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Albizia julibrissin

Albizia julibrissin, the Persian silk tree, pink silk tree, or mimosa tree, is a species of tree in the Fabaceae family, native to southwestern and eastern Asia.

Taxonomy
It was introduced to Europe in the mid-18th century by Italian nobleman Filippo degli Albizzi, and the name of its entire genus Albizzia is given after him. The specific epithet julibrissin is a corruption of the Persian word gul-i abrisham (گل ابریشم), which means "silk flower" (from gul گل "flower" + abrisham ابریشم "silk").

Albizia julibrissin was described by Antonio Durazzini. John Gilbert Baker used the same scientific name to refer to Albizia kalkora written by David Prain, the Mimosa kalkora of William Roxburgh.

Names
Albizia julibrissin is known by a wide variety of common names, such as Persian silk tree and pink siris. It is also called Lankaran acacia or bastard tamarind, though it is not too closely related to either genus. The species is called Chinese silk tree, silk tree or mimosa in the United States, which is misleading—the former can refer to any species of Albizia which is most common in any one locale; and, although once included in Mimosa, neither is it very close to the Mimoseae. To add to the confusion, several species of Acacia, notably Acacia baileyana and Acacia dealbata, are also known as "mimosa" (especially in floristry), and many Fabaceae trees with highly divided leaves are called thus in horticulture.

Its leaves slowly close during the night and during periods of rain, the leaflets bowing downward; thus its modern Persian name shabkhosb (شب‌خسب) means "night sleeper". This tendency also explains the Chinese common name hehuan, which means "shut happy" and symbolizes a happy couple in bed. In Japan its common names are nemunoki, nemurinoki and nenenoki which all mean "sleeping tree". Nemu tree is a partial translation of nemunoki.

Description
Albizia julibrissin is a small deciduous tree with a broad crown of level or arching branches, growing to 5–16 m tall. Its bark is dark greenish grey, becoming vertically striped with age. Its leaves are large and frond-like: They are bipinnate, divided into 6–12 pairs of pinnae, each with 20–30 pairs of leaflets. Individual leaflets are oblong, 1–1.5 cm long and 2–4 cm broad. The true leaves are 20–45 cm long and 12–25 cm broad.

The flowers bloom throughout the summer in dense inflorescences, which resemble starbursts of pink silky threads. The true flowers have small calyx and corolla (except the central ones), with a tight cluster of prominent stamens, 2–3 cm long and white or pink with a white base. They have been observed to attract bees, butterflies and hummingbirds. Its fruit is a flat brown pod 10–20 cm long and 2–2.5 cm broad, containing several seeds inside.

There are two varieties:
 * Albizia julibrissin var. julibrissin – the typical variety, described above
 * Albizia julibrissin var. mollis – differs in the shoots being densely hairy

Habitat, cultivation and uses
Original habitats of the tree include regions from Iran (Persia) and the Republic of Azerbaijan to China and Korea.

A. julibrissin is widely planted as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens, grown for its fine leaf texture, flowers and attractive horizontal canopy. Other positive attributes are a fast growth rate, low water requirements and the ability to thrive planted in full sun in hot summer climates. It is frequently planted in semi-arid areas like California's Central Valley, central Texas and Oklahoma. Although capable of surviving drought, growth will be stunted and the tree tends to look sickly. As such it should be given infrequent, deep waterings during the summer, which will benefit growth and flowering.

The broad crown of a mature tree makes it useful for providing dappled shade. The flower colour varies from white in A. julibrissin f. alba, to rich red-tipped flowers. Variants with cream or pale yellow flowers are also reported. Other cultivars are becoming available: 'Summer Chocolate' has red foliage ageing to dark bronze, with pale pink flowers; 'Ishii Weeping' (or 'Pendula') has a drooping growth habit.

A. julibrissin f. rosea
There is also a form, A. julibrissin f. rosea (pink silk tree) which has, in the past, been classed either as a variety or as a cultivar. This is a smaller tree, only growing to 5–7 m tall, with the flowers always pink. Native to the northeast of the species' range in Korea and Northern China, it is more cold-tolerant than the typical form, surviving temperatures down to at least -25 °C. The selected cultivar A. julibrissin 'Ernest Wilson' (also known as 'E.H.Wilson' or 'Rosea') is a cold-tolerant tree with deep pink flower colour. In Japan, A. julibrissin f. rosea is often used for non-traditional bonsai. The name nemunoki* (ねむの木, Kanji: 合歓木) and its variants is a kigo representing the summer in haiku, especially a sleepy summer evening.

A. julibrissin f. rosea has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit; likewise the cultivar 'Summer Chocolate'.

Other uses
Silk tree wood may be used to make furniture. It is also reportedly psychoactive as well, with the flowers being used to make teas. In Chinese medicine it is considered an antidepressant.

Invasive species
In the wild, the tree tends to grow in dry plains, sandy valleys, and uplands. It has become an invasive species in the United States, where it has spread from southern New York, New Jersey and Connecticut, west to Missouri and Illinois, and south to Florida and Texas. It is cultivated in California and Oregon. Its seeds are wind-dispersed and numerous, and they are fertile even over long periods of drought. Each pod, which resembles a flattened bean pod made of paper, holds about 8 seeds on average. The pod bursts in strong winds, and the seeds can carry over long distances.

Breeding work is currently underway in the United States to produce ornamental plants which will not set seed and can be planted without risk. However, in the eastern United States it is generally a short-lived tree, being highly susceptible to mimosa vascular wilt, a fungal disease caused by a species of Fusarium, though the disease does not seem to have seriously impacted its populations. Because of its invasive tendencies and disease susceptibility, it is rarely recommended as an ornamental plant in the United States, though it is still widely planted in parts of Europe.

title: Albizia julibrissin


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Jack O'Lantern (Marvel Comics)

Jack O'Lantern is an alias used by several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Publication history
Jason Macendale first appeared as Jack O'Lantern in Machine Man #19 (February 1981).

The Steve Levins version of Jack O'Lantern first appeared in Captain America #396 (January 1992).

The Daniel Berkhart version of Jack O'Lantern (a.k.a. Mad Jack) first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #241 (December 1996).

The Maguire Beck version of Jack O'Lantern (a.k.a. Mad Jack) first appeared in Spider-Man and Mysterio #1 (January 2001).

The Secret War version of Jack O'Lantern first appeared in Secret War #1 (April 2004).

The Levins brother version of Jack O'Lantern first appeared in Dark Reign: Made Men #1 (November 2009).

The Crime-Master's protégé version of Jack O'Lantern first appeared in Venom #1 (May 2011).

The Jack O'Lantern imposter who encountered Venom first appeared in Venom #37 (September 2013).

The Owen Ward version of Jack O'Lantern first appeared in Venom #1 (#166) (July 2018).

The Daniel Drumm version of Jack O'Lantern, set on Earth-98091, first appeared in Supernaturals #1 (December 1998).

Jason Macendale
Jason Macendale was a mercenary who was recruited out of college and trained by the CIA and various para-military organizations. Considered a liability due to his violent nature and amoral personality, this rejection turned Macendale to a career mercenary and ultimately a costumed terrorist. He adopted the Jack O'Lantern alter ego, engaging in combat with Machine Man as his first opponent followed by Spider-Man for the first time.

Macendale was later hired to retrieve the Hobgoblin's lost battle van, pulling off the mission successfully despite Spider-Man's untimely appearance. When Flash Thompson insulted the Hobgoblin on national television which had incurred the Hobgoblin's wrath to frame Thompson so that criminal enemies might target Flash instead, Macendale subsequently broke Thompson out of jail, thinking he was doing the Hobgoblin a favor. But Macendale ruined the Hobgoblin's plans to operate "under the radar" while Thompson was in custody. When the Kingpin temporarily abdicated being the organized crime's head on the eastern seaboard and a resulting gang war tore New York City apart, Macendale wished to increase his underworld status and formed an alliance with the Hobgoblin. The Hobgoblin ultimately double-crossed Macendale when the two were fleeing a horde of police officers. Macendale vowed revenge, ultimately hiring the Foreigner to have the Hobgoblin killed. After his co-conspirator's supposed death, all known copies of Goblin weapons and costumes were handed over to Macendale who took over the Hobgoblin identity to steal notoriety within the supervillain community. However, Macendale was exposed by the Kingpin's organization and fought a battle against Spider-Man which was meant to prove his abilities but was foiled. To add to the embarrassment, Spider-Man was obviously drunk when they fought and still won.

Deciding he needed abilities like the original Green Goblin and Hobgoblin if he was to have a similar reputation, Macendale attempted to steal the Goblin secret formula for superhuman strength. After failing to do so, he intimated Harry Osborn by threatening Osborn's loved ones for wanting the Goblin formula, resulting in a confrontation between himself and the second Green Goblin where Macendale was overcame. During a demonic invasion of Manhattan, Macendale felt dejected and humiliated. Offering to sell his soul in exchange for a demon's power, the demon N'astirh fused a demon to Macendale. Enhanced by the demon's power but horrified as his handsome face transformed into a demonic one, Macendale blamed his suffering on Spider-Man and Osborn. He hunted Spider-Man down for revenge. With his demonic powers, Macendale defeated Spider-Man easily but Mary Jane Watson intervened before he could deliver the killing blow.

Having finally been made into the notorious supervillain he hoped to be at the cost of his humanity, Macendale put his personal enmity for Spider-Man aside and used his demonic powers to be a top contract killer. He offered his mercenary services to Hammerhead and Tombstone to eliminate Robbie Robertson but is stopped by Spider-Man and Puma. Macendale next conspired with Carrion to eliminate Spider-Man before his co-conspirator ultimately nearly took both villains out instead. Macendale goes after Doctor Strange but an illusion spell is cast to try to calm the monstrous man/demon and Macendale sees his true face in reflections of himself. Macendale was later stiff-armed by Doctor Octopus into joining the Sinister Six's second incarnation which twice tried to take over the world, failing due to counter measures by Spider-Man, Hulk, Ghost Rider, the Fantastic Four and many more heroes.

As an independent mercenary and criminal, Macendale would clash with many other heroes, including Darkhawk, and Sleepwalker. However, the insane demon who shared his body acts dominate but gets destabilized long enough for Macendale to briefly regain his sanity during conflicts with Spider-Man and other heroes; once involving Moon Knight, and twice involving the two Ghost Riders (Danny Ketch and Johnny Blaze). Macendale ultimately expelled the demon referred to as the Demogoblin out of his body. Despite Richard Fisk want vengeance for Ned Leeds, he has a reluctant partnership with Fisk but later tried to eliminate the Blood Rose and the new Kingpin but is foiled by Spider-Man. In a rare event, Macendale teamed up with Spider-Man to defeat the duo of Demogoblin and Doppelganger. Macendale was hired by the Foreigner to assassinate Moon Knight and Nick Katzenberg only to be stopped by Moon Knight and Spider-Man, and turned over to the authorities. Macendale obtained Kraven the Hunter's strength formula, which enabled him to easily defeat his demonic doppelganger Demogoblin who then died saving a young child in battle.

Macendale was defeated once more by Spider-Man along with Coldheart during an attempt to kidnap Macendale's long-lost son. However, Macendale's reunion would be an unhappy one as Macendale attempted (unsuccessfully) to use his son as a hostage to avoid going back to jail. He would remain in jail for some time before being freed by Gaunt, combating against the second Spider-Man. In exchange for doing Gaunt's bidding, the scientist turned Macendale into a cyborg such as the removal of Macendale's left eye with a new high-tech cybernetic eye. He failed and was once again arrested.

Considered "just a criminal" by Spider-Man, Macendale was viewed as a typical (sociopathic) thug who is not much of a threat as his predecessor and Norman Osborn in comparison.

Macendale went on trial for his many crimes and found guilty on several counts (including convictions for the original Hobgoblin's acts), disgustingly responding by revealing that Leeds was his predecessor. His continued testimony leads Spider-Man recounting encounters with the original Hobgoblin, and thus realized that Ned cannot possibly be the supervillain due to lack of powers (despite being killed when Macendale paid the Foreigner). Despite Macendale being in prison, Roderick Kingsley broke into prison, taunting him as an unworthy successor and murdered Macendale.

A later version of Jack O'Lantern is captured by S.H.I.E.L.D.; this individual used several false aliases including Jason Macendale, Maguire Beck (Mysterio's cousin), and Mad Jack (Daniel Berkhart). Jack O'Lantern's true identity was never revealed but it was not any of the aliases he was using.

Steven Mark Levins
The second version of Jack O'Lantern was introduced as an enemy of Captain America and Spider-Man.

This version of the character was subjected to much controversy, due to the fact that several years after his introduction he was rebranded "Mad Jack" and was heavily featured in the pages of The Spectacular Spider-Man during the late 1990s. Mad Jack was ultimately revealed to be the duo of Daniel Berkhart (ex-Mysterio) and Maguire Beck (Mysterio's cousin). It was not until the one-shot New Avengers Most Wanted (a character compendium) that the second iteration was confirmed as a separate entity: Steven Mark Levins. However, the character's name would not be used in-story until Ghost Rider vol. 5 #10 (2007).

This incarnation was a professional criminal, and a partner of Blackwing. Alongside Blackwing, he searched Skullhouse and first battled Captain America. With Blackwing, he was then admitted as a provisional member of the loosely knit band of the Red Skull's operatives called the Skeleton Crew.

Soon after that, Jack O'Lantern fought Crossbones and Diamondback, and captured Diamondback. Diamondback tried to escape, and Jack O'Lantern fought Diamondback in mid-air. He was ultimately defeated in combat by the Falcon, and taken to the Vault.

He also worked as an enforcer of the Golem and in this capacity, fought the Hood when he interfered in Golem's machinations.

Jack O'Lantern later fought Union Jack alongside Shockwave and Jackhammer to attack the Thames Tunnel.

Following his defeat, Levins was recruited to serve as part of the Thunderbolts hero-hunting squad during the "Civil War" storyline. While pursuing Spider-Man through the Manhattan sewers alongside the Jester, Levins was killed when the Punisher shot Levins in the head, killing him instantly. However, death would not be the end of Levins's story. His headless corpse was reanimated and possessed by a fragment of Lucifer's soul. He now exhibits the ability to detach, levitate and explode his head (now replaced with a real life pumpkin) among other powers. However, the Ghost Rider was able to exorcise him by ripping his heart from his chest, setting it aflame and putting it back in his chest, causing it to explode inside.

During the "Dark Reign" storyline, Levins was among the dead characters seen in Erebus by Hercules. He was later seen on Pluto's jury (alongside Abomination, Armless Tiger Man, Artume, Heinrich Zemo, Commander Kraken, Iron Monger, Kyknos, Nessus, Orka, Scourge of the Underworld, and Veranke) for Zeus' trial.

During the "Dead No More: The Clone Conspiracy" storyline, Levins's Jack O'Lantern form was among the characters that were cloned by the Jackal. He got involved in a fight with the other cloned villains, causing the Prowler's clone to break it up.

Jack O'Lantern later battled Deadpool after stealing 20 million dollars from the Queen Kathleen gambling ship owned by Tombstone.

Jack O'Lantern later led a similar gang called the Jack O'Lanterns. When four of the Jack O'Lanterns turned out to be sleeper agents working for Finisher and Chameleon, Levins helped to contain the rampage by fighting the Jack O'Lanterns.

During the "Sinister War" storyline, Jack O'Lantern was with Foreigner, Taskmaster, Black Ant, Chance, and Slyde when they are sent by Kindred to attack Spider-Man after Kindred had disrupted their armored car robbery.

Daniel Berkhart
Former Mysterio, Daniel Berkhart, was approached by Norman Osborn providing a version of the Jack O'Lantern costume, under the "Mad Jack" alias. Under Osborn's orders, Berkhart kidnapped John Jameson and exposed to mind-altering chemicals to be turned into a mind controlled pawn: the super-powered wolf alter-ego persona Man-Wolf. Jameson was then sent to attack J. Jonah Jameson, to terrorize and cow into being subservient towards Osborn's scheme to buy the Daily Bugle. During this time, he also stalked Jameson's wife, Marla, implying that the two had a past relationship that Berkhart sought to rekindle.

In the miniseries Spider-Man/Black Cat: The Evil That Men Do, Francis Klum purchased Mysterio's weapons and gimmick to become yet another new Mysterio. The seller, Kingpin, said he had acquired the arsenal "from Jack-O-Lantern".

Maguire Beck
After Berkhart's working relationship with Osborn ended when the Green Goblin participated in a magical ritual that rendered him completely insane, Berkhart was then approached by Maguire Beck, the female cousin of Quentin Beck (the original Mysterio). Maguire convinced Berkhart to re-assume the Mysterio identity following her cousin's suicide and the "Mad Jack" costumed identity was retired. But when the two sought to eliminate Spider-Man, Daredevil, J. Jonah Jameson and several other mutual enemies, the two revived the "Mad Jack" persona, with Maguire using holograms and lifelike robotic versions of Mad Jack and Berkhart himself to serve as proxies for herself while she laid in secret. In the end, Maguire was caught and exposed though due to her usage of Berkhart androids but Daredevil and Spider-Man were left unsure as to whether or not Berkhart was truly involved. However Berkhart did ultimately escape with a Mysterio costume, in the confusion at the end.

Brother of Steven Levins
Another version of Jack O'Lantern is introduced during the "Dark Reign" storyline, is an unnamed man who claimed to be Steve Levins' brother. He has since been caught by the police after killing the 15-year-old daughter of his neighbor and drinking his victim's blood as part of his plot to avenge Steve. This man was shown to be able to transform into a Jack O'Lantern-headed villain using the powers of a mystical demon. Detectives Tom and Steve interrogated the man. When asked about the pact with the demon, the man transformed into his Jack O'Lantern form where he is now surrounded by bats. When Detective Tom states that he is getting the electric chair, Jack O'Lantern states that he's just biding his time until his "dark lord" arrives to set him free. He was later released by a lawyer sent by Norman Osborn who claimed that Jack O'Lantern is a material witness to a national security case. The lawyer drives away with Jack O'Lantern as Norman plans to gain his services.

During the "Heroic Age", Steve Rogers knew about Jack O'Lantern, noting that Osborn didn't use Jack O'Lantern and suspects that Jack O'Lantern will continue his crusade to avenge his brother.

Crime-Master's Jack O'Lantern
A new version of Jack O'Lantern appears working for the third Crime-Master. As a child, the kid that would become Jack O'Lantern had disobeyed his parents and mistreated animals. While going as Jack O'Lantern for Halloween, he came across a house that Crime-Master was in. The boy was taken under Crime-Master's wing and trained him to be an assassin. It was with this training that the boy had killed his parents.

One of his jobs brings him into conflict with the government operative Venom. During this conflict, Venom threw a live grenade into his mouthpiece and it dislocated his jaw. Even after the explosion, he was still able to run and retreat. Later, Crime-Master is able to use contacts to discover Venom's true identity Flash Thompson, and has Jack O'Lantern kidnap Betty Brant (Flash's girlfriend) in exchange for Venom letting Crime-Master get a shipment of Antarctic Vibranium. When Venom leaves to rescue Betty, he is distracted by Spider-Man's appearance, which drives the Venom symbiote into an uncontrollable rage. Eventually Betty is rescued at the last second by Spider-Man, with Venom then trying to recapture Crime-Master. However, Venom is attacked by Jack O'Lantern who proclaims Flash as his first real nemesis, and desiring revenge for the disfiguring grenade explosion, also mockingly calling out Venom's first name. While it hasn't been confirmed, this depiction claims to have killed every other person to go by the Jack O'Lantern name in an effort to "clean up the brand". Jack O'Lantern is a member of the Crime-Master's Savage Six.

Jack O'Lantern in his human guise goes first and targets Betty only to end up fighting Venom. During the fight, Megatak assists Jack O'Lantern and punches Venom's phone before he can make a call to the Avengers for help. Jack O'Lantern targets Jessie Thompson and ends up fighting Venom. Venom grabs Jack O'Lantern's gun and fires on him before Jack O'Lantern spews acid on him, causing Venom to cool down in the fountain.

Jack O'Lantern later goes on a killing spree which escalated on Father's Day. Venom tracked him to a sewer thanks to the hidden trail Jack O'Lantern had left behind for him. There, he discovered that Jack had dug up the corpse of Flash's father and blew up the room. In the fight that ensued, it looked like Jack O'Lantern was going to win until Venom took his father's gun from the holster and shot him. Venom chose not to kill Jack O'Lantern.

Jack O'Lantern was incarcerated at the Raft. He managed to continue his operations using an employee of a storage facility as a replacement who Jack O'Lantern's robots brainwashed.

During the "AXIS" storyline, Jack O'Lantern appears as a member of Magneto's unnamed supervillain group during the fight against the Red Skull's Red Onslaught form. His moral compass was inverted with all of those in Genosha when a spell meant to affect only the Red Skull affected everyone on the island. He later rejoined the (now-inverted) villains to prevent the inverted X-Men from detonating a gene bomb which would've killed everyone on Earth who was not a mutant. When a reinversion spell was cast, Jack O'Lantern was evil once again.

During the "Avengers: Standoff!" storyline, Jack O'Lantern was an inmate of Pleasant Hill, a gated community established by S.H.I.E.L.D.

During the "Secret Empire" storyline, Jack O'Lantern appears as a member of the Army of Evil where they attack Manhattan in retaliation for what happened at Pleasant Hill.

Jack O'Lantern is eventually hunted down for his many crimes by Eddie Brock, and is beaten within an inch of his life. Brock lets him live, although it is implied Brock breaks Jack's spine and leaves him in a critical condition before being teleported away to a parallel universe.

Jack O'Lantern was hospitalized following this, and underwent plastic surgery to restore his face and intensive therapy. Jack O'Lantern was released to civilian life, but grew bored almost immediately and returned to supervillainy. Following Deadpool to Wakanda, Jack O'Lantern battles both Deadpool and Black Panther until Deadpool shot him in the head, killing him.

Owen Ward
A petty criminal named Owen Ward stumbled upon the Jack O'Lantern equipment and became a supervillain and an arms dealer. He was supplying weapons to criminals from Norman Osborn's armory which attracted the attention of Venom and the police. The Venom symbiote went berserk and ripped out his left eye. After escaping from Venom, Jack O'Lantern was seen at the Bar With No Name where he told his tale to the patrons. The Bar With No Name was later attacked by Venom causing the patrons to flee. During the "War of the Realms" storyline, Jack O'Lantern found one of Malekith the Accursed's War Witches having teleported into his apartment following a fight with a Dreamstone-enhanced Eddie Brock. Seeing as they have a mutual enemy in Venom, the War Witch conjures another Dreamstone and gives it to Jack O'Lantern. Jack O'Lantern accepts the offer from the War Witch as he reaches out to touch the Dreamstone.

Imposters

 * An unnamed man posed as Jason Macendale, using both his civilian name and his Jack O'Lantern alias during Secret War.

 * As mentioned above, Crime-Master's Jack O'Lantern brainwashed a factory worker into posing as him. He was among the villains gathered by Lord Ogre to attack Venom. Jack O'Lantern later attacked Flash's neighbor Andrea Benton which ended in her father's death as Flash protected Andrea. When Andrea attacked Jack O'Lantern for what happened to her father, the mask came off and Venom saw that this wasn't Crime-Master's Jack O'Lantern. The factory worker explained that he worked at a storage facility and was hypnotized into being Jack O'Lantern by one of Jack O'Lantern's robots. After Venom prevented Andrea from killing him, the imposter Jack O'Lantern was taken into police custody and slipped into a coma moments later.

Powers and abilities
Jason Macendale originally possessed no superhuman powers, but used similar paraphernalia to the Hobgoblin and the Green Goblin; both his Jack O'Lantern and Hobgoblin personas used a rocket-powered glider, pumpkin bombs, and gauntlet blasters. During the time in which a demon was grafted to him, he had superhuman strength, speed, and agility, as well as hellfire powers enabling him to create weapons and gliders at will. It is implied that his demonic abilities allowed him to create organic fibers strong enough to bind a normal person. After acquiring Kraven the Hunter's formula, Macendale had enhanced his strength, speed, stamina, durability, reflexes, and agility to superhuman levels, thanks to anomalies in his blood left over when he and Demogoblin were one, but this formula's effects seemed to have later wore off. His later cybernetically enhanced body thanks to Mendel Stromm further increased his strength, speed, reflexes, durability, and stamina. Macendale had extensive military training in hand-to-hand combat, martial arts, espionage, and knowledge of conventional weaponry. He often used conventional military weapons. When he adopted the Hobgoblin persona, he was able to make improvements to the Goblin glider's maneuverability by utilizing skills he gained from his master's degrees in both mechanical engineering and physics. Macendale was also a sociopath and a sadist, which led to his dishonorable discharge from the military.

Steven Levins modeled his Jack O'Lantern costume and equipment after those created by his predecessor. Levins wore a complete body armor made of metal-mesh covered in multi-segmented Kevlar panels, incorporating a rigid, articulated shell which can resist a 7-pound bazooka anti-tank warhead. He wore a bulletproof helmet with an internal three hour, compressed air supply. The helmet is equipped with a telescopic infrared image-intensifier for seeing in the dark and 360 degree scanning device for seeing all around himself. The base of the helmet is equipped with a fine network of pinholes which maintain a low temperature, low density flame ("stage-fire") that rings the helmet at all times. The air supply cools the helmet's interior. The helmet is padded to protect his head from injury. Levins is armed with wrist-blasters which can deliver an electrical shock within a range of 35 ft. He also used various types of grenades, including anesthetic, lachrymatory (tear gas), hallucinogenic, and regurgitant gas grenades, smoke grenades, and concussion grenades. The grenades are shaped like spheres or pumpkins. He can fire small grenades from wrist devices. He can also release "ghost-grabbers" which are thick, semi-transparent films which adhere to a victim. Levins rides atop a one-man hovercraft with an electric motor powered by a high density lithium rechargeable battery.

Daniel Berkhart used the same weapons as the previous incarnations of Jack O'Lantern, along with chemical weapons that cause psychedelic and mind-bending hallucinations. His accomplice Maguire Beck was an expert designer of special effects devices and stage illusions, a master hypnotist, and skilled in chemistry and robotics, including a lifelike robotic black cat. Beck has used her advanced knowledge of computer imaging and virtual reality to improve upon Mysterio's techniques, allowing for Beck to pretend to be Mad Jack via proxies while safely hidden in her secret lair.

The brother of Levins can transform into a demon with the head of a jack-o'-lantern using the powers of an unknown mystical demon.

The fifth incarnation, along with the same general weapons the previous ones used, has a fleet of tiny flying cartoon-styled devil robots. Instead of a hovercraft, he rides a jet-powered "broomstick".

Reception

 * In 2021, Screen Rant included the Unknown Jack O'Lantern in their "10 Best Marvel Legacy Villains Who Lived Up To Their Predecessor" list.

MC2
In the MC2 timeline, Maguire Beck is that Spider-Ham character to lure Spider-Man to the Heartland Entertainment building. Once there, Spider-Man met up with Araña, and together they battled robots created by Jack O'Lantern. Years later, Maguire lured Spider-Girl to the same location. After fighting several Jack O'Lanterns, Spider-Girl finished them off and discovered that Maguire was really a robot.

Earth-Chaos
In the Earth-Chaos timeline, Daniel Drumm performed a dark ceremony with his brother Jericho (Brother Voodoo) watching. In the release of the strange energy, Daniel was apparently incinerated, only to reborn as the villainous Jack O'Lantern. On the day before Halloween 13 years after the Chaos! event, Jack O'Lantern launched a scheme to bring about a hell on Earth and take over the world with the proper alignment of cosmos. Raising dead persons and animating dinosaurs, he looked to gather the remaining heroes of the world for the purpose of eliminating them. However, Brother Voodoo and the Supernaturals were able to overcome his machinations, sending Jack into another dimension. With Jack gone, his minions disappeared and the world was saved. Jack O'Lantern may still be holding the heroes captured from the first Chaos! event in his wand and plotting another takeover of the Earth.

JLA/Avengers
In JLA/Avengers, Jack O'Lantern is among the enthralled villains defending Krona's stronghold when the heroes assault it. Tasmanian Devil is shown pushing some rocks onto him.

Spider-Geddon
In the Spider-Geddon event on Earth-11580, a version of Jack O'Lantern is seen alongside the Green Goblin, Hobgoblin and Demogoblin during the Goblin Night. Under the orders of the Goblin Queen, they try to kill Gwen Stacy, but Spiders-Man arrives and defeats the Goblins.

Television

 * An unidentified incarnation of Jack O'Lantern appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Halloween Night at the Museum". This version is the result of Morgan le Fay magically placing a jack-o'-lantern on the head of an unnamed security guard (voiced by Drake Bell ) to bring about the end of the world. Jack O'Lantern attacks Spider-Man, but once Morgan le Fay is defeated, the security guard is turned back to normal.
 * An unidentified incarnation of Jack O'Lantern appears in the Spider-Man (2017) episode "Bring On the Bad Guys" Pt. 3, voiced by Booboo Stewart. This version is obsessed with Halloween, to the point of claiming that every day is Halloween.

Video games

 * The Jason Macendale incarnation of Jack O'Lantern appears as a mini-boss in Spider-Man (1995).
 * The Steven Levins incarnation of Jack O'Lantern makes a cameo appearance in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2.
 * The fourth incarnation of Jack O'Lantern appears as a boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
 * The Jason Macendale incarnation of Jack O'Lantern appears as a boss in Spider-Man Unlimited, voiced by Travis Willingham.
 * The fourth incarnation of Jack O'Lantern appears in Marvel Avengers Academy, voiced by Matthew Curtis.
 * The Jason Macendale incarnation of Jack O'Lantern appears as an enhanced costume for the Green Goblin in Marvel Heroes.

Merchandise
The demonic version of Jason Macendale appears in the Spider-Man Classics line, which was later reworked for Marvel Legends' "Sinister Six" set and repainted as a Demogoblin figure.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jack O'Lantern (Marvel Comics)


text:
Monty Wedd

Montague Thomas Archibald Wedd (5 January 1921 – 4 May 2012) was an Australian comic artist, animator and author.

Biography
Wedd was born in Glebe, New South Wales on 5 January 1921. As a school boy he was instructed in art by Oswald Brock. He left high school during the Great Depression and worked as a junior poster artist at Hackett Offset Printing Company before becoming a designer and illustrator for a furniture manufacturer, Corkhill & Lang (later Frazer's Furniture). During this time he continued studying commercial art at night at East Sydney Technical College. He then worked as a furniture artist and salesman at Grace Bros before joining the armed forces in 1941, where he served in the Australian Army, First Artillery Survey Regiment, and then the Royal Australian Air Force, where he attained the rank of Leading Aircraftman (34 Squadron).

After the war he spent three years studying under the Commonwealth Reconstruction Training Scheme, completing his arts course at East Sydney Technical College, during which time he produced his first comic strip, Sword and Sabre, a story about the French Foreign Legion. Wedd sold it to Syd Nicholls' publishing company, where it appeared as three monthly episodes in the Middy Malone magazine. Wedd also produced eight more comic strips for Nicholls, including Bert and Ned and Captain Justice (a bushranger who righted wrongs). After Nicholls closed his comic line, Wedd began supplying comics to Elmsdale Publications, including Tod Trail and Kirk Raven. In December 1950 New Century Press contracted Wedd to produce twenty three Captain Justice stories, with the hero now located in the American Wild West, for £102 per issue.

"The only reason we had him over in America was because it was the vogue of the time. Everyone was interested in American westerns. They absolutely flooded the Australian market with western comics. Nobody was interested in Australian Wild West stories. They weren't interested in anything to do with bushrangers."

- Monty Wedd

Throughout the 1950s Wedd also worked extensively as a cover artist on numerous 'pulp fiction' novels published by Malian Press, Action Comics Pty Ltd and Whitman Press.

In 1954 he returned to Emsadle where he created The Scorpion, for which he was paid £160 per issue. It became a best-seller with sales of up to 100,000 per issue, despite being banned in Queensland, apparently on the grounds that the bad-guy protagonist kept escaping his just deserts to fight another day.

"The authorities objected to the Scorpion not being brought to justice, but if he had been I wouldn't have had a series. Still, once they banned him in one state the distributor was no longer keen to handle the title at all, so that was the end of The Scorpion."

- Monty Wedd

He then produced a series of Captain Justice stories for Calvert Publications, but they had to be largely re-drawn to satisfy 1950s censorship rules and regulations, e.g. the hero's face could not be entirely hidden, no flashes could issue from guns, no character could carry an offensive weapon in the hand, and no-one was allowed to be killed. He also wrote and illustrated eight books for Calvert about a war-time American, Kent Blake of the Secret Service. Wedd then created strips for Stamp News (on the history of the stamp) and for Dr T.S. Hepworth's Australian Children's Newspaper, drawing many full page adventure comics, an association which lasted for sixteen years. From 1958 he was a regular contributor to Chuckler's Weekly and for Telegraph Newspapers, with Captain Justice and King Comet.

After producing another five Captain Justice stories for Horwitz Publications in 1963, Wedd turned to animation, working for Artransa and Eric Porter on series such as Marco Polo Junior Versus the Red Dragon, Charlie Chan, The Lone Ranger, Rocket Robin Hood and Super Friends. Captain Justice appeared in the Woman's Day magazine in September 1964, where it ran until April 1965.

From 1965 through to 1966 Wedd produced the cartoon mascot 'Dollar Bill', which appeared in a series of educational cartoons for the Decimal Currency Board, as part of the public information campaign about Australia's switch to decimal currency in 1966.

On leaving the animation field Wedd concentrated on freelance work and production of a new comic strip based on the life of Ned Kelly. Wedd was in great demand during Captain Cook's Bicentenary celebrations, creating historic strips, illustrations and cards for everything from TV series to Minties and washing powder between 1969 and 1970. The original plans for Ned Kelly were to run it for 25–30 weeks however Wedd approached the Sunday Mirror with a proposal to produce a detailed examination of Kelly's life on an open-ended basis. The strip ran uninterrupted for two years. Wedd retired from comics in July 1977, after working on the Ned Kelly comic strip for 146 weeks. "They had been going to run Captain Justice but they told me Rupert Murdoch had invested a lot of money in the Ned Kelly movie so they wanted a cartoon about Ned Kelly. I did a 140-episode true life story of Ned Kelly and then I followed that up with Bold Ben Hall."

- Monty Wedd Replacing Ned Kelly was another Wedd strip about bushrangers, Bold Ben Hall, which followed the same approach and format, running for 400 episodes. This was subsequently followed with another equally long running strip, The Birth of a Nation, devised to coincide with Australia's bicentennial celebrations in 1988. The strip was syndicated to several newspapers, and was later issued as a two-volume book, The Making of a Nation, (self-published by Wedd) in 1988.

Wedd's work has appeared in a range of Australian newspapers, including Sydney Daily Mirror, Sunday Telegraph, The Sunday Territorian and Sunday Mail.

Wedd was a long time member and former vice-president of the Black and White Artists' Club, and lived at Williamtown, New South Wales. In 1993 he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for his services as author, illustrator and historian. He won Stanley Awards in 1987 and 1989. In 2004 he received the Jim Russell Award for "significant contribution" to the cartooning industry from the Australian Cartoonists Association.

Personal
Wedd married Dorothy and they had four children, more than 20 grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. In 1960 the couple founded a museum dedicated to the Australian military at their home at Narraweena, on Sydney's northern beaches. When they ran out of space it was moved and rebuilt at their property in Williamtown. The Monarch Historical Museum re-opened at its current location in November 1988. Wedd died on 4 May 2012 at a nursing home in Fingal Bay.

title: Monty Wedd


text:
Illinois Route 1

Illinois Route 1 (IL 1) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Illinois. Running parallel to the Indiana border, the highway starts at the free ferry crossing to Kentucky at Cave-in-Rock on the Ohio River and runs north to the south side of Chicago as Halsted Street at an intersection with Interstate 57. This is a distance of 325.59 mi.

Cave-in-Rock to Birds
IL 1 begins at the ferry dock for the Cave-in-Rock Ferry in the eponymous village of Cave-in-Rock along the Ohio River. A continuation of Kentucky Route 91 (KY 91), IL 1 begins its journey in the Shawnee National Forest, leaving the village of Cave-in-Rock for the hamlet of Loves Crossing, where it meets the eastern terminus of IL 146. For the next 20 mi, IL 1 winds north through the forest, reaching a junction with IL 13, which connects to Equality and Shawneetown. Further north, IL 1 remains a two-lane road when it junctions with IL 141 at the Gallatin–White county line. IL 1 soon reaches the village of Norris City, where it junctions with U.S. Route 45 (US 45). Here, IL 1 turns northeast and bypasses the village.

Continuing northeast for 13 mi, the route reaches the village of Carmi. In Carmi, IL 1 is known as West Main Street, paralleling nearby IL 14. At the junction of Oak Street and West Main Street, IL 1 and IL 14 run concurrently. IL 1 and IL 14 follow East Main Street out of downtown Carmi, changing names to Cross Street as it enters the village of Crossville. In Crossville, IL 1 and IL 14 split, with the latter turning east on East Main Street. IL 1 turns north on North State Street through Crossville before leaving the village. Returning to its northeast progression, the route passes the community of Calvin before reaching a junction with Interstate 64 (I-64, exit 130). The interchange marks the entrance to the village of Grayville. In Grayville, the route crosses the Edwards County line and reaches a junction with the southern end of IL 130 (Hagedom Road).

After the village of Grayville, IL 1 turns northeast and runs along a general parallel with the Wabash River. The route passes through the village of Keensburg before reaching the village of Mount Carmel. Now in Wabash County, IL 1 runs northeast through the village as West Third Street. At the junction with Walnut Street, IL 1 meets IL 15, which connects to State Route 64 (SR 64) in Indiana. Continuing northeast, IL 1 and IL 15 run concurrently to the junction of North Market Street, where they turn northwest to the intersection with East Ninth Street. There, IL 1 and IL 15 split in different directions, with IL 15 heading southwest while IL 1 runs northeast on East Ninth Street. The route continues on East Ninth Street for two blocks, where the road turns northwest on North Cherry Street. Along North Cherry Street, IL 1 turns north and winds out of Mount Carmel.

IL 1 turns northeast north of Mount Carmel and returns to its parallel with the Wabash River. The road passes the village of Allendale before crossing the line into Lawrence County. At the community of Sand Barrens, IL 1 passes east of the Mount Carmel Municipal Airport and west of the village of St. Francisville. The route continues straight north until reaching the village of Lawrenceville. In Lawrenceville, IL 1 is known as 15th Street. At State Street, the route junctions with US 50 Business, which connects to IL 250 and US 50. After leaving downtown Lawrenceville, the route meets US 50 at a grade-separated interchange. For the next 19 mi, IL 1 continues straight north, reaching the Crawford County line near the community of Birds.

Robinson to Hoopeston
Passing to the east of the city of Robinson, IL 1 reaches a junction with IL 33. Meeting at the community of Gordons, IL 33 also connects to the village of Palestine. Several miles north, the route reaches Clover Street, which runs east in the village of Hutsonville, where it becomes Indiana's SR 154. Continuing north, IL 1 passes Lake Walton and crosses into Clark County. Through Clark County, the road makes several bends in various northern directions before reaching the city of Marshall. In Marshall, IL 1 is known as South Sixth Street before becoming Michigan Avenue. At the northern end of the city, IL 1 junctions with US 40. After crossing railroad tracks, IL 1 then meets Interstate 70 (exit 147).

After Marshall, IL 1 continues north and crosses into Edgar County. The route soon reaches the city of Paris, where it becomes South Main Street. After Jackson Street, the route becomes a one-way pair, with the northbound direction running along Main Street while the southbound directions runs on Monroe Street. At the junction with Jasper Street, IL 1 meets US 150, IL 16 and IL 133. IL 1 and US 150 run concurrently along Main and Monroe. The one-way pair ends at a junction with Elliot Street, where IL 1 and US 150 leave downtown Paris. The routes leave Paris and pass through the community of Wetzel at the Edgar County Airport. The two routes cross a junction with US 36, which marks the entrance to the village of Chrisman. In Chrisman, IL 1 and US 150 wind northeast as Pennsylvania Street, quickly departing the village.

IL 1 and US 150, the roads cross into Vermilion County. In Vermilion County, the routes continue due north through the villages of Ridge Farm and Georgetown. Paralleling railroad tracks, they soon reach the city of Tilton, where IL 1 and US 150 gain the moniker of Georgetown Road. Just north of West 14th Street, the routes meet an interchange with I-74 (exit 215). The routes cross through South Danville until the Middle Fork of the Vermilion River. After the river, the routes enter the city of Danville, becoming North Gilbert Street. IL 1 and US 150 continue north along Gilbert until the junction with West Fairchild Street. They turn east on West Fairchild, going four blocks before turning north on North Vermilion Street. At the junction of Main Street, US 150 turns west while US 136 becomes concurrent from the east. Through Danville, IL 1 and US 136 continue north along North Vermilion Street until leaving the city. The routes pass east of the village of Johnsonville, before reaching the village of Alvin. In Alvin, US 136 turns west at the junction with the western terminus of IL 119, which connects to State Road 28 in Indiana. IL 1 bends northeast before reaching Rossville following some railroad tracks. The route turns north and reaches the village of Hoopeston, where it meets IL 9. Running along the westernmost end of Hoopeston, IL 1 is known as Chicago Road, crossing the Iroquois County line.

Hoopeston to Chicago
IL 1 leaves Hoopeston in Iroquois County, reaching the village of Milford, where it passes east of Milford Airport. At Milford, IL 1 turns northeast for a short distance before returning to the north. At the eastern end of the city of Watseka, the route meets US 24 at a T-intersection. IL 1 and US 24 run concurrently, running west into Watseka. Known as East Walnut Street, the routes cross through downtown before turning northeast to a junction with West Lafayette Street. Now running west on West Lafayette Street, IL 1 and US 24 split, with the latter running west while IL 1 turns north on North Jefferson Street. The route crosses the Iroquois River and leaves Watseka. After Watseka, IL 1 continues north alongside railroad tracks, reaching a junction with US 52, marking the entrance into Martinton. North of Martinton, the route crosses the line into Kankakee County.

After crossing the county line, IL 1 continues north before turning east into the village of St. Anne. In St. Anne, the route turns north again, reaching the community of Sun River Terrace, where it meets IL 17, coming east from Kankakee. IL 1 and IL 17 become concurrent through Sun River Terrace, turning eastward as Dixie Highway. The roads bend north and enter the city of Momence. In Momence, the routes run east along the Kankakee River before reaching the northern terminus of IL 114. IL 1 and IL 17 run north through downtown Momence as Dixie Highway before leaving the city. The routes continue north until turning east into the village of Grant Park. At North Main Street, IL 1 and IL 17 turn north for several blocks before turning east and out of Grant Park. Just east of the village, IL 1 and IL 17 split. IL 1 turns north while IL 17 turns south.

IL 1 passes east of the community of Sollitt, the route crosses north into Will County. After the county line, IL 1 continues north and enters the village of Beecher. After the junction with Goodenow Road, IL 1 meets the southern terminus of the Bishop Ford Freeway (IL 394). At IL 394, IL 1 turns northwest along Dixie Highway into the village of Crete, where it becomes known as Main Street. Before leaving Crete, the route turns northwest and passes beneath right-of-way for the Union Pacific Railroad at Union Avenue and becomes known as Chicago Road. IL 1 then crosses the Cook County line in the village of Steger before continuing on to South Chicago Heights and Chicago Heights proper. At the junction with 14th Street/Lincoln Highway, IL 1 meets US 30. The route continues northwest to the Woodrow Wilson Forest Preserve, where it follows the Route 1 Cutoff to South Halsted Street.

For the rest of its length, IL 1 follows South Halsted Street, soon reaching Holbrook and soon Glenwood. Passing through Homewood, the route reaches an interchange with I-80/I-294. At the junction with West 159th Street in Harvey, IL 1 meets US 6. The route soon turns northwest and crosses the Metra Electric Division railroad tracks before reaching IL 83 at Sibley Boulevard (147th Street). IL 1 crosses over the Little Calumet River twice, passing through Riverdale and Dolton between the two crossings. Continuing along South Halsted, IL 1 passes east of the West Pullman Metra station near 122nd Street. At 99th Street, IL 1 ends at an interchange with I-57 (exit 357), but it continues from that point along its original routing as an unmarked local highway under IDOT jurisdiction.

History
The northern portion of the Vincennes Trace or Vincennes Trail, an Indian trail which ran some 250 mi to Vincennes, Indiana, was called Hubbard's Trace or Hubbard's Trail since it connected Fort Dearborn in Chicago with Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard's more southerly trading outposts. It took on the name State Road after some state-funded improvements. Vincennes Avenue, one of Chicago's rare diagonal streets, is a vestige of the Vincennes Trace, and further south the trail eventually became IL 1. In its early days, State Road was unpaved and known for having mud so deep it was jokingly said that it could suck down a horse and buggy.

The Hubbard Trace was a wagon trail laid out by Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard after he opened a trading post in Danville in 1828, located east of a former Kickapoo village. The trail went north through Hoopeston (Chicago Road) to Watseka, named after Hubbard's Potawatomi wife Watch–e–kee. From there the trail led to Hubbard and Noel La Vasseur's fur warehouse and trading post in Momence, named for Potawatomi chief Momenza. It then went north to Beecher and Blue Island, eventually becoming Vincennes Avenue and State Street to Fort Dearborn south of the Chicago River. IL 1 was commissioned in 1918 as SBI Route 1. The original route had extended further along the northern end into Chicago along Vincennes Avenue and Michigan Avenue, and on the southern end from Norris City to Metropolis.

When US 45 was established from Norris City to Metropolis, IL 1 shifted east to Cave-In-Rock, replacing a part of Illinois Route 140 in the process. Kentucky Route 91 continues across the Ohio River.

In 1937, IL 1 was shifted southeast away from Albion to directly connect Mount Carmel and Grayville. Eventually, IL 15 and IL 130 replaced IL 1 to Albion.

In the 1950s, a freeway, then known as the Calumet Expressway, was constructed south from Chicago. This was designated IL 1, while the old highway along Halsted Street was signed Alternate IL 1 (Alt. IL 1). By 1964, IL 1 was restored to its old alignment, and IL 394 was applied to the expressway south of the portion designated as I-94 (the I-94 portion now being known as the Bishop Ford Freeway). At this time, IL 1 was discontinued north of I-57.

Dixie Highway
Most of IL 1 north of Danville was part of the western division of the Dixie Highway, which goes through downstate Illinois and enters the Chicago area as it passes through Beecher. From here it follows the Vincennes Trail north and splits into the Bishop Ford Freeway (formerly the Calumet Expressway) and Chicago Road (one of the original roads into Chicago from the south). The Dixie Highway follows Chicago Road through Crete (where it is known as Main Street), Steger and South Chicago Heights (where it shares a junction with Sauk Trail).

As IL 1 continues north, it has a junction with Lincoln Highway (US 30) in Chicago Heights. This is sometimes known as the "Crossroads of the Nation", because it is the intersection of two major auto trails. This intersection helped cities such as Chicago Heights thrive in its early days. Approximately two blocks after this intersection, Dixie Highway splits from Chicago Road and continues north through Flossmoor and Homewood. At the north end of Homewood's downtown, the road turns and goes under the Illinois Central Railroad tracks, which now carries both the Metra Electric Line and Amtrak trains. The road continues north through East Hazel Crest and past the Markham Rail Yards and under the Tri-State Tollway.

Past the tollway, the road enters Hazel Crest, Markham and then Harvey. As the road continues, creating a border between the towns of Dixmoor and Posen, its name changes to Western Avenue.

When the road enters Blue Island, it splits into two streets, (Western and Gregory), and realigns itself into one when it reaches Burr Oak Avenue. The road then enters the city of Chicago. Through Chicago, Western Avenue is a major boulevard, which continues north through the city to the town of Evanston (where it is named Asbury Street), which is where the Dixie Highway ends.

title: Illinois Route 1


text: File:Tecmobowlfront.jpg

title: File:Tecmobowlfront.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-07-18/Harry Potter

The much-anticipated release of the latest Harry Potter book naturally led to a busy spell of activity as its contents were rapidly reduced to a summary for the Wikipedia article.

Last Saturday, within minutes of the book's midnight release in the UK, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was already being synthesized into Wikipedia content and the information distributed to appropriate articles. Occasional vandalism also appeared, but progress was generally smooth and managed to proceed without even requiring much discussion (the book's talk page has yet to be archived; by comparison, the talk page for the 7 July 2005 London bombings had to be archived four times in barely more than a day). As Elian noted, using the current event tag for a book is quite a rarity when that template is usually reserved for topics like elections or catastrophes.

The busiest location was of course the article dedicated to the book itself, which saw well over 1,000 edits within the first 24 hours. As a first step, the list of chapter titles was added, after which brief summaries of each chapter began to appear. The editors had only managed to get as far as Chapter 4 when somebody, apparently having skipped ahead rather than reading all the way through, revealed the ending and unveiled the answer to the book's mystery. Ultimately, the synopsis of all 30 chapters became too large for the main article and on Sunday it was split off into a separate article for the plot summary.

Meanwhile, all of the pre-publication rumours about the book's contents, which had been painstakingly chronicled in anticipation of the event, were relocated shortly before the magical hour to Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Crystal Ball). Later the page was nominated for deletion as "speculation and original research", but most people seemed to favor keeping it for historical reasons or simply merging useful material back into the main article.


text:
User:Boil1202/Cuisine

Cuisine: Condiment | Vanilla | Sauce | List of food preparation utensils | Anise | Bay leaf | Chile (capsicum) | Coriander | Garlic | Ginger | Mustard seed | Paprika | Pepper | Poppy | Sesame | Szechuan pepper | Chives | Dandelion | Lavender | Mint | Mustard | Five-spice powder | Chili powder | Curry powder ||||||

Dessert: Custard | Quiche

Vegetable:
 * Leaf vegetable — Lettuce | Cabbage | Celery | Chinese cabbage | Fennel | Leek (vegetable) | Scallion | Spinach | Stinging nettle | Watercress | Onion | Wild leek | Nelumbo nucifera | Parsley | Eggplant | Cauliflower | chilli || ||||||||||||||

 * Stem vegetable — Asparagus

 * flower vegetable — Broccoli

 * Root vegetable — Beet | Potato | Cassava | Sweet potato | Taro | Carrot | Yam | Ginger | Jerusalem artichoke | Jicama | Radish | Turmeric | ||||

 * botanical fruit — Green bean | Cucumber | Squash (fruit) | Pumpkin | Tomato | Avocado | Capsicum | Calabash | Luffa ||

 * immature seed — Pea | Bean ||||

Poaceae: Caryopsis | Ceres (mythology) | Corn | Wheat | Rice | Pearl Millet | Sorghum | Rye | Maize | Cereal | Oat | Barley | Malt | Wild rice | Buckwheat | Carrot | Corn salad | Triticale | Spelt |

'''Poultry:

title: User:Boil1202/Cuisine


text:
Dajarra, Queensland

Dajarra is a rural town and a locality in the Shire of Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Dajarra had a population of 186 people.

Geography
Dajarra is in North West Queensland near the border with the Northern Territory. It is about 150 km south of Mount Isa on the Diamantina Developmental Road (also known as the Boulia Mount Isa Highway). The town is close to the intersection of the Diamantina Developmental Road with the Duchess Dajarra Road, which is part of the Cloncurry-Dajarra Road.

History
The town takes its name from the Dajarra railway station assigned by the Queensland Railways Department on 21 June 1916, and is reportedly an Aboriginal word referring to an isolated mountain nearby. It was formerly known as Carbine Creek. The railway station was on the Dajarra railway line which connected Dajarra to Cloncurry via Duchess and reached Dajarra on 16 April 1917. This line was intended as part of the proposed Great Western Railway which would connect Sydney in New South Wales through to Darwin in the Northern Territory; however, the next section of the line from Dajarra towards Camooweal was started but never completed. Dajarra once had importance as a railhead for the cattle industry, the railway giving connection to the ports and markets of the east coast of Australia. Dajarra Post Office opened on 7 November 1919 (a receiving office had been open from 1917).

The older people of the area who remember Dajarra's heyday say that the area trucked more cattle than Texas in the United States. Cattle drovers on horseback would bring cattle from as far away as Western Australia to put them on the train at Dajarra.

Dajarrra State School opened in 1920.

St Martin de Porres Catholic Church was built in 1962.

Competing road transport eventually captured the cattle market and Dajarra railway station closed when the line from Duchess closed on 1 January 1994.

More recently, some opportunities for local employment have come with the development of the nearby Phosphate Hill phosphate mine and fertilizer production plant. The mining company has assisted the community in developing a better water supply for the town.

The town has a rich Aboriginal heritage and is home to Aboriginal tribes from around the Diamantina River, the Gulf of Carpentaria, and the Northern Territory.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Dajarra and the surrounding area had a population of 429 people.

In the, the locality of Dajarra had a population of 191 people; 60.3% of the population are Indigenous.

In the, the locality of Dajarra had a population of 186 people.

Education
Dajarra State School is a government primary (Early Childhood-6) school for boys and girls at Matheson Street (-21.6946°N, 139.5122°W). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 27 students with 4 teachers and 5 non-teaching staff (3 full-time equivalent). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 22 students with 4 teachers and 5 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent). An Aboriginal language is taught at the school, along with how to make boomerangs, what wood to use and what timber is best for didgeridoos. The children are also taught where to find bush foods and the 'bush lollies' on the gidyea trees after rain, and other traditional foods.

There are no secondary schools in Dajarra. The options are distance education and boarding schools. Spinifex State College has boarding facilities in Healy, Mount Isa.

Attractions
The Post Office Museum is at 19 Matheson Street (-21.69481°N, 139.51398°W).

title: Dajarra, Queensland


text:
User:Memrn

i edited the article "Nurse" for correction. the statement in the original "but in many states are not required to do so" refering to not having to have degrees because the statement is wrong. registered nurses and practical nurses are required to graduate from an acredited school of nursing. both are required to pass nursing board examinations after graduation before they begin practice. it is illegal in the U.S. to impersonate a registered nurse or licensed practical nurse.

I have been a registered nurse for 17 years and consider myself knowledgeable in the profession.

title: User:Memrn


text:
User talk:JAdelC42

Welcome!
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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! User:Zeimusu

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Any questions, just ask Zeimusu | (Talk page) 05:01, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:JAdelC42


text:
User talk:Edge M

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contribution. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * An introduction to Wikipedia
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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Take the time to edit your User page and let us know a little about yourself.

We are always looking for quality images for our articles. If you have any images which you can release freely, please upload them to Wiki Commons.

By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~ (but you don't need to sign articles; the software makes sure you get the credit you deserve).

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! User:Zeimusu

Image:AnnieHW.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:AnnieHW.jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. See Image copyright tags for a list of copyright tags that you can use. Thank you.

Any questions? Just ask Zeimusu | (Talk page) 05:01, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:AngelaBeltiW.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:AngelaBeltiW.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image copyright problem with Image:Yotane W.jpg
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title: User talk:Edge M


text:
Talk:Alex Kozinski

NPOV?
I noticed that most of this article is simply copied from this source:. Now, even Judge Kozinski descibes this site as a 'fanpage'. Some phrases amount to an unbalanced praise of the Judge, without giving links to sources in the press or elsewhere. Like many other people, I dunno much about Kozinski, so who is it who thinks his writing is "clear" and "humorous"? Maybe it's just the author of 'notabug'? Imho this article needs some editing, not at least because of copyright issues. Gray62 16:46, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

I think the summary of Kozinski's dissent "This opinion, that correct proceedings were more important than preventing a judicial error that would result in an execution" is an oversimplification. Kozinski was refering to what is within the power of the court--and the supreme court agreed. From the tone of the paragraph, it takes a very close reading to realize that the "grave abuse of discretion" the Supremes were talking about was not commited by Kozinski but the majority. Also I doubt the fact that many of Thompson's accusers were inmates applies to appellate jurisdiction here unless this fact was concealed from the jury. I don't feel qualified to rewrite this section but someone should. 12.159.72.39 (talk) 00:51, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Campaign contributions
I'm wondering about the encyclopedicness of the external link posted by anonymous user User:68.173.19.193 that links to a page showing the political contributions made by the subject of the article. The anon has evenhandedly posted the equivalent link on numerous biographical articles of persons both on the left and the right (e.g. Molly Ivins, Robert McNamara, Theodore Olson, Alex Kozinski, and several others), but despite saucing both the goose and the gander having these links in the articles doesn't seem right. Yes, it's factual; yes, it's verifiable; yes, it's interesting; but it still seems like a sly bit of POV, particularly for each individual article viewed in isolation. I haven't removed any of the links but I'm curious how others see this.

I've posted this question on the talk pages of all four articles mentioned above in hopes that a wider spectrum of editors will see and comment. -EDM 05:03, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Religious Faith

 * What is the religious faith of judge Alex Kozinski? — Preceding unsigned comment added by SpeDIt (talk • contribs) 01:37, October 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * He's Jewish, though I don't believe he's particularly observant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.232.225.54 (talk) 22:03, January 25, 2006 (UTC)

 * Relevance? Crag (talk) 06:14, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

"Good afternoon, flower of my heart"
I've removed this unexplained quote from the "Trivia" section, where it appeared in parentheses next to the Dating Game item (diff). If anyone knows the relevance of this Buddy Holly lyric to Kozinski, please add it back. --zenohockey 02:04, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I considered removing it myself but could work up the resolve to do it. - the.crazy.russian   τ   ç   ë  04:29, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * oh I see... he says it in the short clip of the dating game hiding under [1]. - the.crazy.russian   τ   ç   ë  04:32, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Clerks?
Should there be a section listing law clerks to Federal Circuit Judges as there is a page for supreme court clerks. A "Notable Clerks" category makes sense to me as part of a biographical article. Its worth mentioning the pupils.

Another important reason to include clerks for this particular judge is that Kozinski has a reputation for working his clerks very, very hard, and as a result they have an extremely high chance of a subsequent Supreme Court clerkship. There are quite a handful of Kozinski clerks in the current crop of clerks for the Supreme Court, remarkable for a single jurist. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.65.63.52 (talk) 05:39, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Here's a list of notable clerks: United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit Judge Brett Kavanaugh, Dean of Northwestern Law School Daniel B. Rodriguez, Susman Godfrey partner Harry P. Susman, UCLA Law Professor and publisher of the blog The Volokh Conspiracy Eugene Volokh, Munger, Tolles & Olson partner Mary Ann Todd, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher partner Mark A. Perry, and Sidley Austin partner Jacqueline Cooper.

User:Bbb23 states this was not noteworthy and not sufficiently sourced. Every website linked explicitly states that the person was a Kozinski clerk. A judge's former clerks can provide background on a particular judge and provide insight to students looking to apply for clerkships. Since I'm new here, I'll defer to the wiki editors on whether or not to add this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.123.87.246 (talk) 22:52, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for coming here. Assuming that listing Kozinski's law clerks is sufficiently noteworthy to mention, I think you can source them in two different ways. First, if they have a Wikipedia article that says they were Kozinski's clerk and that statement is sourced, that would be sufficient. I would wikilink the article and add the same source to the Kozinski page as supports it on the clerk's page. The other way would be to someone on the outside, not just because they were a clerk, but because someone thought that was important enough to comment on. In other words, you'd need a secondary source if they don't have a wiki page.--Bbb23 (talk) 23:06, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you for responding and offering guidance! I believe firm websites are typically written by the HR department of law firms (as opposed to the attorneys themselves)--not sure if this would count as the required third party. The HR departments tend to add notable accomplishments of their partners/associates, such as clerking for a respected judge, to establish additional credibility of the attorney. Again, I'm not sure of the threshold for noteworthiness on wikipedia so I'll defer to your judgment. (It seems to me that the wiki community may have established the noteworthiness of clerkships since the people who currently have wikipedia articles of their own lists clerkships with Kozinski on their articles.) I just saw a request for clerks on this talk page so I spoke to a professor at my school who was an ex-clerk to get the names of some of Kozinski's prominent clerks. If it is noteworthy, hopefully someone else with more wiki experience than I have will be able to source it correctly. Thanks again for the clarification. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.91.9.77 (talk) 19:17, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

Inquiry
Kozinski, 57, petitioned on June 13, 2008, an ethics panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to investigate his own conduct. He asked Chief Justice John Roberts to assign the inquiry to a panel of judges outside the 9th Circuit's jurisdiction. Also, he admitted that that his son, Yale, and his family or friends may have been responsible to have posted to the site, http://alex.kozinski.com. Circuit judges’ appointment is for lifetime and they can only be dismissed by Congress, but they can be censured by fellow judges.nytimes.com, California: Judge Calls for Inquiry Into His Conduct Over Web Siteap.google.com, Calif judge wants panel to probe his porn postings--Florentino floro (talk) 11:07, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Fair Housing Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.com, LLC
I'm trying to bring perspective to noted cases, some of which are getting way too much coverage per WP:UNDUE. For instance, a couple seem to be in there simply because someone thought his writing was clever, and not so much for the import of the case in his career. I moved this one here for discussion:

 * In Fair Housing Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.com, LLC, Kozinski, alluding to Andy Warhol's famous quip, referred to "Andy Warhol's prediction that everyone would eventually enjoy a trillion or so nanoseconds of fame." A trillion nanoseconds equates to 16 minutes and 40 seconds.

I'm trying to keep recentism from taking over the article, too. Jokestress (talk) 14:51, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Kozinski's notability as a judge stem as much from his clever writing as it does from the actual judicial content of his opinions. Those examples shouldn't be stricken.  Maybe it would be a good idea to have a section on his reputation in this regard, with examples relegated there.  But they shouldn't be removed.  TJRC (talk) 15:03, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I'd include the Mattell v. MCA there, too. Pretty funny if you ask me, as is the "judicial hottie" stuff, but I question its encyclopedic value beyond mentions. When I got here, this article read like it was written by a fanboy, right down to the trivia section. Jokestress (talk) 15:07, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Says he was "a committed communist" in adolescence
http://www.reason.com/news/show/36727.html
 * Reason: What about the statism in Romania? How did you react to that?

 * Kozinski: "I was a very committed communist when I was there. I believed in communism, and I thought it was the wave of the future. When my parents applied to leave, I thought it was a good thing because I’d be able to educate the workers of the West that they were being enslaved by capitalist exploiters. When we arrived in Vienna, I discovered bubblegum and chocolate. These things were nonexistent in Romania, and I immediately became a capitalist. I was easily bought off."  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.181.142.132 (talk) 11:56, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

LA Times controversy
Several users made good faith edits, adding a blurb about Lawrence Lessig's thoughts on the controversy, with references. These edits were reverted without any discussion. This is a bit upsetting.

I have restored the text and added some more. If the LA Times' description is included, it's also necessary to present another expert's view as well, especially given the nature of the description. Frankly, the LA Times article was a deliberate smear set up by a disgruntled litigant, as Lessig points out. If you go look up the videos and photos mentioned, you'll find that most if not all are the humorous sorts of viral videos and pictures that make their way round the blogosphere. The Times describes naked women painted to look like cows. While they are naked, that is not immediately obvious, and is not the central theme. The Times also mentions a "transsexual striptease slideshow," which I have not personally seen, but also seems to be humor rather than pornography. There's also the donkey allegedly "cavorting" with a naked man in a field: this definitely implies bestiality/pornography. Again, the video is clearly humor (the man is apparently terrified, running away from a donkey with an erection; there is no "cavorting").

I really think if something needs to be cut down, it's the Times description. It's really absurd, and if you go look up the videos, you'll see why.

The person who edited also acknowledged that Lessig is extremely credible and notable, but did not think it was appropriate to include the paragraph. Why is the Times' opinion more credible than Lessig's in this case? --aciel (talk) 05:36, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Perhaps because the Times, in its investigative role for the benefit of public knowledge, is more believable than the opinion of a lawyer. Ad hominem attacks on a high profile judge can be put down    to a higher standard of personal ethics required, demanded, and sworn to be upheld in the judicial branch of government in our system of democracy. In any case, the report certainly belongs in the article.  JohnClarknew (talk) 19:24, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Lessig is a Stanford University professor--a scholar, not simply a lawyer. You're also neglecting the true role of a business such as a newspaper, which is to make money. I think if we turn on Fox "News" we can easily see that just calling yourself investigative does not make it so. I'm not suggesting the Times is on the same level as Fox, just pointing out that it's overly idealistic to always give the newspaper the benefit of the doubt. I'd also like to point to the relevant article, Los Angeles Times. --aciel (talk) 17:45, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Apologies, the last rollback was NOT vandalism, just not in good faith. I hit the wrong button. --aciel (talk) 23:38, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Bot-created subpage
A temporary subpage at User:Polbot/fjc/Alex Kozinski was automatically created by a perl script, based on this article at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. The subpage should either be merged into this article, or moved and disambiguated. Polbot (talk) 02:38, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Daubert - Kozinski on expert testimony
Why is there no section on Kozinski's opinion on Daubert (on remand from Supreme Court)? That case set important standards for assessing expert testimony. 141.166.227.7 (talk) 04:39, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Barbie Girl
I have a feeling this is the guy who presided over the review of the Barbie Girl case between Mattel and Europop band Aqua. The case ended with "The parties are advised to chill". Could somebody double check this and add it in a suitable location. —Sladen (talk) 23:57, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Bratz Case
It would be wrong for the article not to mention Kozinski's decision in the Bratz case. http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/07/22/09-55673.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by RafaelRGarcia (talk • contribs) 06:30, July 23, 2010

 * I don't think it's worth adding. It's not that significant of a case.  I already added it in the Bratz article, a context in which it's obviously very material. But it doesn't seem important enough to note in this article. 15:16, 23 July 2010 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by TJRC (talk • contribs)

Milke Case
There is no information about the Milke Case, and there are no links — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.136.106.216 (talk) 22:52, 25 July 2014  (UTC)
 * IP is apparently referring to . TJRC (talk) 23:50, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

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Libertarian?
I reverted the deletion of the category, "libertarian." I've been seeing article about Kozinski for almost five years and I'm guessing half describe him as a libertarian. I put his name and the term into my browser and got 12,500 hits. One of the top five was the lede from the NY Times article that called him that.

"White v. Samsung" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect White v. Samsung and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 March 31 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. DocFreeman24 (talk) 23:54, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alex Kozinski


text:
WDTI

WDTI (channel 69) is a religious television station in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, airing programming from the Daystar Television Network. The station is owned and operated by the Indianapolis Community Television subsidiary of Daystar parent company Word of God Fellowship. WDTI's offices are located on Crawfordsville Road in northwestern Indianapolis (near Speedway), and its transmitter is located on Walnut Drive, also on the city's northwest side (near Meridian Hills). Daystar also separately operates a low-power television station in Indianapolis, WIPX-LD (channel 51).

History
Channel 69 first signed on the air on June 6, 1988, as WBUU, an educational independent station founded by Butler University. It changed its call letters to WTBU in 1991.

In 1992, WTBU joined PBS as its fourth member station in the Indianapolis market—after WFYI (channel 20), Bloomington-based WTIU (channel 30) and Muncie-licensed WIPB (channel 49); through PBS' Program Differentiation Plan, a fraction of the network's programming was distributed between all four stations, with WFYI carrying most of PBS' programs as the primary PBS outlet for the market. In 2004, Butler University sold WTBU to Indianapolis Community Television, Inc., an arm of the Daystar Television Network. The new owners began carrying programming from the religious broadcast network.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WDTI shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 69, on November 10, 2008. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 44, using virtual channel 69.

title: WDTI