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Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge

The Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge stood from 1855 to 1897 across the Niagara River and was the world's first working railway suspension bridge. It spanned 825 ft and stood 2.5 mi downstream of Niagara Falls, where it connected Niagara Falls, Ontario to Niagara Falls, New York. Trains used the upper of its two decks, while pedestrians and carriages used the lower. The bridge was the idea of Canadian politicians, and it was built by an American company and a Canadian company. It was most commonly called the Suspension Bridge, although other names included Niagara Railway Suspension Bridge, Niagara Suspension Bridge, and its official American name of the International Suspension Bridge.

The bridge was part of Canadian politician William Hamilton Merritt's vision to promote trade within his country and with its neighbor the United States. Many argued that a suspension bridge could not support the safe passage of trains, including bridge builders. Nonetheless, the bridge companies hired Charles Ellet Jr., who laid a line by a kite across the 800 ft chasm and built a temporary suspension bridge in 1848. Ellet left the project after a financial dispute with the bridge companies, who hired John Augustus Roebling to complete the project. By 1854, his bridge was nearly complete, and the lower deck was opened for pedestrian and carriage travel. On March 18, 1855, a fully laden passenger train officially opened the completed bridge.

The Suspension Bridge was a border crossing between Canada and the United States, and it played significant roles in the histories of the Niagara region and the two countries. Three railway lines crossed over the bridge, connecting cities on both sides of the border. The Great Western Railway, New York Central Railroad, and New York and Erie Rail Road differed in track gauge; the bridge used a triple gauge system to conserve space, overlapping two tracks on top of each other and using a rail of each to form the third track. The railroads brought a large influx of trade and tourists into the region around the Niagara Falls. In the time leading to the American Civil War, the Underground Railroad helped slaves in the United States escape across the Suspension Bridge to freedom in Canada. After the war, the bridge became a symbol of inspiration to Americans, encouraging them to rebuild their country and pushing them to quickly industrialize their nation.

The bridge's success proved that a railway suspension bridge could be safe and operational. Its wooden structures began to decay and were replaced with stronger steel and iron versions by 1886. In 1897 the bridge was replaced by the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge and the suspension bridge was dismantled.

Conception
In the mid-19th century, the hinterlands of the North American East Coast opened up rapidly. In Canada, entrepreneur and politician William Hamilton Merritt helped establish several trade routes, especially in dredged waterways between the lake cities. He envisioned a U.S. and Canadian rail network to connect the Atlantic coast with new territories in the West, and this led to a railway suspension bridge across the Niagara River below the falls.

Merritt's vision for the Niagara Suspension Bridge was conceived at the Niagara River. In summer 1844 while taking a picnic on the river shores, near what was then the town of Clifton, Merritt read a letter from his sons to his wife. The younger Merritts were touring Europe and visited the town of Fribourg, Switzerland. Amazed by the Freiburg Suspension Bridge, they wrote to their parents, describing the wonders of the bridge in eloquent terms. Their writing had a profound effect on their parents, and the elder Merritts wondered if such a suspension bridge could be built across the Niagara. Merritt was driven to realize that vision, and he approached the relevant authorities, including Queen Victoria, for permission to start the construction of the suspension bridge. His efforts were rewarded in 1846; the state of New York and the government of Canada West approved the charters to form the Niagara Falls International Bridge Company and the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge Company, respectively.

In the years before the first bridge was built over the Niagara River, the river was crossed entirely by boats. Powered by steam engines, vessels ferried people and carriages across the raging river at calmer points of the water. One of these vessels was the Maid of the Mist, which in 1846 became the first tourist boat to ply the waters of the Niagara River. The site for the Suspension Bridge was half a mile (0.8 km) from the Maid of the Mist's landings. The selection of the bridge site was based more on aesthetics than technical ease; it was the narrowest point of the gorge—800 ft across and 230 ft deep—that allowed a full view of the falls from the American side.

Construction
After the bridge companies were founded, they invited engineers to submit plans and cost estimates for a suspension bridge that carried a railway. The invitation was met with skepticism among the engineering community. At that time, there was not a suspension bridge that could allow a train to pass over it safely. While the Europeans were erecting suspension bridges by the hundreds, the Americans mostly ignored them out of safety concerns; in 1831 Sir Samuel Brown's Broughton Suspension Bridge in Britain had collapsed under the marching feet of a troop of soldiers, sending those on its deck into the River Irwell. Many American bridges had collapsed without experiencing weight and pressure equivalent to railroad traffic, and American engineers feared that any railway bridge would likely fail—especially a suspension bridge.

Four engineers responded: Edward Serrell, Samuel Keefer, Charles Ellet Jr., and John Augustus Roebling. All submitted designs for a suspension bridge. At the time of the bidding, Ellet and Roebling were acknowledged as masters of suspension bridge building in America. Roebling submitted two designs, a conservative single-deck suspension bridge and a double-decked version, both with meticulous calculations and drawings. Instead of relying solely on submissions, Charles Ellet Jr. took a proactive approach. When he got wind of the project in 1845, he wrote to Charles B. Stuart, chief engineer of the Great Western Railway, boldly proclaiming that he could build a bridge for any likely purpose across the Niagara. After the charters had been obtained, Ellet helped Stuart to sell the bridge companies' stock and offered to buy US$30,000 worth of stock himself. His efforts earned him the $190,000 bridge contract on November 9, 1847.

Charles Ellet Jr.'s temporary bridge

Charles Ellet Jr. used showmanship and dramatics to market his proposals to build suspension bridges in the United States. This raised his profile with the public and the engineering industry, helping him to win the contract for the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge. Ellet's initial design for the bridge at Niagara placed all forms of transportation on a single deck. The railway track was in the middle of the deck, sandwiched between carriageways and footpaths on the outer sides. Moreover, trains would not go over the bridge; their cars would be disconnected from the heavy locomotives and pulled across the bridge by horses, cables, or lighter 6 ST engines.

Before the work could begin, Ellet faced a common problem of suspension bridge construction: getting a line across the gap. Ellet's brainstorming sessions with his men raised several ideas including firing cannonballs with the line attached, towing it across the river with a steamer, and tying it to a rocket that would then be launched across the gorge. The bridge engineer chose an idea inspired by Benjamin Franklin's experiment with a kite, and similar to 15th-century inventor Leonardo da Vinci's plan to span a gap. Ellet also took the opportunity to generate publicity for his project. Organizing a kite-flying contest, he offered $5 to any boy who flew a kite across the gorge and secured the kite string to the other side. Youths from nearby towns flocked in to participate in contest that was held in January 1848. Unlike the other boys who flew their kites from the United States side of the gorge, 16-year-old Homan Walsh crossed the river by a ferry upstream and walked to the Canadian side of the bridge site to launch his kite. He almost succeeded on his first attempt; his kite flew across but crashed just short of the shore. After resting several days at a friend's house, Walsh finally got his kite across the gorge and secured its line to a tree.

Ellet and his team tied a heavier line to the kite string and pulled the joined lines across. They pulled successive heavier and stronger lines across until the final bridge cable—7/8 in thick—was hanging across the gorge. The cable was suspended between two wooden towers 40 ft tall, and attached to an iron basket. Ellet planned to use this system as a basket ferry to shuttle workers and materials across the gorge, saving time that would otherwise have been spent on land and ferry travel. Through media coverage and word-of-mouth, many people knew of Ellet's efforts and flocked to the site to watch the construction. On March 13, 1848, the system was completed, and the team planned to test it by pulling the empty basket across. The basket kept getting stuck halfway, so Ellet rode the basket to the problematic spot and noticed that the basket's rollers could not pass over a portion of the cable that had been accidentally flattened during the construction. He fixed the problem and proceeded to cross to the Canadian side and back, becoming the first person to cross the gorge. Although the bridge companies had prohibited Ellet from collecting tolls, he charged each person $1.00 for the chance to "observe first hand the engineering wonder of bridging the Niagara." On some days, the basket ferry conveyed up to 125 people across the gorge.

Continuing his construction, Ellet built two footbridges and joined them together to form an 8 ft wide suspension bridge. He intended to use this temporary bridge as a scaffold for the construction of the permanent railway bridge. On July 29, 1848, the bridge builder inaugurated the span in his typical manner; standing in his horse-buggy like a gladiator in his chariot, Ellet sped across the bridge, which had railings for only a third of its length at that time. His stunt garnered further publicity for the bridge, and the toll collected from the span proved lucrative; $5,000 was collected in less than a year since its official opening on August 1, 1848. Disputes arose between the bridge companies and Ellet over their shares of the money and the companies charged that Ellet was late in his schedule and withheld payment. Ellet retaliated by mounting cannons at the bridge to claim ownership over it. In the end the matter went to court. The bridge companies paid $10,000 to Charles Ellet, and he left the project to work full-time on the Wheeling Suspension Bridge.

The Niagara Suspension Bridge project was in hiatus for three years before the bridge companies engaged another renowned civil engineer, John Augustus Roebling, to complete it. The delay caused Roebling to miss out on the honor of building the first permanent bridge to span the Niagara; Serrell completed the Lewiston Suspension Bridge in 1851.

John Augustus Roebling's railway bridge
Roebling's managerial strategy was to present papers filled with meticulous calculations and drawings, but he also confronted his detractors and made bold exaltations about his work. He openly called European suspension bridges—including American suspension bridges built with European techniques—weak, and occasionally sniped at Ellet's and Stephenson's works. He found Ellet's final plan to be impractical; the bridge would have been too heavy and expensive. Roebling had another design in mind: the double-deck bridge he had proposed earlier during the bidding. The lower deck, level with the edge of the chasm, would convey passengers and carriages, and the upper deck, 18 ft above, would allow fully laden trains to continue their journeys non-stop, albeit at a speed of 5 mph. Roebling reasoned that the decks and sufficient trusses would form a rigid tube, making the bridge stiffer than a normal suspension bridge. The theory was similar to that of the tubular bridge but implemented at a lower cost. The engineering community was critical of Roebling's project. Robert Stephenson, builder of the tubular Britannia Bridge, was among those shortlisted to complete the Niagara Suspension Bridge before Roebling's selection. Stephenson had submitted a design for a tubular bridge, and in 1859 he built a large and expensive tubular bridge for the Grand Trunk Railway at Montreal, Quebec. The bridge builder then said in derision of Roebling's suspension railway, "If your bridge succeeds, mine is a magnificent blunder."

In the face of criticism, Roebling completed the project in four years, using Ellet's bridge as scaffolding. The railway deck was stress-tested by the crossing of the 23 ST steam engine London at a speed of 8 mph on March 8, 1855. Ten days later the upper deck of the bridge was officially opened; the lower deck had been opened to the public a year earlier. Roebling's Suspension Bridge was the first working suspension railway bridge in history.

Engineering
Roebling's bridge was supported by two limestone towers on each side of the gorge. These Egyptian-style towers stood 88 ft tall on the American shore and 78 ft tall on the Canadian shore. With their foundations 28 ft in the earth, the limestone structures could support up to 12 million pounds (5.4 million kg). Four 10.5 in thick main cables held up the bridge; two cables ran through iron saddles at the top of each tower. Each cable comprised 3,059 wires that were spun with Roebling's patented technique used in his Allegheny Suspension Aqueduct. The ends of each cable were secured to 6 sqft cast-iron plates sunk 20 - 30 ft deep in the bedrock. Support lines hung down from iron clamps that encircled the main cables, and held up the decks. Deep trusses—never before seen on a large suspension bridge—lined the sides of the bridge, and joined the two decks so that the structure looked like a cage. The trussed sides and the upper and lower decks, which spanned 825 ft, formed a "hollow straight beam," reinforcing the rigidity of the bridge.

The Suspension Bridge was further stiffened by guy-wires which ran from its upper deck to the top of its towers. Criticism of suspension bridges was growing after the Wheeling Suspension Bridge collapsed under strong winds in 1854. To address these concerns, Roebling added more guy-wires to secure the lower deck to the shores below, ensuring that the bridge would not collapse due to strong winds. Although he was not the first engineer to appreciate the need for a suspension bridge to be sufficiently rigid or to implement the methods to do so, Roebling was the first to understand the principles behind the methods and combine them in the building of a suspension bridge. Roebling proved that despite popular opinion, properly built suspension bridges can safely support the passage of heavy railway traffic. His combination of stiffening methods created the first modern suspension bridge. Such was the rigidity of the Suspension Bridge that it withstood the shockwave caused by the nearby fall of a 5000 ST mass of rock in 1863; the force of the impact manifested itself as a wave, rippling through the decks of the bridge from the American side to the Canadian side and back.

From the United States, the New York and Erie Rail Road's Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad and New York Central Railroad's Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad crossed over the bridge and reached into Ontario. The Great Western Railway in Canada extended its network from Canada into New York. At the time of the bridge's opening, the three railroads were of different gauges: on the New York Central,  on the Great Western, and  on the Erie. Instead of accommodating three railways side-by-side on a single wide deck, the bridge saved space by overlapping the tracks over each other. This method used only four rails; one pair formed the track for one railway, and the other pair formed another. One rail from each pair would then form the final track. In the first year of the bridge's operation, an average of 30 trains trundled across it each day. Five years later, 45 trains passed over the structure daily.

Roebling mandated that the trains be limited to a maximum speed of 5 mph to ensure absolute safety. He was confident the bridge could handle faster train traffic, but he preferred a safe operation. In his tests the bridge supported a 326 ST train, bending 10.5 in under the weight. This was within the maximum load of 450 ST specified in the design of the bridge. The figure was a conservative estimate. The cables and guy-wires could support 7300 ST, and travel journalist Alfred J. Pairpoint commented that it was normal to see 1200 ST trains pass over the bridge without danger. The bridge shook whenever a train trundled over it, although this had no effect on its integrity. When the frequency of passing trains was high, the trembling was noticeable to travelers on the lower deck and proved uncomfortable to some; writer Mark Twain noted, "You drive over to Suspension Bridge and divide your misery between the chances of smashing down two hundred feet into the river below, and the chances of having a railway-train overhead smashing down onto you. Either possibility is discomforting taken by itself, but, mixed together, they amount in the aggregate to positive unhappiness." Despite such commentaries, thousands of people crossed over the bridge safely every day.

American engineers regard the Suspension Bridge as a major achievement of efficiency. In a fledgling country where resources—material and financial—were limited, they had to make do with whatever was available. This goal was espoused by the American Society of Civil Engineers, which opined, "That is the best engineering, not which makes the most splendid, or even the most perfect work, but that which makes a work that answers the purpose well, at the least cost." Roebling had built a bridge that rivaled grander bridges of leading European nations at a much lower cost. His Suspension Bridge used only one-sixth the material of Stephenson's Brittania Bridge, but was twice as long and had a capacity that exceeded the tubular bridge. Moreover, the expenditure on Roebling's Suspension Bridge was $400,000, whereas a tubular bridge of equivalent length and load-bearing capability would have cost $4 million. Roebling's success established him as the master of suspension bridges. The inclined guy-wires that stretched from the top of towers to the roadway of the Suspension Bridge became the signature of his future works.

Although the Suspension Bridge proved that the suspension system could be safely used to carry railroads, no more suspension railway bridges were built. The outbreak of the American Civil War diverted attention from such civil engineering ventures, and by the time attention was paid to building bridges again, cantilever bridges were in vogue for railway bridges. Regardless, the Suspension Bridge's success made it a model for suspension railway bridges. When the city of Quebec called for a structure to span the St. Lawrence River in 1850, it looked to the Suspension Bridge for inspiration. Seventeen years later, the British journal Engineering called for a suspension railway to bridge the Straits of Messina and also referred to Roebling's bridge. Charles B. Stuart opened his 1871 work on the history of American engineering, Lives and Works of Civil and Military Engineering in America, with an illustration of the bridge.

Legacy
As a border crossing between two large growing countries, the Suspension Bridge had throngs of travelers passing over it. The bridge was the intersection of three major railroads. Coupled with its vicinity to a natural wonder, the Niagara Falls, the bridge brought a lot of railroad traffic into the region once it was opened. The towns at the ends of the bridge benefited greatly from this heavy movement of people and goods. The village of Suspension Bridge, United States, grew quickly within a few years after the opening of the bridge, acquiring shops, factories, and a hotel. Its tourism and commerce soon rivaled the town of Niagara Falls, New York; eventually, the village was merged into the town in 1892. Similarly, Clifton on the Canadian end of the bridge was integrated into the town of Niagara Falls, Ontario. The two Niagara Falls cities boasted commerce that surpassed neighboring settlements. Around the time of its official opening, the bridge was one of the busiest points of trade on the United States-Canada border, carrying $12 million of transitory goods and $2 million of bonded materials into Canada. To handle the large amount of goods exchanged over the border, the Lewiston customs house—the primary customs for the Niagara region—was relocated to the Niagara Suspension Bridge in 1863.

The bridge's depiction as an engineering marvel and beautiful sight lured many visitors to the Falls. Travelers could, while crossing the bridge, enjoy a view of the Falls enhanced by the sensation of standing 250 ft in the air. The Falls, however, proved distant and indistinct to some when there was overcast weather. On the whole, the Suspension Bridge was considered an attraction that must be seen by visitors to Niagara Falls. In paintings and prints of the bridge, the Suspension Bridge became the focus, pushing the Falls into the background. Unlike paintings of the Falls that capture the viewer's eye with their majestic views of the natural wonder, pictures of the bridge impressed viewers with the utilitarian design of the structure. By 1897, the inbound trains to Niagara Falls brought 276,900 visitors during the months of May to August. A streetcar system was established in 1882 to handle the increasing cross-border pedestrian traffic. Initially pulled by horses, the trolleys were converted to run on electricity in 1892. The Suspension Bridge was the pride and symbol of the Great Western Railway, which touted it as the "only Route via Niagara Falls & Suspension Bridge." Travelers on the Suspension Bridge witnessed several death-defying stunts performed across the Niagara Gorge. On June 30, 1859, they saw Charles Blondin's feat of becoming the first man to cross the chasm on a tightrope.

Some enslaved African-Americans who escaped to Canada used the bridge as part of the Underground Railroad, one of four main routes on the network. Before the Suspension Bridge was completed, fugitives either crossed the raging river on a boat or risked their lives by swimming at calmer points of the river. The Suspension Bridge made escape across the river easier and safer, although there was still a risk. To avoid getting caught and sent back to their owners, enslaved people had to sneak across on foot or hide aboard trains and oxcarts when using the bridge.

When the American Civil War ended and the United States turned its focus toward rebuilding, Roebling sought state approval to build the Brooklyn Bridge. The government wanted a thorough review of the engineer's credentials; hence, a Bridge Party was organized. Comprising Roebling and his son, as well as their fellow bridge engineers, generals, businessmen, and high society figures, the party toured the country to review four bridges Roebling had built before the civil war. The final item on their itinerary was Roebling's Niagara Suspension Bridge. At the dinner to commemorate the end of the bridge tour, civil war veteran General Henry Warner Slocum gave a toast and called the Suspension Bridge a symbol of inspiration for the United States in its rebuilding efforts. This sentiment was shared by the guests and was expressed at later dinners across the United States. The achievement of building a large suspension bridge over a gorge in the face of overwhelming adversity—constant put-downs by the professional community, American and European—gave the United States a sense of pride. Nationalism rose as the country lauded the bridge. The completion of the bridge that had been deemed impossible by the Western world gave Americans, who had lesser technical accomplishments than Europe at that time, a trophy for their achievements. The Suspension Bridge became the American symbol to brave the toughest of challenges and do the impossible, pushing their drive for industrialization even harder. Charles W. Woodman specifically drew attention to the Suspension Bridge in his 1865 address to the United States Senate for approval to build a rail system to transport a ship out of the water and up around the Niagara Falls.

Maintenance and replacement
Budget concerns forced Roebling to build the Suspension Bridge primarily with wood; the cost of casting the components out of iron and transporting them "[way] out West" was exorbitant. The organic material decayed and rotted because of the moisture present around Niagara Falls. As the industrialization of the United States moved forward rapidly, the introduction of the Bessemer process greatly lowered the cost of the more durable steel and iron. By 1880, the Suspension Bridge's wooden trusses, beams, and flooring were replaced with steel. The wire cables were not replaced; their cores were still in pristine condition, while the outer layer of wires were lightly corroded and had to be replaced. Due to severe deterioration, the limestone towers were replaced in 1886 with steel framed versions. These renovations increased the bridge's strength and helped it handle heavier loads for a few more years.

The weight of trains in North America had greatly increased by the mid-1890s. Larger and more powerful locomotives were required to pull cars that handled an increasing number of passengers and goods; compared to the 23 ST locomotives crossing the bridge in the 1850s, 170 ST locomotives were the common engines 40 years later. The weight of these trains exceeded the specifications of the Suspension Bridge, and the bridge companies took the opportunity to review and request the replacement of the bridge. Civil engineer Leffert L. Buck, who had been hired to maintain the Suspension Bridge, was selected to design the replacement bridge. He settled for a bridge of the arch design. At that time, arch bridges were the new models for railway bridges and were more cost-efficient than suspension bridges. Buck built the new bridge around and below the Suspension Bridge, replacing it one piece at a time. His plan allowed bridge traffic—train and pedestrian—to continue without disruption. By August 27, 1897, the last pieces of the Suspension Bridge were dismantled, leaving the Lower Steel Arch Bridge—later renamed the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge—in its stead. On inspection, the cores of the cables that formerly held up the Suspension Bridge were found to be as sound as on the day the bridge was built.

title: Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge


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User talk:Ashet~enwiki

JFW | T@lk  12:23, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

PS: Could you improve the use of jargon in some of your contributions? In this edit you used non-standard abbreviations (PNS, SNS).

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title: User talk:Ashet~enwiki


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3Server

The 3Com 3Server was a headless dedicated network-attached storage machine designed to run 3Com local area network (LAN) server software, 3+Share.

Background
The companion product was the diskless 3Station network workstation, a dedicated client machine. However, 3Servers could also network with standard PC-compatibles and were commonly used in this role. Having no display other than a small one-line LCD and no keyboard or mouse interface, 3Servers were controlled via another PC on the network which allowed console access to the internal server software.

The original 3Server was a x86 computer that wasn't compatible with any ordinary PC based on an Intel 80186 CPU, running a special version of MS-DOS and 3Com's proprietary 3+Share network server software. This was a multitasking network server stack that ran on top of single-tasking DOS. Internally, it had a network stack, file and print server modules, disk caching, user handling and more, all running simultaneously inside the DOS memory space. Because they were not limited by the PC memory map, 3Servers could support 1 megabyte of flat memory, breaking the PC's 640 kB barrier. This was a large amount of RAM for the time.

The original 3Server shipped in 1985 with 512 kB of RAM and a single 36 MB hard disk. It had slots for adding six additional drives, making it one of the first network attached storage (NAS) arrays. It supported both Ethernet (then branded EtherSeries) and AppleTalk and was quick to add IBM Token Ring as well. The 3Server/70, introduced in July 1985, doubled the storage space to 70 MB. The 3Server/500 was a 80386-based version introduced in the late 1980s, with the 80486-based 3Server/600 introduced in 1991.

The last models, the 3Server386 family, ran OS/2 1.3 as the basic operating system, using 3+Open, a variant of OS/2 LAN Manager. 3Com's version was an enhancement of the basic LAN Manager package, also sold by Microsoft and IBM and on other operating systems - for example, running on VAX/VMS it was the basis of DEC Pathworks.

Decline
In February, 1991, 3Com announced that it would hand over all rights to LAN Manager, 3+Open, its Macintosh and NetWare integration, and related software to Microsoft. The company soon exited the network server business as well.

title: 3Server


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Portal:Writing

Welcome to the writing portal

title: Portal:Writing


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User:KhalidBoussouara

Nothing Here

title: User:KhalidBoussouara


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EM TV

EMTV is a commercial television station in Papua New Guinea. For most of its life until the launch of the National Television Service in September 2008, it was the country's only free-to-air television service.

It is owned by Telikom PNG through a subsidiary Media Niugini. It was previously owned by Fiji Television Limited and Nine Network Australia.

History
In 1986 the Post and Telecommunications Corporation (PTC) issued licenses to two television stations, EM TV and NTN.

The station commenced broadcasting in July 1987 in Port Moresby. It was a 50-50 joint venture between the Nine Network and other investors. It followed the short-lived Niugini Television Network, owned by NBN, which operated from January 1987 to March 1988. The TV-owning audience was already served by free and subscription satellite and cable TV services, including part-Nine affiliate Television North Queensland.

In April 1988, the station opened relays in Lae, Mt. Hagen, Goroka, Arawa and Rabaul. The next year, the Post and Telecommunications Department (PTC) made a microwave bearer available for live transmission in Lae, Mt. Hagen, Goroka, and Madang.

In November 1993, EMTV moved off the PTC's bearer and transferred program distribution to a satellite system. The current satellite footprint allows the signal to be seen within all of PNG, and as far away as Pakistan, India, Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji.

Today, EM TV operates two transmitters in Port Moresby, and leases and maintains six downlink and retransmission centers in Lae, Rabaul, Mt Hagen, Goroka, Madang, and Kavieng. Other groups such as mine sites, cable operators, and local community groups have set up their satellite receivers and redistribute the signal in areas such as Pogera, Ok Tedi (Tabubil), Misima, Lihir, Kutubu, Wewak, Kimbe, Popondetta, Manus and many other smaller areas.

Affiliation with Nine Network
EMTV was previously owned by Nine Network Australia, from where most of its shows, idents, slogans, and ads were sourced. One of the most recognizable Nine Network affiliate ship flag was EMTV's 2004 ident, which used Nine's 'Still the One' music, first used by ABC in the United States in 1976. This ident is still in use today, despite EMTV dropping its affiliates with Nine in late 2006 when it was sold to Fiji Television Limited, leading to a slowdown in the network's quality of television, and the dropping of Nine's American television lineup. EMTV continues to host many shows produced by Nine, as it still shows Nine's Australian shows through 2009, including Domestic Blitz, the Today Show, and RPA.

After the split, EMTV began showing other shows such as The Simpsons, Grey's Anatomy, Army Wives, Neighbours and 24, which are held by Nine's rivals, Network Ten and the Seven Network. From its beginning, instead of buying from the Nine Network, due to licensing rules, EM TV bought foreign content and sporting events direct from the producers and rights holders.

News and current affairs
EMTV's news flagship is EMTV News and is telecast daily from 6 pm. They show locally made news reports. Being Papua New Guinea's only commercial station, EMTV controls a major aspect of news in the country.

title: EM TV


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Two-factor theory of emotion

The two-factor theory of emotion posits when an emotion is felt, a physiological arousal occurs and the person uses the immediate environment to search for emotional cues to label the physiological arousal.

The theory was put forth by researchers Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer in a 1962 article.

According to the theory, emotions may be misinterpreted based on the body's physiological state.

Empirical support
In 1962, Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer performed a study that tested how people use clues in their environment to explain physiological changes. They had three hypotheses going into the experiment. First, that if a person experiences a state of arousal for which they have no immediate explanation, they will label this state and describe their feelings in terms of the cognitions available to them at the time. Second, that if a person experiences a state of arousal for which they have an appropriate explanation, then they will be unlikely to label their feelings in terms of the alternative cognitions available. Third, that if a person is put in a situation that in the past could have made them feel an emotion, they will react emotionally or experience emotions only if they are in a state of physiological arousal.

Participants were told they were being injected with a new drug called "Suproxin" to test their eyesight. The participants were actually injected either with epinephrine (which causes an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing) or a placebo. There were four conditions that participants were randomly placed in: epinephrine informed (where participants were told they would feel effects similar to epinephrine), epinephrine ignorant (where participants were not told about side effects), epinephrine misinformed (where participants were told wrong side effects), and a control group (where participants were injected with a placebo and not told about any side effects).

After the injection, a confederate, acting either as angry or euphoric, interacted with the students. The experimenters watched through a one way mirror and rated the participants' state on a three category scale. The participants were then given a questionnaire and their heart rate was checked. Participants in the epinephrine misinformed group experienced the highest euphoria, followed by the ignorant, placebo, and informed group. In contrast, participants in the ignorant group experienced the most anger, followed by the placebo and informed group. The results show that those participants who had no explanation of why their body felt as it did were more susceptible to the confederate, supporting the three hypotheses.

Misattribution of arousal
The misattribution of arousal study tested Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory of emotion. Psychologists Donald G. Dutton and Arthur P. Aron wanted to use a natural setting that would induce physiological arousal. In this experiment, they had male participants walk across two different styles of bridges. One bridge was a very scary (arousing) suspension bridge, which was very narrow and suspended above a deep ravine. The second bridge was much safer and more stable than the first.

At the end of each bridge an attractive female experimenter met the [male] participants. She gave the participants a questionnaire which included an ambiguous picture to describe and her number to call if they had any further questions. The idea of this study was to find which group of males were more likely to call the female experimenter and to measure the sexual content of the stories the men wrote after crossing one of the bridges. They found that the men who walked across the scary bridge were more likely to call the woman to follow up on the study, and that their stories had more sexual content. The two-factor theory would say that this is because they had transferred (misattributed) their arousal from fear or anxiety on the suspension bridge to higher levels of sexual feeling towards the female experimenter.

Schachter & Wheeler
In the Schachter & Wheeler (1962) study the subjects were injected with epinephrine, chlorpromazine, or a placebo (chlorpromazine is a neuroleptic, i.e., an antipsychotic). None of the subjects had any information about the injection. After receiving the injection, the subjects watched a short comical movie. While watching the movie, the subjects were monitored for signs of humor. After the movie was watched, the subjects rated how funny the movie was and if they enjoyed. The results concluded that the epinephrine subjects demonstrated the most signs of humor. The placebo subjects demonstrated fewer reactions of humor but more than the chlorpromazine subjects.

Criticisms
Criticism of the theory has come from attempted replications of the Schachter and Singer (1962) study. Marshall and Zimbardo (1979, and Marshall 1976) tried to replicate the Schachter and Singer’s euphoria conditions. Just as Schachter and Singer did, the subjects were injected with epinephrine or a placebo, except the administrator told the subjects that they will be experiencing non-arousal symptoms. Then the subjects were put into four different conditions: subjects injected epinephrine and were exposed to a neutral confederate, another in which they received the placebo and were told to expect arousal symptoms, and two conditions in which the dosage of epinephrine was determined by body weight rather than being fixed. The results found that euphoria confederate had little impact on the subjects. Also, that the euphoric confederate didn’t produce anymore euphoria than the neutral confederate did. Concluding that the subjects who were injected with epinephrine were not more susceptible to emotional manipulations than the non-aroused placebo subjects.

Maslach (1979) designed a study to try to replicate and extend on the Schachter and Singer study. Instead of being injected with epinephrine, the administrators used hypnotic suggestions for the source of arousal. Either the subjects were hypnotized or were used as a control (same as the placebo effect in the Schachter and Singer study). Subjects that were hypnotized were given a suggestion to become aroused at the presentation of a cue and were instructed not to remember the source of this arousal. Right after the subjects had been hypnotized, a confederate began acting either in a euphoric or angry condition. Later on in the study the subjects were exposed to two more euphoric confederates. One confederate was to keep aware the source of the arousal, while the other confederates told the subjects to expect different arousal symptoms. The results found that all the subjects both on self-reports and on observation found that unexplained arousal causes negative conditions. Subjects still showed angry emotions regardless of the euphoric confederate. Maslach concluded that when there is a lack of explanation for an arousal it will cause a negative emotion, which will evoke either anger or fear. However, Maslach did mention a limitation that there might have been more negative emotion self-reported because there are more terms referring to negative emotions than to positive ones.

There are also criticisms of the two-factor theory that come from a theoretical standpoint. One of these criticisms is that the Schachter-Singer Theory centers primarily on the autonomic nervous system and provides no account of the emotional process within the central nervous system aside from signaling the role of cognitive factors. This is important considering the heavy implication of certain brain centers in mitigating emotional experience (e.g., fear and the amygdala).

It can also be noted that Gregorio Marañon also had early studies in the development of cognitive theories of emotion and should be recognized for making contributions to this concept.

title: Two-factor theory of emotion


text:
Talk:San Isidro Partido

Missing Villa Adelina? elpincha 12:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:San Isidro Partido


text:
Workforce Australia

Workforce Australia is an Australian Government-funded network of organisations (private and community, and originally also government) that are contracted by the Australian Government, through the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations (DEWR), to deliver employment services to unemployed job seekers on Government income support payments and employers.

Providers were initially selected for the network and allocated business through a competitive public tender process, with contract periods running for varying lengths of time determined by the Australian Government. There were over 1,000 sites across Australia delivering Job Services Australia.

To be eligible for support, people need to be in receipt of eligible income support payments, such as Newstart Allowance, Youth Allowance, the Disability Support Pension or Parenting Payment.

History
The Keating government's Employment Services Act 1994 established the Employment Service Regulatory Agency (ESRA). According to policy document "Working Nation", ESRA was created to "promote the development of community and private sector case managers and to ensure fair competition between the CES and other agencies." However, the new act created what would later be known as Employment National to take the role here allocated to the CES (Commonwealth Employment Service). At this time the CES delivered almost all federally funded employment services, however over time more and more funding was allocated to ESRA to put out to tender.

The new Howard government elected in 1996 continued Keating's structural reforms. On April 1, 1998, the CES was dissolved, and its remaining employment services were vested with ESRA. Simultaneously, ESRA became known as the Job Network. The delivery of employment services was tendered out to Job Agencies whose primary responsibility was to assist people into work. Most of these Job Agencies were owned by private or charity organisations, however Employment National was a large one owned by the federal government. Employment National was dissolved in 2003, its work given to other Job Agencies.

In 2009, the Rudd government renamed Job Network as Job Services Australia.

The services provided by Job Services Australia differed according to the level of disadvantage of the job seeker, circumstances or the allowance they were receiving from Centrelink. Services include:

 * Stream 1 (Limited): Job Services Australia assists in creating an online resume for the purpose of applying for jobs through DEEWR's online Australian JobSearch (AJS) website, and automatically matching the job seeker's knowledge, skills and experience to new jobs that are available.
 * Stream 1: This part of the JSA model includes Intensive Activities, where job seekers participate in activities to develop their skills in resume development, application writing, cold canvassing, goal setting, career planning, interview techniques, job search and work experience.
 * Stream 2 & 3: These job seekers are experiencing moderate and significant disadvantage (respectively). Job seekers will enter into an Employment Pathway Plan (EPP) which will include activities and assistance aimed at improving the job seekers' employability. The focus will be on addressing the vocational and non-vocational needs of the job seeker.
 * Stream 4: These job seekers are assessed as having the most severe levels of disadvantage and may be affected by such things as mental health, disability, homelessness, abuse, drug/alcohol etc. JSA providers will work with the job seeker to address their most pressing issues/barriers first. The aim is to achieve employment, however this may take some time.
 * Work Experience: This phase usually begins for a job seeker after 12 months in a particular stream. In the work experience phase, job seekers who are eligible are required to participate in a work experience activity on an annual basis. Work experience activities could include Work for the Dole, Green Corp, Volunteer Work, Part Time Work, Part Time Study, Unpaid Work Experience, Participation in Government Programs or Non-Vocational Activities.

The Abbott government renamed the network jobactive on 1 July 2015.

Employment Service Providers interface with the network through ESSWeb, the Employment Services System.

Workforce Australia and New Employment Services Model (NESM)
The New Employment Services Model replaced the previous jobactive network on 1 July 2022. Under the system, significant emphasis is placed on moving digitally literate job seekers away from "Employment Service Providers" towards a web based self-service obligations scheme. In addition to these changes, the controversial "Job Search Effort" mutual obligations work test, in which job seekers were required to apply for 20 jobs a month, was replaced with the "Points Based Activation System". This new system requires most job seekers to achieve 100 points a month, with a single job application counting for 5 points. Functionally this still requires one to apply for 20 jobs a month, except now other activities (like full time study) can also contribute to a job seeker's mutual obligations.

Contracts and performance ratings

 * Contract 1 1998–2000
 * Contract 2 2000–2003
 * Major providers were Mission Australia, The Salvation Army and Wesley Mission
 * Contract 3 2003–2006
 * Contract 3 Extension 2006–2009
 * JSA Deed 2009–2012

Job Services Australia agencies were rated by DEEWR every six months (or milestone) on performance, based on placing clients into work and keeping them employed for 13 and/or 26 weeks. A Star Rating system was used, ranging from one to five stars; five stars indicate the highest level of performance.

The ratings were calculated using a regression model that looked at the number of jobs or outcomes that a site achieved. As the details of the model have not been released, agencies were often unsure what their next rating will be.

== Providers who won Workforce Australia contracts ==

== Job agencies that also won training contracts under Workforce Australia == Providers can claim further funds by referring jobseekers to their own courses

Industry-related organisations
The peak industry bodies for jobactive members are the National Employment Services Association (NESA) for the for-profit sector, and Jobs Australia, which represents the not-for-profit sector. These bodies represent the needs and wishes of the employment services sector to the Australian Government.

Professional development within the industry was provided by organisations including NESA and others such as Diversity@Work, Duality, Job Services Central and Work Savvy Parents to ensure staff were up to date with policies and procedures..

title: Workforce Australia


text:
Sinugra

Sinugra (also spelled Shinoogra, Sinogra and Sinougra) is a village 7 km from the town of Anjar, in the Anjar taluka of Kutch district in the Indian state of Gujarat.

History
The village is one of 18 villages founded by Mistris of Kutch in the late 12th century. The Mistris of these villages built and developed the infrastructure around the villages in late 1890.

Geology
There is a limestone mine which located across the hill named Topi Dungar behind the Sinugra village. The Sang River, which rises from this hill serves the water needs of the village. The river flows through other parts of Anjar taluka.

Heritage
The village had 200 houses made by rich Mistri families, ornate facades, intricate door carvings and metal grill windows and verandah depicting life of Queen Victoria. There were also huge wall and ceiling paintings depicting scenes from Mahabharata and Ramayana. The village, like other Mistri villages, was wellplanned by Mistris, who were master-planners themselves, having wide main roads and streets and other infrastructure, temples, ponds and wells, and was unique in its heritage. Sinugra was known as the "Pride of Kutch" for its unique artistic heritage. Most of it was destroyed in the 2000 earthquake. Sinugra Village, being very near to Anjar, also bore the heavy brunt of the quake and almost all of the old majestic houses built around 100 years ago were completely destroyed. There were also a number of human casualties. Some of the old buildings, temples, Chabutro have since been reconstructed but the majestic houses with fine workmanship have been lost.

School
The village has primary co-educational school named Seth Khora Ramji Prathmik Shala, built by Seth Khora Ramji and his brothers in 1910 and named after him.

Temples
Kuldevi Temples of many clans of these Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya community are also in the village. For example, the Tank clan Mistri community has its Kuldevi Chamunda.

The Thakor Mandir of Sinugra was built by Seth Khora Ramji Chawda, Pachhan Ramji Chawda, Teja Ramji Chawda, Akhai Ramji Chawda, Jetha Lira Jethwa and Khoda Ratna Tank in 1900. It is a remarkable piece of architecture with beautiful and colourful carvings of gods and idols. Jadeshwar Mahadev temple, also built by Seth Khora Ramji, is worth seeing. The Swaminarayan Temple and Dharamshala are also in the village, as well as a small temple of Ramdev Pir. After the earthquake of 26 January 2001 all the temples and Chabutro were restored to their past glory by donations from the Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya community.

There is also a mosque belonging to Mohammedan community.

Present status
Villagers enjoy a good drinking water supply and a steady electricity supply with few power shortages. Telephones are common and nearly all of the houses have televisions and cable.

The village entrance has a big Chabutro and welcome gate.

Economy
Most villagers are involved in agriculture and others go to nearby Anjar for jobs and business.

Sarpanch
Dhamubhai Vadher was a former sarpanch of this village. Newly elected sarpanch is Induben Umakant Vadher.

Census 2011
In 2011, had 694 families. The population was 3,077 (1,577 are males and 1,500) are females as per Population Census 2011.

The population of children age 0-6 was 481 (15.63% of total population). The sex ratio was 951, which wais higher than Gujarat state average of 919. The child sex ratio was per 822, lower than the Gujarat average of 890.

Sinugra village has a lower literacy rate compared to Gujarat. In 2011, it was 74.08% compared to 78.03% of Gujarat. Male literacy swas 80.12% and female literacy was 67.89%.

In accordance with the constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Sinugra village is administrated by a sarpanch (head of village) who is an elected representative of village.

title: Sinugra


text:
Fender Toronado

The Fender Toronado was an electric guitar made by Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. Introduced at the NAMM Show in 1998, it is a part of the "Deluxe Series" of Fenders produced in Mexico, generally to higher specs than most "Standard" models.

Design
The Toronado features two Fender Atomic humbucking pickups, a rosewood fretboard, and four chrome knobs (2 volume and 2 tone). Many models also include a tortoise-shell pickguard. The headstock features the Fender "spaghetti" logo and sports vintage style Gotoh/Kluson tuners. The body shape shadows the designs of Fender's Jazzmaster and Jaguar guitars. The Toronado also has a 24.75" scale length—an unusual feature on a Fender guitar, as this scale length is usually associated with electric guitars manufactured by Gibson.

The Toronado was reissued in 2004. This reissue has several differences from '98–'03 models, featuring more modern colors like Midnight Blue, Caramel Metallic, Blizzard Pearl and Chrome Red. The pickups are also open-coil as opposed to the covered humbuckers featured on the earlier models. The 2004 models were discontinued in 2006 and are rare due to their short 2-year production span. The Fender Toronado GT HH (05–06) was crafted in Korea, sporting a mahogany body with SH1N (neck) and SH14 (bridge)Seymour Duncan humbuckers. It was part of Fender's "Big Block" series. The guitar came in metallic finishes with a painted headstock and a racing stripe in a reverse L shape going from the left side of the body to the upper right horn. Unlike other variants of the Toronado, it has no pickguard.

Fender also made US Special and Highway One Toronado models, featuring Atomic II humbucking pickups or Black Dove P-90 style pickups. These models were available in a number of finishes, including Butterscotch Blonde, Black, Chrome Silver, Pewter Grey Metallic and Crimson Red Transparent. Later models were upgraded to feature a Fender Tech-Tonic one-piece wrap-around bridge and black headstock. Both the US Special and Highway One Toronado models were discontinued in 2004. Also around this time, Fender produced a short run of set neck Toronados out of Korea. The Toronado CT P90 featured a mahogany body with carved maple tops and were available in different sunburst colors.

As of January 2007, all Toronado variants had been discontinued by Fender.

In 2020, Fender's budget brand Squier reissued the Toronado as part of its Paranormal Series. The new model was available in black or Lake Placid blue, with an Indian Laurel fingerboard. In 2021, these finishes were replaced with 3-tone sunburst and Mystic Seafoam.

Notable Toronado players

 * Mariko Gotō (Midori)
 * Aaron Turner (Isis)
 * Al English (Youthmovies)
 * Alex Kapranos (Franz Ferdinand)
 * Bill Campbell (The Throes)
 * Brian Molko (Placebo)
 * Chris Rea
 * Conor Oberst (Bright Eyes)
 * Jim Root (Slipknot)
 * Joe Trohman (Fall Out Boy)
 * Liam Lynch
 * Giulio Signorotto (I Am Sonic Rain)
 * Loren Rivera (Whirr)
 * Mark Smith (Explosions in the Sky)
 * Frank Iero (My Chemical Romance)
 * Truls Heggero (Lukestar)
 * Vic Fuentes (Pierce the Veil)
 * Neige (Alcest)
 * Mike Duce (Lower Than Atlantis)
 * Neill Fraser (Villainy)
 * Don Henley
 * Toby Lind (Redwood Hill)

title: Fender Toronado


text:
Microsoft BizTalk Server

Microsoft BizTalk Server is an inter-organizational middleware system (IOMS) that automates business processes through the use of adapters which are tailored to communicate with different software systems used in an enterprise. Created by Microsoft, it provides enterprise application integration, business process automation, business-to-business communication, message broker and business activity monitoring.

BizTalk Server was previously positioned as both an application server and an. Microsoft changed this strategy when they released the AppFabric server which became their official application server. Research firm Gartner consider Microsoft's offering one of their 'Leaders' for Application Integration Suites. The latest release of Biztalk (Biztalk Server 2020) was released on 15 January 2020.

In a common scenario, BizTalk integrates before going out and manages automated business processes by exchanging business documents such as purchase orders and invoices between disparate applications, within or across organizational boundaries.

Development for BizTalk Server is done through Microsoft Visual Studio. A developer can create transformation maps transforming one message type to another. For example, an XML file can be transformed to SAP IDocs. Messages inside BizTalk are implemented through the XML documents and defined with the XML schemas in XSD standard. Maps are implemented with the XSLT standard. Orchestrations are implemented with the WS-BPEL compatible process language xLANG. Schemas, maps, pipelines and orchestrations are created visually using graphical tools within Microsoft Visual Studio. The additional functionality can be delivered by .NET assemblies that can be called from existing modules—including, for instance, orchestrations, maps, pipelines, business rules.

Version history
Starting in 2000, the following versions were released:

 * 2000-12-01 BizTalk Server 2000
 * 2002-02-04 BizTalk Server 2002
 * 2004-03-02 BizTalk Server 2004 (First version to run on Microsoft .NET 1.0)
 * 2006-03-27 BizTalk Server 2006 (First version to run on Microsoft .NET 2.0)
 * 2007-10-02 BizTalk Server 2006 R2 (First version to utilize the new Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) via native adapter – (Release date 2 October 2007))
 * 2010-04-27 BizTalk Server 2009 (First version to work with Visual Studio 2008)
 * 2010-10-01 BizTalk Server 2010 (First version to work with Visual Studio 2010 and Microsoft .NET 4.0)
 * 2013-03-21 BizTalk 2013 (First version to work with Visual Studio 2012 and Microsoft .NET 4.5)
 * 2014-06-23 BizTalk 2013 R2 (First version to work with Visual Studio 2013 and Microsoft .NET 4.5.1)
 * 2016-09-30 BizTalk Server 2016
 * 2017-04-26 BizTalk Server 2016 Feature Pack 1 (Application Insights and Power BI integration; Swagger-compatible REST Management APIs)
 * 2017-11-21 BizTalk Server 2016 Feature Pack 2 (Azure integration)
 * 2018-06-26 BizTalk Server 2016 Feature Pack 3 (Office 365 integration)
 * 2020-01-15 BizTalk Server 2020 (First version to work with Visual Studio 2019 and Microsoft .NET 4.7)

Features
The following is an incomplete list of the technical features in the BizTalk Server:
 * The use of adapters to simplify integration to line of business (LOB) applications (Siebel, SAP, IFS Applications, JD Edwards, Oracle, Microsoft Dynamics CRM), databases (Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database and IBM Db2) and other Technologies (TIBCO and Java EE)
 * Accelerators offer support for enterprise standards like RosettaNet, HL7, HIPAA and SWIFT.
 * Business rules engine (BRE). This is a Rete algorithm rule engine.
 * Business activity monitoring (BAM), which allows a dashboard, aggregated (PivotTable) view on how the Business Processes are doing and how messages are processed.
 * A unified administration console for deployment, monitoring and operations of solutions on BizTalk servers in environment.
 * Built-in electronic data interchange (EDI) functionality supporting X12 and EDIFACT, as of BizTalk 2006 R2.
 * Ability to do graphical modelling of business processes in Visual Studio, model documents with XML schemas, graphically mapping (with the assistance of functoids) between different schemas, and building pipelines to decrypt, verify, parse messages as they enter or exit the system via adapters.
 * Users can automate business management processes via Orchestrations.
 * BizTalk integrates with other Microsoft products like Microsoft Dynamics CRM, Microsoft SQL Server, and SharePoint to allow interaction with a user participating in a workflow process.
 * Extensive support for web services (consuming and exposing)
 * RFID support, as of BizTalk 2006 R2. Deprecated in the 2016 release
 * Support for Application Insight, as of BizTalk Server 2016 Feature Pack 1
 * Automatic deployment through Visual Studio Team Service, as of BizTalk Server 2016 Feature Pack 1
 * Exposed management REST APIs with full Swagger support, as of BizTalk Server 2016 Feature Pack 1
 * Exposed operational data with Power BI support, as of BizTalk Server 2016 Feature Pack 1

Human-centric processes cannot be implemented directly with BizTalk Server and need additional applications like Microsoft SharePoint server.

Architecture
The BizTalk Server runtime is built on a publish/subscribe architecture, sometimes called "content-based publish/subscribe". Messages are published into BizTalk, transformed to the desired format, and then routed to one or more subscribers.

BizTalk makes processing safe by serialization (called "dehydration" in Biztalk's terminology) – placing messages into a database while waiting for external events, thus preventing data loss. This architecture binds BizTalk with Microsoft SQL Server. Processing flow can be tracked by administrators using an Administration Console. BizTalk supports the transaction flow through the whole line from one customer to another. BizTalk orchestrations also implement long-running transactions.

Adapters
BizTalk uses adapters for communications with different protocols, message formats, and specific software products. Some of the adapters are: electronic data interchange, file, HTTP, SFTP, FTP SMTP, POP3, SOAP, SQL, MSMQ, MLLP, Azure Logic App, Azure API Management, Microsoft SharePoint Server, IBM mainframe zSeries (CICS and IMS) and midrange IBM i (previously AS/400) systems, IBM Db2, IBM WebSphere MQ adapters.

The WCF Adapter set was added with 2006 R2. It includes: WCF-WSHttp, WCF-BasicHttp, WCF-NetTcp, WCF-NetMsmq, WCF-NetNamedPipe, WCF-Custom, WCF-CustomIsolated adapters. Microsoft also ships a BizTalk Adapter Pack that includes WCF-based adapters for LOB systems. Currently, this includes adapters for SAP and Oracle database, Oracle E-Business Suite, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, PeopleSoft Enterprise and Siebel Systems.

Additional adapters (for Active Directory, for example) are available from third party Microsoft BizTalk core partners.

title: Microsoft BizTalk Server


text:
Cairnryan

Cairnryan (The Cairn; Càrn Rìoghain or Machair an Sgithich) is a village in the historical county of Wigtownshire, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It lies on the eastern shore of Loch Ryan, 6 mi north of Stranraer and 81 mi southwest of Glasgow.

History
Cairnryan is a linear settlement, looking across the main A77 road to Loch Ryan. It was established in 1701, when Lochryan House was built for  Lt. Colonel Andrew Agnew, 9th of Croach, (along with many of the houses, to the north of the village) for workers on the Lochryan Estate. A local slate quarry, next to Cairn Hill, which overlooks the village, provided the slates for the housing. The estate included a deer park and a bowling green. Lochryan House was re-modelled in the 1820s and is visible from the main road.

Into the 1800s, Cairnryan was an important staging post on the coach route to Ayr, with half a dozen inns along this short stretch of coast. It also achieved a less desirable reputation as a haunt of highwaymen preying on that same passing traffic.

For two hundred years Cairnryan had been noted for its deep water facility and during World War II it became No.2 Military Port, with three harbour piers and a military railway, linking the village with nearby Stranraer. To make room for the development of new railway tracks, the properties on the loch side of the village were demolished, reducing the local population as the occupiers were re-housed elsewhere.

Of the three piers built, only one pier remains; one being dismantled and the other being destroyed (in an ammunition explosion) shortly after World War II. The remaining pier is now in a state of considerable disrepair (but is still used by anglers).

Another role, during World War II, was the building of some sections for the two Mulberry Harbours, the floating ports on which the Allies depended after D-Day. Troops were based locally, in military camps. At the end of the World War II, the Atlantic U-boat fleet surrendered in Loch Ryan and was anchored in the port before being towed to the North Channel and scuttled, this activity was codenamed 'Operation Deadlight'.

In the early 1950s, houses were built at Claddyburn Terrace at the South end of the village, which increased the village's population.

For a period after the Second World War, (until at least 1958), the port was used to receive, by rail and by Liberty and Victory ships, surplus/time-expired ammunition which was loaded onto landing craft for dumping in deep water. Ammunition being transported by rail had their trucks labelled with the address, "Davy Jones' Locker, Cairnryan". Handling and disposal was carried out by 13 Company Royal Pioneer Corps, based at the army camp (now a holiday campsite) behind the Loch Ryan Hotel.

In 1957 and 1958, Cairnryan Lighterage Wharf and the port/jetty were again used in a joint Army/RAF operation called 'Operation Hardrock'. This operation was to build a rocket-tracking station on the remote island of St Kilda, serving the South Uist Missile Range, from where the 'MGM-5 Corporal' missiles were launched. The civil engineering work, involving an accommodation block and a winding road to the island's highest point, where the rocket-tracking building was built, was carried out by the RAF's 5004 Airfield Construction Squadron. Personnel, plant and other equipment was transported between the pier, Cairnryan and St. Kilda, using RASC Landing Craft Tanks, operated by 76 Squadron RASC, based at Portsmouth.

Military port activity ceased in the early 1960s, when the whole military infrastructure, such as the cranes and the railway line, were abandoned, then dismantled, apart from the pier and lighterage wharf themselves.

In the late 1960s, ship breaking became the main industry. The British aircraft carriers HMS Centaur, HMS Bulwark, HMS Eagle, and HMS Ark Royal were all sent for breaking up, as well as a number of other vessels, including HMS Mohawk and HMS Blake. The trawler Ross Revenge was awaiting scrapping in 1980, when the Radio Caroline organisation bought the ship for their new offshore radio station.

In July 1973, Townsend Thoresen started a "roll on, roll off" ferry service, from the Lighterage Wharf in Cairnryan, to Larne for passengers and cars, using the ship Ionic Ferry. Later, the service was extended to commercial vehicles. In 1987, Townsend Thoresen was rebranded P&O European Ferries after the 'Herald of Free Enterprise' disaster as P&O had just taken over the parent company European Ferries.

In 2011, Stena Line transferred its car ferry operation from Stranraer Harbour to one at Old House Point, just north of Cairnryan, operating to the Belfast Port.

Harbour

Cairnryan has two ferry terminals connecting Scotland to Northern Ireland. The first, at the south of Cairnryan, opened in 1973, originally operated by Townsend Thoresen and now by P&O Ferries, links Scotland with the port of Larne. Part of this terminal utilises Cairnryan Lighterage Wharf. The second, built as a substitute for the one at Stranraer Harbour, is at Old House Point, just north of Cairnryan, opened in 2011 and is operated by Stena Line linking to the Port of Belfast in Belfast.

Transport
A bus link operated by Wigtownshire Community Transport runs between the P&O Ferries and Stena Line ferry terminals at Cairnryan and Stranraer. Stranraer railway station is approximately 15 minutes walk from the bus stop.

Stena Line operate a coach service between the ferry terminal and Ayr railway station to connect with certain sailings to and from Belfast.

title: Cairnryan


text:
New Zealand Young Nationals

The New Zealand Young Nationals, more commonly called the Young Nats, is the youth wing of the National Party, a centre-right political party in New Zealand, and a member of the International Young Democrat Union.

History
The National Party has had a youth section since its inception in 1936, and are a constituted youth wing of the National Party. The Young Nationals have been a strong lobby group inside the National Party, and often at the forefront of policy development being representative as a Core Group or a Policy Action Group of the party at varying times. For a short period during the party's earlier years there was a younger section of the National party for pre-teenage members but has since disappeared due to the changing environment of New Zealand politics and society.

Prior to the group being named the Young Nationals, the New Zealand National Party's Youth section was known as the Junior Nationals. In the lead up to the 1949 election, the Wellington branch had 3,500 members and the Auckland branch consisted of 2,500 members. The group hosted a number of community events such as dances, parties, debating or discussion, and lectures or addresses. In 1967 the group voted to change the name to the Young Nationals as Junior Nationals was seen to have potentially negative connotations. This renamed group attracted members for political reasons rather than social activities like its predecessor. In 1968 the National Party agreed to for two Young Nationals to sit on the party's Dominion Council. 1971 brought upon Young Nationals creating political discussion groups called 'Pol Link's' which enabled the group to research and discuss political issues allowing the National Party to understand the contemporary issues of young generations. In 2015 the Young Nationals claimed to have over 20,000 likes on their Facebook page and over 6,000 official members.

Structure
In 2009, under major changes led by the organisation's governing executive, the Young Nationals were re-organised to serve as a more effective tool for policy activism and campaign activity.

Regional Teams
As of 2011, The Young Nationals are divided into five regions nationwide:

 * Northern;
 * Central North Island;
 * Lower North Island;
 * Canterbury-Westland; and
 * Southern.

Each of these regions are headed by their own Chair and executive group and supervised by a National Executive, elected annually during the National Party Conference.

Some regions of the Young Nationals also may have branches. These include the Alfred Street Young Nationals, which are based in Auckland and considered a counter group to the Princes Street Labour movement and VicNats which is based around Victoria University. In 2011, the Young Nationals celebrated 75 years as New Zealand's oldest and largest political youth movement.

National Team
The National Executive, are made up of elected members across New Zealand who, set the agenda and leadership for the Young Nationals during the year. There are currently 12 members. They are made of a:

 * President;
 * Vice-President;
 * Secretary;
 * Treasurer;
 * Policy Chair;
 * Membership Officer;
 * Creative Director; and
 * The Chairs of each of the Regional Executives

Regional Events
Throughout the year each of the five Regions teams have a range of social events. These include, but are not limited to, coffee catch ups with MPs, social drinks and pub quizzes. Events are usually centred around the academic timetables of the universities in the regions. Additionally, regions will often host Christmas parties and Policy-based events.

Balls
From time to time the Young Nationals have organised balls. These balls are often held in Auckland and are open to members and non-members alike. The most recent ball was in 2021.

Young Nats Leadership Conference
In 2018, The Young Nationals re-commenced the Young Nats Conference. This conference is an opportunity for members from across the country to network, discuss policy issues and learn to campaign. In 2018, the Conference was held in Nelson, and was followed by a conference in Wellington in 2019, Queenstown in 2020 and Auckland in 2021.

Policies
Often the more liberal views of the Young Nationals have been at odds with those of the wider party. The shift in party opinion in areas such as the nuclear ships debate, economic reform, liquor law reform, and anti-discrimination laws has often been influenced by the Young Nationals.

Alcohol
The Young Nationals, in conjunction with other New Zealand political party youth wings, support the current purchase age for alcohol of 18 years. The Young Nationals lobbied the government in 2012 to keep the drinking age at 18 when the Sale and Supply of Liquor Act Amendment Bill was put by parliament. The Bill successfully passed. This position was reaffirmed in 2018.

Pill Testing
In late 2019, the Young Nationals moved to support pill testing at festivals and concerts. The Young Nationals noted that the position was in support of harm reduction, not a motion in support of drug use. In 2020, the Young Nats obtained some media attention as their position on this stance as the National Party decided to vote against legislation to allow for pill testing, making them the only party in parliament to do so. In 2021, the Young Nationals reaffirmed their position on pill testing with the President of the Young Nationals, Stephanie-Anne Ross, and then Policy Chair, Andrew Mahoney, presenting both in writing and in person their positions on the Drug and Substance Checking Legislation Bill (No 2) to the Health Select Committee despite the National Party reaffirming their position to vote against the bill.

Polytechnic Autonomy
The National Party opposes the merging of Regional Polytechnics as legislated by the Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand. The Young Nationals have also supported this position publicly on the basis that polytechnics maintain regional autonomy and polytechnics maintain their assets.

Voluntary Student Unionism
The Young Nationals have lobbied the New Zealand Government to adopt and pass legislation that would move tertiary Students’ Associations to a system of voluntary membership. Currently, Student Union membership is compulsory in New Zealand for most university students. The Young Nationals, in conjunction with ACT on Campus, Free Me and other New Zealanders, were successful in winning select committee and subsequently government support to pass a private member's Bill by ACT MP Heather Roy to introduce voluntary membership to student associations in tertiary institutions. The Bill, Education (Freedom of Association) Amendment, was passed into law in September 2011, and took effect in 2012.

Employment
The Young Nationals support the creation of an income tax free threshold to assist individuals with the rising cost of living and the re-implementation of 90-day trial periods to increase youth employment.

Environment
The Young Nationals have supported the Zero Carbon Act since 2017 and have lobbied the National Party to support it since then. The Young Nationals have also supported the continuation of a green investment fund and the Implementation of a nationwide riparian management scheme.

Mental Health
The Young Nationals, as part of their 2020 Policy Platform, support the creation of a contestable mental health first aid training fund to assist those seeking to undertake mental health first aid training programmes in New Zealand and the establishment of a Mental Health and Wellbeing Commission. The Young Nationals were credited by the National Party for their idea on mental health first aid and assistance in early intervention measures. In 2019, then President of the Young Nationals, Sam Stead, and Policy Chair, Andrew Mahoney, presented both in writing and in person their positions on the Mental Health and Wellbeing Commission to the Health Select Committee.

Sanitary Products in Schools
The Young Nationals support free provision of sanitary items in New Zealand schools.

LGBT Rights
The Young Nationals supported the legalisation of same-sex marriage in New Zealand, with members lobbying MPs for this change.

The Young Nationals support the banning of gay conversion therapy following membership consultation on the issue after Young Labour and the Young Greens petitioned for a ban. Despite, The National Party highlighting conversations with the Young Nationals were one of the leading reasons the Party would support the ban on gay conversion therapy the party determined to vote against a bill that would ban gay conversion therapy at first reading. The Young Nationals highlighted their disappointment publicly at this stance and in a speech at the National Party's 2021 annual conference the Young National President further highlighted their disappointment with the decision in front of the party's membership.

Presidents
List of presidents of the Young Nationals:

 * 1969–1970: Chris Whitta
 * 1970–1971: Eric Bowell
 * 1971–1972: Lachlan Ross
 * 1972–1973: Paul Matheson
 * 1973–1976: Murray McCully
 * 1976–1978: S Pearson
 * 1978–1980: Martin Gummer
 * 1980–1981: Simon Upton
 * 1981–1982: Peter Kiely
 * 1982–1983: Stuart Boag
 * 1983–1984: Alastair Bell
 * 1984–1985: Mark Lowndes

 * 1985–1986: Phil O'Reilly
 * 1986–1987: Craig Allan
 * 1987–1989: Andrew Harvey
 * 1989–1990: Wayne P Marriott
 * 1990-1990: Bruce Alabaster
 * 1990–1991: Elaine Enright
 * 1991–1995: Shane Frith
 * 1995–1996: Sarah Borrell
 * 1996–1997: Mel Davis
 * 1997–1999: Tim Hurdle
 * 1999–2001: Daniel Gordon
 * 2001–2003: Grant Tyrrell

 * 2003–2005: Jamie Simpson
 * 2005–2006: Michael Mabbett
 * 2006–2008: Matthew Patterson
 * 2008–2009: Alex Mitchell
 * 2009–2012: Daniel Fielding
 * 2012–2015: Sean Topham
 * 2015–2016: Joel Rowan
 * 2016–2018: Stefan Sunde
 * 2018–2021: Sam Stead
 * 2021–present: Stephanie-Anne Ross

Prime Ministers, Leaders & Deputy Leaders

 * Rt Hon Sir Robert Muldoon – Former Prime Minister (1975 - 1984)
 * Rt Hon Sir Jack Marshall – Former Prime Minister (1972)
 * Rt Hon Sir Bill English – Former Prime Minister (2016-2017) and Leader of the National Party (2001-2003; 2017-2018)
 * Hon Simon Bridges – Former Leader of the National Party (2018-2020)
 * Todd Muller – Former Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the National Party (2020)
 * Hon Nikki Kaye – Former Deputy Leader (2020), Former Minister of Education (2017)
 * Hon Dr Nick Smith – Former Deputy Leader (2002); Former Minister for Housing and the Environment.

Other Members of Parliament

 * Rt Hon Winston Peters – Deputy Prime Minister (1996-1998; 2017-2020; 2023-), and Leader of New Zealand First (1993-)
 * Rt Hon Simon Upton – Former MP, Former Minister of the Crown
 * Dame Marilyn Waring – Former MP
 * Hon Tony Ryall – Former MP, Former Minister for Health and State-Owned Enterprises
 * Hon Murray McCully – Former MP, Former Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Rt Hon Jonathan Hunt ONZ – Former Labour Party MP and Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives
 * Hon David Caygill – Former Labour MP, Former Minister of Finance
 * Hon Roger Sowry – Former MP, Former Minister of Social Welfare
 * Hon Ruth Richardson – Former MP, Former Minister of Finance
 * Carl Bates - Current MP

Board Members

 * John Slater – Former National Party President
 * Michelle Boag – Former National Party President
 * Peter Goodfellow – Former National Party President
 * Sir George Chapman – Former National Party President
 * Stefan Sunde – Current Board Member of the National Party
 * David Ryan – Current Board Member of the National Party
 * Alastair Bell – Former Board Member of the National Party

Other

 * Michael Laws – Former Mayor of Wanganui and Radio Commentator
 * David Farrar – Media Commentator
 * Sean Topham – Founder of Topham Guerin
 * Ben Guerin – Founder of Topham Guerin

Life members

 * Peter Goodfellow – Former president of the New Zealand National Party
 * Dr Rt Hon Lockwood Smith – Former Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives
 * David Farrar – Kiwiblog and co-founder of New Zealand Taxpayers' Union

A number of other former members have taken up prominent roles across a number of sectors, such as Phil O'Reilly as CEO of Business New Zealand, John Marshall QC as President of the New Zealand Law Society and Paul Matheson as Mayor of Nelson.

Sexual Harassment
In 2018, after a Young National's Christmas drinks party at the Brew on Quay bar in Auckland, a woman, aged 17, and some friends went to a young man's apartment near the bar. The woman was allegedly groped, kissed, and continued to be followed after she left the apartment. The man was suspended from the party and police began investigating the incident.

The then National leader Simon Bridges said "I learned about it late [last] week. I sought assurances that everything had been handled and dealt with appropriately. It seems clear to me that it has: that they followed very strongly a health and safety plan and did all of the right things, both at the Young Nats event and post."

Judith Collins praised the response and said "If it's gone to police, that's a good place for it, and that's what the Labour Party should have done in the first place: taken it to police," in reference to Labour's response to Young Labour's sexual assault allegations.

Harassment of Politicians
In 2022, Young Nat member Jessee MacKenzie admitted creating social media accounts under fake names to harass and troll female politicians. One targeted politician, Sara Templeton, made an application to a district court under the Harmful Digital Communications Act, which revealed the IP address of the harassment to have come from a house owned by Bryce Beattie, also a Young Nats member, where MacKenzie lived. Both MacKenzie and Beattie resigned from the National Party.

title: New Zealand Young Nationals


text:
Mahikari

Mahikari is a Japanese new religious movement (shinshūkyō) that was founded in 1959 by Yoshikazu Okada (岡田 良一) (1901–1974). The word "Mahikari" means "True (真, ma) Light (光, hikari)" in Japanese.

Foundation
The Mahikari organization was founded by Kōtama Okada (born, Yoshikazu Okada) in 1959 under the name L. H. Yokoshi no Tomo (陽光子友乃会, Yokoshi Tomo no Kai, "Lucky, Healthy, Association of Bright / Positive People").

Beliefs
Kōtama Okada claimed that his role involved spreading God's Light and the universal principles to humanity.

The art of True Light is a practice meant to purify one's spiritual aspect as an expedient toward attaining happiness. Radiating Light from the palm of the hand is a method of purification that cleanses the spirit, mind and body, and is said to help open the way to resolving all manner of problems. Okada spent much of his time in the early days of the organization giving Light to people throughout Japan. In 1973, he visited Europe, and the art of True Light started spreading throughout the world.

Kōtama Okada believed that if people lived in accordance with "universal principles," they would cultivate their spirituality, and naturally come to use science and technology that was integrated with an understanding of spirituality, to find solutions to pressing issues facing humanity. Mahikari encourages people to incorporate these universal or divine principles in their daily life by practicing virtues such as altruistic love, gratitude, humility and acceptance of the will of God. Kōtama Okada proclaimed the fundamental tenet of the organization, "The origin of the earth is one, the origin of the universe is one, the origin of humankind is one, and the origin of all religions is one." He emphasized that all human beings share a common origin and that people should work together to create a peaceful world of love and harmony, transcending the barriers of religious denomination, nationality, ideology, and so on.

Okada claimed that God has a plan ("the divine plan"), and in preparation for a heaven-like civilization on earth, the world was entering a time of great upheaval. Okada said that an increase in what he called the spiritual energy of fire would result in abnormal weather phenomena such as flooding, fires, and water shortages, and encouraged people to transition from a way of life based on excessive materialism to a sustainable way of life in harmony with the environment and universal principles.

The fundamental teachings of Mahikari appear in The Holy Words (Goseigen) and The Yōkōshi Prayer Book (Yōkōshi Norigotoshū).

Mahikari organizations
Following the passing of Kōtama Okada on June 13, 1974, a number of Mahikari-related organization have come into existence.

 * 1963 : "Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyodan" – The name when the organization was first registered as a religious entity. In 1974, Sakae Sekiguchi assumed the leadership of this organization with around 1/4 of the original members.
 * World Shrine of Sukyo Mahikari.jpg : "Sukyo Mahikari", was registered by Keishu Okada, the daughter of the founder, after an amicable settlement following the passing of the founder. Around 3/4 of the original membership followed.
 * Other organizations with relatively minor membership that stem from Mahikari include Yokoshi Tomo no Kai, Seiho no Kai, Subikari, Shin-Yu-Gen Kyusei Mahikari, and so on.

Organizations with similarities
Other religious organizations that have similarities include Oomoto, Sekai Kyūsei Kyō, Tenrikyo, and Konkokyo. In Sekai Kyūsei Kyō, a practice called Jorei (purification of the spirit) is undertaken. A number of organizations have practices that channel universal energy but it is noted that the emphasis in Mahikari is radiating Light from a high dimension emanated from the Creator God. This Light is said to purify the spirit, mind, and body, of human beings and is made possible through a divine pendant called Omitama.

title: Mahikari


text:
Talk:Charnwood Forest Canal

Route
I find it diffuclt to picture where exactly this canal ran. OK, I get a feeling about a line through Coalville, Blackbrook, Nanpantan and Loughborough but it should be stated explicitly. Is this it just north of the reservoir: And if the reservoir burst, how come it is still there?

(Funny I seem to remember making similar comments about Ambergate Junction.) -- RHaworth 12:36, 2005 July 15 (UTC)

The line did not run from Coalville. It started at a place on the Ashby to Loughborough road called Thringstone Bridge - but don't be misled by this, it isn't IN Thringstone. It starts at a farm which is on a bend in the Loughborough Rosad just by the George and Dragon pub/restaurant. It winds its way through Osgathorpe and Grace Dieu, through Shepshed and ended in a garden of a house just near the Priory pub in Nanpanton. From Nanpanton the coal was taken into Loughborough by horse-drawn tramroad. However, the canal was never much used at the best of times and I don't think it was ever used at all after the disaster of Feb 1799.

Wendy Freer April 2006

As a boy living in Shepshed during the early to mid 1960’s, I played on “the meadows” the other side of a gate across what is now Anson Road. To the left, and up against the Southern railings of the cemetery, was “The Cut”, but it was only in later years, as my interest in the Midlands canal systems developed, did I realise that this was the dry canal bed of the Leicestershire Navigation. There was at that time a steep bank, sort of “terraced” that we would toboggan down in the winter, with a shallow pond that we could sledge across if we were lucky and the ice was thick enough!

The “Cut”, which is of course the Forest Line of the Leicester Navigation, was built to speed delivery of coals from the developing Leicestershire mining areas around Thringstone and Coleorton and through to sale in Leicester. The engineer employed was the famous canal engineer William Jessup, who quickly determined there was insufficient water to enable the use of locks to lower the boats the seventy-five feet down from the contour canal terminus at Nanpanton, to meet the existing canal in Loughborough. It was proposed to build a tramway, using the novel idea of metal rails, whereby loaded trucks would be trundled downhill and directly onto boats at the wharf; the empty wagons returned from Leicester being towed back up to Nanpanton using proper horsepower!

The Cut continued east across Charnwood road, and explained why there was a strange wide footpath (the towpath) across the bottom of what was my grandmother’s house on Kings Avenue. The canal was already filled in by this time but the path is still there today.

Much further West of Anson Road was the “Ackerdock” as I knew it... of course a local colloquialism for “Aqueduct”. This was an embankment carrying the remains of the railway across the Blackbrook Valley. Expecting water shortages, in 1797 the Blackbrook was dammed by large earthworks, and a feeder provided into the canal to the western end of the aqueduct. In a flood of 1799, water cascaded over this dam, and washed away the earth wall in a catastrophic failure where an estimated million tons of water cascaded down the valley. There was a tunnel under the canal aqueduct sited just down the valley, but this couldn’t take the sudden onset, and the whole canal embankment was washed away. There was further expensive damage down the valley, even as far as Dishley on the outskirts of Loughborough, but fortunately no deaths. The aqueduct was rebuilt, but suffered another final failure when one bank was washed away following a severe leak just the very next year. This was considered to be due to poor workmanship, in that the newly rebuilt embankment had not settled sufficiently causing leaks through the puddling clay used to seal the floor and sides. This was the final straw, so the canal that had never been a great success, and only seen use light use for two or three years, was now closed. Some of the route, including the remains of the “Ackerdock” was eventually sold for use in the railway that terminated at Loughborough Station, near the bottom of Alan Moss Road.

Abandoned, and having broken once already, in 1804 the reservoir was drained to make it safe. But…… this wasn’t the end for the Blackbrook Reservoir, and the dam was rebuilt rather more permanently by Loughborough Water Corporation in 1906, this time using locally quarried masonry. It wasn’t the end of the scares either. There was a fairly hefty tremor in 1957, causing some of the copings to slip, but the wall held firm and Blackbrook Reservoir still continues to supply water to Midlands Homes.

The now heavily wooded Ackerdock can be seen to the left when driving towards Shepshed on the A512, in the dip just before the Tickow Lane turn, and on a map to the north west of this can be seen as the winding track following the contours and the remains of the old canal heading off towards the coalfields. Mostly the canal followed a route to the north of the Ashby Road, passing by Holt Close in Shepshed, but around Cow Hill, now mostly buried under mountains of M1 earthworks, and destroyed by quarrying, it headed south, and can be tracked again across the Longcliffe golf course, crossing Snells Nook Lane behind the Priory, to terminate on Nanpanton Lane.

It was not until 1883 that the previously mentioned rail-line was developed by the Charnwood Forest Company, becoming known as “The Bluebell Line”, but following tradition it was soon losing money, became bankrupt and was run by a Receiver until incorporation into the LMS network.

I originally lived in Loughborough, and would play in the derelict engine sheds at the Station Road terminus and I remember occasional trains. When I moved to Shepshed, the railway line was an easy route to Loughborough and we would pad along the sleepers from Charnwood Road, near to the two “Railway” pubs. The line was finally closed in 1963, being used only for quarry traffic from Shepshed at the end.

The book “The Leicester and Melton Mowbray Navigations”, by Philip A Stevens can still be found in local canal-side stores and makes an interesting read. (ISBN 0-86299-187-0)

Dave Webster: d@vewebster.com Davewebsternoble 02:21, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Charnwood Forest Canal