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Idealised population

In population genetics an idealised population is one that can be described using a number of simplifying assumptions. Models of idealised populations are either used to make a general point, or they are fit to data on real populations for which the assumptions may not hold true. For example, coalescent theory is used to fit data to models of idealised populations. The most common idealized population in population genetics is described in the Wright-Fisher model after Sewall Wright and Ronald Fisher (1922, 1930) and (1931). Wright-Fisher populations have constant size, and their members can mate and reproduce with any other member. Another example is a Moran model, which has overlapping generations, rather than the non-overlapping generations of the Fisher-Wright model. The complexities of real populations can cause their behavior to match an idealised population with an effective population size that is very different from the census population size of the real population. For sexual diploids, idealized populations will have genotype frequencies related to the allele frequencies according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Hardy-Weinberg
In 1908, G. H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg modeled an idealised population to demonstrate that in the absence of selection, migration, random genetic drift, allele frequencies stay constant over time, and that in the presence of random mating, genotype frequencies are related to allele frequencies according to a binomial square principle called the Hardy-Weinberg law.

Usage in population dynamics
A good example of usage idealised population model, in tracking natural population conditions, could be found in a research of Joe Roman and Stephen R. Palumbi (2003). Using genetic diversity data, they questioned: have populations of North Atlantic great whales recovered enough for commercial whaling? To calculate genetic diversity the authors multiply long term effective population size of the females by two, assuming sex ratio 1:1, and then multiply by mitochondrial genes substitution rate, per generation. Making several assumptions according to the sex ratio and number of juveniles, they were able to calculate that in contrast to historical records, modern whale populations are far from harvestable range.

Application to population history
Idealised population models could not only provide us with information about present populations conditions but are useful in revealing natural history and population dynamics in the past as well. Using an idealised population model, Anders Eriksson and Andrea Manica (2012) tested the hypothesis of the archaic human admixture with modern humans. The authors compare genome sequences of two human populations, Neanderthals and chimpanzee. Eriksson and Manica created a stepping stone model under which Africa and Eurasia are represented as a string of equal size populations. They concluded that under the stepping stone model, in which Europeans can exchange genetic information with Asians and not with Africans, similarities between Neanderthal genome and Eurasian could be explained by ancient populations structure.

Computer simulations
Usage of models, also allows to perform simulations, including in silica ones, to hypothesize evolutionary outcomes. As an example, PopG is a free computer program that is capable of simulating simultaneous evolution of populations based on Fisher-Wright model. Idealised population model also, could be used in several simple simulations designed for education. So, Charles Darwin: Can you survive? Simulation is designed to introduce general public to the concept of natural selection. Another example is Genetic Drift simulator (Requires an updated Java version), which is designed to visualize influence of genetic drift on natural populations.

title: Idealised population


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Talk:Idealised population

Copyvio
Anon inserted text from http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/users/terry/Classes/s260.1998/Week13a/week13a.ps which I've deleted from public view. Dunc|☺ 13:59, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Idealised population


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Propidium iodide

Propidium iodide (or PI) is a fluorescent intercalating agent that can be used to stain cells and nucleic acids. PI binds to DNA by intercalating between the bases with little or no sequence preference. When in an aqueous solution, PI has a fluorescent excitation maximum of 493 nm (blue-green), and an emission maximum of 636 nm (red). After binding DNA, the quantum yield of PI is enhanced 20-30 fold, and the excitation/emission maximum of PI is shifted to 535 nm (green) / 617 nm (orange-red). Propidium iodide is used as a DNA stain in flow cytometry to evaluate cell viability or DNA content in cell cycle analysis, or in microscopy to visualize the nucleus and other DNA-containing organelles. Propidium Iodide is not membrane-permeable, making it useful to differentiate necrotic, apoptotic and healthy cells based on membrane integrity. PI also binds to RNA, necessitating treatment with nucleases to distinguish between RNA and DNA staining. PI is widely used in fluorescence staining and visualization of the plant cell wall.

title: Propidium iodide


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Jamestown Bridge

The Jamestown Bridge (usually referred to as the Old Jamestown Bridge to avoid confusion with its replacement, the Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge) was a cantilever truss bridge that connected Conanicut Island to mainland North Kingstown, Rhode Island, spanning the West passage of Narragansett Bay. The bridge first opened to traffic in 1940, replacing ferry service as the primary connection for the town of Jamestown, situated on Conanicut Island. It was constructed for just over $3 million 1940 USD, which was paid for by tolls until June 28, 1969. With a total length of 6,892 feet (2,100 m), the Jamestown Bridge was the third longest in Rhode Island at the time of its destruction, ranking behind its replacement, the adjacent 7,350-foot (2,240 m) Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge, and the 11,248-foot (3,428 m) Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge connecting Conanicut Island to Aquidneck Island and Newport. The Jamestown Bridge was closed to vehicular traffic on October 8, 1992, and its main span was destroyed through a controlled demolition on April 18, 2006.

History
Navigating around Narragansett Bay had proved troublesome since the colonial era, the first ferry operation began in 1675 introduced an alternate to the long route around Providence, Rhode Island. Steam service in the West Passage began in 1888 and reduced travel times, but subject to weather conditions. In 1920, the first plans for the Jamestown Bridge began and it was stimulated by the Newport Ferry Company's financial troubles. In 1934, during the Great Depression, the State of Rhode Island sought funding from the United States federal government to construct bridges over both the West Passage and East Passage of the bay. The plans were well-supported and passed the Rhode Island House of Representatives by a 96-to-1 vote, and were approved by President Franklin Roosevelt. The minor opposition to the bridge's construction was quelled after the 1938 New England hurricane destroyed the ferry docks and one of the ferryboats on September 21, 1938, stopping ferry service. The bridge was designed by Parsons, Klapp, Brinckerhoff and Douglass and called for a 6982 ft bridge with 69 spans with a total cost of $3 million. The bridge was delayed by two months, but was completed for better than $100,000 under budget. A crew of nearly 200 constructed the bridge and the work was completed without a single fatality. This claim however is contested as a fatality took place during the construction of the coffer dams on September 18, 1939. On July 27, 1940, the bridge opened for traffic and a 90 cent toll was charged on the North Kingstown side. The toll would later be reduced to 35 cents and 25 cents before being removed in 1969, following the completion of the Newport (Pell) Bridge. A formal dedication of the bridge commenced on the weekend of August 2 through August 4, 1940, with a military marine parade on the final day.

Structure
The bridge consisted of 69 spans with a large continuous cantilever Warren truss centerpiece. The 640 ft (200 m) main span was 135 ft (41 m) above the western portion of the Narragansett Bay. The bridge was long thought to be a danger to motorists, consisting of only two undivided lanes, and during the summer months, the eastbound lane was usually at a standstill due to vacationers traveling to Newport via the main route from the mainland. Its steep climb proved challenging for some vehicles and with no passing lanes or shoulders, hazardous conditions resulted when stalled vehicles were on the bridge. The roadway deck through the cantilevered span was an open steel-grid deck, similar to that of the Castleton Bridge just south of Albany, New York, or the now-demolished Sikorsky Bridge on the Merritt Parkway in Connecticut. The deck proved to be extremely slippery when wet. After the bridge began to show structural problems with age, RIDOT began construction of the Jamestown-Verrazano Bridge in 1985. The new bridge, which opened on October 17, 1992, includes four divided lanes of traffic with shoulders.

Service
The bridge is reported to have inspired fear in motorists because of its open grates, which allowed the motorists to peer down into the Narragansett Bay about 150 ft below, and because the bridge would shake in high winds. Head-on collisions on the 22 ft undivided bridge were reported to be common, and the steel grid pavement was noted as "treacherous" when wet.

Demolition
The United States Coast Guard had long declared the Jamestown Bridge to be a navigation hazard and requested that the state of Rhode Island dismantle the eastern two thirds of it. The Sierra Club, an environmental organization, suggested to instead turn the bridge into a bike route and walkway. However, the aging structure proved to be in far worse condition than previously thought, prompting officials to go ahead with removing the entire structure.On April 18, 2006, the main span of the Jamestown Bridge was brought down by Department of Transportation employee Wilfred Hernandez, using 75 lb of RDX explosives and 350 shaped charges. TNT charges were later used to remove the concrete piers. On May 18, 2006, crews imploded the trusses that once carried the side spans. Throughout mid-2006, workers removed the remaining support piers and low-level approach spans west of the main channel. The extreme western portion of the bridge was not demolished with the remains of the bridge during 2006, as officials planned to renovate and convert it into a fishing pier, but ultimately it was removed in 2010 when renovation and cleanup proved too costly. That last part was then demolished in the same year. The total cost for removal of the Jamestown Bridge was US$22 million. The demolished steel superstructure was floated away for recycling, while concrete from the bridge piers was used to create artificial reefs below the mouth of Narragansett Bay.

title: Jamestown Bridge


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Talk:Eyelash

non-human eyelashes
This is overly specific to humans. Needs info on other animals. sbelknap (talk) 01:43, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eyelash


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User:Cyberboz

Hi Wikipedian !

I love videogames and I'll participate as much as I can !

There's the pages that I've contributed :

Games

 * Soul Edge
 * Soul Calibur
 * Soul Calibur II
 * Soul Calibur III

Videogames Characters

 * Cervantes de Leon (Soul Calibur)
 * Chai Xianghua (Soul Calibur)
 * Heishiro Mitsurugi (Soul Calibur)
 * Isabella "Ivy" Valentine (Soul Calibur)
 * Kilik (Soul Calibur)
 * Li Long (Soul Calibur)
 * Nightmare (Soul Calibur)
 * Seung Mi Na (Soul Calibur)
 * Siegfried Schtauffen (Soul Calibur)
 * Sophitia Alexandra (Soul Calibur)
 * Taki (Soul Calibur)
 * Voldo (Soul Calibur)

And there's contributors that I like working with :

 * Shackleton

title: User:Cyberboz


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Geneva (band)

Geneva are a Scottish rock band formed in Aberdeen in 1992. The group enjoyed moderate chart success but split after the release of their second album. They reformed in 2018, minus guitarist Stuart Evans, in preparation for a live tour in 2019.

Career
The band were formed in 1992 by vocalist Andrew Montgomery and guitarist Steven Dora. They recruited second guitarist Stuart Evans, bass player Keith Graham and finally drummer Craig Brown. Craig was later replaced by Douglas Caskie. Originally the band were called Sunfish.

One of their demos found their way to Suede’s record label, Nude, who signed the band in 1996. The band changed their name, originally to Garland, then later to Geneva, and released their debut single "No One Speaks" the same year. The band garnered enough press to headline NME's annual Bratbus tour of up and coming bands in early 1997. The band released second single "Into the Blue" to coincide with the tour.

Musical style
The band fitted well with the current musical scene and were well promoted by the UK music press of the time. As a reaction to the fading Britpop scene many bands rejected the laddish ideals of bands like Oasis and wrote darker, more intelligent songs, in the vein of contemporaries such as Gene and Strangelove. Montgomery's relatively high-pitched vocals were often compared to Suede's Brett Anderson.

Albums
Geneva released their debut album, Further, early in June 1997. The album mixed power pop with darker brooding songs. It reached No. 20 in the UK Albums Chart, and included amongst others the NME voted "Single of the Year", "Tranquilizer", plus "Best Regrets", "No One Speaks" and "Into the Blue". All four singles from the album reached the UK Top 40.

The second album, Weather Underground, was released in March 2000, after more than a year of wrangling with the band's record label. It was preceded by the single "Dollars in the Heavens" (which only made the UK Top 60) and followed by the single "If You Have To Go". The band split later that year.

Current whereabouts
Following the breakup of Geneva, Evans and Graham formed 69CORP and released an album, Our Present to the Future in 2005, although 69CORP now consists of just Graham.

Andrew Montgomery embarked on a number of musical collaborations, most notably with American composer Ben Neill and Leeds electronica guru Overseer. Montgomery formed a band called Amityville with guitarist Stuart Peck and drummer David Bevis; they released the Pacific Radio Fire EP in 2004 to critical acclaim - a limited release, it quickly sold out. Amityville broke up in late 2005 and Montgomery formed a duo with Keris Howard called St Famous. In March 2009 Montgomery announced on the band's Myspace page that Keris Howard had decided to leave the band and St Famous disbanded.

Montgomery appeared in the "Identity Parade" in series 22 (2008) of the BBC television programme Never Mind the Buzzcocks.

Montgomery announced in July 2014 that his début solo album, "Ruled By Dreams" would receive a worldwide release on 5 October 2014, supported with a UK tour. The album is slated to feature Suede guitarist Richard Oakes and Norwegian singer Kate Havnevik and was produced and co-written with Britney Spears, Robyn, Frou Frou and Alison Moyet collaborator Sean McGhee. Andrew then went on to join an electronic duo called Unify Separate (Us) for a few songs and a tour. As of 2018 they have reunited for the Star Shaped Festival tour and have teased they may be releasing new music.

title: Geneva (band)


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User talk:Ishika

=External links= Please refer to External links with regards to what is appropiate to link. If you feel I have made an edit in error, please discuss it with me rather than simply reverting. Changes without comments in the edit section, and disputed changes unsupported by the talk page, will be reverted. brenneman (t) (c) 14:00, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Hello, Thanks for updating me on rules. I'll take care of these from now on.

title: User talk:Ishika


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Robert Wilberforce

Robert Isaac Wilberforce (19 December 1802 – 3 February 1857) was an English clergyman and writer.

Early life and education
He was second son of abolitionist William Wilberforce, and active in the Oxford Movement. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, taking a double first in 1823.

Career
In 1826, he was chosen fellow of Oriel and was ordained, among his friends and colleagues being Newman, Pusey and Keble. Though Robert is perhaps lesser known, all were prominent figures within the Oxford Movement and involved in the publication of the Tracts for the Times.

For a few years he was one of the tutors at Oriel. The provost Edward Hawkins disliked his religious views, and in 1831 Wilberforce resigned and left Oxford. His release from Oxford gave him the opportunity to study in German areas; his familiarity with German theology and competency as a German scholar being one of the things for which he was most revered among his contemporaries.

In 1832 he obtained the living of East Farleigh, Kent, which in 1840 he exchanged for that of Burton Agnes, near Hull.

In 1841, he was appointed archdeacon of the East Riding of Yorkshire. About this time Wilberforce became close with Henry Manning, and they exchanged many letters on theological and ecclesiastical questions. They were deeply involved in re-examining the relationship between the Church of England and Roman Catholicism. On 27 March 1848, Robert Wilberforce and his brother Samuel joined the Canterbury Association.

It was during his time in Burton Agnes, and his correspondence with Manning, that Robert’s real struggle with his religion began. The slow pace of life ensured much of his time was spent mulling over the same arguments over and over again. His growing disillusionment was centred on what he perceived to be an untidy boundary between the State and the Church which caused his allegiance to the Church of England to gradually wane until it disappeared altogether.

In 1851, Manning joined the Roman Catholic Church, and three years later Wilberforce took the same step. His conversion came as a reaction to the so-called Gorham Judgement. The effects of which seemed to affirm Robert’s doubts and consequently his conviction that the Church of England was a heretical body to which he could no longer belong with a clear conscience, turning his loyalty away from Canterbury and York, towards Rome for good.

It is also thought that the controversy excited following the publication of his Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist - the third in a series of such doctrines which re-examined sacramental teaching and were published in the years 1848 to 1853 – may have propelled him towards the Roman Catholic Church, forcing him to finally make the decision he had struggled with for so many years. So extreme were his views on the Eucharist that they were considered heretical and once rumours of prosecution began to reach him in the summer of 1854 Robert’s mind was made up. On 30 August he recalled his subscription to the Oath of Supremacy and submitted his resignation from all his posts to the Archbishop and in October made the trip to Paris where he was to be received into the Church of Rome on All Saints’ Eve.

He was preparing for his (Roman Catholic) ordination when he died at Albano on 3 February 1857. He is buried in Rome at the Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, near the Pantheon. His tomb is situated just outside the right transept of the church.

Family
Wilberforce was pre-deceased by his first wife Agnes Everilda Frances Wrangham (1800–1834) and second wife Jane Legard (d. 1854).

He was survived by two sons, William Francis Wilberforce (1833–1905), Vicar of Brodsworth and president of the Oxford Union, and Edward Wilberforce (1834–1914), who became one of the masters of the Supreme Court of Judicature. Edward's son, Lionel Robert Wilberforce, (1861–1944) was, in 1900, appointed professor of physics in the University of Liverpool, and his other children were:

 * Sir Herbert William Wrangham Wilberforce, Barrister (1864–1941)
 * Alexander (Alex) Basil Edward Wilberforce (1867–1902)
 * Evelyn Agnes Fannie Wilberforce (1872–1954)

R. I. Wilberforce assisted his brother, Samuel Wilberforce to write the Life and to edit the Correspondence of his father.

Writings

 * Church Courts and Church Discipline (1843);
 * Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist (1853);
 * Doctrine of the Incarnation in Relation to Mankind and the Church (1848 and later editions);
 * The Five Empires, a Sketch of Ancient History (1840);
 * The Doctrine of Holy Baptism (1849);
 * A Sketch of the History of Erastianism (1851); and
 * An Enquiry into the Principles of Church Authority (1854)

His first published work was a romance, Rutilius and Lucius (1842).

Robert was regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the Oxford Movement and his knowledge of Christian doctrine not easily matched by his contemporaries. The contents of his library are testament to this with known collections surviving at Wilberforce House Museum, Hull and within the University of York’s Rare Books Library. The subject matter contained within these libraries is wide-ranging, reflecting the interests, passions and religious devotion of the Wilberforce family and are thought to have been actively used for self-improvement and religious inspiration as evidenced through the many examples of handwritten notes and annotations that can be found.

title: Robert Wilberforce


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Katrina Warren

Dr Katrina Louise Warren (born 8 December 1967) is an Australian veterinarian, best known as the co-host of several popular television programs on the Seven Network.

Career
After working as a fashion model in Japan, Warren first appeared on television screens in the Ten Network's children's program Totally Wild in 1994.

Warren is best known for her appearances from 1997 on the Seven Network family show Harry's Practice as a resident vet. She was the star of "Beverly Hills Vet" a show produced by Animal Planet in 2003. She also appeared in 2004 as a contestant on Australia's Dancing with the Stars. Warren also presented on the Channel Seven lifestyle show Melbourne Weekender with Jo Silvagni.

From 2008 to 2010, Warren worked as a host of the TV Show Housecat Housecall on Animal Planet in the US.

Personal life
Warren gave birth to her daughter Charlotte Darcy in 2007, now an actress and TikToker. Warren and her husband, Anthony Darcy, separated 15 months later. Warren lives in Sydney.

title: Katrina Warren


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Stanisław Kosior

Stanisław Vikentyevich Kosior (Станислав Викентьевич Косиор; 18 November 1889 – 26 February 1939), sometimes spelled Kossior, was a Soviet politician who was First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union and member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). He and his wife were both executed during the Great Purge.

Early career
Stanisław Kosior was born in 1889 in Węgrów in the Siedlce Governorate of the Russian Empire, in the region of Podlachia, to a Polish family of humble factory workers. Because of poverty, he migrated east to Yuzovka (modern Donetsk), where he worked at a steel mill. In 1907 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and quickly became the head of the party's local branch. He was arrested and sacked from his job later that year, and the following year felt obliged to leave the area due to police activity. He used connections to get re-appointed at the Sulin factory in 1909 but was soon arrested again and deported to the Pavlovsk mine. In 1913 he was transferred to Moscow and then to Kyiv and Kharkiv, where he organized local Communist cells. In 1915 he was arrested by the Okhrana, the Russian secret police, and exiled to Siberia.

After the February Revolution Kosior moved to Petrograd, where he headed the local branch of the Bolsheviks and the Narva municipal committee. After the October Revolution Kosior moved to the German-controlled areas of the Ober-Ost and Ukraine, where he worked for the Bolshevik cause. After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, he moved back to Russia, where in 1920, he became Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was head of the Siberian branch of the CPSU from March 1922 to December 1925. In January 1926, he was appointed a Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, working alongside the General Secretary, Joseph Stalin.

Holodomor
In July 1928, Kosior was appointed General Secretary of the Ukrainian SSR Communist Party. His return coincided with Stalin's decision to drive the peasants onto collective farms, a policy Kosior supported. Speaking to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in November 1929, he argued that collectivisation was the only way to make progress in agriculture. In February 1930, he declared that Ukraine would be "completely collectivised in the course of the spring sowing campaign."

In July 1930, he was elevated to the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. After the harvest in 1931, Kosior knew that collectivisation was causing a catastrophic fall in agricultural output in Ukraine – visiting Moscow in August, he warned Stalin's deputy, Lazar Kaganovich, that there would be a shortfall of 170 million poods (nearly three million tons) of grain, but Kaganovich blamed the problem on mass theft by Ukrainian peasants and forced Kosior to follow this opinion.

Addressing a plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (of which he had been a member since 1926) he blamed the failure on middle ranking officials and party members who listened to the complaints of peasants that the quotas were too high. "Not only did they not fight; not only did they fail to organise the collective farm masses in the struggle for bread against the class enemy, they often followed along with this peasant mood", he said.

On Stalin's orders, Kosior pushed through a decree "On grain procurements" on 15 January 1932, which increased the power of the central government in Kharkiv to direct the confiscation of grain in the regions. The fact that he imposed this measure, "in spite of starvation in Ukrainian villages", was the first several examples cited by the Kyiv Court of Appeal in its 2010 resolution that judged Kosior to have been complicit in genocide. The court also recorded that on 1 February, he and Vlas Chubar co-signed a decree "On Seed", directing local committees to deny any seed aid to Ukraine's collective farms; on 17 March he signed a decree "On seed reserves", which led to increased repression of peasants who were resisting the confiscation of grain; and on 29 March, he pushed through a decree "On Polissia", under which 5,000 peasant families were deported from the Polissia region of Ukraine.

In April 1932, after touring the countryside, Kosior wrote to Stalin to say that there had been trouble from hungry peasants refusing to sow grain, and delicately requested that food be sent to Ukraine, which prompted an angry rejection, and seemingly made Stalin suspect that Kosior was not ruthless enough. "The worst aspect of this situation is Kosior's silence," he told Kaganovich, when other leading Ukrainian communists pleaded for help. When Kosior submitted a formal request for relief to the Politburo in Moscow, in June, it was turned down flat, and Kaganovich warned him his "mistakes" would be held as an example to other regional party leaders of how not to do their job. This was because Kosior's attempt to find an accommodation between Moscow's demands and the crisis in the countryside had turned Stalin against him. He told Kaganovich that Kosior was "manoeuvring" and engaging in "rotten diplomacy" and being "criminally frivolous." He considered sacking Kosior and sending Kaganovich in his place. However, Kosior and his deputy, Pavel Postyshev, met Stalin, who agreed to reduce Ukraine's grain quota. That seemed to settle their differences.

In November, Kosior delivered a speech blaming the trouble in the countryside on Ukrainian nationalists. In 1935 he was awarded the Order of Lenin "for remarkable success in the field of agriculture".

The Great Purge
Kosior loyally supported Stalin at the start of the Great Purge. He was one of eight Soviet leaders whom the defendants at the first of the Moscow Show Trials, in August 1936, were forced to confess that they plotted to assassinate. Five of the lists of people to be executed early in the purge were cosigned by him. At a plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU in December 1936, he delivered a personal attack on Nikolai Bukharin, who had been the leading opponent of collectivisation, calling him a liar. At the next plenum, he called for Bukharin and Alexei Rykov to be arrested but voted against executing them.

In January 1938 he was recalled to Moscow, and replaced by Nikita Khrushchev, who was told by Stalin that Kosior "wasn't doing a good job". Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that he objected to the transfer, partly because he liked Kosior, whom he described as "a fairly mild-mannered person, pleasant and intelligent", but Stalin overruled him. Kosior was appointed head of the Soviet Control Office and deputy prime minister of the USSR.

Kosior was arrested, and stripped of all Party posts, on 3 May 1938. During Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" to the 20th Party Congress in 1956, he disclosed that Kosior's case was handled by Boris Rodos, a particularly notorious torturer employed by the NKVD, who was ordered to force a confession out of him. Under interrogation, Kosior withstood brutal tortures, including being interrogated for 14 hours at a time, but cracked when his sixteen-year-old daughter was brought into the room and raped in front of him." After he had been broken, he was called to Stalin's office, to confront Grigory Petrovsky, the Chairman of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (de jure head of state) and the co-Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union, who refused to believe that Kosior was guilty. As Petrovsky described the meeting later:

"They sat Kosior in a chair. He sat there depressed; it was obvious he had been through a lot. 'Well talk!' 'What can I say?' Kosior replied. 'You know I'm a Polish spy.' ... Then Stalin remarked triumphantly: 'There, you see, Petrovsky, and you didn't believe Kosior became a spy. Now do you believe he's an enemy of the people?'"

Kosior was sentenced to death on 26 February 1939 by shooting and shot the same day by General Vasili Blokhin. After Stalin's death, Kosior was rehabilitated by the Soviet government on 14 March 1956.

Family
Kosior was one of four brothers. The oldest, Vladislav Kosior, and one of his younger brothers, Iosif Kosior, were also active communists. Vladislav was executed during the purges and Joseph died of an illness in 1937. Kosior's wife, Elizaveta, was arrested on 3 March 1938, accused of being the wife of a counter-revolutionary, and shot on 3 August 1938. Their daughter, Tamara (1922–1938), who was raped in front of her father, committed suicide by throwing herself in front of a train.

Kosior's son, Vladimir Stanislavovich, born in 1922, died in the Battle of Leningrad in the early days of December 1942.

title: Stanisław Kosior


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Bambouk Mountains

The Bambouk Mountains are a mountain range in western Mali, near its border with Senegal. They were once a major centre for gold mining, selling the metal to Arab traders as early as the 12th century. Mali is currently the third largest producer of gold in Africa because it still mines the mountain range's now significantly diminished deposits.

title: Bambouk Mountains


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Kosior

Kosior (sometimes spelled Kossior) is a surname of Polish origin. Notable people include:

 * Mateusz Kossior, 16th-century Polish painter and sculptor
 * Stanisław Kosior (1889–1939), Soviet politician

title: Kosior


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Talk:Mascara

Vandalism
Minor vandalism reverted. --Ef80 (talk) 20:01, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

spanish
mascara comes from spanish word "máscara", so fix that mistake. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.148.223.102 (talk) 22:50, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

 * On what evidence? Some evidence is required. Zaslav (talk) 23:34, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

Unusual citation style
I noticed that this article has an unusual citation style. This is fine, if you really like it this way. (Don't let anyone tell you different.) A more standard approach would be to use author-date shortened footnotes for the in-line references (if you like, sfn makes this easier) and the citation templates for the references with harv. But as I say, if you like it this way, it's fine. I just wanted to make sure you knew what was available. CharlesGillingham (talk) 18:50, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Hey I liked your comment, it's really nice of your saying (don't let anyone tell your different) Mystery246 (talk) 20:56, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

Etymology conflict
In the Etymology section the source is declared to be possibly Spanish, Italian, Catalan, Portuguese, and/or Arabic. Somehow biblical Hebrew, and Latin, got into the act; surely they should be removed as very dubiously relevant, so I put them here:
 * The Hebrew word משקרות (in the phrase mesaqqeroth `eynayim) relating to women's eyes is found in Isaiah 3:16. It may mean flirting or ogling with the eyes, or painting them with red pigment.
 * Latin treatises sometimes used the word mascara when referring to witches.

Then the History section begins with etymology by stating the source is "likely" the city name of Mascara, Algeria. This belongs in the etymology section and is contradictory to everything that is already there. Which conjectural etymologies have evidence? Which are pure invention? I invite a researcher to find out and clean this up. Zaslav (talk) 23:42, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

 * User:A_Georgian reverted my edit on the ground that this material is sourced. The issue is not source, it is that there is no relevance to the etymology.  If there is relevance, it needs to be explained in the article.  There are often words that seem similar in many languages and even have vaguely similar meanings but that are not etymologically related.  I ask User:A_Georgian to provide evidence that there is a connection of "mascara" to these ancient words, more than just citing them.  Zaslav (talk) 17:12, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mascara


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Howard Unwin Moffat

Howard Unwin Moffat (13 January 1869 – 19 January 1951) served as second premier of Southern Rhodesia, from 1927 to 1933.

Early life
Born in the Kuruman mission station in Bechuanaland (now in the Northern Cape province of South Africa), Moffat was the son of the missionary John Smith Moffat and grandson of the missionary Robert Moffat, who was the friend of King Mzilikazi and the father-in-law of David Livingstone. Howard Moffat attended St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown in 1885.

After service in the Bechuanaland Border Police, Moffat moved to Bulawayo and served in the 1893 Matabele War and the Anglo-Boer War.

Political career
He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1923 as member for Victoria and served as Minister of Mines and Works for the First Cabinet of Southern Rhodesia under Charles Coghlan. In the 1927 Birthday Honours Moffat was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG). He succeeded as premier after Coghlan's death in September 1927.

Moffat was viewed as a conservative who believed that Rhodesia would eventually join the Union of South Africa. He oversaw the purchase, for £2 million, of the British South Africa Company's remaining mineral rights in Southern Rhodesia. His government passed the 1930 Land Apportionment Act, which defined the pattern of land allocation and ownership and is viewed as being one of the ultimate causes of the land disputes during land reform in Zimbabwe from 2000. He resigned in 1933 and was succeeded by George Mitchell. In the 1933 general election he lost his seat. On 6 July 1933 he was granted retention of The Honourable for life.

Later life
In the 1939 general election Moffat attempted to restart the Rhodesia Party but this met with failure.

title: Howard Unwin Moffat


text:
Talk:METAR

Airline pilots and other pilots
I removed airline because all pilots use METARs, not just airline pilots. bDerrly talk contr 14:05, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Good edit. I missed that when I wrote it originaly :-) - Ottergoose 14:57, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Runway Status Information
--Ymorby 22:42, 9 January 2006 (UTC) Added runway status information (9949//91) Information retrieved from Meteo France and translated into english

Remarks section, and use in US
--Perhaps it's best not to mention the RMK section in any detail, because it is basically an undefined section where countries can add whatever they want - the US chooses to use it in the way described. Also, METARs are reported half-hourly from many airports, not hourly - in the UK half-hourly is the norm BaseTurnComplete 02:46, 21 February 2006 (UTC).
 * The point of having the two examples (which were deliberate made as different as possible while trying to hold a few likenesses to show similarity) is to give the range of possibilities. I have no problem with adding more examples, or even creating an entire page dedicated to the nuances of METAR code. Famartin 05:39 21 February 2006 (UTC).

Accuracy of temperature measurements
--Famartin 06:14 14 February 2006 (UTC): Removed edits of previous wikipedian in the US/Canada METAR code. First, the comment about temperature is inaccurate: US ASOS systems are designed to be accurate to the nearest degree Fahrenheit, so they DO have that amount of accuracy.
 * But the remarks section expresses them to the nearest tenth of a degree Celsius, not in whole degrees Fahrenheit. That is much greater precision than whole degrees Fahrenheit (0.1 °C = 9/50 °F); most (especially those which use the remarks temperatures) do not really have that 0.1 °C accuracy.  It is false precision, creating the impression that the numbers are more precise than they actually are.  66.97.236.230 07:21, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Second, not all of the RMK section is not duplicated in Canada. They do have remarks in Canada, including SLP... here's an example: METAR CYYZ 130800Z 29016KT 15SM FEW026 BKN067 M03/M07 A2977 RMK SC2AC5 SLP090=
 * They do have remarks in Canada, but there are absolutely no international standards for what comes after the remarks section. 66.97.236.230 07:21, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * To illustrate my point, here are 24 hours of reports for the Trenton, NJ airport used as an example:

KTTN 130753Z 28004KT 10SM CLR M07/M13 A2985 RMK AO2 SLP106 T10671128 $ KTTN 130853Z 23003KT 10SM CLR M09/M13 A2987 RMK AO2 SLP110 T10941128 51015 $ KTTN 130953Z 24004KT 10SM CLR M08/M13 A2989 RMK AO2 SLP119 T10831133 $ KTTN 131053Z 26003KT 10SM CLR M09/M13 A2991 RMK AO2 SLP126 T10891133 $ KTTN 131153Z 24005KT 10SM CLR M09/M13 A2993 RMK AO2 SLP132 70008 T10891133 11056 21106 51022 $ KTTN 131253Z 25006KT 10SM CLR M07/M13 A2994 RMK AO2 SLP137 T10721128 $ KTTN 131353Z 24007KT 10SM CLR M05/M11 A2996 RMK AO2 SLP141 T10501111 KTTN 131453Z 26009G15KT 10SM CLR M03/M10 A2996 RMK AO2 SLP140 T10331100 50009 KTTN 131553Z 27012KT 10SM CLR M02/M09 A2996 RMK AO2 SLP143 T10171089 KTTN 131653Z 25008KT 10SM CLR 00/M08 A2995 RMK AO2 SLP139 T00001083 KTTN 131753Z 25011KT 10SM CLR 01/M08 A2992 RMK AO2 SLP128 T00061083 10011 21106 58012 KTTN 131853Z 26011KT 10SM CLR 01/M08 A2991 RMK AO2 SLP123 T00111083 KTTN 131953Z AUTO 25011G19KT 10SM CLR 01/M08 A2991 RMK AO2 SLP124 T00111083 KTTN 132053Z AUTO 24010KT 10SM FEW049 01/M08 A2992 RMK AO2 SLP128 T00111083 55001 KTTN 132153Z AUTO 24008G17KT 10SM BKN055 01/M08 A2992 RMK AO2 SLP129 T00061083 KTTN 132253Z AUTO 25008KT 10SM BKN060 01/M08 A2994 RMK AO2 SLP135 T00061083 KTTN 132353Z AUTO 23004KT 10SM BKN055 M01/M08 A2995 RMK AO2 SLP140 T10061078 10017 21006 53012 KTTN 140053Z AUTO 21005KT 10SM CLR M02/M08 A2995 RMK AO2 SLP139 T10171083 KTTN 140153Z AUTO 22005KT 10SM CLR M02/M08 A2996 RMK AO2 SLP142 T10221083 KTTN 140253Z AUTO 21005KT 10SM CLR M03/M08 A2997 RMK AO2 SLP145 T10281083 53006 KTTN 140353Z AUTO 20005KT 10SM BKN090 OVC120 M03/M08 A2998 RMK AO2 SLP147 T10281078 KTTN 140453Z AUTO 19004KT 9SM OVC080 M03/M07 A2998 RMK AO2 SLP148 T10331072 400171106 KTTN 140553Z AUTO 00000KT 9SM FEW065 SCT095 M04/M07 A2999 RMK AO2 SLP151 T10391067 11006 21044 53006 KTTN 140653Z AUTO 00000KT 8SM CLR M03/M07 A2999 RMK AO2 SLP152 T10331067

 * The temperatures reported in the remarks section are as follows (you can figure out the dew points yourself):
 * -6.7 °C
 * -9.4 °C
 * -8.3 °C
 * -8.9 °C
 * -8.9 °C
 * -7.2 °C
 * -5.0 °C
 * -3.3 °C
 * -1.7 °C
 * +0.0 °C
 * +6.1 °C
 * +1.1 °C
 * +1.1 °C
 * +1.1 °C
 * +0.6 °C
 * +0.6 °C
 * -0.6 °C
 * -1.7 °C
 * -2.2 °C
 * -2.8 °C
 * -2.8 °C
 * -3.3 °C
 * -3.9 °C
 * -3.3 °C

 * So, over that day-long period, the temperatures ranged from -9.4 °C to +6.1 °C.

 * Yet, only a few different numbers show up.

 * No matter how long you watch the reports for KTTN, you will never see any of these temperatures in that range: -9.3, -9.2, -9.1, -9.0, -8.8, -8.7, -8.6, -8.5, -8.4, -8.2, -8.1, -8.0, -7.9, -7.7, -7.6, -7.5, -7.4, -7.3, -7.1, -6.9, -6.8, -6.6, -6.5, -6.4, -6.3, -6.2, -6.0, -5.9, -5.8, -5.7, -5.5, -5.4, -5.3, -5.2, -5.1, -4.9, -4.8, -4.7, -4.6, -4.5, -4.3, -4.2, -4.1, -4.0, -3.8, -3.7, -3.6, -3.5, -3.4, -3.2, -3.1, -3.0, -2.9, -2.7, -2.6, -2.5, -2.4, -2.3, -2.1, -2.0, -1.9, -1.8, -1.6, -1.5, -1.4, -1.3, -1.2, -1.0, -0.9, -0.8, -0.7, -0.5, -0.4, -0.3, -0.2, -0.1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, or 6.0.

 * Rather, the only numbers you will see in that range are -9.4, -8.9, -8.3, -7.8, -7.2, -6.7, -6.1, -5.6, -5.0, -4.4, -3.9, -3.3, -2.8, -2.2, -1.7, -1.1, -0.6, 0.0, 0.6, 1.1, 1.7, 2.2, 2.8, 3.3, 3.9, 4.4, 5.0, 5.6, and 6.1.

 * Pretty misleading not to mention that, isn't it? Gene Nygaard 08:16, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Note that they always jump by 0.5 °C or 0.6°C, skipping all the numbers in between. Gene Nygaard 08:21, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes I know that, that's why I said they reported them accurately to the nearest degree FAHRENHEIT above. Famartin 05:47 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * No, they don't "report" anything in degrees Fahrenheit. They misleadingly report in tenths of a degree Celsius.  Gene Nygaard 20:34, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Note that what is actually reported is incorrect, to the stated precision, a whopping 82% of the time, assuming accurate measurements of the temperature. Furthermore, even what is reported in the main body of the METAR (the element containing something along the lines of 06/M02) is incorrect 2 times out of 15—for example, if the actual temperature were 41.72 °F, it gets measured as 42 °F and converted to 6 °C in the main body of the METAR, but actually 41.72 °F = 5.40 °C and should round to 5 °C, if FMH-1 were followed and the readings actually made to the nearest tenth of a degree Celsius. Gene Nygaard 15:10, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Get over yourself and your ridiculous nitpicking complaints against US METARS. They're done for a reason (preference for Fahrenheit over Celsius, but pressure to report in metric units whenever possible over Imperial units), and if you don't like it, too bad. The explanation that I have in there currently is more than adequate.  You're introducing POV into the article.  STOP IT! Famartin 05:23, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Incorrect abbreviation
--Graphex 20:14, 27 November 2006 (UTC) Removed erroneous abbreviation (METAR does NOT mean METeorological Aerodrome Report) and added in the original French words from which METAR was derived. Updated definition to FAA standard, "Aviation Routine Weather Report".

removed broken link to WMO
under "External links" -> "format specifications", I removed the broken link:

 * WMO documentation on METAR format (PDF)

I couldn't find the current location of such a document on WMO.ch. It sounds useful, though, so if it turns up, we should replace the link. --Amoore 19:08, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Found it here: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/DPS/NewCodesTables/WMO306vol-I-1PartA.pdf I have put the link back in. --LorianTC 17:54, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Move
The renaming of this article a few days ago seems really strange. For one thing, there does not seem to be any disambiguation or an article on the other subject proposed that would support the need to disambig. Second, since Wikipedia is case sensitive as far as I know, METAR shouldn't conflict with Metar. But worst is the choice of title. I don't think anyone would guess that would be the right title, nor does it seem to make a lot of sense. If the article can't just exist as METAR, I'd suggest METAR (weather report).

Can someone please move this article back, or a least to a shorter, English language title? --skew-t 22:19, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * --Graphex 22:58, 1 December 2007 (UTC) I think Skew-t is correct. The historical French translation is research about the history of METAR, and is not helpful in the identification METARs and the METAR code. I changed the name back to METAR to help prevent confusion. METAR doesn't mean "message d’observation météorologique régulière pour l’aviation", that is simply a relevant historical reference. The letters, METAR don't mean anything, a METAR is an aviation routine weather report.

Restoration of link
"CambridgeBayWeather" arbitrarily removed a number of links, apparently without discussion. The U.S. NOAA link that he put in for US METARs is a poor substitute. I've added one of the links back. Gladtohelp (talk) 18:01, 30 December 2007 (UTC)Gladtohelp

 * The flightcentral spam link is not required and I also removed some other links as did another user. The NOAA is a worldwide provider of METAR. Flightcentral is an advertising service, see http://www.flightcentral.net/ServiceRequest3.aspx, has less US airports than the NOAA, has way more information than just the weather making it difficult to see the METAR and is restricted to the US in what is a worldwide article. The NOAA link is more useful because it provides METAR for around the world and allows the removal of multiple country links, Canada and the UK. The flightcentral might be useful when providing information to a particular US airport but as a METAR link it's just spam. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 22:47, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Ah, there we are. The dreaded "spam link", a term used with such alacrity. We should be selecting links based on their merit and nothing else. Here are your arguments, one at a time:

(1) "Flightcentral is an advertising service" - if you want to cull every website that sells advertising, you better get busy. You've got many thousands to go. This measure is clearly not used anywhere else in Wiki to determine a link's inclusion.

(2) "has less US airports than the NOAA" - wrong. FlightCentral includes every airport in the United States and even marking those that are private.

(3) "restricted to the US in what is a worldwide article" - Again, there are thousands upon thousands of external links in Wiki that refer to a US site in worldwide articles.

(4) "as a METAR link it's just spam" - put in LAX into NOAA and see what you get. Instead of putting in the K for you, it confuses you with "No METAR observation from LAX is available in our system." NOAA's METAR engine is about as barebones as it gets. FlightCentral color codes the ZULU time, reports Current Zulu Time on the page, and places a color-coded icon in front of the METAR to specify which type of flight rules exist. It clearly is a superior reporting tool for METARs.

I haven't touched your pet NOAA link, but I am reverting your deletion of the FlightCentral link. In the spirit of Wiki, I'd suggest you avoid further deletions until you discuss it. Gladtohelp (talk) 14:08, 31 December 2007 (UTC)gladtohelp

 * Get used to CambridgeBayWeather's antics gladtohelp. He also regularly removes links to this site which arguably contain more than METAR information, they also contain a variety of weather links that are useful in obtaining an aviation weather briefing. Less is more in CBW's eye's I guess. DSatYVR (talk) 16:09, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * You both seem to think that the idea of WIkipedia is to provide as many external links as possible and weather information for people. Wrong, Wikipeida is an encyclopedia not an external link venue.
 * Points 1 & 3. Although the essay applies to AfD it is obvious that WP:OTHERCRAP applies.
 * Point 2. You might be right but there is no need to provide a MEATR link to every US airport, or indeed any airport at all.
 * Point 4. Put PAKH into flightcentral and see what you get. Instead of putting in the AKK for you, it confuses you by saying "No records to display." On the other hand at this point in time when you figure out that AKK is the code that flightcentral wants, it displays the METAR for 212136Z but today is the 31. The same thing applies to PAFM/AFM in that flightcentral is giving 10 day old weather.
 * We should not be a substitue weather briefing service. Pilots should be getting the wx briefings from elsewhere. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 19:53, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Need I say more about CBW? View the above post. The concept of expanding knowledge beyond Wiki is lost on him. The dean of deletion is more interested in the minimalist approach, allowing those interested in a subject to carry on the hunt for related information outside the confines of Wikipedia rather than within it. I rest my case. A couple spelling mistakes there CBW, Very unwikipedian.:-) DSatYVR (talk) 17:10, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Hmm, don't bother refuting my comments, just start in on the attacks. By the way, the information should be in the article rather than external links to find it. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk) 18:51, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

maximum cloud base altitude
I think it should be noted that even though AWOS stations can only detect cloud heights up to 12,000ft, METARS can have readings of cloud bases much much higher. There should be a note somewhere in this article about METARS having collected reports from AWOS/ASOS stations + weather balloons + human remarks. If you'd like an example of high altitude cloud reporting check out KMIA (2008/08/12 15:53 UTC):

KMIA 121553Z 27005KT 10SM FEW025 SCT080 BKN300 30/23 A2996 RMK AO2 SLP144 CB DSNT E-SE ANS NW T03000228

Katanada (talk) 16:01, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Depending on the Ceilometer used at the AWOS site cloud heights can be obtained up to 25,000/26,000 feet. The NOAA and McGill systems only goes up to 12,000/13,000 but the Mtech and Vaisala go heigher. CambridgeBayWeather Have a gorilla 05:53, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Rewrite
Would it be pertinent to rewrite this article with information form this source: http://weather.unisys.com/wxp/Appendices/Formats/METAR.html 67.176.22.121 (talk) 14:33, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I'd be glad to, if it hasn't already been written. Also, since English is Wikipedia's predominant language and the U.S. METAR system varies slightly compared to that of the International system, it should be rewritten to reflect both the U.S. and International METAR systems, preferably with a comparison chart showing all METAR terms and their U.S. and/or International components. DoggerDan24 (talk) 16:36, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

Met Actual Report
I've expanded the METAR acronym in the very beginning of the article, but it was reverted back:

Reverted 1 edit by 217.76.206.210 identified as vandalism to last revision by Ashley Pomeroy. (TW)

Who's Glenn L, and how come its vandalism?! 93.72.158.132 (talk) 16:31, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

BTW, Wikipedia's definition of vandalism: "Vandalism is any addition, removal, or change of content in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of Wikipedia." Can someone show me "a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of Wikipedia"? 93.72.158.132 (talk) 16:31, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you were not so deliberate. However, your expansion of METAR was inconsistent with the Naming paragraph. If you have a reliable source for your expansion, you might offer there, remembering to follow WP:Manual of Style. — Glenn L (talk) 16:51, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

poor grammar
the second part of the introduction (standardization) is not standard grammatical english [sic] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.236.121.54 (talk) 19:26, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Corrections for Example METAR codes
310V290 is not a good example for the variation in wind direction, even though it is a real world example. According to the Manual WMO-No. 306 (2011), Volume I.1, chapter 15.5.3, this group should be included only if "the total variation in wind direction is 60° or more but less than 180°" and that "the observed two extreme directions ... shall be given ... in clockwise order". 310V290 would therefore be decoded as a variation of 340°. Actually, VRB03KT should have reported instead (chapter 15.5.2). Any ideas whether it would be best to adapt just this group, use a different real world METAR, or add a comment?

Please also correct the description for code for the runway in the group 9949//91. Chapter 15.13.6.1 says: "Code figure 88 indicates "all runways"; code figure 99 shall be used if a new runway state report is not available ... in which case the previous runway state report will be repeated". The runway state was reported last at 19:30 UTC the previous day (0449//91) and was repeated in every METAR until the runway was reported cleared (04CLRD//) at 16:30 UTC.

79.196.254.76 (talk) 17:54, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Also, the variable wind direction is not consistent with the wind direction code immediately preceding it, and a variable wind direction would only be reported if wind speed is greater than 6 knots. All in all, I have the impression that this is perhaps not a historical real-world report, but rather a hypothetical synthesis. As a provisional fix, the relevant wind speed and variable wind direction codes have just been patched to conform with reporting guidelines, but an example taken from real-world historical records might be even better, if someone wants to take the time to locate one and transcribe it. Piperh (talk) 08:44, 30 January 2016 (UTC)

 * . According to 15.5.3 and MANOBS 7.1.5 the wind speed has to be 1.5 m/s (3 kn) or more. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 11:33, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

WMO code table
The WMO code table's description should indicate in what sequence the 'nnn' codes are specified (low, middle, high could be inferred by the table, but being specific would be good) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sejtam (talk • contribs) 09:00, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Technical Details
Need more info about:
 * How is METAR transmitted/received?
 * Using what equipement?
 * At what frequencies and modulations etc? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jahibadkaret (talk • contribs) 20:31, 7 July 2017 (UTC)

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VMC and IMC
VMC and IMC both link to this page (both are described as Aviation flight categories) but are not listed on it, which is confusing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.1.246.64 (talk) 14:43, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

Why Not Show a Current METAR for a Well Known Airport or Two?
There are many sources of live METAR reports. Could some clever Wikipedian add the code to this page that would link to one of those sources and show the current METAR for a couple of well-known airports such as London Heathrow, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, etc? I think that would make the page interesting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.210.115.100 (talk) 21:20, 20 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Check the external links section, current reports. CambridgeBayWeather, Uqaqtuq (talk), Sunasuttuq 00:37, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

Overall structure
Unless I have missed it, although the individual components of a report are explained, there is no description of the overall structure of a report. Is the order of the components fixed? If the order is not fixed, how are they identified? (The components do not, for example, seem to begin with an identifier.) Are all components obligatory?Bill (talk) 23:53, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

Repeating
We see: Maybe at (1) just say "details below", instead of repeating details. Jidanni (talk) 00:57, 2 December 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) In Canada, RMK is followed by a description of the cloud layers and opacities, in eighths (oktas). For example, CU5 would indicate a cumulus layer with 5⁄8 opacity.
 * 2) Cloud reporting[edit]
 * 3) Cloud coverage is reported by the number of 'oktas' (eighths) of the sky that is occupied by cloud.

Citation
I was thinking about adding this as a reference, but could not determine if it is quoted from wikipedia or they wrote it.

https://ema.arrl.org/what-are-metars/ Eason Y. Lu (talk) 03:13, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:METAR