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Hashem Al-Ghaili

Hashem Al-Ghaili (born August 11, 1990) is a Yemeni molecular biologist, science communicator, and director. He is best known for his eponymous Facebook page, which he created in 2009. There, he publishes infographics and short-form videos about scientific news and research. As of October 2022, the page had secured more than 32 million followers.

This sizable following has attracted interest from sociologists, which ultimately led to Al-Ghaili's page being included in a 2018 Pew Research Center investigation into the impact of science content on social media.

Al-Ghaili made his directorial debut in 2019 with the award-winning short Simulation, which received recognition at several awards ceremonies and international film festivals. He self-published his first book, Simulation: The Great Escape, in 2023.

Life and career
Al-Ghaili was born in Yemen in 1990. He was raised with 11 siblings in the northern part of the country, where his family owned a qat farm. After graduating from high school at 16, Al-Ghaili's father wanted him to work on the family farm. However, Al-Ghaili secretly applied for a government scholarship to study abroad. He earned his Bachelor's Degree at the University of Peshawar in Pakistan in 2008 and received his Master's Degree in Molecular Biology from Constructor University (formerly Jacobs University) in Germany in 2015.

In 2009, Al-Ghaili created his eponymous Facebook page and started posting images and videos about scientific news and research. In November of 2018, he had more than 16 million followers. By 2022, his following had increased to more than 32 million.

Al-Ghaili's work in science communication has gained the attention of science news sources, academics, and political commentators. His page was a part of a 2018 investigation into the impact of science content on social media by the Pew Research Center. The investigation found that, across all pages analyzed, the highest amount of engagement was consistently seen on visual posts that had little additional information.

Al-Ghaili's concept designs have likewise gained the attention of news outlets and internet personalities. On several occasions, these hyper-realistic digital renderings were taken out of context by online users, who mistakenly believed that they were real. For example, in 2022, there was an outcry after Al-Ghaili posted a concept video for an artificial womb facility. Candace Owens, a conservative political commentator and television presenter, responded to the video, saying "A German scientist has unveiled an artificial birthing pod that could replace a mother's womb. It always starts with a good sell, but the slippery slope will end up with the government dictating who can and can't have children. The 'dystopian future' we often talk about could actually be a lot closer than we think."

In response to the outcry, a number of media publications enlisted fact-checkers to investigate the claims made by Owens and others. Al-Ghaili also responded in multiple interviews; "I understand that the video was taken out of context and some people shared it online as if it were real.The main goal of creating the video was to ignite the discussion about an emerging technology and to highlight scientific progress in the field of ectogenesis," he said.

In 2019, Al-Ghaili pivoted to more serious film work, writing, producing, and directing his first short film, Simulation. The film has a run time of 23 minutes and received awards and nominations from the Latitude Film Awards, Independent Shorts Awards, and the London Independent Film Awards among others. In 2022, he started work on his first full-length feature film, Orbital. He self-published his first book, Simulation: The Great Escape, in 2023.

Awards
Al-Ghaili has received a grant and multiple awards for his dedication to research and his deep understanding of science communication.
 * Futurism Excellence in Science Media and Literature Award (2014)
 * Ambassador to the Republic of Yemen, Peshawar University (2012)

Filmography
Al-Ghaili has directed, produced, and written two science-fiction films. His short film Simulation (2019) has won the Award of Excellence and Best Visual Effects from Los Angeles-based international awards competition Global Shorts.

 * Simulation (2019, short film)
 * Orbital (upcoming)

title: Hashem Al-Ghaili


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Talk:Aruban florin

Shouldn't it be mentioned that 'florin' stems from 'floryn' -- the old Dutch currency (before the Dutch Guilder), as Aruba is still connected to the Dutch?

What is the origin of the word 'Yotin'? - (Aidan Work 06:03, 5 December 2005 (UTC))

Symbol for the florin
I am trying to update this page with the correct sign (or symbol) used to represent the florin within Aruba. Does anyone know more about this?

I can find sources mentioning 3 different formats:

 * UBC - ƒ (U+0192 LATIN SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK)
 * Aruba central bank - Afl.
 * Investopedia - ƒ, Afl, or Af
 * Aruba Tourism - Afl. and Afl
 * World travel guide - ƒ
 * Britannica online - Af.

I updated the article to use "Afl." on the basis of the Central Bank source, but i'm not sure if that's appropriate. Perhaps we should mention all three symbols.

Any input—especially from any Arubans reading this—would be appreciated. :) —fudoreaper (talk) 09:15, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I think “ƒ” is more plausible than “Afl” because the latter seems to be an abbreviation of the full name of the currency, the “A” would stand for Aruba. I don’t think Arubans think of their currency as the “Aruba florin,” but rather just the florin. – Zntrip 21:38, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
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 * Aruban florin100.jpg
 * Aruban florin100b.jpg
 * Aruban florin25.jpg
 * Aruban florin25b.jpg
 * Aruban florin50.jpg
 * Aruban florin500.jpg
 * Aruban florin500b.jpg
 * Aruban florin50b.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:05, 1 May 2021 (UTC)
 * 1 Aruban florin Willem-Alexander.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:24, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Aruban florin


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User talk:WhatWouldEmperorNortonDo

Hello, you have placed a potential copyright violation on the content I added to the Karmacoda page. I am the author of the biography content on karmacoda.com and I gave/give my permission for it to be used here on Wikipedia. Please remove the violation block. Rimbaud234

I bow before the coolness that is your username. Ventifax

WikiProject New Orleans
Hello, I noticed you edited a New Orleans related article, or you are from or currently living in New Orleans. If you wish you can join the new WikiProject New Orleans. — Staroftheshow86 21:34, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia meetup in New Orleans
(This is being cross-posted to everyone listed in Category:Wikipedians from Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Category:Wikipedians in New Orleans, Louisiana)

Infrogmation and I are organizating a Wikipedia meetup in New Orleans on Saturday, August 23. Everyone is invited. Raul654 (talk) 18:33, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:WhatWouldEmperorNortonDo


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User talk:YuckS

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!--Pharos 07:08, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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title: User talk:YuckS


text:
Everilda

Saint Everild of Everingham (Eoforhild) was an Anglo-Saxon saint of the 7th century who founded a convent at Everingham, in the English county of the East Riding of Yorkshire. All we know of her comes from the York Breviary.

There are two churches dedicated to St Everilda: St Everilda's Church, Nether Poppleton, and Ss Mary & Everilda, Everingham.

She was converted to Christianity by Saint Birinus, along with King Cynegils of Wessex, in 635. Her legend in the York Breviary states that she was of the Wessex nobility. She fled from home to become a nun, and was joined by Saints Bega and Wuldreda. Saint Wilfrid of York made them all nuns at a place called the Bishop's Dwelling, later known as Everildisham. This place has been identified with present-day Everingham. She gathered a large community of some eighty women.

Veneration
Her name appears in the Martyrology of Usuard as well as in the church calendars of York and Northumbria.

Her feast day is 9 July.

title: Everilda


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Agu Casmir

Agu Casmir (born 23 March 1984 ) is a former professional footballer who played as a striker or attacking midfielder. Born in Nigeria, he played for the Singapore national team.

He currently holds the record for the all-time goal scorer for Woodlands Wellington with 55 goals.

Club career
Casmir previously played for S.League clubs Young Lions and Woodlands Wellington in Singapore's S.League,

Woodlands Wellington
Casmir burst onto the football scene with Woodlands Wellington in 2002, scoring a remarkable 27 goals as an 18-year-old. He followed that up with another 15 goals the next year.

Young Lions
In 2004 and 2005, Casmir played for Young Lions where he scored a total of 31 goals.

Return to Woodlands Wellington
Casmir returned to Woodlands Wellington in 2006 and scored 17 goals.

Gombak United
Casmir than joined Gombak United at the start of the current 2007 S.League season.

On 19 September 2007, Casmir's 86th-minute goal for the Gombak United, which cancelled out Home United FC Kone Hamed's 18th-minute opener, was his 100th in the S.League.

At the end of the 2007, Gombak United decided not to renew Casmir's contract. Nevertheless, when the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Lebanon loomed, he trained with one of his former clubs, Young Lions, to keep his fitness at peak condition to be eligible for a call-up to the national team.

PDRM FA
Casmir did not play for the large part of 2008 due to being clubless, but in August 2008, Malaysian club PDRM FA signed him together with Noh Alam Shah. Controversially, he was released after just 3 games, without any goals to his name.

Return to Gombak United
Gombak United again re-signed him in 2009 following his release from PDRM FA.

Persija Jakarta
In October 2010, Casmir joined Persija Jakarta in the Indonesian Super League where he spent the 2011 season playing for the club.

LionsXII
On 5 December 2011, it was announced that Casmir would be joining the LionsXII team that would be making their debut in the Malaysian Super League for the 2012 season.

Persebaya Bhayangkara
Not retained on the LionsXII squad for 2013, Casmir was left without a club for a year until he signed with Indonesian club Persebaya Bhayangkara in January 2013.

Warriors FC
In June 2014, Casmir returned to Singapore to signed with S.League club Warriors FC, taking jersey number 22. He than retired at the end of the 2015 season.

International career
Born in Nigeria, Casmir was offered Singapore citizenship via the Foreign Sports Talent Scheme in 2004. He was a member of the Singapore national team, which won the 2004 AFF Championship title

Casmir was part of the national football team for the 2005 Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games) held at the Philippines. Singapore failed to advance beyond the group stage with Casmir failing to score a goal. He was also part of the team for the 2007 SEA Games where Singapore won the bronze medal.

Casmir's impressive displays in the tail-end of 2008 earned him a national call-up for the 2008 AFF Championship. He scored a last-minute goal for Singapore against Myanmar to allow Singapore to earn three points at the 2010 AFF Championship, but they were still unable to progress to the next round.

Controversial
In 2006, it was reported that Casmir signed a contract with Indonesian football club Persija Jakarta and that he took a signing-on fee of US$20,000. However, he did not sign with Persija Jakarta on 17 January, claiming to be attending football trials with a Russian club and the club subsequently sought repayment of the fee from his agent, ex-footballer Jules Onana. It was subsequently reported that Casmir had left his residence in Toa Payoh with his belongings on 19 January.

It was consequently reported on 19 February 2006 in The Straits Times that Casmir had purportedly been in Canada and had no intention of further pursuing a career in football. The report quoted Casmir's ex-manager, R. Vengadasalam, as saying that Casmir was disillusioned with football and had no intention of returning to Singapore. He had taken the contract to prove that he could still command a large annual fee (reported at US$80,000).

After a few weeks, reports emerged that Casmir wanted to return to playing football in Singapore. Several football clubs including Gombak United had expressed interest in inviting him to play for their team, before he re-signed for former club Woodlands Wellington on a one-year contract, under a deal in which the club would re-pay Persija Jakarta his signing-on fee. The Football Association of Singapore suspended Casmir from the national squad for a year and fined him S$20,000 for his actions involving Persija Jakarta.

Club
Gombak United
 * Singapore League Cup: 2008

International
Singapore
 * ASEAN Football Championship: 2004
 * Southeast Asian Games: Bronze Medal – 2007

Individual

 * 100 S.League Goals: 2007

title: Agu Casmir


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John Kerin

John Charles Kerin (21 November 1937 – 29 March 2023) was an Australian economist and Labor Party politician who served in the House of Representatives from 1972 to 1975 and again from 1978 to 1993. He held a number of senior ministerial roles in both the Hawke and Keating governments, including six months as Treasurer of Australia and eight years as Minister for Primary Industries and Energy, holding the latter role for the longest period in Australian history.

Early life and education
Kerin was born in Bowral in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales. Growing up in a rural area, he was educated at Hurlstone Agricultural High School and Bowral High School. He worked as a poultry farmer before later completing a Bachelor of Arts from the University of New England, Armidale, in 1967, and then a Bachelor of Economics from the Australian National University in 1977. In between studying for his two degrees, Kerin spent time working at the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE).

Political career
Having joined the Labor Party as a student, Kerin was elected to the House of Representatives for the seat of Macarthur at the 1972 election. He remained on the backbench throughout the Whitlam government, but lost his seat in Labor's landslide defeat at the 1975 election, returning to work at the ABARE. He was later selected as Labor's candidate for the safe seat of Werriwa at the 1978 by-election caused by the retirement of former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, who had held the seat since 1952.

After Labor's landslide victory at the 1983 election, newly elected Prime Minister Bob Hawke appointed Kerin as Minister for Primary Industries and Energy owing to Kerin's significant experience both in economics and working on commodities and agricultural policies. His background made Kerin a good fit for the role, and he remained in the position for almost the entirety of Hawke's time as Prime Minister, making him by far the longest-serving minister in this portfolio in Australian history. During his time as Primary Industries and Energy Minister, Kerin played a key role in the Hawke government's numerous economic reforms, particularly the gradual abolition of most tariff protections on agricultural imports.

After Paul Keating resigned as Treasurer of Australia in June 1991 to mount an unsuccessful leadership challenge to Hawke, Kerin was appointed to replace him. Keating had been an influential and long-serving treasurer, as well as being Hawke's primary political partner, leading to significant and immediate media pressure on Kerin to see how he would compare. Kerin was highly regarded as Minister for Primary Industry. After an initially positive start, Kerin was judged by several journalists as failing to respond adequately to the Liberal-National Coalition's proposals for their new 'Fightback!' economic policy. Kerin was further undermined by hostile briefing by some from within the Labor Caucus, and ultimately his authority in office was fatally undermined when he made a public gaffe by appearing to forget the meaning of a gross operating surplus. Hawke felt that he had no option but to sack Kerin as treasurer, replacing him with Ralph Willis, and instead appointing Kerin as Minister for Transport and Communications.

However, his time in this role would be brief, as Keating mounted a successful challenge to Hawke's leadership less than a fortnight later. Having promised the portfolio of Transport and Communications to his close ally Graham Richardson, Keating moved Kerin to the role of Minister for Trade and Overseas Development. In this position, Kerin played a key role in preparing the groundwork for the APEC Leaders' Summit at which the Bogor Declaration would be declared, pledging significant movement towards free trade amongst Pacific economies. He was dropped from the ministry after the 1993 election and at the end of that year Kerin announced his retirement from Parliament, stating that he wished to move on to other things.

Post-political career
After his retirement from politics in 1993, Kerin was appointed to a senior position at the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation, and joined numerous boards of various charities and companies. Kerin remained active across a range of public policy issues in Australia. In October 2008 he was appointed to the board of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. He was appointed the 2008 Distinguished Life Member of the Australian Agriculture and Resource Economics Society.

In October 2010 Kerin was appointed Chair of the Crawford Fund, a position he held until early 2017. The Crawford Fund aims to increase Australia's engagement in international agricultural research, development and education. In 2011 he resigned from the New South Wales branch of the Labor Party in protest at what he saw as the increasingly highly centralised nature of control over the operations of the organisation. He said that the administrative arm of the party had become increasingly involved in policy formulation, leaving little room for meaningful participation by rank and file party members. In August 2012, he rejoined the Party as a member in Canberra, where he stated he felt that local management of the party was more responsive to the concerns of members.

In 2017, Kerin released an extensive memoir of his experiences as Primary Industries and Energy Minister between 1983 and 1991.

Kerin died on 29 March 2023, at the age of 85.

Honours
On 26 January 2001 Kerin was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM). On 11 June 2018 he was advanced within the Order to Officer level (AO).

On 1 January 2001 Kerin was awarded the Centenary Medal.

title: John Kerin


text: File:Prince n-s.jpg

title: File:Prince n-s.jpg


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User talk:Thanhtamit

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!--Pharos 07:13, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Thanhtamit


text:
Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

Anatoliy Oleksandrovych Tymoshchuk (Анатолій Олександрович Тимощук, Анато́лий Алекса́ндрович Тимощу́к; born 30 March 1979) is a Ukrainian football coach and former midfielder. Since 2017, he has served as an assistant coach of the Russian Premier League club Zenit Saint Petersburg. Tymoshchuk is regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of Shakhtar Donetsk and Zenit Saint Petersburg, and is also a former captain of the Ukraine national team.

Tymoshchuk began his professional career with his local Volyn Lutsk. He moved to play for Ukrainian giants Shakhtar Donetsk, which he captained and won the Ukrainian Premier League, Ukrainian Cup and Ukrainian Super Cup titles with. In 2008, Tymoshchuk won the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Super Cup as captain of Zenit Saint Petersburg. He also won a Russian Premier League and Russian Super Cup title. After joining German club Bayern Munich, Tymoshchuk won the Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal and the DFB-Supercup titles. With Bayern, he also won the UEFA Champions League in 2013 and finished as runners-up in 2010 and 2012.

A former captain of the Ukraine national team, Tymoshchuk is the nation's all-time most capped player with 144 caps. He took part in Ukraine's first-ever FIFA World Cup in 2006 and their first European Championship in 2012. He won the Ukrainian Footballer of the Year on three occasions.

In 2022, the Ukrainian Association of Football stripped Tymoshchuk of his (Ukrainian) coaching license and titles because he did not speak out against Russia's ongoing invasion of Ukraine and stayed on as assistant coach at Zenit Saint Petersburg. On 6 January 2023 he was formally sanctioned by Ukraine among other Russian and pro-Russian celebrities, having his assets frozen and state awards revoked.

Volyn Lutsk
Tymoshchuk started his career playing for his hometown club Volyn Lutsk, having risen through the ranks at the team. Following two successful seasons, the player began to attract attention from bigger clubs.

Shakhtar Donetsk
In 1997, at age 18, Tymoshchuk's contract was purchased from Volyn by Shakhtar Donetsk. At Shakhtar, he was a key member of the team which won three Ukrainian Premier League titles, three Ukrainian Cups and a Ukrainian Super Cup. His time with Shakhtar is credited with establishing him as a great midfielder in Europe.

In 2006, having captained Shakhtar for a number of years, Tymoshchuk became linked with a string of European clubs, including Juventus, Feyenoord, Celtic and Roma.

Zenit Saint Petersburg
On 27 February 2007, Tymoshchuk transferred to Zenit Saint Petersburg for a reported €15 million fee. He was soon named as the new captain of the team. Zenit manager Dick Advocaat was very impressed with him, saying, "About Tymoshchuk I can say only good things, and not only the player but also the person. Tymoshchuk – is a professional from head to toes. I never had complaints to him about discipline. While Tymoshchuk and I are at the club, he will be the captain of Zenit."

His first season at the club ended in success, with Zenit winning the Russian Premier League title for the first time in club history and the club's first league title since its 1984 Soviet Top League triumph. At the end of the season, Tymoshchuk was included in the annual list of the best 33 players of the Premier League, and was also voted as league player of the year by popular sports magazine Sport-Express.

After Zenit won the championship, astronaut Yuri Malenchenko—known as a fan of the team—waved Zenit shirt with Tymoshchuk's name on it while in space. In so doing, Zenit became the first team to have its uniform shown in space.

During the 2007–08 European season, Tymoshchuk captained Zenit to the UEFA Cup title, in which they defeated Scottish Premier League club Rangers 2–0 in the final. The club then went on to claim the 2008 UEFA Super Cup in a 2–1 victory over Manchester United.

Bayern Munich
In February 2009, Bayern Munich general manager Uli Hoeneß announced Tymoshchuk had agreed to join Bayern. Initially, Zenit announced no agreement had yet been reached between the two clubs. However, on 18 February, Bayern announced Tymoshchuk would join the club in July 2009 in order to allow Tymoshchuk to play for Zenit until the summer. He played his last match with Zenit on 14 June 2009.

Tymoshchuk officially joined Bayern on 1 July 2009 with a contract set to expire 30 June 2012. The transfer fee was undisclosed, but German media reports estimated the deal at €14 million.

Tymoshchuk played his first match for Bayern against Milan in the 2009 Audi Cup, coming on as a second-half substitute. He also started in the final against Manchester United, where he was substituted off in the 77th minute; Bayern won the match 7–6 on penalties. He scored his first goal for Bayern against Juventus in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League. On 8 May 2010, Tymoshchuk won his first trophy with Bayern, the 2009–10 Bundesliga, followed one week later by the 2009–10 DFB-Pokal title. In total, Tymoshchuk made 21 Bundesliga appearances in the 2009–10 season, ten as a substitute, but failed to start a match in the whole of the second half of the season.

In late July 2010, Bayern manager Louis van Gaal described Tymoshchuk's prospects as "not very bright", adding, "If a player doesn't play or doesn't have bright prospects then I would leave if I were them." Nevertheless, from October 2010 until March 2011, Tymoshchuk started all of Bayern's matches.

In 2011, new Bayern manager Jupp Heynckes said Tymoshchuk would play more under him. Tymoshchuk was given a chance to start in matches at the time the team was plagued with injuries, filling in at central defence. He started in central defence alongside Jérôme Boateng in the Champions League final in Munich, which Bayern lost to Chelsea on penalties. Before the final, Heynckes said, "Tymoshchuk is a great team player. He's really important for us, and in situation, when three players are disqualified, his experience and ability to play in different positions is really useful for us." Because Tymoshchuk played a bigger role under Heynckes than under Van Gaal, he became an important part of the team. Goalkeeper Manuel Neuer said of Tymoshchuk, "For me the main job – not to let goals in. As a result, I love partners who have the same job. Anatoliy – is quite an aggressive footballer, but it's a smart aggression. He knows perfectly, when to choose the right position, to stop the attack of the opponent, and when to use such a move, like taking the ball harshly. No doubt, Tymoshchuk is doing a great job at Bayern!"

Return to Zenit Saint Petersburg
After winning the 2012–13 Champions League with Bayern, Tymoshchuk returned to Zenit, despite receiving offers from different clubs around Europe. Russian media claim Tymoshchuk was signed by Zenit not only because of his skills as player, but for his ability to integrate the Russians and the foreigners in the team and stop the rumoured conflicts among groups in the squad. Tymoshchuk himself said the return to Zenit was the last transfer in his career, indicating he would finish his playing career with the club.

In 2014, Zenit lost 4–2 to Borussia Dortmund, with Dortmund scoring twice in the first five minutes of the match. Tymoshchuk has said there was a chance for his team to score when the scoreline was 3–2, but they never did.

Kairat
On 6 July 2015, Tymoshchuk signed an 18-month contract with Kazakhstan Premier League side Kairat. He captained the team in his league debut. He helped the team to its 2015 Kazakhstan Cup title. Tymoshchuk left Kairat upon the completion of his contract in November 2016. Without officially announcing his retirement, he began studying for his PRO coaching license.

International career
Since his debut in 2000, Tymoshchuk has become a key member of the Ukraine national team. He gained recognition for his performance during the 2006 FIFA World Cup in which Ukraine reached the quarter-finals, being named man of the match in Ukraine's victory over Tunisia. Tymoshchuk has been described as one of the catalysts for Ukraine's first World Cup appearance. In 2009, he won Cyprus International Football Tournaments.

On 11 October 2010, in a friendly match against Brazil, Tymoshchuk became the second Ukraine player to earn 100 caps, after Andriy Shevchenko, who reached the milestone in a friendly against Canada just two days prior.

On 20 December 2011, Tymoshchuk was named the best footballer in the history of Ukraine; he finished first in a nationwide poll to determine the key individuals in the Ukrainian game since the nation's independence in 1991. After Shevchenko's retirement in 2012, Tymoshchuk inherited the captaincy of the team.

He is the most capped Ukrainian player with 144 appearances as of 29 June 2016. In August 2016, Tymoshchuk officially retired from international football.

Style of play
During his playing career, he was "a deep-lying midfielder who is comfortable on the ball and capable of ferocious long-range shooting".

Personal life
Tymoshchuk is married to Nadiya Tymoshchuk (née Navrotska). The couple met in his hometown Lutsk while living in the same neighbourhood. Their twins were born three months prematurely in April 2010. In July, it was determined the children were growing well and would be released from hospital. In summer 2016, Nadiya, who currently lives in Munich together with children, announced she was filing for divorce.

In June 2008, Tymoshchuk was awarded the title of "Honorary citizen of Lutsk".

Tymoshchuk's favorite player is Lothar Matthäus. He stated that the historical team in which he most wanted to play was the Germany national team in 1990, alongside Matthäus. He is also a fan of the Ukrainian band Okean Elzy and Russian painter Mikhail Vrubel. He is an avid collector of wines, t-shirts and icons.

Tymoshchuk considers 4|four his lucky number; he often wore 4 or 44 as his shirt number at both international and club level. Aside from his native Ukrainian, he speaks Polish and Russian as well as basic Croatian and German.

Tymoshchuk and his father have since 2000 organized tournaments, the International Anatoliy Tymoshchuk Junior Cup, for children from Ukraine and neighbour states in Lutsk. The winners get cups and money awards. The mission of the tournament was to encourage children to continue their football training by giving them a chance to participate in a real competition.

Zenit controversy
On 11 March 2022, the Ukrainian Association of Football (UAF) stripped Tymoshchuk of his (Ukrainian) coaching licence and titles because of his role at Zenit St Petersburg and for not speaking against Russia's ongoing invasion of Ukraine. The UAF stated that his "conscious choice" to continue at Zenit "damages the image of Ukrainian football". Reports also surfaced suggesting he might be a Russian spy. A Polish sport commentator described his case as that of "a collaborator, erased from Ukrainian sport history".

Utkin controversy
When criticising Tymoshchuk, Russian sports journalist Vasily Utkin said that "[Tymoshchuk] cares only and exclusively about money," and claimed that whilst a player for Zenit, he asked the club for large numbers of tickets with the purpose of reselling them. However, that story was quickly disproved by others. Former Zenit player Vladislav Radimov called it "complete nonsense" and provided a story how Tymoshchuk at one point gave him two tickets to a game, but refused to take money from him for those tickets. Russian sports journalist Alexey Andronov also spoke out in defence of Tymoshchuk, and said how at one point Tymoshchuk gave him and another journalist tickets to a game, but did not ask for money in return. He also pointed out how players requesting tickets from their club for friends is a normal practice in Russia, but unheard of in other European leagues.

International

 * As of match played 21 June 2016. Ukraine score listed first, score column indicates score after each Tymoshchuk goal.

Honours
Shakhtar Donetsk-2
 * Ukrainian Second League: 1997–98

Shakhtar Donetsk
 * Ukrainian Premier League: 2001–02, 2004–05, 2005–06
 * Ukrainian Cup: 2000–01, 2001–02, 2003–04
 * Ukrainian Super Cup: 2005

Zenit Saint Petersburg
 * Russian Premier League: 2007, 2014–15
 * Russian Super Cup: 2008
 * UEFA Cup: 2007–08
 * UEFA Super Cup: 2008

Bayern Munich
 * Bundesliga: 2009–10, 2012–13
 * DFB-Pokal: 2009–10, 2012–13
 * DFL-Supercup: 2010, 2012
 * UEFA Champions League: 2012–13

Kairat Individual
 * Kazakhstan Cup: 2015
 * Kazakhstan Super Cup: 2016
 * Ukrainian Bravery Order III Degree: 2006
 * Ukrainian Footballer of the Year (by Ukrainian Football): 2002, 2006, 2007
 * Russian Premier League: Player of the Year 2007
 * Russian Premier League Top 33 Players – #1 Defensive Midfielder: 2007, 2008
 * Honorary citizen of Lutsk: 2008
 * UEFA awards 100 caps: 2011
 * Best Ukrainian Footballer in History (1991–2011) with Andriy Shevchenko and Oleksandr Shovkovskyi

title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Loaf A Toast

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete.Woohookitty 08:35, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Loaf A Toast, My Name Is Emily and GHS
(plus probably anything else that Jacob Bean creates)

Non-notable, yet to be released band. One Google hit of their own submission. Not notable even in their own view: "one of the best concept albums in the history of Glendale, PA". -- RHaworth 07:15, 2005 July 16 (UTC)
 * Delete. See also Jordan Segrist. Bovlb 07:34:50, 2005-07-16 (UTC)
 * Delete, band vanity. --Angr/undefined 08:00, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. --Etacar11 03:03, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity     13:28, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 13:30, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all, non notable band vanity. JamesBurns 02:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

Keep All good fun. Very notable band. Hardly band vanity. - Poops McGee


text: Category:Transgender actors

title: Category:Transgender actors


text:
Lukey's Boat

"Lukey's Boat" is a comical folk song originating from the east coast of Newfoundland. Given its metre, it may have derived from a sea shanty.

There are many minor variations of the song, depending on the singer; however it is essentially about the characteristics of the title boat, with the last few stanzas about Lukey returning home to find his wife dead and buried (who appears not to grieve her much, as he'll have another "in the spring of the year"). The earliest printed version was in "Ballads from Nova Scotia" (1932) by Helen Creighton, listed as "Loakie's Boat".

Contemporary recordings include "Lukey" by Great Big Sea for their 1995 album Up, The Chieftains featuring Great Big Sea for the 1998 album Fire in the Kitchen, and John White, from St John's, Newfoundland in 1996. Fiddler's Green, a German folk band, for their 2007 album Drive Me Mad!, and The Kreellers on Sixth and Porter released in 2008. Cornish Group Fisherman's Friends included the song on their 2024 release All Aboard.

The song was also used as a theme song for Australian comedian Lukey Bolland.

title: Lukey's Boat


text:
Talk:Andy Milanokis

Dude!! If you want to edit or revise this, feel free. I just started this article as a stub and invite all others to edit and add info on Milanokis. However, this man IS currently a public figure and deserving of an entry.4.171.108.185 07:18, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

HE DOES NOT HAVE A GROWTH HORMONE CONDITION, YOU MORONS

title: Talk:Andy Milanokis


text:
Duality (Ra album)

Duality is the second studio album by American alternative metal band Ra. This is the band's first album with bassist/backing vocalist P.J. Farley and drummer Andy Ryan.

The style from this album has noticeably changed since Ra's debut album of From One. The album boasts a hard rock and melodic vibe whereas their first album had more of a nu metal feel. The middle-eastern influences in the CD are still present, but are noticeably pushed back. Akin to their former album, Duality only claimed one charting single, which was the song "Fallen Angels", a song that was inspired by the Kevin Smith film Dogma. The tenth track "Got Me Going" was played on the radio in the background of the movie Hot Rod.

Early pressings of the album were immediately recalled from stores because of a manufacturing glitch, as skipping could be heard on track 2. The problem has since been corrected, and latest pressings of the album feature a sticker on the front of the case stating it to be a remastered version. Ra has sold 80,000 copies of Duality. Duality peaked at no. 137 on the Billboard 200 and no. 2 on the Heatseekers Albums chart.

Credits

 * Sahaj Ticotin - vocals, guitar, percussion, programming
 * Ben Carroll - guitar, backing vocals
 * P.J. Farley - bass, backing vocals
 * Andy Ryan - drums

title: Duality (Ra album)


text:
From One

From One is the first major label album by American alternative metal band Ra, released on October 22, 2002. It features the band's hit single, "Do You Call My Name", which had a music video and was followed by their second single, "Rectifier". From One reached number 154 on the Billboard 200. Universal Music Group originally hosted a listening party so that people could listen to the entire album before it was released.

The first track "Do You Call My Name" was featured during the introduction and before commercial breaks during the 2006 NFL Draft on ESPN, as well as video games MX Unleashed and Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003. It also was used as an entrance theme for a wrestler Shawn Daivari during his Ring of Honor days, in addition to Ophidian as a singles theme on the independent circuit, most notably in Chikara Pro. The second track "Rectifier" was featured on the game Project Gotham Racing 2. Ra was featured as Artist of the Month on antimusic.com. Keavin Wiggins of AntiMusic named From One the top album of the decade.

Explanation of inspiration

 * All quotes taken from The Gauntlet's interview with lead singer Sahaj Ticotin

The concepts

– "I wanted to hear Metallica with the Police's Andy Summers playing guitar and Sting singing. It bothered me that there wasn't a band like that, so I formed one,"

– "There's also an element of majesty that needs to be portrayed in the music's presentation. One of my favorite movies is The Matrix, and the look of that film is a real inspiration. A lot of the concepts presented in the film are ideas that feature in our songs."

The lyrics

– "I rarely write from my own experience. I spend most of the time observing the circumstances of those around me."

– "My lyrics don't read like Shakespeare, but he's definitely influenced my work"

Band members

 * Sahaj Ticotin – lead vocals, guitar
 * Ben Carroll – guitar
 * Sean Corcoran – bass, backing vocals
 * Skoota Warner – drums

title: From One


text:
User:Troodon

Hi! I'm a user that mainly contributes to ES, but maybe I will contribute a bit here as well ;-)

es:User:Troodon ro:User:Troodon ru:User:Troodon

title: User:Troodon


text:
Ellen Tittel

Ellen Tittel (later Wellmann, later Wessinghage, 28 June 1948 – 7 October 2023) was a West German middle-distance runner who specialized in the 1500 m event. She won the European indoor title in 1973, placing third in 1975, and had another third-place finish at the 1971 European Outdoor Championships. She reached the 1500 m finals at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics, but abandoned the 1972 race due to stomach cramps. In 1971 she helped to set a new world record in the 4 × 800 m relay.

Domestically Tittel set a national record in 1969 and won the national title in 1970–76. In 1975 she was chosen the German Sportspersonality of the Year.

Tittel was a lawyer by profession. Before turning to athletics she tried gymnastics, but found it too boring. She married two fellow Olympic middle-distance runners, first Paul-Heinz Wellmann, and a few years later Thomas Wessinghage. With Wessinghage she had a son Daniel. She died on 7 October 2023, at the age of 75.

title: Ellen Tittel


text:
Pregabalin

Pregabalin, sold under the brand name Lyrica among others, is an anticonvulsant, analgesic, and anxiolytic amino acid medication used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, restless leg syndrome, opioid withdrawal, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Pregabalin also has antiallodynic properties. Its use in epilepsy is as an add-on therapy for partial seizures. It is a gabapentinoid medication (GABA analogue) which are drugs that are derivatives of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Pregabalin acts by inhibiting certain calcium channels. When used before surgery, it reduces pain but results in greater sedation and visual disturbances. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include headache, dizziness, sleepiness, confusion, trouble with memory, poor coordination, dry mouth, problems with vision, and weight gain. Serious side effects may include angioedema, drug misuse, and an increased suicide risk. When pregabalin is taken at high doses over a long period of time, addiction may occur, but if taken at usual doses the risk is low. Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is of unclear safety.

Pregabalin was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004. It was developed as a successor to the related gabapentin. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 73rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8million prescriptions. In the US, pregabalin is a Schedule V controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, which means that the drug has low abuse potential compared to substances in Schedules I-IV, however, there is still a potential for misuse. Despite the low abuse potential, there have been reports of euphoria, improved happiness, excitement, calmness, and a "high" similar to marijuana with the use of pregabalin; there is a potential for developing dependence on these substances, and withdrawal symptoms may occur if the medication is abruptly discontinued. It is a Class C controlled substance in the UK. Therefore, pregabalin requires a prescription. Furthermore, the prescription must clearly set forth the dose. Pregabalin has potential for misuse. It can bring about an elevated mood in users. It can also have serious side effects, particularly when used in combination with other drugs.

Seizures
For drug-resistant focal epilepsy, pregabalin is useful as an add-on therapy to other treatments. Its use alone is less effective than some other seizure medications. It is unclear how it compares to gabapentin for this use.

Neuropathic pain
The European Federation of Neurological Societies recommends pregabalin as a first line agent for the treatment of pain associated with diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and central neuropathic pain. A minority obtain substantial benefit, and a larger number obtain moderate benefit. It is given equal weight as gabapentin and tricyclic antidepressants as a first-line agent, however the latter are less expensive as of 2010. Pregabalin is as effective at relieving pain as duloxetine and amitriptyline. Combination treatment of pregabalin and amitriptyline or duloxetine offers additional pain relief for people whose pain is not adequately controlled with one medication, and is safe.

Studies have shown that higher doses of pregabalin are associated with greater efficacy.

Pregabalin's use in cancer-associated neuropathic pain is controversial, though such use is common. It has been examined for the prevention of post-surgical chronic pain, but its utility for this purpose is controversial.

Pregabalin is generally not regarded as efficacious in the treatment of acute pain. In trials examining the utility of pregabalin for the treatment of acute post-surgical pain, no effect on overall pain levels was observed, but people did require less morphine and had fewer opioid-related side effects. Several possible mechanisms for pain improvement have been discussed.

Anxiety disorders
Pregabalin is effective for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. It is also effective for the short- and long-term treatment of social anxiety disorder and in reducing preoperative anxiety. However, there is concern regarding pregabalin's off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for its efficacy in multiple conditions and its proven side effects.

The World Federation of Biological Psychiatry recommends pregabalin as one of several first line agents for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, but recommends other agents such as those of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class as first line treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For PTSD, pregabalin as complementary treatment seems to be effective.

Generalized anxiety disorder
Pregabalin has anxiolytic effects similar to benzodiazepines with less risk of dependence. The effects of pregabalin appear within one week of use, and are similar in effectiveness to lorazepam, alprazolam, and venlafaxine, but pregabalin has demonstrated superiority by producing more consistent therapeutic effects for psychosomatic anxiety symptoms. Long-term trials have shown continued effectiveness without the development of tolerance, and, in addition, unlike benzodiazepines, it has a beneficial effect on sleep and sleep architecture, characterized by the enhancement of slow-wave sleep. It produces less severe cognitive and psychomotor impairment compared to benzodiazepines.

A 2019 review found that pregabalin reduces symptoms, and was generally well tolerated.

Other uses
Although pregabalin is sometimes prescribed for people with bipolar disorder there is no evidence showing that it is effective.

There is no evidence and significant risk in using pregabalin for sciatica and low back pain. Evidence of benefit in alcohol withdrawal as well as withdrawal from certain other drugs is limited as of 2016.

There is no evidence for its use in the prevention of migraines and gabapentin has also been found not to be useful.

Adverse effects
Exposure to pregabalin is associated with weight gain, sleepiness and fatigue, dizziness, vertigo, leg swelling, disturbed vision, loss of coordination, and euphoria. It has an adverse effect profile similar to other central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Even though pregabalin is a depressant and anticonvulsant it can sometimes paradoxically induce seizures, particularly in large overdoses. Adverse drug reactions associated with the use of pregabalin include:
 * Very common (>10% of people with pregabalin): dizziness, drowsiness.
 * Common (1–10% of people with pregabalin): blurred vision, diplopia, increased appetite and subsequent weight gain, euphoria, confusion, vivid dreams, changes in libido (increase or decrease), irritability, ataxia, attention changes, feeling high, abnormal coordination, memory impairment, tremors, dysarthria, paresthesia, vertigo, dry mouth and constipation, nausea, vomiting and flatulence, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, peripheral edema, feeling the effects of drunkenness, abnormal walking, asthenia, nasopharyngitis, increased creatine kinase level.
 * Infrequent (0.1–1% of people with pregabalin): depression, lethargy, agitation, anorgasmia, hallucinations, myoclonus, hypoaesthesia, hyperaesthesia, tachycardia, excessive salivation, hypoglycaemia, excessive sweating, flushing, rash, muscle cramp, myalgia, arthralgia, urinary incontinence, dysuria, thrombocytopenia, kidney calculus
 * Rare (<0.1% of people with pregabalin): neutropenia, first degree heart block, hypotension, hypertension, pancreatitis, dysphagia, oliguria, rhabdomyolysis, suicidal thoughts or behavior.

Cases of recreational use, with associated adverse effects have been reported.

Withdrawal symptoms
Following abrupt or rapid discontinuation of pregabalin, some people reported symptoms suggestive of physical dependence. The FDA determined that the substance dependence profile of pregabalin, as measured by a personal physical withdrawal checklist, was quantitatively less than benzodiazepines. Even people who have discontinued short term use of pregabalin have experienced withdrawal symptoms, including insomnia, headache, nausea, anxiety, diarrhea, flu like symptoms, nervousness, major depression, pain, convulsions, hyperhidrosis, and dizziness.

Pregnancy
It is unclear if it is safe for use in pregnancy with some studies showing potential harm.

Breathing
In December 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warned about serious breathing issues for those taking gabapentin or pregabalin when used with central nervous system (CNS) depressants or for those with lung problems.

The FDA required new warnings about the risk of respiratory depression to be added to the prescribing information of the gabapentinoids. The FDA also required the drug manufacturers to conduct clinical trials to further evaluate their abuse potential, particularly in combination with opioids, because misuse and abuse of these products together is increasing, and co-use may increase the risk of respiratory depression.

Among 49 case reports submitted to the FDA over the five-year period from 2012 to 2017, twelve people died from respiratory depression with gabapentinoids, all of whom had at least one risk factor.

The FDA reviewed the results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials in healthy people, three observational studies, and several studies in animals. One trial showed that using pregabalin alone and using it with an opioid pain reliever can depress breathing function. The other trial showed gabapentin alone increased pauses in breathing during sleep. The three observational studies at one academic medical center showed a relationship between gabapentinoids given before surgery and respiratory depression occurring after different kinds of surgeries. The FDA also reviewed several animal studies that showed pregabalin alone and pregabalin plus opioids can depress respiratory function.

Overdose
An overdose of pregabalin usually consists of severe drowsiness, severe ataxia, blurred vision and macular detachment, slurred speech, severe uncontrollable jerking motions (myoclonus), tonic clonic seizures and anxiety. Despite these symptoms an overdose is not usually fatal unless mixed with another CNS depressant. Several people with kidney failure developed myoclonus while receiving pregabalin, apparently as a result of gradual accumulation of the drug. Acute overdosage may be manifested by somnolence, tachycardia, and hypertonia. Plasma, serum, or blood concentrations of pregabalin may be measured to monitor therapy or to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized people.

Interactions
No interactions have been demonstrated in vivo. The manufacturer notes some potential pharmacological interactions with opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, ethanol (alcohol), and other drugs that depress the central nervous system. ACE inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of pregabalin. Pregabalin may enhance the fluid-retaining effect of certain anti-diabetic agents (thiazolidinediones).

Mechanism of action
Pregabalin is a gabapentinoid medication, which are drugs that are derivatives of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Pregabalin inhibits certain calcium channels, namely, it blocks α2δ subunit-containing voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs).

While the exact mechanism of action of pregabalin is not definitively characterized, is believed that the main action is exhibited specifically by its binding to the α2δ subunit of VDCCs, so that this binding modulates calcium influx at the nerve terminals, thereby inhibiting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. These excitatory neurotransmitters include glutamate, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), serotonin, dopamine, substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide. By inhibiting the release of these neurotransmitters, pregabalin can reduce the transmission of pain signals, which helps alleviate symptoms and provides relief for patients experiencing pain, seizures, or other related symptoms.

Whereas pregabalin is structurally similar to GABA, pregabalin it does not bind directly to GABA receptors, which supports the notion that its therapeutic effects are achieved through its action on the α2δ subunit of VDCCs.

Pharmacodynamics
Pregabalin is a gabapentinoid and acts by inhibiting certain calcium channels. Specifically it is a ligand of the auxiliary α2δ subunit site of certain voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), and thereby acts as an inhibitor of α2δ subunit-containing VDCCs. There are two drug-binding α2δ subunits, α2δ-1 and α2δ-2, and pregabalin shows similar affinity for (and hence lack of selectivity between) these two sites. Pregabalin is selective in its binding to the α2δ VDCC subunit. Despite the fact that pregabalin is a GABA analogue, it does not bind to the GABA receptors, does not convert into GABA or another GABA receptor agonist in vivo, and does not directly modulate GABA transport or metabolism. However, pregabalin has been found to produce a dose-dependent increase in the brain expression of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for synthesizing GABA, and hence may have some indirect GABAergic effects by increasing GABA levels in the brain. There is currently no evidence that the effects of pregabalin are mediated by any mechanism other than inhibition of α2δ-containing VDCCs. In accordance, inhibition of α2δ-1-containing VDCCs by pregabalin appears to be responsible for its anticonvulsant, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects.

The endogenous α-amino acids L -leucine and  L -isoleucine, which closely resemble pregabalin and the other gabapentinoids in chemical structure, are apparent ligands of the α2δ VDCC subunit with similar affinity as the gabapentinoids (e.g., IC50=71 nM for L -isoleucine), and are present in human cerebrospinal fluid at micromolar concentrations (e.g., 12.9 μM for L -leucine, 4.8 μM for L -isoleucine). It has been theorized that they may be the endogenous ligands of the subunit and that they may competitively antagonize the effects of gabapentinoids. In accordance, while gabapentinoids like pregabalin and gabapentin have nanomolar affinities for the α2δ subunit, their potencies in vivo are in the low micromolar range, and competition for binding by endogenous L -amino acids has been said to likely be responsible for this discrepancy.

Pregabalin was found to possess 6-fold higher affinity than gabapentin for α2δ subunit-containing VDCCs in one study. However, another study found that pregabalin and gabapentin had similar affinities for the human recombinant α2δ-1 subunit (Ki=32 nM and 40 nM, respectively). In any case, pregabalin is 2 to 4 times more potent than gabapentin as an analgesic and, in animals, appears to be 3 to 10 times more potent than gabapentin as an anticonvulsant.

Absorption
Pregabalin is absorbed from the intestines by an active transport process mediated via the large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5), a transporter for amino acids such as L -leucine and  L -phenylalanine. Very few (less than 10 drugs) are known to be transported by this transporter. Unlike gabapentin, which is transported solely by the LAT1, pregabalin seems to be transported not only by the LAT1 but also by other carriers. The LAT1 is easily saturable, so the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin are dose-dependent, with diminished bioavailability and delayed peak levels at higher doses. In contrast, this is not the case for pregabalin, which shows linear pharmacokinetics and no saturation of absorption.

The oral bioavailability of pregabalin is greater than or equal to 90% across and beyond its entire clinical dose range (75 to 600 mg/day). Food does not significantly influence the oral bioavailability of pregabalin. Pregabalin is rapidly absorbed when administered on an empty stomach, with a Tmax (time to peak levels) of generally less than or equal to 1 hour at doses of 300 mg or less. However, food has been found to substantially delay the absorption of pregabalin and to significantly reduce peak levels without affecting the bioavailability of the drug; Tmax values for pregabalin of 0.6 hours in a fasted state and 3.2 hours in a fed state (5-fold difference), and the Cmax is reduced by 25–31% in a fed versus fasted state.

Distribution
Pregabalin crosses the blood–brain barrier and enters the central nervous system. However, due to its low lipophilicity, pregabalin requires active transport across the blood–brain barrier. The LAT1 is highly expressed at the blood–brain barrier and transports pregabalin across into the brain. Pregabalin has been shown to cross the placenta in rats and is present in the milk of lactating rats. In humans, the volume of distribution of an orally administered dose of pregabalin is approximately 0.56 L/kg. Pregabalin is not significantly bound to plasma proteins (<1%).

Metabolism
Pregabalin undergoes little or no metabolism. In experiments using nuclear medicine techniques, it was revealed that approximately 98% of the radioactivity recovered in the urine was unchanged pregabalin. The main metabolite is N-methylpregabalin.

Pregabalin is generally safe in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Elimination
Pregabalin is eliminated by the kidneys in the urine, mainly in its unchanged form. It has a relatively short elimination half-life, with a reported value of 6.3 hours. Because of its short elimination half-life, pregabalin is administered 2 to 3 times per day to maintain therapeutic levels. The kidney clearance of pregabalin is 73 mL/minute.

Chemistry

Pregabalin is a GABA analogue that is a 3-substituted derivative as well as a γ-amino acid. Specifically, pregabalin is (S)-(+)-3-isobutyl-GABA. Pregabalin also closely resembles the α-amino acids L -leucine and  L -isoleucine, and this may be of greater relevance in relation to its pharmacodynamics than its structural similarity to GABA.

Synthesis
Chemical syntheses of pregabalin have been described.

History
Pregabalin was synthesized in 1990 as an anticonvulsant. It was invented by medicinal chemist Richard Bruce Silverman at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. Silverman is best known for identifying the drug pregabalin as a possible treatment for epileptic seizures. During 1988 to 1990, Ryszard Andruszkiewicz, a visiting research fellow, synthesized a series of molecules requested by Silverman. One looked particularly promising. The molecule was effectively shaped for transportation into the brain, where it activated L-glutamic acid decarboxylase, an enzyme. Silverman hoped that the enzyme would increase production of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and block convulsions. Eventually, the set of molecules were sent to Parke-Davis Pharmaceuticals for testing. The drug was approved in the European Union in 2004. The US received FDA approval for use in treating epilepsy, diabetic neuropathic pain, and postherpetic neuralgia in December 2004. Pregabalin then appeared on the US market under the brand name Lyrica in fall of 2005. In 2017, the FDA approved pregabalin extended-release Lyrica CR for the management of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and postherpetic neuralgia. However, unlike the immediate release formulation, Lyrica CR was not approved for the management of fibromyalgia or as add-on therapy for adults with partial onset seizures.

Legal status

 * United States: During clinical trials a small number of users (~4%) reported euphoria after use, which led to its control in the US. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classified pregabalin as a depressant and placed pregabalin, including its salts, and all products containing pregabalin into Schedule V of the Controlled Substances Act.
 * Norway: Pregabalin is in prescription Schedule B, alongside benzodiazepines.
 * United Kingdom: On January 14, 2016, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) wrote a letter to Home Office ministers recommending that pregabalin alongside gabapentin should be controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. It was announced in October 2018, that Pregabalin would become reclassified as a class C controlled substance from April 2019.

In the United States, the FDA has approved pregabalin for adjunctive therapy for adults with partial onset seizures, management of postherpetic neuralgia and neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and the treatment of fibromyalgia. Pregabalin has also been approved in the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Russia for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.

Economics
Pregabalin is available as a generic medication in a number of countries, including the United States as of July 2019. In the United States as of July 2019 the wholesale/pharmacy cost for generic pregabalin is US$0.17–0.22 per 150 mg capsule.

Since 2008, Pfizer has engaged in extensive direct-to-consumer advertising campaigns to promote its branded product Lyrica for fibromyalgia and diabetic nerve pain indications. In January 2016, the company spent a record amount, $24.6 million for a single drug on TV ads, reaching global revenues of $14 billion, more than half in the United States.

Up until 2009, Pfizer promoted Lyrica for other uses which had not been approved by medical regulators. For Lyrica and three other drugs, Pfizer was fined a record amount of US$2.3 billion by the Department of Justice,  after pleading guilty to advertising and branding "with the intent to defraud or mislead". Pfizer illegally promoted the drugs, with doctors "invited to consultant meetings, many in resort locations; attendees expenses were paid; they received a fee just for being there", according to prosecutor Michael Loucks.

Intellectual property
Professor Richard "Rick" Silverman of Northwestern University developed pregabalin there. The university holds a patent on it, exclusively licensed to Pfizer. That patent, along with others, was challenged by generic manufacturers and was upheld in 2014, giving Pfizer exclusivity for Lyrica in the US until 2018.

Pfizer's main patent for Lyrica, for seizure disorders, in the UK expired in 2013. In November 2018, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom ruled that Pfizer's second patent on the drug, for treatment of pain, was invalid because there was a lack of evidence for the conditions it covered – central and peripheral neuropathic pain. From October 2015, GPs were forced to change people from generic pregabalin to branded until the second patent ran out in July 2017. This cost the NHS £502 million.

Brand names
As of October 2017, pregabalin is marketed under many brand names: Algerika, Alivax, Alyse, Alzain, Andogablin, Aprion, Averopreg, Axual, Balifibro, Brieka, Clasica, Convugabalin, Dapapalin, Dismedox, Dolgenal, Dolica, Dragonor, Ecubalin, Epica, Epiron, Gaba-P, Gabanext, Gabarol, Gabica, Gablin, Gablovac, Gabrika, Gavin, Gialtyn, Glonervya, Helimon, Hexgabalin, Irenypathic, Kabian, Kemirica, Kineptia, Lecaent, Lingabat, Linprel, Lyribastad, Lyric, Lyrica, Lyrineur, Lyrolin, Lyzalon, Martesia, Maxgalin, Mystika, Neuragabalin, Neugaba, Neurega, Neurica, Neuristan, Neurolin, Neurovan, Neurum, Newrica, Nuramed, Paden, Pagadin, Pagamax, Painica, Pevesca, PG, Plenica, Pragiola, Prebalin, Prebanal, Prebel, Prebictal, Prebien, Prefaxil, Pregaba, Pregabalin, Pregabalina, Pregabaline, Prégabaline, Pregabalinum, Pregabateg, Pregaben, Pregabid, Pregabin, Pregacent, Pregadel, Pregagamma, Pregalex, Pregalin, Pregalodos, Pregamid, Pregan, Preganerve, Pregastar, Pregatrend, Pregavalex, Pregdin Apex, Pregeb, Pregobin, Prejunate, Prelin, Preludyo, Prelyx, Premilin, Preneurolin, Prestat, Pretor, Priga, Provelyn, Regapen, Resenz, Rewisca, Serigabtin, Symra, Vronogabic, Xablin, and Xil.

It is marketed as a combination drug with mecobalamin under the brand names Agemax-P, Alphamix-PG, Freenerve-P, Gaben, Macraberin-P, Mecoblend-P, Mecozen-PG, Meex-PG, Methylnuron-P, Nervolin, Nervopreg, Neurica-M, Neuroprime-PG, Neutron-OD, Nuroday-P, Nurodon-PG, Nuwin-P, Pecomin-PG, Prebel-M, Predic-GM, Pregacent-M, Pregamet, Preganerv-M, Pregeb-M OD, Pregmic, Prejunate Plus, Preneurolin Plus, Pretek-GM, Rejusite, Renerve-P, Safyvit-PR, Vitcobin-P, and Voltanerv with Methylcobalamin and ALA by Cogentrix Pharma.

In the US, Lyrica is marketed by Viatris after Upjohn was spun off from Pfizer.

title: Pregabalin


text:
Newpower Soul

Newpower Soul is the third and final studio album by the New Power Generation, released in 1998. Although credited to the New Power Generation, it is considered a de facto Prince album (his stage name at that time being an unpronounceable symbol).

Reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that after the four-disc Crystal Ball, "it was time to release a concise, focused pop-funk record that proved he could still deliver. And it does, to a certain extent." He called it "a tight, focused record, filled with energetic funk workouts and classy, seductive ballads" that is "paced to entertain" with "no shortage of well-crafted songs. The problem is, nothing stands out and makes itself known. Certainly, the album sounds great as it's playing, but it cements Prince's evolution from groundbreaker to craftsman."

title: Newpower Soul


text:
User talk:Troodon

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

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Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Troodon


text: User talk:69.110.46.144

title: User talk:69.110.46.144


text:
Golden Village

Golden Village is a cinema operator based in Singapore, fully owned by Orange Sky Golden Harvest of Hong Kong. It was initially set up as an equal equity joint venture between Golden Harvest (currently Orange Sky Golden Harvest) and Village Roadshow of Australia. It is the largest cinema chain in Singapore, operating 12 multiplexes and Cineplexes in the country. It joined hands to open a cinema at Great World City, GV Grand. Started in 1992, it opened Asia's first multiplex, the Yishun 10 multiplex. It has the extensive management, operational, and marketing skills of Village, as well as the broad depth of experience of Golden Harvest in both film distribution and production across Asia.

Golden Village Pictures is the film-distribution arm of Golden Village. The company distributes Village Roadshow Pictures titles such as the Matrix Trilogy, Charlie and The Chocolate Factory, Happy Feet, Ah Boys to Men, That Girl in Pinafore, Annie and The Lego Movie in Singapore, as well as other acquired titles regionally and worldwide, Mostly Currently Distributed Films Partnership with Localized Based Clover Films, Encore Films and Purple Plan.

History
The cinema's first operation in the country was on 28 May 1992, with the successful opening of the Yishun 10 complex. Subsequently, it opened more cinemas in Bishan, Tiong Bahru, Boon Lay, Tampines, Marina Square and Plaza Singapura. In 1998, it joined hands to open a cinema at Great World City, GV Grand, with six screens including a Gold Class hall. During the early 2000s, one of the halls was converted into an IMAX theatre, but it closed down in 2004 due to low patronage. It also used to operate at Eastpoint Mall during the early 2000s, but was closed due to low patronage too.

In October 2006, Golden Village opened a multiplex in VivoCity, the largest multiplex in Singapore with 15 screens, including 3 Gold Class screens and GV Max, one of the largest cinema auditoriums. Its current flagship Cineplex is located at Suntec City with 11 screens including 3 Gold Class screens, taking over the space previously occupied by WE Cinemas and The Rock Auditorium.

In June 2017, Village Roadshow's 50% stake in Golden Village was set to be acquired by Singapore-based media company mm2 Entertainment. However, the bid fell through, as Village Roadshow failed to secure the approval of Orange Sky. Instead, in October 2017, Orange Sky Golden Harvest purchased the Village Roadshow's 50% stake, therefore having full ownership of Golden Village.

Cineplexes and multiplexes
As of 2023, Golden Village has 15 cinemas with 119 screens operating in the country. All cinemas which opened before 2000 have been refurbished. GV@Capitol only screens movies from December to March every year but does not belong to GV.

title: Golden Village


text:
San Bernardino National Forest

The San Bernardino National Forest is a United States National Forest in Southern California encompassing 823,816 acre of which 677,982 acres are federal. The forest is made up of two main divisions, the eastern portion of the San Gabriel Mountains and the San Bernardino Mountains on the easternmost of the Transverse Ranges, and the San Jacinto and Santa Rosa Mountains on the northernmost of the Peninsular Ranges. Elevations range from 2,000 to 11,499 feet (600 to 3505 m). The forest includes seven wilderness areas: San Gorgonio, Cucamonga, San Jacinto, South Fork, Santa Rosa, Cahuilla Mountain and Bighorn Mountain. Forest headquarters are located in the city of San Bernardino. There are district offices in Lytle Creek, Idyllwild, and Fawnskin.

This site was the filming location for Daniel Boone in 1936; part of the 1969 musical film Paint Your Wagon was shot here.

Free camping is available at 47 different 'Yellow Post' campsites located throughout the forest.

Geography
The forest is divided into two large areas or tracts on United States Geological Survey maps, a northern and southern portion.

The west border of the forest adjoins Angeles National Forest and runs north-south about ten miles west of Interstate 15. At its widest parts, the northern portion of the forest runs about 57 mi on an east–west dimension. It runs about 24 mi on a north–south dimension. This portion of the forest encompasses the San Bernardino Mountains. The area extends west of Mount San Antonio and Wrightwood in San Bernardino County. The eastern portion of the forest extends about ten miles east of Big Bear City and includes the San Gorgonio Wilderness. The southernmost portion is bisected by the Riverside County line and borders the Morongo Indian Reservation north of Cabazon.

At its widest point, the southern portion is about 27 mi on a north-south dimension and about 30 mi on an east-west dimension. Toro Peak and the Santa Rosa Indian Reservation are near the south extent. At the north is Snow Creek Village and the Morongo Indian Reservation. Mount San Jacinto State Wilderness is carved out of the southern portion. The community of Idyllwild is surrounded by national forest lands.

While most National Forests include lumber resources, these two areas also include:
 * Residential communities and resorts
 * Indian resources such as historically important caves and pictographs
 * The University of California-owned James Reserve research station

The two tallest waterfalls in Southern California, Big Falls and Bonita Falls, are located in the San Bernardino National Forest.

Wilderness areas
There are seven official wilderness areas lying within San Bernardino National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. One extends into neighboring Angeles National Forest and three into land that is managed by the Bureau of Land Management (as indicated).
 * Bighorn Mountain Wilderness (mostly BLM)
 * Cahuilla Mountain Wilderness
 * Cucamonga Wilderness (partly in Angeles NF)
 * San Gorgonio Wilderness (partly BLM)
 * San Jacinto Wilderness
 * Santa Rosa Wilderness (mostly BLM)
 * South Fork San Jacinto Wilderness

Firefighting

The San Bernardino National Forest has its own fire stations and engine companies.

Aerial operations
As of 2001, eight Air Tactical Group Supervisors (ATGSs) work out of the Forest Supervisor's Office in San Bernardino.

Vegetation
There are many different species of trees, many coniferous, that grow in the mountains. Pines, such as ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine, sugar pine, Coulter pine, lodgepole pine, single-leaf pinyon, and knobcone pine all thrive here. Other coniferous trees, such as white fir, bigcone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa), incense cedar, and western juniper also thrive here. Canyon live oak, California black oak, and Pacific dogwood are other trees that also grow here. The forest contains an estimated 87400 acre of old growth. The most common types are Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests, white fir (Abies concolor) forests, Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) forests, and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests.

Climbing
Rock climbing is popular in some areas of the San Bernardino National Forest, most notably at Tahquitz Rock near Idyllwild.

In popular culture
In the 2013 videogame Grand Theft Auto V, the Paleto Forest is based on the San Bernardino National Forest.

title: San Bernardino National Forest


text:
User:AdamProcter

I'm a graduate student studying computer science at the University of Missouri. I received my BA from the same institution, also in computer science and with a minor in mathematics. Born, raised, and currently living in Columbia, Missouri.

 * de:Benutzer:AdamProcter
 * ja:利用者:アダム

title: User:AdamProcter


text:
Melon Kinenbi

Melon Kinenbi (メロン記念日) were an all-girl Japanese pop group within Hello! Project. They were formed after they successfully passed the 2nd Morning Musume & Michiyo Heike Imotobun Audition. Melon Kinenbi is the oldest group in the history of Hello! Project not to have changed any of its members since its formation. The band occasionally worked as dancers for other Hello! Project artists; they can, for instance, be seen in the music video for Maki Goto's single "Yaruki! It's Easy".

The entire group officially graduated from the Hello! Project on March 31, 2009, along with the rest of the Elder Club. After their graduation, they collaborated with other Japanese punk-rock groups for several limited-release indie singles, and released their 4th album Melon's Not Dead. Two days after the album release and just after their 10-year anniversary, the group announced that they would disband following their final tour activities in May 2010. The group performed together for the last time on May 3, at Nakano Sun Plaza, although Melon Kinenbi reunited temporarily in April 2011 to help the efforts following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. On December 31, 2013, Melon Kinenbi reunited a second time to perform at the Hello! Project Countdown Party 2013 〜Good Bye & Hello!〜 event. In October 2018, Melon Kinenbi reunited a third time to perform at the Hello! Project 20th Anniversary!! Hello! Project Hello! Face 2018 event in Saitama.

Unreleased
"Romantic wo Tsukinukero!" (ロマンチックを突き抜けろ！) (debuted at their 2009 tour)

Photobooks

 * 2004 – Hello! Project 2004 Winter Melon Kinenbi (Hello! Project 2004 winter メロン記念日)
 * 2004 – Melon Kinenbi First Shashinshū "Taiyō to Kajitsu" (メロン記念日ファースト写真集「太陽と果実)
 * 2004 – Hello! Project 2004 Summer Melon Kinenbi (Hello! Project 2004 summer メロン記念日)

Television

 * Morning Musume no Heso (モーニング娘. のへそ)
 * Idol wo Sagase (アイドルをさがせ!)
 * Majokko Rika-chan no Magical v-u-den (魔女っ娘. 梨華ちゃんのマジカル美勇伝)
 * Tensai Terebikun Max (天才てれびくんMax)
 * Musume Dokyu (娘Dokyu)

Radio

 * Colorful Pleasure
 * Hyper Night Melon Kinenbi no "Meronpa" (ハイパーナイト・メロン記念日の「めろんぱ」)
 * Mijōku! Soujōku!! Seijoku!!! Kanjōku!!!! (未熟! 早熟!! 成熟!!! 完熟!!!!)
 * Hello Pro Yanen

Internet

 * The Moving Radio Korette Yappari Melon Kibun (The moving Radio これってやっぱりメロン気分)

Musicals

 * Love Century -Yume wa Minna Kerya Hajimaranai-
 * Sōgen no Hito
 * Okaeri

Events

 * 2005 – July Hello! Project Fan Club Gentei Event

Concerts

 * 2002 – First Concert "Kore ga Kinenbi" (ファーストコンサート「これが記念日」)
 * 2003 – Melon Kinenbi Live Tour 2003 Haru ~1st Anniversary~ (メロン記念日Live Tour 2003春～1st Anniversary～)
 * 2003 – Melon Kinenbi Live Tour 2003 Summer ~Natsu Melon~ (メロン記念日ライブツアー2003Summer　～夏メロン～)
 * 2003 – Melon Kinenbi Concert 2003.12.13-14 ~'03 Christmas Special Chōjibu Melon~ (メロン記念日 単独コンサート2003年12月13・14日　～'03クリスマススペシャル 超渋メロン～)
 * 2004 – Melon Kinenbi Live Tour 2004 Haru ~Mō Hore Chauzo!~ (メロン記念日ライブツアー2004春 ～もぅ ホレちゃうぞ！～)
 * 2004 – Melon Kinenbi Special Live 2004 ~Bonus~ (メロン記念日スペシャルライブ2004～ボーナス！～)
 * 2004 – Melon Kinenbi Live Tour 2004 Natsu (メロン記念日ライブツアー2004夏)
 * 2004 – Melon Kinenbi Concert Tour 2004 Fuyu ~The Melon Show~ (メロン記念日コンサートツアー2004冬 ～ザ☆メロンショー！～)
 * 2005 – Hello Project! Matsuura Aya Captain Kouen~ (ハロ☆プロ パーティ～!2005～松浦亜弥キャプテン公演～)
 * 2005 – Shin Himejishi Tanjō Kinen Matsuura Aya W Melon Kinenbi Concert in Himeji Shiro ~Matsura Aya Satogaeri SPECIAL~ (新姫路市誕生記念 松浦亜弥・W・メロン記念日 コンサート in 姫路城～松浦亜弥 里帰りスペシャル～)
 * 2005 – Hello Project! Matsuura Aya Captain Kōen Neo~ (ハロ☆プロ パーティ～!2005～松浦亜弥キャプテン公演Neo～)
 * 2005 – Melon Kinenbi Concert Tour 2005 Fuyu "Kyō mo Melon, Ashita mo Melon, Christmas wa Masuku Melon de!" (メロン記念日 コンサートツアー2005冬『今日もメロン明日もメロン、クリスマスはマスクメロンで！』)

title: Melon Kinenbi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jordan Segrist

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 08:38, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Jordan Segrist
Does not establish notability. Three Google hits, two from message boards. See also Votes for deletion/Loaf A Toast Bovlb 07:31:25, 2005-07-16 (UTC)

 * Delete. See also his bandmate's page Matt Zeak. Wile E. Heresiarch 08:03, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, we hates vanity we do. -Splash 00:51, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn teen vanity. --Etacar11 03:05, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity.    13:28, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable teen vanity. JamesBurns 02:55, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Comorian people

title: Category:Comorian people


text:
Pienza

Pienza is a town and comune in the province of Siena, Tuscany, in the historical region of Val d'Orcia. Situated between the towns of Montepulciano and Montalcino, it is considered the "touchstone of Renaissance urbanism".

In 1996, UNESCO declared the town a World Heritage Site, and in 2004 the entire valley, the Val d'Orcia, was included on the list of UNESCO's World Cultural Landscapes.

History
Before the village was renamed Pienza its name was Corsignano. It is first mentioned in documents from the 9th century. Around 1300 parts of the village became property of the Piccolomini family. After Enghelberto d'Ugo Piccolomini had received the fief of Montertari in Val d'Orcia from the emperor Frederick II in 1220. In the 13th century Franciscans settled down in Corsignano.

In 1405 Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Enea Silvio Piccolomini) was born in Corsignano, a Renaissance humanist born into an exiled Sienese family, who later became Pope Pius II. Once he became Pope, Piccolomini had the entire village rebuilt as an ideal Renaissance town and renamed it Pienza ("city of Pius"). Intended as a retreat from Rome, it represents the first application of humanist urban planning concepts, creating an impetus for planning that was adopted in other Italian towns and cities and eventually spread to other European centers.

The rebuilding was done by Florentine architect Bernardo Gambarelli (known as Bernardo Rossellino) who may have worked with the humanist and architect Leon Battista Alberti, although there are no documents to prove it for sure. Alberti was in the employ of the Papal Curia at the time and served as an advisor to Pius. Construction started about 1459. Pope Pius II consecrated the Duomo on 29 August 1462, during his long summer visit. He included a detailed description of the structures in his Commentaries, written during the last two years of his life.

In 2023, Pienza faced a significant controversy when its centuries-old clock tower bells were silenced at night due to tourist complaints about noise from those staying in nearby hotels. The decision stirred debate among residents, with some expressing nostalgia for the nightly tolls that had been a part of their lives for generations.

Palazzo Piccolomini
The trapezoidal piazza is defined by four buildings. The principal residence, Palazzo Piccolomini, is on the west side. It has three stories, articulated by pilasters and entablature courses, with a twin-lighted cross window set within each bay. This structure is similar to Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai in Florence and other later palaces. Noteworthy is the internal court of the palazzo. The back of the palace, to the south, is defined by loggia on all three floors that overlook an enclosed Italian Renaissance garden with Giardino all'italiana era modifications, and views into the distant landscape of the Val d'Orcia and Pope Pius's beloved Monte Amiata beyond. Below this garden is a vaulted stable that had stalls for 100 horses.

The Duomo
The Duomo (Cathedral), which dominates the center of the piazza, has a facade that is one of the earliest designed in the Renaissance manner. Although the tripartite division is conventional, the use of pilasters and of columns, standing on high dados and linked by arches, was novel for the time. The bell tower, however, has a Germanic flavor as is the layout of the Hallenkirche plan, a "triple-nave" plan where the side aisles are almost as tall as the nave; Pius, before he became pope, served many years in Germany and praised the effects of light admitted into the German hall churches in his Commentari. Works of art in the duomo include five altar paintings from the Sienese School, by Sano di Pietro, Matteo di Giovanni, Vecchietta and Giovanni di Paolo. The Baptistry, dedicated as usual to San Giovanni, is located next to the apse of the church.

Palazzo Vescovile
Pius encouraged cardinals to build palazzi to complete the city. Palazzo Vescovile, on the third side of the piazza, was built by Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, at the time Church Vice Chancellor and the future Pope Alexander VI, to comply  with the request by Pope Pius II for the Cardinals to have a residence in the town. It became the residence of the Bishop of Pienza when the town was elevated to a bishopric in 1462. It is now home to the Diocesan Museum, and the Museo della Cattedrale. The collection includes local textile work as well as religious artifacts. Paintings include a 12th-century painted crucifix from the Abbey of San Pietro in Vollore, 14th century works by Pietro Lorenzetti (Madonna with Child) and Bartolo di Fredi (Madonna della Misericordia). There are also important works from the 14th and 15th centuries, including a Madonna attributed to Luca Signorelli.

Palazzo Comunale
Across from the church is the town hall, or Palazzo Comunale. When Corsigniano was given the status of an official city, a Palazzo was required that would be in keeping with the "city's" new urban position, although it was certainly more for show than anything else. It has a three-arched loggia on the ground floor facing the Cathedral and above it is the council chamber. It also has a brick bell tower that is shorter than its counterpart at the cathedral, to symbolize the superior power of the church. The set-back addition to the tower dates from 1599. It is likely that Bernardo Rossellino designed the Palazzo Comunale to be a free standing civic mediator between the religious space before the cathedral and secular market square to its rear.

The travertine well in the Piazza carries the Piccolomini family crest, and was widely copied in Tuscany during the following century. The well-head resembles a fluted, shallow Etruscan Bowl. The flanking Corinthian support a classical entablature columns whose decorations are clearly based upon actual source materials.

Other buildings
Other buildings in Pienza dating from the era of Pius II include the Ammannati Palace, named for Cardinal Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati, a "curial row" of three palaces (the Palazzo Jouffroy or Atrebatense belonging to Cardinal Jean Jouffroy of Arras, the Palazzo Buonconti, belonging to Vatican Treasurer Giliforte dei Buonconti, and the Palazzo Lolli constructed by apostolic secretary and papal relative Gregorio Lolli) arranged along the street behind the Bishops Palace. along the main road there are also the Palazzo Gonzaga, built in 1463 by Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga, Palazzo Forteguerri built in 1460 by Ambrogio Fortguerri, Apostolic Treasurer, and the Palazzo of Ambrogio Spannocchi, now Cittadini, again of the XV century. In the northeastern corner of Pienza, in via Casanuova, is a series of Twelve row houses constructed at the orders of the pope by the Sienese building contractor Pietro Paolo da Porrina.

About fifty meters west of the Cathedral Piazza is the church of San Francesco, with a gabled facade and Gothic portal. Among the buildings that survived from the old Corsignano, it is built on a pre-existing church that dated from the 8th century. The interior contains frescoes depicting the life of Saint Francis, those on the walls having been painted by Cristofano di Bindoccio and Meo di Pero, 14th-century artists of the Sienese School.

The Romanesque ''Pieve of Corsignano is located in the neighbourhood. The monastery of Sant'Anna in Camprena was founded in 1332-1334 by Bernardo Tolomei as a hermitage for the Benedictines; it was remade in the late 15th-early 16th century, and several times in the following centuries. The refectory houses frescoes by il Sodoma (1502–1503).

Monticchiello
The frazione of Monticchiello is home to a characteristic Romitorio, a series of grottoes carved in the rock by hermit monks. In the same locality is the pieve of Santi Leonardo e Cristoforo, rebuilt in the 13th century in Gothic style. The interior has frescoes from a 14th-century Sienese painter, a cyborium in the shape of a small Gothic portal and an alte 15th-century Crucifix. At San Pietro in Campo are the remains of the eponymous abbey.

Monticchiello is the subject of the documentary Spettacolo (2017).

Municipal government
Montepulciano is headed by a mayor (sindaco) assisted by a legislative body, the consiglio comunale, and an executive body, the giunta comunale. Since 1995 the mayor and members of the consiglio comunale are directly elected together by resident citizens, while from 1945 to 1995 the mayor was chosen by the legislative body. The giunta comunale is chaired by the mayor, who appoints others members, called assessori. The offices of the comune are housed in a building usually called the municipio or palazzo comunale.

Since 1995 the mayor of Pienza is directly elected by citizens, originally every four, then every five years. The current mayor is Manolo Garosi (a left-wing independent), elected on 26 May 2019 with the 59.6% of the votes and re-elected on 9 June 2024 with 59.3% of the votes.

 * Notes

title: Pienza


text:
User talk:Rickybubbles

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Rickybubbles


text:
Palazzo Piccolomini, Pienza

Palazzo Piccolomini ("Piccolomini Palace" in English) is a palace in the center of Pienza, Italy, next to the Duomo. Palazzo Piccolimini is one of the earliest examples of Renaissance architecture and was built starting in 1459 to a design by Bernardo Rossellino and commissioned by Pope Pius II, born Enea Silvio Piccolomini, a native of the small village of Corsignano, which would later be renamed "Pienza" in his honor.

History
The palace, also known as the Pontifical, was commissioned by Enea Piccolomini, or Pope Pius II, to Italian Renaissance sculpture Bernardo Rossellino, as part of the project for the reconstruction of Pienza as the ideal city. It was designed in the second half of the 15th century, after 1459. For its construction Rossellino was inspired by the Palazzo Rucellai in Florence, the work of his master Leon Battista Alberti. The residential palace is one of the earliest examples of Renaissance architecture.

Description
The building is now a museum, where you can visit the ancient hall of arms, Pius II's study, bedchambers, the art and sculpture collection he built. It has a square plan, developed on three floors, made of rustic light stone. It is one of the buildings in the trapezoidal piazza. On the west side is the Palazzo Piccolomini. The Duomo Cathedral is at the center of the piazza.

On the ground floor there is a main entrance to the building that overlooks the central courtyard. The courtyard is rectangular with a loggia to supported by stone columns. On the first and second floors there are two rows of windows of considerable size, equal distant from each other, with pilaster pilasters with Renaissance architecture. Each window is divided into two parts by a thin column. Below the windows, as if to highlight the internal attics, a frame that runs along the corners and between some windows the family crests, in stone, with the apostolic insignia in gold and silver. On a clear day, you can see distant landscape of the Val d'Orcia and the hills of Monte Amiata.

In popular culture
In recent times, the building has also been used as a film set for various scenes of the films The Devil in Love with Vittorio Gassman, Pleasant Nights with Gassman and Ugo Tognazzi and for Romeo and Juliet by Zeffirelli.

In the third season of Medici (TV Series), many scenes were shot, not at the Medici Palace and courtyard in Florence, but the Piccolomini palace and square in Pienza. The palace overlooks the main square of the Tuscan town. The Piazza Pio II street is seen in almost every episode of the series.

Related entries

 * Ideal city
 * Rucellai Palace

title: Palazzo Piccolomini, Pienza