text:
Talk:Beard (companion)

VfD nomination
This article was the subject of a VfD nomination at Articles for deletion/Beard (female companion). The consensus was keep. -- Karada 12:06, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Meganeyre.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:29, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

change
beard may have started this way, but is certainly now used by anyone, queers, breeders, kids going home for holidays...

How about changing "great many" to "some" - I think you're unlikely to find a citation describing the number of people who did this? Nwynder 16:18, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

I think this is a very narrow definition of "beard." It is often just used as a term to describe someone acting as an agent for another who doesn't want to be identified. For example, professional gamblers often use "beards" to place bets on sporting events so the house doesn't know it was placed by them (so odds are not changed, bets rejected or even patterns noted). See for example,http://www.thepostgame.com/blog/dish/201112/legendary-las-vegas-sports-bettor-under-attack-feds. The term is widespread in the gambling community and literature. CaperBill (talk) 14:42, 16 April 2013 (UTC)

Origin
Is there a reference for the origin of the term, or is this the author's assumption? I always thought it came from the idea of a fake beard as a disguise. 24.128.69.169 16:53, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The term "beard" is not unique to the gay community at all -- at least as far back as the 50's and 60's, it was used in reference to situations where a married man who was having an affair would go out in public with his lover, and bring along a male friend -- the "beard" -- who would pose as the woman's date. This was a common practice for prominent men and celebrities -- it was often used in connection with some of John F. Kennedy's social outings in his years as a Senator. (I would expand the article with all of this, but really don't have the time right now to look up any citations or references...) StanislavJ 23:46, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * SJ is surely dead on with this: the scene where Woody Allen's character says "I'm only the beard", and the later scene in the warehouse for the "Macy's Day Parade" where he, Farrow's character, and the gangster all use the term in quick succession with no signs of incomprehension, are set in the 70s before gay slang was being borrowed into the mainstream; the director who put all the female actors in The Purple Rose of Cairo into 1930s underwear (hidden by their visible costumes) is unlikely to have repeatedly misportrayed the slang of a time he had himself experienced (when he was 40ish). --Jerzy•t 07:05, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Omissions in rewrite
I refactored and reworded parts of what i found, but removed these: --Jerzy•t 07:05, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) ... is derived from the notion that a man with a woman on his arm looks more masculine, like a man with a beard.
 * Unsourced, and conflicts with the obvious theory that
 * -- the heterosexual use came first,
 * -- the original etymology was that having a beard with your date and putting on a fake beard are both means of concealment, and
 * -- the "masculinity" theory is just folk etymology.
 * 1) In the early years of the gay rights movement, some homophile organizations required members to bring beards with them to meetings, for protection in case the police raided the meeting.
 * Unsourced,
 * vague (Required, not advised, and if so why? Protection against what, against an identifiable booking photo, bcz you didn't have a fake beard that the police would let you put on during booking?) and
 * even when sourced, would violate SYNTH until a source is found to support its relevance: this is of no interest, unless some connection is made between actual fake beards at meetings and the quite different role of beards in our sense. A hypothetical fake beard is more similar to this sense than an actual fake beard, by the same degree that real and hypothetical ones differ from each other.
 * 1) Closeted gay men and lesbians may also take part in this kind of relationship to their mutual advantage. In the past many gay men and lesbians married in order to fit in with heterosexual society; this practice continues today, but less frequently in many countries (particularly in the developed world) where the society has become more accepting of "out" gay men and lesbians.
 * Rambling and loosely connected; probably there should be a lk to the closet in the accompanying article, but the paragraph above is more pertinent to [[the closet] than to "beard", and should be added there, if it won't duplicate what's already there.
 * 1) This term should not be confused with fag hag.
 * Nor should it be confused with Boston marriage or diesel dyke. We don't need to document what it's different from. Those trying to clear up such confusion in their own minds should also read fag hag, and deduce that they shouldn't be confused by the differences between the two articles. (Including a ref in the accompanying article is unnecessary, seldom useful, clutter, and may cause confusion in readers who remember 6 months later having seen "fag hag" in the article, but can't remember that it it was said to be different, not similar.

Suspicious wife?
I don't specifically remember her being suspicious, and rather recall the emphasis as being on how supportive she was. If someone can't come up with dialog that supports that, here on the talk page (i, at least, don't need a formal ref), IMO it should be taken out. --Jerzy•t 06:18, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * And while we're on the subject, is Tina single? Wasn't it her husband who got shot in the eyes, making her a widow? --Jerzy•t 06:48, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

She would have been suspicious if Lou had arrived with Tina and not Danny. Danny warns Lou that he will be paying "two alamonies" if Lou's wife finds out about Tina. Apparently this is not the first time that Lou has been unfaithful while married. One can only assume that Lou met his current wife the same way he met Tina and so Danny-as-beard was definitely needed to allay any suspicions. Yes, Tina is single and a widow but the guy she dated after her husband's demise, as you know, still thinks they're a couple. God, what an incredibly funny movie.:) And to think I came to this site to find out the origin of the word "beard." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.23.105.146 (talk) 08:13, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

Unsourced???
Oh, please, guys. Search alcoveiteiro in Google Brasil. That is why I leaved English Wikipedia, people talk to me in a patronising tone everytime wanting to know more about my native language and culture than me, wanting sources for stupid basic things that one may even find in Wikitionary, extrapolating policy to a really unnecessary far extent that doesn't improve distribution of knowledge, but rather blocks it.

It said "A translation of an infidelity-associated beard to Portuguese is alcoviteiro, but in the said language, it is not an LGBT-associated slang, being very known among Brazilians in general, and it can also mean a situation in which X and Y are both cheating each other with Z, while Z distracts both with his or her advices (so that Z is an alcoviteiro or alcoviteira to both and itself). In such meanings, it can be mildly offensive, but is most often jocose. The verb alcovitar translates roughly as "to pander" (to facilitate courtship or sexual relations), so alcoviteiro also translates as the most polite Portuguese word for English "pimp", so it is likely to be regarded as something of very poor taste calling someone by this term if the person in question has no minimal intimacy with the other to be good-tempered with obscene jokes."

There are lots of information of this kind accross Wikipedia. This article is little, doesn't say much and has no version in other Wikipedias, that is why I added this information. 177.65.49.210 (talk) 21:24, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
 * It may be common knowledge in Brazil, but I couldn't find anything other than this dicdef in the Portuguese Wiktionary: . I wish you luck.-- Auric    talk  21:50, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, it depends. Among the youth in Rio at least it is mainly this kinda sexual slang, while in other parts of the country it means a person that is specially fond to gossips. I believe the sexual slang very probably derives from this meaning, as a fofoqueiro or alcoviteiro may be also referred to as leva-e-trás (that who takes and brings from a side to another). But it certainly isn't used only here. See the translation Google Translate and Word Referenge both give to alcoviteiro: https://translate.google.com/#pt/en/alcoviteiro http://www.wordreference.com/pten/alcoviteiro http://www.wordreference.com/pten/alcovitagem As I said, it is kind of a polite term for a pimp, used jocosely among friends. It certainly won't be something that I expect to someone to have writen on... So yeah, luck wouldn't help. But thank you very much anyway. 177.65.49.210 (talk) 06:28, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

deletion
There was some section about a random comic strip. I deleted it because I did not see the importance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bobjohnson111980 (talk • contribs) 11:53, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

Improving legibility in the section on Infidelity
To make the section on infidelity concealment more clear, perhaps placeholder names should be used instead of letters, as most people tend to remember names better than variables (at least, in my experience)?

For example, X and Y become Alice and Alec, Z become Chloe, and W become Bob (X and Y start with the same letter to indicate that they are the "intended" couple, Chloe and Bob start with different letters to indicate that they are not actually a couple). Gender-neutral names would probably be preferred, but I don't feel like finding a good set. Hppavilion1 (talk) 00:47, 1 August 2016 (UTC)

Added "History"
I added to the article some background history on the term "beard" and its usage. The section could still use expanding, such as examples on who in fact used the beard "disguise." Hopefully, this addition can give readers some insight on the practice during the early/mid twentieth century, and its importance.

Meganeyre (talk) 05:36, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

Vita and Harold were I both bisexual and in a very loving, if open, marriage. This makes it sound like they were only in the marriage to cover for their sexual proclivities, but that's not the case. I feel you need to look for a better example. Spiel (talk) 18:45, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

Concealment scenarios
The article gives two scenarios of concealment. However there are other possibilities. Let's say X has a preference for someone(s) who is socially unacceptable in her ethnic group, for example a Japanese woman who likes black men. She can't hide the fact she goes out at night, etc.. so she also has a "beard" boyfriend who is Asian, that she can show to her family etc.. she may even love the beard, but whatever the case, the beard is covering for her, knowingly or not. It can be based on LGBT, or race, or whatever the scenario that requires hiding an amor. -- Green  C  22:04, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beard (companion)


text:
Gilbert Fuchs

Gilbert Fuchs (1871–1952) was a German figure skater who won the first World Figure Skating Championships, held in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1896. He recaptured the world title ten years later in Munich.

Relations with his constant rival Ulrich Salchow were strained. In 1906, Salchow did not compete in Fuchs' hometown of Munich, because he expected that he would be judged unfairly. Likewise, Fuchs did not participate in the 1908 Olympics as he felt the judges favored Salchow. Only once did Fuchs place higher in a competition than Salchow, at the 1901 Europeans in Vienna; he did not win the event, however, finishing in second place to Gustav Hügel of Austria.

Fuchs mastered figure skating on his own, after learning gymnastics, weightlifting, and stone put. After finishing secondary school, he served in a cavalry regiment, later studying agriculture in Vienna. Still later, he moved to Munich in the German state of Bavaria, where he studied forestry. He practised figure skating on Germany's first artificial ice rink, "Unsöldsche Kunsteisbahn", which opened in 1892, and he represented Munich EV and Germany in competitions. Fuchs was a founding member of the Karlsruhe Ice Skating Club, founded in 1911. He wrote a book titled "Theory and Practice of Figure Skating" (German: "Theorie und Praxis des Kunstlaufes am Eise"), published in 1926.

Outside figure skating, Fuchs studied the morphology of the bark beetle (German: Borkenkäfer). In 1929, in his late fifties, he wrote his PhD thesis titled "European timber industry after the war" (German: "Europäische Holzwirtschaft der Nachkriegszeit") (the "war" referred to in the title is the First World War).

Results
† Did not enter after being injured in a hunting accident in the high mountains

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gilbert Fuchs


text: Category:Gormenghast (series)

title: Category:Gormenghast (series)


text: User talk:81.136.47.24

title: User talk:81.136.47.24


text:
Melanargia galathea

Melanargia galathea, the marbled white, is a medium-sized butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Despite its common name and appearance, this butterfly is one of the "browns", of the subfamily Satyrinae.

This species can be found across most of Europe, southern Russia, Asia Minor and Iran. It is found in forest clearings and edges, meadows and steppe where it occurs up to 1500 - 1700 m above sea level. The caterpillars feed on various grasses.

Subspecies
Subspecies include:
 * Melanargia galathea galathea Europe, southern Urals
 * Melanargia galathea donsa Fruhstorfer, 1916 Caucasus
 * Melanargia galathea lucasi (Rambur, 1858) North Africa
 * Melanargia galathea magdalenae Reichl, 1975
 * Melanargia galathea procida (Herbst, 1796)
 * Melanargia galathea satnia Fruhstorfer, 1917 (= njurdzhan Sheljuzhko ) Caucasus Major and Minor
 * Melanargia galathea tenebrosa Fruhstorfer, 1917

Distribution
This species can be found across most of Europe, southern Russia, Asia Minor and Iran. There is an isolated population in Japan. It is not found in Ireland, North Britain, Scandinavia (except Denmark) and Portugal or Spain. The late twentieth century saw an expansion of its range in the UK.

Habitat
It is found in forest clearings and edges, meadows and steppe where it occurs up to 1,500-1,700 m above sea level. They are a common sight in unimproved grasslands across southern Britain, particularly on the South Downs, but also extending slightly further north to places such as the Dunstable Downs, Devil's Dyke near Newmarket, Fleam Dyke, Les King Wood near the South Cambs village of Cottenham, The "Edwards" wood, Dry Drayton.

Description
Melanargia galathea has a wingspan of 46 - 56 mm. In these medium-sized butterflies the upper side of the wings is decorated with white and gray-black or dark brown markings, but it is always gray-black or dark brown checkered in the basal and distal areas. The underside is similar to the upper side but the drawings is light gray or light brown. On the underside of the hindwings is present a row of gray eye spots. The males and the females are quite similar, except that some females may have a yellowish nuance on the underside of the wings. Seitz - M. galathea. In the otherwise black cell of both wing an oval white spot which is not divided by a transverse bar. On the hindwing above the ocelli are quite invisible or shine through very faintly from the underside.

Life cycle
Like other members of its subfamily, the larvae feed on various grasses. These include Phleum (P. pratense), Poa (P. annua, P. trivalis), Festuca rubra, Bromus erectus, Dactylis, Brachypodium pinnatum, Agrostis capillaris, Elytrigia, Holcus, Dactylis, Triticum and Agropyron species.

Eggs are laid on the wing, or from brief perches on grass stems, and are just sprinkled among the grass stems. Upon hatching, the larvae immediately enter hibernation and only feed the following spring when the fresh growth occurs. They are a lime-green colour, with a dark green line running down the middle of their back. Pupation takes place at ground level in a loose cocoon. Adults can be found from early June to early September. On a good site, in warm, sunny weather, thousands can be seen gently fluttering amongst the grass heads.

Alternative common names
The marbled white was called "Our Half-mourner" by James Petiver (1717), "The Marmoris" by Benjamin Wilkes and "The Marmoress" by Moses Harris.

title: Melanargia galathea


text:
Small pearl-bordered fritillary

Boloria selene, known in Europe as the small pearl-bordered fritillary and in North America as the silver-bordered fritillary, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found across Europe, Asia and North America, and feeds exclusively on violets in its larval stages. This species prefers wet grassland habitats, where its larval food source, violets, are found. It overwinters in its larval stage, and eggs hatch in the late summer to early autumn. Members of this species are prey for multiple types of birds and other insects.

Due to modern agriculture, most of the grassland habitats that sustain Boloria selene are fragmented or lost all together in favor of farmland. Because of this, the small pearl-bordered fritillary has seen a serious drop in population across Europe, in some places as much as 80%. Factors including limited habitat range, low dispersal rate, and strong food specialization also contribute to population loss. Despite modern conservation efforts, the number of small pearl-bordered fritillaries is still declining. The North American populations appear to be affected in the same way, at least in the continental United States.

Appearance
The small pearl-bordered fritillary is similar to the pearl-bordered fritillary but has black chevrons on the edge of its wings, a large central black dot on each wing, and white pearls on the underside. Males tend to be smaller than females, with a wingspan of 35 to 41 mm. Females are 38 to 44 mm in length. Though the small pearl-bordered fritillary is similar to the pearl-bordered fritillary it is much brighter in color because the pearl-bordered fritillary emerges from its pupa earlier. Seitz - A. selene Schiff. (= euphrosyne Bgstr., euphrasia Lew., silene Haw.) (67g). Forewing above and beneath very similar to tliat of the preceding [selenis]. Hindwing beneath with the median band distinct but not broad, the costal spot of the band, the large tooth above the apex of the cell and the one below the cell-end being vividly silvery like the marginal lunules; the broad interspace between the median band and the marginal lunules is leatheryellow and bears below the apex and above the anal angle two large dark cinnamon clouds; obsolescent silvery selenia bands extend from the costal and abdominal margins towards the centre of the wing.

Distribution
The species is widespread across central and northern Europe, North America, and through Asia to Korea. Specifically, it can be found in places like Germany, the United Kingdom, and Sweden and in the Midwestern United States in places like Iowa and the Dakotas. In the United Kingdom, Boloria selene is widespread across upland and western Britain, but is not found in central, eastern England or Ireland. Its range appears to be stable through much of Europe but declines have been reported in at least nine countries, including England.

This species is found across Europe and North America in grassland environments where native violets grow. It occurs in damp, grassy habitats, woodland clearings and moorland, but has also been found in dune slacks and coastal cliffs.

Larva
The larvae of this species hatch in the late summer to early fall. They feed exclusively on violets and are active mostly at night. In drier areas, dog violets are used while in wetter areas the species feeds on bog violets (Viola palustris) or marsh violets growing among purple moor-grass or tufted hair-grass. They prefer the damper areas. They also occur among bracken, which provides shade for the appropriate violet species. The caterpillars overwinter by hibernating, and then reemerge in the spring to finish growth and pupate. However, recent studies have shown that times of laying, hatching, and reemerging vary by temperature, and all life cycle stages appear to be strongly linked to the timing of the seasons. This effect is a suspected form of plastic behavior seen in many species of insects, especially ones in temperate climates that experience large temperature changes due to a change in seasons.

Pupa
Caterpillars pupate between mid May and August. When the larvae forms the pupa, or chrysalis, it is formed with its head down. This transformative stage lasts about two to three weeks.

Adult
Adults mate and lay eggs in the spring on or in the near vicinity of violets. A common violet selected for oviposition is the marsh violet. Adult Boloria selene have been observed to fly in a brood once a year sometime in the summer. Adult small pearl-bordered fritillaries feed on the following plants:
 * Bramble
 * Thistle
 * Bugle (Ajuga reptans)

Migration habits
This species is well known to migrate short distances during its reproductive stage, but does not appear to make any long distance migrations that cross over unsuitable habitats such as farmland and urban areas.

Predators
Small birds appear to be major predators of both larval and adult stages, including introduced ground birds such as pheasants that were introduced in the UK for sport hunting (in quantities of almost 40 million birds according to a study done on ground birds' impact on local wildlife). However, no major decline was detected from the introduced predators alone, as there was no significance between reduced adult emergence and increased ground birds. In a study of ambush bugs, Boloria selene was identified as a prey, although predation rates were not studied.

Genetics and local adaptation
A study using North American populations found that sibling mating events of this species almost always result in unviable offspring. Even hybrids that were crossed with individuals from parent populations often had unviable offspring. This indicates that this species requires non-kin mating to survive, which may help with decreasing inbreeding events. Certain larvae did better in their home environments and struggled in foreign environments, indicating potential local adaptation. There were also slight coloration changes between males in Massachusetts (a “warm leathery tone”) and males in South Dakota (a “chestnut brown” color), indicating potential genetic differences between the two populations, which are separated by unsuitable habitat and by a distance of 2000 miles (3218.688 km). However, due to the age of the study, more work is needed to confirm that local adaptation is indeed taking place in North American populations of small pearl-bordered fritillaries instead of individual plasticity.

Another study found Boloria selene are quite plastic in their response to temperature variation, and will adjust much of their life cycle in response to temperature changes such as an earlier warming that comes with an early spring. The same study also analyzed among and between population data, and suggested that these animals quickly capitalize on early warming and late cooling regardless of location (in the US at least), and seem to also know when to wait longer or shorter before beginning reproduction.

Conservation
There appears to be no place (at least in Europe) that is not suffering from at least light population degradation. Many studies in the UK (where population loss is most severe) and several studies from other areas of Europe state that the small pearl-bordered fritillary is rapidly declining in numbers. This is likely from indirect harm due to habitat destruction and fragmentation. Since this species is primarily attached to violet that grows in wild grasslands, modern agricultural practices which have caused most of Europe's grasslands to become fragmented or destroyed for farmland have a severe effect on the butterfly. Without native violets to host their larvae, this species is facing decline across Europe. This species also struggles with breeding across habitat fragments as it must lay eggs exclusively on violets in order to have any viable offspring. However, adults seem to be quite flexible in their movement patterns, with one study stating that only 45% of released Boloria selene specimens were able to be found and recaptured. This indicates that farmland itself appears to more strongly damage reproduction rates instead of general adult survival.

Another study found that this species has another characteristic which makes it vulnerable to extinction: it is not only a dietary specialist, also migrates only small distances. This creates problems for the species, since fragmentation most strongly affects animals that migrate short distances and are unable to cross the gaps made by human habitat destruction. While long distance migratory species are often unaffected and sedentary species are often able to better use the fragments they are in, short distance migrators like the small pearl-bordered fritillary are unable to properly disperse and are hit hardest from environmental damage.

A study in Germany found that over 40 years (1971–2011), populations of adults dropped rapidly on agricultural land, while dropping slightly less severely in native grasslands (although still decreasing by almost 83%). The article stated that fragmented habitat protection does a poor job of securing biodiversity and protecting many species that are in peril, as it does not account for many species that cannot seek extra fragmented breeding sites. Many species, including Boloria selene, fail to find good nesting sites as they cannot pass through the human habitat that divides suitable fragments.

These drastic changes stem from the continued expansion of agriculture over time that continued to damage and degrade the remaining native breeding habitat for Boloria selene. However, the species seems to fare well as adults in a variety of artificial and natural habitats, with the same study showing slightly larger numbers of the species in farmland than in wild habitat in 1971. Another big issue is that Boloria selene struggles with sibling mating, as shown when almost no viable offspring came from sibling mating. This could be detrimental to a population that already has reduced individual genetic diversity, as sibling mating will become more common as fragmentation chips away at short distance migration and gene flow in this species.

title: Small pearl-bordered fritillary


text: User talk:85.98.142.214

title: User talk:85.98.142.214


text:
User talk:DPC

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Shimgray 12:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:DPC


text:
Pearl-bordered fritillary

The pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne) is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae found in Europe and through Russia across the Palearctic to the north of Kazakhstan.

Description
The adult butterfly is orange with black spots on the upperside of its wing and has a wingspan of 38–46 mm. The underside of the wings have a row of silver-pearly markings along the edge, which give the species its name. The pearl-bordered fritillary is often confused with the small pearl-bordered fritillary, but can be distinguished by the triangle along its pearl border (the small pearl-bordered has black chevrons) as well as the presence of a single silver spot in the middle of a row of yellow spots. The female has darker markings and rounder wings than the male. The caterpillars are black with white or yellow spines along their backs.

Like other species of fritillary, the males have special scent glands on their wings so that they can be recognised by females of their own species and therefore find a suitable partner.

Description in Seitz
A. euphrosyne L. (= niobe Mull.) (67h). Very similar to the preceding species, especially selene, but brighter red and the black markings thinner in typical specimens. Easily recognized by the hindwing beneath, which is bright brick-red at the base, not brown as in selene, the median band bearing only one silver-spot (across the apex of the cell) and the incomplete silvery band in the distal area being replaced by some yellow smears without any silvery gloss. The silvery marginal spots of the hindwing beneath are but very rarely absent.

Distribution
The pearl-bordered fritillary is widespread throughout Europe, ranging from Scandinavia to northern Spain and from Ireland eastwards across the Palearctic to Russia and to the north of Kazakhstan. In England and Wales (plus another 10 countries) it has declined rapidly in number and is a highly threatened species.

Subspecies

 * B. e. euphrosyne – Central Europe, Siberia
 * B. e. fingal (Herbst, 1804) – Northern Europe, Siberia
 * B. e. rusalka (Fruhstorfer, 1909) – Southern Europe, West Siberia
 * B. e. orphana (Fruhstorfer, 1907) – Transbaikalia, Amur, Ussuri
 * B. e. kamtschadalus (Seitz, [1909]) – Kamchatka, North Sakhalin
 * B. e. umbra (Seitz, [1909]) – Altai, Sayan
 * B. e. dagestanica (Sovinsky, 1905) – Caucasus, Transcaucasia
 * B. e. nephele (Herrich-Schäffer, [1847]) – Urals, Siberia

Food plants and eggs
After mating, the female will lay her eggs on dead bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), or leaf litter near to violet plants – common dog–violet (Viola riviniana), heath dog–violet (Viola canina) or marsh violet (Viola palustris). Sometimes eggs are laid on the leaves of the food plant itself. They are laid singly, not in one large group such as the marsh fritillary. The habitat mosaics they prefer are typically one–third grass and two–thirds bracken.

Eggs can be found on the food plant from mid–May to the end of June. They are a pale yellow and can hatch after 10–14 days.

Caterpillar, pupa, and adult
The emerging caterpillars begin feeding immediately and will moult three times within the first 5–6 weeks. Each caterpillar will then hibernate in a shriveled leaf at the base of the plant, usually moving to the hibernation site at the end of July. The caterpillars lose half of their body mass by the time the emerge in the following March. After a period of feeding and growth, during which it moults one last time, the caterpillar is full size and ready to pupate. The chrysalis stage is formed among the leaf litter, and lasts just 10–14 days.

The adult butterfly flies between late April and June, and is one of the earliest fritillaries to emerge. Adults feed on the nectar from early spring flowers such as bugle, dandelion, and lesser celandine.

There is a second brood during August.

Habitat

 * Woodland clearings, recently coppiced or clear-felled, with bracken, or leaf litter provided by oak and bramble
 * Well-drained habitats with mosaics of grass, bracken, and light scrub
 * Hot and freshly cut material
 * Abundant food plants growing in short, sparse vegetation, where there is abundant dead plant material, bracken is preferred
 * Scrub edges can provide good breeding conditions, e.g. gorse

Management

 * A network of paths running through bracken to open the canopy, allows sunlight through to help germinate any violet food plants. This can be achieved through grazing especially during winter and early spring.  Cattle are better than sheep as their extra weight helps to trample and break up any dense standing dead stems.  Also there is a risk that sheep tend to eat plants, (for example Ajuga reptans/bugle), that provide nectar for the adult pearl-bordered fritillary. Another way of achieving this is by cutting and bruising the bracken, a proportion of the site at a time, during May and early June.
 * Burning can be useful for reducing the litter of bracken, although follow up management is required as extra bracken growth will be stimulated as a result. This will kill a proportion of invertebrates, and therefore only burning a proportion of the site, e.g., 20% is suggested.
 * Spraying can be useful for reducing high densities of bracken litter, but care should be taken to not severely reduce the density and allow the grass to develop, as this will harm the breeding habitat.
 * Woodlands create sunny clearings and rides, but avoid using clearings that are dominated by other plants such as dog's mercury (Mercurialis perennis), common bluebell, and vigorous grasses.

Etymology
Named in the Classical tradition.In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Euphrosyne is a deity, one of the Charites.

Example sites where found

 * Stansted Park, West Sussex, UK
 * Haldon Forest, Devon, UK
 * Lambert's Castle Hill, Dorset, UK
 * Hard Hills, Cornwall, UK grid ref SS 235176
 * Ireland

title: Pearl-bordered fritillary


text:
Markala

Markala is a commune in Mali's Ségou Region on the Niger River 35 km down stream from the town of Ségou. The commune contains 30 villages in an area of 318 square kilometers and in 2009 had a population of 45,961. Mali's primary irrigation dam, the Markala dam, lies in the commune. The main village of the commune, Diamarabougou, is on the right bank adjacent to the dam which also serves as an important road bridge.

The French colonial authorities constructed the dam between 1934 and 1945 to irrigate farmland with the intention of producing cotton for the textile industry. The dam is 2450 m in length and functions as a weir in that water can flow over the top. It diverts water into a canal system that extends 135 km to the north past the small towns of Niono and Sokolo in the 'Delta Mort' region. Each year around 2.7 km3 of water is diverted from the river, which corresponds to 8.3 percent of the total flow. The water is used to irrigate about 750 square kilometers (75,000 ha) of farmland. The scheme is managed by the Office du Niger and in 1999/2000 produced 320,000 tons of rice, representing 40 percent of the total Malian production.

Although the dam itself lies in the centre of the Markala commune, the farmland irrigated by the dam lies outside the commune to the north.

Until around 2008, the town was served by Markala Airport.

title: Markala


text:
The One with Unagi

"The One with Unagi" is the seventeenth episode of Friends' sixth season. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on February 24, 2000.

Plot
When Joey is struggling to make ends meet by working at Central Perk, Ross suggests some alternative form of employment, and Joey looks into medical studies at the local hospital. He finds one that pays $2,000 for identical twins, and hires a fake twin, Carl, at an audition. Carl is even dumber than Joey, and the ruse fails miserably.

Chandler panics when he remembers that he and Monica have agreed to hand-craft Valentine's Day gifts for each other this year, two weeks later than planned because Monica was working on Valentine's Day. After Phoebe offers him a bunny rabbit composed of Rachel's socks, Chandler fails miserably at making his own gifts. He ends up grabbing a cassette tape to stand in for a homemade mix tape. Monica, who also forgot, gives him Phoebe's sock-bunny and then launches into a furious campaign of please-forgive-me sex and homemade meals. Chandler, happy with the attention, does not correct her misconception, but his deception becomes clear when Monica actually plays the cassette tape—a homemade mix tape from Chandler's ex-girlfriend Janice for his birthday. Although she is angry, he pleads for another chance. She tries to get past it with another slow dance, but a few more seconds of Janice's voice is enough for her to storm into their bedroom alone.

Rachel and Phoebe take a women's self-defense class together; Rachel feels confident about her mastery of the topic, which Ross scoffs at. Ross claims to have years of karate lessons to master the true essence of self-defense: "unagi", which Ross claims is "a state of total awareness", but Rachel, Chandler, and even the vegetarian Phoebe correctly point out that unagi is actually just eel. Ross sets up a number of "scary" ambushes on Rachel and Phoebe to prove they have not reached an "unagi"-infused state of mind, only for them to undermine his efforts with much stronger ambushes. Ross goes to their instructor to ask how to fight them off, but he explains it out of context, making him look like a psychopath who enjoys assaulting women, especially his ex-wife. Later, Ross sees the backs of two blonde-haired women near Central Perk, thinking they are Rachel and Phoebe and attacks them from behind, only to be attacked back. As he is running away from them, he pauses for a second to see Rachel and Phoebe staring at him from a window in Central Perk, and flees in fear from the unknown women.

Reception
"The One with the Unagi" received critical acclaim and is regarded as one of the series' best episodes. Purple Clover chose the episode as one of the 20 funniest episodes of Friends. Radio Times chose "The One with the Unagi" as the best Friends episode. They called it one of the show's funniest moments. GamesRadar+ ranked it the show's 19th best episode. Cosmopolitan included "The One with Unagi" on their list of "The 17 Very Funniest 'Friends' Episodes You Need to Marathon". Thought Catalog included it on their list of "10 Episodes That Prove Ross Geller Is the Most Underrated Character on Friends". BuzzFeed placed "The One with Unagi" on their list of the 15 funniest Friends episodes. Parade wrote that it was the best episode from season 6, and that its key quote was "Ah … salmon skin roll" which is said by Rachel. Odyssey included the episode on their list of "15 Friends Episodes to Watch When You Need a Pick-Me-Up".

title: The One with Unagi


text:
Talk:Reglan

This looks suspiciously like an offline copyvio. I suspect this is the standard blurb you get with a perscription, or is lifted from the PDR. Can someone confirm or deny? -Harmil 12:14, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

merge
Yes, this is probably o copy of we call SPC (summary of product characteristics), but it is a bit more informative than the article on metoclopramide itself (which is full of errors). I guess a merge would be good (no need to have an article for every proprietary drug, the agent should be enough - with exceptions of course).

title: Talk:Reglan


text:
Booragoon bus station

Booragoon bus station is a Transperth bus station located next to the Westfield Booragoon shopping centre in Booragoon, Western Australia. It has 13 stands and is served by nine Transperth routes, in addition to a number of school buses and School Special services.

The original Booragoon bus station opened in September 1976.

Booragoon bus station, is located at the corner of Riseley and Marmion Streets, and is the fourth bus station to have existed on the shopping centre premises, being built upon the site previously occupied by the Booragoon Hotel. Previous iterations of the bus station have existed at various locations on the premises, including at the main entrance from Riseley Street, adjacent the Booragoon Hotel (slightly west of the current ANZ Branch) and adjacent to Davy Street before the road was rerouted as a result of car-park expansions. Continued expansion of the shopping centre has necessitated construction of new stations.

title: Booragoon bus station


text: Template:Campaignbox Gallic Wars

title: Template:Campaignbox Gallic Wars


text:
Werner (comics)

Werner is a German comics character, appearing in a number of German comic books and animated films. He was created in 1978 by Brösel (Rötger Feldmann). Werner is the most successful German comic character of all time with over 10 million books sold and over 13 million film admissions. At almost 5 million admissions in Germany, the first movie, Werner – Beinhart! (1990), is Germany's third most commercially successful film of the 1990s on the German domestic market, and #14 of Germany's most successful domestic market films of all time.

Prior to Oder Was?, the first standalone Werner book published in 1981, since the late 1970s the Werner comics appeared in the German satirical magazine Pardon. Indeed, Oder was? was but a collection of the Werner comics that had been published in Pardon by then.

The Werner books are known for their anarchic humour, often based on Northern German dialects and puns. Standard High German is rarely spoken in the books, when it is used it is usually to portray the speaker as overtly formal and square, whereas most characters employ accents and dialects placed in a lingual continuum between the common modern Northern pronunciation of High German.

Werner
The character of Werner is based on Brösel's and his brother Andi's experiences. Werner's life is that of an apprentice plumber and biker that consists of consuming large amounts of beer and souping up his motorcycle, a chopped 1950s Horex Regina. Both regularly gets him in trouble with the police and the German vehicle safety agency TÜV who due to their expressed incompetency and imbecility are usually ignored and duped by Werner. In the movies, Werner is voiced by Northern German band Torfrock's singer Klaus Büchner (whereas Torfrock also wrote part of the original soundtrack of the first movie, and partly did for the sequels as well).

In early comics, Werner's beer of choice was Flensburger Pilsener ("Flens" for short) which led to an unsuspected surge in sales for the Flensburger Brauerei which up to that point had only marketed their beer within Northern Germany and towards an older, more conservative demographic. Due to the success of the comics, the brewery faced an increasing demand among younger age groups all across Germany. The comics and movies would later switch to the fictional brand Bölkstoff, however a real-life version of the beer is now being brewed and marketed by Flensburger Brauerei as well.

Röhrich
In his younger years, Werner was apprentice to plumber Meister Walter Röhrich – the situations and characters in these stories are based on Brösel's brother Andi's apprenticeship years. In the movies, Röhrich is voiced by Andi, based upon the parodies he had done of his plumber Meister in real life ever since his apprenticeship.

Due to the master craftsman being a dim-witted, crackpot tyrant, the Röhrich stories involve a lot of slapstick and comical relief. As written by Thomas Platt in the making-of book to the first movie Werner – Beinhart!, Röhrich's explosive plumbing works "usually end in devastation rather than installation" ("Explosion statt Installation"), for indeed Röhrich's working sites often look like hit by an airstrike when he is done accidentally blowing up whole buildings or covering city blocks in sewage content. In Werner – Volles Rooäää!!!, Röhrich even manages to accidentally launch a client into outer space.

In-between Röhrich and Werner in rank is Röhrich's journeyman Eckat (from "Eckhardt"). Eckat is considerably smarter than Röhrich and occasionally he jokes with Werner about Röhrich's incompetency behind his back, but Eckat is mostly loyal to his Meister whenever Röhrich is around.

It is not quite clear though whether Werner's apprenticeship years are really a thing of the past as stories involving occasional working for Röhrich remain a mainstay within the Werner comics.

Röhrich's full company name (or company slogan) is Firma Röhrich, Gas, Wasser, Sanitär ("Röhrich company – Gas, Water, Sanitation"), parodied by Eckat as Firma Röhrich, Gas, Wasser, Scheiße ("Röhrich company – Gas, water, shit"); the latter three words (Gas, Wasser, Scheiße) have become a humorous synonym for plumbing companies and plumbing works in Northern German slang due to the first movie's popularity. A common catchphrase of Röhrich's is "Ich glaub', die Russen sind da!" (approximately "The Russians have arrived!") which has become a phrase synonymous to "the end of the world" in German since WWII, but Röhrich even goes so far as that he has Werner and Eckat seek for imaginary "Russians" hiding in his cellar.

MC Klappstuhl
Werner is a member of the biker and rocker club MC Klappstuhl (folding chair) led by their Präsi (short for Präsident, "president") partly based upon band Torfrock's guitarist and singer Raymond Voss (who also voices the Präsi in the movies). Due to his choleric temper, the Präsi has little tolerance for cops or other people hindering them in their free-wheeling biker lifestyle. Being a roughneck and firebrand better not to mess with, when angered he will stereotypically bellow out that he'll "count to one" and then he and his gang will wreck the place down ("Ich zähl' bis oins, und denn is Achterbahn!") – which usually happens on the spot. In more recent stories, the Präsi even partly turns into a werewolf for comical effect during his notorious anger fits. If the Präsi gets too much out of control, several MC Klappstuhl members have to hold him down and feed him Sago as a kind of rage antidote.

Another important member is the vice president Herbert. He is the exact opposite of Präsi as he always speaks with an intimidating calm voice.

Other members of MC Klappstuhl include Röhre (lit. "Tube") who modified his bike into a mobile coffee machine (in order to cure common beer hangovers), and Walze ("Barrel") who drives a large mobile beer tub.

Other recurring characters
Andi is Werner's brother, basically a comic-book version of Brösel's real-life brother of the same name (who also voices Andi in the movies).

Bruno and Helmut are the series' commonly appearing two police officers. A kind of Laurel and Hardy pairing, Bruno is short, chubby, and very anal about all kinds of laws and regulations, while getting Werner and Andi locked up for any of their various misdemeanors (such as speeding, drunk driving, and illegal vehicle modifications) is his eternal dream, whereas Helmut is tall, skinny, and asinine, usually helpless when he is not ordered around by Bruno. Considering himself righteous law incarnate ("denkt, er ist der Staat", as the official Werner website puts it ), pedantic Bruno is scared only by the Präsi. Their characters are illustrated well in a short story included in Werner Eiskalt, where Bruno orders Helmut to "measure the phon volume" of Werner's chopper bike's tail pipe in order to prove that it violates disturbance regulations. Helmut then uses a folding rule to measure the flame and smoke shooting from the pipe, and loyally reports to his superior Bruno that it's "ten meters fifty of phon".

Ölfuß ("Grease Foot") is another member of MC Klappstuhl. Being the series' Gyro Gearloose of vehicle modifications, engineering, and repairing, he wears a red overall and is usually seen with welding equipment, welder's goggles, and a wrench. Ölfuß is based upon a real-life acquaintance of Brösel and Andi with the same nickname, but also on real-life Andi's passion for weird metal engineering, a feature which Andi's comic persona lacks. Ölfuß, both in real life and in the comics, is also the mastermind behind the Red Porsche Killer, a drag-bike with 4 Horex-engines, and the Dolmette, with 24 Dolmar chainsaw engines.

Holgi, based upon another real-life acquaintance of the Feldmann brothers, is Werner's and Andi's rival. Holgi is a fanatic Porsche lover, considering his car far superior to any motorbike as those fancied by most other characters in the series. In fact, above-mentioned Red Porsche Killer was designed especially for a race against Holgi that first occurred in the comic book Werner Eiskalt (1985), and in 1988 even became a real-life event between Brösel and Holgi with thousands of Werner fans gathering for the race at Hartenholm. The race was repeated in 2004 at the Lausitzring and another repeat is planned for end August 2018 at the original location.

Books
The first book was published in 1981 and compiled shorter works from previous years, drawn in different styles. Starting with the second book the stories became longer and more coherent. While the first books were dominated by black and white line drawings, Feldman added shades of gray starting with book five, later going full color.

Werner comics were first published by the German Semmel-Verlach, later by Achterbahn. German publisher Heyne Verlag reissued the first seven books in 2002. Book 12 was published by Ehapa, later this publisher also started the release of an annual hardcover edition that was planned to include the first 12 books including sketches and character studies, but was canceled due to poor commercial success. Book 13 later was published by Feldman's own Bröseline. Starting in 2019 Bröseline also published reissues of the first 12 books.

Semmel Verlach Achterbahn Ehapa Bröseline Ehapa hardcover edition
 * 1. Werner – Oder was? (1981) ISBN 3-89719-000-1
 * 2. Werner – Alles klar? (1982) ISBN 3-89719-002-8
 * 3. Werner – Wer sonst? (1983) ISBN 3-928950-18-5
 * 4. Werner – Eiskalt! (1985) ISBN 3-89719-004-4
 * 5. Werner – Normal ja! (1987) ISBN 3-928950-20-7
 * 6. Werner – Besser is das! (1989) ISBN 3-89719-006-0
 * 7. Werner – Ouhauerha! (1992) ISBN 3-89719-007-9
 * 8. Werner – Wer bremst hat Angst! (1994) ISBN 3-89719-008-7
 * Werner – Wer bremst hat Angst! Interactive CD-ROM ISBN 3-928950-65-7
 * Special volume Werner, geht tierisch los (1995) ISBN 3-928950-66-5
 * 9. Werner – Na also! (1996) ISBN 3-928950-15-0
 * 10. Werner – Exgummibur! (1998) ISBN 3-89719-010-9
 * 11. Werner – Volle Latte! (2002) ISBN 3-89719-011-7
 * 12. Werner – Freie Bahn mit Marzipan! (2004) ISBN 3-7704-2520-0
 * 13. Werner - Wat nu!? (2018) ISBN 978-3-947626-00-7
 * 1. Werner - Oder was? (2019 - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-01-4
 * 2. Werner - Alles klar? (2019 - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-02-1
 * 3. Werner - Wer sonst? (2019 - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-03-8
 * 4. Werner - Eiskalt! (2019 - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-04-5
 * 5. Werner - Normal ja! (2019 - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-05-2
 * 6. Werner - Besser is das! (2019 - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-06-9
 * 7. Werner - Ourhauerha! (not yet published - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-07-6
 * 8. Werner - Wer bremst hat Angst (2020 - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-08-3
 * 9. Werner - Na also! (2019 - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-09-0
 * 10. Werner - Exgummibur! (2019 - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-10-6
 * 11. Werner - Volle Latte! (2019 - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-11-3
 * 12. Werner - Freie Bahn mit Marzipan! (not yet published - reissue) ISBN 978-3-947626-12-0
 * 1. Werner – Oder was? (Oktober 2006) ISBN 978-3-7704-3082-6
 * 2. Werner – Alles klar? (Juni 2007) ISBN 978-3-7704-3064-2
 * 3. Werner – Wer sonst? (Februar 2008) ISBN 978-3-7704-3102-1
 * 4. Werner – Eiskalt! (Februar 2009) ISBN 978-3-7704-3103-8
 * 5. Werner – Normal Ja! (Februar 2010) ISBN 978-3-7704-3104-5

Films

 * Werner – Beinhart! (1990)
 *  (1996)
 *  (1999)
 *  (2003)
 *  (2011)

title: Werner (comics)


text:
User:Ruud Koot/index

 * Sets
 * Numbers
 * Arithmetics
 * Addition of natural numbers
 * Substraction
 * Functions
 * Algebra
 * Equations

title: User:Ruud Koot/index


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Babyish languages

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 05:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Babyish languages
Non-notable conlang; not used in professionally published fiction (see talk page), apparently not spoken by anyone but the author and perhaps his family. --Jim Henry | Talk 12:16, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dcarrano 15:42, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Da da da da le le le tttt, burp. Dunc|☺ 19:16, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable amateur fictlang.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:10, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable conlang. JamesBurns 04:44, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and condemn nonnotable conlangers to Wiki-Hell! --Angr/undefined 06:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unrelated to the actual Babyish language.  Almafeta 07:50, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What other language has a claim to the name "Babyish"? --Jim Henry | Talk 19:41, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Some Asian language, less than 100,000 speakers. They're discussing a Babyish Wikipedia over in Meta, and that's pretty much the limit of my knowledge about it.  Almafeta 21:52, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.--Hello World! 08:53, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The material looks pretty complete to me, and even if the fiction has not been published entirely "professionally" (does that still matter these days?), it hás at least been published. I'm not saying the language ís notable, but I haven't heard any convincing argument that it's not. Regarding the number of speakers: I'm sick and tired of the constant abuse of that argument in this context; the purpose of an art-lang is NOT to gather a circle of speakers, and therefore, you can NOT judge its success by that criterium. I'm ready to change my vote once more convincing arguments come up. --IJzeren Jan 18:51, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As far as I can tell, the fiction has not even been self-published or published in amateur zines. I will not quote the email I got from the author without his permission, but it sounds like the stories exist only in manuscript, and only a small part of the language material and world-building background material has been self-published on the author's web site (and Wikipedia article).
 * I agree that an artlang need not have actual speakers to be notable. However, it needs to have some evidence of notability - for instance, citations on other artlanger's sites saying they were influenced in their development of Verisimilian by some nifty features found in Babyish; or some other evidence (e.g. mailing list or BBS threads) that, if not actual speakers, it has a significant number of people who are interested in it or influenced by it.  If someone created Wikipedia articles for any my own artlangs I would probably vote to delete them. --Jim Henry | Talk 19:41, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
High brown fritillary

Fabriciana adippe, the high brown fritillary, is a large and brightly colored butterfly of the family Nymphalidae, native to Europe and across the Palearctic to Japan. It is known for being Great Britain's most threatened butterfly and is listed as a vulnerable species under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Like other fritillaries it is dependent on warm climates with violet-rich flora.

Description
The high brown fritillary's wingspan is on average around 65 mm. Its upper wings are orange with black markings and the undersides are colored a duller orange with white and brown markings. While flying, it is very hard to distinguish from the dark green fritillary which has many of the same markings. The male and female fritillary share many of the same physical features.

Larvae are brown with a single longitudinal white stripe down the length of their body. Their bodies are covered in brown spikes which aid in camouflaging them from predators as they move among dead fern fronds.

Description from Seitz
A. adippe L. (= berecynthia Poda, cydippe L.) (69d). Usually larger than the previous species [ Argynnis alexandra Ménetries, 1832], the wings more obtuse, the outer margin of the forewing quite straight and that of the hindwing feebly undulate in the female. Easily recognized by the thickened hairy streaks placed in the male on the branches of the median vein on the forewing. Beneath the silver-spots are much larger than in niobe, particularly the marginal spots are much longer and broader.

Geographic range
This butterfly has many subspecies that span across Europe and throughout Asia and Africa, given that there are temperate temperatures in those regions. Northern Europe has seen a severe decline in fritillary population but it is still relatively abundant in other parts of Europe.

As of 2015, the high brown fritillary was the most threatened British butterfly species. Populations remain in four areas in Great Britain. The Morecambe Bay Limestone hills, the Glamorgan Brackenlands, Dartmoor and Exmoor all support a fritillary population, while it has declined in most other Northern European regions.

Habitat
There are two main habitats that support high brown fritillary populations: bracken and limestone outcrops. Bracken habitats are found across its geographic range but limestone outcrops are specific to Great Britain.

Bracken habitats
These habitats are usually at lower altitudes in open fields and are found across the fritillarys complete range, usually facing in a southern direction. Their flora is not very diverse, and is limited to common ivies, tormentil, wood anemone and violets. Breeding areas are bracken dominated, with dead bracken leaves littering the ground. Grassy areas often intersperse these habitats.

In spring, habitat covered in dead bracken typically also has less dense grass cover, allowing the temperature in these areas to be significantly higher than surrounding areas. Increased temperature allows larvae to mature more quickly here, making bracken-rich habitats favorable breeding sites.

Limestone outcropping habitats
These habitats are specific to Great Britain, especially to the limestone soils of the Morecambe Bay. These outcrops are usually created by human intervention and land management. Breeding persists on limestone soil or near bracken. Throughout the rest of Great Britain, populations are restricted to thick Bracken clumps.

Larvae
Unlike other species, fritillary larvae ignore their egg shells as a food source and instead primarily feed on violet seedlings. They focus on younger growth and remain among food plants, eating heavily before metamorphosis.

Adult
Adult fritillaries do not have a very diverse set of plants from which they feed. Both the female and male feed primary on bramble blossom and common knapweed. Fritillaries have also been observed feeding on different thistle species, betony, and ragwort. Local gardens are also commonly frequented as Buddleja is a popular choice among fritillaries as well.

Egg
Eggs are laid singly in mid-July up till winter's start, overwinter, and hatch in mid-March. Observation of fritillary egg laying is difficult as the eggs are very similar in color to the female's ovipositor. It has been seen that eggs may not even be laid after extensive enquiry by the female of potential egg sites. Females also prefer to lay eggs that are on firm ground rather than ground with loose plant matter. In outcrops eggs are laid in short vegetation next to limestone that offers good moss cover. In Bracken eggs are laid in groups in the midst of thick Bracken clumps. Dead Bracken litter is a popular site for egg laying, as well as moss and other decaying vegetation.

Larvae
Once the larvae of the high brown fritillary emerge from the shell in mid-March, they begin to feed, usually on violets, almost immediately. When not feeding, which it spends the majority of its time doing, the larvae hide themselves among vegetation. They are diurnal and very temperature dependent. They frequently bask in sunlight to raise their body temperature higher than the surrounding vegetation allowing for faster growth. Eggs are laid in spots conducive to sun bathing, and the larvae gravitate towards spots warmed by sun and vegetation. During abnormally high temperatures the larvae hide under plant matter in-between feeding.

Pupa
Before pupation, the larvae form a shroud like structure from leaves and spin a section of silk from the top. This occurs usually around June. The larvae then suspend themselves and enter their pupal stage, which lasts for approximately a month, although this estimate is very temperature dependent. There is not extensive research on the subject.

Adult
The adult fritillary only has one brood a year, as they are a univoltine species. They can be seen flying from late June to late August, or even in certain Limestone areas, till September. Elsewhere they have a shorter flying season, from only mid-June to early August. In warm weather the fritillary is most active, and spends most of its time flying low to the ground above and around Bracken and other flora.

Oviposition
The egg laying process begins when a female does low passes above bracken fronds and drop down when they find a suitable spot. Females will then crawl on the bracken littered ground and use their abdomens to probe for likely egg laying spots. Eggs are normally laid once a female crawls over a plant that can serve as a food resource. Eggs may also be laid without any area observation, and without any food plants nearby, as females have been observed to lay eggs within seconds of landing. False egg laying is also common.

Current status
The high brown fritillary population, especially in Great Britain, is extremely threatened. It is extinct in over 90% of its former geographic range, making it a high priority for conservation efforts. The species was once widespread in the United Kingdom but has now greatly declined. It has legal protection in the UK under the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act. The British decline of the fritillary can be attributed to novel changes in land management, increasing during the 20th century.

Habitat loss
Fritillaries in woodland habitats have been most severally affected by habitat loss. These butterflies relied heavily on coppicing, a land managing technique that has all but disappeared from Great Britain's countryside. The reduction of coppicing combined with replanting and new forest growth has several limited the places the fritillary can thrive, as bracken habitats are becoming rarer. Within bracken habitats, population loss is driven when bracken growth is too extreme or grazing animals trample the flora associated with the butterfly.

Projects
In order to reverse the decline of the high brown fritillary, conservation plans focusing on bracken habitat management are the primary course of action. Bracken sites are in the process of being assessed to see which steps could be taken next. There are tentative plans to implement winter bracken litter clearance and summer path cutting between patches. The high brown fritillary remains one of the Butterfly Conservation's highest priority projects.

The Wilder Blean project, headed up by the Wildwood Trust and Kent Wildlife Trust, is introducing European bison to the UK for the first time in 6000 years. Their actions create open, light-flooded patches that encourage the growth of cow wheat which the fritillary depends upon. The herd of 3 females and 1 male will be set free in 2022 within a 2,500-acre conservation area in Blean Woods near Canterbury.

title: High brown fritillary


text:
Never Forget You (Mariah Carey song)

"Never Forget You" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey for her third studio album, Music Box (1993). Carey co-wrote the slow jam with Babyface and the pair produced it with Daryl Simmons. Columbia Records released the song on January 21, 1994, as the B-side to "Without You" and promoted it to American urban contemporary radio stations as the album's fourth single. The lyrics lament the end of a romance. Strings, synthesizers, and percussion characterize the composition; Jermaine Dupri altered them for remixes.

Music critics deemed "Never Forget You" unremarkable and derivative. The song's level of emotion and Carey's vocal performance were further topics of commentary. "Never Forget You" peaked at numbers one and three on the US urban contemporary radio charts published by Radio & Records and Gavin Report, respectively. It also reached number three on Billboard Hot 100 Singles and number seven on Billboard Hot R&B Singles. Combined with "Without You", the single sold 600,000 copies in the US throughout 1994.

Background and release
After the 1992 release of her first extended play, MTV Unplugged, Mariah Carey began to work on her third studio album, Music Box (1993). She resumed recording with previous collaborators Walter Afanasieff, David Cole, and Robert Clivillés, and began new relationships with producers Dave Hall and Babyface. The latter was known for his traditional ballad productions. According to author Marc Shapiro, this aligned with the album's intended musical identity of "leaning toward the basic R&B feel while not forgetting the orchestration and polish".

Columbia Records released Music Box on August 31, 1993. The label promoted the sixth track, Carey–Babyface collaboration "Never Forget You", as the album's fourth single and provided it to American urban contemporary radio stations in January 1994. It is also the B-side to the third single, "Without You", which was released on January 21, 1994. Columbia issued the song in several formats: 7-inch vinyl, 12-inch vinyl, cassette, maxi cassette, CD, and maxi CD. "Never Forget You" is Carey's first single without a music video. Billboard writer Andrew Hampp thought this indicates the release was inconsequential to her and Columbia.

Composition and lyrics
"Never Forget You" is a pop and R&B slow jam. Carey and Babyface wrote the lyrics in which the narrator softly laments the end of a romance: "No, I'll never forget you / I'll never let you out of my heart / You will always be here with me / I'll hold on to your memories, baby." The pair composed the music and then produced the song with Daryl Simmons. It features strings, synthesizers, and percussion prominently. Babyface plays the drums and keyboards and Koyo performs the bass. Carey and Babyface provide background vocals; the former's are overdubbed in the chorus.

Jim Zumpano, Dana Jon Chappelle, and Jim Caruana engineered the track at Right Track Recording in New York City, after which Mick Guzauski mixed it in Sony Music Studios. Like every song on Music Box, "Never Forget You" was mastered by Bob Ludwig at Gateway in Portland, Maine. According to sheet music published by Hal Leonard, the song is composed in time signature with a "moderately slow" tempo. It has a swung rhythm every sixteenth note and lasts for three minutes and 45 seconds. Carey biographer Chris Nickson felt that the waltz time evokes "an air of partners gliding around the dancefloor in memories".

Jermaine Dupri produced remixes of "Never Forget You" at KrossWire Studio in Atlanta, Georgia. Carey had wanted to collaborate with him after hearing his work on the 1992 Kris Kross single "Jump". Phil Tan and Jamie Seyberth engineered the tracks and Dupri and Tan mixed them at Hollywood's Larrabee Sound Studios.

Critical reception
Music critics deemed "Never Forget You" forgettable and unoriginal. They compared it to Babyface's other compositions such as Boyz II Men's "End of the Road" (1992). David Browne of Entertainment Weekly said "Never Forget You" squanders Babyface's abilities. New York Times writer Deborah Frost suggested it "seems designed to showcase his skills as a pop charmer rather than [Carey's]".

Critics evaluated the song's level of emotion; several described it as genuine. Bill Speed and John Martinucci from the Gavin Report called it "a ballad that puts you into a sentimental mood before you can say 'I like this. Toledo Blade writer Stewart Walker thought it showcased "Carey as one of those rare artists who can actually convey her feelings to her listeners". In contrast, Dayton Daily News critic Dave Larsen derided "Never Forget You" as overblown and Mike Joyce of The Washington Post felt that "even Aretha Franklin would be hard pressed to make an emotional statement" given the lyrics.

Carey's vocal performance was another topic of commentary. Cleveland.com's Troy L. Smith considered it the song's highlight. Richmond Times-Dispatch writer Patrick McCarty said she "spirals to unnerving heights with volume and shrieks to spare"; Fort Worth Star-Telegram writer Dave Ferman reckoned her voice was more restrained than on songs from her previous albums. Billboard writers Andrew Hampp and Princess Gabbara complimented Carey's harmonies with Babyface. According to Julianne Shepherd of Vibe, "her piercing vocals amplify [his] signature indelible melodies".

Chart performance
"Never Forget You" is one of the best-performing songs produced by Babyface in the 1990s. Combined with "Without You", the single sold 600,000 copies in the United States throughout 1994. An urban radio success, "Never Forget You" peaked at numbers one and three on charts published by Radio & Records and Gavin Report, respectively.

At the time of the single's release, Billboard allowed an A-side and B-side to chart together if both received radio airplay. "Never Forget You" received some spins from pop radio stations and charted with "Without You" on Hot 100 Singles beginning February 12, 1994. The single peaked at number three in the week ending March 19, 1994. It is Carey's 13th-best performing title on the chart and remains her sole double-sided appearance.

On Hot R&B Singles, "Never Forget You" debuted at number 94 in the February 5, 1994, Billboard issue. "Without You" was listed with it from March 12, 1994, and the pair reached number seven in the week ending April 9, 1994. The peaks on both the Hot R&B and Hot 100 charts were the second lowest of Carey's career at the time.

Track listings
1994 US maxi cassette/maxi CD single
 * 1) "Never Forget You" (Radio Edit) – 3:35
 * 2) "Never Forget You" (Extended) – 5:17
 * 3) "Never Forget You" (Album Version) – 3:45
 * 4) "Never Forget You" (Instrumental) – 3:34
 * 5) "Without You" (Album Version) – 3:34

1994 US 12-inch vinyl single
 * A1. "Never Forget You" (Extended) – 5:17
 * A2. "Never Forget You" (Radio Edit) – 3:35
 * A3. "Never Forget You" (Instrumental) – 3:34
 * B1. "Never Forget You" (Album Version) – 3:45
 * B2. "Without You" (Album Version) – 3:34

2020 MC30 digital EP
 * 1) "Never Forget You" (Radio Edit) – 3:35
 * 2) "Never Forget You" (Extended) – 5:17
 * 3) "Never Forget You" (Instrumental) – 3:34

Album version
Locations • Recorded at Right Track Recording (New York City)

• Mixed at Sony Music Studios (New York City)

• Mastered at Gateway Mastering Studios (Portland, Maine)

Personnel • Babyface – arranger, background vocals, drums, keyboards, producer

• Mariah Carey – arranger, background vocals, lead vocals, producer

• Jim Caruana – second engineering

• Dana Jon Chappelle – vocal engineering

• Mick Guzauski – mixing

• Koyo – bass

• Bob Ludwig – mastering

• Daryl Simmons – arranger, producer

• Jim Zumpano – engineering

Dupri remixes
Locations • Produced at KrossWire Studio (Atlanta, Georgia)

• Mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios (Hollywood, California)

Personnel • Jermaine Dupri – mixing, producer

• Jamie Seyberth – assistant engineering

• Phil Tan – engineering, mixing

title: Never Forget You (Mariah Carey song)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/All For Tim

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 06:17, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

All For Tim
vanity band page, delete Babajobu 14:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Little or no context. Unencylopedic in that sense. On top of that, non-notable. -- Natalinasmpf 14:49, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No notability established, no releases/record label mentioned, nn band vanity. --TheMidnighters 14:56, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, vanity -Harmil 17:30, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. --Etacar11 00:52, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. Fails WP:MUSIC guidelines. JamesBurns 04:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Dark green fritillary

The dark green fritillary (Speyeria aglaja) is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The insect has a wide range in the Palearctic realm - Europe, Morocco, Iran, Siberia, Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan.

Description in Seitz
The large fritillary is fiery reddish yellow above, the basal area of the male being always duller. The markings are constant: a black margin, a row of deep black but thin marginal arcs, a very straight, central row of dots, of which only the last one of the forewing is shifted distad; between this row of dots and the base there are six thin black transverse bands extending from the subcostal vein into the wing. The underside of the hindwing is characteristic; it bears numerous silver-spots on a partly verdigris partly leather-yellow ground, but never a row of ocelli in the marginal area, as is the case in the forms of the Niobe fritillary (Fabriciana niobe) and high brown fritillary (F. adippe).

Subspecies

 * S. a. aglaja Southern Europe, Central Europe, Caucasus, Altai, Sayan, West Siberia, South Siberia
 * S. a. borealis (Strand, 1901) Europe, Siberia, Russian Far East, Kamchatka
 * S. a. lyauteyi (Oberthür, 1920) Morocco (Middle Atlas)
 * S. a. excelsior (Rothschild, 1933) Morocco (Rif Mountains)
 * S. a. ottomana (Röber, 1896) Armenia, Talys, Kopet Dagh
 * S. a. gigasvitatha (Verity, 1935) Tian-Shan, Ghissar, Darvaz, Alai, South Altai
 * S. a. vitatha (Moore, 1874) Pamirs
 * S. a. clavimacula (Matsumura, 1929) South Ussuri
 * S. a. kenteana (Stichel, 1901) Transbaikalia, North Ussuri, Amur
 * S. a. tonnai (Matsumura, 1928) Sakhalin
 * S. a. bessa (Fruhstorfer, 1907) ?

United Kingdom
In the U.K. the habitat is often pastures and flowery banks, and nearby areas where the preferred food plants for the larvae, Viola canina and Viola riviniana, grow.

The dark green fritillary uses violets within bracken mosaics frequently consisting of one-third bracken and two-thirds grass, often on the edges of suitable high brown fritillary habitat. Their distribution can be found on the NBN website.

title: Dark green fritillary