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History of the MRT (Singapore)

The history of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system of Singapore commenced with its planning in the 1960s, which finally led to its opening in 1987 with the launch of a 6 km section of the North–South Line (NSL) from Yio Chu Kang to Toa Payoh. Since its inception, the rapid transit system has played a crucial role in the public transportation network and the wider development of the country as a whole, providing a fast and efficient means of transportation for millions of Singaporeans daily.

At the time, it was the largest infrastructure project undertaken by the country during its early days of independence, and when completed was the first such metro system in Southeast Asia. The only choices of public transport available in Singapore during the 1960s were buses, taxis and trishaws and the lack of seamless connectivity of the public transport system resulted in long and inconvenient journeys throughout the country. The idea for a rapid transit system in Singapore was first mooted in the late 1960s. The government recognised the need for a comprehensive public transportation system to accommodate the country's growing population. Debates and feasibility studies were carried out throughout the 1970s and 1980s.

In 1982, the MRT was greenlit and the government established the Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) to oversee the construction and operation of the MRT system. The construction of the MRT system, which began in 1983, was a massive undertaking. The first section, known as the North–South Line (NSL), began construction in 1983. The line opened in stages, with the first section from Yio Chu Kang to Toa Payoh commencing operation on 7 November 1987.

Following the opening of the NSL, subsequent lines were constructed, including the East-West Line (EWL) which began operation in 1989. Over the years, more lines and extensions were added, including the North East Line (NEL), Circle Line (CCL), and infill stations added to existing lines. In 2000, the MRTC was privatised, and two companies were formed – SMRT Corporation, which is responsible for operating the NSL, EWL, CCL and the Thomson–East Coast Line (TEL), and SBS Transit, which is responsible for operating the NEL and the Downtown Line (DTL). Since the 2010s, it was semi-renationalised into a hybrid regulatory framework; construction and procurement would fall under the purview of the Land Transport Authority (LTA), a statutory board of the government that allocates operating concessions, with these companies responsible for asset maintenance on their respective lines.

Since the 2000s and beyond, the government has continued to invest heavily in the expansion and improvement of the MRT system. Newer lines such as the DTL and the TEL were constructed throughout the 2010s and 2020s, extending the reach of the network and to cover additional parts of the country. Throughout the years, the MRT system has also underwent various upgrades to enhance safety, efficiency, and passenger comfort. Of these, they include the implementation of new signaling systems which has allowed for shorter headways, the addition of platform screen doors (PSDs), the introduction of more spacious and modern trains, as well as stations being retrofitted or constructed with facilities catered towards the elderly or people with disabilities.

As of 2024, the network has six operational lines in operation with a total combined route length of approximately 241 km and 141 operational stations. Two additional lines and 46 stations are currently under construction, namely the Jurong Region Line (JRL) and the Cross Island Line (CRL). The MRT system is integrated with other modes of public transportation in Singapore, such as buses and light rail systems which act as a feeder service to the MRT network, the latter known as the Light Rail Transit (LRT), which first opened in 1999.

Conceptualisation
The idea of constructing a rapid transit line in the country was initiated in 1967 when a four-year State and City Planning Study was conducted by the Singapore government and the United Nations Development Programme. It was part of an urban renewal and development project which aimed to formulate a long-term comprehensive concept plan for guiding the country's future physical development. It was concluded that physical land constraints faced by the island nation, were not able to accommodate more roads to meet the rise in transportation demands. It was noted that the country needed a rail transit system by 1992.

Bus vs. rail debate
It took 10 years from 1972 to design the MRT system, which continued all the way until the government gave permission to build the MRT.

When future president Ong Teng Cheong became the then-Minister for Communications (now the Ministry of Transport), he had to convince the cabinet in a debate in early 1980, that the S$5 billion needed for the system would be beneficial for the long-term development of Singapore. He argued that:

Therefore, a provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority was established in July 1980, after the debate. However, Ong faced strong opposition from other members of the cabinet, including Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee and Tony Tan, due especially to the heavy investments involved. A team of specialists from Harvard University, recommended that an all-bus system would be sufficient into the 1990s, and would cost 50% less than a rail-based system.

Later on, two independent American transport and urban planning specialist teams were then appointed by the government to conduct their own independent reviews as part of the Comprehensive Traffic Study in 1981. This debate was also brought to national television in September 1980, which was rare at that time. The study came to the conclusion that an all-bus system would be inadequate as it would have to compete for road space which would have been increasingly overcrowded by then. The problem would be solved by building a rail system. Ong hence declared in triumph on 28 May 1982, that:

Construction begins
The permission to begin the construction of Singapore's then-largest public works project was given in May 1982. A ground-breaking ceremony commenced the construction on 22 October 1983 at Shan Road. The majority of the work was expected to be completed in 1992. This included 67 km of track to be constructed, with 42 stations, of which 26 would be elevated, 1 at grade and 15 underground. The network was constructed in stages, with the North–South Line given priority as the line passed through the Orchard Road corridor as well as the rest of the Central Area, the latter of which faced high demand for public transport. Also, it was near the more densely populated housing estates such as Toa Payoh and Ang Mo Kio. The MRT Corporation, now Land Transport Authority, was established on 14 October 1983, taking over the roles and responsibilities of the former provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority. On 6 August 1987, it set up SMRT Corporation.

Construction began in various areas:
 * October 1983: Yio Chu Kang – Outram Park (Phase I)
 * January 1984: Outram Park – Clementi (Phase IA)
 * July 1984: Clementi – Lakeside (Phase II)
 * January 1985: Marina Bay – Tanah Merah (Phase II)
 * June 1985: Tanah Merah – Pasir Ris, Jurong East – Choa Chu Kang & Yio Chu Kang – Yishun (Phase II)
 * January 1988: Lakeside – Boon Lay (Phase II)

Toa Payoh MRT station was the first to do structural works, followed by the tunnels between Outram Park and Tiong Bahru in 1985. The completion of the viaduct for Phase 1 was done on 15 December 1986 at Commonwealth MRT station. The first C151 train was delivered to MRT Corporation on 8 July 1986, by Yeo Ning Hong at Bishan Depot.

One-third of the MRT was completed on 15 January 1985, and the Minister for Communications and Information Yeo Ning Hong visited Orchard MRT and Dhoby Ghaut MRT station sites. The pouring of concrete was completed by the end of 1985 at Dhoby Ghaut MRT station.

Initial opening
On 7 November 1987, the first 6 kilometres of the North–South Line from Yio Chu Kang to Toa Payoh went into operation.

The novelty resulted in thousands flocking to the 5 station segment of the line just to experience and try out the system. At the launching of Toa Payoh, Ong was quoted as saying that

Nine more stations from Novena to Outram Park were officially opened 12 December 1987 by then Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. These trains ran as a through service from one end to the other even though Tanjong Pagar and Outram Park were on the East–West Line.

On 12 March 1988, six more stations from Tiong Bahru to Clementi on the East–West Line were opened; trains now ran directly from Yio Chu Kang through the city to Clementi. On the same day, the system was officially launched by the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew, then Prime Minister of Singapore.

Nearing completion
The rest of the system opened rapidly in stages. On 6 July 1990, with the last station opened, the entire system was opened by President Wee Kim Wee.

Woodlands Extension
Less than a year after the completion of the MRT project, the government announced in February 1991, intentions to extend the system to Woodlands in the north of Singapore. Construction commenced in 1993, and the 16 km, 6 station elevated line was opened on 10 February 1996 at a total cost of S$1.2 billion. With this kind extension, the North–South Line included the three stations on the former Choa Chu Kang Branch line (Jurong East, Bukit Batok, Bukit Gombak and Choa Chu Kang), forming a continuous line from Jurong East to Marina Bay.

The construction of the extension was not without political fallout. For a long time, the politicians representing residences in the North-East area of the island had been calling for the construction of a planned North East Line. The announcement of the Woodlands Extension led to protests especially from opposition members of parliament, in particular from Chiam See Tong and Low Thia Khiang, representatives of Potong Pasir and Hougang constituencies respectively, with both areas potentially benefiting from such a line. The opposition members accused the government of favouring the Woodlands Extension over the North East Line due to opposition representation in the north-east area, arguing that there were far more residents in the north-east compared to the north, and questioned the rationale of building the Woodlands extension when the north was relatively undeveloped.

Dover station
Dover, built on the East–West Line between Clementi and Buona Vista, was officially opened on 23 October 2001 by then Minister for Transport, Mr Yeo Cheow Tong, being open for service on 18 October 2001. The first station to be built over an operating rail line with no disruptions to train services (although trains drove by the site at a reduced speed during the construction phase), it was also the first elevated station with two side platforms on either side of the tracks, as opposed to having an island platform as in all other elevated stations.

Adjacent to the Singapore Polytechnic on one side, and undeveloped land on the other, the building of the station was met with reservations by some members of the public over its low catchment area. There were criticisms over the spending of "taxpayers' money" chiefly for use only by students of one educational institution. The government proceeded with the construction anyway, citing the catchment area extends to public housing flats on either end of the polytechnic, and that the undeveloped land opposite is slated for extensive development, largely residential in nature. This station has indeed brought much convenience to the students at the polytechnic.

Changi Airport Extension
For a long time following its opening in 1981, Singapore Changi Airport relied on taxis and buses as the primary means of public transportation to the rest of the country. They served the airport well, but concerns over competition from other regional airports, some of which feature quick rail-based services to their city centres, accelerated the government's plan to build a rail link to the airport.

Provision had long been made for a new line branching off from the existing East–West Line at the Tanah Merah, with some conceptual plans showing a tentative route alignment to the airport along Airport Boulevard, continuing beyond the airport to Changi Point, before turning southwest back toward the city along the east coast of the island. The plans were finally announced by then Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong on 15 November 1996. However, the route alignment showed a deviation from previous plans.

The final plan involved building only the first two stations, namely Expo, an elevated station directly adjacent to the Singapore Expo, and Changi Airport, an underground station built between Terminal Two and the since constructed Terminal Three. The alignment of the station at the airport was switched perpendicularly to an east–west direction, such that stairs and escalators lead to two of the terminals directly from either end of the station. Construction began in December 1998.

Expo opened on 10 January 2001, sporting a "space age" architecture designed by world-renowned architect Sir Norman Foster. The roof is clad in titanium and its design enabled the platform to be free of any columns, freeing up space in a station which will be used by thousands of visitors to the massive 100,000 square metre Singapore Expo next door.

Changi Airport was opened on 8 February 2002, giving the airport its first rail link after less than 21 years of operations. Initially through services were operated from the airport to Boon Lay at the other end of the East–West Line, however due to ridership falling below expectations the service was reverted to shuttle mode in 2003.

North East Line

The North East Line, the first line operated by SBS Transit and among the first fully automated heavy rail lines in the world, opened on 20 June 2003, except for Woodleigh and Buangkok stations. System problems delayed the line six months from the scheduled opening date of December 2002. The construction period of the North East Line was fraught with many delays and some budget problems. It marked the pinnacle of a long and chequered history of over two decades since the conception of the line had taken place along with that of the original system which was eventually completed in 1990.

Up to May 2005, the line was running at a deficit. Although line operator, SBS Transit, managed a yearly overall profit as profits from its public bus service exceed the losses from its operation of the North East Line. Running from HarbourFront where Singapore's former World Trade Centre building lies to Punggol to the northeast of the island, this line allowed for previously isolated or distanced areas to be linked up with the rest of Singapore by rail. Buangkok opened on 15 January 2006 and Woodleigh opened on 20 June 2011.

Circle Line
On 28 May 2009, 5.6 km of the Circle Line opened from Bartley to Marymount. On 17 April 2010, another 11.1 km of the Circle Line from Bartley to Dhoby Ghaut commenced operation. On 8 October 2011, the remaining 16.6 km from Marymount to HarbourFront commenced operation, marking the full completion of the line which took 10 years to complete, primarily delayed due to the Nicoll Highway collapse. On 14 January 2012, the 2.4 km of the Circle Line extension from Promenade to Marina Bay commenced operation.

Downtown Line
The Downtown Line is the fifth Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore and opened in three stages, on 22 December 2013, 27 December 2015 and 21 October 2017 respectively. When fully completed, the line will be about 44 km long with 36 stations and serve about half a million commuters daily, making it the longest underground and driverless MRT line in Singapore. Travelling from one end to the other will take about 65 minutes.

On 15 August 2014, the Downtown Line 3 Extension was announced, in conjunction with the announcement of the Thomson–East Coast Line. Two additional stations, Xilin MRT station and Sungei Bedok MRT station will be added to the Downtown Line, with Sungei Bedok as an interchange station with the Thomson–East Coast Line. It will add an additional 2.2 km to the line with the extension. Due in 2026, Stage 3 will join the current East–West and future Thomson–East Coast Lines that runs through Marine Parade.

Thomson–East Coast Line
On 31 January 2020, Stage 1 of the Thomson–East Coast Line between Woodlands North and Woodlands South stations commenced operations. On 28 August 2021, Stage 2 of the line between Woodlands South and Caldecott stations commenced operations. On 13 November 2022, Stage 3 of the line between Caldecott and Gardens by the Bay commenced operations. By June 2024, train services extended to Bayshore. On 23 June 2024, Stage 4 of the line between Tanjong Rhu and Bayshore commenced operations.

Existing line extensions
On 28 February 2009, the 3.8 kilometre Boon Lay Extension to the East–West Line comprising 2 stations Pioneer and Joo Koon commenced passenger service. Construction had begun in December 2004 after the development of Pioneer New Town had been completed. Similarly, construction began for the Marina South Pier in December 2009 and completed in September 2014, it began operations on 23 November 2014.

The 7.5 kilometre Tuas West Extension (TWE) – Gul Circle, Tuas Crescent, Tuas West Road and Tuas Link – opened for passenger service on 18 June 2017.

A 1.6 km extension to Punggol Coast on the North East Line is expected to commence operations in 2024.

1987 to 1996
The MRT was a very recent addition for Singapore and as such, the authorities wanted to keep the MRT map as easy to use for Singaporeans as possible. Hence, each direction of travel was colour-coded in a different colour as though it were a line on its own. In that way, confusion in decision-making when taking a certain line in a certain direction would be reduced for passengers. However, this reduced the number of colours available for new lines and was not in line with international practice.

Previously, each direction of travel on the MRT was denoted on system maps as a different colour.
 * Northbound services were denoted in  Yellow
 * Southbound services in  Red
 * Eastbound services in  Green
 * Westbound services in  Blue
 * Northbound Choa Chu Kang Branch Line services in  Khaki
 * Southbound Choa Chu Kang Branch Line services in  Brown

Each station was also assigned a unique alphanumeric code, with the alphabet indicating which part of the island the station lies at (North, East, West, Central, Marina Bay region or Choa Chu Kang Branch Line) and the numbers (in ascending order from the centre of the island) indicating which part of that region the station is located at.

These were superseded in 2001 by two-digit codes as the latter might be exhausted with new MRT and LRT lines added to the network, thus only having 15 letters in total. However, "E", "N" and "W" were still found on viaduct pillars of the MRT and some traffic signals on the Westinghouse FS2000 signalling system (before upgrading to Thales SelTrac CBTC GoA 3 signalling system), but the "A" is still being used for the Changi Airport branch line. The codes for viaduct pillars are:

1996 to 30 July 2001
The colour and alphanumeric codes for each direction of travel remained unchanged, except that with the opening of the Woodlands Extension (connecting Yishun station to Choa Chu Kang station), the Jurong East – Choa Chu Kang Branch Line ceased to exist. As such, the formerly Northbound Choa Chu Kang Branch Line services in khaki travelled southbound to Marina Bay & as such were denoted as red while the formerly Southbound Choa Chu Kang Branch Line services in brown originated from Marina Bay, hence having travelled northbound it was denoted as yellow. The alphanumeric codes for these stations were also replaced. After Sembawang it is N14-N18, N20-N23, with the exception of N13 and N19, reserved for future stations Canberra and Sungei Kadut. The B1-B3 was renumbered to N21-N23.

The Bukit Panjang LRT opened in 1999 and was given the colours purple and orange to represent its direction of travel. Due to the alignment of the route, which was a loop track around Bukit Panjang New Town, the map was different. The stations were given the alphanumeric code A1 to A14, with numbering starting from Choa Chu Kang interchange and going anti-clockwise direction on the loop. The directional arrow on the shared service track (between stations A1 to A6) was split, half purple coloured and half orange coloured. From Bukit Panjang station, the orange arrows travelled in an anti-clockwise direction [(service B) via Petir] while the purple arrows travelled in a clockwise direction (service A) towards Senja. These were standardised into grey colour since 2001 because of additional LRT lines such as Sengkang and Punggol LRT.

31 July 2001 to 30 January 2020
As there were plans to expand the network, the MRT System Map could no longer afford to have each direction of travel represented by a different colour. The map was revamped to have one colour as there would be more MRT lines in the future, which was announced by the Minister of Communications and Information Technology, Mr Yeo Cheow Tong. The pilot trials for new signages were done at Dover and at the North East Line.

Colours were used to represent each line rather than each direction of travel, cutting the usage of colours by half and preserving other colours for future lines.
 *  Red  for North–South Line
 *  Green  for East–West Line
 *  Purple  for North East Line
 *  Orange  for Circle Line
 *  Blue  for Downtown Line
 *  Brown  for Thomson–East Coast Line
 *  Teal  for Jurong Region Line
 *  Lime  for Cross Island Line
 *  Grey  for all LRT Lines

The direction of travel was instead represented by numbers contained within a coloured circle located at the ends of each line, known as the destination number.

Like before, each station was assigned a unique alphanumeric symbol. However under this revamped system map, the letter in each symbol denotes the line instead and the number increases in ascending order from East to West (East–West Line), North to South (North–South Line), South West to North East (North East Line), in an anti-clockwise direction (Circle Line), in a clockwise direction from the North-west to the South-east (Downtown Line), and from the Thomson stretch in the North to the East Coast stretch in the East (Thomson–East Coast). Interchange stations will then have at least two or three codes.

Special codes were also used to denote the town centre. "STC" is Sengkang Town Centre and "PTC" is Punggol Town Centre.

For example:
 * Bugis for the East–West Line section and  for the Downtown Line section.
 * Dhoby Ghaut for the North–South Line section,  for the North East Line section and  for the Circle Line section.
 * Woodlands for the North–South Line section and  for the Thomson–East Coast Line section.
 * Bukit Panjang for the Downtown Line section and  for the Bukit Panjang LRT Line section.
 * Sengkang for the North East Line section and  for the Sengkang LRT Line section.
 * Punggol for the North East Line section and  for the Punggol LRT Line section.

31 January 2020 to present
During a visit to the upcoming Thomson–East Coast Line stations in Woodlands, a redesigned MRT map was launched on 11 December 2019 by the Land Transport Authority to make it easier for commuters to plan their journeys. The new map will feature the Circle Line as a focal point on the map, as well as prominent landmarks and waterbodies added to the surrounding areas. In addition, QR codes are included with links to a fare calculator and maps in all four languages. The new map has since been made available to all MRT and LRT stations on 31 January 2020.

SMRT Trains Ltd
Before 1994, train captains had to announce the station names manually. The public announcement system in all SMRT operated lines was introduced in 1994, beginning with the announcement of station names when a train arrives at the station. The door closing announcement was later added in 1997 and the next station announcement in 1999. Over time, however, some sections of the announcements were modified, and finally, the entire announcement system was changed in January 2008 in preparation for the installation of STARIS on all trains later that year. The new announcement system features a new voice, and a new chime before each announcement.

The original announcements were made by the late Juanita Melson. The announcement system was upgraded with the current announcer, Chan Hui Yuh. The late Juanita Melson announcements are now only used on the Bukit Panjang LRT together with the BPLRT trains.

All announcements on the NSEWL were changed again in October 2012 but was met by strong criticism by the public after Mandarin announcements were included, which were largely viewed as unnecessary. This was eventually removed on all trains by December 2012. However, Mandarin announcements are commonly used on lines operated by SBS Transit, oddly without controversy as compared to NSEWL.

SBS Transit Ltd
The North East Line and the Downtown Line, which are both operated by SBS Transit Ltd, features different announcements from SMRT operated lines. It features different chimes and a different announcer, as well as next station messages in Mandarin (and Malay and Tamil in some cases).

1987 to 2002
When the MRT opened in 1987, fares ranged from S$0.50 to S$1.10 in S$0.10 increments for all adult tickets, regardless of whether they were single-trip or stored-value tickets. Several discounted fares were available: senior citizens and permanent residents above the age of 60 could travel on a flat fare of S$0.50 during off-peak hours; children below the height of 1.2 metres and full-time students in primary, secondary, pre-university and vocational training (VITB) institutions paid a flat fare of S$0.30 at all times.

Magnetic strip plastic tickets were used, in various forms. Stored-value tickets were called farecards and came in three types: the blue farecard was issued to adults, the magenta farecard to senior citizens, and the red farecard to children. Single-trip forms of these tickets were retained at the faregates on exiting the paid area of a destination station. Monthly discounted tickets were available in four values: beige, pink, and purple tickets for primary and tertiary students, and full-time national servicemen came with a value of S$13, S$30 and S$36, respectively; the peach ticket was for secondary, pre-university and VITB students, costing S$17 each. These discounted tickets were valid for a month from the date of purchase, allowed up to four trips a day, and were non-transferable.

Their farecards cannot be used from 1 December 2002 and support has been terminated since June 2003 with the removal of metal holes and convert validators to printing tickets (by cash). It is currently no longer workable.

In the early years, single trip magnetic tickets were purchased at ticket vending machines with coins only. Notes could be broken up into small change at a separate change machine. Those holding magnetic multi trip farecards could only reload their cards with additional credit at manual service counters or a separate add-value machine.

2002 to 2009

The EZ-Link card is a contactless smart card, initially based on Sony's FeliCa smartcard technology. The cards are mainly used for the payment of transportation fares, but may also be used for payment at selected retail outlets. Established in 2002, the technology was promoted as the means for speedier and more convenient transactions and as well as being an efficient method of reducing fare evasion, although there have been some cases of overcharging users. As a benchmark, fares range from S$0.70 to S$3.20 for adults, S$0.70 to S$1.35 for senior citizens, and S$0.40 to S$0.50 for student EZ-Link cards. Patrons using an EZ-Link card receive a discount for their journey, including a discount if they use a connecting bus after their MRT ride.

The old EZ-Link card can be used up to September 2009 where the old EZ-Link card usage became limited support. It remains on some MRT stations.

Concession fares are available for children, students, senior citizens and national servicemen. Students are given free personalised cards, complete with their photos, names and national identification numbers. Regardless of its type, each card is assigned a unique card ID that can be used to recover the card if lost. Transport operators have organised lotteries that are based on these card IDs. The Singapore Tourist Pass offers unlimited travel for tourists on Singapore's public transport system. For S$8 a day, tourists can take any number of rides on buses and trains operated by SBS Transit, SMRT Buses and SMRT Trains.

Standard Ticket
A 1st generation standard ticket contactless smart card for single trips may also be purchased between S$2 and S$4 (inclusive of a S$1 refundable card deposit) for the payment of MRT and LRT fares. The card may be only purchased at the GTM. The deposit may also be retrieved by returning the card to the GTM within 30 days from the date of issue or donated to charity by depositing it in a collection box at any station. This card cannot be recharged with additional credit. The rationale behind such a refundable deposit feature was that the smartcard technology contained within each Standard Ticket makes each one costly enough to necessitate the recycling of Standard Tickets. Since November 2007, external readers were installed on GTMs at stations operated by SMRT Corporation to address problems of card jamming in insert slots. The slots, however, remain in use for the purpose of refunding Standard Ticket deposits.

A 2nd generation paper-based standard ticket contactless smart card for single and return trips may be purchased between S$1.10 and S$7 (inclusive of a S$0.10 refundable card deposit) for the payment of MRT and LRT fares. The card may only be purchased at the GTM. Unlike the first generation Standard Ticket, this second generation Standard Ticket can be recharged with additional credit for up to 6 trips within 30 days from the date of issue. The deposit will be refunded upon recharging the card for the third trip at the GTM. A further S$0.10 rebate will be given upon recharging the card for the sixth and final trip at the GTM. Credit purchased for the single/return trips must be used on the same day of purchase. For commuters who purchased credit for the return trip, but did not return to the original station on the 'return trip', they can top up the fare difference at the destination station if the purchased credit is less than value of the trip.

The General Ticketing Machines (GTM) were installed at all MRT stations since 2002 and replaced the ticket vending machine that has push buttons to select fare and accepts coins only, together with integrated ticketing machines and touch screen ticket vending machine. Fares for the single trip tickets are higher than those for EZ-Link cards. The single or return trip was available since 2013. Plans to discontinue the Standard Ticket started in August 2017. Sales of the standard tickets were phased out between January 2022 and March 2022. TransitLink Service Agents began to be deployed again from 27 December 2021 at various stations. The Thomson–East Coast Line and Downtown Line phased out sales of the standard tickets on 10 January 2022. The Circle Line, North East Line, Sengkang LRT and Punggol LRT phased out on 10 February 2022. The North–South Line, East–West Line and Bukit Panjang LRT phased it out last on 10 March 2022. As of 11 March 2022, standard tickets cannot be bought and commuters have to use other methods to pay for their fare.

2009 to present

 * Main articles: CEPAS

On 26 August 2008, Land Transport Authority announced a two-month trial of the new generation Contactless ePurse Application (CEPAS) card that was developed in-house. It is intended to standardise the technology of cashless payment, allowing for use on public transport, Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), everyday shopping and meals. The card has replaced this generation of EZ-Link cards in 2009 and aims to encourage competition by allowing up to four CEPAS card issuers. Mass replacement of the old Sony FeliCa cards to the new CEPAS cards went on at TransitLink Ticket offices and Singapore Post outlets till 7 October 2009.

title: History of the MRT (Singapore)


text:
Frank Parker (tennis)

Frank Andrew Parker (born Franciszek Andrzej Pajkowski, January 31, 1916 – July 24, 1997) was an amateur & later professional American male tennis player of Polish immigrant parents who was active in the 1930s and 1940s. He won four Grand Slam singles titles as well as three doubles titles.

Early life
Parker was born on January 31, 1916, in Milwaukee as Franciszek Andrzej Pajkowski and had three brothers and a sister. Franciszek changed his name to Frank Parker when the sports announcers couldn't pronounce his Polish name. He learnt to play tennis at age 10, hitting discarded tennis balls at the Milwaukee Town Club. There he was discovered by the club coach Mercer Beasley who noticed his quickness and accuracy. Aged 12, he won his first national title, the boys' indoor championship played at the Seventh Regiment Armory in New York. At age 15, Paikowski become the national boys' champion in singles, defeating Gene Mako in the final, and a year later, at age 16, he won the national junior singles title as well as the men's singles title at the Canadian National Championships. In 1933, when he was 17, he won the singles title at the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships, defeating Gene Mako in the final in straight sets. Following success in these championships, Frank earned the nickname "Boy Wonder of Tennis."

Career
Parker is one of the few Americans to win both the French Championships (1948, 1949) and the U.S. Championships (1944, 1945).

Parker became the singles champion at Cincinnati, then called the Tri–State Tennis Tournament, in 1941 and was a four-time singles finalist (1932, 1933, 1938, 1939). He won the Canadian title in 1932 and again in 1938. He won five U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships and four Eastern Clay Court Championships. He was ranked World No. 1 amateur in 1948 by John Olliff of The Daily Telegraph.

Writing about Parker in his 1949 autobiography, Bobby Riggs, who had played Parker many times, stated "Parker is a tough man to get past. Equipped with a wonderful all-court game, he plays intently and with classic form. His footwork is marvelous. You never see Frankie hitting the ball from an awkward position." In his autobiography, Jack Kramer wrote "even as a boy (Parker) had this wonderful, slightly overspin forehand drive. Clean and hard. Then for some reason, Frankie's coach, Mercer Beasley, decided to change this stroke into a chop. It was obscene." It impaired his game, particularly in preventing him from getting to the net, and Parker dropped in the rankings. A few years later, he worked hard to regain his original forehand, and according to Kramer, greatly improved his stroke, but it never was as good as it had once been. Parker was known for having a "deadpan" persona on court.

Parker took part in the 1968 US Open at the age of 52, becoming the oldest player to compete in the US Open men's singles. He also had the longest span in Grand Slam men's singles history (36 years from his first appearance at the U.S. Championships in 1932 to his last appearance in 1968).

Between 1937 and 1948, Parker took part in seven Davis Cup ties with the U.S. team and won the Davis Cup in 1937 and 1948. He compiled a Davis Cup record of 12 wins and two losses.

In October 1949, Parker signed a one-year contract with Bobby Riggs to become a professional tennis player.

Parker was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1960.

Parker was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island in 1966 and into the National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame in 1988.

Personal life
On March 17, 1938, Parker married Audrey Beasley who previously divorced Parker's coach Mercer Beasley. She became his adviser and tailored his tennis wardrobe. His wife died in 1971, and in 1979, Parker retired from his position of salesman for a corrugated box company.

Performance timeline
Parker joined the professional tennis circuit in 1949 and as a consequence was banned from competing in the amateur Grand Slams until the start of the Open Era.

(A*) 1-set matches in preliminary rounds.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Frank Parker (tennis)


text:
He's Simple, He's Dumb, He's the Pilot.

"He's Simple, He's Dumb, He's the Pilot." is a song by American indie rock band Grandaddy, released as the third single from their second studio album The Sophtware Slump (2000).

Writing and composition
Regarding the song's conception and its position as The Sophtware Slump's opening track, Jason Lytle noted: "It was definitely a struggle to get all the three parts to actually sound like they were intended to live together. I usually get into this space where, once the album starts to come together, I start to figure out what's missing or what needs to be added, and I realised that it really needed something like that to set it off in a certain direction. It's just a struggle putting something like that together and making it not sound forced, y’know?"

Release
"He's Simple, He's Dumb, He's the Pilot." was released as the third single from The Sophtware Slump. It reached number 82 in the UK Singles Chart.

Touring
Grandaddy toured with Elliott Smith in 2000 and he would occasionally join them onstage and sing lead vocals on parts of this song.

Legacy
The song was featured on the soundtrack of UK hidden camera show Trigger Happy TV and the films Jackpot (2001), The Forest for the Trees (2003), and Occupation: Dreamland (2005).

Actor Jason Lee has cited this song as the inspiration to name his child Pilot Inspektor.

title: He's Simple, He's Dumb, He's the Pilot.


text: User talk:69.158.51.130

title: User talk:69.158.51.130


text:
Talk:The System of the World (novel)

Untitled
This page was nominated for deletion on July 4, 2005, but the result was to KEEP. See Votes for deletion/The System of the World (novel).

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:26, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:The System of the World (novel)


text:
Now It's On

"Now It's On" is a song by American indie rock band Grandaddy, released as the first single from their third studio album Sumday (2003).

Release
It peaked at number 23 on the UK Singles Chart.

Legacy
The song was covered by Bad Books in 2012.

Track listing

 * 7" vinyl

 * CD 1

 * CD 2

 * 1) "Now It's On"
 * 2) "Getting Jipped"
 * 3) "Yeah Is What We Had" (video)

 * DVD

title: Now It's On


text:
Mentonasc dialect

Mentonasc (Mentonasco in Italian, Mentonnais  or Mentonasque  in French) is a Romance dialect historically spoken in and around Menton, France. It is classified as a dialect of Occitan and a sub-dialect of Vivaro-Alpine, with some influence from the neighbouring Intemelian Ligurian dialect spoken from Ventimiglia to San Remo.

Classification
Mentonasc is considered to be a transitional language; it is an intermediate language between Occitan and Ligurian, which is why the classification of Mentonasc is often debated. However, it is traditionally assigned to the Occitan language but Italian nationalists consider it part of the Ligurian dialects.

The Mentonasc dialect bears strong similarities with the common alpine dialects, such as, Royasque or Pignasque. It differs quite significantly especially in the ear from Ligurian coastal dialects (Northern Italian), like those of Ventimiglia (Intemelio dialect) or Monaco (Monégasque dialect).

History
When the area of Menton was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Mentonasc was used in all of the coastal area between Monaco and Ventimiglia, and in the hinterland.

In the 19th century Mentonasc was used in the territories of the Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune, an independent statelet created in connection with the Italian Risorgimento.

When France annexed the Free Cities in 1861, Mentonasc began its decline, substituted by the French language.

Geographic distribution
The Mentonasc dialect is currently spoken by about 10% of the population in Menton, Roquebrune, and the surrounding villages (Castellar, Castillon, Gorbio, Sainte-Agnès, Moulinet and Sospel). Now the language is being taught within the French educational system, as a variety of Niçard (i.e. Provençal and Occitan), so this may change.

Official status
No countries currently have Mentonasc as an official language.

Vocabulary
Below is a chart of some nouns and verbs found in French, translated into Mentonasc.

Literature
There are some texts and songs that have been published recently in Menton (most from the twentieth century.)

Among the various publications: A Lambrusca de Paigran (la Vigne vierge de Grand-père) by Jean-Louis Caserio, illustrations by M. and F. Guglielmelli, SAHM, Menton, 1987. Brandi Mentounasc, Livret de Poésies Bilingue by Jean Ansaldi, 2010. Ou Mentounasc per ou Bachelerà, le Mentonasque au Baccalauréat, by JL Caserio, 5th edition, 2008., etc.

Examples
Video of the National Anthem of Menton being sung in Mentonasc

title: Mentonasc dialect


text:
Talk:Heat exchanger

How does a Heat Exchanger differ from a Calorifier? Can someone clarify?

What is a Calorifier? Are you talking about a heater?

Turbulence due to baffles
It states: "Having baffles spaced too closely causes the fluid to flow in a turbulent manner which is does not allow for effective heat transfer." Turbulence is generally the preferred flow state since it increases overall convective heat transfer. The disadvantage of having baffles too close would be a greater pressure drop (due to flow redirection), NOT turbulent flow. --173.30.154.225 (talk) 01:56, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

chilled beams
Chilled beams are a type of heat exchanger very popular in Europe and gaining acceptance in USA. A major manufacturer is TROX. See website http://www.troxuk.co.uk/uk/products/air_water_systems/chilled_beams/index.php

ASHRAE has started discussion in this area, but I can't find any major articles. A red link to this topic would help to encourage an expert to post information in this area. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Hank1639 (talk • contribs) 18:12, 8 December 2006 (UTC).

Properties of Oil
I am building a system which uses oil for the primary heating fluid. My question is: When the oil is heated in an inclosed system, will the oil rise-flow towards the colder fluid not yet heated-without pushing it with a pump? Water will flow on it's own when heated without pumping it, but will oil react the same way? 83.44.57.28 13:48, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Please see Thermosiphon.
 * The way these systems operate is via a thermally induced density gradient. Every fluid I am aware of changes density when temperature changes, so you will induce flow in oil by adding or removing heat. You might consult NIST chemistry web-book Thermophysical Properties for fluid specific info.Tjcognata (talk) 01:41, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

We used to call it Natural Circulation (vs Forced Circulation => pushing the fluid thru a pipe,or Forced Induction => pulling it thru). NC is used in many situations, including for emergency cooling systems of nuclear reactor plants (needs no power to operate). NC is driven by diferrential gravitational forces acting on two columns of the same liquid in hydraulic communication with each other but are at different temperatures. All piping should be slanted upwards towards the heat sink and fro, the heat source with no up-down jogs in the pipe that aould stop the circualtion. As differential temperature/density increases between the two columns of liquid, flow will increase. Flow stops when differential temperature dissapears. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Squeezmo (talk • contribs) 00:27, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Direct vs Indirect Heat Exchangers
Not all heat exchangers have a physical separation between the working fluids. The ones that do are Indirect Heat Exchangers. The working fluids in Heat exchangers such as HVAC Coooling Towers and Low Total Gas Water Day Storage Tanks that hold water at around 200 degrees F to minimize gas absorption touch each other (no boundary), although in different physical states (watwer steam/vapor transferring heat between liquid water). When the working fluids in a heat exchanger contact each other, vide this is known as a direct heat exchanger. Direct heat exchangers deal heavily in latent heat since that is the primary source and sink of the heat being exchanged. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Squeezmo (talk • contribs) 00:35, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Flow arrangement terminology
The terminology used in the "Flow arrangment" section seems confusing. It introduces the term "counter-flow" heat exchangers, then goes on to discuss concepts further and uses the term "countercurrent". I'm guessing they are synonyms, it would probably help if one were used consistantly. Is there a preferred term? Burt Harris (talk) 12:13, 11 April 2009 (UTC) there are various types of flow arrangement as parallel flow ,counter current flow. in parallel flow hot and cold fluid flow in the same direction while in case of counter current flow hot and cold fluids flow in opposite direction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.52.147.68 (talk) 06:23, 27 September 2014 (UTC)

Tube Crack
I want to somebody anwser my question. What the probability tube expansion crack after we follow the right spec and creteria which mean the material and pressure in accepted condition? Number of tube 600 and we detect 2 crack. -Denny —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.26.161.2 (talk) 05:52, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Reply-- Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a help site. You might be better off finding an industry expert.

Flow rate
I was wondering what the consequences of changing the flow rate on either side (process or medium) would have. Getting the fluid to flow in a turbulent manner (rather than laminar flow) seems to be in conflict with getting a larger residence time. I've been reading a text that is all about controlling the heat exchanger with changing flow rates, but it seems that utilising a bypass is the way to go. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.212.198.34 (talk) 02:02, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The rate of energy transfer is proportional to the temperature difference. Longer residence times mean smaller temperature differences, because the fluids are allowed to equilibrate their temperatures more completely. The smaller the residence time, the greater the temperature differences and the greater the energy transfer rate. In other words, the faster the flow the better. If the flow becomes turbulent, then even better, because the transfer is the result of the temperature differences at the point of contact. In laminar flow, there will be a temperature gradient as you move away from the point of contact, and it will be such that the temperature difference at the point of contact will be lower than any other two points you pick (that are on opposite sides of the contact point). In turbulent flow, the gradient is lessened, and the temperature difference will be greater at the point of contact, causing a greater energy transfer rate. The goal is not to maximize the change in temperature as the fluid flows through the exchanger, it is to maximize the rate of energy transfer, which is not the same thing. PAR (talk) 13:39, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Vectorisation of 'Delta T 1.png'
I propose that a vector (svg) copy of the above named file be used. The image is on Commons, so I don't know about adding. I would be able to create such a file using Inkscape, but not pure SVG from notepad (as indicated on WP:Collaboration_to_convert_graphs_to_SVG). -Jdedmond (talk) 08:11, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

== LEGAMENT IS WHAT ? please somebody tell me what is leagament is heat exchangers ????

WHAT IS LEAGAMENT IN HEAT EXCHANGERS????
PLEASE SOMEBODY TELL ME WHAT IS LEAGAMENT IN HEAT EXCHANGERS??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.154.8.31 (talk) 05:35, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

Vortex heat exchanger
Can anybody comment on the tons of material on the web about Vortex heat exchangers? Is it a hoax or scam? Is there something of substance behind the idea? פשוט pashute ♫ (talk) 10:15, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

Countercurrent exchange conservation circuit
Is there an error in this figure? Why does the flow cool from 20 to 19 as it goes through the U-turn? The leftmost red arrows imply that heat is being added at that point. Maybe the vertical flow was supposed to be colder than u-turn flow. Spiel496 (talk) 23:42, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

You are absolutely right, this needs to be removed and replaced, the current image is thermodynamically impossible. Would suggest going to the linked Countercurrent exchange in biological systems and adding the new image they have for a quick fix. The image would make more sense if the vertical flow was a lower temperature then the u-turn flow. Cstewwy (talk) 18:42, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
Interesting that there is no article on Wikipedia for TEMA. I'll try to start one. SChalice 04:03, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Here is a hack of a .pdf for a start /TEMA - SChalice  04:11, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

EAD Saunders 1924 - 1997
E.A.D.Saunders (1988). Heat Exchangers:Selection Design And Construction Longman Scientific and Technical ISBN 0-582-49491-5

"Ted" Saunders died in 1997. Much missed by everyone. Nice to see his book is still read. I have a copy of his original. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.29.252.101 (talk) 21:09, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

Heating coil
I believe heating coils warrant separate articles, namely on air coils and immersion coils.--عبد المؤمن (talk) 05:46, 9 July 2014 (UTC)

spiral hx
Should the spiral hx be listed in the types of hxs section? --Loins5 (talk) 02:44, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

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text:
Dave Frishberg

David Lee Frishberg (March 23, 1933 – November 17, 2021) was an American jazz pianist, vocalist, composer, and lyricist. His songs have been performed by Blossom Dearie, Rosemary Clooney, Shirley Horn, Anita O'Day, Michael Feinstein, Irene Kral, Diana Krall, Rebecca Kilgore, Stacey Kent, Bette Midler, John Pizzarelli, Jessica Molaskey, and Mel Tormé.

Frishberg wrote the music and lyrics for "I'm Just a Bill", the song about the forlorn legislative writ in the ABC Schoolhouse Rock! series, which was later transformed into the revue Schoolhouse Rock Live. For Schoolhouse Rock! he also wrote and performed "Walkin' on Wall Street", a song describing how the stock market works, and "$7.50 Once a Week", a song about saving money and balancing a budget.

Biography
David Lee Frishberg was born on March 23, 1933, in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Frishberg resisted learning classical piano as a boy, developing an interest in blues and boogie-woogie by listening to recordings by Pete Johnson and Jay McShann. As a teenager, he played in the house band at the Flame in St. Paul where Art Tatum, Billie Holiday, and Johnny Hodges appeared. After graduating from the University of Minnesota as a journalism major in 1955, Frishberg spent two years in the Air Force.

In 1957, Frishberg moved to New York City, where he played solo piano at the Duplex in Greenwich Village. He first became known for his work with Carmen McRae, Ben Webster, Gene Krupa, Bud Freeman, Eddie Condon, Al Cohn, and Zoot Sims. Later, he was celebrated for writing and performing his own, frequently humorous, songs, including favorites "I'm Hip" (lyrics only, in collaboration with Bob Dorough), "Blizzard of Lies", "My Attorney Bernie", "Do You Miss New York", "Peel Me a Grape", "Quality Time", "Slappin' the Cakes on Me", "I Want To Be A Sideman", and "Van Lingle Mungo", whose lyrics consist entirely of the names of old-time baseball players.

In 1971, Frishberg moved to Los Angeles where he worked as a studio musician, and where he also recorded his first albums. In 1986, he moved to Portland, Oregon.

Frishberg cited songwriter Frank Loesser as an influence, and has said that Loesser's "Baby, It's Cold Outside", along with Willie Nelson's "Crazy", are songs he wished he had written. Like Loesser before him, Frishberg has also worked strictly as a lyricist, collaborating with composers Johnny Mandel, Alan Broadbent, Al Cohn, Blossom Dearie, David Shire, Julius Wechter, Dan Barrett, Bob Brookmeyer, Bob Dorough, Gerry Mulligan, and Johnny Hodges.

Frishberg was nominated 4 times for Grammy awards for Best Jazz Vocals. Rolling Stone India included two of his recordings for their series of jazz playlists in the category of "lyrics worth paying attention to": "My Attorney Bernie" (sung by Blossom Dearie) and "I Want To Be a Sideman" (performed by Frishberg). He was the co-recipient of the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song in 1981, having written the lyric to "Baby Talk" from the Burt Reynolds comedy film Paternity.

Personal
Frishberg was a longtime baseball fan, and had been a member of the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) since 1984. In addition to "Van Lingle Mungo", he also wrote "Matty", a tribute to an early 20th century pitching great, which was included along with "Play Ball" and several other songs with baseball references, on the 1994 CD Quality Time.

Frishberg died on November 17, 2021, in Portland, Oregon, at the age of 88.

Discography

 * Oklahoma Toad (CTI, 1970)
 * Solo And Trio (Seeds, 1974)
 * Getting Some Fun Out of Life (Concord Jazz, 1977)
 * You're a Lucky Guy (Concord Jazz, 1978)
 * The Dave Frishberg Songbook Volume No. 1 (Omni Sound, 1981)
 * The Dave Frishberg Songbook Volume No. 2 (Omni Sound, 1983)
 * Live at Vine Street (Fantasy, 1985)
 * Can't Take You Nowhere (Fantasy, 1987)
 * Let's Eat Home (Concord Jazz, 1990)
 * Dave Frishberg Classics (Concord Jazz, 1981)
 * Where You At? (Sterling, 1991)
 * Double Play with Jim Goodwin (Arbors, 1993)
 * Quality Time (Sterling, 1994)
 * Looking at You with Rebecca Kilgore (PHD Music, 1994)
 * Not a Care in the World with Rebecca Kilgore (Arbors, 1997)
 * By Himself (Arbors, 1998)
 * Knäck Mig En Nöt with Vänner (Gazell, 1998)
 * Who's On First? with Bob Dorough (Blue Note, 2000)
 * The Starlit Hour with Rebecca Kilgore (Arbors, 2001)
 * Do You Miss New York? Live at Jazz at Lincoln Center (Arbors, 2003)
 * Dave Frishberg at The Jazz Bakery: Retromania (Arbors, 2005)
 * Why Fight the Feeling with Rebecca Kilgore (Arbors, 2008)
 * House Concert with Karen Krog (Arbors, 2010)
 * Jessica Molasky and Dave Frishberg at the Algonquin (Arbors, 2012)

As sideman

 * Ray Linn, Empty Suit Blues (Discovery, 1981)
 * Jimmy Rushing, Livin' the Blues (BluesWay, 1968)
 * Herb Alpert & The Tijuana Brass, You Smile – The Song Begins ( A&M, 1974)
 * Pee Wee Russell, Over the Rainbow (Xanadu, 1982)
 * Dick Sudhalter, Friends with Pleasure (Audiophile, 1981)
 * Ben Webster, Valentine's Day 1964 Live (Dot Time, 2018)

title: Dave Frishberg


text:
Talk:Anne Hill Carter

Seems unlikely to have more that is encyclopedic to said about this person; if & when it emerges, split the article. Merge histories, retain a redirect. --Jerzy·t 15:47, 2005 July 11 (UTC) [belated sig]

Agreed. This person is only notable by proxy. Oberiko 00:57, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anne Hill Carter


text:
Nancy School

The Nancy School was a French hypnosis-centered school of psychotherapy. The origins of the thoughts were brought about by Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault in 1866, in Nancy, France. Through his publications and therapy sessions he was able to gain the attention/support from Hippolyte Bernheim: another Nancy Doctor that further evolved Liébeault's thoughts and practices to form what is known as the Nancy School.

It is referred to as the Nancy School to distinguish it from the antagonistic "Paris School" that was centred on the hysteria-centred hypnotic research of Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris.

Origins
Liébeault was born to a peasant family in Farrières France. While expected to become a priest, he rather started his medical studies at Strasbourg, where he obtained his medical degree in 1850. At Strasbourg, he stumbled upon an old book about animal magnetism and became fascinated with it.
 * Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault (1823–1904)

He moved to Nancy, France in 1860 and opened up his own clinic. Having finally established a successful practice, his thoughts turned back to that book on animal magnetism and he decided to start experimenting with hypnotic therapies. He did this by offering his patients a strange bargain: they could either continue their standard methods of treatment and continue their usual fee or they could be treated hypnotically, through suggestion, for free. Naturally, at first, many patients stuck by their standard methods because hypnosis at that time was still controversial. As more and more patients started receiving the hypnotic treatment and spreading news of its success, Liébeault became known as "Good Father Liébeault."

In 1866 he published his first book titled Du sommeil et des états analogues, considérés surtout du point de vue de l'action du moral sur le physique (Sleep and its analogous states considered from the perspective of the action of the mind upon the body) that focused on the similarities between induced sleep (or trance) and natural sleep, the features of the hypnotic state, how the induction of sleep relates to the nervous system, and the phenomena of hallucinations. Within this theory, he labeled the key difference between sleep and the hypnotic state to be "produced by suggestion and concentration on the idea of sleep and that the patient was "en rapport" with the hypnotist." This book was largely ignored by the medical profession due to the fact that it was obscurely written and sold very few copies. However, Liébeault's theory on the hypnotic state that he devised in this book attracted the attention of a prominent Nancy doctor, and soon to be student of Liébeault himself, Hippolyte Bernheim.

Bernheim, born in Alsace, received his medical degree from Strasbourg for internal medicine, specializing in heart diseases and typhoid fever. From hearing of the reputation Liébeault was establishing with his work in hypnosis and from reading his first publication, Bernheim skeptically visited the "hypnotic clinic" to see for himself if all of the stories he had been hearing were true. His amazement of what was happening led him to regularly visit the clinic to learn Liébeault's methods, and eventually abandoned his practice with internal medicine to become a full-time hypnotherapist. Bernheim at first humbly became a student of Liébeault, and eventually came to study the hypnotic state on par with him as a colleague.
 * Hippolyte Bernheim (1840–1919)

Bernheim was able to bring Liébeault's ideas about suggestibility to the attention of the medical world. His focus was on the patients rather than the hypnotist because he believed that the patients held the important factors to be hypnotized. He believed that every human being has the trait of suggestibility but each just varied in the degree of suggestibility. This idea became a staple in the train of thought of the Nancy doctors. He wrote these thoughts and others, such as how "suggestible patients could be successfully treated by straightforward persuasion techniques as well as by hypnosis," in his book De la Suggestion et de ses Applications à la Thérapeutique (Suggestive Therapeutics). Although Bernheim was the leading proponent of suggestion accounting for hypnotic phenomena, he never took full credit for it all. He argued that "while suggestion was proposed by Abbé Faria, and was applied by James Braid, it was perfected by Liébeault."

Hypnotism
Liébeault and his followers did not agree with the views of Charcot and the Salpêtrière hospital's school of thought. In fact they were opposed to the ideas of the hysteria-centered school of thought that was the hallmark of Jean-Martin Charcot's Paris school. Instead they believed that: They believed that the deeply hypnotized subject responds automatically to suggestion before his intellectual centers have had time to bring their inhibitory action into play.
 * Hypnosis is a physiological condition, which can be induced in healthy individuals. The Nancy school believed the state of mind of hypnosis was a "nonpathological psychological state of mind". This view was in direct opposition to the hysteria-centered view of hypnosis by the Paris school, which stated that hypnosis was a mental disorder.
 * Everyone has a tendency to respond to suggestion, but while under hypnosis this condition is artificially increased. They believed that suggestion was a trait that could be measured and varied within the subject.
 * Suggestion explains all. It is a form of automatism.

Liebeault, Bernheim, and the school in Nancy believed that hypnosis was due to the physiological property in the brain of suggestibility. Bernheim discovered that if he gave a subject a suggestion to return to him at ten o'clock in 13 days while under hypnosis, the subject would show up at the exact time Bernheim had suggested. The subject showed no recollection of receiving a suggestion, and stated that the "idea presented itself to his mind only at the moment at which he was required to execute it." In Bernheim's Latent Memories and Long-Term Suggestions, he proposed that post-hypnotic suggestions were a result of his subjects periodically falling into a hypnotic state and remembering the suggestions they received from him while previously under hypnosis. Below is a description of one of his experiments on post-hypnotic suggestion. "To one, I tell her during her sleep:—"Next Thursday (in five days) you will take the glass that is on the night table and put it in the suitcase that is at the foot of your bed." Three days later, having put her back to sleep, I say to her: "Do you remember what I ordered you to do?" She answers: "Yes, I must put the glass in my suitcase Thursday morning, at eight o'clock."—"Have you thought about it since I told you?"—"No"—"Think hard."—"I thought about it the following morning at eleven o'clock."—"Were you awake or asleep?"—"I was in a drowsy state." (Bernheim, 1886a, pp. 109–110)" Bernheim theorized that memories of suggestions subjects received under hypnosis were not unconscious, instead they were latent, or dormant until it is revived when the subject drifts into a hypnotic state.

On the other hand Charcot was the director of the Paris's large Salpetriere Hospital. He claimed that "hypnotizability and hysteria were aspects of the same underlying abnormal neurological condition." Therefore, he doubted the view of the Nancy school: that hypnotic susceptibility was a normal characteristic. Instead, "Charcot speculated that the root cause of hysteria lay in a hereditary, progressive, and generalized degeneracy of the nervous system that interferes with the ability to integrate and interconnect memories and ideas in the normal way." While studying hysteria in Charcot's famous patient Lucie, Charcot and Pierre Janet theorized that all post-hypnotic suggestions were performed by a "dissociated consciousness". They came to this conclusion because when Lucie would have symptoms of hysteria, she would recall childhood fears. Janet then used this research as evidence that traumatic events of the past led to the onset of symptoms of hysteria which resulted in a dissociated consciousness that was expressed in hypnotic neurosis. Charcot believed that hypnotic neurosis could be described as to follow three stages: catalepsy, lethargy, and somnambulism. These ideas were implemented into Charcot's grand theory of hypnotism. The theory of grand hypnotism was presented by Charcot to the French scientific establishment and was accepted as a legitimate study.

Bernheim countered Charcot, by stating that provoked sleep was simply a consequence of suggestion. This was the exact opposite of the belief held by Charcot that suggestion was due to provoked sleep from the disorder of hypnotic neurosis. Bernheim believed that the "..automatic execution of suggested acts could happen while awake and without somnambulism." He stated that "Sleep, which suspends the power of will and reasoning, merely facilitated the brain's acceptance of the suggested idea." This idea led Bernheim to accuse Charcot of "creating a cultural hysteria" at the Salpêtrière hospital that was in fact due to the suggestion and charisma of Charcot's showmanship. Bernheim pointed out that Charcot's subjects were aware of what was expected of them while under hypnosis, Charcot and his colleagues even discussed what they expected of the patient in front of them. This included Charcot's convulsions which he implemented as a hallmark symptom of hypnotic neurosis. Charcot's hysteria-stricken subjects gained much popularity in the hospital at Paris, and around the entire country.

In the end, around 1891 the Salpetriere protagonists admitted openly that they have been wrong. "Charcot too, admitted his errors on hypnotism and privately predicted that his theories of hysteria would not long survive him". Besides his mistakes, "Charcot was among the first to explore interactions between emotional and physical factors, and he raised the important subjects of hysteria and hypnosis out of scientific obscurity".

Influences
One of the first influential researchers of hypnotism was Indo-Portuguese monk, Abbé Faria. He was a pioneer of the scientific study of hypnotism who believed hypnosis worked purely through the power of suggestion.

The Scottish surgeon James Braid, focused on the susceptibility of the subjects and not on what the hypnotist was doing. By doing this Braid was able to make a revolutionary observation and conclusion by having his subjects stare at and concentrate on a shiny object. He noticed that "the staring paralyzed the eye muscles, he concluded, and the fixed attention weakened the mind, resulting in an unusual state of the nervous system, halfway between sleep and wakefulness."

From this conclusion Braid announced this discovery as being neurohypnology, or nervous sleep. Braid also proposed that hypnosis would and could have a number of clinical uses, including being useful for surgical anaesthesia; all of which helped pave the way for the establishment of scientific hypnotism, and, because Braid approached hypnotism as a scientist and natural philosopher, he was able to move hypnotism beyond controversy and mystery, and give it a respectable face.

Bernheim was a great asset to Liébeault's studies and research on hypnotism. Unlike Liébeault, Bernheim was proficient at writing effectively and communicating all of their elaborate ideas. In the book Pioneers of Psychology, Raymond E. Fancher and Alexandra Rutherford state that "Bernheim was effective at elaborating these ideas in several books and articles that came to be identified as the main statements of the Nancy school."

Impact
The research and theories produced by the Nancy School have had a great impact on our society today. Multiple research studies have shown that these techniques are safe and effective in certain situations. D. Barrett stated that it is also "becoming clear that the skills one needs to respond to hypnosis are similar to those necessary to experience trance-like states in daily life." According to K. Cherry, "the technique has also been clinically proven to provide medical and therapeutic benefits, most notably in the reduction of pain and anxiety. It has even been suggested that hypnosis can reduce the symptoms of dementia." Various articles and research indicate that hypnosis can affect people differently depending on their state of mind. Experiments today have given us enough information to show that hypnosis and the power of suggestion can help with certain problems in daily life; whether it be trying to quit smoking or to relieve the pain of consistent headaches.

There were many influential people in the history of psychology that have been themselves influenced by the Nancy School and the concept that it believed in. With this influence many of these psychology figures have been able to accomplish great things for psychology. These figures include, but are not limited to:
 * Morton Prince who has become known for his work with dissociative disorders, or multiple personality disorders.
 * Auguste Forel was a Swiss myrmecologist, neuroanatomist, and psychiatrist who is most known for his "investigations into the structure of the human brain and that of ants."
 * Josef Breuer who was an Austrian physician who made crucial discoveries in neurophysiology, and also helped to lay the foundation for Freud's theory of psychoanalysis with his work with Bertha Pappenheim, more commonly known as Anna O.
 * Sigmund Freud who was an Austrian neurologist, and studied with Bernheim, has become to be known as "the founding father of psychoanalysis." Freud was able to translate Bernheim's first two books on hypnotism and suggestion, arguing in his preface to the first (1888) that hypnotism linked up with "familiar phenomena of normal psychological life and sleep". His visit to Nancy to see what he called "Bernheim's astonishing experiments" gave him "the profoundest impression of the possibility that there could be powerful mental processes which nevertheless remained hidden from the consciousness of man". Freud read about the ideas of both Charcot and Bernheim and used hypnosis as a therapeutic method in his and Breuer's Studies on Hysteria (1895).
 * Émile Coué developed the Coué Method, and is sometimes considered to have represented a second Nancy School.

Works by members of the Nancy School

 * Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault, Du sommeil et des états analogues considérés surtout du point de vue de l'action du moral sur le physique, Paris, Masson, 1866
 * Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault, Ébauche de psychologie, 1873
 * Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault, Étude du zoomagnétisme, 1883
 * Hippolyte Bernheim, De la Suggestion dans l'État Hypnotique et dans l'État de Veille, Paris, Doin, 1884, (réed. L'Harmattan, 2004)
 * Jules Liégeois, « De la suggestion hypnotique dans ses rapports avec le droit civil et le droit criminel », Séances des travaux de l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques, 1884, p. 155
 * Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault, Confessions d'un médecin hypnotiseur, 1886
 * Hippolyte Bernheim, De la Suggestion et de son Application à la Thérapeutique, Paris, 1886 (réed. L'Harmattan, 2005)
 * Henri Beaunis, Le Somnambulisme provoqué. Études physiologiques et psychologiques, Paris, Baillière, 1886 (réed. L'Harmattan, 2007)
 * Jules Liégeois, La question des suggestions criminelles, ses origines, son état actuel, 1897
 * Jules Liégeois, La suggestion et le somnambulisme dans leurs rapports avec la jurisprudence et la médecine légale, 1899
 * Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault, Thérapeutique suggestive, 1891
 * Hippolyte Bernheim, Hypnotisme, suggestion, psychothérapie, 1891 (réed. Fayard, 1995)
 * Hippolyte Bernheim, Le docteur Liébeault et la doctrine de la suggestion, 1907

Contemporary studies

 * Clark Leonard Hull, Hypnosis and Suggestibility, New York, 1933
 * Theodore Barber, Hypnosis: A Scientific Approach, 1969
 * Léon Chertok, Résurgence de l'hypnose, 1984
 * Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen et Léon Chertok, Hypnose et psychanalyse, Dunod, 1987
 * Jacqueline Carroy, Hypnose, suggestion et psychologie. L'invention de sujet, Paris, PUF, 1991
 * Daniel Bougnoux (Dir.), La suggestion. Hynose, influence, transe, Les empêcheurs de penser en rond, 1991
 * François Roustang, Influence, Minuit, 1991
 * François Duyckaerts, Joseph Delbœuf philosophe et hypnotiseur, 1992
 * Bertrand Méheust, Somnambulisme et médiumnité, Les Empêcheurs de penser en rond, 1999
 * Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen, Folies à plusieurs. De l'hystérie à la dépression, 2002
 * Isabelle Stengers, L'hypnose entre magie et science, 2002
 * Alexandre Klein, "Et Nancy devint la capitale de l'hypnose".
 * Alexandre Klein,« Nouveau regard sur l'Ecole hypnologique de Nancy à partir d'archives inédites », Le Pays Lorrain, 2010/4, p. 337-348.
 * Alexandre Klein,« "Lire le corps pour percer l'âme" : outils et appareils à l'aube de la psychologie scientifique à Nancy », Guignard, L., Raggi, P., Thévenin, E., (dir.), 2011, Corps et machines à l'âge industriel, Rennes, PUR, p. 41-54.

title: Nancy School


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/International lenin school

International lenin school
Self promotion? Manik Raina 15:32, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've tagged it for speedy deletion. No context. It reads: "a school for teh(sic) cool" and has a broken link. --Scimitar 15:37, 11 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Kandukondain Kandukondain

Kandukondain Kandukondain (also released internationally under the translated title I Have Found It) is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language  romantic musical film directed and co-written by Rajiv Menon. Based on Jane Austen's 1811 novel Sense and Sensibility, it features an ensemble cast of Mammootty, Ajith Kumar, Tabu, Aishwarya Rai and Abbas. Veterans Manivannan, Srividya and Raghuvaran play supporting roles. The film's soundtrack was scored by A. R. Rahman and the cinematographer was Ravi K. Chandran.

After several delays, Kandukondain Kandukondain opened to Tamil Nadu audiences on 5 May 2000 and was commercially successful. The producers released subtitled versions worldwide. The film also won a National Film Award and two Filmfare Awards South, and was featured in international film festivals.

Plot
Indian Peace Keeping Force personnel Major Bala, while fighting in the jungles of war-torn Sri Lanka, loses his right leg in an explosion triggered by Tamil militants. Elsewhere, Manohar, a film director, is greeted at a filming location by his parents, who want him to marry Swetha, so that he will inherit her family's company. Sisters Sowmya and Meenakshi are part of a close-knit family living in a Chettiar mansion in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, with their mother Padma, maternal grandfather Chandrasekhar, servant Chinnatha and younger sister Kamala. Sowmya is a school principal while Meenakshi is passionate about classic Tamil poetry, music and dance. Sivagnanam, a friend of Bala, lives with his mother. His mother is having breathing issues, which is fixed as soon as he says the word marriage. After his mother wants to see a marriage, Sivagnanam shows two cats, Raj and Viji, getting married much to her dismay.

Bala, who now runs a floral business, has become a depressed and alcohol-dependent man since losing his leg but he quits drinking after an argument with Meenakshi, with whom he falls in love and supports her family when in need. At her behest, he stops drinking in exchange for her to learn music, which she does. Meenakshi, who, considers Bala as a friend, falls in love with Srikanth, a charming businessman who shares Meenakshi's interests. Manohar visits Meenakshi's house for a film shoot where Sowmya and Manohar fall in love with each other.

On his deathbed, Chandrasekhar tries to say something about his will but no one understands him. After his death, their lawyer breaks open the box and find he has bequeathed all of his property to his younger son Swaminathan, at the time when his elder daughter Padma had eloped and married without his knowledge, but was unable to change the will as he was paralysed and unable to speak a few years down the lane when his daughter assisted him. Vidya and Sowmya silently submit themselves to Swaminathan and his wife, Lalitha's demands, but Meenakshi is unable to accept the change in lifestyle. Sowmya and her family move to Chennai when they can no longer stand Lalitha's arrogant behaviour upon inheriting the mansion.

Upon arriving in Chennai, the family struggles and they work as cooks at a local restaurant. While eating a vazhaipoo vada (banana flower vada), Bala and Sivagnanam recognise its taste and immediately go to the kitchen. They are surprised to see such a rich family working tirelessly in the restaurant. After attending several interviews, Sowmya gets a job as a telephone operator at a software company. She is later promoted to a junior programmer due to her qualifications while Meenakshi becomes a playback singer with Bala's help, but keeps searching for Srikanth whom she has lost contact with. After Sowmya's promotion she gets a home loan approved and they are able to buy their own apartment. Meanwhile, Lalitha is sad after Swaminathan dies of electrocution and offers the Chettinad house to Sowmya and her family, who refuse her offer to take the house back.

In the meanwhile, Srikanth's finance company goes bankrupt and he has to pay back his investors. A minister offers to bail out Srikanth and his company if Srikanth marries his daughter. Srikanth agrees but Meenakshi is shocked and overwhelmed at his hypocrisy. She meets Srikanth and his future wife at the time of her first recording and after recording her first song, Meenakshi falls into an open manhole and is rescued by Bala. Realising Bala's love for her, Meenakshi falls in love with him.

Manohar's first film project is in disarray and he is thrown out. While talking to Sowmya's family, he says the name chosen as the film's title was bad omen and attributed the failure to its bad luck. Sowmya who chose the name of the film translates it her being bad luck to him. For his next project, he plans to make an action film with Nandhini Varma, a well-known Telugu film actor, as the heroine. Nandhini is attracted to Manohar; rumours of an affair between them spread and his lack of attention to Sowmya hurts her deeply. Bala introduces Meenakshi to Vinod, an army officer, as he does not want Meenakshi to dedicate her life to caring for him because of his disability. Meenakshi tells Vinod and his family that she is not interested in him and declares her love to Bala. Manohar's film is a commercial success but when he visits Sowmya's house in Chennai, he finds she is moving to California for her company's project. Manohar and Sowmya tearfully argue and he tries to persuade Sowmya to marry him, and she accepts his proposal. The film ends with Manohar marrying Sowmya and Bala marrying Meenakshi.

Cast
As per the opening and closing credits:

Development
After the success of his directorial debut Minsara Kanavu (1997), Rajiv Menon was signed by producer Kalaipuli S. Thanu to direct a film in the final quarter of 1998. In November 1998, Menon announced he had begun pre-production work on a project titled Theekkul Viralai Vaithal, a title taken from a line by Subramania Bharati. The initial idea of the film came from a conversation between Menon and director Mani Ratnam about the contrast between Menon's life and that of his brother. While Menon entered the film industry, his brother focused on an academic career and later became an officer in the Indian Railway Accounts Service. Ratnam later suggested Menon should make a film on the subject.

Menon wrote a screenplay based on the Jane Austen novel Sense and Sensibility and the project was renamed Kandukondain Kandukondain. The title was inspired by the phrase "kanden kanden Seethaiyai kanden" from Kambar's epic Kamba Ramayanam. Menon said the film's story of two sisters was reminiscent of those of him and his brother during difficult parts of their lives. The film was initially launched as a multilingual project in 4 languages (Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi), though it was only released in Tamil with a subsequent Telugu-dubbed version titled Priyuraalu Pilichindi. Menon first wrote the story in English then dictated the dialogue in Malayalam; this was then translated into Tamil by Sujatha.

In November 1999, when most of the production was complete, Menon—whose previous film performed poorly in rural areas—wanted to show a rough copy of Kandukondain Kandukondain to a village audience to ensure they could relate to the subject. After showing parts of the film to audiences in Udumalpettai and Pollachi, the team later held a group discussion before thanking the volunteers with gifts while receiving positive feedback.

Casting
Tabu was the first actor to be cast in the film; she was cast in the role of the elder sister Sowmya and Revathi was signed to dub for her character. The casting of the younger sister Meenakshi took longer to finalise; initially the team approached Meena for the role, but she declined due to other commitments. Next, Menon approached Manju Warrier, who liked the script but was hesitant to commit to appear in the film due to her impending wedding with Dileep. He next discussed the role with Soundarya, whose team wanted to read the script before committing to the project. However, Soundarya's brother was not interested in letting her play a second heroine. Because Menon was still finalising the climax, he opted to explore other options and Kausalya was briefly considered. Aishwarya Rai was then signed onto the project, making her third appearance in Tamil films after roles in Mani Ratnam's Iruvar (1997) and Shankar's Jeans (1998). Despite being replete with Hindi film offers, Rai said she was a large fan of Menon's work and could strongly identify with the character, and accepted the offer. Menon and writer Sujatha presented two points of view in the female leads; while Sowmya accepts her destiny, Meenakshi wants to make her own life choices. While finalising the character arc of Sowmya, Menon drew inspiration from a person with whom he was familiar.

Initially Menon cast Prabhu Deva, the lead actor of his previous film, in a leading role. Deva had played a key role in introducing Menon to producer Thanu but soon left the project. For the role of a former army general, Menon attempted to cast Parthiban but the actor's difficult relationship with Thanu meant they could not collaborate. Arjun Sarja was also approached but he was working in a different film genre during the period. Eventually, Menon cast Mammootty in the role. Abbas was cast in a role of a young businessman while Vikram dubbed for his character.

Menon approached Prashanth to appear in the film in place of Prabhu Deva, but the actor demanded to be paired opposite Rai rather than Tabu. Menon did not want to switch the female lead actors and decided not to cast Prashanth. In January 1999, Menon met and narrated the script of Kandukondain Kandukondain to Ajith Kumar, who had been recovering from back surgery; Kumar agreed to portray the struggling film director character. While writing the character, Menon was inspired by his experiences as a junior technician looking to make a breakthrough in the film industry. Between signing for Kandukondain Kandukondain and its release in May 2000, Ajith Kumar had significantly expanded his box-office appeal through the commercial success of his other films.

Srividya was signed to play the mother of Tabu and Rai while Shamili played their sister. Nizhalgal Ravi and debutant Anita Ratnam were also cast in the film with Malayalam actor Unnikrishnan Namboothiri making his debut as the bedridden grandfather. Prominent actors Raghuvaran and Manivannan were selected for supporting roles in the film while Hindi actors Dino Morea and Pooja Batra appeared in small character roles, with Batra playing an actor. Cameraman Arvind Krishna appeared in a small role as Ajith Kumar's friend.

Rajiv Menon and Dhanu retained several of the technical team from his previous venture, adding Sujatha as a writer. Menon said he often thought of dialogue in Malayalam—his native language—before telling writer Sujatha to translate it into Tamil. A cinematographer himself, Menon chose to avoid that task in the project and appointed Ravi K. Chandran as the cinematographer. According to Menon, directing and filming at the same time was "strenuous", though he said he photographed almost 30% of Kandukondain Kandukondain because Chandran was briefly unavailable. The film's music was composed by A. R. Rahman while lyrics were written by Vairamuthu; the pair argued during the production. Suresh Urs edited the film while Vikram Dharma directed stunts, Nagu directed arts and Rekha Prakash, Brindha and Raju Sundaram choreographed the songs. Costumes were designed by Nalini Sriram.

Filming

Scenes with Mammootty's soldier character were filmed in Munnar from February to April 1999, just before the outbreak of the Kargil War. The team were able to borrow a former military helicopter for the sequences. A large portion of the film's first half was filmed in the Kanadugathan area of Karaikudi. The team persuaded industrialist M. A. M. Ramaswamy to lend them his palatial Chettiar mansion for filming; they secured permission to use the property because the producer Thanu was an acquaintance of Ramaswamy. Menon submitted a one-page synopsis of the film to Ramaswamy, who gave his permission under the condition that a death scene was filmed elsewhere. Menon hired the Rao Bahadur house for the extra scenes. According to Menon, during filming in the Chettiar mansion, the unit bonded with Rai and Tabu, becoming good friends; Ajith Kumar learnt from Mammootty and the whole unit ate dinner together. Most of the project's first half was filmed within a week.

In May 1999, the crew along with Rai and Abbas went to Scotland to film the title song in Dornie with the castle of Eilean Donan as a backdrop. Menon used the location to show Rai's character Meenakshi is living in a fantasy world so he filmed the song with a blue and green theme. In comparison, the team wanted to contrast the colours for Tabu's song by using red and brown as the main colours. The production team subsequently planned a four-day trip to Egypt to film the song "Enna Solla Pogirai" with the Giza pyramids as a backdrop; however, the trip turned into a week-long schedule. The first part of the song was shot in Karaikudi with a train in the background. Rajiv Menon and actors Ajith Kumar, Tabu, Raju Sundaram and Ravi K. Chandran travelled daily for three hours from Cairo to film in the heat; one filming day was cancelled after Tabu fainted. Professional Kathakali artists were used for the song "Konjum Mainakale", and the video for "Yengay Yenedhu Kavidhai" was filmed against the backdrop of Chennai's monsoonal rains. Meanwhile, the song "Kannamoochi Yenada" was filmed with the leading cast at Kushaldas Gardens in Chennai. Some scenes featuring Rai were filmed at Menon's flat in Chennai.

Kandukondain Kandukondain was delayed for six months due to the success of Rai's  films Taal and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, which prompted the revival of other projects she had signed up to in that period. Menon's insistence composer A. R. Rahman reworked some of the music to provide a better fusion of classical and contemporary music also delayed progress. Filming ended six months behind the schedule devised by Menon but according to him, everything happened as planned.

Soundtrack
The songs in Kandukondain Kandukondain were composed by A. R. Rahman and the rights to the soundtrack album were bought by Saregama for a then-record sum of ₹2.2 crore. The soundtrack includes eight songs, one of which is based on a poem written by Subramania Bharati. The audio launch was held at Devi Theatre on 15 March 2000.

"Kannamoochi" is set in the Carnatic raga Nattakurinji. Rajiv Menon, who is a fan of this raga, presented Rahman with the song "Kavalaiyai Theerpathu Naattiya Kalaiye" from Sivakavi (1943) and asked him to compose at least one piece based on the raga. "Kandukondain Kandukondain" is set to the Nalinakanthi raga, "Smayiyai" is based on jazz music, and "Enna Solla Pogirai" is a folksy and romantic song, set to the raga Misra Kirvani. Menon personally asked Shankar Mahadevan to sing the song "Enna Solla Pogirai". Venky of Chennai Online felt the album "is not in the class of `Minsara Kanavu'" calling "Kannamoochi" as the best song of the album and praised other songs but felt "'Konjum Mainakale' by Sadhana Sargam simply doesn't work because the singer seems completely out of sync with the music and her North Indian accent doesn't gel with the song".

Release and reception
A function was held to mark the release of the soundtrack to Kandukondain Kandukondain with Kamal Haasan in attendance. The film was initially scheduled for release in the 1999 Diwali season but delays led to the producers announcing it would be released on 1 January 2000, becoming the first film of the new millennium. Further delays due to the success of other films, including Padayappa and Vaalee ensured the film missed that date. The release of Mani Ratnam's Alaipayuthey led to the further postponement of the release of Kandukondain Kandukondain to May 2000.

Kandukondain Kandukondain opened to positive reviews from film critics. The Indian Express stated; "A progressive film encouraging female independence, yet staying a warm family tale in essence, Kandukondain Kandukondain is the kind of film every intelligent movie-goer ought not to miss. Almost every supporting character pitches in an impressive performance, thus making Kandukondain Kandukondain a wonderful watch". In the review for Rediff.com, Shobha Warrier stated although the film has "too many songs, too little emotion", it has "a powerful story with intense and well-developed characters. One of the most poignant scenes in the film is Mammootty's outburst against the system, which forgets war heroes who lay down their lives for a cause." Tamil Star wrote, "Rajiv Menon, who has ideas and vision, has put his heart and soul into this film with broad family appeal and fine performances from the impressive star cast". Krishna Chidambaram of Kalki praised Rajiv Menon for crafting realistic scenes in an poetic manner and also called his strength of making people believe the thought process of characters and also added Ajith, Aishwarya Rai, Tabu, Abbas, A. R. Raghuman and Sujatha have given their contribution without any slip. S. Theodore Bhaskaran of The Hindu wrote "Menon's film works well because it tells a touching tale in an inventive manner and in the process, makes certain important social comments, through well-crafted cinema". The film was a commercial success and completed 150 days at the box office in Tamil Nadu. It was also successful in Kerala. It was initially unsuccessful in Kerala because Mammootty was not promoted as one of the lead artists. Menon chose to take the film to North Indian audiences but avoided dubbing it to avoid its script being lost in translation, and submitted a final version with English subtitles.

The film was later released by Shyam Shroff of Shringar Films in a limited number cinemas in Mumbai and New Delhi, earning positive reviews from critics and performing well at the box office. Shroff said, "although the film didn't make pots of money ... it created tremendous brand equity". Shobhaa De said the film's "word of mouth was spectacular" and the "reports were consistently good". Outlook gave the film a favourable review and wrote, "This winner of a new-age entertainer is actually a tribute to the 'complete'-ness of the ancient Indian film structure."

Kandukondain Kandukondain was showcased at the Regus London Film Festival in November 2000 and critics from the UK newspaper The Guardian rated it as one of the top-12 films of the event's 270. Critic Peter Bradshaw said it "is an entertaining reinvention of the novel" and that "the richly complicated plot allows it to be exuberantly transposed to modern-day India", ranking it alongside Ang Lee's Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and Cameron Crowe's Almost Famous. Menon continued to show the film across the world, including having screenings at the Washington Film Festival in April 2001, Locarno Film Festival in August 2002 and the Tiburon International Film Festival in March 2004. US-based Kino Films bought the home video rights to the film.

Accolades

 * 2001 National Film Awards
 * Won — National Award for Male Playback Singer – Shankar Mahadevan for "Enna Solla Pogirai"
 * 2001 Filmfare Awards South
 * Won — Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film — Kandukondain Kandukondain – Kalaipuli S. Thanu
 * Won — Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Director — Rajiv Menon

Legacy
The script of Kandukondain Kandukondain was translated into English and published as a book by Westland Publishers in October 2000. Sanjay Leela Bhansali discussed the possibility of making a Hindi version of the film with Menon. Irrfan Khan held discussions to reprise the role of Major Bala. The project did not go ahead.

Kandukondain Kandukondain became an important film in the careers of Kumar and Rai, showcasing both actors' versatility and ensured their successful careers in cinema. In an interview, Ajith Kumar stated how he understood his true self after acting in the film. The film's songs inspired several film titles: Enge Enadhu Kavithai (2002), Kannamoochi Yenada (2007), Konjum Mainakkale (2012) and Enna Solla Pogirai (2022). The character Anjali in the Telugu film Chi La Sow (2018) was inspired by Tabu's character in Kandukondain Kandukondain.

title: Kandukondain Kandukondain


text:
Nature Anthem

"Nature Anthem" is a song by American indie rock band Grandaddy, released as a single in 2004 in conjunction with the album Below the Radio.

Music video
Its music video features people out in nature dressed up in animal costumes.

Legacy
The title song was played in a Honda Civic Hybrid television commercial in 2005, and Coca-Cola's summer advertising campaign in 2006.

title: Nature Anthem


text:
The System of the World

The System of the World can refer to several things:
 * The System of the World (novel), a 2005 book by Neal Stephenson
 * The third book of Isaac Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
 * Newton's preliminary work of 1685, printed in English and in Latin (1728) under the titles Treatise of the System of the World and De mundi Systemate

title: The System of the World


text:
PC Answers

PC Answers was a computer magazine published in the United Kingdom by Future plc.

It was notable for its focus on the technical side of computing. It ran several series of articles on overclocking, a "Danger! Don't Try This At Home!" section which reviewed hardware projects such as the Stone Soupercomputer and Tomohiro Kawada's dual Celeron PC. Its "Extreme Customisation" series reviewed alternate shells for Microsoft Windows such as Litestep and desktop enhancements such as Stardock's WindowBlinds.

PC Answers was reported to cease publication in September 2010. The title's last issue appeared in October 2010.

title: PC Answers