text: User talk:84.65.183.7

title: User talk:84.65.183.7


text:
H.320

H.320 or Narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment  is an umbrella Recommendation by the ITU-T for running multimedia (audio/video/data) over ISDN based networks. The main protocols in this suite are H.221, H.230, H.242, audio codecs such as G.711 (PCM) and G.728 (CELP), and discrete cosine transform (DCT) video codecs such as H.261 and H.263.

It is formally named as Narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment. It specifies technical requirements for narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment, typically for videoconferencing and videophone services. It describes a generic system configuration consisting of a number of elements which are specified by respective ITU-T Recommendations, definition of communication modes and terminal types, call control arrangements, terminal aspects and interworking requirements.

The service requirements for visual telephone services are presented in ITU-T Recs F.720 for videotelephony and F.702 for videoconference. Video and audio coding systems and other technical aspects common to audiovisual services are covered in other Recommendations in the H.200/F.700-series.

Narrow-band for this specification is defined as bit rates ranging from 64 kbit/s to 1920 kbit/s. This channel capacity may be provided as a single B/H0/H11/H12-channel or multiple B/H0-channels in ISDN.

Used video codecs: H.261, and optionally H.262, H.263, H.264 according to the video hierarchy specified in specification, and in ITU-T Recs H.241 and H.242. H.261 is mandatory in any enhanced H.320 system with video capability. Baseline H.263 capability shall be required in systems that use enhanced video modes.

Used audio codecs: G.711, and optionally G.722, G.728, G.723.1, G.729. (Example of usage: If a visual telephone interworks with a wideband speech terminal, G.722 audio may be used instead of G.711 audio.)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: H.320


text:
Linxi County, Hebei

Linxi County is a county in the south of Hebei Province, China, bordering Shandong to the south and east. It is the southernmost county-level division of the prefecture-level city of Xingtai, and is located in its southeast corner. It has a population of 320,000 residing in an area of 542 km2.

Administrative divisions
The county administers 5 towns and 4 townships.

Towns:
 * Linxi (临西镇), Hexi (河西镇), Xiabaosi (下堡寺镇), Jianzhong (尖冢镇), Laoguanzhai (老官寨镇)

Townships:
 * Lüzhai Township (吕寨乡), Yao'anzhen Township (摇安镇乡), Daliuzhuang Township (大刘庄乡), Dongzaoyuan Township (东枣元乡)

title: Linxi County, Hebei


text:
Kimberley Davies

Kimberley Davies (born 20 February 1973) is an Australian actress most famous for playing Annalise Hartman on the Australian soap opera Neighbours from 1993 to 1996. She is sometimes credited as "Kimberly Davies".

Life and career
Davies was born in Ballarat, Victoria. In 1996, she hosted an Australian series called Just Kidding!, which featured pranks played on an unsuspecting public.

Davies later moved to the United States and played the role of Laura Sinclair in the lavish but short-lived night-time soap opera Pacific Palisades. She also made guest appearances on Ally McBeal, Early Edition and Friends, and appeared in the films Psycho Beach Party, The Next Best Thing, The Shrink Is In, Made and South Pacific. In 2005, she returned to Neighbours for the show's twentieth anniversary.

In May 2005, she appeared on an Australian reality television show called Celebrity Circus and in November 2005 she appeared in the fifth series of UK reality television show I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! but left halfway through after she hurt her shoulder, during one of the "Bush Tucker Trials". In 2007, Davies was a contestant on Australia's Dancing with the Stars and in the summer of that year she appeared in a Daz advert in the UK.

Davies also played Alura McCall in the James Bond videogame James Bond 007: Nightfire.

She appeared in the 2009 Christmas Special of Australian comedy game show Talkin' 'Bout Your Generation.

Personal life
She is married to model-turned-doctor Jason Harvey. They have three children: Isabella, Josh and Ashton.

title: Kimberley Davies


text:
Mamak

Mamak may refer to:

 * Mamak stall, a type of food establishment that serves mamak food
 * Mamak Gang, a Malaysian gang active since the early 1990s
 * Mamak rojak (or Indian rojak), the Malaysian version of a dish commonly prepared in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia
 * Mamak, a Persian language term meaning "little mother" or "kind and compassionate mother"
 * Mamak, Ankara, a district of Ankara, Turkey

title: Mamak


text:
User:Dan100/hi

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions; I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you haven't done so already, you may want to create an account.

Please read The Five Pillars of Wikipedia to help you get to know this place, and you might want to look at What Wikipedia is not to see what is and isn't suitable for Wikipedia.

And remember, don't submit copyrighted work without permission. By submitting your work you promise you wrote it yourself, or copied it from public domain resources — this does not include most web pages.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!

title: User:Dan100/hi


text:
Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia

Ælfgar (died c. 1062) was the son of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, by his famous wife Godgifu (Lady Godiva). He succeeded to his father's title and responsibilities on the latter's death in 1057. He gained the additional title of Earl of East Anglia, but also was exiled for a time. Through the first marriage of his daughter he became father-in-law to Welsh king Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, a few years after his death, his daughter became a widow and married the English King Harold.

War and exile
Ælfgar profited from the exile of Earl Godwin of Wessex and his sons in 1051. He was given the Earldom of East Anglia, which had been that of Harold, son of Godwin. Earl Godwin and King Edward were reconciled the following year, so Harold was restored to his earldom—but not for long. At Easter 1053 Godwin died, so Harold became Earl of Wessex, and the earldom of East Anglia returned to Ælfgar.

Ælfgar seems to have learned from the tactics Godwin used to put pressure on King Edward. When Ælfgar was exiled in 1055, he raised a fleet of 18 ships in Ireland and then turned to Wales, where King Gruffydd agreed to join forces with him against King Edward. Two miles from Hereford, on 24 October, they clashed with the army of the Earl of Herefordshire, Ralph the Timid. The Earl and his men eventually took flight, and Gruffydd and Ælfgar pursued them, killing and wounding as they went, and enacting savage reprisals on Hereford. They despoiled and burnt the town, killing many of its citizens. King Edward ordered an army mustered and put Earl Harold in charge of it. This was more formidable opposition, and Ælfgar and Gruffydd fled to south Wales. However, the issue was resolved by diplomacy and Earl Ælfgar was reinstated.

Family
Ælfgar is believed to have married Ælgifu, believed to be the sister of William Malet, Lord of Eye, as well as a possible relative of Ælgifu of Northampton, King Canute's first wife. He is known to have had at least four children, although their birth dates are unknown. They are, in no particular order:
 * Burgheard (d. 1061), predeceased his father.
 * Edwin (d. 1071), later earl of Mercia.
 * Morcar (d. after 1087), later earl of Northumbria.
 * Ealdgyth, queen consort of Wales and later of England, wife of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn and Harold II – her first and second husbands, respectively.

Ælfgar's son Burgheard predeceased his father, expiring while returning from Rome early in 1061, and was buried at Reims. This led Ælfgar to give to Reims Abbey lands in Staffordshire and Shropshire, which became the endowment for Lapley Priory. He was survived by three other children.

Death
Ælfgar is believed to have died around 1062, well before the Battle of Hastings. His daughter's children, of the defeated King Harold, are believed to have lived in exile.

title: Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia


text: File:BoA Miracle.jpeg

title: File:BoA Miracle.jpeg


text:
Jules Bastide

Jules Bastide (22 November 1800, in Paris, France – 2 March 1879) was a French politician, journalist and writer.

Lawyer and revolutionary
Bastide studied law for a time, and was afterward engaged in business as a timber merchant. In 1821, he became a member of the French Charbonnerie, modelled after the Italian revolutionary organization Carbonari, and took a prominent part in the Revolution of 1830. After the Revolution he received an artillery command in the National Guard under the new July Monarchy. For his part in the Paris Uprising of 1832 on the occasion of the funeral of General Maximilien Lamarque, Bastide was sentenced to death, but escaped to London.

Journalist and statesman
On his return to Paris in 1834, Bastide was acquitted. He occupied himself with journalism, and he contributed to the National, a republican journal of which he became editor in 1836. In 1847, he founded the Revue Nationale as a collaborative venture with Philippe Buchez, whose ideas had thoroughly infected Bastide. After the Revolution of February 1848, Bastide's intimate knowledge of foreign affairs gained for him a ministerial post in the provisional government, and, after the creation of the Executive Commission, he was made Minister of Foreign Affairs. At the close of 1848 he resigned his portfolio, and, after the December 1851 coup d'état retired into private life.

Works
His writings include:
 * De l'éducation publique en France (1847)
 * Histoire de l'assemblée législative (1847)
 * La République française et l'Italie en 1848 (1858)
 * Histoire des guerres religieuses en France (1859)

title: Jules Bastide


text:
Lomilomi

Lomilomi may refer to:

 * Lomilomi massage, a Hawaiian massage
 * Lomi salmon or lomi-lomi salmon, a side dish in Pacific island cuisine

title: Lomilomi


text:
User talk:Usrnme h8er/Archive 1

Speedy delete template
Specifically for easy tagging of speedy deletes of non-notable biography articles, I created nn-bio. You may find it useful in future. DES 15:37, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Merged articles should not be deleted
Hi, please don't tag articles for speedy deletion after they have been merged, the history must be kept. If there is a good reason to delete the redirect, take it to WP:RFD Kappa 16:11, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Number of times your user page has been vandalised: +1

Reverted it, of course. Rob Church Talk 01:43, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism of my User page
Thanks for reverting it! Have taken your suggestion of a counter.... sadly it's now on 2 already, I guess I upset someone! ;o) UkPaolo 12:39, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Australia in England in 1981
Thank you for your message regarding the above article. While I appreciate that blanking is considered vandalism, a quick glance at the page's history would have shown that all edits were mine, and an explanation of this was to be found on the talk page for the article, where I immediately left a note saying that I would work fully on the article at a later date. Not having admin powers, I couldn't delete the article and it seemed pointless to have an administrator to delete it, only for the article to be started up again. Furthermore, my 'Pending Tasks' on my userpage showed that I was intending to work on that article anyway, so it was fairly clear that I wasn't blanking it as a vandal. While I appreciate that you later saw where the confusion came from, I get the impression that accusations of vandalism get noticed, and I'd rather not have that on my user account! Good luck reverting the genuine vandals, -- High (Hopes) 17:40, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for your reply. Being a fairly new Wikipedian, there are all these tricks (like that template) I'm completely oblivious to, so many thanks for pointing it out. That said, I'll make an effort in future to ensure that if I start an article, I have enough time and info to make it immediately publishable. Thanks, -- High (Hopes) 08:26, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Omar Hegazi
I just deleted it, but in tagging it, you just recreated the page. I've now blocked the guy for 48 hours (increasing length) to let it sink in. - Mgm|(talk) 11:52, August 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Too late again, I already added that template and locked the page. - Mgm|(talk) 11:58, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

Battles of Artois
I don't know when the official "First Battle" was. World War I Day by Day gives it as 27 September to 10 October 1914, Major & Mrs Holt's Battlefield Guide: The Western Front - North says is started on 26 October 1914 and Keegan's First World War gives it as 14 to 24 December, which was the period of a wider French offensive in Artois and Champagne. There are plenty of sources that name the battle starting 9 May 1915 as the "Second Battle" and the battle starting 25 September 1915 as the "Third Battle", such as the Holt Guide and The Great War by Robert Crowley. Geoff/Gsl 10:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know what to do about the "First Battle". I would be happier if I could find at least two sources that agree on the dates but I don't have much on the French fighting in Artois and Picardy in 1914.  Unfortunately I don't have much time to do any research or writing at the moment. Geoff/Gsl 11:27, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Sir Harry Charles Luke
The country links were removed by mistake when i had an edit conflict with you. My apologies.

Dob & Dod links are standard when and only when there is a full date, because then they allow the date preferences to work. There is no other good reason for them to exist. Manual of Style (dates and numbers) says ''If the date does not contain a day and a month, then date preferences do not work. In such cases, square brackets around dates do not respond to user preferences. So unless there is a special relevance of the date link, there is no need to link it.'' (emphasis mine). I routinely remove such year links when otherwise editing articels, and I ask others not to add them. DES (talk) 18:20, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Time links
You wrote (on my talk page) ''I agree with the above editor, your obsession with the "date preference" functionality as a style suggestion is strange, notice that the Manual of Style link posted by the above editor shows very clearly that lonely years generally ARE linked. The date preference functionality is the ability of wikipedia to automatically translate a 7 September and a 7 September to the same page. It has nothing to do with what should or should not be linked. Usrnme h8er 15:42, 15 September 2005 (UTC)''
 * Oh but it does. You are correct about what the date preferences are and how they work -- although if I am not mistaken until version 1.5 of the software they only worked if a full date (year, month and day) was present. But the connection is that the only resason why links on dates are widespread is to activte these prefernces. It is most unlikely that the content of an article reached via a year link will have any relevance to the article about some event (such as a birth or death) that happened in that year, or that a user would follow such a link, or find that the information reached in any significant way illuminated the source article if the link is followed. Thus making such links is overlinking; they are, strictly speaking, pointless; and they should be ruthlessly removed. DES (talk) 15:54, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You responded: Interesting... But it still doesn't make sense to me... So I'm going to continue discussing it until a) it does, or b) I come to the conclusion that I simply don't agree. I hope I don't end up pissing you off, but I prefer this method to edit wars... First of all, can you explain the Manual of Style entry that contradicts you? Second, regardless of date preferences, if I follow the date links in George W. Bush (my favourite sample site because it bugs people... :P) I end up on equally usless sites as if I follow year links on Harry Charles Luke... It doesn't make any sense to me that the GWB dates should be links when the Sir Harry dates are not... Why the application of date references should matter if beyond me, and (normally at least) I don't fancy myself thick... Usrnme h8er 16:08, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You are correct, following the date links on the GWB article, or on any article, rarely if ever takes you to a sensible place. So why are full dates linked? Because the only way wikipedai "knows" that a text string is a date, and can activate the date preferences, is when the date is linked. Note that many date formats that can be chosen with date preferences include the year, so 2005-09-15, 15 September 2005, and Sepember 15 2005 should all wind up looking the same. If they weren't being linked to activate the date preferences, there would be no good reason for such links, since they don't go anywhere useful. Why then are so many years standing alone linked? Because a good many people, seeing full dates linked to activate the date preferences, got the mistaken idea that all dates, full or partial, including years with no other info, should be linked, and did so in many places, and other people, seeing the results of this imitated them. i suspect that even some of the MoS entries have been infected by this. Some people defend linking bare years as a method of emphasis. I say that if you want to emphasize years, you can use markup specifically for that purpose, put them in bold or italics or underline or change their color or whatever. But why years rather than any of many other types of frequently occuring information should be emphasized, such people never say. I have no objection to discussign this with you, and I hope to convince you. I agree it is much better than edit wars. DES (talk) 16:26, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support
Thank you very much for your support on my nomination for adminship. Now that I have been made an admin, I will do my best to live up to the truest you and the community have placed in me. If you ever see my doing something you think is incorrect or questionable, or does not live up to the standards that should be expected of an admin, please let me know. DES (talk) 15:53, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Rumbleina is a pro wrestler on The Simpsons
Episode The Parent Rap. It's in the second act, when Bart is watching TV after Judge Harm sentences Marge and Homer to be in locks. He's watching a wrestling show:
 * Lisa: Do you think it's fair that you're always into trouble, yet Mom and Dad are being punished?
 * Bart: No, it's terrible. [loudly slurps his soda]
 * Lisa: Well, why don't you do something about it?
 * Bart: After wrestling.
 * Announcer: Ladies and Gentlemen, I don't believe what I am seeing. Dr. Bonebreak just married Rumbleina, and they're already whaling on each other!  [on TV, a wrestling couple attack each other with folding chairs]
 * Lisa: When are you going to start taking responsibility for your actions?
 * Bart: If I felt like it.
 * Lisa: You're not even listening.
 * Bart: I know you are, but what am I?
 * Lisa: Ugh. [walks off]

Reverting back...:-) (Unsigned by )

No biggie
I feel the same way about anonymous posts. (And sorry for not signing my origional comment. :-)  sohmc 17:00, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Help with Translation!?
Can you help translate this for me to swedish? Many thanks in advance!

''For a small country, Albania is endowed with considerable resources. The southwestern part of the country is rich in petroleum and natural gas. The northeastern region has substantial reserves of metallic mineral deposits, including chromium, copper, and iron-nickel. Large deposits of lignite (soft coal) are found near Tiranë, and natural asphalt is mined near Selenicë.''

''Albania is also rich in rivers and streams with significant hydroelectric potential. These have been exploited quite effectively, making the country an energy exporter. A number of huge hydroelectric power plants have been built, mainly on the Drin River, and more than half of the country's arable land is irrigated, largely from the artificial reservoirs created upstream of the dams.''

--Armour 14:07, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Revert Canton of Benfeld
Hello, I have reverted your recent change to Canton of Benfeld. A canton is not the same as the commune of the same name, so there is no need for the redirect. Regards, Kiwipete 02:48, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Curious
What is an h8er? A vandal just called me that. -- MrFi s  h Go Fish 15:59, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, stupid me. I was trying to pronounce it as "aitch-ater".-- MrFi  s  h Go Fish 15:52, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Mediation case
There is no case in the first place, since mediation requires two participants, and I will be damned if I let this b.... and her "helpers" harass and slander me, which so far is all they have done. So I did blank that, because now that b.... which is not even supposed to be a participant left off another of her slandering rants. What do you expect from me, let that stand? Nope! -- AlexR 07:12, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

What exactly do you want? I can see you are trying to talk to me, but why me only? I am not the one who inserts long slandering rants on pages where they don't belong -- FemVoice's rant on the mediation page, for example. (Not to mention her page-long talk-page rants) If you want to join the "Harass Alex" club, you can safe yourself the membership fee -- you won't have any more success with it then they. -- AlexR 09:18, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

I'm sorry I mistook you for somebody genuinly interested in solving a problem, but obviously you are not. Hence, kindly stay away from me, because, well, why should I waste my time with you? -- AlexR 09:42, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

I don't want to see your harassing and dishonest comments on my talk page again
-- AlexR 09:52, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Your message to me
Sure, no problem. I don't want to intervene unless it's necessary, as people can often feel bullied by threats of a block. And while people shouldn't remove messages from their talk page (unless the messages are straightforward trolling, abuse, or vandalism), I always feel it's better not to revert such moves, unless it's an administrators' warning about a block, or something like that. Feel free to call on me if I'm needed, but hopefully it will work out without that. Cheers. AnnH ♫ 16:42, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Mediation of cisgender
Thank you for being a meditor... I looked at the comments above and I can't help but wonder what AlexR thinks you did to deserve the sarcastic remarks... Oh, you were the one that fixed the mediation page when AlexR removed it altogether. I get it now... I appoligize for you having to get involved.

The problems that exist with cisgender are multifold. But concentrating on the first issue, of cisman and ciswoman. These are non-words. I can not find them anyplace in conjunction with cisgender except on wikipedia or a mirrored site that has the same information propigated to it. I do find cisgender in a book search on google, but do not find cisman or ciswoman. The same goes for usenet, except for usernames.

When I first saw the words on Voice feminization I looked them up and found after a very short search that the did not exist on wikipedia. Period! Except for a redirect to cisgender. I used that as an argument as to why they should not be used in voice feminization and AlexR put them in cisgender. After much reading I removed them from cisgender and tried to quote the reason that they were not allowed.

Catamorphism reluctantly agreed with me and since you are not on AlexR's side, you are at fault also. The fact that AlexR is now calling me a b.... (bitch) means that there is little that can be done at this time. I have tried to make piece several times in comments on alex's talk page and have told that they are not being read. Sounds rather childish and imature to me, but I doubt that any kind of reasonable or rational outcome when AlexR says "There is no case in the first place, since mediation requires two participants, and I will be damned if I let this b.... and her "helpers" harass and slander me, which so far is all they have done." I hope you know that I am not trying to harrass anyone.

I am willing to listen to suggestions. How do I leave something that I know is a blatant fabrication out there? My roomate left wikipedia in tears, but I am not her. I will not leave and will just keep on trying different ways, until either I get enough people on my side with reason and logic, or AlexR finally sees the light and agrees to the reason and provides the explanations that I know can not be provided because I already looked for them.

Am I happy with the page in it's current state? No! It still has the words cisman and ciswoman and other assertions that if not pure fiction are at best inuendo to truth. When I look at Policies and guidelines I know that I have fullfilled my duedilligence. Humorously, most of how I knew to even look for this stuff is because of AlexR's tyrates - I would not have thought to look for the term 'SockPuppet' if it had not been for him.

Hmmm.... to tell the truth, I never thought as far ahead as you. I took it one step. But yes, the logical next step would be to have cisman and ciswoman removed as well.

Thanks for your help, and again I am sorry about the whole mess.

FemVoice 21:00, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Cisgender
You wrote: "Are you and User:FemVoice ready to accept the presence of the definition of the cis(sex) terms in the cisgender article?" I can't speak for FemVoice, but no, I'm not ready to accept that. This is the sole point that the mediation issue is about, after all. There are no reliable sources to support that the terms "ciswoman" and "cisman" are in common use; hence they shouldn't be in the article. The only editor who has stated support for their inclusion in the article is AlexR, but that editor has not been able to present any reliable sources for the definition. Catamorphism 22:56, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It is an easy thing to agree with Catamorphism. She and I have already disagreed, but she expresses herself kindly, and intelligently and when she does so, I consider what I want to say, and try and reason with her.  She is fair, and I will have no reason to think that she will 'ever' be otherwise.  Yes, I can work with her and come to a consensus.  FemVoice 02:35, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Cisgender mediation
Yes, I think the mediation case can be closed now, as AlexR has said he will cease editing for now; if he reappears under a different name, as he threatened to do, I think that'll have to be dealt with through other venues. Thanks for your time. Catamorphism 04:46, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Thelma Drake
I believe you were involved in an edit war at this article, back in June. If you have a chance, please take a look and see if you can help (another user and I who are engaged in a similar rv cycle don't want to violate the three-revert rule). Thanks. John Broughton 17:48, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Speculation
Please see the discussion at Talk:United States House of Representatives special elections in Illinois, 2009.—Markles 15:21, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

Naming conventions
Per our Naming conventions (adjectives), any encyclopaedia article about the concept would be at childishness. Uncle G (talk) 16:59, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Articles for deletion/Fjortis
 * The word Fjortis is a noun. Correct usage in Swedish would be "En Fjortis" (A fjortis), "Fjortisen" (the fjortis) or "Du är en fjortis" (you are a fjortis). Of course, notice that I suggested deletion in that afd discussion on the grounds that I don't think wikipedia is (or should be) a Swedish language dictionary and that I don't feel that the word has any notability beyond its dictionary definition. Usrnme h8er (talk) 17:16, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I wasn't talking about the word "fjortis". I was talking about the article that you mentioned in that discussion: childish. Uncle G (talk) 17:19, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * OK, fair point - but since childishness is currently a redirect to childish the point I was making in the debate still stands. Usrnme h8er (talk) 18:51, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Usrnme h8er/Archive 1


text:
Miracle (BoA album)

Miracle is the second compilation album (marketed as a "special" album) by South Korean singer BoA, released through SM Entertainment on September 24, 2002. The album contains Korean versions of BoA's 2002 Japanese songs. The song "Every Heart" was first released in Japan and the Korean version is used as the end theme of anime Inuyasha.

Commercial performance
Miracle debuted at number four on the MIAK monthly album charted in September 2002, selling 129,210 copies within a week. It placed at number 17 on the year-end album chart for 2002, selling 265,360 copies in South Korea.

Promotion
BoA promoted the single "Valenti" on music programs in South Korea upon the release of Miracle. It received a first place music program award on Inkigayo on November 10, 2002.

title: Miracle (BoA album)


text:
Constantiaberg

Constantiaberg is a large, whale-backed mountain that forms part of the mountainous spine of the Cape Peninsula in Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town, South Africa. It lies about 7 km south of Table Mountain, on the southern side of Constantia Nek. The mountain is 927 m high. It is not known who first ascended the peak.

Constantiaberg, Devil's Peak and Table Mountain are the highest mountains in the range that stretches from Table Mountain all the way to Cape Point. The range, made up of resistant sandstones of the Table Mountain Group, dominates the southern suburbs of the city on the verge of the Cape Flats.

The lower eastern slopes of Constantiaberg are covered by the commercial pine and gum plantations of Tokai forest, and are crisscrossed with hiking trails and gravel roads that are used for harvesting the trees. The forest is popular for walking, running and mountain biking.

The western slopes of the mountain overlook the magnificent scenery of Hout Bay.

A tarred road leads to the summit of Constantiaberg, where an important VHF mast is located -34.05494°N, 18.38633°W. The mast is about 100 m high and is visible for perhaps 80 kilometers in any direction. It was constructed in the 1960s and is used to transmit signals for many local television and radio channels, and also to support cellular networks. The South African Weather Service has a radar installation at the summit.

Constantiaberg is home to a variety of bird and plant species. The mountain is covered mainly by fynbos, a botanical biome native to the Western Cape. The specific vegetation type of the mountain is Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos, an endangered vegetation type that is endemic to the city of Cape Town - occurring nowhere else in the world.

Elephant's Eye cave, a popular hiking destination, is the mountain's biggest feature after the mast. This is visible near the southern end of the mountain when viewed from the Cape Flats. Elephant's Eye is so named because the eastern profile of the mountain resembles an elephant (the range that continues toward Cape Point being the trunk).

title: Constantiaberg


text:
User talk:LeonPolak

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Sam Vimes 09:28, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
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edits in World Rally Championship
You did some edits in World Rally Championship, most of them were great additions. However, you did make one change that I've reversed. This was the edit where you set all the manufactures to the cars of the driver that one the drivers championship. In the WRC there are seperate championships for manufactures, and drivers. Therefore, it's possible for a driver of Subaru to win the Driver's championship, but for Citroën to win the Manufatures championship (like what happened in 2003). This isn't clearly stated in the article, so I'll see if I can come up with something to state it better. Thanks for the other edits though. Greba 20:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Leon's response: Thanks for that, yes, I did not realise that - sorry. And yes, if it could be put as Manufacturer Championship or something - totally understand

title: User talk:LeonPolak


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Kulachi Hansraj Model School

Kulachi Hansraj Model School, India, was established in 1972 by the late Shri Darbari Lal. It is a Dayanand Anglo Vedic (D.A.V.) school which educates students from kindergarten to senior secondary school grades.

title: Kulachi Hansraj Model School


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Radio-activated guard box

Radio activated guard (RAG) boxes are experimental pest control devices intended to deter wolves from preying on livestock. Specifically, they are designed to work against wolves which have been fitted with radio tracking collars prior to being re-released into the wild (and, by extension, the packs of which they are members). The device was conceived by Edward Cummings, a rancher from Montana, who suggested that a hazing device could be tuned to a radio collar's frequency; after discussions with ranchers, the specifications of the device were designed and prototyped by Dr. John Shivik, then with the United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center. Very few of the devices have been produced for commercial sale.

The RAG box is a "disruptive stimulus device." It uses a strobe light and two loudspeakers which emit an annoying noise; these are activated when the box detects the signal from a radio collar at short range, and scare off the wolf pack.

The boxes were subjected to limited testing on wolves in Idaho and researchers concluded that they are effective for protecting livestock in small pastures; the technology is thought to be limited, however, because of the complexity of the device and its price.

title: Radio-activated guard box


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Talk:Tallgrass Prairie Preserve

Pull all these preserves together in an article Tallgrass prairie preserve, giving the individual history of each but much more importantly presenting what goals and issues tallgrass reserves face as a group, how they are managed, their unique challenges. Much more useful to the reader than these scattered articlettes. Link from Tallgrass prairie of course, so that the article can be found. --Wetman 09:30, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Article reclassification
This article merits reclassification as Start class. I have changed this page accordingly.

title: Talk:Tallgrass Prairie Preserve


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Albuquerque Sports Stadium

Albuquerque Sports Stadium was a baseball stadium in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, which was built in 1969 as a modern replacement for the aging Tingley Field. The ballpark had a seating capacity of 10,510, though it occasionally accommodated much larger crowds.

The stadium was located at the northeast corner of University Boulevard and Avenida Cesar Chavez. It was closed in 2000 and demolished in 2001 to make way for Isotopes Park, which occupies the old stadium's footprint.

Design
Albuquerque Sports Stadium was built in a bowl excavated out of a large hill, so the playing field was significantly below grade level. The dimensions of the park were 360 feet to left field, 350 feet to right field, and 410 feet to center, approximately the same size as Tingley Field. The stadium was a fairly basic facility with a central concessions area, offices, and ticketing behind a single-level grandstand. One of the park's most unusual features was a "drive in" area in right field where fans could watch the game from their cars.

History
Tingley Field had been the home of Albuquerque's professional baseball teams since the Depression, and it was starting to show its age by the 1960s. City officials hoped a large new stadium located near the other sports venues in southeast Albuquerque would have a major economic impact and help the city attract a Triple-A team in the near future. Support was widespread, and in a 1968 special election voters approved $1 million in bonds for the project. This included $100,000 for the renovation of Tingley Field, with the rest going towards the new stadium.

Albuquerque Sports Stadium was designed by Albuquerque architect Max Flatow and cost just $1.4 million. It opened on March 31, 1969, with an exhibition game between the San Francisco Giants and the Cleveland Indians played in front of an overflow crowd of 13,767. The first batter to step up to the plate in the new stadium was Willie Mays.

The ballpark's first tenants were the Albuquerque Dodgers of the Double-A Texas League. In 1972 the city succeeded in acquiring a Triple-A team, the Pacific Coast League Albuquerque Dukes. The Dukes remained at Albuquerque Sports Stadium for the next 28 years. The 1993 Triple-A All-Star Game was held at Albuquerque Sports Stadium, with the National League defeating the American League, 14–3. The attendance was 10,541, and the game was broadcast on radio. Albuquerque's Billy Ashley was selected as the PCL MVP.

By the late 1990s, however, the stadium had become the second oldest in the league and was in disrepair. Dukes owner Bob Lozinak sold the team franchise to Portland in 2000, and Albuquerque Sports Stadium was torn down shortly thereafter. Isotopes Park was built on the old stadium's footprint. Although initially billed as a renovation of Albuquerque Sports Stadium, Isotopes Park was built almost entirely from scratch; little of the old ballpark remains apart from the playing field.

Many Dodger greats, including much of the championship teams of the Dodgers from the 1970s skippered by Tommy Lasorda played at the Albuquerque Sports Stadium, including Orel Hershiser, Pedro Martínez, Steve Garvey, Mike Piazza, and Paul Lo Duca.

title: Albuquerque Sports Stadium


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The Jew of Linz

The Jew of Linz is a 1998 book by Australian writer Kimberley Cornish, in which the author alleges that the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein had a profound effect on Adolf Hitler when they were both pupils at the Realschule (lower secondary school) in Linz, Austria, in the early 1900s. Cornish also alleges that Wittgenstein was involved in the Cambridge Five Soviet spy ring during the Second World War.

Summary

 * 1) The occasion for Adolf Hitler becoming anti-Semitic was a schoolboy interaction in Linz, circa 1904, with Ludwig Wittgenstein.
 * 2) In the 1920s, Wittgenstein joined the Comintern.
 * 3) As a Trinity College don, and a member of the Cambridge Apostles, Wittgenstein recruited fellow Apostles Guy Burgess, Kim Philby and Anthony Blunt, all students at Trinity—as well as Donald Maclean from nearby Trinity Hall—to work for the Soviet Union.
 * 4) Wittgenstein was responsible for the secret of decrypting the German "Enigma" code being passed to Joseph Stalin, which resulted ultimately in the Nazi defeats on the Eastern Front and liberation of the surviving Jews from the camps.
 * 5) Both Hitler's oratory and Wittgenstein's philosophy of language derive from the hermetic tradition, the key to which is Wittgenstein's "no-ownership" theory of mind, described by P. F. Strawson in his book Individuals (1958).

Realschule
Cornish used a school photograph from the Realschule (lower secondary school) in Linz, Austria, on his book cover. That boy in the top-right corner is undisputedly Hitler (see above right). Cornish alleges that Wittgenstein is the boy on the bottom left; he says the Victoria Police photographic evidence unit in Australia examined the photograph and confirmed that it was "highly probable" the boy is Wittgenstein. German government and U.S. sources date the photograph to 1901, slightly after Hitler's arrival at the school, but two years prior to Wittgenstein's enrollment.

Wittgenstein and Hitler both attended the Linz Realschule, a state school of about 300 students, and were there at the same time only from 1903 to 1904, according to Wittgenstein's biographers. While Hitler was just six days older than Wittgenstein, they were two grades apart at the school—Hitler was repeating a year and Wittgenstein had been advanced a year. Cornish's thesis is not only that Hitler knew the young Wittgenstein, but that he hated him, and that Wittgenstein was specifically the one Jewish boy from his school days referred to in Mein Kampf. The last claim referred to the following quote:

"Likewise at school I found no occasion which could have led me to change this inherited picture. At the Realschule, to be sure, I did meet one Jewish boy who was treated by all of us with caution, but only because various experiences had led us to doubt his discretion and we did not particularly trust him; but neither I nor the others had any thoughts on the matter."

- Adolf Hitler

Cornish argues further that Hitler's anti-Semitism involved a projection of the young Wittgenstein's traits onto the whole Jewish people. Wittgenstein did have three Jewish grandparents but Wittgenstein himself, and his mother and father, were Roman Catholics.

The Cambridge Five
Cornish also argues that Wittgenstein is the most likely suspect as recruiter of the "Cambridge Five" spy ring. The author suggests that Wittgenstein was responsible for British decryption technology for the German Enigma code reaching the Red Army and that he thereby enabled the Red Army victories on the Eastern Front that liberated the camps and ultimately overthrew the Reich.

He writes that the Soviet government offered Wittgenstein the chair in philosophy at what had been Lenin's university (Kazan) at a time (during the Great Purge) when ideological conformity was at a premium amongst Soviet academics and enforced by the very harshest penalties. Wittgenstein wanted to emigrate to Russia, first in the twenties, as he wrote in a letter to Paul Engelmann, and again in the thirties, either to work as a labourer or as a philosophy lecturer. Cornish argues that given the nature of the Soviet regime, the possibility that a non-Marxist philosopher (or even one over whom the government could exert no ideological control) would be offered such a post, is unlikely in the extreme.

No-ownership theory of mind
Other sections of the book deal with Cornish's theories about what he claims are the common roots of Wittgenstein's and Hitler's philosophies in mysticism, magic, and the "no-ownership" theory of mind. Cornish sees this as Wittgenstein's generalisation of Arthur Schopenhauer's account of the Unity of the Will, in which despite appearances, there is only a single Will acting through the bodies of all creatures. This doctrine, generalized to other mental faculties such as thinking, is presented in Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Essays". The doctrine, writes Cornish, was also held by the Oxford philosopher R. G. Collingwood who was one of Wittgenstein's electors to his Cambridge chair. Cornish tries to tie this to Wittgenstein's arguments against the idea of "mental privacy" and in conclusion says "I have attempted to locate the source of the Holocaust in a perversion of early Aryan religious doctrines about the ultimate nature of man". Cornish also suggests that Hitler's oratorical powers in addressing the group mind of crowds and Wittgenstein's philosophy of language and denial of mental privacy, are the practical and theoretical consequences of this doctrine.

Reception
The book proved controversial, with reviewers criticizing it for drawing unwarranted connections between disparate events. The main criticisms were that:

 * 1) Cornish's evidence is contentious.
 * 2) Hitler and Wittgenstein did attend the same school at the same time, but there is little evidence that they knew each other.
 * 3) There is no evidence that there was a personal antagonism between them, or that Hitler's dislike of Wittgenstein shaped the course of Nazi anti-Semitism.
 * 4) Despite the wealth of material which has emerged from the archives of the KGB since the collapse of the Soviet Union, there is no evidence that Wittgenstein was amongst the higher-level Soviet spies in the UK, or that he was a Soviet agent, or that he had pro-Soviet sympathies at all.
 * 5) Cornish misrepresents Wittgenstein's thought and his philosophical context, or simply does not understand him.

One of the main issues of contention is the claim that Wittgenstein triggered or substantially contributed to Hitler's antisemitism while they were at school together. It is a view that has some support. British professor Laurence Goldstein, in his Clear and Queer Thinking: Wittgenstein's Development and His Relevance to Modern Thought (1999), called Cornish's book important, writing: "For one thing, at the K.u.k. Realschule in Linz, Wittgenstein met Hitler and may have inspired in him a hatred of Jews which led, ultimately, to the Holocaust. This, naturally enough, weighed heavily on Wittgenstein's conscience in his later years ... It is overwhelmingly probable that Hitler and Wittgenstein did meet, and with dire consequences for the history of the world."

Reviewing Goldstein's own book, Mary McGinn called it a sloppy and irresponsible argument: "[O]ne is amazed at the sheer looseness of thought that allows him to assert that 'at certain points in Mein Kampf where Hitler seems to be raging against Jews in general it is the individual young Ludwig Wittgenstein whom he has in mind', and to suggest that Wittgenstein 'may have inspired … (the) hatred of Jews which led, ultimately, to the Holocaust'. It is exactly this sort of sloppy, irresponsible, 'plausible' style of thought that Wittgenstein's philosophy, by its careful attention to the particular and to not saying more or less than is warranted, is directed against."

Selected reviews
Ray Monk, one of Wittgenstein's biographers, concentrates on the inconsistencies in Cornish's theory that Wittgenstein was the head of the Cambridge spy ring, asking why Cornish has apparently not bothered to verify any of his theories by checking the KGB archives. Ultimately, Monk says "As I read The Jew of Linz, I found myself wondering how on earth Cornish had confected so strange a piece of work. I found it by turns puzzling, funny, challenging and outrageously nutty... Cornish calls his book 'pioneer detective work', but I think it is really pioneer detective fiction."

Daniel Johnson viewed The Jew of Linz as a "revisionist tract masquerading as psycho-history". He wrote, "Cornish correctly identifies 'the twist of the investigation' as the thesis that 'Nazi metaphysics, as discernible in Hitler's writings... is nothing but Wittgenstein's theory of the mind modified so as to exclude the race of its inventor'. So the Jew of Linz was indirectly responsible, at least in part, for the Holocaust. Cornish tries to deflect the implications of his argument thus: 'Whatever 'the Jews' may have done, nothing humanly justifies what was done to them.' But he then offers 'a thought that might occur to a Hasidic Jew, and that is more fittingly a matter for Jewish, as opposed to gentile, reflection: the very engine that drove Hitler's acquisition of the magical powers that made his ascent and the Holocaust possible was the Wittgenstein Covenant violation'. At this point, the nonsensical shades into the downright sinister.

Sean French wrote in the New Statesman: "There is something heroic about this argument and it would be a good subject for a novel about the dangers of creating theories out of nothing. Vladimir Nabokov should have written it. It is not just that there are weak links in the theory. There are no links in the theory. No evidence that Hitler, in his final unhappy year, even knew a boy two years above him. If they did know each other, there is no evidence that he was the boy Hitler distrusted, no evidence that Hitler's remarks on snitching related to specific incidents at the Linz Realschule, no evidence that Wittgenstein informed on his fellow pupils." In the same journal, Roz Kaveney calls it "a stupid and dishonest book", and says "[Cornish's] intention is to claim Wittgenstein for his own brand of contemplative mysticism, which he defines as the great insight that IndoEuropeans (or, as he unregenerately terms them, Aryans) brought to Hinduism and Buddhism."

Antony Flew offers a mixed review: "Mr Cornish contends that the reason why the government of the USSR treated Wittgenstein with such peculiar generosity was that he had been the recruiter of all the Cambridge spies. The question whether or not this hypothesis is true or false can be definitively settled only if and when the relevant Soviet archives are examined. But I am myself as confident as without such knock-down decisive verification it is possible to be that Mr Cornish is right. On the other hand, 'On the very first page of Part III, Mr Cornish explains that the essence of this doctrine was expressed by Emerson in his restatement of the original Aryan doctrine of consciousness: '… the act of seeing and the thing seen, the see-er and the spectacle, the subject and the object is one'. I confess, not very shamefacedly, that confronted with such doctrines I want to quote Groucho Marx: 'It appears absurd. But don't be misled. It is absurd.'"

German historian Michael Rissmann argues that Cornish overestimates Hitler's intellectual capacities and uses fraudulent talks Hermann Rauschning claims to have had with Hitler to prove Hitler's alleged occultist interest." In Philosophy Now, John Mann argues that the contentions that so riled up the book's many critics were simply a clever ruse by Cornish designed to attract more readers. Mann writes: "Cornish is clever enough to know if he wrote a book on his 'no ownership' theory of language it would not have a wide readership. If he says this 'no ownership' theory was taught by Wittgenstein, learned and twisted for his own ends by Hitler, and actually needs Cornish to explain it all in great detail for the rest of the book he has the book reviewed in every paper and even serialised in the Sunday Times. ... If you’re looking for a book which offers history, politics, magic and philosophy, try The Jew of Linz."

title: The Jew of Linz


text:
Talk:Ashkenazi Hebrew

please x 3
Please please please! Add references and sources! Mostly in the last paragraph.

Ashkenazi pronunciation and Yiddish
It would be interesting to explore the reasons for the similarity of Ashkenazi and Yiddish pronunciation, as well as other linguistic relationships. Does this support the theory that Ashkenazi arose in Europe in medieval times?

It would be great if someone took such an exploration project on! Dori1951 (talk) 11:33, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

liturgy and everyday speech
This article takes about Hebrew used liturgically.

I've always been under the impression that there is also a type of Ashkenazi Hebrew used by Ashkenazim in everyday speech. Gringo300 10:38, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

loshen kodesh
Hebrew was considered the "loshen kodesh" among Ashkenazi Jews, and therefore only used in liturgy and, infrequently to converse with a non-Yiddish-speaking Jew (at the time, most Jews knew Hebrew)

 * I've done some research on Yiddish, but nowhere near as much as i have on Hebrew. Gringo300 06:46, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, i've done nowhere near as much research on Hebrew as i have on Arabic. Gringo300 23:51, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

language?
The title of this article says it is a "language", but the content speaks only about pronunciation. If it is considered as a distinct language then there had better be some differences in vocabulary and grammar!!! If not, I suggest changing the title of this article. --Keeves 21:24, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I happened to read this article again today, and I had the exact same reaction as I did 3 months ago when I posted the above comment! Okay, if no one can come up with a good reason to leave the word/concept of "language" here, I'm going to change it in the next few days! --Keeves 14:51, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Felt a need to reread that little itty-bitty article again eh? I think you're concentrating on the wrong word when you're reading the name of the article.  The important word is "Hebrew", not "language".  There are, however, differences in vocabulary and grammar between Ashkenazi Hebrew and other varieties of Hebrew, although I don't think anyone would say they're sufficient on their own to qualify Ashkenazi Hebrew as a language distinct from other Hebrew varieties.  That said, in conjunction with its penchant for changing primary word stress from the ultimate or penultimate to the initial syllable, it is the best candidate of all Hebrew varieties for the status of "separate language".  All of this notwithstanding, your initial comment above was particularly useless:  saying "I suggest changing the title" amounts to little more than kibbitzing.  You have yet to make a suggestion for what the article should be renamed for people to comment on.  I assume that your recommendation would be to drop the word "language" from the name, a move I would support strongly.  In fact, most of the Jewish language articles were "bold"ly "helpful"ly and "neutral"ly moved several months ago to the -" language" titles, on the grounds that they discussed languages, totally ignoring Wikipedia's naming convention that has been used time and again to keep Latin where it is, instead of at Latin language.  It's just that nobody besides me has felt like pointing out that the moves were ill-conceived, and nobody at all has taken the time to change the articles back to their proper places.  Tom e rtalk  05:22, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Felt a need to reread that little itty-bitty article again eh? -- Yeah, well, if you click in the Toolbox to the left, on "What links here", you'll see that there are a lot of articles which link to this one. One of them, for example, is Mishnaic Hebrew language, which lists some distinct rules of grammar which distinguish it from other Hebrew languages. I looked at three random articles there (namely Hebrew language, Knaanic language, and Mishnaic Hebrew language) and all three referred to Ashkenazi Hebrew language as a dialect. Therefore, I am now going to follow your advice that I make a suggestion for what the article should be renamed for people to comment on, and that my proposed new title for this article is Ashkenazi Hebrew dialect. --Keeves 13:27, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * As I think I've already made clear, I'd prefer it just be called Ashkenazi Hebrew. Tom e rtalk  22:52, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've taken the bull by the horns and moved it. Tom e rtalk  07:52, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

I've always wondered about this too: the articles on "Sephardi Hebrew language", "Mizrahi Hebrew language" etc. all seem to refer to the pronunciation of Biblical and liturgical Hebrew by different groups, rather than to any speech or writing actually generated by them. I don't think we are dealing with distinct languages, or even dialects; rather, with different traditions for how one pronounces, analyses and understands one and the same language. (Similarly I don't like the description "offshoot").

Where one could legitimately speak of an "Ashkenazi Hebrew language" would be in showing how French, German etc. turns of phrase entered the Hebrew of Ashkenazi rabbinic writings such as responsa; but I'm not sure if any of us has enough knowledge to address this. (The only example I can think of is the persistent use of "rotzeh lomar" for "means", as in the French "veut dire"; but I don't know whether Hebrew or French got there first.) --Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da) 10:42, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * There is nothing in the article that suggests Ashkenazi Hebrew is a language. Unless something like this is incorporated, Ashkenazi Hebrew is a pronunciation system, or rather a set of regional pronunciation systems. The article is deficient in not distinguishing various regional pronunciations. --Redaktor 16:22, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Kametz Gadol ʌ as an allophone for ɔ
It is my experience that in (at least) New York and Rockland county, the kamatz gadol (perhaps influenced by General American phonology) is frequently unrounded (in all or almost all positions, sometimes) from ɔ to ʌ among yeshivish (more so than hasidic) speakers. Thinking of including it in the article, but as it's purely original research... Thoughts? Nzk10 (talk) 12:16, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

A Transliteration Request
Please repost the following spellings below if you think that "ou" is a reasonable transliteration for אוֹ as [au] (e.g. out).

segoul for אֶ

chouloum for אוֹ (assuming it was spelled חוֹלוֹם, which I know it isn't; it's a long story)

I am asking because I would feel more comfortable adopting these spellings if you did so.

Thanks in advance, but please do respond.

 * segoul for אֶ

 * chouloum for אוֹ

 * Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:18C:8601:8448:89CF:4EE8:E4A9:4CC0 (talk) 00:15, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Why "T" pronounced as "S"?
Is it included in the article why "T" is pronounced as "S"? If not, can this information be added? 173.88.241.33 (talk) 01:54, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Any answer is necessarily speculative. The most likely explanation, if Arabic is anything to go by, is that the older sound was "th" as in "think". People who can't pronounce it are equally likely to change it to "t" and "s", and which they go for will be a matter of dialect.

 * There may of course have been a still older phase in which all the letters were pronounced hard and intervocalic softening only came later. Both Spanish and Irish provide examples of this. --Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da) (talk) 12:34, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

Arabic not required...Yememite Hebrew pronounces the dotless taf "th" as in "think". In modern Hebrew it is 't' and in Ashkenazi it is 's'. The taf with dot in the middle is pronounced 't' by all. Many people believe that Yemenite pronunciation is the authentic version (see also History and Features in the main article) Dori1951 (talk) 12:09, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ashkenazi Hebrew


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User:ASB

I am a post-graduate student of religious studies, specialising in Japanese Buddhism. I regularly use Wikipedia for research and am attempting to give something back to the Wikipedia community by editing some articles myself. My other interests include Wuxia films, science fiction, science and philosophy.

Some articles I have contributed to:

Ikko, Ikko-ikki, Sutra of Filial Piety, Naikan, Honganji, Jodo Shinshu, Zen, Therapy, Morita, Mappo, Shinran, Rennyo, Burakumin, Buddhist Churches of America, Ippen ...

title: User:ASB


text:
User:Cj.23

CJ is a very dull person who finds strange joy in editing Wikipedia articles. Currently he is trying to compile a listing of Paranormal television shows and to that end has created a new category,Paranormal Television which is a sub-category of Television genres. His interests include Theology, Parapsychology, board games and roleplaying games. He has written supplements for the roleplaying games Call of Cthulhu and Ars Magica and other games, and has worked on such Paranormal television shows as Most Haunted and Ghosthunters etc, etc, and one day hopes to warrant an underlined entry rather than being mentioned in passing on other peoples and shows! (Actually I did have one for a year or two but asked for it to be deleted as I'm not very interesting) Still it was nice to find myself mentioned in passing in a couple of Wikipedia articles, and hence my sudden interest in the project.

You can find me at
I post on the RichardDawkins.net as Jerome (and am very proud of winning the First Richard Dawkins Forum Science Writing Contest this month!)and also on the James Randi Educational Foundation Foundation as cj.23 You are welcome to email me if you so desire!

Original Contributions to Wikipedia include
Paranormal? - TV show, Ghosthunters - TV show, West Stow - village, Ingham, Suffolk - village, Derek Acorah - TV personality, Phil Whyman- TV personality, Paranormal television- article, Paranormal Television-category, Haunted History - TV show, Derby Gaol- UK location, Ciarán O' Keeffe - parapsychologist, Louie Savva - parapsychologist, Scariest Places On Earth - TV show, American Society for Psychical Research - parapsychological organisation, Boston Society for Psychical Research- parapsychological organisation

An odd list for a chap who watches very little TV. :)

Major Revisions include
Most Haunted - tv show, Breckland - area England, Richard Felix - TV personality, Society for Psychical Research - parapsychological organisation, Spiritualist Church

Editing includes
Thetford, Forest Heath, Linda Blair, Ghost Hunters, Peter Igneus

title: User:Cj.23


text:
Senegalese Democratic Union

Senegalese Democratic Union (in French: Union Démocratique Sénégalais) was a political party in Senegal, founded in 1946 by the Communist Study Groups (GEC). UDS became affiliated as the Senegalese section of the African Democratic Rally (RDA).

Later in 1955 the UDS was expelled from RDA, and substituted by the less radical Senegalese Popular Movement (MPS).

In 1956 UDS decided to merge into the Senegalese Popular Bloc (BPS). Former UDS cadres played an important role in the formation of African Regroupment Party-Senegal (PRA-Sénégal).

title: Senegalese Democratic Union


text: File:Choppermovie.jpg

title: File:Choppermovie.jpg


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Selenium disulfide

Selenium disulfide, also known as selenium sulfide, is a chemical compound and medication used to treat seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, and pityriasis versicolor. It is applied to the affected area as a lotion or shampoo. Symptoms frequently return if treatment is stopped.

Side effects may include hair discoloration, skin irritation, and risk of systemic absorption and toxicity, among others. Use is not recommended in children less than 2–5 years old. Use in pregnancy or breastfeeding has not been studied. It consists of a mixture of inorganic covalent compounds having an approximate empirical formulas of SeS2. Selenium disulfide acts as a keratolytic and antifungal agent.

Selenium disulfide was approved for medical use in the United States at least as early as 1951. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Selenium disulfide is available as a generic medication and over the counter.

Medical uses
Selenium disulfide is sold as an antifungal agent in shampoos (such as Selsun Blue) for the treatment of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis associated in the scalp with fungi of genus Malassezia. It is also used on the body to treat tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor), a type of fungal skin infection caused by a different species of Malassezia.

A 2015 systematic review of topical treatments for seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp identified only a single randomized controlled trial evaluating selenium disulfide for the condition. It was a three-arm trial of 246 people with moderate to severe dandruff and compared treatment with 2% ketoconazole shampoo (n=97), 2.5% selenium disulfide shampoo (n=100), and placebo (shampoo base with no antiseborrheic agent) (n=49) for 29days. The study found a 73% reduction in dandruff score with ketoconazole, a 67% reduction with selenium disulfide, and a 45% reduction with placebo. Based on the study, the systematic review concluded that selenium disulfide may be effective in the treatment of dandruff but that the available evidence is limited and overall evidence quality is low. It also found that while selenium disulfide has infrequent side effects, it seems to have more side effects than ketoconazole shampoo. Consequently, the review concluded that selenium disulfide should not be considered as a first-line therapy but instead should be used as an alternative treatment after other therapies like ketoconazole shampoo have proven not effective.

A 2015 review recommended topical antifungal agents, topical corticosteroids, and topical calcineurin inhibitors like tacrolimus as the main treatments for seborrheic dermatitis based on good-quality evidence, rather than selenium disulfide for which evidence is much more limited. However, the review did suggest use of over-the-counter selenium disulfide shampoos as an inexpensive option for managing mild symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis.

Available forms
Selenium disulfide is available in the form of a prescription drug as a 2.25% medical shampoo. In the United States, a 1% strength is available over-the-counter, and a 2.5% strength is also available with a prescription. In Canada, the 2.5% strength is available over-the-counter. Selsun Blue is an over-the-counter shampoo for dandruff with 1% selenium disulfide as its active ingredient.

Side effects
Side effects of selenium disulfide shampoo for dandruff appear to be infrequent. A randomized controlled trial of 100 people who received selenium disulfide reported side effects of itching or burning sensation of the scalp (3people), eruption near the hairline (1person), psoriasis (1person), lightening or bleaching of hair color (2people), orange staining of the scalp (1person), and a chemical taste while shampooing (1person).

Selenium disulfide can cause discoloration of nails and light hair and can alter the color of hair dyes. Several scattered case reports of orange to red–brown scalp discoloration with selenium sulfide shampoo exist. The discoloration resolved shortly following discontinuation of selenium disulfide shampoo and its removal could be facilitated by lightly swabbing with isopropyl alcohol. Selenium disulfide may also discolor metallic jewellery. Case reports of temporary diffuse hair loss with selenium disulfide shampoo exist as well. Excessive environmental or occupational exposure to selenium has also been associated with hair loss and other adverse effects. However, hair loss has not been reported with topical selenium disulfide in several large studies.

Selenium disulfide should not be applied to damaged skin as there is a risk of systemic absorption and associated toxicity. Systemic symptoms may include tremors, weakness, lethargy, lower abdominal pain, and occasional vomiting. These symptoms usually resolve within 10days following exposure.

Pharmacodynamics
Selenium disulfide acts as an antifungal and keratolytic agent to treat seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff.

Pharmacokinetics
The systemic absorption and toxicity of orally administered selenium sulfide has been studied in animals. Topical use of selenium sulfide in the form of a shampoo or lotion in humans does not appear to normally increase circulating or urinary selenium levels. However, application of selenium disulfide to damaged skin can result in systemic absorption and has been associated with cases of toxicity. Selenium disulfide appears to be much less toxic than other selenium salts, which may be attributed to its low aqueous solubility and very poor systemic absorption.

Composition

Selenium disulfide has a composition that approximates to SeS2 and is sometimes called selenium sulfide. However, as used in proprietary formulations, it is not a pure chemical compound but a mixture of eight-membered-ring compounds where the overall Se:S ratio is 1:2. The specific chemicals contain a variable number of S and Se atoms, SenS8−n.

Many selenium sulfides are known, as indicated by 77Se-NMR spectroscopy.

History
Selenium sulfide was introduced for medical use in the United States in 1951.

Selenium monosulfide, along with elemental selenium and sulfur, has been used in medicinal preparations in the past, causing confusion and contradiction as to exactly what form selenium is in any given topical preparation.

Popular culture
In the film Evolution selenium was mentioned as an active ingredient of Head & Shoulders. A group of academics, therefore, tried to use this brand of shampoo to stop an alien invasion after discovering that the alien life form was sensitive to selenium.

Research
Selenium disulfide has been suggested to be effective as a treatment for hyperkeratosis based on a small case series of three treated patients. It has also been reported to be effective in the treatment of scalp psoriasis based on clinical observation of over 100treated patients and two case reports of dramatic response.

Selenium sulfide is under development for the treatment of meibomianitis (meibomian gland dysfunction) and dry eyes in topical and ophthalmic formulations. As of March 2021, it is in phase 2/3 clinical trials for meibomianitis and phase 2 trials for dry eyes. The developmental code name of selenium sulfide for these uses is AZR-MD-001 and it is being developed by Azura Ophthalmics.

title: Selenium disulfide


text:
Christopher Milne

Christopher Milne (born 24 May 1950) is an Australian actor and award-winning writer who has scripted numerous episodes of Prisoner and Neighbours, as well as appearing on the shows as a performer. He also originated the character of Philip Martin on the Australian soap opera Neighbours, in 1985 (when the program debut originally on Network Seven) before Ian Rawlings was cast in the role. He was also Ben Mazzini in Water Under The Bridge.

Milne also acted in such films as the vampire film Thirst and Felicity.

He has written children's books (ages 6–13) for many years and his Naughty Stories for Good Boys and Girls is a winner of The Young Australians Best Book Award. He recorded 13 of the stories for the BBC in London.

title: Christopher Milne


text:
Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt

Michiel Janszoon (abbr. Jansz.) van Mierevelt (also spelled Miereveld or Miereveldt; 1 May 1566 – 27 June 1641) was a Dutch painter and draftsman of the Dutch Golden Age.

Biography
Van Mierevelt was born and died in Delft, as a son of a goldsmith, who apprenticed him to the copperplate engraver Hieronymus Wierix. He subsequently became a pupil of Willem Willemz and Augusteyn of Delft, until Anthonie van Montfoort (Houbraken calls him Antony Blokland ), who had seen and admired two of Mierevelt's early engravings, Christ and the Samaritan and Judith and Holofernes, invited him to enter his school at Utrecht.

He registered as a member of the Guild of St. Luke in The Hague in 1625. Devoting himself first to still lifes, he eventually took up portraiture, in which he achieved such success that the many commissions entrusted to him necessitated the employment of numerous assistants, by whom hundreds of portraits were turned out in factory fashion. Today over 500 paintings are or have been attributed to him. The works that can with certainty be ascribed to his own brush are remarkable for their sincerity, severe drawing and harmonious color, but comparatively few of the two thousand or more portraits that bear his name are wholly his own handiwork. So great was his reputation that he was patronized by royalty in many countries and acquired great wealth. The king of Sweden and the count palatine of Neuburg presented him with golden chains; Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, at whose court he lived in Delft, gave him a pension; and Charles I vainly endeavoured to induce him to visit the English court.

Though Mierevelt is chiefly known as a portrait painter, he also executed some mythological pieces of minor importance. Many of his portraits have been reproduced in line by the leading Dutch engravers of his time. He died at Delft.

The Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam has the richest collection of Mierevelt's works, chief of them being the portraits of William, Philip William, Maurice, and Frederick Henry of Orange, and of the count palatine Frederick V. At the Mauritshuis in The Hague are the portraits of four princes of the house of Orange, of Frederick V as king of Bohemia, and of Louise de Coligny as a widow. Other portraits by him are at nearly all the leading continental galleries, notably at Brunswick (3), Gotha (2), Schwerin (3), Munich (2), Paris (Louvre, 3), Dresden (4), Berlin (2), and Darmstadt (3). The town hall of Delft also has numerous examples of his work.

Legacy
Many of his pupils and assistants rose to fame. The most gifted of them were Paulus Moreelse, Jan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn, Daniel Mijtens, Anthonie Palamedesz., Johan van Nes, and Hendrick Cornelisz. van Vliet. His sons Pieter (1596–1623) and Jan (died 1633), and his son-in-law Jacob Delff, probably painted many of the pictures which go under his name. His portrait was painted by Anthony van Dyck and engraved by Jacob Delff.

title: Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt


text:
Mode (user interface)

In user interface design, a mode is a distinct setting within a computer program or any physical machine interface, in which the same user input will produce perceived results different from those that it would in other settings. Modal interface components include the Caps lock and Insert keys on the standard computer keyboard, both of which typically put the user's typing into a different mode after being pressed, then return it to the regular mode after being re-pressed.

An interface that uses no modes is known as a modeless interface. Modeless interfaces avoid mode errors, in which the user performs an action appropriate to one mode while in another mode, by making it impossible for the user to commit them.

Definition
In his book The Humane Interface, Jef Raskin defines modality as follows: "An human-machine interface is modal with respect to a given gesture when (1) the current state of the interface is not the user's locus of attention and (2) the interface will execute one among several different responses to the gesture, depending on the system's current state." (Page 42).

In Raskin's sense and according to his definition, an interface is not modal as long as the user is fully aware of its current state. Raskin refers to this as "locus of attention" (from the Latin word locus meaning "place" or "location"). Typically a user is aware of a system state if the state change was purposefully initiated by the user, or if the system gives some strong signals to notify the user of the state change in the place where interaction occurs. If the user's locus of attention changes to a different area, the state of the interface may then represent a mode since the user is no longer aware of it.

Larry Tesler defined modes as "a state of the user interface that lasts for a period of time, is not associated with any particular object, and has no role other than to place an interpretation on operator input."

Modal
Several examples of software have been described as modal or using interface modes:
 * Text editors – typically are in insert mode by default but can be toggled in and out of overtype mode by pressing the Insert key.
 * Bravo (editor) – the first WYSIWYG modal editor made for Xerox Alto computers at Xerox PARC by Butler Lampson and Charles Simonyi
 * vi – has one mode for inserting text, and a separate mode for entering commands. There is also an "ex" mode for issuing more complex commands (e.g. search and replace). Under normal circumstances, the editor automatically returns to the previous mode after a command has been issued; however, it is possible to permanently move into this mode using Shift-Q.
 * Derivatives, such as Vim and Neovim
 * Emacs – has the concept of "prefix keys", which trigger a modal state by pressing the control key plus a letter key. Emacs then waits for additional keypresses that complete a keybinding. This differs from vi in that the mode always ends as soon as the command is called (when the sequence of key presses that activates it is completed). Emacs also has many "major and minor" modes that change the available commands, and may be automatically invoked based on file type to more easily edit files of that type. Emacs modes are not restricted to editing text files; modes exist for file browsing, web browsing, IRC and email and their interaction patterns are equivalent to application software within the Emacs environment. Modes are written in Emacs Lisp, and all modes may not be included with all versions.
 * Cisco IOS – certain commands are executed in a "command mode".
 * Tools chosen from a palette in photo-editing and drawing applications are examples of a modal interface. Some advanced image editors have a feature where the same tools can be accessed nonmodally by a keypress, and remain active as long as the key is held down. Releasing the key returns the interface to the modal tool activated by the palette.
 * Video games can use game modes as a mechanic to enhance gameplay.
 * Modal windows block all workflow in the top-level program until the modal window is closed.

Modeless
Larry Tesler at PARC devised insights for a modeless word processor from the feedback gathered from a user test with newly-hired Sylvia Adams, where she was asked to ad lib some gestures to correct proofreading marks on the digital text. This test convinced Tesler's manager Bill English of the problems with their previous modal interface.

Mode errors
Modes are often frowned upon in interface design because they are likely to produce mode errors when the user forgets what state the interface is in, performs an action that is appropriate to a different mode, and gets an unexpected and undesired response. A mode error can be quite startling and disorienting as the user copes with the sudden violation of their user expectations.

Problems occur if a change in the system state happens unnoticed (initiated by the system, or by another person, such as the user who was previously using the machine), or if after some time the user forgets about the state change. Another typical problem is a sudden change of state that interrupts a user's activity, such as focus stealing. In such a situation it can easily happen that the user does some operations with the old state in mind, while the brain has not yet fully processed the signals indicating the state change.

Examples of mode errors

 * The most common source of mode errors may be the Caps Lock key. Other common modes available in PC keyboards are the other lock keys, Num lock and Scroll lock, and often the Insert key. Dead keys for diacritics also create a short-term mode, at least if they do not provide visual feedback that the next typed character will be modified. While the Lock keys on PC keyboards are designed with the intention that they be used as modal keys, the IBM PC hardware design does not require these nor any other specific keys to be modal but allows software to treat any key as modal. (The PC BIOS normally implements Caps Lock, Num Lock, and Scroll Lock states, so the modality of these keys may appear intrinsic, but it is neither technically nor practically necessary to use the BIOS for keyboard I/O, and in fact most modern operating systems do not use BIOS keyboard I/O.)
 * PC users whose language is not based on the Latin alphabet commonly have to interact using two different keyboard layouts: a local one and QWERTY. This gives rise to mode errors linked to the current keyboard layout: quite often, the synchronization of "current layout" mode between the human and the interface is lost, and text is typed in a layout which is not the intended one, producing meaningless text and confusion. Keyboard keys in user interface elements like "(y/n)" can have opposite effect if a program is translated.
 * A frequent example is the sudden appearance of a modal error dialog in an application while the user is typing, which is a form of focus stealing; the user expects the typed text to be introduced into a text field, but the unexpected dialog may discard all the input, or may interpret some keystrokes (like "Y" for "yes" and "N" for "no") in a way that the user did not intend, often triggering a destructive action that cannot be reverted. Programmers can mitigate this by implementing a short delay between the modal dialog displaying and it beginning to accept keyboard input.
 * The Unix text editor vi can be notoriously difficult for beginners precisely because it uses modes, and because earlier versions configured mode indication to be turned off by default.
 * In many computer video games, the keyboard is used both for controlling the game and typing messages. A user may forget they are in "typing mode" as they attempt to react to something sudden in the game and find the controls unresponsive (and instead their text bar full of the command keys pressed).

In transportation accidents

 * Mode confusion was part of the events that led to the loss of Air France Flight 447 in 2009, and the loss of life of 228 people. The pilots reacted to a loss of altitude by pulling on the stick, which would have been an appropriate reaction with the autopilot fully enabled, which would then have put the aircraft in a climbing configuration. However, the airplane's systems had entered a mode of lesser automation ("direct law" in Airbus terms) due to a blocked airspeed sensor, allowing the pilots to put the plane in a nose-high stall configuration, from which they did not recover.
 * According to the NTSB, one of the factors contributing to the 2013 Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crash was "the complexities of the autothrottle and autopilot flight director systems … which increased the likelihood of mode error".
 * On January 17, 2015, the offshore supply vessel "Red7 Alliance" collided with a lock gate of the Kiel Canal in Germany, damaging it severely. An investigation concluded that the levers controlling the ship's Azimuth thrusters were not used in a way appropriate to the mode they were set to, resulting in the ship accelerating instead of coming to a stop in the lock.
 * On August 21, 2017, the US Navy destroyer USS John S. McCain collided with a commercial tanker in the Strait of Malacca, resulting in the loss of life of ten crew members. An investigation conducted by the US military concluded that immediately prior to the collision, helm and propulsion controls had been redistributed between bridge stations, and the bridge crew was not fully aware of that redistribution.
 * On April 10, 2018, the 5000 ton supply vessel VOS Stone unberthed from a wind platform under construction in the Baltic Sea. The vessel's master decided to put the steering in an alternative mode to perform a test of the system. Insufficient communication with the officer of the watch led to a temporary loss of control, collision with the platform, injury to three crew members, and significant damage.
 * On April 19, 2020, an F-35A fighter jet was destroyed in a landing mishap at Eglin Air Force Base. Investigations concluded that the aircraft was misconfigured with the wrong mode of autothrottle, resulting in the aircraft becoming uncontrollable upon touchdown.

Assessment
Modes are intended to grab the user's full attention and to cause them to acknowledge the content present in them, in particular when critical confirmation from the user is required. This latter use is criticised as ineffective for its intended use (protection against errors in destructive actions) due to habituation. Actually making the action reversible (providing an "undo" option) is recommended instead. Though modes can be successful in particular usages to restrict dangerous or undesired operations, especially when the mode is actively maintained by a user as a quasimode.

Modes are sometimes used to represent information pertinent to the task that do not fit well into the main visual flow. Modes can also work as well-understood conventions, such as painting tools.

Modal proponents may argue that many common activities are modal and users adapt to them. An example of modal interaction is that of driving motor vehicles. A driver may be surprised when pressing the acceleration pedal does not accelerate the vehicle in the forward direction, most likely because the vehicle has been placed in an operating mode like park, neutral, or reverse. Modal interfaces require training and experience to avoid mode errors like these.

Interface expert Jef Raskin came out strongly against modes, writing, "Modes are a significant source of errors, confusion, unnecessary restrictions, and complexity in interfaces." Later he notes, " 'It is no accident that swearing is denoted by #&%!#$&,' writes my colleague, Dr. James Winter; it is 'what a typewriter used to do when you typed numbers when the Caps Lock was engaged'." Raskin dedicated his book The Humane Interface to describe the principles of a modeless interface for computers. Those principles were implemented in the Canon Cat and Archy systems.

Some interface designers have recently taken steps to make modal windows more obvious and user friendly by darkening the background behind the window or allowing any mouse click outside of the modal window to force the window to close – a design called a Lightbox – thus alleviating the risk of modal errors. Jakob Nielsen states as an advantage of modal dialogs that it improves user awareness. "When something does need fixing, it's better to make sure that the user knows about it." For this goal, the Lightbox design provides strong visual contrast of the dialog over the rest of the visuals. However, while such a method may reduce the risk of inadvertent wrong interactions, it does not solve the problem that the modal window blocks use of the application's normal features and so prevents the user from taking any action to fix the difficulty, or even from scrolling the screen to bring into view information which they need to correctly choose from the options the modal window presents, and it does nothing to alleviate the user's frustration at having blundered into a dead end from which they cannot escape without some more or less destructive consequence.

Larry Tesler, of Xerox PARC and Apple Computer, disliked modes sufficiently to get a personalized license plate for his car that read: "NO MODES". He used this plate on various cars from the early 1980s until his death in 2020. Along with others, he also used the phrase "Don't Mode Me In" for years as a rallying cry to eliminate or reduce modes.

Bruce Wyman, the designer of a multi-touch table for a Denver Art Museum art exhibition argues that interfaces for several simultaneous users must be modeless, in order to avoid bringing any single user into focus.

Avoid when possible
Alternatives to modes such as the undo command and the recycle bin are recommended when possible. HCI researcher Donald Norman argues that the best way to avoid mode errors, in addition to clear indications of state, is helping the users to construct an accurate mental model of the system which will allow them to predict the mode accurately.

This is demonstrated, for example, by some stop signs at road intersections. A driver may be conditioned by a four-way stop sign near his or her home to assume that similar intersections will also be four way stops. If it happens to be only two way, the driver could proceed through if he or she sees no other cars. Especially if there is an obstructed view, a car could come though and hit the first car broadside. An improved design alleviates the problem by including a small diagram showing which of the directions have a stop sign and which do not, thus improving the situational awareness of drivers.

Proper placement
Modal controls are best placed where the focus is in the task flow. For example, a modal window can be placed next to the graphical control element that triggers its activation. Modal controls can be disruptive, so efforts should be made to reduce their capacity to block user work. After completing the task for which the mode was activated, or after a cancel action such as the Escape key, returning to the previous state when a mode is dismissed will reduce the negative impact.

Quasimodes
In the book The Humane Interface, Jef Raskin championed what he termed quasimodes, which are modes that are kept in place only through some constant action on the part of the user; such modes are also called spring-loaded modes. The term quasimode is a composite of the Latin prefix quasi- (which means almost, to some degree) and the English word "mode".

Modifier keys on the keyboard, such as the Shift key, the Alt key and the Control key, are all examples of a quasimodal interface.

The application enters into that mode as long as the user is performing a conscious action, like pressing a key and keeping it pressed while invoking a command. If the sustaining action is stopped without executing a command, the application returns to a neutral status.

The purported benefit of this technique is that the user does not have to remember the current state of the application when invoking a command: the same action will always produce the same perceived result. An interface that uses quasimodes only and has no full modes is still modeless according to Raskin's definition.

The StickyKeys feature turns a quasimode into a mode by serializing keystrokes of modifier keys with normal keys, so that they do not have to be pressed simultaneously. In this case the increased possibility of a mode error is largely compensated for by the improved accessibility for users with physical disabilities.

title: Mode (user interface)


text:
Democratic Rally (Senegal)

Democratic Rally (in French: Rassemblement Démocratique) was a small political party in Senegal led by the CGT leader and former member of the National Assembly Abbas Gueye. On February 2- February 3, 1957 RD merged into the newly formed Senegalese Party of Socialist Action (PSAS).

title: Democratic Rally (Senegal)


text:
Orange España

Orange Espagne S.A.U., more commonly known by its trade name of Orange España, is a mobile network operator in Spain owned by MásOrange. It was previously known as Amena, a brand of Retevisión, until 2005, when it was bought by France Télécom (now Orange S.A.). Its competitors are Movistar and Vodafone Spain.

Its legal headquarters are in Pozuelo de Alarcón, near Madrid.

Orange España is the second mobile phone provider of the four Spanish providers (Movistar, Orange, Vodafone and Yoigo), with 11 million customers. The company also offers TV and Internet (ADSL, FTTH) services.

Orange offers GSM 900/1800 MHz (2G), UMTS 2100MHz (3G) HSDPA (3.5G) and LTE (4G) services. Its network radio access serves to the following MVNOs: MasMovil, Happy Móvil, Jazztel Movil, Día Móvil, República Móvil, Pepephone, Simyo, among others.

In January 2024, Orange España suffered a major outage when a hacker was able to access an account for managing the global routing table that controls which networks deliver Orange's Internet traffic. According to security researchers, the hack was a result of 'a concerning lack of security hygiene at Orange'.

title: Orange España


text: User talk:68.79.143.181

title: User talk:68.79.143.181