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Foudre-class landing platform dock

The Foudre-class landing platform dock is a class of landing platform docks designed and constructed for the French Navy. Designated Transport de Chalands de Débarquement, they were intended to replace the ageing Ouragan-class landing platform dock and the construction of four vessels was planned. Only two were built and the remaining two were instead reordered as Mistral-class amphibious assault ships. The two ships of the Foudre class, FRENCH SHIP Foudre and FRENCH SHIP Siroco, operated with the French Navy between 1990 and 2014. Replaced by the Mistrals, in 2011 Foudre was sold to the Chilean Navy and Siroco was sold to the Brazilian Navy in 2015.

Design and description
The Foudre class was designed to embark a mechanized regiment of the Rapid Action Force (Force d'action rapide) and act as its logistical support vessel once in theatre. Designated Transport de Chalands de Débarquement by the French Navy, they were ordered as replacements for the Ouragan-class landing platform dock with improvements over the previous design. The improvements included a higher speed, a hangar for helicopters, an elevator allowing for the quicker transfer of cargo between decks of the ship and side ramp embarkation, allowing for the loading of troops and vehicles from dockside. Due to delays in the procurement of the ships, the two vessels were built to slightly different layouts, with the second ship of the class, FRENCH SHIP Siroco incorporating a number of improvements later added to the first, FRENCH SHIP Foudre. Foudre displaces 8190 t light, 9300 t standard, 11880 t at full load and 17200 t when flooded. Siroco has a displacement of 8230 t light, 12013 t at full load and 17205 t when flooded. The vessels are 168 m long overall, 160 m between perpendiculars with a beam of 23.5 m and 22 m at the waterline with a draught of 5.2 m and 9.1 m when flooded.

The vessels are both propelled by two controllable pitch propellers powered by two SEMT-Pielstick 16 PC 2.5 V400 diesel engines creating 20760 bhp. The vessels also have a 940 shp bow thruster used primarily during amphibious operations. The Foudre-class ships have a maximum speed of 21 kn and a range of 11000 nmi at 15 kn. They are equipped with five 450 kW diesel generator sets creating a total of 4,250 kW of electricity. The ships have an endurance of 30 days at sea. The citadel is nuclear, biological and chemical protected.

Amphibious capability
The Foudre class carry large stowage areas which can be used to ferry battle tanks and vehicles. Each ship has a 122 by docking well capable of stowing ten chaland de transport de matériel (CTMs) or one chaland de débarquement d'infanterie et de chars (CDIC)/engin de débarquement d'infanterie et de chars (EDIC) with four CTMs or two CDICs. They can also store two landing craft vehicle personnel suspended from davits abeam the aft part of the docking well. The landing craft can be put to sea by filling ballast tanks lowering the ship, and opening the rear door, flooding the well deck with 3 m of water. The ships can ballast down in 30 minutes with 7000 m2 of ballast capacity. It takes a further 45 minutes to de-ballast. To aid in the quicker loading of the ship dockside, the vessels were given side-door loading capability. The well deck is capable of docking a ship up to 400 t.

The ships have permanent accommodation for 470 troops but can support up to 2,000 for three days. They have capacity for 1080 t of vehicles and cargo stowed in a 1360 m2 area. This can be extended by using the forward third of the well deck that is kept dry using a cofferdam. The well and cargo decks are serviced by a 13.5 by elevator with a lift capacity of 56 t and a crane with a 37 t lift capacity in Foudre and 38 t capable crane in Siroco. The ships can also store up to 150 t of cargo fuel. They also sport a 600 m2 hospital area located beneath flight deck in order to ease transfer of casualties. The hospital facilities include two surgical operating suites and 47 beds. The ships also have repair and maintenance facilities.

Aircraft
The Foudre-class ships are equipped with a hangar capable of accommodating four Eurocopter Super Puma or two Aérospatiale Super Frelon helicopters. They each have a flight deck amidships capable of operating two Super Puma helicopters simultaneously. Foudre's flight deck, measuring 1450 m2 has two landing spots but only one fitted with SAMAHE haul-down systems. Siroco's flight deck measures 1740 m2 after it was extended aft. Both ships can add an additional 30 by landing spot on portable helicopter and vehicle stowage platform aft. Five 6 m, 25 t floatable sections can be added or lifted off by the 37/38-ton cranes. The vessels carry 184000 L of JP-5 aviation fuel.

Armament and sensors
Foudre was initially armed with two two-round Sadral launchers for Mistral surface-to-air missiles, one located to either side of the bridge and one 40 mm gun and two single-mounted 20 mm guns. The Mistral missile has an infrared homing to 2.2 nmi with a 3 kg warhead. The Sadral launchers were replaced with Simbad launchers and the number was later increased to three in Foudre with the third mount fitted atop the bridge. In 1998, the 40 mm and 20 mm guns were removed and replaced with 30 mm Breda-Mauser guns. The 30 mm guns can fire a 0.36 kg shell 1.6 nmi and up to 800 rounds/minute. Siroco was equipped with the 30 mm guns during construction and received a third Simbad launcher in 2002. Both ships are equipped with four 12.7 mm machine guns.

Both ships received SENIT 8.01 with Link 11 reception and OPSMER command support systems. Two SAGEM VIGY-105 optronic fire control systems were installed for the 30 mm guns. They are equipped with Thomson-CSF DRBV 21A Mars air and surface search radar operating on the D band and a Racal Decca 2459 surface search radar operating on I band. For electronic warfare, the vessels mount Thales ARBB-36 jammer and SLQ-25 Nixie towed torpedo decoy systems. One of the DRBN 34A navigation radars is situated aft to aid in helicopter flight operations.

Construction and career
Three vessels were ordered as part of the 1984–1988 naval programme. Foudre was ordered 5 November 1984. However, budget issues delayed the construction of the following two hulls and they were deferred to later budgets. Eventually, Siroco was ordered on 11 April 1994 with the remaining two hulls from the previous order re-ordered as Mistral-class amphibious assault ships. Both ships were constructed by DCN Brest, with Foudre entering service in 1990 and Siroco in 1998. Both ships were assigned to the Naval Action Force (Force d'action navale) and based at Toulon. In 1999, Siroco was deployed to East Timor as part of the International Force for East Timor.

In June 2010, French defence minister Hervé Morin offered Foudre to the Argentine Navy during his visit to Buenos Aires. Argentina had already declined the transfer of the Ouragan-class vessels in the past and was more interested in seeking French support for a locally built amphibious ship instead. In 2010, Siroco was ordered to Haiti to support operations aiding the country after an earthquake devastated the country.

Foudre was taken out of service by the French Navy in 2011. In October 2011 it was announced that Chile and France had finalized negotiations for sale of Foudre to Chile for around US$80 million. The official purchase date was 21 November 2011 and the ship was transferred on 23 December. Foudre entered service in the Chilean Navy as Sargento Aldea. The 2013 French White Paper on Defence and National Security said that Siroco would be decommissioned, a decision confirmed in October 2014. After negotiations with Portugal failed, Siroco was sold to Brazil in July 2015 and entered service with the Brazilian Navy as Bahia.

title: Foudre-class landing platform dock


text: Category:246 BC

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Australian water dragon

The Australian water dragon (Intellagama lesueurii), which includes the eastern water dragon (Intellagama lesueurii lesueurii ) and the Gippsland water dragon (Intellagama lesueurii howittii ) subspecies, is an arboreal agamid species native to eastern Australia from Victoria northwards to Queensland. There may be a small introduced population on the south-east coast of South Australia. The Gippsland water dragon is generally the more southern of the two subspecies and the more cold adapted and heat sensitive. Visually distinguishing the Gippsland water dragon from the Eastern water dragon is relatively easy, as long as their skin is reasonably clean and not stained from the water, as identification of the two subspecies depends largely on observable differences in colours and patterns.

The Gippsland water dragon may be distinguished by its green-blue colour, especially during the breeding season, when this overall colouration is quite distinct. Another key difference is the absence of a prominent dark stripe behind the eye in the Gippsland water dragon, which is characteristic of the Eastern Water Dragon. The gular region of the two subspecies is also quite different, with Intellagama l. howittii having orange-yellow streaked with darker striping, which is sometimes quite striking, particularly in mature males, whereas Intellagama l. lesueurii typically has a pale, unmarked throat that is sometimes immaculate white in mature males. The belly and chest of Intellagama l. howittii are also quite different to Intellagama l. lesueurii, usually being blackish green, especially in mature males, and the limbs are often quite dark, sometimes even black. Whereas in Intellagama l. lesueurii the chest and belly are usually bright to deep red, particularly in mature males. Intellagama l. lesueurii also have relatively strong dark transverse bars across the back, whereas these dark bars are often much reduced in the Gippsland Water Dragon.

Etymology
The specific name, lesueurii, is in honor of French naturalist Charles Alexandre Lesueur.

Taxonomy and systematics
The species was first described by John Edward Gray in 1831 as Lophura lesueurii, from a specimen collected by Lesueur & Péron at "Parramatta" or "Port Jackson". Gray listed three species of Lophura: Cuvier's (Lophura Cuvierii Gray), Lesueur's (Lophura Lesueurii Gray), and beautiful (Lophura Concinna Gray, Physignathus Concinnus Cuvier).

In 1845, Gray separated Physignathus (P. concinnus & P. Lesueurii) from Lophura (L. amboinensis & L. Shawii). The Australian water dragon remained in Physignathus along with the Asian water dragon P. cocincinus until Wells and Wellington published the genus Intellagama in 1985.

The subspecies howitii was described by Frederick McCoy in 1884 as "the Gippsland water lizard". According to his description, it differs from the Queensland subspecies in the proportions of the head and the supra-ocular scales. Its sub-specific epithet commemorates geologist and magistrate Alfred William Howitt, who collected three specimens from the upper reaches of the Buchan River and sent them to McCoy. Two of the specimens cannot be located, the third is D1822 in the collection of the National Museum of Victoria, which was designated the lectotype by Coventry in 1970. Hoser treats I. howitii as a separate species rather than a subspecies.

Hoser (2020) proposed a third species: the Northern water dragon Intellagama wellsandwellingtonorum. The North Queensland Intellagama population, which extends from Townsville in the south through the wet tropical zone of Cairns to Cooktown in the north, is asserted to be allopatric with the mid-latitude population from Rockhampton south into New South Wales. The southern population ranges from Kiama south to Victoria. The northern dragons have smaller spines, "a series of 5–7 deep yellow, to yellowish-orange squarish to diamond-shped blotches along the mid flanks", and other colouration differences.

Description
Australian water dragons have long powerful limbs and claws for climbing, a long muscular laterally-compressed tail for swimming, and prominent nuchal and vertebral crests. (A nuchal crest is a central row of spikes at the base of the head. These spikes continue down the spine, getting smaller as they reach the base of the tail.)

Including their tails, which comprise about two-thirds of their total length, adult females grow to about 60 cm (2 feet) long, and adult males can grow slightly longer than one metre (39 inches) and weigh about 1 kg. Males show bolder colouration and have larger heads than females. Colour is less distinct in juveniles.

Species variation
The Australian water dragon is the only species of the genus Intellagama.

There are two subspecies; Intellagama lesueurii lesueurii (eastern water dragon) and Intellagama lesueurii howittii (Gippsland water dragon). The nominate subspecies Intellagama lesueurii lesueurii has a dark band behind its eye and an essentially un-patterned throat that tends towards white and is often immaculate in adult males. Whereas the subspecies Intellagama lesueurii howittii lacks the dark stripe behind the eye and has a patterned throat, which is lightly patterned in females but boldly patterned and coloured in adult males. This patterning usually consists of a dark stripe on either side of its throat, and blotched with orange, yellow or blue towards the centre of the throat. Both subspecies are light greenish grey in overall colour (greener in I. l. howittii), with darker bands running across their back, tail and legs. The water dragon can slowly change skin colour to aid its camouflage. The skin will shed during periods of growth and seasonally to reveal brighter colours in Spring that may aid breeding success.

Behaviour

Australian water dragons are extremely shy in the wild, but readily adapt to continual human presence in suburban parks and gardens. They are fast runners and strong climbers. When faced with a potential predator, they seek cover in thick vegetation, or drop from an overhanging branch into water. They are able to swim totally submerged, and rest on the bottom of shallow creeks or lakes for up to 90 minutes, to avoid detection.

Both males and females display typical agamid behaviour such as basking, arm-waving and head-bobbing. Fast arm-waving signals dominance, while slow arm-waving signals submission. Males are territorial, and in areas of higher population density, males exhibit displays of aggression toward other males including posturing, chasing and fighting.

Breeding
Australian water dragons living in cooler Australian climates hibernate over winter. During spring, usually in early October, the female excavates a burrow about 10 - 15 cm deep and lays between 6 and 18 eggs. The nest is usually in sandy or soft soil, in an area open to sun. When the mother has laid the eggs, she backfills the chamber with soil and scatters loose debris over it. Australian water dragons exhibit temperature dependent sex determination; the sex of the hatchlings is determined by the temperature of the nest site.

When the young are born they stay near the entrance of the burrow for some time before leaving home. When they finally leave the nest, they tend to group together away from the adult population.

Habitat
As its name suggests, the Australian water dragon is associated with water and is semi-aquatic. It can be found near creeks, rivers, lakes, and other water bodies that have basking sites such as overhanging branches or rocks in open or filtered sun. The species is very common in the rainforest section of Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha in Queensland, and a monument has been built to them there. There is also a significant population in Brisbane's Roma Street Parklands.

There are anecdotal reports of a small colony living on the Sixth Creek in the Forest Range area of South Australia, hundreds of kilometers outside their natural range, which were probably introduced there during the 1980s by a local reptile enthusiast.

Predators, threats and diet
Australian water dragons are prey to carnivorous birds, snakes, cats, dogs, and foxes. Nestlings and smaller juvenile water dragons are vulnerable to predation by kookaburras, currawongs, butcherbirds and other carnivorous birds. They are also prone to becoming road kill due to the attraction of warm bitumen and concrete for basking. The Australian water dragon's diet depends on its size. Juveniles and yearlings tend to feed on spiders and small insects such as ants, crickets, and caterpillars. When they get bigger, so does their prey. An adult diet includes small rodents, such as baby mice, other reptiles, frogs, fish, crabs, yabbies, molluscs, worms and eggs, although insects are still the most commonly consumed. Types of vegetation reportedly consumed include figs, lilly-pilly fruits, berries, and other fruits and flowers.

title: Australian water dragon


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Talk:Kimora Lee Simmons

When she met Russell Simmons
Article on Russell Simmons says "Simmons met then-17-year-old, model Kimora Lee in November 1992" while this article says "Lee met Russell Simmons in November 1996 during New York City's Fashion Week. She was 17..." These seem to be in conflict. Can someone clarify or correct with citations? Oswald Glinkmeyer (talk) 11:14, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kimora Lee Simmons


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Category:Telephone connectors

This is a category of telephone plugs and sockets.

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Flowerhorn cichlid

Flowerhorn cichlids are ornamental aquarium fish noted for their vivid colors and the distinctively shaped heads for which they are named. Their head protuberance is formally called a nuchal hump. Like blood parrot cichlids, they are hybrids that exist in the wild only because of their release. Flowerhorns first emerged for sale on the aquarium market in Malaysia in the late 1990s and soon became popular in many countries in Asia. They are commonly kept by hobbyists in the US, Asia, and Europe. Numerous cast-off flowerhorns have been released to the wild, especially in Singapore and Malaysia, where they have become an invasive pest animal. Their importation is banned in Australia.

Origin
Flowerhorn breeding dates to 1993. Taiwanese and Malaysian peoples admired fish with protruding heads, known as 'kaloi' or 'warships', found in the western part of the nation. The slightly protruding forehead and long tail of cichlids were prized in Taiwanese society as bringing luck in geomancy. By 1994, red devil cichlids (typically Amphilophus labiatus) and trimac cichlids (A. trimaculatus) had been imported from Central America to Malaysia and the hybrid blood parrot cichlid had been imported from Taiwan to Malaysia. These fish were then bred together, marking the birth of the flowerhorn.

Arrival in the West
When luohans were first imported to the US, there were only two varieties of these fish for distribution: the flowerhorn and the golden base. Flowerhorns came in two varieties; those with pearls (silver-white spots on the skin), and those without.

In captivity
There are several ways by which breeders distinguish between male and female flower horns. Generally, the males are larger than the females, but there are some exceptions. Males have the kok, or the nuchal hump, on their foreheads. Males also usually have brighter and more vivid colors. For most breeds, the females have black dots on their dorsal fins, whereas males usually have longer anal and dorsal fins.

Flowerhorn cichlids are subject to several diseases, including hole-in-head disease, "ich", and digestive blockages.

Varieties
The original flowerhorn hybrid stock are referred to as luohans (from the Chinese word for the Buddhist concept of arhat). The four main derived varieties are zhen zhu, golden monkey, kamfa, and the golden base group, which includes faders and the golden trimac. They are sometimes referred to as breeds, though that term technically only refers to varieties of fully domesticated species.

Golden Monkey
It can be a particularly expensive flowerhorn, carrying a price tag of more than one thousand dollars. The most expensive Golden Monkey was sold for $600,000 during a Malaysian exhibition in 2009.

Zhen Zhu
This variety originated slightly after the Kamfa, derived from the luohan. It has a rounded tail, large mouth, red protruding eyes, and a prominent head flower.

King Kamfa
From the Kamfa family, these Flowerhorns are known for their massive nuchal humps, also called a kok, and their strikingly varied patterning.

Kamfamalau
This is a cross of a Kamfa male and a Malau female. The body and face resemble a typical Kamfa (see above).

Strains developed in the United States
New flowerhorn strains have been developed through breeding programs in the United States. Although it is hard for the US to compete with Asia's well established flowerhorn breeding farms, strains with unique genetics have been created.

Criticism
Flowerhorns have been criticized by cichlid hobbyists and environmentalists for a number of reasons. Flowerhorn breeding resulted in culling of surplus and deformed fish, some of which were dumped in the wild in Malaysia and Singapore, where they survived and disrupted riverine and pond ecosystems. Like most other cichlids, flowerhorns are aggressive and can breed quickly, competing with and eating native fish.

Flowerhorn breeding contributes to the commercial demand for new and different fish, leading to unethical practices such as breeding for anatomical deformities, as occurred in goldfish breeding.

Within the aquarium hobby, flowerhorns are not favored because of the difficulty of breeding them. The majority of flowerhorn males are sterile (cannot reproduce), so finding one that can is time consuming. Hobbyists have to wait until 8–10 months for a male fish to reach sexual maturity then pair it with a female to test fertility.

Other issues regarding flowerhorns is that of some hybrids being sold with tattoos, which some people consider unethical, as well as the use of hormones which have been used to enhance the colors of African haplochromines.

Finally, another issue with regard to flowerhorns is the dilution of genetic lineages, since flowerhorns are hybrids and not true species.

title: Flowerhorn cichlid


text:
Epicenity

Epicenity is the lack of gender distinction, often reducing the emphasis on the masculine to allow the feminine. It includes androgyny – having both masculine and feminine characteristics. The adjective gender-neutral may describe epicenity (and both terms are associated with the terms gender-neutral language, gender-neutral pronoun, gender-blind, and unisex).

Specialized uses
In linguistics, an epicene word has the same form for male and for female referents. In some cases, the term common gender is also used, but should not be confused with common or appellative as a contrary to proper (as in proper noun). In English, for example, the epicene (or common) nouns cousin and violinist can refer to a man or a woman, and so can the epicene (or common) pronoun one. The noun stewardess and the third-person singular pronoun she on the other hand are not epicene (or common).

In languages with grammatical gender, the term epicene can be used in two distinct situations:
 * The same word can refer to either masculine or feminine signified concept, while retaining its own, either masculine or feminine, grammatical gender. For example, Classical Greek λαγώς (lagṓs) 'hare' is masculine, but can refer to male and female hares (he-hares and she-hares), and ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēks) 'fox' is feminine, but can refer to male and female foxes (he-foxes and she-foxes). For this meaning, the term common gender is different from epicene gender.
 * An article, noun, adjective, or pronoun has identical masculine and feminine forms, but they do not follow always one agreement pattern.

In French
In the French language, the noun élève 'schoolchild' and the adjective espiègle 'mischievous' can be either masculine or feminine, but they are differentiated by the article:

The same can happen in French with the epicene elided singular articles (l'), the definite (les) and indefinite (des) plural articles, and the contractions aux (à + les) and des (de + les) when in contact with the noun, so the adjective takes the task of marking the gender: For these meanings the term common is also used.

However, there can be cases where the agreement cannot force the disambiguation, even with the presence of pronoun, article, noun and adjective when they are all epicene: This can be further complicated when dealing with spoken French (when some orthographical nuances are lost).

In Spanish
In the Spanish language, there are very few cases where a noun ignores the semantic gender of the referent. For example, the noun persona 'person' is grammatically feminine, and only takes any supporting article or adjective in agreement with this gender.

As the gender of the referent of an epicene is ambiguous it may be necessary to add an adjective to clarify, but the gender of this adjective will also be in agreement with the epicene, for example in the case of the noun víctima 'victim' which is also an epicene.

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F-010

F-010 or T plug or PTT plug is a type of telephone plug and matching socket. The F-010 standard originated in France and is used there (overseas departments and territories included) and in other countries, including Algeria, Andorra, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Grenadines, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Monaco, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, Togo and Tunisia.

The F-010 is described in Spécifications techniques d'interface edited by France Télécom.

In France, it has been replaced by RJ45 since the NF C 15-100 standard in 2008, mandatory for any new construction.

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Talk:Missing white woman syndrome

Why Does this article even exist?
Doesn't anyone find it a little messed up to include examples under an article like this? Insinuating that the only reason anyone even cared about these women and their well being is because of the color of their skin? Why are we taking the opinions of journalists at face value, instead of actually comparing the number of articles published about a case at the time with other ongoing cases? It seems unfair that any woman could end up being included as an "example" just because some reporter said so on the basis of their own thoughts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FEA8:6942:BC00:999E:3B1A:DACB:90D4 (talk) 04:37, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes the examples here are bizarrely egregious. How someone could think the murder of a 17 year old by the Crown Prince of Austria could be an example of “missing white woman syndrome” is beyond me Jjollyy (talk) 13:53, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Nicola Bulley
has repeatedly added the Nicola Bulley case to the list of examples, despite me pointing out on several occasions the source does not corroborate the claim. The source DOES NOT cite this case as an exponent of "missing white woman syndrome", nor does it mention her sex and ethnicity in the context of disproportionate media coverage. A news story simply reporting on the disappearance itself is not adequate sourcing for adding to this case to the page. It is the editor who is making the association with MWWS, not the source. I am going to remove this case one more time and I don't expect it to be added back without sources that explicitly cites the phenomenon. Betty Logan (talk) 16:04, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I added the information twice. I certainly did NOT add or revert anything new three times. Another editor added the information initially, albeit without a source and with incorrect formatting for the table. See the history. JuliaDrydon (talk) 16:16, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

 * You reverted three times:, and . On each occasion you ignored the preceding edit summary, and on the final occasion you did so after deleting the warning I had left on your talk page. I strongly suggest you leave this article alone from now on, unless you can provide a cast-iron source that explicitly draws a connection between this case and missing white woman syndrome. Betty Logan (talk) 16:22, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Wrong! I only added the same edit again twice, which is permitted, not three times, only you did this, which is not allowed. My personal position remains entirely neutral on this. As mentioned before, if you check the history, you will see that I did NOT initially add the information. I merely added it again, with different formatting and with a source. I personally had already decided not to add it again. Your threats though, are totally irrelevant to this and wildly out of place. JuliaDrydon (talk) 16:31, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * FWIW her case fits the bill of Missing White Woman Syndrome, especially with the excessive level of media coverage that she's gotten. Thing is while there are a lot of people describing her case as MWWS, there's not been much in the way of media articles referencing specifically MWWS. There's a Daily Express arcticle that mentions it, and a magazine article behind a paywall  but that's all there is really. 31.125.9.70 (talk) 15:25, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Note that I've blocked as a CU-confirmed sock.--  Ponyo bons mots 20:15, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

Examples
I think the examples section is a bit excessive and appears to be a directory. As mentioned by other editors, it also appears to contain some original research. To trim these down, I think we should remove all listed examples of people who do not have examples. What do you think? —Panamitsu (talk) 04:33, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Personally I would bin the counterexamples section, it is tangential to the topic i.e. missing white women which have attracted disproportionate media attention. The list of people who haven't is endless. Any original research should be tagged or removed as a matter of course. Betty Logan (talk) 11:11, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

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User talk:Yogeshmalik

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Bill Ponsford

William Harold Ponsford MBE (19 October 1900 – 6 April 1991) was an Australian cricketer. Usually playing as an opening batsman, he formed a successful and long-lived partnership opening the batting for Victoria and Australia with Bill Woodfull, his friend and state and national captain. Ponsford is the only player to twice break the world record for the highest individual score in first-class cricket; Ponsford and Brian Lara are the only cricketers to twice score 400 runs in an innings. Ponsford holds the Australian record for a partnership in Test cricket, set in 1934 in combination with Don Bradman (451 for 2nd wicket)—the man who broke many of Ponsford's other individual records. In fact, he along with Bradman set the record for the highest partnership ever for any wicket in Test cricket history when playing on away soil (451 runs for the second wicket)

Despite being heavily built, Ponsford was quick on his feet and renowned as one of the finest ever players of spin bowling. His bat, much heavier than the norm and nicknamed "Big Bertha", allowed him to drive powerfully and he possessed a strong cut shot. However, critics questioned his ability against fast bowling, and the hostile short-pitched English bowling in the Bodyline series of 1932–33 was a contributing factor in his early retirement from cricket a year and a half later. Ponsford also represented his state and country in baseball, and credited the sport with improving his cricketing skills.

Ponsford was a shy and taciturn man. After retiring from cricket, he went to some lengths to avoid interaction with the public. He spent over three decades working for the Melbourne Cricket Club, where he had some responsibility for the operations of the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), the scene of many of his great performances with the bat. In 1981 the Western Stand at the MCG was renamed the W.H. Ponsford Stand in his honour. This stand was demolished in 2003 as part of the redevelopment of the ground for the 2006 Commonwealth Games, but its replacement was also named the W.H. Ponsford Stand. At the completion of the stadium redevelopment in 2005, a statue of Ponsford was installed outside the pavilion gates. In recognition of his contributions as a player, Ponsford was one of the ten initial inductees into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame.

Early life
The son of William and Elizabeth (née Best) Ponsford, Bill Ponsford was born in the Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy North on 19 October 1900. His father was a postman whose family had emigrated from Devon, England, to Bendigo, Victoria, to work in the mines during the 1850s gold rush. His mother was also born in the goldfields, at Guildford, before moving to Melbourne with her father, a Crown Lands bailiff. Ponsford grew up on Newry St in Fitzroy North, and attended the nearby Alfred Crescent School, which stood beside the Edinburgh Gardens.

Ponsford learnt the rudiments of cricket from his uncle Cuthbert Best—a former club player for Fitzroy. He had the best batting and bowling averages for his school team in 1913, 1914 and 1915 and eventually rose to the captaincy. His local grade club, Fitzroy, awarded Ponsford a medallion—presented by the local mayor—as the most outstanding cricketer for his school during the 1913–14 and 1914–15 seasons. The medallion was awarded along with an honorary membership of the club, and Ponsford trained enthusiastically, running from school to the nearby Brunswick Street Oval in the Edinburgh Gardens to practise in the nets. Les Cody, the general secretary of Fitzroy Cricket Club and a first-class cricketer with New South Wales and Victoria, was Ponsford's first cricketing role model.

In December 1914, Ponsford completed his schooling and earned a qualifying certificate, which allowed him to continue his education at a high school should he wish. He instead chose to attend a private training college, Hassett's, to study for the Bank Clerk's exam. Ponsford passed the exam and commenced employment with the State Savings Bank at the Elizabeth Street head office in early 1916. In May 1916, the Ponsford family moved to Orrong Road in Elsternwick, a wealthier part of Melbourne. Ponsford played with Fitzroy in a minor league for the remainder of the 1915–16 season, but under the geographical "zoning" rules in place for club cricket, he was required to transfer to St Kilda Cricket Club in the following season.

Early record breaking
The First World War and the creation of the First Australian Imperial Force led to a significant shortage of players available for cricket. As a result, Ponsford was called up to make his first-grade debut for St Kilda during the 1916–17 season, just one week before his sixteenth birthday. This match was against his old club Fitzroy, and was played at the familiar Brunswick Street Oval. The young Ponsford's shot-making lacked power, and after making twelve singles, he was bowled. He played ten matches in his first season with the St Kilda First XI and averaged 9.30 runs per innings. By the 1918–19 season, Ponsford topped the club batting averages with an average of 33. He also topped the bowling averages, taking 10 wickets at an average of 16.50 runs per wicket with his leg spin.

Despite failing to score a century for his club side (something he did not rectify until the 1923–24 season), Ponsford was called up to represent Victoria against the visiting England team in February 1921—his first-class cricket debut. His selection was controversial; the leading personality in Victorian cricket and national captain, "The Big Ship" Warwick Armstrong, had been dropped. Armstrong's omission sparked a series of angry public meetings protesting against the perceived persecution of Armstrong by administrators. While making his way to the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) for the match, Ponsford had to walk through demonstrators carrying placards that denounced his selection at the expense of Armstrong. Without Armstrong, the Victorians were comfortably beaten by Johnny Douglas's English team by seven wickets. Batting down the order, Ponsford made six in the first innings and 19 in the second innings. Later that month, Ponsford made his maiden first-class century, scoring 162 against Tasmania at the NTCA Ground in Launceston, despite batting low in the order, at number eight.

Ponsford was named captain of a Victorian side made of up of promising youngsters, to play against Tasmania at the MCG on 2–5 February 1923. In this, only his third first-class match, Ponsford broke the world record for the highest individual innings score at that level on the final day of the match, scoring 429 runs and batting for nearly eight hours. Along the way, he broke Armstrong's record for the highest score for Victoria (250), before surpassing former England captain Archie MacLaren's world record individual score of 424. The team score of 1,059 was also a new record for a first-class innings—an impromptu paint job was needed to show the score on a board that was not designed to display a four-figure total.

The Governor General of Australia, Lord Forster, visited the dressing rooms after the day's play to congratulate Ponsford personally. Cables from around the world applauded the new record-holder, including one from Frank Woolley, whose 305* was the previous highest score against Tasmania. The former world record holder MacLaren was not so forthcoming. MacLaren thought that the two teams were both short of first-class standard and therefore the record should not be recognised. However, an agreement made in 1908 confirmed that matches against Tasmania should be categorised as first-class matches. An exchange of letters between MacLaren and the Victorian Cricket Association, and speculation over possible political motives followed in the popular press, but the famous Wisden Cricketers' Almanack recognised and published Ponsford's score as the record.

Selected for his first Sheffield Shield match, against South Australia three weeks after his record-breaking innings, Ponsford—still batting down the order, at number five—made 108. The South Australian (and former Australian) captain Clem Hill watched Ponsford bat and commented, "[Ponsford] is young and full of promise; in fact, since Jim Mackay, the brilliant New South Welshman, I think he is the best." In 1923–24 Ponsford continued to score at a heavy rate. Against Queensland in December, he made 248 and shared in a partnership of 456 runs with Edgar Mayne—the highest first wicket partnership by an Australian pair to this day. Later that season, he scored a pair of centuries against arch-rivals New South Wales, accumulating 110 in each innings.

Test debut and more records
Ponsford broke into international cricket in the 1924–25 season. After scoring 166 for Victoria against South Australia, and 81 for an Australian XI against the touring English team, he was selected for the first Test against England at the Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG). Batting at number three, Ponsford joined his captain Herbie Collins at the wicket after the dismissal of opening batsman Warren Bardsley. Although Ponsford initially struggled against the "baffling" swing bowling of Maurice Tate, the experienced Collins was confident enough to farm the strike during Tate's initial spell and Ponsford went on to make a century (110) on his Test debut. Ponsford later said "I was most grateful for Herbie taking [Tate's bowling] until I was settled in. I doubt I would have scored a century but for his selfless approach." He scored 128 in the second Test at Melbourne; thereby becoming the first batsman to score centuries in his first two Tests. Ponsford played in all five Tests of the series, scoring 468 runs at an average of 46.80.

There were no international visitors to Australia in the 1925–26 season, so Ponsford was able to play a full season for Victoria. He scored 701 runs at an average of 63.72, including three centuries, making him the fourth highest runscorer for the season. At the end of the season, Ponsford was chosen for the Australian team to tour England in 1926. He was one of the younger players in the squad; 9 of the 15 players were over the age of 36. He made a good start to the tour, scoring a century (110*) in his first innings at Lord's against the Marylebone Cricket Club in May. Unfortunately for Ponsford, tonsillitis caused him to miss three weeks of cricket in June and he was not chosen for the first three Tests of the English summer. He returned for the fourth and fifth Tests. The fifth Test was the only match that saw a result—an English victory—which meant that the hosts won the series and the Ashes one Test to nil. For the tour, Ponsford made 901 runs at an average of 40.95, including three centuries. Wisden described Ponsford's performances for the season as "something of a disappointment" but noted that "he batted well enough on occasion to demonstrate his undoubted abilities".

In the season following his return to Australia, Ponsford continued to make large scores. He started the season by hitting 214 runs (out of a Victoria team total of 315) against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval and followed this with 151 at the MCG against Queensland. In his next match, against New South Wales, Ponsford again rewrote the record books. Ponsford scored 352 runs, 334 of them in a single day, and helped Victoria to an innings total of 1,107, which remains the highest team total in first-class cricket, breaking Victoria's own record set four years earlier. After Ponsford played the ball back on to his stumps to be dismissed bowled, he then turned to look at his broken wicket and famously said, "Cripes, I am unlucky." For the season, Ponsford went on to score 1,229 runs at an average of 122.90, including six centuries and two half-centuries from only ten innings.

In the 1927–28 season, Ponsford continued where he had left off at the end of the previous summer. Ponsford topped the aggregate and the averages for the season, scoring 1,217 runs at an average of 152.12. In December 1927, he improved on his own first-class world record score, hitting 437 against Queensland; later that month he scored 202 and 38 against New South Wales and he then added another 336 against South Australia over the New Year. He had scored 1,013 runs in the space of four innings. This feat was part of a sequence in which he scored a century in a record ten consecutive first-class matches from December 1926 to December 1927. In January 1928 the Daily News in London described Ponsford as "the most remarkable and the most heart-breaking scoring-machine ever invented". Ponsford toured New Zealand with an Australian squad in 1928. In the six first-class matches scheduled, he scored 452 at an average of 56.50, second only to his opening partner Bill Woodfull in both average and aggregate. In the 1929–30 domestic season, Ponsford scored 729 runs at an average of 45.56, including three centuries, to finish fourth in the season aggregates.

Struggles and success
A strong England team—captained by Percy Chapman and including Jack Hobbs, Herbert Sutcliffe, Wally Hammond and Harold Larwood—toured Australia in 1928–29. Ponsford's form was good in the lead up to the Tests; he scored 60 not out for Victoria against the tourists, and added 275* against South Australia. Before the Test series started, Ponsford had declared in a column in the Herald that Harold Larwood's "pace through the air is not all that fast for a fast bowler", with the qualification that "he makes great pace off the pitch". Larwood dismissed him for scores of two and six in the first Test, and fractured a bone in Ponsford's hand in the second. The injury sidelined Ponsford for the remainder of the Test series.

Ponsford travelled to England for a second time, with the 1930 Australian team. In a wet summer, Australia won the series two Tests to one, recovering The Ashes. For the second time in as many trips to England, Ponsford fell ill—gastritis caused him to miss the third Test at Headingley Stadium. Despite this setback, Ponsford scored 330 runs in the Tests at an average of 55.00. Wisden wrote, "Ponsford had a much better season—especially in the Test matches—than four years previously. ... In helping his captain to wear down England's bowling he accomplished great work and, even if he was seldom really attractive to watch, there could be no question about his skill and how difficult he was to get out." The outstanding performer of the tour was the young Don Bradman, who scored 974 runs in the Test matches—this remains a world record for the most runs scored in a Test series. Ponsford played a part in Bradman's success; Wisden stated that "it is only fair to say that on more than one occasion [Bradman's] task was rendered the easier by the skilful manner in which Woodfull and Ponsford, by batting of different description, had taken the sting out of the England bowling."

In 1930–31, the West Indies sent their first-ever touring team to Australia for a five Test series. Ponsford was paired with a new partner, Archie Jackson; Woodfull chose to bat down the order to allow the young New South Welshman to open the batting. The change had little effect on Ponsford, who scored 467 runs at an average of 77.83 against the Caribbean tourists. Ponsford and Jackson started the Test series well, their 172 run partnership in the second innings taking Australia to a 10-wicket victory in the first Test. Ponsford finished just short of his century, unbeaten on 92. Before walking out to bat, Jackson had said to Ponsford, "I see the skipper padded up. We won't give him a hit!" Jackson failed in the second Test at the SCG, but Ponsford went on to score his highest Test score to date, 183, before being bowled by Tommy Scott. Another century (109) in the third Test was part of a 229 run partnership with Bradman, who went on to score 223. Ponsford was reunited with Woodfull as his opening partner for the remaining Tests after Jackson, ill and struggling for form, was omitted. The West Indies had a famous victory in the fifth Test, but lost the series 4–1.

Ponsford had less success against the South Africans during their tour of Australia in 1931–32. While the Australians took a clean sweep of the Test 5–0, Ponsford's highest score in the four Tests he played was 34; he totalled 97 runs at an average of 19.40. It was Bradman who dominated with the bat for Australia, scoring four centuries and 806 runs overall.

Bodyline
In a response to the record-breaking feats of Don Bradman, the English team that toured Australia in 1932–33—led by Douglas Jardine—adopted a tactic of fast, short pitched bowling directed at the body, later known as Bodyline. While Bodyline sought to curb Bradman, it was used against all the Australian batsmen, including Ponsford. After being bowled twice behind his legs—by Larwood for 32 in the first innings and for two in the second innings by Bill Voce—in the first Test at Sydney, Ponsford was omitted from the team for the second Test at Melbourne. Ponsford returned for the third Test in Adelaide, batting down the order. The Test was controversial and highly acrimonious; several Australian batsmen—including Woodfull and Bert Oldfield—were hit on the body and head from the English fast bowling. Ponsford was hit on several occasions during his innings of 85; he chose to turn his torso and take the rising balls on his body—especially on his left shoulder blade and backside—rather than risk a catch to the leg side fielders. When Ponsford returned to the dressing room after his dismissal, his teammates were amazed by the mass of bruises that covered his back and shoulders. Ponsford remarked to Bill O'Reilly, "I wouldn't mind having a couple more if I could get a hundred."

After failing in the fourth Test, Ponsford was again dropped. The hostile barrage of short-pitched bowling had a major impact on Ponsford's technique and career. In the three Tests that Ponsford played during the Bodyline series, he estimated he was hit around fifty times. During the series Ponsford developed a habit of turning his back on the rising ball and, if hit, glowering at the affected bowler. While the manager of the England team, Pelham Warner, thought that Ponsford "met the fast-leg theory in plucky and able style", this behaviour was criticised by the British cricket writer, R. C. Robertson-Glasgow. Bradman thought that the Bodyline tactics hastened Ponsford's eventual retirement.

Triumph and retirement
After the disappointments of the Bodyline series, Ponsford returned to domestic cricket in 1933–34, scoring 606 runs at an average of 50.50. At the end of the domestic season, he was selected for his third tour of England with the Australian team in 1934. Illness again interrupted Ponsford's English summer, causing him to miss the second Test at Lord's. In the final two Tests of the series, the two record breakers—Ponsford and Bradman—combined in two remarkable partnerships.

In the fourth Test at Headingley, Bradman joined Ponsford at the fall of the third wicket when the Australians had scored only 39 runs (39/3). By the time Ponsford was dismissed hit wicket for 181, Australia were 427/4; the partnership had yielded 388 runs. Bradman went on to make 304. The partnership was the highest ever in Test cricket at the time and as of 2009 is still the highest fourth wicket partnership for Australia. Wisden said of Ponsford's innings "... he hit the ball hard and placed it well when scoring in front of the wicket. Moreover, his defence was rock-like in its steadiness and accuracy."

With the series locked at 1–1, the fifth and deciding Test at The Oval saw an even larger partnership between Bradman and Ponsford. The pair added 451 runs for the second wicket in an Australian total of 701 runs. Bradman scored 244 and Ponsford—again dismissed hit wicket—his highest Test score, 266. This partnership remained the highest in Tests until 1991 and the highest for the second wicket until 1997. As of 2009, it remains the highest ever in Australian Test history. Again Wisden was complimentary, saying "It would be hard to speak in too high terms of praise of the magnificent displays of batting given by Ponsford and Bradman" but noted that "Before Bradman joined him Ponsford had shown an inclination to draw away from the bowling of Bowes."

In the four Tests that Ponsford for the English summer, he made 569 runs at an average of 94.83. His performance saw him named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1935. "It is, perhaps, scarcely too much to say that English bowlers last summer thought he was every bit as difficult to get rid of as Bradman. Never a graceful or elegant batsman, Ponsford could with greater emphasis be called sound and workmanlike. He seemed in 1934 to hit the ball much harder than when he was here in 1926 and 1930, while his placing improved out of all knowledge. A delivery overpitched to any degree, he almost invariably punished to the full, while he could cut and turn the ball to leg with great certainty."

- Wisden Cricketers' Almanack

Upon their return to Australia, a testimonial match was arranged on behalf of the two Victorian opening batsmen, Woodfull and Ponsford. Woodfull—the senior member of the partnership—had announced his retirement from first-class cricket before returning from England and the press had speculated that Ponsford would succeed him as captain of Victoria. Walking out to bat in the match, the pair were cheered by the crowd to the strains of "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow". Together, the two Bills made another century partnership, before Ponsford was dismissed for 83; Woodfull went on to make a century.

During the match, to the surprise of the public, the press and his teammates, Ponsford announced his retirement from first-class cricket at the relatively young age of 34. His announcement remarked upon the changing atmosphere in high level cricket and touched on the effects of Bodyline. "I am feeling the strain of the last tour. I am thirty four and when you get to that age you start to lose your keenness. ... Test cricket has become too serious. It is not a game anymore but a battle ... I can remember when it was all quite different to what it is now. I do not want to refer to that "bodyline" business—I am out of all that. Cricket was a different game before bodyline. Naturally I have a tinge of regret ... but it is better to go out of cricket before being dropped."

- Bill Ponsford Woodfull remarked that Ponsford's retirement was premature, while teammate and journalist Jack Fingleton believed that the task of maintaining such high standards had affected Ponsford's nervous energy: "At the age of 34 he felt that he never wanted to see a bat or a cricket game again." Arthur Mailey suspected that Ponsford's sensitivity to criticism, especially from the media, was a key factor behind the early retirement. The memory of being omitted from the Australian side twice during the Bodyline series also stung Ponsford sorely. Ponsford continued playing for the Melbourne Cricket Club until 1939, but never represented his state or country again.

Personal life
Ponsford began his working life at the State Savings Bank. On his return from England in 1926, the bank advised him that they might not tolerate so much leave for cricket in the future. Ponsford received a lucrative offer to play for Blackpool Cricket Club, which he was inclined to accept. This news was received with dismay by Australian fans, who had earlier seen players such as Ted McDonald leave Australia and accept contracts in the professional English leagues. To keep Ponsford in Melbourne, The Herald—a local newspaper—employed him on the basis that he would remain available for all representative cricket. The new role included writing articles for the paper.

In 1932, at the end of his five-year contract with the newspaper, Ponsford successfully applied for a position on the staff of the Melbourne Cricket Club. He was appointed to an unspecified office job working for the club secretary Hugh Trumble, which required him to transfer his cricket and baseball allegiances from St Kilda to Melbourne. The Herald unsuccessfully tried to retain his services, and Keith Murdoch—the Editor-in-Chief of the Herald, father of Rupert Murdoch—visited the Ponsford home to lobby against the move. Ponsford's new role included managing the staffing arrangements and crowd control at the Melbourne Cricket Ground for Australian rules football and cricket matches. In 1956, following the retirement of Vernon Ransford, Ponsford unsuccessfully applied for the position of club secretary, effectively its chief executive officer and one of the most prestigious positions in Australian cricket. However, in the event recently retired Test cricketer Ian Johnson was appointed to the position. Ponsford remained with the club until his retirement in June 1969.

Ponsford met Vera Neill at his local Methodist church; the pair married in 1924 and settled in the Melbourne suburb of Caulfield South. They had two sons, Bill Jr. and Geoff. Ponsford became a Freemason in 1922 and continued in the movement until 1985, retiring with the rank of Master Mason. During the Second World War, Ponsford attempted to volunteer with the Royal Australian Air Force, but was rejected on account of his colour blindness. In 1978, four years after the death of his wife, Ponsford moved in with his son, Geoff, at Woodend in rural Victoria, and was an active lawn bowler. An infection after an operation in 1988 saw Ponsford admitted to a nursing home in nearby Kyneton. He died there on 6 April 1991; at the time he was Australia's oldest living Test cricketer.

Baseball
Baseball was a reasonably popular sport in Australia in the early 20th century and Ponsford alternated between cricket and baseball throughout his sporting life. At the time, baseball was generally played in Australia during the winter months, as many of the leading players were enthusiastic cricketers who viewed the sport as a means of improving their fielding skills. As with cricket, Ponsford started his baseball career at Alfred Crescent School, where his coach was the former Victorian player Charles Landsdown. As a junior Ponsford played shortstop, later as a senior for the Fitzroy Baseball Club he converted to catching.

Ponsford improved rapidly and by 1913 he was included in the Victorian schoolboys side for a tournament in Adelaide. He was again selected in the following year—now as a catcher—representing his state at the first national schoolboys championship in Sydney. The tournament coincided with a visit to Australia by two professional major league teams from the United States—the Chicago White Sox and the New York Giants. The manager of the Giants, John "Mugsy" McGraw, watched part of the tournament; the Ponsford family claim that McGraw was so impressed with Ponsford's skills that he later spoke to Ponsford's parents about the possibility of Bill playing in the United States.

In 1919, Ponsford was selected for Victoria's baseball team, alongside future Test cricket teammate Jack Ryder. In 1923, The Sporting Globe claimed that Ponsford was "... the best batter of the season. ... Indeed, as an all-round man, it is doubtful if he has a superior in the state." In 1925, Ponsford captained the Victorian team and was selected as centre fielder in an Australian representative team that played three matches against an outfit from the United States Pacific Fleet, which had docked in Melbourne. Over the three matches, won by the Australians, Ponsford made five safe hits, gained eight bases and his batting average was .357. Ponsford's next match against American opposition was against a team from Stanford University that visited Australia in 1927. Ponsford's Victorian team defeated Stanford 5–3; it was the visitors' only loss on the tour.

Ponsford simultaneously retired from baseball and cricket in 1934. In his newspaper column, he said that he liked both sports equally. He felt that baseball gave a player more opportunities to perform: "In cricket you may have the bad luck to get out early; which often means a blank afternoon. It is not so with baseball; you are in the game all the time." Joe Clark, the author of History of Australian Baseball, said "Ponsford is considered by many to be the best baseballer of his time in Australia." The official program for the 1952 Claxton Shield—held in Perth—made a similar claim."One name in Australian baseball stands pre-eminent above all others and that is the name of Bill Ponsford ... During his long career he was a star outfielder, perhaps the finest third baseman to represent his state and certainly as a catcher the equal of anybody. ... But it was as a batter that Bill outshone anyone ... Ponsford could, and did, hit to any part of a baseball field at will, and would nominate innings by innings, where he would hit the ball ... Ponsford will always remain amongst the greatest sportsmen of all time."

- 1952 Claxton Shield program

Legacy and statistical analysis
In first-class cricket, Ponsford scored 13,819 runs at an average of 65.18, as of 2009 the fifth highest complete career average of any player, worldwide. Ponsford was not satisfied with merely making centuries; he strove to score 200 and more. Arriving in big cricket a few years before Bradman, for a time Ponsford was considered the heaviest scorer in cricket history. Jack Fingleton claimed that "The true perspective of Ponsford's deeds had barely dawned on the game when Bradman ruthlessly thrust him from public thought ..."

Apart from Brian Lara, Ponsford is the only man to twice score 400 runs in a first-class innings and along with Bradman and Wally Hammond, he remains one of only three men to have scored four triple-centuries. His 437 against Queensland is, as at 2009, still the fifth highest score in first-class cricket.

Ponsford was known for batting in partnerships, sharing in five that amassed over 375 runs each. Ponsford and his long-time partner, Woodfull, were known as "the two Bills", "Willy Wo and Willy Po" and "Mutt and Jeff" amongst other names. Together, the pair made 23 century partnerships; 12 of these exceeded 150 runs. Ponsford's other prolific partnership was with Bradman. In two Tests in 1934, the pair set records that still stand today: Cricket writer Ray Robinson said of the pair batting together, "[Ponsford] was the only one who could play in Bradman's company and make it a duet."
 * The highest partnership for Australia in Test cricket and the highest for the second wicket: 451
 * The third highest partnership for Australia in Test cricket and the highest for Australia for the fourth wicket: 388

For services to cricket, Ponsford was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1982 New Year Honours announced on 31 December 1981. Ponsford was one of the ten inaugural inductees when the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame was launched in 1996. In 2000, Ponsford and Arthur Morris were chosen to open the batting for the Australian Cricket Board's Team of the Century, a theoretical selection of the best team of Australian cricketers of the 20th century. In 2001, Ponsford was selected in the Melbourne Cricket Club Team of the Century.

In 1986 the Western Stand of the Melbourne Cricket Ground was renamed the "W.H. Ponsford Stand". Ponsford was described by his son as being "tickled pink" by the honour, but that he would only agree to the renaming if he was not required to participate in any public appearance or media interview. As part of the ongoing modernisation of the MCG the W.H. Ponsford Stand was torn down; the new stand was completed in 2004 and again named in his honour. A statue of the cricketer was installed outside the W.H. Ponsford Stand in 1995—one of a series in place around the stadium commemorating Australia's sporting heroes.

Style and personality
Answering to the nickname of "Puddin'", Ponsford was a thickset man, weighing in at around 13 stone during his playing career. Despite this, he was known for his quick footwork, and was regarded as an excellent player of spin bowling. Ponsford was noted for his ability to maintain intense levels of concentration for extended periods. He possessed a strong cut shot and he drove through mid off powerfully, although critics noted that his backlift was not completely straight. He had a tendency to shuffle too far to the off; this exposed his leg stump and he was bowled behind his legs on six occasions in Tests against England. However, Ray Robinson felt that "no bowler could have got a marble, much less a [cricket] ball between his bat and his left leg."

Fingleton wrote, "He crouched a little at the crease ... he tapped the ground impatiently with his bat while awaiting the ball, and his feet were so eager to be on the move that they began an impulsive move forward just before the ball was bowled. This was the shuffle that sometimes took him across the pitch against a fast bowler; but, that aside, his footwork was perfection. I never saw a better forcer of the ball to the on-side, and for this stroke his body moved beautifully into position." However, Ponsford was not a stylish batsman. Bradman said "There were more beautiful players, but for absolute efficiency and results where can one turn to equal [Ponsford]?" Robinson described Ponsford as the "founder of total batting, the first to make a habit of regarding 100 as merely the opening battle in a campaign for a larger triumph." The New South Wales and Australian bowler Arthur Mailey later said that "I don't think it was the rungetting Ponny enjoyed so much as the bowlers' discomfort, especially when those bowlers came from New South Wales."

Ponsford used a heavy bat—2 lb—nicknamed "Big Bertha". Opposition players sometimes joked that Ponsford's bat was larger than allowed under the laws of cricket and indeed in one match in Sydney, it was found to be slightly larger than permitted—the result of the bat spreading from his powerful hitting. Throughout his innings, Ponsford would pull his cap further to the left. Robinson claimed that "if you saw the peak at a rakish angle towards his left ear you could tell he was heading for his second hundred". When volunteering for service with the Royal Australian Air Force, Ponsford discovered he possessed abnormal colour vision, unable to distinguish red from green. The examining doctor was astonished and asked Ponsford, "What colour did [the ball] look to you after it was worn?" Ponsford replied, "I never noticed its colour, only its size." A later study identified Ponsford's specific colour vision as protanopia, a form of dichromacy in which red appears dark. Ponsford did not enjoy batting on rain-affected wickets. When on tour his teammates did not ask if it had rained last night, merely "Did Ponny wake during the night?"—legend had it that even the slightest trickle would wake him and have him anguishing over having to bat on the "sticky" in the morning.

Ponsford was a shy person, on the field and off. Robinson wrote that Ponsford "was so reserved that you had to know him for three years or the duration of a Test tour before his reticence relaxed." Similarly, when photographed Ponsford would hang his head so his cap would cover most of his face. This shyness intensified after his retirement. He would often walk along laneways to his work at the MCC, rather than be recognised on the way to the train station. While on the train, he would cover his face with the newspaper. At work, he disliked interaction with the public and would direct staff to advise visitors that he was not in, despite often being clearly in view. Bill O'Reilly said of Ponsford, "He spoke rarely and even then only if he could improve on silence." Nonetheless he was popular with his teammates and was said to have a droll sense of humour.

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Josh Hambrock

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied. Attack page. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 19:07, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Josh Hambrock
To start off with, Josh Hambrock receives only 8 google hits, the chief claim to notability seems to be winning some sort of informal contest which I think was about predicting Oscar winners. Further down the article we find information which I don't think even the subject had any clue about. Looks to me like a hoax. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 10:47, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy hoax/attack page. Well, this is interesting (ok, not really)... what looks at first glance like a silly hoax vanity article is actually a silly hoax attack page.  Basically a longwinded (and therefore dumber) version of the "___ IS GAY!!!11" articles we get fairly frequently.  If anyone needs proof, check out the part about STDs in the next-to-last paragraph.  Even the basic facts are wrong: The current Broadway run of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? started in 2005, not 2004, and Bill Irwin (not "Irvin") is still in the lead as George. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  10:56, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Wikipedia:Featured article removal candidates/Hutton Inquiry

Hutton Inquiry

 * Article is no longer a featured article

I do not believe this article can honestly be said to be comprehensive. It deals only briefly with the conduct of the inquiry itself, before going on to sum up Lord Hutton's conclusions in a very dry and 'listy' form. A large part of the article is then given over to reporting what people in the press and public life have said about it. In my opinion the real impact of the Hutton inquiry came in the manner it was conducted and the evidence given to the inquiry rather than the report which was written rather badly, and (though I happen to agree with most of its conclusions) has largely been dismissed as a whitewash. I was prompted to put it up for removal by reading the latest British Journal of Political Science which includes a long article by Diana Coole analysing the Hutton Inquiry from a philosophical basis and asking (with Pilate?) "What is truth?". If it's that significant it deserves a better encyclopaedia article than we have here. David | Talk 09:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Addendum: Readers may be interested in the nomination and 'debate' over whether to feature this article, from February 2004. David | Talk 10:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. I don't see why it's worse now than it was when it was listed.  It seems like you missed your chance to object then, and are doing so now.  It is your own responsibility to follow the WP:FAC page. Superm401 | Talk 00:18, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Playing the man not the ball? Please don't. For the record I wasn't a Wikipedian when it was proposed on Featured Article Candidates. I dispute that this was ever really of featured status because it really isn't an article about the Hutton Inquiry but about other people's reactions to it. Can you honestly say that one paragraph about the conduct of the inquiry is enough? David | Talk 10:35, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove - It's not any worse now than it was when featured, but standards have risen a great deal in the year and a half since then, and if nominated today I don't think it would pass. In particular, as the nominator says, the paragraph on the inquiry itself is surely inadequate, and the section about the report is not brilliant prose.  It's a good article with a lot of content, but not an example of the very best of Wikipedia. Worldtraveller 14:04, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove Awful article. Dubious copyright tag on images.Borisblue 14:25, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove. Ambi 00:23, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If the proposer believes that it isn't supportive enough of the government maybe they should edit the article. It's not awful by any means. Secretlondon 15:50, 13 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove. I don't think it meets the current standards for Featured, in terms of depth or structure or writing quality (by which I mean too listy, too many quotes). Removing featured status might prompt those with an interest to improve it enough to get it up to current Featured standards. Rd232 22:24, 16 August 2005 (UTC)


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Picador (imprint)

Picador is an imprint of Pan Macmillan in the United Kingdom and Australia and of Macmillan Publishing in the United States. Both companies are owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group.

Picador was launched in the UK in 1972 by publisher Sonny Mehta as a literary imprint of Pan Books with the aim of publishing outstanding international writing in paperback editions only. In 1990, Picador started publishing its own hardcovers. Picador in the UK continues to publish fiction, nonfiction, and poetry from around the world, including works by former British Poet Laureate Carol Ann Duffy, Ted Hughes Award-winner Kae Tempest, and Booker Prize winner Douglas Stuart. Picador has also published commercial bestsellers such as Jessie Burton's The Miniaturist and Adam Kay's This is Going to Hurt.

In the summer of 2018, the US branch of Picador announced that starting in April 2019 it would no longer publish original titles and would focus exclusively on reprinting as trade paperbacks literary works originated by editors elsewhere at Macmillan.

Picador authors across the UK and the USA have included Jonathan Franzen, Michael Chabon, Marilynne Robinson, Angela Carter, Thomas Pynchon, Raj Patel, Jon Ronson, Alan Hollinghurst, Graham Swift, John Banville, Patrick McCabe, Tim Winton, Mick Jackson, Colm Toibin, Trezza Azzopardi, Edward St Aubyn, Emma Donoghue, Jim Crace, Sunjeev Sahota, Hanya Yanagihara, Pankaj Mishra, Bret Easton Ellis, Denis Johnson, Sir Salman Rushdie, Cormac McCarthy, and Don Delillo.

title: Picador (imprint)


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Force multiplication

In military science, force multiplication or a force multiplier is a factor or a combination of factors that gives personnel or weapons (or other hardware) the ability to accomplish greater feats than without it. The expected size increase required to have the same effectiveness without that advantage is the multiplication factor. For example, if a technology like GPS enables a force to accomplish the same results as a force five times as large without GPS, then the multiplier is five. Such estimates are used to justify the investment for force multipliers.

History
Notable historical examples of force multiplication include:
 * Fortifications: e.g. the Theodosian Wall of Constantinople
 * Reliance on air force by the Coalition in the Gulf War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq

Doctrinal changes
During the First World War, the Germans experimented with what were called "storm tactics" in which a small group of highly-trained soldiers (stormtroopers) would open a salient through which much larger forces could penetrate. That met with only limited success by breaking through the first lines of defence but lacking the staying power to break the opposing forces entirely. The 1939 blitzkrieg, which broke through with coordinated mechanized ground forces with aircraft in close support, was vastly more effective.

Towards the end of the Second World War, the German Army introduced Kampfgruppe combat formations, which were composed of whatever units happened to be available. Though poor quality ones generally constituted the major part of them, they often performed successfully because of their high degree of flexibility and adaptability. Mission-type tactics, as opposed to extremely specific directives, which give no discretion to the junior commander, are now widely used by modern militaries because of their force multiplication. Originating from German concepts of Auftragstaktik, those tactics may be developing even more rapidly in the concept of network-centric warfare (NCW) in which subordinate commanders receive information not only from their own commanders but also from adjacent units.

A different paradigm was one of the results of the theories of John Boyd, the "high-low mix" in which a large number of less expensive aircraft, coupled with a small number of extremely capable "silver bullet" aircraft, had the effect of a much larger force. Boyd's concept of quick action is based on the repeated application of the "Boyd loop", consisting of the steps
 * Observe: make use of the best sensors and other intelligence available
 * Orient: put the new observations into a context with the old
 * Decide: select the next action based on the combined observation and local knowledge
 * Act: carry out the selected action, ideally while the opponent is still observing your last action.

Boyd's concept is also known as the OODA Loop and is a description of the decision-making process that Boyd contended applies to business, sports, law enforcement and military operations. Boyd's doctrine is widely taught in the American military, and one of the aims of network centric warfare is to "get inside his OODA loop." In other words, one should go from observation to action before the enemy can get past orientation, preventing him from ever being able to make an effective decision or put it into action. Small unit leadership is critical to this, and NCW's ability to disseminate information to small unit leaders enables such tactics.

Network-centric warfare can provide additional information and can help prevent friendly fire but also allows "swarm tactics" and the seizing of opportunities by subordinate forces. defines "a swarming case is any historical example in which the scheme of maneuver involves the convergent attack of five (or more) semiautonomous (or autonomous) units on a targeted force in some particular place. "Convergent" implies an attack from most of the points on the compass."

Another version of "swarming" is evident in air-to-ground attack formations in which the attack aircraft do not approach from one direction, at one time, or at the same altitude, but schedule the attacks so each one requires a Boyd-style OODA iteration to deal with a new threat. Replacement training units (RTU) were "finishing schools" for pilots that needed to know not just the school solution, but the actual tactics being used in Vietnam. Referring to close air support, "In the RTU, new pilots learned the rules of the road for working with a forward air controller (FAC). The hardest part was finding the small aircraft as it circled over the target area. The fast-moving fighters used directional finding/steering equipment to get close enough to the slow, low FAC until someone in the flight could get an eyeball on him—a tally-ho. Once the FAC was in sight, he would give the fighters a target briefing—type of target, elevation, attack heading, location of friendlies, enemy defensive fire, best egress heading if hit by enemy fire, and other pertinent data. Usually the fighters would set up a circle, called a wheel or "wagon wheel", over the FAC, and wait for him to mark the target. Once the target was marked, the flight leader would attack first.

Psychology
Napoleon is well known for his comment "The moral is to the physical as three to one." Former United States Secretary of State and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell has said: "Perpetual optimism is a force multiplier." Morale, training, and ethos have long been known to result in disproportionate effects on the battlefield.

Psychological warfare can target the morale, politics, and values of enemy soldiers and their supporters to effectively neutralize them in a conflict.

Protecting local cultural heritage sites and investing in the relationships between local civilians and military forces can be seen as force multipliers leading to benefits in meeting or sustaining military objectives.

Technology
Ranged weapons that hit their target can be far more effective than those that miss. That is why rifled muskets for infantry and rangefinders for artillery became commonplace in the 19th century.

Two new weapons of World War I, barbed wire and the machine gun, multiplied defensive forces, leading to the stalemate of trench warfare.

Aircraft carriers
Aircraft carriers, such as the USS Gerald R. Ford, can carry more than 75 aircraft with fuel and ammunition for all tasks that an aircraft carrier should need like air to air, air to naval and air to ground missions. When deployed, aircraft carriers are a massive force multiplier that can turn any engagement in favour of those that have the aircraft carrier. Carriers can hold different type of aircraft to different usage meaning the force multiplier can vary depending on the specific task at hand.

Tankers
Airborne tanker aircraft, such as the Boeing KC-135 are a very significant force multiplier. They can carry fuel so bomber and fighter aircraft can take off loaded with extra weapons instead of full fuel tanks. The tankers also increase the range and time loitering within or near the target areas by off-loading fuel when it is needed. Tankers can also be used to rapidly deploy fighters, bombers, SIGNET, Airborne Command Post, and cargo aircraft from the United States to the areas where they are needed. The force multiplier of a KC-135R can be anywhere from 1.5 to as much as 6 when used near the target area.

Bombers
At one extreme, a stealth aircraft like the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit strategic bomber can attack a target without needing the large numbers of escort fighter aircraft, electronic-warfare aircraft, Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses, and other supporting aircraft that would be needed were conventional bombers used against the same target.

Precision-guided munitions (PGM) give an immense multiplication. The Thanh Hoa Bridge in North Vietnam had been only mildly damaged by approximately 800 sorties by aircraft armed with conventional Unguided bombs, but had one of its spans destroyed by a 12-plane mission, of which 8 carried laser-guided bombs. Two small subsequent missions, again with laser-guided bombs, completed the destruction of this target. Precision guided munitions are one example of what has been called the Revolution in Military Affairs. In World War II, British night bombers could hit, at best, an area of a city.

Modern PGMs commonly put a bomb within 3–10 meters of its target (see Circular error probable), and most carry an explosive charge significant enough that this uncertainty is effectively voided. See the use of heavy bombers in direct support of friendly troops in Afghanistan, using the technique of Ground-Aided Precision Strike.

Fighter combat
Fighter aircraft coordinated by an AWACS control aircraft, so that they can approach targets without being revealed by their own radar, and who are assigned to take specific targets so that duplication is avoided, are far more effective than an equivalent number of fighters dependent on their own resources for target acquisition.

In exercises between the Indian and US air forces, the Indian pilots had an opportunity to operate with AWACS control, and found it extremely effective. India has ordered AWACS aircraft, using Israeli Phalcon electronics on a Russian airframe, and this exercise is part of their preparation. Officer and pilot comments included "definitely was a force multiplier. Giving you an eye deep beyond you". "We could pick up incoming targets whether aircraft or missiles almost 400 kilometers away. It gives a grand battle coordination in the air".

Creating local forces
The use of small numbers of specialists to create larger effective forces is another form of multiplication. The basic A Team of US Army Special Forces is a 12-man unit that can train and lead a company-sized unit (100–200 men) of local guerrillas.

Deception
Deception can produce the potential effect of a much larger force. The fictitious First United States Army Group (FUSAG) was portrayed to the World War II Germans as the main force for the invasion of Europe. Operation Bodyguard successfully gave the impression that FUSAG was to land at the Pas de Calais, convincing the Germans that the real attack at Normandy was a feint. As a result of the successful deception, the Normandy force penetrated deeply, in part, because the Germans held back strategic reserves that they thought would be needed at the Pas de Calais, against what was a nonexistent force. FUSAG's existence was suggested by the use of decoy vehicles that the Allies allowed to be photographed, fictitious radio traffic generated by a small number of specialists, and the Double Cross System. Double Cross referred to turning all surviving German spies in the UK into double agents, who sent back convincing reports that were consistent with the deception programs being conducted by the London Controlling Section.

title: Force multiplication


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Waldegrave School

Waldegrave School is a state secondary school with academy status in Twickenham, London, England. It takes girls between the ages of 11 and 16 and has a coeducational sixth form, opened in September 2014. There are four houses and each house is named after prominent women: (Mary) Seacole, (Emmeline) Pankhurst, (George) Eliot and (Rosalind) Franklin.

Description
Waldegrave School converted to academy status in 2012, having previously been part of the Richmond upon Thames LEA.

The Headteacher is Elizabeth Tongue, who replaced Philippa Nunn in January 2019. Mrs Nunn held the post from 2006 when she succeeded Heather Flint.

Waldegrave was a Beacon School from 1999 and became involved in a Leading Edge Partnership with Grey Court School in 2004. It was also awarded specialist Science College status in September 2004, and continues to specialise in science today. It is the only state-maintained girls' school (ages 11 to 16) in the borough. In 2014 it opened a co-educational 6th form with approximately 140 students in each year.

Academic performance
As with other schools, latest exam results and related data are published in the Department for Education's national tables.

In 2010 Waldegrave was named the top state secondary school, without a sixth form, in the country, by The Times Parent Power and again in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. This is a survey based on the % of A and A* grades achieved by students. In 2016, it was named Comprehensive School of the year by the Sunday Times Schools Guide in recognition of its consistently good GCSE results and the high standard of results for its first A level cohort.

In 2008, Waldegrave was reported to have received a higher proportion of fraudulent applications than for other secondary schools in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.

History
Waldegrave School was formed in 1980 by the merger of two girls' schools – Twickenham Girls' School and Kneller Girls' School – on its present-day site. Its name commemorates Frances Lady Waldegrave, a former local resident of Strawberry Hill House.

Twickenham County School for Girls
Twickenham County School for Girls opened in 1909, later known as the all-girls Twickenham County Grammar School or the Cowsheds. With the end of selective grammar education in the borough in 1972, the school became a comprehensive known as Twickenham Girls' School in 1973.

Ruth Kirkley (1935 – 21 July 2009), headteacher from 1977, continued as the first headteacher of Waldegrave school until 1991.

The site of Twickenham Girls' School is now the St Richard Reynolds RC College  51.4475°N, -0.3342°W

Kneller Girls' School
Kneller Girls' School opened in 1936 at the railway end of the Meadway site shared with the mirror building, but initially completely segregated, Kneller Boys' School. The building was augmented by huts following the raising of school leaving age to 15 after the Education Act 1944.

The schools merged as Kneller Secondary Modern School before 1959 when the boys moved to what is now Twickenham Academy in Whitton, and the school reverted to all-girls and its original name. The girls' numbers were increased with the transfer of secondary school age girls from the Stanley Road school. In 1978 the school relocated to the site in Fifth Cross Road. (The Fifth Cross Road site had previously been occupied since 1928 by the Thames Valley Grammar School which became a Sixth Form College in 1973 and had closed in 1977 with the formation of Richmond upon Thames College).

The former Kneller school site in Meadway is now a residential estate. 51.4478°N, -0.3516°W

Waldegrave School

 * Anna Calvi, singer songwriter
 * Kelly Marcel, screenwriter
 * Rosie Marcel, actress
 * Anna Vakili, TV personality

Twickenham Girls' School

 * Caroline Flint, Labour MP for Don Valley since 1997

Kneller Girls' School

 * Jasmine Whitbread, CEO of Save the Children International
 * Saimo Chahal, human rights lawyer

Twickenham County Grammar School

 * Margaret Bourne OBE, chairman from 1992 to 2001 of CORDA
 * Julie Girling, Conservative MEP for South West England 2009-2019
 * Dianne Jackson, animator, director of The Snowman
 * Valerie Vaz, British Labour Party politician and solicitor.

In popular culture
The school buildings appeared in the 1989 film Shirley Valentine starring Pauline Collins. It was also used in the series Goggle-Eyes adapted for television by the BBC as a four-episode mini-series, which was broadcast in 1993. The school was also featured in a short section of Before I go to Sleep (2014) starring Nicole Kidman and Colin Firth.

title: Waldegrave School


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Epiphora

Epiphora may refer to:

 * Epiphora (medicine), an excessive tear production usually a result from an irritation of the eye
 * Epistrophe, also known as epiphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses or sentences
 * Epiphora (fungus), a fungus genus in the order Dothideomycetes
 * Epiphora (moth), a moth genus in the family Saturniidae
 * Epiphora, an orchid genus nowadays considered a synonym of Polystachya

title: Epiphora


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Doymekokosh

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 07:47, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Doymekokosh
Looks like band advertising to me. Much is written in first person, and the google search gave me 11 hits. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:36, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete more hits as Doy MeKokosh, but still nn -Harmil 10:28, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no Allmusic page, no notability established in article. --TheMidnighters 22:09, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. -- Etacar11   23:46, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 00:17, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Conservatorio Giuseppe Verdi

The Conservatorio Giuseppe Verdi or Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory may refer to:

 * Milan Conservatory
 * Turin Conservatory
 * Como Conservatory

title: Conservatorio Giuseppe Verdi


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