Indianapolis market carry WNDY on channel 10. A few weeks before the start of the 2003–04 television season, WNDY began displaying a countdown of days until it rebranded as "UPN Indy". It was reported that the "UPN Indy" moniker was ditched in favor of "UPN Indiana" at the last minute to appeal to the larger audience across the state rather than just those living in the Indianapolis area, along with the fact that the Indianapolis Motor Speedway had stopped allowing the station to use the trademarked word "Indy". On February 10, 2005, Paramount sold WNDY and Columbus sister station WWHO to the LIN TV Corporation, owners of then-CBS affiliate WISH-TV (channel 8) and 24-hour weather service WIIH-CA (channel 17, now a fill-in translator for WISH), for $85 million; the station rebranded as "WNDY UPN 23" that July.

WNDY had previously been used as the calls for local radio station WBRI (1500 AM), and fictionally as the call sign of the television station in the 1990–91 CBS series WIOU (which predated channel 23's adoption of the WNDY calls by about four years) and for a fictional Chicago radio station in the 1992 Dolly Parton film Straight Talk.

As a MyNetworkTV affiliate
On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation (which acquired UPN in its split from Viacom in December 2005) and the Warner Bros. Entertainment unit of Time Warner announced that they would dissolve UPN and The WB that September in favor of creating The CW, a new "fifth" network that would combine the programming from its respective predecessors. One month later on February 22, News Corporation announced the launch of another new network called MyNetworkTV; originally operated by its Fox Television Stations subsidiary and its Twentieth Television syndication division, it was designed to give UPN and WB affiliates that would not affiliate with The CW another option besides becoming independent stations. WTTV/WTTK was named as Indianapolis's CW outlet through an affiliation deal with that station's owner Tribune Broadcasting that covered 16 of the company's 19 WB stations at that time; WNDY was named as the market's MyNetworkTV affiliate in a four-station deal with LIN on April 26, 2006. Shortly before becoming a charter affiliate when MyNetworkTV launched on September 5, the station accordingly rebranded as "My INDY TV".

On May 18, 2007, LIN TV announced that it was exploring strategic alternatives that could have resulted in the sale of the company. On October 2, 2008, cable provider Bright House Networks pulled WISH-TV, WNDY and WIIH-CA from its Indianapolis area system as it and LIN had been unable to reach a new agreement for the stations regarding compensation for their carriage. WNDY and WISH were restored by Bright House as part of an agreement that was reached 20 days later on October 26.

On March 21, 2014, Media General announced that it would merge with LIN Media in a $1.6 billion deal. The merger was completed on December 19.

Sale to Nexstar
On September 8, 2015, Media General announced that it would acquire the Des Moines, Iowa–based Meredith Corporation for $2.4 billion with the intention to name the combined group Meredith Media General if the sale were finalized. However, on September 28, Irving, Texas–based Nexstar Broadcasting Group made an unsolicited cash-and-stock merger offer for Media General, originally valued at $14.50 per share. On November 16, following opposition to the merger with Meredith by minority shareholders Oppenheimer Holdings and Starboard Capital (primarily because Meredith's magazine properties were included in the deal, which would have re-entered Media General into publishing after it sold its newspapers to BH Media in 2012 to reduce debt) and the rejection of Nexstar's initial offer by company management, Media General agreed to enter into negotiations with Nexstar on a suitable counter deal, while the Meredith merger proposal remained active; the two eventually concluded negotiations on January 6, 2016, reaching a merger agreement for valued at $17.14 per share (an evaluation of $4.6 billion, plus the assumption of $2.3 billion debt).

On January 27, Meredith formally broke off the proposed merger with Media General and accepted the termination fee of $60 million previously negotiated under the original merger proposal; Media General subsequently signed an agreement to be acquired by Nexstar, in exchange for giving Meredith right of first refusal to acquire any broadcast or digital properties that may be divested (a clause that Meredith did not exercise). Because the FCC required Media General and Nexstar to divest stations in markets where both groups had television properties, the WISH-WNDY duopoly gained new sister stations in nearby markets within Indiana: the Evansville virtual duopoly of ABC affiliate WEHT and fellow CW affiliate WTVW, and the Terre Haute virtual duopoly of NBC affiliate WTWO and ABC affiliate WAWV-TV. CBS affiliate WANE-TV in Fort Wayne was the only existing sister station of WISH and WNDY that became part of the combined group, as Media General and Nexstar each sold certain Indiana stations they already owned (Nexstar's Fox affiliate WFFT-TV in Fort Wayne and Media General's two other Indiana-based CBS affiliates, WTHI-TV in Terre Haute and WLFI-TV in Lafayette) to Heartland Media to alleviate conflicts with FCC ownership rules. The transaction was approved by the FCC on January 11, 2017; the sale was completed on January 17, at which point the existing Nexstar stations and the former Media General outlets that neither group had to sell in order to rectify ownership conflicts in certain markets became part of the renamed Nexstar Media Group.

Sale to Circle City Broadcasting
On December 3, 2018, Nexstar announced it would acquire the assets of Chicago-based Tribune Media—which has owned Fox affiliate WXIN (channel 59) since July 1996 and CBS affiliate WTTV since July 2002—for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. Due to FCC ownership rules, Nexstar could not retain both duopolies. On April 8, 2019, it was announced that Circle City Broadcasting (owned by DuJuan McCoy of Indianapolis, the then-principal owner of the aforementioned, now defunct, Bayou City Broadcasting) would acquire WISH and WNDY for $42.5 million. The WTTV/WXIN duopoly was longer-established and Nexstar opted to keep that duopoly over WISH/WNDY. The sale was completed on September 19, 2019.

Programming
WNDY carried the Saturday edition of CBS This Morning, with the last broadcast on December 27, 2014, and the weekend editions of the CBS Evening News and the second half-hour of Face the Nation both ending on December 28, 2014, in lieu of WISH-TV (in the case of the former two programs, WISH declined to air them in order to run expanded Saturday morning and weekend 6 p.m. newscasts). Occasionally, as time permitted, WNDY aired other CBS programs that WISH-TV was unable to air due to extended breaking news or severe weather coverage, or other special programming, including certain NCAA men's basketball tournament games when more than one team of local interest is playing. As a result of WISH-TV losing the CBS affiliation, WNDY also stopped airing select CBS programs after December 28, 2014 (WTTV cleared the entire CBS schedule upon joining the network on January 1, 2015).

The Hoosier Lottery awarded WNDY the rights to televise its daily drawings the following year, assuming the contract from WTTV, which had been airing the drawings since 1989; WTTV would regain the broadcast contact to the drawings in 1999, before losing them again when the lottery discontinued the televised draws in 2001.

Sports programming
In 1995, the Indiana High School Athletic Association awarded WNDY the broadcast contract to air the statewide boys' and girls' high school basketball tournament games; after the station terminated its contract with the IHSAA in August 1999 due to declining overall interest in the tournament, the organization filed a breach of contract lawsuit against WNDY in March 2000, seeking $3.28 million in damages.

WNDY occasionally aired Indianapolis Colts games that are televised on ESPN's Monday Night Football, as NFL regulations require games that air on one of the league's cable partners to be simulcast on a broadcast television station in each participating team's home market (the station had been carrying ESPN's Colts game telecasts since it held rights to the Sunday Night Football package, which it lost to NBC in 2006, when ESPN took over rights to Monday Night Football). One notable exception to this occurred in October 2013, when WTHR (channel 13) carried an ESPN-televised Monday night game involving the Colts. The station also aired select Ball State University men's basketball games as well as Mid-American Conference college football from ESPN Plus.

In March 2015, Media General announced that WISH and WNDY would become part of the Chicago Cubs and White Sox broadcast television networks and carry many of the games the teams will broadcast locally in Chicago among WLS-TV, WGN-TV and WPWR-TV, though not those broadcast by NBC Sports Chicago. WISH will have a Sunday-only schedule of games due to the contractual restrictions of their CW affiliation, with WNDY airing the remainder of the weekday schedule of games and a few Sundays. The deal for carriage of the games in Indianapolis was required after Tribune Media discontinued airing Chicago area sports over WGN America at the end of 2014. In October 2015, this agreement was expanded to include select Chicago Blackhawks hockey games as well.

Newscasts
In early 1996, NBC affiliate WTHR entered into a news share agreement with WNDY to produce a nightly half-hour primetime newscast at 10 p.m. for the station, titled Eyewitness News at 10:00 on Indy TV (the title later being revised slightly to correspond with WNDY's branding changes to "UPN 23" in 1998 and "UPN Indiana" in 2002), which debuted on March 16 of that year. The program originally competed against two longer-established 10 p.m. newscasts: WXIN's then 35-minute in-house newscast and another outsourced newscast on WTTV that was produced by ABC affiliate WRTV (channel 6) (the latter newscast was cancelled in December 2002, after WXIN owner Tribune Broadcasting acquired WTTV).

WTHR terminated the news share agreement after WNDY was acquired by LIN TV; WISH-TV assumed production responsibilities for the newscast on February 28, 2005, relaunching the program as 24-Hour News 8 at 10:00 on UPN Indiana (as was the case under the WTHR news share agreement, the program's title was later revised slightly to correspond with WNDY's branding changes to "WNDY UPN" in September 2005 and then "My INDY TV" upon the station's switch to MyNetworkTV in September 2006). The WNDY newscast briefly gained another competitor on that date when WTHR moved the Eyewitness News at 10:00 broadcast to sister station WALV-CD (channel 46); that program was subsequently moved to Pax TV owned-and-operated station WIPX-TV (channel 63, now an Ion Television O&O) on April 13, 2005, before being cancelled two months later on June 30. On September 8, 2008, WISH-TV became the second television station in the state of Indiana and the Indianapolis market to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition; the WNDY newscast was included in the upgrade.

On January 5, 2009, WISH-TV began producing an hour-long extension of its weekday morning newscast for WNDY, running from 7 to 8 a.m. The station also began producing a weekly interview program produced by WISH, One on One with Mike Ahern, which was hosted by the former WISH-TV anchor; airing Thursdays at 10:30 p.m. (with a rebroadcast Saturdays at 7 p.m.), the program was cancelled in mid-2013. In 2012, the Sunday edition of the 10 p.m. newscast was expanded to one hour; the Monday through Saturday editions would follow suit on January 6, 2014, with the final 15 minutes of the program being padded out by a sports highlight program titled Sports Zone Tonight.

On January 1, 2015, WISH moved the 7 a.m. and 10 p.m. newscasts on WNDY to channel 8, after the latter lost CBS programming and became the market's CW affiliate.

Currently, WISH does not produce specific newscasts for WNDY, although the latter simulcasts the 6–10 a.m. block of Daybreak, and the 10–11:30 p.m. newscasts from WISH-TV, alongside a rebroadcast of Life.Style.Live at 2 p.m.

Notable current on-air staff

 * Derek Daly – auto racing expert

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

WNDY formerly carried TheCoolTV on its second digital subchannel from 2010 to 2013, when LIN Media terminated its affiliation agreement with the music video network.

Analog-to-digital conversion
In October 2002, WNDY began transmitting a digital signal on UHF channel 32. WNDY-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 23, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 32, using virtual channel 23. The station's former analog-era channel 23 allocation was then used by Muncie PBS member station WIPB (channel 49) for its post-transition digital signal.

title: WNDY-TV