text:
Contest of Champions II

Contest of Champions II is a five-issue comic book limited series published from September to November 1999 by Marvel Comics. The series was written by Chris Claremont and pencilled by Oscar Jimenez and Michael Ryan. The series is unrelated to the original limited series of the same name – Contest of Champions – published in 1982.

Plot summary
A group of Earth's heroes are invited by an apparently benevolent race to participate in a series of contests against one another in exchange for advanced technology. This, however, is a ruse staged by the alien race the Brood. The Brood Queen plans to absorb the powers of the strongest heroes and channel them into the captive mutant heroine Rogue, to whom the Brood Queen has transferred her consciousness using Rogue's mutant power, subsequently using the winning heroes as hosts for Brood embryos for the new invasion of Earth.

Courtesy of microscopic nanites, all the heroes (with the exception of Iron Man, whose armor's automatic life support systems protected him from infection) are drugged, and become indifferent to everything except the contest, unable to process the anomalies in the situation facing them. Although the losing heroes are allegedly returned to Earth, Iron Man's first victory allows him to confirm that the departing teleporters lack the strength to return the subject to Earth. After Iron Man loses his second match against X-Force, he learns that the heroes are actually teleported to a different part of the ship to either destroy each other or be hunted by various animals. After encountering Psylocke, he is able to use his resources to reprogram the nanobots and use them to cure the other losing heroes, he and Psylocke forming a strike force to determine their location and gather the other heroes together to oppose the Brood's scheme. The Brood Queen's plan is eventually disrupted by the hero Hawkeye, who was overlooked in the early stages of the contest, and Iron Man, who leads several defeated heroes against the Brood. The Brood are defeated and Rogue is cured by heroine Ms. Marvel, who makes the Brood Queen withdraw from Rogue's body by convincing the Queen that she will kill Rogue if she does not.

title: Contest of Champions II


text:
Talk:Minister (government)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article was the subject of an educational assignment at Virginia Tech supported by WikiProject United States Public Policy and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Spring term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 15:16, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Untitled
Shouldn't this be renamed to Minister (Politics)? Wouter Lievens 14:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Selection?
The article says that Ministers must be appointed from the legislature, but if I recall correctly both Stephane Dion, and Pierre Pettigrew were both made Canadian Cabinet Ministers by Jean Chretien before they were MPs. Sima Yi 07:01, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

What is the citation for "In some presidential systems of government, such as the United States, Philippines, and Mexico, ministers are formally titled secretaries because the term minister was considered to carry royalist connotations considered inappropriate in a republic." This seems unlikely at least in the US case which continued to use the British convention? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shaze (talk • contribs) 08:44, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

Order
80.178.59.123 (talk) 11:19, 23 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't "Cohabitation" be under "Semi-presidential system" instead of under "Parliamentary system"?
 * Shouldn't "Prime minister" be above "Chancellor" according to current usage of those terms?

Difference between Minister and Advisor?
Isn't a minister anyone who advises the Head of State, which goes back to Ancient times? 92.20.162.213 (talk) 13:45, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Selected from parliament?
In my country, The Netherlands, ministers are not only selected from members of the parliament. Is my country really an exception? Rbakels (talk) 07:20, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * The relation of ministers to the parliament appears to depend on the degree of separation of powers of the state concerned. I understand that the requirement of ministers being members of parliament is typical of the Westminster system and not at all common. I'll edit the article accordingly, hoping that others will add more examples of states where ministers should/cannot be members of parliament. Preslav (talk) 20:33, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

"Minister(Government)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Minister(Government) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 April 5 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 06:25, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

NdjdjfjdBay is good
What is a minister 2600:1700:17F1:A740:0:0:0:1C (talk) 17:04, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Minister (government)


text: Talk:Matthew 3:8

title: Talk:Matthew 3:8


text:
User talk:Cstabler

Welcome!
Hello, Cstabler, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  20:48, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Cstabler


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of euphemisms

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Eugene van der Pijll 19:24, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

List of euphemisms
Although I have edited this article, and although nearly all the edits made have been in good faith, I am of the opinion that it cannot be upgraded to a good-quality article. Specifically, this article has the following inherent problems.

Wikipedia is not a collection of lists: This is, perforce, a list, and can never be made much else. The list can never be exhaustive, nor really more than randomly selective.

Wikipedia is not a dictionary: To the extent that this topic is notable, it should contain instances of first or notable use and/or other information suitable to a dictionary.

Information should be verifiable: nearly all the information in these lists (my edtis included) are unsourced. To the extent that the information can be verified from common experience, it is not notable.

A huge number of the entries have been, and remain a soapbox, causing POV problems. The difficulty is that the distinction between euphemism and jargon is inherently subjective, rendering this topic inherently POV.

Accordingly, I believe that deletion is the best solution, but I would be happy to be proven wrong and see a proposal for turning this into an encyclopedic article or an appropriate transwiki. Robert A West 14:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Useful for non-native speakers. - Dv 14:44, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please remember to sign (~) your comments, otherwise, your vote may not be counted. -- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 14:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OH REALLY? - Dv 14:44, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I wasn't going to nominate it, but I saw the same problems. -- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 14:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This list can and will go on forever if it is allowed to stay; UrbanDictionary isn't exactly a small site in its own right. Some of these euphemisms could serve as fine Wikitionary entries, but most are disposable and some aren't even euphemisms at all. This page does not serve as a source of reference. --Several Times 14:46, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete by Several Times' rationale --malathion talk 15:40, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Several Times -Harmil 16:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, WP:NOT a dictionary, "idiom guide", etc. Dcarrano 17:35, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete by Several Times' rationale. Additionally, it is hard to distinguish between euphemism and dysphemism and many of the examples on the list are more the latter, such as those labeled crude.  However, I think expanded examples in the original article are warranted, as would expanded examples on the dysphemism page be.--Janezy 22:52, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are several hundred euphemisms for "to die" alone, and the  euphemism treadmill says that the number will keep growing forever. --Carnildo 23:37, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unmaintainable, potential source of edit wars. Pavel Vozenilek 23:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Euphemism is getting quite long even without a long list of examples, and besides, this list is interesting! --Idont Havaname 00:07, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unmaintainable list. JamesBurns 04:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to wikibooks     21:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — WP:NOT ➥the Epopt 14:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Split — into more specific and easily maintainable articles (not merely lists), and cite sources; Archaic religious euphemisms in the English language, Common euphemisms for sexual intercourse in 20th century American English, Euphemisms for bodily functions in 18th century British English, etc. --Corvun 19:58, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * If someone wishes to do one or more of those, they can start from scratch as easily as from this list. I have added a note on Talk:Euphemism, which should serve as sufficient impetus. Robert A West 14:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Qunho

Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged revisions, underwent a two-month trial which ended on 15 August 2010. Its continued use is still being discussed by the community, you are free to participate in such discussions. Many articles still have pending changes protection applied, however, and the ability to review pending changes continues to be of use.

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under level 1 pending changes and edits made by non-reviewers to level 2 pending changes protected articles (usually high traffic articles). Pending changes was applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages.

For the guideline on reviewing, see Reviewing. Being granted reviewer rights doesn't grant you status nor change how you can edit articles even with pending changes. The general help page on pending changes can be found here, and the general policy for the trial can be found here.

If you do not want this user right, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Acalamari 18:45, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Qunho


text: Talk:Matthew 3:9

title: Talk:Matthew 3:9


text: Talk:Matthew 3:10

title: Talk:Matthew 3:10


text: Talk:Matthew 3:11

title: Talk:Matthew 3:11


text:
Export credit agency

An export credit agency (known in trade finance as an ECA) or investment insurance agency is a private or quasi-governmental institution that acts as an intermediary between national governments and exporters to issue export insurance solutions and guarantees for financing. The financing can take the form of credits (financial support) or credit insurance and guarantees (pure cover) or both, depending on the mandate the ECA has been given by its government. ECAs can also offer credit or cover on their own account. This does not differ from normal banking activities. Some agencies are government-sponsored, others private, and others a combination of the two.

ECAs currently finance or underwrite about US$430 billion of business activity abroad – about US$55 billion of which goes towards project finance in developing countries – and provide US$14 billion of insurance for new foreign direct investment, dwarfing all other official sources combined (such as the World Bank and Regional Development Banks, bilateral and multilateral aid, etc.). As a result of the claims against developing countries that have resulted from ECA transactions, ECAs hold over 25% of these developing countries' US$2.2 trillion debt.

Export credit agencies use three methods to provide funds to an importing entity:
 * Direct Lending: This is the simplest structure whereby the loan is conditioned upon the purchase of goods or services from businesses in the organizing country.
 * Financial Intermediary Loans: Here, the export–import bank lends funds to a financial intermediary, such as a commercial bank, that in turn loans the funds to the importing entity.
 * Interest Rate Equalization: Under an interest rate equalization, a commercial lender provides a loan to the importing entity at below market interest rates, and in turn receives compensation from the export–import bank for the difference between the below-market rate and the commercial rate.

Officially supported export credits
Credits may be short term (up to two years), medium term (two to five years) or long term (five to ten years). They are usually supplier's credits, extended to the exporter, but they may be buyer's credits, extended to the importer. The risk on these credits, as well as on guarantees and insurance, is borne by the sponsoring government. ECAs limit this risk by being "closed" on risky countries, meaning that they do not accept any risk on these countries. In addition, a committee of government and ECA officials will review large and otherwise riskier than normal transactions.

Tied aid credits
Officially supported export credit may be connected to official development assistance (ODA) in two ways. First, they may be mixed with ODA, while still financing the same project (mixed credit). As the export credit is tied to purchases in the issuing country, the whole package qualifies as a tied aid credit, even if the ODA part is untied aid. Second, tied aid credits are not very different from export credits, except in interest, grace period (the time when there is no repayment of the principal) and terms of repayment. Such credits are separated from export credit by an OECD requirement that they have a minimum degree of "softness". "Softness" is measured by a formula that compares the present value of the credit with the present value of the same amount at standardized "commercial" terms. This difference is expressed as a percentage of the credit and called "concessionality level". Thus a grant has a concessionality level of 100%, a commercial credit scores zero per cent. The higher the concessionality level, the more the tied aid credit looks like ODA, the lower, the more it looks like an export credit.

Partially untied credits consist of a tied and an untied part. The latter is usually intended to finance "local cost", investment cost to be made in the importing country. This part may also be in a local currency. Partially untied aid is treated as tied aid.

International regulation
Both officially supported export credits and tied aid credit and grants are extended on terms bound by the OECD's arrangement on official export credits. The Arrangement is a "Gentlemen's Agreement" amongst its Participants who represent most OECD Member Governments. The Arrangement sets forth the most generous export credit terms and conditions that may be supported by its Participants. The main purpose of Arrangement is to provide a framework for the orderly use of officially supported export credits. In practice, this means providing for a level playing field (whereby competition is based on the price and quality of the exported goods and not the financial terms provided) and working to eliminate subsidies and trade distortions related to officially supported export credits.

Since 1999, country risk categories have been harmonized by the Arrangement and minimum premium rates have been allocated to the various risk categories. This is intended to ensure that competition takes place via pricing and the quality of the goods exported, and not in terms of how much support a state provides for its exporters. The Arrangement does not extend to exports of agricultural commodities or military equipment. A recent decision at the World Trade Organization (WTO) indicates that the use of officially supported export credits in agriculture is bound by WTO members' commitments with respect to subsidised agricultural exports (see the WTO Appellate Body decision on the Brazil-US cotton case as it relates to the General Sales Manager (GSM) 102 and 103 programs and other US agricultural export credits, summarized here).

At the EU level, the European Commission, in particular the Directorate General for Trade, plays a role in the harmonization of Export Credit Agencies and the co-ordination of policy statements and negotiation positions. This is based on council decisions 73/391/EEC and 76/641/EEC. These decisions provide for prior consultations among member states on long term export credits. Member states may ask each other if they are considering to finance a specific transaction with official export credit support. EU members may not subsidize intra-EU export credits. The application of the OECD arrangement in providing export credit is mandatory in EU countries under Art. 1 of Regulation (EU) No. 1233/2011.

The Berne Union, or officially, the International Union of Credit & Investment Insurers, is an international organisation for the export credit and investment insurance industry. The Berne Union and Prague Club combined have more than 70 member companies spanning the globe. Its membership includes both commercial and state-sponsored insurers.

Support and criticism
Some observers view state-sponsored export credits as nothing more than export subsidies by a different name. As such, the activities of ECAs are considered by some to be a type of corporate welfare. Others argue that ECAs create debt in poor countries motivated not by development goals but to support rich countries' industry.

In addition, ECAs may soak up aid money as debt relief programs predominantly relieve poor countries from debt owed to donor countries' ECAs. ECAs are also criticised for insuring companies against political actions that aim to protect workers' rights, other human rights, or the natural environment in the countries in which the investment is being made.

Advocates of ECAs assert that export credits allow impoverished importers to purchase needed goods that would otherwise be unaffordable; export credits are components of a broader strategy of trade policies; and government involvement can achieve results that the private sector cannot, such as applying greater pressure on a recalcitrant borrower. These arguments for and against export credits are not new and have been studied at length in academic literature. For a good general discussion, see Baron, David P. The Export-Import Bank: An Economic Analysis. Academic Press. 1983.; or Eaton, Jonathan. "Credit Policy and International Competition." Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics, ed. Paul Krugman. MIT Press, Cambridge Mass. 1988.

Export credit agencies

 * Africa – African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank)
 * Asia – Asian Development Bank
 * Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit ("ICIEC") (part of the Islamic Development Bank)
 * Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)
 * Latin America – Inter-American Development Bank ("IADB")
 * Latin America – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean ("CAF")
 * Nordic Development Fund ("NDF")
 * OPEC Fund for International Development ("OFfID")
 * Multilateral financial institutions
 * African Trade Insurance Agency ("ATI")
 * Central and Eastern Europe – European Union (EU)
 * Central and Eastern Europe – European Investment Bank ("EIB")
 * Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ("MIGA') (part of World Bank)
 * International Finance Corporation ("IFC") (part of World Bank
 * Sub-regional banks
 * 🇦🇺 – Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)
 * 🇦🇹 – Austrian Development Agency (ADA)
 * 🇨🇦 – Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
 * – Danish Development Agency (DANIDA)
 * 🇫🇮 – Department for International Development Cooperation
 * 🇫🇷 – Agence française de développement (AFD)
 * 🇩🇪 – Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KFW)
 * – Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
 * – Netherlands Development Cooperation
 * – New Zealand Official Development Assistance (NZODA)
 * 🇳🇴 – Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation
 * 🇷🇺 – Foreign Insurance Agency of Russia
 * 🇸🇪 – Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)
 * – Department for International Development (DFID)
 * 🇺🇸 – U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)

Official export credit agencies by country

 * – Compagnie Algérienne Assurance et de Garantie des Exportations, (CAGEX)
 * 🇦🇺 – Export Finance and Insurance Corporation (EFIC)
 * 🇦🇹 – Oesterreichische Kontrollbank AG (OeKB)
 * – Export Import Bank of Bangladesh Limited
 * 🇧🇪 – Office national du Ducroire/Nationale Delcrederedienst (ONDD)
 * 🇧🇷 – Brazilian Guarantees Agency (ABGF), Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES)
 * 🇨🇦 – Export Development Canada (EDC)
 * – Export-Import Bank of China (Exim), China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation (Sinosure), China Development Bank (CDB), People's Insurance Company of China (PICC)
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong – Hong Kong Export Credit Insurance Corporation
 * 🇨🇴 – Banco de Comercio Exterior de Colombia (Bancóldex)
 * 🇨🇿 – Export Guarantee and Insurance Corporation (EGAP), Czech Export Bank
 * – Export and Investment Fund of Denmark (EIFO)
 * 🇪🇬 – Export Credit Guarantee Company of Egypt, (ECGE)
 * 🇪🇪 – Kredex Krediidikindlustus (EST)
 * 🇫🇮 – Finnvera and its subsidiary Finnish Export Credit Ltd (FEC)
 * 🇫🇷 – BPIfrance Assurance Export (BPI FAE), Direction des Relations Economiques Extérieures (Ministère de l'Economie) (DREE)
 * 🇩🇪 – Euler Hermes Kreditversicherungs-AG, AuslandsGeschäftsAbsicherung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 * – Export Credit Insurance Organisation (ECIO)
 * 🇭🇺 – Hungarian Export Credit Insurance Ltd (MEHIB), Hungarian Export-Import Bank
 * 🇮🇳 – Export-Import Bank of India, ECGC Limited
 * -Export Guarantee Fund of Iran,(EGFI)
 * 🇮🇱 – Israel Foreign Trade Risks Insurance Corporation, (ASHRA)
 * 🇮🇹 – SACE S.p.A. Servizi Assicurativi del Commercio Estero
 * - Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI)
 * 🇯🇴 – Jordan Loan Guarantee Cooperation (JLGC), Loan Guarantee & Export Credit Guarantee
 * 🇱🇺 – Office du Ducroire (ODD)
 * 🇲🇽 – Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior (Bancomext)
 * – Société Marocaine d'Assurance à l'Exportation
 * – Atradius
 * – Export Credit Office (ECO)
 * – Nigerian Export-Import Bank
 * 🇳🇴 – The Norwegian Guarantee Institute for Export Credits (GIEK), Export Credit Norway
 * 🇵🇰 – The EXIM Bank of Pakistan
 * 🇵🇭 - Philippine Guarantee Corporation
 * 🇵🇱 – Korporacja Ubezpieczeń Kredytów Eksportowych (KUKE)
 * – Companhia de Seguro de Créditos
 * 🇷🇺 – Export Insurance Agency of Russia
 * – Saudi Export Program, (SEP)
 * – Export-Import Credit Insurance Agency (EICIA)
 * 🇰🇷 – Korea Trade Insurance Corporation (K-SURE), The Export-Import Bank of Korea (KEXIM)
 * 🇸🇰 – Export-Import Bank of the Slovak Republic (Eximbank SR)
 * – Sri Lanka Export Credit Insurance Corporation (SLECIC)
 * 🇪🇸 – Compañía Española de Seguros de Crédito a la Exportación CESCE (Ministerio de Economía)
 * 🇸🇪 – Exportkreditnämnden (EKN)
 * 🇨🇭 – Swiss Export Risk Insurance (SERV)
 * 🇹🇼 – Export–Import Bank of the Republic of China
 * 🇹🇷 – Export Credit Bank of Turkey (Türk Eximbank)
 * 🇺🇦 – Export Credits Agency (ECA)
 * – Etihad Credit Insurance (ECI)
 * – United Kingdom Export Finance (UKEF)
 * 🇺🇸 – Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank), CoBank

title: Export credit agency


text:
Talk:List of portmanteaus/Exclusions

This is list of identified non-portmanteaus that have been excluded from List_of_portmanteaus:

 * alphabet from alpha and beta - is an adoption from Greek, and the Greek word was not a portmanteau
 * Britcom from British and comedy, by analogy with sitcom (see below) - dubious: combines initial syllables
 * Compaq from computer, pack, and compact (to denote a small integral object) - stretches definition of a portmanteau
 * Debian from founder Ian Murdock and his wife Debra - does not conform to definition of a portmanteau: combines initial syllables
 * Edexcel from educational and excellence - does not conform to definition of a portmanteau: combines initial syllables
 * freeware from free and software - just "free" + "-ware", by analogy with "software"; the same goes for "wetware", "shareware", etc.
 * Javanoid from Java and Arkanoid is a free Java-base web game.
 * knowledgebase from knowledge and database - just "knowledge" + "base", in the same way that "database" is "data" + "base"
 * Limon from  lime + lemon - this is an english bastardization of the Spanish'' word for lemon (which is limón), not a portmanteau.

 * shareware from share and software - see "freeware" above
 * soundscape from sound and landscape - comes from "sound" + "-scape" suffix
 * squiggle from squirm and wiggle - dubious etymology
 * sitcom from situation and comedy - dubious: combines initial syllables
 * sysop from system and operator - dubious; combines initial syllables
 * terrist from Terra and terrorist - merely "Terra" + "-ist", by analogy with "terrorist"

title: Talk:List of portmanteaus/Exclusions


text: Template:User ms

title: Template:User ms


text:
Linguistic competence

In linguistics, linguistic competence is the system of unconscious knowledge that one knows when they know a language. It is distinguished from linguistic performance, which includes all other factors that allow one to use one's language in practice.

In approaches to linguistics which adopt this distinction, competence would normally be considered responsible for the fact that "I like ice cream" is a possible sentence of English, the particular proposition that it denotes, and the particular sequence of phones that it consists of. Performance, on the other hand, would be responsible for the real-time processing required to produce or comprehend it, for the particular role it plays in a discourse, and for the particular sound wave one might produce while uttering it.

The distinction is widely adopted in formal linguistics, where competence and performance are typically studied independently. However, it is not used in other approaches including functional linguistics and cognitive linguistics, and it has been criticized in particular for turning performance into a wastebasket for hard-to-handle phenomena.

Competence versus performance
Competence is the collection of subconscious rules that one knows when one knows a language; performance is the system which puts these rules to use. This distinction is related to the broader notion of Marr's levels used in other cognitive sciences, with competence corresponding to Marr's computational level.

For example, many linguistic theories, particularly in generative grammar, would competence-based explanations for why English speakers would judge the sentence in (1) as odd. In these explanations, the sentence would be ungrammatical because the rules of English only generate sentences where demonstratives agree with the grammatical number of their associated noun.

 * (1) *That cats is eating the mouse.

By contrast, generative theories generally provide performance-based explanations for the oddness of center embedding sentences like one in (2). According to such explanations, the grammar of English could in principle generate such sentences, but doing so in practice is so taxing on working memory that the sentence ends up being unparsable.

 * (2) *The cat that the dog that the man fed chased meowed.

In general, performance-based explanations deliver a simpler theory of grammar at the cost of additional assumptions about memory and parsing. As a result, the choice between a competence-based explanation and a performance-based explanation for a given phenomenon is not always obvious and can require investigating whether the additional assumptions are supported by independent evidence. For example, while many generative models of syntax explain island effects by positing constraints within the grammar, it has also been argued that some or all of these constraints are in fact the result of limitations on performance.

Critiques
A broad front of linguists have critiqued the notion of linguistic competence, often severely. Proponents of usage-based approaches to linguistics argue that what generativists would call competence is in fact derived from performance.

Sociolinguists have argued that the competence-performance distinction basically serves to privilege data from certain linguistic genres and socio-linguistic registers as used by the prestige group, while discounting evidence from low-prestige genres and registers as being simply mis-performance.

Noted linguist John Lyons, who works on semantics, has said:
 * Chomsky's use of the term performance to cover everything that does not fall within the scope of a deliberately idealized and theoretically restricted concept of linguistic competence, was perhaps unfortunate.

Dell Hymes, quoting Lyons as above, says that "probably now there is widespread agreement" with the above statement.

Many linguists including M.A.K. Halliday and Labov have argued that the competence-performance distinction makes it difficult to explain language change and grammaticalization, which can be viewed as changes in performance rather than competence.

Another critique of the concept of linguistic competence is that it does not fit the data from actual usage where the felicity of an utterance often depends largely on the communicative context.

Neurolinguist Harold Goodglass has argued that performance and competence are intertwined in the mind, since, "like storage and retrieval, they are inextricably linked in brain damage."

Distributed representations, simple recurrent networks, and grammatical structure. Machine Learning, 7, 195–224. resulted in a wide questioning of nativist assumptions underlying psycholinguistic work up to the nineties.

Some researchers working on discourse reject the competence-performance distinction due to the difficulty of determining whether an utterance is well-formed or not and the fact that dialogue is inherently interactive.

Pragmatics and communicative competence
Dell Hymes proposed a broadening of linguistic competence into what he called communicative competence. This notion included social aspects of language which generative linguists would have regarded as performance.

Related areas of study
Linguistic competence is commonly used and discussed in many language acquisition studies. Some of the more common ones are in the language acquisition of children, aphasics and multilinguals.

Child language
The Chomskyan view of language acquisition argues that humans have an innate ability – universal grammar – to acquire language. However, a list of universal aspects underlying all languages has been hard to identify.

Another view, held by scientists specializing in Language acquisition, such as Tomasello, argues that young children's early language is concrete and item-based which implies that their speech is based on the lexical items known to them from the environment and the language of their caretakers. In addition, children do not produce creative utterances about past experiences and future expectations because they have not had enough exposure to their target language to do so. Thus, this indicates that the exposure to language plays more of a role in a child's linguistic competence than just their innate abilities.

Aphasia
Aphasia refers to a family of clinically diverse disorders that affect the ability to communicate by oral or written language, or both, following brain damage. In aphasia, the inherent neurological damage is frequently assumed to be a loss of implicit linguistic competence that has damaged or wiped out neural centers or pathways that are necessary for maintenance of the language rules and representations needed to communicate. The measurement of implicit language competence, although apparently necessary and satisfying for theoretic linguistics, is complexly interwoven with performance factors. Transience, stimulability, and variability in aphasia language use provide evidence for an access deficit model that supports performance loss.

Multilingualism
The definition of a multilingual is one that has not always been very clear-cut. In defining a multilingual, the pronunciation, morphology and syntax used by the speaker in the language are key criteria used in the assessment. Sometimes the mastery of the vocabulary is also taken into consideration but it is not the most important criteria as one can acquire the lexicon in the language without knowing the proper use of it.

When discussing the linguistic competence of a multilingual, both communicative competence and grammatical competence are often taken into consideration as it is imperative for a speaker to have the knowledge to use language correctly and accurately. To test for grammatical competence in a speaker, grammaticality judgments of utterances are often used. Communicative competence on the other hand, is assessed through the use of appropriate utterances in different setting.

Understanding humour
Language is often implicated in humor. For example, the structural ambiguity of sentences is a key source for jokes. Take Groucho Marx's line from Animal Crackers: "One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas; how he got into my pajamas I'll never know." The joke is funny because the main sentence could theoretically mean either that (1) the speaker, while wearing pajamas, shot an elephant or (2) the speaker shot an elephant that was inside his pajamas.

Propositions by linguists such as Victor Raskin and Salvatore Attardo have been made stating that there are certain linguistic mechanisms (part of our linguistic competence) underlying our ability to understand humor and determine if something was meant to be a joke. Raskin puts forth a formal semantic theory of humor, which is now widely known as the semantic script theory of humor (SSTH). The semantic theory of humour is designed to model the native speaker's intuition with regard to humor or, in other words, his humor competence. The theory models and thus defines the concept of funniness and is formulated for an ideal speaker-hearer community i.e. for people whose senses of humor are exactly identical. Raskin's semantic theory of humor consists of two components – the set of all scripts available to speakers and a set of combinatorial rules. The term "script" used by Raskin in his semantic theory is used to refer to the lexical meaning of a word. The function of the combinatorial rules is then to combine all possible meaning of the scripts. Hence, Raskin posits that these are the two components which allows us to interpret humor.

title: Linguistic competence


text:
Hardin–Simmons University

Hardin–Simmons University (HSU) is a private Baptist university in Abilene, Texas, United States. It is affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas.

History
Hardin–Simmons University was founded as Abilene Baptist College in 1891 by the Sweetwater Baptist Association and a group of cattlemen and pastors who sought to bring Christian higher education to the Southwest. The purpose of the school would be "to lead students to Christ, teach them of Christ, and train them for Christ." The original land was donated to the university by rancher C.W. Merchant. It was the first school of higher education established in Texas west of Fort Worth. The school was renamed Simmons College in 1892 in honor of an early contributor, James B. Simmons. By 1907 it claimed an enrollment of 524 and a staff of 49. In 1925, it became Simmons University. It was renamed Hardin–Simmons University in 1934 in honor of Mary and John G. Hardin, who were also major contributors. The university has been associated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas since 1941.

The university publicly experienced financial challenges in the late 2010s, continuing into 2020 as the state and the Baptist General Convention of Texas reduced the funding levels of programs in which the university participates. In 2018, the university ended nine undergraduate and four graduate programs and closed five campus extensions (Logsdon Seminary campuses in Coppell, Lubbock, Corpus Christi and McAllen; Acton MBA Program in Austin). These changes also included terminations of staff and faculty. Two years later, in 2020, the university announced that it would close Logsdon Seminary and end an additional 22 academic programs with accompanying terminations of staff and faculty.

The university was granted an exception to Title IX in 2016 which allows it to legally discriminate against LGBT students for religious reasons.

Presidents

 * 1892–1894           W.C. Friley
 * 1894–1898           George O. Thatcher
 * 1898–1901           O.C. Pope
 * 1901–1902           C.R. Hairfield
 * 1902–1909           Oscar Henry Cooper
 * 1909–1940           Jefferson Davis Sandefer Sr.
 * 1940–1940           Lucian Q. Campbell  (acting president)
 * 1940–1943           William R. White
 * 1943–1953          Rupert N. Richardson–Wrote the personal reflection, Famous Are Thy Halls: Hardin–Simmons University As I Have Known It (1964)
 * 1953–1962           Evan Allard Reiff
 * 1962–1963           George L. Graham (interim)
 * 1963–1966           James H. Landes
 * 1966–1977           Elwin L. Skiles
 * 1977–1991           Jesse C. Fletcher
 * 1991–2001           Lanny Hall
 * 2001–2008           W. Craig Turner
 * 2009–2016           Lanny Hall
 * 2016–               Eric Bruntmyer

Academics
HSU offers six undergraduate degrees with 70 majors, and seven graduate degrees with 18 programs. Pre-professional programs include dentistry, engineering, medicine, law, pharmacology, physical therapy, and seminary. HSU offers courses in geography, Greek, Hebrew, humanities, and physical sciences, as well. The university offers a doctorate in physical therapy, the first in Texas which is open to private citizens, as well as Doctor of Education (Ed.D.).

HSU students come from diverse backgrounds and a variety of Christian denominations. With an approximate enrollment of 1,500 students, the student-to-teacher ratio was 33:1.

Rankings
In 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked Hardin-Simmons 33 among Regional Universities in the West. That same year, Princeton Review included the university among its Best Western Colleges.

In 2016 Campus Pride ranked the university among the worst schools in Texas for LGBT students.

Campus life
Chapel services are held weekly for the entire student body. Neighborhood outreach programs are also available in which students can participate. Baptist Student Ministries (BSM) offers free noon lunches for students every Wednesday. The BSM provides possibilities for students to get involved in Bible study groups and go on mission trips, in addition to hosting concerts and other campus events.

Campus resources include career services, a writing center, academic advisors, library services, faculty mentors, disability services, health services, peer mentors, and counseling. HSU's grounds include six residence halls and eight apartment complexes as well as campus houses. Campus infrastructure is built in classic brick architecture, and the school's golden-domed, red brick clock tower serves as its signature building, along with the 30 by 41-ft stained glass wall of Logsdon chapel, on the campus' southeast corner. HSU was named one of the 50 Most Beautiful Christian Colleges and Universities in 2017.

Western Heritage Day
Western Heritage Day is an annual celebration of the heritage and way of life in the American frontier that has occurred since the Abilene Centennial Celebration in 1981. The event is held on the HSU campus and includes activities such as trick roping, pit branding, chuck wagon snacks, and a small farm animal petting area. The activities have become a fun educational opportunity for Abilene-area elementary school-aged children.

Athletics
The Hardin–Simmons athletic teams are called the Cowboys/Cowgirls. The university is a member of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the American Southwest Conference since the 1996–97 academic year. had won 75 conference titles, the most of any school. The Cowboys/Cowgirls also competed in the Division III-based Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (TIAA) from 1990–91 to 1995–96.

Hardin–Simmons previously competed as a member of the Border Intercollegiate Athletic Association (BIAA; also known as the Border Conference) from 1941–42 to 1961–62, during which time the football team won three conference championships. For the first 15 years after HSU restarted its football program (1990–2005), the Hardin–Simmons Cowboy football team had the best winning percentage (77.4%) of all Texan college football programs. Also, the men's basketball team won two Border Conference titles, in 1953 and 1957, advancing to the NCAA basketball tournament each time. The Cowboys are one of fourteen teams to have played in the tournament and no longer be in Division I; they are also one of five such teams to have appeared in more than one tournament.

Hardin–Simmons competes in 16 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.

Women's soccer
Hardin–Simmons women's soccer has been HSU's single-most successful athletic program with 22 ASC Conference Championships in the 1996-2019 period, and an NCAA Division III National Championship title in 2010.

Notable alumni

 * Naim Ateek — Palestinian theologian
 * John Leland Atwood — former chief engineer for North American Aviation, instrumental in the production of the P-51 Mustang and B-25 Mitchell
 * Owen J. Baggett - American pilot famous for shooting down an aircraft with his pistol
 * Earl Bennett — former NFL football player
 * Dan Blocker — attended one year before transferring to Sul Ross State University in Alpine, Texas. Played the role of 'Hoss' on the 1960s American TV show Bonanza
 * Doyle "Texas Dolly" Brunson — poker legend
 * Omar Burleson – represented Abilene in the United States Congress from Texas's 17th congressional district from 1947 to 1978.
 * Harvey Catchings — former NBA basketball player
 * Matt Chandler – pastor of Village Church and president of Acts 29 Network
 * Gene Cockrell — American football player
 * Don Collier — western film and television actor
 * Roy Crane — cartoonist (Wash Tubbs, Captain Easy)
 * Andrew C. Creager - Deputy Chief, Dallas Fire Department
 * Jack Graham — pastor, Prestonwood Baptist Church, former president of the Southern Baptist Convention
 * Terri Hendrix - singer-songwriter
 * Stedman Graham — businessman and speaker, long-time partner of Oprah Winfrey
 * Jeff Iorg — president of the Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary
 * Jack T. Martin — American collegiate basketball player/coach, former Brevet Brigadier General Texas Air National Guard
 * W. Francis McBeth — composer
 * Bob McChesney — American football player
 * Mildred Paxton Moody – journalist, preservationist, and First Lady of Texas, 1927–1931
 * Dick Nagy - Long-time University of Illinois basketball assistant coach and founder of the baskeball program at Barton County Community College
 * Fess Parker — portrayed Davy Crockett in the Davy Crockett miniseries on Walt Disney's ABC miniseries and Daniel Boone on NBC's Daniel Boone
 * Leighton Paige Patterson — former president of the Southern Baptist Convention and former president of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
 * Rupert N. Richardson — president of Hardin–Simmons from 1943 to 1953
 * Harold Stephens — professional football player
 * Clyde "Bulldog" Turner — member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame
 * Brad Underwood — head men's basketball coach at the University of Illinois
 * Will Wagner — head football coach at Angelo State University
 * George E. "Buddy" West — former Texas state representative
 * Willis Whitfield — inventor of the cleanroom
 * Phil Wilson — former Secretary of State of Texas
 * C. V. Wood — developer of theme parks and planned communities; chief developer of Disneyland

Notable faculty

 * Wayne Millner (1913–1976), American football player
 * Norma Wendelburg, composer

title: Hardin–Simmons University


text:
Talk:Matthew 3:12

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Matthew 3:12. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050305045329/http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/Food/text/farm.html to http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/Food/text/farm.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:40, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matthew 3:12


text: Talk:Matthew 3:13

title: Talk:Matthew 3:13


text:
Kashinath Trimbak Telang

Kashinath Trimbak Telang (20 August 1850, Bombay – 1 September 1893, Bombay) was an Indologist and Indian judge at Bombay High Court.

Early life and education
Telang was born in a Gaud Saraswat Brahmin family. At the age of five Telang was sent to the Amarchaud Wadi vernacular school, and in 1859 entered the high school in Bombay which bears the name of Mountstuart Elphinstone. Here he came under the influence of Narayan Mahadev Purmanand, a teacher of fine intellect and force of character, afterwards one of Telang's most intimate friends.

As a student he had won the Bhugwandas scholarship in Sanskrit, and in this language his later studies were profound. From this school he passed to the Elphinstone College, of which he became a fellow, and after taking the degree of M.A. and LL.B., decided to follow the example of Bal Mangesh Wagle, the first Indian admitted by the judges to practise on the original side of the high court, a position more like the status of a barrister than a vakil or pleader. He passed the examination and was enrolled in 1872.

Legal career
By profession an advocate of the high court, he also took a vigorous share in literary, social, municipal and political work, as well as in the affairs of the University of Bombay, over which he presided as vice-chancellor from 1892 until his death. His learning and other gifts soon brought him an extensive practice. He had complete command of the English language, and his intimacy with Sanskrit enabled him to study and quote the Hindu law-books with an ease not readily attained by European counsel. He was one of the counsel for the defendant, Rukhmabai in the famous restitution of conjugal rights brought by her husband. Telang, finding his career assured, declined an offer of official employment. But in 1889 he accepted a seat on the high court bench, where his judgments are recognized as authoritative, especially on the Hindu law.

Educationalist
He was syndic of the university from 1881, and vice-chancellor from 1892 until his death. In that year also he was elected President of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. These two offices had never been held by a native of India before. The decoration of C.I.E. conferred on him in the 1884 Birthday Honours was a recognition of his services as a member of Hunter Commission appointed by the colonial government to deal with the educational system of India.

Politics
Telang was active in politics from 1872 to 1889. He was nominated to the Bombay legislative council in 1884, but declined a similar position on the viceroy's council. He and fellow Bombay lawyers, Pherozshah Mehta, and Badruddin Tyabji were the founders of the Bombay Presidency Association. He was the secretary of reception committee for the inaugural meeting of the Indian National Congress in 1885.

Sanskrit scholar
His translation of the Bhagavad Gita into English prose and verse is a standard work, and available in Max Müller's monumental compilation, the Sacred Books of the East, vol. 8, as the Bhagavadgita With the Sanatsugâtiya and the Anugitâ (published 1882). Also notable is his publication, in 1884, of the historical Sanskrit play, Mudrarakshasa of Vishakhadatta under the auspices of the Education Department and the Government Central Book Depot, Bombay. He criticized Albrecht Weber's hypothesis that the story of the Ramayana was influenced by the Homeric epics. While devoted to the sacred classics of the Hindus, Telang did not neglect his own vernacular, Marathi literature being enriched by his translation of Lessing's Nathan the Wise, and an essay on Social Compromise.

Works

 * The Bhagavadgîtâ With the Sanatsugâtîya and the Anugîtâ (1882)
 * Rise of the Maráthá Power (1900)
 * Mudrarakshasa With the Commentary of Dhundiraja (1915)

title: Kashinath Trimbak Telang


text: Talk:Matthew 3:14

title: Talk:Matthew 3:14


text: Talk:Matthew 3:15

title: Talk:Matthew 3:15


text:
Talk:The Bacon Brothers

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on The Bacon Brothers. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090207065936/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view to http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=215695616&blogId=498009127

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:08, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Bacon Brothers


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Terrorism and War

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect. Eugene van der Pijll 19:27, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Terrorism and War
This page is very simply not Wiki material, I think. It reads like a paragraph or so of semi-original research and isn't on a encyclopedia subject. I suppose if you really wanted to be charitable you could call it a dicdef. Endersdouble 14:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect the topic is covered under Terrorism.Robert A West 14:59, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Robert A West. The aricle feels like a violation of WP:POINT (i.e. a fork of an existing page, created to make a POV point). -Harmil 16:32, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to state terrorism, original research/unencyclopedic essay and the argument it's making is already represented there. Dcarrano 17:38, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Talk:Matthew 3:16

title: Talk:Matthew 3:16


text: Talk:Matthew 3:17

title: Talk:Matthew 3:17


text: Talk:Matthew 4:1

title: Talk:Matthew 4:1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Y Combinator

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirected content. Sasquatch ↔讲↔看 05:58, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

Y Combinator
Not-notable and advertising - Dv 14:35, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Google shows 104 results for  Y Combinator +"venture capital", plus this article is indeed slanted toward advertisement. --Several Times 14:50, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not-notable Incognito 17:01, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Two of the more notable folks connected to the history of the Internet have started a V.C. firm. That alone is notable. The rest is simply a description of the company. I would remove the hipster programmer quote and expand a bit where possible, though. -Harmil 16:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * delete and redirect to Fixed point combinator, since the Y combinator is an important and famous (to us lambda calculus nerds) example of one. Brighterorange 17:51, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep based on notability of people involved. Gazpacho 02:47, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (Note that I am the original creator of the article in question.) I'm sorry if the page seems to read like advertising; I have no connection with the company.  I created the page because of the notability of Paul Graham and Robert Tappan Morris, two of the founders of the company.  --Schoen 05:14, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * With regard to the Y combinator/Y Combinator redirect question: Note that Y combinator is already (properly) a redirect to Fixed point combinator -- it has the correct capitalization for a Wikipedia article about the combinator itself, whereas Y Combinator has the correct capitalization for an article about the company. There is also disambiguation text at the top to refer people to the Fixed point combinator article.  There are currently no inaccurate links to the article about the company.  I would also be perfectly happy with a move to Y Combinator (company) if disambiguation appears to be an issue.  --Schoen 05:14, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete and redirect. I would argue that they are notable only because sites like Slashdot keep talking about them. The way I see it is:
 * Graham wrote two books on the programming language Lisp and created a store (in lisp) which he subsequently sold to Yahoo! (I believe they then switched to another application written in C, giving the reason that they couldn't find enough experienced Lisp programmers, but I'm unable to find references). He writes rants, but nobody in the industry or academia seems to take take them seriously (Lisp, or rather Scheme, is usually used only to teach programming. Most of the research is done with typed functional languages like ML and Haskell, and most of the "real work" is done with established imperative languages). He says that he will create a language called Arc and it will be the best thing ever, but he has yet to produce anything.
 * Morris accidentally created the first internet virus, and later became a small-time academic.
 * I don't see how these two people make an apparently vapor-ware company notable. - Dv 07:08, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * The company isn't vaporware, it's currently running 10 startups.
 * Morris is not famous merely because of Slashdot fandom. He is frequently cited (and not just for the worm) in computer security circles. Gazpacho 01:19, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep AaronSw 03:34, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Note AaronSw works for a startup funded by Y Combinator, so is an interested party.
 * Strong Delete Hosterweis (talk) 10:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not advertising, no matter who added it Adamn 10:32, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ads JacksonBrown 10:33, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is not notable. Indrian 16:08, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Interesting project, but there are lots of interesting projects. Article comes off as an advert.
 * Delete. Notability not established. Current content is an ad. Nabla 22:22, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:70.248.51.118

title: User talk:70.248.51.118


text:
College Football All-America Team

The College Football All-America Team is an honor given annually to the best college football players in the United States at their respective positions. The original use of the term All-America seems to have been to the 1889 College Football All-America Team selected by Caspar Whitney and published in This Week's Sports. Football pioneer Walter Camp also began selecting All-America teams in the 1890s and was recognized as the official selector in the early years of the 20th century.

NCAA recognition
As of 2023, the College Football All-America Team is composed of the following College Football All-American first teams chosen by the following selector organizations: Associated Press (AP), Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), Walter Camp Foundation (WCFF), Sporting News (TSN, from its historic name of The Sporting News), Sports Illustrated (SI), The Athletic (Athletic), USA Today (USAT), ESPN, CBS Sports (CBS), College Football News (CFN), Scout.com, Athlon Sports, Phil Steele, and Fox Sports (FOX).

Consensus
Starting in 2009, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recognizes the All-America teams selected by the AP, AFCA, FWAA, Sporting News, and the WCFF to determine consensus All-Americans. If more than half of the organizations select a player to their first team, he receives the "consensus" honor. If no player qualifies under that criterion, a player named to two first teams can be chosen. Second- and third-team selections can be used as tie-breakers. If still tied, each player is listed. If a player is named an All-American by all five organizations, he receives "unanimous All-American" recognition. Depending upon the distribution of first team honors at any given position, it is possible to be consensus with fewer than three first-team selections. As of 2021, the University of Alabama had produced the most unanimous All-Americans of any program with 40.

Individual
There have been 2,868 players from 156 colleges and universities since 1889 who were selected to at least one All-American first team. Five players have earned that honor four times: They are:

 * Charles Dudley Daly, Quarterback, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901 at Harvard and Army
 * Gordon Brown, Guard, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900 at Yale
 * Truxtun Hare, Guard, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900 at Penn
 * Frank Hinkey, End, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894 at Yale
 * Marshall Newell, Tackle, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893 at Harvard

Associated Press
The Associated Press has a panel of sportswriters who vote to determine the AP All-America Team. It has selected an All-America team since 1925.

AFCA
The American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) has selected an All-America team every year since 1945. It is often referred to as the "Coaches' All-America Team". The Selection Process is an All-America Selection Committee is made up of three head coaches from each of the AFCA's nine I-A (Bowl Division) districts, one of whom serves as a district chairman, along with another head coach who serves as the chairman of the selection committee. The coaches in each district are responsible for ranking the top players in their respective districts; that information, along with ballots submitted by FBS head coaches, are used to select the AFCA FBS Coaches' All-America Team.snake

The Coaches' All-America Team has been sponsored by various entities throughout the years but it is now under its own banner, the AFCA. These are the sponsors/publishers of the team throughout the years.

1945–1947: Published in Saturday Evening Post

1948–1956: Published in Collier's

1957–1959: General Mills

1960–1993: Eastman Kodak

1994: Schooner's International

1995–1996: AFCA

1997–1999: Burger King

2000–present: AFCA

FWAA
The Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) Team, the second longest continuously published team in college football, has been a staple of the college football scene since 1944. It is sometimes referred to as the "Writers' All-America Team". The FWAA has selected an All-America team with the help of its members and an All-America Committee which represents all the regions in the country. Some who have helped to select this team over the years: Mark Blaudschun, Grantland Rice, Bert McGrane, Blackie Sherrod, Furman Bisher, Pat Harmon, Fred Russell, Edwin Pope, Murray Olderman, Paul Zimmerman. The All-America team is selected by a committee of writers representing all conferences and regions of the NCAA.

The Writers' Team has been highlighted in various media forums. From 1946 to 1970, Look published the FWAA team and brought players and selected writers to New York City for a celebration. During that 25-year period, the FWAA team was introduced on national television shows by Bob Hope, Steve Allen, Perry Como and others. After Look folded, the FWAA started a long association with NCAA Films (later known as NCAA Productions), which produced a 30-minute television show and sold it to sponsors. The team was part of ABC Television's 1981 College Football Series. From 1983 to 1990, the team was either on ABC or ESPN, and since 1991 has returned to the national spotlight on ABC. The corporate sponsor for the Writers' team is AT&T, after several years of Cingular being the sponsor.

WCFF
The Walter Camp Football Foundation (WCFF) All-America team is selected by the head coaches and sports information directors of the 120 Football Bowl Subdivision schools and certified by UHY Advisors, a New Haven-based accounting firm. Walter Camp, "The Father of American Football", first selected an All-America team in 1889. The WCF claims an 80% participation rate in the voting for its All-America team.

Sporting News
Sporting News, formerly known as The Sporting News and known colloquially as TSN, have teams college football editors and staff select teams, which they have been doing since 1934. From that year through the 1962 season TSN's All-America team was picked by a poll of sportswriters. Beginning in 1964 the team was selected by "professional scouts and observers". The Sporting News cited the advent of two-platoon football as the need to go to that system.

UPI
United Press International (UPI) selected players in a national poll of sportswriters and began selecting teams in 1925 as "United Press". In 1958, after it merged with the International News Service (INS), it became United Press International. The INS had chosen teams since 1913. UPI continued to choose an All-America team, based on a poll of sportswriters, through the 1996 season.

Central Press
The Central Press Association, a newspaper syndicate based in Cleveland, polled team school captains for its "Captain's All-America Team"

Newspaper Enterprise Association
Another media group who polled writers and players to compose its team. It ran from 1924 through 1996.

Others
ABC Sports, ESPN, CNN Sports Illustrated, College Football News, CBSSports.com, PFF, Time magazine, Bleacher Report and many others also select All-America teams.

Time magazine selected All-America teams from 1956 through 1976. ESPN's selections are made by veteran college football writer Ivan Maisel. Maisel's began selecting an All-America team for ESPN.com in 2002. CBS Sports.com is voted on by writers, producers and staff of CBS Sports. Two of the newest, seemingly driven by the internet, are Scout.com and Rivals.com.

During the 1930s, Chester L. Washington, sports editor of the Pittsburgh Courier, selected All-America teams of players at historically black colleges and universities (HBCU).

Division III
In 1999, D3football.com began selecting an All-America team for Division III.

title: College Football All-America Team


text:
Talk:List of types of XML schemas

Reasons for the article
It's important that awareness of XML formats that can be used, specifically in web applications, is made. Main reason being, the more developers that are made aware of existing formats the less likely they are to need to unnecessarily develop their own priopratary formats. Any thoughts?

Layout

 * I was going to produce a table but instead opted for a list. Would a table be better? For example, columns: direct link to schemas and official websites, latest version numbers etc

Schema format?
Are all of these schemata in 'XML Schema' format? Sorry if this is a dumb question, but the XML Schema page says that XML Schema "is one of several XML schema languages", which makes me wonder. --Dan|(talk) 20:36, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. XML schema and XML Schema (W3C) are two different articles, too. I think List of XML Schemas should be renamed List of XML schemas, as the entries in this article don't need to conform to XML Schema but to any of the XML schema languages. --Abdull (talk) 10:58, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Not a List of XML Schemas
All of the entries on this page belong on the topic "List of XML Markup Languages". If you look at the individual pages for all of the entries here, you will not find one that is described as a "schema". These are distinct XML languages: a set of pre-defined XML tags that have been organized into a "language" with a certain particular usage in mind, for instance, markup of bookmarks. In a schema, one would not have to use all of the tags in the language, but if they did, the tags that were used from that language would a pre-defined meaning and usage rules from the committee that developed the language.

In summary, the languages listed here should be moved to List of XML Markup Languages and this page deleted from Wikipedia altogether.Omneo (talk) 20:14, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree entirely. Mhkay (talk) 00:42, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Completely the other view. List of XML markup languages can really only have one entry in it: XML itself. An "XML Markup Language" can only be either XML, or not XML (and thus off the list). At the level of the language, there's no real scope for inventing new languages and still having them be XML. There might be some small scope for subset XMLs (that are still well-formed XML) - I vaguely recall something tried for this as an embedding mechanism within HTML. Nor are the examples in this list appearing to be such: they're actually XML Schemas, using XML as their language. There's one exception to that; CDF was infamously "not quite XML" (wasn't case sensitive on element names, but it was sensitive to quote characters).
 * These articles should be merged to List of XML schemas Andy Dingley (talk) 13:59, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

I agree that XML Markup Languages is a poor term. List of XML schemas is poor as well. From my prospective, in both cases we talk about languages using XML syntax. They are not XML (extendable) languages, at the same time they are not just schemas, as they not only limit syntax by a schema but also define semantic, related to particular application. 66.234.210.208 (talk) 06:35, 25 February 2013 (UTC)MS
 * The language is, and remains, "XML". Nor do schemas define syntax: syntax is part of the language. If we mean "the semantic implication that is more than a schema", then that's heading into ontology and OWL. Andy Dingley (talk) 12:30, 25 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Agree; I was wrong about languages. Still, I am not comfortable with list of schemas: something about semantic implication should be there, shouldn't it?198.49.180.40 (talk) 17:58, 25 February 2013 (UTC)MS
 * What about 'applications (projects) using XML schemas'?

66.234.210.208 (talk) 05:08, 26 February 2013 (UTC)MS
 * Second thought: XHTML - is it a separate language, or just 'a project using XML schemas'?
 * Looks like we can talk about a separate language if we have schema(s) + semantics of verified documents for particular class of application.

66.234.210.208 (talk) 06:01, 26 February 2013 (UTC) MS

 * XHTML is probably the closest contender for "List of XML Markup Languages" because it not only defines a schema, it also defines a language subset of XML. Given how ugly it is, and how long it has been obsolete, I feel no strong reason to discuss it at all, except under the heading "Bad mistakes of the past, learn from them". XHTML was doomed by its starting conditions: it was never simply a new XML application, it was never the stated goal of "transcode the HTML application from its SGML basis to XML, whilst retaining exactly the same schema". Instead it had to be both XML and HTML simultaneously: supposedly processable as XML, but also still processable as if it were SGML-like HTML, by the legacy web browsers and their parsers. Thus we needed Appendix C, the specification for how to subset the XML syntax so that it was still HTML-processable. For an application like generating XHTML from XSLT, this lack of explicit support for Appendix C meant that it remained easier to generate HTML from XSLT than to generate usable XHTML. XHTML was never quite one thing nor the other, and we're well rid of it. Andy Dingley (talk) 11:16, 26 February 2013 (UTC)
 * back to the topic: Andy, do you still consider 'List of XML schemas' as a proper name for merged article?

198.49.180.40 (talk) 17:45, 26 February 2013 (UTC) MS (Mike Semionenkov)
 * As that's what it is, then that's what I'd call it.
 * Or delete it, as something that WP isn't capable of delivering. Andy Dingley (talk) 17:50, 26 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Disagree. After closer look, they are 'markup languages using XML syntax and predefined mandatory schemes'. 'XML markup languages' is just confusing attempt to say it shorter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.49.180.40 (talk) 23:59, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on List of types of XML schemas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20111007082712/http://idealliance.org/specifications/prism to http://www.idealliance.org/specifications/prism

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 20:34, 13 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of types of XML schemas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130215121314/http://xml.fido.gov/stratml/index.htm to http://xml.fido.gov/stratml/index.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:46, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on List of types of XML schemas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721055950/http://physics.nist.gov/Divisions/Div846/Gp4/ANSIN4242/xml.html to http://physics.nist.gov/Divisions/Div846/Gp4/ANSIN4242/xml.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.bibletechnologies.net/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:10, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of types of XML schemas


text: User talk:216.165.126.10

title: User talk:216.165.126.10


text: Talk:Matthew 4:2

title: Talk:Matthew 4:2


text: Talk:Matthew 4:3

title: Talk:Matthew 4:3


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Examples of dirty jokes

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. No transwiki. --Tony Sidaway Talk 15:13, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Examples of dirty jokes
Unencyclopedic.-- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 14:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Just a list, unsourcable, and most aren't even good dirty jokes.Robert A West 15:03, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki any salvagable humor to http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Joke_book — RJH 15:13, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki if there are any good ones (I'm at work and probably shouldn't check) and delete. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 15:39, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Contributors are free to submit there jokes elsewhere, but this is not something which requires archiving on WB. Wikibooks isn't "the worst of Wikipedia". -Harmil 16:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not all of them are even dirty jokes. Dunc|☺ 20:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete concur with User:Duncharris. JamesBurns 04:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Talk:Matthew 4:4

title: Talk:Matthew 4:4


text: Talk:Matthew 4:5

title: Talk:Matthew 4:5


text: Talk:Matthew 4:6

title: Talk:Matthew 4:6


text:
Russell Street Police Headquarters

Russell Street Police Headquarters was located on the north-eastern corner of Russell and La Trobe Streets, Melbourne was the headquarters of the Victoria Police through the second half of the 20th century.

The main impressive New York skyscraper style tower, recognised as a symbol of the police in Victoria, was designed by Public Works Chief Architect Percy Edgar Everett and opened on 29 April 1943. The 1940s construction also included lower wings on the corner of Russell Street and Latrobe Street, incorporating the Police Theatrette / Ballroom, while an 1889 wing on Mackenzie Street remained of the earlier police buildings, and in 1970 a large brown brick building was added behind the tower.

The main tower was famously used in the opening titles of the long-running television series Homicide, a fictional police drama series dealing with the homicide squad of the Victoria Police, who were located in the building.

The building is located in what was a police and justice precinct; across the road on Russell Street is the Old Melbourne Gaol, old City Police Station and City Courts buildings (both now occupied by the RMIT University).

The Russell Street Police Headquarters was the site of the Russell Street Bombing in 1986.

The Victoria Police vacated the building in 1995, leaving it empty for many years while several failed redevelopment proposals including conversion to student accommodation and to a hotel came and went. In 2004 the 1970s building and part of the 1940s Latrobe street wing were replaced by a new 27-storey apartment building designed by Bruce Henderson Architects. The Art Deco tower, the lower corner wing, and the 1889 wing were converted into apartments. The whole complex is now known as "Concept Blue".

title: Russell Street Police Headquarters


text: Talk:Matthew 4:7

title: Talk:Matthew 4:7


text: Talk:Matthew 4:8

title: Talk:Matthew 4:8


text: File:Jimmy Neutron Boy Genius PS2.jpg

title: File:Jimmy Neutron Boy Genius PS2.jpg


text:
David P. Jenkins

David P. Jenkins (August 25, 1823 – March 30, 1915), was an American attorney, soldier, businessman and philanthropist who homesteaded Spokane, Washington.

Biography
Jenkins was born on a farm near Mount Pleasant, Ohio, to orthodox Quaker parents. He was educated at the local Quaker seminary and in the high school in Mount Pleasant. He studied law in Cincinnati, Ohio, and passed his bar exam. He moved to LaSalle, Illinois, where he established a prosperous legal practice. He was an acquaintance of Abraham Lincoln (both men were lawyers for the Illinois Circuit Courts).

During the American Civil War, Jenkins served in the Union Army under Generals Grant, Pope, Sherman and Burnside in the Western Theater. Initially, he was the major of the 1st Illinois Cavalry. Jenkins saw his first combat action in two engagements near Lexington, Missouri, and helped negotiate the surrender of Federal forces in that vicinity to the Confederates in September 1861, becoming a prisoner of war.

He was exchanged that November and returned to the ranks, commanding two companies of the cavalry at Bird's Point, Missouri, from December until the spring of 1862, when he was assigned command of a battalion of the 1st Illinois Cavalry in southern Missouri, where his men protected supply lines to the army of General Samuel Curtis operating in Arkansas. In mid-1863, Jenkins became the lieutenant colonel and later the colonel of the 14th Illinois Cavalry, a regiment which he helped recruit and train.

Following the war he moved to the Washington Territory, establishing a law firm in Seattle in 1874 and serving as Seattle's city attorney in 1876. In 1879 he settled in Spokane, where he became a friend to Chief Spokane Garry and Chief Joseph the Younger, whom he admired for their honesty and integrity. Jenkins kept a photograph of Chief Joseph on his mantle.

Jenkins donated part of his homestead and $5,000 for land and capital to build the Spokane County Courthouse. His daughter, Emma Rue, donated the eastern edge of their homestead to the city for the Coliseum (now the Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena).

Jenkins, a strong supporter of education, attempted twice to fund the first university in Spokane, which ultimately failed due to the economic Panic of 1893. The colonel was also concerned about young men who had to forego higher education to work to support themselves and their families, so he created a trust of $50,000 to fund Spokane's first vocational school for adults, located in and directed by the YMCA. The Institute prospered, reaching its peak of popularity about the time World War I broke out.

He retired to Chewelah, Washington. He is best known in Chewelah for donating the land and capital to build Jenkins High School in 1910. Jenkins loved animals; he bought land in Chewelah partly to house his many pets, including domesticated deer. He donated land in Spokane to establish a Humane Society (on which it stands today).

He died at his daughter's home in Spokane on March 30, 1915.

title: David P. Jenkins


text:
User:Evil Eye

Hi, I'm Evil Eye and I'm from Yorkshire in the United Kingdom. I graduated York University in 2005 with a degree in mathematics and have just completed a PGCE course in York in autumn 2006. I worked as a maths teacher from September 2006 for a short while and now work for a series of educational and student based websites.

I joined Wikipedia on 22 July 2005, so I've have been registered here for over a year now.

My name idea came from the Evil Eye Cocktail Lounge in York, though the wikipedia article Evil eye may also be of interest.

Article Contributions
So far I have mostly contributed to pages about Penistone, York University, athletics, The Tribe and The New Tomorrow. The full list is as follows:
 * Places and buildings
 * Penistone: a Yorkshire market town,
 * Penistone Grammar School,
 * Penistone Line: the trainline from Huddersfield to Sheffield which runs through Penistone.
 * Barnsley West and Penistone: parliamentary constituency covering the Penistone area (used between the 1983 and 2005 General Elections),
 * University of York,
 * Derwent College: a college of the University of York,
 * Langwith College: another college of the Univeristy of York,
 * Goodricke College: and another college of the University of York.

 * Entertainment and sports
 * The Tribe: a post-apocalyptic teenage TV show. I've added quite a lot to this article,
 * The New Tomorrow, Characters from The New Tomorrow: sequel TV series to The Tribe
 * Countdown:long running UK afternoon game show,
 * Athletics,
 * IAAF World Championships in Athletics pages (I have been reformating the results tables and addding the times and distances)
 * 1983 World Championships in Athletics,
 * 1987 World Championships in Athletics,
 * 1991 World Championships in Athletics,
 * 1993 World Championships in Athletics,
 * 1995 World Championships in Athletics,
 * 1997 World Championships in Athletics,
 * 1999 World Championships in Athletics,
 * 2001 World Championships in Athletics,
 * 2003 World Championships in Athletics,
 * 2005 World Championships in Athletics,
 * The Story of Tracy Beaker: childrens novel by Jacqueline Wilson and a BBC TV programme,
 * 2002 Commonwealth Games.

 * People
 * Nicholas Saunderson: a blind mathematician from the Penistone area,
 * Yelena Isinbayeva: Russian pole vaulter and world record holder,
 * Katharine Merry: British 400m runner and Olympic bronze medalist,
 * Greg Rusedski:British tennis player,
 * Michelle Ang: New Zealand actress,
 * Rebecca Ritters: Australian actress,
 * Sally Baldwin: University of York Professor who tragcally died in an escelator accident.

Article Creations

 * Antonia Prebble: New Zealand actress,
 * James Napier (actor): New Zealand actor,
 * Beth Allen: New Zealand actress,
 * The Student Room,
 * List of schools in Yorkshire and the Humber,
 * List of schools in the East of England,
 * List of schools in the East Midlands,
 * List of schools in Greater London,
 * List of schools in the North East of England,
 * List of schools in the North West of England,
 * List of schools in the South East of England,
 * List of schools in the South West of England,
 * List of schools in the West Midlands,
 * Penistone Show,
 * Saint John the Baptist Church, Penistone,
 * Sam Ellis (athlete),
 * Scalby School,
 * Penistone FM - now a redirect to Penistone Community Radio,
 * Ross Edgar
 * Langsett
 * Millhouse, South Yorkshire
 * York Assembly Rooms

Other articles of interest

 * Mathematics,
 * PGCE: Postgraduate Certificate of Education, UK teaching qualification,
 * GCSE: UK education qualifications taken about the age of 16,
 * Digital Spy: an entertain website and forum,
 * Neighbours: Australian soap. (Note),
 * Dogtanian: Eighties cartoon series based on The Three Musketeers,
 * University of York:
 * Alcuin College,
 * Halifax College,
 * James College,
 * Vanbrugh College,
 * Wentworth College.

Places

 * Penistone
 * Thurlstone
 * Oxspring
 * Cubley

Buildings

 * Penistone Paramount Cinema
 * Penistone Grammar School
 * Hartcliffe Folly
 * Royd Moor Wind Farm
 * Saint John the Baptist Church, Penistone

Transport

 * Penistone Line
 * Penistone railway station
 * Trans Pennine Trail
 * Penistone rail crash
 * Woodhead Line

People

 * John Clarel
 * Michael Clapham
 * Nicholas Saunderson
 * Allen McKay
 * Sydney Arnold, 1st Baron Arnold
 * Henry McGhee
 * John Mendelson
 * Baron Arnold
 * Anne Campbell
 * Roland Boyes

Political divisions

 * Barnsley West and Penistone
 * Penistone (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Penistone and Stocksbridge (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Penistone Rural District

Other

 * Yorkshire Day
 * River Don, England

title: User:Evil Eye


text: Talk:Matthew 4:9

title: Talk:Matthew 4:9


text:
You'll Never Know

"You'll Never Know", sometimes referred to as "You'll Never Know (Just How Much I Love You)" in later years, is a popular song with music written by Harry Warren and the lyrics by Mack Gordon. The song is based on a poem written by a young Oklahoma war bride named Dorothy Fern Norris.

The song was introduced in the 1943 movie Hello, Frisco, Hello where it was sung by Alice Faye. The song won the 1943 Academy Award for Best Original Song, one of nine nominated songs that year. It was also performed by Faye in the 1944 film Four Jills in a Jeep.

The song is often credited as Faye's signature song. However, Faye never released a record of the ballad, and frequent later recordings of the song by other singers diminished her association with it.

Other recordings

 * It was recorded in 1943 by, among others, Frank Sinatra and Dick Haymes. Sinatra recorded his version at his first recording session at Columbia as a solo artist (having recorded there in 1939 as a member of Harry James’s band.) It was arranged and conducted by Alec Wilder with the Bobby Tucker Singers providing accompaniment. Sinatra’s version charted for 16 weeks starting July 24 and spent two weeks at number 2. The Haymes version was a number one hit for four weeks on both the Billboard and Harlem Hit Parade charts. Haymes recording sold one million copies, his first gold record achievement.
 * The Sinatra and Haymes records were made during the 1942–1944 musicians' strike, an American Federation of Musicians strike against the recording companies. As a result, the recordings were made without musicians, with vocal groups replacing the usual instrumental backup. The group backing Haymes, The Song Spinners, was actually given credit on the Haymes record. (The Song Spinners number one hit, "Comin' In on a Wing and a Prayer", held the top spot on the chart for three weeks preceding Haymes' "You'll Never Know." Vocalist Margaret Johnson of the Song Spinners did the vocal arrangements for both songs.)
 * In Britain, the recording by Vera Lynn was very popular during the Second World War. During the film D-Day the Sixth of June the song's melody was played at various times, including when Valerie and Brad are strolling together at the seaside resort, dining in the tearoom and the Italian restaurant, and being together in her apartment.
 * Rosemary Clooney recorded the song with Harry James in 1952, and Bette Midler recorded the song for the 2003 covers album Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook.
 * A version was recorded in 1954 by Big Maybelle.
 * The song was the first number that Barbra Streisand ever recorded, in 1955 when she was 13 years old, first released in 1991 as the opening track of her four-disc Just for the Record... box set. The same collection concludes with an orchestrated version sung as a duet by Streisand (at age 45, recorded April 21, 1988) with the voice of her younger self from that 1955 recording.  Although uncredited on the CD, this closing cut was arranged and conducted by Rupert Holmes as part of the suspended Streisand-Holmes "Back to Broadway" recording sessions.   Barbra then dramatized the 1955 recording session as part of the opening of her Timeless concert tour in 2000. A recording of this was featured on the accompanying CD & DVD release: Timeless: Live in Concert.
 * Bing Crosby recorded it for his radio show in 1957 and it was subsequently issued on CD.
 * Doris Day recorded a version in her two-album set Hooray for Hollywood in 1958.
 * Shirley Bassey reached #6 on the UK charts with her 1961 version.
 * Bobby Darin recorded a version for his 1962 album, Oh! Look at Me Now.
 * Eartha Kitt recorded a version for her 1962 album, The Romantic Eartha.
 * The Platters recorded the song in 1962 for their album, Song For the Lonely. It reached #109 on the US Billboard chart. It is often confused with a song with a similar title, "You'll Never, Never Know," charting at #11 in August 1956.
 * Al Hirt released a version on his 1965 album, They're Playing Our Song.
 * Trini Lopez included "You'll Never Know" on his 1965 Reprise Records album The Sing Along World of Trini Lopez.
 * The Mamas & the Papas vocalist Denny Doherty included the song on his 1974 solo album Waiting for a Song. The single was released with "Goodnight and Good Morning", from the same album, as the B-side. This version reached the top 15 of Billboard's Easy Listening survey.
 * Singer and actress Bernadette Peters sang the song on her eponymous debut solo album in 1980.
 * Singer Antonio Marcos released a Spanish rendition of the theme, named "Nunca Sabrás", in the Spanish soundtrack from the Brazilian Soap Opera "Baila Conmigo" (Dance With Me), created by Manoel Carlos and televised by Rede Globo in 1981.
 * Elkie Brooks recorded it for her 1984 album, Screen Gems.
 * Lew DeWitt, formerly of The Statler Brothers, released a version for the 1985 album, On My Own, on the Compleat label.
 * Maura O'Connell recorded the song for her (Grammy-nominated) 1989 album, Helpless Heart (originally released in 1987 as Western Highway).
 * In 2000, a version by Al Martino was released with the title "You'll Never Know (Just How Much I Love You)" on his album Smile.
 * Vocalist Michael Bublé performed a live recording of the song on his 2004 album, Come Fly With Me.
 * In 2005, South-African jazz trumpeter Hugh Masekela included the song in his album Almost Like Being in Jazz
 * In 2006, Frank Sinatra Jr. released an album entitled That Face!.

Other pop culture appearances

 * Ginger Rogers performed the song in the 1952 American comedy film Dreamboat.
 * Martin Scorsese's 1974 film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore used Alice Faye's 1943 film recording as its opening song.
 * Barbara Mandrell performed the song in her final curtain call for her retirement concert, "The Last Dance" in 1997.
 * On Family Guy, Lois sings the song in Peter's basement bar in the episode Mind Over Murder 1999.
 * As Carlton Cinema ceased operations on 31 March 2003, this song wasplayed during its farewell montage. The end of the song was interrupted by an announcer saying, “ Carlton Cinema thanks all our viewers for tuning in over the last four years. We hope you enjoyed watching the films as much as we've enjoyed bringing them to you.” The montage ended with the Carlton Cinema logo, above it, its launch date (15 November 1998) and its closure date (31 March 2003) over a Golden Age of Hollywood curtain. It then faded to black and the channel was officially closed. Its transmitters were still on until midnight, though.
 * In 2017, Renée Fleming and the London Symphony Orchestra recorded a version of "You'll Never Know" for use in Guillermo del Toro's 2017 film The Shape of Water. Alice Faye's 1943 film recording is also used in the film, and Renée Fleming's version is lip-synched later by Sally Hawkins as part of a dance number with Doug Jones.

title: You'll Never Know


text:
Marinera

Marinera is a partner dance that originated along the coastal regions of Peru, using handkerchiefs as props. The dance is a mix of Spanish contradanza and Andean zamacueca, and is a stylized reenactment of a courtship, showing a blend of the different cultures of Peru. The dance has gained recognition throughout South America and is known as the most prominent traditional dance of Peru. The city of Trujillo has been recognized as the national birthplace of the marinera since 1986. The Marinera Festival, a cultural event dedicated to marinera held in Trujillo, although as of 2023 the festival has been held in the city of Lima. These annual competitions of the dance have taken place since 1960. In 2012, the Congress of Peru observed nationally October 7 as a commemorative day for the marinera.

The dance is traditionally accompanied by several instruments: cajón, clarinets, guitars, drums, and bugles.

History
The origins of the dance can be traced to Spanish, Moorish, Andean, and Gypsy rhythmic influences. Although the dance had informally been around in Peru since the colonial era, it was formally recognized as "Marinera" in honor of the Navy of Peru, or the Marina de Guerra del Peru in 1879 during the War of the Pacific.

According to the Peruvian historian Romulo Cuneo Vidal, the Zamacueca was itself a dance of rest during the era of the Inca Empire. Thus, coming from such a far natively Peruvian background, the dance is itself simply a derivation of an ancient Peruvian dance. Ancient pottery dating from the Pre-Columbian era called huacos depicted people resting in Zamacueca positions.

The first Marinera to be written in musical notation was La Concheperla composed by Abelardo Gamarra Rondó and José Alvarado, by Rosa Mercedes Ayarza de Morales in 1894...

Peruvian proposal
Peru claims that the dance is exclusively Peruvian.

According to Peruvian historian Rómulo Cúneo Vidal, the zamacueca was itself a dance of rest during the times of the Inca Empire and pre-Inca cultures, supporting the proposal that Marinera is native to Peru as a derivation of traditional dance, as depicted in some ancient huacos of people resting in Zamacueca positions.

Hispanic proposal
Ballroom dances of Europe's Viceroyalty are also a proposed origin for many Latin American dances, including the Marinera. The Hispanic proposal also suggests that European ballroom dances such as "Fandango" and "Cashuas" led to the creation of the Chilean Sajuriana, the Venezuelan Zambo, the Argentine Cielo Gaucho, the Mexican Tas-be, the Colombian Bambuco, the Ecuadorian Amor Fino, and the Peruvian Toro Mata.

Varieties
Different schools and dancing styles of the Marinera exist, based on location. There are Marinera dance academies all over Peru, and competitions are frequently held. The most important competition is the National Competition of the Marinera (Concurso Nacional de Marinera) held during the National Festival of the Marinera (Festival Nacional de Marinera), held in Trujillo, every January.

The three main variations are the Marinera Limeña, the Marinera Norteña, and the Marinera Serrana. Sometimes the Marinera is danced with her partner mounted on a Peruvian Paso (the horse dancing, and the chálan directing it).

Marinera Limeña
This Marinera is elegant and a little slow-paced in comparison to other variations. The dance can be interpreted in low or high tones. The Marinera of contrapunto or "canto de jarana" usually consists of three Marineras, Resbalosa (Slippery), and a succession of "fugas" (Escapes).

Nowadays, the Marinera Limeña seems to be becoming overshadowed by the Marinera Norteña, because of its popular qualities. Nevertheless, the dance still has a small number of fans that dance it during October fests or during the anniversary of Lima.

Marinera Norteña
It acquired characteristics of the Marinera Limeña, and soon enough it became a new variation of the dance. The dance itself tends to be quick-paced and though not as "elegant" as the Limeña, it can also be very stylish. Even though the dance originated in the Northern coasts of the country, it has become quite popular throughout Peru.

It is thanks to that popularity that the Marinera is considered the National Dance of Peru, along with the Peruvian Waltz.

In Marinera Norteña, the man wears shoes, while the woman dances completely barefoot. With constant practice women are even able to dance barefoot on extremely hot pavement and coarse, very rough surfaces, as the soles of their feet become well seasoned and toughened up, something they are really proud of.

The dancer must go to the dance floor wearing their best clothes but with bare feet, in the same way they did the rural northern girls of the nineteenth century. Being forced to dance barefoot on any surface without showing any discomfort, professional dancers should practice enough to develop thick calluses on the soles of their feet."

"The Marinera Norteña allows men to wear shoes, but women must dance barefoot, soon developing thick calluses on their feet, of which they are proud to show off."

"It was in Trujillo that female dancers started the whole tradition of going barefoot—some even pride themselves on being able to put out cigarettes on their callused soles."

Very often the Marinera Norteña presentations on open air are purposely scheduled at noon, when the pavement is hotter, because this motivates and encourages the barefoot female dancers to dance better and to conquer the Chalán and also because the public is astonished to see how the girls smile and enjoy as they burn the soles of their feet on the scorching hot ground.

Besides high skills and constant rehearsals, marinera also demands great physical effort and sacrifices from the dancers, who must exercise and have a proper diet. In order to strengthen the soles of their feet it is known that many marinera dancer women train by walking barefoot in the street, going to different places as a part of their regular routine and in their spare time, becoming what's known as "barefooters". The braver, more advanced female dancers are even able to walk barefoot on broken glass and to put cigarettes out on the tough soles of their feet, in order to make them stronger and to show others what they are capable of. Men, on the other hand, have intense practice on "zapateo" and the different steps of the dance until they master them. A marinera norteña dancer leaves aside social life, family reunions and resting hours in order to dedicate time to his/hers passion.

There's no "Marinera Dress". Female dancers should wear the typical clothing of the towns where this marinera style is performed. It's mandatory though that women dance barefoot. It is unacceptable for them to wear sandals, canvas shoes, ballet slippers or any kind of footwear to perform this dance.

For the men it is typical to wear "chalan" clothing, with cotton poncho and wide straw hat. In some places they wear a white drill suit. Men wear black, glossy shoes.

Marinera Serrana
This Marinera is typical from the highland and mountain regions of Peru. It usually has a minor tone and is characterized by a slower movement. This marinera is also repeated twice, and then is followed by a "fuga de huayno". The second part is more sentimental than the first one.

title: Marinera