text:
User talk:Sbachman725

Image copyright problem with Image:Graham parker by Steve Bachman.jpg
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I've long ago cleared this up by associating the appropriate copyright information with this photo. Sbachman725 19:15, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Jim Kramer
Hi there: how can his fifth-place finish in 2003 be the highest ever by a North American if he came third in 2001?--Anthony.bradbury 21:58, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

I've clarified this by adding the text "that year" to the sentence. Sbachman725 19:13, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Gray-crowned Rosy Finch MN USA 20070108.JPG
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title: User talk:Sbachman725


text:
User talk:Buze~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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-Poli (talk • contribs) 14:23, 2005 July 25 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Buze. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Buze~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:49, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:18, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Buze~enwiki


text:
User talk:Erbajo~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Picture tutorial
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 * Manual of Style
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-Poli (talk • contribs) 14:24, 2005 July 25 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Erbajo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Erbajo~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:46, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:37, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erbajo~enwiki


text:
Commissioner of the Independent Commission Against Corruption

The Commissioner of the Independent Commission Against Corruption heads the body that is responsible for investigating corruption in both the public and private realms in Hong Kong. The ICAC was created in 1974 to deal with the corruption then endemic in Hong Kong's government departments and disciplined services.

List of office holders
All ICAC commissioners have been appointed from the ranks of Hong Kong's civil service or, prior to 1997, from among colonial officials.

Appointment controversies
In October 2006, the appointment of Fanny Law as ICAC Commissioner was not well received. The unpopular Permanent Secretary for Education and Manpower was seen as weak on security-related issues. In addition, as Law's and Raymond Wong's appointments were a direct swap, the government was derided by the Civic Party and Liberal Party for belittling an important position by playing "musical chairs". Law was not perceived to be at the end of her civil service career, when the post of Commissioner was traditionally a 'final' posting, allowing the official to work without fear or favour.


text:
FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)

The World Aquatics Swimming Championships (25m), formerly known as the FINA World Swimming Championships (25m), also referred to as 'short course worlds',  are an international swimming competition staged by the internationally recognized governing body of the sport, World Aquatics (formerly FINA). The championships are staged in a 25m pool, referred to as short course format, and traditionally have been held biennially in alternate years to the World Aquatics Championships. Unlike the World Aquatics Championships, only swimming events are staged at these championships (being one of the six disciplines that form part of the World Aquatics Championships).

Editions
Member federations referred to as winners, second, and third, in the table below, are the top three nation's listed on the medal tally based on the standard method of ranking (being total gold medals, followed by total silver medals, and then total bronze medals).

 * Record by number of gold medals – 🇺🇸 (21 gold medals, 2004)
 * Record by number of total medals – 🇺🇸 (41 medals in total, 2004),

Events
The 2022 championships were the first edition of the championships in which the male and female event programs were identical. Mixed relays were added from the 2014 edition of the championships.

All-time medal table
Updated after the 2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m):

Medal winners
Updated after the 2022 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m):

 * Male events, all editions - List of World Aquatics Swimming Championships (25 m) medalists (men)
 * Female events, all editions - List of World Aquatics Swimming Championships (25 m) medalists (women)


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User talk:Somoza

Very nice!
Wow! That is some fantastic work on Franck-Condon principle. Please keep it up! --DanielNuyu 07:30, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Nice
Really nice plots you've made! What do you use to make them?--Deglr6328 17:13, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the compliment. I use Photoshop.Somoza 12:57, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh ok but I was actually specifically wondering how you made this graph of the absorbance of EtBr. I like to make these occasionally  from data taken from an ocean optics spectrometer and the process that I go through is usually spectrum>data>excel>export to pdf>pdf to photoshop>edit>png . It is really a very inefficient process and I thought maybe you could give me a few clues on how you make your plots with what must surely be an easier method..... sorry to keep bothering you! :) --Deglr6328 22:44, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Total re-write of the main Physics page is in progess
You might like to join us at Physics/wip where a total re-write of the main Physics page is in progess. At present we're discussing the lead paragraphs for the new version, and how Physics should be defined. I've posted here because you are on the Physics Project participant list. --MichaelMaggs 08:04, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Let me know the next time that person vandalizes and I'll smack the IP hard. ;) RadioKirk (u|t|c)  13:51, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Untagged image
An image you uploaded, Image:Palacios de la sierra seal.gif, was tagged with the coatofarms copyright tag. This tag was deleted because it does not actually specify the copyright status of the image. The image may need a more accurate copyright tag, or it may need to be deleted. If the image portrays a seal or emblem, it should be tagged as seal. If you have any questions, ask them at Media copyright questions. -- 15:05, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Physics participation
You received this message because your were on the old list of WikiProject Physics participants.

On 2008-06-25, the WikiProject Physics participant list was rewritten from scratch as a way to remove all inactive participants, and to facilitate the coordination of WikiProject Physics efforts. The list now contains more information, is easier to browse, is visually more appealing, and will be maintained up to date.

If you still are an active participant of WikiProject Physics, please add yourself to the current list of WikiProject Physics participants. Headbomb {ταλκ – WP Physics: PotW} 16:12, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use File:Condon fig1 1926.png
Thanks for uploading File:Condon fig1 1926.png. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under a claim of fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first non-free content criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information or which could be adequately covered with text alone. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

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File source problem with File:Condon fig1 1926b.png
Thank you for uploading File:Condon fig1 1926b.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Somoza


text:
Talk:O. R. Tambo International Airport

Page title
The page title should read "O.R. Tambo International Airport" instead of "OR Tambo International Airport". See the official airport page: http://www.airports.co.za/home.asp?pid=228&selAirport=jhb 85.1.11.141 (talk) 11:40, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The official airport page, airport logo, etc. all point out to O. R. Tambo being a proper name. Also normal naming conventions suggest "OR Tambo" being a very unusual variant – which also, in this case, has no support in the official sources and so seems to be a wanton creation. I'll go ahead and rename it unless there is a consensus to the contrary. cherkash (talk) 06:04, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

 * This is now done: I've re-styled the article, and have moved the page. Please discuss here first before making further changes or reverts. cherkash (talk) 02:56, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

New Terminal Names
Please update the terminal names and airline status at the terminals as the new central terminal has been completed and airllines have moved in already.

See http://www.acsa.co.za/home.asp?pid=94&toolid=2&itemid=5595

Thank you

Sayanvala (talk) 18:33, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

High and dry???
This makes no sense:

 * Johannesburg International Airport is regarded as a "hot and high" or a "high and dry" airport. Situated some 1500 metres above sea level, the air is dry and thin, especially in winter. Even in summer, when it rains, the air is still relatively dry and hot.

High and hot are certainly bad for aircraft performance, but this implies that humid air is better than dry air, when exactly the opposite is true. Dry air is denser than humid air. Hot air is always worse than cold air, so the "even in summer" bit makes even less sense. The worst conditions are "high, hot, and humid". RoySmith 14:25, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I fixed up the hot and dry wording, but the whole discussion about why you can make the trip in one direction but not the other without a fuel stop is full of holes. There are many reasons why an airplane's useful range in one direction may be greater than the other.  First, JFK (where I assume these flights land), has one of the longest runways in the world (a bit over 4400 m) -- that lets you take off with a heavier fuel load, even without any density altitude considerations.  Next, you have to look at prevailing winds over the entire route.  Finally, JFK->JNB has you close to or over land for most of the 2nd half of the flight -- this is important for picking dispatch alternates, which in turn affects legally allowable flight lengths.  In the JNB->JFK direction, the 2nd half of the flight is entirely over open ocean.  The high density altitude at JNB is only one of many factors involved.  --RoySmith 18:14, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the update, but you are a bit of a mild nitwit. If you don't even know where the flights land in New York, how on earth would you know what the conditions are for flights JNB/JFK? Secondly, how on earth can humid air be less dense than dry air? It's like a car - it performs better at sea level than at altitude. Flights are able to take off with enough fuel from Jo'burg to New York (we're not that backward, you bigoted Western capitalist pig), but engine performance is reduced at altitude and they burn more fuel on take-off because the air is thin (duh). Thirdly, the bollocks about flying over Africa (JFK/JNB) as opposed to the Atlantic (JNB/JFK) only applies to ETOPS flights, and all the aircraft that fly the route have four engines (A340, B747). Also, since they refuel at Lagos/Dakar/Accra/Sal Island on the way to New York/Washington/Atlanta, they're more likely to drop out of the sky over Africa than in the Atlantic (since on the return leg they don't refuel - duh). The info was given to me by my uncle, who works for SAA Technical, and my cousin, who flies the A340 to New York. Who are your sources, Mr Weekend Wannabe? So there - put that in your "full-of-holes" pipe and smoke it.

 * I'll address the, "how on earth can humid air be less dense than dry air?" question. The answer is that a molecule of water (H20, molecular weight of 18) weighs less than a molecule of either of the two main constituents of air, Nitrogen (N2, molecular weight 28) and Oxygen (O2, molecular weight 32), but takes up the same volume.  As for sources,  has a good explanation, but any introductory aviation or meteorology text should cover this.  As for my credentials, I'm a commercial pilot and flight instructor -- RoySmith (talk) 17:11, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Roy, Roy, Wally Boy (add that one to your list)... So, you're a pilot? DC3s and puddle jumpers don't count. Do the nitrogen and oxygen just disappear at sea level, and is the air down there just made up of water? You can quote as many sources as you like, unless you can explain to me why the bottle of water that I drank in Jo'burg flattens like a pancake by the time I get to Durban, then I simply don't believe you. I notice you gave the whole ETOPS thing a big skip... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 152.106.240.139 (talk • contribs) 21:06, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh Ro-oy!!!! Still waiting for my response, honey... after 3 years... tsk, tsk... You see, we can all quote cool sources that prove our point - so here's one of mine: . You see? Air DOES get thinner as we go higher (and I prefer his source to yours). That's why people who go up Everest DIE without air, because there's LESS of it at 10,000m. What a disappointment you turned out to be (Rob, let it go... it's been 3 years... move on... yes, Conscience, I'll do that now... just wanted to score one last point for the Southern Hemisphere). I missed therapy this week, and I can't find the Lithium tabs.

 * Hello all. I am a user of wikipedia but prefer to edit from IP's to avoid blocking in case of controversy. I made some edits today. The previous version stated that there were 2 runways, roughly 3500m in length. This isn't true at all. Accrding to the ACSA website (and I confirmed the data using Google Earth), the runways are 4400 and 3300m respectively. The longest of the two deserves special mention as it is indeed one of the world's longest international airport runways. This too is entirely verifiable and can be done over the internet. Hope I don't earn yet another "original research" gripe. I am also responsible for adding the Airport Frame, whcih was (appalingly) missing. Measurements, co-ordinates and altitude are all precise and courtesy of Google Earth. As I understand the altitude inaccuracy sampled in some applications of Google Earth, I took the time to confirm the altitude on the ACSA website.

 * "Hot and high" is the correct aviation terminology. Please see the page with that name for a detailed explanation. Humidity is not usually a great factor in takeoff performance. Humidity plays a role in fog or icing conditions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.77.75.90 (talk) 17:22, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

Future name change
The ANC-dominated Ekurhuleni metropolitan council has passed a resolution to rename Johannesburg International Airport the O R Tambo International Airport.

It has not happend yet, so I am just putting it here. Gary van der Merwe 12:12, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yep, for some blogosphere reaction, see Commentary.co.za, Fodder and Mzansi Afrika. Seems like a pretty diverse range of opinions so far.  Imp i  15:32, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Saying renaming Joburg airport Oliver Tambo can be 'offensive' is quite odd! I'm not sure anyone would find it offensive; maybe a waste of money, or an inconvenience, but he's a pretty well respected figure, no? Joziboy 2 March 2006, 11:58 UTC
 * There are those who feel that his contribution to freedom in South Africa was exaggerated due to his role within the ANC, and that others who contributed as much if not more were sidelined and ignored. There's also the issue that Tambo never renounced violence against civilians as something the ANC was willing to do, which a fair number of people still resent. He's not as respected as Nelson Mandela, in other words. —  Imp i  21:49, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Ah okay. I had no idea about the violence against civilians thing. People like Mandela only come about once in a hundred years, but we already have a million things named after him (the whole PE metro is named after him). I reckon we need to branch out. There's Beyers Naude drive etc, I don't think white freedom fighters have been forgotten? Joziboy 3 March 2006, 12:45 (UTC)
 * Well, I've yet to see a street named after Helen Suzman... Hardly surprising, since she's gone from being a huge opponent of Apartheid to opposing the ANC's excesses, and she never was really friendly with the ANC, despite being wholeheartedly against Apartheid. In other words, you only get to be remembered and memorialised if you supported the right people. There's a lot of patronage involved, unfortunately. That's why I think it's best that we avoid political names altogether, because it always turns into a favouritism situation. Best keep JIA as it is. —  Imp i  19:47, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed. JIA has existed for decades and can be expected to remain for many more decades. It is not entirely unlikely that in this time period the ANC will be voted out of office and the name of Oliver Tambo no longer welcome considered appropriate. 88.105.116.240 02:55, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Future Name Change: Some Perspective
I can't believe the ANC wants to rename something after Tambo AGAIN! This is what they have named after him:

On the East Rand (Ekurhuleni) there is the Oliver Tambo Cultural Village, Tamboville.

And the Oliver Tambo Memorial Hospital

And Oliver Tambo Drive in Mokopane (Potgietersrus)

And Oliver Tambo Drive in Modimolle (Nylstroom)

And Oliver Tambo Avenue, Manemberg, Cape Town

And Oliver Tambo Drive in Joe Slovo (yes, he has his own suburb), Cape Town

And Oliver Tambo Drive in Pellsrus, Jefferys Bay

And Oliver Tambo Drive in Rustenburg

And Oliver Tambo Drive in Weltevreden

And Oliver Tambo Drive in The Leauges, Cape Town

And Oliver Tambo Street, Hospital View, Johannesburg

And Oliver Tambo Street, Kagiso Ext2, Jhb

And Oliver Tambo Street, Kwanomzamo, Humansdorp

And Oliver Tambo Street, Parkridge, East London

And Oliver Tambo Street, Tsakane, Jhb

And Oliver Tambo Drive in Seshego, Polokwane

And Oliver Tambo Street, Mohlakeng, West Rand

And the Oliver Tambo District (where you can find the easy-to-remember King Sabata Dalindyebo Municipality) in the Eastern Cape

(I've used my GPS software to find this, and since its outdated (refers to Plokwane as Pietersburg) I suspect many more "Oliver Tambo" roads)- and I would just like to say there are more streets named after Tambo, than Nelson Mandela!

THIS IS CRAZY! They won't stop until we are living in the Republic of Oliver Tambo

...I think the best policy the Government should take, is NOT to repeat the errors of the past and NOT to give places / streets / buildings people's names. Like the King Senzangakhona Stadium in Durban. The poor tourists and int' media that'll have to pronounce, remember and spell THAT name.

- and this is why Jhb International is the PERFECT name - no history - no politics - no bad feelings. We have enough Tambo-named things already!

 * Don't feel too bad. I can send you info about people dedicated to naming something in every one of the 3,300 counties in the United States after Ronald Reagan.  You know, in case anyone ever forgets he was president.  — OtherDave 19:34, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see how your objections to naming things after Tambo are relevant to the content of this Wikipedia entry. I'm also curious why I don't see your objections to the number of things in the country named Botha, Smuts, Malan, and so on...nor to the number of locations in the US named after Washington, Lincoln, Kennedy, etc.  People name locations after political leaders.  Why does this one ruffle your feathers?Mgllama (talk) 11:04, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Merge
Airports don't need separate articles for the list of airlines that fly to them. This should be merged into the Airlines section of the main article. Dbinder 13:24, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

EXPANSION OF JOHANNESBURG INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
I live very near to JIA, in fact I live in Bonaero Park Ext 3 which is rumored to be one of the areas that will be demolished to allow for the expansion of the airport!!

I, and many other residents really need to know what is going to happen ??? We are going on information that I think was leaked and we don't know whether to seriously start worrying or not.....

Are we going to have a home in the near future, how do we afford a new home, when and how much will ACSA pay us out for our properties ???

WE NEED ANSWERS NOW SO WE CAN MOVE FORWARD AND GET ON WITH OUR LIVES AS WE WERE DOING BEFORE ALL OF THIS CAME ABOUT.

If there is anyone out there who can help or give us some anwers ,it would be great!!! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 198.54.202.100 (talk • contribs) 12:57, 11 September 2006  (UTC)

Yes, alas, the beloved OR Tambo is scheduled for a major expansion, including 2 new runways. If you stay near the lake, then your house is history... Check out the Beeld for articles - do a Google search or www.beeld.com. Hold out for the most money dude!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.207.33.197 (talk) 16:30, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Help!
My dog just jumped on the keyboard and messed up my edits of JIA. Don't know how to change them back. I promise I wasn't trying to vandalise pages! Thanks. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 198.54.202.100 (talk • contribs) 17:29, 11 September 2006  (UTC)
 * Done, just glad he was not able to eat it ;-) Gary van der Merwe 16:23, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Thanks!!!!!!

Jan Smuts a Statesman
I don't think one should call Jan Smuts a "statesman" as this title is usually reserved (at least among Americans & Canadians who are majority wiki readers) to those politicians and civil servants whose actions have a positive lasting action. Smuts was racist and Facist therefore, could not be considered "statesman" so I changed it to the neutral "politician" which could be seen as bad, neutral, or good depending upon one's perspective.

I have a personal issue with the airport being named after Tambo, because of negative associations on the other end of the political spectrum, but the ANC and the Native South African majority seem to like him in spite of his actions against mostly caucasian civilians who didn't even necessarily agree with the government's racialist system.

Mrs. Valerie Feria-Isacks SA by marriage Anthropologist in-training

 * Actually, 'statesman' as a title refers to a respected national or international leader, not necessarily one whose actions had a positive lasting effect. Your term is more of an assumption than an actual definition. Nevertheless, even when using your own definition, it's blatantly clear that Smuts still qualifies for the title of 'statesman', to such an extent that I must question how much you actually know of Smuts's history.

 * Quite simply, no other South African, before or since, has had the same profound effect on international affairs as Smuts, not even Nelson Mandela. In his time he was instrumental in altering the landscape of international relations forever, creating structures that still dominate our headlines today. By any measure, not only was he an international statesman, but he was a great international statesman, widely respected and trusted. So much so, in fact, that sometime during the Second World War it was seriously proposed that he be appointed as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom should Winston Churchill die or be otherwise incapacitated. 1

 * The first of the major achievements which was to bring him fame and respect was his role in establishing the status of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa as dominions equal to Great Britain allied under the British Commonwealth of Nations, a term he invented. This was a fundamental stage in the history of all those countries, leading directly to their full independence in later years, and the organisation he proposed lives on in the form of the modern Commonwealth which now boasts over 50 members.

 * The second such achievement was the creation of the League of Nations, an organisation Smuts had first proposed creating in 1918 in his essay, League of Nations: a Practical Suggestion. His ideas were picked up by Woodrow Wilson, the American president, who found that Smuts's suggestions tallied with his own "Fourteen Points", and the two began a collaboration that would meld their separate ideas together into a workable Covenant for the League of Nations. From Smuts came the ideas of sanctions, mandates, international bureaus and the League assembly, all intended to enhance international co-operation and prevent war.2 These ideas were carried over to the United Nations, with the result that even today sanctions, international bureaus such as the World Health Organisation and the United Nations' two assemblies are amongst the main components of international relations. If that is not a 'positive lasting effect', I'd struggle to find one.

 * And yet Smuts had a role in the formation of the United Nations as well. Not only did he constantly pressure delegates at the San Francisco conference to provide the new organisation with the power the League was always denied, but he was the primary author of the Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations, a document which has been recognised as one of humanity's most important. Again, how can this not represent a 'positive lasting effect'?

 * I will not deny that Smuts was flawed, deeply so, as most of us are. In his case, it was his attitude and policy towards black South Africans which has tainted his reputation, as he supported and continued segregationist legislation during his time in office. Yet it would be unfair to judge him by modern standards on race, as his views generally mirrored those of his contemporaries. It's also worth noting that his views on blacks were relatively benign and akin to those of the missionaries, who viewed them as backwards people needing special treatment to bring them to the standard of Europeans, as opposed to the views of the Nationalists who viewed blacks as cheap labour to be forever suppressed and exploited. We can look back today and laugh at the absurdity of both those views, but we should not forget that they were considered respectable (and, sadly, reasonable) at the time. Yet in later life, Smuts showed a foresight that preceded most of his countrymen, both asserting that one day blacks and whites could live as equals in South Africa and establishing the Fagan Commission to investigate the relaxation of urban influx and residence controls for black South Africans in what was widely seen as a precursor to wider changes. Unfortunately, it was the liberalism of the Commission's report which led to Smuts's defeat (though by a minority of white voters) in the 1948 general election, which ushered in the National Party under Malan and thus Apartheid, so we'll never know how far Smuts would've gone in desegregating South Africa.

 * But as for the charge that Smuts was a Fascist, it is nothing less than utter nonsense. Smuts was fervently opposed to the Fascist movements which swept Europe in the 1930s, resulting in the dictatorships of Mussolini and Hitler, to the extent that he ignored significant opposition at home in order to declare war on the Axis powers and commit South African troops to battle against Nazi Germany and Italy's forces. In South Africa itself he suppressed fascist organisations such as the pro-Nazi Greyshirts and imprisoned many of its leaders. The ideals he encapsulated in the UN Charter's Preamble were completely contradictory to Fascist principles, especially as they emphasised the dignity and worth of the individual rather than that of the state. Objectively, there's absolutely no justification in the claim that Smuts was a Fascist.

 * In light of the above, I'm going to revert the change from 'politician' back to 'statesman'. I feel the term is more than warranted and that the original change denigrated the contribution this remarkable man made to the world, regardless of his flaws. — Impi 00:45, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * A friendly request to please keep the topic of this talk page on improving the article, and not politics. Gary van der Merwe (Talk) 12:22, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Not to disagree with you - certainly, the talk page should stay on topic - but this discussion was at base a content dispute about the word "politician" vs. "statesman" in the article. Impi's reply was a (long, certainly) argument for why "statesman" is appropriate, so it is about the article in that sense. - htonl 18:19, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
 * So it is agreed that Jan Smuts was a statesman.Gregorydavid 04:32, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Or a statesperson, perhaps? :-) -- leuce 18:40, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, like Margaret Thatcher was. ;-)) Gregorydavid 07:31, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Question: where are the stats that show the majority of Wiki users are American or Canadian? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.207.33.197 (talk) 16:33, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

O.R. Tambo Airport Destinations
A good article, however the destinations of the respective airlines needs a bit of attention. SAA does not fly to Pietermaritzburg, however SA Airlink does (I see Airlink is listed). Also there is no mention of Upington Airport. I suspect there might be others. Dglschapman (talk) 14:38, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

 * If no-one objects, I can pull the flight schedules for JNB from ACSA and update the list based on that. Ron2K (talk) 14:32, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Charter airlines
I've just removed a charter airline from the Domestic subsection of the Airlines & Destinations section, my reasons being that the airline in question doesn't operate any scheduled flights. The question is - should we be including charter airlines in this section, and if so, do we shove them with the scheduled services or give them their own subsection? Ron2K (talk) 22:20, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

New Terminal Names
Please take note of the following

Terminal name change to Terminal A and Terminal B

O.R. Tambo International Airport has made the decision to follow the lead of other international airports and make the terminals multi-use such that terminals can be used to process both international and domestic flights interchangeably. The benefit of making the terminals multi-use will allow the airport to be more efficient in the use of existing infrastructure, thus minimising the dependence on more construction of new buildings to create capacity.

Like other international airports with multi-use terminals, the international and domestic descriptors of the terminals will fall away at O.R. Tambo International Airport. There will still be two terminals, which will in future be known as Terminal A and Terminal B. Terminal A will extend from the Central Terminal Building(CTB) atrium to the north (previously the international terminal) and Terminal B will extend south (previously the domestic terminal).

For the foreseeable future the check-in counters in the existing international departures hall will continue to be used for international flights only, while the multi-use CTB departures facility will be used by both international and domestic airlines allowing those airlines with domestic and international flights to use the same check-in counters.

Airline check-in counter moves At the beginning of April 2009 when the new multi-use departures hall in Terminal B opens in the CTB some airlines serving international routes will move into the new facility. Among them are South African Airways which will process both international and domestic passengers from the new facility. Other airlines that will also be moving to the new facility include:

* Express and Airlink (which like SAA will process both international and domestic passengers from their counters) * UM – Air Zimbabwe * MD – Air Madagascar * WB – Rwandair Express * TC – Air Tanzania * QF – Qantas * CX – Cathay Pacific * MS – Egypt Air * MK – Air Mauritius

Check-in counter renumbering The changes to the terminal naming and the multi-use terminal will necessitate the changing of check-in counter numbers in both departure terminals. They will have an alphanumeric numbering system. A three digit number will be prefaced by A or B depending on which terminal it is located in.

The counters in Terminal A (currently international departures) will be numbered from the south to north and those in Terminal B (currently domestic departures) will be numbered from the CTB to the south. The existing counters in Terminal B will be renumbered in preparation for the opening of the new facility at the beginning of April.

Implications for passengers Passengers and visitors will have to know which terminal their airline of choice is operating from. Passengers should obtain this information at the time of booking their tickets. To assist them the airport will be putting up temporary signs that show which airlines operate out of each departure terminal.

Passengers and visitors are advised that signage in and around the terminal will in the future no longer refer to domestic and international terminal. Signs will refer only to Terminal A or Terminal B. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.2.126.113 (talk) 14:32, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

route maps
I note somebody replaced my maps with their own - no problem, since the new ones look good. If I may raise a suggestion - if a map or graph is worth including, it is worth being readable at first glance. There is no reason why, with careful placement, the long haul, short haul and domestic maps cannot be placed together. I have placed it in a manner which allows prompt reading.

Do we need to specify which airports are served? Why not just "Istanbul" or "London" rather than "Istanbul - Ataturk" or "London - Heathrow"? Yes, it is more accurate, but it makes the map harder to read. Also consider editting out parts of the world where airlinks aren't present - it will give you more space. Kransky (talk) 10:09, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Visible is one thing; taking up most of the screen is quite another. The established guideline is quite clear in that images should be thumb-sized. Besides, all destinations served are already listed in the tables, so adding a map is effectively redundant information (albeit pretty-looking). I honestly see no reason for the image to be sized any larger than the standard thumb. Jasepl (talk) 10:24, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

I don't understand the colour coding of the long-haul map. Is it supposed to be by continent? But then, why do the African and South American flights have the same colour whereas the flights to the Middle East have a different colour from the flights to the rest of Asia? --SmilingBoy (talk) 11:51, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

The longhaul map appears to be missing the lines connecting JNB and ZRH, and JNB and CDG. Also, TIP is not labelled. --SmilingBoy (talk) 11:51, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

On the domestic map, Maputo should be removed. --SmilingBoy (talk) 11:53, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Runways
Removed text "This is due to the aforementioned rarefied atmosphere problem" from the Runway section as there is no aforementioned rarefied atmosphere problem mentioned anywhere in the article.

Bain (talk) 22:00, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Factual Accuracy: First Comet Flight
I have done a lot of research into where exactly the first Comet flight landed. The reference given in this article does not mention at which airport it landed. I have researched this extensively and the evidence points to Palmietfontein Airport - not at Jan Smuts Airport, and the reference #2 which I give in the Palmietfontien Airport article clearly states the fact. The text is as follows : "South Africa was the destination of the world’s first passenger jet service when a BOAC Comet 1 landed at Palmietfontein on 3 May 1952, the journey had taken just under 24 hours to complete. ".

Furthermore, the photographs to which the Palmietfontein Airport page links (Under the External links heading) show Comets parked on the apron at Palmietfontein airport. If one enlarges the photos, the signboard "Palmietfontein Airport" is clearly visible. See the photographs in these links : [] and []. The runway layout seen in the pictures is that of Palmietfontein. Nolween (talk) 16:22, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

I have now retrieved an original newspaper article from the Johannesburg library which proves that the Comet landed at Palmietfontein and not at Jan Smuts Airport. I am awaiting confirmation that I can publish a copy in the Commons.Nolween (talk) 12:23, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Nolween (talk • contribs) 19:50, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on O. R. Tambo International Airport. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060717042803/http://www.mg.co.za:80/articlepage.aspx?area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/&articleid=276844 to http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=276844&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/

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Editing
The destinations is a whole mess UMANAIOP (talk) 14:07, 29 November 2020 (UTC)
 * If the table is messed up then I have already fixed it. Rzxz0839 (talk) 16:37, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Vandalism by USER:2409:4050:2e9f:81fa::16c8:2506
Hello and Good day, , I have detected Vandalism (wrt replacing Citations with WP:ADVERT links - from [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]. I tried to revert/undo them - but it's not possible due to intermittent edits and only option I have is to revert back to an OLDER non Vandalised version namely [this one], However doing so will also render your valuable edits null and void, I would thus like to request that you redo your edits after reverting the Vandalism. The vandalism has been reported to WP:AVI Thank You, -- STC1 (talk) 15:20, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Nothing for me to do.
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 15:57, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:O. R. Tambo International Airport


text:
List of royal tours of Canada (21st century)

Royal tours of Canada in the 21st century carry on the tradition of the previous 300 years, either as an official tour, a working tour, a vacation, or a period of military service by a member of the Royal Family. Originally, royal tours of Canada were events predominantly for Canadians to see and possibly meet members of their royal family, with the associated patriotic pomp and spectacle. However, nearing the end of the 20th century, such occasions took on the added dimension of a theme; for instance, the 2005 tour of Saskatchewan and Alberta by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was deemed to be a vehicle for the Queen and all other Canadians to honour "The Spirit of Nation Builders". Also, junior members of the Royal Family began to undertake unofficial "working" tours of Canada as well; in this method, royal figures are invited by provinces, municipalities, and other organizations to events which the latter fund without assistance from the federal government. Charles III; Anne, Princess Royal; Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, have all made several small tours in this fashion.


text:
Ben Chaplin

Benedict John Greenwood (born 31 July 1969), better known as Ben Chaplin, is a British actor. He is best known for his roles in films, including The Truth About Cats & Dogs, Washington Square, The Thin Red Line, Birthday Girl, Murder by Numbers, Stage Beauty, The New World, The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep, Dorian Gray, Cinderella, Snowden, The Legend of Tarzan, and The Dig. His TV roles include Game On, Mad Dogs and The Nevers.

Early life
Chaplin was born on 31 July 1969 in Windsor, in the county of Berkshire, England, the son of Cynthia (née Chaplin), a teacher, and Peter Greenwood CBE, a civil engineer. He has one sister, Rachel, and one brother, Justin.

Chaplin became interested in acting as a teenager, after acting in a theatrical production in his school years at the Princess Margaret Royal Free School. At the age of seventeen, he enrolled at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. He pursued his early acting career between odd jobs as an office worker, and for a while was employed as a statistician with the London Transport Authority.

Career
Taking his stage name from his mother's maiden name, Chaplin began his professional career performing in BBC television dramas in bit parts, and occasional cinema films. In 1992, he appeared in his first major role, starring alongside Jason Flemyng in Bye Bye Baby for Channel Four. James Ivory and Ismail Merchant cast him as a servant in The Remains of the Day; also in 1992, he appeared in Between the Lines (series 1, episode 1), and as the socially inept Con Wainwright in Feast of July (1995). Chaplin received good reviews as Tom Wingfield in Sam Mendes' stage production of The Glass Menagerie and was nominated for an Olivier award (1995) in London, and played the lead role of Matthew in the first series of the British sitcom Game On (BBC Two, 1995), and left after one series. Neil Stuke played the same role for the final two series.

In the United States, he was cast by director Michael Lehmann as a photographer caught between two women (Uma Thurman and Janeane Garofalo) in the romantic comedy The Truth About Cats & Dogs (1996), a retelling of Cyrano de Bergerac. He next played fortune-hunting Morris Townsend in a retelling of Washington Square (1997), co-starring Jennifer Jason Leigh. The film received positive reviews, but was a box office failure. Chaplin next played Private Bell in Terrence Malick's remake of The Thin Red Line (1998). Meanwhile, after numerous delays, the apocalyptical horror film Lost Souls (2000), which was filmed in 1998, was finally released.

He appeared as a low-level bank clerk who purchases a Russian mail-order bride (Nicole Kidman) in Birthday Girl (2001). He next played opposite Sandra Bullock as her relatively inexperienced partner in an investigation into a series of killings in Murder by Numbers (2002). After co-starring opposite Michelle Yeoh in the Taiwan-made action film The Touch (2002), Chaplin played George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham in the romantic drama, Stage Beauty (2004), set in the world of British theatre in the 1660s. Chaplin next had a supporting role in Chromophobia (2005), a dark thriller about a bourgeois family coming apart at the seams, also starring Penélope Cruz, Ralph Fiennes and Ian Holm. He had a small role in The New World (2005), Terrence Malick's film about the affair between Pocahontas (Q'Orianka Kilcher) and Captain John Smith (Colin Farrell). In the comedic drama Two Weeks (2006), Chaplin was one of four siblings who return home to say goodbye to their ailing mother (Sally Field). Following a supporting role in the children's fantasy The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep (2007), Chaplin portrayed prominent English stage and film actor George Coulouris in Me and Orson Welles (2009), directed by indie filmmaker Richard Linklater. He also appeared in the television miniseries World Without End (2012), where he portrayed Thomas Langley, adapted from the novel of the same name by Welsh author Ken Follett.

He received an Olivier Award nomination for Best Supporting Performer in The Glass Menagerie, and a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in The Retreat from Moscow. Recent theatre appearances include This Is How It Goes at the Donmar Warehouse in 2005, The Reporter at the National Theatre in 2007, and Farewell to the Theatre at the Hampstead Theatre in 2012. He appeared in Dates on Channel 4 in 2013, and recent film roles include the role of Cinderella's father in Cinderella (2015). He starred in Apple Tree Yard with Emily Watson in 2017.

In 2017, he appeared in the premiere production of Consent at the Royal National Theatre, London. Chaplin starred in the Joe Penhall play Mood Music at The Old Vic Theatre. He starred in The Children Act (2017), adapted from the Ian McEwan novel of the same name. He starred in the BBC series Press with Charlotte Riley, as unethical tabloid editor Duncan Allen, a role which won him a number of positive reviews.

title: Ben Chaplin


text:
List of most expensive films

Due to the secretive nature of Hollywood accounting, it is not clear which film is the most expensive film ever made. Star Wars: The Force Awakens officially holds the record with a net budget of $447 million (although it is possible that Avatar: The Way of Water costs more if its price tag is towards the upper-end of its reported $350–460 million production costs). The third and fourth Avengers films (Infinity War and Endgame) stand as the most expensive back-to-back film production, with combined production costs of over $1 billion, according to one of the directors.

Inflation, filming techniques and external market forces affect the economics of film production. Costs rose steadily during the silent era with Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) setting a record that lasted well into the sound era. Television had an impact on rising costs in the 1950s and early 1960s as cinema competed with it for audiences, culminating in 1963 with Cleopatra; despite being the highest earning film of the year, Cleopatra did not earn back its costs on its original release. The 1990s saw two thresholds crossed, with True Lies costing $100 million in 1994 and Titanic costing $200 million in 1997, both directed by James Cameron. Since then it has become normal for a tent-pole feature from a major film studio to cost over $100 million and an increasing number of films are costing $200 million or more.

This list contains only films already released to the general public and not films that are still in production or post-production, as costs can change during the production process. Listed below is the net negative cost: the costs of the actual filming, not including promotional costs (i.e. advertisements, commercials, posters, etc.) and after accounting for tax subsidies. The charts are ordered by budgets that have been independently audited or officially acknowledged by the production companies where they are known; most companies will not give a statement on the actual production costs, so often only estimates by professional researchers and movie industry writers are available. Where budget estimates conflict, the productions are charted by lower-bound estimates.

Most expensive productions (unadjusted for inflation)
Only productions with a net budget of over $200 million in nominal U.S. dollars are listed here. Due to the effects of inflation, all of the films on the chart have been produced in the 21st century.

Most expensive films (adjusted for inflation)
The productions listed here have their nominal budgets adjusted for inflation using the United States Consumer Price Index taking the year of release. Charts adjusted for inflation are usually ordered differently, because they are dependent on the inflation measure used and the original budget estimate.

The Soviet War and Peace, released in four parts across 1966 and 1967, is sometimes cited as the most expensive production ever: Soviet claims stating it cost $100 million (estimated at nearly $700 million accounting for inflation forty years after its release) were circulated in the American press during its showing there. However, its financial records reveal it cost slightly more than $9 million (about $60–70 million in today's money). Another notable omission is Metropolis, the 1927 German film directed by Fritz Lang, often erroneously reported as having cost $200 million at the value of modern money. Metropolis cost $1.2–1.3 million at the time of its production, which would be about $0 million at 2021 prices, according to the German consumer price index.

Officially acknowledged figure.

Record-holders
Throughout the silent era, the cost of film-making grew steadily as films became longer and more ambitious and the techniques and equipment became more sophisticated. It is not known for certain which was the first film to cost $1 million or more to produce, and several myths have grown over time: D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (1916) was reputed to have cost $2 million, but accounts show that it only cost $385,906.77; additionally, A Daughter of the Gods (1916) was advertised as costing a million dollars, but Variety estimated its true cost at $850,000. The first film that is confirmed to have had a $1 million budget is Foolish Wives (1922), with the studio advertising it as "The First Real Million Dollar Picture".

The most expensive film of the silent era was Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925), costing about $4 million—twenty-five times the $160,000 average cost of an MGM feature. It is unclear which sound-era production superseded it as the most expensive film, although this is commonly attributed to Hell's Angels (1930), directed by Howard Hughes; the accounts for Hell's Angels show it cost $2.8 million, but Hughes publicised it as costing $4 million, selling it to the media as the most expensive film ever made. The first film to seriously challenge the record was Gone with the Wind, reported to have cost about $3.9–4.25 million, although sources from the time state that Ben-Hur and—erroneously—Hell's Angels cost more. Ben-Hur was definitively displaced at the top of the chart by Duel in the Sun in 1946.

The 1950s saw costs rapidly escalate as cinema competed with television for audiences, culminating with some hugely expensive epics in the 1960s that failed to recoup their costs. A prominent example of this trend was Cleopatra (1963), which lost money on its initial release despite being the highest-grossing film of the year. Since the 1990s, film budgets have once again seen a dramatic increase as the use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) has become commonplace in big-budget features.

Officially acknowledged figure.

title: List of most expensive films


text:
Pandurang Mahadev Bapat

Pandurang Mahadev Bapat (12 November 1880 – 28 November 1967), popularly known as Senapati Bapat, was a figure in the Indian independence movement. He acquired the title of Senapati, meaning commander, as a consequence of his leadership during the Mulshi Satyagraha. In 1977, the Indian government issued a postage stamp to commemorate him.

Early life and education
Senapati Bapat was born in a Marathi Chitpawan Brahmin family on 12 November 1880 in Parner. His family was originally from Ratnagiri. He was educated at Deccan College and then travelled to Britain on a government scholarship in order to study engineering.

As a revolutionary
During his stay in Britain, he was associated with India House, spending a majority of his time learning bomb-making skills instead of pursuing his official studies. He became associated at this time with the Savarkar brothers, Vinayak and Ganesh. Bapat, who had considered blowing up the Houses of Parliament in London, took his skills back to India and passed them on to others.

While in hiding after the Alipore bombing of 1908, Bapat travelled the country and discovered that the majority of the Indian population did not realize that their country was under foreign rule. At this point, his focus shifted from overthrowing the British government to educating the population. In 1912, he was arrested in connection with the bombing and was sentenced to be imprisoned. He was free by 1915, and was a "seasoned revolutionary", according to Richard Cashman. He had joined the staff of Mahratta and was one of several influential figures from the Poona area who were aligned with Bal Gangadhar Tilak's attempts to establish local organisations supporting the cause of Indian independence.

Shift to Gandhian Philosophy
He re-aligned himself with Gandhi's vision of Swaraj in late 1920 following the death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, despite having been a fervent supporter of the Tilak's vision. This was a considerable shift, given his firebrand nature and willingness to use violence, but although he took the Gandhian oath of non-violence he remained willing to use force when he thought it necessary.

From 1921, Bapat led the three-year farmers' protest (satyagraha) against the construction of the Mulshi Dam by the Tata company. Ghanshyam Shah considers this to be "the first recorded organised struggle against [forced] displacement" caused by an irrigation project. The company had initially dug test trenches on land without obtaining permission and the farmers, who were mostly tenants, objected in fear of losing their lands. The dam was eventually constructed and thus the protest ultimately failed. Compensation for lands submersed by the dam's construction was eventually arranged but was given to the landlords rather than to the tenants. Although satyagrahas are intended to be non-violent, Bapat was jailed for vandalism of the construction project: rather than be captured for this, he turned himself in. His third jail sentence was for speaking at a public gathering held by Subhash Chandra Bose.

Legacy
Major public roads in Pune and Mumbai have been named in his honour, and he featured in issue 303 of the Amar Chitra Katha comic book series in 1984. In 1977, the Government of India issued a postage stamp to commemorate him.

On 15 August 1947 — Indian Independence Day — Bapat was given the honour of raising the Indian national flag over the city of Poona for the first time. Bapat memorial was built at the site of the Mulshi satyagraha on his birth centenary in 1980.

title: Pandurang Mahadev Bapat


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Fréjus Rail Tunnel

The Fréjus Rail Tunnel (also called Mont Cenis Tunnel) is a rail tunnel of 13.7 km length in the European Alps, carrying the Turin–Modane railway through Mont Cenis to an end-on connection with the Culoz–Modane railway and linking Bardonecchia in Italy to Modane in France. Its mean altitude is 1,123 m and it passes beneath the Pointe du Fréjus (2,932 m) and the Col du Fréjus (2,542 m).

Headed by the Savoyard civil engineer Germain Sommeiller, construction of the tunnel commenced during August 1857, at a time when both ends of the future tunnel were in the Kingdom of Sardinia. From the onset, the tunnel was an ambitious engineering challenge, its gallery being twice the length of any tunnel previously constructed. Some figures believed that it would take as many as 40 years to complete; the total construction time was 13 years, the work having been greatly accelerated by the introduction of new technologies such as pneumatic drilling machines and dynamite. On 17 September 1871, the Fréjus Tunnel was opened to traffic for the first time, facilitating a new era of interaction between France and Italy.

The Fréjus tunnel remains an important link in the connection between Rome and Paris, via Turin and Chambéry. Following the development of car and truck transportation, the Fréjus Road Tunnel was built along the same path from 1974 to 1980. During the 2000s, the Fréjus Rail Tunnel underwent a series of works to modernise and improve it, including the increase of its bore to accommodate wider rail vehicles, such as container trucks on piggy-back wagons, as part of the Autoroute Ferroviaire Alpine. A future high-speed rail tunnel to improve transit capacity between France and Italy, called the Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel, is being planned as part of the Turin–Lyon high-speed railway project.

Background
The mountains of the Alps had posed long difficulties to any movements between Italy and its neighbours. Even with the arrival of new technologies such as the railway, the task of successfully traversing these peaks was viewed by numerous figures as a fool's errand, unfeasible to the point of being impossible. However, there was a strong political desire amongst officials in both Italy and France to establish a railway between the two which, if completed, would launch a new era of transit and bring new commercial opportunities for both nations. In Italy, the Victor Emmanuel Railway, which included both the Culoz–Modane railway across Savoy and the Turin–Modane railway across Piedmont, was largely constructed in the 1850s by the Kingdom of Sardinia and named after its king, Victor Emmanuel II. Prior to 1860, Sardinia had included both Savoy and Piedmont.

Even as it was being first envisioned, the Fréjus Tunnel, a necessary feature for traversing Mont Cenis, was viewed as being the primary engineering challenge of the Turin–Modane railway by far; the initial length of its gallery was 12.8 km, which was twice as much as the previously longest tunnel in the world at that time. The Savoyard civil engineer Germain Sommeiller was appointed to head this undertaking. Considerable backing for the endeavor was forthcoming from individual Italians, not only in terms of funding, but also technical expertise, public endorsements, and labourers.

Construction
During August 1857, drilling work commenced on the Bardonecchia side; activity started on the Modane side in December 1857. It had been deemed impossible to increase the rate of excavation via intermediate shafts, thus the tunnel was driven entirely from either end. Serious challenges were encountered, including difficulty with providing sufficient ventilation. New methods of ventilation were successfully introduced, alongside other technological innovations. At the time, it was believed that, if the tunnel's construction had to rely upon traditional methods alone, it would have taken 71 years to complete. Three years following the start of the tunnel's construction, unanticipated political interactions led to the transfer of Savoy from Sardinia to France in 1860 under the Treaty of Turin; the change of borders did not majorly disrupt the rate of work on the tunnel however. The tunnel took 14 years to construct, its rate of progress having been considerable increased via the use of new technical innovations such as pneumatic drilling machines powered by compressed air.

Ten drills were mounted in a frame to bore shot holes to receive blasting powder charges, with those in outermost positions aligned in a slight divergence from the centreline to increase the effective width. Air at a pressure of 7 atm was conducted in iron pipes from hydraulic compressors, powered by local streams at the mouths of the workings. There were separate pipes for water jets to remove waste from the holes. Each firing required up to eighty holes, taking between six and eight hours to drill. On 26 December 1870, French and Italian workers shook hands as the two teams met halfway: the galleries were aligned to about 40 cm horizontally and 60 cm vertically.

On 17 September 1871, the Fréjus Tunnel was officially opened to traffic. One foreign newspaper covering the occasion, the Michigan Argus, described the tunnel as being "one of the greatest, if not the greatest, engineering feat of the age". While further major tunnels through the Alps have since been constructed, it has remained active, the Fréjus Rail Tunnel being the oldest of the large tunnels through the Alps.

Between 1868 and 1871, the Mont Cenis Pass Railway was briefly operational as a temporary link over the Mont Cenis Pass. It was closed shortly after the opening of the Fréjus Railway. This railway was itself described as an engineering achievement in its own right.

Alterations and improvements

The original tunnel portal on the French side at Modane was only used for little over a decade before falling into disuse after having been bypassed during 1881. It was decided to redirect the tunnel to a new entrance positioned to the east of the original, where the ground was considerably more stable. The surplus portal was left in place as a monument, and has since become a minor tourist attraction. A steam locomotive has been placed in the disused portal, which is presently located adjacent to a road.

During the 2000s, the Fréjus Rail Tunnel underwent a programme of works to both modernise and improve it. One specific and major alteration performed during this period was the enlargement of the bore to facilitate an equivalent loading gauge of French Lignes à grande vitesses (LGVs) throughout, thus enabling the tunnel to be traversed by wider rail vehicles, including container trucks on piggy-back wagons, as part of the Autoroute Ferroviaire Alpine. Various other enhancements were enacted, largely on the French side of the tunnel. The first package of work focused on civil works, while a follow-up package focused on electrical systems. During the former, the track was replaced and the track bed lowered, sections of masonry were repaired where applicable, new safety recesses created, along with other civil works around the tunnel's exterior, including a reservoir.

Closure
On 27 August 2023, a major landslide occurred on the line close to the tunnel at Saint-André à La Praz. All traffic through the tunnel, including the major TGV and Frecciarossa services between the Gare de Lyon and Milan Centrale / Porta Garibaldi were suspended. Repairs have been complicated and the line is not expected to re-open until late 2024 or mid 2025.

Neighbouring fortifications
Following the transfer of Savoy from Italy to France, the Fréjus Tunnel became a possible invasion route from Italy to France, particularly as it avoided the historical difficulties posed by the Mont Cenis pass. Accordingly, an extraordinary amount of defensive fortifications were constructed near to and around Modane. The Fort du Replaton and the Fort du Sapey were built in the late nineteenth century on the heights across the valley of the Arc. During the 1930s, the Alpine Line fortifications Ouvrage Saint-Gobain, Ouvrage Saint-Antoine and additional fortifications at Le Sappey were also constructed.

A blockhouse along the rail line to the east of the modern tunnel entrance has become a tourist attraction. The maison penchée ("leaning house") was built in 1939 to guard the tunnel entrance over an ammunition magazine connected to the tunnel by a gallery. During 1944, the retreating Germans deliberately exploded two rail wagons inside the tunnel entrance, causing the magazine to explode and blasting the blockhouse off its foundations, leaving it on a tilt.

title: Fréjus Rail Tunnel


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Commissioner of Customs and Excise

The Commissioner of Customs and Excise is the head of the Customs and Excise Department of Hong Kong, which is responsible for monitoring the movement of goods into and out of Hong Kong, customs and excise, duties and investigation of pirated products.

Director of Commerce & Industry and Commissioner of Preventive Service

 * David Ronald Holmes (1962–1966)
 * Terence Dare Sorby (1966–1970)
 * Jack Cater (1970–1972)
 * David Harold Jordan (1972–1977)

Directors of Trade, Industry and Customs and Commissioners of Customs and Excises

 * David Harold Jordan (1977–1979)
 * William Doward (1979–1982)

title: Commissioner of Customs and Excise