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Mathematical joke

A mathematical joke is a form of humor which relies on aspects of mathematics or a stereotype of mathematicians. The humor may come from a pun, or from a double meaning of a mathematical term, or from a lay person's misunderstanding of a mathematical concept. Mathematician and author John Allen Paulos in his book Mathematics and Humor described several ways that mathematics, generally considered a dry, formal activity, overlaps with humor, a loose, irreverent activity: both are forms of "intellectual play"; both have "logic, pattern, rules, structure"; and both are "economical and explicit".

Some performers combine mathematics and jokes to entertain and/or teach math.

Humor of mathematicians may be classified into the esoteric and exoteric categories. Esoteric jokes rely on the intrinsic knowledge of mathematics and its terminology. Exoteric jokes are intelligible to the outsiders, and most of them compare mathematicians with representatives of other disciplines or with common folk.

Pun-based jokes
Some jokes use a mathematical term with a second non-technical meaning as the punchline of a joke.

"Q. What's purple and commutes? A. An abelian grape. (A pun on abelian group.)"

Occasionally, multiple mathematical puns appear in the same jest:

"When Noah sends his animals to go forth and multiply, a pair of snakes replies "We can't multiply, we're adders" – so Noah builds them a log table."

This invokes four double meanings: adder (snake) vs. addition (algebraic operation); multiplication (biological reproduction) vs. multiplication (algebraic operation); log (a cut tree trunk) vs. log (logarithm); and table (set of facts) vs. table (piece of furniture).

Other jokes create a double meaning from a direct calculation involving facetious variable names, such as this retold from Gravity's Rainbow:

"Person 1: What's the integral of $1⁄cabin$ with respect to cabin? Person 2: A log cabin. Person 1: No, a houseboat; you forgot to add the C!"

The first part of this joke relies on the fact that the primitive (formed when finding the antiderivative) of the function 1/x is log(x). The second part is then based on the fact that the antiderivative is actually a class of functions, requiring the inclusion of a constant of integration, usually denoted as C—something which calculus students may forget. Thus, the indefinite integral of 1/cabin is "log(cabin) + C", or "A log cabin plus the sea", i.e., "A houseboat".

Jokes with numeral bases
Some jokes depend on ambiguity of numeral bases.

"There are only 10 types of people in the world: those who understand binary, and those who don't."

This joke subverts the trope of phrases that begin with "there are two types of people in the world..." and relies on an ambiguous meaning of the expression 10, which in the binary numeral system is equal to the decimal number 2. There are many alternative versions of the joke, such as "There are two types of people in this world. Those who can extrapolate from incomplete information."

Another pun using different radices, asks:

"Q. Why do mathematicians confuse Halloween and Christmas? A. Because 31 Oct = 25 Dec."

The play on words lies in the similarity of the abbreviation for October/Octal and December/Decimal, and the coincidence that both equal the same amount ($$31_8 = 25_{10}$$).

Imaginary numbers
Some jokes are based on imaginary number $i$, treating it as if it is a real number. A telephone intercept message of "you have dialed an imaginary number, please rotate your handset ninety degrees and try again" is a typical example. Another popular example is: "What did $\pi$ say to $i$? Get real. What did $i$ say to π? Be rational."

Stereotypes of mathematicians
Some jokes are based on stereotypes of mathematicians tending to think in complicated, abstract terms, causing them to lose touch with the "real world". These compare mathematicians to physicists, engineers, or the "soft" sciences in a form similar to an Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman, showing the other scientists doing something practical, while the mathematician proposes a theoretically valid but physically nonsensical solution.

"A physicist, a biologist and a mathematician are sitting in a street café watching people entering and leaving a nearby house. First they see two people entering the house. Time passes. After a while they notice three people leaving the house. The physicist says, "The measurement wasn't accurate." The biologist says, "They must have reproduced." The mathematician says, "If one more person enters the house, then it will be empty.""

Mathematicians are also shown as averse to making hasty generalizations from a small amount of data, even if some form of generalization seems plausible:

"An astronomer, a physicist and a mathematician are on a train in Scotland. The astronomer looks out of the window, sees a black sheep standing in a field, and remarks, "The sheep in Scotland are black!" "No, no, no!" says the physicist. "At least one sheep in Scotland is black!" The mathematician rolls his eyes at his companions' muddled thinking and says, "In Scotland, there is at least one sheep, at least one side of which appears to be black from here some of the time.""

A classic joke involving stereotypes is the "Dictionary of Definitions of Terms Commonly Used in Math Lectures". Examples include "Trivial: If I have to show you how to do this, you're in the wrong class", "Similarly: At least one line of the proof of this case is the same as before." and "This proof is left as an exercise to the reader."

Non-mathematician's math
This category of jokes comprises those that exploit common misunderstandings of mathematics, or the expectation that most people have only a basic mathematical education, if any.

"A museum visitor was admiring a Tyrannosaurus fossil, and asked a nearby museum employee how old it was. "That skeleton's sixty-five million and three years, two months and eighteen days old," the employee replied. "How can you be so precise?" she asked. "Well, when I started working here, I asked a scientist the exact same question, and he said it was sixty-five million years old—and that was three years, two months and eighteen days ago.""

The joke is that the employee fails to understand the scientist's implication of the uncertainty in the age of the fossil and uses false precision.

Mock mathematics
A form of mathematical humor comes from using mathematical tools (both abstract symbols and physical objects such as calculators) in various ways which transgress their intended scope. These constructions are generally devoid of any substantial mathematical content, besides some basic arithmetic.

Mock mathematical reasoning
A set of jokes applies mathematical reasoning to situations where it is not entirely valid. Many are based on a combination of well-known quotes and basic logical constructs such as syllogisms:

Another set of jokes relates to the absence of mathematical reasoning, or misinterpretation of conventional notation:

$$\left( \lim_{x\to 8^+} \frac{1}{x-8} = \infty \right) \Rightarrow \left( \lim_{x\to 3^+} \frac{1}{x-3} = \omega \right)$$

That is, the limit as x goes to 8 from above is a sideways 8 or the infinity sign, in the same way that the limit as x goes to three from above is a sideways 3 or the Greek letter omega (conventionally used to notate the smallest infinite ordinal number).

An anomalous cancellation is a kind of arithmetic procedural error that gives a numerically correct answer:

 * $$\frac{64}{16} = \frac{\cancel 64}{\,\,1\cancel 6} = \frac{4}{1} = 4$$
 * $$\sqrt[6]{64} = \sqrt[\cancel 6]{\cancel{6}4} = \sqrt{4} = 2$$
 * $$\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d x}\frac{1}{x} = \frac{\cancel\mathrm d}{\cancel\mathrm d x}\frac 1x = \frac{}{x}\frac 1x = -\frac 1{x^2}$$

Mathematical fallacies
A number of mathematical fallacies are part of mathematical humorous folklore. For example:

$$ \begin{align} b       &= a \\ ab      &= a^2 \\ ab - b^2 &= a^2 - b^2 \\ b(a - b) &= (a + b)(a - b) \\ b       &= a + b \\ b       &= b + b \\ b       &= 2b \\ 1       &= 2 \end{align} $$

This appears to prove that $1 = 2$, but uses division by zero to produce the result.

Some jokes attempt a seemingly plausible, but in fact impossible, mathematical operation. For example:

Pi goes on and on and on ... And e is just as cursed. I wonder: Which is larger When their digits are reversed?

To reverse the digits of a number's decimal expansion, we have to start at the last digit and work backwards. However, that is not possible if the expansion never ends, which is true in the case of $$\pi$$ and $$e$$.

Humorous numbers
Many numbers have been given humorous names, either as pure numbers or as units of measurement. Some examples:

Sagan has been defined as "billions and billions", a metric of the number of stars in the observable universe.

Jenny's constant has been defined as $$J = (7^{e - 1/e} - 9) \cdot \pi^2 = 867.5309\ldots.$$, from the pop song 867-5309/Jenny, which concerns the telephone number 867-5309.

The number 42 appears prominently in the Douglas Adams trilogy The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, where it is portrayed as "the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe and everything". This number appears as a fixed value in the TIFF image file format and its derivatives (including for example the ISO standard TIFF/EP) where the content of bytes 2–3 is defined as 42: "An arbitrary but carefully chosen number that further identifies the file as a TIFF file".

The number 69 is commonly used in reference to a group of sex positions in which two people align to perform oral sex, thus becoming mutually inverted like the numerals 6 and 9. Because of this association, "69" has become an internet meme and is known as "the sex number" in certain communities.

In the context of numerical humor, one classic example is the joke, "Why was six afraid of seven? Because seven eight (ate) nine!" The humor in this statement originates from a linguistic play on numbers and fundamental arithmetic.

Calculator spelling
Calculator spelling is the formation of words and phrases by displaying a number and turning the calculator upside down. The jest may be formulated as a mathematical problem where the result, when read upside down, appears to be an identifiable phrase like "ShELL OIL" or "Esso" using seven-segment display character representations where the open-top "4" is an inverted 'h' and '5' looks like 'S'. Other letters can be used as numbers too with 8 and 9 representing B and G, respectively.

An attributed example of calculator spelling, which dates from the 1970s, is 5318008, which when turned over spells "BOOBIES".

Limericks
A mathematical limerick is an expression which, when read aloud, matches the form of a limerick. The following numerically correct example is attributed to Leigh Mercer: $$\frac{12 + 144 + 20 + 3 \sqrt{4}}{7} + (5 \times 11) = 9^2+0$$ This is read as follows: "A dozen, a gross, and a score Plus three times the square root of four Divided by seven Plus five times eleven Is nine squared and not a bit more."

Another example using calculus is: $$\int_{1}^{\sqrt[3]{3}}z^2 dz \cdot \cos\left(\frac{3\pi}{9}\right) = \log(\sqrt[3]{e})$$ which may be read: "Integral z-squared dz From one to the cube root of three Times the cosine of three pi over nine Equals log of the cube root of e"

The limerick is true if $$\log$$ is interpreted as the natural logarithm.

Doughnut and coffee mug topology joke
An oft-repeated joke is that topologists cannot tell a coffee cup from a doughnut, since they are topologically equivalent: a sufficiently pliable doughnut could be reshaped (by a homeomorphism) to the form of a cup by creating a dimple and progressively enlarging it, while shrinking the hole into a handle.

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Planet of the Wolves

Planet of the Wolves is the fifth studio album by Japanese rock band Guitar Wolf. It was released in Japan on 21 September 1997 and in the United States on 21 October 1997. It features covers of The Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", Link Wray's "Rumble", Milan the Leather Boy's "Motor Cycle Leather Boy", and Teengenerate's "Let's Get Hurt."

Track listing
All tracks by Guitar Wolf, except where indicated.

 * 1) "Kawasaki ZII750 Rock N' Roll" – 2:01
 * 2) "Planet of the Wolves" – 2:34
 * 3) "Invader Ace" – 3:19
 * 4) "Motor Cycle Leather Boy" (Milan) – 2:22
 * 5) "Far East Man" – 2:30
 * 6) "Wild Zero" – 3:46
 * 7) "Planet Heart" – 2:42
 * 8) "Energy Joe" – 1:44
 * 9) "Jett Love" – 2:01
 * 10) "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (Jagger, Richards) – 3:32
 * 11) "Kung Fu Ramone's Passion" – 1:51
 * 12) "Let's Get Hurt" (Teengenerate) – 2:53
 * 13) "All Through the Night Buttobase!!" (translation: Roaring All Through the Night!!) – 1:58
 * 14) "Rumble" – (Grant, Wray) – 3:34
 * 15) "Red Rockabilly" – 3:38 (Bonus on Japanese edition)

Reception
Allmusic praised the record for its energy, describing "vocal and musical delivery that makes perfect sense from the land of the Boredoms", as well as the band's "frenetic" rhythm section and frontman Seiji's distinctive vocal and guitar style. City Pages lauded the album for its "repellent fervor" but cited the slower numbers, such as "Planet Heart" and a mostly faithful cover of "I Can't Get No Satisfaction", as potential drawbacks.

In the September 2007 issue of Rolling Stone's local Japanese edition, Planet of the Wolves was ranked 51st on a list of the "100 Greatest Japanese Rock Albums".

Personnel

 * Seiji – guitar, vocals
 * Billy – bass
 * Tōru – drums

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Yoshimi

Yoshimi is a unisex Japanese given name and can also be used as a surname.

Possible writings

 * 佳美, meaning "excellent, beautiful"
 * 良美, meaning "good, beautiful"
 * 好美, meaning "like, beautiful"
 * 芳美, meaning "fragrant, beautiful"

People with the given name

 * Yoshimi (吉見), a guitarist and composer from the pop rock band Funta
 * Yoshimi Ashikawa (芦川 よしみ), Japanese actress and singer
 * Yoshimi Goda (合田 良実), Japanese Coastal Engineer
 * Yoshimi Hayashi (1923–2006), American lawyer
 * Yoshimi Ishibashi (石橋 義三), Japanese professional race car driver
 * Yoshimi Iwasaki (岩崎 良美), Japanese actress and singer
 * Yoshimi Kobayashi (小林 良美), Japanese softball player
 * Yoshimi Masaki (正木 嘉美), Japanese judoka
 * Yoshimi Minami (南 義美), Japanese ace fighter pilot
 * Yoshimi Nishida (西田 祥実), Japanese general
 * Yoshimi Osawa (大澤 慶巳), Japanese judoka
 * Yoshimi Ozaki (尾崎 好美), Japanese long-distance runner
 * Yoshimi Takeuchi (竹内 好), Japanese Sinologist
 * Yoshimi Uchida (内田 善美), Japanese manga artist
 * Yoshimi Usui (臼井 吉見), Japanese writer and critic
 * Yoshimi Yamashita (山下 良美), Japanese football referee
 * Yoshimi P-We or Yoshimi Yokota (横田 佳美, born 1968), a Japanese musician and drummer of the rock band Boredoms
 * Yoshimi Watanabe (渡辺 喜美), Japanese politician

People with the surname

 * Naho Yoshimi (吉見 菜保), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Shunya Yoshimi (吉見 俊哉), Japanese sociologist
 * Yoshiaki Yoshimi (吉見 義明), Japanese professor

Fictional characters

 * Agent Yoshimi, a character from the television series Duck Dodgers
 * Yoshimi Akashi (明石 好美), a character from the manga series Zettai Karen Children and its anime adaptions
 * Yoshimi, a minor character in the manga and anime series Di Gi Charat
 * Yoshimi Sakanaka (阪中 佳実), a character from the Haruhi Suzumiya series
 * Yoshimi Satou (佐藤良美), a character from the video game and anime Tsuyokiss
 * Yoshimi Yahagi (矢作好美), a character in the novel, film, and manga Battle Royale
 * Yoshimi, title character of The Flaming Lips 2002 album, and song of the same name, Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots

Places

 * Yoshimi, Saitama, a town located in Hiki District, Saitama Prefecture, Japan

Other

 * Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots, a 2002 album by The Flaming Lips
 * Yoshimi, a software synthesizer for Linux.

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State secret

State secret may refer to:

 * Classified information, about state secrets in government
 * State Secret (1950 film), a British film
 * State Secret (1995 film), an Italian film

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Blue Wool Scale

The Blue Wool Scale measures and calibrates the permanence of colouring dyes. Traditionally this test was developed for the textiles industry but it has now been adopted by the printing industry as measure of lightfastness of ink colourants. The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists pioneered the work on these test methods and together with the ASTM D13 committee.

Normally two identical dye samples are created. One is placed in the dark as the control and the other is placed in the equivalent of sunlight for a three-month period. A standard bluewool textile fading test card is also placed in the same light conditions as the sample under test. The amount of fading of the sample is then assessed by comparison to the original colour.

A rating between 0 and 8 is awarded by identifying which one of the eight strips on the bluewool standard card has faded to the same extent as the sample under test.

Zero denotes extremely poor colour fastness whilst a rating of eight is deemed not to have altered from the original and thus credited as being lightfast and permanent.

The ultraviolet (UV) radiation in light is responsible for ink fading. As the intensity of UV radiation differs from place to place, the ink fading also depends on place. It will be more in areas with more UV radiation and vice versa. This difficulty is overcome by the bluewool testing method. Absolute values of fading will depend on light intensity. Relative values of fading, comparing the sample with the standard blue test strip, will depend less on intensity. For example, if a pigment is rated as "BW5" it can be expected to fade to the same degree as strip number 5 on a bluewool test card, for any specific light exposure. The method of comparison between the sample and a test strip enables accelerated testing to be carried out under intense artificial illumination.

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Farrah Franklin

Farrah Laron Franklin (born May 3, 1981) is an American R&B singer and actress. She is also a former member of the girl group Destiny's Child. Along with Michelle Williams, she replaced the group's original members LaTavia Roberson and LeToya Luckett. Franklin spent several months with the group before departing as a member. While her musical contribution to the group was minimal, Franklin's vocals are featured on the group's single "Independent Women Part I" which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart following her departure.

Early life
Franklin was born in Des Moines, Iowa, and raised in Fresno, California. She considers Lawrence Bohanon to be her father, as she never met her biological father, Rodney Allen Heard. She is of African-American and Italian descent, and the oldest of fifteen children, including a younger sister named Karrie. She is also the cousin of late singer and rapper Natina Reed. Franklin grew up attending church. She started singing at age two, inspired by Bohanon, who played bass guitar in local bands. When Franklin was eight, she began performing in plays at the Fresno Memorial Auditorium. She was in the concert choir at Central High School, where she was bullied. At fifteen, Franklin decided to leave Fresno to pursue a career in entertainment following her aunt's relocation to Los Angeles. She went by the name 'Destiny Franklin' before her stint in Destiny's Child.

1999–2000: Destiny's Child
In 1999, while living in Los Angeles, Franklin was hired to be an extra in the music video for Destiny's Child's "Bills, Bills, Bills". It was there that she met with group members Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, LeToya Luckett, and LaTavia Roberson. At the time, she was in a fledgling singing group called Jane Doe, which was in the process of disbanding. In January 2000, Mathew Knowles invited Franklin and Michelle Williams to join Destiny's Child, replacing previous group members LeToya and LaTavia without notice. The two were introduced to fans in February 2000, by appearing in the music video for "Say My Name". Franklin toured and performed with the group, and also appeared in the music video for "Jumpin', Jumpin'". She contributed vocals to various Destiny's Child songs, including "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Remixes), "Upside Down" (Live at VH1 Divas), and "Dot", as well as a few tracks on Survivor, released after her departure, like "Independent Women" and "Dance with Me".

On July 20, 2000, after six months with Destiny's Child, Franklin exited the group. A day later, group member Beyoncé claimed in an interview that Franklin had missed three major promotional dates and expressed a lack of interest in continuing with the group, leaving them with no other choice but to dismiss her. In a later interview, Franklin denied Beyoncé's allegation, stating that she had suffered from dehydration and a stomach virus but was recovering as she traveled with the group to do shows in Seattle and Europe. Farrah contended that after being verbally attacked by management, due to her not showing up because she was ill, she stormed out of the room and quit the group.

2001–present: Solo projects and Pheenx
After leaving Destiny's Child, Franklin embarked on a solo career. From 2002 to 2003, she was signed to and dropped from Fo' Reel, where she recorded a song titled "Get at Me" with Method Man. She then spent two years signed to Fabolous street label, Street Family Entertainment, before getting dropped in 2005. Prior to joining Destiny's Child, Franklin appeared in the 1999 feature film Trippin' and began an acting career, starring in 2004's The Brewster Project. In 2006, she was cast in an episode on the sitcom, All of Us. She shot an independent thriller film called Eyes of Darkness, which also featured rapper Jayo Felony, and starred in other films like Single Black Female. She's modeled for Russell Simmons' fashion line Def Jam University and has been featured on the covers of Teen People, Ebony, CosmoGirl, Vibe, and Today's Black Woman. Aside from her work as a replacement member in Destiny's Child, she has cameoed in several music videos for artists like Kurupt, Nelly, Mr. Cheeks, and R. L. Huggar.

In January 2007, Franklin made an appearance with other former members of Destiny's Child in the E! special Boulevard of Broken Dreams, which documented their experiences in Destiny's Child and the issues that Franklin faced during the months she was present in the group. Franklin insisted that she was mistreated and ignored by management during meetings when she asked questions about the massive deductions in the group's paychecks.

She released a single called "Lollipop" in 2008. In 2009, Franklin joined a new girl group called Pheenx which consisted of members Bethany Grant, Queen, and herself. The group released two singles titled "Post Boy" and "Sharpshooter" before Grant, the lead singer, was dismissed from the trio due to her involvement in pornography. The group later disbanded.

In 2014, Franklin moved from Los Angeles to Atlanta, hoping to restart her career in music. In 2015, she released a promotional single called "Magic N Makeup" to all streaming markets on September 15. The music video for the single was released via her official Vevo channel on September 24. In 2016, Franklin released a song titled "Over" and uploaded another called "Billion Dollar Fantasy" to SoundCloud in 2017. In 2018, she collaborated with singer Lucky Harmon on the song "Build Me Up", which she cowrote. Franklin also owns a company called One Love Pictures and Entertainment. In June 2020, she released the single "Push Up On Me" featuring rapper Maino.

Personal life
In June 2016, Franklin was detained by police in DeKalb County, Georgia on charges of public intoxication and marijuana possession. This incident mirrored her 2011 arrest in Culver City, California and her 2014 arrest in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Franklin's biological father, Rodney Allen Heard, died in July 2017.

On August 23, 2022, Houston mayor Sylvester Turner declared December 2 as the City of Houston's Farrah Franklin Day. Later that year, she was also honored with the Presidential Lifetime Achievement Award in Houston.

Franklin currently lives in Atlanta, Georgia.

Discography

 * Singles
 * 2008: "Lolli Pop"
 * 2015: "Magic N Makeup"
 * 2016: "Over"
 * 2017: "Billion Dolla Fantasy"
 * 2018: "Build Me Up" (with Lucky Harmon)
 * 2020: "Push Up On Me"

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User talk:Kkchang

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Laura Scudder | Talk 16:16, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Kkchang


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Calendar Girl (Sophie Monk album)

Calendar Girl is the debut solo studio album by Australian recording artist Sophie Monk, released on 5 May 2003 by Warner Music. It debuted at No. 35 on the ARIA Albums Chart top 50. The album was mixed with contemporary pop as well as the religious classics tracks "Pie Jesu", "Ave Maria" (Interlude) and "Ave Maria".

The song "Come My Way" was also recorded by Japanese pop star Namie Amuro (her version was titled "Come") in Japanese and was featured in the anime InuYasha. It was released first as a single on 14 October 2003 and on the album Style on 10 December of the same year.

title: Calendar Girl (Sophie Monk album)


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Talk:Sariska

I just discovered this article after writing Sariska Tiger Reserve. I will now merge this article into that. Balster neb 16:16, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Sariska Tiger Reserve has been expanded and I have now set this to redirect to that page. Balster neb 11:36, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:Vice President of the Philippines

[Untitled]
On Tolentino, I know that this could be controversial, but historically, he still was a VP of the country, though just for a moment. Even though there was the EDSA Revolution that deposed the old regime, he was still proclaimed VP of that old existing order (regardless of the truth of the electoral allegations).

Tolentino served as VP before the revolution, and that historically should be recognized, since Salvador Laurel himself became VP during that Fourth Republic himself after the same revolution, and not only the Fifth Republic. The Fifth only came into effect after the new constitution, in 1987 and Laurel got the VP position earlier, in 1986, after EDSA. Hence, Tolentino was a VP, and just because he was not recognized by the new regime should not mean that his name should be removed from the list. Hope that I clarified that. I don't want to be unfair to that old order kasi. :-) --Noypi380 16:17, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Yes, of course, and indeed, it's an interesting question. The Batasan Pambansa proclaimed both Marcos and Tolentino, and Marcos and Tolentino did take their oaths, in private, although Marcos took his in public (for the 2nd time) before leaving; then Tolentino proclaimed himself afterwards... The thing is, on the day Marcos took his oath, Aquino took hers, too, and while using a modified version of the presidential oath, she ended up appointing Laurel, her Vice-President, as Prime Minister, even though it was for a very brief period, since the government became officially, a revolutionary one. I don't think it's unfair to Tolentino not to consider him a Vice-President, because by staying in office, the claims of Aquino and Laurel are the ones that endured, furthermore, once the 1987 Constitution was ratified, Tolentino accepted it, and even served as senator. Most of all, when he died and his family asked for, and was given, permission to be buried in the Libingan ng mga Bayani, it was for all his achievements except Vice-President, which was never mentioned in the official honors gven by the Philippine state. Perhaps to be fair, we could say, Tolentino was proclaimed Vice-President in 1986 but never got to serve. Gareon

 * Okay, :-) --Noypi380 00:18, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Please note the Office of the Vice-President website is wrong, Trias is not the first VP, unless Aguinaldo's official presidency is dated to Tejeros, which it is not. Tejeros was one of the protogovernments prior to the first recognized (by Filipinos) national government, the Malolos Republic. I strongly suggest this be clarified. Gareon 08:51, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Done, I corrected that part, Mariano Trias was never a Vice President of the Philippines. --Noypi380 15:05, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

Mariano Trias
First he needs an article. Second, he seems to have been recognized as a Vice President by today's government. So even if technically he didn't become a VP, but he is recognized by the government (as evidenced by the OVP website), then does he automatically become one? -- Howard  the   Duck  09:05, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. I feel so because he has done the capacity of one. ¡Viva Cavite! --Justox dizaola 09:53, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, an article would be good, but unsure if he really is a VP of the PH. Let's wait for Gareon, although I expect him to disagree that he is a VP of the PH, and so do I. :) --Noypi380 15:10, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The reason I asked the question was because I'll panning on nominating List of Vice Presidents of the Philippines as a WP:FL, and with the reference there posted is at OVP site, and Mariano Trias is listed as a VP. The question here is where we could get a citation that Trias isn't a VP, not just our interpretation of historical events. -- Howard  the   Duck  01:59, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Well, here I am, to disagree. It isn't about the contributions of Trias, but rather a more basic question: which do we recognize as the first formal Philippine government? The consensus seems to be, the Malolos Republic. Therefore, everything that came before, was a preparatory government, but not a government per se, though it may have fulfilled the functions of a government. If Malolos was the first Republic, and thus, government, then Trias could not be the first VP. He served in that capacity prior to Malolos: because if you accept all the previous governments as formal governments, we'd have to renumber our republics, beginning with the Biak-na-Bato Republic; and then you would have to consider the claim that Bonifacio was our first head of state, reordering the list of our presidents. Ditto for government ministers/secretaries: if you based it on Malolos, your first cabinet's clear; if not, how far back do you go? The Katipunan? Tejeros? The confusion in the VP website is caused by simply lumping together everyone who bore a similar title, ignoring the official chronology. Even government historians can be sloppy and make mistakes.Gareon 03:53, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * But can it be said that the present government accepts Trias as the first VP? Also, what we need here is a citation (website, book, etc.) that Trias isn't accepted as the first VP by historians. -- Howard  the   Duck  04:36, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Haha, can we say Gareon is the book? :) Answering the question, that won't be necessary, the 1935 constitution, which has the first ever VP provision in the history of the state, is more than enough. :) --Noypi380 04:53, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * But how can we explain the Trias isn't a VP when he appears on the roster provided by OVP.gov? -- Howard  the   Duck  05:39, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Since wikipedia is NOPV, it might be fair to restore the previous para. we had: that, i think, helped explain the issue. the thing is, since the vp was made so irrelevant during martial law, no real resources have been devoted to studying the position. and until someone files an inquiry with the nhi, it's all he said, she said. Gareon 08:39, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * This is not a NPOV issue but a verifiability issue. We don't need to disprove that he's VP, because he's pre-1935. It is up to the historians to prove that he's VP, none that I know have done so, although yes checking nhi would be best. The site of the Office of the VP does not also prove Trias was a VP, rather, it proves that the web site has dubious reliability. Until a better source is found, we should not mention Trias in the list, because if we do, we would just confuse the reader more. The list already is the most accurate possible in my opinion, hope to see it as a featured list soon. :) --Noypi380 15:08, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * According to the OVP website's history of the vice-presidency, the first name mentioned with regards to Vice-President is the name of Mariano Trias. Probably they have something that can prove he's the first Vice-President?  -- Sky Harbor  12:31, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That's the problem, we'd have to disprove by citing somebody credible (like a book or some historian) that Trias wasn't a VP, and it should be mentioned in this and on the list article. otherwise, the list article wouldn't pass FL. -- Howard  the   Duck  12:48, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

i don't know if a newspaper column would suffice: http://www.inq7.net/opi/2004/jul/08/opi_mlquezoncol-1.htm Gareon 13:06, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That's great, now to convince everybody, we'd need another one. -- Howard  the   Duck  13:09, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Wait... it says there Arturo Tolentino isn't counted too. -- Howard  the   Duck  13:10, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Now I'm confused..hahaha...but quoting from the article, The second mistaken inclusion is that of the name of Arturo Tolentino. Tolentino cannot be counted as veep because the country rejected the official Fourth Republic proclamation of Marcos-Tolentino as the winners of the 1986 snap elections. Dubious reliability again. If that is the case, it's like saying that Jose Laurel was not a Prez, coz the commonwealth did not recognize it. Or the Spanish never came and colonized, when for a moment, it was not recognized by the Portuguese in the 1500s due to conflicting claims. We need more sources, more sources. :) --Noypi380 14:31, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Note. Notice this source saying that Trias was 1899, not 1897, is in fact, wrong. Be wary of unreliable sources. :) --Noypi380 15:00, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

the phil. daily inquirer's opinion section is classified as a source of dubious reliability?Gareon 15:51, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, :0 I didn't see that... :) thought it was an English tab (MQ3 wrote it too) hehe. :) --Noypi380 02:52, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

it's not that, i was genuinely curious if newspaper articles don't count :) Gareon 05:29, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Opinion articles are ok too. --Noypi380 11:54, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Consensus
On second thought, we might not find any sources other than the official site. If that is the case, let's just start making consensus. Who agrees to use the OVP site (again, coz its the official source) as the basis of the article and list? This would mean that Trias would be mentioned as well (to NPOV it we have to say that he was not a veep at independence, etc) But IMHO, an excellent source other than the official site would be best. :) --Noypi380 15:00, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * i think the portion pointing out trias being the first filipino to have the title of vp, but pointing out this was before the establishment of formal government (1st republic) would settle it. do not in the case of laurel, he was not recognized as president until macapagal, five administrations after the war. the particular circumstances of 1986 led to a pretty incontrivrtible refusal by the public, the ulimate judge in such things, that the marcos-tolentino proclamations were void. so again, the best that could be said is that while tolentino was sworn in secretly, and then attempted to take his oath as acting president, both were never recognized by the public. it belongs in a grey area as one regine was abolished and replaced with the present republic. i mentioned elsewhere we should look at how france handled a similar situation with the vichy puppet regime and the free french government in exile under de gaulle. The simplest is: afree first, which is the first government? Malolos? Or earlier? If it's Malolos, then Trias wasn't the first VP. If it's earlier, is it the Biak-na-Bato Republic? That would make Malolos the 2nd Republic; was it Tejeros Convention? Then Trias is first VP, Biak na Bato becomes 2nd Republic, Malolos the 3rd Republic, Laurel's the 4th Republic, 1946 the 5th Republic, then after the Bew Society we had the 6th Rep. and are now in our 7th.Gareon 15:46, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, that clears it up for Trias and Tolentino, is that ok with the rest? Howard, what do you think? Can it be a featured list already? --Noypi380 02:49, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * How about saying that the present regime recognizes Trias as VP, when he was elected at the Tejeros convention. Then, we'll cite the OVP website, then that'll clear matters. Other things (like Aguinaldo's term) won't have to be added because it is immaterial. Then we can say Trias was recognized (but did not serve) as the first VP and Tolentino was elected (after all he, was proclaimed the winner, whether you like it or not), but also did not serve. the OVP websote is clear about this, and we can't find other sources having a definitive list. And I bet the FL reviewers may not know about this. What we need is a carefully-constructed explanation.-- Howard  the   Duck  09:59, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Peer review
Peer review/List of Vice Presidents of the Philippines. -- Howard  the   Duck  07:28, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Fernando lopez2.jpg
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Dates of Aguinaldo's term(s)
A discussion taking place at Talk:President of the Philippines appears to impact this article as well. Some editors of this article may want to comment there. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 02:17, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

Residence
Im looking for sources that PICCCuntil 2005. Bonvallite (talk) 01:16, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
@RioHondo, Filipino women have three options on what surname to use as a public figure. Either their maiden name (Grace Poe Llamanzares), married name (Leni Gerona Robredo) or both (Miriam Defensor Santiago. Both Macapagal and Arroyo are her legal surnames in the Philippine context. Her relation to the previous Macapagal president is an important footnote to her bio. Shhhhwwww!! (talk) 02:15, 10 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Yup, no issues there. Only their WP:common surnames as referred to in media are President Arroyo (not President Macapagal Arroyo), Senator Santiago (not Senator Defensor Santiago) and Senator Poe (not Senator Poe Llamanzares).--RioHondo (talk) 02:41, 10 July 2016 (UTC)
 * She is always referred to as "Macapagal Arroyo" not just Arroyo. Try moving the article and see where it gets you. Shhhhwwww!! (talk) 03:08, 10 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Her WP:Commonname is really GMA - Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, only her common surname is just Arroyo in all news outlets is what im saying.--RioHondo (talk) 03:12, 10 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Her surname is based on whatever title her name is right now. She uses both surnames now so she must be referred as such. If she drops her dad's name and just use her husband's then the timeline should reflect that. Shhhhwwww!! (talk) 03:25, 10 July 2016 (UTC)

Vice president salary
Can anyone check what the correct salary grade for the vice president is? Saw in RA6758 (https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1989/ra_6758_1989.html) VP get salary grade 32. There's a reference to new salary grades here https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/02/19/executive-order-no-201-s-2016/ but not sure which one is which? 50 pesos is clearly not right. 112.205.229.231 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 16:13, 12 January 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:54, 21 September 2021 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Vice President of the Philippines


text:
Talk:Malachi

Untitled
This page has technical problems.

Page title
Is Malachi a widely accepted title for the subject of this page? Because, according to the transliteration rules, it should be Malakhi (unless Malachi is 'official'). Please clarify this. -- Ynhockey (Talk) 09:50, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Why does an article headed Malachi have nothing about Malachi in it? It seems to be about Nahum. Grahambrack 15:05, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

added in link to nehemiah Pollira 20:08, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Check Easton
We say:
 * According to the editors of the 1897 Easton's Bible Dictionary, the name is not a "nomen proprium" and is assumed to be an abbreviation of ("messenger of Yhwh"),

But Easton's says:
 * Some have supposed that the name is simply a title descriptive of his character as a messenger of Jehovah, and not a proper name. There is reason, however, to conclude that Malachi was the ordinary name of the prophet.

So we are saying that Easton's is saying the contrary of what it says. Are we quoting a different edition? Is the quote misattributed? --84.20.17.84 08:47, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the attribution should have been to the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia article Book of Malachi, which resolutely does take this view.

 * However, the best way forward would be to report what is said by contemporary mainstream 21st century academic scholarship. Jheald (talk) 16:48, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Popular Culture Refernces Section
Could we add a "References In Popular Culture" section to this article?

Bibler
Note there are Bible references linked to a website "bibler.com" that no longer exists. https://www.mechon-mamre.org is still around though. Template:Bibleverse would be better as someone will maintain that if sites disappear. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 22:15, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

Malichi
What did Malichi have to do with Lions? 2601:1C1:8380:16A0:E8DC:E233:1796:20C1 (talk) 10:50, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

Article needs lots of help
Needs 20th and 21st century scholarship IncandescentBliss (talk) 00:40, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Malachi


text:
File:Gzabeneaththesurface.jpg

Summary
Description: The cover of GZA's album Beneath the Surface.

Source: The creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all derivative images is held by the artist or record company. Fair use is claimed regardless.

Fair use rationale for Beneath the Surface (GZA album)

 * 1) No free equivalent is available.
 * 2) The cover is intended for wide distribution and its use here does not detract from the album.
 * 3) The cover is low resolution and only the front portion is used.
 * 4) The cover has been previously published by retail outlets.
 * 5) The cover meets general Wikipedia content requirements.
 * 6) The cover meets Wikipedia's image use policy.
 * 7) The cover is used only in the said article.
 * 8) For an article about an album, the cover is one of the most relevant images that can be included.
 * 9) The cover is used in the article namespace.
 * 10) The source and copyright tag is identified for the cover.

Licensing
© MCA Records

title: File:Gzabeneaththesurface.jpg


text:
Talk:Zemus

Warpedmirror, how is this merge disputed under the terms of WP:FICT? Please explain. 134.174.21.2 16:22, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I, myself, do not see why this needs to be merged with Final Fantasy IV (the article is already huge anyway). There are articles for Chaos (Final Fantasy), Ex-Death, Kefka Palazzo, Sephiroth (Final Fantasy VII) (as well as Safer Sephiroth), Ultimecia, and Shuyin - all final bosses in Final Fantasy games.  Why is it that Zemus should be an exception?  The reason this was proposed to be merged with the Final Fantasy IV article is because Zemus is a minor character.  I completely disagree.  Zemus is the whole reason behind Final Fantasy IV.  He is the one who wants the Crystals to summon the Giant of Babil to destroy life on Earth.  The fact that he isn't physically seen until the end of the game doesn't matter, as he is controlling Golbez and Kain Highwind throughout most of the game.  Lord Voldemort of Harry Potter (if I recall correctly) doesn't truly appear in the series until Book 4, but is still deserving of his own article as he uses Professor Quirrell, his younger self, and Peter Pettigrew to make his presence known throughout all of the series. — Warpedmirror 03:11, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zemus


text:
Hypericum tetrapterum

Hypericum tetrapterum (syn. H. quadrangulum) is a herbaceous perennial plant species in the flowering plant family Hypericaceae. Its common names include St. Peter's wort, Peterwort, square stemmed St. John's wort, and square stalked St. John's wort.

Description
Hypericum tetrapterum is a rhizomatous, glabrous perennial plant growing up to 1.2 m in height. The stems are square in cross section, with conspicuous wings at the corners. The leaves are in opposite pairs, simple and entire, and have many translucent glandular dots. The thinly papery leaves are up to 40 mm long and 24 mm across and paler underneath. The flowers are produced in flowerheads of 10–30 flowers (up to 70), each flower 10–15 mm in diameter with 5 pale yellow petals and 5 sepals. There may be black glands on the petals and sepals, as well as on the leaves.

Distribution and habitat
Hypericum tetrapterum is common in damp habitats such as marshes, streamsides, open ditches, meadows, and springs throughout Europe.

title: Hypericum tetrapterum


text:
Black Alice (comics)

Black Alice, real name Lori Zechlin, is a DC Comics character introduced in Birds of Prey #76 (January 2005). She uses her magical powers to prey on drug dealers in her hometown of Dayton, Ohio.

Origin
Lori Zechlin is a teenager who lives with her father John and her mother. Neither Lori nor her father is aware that Mrs. Zechlin is addicted to prescription pharmaceuticals, which she purchases from local drug dealers. One day, overwhelmed by shame, Mrs. Zechlin commits suicide by overdosing and drowning herself in her pool. Lori discovers the body when she comes home from school. Lori also discovers, later that same night, that she has the mystical ability to "borrow" the magical powers of other superheroes or supervillains and also was absorbing all of the magic unconsciously. She does not have the same control over the powers as their owners and has little control over when she can take them or how long she can use them. Despite this, Lori (taking the name Black Alice) formulates a plan to avenge her mother's death and punish the prescription drug traffickers.

Lori's father, shattered and slipping into depression, becomes a recluse, although he tries to pretend for Lori's sake that nothing is wrong. Her mother's death also distresses Lori, but she is aware of the change in her father and assigns herself the role of caregiver. Her grades begin to slip, and she becomes alienated from her peers. Her primary social group, a Wiccan circle, expels her, claiming she is emitting "black energy" after her mother's death (in actuality, the circle's leader, Lori's best friend Dawn, is jealous of Lori's real and growing powers).

Having recently left Gotham City following the destruction of their clock tower headquarters, the superhero team the Birds of Prey are traveling the country by jet to identify and help previously unknown metahumans. Oracle becomes aware of Lori's power, but not her specific abilities. She sends Huntress, disguised as a school teacher, to keep an eye on Lori and offer counseling, while Black Canary is tasked with keeping surveillance on all of Lori's activities, to determine the specific nature and strength of her powers.

Lori abruptly leaves her boyfriend, Kyle, when she manifests Doctor Fate's powers, and seeks out a trio of suspected drug dealers. Before Lori can use lethal force, Black Canary intervenes. Doctor Fate's power fades, and Lori flees the scene, tailed by Black Canary. Suddenly manifesting Zatanna's powers, Lori binds and gags Canary and escapes.

Black Canary and Huntress unite to tail Kyle in the hopes of rediscovering Lori, and instead find that Kyle is two-timing Lori with Dawn. Lori discovers the same thing shortly afterwards and prepares to destroy a shopping mall (having now manifested the powers of Black Adam) in her efforts to avenge herself on Kyle. Black Canary is able to bring her down in an all-out brawl, but the Huntress brings a stop to Lori's rampage by presenting a contrite Dawn. Oracle turns Lori over to the care of the real Doctor Fate, where she can receive guidance in the use of her powers.

Day of Vengeance
Black Alice makes her second appearance in the Day of Vengeance miniseries. The Shadowpact asks for her aid in confronting the Spectre and Eclipso. Over her father's objections, she goes with the team. Despite her efforts, she does little more than delay the Spectre. Alice does manage to temporarily take the Spectre's powers. Since he is hostless, all this does is make the Spectre an intangible phantom, immune to harm. After witnessing both the death of the wizard Shazam and the destruction of the Rock of Eternity at the hands of the Spectre, she declines an offer to join the Shadowpact, choosing to return to her father and her hometown.

Later, in the Villains United: Infinite Crisis Special, she helps combat the global prison break that Alexander Luthor, Jr. orchestrates.

The Society
Lori is approached by Talia al Ghul, Felix Faust, and Cheetah. They attempt to get her to join the Society, offering both training and the resurrection of her mother. The Birds of Prey attempt to intervene. A frustrated and enraged Black Alice (who almost hangs Black Canary to death using Wonder Woman's golden lasso) teleports everyone to the outskirts of Dayton and states that she just wishes to be left alone. She returns home with her parents, her mother apparently fully resurrected, but living in a constant-shock state (she barely speaks, mechanically doing house chores).

Lori's life continues downhill, with her father turning alcoholic again due to his wife's condition, and popular boys and girls continuing to bully her at school. She summons the traveling helmet of Doctor Fate in an attempt to tame its powers. When the helmet starts to punish everyone who wrongs her, even her loved ones, Lori realizes that she does not need more power to attain happiness and sets the helmet free, spending more time to help rehabilitate her father. Her realization, however is short lived, as her difficult life finally takes a toll on her sanity. When Oracle summons her to help the Birds of Prey again, Black Alice apparently forgives the Birds and agrees. However, she soon snaps when Oracle reveals that her mood swings are a side effect of the antidepressants she has been taking to restrain herself, and that Lori has mirrored her mother's own addiction.

Her addiction to antidepressants saves her when she is kidnapped by Darkseid's henchmen and taken to the "Dark Side Club". Dosed with will-suppressing drugs and pitted against other teenaged metahumans, she discovers that her own drugs interfere with Darkseid's. Finding Misfit similarly trapped, but almost completely brainwashed and vulnerable, she briefly contemplates the idea of stealing her teleport abilities to flee alone. After discovering in Darkseid's files that she may be a blood relative of Misfit, she has a change of heart, and helps the girl escape. She leaves behind a letter, explaining her discoveries, but claiming that her feud with the young teleporter is not over.

A few weeks later, with a new scholastic year beginning, Lori brings her rivalry to a new level. Transferring to Platinum Heights High School, she learns that Misfit is also a student, forced to attend by Oracle. While Misfit has a difficult time adapting, Lori's "exotic" lifestyle, perceived as rebellious and independent, gains the instant acceptance and adoration of the school's Silicon Valley elite.

Various comics, including Birds of Prey and Day of Vengeance, say Black Alice is potentially the most powerful (and dangerous) teenager on the planet.

Reign in Hell
In the Reign In Hell storyline, Black Alice is referred to by Phantom Stranger as both "a novice" and "the Black Alice abomination". While in Hell, she seemingly teams up with Danny Khalifa, the latest incarnation of Ibis the Invincible, only to immediately betray him, apparently revealing herself to be loyal to Neron in the war for control of Hell. In actuality, she is there to find the one who stole a portion of her powers, retrieve the missing fragment, and bring vengeance down on whoever did it. She incurs the wrath of Lobo when she steals part of his strength to reach Hell's ruler. After Lori's unsuccessful attempt at stealing Satanus' power allows Blaze to gain sole control of Hell, she is returned to Earth, emotionally scarred by whatever she saw within the mind of Satanus.

Secret Six and Blackest Night
Black Alice resurfaces again by following Deadshot and Catman who had been hired to capture a child molester and bring him to the father of one of his victims. Alice confronts both Catman and Deadshot asking how much they pay. Following that she fights several policemen, as a trial of sorts, easily besting by stealing the powers of various magic users. She is accepted once she reveals that her dad is sick and that she needs money. Catman is troubled by the fact that Alice is not disturbed at the stuff they did and how easily she tends to violence.

On Alice's first official mission (taking place during the events of "Blackest Night"), the team is hired to free a drug kingpin from Belle Reve. Despite being enraged at the idea of helping a drug dealer, Alice participates in the attack on the prison, using the powers of Giganta to distract the guards while her teammates sneak in. It is revealed that the entire mission is a setup staged by the Suicide Squad to arrest the Six. Alice steals the powers of Suicide Squad member Nightshade and defeats both her and Count Vertigo. As Alice revels in her victory, a group of Black Lanterns attack her and the other Sixers. Her fear of them inhibits her control over her stolen powers until Bane's threat forces her to teleport the Six, Rick Flag, and Bronze Tiger to the House of Secrets. However, she brings the Black Lanterns with them and she refuses to return the power to Nightshade so she can teleport Amanda Waller to a place where she can find help. Waller knocks her out, and Nightshade takes her away only to return shortly with a Manhunter android containing the Green Lantern energy they need to destroy the Black Lanterns. Alice remains with the Six while the Squad leaves.

Some time later, Alice goes with Deadshot, Scandal, and Rag Doll to try to help Catman retrieve his kidnapped, and possibly murdered, infant son. All the four find are a trail of corpses Catman has left behind, the sight of which brings Alice to tears. Using Dr. Occult's abilities to locate and transport the four to South Africa, Alice suddenly reacts very hostilely towards Scandal. She mistakenly believes that Scandal is after Rag Doll, whom she calls her "boyfriend" (while Rag Doll does not exactly feel the same way, he does care for Alice), despite the fact that Scandal is a lesbian. Alice summons Etrigan's abilities, turning into Estrogan, and fights Scandal. She then turns back to normal and tearfully apologizes. Alice explains that she had attempted to cure her father's asthma using Raven's healing abilities, but unsure of how to properly use them, believes she gave him cancer by mistake.

In May 2010, Alice began co-starring in a back-up feature in Teen Titans alongside Zachary Zatara and Traci 13. Following this, Black Alice appears alongside fellow teen heroines Batgirl, Supergirl, Miss Martian, Lightning, Cyclone, Stargirl, Ravager, Misfit, and Terra as part of an all-female group of heroines gathered together to fight off Professor Ivo's army of robot sirens.

New 52
In the New 52 Alice's origin is changed. In Secret Six it is revealed that she lost her parents in a car crash that she believed she was the only survivor of. She actually died that day and her body is animated by the spirit of a dark elder pagan god.

Powers and abilities
Black Alice possesses the ability to temporarily usurp the magical powers of any being regardless of how powerful they are, leaving her targets powerless in turn. While the maximum range of her ability is unknown, it is potentially limitless. Additionally, her clothes will change to reflect attributes of the person whose powers she took.

In other media

 * Lori Zechlin makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Teen Titans episode "Things Change".
 * Black Alice appears in DC Super Friends #19 as a student of Headmaster Mind's supervillain school who possesses the ability to duplicate magical powers instead of stealing them. Following a fight with the Super Friends, Alice defects to them, vowing to return to regular school and become a hero when she grows up.

title: Black Alice (comics)


text:
User talk:Zippo

Hi Zippo,

welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

Andre ( talk ) 16:23, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Newfoundland and Labrador WikiProject
There’s now a WikiProject for Newfoundland and Labrador. We hope you’ll join us in making Wikipedia a great source of information about the province and its people. Oz Lawyer  17:57, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

New Collaboration for WikiProject Newfoundland and Labrador
A new article SS Florizel of Newfoundland and Labrador context has been created and we invite you to contribute to the article to firstly get it up to DYK status and hopefully to feature article status. The article is about a bit of Newfoundland's marine history and the sinking of the SS Florizel and it’s many passengers including a little girl Betty Munn. If you have any knowledge of the subject please pitch in add/edit and if not specific knowledge of the article if you could help by generating articles on any of the red-ink (wikified) topics, would be great. Thanks so much to help on this article. As a suggestion, maybe every Monday we could offer up a new topic to collaborate on and then pool our talents on that one. Oh and BTW did you catch the article that Oz  Lawyer   create on the Newfoundland Tricolour that made it to the Did you know? column on 5 July, 2006.! HJKeats 23:23, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:UNB logo.png
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Commons Photos
I have just spend one weeks vacation on the west coast of Newfoundland and photographed quite a bit of the small coastal towns, post offices, lakes and Long Range Mountains. I have started adding the photos to the article List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador, you can link there from our Wiki article by the same name. I will be adding more later and feel free to use them while expanding the communities articles WayneRay 14:16, 14 August 2007 (UTC)WayneRay

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title: User talk:Zippo


text:
Playmates (song)

"Playmates" is a popular song ostensibly written by Saxie Dowell. The main theme was note-for-note plagiarized from the 1904 intermezzo "Iola" by Charles L. Johnson, for which Johnson sued, settling out of court for an undisclosed sum.

Recordings in 1940 were made by Kay Kyser and his orchestra (vocals: Sully Mason & His Playmates), by Mitchell Ayres and His Fashions In Music (vocals: Mary Ann Mercer & Tommy Taylor), and by Hal Kemp and the Smoothies. The Johnny McGee orchestra also recorded it in February 1940 with the vocal by Harry Garret (actually Harry Garey) and Carol Anderson. Harry's name was misspelled on the Varsity label.

The Kay Kyser recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 35375. The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on July 20, 1940 (the first week that Billboard listed a chart) and lasted one week on the chart, peaking at number four.

The song was revived in a 1953 recording by Jimmy Boyd, and then again in a 1955 recording by the Fontane Sisters. The recording was released by Dot Records as catalog number 15370. The song was on the Cash Box magazine chart for three weeks, peaking at number 37.

title: Playmates (song)


text:
Black anarchism

Black anarchism, also known as New Afrikan anarchism or Panther anarchism, is an anti-authoritarian and anti-racist current of the Black power movement and anarchism in the United States. It is characterized by its intersectional analysis of different forms of oppression, its skepticism of both authoritarian socialism and Eurocentric anarchism, and its advocacy of community organizing, armed self-defense and revolutionary black nationalism.

Black anarchism draws its origins back to the work of Lucy Parsons, who developed a form of social anarchism with an intersectional analysis and called for Black self-determination. After World War II, links formed between anarcho-pacifists and Black activists of the civil rights movement, leading to the development of an anti-authoritarian tendency within the latter, with some groups such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) adopting a decentralized structure. Anarchism also partly inspired the programs of the Black Panther Party (BPP) and fit into its intersectional analysis of the relationship between white supremacy, economic exploitation and political repression by the state.

Black anarchism as a distinct tendency first emerged out of the radicalization of some rank-and-file members of the BPP, who were critical of the centralization of power under the party leadership. These people included Ashanti Alston, Kuwasi Balagoon, Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin, Greg Jackson, and Martin Sostre. Their anti-authoritarian analysis of the BPP leadership led them to encounter anarchism, which they adopted due to its anti-authoritarian commitment to decentralization and consensus decision-making. Upon entering the American anarchist movement, these Black anarchists found that White anarchists were often unreceptive to their ideas on anti-racism and Black autonomy. As a result, Black anarchists established their own organizations, dedidcated to pursuing anarchist approaches to anti-racist struggles and strengthening anti-racism within the anarchist movement.

Roots
When Black activists first joined the American anarchist movement, largely dominated by White men, they added perspectives of anti-racism to the existing focus on class struggle. Nascent Black anarchism was distinguished from White American and European anarchism due to the experience that Black anarchists had with racism, which brought them to prominence within anti-racist social movements. Black anarchism highlighted the institutional racism within the white anarchist movement, which suppressed participation by Black people, and sought to build a movement that better represented Black people and drew from their experiences.

Lucy Parsons developed a form of social anarchism that concerned itself with both the labor and civil rights movements, as she considered racism to have stemmed from capitalism. She attempted to draw attention to the oppression of people of color, including widespread lynchings in the Southern United States, which had previously been neglected by White anarchists. In The Alarm, the newspaper of the International Working People's Association (IWPA), Parsons publicised a lynching of thirteen African Americans that had taken place in Carrollton, Mississippi. In her article, titled "The Negro", she discussed the poverty that many African Americans lived in, demonstrating the connection between racism and classism, and called on African Americans to resist their oppression through racial uplift, self-determination and armed self-defense. Parsons' views on the dual racial and class oppression of African Americans led her to encourage them to join the socialist movement, as she considered that the dissolution of the state and the end of capitalism were necessary to create an anti-racist society.

Emergence from civil rights movement
In the wake of World War II, Black activists of the nascent civil rights movement began to form links with White American anarchists. This led to a notable influence of anarcho-pacifism on the movement, with Martin Luther King contributing to David Dellinger's magazine Liberation and Bayard Rustin finding employment with the War Resisters League (WRL). Anti-authoritarian practices were subsequently adopted by civil rights organizations such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which Paul Goodman allegedly described as an essentially "anarchist organization". Under the influence of Ella Baker, who declared that "strong people don't need strong leaders", the SNCC was organized along a decentralized and grassroots structure, and remained independent of other civil rights organizations.

Over time, Black anti-authoritarians grew increasing critical of the movement's leadership, the Big Six, who they accused of opportunism and corruption. In a class analysis of the movement, Ojore Lutalo declared that the leadership didn't have the interests of all black people in mind: "Just look at how they live today and look at how we live." In reaction to the prevailing liberalism of the civil rights movement, and its perceived failure to achieve racial equality, the Black power movement first came into being. The movement initially dedicated itself to electing Black people to political office and establishing black nationalist groups, but later distanced itself from integration and began to focus on ways to achieve autonomy from the United States. Unlike Black liberalism, which saw racial inequality in the United States as having stemmed from Social exclusion and racial intolerance, the Black power movement considered inequality to be a product of institutional white supremacy.

Development within the Black Panther Party
In its "Ten Point Program", the Black Panther Party (BPP) took a critical stance on the intersections between white supremacy and the economic exploitation and political repression of Black communities. Furthering this intersectional analysis, many Panthers extended this into a critique of patriarchy, social stratification and the state. The Panthers were also influenced in part by anarchism, publishing Sergey Nechayev's Catechism of a Revolutionary and creating their own version of the Diggers' free food distribution system, the Free Breakfast for Children Program, which itself influenced the later work of Food Not Bombs. The Panthers and other Black power organizations of this period upheld a revolutionary form of Black nationalism, advocating for autonomy from White society and for Black communities themselves to build that autonomy.

During the late 1960s, violent clashes between Panthers and the police became more common, as the former became increasingly frustrated with a lack of progress on racial equality and the latter intensified political repression against Black activists, who became targets of COINTELPRO. At the same time, corporations attempted to stem the radicalization of the movement by increasing funding for more moderate organizations, such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Urban League (NUL). By the 1970s, declining membership numbers in the BPP and the "oligarchization" of the party leadership led to the political polarization of its remaining members and the radicalization of some towards armed struggle against the state. The party experienced a split, as the Oakland-based central committee reoriented itself towards electoralism. Meanwhile, many of the party's autonomous groups throughout the country fractured along various different lines, with some becoming involved in community organizing and moving towards anarchism.

Drawing on elite theory, some rank-and-file members began to see the party leadership as responsible for the party's decline, as the BPP was transformed from a "large decentralized, revolutionary organization" into a "small, highly centralized, reformist group" under the one-man rule of Huey P. Newton. Kuwasi Balagoon became increasingly disillusioned with the party's leadership structure, as the central committee divorced itself from and dictated commands to other chapters around the country, without any internal democracy. He adopted an anti-authoritarian analysis of the party, which he characterized as a "hierarchy"; Balagoon believed that the party had declined due to its leadership's turn away from organizing towards fundraising, its top-down structure that stifled the rank-and-file, and the development of a quasi-capitalist class within the party leadership. Others, like Martin Sostre, accused Bobby Seale of selling out and attempting to join the "pig system". Ashanti Alston himself expressed regret for his "uncritical acceptance" of the party leadership: "After all, what does it say about you, if you allow someone to set themselves up as your leader and make all your decisions for you?" Both Sostre and Alston believed that the party's Marxist-Leninist orientation made it inclined towards political repression and intolerant of spontaneity and participatory democracy.

At this time, Eldridge Cleaver's New York-based faction had split off from the party to establish the Black Liberation Army (BLA). Many Panthers on the East Coast, including the anti-authoritarians Ashanti Alston and Kuwasi Balagoon, joined Cleaver's BLA, which they intended to serve as the military wing of the Black power movement. Another organization that advocated for Black armed self-defence, the Philadelphia-based MOVE, even took up anarchist politics, favouring autonomous and cooperative forms of living and upholding animal rights and environmentalism.

Growth of the tendency
One of the first Black activists to convert to anarchism was the African American bookstore owner Martin Sostre, who was already considering anarchist ideas in the late 1960s. By 1972, he had begun studying sketches of Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin, but remained cautious of introducing anarchism into the Black community, worrying that others would not be able to relate to them. Over the years, Sostre developed a critique of the BPP's Marxism-Leninism, which he considered to be a program for replacing ruling elites rather than improving freedom and equality.

Anarchist ideas then spread through Black activist circles by word of mouth. It was Sostre who introduced anarchist ideas to Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin, who deepened his understanding of the subject during his time in prison in the early 1970s. Experiences with incarceration played a large role in radicalizing Panther activists towards anarchism, as time in prison gave them space to re-assess the movement's weaknesses. Ashanti Alston was himself introduced to anarchism by the Panther activist Frankie Ziths, who wrote of Black activists' need to learn from the history of the Makhnovshchina, lest they themselves be betrayed by White communist activists. Ojore Lutalo was likewise introduced to critiques of Marxism by Kuwasi Balagoon, who considered Marxism to be ineffective for organizing Black communities and opposed its tendency towards bureacracy and political repression. Lutalo himself became convinced of the efficacy of consensus decision-making, believing that people had the capacity to govern themselves without being ordered to by individuals or organizations with political power. Drawing from this attitude, Alston summed anarchism up as "power to the people where it stays with the people".

While this group was united by their identification with anarchism, their individual perspectives on racial identity influenced their adoption of different labels for themselves. In his book Anarchism and the Black Revolution, Ervin described this new group as "Black anarchists", although this label wasn't universally adopted. Balagoon and Lutalo self-identified as "New Afrikan anarchists", emphasising their identity as Africans rather than "African Americans". Alston himself took the label of "anarchist Panther", under which he published a magazine during the early 21st century.

Entry into the anarchist movement
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, American anarchist organizations began to take up the anti-racism of the Black power movement, culminating in 1990, with the establishment of the Love and Rage Revolutionary Anarchist Federation, which itself included Black anarchist members such as Ashanti Alston and Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin. However, following their entry into the American anarchist movement, Black anarchists found that their ideas on anti-racism were rejected by many White anarchists. Black anarchists struggled to achieve representation within the movement, which they felt emphasised the pressing need for intersectional analysis within anarchism.

Balagoon was particularly critical of White American anarchists for their lack of understanding of white supremacy and racism, as well as their opposition to national liberation movements. Alston himself argued that White American anarchists were ignorant of the African American experience with white supremacy, which damaged their ability to be effective anti-racist allies. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and Love and Rage Revolutionary Anarchist Federation resisted Ervin's efforts to establish autonomous working groups for people of color, with some leading members accusing him of "separatism". To Ervin, the reluctance of white anarchists to allow people of color their own spaces had stifled their interactions and even culminated in expressions of racism and condescension, resulting in him feeling out of place in the "overwhelmingly White, middle-class, and for the most part, pacifist" movement. Despite this, Ervin continued to advocate for Black anarchism and attempt to establish spaces for anarchist people of color, believing that African and Latin American people would inevitably come to "constitute the backbone of the US anarchist movement in the future."

The Black anarchist movement's approach to anti-racism, which drew on the BPP's earlier targeting of racist institutions, contrasted with majority White anti-racist organizations such as Anti-Racist Action (ARA), which focused on opposing overt manifestations of racism and white supremacy such as the Ku Klux Klan. Black anarchists were critical of the ARA for its focus on overt racism as opposed to institutions of structural racism, as well as its racial color blindness. Despite these issues, many anarchist organizations began to draw on some of the BPP's earlier tactics, establishing Copwatch and Anarchist Black Cross (ABC) networks to respectively oppose police brutality and support political prisoners. Over the years, anarchists increasingly noted commonalities between their own principles and those of the black power movement, including their shared advocacy of people power and mutual aid.

Contemporary movement
During the 1990s, Black anarchists established their own organizations, such as the Black Autonomy Network of Community Organizers (BANCO) and the Federation of Black Community Partisans (FBCP), which gained chapters throughout the country and introduced anarchist approaches to movements against racial inequality in the United States. Greg Jackson also published the newspaper Black Autonomy, which, over its four year run, introduced more people to Black anarchist ideas and publicised news of police brutality and urban insurrections. Black anarchists also participated in the Anarchist People of Color (APOC) movement, which brought together African, Asian and Latin American anarchists throughout the United States. APOC collectives provided safe spaces (described as a quilombo by Pedro Ribeiro) for its members to provide each other with solidarity and strategize on anti-racist initiatives, away from the prejudices of the White majority anarchist movement.

Worldview
Drawing from the perspectives of the early Black power movement, Black anarchism takes an intersectional analysis of oppression, is critical of reformism and advocates for revolutionary nationalism. Black anarchists are intensely critical of authoritarian leadership structures and top-down organizations that separate the leaders from the led, which they see as having contributed to the failure of Black power organizations such as the BPP. Although they reject the authoritarianism of the BPP, they continue to uphold its platform of community organizing and mutual aid, which they believe can increase the influence of anarchism among marginalized people. They also advocate for the armed self-defense and self-organization of marginalized communities.

Black anarchism is critical of all forms of oppression, and thus upholds not only anti-statism, but also anti-authoritarianism, anti-capitalism, anti-clericalism, anti-homophobia, anti-imperialism, anti-racism and anti-sexism. According to Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin, African Americans can fight against oppression in all its manifestations by engaging in traditional anarchist practices, including boycotts, labor strikes, rent strikes and tax resistance, as well as by participating in the police abolition movement. Ervin also proposes that each community's needs be met by the communities themselves through the establishment of community councils, mutual societies and cooperatives, and by extending common ownership over food distribution, education and industrial production.

Black anarchism thus upholds a revolutionary approach to Black nationalism. Ashanti Alston considers black nationalism to have been an effective way to unite African Americans and drive forward social change, despite its historical problems with sexism and hierarchy. Alston proposes that revolutionary nationalists themselves are obliged to resolve any such problematic hierarchies within their movement, which would provide an anti-authoritarian approach to nationalism.

Black anarchists generally rejected narrow or explicit forms of anarchism that ignore issues of race and national oppression. Pedro Ribeiro defines it as a deformed "white, petty-bourgeois Anarchism that cannot relate to the people" and that refuses to talk or deal with issues of race by saying "No, don't talk about racism unless it is in that very abstract sense of we-are-all-equal-let's-sing-kumbayas-and-pretend-the-color-of-our-skin-does-not-matter anti-racism."

Ashanti Alston, who has explicitly used the term Black anarchism, also argued that "Black culture has always been oppositional and is all about finding ways to creatively resist oppression here, in the most racist country in the world [the United States]. So, when I speak of a Black anarchism, it is not so tied to the color of my skin but who I am as a person, as someone who can resist, who can see differently when I am stuck, and thus live differently." As an anarchist, Alston added that he viewed Black nationalism as progressive yet also as deeply limited, stating that:

"'Panther anarchism is ready, willing and able to challenge old nationalist and revolutionary notions that have been accepted as 'common-sense.' It also challenges the bullshit in our lives and in the so-called movement that holds us back from building a genuine movement based on the enjoyment of life, diversity, practical self-determination and multi-faceted resistance to the 'Babylonian' Pigocracy. This Pigocracy is in our 'heads,' our relationships as well as in the institutions that have a vested interest in our eternal domination.'"

Contemporary
Most recently, activists and scholars have emphasized the importance of Black anarchism in the formation of histories surrounding the Black Liberation Army, Black Panther Party and other modes of the Black radical tradition beginning with slave rebellions in the European colonies of the late 18th century to the present day. In As Black As Resistance: Finding the Conditions of Liberation, activists William C. Anderson, Mariame Kaba and Zoé Samudzi, describe the necessity of Black anarchism in current political struggles, arguing that:

""Black Americans are residents of a settler colony, not truly citizens of the United States. Despite a constitution laden with European Enlightenment values and a document of independence declaring certain inalienable rights, Black existence was legally that of private property until postbellum emancipation. The Black American condition today is an evolved condition directly connected to this history of slavery, and that will continue to be the case as long as the United States remains as an ongoing settler project. Nothing short of a complete dismantling of the American state as it presently exists can or will disrupt this.""

title: Black anarchism


text:
Buenaventura Lakes, Florida

Buena Ventura Lakes, more commonly known as BVL, is a census-designated place (CDP) in northern Osceola County, Florida, United States, near Kissimmee. Its population was 26,079 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The community is served by the Osceola Library System.

Buena Ventura Lakes is very well known as a Puerto Rican and New Yorican neighborhood (Little Puerto Rico or Little New York).

Geography
Buena Ventura Lakes is located northeast of Kissimmee, near the interchange of the Osceola Parkway and Florida's Turnpike. Its northern side is adjacent to Meadow Woods in Orange County.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 21,778 people, 6,901 households, and 5,645 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,892.0 PD/sqmi. There were 7,931 housing units at an average density of 1,417.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 62.66% White, 11.78% African American, 0.38% Native American, 2.68% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 17.48% from other races, and 4.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 54.63% of the population.

There were 6,901 households, out of which 41.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.2% were non-families. 13.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.15 and the average family size was 3.42.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,023, and the median income for a family was $40,764. Males had a median income of $26,768 versus $21,314 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,742. About 7.9% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% under the age of 18 and 11.5% ages 65 or older.

As of the 2010 Census, there were 26,079 people, and 8,415 households in the CDP. The population density was 4,675.3 people per square mile. There were 9,340 housing units in the CDP. The racial make up of the CDP was 61.2% white (15.1% non-Hispanic white), 14.2% black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 2.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 4.9% were from two or more races. Hispanic or Latinos of any race made up 69.6% of the population, Puerto Ricans alone made up 44.5 percent (11,618) of the area's population. 6.5% of the population was under 5 years old, 26.4% was under 18 years old, and 11.5% was 65 years or older. The median household income was $41,155, and the per capita income was $15,950. 16.7% of the population lived below the poverty line. 68.9% of the population 5 years or older spoke a language other than English at home. 78.9% of the population aged 25 or older was a high school graduate or higher, and 11.2% of the population aged 25 or older had a bachelor's degree or higher.

title: Buenaventura Lakes, Florida


text:
Léon Damas

Léon-Gontran Damas (March 28, 1912 – January 22, 1978) was a French poet and politician. He was one of the founders of the Négritude movement. He also used the pseudonym Lionel Georges André Cabassou.

Biography
Léon Damas was born in Cayenne, French Guiana, to Ernest Damas, a mulatto of European and African descent, and Bathilde Damas, a Metisse of Native American and African ancestry. In 1924, Damas was sent to Martinique to attend the Lycée Victor Schoelcher (a secondary school), where he would meet his lifelong friend and collaborator Aimé Césaire.

In 1929, Damas moved to Paris to continue his studies. While he studied law under guidance from his parents, his diverse array of courses in other topics like anthropology, history, and literature sparked his interest in radical politics. There, he reunited with Césaire and was introduced to Leopold Senghor. In 1935, the three young men published the first issue of the literary review L'Étudiant noir (The Black Student), which provided the foundation for what is now known as the Négritude Movement, a literary and ideological movement of French-speaking black intellectuals that rejects the political, social and moral domination of the West.

In 1937, Damas published his first volume of poetry, Pigments. Pigments reflected Damas' unique literary style, using the French colonial language to break boundaries of verse, meter, and metaphor. The collection touches on topics of racism, broader issues in the Western colonial culture, and more. Through Pigments, Damas explored the internalized racism and oppression that occurred within the diaspora, partly paving the way for Frantz Fanon's "colonized personality", explored in his seminal work, The Wretched of the Earth. Though Pigments was eventually banned by the French government as a "threat to the security of the state", before its removal, it was translated and distributed across several countries and continents. He enlisted in the French Army during World War II, and later was elected to the French National Assembly (1948–51) as a deputy from Guiana. In the following years, Damas traveled and lectured widely in Africa, the United States, Latin America and the Caribbean. He also served as the contributing editor of Présence Africaine, one of the most respected journals of Black studies, and as senior adviser and UNESCO delegate for the Society of African Culture.

In 1970, Damas and his Brazilian-born wife Marietta, moved to Washington, D.C., to take a summer teaching job at Georgetown University. During the last years of his life, he taught at Howard University in Washington, D.C., and served as acting director of the school’s African Studies program. He died on January 22, 1978, in Washington and was buried in Guyana. Although the political aspect of his poetry held less appeal in the later years of the twentieth century, Damas’s reputation was on the rise. His poems, which sometimes experimented with typography and with the sound of words, were astonishingly modern for their time, and they seemed to anticipate the black poetry, both English and French, of a much later timeframe.

Books

 * Herdeck, Donald, ed., Caribbean Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical-Critical Encyclopedia, Three Continents Press, 1979.
 * Racine, Daniel L., ed., Léon-Gontran Damas, 1912–1978: founder of Negritude, A Memorial Casebook, University Press of America, 1979.
 * Tucker, Martin, ed., Literary Exile in the Twentieth Century, Greenwood, 1991.
 * Warner, Keith Q., comp. and éd., Critical Perspectives on Léon-Gontran Damas, Three Continents Press, 1988.
 * Wordworks, Manitou, ed., Modern Black Writers, St. James, 2000.

Poetry

 * Pigments. Paris: Guy Lévis Mano (1937). Paris: Présence Africaine (1962).
 * Poèmes nègres sur des airs Africains. Paris: Guy Lévis Mano (1948).
 * Graffiti. Paris: Seghers (1952).
 * Black-Label. Paris: Gallimard (1956).
 * Névralgies. Paris: Présence Africaine (1966).
 * Mine de Rien. Collection of 36 poems. Washington, DC (1977), quoted in Christian Filostrat, Negritude Agonistes, Africana Homestead Legacy Publishers, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9818939-2-1
 * La Poésie de Léon G. Damas.

Essays

 * Retour de Guyane. Paris: José Corti (1938).
 * Poètes d'expression française. Paris: Seuil (1947).
 * Poèmes Nègres sur des airs africains. Paris: G.L.M. Éditeurs (1948).

Stories

 * Veillées noires, Contes Nègres de Guyane. Paris: Stock, 1943. Montréal: Leméac (1972).

Recordings

 * Poésie de la Negritude: Léon Damas Reads Selected Poems from Pigments, Graffiti, Black Label, and Nevralgies (Folkways Records, 1967)

title: Léon Damas


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Almafeta/Furry/Archive1

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no need to list - user page only -- Francs2000 | Talk 18:22, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

User:Almafeta/Furry/Archive1
The current Furry article has been moved to Furry Fandom and vandalized by Encyclopedia Dramaticans. I created Furry/Archive1 because I needed a copy of the original article to go into a bibliography of a book I am publishing. However, five minutes after the archive was created, User:Francs2000 moved it to my userspace, and deleted the redirect. Well, I can't exactly put a page in my own userspace in the bibliography... Almafeta 16:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately you can't archive in main namespace either. The only thing I can suggest is to reference an older version of the article, but this will result in a very long internet address.  As the creator of this archive you can request for it to be deleted: it doesn't have to go through this lengthy process as you are the only person who has edited the main content of the article. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 16:31, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.