text:
User talk:Andy85719

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! TenOfAllTrades(talk) 19:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
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Gray's Anatomy entries
Welcome aboard, Andy. Gray's Anatomy is an excellent reference on the subject of human anatomy, and the (now) public-domain 1918 edition is definitely a good source of material for Wikipedia articles.

Can you make an effort to add a reference section to each article, however? It's important that we cite sources in our articles to avoid accusations of plagiarism.

Thanks, TenOfAllTrades(talk) 19:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

The manual of style
Hello and welcome.

I would like to invite you to use the talk page of the Manual of Style. You may not be aware of it, but many people take an interest in the detail of guidance. So you might like to join in the discussions that are associated with edits to that page.

If you look, you will see that a discussion about your edits has already started. Please join us at: the talk page. Best wishes. bobblewik 02:05, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:AVI.png
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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Nmi.png)
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Image source problem with Image:APR.png
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:APR.png)
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City of Tucson Seal
I decided to bring this up here, as you are the one who uploaded the City of Tucson seal currently displayed on that article. I brought this up on the talk page, but haven't gotten a response:

 * I believe that the current seal shown on the page (This one) is actually the outdated version. Taking a quote from that same page you linked:

 * "'By using our historic City seal as the foundation, we have standardized its color scheme and added the city's founding date to present our unique history and distinguish us from other Arizona cities.'"

 * This, as well as searching the City Website and looking at the seal's presence use on various PDF files, leads me to believe that the actual, current City of Tucson seal is the one that was displayed on this article previously (e.g., this one).

 * If anyone disagrees with me, let me know here. Otherwise I will change the seal in the infobox. If the concensus is that the seal currently displayed should stay, I'll at least upload a version whose color palette isn't so limited and looks so horrible shrunk down.

Let me know if you agree or disagree with the points raised here. If you agree (or don't respond), then I will change the seal back to what it was before.

Regards, Ixnayonthetimmay 01:21, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Laverdad.jpg
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Laverdad.jpg)
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If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 21:15, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Sur.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:43, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Please Unblock my Account
In August 2007 you blocked my Wiktionary account, alleging that I was repeatedly violating copyright laws. It is now January 2008 but you have yet to rescind the permanent block on my account. I have learned my lesson and hope that you will not continue to punish me. Andy85719 (talk) 01:11, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Here is the response I gave you the last time you asked to be unblocked:
 * The extended block was only made after additional investigation and consultation with another sysop. We found that this was not an isolated incident on your part.  You had inserted copyrighted material from on-line source into several articles over an extended period covering several days, not a single article accidentally as a result of storm issues.  This means that you have not only violated copyright law, but that you have falsely claimed otherwise. You should know that information displayed on copyrighted websites is in fact copyrighted.  Your persisted claim that the problem was powerloss from a storm is flatly untrue.  You are blocked.   --EncycloPetey 02:46, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * You were blocked because you violated copyright law repeatedly, and lied about it when confronted. Wiktionary takes a very dim view of repeated and deliberate copyright violation, and lying about it only made your case worse.  You will not be unblocked. --EncycloPetey (talk) 01:26, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Then don't beg. You have your answer.  It may not be the one you like, but it is the only answer you're going to get.  This was not a one-time violation of copyright, it was the latest in a string of such violations.  You repeatedly pasted copyrighted material into Wiktionary over many days.  You must now live with the consequences of your actions. --EncycloPetey (talk) 18:56, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Bernard Mitton
A tag has been placed on Bernard Mitton requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Paragon12321 (talk) 00:47, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Aareal Bank Logo.svg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Aareal Bank Logo.svg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Phoenix-Logo.JPG)
Thanks for uploading Image:Phoenix-Logo.JPG. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:36, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Murder
Thanks for the many changes. It may be better, in the future, to make several smaller changes so they can be evaluated separately. Bearian (talk) 21:48, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * P/S. You should think about creating a user page. Bearian (talk) 21:50, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

RfD nomination of a template redirect
I have nominated a redirect to a template for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you.  MBisanz  talk 14:42, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Files listed for deletion
Some of your images or media files have been listed for deletion. Please see Files for deletion/2009 April 29 if you are interested in preserving them. Thank you. -- Common Good (talk) 19:44, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * File:Left obicularis oculi.jpg
 * File:Levatores costarum.gif

About Alexandre Hay
Hi, I´ve made a minor edition on this article you´ve created. I thought maybe you´d like to see a little ;-). SMAQLL (Talk!)

Nomination for deletion of Template:ATX
Template:ATX has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 04:51, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Andy85719! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to, it would greatly help us with the current  article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

BLP Articles that you Created
Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 04:43, 27 December 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) Abe Segal -
 * 2) Bob Mark -
 * 3) Elsa Bornemann -

Please be careful.
Your diligence is noted fixing footnotes at the 2A article, but in several instances I believe that you have introduced errors there. Please be careful. Actually checking the source might be needed sometimes. Thanks for your work. SaltyBoatr get wet 21:28, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

 * You know how to format citations better than I do, (I am holding the book in my hand right now), here is what this book says on the front plate: "Historians at Work: Whose Right to Bear Arms Did the Second Amendment Protect?  Readings Selected and Introduced by Saul Cornell, The Ohio State University.  Selections by Robert E. Shalhope, Lawrence Delbert Cress, Garry Wills (and several more...)"  So, I believe that the author of the book is Saul Cornell, but the writings in the book are by an number of people, including Garry Wills.  And, when you look at the Wills chapter it is footnoted as being a reprint from an article that Garry Wills published earlier in the New York Review of Books, V42N18 1995.  Similar for the other authors, they are being reprinted from things they published elsewhere in books or journals.   SaltyBoatr get wet 21:44, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Is there a policy based reason, in the manual of style or something, that justifies your numerous deletions of quotes and external links from the footnotes in the 2A article? It seems that you are removing vast amounts of useful and explanatory information to the detriment of the readers.  SaltyBoatr get wet 21:22, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

I agree with the Heller ruling.
I won't talk personal opinion on article talk pages, so I am talking here. You recently wrote that you agree with the Heller ruling. I am curious exactly what you mean by that. The Heller ruling is an interesting thing, while it reads like a pro-gun manifesto, on a practical level at the same time during these last two years it has resulted in a huge flurry of gun law challenges which almost universally have resulted in the affirmation every gun control law as being Constitutional. It could be described as most important judicial event solidify the legality of gun control in the history of this country. It could also be described as the most important court case affirming a symbolic right to guns. So when people say they agree with the ruling it isn't always clear what they are saying. SaltyBoatr get wet 13:08, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

McDonald v. Chicago
I haven't had a chance to read the decision yet, but everything in the press so far has indicated the Court used the Privileges and Immunities clause, not the due process clause. Could you perhaps look into that? Shadowjams (talk) 21:53, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * After doing some looking I think I see the issue: only 4 votes supported the due process incorporation, while Thomas' opinion was based on the Privilege and Immunities clause. I'll try to make that distinction clearer. Shadowjams (talk) 21:59, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Trespass
I have given a brief (very brief) initial GA appraisal; in my opinion, it is incredibly unlikely to pass. Still... Ironholds (talk) 12:40, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Replied. Ironholds (talk) 18:17, 9 July 2010 (UTC)
 * A note that I am failing the Trespass GAN because you have not replied to my concerns in a reasonable period of time. Ironholds (talk) 18:10, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject United States Government
Greetings. I noticed that you are one of the members of WikiProject United States Government that are still active so I wanted to ask you a question. It appears that this project is mostly inactive aside from what the members might be doing independently. I was considering suggesting that this project be pulled in under WikiProject United States and wanted to solicit comments from some of this projects members before doing so. As with Washington DC and the others the project would for the most part maintain its own independence but I believe this would benefit both projects. What do you think about this? --Kumioko (talk) 00:00, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

May 2011 Newsletter for WikiProject United States
.--Kumioko (talk) 01:44, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

TUSC token e355a34d14bb60e97fbf994953ef733d
I am now proud owner of a TUSC account!

June 2011 Newsletter for WikiProject United States
--Kumioko (talk) 16:30, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject United States History
Greetings, It was recently suggested that WikiProject United States History might be inactive or semiactive and that it might be beneficial to include it in the list of projects supported by WikiProject United States.

I have started a discussion and will contact each of the active members for their comments and input on the suggestion. Please take a moment and add your comments to the discussion or feel free to contact me if you have any questions. --Kumioko (talk) 19:42, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

July 2011 Newsletter for WikiProject United States
--Kumioko (talk) 01:30, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

September 2011 Newsletter for WikiProject United States
--Kumioko (talk) 04:15, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

bentley
Hi Andy, you added this picture to the page on the 4½-litre Bentley. Can you tell me any more about this vehicle, in particular, why you believe it is a 4½-litre Bentley? Thanks, Eddaido (talk) 04:55, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

December 2011 Newsletter for WikiProject United States
--Kumioko (talk) 02:53, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

January 2012 Newsletter for WikiProject United States and supported projects
--Kumi-Taskbot (talk) 18:41, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Andy85719/Common Law Page Remake
User:Andy85719/Common Law Page Remake, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Andy85719/Common Law Page Remake and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Andy85719/Common Law Page Remake during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Magioladitis (talk) 15:50, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Enumeratio

The article Enumeratio has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No relevant sources found on neither Google Books nor Google Scholar.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Spannerjam 12:29, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

Incomplete reference
Some years ago you contributed to Great Siege of Gibraltar, but your references constituted onlt of names and page numbers. Could you fill them up with at least titles?
 * — Lgfcd (talk) 05:02, 9 June 2013 (UTC)

Structure of Bentley 4 1/2 Litre article
You might want to defend the structure you applied to the article Bentley 4½ Litre. Another editor has proceeded to make exploratory changes to the structure of the article. Sincerely, SamBlob (talk) 03:34, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Carl Zeiss Meditec Logo.svg
 Thanks for uploading File:Carl Zeiss Meditec Logo.svg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 17:45, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Nedko Butzev

The article Nedko Butzev has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Fails WP:ARTIST and WP:V, artist is not mentioned in only non-blog reference cited (Art News Magazine), and not mentioned on museum page for claimed Ars Ex Natio exhibition.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Vrac (talk) 02:11, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

File:Baloise Holding Logo.svg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Baloise Holding Logo.svg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 18:26, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Stada Logo.svg

The file File:Stada Logo.svg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * Equivalent media under a free license at Wikimedia Commons. Not F8 owing to the different licenses.

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Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 11:59, 5 June 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Rofin Logo.svg

The file File:Rofin Logo.svg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * Equivalent media at Commons, under a "free" license, not a straight F8 owing to differing licensing.

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Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 08:29, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Reminder: Survey about History on Wikipedia
Hi Andy85719,

I am Petros Apostolopoulos, a Ph.D. candidate in Public History at North Carolina State University. My Ph.D. project examines how historical knowledge is produced on Wikipedia. If you are interested in participating in my research study by offering your own experience of writing about history on Wikipedia, you can click on this link https://ncsu.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9z4wmR1cIp0qBH8. There are minimal risks involved in this research.

If you have any questions, please let me know. Petros Apostolopoulos, paposto@ncsu.edu Apolo1991 (talk) 15:32, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:DemogFR
Template:DemogFR has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Nigej (talk) 16:04, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

"Luke, Gospel according to" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke,_Gospel_according_to&redirect=no Luke, Gospel according to] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Veverve (talk) 07:15, 11 June 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andy85719


text:
User:Srinivas2

user of wikipedia and edited several articles including xandros file manager, OpenServer, freebsd, microsoft, and much more

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Srinivas2


text:
Negative thermal expansion

Negative thermal expansion (NTE) is an unusual physicochemical process in which some materials contract upon heating, rather than expand as most other materials do. The most well-known material with NTE is water at 0 to 3.98 °C. Also, the density of solid water (ice) is lower than the density of liquid water at standard pressure. Water's NTE is the reason why water ice floats, rather than sinks, in liquid water. Materials which undergo NTE have a range of potential engineering, photonic, electronic, and structural applications. For example, if one were to mix a negative thermal expansion material with a "normal" material which expands on heating, it could be possible to use it as a thermal expansion compensator that might allow for forming composites with tailored or even close to zero thermal expansion.

Origin of negative thermal expansion
There are a number of physical processes which may cause contraction with increasing temperature, including transverse vibrational modes, rigid unit modes and phase transitions.

In 2011, Liu et al. showed that the NTE phenomenon originates from the existence of high pressure, small volume configurations with higher entropy, with their configurations present in the stable phase matrix through thermal fluctuations. They were able to predict both the colossal positive thermal expansion (In cerium) and zero and infinite negative thermal expansion (in ). Alternatively, large negative and positive thermal expansion may result from the design of internal microstructure.

Negative thermal expansion in close-packed systems
Negative thermal expansion is usually observed in non-close-packed systems with directional interactions (e.g. ice, graphene, etc.) and complex compounds (e.g., , beta-quartz, some zeolites, etc.). However, in a paper, it was shown that negative thermal expansion (NTE) is also realized in single-component close-packed lattices with pair central force interactions. The following sufficient condition for potential giving rise to NTE behavior is proposed for the interatomic potential, $$ \Pi(x)$$, at the equilibrium distance $$ a $$: $$ \Pi'''(a) > 0,$$ where $$ \Pi'''(a)$$ is shorthand for the third derivative of the interatomic potential at the equilibrium point: $$ \Pi'''(a) = \left.\frac{d^3 \Pi(x)}{dx^3}\right|_{x=a}$$

This condition is (i) necessary and sufficient in 1D and (ii) sufficient, but not necessary in 2D and 3D. An approximate necessary and sufficient condition is derived in a paper $$ \Pi'(a)a > -(d-1)\Pi(a),$$ where $$ d $$ is the space dimensionality. Thus in 2D and 3D negative thermal expansion in close-packed systems with pair interactions is realized even when the third derivative of the potential is zero or even negative. Note that one-dimensional and multidimensional cases are qualitatively different. In 1D thermal expansion is caused by anharmonicity of interatomic potential only. Therefore, the sign of thermal expansion coefficient is determined by the sign of the third derivative of the potential. In multidimensional case the geometrical nonlinearity is also present, i.e. lattice vibrations are nonlinear even in the case of harmonic interatomic potential. This nonlinearity contributes to thermal expansion. Therefore, in multidimensional case both $$\Pi$$ and $$\Pi'$$ are present in the condition for negative thermal expansion.

Materials
Perhaps one of the most studied materials to exhibit negative thermal expansion is zirconium tungstate. This compound contracts continuously over a temperature range of 0.3 to 1050 K (at higher temperatures the material decomposes). Other materials that exhibit NTE behaviour include other members of the family of materials (where A =  or, M =  or ) and  and , though  and  only in their high temperature phase starting at 350 to 400 K. also is an example of controllable negative thermal expansion. Cubic materials like and also  and  are especially precious for applications in engineering because they exhibit isotropic NTE i.e. the NTE is the same in all three dimensions making it easier to apply them as thermal expansion compensators.

Ordinary ice shows NTE in its hexagonal and cubic phases at very low temperatures (below –200 °C). In its liquid form, pure water also displays negative thermal expansivity below 3.984 °C.

ALLVAR Alloy 30, a titanium-based alloy, shows NTE over a wide temperature range, with a -30 ppm/°C instantaneous coefficient of thermal expansion at 20 °C. ALLVAR Alloy 30's negative thermal expansion is anisotropic. This commercially available material is used in the optics, aerospace, and cryogenics industries in the form of optical spacers that prevent thermal defocus, ultra-stable struts, and washers for thermally-stable bolted joints.

Carbon fibers shows NTE between 20°C and 500°C. This property is utilized in tight-tolerance aerospace applications to tailor the CTE of carbon fiber reinforced plastic components for specific applications/conditions, by adjusting the ratio of carbon fiber to plastic and by adjusting the orientation of the carbon fibers within the part.

Quartz and a number of zeolites also show NTE over certain temperature ranges. Fairly pure silicon (Si) has a negative coefficient of thermal expansion for temperatures between about 18 K and 120 K. Cubic Scandium trifluoride has this property which is explained by the quartic oscillation of the fluoride ions. The energy stored in the bending strain of the fluoride ion is proportional to the fourth power of the displacement angle, unlike most other materials where it is proportional to the square of the displacement. A fluorine atom is bound to two scandium atoms, and as temperature increases the fluorine oscillates more perpendicularly to its bonds. This draws the scandium atoms together throughout the material and it contracts. exhibits this property from 10 to 1100 K above which it shows the normal positive thermal expansion. Shape memory alloys such as NiTi are a nascent class of materials that exhibit zero and negative thermal expansion.

Applications
Forming a composite of a material with (ordinary) positive thermal expansion with a material with (anomalous) negative thermal expansion could allow for tailoring the thermal expansion of the composites or even having composites with a thermal expansion close to zero. Negative and positive thermal expansion hereby compensate each other to a certain amount if the temperature is changed. Tailoring the overall thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) to a certain value can be achieved by varying the volume fractions of the different materials contributing to the thermal expansion of the composite.

Especially in engineering there is a need for having materials with a CTE close to zero i.e. with constant performance over a large temperature range e.g. for application in precision instruments. But also in everyday life materials with a CTE close to zero are required. Glass-ceramic cooktops like Ceran cooktops need to withstand large temperature gradients and rapid changes in temperature while cooking because only certain parts of the cooktops will be heated while other parts stay close to ambient temperature. In general, due to its brittleness temperature gradients in glass might cause cracks. However, the glass-ceramics used in cooktops consist of multiple different phases, some exhibiting positive and some others exhibiting negative thermal expansion. The expansion of the different phases compensate each other so that there is not much change in volume of the glass-ceramic with temperature and crack formation is avoided.

An everyday life example for the need for materials with tailored thermal expansion are dental fillings. If the fillings tend to expand by an amount different from the teeth, for example when drinking a hot or cold drink, it might cause a toothache. If dental fillings are, however, made of a composite material containing a mixture of materials with positive and negative thermal expansion then the overall expansion could be precisely tailored to that of tooth enamel.

title: Negative thermal expansion


text:
Alaska Baseball League

The Alaska Baseball League (ABL) is an amateur collegiate summer baseball league based entirely in southern Alaska. Players in the league must have attended one year of college and must have one year of NCAA eligibility remaining.

In the past, the ABL has sent its top teams to compete at the National Baseball Congress (NBC) World Series, where the league's representatives have won multiple championships. Anchorage has won in 1969, 1971, 1986, 1991, and 2001, Fairbanks in 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1980, and 2002, Kenai in 1977, 1993, and 1994, and Matsu in 1987 and 1997. League teams have also finished second in several years.

Former teams

 * North Pole Nicks 1980–1987
 * Palouse Empire Cougars 1986–1990
 * Hawaii Island Movers 1986–2001
 * San Francisco Senators 1988
 * Athletes in Action Fire 2001–2011
 * Valley Green Giants 1976–1979
 * Cook Inlet Bucs 1980–1983
 * Alaska Goldpanners 1974–2010; 2012–2015

Past league champions

 * 2023: Anchorage Glacier Pilots
 * 2022: Anchorage Glacier Pilots
 * 2021: Anchorage Glacier Pilots
 * 2020: League Not Held
 * 2019: Anchorage Bucs
 * 2018: Mat-Su Miners
 * 2017: Mat-Su Miners
 * 2016: Mat-Su Miners
 * 2015: Anchorage Bucs
 * 2014: Fairbanks Goldpanners
 * 2013: Fairbanks Goldpanners
 * 2012: Anchorage Glacier Pilots
 * 2011: Peninsula Oilers
 * 2010: Mat-Su Miners
 * 2009: Mat-Su Miners
 * 2008: Anchorage Glacier Pilots
 * 2007: Fairbanks AIA Fire
 * 2006: Peninsula Oilers
 * 2005: Fairbanks Goldpanners
 * 2004: Mat-Su Miners
 * 2003: Fairbanks Goldpanners
 * 2002: Fairbanks Goldpanners
 * 2000: Peninsula Oilers
 * 1998: Anchorage Bucs/Peninsula Oilers (tie)
 * 1996: Anchorage Bucs
 * 1994: Fairbanks Goldpanners
 * 1993: Anchorage Bucs
 * 1992: Anchorage Bucs
 * 1991: Anchorage Bucs
 * 1990: Anchorage Bucs

Notable alumni

 * Bruce Bochte
 * Barry Bonds
 * Aaron Boone
 * Jason Castro
 * Chris Chambliss
 * Jesse Chavez
 * Warren Cromartie
 * Josh Donaldson
 * JD Drew
 * Jacoby Ellsbury
 * Jeff Francis
 * David Fletcher
 * Jason Giambi
 * Paul Goldschmidt
 * Luis Gonzalez
 * Mark Grace
 * Brian Horwitz
 * Randy Johnson
 * Wally Joyner
 * Aaron Judge
 * Eric Karros
 * Jeff Kent
 * Jed Lowrie
 * Mark McGwire
 * Kris Medlen
 * Doug Mientkiewicz
 * Eli Morgan (born 1996)
 * John Olerud
 * James Paxton
 * Mike Pereira
 * Stephen Piscotty
 * Tyson Ross
 * Brendan Ryan
 * Tom Seaver
 * JT Snow
 * Dave Stieb
 * Kurt Suzuki
 * Danny Valencia
 * Frank Viola
 * Jered Weaver
 * C. J. Wilson
 * Dave Winfield

title: Alaska Baseball League


text:
Talk:Tver

Untitled
May I ask why my Kovalchuk remark was removed? He is probably the msot famous person from the town in modern times. --66.167.50.127 19:46, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Wrong date for assasination of Mikhail of Tver.
The following text has some errors: ''Exasperated by Alexander's influence, prince Yury of Moscow engineered his murder by the Mongols in 1327. On hearing the news of this crime, the city revolted against the Horde. The latter joined its forced with Muscovites and brutally repressed the rebellion. Many citizens were killed, enslaved, or deported. This was the fatal blow to Tver's pretensions for supremacy in Russia.''

If you look at information for Yury of Moscow you will notice that his death was in 1325, thus implying that he could not have arranged anyone's death in 1327. It was Dmitry, son of Mikhail of Tver, that killed Yury of Moscow in 1325 and 8 months later he was assassinated in the Horde.

Not sure what to do to fix it, but thought I would at least comment on it so that someone with more knowledge of the situation could remedy the errors. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.10.160.85 (talk • contribs) 12:55, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Kaliningrad
It would be interesting to know why Tver reverted to its historic name after the collapse of the Soviet Union but Kaliningrad did not. Sca (talk) 20:41, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Because of its connection with WWII, I would guess. --Humanophage (talk) 14:22, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

maps
Can anyone add a map of russia showing where tver is located? --Aaronshavit (talk) 12:41, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Tver Karelians
The Karelians in Tver - what's wrong? They lived here during the centuries. --Tamtam90 (talk) 10:14, 20 March 2016 (UTC)
 * And so what? Ukrainians, Belarusians, Jews and German people lived here also during the centuries. This is not an argument to use Karelian name for Tver. Ушкуйник (talk) 11:46, 20 March 2016 (UTC)
 * The history (as a study), probably, doesn't know the Tver German or Ukranian people as an sub-ethnic group, but it definitely knows the Tver Karelians like a such group, with their own ethno-linguistic traits etc. (see also the article in ru-wiki about them). Other similar group is, e.g., Kasimov tatars (see in Russian).  --Tamtam90 (talk) 16:45, 20 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:21, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Тверь-коллаж1.jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:07, 9 June 2019 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Tver


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Captain Fatass

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 22:02, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Captain Fatass
No assertion of notability in the article and after a quick search I can only find 1 album release that doesn't seem to be widely ditributed at all. That being said, delete. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 19:47, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. -- Etacar11   01:17, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. JamesBurns 04:43, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, on the above grounds. IINAG 22:16, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:RToes

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Language delay
How is this distinguished clinically from speech delay? Gazpacho 19:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:RToes


text:
User talk:BeastRHIT

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Solipsist 19:19, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
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Your removal of a valid reference from the Distillation article
BeastRHIT, you removed a reference concerning the McCabe-Thiele method from the Distillation article simply because you couldn't find it on the web? That is not a valid reason. The article can be found in any good university library. Adding another reference as you did is fine ... I have no problem with that. But I do have a problem with your removing one just because it isn't on the web. I am sure that there are a great many references in Wikipedia articles which can only be found in libraries. I am going to leave your reference in but I am going to revert your deletion of the reference about an algebraic solution of the McCabe-Thiele diagram. If you would like a copy of that reference, I will mail one you. Just visit my user page where my email is enabled and you can email me your mailing address. - mbeychok 19:18, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I appologize for removing the reference without much consideration. Upon consideration of your comments, I will not do so in the future.  I sent you an email with questions and comments.  Please respond to it so I can work on distillation article again.
 * Thanks. - BeastRHIT 21:56, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Referencing
Good edit on mass transfer coefficient. :) I would like to encourage you to reference your edits differently (see WP:CLINMED and WP:REF) and hope that I can look forward to seeing more of your edits. Nephron  T|C 20:45, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * If you're using anything PubMed or anything with an ISBN there is a tool by User:Diberri. For the reference you used this link shows the result. If you combine that with the   tags (known as the cite:ref system -- as described at WP:CLINMED) you're off to the races.
 * Any case, I wouldn't get hung-up on how to reference. There is a good deal of latitude on how it is done; if you read WP:FOOT the first thing it says is: This format is not mandatory; editors are free to use a different method.
 * As for what User:Mbeychok said above-- use references available online, if that is possible. If no good references are available online use a good/respected textbook. Nephron T|C 00:07, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks again for the information. I'll definately use the tool you suggested.  I think the reason I get so hung up on referencing is that I want the articles to look good and flow well. A credit to Mbeychok's comments is that chemical engineering information is few and far between online.  We have discussed it and came to an agreement on that issue. - BeastRHIT 01:11, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

What Links Here
Tool to tell what links to a certain page: Special:Whatlinkshere/article_name - BeastRHIT 18:25, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Brownco trial pdf.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Brownco trial pdf.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:. If you have not already done so, please also include the source of the image. In many cases this will be the website where you found it.

Please specify the copyright information and source on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

You tagged this image as a federal government work and thus in the public domain. Unfortunately, it's not federal but a state government work. --Durin 16:43, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info. BeastRHIT (talk) 15:23, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Cades Cove 01.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Cades Cove 01.jpg I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

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 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
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If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  MBisanz  talk 01:49, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I took the picture in question and was the owner of the copyright. If I add any more pictures I will use the free license email permission procedure listed above.  I don't mind the picture being deleted as it had already been replaced on the article.  I added pictures because there were none at the time.  BeastRHIT (talk) 15:22, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Indiana
Hello! Thank you for your interest in WikiProject Indiana. There is lots of work available for project members. If you are interested in collaborating, or are looking for some pointer, feel free to drop me a note anytime. Welcome! —Charles Edward (Talk 15:41, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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text:
Military Counterintelligence Directorate

The Dirección de Contra-Inteligencia Militar (Military Counterintelligence Directorate) is the military intelligence department of the Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR) of Cuba. It only provides military intelligence for the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, unlike its non-military counterpart, the Dirección de Inteligencia.

It is closely connected with the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, based upon a 14 June 1993 agreement on military cooperation between the two countries.

It is focused on collecting information on the United States Armed Forces operations at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. It has an attached elite troop unit: the Special Destination Unit (UDE). Its chief for several years was Major General Jesús Bermúdez Cutiño, as well as General Gandarilla Bermejo.


text: File:Henry Scadding.jpg

title: File:Henry Scadding.jpg


text: User talk:84.42.195.182

title: User talk:84.42.195.182


text:
Anglezarke

Anglezarke is a sparsely populated civil parish in the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire, England. It is an agricultural area used for sheep farming and is also the site of reservoirs that were built to supply water to Liverpool. The area has a large expanse of moorland with many public footpaths and bridleways. The area is popular with walkers and tourists; it lies in the West Pennine Moors in Lancashire, sandwiched between the moors of Withnell and Rivington, and is close to the towns of Chorley, Horwich and Darwen. At the 2001 census it had a population of 23, but at the 2011 census the population was included within Heapey civil parish. The area was subjected to depopulation after the reservoirs were built.

Toponymy
Anglezarke is derived from the Old Norse name Anlaf and the Old Norse erg, a 'hill pasture or shieling'. The elements together mean 'Anlaf's hill pasture'. In 1202 it was recorded as 'Andelevesarewe'. By 1225, this had become 'Anlavesargh'. In a deed of 1270, three variations were used: 'Arlawesarwe', 'Anlasargh' and 'Anlezark'. By 1559, 'Anlazarghe' was more common.

Archaeological sites
Human activity around Anglezarke can be traced to pre-historic times. Rushey Brow on Anglezarke Moor has a site of special archaeological interest. Evidence is present of a working floor from shelters in the Mesolithic period and flint implements found, dated to 8th millennium BC.

Pikestones, a Neolithic chambered cairn, the only one in Lancashire, has an internal burial chamber with evidence of the original entrance and Round Loaf, a Neolithic to late-Bronze Age tumulus which can be seen from the route across Great Hill from White Coppice are scheduled monuments on Anglezarke Moor.

Manor
Anglezarke was dependent on the barony of Manchester. Albert Grelley gave two oxgangs of land to Robert de Lathom for an annual rent of 3 shillings. Between 1230 and 1264, Robert son of Richard, Lord of Lathom, granted his land known as 'Swinlehehurst' to Burscough Priory. In 1270 Lord Robert de Lathom and Peter de Hepay were in dispute concerning a structure in the common land. In 1339 Edward III granted free warren in Anglezarke to Thomas de Lathum. In 1298 Sir Robert Fitzhenry, Lord of Lathom gifted land as perpetual alms to Burscough Priory who earned income from rents, a confirmation charter was granted by Henry V in 1422. The Knights Hospitallers held land at Anglezarke. In 1406 John of Stanley Kt granted Anglezarke and its commons held in feoffment of William of Fulthorp Kt to Edward of Lathom senior in exchange for 1,000 marks. Anglezarke was joined with Rivington, Hempshaws and Foulds through the founding of the Rivington Church and school by royal charter in 1566.

Records are preserved at Lancashire Records Office of the court baron of the Manor of Anglezarke.

In 1600, the William Earl of Derby, Edward Rigbye, Thomas Ireland and Michaell Doughtye of Lathom, sold the manor to London merchant, Frances Mosseley and Edward Mosseley of Grays Inn for £400. There was an assignment of the manor of Anlazarghe by Richard Chorlton of Wythington, yeoman, to Richard Banyster of Brightmeate and Asheton Nuttall of Farnworth, gents in 1602, the indenture references earlier documents showing possession by the Earls of Derby and Earl of Northumberland. Other documents show the Earl purchased former church land from the government after dissolution of the monasteries.

In the 17th century, the Standishes purchased rights to the manor. In 1693 Dame Margaret Standish and her son Sir Thomas petitioned the House of Lords against Hugh Willoughby, 12th Baron Willoughby of Parham for the redemption of a mortgage on the manor and lead mines.

In 1721, Sir Thomas Standish leased common land near White and Black Coppice to Sir Henry Hoghton of Hoghton Tower for 21 years. Sir Richard Standish's descendants had inherited an interest in the manor from 1677, until in 1812, when the line came to an end. The extent of the Standish interests is illustrated in a large coloured map produced in 1774 for Sir Frank Standish by George Lang.

The manor next passed to a distant cousin, Frank Hall, who assumed the name Standish and died without issue in 1840.

Tithe records of 1850 show all land on which rent was due was to be paid to the Earl of Bradford. The tithes due from leases owned by William Standish at Anglezarke were for 88 acres 3 roods and 31 perches of meadow and other land and buildings with sub leases to various parties. Other landowners were the heirs of the Shaw family being Edmund Cunliffe and John Grundy, tithes 11 Great Meadow and 21 kitchen meadow at Jepsons, occupied by William Berry. Richard Rainshaw Rothwell owned freehold on meadow at tithe 12, occupied by Mary Pilkington of Stones House. Richard Willis owned meadow land at tithes 13 and 14, occupiers were Thomas Pilkington of meadow now under the reservoir and Isabella Clayton at long meadow near Brook House. Meadow at Lester Mill, tithe 1, now under the reservoir, was occupied and farmed by Roger Gerrard, alongside Mary Pilkington and her family, who are recorded at the old Lester Mill on the 1841 census. Properties at Anglezarke benefitted from rights in common on the moorland.

Percival Sumner Mayhew bought the Standish share in 1898 and held rights to shoot game at the common near White and Black Coppice during his lifetime. At the turn of the 20th century Liverpool Corporation acquired a large part of the land to protect the Rivington water supply and many properties were demolished, leaving only one or two working farms.

The Manor House, now a Grade II Listed building, was formerly known as High Bullough, the name is derived from the family name of Bullough. It has a 1604 date stone and other stones inscribed "RS", "W S" and "WL 1778".

Landmarks
In the early 20th century, Foggs Farm, close to Peewet Hall, was vacated. The land was farmed by the Cocker family in the 18th century and by the Pilkingtons in the early 19th century. After properties were taken over by Liverpool Corporation they rented them out but due to neglect of the buildings, high rents, lack of amenities and shift to more accessible employment in towns the old farms were difficult to let and became abandoned, the corporation left them to become derelict, the population declined.

The historic buildings and some prominent large stone-built homes were either demolished or were used as target practice in military training while the area was under military use in World War II until 1950. Often, remnants of shells and sometimes live ammo have been found in the ruins. The remote farms are now landmarks for walkers and geocachers.

The remains of Lower and Higher Hempshaw's, farms inhabited by the Kershaws in the 19th century, are located by a tributary of the River Yarrow which is 300 metres to the southwest. Jepson's Farm and Jepson's Gate are waypoints en route to Pikestones. The last occupants of Old Rachel's were the Evans family in the 1880s. Simms, was once a farm of 52 acres farmed by Samuel Pilkington according to voter records in the 19th century, located on a private track and footpath. The property got its water from Green Withins Brook, a tributary of the River Yarrow and after being taken over by Liverpool Corporation was occupied by the Chairman of Horwich Urban District Council in 1928–29.

Waterman's Cottage is at the north end of Anglezarke Reservoir. Shorrocks was occupied by Abel Pilkington until his death in 1888; its ruins are by the bridge at White Coppice ponds at the north end of the reservoir.

Dwellings

 * Abbott's (ruin)
 * Anderton's (ruin)
 * Brook House (ruin)
 * Brown Hill (ruin)
 * Butter Cross (ruin)
 * Coomb (ruin)
 * Fogg's (ruin)
 * Gamekeeper's Cottage
 * Higher Hempshaw's (ruin)
 * Higher House (ruin)
 * Hordern Stoops (ruin)
 * Latham's / Wilcock's
 * Lee House
 * Lower Hempshaw's (ruin)
 * Manor House
 * Margery's Place (ruin)
 * Morris House (ruin)
 * Moses Cocker's
 * Old Brook's (ruin)
 * Old Knowle Farm (ruin)
 * Old Rachel's (ruin)
 * Parson's Bullough (ruin)
 * Peewet Hall (ruin)
 * Simms (ruin)
 * Stones House (ruin)
 * Stoops (ruin)
 * Turners (ruin)
 * Wilkinson Bullough

Past Industry

There is considerable archaeological evidence of Roman presence in the neighbouring areas, it is believed lead was first mined during that time. Mining for lead was recommenced in 1692 by Sir Richard Standish in partnership with two farmers and a mining engineer and after several failures some lead was extracted. In 1694 Richard Standish declared in the Chancery Court that he could not sign over the mines to his wife as he was a tenant. After his death, his widow claimed the profits but lost the resultant court case and flooded the mines by diverting a stream. The mining operation restarted again and was expanded and in 1788–1789, 73 tons of lead were produced. In the 1790s copper and galena were produced. Production ended in 1837 when a lease, granted by Frank Hall Standish in 1824 to John Thompson of Wigan, Ironmaster was relinquished and the unsuccessful enterprise was abandoned. Lead Mines Clough had numerous shafts up to 240 feet deep and on the site was a smelting mill, a smithy and a waterwheel provided power. There are remains of bell pits at Dean Brook and spoil heaps containing traces of barites, calcite and galena. The mines were sealed in 1930 but there has been speculation that the site was part of a secret operation in 1940.

The mineral witherite (barium carbonate) was discovered in spoil from the mines in the 18th century. It was distinct from other sources as it contained above two per cent of carbonate of strontites. Up to this time witherite was considered worthless and used as rat poison by locals. Josiah Wedgwood used it to manufacture Jasper ware and tried to keep the source secret, but after a visit in 1782 by two Frenchmen, a local farmer, James Smithells, exported the mineral to Germany, charging five guineas per ton.

Leicester Mill Quarry, a major contributor to the economy in the 19th century producing gritstone flags, stone setts and kerbs for paving the streets of the industrialised towns. Between 1880 and 1920, quarry men, sett-makers and two blacksmiths were employed. Dressed stone was carted to Adlington station for transport. The quarry is no longer operational. Millstones were produced at Black Coppice, where some remain.

Coal was mined for local or personal use from drift mines where the coal seam outcropped from Fletcher Bank to Great Hill. The Margery Mine near White Coppice and the Sandbrook Mine in the Yarrow Valley were mined by six men in the 19th century. Drifts were opened up by locals during the 1926 General Strike.

A cotton mill was built by the stream at White Coppice. At first it was powered by a waterwheel but later the mill lodge was built to provide water for the steam engine. Around 1900 the mill was owned by Alfred Ephraim Eccles a supporter of the Temperance movement. Another small mill was built on the bank of the River Yarrow at the end of Bradley Wood of which no trace remains. Roger Lester lived in Anglezarke in 1769.

Reservoirs

In 1850, Thomas Pilkington of the Manor House sold land to the Chorley Water Company to build High Bullough Reservoir, the first reservoir in the area. Demand for stone increased with the building of the Anglezarke Reservoir, the largest in the Rivington Reservoir Chain, in the 1850s. This led to increased production at local quarries.

Construction of the Yarrow Reservoir designed by Liverpool's Borough Engineer, Thomas Duncan, began in 1867. It is fed from the River Yarrow and Limestone Brook which have their sources on Anglezarke Moor. The three main reservoirs of the Rivington chain can be viewed at 'The Viewpoint', Moor Road, Anglezarke.

Second World War
The area was used for food production and military training in World War II. On 16 November 1943, the crew of a Wellington Bomber (Z8799) from 28 Operational Training Unit, flying from Blackpool to Manchester, were killed when it crashed just to the North of Winter Hill, on Hurst Hill, Anglezarke Moor. According to an eye-witness, the plane was disintegrating as it crashed and its impact "shook the ground". The plane was piloted by Flight Sergeant Joseph B Timperon of the RAAF, with the other fatalities being the RAF Sergeants Eric R Barnes (airbomber), Joseph B Hayston (airgunner), Robert S Jackson (navigator), George E Murray (navigator) and Matthew Mouncey (airgunner). There is a memorial at the crash site, erected in June 1955 by the Horwich Rotary Club. Each year on Remembrance Sunday, a service is held at the Wellington Bomber Memorial at Lead Mines Clough, next to Limestone Brook. The old lead mines are believed to have played a role in the anti-invasion plans in the 1940s.

Post War
Most unexploded ordnance was cleared in 1946. Large amounts of munitions have been recovered from the Anglezarke moors which were extensively used by the military through the Second World War, with military use extending into the early Cold War period when reservists were given use of 1000 acres for military training by the government despite opposition from locals.

Governance
Until the early 19th century, Anglezarke was a township in the ancient parish of Bolton le Moors, itself part of the hundred of Salford in Lancashire. In 1837, Anglezarke joined with other townships (or civil parishes) in the area to form the Chorley Poor Law Union which took responsibility for the administration and funding of the Poor Law in that area. In 1866, Anglezarke became a civil parish. It became part of the Chorley Rural Sanitary District from 1875 to 1894, and then part of the Chorley Rural District from 1894 to 1974. Since 1974, Anglezarke has been a civil parish of the Borough of Chorley.

Anglezarke is part of the Chorley parliamentary constituency, which elected Lindsay Hoyle as member of parliament for the Labour party at the 2010 General Election.

Geography
Anglezarke covers 2,793 acres of high moorland on the western slopes of the West Pennine Moors reaching about 1,000 feet above sea level. Anglezarke is a settlement of scattered farmhouses with no village centre. The hamlet of White Coppice, where there was a cotton mill, is in the north-west corner, and Hempshaws, now in ruins, in the south-east. The township is crossed by a minor road on the western border from Rivington to Heapey. The underlying rocks are millstone grit and sandstones of the lower Lower Coal Measures. There were several quarries whose stone was used for road-making. The source of the River Yarrow is at Will Narr on Anglezarke Moor. The west of the area is dominated by the Anglezarke and Yarrow Reservoirs.

Economy
Anglezarke's economy is primarily agricultural, with land used mostly for grazing. Some farmers have diversified into providing leisure and storage facilities for camping, caravanning and guest accommodation. Tourists are attracted by the historic landscape and scenery and access to a network of hiking trails.

Sports
Anglezarke Quarry is a destination for rock climbing and has been used for training by serious climbers such as Sir Chris Bonington. Cricket is played at White Coppice. The area was the location for the 2002 Commonwealth Games Mountain Biking competition. There is an extensive network of footpaths providing public access for hikers.

Popular culture
Anglezarke Quarry was used for filming the TV series Jewel in the Crown in 1984. Anglezarke is a setting in the book, The Spook's Secret by Joseph Delaney. Musician and poet Richard Skelton used the Anglezarke landscape to inspire his writing and music.

title: Anglezarke


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PowerArchiver

PowerArchiver is a proprietary file archiver for Microsoft Windows and MacOS, developed by ConeXware Inc. It supports creating and reading ZIP, 7z, and Tar archive formats, as well as various disk image formats. Additionally, it can read (but not create) RAR and ACE files. The evaluation version of the program remains functional for 40 days. Personal licenses are currently permitted free lifetime updates to all future versions of the software, while the business license is valid through two major versions.

PowerArchiver's first public release was made in March 1999. It was advertised as a free archiving solution and was written in Borland Delphi. It turned into shareware in June 2001 with version 7. Prior to being PowerArchiver, the software was known as EasyZip. A command-line version and a Microsoft Outlook plugin is also provided. PowerArchiver's user interface has been translated into 15 languages.

The latest release of PowerArchiver fully supports Windows 7 and provides the user an option to use the ribbon GUI, as featured in Microsoft Office 2007 and Windows 7. Users can revert to the old-style toolbar if they wish.

In 2011, Softpedia gave it five stars, praising its wide support for various compressed file types, FTP and backup feature by pointing out its lack of complete support of VHD files.

In 2020, SoftFamous gave five stars to the file archiver software.

title: PowerArchiver


text:
User talk:Hyojung

Please do not remove Votes for deletion notices from articles or remove other people's comments in votes for deletion pages. The notices and comments are needed to establish community consensus about the status of an article, and removing them is considered vandalism. If you oppose its deletion, you may vote at the respective page instead. Thank you. --Angr/undefined 19:52, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Granite T. Rock 05:25, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

'''Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.''' - Thatdog 08:13, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

''This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing.''

I understand you may be new to Wikipedia but, Please do not blank out talk pages. Please do not add information to pages that is false. Please do not add small lines to pages to make them funny or cute. Also if you do get blocked, please realize that this is in response to something that you have done and you are best to just wait it out (first time blocks are short) rather than create new accounts which could end up getting you blocked for even longer times or them tracing things to your IP address. Thanks! Granite T. Rock 05:02, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Ta_hal_01_031002.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ta_hal_01_031002.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --OrphanBot 09:18, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hyojung


text:
Midnight Sun Game

The Midnight Sun Game is an amateur baseball game played every summer solstice at Growden Memorial Park in Fairbanks, Alaska, United States. Because the sun is out for almost 24 hours a day, the game starts at about 10:30 at night and completes around 1:30 the next morning. However, because Fairbanks's summer time zone differs by about an hour from local solar time, coupled with the state's observance of daylight saving time, the game may not actually last until solar midnight, at about 1:53. Famous players who have appeared in the game include Tom Seaver, Dave Winfield, Terry Francona, Harold Reynolds, Jason Giambi, and Bill "Spaceman" Lee.

After Noel Wien's arrival in 1924, he noted, "The baseball team played on weekends, and on June 21 and July 4 they always started a game at midnight sharp, just to indicate that this was the farthest city in the country."

The first game was in 1906. Artificial light has never been used. The sun does dip below the horizon for about an hour. Since 1960, the game has been hosted by the Alaska Goldpanners, a collegiate summer baseball team based in Fairbanks. As the Goldpanners have been without a league since leaving the Alaska Baseball League in 2015, the opponent has typically been picked from other collegiate summer teams from anywhere in the United States.

In 2020 the Goldpanners pulled out of the contest due to the coronavirus pandemic and local amateur squads played the game instead, with a local American Legion Baseball squad facing the local town team baseball squad. The game has never been rained out; the game narrowly avoided a rainout in 2020 after heavy downpours flooded the field earlier in the day, but the two competing teams were unwilling not to let the game go forward and cleared the field to the best of their ability to allow the game to go on.

For 2021, the game expanded into a Midnight Sun Tournament, with a doubleheader consisting of the final of the American Legion Baseball tournament leading into the Goldpanners' Midnight Sun Game.

Game results
Through 1959, the Midnight Sun Game featured various teams from the Fairbanks area. In 1960, the game became exclusively hosted by the Alaska Goldpanners. Although the Midnight Sun Game has been played since 1906, only games hosted by the Goldpanners are listed, with the exception of the 2020 contest. The Goldpanners are 49-15 all-time.

title: Midnight Sun Game


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User:Spartan5

Spartan5 loves the wikipedia, but is mostly here to bust Mr. Cheshire's aggies.

Feel free to check my contributions.

title: User:Spartan5


text:
Aerarii

The aerarii (from Lat. aes, "bronze" or "money" in its subsidiary sense of "poll tax") were a class of Roman citizens not included in the thirty tribes of Servius Tullius, and subject to a poll-tax arbitrarily fixed by the censor. They were:
 * The inhabitants of conquered towns which had been deprived of local self-government, who possessed the jus conubii (right of legal marriage) and jus commercii (right to engage in lawful business), but no political rights. Caere is said to have been the first example of this (353 BC). Hence the expression "in tabulas Caeritum referre" came to mean " to degrade to the status of an aerarius."
 * Full citizens subjected to civil degradation (infamia) as the result of following certain professions (primarily the performing arts), of dishonourable acts in private life (for instance stuprum) or of conviction for certain crimes.
 * Persons "branded" (stigmatized by receiving a nota, essentially a "black mark") by the censor.

Those who were thus excluded from the tribes and centuries had no vote were incapable of filling Roman magistracies, and could not serve in the army. According to Theodore Mommsen, the aerarii were originally the non-assidui (non-holders of land), excluded from the tribes, the comitia and the army. By a reform of the censor Appius Claudius Caecus in 312 BC these non-assidui were admitted into the tribes, and the aerarii as such disappeared. But in 304, Fabius Rullianus limited them to the four city tribes, and from that time the term meant a man degraded from a higher (rural) to a lower (urban) tribe, but not deprived of the right of voting or of serving in the army.

The expressions tribu movere and aerarium facere, regarded by Mommsen as identical in meaning ("to degrade from a higher tribe to a lower"), are explained by Greenidge the first as relegation from a higher to a lower tribe or total exclusion from the tribes, the second as exclusion from the centuries. Other views of the original aerarii are that they were: artisans and freedmen (Niebuhr); inhabitants of towns united with Rome by a hospitium publicum, who had become domiciled on Roman territory (Lange); only a class of degraded citizens, including neither the cives sine suffragio nor the artisans (according to Johan Nicolai Madvig); identical with the capite censi of the Servian constitution (Belot, Greenidge).

title: Aerarii


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Growden Memorial Park

Growden Memorial Park is an outdoor park in Fairbanks, Alaska, United States. Originally called Memorial Park, the park was renamed in 1964 in memory of James Growden who, along with his two sons, lost his life in the tsunami created by the Good Friday Earthquake of 1964. Growden had been active in youth activities in Fairbanks for a number of years.

History & Features
Growden Memorial Field is a baseball park located in Growden Memorial Park used for collegiate summer and high school baseball and has been the home field for the Alaska Baseball League's Alaska Goldpanners since 1960. It was also home to the defunct North Pole Nicks, before the Nicks relocated to Newby Field. Famous players to play at Growden include Tom Seaver, Dave Winfield, Rick Monday, Terry Francona, Bob Boone, Bret Boone, Jason Giambi, and Barry Bonds.

It also has played host to the Alaska School Activities Association state baseball championships over the last few years.

It has an artificial turf infield and a natural grass outfield. It contains several dozen box seats salvaged from Seattle's Sick's Stadium. The Carlson Center is located nearby.

The ballpark holds 3,500 people and plays host to the Midnight Sun Game. A crowd larger than 5,200 attended the 1967 Midnight Sun Game when the Goldpanners hosted Kumagai-Gumi of Japan.

The John Weaver Skate Park, four youth baseball fields, one youth softball field and volleyball courts are located in the park.

title: Growden Memorial Park


text: User talk:67.87.79.254

title: User talk:67.87.79.254


text:
Robert B. Willumstad

Robert B. "Bob" Willumstad is a former Chairman and CEO of the American International Group (AIG).

He was born on August 22, 1945, in Brooklyn and grew up in Elmont on Long Island. His alma mater is Adelphi University. He and his wife Carol reside in New York City, and have two adult daughters and three grandchildren.

Under Sanford I. Weill, Willumstad helped to steer the 1998 merger of Travelers Group and Citicorp. From 2000 to 2003, he was the chairman and CEO of Citigroup's Global Consumer Group. He was named President of Citigroup in 2002, and assumed the post of Chief Operating Officer in 2003, while continuing to serve as CEO and President of Citibank North America. Some suggested that he had been passed over for CEO in favour of Charles Prince, despite being in charge of Citi's largest business.

Willumstad left Citigroup in July 2005, saying that he wanted to run a major company, after CEO Charles Prince decided to take back control of operations.

Willumstad founded Brysam Global Partners, a specialized private equity firm that invests in financial services, in 2007 with partner Marjorie Magner.

Willumstad served as the chairman of the board of directors of AIG from 2006 until 2008, after Maurice R. Greenberg was forced to resign.

Willumstad became CEO on June 15, 2008, after Martin J. Sullivan was ousted. One of Willumstad's initiatives was to repair the rift with Greenberg. In September 2008, Edward M. Liddy succeeded Willumstad to oversee the company's government-financed asset sale. Willumstad refused a $22 million severance payment for his three months' work at AIG since he was never able to enact his strategy. AIG's stock price declined 97% during his short tenure due to preexisting company conditions.

On October 7, 2008, Willumstad testified before the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform on Capitol Hill regarding the causes and effects of the bailout of AIG.

title: Robert B. Willumstad


text:
Talk:Cathedral City (cheese)

This is a brand name for a cheese. I will suggest deletion. Francis Davey 19:56, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cathedral City (cheese)