text:
User talk:195.188.41.154

May 2022
Hello, I'm NonsensicalSystem. Wikipedia is written by people who have a wide diversity of opinions, but we try hard to make sure articles have a neutral point of view. Your recent edit to Ofcom seemed less than neutral and has been removed. If you think this was a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you.  NonsensicalSystem (error?)(.log) 10:17, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to violate Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy by adding commentary and your personal analysis into articles, as you did at Ofcom, you may be blocked from editing.

Entranced98 (talk) 10:22, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

 * It is not a viewpoint - it is a fact - the PM got Ofcom to ban RT simply because it proffered a different viewpoint on the war in Ukraine. Where is the alternative viewpoint on that conflict -where??? 195.188.41.154 (talk) 10:36, 26 May 2022 (UTC)
 * If this is a fact, then there is surely a reliable source which would back it up. Citations are especially important when making such statements relating to hot-button political issues in order to verify their truth, and to distinguish them from personal analysis, which is not what Wikipedia articles are for. Entranced98 (talk) 10:46, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you violate Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy by inserting commentary or your personal analysis into an article, as you did at White-blue-white flag. TylerBurden (talk) 00:19, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:195.188.41.154


text: User talk:83.139.82.32

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:83.139.82.32


text:
Partenavia P.68

The Partenavia P.68, now Vulcanair P68, is a light aircraft designed by Luigi Pascale and initially built by Italian company Partenavia. It made its first flight on 25 May 1970, its type certification was granted on 17 November 1971 and was transferred to Vulcanair in 1998. The original six-seat high-wing monoplane is powered by twin piston engines and is used for light transport and training. The P.68 Observer is an observation aircraft variant, and it was developed in a stretched, 10/11-seat twin turboprop derivative.

Partenavia P.68 Victor
The type certification for the P.68 Victor, a twin piston engine, high wing monoplane with fixed tricycle landing gear was applied for on 22 January 1969. The Partenavia P.68 was designed as a six-seat light transport and trainer powered by two 200 hp Lycoming IO-360 engines, it made its first flight on 25 May 1970 at Naples. The type certification for the 9.20 m (30.18 ft) long P.68 was granted by the Italian Civil Aviation Authority on 17 November 1971 for an 1860 kg (4100 lb) MTOW. It was approved by the FAA on 7 December 1971. After 300 h of flight tests, production was to start in May 1972 in a new plant at Naples Capodichino Airport at a rate of three aircraft per month. The prototype was built at Arzano, Italy, production began with 14 pre-production aircraft at new facilities in Casoria, Italy.

The longer, 9.35 m (30.68 ft) P.68B Victor certification was applied for on 18 October 1973 and granted on 24 May 1974 for a 1960 kg (4321 lb) MTOW. Its unit cost was US$82,000 in 1974 (US$ today). Its fuselage was lengthened to create more space in the cockpit.

Both derived from the P.68B and 9.55 m (31.33 ft) long, the P.68R Victor has a retractable landing gear and was certified on 31 July 1978 while the P.68C has a nose allowing a weather radar, larger fuel tanks and increased weights, and was certified on 23 July 1979 with a 1990 kg (4387 lb) MTOW. The P.68C-TC, certified on 29 April 1980, has turbocharged, 210 hp Lycoming TIO-360-C1A6D engines. In 2021, the equipped price of the P.68C was US$1.25M, US$1.5M for the P.68R and US$1.55M for the P.68C-TC.

Partenavia P.68 Observer

The 9.43 m (30.94 ft) long P.68 Observer, derived from the P.68B with a transparent fuselage nose, adapted systems and larger fuel tanks, was certified on 12 June 1980. The observation aircraft for law enforcement were initially conversions of existing aircraft by German Sportavia-Putzer.

The 9.15 m (30.02 ft) long P.68TC Observer, a P.68 "Observer" with turbocharged engines, was certified on 18 June 1985.

The 9.54 m (31.30 ft) long P.68 "Observer 2 is a P.68 "Observer", with increased weights, upturned wing tips and modified systems, and was certified on 30 November 1989 for a 2084 kg (4594 lb) MTOW. −

Partenavia AP68TP-600 Viator

The 10.89-11.27 m (35.73-36.97 ft) long, retractable gear AP68TP-600 "Viator", with two 328 hp Allison 250-B17C turboprops, has a 2850–3000 kg (6283-6614 lb) MTOW and was certified on 16 October 1986. In 2023, its equipped price was $3.5M.

Partenavia AP68TP-300 Spartacus
The 9.90 m (32.48 ft) long, fixed gear AP68TP-300 Spartacus was certified on 10 December 1983 with two 328 hp Allison 250-B17C turboprops and a 2600 kg (5732 lb) MTOW. The nine-seater development was helped by Aeritalia. The prototype first flew in 1978 with a retractable undercarriage.

Based in Casoria, Naples, and already manufacturing Partenavia spares, Vulcanair (then Air Samanta) acquired the type certificate, aircraft spares and the former production plant in Milan for L1.4 billion ($780,000) in April 1998. The type certificate was transferred on 25 November. Vulcanair offers the P.68R, P68C, P.68C-TC, P.68TC Observer, P.68 Observer 2 and AP68TP-600 Viator.

Military and government operators

 * Royal Bahamas Defence Force
 * Chilean Navy
 * Hesse State Police
 * Italian State Police
 * National Police Air Service
 * California Department of Fish and Game
 * New York State Police
 * Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency
 * Washington State Department of Natural Resources
 * Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission
 * California Department of Fish and Game
 * New York State Police
 * Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency
 * Washington State Department of Natural Resources
 * Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission
 * Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission

Former

 * Bophuthatswana:
 * Bophutatswana Air Force

Incidents and accidents
The P.68 was involved in 86 accidents and incidents worldwide as reported in the Aviation Safety Network wiki database, including 58 hull losses.

September 11, 1983: A P.68C, N29561, performing an aerobatic display broke up in flight during an airshow in Plainview, Texas. The NTSB report revealed that analysis of the video showed the aircraft performed a fly-by over the runway, exceeding its Vne (Velocity, never-exceed) speed by 27 knots. The pilot then executed a sharp nose-up pitch change of about 8 degrees, which spiked the aircraft's dynamic load factor to 8.3Gs and caused both wings to fail in the main spar just outside both engine nacelles then separate from the aircraft, which then began rotating, causing the rear fuselage to twist along its length between its cabin and empennage. The aircraft then plummeted 250 feet down just beyond the group of spectators.

title: Partenavia P.68


text: User talk:80.56.7.96

title: User talk:80.56.7.96


text:
San Pablo District, Paraguay

San Pablo is a district of the San Pedro Department, Paraguay. It includes the village of San Pablo or San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú, which has a population of around 680, located around 330 km from the city of Asuncion.

On the river Jejui Guazú, is a small district of just over 4,000 inhabitants engaged in agriculture. Its soil is suitable for agriculture and in a great proportion for livestock, too.

Geography
The district of San Pablo, is located in the center of the department San Pedro, although the region was the victim of a process of rapid deforestation in the past, it includes one of the richest reserves of Forest that are very profitable. They attract exploitation and marketing force due to the forests.

In the region there are areas of agricultural use and low prairies that often flood.

Limits
To the north with the district of San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú, which separates the river Jejui Guazú.

To the south lies the district of Villa del Rosario.

To the east lies the district of Choré.

And to the west, the district of Antequera.

Hydrography
There is the river Jejui Guazú, the least polluted of the country and with beautiful white sand beaches.

Climate
The climate is predominantly rainy and humid. The relative humidity is 70 to 80%. The average is 23 °C; the highest in summer is 38 °C and at least 10 °C.

Surface
It has an area of 603 km², with a population of 4,351 inhabitants, and a population density of 7.22 people per square kilometer.

Ports
The district has the following ports: Puerto Tayi and Puerto La Niña, which are used to trade their agricultural production, and as a means of internal communication, which communicates with the districts in the area.

Communication
This district is accessible by unpaved roads and internal roads that are also unpaved, being used as secondary rural roads. The embankment roads communicate all districts with each other and other national routes.

Currently, this district has public transport services between districts and regular services to the country's capital, in addition to Ciudad del Este Pedro Juan Caballero Brazil, Argentina and Chile.

Education
The district has elementary schools and high school level, in which children and young people attend regularly.

The illiteracy is due to extreme poverty which makes it difficult to send children to school, which particularly affects women. The indigenous tribes also have access to primary education but with little attendance.

The working population lacks a reasonable level of qualification, which conspires against the development of the area, so it does not have trained manpower.

Language
It predominates Guarani language which is spoken by about 80% of the inhabitants and the Castilian-Guarani (Jopara), spoken by 20% of the remaining population.

Demographics

Its rural population is 83.08% of the total population.

The total number of households in the district rises to the amount of 713, of which 143 of them  are in urban areas, and in rural areas there are 570, which represents the 79.94% of homes that are settled in rural areas.

According to the projection of the district's total population, by sex and by year, it includes the following details:

 * By 2010, the total population is of 4,403 inhabitants, of whom 2,354 are men and 2,050 are women.

In relation to the main socio-demographic indicators, this is the following:

 * Population less than 15 year-old is 43.5%.
 * Average of 3.6 children per woman.
 * 8.4% Illiteratation.
 * Employed by the primary sector 67.6%.
 * Employed by the secondary sector 6.3%.
 * Employed in the tertiary sector 25.1%.
 * Occupied work in the agricultural field 67.3%.
 * Homes with electricity 78.4%.
 * Homes with running water 41.0%.

Population
The district of San Pablo has a population of 4,351 inhabitants, of whom 2,324 are male and 2,027 are women. In percentage terms, 53.3% are male and 46.6% women. It has enabled a colony by the IBR, currently INDERT, which has an area of 6,495 hectares and with an amount of 400 lots.

Economy
It is one of the districts that has lower socio-economic indicators, however, in recent years there have been major advances, allowing the inhabitants to acquire a better quality of life.

In the district of San Pablo, a large percentage of the population is poor (77.9%); having a monthly average income per family of 408,487 Guarani, and 73,834 Guarani per person.

Its economy is essentially agricultural and it has increased considerably thanks to the fertility of its soil and the projects of creating new colonies. Its main agricultural products are: cotton, tobacco, soybeans, mate, cassava, sunflower, sour orange and sweet orange.

Municipality
The district of San Pablo’s current mayor is Mr. Quentin Bernardino Gonzalez Guerrero for the election period from 2006 to 2010.

Tourism
The main tourist attraction of San Pablo are the beaches on the river Jejui Guazú, for their less polluted waters, which together with its white sand beaches make it a perfect place to cool and relax in the summer season.

Getting There
Going from the city of Asuncion, Route II Marshal José Félix Estigarribia, to the city of Coronel Oviedo, then take the Route III General Elizardo Aquino up to the district of Choré, continue westward, about 35 kilometres to reach the district of San Pablo.

title: San Pablo District, Paraguay


text:
Persian weave

Persian weave is a method of weave used in jewelry and other art forms, using jump rings.

The Persian family of weaves is a chainmail weave based on a stacked ring orientation. In the construction of Persian weaves the rings become stacked and form pairs. Most Persian weaves have both left and right-handed versions.

Sorts

 * Half Persian 3 in 1
 * Half Persian 4 in 1
 * Full Persian 6 in 1
 * Double Persian 10 in 1

title: Persian weave


text:
Talk:Ted Radcliffe

Bill Perkins
An anonymous editor has suggested that it was Bill Perkins who wore the chest protector inscribed "Thou shall not steal" and not Ted Radcliffe. I can find no source to support this. Is it true? —Theo (Talk) 08:27, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

His name is actually spelled "Radcliff." It's a common name in his hometown of Mobile, Alabama.
 * But his name is listed as "Radcliffe" in just about any encyclopedia or book. It may vary throughout, but give me a source first. - Experimental Hobo Infiltration Droid (talk) 01:54, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:44, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ted Radcliffe


text:
Les Mignons

Les Mignons (from mignon, French for "the darlings" or "the dainty ones") was a term used by polemicists in the contentious atmosphere of the French Wars of Religion and taken up by the people of Paris, to designate the favourites of Henry III of France, from his return from Poland to reign in France in 1574, to his assassination in 1589, a disastrous end to which the perception of effeminate weakness contributed. The mignons were frivolous and fashionable young men, to whom public malignity attributed heterodox sexuality, rumors that some historians have found to be a factor in the disintegration of the late Valois monarchy.

History
According to the contemporary chronicler Pierre de l'Estoile, they made themselves "exceedingly odious, as much by their foolish and haughty demeanour, as by their effeminate and immodest dress, but above all by the immense gifts the king made to them." The Joyeuse wedding in 1581 occasioned one of the most extravagant displays of the reign.

The faction of the Malcontents, headed by François, duc d'Alençon, created duc d'Anjou in 1576— the presumed heir as long as Henry remained childless— appear to have stirred up the ill will of the Parisians against them. From 1576 the mignons were attacked by popular opinion, and some historians have credited without proof the scandalous stories of the time. Some fourteen favourites were singled out, including François d'Espinay, seigneur de Saint-Luc, who had accompanied Henry to his "exile" in Poland and was rewarded now with the château de Rozoy-en-Brie and the governorship of Brouage; but the best known of the mignons, the archimignons in L'Estoile's Registre-Journal, who monopolised access to the king after the death of Henri's brother and heir the duc d'Alençon were Anne de Joyeuse, baron d'Arques, created duc de Joyeuse (died 1587) and Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, created duc d'Épernon. The appearance of the mignons on Henry's visits in July 1576 to the parishes of Paris to raise money to pay for the provisions of the Edict of Beaulieu (1576), occasioned a report by L'Éstoile:
 * "The name Mignons began, at this time, to travel by word of mouth through the people, to whom they were very odious, as much for their ways which were jesting and haughty as for their paint [make-up] and effeminate and unchaste apparel...Their occupations are gambling, blaspheming... fornicating and following the King everywhere...seeking to please him in everything they do and say, caring little for God or virtue, contenting themselves to be in the good graces of their master, whom they fear and honor more than God."

L'Éstoile added "they wear their hair long, curled and recurled by artifice, with little bonnets of velvet on top of it like whores in the brothels, and the ruffles on their linen shirts are of starched finery and one half foot long so that their heads look like St. John's on a platter."

The figure of Ganymede was employed in scurrilous sonnetry, but the subtext of criticism within the court was most often that the mignons were not drawn from the cream of noble families, as had been the court favourites of his late brother Francis II or their father Henry II, but from the secondary nobility, raised up to such a degree that the social fabric appeared to be unnaturally strained.

The Duel of the Mignons
On April 26 1578, Jacques de Lévis, comte de Caylus, Henri's favorite, insulted Charles de Balsac, baron de Dunes, who responded by challenging de Caylus to a duel. The following morning Caylus, with seconds Maugiron and Livarot (of the party of the King), met with Balsac, bringing seconds Ribérac and Schomberg (of the party of the Henry, Duke of Guise) at the horse market near the Bastille, in Paris. The resultant fight was compared by Brantôme to a reenactment of the battle of the Horatii and the Curiatii. In the melee, seconds Maugiron and Schomberg were killed, Ribérac died of wounds the following noon, and Livarot was wounded in the face and convalesced in a hospital for six weeks. Caylus sustained as many as 19 wounds and conceded the duel to de Balsac, but died of his injuries a month later. Only Balsac got off with a mere scratch on his arm.

This meaningless loss of life impressed itself on the public imagination. Henri III was so angered that he banned dueling in France on penalty of death. Jean Passerat wrote an elegy, Plaintes de Cléophon, on the occasion. In the political treatise Le Theatre de France (1580) the duel was invoked as "the day of the pigs" who "killed each other in the precinct of Saint Paul, serving him in the Muscovite manner". Michel de Montaigne decried the event as une image de lâcheté, "an image of cowardice", and Pierre Brantôme connected it with the deplorable spread of the Italian and Gascon manners at Henry's court. The incident accelerated the estrangement between the two Henrys.

title: Les Mignons


text: User talk:85.81.47.151

title: User talk:85.81.47.151


text:
Bottle scraper

The bottle scraper (known as both a flessenschraper (bottle scraper) and flessenlikker (bottle licker) in Dutch) is a Dutch kitchen tool similar to a small spatula. It is designed to scrape the contents of long bottles that would be impossible to reach with other kitchen tools. Although the tool is sold in Norway and has even been described in some accounts as having originated there, it was introduced in the Netherlands around 1954 by a Dutch family-owned company Tijger Plastics NV founded in 1950 and nowadays operating as Coram NV. The bottle scraper was patented on 31 March 1967 and it is cited as a quintessentially Dutch tool as well as an example of Dutch thrift.

The scraper is made of a long shaft, frequently around 30 cm in length. On one side is a small flexible rubber spatula head roughly 4 cm across set perpendicular to the shaft. The head is flexible and usually has a rounded half-circle shape one side useful for scraping round bottles and jars and a flat side with two right angles useful for scraping out cartons. The head is flexible so that it can be pushed into and pulled out of bottles whose mouth is smaller than the fully expanded head of the scraper but larger than the shaft.

It is a common tool in kitchens in the Netherlands and available in many kitchen stores and supermarkets — although this may vary by region. It is almost entirely unused and unknown outside of that country.

Historically, vla (a popular dairy product with the consistency similar to custard or yoghurt) was sold in long glass bottles. Vla was frequently delivered by milkmen in bottles similar to the long, tapered-neck milk bottles used in many places in the world. However, while the use of the milk bottle streamlined production and distribution practices, the shape of the container made it hard to extract the last bits with spoons, spatulas, or other kitchen utensils. The Dutch answer was the bottle scraper which was perfectly suited to answer this problem.

Vla is now primarily sold in cartons which reduces the need for a bottle scraper or make the design less efficient (e.g., bottles have rounded walls while cartons frequently have square bases with 90 degree angles). Modern bottle scrapers include a spatula-side with right angles useful for scraping vla out of these containers as well. Additionally, the scraper has come to occupy an important role in Dutch kitchens in variety of other purposes being used for scraping the contents of many other bottles and jars (for example, nut butters and other spreads). Much of the Dutch population is familiar with the bottle scraper and skilled in its use.

There is an element of the technical and engineering community that sees the bottle scraper as a monument to a wrong type of technical solution. This group argues that the best solution to the problem of remaining vla in bottles was to put vla in different containers preventing the problem from ever occurring, rather than inventing another tool and then educating a population in its use.

title: Bottle scraper


text:
Hursley House

Hursley House is an 18th-century Queen Anne style mansion in Hursley, near Winchester in the English county of Hampshire. The building is Grade II* listed.

History
The Hursley estate was bought by William Heathcote, MP from the daughters of Richard Cromwell. Cromwell had acquired the estate by marriage to the daughter of Richard Major, MP. Heathcote commissioned the present house to be built between 1721 and 1724, during the reign of George I, and was created a baronet in 1733. The estate descended in the Heathcote family to the 5th Baronet, whose widow sold it after his death in 1881 to Joseph Baxendale, the owner of the Pickfords logistics and removal company. He sold it in 1902 to Sir George Cooper whose wife, Mary Emma Smith, an American railways heiress from Chicago, commissioned architect Alexander Marshall Mackenzie to carry out extensive development work in 1902 to create the house that can be seen today. Sir George was created a baronet in 1905.

During the First World War the second floor of the house was made available as a nursing hospital for officers. It was intended to turn it over again as a military hospital during the Second World War but Sir George died in 1940. It was requisitioned instead by the Ministry of Aircraft Production (MAP) to rehouse the Design and Production departments of Vickers Supermarine, which had been bombed out of its original premises in Woolston, Hampshire and found that its initial alternative location at Southampton University College was also the target of bombing. The move began 7 December 1940. During its time in the House, Supermarine worked on the development of many aircraft, most famously the Spitfire but also such early jet fighters as the Attacker, Swift and Scimitar. Mary Cooper continued to live at the house until late 1942.

IBM Hursley
In 1958 IBM started using the House and its grounds as development laboratories. In 1963 IBM purchased the 100 acres (405,000 m²) of surrounding land and have since erected a large modern office complex employing over 1500 people. The original house is still used by IBM as an Executive Briefing Centre. The lower ground floor of the house is home to the IBM Hursley Museum, a computing museum that covers the history of IBM Hursley Park, IBM United Kingdom and IBM Corporation.

title: Hursley House


text: User talk:84.173.30.54

title: User talk:84.173.30.54


text: User talk:84.68.55.59

title: User talk:84.68.55.59


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Ted Radcliffe/archive1

Ted Radcliffe
This was the first full article that I wrote for Wikipedia. It now feels comprehensive but pedestrian and it needs subdivision. I would like help dividing it into sections and polishing the prose. —Theo (Talk) 12:38, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I just glanced at the article, but one thing that jumps out at me is the number of red links. You need to get rid of those either by creating stubs or simply removing the wiki links. —Wayward 02:52, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point! I am now on the case. —Theo (Talk) 10:14, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I seem to have spent the entire day writing about Negro League baseball but I still have seventeen remaining redlinks. Another day, perhaps. —02:18, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Now there are just three. I think that is acceptable so I will leave it there.—Theo (Talk) 15:39, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * He's 103 years old! That is amazing!! I am so impressed by the "Reference" section - that is very comprehensive.  Assuming that you are wanting to raise this to Featured Article status, that's a fairly stringent process, so this is what I suggest.  Relate your references into the body of the text.  Cite sources gives a lot of information about how to do it, and what's required.  There are a couple of suggestions for footnote styles, all of which are acceptable, but the one I like is Footnote4.  It produces easily readable footnotes that also have the advantage of leaving the body of the article fairly uncluttered.   Removing the redlinks is a great idea - I would suggest creating stub articles for those that you feel genuinely warrant an article.  You can expand on them at a later date.  If you feel that they don't really need an article, just remove the link.

 * The article needs a strong lead section that summarises the article, followed by relevant sections. Have a look at some of the other sports bio articles that are currently featured. Suzanne Lenglen, Jim Thorpe and Sandy Koufax are all well structured and may give you some ideas.   I think there are too many very short paragraphs that all start with "In 1924", "In 1933" etc.   It makes the text a bit static.  I find that writing what happened first - because it is the main thing you want to discuss - followed by the date, works pretty well, but for variety a few sentences could start with  "In such and such date".   Rather than just have a series of short points, you could expand on them somewhat, to give it more of a flow.  I think that will also help you decide where the divisions belong.  Rossrs 11:45, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your your comprehensive advice. I have increased the number of inline references (I am using Template:Inote, which is my personal favourite. I am comfortable about the strength of the three-paragraph lead. I took your advice about structure; I hope that I met the spec.  Any further comments that you have would be most welcome. —Theo  (Talk) 02:18, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Great job. Everything you've done has added so much to the quality of the article.  Rossrs 11:00, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll take a look. The Lead reads very well! But a problem that jumps out is that he was born and then he started his career. A sampling of the references, and the titles of them all, indeed suggest that they're mainly about his career + retirement, but have you really not got anything from 1902—1928? I do realise poor children's lives in Mobile, Alabama in the early 20th century weren't well-documented, but still. If his parents, background and life up to age 26 are a total mystery, then that might be a remarkable fact that's worth a paragraph of its own. Also, if that's the case, how sure can you be of his year of birth? Bishonen | talk 09:29, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The issue of his known life appearing to start in 1928 was a consequence of my beginning the career section with a summary. I have  now moved this into the "Pro ball" subsection. I think that this works better. —Theo  (Talk) 13:21, 3 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Lime sulfur

In horticulture, lime sulfur (lime sulphur in British English, see American and British English spelling differences) is mainly a mixture of calcium polysulfides and thiosulfate (plus other reaction by-products as sulfite and sulfate) formed by reacting calcium hydroxide with elemental sulfur, used in pest control. It can be prepared by boiling in water a suspension of poorly soluble calcium hydroxide (lime) and solid sulfur together with a small amount of surfactant to facilitate the dispersion of these solids in water. After elimination of residual solids (flocculation, decantation, and filtration), it is normally used as an aqueous solution, which is reddish-yellow in colour and has a distinctive offensive odor of hydrogen sulfide (H2S, rotten eggs).

Synthesis reaction
The exact chemical reaction leading to the synthesis of lime sulfur is generally written as:

 * Ca(OH)2 + ^{x}/8 S8 → CaS_{x} + by\-products (S2O3(2–), SO3(2-), SO4(2-))

as reported in a document of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).

This vague reaction is poorly understood, because it involves the reduction of elemental sulfur and no reductant appears in the equation while sulfur oxidation products are also mentioned as products. The initial pH of the solution imposed by poorly soluble hydrated lime is alkaline (pH = 12.5) while the final pH is in range 11–12, typical for sulfides which are also strong bases.

When the hydrolysis of calcium sulfide is accounted for, the individual reactions for each of the by-products are:

 * ^{1}/2 S8 + H2O + 2 Ca(OH)2 -> 2 H2S + CaS2O3
 * ^{3}/8 S8 + H2O + 2 Ca(OH)2 -> 2 H2S + CaSO3
 * ^{1}/2 S8 + 2 H2O + 2 Ca(OH)2 -> 3 H2S + CaSO4

However, elemental sulfur can undergo a disproportionation reaction, also called dismutation. The first reaction resembles a disproportionation reaction. The inverse comproportionation reaction is the reaction occurring in the Claus process used for desulfurization of oil and gas crude products in the refining industry:

 * H2S + ^{3}/2 O2 -> SO2 + H2O

By rewriting the last reaction in the inverse direction one obtains a reaction consistent with what is observed in the lime sulfur global reaction:

 * ^{3}/8 S8 + 2 H2O -> 2 H2S + SO2

In alkaline conditions, it gives:

 * ^{3}/8 S8 + 2 H2O + 6 OH- -> 2 S(2-) + SO3(2-) + 5 H2O

and after simplification, or more exactly recycling, of water molecules in the above reaction:

 * ^{3}/8 S8 + 6 OH- -> 2 S(2-) + SO3(2-) + 3 H2O

adding back 6 Ca(2+) cations from hydrated lime for the sake of electroneutrality, one obtains the global reaction.

This last reaction is consistent with the global lime sulfur reaction mentioned in the USDA document. However, it does not account of all the details, a.o., the production of thiosulfate and sulfate amongst the end-products of the reaction. Meanwhile, it is a good first order approximation and it usefully highlights the overall lime sulfur reaction scheme because the chemistry of reduced or partially oxidized forms of sulfur is particularly complex and all the intermediate steps or involved mechanisms are hard to unravel. Moreover, once exposed to atmospheric oxygen and microbial activity, the lime sulfur system will undergo a fast oxidation and its different products will continue to evolve and finally enter the natural sulfur cycle.

The presence of thiosulfate in the lime sulfur reaction can be accounted by the reaction between sulfite and elemental sulfur (or with sulfide and polysulfides) and that of sulfate by the complete oxidation of sulfite or thiosulfate following a more complex reaction scheme. More information on calcium thiosulfate production has been described in a patent registered by Hajjatie et al. (2006).

Hajjatie et al. (2006) wrote the lime sulfur reaction in various ways depending on the degree of polymerisation of calcium polysulfides, but the following reaction is probably the simplest of their series:

 * 3 Ca(OH)2 + 6 S → 2 CaS2 + CaS2O3 + 3 H2O

 * where the S2(2–) species corresponds to the disulfide anion –S\sS– (with a covalent bond between the 2 sulfur atoms) also present in pyrite (FeS2), a Fe(II) disulfide mineral.

They also managed to successfully control this reaction to achieve the conversion of elemental sulfur in a quasi-pure solution of calcium thiosulfate.

Preparation
The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station recipe for the concentrate suggests starting with 80 lb. of sulfur, 36 lb. of quicklime, and 50 gal. of water, equivalent to 19.172 kg of sulfur and 8.627 kg of calcium oxide per 100 litres of water. About 2.2:1 is the ratio (by weight) for compounding sulfur and quicklime; this makes the highest proportion of calcium pentasulfide. If calcium hydroxide (builders or hydrated lime) is used, an increase by 1/3 or more (to 115 g/L or more) might be used with the 192 g/L of sulfur. If the quicklime is 85%, 90%, or 95% pure, use 101 g/L, 96 g/L, or 91 g/L; if impure hydrated lime is used, its quantity is increased to compensate, though in practice lime with a purity lower than 90% is rarely used. The mixture is then boiled for one hour while being stirred while small amounts of water are added for evaporation.

Use
In agriculture and horticulture, lime sulfur is sold as a spray to control fungi, bacteria, and insects. On deciduous trees it can be sprayed during the winter on the surface of the bark in high concentrations, but as lime sulfur can burn foliage, it must be heavily diluted before spraying onto herbaceous crops, especially during warm weather. Lime sulfur is approved for use on organic crops in the European Union and the United Kingdom.

Bonsai enthusiasts use undiluted lime sulfur to bleach, sterilize, and preserve deadwood on bonsai trees while giving an aged look. Rather than spraying the entire tree, as with the pesticidal usage, lime sulfur is painted directly onto the exposed deadwood, and is often colored with a small amount of dark paint to make it look more natural. Without paint pigments, the lime sulfur solution bleaches wood to a bone-white color that takes time to weather and become natural-looking. In the very specific case of the bonsai culture, if the lime sulfur is carefully and very patiently applied by hand with a small brush and does not enter into direct contact with the leaves or needles, this technique can be used on evergreen bonsai trees as well as other types of green trees. However, this does not apply for a normal use on common trees with green leaves.

Diluted solutions of lime sulfur (between 1:16 and 1:32) are also used as a dip for pets to help control ringworm (a fungus), mange and other dermatoses and parasites. Undiluted lime sulfur is corrosive to skin and eyes and can cause serious injury like blindness.

Safety
Lime sulfur reacts with strong acids (including stomach acid) to produce highly toxic hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg gas) and indeed usually has a distinct "rotten egg" odor to it. Lime sulfur is not flammable but can release highly irritating sulfur dioxide gas when in a fire.

Safety goggles and impervious gloves must be worn while handling lime sulfur. Lime sulfur solutions are strongly alkaline (typical commercial concentrates have a pH over 11.5 because of the presence of dissolved sulfides and hydroxide anions), and are harmful for living organisms and can cause blindness if splashed in the eyes.

The corrosive nature of lime sulfur is due to the reduced species of sulfur it contains, in particular the sulfides responsible for stress corrosion cracking and the thiosulfates causing pitting corrosion. Localized corrosion by the reduced species of sulfur can be dramatic, even the mere presence of elemental sulfur in contact with metals is enough to corrode them considerably, including so-called stainless steels.

History
Lime sulfur is believed to be the earliest synthetic chemical used as a pesticide, being used in the 1840s in France to control grape vine powdery mildew Uncinula necator, which had been introduced from the USA in 1845 and reduced wine production by 80%. In 1886 it was first used in California to control San Jose scale. Commencing around 1904, commercial suppliers began to manufacture lime sulfur; prior to that time, gardeners were expected to manufacture their own. By the 1920s essentially all commercial orchards in western countries were protected by regular spraying with lime sulfur. However by the 1940s, lime sulfur began to be replaced by synthetic organic fungicides which risked less damage to the crop's foliage.

title: Lime sulfur


text:
San Estanislao

San Estanislao de Kostka (usually referred to as San Estanislao or, more commonly, Santaní) is a city and district in the department of San Pedro, Paraguay.

History
San Estanislao was founded on November 13, 1749 by Father Sebastián de Yegros, a Jesuit priest from Asunción after Saint Stanislaus Kostka. The town was founded as a Jesuit mission with the goal of converting the surrounding Indian population.

The city is named for Stanisław Kostka, a Polish priest who was canonized by Pope Benedict XIII on November 13, 1726, 23 years before San Estanislao was founded.

Santaní, as the city is commonly referred to locally and throughout Paraguay, is a contraction of the word for saint in Spanish ("san") and the word for Estanislao in Guaraní ("taní"). People from Santaní are referred to as "santanianos" in Spanish.

In 1869, during the Paraguayan War, San Estanislao was briefly the seat of the national government under Marshall Francisco Solano López. Following battles elsewhere in Paraguay, López and several of his regiments passed through the city. López governed from the city from August 23 to 31.

Immigration to San Estanislao
Around 1880, San Estanislao became home to immigrants both from other parts of Paraguay and from Europe, especially from Germany and Italy. The influence of the Italian immigrants, in particular, can still be seen today in various buildings in Italian styles and the last names of some of the oldest Santaniana families.

Decades later, around 1920, Santaní also received immigrants from Lebanon. After arriving at Itacurubí del Rosario, some of the new arrivals made their way to Santaní. Other countries that sent relatively large numbers of immigrants to the city were France, Portugal, Brazil and Spain.

Climate
Caazapá has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), close to a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen: Am) with hot summers and warm winters.

Economy
After 1870, during the postwar period, Santaní and the surrounding countryside were sustained mostly through agriculture and forestry. Tobacco was the major crop, and its production and packaging for export were a main contributor of jobs.

Today the primary economic activity continues to be agriculture, especially cotton, mandioca, soy and sesame. Beef and milk production, forestry, commerce, and regional services (medical treatment, banking, and construction) also contribute to the city's economy.

Education
San Estanislao is home to schools ranging from primary- to university-level, both public and private.

In 1994 a College of Economic Sciences was established in the city as part of the UNA. There are more than 10 universities in downtown Santani.

Transportation
Travel time between San Estanislao and Asunción (151 km away) was greatly reduced with the inauguration of Route 3 in May 2004. Buses leave the terminal to Asuncion every half an hour.

References and external links

 * Maps and weather for San Estanislao

title: San Estanislao


text:
Pietro Micca

Pietro Micca (6 March 1677 – 30 August 1706), also known as Pierre Micha, was an Italian soldier who became a national hero of the Duchy of Savoy for his sacrifice in the defence of Turin against the French troops.

Early life
Micca was born at Sagliano, now Sagliano Micca, Piedmont, near the town of Biella. His mother was Anna Martinazzo, of Riabella. In his home village, he worked as a bricklayer. Micca was enlisted into the Sabaudian army as a sapper, with the rank of a private soldier; he was nicknamed Passepartout.

Military action and death
During the siege of Turin, Micca was employed as a tunneller and bricklayer in the military mines, which ran under the citadel. The mines were designed to detect Franco-Spanish attempts to dig under the citadel and to neutralize them by blowing them up. For this purpose, barrels of gunpowder were placed in strategic places around the network of mines.

On the night of 29–30 August 1706, a party of French grenadiers crept into a large trench, which had been the site of a failed assault on the citadel. The Piemontese had lit bonfires in the trench to burn dead bodies, and this meant that the French grenadiers were not observed. The French grenadiers attacked a small number of Savoyard soldiers at the base of the trench, who were guarding an entrance to the Savoyard mines. The French grenadiers killed them and entered the upper level of the mines.

On hearing the French attack, Micca and a comrade barred a door at the top of the steps leading down to the lower level of the mines. As the French grenadiers attempted to break down the door, Micca sent away his comrade, lit a very short fuse and placed it in two barrels of gunpowder behind the door. The gunpowder exploded as the French grenadiers broke down the door, killing and injuring most of them. Micca was severely injured in the explosion and died due to his injuries and poisonous carbon dioxide gas, which had been released by the exploding gunpowder.

Had the French grenadiers reached the lower level of the mines, they could have entered the heart of the citadel and the city itself. Micca's sacrifice prevented this, and the French assault was repulsed with heavy losses.

A few days later, the steps where Micca had exploded the bomb were quickly bricked over. Micca's body was buried in a mass grave.

Memorial and archaeology
In 1958, Captain (later General) Guido Amoretti discovered the bricked-up 'Pietro Micca steps' and these form the centre-piece of the network of military mines, which can be visited at the Museo Civico Pietro Micca (the Civic Museum of Pietro Micca and the siege of Turin). The remnants of the attackers' grenades, knives and other personal equipment were discovered, and are displayed at the museum.

Micca's heroism has been the subject of poems, plays and romances. But, according to Count Giuseppe Solaro della Margherita, the commander of the Turin garrison at the time, it was through a miscalculation of the pace of the fuse, and not by deliberate intent, that he sacrificed his life.

As well as the Museo Civico Pietro Micca, a central street in Turin was named after him, and a statue was erected in his honour. His home town was renamed from Andorno to Andorno Micca. In 1938 a film Pietro Micca was produced, focusing on his actions during the siege of Turin.

title: Pietro Micca


text:
Erin O'Connor

Erin O'Connor, MBE (born 9 February 1978) is a British fashion model.

Early life
O'Connor was born and brought up in Brownhills, West Midlands, where she attended Brownhills Community School. She was brought up Catholic and her father is from Ballycastle, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. On a school trip to Birmingham's Clothes Show Live, she was spotted by a talent scout.

Modelling
Her first published pictures were by Juergen Teller for issue 159. The Undressed Issue issue of i-D in December 1996. She has modelled on the catwalk for John Galliano, Christian Dior, Donna Karan, Prada, Versace, Miu Miu, Jasper Conran, Giorgio Armani, Julien Macdonald, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Chado Ralph Rucci, Badgley Mischka, and Dolce & Gabbana. She has worked with many leading fashion photographers including Patrick Demarchelier, Steven Meisel, Steven Klein, Nick Knight, Mario Testino, David Sims, Bryan Adams, Nadav Kander and featured in magazines including Vogue, W, Elle, Harper's Bazaar, Harpers & Queen, i-D, and Visionaire. She was on the January cover of British Vogue. Since 2005, she has been one of the faces of the British high-street chain Marks and Spencer and in 2008 she launched the haircare line model.me for Toni & Guy, alongside Jamelia and Helena Christensen.

Karl Lagerfeld described her as "one of the best models in the world."

She is signed to Tess Management in London. In 2011, O'Connor's personal assistant, Michelle Knox Brown was convicted of stealing around £12,000 from the model, which she spent on foreign holidays.

Television and radio
In 2001 she appeared as herself in the "Paris" episode of Absolutely Fabulous. In March 2003, O'Connor was featured in a three-part Channel 4 documentary This Model Life. O'Connor wrote and presented two documentaries on fashion, Erin's Model World and In Search of Beauty, for BBC Radio 4. In April 2009, she appeared as a mentor and judge on the Irish reality TV series The Model Agent for RTÉ Two. In the autumn of 2013, O'Connor appeared on The Face on Sky Living HD alongside Naomi Campbell and Caroline Winberg. The series followed the three as they competed to find and mentor a new 'face' of Max Factor beauty.

Journalism
She writes a column for London Fashion Week paper The Daily Rubbish, contributes a regular blog to the British Vogue online and has written for The Sunday Times and the Daily Mail.

Other ventures
In 2009, O'Connor co-founded All Walks Beyond the Catwalk alongside Caryn Franklin and Debra Bourne. The initiative proposes to challenge the fashion industry's "dependence on unachievable and limited body and beauty ideals". For the launch campaign, O'Connor swapped roles and stood behind the camera for the first time to photograph models holding the slogan 'Size Me Up'.

O'Connor was a spokesperson for the fair-trade charity Traid. O'Connor was an ambassador for the RED initiative. In 2011, O'Connor became an ambassador for Save the Children.

O'Connor launched her own line of fair-trade and eco-friendly cotton T-shirts and bags with stylist Kate Halfpenny. O'Connor is an ambassador for Borne, a medical research charity looking into the causes of premature birth.

Personal life
O'Connor gave birth to her first child, a boy, in 2014. In 2019, she gave birth to a second son.

O'Connor was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to fashion and charity.

title: Erin O'Connor


text:
Royal Park Golf Club

Situated on the northern boundary of Royal Park, Melbourne, Victoria, the Royal Park Golf Course is a 9-hole golf course located only 3 km from the city. It has the honour of being possibly the only golf course with both  tram and trains running through it: the route 58 tram and Upfield railway line (Royal Adelaide Golf Club only has a railway line running through it).

The Royal Park Golf Club, formed in 1903, has been the nursery for many golfers who went on to make a mark in the golfing world, including Peter Thomson (club champion at the age of 16, in 1945) who won the Open Championship (sometimes known as the British Open) 5 times, as well as Gus Jackson and Mick Ryan.

History
Between the years of 1890 and 1903 golf was played in Royal Park, Melbourne, but without a proper golf course. It wasn't until 1903 that a group of golf enthusiasts met at the Parkville Hotel to discuss forming a club. For a nominal rent, sufficient land for an 18-hole course was obtained from the Royal Park Trustees and the Royal Park Golf Course was built and maintained by volunteers and club members.

Membership numbers had fallen so low by 1911 that members could not afford the upkeep on the 18-hole course and it was reduced to 9 holes. But that didn't stop the junior pennant team winning all its matches 8 years later in 1919 to win the flag.

The members made small improvements to the course, with approval from the Royal Park Trustees. In 1934 control of Royal Park changed from the Trustees to the Melbourne City Council (City of Melbourne). Immediate improvements to the golf course included mowing of the fairways and bunkers and mounds being added to the course layout.

Royal Park has been the mother club for many notable golfers who went on to make their mark in the golfing world. These include:

 * Gus Jackson (1926 and 1933 Victorian Amateur Championship, amongst other titles),
 * Mick Ryan (1930 and 1932 Victorian Amateur Championship, 1929 Australian Amateur, 1932 Australian Open, amongst other titles)
 * Peter Thomson (1948 Victorian Amateur Championship, 1951 Australian Open, and 5 Open Championships amongst other titles).

The clubhouse, built on land leased from the Victorian Railways Department from 1906 onwards, was renovated and maintained by club members until 1970 when it was destroyed by fire. Permission to rebuild the clubhouse proved difficult with the condition of occupancy offered by the Council being rejected by club members, so after talks with the Keilor Golf Club the club disbanded and the two clubs merged into the Tullamarine Country Club.

The council took over the running of the course from March 1971, and in the mid-1980s hired Peter Thomson's firm of Golf Course Architects to improve the course layout.

The club re-formed in 1974 with an 18-hole competition played on Saturdays and a 9-hole competition on Sundays. This was reversed in 1976 and by 1989 competitions days were Sundays only. Members were allowed to use part of the restaurant built by council, to be used as a clubhouse. By 2002 a Saturday 9-hole competition was reintroduced and renovations to pro-shop and clubhouse were undertaken by council, including the addition of a verandah. Membership numbers at the end of 2002 were close to 80, including juniors and 3 women, one being the first committee member in the hundred-year history of the club.

The club celebrated its 100th year in 2003 with a Centenary Weekend of Golf tournament, with Peter Thomson returning to the Club to present prizes to Club winners. Peter also wrote the foreword to the book of the club's history, written by Club member and first female committee member.

title: Royal Park Golf Club


text: Category:Paraguay geography stubs

title: Category:Paraguay geography stubs


text:
Positif (magazine)

Positif is a French film magazine, founded in 1952 by Bernard Chardère in Lyon. It is one of two major French-language film magazines, created several months after Les Cahiers du cinéma. The magazine is headquartered in Paris and is published monthly.

Traditionally, Positif has served as a counterpoint to Les Cahiers du cinéma, focusing on film themes and scripts, in contrast to politics and aesthetics. In the 1950s, Positif was associated with the non-Communist left (while Les Cahiers du cinéma originally held political affiliations with the right). Today, Positif is a neutral publication run by volunteers.

The magazine was edited by Eric Losfeld from 1959. After publishing an article about Orson Welles in 1963, Michel Ciment became a member of the magazine's editorial committee. In 1966, he was promoted to editor in chief, a post he continues to occupy today.

Positif has been printed by different publishers throughout the years and is currently published by Actes Sud in collaboration with the Institut Lumière.

title: Positif (magazine)


text:
User:Millennial

I have an educational background in law and commerce and an interest in politics, law, economics and culture.

I live in Brisvegas.

I am a supporter of the Australian Labor Party.

I also value my anonymity and thus will refrain from divulging further information!

title: User:Millennial


text:
User talk:Iaoth

I prefer to answer comments here to keep things in one place, so please watch this page if you want to read the answer. -- iaoth @ 13:04, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Nerdboy
Wow, Joaquim, cool to see you here! Nerd Boy was the first article I created - almost a year ago - it still says Nerdboy is "actively produced"...  Grue  12:21, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's nice to be here. I was drawn in by the spelling and grammar errors and ultimately had to create a user. It's like I've gone full circle. I was introduced to the world of ASCII by a h2g2 Researcher, and now I'm on here all the time. And yes, I noticed the "actively" and excluded it from the Swedish translation. I couldn't bear to remove it from the English article though. Nerd Boy will return. iaoth @ 17:49, August 20, 2005 (UTC)

Help with Translation!?
Can you help translate this for me to swedish? Many thanks in advance!

(copyrighted content removed)

--Armour 10:04, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * You already got this translated, plus it seems to be copyrighted, so no. --iaoth @ 13:36, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Hey
Hello Joaquim! I didn't quit actually, I'm just stayin' low-profile for now. I added some stuff about Nerd Boy to the article ASCII comic. I think you should've released that Nerd Boy book, that would make it so much more notable :)  Grue   13:30, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iaoth


text:
File:Mark macleod 1986.jpg

CKDU-FM program director Mark MacLeod in 1986.

title: File:Mark macleod 1986.jpg


text:
Yoshifumi Kondō

Yoshifumi Kondō (近藤 喜文) was a Japanese animator who worked for Studio Ghibli in his last years. He was born in Gosen, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. He worked as an animation director on Anne of Green Gables, Sherlock Hound, Kiki's Delivery Service, Only Yesterday and Princess Mononoke. Kondō directed the animated film Whisper of the Heart, and was expected to become one of the top directors at Studio Ghibli, alongside Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata, and to become their eventual successor.

Kondō died of aortic dissection – alternately aneurysm – in 1998.

Brief history
Kondō was born in Gosen, Niigata Prefecture, Japan on March 31, 1950. He entered Niigata Prefectural Muramatsu High School in April, 1965, where he was a member of the art club. His senpai was the future manga artist Kimio Yanagisawa. In April, 1968, he moved to Tokyo after graduating from high school, where he entered Tokyo Design College's animation department. On October 1, 1968, he began working at A Production (formerly Shin'ei Dōga), participating in the production of such shows as Kyojin no Hoshi and Lupin III. Kondo moved to Nippon Animation in June 1978, participating in the production of such shows as Future Boy Conan and Anne of Green Gables.

In 1978, he co-authored a textbook for beginning animators titled Animation Book (アニメーションの本 Animēshon no Hon). He moved to Telecom Animation Film on December 16, 1980, where he worked as the character designer for Sherlock Hound. On March 16, 1985, Kondō resigned from his position at Telecom Animation Film, and was hospitalized from June through August for a type of pneumonia (自然気胸 shizen kikyō). He became a contract worker for Nippon Animation afterwards and moved to Studio Ghibli in January, 1987. In 1995, he made his directorial debut with the film Whisper of the Heart. On January 21, 1998, he died suddenly of an aortic dissection in the Tachikawa City Hospital in Tokyo at age 47.

Filmography
Listed in chronological order.

1960s and 1970s

 * Star of the Giants (March 30, 1968 through September 18, 1971) (in-between animation, key animation)
 * Lupin III (October 24, 1971 through March 26, 1972) (opening key animation, key animation)
 * Dokonjou Gaeru (October 7, 1972 through September 28, 1974) (key animation, animation director)
 * Panda! Go, Panda! (December 17, 1972) (key animation)
 * Panda! Go, Panda!: The Rainy-day Circus (March 17, 1973) (key animation)
 * Hajime Ningen Gyātoruzu (October 5, 1974 through March 27, 1976) (key animation)
 * Ganba no Bouken (April 7, 1975 through September 29, 1975) (key animation)
 * Ganso Tensai Bakabon (October 6, 1975 through September 26, 1977) (key animation)
 * Manga Sekai Mukashi Banashi (October 7, 1976 through March 28, 1979) (production, character design, key animation, backgrounds)
 * Sougen no Ko Tenguri (1977) (key animation)
 * Ore ha Teppai (September 12, 1977 through March 27, 1978) (continuity, key animation)
 * Future Boy Conan (April 4, 1978 through October 31, 1978) (key animation)
 * Anne of Green Gables (January 7, 1979 through December 30, 1979) (key animation, animation director, character designer)

1980s

 * The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (January 6, 1980 through December 28, 1980) (key animation, animation director)
 * Sugata Sanshirō (June 8, 1981) (key animation)
 * Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (worked on from 1982 through 1984, but not released until 1989) (storyboards, pilot film director, general director, pre-production)
 * Sherlock Hound (November 6, 1984 through May 20, 1985) (animation director, character designer on episodes 1-13)
 * The Blinkins (1985) (character designer)
 * The Wuzzles (1985) (animation director, key animation)
 * Ai Shōjo Pollyanna Monogatari (January 5, 1986 through December 28, 1986) (key animation)
 * Ai no Wakakusa Monogatari (January 11, 1987 through December 27, 1987) (character designer, key animation)
 * Grave of the Fireflies (April 16, 1988) (storyboards, character designer, animation director)
 * Kiki's Delivery Service (July 29, 1989) (concept art, animation director)

1990s

 * Only Yesterday (July 20, 1991) (animation director, character designer)
 * Porco Rosso (July 18, 1992) (key animation)
 * Sorairo no Tane (1992) (production, key animation)
 * I Can Hear the Sea (December 25, 1993) (key animation)
 * Pom Poko (July 16, 1994) (key animation)
 * Whisper of the Heart (July 15, 1995) (director)
 * Princess Mononoke (July 12, 1997) (animation director, character designer)

title: Yoshifumi Kondō


text:
Category:Mass media in Melbourne

Category for media in Melbourne, Australia, including newspapers, radio stations and television.

title: Category:Mass media in Melbourne


text: Category:Languages of North Macedonia

title: Category:Languages of North Macedonia


text:
User:Zektonic

My name is Zektonic 天渚, I can be reached at zekta.com which is my personal site.

External link
Zektonic's personal Site

Zektonic's Blog Zektonic's Stuff Where my project rolls Zektonic's Blog (Old)

title: User:Zektonic


text:
Petrochemical industry

The petrochemical industry is concerned with the production and trade of petrochemicals. A major part is constituted by the plastics (polymer) industry. It directly interfaces with the petroleum industry, especially the downstream sector.

Companies
The top global petrochemical companies based on different KPIs:

Countries and sites

 * Marun petrochemical complex

Conferences

 * Asia Petrochemical Industry Conference
 * International Petrochemical Conference by the AFPM

Associations

 * American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers (AFPM)
 * European Petrochemical Association (EPCA)
 * Gulf Petrochemicals and Chemicals Association (GPCA)
 * Petrochemicals Europe (industry sector of Cefic)

Awards

 * Medal "For the Tapping of the Subsoil and Expansion of the Petrochemical Complex of Western Siberia"
 * Petrochemical Heritage Award

title: Petrochemical industry


text:
Talk:DOM Inspector

Untitled
Is this really included with firefox? It doesn't seem to be in my version... Lupin 12:50, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Answer: yes. In Debian it's packaged separately, though. Lupin|talk|popups 04:41, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

 * How about 1.5? I try to click at the chrome but an eror message appears. Irfanfaiz 00:07, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It's working fine for me on my copy of Firefox 1.5. Make sure you choose "Custom" when installing Firefox. --minghong 00:21, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Chrome and other browsers
It just skips over other browsers (i.e., those not affiliated to Firefox). Plus, it's pretty outdated. I wonder who must've written this article -- I don't think it's Mozilla. YatharthROCK (talk) 06:42, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

What is that? --Abdull 08:49, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Any chance this article could be written to make sense to a lay person like meself? --91.109.52.157 (talk) 09:51, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:DOM Inspector


text:
File:Not even a single hour in the army.gif

Description: pic taken from wall graffiti in my neighbourhood (City of Patras, Greece)

The graffiti says: NOT EVEN A SINGLE HOUR IN THE ARMY


text:
Persian ratsnake

The Persian ratsnake (Zamenis persicus) is a species of medium-sized nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Western Asia.

Geographic range
Z. persicus is found in temperate northwestern Iran and Azerbaijan, in the area near the Caspian Sea.

Description
Adults of Z. persicus are from 70 - 90 cm up to 120 cm in total length (including tail), and usually jet black or grey with white markings along the lateral portion of the forebody. Males seem to grow larger than females.

Taxonomy
Z. persicus has habits very similar to Z. situla and for many years it was considered a subspecies of Elaphe longissima. It was granted full species status in 1984 (Nilson and Andrén).

Behavior
The Persian ratsnake is principally regarded as a terrestrial species, spending most of its time in the leaf litter; however, it is also an agile climber and will mount low brush.

Diet
The diet of Z. persicus, like that of most colubrids, consists primarily of small mammals, but it may also eat other small reptiles and amphibians.

Reproduction
Sexually mature female Persian ratsnakes lay clutches of 4–8 eggs, which hatch after 45–55 days of incubation.

In captivity
For Z. persicus, a hibernation period of 2–3 months is recommended.

title: Persian ratsnake


text:
Greg Dyer

Gregory Charles Dyer (born 16 March 1959) is a former New South Wales and Australian wicketkeeper. Dyer played in six Tests and 23 ODIs from 1986 to 1988, including playing in the victorious 1987 World Cup Final. He toured India in 1986 as a back-up keeper.

Dyer replaced Tim Zoehrer for only a few Tests as his international career was cut short by the emergence of Ian Healy, along with a controversial incident in a Test match against New Zealand in 1987–88. Dyer claimed to have "caught" New Zealand batsman Andrew Jones who was duly given out, although television replays showed the ball had touched the ground before being caught by Dyer. He was subsequently dropped from the team two matches later and retired from first-class cricket shortly thereafter.

He shares an Australian One Day International 7th-wicket partnership record with Steve Waugh.

In 2011, Dyer became the president of the Australian Cricketers Association.

Career
Dyer played for NSW and Australian Under 19 sides, and for NSW colts. He became New South Wales' preferred back up keeper for Steve Rixon when Rixon was injured or was busy on international duty. Notably, Dyer played several games in 1984-85 when NSW won the Sheffield Shield.

When Rixon signed to tour in South Africa, Dyer became New South Wales' first choice wicketkeeper. He was a crucial part of the side which won the Shield again in 1985–86.

1986 tour of India
Australia's wicketkeeper over the 1985-86 summer was Wayne Phillips, but his form dropped away and Tim Zoehrer was appointed in his place. Dyer was unofficially announced next in line when selected as a reserve keeper on the 1986 tour to India.

Dyer performed strongly in tour games but Zoehrer was first choice keeper for the three Test matches.

He played in some one day games, making his ODI debut in the third game. In the fourth ODI he came to the wicket when Australia was 6-136 and he and Steve Waugh put on a 102 run stand off 76 balls. He played in the 5th and 6th ODI.

Dyer also scored a century against Delhi in a tour game.

1986-87 Test debut
Dyer made his Test debut during the third Test of the 1986-87 Ashes when Zoehrer was injured. Dyer broke his nose during the game but kept playing. He was not required to bat in the game, which was a run-heavy draw.

Zoehrer's aggressive on field behaviour over the summer was causing media controversy and Dyer was increasingly spoken of as a more viable option. After the 1987 tour to Sharjah, Zoehrer was omitted from the squad to tour India for the World Cup; he was replaced by Dyer.

1987 World Cup
Dyer was a key part of the Australian team which won the 1987 World Cup.

Following this triumph, Dyer was appointed captain of NSW for the 1987–88 season.

1987-88 summer
Dyer began the 1987-88 summer as Australia's first choice keeper as they took on New Zealand. In the first Test, Dyer took six catches and scored 8 runs with the bat, as Australia earned a then-rare victory. In the second Test, a draw, Dyer scored 60.

Catching controversy
In the third Test, New Zealand were 1-119 when Dyer claimed a catch off Andrew Jones from the bowling of Craig McDermott. TV replays showed that Dyer had fumbled the ball. This decision later proved extremely costly for New Zealand because Australia only just narrowly escaped with a draw in the game. (Dyer scored 21 and 4 with the bat.)

"Dyer has to live with his conscience for the rest of his life – no way can I blame the umpires," said New Zealand's cricket manager.

Dyer later made a statement saying: "I have not commented earlier because I was in the middle of a Test match and was trying to concentrate on it and also because I, and the Australian team management, felt it would have been inappropriate to comment on umpiring decisions... Given that the ball initially hit my left glove and ended in my right glove, I made a gesture of query to the umpires. However, I honestly believed at the time of the incident, as did my captain and my teammates, that the ball had not touched the ground. One angle of slow motion TV replay apparently indicates that the ball had in fact touched the ground. In the circumstances I can understand Andrew Jones being upset, but I would like Andrew, along with all other interested parties, to know that I acted in good faith." Australian captain Allan Border said, "I had no doubt whatsoever it was taken and I got a shock later when I saw the replays. Greg was very upset."

Dyer kept his spot in the side for the one-off Bicentennial Test between Australia and England in February 1988. Dyer took three catches and scored a duck in a drawn game. His last Test for Australia was the one-off Test against Sri Lanka. Dyer took six catches and scored 38 in a comfortable Australian win.

Dropped from Australian team
New South Wales finished third at the end of the season under Dyer's leadership. In March 1988, Dyer was dropped from the Australian side to tour Pakistan that winter in favour of Ian Healy. This was considered a shock selection at the time because Healy was relatively inexperienced at first class level.

He was reappointed captain of NSW for the 1988-89 summer. He was sacked mid season, replaced as wicketkeeper by Phil Emery and as captain by Geoff Lawson.

title: Greg Dyer


text:
Talk:Beat (acoustics)

Beating waveforms (low frequency) example (220/222 Hz)
Can someone verify, if the example is legit? For all other sounds I heard the pulse, when listening with both earphones and stopped hearing the pulse, when listening with only one earphone. But for the "220/222 Hz example" I always hear the pulse, no matter what earphone I use. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:FB:F1B:3BE3:115D:BEF5:D683:B387 (talk) 08:07, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

Identity
I just changed the identity to read 4a on the right. This is correct isn't it? Also, why the amplitude in terms of 2a in the first place? Couldn't it be simplified to read just a? -- postglock 15:52, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * In origin the amplitudes were indeed a, but I got mistaken when converting the identity to TeX. Gonna fix that.--Army1987 22:18, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Inharmonic partials
Not sure if it's worth mentioning, but the two guitar strings "we" have tuned to the same note won't be exactly the same, since they have different stiffnesses and therefore different partials or timbres.

Also, you're not supposed to talk to the reader in encyclopedic tone. — Omegatron 02:23, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The fondamental frequecies will be equal, and so will the frequency of each overtone. That's all what matters. Yes, the intensity and duration of each overtone may change between the two strings, but the beating will be the same.
 * (As for style, I'll try to rewrite that paragraph in a more impersonal manner.) --Army1987 13:33, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think so. The harmonics will beat even when the fundamentals are in tune. The overtones are slightly sharp from their mathematical relation because of the non-idealities of a real string. I assume (I could be wrong), that two strings of different diameters at different tensions with the same fundamentals will have overtones that are different in their sharpness.  One of the definitions of consonance is the shared overtones, which is why lower and upper keys on the piano are tuned a little out of tune from the middle keys, but I'm not sure if that's relevant to this example.  — Omegatron 14:53, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * This happens because piano strings are very stiff, near to the point of breaking. Guitar strings are much slacker. (BTW, I've changed the previous suggestion to raise B string to E to viceversa.) This way, the difference between theoretical frequencies and real ones (if any) is unaudible, or even meaningless. )See and  to know what I mean by "meaningless", you cannot determine frequencies with perfect accuracy in a finite amount of time, assuming their sound lasts 10 s, you'll have an uncertainty of about 0.15 Hz, which is probably more than the difference between theoretical and real frequencies in this case.) --Army1987 20:58, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It is, as far as I can assess the mathematics, true that this “should” be indiscernible in practice. However, as a musician I have seen plenty of practical evidence that differences in frequencies down to well under .2 Hz at a pitch of 415 Hz can be noticed in under a second by many. Regarding this discernibility in timbre (harmonics, overtones) ne also takes into consideration in a good ensemble that the difference of timbre in strings of potential unevenness (like gut strings) or consistency (gut vs. steel, for instance) must be counteracted with a slight adjustment of the basic pitch for the sound of the ensemble to be optimal. -- Olve 04:00, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, but in this case we are speaking of two steel strings from the same set, only with different gauge. Tune the high E string down to B, then ask someone to pick either that or the "true" B string, and see if you can tell them from each other... It is much easier to ear wheter the same string is plucked nearer to the bridge or to the fretboard (in the former case high harmonics are louder than in the latter). Also, I've noticed that, especially in a slack tuning, e.g. if you tune the bass string down to C, by plucking the string very hard (like in slapping), the extra tension at the plucking can cause the frequency to rise by almost half a semitone... Are you sure you mean 0.2 Hz not 2 Hz? --Army1987 20:39, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Beating Frequency
The article states that "the beating frequency is f1−f2, the difference between the two starting frequencies". However, if one takes the equation above, $$\left|2a\cos\left(2\pi\frac{f_1-f_2}{2}t\right)\right|$$, one can argue that the beating frequency is actually $$\frac{f_1-f_2}{2}$$. In the term $$\left|A\cos\left(2\pi ft\right)\right|$$, the frequency is $$f$$ (i.e. take the term inside the cosine function and divide it by $$2\pi t$$). This can be verified quickly using Octave or Matlab.
 * The frequency of $$2a\cos\left(2\pi\frac{f_1-f_2}{2}t\right)$$is actually $$\frac{f_1-f_2}{2}$$, but the frequency of its abs. value is the double of that, because every half period of the cosine is like the other half but with its sign changed. For example, in the image in the article, there is only one cycle of the cosine, but a half, a whole, and another half cycle of its magnitude. --Army1987 18:44, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Maybe I'm confused between the beating frequency and the frequency of the envelope... Thanks
 * Lol ive spent quite a while working this out. The absolute value thing is essentially correct, but heres a better way to put it, during the negative half of $$2a\cos\left(2\pi\frac{f_1-f_2}{2}t\right)$$'s period, it still makes a maximum overall because the sin half of the function could also be -ve, and -ve * -ve = +ve = maximum (the sine half is actually negative many times during this half of the cosine's curve, because the frequency of the sin half is much higher). Thus though the cosine half has frequency $$\frac{f_1-f_2}{2}$$, the sine half multiplies with it to effectively take the absolute value of it giving an overall frequency double the cosines. Have a look at the picture in the article and see how the combined function does not move into negative and positive regions, but rather it expands and contracts for max and minima due to the 'absolute valuing'. - ATL 09 oct

 * I've always explained it as sin and -sin sound identical to the ear. - Rainwarrior 14:12, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Making the equation more readable
I find the justifying equation quite daunting until you realize that, for the sake of simplicity, most constants can be ignored. In addition, a variable change gets rid of the two fractions and make things clearer.

This is what I propose:

 * Let's consider the sum of a first sound $$S_1$$ of requency $$f_1$$ and a second sound $$S_2$$ of frequency $$f_2$$. The expression of these sounds are:

 * $$\begin{align}\\

S_1 &= \sin(2\pi f_1t)\\ S_2 &= \sin(2\pi f_2t) \end{align}$$

 * We define two variables $$a$$ and $$b$$ that represent the median and the half-difference of the two frequencies:

 * $$\begin{align}\\

a &= 2\pi\frac{f_1+f_2}{2}t\\ b &= 2\pi\frac{f_1-f_2}{2}t \end{align}$$

 * Using angle sum and difference identities, we can deduce

 * $$\begin{align} S_1+S_2 = \sin(a+b)+\sin(a-b) = 2\sin(a)\cos(b) \end{align} $$

Well, I think this reads better than the original:

$${ a\sin(2\pi f_1t)+a\sin(2\pi f_2t) } = { 2a\cos\left(2\pi\frac{f_1-f_2}{2}t\right)\sin\left(2\pi\frac{f_1+f_2}{2}t\right) }$$

We could also make the transformation explicit:

$$\begin{align} \sin(a+b)+\sin(a-b) &= \begin{align}\sin(a)\cos(b)&+\cos(a)\sin(b)\\ +\sin(a)\cos(b)&-\cos(a)\sin(b)\end{align}\\ &= 2\sin(a)\cos(b) \end{align}$$

(Here, the "+" should be indetend further than the two "=", while retaining proper alignment of the two upper terms, but I don't know how to do that) Exxos77 21:40, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Example in music
For an example in music, popular American punk band At the Drive-in have a song called "pickpocket" which uses notes a step apart to create beating. It's most prominent in the introduction of the song. 129.11.122.215 14:04, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Alvin Lucier also has several pieces that explore beats. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.23.210.169 (talk) 16:39, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Practically all accordion music, espacially the French (mussette) uses beats in their music, they have two sets of reeds wich are tuned slightly different to create this effect. The difference goes from 1Hz (slow mussette/beats) to 5 or 6 Hz (fast mussette/beats). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.29.204.69 (talk) 15:49, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Beating near to harmonic intervals
It is said: "This is caused by slight differences between the intervals of equal temperament and the "natural" intervals of the harmonic series". While this is, strictly speaking, possible, that's not what I had in mind when I originally wrote that sentence back in... (Who cares when?). I was thinking about out-of-tune notes. In the specific example of a fifth, using for example C4 and G4, the third harmonic of the former is 784.88 Hz and the second harmonic of the latter is 783.99 Hz. They beat at less than 1 hertz, and most times notes are played for much shorter than 1 second. Also, the interval between a just-intonation fifth and an equal-temperament fifth is less than two cents, while the just noticeable difference for the human ear is 5 cents, so it means that in practice often instrument aren't tuned to such accuracy.

On the other hand, should the G4 be 15 cents too sharp, its second harmonic would be 790.81 Hz, beating at almost 6 Hz and immediately noticeable.

So the inexactness of ET, if mentioned, should be introduced as a possible cause of beating (e.g. "This can also be caused"...), and a "worse" interval (e.g. the ET major third at −14 cents from the exact one) should be used for the example. Army1987 (talk) 11:06, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The effect happens in both out-of-tune notes and ET notes. You are welcome to phrase it however you like, but I think ET should be mentioned as a cause for beats as well. Barak Sh (talk) 18:21, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

No references
This material appears in many undergraduate physics texts. Just for grins, how about citing a couple...? Rb88guy (talk) 19:07, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Ultrasound edit
(moved from User talk:Oli Filth)

You deleted my bit on doppler-shift ultrasound in the beats section, saying that it was probably irrelevant. It's not! Beats is exactly what is used to observe and measure the small frequency shift between reference signals and those reflected. Do you want to argue this further? I'd be happy to... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bhindibhagee (talk • contribs) 14:54, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I didn't say it was "irrelevant". I said that this is almost certainly reliant on a heterodyning operation, which is similar, but subtly different.  I don't have any sources to back this up, but this sounds like a standard mix-down operation to me.  Oli Filth(talk|contribs) 15:30, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

Difference Tones - unsourced and completely wrong!
There was a section on "difference tones" that contained the following unsourced content:

"If the beating frequency rises to the point that the envelope becomes audible (usually, much more than 20 Hz), it is called a difference tone.[citation needed] The violinist Giuseppe Tartini was the first to describe it, dubbing it il Terzo Suono (Italian for "the third sound"). Playing pure harmonies (i.e., a frequency pair of a simple proportional relation, like 4/5 or 5/6, as in just intonation major and minor third respectively) on the two upper strings of a violin, such as the C above middle C against an open E-string, will produce a clearly audible C two octaves lower. An interesting listening experiment (help·info) is to start from a perfect unison and then very slowly and regularly increase the pitch of one tone. When one tone starts to split out from the former twin-note, a slow rumbling can be heard, gradually increasing into an audible tone."

This is completely incorrect. An obvious counterexample would be to take a 100 Hz sine wave sin(100*2pi*t) and modulate it by another 100 Hz sine wave sin(100*2pi*t). Since the envelope is 100 Hz, by this (completely unsourced) theory, we should hear a 100 Hz audible tone in the result. Obviously, we don't; a 100 Hz tone is present neither mathematically nor audibly via naive experiment. sin(100*2pi*t)^2 = 1/2 - 1/2*cos(200*2pi*t), so what we end up getting is a 200 Hz tone with some DC offset.

Given a signal s(t) and an envelope e(t), it's a very, very common but *completely wrong* misconception that the spectral content of the envelope is present in the combined signal s(t)*e(t), which leads to the further misconception that if e(t) becomes fast enough to "be audible," you'll hear it. This is only true if s(t) has a nonzero frequency response at DC, and is false otherwise. You can see some computed AM spectra at, which clearly shows that the spectral content of the modulator isn't present in the mixed signal.

Another reason that the "envelope" might "become audible" is if some nonlinear system is present which is actually creating intermodulation distortion, e.g. literal sum and difference tones. This is a *completely* different phenomenon from beating and should never be confused with it.

I've deleted this entire section; I don't know how to salvage it.

Battaglia01 (talk) 01:27, 3 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I seem to recall Feynman mentioning something about difference tones due to the human hearing being non-linear. I might look at that when I have some spare time.  — A. di M.   08:46, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Correct, it is - or, if your speakers are nonlinear, or the microphone you used to record something is nonlinear, or if the instrument you're playing on exhibits nonlinear effects, all of which happen decently often. Feynman is probably talking about DPOAE's. But, generally speaking, true "combination tones" (not necessarily the simple quadratic difference tone) actually appear if the signal is being sent through a nonlinear system of some sort, which means that they have nothing to do with "beating" at all and they certainly don't have to do with "beating becoming audible." The only discussion about "difference tones" that should appear on this page is one about how it's NOT related to beating. Battaglia01 (talk) 20:08, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

 * User Battaglia is describing what happens when two sines of different frequency are _multiplied_ together ("modulation"). However, this article discusses two sines _added_ together. So Battaglia's reasons for discrediting the removed text are invalid. I haven't dug up the full removed text to determine what it was trying to say, but the section quoted here seems plausible. Meanwhile, the discussion above of nonlinearity (due to acoustic environment or hearing) means that even though the article discusses addition of two sines of different frequencies, the result is not just the linear sum of amplitudes, but also results in some amount of signal at frequency components similar to those produced by multiplying. That's of some interest, but doesn't bear on the removed text. Gwideman (talk) 15:12, 19 August 2017 (UTC)

Sample: the description is wrong.
In one of the samples, it is written that frequencies 300 and 310 produce a beat frequency of 12.35 Hz. This is obviously not correct. It goes on to say that 300 Hz is the A3 tone and that 310 is the G#3 tone. These frequencies are not correct. And furthermore, why would G# be *higher* than A3? The description of this sample is incorrect in so many ways. I'm going to remove the description entirely, but I will leave the sample in case anyone cares to figure out which two frequencies are really beating against each other. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.182.13.47 (talk) 14:37, 30 October 2015 (UTC)
 * You're right, those frequencies made no sense at all. I've put them back to how they were in April. Burninthruthesky (talk) 15:24, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

Suggest using animation from another page
This image from another article:

could be used or adapted for use in this article. 71.166.96.62 (talk) 19:07, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:17, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Top Picture
I think the picture at the top is misleading. (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Beating_Frequency.svg). It looks like there are 2 signals multiplied together, not added as happens with beats. Also, the values used in the formulas don't give a clear picture of how the beating frequency is calculated. Am I missing something or should this picture be changed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:B8BC:3300:11A9:F1AE:4DF3:6D36 (talk) 22:55, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

Evidence lacking
The idea that the beat takes place between the two ears needs references.

I could be that just the amplitude increasing and decreasing could entrain brain waves - but only this paper shows that the two ears are needed : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741401/

more links: http://www.stealthskater.com/Documents/Lucid_07.pdf

The next link is a key source of the phenomena:

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.243.106.82 (talk) 15:16, 19 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I removed the links to the Lane ref and the Oster ref  as they violate WP:COPYLINK.  Otherwise, I am not sure what you are asking. Jytdog (talk) 18:16, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

Perceiving the unperceivable frequency
Can someone check the validity of the explanations given in the binaural beats section? The example in the text and the two sound files imply that the slightly discordant tones produce the illusion of hearing a third tone of 10 Hz or 3 Hz or 2 Hz. But the lower threshold of human hearing is 20 Hz, so an illusion of hearing those lower frequencies would be the illusion of hearing nothing, no? Largoplazo (talk) 02:01, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beat (acoustics)


text:
Tom Ketchum

Thomas Edward Ketchum (known as Black Jack; October 31, 1863 – April 26, 1901) was an American cowboy who later became an outlaw. He was executed in 1901 for attempted train robbery. The execution by hanging was botched; he was decapitated because the executioner used a rope that was too long.

First train robberies and murders
Tom Ketchum was born in San Saba County, Texas. He left Texas in 1890, possibly after committing a crime. He worked as a cowboy in the Pecos River Valley of New Mexico, where by 1894, his older brother, Sam Ketchum, had joined him. Black Jack and a group of others were named as the robbers of an Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway train that was en route to Deming, New Mexico Territory, in 1892 with a large payroll aboard.

The gang supposedly robbed the train just outside Nutt, New Mexico Territory, a water station twenty miles (32 km) north of Deming. Black Jack and his gang would often visit the ranch of Herb Bassett, near Brown's Park, Colorado, who was known to have done business with several outlaws of the day, having supplied them with beef and fresh horses. Herb Bassett was the father of female outlaws Josie Bassett and Ann Bassett, who were girlfriends to several members of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch gang. One of Ann Bassett's boyfriends and future Wild Bunch gang member, Ben Kilpatrick, began riding with Black Jack's gang about that time. Outlaw "Bronco Bill" Walters, later noted for the legend of his "hidden loot" near Solomonville, Arizona, is also believed to have begun riding with the gang at this time.

The second major crime attributed to Tom was the murder of a neighbor, John N. "Jap" Powers, in Tom Green County, Texas, on December 12, 1895. However, information at the Sutton Historical Society in Texas, says that Will Carver and Sam Ketchum were the ones actually accused of killing Powers in Knickerbocker. Fearing the law, they closed their joint saloon and gambling venture in San Angelo, and hit the outlaw trail. Within six months, Mrs. Powers and her lover, J. E. Wright, were arrested for the murder, but it was too late for Carver and the Ketchums.

By late 1895, outlaw Harvey "Kid Curry" Logan and his brother Lonnie Curry were members of Black Jack's gang. However, in early 1896, a dispute concerning their share of robbery loot prompted the Currys to leave the gang.

It is alleged that Ketchum was involved with the February 1, 1896, disappearance and presumed murders of Albert Jennings Fountain and his son Henry Fountain of Las Cruces, New Mexico. In early June 1896, after working for the famed Bell Ranch in New Mexico, Tom and Sam Ketchum, and possibly others, robbed a combined store and post office at Liberty, New Mexico, northwest of present-day Tucumcari. According to contemporary accounts, the Ketchums rode into Liberty on June 12 and purchased supplies. That evening, a thunderstorm began, and they returned to the store, owned by Morris and Levi Herzstein, who invited them to take shelter.

Returning the next morning to open his store, Levi Herzstein found that both the store and post office had been burglarized. After gathering a posse, Herzstein set out on the outlaws' trail. The posse, composed of just four men, took the two outlaws by surprise in the Plaza Largo arroyo, where a shootout immediately began. Seconds later both Levi Herzstein and Hermenejildo Gallegos lay dead. Seeing his comrades fall, Anastacio Borgue turned his horse and rode out of the arroyo. Placido Gurulé, the fourth member of the posse, also survived to give an account. Gurulé said he had been struck by a .30-30 bullet that knocked him off his horse. He landed on the ground with a blow that knocked the wind out of him. He lay in a semiconscious state as Black Jack Ketchum emptied his rifle into the bodies of Levi Herzstein and Hermenejildo Gallegos. Tom and Sam Ketchum were never tried for the killings at the Plaza Largo arroyo, but Morris Herzstein reportedly was present to witness the hanging of Black Jack Ketchum in 1901.

Morris Herzstein moved to Clayton shortly after the killing in Liberty, and finally into the Texas Panhandle area. This is memorialized by the inscription on a shoe brush: "Herzstein's Clayton, New Mexico -- Dalhart, Texas. If it's from Herzstein's it's correct." Morris was the father of Albert Herzstein, who became one of the founders of Big 3 Industries in Houston, and is the man who helped the museum in Clayton to become a reality years later.

Joining the Hole-In-The-Wall gang
Following this event, Thomas Ketchum joined other outlaws of the Hole in the Wall Gang and continued a life of crime, focusing on train robberies, although when not robbing trains they worked for several ranches in New Mexico and Texas. Several other notable outlaws operated out of Hole In The Wall, which was a hideout for numerous outlaw gangs which operated separately. The famous Wild Bunch gang, led by Butch Cassidy and Elzy Lay, operated out of there. One Wild Bunch gang member, Kid Curry, along with his brother Lonny Curry, had previously ridden with Black Jack Ketchum and his gang. He and Ketchum did not like each other, and Ketchum avoided Curry as much as possible. Kid Curry would kill nine lawmen over the course of the next eight years.

During this time, Tom Ketchum was once identified mistakenly as "Black Jack" Christian, another outlaw, and that became his nickname as well. Three of the train robberies that the gang committed were near the same location, between Folsom and Des Moines, New Mexico Territory. This was at the point where the old Fort Union wagon road crossed the Colorado and Southern Rail Road tracks near Twin Mountain.

On September 3, 1897, they committed their first robbery at Twin Mountain. Then, on July 11, 1899, the gang, without Black Jack, robbed the train again at Twin Mountain. After the robbery, Sam and several unknown gang members, in addition to Wild Bunch gang members Will Carver and William Ellsworth "Elzy" Lay, headed for the mountains southwest of Raton, New Mexico Territory. The next day, a posse consisting of Sheriff Ed Farr of Huerfano County, Colorado, Special Agent W.H. Reno of the Colorado & Southern Railroad, and five deputies found their trail and tracked them into Turkey Creek Canyon near Cimarron, New Mexico. There, the posse engaged them in a gun battle. Sam Ketchum and two deputies were wounded seriously, and the gang escaped.

Sam Ketchum's wounds slowed the intended escape, and they made it only a short distance from the initial shootout. Several members of the posse cornered the Ketchum gang a few days later, still in the same area of the Territory. Deputy W. H. Love and Sheriff Ed Farr engaged the outlaws in another gun battle, resulting in both Love and Farr being killed, while the posse wounded at least two unknown members of the gang. Sam Ketchum escaped, but was found a few days later by Special Agent Reno at the home of a rancher, where he was arrested.

Sam Ketchum was taken to the Santa Fe Territorial Prison, where he died from his gunshot wounds. He was buried in the Odd Fellows rest Cemetery, now the Fairview Cemetery on Cerrillos Rd. in Santa Fe.

"Elzy" or "Elza" (William Ellsworth) Lay was born November 25, 1868, Mount Pleasant, Ohio. Lay had come out west to Denver, and became an outlaw after mistakenly believing he had killed a man. Jailed for life after the killing of Sheriff Farr after the Folsom robbery, he was released in 1906. He returned to Alma, New Mexico Territory and lived there for two years. He stayed with Louis and Walter Jones, who in 1904 had built a large merchandise store at Alma. Elzy died aged 65 in Los Angeles, on November 10, 1934.

Capture and death
On August 16, 1899, Tom Ketchum, supposedly knowing nothing of the July 11 hold-up which ended in the death of his brother Sam, single-handedly attempted to rob the same train again at the same place and in the same way that he and Sam and others had robbed it just a few weeks earlier. The train conductor, Frank Harrington, saw Tom approaching the moving train. He recognized him, grabbed a shotgun, and shot Tom in the arm, knocking him off his horse. The train continued, and the next day a posse came out and found Tom beside the tracks, badly wounded. He was transported to medical facilities at Trinidad, Colorado, and his right arm had to be amputated. He was nursed back to health and then sent to Clayton, New Mexico Territory, for trial.

At the trial, Ketchum was convicted of attempted train robbery and sentenced to death. He was the only person ever hanged in Union County, New Mexico Territory (now Union County, New Mexico). He was also the only person who suffered capital punishment for the offense of "felonious assault upon a railway train" in New Mexico Territory (which did not become a state until 1912). Later, the law was found to be unconstitutional.

Ketchum was executed by hanging in Clayton. Nobody in Clayton had any experience in conducting hangings; the rope was too long, and since Ketchum had gained a significant amount of weight during his time in jail, he was decapitated when he dropped through the trap door. Ketchum's last words were "Good-bye. Please dig my grave very deep. All right; hurry up."

An account of the event from Sheriff Salome Garcia detailed the scene:

"He walked firmly up the steps, saying as he went up, 'Dig my grave deep, boys.' Stepping upon the trap door he asked for the black cap, and it was placed over his head but [it] had to be removed to permit the rope to be placed on his neck, and while they delayed somewhat he became impatient and said, 'Let her go boys.' ... The sheriff cut the trigger rope with a hatchet, and his body shot down with all its 215 pounds of weight. Everyone within or without the stockade held their breath, and their hearts gave a great bound of horror when it was seen that his head had been severed from his body by the fall. His body alighted squarely upon its feet, stood for a moment, swayed and fell and then great streams of red, red blood spurted from his severed neck, as if to shame the very ground upon which it poured. The head rolled aside and the rope, released, bounded high and fell with a thud upon the scaffold from whence it came."

A popular postcard was made showing the body. Afterwards his head was sewn back onto the body for viewing, and he was interred at the Clayton Cemetery.

Media portrayals
Western actor Jack Elam portrayed Ketchum in an episode of the 1954–55 syndicated television series Stories of the Century.

Howard Duff played Ketchum in the 1957 American Western film, Blackjack Ketchum, Desperado.

Rhodes Reason played Ketchum in a 1959 episode of the American Western television series Frontier Doctor.

Martin Kove played Ketchum in the 1994 TV movie, "The Gambler V: Playing for Keeps"

title: Tom Ketchum