text:
Talk:Tibetan culture

Untitled
This article's section of Clothing and Customs is seriously lacking. There's also no external links of any kind. 66.168.129.5 20:00, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

The Field Museum also has some grisly items which I would prefer not to upload, such as religious artifacts made of human bone. If there is a demand for these items, please respond on this talk page. (Unsigned comment by Ancheta Wis)

 * That sounds interesting, but it's not required. HanBoN (talk) 01:08, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Don't worry about it. If it bothers you I'd be quite happy to take pictures and upload them. --Gimme danger (talk) 05:25, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Hello, I'm just an ordinary reader, so please excuse me if I'm not using this page correctly.

I am no expert on Tibetan culture, but it seemed to me that the calendar in the calendar section was very similar to the Chinese zodiac (with 5 elements) calendar. However the calendar in the article shows only 11 animals. I think that the sign of the Monkey might be missing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.238.99.151 (talk) 08:51, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

POV concerns
"Tibetan civilization boasts a rich culture." This sound like a bit of quackery. POV? --  李博杰   | —Talk contribs 04:16, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by "quackery"? The sentence is a generic lead-in; I've yet to encounter a culture not described as "rich". Chinese culture gets the uncited adjective "complex", if fairness is the issue. --Gimme danger (talk) 08:20, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

I'm sorry but I couldn't resist adding the "citation needed" tag to the amusingly short sentence forementioned above. --96.229.224.150 (talk) 23:57, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I do not really see the POV here, and if there is POV, then I will tag every other cultural article because they basically fallow the same pattern. I have yet to see an article that demotes a culture. In either case it is too short, so within the day or so I will provide a better intro.--PikachuGyeong (talk) 01:21, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

I don't see any problems with the intro, but the polyandry section seems out of date -- 1922. Is it still practiced? If so, are there more recent sources? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.200.254.126 (talk) 08:37, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Early influence on Tibetan culture
I just read Tibet Past and Present and learned that China has a greater influence on Tibetan culture than anyone else. And this influence is very significant for it is in almost every aspect of Tibetan lives. The author Sir Bell points out that among the many things, knowledge and skills imported from China were books on astronomy, astrology and medicine; the making of butter, cheese, barley-beer, pottery, water mills and the national beverage tea. Buddhism was also partly introduced by the Chinese even though it came out of India. In conclusion Sir Bell wrote: "we may in fact say that the present civilization of Tibet was taken mainly from China, and only in a lesser degree from India." (Page 25) This information should have its own section in the article. Can someone put it in? Tibetsnow (talk) 17:55, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

I added the Indian and Chinese Influence on Tibetan Culture section on the article. The Tibetans were high up in the mountains but their culture was greatly influenced by those around them. Showing this cultural link is very important for people to understand Tibet. It also provides a historical background to help the Tibetans and Chinese to reconcile their differences. Tibetsnow (talk) 19:22, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Bell doesn't seem like a very good source for this sort of information. Where did he get his facts? Even if he performed or had access to the best research at the time, he was writing 80 years ago, and it's likely to be somewhat out of date.—Greg Pandatshang (talk) 03:10, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Sir Charles Bell was the leading British political officer in Tibet region where he spent nineteen years. Well versed in Tibetan, he wrote the first Tibetan to English dictionary. During his time there, Sir Bell became a good friend of the 13th Dalai Lama and in 1920 was invited by the latter to visit Lhasa where he stayed for about a year. He was welcomed by the Tibetan authorities and had access to the records of Tibetan history.
 * Bell was no friend of the Chinese. He job was to deny The Chinese authority from exercising its power and influence in Tibet and bring Tibet into the reign of the British Empire. Despite his bias against the Chinese, his research still led him to recognize the profound Chinese influence on the Tibetan culture. This makes his statement very creditable.
 * Bell learned about Tibetan history from the 13th Dalai Lama and his officers. I am sure you know that it was the 13th Dalai Lama who claimed independence from China in 1912. So, even though the 13th Dalai Lama was separating Tibet from China he was still honest regarding the history. Unfortunately, many of today’s Tibetan activists are no longer honest with the history which is why people like me have to read books from Westerners to learn about Tibet’s history.
 * You said “Bell doesn't seem like a very good source for this sort of information.” Consider the time he spent and the connection he had in Tibet, who else in the West can provide more creditable information?
 * You said: “it's likely to be somewhat out of date.” How can an accurate record of history be out of date? His work might not work for some people today but that is not his fault.  Tibetsnow (talk) 01:49, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

 * You seem to have assumed that I was implying a political bias on Bell's part, but that was not my intended meaning. Perhaps his bias was in favor of large and powerful civilisations such as his own and, no doubt to a lesser extent from his perspective, China. Or perhaps he had no such bias and simply reached his conclusions based on his best judgment. I don't think this vitiates my complaints. Bell reached sweeping conclusions about Tibetan cultural history. That requires not only data but analysis. If he got most of his information from the 13th Dalai Lama, that doesn't inspire a great deal of confidence, since the 13th Dalai Lama was a priest and politician, not a historian. I'm sure he had some sort of historians or history buffs in his entourage, but we don't have any information about how reliable they were. It's true that Bell's credibility would be even worse if his conclusions were moulded by his political interests, but in any event it doesn't seem he doesn't seem credible enough to support his conclusions.

 * Your rhetorical question How can an accurate record of history be out of date? assumes its premise. If we agreed it was accurate, then we wouldn't be arguing about its reliability. Anyway, we are talking about an analysis of historical facts, which is even more subject to reinterpretation over time.—Greg Pandatshang (talk) 00:32, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

"flour-ibex"
There is a long quote from Francke about the gift of a "flour-ibex," which is a fairly interesting bit of knowledge, but it shows up under the clothing section. I suggest that we make a new section for "traditional gifts," and have this flour-ibex and the khata discussed there, separating the khata from the clothing section. I'll make that change now, and look more closely at whether it can be further expanded.

New changes

 * @ བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན: Can you please explain your changes on the talk page? Because you remove material that is referenced, pictures that are good, explicit and had been in article for long time. Hafspajen (talk) 14:12, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Can you please explain your changes in the article on the talk page? Because you remove material that is referenced, pictures that are good, explicit and had been in article for long time. You removed the lead picture twice. We don't want that you remove that. Hafspajen (talk) 21:36, 1 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I just don't like it is not a reason to remove things. Hafspajen (talk) 23:09, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I think Tibetan culture is depicted as backwards and inferior to other cultures. I think this needs to be changed. Especially the first picture (and others) don't really show the beauty of Tibetan culture as the pictures of other sites on the topic of cultures of countries do. Then there are way too many pictures in this article. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and not a childrens book. But I have to admit that pictures offer a good view on the topic. The introduction is too long and goes to much into detail. This should be explained later in the article and not at the start. --བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk) 13:15, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Can't really agree on this one. I don't think it is depicted as backwards and inferior to other cultures at all, I don't think the leed is to long. PLEASE WAIT until your changes are DISCUSSED; for god's sake.        Hafspajen (talk) 13:55, 2 January 2015 (UTC)
 * ' - somebody please explain how wikipedia is edited. Hafspajen (talk) 13:56, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

Refreshing
I suggest that the article is reorganized and changed at some points. The article on Tibetan culture is already very well written and goes a lot into details. I think this should be avoided partially because there are other sites about the different parts of Tibetan culture and they are mostly stubs. So what i suggest is, that the text should be more of an overview and the main articles should go more into detail. In comparison to the other sites about Asian cultures the article about Tibetan culture should include pictures which resume the topic and show the beauty of things. For example the article about Japanese culture has beautiful pictures (although there are not so many of them).

Also, I think, it would be good if the article was reorganized. Following this structure (which is determined by the importance of the aspects of the Tibetan culture:

 * 1. Religion
 * 2. Visual Arts
 * 2.1 Painting
 * 2.2 Statues
 * 2.3 Wood carving
 * 2.4 Calligraphy
 * 2.5 Rug making
 * 3. Performing Arts
 * 3.1 Dance
 * 3.2 Music
 * 4. Language
 * 5. Literature
 * 6. Architecture
 * 6.1 Religious architecture
 * 6.2 Other Structures
 * 7. Clothing
 * 8. Cuisine
 * 9. Social life
 * 10. Sports

--བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk) 13:30, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

Thank you. Now, that you made your suggestions you may want to wait like a week before you start making changes, that other editors can catch up with your suggestions, like. Hafspajen (talk) 13:47, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Good I will. But there is no need to start cursing my friend. All I want (and I hope you do too) is a biased and good (if not excellent :) article about Tibetan culture. To accomplish this it would be best if we relied on each other, wouldn't it. So I promise to discuss every change here before adding it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk • contribs) 14:02, 2 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you, dear fellow. Wasn't exactly cursing . More like exclaiming. You are fast like a rabbit. Hafspajen (talk) 14:04, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I might be an innovative person . Its very good that we both now explained ourselves. --བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk) 14:08, 2 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, yes, you are. Innovative. But now you understand why discussion is good. I can agree that the article can be improved. I can also accept that your proposal of an other lead picture (the first picture) to be changed - but not only removed - that picture is rather good and can be used somewhere else then in the article.  Why not post several possibilities + the  one we have now  and chose?  Feel free to add more pictures. Hafspajen (talk) 14:13, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

I can't really decide which one would be best. But I would be very happy if one of these three would be chosen. Thank you! A collage would be very nice too but as pointed out this would mean a lot of effort to keep it working. --བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk) 13:00, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah there you are, ... sorry, I cant read Tibetan letters. Will you tell how tour name is spelled in English? I really like the monk with the mandala. Hafspajen (talk) 13:06, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Hm official transcription by Wylie would be byamspa bloldan but its pronounced Jampa Loden or Champa Loden. The monk with the mandala is a very good picture. --བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk) 13:30, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

A few comments
I am pleased to see that this article is getting some much-needed attention and I think all involved have made some good points and seem to be working in good faith.

I do agree the article does seem to be overloaded with photos but almost all of them are of real interest and shouldn't just be deleted without warning or discussion.

I like the suggestion of reorganising the article into a longer list of headings as suggested above and, perhaps, moving some of the details into new articles with these headings.

I do agree that the "lead" needs rewriting - so that it gives a good overview of the article - a difficult thing to do well.

I am sorry I will not be able to contribute to this process as much as I would like to because of ill health - but I will try to keep checking on developments and try to help out where I can.

I look forward to seeing the article develop and mature.

Thanks to all of you who care and are willing to help improve this important article. John Hill (talk) 00:13, 3 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, NO DOUBT they were good faith edits. I am very very sure about that, but I had to make him to discuss thing with us SOMEHOW. I still think that a long and comprehensive article is good. I am not happy fragmenting content in may small articles. The specific articles can co on developing the subject in depth. But we need on main article that gives a good understanding of the subject without to be forced jump around all over the Wiki to find informatiom. That's what good main articles are for. Se Romanticism, Selfportrait, Woman artists Norway, for example. Also removing text will automatically mean removing images, because the amount of images is regulated by the amount of text.. Hafspajen (talk) 08:10, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Here I am again... I totally agree with John Hill. But that should be obvious... The lead needs rewriting, some photos need to be deleted (for example coins and banknotes and the dragon in the art gallery) and the article should summarize the Tibetan culture and not go too much into detail. Details should really be explained in the corresponding main articles (some of them are stubs). I will start a new discussion below about the lead ok? I have started writing one which seems to sum it up even better than the one which is used now. --བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk) 13:05, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, I was trying to say that I think it is good to have a main article that is detailed, because a long and comprehensive article is good. I am not happy fragmenting content in many small articles. What John said was:photos but almost all of them are of real interest,about details that  perhaps, moving some of the details into new articles and "lead" needs rewriting. He wasn't saying anythig else.  But we can as one of our experienced editor for second oppinion.  - will you give a second oppinion. Hafspajen (talk) 13:16, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Compare with following articles: Chinese culture, Culture of Japan, Culture of Bhutan, Culture of Korea. They all do what I want to do here. Summary article should be a summary. Of course we could write every aspect about Tibetan culture in just one article but then navigation would be very difficult wouldn't it? And again: The main articles are stubs (mostly). They really need editing. If we write everything in this article there will be nothing left for them :/ do you get my point? --བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk) 13:34, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

MY dear friend, I get your point, I did it all the time. And with all respect - those leads are badly written and just wrong. Please read this - WP:Lead. Hafspajen (talk) 13:41, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

OK. COPY IT OVER HERE, THIS IS HOW A LEAD SHULD BE WRITTEN: ''The lead serves as an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important aspects. The lead should be able to stand alone as a concise overview. It should define the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies.[1] The notability of the article's subject is usually established in the first few sentences. The emphasis given to material in the lead should roughly reflect its importance to the topic, according to reliable, published sources. Apart from trivial basic facts, significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article. The lead is the first part of the article most people read, and many only read the lead. Consideration should be given to creating interest in reading more of the article, but the lead should not "tease" the reader by hinting at content that follows. Instead, the lead should be written in a clear, accessible style with a neutral point of view; it should ideally contain no more than four well-composed paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate.''

 * Champa Loden, we should NOT slaughter a good lead just because China's is crappy. If the Chinese wrote bad lead that's their grief, but we can do much better. The lead should be a minature article. THIS is a GOOD LEAD: Cottage garden Hafspajen (talk) 13:44, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Haha well said about China (or atleast Communist China - I like Chinese culture and most people are friendly too. Concerning the other articles: I think they are well written. They have been edited a lot and this is the outcome so I think this is how articles about cultures should be written. Of course we will write an even better one about Tibetan culture! Concerning the lead: Please let's discuss this in the section specially created for this (below). Also: You can't compare an article about culture with an article about cottage gardens. Compare things that are similar.--བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk) 13:51, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Well there are things that are similar about them - thy are both articles. But let's try Japanese popular culture, then. Hafspajen (talk) 14:31, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

Yes. We will, I wish should pop up now. Do you know that the articles do have regulations and standards on Wiki that are very specific? like. This is how an article shoud look like. Hafspajen (talk) 13:53, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

Instead, the lead should be written in a clear, accessible style with a neutral point of view; it should ideally contain no more than four well-composed paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate--བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk) 13:55, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Well a paragrap is several sentences. The point is that you should summarize the key points. Both literature, cuisine, should be mentioned. Not removed.  Hafspajen (talk) 13:59, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * where are you? Hafspajen (talk) 14:00, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I see your point. But please: Read my proposal for a new lead and tell me what you think BELOW. Thank you — Preceding unsigned comment added by བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk • contribs)
 * By the way, are you a monk, Champa Loden?  Hafspajen (talk) 14:22, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Here: Writing better articles. Hafspajen (talk) 14:46, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Hafspajen (talk) 19:16, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

New Lead
As I pointed out several times I strongly support a briefer, shorter lead. I wrote this one below. I will not post it until there are some who agree.

'''The Tibetan culture developed over many hundred years from prehistoric times until today on the Tibetan plateau which lies surrounded by the high Himalaya, Kunlun and other mountain ranges. The region's remoteness and inaccessability preserved the rich distinct culture which is particularly heavily influenced by Buddhism and the geographical setting. Almost all parts of the culture contain elements of the prevailing Buddhist beliefs and Buddhism itself has adopted a unique form in Tibet, influenced by the Bön tradition and other local beliefs. Other influences include those from the neighboring cultural spheres of China, India and Nepal. Buddhist teachers from these regions introduced their art traditions and customs. All these spheres contributed to the Tibetan culture. Since the occupation of Tibet by China the Tibetan culture is seen endangered by some.'''

I excluded the other things so that they can be added in the corresponding sections of the article: "Several works on astronomy, astrology and medicine were translated from Sanskrit and Chinese.'' Why not add this in "Literature"?

Tibet's specific geographic and climatic conditions–its altitude, short growing season, and cold weather–have encouraged reliance on pastoralism, as well as the development of a different cuisine from surrounding regions which fits the needs of the human body in these high altitudes perfectly. Add this to the cuisine section...

The general appliances of civilization have come from China, among many things and skill imported were the making of butter, cheese, barley-beer, pottery, water mills and the national beverage tea. It is a bit far fetched to say that the general appliances of civilization have come from China... They were influences on the Tibetan civilization of course but not the general appliances. I suggest that this is put into another section called "General influences" where the geographical conditions as well as other influences can be discussed. --བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk) 13:19, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * The point is that you should summarize the key points. Both literature, geographic and climatic conditions, cuisine, all should be mentioned. Not removed. The general appliances can be rewritten. Hafspajen (talk) 14:05, 4 January 2015 (UTC).
 * This is a top-level article, which means that it should be a general introduction to the topic. Note: The lead serves as an introduction to the article and a summary of its most important aspects. The lead should be able to stand alone as a concise overview. And all of it SUMMARIZED briefly in article lead. The lead is the first part of the article most people read, and many only read the lead. Actually, the lead is too short. Hafspajen (talk) 14:17, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Thank you! I will continue and write a new one which will be posted here.--བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ (talk) 14:27, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Some good examples: This is quite a good lead: Culture of the United Arab Emirates and Culture of Indonesia . Culture of Sri Lanka, Culture of Bangladesh, bit short but not bad. If you want to chech how long LONG a lead can be - try  Cyprus. Mark that it is still only four paragraphs. Hafspajen (talk) 14:39, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * BUT THIS, this is a Featured article. It means it is one of the TOP BEST articles on Wikipedia. See how the lead is written Western Chalukya architecture? Hafspajen (talk) 14:49, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * For what little it's worth, I was asked to give an outsider view here as an experienced Wikipedian who doesn't know much about this topic ... I also disagree that the lead of this article is too short, and that sections of the article itself should be removed. There is a lot of room for expansion here: animal husbandry and architecture, for example, are hardly covered. And the lead should cover all the topics of the article sections. This is a complex culture; it deserves a long and comprehensive article; and the lead should be a guide that sums up all that is covered in it. Think of it this way: many readers will only read this article to find out about Tibetan culture; others will read it first and then read more about the things that interest them. It's not true that we should only cover specific aspects of the culture in their own articles; readers who are not already familiar with a culture need both a clear and detailed overview and articles dealing with all the specifics. I would cut a few of the pictures in the galleries - do we really need two pictures of yaks, for example? and there is some emotional ("peacock" language, like "rich" culture and "perfectly" in the lead, that should be cut. But in my opinion both the article and the lead need to be expanded with more specifics and more explanations. (Nice choice of opening picture, by the way :-) )Yngvadottir (talk) 15:57, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * We added lately a better yak, and the old was not removed. Thank you, Yngvadottir. Hafspajen (talk) 16:08, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes I agree, that the lead need to be expanded with more specifics. Also the article. Hafspajen (talk) 17:53, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * what do you say? Hafspajen (talk) 19:16, 4 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Hafspajen (talk) 19:21, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * You're having a party here, while I'm having at another place? Well, thanks anyway for inviting me in. A few comments:
 * I haven't read all the details of these talkpage-posts, but I've got the feeling that བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན་ is a nice guy (or girl), and that the two of you might get along quite well. Ehm, I guess that Hafspajen provided the pictures, as usual?
 * There's a lot of unsourced stuff in there; please be so kind to provide sources. Otherwise, this article may read more like a tourist-brochure than as an encyclopedic article.
 * Sources are also needed to avoid WP:OR.
 * Save the lead for last: first the contents.
 * "Tibetan culture" is a reification, as if it something stationary or so. "Tibet developed a distinct culture" is better.
 * "The Tibetan culture developed under the influence of a number of factors from prehistorical times until today" - WP:WEASEL. But also an indication for the structure of the article: as it is now, it is some kind of tourict-brochure. Where's the history? You (plural) could use the history as a framework; it will "automatically" lead to the present times, and provide some sort of a "filter."
 * Now, have fun together in changing this article into a great piece: Haf's for the pictures and the style, བྱམས་པ་བློལྡན for the content, and XXX for the good sources. And don't tempt sledgehammers like me and Vic to come long; otherwise mr. Infinity Talk may also show-up again. Best regards to both of you,  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   12:37, 5 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Jonathan dear, thank you for your comments. Now you gave us even more work. Most of the pictures were provided by me, though not the lead picture, that's a new one, nice too, added by Champa Loden. And I do not wish my Tibetan be bitten by Vic, just keep all this secret.  Hafspajen (talk) 13:00, 5 January 2015 (UTC)
 * If you promise you keep decorating my talkpage, I won't tell anybody else about you being around here.  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   15:37, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

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Unbalanced
please explain why you think this article is unbalanced. By the way, how come you know this template? Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!   21:35, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

 * --I believe the article is unbalanced because it does not talk about the endangerment of Tibetan culture, but simply focuses on Tibetan culture coming out because of chinese help, a point some would believe to be untrue. This especially shows in the Performing arts section. I learned that template message by googling it. Sam-2727 (talk) 23:14, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I see your point; thanks.  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   05:05, 27 January 2018 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Tibetan culture


text:
Roll of Honour

Roll of Honour may refer to:

 * A war memorial
 * A list of people who are praised officially for something they have done
 * A memorial list of names of people who have died in military, police service or other services
 * "Roll of Honour" (song), an Irish Republican song praising the participants in the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Roll of Honour


text:
File:Odyssey - 5.jpg

Fair use in Odyssey Number Five
Though Giggy Talk
 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover.
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way.
 * 3) Copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist, Powderfinger.

Fair use in Powderfinger
Though Giggy Talk
 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover.
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way.
 * 3) Copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist, Powderfinger.
 * 6) The image received the ARIA Award for Album of the Year in 2001, so its use in the article is relevant and noteworthy.

title: File:Odyssey - 5.jpg


text:
Rihand River

The Rihand River (also referred to as Renu, Renuka, Rend, Rer or Rehar) is a tributary of the Son River and flows through the Indian states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Its old name was Renu or Renuka.

Course
The Rihand rises from Matiranga hills, in the region south west of the Mainpat plateau, which is about 1,100 meters above mean sea level. The river flows north roughly through the central part of Surguja & Surajpur district for 160 km. The Rihand and its tributaries form a fertile plain in the central part of the district stretching from its origin to Lakhanpur, Surajpur, Pratappur. Thereafter, it flows north into Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh via Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh, where it is called Rhed and finally joins the Son.

Tributaries
it is principal tributaries in Surajpur district are the Mahan, the Morana (Morni), the Geur, the Gagar, the Gobri, the Piparkachar, the Ramdia and the Galphulla. Many seasonal and perennial rivers join the Rihand reservoir such as the Kanchan, the Mayar and the Azir of Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh.

Rihand Dam
The Rihand Dam was constructed across the Rihand River near Pipri in Sonbhadra district of Mirzapur division in 1962 for hydropower generation; the reservoir impounded behind the dam is called Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar. Nearest railway station is Renukoot.

Rashganda Fall
Rihand River has a fall named 'Rakasganda', in its journey in Surajpur district of Chhatishgarh. This fall is important for tourist point of view.

title: Rihand River


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Stewart McCrae

Stewart McCrae (1919 – 5 June 2008) was an Australian cartoonist who contributed to the Brisbane Courier Mail newspaper and bulletin. For the Argus (Melbourne) he published the cartoon Nicky & Graham.

title: Stewart McCrae


text:
Template:Start ProAmFootball SBS

Usage
This template begins a table that lists season-by-season records for a professional American football team.

Important: To maintain correct Wiki syntax, please close the table with the 'End' template End.

For a college football team, use Template:CFB SBS

title: Template:Start ProAmFootball SBS


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Indravati River

Indravati River is a tributary of the Godavari River, in central India.

The Indravati River is a stream of the river Godavari. Its starting point, found to be the Ghats of Dandakaranya, ranges from a hilltop village Mardiguda of Thuamula Rampur Block in the Kalahandi district of the state of Odisha. Due to the amalgamation of three streams, the River follows a westerly path and enters Jagadalpur in the state of Chhattisgarh. The river moves from here in a southern route, before eventually uniting with the Godavari at the borders of three states. They are the states of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Telangana. The river at a variety of stages of its course forms the boundary between Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The river Indravati is also known as the oxygen of the Bastar district of the state of Chhattisgarh. This district is one of the greenest and eco-friendly districts, found in the whole of India. A total number of five hydroelectric projects were planned on the river Indravati. They were namely the Kutru I, the Kutro II, the Nugru I, Nugru II and the Bhopalpatnam. However, the plan misfired and did not see the light of the day due to ecological reasons. The Indravati is sometimes known as the "lifeline" of the Kalahandi, Nabarangapur, of Odisha & Bastar districts of Chhattisgarh, one of the greenest districts in India.

Most of the river's course is through the dense forests of Nabarangapur & Bastar. The river flows for 535 km and has a drainage area of 41665 km2.

Mythology behind origin of Source
There is a Hindu mythological story behind the formation of Indravati River. Once upon a time the place was full of Champa and Chandan trees, which fragranced the whole forest. Due to such a beautiful place on earth, Lord Indra and Indrani went down from Heaven to stay here for a while. They deeply enjoyed the beauty of nature; while wandering in the jungle Indra went to a small village Sunabeda (Nuapada district), where he met with a beautiful girl Udanti. At first meet, they fall in love with each other; and Indra disagreed to get back. On other side, due to disband or separation Indrani cried sorrowfully and expressed her pain to the people, who gathered there. People knew well about the Indra and Udanti; they informed the same to Indrani and suggested to stay there. Indrani got irate over Indra and pour scorn on Indra and Udanti so that they never meet again and she stayed there as Indravati River, which flows till date. And, Indra and Udanti rivers are also flowing there separately, without meeting each other due to offense of Indrani.

Source and flow
The river Indravati rises at an elevation of 914 m in the Kalahandi district of Odisha on the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats. It flows west-ward through the Kalahandi, Nabarangapur and Koraput districts for 164 km and after forming the boundary between Odisha and Chhattisgarh states for 9.5 km, enters the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. After flowing 233 km in Chhattisgarh, it turns south and flows along the boundary of Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra for about 129 km and joins Godavari River at the junction of the boundaries of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Telangana states.

The Indravati sub-basin covers a total area of about 40625 km2. Indravati has a catchment area of 7435 km2 in Odisha. The length of river is about 535.80 km, and starting from the hills of Kalahandi, it joins the Godavari river near village Bhadrakali in Bijapur district of Chhattisgarh. It has a well-defined course from its origin to its confluence with the Godavari River. Starting in a south-east direction as a small rivulet in Odisha, it later runs in the western direction through Bastar district of Chhattisgarh until it is deflected and runs north-west and then again takes a turn to the south-west. During its total course of 535.80 km the river drops by 832.10 m. Its bed level at its junction with the Godavari River is of the order of R.L. 82.3 m compared to the level of 914.4m in Kalahandi from where it takes off.

Indravati and Sabari are interconnected naturally in Odisha area. Indravati waters overflow into the Sabari through Jaura Nallah during floods..

Tributaries
The major tributaries of river Indravati are Keshadhara Nalla, Kandabindha Nallah, Chandragiri Nalla, Golagar Nalla, Poragarh Nalla, Kapur Nallah, Muran River, Bangiri Nallah, Telengi Nallah, Parlijori Nallah, Turi Nallah, Chourijori Nallah, Damayanti Sayarh, Kora river, Modang river, Padrikundijori river, Jaura river and Bhaskel river.

The important right bank tributaries of the Indravati are Bhaskel, Boarding, Narangi, Nimbra (Parlkota), Kotri and Bandia. The important left bank tributary is Nandiraj.

Indravati Dam
Indravati Dam or Upper Indravati Hydro Power Project built near Mukhiguda, Kalahandi is one of the largest Dam in India as well as Asia. It is the largest dam in eastern India which produces 600MW of electricity. The Upper Indravati Project envisages diversion of the water of the Indravati river in its upper reaches into the Mahanadi valley for power generation and irrigation.

Other Dam proposals
A total of five hydroelectric projects (Kutru I, Kutru II, Nugur I, Nugur II and Bhopalpatnam) were planned on the stretch of Indravati River at various points in time. But none could see the light of the day due to ecological concerns raised in various fora.

According to Interstate Agreement as per Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (GWDT) Report, the State of Odisha has to ensure 45000 e6cuft (45 TMC) of water at the Odisha–Chhattisgarh border.

Ecology
The Chitrakoot Falls are located 40 km from Jagdalpur, in Chhattisgarh. Indravati National Park and Tiger Reserves are located in the adjoining region of Chhattisgarh state. The Chitrakot fall is almost at the point of its extinct because of indiscriminate construction of check dams near the fall. Social Activists and environmentalists are hell bent on getting the charm of the fall back. Now the fall is worth viewing during the rainy seasons only.

title: Indravati River


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Uncle Wiggly (band)

Uncle Wiggly was a band formed in New York City circa 1988.

Members
The band was formed by WFMU radio personality Wm. Berger with two members of the New York band Fly Ashtray, James Kavoussi and Michael Anzalone.

Wm. Berger and James Kavoussi alternated as guitarist and drummer while Anzalone remained on bass. All three members sang and composed.

Their sound was a complex filter of their favorite music, including early Pink Floyd, the Krautrock movement and early SST Records artists like Meat Puppets and The Minutemen.

Releases
Their first release was on the Nur Scheiss record label (Austria) and was titled He Went There So Why Don’t We Go? They were later signed to Shimmy Disc and released Across the Room and Into Your Lap in 1991, with Shimmy guru Mark Kramer creating the final mix from the band's master tapes.

During their tour of Europe in 1991, an equipment driver coined the bizarre phrase “There Was an Elk!”. This became the title of their self-produced third album, released on Shimmy Disc in 1992.

1994 saw the release of some rare live and unreleased tracks on cassette label D.U. Records called I Got Your Uncle Wiggly Right Here featuring tracks from 1988-93.

In 1995 came the vinyl-only 12" e.p. Non-Stuff on UK-based Hemiola Records. Many consider this to be their finest work, deftly combining their art-rock influences with some killer pop tunes; this record has never been issued on CD. They then released the Jump Back, Baby album on TeenBeat Records in 1996, their hook-laden bid for a wider audience and hopefully the commercial rewards that went with it. Their final release was on the Dark Beloved Cloud label, the 1999 all-instrumental disc called Farfetchedness.

Uncle Wiggly have featured on many compilation albums, including Rutles Highway Revisited, a tribute to The Rutles, Soluble Fish and We're All Normal And We Want Our Freedom, a tribute to Arthur Lee and Love.

The band has not played together since an impromptu performance at Rubulad in Brooklyn in 2000, though there were rumours of a reunion, an unreleased album and, other unreleased material.

Kavoussi stills plays in Fly Ashtray and the band Gimme 5, as well as recording solo under the name pHoaming Edison. Wm. Berger recorded solo under the names World (of Dreams) and Sinistre!

Wm. Berger died on September 12, 2017, following a brief illness.

Studio albums

 * 1990 - He Went There So Why Don't We Go - LP/Cassette (Nur Sch./Water Tapes)
 * 1991 - Across the Room and Into Your Lap - CD/LP/Cassette (Shimmy Disc)
 * 1992 - There Was an Elk - CD/LP/Cassette (Shimmy Disc)
 * 1996 - Jump Back, Baby - CD/LP (Teenbeat/100 Guitar Mania)
 * 1999 - Farfetchedness - CD (Dark Beloved Cloud)

Singles & EP

 * 1990 - Litmus Nephew / Favorite Movie Theme - 7" (See Eye)
 * 1995 - Non-Stuff - 12" (Hemiola)
 * 1995 - Make You Crawl / Nice - 7" (Dark Beloved Cloud)

Compilation & Live

 * 1992 - Live im Wuk 11.91 - Cassette (Nur Sch.)
 * 1994 - I Got Your Uncle Wiggly Right Here: Rare & Unreleased '88-'93 - Cassette (D.U.)

title: Uncle Wiggly (band)


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Category:Siberia

 * See also Category:Russian Far East for the Federal district east of Siberia to the Pacific coast.

title: Category:Siberia


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Aspern

Aspern is part of Donaustadt, the 22nd district of Vienna, Austria. It had a population of 50.687 as of 2023 and covers an area of 19.88 km2.

History
The area is known for the Battle of Aspern-Essling, which was fought in the nearby Lobau on 21 and 22 May 1809. In the battle, the Austrian army, led by Archduke Charles, repelled an advance by Napoleon; it was the closest the French emperor had come to being defeated since his rise to power. In 1858, a large stone lion sculpture was installed in front of St. Martin's Church to commemorate the battle and the Austrian soldiers who died to repel Napoleon.

In 1904, the formerly independent village was incorporated into Vienna as part of the 21st district, Floridsdorf. Only in 1946 did it become part of the newly created 22nd district, Donaustadt.

In 1912, the Aspern airfield was opened to the north of the historic town center. This was the center of Austrian civil and military aviation until the Second World War. From 1945 to 1955, Aspern was part of the Soviet sector of Vienna and the airfield was primarily used by the Soviet occupying forces. The airfield was closed in 1977. In 1979, a contract was signed between Federal Chancellor Bruno Kreisky and GM Austria regarding the construction of an engine plant in the southern area of the airfield. In 1983, after an investment of 9.8 billion schillings (around 700 million euros), the facility went into full operation with around 2,200 employees. The plant was expanded several times until the 2000s and currently (2021) operates as Opel Vienna

Geography
Aspern borders four other Katastralgemeinden of Donaustadt: Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Breitenlee and Essling, as well as the Lobau floodplains. With an area of 19.88 km2 it is the second largest area of Donaustadt, only behind the uninhabited Lobau.

Public transport
The public transport system is run primarily by the Wiener Linien.

Aspern is home to six overground metro stations on the U2 line of the Vienna U-Bahn:
 * Hardeggasse (on the border of Stadlau)
 * Donauspital
 * Aspernstraße
 * Hausfeldstraße
 * Aspern Nord (on the border of Breitenlee)
 * Seestadt

Furthermore, the town offers an array of bus lines, including the 22a, 26a, and 98a routes, as well as the 25 and 26 tram routes.

Seestadt Aspern
Seestadt Aspern is a quarter under construction within Aspern, on the ground of the former airfield. It is one of the largest ongoing urban development projects in Europe. By completion there are expected to be 25000 residents and 20000 jobs in the city. The city is named after the Aspern Lake, an man-made lake dug in its centre.

Notable People

 * David Alaba, footballer
 * Virginia Kirchberger, footballer

title: Aspern


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Odyssey Number Five

Odyssey Number Five is the fourth studio album by the Australian rock band Powderfinger, produced by Nick DiDia and released on 4 September 2000 by Universal Music. It won the 2001 ARIA Music Award for Highest Selling Album, Best Group and Best Rock Album. The album is the band's shortest yet, focusing on social, political, and emotional issues that had appeared in prior works, especially Internationalist.

The album produced four singles. The most successful, "My Happiness", reached #4 on the ARIA Singles Chart, won the 2001 ARIA Music Award for "Single of the Year", and topped Triple J's Hottest 100 in 2000. The album also featured "These Days", which topped Triple J's Hottest 100 in 1999. The album ranked at number 1 in Triple J's Hottest 100 Australian Albums of All Time poll in 2011.

Many critics lauded the album as Powderfinger's best work, one stating that the album was "the Finger's Crowning Glory"; however, others were critical of the "imitation" contained in the album. Overall, the album won five ARIA Music Awards in 2001 and was certified platinum seven times, and earned an eighth in 2004. Odyssey Number Five was Powderfinger's first album to chart in the United States, and the band extensively toured North America to promote its release.

Background, recording, and production
In a 1997 interview, Powderfinger bassist John Collins hinted that the group's next album would be similar to their previous album, Internationalist, while frontman Bernard Fanning said in September 2000 that the lyrics on the album, like those on "Waiting for the Sun", were his "most personal and direct yet". Fanning said his lyrics were based on the "obstacles in the way of being in a relationship, especially in our work situation".

Powderfinger worked with producer Nick DiDia on Odyssey Number Five, as they had done on Internationalist, finishing the album in August 2000 after six weeks of recording. The band spent this time ensuring higher quality songs than on Internationalist, which had featured out-of-tune guitars on "Passenger".

Odyssey Number Five was Powderfinger's shortest album when recorded, running approximately 45 minutes. The focus of the album was on restraint, with more simplistic lyrics than previously, and with a plain and simple message intended. Fanning said of his songwriting ethic: "You try and make it something that's got some substance, but also, you can never do that at the cost of it having relevance to what you're singing." Powderfinger manager Paul Piticco commented that "their ethos is to be pushing the limits of their songwriting ability".

Like Powderfinger's previous album, Internationalist, Odyssey Number Five commented on social and political issues heavily, with the primary point of focus being Aboriginal affairs. The lyrics of "Like a Dog" attacked former Prime Minister of Australia John Howard's Liberal government for its treatment of Indigenous Australians, and for breaking the "relaxed and comfortable" promise he made in the 1996 Australian federal election. Lead singer Bernard Fanning related this to the band's other ethical stances—refusing to appear on Hey Hey it's Saturday, for its anti-gay commentary, or not allowing Powderfinger songs to be used in jingles, amongst others—stating, "We're not here to set an example. We just want to be happy with ourselves and not end up with a guilty conscience." Fanning said that despite "Like a Dog" being about a political issue, it was not a political song, rather just Powderfinger "voicing our opinions". The band worked with boxer Anthony Mundine on the song's music video, whom Fanning praised as "the perfect lead, in terms of what the song is about and the fact that he's prepared to speak up for what he believes in."

As well as providing social commentary, Odyssey Number Five also discussed love, a recurring motif in Fanning's songwriting. Fanning noted that one of the causes of this was his passion for soul and gospel music, stating that he "listen[s] to a lot of soul music that's unashamedly about love and how good it makes you feel". Lead guitarist Ian Haug agreed, and also noted that the band as a whole were fully committed to Fanning's lyrics, stating "It's really important for us to agree with what Bernard is singing."

Odyssey Number Five marked Powderfinger's first successful attempt to enter the United States market. Fanning told Billboard in a 2001 interview that the band were not taking anything for granted, however, stating, "In America, we haven't really done any work yet to deserve any major popularity", with the "vibes" on previous albums failing to reach the American mainstream. Powderfinger toured extensively around the country, performing in 22 cities. As a result of these efforts, "My Happiness" was briefly placed on rotation on KROQ-FM and several other radio stations. The song ultimately peaked at #23 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. This success was assisted by the band appearing on the Late Show with David Letterman, and by supporting Coldplay on tour. Guitarist Darren Middleton summarised their work in the United States by stating "This year has been a bit of a blur." For the TV documentary series Great Australian Albums, group members described their working on Odyssey Number Five for series 2, episode 4 in 2008.

Album and single releases
Odyssey Number Five was released on 4 September 2000, on the Grudge/Universal record labels. The album was released in the United Kingdom on Polydor, with 15 minutes of video and an additional track, "Nature Boy", at a later date. A sampler version was released in the United States in 2001, containing five tracks.

Four singles were released from the album. "My Kind of Scene" was the first, released as a promotional single in June 2000. The track was written for the 2000 film Mission: Impossible 2, and appeared on its soundtrack. Collins and Middleton recalled that the song was written and produced with photos of Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman on the wall of the band's studio "as inspiration". They noted that the band made three songs in response to the Mission: Impossible 2 request, and that "My Kind of Scene" was chosen over "Up & Down & Back Again" and "Whatever Makes You Happy".

The second single from the album was "My Happiness", released on 14 August 2000 in Australia. "My Happiness" entered the ARIA Singles Chart at #4, and spent 24 weeks on the chart, making it Powderfinger's highest-charting single in Australia. It peaked at #7 on the New Zealand singles chart, and spent 23 weeks in the top 50. Furthermore, "My Happiness" was Powderfinger's first single to chart in the US, reaching #23 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart.

"Like a Dog" was released as the third single on 15 January 2001. The song was heavy in political sentiment, akin to "The Day You Come" on Internationalist. The riff for the song was written by Ian Haug, and the song's music video featured Australian Aboriginal boxer Anthony Mundine, and was based on the 1980 Martin Scorsese film Raging Bull. Drummer Jon Coghill said the song revolved around the question of "why the hell won't John Howard say sorry to the Aboriginal people!" "Like a Dog" spent one week on the ARIA Singles Chart, at #40.

Two songs from the album, "The Metre" and "Waiting for the Sun", were released as a double A-side to form the final single. The single was released on 21 August 2001, and included a cover of Iron Maiden's "Number of the Beast". "Waiting for the Sun" was written by Fanning as a devotional, gospel style song. He said of the song; "It's about being in a relationship and being really heavily happy with it." "The Metre" spent one week on the ARIA Singles Chart, at #31.

In August 2020, Powderfinger released a "20th anniversary deluxe edition", with 10 additional tracks, four of them previously unreleased.

Reception
Odyssey Number Five mostly gained positive reviews, and was more successful than its predecessor, Internationalist. Entertainment Weekly reviewer Marc Weingarten gave the album a B+. He stated that album entered new "terrain" in guitar rock, complimenting the "scratching and clawing guitars", drawing comparisons to Travis ("prim") and Oasis ("mock-grandiose").

AllMusic reviewer Dean Carlson disliked the album, giving it a rating of one and a half stars. He described it as "little more than a slightly off-base perspective into the world of mid-90s American grunge", and described it as highly similar to Neil Young. Despite this, Carlson praised the songs "Odyssey #5" and "My Happiness", stating that "too often, Powderfinger is too earnest, a bit too careful in their career". Carlson noted that despite his critique, the album achieved some success in the American market.

Devon Powers of PopMatters complimented Fanning's vocals and said the focus of the album was "meaty, rolling ballads". Powers noted that many of the songs on the album were "the kind of songs you put on repeat for hours, or days". The main critique was for the "faster numbers", stating that "Like a Dog" "sounds mostly a little bored". The review concluded by noting that the best songs on Odyssey were those not available as "fleeting radio singles and background music".

Odyssey Number Five won the 2001 ARIA Awards for "Album of the Year", "Highest Selling Album", "Best Rock Album", "Best Cover Art", and "Best Group". "My Happiness" won the award for "Single of the Year", while "Like a Dog" was nominated for "Highest Selling Single" and "Best Video". At the 2002 ARIA Awards, "The Metre" was nominated for "Best Group". The album was named "Album of the Year" by Rolling Stone Australia readers, with "My Happiness" taking out "Song of the Year" and Powderfinger receiving "Band of the Year".

In December 2021, the album was listed at no. 16 in Rolling Stone Australia's ‘200 Greatest Albums of All Time’ countdown.

Track listing
All songs written by Powderfinger, except when noted:

Personnel
Powderfinger
 * Bernard Fanning – lead vocals, guitars, keyboards
 * Darren Middleton – guitars, backing vocals
 * Ian Haug – guitars
 * John Collins – bass guitars
 * Jon Coghill – drums, percussion

Production
 * Nick DiDia – production, engineering and mixing
 * Matt Voigt – assistant engineering
 * Anton Hagop – assistant engineer
 * Stewart Whitmore – digital editing
 * Stephen Marcussen – mastering
 * Anton Hagop – assistant production
 * Kevin Wilkins – art direction and photography

Additional musicians
 * Nick DiDia – percussion
 * Alex Pertout – percussion
 * Matt Murphy – Hammond organ, Wurlitzer electric piano, Prophet-5 synthesizer
 * Daniel Denholm – string arrangements
 * Jun Yi Ma – violin
 * Naomi Radom – violin
 * Fiona Ziegler – violin
 * Jacob Plooij – violin
 * Mandy Murphy – viola
 * Felicity Wyithe – viola
 * Peter Morrison – cello
 * Maxime Bibeau – contrabass guitar
 * Damien Bennett – backing vocals
 * Tiddas
 * Lou Bennett – backing vocals
 * Sally Dastey – backing vocals
 * Amy Saunders – backing vocals

title: Odyssey Number Five


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User:DRCoren

HeadleyDown turns out to be a sockpuppet of EBlack.

Hello

I am a researcher and teacher of information design. My main focus is on the development of visual representations of the 20th century.

I am biased towards good research, and probably prefer conciseness. I am open to all ideas for discussion.

DRCoren

title: User:DRCoren


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User:Volunaz

Charles Schulz has been the lead of OpenOffice.org's innovative Native Language Confederation (former Native Lang project) for the last couple of years. The NLC, as we call it, represents the fastest growing section of OpenOffice.org and numbers among its members tens of thousands throughout the world. Projects are charged with localization (which they work on in the l10n project), support, and local marketing efforts. I should note that I have been the lead and co-lead of the NLC since its inception in 2001; it was founded by Guy Capra, formerly head of the French Language project (FR).

title: User:Volunaz


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User talk:Mcdma

manika: a philippine word that is meant as Doll.

title: User talk:Mcdma


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Irumide Belt

The Irumide Belt is a Mesoproterozoic terrane of deformed basement and folded supracrustals, which occurs along the southern margin of an Archaean/Palaeoproterozoic unit called the Bangweulu Block in Zambia. Together with the Damara Belt, it separates the Congo and Kalahari cratons.

The Irumide Belt comprises deformed crystalline basement units dated at 2.7 Ga and between 2.05 and 1.93 Ga, unconformably and in places structurally overlain by a supracrustal sequence of shallow water quartzites and pelites, the Muva Supergroup, in which sparse volcanic tuffs have given ages of between 1.88 and 1.85 Ga. This complex is intruded by limited granitoids at ca. 1.66-1.55 Ga and an extensive suite of syn-orogenic plutonic rocks at between 1.05 and 1.00 Ga.

title: Irumide Belt


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User talk:DRCoren

Hello

I am a researcher and teacher of information design. My main focus is on the development of visual representations of the 20th century.

I am biased towards good research, and probably prefer conciseness. I am open to all ideas for discussion.

DRCoren

Please respond.
Hello all. I added the image on critical view of NLP. It is a common criticism, that NLP is simply an extension of Dianetics and Scientology. It matches and illustrates the criticism section. Regards DRCoren 13:52, 11 September 2005 (UTC) DRCoren: You have failed to explain your logic assign NLP as a "simple extension" of Dianetics and Scientology.
 * If it is a simple extension, please explain your logic. This is not coherent argument without evidence, see logic below.

Comaze. You are the most uncooperative, evasive, disruptive, and surreptitious editor I have ever come across. Apart from that I have absolutely no need to answer your questions on such an obvious point. Get used to it. DRCoren 06:06, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

It is a simple question. I am completely within my rights to ask for you to cite your sources. Otherwise the image will be deleted. --Comaze 07:03, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

You have been deleting fact. You have been deleting other views. You have been acting against wikipedia NPOV policy ever since you have been editing. DRCoren 01:22, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Natural Mind Map.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Natural Mind Map.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. --Adam Clark(User_Talk) (email) 20:41, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:DRCoren


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Honda F engine

The Honda F-Series engine was considered Honda's "big block" SOHC inline four, though lower production DOHC versions of the F-series were built. It features a solid iron or aluminum open deck cast iron sleeved block and aluminum/magnesium cylinder head.

F18A3

 * Bore × Stroke: 85x81.5 mm
 * Displacement: 1849 cc
 * Cylinder Configuration: Inline-4
 * Valvetrain: SOHC, 16 valves
 * 115 hp up to 1997
 * 105 PS at 6,000 rpm, 14.6 kgm at 4,000 rpm carburetor and (PGM-FI-injection, Throttle-body fuel injection)
 * Fuel consumption: 13 km/L

This engine was also used in the Rover 618i, assembled in Swindon at the Honda facility.

F18B2
This engine was used for the Honda Accord European (CG8,CH6) from 1998 to 2002 VTEC S. Japan use variant (F18B) in (CD3,CF3) 1.8 VTS/VTE, from 1993 to 2002

The F18B2 won the 1.8L category of the International Engine of the Year competition for 2000.

Specifications

 * Bore × Stroke: 85x81.5 mm
 * Displacement: F18B2 1849 cc
 * Cylinder configuration: Inline-4
 * Valvetrain: SOHC, 16 valves, VTEC + IAB system
 * Compression ratio: 9.3:1
 * Vtec active at 2,500 rpm
 * IAB active at 4,000 rpm
 * Max power:
 * 136 hp at 6,100 rpm
 * 17.1 kgm at 5,000 rpm

F20A
This engine series was used in the Accord, Ascot Innova and Prelude in Japan and Europe. The DOHC F20A was also derived from this engine (see below).

Specifications

 * Bore × Stroke: 85x88 mm
 * Displacement: 1997 cc
 * Cylinder configuration: Inline-4
 * Compression ratio : 9.6:1
 * Valvetrain: SOHC, 16 valves, non-VTEC
 * Max Power :
 * F20A2 110 hp at 5,700 rpm (carbureted)
 * F20A3 110 hp at 5,700 rpm (carbureted)
 * F20A4 133 hp at 6,000 rpm (PGM-FI)
 * F20A5 133 hp at 5,300 rpm (PGM-FI)
 * F20A6 89 hp at 6,000 rpm (carbureted)
 * F20A7 133 hp at 5,600 rpm (PGM-FI)
 * F20A8 143 hp at 5,600 rpm (PGM-FI)
 * Max Torque :
 * F20A2 111 lbft at 3,500 rpm (carbureted)
 * F20A3 110 lbft at 3,800 rpm (carbureted)
 * F20A4 132 lbft at 3,700 rpm (PGM-FI)
 * F20A5 132 lbft at 5,000 rpm (PGM-FI)
 * F20A6 111 lbft at 3,500 rpm (carbureted)
 * F20A7 130 lbft at 4,400 rpm (PGM-FI)
 * F20A8 138 lbft at 4,800 rpm (PGM-FI)
 * Fuel consumption F20A8 Urban - 25 mpgus Highway - 34 mpgus
 * Fuel consumption (Japan Combined Cycle): 9.6 km/L (PGM-FI), 9.8 km/L (carbureted)

This engine also spawned many variants, according to market, but the specs remain largely similar.

The F20A3 is used in the early carbureted CB3. The F20A5 is used in the CB3 and CB4 Chassis.

F20B3
Used in the Honda Accord Coupe (CD9) (1994-1997) and the Honda Accord Aerodeck (CE2) (Wagon) (1994-1997) Produced for the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland and Luxembourg

All the models that came with the F20B3 had a 5 speed manual gearbox.

Specifications

 * Bore × Stroke: 85x88 mm
 * Displacement: 1997 cc
 * Valvetrain: SOHC, 16 valves
 * Cylinder configuration: Inline-4
 * Fuel Delivery: Multi-port fuel injection
 * Compression Ratio: 9.0:1
 * Max Power:
 * 134 hp at 5,600 rpm
 * Max Torque:
 * 136 lbft at 4,500 rpm

F20Z1
This engine series is similar to the F20A above, used in the Honda Accord CC7 (1993-1996) and CE8 (1996-1998) in Europe. Also the Rover 620i (1993-1999)

Specifications

 * Bore × Stroke: 85x88 mm
 * Displacement: 1997 cc
 * Compression Ratio: 9.5:1
 * Valvetrain: SOHC, 16 valves
 * 131 hp at 5,400 rpm

F20Z2
This engine is the low compression brother of F20Z1. This engine was used in the same models as the F20Z1.

Specifications

 * Bore × Stroke: 85x88 mm
 * Displacement: 1997 cc
 * Compression Ratio: 9.0:1
 * Valve Configuration: SOHC, 16 valves
 * 115 hp at 5,300 rpm

F22A
This engine series was used in the Honda Accord and Honda Prelude S. Aside from differences in tuning, these engines are substantially similar.

Specifications

 * Bore × Stroke: 85x95 mm
 * Displacement: 2156 cc
 * Valve configuration: SOHC, 16 valves, non-VTEC
 * Compression ratio: 8.8:1
 * Max power:
 * F22A1: 125 hp at 5,200 rpm. (Accord DX, LX). The 1992–1996 Prelude S also has a F22A1 but because of a different, more aggressively tuned ECU (P12) the power output is 135 hp.
 * F22A2: 145 hp at 5,600 rpm. Accord EXi 2WS 1990–1993, Prelude S and SI 1992–1996. 2.2 Lts. water-cooled SOHC with Sequential multi-port fuel injection engine without catalytic converter (KT/KY). Compression Ratio 8.9:1. This engine is equipped with the same camshaft from F22A6 engine, have the 4-1 header and simple intake manifold from F22A1 without IABS. Built to be supplied for the Gulf Market models, be they Accord and Prelude, this is a reason which is very unknown in America, and there is not so much information.
 * F22A3: 150 hp European market engine, with more power due to less strict emission standards.
 * F22A4: 130 hp at 5,200 rpm. (Accord EX) The F22A4 is the same motor as the F22A1 but it has slightly more power due to a tubular designed header and slightly bigger exhaust piping.
 * F22A6: 140 hp at 5,600 rpm. The F22A6 is the same as the F22A1 except for a slightly more aggressive camshaft, a better flowing cast exhaust manifold, a different more aggressively tuned ECU (PT6), and a different intake manifold that utilizes IAB's and also has a bigger plenum. The F22A6 also has a windage tray in the oil pan, and stiffer valve springs to accommodate the more aggressive camshaft.  In cars with an automatic transmission there is an oil cooler present on the back of the block as well.
 * F22A7: 150 hp European domestic market engine, with more power due to less strict emission standards. (uses PT4, obd1 ecu) .Compression ratio: 9.8:1.
 * F22A9 Australian delivered engine. Similar characteristics to the F22A6 European engine. More aggressive camshaft and slightly larger valves. Standard compression
 * F22A1: 186 Nm at 4,000 rpm
 * F22A4: 193 Nm at 4,000 rpm
 * F22A6: 193 Nm at 4,500 rpm
 * F22A7: 198 Nm at 5,000 rpm

F22B1
This engine was used in the 1994-1997 Honda Accord EX (1993 in JDM Accord models 2.2VTE, VTL & VTS) and the 1997 Acura CL. It was the first F-series engine to feature VTEC.

Specifications

 * Bore × Stroke: 85x95 mm
 * Displacement: 2156 cc
 * Piston Length: 65 mm
 * Compression Ratio: 8.8:1
 * Rod Length: 142 mm
 * Rod Diameter: 51 mm
 * Pin Diameter: 22 mm
 * Valvetrain: SOHC, 16 valves (4 valves per cylinder), VTEC
 * Max Power: 145 hp at 5,500 rpm
 * Max Torque: 199 Nm at 4,500 rpm
 * VTEC Switchover: 2300~3200 rpm (depending on manifold pressure)
 * Redline: 6,500 rpm (fuel cut-off action)
 * Firing order: 1-3-4-2
 * Fuel control: (1994–1995) OBD-I PGM-FI (1996–1998) OBD-II PGM-FI

F22B5
This engine was used in the European Accord known as the Honda Aerodeck.

Specifications

 * Bore × Stroke: 85x95 mm
 * Displacement: 2156 cc
 * Piston Length: 65 mm
 * Compression Ratio: 9.8:1
 * Rod Length: 142 mm
 * Rod Diameter: 51 mm
 * Pin Diameter: 22 mm
 * Valvetrain: SOHC, 16 valves (4 valves per cylinder)
 * Max Power: 150 hp at 5,600-5,900 rpm
 * Max Torque: 199 Nm at 4,500-5,000 rpm
 * Redline: 6,200 rpm
 * Firing order: 1-3-4-2
 * Fuel control: PGM-FI
 * Fuel required: Premium unleaded gasoline (RON) of 95 or higher. (US equivalent of 91 octane)

F22B
The F22B2, F22B3, F22B6 and F22B8 are similar, though their exhaust headers vary between each.
 * Found in
 * Honda Accord DX, LX, SE, and Prelude 1993-1997 (F22B2)
 * Honda Accord EXi 1994-1997 (Australia & New Zealand) (F22B3)
 * Honda Odyssey 1995-1997 (F22B6)
 * Honda Shuttle (F22B8)

 * Specifications
 * Displacement: 2156 cc
 * Bore x Stroke: 85x95 mm
 * Valvetrain: SOHC, DOHC
 * Head: SOHC, 16 valves
 * Compression: 8.8:1
 * Power: 130 hp at 5,300 rpm
 * Torque: 188 Nm at 4,200 rpm
 * Redline: 6,300 rpm
 * Rev. limit: 6,900 rpm
 * Firing Order: 1-3-4-2
 * Fuel Control: OBD-I rarely OBD-II PGM-FI

F23A1
This engine was used in the 1998-2002 Honda Accord LX, EX, and SE, LEV models, and in the Acura 2.3CL in North America.

Acceleration 0-60 mph for the 4-cylinder models is improved (around the mid-9-second mark), with comparable fuel efficiency to its predecessor: 23 mpgus/city and 30 mpgus/hwy for LX and EX models with automatic transmissions. Emissions of Non-Methane Organic Gases (NMOG), also known as unburned hydrocarbons, produced during engine warm-up are considerably lower. The LX and EX engines produce less than 0.075 grams per mile, qualifying them for California LEV (Low-Emission Vehicle) status. In California, the Accord EX with the available automatic transmission will produce less than 0.03 grams per mile of NMOG, qualifying it as the first gasoline-powered vehicle to reach ULEV (Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle) status. The five-main bearing block is high-pressure die-cast from aluminum alloy. The walls of the block extend below the centerline of the crankshaft, which helps stiffen the bottom end. FEM (Finite Element Method) computer analysis was used to arrive at optimum thicknesses for the block ribs and walls in order to minimize engine vibration. Additional bottom-end rigidity comes from a larger, stronger bearing-cap beam that ties directly into the cylinder-block skirt. An aluminum-alloy stiffener has been added between the transmission case and the block, just behind the bearing carrier. The stiffener serves to tie the block and transmission together into a single, reinforced unit. FEM was also used to design this stiffener so that it would not only stiffen the area, but also help minimize high-frequency engine vibration. Finite-element analysis of the Accord's piston design by Honda engineers yielded a new ultra-short, lightweight skirt design, which is very rigid and resistant to vibration and piston slap. Like the V-6 engine the pistons are gravity-cast aluminum alloy and utilize full-floating wrist pins in order to minimize noise. The engine's drop-forged single-plane steel crankshaft and connecting rods have been designed to be stronger and operate with less friction, much like the V-6 components. The I-section, drop-forged steel connecting rods have a completely new design and are considerably lighter than their predecessors (475 g vs. 578 g), which helps to minimize vibration. Big end-bearing journal diameter has been reduced from 48 to 45 mm. Rod thickness is down from 24 to 20 mm and the bolt size is smaller. Like the V-6 rod bolts, those of the 4-cylinder engine are torqued to the plastic region of the bolt material in order to ensure a solid union between the bearing cap and the connecting rod. The engine block incorporates the Honda-designed second-order balance system that cancels the inertial forces common to large-displacement 4-cylinder engines. The system consists of a balance shaft on either side of and parallel to the crank-shaft, 81 mm above its centerline. Driven by a toothed belt, these balance shafts rotate in same directions at twice engine speed. Eccentric weights built into the shafts generate inertial forces that counteract the second-order forces created by the motion of the pistons and connecting rods. This Honda system minimizes vibration in the entire rpm range.

Cylinder Head

The 16-valve, single-overhead-camshaft cylinder head features four valves per cylinder and pentroof combustion chambers. Individual valves are smaller and lighter in 4-valve heads, which allows the engine to be revolved to a higher rpm, helping to extend the engine's power range. Valve actuation is via rocker arms and a hollow, belt-driven single overhead camshaft. The single-over-head-camshaft design requires less under-hood space than the more conventional dual overhead camshafts normally used with 16-valve, 4-cylinder engines. The adoption of a sophisticated knock control system optimizes ignition timing and allows for a higher compression ratio (9.3:1 from 8.8:1). Unleaded regular fuel is specified.

Revised Intake System

The intake system was simplified in shape to reduce induction resistance and noise. A larger twin-chambered air box designed to dampen resonant intake tract noise replaces the previous Accord's smaller, single-chamber damper. The new box is 10.7 liters in capacity, compared to the older unit's 8.2 liters. The larger box also eliminates the need for a second resonant-frequency damper and an additional side branch. The 2.3-liter Accord 4-cylinder engine intake manifold has been redesigned to add more power and lower emissions. The individual cast-aluminum runners have revised dimensions to better take advantage of the different air-flow characteristics of the 2.3-liter engine. A larger plenum chamber reduces induction noise and the incorporation of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ports into the plenum, upstream of the throttle plates, eliminates the need for a separate fitting and port in each intake runner.

Low vs. High Speed Operation

During low-rpm operation, only one intake valve (primary) opens, allowing air and fuel into the combustion chamber. The other intake valve (secondary) has only a slight amount of lift and its timing is staggered. As a result, the air-fuel charge drawn through the open intake valve undergoes a swirl effect. The swirl creates a stratified charge with a rich mixture near the spark plug for good light-off, and a progressively leaner mixture toward its periphery. This stratified charge, combined with improved EGR control, results in lower emissions especially during the critical warm-up period, and better fuel economy. Low-friction, roller-bearing rocker arms are used to help reduce friction and improve engine efficiency, except the secondary intake valve rocker arm does not have a roller-bearing. At high speed, as calculated by the ECU based on several inputs, a VTEC oil control valve is energized and oil pressure is routed to the small piston train in each 3 arm set of intake rocker arms. The pistons shift slightly which locks all three rocker arms together. Both intake valves then move together on the center rocker arm cam profile which changes intake valve timing and dwell and increases airflow into each cylinder. Springs in the piston train return the pistons back to their low rpm positions when the oil pressure is removed. Each center rocker arm is held against its cam lobe by an anti-free motion spring during low speed operation.

Emissions
 * EX and LX engines qualify as California LEV (Low-Emission Vehicles)
 * EX with automatic transmission qualifies as ULEV (Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle) in California
 * Stratified-charge VTEC
 * Electronically controlled EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation)
 * ULEV engine uses 32-bit ECU with individual cylinder air-fuel ratio control, lean air-fuel ratio during fast idle, high-efficiency catalyst and low heat-mass exhaust system

NVH
 * Less radiated noise and vibration
 * Quieter, less restrictive induction system with large, twin-chamber resonator
 * New lightweight piston and connecting-rod design minimizes vibration
 * More rigid crankshaft design
 * Second-order balance system
 * Redesigned cylinder block is more rigid with less vibration
 * Aluminum engine stiffener between engine and transmission

Transmission
 * Direct-control automatic transmission is controlled by PCM (Powertrain Control Module) for smooth shifting
 * Cruise control is controlled by PCM and AT Cruise ECU for smoother operation
 * Reduced gear noise
 * Manual transmission has reduced lining diameter for smoother shifting, with same level of fade resistance and durability

Specifications

 * 2.3L MFI 4CYL
 * Bore × Stroke: 86x97 mm
 * Displacement: 2254 cc
 * Valve Configuration: SOHC, 16 valves, VTEC
 * Compression ratio: 9.3:1
 * Max power: 150 hp at 5,700 rpm
 * Max torque: 206 Nm at 4,900 rpm

F23A4
This engine was used in the 1998-2002 Honda Accord ULEV models. It is substantially similar to the F23A1, but features ULEV certification with a slight reduction of power: 148 hp with a maximum torque of 204 Nm. This engine has a different exhaust manifold, a more restrictive intake manifold, and a 32-bit ECU that uses an AFR (Air Fuel Ratio) oxygen sensor when compared to the F23A1.

F23A5
This engine was used in the 1998-2002 Honda Accord DX, the 1998-2002 Honda Accord LXi in New Zealand and the 2002 Honda Accord LX VP (value package) in North America.

Specifications

 * Bore × Stroke: 86x97 mm
 * Displacement: 2254 cc
 * Valve Configuration: SOHC, 16 valves
 * Compression ratio: 8.8:1
 * Max power: 135 hp at 5,500 rpm
 * Max torque: 206 Nm at 4,500 rpm

F23A7
This engine was substantially similar to the F23A1. It was used in the 1998 Honda Odyssey, the 1998-1999 Isuzu Oasis, and EUDM Honda Shuttle.

Bore 86x97 mm. Compression ratio: 9.3:1

F23Z5
This engine was used in the Honda Accord sixth (CL3 - Europe) (2001-2003).

Bore 86x97 mm. Compression ratio: 9.3:1
 * Max power: 154 hp at 5,700 rpm
 * Max torque: 206 Nm at 4,900 rpm

F20A
This engine was used in the 1990–1993 CB3 and CB4 Honda Accord 2.0Si, Honda Prelude Si - SR JDM-EDM and Honda Ascot Innova.

Specifications

 * Bore × Stroke: 85x88 mm
 * Displacement: 1997 cc
 * Valve Configuration: DOHC, 16 valves
 * Compression ratio: 9.5:1
 * Max power: 150 hp at 6,100 rpm
 * Max torque: 186 Nm at 5,000 rpm

F20B
This engine series was used in the 1997-2001 CF4, CF5, CF9, CL3 Honda Accord and Honda Torneo from Japan. It uses a DOHC VTEC cylinder head similar to the H22A found in the Prelude but was designed to comply with many countries' sub-2.0 liter tax. The automatic transmission versions received the lower hp version 180 hp, as it was tuned for more mid-range torque than its manual transmission counterpart. The F20B manual version also utilized bigger cams, intake and throttle body from the H22 type S.

Specifications

 * Accord SiR, SiR-T F20B 1997-2001 2.0L
 * Valve train: four-cylinder, DOHC VTEC, 16-valve
 * Bore × Stroke: 85x88 mm
 * Displacement: 1997 cc
 * Torque: 20.0 kgm at 6,600 rpm (manual models);19.6 kgm at 5,500 rpm (automatic models);
 * Horsepower: 200 PS at 7,200 rpm (manual models); 180 PS at 7,000 rpm (automatic models)
 * VTEC Engagement: 5,600 rpm
 * Redline: 7,400 rpm
 * Rev limit: 7,800 rpm
 * Compression: 11.0:1
 * Fuel control: OBD-2b

F20C
This engine was a radical departure from previous F engines, and only shared basic dimensions such as bore spacing. It was designed specifically for the Honda S2000 and shares some engineering with the Honda K engine. A long-stroke F22C1 variant was also produced.

Specifications

 * Year: 2000+
 * Bore x Stroke: 87x84 mm
 * Displacement: 1998 cc
 * Compression: 11.5:1; 11.7:1 (Japan-spec)
 * Power: 240 bhp at 8,300 rpm
 * Torque: 206 Nm at 7,000 rpm
 * Redline: 9,000 rpm
 * VTEC Engagement: 6,000 rpm

F22C1
This engine was a reworked version of the F20C with a new rod/stroke ratio and more displacement thanks to a longer stroke. Consequently, the redline was dropped to 8,000rpm. The camshafts were revised along with valve springs and retainers. The compression ratio also fell. All these changes resulted in improved low-end torque output but also raised the peak torque by 6%. Power output stayed the same.

Specifications

 * Year: 2004-2009
 * Bore x Stroke: 87x90.7 mm
 * Displacement: 2157 cc
 * Compression: 11.1:1
 * Power: 240 bhp at 7,800 rpm
 * Torque: 220 Nm at 7,000 rpm
 * Redline: 8,200 rpm
 * VTEC Engagement: 6,000 rpm

F22B
This engine was used in the mk4 1992–1996 Honda Prelude Si in Japan. It is similar to the H23A. The mk5 1997 Honda Prelude also used this engine in first years of manufacture sold as Si only in Japan.

Specifications

 * Bore × Stroke: 85x95 mm
 * Displacement: 2156 cc
 * Valve Configuration: DOHC, 16 valves
 * Compression ratio: 9.3:1
 * Max power: 160 hp at 6,500 rpm
 * Max torque: 215 Nm at 6,000 rpm
 * Redline: 6,800 rpm

title: Honda F engine


text: Category:Microsoft lists

title: Category:Microsoft lists


text:
Talk:Vigo

Untitled
Shouldn't some-thing be said about the crude oil spill?

The first sentence is unclear: "Vigo 42°14′14.12″N, 8°43′17.86″W is the largest city in Galicia located in the province of Pontevedra, Spain." Is Vigo the largest city in Galicia? Or is it only the largest city in the province of Pontevedra? (Without a comma between "Galicia" and "located" it would be the latter, but then why not just reword to say that?) VectorPosse 08:05, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Vigo is the largest city in Galicia and the province of Pontevedra too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.27.16.248 (talk) 20:16, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

World War II section and Sunken U-boat category
The Category:Sunken U-boats and the "World War II" section of this article are both odd. The mentioned u-boats were sunk roughly 400 and 500 miles offshore; they can hardly be a local tourist attraction, and there is no mention of any historical implications to Vigo. Because the wrecks are so very far offshore, I am removing Vigo from Category:Sunken U-boats. I would suggest the "World War II" section, while factually accurate, be rewritten to address the impact of WWII on Vigo, not just anecdotally mention events so far removed from it. Maralia 17:58, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Organisation
Should the structure of the article maybe be revised? Also, does climate really count as geographic issue? And as it stands the layout is a bit higgledy-piggledy in places.Cymrog (talk) 23:21, 21 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I apologise, having looked at some other articles Climate tends to come under Geography but Demographics often has it's own section.Cymrog (talk) 23:30, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Parroquias
Are all the parishes of Vigo considered districts of the city? Or some are villages (non-urban)?-Pedro (talk) 23:31, 11 August 2009 (UTC)
 * All of them respond to the Mayor's Office. Every time Vigo absorbed a village, it fully becamea part of the city. People may still call that region with its former name, and still has its own festivities and the like, but it is as part of the city as the rest. There are plans for a different thing, though. 83.32.84.51 (talk) 15:15, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

WWII
Somewhere I read that German U-boats were secretly resupplied from a German ship anchored at Vigo during WWII - but I don't remember where I read it. Sca (talk) 17:22, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

 * You may have seen it in Das Boot. It's a fictional account but I would guess the part about resupply in Vigo is real. Kendall-K1 (talk) 13:41, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

Sister Cities
Vigo with Las palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain) in web office las palmas http://www.laspalmasgc.es/views/Ayuntamiento/Relaciones%20Internacionales/Hermanamientos/index.jsp — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.117.3.216 (talk) 11:09, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I think the correct phonetic transcription is /ˈbiːɡo/, not /ˈviːɡoʊ/. I understand that the latter would be the English pronunciation, but the Spanish and Galician pronunciation is the former. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.146.40.118 (talk) 07:47, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Flags
Per WP:FLAGCRUFT (et. al) flags in the "sister city twin town" section are not appropriate. Country flags confuse the issue and move the focus/emphasis away from the cities (partnership is with the city, not with the sovereign country), suggesting some non-existent broader relationship aside from bluntly detracting from the actual purpose of the section which it is to highlight the link between cities, not countries. And the odd notion of making such twin city sections "look unificated with other European cities" (which ones? why European?) as guiding target is misguided, because enforcing such consistency is not paramount (particularly if it comes at the price of losing important information such as dates).--Asqueladd (talk) 12:42, 14 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vigo


text:
TeenStreet

TeenStreet is an annual international week-long congress for Christian teenagers between 13 and 17 years old. It is presented by Operation Mobilisation. The first TeenStreet, held in Offenburg, Germany in 1993, hosted about 50 people. It was part of the Love Europe Congress. Today, over 4,500 teenagers and volunteers attend the German TeenStreet congress each summer. In recent years, TeenStreet events have also been launched and held annually in Uruguay, Brazil, India, South Africa, Malaysia, Australia and Faroe Islands. Each event is coordinated locally by Operation Mobilisation's home offices. Program direction is coordinated internationally, led by Dan & Suzie Potter and Josh & Debs Walker. The Director of TeenStreet International is Peter Magnusson. In the summer of 2007, Josh & Debs Walker assumed the responsibility of program leadership for TeenStreet in Germany. The leadership team for the biggest TeenStreet event in Germany consists of Matthias Vögelin (CH), Margareth Djurhuus (FO), Aaron Lewis (UK) Ralf Wieland (DE).

TeenStreet was named by Dan & Suzie Potter also known as DUZIE. The name was created in November 1992 in Poland. It came as the result of needing a name that would be understood internationally. The "Teen" part was who it was for, and the "Street" part was about having a why to go. The purpose from the beginning was to motivate and equip Christian teens to have a real friendship with Jesus and reflecting Jesus in their world.

As of August 2010 there have been 46 international TeenStreet congresses.

German themes and locations

 * 1993: Offenburg – You Can Change Your World
 * 1994: Friedrichshafen – Living in an Upside Down World
 * 1995: Wolfsburg – Another Day in Paradise
 * 1996: Mosbach – Original Copy
 * 1997: Offenburg – Theatre of Life
 * 1998: Wolfsburg – Dare To Dream
 * 1999: Offenburg – Inside Out Revolution
 * 2000: Mosbach – The Image
 * 2001: Offenburg – Kingdom Come
 * 2002: Oldenburg – Secrets Revealed
 * 2003: Offenburg – re:Discovering Jesus
 * 2004: Oldenburg – Driving At The Speed Of Life
 * 2005: Münster – Time Machine: Remember The Future
 * 2006: Offenburg – Metamorphosis: The Heart of Change
 * 2007: Oldenburg – Contagious: Infect Your Sphere
 * 2008: Oldenburg – Blindsight
 * 2009: Offenburg – Impossible
 * 2010: Oldenburg – PS XXIII
 * 2011: Offenburg – "REAL"
 * 2012: Oldenburg – "NewSong 40"
 * 2013: Offenburg – ">>MORE"
 * 2014: Münster – "OPEN"
 * 2015: Offenburg – "Home"
 * 2016: Oldenburg – "Life"
 * 2017: Offenburg – "Unshakeable"
 * 2018: Oldenburg – "CLOSER"
 * 2019: Offenburg – "Inspired"
 * 2023: Offenburg – "SEEN"
 * 2024: Offenburg – "DUNAMIS"

Brazilian themes and locations

 * 2004: Brazil: Maringá – re:Discovering Jesus (January)
 * 2005: Brazil: Maringá – Driving At The Speed Of Life (January)
 * 2006: Brazil: Maringá – Time Machine: Remember the Future (22–27 January 2006)
 * 2007: Brazil: Maringá – Metamorphosis: The Heart of Change (January)
 * 2008: Brazil: Maringá Contagious (20–27 January 2008)
 * 2009: Brazil: Maringá – Blind (26–31 January 2009)
 * 2010: Brazil: Maringá – Impossible (25–31 January 2010)
 * 2011: Brazil: Maringá – PS XXIII (17–23 January 2011)

title: TeenStreet


text:
Gin Drinkers Line

The Gin Drinkers Line, or Gin Drinkers' Line, was a British military defensive line against the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong during the Battle of Hong Kong in December 1941, part of the Pacific War.

The concept came from France's Maginot Line, built after World War I. The British believed the line could protect the colony from Japanese invasion for at least six months and even called it the "Oriental Maginot Line". The Japanese generals also believed the line would stop their advance until the scouts found out the line was very weak. For example, only 40 soldiers defended Shing Mun Redoubt in the Battle of Hong Kong. It had a capacity of 120 men.

Geographical location

The Line's name originated from Gin Drinkers Bay, a former bay in nearby Kwai Chung, New Territories (now reclaimed and part of Kwai Fong). It passed through Kam Shan, the Shing Mun Reservoir, Beacon Hill, Lion Rock, and Tate's Cairn, ending at Port Shelter in Sai Kung District. Its total length was 18 kilometers. Its key points were the stretch between Beacon Hill and Sha Tin Pass, and the Shing Mun Redoubt, the latter of which also housed command HQ for the Line.

The Line made use of the mountains north of the Kowloon Peninsula and was strategically important in preventing any southward invasion from the New Territories.

Names for the various entrances, passages, and exits were drawn from street names in Central London, such as "Oxford Street", "Regent Street", "Charing Cross", "Haymarket", "Piccadilly", and "Shaftesbury Avenue", which are inscribed over entrances and exits. The Shing Mun Redoubt was known as the "Strand Palace Hotel".

Construction
According to Jason Wordie, author of Ruins of War: A guide to Hong Kong’s Battlefields and Wartime Sites, when the line was constructed, the Shing Mun reservoir scheme was the "largest water project in the British Empire", and the initial purpose of the line was to safeguard this project.

Construction lasted from 1936 to 1938. The Line was not a solid defensive line, but rather a series of defensive positions linked together by paths. Bunkers, concrete fortified machine gun posts, trenches, and artillery batteries were built along the line: however, this artillery support may have been insufficient. The line was started in 1937, then its construction was abandoned and restarted in November 1938 under the direction of General Maltby when the C Force was sent in. Brigadier John K. Lawson led the construction of 72 concrete pillboxes.

In 2012, 93 pillboxes were mapped along the line.

Shing Mun Redoubt

Defensive headquarters were located at Shing Mun Redoubt ( or ) – also known as the "Strand Palace Hotel" – which had an observation post (acting as headquarters of the redoubt) that could call artillery support from Mount Davis battery and Stonecutters Island Fort, and four pillboxes (PB400-403) fitted with Vickers machine guns and Bren LMGs. It was built on the northern slopes of Smuggler’s Ridge. There were 1.5 metre deep defensive channels or trenches, named after the roads of London such as Charing Cross, to aid the British soldiers of the Middlesex Regiment.

8 December 1941: initial contact
On the morning of 8 December 1941, Japanese forces bombed Kai Tak Airport, wresting control of the skies from the British and initiating the Battle of Hong Kong. At noon, the Japanese advance guard crossed the Shenzhen River to invade the New Territories. The northern garrison fell back to the Gin Drinkers Line, destroying roads and bridges on the way to make it more difficult for the invaders. By dusk, the Japanese had taken Tai Po.

There were only three British Army battalions manning the Gin Drinkers Line: the 2nd Battalion, Royal Scots in the west, the 2/14th Battalion, Punjab Regiment in the centre and the 5/7th Battalion, Rajput Regiment in the east. It was hoped that they could hold for at least three weeks and inflict casualties on the Japanese.

9 December: Japanese sneak attack
On 9 December, Japanese advance scouts of the 228th Regiment headed towards Tai Mo Shan, and discovered that British defences were weak at "225 High Ground" near Shing Mun Redoubt and Shing Mun Reservoir. The high ground dominated all positions of the western portion of the Line. Therefore, the Japanese advanced a sneak attack.

At 21:00 that evening, the lieutenant in charge and ten elite soldiers began the sneak attack. Combat engineers successfully breached the barbed wire and destroyed bunkers. By 07:00 on 10 December, they had taken the high ground and 27 POWs, opening a breach in the Line. The success surprised Japanese commanders who had thought at least a month was required to break the British defences, and thereby diverted more forces from mainland China to boost manpower. They also thought that a premature breakthrough would lead to rear forces and artillery troops falling behind, but ultimately agreed to launch a general assault.

10 December: general assault
Japanese forces then opened a two-pronged assault on the Gin Drinkers Line. By the next day, they had already claimed Kam Shan and Tate's Cairn. Major General Christopher Maltby knew that the position was untenable and at noon decided to withdraw the garrison to Hong Kong Island to preserve its strength, signalling the defeat of the Line. Defenders to the west of the Line began retreating towards the island at 20:00. The Rajput Battalion stayed behind as a rear guard, only retreating on the morning of 13 December towards Devil's Peak and Lei Yue Mun towards Hong Kong Island. This was also the final retreat of British forces from the Kowloon Peninsula. At the end, out of the 43 men stationed at the Shing Mun Redoubt, 3 were killed, 27 captured, and 13 fled.

Reasons for failure
The Gin Drinkers Line was and still is considered to be a complete failure. The line and the whole of Kowloon were abandoned by the British troops in just two days. There can be said to be three main reasons:

 * 1) Insufficient troops: although their weaponry was sound, there were not enough British soldiers to maximise the Line's potential. For example, the Shing Mun Redoubt could have garrisoned over 120 men, but was garrisoned by just 43 troops, because many of the troops suffered from malaria, since the area around the redoubt was known to contain a lot of mosquitos.
 * 2) Underestimation of the Japanese: the British assumed that the Japanese did not wage night battles and relaxed their guard. They were also overconfident in the Line's capabilities and believed that the Japanese could be easily repulsed.

Gin Drinker’s Line and Shing Mun Redoubt
Most of the Shing Mun Redoubt’s remains can be found. However, most of the Line's remains cannot be found. The defensive structures left at Shing Mun Redoubt; and pillboxes at Lion Rock, Tate's Cairn, and Port Shelter have been damaged by gunshots and grenades by the British and the Japanese. These facilities are not maintained and are dangerous to enter.

In 2012, a group of scholars from the Hong Kong University mapped out the tunnels and their architectural characteristics, and called on the government to better preserve this historical heritage.

Greenery around Gin Drinker’s Line
Young trees have been growing around Gin Drinker’s line since the time it was abandoned, contrary to the barren lands around the line when it was built. Macaques inhabit the park.

title: Gin Drinkers Line


text:
Muva

The Muva is a term coined by E.H. Ackermann (1950) for a folded supracrustal shallow water succession of quartzites and pelites in the Irumide Belt of Zambia. The "Muva" was first described by A. Gray (1930).

The sequence is interpreted as a 1.8 billion year old shallow marine to coastal sequence which includes dunal deposits (aeolian), beach sands, offshore sand deposits and deeper water pelitic sediments. The alternation of quartzite-pelite successions was interpreted to record transgressive and regressive phases of a coastline along the southern margin of the Bangweulu Block. The presence of these type of rocks is also seen in areas that have undergone marine transgression.

In the western coastline of the Indian peninsula the Jurassic strata show this character of undergoing a submergence owing to crustal disturbance on the surface of the ocean floor and lead to the presence of marl with limestone in shallow water areas. Such effects are widely observed along the western coastline of India in parts of Saurashtra (Gujarat) and the Salt Range of Rajasthan.

title: Muva