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Chaparral Cars

Chaparral Cars was a pioneering American automobile racing team and race car developer that engineered, built, and raced cars from 1963 through 1970. Founded in 1962 by American Formula One racers Hap Sharp and Jim Hall, it was named after the roadrunner, a fast-running ground cuckoo also known as a chaparral bird.

Background
Dick Troutman and Tom Barnes were builders of the original Chaparral race cars (later referred to as Chaparral 1). Jim Hall purchased two Chaparral 1s to race. When Hall and Sharp began building their own cars, they asked Troutman and Barnes if they could continue to use the Chaparral name. That is why the Hall/Sharp cars are all named Chaparral 2s (models 2A through 2J for sports cars/CanAm cars, and the 2K which was the 1979–1982 Indycar). Despite winning the Indianapolis 500 in 1980, they left motor racing in 1982. Chaparral cars also featured in the SCCA/CASC Can-Am series and Endurance racing.

Jim Hall was a leader in the innovation and design of spoilers, wings, and ground effects. A high point was the 1966 2E Can-Am car. The 2J Can-Am "sucker car" was the first "ground-effect" car.

The development of the Chaparral chronicles the key changes in race cars in the 1960s and 1970s in both aerodynamics and tires. Hall's training as an engineer taught him to approach problems in a methodical manner, and his access to the engineering teams at Chevrolet and at Firestone was instrumental in changing race car aerodynamics and handling from an art to an empirical science. The embryonic data acquisition systems created by the GM research and development group aided these efforts. An interview with Hall by Paul Haney illustrates many of these developments.

1
In 1957, Hall raced the front-engined Chaparral (retroactively called the "Chaparral 1") through 1962, bought from Troutman and Barnes (like the Scarab, the Chaparral 1 cars were built in California by Troutman and Barnes). Hall and Hap Sharp extensively modified their Chaparral and eventually decided to build their own car. They obtained permission from Troutman and Barnes to use the Chaparral name, which is why all of Hall's cars are called Chaparral 2s.

2
The first Chaparral 2-series was designed and built to compete in the United States Road Racing Championship and other races of the time, particularly the West Coast Pro Series that were held each fall. Hall had significant "under the table" assistance from GM, including engineering and technical support in the development of the car and its automatic transmission (this is evidenced by the similarity between the Chevy Corvette GS-II "research and development" model and the Chaparral 2A through 2C models).

First raced in late 1963, the Chaparral 2 developed into a highly competitive car in the Can-Am series in 1966 and 1967. Designed for the 200-mile races of the Can-Am series, it was also a winner in longer endurance races. In 1965, it shocked the sports car world by winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in a pouring rainstorm, on one of the roughest tracks in North America.

The Chaparral 2 featured the innovative use of fiberglass as a chassis material. The Chaparral 2C had a conventional aluminum chassis.

It is very difficult to identify all iterations of the car as new ideas were being tested continually.

 * The 2A is the car as originally raced, featuring a very conventional sharp edge to cut through the air. It also featured a concave tail reminiscent of the theories of Wunibald Kamm. The first aerodynamic appendages began to appear on the 2A almost immediately to cure an issue with the front end being very light at speed with a consequent impact on steering accuracy and driver confidence.
 * As the car evolved, it grew and changed shape. Most call these 2B and were raced through the end of 1965.
 * The 2C introduced the innovative in-car adjustable rear wing. The integrated spoiler-wing was designed to lie flat for low drag on the straights and tip-up under braking through the corners. The car's clutchless, semi-automatic transmission kept the driver's left foot free to operate the wing mechanism. The 2C was based on a Chevrolet-designed aluminum chassis and was a smaller car in every dimension than the 2B. Without the natural non-resonant damping of the fiberglass chassis, Hap Sharp nicknamed it the EBJ — "eyeball jiggler".

Alongside the development of aerodynamics was Hall's development of race tires. Jim Hall owned Rattlesnake Raceway, located adjacent to his race shop; its proximity allowed him to participate in much of Firestone's race tire development.

A two-article series in Car and Driver magazine featured Hall's design theories, turning speculation about vehicle handling into applied physics. Hall's theories were the precursor to the elaborate data collection and management of current racing teams.

The 2D was the first closed cockpit variant of the 2-series, designed for endurance racing in 1966. It won at 1000 km Nürburgring in 1966 with Phil Hill and Joakim Bonnier driving. It also competed in the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans, withdrawing after 111 laps. The 2D was equipped with a 327 cubic-inch displacement (5.3-liter) aluminum alloy Chevrolet engine producing 420 horsepower; the car weighed only 924 kg.

The 2E was based on the Chevrolet-designed aluminum 2C chassis and presented Hall's most advanced aerodynamic theories to the racing world in 1966. The 2E established the paradigm for virtually all racing cars built since. It was startling in appearance, with its radiators moved from the traditional location in the nose to two ducted pods on either side of the cockpit and a large pivoting variable-incidence wing-mounted several feet above the rear of the car on struts. As opposed to an aircraft wing, it generated downforce instead of lift and was attached directly to the rear suspension uprights, loading the tires for extra adhesion while cornering. A ducted nose channeled air from the front of the car upwards, creating extra downforce as well. By depressing a floor pedal that was in the position of the clutch in other cars, Hall was able to feather or flatten out, the "normally" negative-incidence wing's angle when downforce was not needed (as on a straight track section) to reduce drag and increase top speed. An interconnected air dam also closed off the nose ducting for streamlining. When the pedal was released, the front ducting and wing returned to full downforce position. Until they were banned, many race cars, including some in Formula One, had wings on tall struts. The resulting accidents from their failures led to pivoting wings mounted on the suspension prior to being fully banned.

The 2E scored only one win, at the 1966 Laguna Seca Raceway Can-Am with Hill driving. Hall stuck to an aluminum 5.3-liter Chevrolet engine in his lightweight racer while the other teams were using 6- to 7-liter iron engines, trading weight for power.

The 2E was a crowd favorite and remains Hall's favorite car.

In the 2F Hall applied the aerodynamic advances of the aluminum 2E to the older fiberglass chassis closed-cockpit 2D for the 1967 racing season. A movable wing mounted on struts loaded the rear suspension while an air dam kept the front end planted. The radiators were moved to positions next to the cockpit. An aluminum 7-liter Chevrolet 'big block' engine replaced the 5.3-liter engine of the 2D. While always extremely fast, the extra power of the larger engine was too much for the automatic transmission to handle and it broke with regularity. After solving the transmission problems, the 2F scored its only win on 30 July 1967 in the BOAC 500 at Brands Hatch with Hill and Mike Spence driving. After this race the FIA changed its rules, outlawing not only the 2F but also the Ford GT40 Mk.IV (winner at Le Mans that year) and the Ferrari 330 P3/4 (winner, 24 Hours of Daytona) and 365 P4 (finished second, Le Mans). As with the 2D, the 2F raced wearing Texas license plates.

The 1967 2G was a development of the 2E. It featured wider tires and a 427 cu in aluminum Chevrolet V-8 engine. While on par with its competitors in terms of power, the lightweight 2C chassis was stretched to the limit and it was only Hall's driving skills that kept the car competitive. For the 1968 Can-Am series, still larger tires were added to increase grip.

Hall's racing career was effectively ended in a severe crash at the Stardust Grand Prix Can-Am race when he rear-ended the slow-moving McLaren of Lothar Motschenbacher, although he did drive in the 1970 Trans-American Sedan Championship while fielding a team of Chevrolet Camaros.

Hall noted that the increasing downforce also created enormous drag. Seeking a competitive edge, the highly advanced 2H was built in 1968 as the replacement for the 2G to minimize drag. Not only was it extremely slippery, it was narrow to reduce frontal area. Development problems kept it out of the Can Am series, forcing Hall to update the 2G for the 1968 series, during which his catastrophic accident occurred. Hall was consistently the best driver for Chaparral and knew how to get the best out of his cars. John Surtees was brought in as driver for the 1969 Can Am series but never figured out how to drive the 2H to take advantage of its low drag potential. Surtees complained he couldn't see out of the car and demanded a redesign which ruined the aerodynamics, then ran the rear wing almost upright, negating any advantage of the compact slippery shape. Ultimately, by 1969 the massive amount of power being generated from the big block Chevrolet engines that Hall effectively debugged in 1967 and 1968, downforce was more important than low drag. Had the 2H kept the low drag shape but with a wider track it most likely would have been very competitive, but the true monocoque construction made changes to the chassis almost impossible. Beautifully constructed, the 2H looks as if it was made by NASA.

2J
The most unusual Chaparral was the 2J. On the chassis' sides bottom edges were articulated Lexan plastic skirts that sealed against the ground (a technology that would later appear in Formula One). Two fans adapted from a military tank engine were housed at the rear, driven by a single two-stroke twin-cylinder engine. The skirting produced a zone within which the fans could create a vacuum producing downforce on the order of 1.25 to 1.50 g when the car was fully loaded (fuel, oil, coolant). Tremendous gripping power and greater maneuverability at all speeds were produced.

The 2J competed in the Can-Am series and qualified at least two seconds quicker than the next fastest car, but mechanical problems limited its success. It only ran in the 1970 season, after which it was outlawed by the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA). Although originally approved by the SCCA, they succumbed to pressure from other teams who argued that the fans constituted "movable aerodynamic devices". Sanctioning body FIA had banned such devices beginning with the 2E. There were also complaints of debris generated by the fans damaging the following cars. McLaren argued that if the 2J were not outlawed, the Can-Am series would be ruined by its dominance – something McLaren had been doing since 1967. A similar fan was used in Formula One in on the Brabham BT46B.

2K
The 2K was a Formula One-inspired ground effect Indy car designed by Briton John Barnard. Debuting in 1979 with driver Al Unser Sr., it went on to win six races in 27 starts over three seasons. Its greatest success came in 1980 when Johnny Rutherford won both the Indy 500 and CART championship.

1970s
Chaparral started fielding Indy cars in 1978 with Al Unser driving the No. 2 First National City Traveler's Checks Lola T500-Cosworth DFX. Unser then managed to win the 1978 Indianapolis 500. Later in the season Unser added wins at the California 500 at Ontario Motor Speedway and the Schaefer 500 at Pocono International Raceway; this remains the only time a driver has won the Triple Crown. Despite these wins, Unser lost the championship to Tom Sneva (who failed to win a race). With the formation of CART, Hall fielded Unser in the No. 2 Pennzoil Lola T500-Cosworth DFX. At the 1979 Indianapolis 500, Hall and fellow CART board men Roger Penske, Pat Patrick, Teddy Mayer, Ted Field, and Robert Fletcher were initially not allowed to compete in the race since it was part of the USAC National Championship. At the same time Hall was going to introduce the Chaparral 2K-Cosworth DFX. In the race Unser lead for 89 of the 200 laps but an engine fire on lap 105 ended his participation. He later won the season-ending Miller High Life 150 at Phoenix International Raceway and finished fifth in CART standings but was ineligible for USAC points.

1980s
By 1980 Unser was replaced by Johnny Rutherford after having disagreements with Hall. The only change to 2K was its number, now four. Rutherford won five races that season, including the 1980 Indianapolis 500, the Datsun Twin 200 at Ontario Motor Speedway, the Red Roof Inn 150 at the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course; the Norton 200 at Michigan International Speedway, and the Tony Bettenhausen 200 at the Wisconsin State Fair Park Speedway. He also won the 1980 IndyCar and CRL championships. In 1981 Rutherford returned with the No. 1 Pennzoil Chaparral 2K-Cosworth DFX and won the season-opening Kraco Car Stereos 150 at Phoenix International Raceway. The rest of the season proved to be inconsistent as he dropped to fifth in points. The team also competed in the opening round of the USAC Gold Crown season at the 1981 Indianapolis 500. Rutherford led for three laps early on but fuel pump issues ended the team's day after only 25 laps. By the 1982 IndyCar season the 2K was becoming outdated, with its best result in fourth place at the Miller High Life 150. After four races he ranked 18th in points. By the time of the Norton Michigan 500 at Michigan International Speedway, the team was using a March 82C-Cosworth DFX purchased from Bob Fletcher Racing. Rutherford's results managed to improve as he took his season-best finish of third at the AirCal 500K at Riverside International Raceway. Rutherford ended up in 12th place in points that year. The team also competed at the USAC Gold Crown season finale, the 1982 Indianapolis 500, where Rutherford started 12th and finished 8th.

1990s
In the 1991 CART season Hall returned to Indy cars in conjunction with VDS Racing, with the team being called Hall-VDS Racing with John Andretti driving the No. 4 Pennzoil Z-7 Lola T91/00-Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V8. The team managed to get a victory in their debut, the Gold Coast IndyCar Grand Prix on the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit. The team also got a second-place finish at the Miller Genuine Draft 200 at the Milwaukee Mile. Also, at the 1991 Indianapolis 500 Andretti got a fifth-place finish. At the end of the season Andretti was ranked a career-best eighth in points. In the 1992 CART season Andretti drove the No. 8 Pennzoil Z-7 Lola T92/00-Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V8 for the team. However, Andretti's best finish came at the Pioneer Electronics 200 at the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course where he came in fourth place. At the end of the year Andretti finished eighth in points again. He then left the team at the end of the season to compete in the NHRA Winston Drag Racing Series for Jack Clark. So in the 1993 CART season the team fielded Teo Fabi in the No. 8 Pennzoil Lola T93/00-Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V8. Fabi's best finish was fourth, at the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach on his way to an 11th-place finish in points. In the 1994 CART season Fabi drove the No. 11 Pennzoil Reynard 94i-Ilmor D. Fabi's best results that season were a pair of fourth-place finishes at the Marlboro 500 at Michigan International Speedway and the Texaco/Havoline 200 at Road America. Fabi went on to end the season ranked ninth in points. At the end of the season he left to drive for Forsythe Racing. For the 1995 CART season VDS dropped out of the venture and the team became known as Hall Racing and rookie Gil de Ferran was signed on to pilot the No. 8 Pennzoil Reynard 95i-Ilmor-Mercedes-Benz IC108. In four of the first six races de Ferran managed to qualify in the top-10. Although he only scored two points during that time. His season soon turned around starting with a pole position at the Budweiser Grand Prix of Cleveland at Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport where he was leading with five laps to go when he collided with the lapped car of Scott Pruett taking him out of the race. De Ferran avenged this later in the season when he won the season-ending Toyota Monterey Grand Prix at Laguna Seca Raceway. He finished 14th in points and won the Jim Trueman PPG IndyCar World Series Rookie of the Year Award. For the 1996 IndyCar season he drove the No. 8 Pennzoil Reynard 96i-Honda Indy V8 and qualified for the pole at the 1996 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach. He also won the Medic Drug Grand Prix of Cleveland and finished sixth in the final points standings. Despite the recent success Hall closed up the Indy car team for good, after which de Ferran drove for Walker Racing in the 1997 CART season. In total Hall won 13 races and two championships.

Museum
In 2005, a wing of the Permian Basin Petroleum Museum in Midland, Texas, was dedicated to the permanent display of the remaining Chaparral cars and the history of their development. The cars are driven from time to time at the museum grounds to keep them running properly.

Tributes

 * The 2005 Monterey Historic Automobile Races honored Chaparrals as the featured marque. Hall's Chaparral 2A won the Monterey Sports Car Championships at Laguna Seca Raceway in 1964.
 * In the 2009 Monterey Sports Car Championships, Gil de Ferran painted his Acura ARX-02a to resemble a Chaparral in tribute to Jim Hall, for whose team he drove in his first two seasons in CART, and also to commemorate his final professional race. An exhibition race featuring the Acura and three Chaparrals was held that Friday with Hall performed a demonstration lap shortly before the race.

Complete PPG CART Indycar World Series results
(key)

title: Chaparral Cars


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User talk:Xayma

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 05:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Xayma


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The Code Room

The Code Room is a half-hour-long reality game show produced by Microsoft. The show was conceptualized and executive produced by Paul Murphy and hosted by Jessi Knapp, accompanied by a varying project expert. Each episode consists of a number of MSDN Developer Event attendees who team up to complete a project, with given specifications, in a limited amount of time. It should not be confused with The Code Room from DMD and the group that introduced the world to the "Hybrid Hostel".

The Code Room was filmed at an MSDN Developer Event and shown on several cable television stations, as well as other streaming television stations like MSDN TV. The show could also be watched for free through the Channel 9 community, and was additionally included in several MSDN CDs and DVDs.

The "Code Room" was typically an enclosed room with one or more desks, whiteboards and computers. All required programming tools were installed, along with other stationery. However, no internet connection was available and contestants could not bring their own notes. Contestants had to use preselected development environments which were typically new to them, having only been given a quick crash course about the environment in a presentation before the contest began.

Teams that were able to complete the project within the required time were eligible for prizes and to be part of "Team Code FF". At the end of the series, the two top "Team Code FF" teams (determined by their performance, as well as community ranking) competed in the Final Code Room challenge for the ultimate "Code Room Champion" title.

The program won a Telly Award in 2004.

Episodes

 * 1) The Code Room: Episode 1, published December 9, 2004
 * 2) The Code Room: Episode 2, Building Mobile Apps and Bluetooth Enabled Kiosks, published May 19, 2005
 * 3) The Code Room: Episode 3, Breaking Into Vegas, published February 23, 2006

title: The Code Room


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Dominion Textile

The Dominion Textile Inc. or Domtex was a Canadian textile manufacturer that was founded in 1905 and closed in 1998 when its remains were purchased by the American Polymer Group, at the time headed by Jerry Zucker.

History
Following the instituting of the National Policy in 1879, Canadian manufacturers gained a degree of insulation from global markets, leading to a rapid increase in the number of cotton mills. Overproduction soon ensued, which created problems for the industry. Toward the turn of the century, it became increasingly consolidated and dominated by trusts and cartels. In 1905, four of the largest textile companies in Canada, which between them owned over half the looms and spindles in the country, merged to form Dominion Textile, which soon gained a near monopoly in the tariff-protected Canadian market. Based in Montreal, it was one of Canada's leading companies and had close links to the government. Most of the company's production was based in small towns in Quebec and elsewhere across Canada; in most of these towns, the mill was the primary employer. Dominion Textile and its affiliate, Montreal Cottons, used the Slater, or family method of recruitment, which involved sending agents into the rural Quebec countryside to encourage entire families to move to mill towns. This was successful because of Quebec's large population of surplus labour relative to its arable land. In general, the Quebec cotton industry had employed children since the 1880s, but legislation and a large working population resulted in a slow shift toward greater predominance of adults by the 20th century, many of whom were unmarried women. A concentration of textile mill workers were young women aged around sixteen to eighteen, who lived with their parents, often also mill workers, and who formed a significant part of the family as an economic unit. These women were concentrated heavily in lighter, semi-skilled work, with little upward mobility.

Canada's textile industry suffered considerably during the Great Depression, resulting in layoffs and shifting the balance of employees for the first time to a majority of men. This was abruptly reversed during the Second World War, with production rising and women taking on new roles within the mills. Amidst labour market instability and the postwar Canadian strike wave (which also saw a major strike at Ford in Windsor, Ontario), there was a strike in June 1946 by the United Textile Workers of America (UTWA) at the Montreal Cottons plant in Valleyfield, Quebec as well as four Dominion Textile mills in Montreal. While the latter strikes were settled by August, the former continued on bitterly until September, and became notable for its rioting.

In 1948 the economic situation changed dramatically as tariffs between western nations were greatly reduced, and Dominion Textile was exposed to strong competition from the United States and Britain. Dominion Textiles' market share fell dramatically from nearly 100% of the Canadian market in 1947 to only 47% a decade later. The company almost collapsed, but eventually adapted to the new conditions. It was rebranded as Domtex and moved into new areas such as the production of polyester. In the same period it became seen by Quebec nationalists as a prime example of the anglophone businesses that controlled the province. In 1967 FLQ member Jean Corbo died when a bomb detonated prematurely in an attempted attack on a Dominion Textile plant in Montreal.

In the 1970s the company began to expand abroad, seeking to compete outside Canada. It purchased smaller companies in other nations and built new factories. At its peak in the 1980s it had 14,000 employees and factories in Canada, the United States, Ireland, France, Italy and Tunisia. A leader in a number of areas, it became the world's largest producer of denim.

In the 1980s the textile industry was again changing, as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provisions came into effect that opened the business to competition from low wage developing economies. Domtex tried to adapt. It entered into a long battle to try to get concessions from its unions and closed half its Canadian factories. In 1987 it made a failed bid for American giant Burlington Industries, that would have made it a global textile leader. Over the course of the 1990s the company slowly collapsed, and by 1997 it was left with only two factories. The remnants were bought for some $600 million by the Polymer Group of South Carolina in 1998.

Many of its products were once household names in Canada, such as the Texmade bedding line, Caldwell towels, and Penman's underwear.

Archives
There is a Dominion Textile fonds at Library and Archives Canada. It contains around 94 m of textual records, 45,000 photographs and 500 architectural drawings. Archival reference number is R1351.

title: Dominion Textile


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Commissioner Street (Johannesburg)

Commissioner Street is a major one-way street (westwards) in the Central Business District of Johannesburg, South Africa. It runs from the M31 (Joe Slovo Drive; Sivewright Avenue) to the R41 (Main Reef Road), and is indicated as part of the R24. The Carlton Centre, the 2nd-tallest building in Africa (the tallest office building in Africa), is located on the street, as is the southern end of Newtown. There is little evidence of Commissioner Street's exact origin, although it is known that this street played a role in the development of Johannesburg.

Historical events
Commissioner Street has been an important street in Johannesburg since the 1800s and has seen many significant events throughout its history.

 * In 1886, it was declared that mining would be allowed in Johannesburg. Johannesburg's first chemist was opened soon after the announcement by a Mr. Heymann. The chemist was known as "Golden Mortar Dispensary".
 * In May 1896, Carl Hertz bought a projector from England and screened the first movie seen in South Africa at the Empire Palace of Varieties on Commissioner Street. This introduced South Africa to the age of the bioscope.
 * On 22 September 1941, Dr Anton Rupert started his first business, the Voorbrand Tobacco Company, in Commissioner Street.
 * In 1973, the Carlton Centre, Africa's tallest building opened on Commissioner Street. The building consisted of a hotel, shops and offices. The hotel closed down in 1997 due to urban decay.

Chinatown
Two Chinatowns are located in the city of Johannesburg, the first Chinatown is located on Commissioner Street and the second is in the suburb of Cyrildene. The last remaining shops and restaurants of Johannesburg's first Chinatown are located between buildings 5 and 17 on the western end of Commissioner Street. It was established in the early 20th century when the first Chinese immigrants settled west of Johannesburg and it is estimated that by 1904 there were 180 Chinese businesses operating in the Newtown area. This Chinatown hosts an annual Chinese New Year celebration on Commissioner Street. Since 1994, it has been affected by urban decay and growing levels of crime, reducing its size. It is also getting smaller due to most of the descendants of the original immigrants now being 2nd and 3rd generation South African Chinese who have started to spread out to do business in other parts of the city and country. Many of the original businesses have moved to other areas in Johannesburg or closed down. The "New Chinatown" established in Cyrildene consists mainly of recent Chinese immigrants.

Heritage sites
Due to its long history, a number of buildings on Commissioner Street have reached the requirements to be protected as national or provincial heritage sites.

Renaming
In February 2012, the Premier of Gauteng, Nomvula Mokonyane announced that a proposal to rename Commissioner Street had been brought before the Gauteng Geographical Names Committee. The proposal was to rename the street after Apartheid struggle leader and founding member of the ANC Women's League, Albertina Sisulu. The family of Sisulu welcomed this proposal. The overall plan was for the sections of the R24 route in Johannesburg and Roodepoort to be renamed as Albertina Sisulu Road. Eventually, only the one-way street for the other direction (east), Market Street, was renamed to Albertina Sisulu Road in October 2013  while Commissioner Street was not renamed.

title: Commissioner Street (Johannesburg)


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Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre

Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre (BCEC) is a convention centre in Brisbane, Australia. It is located in South Brisbane and occupies most of the block formed by Grey Street, Melbourne Street, Merivale Street, and Glenelg Street. The centre is owned by South Bank Corporation and managed by ASM Global.

History
Designed by COX Architecture, the BCEC was constructed by Leighton Contractors, beginning in March 1993 with the demolition of World Expo Park. Prior to Expo, the site was home to the South Brisbane Interstate Station. The building cost $170 million (equivalent to $ million in ), and was mostly funded by the Queensland Government's sale of a casino license, with the remainder funded directly by the government. The centre was completed in May 1995, and opened on 6 June that same year.

Brisbane hosted the 2014 G20 summit. The BCEC hosted the event including the International Media Centre. It was the largest media operation in the country's history with capacity for more than 2,500 journalists.

On 1 June 2021, around 150 protesters converged on the centre to protest the Land Forces convention. Fake blood was spread over the stairs and pavement outside the centre. Seven arrests were made.

During the COVID-19 pandemic the centre was used as mass vaccination hub. It was the largest hub set up in Queensland.

Expansion
The design of an expansion to BCEC on Grey Street was approved in 2007. Laing O'Rourke was appointed as the project's builder in June 2009 after a delay caused by budget issues, and construction began in 2010. The project was completed in early 2012, and opened on 25 January. It cost $140 million and was funded by the Queensland Government. The five-level expansion has 25,000 m2 of floorspace and includes two auditoria for 400 and 600 with accompanying foyer space, speakers’ facilities, and private boardrooms. The expansion saw the commission of an integrated artwork sited within the foyers and along Grey Street titled 'Pamphlet' 2012 by artist Bruce Reynolds, curated by Jacqueline Armitstead of Armitstead ART Consulting, and funded by Art + Place, Queensland Government's public art fund.

Design
The building is 450 m in length, 120 m wide, and 24 m high. The complex roof design is based on five hyperbolic paraboloids. The building is stabilised by concrete shear walls and clad in steel. A car park is located on the ground floor.

Events
BCEC hosts events such as the Brisbane International Boat Show, Home Show, Lifeline's Bookfest, Brides Wedding & Honeymoon Expo, World Travel Expo, graduation ceremonies for Griffith University and Southbank Institute of Technology, art shows, charity events. The centre hosts musical performances as well. It is the venue for a Kraftwerk concert in 2023.

The centre was selected as the hosting venue for the 2014 G-20 Australia summit.

Sports
From 1998 until 2008, the BCEC Great Hall was the home of three times National Basketball League (NBL) champions the Brisbane Bullets. The Bullets moved from the previous home, the 13,500 seat Brisbane Entertainment Centre, due in part to dwindling crowds and the cost of playing out of the Boondall based stadium. During the 2011-12 NBL season the Gold Coast Blaze played two home games at the centre.

The Convention Centre was also the home to the Brisbane-based netball side the Queensland Firebirds from 2008 to 2017. The Firebirds were a foundation club of the Commonwealth Bank Trophy (CBT) in 1997 and played at the 2,700 seat Chandler Arena. When the CBT was retired in 2007 and the ANZ Championship took its place the Firebirds moved to the new championship and also moved into the larger Convention Centre, becoming the venue's second major tenant alongside the Bullets. The team moved home games to the Brisbane Entertainment Centre after the 2017 season.

title: Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre


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Talk:Silver Lake, Los Angeles

[untitled section]
This article needs to be improved - does anyone want to expand it? Should I put a clean up?
 * >|>I think a cleanup is in order for the longer entries. It looks like someone copied their blog to this page. JedJedGould

Gay Community?
Why was this Area written about as the Gay Community in Los Angeles. The "Gay" Communitty is West Hollywood. Silverlake is for hpsters and Alternative Artists...no matter what their Life Style is...besides Silver Lake is Still (as of this day in 2005) a Predominently Straight Latino Area...however the"Art community has a Comparitively large "Gay'population.

-Dave Teague

The gay commu"nitty"? Hehehehehe. That's rich. Made my bleepin' day. Love - the gay commUNITY in Silver Lake.

Silver Lake has been a major gay center longer than West Hollywood - in fact the gay rights movement began there. You're obviously not familiar with the area. The difference between the two, prior to gentrification bringing in hipster types and then yuppies, was that West Hollywood was upscale and virtually all white whereas Silver Lake gays tended to be working class and ethnically mixed, with a large Latino and Asian element. The Sunset Junction festival was originally a gay festival - gentrification has caused it to lose its gay identity. While there are certainly large numbers of gays who attend the festival, it is no longer a gay festival as it was in the 1980s. Ironically, the "alternative arts" community is starting to leave Silver Lake because it has become expensive, and are moving to Echo Park, Eagle Rock and Highland Park all of which are unquestionably "predominately straight Latino areas"

Yeah, I don't think there's much of an actual gay "community" per se in WeHo. It's the "Land of the Shirtless Male"; most of the gay men who live there are more interested in anonymous sex than in any sort of community-building. I'm sure the percentage of gay residents is higher in WeHo than in Silver Lake, but as far as social capital goes, Silver Lake is LA's gay center. It will be interesting to see if this is still the case 20 years from now, or whether it will have moved southeast (toward Echo Park and Chinatown) or northeast (into Atwater Village, Highland Park, Eagle Rock, Glassell Park, etc.) --Slightlyslack 21:20, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Typically the two main "gay" areas of Los Angeles has always been West Hollywood and Silverlake. You can try to pretty-up the wording as much as you can but it basically falls into this category: West Hollywood is where all the "pretty" and well-to-do gay people live and Silverlake is where the older more alternative/leather-cultured gay people live. It's that simple and has been that way since as far back as I can remember. So you can think of Silverlake as the "Florida" for older gay Los Angelinos which also has a lot of 20/30-somethings with piercings. Artemisboy 21:06, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

I grew up in Silverlake, and it has been a haven for homosexuals certainly since the 50's when I was a child. In fact the old Disney Studios on Hyperion was once Mac's, a popular gay bathhouse that was shut down in 1988 due the rise of the AIDS epidemic. http://articles.latimes.com/1988-08-31/local/me-1204_1_gay-bathhouse. I often heard the area referred to as the Swish Alps by older gays in the area and it is reported to have arisen partly due to the prevalence of gays, such as Mack Sennett, in the early motion picture industry which was centered in the area. Nesdon (talk) 05:38, 25 February 2013 (UTC)
 * You are missing the point. There needs to be a WP:Reliable source for all this. GeorgeLouis (talk) 21:09, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

I thought I posted a reliable source, I have added another. Tho' I'm not sure where the cites appear here on talk pages. There are two footnote cites above, but here they are in the body of this text: "Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians" Lillian Faderman, Stuart Timmons, and "Bohemian Los Angeles" Daniel Hurewitz, UCPress http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520256231[User:Nesdon|Nesdon]] (talk) 18:19, 12 April 2014 (UTC)Nesdon (talk) 18:27, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Quite right. Bohemian Los Angeles is full of stuff, as well as Faderman and Timmons.  I can't believe this article doesn't discuss gay history in Silver Lake right now.  Can anyone find the material that was (evidently) in here at one point to see what can be salvaged, or should we consider starting from scratch?  There are plenty of journal articles too.— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 18:57, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

 * This article is awful. It looks like it was written by 22-year-old hipsters who think the world was created last thursday.  It doesn't even have a history section to put gay history into.  Argh.  Harry Hay started the freaking Mattachine society in Silver Lake, for god's sake.— alf laylah wa laylah (talk) 19:00, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

Edendale
I think the reference to Edendale is not quite accurate. I believe the Edendale name predates Ivanhoe, and doesn't exactly refer to Silver Lake, but to a historic district on its eastern edge, mostly in Echo Park. There's a new article on Edendale if you'd like to link. --TomChatt 07:56, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

county?
which county is it in?

Silver Lake is a part of the city of Los Angeles which is in Los Angeles County --Freepablo 05:43, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

---

Wait. Silver Lake is largely in 90039 and some parts in 90026? My impression was that it was evenly divided between the two. The Sunset Junction is in 90029. A small part of Silver Lake is in 90029.

I doubled checked on the zip code maps, and you're right. a few blocks are in 90029. and between 1/3 and 1/2 is in 90026. it's been corrected. --Daniel Romero Cruz 08:43, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Trotsky
Did Trotsky really live in Silver Lake ?? GG The Fly (talk) 01:39, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Ivanhoe and Hugo Reid
I would be very interested in knowing the source of the statement that Hugo Reid first applied the name "Ivanhoe" to the Silver Lake area. This doesn't seem to be substantiated except by other websites, which also give no attribution. (If it is in Dakin's book, I missed it entirely.) It seems more likely that the name was first applied by the subdividers of the Ivanhoe tract (1887) and that the name of the reservoir followed. Nonetheless, the Reid story is intriguing and, if true, it would great to have it properly referenced. WMThomas (talk) 20:04, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I have added a citation request in the article concerning the source of the statement discussed above. As the websites mentioned give no attribution, they cannot be used as citations. On the other hand, Mike Eberts states in his well referenced Griffith Park: a Centennial History (1996) Los Angeles: Historical Society of Southern California ISBN 0-914421-19-0 that Griffith J. Griffith gave the name when he subdivided the land in 1887.  If Griffith was using a name previously bestowed by Reid, that would be very interesting to document. WMThomas (talk) 03:50, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, it says so in the Hugo Reid article, so it has to be true, right? I've added 'citation needed' to that article, as well.  --Hordaland (talk) 19:41, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

The reference to Hugo Reid as source for the name Ivanhoe came (unsourced) from a currently inactive website, silverlake.org. From there it has spread to Wikipedia and a book, The Silver Lake Chronicles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:648:8501:6840:0:0:0:99D (talk) 21:07, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

Notable Residents
This section needs pruning per Famous Residents. I have just removed all those persons who were not notable enough to have a WP article, but the remaining entries need checking against the other criteria, I suspect that a large number do not meet "The person's notability must derive from the location OR the person must have derived the basis for their notability in that location OR the person must hold some significance to the location in general". I also suspect that there are a lot of entries in the list who are notable but for whom residence cannot be verified so as to meet "residence must be verifiable through cited, reliable sources". Mfield (talk) 00:52, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Griffith Park, Interrupted blog link
I am removing this again for the third time. It is highly inappropriate and considered self promotional to be adding an external link to your own blog and that is what User:Hottertoddy has admitted to doing here. Without establishment of notability and a direct link to the text of the article, then this link is considered spam. Mfield (talk) 02:11, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

My blog is about the pollution of Silver Lake
and is linked to the LA Times, CNN, LAObserved, Aquafornia, LA Metblogs, Editor & Publisher and many other places. It is non-profit. I am a volunteer. I have never sold my work on this blog. I am a journalist in the LA Press Club. I have been published in over 200 newspapers and magazines. My blog is www.donnabarstow.com/park_blog

My blog has been deleted 3 times by Matt Fields. He is a photographer in Hollywood. His own photographs, which reference his work as a photographer, and are good publicity for him, are in Wiki. In other words, he publicizes his photographs on this site.

I suggest that my blog offers important information about pollution, the DWP, and the problems we have in Silver Lake. It should be listed with the other links on this page, most of which are self-serving websites about political groups in Silver Lake. I also believe that listing a gay sales site like Clubfly, which describes Silver Lake as a gay city, and points to all the leather bars, is a LITTLE more self-serving than my blog. Yet Matt apparently thinks that one is okay to stay. There is also a gay hospital advertised here. No other hospitals are listed.

Please let me know who reads this Talk page. If it is just Matt Fields I will obviously need to go further up. He is a problem. Hottertoddy (talk) 02:45, 1 August 2008 (UTC) Matt, you link to your own website, and also have your photos in Wiki. How appropriate is that?Hottertoddy (talk) 02:46, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * If you have links to stories from these publications then please provide them so that the merit of it can be assessed. You have to undertand that adding links to your won blog which will drive traffic is considered a conflict of interest and thus care has to be taken to ensure notability. Please see EL for the policy explanation. As for my own photographs, yes they have a website link because they are licensed under a commercial commons attribution license and the site provides a means of contact for attribution purposes. This is accepted policy. I am not 'a problem', I am following guidelines and establishing notability is one of the things that keeps Wikipedia credible. Mfield (talk) 02:51, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

This is what I was afraid of. Only one person covers an entire city, Matt, and it's you?! How credible and notable is that?

 * No, thousands of us edit all manner of articles. I think you have a complete misunderstanding of how wikipedia works. You should read Introduction and Policies for clarification on the core issues. I am no more responsible than you for providing cited proof of any information you add Verifiability. Mfield (talk) 03:56, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

I have no idea what you mean here: "the site provides a means of contact for attribution purposes." Have you ever looked at a blog? Do you understand that I have links there that say "Contact", just like a website does?

 * If you re-read the sentence you will see that I was referring to the links to my website on the pages of photos I have contributed to Wikimedia. The site link provides a means of permanent contact for attribution information as the images are licensed to wikimedia under a Creative Commons attribution license. Attribution means that when the images are used for whatever purpose, they have to be credited to me. It all has nothing to do with blogs, yes of course I understand what a blog is. Mfield (talk) 03:56, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

If Wiki does not understand Technorati, I feel sorry for them. Maybe this is why Wiki doesn't "get" blogs?? Technorati provides validation for any blog. It requires a lot of credibility and work to be linked to another blog, let me tell you. If you don't know it, perhaps you shouldn't be looking at blogs and making judgments... Here is a [link] to technorati: http://www.technorati.com/blogs/donnabarstow.com/park_blog/?reactions Sometimes Technorati is a little wonky, so you may have to refresh it a couple of times. There are 40 references there to my blog posts, sometimes 42 or 44, depending on the hour or how Tech feels at the moment. Hottertoddy (talk) 03:42, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm a bit confused by what you're trying to do here, Hottertoddy. Are you trying to use your blog as a source, or merely to link to it on this page? Dayewalker (talk) 03:50, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The issue is about the addition of it as an external link - it is not referenced in the article text. Mfield (talk) 03:59, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * If that's the case, then no, the blog is certainly not an external link. If the only issue is that Mfield's blog is linked at wikimedia, then there's nothing really to discuss here. Dayewalker (talk) 04:03, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

It's up to you whether to join the discussion, Dayewalker.

I understand more now, and thanks to everyone: it's kind of like a game. Somebody added a sentence recently that reads: The SL Residents Association, SL Improvement Association, Committee to Save SL's Reservoirs, the SL Chamber of Commerce and Neighbors for Peace & Justice are all active in the area. And then those groups got to add their links, is that it? So if I add an important piece of info about the polluted lake, then I get a link, too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hottertoddy (talk • contribs)

 * I did join in the discussion.Mfield has explained this to you before, and after reading this section, I'll say he's been pretty patient. Blogs aren't allowed on wikipedia by WP:EL. If you think your blog should be different, please explain. Don't point to other blogs and links as examples, because other stuff does exist on wikipedia. Try and show why your blog is a resource that isn't duplicated by any other source. Dayewalker (talk) 05:15, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, and if you want some nice pictures of the polluted lake, you can ask me and I will take them - as I walk around it at least once a week - and give them to the you and the community for free so you can use them to illustrate the point. That's the way we all make a better source of information for all, by working together and achieving consensus and by sticking to the agreed policies - not by jumping to conclusions about other peoples actions and motivations and throwing accusations at them. It's difficult to maintain any kind of credibility once you start hurling insults from a position of misunderstanding and at the least, incivility on WP will attract attention rapidly from block wielding admins who will block first and not have time to care why. As you are new and this whole discussion here is probably not something you want to remember, I will archive it all out off this page in the morning. Mfield (talk) 05:07, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

But what about the gay hospital, and the gay leather bars? They aren't mentioned in the article, so who will speak for them? Sad. Do you want to delete them, Mr. Field, or should I? Hottertoddy (talk) 04:37, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * You seem to be getting the concept a little. Go on, edit away, WP:BEBOLD. If someone doesn't agree with you then they will revert it. But do not add references to your own site without the consensus of a third party, that way you avoid COI. If you write in a passage about the reservoir that merits a reference to your blog, and you can establish the notability of your blog via a credible third party source then by all means go ahead. Just tread carefully as spam linking is something that will attract quick reverts as it is a common vandalism problem. You can remove links that you feel are inappropriate yes, but make sure you have fully read all the help pages on the subject before you get started or you will run the risk of removing something with every right to be there which might offend someone else. Mfield (talk) 04:44, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I have removed a number of links that were innapproriate or had tenuous links to the thrust of the article, I was not singling your link out, I reverted your addition directly from my watchlist with tools that enable us to see what has changed without viewing the entire page and had not noticed how that list of links had grown over time. Mfield (talk) 05:07, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

"World Famous Sunset Junction"
What's with the photo? Why is this place "world famous?" It looks gratuitious or wrongly captioned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.207.240.4 (talk) 20:16, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

Contents box
Any idea why the "Contents" box is further down the page? Shouldn't it be above the "Geography" section? How do you shift it? 108.200.141.44 (talk) 01:24, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The Table of Contents (TOC) was placed lower on the page to avoid a huge white space if placed higher up. GeorgeLouis (talk) 01:58, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, there wouldn't be so much white space if you hadn't gutted the infobox. Even with all the white space the TOC still belongs further up. 108.200.141.44 (talk) 02:39, 6 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Matter of opinion. I certainly don't mind your changing it if you want. GeorgeLouis (talk) 13:54, 6 June 2013 (UTC)

Independently owned shops
Is the district noted for its independently owned shops? Then there should be a source somewhere that will say so. Sincerely, GeorgeLouis (talk) 03:46, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
 * We know that. Just because there "should" be a published source doesn't mean such sources are readily accessible -- nor that the observation is inaccurate until sourced, nor that the article is more accurate if the info is omitted. The info can be stored here, while awaiting sourcing, instead of banished as though the observation is without merit or had never been made. I've frequented Silverlake since the mid-70s. I concur that the area has a history of boutiques, a reputation for being welcoming to diversity (e.g. the annual Sunset Junction Street Festivals), & relatively few chain stores (whether eateries or not). But many of the shops changed management & targeted-clientele following the HIV epidemic, which struck Silverlake harder than anywhere except WeHo. I don't know how much of the shopware is "owned" independently as distinct from rented or commissioned. PlayCuz (talk) 04:29, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

Info under Population
The closing sentence in this sentence asserts that the high rate of singledom is due to the LGBT and hipster communities. While that may be partially true, it 1) places a value judgment, implying these populations neglect "family values" and 2) is unattributed. Would love to take out if there is no real reference. thanks--A21sauce (talk) 13:25, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

 * I just read through the article for the first time yesterday and noticed myself that that statement seemed out of place as an uncited claim that clearly needs a citation and added a citation needed tag. I do not think it implies anything about "family values" and don't really know what you mean by that. It sounds like a relevant and interesting fact if a source can be provided for it, but seeing as this was first brought up 3 years ago and no one has provided a source, I am going to either remove it or re-word it to sound less like a fact. -- Yarnalgo talk 16:48, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Silver Lake, Los Angeles


text:
Helena Devereux

Helena Trafford Devereux (February 2, 1885 – November 17, 1975) was an American educator who founded the Devereux Foundation. She is considered a pioneer in the field of special education.

In 1912, Devereux began the first Devereux School for Exceptional Children in her home with less than $100. Today, more than 6,000 Devereux staff provides services to tens of thousands of children, adolescents, adults, and their families in 11 states and millions more across the country through public education and prevention programs each year.

Education
Devereux graduated from the Philadelphia High School for Girls in 1904 and from the Philadelphia Normal School for Girls in 1906 where she trained to become a teacher. Upon graduation she began teaching in one of Philadelphia's most underprivileged communities, at the George Washington School in South Philadelphia.

At a time when very little was known or understood about people with disabilities, Devereux took an interest in “slow learning” children. She recognized early that the public school system was ill-equipped to teach children with mental handicaps. Her intuitive ideas in developing individualized educational programs for children with special needs were far beyond her time. While the system had typically referred to slow learners as “throw-aways” Devereux believed that every child should be given opportunities to learn and achieve personal accomplishments. She believed that special educators are missionaries at heart. Soon, her class became the de facto special education classroom.

In 1911, Devereux was offered the job of Director of Special Education by the Philadelphia Board of Education, a new position designed to supervise the creation of a special education department. Despite being offered a handsome salary for the time, she turned it down, believing that she could have a greater impact branching off on her own.

Also in 1911, Devereux received national attention following a visit to her classroom from a reporter. Shortly thereafter, “The First Class of Special Education in an Elementary School in Philadelphia” was published. Following the publication about her teaching methods, Devereux was contacted by a parent in South Carolina, interested in entrusting her challenged son to Devereux's care. For $200, Devereux agreed to assume responsibility for the boy during the summer. The child, Robert Simpson, would become Devereux's first private school student. During that time, Devereux also received similar offers from other parents of children with special needs. In the summer of 1911, Devereux rented at six-bedroom home in Avalon, New Jersey in order to teach and care for eight children.

Devereux Schools: The beginning
In 1912 several children continued to live with Devereux in her own home in Philadelphia, which became her first private school. This marked the beginning of The Devereux Foundation. During that time, Devereux remained a public school teacher, and employed two assistant teachers to teach and look after students during the day.

Devereux devoted herself to learning how to best serve her students. Between the years of 1910 and 1918, Devereux participated in several post graduate endeavors, including the study of psychiatry, psychoanalysis and speech therapy at colleges and universities in the Philadelphia area. She also took apprenticeship training in the areas of occupational therapy, woodworking and handicrafts. All her efforts focused on improving the education and experience of the students in her charge. In 1914 she began working for the Philadelphia Normal School in order to teach post graduate students in the country's first course on special education.

In 1918, she resigned from the Normal school to teach her private school students full-time. In January 1918 she used $94 of saved and borrowed funds in order to rent a house in Devon, Pennsylvania.

Organizational growth
On May 1, 1918, Helena Devereux and her students took residence in the house that became known as “Devereux Stone.” Soon her students numbered 12, and in 1919 Devereux was able to purchase the rental property, as well as the neighboring estate. Over the course of two years, school enrollment doubled. In 1920 Devereux purchased another property in Berwyn, Pennsylvania in order to provide a home to some of the younger developmentally disabled children in her care. From 1920 onward, the organization saw continued growth, both in enrollment numbers, as well as in properties purchased.

In 1922, the different schools and facilities became united under one name—Devereux Schools. Despite an operating deficit of $250,000 during the Great Depression, Devereux continued to acquire real estate throughout the Philadelphia area. Creditors were kept at bay through the shared burden of Devereux staff, and loans from the parents of Devereux's students.

In 1938 The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted The Devereux Foundation its non-profit charter.

In 1940 Devereux transferred all the assets and properties of Devereux Schools to the Foundation. In 1943 The Devereux Foundation expanded tremendously, purchasing another building in Devon as well as a 350-acre estate in Santa Barbara, California. She would continue to serve actively as a consultant.

The Foundation continued to expand in the 1950s and 1960s, opening branches in Texas, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Arizona. In 1955 Devereux began professional training and research partnerships with several universities including the Teachers College of Columbia University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Pennsylvania, and Bryn Mawr College School of Social Work, among others. 1957 saw the introduction of the Devereux Institute for Research and Training, an initiative to expand professional training and research into the causes and treatment of certain psychological problems in children.

In 1957, Devereux resigned as director of the Foundation.

Professional acknowledgments
In 1958 Devereux became the first non-medical person, and only the fourth woman to become an honorary member of the American Psychiatric Association. Devereux's only published paper was published in 1909 in The Psychological Clinic entitled, “Report of a Year’s Work on Defectives in a Public School.”

Personal life
In 1924, Devereux married James Fentress, a widower of one of her friends. She continued to be called Miss Devereux. Married 21 years, they maintained very private personal lives, despite collaborating in the affairs of the organization. A strong supporter of his wife's independence and presence as the President of Devereux, Fentress served as the organization's Vice President, overseeing finances as the organization grew in size and scope.

Fentress died in 1943 and Devereux never remarried. Her family life in Pennsylvania centered on her brother, Robert's, children Mary Helena Devereux Scott and Richard Blyton Devereux, M.D.

Devereux died November 17, 1975, at her home in Devon at age 90.

title: Helena Devereux


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 July 18

Category:Tekken characters

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep --Kbdank71 16:04, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

No need to have a page per character if we already have a List of Tekken characters page. They should be merged into that page and the category should be deleted. --BradBeattie 21:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's outside the "jurisdiction" of this page—CfD doesn't have any control over article content, and as long as the articles exist, there is a need for the category. Here's what you should do:  first either unilaterally merge the pages yourself, though with such a substantial change I'd recommend discussing it on the article talk pages first or even listing on Votes for deletion, as is often done, to get consensus.  Then come back here once the articles no longer exist.  Given how substantial most of the articles appear to be, however, I doubt you're going to get a consensus to merge to a mere list.  If anything, the list should probably be edited down and the picture sizes reduced.  Postdlf 21:33, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * KEEP as is. The List of Tekken characters page is too long and growing, we are starting to move its contents to articles of Category:Tekken characters.
 * If all those articles were stubs, I'd say to merge them and delete the category. However, for the sheer length and informativeness, I'd say keep. By the way are those images legal? They look copyvio to me... but I'm sure one of the article authors knows what is going on? Radiant_ >|< 07:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:TV spin-offs

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 16:02, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Should be renamed to Category:Television spin-offs. Postdlf 21:23, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:CIA leak scandal

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus (keep) --Kbdank71 15:59, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Unnecessary category which would be better served by an article about the scandal rather than a category with someone's POV about who is or is not involved in it. (Refer also to the comment in this diff to show bad faith ) If every presidential scandal had its own category, each president would be in 50 categories. --BaronLarf 19:55, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * If only Rove would drop dead... However, delete.  Once enough time has passed so that there is a verifiable and academically accepted history of this event, then there might be justification for it (as we have with Category:Watergate).  It's simply inappropriate while it's still developing.  Postdlf 20:23, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Postdlf on all counts. Delete.  --Kbdank71 20:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Postdlf. siafu 22:05, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wikipedia does not generally wait for "academically accepted history" to pass judgement before creating articles or categories. See, for example, Category:Clinton Administration scandals. This story is a current event that is featured on the Main Page and there are several related articles that would be of interest to people following the story. Categories exist to make it easier for people to find articles. In my opinion deleting this category would be POV. --agr 17:58, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but Plame scandal timeline is much more accurate with regards to the scandal. If someone is following the story, they're more likely to read an article about the scandal.  --Kbdank71 18:18, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Postdif --Badlydrawnjeff 19:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Why delete something just because it is still 'in progress'. This will clearly be needed at some point so why define an artificial 'waiting period' before work on it is allowed to begin? --CBD 23:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Because it's not clear that it's going to be needed. In the end, this may be reduced to two or three articles and not necessarily need its own category. siafu 23:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Suggested rename Plame affair CIA leak is too generic, whereas Plame affair is more in keeping with other historical events of major import, such as Watergate and Iran-Contra affair, etc.
 * Rename to something less generic. --ssd 04:45, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Wikipedia spoken articles

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge --Kbdank71 15:42, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

It looks like a template was changed to include Category:Spoken articles instead, but a number of pages that transcluded the template continue show up in Category:Wikipedia spoken articles, even though the template has changed. --Tabor 17:49, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, but I prefer this name actually. Radiant_ >|< 19:49, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, and I prefer Wikipedia spoken articles as well. Any such category self-referential in content should be self-referential in name.  Postdlf 20:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The three articles left there actually need to be moved; but most of the ogg files use the template, and just need to be touched. I did find a coulple, however, that both used the template and had the old category listed. --ssd 04:54, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Move Category:Sol System planets to Category:Solar system planets

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 15:40, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

For the same reason as Category:Hypothetical Sol System bodies - The Merciful 17:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename, but to Category:Solar System planets (capitals are appropriate here). -Splash 18:24, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OBJECT wrong capitalization, it should be Category:Solar System planets, Solar System is a proper name. 132.205.3.20 18:24, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * COMMENT Solar system article shold be moved to Solar System, since solar system is the generic and same meaning as planetary system 132.205.3.20 18:24, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * RENAME to Category:Planets of our Solar System as per hypothetical discussion. 132.205.44.43 19:32, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:Planets of the Solar System. siafu 22:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename - I also prefer Category:Planets of the Solar System. JW 23:44, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per siafu, now I see this alternative, it's clearly the right one. -Splash 01:06, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:Planets of the Solar System. --Kbdank71 15:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:Planets of the Solar System - Worldtraveller 16:06, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:U.S. philanthropists

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus (keep) --Kbdank71 15:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Right, try this again. This category needs renaming to category:American philanthropists because American is an adjective describing Americans, per naming conventions. Dunc|☺ 15:13, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Also per the BBC and Britannica (see below under Category:United States painters discussion), and per the CIA World Factbook.  Can anyone actually offer evidence that "American" does not mean, in dominant English language usage, "of the United States"?  If not, this issue should be closed despite contrary opinions.  Postdlf 18:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not rename, or rename to Category:United States philanthropists, this discussion was already had last week sometime. This is just an attempt at an extension of a perfectly healthy discussion currently over on the VP. Keep it there, don't bring it here. -Splash 18:22, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to United States philanthropists, for consistency. Name after the country, not the continent. Radiant_ >|< 19:49, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Incorrect phrasing, contrary to English-language usage, and inconsistent with the use of the adjectival form of nationality in people category names. "American" is the proper term.  Please stop repeatedly contradicting external evidence without support.  Postdlf 20:27, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:United States philanthropists as per Radiant. And if by chance this actually gets a consensus to rename to American, what is the time frame before we can re-re-renominate it to change it to United States?  Two days?  This is getting ridiculous.  --Kbdank71 20:31, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per Radiant "American", though most common, is potentially confusing (North American, Latin American, South American, &c.). siafu 22:13, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree. Neutralitytalk 22:15, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree. we've been through this before. 'American' is synonymous with the USA rather than continents in English usage.--Hooperbloob 23:09, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * "American" or "U.S." Not "United States", which is stilted. Maurreen 03:09, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not rename. There is nothing unclear about the existing name either, so there isn't any compelling reason to rename that I see. Jonathunder 23:33, 2005 July 18 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:American philanthropists - SimonP 01:02, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Classify by nationality not by form of government. Hiding talk 15:18, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strongly disagree with the proposal. Relisting it right after it was voted on once is absurd, and something I always object to. By the way, I'm an American. My voting card says on the top "for United States citizens only." Are you going to say that is a wrong usage? CDThieme 18:33, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Am I the only one who thinks the most sensible thing to do is leave this discussion until after the one at Category titles? Renominating this one day after it was previously closed is very bad form too. -Splash 15:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename American philanthropists in line with most Wikipedia categories and standard usage. CalJW 21:58, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Category:United States philanthropists as per Radiant. However I wouldn't object to a category name with "US" instead of "United States". DES 21:40, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Administrative divisions of Myanmar and Category:Divisions of Myanmar

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge --Kbdank71 15:28, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Merge the two categories into either one, since they appear to be created for the same purpose--Huaiwei 10:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Category:Administrative divisions of Myanmar. siafu 22:15, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge also with Subdivisions of Myanmar (which also was created for the same purpose) and States of Myanmar. There is no need to keep the states in separate categories, since they are practically equivalent to divisions, there are only 7 and they have distinctive names anyway. Cities are now directly under geography category. Common Man 07:53, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Subdivisions of Bangladesh

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 15:24, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Rename category as Category:Districts of Bangladesh, as it is now a subcat of Category:Divisions of Bangladesh.--Huaiwei 10:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename per Huaiwei; "district" seems to be the term used for the article titles. siafu 22:16, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename though I would expect word region fitting better. Pavel Vozenilek 23:12, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Joubert Park

Joubert Park is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. The suburb shares its name with the largest park in the Central Business District, which is located a few blocks from the main train station for the city (known as Park Station).

Joubert Park is the location of the Johannesburg Art Gallery.

title: Joubert Park


text:
User:Djm-leighpark/Disk-to-disk backup

The term "disk-to-disk", or "D2D", generally refers to disk-to-disk backup. With D2D, a computer hard disk is backed up to another hard disk rather than to a tape or floppy. D2D is often confused with virtual tape, but differs in that it enables multiple backup and recovery operations to simultaneously access the disk directly by using a true file system.

Typical advantages of disk-to-disk

 * Higher speed and higher capacity, relative to tape or floppy, resulting in shorter backup and recovery windows.
 * Non-linear recovery of data, enabling a specific file to be restored quicker and simpler than with tape.
 * Lower total cost of ownership due to increased automation and lower hardware costs.

Remote backup services
Remote backup services are closely related to D2D backup as they are most often stored remotely on disk. The only major difference is that the data tends to be held at a remote location and these services are often provided by Managed backup photos provi

ders.

title: User:Djm-leighpark/Disk-to-disk backup


title: User:Klestrob44


text:
Young People's Socialist League (Socialist Party USA)

The Young People's Socialist League (YPSL), founded in 1989, was the official youth arm of the Socialist Party USA. The group comprised party members under the age of 30. It shared the same name as the Young People's Socialist League which was affiliated with the Socialist Party of America.

Socialist Party of America renamed as Social Democrats, USA
In its 1972 Convention, the majority of delegates voted to change the name of the Socialist Party of America name to "Social Democrats, USA" by a vote of 73 to 34. The change of name was supported by the two Co-Chairmen, Bayard Rustin and Charles S. Zimmerman (of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union, ILGWU), and by the First National Vice Chairman, James S. Glaser; these three were re-elected by acclamation.

National convention of 1972
The Convention elected a national committee of 33 members, with 22 seats for the majority caucus, 8 seats for Harrington's coalition caucus, 2 for the Debs caucus, and one for the "independent" Samuel H. Friedman, who also had opposed the name change.

The convention voted on and adopted proposals for its program by a two-one vote, with the majority caucus winning every vote. A Vice Chairman of the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL), Carl Gershman introduced the international program that was approved. It called for "firmness toward Communist aggression". However, on the Vietnam War, the program opposed "any efforts to bomb Hanoi into submission" and to work for a peace agreement that would protect Communist political cadres in South Vietnam from further military or police reprisals. Harrington's proposal for an immediate cease fire and an immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces was defeated. Harrington complained that, after its previous convention, the Socialist Party had endorsed George McGovern with a statement of "constructive criticism" and had not mobilized enough support for McGovern.

After their defeat at the Convention, some members of the minority caucuses left: at most 200 members of the Coalition Caucus led by Michael Harrington went on to form the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (later becoming the Democratic Socialists of America), some former members of the  Debs Caucus led the formation of the "Socialist Party of the United States of America".

National convention of 1974
The official YPSL continued its existence as the youth section of Social Democrats, USA. The group held a six-day-long "National School" in conjunction with its 1974 Convention, held from December 26 to 31 at Malibu, California. A bevy of prominent speakers addressed the gathering, which was coordinated by National Secretary Paul Landsbergis, with lecturers including Sidney Hook, Tom Kahn, SDUSA Executive Director Carl Gershman, professors Seymour Martin Lipset and Robert Scalapino, and representatives of the A. Philip Randolph Institute and the American Federation of Teachers.

Socialist Party USA reformation, dissolution, and reorganization
In 1989, the Socialist Party USA relaunched the YPSL as the official youth arm of the Party. In 2010, the YPSL was dissolved and its members were absorbed into the SPUSA.

At the 2011 National Convention, the resolution to revive the YPSL was passed. As stated in the National Convention Pre-Convention Discussion Bulletin, "Having a youth affiliation will help the SPUSA tap into the radicalization of youth around the country. Locals around the country are already involved in several campus issues from rising tuition, loan debt, jobs, and many other issues. The SPUSA and YPSL combination will help revitalize the party, and tap into an abundant source of Socialist energy and spirit."

However, "It is understood that the SPUSA cannot, and will not form YPSL on it's [sic] own. It will be up [to] those YPSL members themselves to do so. The SPUSA will only help support the re-founding with funds, organizing, and other skills as are available."

Organizational logo
YPSL's traditional symbol is the "Three Arrows", which has been interpreted differently over the course of the emblem's existence. The arrows are today meant to symbolize the three ways in which humanity works for a better society. They are:

 * Education - YPSL publishes pamphlets and magazines and holds educational forum meetings
 * Direct Action - YPSL engages in protests, non-violent demonstrations and engages in strike support
 * Elections - Through its parent organization, the Socialist Party USA, YPSL supports candidates for public office

American use of the "Three Arrows" logo originated in the fall of 1933 with the organization of a uniformed "Socialist Vanguard" in New York City, in which about 40 squads of eight members, each squad headed by a "captain" were formed. The Vanguard wore distinctive royal blue shirts and bore a new organizational logo, which was described in the official monthly newspaper of the YPSL:

Three arrows enclosed in a circle is the emblem of the Vanguard, borrowed from the now-destroyed Iron Front in Germany. The arrows stand for the slogan of the Young People's Socialist League: "Organization, education, solidarity."

In the German context, the "Three Arrows" logo was a social democratic symbol designed by Sergei Chakhotin, former assistant to the physiologist Ivan Pavlov in 1931. The circular logo was designed so as to be able to easily cover Nazi swastikas.

The three arrows originally stood for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) opposition to three enemies of democracy: communism, monarchism, and fascism (in Germany: Nazism).


text:
Kappa Delta

Kappa Delta (ΚΔ, also known as KD or Kaydee) was the first sorority founded at the State Female Normal School (now Longwood University), in Farmville, Virginia.

Kappa Delta is one of the "Farmville Four" sororities founded at the university, which includes Alpha Sigma Alpha, Sigma Sigma Sigma and Zeta Tau Alpha. A clock tower at the university campus with a clock face representing each sorority is dedicated to the four. Each sorority in the "Farmville Four" is also a member of the National Panhellenic Conference which governs the 26 national social sororities.

Kappa Delta has over 274,000 initiated members and 168 active collegiate chapters. Kappa Delta also has more than 200 chartered alumnae chapters. It is headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee.

History
Kappa Delta was founded by four college students at the State Female Normal School (now Longwood University), in Farmville, Virginia. The Founders were:
 * Lenora Ashmore Blackiston
 * Mary Sommerville Sparks Hendrick
 * Julia Gardiner Tyler Wilson
 * Sara Turner White

Blackiston first suggested forming a sorority. She went on to attend Randolph-Macon Woman's College. At 23 years of age in 1897 Hendrick was the oldest founder and stayed at State Normal until 1902, longer than any of the other founders. Wilson was the chief illustrator of the school's yearbook and designed the Kappa Delta badge. White would frequently host Founders Day festivities at her home later in life.

Philanthropies
Kappa Delta Sorority's official philanthropies are the Girl Scouts of the USA and Prevent Child Abuse America.

Kappa Delta's historical philanthropies are the Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU and Orthopedic Research Awards.

Collegiate and alumnae chapters host confidence-building programs, educational events, campus tours and other activities with Girl Scouts in their communities. Sorority members serve as mentors and volunteers.

Sorority members host Shamrock events every year to raise money for Prevent Child Abuse America and local child abuse prevention efforts. To date, Kappa Delta has donated more than $23 million to prevent child abuse in the U.S.

Symbols
The official symbols of ΚΔ are the nautilus shell and the dagger, while the mascots are the teddy bear and the katydid. The official colors are olive green and pearl white. The official flower is the white rose. ΚΔ has three official jewels: the diamond, the emerald, and the pearl. The badge worn by Kappa Delta sisters consists of a white gold or yellow diamond shaped with a dagger symbol along with the Greek letters K, Δ, and AOT.

Kappa Delta's coat of arms (often called the crest) is a white Norman shield, surmounted by a lamp of ancient design, against a background of ornamental scroll. A ribbon underneath the shield bears the date of the sorority's founding. Kappa Delta's tagline is "Building Confidence. Inspiring Action."

National leadership

 * President- Susan Stockton
 * Vice President- Emily Ulmer Feinstein
 * VP Membership- Courtney Hicks Dickey
 * VP Collegians- Laura Beth Hanson McKew
 * VP Alumnae- Tove Bichel Thomas
 * VP Finance- Sarah Smith Dubbert
 * NPC Delegate- Julie Landgren Johnson
 * Executive Director - Maggie Waples

Chapters
Kappa Delta has 166 collegiate chapters across North America.

Local chapter or member misconduct
In 2022, Betty Jane Cadle, former treasurer of the sorority chapter at Mississippi State University, was convicted of stealing $2.9 million from the sorority. As a result of Cadle's wrongdoing, the sorority chapter struggled financially. According to court documents, Cadle began to intentionally divert funds from the sorority's bank accounts in 2012. She used handwritten checks to transfer large sums of money into her personal bank account and into the account of Belles and Beaus, a downtown Oxford children's clothing store owned by Cadle and her daughter, Cathy Lowe. Prosecutors say the fraud continued until late 2019. Cadle will serve four years in prison and was ordered to pay $2.9 million in restitution back to the sorority chapter.

In 2013 and 2014, sorority women from multiple sorority chapters at the University of Alabama – including Kappa Delta, Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi, Phi Mu, Alpha Chi Omega, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, and Chi Omega – alleged that either active members or some alumnae had prevented them from offering membership to black candidates because of their race. Students, including Kappa Delta members, held a campus march to integrate Greek life on campus, and following media and national outcry, the university held a second round of recruitment in hopes of offering membership to more women.

title: Kappa Delta


text:
Edda Mussolini

Edda Ciano, Countess of Cortellazzo and Buccari (née Mussolini; 1 September 1910 – 9 April 1995) was the daughter of Benito Mussolini, fascist Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943. Her husband, the fascist propagandist and Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano, was executed in January 1944 for his role in Mussolini's ouster. She strongly denied her involvement in the National Fascist Party regime after her father's execution by the Italian partisans in April 1945.

Early life
The first child of Benito Mussolini and Rachele Guidi, she was born out of wedlock in Forlì, Romagna; her parents did not marry until December 1915. In her early years, while her father was editor of Il Popolo d'Italia in Milan, Edda lived with Rachele in Forlì. Her father became Prime Minister of Italy in October 1922 and dictator after January 1925.

In March 1925, Rachele and Edda with her brothers and sisters, moved from Milan to Carpegna and then to Rome in November 1929 to live with their father. Edda was a rebellious woman in her youth. Her powerful father made dating difficult, as most young men feared him. She has been described as being opinionated and outspoken. It was while in Rome that she met Galeazzo Ciano, son of Admiral Count Costanzo Ciano, a loyal Fascist and supporter of Benito Mussolini before his March on Rome. They were married on 24 April 1930 in a lavish ceremony attended by 4,000 guests.

Her husband was appointed Italian Consul in Shanghai. The couple moved back to Italy in 1932, where Galeazzo took the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs. In China, she had an affair with the Chinese general Zhang Xueliang.

Second World War
After the Italian invasion of Albania in June 1939, the city of Santi Quaranta (Sarandë in Albanian) was renamed "Porto Edda." In July 1939, she was depicted on the cover of Time in a feature entitled "Lady of the Axis".

During the Greco-Italian War, Edda Ciano volunteered for service with the Italian Red Cross. On 14 March 1941, she was embarked near the Albanian port of Valona (now Vlorë) on the Lloyd Triestino liner Po, which had been converted into a hospital ship. British planes attacked and sank the ship, with some loss of life. The ship was moored among other vessels with her lights switched off on the orders of the port authorities and was, therefore, a legitimate target and would not have been easily identifiable as a hospital ship. Edda managed to survive, being picked up from the water by another ship. She continued to work for the Red Cross until 1943.

It is rumored that Heinrich Himmler bestowed Edda the rank of an honorary SS leader (SS Ehrenführerin) in 1943.

After Edda's close call in the Adriatic Sea, Rachele and Benito Mussolini were doubly distressed when her brother, Bruno, died in August of the same year.

Execution of Ciano and escape to Switzerland
In July 1943, when internal opposition against Mussolini finally emerged in the Fascist Grand Council, Galeazzo Ciano voted against his father-in-law. For this act, he was arrested for treason in November 1943, tried, and then executed on 11 January 1944.

Edda Ciano escaped to Switzerland on 9 January 1944, disguised as a peasant woman. She managed to smuggle out the Count's wartime diaries, which had been hidden in her clothing by her confidant Emilio Pucci. At that time he was a lieutenant in the Italian Air Force but later found fame as a fashion designer. War correspondent Paul Ghali of the Chicago Daily News learned of her secret internment in a Swiss convent in Neggio and arranged the publication of the diaries. They reveal much of the secret history of the Fascist regime between 1939 and 1943 and are considered a prime historical source. The diaries are strictly political and contain little of the Cianos' personal lives.

After the war
After returning to Italy from Switzerland, Edda was arrested and held in detention on the island of Lipari. On 20 December 1945, she was sentenced to two years' imprisonment for aiding Fascism. Marcello Sorgi's book, Edda Ciano e il comunista (2009), concerns her time on Lipari and her relationship with a young communist who also lived there; this was the basis of a 2011 film starring Stefania Rocca.

Her autobiography, La mia vita, was published in translation as My Truth by Weidenfeld & Nicolson in 1975.

At the age of 84, she died in Rome in 1995.

Legacy
At the time, it was widely reported that the daughter of Hermann Göring and Emmy Göring (born on 2 June 1938) was named Edda Göring after her.

Films depicting Edda include The Verona Trial (1963), starring Silvana Mangano, and Mussolini and I (1985) in which she was played by Susan Sarandon. In the TV-series Mussolini: The Untold Story (1985), Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio played Edda. The Verona Trial, about Ciano's death sentence, was banned in Venice after the widowed countess lodged a complaint with the prefect, saying that the film was inaccurate and "treads on our sorrow".

Her son Fabrizio Ciano wrote a personal memoir titled Quando il nonno fece fucilare papà (When Grandpa Had Daddy Shot).

Honors

 * Valor_militare_silver_medal_BAR.svg Silver Medal of Military Valor.

title: Edda Mussolini


text:
Talk:Young People's Socialist League (Socialist Party USA)

Too many splits
In its current form, the article states that YPSL left the SP in 1919 to join with what became the CP USA. But then it describes YPSL's involvement with mid-30s faction fights in the SP, and reports that it left the SP in 1937 to join with the SWP. But then the next sentence talks about "the Socialist Party's YPSL" in the '50s.

I gather from this that YPSL as a whole did not actually change its affiliation at these points, but rather that some portion of its membership broke away to form new groups, while some remained behind. Perhaps this would be less confusing language to use, especially if anybody has any information on how many stayed and how many left. -David Schaich Talk/Cont 00:53, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ypsl black.gif
Image:Ypsl black.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 11:45, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

This image is owned by YPSL, so I think it's okay if it's on YPSL's wikipedia page. Stupid bots. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Handle 2001 (talk • contribs)
 * No, that's not how it works. This is not YPSL's Wikipedia page; it's the page in Wikipedia about YPSL. We have no inherent legal right to use their intellectual property just because this article is about them. -- Orange Mike |  Talk  17:01, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Three arrows
I would suggest that "three arrows originally stood for the German socialist movement's opposition to three enemies of democracy: communism, monarchism, and fascism (in Germany: Nazism)" is not correct. Firstly the last element should be Nazism, as it is the German movement that used this symbol. Secondly monarchism is and was not an enemy of democracy. The democratic institutions in Germany were created under the monarchy. Thirdly it would not be enemies of democracy, but enemies of socialist - or more accurately the league was the enemy of communism, monarchism, and Nazism (not that communism, monarchism, and Nazism were the enemies of socialism). Of course even that is not correct, as Nazism was itself socialist.Royalcourtier (talk) 04:28, 20 January 2016 (UTC)
 * If you find a reference for any of that please let us know. --Duncan (talk) 20:13, 20 January 2016 (UTC)

"monarchism is and was not an enemy of democracy." signed by Royal Courtier? Hilarious. And monarchism is absolutely an enemy of democracy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:18D:580:8FC9:5948:BEB7:A8C4:1D5A (talk) 16:32, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

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text:
Media-Providence Friends School

Media-Providence Friends School is a Quaker school founded as Media Friends School in Media, Pennsylvania in 1876.

History and facilities
In 1867 the members of Chester Monthly Meeting in Media, which was later renamed Media Monthly Meeting, started the school over a small stable on Baltimore Pike. Students included non-Friends, as well as members of the orthodox Chester Monthly Meeting and the Hicksite Providence Friends Meeting in Media. At the beginning of the century the Quaker religious meeting moved to 125 West 3rd Street and expanded. The small brick school building was built in 1896 with additions added in 1908 and 1918.

Later the school moved into the building on 3rd Street. The west end of the main building was changed in 1935 when space was needed to create three more classrooms. In 1957, the Social Room, and the meeting room were remodeled to create classrooms above it. A school office and lounge were added in 1965; in 1973 more changes were made when the school expanded to eighth grade. In 1991 a major addition of a gymnasium and four more classrooms were completed. These classrooms included a science classroom and a foreign language classroom. It is referred to as the Middle School Building because middle school students have home room there in addition to humanities and mathematics classes.

Most recently, in 2006, a new classroom building was completed that currently houses the first and second grade classes. During this period of renovation the small brick 1886 building was renovated. There is now a brick central courtyard that connects the new building to the main building with a covered walkway.

title: Media-Providence Friends School


text:
User:ContinentalR

Full time student living in the United States.

title: User:ContinentalR


text: User talk:RainBowAndArrow

title: User talk:RainBowAndArrow