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Chylothorax

A chylothorax is an abnormal accumulation of chyle, a type of lipid-rich lymph, in the space surrounding the lung. The lymphatics of the digestive system normally returns lipids absorbed from the small bowel via the thoracic duct, which ascends behind the esophagus to drain into the left brachiocephalic vein. If normal thoracic duct drainage is disrupted, either due to obstruction or rupture, chyle can leak and accumulate within the negative-pressured pleural space. In people on a normal diet, this fluid collection can sometimes be identified by its turbid, milky white appearance, since chyle contains emulsified triglycerides.

Chylothorax is a rare but serious condition, as it signals leakage of the thoracic duct or one of its tributaries. There are many treatments, both surgical and conservative. About 2–3% of all fluid collections surrounding the lungs (pleural effusions) are chylothoraces. It is important to distinguish a chylothorax from a pseudochylothorax (a pleural effusion that happens to be high in cholesterol), which has a similar appearance visually but is caused by more chronic inflammatory processes and requires a different treatment.

Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of a chylothorax depend its size and the underlying cause. A small chylothorax may not cause any symptoms and only be detected on a chest X-ray performed for another reason. A large chylothorax may lead to breathlessness or a feeling of pressure in the chest, caused by fluid restricting the expansion of the lungs, although large chylothoraces may remain asymptomatic if the chylothorax has accumulated slowly, as the lungs may have had time to become used to the pressure. Fever or chest pain are not usually associated with chylothorax, as chyle does not generate inflammation by itself.

On examination, chylothorax may lead to reduced breath sounds on the affected side, associated with a dull sound when the chest is tapped or percussed. In cases of postoperative chylothorax, the first sign may be persistent drainage from intercostal drains. Large chylothoraces may cause signs related to the loss of nutrients, including features of malnutrition or decreased ability to fight infections. Rapidly accumulating chylothoraces can cause a sudden drop in blood volume, leading to low blood pressure.

Causes
There are three main types of chylothorax: traumatic, non-traumatic, and idiopathic. Historically the most common form of chylothorax was non-traumatic, but traumatic chylothoraces now represent the majority of cases, with most arising as postoperative complications of surgery. The most common cause of non-traumatic chylothoraces is cancer. Chylothoraces can also be classified as low- or high-output based on the rate of chyle accumulation: low-output chylothoraces accumulate <500 mL of chyle per 24 hours, while high-output chylothoraces accumulate >1000 mL per 24 hours.

Non-traumatic
Malignancies are the most frequent cause of non-traumatic chylothorax. Cancers like chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, metastatic carcinoma or esophageal cancer are potential causes of chylothorax. Infectious causes are also observed, most often in developing countries. The most common cause of an infectious chylothorax is a complication of tuberculous lymphadenitis. Other possible causative infections include aortitis, histoplasmosis, and filariasis. Chylothorax can also be congenital, and may co-occur with other lymphatic malformations like lymphangiectasis and lymphangiomatosis. Other conditions like tuberous sclerosis, congenital heart disease, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), Noonan syndrome, or Turner syndrome (missing X chromosome) are also possible causes of congenital chylothorax. Other, more rare causes of congenital chylothorax include Castleman's disease, yellow nail syndrome, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, sarcoidosis, venous thrombosis, thoracic radiation, macroglobulinemia, amyloidosis, and a goiter. These diseases cause chylothorax by obstructing or destroying the thoracic duct. Also, parenteral nutrition has been a possible cause; a quick dose of total parenteral nutrition can overwhelm the thoracic duct, causing the chyle to leak into the surrounding pleural space.

Traumatic
Iatrogenic chylothorax after surgery is the most common variety of chylothorax. It is a common and serious complication of a pneumonectomy. It is especially common in surgeries requiring mediastinal dissection. The probability of chylothorax depends on the type of surgery. The surgery with the highest risk of chylothorax is an esophagostomy, with a 5-10% risk of chylothorax. Lung resection and mediastinal node dissection have the second highest risk, with 3-7% risk. Other operations like mediastinal tumor resection, thoracic aneurysm repair, sympathectomy, and any other surgeries that take place in the lower neck or the mediastinum can lead to chylothorax. Chylotharax after trauma but not after surgery has also been described after central line placement, pacemaker implantation, and embolization of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Blunt trauma to the chest region is another cause of chylothorax, which has occurred after blast injuries and even simple injuries from coughing or sneezing.

Mechanism
The main mechanism of chylothorax is the leaking of chyle from the thoracic duct, usually caused by a disturbance affecting the structural integrity of the thoracic duct. For example, placement of a central venous catheter can potentially disrupt drainage of lymph into the subclavian veins, followed by the thoracic duct, resulting in chylothorax. The disturbances cause the pressure in the thoracic duct to increase. Soon, collateral channels form, which eventually drain into the thorax. Trauma affecting the thoracic duct is the most common disturbing mechanism.

Whether a chylothorax occurs in the left or right pleural space is a consequence of the thoracic duct's anatomic location in the body and depends on the level where the duct was injured. If the thoracic duct is injured above the fifth thoracic vertebra, then a left-sided chylothorax results. Conversely, a thoracic duct injury below that level will lead to the formation of a right-sided chylothorax. Chylothoraces most commonly occur in the right pleural space (50% of cases). Left-sided and bilateral chylothoraces are less common and occur in 33% and 17% of cases, respectively.

In the case of cancer, invasion into the thoracic duct or collateral lymph channels can obstruct lymph. In the case of mediastinal lymphadenopathy, the enlarged lymph node causes compression of the lymphatic channels and thoracic duct. This impedes the centripetal drainage of the flow of lymph from the edges of the lung parenchyma and pleural surfaces. This causes the chyle to ooze extensively into the pleural cavity, leading to a chylothorax. In the case of yellow nail syndrome, or lymphedema, chylothorax is caused by hypoplasia or dilation of the lymph vessels. In rare cases, like in hepatic chylothorax, chylous ascites crosses the diaphragm into the pleural cavity. In idiopathic cases like genetic disorders, the mechanism is not known. Up to three liters of chyle can easily drain into the pleural space daily.

Diagnosis
Chest X-rays can detect a chylothorax. It appears as a dense, homogeneous area that obscures the costophrenic and cardiophrenic angles. Ultrasounds can also detect a chylothorax, which appears as an echoic region that is isodense with no septation or loculation. However, neither a normal chest x-ray nor an ultrasound can differentiate a chylothorax from any other type of pleural effusion. The cisterna chyli can be found in a thoracic MRI, making it possible to confirm chylothorax. However, MRI is not the ideal method to scan the thorax, and so it is rarely used. Another diagnostic technique is conventional lymphangiography. It is rarely used since there are equally sensitive yet less invasive techniques available to identify a chylothorax. Lymphangiography procedures use the contrast dye agent lipiodol, which is injected into the lymphatic vessels. The chylothorax shows up on the images and identifies the source any leak in the thoracic duct.

Another, more commonly used type of lymphogram is nuclear lymphoscintigraphy; this procedure requires human pentetic acid labeled Tc99m to be injected into the subcutaneous lesions of both sides of the dorsum of the foot. Then two images, anterior and posterior, are obtained using gamma-ray cameras. This test can be used with an integrated low-dose CT-scan with photon emission to get images that are more precise. Once pleural effusion is detected, a thoracentesis is recommended.

The fluid of a chylothorax may appear milky, serous or serosanguineous. If the appearance of the fluid is not milky, that does not exclude a chylothorax from consideration. Since chyle is rich in triglycerides, a pleural effusion that is rich in triglycerides (>110 mg/dL) confirms the presence of a chylothorax; a pleural effusion that is low in triglyceride content (<50 mg/dL) virtually excludes the diagnosis. If a pleural effusion contains triglycerides between 50 and 110 mg/dL, analysis of the lipoprotein content of the pleural effusion to evaluate for chylomicrons is recommended. If that procedure detects chylomicrons in the fluid, that confirms a chylothorax. Chylothoraces are typically exudative and often contain a high number of lymphocytes and have low levels of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). However, atypical chylothoraces can occur and are transudative in 14% of cases. A milky appearance of pleural fluid is insufficient to confirm the diagnosis of chylothorax as pseudochylothoraces and empyemas can mimic this appearance. Conversely, the absence of a milky appearance does not mean a chylothorax is not present as they may instead appear serous or bloody.

Treatment
The treatment for chylothorax depends on the underlying cause but may include dietary modification, medication to prevent chyle formation including somatostatin/octreotide, midodrine and sirolimus, pleurodesis, and surgical treatment including ligation of the thoracic duct, pleurovenous or pleuroperitoneal shunting or thoracic duct embolization.

Initial
The initial treatment of a chylothorax is usually drainage of the fluid from the pleural space. This may be necessary to restore lung function compromised by the pressure exerted by the chyle on the lungs. Those with large chylothoraces may need nutritional support due to the nutrients lost, primarily to correct protein and electrolyte losses. Once the affected person is hemodynamically and nutritionally stable, then specific treatment can begin.

Conservative
A conservative treatment is changing diet to include fewer long-chain fatty acids, in particular free fatty acids. Since chyle is formed from these acids, chyle formation will reduce, allowing the defects to heal spontaneously. However, this can lead to fat deficiency and malnutrition over time. A possible response to this drawback is a venous fat hemorrhage, in which small and medium-chain fatty acids are given by diet, and long-chain fatty acids are given intravenously. Thoracentesis and an indwelling catheter for use at home is generally used to drain the chylothorax. If a malignant neoplastic chylothorax is present, then treatment with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy is warranted.

Surgical
Surgery is indicated if the case is post-traumatic, iatrogenic, or refractory to other treatments, in which cases surgery reduces mortality by 40%. One invasive surgical intervention called a thoracic duct ligation involves closing off the thoracic ducts. Surgical pleurodesis is another option and can be undertaken if the affected person fails to respond to conservative treatment and is not a candidate for surgical intervention.

Another treatment option is pleuroperitoneal shunting (creating a communication channel between the pleural space and peritoneal cavity). Since surgery to close the leak is not reliable, talc pleurodesis is recommended; in a case study of 19 people with refractory malignant chylothorax due to lymphoma, it resulted in success for all affected individuals. Chemical pleurodesis is an option, since the leaking of lymphatic fluids is stopped by irritating the lungs and chest wall, resulting in a sterile inflammation. This causes the lung and the chest wall to fuse together, thus preventing lymphatic fluids from leaking into the pleural space.

Prognosis
The morbidity and mortality rates associated with chylothorax have declined as treatments have improved. Malignant, bilateral, and chronic chylothoraces have an inferior prognosis to other types. Currently, the mortality and morbidity rates are about 10% if treated surgically. If cases are post-operative and treated conservatively, mortality rates approach 50%.

Complications
Complications of chylothorax include malnutrition, immunosuppression, dehydration, and respiratory distress. The severity of the complications depends on how quickly the chylothorax accumulated, its size, and its chronicity.

Epidemiology
Chylothoraces are rare and usually occur as a complication of surgeries in the neck and mediastinum. It has no gender or age predisposition. A chylothorax occurs in 0.2-1% of cardiothoracic surgeries, 5-10% of esophagostomies, and 3-7% of lung resections.

Horses
Chylothorax is uncommon in horses. Clinical signs and symptoms in foals include difficulty breathing, fast breathing, cough, fever, and lethargy. The fluid generally appears opalescent and milky without any odor. A line of fluid is observed on percussion and there are reduced lung sounds. To differentiate between chyle is pseudochyle, which does not clear after centrifugation. There is not much information on the treatment of chylothorax in horses. Supportive care, antimicrobials, drainage of the thorax, and dietary management have been used with success. Surgery has been done in other animals with limited success, but has not yet been reported in horses. Although success has been reported, the prognosis is relatively unknown due to the lack of data.

title: Chylothorax


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User talk:Skashkin

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -Gblaz 16:10, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Go Blue
Good luck with the game! __earth (Talk) 17:57, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

File:RPIDorm.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:RPIDorm.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted.  Zoo Fari  05:21, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

GA reassessment of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
I have conducted a reassessment of the above article as part of the GA Sweeps process. You are being notified as you have made a number of contributions to the article. I have found some concerns which you can see at Talk:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute/GA1. I have placed the article on hold whilst these are fixed. Thanks. Jezhotwells (talk) 22:15, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Skashkin


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French ship Océan (1790)

Océan was a 118-gun first-rate three-decker ship of the line of the French Navy, lead ship of her class. She was funded by a don des vaisseaux donation from the Estates of Bourgogne.

She was ordered as États de Bourgogne and was launched at Brest in 1790. Like many French ships of the line during the Revolutionary period, she was renamed several times, becoming Côte d'Or in January 1793, Montagne in October 1793, Peuple on 17 May 1795, and a matter of weeks later again renamed, to Océan. She served until 1855.

A large model of a generic Océan-class ship, named Océan, at the $1⁄16$ scale can be seen at the Musée de la Marine in Paris.

Career
As the largest ship of the line in the Brest fleet, the ship spent much of her early career as the fleet flagship.

As Montagne, the ship was the flagship of Rear-Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse in the Combat de Prairial (known in English literature as the Glorious First of June) in 1794. She was badly damaged by HMS Royal Sovereign (1786), losing 313 men and receiving 233 round shots in her hull.

On 17 May 1795, she was renamed Peuple; a month later, on 23 June she fought in the Battle of Groix as Villaret's flagship. Returning to Lorient three days later, she was officially renamed to Océan, a name that had been in use since 30 May.

She was refitted in Brest in 1797.

In 1801, she once again served as Villaret's flagship, ferrying troops of Leclerc's expedition to Saint-Domingue.

Océan was Allemand's flagship at the Battle of the Basque Roads.

She was decommissioned on 2 August 1850, and used as a floating artillery battery from May 1851.

title: French ship Océan (1790)


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San Dionisio

San Dionisio is the Spanish-language version of Saint Dionysius. It may refer to:

El Salvador

 * San Dionisio, Usulután

Mexico

 * San Dionisio del Mar, Oaxaca
 * San Dionisio Ocotepec, Oaxaca
 * San Dionisio Ocotlan, Oaxaca

Nicaragua

 * San Dionisio, Matagalpa

Philippines

 * San Dionisio, Iloilo
 * San Dionisio, Parañaque

United States

 * Redoubt San Dionisio, a fortification in Russian America, near today's Wrangell, Alaska

title: San Dionisio


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Frankfurt City Forest

The Frankfurt City Forest or Frankfurter Stadtwald is a forest district in the south of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. There are also other forest areas spread out through the city.

Basic facts
The forest is about 58 square kilometres (39 of which are actually within Frankfurt) and the largest inner-city forest in Germany. It covers the southern areas of Schwanheim, Niederrad, Sachsenhausen and Oberrad, as well the northern parts of the Stadtteil Flughafen district. Four nature trails and sport paths cross the Forest. There are also 1600 seating benches and 25 rest huts, which provide protection in bad weather. Six playgrounds and nine ponds make the forest a popular local attraction.

History
In 1221 the emperor Frederick II gave the Teutonic Knights large parts of the forest and the corresponding grazing rights. In 1372 Frankfurt bought the city forest from Emperor Charles IV and wanted to regain these rights. This sparked a hundred-year fight with the Knights, which ended with a compromise in 1484. The city paid a sum to graze sheep on the land, but the area was limited. One can still see the stones of the border on the Schäfersteinpfad, Shepherd Stone Path.

The use of the forest by farmers for grazing is still evident in the names, Unterschwein- und Oberschweinstiege, which were overnight stables for the acorn and beech nut eating pigs.

title: Frankfurt City Forest


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Defence and Overseas Secretariat

The Defence and Overseas Secretariat is a secretariat in the United Kingdom Cabinet Office.

Heads of the Secretariat

 * 1994–1996: Paul Lever
 * 1996–1997: Colin Budd

title: Defence and Overseas Secretariat


text:
1959 in archaeology

The year 1959 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Excavations

 * At Mesa Verde National Park, the Wetherill Mesa Archeological Project begins for excavation of three cliff dwellings (Long House, Mug House, and Step House), including a survey of Wetherill Mesa and excavation of selected mesa-top sites (completed in 1972).
 * Excavations begin at Amri (completed in 1962).
 * Excavations at Nonsuch Palace, Surrey, England, by Martin Biddle begin (completed in 1960).
 * Excavations at Caernarfon Mithraeum by National Museum Wales.
 * Rescue excavation of Roman villa at Cox Green, Berkshire, England.
 * Excavations at Finglesham Anglo-Saxon cemetery begin under the direction of Sonia Chadwick Hawkes (completed in 1967).

Publications

 * Alan H. Gardiner - The Royal Canon of Turin.

Finds

 * July 17 - Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey find Paranthropus (originally designated "Zinjanthropus") in Olduvai Gorge.
 * Arlington Springs Man is found by Phil C. Orr on Santa Rosa Island, California.
 * Ongoing excavations at Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China unearth a mandible fragment.
 * Da He ding discovered at Tanheli in Hunan, China.

Miscellaneous

 * International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property opens in Rome.

Deaths

 * December 6 - John Winter Crowfoot, English archaeologist and educational administrator (b. 1873)

title: 1959 in archaeology


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User talk:R jayz

Please stop posting porn on the Page for Oral sex. The drawing was all right, but that picture is clearly ripped from some porn site. --84.139.83.45 16:12, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This is your last warning. The next time you vandalise a page you will be blocked from editing. -- Rama 16:56, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Why are you doing that? Don't you realize that everytime you post a porn image somebody immediately removes it again? I hate trolls. --Mütze 01:42, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires. -- Rama 03:54, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:R jayz


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User:Marknew/Sandbox 2

Bideford (Bedeford, Bydyford, Budeford, Bytheford) is not mentioned in pre-Conquest records, but according to Domesday it rendered geld for three hides to the king. From the time of the Conquest down to the 18th century, Bideford remained in the possession of the Grenville family, and it first appears as a borough in an undated charter (probably of the reign of Edward I.) from Richard de Grenville, confirming a charter from his grandfather, Richard de Grenville, fixing the rent and services due from the burgesses and granting them liberties similar to those in use at Breteuil and a market every Monday. Another charter, dated 1271, confirms to Richard de Grenville and his heirs a market every Monday and five days' fair yearly at the feast of St Margaret (loth of July). In 1573 Elizabeth granted a charter creating Bideford a free borough corporate, with a common council consisting of a mayor, 5 aldermen and 7 chief burgesses, together with a recorder, town-clerk and 2 serjeants-at-mace. This charter also granted the Tuesday market, which is still held, and three annual fairs in February, July and November, now discontinued. A later charter from James I. in 1610 added the right to have a town seal, 7 aldermen instead of 5, and 10 chief burgesses instead of 7, and continued in force until the Municipal Corporations Act of 1873, which established 4 aldermen and 12 common councillors. In the 16th century Sir Richard Grenville, the famous Virginian settler, did much to stimulate the commercial development of Bideford, which long maintained a very considerable trade with America, Spain and the Mediterranean ports, the import of tobacco from Maryland and Virginia being especially noteworthy. From the beginning of the 18th century this gradually declined and gave place to a coasting trade in timber and coal, chiefly with Wales and Ireland. The silk industry which flourished in the 17th century is extinct.

title: User:Marknew/Sandbox 2


text: File:B-2 Spirit Night 2.JPG

title: File:B-2 Spirit Night 2.JPG


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Joseph Addison Alexander

Joseph Addison Alexander (April 24, 1809 – January 28, 1860) was an American clergyman and biblical scholar.

Early life and education
He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 24, 1809, the third son of Archibald Alexander and Janetta Waddel Alexander, brother to James Waddel Alexander and William Cowper Alexander. He graduated at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) with the first honor, in the class of 1826, having devoted himself especially to the study of Hebrew and other languages.

Career
Along with Robert Bridges Patton, Alexander established Edgehill seminary in Mercer County, New Jersey, and in 1830 he was made adjunct professor of ancient languages in Princeton College, holding the professorship until 1833. In 1834, he became an assistant to Dr. Charles Hodge, professor of oriental and biblical literature in the Princeton Theological Seminary, and in 1838, he became associate professor of oriental and biblical literature there, succeeding Dr. Hodge in that chair in 1840 and being transferred in 1851 to the chair of biblical and ecclesiastical history, and in 1859 to that of Hellenistic and New Testament literature, which he occupied until his death at Princeton on January 28, 1860.

Alexander was distinguished in Oriental scholarship as well as in biblical learning, and was a thorough master of the modern European languages. He had been ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1839, and was well known for his pulpit eloquence. He was the author of The Earlier Prophecies of Isaiah (1846), The Later Prophecies of Isaiah (1847), and an abbreviation of these two volumes, Isaiah Illustrated and Explained (2 vols., 1851), The Psalms Translated and Explained (3 vols., 1850), Commentary on Acts (2 vols., 1857) and Commentary on Mark (1858). After his death there appeared his two volumes of Sermons (1860), Commentary on Matthew (1861) and Notes on New Testament Literature (1861). Henry Carrington Alexander prepared a biography first published in 1869.

He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1845.

title: Joseph Addison Alexander


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Talk:Virulent Newcastle disease

Untitled
Does anyone know the origin of the name? Why Newcastle?

--Snorre/Antwelm 16:17, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Why it is Called Newcastle
Newcastle Disease was first reported in 1926 in the East Indies and then in 1927 at Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, for which it is named.

Newcastle Disease was first reported in 1926 by Doyle in Newcastle upon Tyne other strains were reported at this time. Please read "Newcastle Disease By Dennis J. Alexander"

It was reported in Java in 1927/8 in which some 5,000,000 fowl died or were killed. It subsequently appeared in Melbourne Australia in in 1929 and again 1932 when it was reported in The Argus.

Anas
Birds of genus Anas are not sick of this disease. Photography by sick mallard mislead readers--Izvora (talk) 19:23, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

=
Dow AgroSciences has an approved vaccine, manufactured in transgenic tobacco, against Newcastle disease. http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chitem.aspx?aid=3074 Stevehartwell (talk) 15:29, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

Citations of it being used as a biological agent are seriously lacking. The bit about the USA having stopped it's bio-weapons program is particularly unsupported. 96.11.217.244 (talk) 16:42, 23 May 2010 (UTC)ubiquitousnewt

Report of a recent study
Virus Shows Promise as Prostate Cancer Treatment

Feb. 25, 2013 — A recombinant Newcastle disease virus kills all kinds of prostate cancer cells, including hormone-resistant cells, but leaves normal cells unscathed, according to a paper published online ahead of print in the Journal of Virology. (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130225153141.htm) -- Jo3sampl (talk) 02:12, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:09, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Virulent Newcastle disease


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Michael Patrick King

Michael Patrick King (born September 14, 1954) is an American director, writer, and producer. He is best known for directing and writing for Sex and the City, And Just Like That... and its film adaptations, and for co-creating the television comedies The Comeback, 2 Broke Girls, and AJ and the Queen.

Life and career
King was born to a Roman Catholic Irish-American family in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He attended Mercyhurst University in Erie, Pennsylvania, for three years.

In 1975, King moved to New York, did comedy, and wrote plays. He also was a member of a comedy improv group called The Broadway Local which mostly performed at Manhattan Punch Line Theatre. They were considered to be the in-house Improv group there. He eventually moved to Los Angeles, where he found work writing for the television series Murphy Brown, and was nominated for several Emmys. He wrote for the HBO show, The Comeback, as well as for broadcast shows Will & Grace, Good Advice, and Cybill. He has an acting role on the HBO special Larry David: Curb Your Enthusiasm as Larry David's publicist.

He may be best known for his work on the HBO series Sex and the City, which was created by Darren Star. King wrote all the season premieres and finales of Sex and the City (except its pilot, written by Star, and the fifth-season finale, which King co-wrote with Cindy Chupack). He directed the show's film adaptation, and its follow-up, Sex and the City 2. He is featured on The Other Network Writers Room, an audio series for aspiring comedy writers. In 2008, his production company signed a deal with DreamWorks.

He is gay, and lives in Greenwich Village. He owns Arcade Productions, a production company.

title: Michael Patrick King


text:
Robert Romanus

Robert Romanus (born July 17, 1956), also billed as Bob Romanus, is an American actor and musician who has starred in film and television. He is perhaps best known for his role as ticket scalper Mike Damone in the 1982 comedy Fast Times at Ridgemont High, and as Natalie Green's boyfriend Snake on The Facts of Life. He also had a supporting role in the 1985 film Bad Medicine.

Life and career
Romanus is the son of Eileen (née Maloof) and Dr. Raymond Romanos, and is the brother of actor Richard Romanus. He is of Lebanese descent. He grew up in West Hartford, Connecticut, and went to Conard High School.

He starred in the 1983 series The Best of Times as Pete Falcone and appeared in Fame as Miltie Horowitz (1986–1987). He also co-starred in Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982).

In 1983, he appeared in Styx's music video for Kilroy Was Here.

Romanus has starred on soap operas such as Days of Our Lives as Marvin 'Speed' Selejko from 1983 to 1985 and The Young and the Restless as Lou in 2002. He has guest-starred on many shows, including CHiPs, The Facts of Life, 21 Jump Street, Alien Nation, MacGyver, Providence, Will & Grace, and My Own Worst Enemy. Romanus directed the 2008 drama Grapefruit Moon and had a small part in American Pie Presents: The Book of Love as himself. In 2010, he played the guitar teacher in The Runaways. His 2018 projects include the films Genesis: The Future of Mankind Is Woman, The Liquid Psychologist and Voyeur.

Personal life
Romanus once owned a café in North Hollywood, Bob's Espresso Bar, which closed in 2014.

title: Robert Romanus


text:
Vergílio Ferreira

Vergílio António Ferreira, JOSE (Melo, Gouveia, born 28 January 1916 – Lisbon, 1 March 1996) was a Portuguese writer, essayist, professor and a key figure in Portuguese-language literature. His prolific literary output, comprising works of fiction (novels, short-stories and novellas), philosophical essays and literary diaries, are generally divided into neorealism, dominant in Portuguese fiction at the time, and existentialism.

In 1992, Ferreira was awarded the Camões Prize, a literary prize that seeks to distinguish the great names of Portuguese-language literature. His name remains linked to Portuguese literature through the annual attribution of the Literary Prize Vergílio Ferreira by the Municipality of Gouveia.

Biography
Ferreira entered a seminary at the age of 10 and left when he was 16. Later he studied at the University of Coimbra. His experiences are related in his most famous work Manhã Submersa (Misty Morning, lit. Submerged Morning), which was published in 1953 and made into a film in 1980. Among his best novels is also Aparição (1959).

He worked most of his life as a teacher in several places around Portugal.

Fiction

 * 1938 A curva de uma vida (posthumous)
 * 1943 O Caminho Fica Longe
 * 1944 Onde Tudo Foi Morrendo
 * 1946 Vagão "J"
 * 1947 Promessa
 * 1949 Mudança
 * 1954 Manhã Submersa
 * 1959 Aparição
 * 1953 A Face Sangrenta
 * 1960 Cântico Final
 * 1962 Estrela Polar
 * 1963 Apelo da Noite
 * 1965 Alegria Breve
 * 1971 Nítido Nulo
 * 1971 Apenas Homens
 * 1974 Rápida, a Sombra
 * 1976 Contos
 * 1979 Signo Sinal
 * 1983 Para Sempre
 * 1986 Uma Esplanada Sobre o Mar
 * 1987 Até ao Fim
 * 1990 Em Nome da Terra
 * 1993 Na Tua Face
 * 1995 Do Impossível Repouso
 * 1996 ''Cartas a Sandra

Essays

 * 1943 Sobre o Humorismo de Eça de Queirós
 * 1957 Do Mundo Original
 * 1958 Carta ao Futuro
 * 1963 Da Fenomenologia a Sartre
 * 1963 Interrogação ao Destino, Malraux
 * 1965 Espaço do Invisível I
 * 1969 Invocação ao Meu Corpo
 * 1976 Espaço do Invisível II
 * 1977 Espaço do Invisível III
 * 1981 Um Escritor Apresenta-se
 * 1987 Espaço do Invisível IV
 * 1988 Arte Tempo
 * 1998 Espaço do Invisível V (posthumous)

Diaries

 * 1980 Conta-Corrente I
 * 1981 Conta-Corrente II
 * 1983 Conta-Corrente III
 * 1986 Conta-Corrente IV
 * 1987 Conta-Corrente V
 * 1992 Pensar
 * 1993 Conta-Corrente-nova série I
 * 1993 Conta-Corrente-nova série II
 * 1994 Conta-Corrente-nova série III
 * 1994 Conta-Corrente-nova série IV
 * 2001 Escrever (posthumous)
 * 2010 Diário Inédito (posthumous)

title: Vergílio Ferreira


text:
Talk:Marshall Sahlins

Clarification of his cultural evolution?
As pointed out in Peer review/Social evolutionism/archive1, this para needs clarification. Anybody up to it? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 16:18, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Plagerism?
Google Search

 * Sahlins develops what might be called the “pure” cultural paradigm. Its essence is the assertion that culture consists of a single, internally coherent system through which a given society and its members understand themselves and the world in which they live, and that it determines their behavior (or at least those aspects of behavior that are of interest to us as social scientists) within that society. That system is, moreover, unique to a given society and is closed in the sense that new events and changes in the external environment are assimilated into it, without altering its basic structure and content. This “paradigm” thus contrasts sharply with both the liberal view that all men are essentially the same across time and space and the Marxist view that human beings change systematically in history. It also contrasts with the other social-cultural views we have encountered in the course (i.e., Weber and Polanyi) which play on conflicts within the culture or between the culture and its external environment.
 * Sahlins derives this view and illustrates it in the text with material from the study of so-called primitive societies. In most of these studies, the system (which is culture) is organized around kinship relationships, but, for Sahlins at least, the role of kinship is not the defining characteristic of these cultures. The relationship between Sahlins’ view of primitive culture and his view of culture in modern industrial society is one of the questions which runs in the background throughout the book, even though it is only discussed explicitly at certain points in the text, especially in the last part. The presence of that question in the background is one of the things which makes the argument so confusing at points. And Sahlins tries various approaches to it, but the logic of his argument is that there is no difference between primitive and modern societies on this score.
 * The other prominent theme in the book is the role of history and the mechanism of change. This theme runs in and out of the argument. The logic of the paradigm is that there is no real history and no capacity for change in culture. Change can only be produced by an exogenous shock, as if by chance. Historical events are interpreted by the culture and in this process absorbed into it without changing anything.

 * Notice the highlighted sections. This is obviously taken from a college book review of unknown source.  We dont even know which specific book or text it was a review of.  Also its format with lack of internal linking jars from the earlier part of the article.  This appears frequently in material that is lifted off the internet.  Google does not always get everything.--Countakeshi 00:21, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Damn, another one foiled.... Thanks for your research! --Tony (Talk), Vandalism Ninja 00:57, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

n/m going over the history on the page I get it now. Rex 21:01, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I pretty much wrote this article in its entirety and did not take it from a book or any other source. My familiarity with Sahlins comes from the fact that he was the supervisor of my dissertation supervisor. I wrote this entry because I thought the oen that preexisted it was pretty poor. Rex 20:45, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

make more clear Sahlins changes from evolucionism to culturalism
it should be more clear when Sahlins abandoned his evolutionist ideas to defend strutural-cultural anthropology

-Isn't that unclear? I mean some timearound The Original Affluent Society, but...

Sahlins vs. Obeyesekere
The paragraph about the debate between Sahlins and Obeyesekere in the 1990s is heavily biased towards Sahlins' perspective. I only know enough about the topic to recognize the issue; could someone with more knowledge write a more balanced description?

Zimmerkatie (talk) 20:52, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Sahlins flunking out students for not protesting?
according to Napoleon Chagnon) Sahlins began flunking students out of the graduate program who failed to protest the Vietnam war. . Not sure if this citation is sufficient, but if more are found for this allegation than I think it should be included.--Pengortm (talk) 15:23, 29 March 2015 (UTC)
 * It is *not* sufficient, this is a BLP, Chagnon and Sahlins are enemies and it is a claim found in a single interview. Including it on this basis would violate both NPOV and UNDUE.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 15:46, 29 March 2015 (UTC)

Death: April 5th 2021
Reports are circulating now that Marshall Sahlins passed away yesterday (April 5th 2021) at his home in Hyde Park. The page will be updated shortly to reflect this. Boredintheevening (talk) 23:59, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marshall Sahlins


text:
Shimei

Shimei (שִׁמְעִי Šīmʿī) is the name of a number of persons referenced in the Hebrew Bible and Rabbinical literature.
 * The second son of Gershon and grandson of Levi . The family of the Shimeites, as a branch of the tribe of Levi, is mentioned in ; ("Shimei" in verse 9 could be a scribal error ); and in Zechariah 12:13. In the New Testament the name occurs in, spelled Semei in the King James Version.

 * Shimei ben Gera, a Benjamite of Bahurim, son of Gera, "a man of the family of the house of Saul" . He is mentioned as one of David's tormentors during his flight before Absalom, and as imploring and winning David's forgiveness when the latter returned. David, however, in his dying charge to Solomon, bade him avenge the insult . Jewish scribes say that Solomon's teacher was Shimei (son of Gera), and while he lived, he prevented Solomon from marrying foreign wives. The Talmud says at Ber. 8a: "For as long as Shimei the son of Gera was alive Solomon did not marry the daughter of Pharaoh" (see also Midrash Tehillim to Ps. 3:1).
 * A brother of David, called also Shammah, Shimeah, and Shimea
 * A friend of King David mentioned in
 * Son of Elah, one of Solomon's prefects, over the district of Benjamin
 * A grandson of Jeconiah and brother of Zerubbabel
 * A grandson of Simeon, who is described as the father of sixteen sons and six daughters, and whose clan dwelt in Judea
 * A Reubenite
 * Levites
 * A Benjamite chief who had nine sons (, R. V.; comp. ib. v. 13)
 * "The Ramathite," one of David's officers
 * A Levite and other Israelites whom Ezra required to put away their foreign wives
 * Grandfather of Mordecai.

title: Shimei


text:
Talk:Frankfurt City Forest

Untitled
This article was originally translated from the German Wikipedia. Tfine80 16:18, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frankfurt City Forest


text:
Beri, Jhajjar

Beri is a town and a Municipal committee in the Jhajjar district in Indian state of Haryana. The city is located 17 km northwest of Jhajjar city and is a trading center. Beri is one of the largest tehsils of Haryana State including 77 villages. Beri City is situated on Road Connecting Gurgaon to Hisar and Kosli (Rewari) to Rohtak. This is the middle of these four cities. The First Chief Minister of Haryana, Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, was from Beri village. The Town has a world famous temple dedicated to the goddess Mata Bhimeshwari Devi and Lord Krishna. The "Beri Pashu Mela" or "Beri Cattle Fair" is celebrated in the days of Navratra every 6 months and is famous for its donkeys and horses.

Demographics
India census, Beri had a population of Approx. 30,000. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Beri has an average literacy rate of 70% Higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 57% of the males and 43% of females literate. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Overview
Beri City is the Administrative Headquarters of Beri Sub-division (a Tehsil before 15 August 2009) in Jhajjar district in the state of Haryana, India. Sant Lal Pachar became its first SDM and Presently Dr. Rahul narwal IAS holds the post of SDM Beri. The city has its own Tehsil Head office, Sub Divisional Courts and Mini Secretariat on Jhajjar-Hisar Highway. Presently H.S. Dahiya holds the post of Tehsildar Beri. Beri has two gausalas on the outskirts Beri City is also famous for its Khoya Burffis of madan halwai and for Gunga Halwai, famous Samose of Bhagwan Das Halwai, M Naanu Halwai. Beri has its own Police Station on Gurgaon-jhajjar-Bhiwani Road. The Police Station is headed by Sh. Daya Chand (SHO).

History
Beri Town and Sub-Division, which previously fell under District Rohtak, Haryana, is now a part of newly created District Jhajjar from 15 July 1997 onwards.

Transportation
Beri is situated on Gurgaon-Bhiwani-Hisar-Sirsa Highway with easy road access to Bahadurgarh, Rohtak, Bhiwani, Tosham, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Hisar, Sirsa, Palwal, Hanumangarh, Ganganagar, Delhi, Chandigarh, and Jaipur. The nearest Metro station of the Delhi metro in honour of Hoshiar Singh (Brigadier) Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh metro station Green Line is located at 28 km and Najafgarh metro 45 kilometres away.

Railways
The nearest railway station is Jhajjar Station at a distance of 13 km. Other major stations close to Beri are: Rohtak 30 km; Bahadurgarh 28 km; Bhiwani 45 km; Rewari  60 km;  and Delhi  60 km.

Schools

 * Govt. Model Sr. Sec. School (Boys) Beri
 * Govt. Model Sr. Sec. School (Girls) Beri
 * Govt. College For Women & Polytechnic (under construction)
 * Holy High School, Pana- Chhajan, Beri
 * M.B.D. International School, Rohtak Road, Beri
 * Brig. Ran Singh Public School Dujana, Teh- Beri, District-Jhajjar
 * D.A.V. Public School, Pana-Baithan, Beri
 * Saraswati Shishu Mandir, Gaushala Road. Beri
 * Rama Krishana Vidhya Mandir Bahadurgarh Road Beri
 * Takshila Vidhapeeth Beri
 * R.C.M SR. SEC. School Jahazgarh Beri

Various facilities

 * General Bus Stand
 * U.H.B.V.N Electricity Sub Station JHAJJAR-Hisar Road
 * BSNL Telephone Exchange DADRI Road
 * New Grain Market Savitri Chowk Beri
 * Municipal Committee Bus Stand Road
 * Pt.B.D Sharma General Hospital Opp. Bus stand
 * Police Station and Police Post BHIWANI Road
 * Mini Secretariat and Courts BHIWANI -Jhajjar Road
 * Bharpai Devi Stadium Bhiwani-Jhajjar Road
 * Head Post Office-124201
 * General Water Works No.1 & 2 Rohtak Road
 * City Park
 * Government Library
 * C.S.D Chinkara Canteen JHAJJAR Road
 * BDPO & Tehsil Complex State Highway-122
 * Stadium of various games
 * Gulia Nursing Home

Mata Bhimeshwari Devi
Mata Bhimeshwari Devi temple in Beri a huge fair is held at the occasion of Navratra's twice in a year. In the famous temple of Bhimeshwari Devi lakhs of devotees from all over the country come and worship the goddess In the market, hundreds of shops are decorated at the occasion of the fair. In these fairs newly married couples come to tie the nuptial knot again before the goddess .The Mundan ceremony of small children is also performed here. After reaching the temple and waiting for a long lakhs of Devotes light the "Jyot" of desi ghee and offer coconut and parsad to the goddess. Here, after the government has taken the charge of the temple, continuous efforts have been made to beautify the temple. With devotion and faith, the devotees arrive here, It seems that Beri is not less important than any other religious places devoted to goddess Devi's chanting.

In the Beri the enhancing of goddess's name echoes all the time. According to the well-known story, it is named, Bhimeshwari due to the installation of the idol of the goddess by Bhima. According to the saying before the beginning of the battle of the Mahabharta period Shri Krishna told Mahabali Bhima to bring his Kuldevi to the battlefield of the Kurukshetra and take the blessing from her. According to the order of Shri Krishna and his brother "Yudhistar", Bhima approached the Hinglay Mountain (which is now in Pakistan) and prayed the kuldevi to move to the battle field for victory. The goddess accepted the request of Bhima but laid down a condition, she said that she was ready to go with him but if he dropped me down on the way from the lap then she would not proceed further. In the way Bhima felt the desire to go to toilet so he placed the idol of the goddess under a tree of Beri from his lap and went on, after toilet, he also felt thirsty but he could not find any water near by. Bhima blowed the earth with his gada to take out water and took bath. After that when he tried to lift the goddess, he reminded her condition, and under compulsion, Bhima placed the goddess near the bank of the pond and went to Kurukshetra after seeking the blessing for victory. After 18 days of war when Kaurva's got killed Gandhari reached the place screaming. Often said that here only Shri Krishna took out from the illusion. When Gandhari passed from there she saw her own kuldevi. After that she erected the temple here. Although the ruins of the temple erected by Gandhari are not present now, but of the seat of the great goddess is still there. Presently, marvelous temple is here. In Beri, there are two temples. The process of moving the goddess from outer to inner temple has been going on since the Mahabharta period.

At that time there was a dense forest. Maharishi Durvasa was residing in Dubaldhan around 8 km from here in fear of thieves. Every morning at 5 a.m. Mahrishi Dhurava would bring the idol of goddess in the outer temple in his lap and at 12:00 noon again he would return it in the inner temple. The process of moving of goddess from inner to outer temple is still going on. The aarti sung by durvasa is still enchanted everyday and every evening. The " Akhand Jyoti" for 24 hrs is enlightening. also said to be City of temples and Religious City in Haryana State. The City Has around 100 Small and large Temples. The Mata Bhimeshwari Temple, Bala Ji Temple, Radha Krishna mandir main bazaar are main temples in the city. People also come to the temple on foot from long distances.

Notable people

 * Raghuvir Singh Kadian, MLA of Beri
 * Bharat Singh Lambardar, Lambardar Beri Khas
 * Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, first Chief Minister of Haryana
 * Lalit Sharma, Grandson of Shri Gangadhar Beri Khas

title: Beri, Jhajjar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Demerath Family

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 10:16, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

The Demerath Family
Delete The family of a few minor notables is not with questionable relations to others, is not notable in and of itself. WP:NOT a geneology. Icelight 16:19, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Highly POV, non-encyclopedic geneology -Harmil 16:23, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete could be a joke or vanity. Nothing notable, though. Friday 19:55, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.174.38.150

title: User talk:69.174.38.150


text: User:Marknew/Sandbox 3

title: User:Marknew/Sandbox 3


text:
1996 in archaeology

The year 1996 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Explorations

 * Preliminary survey of Buckton Castle in the north west of England.

Excavations

 * Large-scale, wide-scope horizontal excavations begin at Daepyeong, a large Mumun Pottery Period settlement in Korea (continued until early 2000).
 * Excavations near Bogazköy by the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft begin (continued until 1999).
 * Excavation of the Portuguese nau Nossa Senhora dos Mártires (1605–06) at the mouth of the Tagus begins (continued until 2001).
 * First excavation of medieval drain at Paisley Abbey in Scotland.

Publications

 * Matthew Johnson - An Archaeology of Capitalism (Blackwell).
 * Denise Schmandt-Besserat - How Writing Came About (University of Texas Press).
 * Rita P. Wright (ed.) - Gender and Archaeology (University of Pennsylvania Press).
 * First issue of e-journal Internet Archaeology.

Finds

 * July: Mass grave of victims of the Battle of Towton (1461) in England.
 * July 28: Kennewick Man in the United States.
 * August 4: Seaton Carew Wreck in England.
 * November 21: Pirate flagship Queen Anne's Revenge (run aground 1718) in North Carolina.
 * Herxheim archaeological site, a Neolithic Linear Pottery culture ritual center and mass grave at Herxheim in southwest Germany.
 * The Keltenfürst (Celtic prince) of Glauberg in Germany, a life-size sandstone statue of a warrior dating from the 5th century BCE.
 * Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription in Israel.
 * Lod Mosaic in Israel.
 * Croatian Apoxyomenos off the Croatian islet of Vele Orjule.
 * Hermes of Messene in Messene, Greece.
 * Ōfune Site, one of the Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Japan.
 * "Great Dover Street woman" from Roman Britain in London.
 * Polychrome wall paintings (dated to 1090) at church of St Mary the Virgin in the deserted village of Houghton on the Hill, Norfolk, England.

Events

 * Yale University Bonampak Documentation Project begins at Maya site of Bonampak.
 * November 2: Sendai City Tomizawa Site Museum opens in Japan.

Deaths

 * January 17- William Lamplough, British archaeologist (b. 1914).
 * March 18 - Jacquetta Hawkes, British archaeologist (b. 1910).
 * September 23 - Stuart Piggott, British archaeologist (b. 1910).
 * November 14 - Martyn Jope, British archaeologist and biochemist (b. 1915).
 * December 9 - Mary Leakey, British archaeologist and anthropologist (b. 1913).

title: 1996 in archaeology


text:
501 Queen

501 Queen (301 Queen during overnight periods) is an east–west Toronto streetcar route in Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). It stretches from Neville Park Loop (just west of Victoria Park Avenue) in the east, running along Queen Street and in a reserved right-of-way within the median of the Queensway to Humber Loop in the west. In the late evenings, the 501 Queen route is extended west from Humber Loop, running on Lake Shore Boulevard to Long Branch Loop (just west of Browns Line, adjacent to Long Branch GO Station), replacing route 507 Long Branch. This route operates as part of the TTC's Blue Night Network service, operating in the early morning hours as the 301 Queen.

In 2022, with almost 12.8 million annual boardings, 501 Queen was the second busiest streetcar line in Toronto, after 504 King. (In 2019, prior to the drop in ridership due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there were 22.0 million annual boardings.)

1875–1999
In 1875, the Kingston Road Tramway operated a horsecar service along what would become today's Queen Street East. This line was abandoned in the mid 1880s, at about which time the Toronto Street Railway extended its King horsecar line onto Queen Street East to Lee Avenue in the Beaches district. In 1893, the Toronto Railway Company electrified the line. In 1921, the TTC took over streetcar service.

From 1923 to 1928, the Beach streetcar line ran along Queen Street from Neville Park Boulevard to the Humber River similar to today's 501 Queen. At about this time, there was also a route named "Queen", but it ran along Kingston Road to McCaul and Queen streets much the 502 Downtowner that ran until 2019.

From 1928 to 1937, service to the eastern and western ends of Queen Street was handled by separate routes. Thus, one would need to transfer streetcars in the downtown area to travel the full length of Queen Street.

On August 2, 1937, a new Queen route served all of Queen Street between Neville Park Loop and Parkside Loop. (The Parkside Loop was located at the northeast corner of Lakeshore Boulevard and Parkside Drive, south of the rail corridor, which was crossed by a bridge. ) East of Roncesvalles Avenue, the Queen route resembled today's 501 Queen.

On September 14, 1940, the PCC streetcar was introduced on the Queen route on Sundays, displacing Peter Witt streetcars. PCCs were placed in Queen night service on October 3, 1940, and in regular daily service on May 1, 1941.

By 1954, when the Yonge subway (today part of Line 1 Yonge–University) opened, an underground streetcar station was partially built at Queen station to eventually allow streetcars to cross under the subway tracks. The plan was to put the Queen streetcar line in a tunnel under Queen Street between Logan Avenue and Trinity Park. However, because of changing ridership patterns, the plan was dropped in favour of east–west subway line along Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue (today's Line 2 Bloor–Danforth). Today, Lower Queen remains a ghost station.

In 1957, to accommodate construction of the Gardiner Expressway, the streetcar tracks were removed from Lake Shore Boulevard between Roncesvalles Avenue and the Humber River, and the bridge crossing the rail corridor was demolished. As a replacement, a new private right-of-way was built along the Queensway from the Sunnyside Loop to the Humber Loop. At the Humber Loop, passengers could transfer to the Long Branch streetcar which shuttled between the Humber and Long Branch loops.

Between 1967 and early 1977, two-car multiple-unit PCC trains served the Queen streetcar route. On March 26, 1995, the 507 Long Branch route was replaced by a westward extension of the 501 Queen route, resulting in the Queen route attaining a length of 24.6 km. In 2010, National Geographic described 501 Queen as one of the longest streetcar lines in North America. In 2012, a National Post article made a similar claim. In late 2023, a reinstated 507 route would be carved out of the 501 route, reducing the length of the latter except in late evening.

2000–present
In 2013, the TTC considered setting up a transit mall on the downtown portion of either Queen or King Street. TTC CEO Andy Byford wanted a car-free corridor along one of the city's two busiest streetcar lines (either 501 Queen or 504 King) to prevent bunching, gaps and service delays. Byford would ban general automobile traffic along the streetcar corridor but allow cyclists, taxicabs and delivery trucks. Byford preferred King Street for the transit mall because of recent condominium development along that street. There were similar proposals for a transit mall in 2001 and 2007. Ultimately, the King Street Transit Priority Corridor was established in late 2017.

On January 3, 2016, the 501 Queen route was split into two sections at Humber Loop in order to make its service more reliable. Effectively, the section west of Humber Loop became the 507 Long Branch route in all but name.

In January 2017, construction began for approximately 15 months on various projects west of Roncesvalles Avenue, including rebuilding the bridge over the Humber River carrying streetcar tracks. Other work included replacing track and overhead along portions of the Queensway and Lake Shore Boulevard as well as at the Humber Loop. Also at the Humber Loop, a new substation was built, platforms were made accessible to accommodate Flexity streetcars and a siding on the west-to-east loop was modified. In April 2018, streetcar operations resumed between Sunnyside Loop and Humber Loop. Streetcar service between Humber Loop and Long Branch Loop resumed in June 2018.

From May to September 2017, all streetcar service along the entire 501 Queen route was replaced by buses to permit multiple construction projects along Queen Street to take place, including the replacement of an overhead pedestrian walkway at the Eaton Centre, which required overhead wires to be removed. According to a TTC spokesperson, it took 65 buses to replace the 50 streetcars then operating east of the Sunnyside Loop.

Since March 31, 2021, the 501 Queen route has been partially closed due to construction activity, including track replacement and the extension of the exclusive streetcar right-of-way on the Queensway west of Roncesvalles Avenue. Also, the TTC was upgrading the streetcar overhead for pantographs. The result was that streetcar service was temporarily replaced by buses from Parliament Street to Long Branch Loop, with a diversion along King and Bathurst Streets to Wolseley Loop. Streetcar service was restored along Queen Street between Parliament and Bathurst Streets on February 13, 2022, to Dufferin Street on September 4, 2022, to Roncesvalles Avenue (Sunnyside Loop) on January 25, 2023 and to Humber Loop on October 29, 2023. Route 501 service to Long Branch Loop was scheduled to resume on November 19, 2023.

On May 1, 2023, an estimated 4.5-year closure of Queen Street between Victoria and Bay Streets began to allow construction of the Ontario Line at Queen station. Initially, the TTC diverted 501 streetcars via McCaul Street, Dundas Street and Broadview Avenue. On September 3, 2023, the TTC split Queen streetcar service into eastern and western segments; 501A streetcars would run between Sunnyside Loop and McCaul Loop, and the diverted 505 Dundas streetcar route would be extended from Broadview Avenue to Neville Park Loop. On October 8, 2023, the TTC replaced the eastern segment of the split route with the 501D streetcar which would run east on Queen Street from Neville Park Loop, south on Church Street looping via Church, Wellington and York Streets, returning via King Street to Church Street. After construction of new track on York and Adelaide Streets, the two segments of the line will be rejoined by a new diversion between Church and York Streets, westbound via Richmond Street and eastbound via Adelaide Street.

Effective November 19, 2023, the TTC reinstated route 507 Long Branch to run between Humber and Long Branch Loops replacing 501 Queen along Lake Shore Boulevard but only until late evening.

On March 31, 2024, 301 Queen night streetcar service resumed ending replacement bus service between Long Branch and Neville Park Loops. However, due to Ontario Line construction, 301 streetcars had to divert via Spadina Avenue, King Street and Church Street. At this time, the daytime 501 Queen Street was still split into two branches with a gap between Church and McCaul Streets.

Rolling stock
Route 501 Queen was once served mainly by Articulated Light Rail Vehicles (ALRVs) and occasionally supplemented with some of the shorter Canadian Light Rail Vehicles (CLRVs). However, by 2018, the route was mainly served by CLRVs. This was due to the declining reliability and accelerated retirement of the ALRV fleet.

Flexity Outlook streetcars were introduced on the 501 Queen route in phases; weekend service using the Flexity vehicles along the route began in September 2018 and moved to full-time on January 6, 2019. The TTC had to address rush-hour crowding due to the accelerated retirement of the ALRV fleet, the last of which made their final voyages on September 2, 2019.

By June 23, 2019, the main portion of the route (along Queen Street and the Queensway between Humber Loop and Neville Park Loop) was the first to be fully served by Flexity Outlook streetcars; the southwest portion of the route (along Lake Shore Boulevard between Humber and Long Branch Loop) followed suit on September 1, 2019.

2009 split
By 2007, critics of the TTC's management of this line argue that small delays at one end ripple into 30-40 minute waits at the other. Like route 504, there is much demand at either end of the route, and along the downtown middle stretch. Transit proponents such as Steve Munro have long claimed that Route 501 would be better off if it were split into two or three overlapping segments.

In late 2009, the TTC conducted an experiment of splitting the 501 streetcar route into two overlapping segments, as recommended by critics to alleviate bunching, gaps and short turns when delays occurred. During the experiment streetcars from the Neville Park Loop ran west on Queen Street as far as Shaw Street, and from Long Branch Loop or Humber Loop east as far as Parliament Street.

In January 2010, the commission received a report analyzing several of the experiments done in 2009 to increase service reliability. It was determined that splitting the route increased short turns by 90%, required more streetcars and resulted in poorer service. The TTC decided to use a route-management system called Step Forward, whereby when an operator goes off duty (break or end of shift), another operator takes over the streetcar instead of the streetcar going out of service along with off-duty operator. According to the TTC, Step Forward reduced short turns in late 2007, from 32.5% to 9.7% in the PM rush hours, and from 13.9% to 4.1% in the AM rush. It also was successful in reducing service gaps according to the TTC. Implementing Step Forward required eight extra operators and two extra supervisors.

2016 split
By 2015, passengers were complaining about service on the 501 streetcar. Streetcars would often arrive at irregular intervals, causing unscheduled waits of 20–30 minutes. Streetcars would also do unscheduled short turns at Kingston Road or Roncesvalles Avenue, forcing passengers to exit and wait for the next streetcar. To address these problems and make service more predictable for riders, the TTC again split the 501 Queen route.

On January 3, 2016, the route was split into two sections at Humber Loop. The split was in effect only from 5am to 10pm. During the split, service over the entire route operated at intervals of ten minutes or better. The change was also made to provide more frequent service on each segment and to eliminate all but emergency short turns (such as for an accident) on the segment east of Humber Loop. Transfer-free service through Humber Loop was still provided by 3 runs in the morning, in the late evening and overnight. Some riders reported shorter streetcar wait times after the split.

The split was suspended starting from January 8, 2017, due to construction projects affecting Humber Loop. When streetcar service west of Humber Loop resumed on June 24, 2018, the split was reinstated. Initially, the TTC provided five transfer-free trips during the morning peak period; however, effective September 2, 2018, the TTC temporarily suspended these five runs due to a shortage of streetcars.

From June 21, 2020, most 501 Queen streetcars operated the full route between Neville Park and Long Branch loops. This ended the split in 501 Queen service at Humber Loop where passengers from Long Branch had to change streetcars to continue downtown.

Route
From Neville Park Loop, the route proceeds westward in mixed traffic on Queen Street East. At Kingston Road, passengers can transfer to the 503 Kingston Rd streetcars. Further west, Broadview Avenue provides a transfer point to the 504 King streetcars to go along King Street.

Normally, the route continues west from Broadview Avenue along Queen Street, passing Queen station at Yonge Street and Osgoode station at University Avenue, where both stations serve subway Line 1 Yonge–University. However, construction of the Ontario Line necessitated the closure of Queen Street to all traffic between Church and Bay Streets from May 2023 until late 2027. Since May 2023, the TTC has used various diversions for 501 streetcars. Since October 8, 2023, the 501 Queen route has been temporarily split in two, with the western portion running between McCaul Loop and Humber Loop and the eastern portion between Neville Park Loop and Church Street. After the construction of new streetcar tracks south of Queen Street, expected to be completed by roughly March 2024, the diversion would be via Richmond Street (westbound) and Adelaide Street (eastbound) between Church and York Streets.

At Spadina Avenue, riders can transfer to 510 Spadina streetcars, and at Bathurst Street, to 511 Bathurst streetcars. The route continues to the western end of Queen Street West at the intersection of King Street West and Roncesvalles Avenue where riders can again transfer to 504 King streetcars.

West of Roncesvalles Avenue, Queen Street West flows onto the Queensway, where 501 Queen streetcars run in their own right-of-way until reaching the off-street Humber Loop. Before 10 p.m., riders continuing to Long Branch must transfer to the 507 Long Branch streetcar. After 10 p.m., 501 Queen streetcars continue westbound to Long Branch Loop, replacing the 507 streetcars. West of Humber Loop, the line passes through a short streetcar tunnel under a railway corridor and the Gardiner Expressway. The line emerges from the tunnel onto Lake Shore Boulevard West and proceeds westward in mixed traffic to Long Branch Loop, where both the 507 and late evening 501 streetcars terminate.

507 Long Branch
Route 507 Long Branch is a streetcar route running along Lake Shore Boulevard West between Humber Loop and Long Branch Loop. It was created on October 28, 1935, merged into an extended 501 Queen on March 26, 1995 and reinstated as a separate route on November 19, 2023.

Route 507 Long Branch operates daily until late evening when 501 Queen service is extended west from Humber Loop to Long Branch Loop replacing 507 service. Overnight, night route 301 Queen replaces both 507 Long Branch and 501 Queen.

Sites along the line
From east to west:
 * The Beaches
 * Moss Park and Moss Park Armoury
 * Toronto Eaton Centre
 * Old City Hall
 * Toronto City Hall and Nathan Phillips Square
 * Osgoode Hall
 * Four Seasons Centre
 * 299 Queen Street West (Home to MuchMusic, CP24, Bell Media)
 * Trinity Bellwoods Park
 * Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
 * Drake Hotel
 * Gladstone Hotel
 * Parkdale
 * High Park
 * Humber Bay Park
 * Colonel Samuel Smith Park
 * Humber College, Lakeshore Campus

In popular culture
Toronto's Brickworks Ciderhouse produces a semi-sweet cider called the "Queen Street 501" which is an homage to the streetcar route, as well as Queen Street in general.

title: 501 Queen


text:
User talk:Burlow

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

That was concerning the List of Presidents of the United States Redwolf24 16:23, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Burlow


text:
Carr Creek Lake

Carr Creek Lake (formerly Carr Fork Lake), located east of Hazard, Kentucky, along Kentucky Route 15 in Knott County, is a 710 acre reservoir created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1976. Carr Creek Lake's earth and rock fill dam is 130 ft (40 m) tall and 720 ft (219 m) long, and the dam is located 8.8 mi (14 km) above the mouth of Carr Fork River, a tributary of the North Fork Kentucky River.

The lake is the main attraction of Carr Creek State Park.

title: Carr Creek Lake


text:
Lotto–Dstny

Lotto–Dstny is a Belgian professional cycling team at UCI ProTeam level sponsored by the Belgian lottery and Dstny, a business communications provider. The same organisations also sponsor a women's cycling team,.

Sponsorship
Lotto has a long history of cycling sponsorship, they began sponsoring 1984 with Tönissteiner–Lotto–Mavic–Pecotex. In 1985, it became prime sponsor of a team bearing only its name. Walter Godefroot and Patrick Lefevere were early directeurs sportifs. The fusion of the Lotto–Adecco and Domo–Farm Frites teams for the start of the 2003 season created the current team and structure in the guise of Lotto–Domo.

Omega Pharma had previously been a co-sponsor of the Quick-Step–Davitamon team in 2003 and 2004. Omega Pharma became the main sponsors in 2005, under their Davitamon brand name. The team name switched to Omega Pharma's Predictor brand name in 2007 and the Silence brand in 2008. From 2010 the team became known as Omega Pharma–Lotto, but this sponsor moved their financial support to the setup for the 2012 season.

Belisol became co-sponsors in 2012, and are a Belgian company making windows and doors and solar panels.

On the final day of the 2014 Tour de France the team announced that they had secured new sponsorship for the team with Soudal, manufacturers of sealants, adhesives and foams. Soudal signed a deal lasting six seasons, the team name becoming Lotto Soudal: in 2019, they extended the deal for two more years. Lotto continue to sponsor the team, as well as the women's team and under-23 team.

For one stage race each year since 2016 (at the 2016 Paris–Nice, 2017 Paris–Nice, 2018 Giro d'Italia, and 2019 Tour de Pologne), the team raced under the name Lotto Fix ALL and changed the team kit to a grey colour to reflect one of Soudal's key brands.

Tour status
was a member team of the UCI World Tour from its inception in 2009 until the end of the 2022 season. The team was relegated from the World Tour at the end of 2022 after finishing 19th in the points standings for the 2020 - 2022 qualification cycle. The top 18 teams qualified for the 2023 - 2025 cycle, meaning that from 2023 the team will drop down a division and race under a UCI ProTeam licence. Among non-World Tour teams, Lotto finished first in the 2022 one-year points list ahead of TotalEnergies, meaning it receives wildcards for all 2023 World Tour stage and one-day races.

Current team structure
The team is managed by Marc Sergeant and Bill Olivier and they are assisted by Herman Frison, Jean-Pierre Heynderickx, Bart Leysen, Marc Wauters, Mario Aerts, Dirk Demol and Michiel Elijzen.

After Tosh Van der Sande accidentally listed the wrong nasal spray brand in the paperwork at the 2018 Six Days of Ghent where he returned a positive test for prednisolone, a substance found in the nasal spray Sofrasolone, he was temporarily suspended by the team. Van der Sande was later cleared of any wrongdoing by the UCI.

National champions

 * 1985
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Road Race, Paul Haghedooren

 * 1986
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Road Race, Marc Sergeant

 * 1988
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Track (Individual Pursuit), Benjamin Van Itterbeeck

 * 1990
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Road Race, Claude Criquielion

 * 1992
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Road Race, Johan Museeuw

 * 1995
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Road Race, Wilfried Nelissen

 * 2000
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Time Trial, Rik Verbrugghe

 * 2002
 * MaillotAustralia.PNG Australian Road Race, Robbie McEwen
 * MaillotHolanda.PNG Dutch Road Race, Stefan van Dijk

 * 2005
 * MaillotAustralia.PNG Australian Road Race, Robbie McEwen
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Road Race, Serge Baguet
 * MaillotHolanda.PNG Dutch Road Race, Léon van Bon

 * 2007
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Time Trial, Leif Hoste

 * 2008
 * MaillotAustralia.PNG Australian Road Race, Matthew Lloyd
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Road Race, Jürgen Roelandts

 * 2009
 * Jersey rainbow.svg World Road Race, Cadel Evans

 * 2011
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Road Race, Philippe Gilbert
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Time Trial, Philippe Gilbert

 * 2013
 * MaillotAlemania.PNG German Road Race, André Greipel

 * 2014
 * MaillotAlemania.PNG German Road Race, André Greipel
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Road Race, Jens Debusschere

 * 2015
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Time Trial, Jurgen van den Broeck

 * 2016
 * MaillotAlemania.PNG German Road Race, André Greipel

 * 2018
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Time Trial, Victor Campenaerts

 * 2024
 * MaillotNuevaZelanda.PNG New Zealand Time Trial, Logan Currie
 * MaillotBélgica.PNG Belgian Road Race, Arnaud De Lie

title: Lotto–Dstny


text:
Jeanneke Pis

 * ) is a modern fountain sculpture in central Brussels, Belgium. It was commissioned by Denis-Adrien Debouvrie in 1985 and erected in 1987 as a counterpoint to the city's famous Manneken Pis. The 50 cm bronze statue depicts a naked little girl with short pigtails, squatting and urinating on a blue-grey limestone base.

Jeanneke Pis is located north of the Grand-Place/Grote Markt (Brussels' main square), on the eastern side of the Impasse de la Fidélité/Getrouwheidsgang, a narrow cul-de-sac some 30 m long leading northwards off the restaurant-packed Rue des Bouchers/Beenhouwersstraat. The sculpture is now protected from vandalism by iron bars.

Conception
Denis-Adrien Debouvrie got the idea of Jeanneke Pis in 1985 as a way to restore then-waning interest in a small alley in Brussels called the Impasse de la Fidélité/Getrouwheidsgang ("Fidelity Alley"), where he owned many restaurants. He also saw it as a metaphorical way of "restoring equality between men and women" by creating a feminine counterpart to the city's illustrious Manneken Pis sculpture. The idea for the statue is said to have come to him while he was having breakfast one day, and he sketched it out on the tablecloth. Upon completing the sketch, Debouvrie is purported to have said, "Now we have gender equality." The appearance of the girl is also said to have been inspired by Debouvrie's younger sister Jenny's appearance as a child.

Inauguration
Many inauguration ceremonies were held for the statue's reveal in June 1987, two in particular being of note. At the first ceremony, the guests of honour were the mayor of the City of Brussels and The Order of the Friends of Manneken Pis, the non-profit organisation that manages the costumes that Manneken Pis wears. The second ceremony saw the appearance of the Italian politician and former porn star Ilona Staller, also known as "Cicciolina", as a way of symbolising the naturalism that the statue represents.

Eventually, the statue was put behind iron bars to protect it from vandals, as people had been touching the area surrounding the statue and ruining it. This is also to prevent it from being stolen, as its predecessor Manneken Pis had been multiple times in the past.

Coin tossing and charity
From the time the statue was erected, passers-by began tossing coins into its basin. Taking note of this, the non-profit organisation Horizon-Espoir ASBL was formed in 1987, with the aim of collecting coins from the statue's basin and donate them to organisations looking to find a treatment for AIDS. Since then, the money has also been donated to organisations like the National Fund for Scientific Research (NFSR) and UNICEF.

The frequent coin tossing also gave birth to a legend: in addition to coin-tossers possibly having a wish of theirs come true—a tradition associated with other fountains the world over—lovers who toss in a coin will be promised fidelity in their love life. A plaque was put up next to the statue describing this: "This fountain was built in honor of loyalty. A very old custom has it that your wish will be granted if you throw a coin into the bowl of the fountain. The coins thrown by passers-by in the fountain of Jeanneke Pis bear witness to tenderness, virtue and admiration for the loved one with the wish to remain faithful to one another."

In December 2021, the plaque was replaced with a new one, written from the perspective of the statue itself: "Cheerful, pensive, cheeky and cynical... I'm the most mischievous little girl in Brussels! Do you love someone? Then throw in a coin and legend has it that I will protect you. Every year, your donations are used for medical research and to help the needy in Belgium."

Impasse de la Fidélité
By 2003, Jeanneke Pis had brought so much attention to the Impasse de la Fidélité that it led to the creation of the Delirium Café, which has since become known for its extensive beer menu. Several other establishments have also been set up in the alley, thus helping to realise Debouvrie's vision of making it a site in Brussels worth visiting.

title: Jeanneke Pis


text:
User talk:Radiomusic

Welcome!
Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at Naming Conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you made any edits before you got an account, you might be interested in assigning those to your username.
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language

Happy editing! - Gblaz 16:23, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Radiomusic


text:
Democratic Evolution Movement of Central Africa

Democratic Evolution Movement of Central Africa (Mouvement d'Evolution Démocratique de l'Afrique Centrale, MEDAC) was a political party in the Central African Republic led by Abel Goumba.

History
MEDAC was founded in 1960 by Goumba and Pierre Maléombho, the former president of the National Assembly who was ousted by Dacko, after they left the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa.

In late 1960 MEDAC mobilized protests against the increasingly authoritarian rule of David Dacko. Goumba became more and more critical of the French backing of Dacko. At a parliamentary session, MEDAC MPs staged a walk-out following accusations by Dacko that MEDAC was supporting tribalism. On 23 December MEDAC was dissolved by the government. Goumba's parliamentary immunity was repealed, and together with seven other MEDAC leaders he was arrested.


text:
Socialist thought in Imperial Japan

Socialist thought in Imperial Japan appeared during the Meiji period (1868–1912) with the development of numerous relatively short-lived political parties through the early Shōwa period. Left wing parties, whether advocating communism or socialism, provoked hostility from the mainstream political parties, oligarchs and military alike, and many were either banned or went underground soon after formation. Although occasionally winning a seat in the lower house of the Diet of Japan, left-socialist parties played little role in the government of the Empire of Japan.

Early development of leftist politics
The ideology of socialism was introduced to Japan in the early Meiji period, largely via Christian missionaries with their concepts of universal fraternity, but had little attraction until the increased industrialization of Japan had created a disaffected urban labor force which became more receptive to calls for a more equitable distribution of wealth, increased public services and at least some nationalization of the means of production.

The early Freedom and People's Rights Movement founded in 1873 is also regarded as a forerunner to Japanese socialist development for its attraction to the labor movement and agrarian movement and increased representative democracy; however, it was more concerned with Constitutional development than social consciousness.

The Meirokusha think tank, also founded in 1873 is also regarded as a forerunner to Japanese socialist development, due to the support of many of its members for social change. However, the political outlook of most of its members was more liberal than socialist.

Socialism in the Empire of Japan
The Society for the Study of Socialism (社会主義研究会) was founded in October 1896, members included Isoo Abe, Kōtoku Shūsui and Sen Katayama. It was reorganized in 1901 into Japan’s first socialist political party, the Social Democratic Party (社会民主党). The government outlawed the new party two days after its formation.

The Japan Socialist Party (日本社会党) was founded on 28 January 1906 as a coalition representing a wide spectrum of socialist beliefs. The radical element was led by Kōtoku Shūsui, an anarcho-syndicalist, who favored direct action and strikes, while the moderates were led by Sen Katayama and Tatsuji Tazoe, who favoured a mild program of social reform. This coalition was unstable, and collapsed after only a year, on 22 February 1907. The various factions went on to create small, short-lived political parties, many of which came under police scrutiny and were suppressed under the increasingly restrictive Peace Preservation Laws. The execution of Kotoku Shusui in the aftermath of the High Treason Incident in 1911 was also a severe blow to the early socialist movement. The next few years were known as "the winter years" of socialism in Japan as political activity was next to none.

Other early socialist parties included:
 * Japan Labour-Farmer Party (日本労農党) (1926–1928)
 * Labour-Farmer Party (労働農民党) (1926–1928)
 * Social Democratic Party (社会民主党) (1926–1932)
 * Japan Federation of Labour (総同盟) (1919–1940)
 * Socialist Masses Party (社会大衆党) (1932–1940)
 * Japan Proletarian Party (日本無産党) (1937)

Democratic socialism and social democracy in the Empire of Japan
Moderates who favoured mild reforms followed thinkers like Minobe Tatsukichi and Sakuzō Yoshino, both professors at Tokyo Imperial University. Both felt that the Emperor system and other elements of Japan's traditional kokutai were compatible with democracy and socialism.

Yoshino went on to found his own political party with a mix of Christian socialism, Confucian public morality, and syndicalism. Along with Tokuzō Fukuda of Keio University, Yoshino joined with others to establish Reimeikai, which was a society "to propagate ideas of democracy among the people." This group was formed in order to sponsor public lectures. The movement initially attracted many students and worker leaders. The party collapsed in 1920.

Communism in the Empire of Japan

The Japanese Communist Party (日本共産党) (JCP) was founded on 15 July 1922, as an underground branch of Comintern by a group of socialist activists, including Hitoshi Yamakawa, Kanson Arahata, Toshihiko Sakai, Kyuichi Tokuda and Sanzō Nosaka. Outlawed at once under the Peace Preservation Law, the JCP was subjected to repression and persecution by the military and police.

The party was dominated by Hitoshi Yamakawa in its early years, but Yamakawa had the party formally dissolved in 1924, stating that the time was not right for a communist party in Japan. Also in 1924, Kazuo Fukumoto returned to Japan after studying Marxism in Germany and France, and scathingly attacked Yamakawa's approach, citing a need for the formation of a vanguard party on the Leninist model. He presided over the re-establishment of the JCP in 1926. The difference between Yamakawa and Fukumoto was both theoretical and practical, as Yamakawa wanted to avoid discussing the Emperor system and whether it represented feudalism (as the Comintern and Fukumoto thought) or if it was no different from the English Monarchy as Yamakawa maintained.

On 15 July 1927, the Comintern issued a thesis attacking both Yamakawa and Fukumoto and demanding that the party strive for an immediate two-stage revolution to overthrow the Japanese government, and especially the Emperor system and Diet of Japan, redistribution of wealth and favorable policy with the Soviet Union.

In the March 15 Incident of 1928 and April 16 Incident of 1929, thousands of suspected communists were arrested nationwide. In a special open trial of the Tokyo District Court in 108 sessions from 25 June 1931 to 2 July 1932, some 300 members of the JCP were sentenced. The trial was carefully orchestrated by the Home Ministry to expose the inner workings of the JCP and its strategy to undermine the existing political order. All defendants were found guilty and were given stiff sentences, but those who publicly recanted (tenkō) their communist ideology and who agreed to rehabilitation were given much reduced sentences.

In 1931, the underground JCP issued a new thesis calling for an immediate socialist revolution. This radical approach led to a fracturing of the JCP leadership, attacks from social democrats, and more repression from the government. Overseas aid from Comintern not being forthcoming (the JCP was suspected of being infected with Trotskyism by its Soviet counterparts), the Japanese communist movement virtually ceased to exist after 1935 with the arrest of its leadership and dissolution of supporting organizations. It would not be reestablished until after the war.

title: Socialist thought in Imperial Japan


text:
Talk:Jeremy Narby

Fair use rationale for Image:Cosmic serpent.jpg
Image:Cosmic serpent.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 21:24, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Photo Narby1.jpg
Image:Photo Narby1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 16:34, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jeremy Narby


text:
User:Grika/vanity list

 * In general I'm proud of my lists of Minnesota plants and animals, additions to other animal related articles and to the import of articles from the Jewish Encyclopedia. Plus the considerable time spent in anti-vandalism activities.

Selected pages I started
• # Off-color humor

• # Pinewood derby

• # Tobias Schneebaum

• # Imation Corporation

• # kishke (now called Kishka (food))

• # Spanish pronunciation (Now merged with a Wikibook)

• # Italian Pronunciation

• # French pronunciation

• # Hmong pronunciation

• # List of Minnesota amphibians

• # List of Minnesota reptiles

• # Green frog

• # List of Minnesota mammals

• # List of Minnesota fish

• # List of Minnesota aquatic plants

• # Big brown bat

• # Literal translation

• # Turkey trot

• # Grizzly Bear (dance)

• # Texas Tommy (dance)

• # Aaron, son of the devil

• # Agnes Repplier

And beginning in late March, 2007 you can get a list of my created articles here.

Selected pages to which I made a sizable contribution

 * 1) Names of the Jewish people
 * 2) Jade
 * 3) United States Navy Reserve
 * 4) Blood brother
 * 5) Cat
 * 6) Vernon and Irene Castle
 * 7) Aaron's rod

And minor edits to many pages (adding, linking, wikifying, grammer correcting, vandalism fixing, etc.).

The complete list of my contributions.

And the number of my contributions.

title: User:Grika/vanity list


text:
1968 in archaeology

The year 1968 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Explorations

 * Survey of Anshan in Iran.

Excavations

 * Anne Stine Ingstad and Helge Ingstad complete excavations of Viking site at L'Anse aux Meadows.
 * Prof. Richard J. C. Atkinson undertakes work at Silbury, broadcast on BBC Television (continues to 1970).
 * Colin Renfrew begins excavations at Sitagroi, Greece (continues to 1970).

Publications

 * Sally R. and Lewis R. Binford (ed.) - New Perspectives in Archeology.
 * David L. Clarke - Analytical Archaeology.

Finds

 * Archaeological prospection of Buvuma Island directed by the Tervuren Museum finds early use of pottery.
 * An early medieval burial excavated at Suontaka Vesitorninmäki, Tyrväntö, in southern Finland includes the Suontaka sword among ambiguous features of gender expression; research published in 2021 suggests the individual buried had Klinefelter syndrome.
 * The lower jaw part of a presumably female Homo heidelbergensis pre-Neanderthal (azykantrop) is found in the acheulean age layer in Azykh cave, in Azerbaijan.
 * The Inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var.
 * San José y Las Animas (shipwreck), which sank off Florida in 1733, located.

Miscellaneous

 * June 26 - Pope Paul VI claims that bones discovered in the vicinity of Saint Peter's tomb in 1942 are relics of Peter.
 * Project to move temples of Abu Simbel to prevent their inundation by the Aswan High Dam successfully completed.
 * The Egyptian Department of Antiquities and the Getty Conservation Institute in Santa Monica, California start a conservation project for tomb of Queen Nefertari.
 * Analysis of the environment of Shanidar Cave in Kurdistan suggests that the adult male Neanderthal "Shanidar 4" may have been buried with floral tributes.

Deaths

 * December 18 - Dorothy Garrod, English Palaeolithic archaeologist of the Near East (born 1892).

title: 1968 in archaeology


text:
Talk:FFS

"Fuck Fuck Shit"
Hey Ghakko, what's wrong with fuck fuck shit? Looks good to me. -- Sveden 16:25, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Actually, I think you're right. I'll add it back in. Sorry for the knee-jerk reaction. Ghakko 04:55, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

'Friendly Fire Soldier' is surely made-up. It only appears in mirrors of this page and should be removed unless an independent reference can be provided. 81.79.191.138 08:54, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

It means FOR FUCK SAKE

 * Shouldn't it use the possessive form: "For fuck's sake"?

Fast Fourier transform
@Llew Mawr you reverted my edit adding Fast Fourier transform, saying "Please add "FFS" as an alternative 'initialism' in Fast Fourier transform with a source before re-adding here". None of the other items on this page meet your requirements, so shall we just remove them all? FFS is a common initialism for Fast Fourier transform, so much so, that it is the first thing that shows up when you google FFS. I don't see why it shouldn't be on this page. - Rooiratel (talk) 07:54, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

 * , have a look at MOS:DABACRO. There is no mention of the initialism in the target article, and in addition it's not an obvious abbreviation, so it needs to be added in the target article, with a citation and explanation of what the "S" stands for. Wikipedia relies on its own citations to reliable sources, not additional googling. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 09:13, 30 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Lol, I made a typo when going to this page, it is supposed to be FFT not FFS. I didn't notice that I was on the wrong page, and was writing "FFS" because I was just copying what I was seeing here in the discussion. The actual FFT page already redirects to Fast Fourier transform. - Rooiratel (talk) 10:12, 30 November 2022 (UTC)
 * @Rooiratel Forgive my scepticism. In that case, do you have a link/reference to a source using "FFS" in that way?
 * That's not what I'm getting on the first few Google SERPs. But I did find "fuzzy Fourier system (FFS)", "Fast Fourier Sampling (FFS)", "Finite Fourier Series (FFS)" and "fast Fourier synthesis (FFS)". But I'm trying to work out if there's an apt target article or section to add those as entries.
 * FWIW, I did search for "FFS" in the other Wikipedia articles with entries on this page and all but one does mention "FFS" (albeit in one case only in the references). I might add it to the lede of the article to resolve that breach of the policy WP:DABACRONYM They also do start with those initial letters. Llew Mawr (talk) 11:16, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:FFS