text:
User talk:Eric A. Warbuton

I am now going to report you for repeated vexatious removal of relevant facts from this article, which amounts to vandalism. Have a nice day. Adam 08:21, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

See Requests for mediation. Adam 08:30, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

The block expires at around 6:30 tonight anyway - i don't make the rules i just enforce them. PMA 05:18, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop making irrelevant and/or illiterate edits to Australian articles. Adam 05:38, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I really must concur. In future, if you wish to make legitimate edits, use the "show preview" button to review your edits.--Cyberjunkie | Talk 05:59, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm sorry if you find this patronising, but I don't know any other way to tell you that if you want to make a useful contribution to Wikipedia, you need to stop making silly and pointless edits which are usually wrong, and concentrate on something you know about. You have already been blocked once for vexatious editing, and you will be again if you keep this up. Adam 06:50, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Eric, I sense you're upset. I suggest you back off the article for a while (at least a day), and then maybe make suggestions vis-à-vis your concerns on the talk-page. And please don't take my comments there as resolute support. Adam has explained the reasons for the wording, and I accept his position. “Tired of” is perfectly acceptable, and not something one should get worked-up about. Sincerely, --Cyberjunkie | Talk 07:01, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

You are in violation of the three revert rule on William McMahon. Your editing has been suspended for 24 hours. In future please settle disputes on the talk page rather than in the article space. Also please avoid personal attacks--nixie 08:27, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

O'hea
Wikipedia naming convention is not to use titles (Sir, Lord, Father) in article titles, that's why I moved it. It still leaves the Father title name as a redirect. I've never seen the name O'hea in the US, at first I thought it was a misspelling of O'Shea, but I would imagine it would be pronounced like hay. Zoe 08:26, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

The airport in Chicago is O'Hare International Airport. Zoe 08:42, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

Terrorist vs. Militant
The introduction refers to actions by groups on both sides; singling out just one group is POV, and needless detail in a summary article. As well, Wikipedia prefers the term "militant" as more neutral than "terrorist". I might add that following individuals with whom you are disgareeing (such as User:Adam Carr) around and editing articles after he has edited them is often seen as "wikistalking". Jayjg (talk) 06:20, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Charles O'Hea
Hi Eric,

you did a good job finding the source for Fr O'Hea's birth/death dates and so on.

I removed the building dates when I did the copyedit because there were four churches, but only three dates. I wasn't sure what to do with them, so I removed them altogether. I agree that the dates add to the article. I'm unclear on what the different names refer to (I gather Woodstock and Epping are two different churches, and St Ambrose is in Brunswick?) Would it be possible for you to list, either on your talk page, mine, or the Fr O'Hea talk page, exactly how we should refer to the churches, and what their construction dates are? e.g.: And so on? --fuddlemark (talk) 23:00, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * St Ambrose, Brunswick (1869)
 * Beveridge (1857)

Charles Tyers
Haha, no problem. I really didn't do anything.. just fixed the title and added a bio stub... gren グレン 07:16, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Arid and remote
Arid is a perfectly neutral term which means "receiving little or no rain." There is nothing POV about describing inland Australia as arid. "Remote" on the other hand is a POV term. If Oodandatta is remote from Sydney, then Sydney is remote from Oodnadatta. Yet you have left "remote" while "deleting" arid. Adam 06:12, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Evatt
Kindly do not just dump stuff you have copied from a library catalogue into articles. I am sick of fixing your lazy and illiterate editing. Adam 05:09, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

User:Adam Carr is admonished to avoid discourtesy and personal attacks. How many times has Adam been told to be polite?

Hoddle Grid
The map is a good idea, thanks for creating it, but there are two problems: the titles for the streets from King - Swanston are all one block too far west, knocking off Spencer St and leaving a gap where Swanston St is; and everything from Lonsdale - La Trobe Sts is missing. It also might be handy to add titles for the Little Streets, and adding Market St in, from Collins to Flinders, between William and Queen. Otherwise, good job. TPK 06:16, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Joint sitting
Thanks for editing page to wiki std. much to do Eric A. Warbuton 08:09, 11 October 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem dude, I do what I gotta do :p -- SoothingR 08:10, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

You are perfectly welcome not to fix any of my editing. It is obvious that you are systematically tracking all my edits. Wikistalking will get you banned. Adam 06:36, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

stalking, copyediting
I know you're upset with Adam. However, following him around and altering his edits – especially those edits that don't need altering – is a real good way to get blocked. I'd rather you didn't get blocked; you're adding good information to Australian articles, and that's always needed. Of course, that's just me; if you want to be blocked, keep on harassing Adam. We have hundreds of admins, several of whom have experienced "wikistalking" themselves and have formed a disliking for the practice.

By the way, if you'd like any help on working within Wikipedia's style guidelines, give me a yell. --fuddlemark (fuddle me!) 14:14, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Re: Juanita Nielsen
Just an opinion on style. Usually films are conventionally denoted thus: 'Heatwave(1982)' (ie used in IMDB)and generally across wikipedia. But you've chosen '1982 film Heatwave'- which reads more easily, but is not stylistically conventional. I prefer the former. But its your baby, as it were, so I'll leave it there. Eric A. Warbuton 04:12, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It now reads Heatwave (1982). The change was made when I dabbed the link, which previously just linked to Heatwave. --bainer (talk) 06:06, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Racosperma
Racosperma has been ratified, but the individual species names do not change from Acacia until a list is published. I don't think that has happened yet, but I might be wrong. I suppose you're aware that a new type species has been chosen so that the vast majority of commercially important species can remain in Acacia; So don't go by Pedley. Snottygobble | Talk 06:18, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * As I said above, you can't go by Pedley. Pedley published a list in which the vast majority of Acacia became Racosperma, and only a very few Acacia remained Acacia.  This was in accordance with the rule that the original type specimen of a genus must remain in that genus when the genus is split.  However, this would have resulted in a name change to the vast majority of Acacia, including the vast majority of commercially important species, i.e. Australian nursery industry species.  Because of this, the nomenclature board were convinced to make an exception to the rule, by declaring a new type specimen for Acacia.  Under the new arrangement, the vast majority of species will remain in Acacia, and Pedley's 2003 list is no longer valid.  We must await a new list, compiled under the new arrangement, before the name changes become official.  Snottygobble | Talk 06:17, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Yes, this is so. However will await verdict at Vienna conference. Eric A. Warbuton 05:06, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Three revert rule
Please remember to abide by the three revert rule. You're not new to Wikipedia, so I've blocked you for 24 hours per policy. Ambi 05:33, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, grow up. Try making some legitimate contributions instead of silly edits aimed to annoy people and you might just get a markedly better response. Following Wikipedia policy is a good idea too. Ambi 00:15, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

re Seconds mark
Use coor dms instead of coor dm and put in the two extra numbers in the obvious places. I normally just use degrees and minutes from the Geoscience Australia gazetteer. --Scott Davis Talk 05:27, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Batman's Treaty
Where did you get the text of the treaty from? As it is a full text document, it belongs on Wikisource, but when I went to put it there, I realised I couldn't find a source for it online. Ambi 03:53, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Source text goes on Wikisource, not Wikipedia; that's what Wikisource is for. I'd have added it straight to Wikisource except I wasn't sure what the source was; what book did it come from? Feel free to add it to Wikisource yourself if you like. Ambi 04:59, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't want you to retype it. It's in the page history. I'm not trying to be difficult, but it really does belong on Wikisource; that's where all primary sources go, which are then linked from Wikipedia. You're welcome to put it there, or I'll happily do it if you give me the source you got it from. Ambi 05:19, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Eric, please keep discussion and meta-references out of the article space. There's a discussion on the talk page if you want to contribute. Furthermore, the text has not been "stolen", your edit is still stored in the article's page history, which you can view here:. --bainer (talk) 05:45, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * If you have a problem with Ambi, I suggest that you discuss it with her on her talk page. Ambi is a very good editor and a reasonable person, and discussion would go a long way to fixing things. Calling her a "thief" does not help, nor does refusing to discuss the matter. If you have a serious problem about a pattern of behaviour against you, then I suggest you follow the dispute resolution process. --bainer (talk) 06:56, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

For the umpteenth time, I'm not trying to censor you. As Thebainer said on the article talk page, source text does not go on Wikipedia; it's a standing policy, which is why we created Wikisource; I don't really know what you expect to discuss. Having copies of all the versions of the treaty would be really, really useful over there - which is where they belong. I don't understand why you take such offence at adding them over there. Ambi 08:52, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I see you're still complaining to Thebainer, but I'm at an absolute loss about what your problem is with this. Source text goes on Wikisource. How many times do you need to be told this? Ambi 04:27, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Hey, I know-you told me so many times. Funny I cant find it at Wikisource? So where is it? Return the text where I initially put it. How come you get to act unilaterally? '''I understand that now I have your permission to remove any text of yours at any time without prior negotitation. OK?''' Eric A. Warbuton 04:37, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No, that would be vandalism. As I've said repeatedly, I removed the source text in order to move it to Wikisource, but didn't because I didn't have a source for the document. I've asked you repeatedly to either tell me where you got it from so I can add it or add it to Wikisource yourself, but you've done neither. I know you mean well and it would be excellent if we had copies of each version of the treaty (even one would be a start) over at Wikisource, but I'm really quite bemused as to why you won't add it there or tell me the source so that I can do it. Ambi 04:45, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The difference is that the text you added was source text, and belongs at Wikisource. Everyone and anyone can view the text there, where they are supposed to - when either you add them there, or provide your source so that I can. Ambi 04:54, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It's precisely because I try to respect other contributors that I'm still trying to explain to you why the text belongs at Wikisource and should be added there even after all the allegations of "theft" and "abuse". Wikisource was created so that primary source text - such as the text of Batman's Treaty - didn't go on Wikipedia, and just about all primary source text on Wikipedia was moved there. I'm really at a loss as to why you're demanding that there we an agreement over where it be placed when it is a standing policy that primary source text be placed in Wikisource. It's easy enough to add all the treaties over there (this page being the likely place), which can be linked from this article with a pretty, prominent template - what is the problem with doing this? Ambi 05:08, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Have it your way. I've genuinely tried to explain the right course of action under policy, even pointing you to the proper page on Wikisource, and you've completely ignored me. So I'm through with this discussion. Ambi 05:19, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * They should all be on Wikisource. There may be too many for the one page; in that case, they could probably be given a page of their own each on there, but that's your call to make. Ambi 05:26, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Once again, I'm baffled by your comments on Thebainer's talk page. What he did (in adding the page to Wikisource) I've just spent the last 24 hours trying to convince you to do - or to provide the source (so the provenance section isn't wrong, as you claim Thebainer's is). Ambi 06:35, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't bear to watch this argument any longer. And I just can't turn my back either.  Eric, have a look at Yagan.  If you look at the references section you will see two boxes on the right advising that there is relevant source material at Wikisource.  Click on the top box and you will be taken to the source material at Wikisource.  Note the box on the right hand side provides the provenance for the source. i.e. where it came from.  The provenance information is necessary to allow users to judge of the accuracy of the text, and possibly to judge which of multiple versions is likely to be most accurate.
 * The source that is the subject of this dispute is not suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia, but it is highly suitable for inclusion in Wikisource. You should feel free to upload it to Wikisource.  It may not have been clear to you that Ambi cannot put it on Wikisource herself, because she is unable to provide provenance information; only you can do that because only you know where you got the text from.
 * Once you have uploaded the text to Wikisource, it is trivial to add a pointer to the source from relevant Wikipedia articles. Thus your text, although not directly visible on Wikipedia, will be readily and almost seamlessly accessible to Wikipedia users. Snottygobble | Talk 05:44, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Your vandalism of article Batman's Treaty should have clearly signalled to me what I have only just realised: that you are less interested in making a great encyclopaedia than you are in pursuing justice for Eric A. Warbuton. Personally I care deeply about the former, and couldn't care less about the latter.  I won't bother you again. Snottygobble | Talk 06:06, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

The text of the treaty (according to your transcription) is now at Wikisource, at the page Batman's Treaty, as per Wikipedia policies and guidelines.

As to the matter of the personal dispute, you said on my talk page that: "I was not asked for my opinion, negotiated with or informed in ANY way." Well, Eric, it is quite common on Wikipedia for people to make edits without talking to other editors, indeed it is encouraged. Ambi's edits were consistent with policy, and she did leave a summary in the edit history. Wikipedians are also encouraged to assume good faith, which I do not believe you did. You could have asked her nicely to explain her edits, instead you attacked her and called her a "theif", despite the fact that the text was, and is, freely available in the edit history (If you don't know how to use an edit history, see this page: meta:Help:Page history). Assuming bad faith only leads to others assuming bad faith towards you.

In the future, please be civil, and disputes like this will be completely avoided. --bainer (talk) 06:30, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * As I have said three times already, your text was not deleted, your text was, is, and will until the end of time be available in the page history. To see it, click on this link: . I cannot make that any clearer. If you do not understand what a page history is, or how to use one, I suggest you read this page: meta:Help:Page history. --bainer (talk) 06:55, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Kalorama
Thank you for your very flattering remarks about Silvandale tearooms. They make what i di there all the more worthwhile. Can you contact me please so I can find out who you are and say "thank you" personally.Frances R 14:15, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Lazlo Toth, vandal
Please do not remove Articles for deletion notices from articles or remove other people's comments in Articles for deletion pages. The notices and comments are needed to establish community consensus about the status of an article, and removing them is considered vandalism. If you oppose the deletion of an article, you may comment at the respective page instead. Thank you. --  Dalbury ( Talk )  03:49, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Image:Murray river, Chowilla.jpg
Eric, please see my comments at Image talk:Murray river, Chowilla.jpg. I suspect the photo is copyright, and also not of the Murray River, but of Chowilla Creek. --Scott Davis Talk 07:23, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Buton or Burton
Thanks for the acknowledgment about the joint sitting. I have an interest in surnames, and am wondering whether you really spell your surname -buton and not -burton. The -buton version is one I've not come across before. JackofOz 02:39, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Chicken Hawk Wars
You will be pleased to learn that I have found proof of Howard's support of the Vietnam war which his supporters here have always denied. See the Rodent's Talk Page Albatross2147 07:52, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Uncited claims
Welcome to Wikipedia. Please do not add unreferenced negative information to biographies of living persons. Thank you. Andjam 05:58, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eric A. Warbuton


text: File:Romancecigarettes.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Romancecigarettes.jpg


text:
Fibril

Fibrils (from the Latin fibra ) are structural biological materials found in nearly all living organisms. Not to be confused with fibers or filaments, fibrils tend to have diameters ranging from 10 to 100 nanometers (whereas fibers are micro to milli-scale structures and filaments have diameters approximately 10–50 nanometers in size). Fibrils are not usually found alone but rather are parts of greater hierarchical structures commonly found in biological systems. Due to the prevalence of fibrils in biological systems, their study is of great importance in the fields of microbiology, biomechanics, and materials science.

Structure and mechanics
Fibrils are composed of linear biopolymers, and are characterized by rod-like structures with high length-to-diameter ratios. They often spontaneously arrange into helical structures. In biomechanics problems, fibrils can be characterized as classical beams with a roughly circular cross-sectional area on the nanometer scale. As such, simple beam bending equations can be applied to calculate flexural strength of fibrils under ultra-low loading conditions. Like most biopolymers, stress-strain relationships of fibrils tend to show a characteristic toe-heel region before a linear, elastic region. Unlike biopolymers, fibrils do not behave like homogeneous materials, as yield strength has been shown to vary with volume, indicating structural dependencies. Hydration has been shown to produce a noticeable effect in the mechanical properties of fibrillar materials. The presence of water(an aldehyde) has been shown to decrease the stiffness of collagen fibrils, as well as increase their rate of stress relaxation and strength. From a biological standpoint, water content acts as a toughening mechanism for fibril structures, allowing for higher energy absorption and greater straining capabilities.

Fibrils mechanical strengthening properties originate at the molecular level. The forces distributed in the fiber are tensile load carried by the fibril and shear forces felt due to interaction with other fibril molecules. The fracture strength of individual collagen molecules is as a result controlled by covalent chemistry between molecules. The shear strength between two collagen molecules is controlled by weak dispersive and hydrogen bond interactions and by some molecular covalent crosslinks. Slip in the system occur when these intermolecular bonds face an applied stress greater than their interaction strength. Intermolecular bonds breaking do not immediately lead to failure, in contrast they play an essential role in energy dissipation that lower the stress felt overall by the material and enable it to withstand fracture. These bonds, often hydrogen bonding and dispersive Van der Waals interactions, act as “sacrificial” bonds, existing for the purpose of lowering stress in the network. Molecular covalent crosslinks also play a key role in the formation of fibril networks. While crosslinking molecules can lead to strong structures, too much crosslinking in biopolymer networks are more likely to fracture as the network is not able to dissipate the energy, leading to a material that is strong but not tough. This is observed in dehydrated or aged collagen, explaining why with age human tissues become more brittle

Differences in structure between fibrils of different origin is typically determined by x-ray diffraction. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be used to observe specific details on larger fibril species such as the characteristic 67 nm bands in collagen, but often is not fine enough to determine the full structure.

Contributions to mechanical properties of biomaterials
Natural materials show a combination of normally contradicting mechanical properties (softness and toughness), due to their hierarchical structures of fibrils across multiple length scales. These fibrils are often oriented in a single direction, leading to anisotropic mechanical response in the resulting biocomposite material. This is a prime advantage as most of these materials withstand stresses in a single direction, and so a higher yield and fracture stress in the direction of the applied stress ensures the material structural integrity. Macro, micro, and nano fibrils enable the material to resist fracture through a series of fracture resistance mechanisms:

 * 1) Fibrillar sliding, or the process of shear as load is applied, enabling plasticity
 * 2) Fibril bridging across the region of a crack
 * 3) Crack deflection at the tip of crack, where stress concentration can lead to further propagation and eventual failure.

These mechanisms work together to resist fracture, allowing these materials to withstand millions of cycles of load without failure, essential for mobile living beings. Another mechanical advantage of biopolymers is their ability to be strained, resulting from the existence of strong fibrillar structures in a more compliant matrix material. The good deformability of interfacial matrices plays a key role in allowing for reorientation of constituents during deformation.

Fibrillogenesis is the expansion of fine fibrils which is common in collagen fibers of connective tissue. The definite mechanisms of fibrillogenesis are still unknown, although many hypotheses resulting from basic research help discover many possible mechanisms. In early experiments, collagen I could be distilled from tissues and recombined into fibrils with controlling the solutions. Later studies help understand the composition and structure of binding sites on the collagen monomers. Collagen is synthesized as a soluble precursor, procollagen, which supports collagen self-assembly. Since collagen fibrils have almost 50 binding components in vivo, the definite requirement to generate fibrillogenesis in vivo is still cryptic.

With acidic or saline solution, collagen can be extracted from tissues and rearrange into fibril by changing temperature or pH value. Experiments discovered attractive force between collagen monomers which helps the rearrangement. Collagen serves as a precursor, procollagen, in synthesizing reaction, which identifies self-polymerization of collagen.

Natural processes
There are over 30 collagens in nature that are similar in chemical composition but differ in terms of crystal structure. By far, collagen I and II are the most abundant. They initiatively form fibrils in vitro, while fibronectin, fibronectin-binding, collagen-binding integrins and collagen V are essential for collagen I forming and collagen XI for collagen II forming. Therefore, cellular mechanisms play key role in the protein self-assembly process.

Collagen
Collagen is the major structural protein outside cells in many connective tissues of animals. As the primary component of connective tissue, it has the largest amount among protein in mammals, occupying 25% to 35% of all protein content in the body.

The fibrils in collagen are packed in a crimp structure. The stress/strain curve of collagen, such as tendon, can be subdivided into several regions. The region of small strains, "toe" region, corresponds to the removal of a macroscopic crimp, uncrimping, in the collagen fibrils, visible in light microscope. At larger strains, "heel" and "linear" region, there's no further structural change visible.

Tropocollagen is the molecular component fiber, consisting of three left handed polypeptide chains (red, green, blue) coiled around each other, forming a right-handed triple helix.

Actin and myosin
Muscles contract and stretch via the steerable sliding/grasping of the myosin interacting with actin fibers. Actin consists of two polypeptides in a helix and myosin has a small heart-shaped structure, cross-bridge. The bind and unbind processes of cross-bridge attaching on actin filament help relative movement of these collagens and hence the whole muscle.

Elastin and keratin
Elastin is a fibrous protein common in various soft tissues, like skin, blood vessels and lung tissue. Each monomer connects with each other, forming a 3D network, with ability to endure over 200% strain before deformation.

Keratin is a structural protein mainly found in hair, nails, hooves, horns, quills. Basically keratin is formed by polypeptide chains, which coil into α-helices with sulfur cross-links or bond into β-sheets linked by hydrogen bonding. β-keratin, which is tougher than α-conformation, is more common in birds and reptiles.

Resilin and spider silk
Resilin is an elastomeric insect protein, consisting of both α-helices and β-sheets structure. It is one of the most resilient protein in nature. It has a low stiffness ~0.6MPa but a high energy restoring percentage ~98%, and efficiently helps flying insects to flap wings or fleas to jump.

Spider silk fibril is composed of stiff crystallized β-sheets structure, responsible for strength, and amorphous matrix surrounding, improving toughness and elongation ability. It has exceptionally high tensile strength and ductility, with respectively low density, compared to other natural fibril. Its feature varies from different kinds of spider for different utility.

Cellulose
The primary cell wall derives its notable tensile strength from cellulose molecules, or long-chains of glucose residues stabilized by hydrogen bonding. Cellulose chains are observed to align in overlapping parallel arrays, with the similar polarity forming a cellulose microfibril. In plants, these cellulose microfibrils arrange themselves into layers, formally known as lamellae, and are stabilized in the cell wall by surface, long cross-linking glycan molecules. Glycan molecules increase the complexity of the potential networks plant-based cellulose can configure itself into. Coextensive in the primary cell wall to both cellulose microfibrils and complementary glycan networks, is pectin which is a polysaccharide that contains many negatively charged galacturonic acid units. Additionally, cellulose microfibrils also contribute to the shape of the plant via controlled-cell expansion. The stereoscopic arrangement of microfibrils in the cell wall create systems of turgor pressure which ultimately leads to cellular growth and expansion. Cellulose microfibrils are unique matrix macromolecules, in that they are assembled by cellulose synthase enzymes located on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane. It is believed that the plant can “anticipate their future morphology by controlling the orientation of microfibrils” by a mechanism where cellulose microfibrils are arranged atop a cortical array of microtubules.

Amylose
Stirring of a given sample of amylose is said to form fibrillar crystals which are said to precipitate out of the mother liquor. These long fibrils can be imaged using electron microscopy revealing transverse striations resembling a shish-kebab. Amylose fibrils are categorized with having one of two morphologies: ones with small rodlike fibrils and others with lath-shaped crystals.

Wood
The fibrillar structure of wood is said to play a significant role in both the mechanical stability and ability of wood to possess channels to transport minerals and water. Sprucewood (Picea abies), among others, are reported to possess cellulose fibrils with a normalized diameter of 2.5 nm. There is also a reported link between the age of the wood and the spiral angle of the fibrils with respect to the longitudinal direction. Earlywood is said to have a consistent 4.6 ± 0.6° rest angle, whereas latewood is said to have a transition region from 4.6° to 19.8 ± 0.7°. In latewood, the two spiral angle regions of cellulose fibrils are not continuous, meaning that there are two independent tracheid structures in “older” trees meeting different mechanical requirements. Moreover, longitudinally oriented fibrils improve tensile strength, whereas the addition of 20° tilted fibrils, exclusive to latewood tracheids, provides stability against compression.

Self-cleaning properties
In order to mimic the strong adhesion, easy detachment, and self-cleaning properties of a gecko toe pad, a fibrillar-based adhesive can be created. These performance features stem from the underlying hierarchical structure which consists of a million microfibrils called setae which further consists of billions of nano-sized branches called spatulae.

Mimicking this phenomenon involves four distinct design steps:
 * 1) Making a vertically aligned micro-/nano- fibrillar arrays
 * 2) Creating various tip shapes
 * 3) Including anisotropic geometry
 * 4) Building hierarchy.

A mature bone matrix
In order to mimic a mature bone matrix, self-assembled fibrils can be used to align a given mineral matrix. This is accomplished using a self-assembling molecule with a hydrophobic alkyl tail and a hydrophilic oligopeptide head. These molecules form micellar structures in situ, and disulfide bridges at low pH, leading to the formation and crystallization of 200 kDa polymeric nanofibrils. The mineral matrix ultimately interacts with the synthetic fibril via a phosphoserine residue which results in mineral nucleation and growth.

title: Fibril


text:
Radiation Measurement

Radiation Measurement may refer to:

 * Ionizing radiation
 * Radiometry, a set of techniques for measuring electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength
 * Radiation Measurements (journal), a peer-reviewed academic journal

title: Radiation Measurement


text:
1976 in archaeology

The year 1976 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Excavations

 * The Chaco Project (National Park Service and University of New Mexico) excavates fourteen rooms at Pueblo Alto from 1976 to 1978.
 * Hwangnyongsa, a large-scale Buddhist temple of the Korean Three Kingdoms state of Silla dating to AD 553 (excavations continue until 1983).
 * Excavations at Tell Brak, Syria, are begun by a team from the Institute of Archaeology of the University of London (continue until 1981).
 * Excavations at Tell el-'Oueili in Iraq are begun under the direction of Jean-Louis Huot (continue until 1989).
 * Excavations in the Karakum Desert by Viktor Sarianidi uncover the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex.
 * Excavations at Mezhirich, Ukraine, resume, by N. L. Korniets and M. I. Gladkih (continue to 1981).
 * Neolithic Tomb of the Eagles in Orkney first excavated by Ronald Simison.
 * Excavation at Twann Bahnhof neolithic pile dwelling site in Switzerland (begun 1974) concludes.
 * Chogha Bonut discovered in Iran and excavation begins.
 * Watch Hill Castle in Greater Manchester, England, partially excavated by the North Cheshire Archaeology Group under the direction of Barry Johnson
 * Rescue excavation at Updown early medieval cemetery in Kent, England, led by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes uncovered 36 graves.

Publications

 * The Landscape of Towns by Michael Aston and James Bond.
 * La Résistance africaine à la Romanisation by Marcel Bénabou.
 * The Stone Circles of the British Isles by Aubrey Burl.
 * The Mycenaean World by John Chadwick.
 * Prehistoric Maori Fortifications by Aileen Fox.
 * "The integration of historical and archaeological data concerning an historic wreck site, the Kennemerland", by Keith Muckelroy, World Archaeology 7.3 pp 280–289.
 * Farming in the Iron Age by Peter J Reynolds.
 * Industrial Archeology: A New Look at the American Heritage by Theodore Anton Sande.

Finds

 * Tomb of Fu Hao discovered at Yinxu.
 * Joya de Cerén, "Pompeii of the Americas".
 * Nim Li Punit.
 * The fourth trove of Qabala treasures.
 * Fossil animal footprints found at Laetoli, Tanzania.

Events

 * August 8: Founding of the modern Korean Archaeological Society, in Seoul, South Korea.
 * August 27: Round Table removed from the wall of Winchester Castle in England for archaeological examination.

Deaths

 * July 22: Mortimer Wheeler, British archaeologist (b. 1890)
 * November 1: Gustav Riek, German archaeologist (b. 1900)
 * December 19: Neil Judd, American archaeologist (b. 1887)

title: 1976 in archaeology


text:
WBEN

WBEN may refer to:

 * WBEN (AM), a radio station (930 AM) licensed to Buffalo, New York, United States
 * WBEN-FM, an FM radio station (95.7 FM) licensed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA
 * WIVB-TV, a television station (channel 4 analog/39 digital) licensed to Buffalo, New York, United States, which used the call sign WBEN from 1948 to 1977
 * WBKV, a radio station (102.5 FM) licensed to Buffalo, New York, United States, which used the call sign WBEN from 1946 to 1987

title: WBEN


text:
Robert Kahn (composer)

Robert Kahn (21 July 1865 – 29 May 1951) was a German composer, pianist, and music teacher.

Life
Kahn was born in Mannheim, the second son of Bernhard Kahn and Emma Eberstadt. One of his seven siblings was the wealthy financier Otto Kahn whose son Roger Wolfe Kahn was a successful jazz musician, composer and aviator. His parents belonged to a distinguished German-Jewish family of bankers and merchants. In 1882, Kahn entered the Königlichen Hochschule für Musik in Berlin, where he studied for the next three years. Between 1885 and 1886, he continued his musical education under Josef Rheinberger in Munich. On a visit to Vienna the following year, Kahn met and befriended composer Johannes Brahms, who offered to make Kahn his pupil. Although Kahn declined the invitation out of diffidence, Brahms's music would exert a profound influence on his compositional style throughout his career.

After finishing his military service, Kahn worked as a freelance composer in Berlin until 1890. For the next three years he was employed as a Korrepetitor (rehearsal pianist) at the Stadttheater in Leipzig. Having been appointed lecturer in composition at his alma mater in 1894, Kahn went on to train some of the best-known musicians of the 20th century. His students include the pianists Arthur Rubinstein and Wilhelm Kempff, the conductor Ferdinand Leitner, the composers Theodore Holland, Nikos Skalkottas and Günter Raphael, and the violinist Karl Klinger.

While Kahn was composing and teaching in Berlin he also was active as chamber musician and Lied accompanist in concert with leading soloists and singers of his time, ranging from Joseph Joachim and Richard Mühlfeld to Adolf Busch, from Johann Messchaert to Ilona Durigo and Emmy Destinn.

In 1916, Kahn was elected to the Prussian Academy of Arts, a membership he held until 1934 when the Nazi regime ordered him to resign because he was Jewish. The Nazis also prohibited the publication and performance of his music. This drove him, at the age of 73, to leave Germany for England in 1939 with his wife Katharina, where (as with many émigré musicians of the period) he spent the last years of his life in relative obscurity but composing prolifically. He lived in Ashtead, Surrey and in Biddenden, Kent, where he died. Kahn and his music were almost entirely forgotten after World War II, but are being rediscovered by musicians and audiences, as is the case of many other composers of "degenerate music" persecuted by the Nazis.

Works
Kahn composed a vast quantity of chamber music, writing in an intimate, lyrical style that is reminiscent of Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, and Brahms. He was also an admirer of Reger. But aside from the Serenade Aus der Jugendzeit ("From Youth") and the Konzertstück, Op. 74 for piano and orchestra in E-flat minor, he mostly avoided the large scale orchestral forms and emotional extravagance of late Romanticism. There are a number of ambitious works for chorus and orchestra, such as the Goethe setting Mahomets Gesang, Op. 24 (1896), the Sturmlied, Op. 53 for chorus, orchestra and organ (1910), and the Festgesang, Op. 64 for the same forces.

Of the chamber music there are three violin sonatas, two cello sonatas, four piano trios, two string quartets, three piano quartets and two piano quintets. Particularly notable are the Violin Sonata in E, Op. 50 (1907), the Piano Quartets, Op. 30 (1899) and Op. 41 (1904), and the String Quartet in A minor, Op. 60 (1914). The unconventionally scored Quintet in C minor of 1911 (for piano, violin, cello, clarinet and horn, the same combination used by Vaughan Williams in 1897), has been recorded. Lieder were also very important to Kahn: he composed around 180 solo songs and 13 duets.

Kahn was often commissioned to create works for some of the finest musicians of the early decades of the 20th century up to the young Adolf Busch, with whom Kahn gave the first performance of his Suite, Op. 69 for violin and piano in 1920. His first Violin Sonata in G minor (1886) was dedicated to Joseph Joachim, who asked to perform it when Kahn was still a young student in Berlin. Clara Schumann mentioned this sonata in her diary. The second Violin Sonata, in A minor, Op. 26 (1897) was dedicated to Joachim, while the String Quartet No. 1 in A major, Op. 8 (1889) was dedicated to and first performed by the Joachim Quartet. The second string quartet was premiered by the Klingler Quartet, successor of the Joachim. His Clarinet Trio, Op. 45 was dedicated to and performed by the famous clarinetist Richard Mühlfeld who also inspired Brahms's late chamber compositions. Hans von Bülow conducted the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in the world première of Kahn's orchestral serenade in 1890.

His renewed compositional activity after leaving Germany in 1938 resulted in a large collection of piano music, including more than 1,100 pieces. These took the form of a musical diary, the Tagebuch in Tönen, begun in 1935, with Kahn writing several short piano works per week until his death in 1951. Apart from an extracted set of 29, these only exist in manuscript at the Akademie der Künste in Berlin. The pianist Maksim Štšura has recorded a selection, as has Danny Driver.

Recordings

 * Adrift: includes Trio Serenade, op. 73. Delphine Trio, TRPTK TTK0113 (2024) and Ensemble Schumann, MSR (2014)
 * Cello Sonatas: No. 1, op. 37 (1903) and No. 2, op. 56 (1911), Three Pieces, op. 25 (1897). Torleif Thedéen (violoncello) & Oliver Triendl (piano), CPO 555139-2 (2019)
 * Chamber Music: Piano Trio No. 4 in E minor, op 72 (1922), Serenade in F minor, op 73, Piano Quintet in D major (1926). Hohenstaufen Ensemble, Hänssler Classic HC22075 (2023)
 * Clarinet Trios: Includes Clarinet Trio, op. 45 (1906). Trio Bornalie, HERA 02113 (2005)
 * Complete Piano Trios: No. 1 in E major, op. 19 (1893), No. 2 in E flat major, op. 33 (1900), No. 3 in C minor, op. 35 (1902), No. 4 in E minor, op. 72 (1914). Hyperion Trio, CPO 777 791-2 (2014)
 * Kahn Piano Trios: No. 1 and No. 2. Max Brod Trio, MDG 90319406 (2016)
 * Robert Kahn: Piano Quartet No. 2 (1899), Serenade for String Trio (1933). Hohenstaufen Ensemble, Hänssler Classic HC98010 (2013)
 * Leaves from the Tree of Life: Lieder selection and excepts from Tagebuch in Tönen. Ensemble Emigré, Rubicon Classics RCD1040 (2021)
 * Works for Violin and Piano: Violin Sonata No. 1 in G minor, op. 5 (1886), Violin Sonata No. 2 in A minor, op. 26, Violin Sonata No. 3 in E Major (1907), op. 50, 5 Tonbilder, op. 36, 2 Violinstücke, op. 4, Suite in D Minor, op. 69. Elina Vahala (violin) & Oliver Triendl (piano). CPO 777785-2 (2016)

title: Robert Kahn (composer)


text:
Nick Knowles

Nicholas Simon Augustine Knowles (born 21 September 1962) is an English television presenter, writer and musician. He is best known for his presenting roles on the BBC, including game shows Who Dares Wins (2007–2019), Break the Safe (2013–2014) and 5-Star Family Reunion (2015–2016). Knowles presents the DIY series DIY SOS (1999–present) for BBC One and co-presented the daytime series Real Rescues (2007–2013).

Early life
Knowles was born in Southall, Middlesex. At the age of 11, Knowles moved to Mildenhall in Suffolk, attending St Louis Middle School and moved again, attending Gunnersbury Catholic School for Boys. After another family move, he attended the Skinners' School in Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

Leaving school at 16, he had a number of entry-level jobs as a labourer, petrol station assistant and salesman. He played in bands from the age of 14 and was constantly writing music, poetry and comedy, until he submitted a script to a BBC2 programme that invited children to make a video.

Television
Knowles began as a runner in television production, before moving into presenting. Knowles was a reporter for TVS in the South East, reporting on the nightly news programme Coast To Coast, mostly covering upbeat reports, until TVS lost its contract in 1992. In the early 1990s, he presented a show called Ridge Riders for ITV. This featured a celebrity and another one or two guests riding classic motorcycles along off-road tracks around the UK. The viewer was treated to historic and local information about the locality as well as informal chats with the celebrity. Knowles appeared as a member of Channel 5's chat show 5's Company between 1997 and 1999.

He is principally known as the main host of DIY SOS, a home renovation series broadcast on BBC One since 1999, and has presented the BBC factual show Real Rescues since 2007. Knowles has also hosted several entertainment programmes for the BBC since signing an exclusive contract with them, including Who Dares Wins, Last Choir Standing, Guesstimation, Secret Fortune and Perfection.

Knowles has also presented programmes with a wildlife theme. In 2007, he fronted Mission Africa, in which a team of volunteers constructed a game reserve in Kenya. During this project, Knowles fell from a Land Rover, dislocating his shoulder. He flew back to the UK to receive emergency treatment. In the same year, he reported on the plight of orphaned orangutans for an edition of Saving Planet Earth. In 2009, Knowles co-presented the BBC reality TV series Wildest Dreams with James Honeyborne, in which novice candidates had to complete a set of challenging tasks filming wild animals in Africa. The winner joined the BBC Natural History Unit on a one-year placement.

From 2011 to 2015, Knowles was the presenter of the BBC game show Perfection, in which the candidates must achieve absolute perfection to win the jackpot, aired weekdays on BBC One.

From 2013 to 2014, he presented the BBC National Lottery game show Break the Safe. In 2015, Knowles began presenting a new BBC One National Lottery game show 5-Star Family Reunion, which returned for a second series in 2016.

In May 2016, Knowles presented Invictus: The Road to the Games, a one-off programme for the BBC.

Knowles earned between £300,000 and £349,999 as a BBC presenter for the financial year 2016–2017.

In 2018 he participated in the eighteenth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here!, finishing in sixth place, after being voted out on 6 December.

In May 2021, it was reported that Knowles was holding talks with the BBC regarding his role as the main host of DIY SOS due to his appearance in a Shreddies TV advert which violated BBC's commercial agreements and guidelines. A week later, the BBC announced that they had resolved the issue and Knowles will return to his DIY SOS role with filming to resume in the coming months and is expected to be back on screens in 2022.

During August-September 2021, Knowles will present the Channel 5 series Nick Knowles' Big House Clearout.

Film
Knowles was a co-writer on the film Golden Years, which stars Simon Callow, Virginia McKenna and Una Stubbs. The film was released in the UK on 28 April 2016.

Music
He released his first and last music album, Every Kind Of People, on 3 November 2017. The album entered UK Albums Chart at No. 92.

Personal life
Knowles was married to his first wife Gillian Knowles from 1996 to 2000 and share a son and daughter. After separating from her, he lived with presenter Suzi Perry until September 2003, after meeting on set whilst shooting City Hospital for the BBC in 2000. He dated his second wife Jessica Rose Moor from 2009; they married in September 2012 but divorced in 2017. Knowles has four children in total. In 2021 he was reportedly dating Katie Dadzie and the couple became engaged.

His brother has a record company and his three sisters all became dancers. In 2018 he was reported to be living in Spain.

In June 2019, Knowles was issued with a six-month driving ban and fined £1,480 for speeding and using a mobile phone whilst driving. Speaking outside the court in Cheltenham, he said: "For me, this was a wake-up call, and putting my phone in the boot of my car now stops the temptation."

Interests and charity support
In November 2013, Knowles and his then wife Jessica opened an antiques shop and home design consultancy in Eton, Berkshire.

Knowles plays rugby and adheres to a dietary regime that is vegan "80 per cent of the time". In 2016, he became involved with a Shrewsbury-based vegan restaurant called O'Joy. The restaurant closed in November 2017.

Nick supports a number of charities including: 2 Wish, Born Free, Centrepoint, Hull4Heroes, Rugby4Heroes, Child Bereavement UK, Children's Air Ambulance, LEWA Wildlife Conservancy, Little Miracles Peterborough, Surfability, The Yard Edinburgh, Walking with the Wounded, and The British Citizen Award.

Knowles has been a regular supporter of the children's anti-bullying charity Act Against Bullying. He sang "Addicted to Love" for Children in Need 2008.

title: Nick Knowles


text:
1942 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1942.

Publications

 * V. Gordon Childe - What Happened in History.

Finds

 * January: Mildenhall Treasure discovered by ploughman Gordon Butcher in Suffolk, England.
 * A hoard of La Tène metalwork is found during the building of a military airfield in Llyn Cerrig Bach on Anglesey.
 * Rockbourne Roman Villa discovered by a local farmer in Rockbourne, England.

Births

 * 30 October - Linda Schele, Mayanist (died 1998)
 * 7 December - Anna Maria Bietti Sestieri, Italian archaeologist (died 2023)

Deaths

 * July 28: William Matthew Flinders Petrie, Egyptologist (born 1853)

title: 1942 in archaeology


title: File:Shevchenko1844.jpg


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Meifu Shinkage-ryū

Meifu Shinkage-ryū (明府真影流) is a modern Shurikenjutsu-School, which was founded in the 1970s by Chikatoshi Someya (染谷親俊, Someya Chikatoshi). Its roots could mainly be found in the Shurikenjutsu of Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū (天真正伝香取神道流).

Description
The Meifu Shinkage-ryū is a modern school of Shurikenjutsu. It was founded by Chikatoshi Someya (染谷親俊) in the 1970s. Someya was a student of Yoshio Sugino of the Katori Shintō-ryū, although the throwing style used in Meifu Shinkage-ryū is different. Someya refined the Katori style of throwing, making it shorter, faster and more concealed.

The Meifu Shinkage-ryū is a small school of about 30 students who train in Tōkyō, Japan under the instruction of the present sōke, Yasuyuki Ōtsuka. This school is almost entirely composed of students of other martial arts schools. Ōtsuka welcomes students from any art or country. Currently around 200 international students train in Meifu Shinkage-ryū (Ōtsuka, personal communication October 18, 2016), divided in official Branches and Keikokai (study groups). Ōtsuka calls himself a "shuriken teacher and researcher." There is a specific kind of shuriken called a Meifu Shinkage-ryū shuriken, but Ōtsuka teaches and students will often practice throwing shuriken from many different schools, most of which are now extinct.

Techniques
Shurikenjutsu
 * Kamae
 * Shizentai
 * Chudan no Kamae
 * Gedan no Kamae
 * Jodan no Kamae
 * Waza
 * Shomen Uchi
 * Gyaku Uchi
 * Dosoku Uchi
 * Shitate Uchi
 * Za Uchi
 * Aruki Uchi
 * Hashiri Uchi
 * Ne Uchi

Fundō Kusarijutsu
 * Kamae
 * Fuko
 * Zanshin
 * Osame
 * Hikitori
 * Waza
 * Metsubushi
 * Yokomen Uchi
 * Yokoichi Monji
 * Kesa Uchi
 * Hachinoji Uchi

Dōjō

 * Japan: Tōkyō (Honbu Dōjō), Ōsaka
 * USA: California - Arizona - Illinois - New Jersey
 * Spain: Barcelona - Valencia
 * Germany: Bremen
 * Austria: Langenlebarn
 * Finland: Helsinki
 * Great Britain: Leeds - London - Nottingham South East
 * Russia: Moskau
 * Czech Republic: Prague
 * Netherlands: Haarlem/Amsterdam - Eindhoven
 * Italy
 * Mexico
 * Chile
 * Australia: Melbourne
 * Canada: Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta
 * Sweden

DVDs and videos

 * Someya, Chikatoshi (1987) Meifu-Shinkage-ryu Shuriken Jutsu
 * Someya, Chikatoshi (1992) Shurikenjutsu and Kusarijutsu
 * Ōtsuka, Yasuyuki (2004) Hiden! Shurikenjutsu

title: Meifu Shinkage-ryū


text:
User:TShilo12/Sandbox atęcja

 This Judaism-related article is in need of attention. Please see WikiProject Judaism for more information. If you know anything about this topic please [ improve it] in any way you see fit. When the issues regarding this page have been resolved, remove this notice and the listing, but please do not remove this notice until the article has been fixed.

New articles

 * User:TShilo12/Sandbox/Principality of Oneglia

title: User:TShilo12/Sandbox atęcja


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Sheep vote

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was, looks like a no consensus... not quite sure through all the jumble but, keep. Sasquatch ↔讲↔看 05:38, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

Sheep vote
What's this doing on Wikipedia, especially in the Wikipedia namespace?-- BMIComp (talk, criticize) 07:59, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. Lord only knows, but it's making at least one user go ballistic.  --Ardonik.talk* 08:23, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment It at one point was a personal attack against that user; I removed those references. -- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 08:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * We seem to have lost him anyway. It was a noble effort.  --Ardonik.talk* 09:03, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, it is "especially in the Wikipedia namespace" because it is a wikipedia phrase, e.g. it isnt encyclopedic. Bluemoose 09:06, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I believe that these phrases are fair and notable enough. I'm trying to work out if this vote that I'm casting is a sheep vote or a wolf vote. DarthVader 11:40, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep see any vote on an unnotable school. Dunc|☺ 13:07, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because it only leads to incivility and has no redeeming value to the encyclopedia. Not only that, but it's a neologism--I haven't heard it anywhere before yesterday. This isn't exactly widely used slang like "cruft" or "vanity" here, and it's far more abusive. Meelar (talk) 13:11, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not Speedy Delete Attack page? Where? Still not a CSD by any means. I've undeleted it and reopened VfD.  Grue   15:04, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * My final vote is Transwiki to Meta or failing that, keep.  Grue   06:39, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Meelar. I guess that makes this a "wolf vote." A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  20:00, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to polls are evil or transwiki to Meta. --MarkSweep 20:07, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment if we do keep this, we need to rewrite the "Wolf Vote" section to be NPOV. -- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 20:18, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as subtle attack page. There is no excuse for this material on Wikipedia, for any reason. I have no idea what the person was thinking when they created this page but this page will only lead to hostilities, especially if namecalling is done (as it has been done already). Talrias (t | e | c) 20:47, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Author of article points out in an edit summary that this was "Original Research". -- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 20:50, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to humor section on meta. There's no way to distinguish between sheep votes and normal votes. It'll only cause huge shouting matches. - Mgm|(talk) 21:24, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete per Talrias. It should be noted that Boothy443 has redirected his name in his signature to this page. This page has no significant history, being created only a month ago, and I have never heard this term used in Wikipedia. Besides, the veracity is difficult to prove, and it is non-notable. Just because one user "coins" a term does not mean it deserves its own "Wikipedia:" page. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 21:30, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Bicycle. I agree with all of the above. --Carnildo 21:45, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to meta, which has as part of its scope sociological discussions of the problems of wikis. James F. (talk) 22:37, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as a neologism invented a few weeks ago, that will only cause fights for no purpose. What was the creator thinking? -Splash 00:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep notable...if you consider Wikitalk meaningful... freestylefrappe 00:30, July 22, 2005 (UTC).
 * Keep and move to article space. Noted phenomenon, not just on Wikipedia.  Almafeta 02:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy it. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 02:45, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Baaaa--SockpuppetSamuelson 07:35, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - It does seem to be an attack page, I don't think it's possible to distinguish between normal votes and sheep votes. -- Joolz 09:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd prefer it deleted but if there is no consensus to do so transwiki would be my second option. -- Joolz 15:51, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - irrelevant and opinionated, liable to lead to more name-calling, accusations and other strife - Skysmith 09:31, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, irrelevant and does not benefit the community in any manner. The "wolf vote" section is beyond pointless, also. --Sn0wflake 10:03, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete, if we allow nonsense like that to take over the Wikipedia namespace, the consequences can be disastrous. - Sikon 10:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Meta. There is a page devoted to these sort of insights there. Sarge Baldy 12:21, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. Note that similar term actualy exists. SYSS Mouse 13:38, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as attack page. Was already speedied twice as such. It may be a valid topic (as a subsection of meta, or part of WP:POINT or something) but the current version exists mainly to attack a user that is making some controversial votes on WP:RFA. Radiant_ >|< 14:15, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Transwiki to Meta. The term helped defuse and focus an | RfA discussion (which was precisely why the page was created. It proved to work to the best of Wikipedia. Please consider this before assuming bad faith.) This page has been on Wikipedia for a month and several people contributed to it, including some experienced and respected users. None of them saw any problem with the page as such. I see the concerns, but I see no factual evidence for them. The "personal attack" has been deleted. (BTW, it wasn't a baseless attack, but basically what Boothy443 said him/herself, when asked why he/she opposed all votes on RfA. However, I should have provided a diff for that, and now I can't find it.) — Sebastian (talk) 16:33, July 22, 2005 (UTC) and 01:29, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems pointless, and could be considered POV.  Robert McClenon 18:18, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research, etc. Pavel Vozenilek 23:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Baaaaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhhhhhhh Themindset 02:35, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV attack page. JamesBurns 02:58, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. It doesn't seem to be an attack page anymore. I really don't see why it should be deleted. The term is very clever and this article should be kept. DarthVader 06:54, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep because so many people above vote to as well.     14:44, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Move to Meta where it rightfully belongs and delete. →Raul654 20:53, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This kind of material belongs on Meta. --Michael Snow 01:38, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to meta. And don't put personal attacks on it anymore :( --Phroziac (talk) 17:45, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, of course. there's nothing wrong with it. the term came up on the rfa talkpage, and somebody (not the "coiner") documented it. dab (ᛏ) 19:42, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Never heard of term until 10 mins ago.  Seems more designed to cause civil unrest. … G u y M … (soapbox) 22:49, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If kept, which it shouldn't be, it belongs on meta as terminology (see Deletionist, Mergist, etc). Hedley 23:39, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not sure where it should be moved to.  I don't see this as POV, but rather explaining something that happens in voting around wkik land.  Vegaswikian 23:59, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, serves a purpose, is instructive. ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ 14:28, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transfering to metawiki would be just fine too. ¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º°`°º¤ø,¸ 15:33, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Created for the purpose of making a point, no redeeming value. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:05, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Meta. It does serve a purpose, because sheep voting actually does occur. It simply doesn't belong on the Wikipedia namespace. --Scimitar parley 15:11, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Meta. We have stuff like that there. User:Luigi30 (Ταλκ) 15:21, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, BJAODN, Deep Pit - just don't keep it or transwiki - Useless concept to attack those agreeing with the majority. - º¤ø,¸¸,ø¤º  25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Moving to Meta sounds good. --Carnildo 18:09, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Meta. I fear I may be sheep voting, but in my opinion, this has been the best suggested option. Ryan 06:13, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with the above votes. Baaaaaaa! --Andylkl (talk) 14:40, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, if you want to indulge in wikisociology, take it to meatball. --fvw *  07:43, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, though possibly not where it is just now. Oh, and Baaaaaahhhhh. Leithp 08:08, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but expand considerably. This could be an opportunity to try and improve the general quality of votes cast in many forums (although mainly the RfA), but it must be expanded and developed to acquire an educational value, and the redeeming value so properly mentioned by Meelar.  Redux 01:08, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki Havn't heard of this term other than in refrence to boothy. Not a common term IMO, but Meta seems to be quite fine with having this sort of thing--Tznkai 14:11, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to another namespace (article space, most probably). IJzeren Jan 12:49, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN, lol. - Mailer Diablo 20:20, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Alex Fong (singer)

Alexaus Fong Lik-sun (方力申, born 26 February 1980) is a Hong Kong actor, singer and swimmer. He was nicknamed "Little Flying Fish" for his swimming achievements. Until 2021, Fong held several Hong Kong swimming records (and some youth-grade records). He first represented Hong Kong at the age of 11. Fong has also represented Hong Kong at the Sydney Olympics in 2000. He holds a degree in business administration from the University of Hong Kong. Fong caught the attention of record executives with his popularity amongst teenage girls and became a singer in 2001.

He had been assigned to work with Stephy Tang of former pop-group Cookies/Mini Cookies for the past few years. They now have eight duets: 好心好報, 好好戀愛, 十・分愛 (winner of the 2006 Jade Solid Gold 'Best Duet Gold Award'), 我的最愛, 重爱 (Mandarin version of 我的最愛), 七年, 同屋主 and 危城.

Aside from releasing albums and filming movies, Fong is also one of the hosts of TVB's hit cooking comedy show, Beautiful Cooking, along with Ronald Cheng and Edmond Leung. On 24 April 2009, Fong and Kary Ng appeared at the Melbourne Arts Center for their 2009 Melbourne show.

In 2011, Fong left his previous record company Gold Typhoon and signed to Huayi Brothers as his new record label.

In July 2016, Fong became an exhibitor with the Art of the Olympians.

2000 Summer Olympics – Swimming
Fong competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics as part of the Hong Kong Swimming Team. He took part in men's 200 m individual medley, men's 400 m individual medley and men's 200 m backstroke, he won his heats in 400 m individual medley and 200 m backstroke.

He is the current Hong Kong record holder in 200 m backstroke (2:05.47) and 400 m individual medley (4:29.02). Both records were set at the Sydney Olympics. He is also a member of the team that set Hong Kong records for 4×100 m medley relay (3:51.07) and 4×200 m freestyle relay (7:38.91).

Marathon swimming
Fong announced on 1 August 2019 that he would do a Hong Kong Island circumnavigation swim on 5 November to raise money for charity. As part of his training, he did the Clean Half Extreme Marathon Swim, a 15 km marathon swimming race held annually in Hong Kong, and won the race in the solo category. He completed the charity swim in 10 hours and 38 minutes, breaking the previous record set by Simon Holliday in November 2017.

Personal life
Fong and Stephy Tang, his colleague in multiple movies including L for Love L for Lies (我的最愛), Love Is Not All Around 十分愛), Marriage with a Fool (獨家試愛), and Anniversary (紀念日) have reportedly been in a relationship for 10 years as of 2016. This was announced by Mark Lui at his THANK YOU Concert at the HK Coliseum in June 2013. He is also a guest manager for Tang's amateur volleyball team Loey, named after her own fashion label. As of 18 March 2016, it has been reported that Fong and Tang had ended their 10-year relationship.

In 2023, he revealed in court that he is in a relationship with Maple Yip, who was one of the victims of victim of rape by Jung Myung-seok and was featured in Netfix documentary In The Name of God - A Holy Betrayal.

Albums

 * Alex Sun (2001)
 * One Anniversary (2002)
 * Alex Fong New Songs and Best Selections (2003)
 * True (2003)
 * Never Walk Alone (2004)
 * 903 California Red: Eleven Fires Concert (2004)
 * Be Good (2005)
 * The Lost Tapes: Alex Fong Lik-sun (2006)
 * In Your Distant Vicinity (2007)
 * Alex Fong 2008 L For Love New and Best Selected (2008)
 * Time Flies (2009)
 * 7YRS (2009)

Filmography

 * 2001 – 2002 (二〇〇二)
 * 2002 – Feel 100% (百分百感覺) (Role: Supporting role, with Daniel Chan being the male lead, Starring as female lead: Niki Chow and Rain Li)
 * 2002 – Give Them a Chance (給他們一個機會)
 * 2003 – My Lucky Star (行運超人)
 * 2003 – Sound of Colors (地下鐵)
 * 2004 – Elixir of Love
 * 2004 – Love on the Rocks (恋情告急) [cameo]
 * 2004 – Astonishing
 * 2004 – Super Model
 * 2005 – My Family (甜孫爺爺) (Role: Male lead with Harwick Lau, Starring with female lead: Shirley Yeung)
 * 2006 – McDull, the Alumni (春田花花同學會)
 * 2006 – Marriage with a Fool (獨家試愛) (Role: Male lead, Starring as female lead: Stephy Tang)
 * 2006 – Troy (Funky Monkey Dance Party II)
 * 2006 – I'll Call You (得閑飲茶) (Role: Male lead, Starring as female lead: Viann Liang)
 * 2006 – Dating a Vampire (愛上尸新娘) (Role: Male lead, Starring as female lead: Miki Yeung)
 * 2006 – Love @ First Note (戀愛初歌) (Role: Male lead with Justin Lo, Starring as female lead: Kary Ng)
 * 2007 – Love in Macau
 * 2007 – Love Is Not All Around (十分愛) (Role: Male Lead, Starring as female Lead: Stephy Tang)
 * 2007 – It's a Wonderful Life (心想事成) (Role: Male Lead with Ronald Cheng, Starring as female lead: Teresa Mo and Louisa So)
 * 2007 – Bullet and Brain
 * 2008 – L For Love♥ L For Lies (我的最愛) (Role: Male Lead, Starring as female lead: Stephy Tang, Miki Yeung)
 * 2008 – Legendary Assassin (狼牙)
 * 2009 – I Corrupt All Cops
 * 2009 – Kungfu Cyborg
 * 2010 – Just Another Pandora's Box
 * 2010 – The Fantastic Water Babes
 * 2011 – I Love Hong Kong
 * 2011 – The Founding of a Party (建党伟业)
 * 2011 – Love is the Only Answer (人約離婚後)
 * 2011 – Summer Love
 * 2011 – Chase Our Love
 * 2011 – East Meets West 2011
 * 2012 – Love at 30000 Feet
 * 2012 – Lan Kwai Fong 2
 * 2013 – Badges of Fury
 * 2013 – Flash Play
 * 2014 – Lan Kwai Fong 3
 * 2014 – The True Love
 * 2014 – Just Another Margin
 * 2014 – The Extreme Fox
 * 2014 – Delete My Love
 * 2014 – Die Xian Gui Tan
 * 2015 – Gun Transit
 * 2015 – Midnight Garage
 * 2015 – Anniversary
 * 2016 – Kidnap Ding Ding Don
 * 2016 – L.O.R.D: Legend of Ravaging Dynasties (爵迹)
 * 2017 – The Great Escape (明月几时有)
 * 2017 – The Founding of an Army (建军大业)
 * 2018 – A Beautiful Moment
 * 2019 – I Love You, You're Perfect, Now Change!
 * 2019 – Fatal Visit
 * 2019 – Baby Task Group 2
 * 2019 – Love in 50 Meters
 * 2019 – The Sexy Guys

Television dramas

 * Feel 100% (TVB, 2002)
 * Hearts of Fencing (TVB, 2003)
 * Sunshine Heartbeat (TVB, 2004)
 * My Family (TVB, 2005)
 * Colours of Love (TVB, 2007)
 * Dressage to Win (TVB, 2008)
 * Twin of Brothers (CCTV-1, 2011)
 * Love and Hate (LeTV, 2014)
 * Limelight Years (TVB, 2015)
 * ICAC Investigators 2022 (TVB, 2022)
 * The War of Beauties (TVB, 2022)
 * The Mission Run (TVB, 2023)
 * Dead Ringer (TVB, Media Asia, Youku, 2023)
 * Sinister Beings (Sr. 2) (TVB, 2024)

title: Alex Fong (singer)


text:
1853 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1853.

Explorations

 * Alexander Cunningham examines and describes the ruins at Harappa in the Punjab
 * John Thurnam begins investigating tumuli around Knap Hill in Wiltshire, England

Finds

 * Hormuzd Rassam excavates the clay tablets which will be deciphered as Epic of Gilgamesh
 * Winter 1853–54 – Archaeologist Ferdinand Keller identifies the remains of the Meilen–Rorenhaab site, first of the prehistoric pile dwellings around Lake Zurich to be located.

Births

 * June 3 – Flinders Petrie, English Egyptologist (d. 1942)
 * December 26 – Wilhelm Dörpfeld, German architect and archaeologist (d. 1940)

Deaths

 * June 8 – Howard Vyse, English soldier and Egyptologist (b. 1784)
 * Charles Masson, British explorer of Buddhist sites (b. 1800)

title: 1853 in archaeology


text:
Har Homa

Har Homa (הר חומה, lit Wall Mountain), officially Homat Shmuel, is an Israeli settlement in southern East Jerusalem, near the Palestinian city of Beit Sahour. The settlement is also referred to as "Jabal Abu Ghneim" (also "Jabal Abu Ghunaym"), which is the Arabic name of the hill. One purpose given for the decision approving of its establishment was to obstruct the growth of the nearby Palestinian city of Bethlehem.

The settlement was officially renamed Homat Shmuel in 1998 after Shmuel Meir, a former deputy mayor of Jerusalem, who played an active role in its development before he was killed in a car accident in 1996.

In 2013, Har Homa had a population of 25,000.

Built on 1850 dunam of land Israel expropriated in 1991, the international community considers Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967 the area has been under Israeli occupation.

According to ARIJ, Israel expropriated 354 dunams of land from Umm Tuba for Har Homa in 1997, while from 1997 onward, Israel expropriated hundreds of dunams of Beit Sahour land for the same purpose.

Plans for residential development were drawn up in the 1980s, but were opposed by Israeli environmental groups working to preserve the open areas in Jerusalem. A primary aim was to complete the continuous Israeli encirclement in East Jerusalem by stopping a perceived 'hole' in this area, and thus hinder Palestinian development that would create linkage between Beit Sahour and Sur Baher. In 1991, Israeli cabinet minister Yitzhak Moda'i approved expropriation of the land, which was owned by a variety of private owners, both Israeli and Palestinian, on the basis of eminent domain for new building projects conforming to a master plan. Both Israeli and Palestinian landowners protested the land seizures and appealed to the Israeli Supreme Court, which denied their claims and ruled in favor of the government. The major landholder was David Meir, who then made an alliance with the Arabs whose land had been expropriated to block the development.

Part of the original land is said also to have been owned by the Greek Orthodox Church and allegedly either sold or leased after severe pressure was applied by Israel on church authorities.

After the first land expropriations in 1995, Arab states brought the case before the UN Security Council. In May 1995, a draft resolution condemning Israel was vetoed by the US. Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres initially approved construction plans for Israeli homes on the site, but postponed the groundbreaking ceremony to avoid conflict with Palestinians who were seeking to overturn the decision in the Israeli courts. In July 1995, the government decided not to proceed with construction.

On 19 February 1997, the newly elected Benjamin Netanyahu government approved the construction of the settlement. The Arab states again went to the Security Council. The General Assembly condemned Israel's actions, but two UNSC resolutions in March were again vetoed by the US. In March 1997, the Netanyahu government, which saw the construction of homes in Har Homa as a legitimate expansion of Jerusalem, eventually started the work. In March 2015, Netanyahu said that "we had to protect the southern gateway to Jerusalem by building here" There were "huge objection" as Har Homa "is in a location which prevents the Palestinian (territorial) contiguity." In October 2014, Netanyahu approved the construction of 400 additional units.

In 2020, Netanyahu  announced another 6,200 homes in Har Homa, in a move which was seen "as an effort to solidify right-wing support", just days before the Israeli 2020 election.

Education and culture
In 2013, Har Homa had 12 kindergartens, 6 day care centers, 5 elementary schools, and 4 youth movement centers (Bnei Akiva, Ezra, Ariel and Beitar).

Demography
Most of the residents of Har Homa today are young families who moved there in search of affordable housing. When the Jerusalem municipality approved the initial 2,500 housing units in Har Homa, it also approved 3,000 housing units and 400 government-financed housing units in the Arab neighborhood of Sur Baher, which faces Har Homa. The plans were drawn up in 1994, but the approval process was stepped up in May 1997 as a counterbalance to Israeli development at Har Homa. Palestinian officials dismissed the project as a ploy aimed at deflecting international criticism.

Medical facilities
In 2013, Har Homa had 3 medical clinics.

Transportation
Egged bus lines connect Har Homa to downtown Jerusalem, the Jerusalem Central Bus Station, the Malha Mall and Ramot.

Controversy
Israeli officials acknowledged that some Palestinian land was expropriated for the Har Homa neighborhood, but said that nearly 80% of the land taken for the project belonged to Jews. According to FMEP, Israelis own approximately 75% of the land. One-third of it was purchased before 1948, and the remainder during the occupation after 1967. Palestinians owned approximately 33% of the planning area.

Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs claims that Har Homa is within Jerusalem, and construction work does not constitute a change in the status of Jerusalem, in accordance with the Oslo Accords.

Palestinian
Palestinians have for a long time thought that Israel attempted to tighten their control over Jerusalem by constructing Har Homa.

U.S. administration
In 1997, the U.S. vetoed two UN Security Council resolutions that called on Israel to stop construction work. The U.S. was the only country of the 15 members on the council to vote against the resolution. In a vote of 134 to 3, the United States, along with Israel and Micronesia, were the only countries among the 185 members in the UN General Assembly to vote against an April 1997 resolution demanding an immediate halt to construction at Har Homa. The previous month, a similar resolution condemning Israeli activity at Har Homa was passed 130 to 2, with only the U.S. and Israel voting against it.

While the United States has traditionally refrained from describing Jerusalem neighborhoods as settlements, in 2008, then U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was critical of building tenders in Har Homa announced after the Annapolis Conference meeting. She described Har Homa as "a settlement the United States has opposed from the very beginning".

In November 2010, the United States criticized Israeli plans to build new housing units in Har Homa.

European Union
In 2011, then EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton said she was disappointed to hear that Israel was planning to expand Har Homa. She said in a statement that "the European Union has repeatedly urged the government of Israel to immediately end all settlement activities in the West Bank, including in East Jerusalem (...) All settlement activities are illegal under international law".

Archaeology
In 1997, archaeologists discovered a fifth-century Byzantine church near Har Homa whose octagonal design is thought to have been the inspiration for the Dome of the Rock. In the center of the church is a rock upon which Christians believe that Mary rested while on her way to Bethlehem to give birth to Jesus. The Church of the Kathisma (meaning "seat" in Greek) is mentioned in early Christian writings and was a pilgrimage site for Christians. The church was built by a Roman widow named Ikelia in the early fifth century. In the eighth century, the building was converted into a mosque. It was appears to have been used by both Christians and Muslims until its destruction, possibly in an earthquake in 749.

title: Har Homa


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Jane Arden (comics)

Jane Arden was an internationally syndicated daily newspaper comic strip which ran from November 26, 1928 to January 20, 1968. The title character was the original "spunky girl reporter", actively seeking to infiltrate and expose criminal activity rather than just report on its consequences and served as a prototype for later characters such as Superman supporting character Lois Lane and fellow comic strip heroine Brenda Starr, Reporter. Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Mary McGrory credited Jane Arden with instilling her interest in journalism.

Jane Arden was only moderately successful in the United States, but it was highly popular in Canada and Australia. The strip was widely reprinted in comic books and was also adapted into both a film and a radio series.

Publication history
Jane Arden was created by writer Monte Barrett and artist Frank Ellis for the Register and Tribune Syndicate. Barrett wrote the strip until his death in 1949, and his stories were used until 1952 when Walt Graham assumed the scripting duties. Ellis was one of five artists to draw Jane Arden over its 41-year run.

The work of Ellis' replacement, Russell E. Ross, is perhaps most identified with the character, as he drew the strip for 20 years.

During the strip's last few years, under creator Bob Schoenke, it was combined with another Register and Tribune strip, Laredo Crockett, to become Laredo and Jane Arden (from 1964 to 1968).

Jane Arden creators

 * Monte Barrett (story) & Frank Ellis (art): Nov 26, 1928 - Feb 4, 1933
 * Monte Barrett (story) & Russell E. Ross (art): Feb 6, 1933 - Sept 24, 1950
 * Russell E. Ross (story and art): Sept 25, 1950 - 1952
 * Walt Graham (story) & Russell E. Ross (art): 1952 - 1955
 * Walt Graham (story) & Jim Seed (art): 1955 - Sept 3, 1960
 * Walt Graham (story) & William Hargis (art): Sept 5, 1960 - Feb 22, 1964
 * Bob Schoenke (story and art): Feb 24, 1964 - January 20, 1968

Story and characters
It was during Ross' stint that the strip introduced Tubby, an office boy sidekick transported from Ross' previous Slim and Tubby strip. It was during this period that the strip first included Jane Arden paper dolls and accompanying outfits.

Jane Arden was one of the first comic strip characters to become involved in World War II. Immediately after the outbreak of war in Europe, Barrett and Ross scrapped their current storylines and gave her a war assignment in the fictional neutral kingdom of Anderia (September 25, 1939).

Reprints
Reprints of the newspaper strip were published in comic books beginning with Famous Funnies #2 (September 1934). After issue 35, the reprints appeared in Feature Funnies #1 (October, 1937), published by Comic Favorites, Inc (a predecessor of Quality Comics). (The Register and Tribune Syndicate was part-owner of Comic Favorites.) 20 issues later, the title was renamed Feature Comics. The Arden reprints continued for ten more issues, and then appeared in the first 25 issues of Crack Comics.

United States:
 * Feature Funnies #1-20 (October 1937 – May 1939; Comic Favorites, Inc.)
 * Feature Comics #21-31 (June 1939 – April 1940; Quality Comics)
 * Crack Comics #1-25 (May 1940 – September 1942; Quality Comics)
 * Pageant of Comics #2 (October 1947; St. John Publications)
 * Jane Arden #1-2 (March 1948 – June 1948; St. John)

Australia:
 * Jane Arden #1-29 (1955–1956, Atlas Publications)

Radio
A Jane Arden radio drama was broadcast from 1938 through 1939 with Ruth Yorke in the title role of the "fearless girl reporter, the most beautiful woman in the newspaper world." First heard in June 1938 on WJZ in New York, the program moved to the Blue Network on September 26, 1938. Sponsored by Ward Baking, the 15-minute serial aired weekdays at 10:15am. Others in the cast: Helene Dumas, Maurice Franklin, Frank Provo, Bill Baar, Henry Wadsworth and Howard Smith. Alan Kent was the announcer. Manny Siegel provided the sound effects for director Lawrence Holcomb. The series ended June 23, 1939.

Film
In 1939, Warner Bros. released a film adaptation, The Adventures of Jane Arden, with a storyline in which Jane Arden (Rosella Towne) goes undercover to expose a gang of jewel smugglers. However, her identity is discovered by one of the gang leaders. This film, directed by Terry O. Morse, was heralded as the first of a series, but no subsequent Jane Arden films were produced.

title: Jane Arden (comics)


text:
West Germanic gemination

West Germanic gemination was a sound change that took place in all West Germanic languages around the 3rd or 4th century AD. It affected consonants directly followed by, which were generally lengthened or geminated in that position. Because of Sievers' law, only consonants immediately after a short vowel were affected by the process.

Overview
When followed by, consonants were lengthened (doubled). The consonant, whether original or from earlier through rhotacization, was generally not affected; it occasionally shows gemination in Old High German, but inconsistently and this may be an analogical change. In contrast, the second element of the diphthongs iu and au was still underlyingly the consonant at this time, and therefore was lengthened as well.

In Proto-Germanic, only appeared at the beginning of a syllable, primarily as the onset of a variety of suffixes and endings. It alternated with its syllabic counterpart in accordance with a phonological rule known as Sievers' law. This law states that consonantal appeared after a "light" syllable: one that contained a short vowel followed by at most one consonant. The syllabic allomorph appeared after "heavy" syllables, which included syllables containing a long vowel, a diphthong, or ending in more than one consonant. As the gemination itself required the consonant to be directly followed by, it therefore affected only light syllables; heavy syllables were not changed. Compare, for example, the Germanic verbs *fūlijaną 'to defile' and *fuljaną 'to fill, to make full', which appear in Old English as fȳlan and fyllan respectively, and in Old High German as fūlen and fullen; the first verb shows no gemination, while the second does.

In the early history of most individual Germanic languages, syllabic was generally lost, while consonantal  was retained. Earlier consonantal is also lost, however, after a consonant that underwent gemination. Thus, remains only after  (Old English werian < Proto-Germanic *warjaną), while  appears in all other cases, even those where Proto-Germanic had  (such as *fuljaną above). It therefore appears that Sievers' law was still productive at this stage, and adapted to the new syllable length by changing the suffix from its consonantal to its syllabic variety.

Gemination triggered by ,
West Germanic gemination also operated inconsistently on consonants followed by or, e.g. Old English æppel 'apple' < Proto-Germanic *aplaz. In some cases this led to doublets, e.g. West Saxon Old English tēar 'tear (of the eyes)' < *tæher < Proto-Germanic *tahraz (without gemination) vs. Northumbrian Old English tæhher 'tear (of the eyes)' (with gemination).

Parallel changes in Old Norse
Similar changes occurred in the history of Old Norse, although with a more limited scope. The change applied only to the combinations and, which were lengthened to  and. Other consonants were not affected. Contrary to the changes in West Germanic, the remained nonsyllabic after the change, and was therefore retained rather than lost like syllabic  was in other Old Norse words.

Effects
This change particularly affected the infinitives of the first conjugation of weak verbs, which ended in *-(i)janą. It also affect the short-stemmed ja(n)- and jō(n)-stem nouns and adjectives. By historical times (c. 800-900 AD), all of the West Germanic languages except Old Saxon had lost medial syllabic, but not before any that it may have developed from had triggered i-mutation. It also triggered palatalization of velar consonants in Old English and Old Frisian: and  were geminated into palatal/postalveolar  and, which then developed into geminate affricates // and //, spelled $⟨cc⟩$ and $⟨cg⟩$ in Old English.

Examples:

title: West Germanic gemination


text:
1880 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1880.

Explorations

 * William Matthew Flinders Petrie travels to Egypt and conducts a survey of the Great Pyramid of Giza.

Excavations

 * Nicolay Nicolaysen excavates the Gokstad ship in Norway.
 * Heinrich Schliemann begins excavation around the Tomb of Minyas at Orchomenus (Boeotia).

Finds

 * The foundations of a convent, first erected in 670, discovered at Minster in Kent.
 * Varvakeion Athena.
 * The mandible of a Neanderthal child is discovered in a secure context in Šipka cave in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (modern-day Czech Republic) associated with cultural debris including hearths, Mousterian tools and bones of extinct animals.

Publications

 * Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola and Juan Vilanova y Piera publish their initial findings on the paintings in the Cave of Altamira, suggesting to initial scepticism that they are of the Paleolithic period.
 * The Journal of Hellenic Studies begins publication.

Births

 * April 11 – Julio C. Tello, Peruvian archaeologist (d. 1947)
 * April 17 – Leonard Woolley, British archaeologist of Mesopotamia (d. 1960)

title: 1880 in archaeology


text:
Talk:Hyperchicken

Merge to Recurring characters of Futurama
I don't think there's enough information on the Hyperchicken for a separate article, especially if the Quotes section is removed. --Pagrashtak 08:06, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hyperchicken


text:
Battle of Blumenau

The Battle of Blumenau or Battle of Lamač was the last battle fought in the Austro-Prussian War, on 22 July 1866 (on the day of the conclusion of peace), with the Austrians defending against the Prussian army.

Overview
Prussian scout patrols were in Malacky on 19 July 1866, and in two days the Prussian army occupied Stomfa (Stupava). At that time it was evident that a cease fire would soon be negotiated, and so the Prussian General Eduard von Fransecky received the command to occupy Pressburg (Bratislava). The road from Stomfa to Pressburg ran through a valley in the Little Carpathians. High mountains rise alongside the road at this point, making it an easily defensible point.

The commander of the Austrian troops in Pressburg Archduke Albrecht had located one brigade there under the command of Colonel Mondela on 18 July. Colonel Mondela placed the right wing of the brigade between Hrubý Pleš and Leskara and the railway embankment, which protected the greater part of Mondela's brigade. The left wing was on the eastern and northeastern hillsides of Devínska Kobyla. The Austrian artillery was located near Lamač and Dúbravka, from which point it was able to control the road from Stomfa to Pressburg.

The brigade was reinforced on 19–21 July by the arrival of the 9th Austrian mountain regiment. On Sunday, the morning of 22 July, the Prussian army began the attack on Lamacs. The second part, under the command of Major-General Bose, moved ahead through over Kamzík hill to surround the Austrian defence and occupy Bratislava.

About half past six, the first shot was fired from the Austrian cannon. Prussian forces were warded off and around 8 o'clock they got General Eduard von Fransecky's message: a cease fire was in effect and would take effect at 12 o'clock, only five hours later. The Prussian General had mounted a large number of artillery pieces, so an artillery duel had already begun. The result was large fires in Lamač and Dúbravka. The Prussian forces were warded off, despite their superior numbers. The battle's success depended on a flanking manoeuvre of Major-General Bose. The brigade moved slowly over the difficult terrain and the ceasefire was already in effect when they arrived at Kamzík. By the setting of a line of demarcation, which overshot by Záhorská Bystrica, the Austro-Prussian war terminated the fights for domination over Germany and central Europe.

title: Battle of Blumenau


text:
1882 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1882.

Explorations

 * Expeditions led by Alfred Maudslay and Désiré Charnay independently arrive at the Maya site of Yaxchilan.
 * Nature of site at Heuneburg identified by Eduard Paulus.

Excavations

 * Carl Humann works at Smyrna (with Alfred von Domaszewski) on behalf of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and at Sam'al for the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft.
 * Gaston Maspero first excavates at Lisht in Egypt, including the Pyramid of Amenemhet I.
 * Panagiotis Stamatakis begins excavation of the group tomb of the warriors from Thespiae who fell in the Battle of Delium (424 BCE) in Boeotia.
 * Eugène Eschassériaux excavates le camp Thénac Peu-Richard in France.
 * The Archaeological Society of Athens, along with Demetrios Philios and Wilhelm Dörpfeld, begins excavation of Eleusis.

Publications

 * Robert Munro - Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings or Crannogs.

Finds

 * Vače situla

Miscellaneous

 * The Egypt Exploration Fund is set up in the UK by Amelia Edwards and Reginald Stuart Poole.
 * The Ancient Monuments Protection Act is passed in the United Kingdom and establishes protection of ancient monuments. General Pitt-Rivers is appointed the first Inspector of Ancient Monuments.

title: 1882 in archaeology


text:
User talk:Jonaschau

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  08:08, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Copyright violation in Hong Kong Design Centre
is unquestionably copyright infringement, and no assertion of permission has been made. --Android Mouse Bot 2 20:33, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jonaschau


text:
WMWX

WMWX (88.9 FM) – branded as ClassX Radio – is a non-commercial classic rock radio station licensed to Miamitown, Ohio. WMWX is owned by Spryex Communications. The WMWX studios are located in the Cincinnati suburb of Blue Ash, Ohio, while the station transmitter resides in Brookville, Indiana and offices in Liberty Township, Ohio.

WMWX primarily serves western parts of Greater Cincinnati, but also extends its signal by using two full-power repeaters. Licensed to Waynesville, Ohio, repeater WYNS (89.1 FM) provides coverage to Warren County, Ohio. Licensed to Hamilton, Ohio, repeater WHSS (89.5 FM) provides coverage to Butler County, Ohio.

On April 19, 2019, WMWX and its repeater stations dropped the "ClassX" classic rock format and began stunting and launched a Christian classic hits format two days later, branded as "Touch FM". and on November 1, 2019, dropped TouchFM and returned ClassX Radio's format.

History
WMWX signed on the air with 5,000 watts on August 6, 2006. WMWX aired an Album Rock format. In 2011, WMWX expanded its broadcasting signal to simulcasting on 89.1 FM (WKCX) in Cincinnati as well as 89.1 FM (WYNS) in Waynesville, Ohio.

Current "ClassX" programming
WMWX has an all-volunteer staff with live on-air disc jockeys. The station airs a variety of classic rock, including heavy metal, psychedelic rock, blues, progressive rock, garage rock, and hair metal, as well as specialty shows featuring The Beatles (Beatles-a-Rama), Pink Floyd (Floydian Slip), and Reelin' In The Years (a locally produced program that features a weekly theme).

Other notes
The call sign WMWX was previously used for Philadelphia's Mix 95.7 station, now broadcasting as WBEN-FM.

title: WMWX


text:
User talk:Jrdcruz

Hi there! this is me Jrdcruz. I have surfed the net for several times but i haven't found any related topics about Jrdcruz. Hope I can find some.

title: User talk:Jrdcruz


text:
User talk:Mohamo!

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. jni 08:09, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. -Splash 00:35, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

This user name has been permanently blocked from editing. -- Scott eiπ  00:43, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mohamo!


text:
User:Wiggin15

See My Contributions.

title: User:Wiggin15


text:
Talk:Greegree

Note this is a mis-spelled version of Grigri, not an alternate spelling, as a greegree is an amulet or talisman. Just for reference if this is disambiguated. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 08:09, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greegree


text:
Pastoral counseling

Pastoral counseling is a branch of counseling in which psychologically trained ministers, rabbis, priests, imams, and other persons provide therapy services. Pastoral counselors often integrate modern psychological thought and method with traditional religious training in an effort to address psychospiritual issues in addition to the traditional spectrum of counseling services.

Distinctiveness
"What distinguishes pastoral counseling from other forms of counseling and psychotherapy is the role and accountability of the counselor and his or her understanding and expression of the pastoral relationship. Pastoral counselors are representatives of the central images of life and its meaning affirmed by their religious communities.  Thus pastoral counseling offers a relationship to that understanding of life and faith.  Pastoral counseling uses both psychological and theological resources to deepen its understanding of the pastoral relationship." Membership in several organizations that combine theology and mental health has grown in recent years. Some pastoral counselors have developed special training programs to encourage cooperation between religious professionals and medical professionals on treatment of issues like addiction, since spirituality is an important part of recovery for many people.

History
Pastoral counseling had its beginnings a separate discipline in North America in the first half of the twentieth century, as various religious organizations began to incorporate the insights and training of psychiatry, psychology and social work into the training of clergy. In 1925, Dr. Richard Cabot, a physician and adjunct at Harvard Divinity School, published an article in the Survey Graphic suggesting that every candidate for the ministry receive clinical training for pastoral work similar to the clinical training offered to medical students. In the 1930s, the Rev. Anton Boisen began a program of placing theological students in supervised contact with mental patients. In time, many seminaries and other training programs for religious professionals began to include clinical pastoral education as part of clerical training. Also in the 1930s, the minister Norman Vincent Peale and the psychiatrist, Dr. Smiley Blanton, collaborated to form the American Foundation of Religion and Psychiatry, now known as the Blanton-Peale Institute. Today, hundreds of mental health centers with links to specific religious traditions may be found across North America. In 1963, the American Association of Pastoral Counselors was founded to provide professional certification for pastoral counselors and pastoral counseling centers. In 2019, AAPC consolidated with ACPE.

title: Pastoral counseling


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User:Perolta

"None are more hopelessly enslaved than those who falsely believe themselves to be free."

- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche : Stars : Dancing : Hyperboreans : Lions

title: User:Perolta


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Whiteshill, Stroud

Whiteshill is a village in the Cotswolds, situated between Stroud and Gloucester, in Gloucestershire, England and forms part of the Stroud urban area. The parish of Whiteshill and Ruscombe has a population of 1,175.

The Church of England Church is St. Paul's. When the limits of Stroud parish were set in 1304, Whiteshill and Ruscombe formed part of the tithing of Paganhill. They remained part of Stroud until 1894, when the new civil parish of Whiteshill was created.

title: Whiteshill, Stroud


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User talk:Perolta

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Perolta