text:
Talk:Arcadia (play)

Et in Arcadia ego
I have a bit of a problem with the first paragraph's claim that the word "Arcadia" is a reference to "Et in Arcadia ego". That's like saying that the word "happiness" is violent because it's a reference to the phrase "happiness is a warm gun". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.107.107.172 (talk • contribs)

 * What do you think "Arcadia" is referring to? Doops | talk 18:44, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

I disagree with the opening explanation: "Latin phrase et in Arcadia ego which states that death is always present". It would be more accurate to say "usually interpreted" (as in the page on "et in Arcadia ego"). The reference to the phrase is explicit within the play, where the possible ambiguity of the phrase is discussed. --RichardVeryard 13:45, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

I wouldn't say that the phrase is discussed as being ambiguous in the play. It's quite clear that Lady Croom's translation is incorrect:

LADY CROOM: ...and I can say with the painter, 'Et in Arcadia ego!' 'Here I am in Arcadia,' Thomasina. THOMASINA: If Mama would have it so. LADY CROOM: Is she correcting my taste or my translation? THOMASINA: Neither are beyond correction, but it was your geography caused the doubt.

Later...

SEPTIMUS: "Even in Arcadia, there am I!"

Both of these refer to Poussin's paintings, which are intended as "memento mori," or reminders of death. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.106.6.179 (talk) 15:10, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

New Image
The new image File:ArcadiaPoster.jpg is a theatrical poster for one production of the play whereas the image it replaced was the cover of the original publication. In this context, discussing the work as a whole, I suggest that the book image is more appropriate and that it should be restored. Furthermore, albeit rather subjectively, the theatrical poster showing a couple dancing doesn't seem to relate to the work in any specific way: it's rather a commonplace concept. --Old Moonraker (talk) 05:51, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

I would agree - most productions of Arcadia I have seen emphasize the garden/grounds and possibly a country home. The dancing is a relatively minor part of the production. Ecragg (talk) 10:22, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Done. --Old Moonraker (talk) 05:00, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Rather than have it deleted completely, I added it to the more appropriate Production section. LiteraryMaven (talk • contrib) 17:46, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

City of Stonnington’s premier Arts Venue
This edit reinserted a production by a non-professional company at Chapel off Chapel, "City of Stonnington’s premier Arts Venue". I don't want to fall into the WP:IDONTKNOWIT trap here so, as well as my previous notability not established objection, may I expand on WP:RECENT: the articles should be written with "regard to long-term historical perspective"? Convince me that this addition has notability that matches this standard, (while avoiding the Other stuff exists argument), and I will happily withdraw my objection. --Old Moonraker (talk) 07:51, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
 * OK, no disagreement: RV. --Old Moonraker (talk) 08:06, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Well 24 hours isn't much time to declare no disagreement, but ok. The Age isn't a local paper, it's the major newspaper of Melbourne. The production was independent and noteworthy in Australia, but if you think that doesn't meet the criteria, I defer to your judgment. Any comparison I make to the noteworthiness of other productions listed here would fall under that other stuff exists rule I suppose. Paulknox (talk) 23:54, 15 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I accept that 24 hours was a bit swift, sorry. --Old Moonraker (talk) 06:11, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

"The present"
May we settle for one date in the article? The work specifies only "the present" which would give us, loosely, 1993. As far as I can see "1989" comes only from the publisher's commentary on the back cover: "same room 180 years later". From this I tend to prefer 1993 but don't really mind which as long as it's the same throughout. Any other views, before I tidy this up? --Old Moonraker (talk) 07:34, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Done.--Old Moonraker (talk) 15:37, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

I've just looked at Stoppard's stage directions, and I would like to remove the date for "the present" entirely -- he talks about the effect desired at length and does not specify a date for the later period. This is unlikely to be a chance omission. The stage direction as written leaves open the possibility that a production of the play in 2020 (I expect that the play will continue to be produced) would be set not in 1809 and the late twentieth century but in 1809 and the early twenty-first.

I think substituting the date of the premiere for "the present" is original interpretation. We can describe the performance history of the play as: "the present (1993 in the play's first production)" but I don't think we should assign a date to the later period as if it were part of the play as written. It isn't.

Distingué Traces (talk) 19:12, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Good suggestion. There has just been a drive-by edit changing this again, so: the sooner the better! --Old Moonraker (talk) 21:02, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Play, not the production
This edit seems to be based on a misreading of the text following: it changed "dispel...critical doubts" about the play to "acclaimed...production". Quotes such as: "the play gets richer with each viewing ... there is poetry and passion behind the mathematics and metaphysics" and the "the greatest play of its time" (all emphasis added) make the meaning obvious, and the change is not justified. I propose a revert. --Old Moonraker (talk) 08:03, 18 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I see your point. But you don't find the claim of "dispelled any remaining critical doubts" a bit troubling? Especially since it is based on a roundup of merely six reviews. - Artoasis (talk) 08:24, 18 March 2011 (UTC)
 * OK then: back to the original reading, but substituting that particular phrase. --Old Moonraker (talk) 08:36, 18 March 2011 (UTC)
 * That looks like a fix. Thanks. --Old Moonraker (talk) 09:29, 18 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi there. I hope it is not inappropriate to infer that you become a fan of this play because of its London production. I saw the play for the first time on Broadway during a recent trip to NYC. It was strangely uneven and dissatisfying. I plan to add the reviews later. I really feel that a play's reception greatly depends on the the quality of a specific production. - Artoasis (talk) 09:50, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

As Old Moonraker I can recall and compare both London productions, but not those in other countries. I hope I'm editing dispassionately—I added "too clever by about two-and-three-quarters" and "mixed or unfavourable, citing anachronisms"—but I am a fan. I haven't gone into comparison between the London and NY shows, but if you research this, particularly the first NY production, it will bear out your point about the quality of staging influencing perception of the writing. --Old Moonraker (talk) 10:09, 18 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your reply. I didn't mean to doubt the neutrality of this article, and I do believe the significance of this play. In fact, I went to see the Broadway production exactly because I've heard great things about Arcadia. Considering the high praise it received in London, I'm afraid that this new NY revival is not doing the play full justice. I have great memories of the Broadway staging of The Coast of Utopia in 2007. Utopia may not represent Mr. Stoppard's finest work, but the NY production is just marvelous. - Artoasis (talk) 11:00, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Enquire/inquire
The difference is no longer commonly distinguished and if I found one that was wrong, I would leave it alone. However, someone has just changed the right to the wrong version, and that's different: "Inquiry/inquire refers to formal and organized investigations, whereas enquiry/enquire are used of single and personal questions" (Peters, also in Fowler). Verbs and nouns don't come into it. I propose a return to the status quo ante. --Old Moonraker (talk) 05:35, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I just took a close look; the original text used the wrong plural form "enquires" as opposed to "enquiries". Maybe that's why some editor brought up the whole verb/noun thing. - Artoasis (talk) 05:58, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Good catch. I hadn't noticed this (I need to turn up the character size on screen to check anything closely these days—see comments about "old" editors, above) so grateful thanks for pointing it out. The verb/noun change was correct: it's just that the spelling choice in the changed version that contravenes the sources. --Old Moonraker (talk) 06:25, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the fix. --Old Moonraker (talk) 06:44, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Hey, it's a tiny typo, easy to slip. I just changed it back to "enquiries". If the sources use "enquiry", then it should be "enquiry". - Artoasis (talk) 06:45, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Genre
The current version of the "Genre" section mentions comedy and tragedy. Aristotle's comedy is a some awful slob becoming happy because of a singular quality. (E.g., Homer Simpson because he loves his family.) Tragedy is some nigh-perfect person falling from grace due to their flaw. (E.g. Lisa Simpson fails because of arrogance.) These teach us to admire the singular quality or distain the tragic flaw. While Arcadia contains a lot of humor, it's not "comedy" as Aristotle defines it. While I see some tragedy (Nightingale, Mr. Chater, Brice), it is not the dominant theme.

I see Arcadia as a mystery. In the "present" timeframe, the audience wonders what happened in the past. In the "past", the audience wonders what happened to bring about the present. We wonder who killed Mr. Chater. We wonder who was the hermit, and when we find out, we wonder what drove Septimus to become the hermit. We wonder if Nightingale's arrogance be found out (like we all feel he deserves).

Also, it might be good to connect the page to other works with two time periods. Cryptonomicon has a similar structure, where the present is trying to uncover the past and the past must find its way to the start of the present.

Mdnahas (talk) 18:07, 21 May 2016 (UTC)

Play relationship to Sannazaro 1504 poem
This artice fails to address the obvious question of whether and how the play may relate to the Sannazaro poem of 1504. The question should at least be acknowledged. Lloyd Ewing (talk) 20:26, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arcadia (play)


text:
U.S. Route 730

U.S. Route 730 (US 730) is an east–west United States Numbered Highway, of which all but 6.08 miles of its 41.78 miles (9.78 of 67.24 km) are within the state of Oregon. The highway starts in rural Morrow County in Eastern Oregon at an interchange with Interstate 84 (I-84) and US 30, located east of the city of Boardman. US 730 travels east along the Columbia River as a continuation of Columbia River Highway No. 2 into Umatilla County, intersecting I-82 and US 395 in the city of Umatilla. US 730 and US 395 form a short concurrency within the city before the highways part, and US 730 continues northeast into Washington. The highway travels through rural Walla Walla County and ends at an intersection with US 12 south of Wallula.

US 730 was created with the original US Highway System on November 11, 1926, traveling on the existing Columbia River Highway, established in 1917, from US 30 in Umatilla to US 410 south of Wallula. The Washington section of US 730 was added to the state highway system in 1923 as a branch of State Road 3, later becoming a branch of Primary State Highway 3 (PSH 3) in 1937. The highway was concurrent with US 395 from 1937 until 1985, traveling from Cold Springs Junction to US 410. US 30 was moved to a new route bypassing Umatilla and Irrigon in 1946, allowing for US 730 to be extended southwest to Boardman, later to an interchange with I-84.

Route description
US 730 runs 41.78 mi in Oregon and Washington and is listed as part of the National Highway System, a system of roads important to the nation's economy, defense and mobility, from its western terminus at I-84 east of Boardman to the end of its concurrency with US 395 in Umatilla. As a state highway in both states, the roadway is maintained by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). US 730 has the highest designation of any United States Numbered Highway, or U.S. Route, and is the shortest existing highway in the system. The highway is defined by the Washington State Legislature as SR 730, part of the Revised Code of Washington as §47.17.821.

Oregon

US 730 begins at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-84 and US 30 at Boardman Junction, located east of the city of Boardman in Morrow County. The highway, a continuation of Columbia River Highway No. 2, travels northeast across a Union Pacific rail line and passes the Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge on the Columbia River before reaching the city of Irrigon. From Irrigon, US 730 continues northeast along the Columbia River into Umatilla County and becomes 6th Street in the city of Umatilla. The highway intersects I-82 and US 395 in a diamond interchange and forms a short concurrency with US 395. US 730 continues east through the unincorporated community of McNary and the northern terminus of Oregon Route 207 (OR 207) in rural Umatilla County. The highway turns northeastward along Lake Wallula and intersects OR 37 at Cold Springs Junction, providing connections north to the Warehouse Beach Recreation Area and Hat Rock State Park on the Columbia River and south to the city of Pendleton. US 730 heads into Washington, traveling between a Union Pacific rail line and the canyon walls of the Columbia River Gorge. An ODOT survey measuring traffic volume conducted in 2011 on US 730 calculated that the busiest section of the highway in Oregon was at its interchange with I-82, serving 11,800 vehicles, on average, while the least busy section of the highway was at the Washington state line, serving 2,500nbsp;vehicles.

Washington
US 730 continues north from Oregon along Lake Wallula and around Clover Hill, reaching Wallula Junction in Walla Walla County. The highway intersects its spur route and turns east towards its eastern terminus at US 12 south of the community of Wallula. In 2012, WSDOT calculated that the Washington section of US 730 served between 1,500 and 2,400nbsp;vehicles per day, on average.

History
The highway that became US 730 within Oregon has been designated by the Oregon State Highway Commission as the easternmost segment of Columbia River Highway No. 2 since November 27, 1917, created as part of the initial named state highway system. The segment of US 730 within Washington was added to the state highway system in 1923 as a branch of State Road 3 and kept its designation as a branch of PSH 3 during the creation of the primary and secondary highway system in 1937. The United States Numbered Highway System was adopted on November 11, 1926, by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) and included US 730, traveling northeast along the Columbia River from US 30 in Umatilla to US 410 south of Wallula. The highway was originally planned to be numbered as US 420, but was changed after US 30 was substituted in place of US 20 along the Columbia River. US 395 was extended south from Spokane, Washington, to San Diego, California, in 1937, becoming concurrent with US 730 between Cold Springs Junction and its eastern terminus at US 410 south of Wallula.

US 30 was moved to a new section of the Old Oregon Trail Highway No. 6, bypassing the cities of Irrigon and Umatilla, on November 25, 1946. US 730 was subsequently extended west to a new junction with US 30 and later relocated uphill due to the construction of the John Day Dam. The highway's western terminus was moved farther south to an interchange with I-80N in 1967. During the westward extension of US 12 from Idaho into Washington, the Oregon state government suggested to AASHO a route that included the entirety of US 730 in 1962, while Washington state suggested routing US 12 over US 410 and State Route 12 (SR 12) to Vancouver, Washington. AASHO approved the extension of US 12 into Washington on June 20, 1967, routing it along US 410 and SR 14 to its present terminus in Aberdeen. US 395 was re-aligned to a concurrency with I-82 in 1985, crossing the Columbia River on the Umatilla Bridge and having a shorter concurrency with US 730. The old route of US 395 from Cold Springs Junction to Pendleton, part of Pendleton-Cold Springs Highway No. 236, became Oregon Route 37.

The highway's eastern terminus in Wallula is planned to be moved further north to a new interchange with US 12 after the completion of the Burbank–Walla Walla divided highway in the 2020s.

Spur route
U.S. Route 730 Spur (US 730 Spur) is a 0.30 mi spur route in rural Walla Walla County, Washington, that connects it to US 12 westbound towards Wallula, while US 730 is directed towards eastbound US 12 towards the city of Walla Walla. WSDOT included the road in its annual traffic survey in 2012 and calculated that 1,300 vehicles used the spur route.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: U.S. Route 730


text:
User:Cymrodragon

Studying French & Japanese at the University of Cardiff

title: User:Cymrodragon


text:
1930–31 in Scottish football

The 1930–31 season was the 58th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 41st season of the Scottish Football League.

Scottish League Division One
Champions: Rangers

Relegated: Hibernian, East Fife

Scottish League Division Two
Promoted: Third Lanark, Dundee United

Scottish Cup
Celtic were winners of the Scottish Cup after a 4–2 replay win over Motherwell.

County
$$ – aggregate over two legs

Junior Cup
Denny Hibs were winners of the Junior Cup after a 1–0 win over Burnbank Athletic in the final.

Scotland national team
Scotland were joint winners with England of the 1930–31 British Home Championship.

Key:
 * (H) = Home match
 * (A) = Away match
 * BHC = British Home Championship

title: 1930–31 in Scottish football


text:
Mitch Fatel

Mitch Fatel (born December 20, 1968), also known as Mitch Faytel, is a stand-up comedian. Born in Manhattan, he was raised in Yonkers, New York, and began doing stand-up at the age of 15. In 1988, Fatel attended NYU/Tisch School of the Arts and majored in film and acting studies.

title: Mitch Fatel


text:
Talk:Diatomaceous earth

Confusion regarding safety for humans.
On the webpage selling "Garden Safe Diatomaceous Earth 4-lb Insect Killer" you see in caps OUTDOOR:

https://www.lowes.com/pd/Garden-Safe-Garden-Safe-Brand-Crawling-Insect-Killer-Containing-Diatomaceous-Earth-4-Pounds/5005382579

but then you see in the Overview:

Use INDOORS and OUTDOORS: Apply a thin layer of dust to areas where crawling insects live and hide

But in an answer to a question: Can use this product in the same room as my cat?

The answer is: This product is not for indoor use as this is for outdoor use only.

But under features:

For Use in Kitchens/Bathrooms - YES

Maybe they were talking about outhouses and barbecue pits?

And this is only the beginning of the problem. This confusion is over the definitions of: SiO2/silicon dioxide/silica, DE, crystalline silica, amorphous, colloidal, garden grade, food grade, feed grade, impurities, salt vs fresh water, toxic levels, Primary Active Ingredient, silica gel and so on.

But the primary problem is the warning "Do Not Inhale". Given the massive use of DE in and around the home, the question is simple, is it safe? If it is so destructive to insects, then what does it do to my lungs? The mixed message on this webpage is like watching two idiots on Fox News say, "If you want to wear a mask, that's cool. If you don't want to wear a mask, that's cool."

So, please, somebody do the research of popular DE products being sold to homes and find out what is safe, if any.

Thanks. Fair Use 36 (talk) 21:27, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

 * This appears to primarily be a complaint about the Lowes.com website, not a suggestion for improvements to this article, specifically. Wikipedia isn't a 'how to' or 'guide' for use of commercial products. It would not be within scope to present a listing of commercial diatomacaceous earth products declaring which are safe or unsafe. cheers. anastrophe, an editor he is. 22:09, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

I've used a great lot of DE over my 81 years, and in response to the comments and questions above by Fair Use 36 here: There is really no such thing as indoor rather than outdoor DE. Aside from the difference between DE from different areas around the world there are only two grades: Food grade, and all other. The difference between Food grade is nothing more than it's being clean, and ground a little finer than the "all others." I have used both grades internally and externally with approximately the same results, none of which resulted in any problem.

As far as use goes, I have used DE both on my many animals, my wife and children, and no less than several neighbors quite successfully, internally, to kill various parasites, probably 95% being tape worms. I can't speak to the lungs question past that we all have been conscious of the possible risk, and therefore careful not to breath in any more than necessary, though some is inevitable.

For both internal and external use on animals, fleas, ticks, lice, and etc. do fall prey to DE, but nothing like as easily as many online sites like to claim. I am always careful not to overdose, using body weight for the only criteria, and yet dose quantity seems to be of far less importance than keeping the dosing regular in timing of no more than once per day, and no less that once per three days, for no less than three doses and no more than for 12 doses in a row. The reason for this regimen is that I've experienced tape worms dying out in one single dose, given to a very young kitten that likely would have died otherwise, yet the majority of tape worm cures, regardless of the patient's size, took at least the middle dosage time and quantity of once every third day until a minimum of 9 doses was given. The hardest ones are cats and dogs, simply because they lick their anus, and therefore constantly resupply the intestines with both the fresh live segment worms and the semi-dried encapsulated segments. Of course you must kill the adult(s) first, which is the hardest part, but then you must also keep on dosing past the very last intake of both the tape worm segments, and the fleas that carry them. Thus you must kill the external parasites, AND the internal ones, or success may not come at all.

Outside, as in kennel and garden use, DE does work, yes, but the difficulties of wind and weather are Legion, due to the virtual impossibility of getting and keeping a sufficient quantity in place. Keep in mind that DE is useless unless the victim acquires a quantity that causes it to bleed out faster than it washes off, or its body systems plus it's cleanliness habits can remove it. That said, DE in conjunction with methods such as spraying soapy water have allowed me and mine to be totally poison free for more than 4 decades, while at the same time raising an impressive percentage of all our vegetable and animal needs.

Robert Leslie @ this IP address: 174.251.240.123 (talk) 10:06, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

Usage - household products
Shouldn't we include a section of how DE is being used more and more in home products because of how it can be made into a solid slab-like material that rapidly wicks away moisture? In particular bath mats and kitchen scooping spoons EdwinAmi (talk) 06:40, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

 * OK, I've added a section for that. Do I need a reference for proof? Like, these are products that exist out there, and like I just know about them. How would you cite for the fact that a kind of product just exists out there in the world made by various different manufacturers? EdwinAmi (talk) 04:49, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * How? Google it, try "diatomaceaous earth bath mat" and so on. (And fix a bit of language.) Ponken (talk) 07:15, 4 June 2024 (UTC)
 * like... a link to the google search, with all the results? Is that an appropriate reference according to wikipedia rules? EdwinAmi (talk) 04:22, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Of course not. You search to find sources. The "like I just know about them", that is not a source. And the search I suggested turns up a good source (reputable newspaper). Ponken (talk) 10:03, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diatomaceous earth


text:
User:EdReep

This message is from Djbaniel:

Welcome!

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title: User:EdReep


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eurolingue

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:29, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Eurolingue
Conlang. - Cymydog Naakka 17:27, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. --PrologFan 17:45, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, conlang. —Tokek 18:21, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Completely non-notable conlang. The "discussion group" for the language has only two members and was created just a few days ago. Clearly, delete. --Whimemsz 19:27, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I concur. From their website: "still in the developmental and experimental phase..." yup. —Tokek 20:09, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable conlang, only 900 Google hits. --Carnildo 20:17, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I think a lot of those results are unrelated. Google search for {eurolingue auxiliary|constructed|conlang|auxlang} returned only two results, and the second one appears to be unrelated. —Tokek 20:25, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable conlang. JamesBurns 06:54, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Jalal-ud-Din Khalji

Jalal-ud-Din Khalji, also known as Firuz al-Din Khalji or Jalaluddin Khilji (c. 1220 – 19 July 1296, (r. 1290 – 1296)) was the founder and first Sultan of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate of India from 1290 to 1320.

Originally named Firuz, Jalal-ud-Din started his career as an officer of the Mamluk dynasty, and rose to an important position under Sultan Muizzuddin Qaiqabad. After Qaiqabad was paralyzed, a group of nobles appointed his infant son Shamsuddin Kayumars as the new Sultan, and subsequently tried to kill Jalal-ud-Din. Instead, Jalal-ud-Din had the group of nobles killed and became regent. A few months later, he deposed Kayumars, and became the new Sultan.

As a Sultan, he repulsed a Mongol invasion, and allowed many Mongols to settle in India after their conversion to Islam. He captured Mandawar and Jhain from the Chahamana king Hammira, although he was unable to capture the Chahamana capital Ranthambore. During his reign, his nephew Ali Gurshasp raided Bhilsa in 1293 and Devagiri in 1296.

Jalal-ud-Din, who was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension, was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public. During the first year of his reign, he ruled from Kilokhri to avoid confrontations with the old Turkic nobles of the imperial capital Delhi. Several nobles considered him as a weak ruler, and unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow him at different times. He meted out lenient punishments to the rebels, except in case of a dervish Sidi Maula, who was executed for allegedly conspiring to dethrone him. Jalal-ud-Din was ultimately assassinated by his nephew Ali Gurshasp, who subsequently ascended the throne as Alauddin Khalji.

Early life
Jalal-ud-din was a member of the Khalaj tribe, a tribe of originally Turkic origin that after migration from Turkistan had settled in Afghanistan for over 200 years, adopting many Afghan customs. The result was the birth of a Turko-Afghan culture.

The contemporary chronicles of the Delhi Sultanate do not provide much information about Jalaluddin's background. According to the 15th century text Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi, Jalaluddin was a son of "Bughrush", which seems to be a mistake for Yughrush. According to Tabaqat-i Nasiri (1260 CE), the son of Amir Yughrush - probably Jalaluddin - visited Delhi with a Mongol embassy in 1260. According to the Ilkhanate chronicler Wassaf, Jalaluddin served the Mongols as the commander (shahna) of Binban, located just west of the Indus River. According to Amir Khusrau's Miftah al-Futuh, Jalaluddin fought against the refractory Mongol and Afghan tribes in the Salt Range: it is possible that this refers to his exploits in the Mongol service.

Jalaluddin probably entered the Delhi Sultanate service sometime during the reign of Balban. According to Isami, he was in the service of Balban's son Bughra Khan. This likely happpend sometime before 1280, during Bughra Khan's tenure as the governor of Samana. Jalaluddin gradually rose to prominence as a commander in north-western India, with Samana as his headquarters.

Before his ascension to the throne, Jalal-ud-din was known as Malik Firuz. He and his brother Shihabuddin (father of Alauddin Khalji) served Balban for several years. He rose to the position of sar-i-jandar (chief of the royal bodyguards), and was later appointed as the governor of the frontier province of Samana. As the governor, he distinguished himself in the Sultanate's conflicts with the Mongol invaders.

After Balban's death in 1287, Delhi's kotwal Malik al-Umara Fakhruddin enthroned Balban's teenage grandson Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (or Kayqubad) with the title Muizzuddin. Qaiqabad was a weak ruler, and the administration was actually run by his officer Malik Nizamuddin. After Nizamuddin was poisoned by some rival officers, Qaiqabad summoned Jalal-ud-din from Samana to Delhi, gave him the title "Shaista Khan", appointed him as the ariz-i-mumalik, and made him the governor of Baran.

By this time, Qaiqabad's health had deteriorated, and two rival factions of nobles vied for the power in Delhi. One faction, led by Malik Aytemur Surkha, sought to maintain the power of the old Turkic nobility, and wanted to retain Balban's family on the throne. The other faction, led by Jalal-ud-din, supported the rise of the new nobility.

As a regent of Kayumars
When Qaiqabad was incurably paralyzed, Malik Surkha and his associate Malik Kachhan appointed his infant son Kayumars (or Kayumarth) on the throne with the title Shamsuddin II. The two nobles then conspired to kill their rival nobles, including Jalal-ud-din (then Malik Firuz). At this time, Jalal-ud-din was conducting an inspection of the royal army at Bhugal Pahari (Baharpur according to Ziauddin Barani). His nephew Malik Ahmad Chap, who held the office of naib-i amir-i hajib, informed him about the conspiracy. Jalal-ud-din then moved his quarters to Ghiyaspur, and summoned his relatives from Baran on the pretext of preparing for an impending Mongol invasion. Other officers on Surkha's hit list also joined the Khaljis.

Shortly after, Jalal-ud-din received an order summoning him to the royal court in Delhi, and realized that this was part of a plot to kill him. He excused himself on the pretext of conducting an inspection of the army at Kannauj. Kachhan then personally marched from Delhi to Kannauj, and told Jalal-ud-din that his presence was sought in Delhi immediately. Jalal-ud-din pretended not knowing anything about the conspiracy, and requested Kachhan to rest in a tent, while he finished the inspection. In the tent, Jalal-ud-din had Kachhan beheaded, and had his body thrown into the Yamuna River, starting a war between the two rival factions.

Jalal-ud-din's sons marched to Delhi, entered the royal palace, and brought the titular Sultan Kayumars to Jalal-ud-din's camp. Malik Surkha and his associates tried to retrieve Kayumars, but were captured and killed. Jalal-ud-din's men also abducted some sons of Malik al-Umara Fakhruddin, the kotwal of Delhi, and therefore, Fakhruddin dissuaded the people of Delhi from trying to retrieve Kayumars.

After eliminating the officers of the rival faction, Jalal-ud-din continued to acknowledge Kayumars as the Sultan of Delhi. He became the governor of Bhatinda, Dipalpur and Multan provinces. Initially, he offered Kayumars' regency to Balban's nephew Malik Chajju and Fakhruddin. However, Malik Chajju preferred to be the governor of Kara-Manikpur, and Fakhruddin also rejected the offer. Therefore, Jalal-ud-din himself became the regent.

Qaiqabad died on 1 February 1290: according to Yahya Sirhindi he died of starvation after being neglected, but another account states that he was murdered on Jalal-ud-din's orders by an officer whose father had been executed by him. Kayumars' titular reign (1290) lasted for around 3 months, before he was deposed by Jalal-ud-din.

Ascension to the throne
Jalal-ud-din (known as Malik Firuz until this point), ascended the throne of Delhi in June 1290, at the unfinished Kilokhri (also Kilughari or Kailugarhi) Palace near Delhi. At the time of his ascension, Jalal-ud-din was very unpopular. He had little support among the old Turkic nobles, who viewed him as an Afghan (Pashtun), believing him to be of non-Turkic ancestry. In addition, he was an old man of around 70 years, and his mild nature was seen as unsuitable for the position. Because of his unpopularity, he decided not to move to Balban's palace at Delhi, and lived at Kilokhri, an Afghan enclave which served as the de-facto capital. He finished the palace, and turned Kilokhri into an important town.

Jalal-ud-din avoided making any radical changes to the administrative set-up, and retained the old Turkic nobles in the offices that they held during Balban's reign. For example, Fakhruddin was retained as the kotwal of Delhi, Khwaja Khatir was retained as the wazir, and Balban's nephew Malik Chajju was retained as the governor of Kara-Manikpur. The surviving members of Balban's royal family moved to Kara under Chajju's governorship.

At the same time, Jalal-ud-din appointed his relatives and associates to the important offices. He appointed his brother Yaghrash Khan as the head of the army ministry, and his nephew Ahmad Chap as. He gave his eldest son Mahmud the title Khan-i-Khan; the next two sons were given the titles Arkali Khan and Qadr Khan. He also appointed his nephews Ali Gurshasp (later Sultan Alauddin) and Almas Beg as Amir-i-Tuzuk (equivalent to Master of ceremonies) and Akhur-beg (equivalent to Master of the Horse) respectively.

Gradually, Jalal-ud-din overcame the initial hostility that he had faced from the citizens of Delhi. He gained reputation as a humble and kind-hearted monarch, as opposed to the preceding despots like Balban. After entering Delhi, he had the royal entrance to the Red Palace dismounted, and refused to sit on the king's seat in the royal audience-hall, saying that the crown had been forced upon him because of the malicious intents of Surkha and Kachhan.

Malik Chajju's revolt
While the general public admired Jalal-ud-din as a kind-hearted and sincere person, a section of nobles despised him as a weak ruler. In August 1290, Balban's nephew Malik Chajju Kashli Khan, who now headed the former royal family, staged a revolt against Jalal-ud-din at Kara. Chajju seems to have opted for the governorship of the easternmost province of Kara-Manikpur to remain away from imperial control, and possibly, because he hoped to seek support from his cousin Bughra Khan (father of Qaiqabad), who had become an independent ruler of the eastern Bengal region in 1287.

Chajju styled himself as Sultan Mughisuddin, and declared his independence. As a mark of his sovereignty, he issued his own coins, and had the khutba read in his name. Ali Hatim Khan, the governor of Awadh, as well as other older nobles appointed in the eastern region, supported him. Chajju was also supported by a number of Hindu chiefs of the Gangetic plains, who had not paid their tribute for some years, and who swore allegiance to Balban's family. Under these circumstances, Jalal-ud-din's loyal officers in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab region started withdrawing from the region.

Chajju was confident that he enjoyed more support than Jalal-ud-din, who was yet to find favour among the old nobles of Delhi and its neighbouring areas. Therefore, he marched towards Delhi along the left bank of the Ganges River, and then the Ramganga River. He probably planned to enter Delhi from Amroha area. At Badaun, his supporters Malik Bahadur and Alp Ghazi joined him with their troops.

Jalal-ud-din set out to crush the revolt after appointing his eldest son, who held the title Khan-i Khanan, in-charge of Delhi. He led his army towards Badaun via Koil (modern Aligarh). The vanguard of his army, led by his second eldest son Arkali Khan, marched ahead of the rest of the army, and spotted Chajju's army on the other side of the Ramganga River. Chajju's soldiers had seized all the boats, so Arkali Khan's contingent could not cross the river. At night, Arkali Khan sent a raiding party to Chajju's camp on rafts and skiffs. The raids caused panic among Chajju's soldiers, who deserted their camp, and moved northwards. Arkali Khan plundered the deserted camp for two days, and then pursued the enemy. He came across Chajju's army at a Ramganga river crossing, and fought an indecisive battle. Meanwhile, Jalal-ud-din's army crossed the Ganges river at Bhojpur (near Farrukhabad), and engaged Chajju's supporters in another battle.

At night, an agent of Chajju's Hindu supporter Bhim Deva (Biram Deva Kotla according to Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi) informed him that Jalal-ud-din would attack his army from rear. Chajju then secretly left the camp with some of his followers. In the morning, Arkali Khan crossed the river, and easily defeated the remaining army of Chajju. Chajju's supporters Alp Ghazi and Bhim Deva were killed, while Malik Masud and Malik Muhammad Balban were captured. The rest of Chajju's army then surrendered. Chajju himself took shelter in a walled village, but the village headman turned him over to Jalal-ud-din's army.

Aakali Khan then joined Jalal-ud-din, and the combined imperial army marched to the eastern districts to punish the chiefs who had supported Chajju. Some chiefs, such as that of Rupal, surrendered and saved themselves by offering heavy tributes. Others, such as that of Kahsun, faced plundering raids. The Hindu rebels were executed, and the Muslim rebels of Indian origin were sold as slaves.

Jalal-ud-din treated the Turkic Muslim rebels kindly, despite objections by his nephew Ahmad Chhap. When the imprisoned rebel nobles were brought to his camp in chains, he disapproved of their mistreatment. He ordered them to be released, dressed well and entertained. He invited the high-ranking rebel nobles, such as Amir Ali Sarjandar, to a feast. Even Malik Chajju, who was captured a few days later, was sent to an honourable confinement at Multan instead of being executed; his associates were released. Jalal-ud-din openly praised the rebels for their loyalty to their deceased master Balban. When Ahmad Chhap objected to such leniency, Jalal-ud-din declared that he was not habituated to killing Muslims, and argued that the pardoned nobles would be grateful to him and remain loyal to him.

Mongol invasion
Sometime after Chajju's revolt, the Mongols invaded the north-west frontier of the Delhi Sultanate. The invasion was led by Abdullah, who was a grandson of Hallu (Hulagu Khan) according to Ziauddin Barani, and a son of "the prince of Khurasan" according to Yahya's Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi.

The frontier provinces of Dipalpur, Multan, and Samana were governed by Jalal-ud-din's son Arkali Khan. Jalal-ud-din personally led an army to repulse the invaders. The two armies faced each other at a place named Bar-ram, and their vanguards engaged in some skirmishes. The skirmishes ended with advantage for the Delhi forces, and the Mongols agreed to retreat. Jalal-ud-din called Abdullah his son after exchanging friendly greetings.

A group of Mongols, led by Ulghu (another grandson of Hulagu), decided to embrace Islam, and sought Jalal-ud-din's permission to settle in India. In the Delhi Sultanate, the Mongols were regarded as hardened criminals, who had been involved in murders and highway robbery. Despite this, Jalal-ud-din accepted their regrets, and allowed them to settle in the lower Ganges plain, on the Lakhnauti (Bengal) frontier of his kingdom. He also provided the new settlers with accommodation, allowances and social ranks. These Mongols came to be known as "New Muslims".

Ranthambore campaign
The Chahamana king Hammira-deva ruled a kingdom centred around Ranthambore, located to the south-west of Delhi. Hammira's expansionist policy had threatened the Ajmer and Haryana frontiers of the Delhi Sultanate, which prompted Jalal-ud-din to invade his kingdom.

Siege of Mandawar
Jalal-ud-din marched via Rewari and Narnaul to reach the Alwar frontier of Hammira's kingdom. He first besieged fortress of Mandawar (called "Mandor" by Ziauddin Barani and Yahya Sirhindi). Mandawar was once a part of the Delhi Sultanate, but had been lost to the Chahamanas in the preceding years; Jalal-ud-din recaptured it in 1292. After this victory, he raided the countryside, obtaining a large number of cattle.

According to Yahya's Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi, the siege of Mandawar lasted for four months. However, historian A. B. M. Habibullah believes that this was the duration of the entire Ranthambore campaign, including the sieges of Mandawar, Jhain and Ranthambore.

Jalal-ud-din's eldest son, Khan-i Khanan, died on the eve of the Mandawar campaign.

Battle of Jhain
In 1291, Jalal-ud-din marched across the Karauli region to Jhain, a town that guarded the approaches to the Chahamana capital Ranthambore. A reconnaissance party of the Delhi army, led by Qara Bahadur, defeated a Chahamana contingent. Jalal-ud-din then sent a larger detachment to besiege the Jhain fort. When the invaders reached within two farsangs of the fort, a Chahamana army led by Gardan Saini came out of the fort and engaged them in a battle. The Delhi army emerged victorious, and Gardan Saini was killed in action. The invaders then pursued the retreating Chahamana soldiers across Chambal, Kunwari and Banas rivers. The remaining Chahamana contingents stationed at Jhain then evacuated the fort, and retreated to Ranthambore.

Following this victory, the invaders engaged in plunder, and dismantled the Jhain fort. Jalal-ud-din, an iconoclast, broke the non-Islamic idols, although he admired their sculpture and carvings.

"Three days after this, the Shah entered Jhain at midday and occupied the private apartment of the rai He then visited the temples, which were ornamented with elaborate work in gold and silver. Next day he went again to the temples, and ordered their destruction, as well as of the fort, and set fire to the palace, and thus made hell of paradise. While the soldiers sought every opportunity of plundering, the Shah was engaged in burning the temples, and destroying the idols. There were two bronze idols of Brahma each of which weighed more than a thousand mans. These were broken into pieces and the fragments distributed amongst the officers, with orders to throw them down at the gates of the masjid on their return."

The Miftah al-Futuh, written by his courtier Amir Khusrau, claims that thousands of defenders were killed in the siege of Jhain, while the Delhi army lost only one Turkic soldier.

The Sultan was always hostile to Hindus. According to Ziauddin Barani, Jalaluddin is believed to have said. "What is our defense of the faith, that we suffer these Hindus, who are the greatest enemies to god (Allah) and of the religion of Mustafa, to live in comfort and do not flow streams of their blood"

Siege of Ranthambore
After conquering Jhain, Jalal-ud-din ordered his army to besiege the Ranthambore Fort, which was situated on a steep hill, and was reputed to be impregnable. He issued orders for the construction of siege engines such as maghrabis (catapults),, , and a (mound to reach the hilltop). According to the Delhi chronicler Ziauddin Barani, he abandoned the siege when he came out to inspect the progress of the construction, and realized the ensuing siege would cost many Muslim lives. Barani states that Jalal-ud-din declared he would not risk the hair of a single Muslim for "ten such forts". Jalal-ud-din's nephew Ahmad Chap opposed this decision saying that it would embolden the Hindus, and asked him to emulate the earlier Muslim kings such as Mahmud and Sanjar, "whose undoubted piety never limited their kingly action." But Jalal-ud-din argued that the comparisons to Mahmud and Sanjar were unfair, because their dominions did not include "a single idolater".

Conspiracy of Tajuddin Kuchi
Several of Jalal-ud-Din's courtiers believed that he was a weak king, who could not inspire the necessary fear among his subjects and the enemies of the Sultanate. During the Ranthambore campaign, some of his closest associates met at the house of Malik Tajuddin Kuchi. In a drunken stupor, they talked about killing Jalal-ud-Din and raising Tajuddin to throne.

When Jalal-ud-din became aware of this, he summoned the erring courtiers to a private conference. But instead of punishing them, he shamed them by daring them to kill him with his own sword. The courtiers asked for forgiveness, attributing their behavior to drunkenness, with Nusrat Sabbah making a "clever and flattering confession". The meeting ended with wine-drinking and poetry recitals by Jalal-ud-Din.

Alleged conspiracy of Sidi Maula
Jalal-ud-Din was lenient towards his detractors, and even the most persistent detractors were only banished to their for one year. The only instance in which he meted out more severe punishments was during the alleged conspiracy of Sidi Maula.

Sidi Maula was a foreign-born religious leader, who belonged to a sect of unorthodox Muslim dervishes. He owned a huge khanqah, and had been reputed for his vast charities since the reign of Qaiqabad. His institution attracted most of the dispossessed Balban-era amirs and officers. His followers also included Jalal-ud-Din's nobles, including Qazi Jalal Kashani and the now-deceased crown prince Khan-i Khanan.

Sidi Maula allegedly planned to kill Jalal-ud-Din to become khalifa, although these allegations were never proven. According to a near-contemporary account, the allegations were first made by the jealous dervishes of a rival sect. It was alleged that Sidi Maula had asked Hathya Paik and Niranjan Kotwal to assassinate Jalal-ud-Din on a Friday. These two were Balban-era Hindu officers (pahilwans or wrestlers, according to Ziauddin Barani). Malik Ulghu, the Mongol commander who had entered Jalal-ud-Din's service, reported the allegations to Arkali Khan, while Jalal-ud-Din was busy besieging Mandawar. Arkali Khan, who disliked the associates of his elder brother Khan-i Khanan, accepted the allegations as true, and arrested the alleged conspirators.

When Jalal-ud-Din returned to Delhi, the alleged conspirators were brought before him, and pleaded not guilty. The orthodox Muslim ulama, who were unable to present any concrete evidence against the accused, suggested a trial by fire. When Jalal-ud-Din was convinced that the accused were guilty, he ordered the Hindu conspirators Hathya and Niranjan to be executed. He then banished Qazi Jalal Kashani and the Balban-era officers who followed Sidi Maula. Next, Jalal-ud-Din turned to Sidi Maula, and lost his composure when Sidi Maula repeatedly denied his involvement in the conspiracy. An annoyed Jalal-ud-Din asked a group of qalandars to knife Sidi Maula. Arkali Khan later had the wounded Sidi Maula crushed under the feet of an elephant.

Sidi Maula's execution was followed by a severe dust storm, and a drought resulting from the failure of seasonal rains. These conditions resulted in a severe famine, during which the prices of foodgrains became exorbitant, and a number of people committed suicide by jumping into the Yamuna River. Sidi Maula's admirers considered these unfortunate events as proof of his innocence.

Ali Gurshasp's conspiracy
After deposing Malik Chajju, Jalal-ud-din had appointed his nephew Ali Gurshasp (later Sultan Alauddin Khalji) as the governor of Kara (on the banks of Ganges, 69 km west of the city of Allahabad in present Kaushambi district in Uttar Pradesh). Ali's father had died when he was young, and Jalal-ud-din had brought him and his brother Almas Beg (later Ulugh Khan) up. Jalal-ud-din had also married his daughters to Ali and Almas. Ali's domestic life was miserable, as he was not on good terms with his wife and his mother-in-law, and he wanted to end his dependence on Jalal-ud-din's family. At Kara, the former supporters of Malik Chajju instigated him to overthrow Jalal-ud-din.

To raise money for a coup against Jalal-ud-din, Ali raided Bhilsa in 1293. Bhilsa was a temple town in the Paramara kingdom of Malwa, which had already been weakened by Vaghela, Chahamana, and Yadava invasions. As a result of this raid, he obtained a large number of cattle and precious metals. During his stay in Bhilsa, he learned about the immense wealth of the southern Yadava kingdom, as well as the routes leading to their capital Devagiri (present-day Daulatabad in Maharashtra). He shrewdly surrendered the loot from Bhilsa to Jalal-ud-din to win the Sultan's confidence, but withheld the information on the Yadava kingdom. Pleased with the loot, Jalal-ud-din gave Ali the office of Ariz-i Mamalik, which was once held by Ali's father. He also granted Ali the governorship of Awadh in addition to that of Kara-Manikpur. He also granted Ali's request to use the surplus revenue for enlisting additional troops to raid the other wealthy but weakly-defended territories beyond Chanderi.

Over the next few years, Ali secretly planned a raid on Devagiri. In 1296, he set out for Devagiri with an 8,000-strong cavalry. He left the administration of Kara to Alaul Mulk, who misled Jalal-ud-din's administration in Delhi about Ali's real destination. At Devagiri, Ali collected a large amount of wealth. When Jalal-ud-din heard about Ali's success at Devagiri, he was pleased at the prospect of a vast treasure coming to him. He moved to Gwalior, hoping that Ali would come there to meet him en route to Kara. However, Ali marched directly towards Kara. Jalal-ud-din's councillors, such as Ahmad Chap, advised him to intercept Ali at Kara, but Jalal-ud-din trusted his nephew, and returned to Delhi. In Delhi, Ali's brother Almas Beg assured the Sultan of Ali's loyalty.

After reaching Kara, Ali sent Jalal-ud-din a detailed report on the raid, and expressed concern that his enemies may have poisoned Jalal-ud-din's mind against him. He asked for a signed letter of pardon, which Jalal-ud-din dispatched immediately. At Kara, Jalal-ud-din's messengers were astonished when they learned about Ali's military strength and his plans to dethrone Jalal-ud-din. Ali detained them, and prevented them from communicating with Delhi. Meanwhile, Almas Beg convinced Jalal-ud-din that Ali always carried poison in his handkerchief and would commit suicide out of guilt, if not personally pardoned by Jalal-ud-din. A gullible Jalal-ud-din, concerned about his beloved nephew, asked Almas to visit Kara and dissuade Ali from committing suicide, promising to visit Kara himself shortly after.

Assassination
In July 1296, Jalal-ud-din marched to Kara with a large army to meet Ali during the holy month of Ramzan. He directed his commander Ahmad Chap to take the major part of the army to Kara by land, while he himself journeyed down the Ganges River with 1,000 soldiers. When Jalal-ud-din's entourage came close to Kara, Ali sent Almas Beg to meet him. Almas Beg convinced Jalal-ud-din to leave behind his soldiers, saying that their presence would frighten Ali into committing suicide. Jalal-ud-din boarded a boat with a few of his companions, who were made to unbuckle their weapons. As they rode the boat, they saw Ali's armed troops stationed along the riverbank. Almas told them that these troops had been summoned to accord a worthy reception to Jalal-ud-din. Jalal-ud-din complained about Ali's lack of courtesy in not coming to greet him at this point. However, Almas convinced him of Ali's loyalty by saying that Ali was busy arranging a presentation of the loot from Devagiri and a feast for him.

Satisfied by this explanation, Jalal-ud-din continued his journey to Kara, reciting Quran on the boat. When he landed at Kara, Ali's retinue greeted him, and Ali ceremoniously threw himself at his feet. Jalal-ud-din lovingly raised Ali, gave him a kiss on cheek, and chided him for doubting his uncle's affection. At this point, Ali signaled his follower Muhammad Salim, who struck Jalal-ud-din with his sword twice. Jalal-ud-din survived the first blow, and ran towards his boat, but the second blow killed him. Ali raised the royal canopy over his head, and proclaimed himself the new Sultan. Jalal-ud-din's head was put on a spear and paraded across Ali's provinces of Kara-Manikpur and Awadh. His companions on the boat were also killed, and Ahmad Chap's army retreated to Delhi.

According to the contemporary writer Amir Khusrau, Ali ascended the throne (as Alauddin Khalji) on 19 July 1296 (16 Ramazan 695). The later writer Ziauddin Barani dates Jalal-ud-din's death and Ali's ascension to 20 July 1296, but Amir Khusrau is more reliable.

Cultural activities
Jalal-ud-din's courtier Amir Khusrau wrote Miftah al-Futuh (1291) to commemorate his victories.

In popular culture

 * Jalal-ud-din is portrayed by Raza Murad in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's epic film Padmaavat (2018).

title: Jalal-ud-Din Khalji


text:
Laurence Lerner

Laurence Lerner (12 December 1925 – 19 January 2016), often called Larry, was a South African-born British literary critic, poet, novelist, and lecturer, recognized for his achievement with his election to The Royal Society of Literature.

Biography
Laurence Lerner was born in Cape Town, South Africa; his Jewish father Israel was from Zhitomir, Ukraine and his mother May from Abinger Hammer, England. He was educated at St George's Grammar School, Cape Town, the University of Cape Town and Pembroke College, Cambridge.

He was lecturer in English, from 1949 to 1953 at the University College of the Gold Coast in West Africa, from 1953 to 1962 tutor then lecturer in English at Queen's University Belfast (where one of his students was Seamus Heaney), lecturer then reader then professor of English at the University of Sussex (1962–84), and Edwin Mims Professor of English at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee (1985–95). He won the 1991 Harvie Branscomb Distinguished Professor Award.

Lerner taught in many universities around the world in addition to those where he held positions jobs, including Munich, Dijon, various places in the US and Canada, Kashmir, Wurzburg, and Vienna. On British Council lecture tours he traveled to France, Germany, Spain, South America, Turkey and India. These experiences led to his most personal book, Wandering Professor.

Although he described himself as a follower who was surprised to be accepted, Lerner was an active member of the Society of Friends (Quakers), attending Brighton, Nashville and then Lewes meetings. For many years, he taught a Shakespeare summer school at the Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre. He gave the Swarthmore Lecture in 1984 (The Two Cinnas – Quakerism, Revolution and Poetry). He was Clerk to the Lewes meeting for several years. He was also a Governor of Leighton Park School, a Quaker school in England.

He published nine collections of poetry, three novels, ten books of literary criticism, reflections on English language usage and life as a professor, and lectures, essays and poems. He edited two anthologies of modern literary criticism of Shakespeare's plays for Penguin Books, which were widely used by A-level students in the UK.

Personal life
He married Natalie Winch in 1948, whom he met in South Africa. Their marriage lasted until her death in 2014. They had four sons, David and Edwin, born in Accra, Ghana, and Martin and Richard, born in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

He died on 19 January 2016 at the age of 90.

Poetry

 * Domestic Interior, Hutchinson, 1959
 * The Directions of Memory, Chatto & Windus, 1964
 * Selves, Routledge, 1969 ISBN 978-0710064080.
 * A.R.T.H.U.R & M.A.R.T.H.A. The loves of the computers, Secker & Warburg, 1980 ISBN 978-0436244407
 * The Man I Killed, Secker & Warburg, 1980 ISBN 978-0-436245503
 * Chapter & Verse: Bible Poems, Secker & Warburg, 1984 ISBN 0-436-24441-1
 * Selected Poems, Secker & Warburg, 1984
 * Rembrandt's Mirror, Secker & Warburg, 1987 ISBN 0-436-24444-6
 * Rembrandt's Mirror, Secker & Warburg, 1987 ISBN 0-436-24444-6

Fiction

 * The Englishman, Hamish Hamilton, 1959
 * A Free Man, Chatto & Windus, 1968 ISBN 978-0701112677
 * My Grandfather's Grandfather, Secker & Warburg, 1985 ISBN 0-436-24443-8

Criticism

 * The Truest Poetry: An essay on the Question, What is Literature? Hamish Hamilton, 1960
 * The Art of George Eliot. A selection of contemporary reviews (including Henry James, George Saintsbury, Geraldine Jewsbury and Sidney Colvin), with John Holstrom, Bodley Head, 1966
 * The Truthtellers: Jane Austen, George Eliot, D H Lawrence, Chatto & Windus, 1967
 * The Uses of Nostalgia: Studies in Pastoral, Chatto & Windus, 1972 ISBN 0-7011-1826-1
 * An introduction to English poetry: fifteen poems discussed by Laurence Lerner, Edward Arnold, 1975 ISBN 978-0-7131-5789-5.
 * The Victorians, Methuen, 1978, ISBN 978-0-416-56210-1
 * Love & Marriage: Literature in its Social Context, Edward Arnold, 1979
 * The Literary Imagination: Essays on Literature & Society, Harvester, 1982
 * The Frontiers of Literature, Blackwell, 1988
 * Angels and Absences: child deaths in the nineteenth century, Vanderbilt University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8265-1287-1

Other works

 * Shakespeare's Tragedies; An Anthology of Modern Criticism, Penguin, 1963, ASIN B000GR3A7W
 * Shakespeare's Comedies; An Anthology of Modern Criticism, Penguin, 1967, ASIN B002R84WZC
 * "The History of a Poem", The Dark Horse, Summer 1997''
 * Wandering Professor, Caliban, 1999, ISBN 0-9536307-0-6.
 * Wandering Professor, Caliban, 1999, ISBN 0-9536307-0-6.

Poem
Here is a poem by Laurence Lerner (not infringing copyright, since submitted by the author, who holds the copyright!)

Kaspar Hauser

All that long time there was the place I was,

All that long same, the dark and constant same.

I came to being and it bit my eyes.

I want to be a rider like my father.

A soldier was my father was a horseman.

I want to be a rider and I want

Out of that same he carried me upstairs,

Out of that dark and then I stood to lean;

The soft ground stood and hit me where I fell.

When it was hunger time they put soft life

Into my mouth. It moved. The warm flesh tore

Under my teeth. This could be me I'm eating.

I spat and called: I loved that time, those horses,

The brittle bread, the water, the soft dark,

The stiff floor always there, the always steady

Till I was carried to the bumpy world:

The air threw needles at my eyes. I fell.

Where were my walls, my horse to push, and where –

I want my floor my bread my dark my always –

I want the same the only same the only –

I want to be a rider like my father

Readings
Readings by Laurence Lerner of several of his poems appear on YouTube

title: Laurence Lerner


text:
Robert Pashley

Robert Pashley (4 September 1805 – 29 May 1859) was a 19th-century English traveller, lawyer and economist.

Pashley was born in York and he studied at Trinity College, Cambridge. Distinguished in mathematics and Classics, in 1830 he was elected a Fellow of Trinity at his first sitting. In 1832 he took his MA degree, and as a travelling Fellow undertook a journey in Italy, Greece, Asia Minor and Crete, of which he published his two-volume Travels in Crete. His work is considered a classic of writing on the Ottoman Empire, with his detailed observations on local geography, customs, and social issues.

In 1837, he was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple. He lost his valuable library and antiquities in fire at Temple in 1838. He was appointed as a queen's counsel in 1851

He stood for Parliament in the 1852 general election for King's Lynn but was not elected.

In 1853 he married Marie, the only daughter of Baron Von Lauer of Berlin. They had three children.

He published two works on economics: On Pauperism (1854), and Observations on the government bill for abolishing the Removal of the Poor (1854).

He died in 1859 at 16, Manchester Square, London and was buried at the Kensal Green cemetery.

Studies of Crete
Pashley was one of the foremost researchers of Cretan culture in the first half of the nineteenth century. Pashley was the first one to work out the location of the ancient buried city of Cydonia, relying only on ancient literature, without the aid of archaeological recovery. In his travel to Crete in 1830 he observed that Greek was the common language of the island that was then part of the Ottoman Empire, even though a substantial part of the population was then Muslim.

title: Robert Pashley


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Spinelli

Spinelli is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Altiero Spinelli (1907–1986), Italian advocate for European federalism and founding father of the European Union
 * Anita Spinelli (1908-2010), Swiss artist and painter
 * Anthony Spinelli (1927–2000), American director of pornographic films
 * Antonio Spinelli (bishop) C.R. (1657–1724), Italian Roman Catholic Bishop of Melfi and Rapolla
 * Ashley Spinelli, a character in the cartoon Recess (TV series)
 * Barbara Spinelli (born 1946), Italian politician
 * Brunello Spinelli (1939–2018), Italian water polo player
 * Chiara Spinelli (1744–1823), Italian noblewoman and pastellist.
 * Claudio Spinelli (born 1998), Argentine footballer
 * Damian Spinelli, a fictional character on the American soap opera General Hospital
 * Elisabetta Spinelli (born 1968), Italian voice actress
 * Filippo Spinelli (1566–1616), Roman Catholic cardinal
 * Francesco Spinelli (1853–1913), Italian Roman Catholic priest and founder of the Sisters Adorers of the Blessed Sacrament
 * Fernando Spinelli, Argentine footballer
 * Gennaro Spinelli, Prince of Cariati (1780–1851), Italian politician and diplomat
 * Gérard Spinelli, Mayor of the French town of Beausoleil, adjoining part of the Principality of Monaco
 * Gianluca Spinelli (born 1966), Italian professional football goalkeeper coach
 * Giovanni Battista Spinelli (c.1597–c. 1647), Italian painter
 * Giuseppe Spinelli (1694–1763), cardinal prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
 * Giuseppe Spinelli (politician) (1908–1987), Italian politician
 * Jerry Spinelli (born 1941), American author
 * Juanita Spinelli (1889–1941), the first woman to be executed by the state of California
 * Laurita Spinelli, with Carlotta Truman, the German duo of the Eurovision Song Contest 2019
 * Luca Spinelli, Swiss investigative journalist and the founder of the legal open source project Oscon
 * Mitchell Spinelli, American pornographic film director and producer
 * Nicola Antonio Spinelli C.R. (1583–1634), Italian Roman Catholic Bishop of Alessano
 * Niccola Spinelli (1865–1909), Italian opera composer
 * Parri Spinelli (c. 1387–1453, Italian painter of the early Renaissance
 * Pietro Antonio Spinelli (1597–1645), Roman Catholic Archbishop of Rossano
 * Spinello di Luca Spinelli (c. 1350–c. 1410), Italian painter from Arezzo
 * Tomás Spinelli (born 1993), Argentine footballer
 * Troiano Spinelli (1712–1777), Italian nobleman, economic-philosopher, and historian

Buildings

 * Palazzo Corner Spinelli, on the Grand Canal, Venice, Italy
 * Palazzo Spinelli di Laurino, Naples, 15-century palace in central Naples, Italy
 * Stadio Marco Spinelli, a municipal stadium in Alife, Italy

Other uses

 * Aguilar–Spinelli test, from the United States Supreme Court case, Spinelli v. United States
 * Spinelli Group, a network planned for the so-called United States of Europa

title: Spinelli


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Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah

Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah ((r. 1316 – 1320)) also known as Ikhtiyar al-Din, was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate of present-day India. A member of the Khalji dynasty, he was a son of Alauddin Khalji.

After Alauddin's death, Mubarak Shah was imprisoned by Malik Kafur, who appointed his younger brother Shihabuddin Omar as a puppet monarch. After Malik Kafur's murder, Mubarak Shah became the regent. Soon after, he blinded his brother, and usurped the power. After ascending the throne, he resorted to populist measures, such as abolishing the heavy taxes and penalties imposed by his father, and releasing thousands of prisoners.

He curbed a rebellion in Gujarat, recaptured Devagiri, and successfully besieged Warangal to extract a tribute. He was murdered because of a conspiracy by his slave general Khusrau Khan, who succeeded him on the throne.

Early life
Mubarak Shah, also called Mubarak Khan, was a son of Alauddin Khalji and Jhatyapali, the daughter of Ramachandra of Devagiri. After Alauddin died on 4 January 1316, his slave-general Malik Kafur appointed Alauddin's 6-year-old son Shihabuddin as a puppet monarch, and himself held the power as regent. At Shihabuddin's coronation ceremony, Mubarak Shah and other sons of Alauddin were ordered to kiss Shihabuddin's feet.

Later, Kafur started persecuting Alauddin's family members, whom he considered a threat to his control over the throne. Mubarak Shah, who was a major threat as one of the few adult sons of Alauddin, was imprisoned. The former bodyguards (paiks) of Alauddin, who disapproved of Kafur's actions, freed Mubarak Shah after killing Kafur. According to an account mentioned by the 16th century chronicler Firishta, Kafur had sent some paiks to blind Mubarak Shah, but the captive prince gave them his jeweled necklace, and convinced them to kill Kafur instead. However, this account is a later-day fabrication: according to the earlier chronicler Ziauddin Barani, the paiks took the initiative to kill Kafur on their own.

Regency
After Kafur's murder, the nobles offered the post of regent (naib-i mulk) to Mubarak Shah. However, Mubarak Shah believed that as a regent, his life would be in constant danger. Initially, he rejected the offer, and instead requested to be allowed to flee to another country with his mother. Nevertheless, the nobles persuaded him to accept the regency.

Mubarak Shah thus became the regent of his younger step-brother Shihabuddin. Some weeks later, he accused Shihabuddin's mother Jhatyapalli of trying to poison him. Subsequently, he had Shihabuddin imprisoned in Gwalior and blinded, and usurped the throne.

Ascension

Mubarak Shah ascended the throne with the title Qutubuddin on 14 April 1316, when he was 17 or 18 years old. Mubarak Shah retained Alauddin's officers and governors, which ensured a stable government during the first year of his reign. He also made some new appointments:

 * Malik Dinar, who held the office of shuhna-i pil (Keeper of the Elephants) under Alauddin, was given the title of Zafar Khan. Later, Mubarak Shah married his daughter.
 * Muhammad Maulana, a maternal uncle of Mubarak Shah, was given the title Sher Khan.
 * Maulana Ziauddin, the son of the Sultan's calligraphy teacher Maulana Bahauddin, was given the title Qazi Khan and the office of sadr-i jahan. A gold dagger studded with jewels was also presented to him.
 * Malik Qara Beg, one of Alauddin's senior officers, was given around 14 offices. His sons also received high posts.
 * Malik Fakhruddin Juna, a son of Tughluq (Ghazi Malik), was given the office of Amir Akhur (Master of Horse).
 * The slave Hasan was given the title Khusrau Khan, with the fief of Malik Kafur. Later, within Mubarak Shah's first regnal year, he was promoted to vazir.

The paiks who had killed Malik Kafur claimed credit for putting Mubarak Shah on the throne, and demanded high positions in his court. Mubarak Khan had them beheaded instead.

Mubarak Shah attributed his rise to power to the divine will. He once asked his courtiers if any of them had expected him to become the king. When they replied in negative, he declared that Allah had made him the king, and only Allah could remove him from that position. He assumed the title Khalifatullah ("Representative of God"), which appears on his coins.

Policies
To win popular support, Mubarak Shah revoked several of Alauddin's decisions:

 * Alauddin had ordered imprisonment of around 17,000-18,000 officers for a variety of reasons, including corruption and political offences. Mubarak Shah ordered the release of all these prisoners, who remained grateful to him.
 * During the last years of his reign, Alauddin had stopped receiving public petitions. Mubarak Shah revived the petition system, and very often, issued orders favouring the petitioners.
 * Alauddin's administration had incorporated a number of private lands in the crown territory (khalisa). Mubarak Shah reinstated these lands to their private owners.
 * Mubarak Shah abolished severe fines and taxes, and prohibited the revenue ministry from using harsh measures such as flogging and imprisonment to recover taxes.
 * The lower land taxes improved the conditions of the landholders and the peasants. Ziauddin Barani, an orthodox Muslim, lamented that the Hindus (agriculturalists) who had been reduced to destitution during Alauddin's reign, now wore fine clothes and rode on horses.
 * He also revoked Alauddin's price-control measures, leading to increased inflation.
 * The prices of grains and commodities rose substantially. According to Barani, the Multani merchants rejoiced at Alauddin's death, and now openly resorted to profiteering.
 * The price of beautiful slave girls, eunuchs and young boys rose to 500 tankas, and sometimes, as high as 2,000 tankas. Besides inflation, the high demand was also a factor in this price increase: the new Sultan was fond of sensual pleasures, and the general public followed suit.
 * The average wages increased four-fold. The annual pay of servants increased from 10-12 tankas to as high as 100 tankas.
 * Mubarak Shah rewarded the army soldiers with an amount equal to six months of salary, and increased the officers' allowances and stipends.
 * He also increased the grants to the Sayyids and the ulama.
 * Mubarak Shah continued Alauddin's prohibition on intoxicants, but the implementation was lenient, and liquor was brought into the city.

Suppression of rebellion in Gujarat
Before his death, Malik Kafur had conspired to kill Alp Khan, the governor of Gujarat. Because of this, the Sultanate's army in Gujarat, led by Haidar and Zirak, had revolted. Kafur had dispatched the Devagiri governor Ayn al-Mulk Multani to suppress the rebellion. During his march to Gujarat, near Chittor, Multani received the news that Kafur had been killed. His officers then decided to abandon the march until further orders from Delhi.

After ascending the throne, Mubarak Shah sent Malik Tughluq to Multani's camp, asking him to continue the march to Gujarat. However, Multani's officers suggested waiting for 1-2 months before implementing the orders, as they had not seen the new Sultan, and were not convinced that his rule would be stable. Tughluq determined that the dissenting officers wanted their posts to be guaranteed under the new regime. Therefore, he marched back to Delhi, and advised Mubarak Shah to send each officer a firman (letter of authority) and a khilat (robe of honour). The Sultan agreed, and when Malik Tughluq returned to Chittor, the officers agreed to continue their march to Gujarat. Tughluq led the vanguard, while Multani held the supreme command of the army.

Multani convinced most of the rebels to join his forces. Haidar, Zirak and their supporters had to flee Gujarat. Mubarak Shah then appointed his father-in-law Malik Dinar Zafar Khan as the governor of Gujarat. The new governor compromised with the Hindu chiefs, and governed the province well. He collected a large sum of money from the chiefs and landholders of Gujarat, and sent it to Delhi.

In his second regnal year, Mubarak Shah executed Zafar Khan for unknown reasons, and appointed his homosexual partner Husamuddin as the governor of Gujarat. After Husamuddin was deposed by the local amirs for apostacy, Mubarak Shah appointed Wahiduddin Quraishi as the new governor of Gujarat. Quraishi was also given the title Sadrul Mulk. After Ayn al-Mulk Multani was sent to govern Devagiri, Quraishi was recalled to Delhi, and appointed wazir with the title Tajul Mulk.

Devagiri expedition
The Yadava kingdom, with its capital at Devagiri in the Deccan region, had become a tributary state to Delhi during Alauddin's reign. Alauddin had decided against annexing the Deccan kingdoms to his empire, because of the difficulty of controlling and governing these distant territories remotely from Delhi. However, after the rebellion of the last Yadava tributary Bhillama, his general Malik Kafur had taken charge of Devagiri, and had received letters of submission from the various chiefs. After Malik Kafur was recalled to Delhi, Ayn al-Mulk Multani acted as the governor of Devagiri, but later, he too was recalled to crush a rebellion in Gujarat.

Taking advantage of this, the Yadavas seized Devagiri, and declared their independence. They were led by Harapaladeva (or Hirpal), who was probably a son-in-law of the former Yadava monarch Ramachandra, and his prime minister Raghava (or Raghu).

Mubarak Shah wanted to recapture Devagiri immediately after his ascension, but his counsellors had advised him against attempting to do so without consolidating his rule in Delhi first. In April 1317, during the second year of his reign, Mubarak Shah marched to Devagiri with a large army. Before leaving Delhi, he assigned the administration to his father-in-law Shahin with the title Vafa Malik.

Mubarak Shah followed the well-known route to Devagiri, assembling his forces at Tilpat near Delhi, and then marching to Devagiri in around two months. When the army reached Devagiri, all the local chiefs except Raghava and Harapaladeva accepted Mubarak Shah's suzerainty without offering any resistance.

Raghava and his nearly 10,000-strong cavalry, as well as Harapaladeva, fled to the hilly region near Devagiri. The Delhi generals Khusrau Khan and Malik Qutlugh (who held the title amir-i shikar) led an army to pursue them. The Delhi forces completely routed Raghava's army. Khusrau Khan dispatched a force led by amir-i koh Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Talbagha (son of Yaghda) to pursue Harapaladeva, who was wounded and captured after 2-3 skirmishes. Harapaladeva was presented before Mubarak Shah, who ordered his beheading. The body of Harapaladeva was hung at the gates of Devagiri.

Mubarak Shah spent some time consolidating his rule in Deccan. Malik Yaklakhi, who had served as Alauddin's Naib-i-Barid-i-Mumalik, was appointed as the governor of Devagiri.

Siege of Warangal
The Kakatiya kingdom, with its capital at Warangal, was another kingdom tributary to Alauddin. However, the Kakatiya ruler Prataparudra had stopped making tribute payments to Delhi. Therefore, Mubarak Shah sent an army to subjugate him. The army was led by Khusrau Khan, Khwaja Haji (who had served as Alauddin's minister of war), and Malik Qutlugh (amir-i shikar). The Delhi army besieged the Kakatiya capital Warangal, and Prataparudra decided to negotiate truce after putting up some resistance. He surrendered a huge amount of wealth to the invaders, and agreed to make regular tribute payments.

After subduing the Kakatiyas, Khusrau Khan marched to Ellora, where Mubarak Shah had been residing for a month. The rest of the army joined him on the banks of the Narmada River on his way back to Delhi.

Personal life
Mubarak Shah was bisexual. His harem had a large number of women, many of which accompanied him on his campaigns. After killing his brother Khizr Khan, he took the latter's widow Deval into his own harem. According to the 16th century historian Firishta, who calls Mubarak Shah "a monster in the shape of man", Mubarak Shah used to parade naked prostitutes on the terraces of his palaces and make them urinate on the nobles entering his court.

Mubarak Shah also had homosexual relations with two uterine brothers, Hasan (later Khusrau Khan) and Husamuddin (or Hisamuddin). According to Amir Khusrau's Tughluq Nama, the two brothers belonged to a Hindu military caste called Baradu. They had been captured during Ayn al-Mulk Multani-led 1305 conquest of Malwa. They were brought as slaves to Delhi, where they were brought up by Alauddin's naib-i khas-i hajib Malik Shadi. The two brothers acted as passive homosexuals only to maintain their status and position. Mubarak Shah appointed Husamuddin as the governor of Gujarat, after executing the former governor Malik Dinar Zafar Khan for no apparent reason. Husamuddin later became an apostate (from Islam), because of which the amirs of Gujarat arrested him, and sent him to Delhi in chains. Mubarak Shah merely slapped him, and gave him a high position in the royal court.

Mubarak Shah preferred Hasan as a partner, but turned to Husamuddin whenever Hasan was not available. Their relationship was not a secret, and Mubarak and Hasan used to exchange hugs and kisses in public. Mubarak gave Hasan the title Khusrau Khan, several iqta, the army of the deceased Malik Kafur, and the wizarat. According to the chronicler Barani, Mubarak became "so enamored by Hasan ... that he did not want to be parted from him for a moment." Barani further states that Hasan resented "the way the Sultan forced himself upon him and took advantage of him", and secretly planned revenge against him. Mubarak's other subordinates warned him about Khusrau's treacherous plans, but while being sodomized by the Sultan, Khusrau convinced him that the accusers were falsely slandering him. Mubarak was ultimately killed by Khusrau Khan's accomplices.

Death
Khusrau Khan convinced Mubarak Shah to allow him to raise an army of Baradu Hindus by arguing that all other nobles (maliks) had their own groups of followers. He enlisted several soldiers at Bahilwal (near Mount Abu and in the province of Gujarat. According to Tughluq Nama, this army included 10,000 Baradu horsemen, and was commanded by several Hindu chiefs (rais and ranas).

Next, Khusrau Khan contacted officers who resented Sultan Mubarak Shah. Bahauddin, a dabir who had quarreled with the Sutan over a woman, joined the Baradu coinspiracy. Yusuf Sahi, Shaista (son of Muhammad Qirrat Qamar), and some other officers also joined Khusrau Khan. Initially, the Baradus planned to kill the Sultan during a hunting expedition in Sirsawah, but Yusuf Sahi and his colleagues opposed the plan arguing that the Sultan's army would kill the conspirators in an open field. Instead, they suggested killing the Sultan in the royal Hazar Sutun palace, and capturing all the nobles at the palace. Khusrau Khan then told the Sultan that he wanted his men to be granted access to the palace, so that they could meet him without requiring him to leave the Sultan's company. The Sultan obliged, and subsequently, every night 300-400 Baradus started entering the palace. They assembled in the former chambers of Malik Kafur on the ground floor of the palace, which had been assigned to Khusrau Khan.

On 7 May 1320, Qazi Ziyauddin, a teacher of the Sultan, suggested an investigation into the assembly of the Baradus. However, the Sultan angrily dismissed the suggestion, and none of the nobles dared to make a similar suggestion. Barani claims when the Sultan told Khusrau Khan about Qazi Ziyauddin's suggestion, Khusrau khan won over his confidence by making love with him.

On the night of 9 July 1320, Qazi Ziyauddin visited the ground floor of the palace to supervise the palace guard. Randhol, the maternal uncle of Khusrau Khan, entered the palace with a large number of Baradus, who hid daggers under their clothes. When Ziyauddin let his guard down to accept a paan (betel leaf preparation) from Randhol, the Baradu leader Jaharya stabbed him to death. The Sultan, who was in the company of Khusrau Khan on the upper floor, heard the commotion caused by Ziyauddin's murder. However, Khusrau Khan told him that the royal horses had broken loose, and the noise was caused by the guards trying to catch the animals. Meanwhile, Jaharya and other Baradus entered the upper floor, and killed the Sultan's special guards - Ibrahim and Ishaq. The Sultan now realized that a rebellion was happening against him, and tried to escape to his harem, which was located a floor above. However, Khusrau Khan stopped him by seizing his hair. The Sultan knocked Khusrau Khan to the ground, and sat on his chest, but Khusrau Khan did not let go of his hair. Meanwhile, Jaharya arrived at the scene, stuck a patta (axe) at the Sultan's chest, lifted him up by his hair, and threw him to the ground. He then beheaded the Sultan, and the head was later thrown in the courtyard on the ground floor. The royal guards fled to save their lives, as a large number of Baradus started massacring the palace residents.

Legend says that Mubarak Shah did not like the famous Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya, because Khizr Khan - the brother whom Mubarak Shah put to death - was a disciple of the saint. Mubarak Shah started patronizing the rival saint Shaikhzada Jam, but Shaikhzada Jam did not become as reputed as Nizamuddin Auliya. Mubarak Shah then tried to prop up Shaikh Ruknuddin of Multan as a rival to Nizamuddin by declaring that he would personally consider all the petitions passed to him through the saint. However, Ruknuddin did not emerge as a rival of Nizamuddin either. Nizamuddin met and saluted Mubarak Shah at a Quran-reading ceremony (siyyum) after the death of Shaikh Ziyauddin Rumi, but Mubarak Shah did not acknowledge the salutation. Subsequently, he announced a reward of 1,000 tankas (coins) for anyone who brought him the head of Nizamuddin. When Mubarak Shah constructed a jama masjid called Masjid-i-Miri and asked all Muslim scholars (ulama) and mystics to assemble there for the Friday prayers, Nizamuddin refused to oblige, declaring that he would visit the mosque closest to his home instead. In June-July 1320, when the notable people of Delhi visited the Sultan to greet him on the beginning of a new lunar month (Jamadi), Nizamuddin sent his servant-disciple instead of personally visiting the Sultan. Mubarak then declared that if Nizamuddin did not visit him personally at the beginning of the next lunar month, he would compel the saint to do so via an executive order. Nizamuddin did not respond and instead prayed at his mother's grave. At the beginning of the next month (1 Jamadi II), Mubarak Shah was killed. The Baradus killed or blinded the other surviving sons of Alauddin to eliminate Khalji claims to the throne, and also killed Mubarak Shah's mother Jhatyapali.

title: Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah


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Bob Falkenburg

Robert Falkenburg (January 29, 1926 – January 6, 2022) was an American amateur tennis player and entrepreneur. He is best known for winning the Men's Singles at the 1948 Wimbledon Championships and introducing soft ice cream and American fast food to Brazil in 1952. He founded the Brazilian fast food chain Bob's.

Early life
Falkenburg was born in New York City on January 29, 1926, and grew up in Los Angeles, California, in a tennis-playing family. His parents, Eugene "Genie" Lincoln Falkenburg (an engineer involved in the construction of Hoover Dam) and Marguerite "Mickey" Crooks Falkenburg were amateur tennis players. While employed by Westinghouse, Eugene was transferred to South America, where he moved with his wife and three children to São Paulo, Brazil. There Mickey won the state tennis championship in 1927. Mickey was always involved in tennis. In The Game: My 40 Years in Tennis, tennis champion Jack Kramer wrote that Mickey Falkenburg was "the first person to ever suggest to him the idea of a team-tennis league," a league which he later created. Bob's sister, Jinx Falkenburg, an American film star/model and radio and television talk show host, was also an amateur tennis player and his brother Tom had a successful tennis career as well.

He started to play tennis in 1936 when he was 10 years old. Like other players from Southern California, he frequently played at the Los Angeles Tennis Club, located very close to his family's home. Bob also played at the Bel-Air Country Club where he won the junior tennis tournament in 1937. As a youngster, he participated in different tournaments around the city.

Tennis career
In 1942 and 1943 while attending Fairfax High School, Falkenburg won the National Interscholastic singles title and won the national doubles title with his brother, Tom. In 1943, Falkenburg became the Los Angeles city singles title holder. The following year he claimed the United States doubles crown with Don McNeill at Forest Hills, New York. In 1943 Bob became one of the youngest players to enter the US Top 10 amateur ranks. He remained in the U.S. top 10 for five years and was ranked as World No. 7 by sports journalist John Olliff of The Daily Telegraph. He won the men's singles in the Ojai Tennis Tournament in 1950.

From 1944 to 1945, during World War II, Falkenburg served in the military as an air cadet. Being enlisted in the service, however, did not put a complete halt to his tennis career and he continued to play occasionally while in the Air Force. In 1946, while attending the University of Southern California, he won the NCAA singles and doubles titles. He teamed again with his brother Tom to win the NCAA doubles final.

At the age of 20, Falkenburg was considered to have "the fastest serve in tennis." After marrying a Brazilian, Lourdes Mayrink Veiga Machado, in 1947 he moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1950, where he played the 1954 and 1955 Brazilian Davis Cup teams.

Wimbledon titles
In 1947, he paired with Jack Kramer and they won the Wimbledon doubles title. A year later, in 1948, Falkenburg reached the pinnacle of his tennis career by winning the Wimbledon singles championship. He won the acclaimed tennis crown against Australian John Bromwich. Bromwich had a match point at 5–3 in the fifth set, but Falkenburg saved three match points and went on to win 7–5 in the fifth set.

It took 71 years before Falkenburg's feat was repeated. At Wimbledon in 2019, Novak Djokovic fought off Roger Federer by saving two championship points in the fifth and final set to win the men's title for the fifth time. Falkenburg won Wimbledon because he was not only a great tennis player, but a superb strategist. Fellow tennis player Tom Brown, who was a runner up in the 1947 Wimbledon Championships described Falkenburg's competitive approach, "He would review the situation, figure out what was likely, and take chances."

Hall of Fame inductions
Falkenburg has been inducted into numerous Halls of Fame, including the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1974, the Intercollegiate Tennis Hall of Fame in 1985, the Fairfax High School Hall of Fame in 1999, the U.S.C. Hall of Fame in 2009, and the Southern California Tennis Association Hall of Fame in 2010.

Bob's restaurants
Falkenburg was offered a $100,000-a-year professional tennis contract. He turned it down and instead opened an ice cream and fast food business in Brazil. Soon after opening the first ice cream shop near the Copacabana beach front in 1952, his business became a success. Falkenburg's soft ice cream was the first introduced to Brazil.

A year later, the ice cream shop became a fast food restaurant. The restaurant, named Bob's, was the first fast food restaurant in South America. Bob's menu includes traditional American food such as hamburgers, hot dogs, milkshakes and sundaes. Because it offered new tastes and a modern look, Bob's became a hit with the Brazilian glitterati, making Bob's the most prosperous food business in Brazil. As of 2011, Bob's, no longer owned by Falkenburg, has over 600 locations in Brazil as well as three other countries.

Golf career
Falkenburg also had a successful amateur golf career. He played in many international golf championships and won the Brazilian amateur championship three times. He took part in golf tournaments including the Bob Hope Desert Classic, where his team won in 1967; the Bing Crosby Pro-Am in Pebble Beach, California, where he played several times; the Eisenhower Cup, where he played for Brazil in Rome in 1964, Mexico City in 1966 and Melbourne in 1968; and in the United Kingdom at the British Amateur Golf Championship, where he led the American contingent on the first qualifying round after having a hole-in-one at Carnoustie. He also participated as an amateur in various European golf championships in France, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and several Scandinavian countries.

Personal life
In 1970, the Falkenburgs moved back to Southern California. In 1974, at the age of 48, he sold the Bob's chain (consisting of 12 stores) to Libby of Brazil (later acquired by Nestlé). Retired in Los Angeles, Falkenburg spent much time playing golf at the Bel-Air Country Club, where he often played with former Los Angeles Lakers star and friend Jerry West and others. He became the president of the club. Falkenburg and his wife resided in Santa Ynez, California. He died in Santa Ynez on January 6, 2022, at the age of 95.

Grand Slam finals
Source:

Performance timeline
Source:

General sources

 * The Game: My 40 Years in Tennis (1979), Jack Kramer with Frank Deford (ISBN 0-399-12336-9)

title: Bob Falkenburg


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Milledge Luke Bonham

Milledge Luke Bonham (December 25, 1813 – August 27, 1890) was an American politician and Congressman. He was later the 70th Governor of South Carolina from 1862 until 1864, and a Confederate General during the American Civil War.

Early life and career
Milledge L. Bonham was born near Redbank (now Saluda), South Carolina, the son of Maryland native Capt. James Bonham and Sophie Smith Bonham, the niece of Capt. James Butler, who was the head of an illustrious South Carolina family. Milledge was a 1st cousin once removed to Andrew Pickens Butler. He was a descendant of an Englishman named Thomas Butler, who arrived to the American colonies in the 1600s.

He attended private schools in the Edgefield District and at Abbeville. He graduated with honors from South Carolina College at Columbia in 1834. He served as Captain and adjutant general of the South Carolina Brigade in the Seminole War in Florida in 1836. That same year, his older brother James Butler Bonham perished at the Battle of the Alamo.

Bonham studied law and was admitted to the bar, in 1837, and commenced practice in Edgefield. During the Mexican–American War, he was lieutenant colonel (from March 1847) and colonel (from August 1847) of the 12th US Infantry Regiment. Two other members of his regiment, Major Maxcy Gregg and Captain Abner Monroe Perrin, would also become generals in the Civil War. After he returned home, Bonham was the major general of the South Carolina Militia. Entering politics, he served in the state house of representatives from 1840 to 1843. He married Ann Patience Griffin on November 13, 1845. Bonham was solicitor of the southern circuit of South Carolina from 1848 to 1857. He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth United States Congress (succeeding his cousin, Preston Smith Brooks) and the Thirty-sixth United States Congress, and served from March 4, 1857, until his retirement on December 21, 1860.

Civil War
In early 1861, the Southern states that had seceded from the Union appointed special commissioners to travel to those other slaveholding Southern states that had yet to secede. A slaveowner, Bonham served as the Commissioner from South Carolina to the Mississippi Secession Convention, and helped to persuade its members that they should also secede from the Union.

Bonham was appointed major general and commander of the Army of South Carolina by Gov. Francis W. Pickens in February 1861. He was appointed brigadier general in the Confederate Army on April 19, 1861, and commanded the First Brigade of the Confederate "Army of the Potomac" under P.G.T. Beauregard. He fought in the First Battle of Manassas, commanding his brigade as well as two artillery batteries and six companies of cavalry in the defense of Mitchell's Ford on Bull Run.

He resigned his commission January 27, 1862, to enter the Confederate Congress. On December 17, 1862, the South Carolina General Assembly elected Bonham as governor by secret ballot. He served until December 1864. During his term, the General Assembly enacted a prohibition against distilling in 1863 and also that year, it demanded that more land be used to grow food instead of cotton to increase the supply of food in the state. Bonham rejoined the Confederate Army as brigadier general of cavalry in February 1865, and was actively engaged in recruiting when the war ended.

Near Greenville, South Carolina a group of troops positioned there, because of worry of federal invasion from North Carolina, named their emplacement, Camp Bonham, in his honor.

Dates of rank

 * Major General (South Carolina Militia), February 10, 1861
 * Brigadier General, April 23, 1861
 * Brigadier General, February 20, 1865

Postbellum activities
Bonham owned an insurance business in Edgefield and in Atlanta, Georgia, from 1865 to 1878. Returning to politics, Bonham was again a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1865 to 1866 and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1868. He was a member of the South Carolina taxpayers' convention in 1871 and 1874. Retiring from public service, he resumed the practice of law in Edgefield and engaged in planting. He was appointed state railroad commissioner in 1878 and served until his death at White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. He was buried in Elmwood Cemetery in Columbia.

Two newspaper obituaries (Fisherman and Farmer, Edenton, North Carolina 12 Sept 1890 and Swain County Herald, Bryson City, North Carolina from 11 Sep 1890) report General Milledge L. Bonham, railroad commissioner, was found dead in his bed in his room at Hawood, White Sulphur Springs, North Carolina from hemorrhage during the night. WSS, North Carolina was a late-nineteenth resort in Surry County near Mount Airy, N.C.

title: Milledge Luke Bonham


text:
Tung Ying Building

Tung Ying Building was a 17-storey office building and shopping centre at 100 Nathan Road, at the corner of Granville Road in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

It was built in the 1960s and its style of architecture had become rare in Hong Kong. It was named after the given name of Sir Robert Hotung and his wife. A statue of Sir Robert was located at the ground floor of the building.

It was once the will of the Hotung family not to sell the building. But after his grandson died the family sold it, and the new owner has decided to redevelop.

Chinese Estates Holdings has announced plans to spend up to $1 billion demolishing the 39-year-old Tung Ying Building and turning it into a commercial complex. Demolition work on the Tung Ying Building started in early 2006 and the redevelopment of the site as The ONE shopping centre was completed in 2009/2010.

title: Tung Ying Building


text:
User:Scs

I'm Steve Summit, formerly known here as User:Ummit.

"Licensing": As far as I'm concerned, all of my contributions to Wikipedia are in the public domain. (But as the saying goes, "Please be aware that not all contributors have done the same".)

title: User:Scs