text:
Talk:Sagat (Street Fighter)

Untitled
It makes more sense to have Sagat's role for each video game he's appeared in listed. --Particle Man

---

I removed a very strange addition. It was as follows:

Its site

''Only one human in this world resemble mentally Sagat of street fighter, since have apelle Sagat, but have calls it Eric. Visit its site:''

''   * Site:  It is only and single Sagat, nobody in this world with the right to imitate it... (French site)''

I have no idea what that was all about. --Blue Dream 20:03, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Ha ha! That's a Frenchman trying to talk English. He's talking about a guy that's called Sagat too, and that the SF Sagat is a rip off, and blah blah! Caudex Rax 19:58, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Race
What race is sagat?

Well nationality-wise he comes out of Thailand, but he looks pretty anglo in virtually every promo art piece made about him. Could it be possible that he's loosely based on Ramon Dekkers, the first white man that ever won the Muay Thai Fighter of the Year award? Killridemedly 01:15, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

He doesn't look white at all. His skin tone is consistent with a person from Thailand. Almost all characters have anglo features in these games. 66.167.147.162 08:44, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Almost all characters in these games are indeed white, so that's not an answer. His skin tone is consistent with a person from Thailand, if the said person is a newly arrived European tourist. --19:45, 5 November 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Humanophage (talk • contribs)
 * I'm not sure how this discussion 1. helps the article, and 2. isn't original research. JuJube 00:30, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Pop culture reference removed
Why a pop culture reference of Sagat was removed?

Because Francois Sagat (see his wiki article) isn't everyman's piece of cake.

Fun Facts
these fun facts are total speculation and add nothing to the article. I'm removing it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.234.150.252 (talk) 08:47, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Terrible picture of Sagat there...
That's an awful picture of him right there, he doesn't even look his original Thailand ethnicity, and doesn't even look evil which is what he really is. Please find one that captures his character far better.
 * ??? He's not evil. Danny Lilithborne 22:45, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Someone didn't play Alpha 2... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Slammenhousa (talk • contribs)
 * Someone didn't play Alpha 3... JuJube 17:21, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Indeed. I can't exactly say Sagat is out-and-out evil. Sure, joined Shadowloo but that doesn't necessarily mean "OMG SAGAT A BAD GUY!" I'd say he's extremely hell-bent on beating Ryu and getting his title back. MightyKombat 12:39, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

If you're referring to the image in the Story section, I agree. It looks like it was drawn by a ten year old.Vegetable4 15:10, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Evil? He just joined forces with Bison, contributed for the expansion of drugs, crime, deads… he wants vengeance, he killed a guy and he made two little children orphan... How can he possible be evil? He is on the good side... ask Capcom 84.90.24.156 (talk) 00:15, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1090317722-00.png
Image:1090317722-00.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 01:12, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
It seems someone has vandalised the page by inserting a picture of Bob Saget and putting the following text in "He is also the host of America's Funniest Home Videoes, and was a main cast member in Full House" at the top of the page.

Gah..easiest mistake to make yet some moron seems intent on making that mistake time and time again...MightyKombat 16:34, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

This line doesn't need citation.
"It is possible he was named after Sagat Petchyindee, a legendary Thai boxer."

How would it be possible to get citation for a possibility? "We might have named him after that guy, but we don't know". IMO, it should stay, and have the citation template removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.139.99.35 (talk) 17:01, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It's an unsourced assertion. Either the tag stays, or the statement goes.  Simple as that. JuJube (talk) 17:25, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

History
I think the history section really needs work. It only gives the absolute basics of Sagat's involvement in the games in which he's appeared. Also, those events are listed out of order of the official timeline. I'm more than willing to help clean up and flesh out this section, I just don't want to get yelled at for doing it. Krendall (talk) 18:49, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110720030031/http://www.ugo.com/movies/characters-with-scars-sagat to http://www.ugo.com/movies/characters-with-scars-sagat
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title: Talk:Sagat (Street Fighter)


text:
1981 Norwegian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 13 and 14 September 1981. The Labour Party remained the largest party in the Storting, winning 66 of the 155 seats. The Conservative Party made the strongest gains and formed a government on its own. In 1983 a majority coalition government with the Christian People's Party and the Centre Party was established.

Progress Party
Carl I. Hagen was elected chairman on 12 February 1978 after Arve Lønnum declined to seek reelection.

Christian People's Party
After Lars Korvald declined to seek reelection, Kåre Kristiansen was elected chairman on 21 April 1979. Despite not being a candidate, Kjell Magne Bondevik received 44 votes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1981 Norwegian parliamentary election


text:
Euan Sutherland

Euan Sutherland is a Scottish businessman who was the Chief Executive of SuperGroup plc and Saga plc. He served as the chief executive of Saga from January 2020 to November 2023.

Career
After training in marketing with Coca-Cola, he worked in marketing a retail management positions with Mars Confectionery, Matalan, Currys and Superdrug. He then joined Kingfisher plc, rising to the position of chief operating officer.

Co-operative Group
Touted as a replacement for Kingfisher CEO Ian Cheshire, he joined the Co-operative Group in April 2013, taking over from Peter Marks as chief executive.

Due to inadequate capital levels in its banking group, Moody's downgraded the bank's credit rating by six notches to junk status (Ba3) and the bank's chief executive Barry Tootell resigned. The difficulties stemmed largely from the commercial loans of the Britannia Building Society, acquired in the 2009 merger.

Sutherland restructured, by intending to sell the life insurance business to Royal London releasing about £200m in capital, and planning to dispose of its other insurance business. On 5 June Richard Pennycook, former finance director of Morrisons, was named Co-operative Group's finance director, and Richard Pym, former chief executive of the Alliance & Leicester bank, as chair of the Co-operative Banking Group and the Co-operative Bank.

In March 2014, Sutherland resigned from The Co-operative because he said "I now feel that until the Group adopts professional and commercial governance it will be impossible to implement what my team and I believe are the necessary changes and reforms to renew the Group and give it a relevant and sustainable future". He was replaced by Richard Pennycook, then chief financial officer, who became the group's interim Chief Executive.

Supergroup
On 22 October 2014, it was announced that Sutherland was CEO of SuperGroup plc.

On 2 April 2019, Sutherland resigned as CEO of SuperGroup plc after founder Julian Dunkerton won a bid to be reinstated to the SuperGroup plc board.

Saga
In December 2019, Saga appointed Sutherland as chief executive. At a crucial moment he joined with Saga. The insurance firm, which accounts for the overwhelming majority of the group 's earnings, has needed to dramatically slash premiums to stay profitable. Whereas the travel company is preparing to introduce two freshly built cruise ships.

In November 2023, Sutherland resigned from Saga with immediate effect.

Personal life
Sutherland is married with three sons. His interests include rugby union and Formula One.

title: Euan Sutherland


text: User talk:68.73.89.51

title: User talk:68.73.89.51


text:
Zenana

Zenana (, "of the women" or "pertaining to women"; ; জেনানা; ज़नाना) is the part of a house belonging to a Muslim family in the Indian subcontinent, which is reserved for the women of the household. The zenana was a product of Indo-Islamic culture and was commonly found in aristocratic Muslim families. Due to prolonged interactions between Hindus and Muslims, upper-class Hindu households, inclined to imitate elite cultural trends, also embraced these designated spaces. The zenana were the inner rooms of a house where the women of the family lived and where men and strangers were not allowed to enter. The outer apartments for guests and men are called the mardana. Conceptually in those that practise purdah, it is the equivalent in the Indian subcontinent of the harem.

Christian missionaries were able to gain access to these Indian girls and women through the zenana missions; female missionaries who had been trained as doctors and nurses were able to provide them with health care and also evangelise them in their own homes.

Mughal court life
Physically, the zenana of the Mughal court consisted of exceptionally luxurious conditions, particularly for princesses and women associated with high-ranking figures. Because of the extreme restrictions placed on access to the women's quarters, very few reliable accounts of their descriptions are available. Still, modern scholars evaluating court records and travelogues contemporary with the Mughal period detail the women's lodgings as offering courtyards, ponds, fountains and gardens. The palaces themselves were decorated with mirrors, paintings and marble. Mariam-uz-Zamani had her own palace in Fatehpur Sikri's harem, which was the masterpiece fusion of Rajasthani and Persian elements and was the biggest residential palace of the fort. Jahanara, daughter of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal, famously lived in her own apartment decorated with valuable carpets, and murals of flying angels. Other amenities depicted in illustrations of court life include running water and meticulous gardens.

Resident population
Rather than being the prison-like space of licentious activity popularized by European imagination (see Orientalism), the zenana functioned as the domain of female members of the household, ranging from wives to concubines to widows, unmarried sisters and cousins, and even further distant relations who were considered dependent kin. In addition to the women of rank, the zenana was populated by attendants of various skills and purposes to provide for the needs of the ladies residing within. All visiting friends, servants, and entertainers were invariably female, down to the highly trained corps of armed women – guards known as urdubegis – assigned to escort and protect the women in the zenana.

Administration
According to Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, author of the Akbarnama, the zenana of Akbar the Great at Fatehpur Sikri was home to more than five thousand women, who had each been given her own suite of rooms. The size of the zenana meant that it was a community unto itself, and it thus required systematic administration to maintain; all of these administrators were female. Abu'l Fazl describes the zenana as being divided into sections, with daroghas appointed to tend to the financial and organizational needs of the residents. Other administrative positions included the tehwildar, or accounts officer, responsible for the salaries and financial requests of the inhabitants. Then there were the mahaldars, the female servant of the highest authority chosen from within the ranks of the daroghas, who often acted as an intelligence source from the zenana directly to the emperor. The royal anagas (the Turki language word used at the Mughal court for wetnurses), were elevated to positions of rank, though their purpose was not strictly administrative.

Political influence
It was because male members of Mughal society did not closely define the concept of purdah as a reflection of their own honor that wives, daughters, and particularly unmarried women in the upper-echelons of the empire were able to extend their influence beyond the physical structures of the zenana. That less-constrictive interpretation of purdah allowed the ladies of the Mughal court to indirectly participate in public life, most notably in civic building projects. Jahanara herself was responsible for the major alteration of Shahjahanabad, by constructing the now famous Chandni Chowk market in Old Delhi. Altogether, wives, daughters, and even a courtesan were the primary patrons of 19 major structures in the city. Owing to the cultural precedent set by their Timurid ancestors, it was comparatively more acceptable for Mughal women to perform civic charity in the form of building projects and even engage in leisure activities outside the zenana like hunting, polo and pilgrimage, than it would have been for their Safavid contemporaries. Nur Jahan seems to be unique in that she had a particular affinity for hunting, and was able to gain permission to accompany her husband Jahangir on several outings, even once killing four tigers easily with her excellent marksmanship.

Adherence to purdah
Despite the social freedom that came with being a member of the royal household, Mughal women did not go about unveiled and were not seen by outsiders or men other than their families. Instead, when they traveled they covered their heads and faces in white veils, and they were transported in howdahs, chaudoles, carriages and palanquins while covering on all sides, to maintain the modesty and seclusion required of purdah. When entering or exiting the zenana itself, female pallbearers carried their palanquins, and they were only transferred to male servants and eunuchs outside the walls of the zenana. Should outsiders be required to enter the zenana, as in the case of an illness where the lady could not be moved for her health, the visitor was covered from head to foot in a shroud and led blindly to the lady by a eunuch escort.

title: Zenana


text: Talk:Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time

title: Talk:Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time


text:
Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo

The Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha is a football stadium in the parish (municipality) of Tarqui in northern Guayaquil, Ecuador. An aerial lift or cable car to connect the stadium with the "Aerovia" Julian Coronel station in downtown Guayaquil was scheduled to start in 2021. The stadium is the home to Ecuadorian football club Barcelona SC. It has a capacity of 59,283, which makes it the largest stadium in Ecuador.

History
Club president Isidro Romero Carbo wanted Barcelona, at the time playing their home games at the Estadio Modelo Alberto Spencer Herrera, to have their own stadium.

The stadium was inaugurated on December 27, 1987. The first game was played against FC Barcelona of Spain, which Barcelona SC won 1-0. Barcelona invited many South American football celebrities, such as Pelé, to the inauguration; Pelé compared the stadium to the famous Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro: Se o Maracanã é o maior estádio do mundo, o Monumental é um dos mais belos. (If Maracanã is the largest stadium in the world, Monumental is one of the most beautiful in the world) there is a golden plaque in the stadium celebrating this description.

There are healthcare facilities, clothing-and-souvenir shops, and restaurants, in a total area of about 5,100 m2. The football field is 105 metres long and 70 metres wide. The training field near the stadium is called Alternate Field Sigifredo Agapito Chuchuca in honor of one of the greatest midfielders in team history.

The stadium hosted 5 matches of the 1993 Copa América, including the final.

On January 2, 2008, president of Barcelona Eduardo Maruri signed a 4-year contract with Ecuadorian bank Banco Pichincha to have the stadium named after the bank. The contract was renewed but came to an end in 2015.

title: Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo


text:
T-tubule

T-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration.

Through these mechanisms, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell. T-tubule structure and function are affected beat-by-beat by cardiomyocyte contraction, as well as by diseases, potentially contributing to heart failure and arrhythmias. Although these structures were first seen in 1897, research into T-tubule biology is ongoing.

Structure
T-tubules are tubules formed from the same phospholipid bilayer as the surface membrane or sarcolemma of skeletal or cardiac muscle cells. They connect directly with the sarcolemma at one end before travelling deep within the cell, forming a network of tubules with sections running both perpendicular (transverse) to and parallel (axially) to the sarcolemma. Due to this complex orientation, some refer to T-tubules as the transverse-axial tubular system. The inside or lumen of the T-tubule is open at the cell surface, meaning that the T-tubule is filled with fluid containing the same constituents as the solution that surrounds the cell (the extracellular fluid). Rather than being just a passive connecting tube, the membrane that forms T-tubules is highly active, being studded with proteins including L-type calcium channels, sodium-calcium exchangers, calcium ATPases and Beta adrenoceptors.

T-tubules are found in both atrial and ventricular cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes), in which they develop in the first few weeks of life. They are found in ventricular muscle cells in most species, and in atrial muscle cells from large mammals. In cardiac muscle cells, across different species, T-tubules are between 20 and 450 nanometers in diameter and are usually located in regions called Z-discs where the actin myofilaments anchor within the cell. T-tubules within the heart are closely associated with the intracellular calcium store known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum in specific regions referred to as terminal cisternae. The association of the T-tubule with a terminal cisterna is known as a diad.

In skeletal muscle cells, T-tubules are three to four times narrower than those in cardiac muscle cells, and are between 20 and 40 nm in diameter. They are typically located at either side of the myosin strip, at the junction of overlap (A-I junction) between the A and I bands. T-tubules in skeletal muscle are associated with two terminal cisternae, known as a triad.

Regulators
The shape of the T-tubule system is produced and maintained by a variety of proteins. The protein amphiphysin-2 is encoded by the gene BIN1 and is responsible for forming the structure of the T-tubule and ensuring that the appropriate proteins (in particular L-type calcium channels) are located within the T-tubule membrane. Junctophilin-2 is encoded by the gene JPH2 and helps to form a junction between the T-tubule membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, vital for excitation-contraction coupling. Titin capping protein known as telethonin is encoded by the TCAP gene and helps with T-tubule development and is potentially responsible for the increasing number of T-tubules seen as muscles grow.

Excitation-contraction coupling
T-tubules are an important link in the chain from electrical excitation of a cell to its subsequent contraction (excitation-contraction coupling). When contraction of a muscle is needed, stimulation from a nerve or an adjacent muscle cell causes a characteristic flow of charged particles across the cell membrane known as an action potential. At rest, there are fewer positively charged particles on the inner side of the membrane compared to the outer side, and the membrane is described as being polarised. During an action potential, positively charged particles (predominantly sodium and calcium ions) flow across the membrane from the outside to the inside. This reverses the normal imbalance of charged particles and is referred to as depolarization. One region of membrane depolarizes adjacent regions, and the resulting wave of depolarization then spreads along the cell membrane. The polarization of the membrane is restored as potassium ions flow back across the membrane from the inside to the outside of the cell.

In cardiac muscle cells, as the action potential passes down the T-tubules it activates L-type calcium channels in the T-tubular membrane. Activation of the L-type calcium channel allows calcium to pass into the cell. T-tubules contain a higher concentration of L-type calcium channels than the rest of the sarcolemma and therefore the majority of the calcium that enters the cell occurs via T-tubules. This calcium binds to and activates a receptor, known as a ryanodine receptor, located on the cell's own internal calcium store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Activation of the ryanodine receptor causes calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing the muscle cell to contract. In skeletal muscle cells, however, the L-type calcium channel is directly attached to the ryanodine receptor on the sarcoplasmic reticulum allowing activation of the ryanodine receptor directly without the need for an influx of calcium.

The importance of T-tubules is not solely due to their concentration of L-type calcium channels, but lies also within their ability to synchronise calcium release within the cell. The rapid spread of the action potential along the T-tubule network activates all of the L-type calcium channels near-simultaneously. As T-tubules bring the sarcolemma very close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum at all regions throughout the cell, calcium can then be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum across the whole cell at the same time. This synchronisation of calcium release allows muscle cells to contract more forcefully. In cells lacking T-tubules such as smooth muscle cells, diseased cardiomyocytes, or muscle cells in which T-tubules have been artificially removed, the calcium that enters at the sarcolemma has to diffuse gradually throughout the cell, activating the ryanodine receptors much more slowly as a wave of calcium leading to less forceful contraction.

As the T-tubules are the primary location for excitation-contraction coupling, the ion channels and proteins involved in this process are concentrated here - there are 3 times as many L-type calcium channels located within the T-tubule membrane compared to the rest of the sarcolemma. Furthermore, beta adrenoceptors are also highly concentrated in the T-tubular membrane, and their stimulation increases calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Calcium control
As the space within the lumen of the T-tubule is continuous with the space that surrounds the cell (the extracellular space), ion concentrations between the two are very similar. However, due to the importance of the ions within the T-tubules (particularly calcium in cardiac muscle), it is very important that these concentrations remain relatively constant. As the T-tubules are very thin, they essentially trap the ions. This is important as, regardless of the ion concentrations elsewhere in the cell, T-tubules still have enough calcium ions to permit muscle contraction. Therefore, even if the concentration of calcium outside the cell falls (hypocalcaemia), the concentration of calcium within the T-tubule remains relatively constant, allowing cardiac contraction to continue.

As well as T-tubules being a site for calcium entry into the cell, they are also a site for calcium removal. This is important as it means that calcium levels within the cell can be tightly controlled in a small area (i.e. between the T-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum, known as local control). Proteins such as the sodium-calcium exchanger and the sarcolemmal ATPase are located mainly in the T-tubule membrane. The sodium-calcium exchanger passively removes one calcium ion from the cell in exchange for three sodium ions. As a passive process it can therefore allow calcium to flow into or out of the cell depending on the combination of the relative concentrations of these ions and the voltage across the cell membrane (the electrochemical gradient). The calcium ATPase removes calcium from the cell actively, using energy derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Detubulation
In order to study T-tubule function, T-tubules can be artificially uncoupled from the surface membrane using a technique known as detubulation. Chemicals such as glycerol or formamide (for skeletal and cardiac muscle respectively) can be added to the extracellular solution that surrounds the cells. These agents increase the osmolarity of the extracellular solution, causing the cells to shrink. When these agents are withdrawn, the cells rapidly expand and return to their normal size. This shrinkage and re-expansion of the cell causes T-tubules to detach from the surface membrane. Alternatively, the osmolarity of the extracellular solution can be decreased, using for example hypotonic saline, causing a transient cell swelling. Returning the extracellular solution to a normal osmolarity allows the cells to return to their previous size, again leading to detubulation.

History
The idea of a cellular structure that later became known as a T-tubule was first proposed in 1881. The very brief time lag between stimulating a striated muscle cell and its subsequent contraction was too short to have been caused by a signalling chemical travelling the distance between the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. It was therefore suggested that pouches of membrane reaching into the cell might explain the very rapid onset of contraction that had been observed. It took until 1897 before the first T-tubules were seen, using light microscopy to study cardiac muscle injected with India ink. Imaging technology advanced, and with the advent of transmission electron microscopy the structure of T-tubules became more apparent leading to the description of the longitudinal component of the T-tubule network in 1971. In the 1990s and 2000s confocal microscopy enabled three-dimensional reconstruction of the T-tubule network and quantification of T-tubule size and distribution, and the important relationships between T-tubules and calcium release began to be unravelled with the discovery of calcium sparks. While early work focussed on ventricular cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, in 2009 an extensive T-tubule network in atrial cardiac muscle cells was observed. Ongoing research focusses on the regulation of T-tubule structure and how T-tubules are affected by and contribute to cardiovascular diseases.

Clinical significance
The structure of T-tubules can be altered by disease, which in the heart may contribute to weakness of the heart muscle or abnormal heart rhythms. The alterations seen in disease range from a complete loss of T-tubules to more subtle changes in their orientation or branching patterns. T-tubules may be lost or disrupted following a myocardial infarction, and are also disrupted in the ventricles of patients with heart failure, contributing to reduced force of contraction and potentially decreasing the chances of recovery. Heart failure can also cause the near-complete loss of T-tubules from atrial cardiomyocytes, reducing atrial contractility and potentially contributing to atrial fibrillation.

Structural changes in T-tubules can lead to the L-type calcium channels moving away from the ryanodine receptors. This can increase the time taken for calcium levels within the cell to rise leading to weaker contractions and arrhythmias. However, disordered T-tubule structure may not be permanent, as some suggest that T-tubule remodelling might be reversed through the use of interval training.

title: T-tubule


text: User talk:217.43.11.172

title: User talk:217.43.11.172


text: User talk:203.118.129.17

title: User talk:203.118.129.17


text:
Category:County Londonderry

Topics and articles relating to County Londonderry in Northern Ireland.

title: Category:County Londonderry


text:
Talk:Anubis

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 March 2019 and 8 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): KateKeWu.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2018 and 18 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Krystal ah.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:30, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

I found an error and I need to fix it
There is a quote on this page and it links to the biblical Seth, when I'm pretty sure Isis wasn't afraid of Seth from the bible. Kelpor (talk) 18:02, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I have amended the link to Set (deity). Mr rnddude (talk) 18:05, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks Kelpor (talk) 18:07, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

Romanization of Coptic
The romanization of ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲡ should be Anup, ⲟⲩ here is a digraph for u. Tobias Paul (talk) 13:22, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

Removal of Popular Culture section, July 2024
Maybe nobody will be sorry to see it gone, but I removed the popular culture section, because it contained precisely zero examples, just a paragraph on impact that has been tagged as needing a citation for over a year.Neatly95 (talk) 01:49, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anubis


text:
Zillertal

The Ziller Valley  (Zillertal) is a valley in Tyrol, Austria that is drained by the Ziller River. It is the widest valley south of the Inn Valley (Inntal) and lends its name to the Zillertal Alps, the strongly glaciated section of the Alps in which it lies. The Tux Alps lie to its west, while the lower grass peaks of the Kitzbühel Alps are found to the east.

The Ziller Valley is one of the valley areas in Tyrol most visited by tourists. Its largest settlement is Mayrhofen.

Geography

The Ziller Valley branches from the Inn trench near Jenbach, about 40 km northeast of Innsbruck, running mostly in a north–south direction. The Ziller Valley proper stretches from the village of Strass to Mayrhofen, where it separates into four smaller valleys, the Tux valley and the sparsely settled, so-called Gründe – Zamsergrund, Zillergrund and Stilluppgrund. Along the way, two more Gründe and the Gerlos valley, which leads to the Gerlos Pass and into Salzburg, branch off.

Unlike other side valleys of the Inntal, the Ziller Valley rises constantly, but only marginally, from one end to the other – only about 100 m over 30 km. Permanent settlements cover about 9% of the entire area of the Ziller Valley municipalities.

History
Near the Tuxer Joch, a pass between the Wipptal and the Tux valley, there have been archeological finds from middle Stone Age. The oldest remains of settlements in the Ziller Valley date back to the Illyrians during the late Bronze and early Iron Ages – a tribe from the Balkan Peninsula who were absorbed in that area by the Bavarians (Baiuvarii).

The earliest written record of the Ziller Valley dates from 889, when Arnulf of Carinthia granted land to the Archbishop of Salzburg in the "Cilarestale". Ownership of the valley was divided along the Ziller River. Even today this division is visible, as churches on the right bank of the river generally have green towers and belong to Salzburg Diocese, while churches on the left bank have red towers and belong to Innsbruck Diocese.

In 1248, the land west of the Ziller was acquired by the Counts of Tyrol, while the lands east of the Ziller pledged as security to the Counts of Tyrol by the Lords of Rattenberg from 1290 to 1380. In 1504, with both the County of Tyrol and the Archbishopric of Salzburg dominated by the Habsburgs, the Ziller Valley was united under Emperor Maximilian and put under joint Tyrolean/Salzburgian rule.

In 1805, the Treaty of Pressburg ended the War of the Third Coalition and forced Austria to cede Tyrol to Bavaria. For the purposes of this treaty, the Ziller Valley was considered part of Salzburg and thus remained with Austria. The people of the Ziller Valley nevertheless joined Andreas Hofer's Tyrolean Rebellion of 1809 in the Battle of the Ziller Bridge (14 May). Later that year, the insurrection was defeated and the Ziller Valley briefly became Bavarian until the Congress of Vienna in 1814/1815.

While the relatively lenient stance of the archbishops of Salzburg had allowed the creation of small pockets of Protestantism in their lands since the Protestant Reformation, the remaining Protestants were oppressed more harshly during the Habsburg rule of the 19th century. In 1837, 437 Protestant inhabitants of the Ziller Valley left the valley after they were given the choice of renouncing the Augsburg Confession or emigrating to Silesia, where Frederick William III of Prussia offered them lands and housing near Erdmannsdorf (now Mysłakowice in western Poland).

In 1902, the Ziller Valley Railway was constructed, which still runs between Jenbach and Mayrhofen to this day, opening up the valley, the economy of which had previously relied mostly on agriculture and mining, to commerce and tourism. From 1921 to 1976, magnesium carbonate (and later tungsten) were mined around the Alpine pastures of the Schrofen and Wangl Almen above the Tuxertal A ropeway conveyor of more than 9 km length was used to transport the ore to the Ziller Valley Railway goods station in the valley below.

The Ziller Valley was known for its itinerant tradesmen, "farm doctors" and singing families. In the second half of the 19th century refuge huts were erected and trails established as climbing became a mass sport. The development of the area for tourism began in 1953/1954 with the construction of the Gerlosstein ski region, today the Zillertal Arena, which was soon followed by other lifts and the opening of the Mayrhofner Penkenbahn in 1954. The use of water power took off in the 1970s.

Economy

In the second half of the 20th century, after the end of mining in the valley, tourism became the area's dominant economic activity. In 2003, tourists stayed a total of 6 million nights in the valley, mostly during winter sports holidays. Following a phase of mergers by building connecting lifts during the 1990s and early 2000s, there are now four big ski areas, the largest of which is the Zillertal Arena, and three smaller satellite areas in the valley. Combined, they offer a total of more than 170 lifts and more than 630 km of downhill slopes.

Traditional agriculture – mostly cattle, dairy and some sheep farming on the Alm pastures – is still widespread and the large sawmill outside the village of Fügen is a sign of the lumber industry that also plays a significant role. The periphery of the area is home to a number of factories. Four large reservoirs in the Gründe supply water to a total of eight hydroelectric power stations, generating slightly more than 1,200 GWh per year.

Culture
The Ziller Valley is particularly renowned for its musical tradition. For instance, several families of travelling singers and organ builders from the valley have been credited with spreading the Christmas carol Silent Night across the world during the 19th and early 20th centuries. More recently, the Schürzenjäger band have had tremendous success in German-speaking countries with their crossover mix of Volksmusik and pop.

Catholic Church
The majority of the population belongs to the Catholic Church, which plays an important role in socio-cultural life.

Protestantism
After the Reformation a lively Protestant movement developed in the Ziller Valley. There was animosity from the side of the Catholic Church, culminating in the forced exodus of Ziller Valley Protestants in 1837. Today, some smaller Protestant congregations exist in Mayrhofen, Jenbach and Schwaz.

title: Zillertal


text:
Bultaco

Bultaco was a Spanish manufacturer of two-stroke motorcycles from 1958 to 1983.

In May 2014, a new Bultaco was announced.

Origins
The origin of the Bultaco motorcycle company dates from May 1958. Francesc "Paco" Bultó was a director of the Montesa motorcycle company, founded in 1944. After several years of steady growth and road-racing success, in 1957, Montesa moved to larger facilities. The move was protracted, disrupting production, and was followed by a downturn in the Spanish economy. This slump brought to a head disagreements between Bultó and the other senior director, Pere Permanyer. As an economy measure, Permanyer (the majority shareholder) felt that the company should withdraw from racing. Bultó, the driving force behind the racing program and responsible for much of the company’s technical expertise, was vehemently opposed. Failing to reach a compromise, Bultó decided to leave Montesa to concentrate on his other business interests. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the majority of Montesa's racing department left shortly afterwards, as well.

Bultaco is formed
The suggestion to form a new company is said to have come a few days later when Sr. Bultó was invited to a meeting by several of the former staff of Montesa's racing department. Keen to return to racing, they persuaded him that their greatest hope lay in forming a new company. Setting up shop in very primitive conditions at an old farm owned by Bultó, things developed quickly. On 24 March 1959, Bultaco held a press day and launched its first motorcycle, the road-going 125 cc Bultaco Tralla 101, named after a Spanish word for whip. Just two months later, Bultaco entered its first Spanish Grand Prix, taking seven of the first ten places.

The company name and logo
"Bultaco" comes from combining the first four letters of Sr. Bultó's surname with the last three of his nickname "Paco". The name was a suggestion of one of Bultaco's premier racers, and close friend of Sr. Bultó, John Grace from Gibraltar. CEMOTO is an acronym for "Compañia Española de Motores". The other part of the company logo, the "Thumbs up" symbol, came after Sr. Bultó witnessed British motorcycle racer David Whitworth giving the signal to his pit crew to signify that all was well. Sete Gibernau had this on the back of his crash helmet when he raced MotoGP.

In 1998, rights to the Bultaco name were purchased by Marc Tessier, who used it to help launch a range of purpose-built trials motorcycles from his company Sherco Moto S.A.R.L. The bikes were initially named Bultaco Shercos. In 2000, the bikes became Sherco by Bultaco, and in 2001, the Bultaco name was dropped altogether. The US trademark is now owned by HDW Enterprises, parent company of a parts and repair specialist for vintage Bultacos.

Bultaco produces electric motorbikes in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, also the site of the original 1958 factory.

Notable products
Although they made road and road-racing motorcycles, the company had its greatest success with models for off-road competition - the Pursang for motocross, the Matador for enduros, the Sherpa T for observed trials competition, and the Astro for short flat-track.

Perhaps the most famous Bultaco model, the Sherpa T trials bike, revolutionised the sport in the 1960s. At that time, trials were almost exclusively a British sport using big, heavy, four-stroke machines. Irish trials ace Sammy Miller teamed with Bultó to produce a lightweight, two-stroke machine, which, overnight, rendered the heavy four-strokes obsolete. Miller won the gruelling Scottish Six Days Trial in 1965, and then repeated the feat with wins in 1967 and 1968. He also claimed the European trials championship in 1968 and 1970. This coincided with, and perhaps stimulated, the growth in the popularity of trials in Europe and later the USA, which provided a lucrative market for Bultaco in the years to come. Bultaco dominated the World Trials Championship in the 1970s, winning the title eight times, and winning the Scottish Six Days Trial four times.

Bultaco's premier model in the USA, the Pursang, was an excellent-handling and powerful 250 cc competition model that was competitive in virtually any type of speed-based off-road competition. The Pursang range was later expanded to 125, 360, and 370 cc.

The Bultaco Astro was a very popular short-track racer in the United States, and was used by many AMA Grand National riders in the US in pursuit of their championships, including Mike Kidd, Terry Poovey, Bubba Rush, and hundreds of other top-class competitors. The Astro had a superb power band, perfectly suited for short tracks, and some half-miles, as well.

Bultaco motorcycles were mainly powered by single-cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke engines, but they also made water-cooled powerplants. The rider was required to mix the oil and gasoline manually. Built in Barcelona, Spain, Bultaco motorcycles were exported throughout the world, but their largest market ultimately became the USA, allowing aspiring racers to purchase legitimately competitive motorcycles without modification. The Bultaco engine and transmission were universally interchangeable between models and engine capacities; one could replace the cylinder from a 175 cc engine with a 200 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, or even 360 cc capacity Bultaco cylinder. As Bultaco produced the cylinders, pistons, rings, and cylinder heads for all engine capacities, no aftermarket parts were required, as with other brands.

Due to industrial unrest and market pressures, Bultaco production closed in 1979. The factory reopened in 1980, but closed again in 1983. A new series of electric Bultacos was announced mid-2014, and it began sales in 2015.

Sherco motorcycle company, founded in 1998 in Barcelona, derives its name from an amalgamation of two words, Sherpa and Bultaco.

Former MotoGP star Sete Gibernau is the grandson of Paco Bultó.

title: Bultaco


text:
Via Nomentana

Via Nomentana is an ancient road of Italy, leading North-East from Rome to Nomentum (modern Mentana), a distance of 23 km. It originally bore the name "Via Ficulensis", from the old Latin village of Ficulea, about 13 km from Rome. It was subsequently extended to Nomentum, but never became an important high road, and merged in the Via Salaria a few kilometers beyond Nomentum. It is followed as far as Nomentum by the modern state road, but some traces of its pavement still exist.

Originally starting from now-destroyed Porta Collina in the Servian Walls, in the third century emperor Aurelian build the Porta Nomentana in his new set of walls. Pope Pius IV decided to move the first stretch of the road and built the Porta Pia for this purpose.

Roman bridges
There are the remains of at least one Roman bridge along the road, which is the Ponte Nomentano.

title: Via Nomentana


text: Talk:Kill, I Oughtta

title: Talk:Kill, I Oughtta


text:
Salcedo, Ecuador

San Miguel de Salcedo (better known as Salcedo) is a city in Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador. It is the capital of Salcedo Canton.

title: Salcedo, Ecuador


text:
User:Jimmywickiser

A true American.

title: User:Jimmywickiser


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 July 25


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Noriko Takenouchi

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 23:54, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Noriko Takenouchi
While her sister may be notable, this is still a vanity page-- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 00:09, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Based on the somewhat-confusing article it links to, this seems to be a non-notable character from Digimon rather than a real person's vanity page.  - Thatdog 00:50, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. Hamster Sandwich 01:34, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Not vanity unless the subject created it. These kinds of pages are useful for the original articles. --malathion talk 01:37, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * merge and redirect to Sora Takenouchi seems right Circeus 01:45, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Uh, is this a real person, or a cartoon? android  79  02:44, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * If I understood the articles correctly, then apparently this is a real person, and Sora Takenouchi is both a cartoon and a real person (the voice actress for the cartoon). Thus, I vote delete, as this person is not notable. And the Nora Takenouchi article should be rewritten to make some distinction between fact and fiction. - ulayiti (talk)  03:17, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. if not vanity then becauust it's not notable. --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  03:22, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Alright, if I'm understanding this correctly, this is the non-notable pizza parlor-working sister of a marginally notable voice actress, the sister also being personified in a cartoon. I'd say speedy it under CSD A7, if it hadn't been so damn hard to figure out what it was. Delete. android  79  03:41, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This could probably be a speedy under the new rules, as being the sister of a kinda sorta famous person is not a legitimate assretion of notability. And even if the subject did not create it, that is certainly no reason to keep it. Nor is there anything to merge. -R. fiend 03:46, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't find evidence that Sora Takenouchi, the sister, is the name of a voice actress; per IMDb that's just the name of a fictional character on Digimon who is voiced by Yûko Mizutani in Japan and Colleen O'Shaughnessey in the USA. Delete. --Metropolitan90 03:59, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * That seems to make sense. I thought it very odd that an animated character would be named for the actor providing the voice (or vice versa, which would be even more odd), but admittedly I know nothing about Digimon. Makes me think that the entire Sora Takenouchi article is full of BS. Perhaps it deserves an accuracy tag? -R. fiend 05:01, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  Quale 05:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable.  Fbergo 05:26, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Explicit claim to non-notability, and clearly vanity (yes, if you put up a page about your friend the pizza chef, that's still vanity) -Harmil 11:22, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Some chick. I'm glad she has friends who like her enough to put up pages to her, but such things (barely literate, tangled references to other falsities) are not the basis of factual articles. They are the basis of site hijacking. Geogre 14:46, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, notability is not genetic. And she was not "ever interested in voice-acting or becoming famous", just finishes it off, and probably means that the article asserts non-notability (!) so can be speedied. -Splash 18:16, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Notability of a "pizza parlour waitress" is not established. Martg76 21:55, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 22:26, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. -- Etacar11   23:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless proof of notability is presented.-Poli (talk • contribs) 23:51, 2005 July 25 (UTC)
 * Comment: this clearly cannot be vanity if the article has been up for several weeks. Wouldn't this deletion tag have been put up sooner? DrippingInk 00:39, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity articles and other undesirables fall through the cracks all the time; that this one didn't is not a particularly compelling reason to keep it. android  79  00:42, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Very good point. Thus I vote Delete. DrippingInk 15:29, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If this article has been up for a while, then it can't be vanity. Plus, I've heard of Noriko Takenouchi. She ran off to Canada because she hated life in Japan. Very obvious. 64.231.72.209 00:17, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Very convincing. And that piece of information certainly makes her worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia. :) - ulayiti (talk)  00:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 07:40, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I believe I know the story behind this page. The person in question is most likely fictional - created by an online acquaintance in an attempt to convince me that this person is a friend of theirs, and leading to his posting several facts in the Sora Takenouchi section which have been dismissed as fiction. Therefore, Noriko Takenouchi's very existence is... questionable. Quack-Wabbit 14:48, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, really? Is this person on Wikipedia? 64.231.168.171 22:16, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's not particularly relevant. I'm not here to start a flame war, merely to provide elucidation. Quack-Wabbit 15:19, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Speech delay

Speech delay, also known as alalia, refers to a delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech. Speech – as distinct from language – is the actual process of making sounds, using such organs and structures as the lungs, vocal cords, mouth, tongue, teeth, etc. Language delay refers to a delay in the development or use of the knowledge of language.

Because language and speech are two independent stages, they may be individually delayed. For example, a child may be delayed in speech (i.e., unable to produce intelligible speech sounds), but not delayed in language. In this case, the child would be attempting to produce an age appropriate amount of language, but that language would be difficult or impossible to understand. Conversely, since a child with a language delay typically has not yet had the opportunity to produce speech sounds, they are likely to have a delay in speech as well.

Signs and symptoms
The warning signs of early speech delay are categorized into age-related milestones, beginning at the age of 12 months and continuing through early adolescence.

At the age of 12 months, there is cause for concern if the child is not able to do the following:

 * Using gestures such as waving good-bye and pointing at objects
 * Practicing the use of several different consonant sounds
 * Vocalizing or communicating needs

Between the ages of 15 and 18 months children are at a higher risk for speech delay if they are displaying the following:

 * Not saying "momma" and "dada"
 * Not reciprocating when told "no", "hello", and "bye"
 * Does not have a one to three word vocabulary at 12 months and up to 15 words by 18 months
 * Is unable to identify body parts
 * Displaying difficulties imitating sounds and actions
 * Shows preference to gestures over verbalization

Additional signs of speech delay after the age of 2 years and up to the age of 4 include the following:

 * Inability to spontaneously produce words and phrases
 * Inability to follow simple directions and commands
 * Cannot make two word connections
 * Lacks consonant sounds at the beginning or end of words
 * Is difficult to understand by close family members
 * Is not able to display the tasks of common household objects
 * Is unable to form simple 2 to 3 word sentences

Effects
Studies show that children diagnosed with speech delay are more likely to present with behavioral and social emotional problems both in childhood and as adults. Decreased receptive language, reading, and learning skills are common side effects for children that have a speech delay and do not receive adequate intervention. Similar studies suggest that children with speech delays are more likely to have a difficult time communicating and bonding with peers, which could have negative effects on their psychosocial health later in life.

Causes
At times, speech delay and impairment is caused by a physical disruption in the mouth such as a deformed frenulum, lips, or palate. If the motion or ability to form words and appropriate sounds is disrupted, the child may be slow to pick up words and lack the ability to shape their mouth and tongue in the formation of words.

Other more serious concerns are those that can be caused by oral-motor issues. Oral-motor dysfunction refers to a lack or delay in the area of the brain that speech is formed and created and communicated to the mouth and tongue. While speech may be the only concern, this disorder can be highlighted with feeding issues as well.

Children that are having speech delay disorders could have the following characteristics (Shriberg 1982):
 * Speech mechanism in which speech is associated with hearing, motor speech and craniofacial malfunction
 * Cognitive-linguistic aspects in which the impairment is associated with the child's intellectual, receptive, expressive and linguistic ability.
 * Psychosocial issues in which the impairment is associated with caregiver, school environment, and the child's self behaviors such as aggression and maturity

The many other causes of speech delay include bilingual children with phonological disorders, autism spectrum conditions, childhood apraxia, auditory processing disorder, prematurity, cognitive impairment and hearing loss. Some posit that excess screen time may negatively impact speech development. Broomfield and Dodd's (2004a) found out after survey that 6.4% of children who are perfectly normal showed speech difficulty while they lacked these disorders will often show early signs and are at times identified as "at risk" when the speech delay is diagnosed. However, a study done in Saudi Arabia showed no relationship between smart device use and speech delay, although 64.8% of the parents believed that the smart devices are a "problem". A review study from Indonesia points out the existence of contradicting results on that issue.

In the case of speech delay in a child with autism, there may not be a physiological cause such as an oral-motor issue or hearing loss. The child may prefer to communicate using non-spoken language or use a nonverbal communication method. Studies show that early interventions may help a child with cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder or Down syndrome acquire language skills necessary for social communication to a certain degree.

Therapies and treatments
After the initial diagnosis of speech delay, a hearing test will be administered to ensure that hearing loss or deafness is not an underlying cause of the delay. If a child has successfully completed the hearing test, the therapy or therapies used will be determined. There are many therapies available for children that have been diagnosed with a speech delay, and for every child, the treatment and therapies needed vary with the degree, severity, and cause of the delay. While speech therapy is the most common form of intervention, many children may benefit from additional help from occupational and physical therapies as well. Physical and occupational therapies can be used for a child that has a speech delay due to physical malformations and children that have also been diagnosed with a developmental delay such as autism or a language processing delay. Music therapy has effective results in the fundamentals of speech development, including phonological memory, sentence understanding, sentence memory, and morphological rule generation. Children that have been identified with hearing loss can be taught simple sign language to build and improve their vocabulary in addition to attending speech therapy.

The parents of a delayed child are the first and most important tool in helping overcome the speech delay. The parent or caregiver of the child can provide the following activities at home, in addition to the techniques suggested by a speech therapist, to positively influence the growth of speech and vocabulary:

 * Reading to the child regularly
 * Use of questions and simple, clear language
 * Positive reinforcement in addition to patience

For children that have a physical disorder that is causing difficulty forming and pronouncing words, parents and caregivers suggest using and introducing different food textures to exercise and build jaw muscles while promoting new movements of the jaw while chewing. Another less studied technique used to combat and treat speech delay is a form of therapy using music to promote and facilitate speech and language development. Music therapy is a newer therapy, and has yet to be thoroughly studied and practiced on children with speech delays and impediments.

title: Speech delay


text:
Walkinstown

Walkinstown is a suburb of Dublin in Ireland, six kilometres southwest of the city centre. It is surrounded by Drimnagh to the north, Crumlin to the east, Greenhills to the south, and Ballymount, Bluebell, and Clondalkin to the west. Its postal code is Dublin 12.

It consists mainly of privately owned housing, with some social housing remaining in the Dublin City Council area between the Walkinstown and Long Mile Roads and Ballymount Lower. It was built as an estate of starter homes after World War II.

Walkinstown has a library, residents' association, sports ground, community centre, schools, pubs, church, and local shops. Light industry, warehousing, car dealerships, and commercial outlet stores are concentrated along the Long Mile Road in the western sector of the suburb. The national census of 2022 recorded a population of 7,422 people for all electoral divisions labelled as Walkinstown.

Name and History
The name of the area is a corruption of Wilkinstown – named after Wilkins, a tenant farmer who lived in the area in the 15th century. The Irish name for the area is Baile Bhailcín.

Walkinstown as a suburb was a 20th-century creation. The area was a dairy farm until house building began in the 1930s and ended in the 1970s when most of the land was built on. A Catholic church and primary and secondary schools were built in the 1950s.

One of the most iconic moments from Ireland's unexpected success in Italia 90, the 1990 FIFA World Cup, took place at Walkinstown roundabout on 25 June 1990. That afternoon, after Ireland beat Romania on penalties to make it through to the quarter finals of the competition, crowds emerged from the nearby public houses of the Kestrel and Cherry Tree and invaded the roundabout to celebrate the win. Amateur footage of the joyous scenes at the junction became synonymous with Ireland's success that year and epitomised the sense of hope prevailing throughout the country at the time. In July 2020, ten days after Ireland's Italia 90 football manager Jack Charlton passed away, fans gathered at the roundabout to recreate the moment and pay their respects. Put 'Em Under Pressure, the official song of the Republic of Ireland national football team's 1990 campaign, (which features soundbites of Charlton) was played at 12:30pm that day synchronised with all radio stations nationally to remember the man who had led Ireland to their first-ever major tournament at Euro '88, as well as two World Cups in Italy (1990) and USA (1994).

Location and extent
There is some ambiguity as to the full extent of the suburb, with some claiming Walkinstown includes Greenhills, as well as one of three parts of Ballymount.

Greenhills was previously linked to Walkinstown in the Catholic Church structure to make up the Parish of Walkinstown and Greenhills, at a time when Greenhills did not have its own local church. This combined parish ceased to exist when Greenhills acquired its own parish church in 1971. Greenhills is generally regarded now as a separate and distinct suburb, with its own identity and full range of services.

The distinction between Ballymount and Walkinstown is not so well defined. Given that Ballymount has a less clear identity, many consider it to form part of Walkinstown. The area itself is primarily given over to light industry with much less residential housing than its nearest neighbour, Walkinstown. Most residential housing which exists directly borders on the Ballymount Road which itself is often listed as being in Walkinstown. Residents of Ballymount do not have their own services and so rely on Walkinstown for schools, church and commercial centres.

Amenities
Walkinstown Public Library is a branch of Dublin City Public Libraries and Archive on Percy French Road. The local post office is in the supermarket on Walkinstown Road. Walkinstown Credit Union, which is affiliated to the Irish League of Credit Unions, has an office on Walkinstown Green.

The local Catholic Church, Our Lady of the Assumption on Kilnamanagh Road, is one of the largest buildings in the suburb. It forms part of a concentration of religious and educational services with a girls' school, Our Lady of the Assumption, beside the church and a boys' school, Drimnagh Castle CBS, across the Long Mile Road. Both schools provide primary and secondary education.

Walkinstown Park on Walkinstown Avenue is run by Dublin City Council. It has three football pitches and two Gaelic Athletic Association pitches. There is a tennis court, and a stream at the rear of the park. The premises of the Walkinstown Association, which provides services to people with intellectual disabilities, is on the Long Mile Road beside the Halfway House public house.

There is no local Garda Síochána (police) station. Crime protection is provided by two stations in nearby Crumlin – the Crumlin Village and Sundrive Road stations. The three local hospitals are Tallaght Hospital, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, and St. James's Hospital.

Shopping
There is a SuperValu supermarket on Walkinstown Road. The Ashleaf Shopping Centre on Cromwellsfort Road is the nearest shopping centre where the anchor tenant, Dunnes Stores, provides supermarket and clothing retail services. A Lidl supermarket is on Walkinstown Avenue while an Aldi supermarket is on Long Mile Road.

Small commercial services such as newsagents, pharmacies, and fast food restaurants are concentrated at the intersection of the Drimnagh, Walkinstown, and Long Mile roads as well as around the Walkinstown Roundabout. There is also a Subway restaurant and Eddie Rockets restaurant, with a Polish food shop behind the Lidl supermarket on Walkinstown Avenue.

Walkinstown Roundabout is one of the busiest in the city. Its construction was held up for many years due to protracted negotiations to purchase a small whitewashed cottage on the then Walkinstown Cross (scene of many bad motor crashes). The resident was eventually rehoused in a new bungalow at the top of Walkinstown Avenue. This cottage was formerly in the centre of the new roundabout.

Local landmarks
One of the oldest buildings in Walkinstown is Drimnagh Castle on the northern side of Long Mile Road. It dates from 1216 and is the only castle in Ireland with a flooded moat. The Halfway House pub is the oldest one in the area, predating all of the modern housing developments. The pub used to be a coachhouse, halfway between Dublin and Tallaght.

Walkinstown Roundabout or Walkinstown Cross is one of the largest and most accident-prone roundabouts in Dublin. This junction serves seven local roads – Walkinstown Road towards Drimnagh, Bunting Road towards Crumlin, Cromwellsfort Road towards Kimmage and Crumlin, and St Peter's Road towards Greenhills and Templeogue, Greenhills Road towards Tallaght, Ballymount Road towards Ballymount and the M50 and Walkinstown Avenue towards Ballyfermot,

An area of Walkinstown north of Cromwellsfort Road is known as the Musical Roads. Roads in this area are named after prominent figures of Irish music such as the tenor Count John McCormack and composers Michael William Balfe, Percy French, and Edward Bunting.

Administration
Walkinstown is in the southwest of the Dublin City Council area and in local government elections is part of the Ballyfermot-Drimnagh Ward. Since the last local elections in 2014, local representatives on the council are:
 * Paul Hand (Independent)
 * Daithí Doolan (Sinn Féin)
 * Vincent Jackson (Independent)
 * Greg Kelly (Sinn Féin)
 * Bríd Smith (People Before Profit)
 * Daithí de Róiste (Fianna Fáil)

Walkinstown is part of the Dáil constituency of Dublin South-Central. The TD for the 33rd Dáil are:
 * Patrick Costello (Green Party)
 * Joan Collins (RtoC)
 * Bríd Smith (S–PBP)
 * Aengus Ó Snodaigh (Sinn Féin)

Sport
The first local Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club was formed in the 1950s since when it amalgamated with others to form the present St James Gaels GAA club.

Walkinstown Athletic Football Club is the local soccer team. Walkinstown Sports and Athletic Association (WSAF) meets at Moeran Community Hall on Summerville Drive. Mooney's Field, the largest green open space in the area, is used for many field sports. The nearest municipal swimming pool is in Crumlin village.

Walkinstown United Football Club, established in 1978 and based in Walkinstown Park, is the leading football team.

Transportation
Walkinstown is served by Dublin Bus routes 18, 27, 77A, 56A, 123 and 151. The 9, 17 and 150 busses pass the Ashleaf Shopping Centre/Submarine Bar, while the 122 bus terminates at Our Lady's Hospital, Crumlin, five minutes walk from the Halfway House pub.

The Dublin Bus Nitelink 77N service provides a one-way link from the city to Walkinstown after daily bus services finish at 23:30.

The Luas tram Red Line route stops nearby at Bluebell and Kylemore.

A former DHL Express mail courier depot in Walkinstown closed in 2008 and since 2018 is the primary depot for the Go-Ahead Ireland bus service.

People

 * Gabriel Byrne, actor
 * Eamonn Campbell of The Dubliners musical group lived in Walkinstown
 * Eamon Coughlan, Olympic runner
 * Dean Delany, goalkeeper for Shelbourne Football Club
 * Kevin Moran, Gaelic Athletic Association and association football player
 * Dee Devlin, partner of martial artist and businessman Conor McGregor

title: Walkinstown


text:
Talk:Chicago

Possible GDP Error
The article lists the 2022 GDP of Chicago as $832.9 billion, but on the contrary, the Bureau of Economic Analysis lists the 2022 GDP of Cook County as $417.6 billion. Is this erroneous information?

My source citation:

Bureau of Economic Analysis,

https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-county-metro-and-other-areas Msuopys (talk) 02:43, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

Latinos in Chicago
There is virtually no mention of Latinos presence in Chicago. This should be in the demographics section. I'd be happy to add in the more than hundred years of history into this section. Urban historian88 (talk) 07:10, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Sure, just remember to cite your text to WP:Reliable sources.
 * (Also, there is an article Mexicans in Chicago and perhaps others to add to or you might want to create other such articles, too). -- Alanscottwalker (talk) 18:00, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Move page
I think this page should be moved to "Chicago, Illinois" because other cities include the state in the title. CyberTheTiger (talk) 15:04, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia generally follows Associated Press practice of dropping the state for the largest/most-well-known 10 to 20 cities (I forget the number). Alanscottwalker (talk) 17:48, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 July 2024
Replace "Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born in Mexico, Poland or India." with "Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born in Mexico, China, Poland, the Philippines or India." Dimmysum (talk) 03:12, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Left guide (talk) 03:54, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chicago


text:
Category:Oak Ridges Moraine

This category is for articles related to the Oak Ridges Moraine, in Ontario, Canada.

title: Category:Oak Ridges Moraine


text: User talk:68.78.98.173

title: User talk:68.78.98.173


text:
U.S. Route 27 in Michigan

US Highway 27 (US 27) is a part of the US Highway System that now runs from Miami, Florida, to Fort Wayne, Indiana. In the US state of Michigan, it was a north–south state trunkline highway that entered the state south of Kinderhook and ended south of Grayling. Its route consisted of a freeway concurrency with Interstate 69 (I-69) from the state line north to the Lansing area before it followed its own freeway facility northward to St. Johns. From there north to Ithaca, US 27 was an expressway before continuing as a freeway to a terminus south of Grayling.

Created with the rest of the US Highway System on November 11, 1926, US 27 replaced a pair of state highways between the state line and the Cheboygan area. For a time, US 27 even extended from Cheboygan to St. Ignace over the Mackinac Bridge. The highway was converted into a series of freeways starting in the late 1950s. The northernmost section between Grayling and Mackinaw City, bypassing Cheboygan, became part of I-75, and US 27 was truncated to Grayling. Starting in the 1960s, the southern sections were included in I-69. The last section of Interstate in Michigan was completed in 1992 when I-69/US 27 opened southwest of Lansing. In the 1990s, a bypass of St. Johns north of Lansing was built, the last freeway segment of US 27 to open under that designation. On April 16, 1999, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved the removal of the US 27 designation from the state of Michigan; this change was put into place when the highway number was removed from signage in 2002. Former segments of US 27 from its pre-freeway configuration are still state highways in the form of M-27 between Indian River and Cheboygan or the various business routes in the state that previously bore Business US 27 (Bus. US 27) designations.

Southern Michigan
I-69/US 27 in Michigan began at the Indiana state line southeast of Kinderhook, just north of an interchange with the Indiana Toll Road (I-80/I-90). From there, I-69/US 27 ran northward through a mixture of Southern Michigan farmland and woodland in Branch County. A few miles north of the state line, the freeway passes Coldwater Lake State Park and its namesake body of water; north of the lake, there is a welcome center for the northbound lanes. I-69/US 27 curved around the east side of Coldwater, connecting to the city's business loop on the south of town. The freeway intersects the northern end of the business loop immediately east of downtown at an interchange that also features US 12 (Chicago Road). A third interchange, some 3 mi further north, features a distribution center for Walmart stores in the region. Further north, the freeway curves around to the northwest into Calhoun County and crosses over the St. Joseph River. I-69/US 27 turned back northward and bypassed Tekonsha to the town's west, intersecting M-60 in the process.

Curving around Nottawa Lake, I-69/US 27 continued northward through southern Calhoun County. It passed through an interchange that marked the southern terminus of M-227, a highway that runs northward into Marshall. The freeway crosses the Kalamazoo River and through an interchange with M-96 west of downtown Marshall. From that interchange northward, the BL I-94 designation was overlaid on I-69/US 27; the business loop ends at the cloverleaf interchange with I-94 northwest of Marshall. North of I-94, I-69/US 27 had one more interchange before crossing into Eaton County.

In southern Eaton County, the freeway parallels the Battle Creek River north of the junction with M-78. Near Olivet, I-69/US 27 began to turn in a northeasterly direction. As it continued in that direction, it ran to the north side of Olivet. On the south side of Charlotte, I-69/US 27 turned northward, traversing an area to the east of downtown and crossing the former routing of US 27, which is now part of the business loop for the city. Further north, the freeway has a junction with M-50, a bridge over the Battle Creek River, and an interchange with the northern end of the business loop next to Fitch H. Beach Airport. North of the airport, I-69/US 27 turned northeasterly again and paralleled Lansing Road, the former route of US 27/M-78. The freeway meets the southern end of M-100 near Potterville and continues onto the Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area. Southwest of the state's capital city, I-69/US 27 crossed over Lansing Road near Lansing Delta Township Assembly, a factory for General Motors; northeast of the complex, I-69/US 27 merged into I-96. The combined I-96/I-69/US 27 ran northward through the suburban edges of the Lansing area, intersecting the western ends of I-496 and the BL I-69 for Lansing. The freeway enters Clinton County, and just north of a crossing of the Grand River, I-69/US 27 turned eastward to separate from I-96. As a part of the larger interchange with I-96, I-69/US 27 crossed BL I-96 (Grand River Avenue) without any connections.

Mid-Michigan to Grayling
After leaving the I-96 concurrency, I-69 changes cardinal orientation and is signed as east–west from that point on. The freeway continues parallel to the Looking Glass River through suburban areas north of Capital Region International Airport. North of East Lansing, I-69/US 27 met US 127 at a cloverleaf interchange, and US 27 turned northward to separate from I-69. The US 27 freeway ran through farmland and crossed the Looking Glass River. At Price Road, US 27 met its southernmost business loop, the Bus. US 27 for St. Johns. The freeway continues due north and intersects M-21 east of town before it turns northwesterly to round the northern side of St. Johns. North of downtown, US 27 met the northern end of the business loop and the freeway ends. Continuing northward as an expressway, the highway has four lanes divided by a median with at-grade intersections at the cross roads.

In Gratiot County, US 27 was named Bagley Road. North of Wilson Road, the expressway crosses the Maple River on a causeway through a wetland area in the Maple River State Game Area. North of the river, the expressway has an interchange with M-57 then crosses a branch line of the Great Lakes Central Railroad About 6 mi further north, US 27 turned to the northwest, separating from Bagley Road. The expressway transitions back to a full freeway as the trunkline turns north and curves around the east side of Ithaca, meeting the southern end of Ithaca's business loop at Center Road, and the opposite end north of town.

Further north, US 27 angled northwesterly between Alma and St. Louis. Each city has its own business loop, accessible on the south side through a pair of partial interchanges at Lincoln and State roads. The freeway crosses the Pine River before intersecting M-46 and the two business loops at another pair of interchanges north of downtown Alma. After US 27 crossed into Isabella County, it turned northwesterly near Shepherd. After a few miles, a short freeway spur carrying the Bus. US 27 for Mount Pleasant splits off and the main freeway turns back to the north. The two highways continue in parallel through town before turning to converge north of Mount Pleasant by the airport. After the freeway stub at the northern end of the business loop merges in, the main freeway crosses the Chippewa River.

US 27 continued through northern Isabella County to pass east of Rosebush. South of the Clare County line in Clare, US 27 met the southern end of Clare's Bus. US 27. The freeway turns northeasterly, crosses Bus. US 10 and the county line before merging with US 10. US 27/US 10 curved around Lake Shamrock on the northern end of town before meeting the northern end of Bus. US 27/Bus. US 10. The freeway continues north, past a welcome center in the median, and US 10 splits off to the west.

North of Clare, US 27 ran through forest, where it passed to the east of Harrison. On the east side of that town, the freeway crosses between Little Long and Sutherland lakes before meeting the northern end of the Harrison business loop. The freeway then crosses into Roscommon County. East of the community of Houghton Lake Heights and the city of Houghton Lake, US 27 intersected M-55. North of that interchange, the freeway parallels the western shore of Houghton Lake and crosses the Muskegon River. The freeway then turns a bit northeasterly toward Higgins Lake and follows that lake's western shore before crossing into Crawford County. Once across the county line, US 27 curved around to the northeast for about 5+1/2 mi before terminating at I-75 south of Grayling.

Predecessor highways
The first major overland transportation corridors in the future state of Michigan were the Indian trails. Only one of these followed part of the path of US 27; the Mackinac Trail roughy paralleled the route of US 27 from Grayling north.

The State Trunkline Highway System was created on May 13, 1913, by an act of the Michigan Legislature; at the time, no one of the system's divisions corresponded to US 27. Division 3 followed a course from Lansing northward to an intersection with Division 2. Combined with the northernmost sections of Division 2 to the Straits of Mackinac, these highways roughly described the future route of US 27. In 1919, the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD) signposted the highway system for the first time, and two different highways followed sections of the future US 27 corridor. The original M-29 ran from the Indiana state line north to Lansing. The second highway was M-14 from Lansing north to Cheboygan.

United States Numbered Highways era
On November 11, 1926, the United States Numbered Highway System was approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), and the new US 27 replaced M-29 from the state line northward to Lansing; from Lansing northward, US 27 replaced M-14 to Cheboygan. By the end of the next year, M-78 was extended from Charlotte along US 27 to run north and east of Lansing to a junction with M-47 near Pittsburg. In 1929, the route of US 27/M-18 was realigned south of Roscommon on the east side of Higgins Lake. The same year, another realignment moved US 27 to run due north from the Clinton–Gratiot county line to M-43 at Ithaca, and a third change rounded a corner near Shepherd in Isabella County.

When a new roadway was built in the St. Louis area in 1930, the former routing into Alma was redesignated US 27A; another US 27A was created in Shepherd around the same time. By the middle of 1936, the US 27/M-78 routing through Lansing was split into two. The mainline was restricted to cars only and moved to run along Capitol Avenue. The former routing was restricted to trucks only and designated as a truck route. By the end of the year, another realignment straightened out a series of turns from the county line northward to Wolverine in Cheboygan County. The following year, US 27 was extended to follow US 23 between Cheboygan and Mackinaw City. That year, the last section of the highway was also paved southwest of Houghton Lake. In 1938, the route of US 27 on the north side of downtown Lansing was realigned on an extended Larch Street. The US 27A loop into Shepherd was removed the next year.

In the latter half of 1940, US 23 was rerouted to follow the Lake Huron shoreline northwest of Alpena; after this change was completed, US 27's concurrency with US 23 was shortened to start in downtown Cheboygan instead of south of town. Later in the decade, US 27 was rerouted to run to the west of Houghton and Higgins lakes in 1949. The next year, the truck route designation in Lansing was decommissioned when the mainline was rerouted to replace it. In the early 1950s, the highway was rerouted to the south of St. Johns, and by early 1952 a business loop was created for the city; this four-lane divided highway extended as far south as the DeWitt area. By the end of 1952, a four-lane divided highway segment opened southwest of Lansing to bypass Millett.

Conversion to freeways
The first planning maps from 1947 for what later became the Interstate Highway System did not include a highway along US 27's route; instead a highway further west connecting South Bend, Indiana, with Kalamazoo was included. This alternative highway was maintained on the 1955 plan for the "National System of Interstate and Defense Highways", and numbered I-67 in August 1957. By June 1958, this freeway had been shifted further east and renumbered I-69, connecting Indianapolis, Indiana, with Marshall; no connections north and east to Lansing were planned as part of the Interstate Highway System.

The Mackinac Bridge was opened to traffic on November 1, 1957; a new section of freeway and an interchange connected US 2 to the bridge on the northern end, and a new approach road connected to U.S. Route 31 in Michigan and US 27 in Mackinaw City on the southern end. The US 27 designation was initially extended across the bridge from Mackinaw City to St. Ignace. In November 1960, sections of I-75 freeway opened from Indian River north to the southern Mackinac Bridge approaches in Mackinaw City, and US 27 was removed from the bridge.

In 1961, the MSHD had proposed that the section of US 27 south of Lansing be built as an electronic highway under a bid through General Motors; the testing for such a roadway was ultimately done at Ohio State University instead. That October, the first segment of I-75 near Grayling opened, connecting M-18 with the city. By the end of the year, the former segment of US 27 between Grayling and Gaylord was turned back to local control, and the section of highway between Indian River and Cheboygan was redesignated M-27. After this individual segment of freeway was completed, there was a gap between Gaylord and Indian River that was designated "TO I-75" on maps along the former segment of US 27, and US 27 was truncated to about 5 mi south of Grayling. Also by the end of the same year, the highway was shifted to follow a new freeway routing from the southwest of Ithaca to Grayling, bypassing Ithaca, St. Louis, Mount Pleasant, Clare and Harrison. The old route was turned over to local control except through the aforementioned cities where it was reused for business loops. The US 27A through Alma was also bypassed by the new freeway, and it was redesignated Bus. US 27 as well. Another non-freeway bypass was built around Charlotte, and the former route was redesignated Bus. US 27.

In August 1962, the section of I-75 between Gaylord and Vanderbilt was completed. On December 12, 1962, I-96 was completed around the Lansing area, and M-78 was rerouted to follow it. The route of US 27/M-78 through downtown Lansing became US 27/Bus. M-78. On October 11, 1967, the first segment of I-69/US 27 was scheduled to open between the Indiana state line and Tekonsha. By the end of the year, the freeway was extended north to Marshall. The former route of US 27 in Coldwater was redesignated as a Business Loop I-69 (BL I-69) as well.

The MSHD requested additional Interstate Highway mileage in 1968 under the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 including an extension of I-69 from Marshall to Port Huron; this extension was approved as far as I-75/US 23 in Flint on December 13, 1968. This extension encompassed the US 27 corridor between Marshall and Lansing.

In 1970, the I-69/US 27 freeway was extended from Marshall to just south of Olivet. The next year, the freeway was extended north to, and incorporated, the previous Charlotte bypass. Bus. US 27 through Charlotte remains unchanged. In 1973, the M-78 concurrency from Olivet northeasterly along US 27 was removed, and the connection along US 27 northeast of the existing I-69 freeway was designated TEMP I-69. The following year, Bus. US 27 in Charlotte was renumbered as a BL I-69. In the middle of 1974, Indiana and Michigan petitioned AASHTO to decommission the US 27 designation north of Fort Wayne, Indiana, including the entire length in Michigan; this request was denied.

A northern freeway bypass of the Lansing area opened in 1984. MDOT rerouted US 27 to follow I-96 around the west side of the city and over the new freeway to reconnect with the exiting routing north of Lansing. The former US 27 through downtown Lansing was redesignated Bus. US 27 at that time. Three years later in January 1987, MDOT dropped a proposal to reroute US 27 south of Lansing to the Jackson area, and from there west along M-60 to reconnect with I-69/US 27 at Tekonsha. Another segment of freeway opened later that year in Clinton County between US 127 near DeWitt and TEMP I-69 near Bath.

In 1991, MDOT and the Indiana Department of Transportation petitioned AASHTO to remove the US 27 designation from its concurrency with I-69 in the two states; this request was denied by the association's Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering at its October 11, 1991, meeting because it would have resulted in a section of US 27 north of Lansing disconnected from the remainder of the highway south of Fort Wayne. The final segment of I-69/US 27 to be completed was located southwest of Lansing. It opened on October 17, 1992, when the ribbon was cut by Governor John Engler. This Interstate Highway segment was the last in the state and completed Michigan's portion of the Interstate Highway System. At the time it was complete, I-69 was concurrent with US 27 from the state line north to the DeWitt area (exit 87) and then concurrent with US 127 to exit 89.

A few years later, the statutory definition of the I-73 corridor was amended in 1995 to have a branch that would encompass the section of US 27 north of Lansing. This new Interstate was to follow US 223 and US 127 between Toledo, Ohio, and Lansing before continuing north to I-75 near Grayling. From Grayling northward, the I-73 corridor was defined to follow I-75 to Sault Ste. Marie.

The St. Johns Bypass on US 27 opened on August 31, 1998; US 27 was extended along I-69 about 2 mi to connect to the bypass, and US 127 was removed from its short concurrency with I-69. After this opening, US 27 was a full freeway in Michigan from the state line north to St. Johns and from Ithaca to the Grayling area. The last signalized intersection on US 27 in the state was removed in 2000 when the junction with M-57 was converted to an interchange in southern Gratiot County.

Decommissioning in Michigan
The previous year, MDOT petitioned AASHTO to decommission the US 27 designation in the state; the change was approved by AASHTO on April 16, 1999. The department considered three options to build the southern segments of I-73 in 2000; MDOT abandoned further study of these southern alignments after June 12, 2001, diverting remaining funding to safety improvement projects along the corridor. The department stated there was a "lack of need" for sections of the proposed freeway, and the project website was closed down in 2002.

The approved removal of US 27 was finally done in the middle of 2002. MDOT's stated reason for the modification was to "reduce confusion along the US 27/US 127 corridor". After US 27's signage was removed, the highway north of the Lansing area was renumbered US 127, and the US 27 designation was removed from I-69. All of the business loops were updated to reflect their new parent highway.

On August 19, 2010, the Michigan House of Representatives passed a resolution recognizing "Old US 27" as a historic road in the state. According to press reports in 2011, a group advocating on behalf of I-73 is working to revive the freeway project in Michigan. According to an MDOT spokesman, "to my knowledge, we’re not taking that issue up again."

Exit list
At the time the US 27 designation was decommissioned in Michigan, only the interchanges along the section concurrent with I-69 used exit numbers.

Related trunklines
Over its history, US 27 had several business loops associated with it. Since the conversion of the highway into a freeway starting in the 1950s, these business loops served Marshall, Charlotte, Lansing, St. Johns, Ithaca, Alma, St. Louis, Mount Pleasant, Clare and Harrison. The business loops north of Lansing were redesignated as business loops of US 127 in 2002 while the Charlotte loop had been reassigned BL I-69 with the completion of I-69 through the area. In addition, Michigan had a US 27A designation through Alma and a Truck US 27 in Lansing.

Marshall business route
Business US Highway 27 (Bus. US 27) was a business route running through downtown Marshall. The designation ran concurrently with BL I-94 from I-69/US 27 on Michigan Avenue easterly from that freeway into downtown. At the intersection with Kalamazoo Avenue, Bus. US 27 turned northward, separating from BL I-94. The business route ended north of downtown at an interchange with I-94 after running for about 3 mi.

In 1967, the first segment of I-69 opened in Michigan, bypassing Marshall to the east. The state shifted US 27 out of downtown Marshall to follow the new freeway. From the temporary end of I-69 at I-94, US 27 followed I-94 back to its existing routing north of Marshall. The former route of US 27 through downtown Marshall was then redesignated Bus. US 27, using BL I-94 to connect to the new freeway carrying US 27 west of downtown. This arrangement lasted until 1972 when the Bus. US 27 designation was decommissioned and the section of highway between BL I-94 and I-94 turned over to local control.

Major intersections

Truck route
Truck US 27 was a former truck route through the city of Lansing. It started at the corner of Capitol Avenue and Main Street and ran along Main Street to Grand Avenue. There, it turned north on Grand Avenue to Kalamazoo Street and turned east on Kalamazoo over the Grand River. At Larch Street, Truck US 27 continued north to rejoin the mainline at the corner of Larch and Saginaw streets.

By the middle of 1936, the US 27/M-78 routing through Lansing was split into two. The mainline was restricted to cars only and moved to run along Capitol Avenue. The former routing was restricted to trucks only and designated as a truck route. In 1950, the bridge for Main Street over the Grand River was completed and mainline US 27/M-78 was rerouted to use it to connect to Larch Street. From there north, US 27/M-78 followed Larch Street supplanting the truck route, which was decommissioned at that time.

title: U.S. Route 27 in Michigan


text:
Category:Quebec Autoroutes

See also Category:Quebec Routes.

title: Category:Quebec Autoroutes


text:
2003 Finnish parliamentary election

[[Image:Finnish parliamentary election results by province, 2003.png |right|400px|thumb|Results by province

{{legend|| Centre Party|border= }} {{legend||Social Democratic Party |border= }} {{legend|| National Coalition Party|border= }} {{legend|| Swedish People's Party|border= }} ]]

Parliamentary elections were held in Finland on 16 March 2003. The Centre Party led by Anneli Jäätteenmäki overtook the Social Democratic Party (SDP) to become the largest party in the Eduskunta. This was credited mainly to Jäätteenmäki's powerful leadership and modernization of the party still often viewed as agrarian and conservative by many. However, the SDP actually won some seats and increased its share of the vote, losing in the number of total popular votes only by a few thousand.

The Green League achieved its best results ever, but the Swedish People's Party suffered losses. The Christian Democrats gained votes but lost seats. This was partly because in 1999 and before Christian Democrats had been in an election coalition with Centre Party and benefited from this, while the Centre Party had lost seats due to the arrangement, and thus discontinued it starting from 2003. The Left Alliance continued its slow decline, while the small populist Finns Party did not do as well as some had expected.

Electoral system
The election was held under the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation, where the electoral district voted directly for the individual candidate, but each vote also benefitted the candidate's party.

The country was divided into fifteen electoral districts, with the boundaries corresponding to those of administrative regions (in some cases several regions have been grouped into a single constituency), with the exception that the city of Helsinki serves as its own constituency, instead of being part of the Uusimaa region in this case. Each constituency elected a number of representatives to the Eduskunta based on its population. The autonomous region of Åland had a special status with one representative even if its population was not large enough.

Candidates for the parliamentary election were allowed to be set by political parties and electoral associations. Any Finnish citizen over the age of 18 was eligible for candidacy, apart from incapacitated persons and professional soldiers. Each party or electoral union was allowed to set a maximum of 14 candidates per electoral district, or, in the case the district elected more than 14 members of parliament, an amount equal to that of the representatives elected.

Each Finnish citizen aged 18 or over on the election day had the right to vote in the election, no matter where they lived. The electorate consisted of a total of 4,220,951 people, 4,015,552 of whom were resident in Finland and 205,399 abroad.

Aftermath
The Council of State, or the Finnish cabinet, was formed after the parliamentary election by the Centre Party, with its leader Anneli Jäätteenmäki as Prime Minister. A coalition government was formed, composing of the two largest parties of the Eduskunta, the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the Centre Party, and a minor coalition partner, the Swedish People's Party, who has a history of being a partner in government since 1976. The new cabinet had eight ministers from both the SDP and the Centre Party, and two ministers from the Swedish People's Party.

However, this proved to be one of the shortest-lived cabinets in Finnish history, lasting only 69 days, after the Iraq leak scandal led to the government falling on 24 June 2003. A new cabinet was formed by the Centre Party's Matti Vanhanen, with largely the same composition as the previous cabinet.

title: 2003 Finnish parliamentary election