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Billy Gonsalves

Adelino William Gonsalves (August 10, 1908 – July 17, 1977) was an American soccer player, sometimes described as the "Babe Ruth of American Soccer". He spent over 25 years playing in various American professional leagues and was a member of the U.S. squad at the FIFA World Cup in 1930 and 1934. He is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame.

Youth
Gonsalves spent his early years in Fall River, Massachusetts. He was the seventh of nine children born to Augustine and Rose Gonsalves (who had immigrated from Portugal two years before his birth). An excellent athlete, Gonsalves boxed and played both baseball and soccer as a boy. When he was fourteen, Gonsalves began playing for Pioneer, a local amateur team. He then went on to play for Charlton Mill and Liberal. Gonsalves grew in prominence in the local leagues. In 1926, he signed with Lusitania Recreation Club of East Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1927, Lusitania won both the Boston city and District League titles.

Professional career
In 1927, Boston Soccer Club ("Wonder Workers") of the American Soccer League (ASL) signed Gonsalves. Nineteen years old at the time, Gonsalves joined a team which had taken second in the ASL the previous season and was stocked with talented international players. Finding it difficult to break into the starting lineup, Gonsalves did not play a game with Boston until Christmas Eve. However, given the chance, he grabbed it and scored a goal two minutes later. He went on to find the net six times in his next twenty games. That season the Wonder Workers also took the league title.

Gonsalves spent one more season with the 'Wonder Workers' before moving to the Fall River F.C. of his hometown in 1929. From the time he joined the 'Marksmen' until the team merged with the New York Soccer Club in the summer of 1930 to form the New York Yankees, Gonsalves played seventy-five games and scored forty-nine goals. Additionally, he was the team's assists leader.

While playing with the 'Marksmen', Gonsalves formed a lethal striking partnership with another local player, Bert Patenaude. The two led Fall River to the National Challenge Cup title in 1930 and 1931. Overall, Gonslaves won the tournament a record eight times.

The onset of the Great Depression and the Soccer Wars had taken a toll on the ASL and teams began to merge or fold. The 'Marksmen', one of the strongest ASL teams, had merged with the New York Soccer Club to form the New York Yankees in 1930. Then in 1931, the Yankees moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where the team took up the name of the defunct New Bedford Whalers. In 1932, the team moved, this time back to Fall River where it was known as Fall River F.C.

By this time the American Soccer League was collapsing and Gonsalves began looking for other playing opportunities. In 1933 Alex McNab, a former teammate who was coaching Stix, Baer and Fuller F.C. of the St. Louis Soccer League contacted Gonsalves and offered him a contract. Gonsalves took the opportunity and moved west. That year, Gonsalves added another National Cup title to his resume, this time with his new team. Gonsalves spent the 1933–1934 season with Stix, Baer and Fuller, winning the league title. At the end of the season, he joined the U.S. national team for the 1934 FIFA World Cup in Italy.

On his return to St. Louis, Gonsalves found that McNab had moved to a new team, St. Louis Central Breweries F.C. Gonsalves made the move as well and spent the 1934–1935 season with Central Breweries, winning the league title and the 1935 National Cup. In 1935, Gonsalves moved, this time to the St. Louis Shamrocks. The Shamrocks went to both the 1936 and 1937 National Cup championships, but lost both times. In October 1937, Gonsalves quit the Shamrocks and signed with St. Patrick's. However, Shamrocks sued St. Patrick's and St. Patrick's settled out of court by agreeing to a player trade. Despite the agreement, Gonsalves decided not to play for either team and instead signed with Beltmars in the semi-professional second division St. Louis Municipal League. In February 1938, Gonsalves was back in the SLSL with South Side Radio. He finished the season with the South Siders before moving to Chicago Manhattan Beer. Then in 1940, he moved back east, joining Healy F.C. of the National Soccer League of New York, winning the 1941 league title. In 1941, he moved, this time to the Kearny Scots of the second American Soccer League (ASL) which was created in 1933 following the collapse of the first ASL. Gonsalves spent only one season with the Scots before moving to Brooklyn Hispano. Uncharacteristically for him, Gonsalves spent the next five seasons with Brooklyn. In his first season with Brooklyn, he scored eight goals in sixteen games. Brooklyn also won the National Challenge Cup in 1943 and 1944.

In 1947, Gonsalves left Hispano to play for the Newark Germans of the lower division German American Soccer League. In 1948, the team became known simply as Newark F.C. Gonsalves remained with the team until his retirement from playing professionally in 1952.

According to Steve Holroyd, in a professional career spanning twenty-five years, "Gonsalves was also the consummate gentleman on the pitch: legend has it he was never cautioned or ejected from any match for rough play or ungentlemanly conduct."

National team
Gonsalves played six times for the United States, including the first two FIFA World Cups in 1930 and 1934. He scored one goal for the U.S. national team.

Gonsalves was part of the inaugural induction class into the United States National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1950.

title: Billy Gonsalves


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Stanley Theater (Jersey City, New Jersey)

The Stanley Theater at Kennedy Boulevard and Pavonia Avenue is a historic theater in Journal Square in Jersey City, New Jersey.

The Stanley Theatre was opened on March 24, 1928 with the feature film “The Dove” starring Norma Talmadge and Gilbert Roland. The supporting program included a stage show entitled “Sky Blues”, a newsreel and selections played on the ‘Mighty’ Wurlitzer organ (Opus 1836, type SP-3M, 3 manual, 27 ranks) by organist James F. Thomas. Mayor Frank Hague attended the ceremonies that evening and, with the audience, was greeted on the screen by actress Norma Talmadge.

The Stanley was designed by architect Fred Wesley Wentworth (1864-1943), who is noted for designing many buildings in Paterson following the 1902 fire. When it opened, its 4,300 seats earned it the rank of the second largest theater on the East Coast, behind only New York City's Radio City Music Hall. It was fourth in the country in number of seats in a one-screen theater, behind Radio City, and the Detroit and St. Louis Fox theaters.

For some years, the Stanley Theatre had stage shows to accompany the film presentations, and many of the greatest stars of their day, from Tony Bennett to The Three Stooges made appearances. The Stanley-Fabian chain was acquired by Warner Brothers in late-1928, and the Stanley Theatre remained a Warner Bros. operated theatre until the anti-trust decree of the late-1940’s forced studios to divest themselves of their theaters. The chain was spun off as Stanley-Warner, later becoming acquired by RKO.(Radio-Keith-Orpheum Pictures).

The Stanley Theatre continued as a premier movie venue for decades - even in the early-1960’s it was still a place to get ‘dressed up for’. The engagement of “Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?”, starring Bette Davis and Joan Crawford broke all attendance records. Through the 1960’s, the Stanley Theatre struggled (as did all movie palaces) with the rush to the suburbs and the growth of television. It became a fairly popular spot for major concerts (including the Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Tony Bennett etc.) but movie attendance dropped drastically, and the building became quite deteriorated, suffering from water damage, peeling plaster, ill-advised ‘refreshing’ (i.e. painting all the metalwork glossy blue, selling the organ and most of the lobby furniture). It became dark and dingy, with the balcony and the front of the orchestra seats closed off. Finally, it could hold on no longer and was closed on April 20, 1978.

As mentioned above, the ‘Mighty’ Wurlitzer organ was sold off in the early-1970’s, and is currently very active entertaining school groups and concertgoers at the Van Andel City Museum in Grand Rapids, MI.

In 1983, the building was purchased by the Watch Tower Society for use as a convention and Assembly Hall for Jehovah's Witnesses.

There were only minimal changes necessary for the building to accommodate the religious needs of the new owners. Because of the talks done during the meetings, the ceiling was painted white and lighted with brilliant halogen lighting, to lessen distraction. The murals that were located in the lobby area, were said to have deteriorated beyond repair, and they were replaced by beautiful painted scenes, such as the Four Horsemen of Revelation, more appropriate for a house of worship. The orchestra pit was covered over, and converted into a baptismal pool. A directional sound system was added above the stage.

After nine months of restoration provided by over 5,000 Witnesses, the new Assembly Hall opened in August 1985, and has been the site for their religious Conventions & Assemblies ever since. In more recent years, the Assembly purchased the space next door to the theater and built an addition, to provide for two annex meeting rooms and multiple offices.

Beginning in October 2012, the theater underwent further renovation by over 2,000 Witness volunteers from across the United States.

Description
A glittering copper marquee spans the entrance, with backlit green & red stained glass signs bearing the theater’s name. Underneath are solid brass doors with copper frames, and stained glass transom windows of faux "Chartre Blue" surround the foyer. Three large arched windows sit over the marquee. Building materials include marble from Italy, Vermont and Texas, limestone from Indiana in the lobby, and granite from Maine to face Corinthian columns in the auditorium.

The interior has a three-story lobby adorned with trompe l'oeil columns, a broad center staircase inspired by The Breakers grand staircase, with alabaster balusters, and brass handrails terminated with originally gaslit lamp stands.

Velvet drapes once adorned the lobby, and Allegorical paintings by Hungarian muralist Willy Pogany originally adorned the vaulted ceiling above the staircase.

The larger of two chandeliers, suspended from the second floor, is from the New York's original Waldorf Astoria, dating to the 1890s; [source needed] it is thirteen feet tall and ten feet wide, and illuminated by 144 bulbs that reflect onto 4,500 hanging crystal teardrops. A direct gaze up at it reveals its snowflake shape.

Beneath the chandelier is the original mosaic compass, chiseled by hand. The floor in the lobby originally was of white and light gray outlined Terrazzo. It has since been carpeted over, undisturbed in the renovation.

Movie palace architect John Eberson contributed the design for the auditorium. Here theatergoers enter the environment of an evening in Venice with a replica of the Rialto Bridge above the stage. Above the seating is an eighty-five foot ceiling that permits an open sky effect with stars and moving clouds, originally effected by a projecting device called a "Brenkert Brenograph," costing $290 (in 1920s dollars). Backlit stained glass windows line the walls, with grottoes, arches and columns simulating a courtyard motif. The original fire curtain continued the Venice effect, with a painting that pictured the ocean, and a coast.

On September 26, 27, and 28, 1972, the Grateful Dead played three concerts at the Stanley Theater which are highly regarded among fans. A recording of the middle show from September 27 was officially released in 1998 as Dick's Picks Volume 11.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Megleno-Romanian language

Megleno-Romanian (known as vlăhește by its speakers, and Megleno-Romanian or Meglenitic and sometimes Moglenitic or Meglinitic by linguists) is an Eastern Romance language, similar to Aromanian. It is spoken by the Megleno-Romanians in a few villages in the Moglena region that spans the border between the Greek region of Macedonia and North Macedonia. It is also spoken by emigrants from these villages and their descendants in Romania, in Turkey by a small Muslim group, and in Serbia. It is considered an endangered language.

Classification
Megleno-Romanian is a member of the family of Romance languages. More specifically, it is an Eastern Romance language, a language formed after the retreat of the Roman Empire from the Balkans. Due to the fact that it is spoken by very few people and because of its similarities with the Aromanian, modern Romanian and Istro-Romanian languages, some linguists consider it to be an intermediary between Romanian and Aromanian, often being considered either a dialect of Romanian, a dialect of Aromanian, or an independent language. It is closer to standard Romanian than the Aromanian language, suggesting that it split from Common Romanian later than Aromanian. Megleno-Romanian has been strongly influenced by the neighbouring South Slavic varieties.

Name
The term Megleno-Romanian has been used by linguists (mainly Romanians), who noticed the similarity to the Romanian language. The Megleno-Romanians identify themselves as vlaș ("Vlach") or by local endonyms such as liumnicean ("from Liumnița") or umineț ("from Uma").

Geographical distribution
Megleno-Romanian is spoken in several villages in the Pella and Kilkis regional units of Macedonia, Greece, as well as in a handful of villages across the border in North Macedonia. In the village of Huma, the language was spoken by most inhabitants before they and other Megleno-Romanians from the region moved in the cities of Gevgelija and Skopje where some have preserved their native language. After World War I, some Megleno-Romanians moved to Romania, in Southern Dobruja, but were moved to the village of Cerna in Tulcea County (Northern Dobruja) after the population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania. In Cerna, about 1,200 people continue to speak Megleno-Romanian. In 1940, about 30 families moved from Cerna to the Banat region of Romania in the villages of Variaș, Biled and Jimbolia. Some speakers who identified as Muslim, from the village of Nânti (Nótia), were moved to Turkey from Greece as part of the population exchange between them of the 1920s. Some also live in Serbia, specially in the village of Gudurica.

Phonology
Megleno-Romanian is not a standardised language and there are phonological differences across idioms.

Consonants

 * Sounds [] as well as [,, ] can also occur from Greek borrowings.

Vowels
Some particular phonetic characteristics of the Megleno-Romanian vowel system compared to other Eastern Romance languages are:
 * 1) long vowels: ā, ē, ī, ǭ, ō, ū
 * 2) use of the open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ] in some words which in Romanian would use [ə] and [ɨ], for example: pǫ́nză
 * 3) apheresis of [a] in initial position: aveam → veam ("we had"), aduc → duc ("I bring")

Vocabulary
Much of the vocabulary is of Latin origin and much of its phonetics and semantics is shared with Aromanian and Romanian: (n.b.: MR=Megleno-Romanian, DR=Daco-Romanian, i.e. Romanian)

 * basilica > MR bisearică, DR biserică (church, originally "basilica")
 * lumen > MR lumi, DR lume (world, originally "light")
 * monumentum > MR murmint, DR mormânt (grave, originally "monument")
 * strigis > MR strig, DR strig (I yell, originally "owl")
 * draco > MR drac, DR drac (devil, originally "dragon")

Megleno-Romanian also contains some words that have cognates with Albanian. These words are present in Daco-Romanian too:

 * MR brad; DR brad; cf. Alb. bredh (fir tree)
 * MR monz; DR mânz; cf. Alb. mës (colt)
 * MR bucuros; DR bucuros; (happy) cf. Alb bukur (beautiful)

There are also some words which are of Slavic origin and which can be found in all the Eastern Romance languages:

 * MR stăpân; DR trup (body); cf. Sl. trupŭ
 * MR stăpon; DR stăpân (master); cf. Old Slavic. stopanŭ, today's Bulgarian stopanin and Macedonian stopan

There are a number of Byzantine and Modern Greek words, several dozens of which are also found in Daco-Romanian (Romanian language) and Aromanian and about 80 words that were borrowed via Macedonian and Bulgarian languages and other languages of the Balkans. Prior to the creation of the modern state of Greece, Megleno-Romanian borrowed very few words directly from Greek.

 * Gr. prósfatos > MR proaspit; DR proaspăt (fresh)
 * Gr. keramídi > MR chirămidă; DR cărămidă (brick)
 * Gr. lemoni > MR limonă, via Bulg. limon (lemon); cf. DR lămâie

The most important influence on Megleno-Romanian was the East South Slavic languages, this influence being more profound than that exerted by Greek on Aromanian. Most Slavic terms are of Macedonian and Bulgarian origins. The linguist Theodor Capidan argued that the words borrowed show some phonetic features of the Bulgarian language dialect spoken in the Rhodope Mountains. There are many instances where basic words of Latin origin that can still be found in Daco-Romanian and Aromanian were replaced by Slavic words. In some cases, standard Romanian also independently borrowed the same word.

 * Bulgarian (Slavic) drob > MR drob
 * Bulgarian neviasta > MR niveastă (bride)
 * Bulgarian gora > MR goră (forest)

title: Megleno-Romanian language


text:
Jules Van Nuffel

Jules Jozef Paul Maria Van Nuffel (Hemiksem 21 March 1883 – Wilrijk 25 June 1953) was a Belgian priest, composer, choirmaster, music pedagogue, musicologist and a renowned expert on religious music.

Education
Van Nuffel was born on 21 March 1883 in a musical family. He had his first music lessons (piano and singing) from his mother. He was taught the piano and the violin in high school, where his musical talents were soon noticed: in 1898–1899 he was the school organist. After graduating from high school, Van Nuffel studied for the priesthood at the Grand Seminary of Mechelen, where he also had occasional lessons in piano, violin, organ, harmony and counterpoint.

He was ordained priest by Cardinal Mercier on 25 May 1907. Shortly after his ordination, he was appointed music teacher at the Mechelen episcopal high school, a position he'd hold for ten years.

In that period Edgar Tinel, the director of the episcopal Ecole de Musique Religieuse (later Lemmensinstituut), insisted that he train at the school. But this one and only period in which Van Nuffel took formal music courses ended after a mere three months in a dispute between teacher and student. In essence, Van Nuffel was self-taught, by reading scores of the masters. Bach, Beethoven, Weber, Wagner, Grieg and Debussy were favorite study objects; later in his career also studied modern composers, like Paul Hindemith and Arthur Honegger, who also influenced his works.

Founder and choirmaster of the Saint Rumbold's choir
As music teacher at the Mechelen episcopal high school, he was the school's choirmaster. He also composed over a hundred works between 1907 and 1917, including his Super flumina Babylonis. Its second performance by his school choir, on 26 July 1916 in St. Rumbold's Cathedral, led to his being asked to refound the cathedral choir. He would lead the Saint Rumbold's choir until October 1949, when he resigned for reasons of health.

Of course the Saint Rumbold's choir performed primarily in the liturgy in the cathedral. Following Pope Pius X's Tra le sollecitudini, which Van Nuffel considered the "norm and codex" of his work, it sang a great deal of Gregorian chant and sacred polyphony. But it also performed works by Belgian and international contemporary composers. Meulemans (1946:99–101) lists "countless motets" by two dozen composers as well as an even longer list of masses.

At first the reputation of the Saint Rumbold's choir was local, but its performance of Van Nuffel's own Statuit ei Dominus, written for the golden jubilee of Cardinal Mercier's ordination, ensured its national reputation. It served as a model for other Belgian cathedral choirs. It was the first choir to be invited for religious ceremonies at the royal court. Its performances during solemn masses in St. Rumbold's Cathedral were frequently broadcast by the national radio. International invitations also followed, culminating in a 1934 concert tour to Italy, where they sang for Pope Pius XI.

Under Van Nuffel's baton, this choir was among the best of Belgium and its reputation was impressive. Its 30-year-jubilee was attended by Queen Elisabeth, numerous politicians, ecclesiastics and scholars, as well as artists and composers. In his work in St. Rumbold's Van Nuffel was greatly aided by the cathedral organist, the renowned Flor Peeters.

Throughout Van Nuffel's tenure as choirmaster, the Saint Rumbold's choir's members were amateurs. Van Nuffel himself called the Saint Rumbold's choir “my greatest creation".

Composer
In Van Nuffel's early compositions he was influenced by the Cecilian Movement. However, he soon developed a style of his own. His originality lies in his melodic gift, which is often based on Gregorian modality. His late Romantic harmony is a highly personal synthesis of old church modes and impressionism, sometimes daringly modern for its time. His music is deeply religious, and often exuberantly festive.

Almost all of Van Nuffel's work is vocal. Most of his works were meant for performance during the liturgy in the cathedral, with his own Saint Rumbold's choir, and they still sound best when sung by a large choir in a large church. The liturgical texts that he set were all in Latin; the Dutch texts he set also were mostly religious in character.

A nationally prominent composer, Van Nuffel is not very well known outside his native land, though his work is still occasionally performed abroad. One work that has become well-known abroad and that is one of his crowning achievements is Nova Organi Harmonia ad Graduale juxta Editionem Vaticanam, a collection of accompaniments of the Gregorian chants of the entire liturgical year. This huge project (eight volumes) was initiated by Van Nuffel, and composed by himself, Flor Peeters, Jules Vyverman, Marinus de Jong, Staf Nees, Henri Durieux and Edgard de Laet. Nova Organi Harmonia was reprinted in many editions after World War II and is now (2023) available in its entirety on the internet and, with the exception of the sixth volume (devoted to the local Belgian liturgy), also in a recent print edition; see the external link.

Works (selection)
Van Nuffel's oeuvre counts 170 opus numbers, a number of which, especially early ones, have not been published.

He wrote some 90 motets, his favorite genre; among the most popular of these are
 * Christus vincit, Op. 20, for four-part male voice choir & organ
 * ''Ave Maria, for four-part choir
 * Statuit ei Dominus, op. 30 (1924), for four-to-six-part choir and organ (or orchestra)
 * Ecce sacerdos magnus, op. 34 (1926), for six-part choir and organ

Of his four masses, all with organ accompaniment, only the first, Missa in honorem SS. Cordis Jesu, Op. 28, is for four-part mixed choir. The others are
 * Missa in honorem SS. Trinitatis, for male choir
 * Missa Paschalis "Lux et Origo", for two equal voices
 * Missa in honorem Sti Josephi, for three equal voices

His most impressive and best known works, arguably his greatest, are his psalm settings. (Note that Van Nuffel uses the Greek numbering of the psalms.)
 * Super flumina Babylonis (Psalm 136), op. 25 (1916), for four-to-six-part choir and organ (or orchestra)
 * In convertendo Dominus (Psalm 125), op. 32 (1926), for four-to-seven-part choir and organ
 * Domine, ne in furore tuo arguas me (Psalm 6), op. 44 (1935)
 * Laetatus sum (Psalm 121), op. 45 (1935), for four-part choir
 * Voce mea ad Dominum clamavi  (Psalm 141), op. 47 (1935) for eight-part choir a capella
 * Dominus regnavit (Psalm 92), op. 49 (1935) for four-to-six-part choir and organ
 * Ad te Dominum cum tribularer clamavi (Psalm 119), op. 50 (1936)
 * Ad te levavi oculos meus (Psalm 122), op. 51 (1935)

His three settings of the Te Deum, dated 1914, 1928 and 1944—the latter, Op. 62 (1944) for choir, brass ensemble and organ and known as the Liberation Te Deum—are also major and important works.

The best known of his 19 choral settings of Dutch texts are O keer dine oghen (O Turn Thine Eyes) and Kerstlied-Vredelied (Christmas Song-Peace Song), both written during World War I; as well as his arrangement of seven Old-Flemish Christmas songs. He also wrote over 30 songs for solo voice and piano accompaniment.

The Lemmensinstituut
World War I had been disastrous for the Lemmensinstituut. At its nadir, it had barely 12 students left. On 1 April 1918, upon the death of Aloys Desmet, its director, Van Nuffel was appointed to succeed him. Van Nuffel’s first priority was attracting good teachers, and he appointed some superb ones: Henri Durieux, Lodewijk Mortelmans, Flor Peeters, Marinus De Jong en Staf Nees. He greatly expanded the curriculum, nevertheless keeping it focused on religious music. He acquired a new organ, and turned the institute into an authority in organ teaching. Throughout all this he faced major financial problems, which necessitated spending much time fundraising.

In 1935 he succeeded in having the Lemmensinstitute’s diplomas accredited by the state as equivalent to the diplomas of the state conservatories.

In 1952, shortly before his death, Van Nuffel resigned as director of the Lemmensinstituut.

Musicologist
Van Nuffel is one of the founders of Belgian musicology. Between 1927 and 1939, he was the driving force behind a 31 volume edition of works by the Mechelen composer Philippe de Monte (1521–1603), published by him, Gustaaf Van Doorslaer and Charles van den Borre.

Even before 1914 he had made a name for himself as a public speaker and expert on music, especially on church music. His 1933 appointment at the Catholic University of Leuven as lecturer on music history was no surprise. In 1933 Musicology was still a small part of the Arts Department, but in 1943 he and a few colleagues managed to turn it into a full-fledged Department of Musicology.

Van Nuffel also revived the journal Musica Sacra. Its publication had been discontinued in 1914 at the outbreak of World War I; it resumed in 1937. This Tijdschrift voor kerkzang en gewijde muziek (Journal of Church Song and Sacred Music, its subtitle) was one of the most authoritative journals of Catholic culture of its time. In it, Van Nuffel, a member of its editorial board, published a number of major articles on various subjects, as well appendices with scores by contemporary composers.

He was one of the founding members of the "Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België" (Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts), created in 1938 as a Flemish counterpart to the officially bilingual Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts. He was also a member of the Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde.

Honors
On 12 January 1926 Cardinal Mercier made Van Nuffel an honorary canon of St. Rumbold's Cathedral, and on 11 March 1946, at the recommendation of Cardinal Van Roey, Pope Pius XII made him a Supernumerary Privy Chamberlain.

The Belgian government made him a Commander of the Order of the Crown and an Officer in the Order of Leopold.

title: Jules Van Nuffel


text:
Fall River F.C. (1932)

Fall River Football Club, was the name used by a United States soccer clubs, based in Fall River, Massachusetts. They played in the American Soccer League during the 1931 and 1932 season. The name is often used and is not to be confused with the Fall River F.C. team owned by Sam Mark.

Fall River F.C. II
In 1931, after Mark relocated his team to New York and renamed them the New York Yankees, a group of Fall River businessmen, led by an ex-Marksmen player Harold Brittan, then bought Gold Bugs, moved them into Mark's Stadium, and renamed them Fall River F.C.

The new club played for just one season, Spring 1931, eventually finishing fifth. However, during their short existence they did win two notable prestige friendlies. On February 22, 1931, they beat Vélez Sársfield 5–2. Then on May 31 with a team that included Joe Kennaway, Bill Paterson and Tom Florie they beat Celtic 1–0. Kennaway subsequently signed for Celtic after impressing them with his performance in goal. By early 1931 the Great Depression had severely effected the stability of the ASL and several teams relocated, merged and even disappeared. On April 19, 1931, Fall River absorbed New Bedford Whalers. On May 31, 1931, Fall River defeated Celtic F.C. before a crowd of 7,000 at Mark's Stadium. The club folded after the first half of the season.

Fall River F.C. III
This Fall River F.C. team played during the Fall 1932 American Soccer League season. The exact origins of this team are unclear. New Bedford Whalers, the successor team of both the earlier Fall River F.C./Providence Clamdiggers and the Marksmen, also began the Fall 1932 season but they only survived for six games before folding. However one of their former players, Billy Gonsalves finished the season at the new Fall River club, scoring 7 goals in 12 games, as he helped them win the league title.

Honors
Fall River F.C. II

 * American Soccer League
 * Winners Fall 1932:  1

title: Fall River F.C. (1932)


text: Category:Symphonic metal albums

title: Category:Symphonic metal albums


text: Category:Peruvian cardinals

title: Category:Peruvian cardinals


text:
Talk:Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development

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Change name from "Lawrence Kohlberg's..." to "Kohlberg's..."
Remove the first name; it doesn't add anything (as a title) and makes the article harder to find. The Gauss's Law article is titled "Gauss's Law', not "Carl Gauss's Law"; if it were, no student could find it unless they read Carl Friedrich Gauss's autobiography.

2600:1700:4CA1:3C80:DC0:B87C:61FB:C504 (talk) 02:33, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

insure ensure
In box 5 for stage 5 "insure" should be "ensure" Stwif (talk) 09:53, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

The Lead paragraphs
The beginning of the article seems to be a little long and especially the last 2 paragraphs seem like discussions/topics to bring up later on in the articleAJGonz (talk) 23:56, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

The title is not properly capitalized. Like was already mentioned, the lead is too long, and I will be working on that over next two weeks or so. --FalconJo (talk) 00:07, 5 May 2023 (UTC)FalconJo


text: Category:Turkish orchestras

title: Category:Turkish orchestras


text:
Fall River F.C. (1922–1931)

Fall River F.C. was an American soccer club based in Fall River, Massachusetts. During the 1920s and early 1930s they were one of the most successful soccer clubs in the United States, winning the American Soccer League on six occasions. They also won the National Challenge Cup four times. In 1924 they won the first ASL / Challenge Cup double and were subsequently the American soccer champions three times in succession. Between 1928 and 1930 they won a further three titles in a row. In 1930 they completed a treble, winning the ASL title, the Challenge Cup and the Lewis Cup. The same year they also toured Central Europe.

The 'Marksmen' played their home games at Mark's Stadium, one of the earliest examples of a soccer-specific stadium in the United States. In 1931 the franchise relocated and merged twice. They first moved to New York, where they merged with New York Soccer Club and became the New York Yankees. They actually won their fourth National Challenge Cup after they became the Yankees, but due to complications following the merger it was credited to the 'Marksmen'. The Yankees later moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where they merged with Fall River F.C. to become the New Bedford Whalers.

Early years
In 1921 the Southern New England Soccer League and the National Association Football League effectively merged to form the American Soccer League. A new team Fall River United were formed to enter the ASL. During the inaugural season United struggled, finishing sixth out of eight, and were on the verge of folding. After the first ASL season United could not agree to terms on a lease for their playing grounds for the following season. Subsequently a joint bid with United and the Fall River Rovers to continue in the ASL was denied while Sam Mark's bid was accepted by the league. He built a new stadium at Tiverton, RI to host his new team Fall River F.C.

Mark was willing to invest in the club and one of his first moves was to build the team its own stadium. Mark's Stadium was located in North Tiverton, Rhode Island, just over the Massachusetts border from Fall River. As a result, the club was now able circumvent the Massachusetts' Blue Laws and play on a Sunday. Crucially, Mark also managed to recruit Harold Brittan from Bethlehem Steel. During the 1922–23 season Brittan scored 19 goals in 23 games and subsequently went on to serve the 'Marksmen' for nearly a decade as a player, coach and manager. Other notable signings included winger James White and full-back Tommy Martin, both from Motherwell, full-back Charlie McGill from Third Lanark and wing-half Bill McPherson from Beith. Together with goalkeeper Findlay Kerr, who joined the following season, White, McGill and McPherson would become the backbone of the 'Marksmen' team throughout its short history.

Golden Era
The 1920s and early 1930s are sometimes described as the Golden Era of U.S. soccer and it was Fall River F.C. that emerged as the era's dominant team. During the 1923–24 season the 'Marksmen' completely dominated the league. They eventually won their first league title, finishing 6 points clear of Bethlehem Steel. Harold Brittan again spearheaded the offense, scoring 15 goals. However the strength of the team lay in a strong defense which included Ned Tate and Findlay Kerr, who kept an incredible 14 clean sheets during the league season. The season also saw the 'Marksmen' go on to complete the first ASL / National Challenge Cup double. In the semi-final of the Challenge Cup, the 'Marksmen' defeated the 'Steelmen' 2–0 at Dexter Park in front of 20,000 fans. On March 30, 1924 the final attracted 14,000 fans to the High School Field in St. Louis, Missouri, where they witnessed the 'Marksmen' defeat St. Louis Vesper Buick 4–2. The only disappointment for the Marksmen during the season came when they lost 1–0 to the 'Steelmen' in the final of the American Cup.

The 'Marksmen' went on to win further ASL titles in 1924–25 and 1925–26, completing a three in a row sequence. They won it again in 1928–29 and then completed a four in a row when they won further titles in the Fall 1929, Spring 1930 and Fall 1930 seasons. On May 1, 1927, the Marksmen also won their second National Challenge Cup, defeating Holley Carburetor F.C. 7–0 before a crowd of 10,000 at the University of Detroit Stadium.

From the beginning the 'Marksmen' regularly recruited Scottish Football League journeymen, sometimes directly from Scottish clubs but also from other ASL teams, most notably Bethlehem Steel. However two of their most notable players, Billy Gonsalves and Bert Patenaude, actually grew up in Fall River itself. Both players first established themselves at other ASL clubs – Gonsalves at Boston Soccer Club and Patenaude at Philadelphia Field Club – before forming a formidable partnership at the 'Marksmen'. In 1930, the duo played a major role in helping the 'Marksmen' win a treble. During the Spring 1930 season, when the ASL played as the Atlantic Coast League, they scored 44 league goals in 26 games as the Marksmen won another league title. In the 1930 National Challenge Cup the Marksmen defeated Cleveland Bruell Insurance in a two-leg final. They just about finished off the Cleveland team when they won the opening leg, 7–2, on March 30 at the Polo Grounds. Jimmy McAuley and Werner Nilsen each scored a hat-trick while Alex McNab scored the other Fall River goal. On April 6 at Luna Park in Cleveland, Fall River took the second leg, 2–1, with further goals from McNab and Bob McAuley, no relation to Jimmy. They completed the treble when they won the Lewis Cup defeating  Hakoah All-Stars  2–1 and 3–0 in another two-legged final.

European Tours
Throughout their short history the Marksmen regularly provided opposition for touring European teams and, more often than not, they held their own. On September 19, 1926, the Marksmen beat Sparta Prague 3–2. On June 3, 1928, at Mark's Stadium, a capacity crowd of 15,000 saw goalkeeper Jimmy Douglas keep a clean sheet as the Marksmen held Rangers to a 0–0 tie. Then on August 26, 1928, at the same venue they beat an Italian League XI, playing as Palestra Italia, 4–2. In 1930 they played Rangers twice. On May 30 they lost 3–2 with Billy Gonsalves and Werner Nilsen scoring the Fall River goals. The goalkeeper that day was Johnny Reder who later played baseball with Boston Red Sox. However a few weeks later on June 22 they lost 6–1 at the Polo Grounds. Guest player Archie Stark scored the only goal for Fall River. In between these games they beat Kilmarnock 3–0 at Mark's Stadium on June 15. Stark scored the opening goal with Alex McNab and Bob McAuley adding the other two.

While teams from Europe regularly toured North America, it was rare for an ASL team to play overseas. However, in August 1930 the Marksmen toured Central Europe, playing six games in Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary. The squad included, among others, Bill Harper, Alex McNab, Jerry Best and Werner Nilsen as well as veterans James White, Charlie McGill and Bill McPherson and guest player Archie Stark. Both Billy Gonsalves and Bert Patenaude were playing with the United States at the 1930 FIFA World Cup and did not travel. They opened the tour on August 20 with a 2–2 tie against Slavia Prague in front of  a crowd of 18,000. This was the first of two games against Slavia. They lost the other 4–0 on August 28. They also played FK Austria Wien twice, losing the first game 6–0 on August 23 before winning the second 3–1 the following day. On August 30 they won their second game when they put three goals past ŠK Slovan Bratislava. The tour came to an end on August 31 when they lost 6–2 to Ferencvárosi TC. The tour ended early, and in dispute, with Fall River unhappy about their share of the gate receipts.

Fall River/Yankees
The 'Marksmen' returned from their European tour, and started the Fall 1930 season late, but that didn't stop them from winning their seventh league title, despite playing only 27 out of 30 games. However, by this stage the effects of the Great Depression had seen attendance fall at Mark's Stadium. As a result, Sam Mark moved the club to New York, hoping that a new market there would be more lucrative. Once there he merged the club with New York Soccer Club and renamed them the New York Yankees. Before the merger was finalized, however, Fall River F.C. had entered the 1931 National Challenge Cup and Mark was unable to re-register them as the Yankees. As a result, the Spring 1931 season saw them continue to play in the Challenge Cup as the Fall River F.C. while at the same time playing as the New York Yankees in the ASL. While the Yankees only managed to finish third in the ASL, the Marksmen won the cup. Largely on the goalscoring strength of Billy Gonsalves, with 9, and Bert Patenaude, with 13, they reached the final where they eventually beat Chicago Bricklayers in a final played as a three-game series. The last of these three games is officially regarded as the last game the 'Marksmen' ever played. The first leg of the final was played on April 5 at the Polo Grounds, where the 'Marksmen' won 6–2, and seemingly established a clear lead. Patenaude scored five goals in that game while Bill McPherson added the other. A week later at Mills Stadium in Chicago, the Bricklayers kept the series alive by earning a 1–1 tie. This time Gonsalves got on the score sheet. Sparta Stadium in Chicago attracted 4,500 for the deciding game on April 19. The 'Marksmen' could only field 10 players after their captain, Alex McNab, broke his arm in a midweek friendly and the club had neglected to bring along any reserves. Despite this they still managed to win 2–0 with goals from Patenaude and Gordon Burness.

Honors

 * American Soccer League
 * Winners 1923–24, 1924–25, 1925–26, 1928–29, 1929, 1930:  6
 * National Challenge Cup
 * Winners 1924, 1927, 1930, 1931: 4
 * Lewis Cup
 * Winners 1930: 1
 * Runners Up 1925: 1
 * American Cup
 * Runners Up 1924: 1

Notable coaches

 * 🏴 Harold Brittan: 1922–1926
 * 🏴 Fred Morley

title: Fall River F.C. (1922–1931)


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Jhalawar

Jhalawar is a city, municipal council and headquarter in Jhalawar district of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located in the southeastern part of the state. It was the capital of the former princely state of Jhalawar, and is the administrative Jhalawar district. Its district headquarters is Jhalawar. This district is the 22nd largest district of Rajasthan. This district is known by the nicknames of Cherrapunji of Rajasthan, Nagpur of Rajasthan, Brijnagar of Rajasthan etc. Cherrapunji of rajasthan because the highest rainfall in the whole of Rajasthan occurs in manoharthana town in this district. Gagron fort at the confluence of Kalisindh and Ahu river at some distance from Jhalawar It is situated which is one of the Jaldurg of Rajasthan and it is such a fort which is a standing fort without foundation. This fort was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2013.

History
The city of Jhalawar was founded by a Rajput Jhala Zalim Singh, who was then the Dewan of Kota State (1791 A.D.). He established this township, then known as Chaoni Umedpura, as a cantonment. The township was at the time surrounded by dense forests and wildlife.

Jhala Zalim Singh often came here for hunting and he liked the place so much that he wanted to develop it as a township. The objective to develop this place as a military cantonment was due to the fact that Maratha invaders passed through this central place from Malwa towards Kota to capture Hadoti states.

Jhala Zalim Singh recognised the importance of this place and started to develop it as a military cantonment and township, so that he could use this place to attack and stop Maratha invaders before they could reach Kota state. Chaoni Umedpura was developed as a cantonment and township around 1803-04 A.D. Colonel Todd, who visited the region in December 1821 described this area as the cantonment established by Jhala Zalim Singh plus a well-established township with large houses, havelis and surrounding walls.

In 1838 A.D., English rulers separated Jhalawar state from Kota state and gave it to Jhala Madan Singh, the grandson of Jhala Zalim Singh. He developed his administration services to develop the state of Jhalawar. He resided in Jhalara Patan for a long time and started to build the Garh Palace (1840 - 1845 A.D). He was the first ruler of Jhalawar state and made a significant contribution in the history of Jhalawar. Jhala Madan Singh ruled Jhalawar from 1838 to 1845. After his death, Jhala Prithvi Singh became the ruler of Jhalawar and ruled for around 30 years.

A municipality was established at Jhalawar in 1883.

Rana Bhawani Singh, who ruled Jhalawar state from 1899 to 1929 A.D., did remarkable work in the development of Jhalawar state. His active involvement was in the fields of social activities, public works (construction), education and administration.

The chief town of Jhalawar, also known as Patan or Jhalara Patan, was the centre of trade for the eponymous princely state, the chief exports of which were opium, oil-seeds and cotton. The palace is four miles (6 km) north of the town. An extensive ruin near the town is the site of the ancient city of Chandrawati, said to have been destroyed in the reign of Aurangzeb. The finest feature of its remains is the temple of Sitaleswar Mahadeva (c. 600).

Princely State of Jhalawar
The former ruling family of Jhalawar belonged to the Jhala family of Rajputs. At Kota Madhu Singh, a Jhala Rajput became a favourite with the Maharaja, and received from him an important post, which became hereditary. On the death of one of the Kota rajas (1771), the state was left to the charge of Jhala Zalim Singh, a descendant of Madhu Singh.

From that time Zalim Singh was the de facto ruler of Kota. Under his administration, which lasted over forty-five years, the Kota territory was respected by all parties. In 1838 AD, British intervention and internal politics resulted with the decision to dismember the Kota state, and to create the new principality of Jhalawar as a separate provision for the descendants of Jhala Zalim Singh. The districts then severed from Kota were considered to represent one-third (£120,000) of the income of Kotah; by treaty they acknowledged the supremacy of the British, and agreed to pay an annual tribute of £8,000. Madan Singh received the title of Maharaja Rana, and was placed on the same footing as the other chiefs in Rajputana.

Geography
Jhalawar is located at 24.6°N, 76.15°W. It has an average elevation of 312 metres (1023 feet).

Climate
The climate of the area is similar to the Indo-Gangetic plain, being classified as a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa) by the Köppen system. In summer the temperature generally is around 40 C and at maximum can exceed 45 C. In winter the coldest temperature can reach 1 C. Jhalawar district has the highest rainfall in the Rajasthan state. An average of 37 in of rainfall keeps it cool and gentle breezes ward off the stifling humidity.

Demographics
As of 2011 Indian Census, Jhalawar had a total population of 66,919, of which 34,765 were males and 32,154 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 8,919. The total number of literates in Jhalawar was 48,145, which constituted 71.95% of the population with male literacy was 77.9% and female literacy was 65.5%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Bahraich was 83.0%, of which male literacy rate was 90.1% and female literacy rate was 75.4%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 11,422 and 3,534 respectively. Jhalawar had 13595 households in 2011.

Education
Jhalawar district has a well-developed education infrastructure. The Department of Primary Education and Department of Secondary Education provide their services through primary schools, middle schools, secondary, and senior secondary schools. The Rajiv Gandhi Pathashala (School) Scheme, run by the Government of Rajasthan, is also running in the district to provide primary education. Government Engineering College, Jhalawar is a notable institution.

Sports
Jhalawar district has a multi-sports stadium named Government Khel Sankul.

Notable places

 * Gagron Fort
 * Kalisindh Dam
 * Kalisindh Thermal Power Station
 * Kolvi Caves

Temples

 * Sun temple, Jhalrapatan : The 11th/12th-century Sun temple of Jhalprapatan is situated in the centre of the town. The temple is intact and divided into a sanctum, vestibule, prayer hall, and entrance. The most significant part of the temple is its big spire. The temple is adorned with several sculptures of gods and goddesses, and floral designs both from inside and outside of the pillars of the prayer hall are carved and decorated with sculptures.  The temple has entrances on three sides, and every entrance has a toran over it.  The sanctum is plain and simple. The outer walls of the sanctum display the icons of Dikpalas Surya, sur-sundris. Ganesh and other miniature scenes are related to the life of the people. At present, the image of the god Padmnabh of the 19th century is under worship and kept in the sanctum. Sometime in the 19th century the roof of the prayer hall was repaired and a few cenotaphs were constructed in the Rajput architectural style. The images of saints and monkeys were also installed on the roof.
 * Chandkheri Jain Temple, Khanpur: Chandkheri is a 17th Century Jain Temple constructed by Bhattaraka Jagatkeertiji. The temple is known for its architecture. This temple is dedicated to Adinatha (Rishabhanatha) and the moolnayak of the temple is a 6.25 feet idol of Adinatha in padmasan posture made up of red stone. The idol said to be more than 1500 years old. It is said that there is an idol of Bhagwan Chandra Prabhu made of jewels, but it is closed by a wall now. The temple also has a Dharamshala equipped with all modern facilities along with a bhojanalya.
 * Shri 1008 Shantinath Digambar Jain temple, Jhalrapatan: Shantinath Jain Temple was built in the 11th century. The temple has fine carvings and sculptures. Jain Temple is decorated with two white elephants at the entry point of the main temple.
 * Kamkheda Balaji Mandir, Manohar Thana :Kamkheda balaji mandir, manoharthana is a very  famous hanuman ji maharaj temple where many devotees from Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and many other states come throughout the year. It is said that every wish made with a true heart is fulfilled here. Recently Ram mandir is also built in front of balaji dham and opened for the public.

Air
The nearest airport with scheduled commercial flight is Kota. Kota airport operates a single flight to Jaipur and New Delhi six days a week (not on Sundays). It is 82 km from the town of Jhalawar.

The alternate airport with scheduled commercial flights is Raja Bhoj Airport at Bhopal and Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport at Indore in Madhya Pradesh. Kolana Airport is located near Jhalawar. It is used by chartered aircraft.

Rail
Jhalawar has a newly constructed railway station. The railway station is 2 km from Jhalawar. Currently, there are three trains to Kota on a daily basis with convenient timings. On Sunday, Wednesday, Thursday a train to Jaipur and Ganganagar also runs

Road
Jhalawar town lies on National Highway No. 52. Many government buses go through the district and outside. Private buses are also available for intrastate and interstate travel.

Thermal power station
Kalisindh Thermal Power Station is 12 km from Jhalawar town. The power plant is operated by Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam. Its chimney is 275 m high. The two cooling towers of the facility are 202 m, the tallest in the world. The EPC contractor for the project is BGR Energy Systems Ltd.

Notable people

 * Om Puri
 * Vasundhara Raje
 * Mohan lal Sukhariya
 * Dushyant Singh
 * Annu Kapoor

title: Jhalawar


text:
Whiskered bat

The whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus) is a small European bat with long fur. Although uncommon, M. mystacinus is often found around human habitation and around water; it is similar to Brandt's bat (Myotis brandtii), from which it was distinguished as a separate species only in 1970.

Overview
The analysis of morphological, behavioural, and especially genetic characters have since identified further cryptic species of whiskered bats in the genus Myotis, including Myotis alcathoe (described in 2001 from Europe). Myotis aurascens and Myotis ikonnikovi are other similar species. Myotis hajastanicus was also included in M. mystacinus until recently, but it was differentiated on the base of morphologic comparison.

Echolocation
The frequencies used by M. mystacinus for echolocation are 34–102 kHz, have most energy at 53 kHz, and have an average duration of 3.0 ms.

title: Whiskered bat


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Charlie Nicholas

Charles Nicholas (born 30 December 1961) is a Scottish former professional footballer. A striker, Nicholas is best known for his spells at Celtic and Arsenal. He won 20 international caps for Scotland, including playing at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.

Nicholas began his career at Celtic, and by the age of 21 was considered the most exciting emerging talent in British football. With several English clubs keen to sign him, he joined Arsenal in the summer of 1983. He spent over four years there, and scored both their goals in their League Cup Final win over Liverpool in 1987. Nicholas fell out of favour at Highbury later that year, and moved back to Scotland to join Aberdeen. He won two Cup Finals in his time at Pittodrie, before rejoining Celtic in 1990. His second spell at Parkhead was less successful than his first, but he spent five seasons there before moving on to Clyde for one season before retiring from playing.

Since retiring he has worked in the media, most recently on the Sky Sports show Soccer Saturday, until August 2020.

Celtic
Born in Cowcaddens, Glasgow, Nicholas grew in the Maryhill area of the city (specifically the Wyndford estate) where he was a childhood friend and neighbour of fellow footballer Jim Duffy. He began his career as a youth with the Celtic Boys Club, before signing for Celtic in 1979. He made his first team debut at 17 years of age on 14 August 1979 in a Glasgow Cup tie against Queens Park, scoring Celtic's second goal in a 3–1 win. Aside from his goal, the youngster displayed alertness and confidence. He made his second appearance in the next round of the same competition on 22 August, opening the scoring in a 3–0 win over Clyde and providing the assist for Bobby Lennox to score Celtic's third goal. Nicholas returned to playing for the reserves again for the rest of the season. His next first team outing was in July 1980 in a Drybrough Cup tie against Ayr United. Celtic lost 1–0 in a poor showing, although Nicholas continued to impress with his quick and busy play.

His first appearance for Celtic in a major competition came on 16 August 1980 when he replaced the injured Frank McGarvey during the second half of Celtic's 3–0 win away against Kilmarnock in the league. Nicholas began to feature regularly for Celtic, and on 30 August scored his first goals in major competition when he netted twice during a 6–1 win over Stirling Albion in the Scottish League Cup. Playing up front alongside one of either Frank McGarvey or George McCluskey, he went on to score 20 goals in 23 games up to the end of December 1980. He continued to score regularly after the turn of the year, including two goals against Rangers in February 1981 as Celtic came from behind to win 3–1 and go top of the league. Manager Billy McNeill praised Nicholas, stating "It's a wonderful thing for a youngster to score twice in one of those [Old Firm] games", adding that "The world is going to hear a lot more about Charlie [Nicholas]". He finished the season with a total of 28 goals, the last of which he scored in a 1–0 win over Rangers at Ibrox in April 1981, and Celtic went on to clinch the Scottish Premier Division title days later with a win away at Dundee United. Nicholas' form saw him win the 1981 Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year Award.

The following season saw Nicholas play less regularly, having lost his place in the side to McCluskey. Worse, he suffered a broken leg in a friendly match against Morton in January 1982 and missed the rest of the season.

Nicholas returned to the team for the start of season 1982–83 in August 1982, playing in all six matches of the group stages of the 1982–83 Scottish League Cup, scoring seven goals as Celtic qualified with ease, including a four-goal haul in a 7–1 rout of Dunfermline. Celtic, and Nicholas, continued their goalscoring form into the league campaign, and by mid September Nicholas had amassed a total of 16 goals. Celtic faced Ajax in the first round of the European Cup in September 1982. Nicholas scored a penalty in the first leg at Parkhead, which finished 2–2 on the night. Celtic went into the second leg as underdogs, but an outstanding goal by Nicholas put Celtic ahead in Amsterdam. In a move also involving Paul McStay and Frank McGarvey, Nicholas received the ball from McGarvey and ran into the Ajax penalty box. He evaded two tackles from Ajax defenders before curling an excellently placed left-foot finish past goalkeeper Piet Schrijvers. Ajax later scored themselves, but a last minute winner from George McCluskey saw Celtic progress 4–3 on aggregate. Nicholas later said of his goal, "That was probably my all-time favourite goal. My greatest game."

Nicholas was now being described as the most outstanding young player to emerge in Scotland since Kenny Dalglish. He displayed an excellent touch and great vision on the ball and possessed a strong shot with both feet. The only asset he lacked was a turn of pace, although his other attributes covered for that. His partnership up front with Frank McGarvey helped Nicholas become the leading goalscorer in Scotland and one of the best strikers in the British game. On 4 December 1982, he opened the scoring for Celtic in their 2–1 win over Rangers in the Scottish League Cup final. After New Year, Nicholas became the centre of intense media speculation linking him with a move to England; with television, radio and newspapers journalists travelling north to cover Nicholas' goalscoring exploits. The Celtic star was featured regularly on the Saturday lunch-time television show Saint and Greavsie which showed Nicholas' latest goals. Despite his prolific goalscoring, the uncertainty over his future at Celtic appeared to unsettle the team towards the end of the season and they ended up losing the league to Dundee United. In the final league match of the season, Nicholas scored twice from penalty kicks as Celtic recovered from a 2–0 deficit at half-time against Rangers to win 4–2. At the end of the game he ran behind the goal to wave what appeared to be his "goodbyes" to the Celtic fans.

He finished the season with 48 goals and won both the Scottish PFA Player of the Year and Scottish Football Writers' Player of the Year awards. The weeks that followed the end of the season saw Liverpool, Manchester United and Arsenal all being strongly linked with signing Nicholas. Liverpool's Kenny Dalglish and Graeme Souness, whom Nicholas knew from being with in the Scotland international squad, made strenuous efforts to persuade Nicholas to come to Anfield. Tottenham Hotspur and Inter Milan were also interested in signing the Celtic player.

Arsenal
Terry Neill signed Nicholas for Arsenal on 22 June 1983 for a transfer fee of £750,000 (£ today), making him at the time the second most expensive export from the Scottish league. As a 21-year-old at the time of his move to Arsenal, he reportedly became the highest paid footballer in Britain and was described as being "the most exciting player to emerge in Britain since George Best". He made his competitive debut for Arsenal in the opening league match of the season on 27 August 1983 at Highbury against Luton Town. Although he did not score, Nicholas turned in an impressive performance and helped his side to a 2–1 win. Former Scotland international Ian St John said that Nicholas showed he was a player of "genuine class" and that there was a "buzz of excitement every time he moved on to the ball". Two days later, Nicholas scored his first goals for his new club in a 2–1 win away at Wolves.

However, he failed to score again until Boxing Day. By this time Arsenal had endured a slump in form and were lying sixteenth in the First Division, resulting in the sacking of manager Terry Neill on 16 December 1983. The festive period saw Nicholas return to scoring form: He scored twice in a 4–2 win over North London rivals Tottenham Hotspur on Boxing Day, endearing himself to the supporters. Nicholas scored again upon the following day from a penalty kick in a 1–1 draw against Birmingham City, his first goal scored at Highbury. Under new manager Don Howe, Arsenal improved in the second half of the season and eventually finished in sixth place. The 1983–84 campaign would prove to be Nicholas' best at Arsenal, with him scoring a sum of 11 times in the league: As so, he won Arsenal's Player of the Year award for 1984.

Nicholas's lifestyle in the capital was the subject of much tabloid speculation, earning him the nickname "Champagne Charlie". In November 1984, while at Arsenal, Nicholas was given a second drink-driving ban in the space of two years, after admitting driving with excess alcohol.

With the lack of a striker of the ilk of Frank McGarvey to play alongside at Arsenal, Nicholas barely broke double figures in the following seasons, not helped that he was also often played just off the main striker. While Nicholas could display extravagant skills, a lack of consistency restricted his impact. The arrival of George Graham as the new manager of Arsenal in the summer of 1986 saw Nicholas no longer have an automatic place in the team. Arsenal, however, did reach the League Cup final against Liverpool in April 1987. Liverpool's Ian Rush gave his side the lead on 23 minutes, but Nicholas equalised seven minutes later after a goal mouth scramble. In the second half, he appeared to be fouled in the penalty box by Gary Gillespie, but the referee ignored Arsenal's claims for a penalty. With seven minutes left, Nicholas received a cross from Perry Groves and shot at goal. The ball took a deflection off Ronnie Whelan, and went into the goal having deceived Bruce Grobbelaar. Arsenal held on to win 2–1. With this Wembley brace Nicholas thus became a club hero.

Nicholas was linked with a return to Celtic in 1987, but this did not materialise. He was dropped from the Arsenal team four games into the start of the 1987–88 season, in favour of Perry Groves as the strike-partner for new signing Alan Smith. He spent the rest of his time at Highbury playing for their reserves.

Nicholas was ranked at number 28 in the club's list of the '50 Greatest Gunners of all time'. Altogether he scored 54 goals in 184 matches for Arsenal.

Aberdeen
Nicholas joined Aberdeen in January 1988 for a transfer fee of £400,000 (£ today), stating his desire to get his career back on track. After a slow start at Pittodrie (three goals in 16 league games in the 1987–88 season), he rediscovered his form and scored 16 league goals in the 1988–89 season, finishing joint top-scorer in the league alongside Celtic's Mark McGhee.

He maintained his form into what transpired to be his final season, 1989–90, and in October 1989 picked up his first silverware since returning to Scotland, as Aberdeen defeated Rangers 2–1 in the Scottish League Cup Final. The arrival of Dutch forward Hans Gilhaus in November 1989 saw the pair immediately form a good partnership up front. The two helped Aberdeen win the Scottish Cup, both scoring their penalty kicks in Aberdeen's penalty-shoot win over Celtic in May 1990. In all, Nicholas played 104 games for The Dons in two and a half years, scoring 36 goals.

Looking back on his time in an interview for Aberdeen's Red Matchday magazine, Nicholas stated "Looking back with hindsight, I know I should never have left Aberdeen when I did".

Return to Celtic
In summer 1990, Nicholas returned to Celtic. His comeback season at Parkhead saw him playing a total of 14 games and scoring six goals within the league. The arrival of new manager Liam Brady at Celtic in 1991 saw an improvement in fortune for Nicholas, and he went on to score 21 league goals during season 1991–92. In March 1992 he scored two outstanding goals in consecutive weeks. On 21 March he opened the scoring at Ibrox in a 2–0 win over Rangers; taking a long ball from a Chris Morris free kick, he volleyed home a powerful shot past goalkeeper Andy Goram. A week later on 28 March, he ran across the Dundee United defence 25 yards out and suddenly chipped the ball past an unsuspecting Alan Main. Despite his goalscoring, Celtic again failed to win any silverware. He lost his place in the team halfway through 1992–93 as Celtic bought Frank McAvennie, but regained his place the following season as McAvennie fell out of favour.

Nicholas was released by manager Lou Macari in May 1994, although after Macari was sacked a month later, Nicholas was subsequently re-signed by new manager Tommy Burns. However, in 1994–95 he played in only 12 out of 36 league games and was unable to score a single goal. He was left out of the 1995 Scottish Cup Final against Airdrie and Celtic released him again, so he moved on from the club for the last time. In five years back at Celtic he had played 114 league games and scored 37 league goals.

Clyde
In July 1995 Nicholas joined Clyde on a free transfer, where he spent one season and scored five times in 31 league games before retiring as a player.

International career
Nicholas was first capped by Scotland at senior level on 30 March 1983, near the end of his first spell at Celtic. He was on the scoresheet in a 2–2 draw with Switzerland at Hampden Park. He was in Scotland's squad for the 1986 World Cup, playing in the group matches against Denmark and Uruguay. He won the last of his 20 senior caps for Scotland on 26 April 1989 in a 2–1 win over Cyprus at Hampden Park. The last of his five goals for Scotland had come on 17 October 1984 in a 3–0 win over Iceland at Hampden Park early in the World Cup qualifying stages.

Career after retirement
Nicholas previously worked as a pundit on the Sky Sports News programme Soccer Saturday and Sky Sports' coverage of Scottish football. He is also a part-time newspaper columnist. In April 2010 Nicholas criticised Celtic's majority shareholder Dermot Desmond. He accused Desmond and the board of presiding over the worst Celtic squad he had ever seen. Nicholas criticised Desmond's handling of the club, accusing him of treating the Glasgow club like "a toy", and failing to invest properly in the playing staff.

In January 2014, Nicholas was inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame.

International

 * Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Nicholas goal.

Honours
Celtic
 * Scottish Premier Division: 1980–81, 1981–82
 * Scottish League Cup: 1982–83

Arsenal
 * Football League Cup: 1986–87

Aberdeen
 * Scottish Cup: 1989–90
 * Scottish League Cup: 1989–90

Individual
 * Scottish PFA Player of the Year: 1983
 * Scottish Football Writers' Player of the Year: 1983
 * Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year: 1981
 * Arsenal Player of the Season: 1983−84
 * Scottish Premier Division Golden Boot: 1982–83, 1988–89 (shared)
 * Daily Record Golden Shot: 1982–83
 * European Golden Shoe: third place (1983)
 * Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2014

title: Charlie Nicholas


text:
Anna-Lena Grönefeld

Anna-Lena Grönefeld (also spelled Groenefeld; married name Herzgerodt; born 4 June 1985) is a German former professional tennis player.

Competing as a professional from 2003 until 2019, she won one singles title on the WTA Tour, at the 2006 Mexican Open, and reached the quarterfinals of the 2006 French Open. She is a two-time Grand Slam champion in mixed doubles, having won the 2009 Wimbledon Championships alongside Mark Knowles, and the 2014 French Open with Jean-Julien Rojer. Grönefeld also finished runner-up in mixed doubles at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships and 2017 French Open.

In women's doubles, Grönefeld won 17 career titles, most notably the 2005 Rogers Cup with Martina Navratilova, and reached seven Grand Slam semifinals. She was part of the German team which reached the final of the 2014 Davis Cup, and competed at the 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games.

2002–2006: Breakthrough
In 2002, she was the singles champion of both the Belgium and Frankfurt International Championships and a finalist at the Orange Bowl. In June 2003, she captured the prestigious French Open junior title, becoming the first player from Germany since 1957 to accomplish this feat. In July 2003, she continued her superb form and won the Apple and Eve Newsday Long Island Classic, held in Woodbury, New York. She was also an accomplished doubles player in juniors winning the French Open title and reaching the finals at Wimbledon. As a result of her tennis success in 2003, Grönefeld had achieved the junior world ranking of No. 1 in singles and doubles. She launched her professional career debut under the direction of the USA Academy and Rafael Font de Mora.

Grönefeld made her professional breakthrough in 2005, rising 54 places throughout the year. She reached the third round of the Australian Open, French Open and the US Open and played three finals in WTA Tour events throughout the season, including at the Tier II event in Beijing, although failing to win any of them. She also rose into the top 10 in the world in doubles, cementing her position as one of the most promising young doubles players on the tour at the time.

In 2006, she represented Germany along with Nicolas Kiefer at the Hopman Cup. She went on to win her first title at the Mexican Open in Acapulco and completed a career best showing at Roland Garros, by reaching the quarterfinals, where she lost to Justine Henin. Her ranking peaked at 14, and remained in the top 20 for much of the year, despite a significant drop in results in the latter half of the season, as the German failed to progress beyond the quarterfinals of most tournaments. She split with Font de Mora in September 2006 and began to work with Dirk Dier.

2007: Loss of form
Her run of bad form continued into 2007, and as of 19 June, Grönefeld had been eliminated in the first round of her last five tournaments. Grönefeld blamed her run of bad form on the situation with Font de Mora, suggesting that he was giving her opponents tactics on how to beat her. She also had a substantial weight gain over the past several months. Her ranking subsequently dipped below the top 100 for the first time since 2004. On 20 August 2007, Grönefeld announced that she would be taking a break from the tour, coming back in 2008.

In August 2007, it was revealed that Font de Mora was planning to sue Grönefeld for lack of discipline during their partnership, stating: "She had to adhere to a standard of performance, a standard of training and a standard of diet. She absolutely let herself go and sabotaged her marketability and her performance on the court. You work for years and invest all this money into developing contracts and developing endorsements and then she just gets around the wrong people and does the wrong things and her performance affects everything." He also denied her allegations that he interfered with her matches.

2008–2009: Comeback
Grönefeld made her official comeback on 3 May 2008, at the $75k event in Zagreb, Croatia. She was seeded fourth in the qualifying draw, winning three consecutive matches to reach the main draw. She then won the Smart Card Open Monet+ in Zlín, Czech Republic, for the first title of her comeback. Grönefeld went on to win another two ITF title over the following fortnight: a $10k event in Alkmaar, Netherlands, and a $25k event at Périgueux, France.

Grönefeld took advantage of her feed-up wildcard into the Tier IV Gaz de France Grand Prix (a result of winning the $75k Zlín event), reaching the quarterfinals with an upset win over Lucie Šafářová. She then played in Bad Gastein, where she was defeated in three tight sets in the second round by Pauline Parmentier.

Her good form allowed Grönefeld to win another $50k event in Rimini at the beginning of August. She also reached the final of a $50k Bronx Open, where she lost to Elena Bovina.

After winning her three qualification rounds, Grönefeld played at the 2008 US Open, and reached the fourth round of the main draw, only losing to Dinara Safina. Prior to her loss to Safina, Grönefeld had won six matches in a row without losing a single set, the highlights being her victory over Daniela Hantuchová in the first round and over Alizé Cornet in the third round, both top 20 players at the time.

After losing against Austrian runner-up Tamira Paszek in the first round in Bali, Grönefeld received a wildcard for the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart but lost in the first round against Venus Williams. With her doubles partner, Patty Schnyder, Grönefeld, however, won the doubles competition against the top seeds Květa Peschke and Rennae Stubbs.

After winning the first two matches at the qualification for the Zurich Open, Grönefeld lost her third match against Petra Kvitová. With doubles partner Patty Schnyder she reached the finals.

Performance timelines
''Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records. ''

title: Anna-Lena Grönefeld


text:
WSFL-TV

WSFL-TV (channel 39) is a television station in Miami, Florida, United States, affiliated with The CW. It is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company alongside Ion Television owned-and-operated station WPXM-TV (channel 35), also licensed to Miami. WSFL-TV's studios are located on Southwest 78th Avenue in Plantation, Florida; its transmitter is located in Andover, Florida.

As an independent station
The station first signed on the air on October 16, 1982, as WDZL. It was originally owned by Channel 39 Broadcasting Ltd. Operating as an independent station, it maintained a general entertainment format consisting of cartoons, off-network dramas, classic movies, a few older off-network sitcoms, and religious programs. Odyssey Partners, which would later evolve into Renaissance Broadcasting (and which had owned WTXX, now WCCT-TV, in Waterbury, Connecticut), owned an interest in WDZL.

In December 1984, Grant Broadcasting System signed on competing independent WBFS-TV (channel 33) with a stronger general entertainment lineup, and surpassed WDZL in the ratings immediately. Still, WDZL was profitable, especially with the large amount of barter cartoons that was available to the station. It was still running programs that other area stations passed on until the wave of affiliation switches in January 1989. When WCIX (channel 6, now WFOR-TV on channel 4) was sold to CBS and dropped most of its syndicated programs, Fox programming moved to WSVN (channel 7), which lost its NBC affiliation to WTVJ (channel 4, now on channel 6), which became an NBC-owned station at that time. Most of the syndicated programs dropped by WCIX, primarily cartoons and sitcoms, were acquired by WDZL, helping it to become a far stronger independent station by the early 1990s (WSVN acquired some of WCIX's cartoons to air on weekend mornings, along most of WCIX's movie packages, while WCIX retained some of its syndicated programs). In 1991, WDZL began branding its children's programming as the Fun Zone; the programming block was hosted by Lauren D. The station acquired the rights to Fox Kids after WSVN dropped the programming block in 1993.

In mid-January 1994, the station began airing the Action Pack programming block with a TekWar TV movie. The rating for the movie were 9.1/13, which was 225% more than November and more than any 2 hour movie from last year.

As a WB affiliate
WDZL became a charter WB affiliate when the network debuted on January 11, 1995. In 1997, the Tribune Company acquired Renaissance Communications' six television stations. As Kids' WB programming expanded to three hours on weekdays, the station dropped Fox Kids (which moved to Home Shopping Network station WYHS (channel 69, now WAMI-TV). Channel 39 altered its call letters to WBZL (simply replacing the "D" with a "B") in 1998 to emphasize its affiliation with The WB. Throughout its affiliation with the network, the station was branded on-air as "WB 39". By that point, WBZL began airing more first-run talk and reality shows during the daytime hours, along with children's programming, and off-network sitcoms in the evenings. By 2005, it was the only remaining station in South Florida that still ran children's programs on weekday afternoons due to the presence of Kids' WB (which would discontinue its weekday afternoon block nationwide on December 30, 2005, leaving only a five-hour lineup on Saturday mornings).

As a CW affiliate
On January 24, 2006, the Warner Bros. unit of Time Warner and CBS Corporation announced that the two companies would shut down The WB and UPN and combine the networks' respective programming to create a new "fifth" network called The CW. On the day of the announcement, Tribune Broadcasting signed a ten-year agreement to affiliate 16 of its WB affiliates, including WBZL, with The CW. However, it would not have been an upset had WBFS (which is owned by CBS News and Stations) been chosen as Miami's CW station. Representatives for the network were on record as preferring the "strongest" WB and UPN stations to become The CW's charter affiliates, and Miami–Fort Lauderdale was one of the few markets where the WB and UPN stations both had relatively strong viewership. Throughout the summer, WBZL started using the CW logo in station promotions and also began referring to itself as "CW South Florida". On September 17, the station changed its call letters to WSFL-TV, to reference to its geographic location. WSFL became a charter CW affiliate when the network debuted the next day on September 18.

On September 1, 2008, in a corporate move by Tribune to de-emphasize references to The CW in the branding of its CW-affiliated stations, channel 39 was rebranded as "SFL" and it debuted a logo featuring the stylistic capital "S" in the Sun-Sentinel nameplate logo. Around the same time, WSFL moved its operations into the Fort Lauderdale offices of the Sun-Sentinel newspaper. By February 2012, the station rebranded as "SFL-TV" to de-emphasize its connection to the Sun-Sentinel, as WSFL no longer offers full-scale local newscasts.

On July 10, 2013, Tribune announced plans to spin off its publishing division into a separate company. The split was finalized in 2014, and WSFL-TV remain with the Tribune Company (which retain all non-publishing assets, including the broadcasting, digital media and Media Services units), while its newspapers (including the Sun-Sentinel) became part of the similarly named Tribune Publishing Company. On February 1, 2017, the station reverted to the "CW South Florida" branding.

Sale attempts and sales since 2017
Sinclair Broadcast Group entered into an agreement to acquire Tribune Media on May 8, 2017, for $3.9 billion, plus assumption of $2.7 billion in Tribune debt. In order to meet regulatory approval, Sinclair agreed to divest WSFL to Fox Television Stations in what was part of a $910 million deal; Fox executives declined to make any public statement regarding the status of current affiliate WSVN which had a contract with the network through June 30, 2019. Both transactions were nullified when Tribune Media terminated the merger and filed a breach of contract lawsuit against Sinclair; this followed FCC chairman Ajit Pai rejecting the deal and the commission voting to put it through a hearing.

Nexstar Media Group subsequently announced their acquisition of Tribune Media on December 3, 2018, for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. As part of the deal, WSFL was divested to the E. W. Scripps Company in a series of transactions with multiple companies that totaled $1.32 billion. The sale was completed on September 19, 2019. On April 19, 2024, Nexstar announced that The CW would not renew its affiliations with Scripps-owned stations, including WSFL-TV.

Later on July 2, Scripps Sports, the sports division of the E. W. Scripps Company, announced a deal with the Florida Panthers, which would put games over the air on WSFL-TV beginning in the 2024–25 season.

Tribune era
In 1997, NBC owned-and-operated station WTVJ and the Sun-Sentinel entered into a partnership to co-produce a nightly 10 p.m. newscast on WDZL, titled WB 39 News at 10. When the station became a CW affiliate, the newscast's title was changed accordingly to CW News at 10. On March 5, 2008, WTVJ began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition; the 10 p.m. broadcast on WSFL was included in the upgrade. For the duration of the 2008 Summer Olympics, WSFL's newscast utilized a two-anchor format and closely mirrored the format of the newscasts airing on WTVJ. The 10 p.m. newscast during this time was broadcast from WTVJ's primary news set at Peacock Plaza in Miramar, with the only alterations being differences in the set's duratrans for the WSFL newscast. The WTVJ-produced newscast on WSFL was one of a handful of newscasts that were produced through news share agreements with Tribune-owned stations, including newscasts airing sister stations WPHL-TV in Philadelphia (whose 10 p.m. newscast was originally produced by NBC-owned WCAU, and has since transferred production to ABC-owned WPVI-TV) and KRCW-TV in Portland, Oregon (whose prime time newscast was originally produced by NBC affiliate KGW, and has since transferred production to Nexstar-owned CBS affiliate KOIN).

On August 26, 2008, WTVJ and WSFL agreed to terminate their news share agreement, most likely due to WTVJ's planned acquisition by Post-Newsweek Stations (then-owner of ABC affiliate WPLG, channel 10), which was later aborted due to financial issues and lack of FCC approval; the final broadcast of the 10 p.m. newscast aired on August 31. WSFL later began to produce a weekday morning news program, which aired for four hours from 5 to 9 a.m., on April 13, 2009; the program was broadcast out of the Sun-Sentinel's former auditorium on the first floor of the Sun-Sentinel Building on Las Olas in Fort Lauderdale. The Morning Show was canceled on August 4, 2010, due to low ratings. The station continues to produce the public affairs program South Florida Voices, on Sunday mornings at 6 a.m., which is hosted by Deborah Ally; this program was relaunched with a new host and under a new title in September 2010. WSFL also began producing nightly news updates in mid-August 2010, which air five times a day. WSFL also produces local news inserts that appear during its broadcast of EyeOpener (which is produced by Dallas sister station KDAF) on weekday mornings.

On September 28, 2015, WSFL-TV became the third station to launch the Tribune-developed news format, NewsFix, launching a half-hour prime time newscast, NewsFix SFL at 10:00. The format de-emphasizes the traditional use of anchors and reporters, in favor of using footage featuring those involved and continuity provided by a narrator to help illustrate the story. , NewsFix SFL no longer airs on the station.

Scripps era
On November 14, 2019, Scripps announced that they would bring local news back to WSFL, originally starting in spring 2020. However, due in part to the COVID-19 pandemic, the newscast debut did not occur. On March 10, 2021, it was announced that WPLG (now owned by BH Media) would produce 7–9 a.m. and 10 p.m. newscasts for WSFL, which began on June 1.

On May 6, 2024, the station replaced the WPLG-produced morning newscast with Morning Rush from Scripps News from 8 to 9:30 a.m.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WSFL-TV ended programming on its analog signal, on UHF channel 39, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 19, using virtual channel 39.

title: WSFL-TV


text:
Nannerl O. Keohane

Nannerl "Nan" Overholser Keohane (born September 18th, 1940, in Blytheville, Arkansas) is an American political theorist and former president of Wellesley College and Duke University. Until September 2014, Keohane was the Laurance S. Rockefeller Distinguished Visiting Professor of Public Affairs and the University Center for Human Values at Princeton University. She is now a professor in social sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, where she is researching the theory and practice of leadership in democratic societies.

Academic career
Keohane earned her first undergraduate degree in 1961 from Wellesley College, and her second bachelor's degree at Oxford University as a Marshall Scholar. Keohane received her doctorate in political science from Yale University in 1967.

Keohane began her career in academia teaching at Swarthmore College (1967–73), Stanford University (1973–81), and the University of Pennsylvania. At Stanford, she was chair of the faculty senate and won the Gores Award for Excellence in Teaching, the university's highest teaching honor.

Keohane served as eleventh president of Wellesley from 1981 to 1993, while also continuing to teach political science. At Wellesley, she oversaw increased enrollment of minority students, led the expansion of the Sports Center and the construction of the Davis Museum and Cultural Center, and implemented major advances in technology throughout the campus.

Keohane became the thirteenth president at Duke in 1993. During her tenure, she was also a professor of political science, led efforts to increase minority student enrollment, diversified faculty, and oversaw the Women's Initiative. Keohane also helped raise $2.36 billion during The Campaign for Duke, which ended in 2003, making it the fifth-largest campaign in the history of American higher education.

Keohane left her position at Duke in 2004, and in 2005 was named Laurance S. Rockefeller Distinguished Visiting Professor of Public Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School and the University Center for Human Values at Princeton University.

Keohane's books include Thinking about Leadership (2010), Philosophy and the State in France: The Renaissance to the Enlightenment (1980), and Feminist Theory: A Critique of Ideology (1982). Some of Keohane's speeches were published in 1995 in A Community Worthy of the Name, and more in 2006 in Higher Ground: Ethics and Leadership in the Modern University.

In 2009-11, Keohane chaired a committee on undergraduate women's leadership at Princeton University, appointed by President Shirley M. Tilghman. She has also launched discussions on the future of women's leadership, and on the future of liberal education.

In fall 2013 she was at the American Academy in Berlin as the Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Visitor.

Other positions
In 1991, Keohane was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1994, she was elected to the American Philosophical Society. Keohane was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1995. In 1998, Keohane received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. She has served on many community and professional bodies,<refhttp://biography.yourdictionary.com/nannerl-overholser-keohane including being active in the Marshall Scholarship Alumni Association.

In 1996, following nearly 3 years of intense litigation over the estate of Doris Duke, Keohane was named as one of the "six people [who] would sit as trustees of the charitable foundations established by Miss Duke's will.". In 2008, Keohane was chair of the Board of Trustees of the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (DDCF)Home | Doris Duke Foundation during the controversy  over the Trustees decision to close and dismantle Duke Gardens, established in 1958 by Doris Duke in honor of her father James Buchanan Duke. Representatives of the DDCF stated that the Gardens were "perpetuating the Duke family history of personal passions and conspicuous consumption."

Keohane is a former member of the Harvard Corporation, the governing body of Harvard University, and a rare member of that body not to have earned a degree from Harvard. In April 2013, Keohane told Harvard students advocating for climate change divestment that they should instead "Thank BP" for its investment in clean energy. The comment caused an uproar among Harvard students, leading climate activist Bill McKibben to tweet the following: "Harvard behaving outrageously to divestment campaign, trustee urges students to 'thank BP' "

Bill McKibben (@billmckibben) April 10, 2013

Biographical notes
Keohane was born in Blytheville, Arkansas, and graduated from high school in Hot Springs, Arkansas.

Her first husband was Patrick Henry, a Professor of Religion at Swarthmore College.

Her husband is Robert Keohane, also a noted political scientist. Her sister, Geneva Overholser, is a prominent journalist and currently director of the School of Journalism at the University of Southern California. Keohane and her husband have four grown children: Sarah, Stephan, Jonathan, and Nathaniel.

Keohane's last name is often subject to mispronunciation. While the most common pronunciation is Kee-oh-hayne, following the name's phonetics, the correct pronunciation is Koh-hann, incorporating a silent 'e' and a hard 'a'.

title: Nannerl O. Keohane


text:
Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad

The Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad is a heritage railroad that operates freight and passenger excursions in Boone County, Iowa.

History
The heritage and excursion railroad was begun in 1983 by a group of volunteers who wanted to preserve a scenic section of the former Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Southern Railroad (FDDMS). The original track was built in the 1890s and electrified in 1907. After massive flooding damaged the power plant (located at Fraser, Iowa) providing electricity to the line in 1954, the railroad soon turned to diesel equipment to pull its trains. The Chicago & North Western (CNW) purchased the entire FD|DMS system in 1968. Shortly after acquiring the line, the Chicago & North Western began to place portions of it up for abandonment. In 1983, an 11 mi section of the line was purchased by the Boone Railroad Historical Society, and its 2254 charter members, for $50,000. The stretch of track winds through the Des Moines River Valley and across a 156 ft tall bridge spanning Bass Point Creek, a tributary of the Des Moines River. The line runs from Boone, through the old coal mining town of Fraser, and ends at the site of the former junction with the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway at Wolf.

The railroad, an immediate success, has expanded regularly since its founding. A depot was dedicated in 1985. Today, more than 30,000 visitors take a ride on one of the regular or special event trains, including Thomas the Tank Engine (September), the Pumpkin Express (October), and Santa Express (weekends between Thanksgiving and Christmas) that features a book written and illustrated especially for the trip. Dining cars are reserved for special dinner trains.

The James H. Andrew Railroad Museum and History Center was added to the existing depot and dedicated in 2012. It displays and preserves thousands of Iowa railroad artifacts and memorabilia such as track equipment, toy trains, dining car china, timetables, photos, lanterns, and telegraph equipment. The museum hosts special exhibitions, maintains a research library, and has a small theater/conference room.

Collection
The railroad owns numerous locomotives and dozens of cars.

One of the railroad's steam locomotives, former Crab Orchard and Egyptian Railway (CO&E) 2-8-0 No. 17, is most widely known for holding the historic title as the last operating common carrier steam locomotive in North America. Purchased on February 9, 1987, it sat on display for several years while painted with the CO&E's pyramid logo, but it is also in poor condition, since it has been sitting outdoors. It has been moved, along with a non-operable passenger car, to a location prominently visible from Highway 30 in Boone. The locomotive, its tender, and the passenger car are on permanent static display as a welcome sign for Boone, and the locomotive has been repainted to black.

In the late 1980s, the railroad also acquired one of the last new 2-8-2 Mikado steam locomotives to be constructed in China (China Railways JS No. 8419, cost $335,000). The JS locomotive powers the museum's 1920s excursion trains on Saturdays, from Memorial Day Weekend to October 31.

In 2002 the BSVY acquired and restored an GMD FP9, originally a Via Rail Canada passenger locomotive. Painted in Chicago and North Western Railway inspired colors, it powers the BSVR dinner train.

The railroad also runs a short trolley ride and has begun to do light freight switching at Boone industries in recent years. Its station is located just one block from the Union Pacific Railroad mainline.

On March 10, 2023, ex-Chicago and North Western 401, an EMD F7, arrived on the railroad, having been donated by the Union Pacific Railroad. The railroad plans to restore the locomotive to operating condition.

title: Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad


text:
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title: User:DengMao


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