text:
Talk:Eleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland

Untitled
I believe she was not universally always known as Lady, and I believe she is recognizable without it. Therefore "Lady" shuld not be included in the article title (as the requirement for such inclusion is: person if universally recognised with it and their name is unrecognisable without it). It seems to me that recently, there has been sort of campaign by some users to put titulary into headings, without any solid support from naming conventions, and this here apparently is a part of such campaign. 217.140.193.123 02:52, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Prospect of Succeeding
May I just point out a small error in this article? Eleanor Brandon Clifford was herself a legal heir to Henry VIII for only a very brief few months of her life. The Third Act for the Succession cited in this article, if read carefully, dealt only with the children of Henry VIII. No heirs or heiresses beyond the "issue of his body" were mentioned. Thus Eleanor Brandon Clifford is not named in the Third Act for the Succession. However, Henry VIII's will of December 1546 did finally name her as an heir after his own children, their children, future male children of Frances Brandon Grey, then Frances herself, and then Frances' daughters. Eleanor died in late September 1547. Thus she was a legal heir to Henry VIII for only ten brief months. But between March 1544 (the passage of the Act) and late December 1546, she was legally excluded from the succession. I will leave it to one of the Wiki editors to amend the text of the article accordingly. PhD Historian (talk) 22:29, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Portrait of Eleanor
I noticed that the National Portrait Gallery in London online has a sketch of the portrait that people have labeled as Lady Margaret Clifford on here. If that portrait is Lady Margaret, daughter of Lady Eleanor -- she would not use the full Brandon arms on the right side of the coat of arms painted. The arms depicted are solely that of Henry Clifford's ancestry and that of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Here is the link to the NPG page which identifies the portrait/sketch as Lady Eleanor, not her daughter Margaret. Men and women are always entitled to display the arms of their paternal line but are not usually entitled to display by way of quartering the arms of families from whom there is descent only through a female line (for example, the arms of a mother or grandmother or great-grandmother). -- National Portrait Gallery -- Lady Meg (talk) 09:20, 27 November 2011 (UTC)


text:
Mount Olive, North Carolina

Mount Olive is a town in Duplin and Wayne counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The population was 4,589 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Goldsboro, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town is home to the Mt. Olive Pickle Company and the University of Mount Olive.

History
The Mount Olive High School (Former), Mount Olive Historic District, Perry-Cherry House, Southerland-Burnette House, former United States Post Office, and Vernon are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Wilmington & Raleigh Railroad (which was renamed the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad in 1855) completed in 1840 ran through Mt. Olive on land sold to the railroad by Adam Winn Sr., a prominent free black landowner.

Geography
Mount Olive is located in southern Wayne County with a small portion of the town extending south into Duplin County.

U.S. Route 117, a four-lane highway, runs along the western edge of Mount Olive, leading north 14 mi to Goldsboro and south 15 mi to Warsaw. North Carolina Highway 55, which crosses US 117 at the northern end of town, leads east 31 mi to Kinston and west 17 mi to Newton Grove.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Mount Olive has a total area of 6.9 sqkm, all land.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 4,198 people, 1,803 households, and 985 families residing in the town.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,567 people, 1,770 households, and 1,125 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,819.3 PD/sqmi. There were 2,012 housing units at an average density of 801.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 82.98% White, 12.30% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 1.34% from other races, and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.17% of the population.

There were 1,770 households, out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were married couples living together, 22.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 14.0% from 18 to 24, 22.8% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 77.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $23,984, and the median income for a family was $31,176. Males had a median income of $26,814 versus $19,224 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,184. About 16.4% of families and 22.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.6% of those under age 18 and 21.6% of those age 65 or over.

Haitian immigration wave
Between 2010 and 2012, as many as 3,000 Haitians have settled in and around Mount Olive. The newcomers' lure: the Butterball turkey processing plant and a handful of other meat producers within commuting distance of Mount Olive.

Jim Johnson, a professor at the Kenan-Flagler Business School at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, said the new wave of Haitians in Eastern North Carolina is the classic immigrant labor story. "The jobs at Butterball are what we can call 3D: dirty, difficult and dangerous," Johnson said. "Nobody wants to do them, and the immigrants fill the gap."

Pickles
The Mt. Olive Pickle Company, established in 1926, is located on the corner of Cucumber and Vine streets.

The North Carolina Pickle Festival is held the last full weekend of April each year. The annual celebration is put on by both the community of Mount Olive and the Mt. Olive Pickle Company.

On New Year's Eve, the Mt. Olive Pickle Company celebrates in unusual fashion by dropping a three-foot pickle down a flagpole into a pickle tank. However, instead of midnight local time, the drop takes place at 7 p.m. The event first took place on New Year's Eve 1999.

Area landscape
Mount Olive is part of the Atlantic coastal plain.

Education
Education in Mount Olive is administered by the Wayne County Public Schools system & Duplin County Schools located in the town include Carver Elementary School and Mount Olive Middle School. On the outskirts of town is Southern Wayne High School in Dudley and North Duplin Jr & Sr High School. Higher education is offered through Wayne Community College in Goldsboro and the private, liberal arts institution University of Mount Olive.

Passenger

 * Air: Mount Olive is served through Mount Olive Municipal Airport for corporate and general aviation aircraft and nearby Kinston Regional Jetport with service to Orlando, Florida. Raleigh-Durham International Airport is the closest major airport with service to more than 45 domestic and international destinations.
 * Interstate Highway: I-40 is the closest Interstate to Mount Olive, which is located 9 miles south near Faison.
 * Mount Olive is not served directly by passenger trains. The closest Amtrak station is located in Selma. CSX freight rail goes through Mount Olive.
 * Bus: The area is served by Greyhound with a location in nearby Goldsboro.

Roads

 * The main highways in Mount Olive are US 117 and NC 55.

Notable people

 * Morrie Aderholt, former MLB player
 * Leora Jones, former handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics, 1988 Summer Olympics, and 1992 Summer Olympics
 * Greg Warren, former NFL long snapper and 2x Super Bowl champion with the Pittsburgh Steelers

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mount Olive, North Carolina


text:
Kamino-shima

Kamijima (上島) is the double-mountained northern end of Tsushima Island, which lies in the Korea Strait between the East China Sea to the south and the Sea of Japan to the north, and Korea to the west and mainland Japan to the east. The famous naval Battle of Tsushima was fought east and northeast of Kamino-shima in the Tsushima Strait. The northwest tip of Kamino-shima lies about 50km from Busan, South Korea.

title: Kamino-shima


text:
Category talk:Fictional cyborgs

Jean-Luc Pircard vs Locutus
The character Jean-Luc Pircard is clearly not a cyborg. For accuracy, should be replaced with Locutus of Borg. (Even though they are directed to the same article.) Evmore 19 Jul 2005
 * Done. You can add categories to redirects if it is done on the same line as the redirect. -- nae'blis (talk) 19:38, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I added this category to the Locutus redirect. I cannot find the your edit, Nae'blis about it. Anyway, hopefully this will solve the issue forever. Jason Quinn (talk) 20:59, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I found your edit. It was on Locutus of Borg. Your addition had been removed by a person who didn't understand its motivations. I'm not sure which of the two pages is better to use as the "real" redirect. I suppose "Locutus" would be searched for more often even if "Locutus of Borg" is probably more correct. We can leave things as they are for now. Jason Quinn (talk) 21:03, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Fictional cyborgs


text: User talk:71.103.37.229

title: User talk:71.103.37.229


text:
Face Tomorrow

Face Tomorrow is a Dutch indie rock band. It was formed in 1997, and consists of lead singer Jelle Schrooten, guitarists Aart Steekelenburg and Marc Nolte, bass player Tijs Hop, and drummer Sjoerd van der Knoop. In 2010 Nolte left and was replaced by Ralf Mastwijk.

Face Tomorrow first released an EP called Live the Dream in 2001, but became one of the leading Dutch underground bands after the release of their first album For Who You Are in 2002. After the band released its second album The Closer You Get in 2004, Face Tomorrow toured all over Europe and the United States, playing festivals like Lowlands, Pukkelpop, Noorderslag, Bochum Total, Groezrock and Paaspop. In 2006 they made a cover album with songs of The Apers with bands like Peter Pan Speedrock, Travoltas, El Pino & the Volunteers etc. On this album Face Tomorrow made a cover of the song "You Can't Change The World".

In October 2008, the band's third full-length album In the Dark was released on Excelsior Recordings. The 13 songs, a.o. the singles 'Overpowered' (with a video clip made by director Peter Greenaway), 'Trial and Error' and 'Darkside' were recorded at the Mailmen studios at the beginning of 2008. Besides the a CD-version, a limited edition blue vinyl 2x12" version in a gatefold sleeve was released with artwork by Dutch artist/illustrator Mara Piccione.

After more than ten years of service guitar player Marc Nolte decided to leave the band in January 2010; he was replaced by Ralf Mastwijk, with whom the band wrote a new album during the first half of 2010. In the summer they recorded their fourth full-length album at the Split Second Sound studio in Amsterdam, produced and engineered by Jochem Jacobs. At the end of 2010 they signed with German Redfield Records for the release of their new, self-titled album, and on 25 February the new single "The Fix" was released with a music video produced and directed by former band member Marc Nolte and was followed by the release of their album on March 25, 2011, which they presented at a sold-out release party at Rotown in their home town Rotterdam on March 26. This time the artwork (and the band's new logo) has been designed by Dutch graphic designers Rob van den Nieuwenhuizen (of design studio DRAWSWORDS) and Barbara Hennequin.

Albums

 * For Who You Are (Reflections Records, 2002)
 * The Closer You Get (Reflections Records, 2004)
 * In the Dark (Excelsior Recordings, 2008)
 * Face Tomorrow (Redfield Records, 2011)

Singles
Lost in Montreal
 * Live The Dream (2001)
 * Worth the Wait (2002)
 * Sign Up (2004)
 * My World Within (2005)
 * Overpowered (2008)
 * Trial & Error (2009)
 * Darkside (2009)
 * The Fix (2011)
 * Move On (2012)

Miscellaneous

 * Do The Aper! (2006)
 * DVDs:
 * 03/02/05 (2005)
 * Vinyl:
 * The Split Seveninch (split 7-inch met Lewesit/2001)
 * For Who You Are (12-inch/2002)
 * Winterblossom (10-inch verzamelalbum/2003)
 * The Closer You Get (2x10"/2005)
 * In The Dark (2x12"/2008)
 * Face Tomorrow (12-inch+cd/2011)
 * Worth the Wait / My World Within (acoustic 7-inch/2012)
 * Demos
 * Ride Like a Girl (1998)

title: Face Tomorrow


text:
Talk:Clewer

To 83.216.x.x
Your "Cheers for correct grid ref" mollifies me so I am prepared to give you one - you obviously did not actually follow the map source link! Since you don't do Grid Refs, we will try it with road names. There are quite a lot of Clewers on my paper map: (Streetmap gives the best view on the above links.)
 * - Clewer Village - Clewer Park (road)
 * - Clewer St Andrew - White Lillies Island off Mill Lane and Clewer Court Road
 * - Clewer St Stephen - Stovell Road / Vansittart Road
 * - Clewer Within - Clewer Fields near Alma Road / Clarence Road
 * - Clewer New Town - Clewer Avenue and Bailey Close off Hatch Lane
 * - Clewer Green - St Andrew's Avenue
 * - Clewer Hill - Camm Avenue

So give me a clew - what grid ref should be used in the article? If none of the above, give me a street junction which you consider the centre of Clewer. -- RHaworth 02:54, 2005 July 19 (UTC)

To RHaworth
You're right, I don't/didn't do Grid Refs, but I'm learning now (thanks to you!)
 * is the appropriate Grid Ref and I've updated the article. For your help and patience, thank you.
 * My first reaction was 'that is too far north' but checking the old-maps map, that is spot on for Clewer Village. But note that these two old-maps links: and  both show "C L E W E R" in two styles of big letters nearly a mile further south. I think one will be a civil parish; the other is ? and I'm not sure which is which. Clearly Clewer was quite an important place name. -- RHaworth 16:30, 2005 July 19 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Clewer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160220103943/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ to https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/%23

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:16, 9 August 2017 (UTC)

The Swan
Text to add:                                  The Swan in Clewer, Windsor And includes an external link (for now) to:   https://theswanwindsor.co.uk/

Reason: The Swan is an 18th century coaching inn that serves the local community of Clewer, Windsor. It is the last remaining pub in the area and is actually owned by the local community (>200 investors). It is a core part of local life in the Clewer area. It is also unique that it is both a pub AND also hosts a sixth form school onsite. It is also home to the Windsor Cycle Hub, a charity aimed at encouraging cycling within Windsor and surrounding environs. Each year we support a local charity (voted by the local community), in 2021 it was The Windsor Homeless Project. The pub won a Great British Pub Award in 2020 and has been listed in CAMRA's Good Beer Guide for the last two years. A great accomplishment as we only got the keys in Feb, 2019. We would love the Wikipedia community to learn about us.

My relationship to The Swan: I am a volunteer and also one of the investors. I look after all the online communications free of charge (ie I receive NO salary or incentives whatsoever for doing this), this includes the website listed above. I am currently drafting up a wiki page for The Swan so that we can inform people of the overall history of The Swan and of our unique offering and situation and once published, will change to link to that. TBH this page is proving much harder than originally thought as much of the history was lost when the building lay derelict for three years before the community took over.

If you are interested: Please have a look at the website. It will show how we are renovating The Swan, the pub, the school, the community, et al. You could even subscribe to our weekly newsletter ;) I do hope you find your way to including this listing as The Swan is a key part of Clewer and in my view, a serious omission from the Clewer page.

Regards --Dunderheid62 (talk) 12:52, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clewer


text:
Franciszek Honiok

Franciszek Honiok (1896 –31 August 1939) was a Polish man who is famous for having been the first victim of World War II, on the evening of 31 August 1939.

He was one of several victims of the Gleiwitz incident, a multi-part false flag operation contrived by German Schutzstaffel (SS) Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler and his deputy, Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, as a pretext for carrying out German Führer Adolf Hitler's plan to invade Poland.

Background
A self-described Silesian (German: Oberschlesier, Silesian: Ślōnzŏk), Franciszek Honiok was a 43-year-old unmarried Catholic farmer and agricultural equipment salesman. Born in 1896 in Upper Silesia (a border region spanning present-day Poland and the Czech Republic), he had fought on the Polish side during the 1921 Silesian Uprisings that followed World War I. After a brief spell living in Poland, he returned to Germany in 1925, where he was forced to fight deportation back to Poland—a case he successfully pursued all the way to the League of Nations in Geneva. Though his firebrand days may have been over by 1939, Honiok was still well known in his home village of Hohenlieben (modern-day Łubie), about 10 mi north of Gleiwitz (modern‐day Gliwice) and at the time a part of Germany, as a staunch advocate of the Polish cause.

Arrest
Honiok was arrested by the SS in the village of Pohlom on 30 August 1939, having been selected as a person who could provide "proof" of Polish aggression against Germany. He appears to have been selected because of his reputation as a Polish nationalist, which derived from his involvement in a number of local revolts against German rule in Silesia. According to his surviving family in Poland, Honiok identified strongly with Silesia and Poland. Following his arrest, he underwent a brief incarceration at the police barracks in Beuthen.

Heydrich connection
Much of what is known about Operation Himmler and the Gleiwitz incident comes from the testimony of Alfred Naujocks, the SS-Sturmbannfuhrer (Major) who was in charge of organizing the incident for Heydrich, during the 1945 Nuremberg trials. Naujocks testified that during a meeting in Berlin, Heydrich instructed him that a body, dressed in a Polish military uniform, was to be left on the steps of the Gleiwitz radio station in order to insinuate a Polish connection. The top-secret operation was given a codeword, Großmutter gestorben ("Grandmother died"), to be used by Heydrich to indicate to Naujocks via telephone that the operation was to commence.

Death
Honiok was injected with drugs to sedate him before the raid. He was then dragged semi-unconscious into the radio station, where he was shot in the head during the evening of 31 August. Naujocks added that Honiok had been referred to as a piece of Konserve, or "canned meat", which could be prepared in advance and used to suggest Polish involvement in the attack.

Germany invaded Poland the next morning, on 1 September 1939, which proved the proximate cause and the opening action of World War II. Honiok's murder by the SS is therefore sometimes credited as the first official casualty of the war. The location of Honiok's body is unknown, and no memorial exists in his memory.

title: Franciszek Honiok


text:
Noonday

Noonday may refer to:

Places

 * Noonday, Georgia
 * Noonday Creek, Georgia
 * Noonday, Texas

People

 * Noahquageshik, a 19th Century Native American leader often referred to as Chief Noonday

Media

 * Noonday (novel), by Pat Barker, published in 2015
 * Noonday Paperbacks, a former imprint of Farrar, Straus and Giroux
 * Noonday, a magazine in book form, three annual issues published, 1958-1960, edited by Cecil Hemley, and in its latter two issues, also by Dwight W. Webb. Published many notable writers, including the first English translation of The Last Summer by Boris Pasternak in the first issue.

title: Noonday


text:
Dieppe maps

The Dieppe maps are a series of world maps and atlases produced in Dieppe, France, in the 1540s, 1550s, and 1560s. They are large hand-produced works, commissioned for wealthy and royal patrons, including Kings Henry II of France and Henry VIII of England. The Dieppe school of cartographers included Pierre Desceliers, Jean Rotz, Guillaume Le Testu, Guillaume Brouscon and Nicolas Desliens.

Existing Dieppe maps

The Dieppe Maps known to have existed into modern times include the following Sarah Toulouse has published a more detailed and comprehensive list of 37 charts and atlases made between 1542 and 1635 and belonging to the Dieppe or Norman school of marine cartography.
 * Jean Mallard, Map of the World c.1540, British Library, London
 * Jean Rotz, Boke of Idrography, 1542. British Library, London
 * Guillaume Brouscon, world chart, 1543, Huntington Library, Los Angeles, California
 * Pierre Desceliers, "Royal" world chart, 1546. John Rylands Library, University of Manchester
 * Anonymous, "Harleian" or "Dauphin" world chart. c1547. British Library, London
 * Anonymous, made for Nicholas Vallard, portolan atlas, c. 1547. Huntington Library, Los Angeles, California
 * Pierre Desceliers, world chart, 1550. British Library, London
 * Pierre Desceliers, world chart, 1553. Vienna (Destroyed)
 * Guillaume Le Testu, Cosmographie Universelle, 1555. Bibliothèque du Service historique de l'Armée de Terre, Paris
 * the manuscript 'Livre de la Marine' of the so-called Pilote Pasterot, an atlas preserved in the British Library (Egerton MS 1513).
 * Anonymous, portolan atlas – attributed to Pierre Desceliers, world chart. c1555. Morgan Library, New York City
 * Guillaume Le Testu, world chart, 1566. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris
 * Nicolas Desliens, world chart, c. 1541-1561. Saxon State Library, Dresden
 * Nicolas Desliens, world chart, 1566.
 * Nicolas Desliens, world chart, 1567. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.
 * Attributed to Nicholas Desliens, world chart, c. 1568. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.
 * Jean Cossin, Carte cosmographique ou Universelle description du monde, 1570. Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris
 * Jacques de Vaulx (Jacques de Vau de Claye), Les premieres Oeuvres de Jacques de Vaulx, Le Havre, 1584, f.26v, La Figure de l'autre moitie du globe terrestre avant le Pole antarticqe, Bibliothèque nationale de France.

The Dieppe School of mapmaking
Because many of the inscriptions on the Dieppe maps are written in French, Portuguese or Gallicised Portuguese, it has often been assumed that the Dieppe school of mapmakers were working from Portuguese sources that no longer exist. It has been assumed that Portuguese cartographers were bribed for information of the latest discoveries, despite the official Portuguese ‘Politica de sigilo’ (‘policy of silence’). The Cantino map of 1502 (not a Dieppe school map) shows evidence of second-hand Portuguese sources, and this has been taken by some as supporting evidence for this assumption.

Common features of most of the Dieppe world maps (see Vallard 1547, Desceliers 1550) are the compass roses and navigational rhumb lines, suggestive of a sea-chart. However, the maps are best understood as works of art, clearly intended to be spread out on a table, and containing information on the latest discoveries, side by side with mythological references and illustrations. For example, the Desceliers 1550 map carries descriptions of early French attempts to colonise Canada, the conquests of Peru by the Spanish and the Portuguese sea-trade among the Spice Islands. On the same map can be found descriptions of legendary Cathay, king Prester John in Ethiopia, and the race of Amazons in Russia. Other Dieppe maps also carry fictitious features such as the Marco Polo inspired Zanzibar/Îles des Geanz. (see Vallard 1547, Rotz 1542 and Dauphin c. 1536–42). As with other maps made before the 17th century, the Dieppe maps show no knowledge of longitude. While latitude could be marked in degrees as observed by astrolabe or quadrant, easting could only be given in distance. Mercator's projection first appeared in 1568–9, a development too late to influence the Dieppe cartographers.

Most of the Dieppe maps depict a large land mass entitled Jave la Grande or terre de lucac (Locach) between what is now Indonesia and Antarctica. In the English-speaking world particularly, academic and popular interest in the Dieppe maps over the last 150 years has focused largely on this feature of the maps. This is because Jave la Grande is thought by some writers to provide clues of a possible Portuguese exploration of Australia's coasts in the 1520s. However, the most recent academic writings on the Dieppe maps by Carile (1997), Brunelle (2007) and King (2009) have suggested that the maps need to be considered in their entirety, and consideration needs to be given to what they reveal about various influences on the mapmakers, as well as French aspirations.

This group of writers argue that the maps are not necessarily literal records of voyages of exploration. On the 1543 world chart of Guillaume Brouscon this feature, the northern part of  TERRE OSTRALE  (Terra Australis), is called terre de lucac (Locach); on this chart, la Jave grande  refers to Java, and Jave refers to an island to its east (Bali, Lombok or Sumbawa). Similarly, on the 1570 Carte cosmographique ou Universelle description du monde of Jean Cossin, an originator of the sinusoidal projection, this feature is called Terre de lucac, as it is also by Jacques de Vaulx on his chart. On the so-called Pasterot atlas (British Library MS Egerton 1513) it is called IOCAT, another form of Locach.

It is noteworthy that the Unfortunate Isles (Islas Infortunadas) discovered during Magellan's voyage across the Pacific in 1522 appear on the Dieppe maps, renamed with a corrupted version of his name as ysles de magna and ye de saill or some slight variation thereof, and displaced to the vicinity of Jave la Grande / Lucach.

Gayle K. Brunelle's work

Professor Gayle K. Brunelle of California State University has argued that, although the Dieppe school of cartographers was active for only a generation – from about 1535 to 1562 – the cartographers associated with it were acting as propagandists for French geographic knowledge and territorial claims in the New World. The decades when the Dieppe school was flourishing were also the decades in which French trade with the New World was at its 16th-century height, in terms of the North Atlantic fish trade, the still fledgling fur trade, and, most important for the cartographers, the rivalry with the Portuguese for control of the coasts of Brazil and the supplies of lucrative Brazilwood. Brunelle states that the Dieppe cartographers accessed cartographic skills and geographic knowledge from Portuguese mariners, pilots, and geographers working in France, at the same time as they were producing maps meant to emphasize French dominion over the New World, both in Newfoundland and in Brazil, that the Portuguese also claimed. Portuguese-style maps, in particular, became the basis for the work of other cartographers produced for courts throughout Europe, so much so that at times Italian, French, German, or Flemish map makers did not even bother to translate the Portuguese inscriptions they had 'borrowed' from Portuguese maps. Brunelle noted that, in design and decorative style the Dieppe school maps represented a blending of the latest geographical and nautical knowledge circulating in Europe (and the portolan style of depicting coastlines), with older conceptualizations of world geography deriving from Ptolemy and mediaeval cartographers and explorers such as Marco Polo. Renaissance mapmakers such as those based in Dieppe relied heavily on each other's work, as well as on maps from previous generations, and thus their maps represented a mixture of old and new data and even differing conceptualizations of space, often coexisting uneasily in the same map.

Other writers
The Dieppe maps all depict the hypothetical southern continent, Terra Australis, incorporating a huge promontory extending northward called "Jave la Grande". According to the French geographer Numa Broc, Terra Australis found its most inspired illustrator in the pilot-cartographer of Le Havre, Guillaume Le Testu. Le Testu's Cosmographie Universelle, the sumptuous atlas he presented in 1556 to Gaspard II de Coligny, Grand Admiral of France, constituted a veritable encyclopaedia of the geographic and ethnographic knowledge of the time. French historian Frank Lestringant has said: "The nautical fiction of Le Testu fulfilled the conditions of a technical instrumentality, while giving to King Henry II and his minister, Admiral Coligny, the… anticipatory image of an empire that awaited to be brought into being". In the Cosmographie twelve vividly coloured charts are devoted to a survey of the fictitious continent Terra Australis. In these charts, Le Testu drew the outlines of an enormous Austral continent which covered the southern part of the globe and filled a considerable part of the Indian Ocean. This imaginary land derived from the Antichthone of the Greeks and had already been reactivated, notably by the mathematician and cosmographer Oronce Fine (1531) and by Le Testu's predecessors of the Dieppe school. According to the Portuguese historian Paolo Carile, the attitude of Le Testu reveals a cultural conflict between the old cosmographic beliefs and the demands of an empirical concept of geographical and ethnographical knowledge, influenced by the rigour of his Calvinist faith. Carile notes that while on the iconographic side Le Testu depicts an Austral Continent with strangely tropical conditions incorporating beasts drawn from fantasy and old legends, on the other side he nullifies these leaps of imagination by his admission that the land shown as part of the Terra Australis was still unknown and what was marked out on his map was based solely on imagination and surmise.

Cosmography of Oronce Fine and Johannes Schoener
The cartographers of the Dieppe school incorporated into their world maps the cosmographic concepts of Oronce Fine, the first Professor of Mathematics at the Collège Royal in Paris (now the Collège de France). His 1531 world map was published in 1532 in the Novus Orbis Regionum ac Insularum. Fine's cosmography was derived from that of the German mathematician, Johannes Schöner. In his study of Schöner's globes, Franz von Wieser, found that the derivation of Fine's mappemonde from them was "unverkennbar" ("unmistakeable"). Lucien Gallois noted in 1890, as Franz von Wieser had done before him, the undeniable "ressemblance parfaite" ("perfect resemblance") between Fine's 1531 mappemonde and Schöner's 1533 globe. Schöner's globe of 1523 also closely resembled Fine's mappemonde, proving that Schöner's cosmographic concepts pre-dated those of Finé. Albert Anthiaume wrote in 1911: Whence had the Norman cartographers drawn the idea of this continent [la Terre Australe]? From the bicordiform mappemonde of Oronce Finé (1531), which he in turn had borrowed, according to Gallois, from Schoener....Most of the Norman cartographers, and particularly Le Testu, knew the works of Oronce Finé. One place name in particular on the Dieppe maps, the baie bresille on northwest coast the 1542 Rotz map's Lande of Java, which appears as Baye bresille on the Harleian, Baye bresill on the Desceliers and Baie Braecillie on Le Testu's Grande Jave of 1556, illustrates the reliance of their makers on the Schöner/Finé cosmography. Armand Rainaud noted in 1893 that this appellation, "without doubt comes from the globes of Schoener and the maps of Oronce Fine". On Finé's 1531 mappemonde, BRASIELIE REGIO is shown as part of the Terra Australis lying to the east of Africa and to the south of Java, just where Schöner located BRASIELIE REGIO on his 1523 globe, and where the Dieppe maps locate their Baye Bresille.

Another indication of this reliance is given by the placement of CATIGARA (Kattigara) on the western coast of South America on the mid-1540s Harleian mappemonde and on Le Testu's 1556 map of western South America: the same location it occupied on Fine's 1531 mappemonde and on Schöner's 1523 and 1533 globes. Kattigara or Cattigara was understood by the 2nd-century Alexandrian geographer Ptolemy to be a port and emporium on the eastern side of the Sinus Magnus ("Great Gulf"), the actual Gulf of Thailand. The 1507 Waldseemüller map shows Catigara in this location. Following the 1519–1521 circumnavigation of the world by the expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan and completed after his death in the Philippines by Sebastian de Juan Sebastián Elcano, Schöner identified the Pacific Ocean with Ptolemy's Sinus Magnus, which he labelled on his 1523 globe,  SINUS MAGNUS EOV [um] MARE DE SUR  (the Great Gulf, Eastern Sea, South Sea"). The eastern side of the Sinus Magnus, which Schöner took to be the peninsula of India Superior (Indochina) where Cattigara was located, was therefore identified by him with South America, which on his 1533 globe bears the inscription, America, Indiae superioris et Asiae continentis pars ("America, a part of India Superior and of the Asian continent"). Cattigara was accordingly located on Schöner's 1523 and 1533 globes on the western coast of South America. CATIGARA occupied the same location on Fine's mappemonde, as it also did on the Dieppe school maps, the mid-1540s Harleian mappemonde and Le Testu's 1556 map of western South America.

La Popelinière and French colonial expansion
The extent of French knowledge concerning Terra Australis in the mid-16th century is indicated by Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière, who in 1582 published Les Trois Mondes, a work setting out the history of the discovery of the globe. In Les Trois Mondes, La Popelinière pursued a geopolitical design by using cosmographic conjectures which were at the time quite credible, to theorize a colonial expansion by France into the Austral territories. His country, eliminated from colonial competition in the New World after a series of checks at the hands of the Portuguese and Spanish, could only thenceforward orient her expansion toward this "third world". He declared: "to the ambition of the French is promised the Terre Australe, a territory which could not but be filled with all kinds of goods and things of excellence". Taking up an earlier proposal by André d'Albaigne and inspired by Le Testu's description of Terra Australis, La Popelinière described in eloquent terms this unknown "third world" which would complete the Old World and the New World. He wrote; "it is a land extending towards the South, or Midi, to thirty degrees from the Equator, of much greater extent than the whole of America, only discovered by Magellan when he passed through the strait that is the passage between the Austral land and the southern quarter of America to go to the Moluccas... We know nothing of so fine, so great a country, which can have no less of wealth nor other properties than the Old and New Worlds". It is noteworthy that La Popelinière believed that only Ferdinand Magellan had actually sighted the southern continent, in the shape of Tierra del Fuego. He was apparently ignorant that Francis Drake sailed through open sea to the south of Tierra del Fuego in 1578, proving it to be an island and not, as Magellan had supposed, part of Terra Australis. La Popelinière, the would be colonist, gave no indication that he thought that anyone, French, Portuguese or otherwise, had visited the part of Terra Australis shown on the Dieppe maps as "Jave la Grande".

Debates over the theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia
Discussion of the Dieppe maps in contemporary Australia (except for the work of Robert J. King) is exclusively confined to the Jave la Grande feature. In the media, the maps are sometimes mistakenly described as Portuguese.

The first writer to put these maps forward as evidence of Portuguese discovery of Australia was Alexander Dalrymple in 1786, in a short note to his Memoir Concerning the Chagos and Adjacent Islands. Dalrymple was intrigued enough to publish 200 copies of the Dauphin map.

Since then a number of other writers have contributed to the debate about the "Jave La Grande" landmass that appears on the Dieppe maps. These include;

19th and early 20th century writers

 * French diplomat and geographer, Charles Etienne Coquebert de Montbret, having examined the Harleian world map and Rotz atlas at the British Museum in 1802, proposed in a lecture to the Société Philomathique de Paris in 1803 that its Lande of Java was evidence of a discovery of the east coast of Australia by Portuguese based in the Moluccas, who perhaps were accompanied by French seafarers, who thereby obtained the intelligence upon which the maps were prepared. His claim was rebutted by Frédéric Metz in a letter to the Revue Philosophique, Littéraire et Politique of 11 November 1805. Metz noted the absence of New Guinea and the Gulf of Carpentaria, and pointed out that a chart that recorded the voyage of navigators who had gone as far as the southern extremity of the east coast of Australia could not have failed to indicate the breadth of sea that separated Australia from Java, whereas the Rotz map showed only a narrow channel between the two.
 * R. H. Major, in 1859, then Keeper of Maps in the British Museum, who wrote Early Voyages to Terra Australis, arguing "Java La Grande" was Australia's west and east coastline.
 * Of the Dieppe maps, the Rotz (1547), the Harleian or Dauphin (mid-1540s), and the Desceliers (1550) were published by the British Museum in 1885, and were described by Joseph Maiden in an 1886 article. He accepted that they showed Australia and were of Portuguese origin.
 * James R. McClymont believed that "Jave la Grande" on the Dieppe maps was a theoretical construct and not the result of an actual discovery of Australia. In 1892, he drew attention to the similarity of the "Jave la Grande" of the Dieppe maps with the outline of the coasts of South America and noted the placement on it of American place names such as Baye bresill, and presented this as proof of "the complete absence of all 9connection between the theory of a Terra Australis and the geographical fact of the Australian continent". His lament was that, "to this day a confusion exists between these distinct phenomena, which blurs the outlines of early Australian history". McClymont cited the Franco-Portuguese navigator and cosmographer Jean Alfonse who, in his work of 1544, La Cosmographie, identified Java Minor (Sumatra) as an island but Java Major (Java) as part of the continent of Terra Australis, which extended as far as the Antarctic Pole and the Strait of Magellan. Based on a faulty reading of Marco Polo, Alfonse wrote in La Cosmographie: "La Grand Jave is a land that goes as far as under the Antarctic Pole and from the Terre Australle in the west to the land of the Strait of Magellan on the eastern side. Some say that it is islands but from what I have seen of it, it is a continent [terre ferme]... That which is called Jave Mynore is an island, but la Grand Jave is terra firma."
 * George Collingridge wrote The Discovery of Australia in 1895 and reproduced a number of the "Jave La Grande" sections of several Dieppe maps for English speaking audiences. He also argued "Jave La Grande" was substantially Australia's coastline. Collingridge produced a shorter version of this book for use in New South Wales schools; The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea in 1906. It was not used.
 * Edward Heawood, Librarian of the Royal Geographical Society, London, noted in 1899 that the argument for the coasts of Australia having been reached early in the 16th century rested almost entirely on the fact that "early in the sixteenth century a certain unknown map-maker drew a large land, with indications of definite knowledge of its coasts, in the quarter of the globe in which Australia is placed". He pointed out that "a difficulty arises from the necessity of supposing at least two separate voyages of discovery, one on each coast, though absolutely no record of any such exists". He concluded: "the slight reliance to be placed on the French maps with respect to outlying parts of the world, and the influence still exercised by the old writers, is shown by their delineation of Japan, the insertion of an Isle des Géants in the Southern Indian oceans, and of Catigara on the west coast of South America, as also by the fictitious coast-line of a southern continent... This should surely make us hesitate to base so important assumption as that of a discovery of Australia in the 16th century on their unsupported testimony". Heawood subsequently said he thought there was an "extraordinarily slight foundation" for the idea of a discovery of Australia early in the 16th century, "considering the vagueness of the delineation of the southern land, and the fact that this is not limited to the position of Australia, but stretches completely round the southern hemisphere, in some (including the earliest) of the maps". That it came farthest north where Australia happened to be was merely due to the arbitrary junction with Java, of which the southern coast was then unknown, and which from Marco Polo's time had been thought to be of enormous extent. Heawood noted that the Pierre Desceliers mappemondes of 1536 and 1550 bore a picture of cannibals on Jave la Grande, which appeared to have been copied from a similar tableau on the island of Java on Martin Waldseemüller's 1516Carta Marina. Heawood concluded that this seemed to add strength to the argument for a hypothetical origin for Jave la Grande, Waldseemüller's representation of Java with its cannibals on the Carta Marina serving as the first stage in the process of its evolution".
 * In 1902, the historian Charles de La Roncière argued for a French origin for Jave la Grande: "Besides spices and other valuable merchandise, the Parmentier expedition (of 1529) brought back vague ideas on Australia or Jave-la-Grande, which left traces in the contemporary Dieppe cartography".
 * In an article in an 1874 issue of the Magazine of American History, historian Benjamin Franklin DeCosta discussed the Lenox Globe, which was probably manufactured in France in the early sixteenth century. De Costa drew attention to a large unnamed land mass depicted on it in the southern part of the eastern hemisphere and suggested that this land represented Australia. If so, he said, "it would be necessary to conclude that, although misplaced upon the Lenox Globe, Australia was known to the geographers of that early period." But in a subsequent study of the similar globe held by the Jagiellonian University in Crakow, Tadeusz Estreicher stated: "This land can only be America and we must assume that the island represents South America but certainly in the wrong place. This assumption becomes certainty when we find on the Jagellon globe that the island bears the inscription AMERICA NOVITER REPERTA [America newly discovered]". That is, the maker of the globe depicted South America twice on the globes, in opposite hemispheres, an indication of uncertainty as to its true location resulting from alternative measurements of longitude and of the size of the earth.
 * Ida Lee suggested in 1904 that the first discovery of the Australian continent was due to Sebastian Cabot in 1499.
 * The geographer Lucien Gallois concluded in 1912: “The great austral continent that appears on the French maps of the first part of the sixteenth century is obviously an appendage to the north coast of Java, thought of as the beginning of a land that extends far toward the south. The naming on the east and west coasts of this continent is absolute fantasy".
 * Ernest Scott, first Professor of History at the University of Melbourne, wrote on the significance of Dieppe Maps in several books between 1916 and 1929. He argued that while intriguing, the Dieppe maps alone could not be accepted as evidence the Portuguese had a knowledge of Australia in the 16th century. In the Introduction to Australian Discovery by Sea, Scott explained that the Dieppe mapmaker Desceliers had: "connected up Java with Ptolemy's imaginary outline of Terra Incognita, and also with the outline of the land which Magellan saw to the south of him when he sailed through his strait in 1520. But in so doing he played tricks with Ptolemy's frank confession of ignorance. He did not like the look of Ptolemy's plain line, so he serrated it. He actually attributed names to the teeth of the saw as if they were real capes, and showed rivers flowing into the gaps between. He produced a pretty and mysterious-looking map, which geographically was a hoax. There is no land where Desceliers marked those capes and streams. There is no continent stretching from Java to South America on the one side and to the south of Africa on the other. In joining up Java with Ptolemy's line he necessarily covered the area where the real continent of Australia was, and accidentally produced a certain delusive resemblance to part of the outline of that land. Desceliers' map does not prove that up to this date any navigator had seen any portion of Australia".
 * G. Arnold Wood, Professor of History at the University of Sydney, gave several reasons in his authoritative Discovery of Australia (1922) for regarding with suspicion the claim advanced on behalf of the Dieppe maps. He said it seemed exceedingly unlikely that voyages took place during this period that would have enabled cosmographers to draw maps of the western, northern, and eastern coasts of Australia. There was no record, no hint, in contemporary narratives, of a single voyage of discovery on those coasts: "When I think of the enormous difficulties of navigation on these Australian coasts, of the scanty naval equipment of the handful of Portuguese, who, in 1512, had just arrived at the Moluccas, and of the lack of motive for voyages of detailed and scientific survey, I feel that nothing but evidence of the most unanswerable nature would induce me to accept those maps as representing the discovery of Australia." At that time it was the fashion to fill vacant spaces in the South with continents which were the result not of discoveries but of philosophical speculations. Java was an island that had for centuries enjoyed the reputation of being the largest and most magnificent island in the world, an island of from three thousand to seven thousand miles in circuit. To the south of Java, Marco Polo had been understood to say, was "an extensive and rich province that forms a part of the mainland." And Ludovico di Varthema had brought home stories of races of men who navigated by the Southern Cross, who lived in a country where the day did not last more than four hours, and where it was colder than in any other part of the world. Wood noted that Gerard Mercator interpreted these statements to find a place on the map for Marco Polo's "extensive and rich province" by adding to his Southern Continent a huge promontory stretching northwards towards Java. Mercator wrote upon it that anyone who had read certain chapters in Polo and Varthema would easily believe that very vast regions here existed. But to the Norman cartographers who were aware that the Portuguese had actually visited Java, it may have appeared that a better interpretation could be suggested. Polo and Varthema had not only spoken of a continent south of Java; they had also spoken of Java itself as Java Major, the greatest island in the world. Was it not likely that Java extended far southward? Was it not possible that, like Tierra del Fuego and perhaps New Guinea, it was a tip of the Austral continent with a centre in the South Pole? Wood proposed that the cosmographers might have supposed that immediately to the south of Java, separated only by a narrow channel, lay a great continent which, being virtually a part of Java, Marco Polo's Java Major, could be called Jave la Grande. Perhaps the "extensive and rich province that forms part of the mainland" was really continuous with Java Major, and might connect it with "the Austral Land not yet wholly discovered." Wood concluded: "on the whole, I am so impressed by the difficulty of explaining these maps as the product of voyages of discovery, and the easiness of explaining them as the product of the imagination working on scientific theories and Marco Polo narratives, that nothing would induce me to accept Jave la Grande as the equivalent of Australia save resemblances in detail of a very undeniable nature".
 * Klaus Mehnert, professor of the history of the Pacific at the University of Hawaii, examined the cartographic history of the Pacific in 1944, including the maps of Rotz and Desceliers. With regard to the speculation that mapmakers of the early to mid-sixteenth century may have had some actual knowledge of Australia; whether, in other words, Australia was not discovered much earlier than had been generally assumed, he concluded that a closer examination revealed that in coast lines of these maps, including Mercator's of 1569 and that of Ortelius of 1570, "we do not find traces of Australia but only of the wrongly interpreted Marco Polo".

Contemporary writers

 * In 1963, Professor Andrew Sharp suggested that the Dieppe cartographers had mistakenly reassembled original unscaled Portuguese charts of Java, resulting in "Jave La Grande". Sharp said that its western coast down to the last named place, Coste Bracq, was a reproduction of a mariner's chart of the coast of the south-western and western end of Java; from Coste Bracq southward was an arbitrary addition. The cartographer who compiled this composite map of the western coast had no idea of the relative scales of the originals, and influenced by his identification of Jave la Grande with Marco Polo's Java Major, showed the coast far too big in relation to the established cartography of Sumatra and the north coast of Java. As for the east coast, it was a reproduction of a mariner's chart of part of the southeast coast of Sumba, its eastern extremity and its northeast coast, all joined to Sumbawa. As on the western coast, the eastern coast of Jave la Grande was reproduced on a greatly exaggerated scale, again under the influence of Marco Polo's Java Major. The separation of Jave la Grande from Jave by the strait of R. Grande created a Java (Jave) corresponding to Marco Polo's Java Minor distinct from Jave la Grande. The imagined great land to the south was big enough to satisfy the description of Marco Polo's Java Major as the biggest island in the world and to become the nucleus for further extensions to the south with some flavour of the legendary Terra Australis about them.
 * In 1977, lawyer Kenneth McIntyre wrote The Secret Discovery of Australia. Portuguese ventures 200 years before Captain Cook. This book achieved widespread publicity in Australia. It remains the best known of the books attempting to prove that Jave La Grande is Australia. McIntyre attributed discrepancies in "Java la Grande" to the difficulties of accurately recording positions without a reliable method of determining longitude, and the techniques used to convert maps to different projections.
 * Robert Langdon concluded in a review of The Secret Discovery of Australia that he believed that Andrew Sharp satisfactorily explained the Dieppe maps in his book The Discovery of Australia: “They were simply clumsy attempts to piece together charts of various parts of Indonesia, plus some conjectured land to the south of it, which were drawn by different people at different times on completely different scales. The resemblances to Australia that can now be seen in them are purely coincidental.”
 * Roger Hervé, map librarian at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, argued the Dieppe maps were mainly based on the single voyage of Joäo Afonso in 1525-27, in the San Lesmes. Hervé claimed that Afonso was driven south from west of the Straits of Magellan, and that he was driven by very unusual winds west to the coast of New Zealand, then on to the coast of Australia, where the San Lesmes was wrecked (becoming the Warrnambool wreck known as the Mahogany Ship). Afonso and the crew then travelled by land or boat up the east coast to the latitude of Rockhampton, where he met up with the crew of the Portuguese, Gomes de Sequeira, who had been exploring the Moluccas. In Hervé's version, Cap de Fremose, which appears on many of the Dieppe maps as an easterly projection of the coast, is identified as New Zealand's East Cape.
 * In the 1980s, Helen Wallis, then Curator of Maps at the British Library, suggested that the French 1529 voyage to Sumatra of Jean Parmentier and his brother may have collected information that found its way onto the Dieppe Maps. While admitting the evidence for this was circumstantial, she suggested that perhaps a Dieppe cartographer such as Jean Rotz may have accompanied the expedition.
 * In 1980, the French geographer Numa Broc commented on Wallis's suggestion: "Unfortunately, the accounts of sailors such as the Parmentier brothers or of Jean Alfonse are couched in much too imprecise terms for it to be possible to decide [whether they reached Australia]. Broc noted that the Dieppe cartographers replaced the Regio Patalis of Oronce Fine with a Grande Jave and a Petite Jave, more or less attached to an enormous austral land mass, and that their insistence on speaking of "la Grande Jave" permitted the erection of the hypothesis of a Portuguese or French "pre-discovery" of Australia between 1520 and 1530.
 * In his exhaustive work on Luis Váez de Torres, Queensland historian Captain Brett Hilder suggested "Jave La Grande" as depicted on the Dieppe maps was simply a mythical continent.
 * In 1984, Brigadier (ret'd) Lawrence Fitzgerald wrote Java La Grande (sic) In this book he compared the coastlines of "Jave la Grande" as shown on the Dauphin (1536–42) and Desceliers (1550) maps with the modern Australian coastline, arguing the Dieppe mapmakers had incorrectly assembled Portuguese charts. He also suggested some of the Dieppe map illustrations found on "Jave la Grande" may relate to Australia.
 * In 1421: The Year China Discovered the World, published in 2002, English writer Gavin Menzies suggested the "Jave La Grande" landform of the Dieppe maps relates to discoveries of Chinese explorer Zheng He and his admirals. Menzies suggested the Dieppe mapmakers worked from Portuguese charts of Australia, which were in turn copied from Chinese sources.
 * In his 2004 survey of mapping of the Pacific, Thomas Suarez suggests Jave La Grande is most likely a "whimsy sparked by medieval texts, which suggested a vast Java..." He also points out that some Dieppe chartmakers such as Pierre Desceliers on his 1546 world chart, "accompany it with an inscription stating that it has never been discovered."
 * In 2007, journalist Peter Trickett's book Beyond Capricorn was published. This stated that an assembly error had been made by cartographers working on the Vallard Atlas of 1547, and that if part of it was rotated 90 degrees, it became an accurate map of the Australian coasts, and New Zealand's north island. He also suggested some of the illustrations and embellishments on "Jave La Grande" may relate to Australia. Some media publicity at the time of the book's release incorrectly suggested the Vallard map is not well known.
 * Associate Professor William A. R. (Bill) Richardson was former reader in Portuguese and Spanish at Flinders University, South Australia. Since 1983 Richardson has written more than 20 articles on the "Jave La Grande" question for academic journals. Richardson has also criticized Gavin Menzies assertion the Dieppe maps provide clues as to a possible Chinese discovery of Australia. In 2007 he also criticized Trickett's book. In 2006 his book Was Australia charted before 1606? The Jave La Grande inscriptions  was published. Richardson devotes much of this book to considering the "Jave La Grande" connection to Australia and in particular the information that toponymy (the study of placenames) can provide in identification. His conclusion is that "Jave La Grande" is unmistakably connected to the coast of south-west Java and the southern coast of Vietnam. A difficulty with the explanation put forward by Richardson is that, as he acknowledges, there is no surviving Portuguese chart that bears "an immediately obvious resemblance" to either the west coast of Jave la Grande south of R: Grande or to its east coast. He therefore suggests that the Portuguese charts that he says were the source for the Dieppe mapmakers "could well have been captured at sea" by French pirates or privateers, or possibly taken by "one of the renegade Portuguese who went to work abroad" to France, where they came into the hands of the Dieppe cartographers.
 * Richardson's many writings have attracted academic support and criticism. Emeritus Professor Victor Prescott argued that Richardson "brilliantly demolished the argument that Java la Grande show(s) the east coast of Australia." However, Helen Wallis observed: "The place-name interpretations of Bill Richardson are ingenious, but the concept of Java-la-Grande as a composite of southern Java and Indochina is in my view far-fetched and not proven." Australian historian Alan Frost has also written that Richardson's argument is "so speculative and convoluted as not to be credible". The Portuguese historian Luis Filipe Thomaz has described Richardson's interpretation as "preposterous".
 * In his 2010 book on maps, Australian writer Matthew Richardson devoted a chapter to challenging Professor Bill Richardson's thesis. He characterizes Richardson's theory that toponymy shows Jave la Grande to be a map of Java joined to Vietnam, as "far-fetched". Yet, he says, it has not been treated as such by the scholarly community, but has found "a warm reception among experienced researchers". He examines sceptically Bill Richardson's place name explanations one by one. On the explanation of Havre de Sylla on the west coast of Jave la Grande as being a corruption of "Cilacap" (Chilachap) on the south coast of Java, Richardson thinks Collingridge's explanation, that it matches Egtis Silla on Martin Behaim's globe, is more likely. He notes that "Syllacap", with a sibillant initial and a "c" is an improbable derivative from Chilachap. He concludes that not one place name on the west coast invites identification with the south of Java and that, if part of Java is represented, both scale and orientation are grossly in error. He notes that comparing Jave la Grande with any map of Vietnam, the disparity of scale may quickly be seen. South Vietnam could only have been mistaken for Jave la Grande by an early sixteenth century cartographer if there were no indications on the prototype chart of what in the world it represented. And no answer is given to how they chose a scale which gave it a similar length to Australia's east coast. On the east coast, he says of the explanation of Cap de fremose as a corruption of Cabo decamboja: "So all you have to do is read fr for dec, change a to e, delete the b, change j to s, change a to e, and add de. Both other letters stay the same. In six easy steps of this magnitude, you can derive any name you see from a name you would rather see". He concludes: "One has to ask how the Richardson analysis has gained the credence of experts, despite being easy to discredit".
 * In a contribution to the University of Chicago's History of Cartography, Sarah Toulouse concluded regarding the Jave-la-Grande of the Norman charts: 'Our present knowledge of the available source material seems to support the idea that this large promontory was as fictional as the rest of Terra Australis. In fact, the Norman cartographers themselves refer to these regions as ones of "land not at all discovered," and in his Cartographie universelle Le Testu is even clearer on the matter when he says that he includes imaginary lands so as to alert navigators to the political dangers that might lie ahead in these unknown seas [folio 34]. Nevertheless, mystery remains—especially as some of the place-names on this imaginary coast are of Portuguese origin, but no known Portuguese map shows Jave-la-Grande as such'.
 * Writing in the Journal of Northern Territory History in 2012, Pat Zalewski argues that the Dieppe maps are of the Northern Territory and Western Gulf of Carpentaria. He claims the origin for these maps were the Macassans, who were hunting turtle shell in the pre-trepang era, but fails to identify the path by which this information found its way on to the Dieppe maps.
 * Chet van Duzer concluded in his study of Pierre Desceliers' world map of 1550 that the Jave la Grande on the Norman world maps of the sixteenth century did not represent a pre-discovery of Australia but was "merely an elaboration of the southern land mass as it appeared on Mercator's 1541 globe".
 * Andrew Eliason has noted that the islands ylhas de magna and ye de saill that appear off the east coast of Jave la Grande on the Harleian mappemonde of c.1546, and on other Dieppe Maps under similar names, appear as I. de Mague and I. de Sally on André Thevet's map, Quarte Partie du Monde (1575), where they represent two islands discovered by Magellan in 1520, ylhas de magna being a corruption of ysles de maguaillan (Magellan's isles).
 * In a 2019 article in The Globe, Professor Brian Lees and Associate Professor Shawn Laffan from the University of New South Wales analysed the projections used on the 1542 Jean Rotz mappa mundi (world map). They come to the conclusion that the mappa mundi in Jean Rotz's atlas is a good "first approximation" of the Australian continent and also suggest that the "extension of the east coast may reflect early knowledge of New Zealand." They also say that whoever was responsible for knowledge of the Australian continent being carried back to Europe in the early part of the 16th Century, which led to the construction of Rotz's map, is unknown.
 * In 2020, local historian Ray Blackwood argued the Dauphin Map shows Australia's coastline from Joseph Bonaparte Gulf in the west to the vicinity of Groote Eylandt in the east.  He supports his argument by providing a list of "Identifiers" by which he equates named features in the maps with actual features on the Northern Territory coast. He asserts that the promontory "Simbana" on the north of Java la Grande equates with the Cobourg Peninsula with the Tiwi Islands to the west and Croker Island to the east. He puts forth the view that Cape Fremose is a contrivance of convenience by the cartographers of the time whereby they have lumped together the Wessel Islands and the complex of islands around Cape Arnhem because the tidal influences of the area made navigation among them too hazardous for boats of the time.
 * At an international workshop at the Biblioteca Nacional, Lisbon, cartographic historian Robert King said that there was no evidence in Portuguese records and charts of the early 16th century that their navigators discovered Australia. He said that the large southern land, called Jave la Grande, or Terre de Lucac, on the world maps of the Dieppe school of marine cartography, which proponents of an early Portuguese discovery adduced in support, could be explained by setting those maps in the context of the development of cosmographic theory and its cartographic expression from Henricus Martellus to Gerard Mercator, 1491-1569. The southern continent of the Dieppe cartographers, like Mercator’s southern continent with its promontory of Beach (Locach), were the product not of actual discovery by French or Portuguese navigators but of imaginative extrapolation from a few mis-identified or misplaced coasts in the southern hemisphere. Following Magellan’s expedition of 1519-1522, mis-identification of Marco Polo's Java Minor (Sumatra) with the island of Madura allowed the southern coast of Java Major (Java) to remain undefined, despite the survivors of Magellan’s expedition having made their return voyage to Spain by the south of Java (Java Major) rather than through the strait between Madura and Java as was understood from Antonio Pigafetta's account of the voyage. This permitted cartographers to identify Java Major as a promontory of Terra Australis and with Marco Polo’s Locach. An adaptation of Oronce Fine’s map of 1531 formed the basis of the world maps of Gerardus Mercator and the Dieppe cartographers. With them, the Regio Patalis, shown as a promontory of the Terra Australis on Fine’s map, was identified with Marco Polo's Java Major, or Locach (also known as Beach). The ysles de magna and ye. de saill, shown off the east coast of Jave la Grande on the Harleian map, which appear as I. de Mague and I. de Sally on André Thevet’s Quarte Partie du Monde, represent the two islands discovered by Magellan during his voyage across the Pacific in 1522, which he called the Desventuradas, or Islas Infortunatos (Unfortunate Isles).The Jave la Grande and Terre de Lucac of the Dieppe maps represented Marco Polo's Java Major and Locach, displaced by the map-makers who misconstrued the information on Southeast Asia and America brought back by Portuguese and Spanish navigators.

title: Dieppe maps


text:
User:Giobot

I've edited some Beatles articles, and have written most of the Tomorrow Never Knows article.

title: User:Giobot


text:
Francis A. Hendry

Francis Asbury "Berry" Hendry (November 19, 1833 – February 12, 1917) was a Florida cattle rancher, politician, and served during the Third Seminole War and the American Civil War. Hendry was also a state senator for parts of Lee County, and Monroe County (which then included what is now Hendry County, and Collier County), as well as serving as a state representative for Lee County for six terms from 1893 to 1904. He was known by the nickname "Berry" and in later life as "Captain Hendry."

Early life
Hendry was born near Thomasville, Georgia, a son of James Edward Hendry and Lydia Carlton. The family was of English and Scotch ancestry. In 1851, his father took the family to Hillsborough County, Florida, settling on the Alafia River about twenty-two miles east of Tampa. His father then returned to Georgia to settle his affairs, and died suddenly on January 3, 1852. Nineteen-year-old Berry, his mother, and his siblings decided to remain in Florida.

On March 25, 1852, Berry married Ardeline Ross Lanier (May 10, 1835 – September 6, 1917), a native of Bulloch County, Georgia. Soon thereafter, they moved to Fort Meade, Florida, where they started a cattle ranch. They marked their cattle with a crop and split in one ear and an upper square in the other. They also branded them with a large "A", Berry's middle initial, as well as his wife's first initial.

The Hendrys lived with the garrison at Fort Meade for a time before building their first home about two miles (3 km) north on a branch of the Peace River, now known as the Berry Hendry Branch.

Third Seminole War
During the Third Seminole War, Hendry served with both Capt. William B. Hooker and Capt. Leroy G. Lesley in their independent companies of mounted volunteers. Muster rolls describe him as standing six feet and one inch in height, with grey eyes, and dark hair and complexion. Hendry survived the war having seen little or no action.

American Civil War
In 1860, on the eve of the American Civil War, Hendry was a cattle rancher who became prosperous from the free labor of eight enslaved Americans he kept indentured on his ranch. He opposed secession after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1861, but supported his adopted state after it passed a secession ordinance.

On February 1, 1861, before the war really began in earnest, Hendry led efforts to create Polk County, Florida, and was elected to its first Board of County Commissioners. Hendry spent the first three years of the war supplying cattle to the Confederate Commissary Department. But, his work was made difficult by a Federal garrison that occupied old Fort Meade as well as Fort Myers. In 1863, he organized his own cavalry company to keep protect cattle intended for the Confederate States Army. He was given the rank of captain and attached to Colonel C. J. Munnerlyn's Cow Cavalry.

Political career and later life
On October 27, 1857, he was elected to a two-year term on the Hillsborough County Commission.

After Florida surrendered to Federal occupation in the spring of 1865, Hendry represented Polk County at the Second Constitutional Convention in Tallahassee. He was also elected to the Florida Senate representing the 28th district in the sessions of 1865 and 1866, and the 24th district in the sessions of 1875 and 1877. He was elected to the Florida House of Representatives representing Lee County for the sessions of 1893, 1895, 1897, 1899, 1901, and 1903.

After the Reconstruction government was installed in Tallahassee in 1868, former Confederate officers were not welcome to hold elective office on the state level. So, Berry Hendry returned to Polk County, and was appointed to serve on the Board of Public Instruction.

During the Reconstruction Era, Hendry continued to build and improve his cattle empire. He made his new headquarters in the abandoned officers' barracks at Fort Myers, and made contact with buyers from Cuba. He was among the first Florida ranchers to ship cattle to that country through the port of Punta Rassa. By 1876, he had fenced-in some 25000 acre of range land and owned about 50,000 head of cattle.

On August 12, 1885, Hendry chaired a public meeting held at the schoolhouse in Fort Myers at the corner of Second and Lee Streets. Electors voted to incorporate the town, and Hendry became one of its first councilmen. As a councilman, he led efforts to create Lee County, Florida, in 1887, and was elected to its first Board of County Commissioners.

By 1888, Hendry had moved his ranching headquarters to the vicinity of Fort Thompson. He also began to dispose of much of his range cattle in favor of Jersey and other breeds in an effort to improve the quality of his stock. He acquired large tracts of marshland along the Caloosahatchee River for grazing. In 1893, Major Hendry was elected to represent Lee County in the state legislature, and served for more than a decade. In 1895, he platted the town of LaBelle, Florida, which he named for his daughters Laura and Belle Hendry.

During his last years, Major Hendry retired to Fort Myers for better access to medical care. He suffered from chronic nephritis, a kidney disease. He was awarded a monthly pension of twenty dollars by the State of Florida.

Death and legacy
Hendry died on February 12, 1917, at Fort Myers.

On May 11, 1923, the state legislature honored him with the creation of Hendry County, Florida, designating LaBelle as its seat of government. His former home, the Captain Francis A. Hendry House is listed as a National Register of Historic Place since 1998. The Immokalee Pioneer Museum at Roberts Ranch has had a replica of Hendry's Confederate officer uniform created, which is sometimes worn for visitors. The Berry Hendry branch of the Peace River was named for the area that once housed his former cabin and land; and the nearby Wash Hendry branch of the Peace River was named for his younger brother's former cabin and land.

title: Francis A. Hendry


text:
User talk:Giobot

Please do not add nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Academic Challenger 02:39, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

ﺟﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎﻧﻄﻴﺎ
I think this is accurate. Might want to get a scholar to check.  eszett talk  03:54, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * And I did it in Hebrew too! ג'יבאנני סאנטיא And yes, I'm too cool for nikud.  eszett talk  04:05, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Don Santia, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the page appears to have no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion. To do this, add  on the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag) and leave a note on the page's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself.

If the page you created was a test, please use the sandbox for any other experiments you would like to do. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions about this. PMDrive1061 05:49, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Giobot


text:
Christian Coulson

Christian Peter Coulson is an English actor known for playing young Tom Marvolo Riddle (Lord Voldemort) in the 2002 fantasy film Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

Early life
Coulson was born in Manchester. He attended Arnold House Preparatory School in London, before attending Westminster School on an academic scholarship. He was a member of the UK's National Youth Music Theatre from 1990 to 1997, and went on to the University of Cambridge, where he received a degree in English from Clare College in 2000. While at university, he played the M.C. (Master of Ceremonies) in Cabaret, Arturo Ui in The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui and Claire in The Maids, as well as appearing in film and television.

Career
Coulson gained worldwide attention and popularity for his role in 2002's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, in which he portrayed a 16-year-old Tom Riddle, even though Coulson was 23 years old at the time. However, in 2007, director David Yates indicated on MTV that Coulson would not reprise his role in Half-Blood Prince, since, at 29, he was by then too old.

He also wrote the lyrics and book for a rock musical called The Fallen which was performed at Bedford Modern School in 1998.

As of 2010, Coulson resides and works in New York City as an actor and director.

Theatre

 * Romeo and Juliet – Liverpool Playhouse, Liverpool (2002) Romeo
 * Journey's End – Comedy Theatre, London (2004) Raleigh
 * Festen – UK Tour (2006) Christian
 * Ghosts – Gate Theatre, London (2007) Osvald
 * Travesties – McCarter Theatre, New Jersey (2012) Tristan Tzara
 * Shakespeare in Love – Pennsylvania Shakespeare Festival, Desales University (2018) Lord Wessex
 * King Richard II – Pennsylvania Shakespeare Festival, Desales University (2018) King Richard
 * The XIXth (The Nineteenth) – The Old Globe Theatre, San Diego (2023) Neville

title: Christian Coulson


text:
Talk:Psalm 51

Author author!
I know there's little scholarly support for the entire book of Psalms being written by David, but is this really one of the Psalms that higher criticism attributes to someone else? Is a specific citation available? Wesley 03:01, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Basically, higher criticism splits the psalms into large groups, roughly 4 or 5 +psalm 151. It tends to believe that each group existed as an earlier seperate work, and that some of the psalms are rival versions of one another (one in one work, the other within another). It is generally believed that none of these groups were by david. For example, "by the rivers of babylon" is clearly written after the date David would be required to live. Some psalms even indicate the real author, or collector by name (although this is less obvious in texts that are just a collection of psalms, e.g. for liturgical use). 07:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

14 years later. Can we baldly say "It was composed by David"?--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 00:47, 22 January 2019 (UTC)
 * This has already been stated in the lead and main text. A lot of the problems cited on this talk page have been cleared up by the recent expansion. Yoninah (talk) 10:46, 22 January 2019 (UTC)

The article says :"It is traditionally said[by whom?] to have been composed by David as a confession to God after he sinned with Bathsheba." The superscript query [by whom?] is eaily answered by consulting a bible. After the title of the psalm there is a note: "A psalm of David. When the prophet Nathan came to him after David had committed adultery with Bathsheba." . So the answer to the query is "By whoever compiled the book of psalms 2000+ years ago"!90.244.9.105 (talk) 14:29, 20 January 2021 (UTC)Ian H, Wales90.244.9.105 (talk) 14:29, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

Revised Standard version copyright?
On what basis are we using the Revised Standard version text?--agr 04:44, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Replace KJV with Coverdale Psalter
I move that the KJV of the psalm be replaced with that from the psalter of the Book of Common prayer, which, for 400 was by far the most common "traditional" version of the psalm, since the KJV of the psalter was not included in the revisions of the BCP, but rather, the previous Coverdale psalter was used. Most importantly, the Coverdale/BCP version is the one which is universally used in English musical settings.

Did the original Latin Vulgate use the appropiate accent marks?

Miserere (Allegri)
Can somebody put one of those links at the top of this page saying "If you meant Miserere, a piece of religious music by Gregorio Allegri, click "here". This would redirect the user to: Miserere_%28Allegri%29 Cheers 86.17.156.127 16:01, 6 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Second that...it was there did someone remove it? Tomayres (talk) 22:15, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah well did it myself. Tomayres (talk) 22:15, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Text
I think there is no reason to print the text here. Particularly problematic is an English translation labelled "Septuagint"; the Septuagint is of course Greek. In general we don't just print chapters of the Bible in wikipedia articles devoted to those texts, and I'd hate to see this become the norm. If there is no compelling reason for this psalm, in particular, to have the text, then it should be removed, and inaccurate labels should be fixed. Tb (talk) 20:34, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. (But I can see why the recent "Septuagint" might have happened; there were already three translations (long-standing), so the recent editor simply added another.) Also, the various templates already point to various versions. Is there a "Psalms" project where "trans-Psalm" (ugh!) policy like this can be discussed? If not, then the place for discussion should probably be Talk:Psalms.
 * Propose: Delete all four translations about a week from now unless agreed otherwise.
 * Feline Hymnic (talk) 20:54, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, I don't blame the recent editor! It's so inviting, that's why I am motivated to punt them all, or chaos will ensue. ;)  Many of the psalms have this going on, so I agree with your proposal, which should probably be mentioned on each and discussion on Talk:Psalms. Ugh. Tb (talk) 21:18, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Drop text
It is proposed on Talk:Psalms to drop the text of psalms from the individual psalm articles. If you wish to weigh in, please do so there. Tb (talk) 21:27, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

What is Psalm 51 about?
I'm not religious so when I came across a reference to Psalm 51 I looked it up in Wikipedia. I got nothing from this article. It needs to be deleted and restarted from scratch.

--Kjb (talk) 18:30, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

Greek
Is the Greek version of the psalm correct. It seems to be talking about David and Nathan, neither mentioned in the Latin or English. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.19.127.98 (talk) 09:57, 11 August 2014 (UTC)
 * It's correct. The first two lines are an introduction in the Hebrew original. See http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16272/jewish/Chapter-51.htm The text you are familiar with begins on line 3, which Google Translate renders "Have mercy on me, O God, in your great mercy and the multitude of your tender mercies blot out his transgressions me;"--agr (talk) 10:55, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

Infobox image caption
the problem here is that the Hebrew original has 21 verses and the KJV 19 verses. When this discrepancy happens in a Psalm, we identify the verse we're talking about according to its placement in either version. In this case, the inscription is Latin, but we can't say it's "verse 7" because that would be incorrect to a Hebrew reader. How do you suggest resolving this? Yoninah (talk) 15:58, 3 July 2019 (UTC)
 * How about giving the line in English? Otherwise who'd care? It's hard to read anyway. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 16:00, 3 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The numeration of the verses of the Hebrew original is not relevant to the caption because the inscription is in Latin. This particular version of the Latin shown in the image appears to be taken from the Neo-Vulgate, and there (as also in the original Vulgate) this verse is actually verse 9, as there are an extra two verses which form an introduction to the psalm. However I suggest that the simplest approach would be to omit the verse number from the caption.Ehrenkater (talk) 18:11, 3 July 2019 (UTC)
 * So you would say "A line from Psalm 51 on a holy water font"? Usually we're more specific. I like Gerda's idea. Yoninah (talk) 18:14, 3 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Have added Latin text in full to the article, to avoid any possible confusion (and also to provide the line in English). Incidentally, ideally the Hebrew text should be on the right, i.e. in the first column from the Hebrew point of view.Ehrenkater (talk) 18:36, 3 July 2019 (UTC)
 * what do you think about this 3-language translation scheme for all the psalm pages? Yoninah (talk) 18:52, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I see a few problems.
 * Three columns are fine for a broad screen but how do they look on a mobil?
 * The English translation of the Hebrew is not necessarily the same as of the Latin.
 * What do we do when the verse numbering is different?
 * If three columns, I'd vote for Hebrew left, as the original, then English, as it's the English Wikipedia, then Latin. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 21:32, 3 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Re #2: isn't the Latin (Vulgate) the same numbering as the Hebrew? Yoninah (talk) 21:34, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

Benefit of clergy
I think the entire narrative of this section is WP:UNDUE and should be condensed to a couple sentences with a link to benefit of clergy from which the text was copied. Elizium23 (talk) 06:55, 21 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Great idea, will you do it? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:46, 21 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Psalm 51


text:
WKNO (TV)

WKNO (channel 10) is a PBS member television station in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. The station is owned by the Mid-South Public Communications Foundation, a non-profit organization governed by a board of trustees composed of volunteers, and is operated alongside NPR member WKNO-FM (91.1). The two stations share studios on Cherry Farms Road with the TV station's transmitter on Raleigh LaGrange Road, both in the Cordova section of unincorporated Shelby County.

WKNO began broadcasting in June 1956 as the first educational television station in Tennessee. It was owned by a community licensee from the beginning and was initially financed by the city's commercial TV stations and later by grants from local and state educational authorities. From 1961 to 2009, the station operated from several locations on the campus of Memphis State University, renamed in 1994 to the University of Memphis, though the university never owned the station. In 2009, WKNO moved to its present facility in Cordova. WKNO airs national PBS programs and produces local programs covering issues relevant to the Memphis area.

Early years
Channel 10 was allocated to Memphis for educational use when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) assigned television channels and lifted its multi-year freeze on new TV assignments in April 1952. Initially, leaders at the University of Tennessee envisioned a four-station network, including one outlet in Memphis, to use the newly allotted channels; however, city officials rejected setting aside funds to aid the establishment of such a station in Memphis. As a result of the city's refusal to grant money, in May 1953, the Memphis Community Television Foundation was chartered to serve as a non-profit organization to build and run channel 10. In the months that followed, the foundation slowly gathered donations of money and equipment. Among these were a donation from WMCT and the offer of use of a tower.

After receiving the promise of $100,000 from the Ford Foundation if matching funds could be raised locally, the Memphis Community Television Foundation formally applied for channel 10 in February 1954. By this time, the station had received more donations and the support of seven local colleges and universities A fund drive formally launched in May 1954. Activities to raise money included street puppet shows and a football game between Tennessee State and Lincoln universities, both historically Black institutions. It was lauded as the most publicized such effort to that time. By July, the foundation had raised $70,000 of its $200,000 goal, ultimately finishing at $85,000. The Memphis Board of Education provided office space to the foundation as the station undertook program planning.

In 1955, the station received zoning approval for its transmitter site on Macon Road on land leased to the foundation; subscriptions for a station program guide, another source of income; and a donation of two cameras from WHBQ-TV. More equipment was purchased from the former WJTV in Jackson, Mississippi, which had just merged with that city's WSLI-TV. The state legislature appropriated $50,000 for the project, with Memphis serving as the pilot city for educational television in Tennessee as its

A formal construction permit was granted by the FCC on November 23, 1955. The station took the call letters WKNO, one of several sets suggested in a name-the-station contest and sent to the FCC. WKNO-TV began broadcasting on June 25, 1956, a month after its first test signal. For its first few months, the studios were incomplete, so it could only present filmed programming from National Educational Television. As a condition of the funds that enabled it to run for one year, the station did not conduct annual fundraising drives; the three commercial stations in Memphis contributed $60,000 a year for two years to provide money for channel 10's operations, and after that most of its income originated from the Tennessee Board of Education, Memphis City Schools, and Shelby County Schools.

In 1961, the station moved from 268 Jefferson to facilities on the campus of Memphis State University (MSU, now the University of Memphis), utilizing a former Air Force ROTC annex. The Memphis Community Television Foundation was deeded the land and building in which it had been housed to help finance the move. The relocation to the university campus offered the station the opportunity to utilize university talent and facilities in the production of its programming. The relocation coincided with an increase in channel 10's educational output; from one instructional series in 1959, WKNO was airing fifteen such shows by 1966, of which six were weekly live productions. In addition, the station was producing public affairs and cultural series of local interest, such as Memphis Mosaic, College News, and Topic: Memphis City Schools.

Beginning in February 1968, channel 10's educational programs were rebroadcast on WLJT (channel 11) in Lexington. WLJT was built by the state Board of Education as part of a plan to increase educational TV coverage in the state; it had extremely limited local programming capabilities. While WKNO was offered the option of buying WLJT when the state government moved to spin out all of its educational television stations to community licensees, it declined, and WLJT became a separate station operating from the campus of the University of Tennessee at Martin in 1981.

Expansion
WKNO won a federal grant in 1970 to improve its operations with a taller, 1114 ft tower; a power increase to the maximum of 316,000 watts; and full-color operation, including the ability to present local color programming. Bondurant stepped down that year after 17 years as chairman of the Memphis Community Television Foundation. The upgraded tower facility was activated on June 25, 1971, during a 15th anniversary party. The new tower also supported WKNO-FM 91.1, a public radio station authorized in February 1971 and launched in March 1972. For the first time in its history, the station began regular Saturday broadcasting in November 1972; until then, the station was off the air on Saturdays except for rare event broadcasts.

Later in the decade, work began on new WKNO facilities on MSU's south campus in the former Kennedy Veterans Hospital; the old facility, housed in a 1928-vintage gymnasium, was antiquated and not up to then-current safety standards. The new facility—named for Bondurant, who died in 1976—began use in June 1979 and was dedicated in June 1980. In 1989, the foundation was renamed the Mid-South Public Communications Foundation to reflect its increased scope of activity.

Increased local programming and digitalization
Mike LaBonia became president and CEO of the WKNO stations in 1990, moving from WYES-TV in New Orleans. He focused on increasing the station's local programming output. In 1993, the station began airing a block of children's shows interspersed with segments titled #10 Friends Circle, intended to fill a void in programming for preschool-age students. The segments were hosted by Charles "Chuck" Scruggs, a station volunteer who had previously been the first Black general manager of WDIA radio. In 1995, they evolved into a weekly show, Sundays at Mr. Chuck's, renamed Hello Mr. Chuck. On a visit to WKNO in 1997, Mister Rogers commented on the Mr. Chuck shows, telling general manager LaBonia that Scruggs was "truly remarkable" and "is achieving things I still struggle to achieve". Scruggs also worked for WKNO as its manager of community education until retiring in 2010.

Mr. Chuck was one of several new projects on which the station embarked in the 1990s, in spite of funding cutbacks at the start of the decade. In 1992, WKNO originated for PBS a 26-part cooking series by Burt Wolf, which turned into a running distribution association with the station including a national pledge marathon and such series as Travels & Traditions. Local public affairs program Informed Sources and a documentary on the Memphis Belle were also part of the station's output at this time.

In 2009, WKNO radio and television moved into a custom-designed all-digital studio facility in Cordova. It was the first facility designed for broadcasting in WKNO's history. In the 2010s, the station was the distributor for such programs as Classic Gospel and Sun Studio Sessions.

Funding
In 2022, WKNO TV had a total revenue of $3.63 million. The station had 9,079 total members, who contributed $1.15 million. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting contributed nearly $875,000, almost all of it in the form of a Community Service Grant.

Local programming
Local programming produced by WKNO includes Family Plot: Gardening in the Mid-South, a gardening program distributed nationally on Create and to other PBS stations; Behind the Headlines, a weekly interview and public affairs program; and The SPARK, a monthly showcase of community leaders.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WKNO began broadcasting in digital on August 3, 2004. The station discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 10, on May 1, 2009. The switch was earlier than the June 12 deadline for full-service stations because the foundation wished to save money and stop paying for the electricity necessary to broadcast in analog and digital simultaneously. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29, using virtual channel 10.

title: WKNO (TV)


text:
Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri

Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri (7 May 1916 – 14 July 1996) was an Indian Sunni Islamic scholar, author and historian. He was honoured with the title of Muhsin-e-Hind by Pakistani scholars.

Biography
Mubarakpuri was born on 7 May 1916 in Mubarakpur, Azamgarh. He graduated in dars-e-nizami from Madrasa Ehya-ul-Uloom and moved to Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad to study ahadith. In Shahi, he studied Sahih Bukhari with Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, Sahih Muslim with Ismail Sambhali, and Jami' al-Tirmidhi with Muhammad Miyan Deobandi.

Mubarakpuri died on 14 July 1996. His funeral prayer was led by Abul Qasim Nomani.

Literary works
Mubarakpuri wrote books on the relation of Indians and Arabs. In this series his books include Arb-o-Hind Ahd-e-Risalat Mai, Khilafat-e-Rashida awr Hindustan, Khilafat Amwiyyah awr Hindustan, Khilafat Abbasiyah awr Hindustan and Hindustan mai Arbon ki hukumatein.

Legacy

 * Contribution Of Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri to Arabic Studies : A Critical Study - PhD thesis from Aligarh Muslim University by Mohd Amirul Hasan.
 * His son Khalid Hafiz (1938–1999), Imam of Wellington, served as the senior religious advisor to the New Zealand Muslim community from 1982 to 1999.

title: Qazi Athar Mubarakpuri


text:
Thermodynamic limit

In statistical mechanics, the thermodynamic limit or macroscopic limit, of a system is the limit for a large number $N$ of particles (e.g., atoms or molecules) where the volume $V$ is taken to grow in proportion with the number of particles. The thermodynamic limit is defined as the limit of a system with a large volume, with the particle density held fixed.

 * $$N \to \infty,\, V \to \infty,\, \frac N V =\text{constant}$$

In this limit, macroscopic thermodynamics is valid. There, thermal fluctuations in global quantities are negligible, and all thermodynamic quantities, such as pressure and energy, are simply functions of the thermodynamic variables, such as temperature and density. For example, for a large volume of gas, the fluctuations of the total internal energy are negligible and can be ignored, and the average internal energy can be predicted from knowledge of the pressure and temperature of the gas.

Note that not all types of thermal fluctuations disappear in the thermodynamic limit—only the fluctuations in system variables cease to be important. There will still be detectable fluctuations (typically at microscopic scales) in some physically observable quantities, such as
 * microscopic spatial density fluctuations in a gas scatter light (Rayleigh scattering)
 * motion of visible particles (Brownian motion)
 * electromagnetic field fluctuations, (blackbody radiation in free space, Johnson–Nyquist noise in wires)

Mathematically an asymptotic analysis is performed when considering the thermodynamic limit.

Origin
The thermodynamic limit is essentially a consequence of the central limit theorem of probability theory. The internal energy of a gas of N molecules is the sum of order N contributions, each of which is approximately independent, and so the central limit theorem predicts that the ratio of the size of the fluctuations to the mean is of order 1/N1/2. Thus for a macroscopic volume with perhaps the Avogadro number of molecules, fluctuations are negligible, and so thermodynamics works. In general, almost all macroscopic volumes of gases, liquids and solids can be treated as being in the thermodynamic limit.

For small microscopic systems, different statistical ensembles (microcanonical, canonical, grand canonical) permit different behaviours. For example, in the canonical ensemble the number of particles inside the system is held fixed, whereas particle number can fluctuate in the grand canonical ensemble. In the thermodynamic limit, these global fluctuations cease to be important.

It is at the thermodynamic limit that the additivity property of macroscopic extensive variables is obeyed. That is, the entropy of two systems or objects taken together (in addition to their energy and volume) is the sum of the two separate values. In some models of statistical mechanics, the thermodynamic limit exists, but depends on boundary conditions. For example, this happens in six vertex model: the bulk free energy is different for periodic boundary conditions and for domain wall boundary conditions.

Inapplicability
A thermodynamic limit does not exist in all cases. Usually, a model is taken to the thermodynamic limit by increasing the volume together with the particle number while keeping the particle number density constant. Two common regularizations are the box regularization, where matter is confined to a geometrical box, and the periodic regularization, where matter is placed on the surface of a flat torus (i.e. box with periodic boundary conditions). However, the following three examples demonstrate cases where these approaches do not lead to a thermodynamic limit:

 * Particles with an attractive potential that (unlike the Van der Waals force between molecules) doesn't turn around and become repulsive even at very short distances: In such a case, matter tends to clump together instead of spreading out evenly over all the available space. This is the case for gravitational systems, where matter tends to clump into filaments, galactic superclusters, galaxies, stellar clusters and stars.
 * A system with a nonzero average charge density: In this case, periodic boundary conditions cannot be used because there is no consistent value for the electric flux. With a box regularization, on the other hand, matter tends to accumulate along the boundary of the box instead of being spread more or less evenly with only minor fringe effects.
 * Certain quantum mechanical phenomena near absolute zero temperature present anomalies; e.g., Bose–Einstein condensation, superconductivity and superfluidity.
 * Any system that is not H-stable; this case is also called catastrophic.

title: Thermodynamic limit