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Calendar Man

Calendar Man (Julian Gregory Day) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, as an enemy of the superhero Batman, belonging to the collective of adversaries that make up Batman's rogues gallery. Calendar Man is known for committing crimes that correspond with holidays and significant dates. He often wears costumes to correlate with the date of the designated crime. His name is a reference to the Julian and Gregorian calendars. In his debut, the character was presented as a joke villain, but in later years, writers developed Calendar Man as a dark, disturbed criminal who toys with Batman.

The character made his live-action debut as a cameo in the DC Extended Universe film The Suicide Squad (2021), portrayed by Sean Gunn.

Publication history
Calendar Man first appeared in Detective Comics #259 (September 1958) and was created by Bill Finger and Sheldon Moldoff. He returned after twenty years to plague Batman again in Batman #312 (June 1979).

Criminal career
Calendar Man is fascinated by dates and calendars, due to an obsession with important dates and trauma surrounding important holidays. His crimes always have a relationship to the date that they are committed. The theme may be related to what day of the week it is or to a holiday or to a special anniversary on that date; he will plan his crime around that day. He often wears different costumes which correspond to the significance of the date, though he does have a main costume which has various numbers (meant to represent days on a calendar) sprouting from the shoulders.

He next appears in Batman #312 (June 1979), in which his crimes are based on the days of the week, and his costumes reflect the Norse and Roman gods they were named for, e.g. Saturn. Calendar Man fires an ultrasonic sound weapon at Batman, nearly killing him. While Batman recuperates, Calendar Man commits crimes on Friday and Saturday. He plans to leave Gotham City on a train called the Western Sun Express on Sunday—the traditional "day of rest"—knowing that the police would be waiting for him to attempt to steal an artifact of the Egyptian god of the Sun, Ra. Batman captures him at the train station before he boards.

This issue also marked the first appearance of his most commonly known "calendar cape" costume. His next appearance in Batman #384–385 (June–July 1985) and Detective Comics #551 (June 1985), sees the Calendar Man at the onset of the Crisis being used as a pawn of the Monitor in an attempt to find an assassin to eliminate Batman. In this instance, the Calendar Man's theme is holidays, and he attempts to use the young Jason Todd, as Robin, as the Batman's Achilles' heel, with the promise of his demise on the first day of Spring. Ultimately, however, Robin himself captures the villain.

His best-known modern appearance is in the miniseries Batman: The Long Halloween, where he is portrayed as a Hannibal Lecter-like figure, offering insight in Batman's search for Holiday, a serial killer who uses holidays as his modus operandi. Like Lecter in the novels of Thomas Harris, Calendar Man knows who the killer is and keeps this information to himself, choosing instead to taunt the heroes with cryptic clues. He returns in that story's sequel, Batman: Dark Victory, in which he impersonates deceased mobster Carmine Falcone in an effort to drive his children, Alberto and Mario, insane. When Calendar Man (as Carmine) tries to get Alberto to kill himself, however, the younger Falcone detects the ruse; Alberto knows that his father abhorred suicide, and thus figures out that Calendar Man is manipulating him. At the end of the story arc, Falcone's daughter Sofia Falcone Gigante beats him to a pulp as revenge for his role in her father's death. In both stories, Calendar Man is bitter that the new murderous rogues have taken the attention off him; he fears that he is being forgotten.

Calendar Man teams up with Catman and Killer Moth as part of The Misfits, a group of villains trying to prove themselves in Batman: Shadow of the Bat #7–9 (1992–1993). Also, he is among the Arkham Asylum inmates freed by Bane in Batman: Knightfall, but he is easily recaptured by Power Girl shortly after his escape. In Team Titans #14 (Nov 1993) Calendar Man and several other villains whose crimes center on time-based motifs, including Time Commander, fight the title's heroes over a valued hourglass. Calendar Man appears in "All the Deadly Days", a story in 80 Page Giant Batman Special Edition #3 (July 2000), in which he has acquired a new high-tech costume, and moves up to more grandiose crimes. He makes an appearance in the alternate reality story "Superman: Arkham" (beginning in Superman (vol. 2) #160), which was also written by Jeph Loeb. Calendar Man appears in the series Harley Quinn, as an inside informant to the title character.

In Week 20 of the weekly series 52, a radio broadcasts a message saying that Calendar Man was left tied up for the cops in Gotham City, even though there is no Batman. It is revealed the new heroine, Batwoman, was responsible for his capture.

The New 52
In 2011, DC rebooted their continuity. In this universe, Julian Day is a mob enforcer for The Squid. While he is popular among his colleagues for his brute strength, he abuses and neglects his young child, Aden. However, when Batman goes looking for weaponry being sold by the Squid, he encounters Aden, who tells him his father’s location. Batman assumes the persona of Matches Malone and goes looking for Julian. Julian, meanwhile, finally decides he should pay his child some attention and plans to get a calendar, but Batman forces him into a bathroom and punches him into some tiles. The tiles create a calendar-like scar around his head. Julian Day appears again in The New 52: Futures End event, in which he has become a hacker who calls himself Calendar Man. Batman and Riddler manage to defeat him. Also, another version of Calendar Man (not specified as Julian Day) appears during the “Villains Month” event. This version is the host of “Channel 52”, which reports on important villain-related events. Calendar Man claims he does this because he fears that nobody else will keep track of the day-to-day events.

DC Rebirth
In DC Rebirth, Calendar Man is a permanent inmate of Arkham Asylum. When Batman hid Psycho-Pirate in Arkham, Bane came for him and tore through the asylum and defeated all its inmates, who Batman had freed to weaken Bane. Eventually, Bane confronted Calendar Man, but instead of fighting him, Calendar Man stated that everything was just a loop and that all of this was pointless as Bane would never win.

Powers and abilities
Calendar Man is a successful inventor, capable of designing the machinery needed to deploy his various schemes. His talents aid him as he pursues his obsession with quirks of the calendar, carefully planning and theming his crimes around holidays, weekdays and the seasons. Calendar Man is also an experienced hand-to-hand combatant, although his main reason for his success is his intelligence. In his latest incarnation, as written by Scott Snyder and Tom King in the pages of the Batman Rebirth special (June 2016), the Calendar Man now ages with the seasonal weather of Gotham City. Every spring he is reborn, with his DNA altered, but retains his memories, and then ages rapidly until winter when he dies, only to be reborn again the next spring by crawling from the husk of his own corpse.

Television

 * A character based on Calendar Man named Calendar Girl appears in The New Batman Adventures episode "Mean Seasons", voiced by Sela Ward.  A former supermodel, she was fired after turning 30, leading her to develop body dysmorphic disorder and wearing a mask under the belief that she is hideous despite her normal appearance. Additionally, she plans her crimes around the four seasons, with a different costume and weapons corresponding to each.
 * Calendar Man appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Jim Piddock. In his most notable appearance in the episode "Legends of the Dark-Mite!", Bat-Mite summons Calendar Man and upgrades him into Calendar King, giving him the power to conjure monsters and henchmen themed after various holidays, before having him fight Batman. After the henchmen and Calendar King are defeated, Bat-Mite restores the latter and sends him away.
 * Calendar Man was discussed to appear in Gotham, though this never came to pass.
 * Calendar Man appears in Harley Quinn, voiced by Alan Tudyk. This version is married, the father of a young boy, and a member of the Legion of Doom.

Film

 * Calendar Man makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in The Batman vs. Dracula.
 * Calendar Man makes a non-speaking appearance in The Lego Batman Movie.
 * Calendar Man appears in Batman: The Long Halloween, voiced by David Dastmalchian.
 * Calendar Man makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Injustice.
 * Calendar Man makes a cameo appearance in The Suicide Squad, portrayed by Sean Gunn. This version is an inmate of Belle Reve penitentiary.

Video games

 * Calendar Man appears in Batman: Arkham City, voiced by Maurice LaMarche. This version is obese, has a slightly shorter right leg, forcing him to wear a brace and platform shoe, and sports calendar-like scars on his head. After being imprisoned in the eponymous Arkham City mega-prison, he occupied the Solomon Wayne Courthouse, trapping anyone who entered and killing them on the next holiday before Two-Face and his gang seized the courthouse and locked Calendar Man in a glass cell in the basement. After defeating Two-Face, Batman can speak to Calendar Man. If the player speaks with him on New Year's Day, Valentine's Day, Saint Patrick's Day, April Fools' Day, Mother's Day, Father's Day, Independence Day, the Feast Day of Saint Roch, Labor Day, Halloween, Thanksgiving, and Christmas Day, Calendar Man will relate a story about a crime he committed on that specific day. If the player returns to the courthouse after hearing all twelve stories, Calendar Man will have escaped, leaving one of Two-Face's henchmen hanging from the ceiling of his cell. If the player sets the date of the gaming console to December 13, 2004 (the date Arkham developer Rocksteady Studios was founded) and visits Calendar Man, he will speak about his origins with Batman, concluding with "I was there at your beginning, and I will be there at your end." If the player visits Calendar Man as Catwoman, he will bring up an incident involving both her and the Falcone family and imply that Carmine Falcone might be her father.
 * Calendar Man appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Calendar Man makes a minor appearance in Batman: Arkham Origins. While disguised as Black Mask, the Joker launches a siege on Blackgate Penitentiary on Christmas Eve, during which he frees Calendar Man in appreciation of the act of doing so on a holiday.
 * Calendar Man makes a cameo appearance in Batman: Arkham Knight, witnessing the destruction of Wayne Manor.
 * Calendar Man appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by Jim Pirri. This version is a member of the Legion of Doom.

Miscellaneous

 * An older, wheelchair-bound Calendar Man appears in the Batman Beyond (vol. 2) arc "Hush Beyond". He attempts to kill Commissioner Barbara Gordon, but is thwarted and killed by Hush.
 * Calendar Man appears in issue #12 of the Batman: The Brave and the Bold tie-in comic.
 * Calendar Man makes a minor appearance in the Injustice: Gods Among Us prequel comic as an inmate of Arkham Asylum.
 * The Batman: Arkham incarnation of Calendar Man appears in the Batman: Arkham Knight prequel comic.  After receiving the Electrocutioner's gauntlets from the titular Arkham Knight to disable Batman's communications, Calendar Man lures the Dark Knight to the Campbell Calendar Company, where he has the latter battle seven clones of Solomon Grundy over the course of a week while he kidnaps a newborn baby and poisons several people. While Batman rescues them, the Scarecrow forces Calendar Man to abandon his plot to kill Batman.
 * Calendar Man appears in the Injustice 2 prequel comic as a member of the Suicide Squad.

title: Calendar Man


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Magnus Brahe (1564–1633)

Count Magnus Brahe (1564–1633) was a Swedish noble. Being both Lord High Constable and Lord High Steward of Sweden, he was a notable figure in 17th century Sweden.

Early life
Magnus Brahe, a son of Per Brahe the Elder and Beata Stenbock and nephew of queen dowager Catherine Stenbock, was born at Tynnelsö Castle on 25 September 1564. He was the brother of Erik Brahe (1552–1614), Gustaf Brahe (1558–1615), Margareta Brahe (1559–1638), Sigrid Brahe and Abraham Brahe (1569–1630).

Career
He became a chamberlain of King Sigismund in 1590. Four years later, he left Sigismund and started to support Sigismund's cousin Duke Carl, who was an enemy of Sigismund and challenged the king for the throne. Brahe received various important assignments from Duke Carl, and eventually, in 1602, Brahe became Lord High Constable (Swedish: riksmarsk) and a member of the Swedish Privy Council.

Brahe's older brothers had supported Sigismund which led to them losing the Visingsborg earldom. Having been a trustful supporter of Duke Carl, who became regent of Sweden in 1599 and king 1604, Brahe was declared Count of Visingsborg instead. When King Carl IX died and was succeeded by his son Gustavus Adolphus in 1611, Brahe remained a close confidant of the new king. The same year, he was appointed Lord High Steward (Swedish: riksdrots), becoming arguably the most prominent member of the Privy Council.

In 1614, he was made the first president of Svea Court of Appeal, when this court was created. Brahe was knighted at the coronation of Gustavus Adolphus in October 1617.

Family life and death
Brahe married Countess Brita Stensdotter Leijonhufvud (1567–1611) at Gräfsnäs Palace on 10 November 1594. They were parents of Ebba Brahe (1596–1674), who was the subject of king Gustav Adolphus' love. The countess died in 1611, and Brahe remarried at Strömsholm Palace on 18 October 1618, this time with Baroness Helena Bielke (1592–1651). He died in Stockholm on 3 March 1633 due to an illness, which possibly was caused by the great grief Brahe felt when king Gustavus Adolphus died four months earlier. He was buried on 12 May the same year in Västerås Cathedral.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Magnus Brahe (1564–1633)


text: Category:French jockeys

title: Category:French jockeys


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Crono

Crono, known as Chrono (クロノ) in Japan, is a fictional character in the Chrono series of video games by Square and the series' namesake. He has appeared in two games, starring as the protagonist in the 1995 role-playing game Chrono Trigger and Chrono Cross, where he makes a brief appearance. Crono is a silent swordsman protagonist who uses facial expressions to communicate. During a party in his hometown, Crono finds himself on a quest to protect Princess Marle. Though he is successful, the main character finds himself on a major quest to protect the world from a giant creature known as Lavos that will destroy the world in the future. Reunited with Marle and new allies, Crono goes on multiple quests to save the world.

Crono's design was originally created by Chrono Trigger's story planner, Masato Kato, and finalized by Akira Toriyama. While his design did not change much throughout the game's development, Kato's idea to kill the protagonist resulted in negative feedback from Square higher-ups for being too dark for the story, and thus Crono became able to revive. Since his appearance in Chrono Trigger, Crono has received generally positive reception and has gained a strong fan following. He has been praised as a likable blank canvas for the player to project themselves onto, and his death scene in Chrono Trigger is considered by critics to be one of gaming's most memorable moments.

Concept and creation
Crono's initial design was created by Chrono Trigger's story planner, Masato Kato. The concept behind Crono was that his adventure begins when he goes to save a girl who was sucked into a time warp created by a teleportation device. Despite the simplicity of such a quest, it gradually reveals itself as you travel through time to each different era, far surpassing the story's creation. The adventure Crono embarks on while time-traveling was the key appeal to the audience. His design was meant to be highly notable in order to make fights more entertaining. While expanding on the replay value, Crono's trial was written so that he could be found innocent the second time. When creating the characters, the staff thought about what sort of friends Crono would have in each era. Crono was the first written character to star as a young male, resulting in Square balancing it by adding female characters as well as non-human characters to balance it and make the party more entertaining. Crono's most developed parts are his Japanese blade, which gives a hint of the Orient.

Crono's final design was created by Akira Toriyama. In the initial design sketches, Crono was a "bad kid" wearing goggles and a cape. While he was called Chrono in the Japanese version, this was changed in the North American version. Crono is a silent protagonist who uses facial expressions to communicate; this is never addressed by any characters in the games he appears in. Concerning his death in the game, Kato noted that his policy has always been "to try and create games that run counter to users' expectations, surprise them." Chrono was his name originally, but it lost the "h" due to problems with memory and the names. Chrono had six letters, while five appeared to be the limit.

Masato Kato and other developers held a series of meetings to ensure continuity, usually attended by around 30 personnel. Kato and Yuji Horii initially proposed Crono's death, though they intended for him to stay dead; the party would have retrieved an earlier, living version of him to complete the quest. Square deemed the scenario too depressing and asked that Crono be brought back to life later in the story. Although Crono does not appear in the sequel, the staff has often been asked about what happens to the character. Taking into consideration the fall of the Kingdom of Guardia and the rise of Porre's militarism on the main continent, Kato suggested the couple might have been involved in an incident. When discussing a theoretical game to follow Chrono Cross, Katō discussed an idea where Kid, Lucca's adopted daughter, went on a quest to save her, Crono, and Marle. He ultimately rejected this idea due to his principle that "the past is the past".

Appearances
Crono is the spiky-haired, silent protagonist of the Chrono Trigger. He never speaks, using facial expressions to communicate. Crono originates from the year 1000 A.D., where he lives in the village of Truce with his mother. While attending the Millennial Fair, he meets a young girl named Marle, and the two go see a teleporter created by Crono's friend Lucca. As Marle tries the teleporter, it reacts with her pendant and creates a time gate, leading Crono to travel back in time 400 years to rescue Marle. This begins a series of time-traveling adventures where Crono and his friends discover that Lavos, an extraterrestrial monster who crashed on Earth in pre-historic times, is set to awaken in 1999 A.D. and destroy civilization. Crono is tried and arrested on charges of kidnapping Marle, and sentenced to death by the current chancellor of Guardia. Lucca and Marle help Crono escape prison, haphazardly using another time portal to evade their pursuers. This portal lands them in 2300 A.D., where they learn that an advanced civilization has been wiped out by a giant creature known as Lavos that appeared in 1999 A.D., and find the last remnants of humanity living in undergrowth domes subsisting off of machine energy in place of food. The three vow to find a way to prevent the future destruction of their world. After meeting and repairing Robo, Crono and his friends find Gaspar, an old sage residing in an atemporal space known as the End of Time, who offers them the ability to travel through time by way of several pillars of light.

The ruined Ocean Palace then rises into the air as the Black Omen, Queen Zeal's floating fortress. The group turns to Gaspar for help, and he gives them a "Chrono Trigger", a device that allows the group to replace Crono just before the moment of death with an identical doppelgänger (doing so is optional, and the game's ending will change depending on the player's decision). The party then gathers power by helping people across time with Gaspar's instructions. Their journeys involve defeating the remnants of the Mystics, stopping Robo's maniacal AI creator, giving Frog closure for Cyrus's death, locating and charging up the mythical Sun Stone, retrieving the legendary Rainbow Shell, unmasking Guardia's Chancellor as a saboteur, and restoring a forest destroyed by a desert monster.

If Crono was resurrected before defeating Lavos, his sentence for kidnapping Marle is revoked by her father, King Guardia XXXIII, thanks to testimonies from Marle's ancestors and descendants, whom Crono had helped during his journey. Crono's mother accidentally enters the time gate at the Millennial Fair before it closes, prompting Crono, Marle, and Lucca to set out in the Epoch to find her while fireworks light up the night sky. If Crono was not resurrected, Frog, Robo, and Ayla (along with Magus if he was recruited) chase Gaspar to the Millennial Fair and back again, revealing that Gaspar knows how to resurrect Crono; Marle and Lucca then use the Epoch to travel through time to accomplish this. Alternatively, if the party used the Epoch to break Lavos's outer shell, Marle will help her father hang Nadia's bell at the festival and accidentally get carried away by several balloons. If resurrected, Crono jumps on to help her, but he cannot bring them down to earth. Hanging on in each other's arms, the pair travel through the cloudy, moonlit sky.

Chrono Trigger DS added a scenario in which Crono and his friends can help a "lost sanctum" of Reptites, who reward powerful items and armor. The second scenario adds ties to Trigger ' s sequel, Chrono Cross. In a New Game Plus, the group can explore several temporal distortions to combat shadow versions of Crono, Marle, and Lucca and to fight Dalton, who promises in defeat to raise an army in the town of Porre to destroy the Kingdom of Guardia.

In the sequel Chrono Cross, drawings of Crono are seen in the orphanage Lucca built in her house following the adventures of Trigger. Three times, protagonist Serge and his friends meet Ghost Children versions of Crono, Marle, and Lucca, accusing him of negating all their hard work to save the future and thwart Lavos.

Reception
Since his appearance in Chrono Trigger, Crono has received generally positive reception and has gained a strong fan following. In a special Chrono Trigger Cross Review, Famicom Tsūshin scored Crono a 30 out of 40. GamesRadar's staff ranked Crono as the 21st best hero in video games; they claimed that while he seemed like a typical hero from a role-playing game, he makes a large impact on the characters around him. They also praised the game's narrative for Crono's quality as a lead character. Crono has also been called a likable "everyman" by IGN's Jesse Schedeen and GamesRadar's Matt Bradford. Bradford claimed that while Crono did have some advantages, he took on the role of a hero without them. Crono has been referenced by a character in the NBC TV show Heroes. The character Hiro Nakamura compared himself to Crono due to his newly acquired time-travel ability. Super Retro Squad developer Jay Pavlina wanted to feature a character based on Crono in the game but never got around to it. Crono has proven to be a popular choice for an appearance in the Super Smash Bros. series by IGN and IGN's readers alike, as well as GamesRadar. Due to the character's silent personality and lack of friends, VentureBeat said Crono comes across as a common archetype of lonely role-playing protagonists who tend to spend most of their time recruiting new allies, most of whom happen to be attractive women. According to the same site, Crono is a common Akira Toriyama RPG hero, attributing his silent personality and spiky hair, which make him look more like Dragon Quest heroes as well as Goku, the protagonist of Dragon Ball. In retrospect, Alexander Pan from IGN saw Crono's games at a festival while finding new people, which was one of the most nostalgic things he did as a teenager. He also liked Crono's design, as it reminded him of Toriyama's Goku. Comic Book Resources lamented the fact that the character was silent and believed he would be more appealing if he were given lines due to the large number of friends and enemies he possesses as well as his special techniques.

His death scene is considered one of gaming's most memorable moments by critics. IGN listed it as the 39th most memorable video game moment; they called it "unforgettable" and felt that killing off the main character of a video game was both "brave and rare." They added that anyone who experienced this felt a "sting in their heart" when they thought about it. UGO Networks' K. Thor Jensen included his death in his list of the most "shocking deaths in gaming". He felt that in a genre notable for having plot twists, this was one of the most significant examples. In another article, IGN felt this moment was sudden for the audience as the game had yet to reach its ending and it was rare for games to do this to their protagonists. The possibility of reviving Crono was still praised for making the game more complex. 1UP.com's Justin Haywald called his death the most memorable element of Chrono Trigger, which he identifies as one of his favorites. While acknowledging the shock of Crono's death, IGN said his resurrection seems obligatory for the player due to the feeling of emptiness and loss caused by the literal absence of the main hero. This adds a bittersweet and familiar taste to an already very emotional and universal experience, which certainly contributes to Chrono Trigger's unshakable presence in the nostalgic hearts of so many players around the world.

1UP.com's Charles Hartley included Crono in his list of "Dudes in Distress", owing both to his death scene as well as his earlier imprisonment. 1UP.com's Scott Sharkey featured him in a list of the 10 video game deaths that "didn't stick." He commented that the scene in Chrono Trigger felt right out of the gospels. Game Informer's Kyle Hilliard called his death the game's biggest surprise, due to the fact that you can beat the game without reviving him. He also expressed surprise that it had not been spoiled for him. Game Informer's Dan Rykert commented that while Crono was supposed to be "wish-fulfillment" for players due to his silence, his death contradicted that idea. Among the game's endings, VG247 found it weird how in one of them Crono becomes the new Magus, while in a surprisingly shocking ending, Crono stops being a silent character and talks to his comrades for the first time ever. Should Chrono Trigger get a sequel, GameRadar demanded that in such an installment, the child of Crono and Marle be playable alongside his parents.

In Playable Tragedy: Ergodic Tragedy in Chrono Trigger, Islandia University discusses that Crono's death is a well-executed fictional tragedy based on the notable loss the player suffers, especially because the dead character acts as an avatar for him. Four phases occur in this tragedy, starting with the dignity of Crono when compared with the rest, the youth of the romantic hero, and in one way or another the tragedy of innocence in the sense of inexperience; in the third a sense of romance and achievements; and the fourth is the "typical fall of the hero through hybris and hamartia." The writer further compared the tragedy in Chrono Trigger with the 1997 video game Final Fantasy VII, where the player suffers tragedy upon Cloud Strife's failure to save his comrade Aerith Gainsborough from the villain Sephiroth. Both scenes were compared for being highly engaging to the player, though Crono's death still comes across as a death that no gamer had seen coming, as referenced by the writers from the Square who wanted to surprise the audience. However, in the case of the story of Chrono Trigger, Crono's death is overshadowed by Lucca's actions in the next sequences before the player ends the game, among other side quests involving the main cast.

In the book Reverse Design: Chrono Trigger, Crono is described as an exceptional protagonist as he is both a player avatar as well as a hero destined to face the villain Lavos, as the resolution of such a battle does not affect the player highly based on how many sidequests he or she has accomplished. Nevertheless, the handling of Crono in the early parts of the game was praised for being able to fight alone by the video game developers or be assisted depending on the player's decisions. The death of Crono is also analyzed in the book Japanese Role-Playing Games: Genre, Representation, and Liminality in the JRPG, as the impact is also notable due to him being the most powerful member of the party who was always available. While his death was not unique in gaming history, the gameplay changed forever. Although his return is optional, the narrative is not affected by this, as the plot now relies more on the entire party than mainly Crono.

title: Crono


text: Talk:Lilia Alejandra Andrade

title: Talk:Lilia Alejandra Andrade


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Heritage Open Days

Heritage Open Days (also known as HODs) is an annual celebration of England's history and culture that allows visitors free access to heritage sites and community events that are either not usually open to the public, would normally charge an entrance fee, or that are putting on something special for the festival. It also includes tours, events and activities related to history, nature and culture.

Heritage Open Days is England's largest festival of history and culture, bringing together over 2,500 organisations, 5,000 events and 40,000 volunteers. Heritage Open Days 2018 ran from 6-9 and 13–16 September.

Heritage Open Days were established in 1994 as England's contribution to European Heritage Days, in which 49 countries now participate.

Organised by volunteers (often property owners or managers), Heritage Open Days is one of England's biggest voluntary cultural events, attracting some 800,000 people every year. Until April 2009 the Civic Trust gave central co-ordination and a national voice to the event.

Heritage Open Days does not cover all of the United Kingdom as it only operates across England, there are four other European Heritage Days events in the UK that take place in September, in Wales there is Open Doors, in Scotland there is, Doors Open Days, and in NI there is European Heritage Days, additionally in London there is architecture festival, Open House London, which tis also a part of the Europe-wide initiative.

Heritage Open Days in 2018
The 2018 festival took place across two weekends in September 2018 for the first time.

In 2018, Heritage Open Days celebrated 'Extraordinary Women', in order to profile underrepresented women, through non-zero one's put her forward initiative. The project is funded by People's Postcode Lottery.

title: Heritage Open Days


text:
User:Robertbyrne

Robert Byrne
I'm interested in mathematics, politics, technology and the arts. I live in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

In mathematics I'm interested in foundations of mathematics, logic, category theory and theoretical computer science.

Cities interest me too, as places to live as well as to visit. I have lived in Dublin, Edinburgh and Toronto, and recently (well, over the last ten years) visited Antwerp, Chicago, Ottawa, Montreal, Vancouver, Rome, London, Manchester, Vienna, Paris, Prague, Berlin, Amsterdam, Brussels, Montpellier, Nîmes, Honolulu and New York City. Nine of these I've visited more than once. In 1993 I visited Moscow and St. Petersburg.

More random likes are creeping in here (I previously deleted music and TV likes from here), but I feel like mentioning that I'm a big stand-up comedy fan, particularly Dylan Moran, Stewart Lee, Eddie Izzard of course, Bill Bailey and Ross Noble, three of whom I've seen live (but which three?!)

My contributions to Wikipedia
I started the articles:
 * Mathematics: Kan extension
 * Movies: Liar (film) (as "Deceiver (film)" with redirect from Liar (film))
 * Theatre: Kenneth Brown (playwright)
 * Magazine stubs: E!Sharp, Asia Literary Review and a number of others...
 * Games: Interphase and Pyrotechnica
 * Random contribution: a list of colonial empires which made their way to the colonial empire page
 * Navigation boxes for magazines
 * Current affairs and politics
 * Arts
 * Science and technology
 * Business and finance

Images
I created and added this image.

title: User:Robertbyrne


text:
Ivan Turchin

Ivan Vasilyevich Turchaninov (Иван Васильевич Турчанинов); December 24, 1822 – June 18, 1901)  better known by his Anglicised name of John Basil Turchin, was a Union Army brigadier general in the American Civil War. He led two critical charges that saved the day at Chickamauga and was among the first to lead soldiers up Missionary Ridge. He was court-martialed for allowing his men to perpetrate the "Sack of Athens," and found guilty of all charges, but President Abraham Lincoln promoted him to brigadier general, which invalidated the verdict, as an officer could only be tried by those of equal or greater rank.

Early life and career
Ivan Turchin was born on December 24, 1822, or January 30, 1822, into a Don Cossack family of the nobility of the Russian Empire. He entered the Imperial Russian Army in 1843, and graduated from the Imperial Military School in St. Petersburg in 1852. His father was a Major in the Imperial Russian Army, which gained him entry into schools that led to his eventual military commission. He later served as a Colonel of Staff in the Russian Guards and fought in Hungary and in the Crimean War. While serving as a lieutenant, he took part in the Russian campaign to help Emperor Franz Joseph defeat the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.

Following his graduation, Turchin was posted to the staff of Imperial Guards in St. Petersburg, under the command of Count F.V. Rudiger.

In May 1856, he married Nadezhda Lvov, the daughter of his commanding officer. Later that year, he and his wife emigrated to the United States, where he eventually settled in Chicago and worked for the Illinois Central Railroad.

Civil War
Turchin joined the Union army at the outbreak of the war in 1861 and became the colonel of the 19th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Having led his regiment in Missouri and Kentucky, he soon found his unit under the command of Major General Don Carlos Buell in the newly organized Army of the Ohio. Buell was impressed by Turchin and promoted him to command a brigade in the Army of the Ohio's Third Division, commanded by Brigadier General Ormsby M. Mitchel. Buell advanced southward into Kentucky and Tennessee in early 1862.

When Buell headed west to support Grant at the Battle of Shiloh, he left Mitchel to hold Nashville. Turchin urged Mitchel to move southward. Mitchel did so, but not because of Turchin. He took Huntsville, Alabama, as part of a plan with the spy James J. Andrews to capture Chattanooga by cutting it off from Confederate reinforcements. Mitchel blocked them from the west by capturing Huntsville. Andrews was to block them from the south by burning bridges on the Western and Atlantic line. Unfortunately, Andrews failed; after the Great Locomotive Chase, all the raiders were captured, and some, including Andrews, were executed. Nonetheless, Mitchell continued to occupy the line westward from Chattanooga throughout much of northern Alabama.

The occupation of northern Alabama by this division of the Union Army led to attack by combined partisan and Confederate cavalry units. One such attack overran one of Turchin's regiments at Athens, Alabama. Frustration had been building among these Union soldiers for weeks over repeated attacks and Buell's clearly stated conciliatory policy of protecting the rights and property of Southerners. The reported involvement of local citizens in the rout at Athens and the humiliation suffered by the Union soldiers led to the sacking of the town when Turchin brought up reinforcements. According to University of New Mexico School of Law professor Joshua E. Kastenberg, Southern civilians had fired on Turchin's men. General Joseph Keifer, who served as an ad hoc judge advocate, stated "Turchin did not believe that war could be successfully waged by an invading army with its officers and soldiers acting as missionaries of mercy."

After reoccupying the town on May 2, 1862, Turchin assembled his men and reportedly told them, "I shut my eyes for two hours. I see nothing." He did in fact leave the town to reconnoiter defensive positions, during which time his men ransacked the business district. The incident was controversial.

When word reached General Buell, a man much detested by the soldiers, he insisted on court-martialing Turchin. The court proceedings received national attention and became a focal point for the debate on the conduct of the war, related to the conciliatory policy as Union casualties in the war mounted.

On February 25, 1862, Buell had issued a general order commanding his soldier "to protect the dignity of civilians." As Professor Kastenberg has noted, while Turchin may not have been concerned with the law or war, he certainly was "on notice" of Buell's order. Turchin, according to Kastenberg, had another problem at his court-martial. He requested Colonel Carter Gazlay to serve as his defense counsel, which was unusual since defense counsel was not a right at the time, and Gazlay faced his own court-martial for theft of army property. Also, as Kastenberg points out, Brigadier General James Garfield wrote to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, "I cannot sufficiently give utterance to my horror of the ravages, outrages, that have been committed… this town was, by Col Turchin, given up to pillage." Turchin was ultimately spared an ignominious end because Buell was removed from command for his incompetence.

There were three charges against Turchin. He was first accused of "neglect of duty." According to the recitations, there were over twenty or so instances in which Turchin supposedly ordered his soldiers to pillage and plunder Athens, Alabama, without any proper restraints to them. Such instances included the sexual abuse of a servant [meaning slave] girl and the utter decimation of Bibles and testaments, ruthlessly destroyed and burned to pieces in a shop. Many of the other allegations against him included the plundering of ten stores and nine homes. "The rape served as the ultimate example of Turchin's failure" to control his own troops. Under the second charge, Turchin failed to conduct himself in a manner expected of an officer and a gentleman. That mattered to General Buell because under "Article 83 conviction meant automatic dismissal from the service and the end of Turchin's military career." A specification added to this charge included a failure to pay the bill at a hotel. The third charge was a failure to obey orders. It was believed that if Turchin were convicted on that charge, it would send a clear message to the officers in the Army of the Ohio and instill discipline and order within the ranks of the army. When the court-martial began, Garfield had been under the impression that Turchin allowed the things that took place at Athens in accordance with Muscovite custom.

Turchin was found guilty of all charges, but the member of the court-martial urged Buell to show clemency. Buell instead ordered he be dismissed from the army. However, Turchin's wife and others acted on his behalf in Washington, and were able to get Secretary of War Edwin Stanton to recommend his promotion to brigadier general. President Abraham Lincoln promoted him in mid-July. This invalidated the verdict: an officer could only be tried by those of equal or greater rank, and Turchin now outranked six of the seven members of the court.

Turchin received a hero's welcome upon his return to Chicago. Prominent figures called for the removal of Buell and a more aggressive conduct of the war to bring it to a swift end. Turchin was given command of a new brigade. He distinguished himself during the battles of Chickamauga and Chattanooga, and in the Atlanta Campaign.

Turchin's wife, known in the army as Madame Turchin, always stood by him and followed her husband on the field during his campaigns, witnessing the battles (as at Chickamauga and at the Battle of Missionary Ridge), and writing the only woman's war diary of the military campaigns.

The song "Turchin's got your mule" (stemming from the catchphrase "Here's your mule") was popular during the war, and its chorus is said to have been used by disheartened troopers as a derisive answer to General Braxton Bragg's endearments at Missionary Ridge.

Turchin resigned from service in October 1864 after suffering heatstroke on the campaign.

Postbellum career and legacy
Turchin returned to Chicago and worked for a time as a patent solicitor and civil engineer. He later was involved in real estate and the settlement of immigrants in southern Illinois. In 1900, he was awarded a pension under a private pension act approved by Congress. He suffered severe dementia, attributed to his heatstroke, and died penniless in an institution in Anna, Illinois, at the age of 79. He is buried next to his wife in the Mound City National Cemetery in southern Illinois.

Turchin has been portrayed by many in the South as a villainous figure for the so-called "Rape of Athens," but his actions presaged those that other Union commanders, particularly William Tecumseh Sherman, would adopt in prosecuting total war against the Confederate States.

title: Ivan Turchin


text:
AN/PEQ-2

The AN/PEQ-2 Infrared Target Pointer/Illuminator/Aiming Light (ITPIAL) is a laser sight for use on rifles fitted with a Picatinny rail. It was manufactured by Insight Technology.

History
The AN/PEQ-2 succeeded the AN/PAQ-4C, which was designed in the early 1990s after the Persian Gulf War. It was widely used by US forces during the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War.

The device is still seeing active service but is being withdrawn and replaced amongst U.S. Armed Forces. It was also part of the U.S. SOPMOD kit, though the device is being replaced by the new smaller LA-5/PEQ-15.

Operation
The AN/PEQ-2 has two infrared laser emitters;one narrow beam used for aiming the rifle and one wide beam used for illuminating targets, like a flashlight. The beams can only be seen through night vision goggles. Each beam can be zeroed independently, and the illuminator's radius is adjustable. The two lasers are tied into one 6-mode switch, which has the following modes:

Turning the mode switch does not turn on the lasers. A recessed button on top of the device is tapped once to briefly turn on the lasers or tapped twice to turn the lasers on until deactivated, either by pressing a third time or by turning the mode switch to off. Additionally, an extra pressure switch can be plugged into the rear of the device and then placed virtually anywhere, limited only by the length of the pressure switch's cord; typically one to two feet. This pressure switch operates the same way as the recessed button.

AN/PEQ-2A
The AN/PEQ-2A upgrade incorporates a blue removable safety block which physically prevents turning the mode switch to any of the high-power modes, which are capable of causing eye damage. Both variants are waterproof to a depth of 20 meters and run on two AA batteries.

title: AN/PEQ-2


text:
User:Michael lawson

Michael Lawson was born on the 30th of january 2005 and is currently attending king Edward VI Grammar School (chelmsford).

title: User:Michael lawson


text:
Peter Stoner

Peter Stoner (June 16, 1888 – March 21, 1980) was a Christian writer and Chairman of the departments of mathematics and astronomy at Pasadena City College until 1953; Chairman of the science division, Westmont College, 1953–57; Professor Emeritus of Science, Westmont College; and Professor Emeritus of Mathematics and Astronomy, Pasadena City College.

Career
Stoner is probably best known for his book Science Speaks, which discusses, among other things, Bible prophecies vis a vis probability estimates and calculations. The work is often cited in the field of Christian apologetics in regard to Bible prophecy. Stoner's book became widely known when it was mentioned by Josh McDowell in his 1972 book Evidence that Demands a Verdict (revised as New Evidence that Demands a Verdict).

American Scientific Affiliation
Peter Stoner was a co-founder of the American Scientific Affiliation, a Christian organization that describes itself as "a fellowship of men and women in science and disciplines that relate to science who share a common fidelity to the Word of God and a commitment to integrity in the practice of science." The foreword to Stoner's Science Speaks includes a partial endorsement from this body (covering the book's scientific content and prophecy probability calculations, but not addressing issues of Biblical exegesis or historical accuracy): They considered it "...in general, to be dependable and accurate in regard to the scientific material presented" and the probability material presented in regard to prophecy. While the ASA includes members with a diverse range of attitudes towards science (theistic evolutionists, Intelligent Design advocates, old-Earth creationists and young-Earth creationists), Stoner himself was apparently an old-Earth creationist.

Criticism
C. P. Swanson, reviewing Science Speaks in The Quarterly Review of Biology, wrote: "... the author has fallen into the commonest error of using only these facts which bolster his hypothesis, and of discarding or controverting those which do not. For example, his discussion of the theory of evolution is not only misleading; it displays an abysmal ignorance of recent evolutionary studies."

Various critics have taken issue with Stoner's interpretation of prophecy. Stoner's apologetic work did not receive critical attention until its inclusion in Josh McDowell's Evidence that Demands a Verdict and criticism of these claims tends to be addressed to McDowell rather than Stoner, with Stoner's name mentioned in passing. These criticisms against McDowell, Stoner and others include historical errors, claims regarding after-the-event authorship or tampering with biblical prophecies, and disputed meanings of certain biblical phrases.

Others who disagree with specific claims made by Stoner include fellow Christians and secular historians. For instance, while Stoner says of Ezekiel's prophecy of the permanent destruction of Tyre "If Ezekiel had looked at Tyre in his day and had made these seven predictions in human wisdom, these estimates mean that there would have been only one chance in 75,000,000 of their all coming true. They all came true in the minutest detail", others claim "the problem is that very little of this actually came to pass! In fact, it badly missed how history actually unfolded" and "The location of the city of Tyre is not in doubt, for it exists to this day on the same spot and is known as Sur." However, it could still be argued that the boundaries of the ancient mainland city may have fallen within areas of the modern city not rebuilt in the present day.

title: Peter Stoner


text:
Indian Springs School

Indian Springs School is a rural private school for grades eight through twelve, near Birmingham, Alabama, United States. It has both boarding and day students, and is located in Indian Springs Village, Shelby County, Alabama.

History
Indian Springs School was founded in 1952, endowed by Birmingham businessman Harvey G. Woodward, an alumnus of MIT. He died in 1930 and, in his will bequeathed the funds and instructions for creating the school. Woodward wanted to make the school available to all classes of students. He stipulated that the school could admit only Christian, white boys, at a time when racial segregation was statewide in public facilities. He instructed that the school should use a holistic approach to learning (the school's motto is "Discere Vivendo", or "Learning through Living").

During its first years, the school was based on a working farm, where students carried out all the work needed, in addition to other studies. This element was soon eliminated. Indian Springs opened in 1952 with ten staff members and sixty students. The first director of the school was Louis "Doc" Armstrong. He made several changes to Woodward's original plans for the school. He developed a curriculum as a preparatory school and opened admissions to Jewish boys.

When the school was founded, most private and public facilities were segregated in Alabama. The restrictions on enrollment were sequentially abolished by 1976, both by actions of the first director and to comply with the Supreme Court ruling and later federal civil rights legislation in 1964.

Campus
Indian Springs School's campus is on 350 acre in northern Shelby County, 15 mi south of downtown Birmingham. Through the 1970s, the school was remote and surrounded by the woodlands of its campus, in addition to Oak Mountain State Park abutting its southern boundary. In the late 1970s, facing increasing debts and possible bankruptcy because of decreased enrollment, the school sold hundreds of acres surrounding the campus.

Instruction takes place in seven academic buildings, which house 23 classrooms, a science center, a concert hall, a theater, a student lounge, a college center, a technology lab, a 19,000-volume library, and special studios for chorus, art, photography, and drama. The athletic facilities include two gymnasiums, with two basketball courts, two volleyball courts, and two weight rooms. The campus has six tennis courts, a competition soccer field, a baseball field, a softball field, a cross country track, and a practice field/track. A new organic orchard, Fertile Minds, complements the greenhouse in producing food for the students. In 2006, new dorms for both boys and girls were opened.

For school year 2022–2023, the tuition per year is $27,300 for day students, $50,400 for Alabama resident boarding students, $56,500 for non-Alabama domestic boarding students, and $63,200 for international boarding students. There are annual bus and meal plan fees that are not included. Tuition fluctuates yearly.

Sexual misconduct allegations
In 2019, after an internal investigation by a third party, Indian Springs released a report accusing former faculty members of sexual misconduct.

Enrollment Numbers
For the 2022–2023 school year:

 * Total students: 324
 * Day students: 242
 * Boarding students: 82
 * States represented: 9
 * Countries represented: 11
 * Faculty: 38
 * Student-Teacher ratio: 8 to 1

The demographic breakdown of the 323 students enrolled in 2021-2022 was:
 * White: 63.2%
 * Asian: 24.5%
 * Black: 4.4%
 * Hispanic: 3.7%
 * Multiracial: 2.5%

Representation in other media

 * Young adult author John Green's debut novel, Looking for Alaska, is set at a school based on his attendance at Indian Springs School in 1995.

Alumni
Notable alumni include:
 * Daniel Alarcón, author
 * John Badham, director
 * Howard Cruse, cartoonist
 * Hanelle Culpepper, filmmaker; the first woman and the first African American to direct the first (pilot) episode of any Star Trek series.
 * Mark Gitenstein, American diplomat
 * John Green, young adult author
 * Sarah Urist Green, creator and host of the PBS program The Art Assignment
 * Ken Grimwood, author
 * Preston Haskell, design-build construction executive in Jacksonville, Florida, and part-owner of the NFL Jacksonville Jaguars
 * Perry Lentz, author and professor emeritus at Kenyon College
 * Elaine Luria, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 2nd district
 * Michael McCullers, film director and screenwriter
 * David Y. Oh, lead flight director for Mars Curiosity rover and project systems engineer for NASA Psyche mission
 * Charles I. Plosser, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
 * Mona Singh, professor at Princeton University
 * Clark Robert Smith, wine industry pioneer

Faculty

 * Hugh Thomas, choral conductor

title: Indian Springs School


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kings transport

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was COPYVIO. Already listed there, so VfD tag removed and debate here closed. -Splash 17:14, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Kings transport
Advert for nonnoteable transport company. Text copied from | their website. Chatoyant 16:52, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Copyvio as nominator points out. I've tagged it. -Splash 17:49, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. JamesBurns 08:12, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
File:Hermogenes.jpg

Pavel Chistyakov (1832 – 1919) Patriarch Hermogenes Refusing to Bless the Poles (1860).

title: File:Hermogenes.jpg


text:
Spin stabilization

In aerospace engineering, spin stabilization is a method of stabilizing a satellite or launch vehicle by means of spin, i.e. rotation along the longitudinal axis. The concept originates from conservation of angular momentum as applied to ballistics, where the spin is commonly obtained by means of rifling. For most satellite applications this approach has been superseded by three-axis stabilization.

Use
Spin-stabilization is used on rockets and spacecraft where attitude control is required without the requirement for on-board 3-axis propulsion or mechanisms, and sensors for attitude control and pointing. On rockets with a solid motor upper stage, spin stabilization is used to keep the motor from drifting off course as they don't have their own thrusters. Usually small rockets are used to spin up the spacecraft and rocket then fire the rocket and send the craft off.

Rockets and spacecraft that use spin stabilization:
 * The Jupiter-C and Minotaur V launch vehicles used spin-stabilization. The upper stages on both system employ spin-stabilization to stabilize the system during propulsive maneuvers.
 * The Aryabhata satellite used spin-stabilization
 * The Pioneer 4 spacecraft, the second object sent on a lunar flyby in 1959, maintained its attitude using spin-stabilization.
 * The Schiaparelli EDM lander was spun up to 2.5 RPM before being ejected from the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter prior to its attempted landing on Mars in October 2016.
 * The Juno was spin-stabilized and arrived at Jupiter orbit in 2016.
 * The launches of Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 probes on two Atlas Centaur vehicles in 1972 and 1973 employed Star 37 rocket motors that were spin-stabilized in order to inject the satellites into the high-energy hyperbolic orbits necessary to achieve solar system escape velocity. Additionally, both probes were spin-stabilized during their flights and rotated at approximately 5 rpm.
 * In operation as a third stage, the Star 48 rocket booster sits on top of spin table, and before it is separated it is spun up to stabilize it during the separation from the previous stage. The Delta II launch vehicle third stage employed a Star 48 motor and was spin-stabilized and depended on the second stage for proper orientation prior to stage separation, but was sometimes equipped with a nutation control system to maintain proper spin axis. It also included a yo-weight system to induce tumbling in the third stage after payload separation to prevent recontact, or a yo-yo de-spin mechanism to slow the rotation before payload release.

Despinning can be achieved by various techniques, including yo-yo de-spin.

With advancements in attitude control propulsion systems, guidance systems, and the needs for satellites to point instruments and communications systems precisely, 3-axis attitude control has become much more common than spin-stabilization for systems operating in space.

title: Spin stabilization


text:
Dead Ringer (album)

Dead Ringer is the second studio album by American rock singer Meat Loaf, released on September 4, 1981. It is the second of four albums written entirely by Jim Steinman. The album cover was designed by comic book artist and horror illustrator Bernie Wrightson.

Album background
Steinman started to work on Bad for Good, the album that was supposed to be the follow-up to 1977's Bat Out of Hell, in 1978. During that time, a combination of touring, drugs and exhaustion had caused Meat Loaf to lose his voice. Without a singer, and pressured by the record company, Steinman decided that he should sing on Bad for Good himself, and write a new album for Meat Loaf. This album was Dead Ringer, which was later released in 1981, after the release of Bad for Good.

After playing the role of Travis Redfish in the movie Roadie, Meat Loaf got his voice back, got off drugs, played softball, and started to work on his new album in 1980. Steinman had written five new songs which, in addition to a new, re-recorded version of "More Than You Deserve" (which Meat Loaf had sung in the musical with the same name) and a reworked monologue, formed the album Dead Ringer. The album was produced by Meat Loaf and Stephan Galfas, with backing tracks produced by Jimmy Iovine and Steinman.

Four singles were released from Dead Ringer: "Dead Ringer for Love" (featuring Cher), "I'm Gonna Love Her for Both of Us", "Read 'Em and Weep" and "Peel Out". The album reached number 1 in the UK.

The tour for this album also marked the beginning of Meat Loaf's long-running collaboration with pianist Paul Jacobs, as both sideman and songwriter.

Reception
Dead Ringer was considered both a commercial and critical disappointment after the worldwide success of Meat Loaf's debut album Bat Out of Hell. Parke Puterbaugh of Rolling Stone called the album a "cast-iron drag" and chastised Meat Loaf for his "alarmingly awful" vocals.

Arrangements

 * Roy Bittan – co-arranger
 * Tom Malone – horn arrangements (7)
 * Alden Shuman, Roy Straigis – string arrangements (3, 8)

Band

 * Meat Loaf – lead vocals
 * Davey Johnstone – guitars
 * Mick Ronson – guitars (3)
 * Joe DeAngelis – acoustic guitars (1)
 * Steve Buslowe – bass guitar
 * Roy Bittan – piano, keyboards (1, 2, 8)
 * Nicky Hopkins – piano (3)
 * Larry Fast – synthesizers (1, 6)
 * Lou Del Gatto, Tom Malone, Lou Marini, Alan Rubin – horns (7)
 * Max Weinberg – drums
 * Liberty DeVitto – drums (5, 7)
 * Jimmy Maelen – percussion, African logs (7)
 * Leslie Aday – female voice (1)
 * Jim Steinman – spoken word (6)
 * Cher – guest vocals (7)
 * Rhonda Coullet (7), Rory Dodd, Ted Neeley, Allan F. Nicholls, Eric Troyer – vocals

title: Dead Ringer (album)


text:
Lenny Hart

Leonard Hart (September 19, 1919 – February 2, 1975) was an American drummer who owned and operated Hart Music, selling drums and musical instruments in San Carlos, California. He was the father of Mickey Hart, one of the percussionists for the Grateful Dead. Lenny Hart was also the Grateful Dead's original money manager. In March, 1970, he disappeared along with approximately US$155,000 of the group's profits.

Hart was located by a private detective and arrested in San Diego on July 26, 1971, while baptizing people and using the name "Rev. Lenny B. Hart". He was convicted of criminal embezzlement and sentenced to six months in jail.

The Grateful Dead song "He's Gone" is based on Lenny Hart's embezzlement of band money and subsequent disappearance. As a result of the fiasco, Mickey Hart, feeling ashamed of his father's actions, left the band in February 1971, not returning to the group on a full-time basis until 1975.

Lenny Hart died of natural causes on February 2, 1975. He had been teaching music in Mill Valley since his release from prison. According to Dennis McNally, "Mickey went to the funeral home, cleared the room, took out the snakewood sticks that had been his inheritance, played a traditional rudimental drum piece, "The Downfall of Paris" on Lenny's coffin, and split."

title: Lenny Hart


text:
User talk:Sukumarkm

Hi - Reference desk is the place to post your question. Someone might see it there. Regards - Tempshill 16:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sukumarkm


text:
Talk:The Magic Flute

I added a section that plays the entire opera as 30 ogg files
I added the gallery of 30 ogg files that I found on Wikimedia Commons. You might instead prefer a link out to a review of Bergman's 1977 film that is under construction in Wikiversity at Movie Reviews/The Magic Flute. I might add that this collection from Commons has value even though one can always find a rendition of this opera for free on the internet: Unlike YouTube or other online sites, this version is guaranteed to be stable and free of advertisements. Also, my German is Nicht gut, and I was constrained to use short titles. You might want to edit that.--Guy vandegrift (talk) 21:42, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for that gallery. However, it now duplicates 4 numbers from the 1953 Fricsay recording. I don't like those numbers removed from their textual context, so I don't know how to avoid the duplication. Placing all 30 files in the text would leave no room for pictures, unless we sandwich the text. So I guess we have to live with that duplication. As for the English translations: I strongly suggest to retain the original German incipits – they are universally much better recognized. Further, it would be helpful if we could align the numerals (currently 1–30) of the sound files to the numbering in the score (Overture, 1–21). Maybe the sound files could be joined in a table with the current list "Musical numbers". I will try that within the next few days. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 00:41, 10 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't edit Wikipedia much, but agree that you should use German labels if you can't find reputable translations. Opinions don't count for much on this wiki. Also, consider putting the entire collection on Commons (with linkouts from Wikipedia and Wikiversity.) If we put it on Commons, I might be able use the subst: template option to format the wikitext on a wiki without resorting to templates (though I personally prefer the simple gallery.) Another option is to put the collection on Wikipedia's Deutsches_Symphonie-Orchester_Berlin.--Guy vandegrift (talk) 03:10, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

 * You probably know about this, but I found a more flexible way to display sound files. The template also works on Commons: --Guy vandegrift (talk) 04:43, 10 March 2024 (UTC)
 * For my latest effort, see v:User:Guy vandegrift/sandbox--Guy vandegrift (talk) 15:21, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

Act 1

 * 1) Introduction: "Zu Hilfe! Zu Hilfe! Sonst bin ich verloren" – Tamino, Three Ladies
 * 2) Aria: "Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja" (The birdcatcher am I) – Papageno
 * 3) Aria: "Dies Bildnis ist bezaubernd schön" (This image is enchantingly beautiful) – Tamino
 * 4) Recitative and aria: "O zittre nicht, mein lieber Sohn" (Oh, tremble not, my beloved son) – The Queen of the Night
 * 5) Quintet: "Hm Hm Hm" – Tamino, Papageno, Three Ladies
 * 6) Terzet: "Du feines Täubchen, nur herein!" – Monostatos, Pamina, Papageno
 * 7) Duet: "Bei Männern, welche Liebe fühlen" (In men, who feel love) – Pamina and Papageno
 * 8) Finale 1: "Zum Ziele führt dich diese Bahn  / Wie stark ist nicht dein Zauberton  / Das klinget so herrlich  / Es lebe Sarastro"  --How does this look? Click the sound file to hear the piece.Guy vandegrift (talk) 01:59, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * (ec) Thanks for showing how this might work using Audio. After you reminded me above about that template, I, too, thought this would be be the simplest option, and your example shows indeed how simple and non-intrusive it is. However, the disadvantage of is its lack of player controls – it only does "Stop" and "Restart from beginning", no "Continue". The thumbnail presentation only offers "Start", "Pause", "Continue" (no "Restart from the beginning"), but the template Listen offers "Start", "Pause", "Continue", and a slider to position the playback forward or backward, and it shows the track's duration; it does not allow to change the width of the playback bar. On balance, I think that's what I would like to implement. You can see this method at Christmas Oratorio. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 02:03, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Christmas Oratorio#Part 1 would be a better template, but looks difficult to create. Are you good at making Wikitables? Do you need any help? Meanwhile, I will quickly finish my simpler version an post it on Wikiversity with a call for student essays. The quickest way to contact me is at Wikiversity:User talk:Guy vandegrift, but I will also monitor this page and keep you posted on my progress.--Guy vandegrift (talk) 02:30, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I will implement that table-based presentation in a day or two. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 03:24, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * From The_Magic_Flute it looks like your implementation time was a "a day or less". My only comment involves your objection to Audio. Are you aware that there are two ways to play    ?     ...     My computer shows two consecutive icons.  The first looks like a speaker and plays the song without showing you anything. And, you can only start and pause (unable to restart.)  But my computer shows a small superscript circle with "i" in the center (after the speaker.) Clicking the superscript takes you to Commons where you have full control over "stop/start/pause".  The icons look better if you put them in front of the text:

 * Act 1
 * 1) Introduction: "Zu Hilfe! Zu Hilfe! Sonst bin ich verloren" – Tamino, Three Ladies
 * 2) Aria: "Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja" (The birdcatcher am I) – Papageno

... or maybe sans numerals like this:
 * Act 1

Introduction: "Zu Hilfe! Zu Hilfe! Sonst bin ich verloren" – Tamino, Three Ladies

Aria: "Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja" (The birdcatcher am I) – Papageno

Since I am almost finished in User:Guy vandegrift/sandbox/sandbox, that is what I will put on Wikiversity--Guy vandegrift (talk) 07:55, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I know that clicking the information icon of  takes the reader to the file on Commons. But that takes us back to the behaviour of that template before the introduction the Phonos MediaWiki extension a few months ago and defeats the feature of playing audio inline without leaving the article. As I wrote before, on balance the template  works better here, with some penalties in the bulkiness department. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 09:49, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I see what you mean - it's no trouble for me because I can open as a new tab, but the typical reader is likely to get bewildered. ... I think I will use your template and see if I can simplify and compress the size: My goal is a gateway experience on a page about writing movie reviews, and an intended audience that has no a priori interest in the opera. It will link out to this Wikipedia article. Thanks for doing all this.--Guy vandegrift (talk) 14:48, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Magic Flute


text: Category:Harness racing

title: Category:Harness racing


text:
Talk:Nanyang Technological University

Removal of text
I have removed a paragraph from the History section of this article. It is an isolated incident about a single student, and has no relevance to the "history of the university" as it would imply based on its location and content. Courtesy ping to as they indicated they would like to see a talk page discussion, however I think from a BLPCRIME perspective (plus ONUS, and various other sundry ALLCAPS guidelines) it should stay removed until there is a consensus to re-add. Primefac (talk) 11:20, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I also had requested the page protected under potential BLP violation. I just got off work and would have removed the same text under the same reasoning. I welcome a reinsertion if there is a long term significance/impact directly to the university. Nothing I see so far indicates so. Is the student body a notable organisation outside of the university? Have the elections and appointment policies change since? Is there interference/interdiction by the university on this issue? If so, I may support a reinsertion but with no names mentioned as the crux will be the policy changes, and not the persons involved. – robertsky (talk) 11:38, 27 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The passage that seemed relevant to the school was this: The incident resurfaced in September 2023, when [individual] was deemed by the school to be eligible for the NTUSU presidential elections despite the prior controversy, because disciplinary investigation proceedings by NTU had concluded, “there would be no further disciplinary sanctions for the alleged individual beyond being counselled by the school”. On a further look, there is no discussion beyond that of anything that affects the school, so I endorse the removal, even though my first look made me think it was removal to sanitize the school's reputation. —C.Fred (talk) 15:09, 27 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nanyang Technological University


text:
Talk:Glacier/Spanish

'''Before editing this page, please consider this proposed solution to the concern raised about translation methods and GDFL. Please leave input, so we can reach consensus and create a solution.''' — J3ff 01:55, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Please remove content from this page when it has been merged into the main article

Glacial erosion
Las rocas y los sedimentos son incorporados al glaciar por varios procesos. Los glaciares erosionan el terreno principalmente de dos maneras: abrasión y arranque.

center|frame|Diagrama del arranque glaciar y la abrasión A medida que el glaciar fluye sobre la superficie fracturada del lecho de roca, ablanda y levanta bloques de roca que incorpora al hielo. Este proceso conocido como arranque, se produce cuando el agua de fusión penetra en las grietas y las diaclasas del lecho de roca y del fondo del glaciar y se congela. Conforme el agua se expande, actúa como una palanca que suelta la roca levantándola. De esta manera, sedimentos de todos los tamaños entran a formar parte de la carga del glaciar.

La abrasión ocurre cuando el hielo y la carga de fragmentos rocosos se deslizan sobre el lecho de roca y funcionan como un papel de lija que alisa y pule la superficie situada debajo. La roca pulverizada por la abrasión recibe el nombre de harina de roca. Esta harina está formada por granos de roca de un tamaño del orden de los 0,002 a 0,00625 mm. A veces, la cantidad de harina de roca producida es tan elevada que las corrientes de agua de fusión adquieren un color grisáceo.

Otra de las características visibles de la erosión glaciar son las estrías glaciares. Éstas se producen cuando el hielo de fondo contiene grandes trozos de roca que marcan surcos en el lecho de roca. Cartografiando la dirección de las estrías se puede determinar el desplazamiento del flujo glaciar.

La velocidad de erosión de un glaciar es muy variable. Esta erosión diferencial llevada a cabo por el hielo está controlada por cuatro factores importantes:
 * 1) Velocidad del movimiento del glaciar.
 * 2) Espesor del hielo
 * 3) Forma, abundancia y dureza de los fragmentos de roca contenidos en el hielo en la base del glaciar
 * 4) La erosionalidad de la superficie por debajo del glaciar.

Una vez que el material es incorporado al glaciar, puede ser transportado varios kilómetros antes de ser depositado en la zona de ablación. Todos los depósitos dejados por los glaciares reciben el nombre de derrubios glaciares. Los derrubios glaciares se dividen por los geólogos en dos tipos distintos:
 * Materiales depositados directamente por el glaciar, que se conocen como tills o barro glaciar.
 * Los sedimentos dejados por el agua de fusión del glaciar, denominados derrubios estratificados.

Los grandes bloques que se encuentran en el till o libres sobre la superficie se denominan erráticos glaciares si son diferentes al lecho de roca en el que se encuentran (esto es, su litología no es la misma que la roca encajada subyacente). Los bloques erráticos de un glaciar son rocas accarreadas y luego abandonadas por un glaciar y puede utilizarse su litología para averiguar la trayectoria del glaciar que la depositó.

Los glaciares son gruesas masas de hielo que se originan en la superficie terrestre por compactación y recristalización de la nieve mostrando evidencias de flujo en el pasado o en la actualidad.

Moraines
El nombre más común para los sedimentos de los glaciares es el de morrena. El término tiene origen francés y fue acuñado por los campesinos para referirse a los rebordes y terraplenes de derrubios encontrados cerca de los márgenes de glaciares en los Alpes franceses. Actualmente, el término es más amplio, porque se aplica a una serie de formas, todas ellas compuestas por till.

Los drumlins son colinas asimétricas de perfil aerodinámico compuestas principalmente por till. Su altura oscila entre 15 a 50 metros y pueden llegar a medir hasta 1 km de longitud. El lado empinado de la colina mira la dirección desde la cual avanzó el hielo, mientras que la pendiente más larga sigue la dirección de desplazamiento del hielo.

Los drumlins no aparecen en forma aislada, por el contrario, se encuentran agrupados en lo que se denomina campos de drumlins. Uno de ellos se encuentra en Rochester, Nueva York, y se calcula que contiene unos 10.000 drumlins.

Si bien no se sabe con certeza cómo se forman, si se observa el aspecto aerodinámico, se puede inferir que fueron moldeados en la zona de flujo plástico de un glaciar antiguo. Se cree que muchos drumlins se originan cuando los glaciares avanzan sobre derrubios glaciares previamente depositados, remodelando el material.

Glacial valleys
Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by vertical water erosion. However, during glaciation, these valleys widen and deepen, which creates a "U"-shaped glacial valley. Besides the deepening and widening of the valley, the glacier also smooths the valley due to erosion. De esta manera va eliminando los espolones de tierra que se extienden en el valle. Como resultado de esta interacción se crean acantilados triangulares llamados espolones truncados.

Debido a que muchos glaciares profundizan sus valles más de lo que hacen sus afluentes pequeños. Por consiguiente, cuando los glaciares acaban retrocediendo, los valles de los glaciares afluentes quedan por encima de la depresión glacial principal, y se los denomina valles colgados.

En las partes del suelo que fueron afectadas por el arranque y la abrasión, pueden ser rellenados por los denominados lagos pater noster, nombre del latín (Padre nuestro) que hace referencia a una estación de las cuentas del rosario.

En la cabecera de un glaciar hay una estructura muy importante, se llama circo glaciar y tiene una forma de tazón con paredes escarpadas en tres lados, pero abiertas por el lado que desciende al valle. En el circo se da la acumulación del hielo. Éstos empiezan como irregularidades en el lado de la montaña que luego va siendo aumentadas de tamaño por el acuñamiento del hielo. Después de que el glaciar se derrite, estos circos suelen ser ocupados por un pequeño lago de montaña denominado tarn.

A veces cuando hay dos glaciares separados por una divisoria, y ésta, ubicada entre los circos, es erosionada creando una garganta o paso. A esta estructura se la denomina puerto de montaña.

Los glaciares también son responsables de la creación de fiordos, ensenadas profundas y escarpadas que se encuentran en las altas latitudes. Con profundidades que pueden superar los 1.000 metros provocadas por la elevación postglacial del nivel del mar y por lo tanto, a medida que este aumentaba los glaciares cambiaban su nivel de erosión.

Aretes and horns
Además de las características que los glaciares crean en un terreno montañoso, también es probable encontrar crestas sinuosas de bordes agudos que reciben el nombre de aristas y picos piramidales y agudos llamados horns.

Ambos rasgos pueden tener el mismo proceso desencadenante: el aumento de tamaño de los circos producidos por arranque y por la acción del hielo. En el caso de los horns, el motivo de su formación son los circos que rodean a una sola montaña.

Las aristas surgen de manera similar; la única diferencia se encuentra que en los circos no están ubicados en círculo, sino más bien en lados opuestos a lo largo de una divisoria. Las aristas también pueden producirse con el encuentro de dos glaciares paralelos. En este caso, las lenguas glaciares van estrechando las divisorias a medida que se erosionan y pulen los valles adyacentes.

Rocas aborregadas
Son formadas por el paso del glaciar cuando esculpe pequeñas colinas a partir de protuberancias del lecho de rocas. Una protuberancia de roca de este tipo recibe el nombre de roca aborregada. Las rocas aborregadas son formadas cuando la abrasión glaciar alisa la suave pendiente que está en el frente del hielo glaciar que se aproxima y el arranque aumenta la inclinación del lado opuesto a medida que el hielo pasa por encima de la protuberancia. Estas rocas indican la dirección del flujo del glaciar.

Alluvial stratified glaciers
El agua que surge de la zona de ablación se aleja del glaciar en una capa plana que transporta fino sedimento; al medida que disminuye la velocidad, los sedimentos contenidos empiezan a depositarse y entonces el agua de fusión empieza a desarrollar canales anastomosados. Cuando esta estructura se forma en asociación de un glaciar de casquete, recibe el nombre de llanura aluvial y cuando está fundamentalmente confinada en un valle de montaña, se la suele denominar tren de valle.

center|Paisaje producido por un glaciar en retroceso Las llanuras de aluvión y los trenes de valle suelen estar acompañados de cuencas conocidas como kettles. Las depresiones de glaciar se producen también en depósitos de till. Estas depresiones se producen cuando enormes bloques de hielo quedan estacados en el derrubio glaciar y después de derretirse dejan huecos en el sedimento.

Los diámetros de estas depresiones, por lo general, no superan los 2 km., salvo en Minnesota, donde algunos tienen hasta 50 km. de diámetro. Las profundidades oscilan entre los 10 y 50 metros.

Deposits in contact with ice
Cuando un glaciar disminuye su tamaño hasta un punto crítico, el flujo se detiene y el hielo se estanca. Mientras tanto, las aguas de fusión que corren por encima, en el interior y por debajo del hielo deja depósitos de derrubios estratificados. Por ello, a medida que el hielo va derritiéndose, va dejando depósitos estratificados en forma de colinas, terrazas y cúmulos. Este tipo de depósitos se los conoce como depósitos en contacto con el hielo.

Cuando estos depósitos tienen la forma de colinas de laderas empinadas o montículos se los llama kames. Algunos kames se forman cuando el agua de fusión deposita sedimentos a través de aberturas en el interior del hielo. En otros casos, sólo es el resultado de abanicos o deltas hacia el exterior del hielo producidos por el agua de fusión.

Cuando el hielo glaciar ocupa un valle pueden formarse terrazas de kame a lo largo de los lados del valle.

Un tercer tipo de depósito en contacto con el hielo está caracterizado por sinuosas crestas largas y estrechas compuestas fundamentalmente de arena y grava. Algunas de estas crestas tienen alturas que superan los 100 metros y sus longitudes sobrepasan los 100 km. se trata de los eskers, crestas depositadas por los ríos de aguas de fusión que fluyen encima, dentro y por debajo de una masa de hielo glaciar estancada.

''Se ha establecido una división cuádruple del período glacial cuaternario para Norteamérica y Europa. Estas divisiones se basaron principalmente en el estudio de los'' glacial deposits. In North America, each of these four stages was named for the state in which the deposits of these stages were well exposed. ''En orden de aparición son los siguientes: Nebrasquiense, Kansaniense, Illinoiense, y Wisconsiense. Esta clasificación fue refinada gracias al estudio detallado de los sedimentos del suelo oceánico. Gracias a que los sedimentos del suelo oceánico, a diferencia de la superficie terrestre, no están afectados por discontinuidades estratigráficas, son útiles para determinar los ciclos climáticos del planeta.''

In this matter, las divisiones identificadas han pasado a ser unas veinte y la duración de cada una de estas es de approximately 100,000 years. All these ciclos ubicados en lo que se conoce como el período glacial cuaternario.

Durante su auge, el hielo dejó su marca en casi el 30% de la superficie terrestre abarcando unos 10 millones de kilómetros cuadrados de América del Norte, 5 millones de km² de Europa y 4 millones de km² de Siberia. La cantidad de hielo glaciar en el hemisferio norte fue el doble de la del sur. Esto se justifica porque en el polo sur, el hielo no tendría para avanzar más allá del casquete antártico.

En la actualidad se considera que el período glaciar empezó entre 2 y 3 millones de años, en lo que se conoce como Pleistoceno.

El motivo de este ascenso de la corteza se debe a un ajuste isostático: teoría que sostiene que cuando una masa, como un glaciar, pandea la corteza terrestre, la cual se hunde por la presión; después de que el glaciar se derrite, la corteza empieza a elevarse hasta su posición original, es decir, a su nivel de equilibrio.

center|Presión de un casquete glaciar sobre la corteza

Causes of ice ages
A pesar del conocimiento adquirido durante los últimos años, poco se sabe acerca de las causas de las glaciaciones.

Las glaciaciones generalizadas han sido raras en la historia de la Tierra. Sin embargo, la Edad de Hielo en el pleistoceno no fue el único evento de glaciación ya que se han identificado depósitos denominados tilitas, una roca sedimentaria formada cuando se litifica el till glacial.

Estos depósitos encontrados en estratos de edades diferentes presentan características similares como fragmentos de roca estriada, algunas superpuestas a superficies de lecho de roca pulida y acanalada o asociadas con areniscas y conglomerados que muestran rasgos de depósitos de llanura aluvial.

Se han identificado dos episodios glaciares Precámbricos, el primero hace aproximadamente 2.000 millones de años y el segundo hace unos 600 millones de años. Además, en rocas del Paleozoico tardío, de una antigüedad de unos 250 millones de años se encontró un registro bien documentado de una época glacial anterior.

Aunque existen diferentes ideas científicas acerca de los factores determinantes de las glaciaciones las hipótesis más importantes son dos: la tectónica de placas y las variaciones de la órbita terrestre.

Plate tectonics
Debido a que los glaciares se pueden formar sólo sobre tierra firme, la idea de la tectónica de placas sugiere que la evidencia de glaciaciones anteriores se encuentra presente en latitudes tropicales debido a que las placas tectónicas a la deriva han transportado a los continentes desde latitudes tropicales hasta regiones cercanas a los polos. La evidencia de estructuras glaciares en Sudamérica, África, Australia y la India avalan esta idea, debido a que se sabe que experimentaron un período glacial cerca del final del Paleozoico, hace unos 250 millones de años.

La idea de que las evidencias de glaciaciones encontradas en las latitudes medias está estrechamente relacionada al desplazamiento de las placas tectónicas y fue confirmada con la ausencia de rasgos glaciares en el mismo período para las latitudes más altas de Norteamérica y Eurasia, lo que indica, como es obvio, que sus ubicaciones eran muy diferentes de las actuales.

Los cambios climáticos también están relacionados a las posiciones de los continentes, por lo que han variado en conjunto con el desplazamiento de placas que, además, afectó los patrones de corrientes oceánicas lo que a su vez llevó a cambios en la transmisión del calor y la humedad. Debido a que los continentes se desplazan muy despacio (cerca de 2 centímetros al año), semejantes cambios probablemente ocurren en períodos de millones de años.

Un estudio de sedimentos marinos que contenían ciertos microorganismos climáticamente sensibles hasta hace cerca de medio millón de años atrás fueron comparados con estudios de la geometría de la órbita terrestre, el resultado fue contundente: los cambios climáticos están estrechamente relacionados a los períodos de oblicuidad, precesión y excentricidad de la órbita de la Tierra.

En general, con los datos recogidos se puede afirmar que la tectónica de placas es sólo aplicable para períodos de tiempo muy largos, mientras que la propuesta de Milankovitch apoyada por otros trabajos, se ajusta a las alternancias periódicas de los episodios glaciales e interglaciales del Pleistoceno. Debe tenerse en cuenta que estas proposiciones, están sujetas a críticas. Todavía no se sabe con certeza si hay otros factores involucrados.

title: Talk:Glacier/Spanish


text:
Gravity-gradient stabilization

Gravity-gradient stabilization or tidal stabilization is a passive method of stabilizing artificial satellites or space tethers in a fixed orientation using only the mass distribution of the orbited body and the gravitational field. The main advantage over using active stabilization with propellants, gyroscopes or reaction wheels is the low use of power and resources. It can also reduce or prevent the risk of propellant contamination of sensitive components. The technique exploits the Earth's gravitational field and tidal forces to keep the spacecraft aligned along the desired orientation. The gravity of the Earth decreases according to the inverse-square law, and by extending the long axis perpendicular to the orbit, the "lower" part of the orbiting structure will be more attracted to the Earth. The effect is that the satellite will tend to align its axis of minimum moment of inertia vertically.

The first attempt to use this technique in human spaceflight occurred on September 13, 1966 during the US Gemini 11 mission. The Gemini spacecraft was attached to the Agena target vehicle by a 100 ft tether. The attempt was a failure, as insufficient gradient was produced to keep the tether taut.

The Department of Defense Gravity Experiment (DODGE) satellite was the first successful use of the method in a near-geosynchronous orbit on the satellite in July 1967.

Gravity-gradient stabilization was first used in low Earth orbit and was tested unsuccessfully for geosynchronous orbit in the Applications Technology Satellites ATS-2, ATS-4 and ATS-5 from 1966 until 1969.

The lunar orbiter Explorer 49 launched in 1973 was gravity gradient oriented (Z axis parallel to local vertical).

The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) used this method for 3-axis stabilization; yaw about the vertical axis was stabilized.

Gravity-gradient stabilization was attempted during NASA's TSS-1 mission in July 1992, but the project failed due to tether deployment problems. In 1996, another mission, TSS-1R, was attempted but failed when the tether broke. Just prior to tether separation, the tension in the tether was about 65 N (14.6 lbs).

title: Gravity-gradient stabilization


text:
Beta-Hydride elimination

β-Hydride elimination is a reaction in which an alkyl group bonded to a metal centre is converted into the corresponding metal-bonded hydride and an alkene. The alkyl must have hydrogens on the β-carbon. For instance butyl groups can undergo this reaction but methyl groups cannot. The metal complex must have an empty (or vacant) site cis to the alkyl group for this reaction to occur. Moreover, for facile cleavage of the C–H bond, a d electron pair is needed for donation into the σ* orbital of the C–H bond. Thus, d0 metals alkyls are generally more stable to β-hydride elimination than d2 and higher metal alkyls and may form isolable agostic complexes, even if an empty coordination site is available.

The β-hydride elimination can either be a vital step in a reaction or an unproductive side reaction. The Shell higher olefin process relies on β-hydride elimination to produce α-olefins which are used to produce detergents. Illustrative of a sometimes undesirable β-hydride elimination, β-hydride elimination in Ziegler–Natta polymerization results in polymers of decreased molecular weight. In the case of nickel- and palladium-catalyzed couplings of aryl halides with alkyl Grignard reagents, the β-hydride elimination can lower the yield. The production of branched polymers from ethylene relies on chain walking, a key step of which is β-hydride elimination.

In some cases, β-hydride elimination is the first in a series of steps. For instance in the synthesis of RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3 from ruthenium trichloride, triphenylphosphine and 2-methoxyethanol, an intermediate alkoxide complex undergoes a β-hydride elimination to form the hydride ligand and the pi-bonded aldehyde which then is later converted into the carbonyl (carbon monoxide) ligand.

Avoiding β-hydride elimination
Several strategies exist for avoiding β-hydride elimination. The most common strategy is to employ alkyl ligands that do not have any hydrogen atoms at the β position. Common substituents include methyl and neopentyl. β-Hydride elimination is also inhibited when the reaction would produce a strained alkene. This situation is illustrated by the stability of metal complexes containing norbornyl ligands, where the β-hydride elimination product would violate Bredt's rule.

Bulky alkyl ligands, such as tert-butyl or trimethylsilyl, may prohibit the hydrogen atom from approaching a coplanar configuration with respect to the metal, and the α and β atoms. If the metal center does not have empty coordination sites, for example by the complex already having an 18-electron configuration, β-hydride elimination is not possible as well.

In some cases, the coligands can impose geometries that inhibit β-hydride elimination. For the above example, the unwanted β-hydride elimination is prevented by using a diphosphine where the two phosphorus atoms are fixed apart in space. One way of doing this is to use a trans spanning ligand such as Xantphos. As these metal complexes traditionally form square planar geometries, no vacant site cis to the alkyl group can be formed. Hence the β-hydride elimination is prevented. (See trans-spanning ligand.)

title: Beta-Hydride elimination


text:
Edgaras Jankauskas

Edgaras Jankauskas (born 12 March 1975) is a Lithuanian football manager and former professional player. He is the manager of the Lithuania national team.

A powerful forward during his playing career, Jankauskas excelled in the physical side of the game. Other than in his native Lithuania, he played professionally in nine countries, and represented the Lithuania national team for almost 20 years.

Whilst with Porto, Jankauskas made history as the first Lithuanian footballer to win the Champions League, in 2004. Ten years later, he began working as a full-time manager, leading his nation in two spells.

Early years and Brugge
Born in Vilnius, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union, Jankauskas moved to local FK Žalgiris' youth ranks at 16, from neighbouring FK Panerys. In 1996 he joined CSKA Moscow, and later spent a further year in the Russian capital with Torpedo Moscow.

Jankauskas signed with Club Brugge in 1997, and helped the club win the Belgian Pro League in his first season. However, in January 2000, he became the most expensive Lithuanian player of all time when Real Sociedad paid €2.4 million for his services.

In 2000–01, Jankauskas initially struggled for goals, and was told by manager John Toshack that "a striker without goals is like a bar without beer". He broke a seven-game scoreless run with two goals in a 3–0 home win over Real Oviedo on the 29th matchday, taking La Real out of their long spell in relegation zone; they remained out of danger and he concluded the season with eleven goals. In the penultimate fixture, he opened a 3–1 win at rivals Athletic Bilbao in the Basque derby.

Portugal
After another half-season in San Sebastián, Jankauskas was loaned to Benfica for the remainder of the 2001–02 season, though the Lisbon side initially wanted his strike partner Darko Kovačević. He scored eight times in his spell, including on his debut in a 3–2 win over Varzim and twice in the next game for a 4–1 win at Salgueiros.

Benfica did not take up their option to sign Jankauskas for €4.3 million during his loan, and instead he joined rivals Porto on a five-year deal for €2.3 million in June 2002. He caused controversy by declaring to El Diario Vasco that Benfica was like a religion before signing for Porto; he clarified that he was talking about their level of support and not his intention to stay at the Estádio da Luz.

Jankauskas made his debut on 25 August as the season began at home to Belenenses, coming on at half time and scoring in the seventh minute of added time for a 2–2 draw. Under manager José Mourinho, though not always a regular starter, he made an important contribution to a side which conquered all in Portugal, winning the Primeira Liga and Taça de Portugal double in 2002–03 and the national championship in the following campaign.

Jankauskas also helped Porto to achieve European success and, while he missed selection for the 2003 UEFA Cup final-winning squad, he was a substitute when the Dragons won the UEFA Champions League against Monaco in the following year.

Hearts and later career
After the departure of Mourinho, Jankauskas fell out of favour in Porto and joined Nice on loan, but he failed to settle in France, and eventually signed for Scottish Premier League club Heart of Midlothian – via FBK Kaunas – in 2005. In a complex deal, he was loaned to Hearts at the behest of Vladimir Romanov, who controlled both clubs, and spent the next two seasons in Edinburgh.

In 2005–06, Jankauskas' experience and goals helped Hearts to win the Scottish Cup and achieve Champions league qualification by finishing second in the league. The following campaign was less successful for him, as injuries and indifferent form limited his appearances; after his Kaunas and Hearts contracts expired in June 2007, he signed with Cyprus's AEK Larnaca.

On 30 January 2008, Jankauskas joined Portuguese League team Belenenses. He terminated his contract after only a few months, moving to Latvia's Skonto Riga in the summer after claiming he wanted to play closer to his homeland.

At the start of 2009, Jankauskas was working on obtaining his coaching badges, and pondering his retirement. In June, however, it was revealed that he would be heading to the United States for a trial with Major League Soccer club New England Revolution. On 28 June 2009, pending the arrival of his P1 Visa and ITC documents, a deal was arranged for the 34-year-old; his week 26 goal against the Kansas City Wizards was nominated for the MLS Goal of the Year Award.

On 30 September 2010, Jankauskas was released by the Revolution. He moved to Fakel Voronezh in the Russian second level shortly after, retiring after only a few months.

In July 2012, Jankauskas returned to Hearts as an assistant manager, leaving his post at the end of the season.

International career
Jankauskas was an important part of the Lithuanian national side since 1991 when, at the age of just 16, he helped the country to the 1991 Baltic Cup, playing the last 30 minutes of the 4–1 final win against Estonia. He scored his first international goal on 5 October 1996, in a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Iceland (2–0), and went on to net a further nine in 56 appearances, in eighteen years of play (he did not appear for the national team, however, from 1992 to 1995).

On 12 January 2016, after a brief spell at club level with FK Trakai, Jankauskas replaced Igoris Pankratjevas at the helm of Lithuania. His debut on 23 March was a 1–0 friendly loss away to Romania, who were 16th in the FIFA Men's World Ranking. On 4 December 2018, he was dismissed, having won only three games – one competitive, against Malta in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – and been relegated to the bottom tier of the UEFA Nations League by losing all six games.

Jankauskas returned to the national job in February 2023, on a one-year deal.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Lithuania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Jankauskas goal.

Honours
Žalgiris
 * A Lyga: 1991, 1992
 * Lithuanian Football Cup 1991, 1993, 1994

Club Brugge
 * Belgian Pro League: 1997–98
 * Belgian Supercup: 1998

Porto
 * Primeira Liga: 2002–03, 2003–04
 * Taça de Portugal: 2002–03
 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2003
 * UEFA Champions League: 2003–04
 * UEFA Cup: 2002–03

Hearts
 * Scottish Cup: 2005–06

Lithuania
 * Baltic Cup: 1991

Individual
 * Lithuanian Player of the Year: 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2004

title: Edgaras Jankauskas


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Category:Racehorse owners and breeders

This category is primarily for breeders of Thoroughbred race horses. Some entries may be breeders of other breeds that are primarily used for racing, such as the Standardbred. However, it is not appropriate to list breeders of other horse breeds here unless that breeder was exclusively or primarily breeding horses specifically for the track. Most other breeders can be categorized with the horse breed with which they are affiliated, though there is no reason that some individuals cannot be cross-categorized here and with their respective breed, particularly for the American Quarter Horse or, perhaps, AQPS horse owners and breeders.

de:Kategorie:Besitzer (Rennpferd)

title: Category:Racehorse owners and breeders


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User talk:Kotegaeshi

welcome
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! pamri 17:00, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Kotegaeshi