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Susan Rae

Susan Scott Rae (born 2 June 1956) is a retired Scottish newsreader and continuity announcer on BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 3 and BBC Radio 4 Extra.

Rae was born and raised in Dundee, Scotland, and read English at Edinburgh University. She left the university before her finals, and began work with D. C. Thomson newspapers in Dundee, before taking up work on BBC Radio Aberdeen. After three years there, she left to work in London in the early 1980s as a continuity announcer and newsreader on BBC Radio 4. The response to her voice on Radio 4 at this time was negative; some listeners believed the BBC's commitment to accurate pronunciation was in decline.

Later in the 1980s she moved to daytime television, co-presenting Open Air, and continued with voiceover work when the show ended. Rae began working on the BBC World Service around 2000, returning to BBC Radio 4 in 2003.

She has done voiceovers for many Discovery Channel shows (including some episodes of Forensic Detectives and The FBI Files), and for Bravo's series Street Crime UK. In 2007, she presented Eastern Skies for Anglia Television.

In March 2022, she was diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. On a JustGiving page appealing for funds to help with her care, the family said "After over 30 years on air, the condition has left her unable to work." In June 2022, she was moved to a retirement community where she could live independently.

Personal life
Rae lives in London. She is a humanist celebrant.

title: Susan Rae


text: User talk:129.2.56.152

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:129.2.56.152


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User talk:The Killer

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 12:24, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
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User:Pal
Please stop changing this user's page. It is considered vandalism to make unwelcome changes to another user's page. Thanks. FreplySpang (talk) 17:40, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have checked your contribs and you seem to be a pretty good user, but please don't make such changes to a person's users space. Psy Guy 17:44, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:The Killer


text:
User:SpiceMan/San Martin

I'd be glad if someone created the following articles (I'll be adding more):
 * Battle of San Lorenzo (actually any missing article regarding battles)
 * Any missing article regarding people (stubs very welcomed!)
 * Maitland Plan (reference es:Plan de Maitland)
 * Crossing of the Andes (good reference here: )
 * Battle of Cancha Rayada
 * A graphic comparing the Crossing of the Andes with Napoleon's Crossing of the Alps (Comparision in Clarin)
 * A decent image of the painting of the Battle of San Lorenzo that depicts San Martín being helped by Sargent Cabral.

José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, commonly known as José de San Martín (25 February, 1778 – 17 August, 1850) was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain. Born on February 25, 1778 in Yapeyú, he left at early age his mother country and studied in Madrid, Spain where he met and befriended chilean Bernardo O'Higgins. On 1789, after joining the Spanish forces to fight against the French, and participating in several battles such as the Battle of Bailén and Battle of Albuera, San Martín started taking contact with South American independentists.

On 1812, he set sail to Buenos Aires from England, and offered his services to the United Provinces of the South (roughly present Argentina). After the Battle of San Lorenzo in 1813, and some time in command of the Army of the North during 1814, he started his plan to attack Lima, by first liberating Chile in order to attack it by sea by creating and Army in Cuyo for this purpouse. In 1817, –in a feat comparable to Crossing of the Alps by Hannibal and Napoleon– he crossed the Andes from Mendoza to Chile, and prevailed over the Spanish forces after the Battle of Chacabuco and Battle of Maipú (1818), liberating Chile together with chilean Bernardo O'Higgins. San Martín seized control of the viceroyalty's capitol –Lima– in July 12, 1821, declared Peru's independence, and was appointed Protector of Perú. After a closed-door meeting in Guayaquil with fellow libertador Simón Bolivar at Guayaquil in July 22, 1822, San Martín unexpectedly left Perú and resigned the command of his army, excluding himself from politics and military, and taking exile to France in 1824. The meeting events was to be a largely discussed subject by latter historians.

Together with Simón Bolívar in the north, San Martín is regarded as one of the Liberators of Spanish South America. He is a national hero of Argentina.

Birth
Son of Spanish Juan de San Martín and Gregoria Matorras, he was born the last and fifth child in February 25, 1778 in Yapeyú –a small village in Corrientes, Argentina–. His father was a colonel in office as lieutenant governor of Yapeyú since 1774. In 1781, the family moved to Buenos Aires.

Spain
In 1784, his father was transferred, this time to Spain, thus the family moved to Spain, and San Martín enrolled in Madrid's Real Seminario de Nobles where he studied from 1785. While on the Real Seminario de Nobles he met and became friends with chilean Bernardo O'Higgins.

In 1789 –at the age of 11– San Martín left the Real Seminario de Nobles an enrolled in the regiment of Murcia, starting his military career.

Military Career in Europe
See also: Peninsular War

Since San Martín joined the regiment of Murcia, he participated on several campaigns in Africa, fighting in Melilla and Oran, among other places. Later, by the end of the First Coalition of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1797, his rank was raised to Sub-Lieutenant for his actions against the French in the Pyrenees. On August of the same year, after several engagements, his regiment surrendered to British naval forces. Soon afterwards, he continued to battle in southern Spain, mainly in Cádiz and Gibraltar with the rank of second Captain of light infantry.

When the Peninsular War started on 1808, San Martin was assigned ayudante (Spanish, helper) of the First Regiment Voluntarios de Campo Mayor. After his actions against the French, he became Captain of the Regiment of Borbon. On July 19, 1808, Spanish and French forces engage in the Battle of Bailén, on which Spanish forces prevailed, allowing the Army of Andalucia to attack and seize Madrid. For his actions during this battle, San Martín was condecorated with a gold medal, and his rank lifted to Lieutenant Colonel.

While in Spain, San Martín becomes acquaintanced with several criollos, and becomes aware of the independentists movements in America. Years later, on September 11, 1848, in a letter to Ramón Castilla he would write that in 1811, "In a meeting of Americans in Cadiz, knowing of the first movements of Caracas, Buenos Aires and elsewhere we resolved to return each of our country of birth, in order to offer our services to the struggle we considered was bound to intensify".

On May 16, 1811 he participated on the Battle of Albuera under the command of Lord William Beresford. During the battles he met Scottish Lord MacDuff (James Duff, the Fourth Earl of Fife) who introduced him to the lodges that were plotting the southamerican independence efforts. San Martin asks and his resign is accepted in the Spanish Army.

England
With the help of Lord MacDuff, San Martín obtained a passport to England where he met several criollos who were part of the Logia de los Caballeros Racionales (Lodge of the Rational Knights) founded by the venezuelan Francisco de Miranda. According to Argentine historian Felipe Pigna, San Martín was introduced to the Maitland Plan by members of the lodge founded by Miranda and Lord MacDuff.

On 1812, San Martín set sail to Buenos Aires in the British frigate George Canning.

Argentina
Following his arrival to Buenos Aires on March 9, 1812, his rank of Lieutenant Colonel was recognized by the Triumvirate and he was thus entrusted the creation of the Regiment of Mounted Granadiers (Regimiento de Granaderos a Caballo), which would become the best-trained military arm of revolution.

During 1812 he focused on training troops by following the modern warfare techniques he had acquired during the Peninsular War. He also entablished in Latin America the Logia Lautaro, an offspring in Buenos Aires of the lodges in London and Cádiz, with Carlos María de Alvear and José Matias Zapiola. On August of the same year he married María de los Remedios de Escalada, a young woman from one of the local wealthy families.

In October, when the news about the victory of the Army of the North (Spanish, Ejército del Norte) commanded by Manuel Belgrano reached Buenos Aires, the Lautaro Lodge initiated political pressure, backed by San Martín armed forces and popular demand to impose it's candidates into government, and thus forcing the First Triumvirate to an end and initiating the Second Triumvirate with members Juan José Paso, Nicolás Rodríguez Peña, and Antonio Álvarez Jonte (Rodríguez Peña and Álvarez Jonte were members of the lodge). This new government strenghtened the position held by the Army, and decided to siege Montevideo, which was controlled by loyalist to the Spanish Crown. In December 7, 1812, San Martín was promoted to Colonel.

Beginning of his military carreer in South America
See also: Battle of San Lorenzo

Although not technically a battle (in Spanish the battle is referred as Combate de San Lorenzo – Combat of San Lorenzo), references in English language refer to the event as Battle of San Lorenzo. On January 28, 1813, San Martín with his Mounted Granadiers (comprising around 150 soldiers) was sent to protect the Paraná river shore from the Spanish Fleet of 11 ships under command of General José Zavala. On the morning of February 3, the Spanish forces of around 250 men disembarked and fought against San Martín on the Battle of San Lorenzo.

During the fight, San Martín's horse was shot dead and fell, making him an easy target because one of his legs was stuck below the horse and Sergeant Juan Bautista Cabral, who was attacked while releasing him, died after the battle. After the battle San Martín was promoted to General. This was San Martín's first military action in South America.

Army of the North
After the victories of the Army of the North in the Battles of Tucuman and Salta, the Army commanded by Belgrano lost terrain after defeats in the Battles of Vilcapugio and Ayohuma on October 1 and November 14, 1813. The Triumvirate then decided to send San Martín to the North with a small infantry army and his cavarly regiment.

After joining the defeated Army of the North in Yatasto he takes command of the Army on January of 1814, Belgrano taking the place of second in command. During his command, the Army camped in Tucumán, where he started instructing the troops, created a new military school, and sent Colonel Martín Guemes to fight against loyalist coming from Peru to gain time. However, after minor struggles in Salta and Jujuy, news of the victory of Commander Guillermo Brown against the loyalist's navy, and the resulting blockade of Montevideo, made the loyalist forces from Peru to retreat to concentrate its forces. On April, 1814, San Martín is granted a license to treat an illness and moved to Córdoba.

During his command of the Army of the North, San Martín confirmed one of the reasons behind the Maitland Plan's scheme: royalist forces that came down from the Upper Peru (roughly present day Bolivia) were easily defeated by the independentist forces in the valleys of Salta and Jujuy because of geographical advantage while on the other hand, forces attacking Upper Peru were easily defeated by the royalist for the very same reasons.

Governor of Cuyo
In Córdoba, San Martín continued preparing for his plan of attacking Lima –the Capital city of the Viceroyalty of Peru– through Chile and, taking that in consideration, requested to be appointed governor of Cuyo. Later, Juan Pueyrredón was sent by the provisional government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, and gave San Martín full support on his Liberatory Campaign (Spanish, Campaña Libertadora).

Once in office, while San Martín was focused on the Crossing of the Andes (Spanish, Cruce de los Andes) preparations, he also performed his duties as Governor. During his term, he made tax collection stricter, farm workers were reglamented, ordered a massive vacunation against small pox, and reorganized the mail service to strenghten its security and avoid mail to end up in hands of Chile, founded a library, including other measures. Meanwhile, he tried to exhort other provinces to declare independence. Particularly, Governor of Tucumán Tomás Godoy Cruz was sent letters regularly in this regard.

One month after he took office, royalist forces defeated rebel forces under O'Higgings' command (who fled to the Andes). San Martin strenghtened his espionage with the so-called Guerra de zapa (Spanish, War of Zapa. A pun on the expression Trabajo de zapa which means hidden work done slyly towards some particular aim). It mainly consisted of espionage efforts while developing militar strategies.

On this behalf, San Martin sent his Aide-de-camp and amateur cartographer Álvarez Condaco carring an Act of Independence to Chile as an excuse through Los Patos pass (the longest path), and returned through the Uspallata (the shortest one), to perform reconnaissance of several locations, mainly the Chacabuco area. Other measures included a disinformation campaign in Chile by sending fake information on the possible crossing paths, and information gathering of the situation in Chile in order to prevent a possible attack from there.

Army of the Andes
During his governorship of Cuyo, he organized the Army of Cuyo. On November 8, 1814 he created the 11th Battalion of Infantry (Spanish, Batallón Número 11 de Infantería) which included the Auxiliary Corps of Chile (Spanish, Cuerpo de Auxiliares de Chile, which was under command of General Gregorio de Las Heras. These chilean corps were remnants of the Army that had fled from Chile after the Battle of Rancagua. By October, 1815 after several efforts and contributions of several provinces, the army had 1,600 infantry soldiers, 1,000 men in cavalry, 200 men in artillary and disposed of 10 cannons. However, many problems arised, some logistic problems such as supply problems of powder, iron, and uniforms. Because the already present industries were not enough to supply the Army of the North, San Martín handled it creating local industries on Cuyo to meet the requirements of the Army he was creating.

On the other hand, despite having the support of the Supreme Director of the United Provinces of Río de la Plata, the support was far from being at national level. His efforts were often mined by the skepticism of some local leaders about the viability of the campaign against the Viceroyalty of Peru through the Andes. However, on August 1, 1816, Pueyrredón renamed the Army to Army of the Andes (Spanish, Ejército de los Andes) and San Martín was appointed General in chief, and gave the Army national priority.

By the end of the preparations, under the command of San Martín, the Army of the Andes had 3 generals, 28 chiefs, 207 officials, 15 civil employees, 3,778 soldiers, and 1,392 auxiliar forces, totalling 5,423 men, 18 pieces of artillery, 1,500 horses and 9,280 mules.

Crossing of the Andes
On September, 1816, San Martín relocated his Army of the Andes to Plumerillo, in the northern part of Mendoza, where he finished the details to start his Crossing of the Andes. The army was divided in two main columns and four minor ones, keeping the decided paths in secret.

On January 18, 1817, a main column parted with the artillery to Chile through Uspallata, under command of General Las Heras, reaching Las Cuevas on February 1, 1817. The second main column led by San Martín, left on January 19 through Los Patos pass, and reached San Andrés de Tártaro on February 8, where he was later joined by Las Heras, concluding the first part of the crossing. By the time the main columns reunited, both had already had minor skirmished: the first column fought royalist in Potrerillos, while the forces led by San Martín fought in the Battles of Achupallas and Las Coimas.

The 21 days that lasted the Crossing of the Andes, were an extremely difficult enterprise, with temperatures ranging from 30 celcius degrees during day to -10 celcius degrees at night, altitudes averaging 3000 meters above the sea level and paths that were far from being a road apt for an army: they consisted of a 50cms wide path mainly used by locals for travelling on mule with several passages which had to be crossed literally in line. Above all those hardships, San Martín was far from healthy and was carried on a stretcher during most of the trip. By the end of crossing, around 300 men –5.5% of the total initial men– had lost their lives, mostly due to the harsh conditions of the trip.

Campaign in Chile
After crossing the Andes and entering Chile, the Spanish royalist forces were taking positions in Mount Cuesta Vieja, preparing themselves for the confrontation against the Army of the Andes.

Battle of Chacabuco
See also: Battle of Chacabuco

By February 10, 1817, the Army of the Andes was in the Aconcagua valley, and the Spanish royalist forces had not still taken full positions. San Martín then took the initiative and hastened preparations. Despite a severe attack of Rheumatoid arthritis, San Martín commanded the battle, and seeing the Spanish forces under numerical inferiority and considering the surprise factor, developed a strategy for the Spanish forces to surrender, avoiding bloodshed. On February 12, 1817 at 2am, the forces commanded by San Martín started ascending Mount Cuesta Vieja, divided in two main divisions. Facing south, the division on the left was under General Miguel Estanislao Soler and the one to the right under O'Higgins' command. Initially the strategy consisted on the right division under Soler's command to take position on the rear of the loyalist, while the forces under O'Higgins would face the vanguard. Meanwhile, squads of the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers were scouting the area.

At around 10pm, the Grenadiers took by surprize the vanguard of the royalist forces –Spanish General Rafael Maroto was specting 2 more days to take positions, and to recieve more troops–, and charged against the fleeing infantry. This secured an important strategic position on the plan, where O'Higgins' division was placed. O'Higgins then requested permision to pursue the fleeing royalist vanguard in order to avoid their reorganization, to what San Martín agred but recommended not taking action until Soler's division was in place. Despite this, the forces led by O'Higgins went down, only to find an arroyo, leaving them in a bad position and in range of enemy fireguns. At this point O'Higgins division started retreating. Seeing the delicate position of the O'Higgins' troops, San Martín sent a message to Soler, ordering him to hurry up and charge. According to historian Bartolomé Mitre, maybe because of his bad relationship with Soler, and not wanting him to take credit of the victory, O'Higgins order to charge yelling "Soldiers! To live with honor or die in glory! Follow me the brave one. Columns, charge!". The battle was even, until Soler's division joined the battle turning the odds in favor of the patriot side.

After the battle, the royalist forces had suffered 500 casualties, and 600 royalist soldiers were prisoners. On the Army of the Andes side, there were 12 killed and around 100 wounded. The army also gained new artillery and weapons, besides restoring the chilean revolution.

The message sent by San Martín regarding the results of the battle stated: "The Army of the Andes reaches glory when stating: In twenty four days we have done the campaign, passed through the highest mountain range of the globe, finished with the tyrants y gave freedom to Chile".

Chacabuco aftermath
On February 14, San Martín and O'Higgins triumphally entered Santiago, and on February 18, in a meeting held in the town open hall San Martín was appointed Governor of Chile. San Martín immediately resigned, thus O'Higgins was elected Supreme Director of the State of Chile (Spanish, Director Supremo del Estado de Chile). The United Army (Spanish, Ejército Unido) was created with Chilean and Argentine soldiers. The Chilean soldiers under O'Higgins command, while San Martín was General in chief of the whole United Army.

San Martín then, in order to raise funds for a Fleet, left to Buenos Aires. After negotiating with Pueyrredón, a delegation was sent to London to provide ships for a new fleet in the Pacific Ocean. Back in Chile in the last days of 1817, San Martín sends a delegation to Lima under the pretext of proposing to the Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela of Peru the regularization of the war and exchange of POWs. The purpouse was to gain as much information as possible about the enemy's plans. The delegation brought the news that an army under General Mariano Osorio where about to set sail in four frigates to southern Chile.

Despite the success in the Battle of Chacabuco, the royalist forces still had strong presence, although replegated to southern Chile, and leaving Santiago and the northern Chile under patriot control. The men under Osorio's command joined the royalist forces in the south through sea, whom also had allied themselves with mapuche native americans.

Battle of Cancha Rayada
On March 19, 1818, the royalist forces concentrated and fortified in Talca with around 5,000 men under General Osorio, while the independent forces of around 7,000 men formed by the United Army were taking positions in the Cancha Rayada plains. San Martín, fearing an attack by the side, ordered a change of disposition of the troops.

Knowing their disvantage in number and cavalry, the Spanish General Mariano Osorio was not eager to engage in battle, fortifying in Talca. However, after a suggestion from Colonel José Ordóñez a confrontation was decided, under Ordoñez' command. Ordoñez –in a bold move– made the kind of attack San Martín had feared: circumventing the city, made a surprise attack at night behind the vanguard were the patriot forces were still taking positions. The surprise attack happened before the patriot army had re-positioned them self, and was a direct attack to the battalion under O'Higgins command, and near San Martín's position. Soon, the vanguard soldiers dispersed leaving O'Higgins in such a bad position his horse was shot dead and he was wounded in one arm. In a move unlike him, San Martín instead of ordering retreat held the position which made more patriot soldiers flee under enemy fire, leaving weapons and supplies behind. After the initial disorder, however, ordered retreat. The rear and reserves had already re-positioned, somewhat withstanding the attack, but it had no one in command: Colonel Hilarión de la Quintana had left to headquarters to receive orders after the re-position and had not yet returned. Las Heras took command, and led the men during the retreat, while trying to recover as much artillery and weapons as possible and being joined by disbanded soldiers. San Martín and O'Higgins –who were also retreating at full speed– were being closely chased by royalist forces, while several patriot soldiers disbanded and fled.

By March 21, 1818, the decimated patriot forces of around 3,500 men reunited in San Fernando, while news were reached Santiago. Rumors of deaths of O'Higgins and San Martín were spreading, and an exodus from Santiago to Mendoza started. About the results of the battle, San Martín sent the following message: "Camping the army under my command in the outskirts of Talca, it was attacked by the enemy, and suffered an almost generalized disband which forced me to retreat. I'm reuniting the troops right now, with happy results, as I'm already counting with 4,000 men from Curicó to Palequén".

The battle –which was the first and only defeat the campaign has suffered– resulted in around 150 killed, around 200 men made prisoners. Several hundred had disbanded, the whole artillery of the argentine side lost, along with considerable amounts of horses, mules and weapons from both chilean and argentine parts of the army. Despite the royalist victory, the action proved decimating: 200 soldiers had been killed, 300 men captured and around 600 had deserted or disbanded, which summed up more than a half of the 2,000 men that had charged in the battle.

Battle of Maipú
See also: Battle of Maipú

After the sorpresa de Cancha Rayada (surprise of Cancha Rayada), the royalist forces concentrated and marched towards Santiago. On April 4, 1818, the United Army took positions in Loma Blanca, near the Maipú plains. San Martín separated in three divisions: Las Heras commanding the column on the right, Colonel Rudecindo Alvarado commanding the column on the left, and Quintana on the rear. O'Higgins –still wounded– was in charge of the reserves. The royalist forces under General Osorio's command, took defensive positions despite some Colonels –among which was Ordoñez– were convinced taking the offensive as in Cancha Rayada was the best option. According to Irish Mounted Granadier John Thomond O'Brien, San Martín –seeing Osorio's disposition of the forces– exclaimed "Osorio is clumsier than I thought, today's triumph is ours: the sun as witness!".

On the morning of April 5, 1818, around 11am the patriotic forces charged against the royalist forces with devastating resolution: after the sustained six-hour battle, the royalists were defeated, and Osorio attempted to retreat to a propery called "Lo Espejos" (Th' Mirrors) but failing to, fled to Talcahuano with around 1200 men, although virtually rendered useless as they had lost most, if not all, of their weapons.

The royalist forces suffered 2000 dead, 3000 prisoners and lost all it's weapons and artillery. The patriotic forces, on the other hand, suffered 1000 casualties. Historian and Colonel José Luis Picciuolo stated in his book Argentina Cavalry in the history of the army that "this battle was executed as a typical act of anihillation".

As result of the battle, the Spanish control over northern Chile ended, finally the independece declared on February 12, 1818 was partially accomplished. Viceroy Pezuela considered northern Chile lost, and Osorio set sail to Peru, leaving Colonel Juan Francisco Sánchez in charge of 1000 men in Talcahuano.

Fleet of the Pacific
Since the Battle of Chacabuco, San Martín was urging both governments of Santiago and Buenos Aires to build a fleet on the Pacific. Convoys had been sent to the United States and England in order to buy and hire several ships, however, lack of political cohesion in nowadays Argentina, a Spanish blockade in Valparaiso, and the Battles of Cancha Rayada and Maipú heavily delayed the project. On the other hand, the large dependence of the colonial Chilean economy on maritime routes over land routes (caused by the mountainous landscape of the region), proved an advantage both in ship-yards and naval capable population availability.

Right after the Battle of Maipú, San Martín left to Buenos Aires in order to speed up the process (and meet his wife and daughter which he had not met since the start of the Campaing of the Andes). Once in Buenos Aires, after learning the fact that 500,000 pesos could not be available for the project from Pueyrredón, San Martín resigned as Commander of the Army under the pretext of being prescripted by his doctor to take rest in Chile's hotsprings. The resign was not accepted and San Martín was granted a license.

Act of Rancagua
After Supreme Director José Rondeau was defeated in the Battle of Cepeda, San Martín sent his resignation to the Army's command from Santiago to Rancagua, where Colonel Las Heras had settled with the army, arguing that the authority to which had to respond had ceased to exist, and thus his own authority expired. The officials of the army rejected his resignation on the basis that the army's goal was to hasten the happiness of the country and the authority was given ultimately by the health of the people, something that was immutable and could not expire.

Peru
On August 20, 1820 a fleet of eight warships and sixteen transport ships, under Thomas Cochrane command, sets sail from Valparaíso to Paracas, southern Peru.

On September 7, the army lands on Paracas and succesfully attacks Pisco. On September 11, 1820, San Martín sends a "manifesto" to the peruvian people stating "My announcement is not that of a conqueror that tries to sistemize a new enslaving. I cannot help but be an accidental instrument of justice and agent of destiny. The outcome of victory will make Peru's capital to see for the first time their sons united, freely choosing their government and emerging into the face of earth among the rank of nations".

Expedition of Peru
While previous campaings had been militaristic, San Martín avoided confrontation in Peru and emphazised on diplomacy. His strategy consisted of waiting for the peruvian people to begin the uprising by themselves. This yielded in many diplomatic envoys to Lima, urging viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela to grant the independence of Peru. However these diplomatic efforts led to no consense with realists.

After seizing Pisco, the army sets sail on October 26 towards north and lands at Huacho -a better place from a stratic point of view- on November 12. Huacho was used by San Martín as his main headquarters from thereon. While there, San Martín first hears of the emancipation of Guayaquil under the leadership of peruvian Gregorio Escobedo. This and other events such as the maritime blockade of Callao by Cochrane and the victories over realist by Alvarez de Arenales in Guacarillo (October 6) and Pasco (December 20) strenghtened the position of the main independentist effort led by San Martín.

On January 29, is Pezuela is deposed by José de la Serna. On February 12, 1821 San Martín promulgates the Provisional Rules (spanish, Reglamento Provisional) aimed to provide legal guarantees to the peruvian citizens, and designed the first flag of Peru. Soon afterwards he starts preparing to march towards Lima.

On March, 1821 the army sets sail and lands on Ancón -near Lima-, while dispatching general Guillermo Miller to the southern coasts and Alvarez de Arenales towards the eastern hills, furthering Lima's isolation. After settling north of Lima, diplomatic efforts started once again to not avail as viceroy de la Serna does not accept to declare independence, and San Martín doesn't accept de la Serna's proposal of acceptance by the independentists of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and sending emmisaries to the Cortes Generales.

On July 2, San Martín meets viceroy de la Serna. This time San Martín proposes to create a constitutional monarchy with an european monarch to be appointed later. De la Serna arguing that he didn't have the power to make such decision asked for two days to discuss the issue. However after discussing the issue with the royalist forces' commanders, the proposition was turned down on the basis is not having the power to grant independence, even it it was a meant to be a monarchy.

Protector of Peru
San Martín occupied Lima, the capital of Peru, on 12 July 1821. This was a huge loss for the Spanish forces. Independence from Spain for Peru was finally declared on 28 July 1821 and he was voted the "Protector" of the newly independent nation. During the same year, he founded the National Library of Peru, to which he donated his collection of books, and praised the new library as "... one of the most efficient means to spread our intellectual values". After Peru's parliament had been assembled, he resigned his command.

Meeting in Guayaquil
On 26 July 1822 he met with Simón Bolívar at Guayaquil to plan the future of Latin America. Most of the details of this meeting were secret at the time, and this has made the event a matter of much debate among later historians. Some believe that Bolívar's refusal to share command of the combined forces made San Martín withdraw from Perú and resettle as a farmer in Mendoza, Argentina. Another theory claims that San Martín yielded to Bolívar's energy and avoided a confrontation.

Exile in Europe
bill.]] In 1824, after the death of his wife, Remedios de Escalada, he moved to France with his daughter Mercedes, where he spent the remainder of his days retired at Boulogne-sur-Mer.

His last act on Argentine soil was accepting a gift from Buenos Aires governor Juan Manuel de Rosas and refusing to fight in the civil wars that tore the country apart.

In 1880 his remains were taken to Buenos Aires and reinterred in the Buenos Aires Cathedral.

Anthem to San Martín
Anthem to the Liberator General San Martín
 * {| align=top width=100%

Yergue el Ande su cumbre más alta, Dé la mar el metal de su voz, y entre cielos y nieves eternas se alce el trono del Libertador.

Suenen claras trompetas de gloria y levanten un himno triunfal, que la luz de la historia agiganta la figura del Gran Capitán.

¡Padre augusto del pueblo argentino, héroe magno de la libertad! A su sombra la Patria se agranda en virtud, en trabajo y en paz.

¡San Martín! ¡San Martín! Que tu nombre, honra y prez de los pueblos del Sur, asegure por siempre los rumbos de la Patria que alumbra tu luz.

De las tierras del Plata a Mendoza, de Santiago a la Lima gentil, fue sembrando en la ruta laureles a su paso triunfal San Martín.

San Martín, el señor en la guerra, por secreto designio de Dios, grande fue cuando el sol lo alumbraba, y más grande en la puesta del Sol.

Climbs the Andes until their highest peak From the sea, the metal of his voice and between skies and everlasting snows shalt itrise the throne of the Liberator.

May trumpets of glory sound clearly and rise a tryumphal anthem because the light of history make gigantic the figure of the Great Captain.

Great father of the Argentine People, big hero of freedom! beneath his shadow the Fatherland grows in virtute, in work, and in peace.

San Martín! San Martín! may your name, the honour and glory of the people of the South, assure for ever the fates of the Fatherland enlighted by your light

From the lands of River Plate to Mendoza, from Santiago to gentile Lima, he went seeding laurels in the way in his triumphal journey, San Martín.

San Martín, the lord of war, for God's secret chose, was big when the Sun enlighted him, and even bigger in the Sun's decline.
 * }

 * Music: Arturo Luzzatt
 * Lyrics: Segundo M. Argarañaz

title: User:SpiceMan/San Martin


text:
Jumping into the World

Jumping Into the World is the first special album (or 1.5 album) by South Korean singer BoA, released on March 8, 2001. It consisted of eight new tracks along English and Chinese versions of the songs "Don't Start Now", "사라 (SARA)", "ID; Peace B". In Korea, the album was titled Don't Start Now.

title: Jumping into the World


text:
Bryan Hitch

Bryan Hitch (born 22 April 1970) is a British comics artist and writer. Hitch began his career in the United Kingdom for Marvel UK, working on titles such as Action Force and Death's Head, before gaining prominence on American titles such as Wildstorm's Stormwatch and The Authority, DC Comics' JLA, and Marvel Comics' The Ultimates.

Hitch's artwork and designs have appeared in direct-to-video animated films, television, and major feature films, such as the 2009 film Star Trek, for which he has been praised by director J. J. Abrams.

Early life
Bryan Hitch was born 22 April 1970 in what he described as "in the far northern reaches of England." He began reading comics at an early age, likening them to his "underage drug habit" and the newsagent in northern England where he would buy his books from his "dealer". The newsagent was next door to a cinema, and as Hitch explains, he could go straight from enjoying Christopher Reeve Superman films and other genre films to the store to buy Superman comics drawn by artists such as Curt Swan and José Luis García-López.

Hitch spent much time as a child drawing, which included and copying the art from comics. Although he had envisioned drawing them as a career, he would eventually find himself in seminary, studying to be a priest. When he realized he needed to leave that institution, relating during an interview at the 2008 New York Comic Con, "Apart from wanting to do comics, I also have a fundamental lack of belief in God."

1980s — 1990s
Hitch entered the comics industry after submitting "Teeth Like Flint", an Action Force sample story he wrote and drew to Marvel UK, using a style that was fashionable at the time, which resembled that of another Marvel UK artist, Alan Davis. Marvel UK gave him his first professional commission in May or June 1987, approximately a month and a half after his 17th birthday, which was for that very title. Deriding his skills from his early career, Hitch remarked in 2008, "Why they hired me, I have no idea. I assume they were drunk."

Hitch worked with Simon Furman on Transformers and Death's Head. He did some work at Marvel Comics and DC Comics during the late 1980s and early 1990s, in particular his run on The Sensational She-Hulk, and continued drawing for Marvel UK. After that imprint closed, he provided the art for an issue of Teen Titans and a couple of series at Valiant Comics before returning to Marvel where he would work with inker Paul Neary. By the late 1990s that Hitch's pencils were inked primarily by Neary.

Hitch had resolved to leave comics in order to pursue film and commercial work, and when he accepted the assignment of drawing Stormwatch (Vol 2) for Wildstorm, he initially did so specifically to bankroll his transition to a different industry. However, this changed when he met writer Warren Ellis, whose collaboration skills so spurred Hitch's excitement on the book that the artist would later describe his change in attitude as "like a lighting bolt." Hitch would draw issues 3 - 8 and the final two issues, 10 and 11. His work on Stormwatch garnered him greater visibility, and offers from other companies. He remained with Ellis to draw the Stormwatch spinoff book, The Authority, on which Hitch's trademark high level of detail and use of "widescreen" page layouts helped make the book extremely popular, and proved to be highly influential on industry art styles. This led to a year on JLA with Mark Waid which included the JLA: Heaven's Ladder tabloid format one-shot. The run was marred by fill-in artists, and in Hitch's view, by the fact that he and writer Mark Waid did not enjoy the same compatibility as he and Ellis did.

2000s
Amid his disappointment with his Justice League work, Hitch was offered work by CrossGen Comics, but a phone call by Marvel Comics editor in chief Joe Quesada paved the way for his next high-profile assignment, returning to Marvel with Neary, and joining Mark Millar on The Ultimates, a 13-issue maxiseries that debuted in early 2002. It was characterized by naturalistic visuals and a cinematic tone that greatly influenced the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and garnered critical acclaim. By September 2003, Marvel had renewed Hitch's exclusivity contract through 2006. Millar and Hitch continued their collaboration on the sequel series, The Ultimates 2, which premiered in December 2004, and on a 15-issue Fantastic Four run that began in 2009.

By this time Hitch had developed a reputation for slow work and lateness, which began with his work on Ultimates, and continued with his Justice League work. Although Millar and Quesada said that the book's tardiness was due to the high level of detail in Hitch's art, Hitch, who acknowledged in a 2008 interview that he was working to repair his reputation in this regard, explained that the long delays in between issues of The Ultimates, was due to the birth of his child, two house moves, and an office move, though Hitch also conceded that the page count of his art exceeded what was indicated in Millar's scripts, saying, "Mark would write a twenty two page comic and I would take it to thirty eight pages." So burnt out did Hitch feel after the "hard slog" of The Ultimates that it took a considerable effort on Millar's part to convince him to return for the sequel. In the case of Heaven's Ladder, however, DC Comics, which was less supportive of his tardiness than Marvel, scheduled the book according to the day he signed the contract for it, and began advertising it when he still had four or five more issues of The Authority to do. Hitch related:

"'I pointed this out, and they said, 'Oh, don’t worry, we'll correct it in-house and adjust the later delivery dates and the ship dates’, but they didn’t do that! So suddenly this book was five months late when I started it, and they’d already started advertising the book and soliciting it. And this was only half of the bad experience. It was 72 pages of artwork which was 50% more work than normal since you drew the pages bigger – which inevitably DC didn’t pay us for: they paid us normal rates. Paul and I lost money doing it; we practically went bankrupt, because we were trying to do this good job and use the space on the pages better since they could be done larger. Otherwise, we could have just done a normal comic book: What was the point of the extra format?'"

Hitch found his work drawing Millar's run on Fantastic Four, to be a better experience. He made a point of drawing on illustration board roughly twice the size of the Marvel standard, which allowed him to complete the artwork faster. Hitch provided cover artwork for the November 2006 issue of the British film magazine Empire, for a cover feature on comic book movies. He was a character design artist for the Ultimate Avengers and Ultimate Avengers 2 animated films. He was a character design artist for the video game Incredible Hulk: Ultimate Destruction. He was brought aboard the project due to his rendition of the Hulk in The Ultimates. He was hired by the BBC as the concept artist for the 2005 relaunch of the Doctor Who television series, providing input into the design of the TARDIS interior set. Hitch contributed designs to the starship piloted by Spock in the 2009 feature film Star Trek, for which director J. J. Abrams has praised him.

Hitch's cover to Fantastic Four #554 (April 2008) is featured in the opening title sequence of the 2010 History Channel television series, Stan Lee's Superhumans. That same year, Impact Books published Bryan Hitch's Ultimate Comics Studio, examination of Hitch's approach and techniques toward his craft, as well as practical tips provided by Hitch on various aspects of the visual storytelling process, and how to develop a career in the comics field. Studio, which features a foreword by Joss Whedon, contains both past artworks of Hitch's, as well as original artwork produced specifically for the book.

2010s — present
By the end of 2011, Hitch's exclusivity contract with Marvel expired. In 2012, Hitch was one of several artists to illustrate a variant cover for Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead #100, which was released July 11 at the San Diego Comic-Con. The following year, Hitch illustrated the Image Comics series America's Got Powers, with writer Jonathan Ross.

He illustrated six issues of the ten-issue miniseries Age of Ultron, which debuted in 2013. The following year Hitch and writer Brad Meltzer collaborated on a retelling of Batman's first appearance for Detective Comics vol. 2 #27.

March 2014 saw the debut of Hitch's creator-owned series, Real Heroes, which he wrote and illustrated. Hitch described the concept as "the cast of Avengers does Galaxy Quest."

In 2015, Hitch returned DC to write and draw Justice League of America, although DC canceled the last five issues it had solicited, ending Hitch's run with issue 38. He and artist Tony Daniel collaborated on a new Justice League series in 2016 as part of the DC Rebirth relaunch. Hitch finished his work on the series with issue #31 in October 2017. In 2018, he and writer Robert Venditti worked together on a Hawkman ongoing series.

Beginning in 2019, he partnered with Warren Ellis for a twelve-issue DC limited series The Batman's Grave. Hitch commented, "I've wanted to do a proper Batman book since childhood so all the tropes from Batmobile, Batcave, to Wayne Manor have been developing in my mind for decades. I've drawn Batman in Justice League which was nice but getting to fully play with his world has been as 'Batmanny' as I could have hoped for."

In 2021, Hitch became the monthly penciler on Marvel's Venom (Vol. 5), teaming him with writers Al Ewing and Ram V. In December 2022 it was reported that Hitch would be replaced as the interior artist by CAFU with issue 17, though he would continue to draw the series' covers up to issue 25.

In April 2023, it was announced that Hitch would be teaming up with Mark Waid for a three issue miniseries for DC Black Label called Superman: The Last Days of Lex Luthor. The first issue was released in July 2023.

On October 12, 2023, Hitch and a group of colleagues announced at the New York Comic Con that they were forming a cooperative media company called Ghost Machine, which would publish creator-owned comics, and allow the participating creators to benefit from the development of their intellectual properties. The company publishes its books through Image Comics, and its other founding creators include Geoff Johns, Brad Meltzer, Jason Fabok, Gary Frank, Francis Manapul, and Peter J. Tomasi, all of whom would produce comics work exclusively through that company. In keeping with this exclusivity, Hitch affirmed that he would no longer work on any project on which he was not an owner or co-owner, and that Superman: The Last Days of Lex Luthor would be his final work for hire project, stating, "Since Superman was the character who first sparked my passion for comics and movies (and orchestral music), I can't think of anything more fitting that a truly brilliant Superman story is my last WFH project." Hitch's inaugural art for Ghost Machine was on Redcoat, a series written by Johns that centers upon a soldier named Simon Pure who, during the American Revolution, is forced to fight for Britain, and who inadvertently gains the power of immortality after stumbling upon the Founding Fathers' secret mystical organization. Described by Hitch as "a bit of a tool", Simon grows jaded over the decades, and becomes an irreverent mercenary who makes a living while fleeing from a litany of deadly enemies, ex-lovers, and bill collectors.

Influence
Film director Josh Trank has described himself as a "huge fan" of Hitch's artwork, and was inspired by Hitch's depiction of Reed Richards working in his garage in The Ultimates to approach focus on Richards as a young man in the 2015 Fantastic Four film.

Technique and materials
Hitch does not consider himself an artist or comic artist, but a storyteller, explaining that illustration for him is simply a medium to tell a story.

Hitch is particular about his studio workspace, which does not contain a TV or sofa, stating that such things belong in the lounge for relaxation. In addition to a large drawing board and extra desk space for his computer equipment and lightbox, he keeps copious book shelves. Despite using a professional drawing board, he emphasises that any inexpensive board large enough to hold the paper is sufficient, as he himself mostly uses a piece of roughly cut chip-board leaning on the edge of his desk. He uses an Apple iMac desktop computer, flatbed scanner and Photoshop to modify his artwork digitally.

Hitch begins with multiple rough sketches employing different camera angles on paper with a blue pencil, which tends to be less visible in photocopies or scans, and then select the desired elements from the rough sketch with a graphite pencil. After picking the initial shapes, he will further emphasise his selections with a red marker pen and other coloured pens, continuing to attempt different variations. He will then, depending on how late in the day it is, either redraw the illustration on a sheet of layout paper or use his lightbox to tighten and clean up the drawing, emphasising that the lightbox should not be a mere exercise in tracing, but an opportunity to refine or change elements in the drawing to make it "clean" enough to be inked. When Hitch transfers the drawing to the final art board, he does initial layouts with a 2H pencil, which feels provides the necessary accuracy and detail, and uses an erasable blue pencil to mark panel frames and vanishing points, which he introduces after the rough stage. He chooses not to put too much time or polish into this stage, preferring to work quickly, lightly and instinctively. He uses a mechanical pencil with 0.9mm 2H lead at this stage for fine outlines and detail work, and a traditional pencil for more organic work, including softer lines, shading large areas and creating more fluid motion. The "best tool of all", according to him, is a traditional pencil cut with a craft knife, which he says can produce a variety of marks, and be used for detail, shading and general sketching. Hitch believes the best results combine both the mechanical and the knife-sharpened traditional pencil.

Regarding inking, Hitch says, "Inking isn't about tracing, or taking someone else's pencil drawing and making it your own. It's about being aware of and respectful about the original artist's intentions. It's also about making your own artistic judgements based on your interpretation of the piece. The skill is then honing your technique to be able to actually deliver a strong, inked piece that is just how the artist wanted it to be." For feathering, Hitch uses a size 0 sable brush, which he says provide a wider range of sensitive marks than synthetic brushes, despite being softer and harder to use. For more free-hand hatching, Hitch uses a Gillott 1960 dip pen, though he prefers to use more solid areas of black to large amounts of rendering.

Personal life
As of September 2003, Hitch, his fiancé Joanne, and their five children lived in England. At the time he stated in an interview that he and Joanne planned to marry when the time was right. As of 2014, the biographical blurb on his Twitter page indicated that he was married.

DC Comics

 * Adventures of Superman Annual #3 (1991)
 * The Batman's Grave #1-12 (2019–2020)
 * Detective Comics vol. 2 #27 (2014)
 * Exciting X-Patrol (Amalgam Comics) (1997)
 * Green Lantern vol. 3 #1,000,000 (1998)
 * Hawkman vol. 5 #1–12 (2018–2019)
 * Hawkman: Found #1 (2018)
 * JLA #47–50, 52–55, 57–58 (2000–2001)
 * JLA: Heaven's Ladder (2000)
 * Justice League vol. 3 #1–11, 14–21, 25–31 (writer; also artist on #14, 20–21; 2016–2017)
 * Justice League: Rebirth #1 (writer/artist; 2016)
 * Justice League of America, vol. 4, #1–4, 6–9 (writer/artist), #10 (writer only; 2015–2016)
 * Martian Manhunter vol. 2 #11 (1999)
 * Showcase '93 #4–5 (Geo-Force) (1993)
 * Star Trek: The Next Generation: The Killing Shadows #1 (inker) (2000)
 * Team Titans #21 (1994)
 * Transmetropolitan #31 (2000)
 * Young Monsters in Love #1 (Solomon Grundy) (2018)

Image Comics

 * America's Got Powers #1–6 (2012–2013)
 * Real Heroes #1 (2014)

WildStorm

 * The Authority #1–12 (1999–2000)
 * Gen-Active #1 (2000)
 * Stormwatch (Vol 2) #3–8, 10–11 (1997)
 * Wildcats #5 (1999)

Impact Books

 * Bryan Hitch's Ultimate Comics Studio (2010)

Marvel Comics

 * Age of Ultron #1–5, 10 (2013)
 * Alpha Flight vol. 2 #6 (1998)
 * Avengers vol. 4 #12.1 (2011)
 * Captain America: Reborn #1–6 (2009–2010)
 * Captain Planet and the Planeteers #11–12 (1992)
 * ClanDestine #11 (1995)
 * Colossus #1 (1997)
 * Excalibur #104–105 (1997)
 * Fantastic Four #554–568 (2008–2009)
 * Free Comic Book Day 2021: Spider-Man/Venom #1 (Venom's story) (2021)
 * Gambit Giant-Size #1 (1998)
 * Generation X #28 (1997)
 * Marvel Comics Presents #76 (1991)
 * New Avengers #50 (among other artists) (2009)
 * New Avengers Finale (among other artists) (2010)
 * Sensational She-Hulk #9–11, 13–20, 24–26 (1989–1991)
 * Thing/She-Hulk: The Long Night one-shot (with Ivan Reis) (2002)
 * Ultimate Fallout #2 (Thor) (2011)
 * Ultimate Invasion #1–4 (2023)
 * The Ultimates #1–13 (2002–2004)
 * The Ultimates 2 #1–13 (2004–2007)
 * Uncanny X-Men #323, 331 (1995–1996)
 * Uncanny X-Men '95 #1 (1995)
 * Venom (Vol. 5) #1-16 (2021-2023)
 * What If? #59 (Wolverine) (1994)
 * X-Factor #105, 118 (1994–1996)
 * X-Men Prime #1 (among other artists) (1995)
 * X-Men vs. Brood: Day of Wrath #1–2 (1997)

Marvel UK

 * Hell's Angel, miniseries, #1, 3–5 (with Geoff Senior, 1992)
 * Death's Head #1–5, 7, 10 (1988–1989)
 * Death's Head II #1 (with Liam Sharp, 1992)
 * Doctor Who Magazine #139 (1988)
 * Dragon's Claws #3 (1988)
 * G.I. Joe: European Missions #2, 6 (1988)
 * The Incomplete Death's Head #8–9, 11–12 (1993)
 * Mys-Tech Wars #1–4 (1993)
 * Transformers #151, 172–173 (with Simon Furman, 1988)

Valiant Comics

 * Ninjak: Yearbook #1 (1994)
 * The Visitor vs. the Valiant Universe, miniseries, #1–2 (1995)

Cover work

 * Action Force #47 (Marvel UK, 1988)
 * The Transformers #154–155, 160–161, 279 (Marvel UK, 1988–1990)
 * The Transformers Special #9–10 (Marvel UK, 1988)
 * Death's Head #4–5, 8–9 (Marvel UK, 1989)
 * Marvel Comics Presents #44 (Marvel, 1990)
 * Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #18–19 (Marvel, 1990–1991)
 * Hell's Angel #1, 3 (Marvel UK, 1992)
 * Dark Angel #6–7 (Marvel UK, 1992–1993)
 * Knights of Pendragon #3, 5, 7–8 (Marvel UK, 1992–1993)
 * Codename: Genetix #1–2 (Marvel UK, 1993)
 * Die Cut #3 (Marvel UK, 1994)
 * Mantra #12–14, 23 (Malibu, 1994–1995)
 * Prime #23 (Malibu, 1995)
 * X-O Manowar #43 (Malibu, 1995)
 * X-Men Adventures vol. 3 #7 (Marvel, 1995)
 * The Phoenix Resurrection: Genesis #1 (Malibu, 1995)
 * The Phoenix Resurrection #0 (Malibu, 1996)
 * DCU Heroes Secret Files #1 (DC Comics, 1999)
 * DCU Villains Secret Files #1 (DC Comics, 1999)
 * JLA 80-Page Giant #2 (DC Comics, 1999)
 * JLA Showcase 80-Page Giant #1 (DC Comics, 2000)
 * Superman: The Man of Steel #97 (DC Comics, 2000)
 * The Titans #14 (DC Comics, 2000)
 * Superman: Metropolis Secret Files #1 (DC Comics, 2000)
 * Jenny Sparks: The Secret History of the Authority #1 (Wildstorm, 2000)
 * Star Trek: The Next Generation – The Killing Shadows #1 (Wildstorm, 2000)
 * JLA #51, 56–58 (DC Comics, 2001)
 * Ultimate Fantastic Four #1, 3–5 (Marvel, 2004)
 * Ultimate Iron Man #1 (Marvel, 2005)
 * X-Men: Age of Apocalypse #1 (Marvel, 2005)
 * New Avengers #6 (Marvel, 2005)
 * Serenity #1 (Dark Horse, 2005)
 * The Ultimates 2 Annual #1 (Marvel, 2005)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man #529, 546 (Marvel, 2006–2008)
 * The Incredible Hulk #92 (Marvel, 2006)
 * Fantastic Four #536, 569, 645 (Marvel, 2006–2010)
 * Iron Man #7 (Marvel, 2006)
 * Wolverine: Origins #2 (Marvel, 2006)
 * Annihilation #1 (Marvel, 2006)
 * Giant-Size Avengers #1 (Marvel, 2008)
 * X-Force #1 (Marvel, 2008)
 * Captain Britain and MI13 #1–8 (Marvel, 2008–2009)
 * X-Force Special: Ain't No Dog #1 (Marvel, 2008)
 * Secret Invasion: Dark Reign #1 (Marvel, 2009)
 * Fantastic Force #1–4 (Marvel, 2009)
 * Enter the Heroic Age #1 (Marvel, 2010)
 * Vengeance of the Moon Knight #8 (Marvel, 2010)
 * Captain America: Man Out of Time #1–5 (Marvel, 2011)
 * Ultimate Comics: Avengers vs. New Ultimates #1, 6 (Marvel, 2011)
 * Ultimate Comics: Doom #1–4 (Marvel, 2011)
 * Wolverine: The Best There Is #1–12 (Marvel, 2011–2012)
 * Tomb of Dracula Presents: Throne of Blood #1 (Marvel, 2011)
 * Moon Knight #1 (Marvel, 2011)
 * Ultimate Comics: Fallout #6 (Marvel, 2011)
 * Punisher #1–6, 9, 11 (Marvel, 2011–2012)
 * Daredevil #4 (Marvel, 2011)
 * Kick-Ass 2 #5 (Icon, 2012)
 * Avengers: X-Sanction #1 (Marvel, 2012)
 * Age of Apocalypse #1 (Marvel, 2012)
 * Supercrooks #2 (Icon, 2012)
 * The Secret Service #1 (Icon, 2012)
 * The Walking Dead #100 (Image, 2012)
 * Secret Origins vol. 3 #7–11 (DC Comics, 2014–2015)
 * Wonder Woman vol. 5 #31–37 (cover art) (DC Comics, 2017)

title: Bryan Hitch


text:
Procurator fiscal

A procurator fiscal (pl. procurators fiscal), sometimes called PF or fiscal (Neach-casaid a' Chrùin), is a public prosecutor in Scotland, who has the power to impose fiscal fines. They investigate all sudden and suspicious deaths in Scotland (similar to a coroner in common law systems), conduct fatal accident inquiries (a form of inquest unique to the Scottish legal system) and handle criminal complaints against the police (administrative complaints are handled by the Police Investigations and Review Commissioner). They also receive reports from specialist reporting agencies such as His Majesty's Revenue and Customs.

For the majority of crimes in Scotland, the procurators fiscal present cases for the prosecution in the sheriff and justice of the peace courts (and formerly district courts), and the case for the defence is presented either by the accused, a solicitor, or an advocate. The solicitor will work for a firm of solicitors, or in certain areas of Scotland could be a public defender working for the Public Defence Solicitors' Office.

The procurator fiscal has the discretion not to prosecute and pursue alternatives free from political interference, but is always subject to the directions of the Crown Office and the Lord Advocate.

Origins
The office most likely originates in the Roman-Dutch and French manorial or seignorial administrator (procurator-fiscaal, procureur fiscal), who, as the fiscal in the title suggests, was originally an officer of the sheriff (the local law enforcement officer and judge) with financial (fiscal) responsibilities: the procurator fiscal collected debts, fines, and taxes.

A procurator-fiscal is a procurator or court representative connected with the fisc or Treasury, and hence with the collection of fines or dues. In official records, a king's procurator-fiscal is referred to in 1457. Such an officer appears to have emerged first in the ecclesiastical courts. In the St Andrew's Formulare of 1514, there is reference to an episcopal appointment of a man as procuratorem et advocatum nostrum fiscalem in all the bishop's causes, spiritual, civil and criminal, with wide powers; it contains a reference also to power which attaches ex officio procuratoris fiscalis. He was assigned the duty of seeking out and prosecuting delinquents and disobedient people. In the mid-16th century, Cardinal Beaton had two procurators-fiscal. At this stage, it appears clear that a procurator-fiscal was competent in civil, criminal and spiritual causes. These duties of looking for and then prosecuting people may be the forerunner of policing in Scotland, which was established very considerably later (in 1800). This may explain why, in Scotland, the police are under a legal obligation to comply with the directions of the procurator fiscal in matters concerning the investigation of crime, since the fiscal was himself once an investigator and so did the same job.

In the course of the 18th century, the duties of a procurator fiscal to collect taxes and other dues were eclipsed by his duty as prosecutor in the sheriff court with the passage of the Criminal Procedure Act 1701. In this capacity, procurators fiscal gave concurrence in private prosecutions and prosecuted on behalf of the Crown. The Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1867 gave procurators fiscal full responsibility in law for prosecution of all criminal acts in Scotland.

Originally the fiscal was the sheriff's official and tenure of the office was at the pleasure of the sheriff. With the decline of private prosecution the fiscal came to be regarded more and more as under the control of the Lord Advocate. In 1776 the government started to pay procurators fiscal to take precognitions and in 1907 the right of appointing procurators fiscal was transferred to the Lord Advocate, and in 1927 procurators fiscal became full-time civil servants.

Prosecution of crimes
Procurators fiscal make preliminary investigations into criminal cases, take written statements from witnesses (known as precognition) and are responsible for the investigation and prosecution of crime. This includes the power to direct the police in their investigation, but except for serious crimes such as murder the police normally complete their enquiries before involving the procurator fiscal.

Under solemn High Court procedure, once someone has been charged with an offence and remanded in custody, the Crown must bring the case to a preliminary hearing within 110 days.

The procurator fiscal has never been obliged to prosecute and can choose the level at which to prosecute (either through solemn or summary procedure). The defendant has no right to choose a jury trial, nor can a victim on their own decide to press charges, as the decision on whether to try by jury or summarily belongs to the prosecutor. There is a very exceptional mechanism however, called a bill for criminal letters, where a victim of a crime can petition the High Court of Justiciary for permission ('to pass the bill') to prosecute; akin to private prosecution in other jurisdictions. The last successful bill passed was in 1982 and previous to that, in 1909. Until 1987, the PF's discretion only extended to the degree to which they should prosecute, if at all; there were no alternatives to prosecution. The Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1987 gave procurators fiscal the power to offer fixed penalties instead of prosecution (a fiscal fine), at the time limited to a maximum of £25 and subsequently increased to £300.

Since then these options have expanded to giving a warning, fiscal fines, compensation orders, work orders, road traffic fixed penalties or diversion from prosecution into social work, psychological counselling or psychiatric treatment.

Deaths
All suspicious, sudden and accidental deaths must be reported to the procurator fiscal, and they have a responsibility to identify if any criminal action has occurred and, where appropriate, prosecute. Where a criminal offence is suspected to have occurred the procurator fiscal will instruct the local police to investigate.

Fatal accidents can be subject to a fatal accident inquiry, a form of judicial inquiry akin to an inquest but conducted without a jury. Fatal accident inquiries are conducted in a sheriff court. An inquiry must be held for all deaths in custody and fatal accidents, with other accidental deaths subject to inquiry at the discretion of the procurator fiscal.

Serious crimes
For the most serious crimes, the case will not be directly prosecuted by the procurator fiscal. Instead, the case will be heard at the High Court of Justiciary and the prosecution will be made in the name of the Lord Advocate by an Advocate Depute.

Areas
There are eleven procurators fiscal in Scotland, each covering a geographical area or jurisdiction with a central office. Outside Strathclyde, these areas typically correspond with constabulary areas for the former territorial police forces in Scotland. They are (with areas in Strathclyde marked with an asterisk):

 * Argyll and Clyde (in Paisley)*
 * Ayrshire (in Kilmarnock)*
 * Central (in Stirling)
 * Dumfries and Galloway (in Dumfries)
 * Fife (in Kirkcaldy)
 * Glasgow and Strathkelvin (in Glasgow)*
 * Grampian (in Aberdeen)
 * Highlands and Islands (in Inverness)
 * Lanarkshire (in Hamilton)*
 * Lothian and Borders (in Edinburgh)
 * Tayside (in Dundee)

Court of the Lord Lyon
A procurator fiscal is appointed to the Court of the Lord Lyon, which is a civil and criminal court dealing with Scottish heraldry and genealogy in Scotland. This Court is unique to Scots culture, where heraldry plays an important role, particularly in relation to the clan system. Registration of a coat of arms requires a fee paid to the Crown, and the coat must adhere to specific rules concerning shape, colour, and imagery. The procurator fiscal was appointed under the Lyon King of Arms Act (1867) by the Lord Lyon, but since the Convention Rights (Compliance) (Scotland) Act (2001), by the Scottish Government.

If any rule concerning a coat of arms – also known as "an achievement" – is broken, the procurator fiscal, as the independent official prosecutor of the court, determines whether to initiate criminal proceedings.

title: Procurator fiscal


text:
Deep Sea Monster Reigo

Deep Sea Monster Reigo (深海獣レイゴー) also known as Reigo: The Deep-Sea Monster vs. the Battleship Yamato is a 2008 independently-made Japanese tokusatsu kaiju film by Shinpei Hayashiya. Veteran artist Keita Amemiya designed the titular monster. The film's original working title was Reigo vs. Yamato (レイゴー対大和 - Reigô tai Yamatô).

The film, set in World War II, depicts the story of the real-life Japanese battleship, the Yamato, which is confronted in the Pacific Ocean by giant monsters, including the most fearsome of them all, Reigo.

The film was released on home video in the United States in 2019 under the title Reigo: King of the Sea Monsters.

Plot
In September 1942, Captain Yamagami (Susumu Kurobe) is ordered to rendezvous the Yamato with the Combined Fleet that is gathering at the Truk Islands (aka Chuuk Islands) in Micronesia, a key strategic point in the South Pacific. With beautiful clear blue skies above and surrounded by coral reefs below, this South Seas paradise became a strong base for the Combined Fleet and the front lines of the naval war; a place where many fierce battles were fought. Decades later, the sea bed surrounding the Truk Islands is still littered with the remains of more than 60 warships and airplanes.

Among Yamagami’s crew is the cantankerous Divisional Officer Noboru Osako (Yukijiro Hotaru) and the young Ensign Takeshi Kaido (Taiyo Sugiura). Unsure of what the future may bring, Kaido went off to war without declaring his intentions for his childhood sweetheart, Chie Kojima (Mai Nanami). He always carries her photo in his coat pocket, while Chie longs for his return to their seaside hometown.

When the Yamato arrives at Truk, the married Osako decides to ease his worries over leaving behind a pregnant wife by sneaking an island woman named Momoka (Yumika Hayashi) aboard ship for some private recreation. But to Osako’s annoyance, Momoka brings along her elderly grandfather (Mickey Curtis) who insists on telling him a local tale about monsters that has been passed down for generations. The disbelieving naval officer is told that the surrounding waters are home to man-sized, carnivorous Bonefishes…and, as dangerous as the fish are, they are nothing more than an “opening act” for an even greater menace; the legendary Hell King of the Seas called Reigo.

The next night, a lookout spots a massive shape half-submerged in the distance. Believing it to be an enemy submarine, the Yamato fires on it and scores a direct hit. Osako is shocked when the object emits a strange cry as it sinks beneath the waves. He reports the incident and the story of Reigo to his commander and shipmates. Unbeknownst to the crew, they have killed the offspring of Reigo.

Not long after that first encounter, a school of luminous Bonefish launch themselves from the water like flying fish and attack a group of soldiers standing watch on the Yamato’s deck. Kaido hears their screams and rushes to the rescue, but finds the men already torn to pieces.

Just as the old man predicted, the Bonefish herald the arrival of Reigo, a beast 80 meters-long and resembling a cross between Godzilla and a shark. Seething with rage at the murder of its cub, the monster attacks the Combined Fleet with incredible ferocity and awesome destructive power. The naval forces are caught off guard, and Reigo is able to destroy escort ships and damage the Yamato before returning to the ocean depths.

The crew quickly regroups and plans a counterattack, but when Reigo returns it manages to stay one step ahead of the Japanese forces. Almost as if it is aware that the Yamato’s main guns are long range weapons which are ineffective up close, the monster attacks at close range or blasts the ships from underwater with blue bursts of electricity.

Thoughts of family and lovers back home… fear at being confronted by an unknown enemy… conflict and confrontation explode among the officers and crew over the best battle strategy to use against the threat of Reigo.

Over Osako’s loud objections, Kaido suggests a last-ditch plan of attack that will either stop Reigo or sink the Yamato. Now the stage is set for a final battle to unfold between the world’s largest battleship and the mysterious dragon-like monster that glides through the seas at will.

Cast

 * Taiyou Sugiura
 * Susumu Kurobe
 * Yukijirō Hotaru as Hajime Edo
 * Miyu Oriyama as Matsuri Edo
 * Mao Urata as Hibari Edo
 * Isamu Ago
 * Mickey Curtis
 * Mai Nanami as Chie Kojima

Sequel
In 2009, director Hayashiya made a follow-up entitled The Deep-Sea Monster Raiga (深海獣雷牙). The film features a more traditional Godzilla-like kaiju called Raiga. The creature rises from the sea to do battle with another of his kind.

The film was released in the United States under the title of Raiga: God Of The Monsters.

title: Deep Sea Monster Reigo


text:
Kazuo Mizutani

Kazuo Mizutani (水谷一生) was chief of staff to Takeshi Mori, commander of the First Imperial Guards Division, at the end of World War II.

Mizutani was in his office, listening to Col. Masataka Ida's explanation of a plot to prevent Japan's surrender, when Gen. Mori was killed by the lead conspirator, Maj. Kenji Hatanaka. He then went with Ida to the headquarters of the Eastern District Army to report the murder.

title: Kazuo Mizutani


text:
El Lahun

El Lahun (اللاهون El Lāhūn, ⲗⲉϩⲱⲛⲉ alt. Illahun, Lahun, or Kahun (the latter being a neologism coined by archaeologist William Matthew Flinders Petrie) is a workmen's village in Faiyum, Egypt founded by Senusret II. El Lahun is associated with the Pyramid of Senusret II, which is located near the modern town, and is often called the Pyramid of Lahun. The ancient name of the site was rꜣ-ḥn.t, literally, "Mouth (or Opening) of the Canal"). It was known as Ptolemais Hormos (Πτολεμαῒς ὅρμος) in Ptolemaic Egypt.

Overview
Like the other Twelfth Dynasty pyramids in the Faiyum, the Pyramid of Lahun is made of mudbrick, but here the core of the pyramid consists of a network of stone walls that were infilled by mudbrick. This approach was probably intended to ensure the stability of the brick structure. Unusually, despite a Pyramid Temple on the east side, the entrance to the pyramid is on the south. The archaeologist Flinders Petrie nevertheless spent considerable time searching for it on the east side. He discovered the entrance only when workmen clearing the nearby tombs of the nobles discovered a small tunnel at the bottom of a 40-foot shaft, which led to the royal burial chamber. Evidently the original workmen on the tomb had used their legitimate activity as a cover for digging this tunnel, which enabled them to rob the pyramid. Once he was in the burial chamber, Petrie was able to work backwards to the entrance.

The pyramid stands on an artificial terrace cut from sloping ground. On the north side eight rectangular blocks of stone were left to serve as mastabas, probably for the burial of personages associated with the royal court. In front of each mastaba is a narrow shaft leading down to the burial chamber underneath. Also on the north side is the Queen's Pyramid or subsidiary pyramid.

The most remarkable discovery was that of the village of the workers who both constructed the pyramid and then served the funerary cult of the king. The village, conventionally known as Kahun, is about 800 meters from the pyramid and lies in the desert a short distance from the edge of cultivation. When found, many of the buildings were extant up to roof height, and Petrie confirmed that the true arch was known and used by the workmen in the village. However, all the buildings found were demolished in the process of excavation, which proceeded in long strips down the length of the village. When the first strip had been cleared, mapped and drawn, the next strip was excavated and the spoil dumped in the previous strip. As a result, there is very little to be seen on the site today. The main function "has usually been linked to the funerary cult of Senwosret II [ie. Senusret II] – whose nearby pyramid complex has been understood as the main reason for its existence – housing administrators, as well as temple staff for the upkeep of his royal mortuary cult."

The village was excavated by Petrie in 1888–90 and again in 1914. The excavation was remarkable for the number, range, and quality of objects of everyday life (including tools) that were found in the houses. According to Dr Rosalie David's Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt, "the quantity, range and type of articles of everyday use which were left behind in the houses may indeed suggest that the departure [of the workmen] was sudden and unpremeditated" (p. 199). Among the curiosities found there were wooden boxes buried beneath the floors of many of the houses. When opened they were found to contain the skeletons of infants, sometimes two or three in a box, and aged only a few months at death. Petrie reburied these human remains in the desert.

Also found in the town were the Kahun papyri, comprising about 1000 fragments, covering legal and medical matters. Re-excavation of the area in 2009 by Egyptian archaeologists revealed a cache of pharaonic-era mummies in brightly painted wooden coffins in the sand-covered desert rock surrounding the pyramid.

The site was occupied into the late Thirteenth Dynasty, and then again in the New Kingdom, when there were large land reclamation schemes in the area.

Town layout
The town was laid out in a regular plan, with mudbrick town walls on three sides. No evidence was found of a fourth wall, which may have collapsed and been washed away during the annual inundation. The town was rectangular in shape and was divided internally by a mudbrick wall as large and strong as the exterior walls. This wall divided about one third of the area of the town and in this smaller area the houses consisted of rows of back-to-back, side-by-side single room houses. The larger area, which was higher up the slope and thus benefited from whatever breeze was blowing, contained a much smaller number of large, multi-room villas. The size of the houses ranged from 2,520 square meters for the elite houses to 120 square meters for small houses. Petrie compared the village to a Welsh mining village, where the workers lived in terraces in the valley while the mine owner and overseers lived in larger houses up the hill.

A major feature of the town was the so-called "acropolis" building. This was an important building, as indicated by the presence of column bases. Petrie suggested that this may have been the King’s residence whilst he was visiting construction work. The building seems to have been out of use and derelict before the end of occupation.

Other records show that there were a large number of Semitic slaves in Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty. It is interesting that some of the villas were constructed of layers of mudbrick separated by layers of reed matting, a technique used in Mesopotamia. Furthermore, burial beneath the living quarters of a house was a custom noted at Ur by Woolley. It is possible that the workers who were so carefully guarded by the village wall and separated from the overseers by an equally strong wall were Semitic (Asiatic) slaves not trusted by their overseers.

Discoveries
It was announced by the Supreme Council of Antiquities on 26 April 2009 that an anthology of pharaonic-era mummies in vividly painted wooden coffins were uncovered near the Lahun pyramid in Egypt. The sarcophagi were decorated with bright hues of green, red and white bearing images of their occupants. Archaeologists unearthed dozens of mummies, thirty of which were very well preserved with prayers purposed to help the deceased in the afterlife inscribed upon them. The site, once enveloped in slabs of white limestone, revealed that it could possibly be thousands of years older than previously thought.

Experts think that a new understanding of Egyptian funerary architecture and customs of the Middle Kingdom all the way to the Roman era could be learned from the exploration of the dozens of tombs encompassing the site near the Lahun, Egypt’s southernmost pyramid. "The tombs were cut on the rock itself, and they vary in architectural designs," said archaeologist Abdel Rahman El-Aydi, head of excavations at the site. Some of the tombs were erected on top of gravesites from earlier eras. Ayedi told reporters: "The prevailing idea was that this site has been established by Senusret II, the fourth king of the 12th Dynasty. But in light of our discovery, I think we are going to change this theory, and soon we will announce another discovery." He said that teams had made a discovery of an artefact that was dated earlier than the 12th Dynasty, but did not include any specifics on the item and promised an official statement would be made within days.

Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities announced on 23 May 2010 that 57 ancient Egyptian tombs were discovered in an area close to Lahun. Most of the graves contained an ornamental painted wooden sarcophagus with a mummy inside. Some of the tombs date to the Egyptian First and Second dynasties, as far back as 2750 BC. Several of the sites were decorated with hieroglyphics that the ancients believed would help the deceased travel through the afterlife.

Twelve of the tombs were found to belong to the Eighteenth Dynasty, which ruled Egypt during the second millennium BC. Egyptologist Zahi Hawass said the mummies that date to the 18th Dynasty are covered in linen decorated with religious texts from the Book of the Dead and scenes of ancient Egyptian deities. The discovery might help experts have a better understanding of the ancient Egyptian religions. Some of the tombs are decorated with religious texts that ancient Egyptians believed would help the deceased cross over to the underworld, said Abdel Rahman El-Aydi, chief archaeologist of project. El-Aydi said one of the oldest tombs is almost completely intact, with all of its funerary equipment and a wooden sarcophagus containing a mummy wrapped in linen.

In 31 of the tombs, dating back to around 2030–1840 B.C., during the Middle Kingdom era, archaeologists found scenes of different ancient Egyptian deities such as Horus, Amun, Hathor, and Khnum decorated on the tombs.

title: El Lahun


text:
Talk:Kim Kyu-sik

Sources for examination
Review: [untitled] Sungjoo Han Reviewed work(s): Life of Kim Kyusik. by Chong-sik Lee The Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 34, No. 4 (Aug., 1975), pp. 1059-1061

Found on JSTOR. Review itself has some useful bits, but underlying book looks like a good find if an english translation or translator can be found.--Tznkai (talk) 14:29, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kim Kyu-sik


text:
Oberhöfen

Oberhöfen is a small part of a town called Warthausen, in eastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

title: Oberhöfen


text:
1948 South Korean Constitutional Assembly election

Constitutional Assembly elections were held in South Korea on 10 May 1948. They were held under the U.S. military occupation, with supervision from the United Nations, and resulted in a victory for the National Association for the Rapid Realisation of Korean Independence, which won 55 of the 200 seats, although 85 were held by independents. Voter turnout was 95%.

The elections were the first time in Korean history that the citizens were allowed to vote for a national legislative body. The Korean peninsula had been under Japanese colonial rule for thirty-five years (1910–1945), and for hundreds of years before that, it had been governed by the (Yi Dynasty) Korean royal family and scholarly officials.

Background
The elections were a milestone in Korean political history. The Korean people had not previously experienced democracy under written constitutional rule; the very foundation of South Korean politics were still under construction and were unstable. The elections would lead to a constitution, roughly based on the constitution of the United States, and establish democracy in South Korea.

In 1948 the subject of an election of any kind in South Korea was an issue worldwide. On 8 and 9 March 1948, UN delegates from Australia, Canada, India, and Syria expressed their doubts and some complete rejection of the elections on 10 May 1948 for South Korea. The UN delegates were concerned by Korea's political maturity at the time, feeling that the elections might not validly express the popular will in a country which had only been independent for four years. Some Korean politicians, such as Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik, denounced the election as it would dash the hopes of reunification with North Korea. However, a vote in the South Korean Interim Legislature on 10 March ruled 40 to 0 in favor of holding the election.

The elections were originally intended to be held throughout the Korean peninsula, but Soviet Union forces and Kim Il-sung refused the UN supervisors entry into North Korea for the elections. They were therefore held only in the US-administered territory, making the elections a purely South Korean event. Because of this, Kim Koo the last president of the Korean Provisional Government and Kim Kyu-sik the former chairman of the South Korean Interim Legislature, denounced the elections as they would dash hopes of reunification with North Korea, but could not prevent them from happening. The voters elected members of a constitutional convention, which then voted on the constitution and re-convened as the national legislature to elect the president. At the proceedings, they left one hundred seats open in the Constituent National Assembly for North Koreans to vote on when they were able.

Electoral system
The election system corresponded to the same limited system that had been established under the Japanese. In larger towns, only landowners and taxpayers could vote, while in small towns, elders voted on behalf of everyone else.

Conduct
The elections were marred by terrorism resulting in 600 deaths between March and May. In April, North Korea, supposedly in an effort to delay the elections, sponsored a unity conference in Pyongyang to promote reunification of the two Koreas, which both Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik attended. The conference was inconclusive towards any upcoming reunification, and did not delay the elections.

The people of Jeju island saw the election as a unilateral attempt by the United States military government under the flag of United Nations to separate a southern regime and to employ its first president Syngman Rhee, The Jeju uprising occurred, during which tens of thousands of Jeju people were killed.


text:
Sampo (disambiguation)

The Sampo is a magical artifact in Finnish and Karelian mythology

Sampo may refer to:

 * Sampo (personal name)

Companies

 * Sampo Bank, a Finnish banking company
 * Sampo Corporation, a Taiwanese manufacturer of electronic and home appliance products
 * Sampo Group, a Finnish insurance company
 * Sampo, a trademark of the former Finnish company Rosenlew, currently a trademark of Sampo-Rosenlew

Music

 * "Sampo", a song by Amberian Dawn on the 2010 album End of Eden
 * "Sampo", a song by Amorphis on the 2009 album Skyforger

Transport

 * Sampo (1898 icebreaker), a Finnish icebreaker built 1898
 * Sampo (1960 icebreaker), a Finnish icebreaker built 1960

Others

 * Sampo (brachiopod), a fossil brachiopod genus
 * Sampo (district), a city area of Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland
 * Sampo (film), a 1959 Soviet-Finnish film
 * 2091 Sampo, a main-belt asteroid
 * Sampo generation, a South Korean social trend
 * Sampo, a playable character in Honkai: Star Rail

title: Sampo (disambiguation)


text: User talk:67.160.235.141

title: User talk:67.160.235.141


text:
User:Woelne

I've studied near Benidorm, in Spain, for half a year. And three years in Notodden, Norway. At the moment I'm studying History and Culture in Bergen, Norway.

I'm very interested in history and culture. In Spain I studied some Egyptian Mythology.

Summary

Norsk (Bokmål): Født i Notodden, Norge. Tyske forfedre og familie i USA og Canada nå. Bor i Bergen.

Norsk (Nynorsk): Født i Notodden, Noreg. Tyske forfedre og familie i USA og Canada no. Bur i Bergen.

English: Born in Notodden, Norway. Ancestors from Germany and family in the US and Canada. Live in Bergen

Svenska: Född i Notodden, Norge. Förfäder från Tyskland och familj i USA och Kanada nu.

Dansk: Født i Notodden, Norge. Familie fra Tyskland fra gammelt af og familie i USA og Canada nu.

Deutsch: Geboren in Notodden, Norwegen. Ureltern von Deutschland und familie in USA und Kanada jetzt. Wohnt in Bergen.

Íslenska: I write Icelandic poorly, but I understand it well.

title: User:Woelne


text:
Talk:1948 South Korean Constitutional Assembly election

To do
Find and add: -- Basic election returns -- Election problems, esp. Jeju -- Contending parties -- Basis of Soviet/US election dispute

Turnout
How reliable is the figure of 95.5% given the turmoil and boycotts?--Jack Upland (talk) 05:36, 8 July 2014 (UTC)


text:
Ezycom

Ezycom (EzyBBS) is a shareware bulletin board system (BBS) application first introduced for MS-DOS by Peter Davies. It is still in active development and currently being developed by Stephen Gibbs and the Ezycom Development Team. The current version of Ezycom is v2.15g2, which was released on 21 April 2010. A minor update was released on 21 May 2010.

Features
Ezycom supports several features that make it "easy" to use (hence the name) including: multinode operation (up to 255 nodes depending on license type), network and multitasker support, Fidonet-compatible message base, built-in echomail and netmail tossers, built-in file transfer protocols and QWK/Blue Wave offline mail support (including offline netmail support). Ezycom is being used with the DOS, Windows, OS/2, eComStation and ArcaOS operating systems with success. It has also been proven to work under Linux using the Dosemu emulation software.

History
Peter Davies originally developed Ezycom BBS as part of his master's degree dissertation in 1990. Due to lack of time to devote to Ezycom's development, Peter handed over the development reins to Stephen Gibbs in 1997. The next official release of Ezycom was v2.00 in 2003, which included several Y2K bug fixes. Stephen has since done all Ezycom development. The latest release was v2.15g2, in May 2010.

title: Ezycom


text:
Party of the African Federation

Party of the African Federation (Parti de la Fédération Africaine) was a political party in French West Africa, led by Léopold Sédar Senghor and Modibo Keita (general secretary). PFA was founded on 24 March 1959.

PFA held its constitutive conference July 1, 1959. PFA strived for the creation of a 'Black African nation freely associated with France'. PFA saw the Mali Federation as an initial step in this direction.

The Senegalese section of PFA was the Senegalese Progressive Union (UPS).

When the Mali Federation broke down, PFA was disbanded.

Source: Zuccarelli, François. La vie politique sénégalaise (1940-1988). Paris: CHEAM, 1988.

title: Party of the African Federation


text: Category:Roman sites in Romania

title: Category:Roman sites in Romania


text:
The Spectacular Scarlet Spider

The Spectacular Scarlet Spider is a short-lived comic book series starring Ben Reilly as the Scarlet Spider. The series was published by Marvel Comics for four issues in November and December 1995 in between The Spectacular Spider-Man issues 229 and 230. During this time, all four primary Spider-Man series and his quarterly series were paused and briefly replaced by Scarlet Spider counterparts; the others being Web of Scarlet Spider, The Amazing Scarlet Spider, Scarlet Spider, and Scarlet Spider Unlimited.

The five series were instituted as part of the Clone Saga after when Peter Parker gave up being Spider-Man to retire with his pregnant wife Mary Jane, and the Scarlet Spider took on his duties. Spectacular (along with Amazing, Spider-Man and Unlimited) returned to its old name and numbering when Ben Reilly left the Scarlet Spider identity behind and took on the Spider-Man name for himself.

The Scarlet Spider books were direct continuations, in terms of creative teams and story lines, of their Spider-Man counterparts. They were effectively temporary renamings of their counterparts, other than not being incorporated into their issue numbering. The writer of the two issues was Todd DeZago and the penciller was Sal Buscema.

The first issue is notable for being the first appearance of Override.

Both issues are collected in Spider-Man: The Complete Ben Reilly Epic Book 1.

title: The Spectacular Scarlet Spider