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Kinross and Western Perthshire (UK Parliament constituency)

Kinross and Western Perthshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 until 1983, representing, at any one time, a seat for one Member of Parliament (MP), elected by the first past the post system of election.

Boundaries
The constituency was first defined by the Representation of the People Act 1918, and first used in the 1918 general election, as one of two county constituencies covering the county of Kinross and the county of Perth. The other was the Perth constituency.

Prior to the 1918 election the county of Kinross was covered, nominally, by Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire, which also covered, nominally, the county of Clackmannan, and the county of Perth was covered, nominally, by Eastern Perthshire,  Perth (as a burgh constituency) and Western Perthshire. Constituency boundaries were defined in terms of the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832 and the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 and, by these terms, five detached parishes of the county of Perth and one detached parish of the county of Stirling were within the Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire constituency. Also, by 1918, for local government purposes, under legislation dating from 1889, county boundaries throughout most of Scotland had been redrawn, and detached parishes had become generally historic.

The Representation of the People Act 1918 took account of new local government boundaries in definitions of new constituency boundaries, and the Kinross and Western Perthshire constituency was defined as covering the county of Kinross and the Central, Highland and Western districts of the county of Perth, including the county of Perth burghs of Aberfeldy, Auchterarder, Callander, Crieff, Doune and Dunblane.

1918 boundaries were used also for the general elections of 1922, 1923, 1924, 1929, 1931, 1935 and 1945.

A by-election was held for this seat in 1938 after The Duchess of Atholl resigned her seat in opposition to Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement.

For the 1950 general election, as a result of the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949, the Perth constituency became Perth and East Perthshire, but boundaries were unaltered. 1950 names and boundaries were used also for the general elections of 1951, 1955, 1959, 1964, 1966 and 1970. This also applied to the by-election of late 1963, when newly elected prime minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home won the seat after renouncing his peerage in order to rejoin the House of Commons.

For the February 1974 general election, as a result of the Second Periodical Review of the Boundary Commission, there were minor alterations to the boundaries of the Kinross and West Perthshire constituency and the Perth and East Perthshire constituency. Kinross and West Perthshire was defined as covering the county of Kinross and the Central, Highland and Western districts of the county of Perth, including the county of Perth burghs of Aberfeldy, Auchterarder, Callander, Crieff, Doune, Dunblane and Pitlochry.

February 1974 boundaries were used also in the general elections of October 1974 and 1979.

In 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, counties and burghs throughout Scotland had been abolished in favour of regions and districts and islands council areas. The county of Kinross and most of the county of Perth had been merged into the Tayside region. The burghs of Callander, Doune, and Dunblane in the county of Perth, the Perth parish of Muckhart and the Western district of the county (except the electoral division of Ardoch) had been merged into the Central region.

New constituency boundaries, taking account of new local government boundaries, were adopted for the 1983 general election. Constituencies defined to cover the Tayside region included Perth and Kinross, and constituencies designed to cover the Central region included Stirling.

Elections in the 1920s

Elections in the 1930s
General Election 1939–40:

Another General Election was due to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for that election and by autumn 1939, the following candidates had been selected:
 * Unionist: William McNair Snadden
 * Liberal: Mary Isabella MacDonald


text: User talk:83.216.134.114

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:83.216.134.114


text:
Talk:Knowledge of Angels

Fiction
I have reverted, to remove the non-fiction category, because Knowledge of Angels is fiction. CarolGray 20:18, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 04:13, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Knowledge of Angels


text:
Talk:Kaimingjie germ weapon attack

Merge failed
I tried to merge edits from the duplicate page Kaimingye germ Weapon Attack, to this one. The move failed for some reason. Could someone explain how we ended up with two articles with almost identical titles onthe same subject? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:18, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Old Cleanup Archive

 * ''Taken from the old Cleanup entry…Archived by HopeSeekr of xMule (Talk) 15:14, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Kaimingye Disease Weapon Attack - Needs a general cleanup Bluap 14:27, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Phosphine?
The article refers several times to "phosphene" gas - I think "phosphine" is the correct spelling, but I'm happy to have others' input. Prisoner of Zenda (talk) 10:29, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

Translation done
PaintWoodSt (talk) 20:30, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kaimingjie germ weapon attack


text:
Talk:MindPlay

Bias
To me, this article seems to be advertising MindPlay, rather than being an Encyclopedia article on it. I've invited SpikeJones (who created this article) to explain his interest, here or on his talk page, before I edit it to conform to NPOV. --me_and 20:20, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

I see how you could interpret the article/info as an advertisement, but it was not intended as such. It *is* one new casino technology used to track 'cheaters'. Recent news articles in Wired Magazine, USA Today, and Casino Player magazine... along with it being featured on a recent episode of The Takedown on CourtTV was my inspiration, if you'll call it that. Perhaps a better place for this info would be on a "casino technology" page where all sorts of different techs could be added, such as RFID in the casino chips or perhaps added to the eye in the sky page instead? SpikeJones 03:50, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

I've tried to neutralize the article a bit, mentioning card counter's objections and efforts to rid casinos of MindPlay. Hope this helps. Realkyhick 07:28, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It does come across as much more balanced now. I think it could be untagged. Spindrift 12:22, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

the proposed deletion
I removed the prod template as this article does represent a real product that has been covered in mainstream press (as cited in article, WIRED magazine and USAToday). The format/text of the article may need to be addressed, as others have mentioned in earlier discussions - but that by itself is not a reason to PROD or Speedy Delete a page. SpikeJones (talk) 04:17, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:MindPlay


text:
Direct reference theory

A referential theory of meaning (also called direct reference theory or referential realism) is a theory of language that claims that the meaning of a word or expression lies in what it points out in the world. Ex, The word tree may have an exterior meaning from the one always intended , that is , tree can be translated into different form of meaning .The object denoted by a word is called its referent. Criticisms of this position are often associated with Ludwig Wittgenstein.

In the 19th century, mathematician and philosopher Gottlob Frege argued against it, and contrasted it with mediated reference theory. In 1953, with his Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein argued against referentialism, famously saying that "the meaning of a word is its use." Direct reference theory is a position typically associated with logical positivism and analytical philosophy. Logical positivist philosophers in particular have significantly devoted their efforts in countering positions of the like of Wittgenstein's, and they aim at creating a "perfectly descriptive language" purified from ambiguities and confusions.

John Stuart Mill
The philosopher John Stuart Mill was one of the earliest modern advocates of a direct reference theory beginning in 1843. In his A System of Logic Mill introduced a distinction between what he called "connotation" and "denotation". Connotation is a relation between a name (singular or general) and one or more attributes. For example, 'widow' denotes widows and connotes the attributes of being female, and of having been married to someone now dead. If a name is connotative, it denotes what it denotes in virtue of object or objects having the attributes the name connotes. Connotation thus determines denotation. The same object can, on the other hand, be denoted with several names with different connotations. A name can have connotation but no denotation. Connotation of a name, if it has one, can be taken to be its meaning in Mill.

In contrast to proper names, most individual concrete names, in Mill's opinion, are not connotative. Proper names, then, have no significance. On the other hand, all general phrases are connotative in Mill's view. Overall, Mill's argument is quite similar to the description theory of reference, with the exception of his view on proper names.

Bertrand Russell
Saul Kripke, a proponent of direct reference theory, in his Naming and Necessity dubbed mediated reference theory the "Frege–Russell view" and criticized it (see below). Subsequent scholarship refuted the claim that Bertrand Russell's views on reference theory were the same as Gottlob Frege's, since Russell was also a proponent of direct reference theory.

Saul Kripke
Saul Kripke defended direct reference theory when applied to proper names. Kripke claims that proper names do not have any "senses" at all, because senses only offer contingent facts about things. Ruth Barcan Marcus advanced a theory of direct reference for proper names at a symposium in which Quine and Kripke were participants: published in Synthese, 1961 with Discussion in Synthese 1962. She called directly referring proper names "tags" (see tag theory of names). Kripke urged such a theory in 1971 and thereafter. He called such directly referring proper names "rigid designators".

Kripke articulated this view using the formal apparatus of possible worlds. The possible worlds thought-experiment first takes the subject, and then tries to imagine the subject in other possible worlds. Taking George W. Bush, for example. First (1) the thought-experiment must state that the name "George W. Bush" is the name used to describe the particular individual man that is typically meant. Then (2), the experimenter must imagine the possible states of affairs that reality could have been - where Bush was not president, or went into a different career, was never born at all, etc. When this is done, it becomes obvious that the phrase "President of the United States in 2004" does not necessarily describe George W. Bush, because it is not necessarily true in all possible worlds; it only contingently describes him. By contrast, for instance, the word "apple" will always describe the same things across all possible worlds, because of premise (1). So use of the word "apple" to describe apples is true in all possible worlds.

Terms that are true across all possible worlds in this way are called "rigid designators".

title: Direct reference theory


text:
Cryptocarya

Cryptocarya is a genus of about 360 species of flowering plants in the laurel family, Lauraceae. Most species are trees, occasionally shrubs, distributed through the Neotropical, Afrotropical, Indomalayan, and Australasian realms. Most plants in the genus Cryptocarya have leaves arranged alternately along the stems, small flowers with 6 tepals, stamens in 2 rows, the inner row alternating with staminodes, and the fruit is a drupe.

Description
Plants in the genus Cryptocarya are trees, occasionally shrubs, the leaves usually arranged alternately along the branches. The leaves are petiolate and pinnately-veined. The flowers are arranged in cymes, racemes or panicles in leaf axils usually at the ends of branches and often appearing as if on the ends of the branches. The flowers have both male and female parts, with 6 tepals usually erect as the flower opens, and 9 stamens in 2 rows, the inner row of 3 alternating with staminodes. The ovary is sessile, usually with an inconspicuous stigma and the fruit is an elliptic to spherical, fleshy drupe, containing a single seed.

Taxonomy
The genus Cryptocarya was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. The genus name Cryptocarya means 'hidden nut', referring to the fruit that is hidden by the tepals.

In a recent generic classification of Lauraceae based on DNA sequence, Cryptocarya was found to be part of a strongly supported clade that also includes Beilschmiedia, Potameia, Endiandra and Endiandra.

Species list
See List of Cryptocarya species.

Distribution
Species of Cryptocarya are found in some parts of South America, southern Africa, Madagascar, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Japan, New Guinea and Australia.

Uses
The leaves of C. woodii have been found in prehistoric settlements in Africa and are believed to have been used for insect control.

Essential oil is commercially harvested from Cryptocarya agathophylla (formerly Ravensara aromatica), a tree native to the lowland rainforests of eastern Madagascar. Known as ravensara oil, it is used for aromatherapy in Europe and America.

title: Cryptocarya


text: Category:Islamic eschatology

title: Category:Islamic eschatology


text:
Danny Rubinstein

Daniel "Danny" Rubinstein (born 1937) is an Israeli journalist and author. He previously worked for Haaretz, where he was an Arab affairs analyst and a member of the editorial board.

Biography
Rubinstein was born in Jerusalem in 1937. He grew up in Neveh Bezalel, a small neighborhood between Nahlaot and the city center. He majored in Middle Eastern studies and sociology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

In 1967, during the Six-Day War, Rubinstein was a reserve soldier in a Jerusalem reconnaissance unit led by Yossi Langotsky. This unit was the first to cross the cease-fire line into the Jordanian-controlled West Bank.

He lives in Jerusalem's Beit Hakerem neighborhood.

Journalism career
From 1967 to 1990, Rubinstein worked as a columnist and Jerusalem bureau chief for the now-defunct newspaper Davar. From 1990 to 2008, he worked for Haaretz, where he was a member of the editorial board. He wrote regular columns on the Arab–Israeli conflict and Palestinian affairs. He now writes a weekly column on the Palestinian economy for Calcalist, an Israeli business daily published by Yediot Ahronoth.

Rubinstein teaches at the Department of Middle East history at Ben-Gurion University in Beersheba and has published several books.

Controversy
In 2007, Rubinstein described Israel as an "apartheid state" at the UN-sponsored International Conference of Civil Society in Support of Israeli–Palestinian Peace. In response, the Zionist Federation of Great Britain cancelled his scheduled appearance at an event sponsored by the Federation. Its chairman, Andrew Balcombe said: "Criticism of Israeli policy is acceptable. However, by using the word 'apartheid' in a UN conference held at the European Parliament, Danny Rubinstein encourages the demonization of Israel and the Jewish people." At an event sponsored by the New Israel Fund, Rubinstein was not apologetic: "People do use the word 'apartheid' in my circles. My newspaper increasingly uses that word. This is nothing new."

Published works

 * Camp David 2000 (2002)
 * The Mystery of Arafat (1995)
 * People of Nowhere (1991)

title: Danny Rubinstein


text:
Nenad Jestrović

Nenad Jestrović (Serbian Cyrillic: Ненад Јестровић; born 9 May 1976) is a Serbian former professional footballer who played as a forward.

Club career
Jestrović started his playing career with Radnički Obrenovac in the early 1990s. He then played for OFK Beograd in the First League of FR Yugoslavia, before moving abroad for the first time in the summer of 1997. Jestrović spent three years in France, representing SC Bastia (1997–1998) and Metz (1998–2000). He then moved to Belgian club Mouscron, having a lot of success in the 2000–01 season.

Jestrović spent the best years of his career at Anderlecht (2001–2005), becoming the Belgian First Division top scorer in the 2004–05 season. He made a total of 80 league appearances and scored 55 goals, before leaving the Brussels club in January 2006. Jestrović then spent a year and a half in the United Arab Emirates, playing for Al Ain and Al Nasr.

Jestrović also became the Serbian SuperLiga top scorer in the 2007–08 season while playing for Red Star Belgrade. He split his last season between Turkish club Kocaelispor (2008) and his former club Metz (2009), before retiring in the summer of 2009.

International career
At international level, Jestrović represented Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2005, making 12 appearances and scoring five goals.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Serbia and Montenegro's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Jestrović goal.

Honours
Individual
 * Serbian SuperLiga top scorer: 2007–08

title: Nenad Jestrović


text:
User:Lethe/supremum

proof that a poset X has least upper bound property iff it has the greatest lower bound property
Let L be the set of all lower bounds of the nonempty subset S of X. If L is nonempty, then any element of S is an upper bound of L, and so L has a supremum, let it be λ.

Firstly, note that every upper and lower bound of any set S is comparable to every element of S (by definition). Thus the supremum and infimum of S, being members of the set of upper and lower bounds, respectively, are comparable to every element of S.

Thus the supremum of L is comparable to every element of L, and since every element of L is comparable to every element of S, and since comparability is transitive, the supremum of L is comparable to every element of S.

Now ∀s∈S, λ ≤ s. For suppose not. Then ∃s such that λ>s, since λ is comparable to S. Then ∀ℓ∈L, s ≥ℓ because all ℓ are lower bounds of S, and so s is a smaller upper bound of L than λ, contradicting that λ is a supremum, so we must have λ≤s. Thus λ is a lower bound of S.

Finally, suppose μ is another lower bound of S. Then μ∈L and therefore λ, being the supremum of L, is greater than μ.

So λ is the infimum of S. If S has a lower bound, then it has a greatest lower bound.

title: User:Lethe/supremum


text:
Category:Domesticated plants

 * Domesticated plants — plant species cultivated by humans in agriculture and forestry, and in horticulture and gardening.
 * They can be grown—cultivated for:
 * Aesthetic uses — ornamental plants and trees in gardens and parks, craft materials (eg: basketmaking, indigenous clothing), and decoration (eg: floristry).
 * Consumption uses — food crops (for humans and/or domesticated animals), byproducts (eg: syrups), and herbs and spices.
 * Healing uses — traditional medicines and medical drugs; and psychoactive entheogens in religious, shamanic, or spiritual contexts.
 * Raw materials uses — biofuel, lumber and other building materials, packaging, and components/ingredients in other products and items.

title: Category:Domesticated plants


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oxford University Walking Club

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:44, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Oxford University Walking Club
Non-notable student organisation. I was in walking club at uni too, and these guys do exist, but they are simply not notable. Dunc|☺ 20:23, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  21:00, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. --Scimitar 21:13, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dcarrano 21:15, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable student club. JamesBurns 07:08, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete clicking on this link represents 3 seconds of my life that I will never get back. Youngamerican 15:22, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Ullmann reaction

The Ullmann reaction or Ullmann coupling, named after Fritz Ullmann, couples two aryl or alkyl groups with the help of copper. The reaction was first reported by Ullmann and his student Bielecki in 1901. It has been later shown that palladium and nickel can also be effectively used.

Aryl-Aryl bond formation is a fundamental tool in modern organic synthesis, with applications spanning natural product synthesis, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and the development of commercial dyes and polyaromatics. With over a century of history, the Ullmann reaction has been one of the first to use a transition metal, primarily copper, in its higher oxidation states. Despite the significant implications of biaryl coupling in industries, the Ullmann reaction was plagued by a number of problems in its early development. However, in modern times the Ullmann reaction has revived interest due to several advantages of copper over other catalytic metals.

Mechanism
The reaction mechanism of the Ullmann reaction has been extensively studied. Electron spin resonance rules out a radical intermediate. This was confirmed in a set of experiments performed in 2008 by Hartwig and co-workers. The oxidative addition / reductive elimination sequence observed with palladium catalysts is unlikely for copper because copper(III) is rarely observed. The reaction likely involves the formation of an organocopper compound (RCuX) which reacts with the other aryl reactant in a nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Alternative mechanisms have been proposed such as σ-bond metathesis. The simplified mechanism shown below is generally accepted.

Scope
Fritz Ullmann and his student Bielecki were the first to report the reaction. This groundbreaking result was the first to show that a transition metal could help perform an aryl carbon-carbon bond formation.

A typical example of classic Ullmann biaryl coupling is the conversion of ortho-chloronitrobenzene into 2,2'-dinitrobiphenyl with a copper - bronze alloy.
 * 2 C6H4(NO2)Cl + 2 Cu  ->  (C6H4(NO2))2  +  2 CuCl

The reaction has been applied to fairly elaborate substrates.
 * Ullmann example.svg

The traditional version of the Ullmann reaction requires stoichimoetric equivalents of copper, harsh reaction conditions, and the reaction has a reputation for erratic yields. The traditional Ullmann reaction thus had poor atom economy and produced toxic CuI. Because of these problems many improvements and alternative procedures have been introduced.

The classical Ullmann reaction is limited to electron deficient aryl halides (hence the example of 2-nitrophenyl chloride above) and requires harsh reaction conditions. Modern variants of the Ullman reaction employing palladium and nickel have widened the substrate scope of the reaction and rendered reaction conditions more mild. Yields are generally still moderate, however. In organic synthesis this reaction is often replaced by palladium coupling reactions such as the Heck reaction, the Hiyama coupling, and the Sonogashira coupling.

Biphenylenes had been obtained before with reasonable yields using 2,2-diiodobiphenyl or 2,2-diiodobiphenylonium ion as starting material.

 * Ullmann biphenyl synthesis.svg

Closure of 5-membered rings is more facile, but larger rings have also been made using this approach.

 * Ring close sonogashira.jpg
 * Modern developments also include the use of heterogeneous copper catalysts and nanoparticles. These are highly desirable as the catalyst can be easily separated from the products, reducing waste and cost. In the case of copper nanoparticles, the catalytic activity depended on its size and the formation of aggregates.
 * Modern developments also include the use of heterogeneous copper catalysts and nanoparticles. These are highly desirable as the catalyst can be easily separated from the products, reducing waste and cost. In the case of copper nanoparticles, the catalytic activity depended on its size and the formation of aggregates.
 * Modern developments also include the use of heterogeneous copper catalysts and nanoparticles. These are highly desirable as the catalyst can be easily separated from the products, reducing waste and cost. In the case of copper nanoparticles, the catalytic activity depended on its size and the formation of aggregates.

Bidentate ligands for Ullmann Coupling
Around the year 2000, various bidentate ligands were found to improve the efficieny of the Ullmann reaction. Bidentate ligands allow for milder reaction conditions and higher functional group tolerance. They included amino acids, oxines, Schiff bases, and many other O-O or N-N bidentates. These initial bidentate systems elevated the practicality of Ullmann reactions but it still had drawbacks. High loadings of copper and ligand were required and activation of the notoriously difficult aryl-chloride was still not possible. These problems were solved in 2015 with the design of special oxalic diamine ligands, making the Ullmann reaction viable for industrial application.

Unsymmetric and asymmetric couplings
Ullmann synthesis of biaryl compounds can be used to generate chiral products from chiral reactants. Nelson and collaborators worked on the synthesis of asymmetric biaryl compounds and obtained the thermodynamically controlled product.

The diastereomeric ratio of the products is enhanced with bulkier R groups in the auxiliary oxazoline group.

Unsymmetrical Ullmann reactions are rarely pursued but have been achieved when one of the two coupling components is in excess.

Imidazole Ullmann reaction
The Ullmann reaction is limited to electron-deficient aryl halides and requires harsh reaction conditions. In organic synthesis this reaction is often replaced by palladium coupling reactions such as the Heck reaction, the Hiyama coupling, and the Sonogashira coupling

In a variation of the Ullmann reaction, β-bromostyrene is reacted with imidazole in an ionic liquid such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate to give an N-styrylimidazole. The reaction requires L proline in addition to copper iodide as catalyst.

Industrial Applications
Aqueous Ullmann reactions have been used on the pilot plant scale.

title: Ullmann reaction


text:
Miass (river)

The Miass (Мейәс, Meyäs) is a river on the eastern side of the Ural Mountains in Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk Oblast and Kurgan Oblast, Russia. It is a right tributary of the Iset, part of the Irtysh basin. It is 149 km long, and has a drainage basin of 13700 km2. The cities Chelyabinsk and Miass are located on the river.

title: Miass (river)


text:
Talk:Caloric theory

Significance in the philosophy of science
I would like to remove this section of the article because it seems to be based solely on a reference in Changs paper to Lauden. In Laudens paper however, the caloric theory is only part of a list of many examples (he even concludes his list with "This list, which could be be extended ad nauseam..." (his italics)). Because of that, and because in the actual article on scientific realism caloric theory isn't mentioned, I feel that this section doesn't belong in an article about the history of caloric theory. Any thoughts on this? --Wijnand 09:46, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree I think that the best thing would be to move the text wholesale to scientific realism and maintain the link then leave it to a wp:cleanup in that article. Cutler 18:11, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I've moved the section to scientific realism and added a cleanup tag. -- Wijnand 08:53, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Pulse equation?
What is the "Sir Isaac Newton’s pulse equation" cited in the text? I don't know and it's not easy to find very much on the web about the "pulse equation". Maybe there are different names for this equation that are more used?--Pokipsy76 16:28, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm puzzled too and posted the question on Talk:Isaac Newton but to no avail. It does seem such an obscure term but I'm sure, from context, that it is refering to the speed of sound in a gas. Cutler 19:18, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know either, but agree with Cutler based on the context. Wijnand 10:49, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Incorrect definition of heat?
This article concludes: In this way, the caloric theory was absorbed into the annals of physics, and evolved into modern thermodynamics, in which heat is the kinetic energy of molecules. To my limited understanding this is an incorrect statement and in direct contrast with the article on heat within Wikipedia. Temperature is the kinetic energy of molecules, heat refers to a thermal energy transfer that can be kinetic, but it can also be caused by other phenomena such as radiation. Could someone with grater experts in this field pleas clarify this to me and amend the concluding paragraph of the main article if need be.

Thank you

Chopo

Very incorrect definition of heat
Heat is energy transfer, it should not be confused with internal energy, or a part of it. Heat is not a state function of the system, it is process dependent. Somebody should fix that definition. Because as it is, it's still tied to the caloric theory.

Terrible section under "Successes"
I've removed a section from "Successes" that is poorly written, has incorrect science, and most importantly, is not an extension of caloric theory and therefore cannot be considered a success:

Original caloric theory worked with an image of a continuous fluid. In quantum mechanical context, some aspects of discreteness extend the picture, for example, in the study of crystals in modern solid-state physics. Lattice vibrations of crystals, which are formally equivalent (but not identical) to some thermal energy, are quantized, and consequently have wave-particle duality. The particle representation of a lattice vibration is called a phonon, by analogy with the photon. Note that the concepts of heat and mechanical vibration, which are often confused due to their similarity, show fundamental differences in spectroscopy and other physical phenomena.

^^

While lattice vibrations of crystals are certianly related to heat, they are not quantized, they do *not* exhibit wave-particle duality, they are not analogous to photons in any sense at all, and the remainder of this section is non-pedagogical.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.239.5.169 (talk) 07:12, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caloric theory


text:
Luigi Pieroni

Luigi Pieroni (born 8 September 1980) is a Belgian football manager and former player who is assistant manager of Raja CA. A forward, he played in Belgium and France. At international level, he represented the Belgium national team.

Playing career
Pieroni was born in Liège, Belgium. He finished the 2003–04 Belgian First Division season as topscorer with 28 goals while he was playing for R.E. Mouscron. He previously played with R.F.C. Liégeois, Auxerre and was loaned out to Lens and Anderlecht while he was under contract with the FC Nantes. In 2008, he signed with Valenciennes and in 2010 he returned to Belgium, where he signed with K.A.A. Gent. After a two-year stint with Standard Liège, he signed a contract with French Ligue 2 club AC Arles-Avignon on 19 July 2011. His playing career came to a halt in the end of the 2012–13 season when he retired at the age of 32 due to a long time Phlebitis.

Coaching career
In March 2016 it was announced, that Pieroni had returned to Standard Liège and should be working as a forward coach for the club's academy, scout for the first team and also as assistant manager for the reserve team.

Pieroni left Standard in the summer 2019, to become the assistant manager of his former teammate, Christophe Grégoire, at Royal Football Club Seraing.

After promotion to the Jupiler Pro League in 2021, Luigi Pieroni left Seraing to train the U16 youth of KAA Gent, following head coach Emilio Ferrera who became head of youth at Gent.

On 16 November 2021, it was reported that Pieroni had quit the U16 of Gent to become the assistant of Marc Wilmots at Raja CA.

Personal life
He has a son, Gianluca born on 4 January 2007.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Belgium's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Pieroni goal.

title: Luigi Pieroni


text:
LNCaP

LNCaP cells are a cell line of human cells commonly used in the field of oncology. LNCaP cells are androgen-sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma cells derived from the left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis from a 50-year-old caucasian male in 1977. They are adherent epithelial cells growing in aggregates and as single cells.

One major obstacle to conducting the most clinically relevant prostate cancer (PCa) research has been the lack of cell lines that closely mimic human disease progression. Two hallmarks of metastatic human prostate cancer include the shift of aggressive PCa from androgen-sensitivity to an Androgen Insensitive (AI) state, and the propensity of PCa to metastasize to bone. Although the generation of AI cell lines has been quite successful as demonstrated in the “classic” cell lines DU145 and PC3, the behavior of these cells in bone does not fully mimic clinical human disease. It is well established that human PCa bone metastasis form osteoblastic lesions rather than osteolytic lesions seen in other cancers like breast cancer. Similarly, PC-3 and DU145 cells form osteolytic tumors. To develop an AI-PCa cell model that more closely mimics clinical disease, LNCaP sublines have been generated to provide the most clinically relevant tissue culture tools to date.

History
The LNCaP (Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate) cell line was established from a metastatic lesion of human prostatic adenocarcinoma. The LNCaP cells grow readily in vitro (up to 8 x 105 cells/sq cm; doubling time, 60 hr), form clones and are highly resistant to human fibroblast interferon. LNCaP cells have a modal chromosome number of 76 to 91, indicative of a human male karyotype with several marker chromosomes. The malignant properties of LNCaP cells are maintained in athymic nude mice which develop tumors at the injection site and show a similar doubling time in vivo.

High-affinity specific androgen and estrogen receptors are present in the cytosol and nuclear fractions. The LNCaP line is hormonally responsive, shown by in vitro 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone modulation of cell growth and acid phosphatase production. LNCaP cells also express Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). In vivo, Male mice develop tumors earlier and at a greater frequency than do females and hormonal manipulations show that the frequency of tumor development correlates with serum androgen levels. The rate of the tumor growth, however, is independent of the gender or hormonal status of the host.

C4/C5 and C4-2
Wu et al. (1994) reproduced the human-derived LNCaP tumors in immunocompromised mice by co-injection of LNCaP cells with MS human bone fibroblasts. Cells were subcutaneously injected at multiple sites into the mouse flank and after approximately 4 weeks of growth, tumors were easily detectable by physical examination and had a high rate of growth (17-33 mm3/day).

To replicate the hallmark shift of PCa cells to AI, LNCaP host mice were castrated by way of midscrotal incision at approximately 8 weeks post injection. Tumors were maintained in castrated hosts for 4 to 5 weeks at which time remaining tumors were harvested. In total, two subsets of cells were collected from castrated hosts: C4 and C5, collected at 4 and 5 weeks respectively.

To further select for AI-PCa cells, the C4 subline was co-injected with MS human fibroblasts into a castrated host. The resulting tumors were isolated and an additional subline was generated, C4-2.

Karyotype comparisons indicate that LNCaP cells grown in intact hosts (M subline) have a modal chromosomal distribution number of 83, C4 and C5 sublines with 85, and the C4-2 subline with 83.

To further verify that these cells were of human origin karyotype analysis determined that the parental LNCaP cells had 7 distinct marker chromosomes, with two copies of each. The M, C4, C5, and C4-2 sublines contained most of the marker chromosomes, with the M subline being most similar to the parental LNCaP cells. C4, C5 and C4-2 are only minutely distinct from LNCaP and the M subline with the addition of a marker chromosome resulting from a segment addition to chromosome 6. A Y chromosome is not present in most C4, C5 and C4-2 cells, suggesting major chromosomal alterations.

C4, C5, and C4-2 sublines grow well under identical tissue culture conditions as LNCaP with similar growth rates. Parental LNCaP, M, C4, and C5 subline have similar baseline gene expression levels of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) however, M, C4, and C5 sublines express 5-10X more PSA mRNA. M, C4, C5 and C4-2 also expressed reduced human androgen receptor mRNA as expected in AI cells.

Androgen Insensitivity All sublines were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a high-affinity ligand for AR. DHT treatment elicited markedly reduced growth in C4 and C5 cells and no growth in C4-2 cells when compared to the high rate of growth seen in LNCaP cells, suggesting reduced androgen sensitivity in C4 and C5 and AI in C4-2 cells. Whole-cell AR assay also indicated that LNCaP cells have a much higher affinity form of AR (Kd = 159 pM) when compared to C4-2 (Kd = 267 pM).

Tumorigenicity C4 and C5 sublines exhibit greatly increased tumorigenicity when injected in intact male mice, unlike parental LNCaP cells. C4 and C5 were also able to form highly vascularized carcinomas in castrated mice when co-injected with MS human fibroblasts. The C4-2 subline more readily forms tumors in intact hosts than C4 and C5 sublines and they are the only cells able to form tumors in castrated host without co-injection of MS human bone fibroblasts. These same C4-2 tumors stained for PSA and secreted high levels of PSA into the growth medium.

C4-2B
To generate a bone metastatic subline, C4-2 cells were orthotopically injected into castrated male mice. These cells formed large primary tumors of the prostate, lymph nodes, as well as osseus tumors. Isolation of these osseus tumors resulted in the C4-2B subline. C4-2B cells were positive for PSA and cytokeratin 8, confirming their prostatic origin. Most importantly, immunohistochemical staining of the C4-2B tumors were positive for osteoblast activity suggesting the induction of osteoblastic tumor formation mirroring the progression of human PCa.

When cultured in a “promineralization medium” that contains ascorbic acid (known to promote skeletal-like ECM formation in osteoblasts) and a source of phosphate (for hydroxyapatite formation), C4-2B cells produce and retain approximately 8x more mineralized calcium than parental LNCaP cells. C4-2B cells also express higher levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG), alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein (BSP), Osteocalcin (OCN), RANKL, and Osteonectin (OSN) mRNA, all of which are highly expressed by osteoblasts. Osteoblast promoter activity is also higher in C4-2B cells when compared to LNCaP, as indicated by Cbfa1 transcription factor expression. Concomitantly, BMP7, a known inducer of Cbfa1, is also more highly expressed in C4-2B cells, further suggesting many osteoblast-like properties.

Androgen Independent Variants
LN95 cells were derived from LNCaP cultured in RPMI-1640 (without phenol red) with 10% charcoal stripped fetal bovine serum. LN95 cells differ from parental LNCaP cells morphologically, with pronounced dendritic extensions, and molecularly, with Androgen receptor variant expression similar to that of AR-V7High VCaP cells. Notably, LN95 cells are significantly more tumour initiating than their parental counterparts in vivo.

LNCaP-AI (or LN-AI) cells were derived from 6-Month culture of LNCaP parental cells in charcoal stripped serum. While LNCaP-AI are wholly androgen independent, they retain high expression of Androgen receptor, low expression of AR-V7, and remain androgen responsive. The mechanism of the highly proliferative phenotype of LNCaP-AI cells appears to be loss of cell cycle regulator expression (p21, p16) and increased anti-apoptotic Bcl2 expression.

title: LNCaP


text:
Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja

Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja (ÍBV) is an Icelandic multi-sports district association from Vestmannaeyjar off the south coast of Iceland. It was founded in 1903 as Knattspyrnufélag Vestmannaeyja by Björgúlfur Ólafsson, military doctor for the Dutch army. It was soon renamed to Knattspyrnufélag Vestmannaeyja (KV) and then to Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja (ÍBV) héraðssamband in 1945. ÍBV played as KV in the first Icelandic first league tournament in 1912.

There have been formed several association entities with the ÍBV name to manage various of sports. ÍBV-Íþróttafélag was founded in 1996 to manage football and handball when the youth team clubs Þór and Týr, that where subbrands to KV and then ÍBV for the youth coaching only, where merged. Sundfélag ÍBV was founded in 1977 to manage swimming. Körfuknattleiksfélag ÍBV is association founded around basketball in 1995 after 9 basketball less years at the youth club Týr. Blakfélag ÍBV and Frjálsíþróttafélag ÍBV are younger association entities that also use the name from the sport district association in Vestmannaeyjar as identity.

Men's football
ÍBV men's football team has won the Icelandic championship three times, in 1979, 1997 and 1998. It currently plays in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild karla.

Women's football
ÍBV women's football team has played in the top-tier Úrvalsdeild kvenna since 2011. It has won the Icelandic Cup twice, in 2004 and 2017.

Men's handball
ÍBV men's handball team won the national championship in 2014 and 2018. On 24 December 2018, the team's goalkeeper, Kolbeinn Aron Arnarson, died at his home at the age of 29.

Women's handball
ÍBV women's handball team has won the national championship four times, in 2000, 2003, 2004 and 2006.

Honors

 * Division II (2):
 * 1977, 19991

1 As ÍV

Notable coaches

 * 🇺🇸 James Booker 1978

title: Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja


text: User:Marcuse

title: User:Marcuse


text:
Talk:Kaffir (racial term)

=2005=

Merging
dont merge Tobias Conradi (Talk) 20:28, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I split the original Kaffir page into (1) explanation of the historical uses of the word, as synonym of "south African native", and (2) discussion of its current usage in South Africa as an ethnic slur. Part (1) went to a new article South Africa Kaffir people.  Part (2) was merged into this page. My excuse is that it is the same word, used in the two coutries with basically the same disparaging and offensive purposes, only with relatively small differences of usage. Jorge Stolfi 02:16, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Kaffir was no "racial slur". In fact it's used mostly neutral in the literature, which one can check with some effort. However some influential circles tried to get it declared or perceived as an ethnic slur. Obviously for the purpose of sowing discord. --105.12.3.178 (talk) 12:43, 29 November 2018 (UTC)I Agree to the statement that this word is never a racist word. It has a meaning of: "a disbeliever in Devine Entity (Allah) or his prophet(s)". originally it means the covering, and it was used to refer to none believer meaning the one who covers the "Truth"

Coolie used?
I've never heard of a so-called Black who called an Indian a "coolie." The article is a disingenuos pack of lies. 151.201.129.196 17:01, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * My friend from Trinidad says that Blacks refer to East Indians as "coolies" and they in turn refer to black as "niggers" (when they are not in a charitable mood, I suppose). There is a lot of racism between the 2 groups, although it seems to be quite arbitrary - there are many exceptions to the rule.
 * In South Africa Blacks speak about the "Makula", which I think is derived from "Coolie". --41.19.26.20 (talk) 11:39, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

=2006=

Removed history of Jamaican Indian-African ethnic conflict
I removed the following material from the page. Since this page is about the ethnic slur term, keeping the following information here would inevitably look like a highly subjective attempt to justify or apologize for the use of the word. Perhaps this can be moved to some other article, say on the History of Jamaica tree. Jorge Stolfi 02:16, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

South Africa
Corrected the errors in the article as it relates to South Africa:
 * The word kaffir is not only used by white people.
 * The word is used in a South African context to refer to black people. I am unaware of any widepread current or historical use of it to refer to Indian or so-called Coloured people in South Africa; more to the point, the Dictionary of South African English does not appear to be aware of any such use.
 * Whatever the scriptwriter of Gandhi may have written, the word kaffir does not appear in Gandhi's own account of the incident at Pietermaritzburg
 * Gandhi himself used the term quite frequently refering to Blacks Racism of the Early Mahatma Ghandi

Irvin Khosa is a South African soccer administrator. Nicknamed "Iron Duke", he is the chairman of the South African organising committee of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, chairman of the South African Premier Soccer League and vice president of the South African Football Association. He is also owner of glamour South African Premiership side Orlando Pirates.There was recently a lot of controvercy because of his use of the word.--143.160.124.40 (talk) 17:57, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Arthur Kemp is a white supremacist. Hardly the most reliable source.Goingoveredge (talk) 21:02, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Would a race denier or egalitarian be a more reliable source? Well, Arthur Kemp isn't even a White Supremacist, since he's not interested in ruling over Blacks. He simply doesn't want to be in the same political/social system with them. --105.8.193.117 (talk) 22:38, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

 * It is not only black people who find the word highly offensive Humansdorpie 13:06, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It is mainly "white liberals" that do so. The Blacks just copied that.

 * I have no opinion myself (I have never read/heard the word before coming to Wikipedia); however, those claims have been in the article for quite a while. So excuse me for asking: have you lived in South Africa, or is your opinion based only on the sources you listed? All the best, Jorge Stolfi 09:45, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Ola, Jorge, yes - I'm South African. Humansdorpie 10:44, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree with these changes. Also note that there is a huge difference between the words "kaffer, kafir and kaffir." Not many English speaking people understand the correct word used among all races in SOUTH AFRICA refered to as "kaffer." This word is an Afrikaans word like "apartheid" and taken up in the English understanding and some times misundertood. Contributors should not get confuse by the AFRIKAANS word "Kaffer" and belief it has the same meaning as "kafir and kaffir." Coloured people and mainly in the Cape use the word "kaffer" as Afrikaans speaking white South Africans. This word cannot be seen as racist or ethnic slur as not many English speaking people understand the Afrikaans context this word is used in. They try to contribute to this site leading into further confusion due to their lack of the Afrikaans language. They normally generalise towards their English misunderstanding of the word "kaffer" and refer to the term "kafir or kaffir." This may lead to great confusion among white English speaking people whom do not even understand the colored/coloured Afrikaans speaking individuals use of Afrikaans. Generalisation is made to refer to "kaffer" as a racist or offensive word. For most Afrikaans speaking people the word "f u c k" or "O my God" is far more offensive that the comic or racist use of the word "kaffer" when used in the correct context, even among black South Africans. This is typical due to the misunderstanding of English speaking people of the Afrikaans language whom generalise the English meaning of an Afrikaans word. The reference that the use of the word "kaffer" may lead to prosecution is nonsens! This again is a perfect misunderstanding of the Afrikaans langauge and the context the word is used. NO cases of prosecution exist in South Africa for the use of the word "kaffer." The government may be prosecuted first as many name places refering to kaffer stil exist. Not to mention the general reference to kafferwaatlemoen that refers to a type of watermelon. == RV ==

I've reverted the two changes made earlier today. Humansdorpie 18:06, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * That the word "is regarded as the most offensive word you could find" reflects opinion rather than demonstrable fact
 * Use of the word has been actionable in a South African court since at least 1976 (I believe the case was Ciliza -v- Minister of Police and Another 1976 (4) SA 243) although I think Joziboy is quite right to highlight that the number of successful cases seems to have increased dramatically in recent years

 * Those lawsuits should be mentioned in the article. They seem to be far more illuminating than the examples given there. All the best, Jorge Stolfi 13:37, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

197.245.193.183 (talk) 10:47, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

Can someone remove the "Slang" section please. Saying that the shortened version "kaff" is used frequently by young people of the Western Cape is absolute nonsense. I can confirm that as I am one of them.

=2008=

Gandhi
I deleted the reference to the film because the word used was 'sammy' not kaffir. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.144.148.48 (talk) 08:26, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Gandhi used the word kaffir quite frequently. http://www.biblebasedministries.co.uk/2009/03/05/gandhi/ --41.17.4.46 (talk) 12:16, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

Vandalizing Gandhi's own words
Certain editors do not seem to like the fact that Gandhi liberally used the word "Kaffir" and did not like native Africans in South Africa. These editors are bound to vandalize that section on the article by repetitively removing it without discussing why they want it removed. The reason is simple, these facts are from Gandhi's own writings in "Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi", his columns in the Gujarati newspaper of those times, his letters written to British officers in South Africa etc and so cannot be denied. Please do not make wikipedia a place of propaganda and tell us if these words from Gandhi were false. Regards, --Roadahead (talk) 18:27, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The use of "kaffir" by Gandhi has already been mentioned in the lead in this version as per this very reliable source (which Gandhi indeed did do). The sources you're adding (gandhism.net) doesn't count as Reliable given it's advocate is a militant Khalistani terrorist website. The excessive emphasis on Gandhi's use constitute WP:UNDUE, and finally, arguing with a Khalistani terrorist sympathiser is a waste of time, since WP:TIGERS states that we are not required to debate with extremists.Goingoveredge (talk) 19:12, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry, my dear Khalistani friend, but you can't bomb wikipedia as easily as you did Air India Flight 182. The issue here is not whether Gandhi used the term "kaffir" (he obviously did). The issue here is you Khalistani revisionists using wikipedia as a Soapbox to tout your Indophobic and terroristic views, which we can unceremoniously deny. iit's fairly well known that anti-Gandhi attacks are a purview of Khalistani revisionists in the US and Canada, who, despite their declared genocidal hatred for Hindus, have no trouble allying with extremist Hindu outfits like RSS (who were behind Gandhi's assassination) to tout their views under the bogus aegis of "multicultulturalism" (where any ridicilous idea is accepted as fact if it's put forth by a minority).The website in question clearly constitutes WP:FRINGE and is disallowed, regardless of your terroristic whining and moaning.Goingoveredge (talk) 20:37, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I think that that honor will be decided by non-Khalistanis, so you're in trouble there...Goingoveredge (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 21:35, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I think that that honor will be decided by non-Khalistanis, so you're in trouble there...Goingoveredge (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 21:35, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I've added back the bit about Gandhi's use of the term in the article, but in a toned down manner. This certainly deserves a mention in the article, but not an entire section. An entire section titled "Famous personalities to have used racial slur Kaffir" talking about how Gandhi used the term is clearly a case of an editor trying to impose his point-of-view on others. Please see WP:UNDUE, WP:TIGERS and WP:NPOV. utcursch | talk 09:51, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Utcursch, so seems like there was a problem with the title of previous text only? However, I beg to disagree with your conclusion. Is it false that those words are Gandhi's own words from his letters and columns from Indian Opinion newspaper? How is then a Wikipedia contributor guilty of "trying to impose his point-of-view on others" as you say? ..shooting the messenger? Those writings by Gandhi have African people in subject and Gandhi is liberally using the term to describe them in derogatory way. Where does the wikipedia contributor's point of view come into picture? --Roadahead (talk) 17:34, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Ignoring such laughable outbursts, there is one question I'd like to ask Utcursch. Given that scholarly consensus behind Gandhi Behind the Mask of Divinity has dismissed the book as garbage, should it be ccited as a Reliable Source? I think that the indian opinion citations are sufficient to show that Gandhi used the term "Kaffir" to refer to SA blacks.Goingoveredge (talk) 22:40, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a collection of quotes. Try Wikiquote instead (it already contains some quotes that involve the use of the word Kaffir). Just like the Wikipedia article on non-violence or Quit India Movement doesn't contain numerous quotes from Gandhi, this article doesn't need to contain a list of quotes from Gandhi. Please see WP:UNDUE -- including five qoutes from a single person on an article not related to person is clearly pushing your point-of-view.
 * I'm a busy person in real life, and I don't have much energy or time to waste over such childish disputes. Please see Resolving disputes. I've already wasted my Saturday fixing articles on Sikh Rajputs, Kaffir, Gandhi Behind the Mask of Divinity etc., and I don't wish to waste more time over these. utcursch | talk 17:55, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

False attribution
I'll be editing the following line in the current form of the article: "Although used often inoffensively between the 16th and 19th centuries, including being used by Mahatma Gandhi[3], as racial tensions increased in 20th century South Africa, its use became more racially slanderous than just a general word to describe a race of people." Issues: --Roadahead (talk) 18:45, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) . It makes a claim that Gandhi used the word "Kaffir" inoffensively. This claims seems Original Research
 * 2) . then hints attribution to the current citation [3] . This news article does not claim anything like that.

Why dubious
An editor has marked the following piece of information as dubious: "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, during his stay in South Africa, often used the term "Kaffir" to refer to the native Black Africans. For example, he once wrote in Indian Opinion, "The Boer Government insulted the Indians by classing them with the Kaffirs."[3] Many such examples are cited in the book Gandhi Behind the Mask of Divinity, which alleges that Gandhi had a racist attitude towards the Blacks, whom he considered inferior to the Europeans and the Indians."

However, this editor has put no section on the talkpage containing his contentions despite the fact line contains information which is easily verifiable and is well cited. Gandhi's words where he extensively used the word "Kaffir" in derogatory way are present in "Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi" and not just in the book by author G. B. Singh. Another information given by this line above is also very well verifiable that the book contains several such examples. Please do not use wikipedia "dubious" template to mark and delete information within a day. This is not the intention of this tag. I feel the information conveyed by the line you marked dubious is verifiable and accurate. If you still think otherwise, prove this here on the discussion page. Otherwise, the "dubious" tag will be removed. --Roadahead (talk) 19:01, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Please read wikipedia policies regarding Verifiability and Reliable Sources, especially the part about Extremist and fringe sources.Goingoveredge (talk) 19:17, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Organizations and individuals that express views that are widely acknowledged by reliable sources as extremist should be used only as sources about themselves and in articles about themselves or their activities
 * Now read the reviews of this trashy book and draw the correct conclusion.Goingoveredge (talk) 19:19, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * No, I'm "choosing" reviews that reflect scholarly consensus, as opposed to partisan extremist "reviews" made by propagandistic nonentities and militant autodidacts.Goingoveredge (talk) 20:31, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * And YOU are still not "understanding" (sic) that wikipedia is not a Soapbox for Khalistani revisionism from the likes of political propagandists like Ed Towns (who has no academic credentials), or that dentist chap Baldev Singh (who probably has no credentials of any kind). I mean, I am a "Dr" someone too (I have a PhD). can I write up some crap in my blog and have it included on wikipedia as a Reliable Source too? Pleeeease?
 * Wikipedia reflects academic and peer reviewed consensus, which Khalistanis are fundamentally incapable of comprehending, so clearly any debate is useless and they can be treated as run-of-the-mill internet trolls with a revisionist agenda to push.Goingoveredge (talk) 20:53, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * And YOU are still not "understanding" (sic) that wikipedia is not a Soapbox for Khalistani revisionism from the likes of political propagandists like Ed Towns (who has no academic credentials), or that dentist chap Baldev Singh (who probably has no credentials of any kind). I mean, I am a "Dr" someone too (I have a PhD). can I write up some crap in my blog and have it included on wikipedia as a Reliable Source too? Pleeeease?
 * Wikipedia reflects academic and peer reviewed consensus, which Khalistanis are fundamentally incapable of comprehending, so clearly any debate is useless and they can be treated as run-of-the-mill internet trolls with a revisionist agenda to push.Goingoveredge (talk) 20:53, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not talking about Xavier but about Manfred Steger, an accredited historian. On wikipedia, his analysis carries precedence over a random fellow with no real credentials or propensity for critical thought (a common affliction among Khalistani revisionists).Goingoveredge (talk) 22:44, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Nonsense. The fact that Gandhi had anti-Black views is not in dispute here (the Indian opinion article clearly demonstrates that). The issue here is the Notability of an unscholarly and non peer-reviewed work by a khalistani radical that ahs been almost universally panned in the academia, though it's been supported by Khalistani neo-fascists.Goingoveredge (talk) 23:29, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Nonsense. The fact that Gandhi had anti-Black views is not in dispute here (the Indian opinion article clearly demonstrates that). The issue here is the Notability of an unscholarly and non peer-reviewed work by a khalistani radical that ahs been almost universally panned in the academia, though it's been supported by Khalistani neo-fascists.Goingoveredge (talk) 23:29, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Nonsense. The fact that Gandhi had anti-Black views is not in dispute here (the Indian opinion article clearly demonstrates that). The issue here is the Notability of an unscholarly and non peer-reviewed work by a khalistani radical that ahs been almost universally panned in the academia, though it's been supported by Khalistani neo-fascists.Goingoveredge (talk) 23:29, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

=2009=

Concerns about the recent additions to the page
I have some concerns about the massive recent additions to the page. I've already reverted it once and it has been added back, so I'm here on the talk page to stave off an edit war.
 * Some of the changes read as highly POV. Examples (note that these particular statements aren't sourced):
 * "For many years, the term kaffir was used as a general derogatory reference to a dump [sic] and idiotic black person not believing in a god"
 * "The word is still used but as a general reference to black people, that lead to discrimination against whites after 1994 when apartheid was demolished in South Africa"
 * "When the word is used by a white person it may refer to a dump [sic] idiotic black person that discriminate against the white individual. In this context the word is not racist at all but a reference to a type of individual's behaviour."
 * "There is no reference to hate speech in this context, but may be seen as hate speech depending on the uninformed English speaking person"

 * The changes are poorly sourced. Many whole paragraphs are unsourced, and the sources that are there don't necessarily back up the statements that they are supposed to support, which makes it look like much of the new text is original research and published material that advances a position.  For example:
 * The statement "Today it may be considered a form of hate speech but is not necessarily considered a form of hate speech as it depends on the context and race of the individual using the word" is sourced by an essay that takes issue with the fact that the word "kaffer" was left out of a recent dictionary, but doesn't say anything about whether or not it is considered hate speech. The essay doesn't mention hate speech at all.
 * The statement "This is also referred to as reverse discrimination or affirmative action and the term "kaffer" is mainly use today in this context" is sourced by a reference to the National Organization for Women's Origins of Affirmative Action page, which doesn't mention the word "kaffer" or refer to South Africa at all, and also explains why NOW doesn't think that the term "reverse discrimination" is entirely legitimate.
 * The entire Modern use section is sourced by a single reference to urbandictionary.com, which is hardly a reliable source. This section is an entirely new addition.  The source listed for the statement "use of the word among colored people sometimes referred to as hotnot" is also urbandictionary.com.

I suspect from the comments on my talk page by the user who made these changes that it will turn into an edit war if I make any drastic changes myself to the article, but is there a consensus here to remove most or all of the new additions? It's possible that the user who wrote this has some good points that could be integrated into the article (if reliably sourced, of course), but I really don't think the article should be allowed to stand as it is. --Dawn Bard (talk) 16:13, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Aside from the problems above, the additions have some real grammar and style problems.
 * Dawn Bard, I agree. The material recently added is mostly nonsenese - as well as being unsourced POV, it is barely English. I am cleaning up the article now. --hippo43 (talk) 00:46, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I propose we merge Kaffir (ethnic slur) with Kaffir (historical usage in southern Africa). Both articles are about the same word, and address different periods of its use. For me, we should have one article with sections covering Etymology, Usage in various periods and countries, and the Current meaning. See nigger - one article can easily encompass both the history and current use of a word like this. --hippo43 (talk) 02:54, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree - I never really understood why they were separate. As you say, it's easy enough to cover historical and modern usage in the same article.  Dawn Bard (talk) 02:55, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * OK, if there are no objections over the next few days I will do it. --hippo43 (talk) 10:12, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Fixed Factual Errors
Under the "[edit] Apartheid-era South Africa" section, it was only alledged by the accused that the victim called him a kafir. It was not found by the court and there was no other supporting evidence of the fact. It should be noted that the intention of Almond Nofomela was to steal from the farmer that alledgedly called him a kafir. All of it is in the cited documents. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.19.76.237 (talk) 19:35, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

Etymology
"Kaffir is derived from the Arabic word kafir" "Kaffir is derived from the 'Boer'" Which is it? The sentence claiming it to be derived from "Boer" is at best marginally literate. I'm removing that sentence on the grounds that it seems unlikely and the already-cited marginal literacy. If whoever believes this to be correct can provide citations (unlikely, as Boer is Dutch for "farmer" and is entirely unrelated to the KFR root), they can put it back in. 174.65.175.154 (talk) 02:13, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

2012
I forgot to clarify a change made: if anybody is wondering, all I did was change the opening paragraph's section's ultimate paragraph's phrase from "In any case..." to "In either case...", as it is grammatically, and semantically, more appropriate.41.160.162.144 (talk) 18:50, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

When?
Re the query in the following, viz.: The works of Richard Hakluyt[4] contains an early[when?] written use of the term in English. He writes: calling them Cafars and Gawars (Ilitterate), which is, infidels or disbelievers.[5]

The passage referenced dates to July 1568 according to the source it derives from. See "The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation", Volume 4, p. 46 (for the quotation), and p. 44 (for its apparent date). Vancouveriensis (talk) 02:20, 16 November 2015 (UTC) By Richard Hakluyt, Edmund Goldsmid

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Pronunciation of "kaffir"
The pronunciation that's given is specifically for British English. To anyone who doesn't already know that, the pronunciation looks like it should be [KAF-uh]. Can someone please point this out through an edit, or change the pronunciation so it isn't just specific to British? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.113.151.63 (talk) 01:54, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

"K word" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect K word. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Jalen Folf  (talk)  19:02, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

London Stock Exchange
In the early 20th century, Kaffirs was a common reference for South African mining shares traded on the LSE. People trading in these shares where called "Kaffir circus" also described in the Dictionary of South African English (here). Although nowdays considered derogative, the term made the headlines of the London Times and other notable newspapers of those days and ought to be mentioned here. Yotwen (talk) 06:45, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kaffir (racial term)


text:
Koha (software)

Koha is an open-source integrated library system (ILS), used world-wide by public, school and special libraries, but also in some larger academic libraries. The name comes from a Māori term for a gift or donation.

Features
Koha is a web-based ILS, with a SQL database (MariaDB or MySQL preferred) back end with cataloguing data stored in MARC and accessible via Z39.50 or SRU. The user interface is very configurable and adaptable and has been translated into many languages. Koha has most of the features that would be expected in an ILS, including:
 * Various Web 2.0 facilities like tagging, comment, social sharing and RSS feeds
 * Union catalog facility
 * Customizable search
 * Online circulation
 * Bar code printing
 * Patron card creation
 * Report generation
 * Patron self registration form through OPAC

History
Koha was created in 1999 by Katipo Communications for the Horowhenua Library Trust in New Zealand, and the first installation went live in January 2000.

From 2000, companies started providing commercial support for Koha, building to more than 50 today.

In 2001, Paul Poulain (of Marseille, France) began adding many new features to Koha, most significantly support for multiple languages. By 2010, Koha has been translated from its original English into French, Chinese, Arabic and several other languages. Support for the cataloguing and search standards MARC and Z39.50 was added in 2002 and later sponsored by the Athens County Public Libraries. Poulain co-founded BibLibre in 2007.

In 2005, an Ohio-based company, Metavore, Inc., trading as LibLime, was established to support Koha and added many new features, including support for Zebra sponsored by the Crawford County Federated Library System. Zebra support increased the speed of searches as well as improving scalability to support tens of millions of bibliographic records.

In 2007 a group of libraries in Vermont began testing the use of Koha for Vermont libraries. At first a separate implementation was created for each library. Then the Vermont Organization of Koha Automated Libraries (VOKAL) was organized to create one database to be used by libraries. This database was rolled out in 2011. Fifty-seven libraries have chosen to adopt Koha and moved to the shared production environment hosted and supported by ByWater Solutions. Another consortium of libraries in Vermont, the Catamount Library Network has also adopted Koha (also hosted by ByWater Solutions). Previously automated Vermont libraries used software from Follett, or other commercial software vendors.

In 2010 the King's Fund, supported by PTFS Europe, completed their migration to Koha after an extensive feasibility study.

In 2011 the Spanish Ministry of Culture began maintenance of KOBLI, a tailored version of Koha based on an earlier report. The project was concluded in 2018.

In 2014 the Ministry of Culture (Turkey) started to use Koha–Devinim in 1,136 public libraries with more than 17 million items and around 2 million active users. Specialized libraries such as music libraries have adopted Koha because its open-source nature offers easier customization for their particular use cases.

A 2017 Library Technology Reports article claimed that Koha "holds the position as the most widely implemented open source integrated library system (ILS) in the world". According to ohloh (now OpenHub), in 2019 Koha had a "[v]ery large, active development team" and a "[m]ature, well-established codebase", with hundreds of contributors and over 20 monthly contributors each month from 2011 to 2019.

Dispute with LibLime / PTFS
In 2009 a dispute arose between LibLime and other members of the Koha community. The dispute centred on LibLime's apparent reluctance to be inclusive with the content of the sites and the non-contribution of software patches back to the community. A number of participants declared that they believed that LibLime had forked the software and the community. A separate web presence, source code repository and community was established. The fork continued after March 2010, when LibLime was purchased by PTFS.

In November 2011, LibLime announced they had been granted a provisional trademark on the use of the name koha in New Zealand by Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand. The Koha community and Catalyst IT Ltd (NZ) successfully appealed against the provisional trademark grant, with a decision handed down in December 2013 and with LibLime to pay costs.

Releases
Koha releases follow a regular, calendar based, pattern with monthly maintenance releases and bi-annual feature releases.

Each Koha release has a version number that consists of the year and month number of the release.

Awards

 * 2000 winner of the Not for Profit section of the 2000 Interactive New Zealand Awards
 * 2000 winner of the LIANZA / 3M Award for Innovation in Libraries
 * 2003 winner of the public organisation section of the Les Trophées du Libre
 * 2004 winner Use of IT in a Not-for-Profit Organisation Computerworld Excellence Awards
 * 2014 Finalist Open Source Software Project New Zealand Open Source Awards

title: Koha (software)


text:
Porgy and Bess (film)

Porgy and Bess is a 1959 American musical drama film directed by Otto Preminger, and starring Sidney Poitier and Dorothy Dandridge in the titular roles. It is based on the 1935 opera Porgy and Bess by George Gershwin, DuBose Heyward and Ira Gershwin, in turn based on Heyward's 1925 novel Porgy, as well as Heyward's subsequent 1927 non-musical stage adaptation, co-written with his wife Dorothy. The film's screenplay, which turned the operatic recitatives into spoken dialogue, was very closely based on the opera and was written by N. Richard Nash. In 2011, the film was chosen for inclusion in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress.

The project was the last for Samuel Goldwyn. Due to its controversial subject matter, the film was shown only briefly following its initial reserved seat engagements in major cities, where it drew mixed reviews from critics. Two months after its release, Goldwyn grudgingly conceded "No one is waiting breathlessly for my next picture."

The film was unavailable on home video for years, and has been described as the "Holy Grail of "lost films." One of the few complete copies of the film was shown in 2007, 2010 and 2019.

Plot
Set in the early 1900s in the fictional Catfish Row section of Charleston, South Carolina, which serves as home to a black fishing community, the story focuses on the title characters: crippled beggar Porgy, who travels about in a goat-drawn cart, and the drug-addicted Bess, who lives with stevedore Crown, the local bully. While high on cocaine supplied by Sportin' Life, Crown kills Robbins after the latter vanquishes him in a craps game; Bess urges Crown to flee. Sportin' Life suggests she accompany him to New York City, an offer Bess declines. She seeks refuge with her neighbors, all of whom refuse to help her. Porgy finally agrees to let her stay with him.

Bess and Porgy settle into domestic life together and soon fall in love. Just before a church picnic on Kittiwah Island, Sportin' Life once again approaches Bess, but Porgy warns him to leave her alone. Bess wishes to stay with Porgy, since he cannot attend the picnic because of his disability, but he urges her to go. After the picnic ends, and before Bess can leave, Crown, who has been hiding in the woods on the island, confronts her. She initially struggles to resist him but Crown rapes her. The others, not knowing just what has happened, leave and return to the mainland.

Two days later, Bess returns to Catfish Row in a state of delirium. When she recovers, she remembers what happened. Feeling that she betrayed Porgy, she begs his forgiveness. She admits she is unable to resist Crown and asks Porgy to protect her from him. Crown eventually returns to claim his woman, and when he draws his knife, Porgy strangles him. He is detained by the police merely to identify the body, but Sportin' Life, who has fed Bess cocaine, convinces her Porgy inadvertently will reveal himself to be the murderer. In her drugged state, she finally accepts his offer to take her to New York. When Porgy returns and discovers she is gone, he sets off to find her.

Development
The original 1935 Broadway production of Porgy and Bess closed after only 124 performances. A 1942 revival, stripped of all recitative, fared slightly better, as did a subsequent national tour and another revival in 1953, but in financial terms, the work did not have a very good track record. Still, there were many who thought it had potential as a film. Otto Preminger was one of several producers, including Hal Wallis, Louis B. Mayer, Dore Schary, Anatole Litvak, Joseph L. Mankiewicz and Harry Cohn, who had tried to secure the film rights without success. Cohn even wanted to cast Fred Astaire, Al Jolson and Rita Hayworth, and have them perform in blackface, something to which the Gershwin estate vehemently opposed. For 25 years, Ira Gershwin had resisted all offers, certain that his brother's work would be "debased" by Hollywood. Finally, on May 8, 1957, he sold the rights to Samuel Goldwyn for $600,000 as a down payment against 10% of the gross receipts.

When Langston Hughes, Goldwyn's first choice for screenwriter, proved to be unavailable, the producer approached Paul Osborn, Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, Sidney Kingsley, Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, Clifford Odets and Rod Serling, all of whom expressed varying degrees of interest, but cited prior commitments. Goldwyn finally signed N. Richard Nash, who completed a lengthy first draft by December 1957. For director, Goldwyn sought Elia Kazan, Frank Capra and King Vidor without success. He finally settled on Rouben Mamoulian, director of the original Broadway productions of both the play Porgy and its operatic adaptation.

Nash's screenplay changed virtually all of the sung recitative to spoken dialogue, as in the 1942 stage revival. For example, in the original opera, Porgy sings the line "If there weren't no Crown, Bess, if there was only just you and Porgy, what then?", upon which Bess launches into the duet "I Loves You Porgy". In the film, the line is spoken. The recitatives themselves did not have to really be rewritten, because they do not rhyme, while the words in all the songs do.

Casting
Because of its themes of fornication, drug addiction, prostitution, violence and murder, Porgy and Bess proved difficult to cast. Many Black actors felt the story did nothing but perpetuate negative stereotypes. Harry Belafonte thought the role of Porgy was demeaning and declined. So many performers refused to participate that Goldwyn actually considered Jackie Robinson, Sugar Ray Robinson and singer Clyde McPhatter for major roles, disregarding their total lack of acting experience. Only Las Vegas entertainer Sammy Davis Jr. expressed interest in appearing, and arranged to audition for a role during a party at Judy Garland's home. Ira Gershwin's wife Lee was present and, horrified by Davis' vulgarity, implored Goldwyn, "Swear on your life you'll never use him." The producer, who sneeringly called Davis "that monkey," assured her he would not cast him and offered the role of Sportin' Life to Cab Calloway instead. When Calloway declined, Davis had Frank Sinatra and some of his associates pressure Goldwyn, who finally announced to Davis, "The part is yours. Now will you get all these guys off my back?"

Goldwyn offered Sidney Poitier $75,000 to portray Porgy. The actor had serious reservations and initially turned it down, but his agent led Goldwyn to believe she could persuade her client to star. This proved unsuccessful, and Goldwyn threatened to sue the actor for breaching an oral contract. When Poitier realized his refusal to star in Porgy might jeopardize his appearance in the Stanley Kramer film The Defiant Ones, he reconsidered and grudgingly accepted, assuring Goldwyn that he would "do the part to the best of my ability – under the circumstances."

Mezzo Muriel Smith, co-creator (double-cast with soprano Muriel Rahn) of the Broadway title role in Oscar Hammerstein's Carmen Jones, and originator of the role of Bloody Mary in the original London cast of Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific, whose more important movie ghost-singing assignments included dubbing for Zsa Zsa Gabor in John Huston's Moulin Rouge (1952) and for Juanita Hall in the film version of South Pacific (1958), turned down Goldwyn's offer to portray Bess, responding that the work "Doesn't do right by my people." This statement contradicts another that Goldwyn's first and only choice for Bess was Dorothy Dandridge, who accepted the role without enthusiasm. Her Carmen Jones co-stars Pearl Bailey, Brock Peters and Diahann Carroll also accepted roles, but all had concerns about how their characters would be portrayed. Bailey warned costume designer Irene Sharaff that she would not wear any bandannas because she was unwilling to look like Aunt Jemima.

Completing the primary creative team were production designer Oliver Smith, who recently had won the Tony Award for Best Scenic Design for My Fair Lady, and André Previn and Ken Darby, who would supervise the music. Because Poitier could not sing and the score was beyond Dandridge's range, their vocals would be dubbed, and Goldwyn insisted that only black singers could be hired for the task. Leontyne Price, who had portrayed Bess in the 1952 European tour and the acclaimed 1953 Broadway revival, was invited to sing the role on film, but responded, "No body, no voice." Adele Addison and Robert McFerrin eventually were hired, but neither received screen credit.

Music
Despite Goldwyn's intention that the music sound as much like the original opera as possible, he did allow Previn and his team to completely rescore and even change the underscoring heard during the fight scenes and at several other moments, as well as in the overture.

Filming
A full-cast dress rehearsal was scheduled for July 3, 1958, but slightly after 4:00 am, a fire destroyed all of the sets and costumes, at a loss of $2 million. Rumors that the blaze had been started by Black arsonists determined to shut down production immediately began to circulate. Goldwyn publicly denounced this rumor, although studio insiders were certain that the fire had been set deliberately. The production was placed on hiatus for six weeks to allow for reconstruction. During this period, director Mamoulian repeatedly clashed with the producer about every aspect of the film, leading Goldwyn to fire him. William Wyler was willing to step in if Goldwyn could postpone a few months, but the producer opted to replace Mamoulian with Otto Preminger, who had already started preparing both Anatomy of a Murder (1959) and Exodus (1960), but was willing to set them aside for the opportunity to helm Porgy and Bess. Mamoulian was incensed not only that he had been dismissed after eight months of pre-production work, but that he had been replaced by Preminger, who had taken over Laura (1944) when Mamoulian had ignored all of Preminger's directives as producer of that film. Claiming Goldwyn had fired him for "frivolous, spiteful, or dictatorial reasons not pertinent to the director's skill or obligation," he brought his case to the Directors Guild of America, which notified all its members, including Preminger, that they could not enter into a contract with Goldwyn. This prompted the Producers Guild of America to become involved. They insisted Goldwyn had the right to change directors and was not in breach of contract because he had paid Mamoulian in full. When Mamoulian changed tactics and attempted to raise charges of discrimination against Preminger, he lost the support he had managed to gather, and after three weeks, the matter was resolved in favor of Goldwyn. Mamoulian later tried to get credit, but the Screen Directors Guild voted to give sole credit to Preminger.

The change of directors was stressful for Dandridge who, according to her manager, had ended an affair with Preminger when she became pregnant and he insisted she have an abortion. According to the director, he had ended his relationship with the actress because he was neither willing to marry her nor deal with her unstable emotions. In any event, Dandridge was unhappy and lacked self-assurance, especially when the director began to criticize her performance.

Preminger objected to the stylized sets and elaborate costumes - "You've got a two-dollar whore in a two-thousand-dollar dress," he admonished Goldwyn. He also wanted Previn to provide orchestrations favoring jazz rather than symphony, but the producer wanted the film to look and sound as much like the original Broadway production he had admired as possible. He grudgingly agreed to allow the director to film the picnic sequence on Venice Island near Stockton, but for the most part, Preminger felt his creative instincts were stifled. Only in the area of actual filming did he exert complete control by shooting as little extra footage as possible so Goldwyn couldn't tamper with the film once it was completed.

Principal photography ended on December 16, 1958. Columbia executives were unhappy with the film, particularly its downbeat ending, and one suggested it be changed to allow Porgy to walk. Goldwyn, however, was determined it be as faithful to its source, going so far as to insist it be described as an "American folk opera" rather than a "musical" in all advertising.

Theatrical exhibition
Columbia Pictures won a bidding contest for the rights to distribute the film, with Goldwyn retaining approval over advertising and exhibition.

Porgy and Bess opened on a reserved-seat basis at the Warner Theatre in New York City on June 24, 1959, and the Carthay Circle Theater in Los Angeles on July 5. Shortly after opening in Atlanta in early August, its run was cancelled after angering Black viewers, and despite the Atlanta Journal accusing Goldwyn of censoring his own film, Goldwyn pulled the film from several other areas nationwide as well.

In August, it was the fourth highest-grossing film in the United States. It remained in fourth place in September and October and moved up to second in November, before falling to sixth in December and fifth in January 1960. Despite being high up in the box office charts for seven months, it only earned back half its $7 million cost in the United States and Canada.

It was the first English-language musical shown in Germany in its original version with subtitles, rather than the standard practice of dubbing and, despite American musicals generally not doing well in Europe, it was a hit in Germany and Switzerland.

Critical reception
Porgy and Bess received mixed reviews. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote the "most haunting of American musical dramas has been transmitted on the screen in a way that does justice to its values and almost compensates for the long wait...N. Richard Nash has adapted and Otto Preminger has directed a script that fairly bursts with continuous melodrama and the pregnant pressure of human emotions at absolute peaks...Mr. Preminger, with close and taut direction, keeps you keyed up for disaster all the time. To this structure of pictorial color and dramatic vitality, there is added a musical expression that is possibly the best this fine folk opera has ever had. Under André Previn's direction, the score is magnificently played and sung, with some of the most beautiful communication coming from the choral group...To be sure, there are some flaws in this production...But, for the most part, this is a stunning, exciting and moving film, packed with human emotions and cheerful and mournful melodies. It bids fair to be as much a classic on the screen as it is on the stage."

Time observed "Porgy and Bess is only a moderate and intermittent success as a musical show; as an attempt to produce a great work of cinematic art, it is a sometimes ponderous failure...On the stage the show has an intimate, itch-and-scratch-it folksiness that makes even the dull spots endearing. On the colossal Todd-AO screen, Catfish Row covers a territory that looks almost as big as a football field, and the action often feels about as intimate as a line play seen from the second tier. What the actors are saying or singing comes blaring out of a dozen stereophonic loudspeakers in such volume that the spectator almost continually feels trapped in the middle of a cheering section. The worst thing about Goldwyn's Porgy, though, is its cinematic monotony. The film is not so much a motion picture as a photographed opera...Still, there are some good things about the show. Sammy Davis Jr., looking like an absurd Harlemization of Chico Marx, makes a wonderfully silly stinker out of Sportin' Life. The singing is generally good—particularly the comic bits by Pearl Bailey and the ballads by Adele Addison...And the color photography gains a remarkable lushness through the use of filters, though in time...the spectator may get tired of the sensation that he is watching the picture through amber-colored sunglasses."

James Baldwin gave a negative review in his essay "On Catfish Row": "Grandiose, foolish, and heavy with the stale perfume of self-congratulation, the Hollywood-Goldwyn-Preminger production of Porgy and Bess lumbered into the Warner theater...[T]he saddest and most infuriating thing about the Hollywood production of Porgy and Bess is that Mr. Otto Preminger has a great many gifted people in front of his camera and not the remotest notion of what to do with any of them...This event, like everything else in the movie, is so tastelessly overdone, so heavily telegraphed—rolling chords, dark sky, wind, ominous talk about hurricane bells, etc.—that there is really nothing left for the actors to do." Baldwin was also critical of the sincerity of a white man directing black actors: "In the case of a white director called upon to direct a Negro cast, the supposition ceases—with very rare exceptions—to have any validity at all. The director cannot know anything about his company if he knows nothing about the life that produced them...Black people still do not, by and large, tell white people the truth and white people still do not want to hear it."

Television
The film saw network television broadcast only once - Sunday night, March 5, 1967, on ABC-TV (during a week that additionally saw a rebroadcast of a TV adaptation of Brigadoon and the first telecast of Hal Holbrook's one-man show Mark Twain Tonight!).

The film has not been seen in its entirety on network TV since, although clips have been included on some of the American Film Institute specials. It also had multiple presentations during the 1970s on Los Angeles local television, KTLA-TV, Channel 5, an independent station with access to the Goldwyn Studios output, most likely using the special pan and scan 35mm print which was made for the ABC-TV network presentation, as was KTLA-TV's practice.

Unavailability
Goldwyn's rights lease was for only 15 years. Following its expiration, the film was unable to be shown without permission of the Gershwin and Heyward estates, and even then only after substantial compensation was paid. Despite repeated requests, the Gershwin estate refused to grant exhibition permission.

Prints are "beyond rare" and have been called "the holy grail of missing movies". Though bootlegs exist, whether a complete, quality print exists was unknown for a considerable period. In 2017, Michael Strunsky, trustee and executor of the Ira Gershwin Musical Estate, told The Hollywood Reporter that Ira Gershwin and his wife, Leonore, viewed the film as a "piece of shit" and directed Goldwyn to destroy all remaining films 20 years after release, as was their right. However, Michael Feinstein, Ira Gershwin's assistant, denies that this ever happened.

In 2007, the film saw a theatrical showing when, on September 26–27, the Ziegfeld Theatre in midtown-Manhattan presented it in its entirety, complete with overture, intermission and exit music, followed by a discussion with Preminger biographer Foster Hirsch. The film was shown twice in New York in 2010 and again in 2019, when it was described by Hirsch as "virtually a lost film."

A digitized version is available for viewing at the Library of Congress.

Accolades
In 2011, Porgy and Bess was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. The Registry noted the film's production history, a period when "the civil rights movement gained momentum and a number of African-American actors turned down roles they considered demeaning," but that, over time, it was "now considered an 'overlooked masterpiece' by one contemporary scholar".

title: Porgy and Bess (film)