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Sosigenes the Peripatetic

Sosigenes the Peripatetic (Σωσιγένης) was a philosopher living at the end of the 2nd century AD. He was the tutor of Alexander of Aphrodisias and wrote a work On Revolving Spheres, from which some important extracts have been preserved in Simplicius's commentary on Aristotle's De Caelo.

Work
Sosigenes criticized both Aristotle and Eudoxus for their imperfect theory of celestial spheres and also the use of epicycles, which he felt to be inconsistent with Aristotle's philosophical postulates. He pointed out that the planets varied markedly in brightness, and that solar eclipses are sometimes total and sometimes annular, suggesting that the distances between the Sun, Moon and Earth were not the same at different eclipses.

Sosigenes is perhaps called "the Peripatetic" only because of his connection with Alexander. Some ancient evidence may be taken to suggest that he was, in fact, a Stoic. As John Patrick Lynch has written:"The other two teachers of Alexander may actually have been the philosophers whom ancient sources called Stoics; in both cases, Herminos/Sosigenes 'the Stoic' have been distinguished from Herminos/Sosigenes 'the Peripatetic' only on the grounds that the two latter men were teachers of Alexander of Aphrodisias. But it is not improbable that Alexander of Aphrodisias studied with two Stoic teachers and that these two pairs of homonymous contemporaries are actually only two Stoic philosophers."

He is often confused with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria, who advised Julius Caesar on the reform of the Roman calendar.

title: Sosigenes the Peripatetic


text:
Category:Counties of Prince Edward Island

The counties of Prince Edward Island:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Berthold Goldschmidt

Berthold Goldschmidt (18 January 1903 – 17 October 1996) was a German Jewish composer who spent most of his life in England. The suppression of his work by Nazi Germany, as well as the disdain with which many modernist critics elsewhere dismissed his "anachronistic" lyricism, stranded the composer in the wilderness for many years before he was given a revival in his final decade.

Life
Goldschmidt was born in Hamburg, Germany in 1903. His musical career began in earnest during the heyday of the Weimar Republic. While studying philosophy at the University of Hamburg, he was encouraged by the Italian composer Ferruccio Busoni to write music. In 1922, Goldschmidt entered the Berlin Hochschule für Musik and joined Franz Schreker's composition class, where his fellow pupils included Ernst Krenek, Alois Hába, Felix Petryek, and Jascha Horenstein. He also studied conducting, played freelance for the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, and in 1923, coached the choir for the Berlin premiere of Arnold Schoenberg's Gurre-Lieder. In 1925, Goldschmidt achieved his first major success with his Passacaglia, Op. 4, which earned him the prestigious Mendelssohn Prize. Hailed as one of the brightest hopes of a generation of young composers, Goldschmidt reached the premature climax of his career with the premiere of his opera Der gewaltige Hahnrei in Mannheim in 1932.

This triumph happened on the eve of the Nazi takeover of Germany, which quickly destroyed Goldschmidt's livelihood. Like many Jewish composers (and other composers considered subversive of the Germanic purity of the Third Reich), Goldschmidt had his work condemned as "degenerate music" by the regime. There was no place in German musical life for Goldschmidt since performances of his work were banned and he was barred from conducting orchestras. Goldschmidt resorted to earning a living by giving piano lessons, before finally leaving the country on the advice of an SS officer and emigrating to England in 1935.

During World War II, Goldschmidt worked for the BBC and served as the Music Director of its German Service in 1944-47. While taking jobs in conducting, Goldschmidt also composed works such as the Ciaccona Sinfonica, concertos for violin, cello, and clarinet, and the opera Beatrice Cenci. The English attitude towards Goldschmidt's music was generally indifferent. Even though Beatrice Cenci, an opera based on the 1819 play The Cenci by Percy Bysshe Shelley, won first prize in the 1951 Festival of Britain opera competition, Covent Garden refused to mount a production. Neglected by the musical establishment, Goldschmidt decided to abandon original composition in 1958. For the next six years, he collaborated with Deryck Cooke on producing a performing edition of Gustav Mahler's Tenth Symphony. On 13 August 1964, at the Proms, Goldschmidt conducted the London Symphony Orchestra in the world premiere of the Cooke realization.

The last years of Goldschmidt's life witnessed a renewed interest in the composers of so-called "degenerate music." In 1983, to mark Goldschmidt's 80th birthday, friend and conductor Bernard Keeffe mounted a run-through (the only performance in the UK to date) of scenes from Der gewaltige Hahnrei at Trinity College of Music in London. This performance was attended by David Drew, which led to a publishing collaboration with Boosey & Hawkes. This revival led to performances of his work in the United States and Germany, new recordings, and the recovery of a number of lost manuscripts. His opera Beatrice Cenci, rejected in 1951, was given a concert performance in 1988 and a fully staged performance in 1994.

Goldschmidt had resumed composing in 1982 with the Clarinet Quartet and penned his final work, the Deux nocturnes, just before his death at the age of 93. Champions of his work include the conductors Simon Rattle, Charles Dutoit and Bernard Keeffe; the violinist Chantal Juillet; the Mandelring string quartet; and the record companies Largo and Decca.

He died in London in 1996, aged 93.

Operas

 * Der gewaltige Hahnrei, Op. 14 (1929–30). A musical tragi-comedy in three acts.
 * Beatrice Cenci (1949–50). Opera in three acts, based on the 1819 play The Cenci by Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Orchestral works

 * Passacaglia, Op. 4 (1925)
 * Overture: The Comedy of Errors (1925/28)
 * Suite, Op. 5 (1927)
 * Partita, Op. 9 (1927)
 * Der gewaltige Hahnrei: Suite, Op. 14a (1933)
 * Marche Militaire, Op. 20 (1932) for orchestra or wind band (later incorporated into Chronica)
 * Ciaccona Sinfonica (1936)
 * Chronica (1938/58/86)
 * Polish Dance Suite (1939–40)
 * Greek Suite (1940–41)
 * Awake, the voice commands (1947) - Bach's chorale Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, transcribed for orchestra
 * Violin Concerto (1952/55)
 * Cello Concerto (1953)
 * Clarinet Concerto (1953–54)
 * Intrada (1985) for orchestra or wind band (later incorporated into Chronica)
 * Rondeau 'Rue du Rocher' for violin and orchestra (1994–95)

Chamber works

 * String Quartet No. 1, Op. 8 (1925–26)
 * String Quartet No. 2 (1936)
 * Carols for string trio (1948)
 * Clarinet Quartet (1982–83)
 * Piano Trio (1985)
 * String Quartet No. 3 (1988–89)
 * Berceuse for violin and viola (1990)
 * Retrospectrum for string trio (1991)
 * Fantasy for oboe, cello and harp (1991)
 * Capriccio for solo violin (1991–92)
 * String Quartet No. 4 (1992)
 * Dialogue with Cordelia for clarinet and cello (1993)
 * Encore, une meditation agitée for violin and piano (1993)
 * Rondeau 'Rue du Rocher' for violin and piano (1994–95)

Vocal works

 * Two Morgenstern Songs, Op. 27 for voice and piano or string trio (1933 arr.1992)
 * Three Songs, Op. 24 for coloratura soprano and piano (1933–34)
 * Two Psalms, Op. 34 for high voice and string orchestra (1935)
 * Der Verflossene. Cabaret Song for voice and piano (1942)
 * Beatrice's Song for soprano and piano (1949)
 * Time for voice and piano (1943)
 * Nicodemus, he was black for unaccompanied voice (1948)
 * The Noble Little Soldier's Wife for baritone and xylophone (1948)
 * Clouds for voice and piano or orchestra (1950)
 * The Old Ships for voice and piano (1952)
 * Mediterranean Songs for tenor and orchestra (1957–58)
 * Les petits adieux for baritone and orchestra (1994)
 * Deux nocturnes for soprano and orchestra (1995–96)

Choral works

 * Letzte Kapitel, Op. 15 (1930–31) for speaker, chorus, percussion and piano (first performance 1984)
 * Belsatzar (1985) for unaccompanied chorus

Piano works

 * Piano Sonata, Op. 10 (1926)
 * Capriccio, Op. 11 (1927) (written for Zdenka Ticharich)
 * Marche Militaire, Op. 20 (1932)
 * Variations on a Palestine Shepherd's Song, Op. 32 (1934)
 * Little Legend (1923/57)
 * From the Ballet (1938/57)
 * Scherzo (1922/58)

Principal publisher: Boosey & Hawkes

title: Berthold Goldschmidt


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NOVA Parks

NOVA Parks (formerly named Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority) is an inter-jurisdictional organization that owns and operates more than 10,000 acres of woodlands, streams, parks, trails, nature reserves, countryside and historic sites in Northern Virginia in the United States. The Authority was organized in 1959. NOVA Parks presently operates 34 regional parks.

A 12-member policy-making Board governs NOVA Parks. The city council or county board of each member jurisdiction appoints two representatives to the Board. Three counties (Arlington, Fairfax, and Loudoun) and three cities (Alexandria, Falls Church and Fairfax) currently have representation on the Board.

History
NOVA Parks was founded in 1959, when Arlington and Fairfax Counties and the City of Falls Church decided to create an agency to protect the drinking water sources of the area, as well to provide passive recreation.

NOVA Parks purchased its first parkland shortly thereafter in Centreville, VA from Gardiner Means and his wife Caroline F. Ware, in what would become Bull Run Regional Park. The park is well-known for the Virginia bluebells that grow along Bull Run and is a destination in the early spring for visitors to view their blooming. The pair later donated their farm home in Vienna, VA, which would eventually become Meadowlark Botanical Gardens.

Within its first decade of existence, NOVA Parks conserved over 3,000 acres. In the ten years that followed, that number was increased to approximately 8,000 acres.

NOVA Parks then added sites in Clifton, VA, the City of Fairfax, VA, Fairfax County, Arlington and Alexandria, VA in the 1960s. The agency welcomed Loudoun County, VA in the 1970s. The latter arrangement would lead to the addition of several key sites, including what would become Algonkian Regional Park on the Potomac River, as well as Red Rock Overlook, Temple Hall Farm and Ball's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery.

NOVA Parks continued their growth through the 1990s, adding Brambleton Golf Course in Ashburn, VA, and then later, in 2006, adding Aldie Mill Historic Park. The agency recently added a new facility at Occoquan Regional Park, named after former board member and Fairfax County leader Jean Packard.

In 2022, NOVA Parks acquired Winkler Botanical Preserve as part of an arrangement between NOVA Parks, the city of Alexandria, and the Winkler Organization, which had been the owner.

Historic sites
NOVA Parks manages a number of parks that have historical significance, including an 18th-century mansion, a Civil War battlefield, a 19th-century grist mill, a 200-year-old working farm, a Civil War era church, and many more. Major venues include Carlyle House, the former Alexandria, Virginia home of British merchant John Carlyle; Ball's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery, a park in Leesburg, VA that was the site of a Civil War conflict in 1861; Mt. Zion Church and the adjacent Gilbert's Corner Regional Park, in Aldie, VA which were used as a Civil War military rendezvous site, prison, barracks, battleground and hospital; and Aldie Mill Historic Park, a restored mill, with a four-story brick structure with tandem metal Water wheels. Other venues include a kiln used by female prisoners from the Lorton Reformatory during the Women's suffrage Movement, as well Temple Hall Farm and White’s Ford Regional Park, located on the farm formerly owned by Elijah V. White.

During 2018, NOVA Parks also added property near Middleburg, VA, henceforth known as the Battle of Upperville | Goose Creek Regional Park. The roughly 20-acre space features hiking trails and interpretive information, as well as Goose Creek Stone Bridge that was constructed prior to the Civil War.

Waterparks
NOVA Parks operates a total of five waterparks with differing sizes and features. These include Atlantis Waterpark at Bull Run Regional Park (Centreville), Great Waves Waterpark at Cameron Run Regional Park (Alexandria), Pirate’s Cove Waterpark at Pohick Bay Regional Park (Lorton, VA), Ocean Dunes Waterpark at Upton Hill Regional Park (Arlington) and Volcano Island Waterpark at Algonkian Regional Park (Sterling, VA).

Golf courses
NOVA Parks owns three 18-hole golf courses, including Algonkian, Brambleton and Pohick Bay. Each has a different layout and is Audubon International certified.

Constituent parks
The regional parks and other features administered by NOVA Parks include:

 * 1) Aldie Mill Historic Park
 * 2) Algonkian Regional Park
 * 3) Ball's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery
 * 4) Beaverdam Reservoir
 * 5) Blue Ridge Regional Park
 * 6) Brambleton Regional Park
 * 7) Bull Run Marina
 * 8) Cameron Run Regional Park
 * 9) Carlyle House Historic Park
 * 10) Fountainhead Regional Park
 * 11) Gateway Regional Park
 * 12) Goose Creek Historic Park
 * 13) Gilbert's Corner Regional Park
 * 14) Hemlock Overlook Regional Park
 * 15) Meadowlark Botanical Gardens
 * 16) Mt. Defiance Historic Park
 * 17) Mt. Zion Historic Park
 * 18) Occoquan Regional Park
 * 19) Piscataway Crossing Regional Park
 * 20) Pohick Bay Regional Park
 * 21) Potomac Overlook Regional Park
 * 22) Red Rock Wilderness Overlook Regional Park
 * 23) Rust Sanctuary
 * 24) Sandy Run Regional Park
 * 25) Seneca Regional Park
 * 26) Temple Hall Farm Regional Park
 * 27) Tinner Hill Historic Park
 * 28) Turning Point Suffragist Memorial
 * 29) Upton Hill Regional Park
 * 30) Washington and Old Dominion Railroad Regional Park
 * 31) Webb Nature Sanctuary
 * 32) Winkler Botanical Preserve

title: NOVA Parks


text:
145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force

The 145 Squadron "Hornet" is a strike fighter squadron of the Republic of Singapore Air Force based currently at Changi Airbase (East) which is a new airbase, opened in 2004, to the east of Singapore Changi Airport on reclaimed land. Due to ongoing construction works for Changi Airport Terminal 5 & runway expansion, this flight squadron is based at Tengah Airbase. With the hornet as its mascot, the squadron's motto is "Swift & Valiant".

History
First formed on 1 April 1984 at Tengah Air Base, the founding CO was Capt Chir C. P " Hawkeye ", the squadron flew the A-4S Skyhawk and later, the locally upgraded A-4SU Super Skyhawk, along with her sister squadron, the 142 Squadron. When the A-4SU was retired from active combat service, however, 142 Squadron was disbanded, while the 145 Squadron was retained to operate the newly upgraded F-16Ds from the new air base, an unsurprising decision considering the fact that the 145 Squadron had emerged as the best fighter squadron for five consecutive years since the year 2000 in the annual Singapore Armed Forces Best Unit Competition.

New role
The twenty aircraft of the squadron are upgraded versions of the F-16D Block 52, hence known as the Block 52+ or F-16D+, are equipped with state-of-the-art Conformal Fuel Tanks, an enhanced radar with greater detection range and improved mapping capabilities, and an improved targeting pod, this enables the squadron to conduct precision day and night operations at a greater combat range and duration. This made it a unique squadron within the RSAF as all its aircraft are tandem seaters and every mission is flown with a Pilot and Weapon System Officer (WSO), until the arrival of the F-15SG Eagles with 142 and 149 Squadrons.

Information
The tail is adorned with a toned down squadron logo in the center of the tail with the serial number on the base. It is the only fighter squadron which chose an insect as its mascot.

Achievements
The squadron clinched the Best Fighter Squadron award in the following years: 1998, 2000, 2012 and 2014.

Aircraft operated

 * 1) 16× T/A-4SU Super Skyhawks (1984–2004)
 * 2) 20× F-16D+ Fighting Falcons (2004–present)


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Steingrímur Thorsteinsson

Steingrímur Thorsteinsson (19 May, 1831 – 21 August, 1913) was an Icelandic poet and writer. He translated many works of literature into Icelandic, including Arabian Nights and the fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen.

title: Steingrímur Thorsteinsson


text: Category:Vocational education in New Zealand


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Injong of Goryeo

Injong of Goryeo (29 October 1109 – 10 April 1146) (r. 1122–1146), personal name Wang Hae, was the 17th monarch of the Korean Goryeo dynasty. He was the eldest son of King Yejong and Queen Sundeok, the daughter of Yi Cha-gyŏm. His reign saw two major internal crises that nearly ended the Goryeo dynasty, the collapse of the Northern Song dynasty, and the establishment of the Jin dynasty as the dominant power in East Asia.

Domestic
Injong ascended the throne in accordance with the third of the Ten Injunctions of Taejo, as “the eldest legitimate royal issue." Despite the reverend status of this document, its succession rules were often disregarded. As recent as in 1095 Injong's grandfather King Sukjong came to power after abdication of his nephew. At the age of twelve and a half Injong's succession became possible largely due to the influence of his maternal grandfather Yi Cha-gyŏm, while according to the report of the Song envoy Xu Jing, Injong's uncle Prince Po, supported by the Han An-in faction, "had designs on [the throne]"

International
By the early 1122 the Khitan state of Liao was effectively destroyed by the armies of Taizu of Jin. Large number of Khitans fled to Goryeo. Operations of Song against Khitan were unsuccessful, and the lost Song territories south of the Great Wall were recovered only after the Jurchen victory over Liao. The 1123 treaty formalized the superior status of Jin: the annual tribute of Song was set to 200,000 taels of silver and 200,000 bolts of silk. Despite the weak performance against Khitan, the Song government overestimated both the importance of the recovery of Yanjing (a modern-day Beijing) and its own military capabilities.

1122–1123
The early years of Injong's reign were dominated by Yi Cha-gyŏm. As the Supreme Chancellor (munha sijung, junior first rank) at the head of combined Secretariat-Chancellery (chungseo munha-seong) Yi Cha-gyŏm was the highest-ranking government official. His dominance was challenged during the last years of Yejong, but with the beginning of his grandson's reign Yi Cha-gyŏm took decisive steps to buttress it. By the end of 1122 Princes Po and Hye were exiled, Han An-in assassinated, and several hundred of his followers, including a dozen core members of Tanju Han and Cheongan Im clans, were either banished or demoted.

During this period officers of the Royal Army began to play an important role in the domestic politics. Through his career Yi Cha-gyŏm cultivated muban military officials, that after 960 had a lower status and enjoyed less perquisites than their civilian munban counterparts. Two of his most important allies were Ch'oe Hong-jae, a high civilian official of a military background, and a military commander Ch'ŏk Chun-gyŏng.

With this power base Yi Cha-gyŏm emerged as the most influential figure in the Goryeo politics. He became the Chief-Minister-Extraordinary in charge of all three chancelleries (samseong), while keeping the position of the head (superintendent, pansa) of the Ministry of Personnel (Yi-bu). He was also created a Duke (kong). Nevertheless, his authority never became absolute: he had to take heed of other factions both in execution of policies he favored and in rooting out the opposition.

In foreign relations he was aligned with the Gyeongju Kim faction led by Kim Bu-sik and his brothers, advocating a submission to the newly established Jin. In 1123 the renewed Song offer of formal investiture was rejected. Jin stepped up the pressure on Goryeo by occupying Uiju (Poju) area along the Yalu river; from their point of view it was a repair of the frontier defenses. After a suppression of unrest in Balhae a secure North-Eastern frontier allowed Jin to focus on the Song.

1124–1126
In early 1124 Ch'oe Hong-jae and military officers associated with him plotted to overthrow Yi Cha-gyŏm, but were unsuccessful. Ch'oe and the associates were purged from their positions and exiled. Following the purge Yi married one of his daughters to Injong, and increasingly filled the mid- and high-ranking government positions with his loyalists, including his five sons. He and his faction profited from seized property of the purged officials.

The idea that Goryeo has to submit to Jin was still encountering resistance. The embassy dispatched in 1125 to Emperor Taizong of Jin was rejected by his officials because the correspondence it carried addressed the emperor improperly and did not use the term ‘servant' when referring to Goryeo. The question whether to accept that the mandate of the northern dynasty passed to Jin was debated through 1126. Eventually Kim and Yi convinced Injong and the reluctant officials to submit to Jin. By that time the Song were collapsing under Jin attack, Emperor Huizong abdicated, while a Goryeo embassy (that included Kim Bu-sik ) had to return without being able to reach Kaifeng. The embassy to Jin sent in 1126 presented the submission of Goryeo in proper terms and brought up the matter of Uiju. Taizong transferred the disputed area to Goryeo.

It was reported that Yi Cha-gyŏm intended to usurp the throne and eventually planned to poison the king. According to this report, there was a popular prophecy that a man of the sippal cha, or eighteen child, an anagram on the character for the surname Yi, would become king and the transfer his court to the Southern Capital (Seoul), leading Goryeo to a renewed prosperity. Yi Cha-gyŏm is alleged to believe in this prophecy, based on his family name and a location of the family seat in Incheon, close to Seoul. Attempts of Yi to further aggrandize his station are a matter of the public record. He planned performance of ritual music at the tombs of his forefathers and celebration of his birthday as the anniversary of a king (insujeol). Both moves were opposed by Kim Bu-sik and his supporters.

A more serious challenge to the paramount position of Yi Cha-gyŏm was a rising organized by two courtiers, Kim Ch'an and An Po-rin. Beyond the involvement of some twenty-five young courtiers, the plot had a confidence of Injong and a support of three senior military officers, including one commander and one deputy commander of two (out of six) regular army divisions. Several senior statesmen, such as Yi Kong-su, approved the plot in principle but advised caution. The group struck “one night in 1126". The plan involved gaining control of the palace and king's person as the first stage of the coup, followed by a strike against other key targets. The conspirators captured the palace and killed several of Yi Cha-gyŏm loyalists, including the Minister of War (a brother of Ch'ŏk Chun-gyŏng). However, the palace was surrounded by the troops of Ch'ŏk Chun-gyŏng and armed monks led by Yi Cha-gyŏm's son. The rest of Kaesong remained in the control of the Yi faction. To finish the stand-off Ch'ŏk Chun-gyŏng ordered torching the palace (Yi Cha-gyŏm's disapproval was on the record as sent to him). Most of the palace, including libraries and the academy, burned down. “Countless" conspirators were killed. Injong offered to abdicate in favor of Yi Cha-gyŏm, but the latter refused.

In the following government reshuffling Yi Cha-gyŏm rewarded his loyalists. However, Yi Kong-su kept his senior position in the Secretariat-Chancellery, and two Kim brothers were actually promoted, with Kim Bu-sik becoming the Chief Censor. King Injong was living in Yi Cha-gyŏm's house and had married another of his daughters.

This triumph was, however, short-lived. Other aristocratic factions joined forces to bring Yi Cha-gyŏm down. They fostered a disunity between Ch'ŏk and Yi, using the question of responsibility for violation of the sacred palace grounds as a bait. Involvement of Injong, Yi Kong-su and Kim Pu-il left traces in the official records. In the fifth month of 1126 Yi Cha-gyŏm, his family and followers were arrested by the soldiers of Ch'ŏk Chun-gyŏng. Yi was banished to Jeolla province and later beheaded. Banished officials — Choe Hong-jae, members of Tanju Han and Cheongan Im clans and their associates — were recalled and reinstated in their positions. In the sixth month of 1126 King Injong married a daughter of Im Weonae. Ch'ŏk Chun-gyŏng was demoted and banished in 1127.

1127–1136: Reforms and Myo Cheong's rebellion
After the fall of Yi Cha-gyŏm the government was dominated by Kyeongju Kim and Han An-in/ Cheongan Im clans. Provincial clans, particularly from the Western Capital (Seogeong, modern Pyongyang) area were important in toppling Yi Cha-gyŏm and contended for a larger share in the decision-making. Paek Su-han, Chong Chi-sang, a famous poet and Confucian scholar, and Myo Cheong, a Buddhist monk and geomancer were prominent representatives of this faction. Myo Cheong appeared at the court in 1127 and officially became political adviser to Injong in 1128. It is possible that the Pyongyang group was used by the king to balance influence of the established aristocracy.

Already in 1127 Myo Cheong instigated a fifteen-point restoration rescript (yusin chigyo) of Injong. It included political reforms, called for austerity, and urged measures to restrict official exploitation of the peasantry. Educational reforms were part of the package and intended to strengthen the royal authority. Injong ordered that each chu (large districts) and hyeon (district) establish a school (to prepare to the civil service examinations), thus facilitating the access of local elites to positions in the central administration. Injong completed the reconstruction of the government school system by instituting the “six colleges" at the National Academy.

Myo Cheong had a reputation for sanctity and was a speaker “easily dazzled his listeners". His teachings were enjoying a growing popularity with the people and some members of the elite, including the king. Politically the Pyongyang faction was opposed by the Kyeongju Kim and Han An-in/Cheongan Im groups. Its supporters included Choe Hong-jae, an old foe of Han An-in faction, now a senior member of the Censorate, and Yun Ŏn-i, son of the famous general Yun Kwan, influential Confucian scholar and a close ally of Chŏng Chi-sang. Indeed, out of six senior censorial officials in 1133, two were supporters of Myo Cheong and only two steadfastly opposed him.

Myo Cheong provided a geomantic explanation of the recent disturbances in Kaesong and offered to cure the problem: since the geomantic forces around the Eastern Capital were waning, the court should move to the Western Capital, where the same forces were strong and “filled with vigour". This ideas, while somewhat extreme in their forcefulness, were in line with the prevailing thinking at the time. Ten Injunctions of Taejo accepted geomantic considerations as an important factor influencing government policies and ascribed a particular significance to the Western Capital. Injong's edict of 1129 commanded construction of a palace (Great Flowering Palace, Taehwa-gung), in Pyongyang to “revitalize our politics and [...] forever bestow felicity upon the following generations". The palace was completed in 1132 and Injong began to spend extended periods of time there.

In foreign relations Injong's government, while admitting the superiority of Jin, aimed to preserve independence and trade interests of Goryeo. By 1127 Song collapsed. The Jurchen armies conquered Kaifeng, and both Huizong, now retired, and the reigning emperor Qinzong were captured and exiled to Manchuria. Not long afterwards Song envoys tried to convince Goryeo officials to give them a direct overland access to the Jin and negotiate the release of the captured emperors. The request was denied at the insistence of Kim Bu-sik and his elder brother Kim Pu-il, while different sources record Choe Hong-jae as to be in favor of assisting the Song or as opposed to it. The relations with the Song were practically broken for the next few years: a request by Injong in 1129 to send an embassy was denied, while the embassy dispatched in 1132 was shipwrecked.

Goryeo traditionally provided a refuge for Jurchens that were at odds with the powers at home. During the first twenty years of the 11th century 6,846 Jurchen refugees were registered at Kaesong, compared with the average of 526 over two-decade periods of the previous one hundred years (and only 17 during 1081–1100). This policy continued under Injong, even if twice (in 1127 and 1130) the Jin used presence of the Jurchen refugees in Goryeo to pressure it into formal submission.

Pyongyang faction represented a more nativist and anti-Jurchen approach. Myo Cheong claimed that moving a capital to Seogeong (Pyongyang) would reinvigorate Goryeo to the extent that thirty-six states, including Jin, would pay homage to it. He urged Injong to declare himself emperor, institute his own era name, and attack the "arrogant Jin". A memorandum to this effect was also submitted to Injong by Chŏng Chi-sang and Yun Ŏn-i. Aided by the indecision of Injong an uneasy equilibrium between the factions continued for several years.

Disappointed by the rate of reforms, insufficiently decisive stance against Jin, and alarmed by purges of some of it supporters, Myo Cheong rebelled in 1135. At the Western Capital the rebels declared a new state of Taewi (Great Accomplishment). The rebels were enthusiastically supported in the northwest, but most of Myo Cheong's supporters in Kaesong deserted him. It is still debated whether Myo Cheong was actually the principal driving force of the rebellion or just its figurehead.

Im Weonae, the king's father-in-law, on the news of the revolt, mobilized armies to protect Kaesong. Officials associated with Myo Cheong were prosecuted: some, like Chŏng Chi-sang were executed, and many banished during 1135–1136. Several attempts were made to negotiate with the rebels. The situation became particularly threatening when the offers of military assistance came both from the Jin and Southern Song. Eventually Kim Bu-sik led a successful military campaign against the rebels. Myo Cheong was assassinated by his own army, and in early 1136 Pyongyang fell to the government forces. Yun Ŏn-i distinguished himself in action against the rebels, but was still banished by Kim Bu-sik as an associate of Chŏng Chi-sang.

1137–1146
From the suppression of the Myo Cheong rebellion until his official retirement in 1142 Kim Bu-sik was an unchallenged leader of the Goryeo government. From 1140 onwards the banished supporters of Myo Cheong began to be recalled. By the early eleven forties the conflict of the Southern Song and the Jin reached an equilibrium that was formalized during the negotiates of 1141–1142. The Southern Song emperor recognized the suzerainty of Emperor Xizong of Jin, paying an annual tribute of 250,000 bolts of silk and taels of silver. Goryeo exchanges several embassies with the Jin, and in 1142 Injong was formally invested as its vassal.

In 1143 Injong appointed fourteen local magistrates, making another step in bringing local administration under the central control. As a result of the reforms of Yejong and Injong about one third of Goryeo's 450 or so prefectures and counties were under a direct control of the central government.

In 1142, Injong ordered the compilation of the Samguk Sagi, a chronicle of events in the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla. Using Chinese histories (particularly Shiji by Sima Qian), Kim Bu-sik at the head of the fourteen-author team compiled the oldest extant source on Korean history. It was submitted to Injong in late 1145 or early 1146.

Succession
Both Injong and Lady Im (Queen Gongye) are recorded as having misgivings about their oldest son Prince Hyeon. Both doubted his ability to rule and Queen Gongye preferred the second son Prince Kyeong as the next king. Nevertheless, on Injong's death Prince Hyeon succeeded him as the 18th monarch of Goryeo.

Family

 * Father: Yejong of Goryeo
 * Grandfather: Sukjong of Goryeo
 * Grandmother: Queen Myeongui
 * Mother: Queen Sundeok
 * Grandfather: Yi Cha-gyŏm
 * Grandmother: Grand lady Ch'oe of Byeonhan State
 * Consorts and their Respective issue(s):
 * 1) Deposed Queen, of the Inju Yi clan (d. 1139) – No issue.
 * 2) Deposed Queen, of the Inju Yi clan (d. 1195) – No issue.
 * 3) Queen Gongye of the Jangheung Im clan (1109–1183)
 * 4) Crown Prince Wang Hyŏn
 * 5) Wang Kyŏng, Marquess Daeryeong
 * 6) Wang Ho, Duke Ikyang
 * 7) Wang Ch'ung-hŭi
 * 8) Wang T'ak, Duke Pyeongnyang
 * 9) Princess Seunggyeong
 * 10) Princess Deoknyeong
 * 11) Princess Changrak
 * 12) Princess Yeonghwa
 * 13) Queen Seonpyeong of the Kim clan (d. 1179) – No issue.

Popular culture

 * Portrayed by Lee Sung-ho in the 2003–2004 KBS TV series Age of Warriors.

title: Injong of Goryeo


text:
Walter A. Post

Walter A. Post (January 7, 1857 - February 12, 1912) was the first mayor of Newport News, Virginia.

He was born in Kingston, New York, on 7 January 1857, and studied as a civil engineer.

He was sent to Newport News by his brother-in-law, Eugene White of Brooklyn, who had contracted with railroad magnate Collis P. Huntington to build a cargo terminal at the end of the newly built eastern terminus of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway on the Virginia Peninsula, in 1880.

When Newport News was chartered as an independent city in 1896, Post was chosen to serve as acting mayor until the city's first municipal elections could be held. On July 1 of that year, he was elected. Post chose to serve only one term as mayor, stepping down in 1898.

In 1911, he assumed the presidency of Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company. He would hold that office until his death in 1912. The newspapers of the day attributed his death to "overwork", and heart failure. His entire time in Newport News was spent serving as a kind of lieutenant for Huntington, who essentially built the city of Newport News to serve his railroad.

Post Street in the Hilton Village historic district in Newport News is named after Post.

title: Walter A. Post


text:
Earthing system

An earthing system (UK and IEC) or grounding system (US) connects specific parts of an electric power system with the ground, typically the equipments conductive surface, for safety and functional purposes. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the installation. Regulations for earthing systems vary among countries, though most follow the recommendations of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Regulations may identify special cases for earthing in mines, in patient care areas, or in hazardous areas of industrial plants.

In addition to electric power systems, other systems may require grounding for safety or function. Tall structures may have lightning rods as part of a system to protect them from lightning strikes. Telegraph lines may use the Earth as one conductor of a circuit, saving the cost of installation of a return wire over a long circuit. Radio antennas may require particular grounding for operation, as well as to control static electricity and provide lightning protection.

Purposes
There are three main purposes for earthing:

System earthing
System earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety throughout the system that is not caused by an electrical fault. Its main purpose is to prevent static buildup and to protect against power surges caused by nearby lightning strikes or switching. Static buildup, as induced by friction for example, such as when wind blows onto a radio mast, is dissipated to the Earth. In the event of a surge, a lightning arrester, a surge arrester or a SPD will divert the excess current to the Earth before it reaches an appliance.

System earthing also allows for equipotential bonding to all metal works to prevent potential differences between them. Having Earth as a common reference point also keeps the electrical system's potential difference limited to the supply voltage.

Equipment earthing
Equipment earthing serves a purpose of electrical safety in an electrical fault. Its main purpose is to prevent equipment damage and the risk of an electric shock. This type of earthing is not an earth connection, technically speaking. When current flows from a line conductor to an earth wire, as is the case when a line conductor makes contact with an earthed surface in a Class I appliance, an automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) device such as a circuit breaker or a RCD will automatically open the circuit to clear the fault.

Functional earthing
Functional earthing serves a purpose other than electrical safety. Example purposes include electromagnetic interference (EMI) filtering in an EMI filter, and the use of the Earth as a return path in a single-wire earth return distribution system.

Low-voltage systems
In low-voltage networks, which distribute the electric power to the widest class of end users, the main concern for design of earthing systems is safety of consumers who use the electric appliances and their protection against electric shocks. The earthing system, in combination with protective devices such as fuses and residual current devices, must ultimately ensure that a person does not come into contact with a metallic object whose potential relative to the person's potential exceeds a safe threshold, typically set at about 50 V.

In most developed countries, 220 V, 230 V, or 240 V sockets with earthed contacts were introduced either just before or soon after World War II, though with considerable national variation. However in the United States and Canada, where the supply voltage is only 120 V power outlets installed before the mid-1960s generally did not include a ground (earth) pin. In the developing world, local wiring practice may or may not provide a connection to an earth.

On low voltage electricity networks with a phase to neutral voltage exceeding 240 V to 690 V, which are mostly used in industry, mining equipment and machines rather than publicly accessible networks, the earthing system design is equally important from safety point of view as for domestic users. From 1947 to 1996 for ranges (including separate cook tops and ovens) and 1953 to 1996 for clothes dryers, US National Electrical Code allowed the supply neutral wire to be used as the equipment enclosure connection to ground if the circuit originated in the main service panel. This was permitted for plug-in equipment and permanently connected equipment. Normal imbalances in the circuit would create small equipment to ground voltages, a failure of the neutral conductor or connections would allow the equipment to go to full 120 volts to ground, an easily lethal situation. The 1996 and newer editions of the NEC no longer permit this practice. For similar reasons, most countries have now mandated dedicated protective earth connections in consumer wiring that are now almost universal. In the distribution networks, where connections are fewer and less vulnerable, many countries allow the earth and neutral to share a conductor.

If the fault path between accidentally energized objects and the supply connection has low impedance, the fault current will be so large that the circuit over-current protection device (fuse or circuit breaker) will open to clear the ground fault. Where the earthing system does not provide a low-impedance metallic conductor between equipment enclosures and supply return (such as in a TT separately earthed system), fault currents are smaller, and will not necessarily operate the over-current protection device. In such case a residual-current device is installed to detect the current leaking to ground and interrupt the circuit.

IEC terminology
International standard IEC 60364 distinguishes three families of earthing arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.

The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply equipment (generator or transformer):

 * "T" — Direct connection of a point with earth (Latin: terra)
 * "I" — No point is connected with earth (Latin: īnsulātum), except perhaps via a high impedance.

The second letter indicates the connection between earth or network and the electrical device being supplied:

 * "T" — Earth connection is by a local direct connection to earth (Latin: terra), usually via a ground rod.
 * "N" — the earth connection is supplied by the electricity supply network, either separately to the neutral conductor (TN-S), combined with the neutral conductor (TN-C), or both (TN-C-S). These are discussed below.

Types of TN networks
In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is connected with earth, usually the star point in a three-phase system. The body of the electrical device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer. This arrangement is a current standard for residential and industrial electric systems particularly in Europe.

The conductor that connects the exposed metallic parts of the consumer's electrical installation is called protective earth (PE; see also: Ground). The conductor that connects to the star point in a three-phase system, or that carries the return current in a single-phase system, is called neutral (N). Three variants of TN systems are distinguished:
 * TN−S: PE and N are separate conductors that are connected together only near the power source.
 * TN−C: A combined PEN conductor fulfills the functions of both a PE and an N conductor. (on 230/400 V systems normally only used for distribution networks)
 * TN−C−S: Part of the system uses a combined PEN conductor, which is at some point split up into separate PE and N lines. The combined PEN conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, and earth and neutral are separated in the service head. In the UK, this system is also known as protective multiple earthing (PME), because of the practice of connecting the combined neutral-and-earth conductor via the shortest practicable route to local earth rods at the source and at intervals along the distribution networks to each premises, to provide both system earthing and equipment earthing at each of these locations.   Similar systems in Australia and New Zealand are designated as multiple earthed neutral (MEN) and, in North America, as multi-grounded neutral (MGN).

It is possible to have both TN-S and TN-C-S supplies taken from the same transformer. For example, the sheaths on some underground cables corrode and stop providing good earth connections, and so homes where high resistance "bad earths" are found may be converted to TN-C-S. This is only possible on a network when the neutral is suitably robust against failure, and conversion is not always possible. The PEN must be suitably reinforced against failure, as an open circuit PEN can impress full phase voltage on any exposed metal connected to the system earth downstream of the break. The alternative is to provide a local earth and convert to TT. The main attraction of a TN network is the low impedance earth path allows easy automatic disconnection (ADS) on a high current circuit in the case of a line-to-PE fault as the same breaker or fuse will operate for either L-N or L-PE faults, and an RCD is not needed to detect earth faults.

TT network

In a TT (Latin: terra-terra) earthing system, the protective earth connection for the consumer is provided by a local earth electrode, (sometimes referred to as the Terra-Firma connection) and there is another independently installed at the generator. There is no 'earth wire' between the two. The fault loop impedance is higher, and unless the electrode impedance is very low indeed, a TT installation should always have an RCD (GFCI) as its first isolator.

The big advantage of the TT earthing system is the reduced conducted interference from other users' connected equipment. TT has always been preferable for special applications like telecommunication sites that benefit from the interference-free earthing. Also, TT networks do not pose any serious risks in the case of a broken neutral. In addition, in locations where power is distributed overhead, earth conductors are not at risk of becoming live should any overhead distribution conductor be fractured by, say, a fallen tree or branch.

In pre-RCD era, the TT earthing system was unattractive for general use because of the difficulty of arranging reliable automatic disconnection (ADS) in the case of a line-to-PE fault (in comparison with TN systems, where the same breaker or fuse will operate for either L-N or L-PE faults). But as residual current devices mitigate this disadvantage, the TT earthing system has become much more attractive providing that all AC power circuits are RCD-protected. In some countries (such as the UK) TT is recommended for situations where a low impedance equipotential zone is impractical to maintain by bonding, where there is significant outdoor wiring, such as supplies to mobile homes and some agricultural settings, or where a high fault current could pose other dangers, such as at fuel depots or marinas.

The TT earthing system is used throughout Japan, with RCD units in most industrial settings or even at home. This can impose added requirements on variable frequency drives and switched-mode power supplies which often have substantial filters passing high frequency noise to the ground conductor.

IT network

In an IT network (isolé-terre), the electrical distribution system has no connection to earth at all, or it has only a very high-impedance connection.

Other terminologies
While the national wiring regulations for buildings of many countries follow the IEC 60364 terminology, in North America (United States and Canada), the term "equipment grounding conductor" refers to equipment grounds and ground wires on branch circuits, and "grounding electrode conductor" is used for conductors bonding an Earth/Ground rod, electrode or similar to a service panel. The "local" Earth/Ground electrode provides "system grounding" at each building where it is installed.

The "Grounded" current carrying conductor is the system "neutral". Australian and New Zealand standards use a modified protective multiple earthing (PME ) system called multiple earthed neutral (MEN). The neutral is grounded (earthed) at each consumer service point thereby effectively bringing the neutral potential difference towards zero along the whole length of LV lines. In the IEC 60364 terminology this is called TN-C-S. In North America, the term "multigrounded neutral" system (MGN) is used.

In the UK and some Commonwealth countries, the term "PNE", meaning phase-neutral-earth is used to indicate that three (or more for non-single-phase connections) conductors are used, i.e., PN-S.

Resistance-earthed neutral (India)
A resistance earth system is used for mining in India as per Central Electricity Authority Regulations. Instead of a solid connection of neutral to earth, a neutral grounding resistor (NGR) is used to limit the current to ground to less than 750 mA. Due to  the fault current restriction it is safer for gassy mines. Since the earth leakage is restricted, leakage protection devices can be set to less than 750 mA. By comparison, in a solidly earthed system, earth fault current can be as much as the available short-circuit current.

The neutral earthing resistor is monitored to detect an interrupted ground connection and to shut off power if a fault is detected.

Earth leakage protection
To avoid accidental shock, current sensing circuits are used at the source to isolate the power when leakage current exceeds a certain limit. Residual-current devices (RCDs, RCCBs or GFCIs) are used for this purpose. Previously, an earth leakage circuit breaker is used. In industrial applications, earth leakage relays are used with separate core balanced current transformers. This protection works in the range of milli-Amps and can be set from 30 mA to 3000 mA.

Earth connectivity check
A separate pilot wire is run from distribution/ equipment supply system in addition to earth wire, to supervise the continuity of the wire. This is used in the trailing cables of mining machinery. If the earth wire is broken, the pilot wire allows a sensing device at the source end to interrupt power to the machine. This type of circuit is a must for portable heavy electric equipment (like LHD (Load, Haul, Dump machine)) being used in underground mines.

Cost

 * TN networks save the cost of a low-impedance earth connection at the site of each consumer. Such a connection (a buried metal structure) is required to provide protective earth in IT and TT systems.
 * TN-C networks save the cost of an additional conductor needed for separate N and PE connections. However, to mitigate the risk of broken neutrals, special cable types and many connections to earth are needed.
 * TT networks require proper RCD (Ground fault interrupter) protection.

Safety

 * In TN, an insulation fault is very likely to lead to a high short-circuit current that will trigger an overcurrent circuit-breaker or fuse and disconnect the L conductors. With TT systems, the earth fault loop impedance can be too high to do this, or too high to do it within the required time, so an RCD (formerly ELCB) is usually employed. Earlier TT installations may lack this important safety feature, allowing the CPC (Circuit Protective Conductor or PE) and perhaps associated metallic parts within reach of persons (exposed-conductive-parts and extraneous-conductive-parts) to become energized for extended periods under fault conditions, which is a real danger.
 * In TN-S and TT systems (and in TN-C-S beyond the point of the split), a residual-current device can be used for additional protection. In the absence of any insulation fault in the consumer device, the equation IL1+IL2+IL3+IN = 0 holds, and an RCD can disconnect the supply as soon as this sum reaches a threshold (typically 10 mA – 500 mA). An insulation fault between either L or N and PE will trigger an RCD with high probability
 * In IT and TN-C networks, residual current devices are far less likely to detect an insulation fault. In a TN-C system, they would also be very vulnerable to unwanted triggering from contact between earth conductors of circuits on different RCDs or with real ground, thus making their use impracticable. Also, RCDs usually isolate the neutral core. Since it is unsafe to do this in a TN-C system, RCDs on TN-C should be wired to only interrupt the line conductor.
 * In single-ended single-phase systems where the Earth and neutral are combined (TN-C, and the part of TN-C-S systems which uses a combined neutral and earth core), if there is a contact problem in the PEN conductor, then all parts of the earthing system beyond the break will rise to the potential of the L conductor. In an unbalanced multi-phase system, the potential of the earthing system will move towards that of the most loaded line conductor. Such a rise in the potential of the neutral beyond the break is known as a neutral inversion. Therefore, TN-C connections must not go across plug/socket connections or flexible cables, where there is a higher probability of contact problems than with fixed wiring. There is also a risk if a cable is damaged, which can be mitigated by the use of concentric cable construction and multiple earth electrodes. Due to the (small) risks of the lost neutral raising 'earthed' metal work to a dangerous potential, coupled with the increased shock risk from proximity to good contact with true earth, the use of TN-C-S supplies is banned in the UK for caravan sites and shore supply to boats, and strongly discouraged for use on farms and outdoor building sites, and in such cases it is  recommended to make all outdoor wiring TT with RCD and a separate earth electrode.
 * In IT systems, a single insulation fault is unlikely to cause dangerous currents to flow through a human body in contact with earth, because no low-impedance circuit exists for such a current to flow. However, a first insulation fault can effectively turn an IT system into a TN system, and then a second insulation fault can lead to dangerous body currents. Worse, in a multi-phase system, if one of the line conductors made contact with earth, it would cause the other phase cores to rise to the phase-phase voltage relative to earth rather than the phase-neutral voltage. IT systems also experience larger transient overvoltages than other systems.
 * In TN-C and TN-C-S systems, any connection between the combined neutral-and-earth core and the body of the earth could end up carrying significant current under normal conditions, and could carry even more under a broken neutral situation. Therefore, main equipotential bonding conductors must be sized with this in mind; use of TN-C-S is inadvisable in situations such as petrol stations, where there is a combination of much buried metalwork and explosive gases.

Electromagnetic compatibility

 * In TN-S and TT systems, the consumer has a low-noise connection to earth, which does not suffer from the voltage that appears on the N conductor as a result of the return currents and the impedance of that conductor. This is of particular importance with some types of telecommunication and measurement equipment.
 * In TT systems, each consumer has its own connection to earth, and will not notice any currents that may be caused by other consumers on a shared PE line.

Regulations

 * In the United States National Electrical Code and Canadian Electrical Code, the feed from the distribution transformer uses a combined neutral and grounding conductor, but within the structure separate neutral and protective earth conductors are used (TN-C-S). The neutral must be connected to earth only on the supply side of the customer's disconnecting switch.
 * In Argentina, France (TT) and Australia (TN-C-S), the customers must provide their own ground connections.
 * Appliances in Japan must comply with PSE law, and building wiring uses TT earthing in most installations.
 * In Australia, the multiple earthed neutral (MEN) earthing system is used and is described in Section 5 of AS/NZS 3000. For an LV customer, it is a TN-C system from the transformer in the street to the premises, (the neutral is earthed multiple times along this segment), and a TN-S system inside the installation, from the Main Switchboard downwards. Looked at as a whole, it is a TN-C-S system.
 * In Denmark the high voltage regulation (Stærkstrømsbekendtgørelsen) and Malaysia the Electricity Ordinance 1994 states that all consumers must use TT earthing, though in rare cases TN-C-S may be allowed (used in the same manner as in the United States). Rules are different when it comes to larger companies.
 * In India as per Central Electricity Authority Regulations, CEAR, 2010, rule 41, there is provision of earthing, neutral wire of a 3-phase, 4-wire system and the additional third wire of a 2-phase, 3-wire system. Earthing is to be done with two separate connections.  The grounding system must also have a minimum of two or more earth pits (electrodes) to better ensure proper grounding.  According to rule 42, installation with connected load above 5 kW exceeding 250 V shall have a suitable Earth leakage protective device to isolate the load in case of earth fault or leakage.

Application examples

 * In the areas of UK where underground power cabling is prevalent, the TN-S system is common.
 * In India LT supply is generally through TN-S system. Neutral is double grounded at each distribution transformer. Neutral and earth conductors run separately on overhead distribution lines. Separate conductors for overhead lines and armoring of cables are used for earth connection. Additional earth electrodes/pits are installed at each user end to provide redundant path to earth.
 * Most modern homes in Europe have a TN-C-S earthing system. The combined neutral and earth occurs between the nearest transformer substation and the service cut out (the fuse before the meter). After this, separate earth and neutral cores are used in all the internal wiring.
 * Older urban and suburban homes in the UK tend to have TN-S supplies, with the earth connection delivered through the lead sheath of an underground lead-and-paper cable.
 * The IT system with 230V between the phases is quite extensively used in Norway. It is estimated that 70% of all households are connected to the grid via the IT system. Newer residential areas are however mostly built with TN-C-S, in a large degree driven by the fact that three-phase products for the consumer market - such as electric vehicle charging stations - are developed for the European market where TN systems with 400V between the phases dominate.
 * Some older homes, especially those built before the invention of residual-current circuit breakers and wired home area networks, use an in-house TN-C arrangement. This is no longer recommended practice.
 * Laboratory rooms, medical facilities, construction sites, repair workshops, mobile electrical installations, and other environments that are supplied via engine-generators where there is an increased risk of insulation faults, often use an IT earthing arrangement supplied from isolation transformers. To mitigate the two-fault issues with IT systems, the isolation transformers should supply only a small number of loads each and should be protected with an insulation monitoring device (generally used only by medical, railway or military IT systems, because of cost).
 * In remote areas, where the cost of an additional PE conductor outweighs the cost of a local earth connection, TT networks are commonly used in some countries, especially in older properties or in rural areas, where safety might otherwise be threatened by the fracture of an overhead PE conductor by, say, a fallen tree branch. TT supplies to individual properties are also seen in mostly TN-C-S systems where an individual property is considered unsuitable for TN-C-S supply.
 * In Australia, New Zealand and Israel the TN-C-S system is in use; however, the wiring rules state that, in addition, each customer must provide a separate connection to earth, via a dedicated Earth electrode. (Any metallic water pipes entering the consumer's premises must also be "bonded" to the Earthing point at the distribution Switchboard/Panel.) In Australia and New Zealand the connection between the protective earth bar and the neutral bar at the main Switchboard/Panel is called the multiple earthed neutral Link or MEN Link. This MEN link is removable for installation testing purposes, but is connected during normal service by either a locking system (locknuts for instance) or two or more screws. In the MEN system, the integrity of the neutral is paramount. In Australia, new installations must also bond the foundation concrete re-enforcing under wet areas to the protective earth conductor (AS3000), typically increasing the size of the earthing (i.e. reducing resistance), and providing an equipotential plane in areas such as bathrooms.  In older installations, it is not uncommon to find only the water pipe bond, and it is allowed to remain as such, but the additional earth electrode must be installed if any upgrade work is done.  The incoming protective earth/neutral conductor is connected to a neutral bar (located on the customer's side of the electricity meter's neutral connection) which is then connected via the customer's MEN link to the earth bar – beyond this point, the protective earth and neutral conductors are separate.

High-voltage systems

In high-voltage networks (above 1 kV), which are far less accessible to the general public, the focus of earthing system design is less on safety and more on reliability of supply, reliability of protection, and impact on the equipment in presence of a short circuit. Only the magnitude of phase-to-ground short circuits, which are the most common, is significantly affected with the choice of earthing system, as the current path is mostly closed through the earth. Three-phase HV/MV power transformers, located in distribution substations, are the most common source of supply for distribution networks, and type of grounding of their neutral determines the earthing system.

There are five types of neutral earthing:
 * Solid-earthed neutral
 * Unearthed neutral
 * Resistance-earthed neutral
 * Low-resistance earthing
 * High-resistance earthing
 * Reactance-earthed neutral
 * Using earthing transformers (such as the Zigzag transformer)

Solid-earthed neutral
In solid or directly earthed neutral, transformer's star point is directly connected to the ground. In this solution, a low-impedance path is provided for the ground fault current to close and, as result, their magnitudes are comparable with three-phase fault currents. Since the neutral remains at the potential close to the ground, voltages in unaffected phases remain at levels similar to the pre-fault ones; for that reason, this system is regularly used in high-voltage transmission networks, where insulation costs are high.

Resistance-earthed neutral
To limit short circuit earth fault an additional neutral earthing resistor (NER) is added between the neutral of transformer's star point and earth.

Low-resistance earthing
With low resistance fault current limit is relatively high. In India it is restricted for 50 A for open cast mines according to Central Electricity Authority Regulations, CEAR, 2010, rule 100.

High-resistance earthing
High resistance grounding system grounds the neutral through a resistance which limits the ground fault current to a value equal to or slightly greater than the capacitive charging current of that system.

Unearthed neutral
In unearthed, isolated or floating neutral system, as in the IT system, there is no direct connection of the star point (or any other point in the network) and the ground. As a result, ground fault currents have no path to be closed and thus have negligible magnitudes. However, in practice, the fault current will not be equal to zero: conductors in the circuit — particularly underground cables — have an inherent capacitance towards the earth, which provides a path of relatively high impedance.

Systems with isolated neutral may continue operation and provide uninterrupted supply even in presence of a ground fault. However, while the fault is present, the potential of other two phases relative to the ground reaches $$\sqrt{3}$$ of the normal operating voltage, creating additional stress for the insulation; insulation failures may inflict additional ground faults in the system, now with much higher currents.

Presence of uninterrupted ground fault may pose a significant safety risk: if the current exceeds 4 A – 5 A an electric arc develops, which may be sustained even after the fault is cleared. For that reason, they are chiefly limited to underground and submarine networks, and industrial applications, where the reliability need is high and probability of human contact relatively low. In urban distribution networks with multiple underground feeders, the capacitive current may reach several tens of amperes, posing significant risk for the equipment.

The benefit of low fault current and continued system operation thereafter is offset by inherent drawback that the fault location is hard to detect.

Grounding rods
According to the IEEE standards, grounding rods are made from material such as copper and steel. For choosing a grounding rod there are several selection criteria such as: corrosion resistance, diameter depending on the fault current, conductivity and others. There are several types derived from copper and steel: copper-bonded, stainless-steel, solid copper, galvanized steel ground. In recent decades, there has been developed chemical grounding rods for low impedance ground containing natural electrolytic salts. and Nano-Carbon Fiber Grounding rods.

Grounding connectors
Connectors for earthing installation are a means of communication between the various components of the earthing and lightning protection installations (earthing rods, earthing conductors, current leads, busbars, etc.).

For high voltage installations, exothermic welding is used for underground connections.

Soil resistance
Soil resistance is a major aspect in the design and calculation of an earthing system/grounding installation. Its resistance determines the efficiency of the diversion of unwanted currents to zero potential (ground). The resistance of a geological material depends on several components: the presence of metal ores, the temperature of the geological layer, the presence of archeological or structural features, the presence of dissolved salts, and contaminants, porosity and permeability. There are several basic methods for measuring soil resistance. The measurement is performed with two, three or four electrodes. The measurement methods are: pole-pole, dipole-dipole, pole-dipole, Wenner method, and the Schlumberger method.

title: Earthing system


text:
User:Mailjin

Mailjin, word derived from Mail and Jinesh - MailJin

title: User:Mailjin


text:
James Berry (executioner)

James Berry (8 February 1852 – 21 October 1913) was an English executioner from 1884 until 1891. Berry was born in Heckmondwike in the West Riding of Yorkshire, where his father worked as a wool-stapler. His most important contribution to the science of hanging was his refinement of the long drop method developed by William Marwood, whom Berry knew quite well. His improvements were intended to diminish mental and physical suffering and some of them remained standard practice until the abolition of capital punishment for murder.

An insight into Berry's behaviour and methods can be read in the book My Experiences as an Executioner, in which he describes his methods and recalls the final moments of some of the people he executed.

Early life
He served eight years with the Bradford Police Force, then tried himself as a boot salesman. Since he did not earn enough for the upkeep of his family, he applied for the post of executioner after William Marwood died in 1883 but was unsuccessful despite being shortlisted, until the short period of Bartholomew Binns in office was over.

Berry was the first British hangman literate and communicative enough to be able to write freely about his work. He considered that the hangman was the last link in what he called the "chain of legal retribution".

Career incidents
He was the executioner who failed to hang John Babbacombe Lee – "The Man They Couldn't Hang" – in 1885. After three attempts, in which the trap door repeatedly failed to open, Lee's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.

During the execution of Robert Goodale on 30 November 1885 at Norwich, the drop used was too long, and Goodale was decapitated by the rope.

Berry's time in office came to an end following interference in his judgement by the prison medical officer at Kirkdale Prison regarding the appropriate length of drop; Berry compromised but the condemned man John Conway was nearly decapitated. In March 1892 Berry wrote his letter of resignation, probably without knowing that in October of the previous year the Home Office had already decided that "the employment of Berry as Executioner should no longer be recommended to the High Sheriffs."

Berry carried out 131 hangings in his seven years in office, including those of five women. In 1889, he hanged William Bury, a man suspected by some of being Jack the Ripper. In his book My Experiences as an Executioner James Berry makes no mention of the Whitechapel murders for which there have always been multiple suspects. However, his belief that Bury and "Jack the Ripper" were one and the same was published in his memoirs which appeared in Thomson's Weekly News of 12 February 1927.

Later life
Following his retirement, Berry toured as an evangelist and gave lectures on phrenology. In his book The Hangman's Thoughts Above the Gallows (1905) he complains that "the law of capital punishment falls with terrible weight upon the hangman and that to allow a man to follow such an occupation is doing him a deadly wrong".

Smith Wigglesworth, the evangelist and preacher, records his conversion to Christianity, in a sermon which was later published in Faith that Prevails (1938):

"In England they have what is known as the public hangman who has to perform all the executions. This man held that appointment and he told me later that he believed that when he performed the execution of men who had committed murder, that the demon power that was in them would come upon him and that in consequence he was possessed with a legion of demons. His life was so miserable that he purposed to make an end of life. He went down to a certain depot and purchased a ticket. The English trains are much different from the American. In every coach there are a number of small compartments and it is easy for anyone who wants to commit suicide to open the door of his compartment and throw himself out of the train. This man purposed to throw himself out of the train in a certain tunnel just as the train coming from an opposite direction would be about to dash past and he thought this would be a quick end to his life."

"There was a young man at the depot that night who had been saved the night before. He was all on fire to get others saved and purposed in his heart that every day of his life he would get someone saved. He saw this dejected hangman and began to speak to him about his soul. He brought him down to our mission and there he came under a mighty conviction of sin. For two and a half hours he was literally sweating under conviction and you could see a vapour rising up from him. At the end of two and a half hours he was graciously saved."

Following his conversion to Christianity, James Berry became a prominent campaigner for the abolition of the death penalty.

Berry died at Walnut Tree Farm, 36 Bolton Lane, Bradford, West Yorkshire, on 21 October 1913.

His writing

 * The Hangman's Thoughts Above the Gallows (1905)
 * My Experiences as an Executioner, London : P. Lund, [ 1892 ] (via Internet Archive)

title: James Berry (executioner)


text:
St. Cloud Regional Airport

St. Cloud Regional Airport is a public-use airport in Sherburne County, Minnesota, United States, and owned by the St. Cloud Regional Airport Authority. It is located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) east of the central business district of the City of St.Cloud The airport serves private, commercial, corporate, cargo and military operations. Mostly used for general aviation, it is also served by commercial airlines.

This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, which categorized it as a primary commercial service airport. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 20,161 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 14,294 enplanements in 2009, and 1,198 in 2010. Mesaba Airlines, operating flights for Delta Connection, ended service to Minneapolis/St. Paul on December 31, 2009. Allegiant Air began service to Phoenix/Mesa Gateway Airport, AZ on December 15, 2012, also serviced Orlando/Sanford, FL from 2013-2014 and Destin, FL in 2021, and seasonally services Fort Myers/Punta Gorda Airport, FL since 2017. SkyWest Airlines, operating as United Express, operated flights from St. Cloud to Chicago O'Hare International Airport from May 2014 to April 2015. The flights were suspended due to "poor performance in the market."

Facilities and aircraft
St. Cloud Regional Airport covers an area of 1,414 acres (572 ha) at an elevation of 1,031 feet (314 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways: 13/31 is 7,500 by 150 feet (2,286 x 46 m) with a concrete surface and 5/23 is 3,000 by 75 feet (914 x 23 m) with an asphalt surface.

For the 12-month period ending September 30, 2015, the airport had 28,740 aircraft operations, an average of 79 per day: 84% general aviation, 13% military, 1% air taxi and 2% scheduled commercial. In January 2017, there were 92 aircraft based at this airport: 63 single-engine, 12 military, 13 jet, 3 multi-engine and 1 helicopter.

History
In 2020 the airport received a $1,092,430 CARES Act award.

title: St. Cloud Regional Airport


text: Talk:Injong of Goryeo

title: Talk:Injong of Goryeo


text:
Rhode Island Route 116

Route 116 is a state highway running 25.1 mi in Providence County, and Kent County, Rhode Island. Its southern terminus is at Route 33 and Route 117 in Coventry, and its northern terminus is at Route 114 in Cumberland.

Route description
Route 116 begins at an intersection with RI-33 and RI-117 in Coventry, Rhode Island. It is known as Knotty Oak Road. Route 116 runs north for 2.7 mi from Route 117 to the Scituate town line. In Scituate, the route runs 9.5 mi. The highway intersects the following routes from south to north: Route 115, Route 12, Route 14, and US 6. In Glocester, the route runs 0.6 mi. It reaches US 44 in Smithfield. It runs concurrent with US 44 for half a mile. Then, it turns northeast. It continues as Pleasant View Avenue as it then meets Route 104. It runs concurrently north with Route 104, then turns east as the George Washington Highway. The George Washington Highway is a rural, two-laned expressway with a 50 mph speed limit. The road continues east and ends at Route 114 in Cumberland.

title: Rhode Island Route 116


text:
Orphan receptor

In biochemistry, an orphan receptor is a protein that has a similar structure to other identified receptors but whose endogenous ligand has not yet been identified. If a ligand for an orphan receptor is later discovered, the receptor is referred to as an "adopted orphan". Conversely, the term orphan ligand refers to a biological ligand whose cognate receptor has not yet been identified.

Examples
Examples of orphan receptors are found in the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)  and nuclear receptor   families.

If an endogenous ligand is found, the orphan receptor is "adopted" or "de-orphanized". An example is the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the GPCR TGR5/GPCR19/G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, both of which are activated by bile acids. Adopted orphan receptors in the nuclear receptor group include FXR, liver X receptor (LXR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). Another example of an orphan receptor site is the PCP binding site in the NMDA receptor, a type of ligand-gated ion channel. This site is where the recreational drug PCP works, but no endogenous ligand is known to bind to this site.

GPCR orphan receptors are usually given the name "GPR" followed by a number, for example GPR1. In the GPCR family, nearly 100 receptor-like genes remain orphans.

Discovery
Historically, receptors were discovered by using ligands to "fish" for their receptors. Hence, by definition, these receptors were not orphans. However, with modern molecular biology techniques such as reverse pharmacology, screening of cDNA libraries, and whole genome sequencing, receptors have been identified based on sequence similarity to known receptors, without knowing what their ligands are.

title: Orphan receptor


text: User:Alex S/Spoiler

title: User:Alex S/Spoiler


text:
File:Eat The Rich (song).jpg

Cover of Motörhead's 12" vinyl single "Eat The Rich"> Alf 14:03, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: File:Eat The Rich (song).jpg


text:
Talk:SC Heerenveen

Away kit
The away kit of Heerenveen for 2005/2006 are white shirt,red short and black socks

Robbie Rogers
doesn't american Robbie Rogers play for this team? 207.29.128.130 17:20, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * He does, but he doesn't have a squad number yet. Click here for his profile. SportsAddicted 20:15, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

"2023–24 SC Heerenveen season" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023%E2%80%9324_SC_Heerenveen_season&redirect=no 2023–24 SC Heerenveen season] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 19:12, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:SC Heerenveen


text: Category:Brazilian art

title: Category:Brazilian art


text:
Eat the Rich (Motörhead song)

"Eat the Rich" is a song by British Rock 'N' Roll band Motörhead. It was released as a single in 1987, in 7" and 12" vinyl pressings. Both formats featured the B-side "Cradle to the Grave", and the 12" also included "Just 'Cos You Got the Power".

The title song was written for Peter Richardson's 1987 film Eat the Rich, starring the regular cast of The Comic Strip: the song also features on the Motörhead album Rock 'n' Roll

The Dutch single released by Roadrunner Records took the title track of the album as the A-side in place of "Eat the Rich", keeping "Cradle to the Grave" as the B-side. The sleeve used the artwork on the album cover, both sleeve designs were created by Joe Petagno.

Track listing
All tracks written by Lemmy, Würzel, Phil Campbell, Phil Taylor

7"

 * 1) "Eat the Rich"
 * 2) "Cradle to the Grave"

12"

 * 1) "Eat the Rich"
 * 2) "Cradle to the Grave"
 * 3) "Just 'cos You Got the Power"

Personnel
Motörhead
 * Lemmy – bass guitar, vocals
 * Würzel – lead & rhythm guitars
 * Phil "Wizzö" Campbell – lead & rhythm guitars, slide guitar on track 1
 * Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor – drums

Production
 * Produced by – Motörhead and Guy Bidmead
 * Originally recorded by Bill Laswell & Jason Corsaro, remixed by Guy Bidmead

title: Eat the Rich (Motörhead song)


text: User talk:84.29.53.210

title: User talk:84.29.53.210


text:
Moses Harris

Moses Harris (15 April 1730 – 1787) was an English entomologist and engraver.

Life and work
Harris was encouraged in entomology from a young age by his uncle, a member of the Society of the Aurelians. In 1762 he became secretary of a second Society of Aurelians. He was a skilled artist, displaying some of his insect drawings at the Royal Academy in 1785. He drew and engraved illustrations for books including Dru Drury's Illustrations of Natural History (3 volumes, 1770–1782) and John Coakley Lettsom's The Naturalist's and Traveller's Companion (1772).

Colour theory
In "The Natural System of Colours" published in 1766, Harris discussed the multitude of colours that can be created using three "grand or principle" colours: red, yellow and blue. As a naturalist and an engraver, Harris focussed on the relationships between colours and how they are coded and created. He explained how three colours can be íntermixed, tinted and shaded to create 660 colours "materially, or by the painters art". Harris referred to red, yellow and blue as "Primitives" and attempted to link these to Isaac Newton's colour theory by making reference to colours "seen in the rainbow refracted by the prism". "The Natural System of Colours" features two illustrations and the first of these is Harris' 'Prismatic' colour wheel which features red, yellow and blue as the key principle colours. These colours sit at the centre of the colour wheel surrounded by variations of 'Mediate' colours, orange, green and purple. The second illustration in "The Natural System of Colours" is Harris' 'Compound' colour wheel which features orange, green and purple at the centre surrounded by variations of tertiary colours between each of the 'Mediate' colours. Harris conflated the creation of colour using pigments with the creation and appearance of colour in respect to light-waves in two ways. Firstly, in his attempt to deal with black and white. He suggested that the admixture of opposing colours create "a dirty unmeaning colour" and he contended that the admixture of red, blue and yellow "in equal force and in the strongest powers which by violently opposing each other and in very unequal contest are all three continually defeated, causing a total confusion and obscurity in darkness", thereby suggesting that these three colours create black. In reference to this claim, the centres of each colour wheel feature three overlaid colours (red, yellow and blue, and orange, green and purple) outlined in black (as a result of the engraving process used to create the illustration) thereby causing a blackish effect but on closer inspection, the central segment of each colour wheel appears a dark, murky brown. In reference to white, Harris suggested that white represented a "total privation or absence of colour". In addition, Harris suggested that his 'Prismatic' colour wheel reflected the colours "shown in the prism" while the colours depicted in the 'Compound' colour wheel "admits of all colours in nature, not found in the prismatic part".

The Natural System of Colours was published again in 1811, this time edited by Thomas Martyn and dedicated to the second President of the Royal Academy, Benjamin West. In 1963, a reproduction of "The Natural System of Colours" was privately printed and distributed by the Whitney Library of Design, New York. The reproduction came about when Faber Birren acquired a copy of Harris' original book and arranged to have it faithfully reproduced. Birren supervised the reproduction and ensured that the engravings of the two colour wheels matched those in Harris' original book.

Entomology
Harris published his The Aurelian or natural history of English insects in 1766. In 1780 he followed this up with the first scientific descriptions of several Odonata including the banded demoiselle, Calopteryx splendens, and was the first English artist to make illustrations of dragonflies accurate enough to be identified to species. Reviewing his artwork, the odonatologists Albert Orr and Matti Hämäläinen comment that his drawing of a 'large brown' (Aeshna grandis, top left of image) was "superb", while the "perfectly natural colours of the eyes indicate that Harris had examined living individuals of these aeshnids and either coloured the printed copper plates himself or supervised the colourists." However, they consider the larva on the same plate far less good, "a very stiff dorso-lateral view of an aeshnid larva with mask extended. No attempt has been made to depict the eyes, antennae or hinge on the mask or labial palps, all inconceivable omissions for an artist of Harris' talent had he actually examined a specimen", and they suggest he copied it from August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof.

In 1778, Harris discovered the Muscina levida [assimilis] species of fly. Two years later, he followed with a discovery of the Muscina prolapsa species of fly.

Written by Harris

 * Natural System of Colours (1766)
 * The Aurelian or natural history of English insects (1766, 2nd edn 1775)
 * The English Lepidoptera, or, the Aurelian's Pocket Companion (1775)
 * An Exposition of English Insects Including the Several Classes of Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, & Diptera, or Bees, Flies, & Libellulae (1776[-80])

Illustrated by Harris

 * Most of the original drawings and copper plate engravings for Dru Drury's Illustrations of Natural History
 * 44 watercolour drawings on life-cycle of British Lepidoptera for a projected edition of the Aurelian (Natural History Museum)
 * Compound and Prismatic Colour Wheels (Royal Academy)

Family
Harris was survived by his wife, and a son, John Harris (1767–1832), a watercolour painter.

title: Moses Harris


text: Category:Chilean art

title: Category:Chilean art


text: Template:TemplateMedia

title: Template:TemplateMedia


text:
Rudolf Grimm

Rudolf Grimm (born 10 November 1961) is an experimental physicist from Austria. His work centres on ultracold atoms and quantum gases. He was the first scientist worldwide who, with his team, succeeded in realizing a Bose–Einstein condensation of non-polar molecules.

Career
Grimm graduated in physics from the University of Hannover in 1986. From 1986 to 1989 he was a post-graduate researcher at the ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), then went on to the Institute of Spectroscopy of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Troitsk near Moscow for half a year. He spent the next ten years in Heidelberg as a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics. In 1994, Grimm applied to the University of Heidelberg to qualify as a professor by receiving the "venia docendi" in experimental physics. In the year 2000, he was appointed to a chair in experimental physics at the University of Innsbruck, where he has been Dean of the Faculty for Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics since 2005 and Director of the Research Center for Quantum Physics from 2006. Since 2003, Grimm has also held the position of Scientific Director at the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW). Grimm is married, with three children.

Research
The work of the experimental physicist concentrates on Bose–Einstein condensation of atoms and molecules and on fermionic quantum gases. In 2002 his working group succeeded for the first time ever to produce a Bose–Einstein condensate from caesium atoms. In the following year, the team produced the first Bose–Einstein condensate of molecules (simultaneously with Deborah S. Jin's group at JILA, Boulder, Colorado). In 2004, the Innsbruck scientists achieved a Fermionic condensate. In his work on collective oscillations and pairing energies, Grimm found first evidence of the flow of particles without any loss of energy (superfluidity) in Fermi condensates. Meanwhile, Grimm and his team have succeeded in producing more complex molecules in ultracold quantum gases. Currently Grimm is concentrating his efforts on producing mixed condensation from atoms of different elements. In 2006, his working group also managed to lift the veil on an old mystery of physics: they succeeded in the first experimental observation of Efimov states, mysterious quantum states that the Russian scientist Vitali Efimov had theoretically predicted in the early 1970s.

Awards
Grimm has received numerous awards for his achievements. In 2005 he was presented with the Wittgenstein Award, Austria's highest scientific accolade. In the same year, the Austrian daily paper Die Presse made him „Austrian (Researcher) of the Year 2005". Years before, he had won the Gerhard Hess Prize, a new blood stipend of the German Research Foundation (DFG) (1996), and the Silver Medal of the ETH Zurich (1989). Recently he received the Beller Lectureship Award of the American Physical Society (APS) (2007), the Science Award of the Region of Tyrol (2008) and was named „Austrian Scientist of the Year 2009" by the Austrian Club of Education and Science Journalists. In 2018, he was honored jointly with Vitaly Efimov with the inaugural Faddeev Medal. In 2021, he received an ERC Advanced Grant.

In 2006, Grimm became a full member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

title: Rudolf Grimm


text:
Vaughan Savidge

Vaughan Edward Savidge (born 6 June 1956) is a former British freelance newsreader for BBC Radio 3, continuity announcer for BBC Radio 4, and formerly a newsreader the World Service. He also performed spoof news items on Armando Iannucci's Charm Offensive.

Early life
Born in Luton, he spent his early years travelling around Africa, Australia and Singapore.

Career
He returned to Britain for a few years with his family, but then gained his first job as a trainee journalist at Radio Television Hong Kong, where he dubbed Kung Fu films including The One Armed Swordsman. Later he joined the British Forces Broadcasting Service in Gibraltar. After a spell working in television in Germany he returned to London in 1996 where he joined Radio 4 as a newsreader, later adding work for Radio 3 and the World Service. In later years Vaughan could only be heard on Radio 3 and Radio 4, before leaving both stations in spring 2018.

Personal life
He lives in Great Bromley, Essex, with his wife Katherine.

title: Vaughan Savidge


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/What is art?

i think this is a clever piece of work and shouldn't be deleted-especially since this person is only in year nine. Considering this age, they have done extremely well, looking into all aspects. The reasons for deletion are quite stupid (apart from the longer comment which i think gives some insight into why it should be deleted and their true thoughts). Personally, if it was worked on more, it would be even better. I also would like to say at least they thought of putting this up here. i am spending a good six hours looking for help on the reasons buses are red (don't ask) and i can't find a single thing. As an extra note, i would like to see all of you try better...if you can!


text:
Talk:Thrackan Sal-Solo

Name
Isn't his name Thrackan Sal-Solo not Thracken Sal-Solo?

 * Yep. Moving now. --Maru 02:06, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup
This article just isn't written in a very encyclopedic manner. Having not read the Corellian trilogy and not being an expert on Thrackan, I can't exactly do the re-write myself but will be glad to help. But the information could be summed up and presented much better, and I believe augmented by someone who has a little more knowledge in the Sal-Solo area. Also needs some more recent history added in from the Second Corellian insurection, which I may be able to get to after re-familiarizing myself but maybe someone can beat me to it.

71.2.144.120 03:31, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Redirect
This is mostly in-universe plot summary, with no citations to third-party sources to establish notability. I am redirecting this to List of Star Wars characters. Please feel free to add there any sort of that real-world/development stuff, but only if cited to sources. --EEMIV (talk) 15:16, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thrackan Sal-Solo


text:
Talk:Manicouagan Reservoir

Global consequences of the Manicouagan Event
I'm curious what the ecological and physical outcomes of this impact was. Is there an extinction of species attributed to this? How long was the atmosphere disrupted? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.24.84.136 (talk) 13:19, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Previous discussion without header
The Triasic terminator is 213mya per several reputable sources, one being the USGS and another the Canadian Museum. 1)USGS: http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/geo_time_scale.html 2)Canadian Museum: http://park.org/Canada/Museum/extinction/timescale2.gif You may want to review your http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicouagan_Reservoir. text. The Impact 212+/-2mya does coincide with the Trassic terminator date 213mya.

Dang. This thing DOES look like Strong Sad. UndeniablyJordan 03:21, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, they even made a joke about it in an easter egg of the new strong bad email

Split articles?
Most impact craters have their own articles. But while this is one of the larger impact craters on Earth, its article is tacked onto the reservoir article, which is important in itself. I'm giving notice that I intend to separate into two linked articles, in the process beefing up the impact article with more references. --Zamphuor 15:32, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Strong Sad
No mention that it looks exactly like his head? It even has the disturbing soft-serve flip! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.72.21.221 (talk) 18:17, 14 April 2007 (UTC).
 * It was here for a while, but that is better suited to Strong Sad's article. --Jnelson09 20:38, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

They even shows a comparison in sbemail 146 in an easter egg!

1,950 square metres? It's much larger than that. That's only a couple of acres.

How to pronounce it?
I was disappointed that there wasn't any hint how to pronounce "Manicouagan", and that I had to go to http://www.pronouncenames.com/pronounce/manicouagan to find something. Maybe this could be added? (Otherwise, good job with the article.)DavidHobby (talk) 02:55, 18 May 2013 (UTC)

Original size and shape of lake?
I'm curious about the original size and shape of this lake. Was the Daniel-Johnson dam the first human damming of this lake? Did the lake exist before, or was it a series of lakes? --Neurogeek (talk) 17:08, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

 * The previous two lakes looked like this: http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~rutte101/stuff/manicouagan/1962MapManicouaganMushalaganLakes.jpg taken from http://abioticdesignstudio.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-eye-of-sauron-reservoir-manicouagan.html I've seen old survey maps showing it.  It would make a good addition to the page.24.12.61.229 (talk) 04:26, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Merge with Manicouagan crater
Judging on above, Manicouagan crater was split from here back in 2007 by, but I don't think it was necessary, because the crater and the reservoir are largely coterminous, and readers would be better served by a single article. The crater article does not seem to contain much more information beyond what is found here (mostly the "Hypothetical multiple impact event" section that could be gracefully merged here), and just being a large and important crater does not require having a separate article. By quick perusing of Impact cratering on Earth, most impact crater articles are either at "X Lake" or "X Crater", but are not split like this one. No such user (talk) 14:30, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and merged the articles. No such user (talk) 14:14, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

SIXTH largest
In the article impact craters it is rated as 5th largest -- also in the simple english wikipedia at the article M. crater. pietro151.29.163.236 (talk) 11:31, 2 December 2017 (UTC)

 * It is fifth, not sixth. I don't have time to fix it at the moment but here's a decent source: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130214-biggest-asteroid-impacts-meteorites-space-2012da14/ SentientParadox (talk) 05:40, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I've changed the text but I'm not versed in how to add the reference and citation. SentientParadox (talk) 05:44, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Never mind. I missed the source already cited, which is newer than the NG reference I found so I reverted my aforementioned edit. Seems the other articles you mentioned need to be updated. It is late so I will leave it up to someone with more time who happens to stumble over this. SentientParadox (talk) 05:56, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

 * May I make a suggestion. We have here a group of localised craters, of similar size and assumed date, all about -200Ma.
 * We have in the British Isles, Ireland, to be precise, A river valley which very closely follows about 120 degrees of arc of a very good circle. The Shannon Valley.  The other 240 degrees are missing, at least, they are nowhere near Ireland.  I believe I have found much of the remainder of the circle in Newfoundland, and Southern Greenland.  At the centre of the circle, of which the Shannon valley forms an arc, there are two loughs which almost meet at right-angles.  If you now zoom right out to include Scotland, it is clear that the Great Glen is aligned with this crossing point, and this line crosses two major loughs.  Switching to terrain mode, it is now clear that the Eastern coast of Ireland is backed by major hills which also form an arc around the crossing point, and yes, we can find another ring section.  It is the Irish Sea!  Further out we come to the the hills and mountains of West Wales.  Slipping further out we have another ring section, starting with the Isle of Aran, to the Galloway Forest Park, the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales and the Pennines, the Cotswolds, and through to the Cornish Peninsular.  We are seeing a ring structure 800km diameter.
 * This impact would have 'splashed' much of the debris into solar orbit, where it would remain for millions of years in Earth Crossing Orbits. Earth crossing orbits often involve collisions, so Lake Manicouagan is probable formed by one of these Earth crossing Debris Remnants.  The appearance is that it was large enough to be broken up into half a dozen pieces about the same size. 2A00:23C6:4086:BE01:380B:8E99:283C:E837 (talk) 20:23, 20 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manicouagan Reservoir


text:
Dimitris Horn

Dimitris Horn (Δημήτρης Χορν) (9 March 1921 – 16 January 1998) was a Greek theatrical and film actor.

Biography
Horn was born in Athens in 1921, the son of playwright Pantelis Horn (himself descended from an Austrian father and Greek mother), and Euterpi, a Pontic Greek. He studied Drama at the National Theatre of Greece Drama School, where he made his stage debut in 1941. During his career, he co-operated many times with the Greek National Theater and made personal stage troops with actors such as Mary Aroni, Alekos Alexandrakis and Ellie Lambeti. The latter was also his companion from 1953 to 1958.

From an early stage he developed a reputation as "the best actor of his generation," performing many classics such as "Diary of a Madman" by Nikolai Gogol, Richard III by William Shakespeare, Dom Juan by Molière, and Enrico IV by Luigi Pirandello to critical acclaim.

His screen work was less important to him; he disliked cinema, only starring in ten films. His most notable films were The Counterfeit Coin (1954) and A Girl in Black (1956). He later married shipping heiress Anna Goulandri, and became the first director of the Greek State Radio and Television after the restoration of democracy. He died of cancer on 16 January 1998, aged 76.

Filmography

 * The Voice of the Heart (I Foni tis kardias) (1943) .... Petros
 * Applause (Hirokrotimata) (1944) .... Stefanos
 * The Drunkard (Methistakas) (1950) .... Alec Bakas
 * Windfall in Athens (Kyriakatiko xypnima) (1954) .... Alexis Lorentzatos
 * The Counterfeit Sovereign (Kalpiki lira) (1955) .... Pavlos
 * The Girl in Black (To Koritsi me ta mavra) (1956) .... Pavlos
 * We Have Only One Life (Mia zoi tin echoume) (1958) .... Kleon
 * A Thief's First Chance (Mia tou klefti) (1960) .... Pavlos Lignos
 * Woe to the Young (Alimono stous neous) (1961) .... Andreas
 * Athens by Night (I Athina tin nychta) (1962) .... Himself

title: Dimitris Horn