text:
User talk:Mike H.

His Holiness
Welcome to Wikipedia! if only to note that like me (see the edit history of the popes after Gregory XVI, who seems to be the cutoff for this nonsense) you are one of the innocent, alas. I'm obviously letting your edits sit, but you will have a few determined people descend on you for your reasonable adherence to standard practice (it's the same with other monarchs) and your edits will be reverted.... Like you, I didn't know there had been a decision made by a few people on some obscure page, to disregard custom and the universal practice of encyclopedias, in favor of a curious scheme that doesn't help Wikipedia's image. You'll learn! Best, Bill 19:17, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

I've posted this message on two of the Pope pages you have been reverting so I thought I'd leave it here for you to consider.

There have been several reverts of "His Holiness" on this page by User:Mike H. referring to the fact that this title only applies to the current pope. I have reverted this edit after learning that no, it doesn't only apply to the current Pope, it can apply to all Popes throughout history. Regarding the actual inclusion of this honorific, I refer to the Dalai Lama's page where he is referred to as His Holiness but not when labeled on the page. I think that initially the title should be removed while used later in the article as it would vernacularly or in the titling of pictures, perhaps as a way of resolving this cross-article conflict. Also, maybe we could center this discussion on His Holiness instead of spreading it around to each individual pope?--The Grza 22:41, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

I refer you to the Wikipedida article Style (manner of address), wherein it clearly states "Pope John Paul II was called His Holiness only until his death." -- Regards, Mike 22:10, 14 July 2005 (EDT)
 * It's quite hopeless, Mike; there's a group of about 2 or 3 people who feel very strongly about all Popes after Gregory XVI; presumably, much less so about Gregory XVI and before. These 2 or 3 people will block and revert endlessly. There are better things to do with one's time; so what if Wikipedia looks foolish? Bill 02:29, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

I understand that the article says that the title leaves after the death of a Pope, but I contacted several Priests and churches to check and none of them had heard anything of the sort. Do you have a citation to show that the title leaves besides that sentence on the Style page? --The Grza 02:44, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Also, I have been nothing but courteous and sincere in my attempts to resolve this amicably and factually. Please don't post messages around that assume that I'm involved in some attack on you or your opinion. --The Grza 02:46, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I misread your post and acted in haste. Do you have any citations for the end of the Holiness title for Popes? --The Grza 03:17, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Huh? "[P]ost messages around that assume that [you're] involved in some attack on [me] or [my] opinion" ??? Where have I done that? -- Regards, Mike H. 23:03, 14 July 2005 (EDT)

It is Wikipedia policy to use the styles appropriate to a monarchical office when referring to a deceased monarch. That is partly because some monarchical styles have changed in time, so it would offer the chance to indicate what the style was during an individual reign. It does not imply in any way that a deceased individual still holds the style, merely that that was the style used for them in their lifetime. That is why some past popes are referred to as His Holiness. The policy was followed for months until a small band of users began waging edit wars by removing all styles. A compromise was agreed whereby those articles had had their styles added should be left with them, and those that had not yet had them added would not do so, pending a less heated debate on the issue of usage in the future. That is why 20th century and some 19th century popes have styles and others don't, or why modern monarchs but mediævbal monarchs don't. The former had already had styles entered, the latters had not yet, when the edit war erupted and a policy of in effect 'do not disturb' was agreed.

Please stop removing styles. It is agreed that those articles already with them should keep them for the moment. Any attempt to breach the compromise, either by removing styles where it was agreed to leave them in, or install them where it was agreed not to put them in, will simply be reverted every time. All Wikipedians are supposed to follow the agreed naming conventions and manual of style rules, both of which endorse the use of styles in historic articles on hereditary monarchs (kings and queens) and elective monarchs (popes). Fear ÉIREANN \(caint) 17:19, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * "It is Wikipedia policy...." Where was this agreed on? Bill 18:53, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Mike H.


text:
User:Chris curtis chris curtis

[ " Unity can create miracles, but only willingness will get you there ! "- Chris Curtis / Live 8 ]
~ About ChriS ~ Full name: Chris Constantinos Curtis

Date of birth: 1983 /Jan 23

Age:22

Nick name: Crispy or Butter face

Hometown:Athens ,Greece

Astrological Sign: Aquarius

Height: 6.4

Weight: 165 pounds

Hair color: brown

Eye color:brown

Vocal range : 4 Octaves

Parents : Roger and Dora

Brother :Alex

Sister :Clio

Favorite food: Italian, seafood ,Thai and Chris loves Mcdonald's french fries.

Favorite color: Orange

Favorite clothes : Armani ,Gap ,Massimo Dutti ,Fubu ,Pull and Bear.

Favorite trainning shoes : Nike

Favorite Hair Gel: L'oreal the[ out of bed ] style.

Favorite animals : Dogs, Dolphins

The Dogs Chris likes : Bulldog, Yorkshire , Airedale terrier , German shepard.

>> The Chris Curtis Diet:

Breakfast : All bran with Soy milk or 2 fried eggs with ground beef.

Lunch : grilled chicken fillet with salad or a nice juicy steak with broccoli finished with a great cajun sause on top.

Dinner : prawn Salad with Italian dressing or sushi. [ no mayonaise ]

Desert : [Rarely] Apple crumble, Mars bar or cheese cake from 'The Cheese Cake Factory'

Snack : Fat free pop corn

Favorite tv shows : Friends, and The west wing

Favorite cold drink : Vanilla frappuccino from Starbucks !

Thoughts on acting : [ When I watch movies like Chicago ,The Others, The Client ,High crimes ,and Phone booth , It really encourages me to act ! ]

Favorite Female actors : Ashley Judd, Meg Ryan ,Susan Surandon ,Liz Hurley ,Nicole Kidman ,Catherine Zeta Jones.

Favorite Male actors : Anthony Hopkins ,Richard Gere ,Morgan Freeman ,Adam Sandler, Martin Lawrence.

^Hobbies: Singing, dancing, reading novels, shopping at the mall, hanging out with his friends and idyllic days at the beach Best hangout: watching friends with his close friends.

Favorite sports : kick boxing ,soccer ,diving.

^ Hopes for the future: to really make it like Michael Jackson and do a single with Mariah Carey

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Chris curtis chris curtis


text:
Hydrauliska Industri AB

Hydrauliska Industri AB (Hiab) is a Swedish manufacturer of loader cranes, demountable container handlers, forestry cranes, truck-mounted forklifts and tail lifts. The company is owned by the Cargotec Corporation.

History
The name, Hiab, comes from the commonly used abbreviation of Hydrauliska Industri AB, a company founded in Hudiksvall, Sweden 1944 by Eric Sundin, a ski manufacturer who saw a way to utilize a truck's engine to power loader-cranes through the use of hydraulics. Hiab invented the world's first hydraulic truck-mounted crane in 1947. On the other side of the Bothnian Sea in Raisio, Finland about the same time, three brothers, Mikko, Mauno and Martti Terho developed a mechanical cable-operated interchangeable platform-loader (Cablelift) that utilised the truck's front winch, with which it was possible to use a variety of platform bodies. In 1949 they started Multilift to manufacture their innovative load handling equipment.

The roots of today's Hiab Company lie in a series of acquisitions from 1977 onwards, when Partek Corporation embarked on a comprehensive diversification and internationalisation strategy. Founded in 1898, Partek Corporation was one of the oldest industrial companies in Finland, originally producing limestone and later a versatile range of materials for the construction industry. In 1977 Partek decided to expand into the engineering industry and thereby decrease its dependence on domestic construction when it first bought named Multilift. Eight years later, in 1985, the company bought Hiab with its forestry-crane subsidiary Jonsered. In 1988 they bought Loglift - as the name implies, also a forestry crane manufacturer.

During the late 1990s Partek strategically restructured itself into an engineering company, fully divesting its construction-materials activity and making several acquisitions in the load-handling equipment business.

The load-handling side of Partek expanded in 2000 with the acquisition of the Zeteco Group (including among others ZEPRO and WALTCO tail lifts). During the same year the truck-mounted forklift business was acquired, bringing today's MOFFETT and PRINCETON PIGGY BACK brands into the company.

KONE Corporation acquired Partek in 2002. In 2004 the load-handling functionality was renamed after its most valuable product brand, HIAB. On 1 June 2005 KONE Corporation demerged into new KONE and Cargotec Corporation (listed in Helsinki Stock Exchange). Cargotec consists of Hiab load-handling, Kalmar container-handling and MacGREGOR marine-cargo handling solutions.

title: Hydrauliska Industri AB


text:
Nick Adams (character)

Nicholas Adams is a fictional character, the protagonist of two dozen short stories and vignettes written in the 1920s and 1930s by American author Ernest Hemingway. Adams is partly inspired by Hemingway's own experiences, from his summers in Northern Michigan at his family cottage to his service in the Red Cross ambulance corps in World War I. The first of Hemingway's stories to feature Nick Adams was published in his 1925 collection In Our Time, with Adams appearing as a young child in "Indian Camp", the collection's first story.

All Nick Adams stories were later collected in a 1972 book, published after Hemingway's death, titled The Nick Adams Stories. They are, for the most part, stories of initiation and adolescence. Taken as a whole, as in The Nick Adams Stories, they chronicle a young man's coming of age in a series of linked episodes. The stories are grouped according to major time periods in Nick's life.

The Northern Woods

 * "Three Shots"
 * "Indian Camp"
 * "The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife"
 * "Ten Indians"
 * "The Indians Moved Away"

On His Own

 * "The Light of the World"
 * "The Battler"
 * "The Killers"
 * "The Last Good Country"
 * "Crossing the Mississippi"

War

 * "Night Before Battle"
 * "'Nick sat against the wall ...'"
 * "Now I Lay Me"
 * "A Way You'll Never Be"
 * "In Another Country"

A Soldier Home

 * "Big Two-Hearted River"
 * "The End of Something"
 * "The Three-Day Blow"
 * "Summer People"

Company of Two

 * "Wedding Day"
 * "On Writing"
 * "An Alpine Idyll"
 * "Cross-Country Snow"
 * "Fathers and Sons"

External links and references

 * Hemingway, Ernest. The Nick Adams Stories. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972.
 * New York Times review of The Nick Adams Stories
 * The Great Michigan Read, a statewide reading program featuring The Nick Adams Stories

title: Nick Adams (character)


text:
Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. S. saprophyticus is a common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections.

History
Staphylococcus saprophyticus was not recognized as a cause of urinary tract infections until the early 1970s, more than 10 years after its original demonstration in urine specimens. Prior to this, the presence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in urine specimens was dismissed as contamination.

Epidemiology and pathogenesis
In humans, S. saprophyticus is found in the normal flora of the female genital tract and perineum. It has been isolated from other sources, too, including meat and cheese products, vegetables, the environment, and human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. S. saprophyticus causes 10–20% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). In females 17–27 years old, it is the second-most common cause of community-acquired UTIs, after Escherichia coli. Sexual activity increases the risk of S. saprophyticus UTIs because bacteria are displaced from the normal flora of the vagina and perineum into the urethra. Most cases occur within 24 hours of sex, earning this infection the nickname "honeymoon cystitis". S. saprophyticus has the capacity to selectively adhere to human urothelium. The adhesin for S. saprophyticus is a lactosamine structure. S. saprophyticus produces no exotoxins.

Clinical features
Patients with urinary tract infections caused by S. saprophyticus usually present with symptomatic cystitis. Symptoms include a burning sensation when passing urine, the urge to urinate more often than usual, a 'dripping effect' after urination, weak bladder, a bloated feeling with sharp razor pains in the lower abdomen around the bladder and ovary areas, and razor-like pains during sexual intercourse. Flank pain may occur due to infection of the upper urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis. Signs and symptoms of renal involvement are also often registered.

Laboratory diagnosis
The urine sediment of a patient with a S. saprophyticus urinary tract infection has a characteristic appearance under the microscope manifesting leukocytes, erythrocytes, and clumping due to cocci adhering to cellular elements. Chemical screening methods for bacteriuria, such as, urine nitrate and glucose do not always detect S. saprophyticus infection. This is because unlike Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infections, S. saprophyticus does not reduce nitrate and has a longer generation time, thus does not consume glucose as rapidly. Even when such an infection occurs above the neck of the bladder, low numbers of colony-forming units (less than 105 cfu/ml) are often present.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is identified as belonging to the genus Staphylococcus using the Gram stain and catalase test. It is identitified as a species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) using the coagulase test. Lastly, S. saprophyticus is differentiated from S. epidermidis, another species of pathogenic CoNS, by testing for susceptibility to the antibiotic novobiocin. S. saprophyticus is novobiocin-resistant, whereas S. epidermidis is novobiocin-sensitive.

Treatment
Staphylococcus saprophyticus urinary tract infections are usually treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or with a quinolone such as to be alone norfloxacin. It has also been shown to be susceptible to ampicillin & ceftriaxone.

The many home remedies or natural treatments for urinary tract infections are not clinically proven, such as cranberry juice, alkalinization, and many types of common herbs and spices. Some show promise, such as to affect the formation of biofilms on surfaces or medical equipment, and in other in vitro situations.

Different subspecies
Two subspecies of S. saprophyticus exist: S. s. bovis and S. s. saprophyticus, the latter has colony diameter of > 5mm, and more commonly found in human UTIs. S. s. saprophyticus is nitrate-reductase negative and pyrrolidonyl-arylamidase negative, while S. saprophyticus bovis has colony diameter of < 5mm, nitrate-reductase positive and pyrolidonyl-arylamidase positive.

title: Staphylococcus saprophyticus


text:
Demi-culverin

The demi-culverin was a medium cannon similar to but slightly larger than a saker and smaller than a regular culverin developed in the late 16th century. Barrels of demi-culverins were typically about 11 ft long, had a calibre of 4 in and could weigh up to 3400 lb. The gun required 6 lb of black powder to fire an 8 lb round shot (though there were heavier variants firing 9 lb or 10 lb round shot). The demi-culverin had an effective range of 1800 ft. Demi-culverins were valued by generals for their range, accuracy and effectiveness. They were often used in sieges for wall and building demolition.

title: Demi-culverin


text:
Pittsburgh Association of Petroleum Geologists

The Pittsburgh Association of Petroleum Geologists (PAPG) is an American non-profit organization that was founded in 1984 to provide a forum for petroleum geologists in the Pittsburgh area to meet socially and discuss technical topics relative to the exploration and development of reserves in the Northern and Central Appalachian Basin.

History
PAPG is an affiliated association with AAPG (American Association of Petroleum Geologists) and has representation in the House of Delegates. Educational opportunities are provided via field trips, seminars and AAPG Sectional meetings, sponsored solely by PAPG or in conjunction with the PTTC (Petroleum Technology Transfer Council), PGS (Pittsburgh Geological Society) and SPE (Society of Petroleum Engineers).

Although PAPG is predominantly a geologic organization, numerous industry professionals including geophysicists, engineers, lawyers and landmen are among PAPG's members and find the interaction at meetings and educational opportunities beneficial to their professions. PAPG also encourages student membership and participation.

Meetings are typically held monthly from September through May in locations within fifty miles of downtown Pittsburgh. From time to time, meetings are held in conjunction with SPE and PGS.


text:
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics

The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) is a Max Planck Institute whose research is aimed at investigating Einstein's theory of relativity and beyond: Mathematics, quantum gravity, astrophysical relativity, and gravitational-wave astronomy. The institute was founded in 1995 and is located in the Potsdam Science Park in Golm, Potsdam and in Hannover where it closely collaborates with the Leibniz University Hannover. Both the Potsdam and the Hannover parts of the institute are organized in three research departments and host a number of independent research groups.

The institute conducts fundamental research in mathematics, data analysis, astrophysics and theoretical physics as well as research in laser physics, vacuum technology, vibration isolation and classical and quantum optics.

When the LIGO Scientific Collaboration announced the first detection of gravitational waves, researchers of the institute were involved in modeling, detecting, analysing and characterising the signals. The institute is part of a number of collaborations and projects: it is a main partner in the gravitational-wave detector GEO600; institute scientists are developing waveform-models that are applied in the gravitational-wave detectors for detecting and characterising gravitational waves. They are developing detector technology and are also analyzing data from the detectors of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration and the KAGRA Collaboration. They also play a leading role in planning and preparing the space-based detector LISA (planned launch date: 2034) and are involved in developing the third generation of earth-bound gravitational-wave detectors (Einstein Telescope, Cosmic Explorer). The institute is also a major player in the Einstein@Home and PyCBC projects. From 1998 to 2015, the institute has published the open access review journal Living Reviews in Relativity.

History
The newly founded institute started its work in April 1995 and has been located in Potsdam-Golm since 1999.

In 2002 the institute opened a branch at the Universität Hannover with a focus on data analysis and the development and operation of gravitational-wave detectors on Earth and in space. The Hannover institute originated from the Institute for Atom and Molecule Physics (AMP) of the Universität Hannover, which was established in 1979 by the Department of Physics.

Research
The research focus of the institute is in the field of general relativity. It covers theoretical and experimental gravitational physics, quantum gravity, multi-messenger astronomy and cosmology. The institute has a strong research focus on gravitational-wave astronomy: five out of six departments are working on different aspects of this research field. Central research topics are:

 * source modeling (binary neutron stars, binary black holes, mixed binaries, stellar core collapse)
 * experimental work on gravitational-wave detectors – both on Earth and in space
 * solving the two-body problem in general relativity
 * analytical and numerical solutions of Einstein's equations
 * development and implementation of data analysis algorithms for gravitational-wave searches
 * follow-up analyses to infer properties of the gravitational-wave sources
 * searches for particles and fundamental interactions beyond the standard model

All these efforts enable a new kind of astronomy, which began with the first direct detection of gravitational waves on Earth.

Scientists of the institute also work towards the unification of the fundamental theories of physics – general relativity and quantum mechanics – into a theory of quantum gravity.

Departments

 * Alessandra Buonanno’s Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity department at AEI Potsdam solves the two-body problem in general relativity analytically and numerically, and predicts gravitational-wave signals emitted by binary systems composed of black holes and neutron stars. Members of the department use those waveform models to infer astrophysical and cosmological information, and carry out tests of general relativity, using data from gravitational-wave detectors.
 * Masaru Shibata's Computational Relativistic Astrophysics department at AEI Potsdam studies mergers of black holes or neutron stars and the collapse of stellar cores. The department also works on more fundamental aspects of general relativity with numerical tools.
 * The Quantum Gravity and Unified Theories department (acting director since August 2020: Alessandra Buonanno) at AEI Potsdam works on the development of a quantum theory of gravity, based on conformal field theory, string theory, and supergravity and symmetries.
 * The research focus of Karsten Danzmann’s department Laser Interferometry and Gravitational Wave Astronomy at AEI Hannover is on the development and operation of gravitational-wave detectors on Earth and in space. This includes laboratory experiments in quantum optics and laser physics.
 * Bruce Allen’s department Observational Relativity and Cosmology at AEI Hannover studies observational consequences of general relativity, including the search for and analysis of gravitational-wave signals in data from ground-based detectors, and the operation of the Einstein@Home project. The department also works on searches for gamma-ray and radio pulsars, and on theoretical aspects of black holes.
 * The department Precision Interferometry and Fundamental Interactions at AEI Hannover, led by Guido Müller, focuses its activity on LISA and other space-based and ground-based gravitational-wave astronomy and on searches for fundamental interactions beyond the standard model using laser-optical methods.

Directors

 * Bruce Allen (AEI Hannover, 2007–present)
 * Alessandra Buonanno (AEI Potsdam, 2014–present)
 * Karsten Danzmann (AEI Hannover, 2002–present), deputy managing director
 * Jürgen Ehlers (AEI Potsdam, founding director, 1995–1998)
 * Gerhard Huisken (AEI Potsdam, 2002–2013)
 * Guido Müller (AEI Hannover, 2022–present)
 * Hermann Nicolai (AEI Potsdam, 1997–2020)
 * Bernard F. Schutz (AEI Potsdam, founding director, 1995–2014)
 * Masaru Shibata (AEI Potsdam, 2018–present), managing director

Permanent independent research groups

 * Geometry and Gravitation at AEI Potsdam. This research group studies fundamental questions in the theory of gravity and related physical theories with mathematical methods.
 * Searching for Continuous Gravitational Waves (led by M. Alessandra Papa) at AEI Hannover. This research group works on searches for as of today undetected continuous gravitational waves, which are expected from rapidly rotating neutron stars.

Independent research groups

 * Binary Merger Observations and Numerical Relativity (led by Frank Ohme) at AEI Hannover. The independent research group works on gravitational-wave data analysis and predictions of wave forms for signals from merging black holes and neutron stars. The studies are based on numerical simulations of these processes.
 * Exceptional Quantum Gravity (Emeritus group, led by Hermann Nicolai) at AEI Potsdam. This research group is funded by an ERC Advanced Grant. Its research is concerned with a symmetry-based approach to a consistent theory of quantum gravity.
 * Historical Epistemology of the Final Theory Program (led by Alexander Blum) at AEI Potsdam. This research group focuses on the history of the search for a quantum gravity theory. The group is a joint Max Planck Research Group of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin and the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam.
 * Multi-messenger Astrophysics of Compact Binaries (led by Tim Dietrich) at AEI Potsdam. This Max Planck Fellow research group investigates the electromagnetic and gravitational-wave emission from binary neutron star mergers using numerical relativity methods.

Max Planck Partner Groups
Max Planck Partner Groups carry out research in fields overlapping with those of the former host Max Planck institute. They are established to support junior scientists returning to their home country after a research stay at a Max Planck Institute.

The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics has two Max Planck Partner Groups:

 * at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India, collaborating with the “Quantum Gravity and Unified Theories” department
 * at Jilin University Changchun, collaborating with the “Quantum Gravity and Unified Theories” department

Advanced LIGO and advanced Virgo
At AEI Hannover and AEI Potsdam, there are two LIGO Scientific Collaboration groups concerned with theory and data analysis of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. At AEI Hannover there is also the GEO group concerned with various experimental topics. AEI researchers in Potsdam and Hannover analyse LIGO and Virgo data. They also develop predictions of gravitational-wave signals used for the search for mergers of black holes and neutron stars and their interpretation.

The AEI Hannover is a partner institution in the advanced LIGO project and contributed the pre-stabilized laser system  for the advanced LIGO detectors in Hanford and Livingston. AEI researchers help commissioning and operating the advanced LIGO interferometers.

In early 2018 researchers at AEI Hannover have developed, built, and helped install a squeezed-light source at the Advanced Virgo gravitational-wave detector. During the third joint observation run of the gravitational-wave detectors, it reduced the quantum-mechanical background noise by about third, increasing the expected detection rate of binary neutron star mergers by up to 26%.

Einstein Telescope
Researchers at AEI contribute to the planning, development of, and the science case for the Einstein Telescope (ET), a third-generation gravitational-wave detector in Europe. The ET steering committee co-chair is at AEI Hannover, and laser technology for the ET Prototype in Maastricht is to be developed at AEI Hannover. AEI Potsdam researchers contribute to developing wave-form models for third generation gravitational-wave detectors such as the Einstein Telescope.

GEO600
The GEO600 gravitational-wave detector south of Hannover was designed and is operated by scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics and the Leibniz Universität Hannover, along with partners in the United Kingdom.

LISA Pathfinder
LISA Pathfinder was a test mission by ESA for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). It demonstrated key technologies for gravitational-wave detection in space. The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Hannover and the Institute for Gravitational Physics at Leibniz Universität Hannover were responsible for and coordinated the German contribution to the mission.

During the operations phase, Max Planck and Leibniz Universität researchers in Hannover were partners in the mission's data analysis. They also played a leading role developing the analysis software LTPDA, a MATLAB toolbox. AEI scientist took part in the mission operations shifts at ESOC.

LISA
The space-based gravitational-wave observatory LISA is developed under ESA leadership in collaboration with a scientific consortium. The LISA consortium is led by AEI director Karsten Danzmann. At AEI Hannover and AEI Potsdam there are LISA Consortium groups. At AEI Hannover there are large laboratories for LISA laser interferometry experiments.

GRACE Follow-On
GRACE-FO is a satellite-based geodesy mission that takes detailed measurements of the Earth's gravitational field and its temporal and spatial variations by interferometric distance measurements between two satellites. The laser ranging interferometer used for this purpose is a cooperation between NASA and German partners, with the German contribution led by the AEI. The instrument's concept, its prototypes and technical specifications were done at the AEI. AEI researchers have been involved in developing and testing the flight hardware.

Graduate Program
The institute participates in two International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS). Such research schools are graduate programs run by Max Planck Institutes in partnership with local universities, offering a Ph.D. degree. The IMPRS for Mathematical and Physical Aspects of Gravitation, Cosmology and Quantum Field Theory partners with the Institute for Mathematics at University of Potsdam, the Institute of Physics at Humboldt University, IIT Bombay, Chennai Mathematical Institute, and the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

The IMPRS on Gravitational Wave Astronomy is run in two collaborating branches, one in Hannover and one in Potsdam-Golm. The Hannover branch cooperates with the Leibniz University Hannover and the Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V.. The Potsdam branch partners with the Humboldt University, the University of Potsdam and the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics. It cooperates with the IMPRS for Mathematical and Physical Aspects of Gravitation, Cosmology and Quantum Field Theory (also at AEI Potsdam), the master's degree program in astrophysics at the University of Potsdam, the Astrophysics Network Potsdam, the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University, and the University of Maryland.

Jürgen Ehlers Spring School
The institute offers an annual two-week spring school for 40 international students of mathematics and physics. Each year, the lectures, exercises, and discussions cover different topics from the institute's research expertise. Lectures are held by researchers from the institute.

The Jürgen Ehlers Spring School was established in 2000 and is named after the institute's founding director Jürgen Ehlers.

Public events
The institute's outreach activities include Open Days at the AEI Potsdam and at the GEO600 gravitational-wave detector, participation in the Girls' Days and Future Days, popular science talks by researchers, participation in the “November der Wissenschaft” in Hannover, tours of the institutes including selected laboratories and computer clusters, and a program for visits and presentations by researchers at high schools.

Einstein Online
The institute runs the popular-science webportal Einstein Online, which is a hypertext network with introductory and in-depth articles about Einstein's theory of relativity and its consequences.

Journalist in Residence
Since 2018, the institute has been offering a Journalists-in-Residence program to science journalists. The goal is to improve the communication between journalists and scientists, and to provide deeper insight into the institute's research.

Einstein@Home
The institute together with the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee is one of the two host institutions of the distributed volunteer computing project Einstein@Home. Einstein@Home aggregates computing time on volunteers’ computers to search for signals from rotating neutron stars in data from the LIGO gravitational-wave detectors, from large radio telescopes, and from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.


text:
Talk:Ultra Music Festival

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Official name
The official name of the event is Ultra Music Festival. As it stands now, a search for Ultra Music Festival yields no results. This should be changed.
 * Done. Dragons flight 21:03, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Return to Miami in 2015 unknown
due to the current uncertainty over whether UMF 2015 will happen in Miami or not, i'm adding 2014? to Miami's active years. Please change it in case it gets cancelled or allowed to perform in 2015. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Emigdioofmiami (talk • contribs) 20:22, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

UMF will stay in Miami. this issue is now moot. Emigdioofmiami (talk) 17:40, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

Bali
There's also a Bali edition of Ultra Music Festival, it has been held there on 24/25 september 2015 as the website (ultrabali.com) states and "will be returning in 2016". --OPolkruikenz (talk) 11:33, 16 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Done, check out the article Ultra Bali Arnold.kevin729 19:37, 6 September 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arnold.kevin729 (talk • contribs)

2020 Cancellation vs Postponement
A postponement till 2021 would imply that both the 2020 edition and 2021 edition would happen that year. UEFA Euro 2020 has been postponed to 2021 as there is no 2021 edition and the 2024 edition is still occurring. This hasn't as postponing to 2021 would mean that the 2021 edition would be postponed to 2022 and so on. Not everything in the sources is reliable as proven by some editors providing sources saying "cancellation" and other "postponement". The fact is that BY DEFINITION of what has actually happened IT IS A CANCELLATION! Mn1548 (talk) 22:40, 3 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Also some sources for a cancellation:     Mn1548 (talk) 22:42, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ultra Music Festival


text:
Talk:Fallacy of composition

July 2005
I enjoyed the example of saving = good for individual, saving for everyone = bad for the whole. This seems to be a prisoner's dilemma if someone wants to perhaps add it in (although it only works for examples where there is choice among people, it doesn't work for the machine breaking example). --ShaunMacPherson 19:21, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

I think this principle is incorrectly stated, because in some (many) cases properties of component parts are retained by the whole. For example, metal melts, therefore if a machine is constructed of metal parts the machine will also melt. It depends on the specific properties and how the parts are combined; in fact there is no general method for determining whether the fallacy applies or not, you need to understand the details of the case in question. Bobcousins 23:51, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Bobcousins, the fallacy is correctly explained in the article. Your example shows only that some inferences from the properties of parts to the properties of wholes happen to issue in true conclusions. But so, for example, do many hasty generalisations issue in true conclusions. The point in the case of fallacy of composition is that more evidence is required than simply the evidence that the parts have certain properties. Try this argument, in which premise C provides such extra evidence:

 * A. Ice must always melt above 0ºC.
 * B. This statue is made only of ice.
 * C. Melting is a property that transfers from parts to wholes.
 * Therefore D. This statue must melt above 0ºC.

 * This argument is valid. But the argument A, B, therefore D is not strictly valid, even though the conclusion D is plainly true. This reduced argument is an example of the fallacy of composition. Noetica 00:26, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * And perhaps another way to put it is that the Fallacy of Composition is indeed a "fallacy" because although the conclusion may sometimes be true, it is not necessarily true in every case. 24.6.66.193 12:36, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, I appreciate your response. But I still disagree it is correctly explained. The conditional "when" is attached to "inference from part to a whole", but that is not where the fallacy arises. Without further qualification, this implies that all such inferences are fallacious, but this is not correct. It's a first step, but the fallacy arises "when that property is not transferable". The principle of transferability is a fundamental condition, therefore the definition should read: "A fallacy of composition arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some (or even every) part of the whole AND that property is not transferable". Otherwise the definition amounts to "a fallacy arising by assuming something is true when it is false" which is correct, but not explanatory, and leaving the reader to deduce the principle of transferability from the example.
 * For a better text see http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/composition.html, which includes the essential point about characteristics
 * Bobcousins 11:57, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I assume you mean the "when" in this clear introductory statement, Bob, since it is the only occurrence of that word in the article: A fallacy of composition arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some (or even every) part of the whole. You say Without further qualification, this implies that all such inferences are fallacious, but this is not correct. On the contrary, though: it is correct! If my support for my conclusion that object O has property P is just that some (or all) parts of O have P, I have fallen victim to the fallacy of composition. It doesn't matter if O does have P; it doesn't even matter if O has P in virtue of its parts having P: the fallacy is still operating. If, on the other hand, my evidence is that the parts of O have P and that P is transferable from parts to wholes, that's a different story. It is not the story given in our first, definitional, sentence: ...from the fact that it is true of some (or even every) part... . Contrary to what you say above, the fallacy does not arise just "when that property is not transferable": it arises when such transferability is not among the evidence presented in the premises of our argument.
 * The source you cite says something similar to this, in fact, right up front: ...when, in fact, no justification [is] provided for the inference. That's right: the justification (concerning transferability) may be potentially available, but if it is not there in the evidence presented in the premises, you get the fallacy of composition. Further on, your source says: In some cases, sufficient justification can be provided to warrant the conclusion. I think your source is careless or frankly mistaken in failing to clarify that the sufficient justification must in fact be provided, if the fallacy is to be avoided. It is not enough that it can be provided, in some imagined alternative way in which the argument might have been fashioned.
 * Specifically, I dispute this example (along with much else, not relevant to the present discussion): [I]t is true that an individual rich person has more wealth than an individual poor person. In some nations (such as the US) it is true that the class of wealthy people has more wealth as a whole than does the class of poor people. In this case, the evidence used would warrant the inference and the fallacy of composition would not be committed. Not so. The conclusion is only warranted when you explicitly add the demographic and statistical evidence referred to. Truth of the conclusion, along with partial support from the premises, does not confer validity; nor does it confer freedom from fallacy.
 * –  Noetica ♬♩ Talk 13:49, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * (Nu?) In fairness though, Bob, I have taken one side in a rather complex debate. The view of the highly respected logician and Irving Copi is like mine, but others support something like your view. This article (along with its sibling, Fallacy of division) is important enough to expand so that it reflects the range of opinions. The whole matter of classifying fallacies – and articulating precisely how they operate, and how they are to be distinguished from other fallacies – is mired in difficulties. When I have the energy and time I may do some systematic work on the articles myself. Not yet, though!
 * –  Noetica ♬♩ Talk 08:43, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

I don't like the economic example. There are many economists who do dispute this Keynesian's idea. Actually what you see is that if one person saves, he decides not to consume. His decision somehow translates to the economy in the sense that some businessman doesn't sell. If many people save, many people cease to consume, the decision of many people affects the economy and many businessmen fail to sell. I believe this is Keyneses fallacy of treating small effect as a non-existent effect. Second, from the economic point of view, if the businessmen did expect that the consumers would want to save, they would have altered their investment decisions and they wouldn't have produced the goods they can't sell and there would have been no recession. What acutally creates the recession is that the producers didn't expect such behaviour. The whole idea that if many people save that it is bad for economy is in itself an economic fallacy, I believe Henry Hazlitt did some work to expose these Keynesian fallacies. 85.207.163.148 (talk) 23:16, 16 February 2008 (UTC) Ondrej Palkovsky

12-4-2010: from Ravenspeake:  I think the economic analogy is false and inserted here for political reasons- who submitted it? Also, it analogy is BACKWARDs- so whoever inserted the example is using the inverse of the fallacy to try to create an exampel OF the fallacy
 * To find out who inserted the material, you can click on "View History" and conduct a search. This is commonly called "wikiblame".  Please sign your posts using four tildes. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 20:06, 4 December 2010 (UTC) Stan

Economic
I am not familiar with the "paradox of thrift". But as described, it sounds to me like this is an exmple of prisoner's dilema. What is the relationship between falacy of composition and the prisoner's dilema?

All of the Austrian stuff is redundant, and a distraction from the topic. It's already well-qualified by qualifying the economics as being 'Keynesian'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.153.119.132 (talk) 20:52, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

The entire paradox of thrift example should be removed because it is contentious. Keynesian economists assert that it is a true statement because they hold that the economy is entirely driven by spending. Austrian economists contend that capital accumulation from savings drives the economy and that society's savings vs spending preference is reflected in the interest rate. In rhetorical terms, the Keynesians assert that the "Paradox of Thrift" is a Fallacy of Composition and the Austrians label it a Straw Man argument.99.2.114.66 (talk) 23:54, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

The theory known as "the paradox of thrift" is surely describing a fallacy of composition, but is not itself a fallacy of composition. The theory could be paraphrased as "the statement that "thrift is good" is a fallacy of composition". On the grounds that thrift, while good for the thrifty individual, reduces aggregate demand and thus damages the economy as a whole. In arguing that the "paradox of thrift"  is not itself a fallacy of composition I make no claim as to its truth or otherwise. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.159.240.118 (talk) 18:05, 13 July 2017 (UTC)

Exceptions
There needs to be a section discussing when it is acceptable to ascribe to the whole a feature shared by all constituent parts. It is acceptable to conclude that a chair is green if all constituent parts of the chair are green. Philosopher Nelson Goodman called such features "expansive" features. Philosopher Frans van Eemeren argues that these features are limited only to features that are absolute and structure-independent. I'd like to put this section in. Jordan 21:53, 22 July 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jordanotto (talk • contribs)

 * I find this section unclear and problematic in terms of logic. The whole point of a fallacy is not that statements that appear to rely upon the fallacy are always wrong, but that the underlying logic is not correct, i.e., that the syllogism does not hold.
 * Thus the cases given are not 'exceptions' to the fallacy, but require some other premiss or argument to make them logically sound (as well as true).
 * In other words, the fallacy has not been revoked or exceptions granted, there are other reasons the statements are true (along the lines of what van Eemeren wrote).--Gregalton (talk) 01:19, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

"Tragedy of the Commons" example
The following paragraph presents then (for cogent reasons) rejects an example. I removed it. 66.127.52.57 (talk) 18:31, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Another example proposed from economics is the Tragedy of the Commons, when it is described as being where an individual would benefit from his unlimited access to a finite resource but the collective unrestricted demand from the whole group would eventually doom the resource through over-exploitation. However, this is not an accurate description of the Tragedy of the Commons: that can occur not only when the resource is destroyed (e.g., fisheries) but even when it is merely temporarily made sub-optimal (e.g., over-grazing common land); and, the Tragedy of the Commons itself does not result from anyone making the mistake of the Fallacy of Composition but rather from each person rationally acting according to genuinely counter-productive incentives. The Fallacy of Composition only occurs in relation to the Tragedy of the Commons when someone wrongly supposes that, because everyone is acting rationally to optimise his or her own gains, then the situation as a whole is being managed optimally.

Relative properties can be expansive
The article contains a statement that is easily proven wrong. It says: "Relative properties are never expansive. E.g., it does not follow that if all parts of a chair are cheap, then the chair is cheap." An example that proves this wrong is "If all parts of a chair are cold to the touch, the chair is cold to the touch." Other examples are "soft", "fragile" and "poor quality". -- I'm not editing the article because the statement seems to be based on formal theory, so it should probably be adjusted to better reflect this theory, by someone who knows the theory. --Kafpauzo (talk) 08:59, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

Why can't the article be less scientific and more in layman's terms what it means?
I know what 'Fallacy of Composition' means. It means that something that is true for an individual may not be necessarily be true for everybody as a whole. For example if I wrote a white X on my locker door, I have the advantage of quickly locating my locker in a large locker room, unless EVERYBODY wrote a white X on their locker. Or if I took a quite side road to bypass heavy rush-hour traffic; I would get to work sooner, unless EVERYBODY took that side road.

To me the article is much too scientific in explaining what Fallacy Of Composition means. For example, the part about 'humans are not visible to the naked eye' is highly unhelpful for someone who just wants an explanation on what it means. Any thought? Diamondblade2008 (talk) 22:13, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Fallacy of Composition#Exceptions
Hey there 7&6=thirteen, it seems there's an issue that has arisen regarding the Exceptions section the to Fallacy of Composition article. I would like it to be resolved in the best way possible, so I've come here to discuss it with you :). First, I'll explain what I believe that the dispute is, and then I'll propose a solution.  If you disagree with what I believe the issue is in the first place, or have an alternative outcome, or anything else, I'm all ears.

The dispute is whether or not the Fallacy of Composition article should have an Exceptions section. Now, it may be the case that the dispute is about going around willy-nilly and deleting sections without modifying them first, but this distinction is irrelevant in this particular instance with regards to my proposed solution and its reasons.

My solution is simple: the Exceptions section is deleted.

My reasons for this are as follows: There are no exceptions to a fallacy. Even if one can construct an argument whose premises are true, and whose conclusions are true, that does not mean that there is suddenly an "exception" to its reasoning being a fallacy.

Here is an example in the Exceptions section of an "exception" to the fallacy:

"Some properties are such that, if every part of a whole has the property, then the whole will, too. In such instances, the fallacy of composition does not apply. For example, if all parts of a chair are green, then it is usually acceptable to infer that the chair is green."

As you can see, this is irrelevant. Here is their argument recast:

"Some properties are such that, if every part of a whole has the property, then the whole will, too. In such instances, the fallacy of composition does not apply. For example, if all parts of a human (their cells) are invisible, then it is usually acceptable to infer that the human is invisible."

Obviously it is not the case that it is usually acceptable to infer that a human is invisible (unless he/she is behind a wall or too far away).

Second: No other fallacy page has a section for exceptions (and for good reason; there's no such thing). For consistency's sake it would make sense that this one doesn't either (or that they ALL do).

Third: There was already apprehension to the section being added in the first place, and good reasons for its not being added. You can see this in the article's talk page.

I await your response :) - Nicklink483 (talk) 18:14, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

It has been 4 days since I've received any response from you. I'm going to assume that the matter is resolved. - Nicklink483 (talk) 20:08, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Been more or less out of touch the past few days. I think the article is better with point and counterpoint. Surely you have a point. But eliminating a viewpoint, even if it is wrong, is IMHO wrong. That being said, I have neither the energy nor the interest to right (or "write") every wrong edit in Wikipedia.  7&6=thirteen (☎) 20:15, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

 * "Been more or less out of touch the past few days." That's objectively false. "But eliminating a viewpoint, even if it is wrong, is IMHO wrong." So would you want me to go through each Fallacy page and add an explanation on how fallacies can be purple (with references)?  Would you be against someone else 'eliminating' that viewpoint?  "I think the article is better with point and counterpoint."  It's nice that you have an aesthetic preference to the structure of this article, but this isn't the sort of thing that's controversial.  Certainly we wouldn't see a 'counterpoint' to a page all about 2 plus 2 equaling 4.  Furthermore, even if your preference for a counterpoint were valid aesthetically, it's still the only Fallacy page with any such counterpoint, so other's aesthetic preferences for consistency weakens that point.  - Nicklink483 (talk) 20:36, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

Paradox of Thrift Not an Example
Under "Examples", the article gave the following:

 * An important example from economics is the Paradox of thrift: if one household saves money, it can consume more in the future. Therefore if all households save money, they can all consume more in the future.

The Paradox of Thrift is not an example of a Fallacy of Composition but the answer to one. The fallacy lies in the syllogism given, but the syllogism isn't the Paradox of Thrift: it's what the Paradox of Thrift proves to be fallacious.

I have therefore rewritten that example as best I could. Somebody with a better understanding of either logic or economics may be able to improve on my effort.

Jdcrutch (talk) 20:01, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Incoherent "modo hoc" example?
The illustration seems to be trying to conflate "describable form" with the more nebulous term "meaning", seemingly as nothing more then a booster for atheism and the selling point of the cited book. Further, it seems to be self-contradicting, as it implies that the proper statement would be that "matter, motion and meaning are all that comprise man" and that the original premise could indeed be inferred as false. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.135.121.159 (talk) 13:18, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

Comprise vs. Compose in the "modo hoc" section
Man comprises this and that is correct. Or this and that compose man. But not this and that comprise man. Accepted grammatical usage. Hermanoere (talk) 16:45, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

Fallacy of hasty generalization
"This fallacy is often confused with the fallacy of hasty generalization, in which an unwarranted inference is made from a statement about a sample to a statement about the population from which it is drawn"

I don't understand the distinction made in the quote above. Are they two different things? Is one an example of the other? Surely a hasty generalisation is an example of a fallacy of composition? Can somebody please make this distinction clearer. Two examples which are each an example of one but not the other would held. And if there is one, an example which is both too. Thanks you.

Vapourmile (talk) 02:13, 18 July 2018 (UTC)

 * In case it helps, in the template, one is in the section "Illicit transference" with the other under "Faulty generalization". I agree that they appear very similar as currently described in their lead.  To really understand the difference I'd have to dig in some sources myself.  — Paleo  Neonate  – 13:08, 18 July 2018 (UTC)

Then don't reference hasty generalizations. The article is schizophrenic enough as it is.

"Tail wagging the dog" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Tail wagging the dog. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 17:33, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

Philosophy
Example of fallacy of composition 222.127.49.206 (talk) 08:47, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

On the topic of whether this is a formal fallacy
I'm positive that the fallacy of composition is a formal fallacy. A formal fallacy affects the structure of an argument, rendering it logically invalid, even if the premises are true. This is exactly what the fallacy of composition is. This seems trivially obvious to me. — Python Drink (talk) 15:15, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fallacy of composition


text:
New York State Railways

New York State Railways was a subsidiary of the New York Central Railroad that controlled several large city streetcar and electric interurban systems in upstate New York. It included the city transit lines in Rochester, Syracuse, Utica, Oneida and Rome, plus various interurban lines connecting those cities. New York State Railways also held a 50% interest in the Schenectady Railway Company, but it remained a separate independent operation. The New York Central took control of the Rochester Railway Company, the Rochester and Eastern Rapid Railway and the Rochester and Sodus Bay Railway in 1905, and the Mohawk Valley Company was formed by the railroad to manage these new acquisitions. New York State Railways was formed in 1909 when the properties controlled by the Mohawk Valley Company were merged. In 1912 it added the Rochester and Suburban Railway, the Syracuse Rapid Transit Railway, the Oneida Railway, and the Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway. The New York Central Railroad was interested in acquiring these lines in an effort to control the competition and to gain control of the lucrative electric utility companies that were behind many of these streetcar and interurban railways. Ridership across the system dropped through the 1920s as operating costs continued to rise, coupled with competition from better highways and private automobile use. New York Central sold New York State Railways in 1928 to a consortium led by investor E. L. Phillips, who was looking to gain control of the upstate utilities. Phillips sold his stake to Associated Gas & Electric in 1929, and the new owners allowed the railway bonds to default. New York State Railways entered receivership on December 30, 1929. The company emerged from receivership in 1934, and local operations were sold off to new private operators between 1938 and 1948.

Early history (1905–1928)
The New York Central Railroad took notice to the potential competition arising from the streetcar and electric interurban railways being built in its territory across upstate New York. In an effort to control the competition, the railroad began buying controlling interests in the Rochester Railway Company, the Rochester and Sodus Bay Railway, and the Rochester and Eastern Rapid Railway. The Mohawk Valley Company was formed in 1905 to manage these properties. The company also controlled the Canandaigua Gas Light Company, the Despatch Heat, Light and Power Company, and the Eastern Monroe Electric Light and Power Company. New York State Railways was incorporated on March 22, 1909, to take over the three railways and consolidate them into a single entity.

A second wave of expansion followed when the Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway, the Oneida Railway, the Syracuse Rapid Transit Railway, and the Rochester and Suburban Railway were merged into New York State Railways on October 31, 1912. The East Side Traction Company was added on August 28, 1919.

At its peak, New York State Railways operated 338 miles across Rochester, Syracuse, Utica, Oneida, Sodus Bay, Canandaigua, and Geneva. In June 1920, the total value of the New York State Railway Corporation franchise in Syracuse as determined by the New York State Tax Commission was $2,320,000 down from $2,407,000 in 1919.

Patronage on the streetcar and interurban lines declined in the 1920s, thanks to autos, buses, and paved roads — but the electric utilities owned by the company grew. As a result, in 1928 the New York Central sold its control of the New York State Railways system to what became the Associated Gas & Electric Co.

Decline, receivership and reorganization (1929–1948)
Shortly after the transaction, the stock market crashed, and on December 30, 1929, the company was put into receivership. Increased competition from private automobile ownership and the construction of better highways forced the closure of the electric interurban railways. An application was made to abandon the Rochester and Eastern Rapid Railway in November 1929, but the court process was delayed until the following summer when an order was approved to end all service to Geneva on July 31, 1930.

New York State Railways emerged from receivership in 1934, and gradually the remaining core city lines were sold as separate operations. The Rochester Lines were reorganized as the Rochester Transit Corporation on August 2, 1938. The Syracuse Transit Corporation took over the former Syracuse Lines on November 22, 1939. The last streetcars operated on the Utica Lines on May 12, 1941, but it wasn't until May 1, 1948 that the transit system was reorganized as the Utica Transit Corporation.

Rochester Lines
The Rochester Lines were made up of the city and suburban lines operated by Rochester Railway Company, the Canandaigua local service (the former Canandaigua Street Railroad), the Rochester and Eastern Rapid Railway, and the Rochester and Sodus Bay Railway that were consolidated into New York State Railways in 1909. In 1927, the city-owned Rochester Subway was placed under the operation of New York State Railways on a contract basis with the city of Rochester. Trackless trolleys were briefly operated in Rochester between 1923 and 1932. The first streetcar lines were closed in 1929, including the Exchange, Plymouth, Emerson, and Driving Park routes. Service on the Rochester and Sodus Bay interurban to Sodus Bay was also abandoned the same year, local service to Glen Haven ended in 1933. The Rochester and Eastern Rapid Railway shut down its interurban line to Geneva in 1930, the same day local service ended in Canandaigua. The largest streetcar line conversion came in August 1936, when eleven routes (Durand-Eastman Park, Allen, Jefferson, South Clinton, Webster, Clifford, Central Park, Goodman North, Sea Breeze, Hudson, and Joseph) were closed. The following year the Park, West, and University lines were closed. The Rochester Lines were reorganized as Rochester Transit Corporation on August 2, 1938, to operate the remaining bus and streetcar transit lines. Streetcar operation ended in 1941, and the Rochester Subway shut down in 1956. All transit franchises succeeded by Rochester Transit Corporation in 1938 were later transferred to Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority in 1969.

Syracuse Lines
The Syracuse Lines consisted mainly of the city and suburban operations serving Syracuse. Several smaller streetcar and interurban lines serving the city and suburbs of Syracuse were consolidated into the Syracuse Rapid Transit Railway on May 21, 1896. Additional lines were acquired and extended throughout the 1890s. The Syracuse Rapid Transit Railway was merged with New York State Railways in 1912. At its peak, the Syracuse Lines operated more than 200 cars on 100 miles of track over 27 routes. The first streetcar line closure was the Green Street route in September 1927, with no replacement bus service. On May 31, 1930, the Valley via Elmwood and Valley via Salina routes were closed and not replaced with buses. The Burnet line was converted to bus operation On January 22, 1933. The West Genesee and West Solvay lines were closed on June 30, 1933. Additional closures followed on October 31 when the Dudley, Oak, and Park lines were shut down. The Liverpool line succumbed on the last day of 1933. The Oakwood and Summit lines were closed on May 27, 1935, and the Solvay line was the only closure in 1936. The Elmwood, East Syracuse, and Midler lines were shut down on September 15, 1937, with the Minoa route following on October 11. The Court and Midland lines closed on July 31, 1938. The final route closure under New York State Railways would be the University Line on September 30, 1939. The former Syracuse Lines were reorganized as the privately owned Syracuse Transit Corporation on November 22, 1939. All remaining streetcar lines were converted to bus by 1941. In 1972, all transit franchises were succeeded by the Central New York Regional Transportation Authority.

Oneida Lines
The Oneida Lines consisted of the city streetcar lines, the Oneida Railway interurban line between Syracuse and Utica (known as the "Third Rail Line"), and the Sherrill-Kenwood shuttle. The earliest portion of the Oneida Lines was incorporated in 1885 as the Oneida Railway Company of Oneida, New York (later simplified to Onedia Railway Company in 1903). Opened on July 4, 1885, as a horsecar transit operation, the line stretched 1.5 miles along Main Street from the New York Central Railroad station to the West Shore Railroad station at Oneida Castle. The horsecar operation ended on July 30, 1902, and the railway was shut down while the system was electrified and expanded. When it reopened on December 14, the operation was now 4.4 miles and included an extension to Wampsville.

In 1905, the Oneida Railway leased a section of the West Shore Railroad from the New York Central Railroad for the purpose of electrifying the line for interurban service between Syracuse and Utica. A connection with the Utica street railways was made at Genesee Street, and with the Syracuse street railways near Burnet Avenue. Service began on June 16, 1907. Cars were powered by a third rail, except when running on the street railways of Syracuse, Oneida, or Utica, where the overhead trolley wire was used instead.

A 1.5 mile spur was constructed from the Oneida Railway station at Sherrill to Kenwood in 1909, and operated as a single-car shuttle meeting all interurban trains. In 1911, an extension of the city streetcar was built to serve the New York, Ontario and Western Railway station at Oneida. In 1912, the Oneida operations were acquired by New York State Railways.

Declining ridership through the 1920s forced the Sherrill-Kenwood shuttle to suspend operations on August 29, 1927. The shuttle was formally abandoned nearly a year later on July 31, 1928. Ridership on the Oneida Railway declined through the 1920s and the company entered receivership. The last day of service was December 31, 1930. The electrification was removed and control of the line reverted to the West Shore Railroad. Local service on the Oneida street railway ended the same day. There was no immediate successor to the transit franchises of the Oneida Lines once all streetcar and interurban railway operations ceased at the end of 1930. The Central New York Regional Transportation Authority is now responsible for bus transportation in the region formerly served by the Oneida Lines.

Utica Lines
The Utica Lines of New York State Railways was composed mainly of the city and suburban lines serving both Utica and Rome. The various streetcar lines serving Utica were consolidated into the Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway in 1901. The Mohawk Valley Line was an interurban connecting Rome, Utica, and Little Falls, constructed between 1902 and 1903. This became the busiest route, with half-hourly service on its double-track main line. The Rome City Street Railroad was merged into the Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway in 1907. The U&MV was merged into New York State Railways in 1912. The first lines to be closed were the Auburn Avenue and Oneida Street routes in 1925. That same year an amusement park was built near the main carban and shops called Forest Park, which was an immediate success, yet first to feel the effects of the Great Depression, which forced it to close in 1929. The South Woods shuttle also ended service in 1929. The Mohawk Valley Line began to show significant losses starting in 1926, and shut down on June 30, 1933. The steel interurban cars that served on the Mohawk Valley Line were purchased new in 1916, and were the newest equipment on the entire New York State Railways system. The cars were transferred to Rochester Lines in 1936 to upgrade the Rochester Subway, and entered service in 1938 under new operator Rochester Transit Corporation.

The Rome city lines were never successful, and the first service suspensions came to the James Street line in 1927 and the Madison Street line in 1928. All streetcar service came in Rome to an end on December 7, 1930. In 1931, the North Utica line was closed, and the Eagle Street (6) line followed in 1932. The Lenox (15), Lincoln (10), and Blandina (9) routes closed in 1933, with South Street and Mohawk street following the year after. In 1934 the South Street and Mohawk Street lines were closed, the same year New York State Railways emerged from receivership. The James Street and Clinton lines were shut down in 1936, while the Whitesboro (11) and New York Mills (12) lines were closed in the summer of 1938. The Capron (5) line hung on until April 8, 1941. The last day for streetcar operation in Utica was May 12, 1941, when the New Hartford and Forest Park (16) lines closed. The mayor of Utica was at the controls of Car 310, the last car to roll into the Forest Park carbarn.

The transit franchises formerly operated by the streetcars were continued by the Copper City Bus Line and the Rome City Bus Line. It wasn't until 1948 that many parts of the former Utica Lines were reorganized as the Utica Transit Corporation. The city-owned Utica Transit Commission took over operations in 1965, which was succeeded by the Utica Transit Authority in 1974. In 2005, the transit operations transferred to the Central New York Regional Transportation Authority and its subsidiaries Centro Rome and Centro Utica.

title: New York State Railways


text:
FORFUSCO

FORFUSCO is a syllabic abbreviation for the Force maritime des fusiliers marins et commandos, headquartered in Lorient, is the French Navy organisation responsible for and in command of the Fusiliers Marins and Commandos Marine. FORCUSCO is headed by a general officer with the title of Admiral commandant Les fusiliers marins et commandos (ALFUSCO). This force carries out:
 * Advanced force and reconnaissance operations from the sea
 * Special operations
 * Protection of key sites and vessels of the French Navy
 * Provision of security for elements of the naval forces.

A 2,700-man strong force, the FORFUSCO is the fourth organic force of the French Navy.

Sailor Riflemen
Battalions and companies of sailors are dedicated to the protection of sensitive naval sites (eg military ports, naval aviation bases, communications transmission stations, ammunition depots). The sailors are also an integral part of buildings as domestic service - called "bidellerie" in navy slang.

There are seven companies of sailors (CIFUSIL), which provide protection for the following sites:
 * Military port of Cherbourg
 * Submarine base in Île Longue and pyrotechnics in Guenvénez
 * Naval aviation base in Lann Bihoué
 * Communications center in Rosnay, Indre
 * Communications center in Sainte-Assise, Seine-et-Marne
 * Communications center in Villepinte France and South Saissac, Aude
 * Naval aviation base in Lanvéoc-Poulmic (unit created on 1 September 2011 after the closure of the naval aviation base in Nimes-Garons)
 * Sailor riflemen and Commando training center Lorient

These seven companies send detachments who take turns every four to six months to ensure the protection of the communications centers of Fort-de-France, Mahina Mahina Super and around Papeete, of Ouen Toro in Noumea, and Rufisque near Dakar. They also support operations of the Navy Commandos (Commandos Marine), augment boarding parties and provide military training to the French navy.

Navy Commandos
The Commandos Marine are trained to targeted actions in places where it is not feasible or appropriate to deploy a larger force. They are primarily used by the French Special Operations Command (COS) since 1992. They are seven in number: Commando Jaubert, Commando Ponchardier, Commando Trepel, Commando de Montfort, Commando de Penfentenyo, Commando Kieffer, and Commando Hubert, each with their own mission specialism. They have evolved to be broadly comparable to the British SBS.

title: FORFUSCO


text: Category:Military animals

title: Category:Military animals


text:
Talk:Skeg

Perhaps we could have another revolution in surfing by adding a fourth fin? And then a fifth! Agentsoo 19:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Article contradicts itself
The article starts out saying that the skeg was "invented" by Tom Blake in 1935, then immediatly proceeds to explain that there were earlier uses. Sure, the earlier uses on ships go back over 2,000 years. How, then, could one assert that Blake invented the skeg? This article needs a re-write, preferably NPOV by a non-surfer. —QuicksilverT @ 18:52, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

It seems to me that the article is simply written backwards. The historical references to a skeg should precede the modern surfboard reference. Tom Blake obviously did not "invent" the skeg, but applied an existing technology to a modern device. --Greggbc 17:38, 29 December 2006 (UTC)greggbc@cox.net

 * I have gone over it. Make adjustments and when it's o.k., take the tag off. (RJP 11:11, 19 January 2007 (UTC))

Pronunciation of 'Skegness'
The article says that " 'Skegness' is pronounced with an un-Danish hard 'g' " ... While generally true that terminal 'g' in Danish is pronounced very softly, it is not the case with 'skæg', so I'm removing this statement. Daen (talk) 19:40, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skeg


text:
User talk:Cdman882

Cdman882 (talk) 16:16, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:03, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

"Chudley Cannons" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Chudley Cannons. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 July 1 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Thryduulf (talk) 23:29, 1 July 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cdman882