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Criminal Minds

Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created and produced by Jeff Davis. The series premiered on CBS on September 22, 2005, and originally concluded on February 19, 2020; it was revived in 2022. It follows a group of criminal profilers who work for the FBI as members of its Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), using behavioral analysis and profiling to investigate crimes and find the unsub (unknown subject), the team's term for perpetrators. The show tells the story of the team as they work various cases and tackle their personal struggles.

The show's original main cast consisted of seven characters: Jason Gideon (Mandy Patinkin), Aaron Hotchner (Thomas Gibson), Elle Greenaway (Lola Glaudini), Derek Morgan (Shemar Moore), Dr. Spencer Reid (Matthew Gray Gubler), Jennifer Jareau (A. J. Cook), and Penelope Garcia (Kirsten Vangsness). The cast underwent major changes throughout the series' run, with several of the show's original members being replaced by nine additional starring characters: Emily Prentiss (Paget Brewster), David Rossi (Joe Mantegna), Ashley Seaver (Rachel Nichols), Alex Blake (Jeanne Tripplehorn), Kate Callahan (Jennifer Love Hewitt), Tara Lewis (Aisha Tyler), Luke Alvez (Adam Rodriguez), Stephen Walker (Damon Gupton), and Matt Simmons (Daniel Henney).

Criminal Minds became a rating hit for CBS, regularly featuring as one of the network's most-watched shows throughout its 15-year-long run. Its success has spawned a media franchise, with several spinoffs, including a South Korean adaptation and a video game. The show was renewed for its fifteenth and final season of ten episodes, which aired from January 8, 2020, to February 19, 2020. It was the final series in the franchise to end, following its two spin-off series, Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior and Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders, which had been cancelled previously due to low ratings. A sixteenth season of the series, Criminal Minds: Evolution, premiered on Paramount+ in November 2022. A planned true-crime docuseries, titled The Real Criminal Minds, was also ordered by Paramount+.

On January 12, 2023, Paramount+ renewed Criminal Minds: Evolution. The seventeenth season, like its predecessor, will contain 10 episodes. Showrunner Erica Messer confirmed that all main characters from the sixteenth season will be returning. Filming for the seventeenth season began in January 2024. The 10-episode new season will premiere on June 7 on Disney+ in Canada. The first two episodes will be available to stream at launch with subsequent new episodes dropping weekly on Friday. On June 5, 2024, (a day before the season 17 premiere), Criminal Minds: Evolution was renewed for another season, making it the eighteenth season overall.

Premise
The series follows a group of criminal profilers who work for the FBI as members of its Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) using behavioral analysis and profiling to help investigate crimes and find the suspect known as the unsub (unknown subject). The team is supervised by Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner and later Emily Prentiss. The team included Jason Gideon, the founder of the BAU, who was known as the best profiler in the Bureau; Derek Morgan, an ex-Chicago Police officer who is an expert on obsessional crimes; Spencer Reid, an expert on geographic profiling; Jennifer Jareau (JJ), the team's communications liaison, who later becomes a profiler; Elle Greenaway, an expert on sex crimes; David Rossi, one of the original BAU agents who is also an expert in criminal profiling; Ashley Seaver, a rookie FBI agent; Alex Blake, a linguistics specialist helping with nuances in communication; Kate Callahan, a seasoned undercover agent; Tara Lewis, a forensic psychologist; Luke Alvez, an expert fugitive tracker who becomes a profiler on the team; Stephen Walker, an expert on counterintelligence; and Matt Simmons, an expert profiler who joins the team from the FBI International Response Team.

Main
Gideon is widely known as the BAU's best profiler. After a series of emotionally troubling cases and the murder of his girlfriend Sarah by fugitive serial killer Frank Breitkopf (Keith Carradine), he begins to feel burned out. The last straw occurs when Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner is suspended for two weeks by the team's boss—an action for which Jason feels responsible. He retreats to his cabin and leaves a letter for Spencer Reid, whom he knows will be the one to look for him. When Spencer arrives at the cabin, he finds the letter and Jason's FBI credentials and firearm. Jason is last seen remarking to a Nevada diner waitress that he does not know where he is going or how he will know when he gets there, leaving the diner and driving off. In season 10, he is killed (off-screen) by a suspect he had tracked down from one of his first cases. Aaron "Hotch" Hotchner is a former prosecutor and was originally assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle. He is one of the most experienced agents in the BAU. He struggles to balance the demands of his job with his family life, but his wife, Haley Brooks (Meredith Monroe), divorces him in season 3. In the episode "100" (season 5), Haley is killed by fugitive serial killer George Foyet (C. Thomas Howell), also known as "The Boston Reaper", whom Aaron fights and beats to death. He also has a son named Jack (Cade Owens) and a brother named Sean. After Haley is murdered, he has custody of Jack, and Haley's sister, Jessica Brooks (Molly Baker), helps him take care of Jack. When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU, Aaron and technical analyst Penelope Garcia take over her job as communications liaison. Aaron dated a woman named Beth Clemmons (Bellamy Young), who first appeared in the episode "The Bittersweet Science" (season 7), before the couple separated after Clemmons accepted a job in Hong Kong. Following an on-set altercation, Thomas Gibson was removed from the main cast after season 12, episode 2, at which point Hotch went on a temporary assignment. In a later episode, it is revealed Aaron and Jack went into witness protection after Jack was stalked by Peter "Mr. Scratch" Lewis, a serial killer from a previous BAU case. Following Lewis's death in the 13th-season premiere, Prentiss reveals that Aaron has opted not to return to the BAU to focus on his son, but believes Prentiss should continue being chief. Greenaway is assigned to the FBI field office in Seattle and assigned to the BAU as an expert in sexual offense crimes. Elle develops extreme emotional trauma after being shot by an unsub in the season 1 finale ("The Fisher King (Part 1)"). In the season 2 premiere ("The Fisher King (Part 2)"), Elle survives and returns to duty sooner than SSA Jason Gideon and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner would like. Several episodes later, while alone on a stakeout of a suspected serial rapist, she murders the suspect by shooting him in cold blood and planting her gun on the unarmed victim. The local police deem it self-defense, but Jason and Aaron question her ability as a profiler after this. Elle resigns, turning in her badge and gun to Aaron, declaring that it is "not an admission of guilt". Morgan is a confident, assertive, and often hot-tempered character. He was raised by his mother, Fran, along with his two sisters, Sarah Morgan, and Desiree Benita, after the death of his police officer father right in front of him. Derek was a troubled Chicago youth headed for juvenile delinquency. He was rescued and mentored by Carl Buford (Julius Tennon). Buford turned out to be a sexual predator who molested Derek and other young boys; he was eventually arrested for murder. After developing an interest in football, Derek attended Northwestern University on a scholarship. After a football injury left him unable to play, he joined the Chicago Police Department's bomb squad and later joined the FBI and the BAU. He has an emotionally intimate, but platonic, relationship with technical analyst Penelope Garcia; the two have a unique shorthand and banter. In the season 7 premiere ("It Takes a Village"), Derek shows utter hatred toward Ian Doyle (Timothy V. Murphy) for killing SSA Emily Prentiss, but when Emily returns alive, he has mixed feelings. In season 11, Derek is kidnapped and tortured by the father of Giuseppe Montolo, a hitman whom Derek put away and who later died while in custody. Derek escapes and when he learns his girlfriend Savannah is pregnant, he realizes that he does not want to put his family through something like this again. Derek leaves the BAU in the episode "A Beautiful Disaster" to care for his now-wife and newborn son. The youngest member of the team, Reid is a genius who graduated from Las Vegas High School at age 12 and holds Ph.D.s in mathematics, chemistry, and engineering as well as Bachelor of Arts degrees in psychology and sociology. As of season 4, he is also working on a B.A. in philosophy. It has been revealed that he has an IQ of 187, can read a dizzying 20,000 words per minute, and has an eidetic memory. It is also shown throughout the series that Reid is autistic, mostly through his actions, which don't make sense to many of the other characters, as well as is mentioned in seasons one and eight. Most of the members of the team are intimidated by his profound knowledge. He is habitually introduced as "Dr. Spencer Reid" in contrast to the other agents, who are introduced as "supervisory special agents". The purpose of this, as explained by Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner in the pilot episode ("Extreme Aggressor"), is to create a respectable first impression of Spencer, deflecting judgments about his age. His mother, Diana Reid (Jane Lynch), has schizophrenia and is committed to a mental institution. In season 6, Reid starts suffering from cluster headaches and when doctors cannot diagnose why Reid thinks he might be in the early stages of schizophrenia himself. Reid takes SSA Emily Prentiss' death very hard and, when it was revealed the death was faked, was distrustful of both Prentiss and SSA Jennifer "JJ" Jareau (who helped in the cover-up) for some time. During season 8, Reid becomes involved with a woman who was being stalked. In the episode "Zugzwang", her stalker ultimately kidnaps her and kills her, devastating Reid. In season 11, he is deeply affected by Derek Morgan's decision to leave the BAU but understands and supports his reasons. Originally, he was supposed to be canonically bisexual, but the network wouldn't allow this to be confirmed, instead giving him a supposed "crush" on his best friend, JJ, even setting the two up on a date to a football game in season one. As the series progresses, their relationship continues to be more of the brother–sister kind, however, JJ confesses her feelings for him, which he does not return. Morgan and Reid maintained a brotherly relationship and Morgan refers to Reid as his "little brother" prior to his departure in season 11. Other names included "pretty boy", although he is mostly referred to by the older agents as simply "kid". Spencer is also the godfather of Jennifer's son, Henry, and Derek's son, Hank. Derek also gives his child the middle name of "Spencer", in honor of Reid, further signifying their bond. In season 12, Reid is arrested and finds himself in prison for the back half of the season, during which time he is forced to do terrible things in order to survive. In season 15, he gets another girlfriend, Max, but she only appears in two episodes (episodes 4 and 6). He also has a flirtatious relationship with serial killer Cat Adams, starting in season 11. It is obvious she has feelings for Spencer, though it is impossible that those feelings were returned, as she is responsible for the kidnapping of his mother, as well as his time in jail. JJ served as the communications liaison on the team to local police agencies in seasons 1–5. She dates and marries William LaMontagne (Josh Stewart), a New Orleans Police Department detective. They have two sons, Henry LaMontagne (Mekhai Andersen) and Michael LaMontagne (Phoenix Sky Andersen). Both boys are played by A.J. Cook's real-life sons. In the episode "JJ" (season 6), Jennifer is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon, causing her departure from the team, although Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner expresses his hope that she will return to the BAU in the future. Jennifer returns in the episode "Lauren" (season 6) to assist the team in finding SSA Emily Prentiss (Paget Brewster). Jennifer returns as a series regular in the season 7 premiere as a legitimate profiler and admits to helping fake Prentiss' death, much to the dismay of her colleagues. In the 200th episode, JJ is kidnapped because of a secret mission she performed while at the Pentagon. At the end of season 10, JJ reveals she is pregnant with her second child and consults over the phone for a few episodes of season 11 before rejoining the team in the field in the episode "Target Rich". Garcia joined the BAU after bringing attention to herself by illegally accessing some of their equipment, while she was an underground hacker; she is offered a job in lieu of a jail sentence. She submitted her resume to Hotch on pink stationery. She usually supports the team from her computer lab at Quantico but occasionally joins them on location when her skills can be used in the field. She is a leader in a support group for those who have lost someone in their lives. Her parents were killed by a drunk driver when they were out looking for her when she was a teen and had missed her curfew. She enjoys a flirtatious relationship with SSA Derek Morgan, often engaging in comical banter of a sexually suggestive nature when he calls for information. He calls her "Baby Girl". She was once shot and almost killed by Jason Clark Battle, who lured her on a date in the episode "Lucky" (season 3). When SSA Jennifer Jareau leaves the BAU, Penelope and Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner take over her job as communications liaison. She is kidnapped once again at the end of season 13. SSA Sam Cooper (Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior) often calls when his team needs her computer skills. Penelope is the godmother of both Jennifer's son, Henry, and Morgan's son, Hank. Prentiss is the daughter of Ambassador Elizabeth Prentiss (Kate Jackson). After SSA Elle Greenaway leaves the BAU, Section Chief Erin Strauss approves Emily to join the BAU. The plan was for Emily to report any problems within the BAU, but Emily remained loyal to the team and refused to report any problems, going so far as threatening resignation. Emily is also fluent in several languages, such as Spanish, French, Arabic and Italian, and has a working knowledge of Russian. She is apparently killed while being held hostage by Ian Doyle in the episode "Lauren" (season 6), but in the last scene of the episode, it is revealed that she survived her encounter with Ian and is seen with SSA Jennifer Jareau in Paris passing her passports and bank accounts for protection. In the season 7 premiere ("It Takes a Village"), she returns alive and well, much to the team's surprise. In the season 7 finale ("Run"), Emily decides to leave the BAU after accepting a position running and returning to the Interpol office in London. She returns for the 200th episode to help rescue a kidnapped SSA Jennifer Jareau and again in the episode "Tribute" (season 11), where she enlists the help of the BAU in catching a serial killer who had originally killed in Europe before killing in the United States. Paget Brewster was confirmed to return for a several-episode arc in season 12. Following the dismissal of Thomas Gibson, Brewster was promoted to a series regular again starting from season 12, episode 3; later Prentiss is promoted to Hotch's position of unit chief. Prentiss is suspended from her position for a brief portion of season 13, following scrutiny by her superior Linda Barnes on her behaviour as unit chief during Reid's imprisonment in Mexico. Prentiss was quickly reinstated, however, after the BAU worked a case that saved the life of a government officials daughter. Seaver replaces SSA Jennifer Jareau after she is forced to accept a promotion at the Pentagon. She was chosen for her unique background; her father, Charles Beauchamp, was a horrific serial killer known as the "Redmond Ripper", who murdered dozens of women before being caught by the BAU, incidentally. At first, Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner was going to make her a special one-time consultant to the BAU, but SSA David Rossi allowed her to finish her remedial training with the team under the supervision of SSA Emily Prentiss. In the episode "... With Friends Like These" (season 6), she graduated from the academy and had been added to the team as a "probationary agent". In the season 7 premiere ("It Takes a Village"), Jennifer reveals to Emily that Ashley transferred to the domestic trafficking task force, which is led by Andi Swann. Blake once worked for the BAU during the 2001 anthrax attacks but retired after a conflict with Chief Erin Strauss and rejoins the BAU after SSA Emily Prentiss transfers to the Interpol office in London. Alex first appears in the season 8 premiere ("The Silencer"). She makes a personal connection with Spencer Reid after he reveals to her that he has begun a romantic relationship with a woman whom he has never met. In the season 9 finale, after a difficult case in Texas in which the team is targeted by a group of corrupt sheriff deputies and Reid is shot, she escorts Reid to his apartment, explaining that the experience brought back memories of her son's death and that Reid reminds her of him. She leaves behind her credentials, which Reid finds in his bag before seeing Blake leave in a taxi, saddened but understanding. Callahan, as mentioned in the season 10 premiere, previously worked under Andi Swann's team, which is also Ashley Seaver's team since she left the BAU. She is a "seasoned undercover agent whose stellar work at the FBI has landed her a coveted position with the Behavioral Analysis Unit". She and her husband, Chris, have been the guardians of Kate's teenage niece, Meg, since Meg was a baby following her parents' deaths in the September 11, 2001, attacks. Kate and Chris discover they are expecting a baby in the middle of season 10, coinciding with the actress's real-life pregnancy. At the end of season 10, she decides to take a year off and raise her baby. Lewis is a psychologist with an eye on forensic psychology and its application to the criminal justice system. Her dream was to study psychopaths up close and personal—and her psychology background, combined with her experience in the FBI, brought her face to face with monsters. Her job was to stare them down and interview them, to determine if they were fit to stand trial. Lewis replaced both JJ (A. J. Cook) and Kate (Jennifer Love Hewitt) while they were on maternity leave in the 11th season. Alvez is a member of the FBI fugitive task force that partners with the BAU to catch the serial killers that escaped in the season 11 finale. In the season 12 premiere, he works with the BAU to catch the "Crimson King", one of the escapees that attacked Alvez's old partner. The team discovers the real killer is "Mr. Scratch", who taunts the team by turning over the real "Crimson King", who was tortured to the point he no longer remembers who he was. After that, Alvez decides to join the BAU full-time and was Hotch's last hire. Alvez has a Belgian Malinois dog named Roxy (whom Garcia thought at first was his human girlfriend) and served in Iraq as an Army Ranger prior to joining the FBI. Walker is a supervisory special agent with the BAU. Walker was a member of the Behavioral Analysis Program. He was contacted by Emily Prentiss (Paget Brewster) about joining the BAU to assist in the manhunt for Peter Lewis, a k a "Mr. Scratch". Walker is an experienced profiler with about 20 years under his belt and was a member of the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Program before his transfer to the BAU. He is married to a woman named Monica and has two children with her, Maya and Eli. He met Emily Prentiss, then the chief of Interpol's London office, during his line of work. He was also mentored by David Rossi (Joe Mantegna). Stephen's first case concerned a terrorist cell in Belgium, and three agents were sent undercover to infiltrate it. However, Stephen's profile was wrong, and this resulted in the deaths of the undercover agents. He eventually moved on from the trauma and improved as he went along in his career. He and other BAP agents, including his longtime friend Sam Bower, were sent undercover to investigate corruption in the Russian government. Walker's skills include being fluent in Russian and playing the trombone. In the season 13 premiere, it is revealed he had died in the car crash Mr. Scratch had arranged as a trap for the team at the end of season 12. Simmons is a special operations agent and formerly worked with the IRT. Simmons has a wife, Kristy (Kelly Frye), and has a total of four children, including two boys (Jake and David) and twin daughters, all of them under the age of 3. He was a former member of a special ops unit, and his experience with the unit allowed him to hone his profiling skills. Following the disbandment of the IRT, Simmons assists the BAU in taking down Mr. Scratch and is later recruited to the BAU as a replacement for the late Stephen Walker, becoming the last addition to the team in the series. At the end of the fourteenth season, Simmons and Kristy announce their pregnancy with the fifth child, and the following year, Kristy gives birth to daughter Rosemary Simmons (whom her parents had attempted to name after colleague David Rossi). Green is a former Army drone spotter. After his sister disappeared, Green searched for her and determined she had been killed by the serial killer Sicarius, deciding to infiltrate his network to find him. After being caught by the BAU, Green begins helping them on the Sicarius case and has a brief relationship with Garcia. In season 17, Green officially becomes a consultant for the BAU in helping with another case, though he has a tendency to work off the book. Voit, also known by the alias Sicarius, is a serial killer. During the COVID-19 pandemic he travelled around the United States and planted "kill kits". He later founded a network of serial killers who used these kits to commit their crimes. At the end of Season 16 Voit is caught and arrested, but the following season the BAU is forced to work with him to catch another serial killer.
 * Jason Gideon (Mandy Patinkin; Seasons 1–3), FBI Senior Supervisory Special Agent and formerly BAU Unit chief.
 * Aaron Hotchner (Thomas Gibson; Seasons 1–12), FBI Supervisory Special Agent and Unit Chief of the BAU, previously an agent in the Seattle field office.
 * Elle Greenaway (Lola Glaudini; Seasons 1–2), FBI Supervisory Special Agent.
 * Derek Morgan (Shemar Moore; Main: Seasons 1–11, Guest: Season 12–13), FBI Supervisory Special Agent and former Chicago Police officer.
 * Dr. Spencer Reid (Matthew Gray Gubler; Main: Seasons 1–15), FBI Supervisory Special Agent
 * Jennifer "JJ" Jareau (A. J. Cook; Main: Seasons 1–5 and 7–present; Recurring: Season 6), FBI Supervisory Special Agent and former BAU communications liaison.
 * Penelope Garcia (Kirsten Vangsness; Recurring: Season 1, Main: Seasons 1–present), BAU technical analyst and BAU communications liaison.
 * Emily Prentiss (Paget Brewster; Main: Seasons 2–7 and 12–present; Guest: Seasons 9 and 11), supervisory special agent and BAU Unit Chief
 * David Rossi (Joe Mantegna; Seasons 3–present), senior supervisory special agent with an Italian background. Rossi is a highly experienced profiler who once worked the BAU in its origins, then took early retirement in 1997 to write books and go on lecture tours about criminal analysis, until volunteering to return shortly after SSA Jason Gideon's departure in 2007. He has been married three times and is quite wealthy because of his successful writing career. In the episode "From Childhood's Hour" (season 7), David reconnects with his first wife, Carolyn Baker, who has shocking news for him. It is revealed that she came to him because she was diagnosed with ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) and wants David to assist in her suicide. In the next episode ("Epilogue"), Carolyn dies after taking a drug overdose. It is also revealed in this episode that David had a son who died at birth. In the season 8 episode "The Fallen", it is revealed that David was a Marine in Vietnam. The season 7 finale ("Hit") reveals SSA David Rossi may be having a secret relationship with Section Chief Erin Strauss; this was discovered when technical analyst Penelope Garcia and SSA Dr. Spencer Reid spot them both leaving a hotel. In the last season 8 episode ("The Replicator") we see their relationship has been known to the entire team. The episode is an emotional one for SSA David Rossi since Unit Chief Erin Strauss is murdered by The Replicator. She was taken from her hotel room, where he had planned to meet her that night, drugged and put on the streets of New York disoriented for Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner to find her. The episode's last scene is SSA David Rossi eulogizing her to the team after her funeral, at a gathering at his home. In season 10 we learn that David has a daughter from his second wife. Since then, he is shown to have a strong relationship with his daughter, son-in-law, and grandson, even approving of her husband's Italian heritage. In season 11 Rossi reunites with his second wife, and they give their relationship a second chance.
 * Ashley Seaver (Rachel Nichols; Season 6), FBI cadet and special agent.
 * Alex Blake (Jeanne Tripplehorn; Seasons 8–9), FBI linguistics expert, supervisory special agent, and professor at Georgetown University.
 * Kate Callahan (Jennifer Love Hewitt; Season 10), former FBI undercover agent and supervisory special agent.
 * Tara Lewis (Aisha Tyler; Main: Seasons 12–present; Recurring: Season 11), forensic psychologist and supervisory special agent.
 * Luke Alvez (Adam Rodriguez; Seasons 12–present), fugitive task force agent and supervisory special agent.
 * Stephen Walker (Damon Gupton; Season 12), supervisory special agent
 * Matt Simmons (Daniel Henney; Main: Seasons 13–15; Guest: Seasons 10 and 12), supervisory special agent, and former member of the International Response Team.
 * Tyler Green (Ryan-James Hatanaka; Main: Season 17; Recurring: Season 16), consultant.
 * Elias Voit (Zach Gilford; Main: Season 17; Recurring: Season 16)

Recurring

 * Erin Strauss (Jayne Atkinson; Seasons 2–3, 5–9), an assistant director and the BAU Unit Chief's direct superior. While her FBI experience was primarily in administration, SSA Derek Morgan remarked on her masterly marksmanship after observing her at a firing range. In early episodes, Strauss appeared only concerned with herself and appearances within the Bureau, going so far as to force SSA Jennifer Jareau to accept a promotion to the Pentagon in the episode "JJ" (season 6). Further character development revealed her alcohol abuse. After being confronted by Morgan and Hotchner, Strauss accepts help and achieves sobriety. In the season 8 finale, The Replicator breaks into Strauss's hotel room in New York, drugs her, and forces her—at gunpoint—to drink alcohol from her room's minibar. Hotchner finds her on a bench near the hotel, where Strauss dies in his arms. Her death is avenged when Rossi traps the Replicator in an exploding house. Fittingly, Strauss's sobriety helps defeat the Replicator as Rossi uses her sobriety chip to escape the Replicator's trap and taunts him with it. After attending her funeral, the members of the BAU gather in a still-emotional Rossi's backyard, reminisce, and toast her memory. Showrunner Erica Messer chose to kill Strauss off because she felt that the character had come full circle since she was first introduced.
 * Haley Hotchner (Meredith Monroe; Seasons 1–3, 5, 9) is Agent Aaron Hotchner's wife and the mother of his only son, Jack Hotchner, born in late 2005. The couple's marriage was troubled, and she walked out on him. She later appeared with divorce papers, and he accepted reluctantly so as not to cause any trouble for his son with the divorce. In the episode "100" (season 5), Haley and Jack were captured by a killer known as "The Reaper"; though Jack was saved, Haley was shot and died before Aaron could save her. Aaron later beat The Reaper to death. In the episode "Route 66", Hotch collapses from internal bleeding and dreams about Haley. She tells him that he should stop blaming himself for her death and to make sure Jack knows that he can talk about his mother's death. Haley leaves Hotch by telling him that he and Beth have a good relationship and he shouldn't mess it up by not telling her how he feels.
 * Jessica Brooks (Molly Baker; Seasons 1, 3, 5, 9–11), is Agent Aaron Hotchner's sister-in-law, Jack's aunt, and Haley's sister.
 * Jordan Todd (Meta Golding; Season 4) is SSA Jennifer Jareau's handpicked replacement to serve as the BAU's media director during Jennifer's maternity leave, from late 2008 through early 2009. Jordan had formerly served in the FBI counterterrorism division, but follows Jennifer for only one day of shadowing before Jennifer goes into labor. Jordan seemed to get along well with most of the team, even flirting platonically with SSA Derek Morgan. She is especially close with SSA David Rossi, who is seen to counsel her while they are on cases. However, Jordan has clashed several times with Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner. She eventually leaves when she decides she can't handle the stress that comes with her job.
 * Diana Reid (Jane Lynch; Seasons 1–2, 4, 12, 15), the mother of BAU team member Dr. Spencer Reid. Like her son, she has a high IQ. She was once a university professor of literature, but has schizophrenia and is hospitalized in a Las Vegas sanitarium, where Spencer committed her when he was 18. Her husband, William Reid, left prior to her diagnosis because of his inability to cope with her illness, and he could not deal with protecting her after she witnessed a murder. She is functional when on her medication, but frequently lapses into regression to her university career. Diana spent much time reading aloud to Spencer while he was growing up, and he continues to write her a letter every day. She is proud of her son but disapproves of the FBI, as it is a government-run organization; she refers to his colleagues as "fascists". She seems to be showing signs of improvement in later episodes, when Reid states that she went on a supervised field trip to the Grand Canyon without feeling the need to notify him. However, she did not forget him, with Reid later receiving a postcard and a gift from her.
 * William LaMontagne Jr. (Josh Stewart; Seasons 2–5, 7–9, 11–16) is SSA Jennifer Jareau's husband and the father of Jennifer's sons, Henry and Michael. Will and Jennifer met while she was working a case in his hometown. As of early season 4, Will had moved to Virginia and is a stay-at-home dad for Henry until he became a detective for the Metropolitan Police Department (Washington D.C.) as shown in the season 7 finale ("Run"). It is also stated that the couple had made a deal that in a life-threatening situation, they would do everything so that one of them could live to look after Henry. Jennifer accepted his marriage proposal and they were married officially; however, when their son was born, they exchanged rings with insets of Henry's birthstone, citrine. He is seen briefly in the 100th episode getting medicine for Henry with Jennifer, as well as the episode "The Slave of Duty" (season 5), accompanying Jennifer and the team at Haley Hotchner's funeral. In the season 7 finale, Will works alongside JJ to stop the bank robbers and is eventually taken hostage. Afterward, they agree to get married and unknowingly attend a surprise wedding ceremony thrown by Rossi and Will.
 * Kevin Lynch (Nicholas Brendon; Seasons 3–10) first appears in the episode "Penelope" (season 3), in which he is required to search Penelope Garcia's computer to learn who shot her. Kevin sends the team live video alerting that the unsub (unknown subject) is in the BAU headquarters. He is intensely impressed by Penelope's computer skills, and the feeling is mutual. At the end of the episode, Penelope is introduced to Kevin, and the two become romantically involved. In the episode "I Love You, Tommy Brown" (season 7), Kevin proposes to Penelope, but she turns him down, saying that "things are going too fast", and ultimately the couple break up.
 * Mateo Cruz (Esai Morales; Seasons 9–10) takes over from the late Erin Strauss as the new BAU section chief in season 9. He has a past working relationship with JJ. It was revealed in "200" that the two had worked on a task force together in the Middle East. He was the only person to know of her pregnancy and miscarriage during her time on the task force. In the same episode, they are both kidnapped by Tivon Askari (Faran Tahir), who was a traitor within the task force. They are both physically and mentally tortured into giving the access codes given to them during the mission. He is shocked to discover that Michael Hastings (Tahmoh Penikett), one of the men with whom they had worked on the task force, was the mastermind behind the plan and threatened to rape JJ to give him the access codes. He gives in and is later stabbed by Askari, who is quickly killed by Hotch. Cruz is taken to the hospital following the incident and is believed to be alive. Several episodes later, he reappears in the season 9 finale, "Angels" and "Demons", when he asks the team to investigate a case brought to him by his friend Peter Coleman, the sheriff of Briscoe County, Texas. They first arrive to investigate a series of murders involving prostitutes, but as they investigate, the team soon finds that they are caught in a ring of corrupt deputies—ironically the only officer not involved being Sheriff Coleman—and find their lives in danger. After a fatal shootout with the corrupt, drug-peddling Preacher Mills (Brett Cullen), Sheriff Coleman is killed, Morgan is wounded, and Reid is critically wounded and hospitalized as a result. Distraught by this turn of events, Cruz travels to Texas with Garcia to help the team investigate and apprehend the ring leader, Deputy Owen McGregor (Michael Trucco). He is not seen again until late in season 10 (episode 19, "Beyond Borders") when he needs the BAU to help the FBI's international team, led by Jack Garrett (Gary Sinise), to catch an unsub who has kidnapped a family while on vacation in Barbados. The case is especially critical because this unsub has eluded both the domestic and international BAU teams by killing a family in Aruba, then in Florida one year later. This episode was the backdoor pilot for the upcoming spinoff, titled Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders. He has not been seen since.
 * Savannah Morgan (née Hayes) (Rochelle Aytes; Seasons 9–11) is Derek Morgan's wife. She works as a doctor at Bethesda General Hospital. Savannah first appeared in Season 9's "The Return", and it is presumed that Morgan and Savannah started dating prior to Season 9 and first met after she approached him when he was depressed over a case that ended badly. Before they started dating, they used to be neighbors. She was introduced to the show because Shemar Moore, the actor who portrays Morgan, requested that his character get a romantic partner.
 * Joy Struthers (Amber Stevens; Seasons 10–11, 14) is Rossi's daughter from his short-lived second marriage to French diplomat Hayden Montgomery. When they divorced, Hayden didn't tell him she was pregnant, and Joy thought her father was her mother's second husband, who finally told her the truth before dying from cancer. In the episode, "Fate" (10x09), Joy seeks Rossi out and they're getting to know each other. Joy is a reporter and true-crime writer and is married. She has a two-year-old son named Kai.
 * Kristy Simmons (Kelly Frye; Seasons 13–15) is Matt Simmons' wife, and the mother of his four (later five) children.

Production
In February 2021, a revival of the series was in early development at Paramount+, with a 10-episode sixteenth season revival officially greenlit. As of the Television Critics Association winter press tour a year later, it is still in development. In July 2022, Paramount+ officially gave the revival a full season order. The main cast of the previous seasons are all set to return, with the absence of Daniel Henney and Matthew Gray Gubler, the latter of whom has been with the series since the first episode. The season begin filming in August 2022. In January 2023, Paramount+ renewed the series for a seventeenth season.

Reception
Season 1

The first season of Criminal Minds received mixed reviews from critics. It has a Metacritic score of 42 based on 21 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Dorothy Rabinowitz said, in her review for The Wall Street Journal, "From the evidence of the first few episodes, Criminal Minds may be a hit, and deservedly" and gave particular praise to Gubler and Patinkin's performances. Ned Martel in The New York Times was less positive, saying, "The problem with "Criminal Minds" is its many confusing maladies, applied to too many characters." The reviewer felt that "as a result, the cast seems like a spilled trunk of broken toys, with which the audience—and perhaps the creators—may quickly become bored." The Chicago Tribune reviewer, Sid Smith, felt that the show "may well be worth a look", though he too criticized the "confusing plots and characters". Writing in PopMatters, Marco Lanzagorta criticized the show after its premiere, saying it "confuses critical thinking with supernatural abilities" and that its characters conform to stereotypes. In the Los Angeles Times, Mary McNamara gave a similar review, and praised Patinkin and Gubler's performances.

Season 2

Gillian Flynn said, in her review for Entertainment Weekly, "Like every procedural crime series of late, Minds is stocked with weary, overworked detective types. But here they also seem bored, bitter, and unengaged."

Ross Ruediger, had a more positive review, in his review for Bullz-Eye.com, he said, "The producers and writers deserve major kudos for developing a strategy for keeping the show on the air without dumbing it down, and the second season of "Criminal Minds" sets a higher bar for this type of network series." He praised the show for not repeating its themes, and highlighted Matthew Gray Gubler's performance as the usual standout of the show. He also mentioned the performances from the rest of the cast, saying, "There isn't a weak performer in the BAU ensemble."

Season 3

Bruce Simmons said, in his review for Screen Rant, "Last season, they started showing both sides of the equation... It took some of the fun out of wondering who or what, but they made up for it with decent character interaction and development, and there were many last season."

Cynthia Fuchs, in her review for PopMatters, focuses on David Rossi's, played by Joe Mantegna, addition to the show. In her review, she said, "[Criminal Minds] needs signs of effort, gritty character work rather than shorthand "traits" ripped off from other shows (how many times have you seen the enticing oddball researcher or the socially inept genius?) It's tempting to think Patinkin was tired of the same-old. Rossi's traditional earnestness and self-reliance, his recklessness and self-doubt, might juice this too-slick series into a semblance of originality, even relevance." She explained how she thought the addition of his character could shake up the formula of Criminal Minds, giving it a more interesting angle. She rated the season a 6 out of 10.

Season 4

Todd R. Ramlow, in his review for PopMatters, criticized the fourth season's depiction of Islam, saying that the "manipulation of racial assumptions and liberal guilt" is problematic, aligning themselves with the principle that if someone looks like a terrorist, than they are a terrorist. He criticizes the season for "further linking Islam to a so called 'culture of death', as opposed to the "culture of life" seemingly celebrated by the Christian West". He said, "It's unfortunate that even when the architects of the "global war on terror" have changed their phrasing and perhaps their presumptions, Criminal Minds steps back in with such absolutism." He rated the season a 4/10.

Will Harris, in his review for Bullz-Eye.com, focuses on the performances of the guest stars, citing how the opportunity to play villains within the show brings out some of their best acting performances. He said, "There's clearly something about playing a bad guy on "Criminal Minds" that brings out the best in the show's guest stars, as some of the season's best episodes come courtesy of one-off performances by recognizable faces who have taken on that very challenge. Luke Perry plays a deluded cult leader, Mitch Pileggi plays a "normal" guy who snaps after a personal tragedy and turns into a killer, and Alex O'Loughlin is a murderer with enough of a conscience to leave messages at his crime scenes asking for help."

Season 5

Anthony Ocasio, in his review for Screen Rant, focused on Aaron Hotchner's storyline, which was one of the main points of the season. He stated the episode "100", which was also the show's 100th episode, was amazing and said, "The whole angle about Hotchner never being able to see his son again was pretty intense. I can't believe they went in that direction with it. It's something I wasn't expecting it at all." However, he heavily criticized the season's finale, citing that it was flat from the beginning and had a poor cliffhanger. He said, "The fifth season finale of Criminal Minds was terrible, at best. Even an amazing guest star like Tim Curry was unable to save this lack-luster 'cliffhanger'."

Season 6

Darragh Mcmanus of The Guardian, gave the season a positive review, saying that Criminal Minds was only getting better with each season. They said that despite the fact that it wasn't groundbreaking or new, it was still thoroughly entertaining. They said, "Season six has since settled into the groove nicely, with two excellent subsequent episodes rinsing out memories of Toothy Tim. JJ had a tense plot, almost like a play, centred on two Leopold and Loeb types, and a touching denouement as the titular Agent took her leave, while last Friday Remembrance Of Things Past was gruelling and gruesome, and scarier than usual, with the team tracking down a killer come out of retirement – a residual nightmare from Rossi's past."

Steve Marsi, in his review for TV Fanatic, said that the season was overall good, rating it a 4 out of 5, but cited casting issues. He praised A.J Cook's performance as the "performance of a lifetime" and lamented her departure from the show that season. He said, "It's a shame that 'The Longest Night' marked a career high point for Jennifer Jereau, a character who just delivered so strongly, only to be shown the door next week. Was this CBS' way of sending her off on a high note? If so, it worked in a sense. She was great. But it made us even more confused and sad about Cook's departure."

Season 7

Renatta Selliti, in her review for TV Fanatic, gave the season a positive review with a 5 out of 5 rating, and said, "What's equally compelling as the profiling aspect on a show like Criminal Minds is the personal connection between the characters, and this group has it pitch perfect." She praised the season's writing and memorable moments such as Prentiss' return, stating that it created emotional scenes that kept viewers engaged, saying, "Moments like these are what primetime television viewers live for."

Anthony Ocasio, in his review for Screen Rant, also had a positive review. He said that the storyline which focused on Emily Prentiss' fake death, and the aftermath of such, was a new format that while it wasn't the representation of an amazing Criminal Minds case, it was refreshing from the usual case of the week approach. He stated that each character got their moment to shine, and the writing resulted in compelling character moments. Specifically, he praised Matthew Gray Gubler's performance, especially in the judiciary meeting scene and said, "The moment where the Senator stated "Calm down, Mr. Reid," and Gubler replied, "I am calm - and its doctor," may very well be one of the best performances of a line in the history of the series." Finally, he stated the season wrapped up well, and said, "Of course they're going to be fine. Of course nobody from the team is going to be permanently suspended. But that doesn't mean the manner in which we came to this resolution wasn't appropriately earned, or deserved."

Season 8

Douglas Wolf, in his review for TV Fanatic, gave the show a positive review with a 5 out of 5 rating. He focused particularly on the two-part finale, which featured Mark Hamill, saying, "The Criminal Minds two-part finale left me on the edge of my seat, earning a perfect rating and leaving my jaw hanging open in shock." He stated that the buildup was really well done, and that it explored new layers of the characters. For example, he said that the depiction of the relationship between Strauss and Rossi was memorable, as it was unexpected. He said, "I didn't realize the depth of his commitment to Strauss, nor was I aware that he was pretty much cheering in her corner as she obtained her medallion for one year of sobriety. The writing around the relationship of these two was compelling and real - and so his agony over her death, and especially about how it would affect her kids, was compelling."

Broadcast and ratings
In 2016, a study by The New York Times of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that "like several of the other police procedurals", Criminal Minds "is more popular in rural areas, particularly in the southeastern half of the country. It hits peak popularity in Alabama and rural Tennessee and is least popular in Santa Barbara, Calif."

 * Note: The series premiere episode aired outside of its regular day and time at Thursday 10:00 p.m.

The series is in syndication on the A&E Network and Ion Television, as well as on We TV, Sundance TV, and Pop. Early seasons of the show have also begun airing on Rewind Networks's HITS TV channel in Southeast Asia, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.

All episodes are available to stream on Paramount+ in the United States and on Disney+ in Canada. The series, which ABC Signature co-produces while also handle worldwide distribution, is available on Disney+'s Star content hub with all 16 seasons in selected territories. Despite Disney's international distribution rights, the first 6 seasons of the show began surface on Paramount+ in international territories where the service is available like Australia, Canada and the UK in October 2023. Disney+ however continues to show all 16 seasons in these regions (including the Paramount+ seasons).

Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior
The Season 5 episode, "The Fight", introduced a second BAU team and launched a series called Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior. The spin-off series debuted February 16, 2011, on CBS but was canceled after a short 13-episode season owing to low ratings. On September 6, 2011, CBS DVD released The Complete Series on a four-disc set. It was packaged as "The DVD Edition".

The cast features Forest Whitaker as the lead role of Sam Cooper; including Janeane Garofalo, Michael Kelly, Beau Garrett, Matt Ryan, Richard Schiff, and Kirsten Vangsness, who reprises her role as Penelope Garcia from the original series.

Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders
A proposed new series in the Criminal Minds franchise to be named Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders was announced in January 2015. Former CSI: NY star Gary Sinise (who is also a producer on the show) and Anna Gunn were cast in the lead roles of Jack Garrett and Lily Lambert, though the latter departed after the backdoor pilot. Tyler James Williams was cast as Russ "Monty" Montgomery and Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons, with Alana de la Garza as Clara Seger and Annie Funke as Mae Jarvis further being cast as series regulars.

The series follows the FBI agents of the International Response Team (IRT) helping American citizens who are in trouble abroad. CBS aired a backdoor pilot on April 8, 2015, in the Criminal Minds slot, with a crossover episode titled "Beyond Borders". The second spin-off series debuted March 16, 2016, on CBS. On May 16, 2016, CBS renewed the series for a second season. On May 14, 2017, CBS canceled the series after two seasons due to low ratings.

The Real Criminal Minds
A planned true-crime docuseries, titled The Real Criminal Minds was also ordered by Paramount+. The series will feature a real former FBI profiler and examine real cases and real behavior, illustrated by clips from the fictional Criminal Minds series.

Criminal Minds Korea
In 2017, tvN launched their own Korean version of Criminal Minds. The episodes are based on the original American version after its third season. On the cast is Lee Joon-gi as Kim Hyun-joon (Derek Morgan), Moon Chae Won as Ha Sun-woo (Emily Prentiss), Son Hyun-joo as Kang Ki-hyung (Aaron Hotchner), Yoo Sun as Nana Hwang (Penelope Garcia), Lee Sun-bin as Yoo Min-young (Jennifer Jareau), and Go Yoon as Lee Han (Spencer Reid). The episodes are hour-long.

Video games
CBS announced in October 2009 that Legacy Interactive would develop a video game based on the show. The game would require players to examine crime scenes for clues to help solve murder mysteries. The interactive puzzle game was released in 2012, but the show's cast was not involved with the project so it did not feature any of their voices. The second game, developed by Tilting Point, was released on November 20, 2018, for Android and iOS devices.

title: Criminal Minds


text:
Talk:Georgia national football team

Official website
Georgian Football Federation official website is not working.. all the links are not able to access the Database.. Please fix it ASAP! Thank You! IA

Shota Arveladze's goal tally
It says in this article that Arveladze's goal tally is 21, but on his article, the goal tally is listed at 22. Could someone look into this? --Paidgenius 16:46, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Old national team
Was there any sort of Georgian national team during Georgia's independence from Russia (1918-21)? If so it should be mentioned in the article. Lord Cornwallis (talk) 22:27, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know if there was a team between 1918-21, but a Georgian national team did play on 30 July 1937 against the Basque national team. References for this are this one and this one, and there are plenty of Spanish language sources as well.

 * Here is a short film of a match played a week earlier between the Basques and Dinamo Tbilisi.
 * If any other editor is fluent in Georgian or Russian it would be interesting to search a Georgian or Russian newspaper or film archive to get more details. Mark immer (talk) 15:30, 10 June 2016 (UTC)

New list of players
Should be updated with the players called for the match against Italy —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.97.102.198 (talk) 01:48, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Update request
Can someone add the profiles for David Odikadze and Ucha Lobjanidze, both in the starting eleven in the match versus Ireland Republic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.97.102.198 (talk) 17:01, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Language issues
This page badly needs some editing by a first-language English speaker. I will have a go at it, but there are some sections in which the intended meaning is unclearTigerboy1966 (talk) 00:57, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Replaceable fair use File:Georgian Football Federation logo.svg
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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Afghanistan national football team which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:23, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
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SAJAN
''sajan AMMU ACHU'' 2409:4073:301:A9E3:0:0:BCE:A0A5 (talk) 16:40, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Georgia national football team


text:
Henry Oliver Walker

Henry Oliver Walker (May 14, 1843 – January 14, 1929) was an American painter of figures and portraits best known for his mural decorations. His works include a series of paintings honoring various poets for the Library of Congress and decorations for public buildings such as the Appellate Court House in New York City, Bowdoin College in Maine, the Massachusetts State House, the Minnesota State Capitol, and the Court House in Newark, New Jersey.

Life
Walker was born in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1879, he went Paris, France to study painting under Léon Bonnat at the École des Beaux-Arts. After returning to the United States in 1882, he lived for a few years in Boston, then moved to New York and set up a studio there. In 1884, Walker exhibited two portraits at the Boston Art Club, and in 1885 he exhibited another portrait.

In 1888, at the suggestion of Thomas Dewing, he established a studio in Cornish, New Hampshire. In Cornish he was part of the Cornish Art Colony that included such artists as Dewing, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Maxfield Parrish, Louis St. Gaudens, Charles A. Platt, and Kenyon Cox.

In 1888 he married Laura Marquand, a textile designer and decorative artist. He became a member of the National Academy of Design, New York, in 1902. Walker died in Belmont, Massachusetts.

title: Henry Oliver Walker


text:
Category:Uyghur music

See also Uyghur

title: Category:Uyghur music


text:
Talk:Potassium tartrate

Use with plaster
I believe cream of tartar is employed by plasterworkers, mixed with plaster of Paris in the skim coat to retard the rate of drying and thus to allow longer working time. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 141.155.18.176 (talk • contribs).

Disambiguation link
Added a link to clarify homonym of Argol (small village in finistère département in France). Mille sabord 22:08, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Cream of tartar isn't the same stuff. It's potassium hydrogen tartarate, whereas this page is about dipotassium tartarate.67.158.76.126 20:57, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Formula
Potassium acid tartrate has the formula KHC4H4O6. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 142.150.8.71 (talk • contribs).

 * That would be potassium acid tartrate, not dipotassium tartrate. —Keenan Pepper 03:56, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 01:14, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Please add usage cases
Please add some usage cases, like the use in pavlova, not just a salt replacement and acid regulator.

What does it really do to food?

Thanks -- 11:04, 9 December 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.145.79.6 (talk)

title: Talk:Potassium tartrate


text:
Inpop Records

Inpop Records is an independent contemporary Christian music record label based in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. It was launched in July 1999 by Australians Peter Furler, Dale Bray, and Wes Campbell. The name was derived from the idea of wanting to highlight the talents of international pop artists, though they have signed an equal number of American artists.

History
When former Newsboys lead singer Peter Furler and the band's manager Wes Campbell first came to the United States in the 1980s, they had no intention of owning a record label. A decade later, Furler decided he was tired of sharing his tour bus bunk with hundreds of demos piled high, all given to him from artists he met on tour. Deciding to do something about it, he and Campbell and Australian Businessman Dale Bray launched Inpop Records in July 1999. Inpop's stated goal is to discover the best artists around the world that understand the grace of the gospel of Jesus Christ, and who also have something new and unique to offer the world of Christian music.

In 2018 SoundHouse LLC acquired the assets of InPop Records

Roster

 * Consumed by Fire (US)
 * Mat Kearney (US)
 * Taylor Red (US)
 * V. Rose (US)

Previous roster

 * Acquire the Fire (US)
 * The Advice (US) (Active)
 * Article One (Canada) (Disbanded)
 * Bob Smiley (US) (Active)
 * Beanbag (Australia) (Disbanded)
 * The Benjamin Gate (South Africa) (Disbanded)
 * Chasen (US) (Disbanded)
 * Casting Pearls (US) (currently with INO Records)
 * Charmaine (Australia) (Active) with in:ciite media/Word Distribution
 * Everyday Sunday (US) (Active)
 * Fusebox (US) (Disbanded)
 * Foolish Things (US) (Disbanded)
 * Go Fish (US) (Active)
 * Ian Eskelin (US) (Active)
 * JJ Weeks Band (US) (Active)
 * Julian Drive (US) (Active)
 * Jimmy Needham (US) (Active)
 * Newsboys (Australia) (Active, now with Fair Trade Services)
 * Newworldson (Canada) (Active, Platinum Pop Records)
 * Paul Colman (Australia) (Active)
 * Petra (US) (Active)
 * Phil Joel (New Zealand) (Active, with deliberatePeople Records, now with Zealand Worship)
 * Plus One (US) (Disbanded)
 * Salvador (US) (Active)
 * Sarah Brendel (Germany) (Active)
 * Shane & Shane (US) (Active, now with Fair Trade Servies and INO Records)
 * Stellar Kart (US) (Disbanded)
 * Superchick (US) (Disbanded)
 * Tree63 (South Africa) (Active)
 * Tricia (US) (Active)
 * Jaci Velasquez (US) (Active)
 * Karyn Williams (US) (Active)

title: Inpop Records


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Martinsburg and Winchester metal and punk

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:14, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Martinsburg and Winchester metal and punk
Bandcruft -Tydaj 02:23, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research and vanity. This article on a nonnotable music "scene" was created just to further promote Stuck In Kaos (see VfD below), and clearly consists of subjective observations rather than an account of documented sources.  Postdlf 03:07, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete self promotion. JamesBurns 08:28, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, band vanity. the wub  "?/!"  12:08, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity royblumy 22:05, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn scene vanity. --Etacar11 22:55, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete There are some decent bands there right now, but it isn't exactly Seattle, circa 1990 or anything Youngamerican 14:57, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wrap (food)

A wrap is a culinary dish made with a soft flatbread rolled around a filling.

The usual flatbreads are wheat tortillas, lavash, or pita; the filling may include cold sliced meat, poultry, or fish, shredded lettuce, diced tomato or pico de gallo, guacamole, sauteed mushrooms, bacon, grilled onions, cheese, and a sauce, such as ranch dressing or honey mustard.

History
People in Mexico, Mediterranean, and South Asia have been eating wraps since around the 1900s. Mexicans refer to them as burritos, and they come in different varieties, primarily wheat flour or corn, typically filled with meat, beans, rice, cheese, and other ingredients.

The wrap in its Western form probably comes from California, as a generalization of the Mexican and Tex-Mex burrito, and became popular in the 1990s. It may have been invented and named at a southern California chain called "I Love Juicy" in the early 1980s. Shortly after the Box Lunch restaurant opened in 1977 in Wellfleet Massachusetts, the "Rollwich" became their signature menu item. The OVO Bistro in NYC introduced its wrap sandwich in 1990 under the name "The King Edward," The Bobby Valentine Sports Gallery Cafe in Stamford, Connecticut, is sometimes claimed to have invented the wrap at about the same time, but Valentine is diffident about it: "Well, that's legend and folklore, but until somebody disputes me or comes up with a better story, I'll say I invented the wrap." Beth Dolan of Stamford, Connecticut, is the waitress credited for serving the first wrap after the restaurant had run out of bread. Moreover, Valentine's own story dates his use of the name 'wrap' to the mid-1990s, after it is documented in California. San Francisco-based chain World Wrapps, which opened its first location in February 1995, is credited with popularizing the wrap nationwide. In 1988, Jeff Fairhall of Seattle created the Essential Sandwich – a rice and veggie wrap – which he distributed to local health food stores. Within four years, he was making 10,000 wraps a week sold at 220 locations in Seattle.

Wraps in public eating places
In the 1900s, kati rolls became a popular street food in Kolkata, India, with kebab wrapped in paratha bread; although over the years many variants have evolved, all of which now go under the generic name of kati roll. Restaurants such as Camille's Sidewalk Cafe, Sonic Drive-In, Jason's Deli, Buffalo Wild Wings, Subway, TOGO'S, Chick-fil-A, Roly Poly, McAlister's Deli, and Le Wrap Factorie serve wraps. KFC now serves its chicken in a wrap as menu choice, with lettuce, mayonnaise and salsa. McDonald's had a snack wrap, with a fried or grilled chicken strip, lettuce, cheddar, and ranch dressing. It was discontinued and there are no plans to bring them back to US menus. Smokey Bones Barbeque and Grill has recently introduced a Portobello Chicken Wrap to broaden their selection of grilled menu items.

title: Wrap (food)


text:
Marty (TV series)

Marty is a British television sketch comedy series, with Marty Feldman, Tim Brooke-Taylor, John Junkin, Roland MacLeod, Mary Miller and Peter Pocock which was made in 1968. There was a second series made in 1969, re-titled It's Marty. In total, 12 episodes were produced.

The writers were John Cleese, Tim Brooke-Taylor, John Junkin, Marty Feldman, Barry Took, Graham Chapman, Terry Jones, Philip Jenkinson, Donald Webster, Peter Dickinson, Terry Gilliam, Michael Palin, John Law, Frank Muir and Denis Norden. Lionel Blair choreographed a routine for an episode of It's Marty. Took and Marty Feldman were given an award for the show by the actor Kenneth Horne.

A compilation of surviving sketches from the series has been released on DVD, with the title The Best of Marty Feldman.

List of episodes
The following episodes, compilations and specials were produced for the BBC between 1968 and 1971.

Awards

 * 1969 BAFTA Television Awards
 * Best Light Entertainment Performer - won by Marty Feldman
 * Best Light Entertainment Production - won by Dennis Main-Wilson
 * Best Writer - won by Marty Feldman and Barry Took

 * 1969 Writer's Guild of Great Britain Award
 * Best British Light Entertainment Script - won by the series writers of Marty and It's Marty

title: Marty (TV series)


text:
File:HyVeeHall.jpg

Hy-Vee Hall, part of the Iowa Events Center in Des Moines, Iowa. This view, looking north, was photographed on July 10, 2005, from the top of a parking ramp on Grand Avenue.

title: File:HyVeeHall.jpg


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Two Harbors, California

Two Harbors, colloquially known as "The Isthmus", is a small unincorporated community island village on the island of Santa Catalina Island, California, United States, with a population of 298 (Census of 2000). It is the second center of population on the island, besides the city of Avalon. It is mainly a resort village. It has only one restaurant, one hotel and one general store. The village has about 150 permanent residents who live on the isthmus year-round. One notable feature was the one-room schoolhouse which closed in 2014.

Geography
Two Harbors is a small island village located approximately 37 km from San Pedro Harbor on Santa Catalina Island. On the island's narrow isthmus, it is located about 18 mi from the only city on the island, Avalon. It is named for the two harbors separated by the 770 m section of land between the leeward (northern) Isthmus Cove (aka Banning Harbor) and Catalina (or Cat) Harbor on the windward (southern) side, which together almost cut off the northwestern sixth 31.7 km2 from the main part of the island. White Rock Island, commonly known as Bird Rock, is a small, privately owned island only 6312 m2 in size. It is approximately 1.4 km northeast of Two Harbors, offshore from Isthmus Cove, and 470 m northwest of the closest coastal point.

History
The area where Two Harbors is located was originally referred to simply as the Isthmus of Catalina Island. By the 1860s, mining operations for silver, lead and zinc took place in the area. In 1864, during the Civil War, the Union Army sent 83 soldiers to the island to establish Camp Santa Catalina Island, both to protect the area from Confederate privateers and survey the isthmus and adjacent Catalina Harbor for the Bureau of Indian Affairs as a location for a future Indian reservation for "militant" tribes captured in the Bald Hills War. However, the reservation idea was abandoned and so was the camp. The barracks that the Army built on the isthmus were later used to house visiting film crews in the 1920s and 1930s, a contingent of the U.S. Coast Guard during World War II, and in 1951 became the home of the Isthmus Yacht Club.

The Ning Po, a Chinese merchant ship built in 1753 and involved in over a century of war, rebellion, and piracy, eventually found its way to Catalina and was converted into a tourist attraction in 1913. The Ning Po burned off the western shore of the isthmus in 1938. The fire which destroyed her also claimed several wooden sailing vessels that had been used in filming motion-picture "spectaculars", including the famous old down-Easter Llewellyn J. Morse which stood in for the USS Constitution — with accurate re-rigging — in the silent film Old Ironsides.

Primary and secondary schools
Two Harbors is part of the Long Beach Unified School District. The one-room school closed in 2014 due to sharply declining enrollment. School age children now attend Avalon Schools K-12.

Colleges and universities
The USC Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies is an environmental research and education facility run by the University of Southern California in Two Harbors. The campus consists of a 30,000 square-foot (2,800 square-meter) laboratory building, a dormitory housing, a cafeteria, a hyperbaric chamber, and a large waterfront staging area complete with dock, pier, helipad, and diving lockers. The facility was made possible by a donation from the Wrigley family and was named for Philip K. Wrigley.

Transportation
Two Harbors is served by ferry lines with regular daily service to San Pedro. A helicopter can also be chartered to the village. The Catalina Airport-In-The-Sky is 10 mi away to the east. Alternatively, various charter boats offer private service to the island.

Most people generally walk or bike around and between Two Harbors and its neighboring campgrounds, Little Harbor and Parsons Landing. Currently there is no shuttle transportation available for guests between these sites.

A ferry run by the Catalina Island Company is available seasonally for transportation between Avalon and Two Harbors. Taxi service is also available.

title: Two Harbors, California


text:
File:VetsAuditorium.jpg

Veterans Memorial Auditorium, part of the Iowa Events Center in Des Moines, Iowa. This was photographed on July 10, 2005, from atop the 6th & Center parking ramp looking east.

title: File:VetsAuditorium.jpg


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NCAA track and field championships (Philippines)

This is a list National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines) track and field champions. The school with the highest number of cumulative points wins the championship.

Like other NCAA events, there are two championships that are awarded, the Seniors division and the Juniors division championships. The championships are held on an outdoors.

Number of championships per school
NOTE
 * LSGH won five (5) championships as juniors to DLSC/DLSU and two (2) championships as juniors to CSB.


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SYR1: Anagrama

SYR1: Anagrama is an EP by American alternative rock band Sonic Youth. It was released in May 1997, and was the first in a series of experimental and mostly instrumental releases issued on the band's own SYR label.

Background
The liner notes for Anagrama were written in French, starting a tradition of having the liner notes of SYR releases written in foreign languages.

Personnel
Sonic Youth

 * Thurston Moore – vocals, guitar
 * Kim Gordon – vocals, bass
 * Lee Ranaldo – vocals, guitar
 * Steve Shelley – drums

Technical
 * Wharton Tiers – engineering
 * Greg Calbi – mastering

title: SYR1: Anagrama


text:
User:Hv

I'm no encyclopædist - I do not usually have the temperament to do extensive research to create an encyclopædic article - but it is natural for me to proofread as I read, so most of my edits will likely be relatively minor fixups.

I am a computer programmer with experience of many computer languages, but my main tools for the last few years have been Perl and C.

Particular interests include open source software, mathematics (especially number theory and computation), science fiction, and hard puzzles (in particular cryptic crosswords).

I have long felt that the Internet should be making it possible to learn any aspect of human knowledge that exists - from any starting point, to any depth. While Wikipedia cannot assume the entire burden of making that possible, it clearly has a major role to play and I look forward to helping it do so.

To do
Some things I hope to do as time, energy and knowledge permit.

Primality testing
Learn some more about finite fields and group theory. Go back to the AKS Primality Test paper Prime is in P and finish following the proof. Further extend the AKS Primality Test article, to include the full algorithm (in a manner comprehensible to programmers) and the full proof. Find, read and grok the more recent papers that improved on the algorithm. Add articles (where not already present) to describe the improved algorithms. Add a summary article on AKS-style tests to bind them all.

Alea iacta est
Information is scattered between Julius Caesar, Crossing the Rubicon and List of Latin phrases, and Wiktionary is entirely deficient: 'alea', 'iacta' -> 'iactus' -> 'iacere', and the full phrase 'alea iacta est'

List of prime numbers
Now the list is alphabetised, restore as cross-references those types that were previously related by proximity.

Somewhere, show that $$gcd(F_m, F_n) = F_{gcd(m,n)}$$, and extend Fibonacci prime to use this to clarify the divisibility assertion.

Missing math articles
Work through some more of Missing science topics/Maths1.

Cryptic crossword
Add to the types of clue, and improve some examples. Extend or create a new page for thematic cryptics along the lines of The Listener crosswords (though once you start describing these it is difficult to imagine where you might stop). Expand or split off discussion of The Listener Crossword from The Listener (British magazine). Mention notable compilers, The Magpie (and defunct predecessors).

Disambiguation
Olivet => Mount Olivet; Rodrigo => Joaquín Rodrigo

Other
The various things I've already forgotten because I didn't write them down

title: User:Hv


text: File:SYR1 Anagrama.jpg

title: File:SYR1 Anagrama.jpg


text:
Walford's County Families

Walford's County Families is the short title of a work, partly social register, partly "Who's Who", which was produced in Britain in the 19th and 20th centuries, initially under the editorship of Edward Walford. It served as a guide or handbook to the British upper classes and landed gentry (in this case referred to in the title under the term, county families, for which see county family). The title of the annual volumes making up the series varied, and they are sometimes referred to simply as Walford or Walford's. According to the British Library catalogue, they were published from 1860 to 1920.

The work's coverage encompassed many of the most important rich, aristocratic or politically powerful of the people of the period. On the other hand, a sarcastic review in The Spectator in 1868 related that "Mr. Walford ... knows his countrymen, and has compiled a book, which, it is clear, they buy, a directory of all Englishmen distinguished for anything except knowledge, wisdom, or service to mankind." Discussing the "county family" concept, it went on to say that Walford had "included in a vast list of some twelve thousand persons every family living outside a town, and having any sort of claim ... to be considered distinguished."

title: Walford's County Families


text:
Kristina Orbakaitė

Kristina Edmundovna Orbakaitė (Кристина Эдмундовна Орбакайте; born 25 May 1971) is a Russian-Lithuanian singer and actress. Her parents are Russian pop star Alla Pugacheva and Lithuanian circus performer Mykolas Orbakas.

Biography
Kristina Orbakaite was born in Moscow and spent much of her childhood between Šventoji, Lithuania, the home of her paternal grandparents, and Moscow, the home of her maternal grandparents.

At the age of 7, she debuted in the Soviet children's television program "Veseliye Notki" (Happy Musical Notes) with the song "Solnyshko Smeyotsya" (The Sun Laughs). In 1982, she was cast in the leading role of "Lena Bessoltseva" in Scarecrow, a film by Rolan Bykov based on the Vladimir Zheleznikov play of the same name. Production began in 1982 and the film premiered in 1984. It became a critical success, not only in Russia but also overseas, and turned Orbakaite into a child star.

Having met with success in film and music, Orbakaite tried her hand at theater, appearing in 1995 as Helen Keller in an adaptation of William Gibson's The Miracle Worker on the stage of the Moscow Art Theatre. She subsequently received an award from the Russian Ministry of Culture for best female theatrical performance.

In 1996, Orbakaite and her partner, singer Vladimir Presnyakov, joined her mother, Alla Pugacheva, and her mother's then husband, singer Philipp Kirkorov, on a family performance tour through the United States titled "Zvezdnoye Leto" (Starry Summer). During this tour, she performed for the first time at Carnegie Hall in New York City.

In 2000, Orbakaite won World Music Awards in Monte Carlo as the best-selling Russian singer. Later that year, she released her fourth album May.

In 2002, she released her fifth album, Ver v chudesa (Believe in miracles) and appeared in the television series Moscow Saga. In 2003, she released her sixth album, Pereletnaya ptitsa (Wandering bird) and in 2005, she released her seventh album, My life. On 17 January 2004, Kristina met her husband, American businessman Mikhail Zemtsov in Miami. They married in a private ceremony on 9 March 2005 in Miami Beach city hall. In 2006, Orbakaite appeared in the comedy Lyubov-morkov (Love-carrot) together with Gosha Kutsenko. In 2013, received the title Merited Artist of the Russian Federation from Russian president Vladimir Putin.

In December 2016, her "Insomnia" world tour was presented with two shows in State Kremlin Palace. In 2017, the tour was presented in Russia, Israel, France, Kazakhstan, the United Kingdom, Germany and all Baltic states.

In 2022, she opposed the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Personal life
She is currently married to Russian-American businessman Mikhail Zemtsov. They have a daughter, born on 30 March 2012. Orbakaite also has two sons from previous marriages to singer Vladimir Presniakov Jr. and businessman Ruslan Baisarov, born in 1991 and 1998. She currently resides in the US.

Discography

 * 1994 – Верность "Fidelity"
 * 1996 – Ноль Часов, Ноль Минут "Zero Hours, Zero Minutes"
 * 1998 – Ты "You"
 * 1999 – Той Женщине, Которая... "To That Woman, Who.."
 * 2000 – Май "May"
 * 2001 – The Best
 * 2001 – Remixes
 * 2002 – Верь В Чудеса "Believe in Miracles"
 * 2002 – Океан Любви "Ocean of Love"
 * 2003 – Перелётная птица "Wandering Bird"
 * 2005 – My Life
 * 2008 – Слышишь.. это я "Listen...it's me"
 * 2009 – The Best Part 1 and Part 2
 * 2011 – Поцелуй на бис "Encore Kiss"
 * 2013 – Маски "Masks"
 * 2016 – Бессонница "Insomnia"
 * 2021 – Svoboda "Freedom"

Filmography

 * 1983 - Scarecrow (Lena Bessoltseva)
 * 1991 - Viva Gardes-Marines! (Princess "Fiquet", future Empress Catherine the Great)
 * 1992 - Gardes-Marines III (Princess "Fiquet", future Empress Catherine the Great)
 * 1993 - Charity ball (Shirli)
 * 1995 - Limit (Katya)
 * 1997 - Dunno on the Moon (Zvyozdochka Voice)
 * 1999 - Fara (Neznakomka (unknown woman))
 * 1999 - Dunno on the Moon 2 (Zvyozdochka Voice)
 * 2003 - The Snow Queen (Gerda)
 * 2004 - Moscow Saga (Vera Gorda) TV-series
 * 2007 - Lyubov-Morkov (Marina Golubeva) "Любовь-морковь" is the Russian idiom which literally translates as "Love-carrot". The English phrase "Lovey-dovey" has a close meaning.
 * 2008 - Lyubov-Morkov 2 (Marina Golubeva)
 * 2010 - Lyubov-Morkov 3 (Marina Golubeva)
 * 2014 - The mystery of the four princesses (Queen Gurunda)
 * 2018 - Cinderella (Socialite)
 * 2022 - Midshipmen 1787. World (Catherine the Great)
 * 2022 - Pregnancy test 3
 * 2022 - Lyubov-Morkov 4 (Marina Golubeva)

Theater

 * 1995 – Ponedelnik posle chuda ("Igroki" theater) in the role Helen Keller
 * 1997—2000 – Barishnia-krestianka (Yermolova Theatre) in the role Elizaveta Berestova
 * 2001 – Dannaya (Théâtre de l'Estrade) in the role Frina
 * 2018 - current – Dvoe na kocheliah ("Sovremennik Theater") in the role Gitel Moska

title: Kristina Orbakaitė


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Damnatus

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Damnatus
Advertising, nn Atratus 02:31, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is one of those that fails by its own terms—"amateur movie project"=nonnotable vanity/advertising.  Postdlf 02:54, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This may be a fan movie, but within the 40K community this is a milestone movie. A large following has grown around what is a feature length amateur movie. Wikipedia has kept worse than this. I do agree it needs expanding and fleshed out a bit more though. Ben W Bell 08:28, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising for a non notable fanflick. JamesBurns 08:30, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Advertising, non-notable. Naturenet | Talk 11:49, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - if it gains notability after it's release, we can talk. NN.  Not a crystal ball.  Wikibofh 14:25, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: 1) doesn't exist yet, so nothing may be said; 2) not a major release or one with distribution; 3) advertising for downloads of the sountrack -- sorry -- epic soundtrack. If it gets finished, gets exhibited, gets press, becomes a leader or exerts influence, then we can have an NPOV article on it. Geogre 15:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Geogre. Dcarrano 16:05, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn royblumy 22:04, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete (with open mind) fanfiction work-in-progress. The most notable thing about the situation is [the Games Workshop] flexible attitude toward intellectual property that allows this sort of thing. Someday the film, if completed, might rate a footnote on the Games Workshop article or it might rate an article of its own depending on fan response, as noted above. The article certainly could find a home at another wiki. I personally am going to bookmark the site and watch their progress with interest. A lot of talent, energy and hard work is going into this labor of love.  ~ WCFrancis 23:50, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I was the one who originally started the article - I heard about this movie and thought that it would be a significant thing for people who are interested in Warhammer 40K in that there has never been a movie set in the Warhammer 40K universe. Given the amount of information about the games etc in relation to Games Workshoop I think  that it would be remiss if wikipedia didn't contain something about this.  BTW I am not accociated with the movie in any way - I only put in the info about the soundtrack because I thought that it would be of interest. Gil-Galad
 * Delete - advert - Tεx  τ  urε  19:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Aaron ben Elijah

Aaron ben Elijah (אהרון בן אליהו האחרון 1328/1329 – 1369) is often considered to be the most prominent Karaite Jewish theologian. He is referred to as "the Younger" to distinguish him from Aaron ben Joseph of Constantinople. Even though Aaron lived for much of his life in Constantinople, it was the centre of Karaism and he is sometimes distinguished from another theologian known as Aaron ben Elijah of Constantinople by the title "of Nicomedia" another place he lived.

Background
He was born in Nicomedia. While little is known about his personal life, he is considered by Karaites to be the equivalent of his contemporary, Maimonides, the most distinguished Jewish scholar of the time and an outspoken critic of the Karaites. In fact, it seems likely that Aaron made it his ambition to rival Maimonides by defending the Karaites from his attacks. To achieve this, he studied the extensive religious literature of both rabbinical Judaism and Islam, as well as that of the Karaites.

The result of his studies was the 1346 Etz HaChayyim "Tree of Life", a philosophical work modeled after Maimonides' Guide to the Perplexed) One of the chief criticisms of the work is that it attempts to imitate Maimonides' Guide far too slavishly in terms of structure and style. In 1354, while living in Constantinople, he composed his second major work, Gan Eden "Garden of Eden", about the commandments of the Hebrew Bible and an attempt to defend the Karaite legal code and in 1362 he wrote Keter Torah "Crown of the Torah",  a comprehensive commentary on the Hebrew Bible using a literal interpretation of the writings. He died in Constantinople in the Byzantine Empire.

Aaron was neither as profound nor independent-minded as Maimonides, for whom he maintained great esteem even when opposing him. Nevertheless, he was a versatile compiler and eclectic, if not always original, philosopher who restored some prestige to the Karaite community, which had declined since it was forced to fend off the attacks of Saadia Gaon. Furthermore, some of his critiques of the Maimonidean worldview can be considered reasonable and sound.

Aaron's philosophy
Aaron ben Elijah was heavily influenced by the works of Aristotle. Unlike Maimonides, however, Aaron accepted the Muslim Motazilite philosophical system of Kalam, combining atomism with Aristotelean views to reconcile revelation with philosophy — in this, he differed not only from Maimonides but also from Aaron Ben Joseph, the Elder, who sided with Maimonides in this debate. According to the younger Aaron, in the first chapters of Etz HaChayyim, the theology of the Kalam is the natural religion arrived at by Abraham through meditation and systematized by the Mosaic Law; while Greek philosophy, adopted by Christianity because of its hostility to Judaism, is a heterogeneous foreign product, harmful to the development of the Torah in its purity. He then declares that the object of his work is to restore the theology of the Kalam by presenting it in a clear manner.

Etz HaChayyim
The book Etz HaChayyim (Tree of Life) was written in 1346 and consists of 114 chapters:
 * Chapters 1–15 discuss the doctrine of God's existence, God's incorporeality, and the creation of the world. Like Maimonides' Guide, he considers the heavenly spheres to be governed by separate intelligences, or angels. By showing that his conclusions are nothing more than logical deductions, Aaron argues that they precede his own work, which is nothing more than the confirmation of established truths.
 * Chapters 16–62 discuss biblical anthropomorphism, explaining them as figurative expressions of Divine energy and activity. In these chapters, he often cites Maimonides verbatim, but claims that Maimonides himself was simply following an even earlier work, Ha-Eshkol, by Judah Hadassi. Aaron follows Maimonides' example in stating that Ezekiel's theophany of the Divine Chariot, like the descriptions of the Tabernacle and its symbolism, has a physical meaning.
 * Chapters 63–77 discuss the unity of God. Here Aaron opposes the approach of both Maimonides and Hadassi, who reject all but God's negative attributes (God is not...). According to Aaron, however, power, knowledge, life, will, and existence are all positive attributes inseparable from the very essence of God and in no way infringing upon His unity. This leads him to an explanation of the usual names of God denoting God's activity, as distinguished from the Tetragrammaton, which denotes the essence of God as the author of all existence.
 * Chapters 78–94 discuss the concept of Divine Providence. Special emphasis is placed on the fourfold nature of evil: physical, psychical, moral, and non-moral. This was a favorite topic of older Karaite philosophers such as Joseph al-Bazir (and of Maimonides), that evil is only a defect inherent in matter, and therefore not to be ascribed to God, unless God makes it the means of man's moral improvement. While Maimonides assumes that God's providence extends only to rational human beings, Aaron extends Divine providence to all beings, since God's universal knowledge embraces all. Whereas Maimonides sees Divine action as guides by God's wisdom, according to Aaron, it is guided by God's justice.

 * Accentuating the superiority of moral over intellectual power, Aaron takes a higher view of the question of why the righteous suffer than either Maimonides or some of his own Karaite predecessors. He rejects the concept of temurah, or compensation for grief, postulating instead that all trials imposed on people are for their spiritual benefit (citing Abraham and Job as examples of this). Humanity is incapable of comprehending the purpose of Creation, being limited to conceiving of its own role in the world as God's servant.

 * Chapters 95–114 discuss revelation, the Divine Law of the Torah, the perfection of the soul, and its immortality. The two trees in the Garden of Eden are seen as metaphors for the higher and the lower spheres of human existence. After the Fall, the commandments of the Torah become necessary means of restoring humanity to its true, twofold nature. This leads to a discussion of the nature of prophecy in general and its highest degree, as attained by Moses. It continues by explaining the objectives of the Torah and its commandments as means of achieving the perfection of both the individual and of humanity as a whole.

 * According to an ancient tradition of both Karaite and Rabbinic Jews and cited by Aaron, the Torah was intended for and offered to all nations. It can never be changed, improved, or (in contrast to Rabbinic Judaism) augmented by an Oral Law. Essentially different from the attitude of Maimonides, and in fact from that of all Aristotelian thinkers, is Aaron's attitude toward immortality, which he bases chiefly upon moral grounds, citing the idea of retribution. For this reason, however, his eschatology is rather obscure, being a semi-rational, semi-mystical blend of many different beliefs. He concludes his work with a call to repentance.

Gan Eden
Aaron's work on the Commandments, entitled Gan Eden (The Garden of Eden), consists of twenty-five sections and 194 chapters, as well as nine smaller juridical articles, which became of paramount importance to the Karaites. It was written in 1354. He follows a rational approach to the commandments, similar to the one espoused by Maimonides. He opens with the principle that instilling the belief in God's unity, and especially in His government of the world, is the ultimate purpose of every commandment, so that it is the duty of humanity to seek the underlying objective of each commandment. For example, the goal of the Sabbath is inculcating a belief in the Divine creation and guidance of the world; other festivals are intended to counteract the influences of paganism and fatalism.

Two parts of Gan Eden have appeared as separate books:
 * One, consisting of five sections and twenty-two chapters on shechita (the laws of slaughtering animals for food)
 * Tzafnat Paneach ("Discloser of Secrets") consists of eight chapters on incestuous marriages.

In its entirety, Gan Eden is probably the best and most comprehensive exposition of the Karaite system of the Law, presenting the opinions of all Aaron's predecessors with impartial and frank criticism. It is mainly because of this work that Aaron continues to wield such a great influence upon the Karaites.

Keter Torah
His third book was titled Keter Torah (Crown of Law) and was written in 1362. This is a commentary on the Torah, styled after Abraham Ibn Ezra's earlier work. Like all of Aaron's earlier writings, it also contains a review of the philosophical and exegetical interpretations given by his predecessors, with critiques of their views where necessary. Particularly interesting is his "Preface," in which he states the main differences between the approach to biblical exegesis of Rabbinic and Karaite Judaism.

Editions of Aaron's works
The  'Etz ha-Ḥayyim, of which many manuscripts exist in Leiden, Munich, Vienna, and Leipzig, was first published, with a large commentary (Or ha-Ḥayyim) by Luzki, in Koslov, 1835. A critical edition, with valuable information and a summary of the one hundred and fourteen chapters in Hebrew by Caleb Afendopulo, and one in German by the editor, Franz Delitzsch, appeared in Leipzig, 1841. Of the Keter Torah there is extant a Eupatoria edition (1866), besides manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, in Vienna, and in Leipzig; while the Gan Eden exists, in manuscript only, in Leiden and Leipzig. Portions of the latter have been published by Schupart, Trigland, Danz, and Langhausen.

title: Aaron ben Elijah


text: User talk:70.112.75.19

title: User talk:70.112.75.19