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4.50 from Paddington

4.50 from Paddington is a detective fiction novel by Agatha Christie, first published in November 1957 in the United Kingdom by Collins Crime Club. This work was published in the United States at the same time as What Mrs. McGillicuddy Saw!, by Dodd, Mead. The novel was published in serial form before the book was released in each nation, and under different titles. The US edition retailed at $2.95.

Reviewers at the time of publication generally liked the novel, but would have liked more direct involvement of Miss Marple, and less consideration of her failing strength, using others to act for her. A later review by Barnard found the story short on clues, but favourably noted Lucy Eyelesbarrow as an independent woman character.

The 1961 film Murder, She Said was based on this novel as were several television programmes.

Plot summary
Elspeth McGillicuddy visits her friend Jane Marple. Her train passes another running in the same direction. She sees a man on the other train with his back to her, strangling a woman. Mrs McGillicuddy describes to Miss Marple the dying woman as having blonde hair and wearing a fur coat and the man as tall and dark, though she saw only his back. Miss Marple believes her, knowing her friend to be trustworthy in description. With no news report of a body found, Miss Marple sets out to determine where the body is. With a map and several rides by train, she determines that the body is probably in the grounds of Rutherford Hall. Miss Marple sends Lucy Eyelesbarrow, a cook and housekeeper, to work at Rutherford Hall and find the body.

Luther Crackenthorpe is a widower living at Rutherford Hall. Luther's father made his fortune in biscuit manufacturing. His will left Rutherford Hall in trust for his eldest grandson (currently Cedric). Luther can live in the house for his lifetime, and receives the income from the capital left by his father. After Luther's death, that capital is to be divided equally among Luther's surviving children, so the share due to the living children rises as each sibling dies before Luther. Edmund, the firstborn son, died during World War II. Younger daughter Edith died four years before the novel begins, leaving a son, Alexander. The remaining children are Cedric, a painter; Harold, a married businessman; Alfred, who makes shady deals; and Emma. Others at the family home include Alexander's father Bryan Eastley, and Alexander's friend James Stoddart-West. Local physician Dr Quimper looks after Luther and is in love with Emma.

Lucy discovers fur from a woman's coat, and a cheap powder compact. Lucy takes these to Miss Marple, who believes the murderer removed the body from the railway embankment. Lucy finds the woman's body hidden in a sarcophagus in the stables containing Luther's collection of antiques.

The police, led by Inspector Craddock, identify the victim's clothing as French. Their enquiries lead them to think that the dead woman was a dancer, calling herself "Anna Stravinska", who had gone missing from a ballet troupe. However, "Anna Stravinska" is an alias, and the police cannot trace her origins.

Emma tells the police about two letters, one from her brother Edmund and written shortly before his death in France, and another received a few weeks before the woman's body is found. Her brother had said that he would marry a woman named Martine. The recent letter seemed to be from Martine, wanting to connect with the family of her son's father. There was no second letter, nor a meeting with Martine. The police conclude that the body in the sarcophagus is that of Martine, until Lady Stoddart-West, mother of James, reveals her identity as the former Martine Dubois. She confirms that Edmund's letter referred to her, but he had died before they could marry. She spoke up only because her son told her of the letter supposedly from "Martine". After Edmund's death, Martine had joined the Resistance, and briefly met Bryan Eastley who was escaping through France. At Rutherford Hall, she recognised him again instantly from "the way he stood, and the set of his shoulders". This incident seems to impress Miss Marple.

The whole family, apart from the absent Bryan and Alexander, become ill suddenly, and before long, Alfred is found dead at his home. The curry made by Lucy on the fateful day is found to contain arsenic. After returning home to London, Harold receives a delivery of tablets from Dr Quimper, who had told him not to take more. Harold takes them; they are poisoned with aconitine, and he dies.

Lucy arranges afternoon tea at Rutherford Hall for Miss Marple and Mrs McGillicuddy. Miss Marple instructs Mrs McGillicuddy to ask to use the lavatory as soon as they arrive. Miss Marple is eating a fish-paste sandwich when she pretends to choke on a fish bone. Dr Quimper moves to assist her. Mrs McGillicuddy enters the room at that moment, sees the doctor's hands at Miss Marple's throat, and cries out, "But that's him – that's the man on the train!"

Miss Marple had realised that her friend would recognise the real murderer if she saw him again in a similar pose. The dead woman was Quimper's wife, who would not divorce him, so he killed her to be free to marry Emma. After the Quimpers separated, she had joined a ballet troupe as Anna Stravinska. Quimper's scheme grew to killing Emma's brothers Alfred and Harold, so that the inheritance need not be shared.

Characters

 * Miss Marple: detective and protagonist.
 * Elspeth McGillicuddy: witness to the murder on the train, a friend of Miss Marple.
 * Lucy Eyelesbarrow: Miss Marple's younger collaborator at the Hall. She is a brilliant scholar, skilled cook and energetic housekeeper with a good reputation and excellent client list.
 * David West: He works at British Railways and aids Miss Marple in knowing which trains might have passed the one Mrs McGillicuddy rode when she witnessed the murder. He is the second son of Miss Marple's nephew Raymond West.
 * Luther Crackenthorpe: elderly widower with a life interest in Rutherford Hall, close with money since his own father died.
 * Cedric Crackenthorpe: Luther's son, a bohemian painter living in Ibiza. As the eldest surviving son, he will inherit Rutherford Hall and surrounding lands when his father dies in addition to his share of the inheritance money.
 * Harold Crackenthorpe: Luther's son, married businessman in London, with no children.
 * Lady Alice Crackenthorpe: Harold's wife, daughter of an impoverished earl.
 * Alfred Crackenthorpe: Luther's son, with no regular employment, on the edge of illegal activities.
 * Emma Crackenthorpe: Luther's daughter, who lives at home and takes care of him.
 * Bryan Eastley: widower of Edith Crackenthorpe, Luther's deceased younger daughter.
 * Alexander Eastley: son of Edith and Bryan, who comes to Rutherford Hall on a school holiday.
 * James Stoddart-West: school friend of Alexander.
 * Lady Stoddart-West: mother of James.
 * Dr Quimper: Luther's general practitioner.
 * Detective-Inspector Dermot Craddock: godson of Sir Henry Clithering. (Craddock previously was featured in A Murder Is Announced and Clithering featured in that book and in The Thirteen Problems.)
 * Armand Dessin: Inspector at the Paris Prefecture who assists Craddock in the investigation. Specifically, he names a missing person, a good Catholic woman who left her ballet troupe in England, and has not been seen since by those at the Ballet Maritski.
 * Anna Stravinska: Dancer in the Ballet Maritski in Paris, which toured in England for six weeks before Christmas. She left the troupe in England on December 19. Stage name of Quimper's wife.
 * Madame Joliet: Director of the Ballet Maritski in Paris.

Title
The UK title 4.50 from Paddington, specifies a train time departing in the afternoon from Paddington station, a major station in central London. In British style, the time is written as 4.50 (in later timetables it would be 16:50). The London railway stations were perhaps not considered well known by the US publisher, and thus the title in the US was changed to What Mrs McGillicuddy Saw!, which also refers to the moment on the train when the murder was seen.

Literary significance and reception
Philip John Stead's review in The Times Literary Supplement (29 November 1957) concluded that "Miss Christie never harrows her readers, being content to intrigue and amuse them."

The novel was reviewed in The Times edition of 5 December 1957, stating, "Mrs Christie's latest is a model detective story; one keeps turning back to verify clues, and not one is irrelevant or unfair." The review concluded, "Perhaps there is a corpse or two too many, but there is never a dull moment."

Fellow crime writer Anthony Berkeley Cox, writing under the pen name of Francis Iles, reviewed the novel in the 6 December 1957 issue of The Guardian, in which he confessed to being disappointed with the work: "I have only pity for those poor souls who cannot enjoy the sprightly stories of Agatha Christie; but though sprightliness is not the least of this remarkable writer's qualities, there is another that we look for in her, and that is detection: genuine, steady, logical detection, taking us step by step nearer to the heart of the mystery. Unfortunately it is that quality that is missing in 4.50 from Paddington. The police never seem to find out a single thing, and even Miss Marples (sic) lies low and says nuffin' to the point until the final dramatic exposure. There is the usual small gallery of interesting and perfectly credible characters and nothing could be easier to read. But please, Mrs Christie, a little more of that incomparable detection next time."

Robert Barnard said of this novel that it was "Another locomotive one – murder seen as two trains pass each other in the same direction. Later settles down into a good old family murder. Contains one of Christie's few sympathetic independent women. Miss Marple apparently solves the crime by divine guidance, for there is very little in the way of clues or logical deduction."

Publication history

 * 1957, Collins Crime Club (London), 4 November 1957, Hardcover, 256 pp.
 * 1957, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), November 1957, Hardcover, 192 pp.
 * 1958, Pocket Books (New York), Paperback, 185 pp.
 * 1960, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 190 pp.
 * 1965, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 391 pp.
 * 1974, Pan Books, Paperback, 220 pp.
 * 2006, Marple Facsimile edition (Facsimile of 1962 UK first edition), 3 January 2006, Hardcover, ISBN 0-00-720854-5

In the UK the novel was first serialised in the weekly magazine John Bull in five abridged instalments from 5 October (volume 102 number 2675) to 2 November 1957 (volume 102 number 2679) with illustrations by K. J. Petts.

The novel was first serialised in the US in the Chicago Tribune in thirty six instalments from Sunday 27 October to Saturday 7 December 1957 under title Eyewitness to Death.

The novel was published in the US under the title What Mrs. McGillicuddy Saw! by Dodd, Mead and Co. The UK version was to be titled 4.54 from Paddington until the last minute, when the title and text references were changed to 4.50 from Paddington. This change was not communicated to Dodd Mead until after the book was being printed, so the text references to the time show 4:54 rather than 4:50.

An abridged version of the novel was also published in the 28 December 1957 issue of the Star Weekly Complete Novel, a Toronto newspaper supplement, under the title Eye Witness to Death with a cover illustration by Maxine McCaffrey.

Film in 1961
The book was made into a 1961 film starring Margaret Rutherford in the first of her four appearances as Miss Marple. This was the first Miss Marple film made.

BBC 'Miss Marple' Series 1987
The BBC film broadly follows the original plot with its 1987 version and stars Joan Hickson, (who also appeared as Mrs Kidder in the 1961 film, Murder, She Said). There are several changes:

 * The poisoning of the family is absent.
 * Alfred is still alive at the end, though suffering from a terminal illness that Dr Quimper apparently misdiagnosed deliberately.
 * As in the 1961 film, Harold is murdered in what appears to be a hunting accident, and not by poisoned tablets, because Dr Quimper suspected Harold knew who the victim was, as Harold had a deep passion for dancing and collected posters of the same ballet troupe she was in.
 * Anna Stravinka's real name is revealed as "Martine Isabelle Perrault" (in the novel, her real name is unknown). Thus the twist where James Stoddard-West's mother is Martine is deleted and the real Martine is not seen.
 * Inspector Craddock is replaced by Inspector Duckham and the recurring characters from the BBC television series, Inspector Slack and Sergeant Lake.
 * At the end, Miss Marple unambiguously opines that Lucy Eyelesbarrow will marry Bryan Eastley.
 * Cast:
 * Joan Hickson – Miss Marple
 * Jill Meager – Lucy Eyelesbarrow
 * David Beames – Bryan Eastley
 * Joanna David – Emma Crackenthorpe
 * Maurice Denham – Luther Crackenthorpe
 * John Hallam – Cedric Crackenthorpe
 * Robert East – Alfred Crackenthorpe
 * Bernard Brown – Harold Crackenthorpe
 * Andrew Burt – Dr Quimper
 * David Waller – Detective Chief Inspector Duckham
 * David Horovitch – Detective Inspector Slack
 * Mona Bruce – Mrs McGillicuddy

BBC Radio 1997
Michael Bakewell dramatised the novel as a single 90-minute episode, first broadcast in March 1997. June Whitfield played Miss Marple, and Susannah Harker Lucy Eyelesbarrow.

ITV Marple Series 2004
ITV adapted the novel for the series Marple in 2004 starring Geraldine McEwan as Miss Marple. The title What Mrs McGillicuddy Saw! was used when it was shown in the US. The adaptation contains several changes from the novel:

 * Dr Quimper's first name, not mentioned in the novel, is given as David. His character was changed to be more sympathetic than he is in the novel. His motive for murdering his wife is his love for Emma rather than his desire for the Crackenthorpe inheritance.
 * Only two murders occur – Quimper's wife, and Alfred. Harold is still alive at the end.
 * Both the motive for killing Alfred, and the method of his murder, were changed. Alfred spotted Quimper planting a false clue on the grounds of the Hall, knowing that the body of his wife would be found. When Alexander and James show the clue to the family, Alfred decides to blackmail Quimper, boasting to Lucy just that he is due to receive money. When the family fall ill at dinner by a small dose of arsenic, Alfred is later killed in his bed by a fatal injection from Quimper; as he is being killed, Alfred cries out his killer's name. Quimper makes certain this is misconstrued as him calling for the doctor's help.
 * In this version, Alfred is the eldest son after Edmund, and will inherit the Hall; Harold is the second-eldest son (He becomes next-in-line to inherit the Hall after Alfred dies) and Cedric is the youngest son.
 * The name of Luther's father is changed from Josiah to Marcus and he manufactured confectionery rather than tea biscuits.
 * The novel's Inspector Dermot Craddock is replaced by Inspector Tom Campbell, an old friend of Miss Marple. This adaption ends with Lucy rejecting the two Crackenthorpe men in favour of the inspector.
 * Bryan is British in the novel, but American in the adaption.
 * The way Miss Marple reveals Dr Quimper as the murderer was changed; it take place on a train with Mrs McGillcuddy witnessing it from a passing train. When he is exposed, the communication cords on both trains are pulled, before Tom arrests Quimper whilst Mrs McGillcuddy switches to their train. Miss Marple then reveals all in her denouement aboard the train.
 * Edmund is described as having been killed in the Battle of the Atlantic in December 1941, rather than dying at Dunkirk in 1940, and considered to be lost at sea. In addition, Edith's cause of death, not given in the novel, is described as death during childbirth.
 * Anna Stravinska's true name is given as Suzanne Bellaine. Lucy finds the body within a mausoleum on the Hall's grounds, rather than in a barn containing antiquities.
 * Edmund did marry Martine, and brought her home to meet all his family. The visit is marred by Harold, who sexually assaults her.
 * Harold Crackenthorpe's wife, Lady Alice, is given a much bigger role than in the novel.

In addition to these changes, Miss Marple is seen reading Dashiel Hammett's "Woman in the Dark and Other Stories", providing an inter-textual detail that suggests some of Miss Marple's detective insights come from her reading of classic murder fiction as well as her shrewd understanding of human nature.

 * Cast:
 * Geraldine McEwan – Miss Jane Marple
 * Amanda Holden – Lucy Eyelesbarrow
 * John Hannah – Inspector Tom Campbell
 * Michael Landes – Bryan Eastley
 * Niamh Cusack – Emma Crackenthorpe
 * David Warner – Luther Crackenthorpe
 * Ciarán McMenamin – Cedric Crackenthorpe
 * Ben Daniels – Alfred Crackenthorpe
 * Charlie Creed-Miles – Harold Crackenthorpe
 * Rose Keegan – Lady Alice Crackenthorpe
 * Griff Rhys Jones – Dr Quimper
 * Rob Brydon – Inspector Awdry
 * Pam Ferris – Mrs Elspeth McGillicuddy
 * Celia Imrie – Madame Joliet
 * Jenny Agutter – Agnes Crackenthorpe

2005 anime adaptation
The novel was adapted as a set of 4 episodes of the Japanese animated television series Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple, airing in 2005.

Le crime est notre affaire
Le crime est notre affaire is a French film directed by Pascal Thomas, released in 2008. Named after the book Partners in Crime, and, like the book, starring Tommy and Tuppence as the detective characters, the film is in fact an adaptation of 4.50 from Paddington. The locations and names differ, but the story is essentially the same. The film is a sequel to Mon petit doigt m'a dit..., a 2004 film by Pascal Thomas adapted from By the Pricking of My Thumbs. Both are set in Savoy in the present day.

 * Cast
 * Catherine Frot – Prudence Beresford, based on Tuppence Beresford
 * André Dussollier – Bélisaire Beresford, based on Tommy Beresford
 * Claude Rich – Roderick Charpentier, based on Luther Crackenthorpe
 * Annie Cordy – Babette Boutiti, based on Mrs McGillicuddy
 * Chiara Mastroianni – Emma Charpentier, based on Emma Crackenthorpe
 * Melvil Poupaud – Frédéric Charpentier, based on Alfred Crackenthorpe
 * Alexandre Lafaurie – Raphaël Charpentier, based on Harold Crackenthorpe
 * Christian Vadim – Augustin Charpentier, based on Cedric Crackenthorpe
 * Hippolyte Girardot – Doctor Lagarde, based on Dr Quimper
 * Yves Afonso – Inspector Blache

2010 Computer game
On 17 June 2010, I-play released a downloadable hidden object game based on 4.50 from Paddington (see the external links). Dialogue interspersed with the hidden object puzzles follows the plot of the original story. Items mentioned in the dialogue are among those hidden in each round. The player finds locations on the map by textual clues, which makes the map a hidden object scene, too. At three points during play the player is asked to hypothesise on the identity of the murderer, but as in the novel there is little in the way of relevant evidence. Unlike the games based on Evil Under the Sun, Murder on the Orient Express, and And Then There Were None, this does not include any actual detection and unlike the latter two does not add an additional character to represent the player. This is the 4th in a series of Oberon Games' hidden object games based on Agatha Christie's novels, the first three were based on Death on the Nile, Peril at End House, and Dead Man's Folly.

TV Asahi Two Nights Drama Special 2018
TV Asahi adapted the novel in 2018 starring Yuki Amami and Atsuko Maeda, with the title Two Nights Drama Special: 4.50 from Paddington - Night Express Train Murder (アガサ・クリスティ 二夜連続ドラマスペシャル パディントン発4時50分〜寝台特急殺人事件〜) as the first night. The second night was The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side.

 * Cast:
 * Yuki Amami – Toko Amano, based on Miss Jane Marple
 * Atsuko Maeda – Aya Nakamura, based on Lucy Eyelesbarrow
 * Sachie Hara – Keiko Tomizawa, based on Emma Crackenthorpe
 * Toshihiro Yashiba – Shin Furukawa, based on Bryan Eastley
 * Toshiyuki Nishida – Shinsuke Tomizawa, based on Luther Crackenthorpe
 * Kosuke Suzuki – Tetsuji Tomizawa, based on Cedric Crackenthorpe
 * Shinya Niiro – Seizo Tomizawa, based on Harold Crackenthorpe
 * Hiroyuki Matsumoto – Shiro Tomizawa, based on Alfred Crackenthorpe
 * Ken Ishiguro – Keiichi Saeki, based on Dr Quimper
 * Akio Mochizuki – Eiichi Tomizawa, based on Edmund Crackenthorpe
 * Mitsuko Kusabue – Suzume Amano, based on Mrs Elspeth McGillicuddy
 * Tomoka Kurotani – Reiko Kimura, based on Lady Stoddart-West
 * Ayumi Ena – Mamei Zhou, based on Anna Stravinska

title: 4.50 from Paddington


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Dakota MRT station

Dakota MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Circle line in Geylang planning area, Singapore, next to Geylang River.

Located along Old Airport Road between the junctions of Jalan Dua and Dakota Crescent, Dakota station took its name from the Dakota DC-3 aircraft that used to frequently land at the former Kallang Airport. This station primarily serves the Old Kallang Airport Estate, and is within walking distance to Mountbatten MRT station and Grand Dunman.

History
Before the station was built, it was originally known as Tanjong Katong. As Tanjong Katong is too far away, it was renamed to Dakota in March 2005.

The Circle Line contract was awarded to Nishimatsu-Lum Chang Joint Venture for Contract 823, between Mountbatten and Paya Lebar stations.

Due to the tight corridor of the Old Airport Road, it was the first station to have the full road closure. Guillemard Camp Road was temporary widened to allow public buses enough space to drive through and was given to Land Transport Authority (LTA) from MINDEF. The closed stretch was reopened on 29 December 2008, and Guillemard Camp Road was returned back to MINDEF, before giving back to the state land with the closure and demolition of Guillemard Camp in 2020. The existing site became a HDB prime-based BTO flat.

Art in Transit
The artwork featured in this station is Little things, little stories by A Dose of Light (Ang Song Nian and Zhao Renhui). This artwork narrates an open-ended story of Dakota Crescent through the objects inside residents’ homes, along the HDB flat corridors and shared outdoor spaces which attempt to chronicle a visual history and narrative of the space before the station is built.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dakota MRT station


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Davinder Singh (lawyer)

Davinder Singh Sachdev s/o Amar Singh (born 1 August 1957), more commonly known simply as Davinder Singh, is a Singaporean lawyer and former politician. A former member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he was the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Toa Payoh division of Toa Payoh GRC between 1988 and 1991 and the Toa Payoh East division of Bishan–Toa Payoh GRC between 1997 and 2006.

Singh has worked at the law firm Drew & Napier for 37 years, spending 17 years as its chief executive officer, and the last two as executive chairman. In 2019, Singh left Drew & Napier to start his own law firm, Davinder Singh Chambers. Singh is widely regarded as Singapore's top litigator, he is best known for representing Singapore prime ministers Lee Kuan Yew and Lee Hsien Loong in civil lawsuits, as well as acting for Singapore Press Holdings (SPH) in the National Kidney Foundation scandal. More recent cases Singh has been involved in, include the Iswaran corruption trial and the trial involving the founder of Hin Leong Lim Oon Kuin.

In 1997, Singh was appointed to the first batch of Senior Counsels (SCs) in Singapore. He is the Chairman of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre.

Singh has been widely acknowledged as Singapore's top litigator and being without peer. Amongst the many honours and accolades he has received include winning the ALB South East Asia "Dispute Resolution Lawyer of the Year" award twice and being the first lawyer from the Asia-Pacific region to be inducted into the Benchmark Litigation Hall of Fame. Some others have called him "legendary" and "the best cross-examiner in Singapore".

Singh has two sons, who work in his Chambers.

Early life and education
Singh's father, Amar Singh, was born in Quetta, British India (present-day Balochistan, Pakistan) and left for British Malaya as an economic migrant. His mother was born in Kuala Lumpur. Amar Singh moved first to Kuala Lumpur, and then moved again to early post-independence Singapore with his family, working as a travel agent. Davinder Singh grew up alongside two brothers and two sisters.

Singh completed his early education in the Jesuit Saint Michael's School, following in his two older brothers' footsteps. He went on to attend Saint Joseph's Institution, as was the normal progression of students at Saint Michael's School at that time. He was not focused on academics, and, to his parents' disappointment, entered the arts stream rather than the sciences stream after his Secondary 2 examinations. He nevertheless performed well in his GCE Ordinary Level examinations, enabling him entry into the newly-established National Junior College, then a prestigious government school in Singapore. Singh spent two years there, and then served his national service as an officer in the Singapore Army before attending the National University of Singapore, where he read law.

Singh's choice to read law was partially influenced by an event at Saint Joseph's Institution when his usual teacher was absent and his principal stood in as relief teacher. The principal set the students a test, and looking at Singh's paper, asked him whether his father was a lawyer. Singh answered no, but came away feeling that he must have impressed his principal very much to have earned such a remark. The idea stuck in Singh's head that he had a talent for argument. Singh's focus in law school was not academic. He described his view of university as "a great opportunity to experience varsity life", and treated the study of law as incidental to the experience.

In the first three years of his education, Singh did not give any thought to what he would do in practice. Internships and work placements were uncommon at that time. Singh, however, was attending law school on a scholarship from DBS Bank, which came with a job and a bond. One of the requirements of the scholarship was that he spent three weeks a year at the bank, which he did. In his third year, he decided that he did not enjoy the prospect of being in-house counsel at a bank. That year, he attempted the Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition in Washington, D.C., with three friends, Steven Chong, V. K. Rajah and Jimmy Yim. The team became the first from the National University of Singapore to win the prestigious moot, and Singh was named the Best Oralist in the Championship round. Singh decided that he enjoyed advocacy, and charted his career accordingly.

Pupillage
By the end of law school, Singh had decided not to join DBS Bank as in-house counsel. He applied to various law firms for pupillage, but received rejections in various forms. Some of the reasons given included that he spoke no languages other than English. One firm informed him that DBS Bank was one of its clients and the firm did not want to displease them by offering a job to one of their bond-breakers. Singh ended up without alternatives, and approached one of his lecturers in banking law with his difficulty. This lecturer recommended him to Harry Elias, then a lawyer at Drew & Napier, who offered Singh pupillage at his firm.

Singh described pupillage as life-changing. He entered Drew & Napier in May 1983, one of a number of pupils. Through a stroke of administrative luck, he was assigned pupil to Joseph Grimberg, then a well-known advocate in Singapore, whose clients included Singapore's prime minister Lee Kuan Yew. Singh described his experience under Grimberg is transformational, filling him with the inspiration he had earlier lacked. He decided then that he wanted to be "the next Joe Grimberg".

Singh learnt through experience. Since Grimberg was a senior lawyer, he tended to be assigned complex cases. Singh also absorbed Grimberg's intellectual process and work ethic. When pupillage was complete, Grimberg retained Singh, making Singh his legal assistant and paying off Singh's bond. Singh, in turn, strived to make himself indispensable to Grimberg. Singh's early work was on a breadth of commercial disputes, which Grimberg focused on.

2005 National Kidney Foundation scandal
In 2005, Singh represented Singapore Press Holdings in a lawsuit brought against them by T. T. Durai, Chief Executive Officer of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF), for defamation in relation to an article written by one of their correspondents. Durai dropped the case on the second day of the trial.

2014–15 Roy Ngerng defamation case
In 2014, Singh and three other lawyers from Drew & Napier represented Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in a defamation lawsuit against blogger Roy Ngerng, who was represented by M Ravi and Eugene Thuraisingam. On 7 November 2014, Justice Lee Seiu Kin found Ngerng to have defamed Lee Hsien Loong in an online article whose contents suggested that the Prime Minister was guilty of criminal misappropriation. In July 2015, during a hearing to assess the amount of damages he has to pay Lee Hsien Loong, Ngerng broke down in tears while he was being cross-examined by Singh. On 17 December 2015, the judge handed down a judgement ordering Ngerng to pay S$100,000 in general damages and S$50,000 in aggravated damages. Ngerng, through his lawyer Eugene Thuraisingam, proposed to pay the S$150,000 in instalments – a request granted by Lee Hsien Loong on the condition that Ngerng paid the S$30,000 in hearing costs immediately, i.e., by 16 March 2016. Ngerng is expected to repay $100 a month from 1 April 2016 onwards over five years until 1 April 2021 when instalments are increased to S$1,000 until the full sum has been paid by the year 2033.

Political career
In 1987, Home Affairs Minister S. Jayakumar, who had taught Singh constitutional law when he was a lecturer at the National University of Singapore, asked Singh to consider becoming a Member of Parliament. Singh, at that time, had a busy practice and was focused on his career, and was not sure that he was prepared for the commitment. However, Singh decided to accept, for a number of reasons. Singh's parents were ardent admirers of Singapore's first prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew, and Singh knew that joining the People's Action Party would make his mother proud and would have made his late father proud too. Singh was himself an admirer of Lee. Once, when asked by Grimberg what he wanted to be in fifteen years, Singh replied, "I'd like to be Lee Kuan Yew's lawyer", to which Grimberg replied, "You will be." He also felt that contributing as a parliamentarian was a rare opportunity would add a valuable dimension to life. Singh ran in the 1988 Singaporean general election and won in an walkover, and from 1988 to 2006, Singh served as a Member of Parliament for Bishan-Toa Payoh Group Representation Constituency. Singh was Singapore's first Sikh parliamentarian.

title: Davinder Singh (lawyer)


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Tai Seng MRT station

Tai Seng MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Circle line, situated along the boundary of Hougang and Toa Payoh planning areas, Singapore.

Located underneath Upper Paya Lebar Road near the junction of MacPherson Road and Airport Road, Tai Seng station was named after and primarily serves the industrial clusters at Tai Seng, which in turn means "big accomplishment" in Chinese. The name was first used on a rubber factory constructed in the area in 1917.

History
Upper Paya Lebar Road was realigned from Kim Chuan Road to Jalan Bunga Rampai on 14 April 2003 for the construction of the station. The station was completed in November 2007.

Before the station was built, it was tentatively named Upper Paya Lebar. It was renamed to Tai Seng to reflect the location of the area.

The station was opened on 17 April 2010 along with the rest of Stage 1 & 2 of the Circle line.

On 16 May 2017, it was announced that Tai Seng MRT station on the Circle line will be linked by an underground walkway to the bustling Paya Lebar industrial and commercial hub called 18 Tai Seng on the other side of the road. The station was the only station on the eastern stretch of the line that did not have an underground link to the other side of Upper Paya Lebar Road, where 18 Tai Seng, J'Forte, Sakae Building, BreadTalk IHQ, RE&S Building, Charles & Keith Building and Jackson Design Hub (Tupperware) are located. Work on the new Exit C leading to the underground walkway started in March 2015 and was completed on 7 December 2017. The new exit comes with escalators and a lift for pedestrians' use.

title: Tai Seng MRT station


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CSTR

CSTR may refer to:

 * The Centre for Speech Technology Research at The University of Edinburgh
 * Coinstar (NASDAQ ticker symbol)
 * Computer Science Technical Report, particularly those from Bell Labs, often seminal
 * Continuous stirred-tank reactor

title: CSTR


text:
Puerto Casado

Puerto Casado (formerly known as La Victoria) is one of the 4 districts in Alto Paraguay Department, Paraguay. It includes the town of La Victoria or Puerto La Victoria, which has a population of around 7,800.

History and tourism
Founded in 1889 in time of President Patricio Escobar, formerly known as Angel Custodio. It was based on Enterprise Taninera Carlos Casado, which is also called "Puerto Casado." Elevated by district in 1973.

This was used as a port of transit for Paraguayan troops on their way to fight the Bolivians during the Chaco War.

The Carlos Casado Company came to have more than 5,000,000 hectares in the Paraguayan Chaco, today the factory is shut down. It is from here that Mennonites and Paraguayan soldiers passed, using the narrow-gauge trains of the Chaco Central railroad that extended 145 km west from the River Paraguay.

In Puerto Casado there are places of historical epoch of the Chaco War, the first Mennonite settlers arrived here in 1920.

Galvan Hill is located 5 km south of "Kilometro 11," the former railway station that left from Puerto Casado. The boat makes a high Aquidabán here, part of Concepcion. Another boat that is here for the "Cacique II," which part of Asuncion for Vallemí.

At Galvan Hill one can still see the old railroad tracks. Here Emiliano R. Fernández wrote his poem "The Fashion" in 1926. This is the first railroad station of importance along the railroad.

The railway was built by the company for the extraction of timber, with nearly 150 km of narrow gauge track into the heart of the Chaco. The same route of the railway was extended up to 160 km, which enabled the Paraguayan troops in campaign to access the fortresses to stop the advance of Bolivians in this vast territory during the Chaco War.

During the Chaco War of the railroad was vital to transport soldiers, arms, ammunition, supplies, vehicles, fuel, medicines and wounded.

The old Kilometro 11 station, a former house that was part of the old railway station of the Carlos Casado Company, is one of the historic landmarks still standing in the locality.

With the sale of public lands in the late nineteenth century was established company Carlos Casado Ltda., which acquired in 1886 over 3000 sqmi, was devoted to logging and production of tannin. Tannin is a substance extracted from the "quebracho" tree, used for tanning hides. The son of the founder, José Casado, arrived in 1929 to manage the site, lived on site until 1945.

During the Chaco War, the facilities were used as workshops for all kinds of machinery, armaments, especially motor vehicles, before being sent into battle. It also was used as river port and military post.

In 1931 the Command Infantry Division was installed at the port, José Félix Estigarribia accepted the post of Commander that he proposed the then president Joseph P. Guggiari since late July, 1931 Estigarribia was already installed there. When the new commander settled in the place, the owner of the factory provided him with a house, called "La Chaqueña", a large and comfortable residence located in the city centre.

Emiliano R. Fernandez, popular poet and musician, often called the "northern poet," to 1923 was in Puerto Casado, where he performed several tasks. Often his works are signed as having been written in Alto Paraguay.

As for handicrafts, in the early 80's a former worker of the company had the idea of making a guampa (mate cup) for his own use from pieces of the stainless steel that was used to store tannin. The idea was warmly accepted and began to receive orders and the manufacturer improved technology and creating new models of guampa for drinking mate and terere. Today these are manufactured in various designs on special orders for gifts or as souvenirs of Puerto Casado.

In the Paraguay and Apa Rivers and in the many streams in the area, an important tourist activity is fishing.

Etymology
Puerto Casado is a company town founded by the Compañía Carlos Casado, established in the city of Rosario (Argentina). For many years, quebracho logs were processed into tannin here. In the late 1990s, the company ceased production and the tannin operation was closed down.

Geography
The terrain is a plain that does not exceed 300 meters above sea level. There are sporadic and undulations of fertile land, used for agriculture and animal husbandry.

Climate
The climate is tropical, with a maximum of 45 degrees Celsius in summer, and a minimum of 9 degrees Celsius in winter. The average is 25 degrees. We present long drought followed by torrential rains. The climate of Puerto Casado can be classified as tropical savannah climate (Aw).

Demography
La Victoria has a total of 6,489 inhabitants, of whom 3304 are men and 3185 women, according to estimates by the Directorate General of Statistics, Census and Surveys.

Economy
Its main business is animal husbandry. Previously the company was located here taninera Carlos Casado Ltda.

One of the largest companies in the country was the company Carlos Casado, former factory tannin, about the company looks at the homes of former employees and owners, as well as the old Hotel de Puerto Casado.

Pilgrimage "Ñanda Yvyrekávo"
In search of our land, ''Guarani', with whom he traveled nearly 600 km from Puerto Casado to Asuncion, 156 km for six days on foot and the rest by truck. The villagers say it is the longest in the social struggle in the country. They call on the government to expropriate the property sold by the Casado Company to Moon Sect, which includes the district.

Transportation
The town can be reached by Transchaco Highway (National Route N° 9), to the junction of the Pioneers, located 409 km from Asunción, then an unpaved road to Puerto Casado, about 230 km east, this is the Amalia Route.

In Puerto Casado there is a landing strip for aircraft, La Victoria Airport, and one can also get to Puerto Casado by riverboat.

title: Puerto Casado


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title: File:Beatles-Moviemedley.jpg


text: Category:Districts of Paraguay

title: Category:Districts of Paraguay


text:
Bartley MRT station

Bartley MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Stage 3 of the Circle line, located on the boundary of Serangoon and Toa Payoh planning areas, Singapore.

Situated along Bartley Road near How Sun Estate, Maris Stella High School and Ramakrishna Mission Singapore, this station serves the residential estate along Serangoon Avenue 1 and the upcoming Bidadari estate.

History

Bartley MRT Station was named after William Bartley, who was Acting Collector-General of Income Tax in the 1920s and President of the Municipal Commission of Singapore between 1931 and 1946.

Contract C851A for the construction and completion of Bartley MRT Station was awarded to Wan Soon Construction Pte Ltd at a sum of S$63.5 million in July 2003.

The station was built in tandem with the Outer Ring Road System project which consists of extending Bartley Road to Eunos Road via a viaduct over the part of the underground site of the Kim Chuan Depot. On 13 August 2003, a section of Bartley Road was realigned for the construction of the station.

As part of the project, Upper Paya Lebar Road was rebuilt and opened on 17 January 2010 as an underpass heading towards MacPherson and Paya Lebar. The station was first opened on 28 May 2009 along with the rest of Stage 3 of the Circle line.

Before the opening of the station, the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) conducted the third Shelter Open House at this station on 4 April 2009, together with Bishan and Lorong Chuan stations. It also held an open house for the SMRT staff on 1 May 2009. The station was the eastern terminus for the Circle line until Stages 1 and 2 to Dhoby Ghaut opened on 17 April 2010.

Art in Transit
The art piece at this station, called The Coin Mat, is done by Jane Lee, this consists of a mural made up of 160,000 one-cent coins embedded in glass.

title: Bartley MRT station


text: Category:Subdivisions of Paraguay

title: Category:Subdivisions of Paraguay


text:
Lorong Chuan MRT station

Lorong Chuan MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Circle line in Serangoon, Singapore. It is located underneath Serangoon Avenue 3 near the junction of Lorong Chuan, which the station is named after. The station is in close proximity to schools such as the Nanyang Junior College, Zhonghua Secondary School, Yangzheng Primary School and the Australian International School Singapore, and also near to other condominiums such as The Scala, Goldenhill Park, Chuan Park, Chiltern Park and The Springbloom.

History
In June 2003, the Singapore Land Authority (SLA) offered Chuan Park (a 99-year leasehold condo near the site of the station) residents S$1 for 220 sq m of land, which comprised mainly car park lots, as the land was necessary to build the Circle line. Nominal compensation was paid as it takes into account the increase in the market value of the condominium when the MRT station is built on the acquired land.

Contract C825A for the construction and completion of Lorong Chuan station was awarded to Sato Kogyo (S) Pte Ltd at a sum of S$65 million in June 2003.

The station was opened on 28 May 2009 along with the rest of Stage 3 of the Circle line, delayed due to the Nicoll Highway collapse on 20 April 2004. Before the station opened, Singapore Civil Defence Force conducted the third Shelter Open House at this station on 4 April that year, together with Bartley and Bishan stations. The Land Transport Authority also organised a Circle line Discovery open house on 23 May that year on all stations of the Stage 3 of the Circle line.

Station Art
As part of the Art-in-Transit, Yoma and A Dose of Light designed a hand-drawn artwork, Through the Looking Glass, depicting the entire island of Singapore as well as the seafaring activities.

title: Lorong Chuan MRT station


text:
Marymount MRT station

Marymount MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Circle line in Bishan, Singapore.

Located underneath Marymount Road near the junction of Marymount Lane and Bishan Street 21, this station provides MRT access to residents living in the western part of Bishan New Town and Shunfu, as well as students and staff of the nearby Raffles Institution.

The station is named after the road of the same name on the surface, Marymount Road, which in turn took its name from the Marymount Convent of the Little Sisters of the Poor. It serves nearby businesses, housing developments and Raffles Institution, Shunfu market & food centre, Bao Guang Fo Tang and Shunfu residential area.

History
On 10 February 2004, Marymount Road was temporarily closed for realignment works. The options for station names were 'Marymount' and 'Shunfu', and in the end Marymount was chosen. This station was a terminus for the Circle line until the opening of the HarbourFront portion of the Circle line on 8 October 2011. Before Upper Thomson opened in 2021, this station was the nearest MRT station within the Thomson area.

Art in Transit
In this station's Art in Transit, Joshua Yang's artwork Superstring consists of individual pieces constructed with only one continuous line that winds around itself to let the viewer explore real and virtual spaces.

title: Marymount MRT station


text: Template:Paraguay-geo-stub

title: Template:Paraguay-geo-stub


text: User talk:212.88.98.187

title: User talk:212.88.98.187


text:
Bras Basah MRT station

Bras Basah MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Circle line (CCL) located in the Museum planning area, Singapore. It is underneath Bras Basah Road, bordering Waterloo Street and Queen Street. Located next to the Singapore Management University (SMU), this station is in proximity to the National Museum of Singapore, the Singapore Art Museum, Peranakan Museum and the Singapore School of the Arts. The station is connected to the nearby Bencoolen station on the Downtown line (DTL) via an unpaid link.

Initially announced as Museum MRT station as part of the Marina MRT line, it was later incorporated into the CCL Stage 1. Along with the other stations on Stages 1 and 2 of the CCL, the station started operations on 17 April 2010. The design of the station by WOHA was commissioned through the Marina line Architectural Design Competition and was awarded the "Best Transport Building" in 2009 at the World Architecture Festival. The CCL station features an Art-in-Transit video work The Amazing Neverending Underwater Adventures! by Tan Kai Syng.

History
The station was first announced as Art Museum station in November 1999 as part of the Marina MRT line (MRL). The MRL consisted of six stations from the Dhoby Ghaut to Stadium stations. In 2001, the station working name was revised to "Museum" and would be part of CCL Stage 1 when the MRL was incorporated into the CCL. Contract 825 for the design and construction of Bras Basah station and associated tunnels was awarded to Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co. (Singapore) Pte Ltd and a joint venture with Woh Hup and NCC at a sum of on 19 December 2001. The contract also included the construction of the Dhoby Ghaut, Esplanade and Promenade stations.

To facilitate the construction, on 10 June 2002, part of Bras Basah Road had to be temporarily realigned. On 15 March 2003, the junctions of Queen Street/Bras Basah Road and Waterloo Street/Bras Basah Road were temporarily closed and the service road adjacent to Oxford Hotel was converted into one-way road in the direction from Queen Street to Waterloo Street. In 2007, the diverted roads have been reinstated as the station undergoes architectural, electrical and mechanical works. On 17April2010, the station opened as part of Stages 1 and 2 of the CCL.

Etymology
The name Bras Basah (Modern Spelling: Beras Basah) means "wet rice" in Malay – beras means harvested rice with husk removed, and basah means wet. The station initially had the working name "Museum", which was subsequently changed to its current name in 2005 through a public poll.

Services and location
The station serves the Circle line, situated between the Dhoby Ghaut and Esplanade stations. The official station code is CC2. The station operates daily between 5:39am (6:06am on Sundays and Public Holidays) and 12:03am. Train frequencies varies from 5 to 7 minutes depending on peak hours. Bras Basah station has an unpaid link to the nearby Bencoolen station on the DTL.

The station is located underneath Bras Basah Road between the Singapore Art Museum and the Li Ka Shing library of the Singapore Management University. As its working name suggests, the station serves various museums including the Peranakan Museum, the China Cultural Centre, the Philatelic Museum and the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts National Museum, and various cultural landmarks such as Cathedral of the Good Shepherd, Fort Canning, Chijmes, Bencoolen Mosque and Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple. Other surrounding developments include Bras Basah Complex, Carlton Hotel, Fairmont Hotel, Peace Centre and the Rendezvous Hotel.

Architecture
The station is 35 metres below ground and was the deepest station when it first opened until the completion of the DTL platforms at Promenade station in 2013, which has a depth of 42 m. The station was constructed deep underground as the line has to cross underneath the East West Line beneath Victoria Street to reach the station. It is also the station with the longest escalator in the MRT network at 41 metres, stretching from the ticket concourse to the transfer level and takes approximately one minute to travel.

The station design by WOHA resolves two conditions needed for the station: allowing a visual connection to the exterior to enhance the travel experience for the commuters, and enabling the station to blend into the landscape in the historic district and park location. A reflection pool, which also acts as the station roof, allows skylight to enter the station, and functions as a landscape element on the surface. With skylight entering the station, minimal artificial light is required for the station during the day. The natural light improves way-finding and safety for the commuters. The ventilation shafts of the station blends into the landscape, avoiding obstruction of the view across the site to the surrounding civic buildings.

The station design was commissioned through the Marina line Architectural Design Competition jointly organised by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) and the Singapore Institute of Architects (SIA). At the 2001 SIA Awards, the SIA had given a prize to LTA for ‘Excellence in Architectural Design Competitions’. In 2009, the station was awarded the "Best Transport Building" at the World Architecture Festival, on the basis that the design gives "precedence to the surrounding, historically important, colonial structures, creating a piazza-like urban space to the station underneath" and noted the design's functionality to allow natural light into the station. The station later won the Award for International Architecture at the Australian Institute of Architects' (AIA's) 2010 National Architecture Awards. In addition, it won the Chicago Athenaeum and the European Centre for Architecture Art Design and Urban Studies and International Architecture Awards in 2011.

Public artwork
A video work, The Amazing Neverending Underwater Adventures! by Tan Kai Syng, is displayed at the station. The work was installed as part of the Art-in-Transit (AiT) programme — a showcase that integrates public artwork in the MRT network. The video depicts the protagonist Desyphus, a "perpetual commuter", on a quest aboard the Circle line. During the journey, the protagonist fights against "Life's Big Quirks, Ecstasies and Agonies", while exploring points of interest and creating "smaller tales" that will contribute to the "(hi-)stories" of Bras Basah. Projected on the wall below the reflecting pool of the station every evening from 7.29pm to 10pm, the video intends to depict the themes of travel, time, memory and the MRT line.

The work incorporates riddles with lines taken from literature such as Alice in Wonderland, cliché Greek quotes and other works by famous authors such as Samuel Beckett. Tan decided to incorporate riddles after seeing poetry in the London Underground commissioned by the British Transport for London. The scenes in the videos were taken from several sources, including the artist's own travels to London and Tokyo, an underwater shoot and rare archival footage showing the demolition of the old national library near the station.

While juxtaposing the text, visuals and audio, Tan intended to show the complex relationship and tension between words and images. The work is thus fragmented and not intended to be viewed in one sitting; different styles and subjects are shown at different times since the work is meant to appeal to a wider audience. Curator Karen Lim as well as station architect WOHA, which reserved space specifically for such a work, both praised the piece for its perfect integration with the minimalist station architecture. As the sunlight interferes with the video projection, the work is displayed only during the evenings. The audio is restricted to the concourse to prevent conflict with regular station announcements.

title: Bras Basah MRT station


text:
List of new wave artists

The following is a list of artists and bands associated with the new wave music genre during the late 1970s and early-to-mid 1980s. The list does not include acts associated with the resurgences and revivals of the genre that have occurred from the 1990s onward. Acts associated with these revivals are found in the list of post-punk revival bands article.

Groups and artists with aliases are listed by the first letter in their name, and individuals are listed by their surname.

Note: ± indicates an inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

0–9

 * The 77s

A

 * A-ha
 * ABC
 * Adam and the Ants
 * After the Fire
 * The Alarm
 * The Aliens
 * Alisa (early work)
 * Alphaville
 * Altered Images
 * Animotion
 * Adam Ant
 * Any Trouble
 * Joan Armatrading (1980s work)
 * Matthew Ashman
 * Associates
 * The Attractions
 * The Avant Gardeners
 * Azra
 * Aztec Camera

B

 * The B-52's
 * B-Movie
 * Baltimora
 * Bananarama
 * The Bangles
 * Toni Basil
 * Stiv Bators
 * The Beat (aka the English Beat)
 * Belouis Some
 * Berlin
 * Big Country
 * Big in Japan
 * Bijelo Dugme
 * ±Blondie
 * Blotto
 * The Bluebells
 * Blue Peter
 * Blurt
 * Boa
 * Book of Love
 * The Boomtown Rats
 * Bow Wow Wow
 * Dale Bozzio
 * The Brains
 * Brygada Kryzys
 * The Buggles
 * Bulevar
 * Buzzcocks

C

 * ±Belinda Carlisle
 * Joe Carrasco
 * ±The Cars
 * Catholic Discipline
 * A Certain Ratio
 * Cetu Javu
 * The Chameleons
 * Chi-Pig
 * China Crisis
 * The Church
 * ±The Clash
 * Climie Fisher
 * Clocks
 * Cock Robin
 * Lloyd Cole and the Commotions
 * Comateens
 * The Comsat Angels
 * ±Alice Cooper (1980s work)
 * ±Elvis Costello
 * Josie Cotton
 * Marshall Crenshaw
 * The Crocodiles
 * Cuddly Toys (Trial and Crosses era)
 * Culture Club
 * ±The Cure
 * Cutting Crew

D

 * Étienne Daho
 * Dalek I Love You
 * The Danse Society
 * Dead or Alive
 * Decibel
 * Delta 5
 * ±Depeche Mode
 * Jimmy Destri
 * Devo
 * Dexys Midnight Runners
 * The Distractions
 * Divinyls
 * Thomas Dolby
 * Doll by Doll
 * The Doll
 * Dr. Feelgood
 * The Dream Academy
 * ±Duran Duran
 * Ian Dury

E

 * Ebn Ozn
 * Echo & the Bunnymen
 * Edin-Ådahl
 * Električni Orgazam
 * Eurogliders
 * ±Eurythmics
 * Everything but the Girl

F

 * Face to Face
 * Marianne Faithfull (Broken English era)
 * Fiat Lux
 * Film
 * Fingerprintz
 * Fischer-Z
 * The Fixx
 * Flash and the Pan
 * A Flock of Seagulls
 * The Flying Lizards
 * The Flys
 * Fra Lippo Lippi
 * Frankie Goes to Hollywood
 * Freur
 * Friends Again
 * Robert Fripp
 * Fun Boy Three

G

 * Gleaming Spires
 * ±The Go-Go's
 * Vivien Goldman
 * Richard Gottehrer
 * Gruppo Sportivo

H

 * Nina Hagen
 * Haircut One Hundred
 * Haustor
 * Greg Hawkes
 * Vanessa Briscoe Hay
 * Bonnie Hayes
 * Robert Hazard
 * Heaven 17
 * Nona Hendryx
 * John Hiatt (Slug Line era)
 * Hipsway
 * James Honeyman-Scott
 * The Human League
 * Human Sexual Response

I

 * Icehouse
 * Ideal
 * Billy Idol
 * Idoli
 * Images in Vogue
 * Indochine
 * INXS

J

 * Joe Jackson
 * The Jam
 * Japan
 * ±Billy Joel (Glass Houses era)
 * Matt Johnson
 * Grace Jones
 * Howard Jones
 * Joy Division

K

 * Kajagoogoo
 * KaS Product
 * Nik Kershaw
 * King
 * King Crimson (Discipline and Beat era)
 * The Knack
 * Kombi
 * Kora
 * Kult

L

 * Lady Pank
 * Laki Pingvini
 * Annabel Lamb
 * Robin Lane (early 1980s work)
 * Clive Langer
 * Peter Laughner
 * Cyndi Lauper
 * The League of Gentlemen
 * Thomas Leer
 * Level 42
 * Jona Lewie
 * Leyton Buzzards
 * Litfiba
 * The Little Girls
 * The Lotus Eaters
 * Lene Lovich
 * Nick Lowe
 * Luna

M

 * M
 * Kirsty MacColl
 * Madness
 * Martha and the Muffins
 * Moon Martin
 * Men at Work
 * Men Without Hats
 * The Method Actors
 * The Mood
 * Hilly Michaels
 * Midnight Oil (early work)
 * Mi-Sex
 * Ministry (early work)
 * Missing Persons
 * Milan Mladenović
 * The MO
 * Models
 * Modern English
 * The Monochrome Set
 * The Motels
 * Mark Mothersbaugh

N

 * Naked Eyes
 * Nautilus Pompilius
 * The Neats
 * Nena
 * The Nerves
 * Nervus Rex
 * New Order
 * Nikki & The Corvettes
 * Nine Circles
 * Klaus Nomi
 * The Normal
 * Gary Numan
 * Terri Nunn
 * The Nuns

O

 * Hazel O'Connor
 * Oingo Boingo
 * One to One
 * Yoko Ono
 * Option 30
 * Orange Juice
 * Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark

P

 * P-Model
 * The Pale Fountains
 * Robert Palmer (Clues era)
 * Paraf
 * Graham Parker
 * Pearl Harbor and the Explosions
 * Pere Ubu
 * Perfect
 * Peter Perrett
 * Pet Shop Boys
 * The Photos
 * Plastic Bertrand
 * Plastics
 * Platinum Blonde
 * Pointed Sticks
 * ±The Police
 * Polyrock
 * Pražský výběr
 * Prefab Sprout
 * ±The Pretenders
 * Prljavo kazalište
 * The Psychedelic Furs
 * Pukka Orchestra
 * Pylon

R

 * Re-Flex
 * Real Life
 * Red Rockers
 * Republika
 * Rockpile
 * Romeo Void
 * ±Linda Ronstadt (Mad Love era)
 * The Room
 * ±Roxy Music
 * Darko Rundek

S

 * Šarlo Akrobata
 * Secret Service
 * Seona Dancing
 * The Sharks
 * Sigue Sigue Sputnik
 * Simple Minds
 * The Sinceros
 * Single Bullet Theory
 * Siouxsie and the Banshees
 * Shandi Sinnamon
 * Skids
 * ±Robert Smith
 * Sniff 'n' the Tears
 * The Soft Boys
 * Jimmy Somerville
 * The Sound
 * Spandau Ballet
 * The Specials
 * Ronnie Spector (Siren era)
 * Spider Murphy Gang
 * Spizzenergi
 * Spliff
 * Split Enz
 * Spoons
 * Squeeze
 * ±Sting
 * La Strada
 * Strange Advance
 * The Stranglers
 * Strawberry Switchblade
 * Jura Stublić
 * Johnny Štulić
 * Suburban Lawns
 * The Suburbs
 * ±Donna Summer (1980s work)
 * The Swimming Pool Q's

T

 * Talk Talk
 * ±Talking Heads
 * Taxi Girl
 * The Teardrop Explodes
 * Tears for Fears
 * The Telefones
 * Television
 * Termiti
 * Thompson Twins
 * 'Til Tuesday
 * Tin Huey
 * Jun Togawa
 * Tom Tom Club
 * Tonio K
 * Toto Coelo
 * Toy Love
 * Translator
 * Izabela Trojanowska
 * Tubeway Army
 * Tuxedomoon

U

 * Ultravox
 * The Units
 * Urban Verbs

V

 * The Vapors
 * Videosex
 * Village People (Renaissance era)

W

 * The Waitresses
 * Wall of Voodoo
 * Wang Chung
 * When in Rome
 * Kim Wilde
 * The Wild Swans
 * Toyah Willcox
 * Gary Wilson

X

 * XTC

Y

 * Yachts
 * Yazoo

title: List of new wave artists


text:
Würzel

Michael Richard Burston (23 October 1949 – 9 July 2011), commonly known by the stage name Würzel, was an English musician who played professionally for three decades. He played guitar in British rock band Motörhead from 1984 to 1995, playing on six studio albums and two live albums. Würzel died at the age of 61, following heart complications.

Biography
Before joining Motörhead in 1984, Würzel had been a corporal in the British Army, serving in Germany and Northern Ireland with the 1st Battalion of the Gloucestershire Regiment, and had played in the bands Bastard and Warfare. In the early 1980s, Würzel played in a Cheltenham-based band, originally named Made in England, then The Meek. He joined another relatively unknown guitarist, Phil Campbell, at a Motörhead audition; both were hired. The new four-piece line-up made its debut recording a backing track for The Young Ones on 14 February 1984. Würzel also played on the Lemmy-produced album for Warfare entitled Metal Anarchy in 1985.

He acquired the nickname 'Würzel' whilst in the Army, being compared to the character Worzel Gummidge owing to his scarecrow-style hair and bumpkin-like manner. Motörhead singer Lemmy encouraged Würzel to add an umlaut to the 'U' in his nickname, for heavy metal effect.

Würzel saw a number of changes to the band's line-up, each involving the drummer, until he left in 1995. Although he played on the album Sacrifice, Würzel left Motörhead before the tour. Instead of replacing him, the band reverted to a three-piece line-up. He later made a few guest appearances with them, at the 2008 Download Festival and at the 2009 Guilfest, as well as a few other appearances on the band's 2008 UK tour.

Würzel recorded his first solo EP, Bess, in 1987; it was not far removed from the Motörhead sound, but also allowed for slightly different ideas. The EP included the instrumental title track, two rock pieces, "Midnight in London" and "People Say I'm Crazy", and an instrumental jazz rock-oriented track, "E.S.P.".

In 1998, inspired by psychedelically-informed experiences in Belgium, Würzel recorded and released an ambient, improvised avant-garde album entitled Chill Out or Die.

Death
On 9 July 2011, Tim Butcher, longtime bass technician of Motörhead leader Lemmy, reported that Würzel had died. The cause of death was ventricular fibrillation triggered by cardiomyopathy. Before he died, Würzel was working on new material with his new band, Leader of Down, who had previously announced the release of their debut single for early 2010. The following day, Lemmy dedicated Motörhead's performance at Sonisphere Festival in Knebworth to his memory.

Discography

 * With Motörhead
 * No Remorse (Compilation, 1984)
 * Orgasmatron (1986)
 * Rock 'n' Roll (1987)
 * Nö Sleep at All (Live album, 1988)
 * The Birthday Party (Live album, 1990)
 * 1916 (1991)
 * March ör Die (1992)
 * Bastards (1993)
 * Sacrifice (1995)
 * BBC Live & In-Session (Live album, 2005)

 * Solo work
 * Bess (1987)
 * Chill Out or Die (The Ambient Album) (1998)

 * Other work and guest appearances
 * Warfare – Metal Anarchy (1985)
 * V.A. – "Where Would You Rather Be Tonight?" (1986) (All proceeds from this album went to Broadreach House, a rehabilitation centre for drug addicts and alcoholics)
 * Atomgods – WOW! (1988)
 * Warhead – Warhead (1995)
 * Disgust – A World of No Beauty (1996)
 * WVKEAF – "Jump/Maximism" – (1997)
 * Splodgenessabounds – Artful Splodger (2001)

VHS and DVD appearances

 * Motörhead – The Birthday Party (1985)
 * Motörhead – 1916 Live...Everything Louder than Everything Else (VHS & DVD 1991)
 * Motörhead – Videobiography (2007) (Würzel is featured on Disc 2 of Motörhead Videobiography, in a 50-minute interview, his first since leaving the band; filmed in early 2007)
 * Motorhead The Ultimate Review (Double DVD with different Würzel interview footage to the above on DVD 2), Anvil Media (ANV5096) – July 2013

title: Würzel


text:
Esplanade MRT station

Esplanade MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Circle Line (CCL) in Singapore. Situated in the Downtown Core, it is at the junction of Bras Basah Road, Raffles Boulevard and Nicoll Highway. As the name suggests, the station serves the Esplanade performing arts centre, alongside various developments such as War Memorial Park, Suntec City Mall and the Suntec Singapore Convention and Exhibition Centre. Esplanade station is linked to the nearby City Hall station via CityLink Mall, an underground retail development.

First announced in 1999 as Convention Centre MRT station as part of the Marina MRT line, it was later incorporated into Stage 1 of the CCL. Several roads were diverted during its construction. The station was renamed Esplanade through a public poll in 2005. Along with the other stations on Stages 1 and 2 of the CCL, the station opened on 17 April 2010. Esplanade station features an Art-in-Transit artwork A Piece of Ice-Clear Heart by Lim Mu Hue.

History
The station was first announced in November 1999 as Convention Centre station as part of the Marina MRT line (MRL). The MRL consisted of six stations from Dhoby Ghaut to Stadium stations. In 2001, the station became part of Circle Line (CCL) Stage 1 when the MRL was incorporated into the CCL. On 7 August 2001, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) awarded Contract 825 for the design and construction of Convention Centre station and associated tunnels to a joint venture among Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co. (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Woh Hup Pte Ltd and NCC International AB. The contract included the construction of the Dhoby Ghaut, Bras Basah and Promenade stations.

During the station's construction, the arterial routes of Bras Basah Road and Nicoll Highway had to be diverted through more than 10 phases. Road diversions began on 4 August 2002 with the realignment of a stretch of Bras Basah Road and the shifting of Nicoll Highway into War Memorial Park. A pedestrian underpass linking One Raffles Link and Suntec City was closed on 20 January 2003. A sheltered linkway at One Raffles Link and a temporary pedestrian bridge were constructed to facilitate movement between City Hall and Suntec City.

Through a public poll conducted from 26 March to 9 May 2004 to replace its working name "Convention Centre", "Esplanade" garnered more votes at 49% against "War Memorial" at 41%. This was the first time the LTA consulted the public regarding the station names. The name was finalised on 7 July 2005.

To minimise the impact of noise and dust pollution on the surrounding developments, the station was constructed using the top-down method. Diaphragm walls were built to minimise ground movement. With the roof constructed first, construction could proceed under all weather conditions while allowing the early reinstatement of Bras Basah Road and War Memorial Park. At the end of 2007, the diverted roads' original alignments were reinstated.

On 30 April 2008, the underpass reopened to the public. The reopening was marked with a celebration as Suntec City Mall offered goodies and organised music and line dancing performances. The station opened on 17 April 2010 along with the stations on CCL Stages 1 and 2. Prior to its opening, passengers were offered a preview of the station during the CCL Discovery open house on 4 April 2010.

Station details
Esplanade station serves the Circle line and is between the Bras Basah and Promenade stations. The official station code is CC3. Esplanade station is within walking distance of City Hall MRT station on the North South and East West lines, linked to the station via CityLink Mall. The station has provisions to allow it to interchange with a future MRT line.

As the name suggests, the station is located near Esplanade Theatres. In addition to the Esplanade, the three-level station is connected to the various developments surrounding the junction of Bras Basah Road, Raffles Boulevard and Nicoll Highway. Surrounding cultural landmarks include War Memorial Park, Raffles Hotel and the Padang, while the station serves retail and commercial buildings such as Marina Square, Raffles City Singapore, Suntec Convention Centre, Suntec City Mall and South Beach Tower.

The station is wheelchair accessible. A tactile system, consisting of tiles with rounded or elongated raised studs, guides visually impaired commuters through the station, with dedicated tactile routes that connect the station entrances to the platforms. Wider fare gates allow easier access for wheelchair users into the station.

Public artwork
Commissioned as part of the Art-in-Transit programme, a showcase that integrates public artwork in the MRT network, A Piece of Ice-Clear Heart by Lim Mu Hue is displayed at the station. The 8.6 by mural consists of seven pieces of woodblock prints featuring scenes of shadow puppetry and other performances that were popular during the early days of Singapore. Depicting the origins of theatre, the work is inspired by, and pays homage to, the nearby Esplanade Theatres. This was Lim's last and largest commission before his death in 2008.

The artwork is a collage of Lim's early works, including Backstage Heroes, Puppet Masters and Teochew Opera Singing. Finding his works on theatre to be relevant for the station, curator Karen Lim and the Art Review Panel commissioned him for this station, unaware that he had been diagnosed with cancer. Karen Lim at the time hoped to bring more awareness to woodblock printing, as it was getting rarer in Singapore with fewer artists utilising it.

To reflect the multicultural influences on Singapore's performing arts, Lim produced another work, Wayang Kulit, alongside Puppet Masters at Work. The latter work was created to illustrate the link between theatre and wood art. Initially, Lim came up with only a few prints and sketches depicting the process of creating a woodblock print. Upon Karen's suggestion to produce more of his actual prints, Lim went on to experiment with fusing his works technologically, revisiting and editing his old works to create a cohesive mural.

Due to limited time and his ailing health, his two latest works were digitally edited from the original carvings. Meanwhile, Lim travelled to China (accompanied by his two daughters) to observe puppet masters in action to accurately depict them in his work. Lim went on to finish his work, going through numerous revisions and refining certain details before dying. His children continued to work with the LTA and the production team to put up the work. Resizing to a higher resolution from the original smaller prints, the work had to be digitally altered for it to fit on the slanted wall so that it did not look distorted when viewed from the ground.

title: Esplanade MRT station


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Northern Region, Nigeria

Northern Nigeria (or Arewancin Nijeriya) was an autonomous division within Nigeria, distinctly different from the southern part of the country, with independent customs, foreign relations and security structures. In 1962, it acquired the territory of the British Northern Cameroons, which voted to become a province within Northern Nigeria.

In 1967, Northern Nigeria was divided into the North-Eastern State, North-Western State, Kano State, Kaduna State, Kwara State, and the Benue-Plateau State, each with its own Governor.

Prehistory
The Nok culture, an ancient culture dominated most of what is now Northern Nigeria in prehistoric times, its legacy in the form of terracotta statues and megaliths have been discovered in Sokoto, Kano, Birinin Kudu, Nok and Zaria. The Kwatarkwashi culture, a variant of the Nok culture centred mostly around Zamfara in Sokoto Province is thought by some to be the same or an offshoot of the Nok.

The Fourteen Kingdoms
The Fourteen Kingdoms unified the diverse lore and heritage of Northern Nigeria into a cohesive ethno-historical system. Seven of these kingdoms developed from the Kabara legacy of the Hausa people. In the 9th century as vibrant trading centers competing with Kanem-Bornu and Mali slowly developed in the Central Sudan, a collection of kingdoms merged – the Hausa Kingdoms or Hausa Bakwai – dominating the great savannah plains of Hausaland. Their primary exports were leather, gold, cloth, salt, kola nuts, animal hides, and henna.

The seven Hausa states included:
 * Daura, ? - 1806
 * Kano, 998 - 1807
 * Katsina, c. 1400 - 1805
 * Zazzau (Zaria), c. 1200 - 1808
 * Gobir, ? - 1808
 * Rano
 * Biram, c. 1100 - 1805

The growth and conquest of the Hausa Bakwai resulted in the founding of additional states with rulers tracing their lineage to a concubine of the Hausa founding father, Bayajidda. Thus, they are called the Banza Bakwai, meaning Bastard Seven. The Banza Bakwai adopted many of the customs and institutions of the Hausa Bakwai but were considered unsanctioned or copy-cat kingdoms by non-Hausa people. These states include:
 * Zamfara
 * Kebbi
 * Yauri (also called Yawuri)
 * Gwari (also called Gwariland)
 * Kwararafa (a Jukun state)
 * Nupe mainly where is presently called Niger State (of the Nupe people)

Hausa States
Between 500 and 700, Hausa people, who are thought to have slowly moved from Nubia and mixing in with the local Northern population, established a number of strong states in what is now Northern Nigeria and Eastern Niger. With the decline of the Nok and Sokoto, who had previously controlled Central and Northern Nigeria between 800 BCE and 200, the Hausa were able to emerge as the new power in the region. They are closely linked with the Kanuri people of Kanem-Bornu (Lake Chad), the Birom, Gwari, Nupe and Jukun.

The Hausa aristocracy, under influence from the Mali Empire adopted Islam in the 11th century. By the 12th century, the Hausa were becoming one of Africa's major powers. The architecture of the Hausa is perhaps one of the least known but most beautiful of the medieval age. Many of their early mosques and palaces are bright and colourful and often include intricate engraving or elaborate symbols designed into the facade. By 1500, the Hausa utilized a modified Arabic script known as Ajami to record their own language; the Hausa compiled several written histories, the most popular being the Kano Chronicle.

Fulani Empire and Bornu Empire
Usman Dan Fodio, the 18th century revolutionary and a social, religious and political reformer finally united the seven Hausa States with newly created provinces into the Sokoto Caliphate. The Sokoto Caliphate was under the overall authority of the Commander of the Faithful. Under Dan Fodio, the Empire was bicephalous and divided into two territories each controlled by an appointed vizier. Each of the territories was further divided into autonomous Emirates under mainly hereditary local Emirs. The Bornu Empire was initially absorbed into the Sokoto Caliphate of Usman dan Fodio but broke away a few years later.

Colonisation
Initially, the British involvement in Northern Nigeria was predominantly trade-related and revolved around the expansion of the Royal Niger Company, whose interior territories spread north from about where the Niger River and Benue River joined at Lokoja the Mount Patti hill. The Royal Niger Company's territory did not represent a direct threat to much the Sokoto Caliphate or the numerous states of Northern Nigeria. This changed, when Frederick Lugard and Taubman Goldie laid down an ambitious plan to pacify the Niger interior and unite it with the rest of the British Empire.

History of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria

The protectorate of Northern Nigeria was proclaimed at Ida by Frederick Lugard on January 1, 1897. The basis of the protectorate was the 1885 Treaty of Berlin which broadly granted Northern Nigeria to the British sphere of influence, on the basis of their existing protectorates in Southern Nigeria. Hostilities with the powerful Sokoto Caliphate soon followed. the Emirates of Kontagora and Ilorin were the first to be conquered by the British. In February 1903, the great fort of Kano, seat of the Kano Emirate was captured, Sokoto and much of the rest of its Caliphate soon capitulated.

On 13 March 1903, the Grand Shura of Caliphate finally conceded to Lugard's demands and proclaimed Queen Victoria as suzerain of the Caliphate and all its lands.

Governor Lugard, with limited resources, controlled the region with the consent of local rulers through a policy of indirect rule, which he developed into a sophisticated political theory. The geographical area included in the Northern Nigeria Protectorate included the Okun-Yoruba land of Kabba, Ogidi, Ijumu, Gbede, Yagba, as well as Ebira land, Igala land fashioned collectively under Kabba Province. The Ifelodun, Offa, Omuaran, Ifelodun and Irepodun areas, also Yorubas, were fashioned into Ilorin province. Lugard left the protectorate after some years, serving in Hong Kong, but was eventually returned to work in Nigeria, where in 1914 he sought the merger of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate with Southern Nigeria, creating the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.

Agitation for independence from the radically different Southern Protectorate, however, led to a formidable split in the 1940s. The Richards constitution proclaimed in 1945, gave overwhelming autonomy to the North, including eventually in the areas of foreign relations and customs policy.

The Protectorate of Northern Nigeria was established by the British colonial administration in 1900, marking a significant chapter in Nigeria's colonial history. This entity encompassed the predominantly Muslim and Hausa-Fulani dominated regions of the north, distinct from the southern territories under direct British rule. The British aimed to consolidate control over the diverse regions of Nigeria, leveraging indirect rule through traditional Hausa rulers and Emirs. This strategy aimed to maintain stability while extracting resources for British interests. The Protectorate of Northern Nigeria evolved through administrative reforms and faced challenges such as resistance to colonial rule and socio-economic transformations.

Independence
Northern Nigeria gained self-government on 15 March 1957 with Sir Ahmadu Bello as its first premier. the Northern Peoples Congress under Bello dominated parliament while the Northern Elements Progressive Union became the main opposition party.

In 1967, Northern Nigeria was disestablished by subdivision.

Government and politics
The government of Northern Nigeria was modelled after the Westminster system. A premier acted as head of government and presided over the day-to-day affairs of government, while a Governor of Northern Nigeria acted as viceroy and as commander-in-chief of the constabulary.

The lower house of parliament, called the House of Assembly was composed of elected representatives from the various provinces of the country. The Upper House of parliament, called the House of Chiefs, was similar to the British House of Lords, composed of unelected emirs of the various Native Authority Councils of the nation's provinces.

In 1967, the Federal Military Government of General Yakubu Gowon broke up the four regions that until then had constituted the Federation of Nigeria, creating twelve new states. Northern Nigeria was divided into the North-Eastern State, North-Western State, Kano State, Kaduna State, Kwara State, and the Benue-Plateau State, each with its own Governor and government.

Governor
The High Commissioner or Governor of Northern Nigeria, originally the High Commissioner of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, after 1914 the Lieutenant Governor, Chief Commissioner, or Governor-General of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria, was effectively the viceroy of Northern Nigeria, exercising British suzerainty as representative of the Crown.

The office of High Commissioner was first established on 1 January 1897, by letters patent from Queen Victoria. After the departure of the British in 1960, a Governor continued to be appointed until 1967 as representative of the new administration in Lagos.

The governor presided over all ceremonial functions and appointed the members of the nation's upper legislative house, the Northern Nigerian House of Chiefs.

President of the House of Chiefs

 * Alhaji Haruna, CMG, Emir of Gwandu

Speakers of the House of Assembly

 * Richard Dohew, 1954 - ?
 * Alhajia' Umarure Gwandupe

Geography
The highest point in Northern Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at 2,419 m (7,936 ft), which is located at gasha gumti Taraba state. The main rivers are the Niger and the Benue River which converge at Kabba province from where it travels southwards ultimately emptying into the Atlantic Ocean.

The expansive valleys of the Niger and Benue River valleys dominate the southern areas of the region. To the southeast of the Benue river, hills and mountains which forms the Mambilla Plateau create the highest plateau in Northern Nigeria with 1350 above sea level. This plateau extends to the border with Cameroon, this montane land forms part of the Bamenda Highlands in Cameroon.

The great savanna belt of the Great Plains of Hausaland dominates much of the rest of the province. this region experiences rainfall between 20 and 60 inches (508 and 1,524 mm) per year. The savanna zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savanna, and Sahel savanna. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees. Sudan savanna is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savanna consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 20 inches (508 mm) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Northern Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon.

The South Western part of the region included Ogidi, Iyamoye, Iyara that have deep forests inter spacing the guinea savannah areas (and borders the forested areas of southern protectorate and as such shared similar rain patterns and given to the cultivation of cash crops such as coffee and cocoa).

Subdivisions
Northern Nigeria was divided into thirteen provinces:

 * 1) Bauchi
 * 2) Benue
 * 3) Borno
 * 4) Kano
 * 5) Katsina
 * 6) Plateau
 * 7) Kaduna
 * 8) Niger
 * 9) Adamawa
 * 10) Zaria
 * 11) Sokoto
 * 12) Kabba
 * 13) Ilorin

Kano, the largest of the provinces in terms of population and economy, is in the North-Central part of the country. The Kano Native Authority, an offshoot of the fula Kano Emirate, inherited the ancient trade industries that fuelled the trans-Saharan trade with North Africa.

The Province of Zaria is home to the City of Kaduna, an autonomous capital city that serves as the nation's capital and home to its national institutions.

Economy
Groundnut and cotton industries in the province of Kano provided the main source of revenue for Northern Nigeria. Tin mining in the Province of Plateau, Steel mining in the Province of Benue, and other metal industries in the Province of Sokoto, built up the diverse mining industry of the region.

Cement industries in Sokoto and Bauchi and Ashaka cement at Gombe leather processing industries in Kano constituted the main manufacturing sector. And also, irrigation plant at dadin kowa Dam Gombe State

Demographics
Northern Nigeria though an ethnically and religiously diverse region, is an overwhelmingly majority Muslim region. The Hausa, Fulani and Kanuri dominate much of the North Western and Eastern part of the country while the Yoruba, Nupe, Tiv, Igala and Idoma are dominant in the North Central. Hausa, Fulani, Nupe and the Kanuri people are chiefly Muslims.

A small part of the Hausa population also adheres to the ancient religion of Hausa Animism.

Large Christian populations also exist in the north, mostly in the North Central, they were converted to Christianity after the colonisation of the country by the British.

Human rights concerns
With fighting on both sides, there have been attacks by Fulani herdsmen on villages in the North resulting in 6000 deaths since 2015, and Christian farmers have murdered Fulani and their livestock.

Some key facts about Northern Nigeria

 * The North comprises about 80% of the Nigerian Land mass
 * Some of the current state in northern Nigeria existed as kingdom e.g. Kano, Katsina and Zazzau
 * One of the Largest city in Africa is located in Northern Nigeria which is Kano state

title: Northern Region, Nigeria


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AIPA

AIPA may refer to:

 * All India Pickleball Association
 * American Inventors Protection Act
 * Arabic International Phonetic Alphabet
 * ASEAN Inter Parliamentary Assembly
 * Australian and International Pilots Association
 * Azienda Italiana Petroli Albanesi

title: AIPA


text:
May Pen

May Pen is the capital and largest town in the parish of Clarendon in Middlesex County, Jamaica. It is located on the Rio Minho river, and is a major market centre for the parish. The population was 61,548 at the 2011 census increasing from 59,550 in 2001, including the surrounding suburbs of Sandy Bay, Mineral Heights, Hazard, Palmers Cross, Denbigh, Race Track, and Four Paths among others. The town has a mayor.

Description

May Pen, originally May's Pen, was established as a pen (cattle farm) settlement by the British between 1660 and 1683 on a crossing point of the Rio Minho river. It became part of an estate named after its owner, slave trader Reverend William May, who was born in England in 1695 but in his later years resided in Jamaica. He oversaw 27 slaves on this estate and was rector of the Kingston Parish Church but was later transferred to Clarendon, where he served for 32 years.

May Pen is well located from an administrative point of view in the centre of a largely agricultural parish, and as a midpoint on the Kingston to Manchester road. Boasting a large open air market and transportation centre along Main Street and Sevens Road, the town's centre is often chaotic with activities of shoppers, vendors daily and motorized traffic. May Pen also has many banks, hardware stores, pharmacies and eateries. The town also has a large post office, headquarters for local government, and court house.

The clock tower in the town centre was erected in 1908 after the death of a doctor Robert Glaister Samuel Bell who drowned while attempting to cross the Rio Minho river in 1904. As well as having a memorial plaque to Bell, it has another dedicated to World War I (1914-1918). The first bridge over the Rio Minho was built by 1874 for the local railway company, and rebuilt in the 1920s, it was demolished in 1950 after floods and rebuilt downstream.

May Pen is also an important citrus packing centre, including oranges and a hybrid citrus fruit called an ugli. The Denbigh Agricultural Showground is located approximately three miles west of the centre of the town. May Pen's geographical position is situated near the centre of the entire island. May Pen has long been viewed as one of Jamaica's most important agriculture towns. During its heyday of Jamaican bauxite mining, citrus and sugar production, Clarendon was among Jamaica's leading parishes in terms of economic activity. With the now defunct Jamaica Railway Corporation, May Pen then served as the crossroads of Jamaica natural resources, connecting Frankfield and its citrus plantations in the north of the parish, with Lionel Town and its sugar production in the South. The Alcoa mining and refinery in partnership with the Jamaican government (Jamalco), located south of the town, is the single largest employer of the town, along with the Trout Hall citrus business. The Denbigh Agricultural Show Ground is the largest in the English-speaking Caribbean, and has served to promote regional farmers agriculture, textile and livestock production. Held annually during Jamaica's Independence Celebration weekend, Denbigh often attracted large crowds from all parts of the island to see Jamaica's best in agricultural output, and enjoy festive activities.

While May Pen has no universities, it does have several public and private schools, including Central High School, Denbigh High School, Glenmuir High School (Anglican), Glenmuir Preparatory School (Anglican primary), May Pen High School (Adventist private), May Pen Primary School, Foundation Preparatory School, and St. Thomas Moore Preparatory School (Catholic primary).

Notable people

 * Frederick "Toots" Hibbert, reggae and ska singer, and frontman for Toots & the Maytals, was born in May Pen
 * Andre Blake, footballer for Philadelphia Union and Jamaica
 * Camaal Reid, footballer for Scarborough SC and Jamaica

Suburbs
May Pen consists of 16 communities:

 * City Centre/Main St
 * City Centre/Manchester Av
 * Bushy Park
 * Buckshaven
 * Curatoe Hill
 * Denbigh
 * Four Paths
 * Glenmuir
 * Mineral Heights
 * Paisley
 * Palmers Cross
 * Oliver Gardens/Effortville
 * Race Track
 * Sevens Road/Farm Pen
 * Trenton/Hazard
 * Weston Park

title: May Pen


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User:Llamapalooza87

Hi.

title: User:Llamapalooza87