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Mental poker

Mental poker is the common name for a set of cryptographic problems that concerns playing a fair game over distance without the need for a trusted third party. The term is also applied to the theories surrounding these problems and their possible solutions. The name comes from the card game poker which is one of the games to which this kind of problem applies. Similar problems described as two party games are Blum's flipping a coin over a distance, Yao's Millionaires' Problem, and Rabin's oblivious transfer.

The problem can be described thus: "How can one allow only authorized actors to have access to certain information while not using a trusted arbiter?" (Eliminating the trusted third-party avoids the problem of trying to determine whether the third party can be trusted or not, and may also reduce the resources required.)

In poker, this could translate to: "How can we make sure no player is stacking the deck or peeking at other players' cards when we are shuffling the deck ourselves?". In a physical card game, this would be relatively simple if the players were sitting face to face and observing each other, at least if the possibility of conventional cheating can be ruled out. However, if the players are not sitting at the same location but instead are at widely separate locations and pass the entire deck between them (using the postal mail, for instance), this suddenly becomes very difficult. And for electronic card games, such as online poker, where the mechanics of the game are hidden from the user, this is impossible unless the method used is such that it cannot allow any party to cheat by manipulating or inappropriately observing the electronic "deck".

Several protocols for doing this have been suggested, the first by Adi Shamir, Ron Rivest and Len Adleman (the creators of the RSA-encryption protocol). This protocol was the first example of two parties conducting secure computation rather than secure message transmission, employing cryptography; later on due to leaking partial information in the original protocol, this led to the definition of semantic security by Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali. The concept of multi-player mental poker was introduced in Moti Yung's 1984 book Cryptoprotocols. The area has later evolved into what is known as secure multi-party computation protocols (for two parties, and multi parties as well).

Shuffling cards using commutative encryption
One possible algorithm for shuffling cards without the use of a trusted third party is to use a commutative encryption scheme. A commutative scheme means that if some data is encrypted more than once, the order in which one decrypts this data will not matter.

Example: Alice has a plaintext message. She encrypts this, producing a garbled ciphertext which she gives then to Bob. Bob encrypts the ciphertext again, using the same scheme as Alice but with another key. When decrypting this double encrypted message, if the encryption scheme is commutative, it will not matter who decrypts first.

The algorithm
An algorithm for shuffling cards using commutative encryption would be as follows:

 * 1) Alice and Bob agree on a certain "deck" of cards. In practice, this means they agree on a set of numbers or other data such that each element of the set represents a card.
 * 2) Alice picks an encryption key A and uses this to encrypt each card of the deck.
 * 3) Alice shuffles the cards.
 * 4) Alice passes the encrypted and shuffled deck to Bob. With the encryption in place, Bob cannot know which card is which.
 * 5) Bob picks an encryption key B and uses this to encrypt each card of the encrypted and shuffled deck.
 * 6) Bob shuffles the deck.
 * 7) Bob passes the double encrypted and shuffled deck back to Alice.
 * 8) Alice decrypts each card using her key A. This still leaves Bob's encryption in place though so she cannot know which card is which.
 * 9) Alice picks one encryption key for each card (A1, A2, etc.) and encrypts them individually.
 * 10) Alice passes the deck to Bob.
 * 11) Bob decrypts each card using his key B. This still leaves Alice's individual encryption in place though so he cannot know which card is which.
 * 12) Bob picks one encryption key for each card (B1, B2, etc.) and encrypts them individually.
 * 13) Bob passes the deck back to Alice.
 * 14) Alice publishes the deck for everyone playing (in this case only Alice and Bob, see below on expansion though).

The deck is now shuffled.

This algorithm may be expanded for an arbitrary number of players. Players Carol, Dave and so forth need only repeat steps 2-4 and 8-10.

During the game, Alice and Bob will pick cards from the deck, identified in which order they are placed in the shuffled deck. When either player wants to see their cards, they will request the corresponding keys from the other player. That player, upon checking that the requesting player is indeed entitled to look at the cards, passes the individual keys for those cards to the other player. The check is to ensure that the player does not try to request keys for cards that do not belong to that player.

Example: Alice has picked cards 1 to 5 in the shuffled deck. Bob has picked cards 6 to 10. Bob requests to look at his allotted cards. Alice agrees that Bob is entitled to look at cards 6 to 10 and gives him her individual card keys A6 to A10. Bob decrypts his cards by using both Alice's keys and his own for these cards, B6 to B10. Bob can now see the cards. Alice cannot know which cards Bob has because she does not have access to Bob's keys B6 to B10 which are required to decrypt the cards.

Weakness
The encryption scheme used must be secure against known-plaintext attacks: Bob must not be able to determine Alice's original key A (or enough of it to allow him to decrypt any cards he does not hold) based on his knowledge of the unencrypted values of the cards he has drawn. This rules out some obvious commutative encryption schemes, such as simply XORing each card with the key. (Using a separate key for each card even in the initial exchange, which would otherwise make this scheme secure, doesn't work since the cards are shuffled before they're returned.)

Depending on the deck agreed upon, this algorithm may be weak. When encrypting data, certain properties of this data may be preserved from the plaintext to the ciphertext. This may be used to "tag" certain cards. Therefore, the parties must agree on a deck where no cards have properties that are preserved during encryption.

"A Toolbox for Mental Card Games" and its implementation
Christian Schindelhauer describes sophisticated protocols to both perform and verify a large number of useful operations on cards and stacks of cards in his 1998 paper "A Toolbox for Mental Card Games" [SCH98]. The work is concerned with general-purpose operations (masking and unmasking cards, shuffling and re-shuffling, inserting a card into a stack, etc.) that make the protocols applicable to any card game. The cryptographic protocols used by Schindelhauer are based on quadratic residuosity, and the general scheme is similar in spirit to the above protocol. The correctness of operations can be checked by using zero-knowledge proofs, so that players do not need to reveal their strategy to verify the game's correctness.

The C++ library libtmcg [STA05] provides an implementation of the Schindelhauer toolbox. It has been used to implement a secure version of the German card game Skat, achieving modest real-world performance. The game Skat is played by three players with a 32-card deck, and so is substantially less computationally intensive than a poker game in which anywhere from five to eight players use a full 52-card deck.

A non-shuffling poker protocol
To date, mental poker approaches based on the standard Alice-Bob protocol (above) do not offer high enough performance for real-time online play. The requirement that each player encrypts each card imposes a substantial overhead. A recent paper by Golle [GOL05] describes a mental poker protocol that achieves significantly higher performance by exploiting the properties of the poker game to move away from the encrypt-shuffle model. Rather than shuffle the cards and then deal as needed, with the new approach, the players generate (encrypted) random numbers on the fly, which are used to select the next card. Every new card needs to be checked against all the cards that have already been dealt to detect duplicates. As a result, this method is uniquely useful in poker-style games, in which the number of cards dealt is very small compared to the size of the whole deck. However, the method needs all cards that have already been dealt to be known to all, which in most poker-style games would beat its very purpose.

The card-generation algorithm requires a cryptosystem with two key properties. The encryption E must be additively homomorphic, so that E(c1)*E(c2) = E(c1 + c2). Second, collisions must be detectable, without revealing the plaintext. In other words, given E(c1) and E(c2), it must be possible to answer whether c1=c2, without the players learning any other information (specifically, the identities of c1 and c2). The Elgamal encryption scheme is just one example of a well-known system with these properties. The algorithm operates as follows:
 * 1) Players initialize an empty list L that records cards that are in use.
 * 2) To deal a card, each player computes a random number ri in {0,...,51}, computes E(ri), and publishes a non-malleable commitment to E(ri)
 * 3) Players then publish their actual E(ri), and can verify that every player honors its commitment
 * 4) Players compute $$\Pi E(r_i) = E(\Sigma r_i) $$, which produces a new encrypted card E(r*), with $$r* =  \Sigma r_i$$
 * 5) Players check if E(r*) is already in L. If not, E(r*) is dealt to the appropriate player, and added to L. When cards need to be revealed, they can be jointly decrypted.

In this way, the players need only to compute encryption for the cards that are actually used in the game, plus some overhead for the collisions that is small as long as the number of cards needed is much less than the size of the deck. As a result, this scheme turns out to be 2-4 times faster (as measured by the total number of modular exponentiations) than the best-known protocol [JAK99] that does full shuffling using mix-networks.

Note that the random number generation is secure as long as any one player is generating valid random numbers. Even if k-1 players collude to generate the number r*, as long as the kth player truthfully generates a random $$r'$$, the sum $$r = r* + r'$$ is still uniformly random in {0, 51}.

Measured in terms of the number of single-agent encryptions, the algorithm in [GOL05] is optimal when no collisions occur, in the sense that any protocol that is fair to every player must perform at least as many encryption operations. At minimum, every agent must encrypt every card that is actually used. Otherwise, if any agent doesn't participate in the encryption, then that agent is susceptible to being cheated by a coalition of the remaining players. Unknown to the non-encrypting agent, the other agents may share the keys to enable them all to know the values of all the cards. Thus, any approach relying on the agents to perform the encryption must focus on schemes that minimize the effect of collisions if they are to achieve better performance.

Better performance through increased trust
Any mental poker protocol that relies on the players to perform the encryption is bound by the requirement that every player encrypt every card that is dealt. However, by making limited assumptions about the trustworthiness of third parties, significantly more efficient protocols may be realized. The protocol for choosing cards without shuffling may be adapted so that the encryption is handled by two or more servers. Under the assumption that the servers are non-colluding, such a protocol is secure.

The basic protocol using two servers is as follows:
 * 1) Servers S1 and S2 encrypt and shuffle a deck of cards, and publish a non-malleable commitment to some permutation of encrypted cards to the players. This can be done with any of several well-understood cryptographic protocols.
 * 2) Players compute independent random numbers in {0,...,51}, which are combined to generate a random number in {0,..., 51}, as in [GOL05]
 * 3) The random number is used as an index into the random permutation, the appropriate player gains "ownership" of the specified card, and the servers send that player the keys to read the card's value.

In this protocol, servers S1 and S2 must collude if either is to learn the values of any cards. Furthermore, because players ultimately decide which cards are dealt, non-trustworthy servers are unable to influence the game to the extent that is possible in traditional online poker. The scheme may be extended to allow more servers, (and thus, increased security), simply by including the additional servers in the initial encryption. Finally, step one in the protocol may be done offline, allowing for large numbers of shuffled, encrypted "decks" to be pre-computed and cached, resulting in excellent in-game performance.

title: Mental poker


text:
Asperin

Asperin may refer to:

 * The medicine aspirin
 * Esperin, a village in Iran

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Asperin


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Mendocino Woodlands State Park

The Mendocino Woodlands State Park is a group camping facility located at 39350 Little Lake Road, Mendocino County, California, 7 mi inland from the town of Mendocino. It was built as a Recreational Demonstration Area by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Mendocino Woodlands consists of approximately 700 acre of land along the Little North Fork of the Big River and is surrounded to the north, east, and west by the 50,000 acre Jackson Demonstration State Forest. To the south, the park abuts the Big River State Park. It was declared a National Historic Landmark on September 25, 1997.

History
Mendocino Woodlands was one of forty-six campgrounds (including Camp David) created by the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. Its rustic wood-and-stone buildings, built by the WPA are surrounded by second-growth redwood forest. Like the other campgrounds, Mendocino Woodlands was originally planned as a site for youth summer camps in which the participants would be introduced to the wonders of nature. However, Mendocino Woodlands is the only one of the campgrounds that has been continuously used for public camping.

As originally formed, the campsite occupied a property of 5425 acre. However, when the campsite was conveyed to the California State Park system by Senate Bill 1063 in 1976, the size of the property was reduced to approximately 700 acre, with the remaining area left in the control of the California Department of Forestry, now Cal Fire. In 1997, the Mendocino Woodlands Recreation Demonstration Area was designated as a National Historic Landmark.

Wildlife
Mendocino Woodlands is a forest of coast redwoods, sprinkled with willow, alder, tanoak, and madrone trees. It is home to mountain lions (Puma concolor), Northern-spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina), and Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii). Navarro river that runs through the park is used by salmon, river otters, and beavers. Additionally, a wide variety of mushroom species grow alongside the redwoods, which are especially abundant during the rainy season. These include lobster mushroom (Hypomyces lactifluorium), red coral (Ramoria araiospora), and velvet-footed pax (Tapinella atritomentosa). Pictured on the left is a fungus which can be found on hardwoods such as tanoak.

Management
The Mendocino Woodlands State Park is managed by Mendocino Woodlands Camp Association, a nonprofit corporation that has operated and maintained the facilities at the park since 1948.

title: Mendocino Woodlands State Park


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Aerospaceplane

The US Air Force's Aerospaceplane was a basic research project led by Weldon Worth at the Wright-Patterson AFB concerning the design of future recoverable spaceplanes. The effort was started in 1957 as a result of the USAF official SR-89774 ("SR" stands for "study requirement") for a reusable spaceplane. By 1959 this work was more known as the Recoverable Orbital Launch System (ROLS). It encompassed a variety of concepts, designs and research projects from 1958, but was cancelled as impractical in 1963.

Initial propulsion concept was Liquid Air Collection System (LACES), for what is now known as liquid air cycle engine. Further work showed that more performance could be gained by extracting only the oxygen from the liquid air, a system they referred to as Air Collection and Enrichment System (ACES). A contract to develop an ACES testbed was placed with Marquardt and General Dynamics, with Garrett AiResearch building the heat exchanger for cooling the air. The ACES design was fairly complex; the air was first liquified in the heat exchanger cooled by liquid hydrogen fuel, then pumped into a low-pressure tank for short-term storage. From there it was then pumped into a high-pressure tank, where the oxygen was separated and the rest (mostly nitrogen) was dumped overboard. In late 1960 and early 1961 a 125 N demonstrator engine was being operated for up to 5 minutes at a time.

In early 1960 Air Force offered a development contract to build a spaceplane with a crew of three that could take off from any runway and fly directly into orbit and return. They wanted the design to be in operation in 1970 for a total development cost of only $5 billion. Boeing, Douglas, Convair, Lockheed, Goodyear, North American, and Republic all responded. Most of these designs ignored the ACES system and instead used a scramjet for power. The scramjet had first been outlined at about the same time as the original LACES design in a NASA paper of 1958, and many companies were highly interested in seeing it develop, perhaps none more than Marquardt, whose ramjet business was dwindling with the introduction of newer jet engines and who had already started work on the scramjet. Both Alexander Kartveli and Antonio Ferri were proponents of the scramjet approach. Ferri eventually successfully demonstrated a scramjet producing net thrust in November 1964, producing 517 lbf, about 80% of his goal.

In 1963, the Air Force changed their priorities in SR-651 and focused entirely on development of a variety of high-speed engines. Included were LACES and ACES engines, as well as scramjets, turboramjets and a "normal" (subsonic-combustion) ramjet with an intake suitable for use up to Mach 8. In October 1963, a review suggested that the basic concepts of the aerospaceplane were far too new for development of any real prototype. Moreover, the designs were all extremely sensitive to weight, and any increase (and there always is some) could result in all of the designs not working. The Aerospaceplane program was critiqued for involving "so many clearly infeasible factors" and exposing itself for "so much ridicule", that the project's funding was wound down in 1964.

title: Aerospaceplane


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Ōno Kōjin

Kojin Ono (大野 光仁) is a toy designer employed by Takara since 1980. Mr. Ōno's early designs included the Diaclone Walk-In Centre and Microman Acro Saturn. He designed most of the Diaclone Car Robot line (with additional design work by Shoji Kawamori) and Car Microman figures, which drew the attention of the U.S. toy company Hasbro. Hasbro amalgamated the Diaclone and Microman figures and, along with a story treatment developed by Marvel, created the toy cult phenomenon known as the Transformers. Ōno continued to design Transformers throughout the 1980s until the end of the original series.

Ōno designed most Transformers manufactured by Takara, including Metroplex, Fortress Maximus and Powermaster Optimus Prime. Among the hundreds of Transformers that he designed, he considers the Decepticon Triple Changers Blitzwing and Astrotrain to be his finest achievements in toy design.

Although Mr. Ōno no longer designs Transformer toys, as of 2005, he is still employed by Takara where he continues to design figures in other Takara toylines.

title: Ōno Kōjin


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User:Fudo

I'm a researcher and assistant professor from Naples, Italy. I mainly work on combinatorics on words, a topic in theoretical computer science. Very little about it is already in Wikipedia, so I plan to contribute by writing something about the basic notions.

I started with a small change in Sturmian word, and created the first version of Shift space; I shall write more systematically as soon as I can.

I am also interested in algebra and mathematics in general, as well as many other subjects.

Links
My Italian user page

it:Utente:Fudo

title: User:Fudo


text:
User talk:Guardian653

Blocked
This seems to be resolved for now.. I'll try to edit some pages more often then I did. I wish though that because I was inactive for a few weeks I wouldn't be labeled as a sockpuppet; yet alone blocked with an expiration date and then blocked again bringing down my hope..

I would like to thank User:Adam Bishop for helping me out on this matter

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:DukeNukem3d-DoomedSpaceMarine.png
Thanks for uploading Image:DukeNukem3d-DoomedSpaceMarine.png. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 19:42, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Guardian653


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Diora Baird

Diora Lynn Baird (born April 6, 1983) is an American actress and former model for clothing brand Guess?.

Early life
Baird was born in Miami, Florida on April 6, 1983. Her mother was also a model. She got into acting when her mother enrolled her in an acting class to help her overcome introversion. Later, she became vice president of her school's Thespian Society.

At 17, she moved to Los Angeles with the hope of pursuing an acting career. To earn money while auditioning, she worked as a salesperson at The Gap, a caterer, a waitress, a pre-school teacher and a clown at children's parties, until breaking into the modeling industry - most notably with Guess?. Her exposure increased considerably with an appearance on the cover of the August 2005 issue of Playboy magazine. She was signed to Elite Model Management in Miami.

Career
In 2004, Baird also started earning acting roles, such as an appearance on the Drew Carey Show and in the low budget film Brain Blockers. Her breakthrough appearance in a major film was in Wedding Crashers in 2005, which she followed up with roles in Accepted and Hot Tamale. In 2006, she appeared in four films, most notably a major role in the horror film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning.

Baird had featured photo spreads in several magazines including Playboy, FHM, Stuff, Maxim (in which she was ranked #76 on the Maxim magazine Hot 100 of 2007 list, #64 on the Maxim magazine Hot 100 of 2008 list, #76 on the Maxim Magazine Hot 100 of 2011 list, the #17 spot on FHM's top 100 2010, and the #40 spot in 2011), Toro and Esquire (UK). She lent her voice to the Scarface video game as one of Tony Montana's possible girlfriends.

Baird has also guest starred in episodes of Big Day, Shark, The Loop, and Two and a Half Men (the 2009 episode "She'll Still Be Dead at Halftime"). She starred in the movie 30 Days of Night: Dark Days, directed by Ben Ketai, which is produced by Columbia Pictures and Ghost House Pictures. Baird stars in the FEARnet webseries Tea Party Macabre, which is part of the series "Women in Horror Month". She also starred in the 2009 comedy Stan Helsing.

She starred in several videos for the Funny or Die website, including one with Garfunkel and Oates called "Go Running with Chicken" and "Sexy Dark Ages" with Robert Englund. She starred in another web video with the comedic duo called "This Party Took a Turn for the Douche". In 2010, she appeared in Night of the Demons. In February 2011, she starred in a short musical film called "Howlin' for You" for the band The Black Keys.

She plays a porn star in her 2014 film Beautiful Girl. Baird was cast in a recurring role in the Amazon Studios pilot Cocked along with costars Brian Dennehy, Jason Lee, Dreama Walker, and Sam Trammell. The show was not picked up for series. Baird guest starred in an episode of the Hulu series Casual.

Personal life
Baird was married to actor Jonathan Togo from 2013 to 2016; they have one child. In 2017, Baird revealed that she was dating comedian Mav Viola. Baird told The Advocate magazine that after years of assuming herself to be asexual, she identifies as lesbian. On December 29, 2017, Baird announced that she and Viola were engaged.

Web

 * Tea Party Macabre (2010), as herself; 5 episodes

Music videos

 * "Howlin' for You" (2011), by The Black Keys
 * "This Party Took a Turn for the Douche" (2011), by Garfunkel and Oates
 * "Out of Goodbyes" (2011), by Maroon 5 featuring Lady Antebellum

Video game

 * Scarface: The World is Yours (2006), as Femme Fatale (voice role)

title: Diora Baird


text:
User:Dforest

Légpárnás hajóm tele van angolnákkal!

title: User:Dforest


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Map of Goa

Map of Goa
--Self nom:

Since there's a map already in FPC, I thought I'd try my luck. Purple shades are North Goa district, and orange are South Goa. This is my first nomination here.

 * Nominate and support. - =Nichalp   «Talk»=  12:53, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't really like the idea of maps on FPC, but it is a nice one. Phoenix2 16:47, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nothing at all wrong with maps on FPC, though I would strongly prefer higher resolution. Also seems a bit too tightly cropped on the right and bottom. —Cryptic (talk) 17:21, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I can rectify this; the original resolution of the map is pretty decent. How large a size is acceptable? (I have BW constraints though, so will avoid too many kilobytes on myside) =Nichalp   «Talk»=  18:18, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd feel much better about supporting something about twice as big in each dimension - that is, around 800x1000 or so. —Cryptic (talk) 18:49, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say so too. Enochlau 03:07, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Update: I've uploaded a 1000x795 map and expanded the canvas size slightly. That should take care of potential objections. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  07:29, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks greatly improved from the original. The only thing I would consider adding is a scale key. Kaldari 05:37, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok I'll be doing that. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  06:53, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

If you have any suggestions please list it below. I'll implement all the suggestions in bulk a day or two before voting ends instead of uploading repeatedly after every suggestion. I hope nobody has any objection to this? Thanks =Nichalp   «Talk»=  06:53, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Sundar \talk \contribs 12:21, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support good enough. --Shivu 12:46, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - pretty good and informative, particularly if issues raised above are resolved.--Bhadani 15:32, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. It might sound strange, but I think it would look much better if "GOA" were not underlined; this is mainly because the line starts very far form the points of the "G" curve straight above it, but stops exactly under "A"; it gives a sense of imbalance, particularly for such a short word. My wording is clumsy, I know, but I'm sure you understand what I mean. Phil s 16:49, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Understood loud and clear. If there are no objections, I'll modify that. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:25, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Update2: Added scale, removed the underline. =Nichalp  «Talk»=  15:08, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I don't know, but the mix of serif and non-serif fonts is unusual. Also, the colour palette is a little subdued. Enochlau 03:20, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So that would mean that I would have to increase the saturation a bit. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  05:40, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's just all purples and yellows/browns at the moment... doesn't look that nice... Enochlau 13:52, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * But the similar shades represent a district. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  14:31, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Now that you've explained it to me that makes a lot more sense. But is it obvious? Perhaps something else (e.g. changing the colour of words, emphasising some borders, etc.. to better delineate north and south? Enochlau 02:35, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your suggestions. I can mark the divisions in another shade, but in some areas the two are separated by rivers and by colouring them, the rivers will get hidden. Aren't the words: North Goa and South Goa spread across the divisions sufficient? =Nichalp   «Talk»=  09:12, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I see what you mean, the river is in the way. Regardless, I think it has been much improved. Support. Enochlau 11:10, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, if this is a scale map, it should probably have a scale.--nixie 08:48, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. —Cryptic (talk) 06:33, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Assuming the arrow is indicating north, I would also consider moving it to the top right or bottom right (perhaps as a simple compass symbol such as this). At the moment, it looks a little like it is indicating that Goa is somewhere further up the page. -- Solipsist 14:06, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Will do that. I'll move it right on top. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:57, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Done =Nichalp   «Talk»=  18:53, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Would you mind uploading the source files (illustrator, photoshop, whatever) that you used to create the image? That way people can edit it in accordance with GFDL in the future. — David Remahl 06:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * My bandwidth is limited unfortunately, and its a whopping 20mb for me. I also believe commons doesn't support these files as of now. The moment I get access to unlimited BW, I'll upload the source file. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  19:03, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I checked the size. The image size says its 17.3/126.3 M. 127MB is a bit too large for me. BTW: The original image resolution is 2190 x 2756. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  18:53, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support--May the Force be with you! Shreshth91  ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  15:10, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral. clorful and shows the subdivisions, but maybe more villages and cities should be shown. — Stevey7788 (talk) 21:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That would make it too cramped. Besides, the map shows the most populated towns and the taluka HQ which constitute 50% of the urban populace. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  15:08, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * ( − ) Oppose looks OK, but I've never been one for maps --Fir0002 10:11, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's not actionable is it? =Nichalp   «Talk»=  15:08, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

+9 / -2 / 1 neutral -- Solipsist 19:30, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Impressed by the process of improvement demonstrated above through constructive criticism from wikipedians and the willingness of the creator to listen and respond. We ended up with a very nice map. Oska 11:43, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks :) =Nichalp   «Talk»=  07:50, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose--ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 20:17, 27 July 2004 (UTC)
 * You'd have to state a reason why you oppose, so that I can take care of it. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  07:50, July 28, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fred Hamilton

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 06:02, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Fred Hamilton
Little or no context. Google reveals a lot of Fred Hamilton's, but apparently vastly different people. Doesn't attempt to identify said person, place of birth, etc. Seems non-notable; nothing links to this page either. Delete, and this redirect as well. Natalinasmpf 12:55, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, cameramen are not notable. Dcarrano 15:49, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete First off, Dcarrano is flat-out wrong. Notable camaramen include every winner of the cinematography awards from the Oscars or Emmys and those who have developed new techniques which are widely used. That said, this guy doesn't have much going for him and the article certainly does smell like offline copyvio.... -Harmil 17:56, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Point taken... I should have said that typically, cameramen are not notable... such as this guy ;-) Dcarrano 18:19, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable cameraman. JamesBurns 04:46, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable in the field of cinematography and lighting --InformationalAnarchist 04:49, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Conestoga River

The Conestoga River (Kanneschtooge Rewwer), also referred to as Conestoga Creek (Kanneschtooge Grick), is a 61.6 mi tributary of the Susquehanna River flowing through the center of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States.

Geography
Its headwaters rise mostly in southern Berks County and northeastern Lancaster County, in an area known as "Bortz's Swamp" or "Penngall Field" (a small area rises in Chester County). The East Branch and West Branch of the Conestoga join to form the main river just north of Morgantown, and the stream flows from northeast to southwest for more than 60 mi, passing close to the center of Lancaster and ending at Safe Harbor along the Susquehanna River, approximately 16 mi north of the Pennsylvania-Maryland state line.

The principal tributaries of the Conestoga River are Cocalico Creek, Mill Creek, and Little Conestoga Creek; they drain into the Conestoga River watershed in the order listed. The Conestoga River and its principal tributaries comprise approximately 114 stream miles, and they drain a watershed area of approximately 217 sqmi if the main stream is alone considered, rising to 491 sqmi when the Cocalico, Mill, and Little Conestoga Creek watersheds are also included.

History
The stream was named after the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock people. In the eighteenth century, British colonists in Pennsylvania called them the Conestoga, referring to the river, and to the village the Susquehannock established about 1690. The name may be based on the Mohawk word tekanastoge, meaning "place of the upright pole." Conestoga may also be the anglicized form of Gandastogue which is possibly the closest to what the Susquehannock called themselves.

An earlier Susquehannock palisaded village known as the Roberts Farm Site (36LA1) had been located nearby on a knoll above the Conestoga River and was occupied from c. 1625 to c. 1645.

For several decades Conestoga Town was important fur trading center, and a meeting place for negotiations between Pennsylvania and various Indigenous groups. Its importance, however, waned as the focus of the fur trade moved westwards. The population declined due to out-migration, and the remaining Conestoga became increasing impoverished and dependent on the Pennsylvania government, who occasionally provided clothing and provisions.

By 1763, only seven men, five women and eight children lived in Conestoga Town. In December of that year, the Paxton Boys, in response to raids by the Lenape and Shawnee, attacked Conestoga Town in the mistaken belief that the inhabitants were aiding and abetting the attacks. The Paxton Boys slaughtered the six Conestoga they found there, and burned the settlement to the ground. Fourteen of the Conestoga had been absent from the village and were given shelter in the Lancaster workhouse. Two weeks later, however, the Paxton Boys broke into the workhouse and slaughtered the remaining Conestoga including woman and children.

Robert Fulton’s early experiments to perfect the first commercial steamboat occurred on the Conestoga River. In the 19th century the name of the river gained wider recognition with the spread of the Conestoga wagon, first built in and named after this valley. The wagon assisted the transportation of freight throughout the East, and later was adapted to help transport goods to the western frontier of the United States. So many cigars were made in the watershed in the late 19th century that a local cigar named the Conestoga became known as a "stogie" throughout the United States.

In the early 19th century, it was possible to travel by boat to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, from Chesapeake Bay through a system of locks. Though the Conestoga is smaller than most streams generally designated a river, local boosterism in the late 19th century insisted that any stream holding scheduled commercial transport should be called a river. Steamboat service to a local amusement park barely qualified, but the designation caught on. The name "Conestoga" has also been applied to the Conestoga Rocket, a rocket produced from LGM-30 Minuteman parts and launched from Matagorda Island, the freighter Conestoga, which is a popular diving wreck in the Thousand Islands, the C-93 Conestoga cargo aircraft, and, in Star Trek: Enterprise, the name of the starship used in the failed first attempt at deep space colonization.

Watershed
Land use along the stream has been traditionally agricultural, though spreading urbanization has affected the stream with erosion problems. Though scenic, the Conestoga River is impaired from nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, mostly runoff from animal waste and excessive commercial fertilizer. Other pollution sources are sediments from intense cropping, development, and urban runoff. The stream flows through a pastoral landscape farmed extensively by Pennsylvania German farmers and along the eastern and southern outskirts of the city of Lancaster. Many covered bridges span its banks. Northeast of Lancaster city are many Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonite farms; horse and carriage traffic frequents local roads. Many small dams impound its waters, most of them built long ago to power mills or generate electricity. Most dams are in disrepair and have been abandoned, though there is an active movement to remove as many as possible. Seven were removed between 1996 and 1999.

Crossings

 * Covered bridges
 * Hunsecker's Mill Covered Bridge
 * Pinetown Bushong's Mill Covered Bridge
 * Pool Forge Covered Bridge
 * Kurtz's Mill Covered Bridge, spanned the Conestoga River before it was moved to a new location
 * Zook's Mill Covered Bridge, spans Cocalico Creek just upstream from its confluence with the Conestoga
 * Bitzer's Mill Covered Bridge
 * Weaver's Mill Covered Bridge
 * Pool Forge Covered Bridge
 * Other
 * Safe Harbor Bridge, of the Enola Low Grade
 * Conestoga Creek Viaduct, a stone arch railroad bridge
 * Bridge in West Earl Township, a concrete bridge
 * Weaverland Bridge, a concrete bowstring arch truss

title: Conestoga River


text:
Southern hairy-nosed wombat

The southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) is one of three extant species of wombats. It is found in scattered areas of semiarid scrub and mallee from the eastern Nullarbor Plain to the New South Wales border area. It is the smallest of all three wombat species. The young often do not survive dry seasons. It is the state animal of South Australia.

Among the oldest southern hairy-nosed wombats ever documented were a male and a female from Brookfield Zoo just outside Chicago. Their names were Carver, who lived to be 34, and his mother, Vicky, who lived to be 24. In South Australia in 2010, a tame wombat named Wally was also reported as having reached the age of 34. Hamlet, a wombat at the Toronto Zoo, similarly died at age 34.

Taxonomy
English naturalist Richard Owen described the species in 1845. There are three synonyms:
 * Phascolomys lasiorhinus Gould, 1863
 * Lasiorhinus mcoyi Gray, 1863
 * Phascolomys latifrons Owen, 1845

Description
The southern hairy-nosed wombat is adapted to digging; it has a stocky and robust build, flattened claws, and five digits. It is also plantigrade. The body length ranges from 772 to 934 mm with a body mass ranging from 19 to 32 kg. Its short tail is hidden by its fur. The pelage is silky and is typically greyish or tan in colour. The wombat grooms itself with its second and third toes, which are fused together, except at the tips. The head is robust and flattened and the ears are pointed. The snout resembles that of a pig. The animal gets its name from the hairs that cover its rhinarium. The wombat's incisors resemble those of rodents, and its molars are widely spaced by the palate. The teeth keep growing for the entirety of the animal's life, which is likely an adaptation to its harsh diet. Compared to the common wombat, the southern hairy-nosed wombat has a larger temporalis muscle and a smaller masseter muscle. Also, unlike the northern hairy-nosed wombat, the southern hairy-nosed wombat's nasal bone is longer than the frontal bone.

Distribution and habitat
Southern hairy-nosed wombats range though Western Australia, southern South Australia, and south-western New South Wales. They live in semiarid to arid grasslands and woodlands.

Feeding and energy
Southern hairy-nosed wombats, along with other wombat species, select native perennial grasses and sedges, but do consume introduced pasture species, forbs, and the leaves of woody shrubs if their favoured food is not available. Much of the southern hairy-nosed wombat's diet is Austrostipa nitida, which grows around its warren complex and is trimmed as it grazes. This creates an area with a higher density of new green shoots, a sign of delayed growth of individual grass. The teeth of the wombat are more effective in grinding food into small particles than the western grey kangaroo. Its digestive tract has a tiny caecum and a colon divided into parts. The anterior part is relatively small and serves as the site for fermentation, while the posterior part is larger and is where water is reabsorbed. The wombat conserves water by recycling more urea to the colon rather than releasing it as urine. Wombats release less than other herbivorous mammals. As such, the southern hairy-nosed wombat produces very dry faeces, with water contents as low as 40%.

Wombats are also host to a diverse gut microbiome, which is thought to help them derive energy and essential nutrients from their relatively poor diets, as well as assist with nitrogen recycling. It has been estimated that the microbial fermentation of fibre in the wombat gut accounts for >60% of the host's daily energy requirements. Recent molecular research has shown that the diversity and composition of these gut microbial communities vary along the gastrointestinal tract, with differences between the proximal and distal colon sites correlating with where the bulk of microbial fermentation occurs. It has also been shown that captivity can drastically impact the diversity and composition of wombat gut microbes, and that different wild populations harbour different gut microbial communities.

The harsh environment in which the southern hairy-nosed wombat lives is further reflected in its energetics. In captivity, their standard metabolic rate was found to be 130 kl/kg^0.75 per day, which is very low compared to most placental animals and other marsupials. They also have the lowest thyroid hormone levels among mammals. The food wombats eat provides more than enough energy. As long as enough food is available, the forage consumed by the wombat can support it during late lactation. It is more effective than a donkey at maintaining its weight on low-quality food.

Burrow system and activities
Southern hairy-nosed wombats dig and live in burrows which they connect into warrens with many entrances. These warrens are their prime refuges and are shared by up to 10 individuals. A wombat digs with its fore claws while sitting up. It leaves its new burrow backwards and pushes out soil with all its paws. The central warren is surrounded by a circle of small, simple burrows 100–150 m from it. The small burrows along the outer edges is where young wombats go when they are displaced from the central warren. Wombats may favour a certain burrow and not share it with others. However, there is no monopolization of burrows. Wombats move between burrows and even warrens. Male wombats are territorial towards wombats from other warrens, possibly to defend food resources and the warren refuges. Trails of droppings connect the burrows. The males also mark their territory with anal scent secretions by rubbing their backs and rumps on objects. Fights between males over territories or mates do occur and involve bites to the ears, flanks, or rumps. Also, a dominance hierarchy exists among males. The burrows of a southern hairy-nosed wombat can have air temperatures around of 14 °C in midwinter to 26 °C in midsummer, the wombat's preferred thermo-neutral zone, while the ambient temperatures outside range from down to around 2 °C in Winter and up to 36 °C or above during Summer. Warrens can make surface conditions in habitats of low humidity and high temperatures better for the wombat. A wombat retires deep in the burrow after foraging. The next night, the wombat moves to the entrance to check if conditions are right before emerging again. In the evening, wombats leave their burrows as the ambient temperature and burrow temperature are the same. In the early morning, when the surface temperature is lower, they retire.

Mating and reproduction
The breeding of the southern hairy-nosed wombat occurs when their favoured food is at its peak growth rates. Their reproduction relies on the winter rainfall, which germinates the grasses. Between August and October, when rainfall is sufficient, females enter ovulation and the males' testosterone levels and prostate gland sizes increase. In years of low rainfall, neither occurs. When breeding, dominance hierarchies among males are established through aggression. Copulation takes place in the warren, with males remaining in one burrow and females moving among them. Mating takes place underground and involves the male mounting the female from behind while she is on her side. The gestation period of the wombat lasts 22 days and most births occur in October. When a young is born, it climbs into the pouch and clings to a teat. It stays in the pouch for six months growing to around 0.45 kg, with a light pelage and open eyes. It soon leaves the pouch and starts grazing at the surface. The young is fully weaned when it is a year old and reaches full size at the age of three years, which is also when it becomes sexually mature.

The microbiology of the wombat pouch has recently been investigated using molecular approaches. This study found that the diversity and composition of microbes in the pouch correlated to the reproductive status of the host. The diversity of microbes dropped drastically when pouch young were present, or when the mother was reproductively active. One interpretation of this result is that the wombat can filter which microbes are able to live in the pouch through the use of antimicrobial peptides and/or other means. This could be important for the health of the joey, as marsupials are born very early compared to placental mammals and thus lack an adaptive immune system. Further research is also underway to determine whether the pouch microbes that survive host filtering play beneficial roles for the protection and development of the wombat pouch young.

Communication
Southern hairy-nosed wombats use vocalisations and scents for communication. While most communication between wombats occurs through olfaction and scent-marking, as they do not often encounter each other directly, they emit rough, coughing noises when they pass each other, and emit a more strident call for alarm.

Conservation status
The population of southern hairy-nosed wombats was estimated to be 1.3 million in 2016. The species was listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN in 2016, because "many subpopulations are now isolated and may be non-viable". It was previously listed as Least Concern because "While there are sporadic outbreaks of sarcoptic mange, competition with introduced herbivores, susceptibility to drought, and severe fragmentation in parts of its range, the species has a wide distribution, large population, occurs in a number of protected areas, and it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category". Wombats were hunted by aboriginal people for their meat. However, capturing a wombat takes considerable time and energy, so they were not hunted too frequently. The indigenous people of Australia value the wombat culturally and keep their local wombat populations healthy by hunting wombats in other areas.

Wombats have been considered as agricultural pests by landholders. Their digging can destroy crops and can increase the risk of livestock breaking their legs by falling through their burrow systems. Competition between livestock, rabbits, and wombats can lead to overgrazing. Overgrazing and the spread of invasive weeds in some areas has led to the flora being dominated by annual grass and weed species, from which wombats cannot get enough of their metabolic needs, resulting in reports of emaciation and mass starvation. The competition from introduced rabbits threatens the survival of wombats.

title: Southern hairy-nosed wombat


text:
Northern hairy-nosed wombat

The northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) or yaminon is one of three extant species of Australian marsupials known as wombats. It is one of the rarest land mammals in the world and is critically endangered. Its historical range previously extended across New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland, and as recently as 100 years ago it was considered as having become extinct, but in the 1930s a population of about 30 individuals was discovered located in one place, a 3 km2 range within the 32 km2 Epping Forest National Park in Queensland. With the species threatened by wild dogs, the Queensland Government built a 20 km-long predator-proof fence around all wombat habitat at Epping Forest National Park in 2002. Insurance populations have since been translocated to two other locations to ensure the species survives threats such as fire, flood, or disease.

In 2003, the total population consisted of 113 individuals, including only around 30 breeding females. After recording an estimated 230 individuals in 2015, the number was up to over 300 by 2021, and over 400 by 2024.

Taxonomy
English naturalist Richard Owen described the species in 1873. The genus name Lasiorhinus comes from the Latin words lasios, meaning hairy or shaggy, and rhinus, meaning nose. The widely accepted common name is northern hairy-nosed wombat, based on the historical range of the species, as well as the fur, or "whiskers", on its nose. In some older literature, it is referred to as the Queensland hairy-nosed wombat.

The northern hairy-nosed wombat shares its genus with one other extant species, the southern hairy-nosed wombat, while the common wombat is in the genus Vombatus. Both Lasiorhinus species differ morphologically from the common wombat by their silkier fur, broader hairy noses, and longer ears.

Description
In general, all species of wombat are heavily built, with large heads and short, powerful legs. They have strong claws to dig their burrows, where they live much of the time. It usually takes about a day for an individual to dig a burrow.

Northern hairy-nosed wombats have bodies covered in soft, grey fur; the fur on their noses sets them apart from the common wombat. They have longer, more pointed ears and a much broader muzzle than the other two species. Individuals can be 35 cm high, up to 1 m long and weigh up to 40 kg. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females being somewhat larger than males due to the presence of an extra layer of fat. They are slightly larger than the common wombat and able to breed somewhat faster (giving birth to two young every three years on average).

The northern hairy-nosed wombat's nose is very important in its survival because it has very poor eyesight, so it must detect its food in the dark through smell. Examination of the wombat's digestive tract shows that the elastic properties of the ends of their large intestines are capable of turning liquid excrement into cubical scat.

Distribution and habitat
Northern hairy-nosed wombats require deep sandy soils in which to dig their burrows, and a year-round supply of grass, which is their primary food. These areas usually occur in open eucalypt woodlands.

At Epping Forest National Park, northern hairy-nosed wombats construct their burrows in deep, sandy soils on levée banks which were deposited by a creek that no longer flows through the area. They forage in areas of heavy clay soils adjacent to the sandy soils, but do not dig burrows in these areas, which become waterlogged in the wet seasons. In the park, burrows are often associated with native bauhina trees (Lysiphyllum hookeri). This tree has a spreading growth form, and its roots probably provide stability for the extensive burrows dug by the wombats.

By the 1980s the range of the northern hairy-nosed wombat had become restricted to a single site of about 300 ha in the Epping National Forest in east-central Queensland, 120 km north-west of Clermont. Insurance populations have since been established at two locations near St George, at the 130 ha Richard Underwood Nature Refuge in 2009, and in the 2800 ha Powrunna State Forest in 2024.

Behaviour
The northern hairy-nosed wombat is nocturnal, living underground in networks of burrows. They avoid coming above ground during harsh weather, as their burrows maintain a constant humidity and temperature. They have been known to share burrows with up to 10 individuals, equally divided by sex. Young are usually born during the wet season, between November and April. When rain is abundant, 50-80% of the females in the population will breed, giving birth to one offspring at a time. Juveniles stay in their mothers' pouches for 8 to 9 months, and are weaned at 12 months of age.

The fat reserves and low metabolic rate of this species permit northern hairy-nosed wombats to go without food for several days when food is scarce. Even when they do feed every day, it is only for 6 hours a day in the winter and 2 hours in the summer, significantly less than a similar-sized kangaroo, which feeds for at least 18 hours a day. Their diet consists of native grasses: black speargrass (Heteropogon contortus), bottle washer grasses (Enneapogon spp.), golden beard grass (Chrysopogon fallax), and three-awned grass(Aristida spp.), as well as various types of roots. The teeth continue to grow beyond the juvenile period, and are worn down by the abrasive grasses they eat. Its habitat has become infested with African buffel grass, a grass species introduced for cattle grazing. The grass outcompetes the more nutritional and native grasses on which the wombat prefers to feed by limiting its quantity, forcing the wombat to travel further to find the native grasses it prefers, and leading to a reduction in biomass.

Status
The conservation status of the northern hairy-nosed wombat is as follows:
 * Critically Endangered, per IUCN (last assessed 15 June 2015),
 * Critically Endangered, under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act); and
 * Critically Endangered, under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Qld).

On 15 February 2018, the federal Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE) upgraded the conservation status from Endangered to Critically Endangered under the EPBC Act to better align with the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Due to its status under the EPBC Act, it is listed on the Species Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).

Threats
Originally there were two main groups of hairy-nosed wombats (the other being the Southern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus latifrons) that were separated by Spencer Gulf in South Australia. Both species experienced a population decline between 1870 and 1920, with the main influences being culling by agriculturalists, competition for food with introduced and feral species and predation. Threats to the northern hairy-nosed wombat include small population size, predation, competition for food, disease, floods, droughts, wildfires, and habitat loss. Its small, highly localised population makes the species especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Wild dogs are the wombat's primary predator, but the spread of rabbits and the actions of landowners have also contributed to their decline.

There have been two reports of male northern hairy-nosed wombats contracting a fungal infection caused by Emmonsia parva, a soil saprophytic fungus. It is likely that the northern hairy-nosed wombats are inhaling the infection from the soil.

Counter-measures
Since around 1993, the Queensland Government's Department of Environment and Science (DES) and predecessors have led a recovery program, supported by Glencore mining company and The Wombat Foundation, for the species.

To combat the vulnerability of this species, a number of conservation projects have been put into action in the 21st century. One example was the construction of a two-metre-high, predator-proof fence around 20 km of the park in 2000. A second, insurance colony of this species of wombat was established at Richard Underwood Nature Refuge (RUNR) at Yarran Downs, near St George in southern Queensland in 2008. The reserve is surrounded by a predator-proof fence. In 2021 the Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC), a private conservation organisation, formed a partnership with DES to collaborate on research and management of the animals in the sanctuary. In October 2023 AWC signed an agreement with DES to care for the wombats in the 130 ha Richard Underwood Nature Reserve. DES would focus on the Epping Forest population.

In 2006, researchers performed a study to analyse the demography of the northern hairy-nosed wombat, by using double-sided tape in the burrows to collect hair of the wombats. Through DNA analysis, they found that the ratio of female to male wombats was 1:2.25 in the population of approximately 113 wombats. These findings allowed researchers to understand the demographics of this species, and opened up further research to better understand why there is a significant difference in males and females in the wild.

Within Epping Forest National Park, increased attention and funds have been given for wombat research and population monitoring, fire management, maintenance of the predator-proof fence, general management, and control of predators and competitors, and elimination of invasive plant species. In addition, the species recovery plan of 2004 to 2008 included communication and community involvement in saving the species, and worked to increase the current population in the wild, established other populations within the wombat's historical range. There is also a volunteer caretaker program, that allows volunteers to contribute in monitoring the population and keeping the predator fence in good repair. In addition, DNA fingerprint identification of wombat hairs allows research to be conducted without an invasive trapping or radio-tracking program.

Studies have also been conducted to assess diet and nutrition.

Population increases
Due to the combined efforts of these forces, the northern hairy-nosed wombat population has been slowly making a comeback.

 * After having been considered extinct, a population of about 30 was discovered in the Epping Forest in the 1930s, and only 35 individuals were counted in the early 1980s.
 * In 2003, the total population consisted of 113 individuals, including only around 30 breeding females.
 * In the last census taken in 2013, the estimated population was 196 individuals, with an additional 9 individuals at RUNR at Yarran Downs.
 * In 2016 the population was estimated to be 250 individuals.
 * In May 2021, researchers found that the population had increased to over 300 individuals.
 * In June 2024, the total population was reported as being over 400 individuals, including 18 at the RUNR, and 15 newly translocated to the Powrunna State Forest.

title: Northern hairy-nosed wombat


text:
Talk:Gord the Rogue

Comments
Saga of the Old City is also called "City of Hawks".
 * No, they are two seperate books, Saga was published by TSR, and City was published by Trigee Enterprises. Gary rewrote Saga into City when he quit TSR.--Azathar 03:05, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Not quite. COH is a series of short stories set mostly between Saga of Old City and Artifact of Evil Chris.s 21:07, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, Night Arrant is the short story collecion, not CoH. CoH was a rewrite of Saga, with some new bits added in and some bits of Saga removed. But, Saga of Old City is a SEPERATE Book from City of Hawks. Night Arrant is the collection of short stories, is set inbetween Saga and Artifact of Evil, making it a seperate book published by a seperate company. --Azathar 01:48, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

How is there any question of notability on this? It is by the creator of Dungeons and Dragons? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.119.91.132 (talk • contribs) 05:30, 4 March 2008

 * That would be a primary source, not multiple reliable third party sources. Cheers, Jack Merridew 08:54, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Leaving aside the fact Gary Gygax wrote them, the Gord the Rogue books are some of the very first books based off a gaming fantasy world to be written. They broke the ground for all the Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms and other game fantasy novels that followed. Rihtan (talk) 20:42, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Furthermore, the stories about Gord and Chert are a notable example of pastiche. Any who seek to study fantasy as a genre, as well as anyone who wishes to understand the role that Fritz Lieber had on modern literature, can use the Gord and Chert stories as the perfect example of fantasy pastiche. 220.233.178.130 (talk) 09:18, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:SagaofOldCityCover.jpg
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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --01:28, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Castle Greyhawk
The direct connection made between module WG7 and Gygax's decision to end his Gord series cataclysmically seems spurious. Is there any evidence that he even read that module? There's a lot of failure to maintain a neutral tone there, too; the characterization of Gygax as being "mocked" (as opposed to other, more benign interpretations of Ray Winninger's motives), for example. I vote for removing those paragraphs and simply noting that the Oerth was destroyed in the series. Speculation as to why should be left out, unless someone has a quote from the author explaining it himself. -- Poisonink (talk) 01:44, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I should add, if it was simply included as an example of the "trash releases" TSR ruined the setting with, it still seems an unwarranted move to focus on it so exclusively. It makes an implied connection that the author himself failed to make. -- Poisonink (talk) 01:50, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Gygax was forced out of TSR on Dec 31, 1985. In the time between that date and the publication of the final Gord the Rogue novel, the only Greyhawk modules TSR published were A1-4 Scourge of the Slave Lords, S1-4 Realms of Horror, GDQ1-7 Queen of the Spiders—all compilations of mods previously published by TSR and either written or approved by Gygax—and WG7, the only new Greyhawk material released since Gygax's departure. The connection between the two is not idle speculation. As for motivation, realize that Gygax himself had "invented" Castle Greyhawk, had invested tens of thousands of hours on it over 15 years, had been forced out of the company he had founded by the woman he himself had brought from L.A. to be manager, had lost the rights to his own D&D characters such as Mordenkainen, the D&D characters of his friends such as Robilar, and the characters of his children such as Tenser. And then the company publishes a mod supposedly showing the inside of his castle, and casting him/Mordenkainen as a total moron. Guinness323 (talk) 04:03, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

 * You're forgetting something that I think should be obvious: Master Wolf by Rose Estes, which was labeled as "Book 3" in the Greyhawk Adventures series of novels as if it were some kind of continuation of the tale Gary Gygax had begun with Saga of Old City and Artifact of Evil, and its sequels. The myriad crimes of that series are well chronicled here. I wouldn't be at all surprised if Mr. Gygax took the continuation of the series he began by an author barely conversant with the setting as an affront. The relevant parts of the Gord the Rogue wikipedia article that you included involves original research and failure to maintain a neutral point of view. The idea that a single parody module "killed" Greyhawk seems odd, considering the original Castle Greyhawk included levels based on Lewis Carroll's children's books, a slide that lead through the center of the Oerth into China, a mad demigod whose areas of concern include humor and eccentricity, and a wizard PC whose magic wands looked like six-shooters. Gary Gygax may or may not have been offended by it, and may or may not have even read it. For my part, I think it's unlikely that Ray Winninger intended "Mordenkainen's Movie Madness" to be offensive, given that he had, at the time, a single AD&D credit to his name and no particular history with the company (I agree with John Ratecliff on that score, though I enjoyed WG7 much more than he did). A more neutral article would call the level an allusion rather than a mockery; a more generous article might call it a homage. Gygax may well have simply thought that, after losing the rights to his work, that any releases at all were "trash," without bothering to read them (and the supermodules, if he ever saw them, had plenty for him to be offended by as well, with the spurious new connective links and massive cuts). Any speculations as to exactly what he meant should be conducted elsewhere (feel free to vent your rage here); Wikipedia has pretty clear guidelines against original research of that sort in articles, however. -- Poisonink (talk) 23:41, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

I actually don't have a problem with the changes that have been made, since I concede the point that unless we can find a source that directly attributes Gygax's final Oerth "blow-up" directly to WG7, then it is (barely) possible that his anger could have been focussed on Rose Estes' first Greyhawk novel. You may find the following blog entry by James Maliszewski enlightening, a reminder of the feelings WG7 generated in the gaming community (and note the bitterness that seeps through, even 20 years after the fact):
 * ''"Worst. Module. Ever. I try very hard not to be hyperbolic on this blog; I know I often don't succeed. But I am hard pressed to think of any module published under the Dungeons & Dragons banner that was worse than 1988's Castle Greyhawk. Consider: Gary Gygax's legendary Castle Greyhawk had never seen publication except in snippets (such as Dungeonland, Land Beyond the Magic Mirror, and Isle of the Ape). There were occasional -- unrealized -- intimations by Gary that TSR might one day published this megadungeon in a more complete form. When module WG7 was released, as part of the World of Greyhawk brand, no less, I am sure many expected it to be the fulfillment of a long-held dream. I know I did. Unfortunately, Castle Greyhawk is more nightmare than dream -- a puerile, unfunny collection of shlock. "The common theme of this dungeon is that no joke is so old, no pun is so bad, and no schtick is so obvious that it can’t be used to confuse and trip up PCs!" That sums it up pretty well in my opinion and, if it hadn't been for the fact that the module was released in the wake of Gygax's ouster from TSR -- an event that shook the industry and the hobby -- I probably wouldn't regard this module with such bile. As it is, the entire thing comes off as a sophomoric attempt to belittle one of the co-creator's of the game and to destroy the game world he created for it. Now, I'm not sure that it was in fact such a thing. Given that its twelve levels were written by a variety of freelancers, some of them extremely talented and well regarded (Paul Jaquays and Steve Perrin being stand-outs), it's quite possible that the whole thing wasn't so much a concerted attack on Gygax as a project that got out of control and took on a ridiculous life of its own. On the other hand, as many on this blog can attest, the late 80s were a time when many at TSR did make a real effort to besmirch Gary's reputation (This is when the ludicrous "Gary was a cokehead" rumor was started, after all). Likewise, Castle Greyhawk's ham-handed use of puns and pop cultural references (to Star Trek, for example) could quite plausibly be interpreted as pointed at Gygax, who both enjoyed humor and often included allusions and outright borrowings from pop culture in his home campaign. My own sympathies lie with those who see WG7 as anti-Gygax, but I can't be certain there's any truth to it. Another possibility might have been that, while its origin wasn't defamation, the fact that it could be read that way tickled some of the higher ups at TSR, knowing they could hide behind plausible deniability should anyone confront them on the matter. Interestingly, this module's implicit criticism of Gary lives on at the Wizards of the Coast website, where an article by John Rateliff blames Gygax himself for laying the groundwork for this terrible module: "the parody element [of Dungeonland and Land Beyond the Magic Mirror] opened the door for the later WG7, Castle Greyhawk (1988)." Since the article contains numerous factual and interpretive errors about the history of the hobby (such as not knowing who Eric Shook was, for example), it's easy to dismiss as errant nonsense, but it speaks volumes about the long shadow Gary casts over this hobby. He was a colossus and it's perhaps unsurprising that so many people wanted to "expose" him as having feet of clay. It's regrettable that Castle Greyhawk was ever published. Whether or not it was intended as a jibe against Gary, few can say, but I think it's certain that this module was ill-conceived, badly done, and a slap in the face of Greyhawk fans, who'd been hoping to see more of the real Castle Greyhawk, a dream that remains unfulfilled over 20 years after the release of this module."''

Guinness323 (talk) 03:18, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gord the Rogue


text:
Common wombat

The common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), also known as the coarse-haired wombat or bare-nosed wombat, is a marsupial, one of three extant species of wombats and the only one in the genus Vombatus. It has three subspecies: Vombatus ursinus hirsutus, found on the Australian mainland; Vombatus ursinus tasmaniensis (Tasmanian wombat), found in Tasmania; and Vombatus ursinus ursinus (Bass Strait wombat), found on Flinders Island and Maria Island in the Bass Strait.

The mainland species is the largest of the three, with its largest specimens measuring up to 1.2 m and 35 kg. The common wombat is herbivorous, mainly nocturnal, and lives in burrows. Being a marsupial, its joeys inhabit a pouch on the mother for around five months after birth.

Taxonomy
The common wombat was first described by George Shaw in 1800.

There are three extant subspecies of the common wombat, confirmed in 2019:

 * Bass Strait (common) wombat, also written "Common Wombat (Bass Strait)" or "Bass Strait wombat" (V. u. ursinus), the nominate form, was once found throughout the Bass Strait Islands, but is now restricted to Flinders Island to the north of Tasmania, and to Maria Island to the east of Tasmania where it was introduced. Its population was estimated at 74,000 in 2023.

 * Hirsute wombat (V. u. hirsutus) is found on the Australian mainland.

 * Tasmanian wombat (V. u. tasmaniensis) is found in Tasmania. It is smaller than V. u. hirsutus. Its population was estimated at 840,000 in 2023.

Hackett's wombat (V. hacketti) is an extinct species of genus Vombatus, inhabiting the southwestern part of Australia. Being around the same size as V. ursinus, with an average weight of 30 kg, V. hacketti went extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene, in the Quaternary extinction event.

Description
Common wombats are sturdy and built close to the ground. They have small ears and eyes, and a large bald nose. Their fur is thick and coarse and its colour varies from light brown to grey and black. The Flinders Island wombat is the smallest of the three subspecies at around 75 cm in length, while the Tasmanian wombat averages 85 cm and a weight of 20 kg. The largest of the three, the mainland species, are around 1 m long and weigh 27 kg on average. Larger specimens can reach 1.2 m and 35 kg.

They have short, strong legs with long claws and are very efficient diggers. One mark of distinction from all other marsupials is that the wombat has a single pair of upper and lower incisors, which never stop growing.

Distribution and habitat
Common wombats are widespread in the cooler and better-watered parts of southern and eastern Australia, including Tasmania and Victoria, and in mountain districts as far north as southern Queensland. In Tasmania, their preference is heathland, coastal scrub, and open forest.

Common wombats can be found at any elevation in the south of their range, but in the north of their range are only found in higher, more mountainous areas. They may be found in a variety of habitats including rainforest, eucalyptus forest, woodland, alpine grassland, and coastal areas. In some regions, they have adapted to farmland and can even be seen grazing in open fields with cattle and sheep.

Behaviour
Common wombats have been described as ecological engineers, as their burrow building results in soil turnover and aeration, which assists plant growth, and provides habitat for a range of invertebrate and vertebrate species.

Common wombats are a solitary, territorial species, with each wombat having an established range in which it lives and feeds. In this area, they dig a tunnel system, with tunnels ranging from 2-20 m in length, along with many side tunnels, and often more than one entrance. More than one wombat may build their nest, made from sticks, leaves, and grasses, in one burrow.

A wide range of other animals are known to make use of wombat burrows including reptiles, rodents, rabbits, echidnas, wallabies, birds and koalas. Wombats are usually fairly tolerant of non-threatening species, and have a number of burrows that they can occupy. The typically switch the burrow that they sleep in every 1-9 days.

Many wombats can live in the same burrow, and wombats normally live in the same burrow for their whole lifespan unless the wombat is forced out of the burrow by farmers or other animal species, or unless the burrow is destroyed. Often nocturnal, the common wombat does come out during the day in cooler weather, such as in early morning or late afternoon.

Diet
Common wombats are herbivorous, subsisting on grass, snow tussocks, and other plant materials. Foraging is usually done during the night. They are the only marsupial in the world whose teeth constantly grow. Due to the underlying enamel structure of the teeth, the continuously growing teeth maintain a self-sharpening ridge which allows easier grazing of the diet consisting of mainly native grasses. Captive wombats are also fed a range of vegetables.

Their dung is cube-shaped.

Breeding
The common wombat breeds mainly in winter. It can breed every two years and produce a single joey. Wombats appear to mate side-ways The gestation period is about 20–30 days, and the young remain in the pouch for five months. When leaving the pouch, they weigh between 3.5 and 6.5 kg. The joey is weaned around 12 to 15 months of age, and is usually independent at 18 months of age. Wombats have an average lifespan of 15 years in the wild and 20 years in captivity.

Threats
Whilst bare-nosed wombats are listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, they remain threatened largely due to anthropomorphic factors including habitat reduction, roadkill and sarcoptic mange. Sarcoptic mange is prevalent in the population and remains the most problematic of issues facing bare-nosed wombats, with wildlife carers regularly treating wombats in the field with low-risk moxidectin.

Wombats have also been reported to harbour a range of parasites, including ticks and associated pathogens.

Its main predators are Tasmanian devils and eagles.

There was a significant increase in overall wombat counts throughout Tasmania between 1985 and 2019 although numbers decreased in the last 10 years of that period in the west Tamar area.

title: Common wombat


text:
List of Greek place names

This is a list of Greek place names as they exist in the Greek language.

 * Places involved in the history of Greek culture, including:
 * Historic Greek regions, including:
 * Ancient Greece, including colonies and contacted peoples
 * Hellenistic world, including successor states and contacted peoples
 * Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire, including successor states
 * Ottoman Empire, including successor states
 * Septinsular Republic
 * Modern Greece and Cyprus, and also what remains of treaty Greek minorities in Turkey
 * Places that have or had important Greek-speaking or ethnic Greek minorities or exile communities
 * Places of concern to Greek culture, religion or tradition, including:
 * Greek mythology
 * Greek Jews, including Romaniotes and exiled Sephardim
 * Greco-Buddhism
 * Christianity until the Great Schism, and afterwards the Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Rite, etc.
 * Greek Muslims, and those outside Greece who are Greek-speaking or ethnic Greek
 * Places whose official names include a Greek form.
 * Places whose names originate from the Greek language, even if they were never involved in Greek history or culture.

Αlthough this list includes toponyms from Roman times, this list does not include later wholly Latin-derived names that have (nor had) no Greek linguistic involvement, involvement with the Greek world, nor significant Greek-speaking communities. (A notable exception may be places such as Australia, which has one of the largest modern Greek-speaking communities outside Greece and Cyprus.) However, much of the Roman Empire did have significant Greek-speaking communities, as Greek had been a popular language among the Roman elite from the beginning.

Both koine and modern forms and transliterations (including polytonic spellings) are listed if available. This list is incomplete, and some items in the list lack academic detail.

As a historical linguistics article, this list is an academic lexicon for the history of Greek place names, and is not a formal dictionary nor gazetteer and should not be relied upon as such.

Indeed, many toponyms in Modern Greek now have different names than were used in by Greek-speaking communities in the past. An example is Malta, which was called Μελίτη (Melítē) and was once home to a Greek-speaking community. However, this community is gone or assimilated, and the common Modern Greek name is Μάλτα (Málta, from Maltese).

However, in other cases, Modern Greek has retained archaic names (sometimes with grammatical modifications).

Distinctly Greek names are also largely retained for places without significant modern Greek populations that had a larger Greek-speaking presence until relatively recent times in history, including many areas in what are now Turkey, Egypt, Russia and Ukraine.

Format
The names presented are in Classical Greek spelling, specifically of the Attic dialect, scientific transliteration of Classical Greek, standard Modern Greek, the United Nations transliteration for Modern Greek, and the Modern Greek pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

title: List of Greek place names


text:
Talk:NAIRU

Incorrect?
We need to distinguish between the Natural rate concept and NAIRU. So far as I know, "NAIRU" was a term introduced in the 1980s. I will look this up. So far as I am aware, but need to check, the first people to use the term were Nickell and Layard. I thinl the Historical stuff in this page should really go on the natural rate page?Byronmercury (talk) 19:15, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

PS the guys who used the term "NAIRU" were certainly NOT monetarists. They were new Keynesian for the most part.Byronmercury (talk) 19:17, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

Actual values
I've been trying to search for actual estimations of the current NAIRU with little success. I know it used to be published in CBO's The Budget and Economic Outlook, but it's absent this year. Can anyone help with this and put it in the article?

<<To the poster above: This is an article about the NAIRU as a concept, not about the NAIRU in a particular country! Wikipedia is not just American.

 * To the responder: The article is missing values for ANY country.87.247.51.148 (talk) 02:57, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

RE: last sentence
Monetary policy should not and will never aim stabilizing the inflation rate at 0%, because this would, after hyperinflation and stagflation, the worst any one could do. With an inflation rate og 0% there wouldnt be any economic growth. For one reason because production would never get any cheaper nor more efficient in terms of productivity, because employers cannot lower nominal wage rates, since workers wouldnt accept. Through inflation the decrease in the real wage can be camouflaged by i.e. a rise of nominal wage (+1%) at an inflation rate of 2%, so in the end the worker is left with a 1% loss of purchasing power, which doesnt bother him too much since his paycheck figures are higher than last period anyway. Also if an inflation rate decrease is caused i.e by a hike of interest rate, it would basically eliminate investments, which causes decreasing aggregate demand, which in effect would lead to rising unemployment and Happy Birthday there s your recession parfait. Inflation should be held as stable as possible somewhere between 2-3%, like the Bank of England/UK does with a possibilty of inflation rate variation between 2-3%, trying to reach an inflation rate of 2,5% from either above or below, which gives the banking system more flexibility concerning interest rate changes etc.
 * You assumed constant productivity (widgets per labor hour) here, which is (hopefully) not true. After all, new techniques and tools get invented from time to time.--Whichone 17:20, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The above long unsigned paragraph mixes up short- and long-run issues, and tells little - if anything - about what the optimal rate of inflation is in the long run. A subject professional economists have no ready-made and universally accepted answer for. However, it is safe to say that most agree that any long-run correlation between inflation and productivity growth is hard to establish statistically.--HJ 21:25, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Citing other encyclopedia
I do not thing that citing other encylopedia is appropriate. Encyclopedia can not be appropriate source itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.164.125.199 (talk) 19:34, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes it can. Wikipedia even has a citation template for citing encyclopedias. -- JHP (talk) 05:19, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Is this the same as natural rate of unemployment?
Is it? natural rate of unemployment - Fresheneesz (talk) 21:38, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

no it is not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:908:1A3:5080:993A:AF4E:41A8:F18A (talk) 20:47, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

Contradiction?
There appears to be a contradiction or lack of sufficient context in the following:

(Intro:2nd Sentence)"...Actual unemployment cannot fall below the NAIRU,..."

(Properties of the NAIRU:1st Postulate)if U < U* for a few years, inflationary expectations rise, so that the inflation rate tends to accelerate;

--ArtdelveLA (talk) 22:02, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

NIARU/NAIRU
If I recall right I had added both acronyms - as a pointer to the use of both elsewhere. Was that removed?

Can any explain?

John courtneidge (talk) 20:35, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Does not have to be unemployment?
Why is there no mention of the Job Guarantee? The govt employs people at a fixed wage of £x\hour, uses employment to control inflation. If inflation is too high shift to JG buffer stock not unemployed. No need for unemployment. Think laterally! Plus unemployed will retain skills and shire jobs eliminated. Then you can repeal labour market regulations, etc. 90.217.167.67 (talk) 22:32, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

Dr. Stockhammer's comment on this article
Dr. Stockhammer has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"section "The natural rate hypothesis and the NAIRU" downplays the difference between natural rate and NAIRU. The NAIRU describes involuntary unemployment, the natural rate (in Friedman) a misperception unemployment. Snowden, B, Vane, H, Wynarczyk, P, 1994. A Modern Guide to Macroeconomics: An Introduction to Competing Schools of Thought. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar

paragraph on unemployment hysteresis is correct but limited. The case for unemployment hysteresis if much broader. In particular it has been shown that the existence of wage norms, i.e. that actual wages or wages of co-workers influence target wages (Skott 2005, Stockhammer 2011). Skott, Peter, 2005. Fairness as a source of hysteresis in employment and relative wages. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 57, 305-31

There is also an extensive empirical literature that questions the explanatory power of labour market institution for explaining unemployment and the NAIRU. Howell, Baker, Glyn and Schmitt, “Are Protective Labor Market Institutions at the Root of Unemployment? A Critical Review of the Evidence,” Capitalism and Society, Vol. 2, Issue 1 (2007). Baccaro, L., Rei, D. (2007): Institutional determinants of unemployment in OECD countries: does the deregulatory view hold water?, in: International Organization 61, 527-569. Stockhammer, E., Klär, E., (2011): Capital accumulation and unemployment in the medium run, in: Cambridge Journal of Economics, 35, 437–457

section Relationship to other economic theories conflates the policy recommendations that many think tanks (e.g. the OECD in its famous Jobs Study 1994) have derived from the NAIRU theory with the NAIRU model itself. The NAIRU model is a Keynesian model in that the labour market determines nominal wage growth whereas employment is determined by the goods market. If an exogenous NAIRU is assumed (the natural rate hypothesis), then in the long run labour market institutions determine unemployment and Keynesian policies are ineffective. However, if the NAIRU is endogenous, for which there is substantial evidence, then there is unemployment hysteresis the NAIRU determines short term inflation. Demand management can then affect unemployment (e.g. Ball 2009, Stockhammer 2011)"

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

Dr. Stockhammer has published scholarly research which seems to be relevant to this Wikipedia article:

 * Reference : Engelbert Stockhammer & Erik Klar, 2008. "Capital Accumulation, Labour Market Institutions, and Unemployment in the Medium Run," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 834, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 18:12, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

Figures
Nowhere in this article is there any suggestion of what this "optimal" rate of unemployment might be for a typical developed economy. Surely this is a serious omission? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.97.163.17 (talk) 10:50, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:NAIRU


text:
Antitheism

Antitheism, also spelled anti-theism, is the philosophical position that theism should be opposed. The term has had a range of applications. In secular contexts, it typically refers to direct opposition to the belief in any deity.

Etymology
The word antitheism (or hyphenated anti-theism) has been recorded in English since 1788. The etymological roots of the word are the Greek anti and theos.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines antitheist as "One opposed to belief in the existence of a god". The earliest citation given for this meaning dates from 1833. The term was likely coined by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.

Opposition to theism
Antitheism has been adopted as a label by those who regard theism as dangerous, destructive, or encouraging of harmful behavior. Christopher Hitchens (2001) wrote:
 * "I'm not even an atheist so much as I am an antitheist; I not only maintain that all religions are versions of the same untruth, but I hold that the influence of churches, and the effect of religious belief, is positively harmful."

Opposition to the idea of God
Other definitions of antitheism include that of the French Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain (1953), for whom it is "an active struggle against everything that reminds us of God".

The definition of Robert Flint (1877), Professor of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh was similar. Flint's 1877 Baird Lecture was titled Anti-Theistic Theories. He used "antitheism" as a very general umbrella term for all opposition to his own form of theism, which he defined as
 * the "belief that the heavens and the earth and all that they contain owe their existence and continuance to the wisdom and will of a supreme, self-existent, omnipotent, omniscient, righteous, and benevolent Being, who is distinct from, and independent of, what He has created."

Flint wrote
 * "In dealing with theories which have nothing in common except that they are antagonistic to theism, it is necessary to have a general term to designate them. Anti-theism appears to be the appropriate word. It is, of course, much more comprehensive in meaning than the term atheism. It applies to all systems which are opposed to theism. It includes, therefore, atheism, but short of atheism, there are anti-theistic theories."
 * "Polytheism is not atheism, for it does not deny that there is a deity; but it is anti-theistic since it denies that there is only one. Pantheism is not atheism, for it asserts that there is a god; but it is anti-theism, for it denies that God is a being distinct from creation and possessed of such attributes as wisdom, and holiness, and love. Every theory which refuses to ascribe to a god an attribute which is essential to a worthy conception of its character is anti-theistic. Only those theories which refuse to acknowledge that there is evidence even for the existence of a god are atheistic."
 * "Polytheism is not atheism, for it does not deny that there is a deity; but it is anti-theistic since it denies that there is only one. Pantheism is not atheism, for it asserts that there is a god; but it is anti-theism, for it denies that God is a being distinct from creation and possessed of such attributes as wisdom, and holiness, and love. Every theory which refuses to ascribe to a god an attribute which is essential to a worthy conception of its character is anti-theistic. Only those theories which refuse to acknowledge that there is evidence even for the existence of a god are atheistic."

However, Flint also acknowledged that antitheism is typically understood differently from how he defines it. In particular, he notes that it has been used as a subdivision of atheism, descriptive of the view that theism has been disproven, rather than as the more general term that Flint preferred. He rejected the alternative non-theistic
 * "not merely because of its hybrid origin and character, but also because it is far too comprehensive. The theories of physical and mental science are non-theistic, even when in no degree, directly or indirectly, antagonistic to theism."

Other, similar terms
Opposition to the existence of a god or gods is frequently referred to as nontheism, or dystheism, or misotheism.
 * Dystheism would actually mean "belief in a deity that is not benevolent".
 * Misotheism, strictly speaking, means "hatred of God".

Examples of belief systems founded on the principle of opposition to the existence of a god or gods include some forms of Atheistic Satanism and maltheism.

Different definitions of "antitheism"
Christopher New (1993) proposed an altered definition of the word antitheism as part of a thought experiment. He imagines what arguments for the existence of an evil god would look like, and writes
 * "Antitheists, like theists, would have believed in an omnipotent, omniscient, eternal creator; but whereas theists in fact believe that the supreme being is also perfectly good, antitheists would have believed that he was perfectly evil."

New's changed definition has reappeared in the work of W.A. Murphree.

title: Antitheism