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Botev Plovdiv

Profesionalen Futbolen Klub Botev AD, commonly referred to as Botev Plovdiv (Ботев Пловдив, ), or simply Botev (within its associated city), is a Bulgarian professional football club based in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. It competes in the Bulgarian Parva Liga, the top flight of Bulgarian football. Founded on 11 March 1912, it is the country's oldest active football club.

PFC Botev is named after the Bulgarian poet, revolutionary and national hero – Hristo Botev. The club plays its home games at Hristo Botev Stadium.

Throughout its history, the club has won 2 national titles, 4 national cups, 1 supercup and 1 Balkans Cup. Botev has also reached the Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals once. In addition, the club has been a runner-up in the domestic league twice and has reached the Bulgarian Cup final thirteen times. In the years before the Bulgarian championship was created, the team regularly participated in the local Plovdiv championship, claiming it six times. It is one of the most popular clubs in Bulgaria.

Early years (1912–1944)
The club was founded on 11 March 1912 as Hristo Botyov - Futbolno druzhestvo (meaning "Hristo Botyov - Football Association") in Plovdiv by 22 students from Saint Augustine's French College and First Boys High School. The name was chosen in honor of the Bulgarian national hero Hristo Botev, as proposed by the club's host - Tenyo Rusev. The club's first management board also included Stoyan Puhtev, serving as chairman, Nenko Penelov as vice-chairman and Petar Delev as both a secretary and cashier. Interestingly, the Botev Plovdiv's constituent assembly was held on Sunday, March 11, 1912, and received a juridical registration on the next day, Monday, March 12. Presently club fans celebrate the later date as a birthday.

In 1920, some members of the association split and founded a new football club, named Rekord. However, this did not deter Botev from winning the first unofficial urban championship. On 30 August 1925, Botev lost 2–6 to Turkish side Fenerbahçe, in its first international match. The following year, the team led by the playing coach and captain – Nikola Shterev, won the Plovdiv Cup.

Botev won its first national title in 1929, defeating Levski Sofia 1–0 in the final, with Nikola Shterev scoring the winning goal. The club became the first from Plovdiv to win the Bulgarian Championship. Notable players from the period include Stancho Prodanov, Vangel Kaundzhiev and Mihail Kostov, who played for the national team. In the following two years as well as in 1937 and 1940, Botev won the urban championship.

1944–1960
The club's name has been changed for political reasons several times: Botev (1912–1946), DNV(1947–51), DNA (1952–57), SKNA (1957), Botev (1957–1968) and Trakia (1968–1989). In 1951, Botev Plovdiv joined the newly created Bulgarian A PFG. Despite being relegated in 1953 to the Bulgarian B PFG, in 1954 the club easily won promotion for the top division. 1956 was very successful for the team, which finished 3rd in the domestic league and qualified for the final of the Bulgarian Cup, where Botev faced Levski Sofia. The final match was lost by the canaries with 2–5.

In the next few years, the local municipality decided to build a new venue for the sports club. The construction for the sports complex, started on July 21, 1959, and was built in a period of two years. The new stadium was named Hristo Botev, in honor of the national hero. The sport venue was inaugurated with a friendly match between Botev and Steaua București, which was won by the canaries with 3–0 in front of 20,000 spectators.

Dinko Dermendzhiev era (1961–1980)
In 1961 Botev finished 3rd in the A PFG, for second time in the club's history. This championship also marked the first appearance of the club's most important player Dinko Dermendzhiev and the beginning of Botev's golden age. Dermendzhiev holds Botev's overall appearances record, playing in 447 matches for the club. Second is Viden Apostolov with 429 matches and third is Petar Zehtinski with 351. Botev's all-time leading scorer is also Dermendzhiev, who scored 194 goals at his period in the club. Kostadin Kostadinov is the Botev's second highest scorer with 106 goals and third is Atanas Pashev with 100 goals.

Under the leadership of Dinko Dermendzhiev, Botev won their first Bulgarian Cup in 1962, beating Dunav Rousse 3–0 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia on 12 August. In the 1962–63 season Botev reached the quarter-final of the Cup Winners' Cup by eliminating Steaua București and Shamrock Rovers before losing to Atlético Madrid 1–5 on aggregate. In the same season the team finished runners-up in A PFG with 40 points, only 3 less than the first, Spartak Plovdiv.

The club claimed its second national title in 1967. A few days later, political authorities merged two local clubs with Botev – Spartak and Akademik, creating Trakia. The "new" club, continued playing its games on Hristo Botev Stadium and kept its players, colours, history and fans. The reasoning behind the merger was creating a team which would gather the best players in the city and contend with Sofia-based teams. However, only two players from recent rivals Spartak had joined the team.

The championship team featured several notable players, such as Viden Apostolov, Georgi Popov and Rayko Stoynov, with Vasil Spasov as head coach. Botev represented Bulgaria in the 1967–68 European Champions Cup where they lost in the first round to Rapid București after 2–0 win in Plovdiv and 0–3 (a.e.t.) loss in Romania. A few years later, in 1981, the team became runners up of the Balkans Cup for the first time, playing against Yugoslavian Velež Mostar after two spectacular final matches to finish second

The Golden Team (1981–1990)
In 1981, the club's forward Georgi Slavkov won the club's highest individual achievement, the European Golden Shoe after finishing as Europe's top domestic scorer with 31 goals. The same year, the team won its second Bulgarian Cup, after a win against Pirin Blagoevgrad. This period was very successful for the club. Botev finished 3rd in the A PFG, in 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988 and 2nd in 1986. In this year the team finished with 41 points, only 2 less than the first, Beroe, in spite of the 8–1 win against Beroe in the direct match. Many of the club's most notable stars played around this time, such as Antim Pehlivanov, Dimitar Vichev, Atanas Pashev, Dimitar Mladenov, Zapryan Rakov, Blagoy Bangev and Petar Zehtinski were part of the rank and file of the notable Golden Team.

An important achievement of that period was the 1985 Cup Winners' Cup campaign, when Botev qualified for the second round of the tournament. The team secured a 2–0 victory against the German powerhouse Bayern Munich (with Klaus Augenthaler, Dieter Hoeneß, Søren Lerby, Lothar Matthäus and Jean-Marie Pfaff in their squad). On November 7, 1984, in front of more than 45,000 spectators at Plovdiv Stadium, Atanas Pashev and Kostadin Kostadinov scored for the win, but Botev were eliminated after losing 1–4 in the first-leg. Another memorable win is the 1–0 home victory over Barcelona in a Cup Winners' Cup first-leg in 1981. On 29 November 1989, after 22 years of playing under Trakia, the club restored its authentic name – Botev.

Brokers Era (1991–1999)
In 1992, the club was bought by a conglomerate of brokers led by Hristo Alexandrov and Hristo Danov. They brought in players with experience in Bulgarian football, such as Nasko Sirakov, Bozhidar Iskrenov, Kostadin Vidolov and Borislav Mihaylov. In this period, Botev signed the first foreign player in the club's history, the Hungarian Roberto Szabay. These big investments however did not bring any significant results and the club only reached third place in the A PFG in 1993, 1994 and 1995.

Hristolov takeover, financial implosion (1999–2010)
On 19 March 1999 Botev was acquired by Dimitar Hristolov. This day marked the beginning of difficult years for the club. In the 2000–01 season, the team was relegated to B PFG, after playing 47 years in the A PFG. Botev spent one season in the second division and quickly returned to the top flight, but in 2004 the club was relegated for the second time. From 2005 to 2009 the club played in the A PFG, but in the second part of the league table.

In September 2009, Botev Plovdiv set an unusual record after fielding seven Italian players in the 1–2 away loss against Litex Lovech, becoming the first A PFG club to feature that many foreigners from the same nationality.

On 24 February 2010, Botev Plovdiv were administratively relegated from A PFG due to financial difficulties. Botev's opponents were awarded 3–0 wins by default during the second half of the season.

2010–present
Following the financial collapse in 2010, Botev Plovdiv were relegated to the third level of Bulgarian football, the amateur V Group for the 2010–11 season. The club was completely rebuilt on an administrative level, several Bulgarian players with first league and international experience helped the team return to B Group, such as striker Atanas Kurdov, midfielder Todor Timonov, captain Nikolay Manchev, and goalkeeper Armen Ambartsumyan. The club went unbeaten and won their regional third league, and thus gained promotion to the second level of Bulgarian football.

A new coach was hired for the 2011–12 B Group season. Petar Houbchev, who had previous international experience both as a player and manager, succeeded Kostadin Vidolov. The lack of good results, however, saw Hubchev sacked from his position in October 2011. Botev Plovdiv then reached an agreement with a new head coach – Milen Radukanov, who didn't show good results either. Therefore, Kostadin Vidolov returned at the helm of the club and succeeded in gaining promotion to the first level of Bulgarian football, after a 2–0 win against Sportist Svoge in the play-offs.

In the 2012–13 A Group season, the club showed good performance and finished fourth. Botev Plovdiv was allowed to participate in the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League, taking the place of the then financially struggling CSKA Sofia, this marked the return of the team in Europe, after 18 years of absence. The club defeated the likes of Astana and Zrinjski Mostar, before being eliminated by Stuttgart in the third qualifying round. In 2013–14, Botev Plovdiv finished fourth once more and also reached the 2013–14 Bulgarian Cup final, where they lost 0–1 to Ludogorets Razgrad. The club faced the same opponents in the 2014 Bulgarian Supercup match, which was lost 1–3. On the European front, the team participated in 2014–15 UEFA Europa League, where they managed to eliminate Libertas, before losing to St. Pölten. The following seasons, the club frequently secured places in the middle of the table.

On 24 May 2017, Botev Plovdiv won their 3rd Bulgarian cup title in a 2–1 win against Ludogorets Razgrad,  by doing so the club secured a spot in the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League, where they met Partizani Tirana and Beitar Jerusalem, before being knocked out by Marítimo in the third qualifying round. On 9 August 2017, the club won its first Bulgarian Supercup title, beating Ludogorets Razgrad 5–4 on penalties, following a 1–1 draw in regular time. In June 2021, the establishment of a reserve team, Botev Plovdiv II, was announced. In July 2021, the club was acquired by former Reading Football Club owner Anton Zingarevich. The club won the 2024 Bulgarian Cup final by beating Ludogorets to claim their fourth domestic cup.

Crest and colours
Botev Plovdiv's kit colours were adopted in August 1917, during a board meeting. The yellow colour represents the club's founders from Saint Augustine's Catholic College and Thrace's golden grain fields, while the black colour symbolises the black earth of the fertile soil as well as the Orthodoxy of the club's other founders from First Boys High School.

A following board meeting, held in September 1917, replaced the club's crest, which was an encircled Cyrillic letter "Б", an abbreviation for "Ботевъ", the club's full name. The new approved crest (used today) was a red circle, with a green rectangle situated centrally above, with the name of the club inscribed inside. Above the rectangle was a yellow and black striped shield, while the club's year of establishment was displayed underneath it.

The crests' white, green and red colours embody the tricolour of the Kingdom of Bulgaria. Simultaneously, they symbolise the blood of the heroes, the pureness of the souls, and Bulgaria's fertility. The shield is a symbol of the brave while the infinite circle suggests eternity.

Club motto
Botev Plovdiv's motto is Krasota, vyara i borba (Красота, вяра и борба,, meaning Beauty, faith and fight).

Grounds
In 1959, the authorities allowed the construction of a new club stadium at the place of the old field in the neighborhood of Kamenitza. The first building works began on 21 July 1959. Two years later, Botev Plovdiv returned to The college. On May 14, 1961, the reconstructed stadium was inaugurated. The prime minister – Anton Yugov – attended the celebrations together with the deputy-minister of the defence Dobri Djurov and most of the communist leaders. The celebrations ended with a friendly match against FC Steaua București won by the yellow-blacks with 3:0.

For more than 30 years, no big repairs were done on the college. In 1993, during the presidency of Hristo Danov, some serious repairs were made. The visitors' changing room was moved to the eastern part of the stadium. A tunnel under the East and the North stand was built to connect the visitors' changing room with the field and the capacity of the stadium was reduced. In 1995 electric lighting was put in, but ironically it did not reach the standards of the Bulgarian Football Union.

In the years from 1926 to 1947, Botev played six international games on the ground – two wins, three losses and one draw. The matches were played against Admira Vienna (1:7), Kecskemét (3:2 and 2:4), Beşiktaş (0:0), Bohemians Prague (1:3) and the famous "Wonderteam" of Austria Vienna (sensational win with 5:4) respectively. The attendance record was set on February 27, 1963, during the quarter-final of the Cup Winner's Cup against Atlético Madrid (1:1) – 40,000 people. The record for the Bulgarian championship was set in 1966 against Levski Sofia(0:1) – 37,000 people, but because of the riots between the fans and the rush of fans on the field, Botev Plovdiv was forced to play its derbies at "The Big House" – the City Stadium.

Several times, the stadium was used for football matches from the city rivals from Lokomotiv Plovdiv. During the second half of the 1980/81 season, "The Smurfs" (Lokomotiv Plovdiv) played their home matches on The college (which was followed by a relegation in the second division) as well as one match in the 2003/04 season (when Lokomotiv won the A PFG for the first time). Spartak Plovdiv also used the stadium for several matches during the 1995/1996 season. The stadium has also hosted the Bulgarian Cup final in 2000, when Levski Sofia won the cup after 2:0 against Naftex Burgas.

In the summer of 2008, the stadium underwent renovations to meet the requirements of the Football Union, the Central Stand was renovated and the new visitors' changing room was built under it.

On March 26, 2012, began a major reconstruction of the stadium, starting with conceptual design by architect Georgi Savov and supported by the new owner of the team Tzvetan Vassilev. According to estimates construction will consume about 15 million euro, and the facility must be ready for operation by mid 2015 just in time to host matches at the 2015 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. The reconstruction will be carried out in two phases, the first starting from the end of March 2012 and will last four months. The first stage consists in the replacement of the field, which will have modern drainage system and heating system. The field will be measuring 68x105 meters. Second stage consists of the demolishing of the four old tribunes and building of new ones closer to the football field.

On home matchdays, Botev Plovdiv's players traditionally enter the pitch to the Blue Canary tune (by Marisa Fiordaliso and Carlo Buti) before the start of a game.

Supporters and rivalries
Botev Plovdiv has maintained a strong fan base over the years and in terms of the popularity is staged as the third most supported club in Bulgaria. There is no unique umbrella organization embracing all fans of the Plovdiv Canaries. The club's ultras are known as Bultras.

Botev's eternal rival is the neighbouring city club of Lokomotiv Plovdiv, and both form the local Plovdiv derby. The two teams are the most supported ones in the second largest city in Bulgaria – Plovdiv – and the matches between them are well known to the Bulgarian football community, and also considered to be one of the fiercest rivalries in the world. Botev is the country's oldest continuously existing team, whereas Lokomotiv grew popular fanbase in the 70s. Traditionally, Lokomotiv's team drew support from the lower working class of society, whereas Botev's fanbase consisted mainly of the middle and upper classes, although that no longer applies.

Botev's regional cross-city rival is Beroe Stara Zagora. The match between the two clubs was dubbed as the "Thracian Derby" over the years.

The club also has a strong rivalry with Levski Sofia and CSKA Sofia, the three of which compete to be the most popular teams in the country.

Botev fans have friendly relations with Aris Thessaloniki fans. In January 2020 a group of Botev fans that attended a game between Aris and their rival PAOK Thessaloniki was attacked by PAOK fans. One Botev fan was killed by a car. Two individuals were arrested and charged with murder.

Current squad
For recent transfers, see Transfers winter 2023–24 and Transfers summer 2024.

Foreign players
Up to twenty foreign nationals can be registered and given a squad number for the first team in the Bulgarian First League, however only five non-EU nationals can be used during a match day. Those non-EU nationals with European ancestry can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim Bulgarian citizenship after playing in Bulgaria for 5 years.

Retired numbers
8 * – Todor Nedelev

12 – Dedicated to the club's supporters

* Retired until the player is actively playing and decides to return.

Notable players
Had international caps for their respective countries, held any club record, or have more than 100 league appearance. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries.

 * Bulgaria
 * 🇧🇬 Aleksandar Aleksandrov
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Andonov
 * 🇧🇬 Sasho Angelov
 * 🇧🇬 Viden Apostolov
 * 🇧🇬 Lilcho Arsov
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Asparuhov
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Avramov
 * 🇧🇬 Marin Bakalov
 * 🇧🇬 Lachezar Baltanov
 * 🇧🇬 Ivan Bandalovski
 * 🇧🇬 Daniel Bozhkov
 * 🇧🇬 Tsvetelin Chunchukov
 * 🇧🇬 Ivan Čvorović
 * 🇧🇬 Marcho Dafchev
 * 🇧🇬 Vangel Delev
 * 🇧🇬 Dinko Dermendzhiev
 * 🇧🇬 Kristian Dimitrov
 * 🇧🇬 Kristian Dobrev
 * 🇧🇬 Geno Dobrevski
 * 🇧🇬 Nikolay Domakinov
 * 🇧🇬 Valeri Domovchiyski
 * 🇧🇬 Doncho Donev
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Donkov
 * 🇧🇬 Spas Dzhevizov
 * 🇧🇬 Engibar Engibarov
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Enisheynov
 * 🇧🇬 Filip Filipov

 * 🇧🇬 Boris Galchev
 * 🇧🇬 Viktor Genev
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi K. Georgiev
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi N. Georgiev
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Haralampiev
 * 🇧🇬 Rumen Hristov
 * 🇧🇬 Yordan Hristov
 * 🇧🇬 Boris Hvoynev
 * 🇧🇬 Atanas Iliev
 * 🇧🇬 Hristo Iliev
 * 🇧🇬 Nikola Iliev
 * 🇧🇬 Bozhidar Iskrenov
 * 🇧🇬 Hristo Ivanov
 * 🇧🇬 Mihail Ivanov
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Kakalov
 * 🇧🇬 Martin Kamburov
 * 🇧🇬 Yanis Karabelyov
 * 🇧🇬 Kaloyan Karadzhinov
 * 🇧🇬 Borislav Karamatev
 * 🇧🇬 Asen Karaslavov
 * 🇧🇬 Mihail Karushkov
 * 🇧🇬 Hristo Koilov
 * 🇧🇬 Aleksandar Kolev
 * 🇧🇬 Kostadin Kostadinov
 * 🇧🇬 Aleksandar Kostov
 * 🇧🇬 Stanislav Kostov
 * 🇧🇬 Nikola Kovachev

 * 🇧🇬 Petar Kurdov
 * 🇧🇬 Yordan Linkov
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Markov
 * 🇧🇬 Borislav Mihaylov
 * 🇧🇬 Nedko Milenov
 * 🇧🇬 Veselin Minev
 * 🇧🇬 Yordan Minev
 * 🇧🇬 Dobromir Mitov
 * 🇧🇬 Dimitar Mladenov
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Yordanov Naydenov
 * 🇧🇬 Todor Nedelev
 * 🇧🇬 Plamen Nikolov
 * 🇧🇬 Mariyan Ognyanov
 * 🇧🇬 Tsvetomir Panov
 * 🇧🇬 Atanas Pashev
 * 🇧🇬 Antim Pehlivanov
 * 🇧🇬 Petar Penchev
 * 🇧🇬 Anastas Petrov
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Petrov
 * 🇧🇬 Yasen Petrov
 * 🇧🇬 Dimitar Pirgov
 * 🇧🇬 Apostol Popov
 * 🇧🇬 Dimitar Popov
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Popov
 * 🇧🇬 Ivelin Popov
 * 🇧🇬 Ivan Pritargov
 * 🇧🇬 Zapryan Rakov

 * 🇧🇬 Ayan Sadakov
 * 🇧🇬 Dormushali Saidhodzha
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Sarmov
 * 🇧🇬 Stanislav Shopov
 * 🇧🇬 Nikola Shterev
 * 🇧🇬 Nasko Sirakov
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Slavkov
 * 🇧🇬 Ivan Sotirov
 * 🇧🇬 Ivan Stoyanov
 * 🇧🇬 Vladimir Stoyanov
 * 🇧🇬 Rayko Stoynov
 * 🇧🇬 Dimitar Telkiyski
 * 🇧🇬 Radoslav Terziev
 * 🇧🇬 Aleksandar Tonev
 * 🇧🇬 Momchil Tsvetanov
 * 🇧🇬 Ivan Tsvetkov
 * 🇧🇬 Vasil Vasilev
 * 🇧🇬 Kostadin Vidolov
 * 🇧🇬 Georgi Vladimirov
 * 🇧🇬 Antonio Vutov
 * 🇧🇬 Ivan Vutsov
 * 🇧🇬 Krum Yanev
 * 🇧🇬 Dimitar Yordanov
 * 🇧🇬 Serkan Yusein
 * 🇧🇬 Todor Zaytsev
 * 🇧🇬 Petar Zehtinski

 * Europe
 * 🇦🇲 Armen Ambartsumyan
 * 🇫🇷 Antoine Baroan
 * 🇨🇿 Tomáš Jirsák
 * 🇪🇪 Matvei Igonen
 * 🇪🇪 Joonas Tamm
 * 🇷🇴 Srdjan Luchin
 * 🇱🇹 Ernestas Šetkus
 * 🇱🇹 Faustas Steponavičius
 * Mite Cikarski
 * Boban Grnčarov
 * Mario Mladenovski
 * 🇺🇦 Ihor Oshchypko

 * Africa
 * 🇧🇫 Habib Bamogo
 * 🇨🇲 Gustave Bahoken
 * 🇨🇻 Sténio
 * 🇨🇩 Férébory Doré
 * 🇨🇩 Rahavi Kifouéti
 * 🇬🇳 Antoine Conte
 * 🇬🇳🇸🇪 Pa Konate
 * 🇹🇳 Hamza Younés
 * 🇲🇬 Anicet Abel
 * Americas
 * 🇦🇼 Marlon Pereira Freire
 * 🇭🇳 Luis López

Domestic

 * First League
 * Winners (2): 1929, 1966–67
 * Bulgarian Cup
 * Winners (4): 1961–62, 1980–81, 2016–17, 2023–24
 * Bulgarian Supercup
 * Winners (1): 2017

European

 * Balkans Cup
 * Winners (1): 1972

Past seasons

 * 67 seasons in A Group
 * 5 seasons in B Group
 * 2 seasons in V Group

Head coaches

 * Key
 * * Served as caretaker manager.

The table below is a list of the last ten Botev Plovdiv managers.

Records
Note: For a complete list of Botev Plovdiv players, see Category:Botev Plovdiv players.

title: Botev Plovdiv


text:
Talk:Cilostazol

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep, cleanup. For details, please see Votes for deletion/Pletal. -- BD2412 talk 17:13, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

copyvio?
At least the dosage information looks like it came directly from the drug manufacturer. --cesarb 00:42, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I listed the source on the article. It was written by a department of the FDA and U.S. federal government works are public domain. -- Kjkolb 06:58, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Page move
Most pharmaceutical agents are listed in wikipedia by their generic names, even if there is only one trade name. That way, when other trade names are created they can be redirected to the generic.

How can we direct a page move? Ksheka 13:44, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Done.Ksheka 13:56, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Grapefruit
According to Stockley's Drug Interactions there's no cilostazol-grapefruit interaction, Rxlist.com doesn't list it as a drug interaction either. Kpjas (talk) 13:05, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cilostazol


text:
Dongguk Tonggam

The Dongguk Tonggam (Comprehensive Mirror of the eastern state) is a chronicle of the early history of Korea compiled by Seo Geo-jeong (서거정) (1420–1488) and other scholars in the 15th century. Originally commissioned by King Sejo in 1446, it was completed under the reign of Seongjong of Joseon, in 1485. The official Choe Bu was one of the scholars who helped compile and edit the work. The earlier works on which it may have been based have not survived. The Dongguk Tonggam is the earliest extant record to list the names of the rulers of Gojoseon after Dangun.

Content
Dongguk Tonggam uses an annal form. Dongguk Tonggam is organised into 382 passages, of which 178 were selected from existing documents. The rest was written by the authors. In particular, Choi Bu authored 118 of them. Dongguk Tonggam is a valuable source of historical information and descriptions from Tangun to the later years of the Joseon Dynasty.

Feature
In this book, the historical positions of Gija-Chosun, Mahan, and Silla, their successors, are elevated, and the positions of Dangun Chosun, Goguryeo, Baekje, Balhae and Goryeo are relatively lowered.

The book was first compiled by King Sejo in his attempt to reconstruct Korean history by accepting romantic and mythical historical descriptions rather than being bound by Confucian causes. However, it was not completed due to the uncooperative efforts of the Yushin groups to protect Confucian causes.  is part of the , which was revised under the Confucian justification, and was still part of the romantic atmosphere during King Sejo's reign.

title: Dongguk Tonggam


text:
Lisa Riley

Lisa Jane Riley (born 13 July 1976) is an English actress, comedian and television presenter. Riley is best known for portraying the role of Mandy Dingle in the long-running ITV soap opera Emmerdale between 1995 and 2001, and from 2019 onwards. She also replaced Jeremy Beadle as the presenter of You've Been Framed! between 1998 and 2002. She was also a contestant on the tenth series of Strictly Come Dancing, and a panellist on the ITV daytime series Loose Women.

Career
Riley trained at the Oldham Theatre Workshop from the age of nine, and was signed by an agent three years later. Riley's early roles included appearances as an extra in both Coronation Street and Brookside as well as a cast member in Butterfly Kiss which was directed by Michael Winterbottom. She then appeared in a guest role as Mandy Dingle in the British soap opera Emmerdale in 1995. After proving popular with the audience, Riley was invited to join the soap's regular cast the following year. In 1996, Riley won the National Television Awards for "Most Popular Newcomer" for her work in Emmerdale. She continued to play Mandy until 2001 after deciding to pursue other television roles.

Riley portrayed Princess Jean in the CITV Awards 1997, and also presented You've Been Framed! between 1998 and 2002, taking over from the former presenter, Jeremy Beadle and raising viewers figures to more than 13 million at its peak in the process. Riley even appeared on You've Been Framed! herself, in a clip one of her old school friends sent to the show, which the crew didn't tell her about beforehand.

In 1999, Riley co-presented the six-part ITV series Birthrace 2000 with Davina McCall, which featured couples trying to have the first baby of the millennium.

Riley featured as Rebecca Patterson, a "shy, retiring, twenty something" woman, in the drama series Fat Friends across three series between 2002 and 2005. Riley portrayed Goody McEldrich in a 2011 episode of the UK children's show 'Young Dracula', and during 2012, she appeared as Nadia Hicks in the second series of ITV crime drama, Scott & Bailey. Between 2011 and 2013, Riley made guest appearance as Tina Allen in the BBC school drama Waterloo Road. Later that year, Riley signed up as a contestant on the tenth series of Strictly Come Dancing, partnering with Robin Windsor. Riley juggled the rehearsals for Strictly Come Dancing with filming two appearances for Waterloo Road in February 2013. The couple were eliminated during the semi-finals, on 16 December 2012. She has since appeared on the 2013 live tour and the backstage show Strictly Confidential, directed by Craig Revel Horwood, who often praised her on the show.

In September 2016, it was announced that Riley had joined the ITV daytime series Loose Women as one of three new panellists, following a series of guest appearances during the year. In May 2017, Riley featured in the BBC miniseries Three Girls as Lorna, the mother of one of the main characters. In August 2018, Riley starred in another BBC drama, Age Before Beauty, as Tina Reegan, a gothic tattoo artist. Riley's return to Emmerdale for one storyline was announced on 13 November 2018. The character returned for a guest stint from January 2019. She later returned full-time from September 2019.

Personal life
In late 2016, Riley lost over 10 stone in weight, and a year later, she had a surgery to remove excess skin.

Television

 * Guest appearances
 * This Morning (2001, 2012, 2013, 2019, 2020)
 * The Alan Titchmarsh Show (2009)
 * The Wright Stuff (2009) – Guest panellist
 * Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two (2012, 2013, 2014)
 * Let's Dance for Sport Relief (2013)
 * Lorraine (2013, 2016, 2018, 2020)
 * Keep It in the Family (2015)

title: Lisa Riley


text:
Talk:Dongguk Tonggam

I think this article has many realiable references, and many information. So I changed the importance of documents to 'start'. Leave a message if you think otherwise.––Lee Geonju (talk) 17:06, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 20 July 2024
Dongguk Tonggam → Tongguk t'onggam – Per WP:NCKO, this new target is the McCune–Reischauer spelling. Searching in Google Scholar, "Tongguk t'onggam" gets 121 results and "Dongguk Tonggam" gets 33. Neither appear in Ngrams. I flipped through the results and sentence casing is more common; many style guidelines for East Asian studies recommend sentence casing for transliterated titles. 104.232.119.107 (talk) 13:43, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dongguk Tonggam


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User:Jinhuili

Under construction...

title: User:Jinhuili


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Get Yourself High

"Get Yourself High" is a 2003 single by The Chemical Brothers. It features Canadian rapper k-os and appeared as a bonus track on their collection Singles 93–03. A music video featuring footage from a martial arts film accompanied the song. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording, but lost to "Toxic" by Britney Spears.

Critical reception
Writing for Stylus Magazine, Andrew Unterberger said the song is "resoundingly meh" with "a thoroughly OK production with some grating vocals" from k-os, and then favors another new track from Singles 93–03, "The Golden Path." In complete contrast, David Medsker from PopMatters prefer the song over "The Golden Path", called it their "first real hip-hop track" that "demands its listeners to drop and do the worm." He also stated: "[...] There’s something about the key, a combination of a major note and its sharp, that sticks in the craw. This will sound very cool in the clubs." musicOMH's Jamie Harper said the song "goes into new territory, as [the duo] invite Canadian rapper K-OS to MC over their creation."

A new version of the song appeared on their live album Don't Think received a positive feedback from Nate Patrin of Pitchfork Media, he stated: "It all flows so smoothly so immediately that tracks which felt like late-career missteps on album-- like overstuffed pigeon-toed funk oddities like "Do It Again" and "Get Yourself High", which show up in succession in the set's first 10 minutes—come across as all-hook monsters, fused in a way that splits the difference and shaves off all the fat."

Music video

The song's music video was directed by Joseph Kahn, and consisted of digitally manipulated footage from the 1980 Hong Kongese martial arts film 2 Champions of Shaolin.

"I edited this on a laptop on a plane to Chicago. I rearranged the time sequencing of the actual movie. The bad guy with the big boombox is actually a minor henchman who dies in the first 30 minutes, but in my visual remix he’s the ultimate antagonist. The lip syncing was motion captured, then applied to 3D models of jaws. I didn’t know 100% if the technology was achievable with the time and money, nor did I know if we could actually get rights to a Chinese kung fu flick. It was a risky venture, but Carole gave me a check and then left me alone. She had some major balls."

Ashley Ringrose from Smashing Magazine listed the video at number 32 for his list of "60 Beautiful Music Videos."

United Kingdom and Europe

 * (UK and Europe) CD CHEMSD19
 * 1) "Get Yourself High (album version)"
 * 2) "Electronic Battle Weapon 6"
 * 3) "Get Yourself High (Felix Da Housecat's Chemical Meltdown mix)"
 * 4) "Get Yourself High (Switches Rely on dub)"
 * 5) "Get Yourself High (video)"

 * (UK only) 2x12" CHEMST19
 * 1) "Get Yourself High (extended version)"
 * 2) "Electronic Battle Weapon 6"
 * 3) "Get Yourself High (Felix Da Housecat's Chemical Meltdown mix)"
 * 4) "Get Yourself High (Switches Rely on rub)"

 * (Europe only) CD 07243 547658 2 7
 * 1) "Get Yourself High (album version)"
 * 2) "Electronic Battle Weapon 6"
 * 3) "Get Yourself High (Felix Da Housecat's Chemical Meltdown mix)"
 * 4) "Get Yourself High (Switches Rely on dub)"

Japan

 * CD VJCP 12175
 * 1) "Get Yourself High (album version)"
 * 2) "Electronic Battle Weapon 6"
 * 3) "Get Yourself High (Felix Da Housecat's Chemical Meltdown mix)"
 * 4) "Get Yourself High (Switches Rely on dub)"
 * 5) "Get Yourself High (Switches Rely on rub)"
 * 6) "Get Yourself High (video)"

United States

 * CD ASW 47738
 * 1) "Get Yourself High (extended version)"
 * 2) "Get Yourself High (Felix Da Housecat's Chemical Meltdown mix)"
 * 3) "Get Yourself High (Switches Rely on rub)"
 * 4) "The Golden Path (Ewan Pearson extended vocal)"
 * 5) "The Golden Path (Ewan's Rave Hell dub)"
 * 6) "Nude Night"
 * 7) "Get Yourself High (video)"

 * 12" ASW 47737
 * 1) "Get Yourself High (extended version)"
 * 2) "Get Yourself High (Switches Rely on rub)"
 * 3) "Get Yourself High (Felix Da Housecat's Chemical Meltdown mix)"
 * 4) "Get Yourself High (Switches Rely on dub)"

title: Get Yourself High


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Traveller (Christy Moore album)

Traveller is an album by Christy Moore, released in 1999.

Track listing

 * 1) "Urgency Culture"
 * 2) "Raggle Taggle Gypsy"
 * 3) "I Loved Her"
 * 4) "Tell It unto Me"
 * 5) "Rocky Road to Dublin"
 * 6) "Last Cold Kiss"
 * 7) "Lovely Young One"
 * 8) "The Siren's Voice"
 * 9) "Burning Times"
 * 10) "Glastonbury"
 * 11) "The Well"
 * 12) "What's the Story, Git"

Personnel

 * Christy Moore – vocal, guitar, bodhran
 * Leo Pearson – keyboards, guitar, percussion, programming
 * Dónal Lunny – bouzouki
 * Liam O'Flynn – Uilleann pipes
 * The Edge – guitar
 * Juno Moore – vocals
 * Andy Moore – vocals
 * Dom Muldoon – guitars
 * Conor Byrne – flutes, whistle
 * Wally Page – guitar

title: Traveller (Christy Moore album)


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University of the Republic (Uruguay)

The University of the Republic (Universidad de la República, sometimes UdelaR) is a public research university in Montevideo, Uruguay. It is the oldest and largest university in the country, as well as the second largest public university in South America and the world's 57th largest by enrollment, with a student body of 137,757 undergraduate students in 2018 and 6,351 postgraduate students in 2012. It was founded on 18 July 1849 in Montevideo, where most of its buildings and facilities are still located. Its current rector is Rodrigo Arim.

History
The process of founding the country's public university began on 11 June 1833, when a law proposed by then-Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga was passed. It called for the creation of nine academic departments; the President of the Republic would pass a decree formally creating the departments once the majority of them were in operation. In 1836 the House of General Studies was formed, housing the departments of Latin, philosophy, mathematics, theology and jurisprudence.

On 27 May 1838, Manuel Oribe passed a decree through which created the Greater University of the Republic. That decree had few practical effects, given the institutional instability of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay at that time.

Ranking
In 2011, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP), it is the best university in Uruguay and 858th best university in the world. In 2025, according to QS World University Rankings, it ranked #661-670 worldwide.

Schools

 * School of Agronomy
 * School of Architecture, Design, and Urbanism
 * School of Arts
 * School of Chemistry
 * School of Economic Science and Administration
 * School of Engineering
 * School of Humanities and Education Science
 * University of the Republic Law School
 * School of Medicine
 * School of Nursing
 * School of Odontology
 * School of Psychology
 * School of Science
 * School of Social Science
 * School of Veterinary Medicine
 * School of Information and Communication

Law School
The University of the Republic Law School was established on June 18, 1838, as the Academy of Jurisprudence, making it the oldest law school in the nation. It became a branch of the University of the Republic on July 18, 1849. It is the only branch of the university that hasn't moved from the main building downtown Montevideo. It was the only law school in Uruguay until the arrival of the Catholic University of Uruguay in 1984.

Many Presidents of Uruguay, senators, representatives and other public authorities with a law degree have graduated from this law school. Notable professors include Jorge Gamarra, Alejandro Abal, Alberto Perez Perez, Dora Bagdassarian, Helios Sarthou, Carlos Delpiazzo, Gonzalo Fernández, and Daniel Ferrere.

The Dean is Dr. Gonzalo A. Lorenzo Idiarte. Its main executive organ is the Law School Council, integrated by the dean and members in representation of students, former students and professors.

Schools and Institutes

 * School of Administration
 * School of Medical Technology
 * School of Nutrition and Dietetics
 * School of Obstetrics
 * School of Odontological Technology

Hospital
The university has its own hospital in Montevideo, Hospital de Clínicas “Dr. Manuel Quintela”.

Other cities
In an effort to decentralize higher education, the university has opened schools in cities other than Montevideo. Its Regional Norte in Salto offers degrees in Architecture, Law and Nursing. Fragments of other degrees, which can be completed in Montevideo, are also offered there. At the Casa Universitaria in Rivera, the Faculty of Sciences offers the Technicature in Management of Environmental Resources, which has a duration of two and a half years.

Collaborations with UTU and UTEC
The University of the Republic School of Engineering offers certain courses in collaboration with UTU and in order to increase penetration of these orientations outside of the capital city. Currently the only course being offered in this manner is Informatics Technologist.

Notable alumni

 * Beatriz Amendola, radiation oncologist
 * Teresita de Barbieri, feminist sociologist
 * Guzmán Carriquiry Lecour, Vatican official, ambassador
 * Eleonora Catsigeras, mathematician
 * Lucrecia Covelo, entomologist
 * Ana Denicola, pharmacist and chemical researcher
 * Macarena Gelman, political activist

title: University of the Republic (Uruguay)


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Wikipedia:Backlog

This backlog page lists tasks that should be done to improve Wikipedia (assuming the cleanup templates were placed correctly). Helping reduce backlogs is an important issue, so please feel free to help out and/or develop this page (or ways to quantify these things) further. Wikipedia talk:Backlog is the discussion page for this page, and the technical Village Pump page is where technical issues are discussed.

Status

 * See Category:Wikipedia backlog for more categories, and Task Center for brief guides.

Legend:
 * – Backlog is reduced and has WikiGnome activity in 6 months range
 * – Backlog stays the same or not applicable (e.g. FAC, GAN)
 * – Backlog is increasing in 6 months range

Update the delta at Backlog status and refer to Internet Archive of this page.

Oldest backlogs by issue

 * See also
 * 1) Articles requested for more than a year

Statistics
For statistics on how a specific category's size has changed over time, use apersonbot/cat-track. Not all categories are available; a category is only tracked if its page transcludes the CatTrack template. Otherwise, at present there does not appear to be any other project-wide collation of backlog statistics. A discussion may be required to determine if one is wanted or needed.

Templates

 * backlog – adds a category to Category:Wikipedia backlog
 * Backlog status – used in the "Status" section above. It has code in it that has been commented out that allows for the focus on a particular backlog
 * Backlog count – date and count for backlogs categories that is updated by a bot
 * Backlog progress bar – progress bar for tracking backlog elimination
 * Backlog of the week – transcludes a box highlighting a randomly chosen backlog updated each week

title: Wikipedia:Backlog


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Epidemiology of suicide

There are more than 700,000 estimated suicide deaths every year. Suicide affects every demographic, yet there are some populations that are more impacted than others. For example, among 15–29 year olds, suicide is much more prominent; this being the fourth leading cause of death within this age group.

Suicide is a worldwide issue which is disproportionally affecting Developed countries, with 23% of the total suicide rate despite having only 17% of global population.

There are many competing factors that come into play when determining the epidemiology of suicide such as biological sex, race and sexual orientation, religion, social determinants of health, and seasonal trends.

Overview
Suicide rates are actively increasing around the globe. It is an increasingly common idealization, with someone considering taking their own life every 40 seconds. From the years 2000–2021 suicide rates have gone up approximately 36%. The cause of this increased risk of suicide can be attributed to multiple factors. While there is no single defined cause of suicide, there are three overarching themes when it comes to causation: health, environmental and historical factors.

Health causes could be related to mental health diagnosis such as depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders or traumatic brain injuries. Around 46% of suicide cases had previously been diagnosed with a mental health disorder. This is a fluctuating estimate due to the fact that mental health is often overlooked and under reported.

Environmental causes could be access to weapons or drugs, childhood stress or exposures to other abuses. Bullying is a common catalyst as it increases social isolation and self deprivation in the same prolonged instances. "According to studies by Yale University, victims of bullying are between 2 to 9 times more likely to consider suicide than non-victims."

Historical factors also play a role. Exposure to suicide in the developmental years can put an individual at increased risk of their own death. Many studies have been conducted to conclude that suicide contagion is a serious problem, especially for young people. Suicide can be facilitated in vulnerable teens by exposure to real or fictional accounts of suicide, including media coverage of suicide, such as intensive reporting of the suicide of a celebrity or idol.

Geography- Country
As of 2019, the highest annual number of suicides per 100,000 people was in Lesotho, with a rate of 87.5 deaths per 100,000 people. The second country being Guyana with 40.9 deaths per 100,000 people and third Eswatini, with 40.5 deaths per 100,000 people.

Low-income countries share the burden of suicidal persons due to their impoverished state which explains the top three countries on the suicide rate list.

In other parts of the world, suicide rates are not as extreme, but the issue of suicide is still extremely apparent.

About 21.6 suicide deaths per 100,000 people occur in Russia every year; in southern Africa, the average is about 21 deaths per 100,000 people. The United States reports about 14.5 deaths annually per 100,000 people, however, this rate is steadily increasing. In the 2000s, that rate was 10 people per year. Within countries there is variety as well. As of 2021, Wyoming is the leading state in annual suicide with 32.3 deaths per 100,000 people. On the other hand, New Jersey, has the lowest suicide rate with 7.1 deaths per 100,000 people.

Rural and urban areas show differences as well. "The suicide rate is nearly twice as great in the most rural areas of the U.S. compared to the most urban areas (18.9 per 100,000 people in rural areas vs. 13.2 per 100,000 people in urban areas)." This could be due to a number of factors such as physical isolation, limited access to mental health services, increased access to lethal means or stigma regarding mental health.

Sex
In the United States, males are four times more likely to die by suicide than females, although more women than men report suicide attempts and self-harm with suicidal intentions. Male suicide rates are far higher than females in all age groups (the ratio varies from 3:1 to 10:1). In other western countries, males are also much more likely to die by suicide than females (usually by a factor of 3–4:1). It was the 8th leading cause of death for males, and 19th leading cause of death for females.

Excess male mortality from suicide is generally lower in non-Western nations. In eight countries, including China with about one-fifth of the world population, the rate of male mortality from suicide is lower than that for females, with females more likely to die by suicide by a factor of 1.3–1.6

Age
Nearly half of all Suicides in the United States are accounted for in the age range of 35–64 years. Adults aged 75 and older are at increased risk of suicide rates (20.3 per 100,000). However suicide may be a lower percentage accounting for all suicides across the United States, in a subgroup of ages 10–24 it is the second leading cause of death.

Race
Research across the United States shows that across all age groups, Non-Hispanic Alaskan Natives and American Indians are at the highest risk of suicide. In years 2018–2021, suicide rates significantly increased within these populations.

In 2003 in the United States, Whites and Asians were nearly 2.5 times more likely to kill themselves than Blacks or Mexicans. In the eastern portion of the world (primarily in Asian and Pacific-Island countries), the numbers of reported suicides are growing every year.

Sexual Orientation
The likelihood of suicide attempts are increased in both gay males and lesbians, as well as bisexuals of both sexes when compared to their heterosexual counterparts. The trend of having a higher incident rate among females is no exception with lesbians or bisexual females, and when compared with homosexual males, lesbians are more likely to attempt suicide than gay or bisexual males.

Evidence varies between studies with how increased the risk of suicide in the queer community in comparison to heterosexuals. The lowest reported increases stated suicide is 0.8–1.1 times more likely for queer females and 1.5–2.5 times more likely for queer males. The highest increases reach 4.6 more likely in females and 14.6 more likely in males who do not identify as heterosexual.

Race and age also play a factor in the increased risk. The highest ratios for males are for Caucasians in their youth. By the age of 25, their risk is down to less than half of what it was However gay Black males' risk steadily increases to 8.6 times more likely in this same age group. Lifetime risks are 5.7 times more for White and 12.8 times more for Black gay and bisexual males.

In lesbian and bisexual females, age has opposite effect with fewer attempts in youth when compared to heterosexual females. Throughout their lifetime, the likelihood of LGBTQ+ females to attempt suicide nearly triples the youth ratio for Caucasian females, however for Black females, the rate is less significant (less than 0.1 to 0.3 difference) with heterosexual Black females having a slightly higher risk throughout most of the age-based study.

Gay and lesbian youth who attempt suicide are disproportionately subject to anti-gay attitudes, and have weaker skills for coping with discrimination, isolation, and loneliness. They were also more likely to experience family rejection than those who do not attempt suicide. Another study found that gay and bisexual youth who attempted suicide had a more feminine gender presentation, adopted an LGBTQ+ identity at a young age, and were more likely than their peers to report sexual abuse, drug abuse, and arrests for misconduct.

There is evidence that same-sex sexual behavior, but not homosexual attraction or homosexual identity, was significantly predictive of suicide among Norwegian adolescents. In Denmark, the age-adjusted suicide mortality risk for men in registered domestic partnerships was nearly eight times greater than for men with positive histories of heterosexual marriage, and nearly twice as high for men who had never married.

A large study of suicide in Sweden involved the analysis of data records for 6,456 same-sex married couples and 1,181,723 man-women marriages. The study showed that even with Sweden's tolerant attitude regarding homosexuality, it was determined that for same-sex married men, the suicide risk was nearly three times higher than for different-sex married men, even after an adjustment for HIV status. For women, it was shown that there was a tentatively elevated suicide risk for same-sex married women over that of different-sex married women.

Religion
Every major religion in the world is opposed to suicide. However, the stringency of this belief depends on the individual. Teachings within religions may vary and different individuals may interpret these teachings differently.

Suicide rates between different religions vary. Among the major religions in the US, Protestants have the highest rate of suicide. Roman Catholics had the next highest rate, followed by Jews and Muslims.

In most cases, religiosity has been associated with reduced risk of suicide. Collectively, individuals who reside in religious countries and are integrated into their religious community are less accepting of suicide Compared to secular countries, suicide rates are lower in countries with a state religion. A global study on atheism noted countries with higher levels of atheism had the highest suicide rates compared to countries with "statistically insignificant levels of organic atheism." The People's Republic of China, which is an atheist state, had the highest suicide rate (25.6 per 100,000 persons).

However, studies have been criticized for oversimplifying the relationship between religion and the risk of suicide, as this association can vary depending on culture. Religion may adversely affect mental health if there is discord between an individual's beliefs and their faith. In some cases, religion may be related to a higher risk of suicide if it leads a person to feel guilty, isolated, or abandoned by the community. Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that while religious affiliation protects against suicide attempts, it does not stop suicidal ideation.

Social, Political and Economic Factors
Higher levels of social and national cohesion reduce suicide rates. Suicide levels are highest among the retired, unemployed, impoverished, divorced, the childless, empty nesters, and other people who live alone. Suicide rates also rise during times of economic uncertainty. (Although poverty is not a direct cause, it can contribute to the risk of suicide).

Epidemiological studies generally show a relationship between suicide or suicidal behaviors and socio-economic disadvantage. Disadvantages include limited educational achievement, homelessness, unemployment, economic dependence, and contact with the police or justice system. It has been shown for individuals who suffer from unemployment, the longer they are unemployed, the greater the risk of suicide. Additionally, the lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation in the homeless community was 41.60% while the lifetime prevalence of suicide attempt was 28.88%.

A 2015 UK study by the Office for National Statistics, commissioned by Public Health England, which considered 18,998 deaths of people aged between 20 and 64, found that the employment sectors with the highest incidence of suicide for men was construction, and for women culture, media and sport, healthcare, and primary school teaching.

Men working in the construction industry and women employed in culture, media and sport, healthcare and primary school teaching are at the highest risk of suicide, official figures for England suggest.

Certain political constructs can act as protective factors against suicide. The most apparent factor is an increase in minimum wage which precedes inflation. Other factors include social welfare expenditures, and laws which restrict access to firearms and alcohol.

Mental Illness
Societally, mental disorders are highly associated with suicide risk and deaths. Statistically, there is data to support this. In high income countries, mental or substance abuse disorders can be attributed to 80% of suicide deaths. In low income countries, the percentage is slightly lower at 70%. Mental illnesses that have been associated with suicide risk include Major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, dysthymia, and schizophrenia.

Physical Health Conditions
In addition to mental disorders, physical health issues have an impact on suicide risk. After adjusting for age, sex, mental health, and substance use diagnoses, nine conditions have been positively associated with suicide risk. The study claimed this association with the following conditions: back pain, brain injury, cancer, congestive heart failure, COPD, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, migraine, and sleep disorders. The risk of suicide in people with traumatic brain injuries is almost nine times higher than normal which makes it the highest risk condition. Comorbidity of conditions was also shown to significantly increase the risk of suicide.

Body Mass Index
Risk of suicide may decrease with increased weight and is low in obese persons. The connection is not well understood, but it is hypothesized that elevated body weight results in higher circulating levels of tryptophan, serotonin, and leptin, which in turn reduces impulsivity.

However, other studies indicate that suicide rates increase with extreme obesity, and it is difficult to control for conflating factors such as BMI-related differences in longevity, which have a significant bearing on suicide rates.

Physical Illness and Functional Disability in Older Adults
In adults aged 65 and older, suicidal behavior has been associated with certain functional disabilities and specific conditions. These positively associated conditions and disabilities are the following: malignant diseases, neurological disorders, pain, COPD, liver disease, male genital disorders, and arthritis. Generally speaking, illnesses that threaten the independence of a person, make them doubt their usefulness, value or dignity, or minimize their pleasure with life are more likely to be suicidogenic.

Season
The idea that suicide is more common during the winter holidays (including Christmas in the northern hemisphere) is a myth, generally reinforced by media coverage associating suicide with the holiday season. The National Center for Health Statistics found that suicides drop during the winter months, and peak during spring and early summer. Considering that there is a correlation between the winter season and rates of depression, there are theories that this might be accounted for by capability to die by suicide and relative cheerfulness.

Suicide has also been linked to other seasonal factors.

Seasonal allergies have shown potential impacts on rates of suicide. Based on the reaction that allergens cause, animal models have shown an increase in anxiety-like behavior, reduced social interaction, and aggressive behavior which can be considered endophenotypes for suicidal behavior.

There is significant variation in suicide risk by day of the week, which is greater than any seasonal variation.

Trends
Certain time trends can be related to the type of death. In the United Kingdom for example, the steady rise in suicides from 1945 to 1963 may be due the removal of carbon monoxide from domestic gas supplies, which occurred with the change from coal gas to natural gas during the 1960s.

Methods vary across cultures, and the easy availability of lethal agents and materials plays a role.

Due to social stigma and misclassified cause of death, reported suicide rated are never exact. It is estimated that in the year 2000, global number of suicides were 791,855. As of 2019, there were 703,220 reported instances of suicide. This is a relative difference of 11%. This trend shows a decrease in suicide deaths, however, there is contradicting evidence which shows an overall increase in suicide. This discrepancy requires further research and comparison.

There is the possibility that one individual may have multiple suicide attempts, however, they can only have one suicide. Suicide attempts are up to 20 times more frequent than suicides.

An increase in U.S. baseline temperature due to global warming projects an increase in suicide. With an increase between 1–6 degrees Celsius above the baseline, climate change‐attributable suicide in the United States is expected to increase from 283 to 1,660 cases.

Historical data show lower suicide rates during periods of war. However, this has been questioned in more recent studies, which showed a more complex picture than was previously conceived. More research is required to fully understand this complicated relationship.

title: Epidemiology of suicide