text:
In the Garden of Iden

In the Garden of Iden is a 1997 science fiction novel by American writer Kage Baker. Although it is set entirely in the 16th century, in Spain and England, it is a science fiction story revolving around the activities of a group of immortal cyborgs, individuals who appear human but have been transformed by high technology.

Mendoza is a cyborg, who, like others of her kind, has been rescued from certain death as a small child and turned into an immortal machine, then made to work for "The Company." She loves her work and hates 'mortals'. All that changes when, on her first mission, she encounters love and learns the terrible price she has paid to live forever.

American illustrator Michael Koelsch painted the cover art of Baker's first three novels in The Company series, beginning with In the Garden of Iden.

Plot introduction
This novel is the first in a series about "The Company" and its servants, human and otherwise. The series continues with Sky Coyote, Mendoza in Hollywood, The Graveyard Game, and The Life of the World to Come. The collection Black Projects, White Knights consists of Company stories, and there are allusions in the collection Mother Ægypt and Other Stories.

The story is told by Mendoza, a cyborg botanist. In the introduction, she describes a 24th-century organization called "Dr. Zeus Inc." or simply "The Company". The Company has the secrets of immortality and time travel. Unfortunately the immortality treatment can only be used on young children; and time travel is difficult, expensive, and only possible when going into the past and returning to your own time. History cannot be changed.

Dr. Zeus uses the technology simply to get rich. By travelling far into prehistory, the company creates its own immortal cyborg agents, who then have the mission of preserving cultural artifacts and other valuable items for sale in the 24th century. Usually these items are hidden in safe places, but in the case of extinct species, for instance, they are kept in secret Company caches run by the cyborgs. In the 24th century the Company then 'finds' the long-lost objects and sells them.

The cyborgs are expected to arrive in the 24th century the old-fashioned way, by living through the intervening millennia. On the way, they can create more cyborgs from those who would otherwise die as children.

Explanation of the novel's title
Mendoza and her companions journey to England, to the county Kent estate of Sir Walter Iden, who keeps a collection of exotic plants in a walled garden. Mendoza's job is to take genetic samples. Iden's estate also includes a recreation of the place where Alexander Iden, a Kentish nobleman, captured and killed Jack Cade, a rebel leader during the civil wars in the previous century. Alexander Iden and Jack Cade are both historical figures, as well as being characters in William Shakespeare's play, Henry VI, part 2. The fictional Sir Walter may have purchased both title and estate rather than inheriting them.

Plot summary
Mendoza tells how she is snatched as a child from the Inquisition in Spain, having first been sold by her real parents to some 'noble Christians' who want her for pagan rites, but are instead arrested. In prison she is called Mendoza, after the name used by the pagans. She does not remember ever having a name of her own before that, her parents simply calling her "daughter" (hija in Spanish). She does not even know her family name, or the name of her village. One of the Inquisitors is Joseph, a cyborg, who is able to deliver her to his fellow agents for 'augmentation'.

Fifteen years later she returns to Spain for her first mission. Although she trained as a botanist and wants to go the New World, she has to spend time in Europe on an expedition to England. She finds that the expedition leader is Joseph, the cyborg who saved her. He is about 20,000 years old, having been recruited from the Basque region as a child when his village was massacred. Joseph is a Facilitator, a 'fixer', a top agent. He is also world-weary, cynical and irreverent. His passion is his work, like all the cyborgs, but he also has a deep-seated hatred of religious fanaticism, partly because his parents were killed by a cult, partly because of what he has seen in his long life. The group also includes Nefer, whose specialty is farm animals, and Flavius, a technician.

The mission is to travel to England as part of the entourage of Prince Philip of Spain, who is going to marry Queen Mary. Then they will go to the estate in Kent of Sir Walter Iden, who has been persuaded to let them sample rare plants from his garden. Mendoza is not pleased by all this. She is already deathly afraid of all 'mortals' as she calls them, and is further dismayed by the prospect of going to cold, wet, violent, disease-ridden England.

When they arrive, without Flavius who stays in London, two things quickly change her mind. One is a hedge of Ilex tormentosum, or Julius Caesar's Holly, a plant with tremendous medicinal properties. It is already rare and, in the future, it is extinct. The other is Nicholas Harpole, Sir Walter's secretary. Nicholas is "tall even for an Englishman" and has a horse-like face but is very intelligent and well-educated. She is immediately attracted to him, and Joseph, always on the lookout for an advantage, encourages her to seduce Nicholas. This she does, and settles in for a long stay, having decided that the Garden is full of unusual plants that will take years to catalogue.

Nicholas, it turns out, has a dark past, having been a member of an ecstatic Christian cult that practised sexual freedom. Deciding that the cult leader was simply exploiting his fellows, he broke away and began preaching radical ideas, for which he was arrested and put in chains. Although Nicholas is illegitimate, he had well-connected friends and was freed with the warning to sin no more.

Mendoza also has problems. As she matures, she finds she emits "Crome radiation", a psychic field which can have unpredictable effects on time and space. This is not supposed to be possible for cyborgs, who are screened for such abilities when recruited. (In a later Company story, we learn that Joseph caused the tests to be fudged because otherwise Mendoza would be tortured to death by the Inquisition.)

As the novel progresses, she is increasingly torn by love for Nicholas and the need to lie to him, to play her assigned part. Nicholas himself is suspicious of Mendoza and her companions. Old Sir Walter Iden, having been given rejuvenating treatments by Joseph as payment for their stay, decides to sell the estate and move to London. The entire household is already amazed by his transformation from doddering old man to virile middle-age. Joseph is furious but can do nothing. Then, while the household is being inventoried for the sale, Joseph is damaged in an accident which would have killed a normal human. Though he talks his way out of the immediate situation with his usual skill, he is eventually found out by Nicholas, who sees him doing self-repairs to his internal machinery.

Nicholas, having been prepared to elope with Mendoza, confronts her, believing her to be a devil in human form. She admits that, even in her own eyes, she is no longer human. Nicholas flees the estate.

Later she learns he has returned to preaching in Rochester, and has been condemned to burn by the new Catholic authorities. She runs away herself to Rochester, but is unable to convince him to recant. At this point Joseph appears, having followed Mendoza. His only purpose now is to prevent her becoming a Company renegade. He denounces Nicholas as just another fake messiah who can only lead others to destruction along with himself. He reveals to Nicholas that he has lived many thousands of years and has yet to see anything resembling the Truth that Nicholas and his like preach. Telling Nicholas that "of all the burnings I've witnessed, this is one I will actually enjoy" he takes Mendoza away.

The next morning, they witness Nicholas' death. Returning to the Iden estate, Joseph promises to pull strings and get Mendoza sent to the New World, as she originally wanted.

In the final chapter, Mendoza arrives at New World One in the South American jungle. It is a secret Company base run like a luxury hotel, where the servants are Mayans rescued from sacrifices. She settles into her new air-conditioned existence, with an unknowable future.

Characters

 * Mendoza, the narrator, is a "good machine". She obeys her masters except when her heart, mechanical though it may be, says otherwise.  Mendoza does not actually know her real name, having been addressed only as "daughter" in her family.  The Inquisition calls her Mendoza, the surname of the woman who pretended to be her mother.
 * Joseph, the Facilitator who "recruited" Mendoza for the Company, is an ancient operative, a sly old fox who mistakenly believes the world has no surprises left for him.
 * Nicholas Harpole is a tall, intelligent, devout Englishman with a dark past. He is reputedly the natural son of some unknown noble, raised by foster parents and supplied with a good education by his mysterious father.  Although a man of his time he has unusual ideas which, if shared with the wrong people, are dangerous both to him and to them.  In this he is at least 200 years ahead of his time.  He speaks several languages, both Classical and contemporary.  When not working for Sir Walter he spends his time in intense study, turning the pages of his books with machine-like regularity as he absorbs the text.  He seems superhuman in some respects, more like the Company cyborgs than the people he works for.  As the saga unfolds, Mendoza and Joseph discover how different he really is.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews praised it as "highly impressive and thoroughly engrossing", and "sparkl(ing) with wit". Publishers Weekly found it to be "lively" and an "agreeable read" for fans of time travel stories, with "robust and detailed" characters and setting, but faulted its pacing and its "unusually far-fetched" premise.

title: In the Garden of Iden


text:
John Spencer-Churchill (artist)

John George Spencer-Churchill (31 May 1909 – 23 June 1992) was an English painter, sculptor, and stockbroker who was the nephew of Sir Winston Churchill.

Early life
Spencer-Churchill was the son of John Strange Spencer-Churchill (1880–1947) and Lady Gwendoline Theresa Mary Bertie (1885–1941). His sister Clarissa married Anthony Eden in 1952, becoming Lady Eden in 1954 when he was made a Knight of the Garter, wife of the Prime Minister when Winston Churchill retired in 1955, and later the Countess of Avon in 1961 on his elevation to the peerage.

His paternal grandparents were Lord Randolph Churchill, the third son of the 7th Duke of Marlborough, and his wife, Lady Frances Vane, and Lady Randolph Churchill (née Jennie Jerome), an American who was the daughter of Leonard Jerome, one of the richest and most influential men in New York City in the middle to late 19th century, and a frequent business partner of Cornelius Vanderbilt. Through the Jerome family, he was a cousin of Clare Sheridan, the sculptor. Through his uncle Winston, he was a first cousin of Diana Churchill, Randolph Churchill, Sarah Tuchet-Jesson, Lady Audley, Marigold Churchill, and Mary Soames, Baroness Soames.

His maternal grandparents were Montagu Bertie, 7th Earl of Abingdon and Gwendoline Mary Dormer, the daughter of James Charlemagne Dormer, a British Army officer.

Career
Spencer-Churchill was educated at Harrow School and Pembroke College, Oxford. Following his graduation, he worked for the London stock exchange firm of Vickers da Costa, where his father was a partner.

He was taken under the wing of Sir William Nicholson when he toured Italy aged only twenty-three years. Later he met Bernard Meninsky travelling from Munich to Madrid. He was still there in Malaga during the Spanish Civil War sketching for the Illustrated London News.

He painted for Lady Churchill at Chartwell on many projects, doing murals and friezes that exist today.

He served in the Second World War as a Corps Camouflage Officer, and after returning from Dunkirk, told his uncle personally of the need for small boats to assist in rescuing the troops there. After the war ended, he founded the interior-decorating business George Spencer.

In 1961 he published his memoir, Crowded Canvas. The New York Times described the book as telling the first 50 years of his life, and as for the future, it quoted him stating: "The First Duke of Marlborough was 52 when he fought the Battle of Blenheim. My uncle was 64 when he attained his greatest role. I still have time for the uplands of greater achievement"

Personal life
On 13 May 1934, he married Angela Mary Culme-Seymour (1912–2012) in Portofino, Italy. She was the daughter of Major George Culme-Seymour, who was killed during the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, and Janet Beatrix Orr-Ewing, and the granddaughter of Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, 3rd Baronet. The family lived briefly with the Winston Churchills at Chartwell, before returning to Spain but the marriage did not last long, for Angela formed a relationship with a Frenchman, René Guillet de Chatellus whom she married in 1948. Before their divorce in 1938, they were the parents of:

 * Sarah Cornelia Spencer-Churchill (b. 1935), who married James Colin Crewe (1922–2015), the son of Major James Hugh Hamilton Crewe and Lady Annabel Hungerford Crewe-Milnes, on 19 November 1957; they had a son and two daughters. She married, secondly, John Baring, 7th Baron Ashburton, son of Alexander Baring, 6th Baron Ashburton and Hon. Doris Mary Thérèse Harcourt, in 1987.

In 1941, he married Mary Cookson. After that marriage was dissolved in 1953, he married Mrs. Kathlyn Tandy (d. 1957). After his third wife's death in 1957, he married Lullan (née Janson) Boston in 1958. His fourth marriage was dissolved 1972.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Spencer-Churchill (artist)


text:
Westgate Mall

Westgate Mall or Westgate Shopping Centre may refer to:

Canada

 * Westgate Shopping Centre (Ottawa) in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Kenya

 * Westgate, Nairobi
 * Westgate shopping mall attack, four-day 2013 terrorist attack with at least 67 deaths, resulting in the partial collapse of the mall

Singapore

 * Westgate, Singapore

United Kingdom

 * Westgate, Oxford in Oxford, England
 * Westgate Park Shopping Centre, part of Basildon Town Centre

United States

 * Westgate Center, California
 * Westgate Mall (Amarillo, Texas)
 * Westgate Mall (Pennsylvania)
 * Westgate Mall (Brockton), Massachusetts
 * Westgate Mall (Fairview Park, Ohio)
 * Westgate Mall (Macon, Georgia)
 * Westgate Mall (Spartanburg, South Carolina)
 * Westgate Plaza (Albany, New York)
 * Westgate Mall (Madison)

title: Westgate Mall


text:
Diego de Saavedra Fajardo

Diego de Saavedra Fajardo (May 6, 1584 – 24 August 1648) was a Spanish diplomat and man of letters.

Biography
He was born in Algezares, in what is now the province of Murcia.

After receiving a religious education at Salamanca, he took minor orders, and in 1606 was appointed secretary to Cardinal Gaspar de Borja y Velasco, the Spanish ambassador at Rome.

Although he did not get to receive major orders, he was named canon of Santiago in 1617, which was worth the importunations to him of town hall, since he never attended its position; but he did on the contrary to conclaves who chose the Popes Pope Gregory XV (1621) and Urban VIII (1623). From this date its diplomatic activity did not know rest, because the confidence he had gained of Philip IV of Spain and he was in charge to manage a very important part of his political and diplomatic relations during twenty-five years in Italy, Germany and Switzerland, during the decline of the Spanish political power in Europe.

He was ambassador in Rome (1631) and marched to Bavaria in 1633, territory then at the center of the bloodiest fights of Thirty Years' War. Here, with the position of resident ambassador in the court of Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, leader of the Holy League, he pursued the union of the pro-Habsburg forces with the German Emperor Ferdinand II and with Catholic powers. In this year, the king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden died in the battle of Lützen; this settled down a tense calm only interrupted by the murder of the marshal Wallenstein, head of the armies of Ferdinand II, when his alleged treason in favor of Sweden was discovered (no treason on the part of Wallenstein has ever been proven. This is pure speculation).

In 1634, the battle of Nördlingen took place between the Swedish armies and those of the German empire supported by Spanish troops, the latter being victorious. In 1636, Emperor Ferdinand II died, and Diet of Regensburg took place for the election of his successor, where Saavedra went as representative of Spain. His diplomatic activity intensified when Richelieu declared war to Spain in 1635, and with the successive defeats of the Spanish troops by the French armies. Ultimately he became Spanish plenipotentiary at Regensburg in 1636 and at Münster in 1648.

After the signing of the Treaty of Münster, Saavedra retired into the Madrid convent of the Agustinos Recoletos. Here he died in 1648. He is buried at the Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia.

Works
In 1640, Saavedra published the anti-Machiavellian emblem book ''Empresas Políticas. Idea de un príncipe político cristiano'' ("Political Maxims. Idea of a Christian Political Prince"), a hundred short essays about the education of a prince. This work was written primarily for the son of King Philip IV. It passed through a number of editions and was translated in several languages. An unfinished historical work, entitled Corona gótica, castellana, y austriaca políticamente ilustrada, appeared in 1646. Another work ascribed to Saavedra, the República literaria, was published posthumously in 1670; it is a satirical discussion on some of the leading characters in the ancient and modern world of letters. Saavedra's Idea de un príncipe político cristiano ("The Idea of a Christian political prince", 1640) was a very erudite work that uses the literary sort of emblem, put by Andrea Alciato with his Emblemata translated in 1549 and that has a mainly moral and philosophical character. His work, however, was mainly inspired by the Emblemata política (1618), by Jakob Bruck Angermunt, being the intention of the author to compose a guide for the suitable political formation of a Christian prince. As a historian wrote Corona gótica, castellana y austríaca (1648), that tried to be a biographical repertoire of the Visigothic kings of Spain.

Legacy
A Spanish high school in the Infant Don Juan Manuel neighborhood of Murcia is named after Saavedra. In Algezares, his birthplace town, there is a school with his name. In addition, the main street of the town is also named after him.

Madrid has a street with his name in the 28011 postal code.

title: Diego de Saavedra Fajardo


text:
Talk:Perceptual control theory

Psychotherapy and MOL
Should the information now under "Psychotherapy" be put instead in the separate Wikipedia article on the Method of Levels (with a link from here to there)? --Gary — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gary Cziko (talk • contribs) 21:06, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't think so. PCT Psychotherapy is a more general concept than the Method of Levels. It is possible that a person in therapy will change in more ways than resolving conflicts. For example, a person may learn to perceive differently, want differently, feel differently, and act differently. Changes can take place anywhere in the control loop. --David — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.204.124.231 (talk) 02:44, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

This article look like a commercial. Major editing required. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.130.10.63 (talk) 00:24, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Article is a complete joke. Reads like a horribly written and inaccurate 6th grade textbook. Either needs to be completely edited or deleted. The theory was developed by William T. Powers, "a maverick scientist." AKA hack. He has no institutional affiliation which should be a big red light considering he seems to be the only person backing this theory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.165.249.79 (talk) 05:31, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Actually you are deeply mistaken in this evaluation. Several cyberneticists, behavioral scientists, and theoretical biologists have arrived at similar conclusions albeit stated in different terms -- Ernest Von Glasersfeld, Ludwig Von Bertlanffy, Norbert Weiner, W Ross Ashby, Humberto Maturana, Fransisco Varela, Heinz Von Foerster, Gregory Bateson all of whom were associated with respected institutions and who have written numerous publications in the behavioral and biological among other sciences in numerous scientific journals, not mentioning that they held respectable positions in respectable institutions. A lot of this work has thoroughly been picked up on in sociology, anthropology, and cognitive science, for example in the works of Tim Ingold, Niklas Luhmann, Andy Clarke, Soren Brier, Evan Thompson, among others. It appears as if PCT is an independent formulation of many of the similar ideas of these other researchers, however not likely since they all reference cybernetic notions in some form or another in all of their works. And if you look at the literature Powers actually wrote, you will see him mention some of these names as he compares and contrasts his notions with theirs. His works were also read and appreciated and favorably reviewed by other behavioral scientists, of course not most because he was deeply challenging the behaviorist orthodoxy. It just seems that cybernetics outside of the engineering domain of automatic control systems theory has been ignored by most of mainstream academia in the united states as historically cybernetics was abandoned for more "concrete" research in artificial intelligence and computing. Detailed social histories have been written about this state of affairs by sociologists, which I could find if you are interested in seeing that these ideas are not just the result of a lone "hack" working in isolation. DivisionByZer0 (talk) 09:05, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

 * DivisionByZer0, this is cognitive psychology, not sociology. Your extreme name dropping isn't the slightest bit convincing.  Saying all sorts of bodies of work have related "formulations" of "similar ideas" isn't real evidence.  If you have real evidence that modern psychologists are using Powers' theories--or some salient derivation thereof--in cognitive science, then show that evidence. (Ironically, I actually have some evidence, although weak.)

 * As for the content of the article itself, while Powers and various theoretical descendants may come off as hackish, I recall seeing Powers cited by Michael_Tomasello in a 2005 paper []. I'm not saying this mention legitimizes any of the specific content on this page, but simply that PCT being covered well on Wikipedia, with NPOV, without all this COI, would be generally useful. 76.115.3.200 (talk) 09:27, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Begging to differ, this is presented as a science of the behavior of living things, and in point of fact there is a solid literature on PCT and sociology, e.g. Mc Phail, Clark, The Myth of the Madding Crowd, New York, Aldine de Gruyter, 1991. Cognitive psychology holds that stimuli, mediated by 'cognitive maps', cause behavior—a very different beast. Bn (talk) 19:02, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

Suggestions for improvement
The Cleanup tag gives as reason "The article is difficult to understand". It would help if the person who applied the tag could identify specific sections that are written in an unclear way. Bear in mind that many articles about fields of science are hard for newcomers. Of course good science writing for the lay public aims to overcome this, but the reader is expected and required to do some work. Readers who are expert in some fields may not realize the extent to which they are newcomers to this.

There could be a section on each area of application. These may become substantial enough to merit being split off into a separate article, as with MOL. For example, there should be a section on PCT and sociology, which should be put in relationship with Control_theory_(sociology), and then the disconnected subsection of references to PCT and sociology could be properly handled.

The article Control theory (sociology) has some things that seem a bit garbled to me, quite apart from not mentioning PCT. For example, the paragraph that begins "Control Theory, as developed by Walter Reckless in 1973, states that behavior is caused not by outside stimuli, but by what a person wants most at any given time" concludes with the frankly incoherent sentence "So, basically, if you have strong social bonds to positive influences, deviant behavior is less likely than someone who has no family or friends." Look at the talk page at Talk:Control theory (sociology) to see how a series of three editors started to deal with this a couple of years ago—the last of them deleted a plug for 'choice theory' in October 2009, and they agreed that this Walter Reckless's ideas amount to a Hobbsean "human nature is inherently depraved" approach to criminology which is unrelated to negative feedback control theory.

More needs to be said about the distinction from engineering control theory in the section that has been added for that. A number of articles are related but assert some of the familiar misconceptions about negative feedback control, e.g. lag time. These include Control theory, Feedback controller, and Feedback. Bn (talk) 01:36, 9 January 2011 (UTC) The introduction mentions this distinction, and nothing should be in the introduction unless it is taken up in the main body of the article. Bn (talk) 17:34, 9 September 2012 (UTC) Bn (talk) 04:29, 22 September 2012 (UTC) Bn (talk) 02:01, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

Removing cleanup tag
On 4 February 2006, A cleanup tag was inserted (sans required parameters) by Scm83x. Smackbot added a date in June 2008. On 20 May 2012, IP 68.55.112.31 added the reason "The article is difficult to understand." Because the syntax was not correct it did not display. On the same date, the same IP added and then reverted a further reason "Also, the article lacks sufficient information for the reader to evaluate the level of scientific support for the theory." The edit note says: (Propose content for the mandatory "reason" parameter to the "cleanup" tag. Please feel free to change the "reason".) Recently, I fixed the syntax so we can see the reason displayed. Today, I put a note on the talk page for Scm83x stating intention to remove the tag. (The talk page for the IP says it's a work computer that is blocked for editing until April 17, 2012.) The page has been greatly improved. If there is no objection, I will remove the cleanup tag next week. Bn (talk) 05:49, 26 September 2012 (UTC) [Done.] Bn (talk) 02:07, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

State-of-the-art
This text need objectivity and context.
 * 1) A comparison with other state-of-the-art models on perception
 * 2) If this is a "model" as stated in the introduction, make it specific. What are the model's constituents? What are the model parameters? What is it a model of? Which different variants of the model exist? How can the validity of the model be tested?
 * 3) Use existing terminology, there has been written a lot about sensorimotor prediction to mention one example. This shows also that you know the alternatives (and why they are not good enough)

To the author: Do not see this too much as a criticism. Other cognitive models seems to have the same lack of rigour, as there are a.) global workspace theory (Baars), b.) society of mind (Minsky). See for examples of a little bit more specific models c.) copycat (Hofstadter), and d.) HTM. Also compare with models on the cognitive architectures wiki page. I would recommend to make use of well established notions such as Bayesian networks, Shannon information, entropy, sensorimotor mutual information, free-energy (Friston), empowerment (Klyubin), information-to-go (Polani), etc. Andy (talk) 20:00, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

This article has still not improved. The 'mathematical' section is not worthy of its name. Moreover, it is well known that minimizing error leads to a system that does not exhibit exploration, but only exploitation. Moreover, it eludes me why in this case the reference signal "r" coming from "another part in the organism" is so different from an external signal. If so, it needs to be specified how this signal is generated. For now it really comes across as a crackpot article, worthy only of deletion. Anne van Rossum (talk) 18:11, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Good catch re the vague language about the source of the reference signal. However, you should try to get at least a little exposure to the relevant literature before shouting "crackpot". Bn (talk) 23:08, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

Conflict of Interest
Gary Cziko has personally published papers about PCT, and created much of the content on this page, and edited this page to include links to his papers, to boot. He also created the Method of Levels page. While the lack of NPOV is obvious, this COI might not have been. I don't know a lot about Wikipedia policy, but I'm going to make a good faith assumption that Gary Cziko was just trying to share his knowledge, despite it reading like an advertisement. I will post on his talk page that he really shouldn't be doing this. After a few minutes of reading the COI page, I figure this is the best unofficial course of action on my part. Hopefully a real Wikipedian can include any formalities, like the COI template thingy, if warranted. 76.115.3.200 (talk) 09:27, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

This entire article looks like an advertisement. I just don't have the guts to delete half of it. Some of it obviously has to be removed while other parts have to rephrased. Yelin (talk) 04:55, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I have rewritten the preamble, and included references to the reports of NATO groups of which I have been a member, as well as to a Special Issue on Perceptual Control Theory of the International Journal of Human-Computer Studies of which I was the Editor. Since I did not include evaluative comments on these, I'm not sure whether my mention of them constitutes conflict of interest, so I declare it here. Mmt (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 04:35, 15 May 2010 (UTC).

 * I would have added the references to Cziko's MIT Press books if he hadn't. They are valid, reliable sources. No conflict of interest. That was the original complaint. Nor do I see any conflict in the other references. Nor is there an issue of notability, there are many mainstream references and publications, so it is notable enough for its own article. Mention of PCT within an article about, say, the Skinner box would require reliable sources that recognized the relevance of the one to the other, but notability is not an issue for that sort of cross-inclusion even if this standalone article were challenged on notability grounds (which it is not).

 * Unsigned IP comments tend to have reduced credibility. Please sign your comments. Bn (talk) 16:54, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Non-mathematical?
The opening statement of the article states that PCT is non-mathematical. That's at best misleading, but more likely it's just wrong. While you can understand much of the theory without working through the math, it does have a mathematical basis in control theory (see the appendix in Powers' 1973 book) and the computer simulations are built on that math. Bill Benzon (talk) 18:01, 24 May 2012 (UTC) This has been fixed by reverting an edit of the intro and by adding a mathematical section. Bn (talk) 02:08, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

Maurice Merleau-Ponty
An unsigned IP made this the opening sentence of the History section: Maurice Merleau-Ponty, influenced by the work of Gestalt psychologists, laid the foundations for PCT in his 1942 The Structure of Behavior, although he remains mostly unacknowledged''. This would require citations showing two things:
 * 1) That Merleau-Ponty understood negative feedback control as the explanatory principle for behavior.
 * 2) That his work in fact influenced the development of PCT.

Seeing no evidence for these prerequisites either in the WP article on him or in the literature of PCT, I have removed this passage. If such citations can be provided, we should find an appropriate place to mention him. Bn (talk) 01:09, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

Reverting uninformed tag by anonymous IP
An anonymous IP user inserted an ad tag, with the following edit comment: "This article currently reads as an extended advertisement for a marginal concept that is not accepted by most psychologists."

This is a claim that PCT is a "fringe" topic relative to "mainstream" psychology. A challenge by WP:Fringe applies only in context of WP:Undue when a "fringe" topic is mentioned within an article about a "mainstream" topic. It does not apply to a standalone article on a topic whose notability is unquestioned. If that user wants to challenge the notability of PCT, he or she should please step forward with appropriate discussion here. A cite tag is appropriate to mark passages that seem controversial if they lack cited support from reliable sources.

I am removing the ad tag, awaiting that further discussion.

Bn (talk) 15:43, 12 December 2019 (UTC)

Slate Star Codex RS
user:Greyfell removed a ref to a review by Scott Alexander [last name omitted] on ground that his blog was not a reliable source. It is considered notable by WP standards, as witness the Slate Star Codex article. The content of that article, and of the RS publications on which it is based, indicate that it is widely regarded as a reliable source. Bn (talk) 23:35, 24 November 2020 (UTC)bn

 * No, it is not a reliable source, since per our own article, it is a blog. Blogs fail WP:SPS. It may be "widely regarded" by some readers as reliable, but this is not the same as having a reputation for accuracy and fact checking, which is the base-line standard for WP:RS. It might be usable with clear attribution, but that would generally also require WP:IS coverage indicating why Alexander's personal opinion is encyclopedically significant.  Grayfell (talk) 23:40, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

Original research and neutrality issues
Hello. I originally found this article by reviewing external links to the Slate Star Codex blog, which had a minor spam issues previously. After your revert attracted my attention to it again, I have been looking over it more closely, and I see a number of serious problems.

I preface this by saying that identifying some issues is not an endorsement of the rest of the article, it's merely intended to be a starting point.

The article uses a very positive tone to describe PCT, which fails WP:NPOV. Having the lead imply that this model is efficacious, using terms like "extremely high", "vanishingly rare", using the word solution... these fail WP:TONE and potentially WP:PEACOCK. None of these terms are forbidden, but they need to be evaluated in context, and in context, they are non-neutral.

The first subsection, #The place of purpose (intention) and causation in psychology appears to be original research. Citing a source from 1924 is just one red flag that this section was written by a knowledgeable editor attempting to provide an overview they personally thought would be helpful. Obviously this is a reasonable starting point, but it's not really enough. The issue is that we need to summarize reliable sources in almost all cases. This includes context. For almost all content, sources must directly mention "perceptual control theory" or an uncontested synonym. Any sources which do not use this term should be supported by sources which directly explain the connection to this topic. A very brief summary of background issues based on unrelated sources may be acceptable, but it is never ideal. When background information is necessary, one good solution is to start with links to other Wikipedia articles. Category:Mental processes and Category:Concepts in the philosophy of mind might be helpful.

Also, the title of this subsection is unwieldy, to say the least. Sections should be clear and simple. It will only confuse readers to try and explaining secondary topics like this. This article is not about "the place of purpose (intention) and causation in psychology" nor does PCT have a monopoly on explaining this "purpose". It is therefor not appropriate for the section to bypass other explanations of this based on WP:OR. Start with what reliable, independent, secondary sources are saying about PCT and work backwards.

I could go on, but perhaps this should go to a noticeboard to that other knowledgeable editors can weigh in. Grayfell (talk) 00:36, 25 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I've made a start by subordinating the "place of purpose" discussion within the history section, because it really does have to do with historical roots and does not belong as a kind of preface. 'terms like or replacing "extremely high", "vanishingly rare",' etc. or equivalent can be quoted from RS or cited to passages in them to make clear that they are not the product of some editor's enthusiasm. I've asked others to weigh in. Further developments may be delayed depending on ongoing circumstances.
 * Bn (talk) 19:54, 2 January 2021 (UTC)

Methodology
The section states that "a generative model is built which replicates the data observed for individuals with very high fidelity (0.95 or better)". What is meant with "0.95"? A correlation coefficient? A coefficient of determination? Jwdietrich2 (talk) 10:39, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

More on neutrality issues
I don't usually pay attention to this article, but I just happened to look at the most recent edit by and one sentence in it raised a red flag for me; it says of PCT:
 * Unlike simplifying theories including behaviourism and cognitive psychology it sets out from the concept of circular causality.

A similar claim appears in the lead section:
 * It differs fundamentally from theories of behaviorism and cognitive psychology which model stimuli as causes of behavior (linear causation).

And elsewhere in the article:
 * There follows from this stance the assumption that environmental events (stimuli) cause behavioral actions (responses). This assumption persists in cognitive psychology, which interposes cognitive maps and other postulated information processing between stimulus and response, but otherwise retains the assumption of linear causation from environment to behavior.

All of this seems to be accurately parroting the narrative in the cited article by PCT proponent Richard Marken, but I doubt the narrative is true, because there is cognitive psychology that does not fit this narrative. Even notes the diversity of models as a weakness of cognitive psychology, quoting psychologist John Malone as saying: "there are many, many varieties of cognitive psychology and very little agreement about exactly what may be its domain".

I just did a quick Google search for, and the top result is a 2015 article in Frontiers in Psychology by David Vernon et al. that includes a survey of some cognitive psychologists who use circular causal models such as the work of Lawrence W. Barsalou et al. on situated cognition and embodied cognition, Mark H. Bickhard et al. on interactivism, and others. To see whether this work is reflected in cognitive psychology textbooks, I checked a random textbook, Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications (9th ed.) by John R. Anderson, and it does have a section on the embodied cognition of Barsalou et al. with a quotation from Esther Thelen that begins: "To say that cognition is means that it arises from bodily interactions with the world and is continually meshed with them." The section's summary says: "The embodied cognition perspective emphasizes that meaning is represented in the perceptual and motor systems that we use to interact with the world." Furthermore, Wikipedia's article on embodied cognition has a diagram that clearly shows it as part of cognitive psychology (and other fields): File:The scope of embodied cognition 06.10.2021.png.

It appears to me that the phrases quoted above need to be modified to be more qualified and to indicate exactly which model(s) in cognitive psychology the PCT proponents are against. Otherwise the quoted phrases make false overgeneralizations about current cognitive psychology. In particular, the phrase Unlike simplifying theories including behaviourism and cognitive psychology seems extremely loaded and non-neutral. (As if PCT wasn't a simplifying theory! Of course it is!) Biogeographist (talk) 20:52, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I think you are right. Thanks for pointing out this problem and for rephrasing the problematic parts of the article. Jwdietrich2 (talk) 17:47, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

Notifying, who was the last editor to notice neutrality issues in this article, in case they wish to add feedback. Biogeographist (talk) 20:52, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perceptual control theory


text:
Richard Leech

Richard Leeper McClelland (24 November 1922 – 24 March 2004), known professionally as Richard Leech, was an Irish actor.

Richard Leeper McClelland was born in Dublin, Ireland, the son of Isabella Frances (Leeper) and Herbert Saunderson McClelland, a lawyer. He was educated at Haileybury and Trinity College, Dublin, and qualified as a doctor in 1945. He worked in that profession from 1945–6, then became a full-time actor.

His numerous film credits include The Dam Busters (1955) (playing Dinghy Young), Night of the Demon (1957), Yangtse Incident: The Story of HMS Amethyst (1957), Ice Cold in Alex (1958), Tunes of Glory (1960), Young Winston (1972), Gandhi (1982), and the acclaimed The Shooting Party (1985).

On television Richard Leech appeared in Dickens of London, The Barchester Chronicles, Smiley's People, three episodes of The Avengers in different roles, Redcap, Danger Man, The Doctors, The New Avengers, The Duchess of Duke Street, and starred in a Doctor Who story called The Sun Makers.

He married twice, with Helen Hyslop Uttley and Diane Pearson, and had two children: Sarah-Jane McClelland and Eliza McClelland.

Film

 * The Temptress (1949) (film debut) (uncredited)
 * The Cruel Sea (1953) as Sailor (uncredited)
 * Lease of Life (1954) as Carter
 * Children Galore (1955) as Harry Bunnion
 * The Prisoner (1955) as Minor Role (uncredited)
 * The Dam Busters (1955) as Squadron Leader H. M. Young, D.F.C.
 * The Feminine Touch (1956) as Casualty Doctor
 * It's Never Too Late (1956) as John Hammond
 * The Long Arm (1956) as 'Nightwatchman' / Gilson
 * The Iron Petticoat (1956) as Alex
 * Time Without Pity (1957) as Proprietor of Espresso Bar (uncredited)
 * The Good Companions (1957) as Ridvers
 * Yangtse Incident (1957) as Lt. Strain RN
 * These Dangerous Years (1957) as Captain Brewster
 * The Birthday Present (1957) as Hawkins (uncredited)
 * Night of the Demon (1957) as Inspector Mottram
 * Gideon's Day (1958) as Minor Role
 * The Moonraker (1958) as Henry Strangeways
 * The Wind Cannot Read (1958) as Hobson
 * Ice Cold in Alex (1958) as Captain Crosbie
 * A Night to Remember (1958) as First Officer William Murdoch
 * Dublin Nightmare (1958) as Steve Lawlor
 * The Horse's Mouth (1958) as Hodges (uncredited)
 * A Lady Mislaid (1958) as George
 * Tunes of Glory (1960) as Captain Alec Rattray
 * The Terror of the Tongs (1961) as Insp. Bob Dean
 * I Thank a Fool (1962) as Irish Doctor
 * The Wild and the Willing (1962) as Police Inspector
 * The War Lover (1962) as Murika
 * Ricochet (1963) as Alan Phipps
 * The Cracksman (1963) as Detective Sergeant
 * The Flood (1963) as Alec Weathersfield
 * Walk a Tightrope (1964) as Doug Randle
 * Life at the Top (1965) as Doctor
 * The Fighting Prince of Donegal (1966) as Phelim O'Toole
 * The Railway Children (1970) as Doctor (voice)
 * Young Winston (1972) as Moore
 * Got It Made (1974) as Dr. Allen
 * The Mirror Crack'd (1980) as Director of Photography (uncredited)
 * Gandhi (1982) as Brigadier
 * Champions (1984) as Beck
 * The Shooting Party (1985) as Dr. West
 * A Handful of Dust (1988) as Doctor (final film role)

Television

 * The Third Man (1960) as Inspector Workington
 * One Step Beyond (1961) as Orderly
 * The Avengers (1962-1967) as Various Roles
 * Danger Man (1965) as Colonel Montes
 * Dixon of Dock Green (1965) as Major Summers
 * The Saint (1967) as Stewart
 * The Gathering Storm (1974) as Admiral Pound
 * Edward the Seventh (1975) as Sir Charles Dilke
 * Doctor Who (1977) as Gatherer Hade
 * I Remember Nelson (1982) as Country Gentleman

title: Richard Leech


text:
Untold Tales of Spider-Man

Untold Tales of Spider-Man is an American comic book series starring Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics for 26 issues (#1–25, with a #-1 issue (July 1997) added between issues #22 (June 1997) and 23 (August 1997)) and two Annuals (Annual '96 and Annual '97) from September 1995 to October 1997. The series was preceded by three Spider-Man flashback stories in Amazing Fantasy #16-18 (December 1995-March 1996). In February 1999, a one-shot issue called Untold Tales of Spider-Man: Strange Encounter was published. Finally, The Amazing Spider-Man Annual #37 (2010) featured another interconnected story that ended the series.

The series was part of an experiment for Marvel, where they published a number of new titles for only 99 cents in the hopes that they would attract new, young readers who might have been put off by the then-U.S.$1.50/$1.95 standard prices for comic books at the time. Uniquely among those titles, Untold Tales of Spider-Man presented new stories set in the early days of Spider-Man's superhero career.

The series was primarily written by Kurt Busiek and penciled by Pat Olliffe, though Roger Stern, Tom DeFalco, Glenn Greenberg (writing under the pseudonym "G.L. Lawrence"), and Ron Frenz also contributed.

title: Untold Tales of Spider-Man


text: File:Wonder Woman - Crosby.jpg

title: File:Wonder Woman - Crosby.jpg


text:
Bruce Tanner

Bruce Matthew Tanner (born December 9, 1961) is an American former professional baseball player, coach and current scout. He played as a pitcher in Major League Baseball. As of 2016, he was listed as a Major League scout by the Detroit Tigers, working out of his home city of New Castle. Tanner attended Florida State University; he stood 6 ft tall and weighed 220 lb during his active career.

He is the son of the late Chuck Tanner, who played all or parts of eight seasons in Major League Baseball (1955–62) and managed in the Majors for 19 seasons (1970–88) for the Chicago White Sox, Oakland Athletics, Pittsburgh Pirates and Atlanta Braves.

Playing career
Born in New Castle, Pennsylvania, Tanner was selected by the White Sox in the fourth round of the 1983 Major League Baseball draft and was in his third season in the ChiSox farm system when he was recalled from the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons. In his Major League debut on June 12, 1985, he started against the Seattle Mariners at the Kingdome. Going 6$2⁄3$ innings, he allowed only two runs, both earned, on seven hits and two walks and received credit for the 6–3 victory. In his next starting assignment, six days later at Comiskey Park, Tanner allowed only one earned run and four hits in five innings pitched against the Oakland Athletics. He left the game with the White Sox leading, 3–1, but did not receive credit for a decision. His debut start on June 12 would account for his only MLB win.

Tanner was treated roughly in his third start by the California Angels on June 23, a loss in which he was knocked out of the game in the second inning. In his fourth and final start, June 28 against the Minnesota Twins, he turned in a better performance, but was still charged with the defeat in a 5–4 Minnesota victory. His final six big-league games would be as a relief pitcher. In ten MLB games and 27 innings pitched, he allowed 34 hits and 13 walks, with nine strikeouts. He returned to the minor leagues in 1986 and pitched through 1989.

Coaching career
After retiring as a player, he spent the 1990s as a minor league pitching coach for several teams before becoming the bullpen coach for the Pittsburgh Pirates before the 2001 season, a position he held through the 2005 season. In 2006, he served as Pitching Coach for the Williamsport Crosscutters, one of the Pirates' minor league affiliates. In 2007, he took a job as the Detroit Tigers advance scout. In October 2008, he was promoted to the position of Major League Scout, one of five that are employed by the Detroit Tigers.

title: Bruce Tanner


text:
User talk:Richardco

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 21:09, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

Speedy deletion of Martin Webber
A tag has been placed on Martin Webber requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Master of Puppets Care to share?  00:00, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of Richard Collings for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Richard Collings is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Richard Collings until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. j⚛e deckertalk 01:31, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Richardco


text: Category:Swiss singers

title: Category:Swiss singers


text:
Spalding University

Spalding University is a private Catholic university in Louisville, Kentucky. It is affiliated with the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth.

History
Spalding University traces its origins to Nazareth Academy, one of the oldest educational institution west of the Alleghenies. Nazareth Academy was founded in 1814 by the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth and was located in Nelson County near Bardstown, Kentucky. Spalding was named after Mother Catherine Spalding, foundress of the Sisters.

In 1829 the legislature of the Commonwealth of Kentucky granted the school a charter allowing the school to confer degrees. In 1920, the Sisters opened Nazareth College in Louisville, Kentucky's first, four-year, Catholic college for women. The former campus renamed as the Nazareth Junior College at the same time but was eventually folded into the main campus in Louisville in 1940. The Louisville and Nazareth campuses merged. In 1961, Nazareth College split into two separate schools, Nazareth College at Nazareth and Catherine Spalding College, before reuniting into one institution in 1969, Spalding College. Two years later, in 1971, all instructional activity was moved to the Louisville campus. In 1973, Spalding College became co-educational and an independent college in the Catholic tradition open to students of all faiths and backgrounds. In 1984, Spalding College became Spalding University.

In 2017 Spalding was censured by the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) for terminating the employment of a faculty member without, in the AAUP's opinion, respecting faculty rights and academic freedoms.

Academics
Spalding offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in the areas of business, health sciences, natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, and education.

Location and facilities
Located in downtown Louisville, Spalding University's urban campus is located between the main business/government district of the city and Old Louisville in an area referred to as the South of Broadway (SoBro) neighborhood.

851 mansion
When Spalding University, originally called Nazareth College, opened in 1920, its sole building was the 1871 structure known as the Tompkins-Buchanan-Rankin House. This Italianate building was designed and built by architect Henry Whitestone for the family of Joseph T. Tompkins, a wealthy dry-goods merchant and importer. Later, the Buchanans and Rankins lived here. George C. Buchanan was a distiller who aspired to make the mansion one of the greatest in Louisville, and had it redecorated in 1880. Although the facade of this Italianate structure has disappeared, the north and south sides of the original building are visible; on the north are three deeply projecting bay windows, and on the south, a two-story loggia. In 1918 the residence was vacant, so the Sisters of Nazareth purchased it for $75,000 as the site of the college they planned to open in Louisville. The fact that this house is one door north of Presentation Academy, also operated by the Sisters, was fortunate.

As successive owners occupied the mansion, they added such treasures as a hand-tooled leather ceiling from Florence for one parlor, ebony mantels, and a large hand-carved hat-rack, which Mr. Buchanan purchased at the New Orleans Exposition. The stained glass of the mansion is one of its outstanding features. When Dr. John Coolidge, one-time Director of Harvard's Fogg Art Museum, visited Louisville, he said that Spalding University had the most marvelous display of nineteenth-century stained glass he had ever seen.

Erected in 1942, the Administration Building, which was attached to the front wall of the 1871 building, fills not only the space of the two lots north of the original building but also that of the former terrace in front of the mansion. The old stained glass street number, 851, no longer faces the street, but it still gleams brightly in the passageway between the newer building and the old Whitestone mansion.

In December 1973 the mansion was designated a Kentucky Landmark. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in April 1977.

Today, the Mansion and the complex it forms with its adjoining wings are used primarily for academic and faculty offices and classrooms. In addition to all of the College of Education's programs, the academic units based in the Mansion are business, liberal studies, creative and professional writing, psychology, communication and criminal justice studies.

Spalding's Center for Behavioral Health, a nonprofit public clinic supported and staffed by the School of Professional Psychology, is located in the east wing of the complex, and Spalding's Center of Peace and Spiritual Renewal is located on the top floor of the central Mansion. Mass is still held every Tuesday in the Mansion chapel.

The primary administrative operations of Spalding University no longer are housed in the Mansion and now are based in the Egan Leadership Center (901 S. Fourth St.), where the office of admissions, most student services and the academic deans are located, and the Third Street Academic Center (845 S. Fourth St.), where the offices of the president and provost exist, as well as the finance, institutional effectiveness, human resources and advancement/fundraising departments.

Egan Leadership Center
The Egan Leadership Center is located at 901 South Fourth Street and is named after Spalding's former president, Sister Eileen Egan. Sister Egan served the university for 25 years until her retirement in 1994. Containing over 33000 sqft on three floors, the building houses a 125-seat lectorium and the university bookstore on the first level. The second and third floors house student services offices, such as admissions, the office of the registrar, financial aid, advising and student development and campus life.

Teilhard Hall
Home of the Spalding art department, with studio classrooms and individual studios offered to students participating in the program.

Morrison Hall
Originally opened in 1961, the residence formerly known as Our Lady of Louisville Hall only housed 116 students. An addition was constructed and opened in 1968 bumping the total occupancy to 350 residents. In 1970 the hall was renamed in honor of Sister Charles Mary Morrison who served as registrar and Dean from 1925 to 1950. The building currently houses undergraduate and graduate students in 165 dormitory-style rooms on the north side of the building and shares the south side with the Kentucky College of Art and Design (KyCAD).

Spalding Suites
The Spalding Suites opened in the fall of 2011 and are designed as apartment-style living for students who choose to live on campus. The Suites were designed for true community living as all residents share a common living room, kitchen and bathroom within their suite.

Residents can choose to live in a private bedroom within an 8-person suite, a double bedroom within an 8-person suite or a double bedroom within a 4-person suite. Bedrooms come equipped with a standard twin size bed, desk and chair, cable box, and wardrobe. All bedrooms have windows and blinds and a private lock.

Columbia Gym and connection to Muhammad Ali
The building at 824 S. Fourth St. is the home of Spalding's men's and women's basketball and women's volleyball teams, as well as the Golden Eagles' NCAA Division III athletic department. It is also famous as the location where Louisvillian Muhammad Ali was introduced to boxing as a young boy in 1954. At that time, the boxing gym in the lower level of the building was called the Columbia Gym. The lower level of the building is now the site of Spalding's student fitness center, lounge and health clinic as well as the athletic department offices. The first level includes the basketball/volleyball courts as well as a 700-seat auditorium. An upper level includes a ballroom that is used for campus events.

The building's name was changed from Spalding University Center to Columbia Gym on January 17, 2018, in honor of Ali's history there. The renaming took place on what would have been Ali's 76th birthday. The introduction of Ali (then Clay) to boxing at Columbia Gym was serendipitous and has become a key part of Ali lore. He stopped by the building for a Louisville Service Club event that was occurring upstairs and offered free snacks. He parked his red Schwinn bicycle out front while he went inside, and when he came back out, it had been stolen. An irate Clay was told out to report the theft to a local police officer named Joe Martin, who was on site because he also happened to run the Columbia Gym and train young boxers. Clay informed Martin that his bike had been stolen and said he planned to beat up the thief. Martin replied to Clay that if he wanted to do that, he better learn to fight first, leading him to try boxing.

In honor of Ali and Martin's encounter, a replica red bike now hangs over the front entrance of Columbia Gym.

In 1963 Spalding University purchased the former Columbia Auditorium for use in administrative, recreational, athletic, religious, and cultural events, including public lectures by notable public figures. The auditorium seats about 700 people in its main floor and balcony.

The building was designed by Louisville architect Thomas J. Nolan in 1925 in a classic style in accordance with Vignola. The external walls are of Bedford limestone with buff brick trim. Interior floors and staircases are marble. The Knights of Columbus commissioned the building to serve as a center for their many activities.

After the economic depression of 1929, the Knights of Columbus could not maintain it, so it was used by other groups. During World War II it was a service club for military personnel. It was also used by the Louisville Orchestra in that group's early days. Perhaps the best-known use of the gymnasium in the building was the housing of Golden Gloves Boxing events during the 1950s. It was there that Cassius Clay (later Muhammad Ali) trained as a teenager.

Rankings
In 2022–23, Spalding College was ranked #76 (tie) in the Regional Universities South category by U.S. News & World Report.

Spalding University was ranked the fifth best college in Kentucky by CollegeChoice in 2021, the ninth best college in Kentucky by Niche in 2024, and #298 in National Universities by U.S. News & World Report in 2021. In 2020, Spalding was ranked fifth best college with non-traditional schedules by College Raptor.

Athletics
Spalding athletic teams are the Golden Eagles. The university is a member of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SLIAC) since the 2009–10 academic year. They have become NCAA Division III full members since the 2012–13 school year. The Golden Eagles previously competed as an NCAA D-III Independent from 2007–08 to 2008–09; and in the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC; now known as the River States Conference (RSC) since the 2016–17 school year) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1992–93 to 2006–07.

Spalding competes in 15 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball.

About 30 percent of Spalding's undergraduate students participate in varsity sports. Spalding's athletic director is Brian Clinard.

Mascot and nickname
In 2006, Spalding changed the name of its athletic nickname from Pelicans to Golden Eagles via a selection committee that included student input. The Golden Eagle was picked because it embodies strength, courage and strong vision. The image of the Pelican, which embodies peace, justice, service and spiritual values, remains on the university's official seal. In 2018, Spalding unveiled its first official Golden Eagle mascot, a blue-and-gold bird named Ollie, as selected by a campus-wide vote.

Notable alumni
• Elmer Lucille Allen, ceramic artist and chemist

• Tony Bennett, Florida Commissioner of Education (2013–2014)

• Beverly Chester-Burton (born 1963), politician

• Susan-Sojourna Collier, screenwriter and playwright

• Foust, artist, writer, and cartoonist

• Holly Gleason, music critic, songwriter, and music industry consultant

• Joey Goebel, fiction author

• Robert X. Golphin, actor and filmmaker

• Richard Goodman, nonfiction writer

• Ed Hamilton, sculptor of public works and honored in 2020 as Louisvillian of the Year

• Mary C. Harper, educator and member of the Kentucky House of Representatives (2002–2006)

• Vilma G. Holland, Puerto Rican visual artist

• Silas House, novelist

• Katrina Kittle, novelist

• Tori Murden McClure, first woman and the first American to row solo across the Atlantic Ocean and current president of Spalding University

• Richard Newman, poet and author

• David Allen Patterson, professor, researcher, author, and Native American advocate

• Mary Pendleton, diplomat and the first American Ambassador to Moldova (1992–1995)

• Lois Ann Pfiester, phycologist and protistologist

• Diana Raab, author, poet, and lecturer

• Bride Neill Taylor, writer, educator, and civic leader

• Frank X Walker, poet and first African American Poet Laureate of Kentucky

• Julia Watts, fiction writer

• Jim Wayne, member of the Kentucky House of Representatives (1990–2019)

• Crystal Wilkinson, author, professor, and Poet Laureate of Kentucky

title: Spalding University


text:
Elizabeth de Montfort, Baroness Montagu

Lady Elizabeth de Montfort, Baroness Montagu (died August 1354) was an English noblewoman.

Life
Elizabeth de Montfort was the daughter of Peter de Montfort (d. before 4 March 1287) of Beaudesert Castle in Warwickshire and his wife, Maud de la Mare. Her grandfather was Peter de Montfort (1205–1265), the first Speaker of the House of Commons, whose wife was Alice Audley.

Her marriage to William Montagu was arranged by Eleanor of Castile, the first wife of King Edward I of England. Edward was eager to make peace with the aristocracy after the battle, and things were fairly well patched up within a few years. His wife’s role in arranging the marriage was part of an elaborate system of arranged marriages designed to reinforce the power of the King and his aristocracy.

Both Elizabeth and her husband came from wealthy families, and they donated some of their money to various causes. Elizabeth was a major benefactor of the Priory of St Frideswide, Oxford, now Christ Church Cathedral at Oxford University. Her tomb now lies between the Latin Chapel, whose construction she funded, and the Dean’s Chapel, where she was originally buried under its magnificent painted ceiling (now faded by time).

She also donated a large piece of land to St. Frideswide in exchange for a chantry. This meant that two chantry priests would say daily mass in black robes bearing the Montacute and Montfort coats of arms. This continued until the Reformation. This piece of land, just south of the church is now called Christ Church Meadow. Later, the path through this was named Christ Church Walk and is now a very popular attraction in Oxford.

Marriages and issue
She married firstly, about 1292, William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu, by whom she had four sons and seven daughters:

 * John Montagu, eldest son and heir, who in 1317 married his father's ward, Joan de Verdun (d. 2 October 1334), daughter and heir of Theobald de Verdun by Maud Mortimer, daughter of Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer, in the royal chapel at Windsor Park, Berkshire, by whom he had no issue. He predeceased his father, and was buried at Lincoln Cathedral on 14 August 1317. His widow, Joan, married, on 24 February 1318, Sir Thomas Furnivall (d. October 1339), by whom she had three sons and two daughters.
 * William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1301–1344), who succeeded as 3rd Baron Montagu.
 * Simon Montagu (d.1345), who was successively Bishop of Worcester and Bishop of Ely.
 * Edward Montagu (d. 14 July 1361), who married firstly, before 29 August 1338, Alice of Norfolk (d. before 30 January 1352), daughter and coheir of Thomas of Brotherton, and granddaughter of Edward I, by whom he had a son and four daughters. Alice of Norfolk is said to have died as the result of an assault by her husband and his retainers. He married secondly a wife named Joan, whose parentage is unknown, by whom he had a son and two daughters.
 * Alice Montagu, eldest daughter, who married, before 27 January 1333, as his first wife, Sir Ralph Daubeney (3 March 1305 – c.1378), by whom she was the mother of Sir Giles Daubeney (d. 24 June 1386).
 * Katherine Montagu, who married Sir William Carrington.
 * Mary Montagu, who married Sir Richard Cogan (d.1368) of Bampton, Devon.
 * Elizabeth Montagu, Prioress of Halliwell.
 * Hawise Montagu, who married Sir Roger Bavent (d. 23 April 1355), by whom she had a daughter, Joan, who married Sir John Dauntsey (d.1391).
 * Maud Montagu, Abbess of Barking from 1341–1352.
 * Isabel Montagu, Abbess of Barking from 1352–1358.

She married secondly Thomas de Furnivall, 1st Baron Furnivall (d. before 18 April 1332), who was pardoned and fined £200 on 8 June 1322 for marrying her without royal licence.

title: Elizabeth de Montfort, Baroness Montagu


text: Category:Honduran sportspeople

title: Category:Honduran sportspeople


text:
Throw-away society

The throw-away society is a generalised description of human social concept strongly influenced by consumerism, whereby the society tends to use items once only, from disposable packaging, and consumer products are not designed for reuse or lifetime use. The term describes a critical view of overconsumption and excessive production of short-lived or disposable items over durable goods that can be repaired, but at its origins, it was viewed as a positive attribute.

Origin of the term
In its 1 August 1955 issue, Life published an article titled "Throwaway Living". This article has been cited as the source that first used the term "throw-away society".

Rise of packaging waste
The last century of economic growth saw both increased production and increased product waste. Between 1906 (the start of New York City waste collections) and 2005 there was a tenfold rise in "product waste" (packaging and old products), from 92 to 1242 lb per person per year. Containers and packaging now represent 32 percent of all municipal solid waste. Non-durable goods (defined as products in use for less than three years) constitute 27 percent, while durable goods comprise 16 percent.

Food service and disposable food packaging
Disposable tableware was a key part of the business strategy of chain fast food restaurants in the US. Fast food chains could cut costs by convincing consumers through advertising campaigns to carry their own tableware to a waste bins, to avoid the labor of clearing tables. The savings in wages offset the cost of the tableware.

In 2002, Taiwan began taking action to reduce the use of disposable tableware at institutions and businesses, and to reduce the use of plastic bags. Yearly, the nation of 17.7 million people was producing 59000 t of disposable tableware waste and 105000 t of waste plastic bags, and increasing measures have been taken in the years since then to reduce the amount of waste. In 2013, Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) banned outright the use of disposable tableware in the nation's 968 schools, government agencies and hospitals. The ban is expected to eliminate 2600 t of waste yearly.

In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, laws banning use of disposable food and drink containers at large-scale events have been enacted. Such a ban has been in place in Munich, Germany since 1991, applying to all city facilities and events. This includes events of all sizes, including very large ones (Christmas market, Auer-Dult Faire, Oktoberfest and Munich City Marathon). For small events of a few hundred people, the city has arranged for a corporation offer rental of crockery and dishwasher equipment. In part through this regulation, Munich reduced the waste generated by Oktoberfest, which attracts tens of thousands of people, from 11,000 metric tons in 1990 to 550 tons in 1999.

China produces about 57 billion pairs of single-use chopsticks yearly, of which half are exported. About 45 percent are made from trees – about 3.8 million of them – mainly cotton wood, birch, and spruce, the remainder being made from bamboo. Japan uses about 24 billion pairs of these disposables per year, and globally about 80 billion pairs are thrown away by about 1.4 million people. Reusable chopsticks in restaurants have a lifespan of 130 meals. In Japan, with disposable ones costing about 2 cents and reusable ones costing typically $1.17, the reusables better the $2.60 breakeven cost. Campaigns in several countries to reduce this waste are beginning to have some effect.

Waste and socioeconomic status
Waste from disposable products is often shipped from richer to poorer nations, causing environmental and social problems for developing nations. Most notable are the large shipments of trash from North America and Western Europe to Africa and Asia due to the relatively low cost of disposal. By the 1990s, over half of all nations in Africa have faced negative externalities from toxic waste dumped by richer countries. Waste, both toxic and non-toxic is often dumped without safety regulations. It is thrown in unlined and unregulated landfills where it contaminates soil and water, and even burnt, which circulates toxins in the air. Recently, electronic waste shipped to Nigeria has increased due to higher consumption of electronics by North America and Europe, with hundreds of shipments of old electronics dropped off at Lagos, Nigeria, every month. A significantly large percentage of the trash being hazardous waste shipped with the "explicit intent of cheap (and unsafe) disposal". China also receives huge amounts of waste, often toxic material, averaging 1.9 million tons per year, because companies find it cheaper to ship garbage away rather than dispose of it themselves.

Food waste
In 2004, a University of Arizona study indicates that forty to fifty percent of all edible food never gets eaten. Every year $43 billion worth of edible food is estimated to be thrown away.

The rise of mass consumption in America
Following the end of World War II, America experienced a boom in mass consumption. There was a sharp increase in suburban life, disposable packaging, and convenience goods as well as the development of new plastics. Throughout World War II, it became a popular mentality that restricting the types of products consumed during the war by closely following the rationing put into effect by the United States Government was a way to help the wartime effort and aid America in victory. The promises of manufacturers that the effort that Americans put in during the war would then yield luxurious goods once the war ended assisted in deepening the belief of the American public in supporting rationing. Once the war ended, manufacturers held true to those sentiments promoted during the war. When the term "throwaway living" was first coined by Life magazine, the magazine used the phrase in a positive way: one that depicted a life that was easier and still economical for the home's caretaker. This led to certain Americans viewing thrifting as "un-American", which was a stark contrast to how American society saw thrifting before the war. This rise in consumption-led American society is what allowed America to become a throw-away society. The practice of planned obsolescence, the act of creating products with the intention of those products needed a replacement, became widespread. In addition to planned obsolescence, it was common for products to be slightly changed every year to encourage people to purchase a newer version, even when not necessary.

Overconsumption in the Fashion Industry
Since the early 2000s, clothing sales have doubled from 100 to 200 billion units per year showing the increase in demand for textiles. In correlation to this increase, an estimated 92 million tons of clothing related waste is discarded every year.

An increase in demand for textiles can be explained by many factors, but more recently there has been an increase in clothing consumption due to fashion influencers. In 2021, the global fashion influencer market was valued at 7.36 billion dollars and is expected to steadily grow at a CAGR of 32.5% from 2022 to 2029. Since their content is mainly centered around fashion, they are constantly cycling through and showing new garments to create updated "looks" for their followers. In a survey done by Marketing Dive, it states that 86% of the people surveyed have bought apparel or accessories because they saw it on an influencer that they followed. This correlation between influencer marketing and the increase in consumption has led to the newly fast-paced life cycle of clothing otherwise referred to as 'style obsolescence'. In this cycle people are constantly throwing-away clothing that is no longer "on trend" in order to make space for new and more popular styles. While participating in this cycle of staying on top of the trends, shoppers satisfy their want for instant gratification and begin to disregard the effects that throwing away clothing can have on our environment.

Over the past few years, throw-away culture has worsened as the average amount of time a person wears a garment is 7 to 10 times before discarding it. That amount of time has decreased by 36% in the last 15 years. Additionally, in the United States alone, the average consumer throws away an average of 81.5 pounds of clothing every year. That equates to an estimate of 11.3 million tons of garments being thrown away into U.S. landfills yearly.

Women's interaction with the start of American throw-away society
Women had long been the primary shoppers for the household and many of the ads that promoted these disposable and convenience goods also made women their target audience. In the aforementioned Life magazine article, it specifically mentioned that "no housewife need bother" in regards to extensive household chores because disposable products will cut down on the cleaning time required.

Women in these middle-class homes began earning an income in order to be able to purchase more of these convenience goods. Some did this through the means of finding a more traditional job, but many also turned to multi-level marketing businesses such as Tupperware to supplement their husband's income. Tupperware encouraged women to sell as many Tupperware products as possible, so as the brand increased in popularity, the number of plastic goods in American homes did too. Outside of direct sales, it contributed to consumption because the women who sold through Tupperware had the incentive that they would receive household appliances once they reached the sales goal set by the company.

Early forms of pushback in America
Despite it being initially viewed as a positive attribute to strive for, at least early as 1967, some companies began separating themselves from other American advertisers. In a 1967 edition of the New York Times, an article discussing plans for expansion for the leather goods company, Mark Cross, used a slogan from a then recently published Mark Cross Advertisement: "It's a throwaway society, man. Buy it. Break it. Chuck it. Replace it. Do you believe that? Mark Cross is not for you." The growing company was trying to expand off of marketing long-lasting products rather than disposable goods.

Planned obsolescence
"Planned obsolescence" is a manufacturing philosophy developed in the 1920s and 1930s, when mass production became popular. The goal is to make a product or part that will fail, or become less desirable over time or after a certain amount of use. Vance Packard, author of The Waste Makers (1960), called this "the systematic attempt of business to make us wasteful, debt-ridden, permanently discontented individuals".

Durability of goods
Producers make goods disposable rather than durable so that consumers must continue to repurchase the good, earning the producer a steady supply of customers, rather than a one-time purchase. Profit is maximized for the firm when the usefulness of a good is "uneconomically short", because firms can spend the least amount possible creating a nondurable good, which they sell repeatedly to the customer.

Goods are often replaced even before their usefulness runs out. The perceived durability of a good in a throwaway society is often less than its physical durability. For example, in fast fashion, consumers buy the latest, novelty item because producers market styles that pass with the seasons. There is pressure on producers to advertise an increased number of "seasons", creating new styles so consumers can update their wardrobes often by buying cheap and flimsy, yet stylish clothes to keep up with current fashion trends. Products that once were considered durable are now almost exclusively disposable, so it is more difficult for consumers who want a durable version to find anywhere selling one. The shift to disposable was ostensibly for better convenience or hygiene, even if the inconvenience of using a durable version is very slight, or there is no proven increase in hygiene. This can lead to higher costs over time, more waste produced, more resources used, and lower quality goods.

Not only has there been a movement by manufacturers towards goods that are less durable and not maintainable, producers have also withheld technology that would make common goods more durable, such as in the manufacture of light bulbs.

Attitude of the Catholic Church
Pope Francis frequently speaks about a "throwaway culture" in which unwanted items and unwanted people, such as the unborn, the elderly, and the poor, are discarded as waste. In his encyclical Laudato si', he discusses pollution, waste, the lack of recycling, and the destruction of the Earth as symptoms of this throwaway culture.

Francis stated that in a throwaway culture, even human lives are seen as disposable. He also cited the dangers of this culture in connection with immigration, saying, "A change of attitude towards migrants and refugees is needed on the part of everyone, moving away from attitudes of defensiveness and fear, indifference and marginalization – all typical of a throwaway culture – towards attitudes based on a culture of encounter, the only culture capable of building a better, more just and fraternal world."

title: Throw-away society


text:
Hawks' Club

The Hawks' Club, founded in 1872, is a members-only social club for the leading sportsmen at the University of Cambridge. Membership is by election only, and the usual criterion is that the candidate should have his Blue. Many notable individuals have been, or are, members, including King George VI, King Charles III, Rob Andrew, Mike Atherton, Chris Brasher, Gavin Hastings and Hugh Laurie.

History
The Hawks' Club was formed in 1872 when a proposal to allow members of other colleges into the St John's College Eagles sporting club was rejected. This led to the Hawks' being established as an equivalent club for the whole university. In its early history, it was primarily a cricket club but, by the turn of the century, other sports had become well represented.

As is common with student-run organisations, records are patchy in places and old lists of presidents and members have long been lost. The record is better for the period 1889–1963, as during this time a picture of each year's president was added to a display in the clubhouse and these have survived to the present day. During the 1950s a number of subsequently notable sportsmen were presidents, and several are listed below.

It is not known whether participation in a Varsity Match was originally a prerequisite for membership; some early presidents do not appear to have competed against Oxford in any sport. However, the personal 'suitability' of candidates for membership does not appear to have changed since the Club was founded. Candidates must have excelled at their sport on behalf of the University and also be clubbable. Dr Whitehorn, Treasurer of the Club from 1941 to 1960, remarked that beside the many Olympians, internationals and sporting greats who are members, ‘the stout fellows who don’t get Blues, but have been and are the making of the University’s fellowship in sport and life – those are the Hawks too. Long may they flourish’.

The club plays host not only to the Members in residence, but also to visiting All Blacks, Springboks, Samoans – whose height and bulk test the dimensions of the bar – oarsmen, Vincent’s members and also to judges, doctors, parsons, accountants, schoolmasters, knights and lords, captains of industry, farmers, MPs and Heads of Houses who return for ‘auld lang syne’.

Eligibility criteria
Application for membership is open to any man who is either a member of any college at the University of Cambridge or who has been admitted ad eundem to the University. He must have spent at least one term in residence, and should have earned a Full Blue, Half Blue or Second Team Colours (in a full blue sport) by representing the University against Oxford in a Varsity Match.

Election process
A prospective applicant must be proposed, seconded, and have six further members sign their application form. The proposer is normally the team captain for the relevant sport and the seconder must be a member of the Hawks' Committee. The application is then reviewed by the committee: two "no" votes will reject an applicant, and he may not be proposed again at a later date.

Members are admitted for life and may wear the club colours of maroon and gold. The number of Hawks-in-residence at the University is limited to 250, not including MAs; there are several thousand members worldwide.

Occasionally, individuals are admitted as an Honorary Hawk without fulfilling the above criteria (for example Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who did not study at Cambridge).

Dining Rights Club
Since 1993, individuals have also been elected to The Hawks Dining Rights Club. Members may use the clubhouse, but do not become Hawks. Neither the Cambridge-only nor the men-only restrictions apply in this case, and the majority of Dining Rights members are local business people and professionals who contribute to the costs of running the Club, and to The Hawks’ Trust which is a charity supporting all sportsmen and women at the University. There are slightly fewer dining rights members than Hawks-in-residence, and the number peaked at 160 in 1998.

Committee
The Club's Committee consists of a President, Honorary Secretary, Junior Treasurer and seven ordinary members, and is elected each academic year by the Hawks-in-residence. The Committee are responsible for the Club, the election of new members and host an event each June during May Week in the style of a Cambridge May Ball, known as "The Hawks' Event", at Fenner's Cricket Ground.

There is a Management Committee of the Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Club, the Steward and the DRC President, who guide the Club's development.

The London Dinner Committee, made up of former Presidents and notable old Hawks, organise the London Dinner at the end of Michaelmas Term. This is hosted at the Savoy Hotel and is the major event in the calendar for Hawks once they have gone down.

The Hawks' Charitable Trust actively supports students who have financial difficulties keeping up their sport. Each year the Club awards a number of bursaries to members of the University under the auspices of the Hawks' Charitable Trust. These awards are equally available to both men and women, and total around £40,000 each year.

Clubhouse

The clubhouse was originally on Trinity Street, but by the 1890s it had moved to a St John's College property in All Saints' Passage. It remained there until 1966 when financial troubles meant the property had to be sold, despite surviving through both world wars, during which the Club was closed. After this, it briefly occupied the same premises as the Pitt Club, until conflicts of interest regarding the differing objectives of the two clubs made this no longer possible.

There was no clubhouse until 1986 when a four-storey building at 18 Portugal Place became available. This property was bought by a group of members, who restored it from its previous existence as a dilapidated hotel staff hostel. The restored clubhouse was opened by the Duke of Edinburgh in October 1992. It consists of a bar, members' lounge, dining room space for some 25-30 people, and the Club steward's flat on the top floor.

Resident Hawks voted in advisory votes in 2017 (85% in favour) and January 2019 (89% in favour) on the question of allowing resident Ospreys (Cambridge women's sports club) to pay for access arrangements to the Hawks’ clubhouse. 1,400 non-resident Hawks (out of 4,480 members) voted 89% in favour of the proposal in an online ballot run by Electoral Reform Services in February and March 2019.

Notable members
Monarchs:

 * King George VI, CULTC
 * King Charles III, CUPC

Members of the Royal Family:

Academic: Politics & Law:
 * Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, CUPC
 * Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, CUPC
 * Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
 * Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon - Former husband of Princess Margaret, CUBC
 * Matthew Bullock - Master of St Edmund's College, CUAC
 * John Butterfield, Baron Butterfield - Vice-Chancellor of the University of Nottingham (1971-1975) and University of Cambridge (1983-1985), Master of Downing College 1978-1987, CURUFC, CUCC, CULTC, CURTC, CUHC
 * R. K. von Goldstein - Headmaster of the Bishop Cotton School, India
 * Dennis Silk - First Class cricketer, former MCC President and Warden of Radley College, CUCC, CURUFC

 * Sir Ralph Kilner Brown - High Court Judge, WWII Brigadier, CUAC
 * James Crowden - Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire, Vice-President of the British Olympic Association and Steward of Henley Royal Regatta, CUBC
 * Sir Peter Studd - 643rd Lord Mayor of London; CUCC, CURUFC
 * William Whitelaw - Conservative MP, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1983–88; CUGC

Business:

Arts:
 * Karan Bilimoria, Baron Bilimoria - Founder of Cobra Beer Ltd, CUPC
 * Sir Adrian Cadbury - Businessman, CUBC, CUSSC
 * Hugh Laurie - Actor, CUBC

Sportsmen:

 * Rob Andrew - England rugby international 1985-1997, CURUFC, CUCC
 * Mike Atherton - England Cricket Captain 1993-1998, CUCC
 * Bunny Austin - Davis Cup Winner and Wimbledon, Roland-Garros Finalist, CULTC
 * Mark Bailey - England rugby international and High Master of St Paul's School, CURUFC
 * Trevor Bailey - England cricketer 1949-1959, CUCC
 * Mike Biggar - Scotland Rugby Captain, CURUFC
 * Henry Blofeld - Cricket commentator, CUCC
 * Chris Brasher - Olympic Gold 1956, CUAC
 * Mike Brearley - England Cricket Captain, CUCC
 * Godfrey Brown - Olympic Gold 1936, CUAC
 * Eddie Butler - Welsh rugby international, journalist and broadcaster, CURUFC
 * Bernie Cotton - GB hockey international and Olympic Gold winning coach, CUHC
 * Mark Cox - Davis Cup finalist, Australian and US Open quarter-finalist, CULTC
 * James Cracknell - Olympic Gold 2000 & 2004, CUBC
 * John Crawley - England cricketer, CUCC
 * Freddie Davidson - World and European Rowing Champion, CUBC
 * Ted Dexter - England Cricket Captain 1961/2-1963 & 1964, former MCC President, CUCC
 * Richard Dodds - Olympic Gold 1988, GB Hockey Captain, CUHC
 * Toby Flood - England rugby international, CURUFC
 * Tom George - Olympic Bronze 2020, CUBC
 * Mike Gibson - Irish rugby international, CURUFC
 * Gavin Hastings - Scotland Rugby Captain, CURUFC
 * Alastair Hignell - England rugby international and First Class cricketer, CURUFC. CUCC
 * James Horwill - Australian Rugby Captain, CURUFC
 * Tom James - Olympic Gold 2008 & 2012, CUBC
 * John Lecky - Chairman of Canada 3000 airline, Olympic Silver 1960, CUBC, CURUFC
 * Tony Lewis - England Cricket Captain 1972/3, Presenter BBC Cricket 1980 - 1999, CUCC, CURUFC
 * Douglas Lowe - Olympic Gold 1924 & 1928 - CUAC
 * Laddie Lucas - Distinguished wartime RAF pilot, MP, International golfer, CUGC
 * George Mann - England Cricket Captain 1948/9-1949, CUCC
 * Christopher Martin-Jenkins - Cricket commentator, CUCC, CURFC
 * Peter May - England Cricket captain 1955-1959/60 & 1961, CUCC
 * Richard Meade - Triple Olympic Gold 1968 & 1972, CURC
 * George Nash - Olympic Gold 2016, Bronze 2012, CUBC
 * Derek Pringle - England cricketer and journalist, CUCC
 * John Pritchard - Olympic Silver 1980, CUBC
 * Tom Ransley - Olympic Gold 2016, Bronze 2012, CUBC
 * Jamie Roberts - Welsh rugby international, CURUFC
 * David Sheppard - Bishop of Liverpool, England Cricket captain 1954, CUCC
 * Ken Scotland - Scotland rugby player, CURUFC
 * Tom Stallard - Olympic Silver medallist 2008 and motorsport engineer, CUBC
 * Ed Smith - England cricketer and journalist, CUCC
 * Adie Spencer - First man to win Rugby Union and League Blues, banned by the RFU for playing League at a professional level, CURLFC, CURUFC
 * Bob Tisdall - Irish Olympic Gold medallist 1932, CUAC
 * Bruce Tulloh - Olympian and European Champion, CUAC
 * Tony Underwood - England rugby international 1992-1998, CURUFC, CUAC
 * Flip van der Merwe - South African rugby international, CURUFC
 * Josh West - Olympic Silver medallist 2008, CUBC
 * Kieran West - Olympic Gold medallist 2000, CUBC
 * Max Woosnam - Britain's Greatest Sportsman, Olympic Gold and Silver medallist 1920, Wimbledon Champion, Davis Cup captain, England and Manchester City F.C. captain, CUAFC, CUCC, CULTC, CURTC, CUGC
 * Oliver Wynne-Griffith - Olympic Bronze 2020, CUBC

title: Hawks' Club


text:
User:Bknopf

Brian Knopf otherwise known as Brian R. Knopf was raised in Culver City, CA. The son of Dr. Robert G. Knopf, and brother of Kevin R. Knopf. Brian was married in 2002 to Sarah (Gooze).

Brian has been involved in the computer industry for the last 11 years and has spent the last 7 in the Software Quality Assurance field. Specializing in security, functionality, compatibility, UI consistency and automation testing, Brian has worked with some of the premier products in the software industry.

While working for VeriTest, a business unit of Lionbridge Technologies, Brian was a part of the certification group. One of the creators of a certification test for wireless applications on AT&T's wireless network, Brian strived to force quality standards across applications based on cell phones and mobile devices (Pocket PC's and Palm devices). Working with Wireless Developer, VeriTest, and AT&T, Brian managed the testing program and oversaw testing of top wireless applications from AT&T's Gold partners.

After his effort on the AT&T certification, Brian worked on the Windows Certification program certifying enterprise applications on Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter.

title: User:Bknopf


text:
Category:Costa Rican sportspeople

nl:Categorie:Costa Ricaans persoon uit de sport

title: Category:Costa Rican sportspeople


text:
User:BIG BROTHER

You are not watching

HA HA HA !!!!!!!!

title: User:BIG BROTHER


text:
User talk:Unixplumber

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 21:12, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Unixplumber


text:
Saturday Looks Good to Me

Saturday Looks Good to Me is an American experimental indie pop band that formed in 1999. The group is led by singer-songwriter, producer, and multi-instrumentalist Fred Thomas (former member of His Name Is Alive). Albums by the group are known for soundscapes which hearken back to Detroit soul.

The band was originally conceived as a basement recording project and did not play any live shows until 2002. The band built up a considerable following on the back of numerous limited-edition 7" record and CD-R releases, resulting in the indie pop albums All Your Summer Songs, released in 2003 on Polyvinyl Records, and Every Night, released in 2004 on Polyvinyl. All Your Summer Songs was listed as one of the top 50 albums of 2003 by Pitchfork. Every Night introduced new singer Betty Marie Barnes, who became the nearest to a permanent female singer that the band ever had.

By 2007, Barnes had semi-left the band and Thomas took over as the band's sole front person. SLGTM's music also changed and the resulting Fill Up The Room (2007, K Recs) album was more adventurous both lyrically and musically than the band's previous two albums.

Following another European tour in 2008, Thomas retired the band to concentrate on other projects including City Center, and his record label, Life Like.

The band reunited in 2012 with a changed line-up, and released "Sunglasses" on Polyvinyl Records. For Record Store Day 2012, All Your Summer Songs was re-issued on white vinyl in a special limited edition of 250. The band released One Kiss Ends It All in 2013, and continued touring into 2015.

Albums

 * Saturday Looks Good to Me (hereforeveralways, 2000)
 * Cruel August Moon (Little Hands, 2001)
 * Love Will Find You (Whistletap, 2002)
 * All Your Summer Songs (Polyvinyl, 2003)
 * Every Night (Polyvinyl, 2004)
 * Sound on Sound (Redder Records, 2006)
 * Fill Up the Room (K Records / How Does It Feel To Be Loved, 2007)
 * One Kiss Ends It All (Polyvinyl, 2013)

Other releases

 * Cassingle Series #3 (Sanitary Records, April 2006)
 * "The Girl Is Distracted"
 * Green Mansions (limited tour EP)
 * "Money in the Afterlife" / "All the Sidewalk Birds" (Ernest Jenning Record Co., February 20, 2007)
 * Cold Colors EP (Polyvinyl – July 24, 2007)
 * "Dianne Falling Off Her Horse" / "Springtime Judgment" (Ernest Jenning Record Co., July 8, 2008)
 * "Saturday Looks Good to Me : Tour Tape" cassette (Life Like – 2012)
 * "Sunglasses" (Polyvinyl, 2012)

title: Saturday Looks Good to Me


text:
Nikan

Nikan may refer to:

 * Nikan High School, an elite boys'-only school located in the north of Tehran, Iran
 * Nikan, a Manchu exonym for China
 * Nikan Wailan (Manchu: ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᠸᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ) a Jurchen leader affiliated with the Ming Dynasty and a rival of Nurhaci

title: Nikan