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Talk:HIV/AIDS/Archive 5

'''DO NOT EDIT OR POST REPLIES TO THIS PAGE. THIS PAGE IS AN ARCHIVE.'''

This archive page covers approximately the dates between 20 June, 2005 and 10 August, 2005

Post replies to the main talk page, copying or summarizing the section you are replying to if necessary.

A note on style
In some instances the article mentions the "T cell" count instead of the CD4+ count. The distinction is quite essential; not all T cells carry CD4, yet for AIDS it is the most important marker. JFW | T@lk  15:27, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Question and request for clarification
The article states, "HIV is a retrovirus that destroys the T cells of the immune system, weakening it and rendering it unable to fight off infections and cancer." Is it shown that HIV directly does so, or might it be that HIV causes an autoimmune destruction of the T cells? I ask whether there are studies that show HIV destroying T cells in vitro or in vivo without some complementary mechanism, and references if possible. Whig 16:14, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well not only does it destroy T cells, but it also tricks the body into destroying health t-cells as well. I don't have a source off the top of my head though, sorry :/ JoeSmack (talk) 16:35, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * If this is correct then we should say both occur. Whig 20:00, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this article is interesting :
 * "In summary, the gp120-mediated autoimmune model asserts that it is the combination of gp120 and antibodies against gp120 which acts to disable T4 cells, not the direct infection of T4 cells by HIV. After initial infection, the concentrations of gp120 and antibody in a person's body slowly rise. HIV continues to infect more cells and spread, shedding more and more gp120, and B cells continue to multiply and produce anti-gp120 antibodies. Finally, the number of T4 cells that are disabled by the gp120 and antibody reaches critical levels, and the immune system starts its collapse."
 * Whig 20:04, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This is exactly what happens. HIV infected cells attack a healthy T cell first with their gp120, which are those beads surrounding the infected cell.  It binds to the CD4 of the healthy cell, then bends over to and binds to the CXCR4 (for a Fusion T helper cell, CCR-5 for a macrophage) which sends commands inside the healthy cell to shut down a load of its functions, allowing the gp41 to pierce the cell and infect it easily.

 * What is a son of a bitch is those gp120s shed off an infected cell and float around in the blood stream or just break off the infected cell brushing against healthy ones. No infection has to take place; that gp120 just has to hit a healthy cell and it not only disables the cells' functioning (immunity suppression), but it also marks it for death for T killer cells as well(our own bodies killing our immune system)! JoeSmack (talk) 15:31, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Fascinating. So this would support the idea that AIDS is largely (if not entirely) an autoimmune disorder (presumably initiated by HIV infection) and not strictly a disabled immune system (though hyperactive autoimmunity can cause such disablement). This hypothesis explains as well the long latencies that are observed with the HIV model. I think there may be significant reason to think new treatment modalities addressing this mechanism might work better than the present antiretroviral approach, though I pass no judgment on the particular vaccine proposed by the group cited above. The fact that they seem to be focused on raising funding for their approach puts them in some question, but it may be that other groups are proceeding with similar studies. Whig 17:00, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * As HIV brings the CD4+ count down more and more, the latent HIV infected cells activate more and more. In the beginning it is largely autoimmune, but towards the end you get tons of cells lycing - litterally exploding from all the HIV virons it is producing, leaving a gutted cell behind.  And, towards the very end, and what makes AIDS so debilitating, is the opportunistic infections that ravage the body due to no immune system to stave them off.

 * There are some gp120 style appraoches to treatment, but they are pretty underdeveloped as of now I believe. JoeSmack (talk) 17:35, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Further consideration of this hypothesis with respect to the effectiveness of antiretrovirals would suggest that their principal benefit is in fact due to their suppression of the immune system (reducing autoimmunity) rather than destruction of HIV itself. A person might have a prior infection with HIV which, even if successfully "cured", leaves the autoimmune progression to continue its destructive course. This would also explain why we would find it hard to isolate active HIV from AIDS patients. Whig 17:09, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, anti-retrovirals work by stopping HIV in one of its steps for replication. Right now we have reverse transcriptase inhibitors (stops RNA-->DNA replication) and protease inhibitors (stops HIV from producing proteins to asemble more copies of HIV virons).  It doesn't suppress the immune system per se, but it does allow less HIV in the body to replicate thus letter the immune system build back up for a time.

 * If magically we could cure someone with HIV, there would still be gp120 floating around for a time making their immune system attack itself - but it would subside after a time. gp120 does suck, don't ge me wrong, but HIV is the thing that keeps its production up. JoeSmack (talk) 17:35, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Suppose that HAART were used for a brief high dose (i.e., chemotherapeutic) course followed by anti-gp120 (antioxidant) therapy — we know that long term use of HAART has its own problems, and this might be an effective approach to be explored, if it isn't already being explored. I'd like to see if studies exist for this. Whig 17:50, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Fuzeon is another new and upcoming treatment you might be interested in. Here  is a little guide about it, although this particular link comes off more like an ad than a study :/  . Fusion inhibitors work by keeping the gp120 from interaction with CXCR4 on T helper cells, thus keeping the HIV viron from shutting down the cell's functions.  If it can't disable the cell it can't pierce the cell membrane with gp41 and enter/infect it.  Cool stuff, shows promise. JoeSmack (talk) 22:11, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks really nasty, actually, or at least doesn't look like any sort of improvement over the existing regimens. As monotherapy, it fails completely, and apparently it's used for end-stage cases where all other therapies have failed (i.e., drug resistant AIDS). Whig 01:02, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

gp120 toxicity model
Some links I'm starting to collect, please comment or add others if you think these merit any useful mention in the article. Whig 17:17, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1/gp120-Mediated Cerebellar Granule Cell Death by Preventing gp120 Internalization
 * Schwann cell chemokine receptors mediate HIV-1 gp120 toxicity to sensory neurons
 * Antioxidant protection from HIV-1 gp120-induced neuroglial toxicity Suggests that ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and deprenyl may neuroprotect and attenuate gp120 toxicity.
 * Unfortunately, I think if pumping a person with AIDS full of vitamin C had a significant effect, it would have be perscribed to every HIV patient worldwide. It's cheap and it's plentiful. This study doesn't appear to have any live human trials - it's main falling. :/   JoeSmack (talk) 17:58, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

Fortunately AIDS research isn't overpoliticized or anything. :-P Whig 18:14, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think most of the wish-wash in there is related to AIDSVAX, a vaccine trial that took place in Thailand that flopped terribly. It showed nothing after the trials.  The trials were allowed to happen even though their data wasn't so supportive before hand, and some say a little doctored.  Most of the weight thrown around sounds like an attempt not to dump $119 million on another AIDSVAX. JoeSmack (talk) 18:35, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Irrespective of the merits of the particular study, what this appears to be is one group of people who get AIDS funding complaining that they'd rather have the money than some other group of people who were given AIDS funding. Just a big political football. Whig 20:59, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jaap Goudsmit bit in Origins
I removed the copy/paste job from http://198.246.96.2/ncidod/eid/vol10no10/pdfs/Vol10No10.pdf - i suppose it could go in there but maybe a small paragraph summary would be more appropriate. If you want to add 1 or 2 pages to this article, maybe give Mr. Goudsmit his own wikipedia article. JoeSmack (talk) 16:38, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Prevention section
I kinda don't like how the prevention section is winding up. Although odds for infection are worst for blood transfusions and injection drugs, the odds for all the sex is quite low. I know that this is accurate as it came from the CDC, but if as a guy my chances of catching HIV is 1 in 2,000 if i am hetero, then i'm not gonna care if i wear a condom or not, ya know? (i mean, i'd feel lucky if i got laid 1,000 times in my lifetime) I want to be NPOV, but it can be a lot more dangerous than that, especially with other STDS present/co-infections.JoeSmack (talk) 18:13, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * It should come as no surprise that 450 ml of HIV tainted fluid (one unit of blood) injected directly into the bloodstream carries a higher risk than 10 ml of HIV tainted semen deposited elsewhere! If you wanted to "even" out the statistics, you'd calculate risk per ml rather than risk per exposure—but that would not be a particularly useful statistic. - Nunh-huh 02:15, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Condoms do more than protect against AIDS, you know? Anyhow, we don't need to try to spike the data to promote condom usage, it would be strictly improper to do so. Whig 21:05, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't want to fudge any data...just seems like sex is such a, well, insignificant risk comparitively. i suppose the HIV infected populations who are high yet don't exhange blood are high because we have sex a lot more in our lives than we have blood transfusions. JoeSmack (talk) 15:35, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, as I understand it much of the early disease spread among homosexuals followed a culture of really promiscuous sexual activity, far exceeding the mainstream, perhaps many hundreds of times per year with dozens or more partners each. This is quite an environment for disease spread, and indeed a great deal of other sexually transmitted disease shows up in these subpopulations. Frankly, I think that condom use is far less of a safety measure than having stable monogamous relationships. Whig 21:09, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Current status and Global Epidemic sections
I combined them because they described the same thing. The first couple of paragraphs of the new "Current status" though could use some judicious trimming because they're pretty redundant with a lot of facts. ✈ James C. 19:22, 2005 Jun 20 (UTC)
 * I like the new flow a lot better - good job. JoeSmack (talk) 20:46, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Origins Section
The earliest journaled death more lenient to the West- in due to AIDS, is attributed to Dr. Grethe Rask who was a Danish surgeon in the early 1970s of Congo -- Can someone please turn this into a coherent sentence? I would, but I've no idea what it's supposed to say. 160.5.82.209

 * I'm working on a rewrite and a sourcing of the "Origis" section. I'll make sure and ungarble that bit. Carl Henderson 01:56, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Good work. That's much, much better. -- 160.5.82.209

 * Thank you. Carl Henderson 15:23, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Section debunking existence of Super AIDS needed
Someone redirected Super AIDS here. I think it would be good to add a small section debunking the myth of Super AIDS. Here's a good article about the myth: http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/06-05/06-06-05/a10wn935.htm

since this seems to be a sensitive article, and since I'm not an expert in any respect, I will leave it to you guys. Themindset 22:38, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This is a good example of why not to use news reports as references! Dr. David Ho, of now discredited HAART and viral load fame has once again grabbed the media spotlight. Dr. Robert Gallo, co-discoverer of the virus that causes AIDS condemned these conclusions as "scientifically, completely invalid, without a shred of evidence." Sci guy 16:06, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it's not "a good example of why not to use news reports as references". News reports are appropriate when they are clearly labeled as new developments with unresolved issues. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge about AIDS, and the "super AIDS" story is widespread enough that it would be irresponsible for us not to acknowledge it and, now, acknowledge the evidence against it. Also, trying to turn this into a grudge match between David Ho and Robert Gallo is just odd, and I have no idea what you mean by "now discredited HAART and viral load fame". Ho's public comment on this case was "it is prudent to closely watch for any additional possible cases while continuing to emphasize the importance of reducing HIV risk behavior" - a sensible statement and hardly "grabbing the spotlight".  ←Hob 18:46, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Heterosexual transmission
Thirteen human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in young women who reported sexual contact with the same HIV-infected man were detected in a rural county in upstate New York.

These 13 women were identified from 47 women who reportedly had had vaginal sex with the same HIV-infected man. The median number of vaginal sexual exposures to the same HIV-infected man was higher, although not significantly, for the HIV-infected women (six exposures; range: two-190 exposures) than for the uninfected women (three exposures; range: one-90 exposures) (Wilcoxon rank sum test, p=0.07). Median ages at first exposure to the putative index case-patient were similar for HIV-infected women (17.8 years; range: 13-22 years) (data were missing for one) and uninfected women (17.7 years; range: 14-24 years).

This should help clarify the issue. It is not a question of homosexual or heterosexual. AIDS is acquired from a HIV-infected person. Sci guy 13:38, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

AIDS or Aids?
I just saw this discussion in archive 3 after changing a number of links from Aids to AIDS. AIDS is supposed to be an acronym and therefore I would think the proper encyclopedic way to deal with it is to make it AIDS unless it is specifically being quoted from someone or some organization as Aids. Aids is just a common spelling because Aid is a common word so it looks natural. I am just posting to state that I have done that so if people have objections... well, I didn't know it had been discussed already, pardon. gren 14:24, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right that we're using AIDS as a consensus spelling in Wikipedia, but you're wrong about the reason for the "Aids" spelling. It's been a common practice in British newspapers and magazines (less so these days) to use lowercase letters for acronyms that are pronounced as words (Aids, Nato, Nafta) as opposed to initialisms that aren't (HIV, FBI). This was already explained in the talk archive, but the question inevitably comes up again once in a while.  ←Hob 18:37, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Proposed Revision of Paragraph 3 of Introduction
The section of paragraph three of the Introduction dealing with transmission of HIV has raised some questions. Below I'd like to propose a rewrite (with references):

 * The World Health Organization estimated that, worldwide, between 2.8 and 3.5 million people with AIDS died in 2004. HIV is primarily passed on via four vectors: unprotected sexual intercourse (both homosexual and heterosexual), sharing of needles by IV drug users, medical procedures using HIV-contaminated blood or equipment, and mother-to-child transmission. Predominant modes of HIV transmission vary by region, and different HIV subtypes seem to be more strongly associated with some transmission routes than others.

 * In the US and Western Europe, homosexual intercourse and IV drug use lead to the majority of new infections. But in sub-Saharan Africa (where ~ 70% of people with AIDS live ) unscreened blood transfusions, poorly cleaned medical equipment, and heterosexual intercourse are the primary HIV vectors.

 * Marais, H., Stanecki, K., et al. (2004). AIDS epidemic update: 2004 United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization (WHO).

 * UNAIDS (2004). "UNAIDS Questions & Answers" United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).

 * Copson, R. W. (2003). AIDS in Africa Congressional Research Service.

 * Marais, H., Stanecki, K., et al. (2004). AIDS epidemic update: 2004 United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World Health Organization (WHO).

 * Friedman, E. A. (2003). "HIV Transmission in the Medical Setting: A White Paper by Physicians for Human Rights".

Carl Henderson 23:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

The "Safe Sex" subtitle was placed strangly so I finally got it to move down a little. As to the new 3rd Paragraph idea I prefere the old one, although I do like the good citing. This new paragraph seems to be more about transmition(which is eplained later and therefore is redundant) than a general overview of AIDs, which the intro should be. Voice of All(MTG) 22:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Unravelling the AIDS paradox
In 1985 AIDS was an unusual disease of several thousand sexually promiscuous, drug using, white, gay men in California and New York. Twenty years later AIDS has been redefined as a disease of millions of monogamous, married women in Africa. The emphasis has shifted from explaining unexpected cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma in apparently healthy young men in the United States to interpreting the meaning of HIV antibodies in pregnant women in Africa. Along the way, about half the original AIDS patients have been reclassified as not having AIDS because they did not have HIV antibodies. Blood donors, who have HIV antibodies detected, are retested a year later and usually no longer have HIV antibodies.

HIV has proved impossible to purify. There are no electron micrographs of purified HIV particles. In the place of facts we are offered artists impressions and pictures of bumps on cell surfaces.

 * HIV Virus Budding from a Human Cell
 * HIV virus--Coloured Transmission Electron Micrograph
 * HIV Viron Budding and Released HIV Viron
 * Carl Henderson 19:00, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * These are all pretty pictures, but where is the evidence that HIV was present in any of them? Sci guy 04:49, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Did you even look at the pictures? Especially the last one which shows a detailed close-up of an HIV viron, and the next-to-last that shows a viron budding. You can even see some of the RNA structure. Carl Henderson 07:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe the last one stating in the picture's description: "A human immunodeficiency viral particle is seen budding from the infected cell surface at the top, with a complete viral particle at bottom in this high magnification electron micrograph." JoeSmack (talk) 04:34, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * I simply asked for the evidence that these particles are HIV. Please do not blame me if there is no evidence. Sci guy 15:40, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

These facts and many others are not disputed. What is controversial is the many suggested explanations that have been generated and rejected over the twenty years. Sci guy 12:19, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This is all stuff that might do better at the AIDS reappraisal talk page.JoeSmack (talk) 16:31, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

HIV transmission
I think it has been well established for over a decade, that at least some recently HIV infected people are highly infectious. This group of HIV negative people may infect 10% to 30% of people they have sex with and account for half the new HIV infections. Compared to the lower rates of transmision for HIV positive people with established infection of between 1 and 50 per 10,0000 exposures - the relative risks of anal and oral become insignificant Sci guy 17:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe you are right, people are more infectious if recently infected. Quantifying that into the exposure/infection numbers of general populations is a much more difficult task however. Do you know of a study that gives a solid, tested percentage of how much more infectious someone is soon after they are infected themselves? If so, we can added at the end of the HIV infection rates for vaginal/anal/oral something like "it however has been shown that after XX weeks initial infection, a person is XX% more likely to infect their partner." JoeSmack (talk) 18:00, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. No one man studies though, if you please. JoeSmack (talk) 18:01, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought this CDC cluster was about 42 women, of whom 31% were infected with the same HIV. If you apply your "one man" rule, then most of HIV science goes down the drain. All HIV tests are based on samples from one man in France, which Gallo and Weiss were given by the Pasteur Institute. The origin from Chimpanzee case is based on samples from one laboratory animal in the USA. Sci guy 05:17, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * In empirical science we try to not base things off just one example. The HIV tests may have been, but they've been widely proved/developed with more samples since. The chimpanzee case isn't the best, which is why we are still for the most part formulating just base theories on the origins of HIV. Here we have the option not to have to rely on 'one man data', and we even have other studies that take populations into account from the CDC (look at the table we have for infection rates). So please, something better than that. JoeSmack (talk) 18:48, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Without the New York cluster from the CDC, where is the evidence that heterosexual transmisison of AIDS is possible? Millions of HIV infections depend on on credible explanation for heterosexual transmisson. Find a better study on heterosexual tramsission if you can, but until then this is better than nothing. Sci guy 06:13, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I bet you wouldn't be willing to have heterosexual sex with an HIV positive partner. Failing that there are plenty of HIV transmision studies that incorportate heterosexual populations. Look around, I'm sure you won't have to go far. JoeSmack (talk) 23:29, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Twenty fold increase
"the likelihood of sexual transmission from a given man to a given woman would be increased about 20-fold during Primary HIV infection as compared with the same couple having the same sex act 4 months later." see full quote below Sci guy 04:52, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * OPPORTUNITY TO PREVENT TRANSMISSION
 * A third reason that PHI may represent real opportunity is that it is a time of heightened infectiousness, during which identification of infected patients can open up the possibility of preventing secondary infections. The Duke UNC Emory group in collaboration with Swiss colleagues (Abstract 366-M) presented data on paired semen and blood HIV viral load concentrations measured at baseline (prior to initiating HAART) in a group of 30 men with PHI. By displaying these levels as a function of estimated time from infection, investigators showed that viral loads appear to be highest in semen at the precise time that they are highest in blood, and that changes over time in viral loads appear to occur in parallel in the two compartments. They then used a series of calculations to estimate that the likelihood of sexual transmission from a given man to a given woman would be increased about 20-fold during PHI as compared with the same couple having the same sex act 4 months later. These observations suggest that changes in semen viral load are significant during PHI and may put sexual partners at truly high risk-emphasizing the public health opportunity PHI represents.

 * I agree. I have no problem with something like that going in somewhere. JoeSmack (talk) 18:48, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Sci-guy reverting the introduction (again)
Sciguy is again reverting the introduction to his less accessible, less descriptive, less well written, less informative version. At first he reverted for the the (laughable) reason that calling AIDS a disease and saying it has no cure has to be referenced. I'm sorry, but that's a bit, erm, pedantic. It's like asking someone to cite a source for the claim that the United States is in North America. However, suffice it to say, I did add references. Did that stop his reverting? No.

Second, and more important: Lead section - ''The lead should briefly summarize the most important points covered in an article in such a way that it could stand on its own as a concise version of the article. It is even more important here than for the rest of the article that the text is accessible, and some consideration should be given to creating interest in reading the whole article''. Now, please tell me which version is more accessible to someone who doesn't know much/anything about AIDS? →Raul654 03:28, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * I quite honestly like Raul's better. It's more accessable and gives more references for those not looking for a 10 page explaination, and summarizes it better.
 * I do not think it is correct to say that all HIV infects all T helper cells. My recollection is that only a very small percentage of T helper cells are infected with HIV. As I recall the number of T helper cells killed by HIV each day is about the same number you would loose when shaving. Either way the decline in T helper cell numbers takes several years, which is much longer than the average life of a T cell. An then there are all the people who develop AIDS defining illnesses while their T cell number are within normal range. Are we presenting popular prejudice or the current state of knowledge? Most of the quoted sources are more skeptical than the current article. Sci guy 16:00, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * He never said that all t helper cells are infected, he just said that t helper cells are infected. And the initial onset of HIV doesn't kill many T helper cells, especially directly (i.e. cell lysing). But later in the progression of the disease, latent HIV cells activate and produce mass amounts of the virus and lyse the cell, destroying them and infecting others and doing the same. More than shaving. Lots more. Plus, your own immune system rolls around killing your own t helper cells because they are infected, even disabled ones hit with rouge gp120 viron particles. This isn't some 'popular belief', it has been studied and proven. As for HIV longterm non-progressors, that is a very very small percentage of the population who's t-cells don't drop yet have AIDS defining illnesses. That is a whole other can of worms. JoeSmack (talk) 17:41, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * On another streak of honesty, Sci Guy, it's really getting tiring to hear frivolous claims of things like "HIV destroys T cells has not been established...HIV has proved impossible to purify...There are no electron micrographs of purified HIV particles." - Please, this stuff has been proven again and again . Stop throwing changes into the article, even almost sneaking them in, because they radically change the message/information of the article. Such significant changes deserve discussion here first before implementation. JoeSmack (talk) 04:02, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Would prefer this quote
We still do not understand the origin of the AIDS epidemic; the slow destruction of the immune system by factors in addition to HIV infection of CD4+ T cells; the importance of cofactors in AIDS progression and virus transmission; and the nature of the HIV reservoir that resists triple drug therapy. The next wave of advances in the fight against this worldwide scourge will require the contribution and energy of us all. Luc Montagnier 2002 in A History of HIV Discovery Sci guy 16:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Lets be bold and use something maybe less vauge and less dated.JoeSmack (talk) 17:46, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

"causes"
is it possible that the editor who tried to say that aids " is commonly the result of being infected with HIV" might have meant something li,e this ""AIDS is a disease which is commonlny the result of direct infection wwith HIV, but can sometimes be causefcd by tainted needles and  bad blood transfusions"

just wondering. Gabrielsimon 23:39, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Whoever wrote that said that AIDS often results from HIV (implying that there are times when AIDS does not result from HIV, which is flatly wrong); I suspect he meant to say that HIV often results in AIDS (implying that there are times when HIV does not result in AIDS, which is true - the long term nonprogresssors). →Raul654 23:43, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * It was me. I meant the later spoken of by Raul. Speaking of which will someone put something in about HIV longterm non-progressors? I feel like it used to be in here but isn't anymore. JoeSmack (talk) 23:55, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

I've just made some substantial changes, but I think they significantly improve the introduction. What do you think? →Raul654 00:10, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

I have restored the version by Raul654 that I prefer. Sci guy 14:27, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

agreement with cited references
I consider it to be important for the text of the article to agree with the cited reference. If you want to change the text to present a different opinion, then a different reference is required.

I understand that the ideas expressed by CDC, WHO, UNAIDS, and experts like Luc Montagnier, Robert Gallo, Fauci and Weiss are very different from many popular misconceptions about AIDS.

The Biology Project at The University of Arizona actually states that many models have been proposed to explain why are CD4+ T cells depleted by HIV. The "Destruction of immune system" is actually part of a figure taken from Nature Medicine 9, 839 (2003). This Nature paper apparently claims that "There is a rapid turnover of CD4+ T cells that ultimately leads to their destruction and to a change in lymphoid tissues that prevent immune responses." I suggest you read the Nature paper before citing it as a reference. Sci guy 16:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * If you really have a beef with that sentence or two, then just change that sentence. JoeSmack (talk) 16:31, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * You may be able to read a pdf file of the Nature paper There may be a html version we can link to? Sci guy 16:51, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Listen. Your revert changes far more than what you have issue with, which I assume you do on purpose. Not only this, but the VERY next line in the Biology Project source to "Many models have been proposed." is "The most recent ideas center around the fact that CD4 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV." This cite comes from 2000, and five years later you look around and tell me which is the most popular still.
 * Also your direct quote of "Many models have been proposed to explain why the body's T helper cells are depleted by HIV. The progression of HIV infection to AIDS probably depends on how well our body can replace cells destroyed by virus." is weakly phrased and copied. Find your own voice.
 * Just because you randomly quote things and say 'it agrees more with the cite" doesn't make it so. JoeSmack (talk) 17:08, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

3RR warning
Joe and Sci Guy, I've left notes on both of your talk pages about the WP:3RR. You're both veeeeeery close to getting blocked. Please remember the five pillars and work together on an acceptable version instead of just blindly reverting. - jredmond 17:29, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * All reverts are not equal, and "working together" only works if both all parties have the same goal. That's not the case here. JoeSmack is trying to put together a well-referenced accurate AIDS article; SciGuy is involved in a form of passive-aggressive article vandalism. SciGuy does a decent job of obfuscating what he's doing, but to anyone who's watched the edits here for long, it's obvious. His modus operandi consists of:

 * Making tiny changes so as to weaken unequivocally true statements,
 * Replace clear language with obtuse--but scientifically correct--technobabble so as to hide important points from the casual reader,
 * Citing sections from sources out-of-context, then claiming the source supports his point of view,
 * Slipping critical changes in the middle of a host of small changes (usually with no annotation of what the change is on the revisions page), and
 * Demanding standards of proof that are not possible in any field of science, or demanding specific evidence, and then moving the goalposts when such evidence is presented.

 * I think (but can't be sure) that viewpoint he's pushing is "HIV doesn't cause AIDS." That's fine--there is a page on Wikipedia for that (and other AIDS dissident views). He needs to go there, and stop making life harder for people who are only trying to create a good, well-referenced, and complete article on AIDS.

 * Your criticism of JoeSmack is unwarranted.

 * Carl Henderson 19:02, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Please go read WP:3RR… it applies to every editor, period, whether or not their goals are noble. - jredmond 19:11, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

(Speaking as the person who wrote the 3 revert rule enforcement guideline which Jimbo then proposed) The three revert rule is not intended as a invitation for people to start pushing agendas, which as Carl accurately describes, is exactly what Sciguy has been doing. Nor is it indended to be applied mechanically, without good judgement from administrators. Sci Guy is good at quashing factual inaccuracies when they crop up (such as my erronious statement saying that HIV directly kills T-cells), but 95% of the work he does here consists of obfuscating or otherwise whitewashing certain aspects of HIV/AIDS. →Raul654 19:37, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I couldn't have put it better myself. JoeSmack (talk) 20:11, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

The policy also states, "In the cases where multiple parties violate the rule, sysops should treat all sides equally.". If Sci Guy is pushing a POV or refusing to cooperate, then Joe should not be the only one reverting; a request for page protection may be more appropriate, as might an RfC, but a revert war is counterproductive for all those involved. - jredmond 20:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This is where lines get blurry so I'll say that Jredmond you've done what you should. Best to air on the side of caution. I will not revert for another 24hrs. The motives and edits of Sci guy however are accurate to how Raul654 and Carl Henderson have described. Unfortunately. JoeSmack (talk) 20:53, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

Factual errors
Recent changes have introduced several factual errors. No references are cited to support these changes:
 * AIDS was not formerly known as GRIDS. GRID was was initially proposed as the name for clusters of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocycstis pneumonia among gay, male, drug users in California and New York City. But later testing showed that half this group were not infected with HIV. see Shilts R, And the Band Played On. 1987.
 * Might you have a journal reference for the testing that showed half of this group were not infected? I like those better. I believe And the Band Played On is a book (and a rather poor movie too :-/ ...). Also, when talked about in the article here the cite  refers to it as "gay-related immunodeficiency disease", notice the "immunodeficiency". Anyone know for sure?
 * I agree that journal references are better, but the CDC rarely publishes in peer reviewed journals. The CDC revised the original number of reported AIDS cases based on HIV antibody testing. As to the New York Times story, this is exactly why newspaper stories are not good sources. They do not have a good track record in correctly reporting AIDS stories Sci guy 16:35, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The claim that "HIV can be transmitted in numeraous ways" seems misleading. HIV is actually very difficult to transmit, requiring direct exposue to infected blood or semen (both of which may occur during oral sex).
 * How is it misleading? It may be difficult to contract statistically, especially compared to diseases like Hepatitis, but it can still be 'transmitted in numerous ways'. There isn't anything ambiguous about that.
 * Frankly, there are very few ways to be exposed to HIV infected blood or semen. This may explain why HIV is so difficult to transmit - and so easy to prevent by using a coindom. The more important point is that half the new sexually acquired HIV infections are thought to be acquired from people who were recently infected with HIV and would test HIV negative. Sci guy 16:45, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * HIV is actually relatively easy to transmit, look to Africa to see this. --Grcampbell 19:45, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Who claims that "A very small portion of people infected with HIV never develop AIDS."? Many definitions of HIV longterm non-progressors have been proposed, generally six years without an AIDS diagnosis or retroviral therapy is accepted. I think terms like "a very small portion" and "never" are controversial enough to require a reference.
 * This definition has been sitting in my talk page under 'unused sources'. It states 7-12 years.
 * * AIDSinfo (2002). The Glossary of HIV/AIDS-Related Terms, 4th Edition (Long-Term Nonprogressor). Retrieved July 22, 2005.
 * Definitions of what constitutes RP, LTNP and LTS vary between studies and cohorts. In Uganda we have defined an LTS (long term survivor) as a person who has a CD4 count greater than 500 cells/mm3 six or more years post-infection, whilst a RP is a person who died or progressed to a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 within 5 years of sero-conversion. LTNP is someone who has a CD4 count greater than 500 cells/mm3 12 or more years post-infection. This, we have published in medical journals such as JBC and AIDS. However, one must be careful as to the definitions of this as the date of seroconversion is always an estimate, and thus it is very difficult to know when one has become infected, also, the mode of infection can play a role in this, as the initial viral dose can play a large role. Personally, I feel that the term LTNP is a misnomer, and I know I'm not alone in this POV, as these poor individuals will eventually progress to AIDS, albeit over a longer time period. --Grcampbell 19:45, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Why have "health care settings" been removed from the UNAIDS list?
 * This hasn't been removed from the article. It's still there, look for yourself.

 * Statements like "Over a period lasting years, the immune system becomes gradually weaker. Eventually, the patient dies from "opportunistic diseases" - diseases which the immune system would normally destroy but cannot due to weakness from HIV." belong to the pre 1993 definition of AIDS.
 * Care to give a cite for that? If it is copied word for word I'd say it's bad, but even if it came from a pre 1993 definition of AIDS, it's still accurate today.

Correction of these factual erors is required Sci guy 08:12, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Good points all around. I've modified the Long term nonprogressors section accordingly - give me a day or two to get to the rest. →Raul654 08:24, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

Erm, but about the last point - I'm not describiing that so as to define AIDS, but to characterize it. That is what AIDS patients die from. →Raul654 08:27, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

Why include a statement about the 1% Long term nonprogressors? Is this important enough for the introduction? Fred2005 11:21, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * some people may consider living a long time with HIV being important --Grcampbell 19:45, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:HIV/AIDS/Archive 5


text:
Mayorga

Mayorga can refer to:

Places

 * Mayorga, Spain, a Spanish town
 * Mayorga, Leyte, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Mayorga de Liberia, a district in Costa Rica
 * Puente Mayorga, a village and district of the municipality of San Roque, province of Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain
 * Saelices de Mayorga, a municipality in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain

People

 * Benjamín Mayorga Mora (born 1966), a Costa Rican soccer player
 * Dionisio Gutierrez Mayorga (born 1959), a Guatemalan businessman
 * Francisco Mayorga (born 1949), a Nicaraguan economist and writer
 * Francisco Javier Mayorga Castañeda (born 1951), a Mexican businessman and politician
 * Juan Mayorga (born 1965), Spanish dramatist
 * Juan José Gutiérrez Mayorga (born 1958), Guatemalan businessman
 * Lincoln Mayorga (born 1937), an American pianist, arranger, conductor and composer
 * Lupe Mayorga, a Mexican filmmaker
 * Martín de Mayorga (1721 – 1783), a Spanish military officer and governor
 * Milena Mayorga, Salvadoran politician
 * Miriam Mayorga (born 1989), Argentine footballer
 * Nuvia Mayorga Delgado, Mexican politician
 * Patricia Mayorga, Chilean journalist
 * Pedro Mayorga (1921–2014), Argentine equestrian
 * Román Mayorga Quirós, Salvadoran politician
 * Román Mayorga Rivas (1862–1925), Nicaraguan journalist and poet
 * Ricardo Mayorga, Nicaraguan boxer
 * Roger Mayorga (born 1946), a retired Nicaraguan footballer
 * Ronald Mayorga (born 1984), Colombian journalist
 * Roy Mayorga, drummer of American heavy metal band Stone Sour
 * Salomón Ibarra Mayorga (1887 – 1985), a Nicaraguan poet and political thinker
 * Víctor Mayorga, a Peruvian politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mayorga


text:
User:Xkakashix

HARRY POTTER SPELLS
(from the books, the games, and the movies)

Spells Spells in the series seem to be enacted mostly by speaking a few words, typically in a modified form of Latin, and gesturing with a wand. Certain wizards can perform some of them without speaking the incantation. Certain spells are also known as charms, curses, hexes, and jinxes.

Accio This spell can attract an object to the caster. The necessary incantation is "Accio" which is usually supplemented by the spell's target (for example, to summon a broom, one usually needs to say "Accio broom"). The wizard also needs to concentrate hard on the object he is trying to Summon. Knowing the general location of the object is essential, also. First seen in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where Mrs. Weasley uses it to take away enchanted candies that Fred and George had attempted to smuggle to Hogwarts. The opposite of the Summoning Charm is the Banishing Charm (incantation unknown) which is supposed to repel an object away from the caster.

Aguamenti Conjures up water.

Alohomora This spell is used to open a locked door or window. Pointing a wand at a door and saying "Alohomora" will unlock the door. This spell was first used by Hermione in the Philosopher's/Sorcerer's Stone when the trio and Neville are escaping from Argus Filch. It helps get them to the corridor where they find Fluffy. This spell can also open doors which have been magically sealed with the Colloportus spell. Doors can be magically sealed with sufficiently advanced spells so that Alohomora cannot open them, such as the door in the flying key room in "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's/Sorcerer's Stone".

Anapneo This spell was used to dislodge pheasant from a boy's throat in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince. Appears to be an Anti-Choking Charm.

Aparecium This spell makes invisible ink and perhaps invisible items in general appear. First used in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets when Hermione tried to make something appear in Tom Riddle's diary.

Avis Makes birds fly out of the wand of the spellcaster. Used in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by Mr. Ollivander to test Viktor Krum's wand.

Colloportus This spell can magically lock a door, preventing it from being opened for a presumably limited amount of time. It is easily countered by Alohomora, however. The word is a combination of "colligere" (Latin for "bind together") and "portus" (Latin for "door"). Used in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix when Hermione needs to seal a door in the Department of Mysteries against some Death Eaters.

Deletrius Gets rid of spell echoes caused by Prior Incantato. First seen in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire when Amos Diggory gets rid of the echo of the Dark Mark from Harry's wand.

Densaugeo Makes the victim's teeth grow rapidly. Introduced in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire when Draco Malfoy attacked Hermione outside of the Potions classroom. "Dens" is a Latin noun and means "a tooth". "Augeo" is a Latin verb and means "I grow" (from the infinitive "augere" which means "to grow").

Diffindo Rips something apart. Used in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire when Harry urgently wants to talk to Cedric Diggory and casts this spell to rip his bag, thus delaying him for class.

Dissendium Causes the humpbacked witch hiding the secret passage to Honeydukes to open up. First seen in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.

Engorgio Makes something grow larger. Seen in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire when Professor Moody casts it on a spider to enhance a demonstration of the effects of an Unforgivable Curse.

Enervate The counterspell to the Stunning Spell. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Amos Diggory uses it to wake up Winky.

Episkey Nymphadora Tonks uses this spell in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince to fix Harry's broken nose.

Expecto Patronum This spell conjures a Patronus, a silvery phantom shape, usually that of an animal, which is the embodiment of the positive thoughts of the caster. A Patronus will drive away Dementors and Lethifolds. Harry conjures a stag as his Patronus, while Hermione Granger conjures an otter and Cho Chang a swan. In order for the spell to work, the person must concentrate on a happy memory, which is especially difficult in the presence of a Dementor. Literally translated "expecto patronum", which is Latin, means "I expect a guardian" See also Patronus Charm.

Expelliarmus This spell is used to disarm another wizard, typically by causing the victim's wand to fly out of reach. As demonstrated in the novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, simultaneous use of this spell by multiple people on a single wizard can be powerful enough to knock back the wizard himself. First seen in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, when Snape disarms Lockhart in the Duelling Club.

Evanesco Makes something vanish. Used in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix when Snape makes Harry's Draught of Peace disappear from his cauldron.

Ferula Creates a splint. Used by Remus Lupin in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban to bind Ron's leg in the Shrieking Shack.

Finite Incantatum Stops the effects of spells. Snape uses it in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets to restore order in the Duelling Club. Lupin uses the short form "Finite" in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix also.

Flagrate With this spell, the caster's wand can leave firey marks usually in the shape of an "X". Used by Hermione in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix in the Department of Mysteries in the Ministry of Magic to identify which doors they had already opened.

Furnunculus Makes boils appear on the victim. Used in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire when Harry and Draco Malfoy get in a fight and Harry hits Gregory Goyle accidentally.

Impedimenta This hex makes something slow down momentarily. Used in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire when Harry is practising for the third task.

Impervius Known as the Impervius Charm, this spell makes something repel water. It's used by Hermione in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban on Harry's glasses and also by the Gryffindor Quidditch team in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.

Incarcerous Ties someone or something up with ropes. Seen in the Harry Potter Trading Card Game. A similar spell (with no incantation given) is used to tie up Peter Pettigrew in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The Incarerous incantation is used in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.

Incendio Makes a fire. Used in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by Arthur Weasley to create a fire for Floo powder. In the video game based on the first book, this spell is used to temporarily stun dangerous plants. See also Lacarnum Inflamari.

Langlock Another one of the Half-Blood Prince's spells. Glues the targets tounge to the roof of their mouth.

Liberacorpus Counter-jinx for Levicorpus. Emits a flash of light and frees the target of being hoisted by their ankle.

Legilimens Spell that enables the caster to read the thoughts of the target by bringing forward images into the caster's mind's eye. It does not always work in the manner intended, to quote Severus Snape, "The mind is a complex, many-layered thing...at least, most minds are." Used by Snape in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Though this is considered a spell, it is not necessary to say "Legilimens" in order to use it. One who is considered proficient at this spell is called a "Legilimens"

Levicorpus A spell in which the victum is dangled upside-down by their ankle. When used there is a flash of light. Described as "though an invisible hook had hoisted [Ron] up by the ankle". Used in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.

Locomotor Mortis The leg locker curse. Malfoy uses this on Neville in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. In the philosopher's stone video game, this is used to stun enemies for a short period of time. "Mortis" is Latin for "death"; the spell is intended to mean "death of motion", but "locomotor" is not a Latin word.

Locomotor The target of the spell, which is named after "Locomotor", rises in the air and can be moved around by the wizard. Tonks uses it in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix to move Harry's trunks. ( "Locomotor Trunk" )

Lumos This spell creates a narrow beam of light that shines from the wand's tip, like a torch. In fact the Latin word "lumen" means "light". Different versions of this spell used in the movie are Lumos Solarum and Lumos Maxima.

Mobiliarbus This spell can move trees. The incantation is formed by the Latin "mobilis", meaning mobile, and "arbor", for tree.

Mobilicorpus Levitates bodies. Sirius Black uses it on Snape in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. It seems that Mobiliarbus and Mobilicorpus are variations of the same basic spell, since they share the "Mobili" root.

Morsmordre This spell conjures the Dark Mark. It was apparently invented by Lord Voldemort. [edit]

Muffliato This spell that was made up by the Half-Blood Prince and fills peoples ears with a loud buzzing.

Nox This spell turns off the light which is activated by the Lumos spell. Nox is Latin and means "Night".

Obliviate This spell is used to bury or perhaps alter the victim's memories of an event. The person who wants to modify someone's memory points his or her wand at the victim and utters the incantation "Obliviate". "Oblivisci" is Latin for "forget". The spell is most often used against Muggles who have seen something of the wizarding world. The Ministry of Magic employees assigned to modifying the memories of Muggles are called Obliviators. The charm can be broken by powerful magic, as Lord Voldemort was able to torture Bertha Jorkins into remembering details that Barty Crouch had forced her to forget using the charm. First used in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by Professor Lockhart in an attempt to wipe Harry and Ron's memories in the Chamber of Secrets.

Oppugno Sends a flock of speeding birds out of your wand. [edit]

Orchideous Makes a bouquet of flowers appear out of the wand. Used in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by Mr. Olivander testing Fleur Delacour's wand.

"Pack" This spell literally packs a persons trunk for them - the neatness of the 'packing' seems to be dependant upon the caster's experience. Nymphadora Tonks performs the spell, once with the word 'Pack' and again with just a flick of the wand but says her mother is far better at this sort of household spell.

Petrificus Totalus This spell is used to temporarily make the victim be frozen in a position much like a soldier at attention, and usually the person falls down. "Petrificus" comes from the Latin word "petra", meaning "stone"; "totalus" comes from the Latin word "tota", meaning "whole, full". First used in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone by Hermione, who was trying to prevent Neville from stopping her, Ron, and Harry from leaving the common room to hunt for the Philosopher's/Sorcerer's Stone.

"Point Me" The Four-Point Spell causes the caster's wand tip to point to the north cardinal point. This handy navigation spell was said by Harry during the third task of the Triwizard Tournament in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.

Portus The spell which turns an object into a Portkey, a device which transports the toucher to a desired destination. Used by Dumbledore in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Portkeys were originally used in 'Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire' in order to transport Harry, Hermione, and the Weasleys to and from the Quidditch World Cup.

Priori Incantato Makes a shadowy image of the effect of the last spell cast by a wand emerge from its tip. This is called an echo of the spell. The nature of the echo depends on the original spell; the echo of a conjuring spell, for example, is the object conjured, while the echo of an Avada Kedavra curse is its victim. When two wands that share the same magical core are forced to engage in battle, a more powerful reverse spell effect called Priori Incantatem takes place. In this case, one of the wands will be forced by the other to gradually regurgitate shadows of all the spells it has cast, in reverse chronological order.

Protego The Shield Charm's effect is self-explanatory. Causes minor jinxes to rebound upon the attacker. Used in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by Harry against Snape's Legilimens spell, which enabled Harry to read Snape's mind for a moment.

Quietus Makes a magically magnified voice return to normal. Used in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by Ludo Bagman.

Reducio Makes something smaller. Moody uses it in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Countercharm to Engorgio. (Whether or not Reducio can also be used by itself, rather than countering Engorgio is unknown. If possible it would shrink normal sized items into minature versions of themselves. References in 'Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets' by Arthur Weasley to 'shrinking doorkeys' would make this seem likely.)

Reducto The Reductor Curse can blast solid objects out of the way. It is first used in 'Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire' in practise for and during the third task. Harry uses is to create a hole in the hedge when Cedric Diggory is being tortured by an Imperius Curse controlled Vikto Krum. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry remarks that thanks to the D.A. (Dumbledore's Army), Parvati Patil had produced such a good Reductor Curse that she manages to turn a table into dust.

Relashio Used against Grindylows. Above ground it ejects sparks from the wand; below water it ejects boiling water from the wand. First used by Harry in the second task of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.

Rennervate This spell appears to rouse an unconscious person. Used by Harry in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.

Reparo This spell fixes broken objects. Seen in most books, starting with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.

Rictusempra Tickling Charm. The incantation comes from the Latin words risus ("laughter") and semper ("always") - "laughter always". Harry uses it on Malfoy in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets in the duelling club. In the Chamber of Secrets movie, Harry used this spell to fling Malfoy through the air and in the game Rictusempra is used to stun people or animals.

Riddikulus Spell used when fighting a Boggart, it forces it to take the appearance of what the spellcaster is thinking as amusing so that the laughter will weaken it. First seen in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. This is a Latin-based incantation. The word "riddiculus" is a Latin noun (nominative, singular, masculine) and means "exciting laughter" or simply "laughter". Its is pronounced with a hard "c".

Scourgify Used to clean something. First used by Ginny in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix to clean up Stinksap in the Hogwarts Express. Later in the book, we see in Snape's pensieve that it can be used to wash someone's mouth out with soap, and it is also used to clean Hedwig's cage.

Sectumsempra A Dark incantation that causes two wounds (described as being "as though slashed by an invisible sword") on the receipients face and chest, initially spurting blood and then continuing to bleed freely. Used in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince by Harry.

Serpensortia Conjures a serpent from the spellcaster's wand. Used in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by Malfoy.

Silencio The Silencing Charm. Makes something silent (a bullfrog and raven were used as examples in the book). First used by Hermione in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.

Sonorus Magnifies the spellcaster's voice. Ludo Bagman uses this in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire to commentate at events without needing a megaphone. (Reversal spell, see Quietus)

Specialis Revelio Causes something to show its hidden secrets. Used by Hermione to find out more of Harrys Advanced-Potion Making book.

Stupefy The Stunning Charm. It puts the victim in an unconscious state. Described in the novels as a beam of red light. Countered by Enervate.

Tarantallegra Makes victim's legs dance uncontrollably (possibly the tarantella dance). Malfoy uses it in the duelling club in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. A Death Eater also places the spell upon Neville Longbottom in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.

Tergeo Hermione uses this spell in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince to siphon blood from Harry's face.

Waddiwasi Used by Remus Lupin in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban to expel a wad of gum from the key hole Peeves put it in. Specific function not clear.

Wingardium Leviosa This spell levitates objects. First seen in Professor Flitwick's class, when the first years practise the spell with feathers. In the movie, it is used by saying "Wingardium Leviosa!" while making a "swish and flick" movement with the wand. "Wingardium" is a combination of the English word "wing" and the Latin word "arduus" (meaning "steep") and "leviosa", which contains the Latin word "levare" (meaning "ease, lift, pick up").

Non-Incantation Spells These are spells used in the Harry Potter series of which an incantation is either not used or known and are simply refered to by their names.

Babbling Curse Makes the victim of the curse babble nonsense.

Bat-Bogey Hex Ginny Weasley is supposedly very proficient at this particular spell, using it on Malfoy in Order of the Phoenix. It causes 'bogies' to turn into bats and attack the victim. This may also be the 'Curse of the Bogies' mentioned by Ron in 'Harry Potter and the Philosopher's/Sorcerer's Stone' as a potential punishment should either Hermione Granger or Neville Longbottom get him and Harry in trouble.

Bubblehead Charm Puts a large bubble around the head of the user. Cedric Diggory and Fleur Delacour used this in the second task of the Triwizard Championship in Goblet of Fire. It is also used by many Hogwarts students when walking through the hallways in "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", because of the bad smells caused by the various pranks on Dolores Umbridge.

Cheering Charm Incantation unknown. Causes the person whom the spell was cast upon to become happy and contented, though heavy-handedness with the spell may cause the person to break into an uncontrollable laughing fit. Invented by Felix Summerbee (1447-1508). First seen in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.

Confundus Charm The Confundus Charm is a confusion spell. The word is derived from the Latin "confundere", to perplex. [1] First seen in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, when Professor Snape suggests that Harry and Hermione have been "Confunded" so that they will believe Sirius Black's claim to innocence. The incantation is "Confundo". (If someone can cite what book and page number this spell is used in this spell can be added to the list of incantational canon spells.)

Featherweight Charm Makes something lightweight. Harry contemplates using this in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban to lighten his trunk so he can carry it by broom to Hogwarts. Before he uses it, however, he accidentally summons the Knight Bus.

The Fidelius Charm This complex charm enables secret information to be hidden within a single living soul of someone known as a Secret-Keeper. The information is then irretrievable until and unless the Secret-Keeper chooses to reveal it; not even those who have the secret revealed to them can reveal it to others. It originates from the Latin word "fidelis", which means "faithful" or "trusting". So far, there have been only two uses of the Fidelius Charm in the Harry Potter series. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, it is explained that when Harry was an infant, he and his parents, Lily and James, were hidden from Lord Voldemort by this charm. They initially selected Sirius Black to be their Secret-Keeper, but Black recommended that they choose Peter Pettigrew instead. When they did, Pettigrew betrayed them to Voldemort (and framed Sirius for doing so, as well as for Pettigrew's own murder). In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. The charm is also used to hide the headquarters for the Order of the Phoenix; Albus Dumbledore is the Secret-keeper, and is apparently able to use a letter to reveal the information. This implies that a direct, personal act is not required to bring a new person into the secret.

Imperturbable Charm It makes objects such as doors impenetrable (by everything, including sounds and objects). Used by Mrs. Weasley in Order of the Phoenix, when she used the Imperturbable Charm on the door of the room where an Order of the Phoenix meeting was going on, to prevent her sons, Fred and George, from eavesdropping.

Protean Charm Causes copies of an object to be remotely affected by changes made to the original. First used in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix when Hermione puts this charm on a number of fake Galleons. Instead of the serial number around the edge of the coin, the time and date of the next D.A. (Dumbledore's Army) meeting appears as it is subject to change. It is used to avoid drawing attention and to warn people without them having to meet and look suspicious, avoiding Professor Umbridge's suspicions. So that people know that the date has changed the coin becomes hot, alerting the owner to look at the Galleon. The Protean Charm is a NEWT standard charm according to Terry Boot, who is incredulous that Hermione can perform it already. The charm's name comes from Proteus, a shape-shifting god in Greek mythology. Hermione later tells Harry that she based the idea on Voldemort making the Dark Marks of his Death Eaters become warm, telling them that they must come to him. Hermione jokes that she thought it better to use coins rather than their members' skin.

Antonin Dolohov's Curse It is cast with a slashing motion, and it sends out zigzaging purple flames. The curse causes massive internal injury and but it does not show any external symptoms. Hermione was hit with this spell in the Department of Mystries, she would have been killed if she did not first cast a sliencing Spell on Dolohov, making him unable to make a sound and reducing the power of the Curse.

Non-canon spells Spells that appear only in the films, video games or other media besides the books are not considered canon.

Bombarda Hermione used this spell in the Prisoner of Azkaban movie to blow up a lock and free Sirius from the Dark Tower. (Alohomora was the less destructive alternative used in the book)

Carpe Retractum Spell used in the Prisoner of Azkaban video game to activate switches, pull ropes, and various other things. It sends a magical cord from the user's and attaches to an object if possible.

Draconifors Spell used in the Prisoner of Azkaban video game to transfigure a statue of a dragon into a living dragon. See also Lapifors.

Flipendo The knockback jinx. An extremely common spell in the Harry Potter video games that serves as a sort of 'catch all': it is used to knock objects a short distance, make something fall or to stun creatures. [edit]

Glacius Spell used in the Prisoner of Azkaban video game to freeze water and Amazonian salamanders.

Immobulus This spell is used to freeze an object in place. This spell is used by Hermione in the movie version of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets to stop the pixies in Professor Lockhart's Defence Against the Dark Arts class, and by Remus Lupin in the film Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban to freeze the Whomping Willow. "Immobilis" means "immobile" in Latin.

Lapifors Spell used in the Prisoner of Azkaban video game to transfigure a statue of a rabbit into a living rabbit. See also Draconifors.

Lacarnum Inflamari Hermione uses this spell in the Sorcerer's Stone movie to set Snape's cloak on fire. It is the movie version of "Incendio." See also Incendio.

Locomotor Wibbly In the Sorceror's Stone video game, it is used as a weaker version of "Locomotor Mortis." It is a secret spell, found in the Hogwarts library in a bookshelf. See also Locomotor Mortis.

Lumos Solarum (Solarem) Spell used in the "Sorcerer's Stone" movie. It is an amplified Lumos spell that summons an incredibly bright light. (Solarem alternate spelling used in movie subtitles)

Lumos Maxima Used in the "Prisoner of Azkaban" movie. It's an altered Lumos that summons a very bright light temporarily, instead of a small, consistant one.

Nipendo Charged Flipendo spell, used in the "Sorcerer's Stone" video game.

Unforgivable Curses Use of these curses on a fellow human could land one a life sentence in Azkaban.

Imperius Curse The Imperius Curse starts with the incantation "Imperio" and gives the wizard complete control over his victim. The experience of being controlled by this curse is described as a complete, wonderful release from any sense of responsibility or worry over one's actions, at the price of one's free will. However, it is possible for the victim to fight the curse: Harry Potter has shown some proficiency in resisting the curse, and Barty Crouch Jr learned to resist the curse after being subjected to its effects on a regular basis. "Imperare" is Latin for "order" or "command".

Cruciatus Curse Associated with the incantation "Crucio", the Cruciatus Curse inflicts intense physical pain upon the victim. "Crucio" (Latin) means "I torture/crucify", originating from "crux" (genitive "crucis"), which means "cross". (In medical Latin in the names of the cruciate ligaments in the knee, "cruciatus" means "arranged in cross shape".) Several Death Eaters, including Bellatrix Lestrange (and presumably Barty Crouch Jr.), used this curse on Neville Longbottom's parents in an attempt to get information on Voldemort's whereabouts after his killing curse rebounded on him. They received no such information and were sent to Azkaban for their crimes, but the extensive torture drove Neville's parents insane. Harry Potter himself attempted to use the curse on Bellatrix Lestrange during a climactic fight at the Ministry of Magic, but it did not have much effect — Lestrange revealed that the person performing the curse must genuinely desire to inflict pain, and that the "righteous anger" Harry was feeling at the time was insufficient. This may or may not actually be true, seeing that Lestrange had nothing to gain from informing Harry and that Harry hadn't had any opportunity to practise the curse (so he may not have applied it to maximum effectiveness). In any case, no one but Lestrange saw him attempt to use it, and he has not suffered consequences as a result. In Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Draco Malfoy began to speak the incantation for the Cruciatus Curse during a duel with Harry, but was interrupted after Harry used the Sectumsempra spell against him.

Avada Kedavra The Killing Curse, when performed properly, kills its victim instantaneously. When this curse is performed, a green light is emitted from the source wand. Avada Kedavra leaves no marks on the victim's body that might indicate a cause of death. The curse cannot ordinarily be blocked or countered, but it does require a certain amount of magical force behind it for it to work—merely saying the incantation is not enough. Arch-villain Lord Voldemort used this curse to dispose of his enemies, including Harry Potter's parents. The only known survivor of the curse is Harry himself. Albus Dumbledore is ultimately killed by this curse in 'The Half Blood Prince', by Snape. According to J.K. Rowling, the phrase Avada kedavra "is an ancient spell in Aramaic, and it is the original of abracadabra, which means 'let the thing be destroyed.' Originally, it was used to cure illness and the 'thing' was the illness, but I decided to make it the 'thing' as in the person standing in front of me." The word "kedavra," probably coincidentally, is similar to the word "cadaver," meaning "corpse."

--Xkakashix 02:46, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Xkakashix


text:
Palo

Palo may refer to:

Places

 * Palo, Argentina, a village in Argentina
 * Palo, Estonia, village in Meremäe Parish, Võru County, Estonia
 * Palo, Huesca, municipality in the province of Huesca, Spain
 * Palo, Iowa, United States, a town located within Linn County
 * Palo Laziale, Italy, an old location in the comune of Ladispoli, Lazio, Italy
 * Palo, Leyte, a 3rd class municipality in Philippines
 * Palo, Minnesota, United States, a community located in St. Louis County, between Makinen and Aurora, Minnesota
 * Palo, Saskatchewan, Canada, a hamlet located within Rosemount Rural Municipality No. 378

People with the surname

 * Marko Palo, Finnish ice hockey player
 * Tauno Palo, Finnish actor

Other uses

 * Palo (OLAP database), an open source MOLAP database
 * Palo (religion), developed by slaves from Central Africa in Cuba
 * PALO!, an Afro-Cuban funk band
 * Palo (flamenco), the name for a musical form in flamenco
 * PALO, Linux bootloader for HP-PA systems
 * Palo (th:พะโล้), a stew with five-spice powder in Thai.
 * Palos, long drums used in the music of the Dominican Republic
 * Palo, an album by the Finnish band Kalmah

title: Palo


text:
User:Dore chakravarthy

Hi! Wikipedians,

While browsing the net, by chance I happen to bump on Wikipedia site, which I found to be exhaustive and informative.

I congratulate the founders and the authors of articles for their all efforts to maintain this by further improving wherever possible.

However I am unable to get any article on problems and their solutions on Thermal Power Stations equipment given by any technocrat with relevant experience, though I could see many articles on Power Stations. May be, I might have missed it.

Therefore, I request for any information on this from any reader at the earliest.

On my part, I thought that I have found a place to part with my knowledge on Power Stations for the use of other technocrats of all ages. Hence is the birth of my article.

During the University course, was an active Quit India Movement worker under Indian National Congress [] and was also imprisoned once at Bangalore Central Jail. However not applied for the benefits as Freedom Fighter, from the present Govty.of India.

I am a 1946 graduate of Electrical Engineering of the University Of Mysore, located at Bangalore, the only one of its kind in the whole of Mysore Princely State. There were only Three desciplines those days, Civil, Mechnical and Electrical, and The Indian Institute Technology which had come up just then at Bangalore offered only Diplomas.

Further Academic References: --Dore chakravarthy 00:31, 22 July 2005 (UTC)Official Name  M.C.Doreswamy Institute of Engineers(India). FELLOW No 006848/5 Institute of Valuers,New Delhi,India, FELLOW No F-4780 WAS: Govt of India Valuer for Power Plant and machinery Tamil Nadu(India)Govt.Electrical Supervisors Certificate holder

Present contact address: (temp. at New Zealand) marc_d@softhome.net

Extra curricular activities As a Sportsman during College days, captained our University Volley Ball team. Voracious reader on Space Exploration by USA as well as Russia, from their inception, almost. I was lucky to hear on Radio at Porbandar, India, (Birth place of Mahatma Gandhi) About the failure of retrieval of dogs, Helka and Belka shot into space by Russia as a first experiment Also saw the jubilation of Americans in USA by me, in USA itself, after their first retrieval trial of their command module with Mr. Carpenter (name?) in it. Also used to read American SPAN magazine (freely supplied) early days about the NASA progress. I am also following the flight of space ships by USA starting from Late Mr.Von Brown, ex. Chief of NASA, and also used to purchase and read Russian books as they were sold very cheap in India. Also read a lot about Mir orbiting station and International Orbiting Station. Was in Para military force, as Home Guards Officer at Gujarat India; piloted Diesel loco, hauling crude oil wagons from Refinery to keep the Powerhouse during all India Railway strike.

Professional working. The author, during his period of professional working had the responsibility to operate and maintain the power generation, connected with units of 1000KW to 200MW units in India, of various manufacturers. The problems mainly were at a period when computerization and specialists in various fields were not available. Hence the reliability and the maintenance of Continuity of Power Generation were mainly in the hands of Operating and maintenance staff connected with the plant and their skill in handling the power generating units.

During my working, in the last 50 years, 1946 onwards, as power station engineer in Madras Electricity Department for a short time, Gujarat Electricity Board for a major time and retiring there on, as Chief Engineer (Operation), and there after worked as consulting Engineer in reputed organizations such as Tatas and Ficthtners, in India. To day, High Tech Engineers, generally think of any problem as a high tech problem, sometimes forgetting the fundamentals. In the case of Albert Einstein, there is a saying that a big hole for a big rat and a small hole for a small rat. Basic Engineering Principles still remain the same, but in many cases overlooked by experts due to their heavy involvement.

The points brought out in the article are purely based on my memory only, (at 80+), which is subjected to correction by the readers to the extent they are involved in the relevant project areas referred there in.

Wish all the best of success to Administrators and authors involved:

title: User:Dore chakravarthy


text:
Naypyidaw

Naypyidaw (officially romanized Nay Pyi Taw and also spelled as Naypyitaw and Nay Pyi Daw) ( lit. 'Grand Capital'), is the capital and third-largest city of Myanmar. The city is located at the centre of the Naypyidaw Union Territory. It is unusual among Myanmar's cities in that it is an entirely planned city outside of any state or region. The city, then known only as Pyinmana District, officially replaced Yangon as the administrative capital of Myanmar on 6 November 2005; its official name was revealed to the public on Armed Forces Day, 27 March 2006.

As the seat of the government of Myanmar, Naypyidaw is the site of the Union Parliament, the Supreme Court, the Presidential Palace, the official residences of the Cabinet of Myanmar and the headquarters of government ministries and military. Naypyidaw is notable for its unusual combination of large size and very low population density. The city hosted the 24th and 25th ASEAN Summit, the 3rd BIMSTEC Summit, the Ninth East Asia Summit, the 2013 Southeast Asian Games and the 2014 AFC U-19 Championship.

Etymology
Naypyidaw is Burmese for "abode of the king", and is generally translated as "royal capital", "seat of the king", or "abode of kings". Traditionally, it was used as a suffix to the names of royal capitals, such as Mandalay, which was called Yattanarbon Naypyidaw (MY ရတနာပုံနေပြည်တော်).

History
Naypyidaw was founded on a greenfield site near Pyinmana, about 320 km north of the old capital, Yangon. Construction started in 2002 and was completed by 2012. At least 25 construction companies were hired by the military government to build the city. It is estimated that the planned city development reaches US$4 billion.

On 27 March 2006, more than 12,000 troops marched in the new capital in its first public event: a massive military parade to mark Armed Forces Day, the anniversary of Burma's 1945 revolution against the Japanese occupation. Filming was restricted to the concrete parade ground, which contains enormous sculptures of Kings Anawrahta, Bayinnaung and Alaungpaya. The city was officially named Naypyidaw during these ceremonies, and the official, albeit mostly administrative, capital of the country was relocated from Yangon to Naypyidaw.

On 4 April 2024, the People's Defense Force launched an unprecedented drone attack against Aye Lar airbase, the main Tatmadaw headquarters, and Min Aung Hlaing's residence. Almost 30 drones were deployed; junta forces claimed 7 were shot down.

Rationale behind moving the capital
There are several assumptions why the capital was moved: Naypyidaw is more centrally located than the old capital, Yangon. It is also a transportation hub located adjacent to the Shan, Kayah, and Kayin states. It was felt by governmental and military leaders that a stronger military and governmental presence nearby might provide stability to those chronically turbulent regions. The military's purpose appears to have been to build an impregnable citadel, able to withstand foreign invasion or popular uprisings. The official explanation for moving the capital was that Yangon had become too congested and crowded with little room for future expansion of government offices.

Geography and climate
Naypyidaw is located between the Bago Yoma and Shan Yoma mountain ranges. The city covers an area of 7,054 km2 and has a population of 924,608, according to official figures.

Chaungmagyi Dam is located a few kilometres to the north of Naypyidaw, while Ngalaik Dam is a few kilometres to the south. The Yezin Dam is farther away in the north-east.

Naypyidaw has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Climate Classification Aw).

Cityscape
Naypyidaw is organized into a number of zones.

Residential zones
The residential areas are carefully organised, and apartments are allotted according to rank and marital status. The city has 1,200 four-story apartment blocks. The roofs of apartment buildings are colour-coded by the jobs of their residents; Ministry of Health employees live in buildings with blue roofs and Ministry of Agriculture employees live in those with green roofs. High-ranking government officials live in mansions, of which there are about 50. However, in 2019, quite a few of the ministerial mansions were reported to be unused and left in a neglected state in overgrown compounds.

Ministry zone
The city's Ministry zone contains the headquarters of Myanmar's government ministries. All the ministry buildings are identical in appearance. A parliamentary complex consisting of 31 buildings and a 100-room presidential palace are also located there. The zone also contains the city hall building, which has many characteristics of Stalinist architecture, but with a Burmese-style roof.

Military zone
High-ranking military officers and other key officials live 11 km away from regular government employees in a complex said to consist of tunnels and bunkers; this area is restricted to the public. The city also hosts a military base, which is inaccessible to citizens or other personnel without written permission.

Diplomatic zone
The government has set aside 2 ha of land each for foreign embassies and headquarters of United Nations missions. The Chinese embassy formally opened its interim liaison office in 2017. The liaison office is the first foreign office to be permitted to open in Naypyidaw. Bangladesh and Malaysia have also signed agreements to open embassies in Naypyidaw. The government confirms that proposals have been put forward by 11 other countries to move their embassies to Naypyidaw, namely Russia, China, the United States, India, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Turkey and Kuwait. In February 2018, State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi chaired a meeting at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Naypyidaw where she urged foreign governments to move their embassies to the capital.

Hotel zone
The Hotel zone has a handful of villa-style hotels on the hilly outskirts of the city. There are twelve hotels located in or near Naypyidaw. Eight of these are located within the Naypyidaw Hotel Zone, and two are located in Laeway (Lewe) on the Yangon-Mandalay Road. Forty villas were constructed near the Myanmar Convention Centre in preparation for the 25th ASEAN summit conducted in Naypyidaw in November 2014. Construction of the villas was begun in 2010 by the government. However, funds were limited, so the project was later put out to tender for completion by private sector investors. A total of 348 hotels and 442 inns were constructed to house the athletes and spectators of the 2013 Southeast Asian Games, which was hosted in Naypyidaw.

Shopping
Naypyidaw Myoma Market is the commercial centre of Naypyidaw. Other shopping areas include Thapye Chaung Market, Junction Centre Naypyidaw and Naypyidaw Wholesale. Junction Centre is the city's first privately operated shopping centre. There are also local markets and a restaurant area.

Recreation
Ngalaik Lake Gardens is a small water park situated along the Ngalaik Dam, near Kyweshin Village on Ngalaik Lake (about 11 km from Naypyidaw). Opened in 2008, facilities at the Ngalaik Lake Gardens include water slides, natural resorts, lodging and a beach. The gardens are open to the public during Thingyan holidays.

Also opened in 2008, the 81 ha National Herbal Park has exhibits of plants having medicinal applications from all of the major regions of Myanmar. There are thousands of plants at the park, representing hundreds of different species. Behind the city hall, there is a park with a playground and water fountain complex, which hosts a musical light show every night.

The Naypyidaw Zoological Gardens opened in 2008 with 420 species and now with 1500 animals. The main attraction of the zoo is the climate-controlled penguin house. The animals were shipped to it from the old one in Yangon. The Naypyidaw Safari Park officially opened on 12 February 2011.

Naypyidaw also has two golf courses, Naypyidaw City Golf Course and Yaypyar Golf Course, and a gem museum.

Landmark
Similar in size and shape to the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Uppatasanti Pagoda was completed in 2009. This new pagoda is named the Uppatasanti or "Peace Pagoda". The stake-driving ceremony for the pagoda was held on 12 November 2006. The invitation card for the ceremony opened with a phrase "Rajahtani Naypyidaw (the royal capital where the king resides)". The pagoda is just 30 cm shorter than the Shwedagon Pagoda. Uppatasanti translates roughly to "Protection against Calamity". It is the name of a sūtra prepared by a monk in the early 16th century. It is to be recited in time of crisis, especially in the face of foreign invasion.

Administration
The Naypyidaw Union Territory is administered at both the State/Region level, and as a municipality at the local level under two different governing bodies. Naypyidaw is one of three cities in the country to have municipal governance, the others being Yangon and Mandalay.

Naypyidaw Council (NPTC) is the regional administrative body of the territory, and is under the direct supervision of the President of Myanmar. The council is appointed by the President, and must have no less than 5 and no more than 10 members and include both civilians and military personnel. The Chairperson becomes the ex-officio Mayor, and the Head of the General Administration Department (GAD) of the territory becomes the Secretary of the council. Matters under the jurisdiction of the Council include: general planning, coordination of internal security, nature conservation, emergency management, oversight of civil service organizations within the territory, and any other duties assigned to it by the constitution or law.

Naypyidaw Development Committee (NPTDC) is the local government body of the territory. The committee is appointed by the President, and must have at least 5 members, but no more than 9. The Chairperson of the Committee becomes the Mayor of Naypyidaw, the vice-chairman becomes the Vice-Mayor, and the Head of Office becomes the Joint Secretary of the committee. Because both laws make the chair of the Council and Committee the mayor, the same person holds both offices. Matters under the jurisdiction of the Committee include: urban planning, land-use planning, planning permission, traffic management, various public works (sewage treatment, water supply, sanitation, roads, bridges, drainage, etc.), and other local competencies. Unlike the NPTC which must request funding for its budget from the Union government, the committee is permitted to levy taxes to fund its work.

The current mayor is Dr. Maung Maung Naing, appointed as the Chair of Naypyidaw Council on 2 February 2021. Dr. Myo Aung of the National League for Democracy party served as Mayor from his appointment on 1 April 2016, until his arrest on 1 February 2021, during the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.

Administrative divisions
Naypyidaw Union Territory consists of 2 districts subdivided into 8 townships. Pyinmana, Lewe, and Tatkone townships were all formerly part of Yamethin District in Mandalay Region. Ottarathiri, Dekkhinathiri, Popphathiri, Zabuthiri, and Zeyathiri are all new townships under construction. Like the townships in the rest of the country, they are governed by a development affairs organization (DAO) which includes a Township Administrator appointed by the General Administration Department, and an elected Township Development Affairs Committee (TDAC).

 * Ottara District
 * Ottarathiri Township (MY ဥတ္တရသီရိ မြို့နယ်, from Pali )
 * Pobbathiri Township (MY ပုဗ္ဗသီရိ မြို့နယ်, from Pali )
 * Tatkone
 * Zeyarthiri Township (MY ဇေယျာသီရိ မြို့နယ်, from Pali )
 * Dekkhina District
 * Dekkhinathiri Township (MY ဒက္ခိဏသီရိ မြို့နယ်, from Pali )
 * Lewe Township
 * Pyinmana Township
 * Zabuthiri Township (MY ဇမ္ဗူသီရိ မြို့နယ်, from Pali )

There is sometimes some controversy about land use and changes in land ownership related to the urban spread of Naypyidaw. In late 2014, for example, there were suggestions in parliament that land grabs were occurring near the Dekkhinathiri Township and that existing laws needed to be amended to provide better protection for farmers. There has also been criticism from some members of parliament about the size of the Naypyidaw Union Territory and the fact that money is being spent on urban infrastructure (such as lighting around lakes) although the facilities do not attract much use.

Roads
The four-lane, 323.2 km Yangon-Naypyidaw highway links Naypyidaw with Yangon directly and is part of the 563 km long Yangon-Naypyidaw-Mandalay Expressway. There is a 20-lane boulevard; like most roads in the city, it is largely empty. Naypyidaw has four-lane roads and multilevel, flower-covered roundabouts (traffic circles).

Air
Nay Pyi Taw International Airport, also known as Ayelar Airport, opened in December 2011 and is 10 mi south-east of the city, between the towns of Ela and Lewe. It has been served by all domestic airlines—Air Bagan, Air Mandalay, Myanmar National Airlines, FMI Air and Yangon Airways—with regular flights to Yangon and other cities across the country. According to the Transport Ministry, the airport has a 3.6 km long runway, a control tower 69 m high and handle up to 65,000 flights annually. Bangkok Airways, China Eastern Airlines, Qingdao Airlines, and Donghai Airlines have also served the airport with international flights to and from Bangkok, Kunming, Nanning, Xi' an, and Shenzhen.

Buses and taxis
Public transport services are limited between neighborhoods. Government ministries run shuttle buses in the morning and evening to their respective buildings.

The city has a central bus station and one taxi company, which is operated by the military. Motorbikes are banned from some roads in Naypyidaw city limits, including sections of Taw Win Yadana Road, as a result of hundreds of traffic accident-related deaths in 2009.

Railways
Naypyidaw Central railway station was opened at milepost No. (233/0), between Ywataw station and Kyihtaunggan station on the Yangon–Mandalay Railway with a station area of 9000 x and a covered area of 826.5 acre. Construction began on 8 December 2006 and Naypyidaw railway station was opened on 5 July 2009, even though the overpass, locomotive shed, concrete road leading up to the station, parking lot, passenger lounge and platform were not completed.

Before the opening of Naypyidaw railway station, Naypyidaw was served by Pyinmana and Lewe stations, though only Pyinmana station is on the main rail line (which extends from Yangon-Bago-Naypyidaw-Thazi-Mandalay). Lewe station is on the way from Pyinmana to Kyaukpadaung. It takes nine hours by train to get from Yangon to Pyinmana; trains leave at 12:00 and arrive at 21:30 local time.

In August 2011, Russian news media announced that a Russian-based firm would be constructing a 50 km metro line, which would be the country's first underground rail system, underneath Naypyidaw. However, the Rail Transportation Ministry then announced that the plan had been cancelled due to lack of demand and budgetary limits.

Higher education
Yezin(a few kilometers north-east of Naypyidaw and Pyinmana)
 * Yezin University of Veterinary Science
 * Yezin Agricultural University
 * Yezin University of Forestry

Nay Pyi Taw
 * University of Technology
 * Naypyitaw State Academy

Research

 * Forest Research Institute (FRI), Yezin
 * Department of Agricultural Research (DAR), Yezin
 * Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute (SABRI)

Healthcare
The city is served by five public hospitals: 1000-bed Naypyidaw General Hospital, Naypyidaw Women Hospital, Naypyidaw ENT Hospital, 100-bed Naypyidaw Traditional Medicine Hospital, and Naypyidaw Orthopaedic Hospital. There is also a 300-bed Obstetric, Gynaecological and Children's Hospital of Defence Services, which is one of the teaching hospitals of Myanmar Defence Services Medical Academy. The nearby towns of Lewe, Pyinmana, and Tatkone each have one hospital.

Sports
Naypyidaw F.C, a Myanmar National League football club, is based at Wunna Theikdi Stadium in Naypyidaw.

Religious sites

 * Uppatasanti Pagoda
 * Maha Thetkya Yanthi Buddha
 * Thatta Thattaha Maha Bawdi Pagoda (replica of Buddha Gaya)
 * Maravijaya Buddha

Museums and memorials

 * Memorial to the Fallen Heroes
 * National Museum
 * Defence Services Museum
 * Naypyidaw Gems Museum
 * Planetarium
 * The Museum of Sport

Recreation

 * Naypyidaw Safari Park
 * National Herbal Park
 * Naypyidaw Zoological Gardens
 * Naypyidaw Water Fountain Garden
 * National Landmark Garden
 * Naypyidaw Hot Spring Resort
 * Wunna Theikdi Stadium
 * Wunna Theikdi Indoor Stadium
 * Zayarthiri Stadium

Concert halls and theatres

 * Myanmar International Convention Centre 1 (MICC-1)
 * Myanmar International Convention Centre 2 (MICC-2)
 * Open-Air Theatre

Arts and entertainment
The Myanmar Motion Picture Academy Awards are held annually in Naypyidaw given to the highest achievers in Burmese cinema. There is a movie theater in the Junction Centre Mall as well as in the Ocean Shopping Mall. There are two others in nearby Pyinmana, and one in Tatkone Township.

Media and communications
The headquarters of the Ministry of Information is located in Naypyidaw. Since 2009, Naypyidaw has had mobile phone coverage.

Print
The Myanmar Alin and the Kyaymon in Burmese and the New Light of Myanmar in English are available in Naypyidaw. Since 18 November 2011, the Ministry of Information has begun publishing a weekly journal called the Naypyidaw Times, to report on government policies.

Radio
There are a number of AM and FM stations broadcasting in Naypyidaw. The main available channels in Naypyidaw are Myanmar Radio (operated by MRTV), Cherry FM, Mandalay FM, FM Bagan, Padamyar FM, Pyinsawaddy FM, Shwe FM and City FM.

Television
MRTV, MRTV-4 and MWD are the main channels, broadcasting Burmese-language programmes in Naypyidaw. Privately owned enterprise Sky Net provides more than 70 pay-TV channels of local and international origin. MRTV broadcasts 19 free-to-air channels and MWD broadcasts 8 free-to-air channels. Other TV channels such as Channel 7, 5-plus and Myanmar International, the English-language channel that targets overseas audiences are also available.

Costs and issues
One estimate puts the cost in the range of $3–4 billion USD although only part of this estimate is for cash spending because non-cash investments were also reportedly involved in supporting the construction effort.

There is now continual travel by vehicles along the 300 km highway from Yangon to Naypyidaw, which is four lanes for most of the way. There are relatively few vehicles for much of the time on the road. Most trucks traveling north from Yangon to Naypyidaw and Mandalay are prohibited from using the highway. The Asian Development Bank has estimated that allowing more trucks onto the road would save over $100 million per year in reduced traveling time and other savings. There are plans to turn the road into a six-lane highway for greater safety.

The proportion of housing that meets expatriate needs is limited because the majority of existing apartments are for government employees.

In popular culture
In March 2014, Naypyidaw was one of the locations featured on the British motoring TV show Top Gear during a two-part special event in Myanmar.

In 2018, Naypyidaw was on the TV show Dark Tourist.

title: Naypyidaw