text:
Chickenman (radio series)

Chickenman was an American radio series created by Dick Orkin that spoofs comic book heroes, inspired by the mid-1960s Batman TV series. The series was created in 1966 at Chicago radio station WCFL, and was then syndicated widely, notably on Armed Forces Radio during the Vietnam War. According to the radio show This American Life, "Chickenman first soared the radio airwaves from 1966 to 1969; nearly every day there would be a new episode. The episodes are each about one or two minutes in duration. The program’s distribution spread to over 1,500 radio stations. According to the people who syndicate Chickenman, it has been translated into German, Dutch, and Swedish."

In the series, Benton Harbor, a shoe salesman at a large downtown Midland City department store, spends his weekends striking terrific terror into the hearts of criminals everywhere as that fantastic feathered fighter, Chickenman. Or, at least, that's what he tells everyone. In reality, he mostly hangs around the Police Commissioner's office and irritates the Commissioner's secretary, Miss Helfinger.

Each episode begins with an overly-dramatic theme, a four-note trumpet sound echoed with Benton Harbor's "Buck-buck-buck-buuuuuck" chicken call, which is followed by a rousing cry of "Chicken-mannnn!" and voices shouting, "He's everywhere! He's everywhere!" This tagline became a memorable catchphrase, especially because it's repeated again at the end of each episode, two and a half minutes later.

Midway through the series, in 1973, Orkin added special weekend episodes called Chickenman vs. the Earth Polluters. In 1976, a special LP was created by Orkin and Bert Berdis: Chickenman Returns, and an updated radio show in 1977, Chickenman Returns for the Last Time Again.

History
Chickenman was created in 1966 by Dick Orkin, at the time a production director at WCFL in Chicago. WCFL's Program Director, Ken Draper, was inspired by the success of the Batman TV show, and asked Orkin to put together a two-and-a-half-minute comedy feature with a similarly "camp" sensibility.

In a 1996 article, Orkin explained, "I was never clear about what 'camp' meant, except that I guess it had something to do with the sacredness of absolute values that, when extended to irrational limits, became just plain silly... Thank God I hadn't known 'camp' was later considered a literary technique, or that would have killed the doing of it for me."

Orkin's Chickenman series was part of the late morning show hosted by Jim Runyon. Orkin played the male characters, including Benton Harbor and Police Commissioner Benjamin Norton. In a 1992 interview, Orkin admitted that Benton's character was "a little cardboardy," and refuted the rumors that Benton roughly resembles Orkin's own character: "This is, of course, nonsense. The resemblance is not even close to rough. It's precise."

The female characters on the show were performed by Jane Roberts, a Chicago theater actress who worked at WCFL as the traffic reporter. "She would listen to municipal traffic channels and coordinate the information for airing on WCFL," Orkin recalls. "She would put on a rather husky, sexy voice and play herself off as Trooper 36-24-36. Jane was the only 'female' talent I had available to me. And she was the best at what she did." Roberts' characters included the almost-unflappable Miss Helfinger, Chickenman's mother Mildred Harbor, his mother's oldest friend Emma Leckner, and Emma's attractive-and-still-single daughter Sadye.

Runyon performed the narration, including a closing tag for each episode that memorably began with an astonished "Well-l-l-l-l." According to Orkin, "Jim was incredible, he would adlib an ending for each episode. Jim made the work enjoyable and fun — because we never knew what he was going to come up with. His big goal was to break us up at the ending and make us laugh."

Chickenman's rogues gallery includes the Choker, the Hummer, the Chicken-Plucker, the Dog Lady, Big Clyde Crushman, the Bear Lady, the Very Diabolical [sic], Rodney Farber (a childhood playmate who never forgave Benton Harbor for breaking his red wagon one Christmas Day), and the Couple From SHTICK (Secret Henchmen To Injure Crime Killers). Benton Harbor is prone to spoonerisms, such as "I shall not rest while rime runs crampant in the streets of Midland City."

Chickenman roams Midland City seeking criminals in his yellow crime-fighting car, appropriately known as the Chicken Coupe. He has a secret headquarters, the Chicken Cave, accessible through a trap door in his bedroom closet. His armaments include the "geshtunkena ray gun", which is not lethal but makes the target "geshtunken" (drunk) for 24 hours. When Chickenman is busy, his mother Mildred fills in as "the Maternal Marauder", sometimes known as "the Masked Mother".

As the popularity of the show grew, Orkin created a production company: "I only intended the Chickenman series to run for a period of two weeks — but obviously it lasted much longer — it went on for four or five months. Suddenly, a syndication company from Texas came in and asked if they could distribute the program nationally. Naturally, we said "yes." It was then that we formed an actual company, at the station, to continue producing the series. Chickenman was produced under the station's production banner for the next five years, then I bought the show just prior to leaving WCFL in the early 1970s. I continued to produce and syndicate it on my own."

Spinoff series
In 1967, during a break in the production of Chickenman, Orkin produced the series Amazon Ace, an action hero who was a cross between Tarzan and the Lone Ranger, accompanied by his faithful Indian companion Bernard. The series was produced under the name Camp Associates but also distributed by SPOT Productions which had distributed Chickenman.

In 1973, Orkin's production company revived the series as Chickenman vs. the Earth-Polluters, an ecology series in which the "Fearless Feathered Fighter" battles pollution in Midland City, organizing the BEAK (Beautiful Earth & Air Keepers) Patrol. A total of 52 episodes were recorded.

In 1977, Orkin produced Chickenman Returns for the Last Time Again. The "Wonderful White-Winged Warrior" feels that time had passed him by and he decides to open a crime-fighting school to carry on his crusade. However, there is only one student: Leon Cablemouth (played by Orkin's then-partner, Bert Berdis). Orkin and Rich Koz co-authored several of the episodes, which numbered 65.

In 1995, Orkin brought Chickenman out of retirement for a 30th anniversary tribute episode on Poultry Slam 1995, Episode 3 of the WBEZ public radio program This American Life (then called Your Radio Playhouse). In "Chickenman Challenges a Fate Named Frank," Benton Harbor realizes that he's getting older, and goes to the doctor, who tells him that his cholesterol is high and he should stop being a crime-fighting superhero. Chickenman goes to an employment agency, but all of the available jobs are even more physically strenuous than fighting crime, except for a napkin-folder in a nouveau Italian-Chinese restaurant. He tries a geriatric counselor, who recommends he move to a superhero retirement community. Faced with those disappointing options, Chickenman chances it all and challenges the fates. The story was repeated in the next year's Poultry Slam 1996, when This American Life was syndicated nationally.

Rebroadcasts
Chickenman episodes are regularly played on the American Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS), especially on stations broadcasting to service personnel outside the continental United States. It first appeared on AFRTS during the Vietnam War.

In 1992, the Museum of Television & Radio (now The Paley Center for Media) acquired the complete collection of Chickenman episodes for their archive. A compilation of episodes is available for museum visitors to listen to.

Releases
In 2001, Dick Orkin's Radio Ranch released Chickenman Can't Fly!, 100 episodes on four CDs.

In 2003, Radio Ranch released The Original, Complete & Unexpurgated Story of Chickenman, 273 episodes in a 14-CD set. The set includes the original 1966 episodes and the 1973 Chickenman vs the Earth Polluters series, along with station promos and two CDs of behind-the-scenes interviews with Orkin and sound engineer Mike King. (The CD set does not include the 65 episodes of the 1977 Chickenman Returns for the Last Time Again series.)

In 2009, Orkin's syndication company, the Chicago Radio Syndicate, partnered with BFM Digital to release the 273 episodes for digital download on iTunes and Amazon.

In 2017, Earwolf podcast network started reairing the episodes.

KBPI station in Denver is re-airing the episodes since Willie B, the DJ, purchased the rights to re-air the episodes. They air usually around 7:45-8am Mountain time. Can be heard on iHeart Raido.

title: Chickenman (radio series)


text:
Melissa Tkautz

Melissa Natalie Tkautz (born 24 January 1974) is an Australian actress, singer, model, and presenter. She played the role of Nikki Spencer on the popular Australian TV soap opera E Street, from September 1990 to May 1993. During the early 1990s she had a solo music career, performing mononymously as Melissa, and had top 20 hits on the ARIA Singles Chart with "Read My Lips" (Number One, June 1991), "Sexy (Is the Word)" (No. 3, September) and "Skin to Skin" (No. 16, April 1992). "Read My Lips" also became a Number One hit in Sweden. Her debut album, Fresh, was released in June 1992 and peaked at No. 15 on the ARIA Albums Chart.

After her stint on E Street, Tkautz has appeared on Paradise Beach (1993–94), Pacific Drive (1996–98), All Saints (2001–02, 2004), Swift and Shift Couriers (2008, 2011) and Housos (2011). Her modelling career has included early child modelling, then as a teen in various pop entertainment magazines and from 1996 on fashion and men's magazines. On 4 December 2005, she issued her second solo album, Lost & Found, which provide a single, her cover version of "The Glamorous Life", which appeared in the top 40. In August 2011 she issued a compilation album, The Hits & More. In February 2009 Tkautz married a finance businessman, Kwesi Nicholas, her partner of five years; outside her performance career she uses her married name, Melissa Nicholas.

Tkautz released a single "The Key" on 26 May 2017.

Television career
Tkautz was born in Sydney in 1974. According to Tkautz "I had very strict parents ... I wasn't allowed to do anything". Her father, Stefan Tkautz, is from Austria and her mother's family are Maltese. As a young child she studied drama, dance and singing; she began modelling and appearing in commercials. By the age of 17, she had appeared in over 160 television and print commercials. Some of these included ads for Qantas and Cadbury. She started modelling and then began acting in TV soap operas, Richmond Hill and Home & Away in the late 1980s. In 1989 she entered the Miss Teen Australia contest.

In September 1990, at the age of 16 years, Tkautz was cast in the role of Nikki Spencer on the popular Australian soap opera, E Street. She described her role, "Nikki is everything I don't want to be ... She smokes and she's really the sort of girl most parents would be horrified to have their daughters associating with". Tkautz soon became one of the show's main stars due to the popularity of her character. During this time, she attended the Australian Academy of Dramatic Art in Sydney, graduating in 1991. During that year she appeared on numerous Australian editions of magazine covers including Vogue, Cosmopolitan, TV Week, Smash Hits and Dolly. In 1991 readers of TV Hits voted her as the Hottest Woman on Earth. Tkautz also had a supporting role in the mini-series, The Girl from Tomorrow (1992).

Due to her popularity, the producers of E Street decided to have Tkautz record a song, which would be used in the show as part of a dream sequence, where her character imagines she is a pop star. This resulted in a recording career for Tkautz, she later recalled "I loved singing and I had trained as a singer, but everything happened so quickly, it was just a crazy whirlwind. One minute I'm watching E Street in my lounge room, the next minute I’m starring in E Street and I've got a number one single in the charts". However, in November 1991, due to the pressures of juggling two full-time careers, and a conflict with the producer, Forrest Redlich, Tkautz left E Street to concentrate on her music career. At the TV Week-sponsored Logie Awards she was nominated for Most Popular New Talent in 1992. By November 1992 Tkautz had returned to E Street. However, the network decided to axe the series in May 1993.

In 1993 and 1994, Tkautz appeared on Paradise Beach, playing Vanessa Campbell, the manipulative ex-girlfriend of Sean Hayden (played by Ingo Rademacher). Tkautz described her character "[s]he's a bit of a psycho, a real bitch ... She is nothing like Nicki in E Street. This one's a real troublemaker". In 1995, she had a role in Echo Point. In 1996, Tkautz joined the series Pacific Drive, where she played a model, Bethany Daniels. This role had a major effect on Tkautz, who played the first long-term HIV positive character on Australian TV. She described how "I did a lot of research on the role and a lot of charity work with HIV [patients], especially young kids who had contracted the disease". The series later gained a cult following. When Pacific Drive was cancelled in 1998, Tkautz joined the cast of Medivac (1998) as Nurse Evie Morrison. Tkautz later appeared in the series, All Saints (2001–02, 2004).

From 1996, Tkautz modelled for fashion and men's magazines Black+White, Australian Playboy, Ralph and FHM. In 2001 she appeared on the Myer Intimacy Apparel runway, modelling underwear, and followed with a stint at the Australian Fashion Week, that year.

In late 2008, Tkautz starred in Swift and Shift Couriers (created by the same crew that created Fat Pizza), which aired on SBS ONE. Filming took place in early 2008, with some episodes being shot in Thailand and Egypt. The first season had eight episodes that aired on TV during October–November 2008. She returned for a second season in 2011. Tkautz was also a guest star in controversial comedy series, Housos (from October 2011) and residents of housing commission units wanted the show banned. In May 2012, Tkautz was interviewed by Sonia Kruger and David Campbell on Mornings and described her career after E Street in the segment, "Where Are They Now?".

On 22 July 2016, it was announced Tkautz would be one of seven women appearing on the first season of The Real Housewives of Sydney.

Music career
Tkautz was signed to Westside Records, a label created by E Street's producers, and recorded her debut single, "Read My Lips". Redlich described why Tkautz was chosen ahead of her fellow actresses "I thought it was too raunchy for Toni Pearen and too teeny-bopper for Alyssa-Jane Cook". It was promoted via the show and released in May 1991, which reached the number-one position on the ARIA Singles Chart in July. The track was written by Tony King and Roy Nicolson, and was produced by Leon Berger. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1992 it won Highest Selling Single for the previous year. The song was parodied by Gina Riley on the comedy TV series, Fast Forward, as "Pout Your Lips". The single's B-side is "Say Goodbye" and was written by Berger, Alston Koch and Doug Henderson. Since 1991, Tkautz has re-recorded "Read My Lips" twice: the first version as the "Read My Lips (Electro Pushers Remix)", which was to be included as a bonus track on her proposed third album, Glamorous Life; and the second version as the "Read My Lips (Neon Stereo Remix)", which was performed live by Tkautz on Channel 7's The Morning Show.

Tkautz' second single from her debut album, "Sexy (Is the Word)", was issued in September 1991 and peaked at No. 3. It was written by Berger, King and Nicholson and produced by Berger, Koch and Henderson. She performed the track at the 1991 Rugby League Grand Final. At the end of that year Tkautz toured nationally as a support act on American dance-pop and hip hop group, C+C Music Factory's Australian Tour. Her third single, "Skin to Skin", appeared in April the next year, which reached No. 16, and was written and produced by the same team as "Sexy (Is the Word)". In June that year, having left E Street, Tkautz released her debut album, Fresh, which peaked at No. 15 on the ARIA Albums Chart.Peak (ARIA Chart) positions for singles and albums in Australia:
 * Top 50 peaks:
 * Top 100 peaks to December 2010:
 * "My House":
 * "All I Want":
 * "Easily Affected":
 * "I Want Your Love":
 * "The Key": Tkautz promoted the album by a national tour, a further single, "Is It...?", was issued in July 1993 and reached the top 40, but a proposed second album was shelved and Tkautz refocused on her acting career.

In September 2005, Tkautz released a new single, a cover version of "The Glamorous Life", a 1984 song by Sheila E and written by Prince, which peaked at No. 31 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Her second album, Lost & Found, was issued on 4 December that year. Also that year, she re-recorded "Sexy (Is the Word)", which was included as a bonus track on Lost & Found. Tkautz travelled to Sweden in early 2006 to work with 2N and while there she recorded her next single, "Easily Affected", and "Not Enough". Her version of "The Glamorous Life" had some success internationally. It was released in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, South Africa, Sweden, Russia, Dubai and UAE, and Canada. In February 2008 she performed "Easily Affected", "True Love", "Read My Lips (Neon Stereo Remix)" and her new single, "I Want Your Love" at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Fair Day.

In January 2012 Australian comedian, Sam Kekovich, released a music video as an ad for Australian lamb meat, which was a rendition of Aqua's hit "Barbie Girl"; it featured vocals by Tkautz and an appearance by hip-hop dance and pop music group, Justice Crew. Meat and Livestock Australia's marketing manager, Andrew Cox, declared "[i]t's the most successful lamb campaign ever in terms of lamb sales ... people were able to share our 'Barbie Girl' song on Facebook and Twitter". In August that year Tkautz issued a compilation album, The Hits & More, and followed with a tour promoting its appearance.

In 2015 British producers 7th Heaven Productions announced via their website that they have remixed Tkautz's track "Not Enough" - and stated this was an upcoming single release by Tkautz. Nothing has eventuated since this announcement and no bootleg or preview of the track has been released as yet.

In a December 2017 interview, Tkautz revealed she would be heading into the recording studio in January to record her next single. She stated the new single is a duet with another famous singer. No release dates or information on this project has been officially released as of 30 January 2018.

Personal life
In 1999 her father, Stefan, died of cancer, she co-wrote the track, "Goodbye Daddy" (with Paul Wiltshire), from Lost & Found in his honour. In December 2006 Tkautz told Woman's Day that she had been in love with her E Street co-star, Simon Baker, the relationship ended as "she wanted a long-term commitment but he was not at that stage of his life"; and then with Marcus Graham who "betrayed her after four months". Baker had also appeared in the music video for her debut single, "Read My Lips". In February 2009 Tkautz married a finance businessman, Kwesi Nicholas, her partner of five years. She uses her married name, Melissa Nicholas, outside her professional career. Together they have two children.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Melissa Tkautz


text:
Talk:Tongva

Researcher
My name is Joe Castillo, and I’m an independent historical researcher and author, and am presently completing a study on the evolution of the term ‘Tongva’. My research to date has included a review of 155 sources of information from 1774 through 2018. The study included a survey of multiple subject-related materials associated with the San Gabriel Mission, Southern California locations, Los Angeles and California history and Native Americans cultural, historical and anthropological records. My research included the following types of resources: a) published books, b) various documents and manuscripts, c) legislative documents, d) posters, e) maps, f) sites and signage, g) articles and h) websites. In addition, I have interviewed a variety of Native American and ‘Tongva’ authorities to gain a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the term ‘Tongva’.

My research has resulted in the following statements based on identified factual records:

·        The Gabrielino’s are recognized by the State of California as the aboriginal tribe of the Los Angeles basin. The Tongva are not recognized by the State of California which documented in its 1994 legislative research that there was ‘no support’ for the ‘Tongva’ name;

·        The ‘Tongva’ term was first defined by C. Hart Merriam in 1903. Merriam was performing a study of California Indians by documenting their language, boundaries and tribal origins. In his notes, Merriam documented that the ‘Tongva’ were from Tejon and referenced the Indians at the San Gabriel Mission as ‘San Gabriels’. Even though Merriam wrote the notes, they were not published until 1955 and 1966, after being compiled and edited by university researchers. In addition, Merriam’s research practices were not considered conventional and were not reviewed, critiqued and accepted by his colleagues in the anthropological field;

·        Prior to 1992, only 8 sources of the study population of 155 identified the term ‘Tongva’ and 7 of the 8 sources were based on information provided by Merriam. From 1774 to 1992, a period of 218 years, only two separate researchers identified and applied the term ‘Tongva’ in their professional works, and even then it was not in reference to a Los Angeles area based tribe;

·        Since 1992, the study population identified 57 sources which reference the term ‘Tongva’ but do not provide detailed research data and information to support it as the authentic and accurate ancestral, cultural and historical name of the Gabrielinos. In summary, my research has led to the following conclusions:

·        The ‘Tongva’ name is inaccurate when referenced as a Los Angles based tribe with negligible support from historical records and unconfirmed in comprehensive research studies by professional anthropologists;

·        The ‘Tongva’ term primarily evolved in 1992 casting significant doubt on its validity as the  aboriginal tribal name of Los Angeles based Indian tribes dating back to the Spanish Mission era and before.

As such, it is my recommendation, that any organization choosing to be associated with an entity named with the term ‘Tongva’ should reconsider its relationship until additional confirmed and validated evidence can be offered to support its claim as the aboriginal tribe of the Los Angeles Basin. Each entity should be able to provide ancestral, cultural and historical evidence in support of its claim as the aboriginal tribe of the Los Angeles basin. However, it is highly unlikely that such evidence even exists as starting in 1992 the ‘Tongva’ term was first associated with a Los Angeles based tribe even with negligible support for its ancestral, cultural and historical foundation. My study is expected to be finalized in September 2018 and will provide additional factual documentation in support of the information provided in this memo.

Thank you for your consideration on this matter,

Joe Castillo

Historical Researcher

Joe Castillo — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:E000:B1C9:5900:FC10:5DB7:DB8D:29A (talk • contribs) 12 August 2018 (UTC)

Researcher response

I'll begin by noting that I'm not a disinterested party, but am a lineal descendant of Mrs. James Rosemeyre (née Narcisa Higuera), your photographed representative of the tribe. Our family has always used the term Tongva to refer to themselves, though I do recognize others may have a different history.

While I do recognize the tribal endonym is a source of contention, I also feel it necessary to point out (reluctant as I am to enter this fray) that the individual, Joe Castillo, portraying himself as an independent researcher, is anything but. He is a member of the "kizh" faction, as you can see from his own postings here: http://www.gabrielenoindians.com/JOE_CASTILLO_NEWS.html

I just felt the need to point this out and to thank you as a collective for being careful with this fraught and sensitive issue. There are no simple answers, and I recognize the challenges you face not wishing to offend an indigenous people who have overwhelmingly (as your own research documented here points out) decided to apply a known if not definitive endonym to themselves, rather than to continue to use a patently colonial term. For what it is worth, I will note that I have absolutely no problem with the notation that other endonyms are used, but it would be wildly inaccurate and irresponsible to deny the use or legitimacy of the term Tongva. I greatly appreciate that you have so far resisted efforts to that effect.

Wallace Cleaves — Preceding unsigned comment added by WallaceC2 (talk • contribs) 07:08, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

Response to researcher response

Mr. Cleaves, There is no such thing as a Kizh "faction." Know this: The Kizh Nation, the whole tribe, has always used "the patently colonial term Kizh" to refer to themselves. The history of Rosemeyre, a Kizh, is the history of the Kizh. Furthermore, the Kizh Nation accepted "the patently colonial term Kizh" long before "Tongva" came into existence, which means nothing in Kizh, and continues to accept Kizh. I just felt the need to point that out.Harryawhite (talk) 17:24, 25 April 2019 (UTC)

Harryawhite,

Actually, it's Dr. Cleaves, but, respectfully, the term Tongva is historically attested in Merriam and, frankly, has been used by my own family and many others as our designation since long before the colonial era. Rosemeyre always referred to herself as either Gabrieleno, a colonial term, or Tongva, never "Kizh," a term that I'm certain even you know the very dubious history of. Tongva is even the designation she uses on the singular wax cylinder recording of a Gabrieleno/Tongva singing in our language. That resource is in the Smithsonian and is dated to 1906, and Merriam's work was presented in the same year. Of course other members of the tribe have the right to call themselves whatever they wish, but the vast majority of our people use the name Tongva to refer to ourselves as the only authentically testified endonym recorded by a member of our own people. Not to acknowledge that right and to refute it is problematic in the extreme.

I feel I should also note that there are claims on this site denigrating the ancestry of specific recognized Tongva members. It is also incredibly unwise to, in print, suggest that specific individuals are "frauds" or not members of of the Gabrieleno/Tongva. Several of the individuals attacked above are in fact registered both with the tribe and with the BIA, as is my own family. To deny our ancestry is actionable slander. This is simply meant as courteous advice to refrain from such acts and as a note to the wikipedia folks that they might want to take that stuff down.

Wallace Cleaves, Associate Professor, UCR, and member of the Tongva — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.145.242.126 (talk) 21:51, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

Dr. Cleaves, denigrating the ancestry of specific recognized Tongva members? Really? You don’t want to go there. In the 1770s Spain enslaved a tribe of North American Indians—the “People of the Willow house” or the Kizh (pronounced Keech) Nation—and forced them to work, farming, etc., at the San Gabriel Mission. The Spaniards called them Kicherenos or Gabrielenos. But "The name Tongva is what we've chosen in the present," says Tongva member Cindi Alvitre in Dig Magazine, a Cal State Long Beach publication (March 8, 2008).

Why would the Kizh call themselves the Tongva? They wouldn’t.

Cindi is a pretendian and a member of the American Indian Studies faculty at CSLB (Fall, 2021). She admits "There was no one tribe called 'Tongva.'" The Tongva tribe never existed; still, Wikipedia has numerous articles about the “Tongva”— "Tongva," "Tongva Populated Places," “Tongva Language, etc., that do harm to the Kizh. Cultural appropriation is harmful. You won’t find an article on the Tongva language on The Encyclopedia Brittanica website because there’s no such thing. Chief and Spiritual leader Ernie Perez Tautimes Salas (proven to be the most recognized and accurately documented direct lineal descendant of the native ancestors of the Kizh villages that populated the entire Los Angeles basin), who passed away in 2021, is rolling in his grave.

Lorraine "Rain Cloud" Escobar, a certified genealogist and researcher, says Cindi Alvitre is not a member of the Kizh Nation; here's a link to Lorraine’s paper trail that proves Cindi is not of California Indian descent at all.

And here is what she wrote to me in 2019:

Hello Mr. White, Andy Salas sent me a copy of your dialogue with Cindi Alvitre. (I meant to answer before now but I've been super busy.) I told him I was interested in writing to you about it and so, here I am. First, allow me to introduce myself--I am Lorraine Escobar, the certified "genealogist" you mentioned in one of your e-mails to Ms. Alvitre. I was first certified in 1998 and have been required to re-certify every five years with the Board for Certification of Genealogists. I am also the genealogist who assists Chairman Salas in his endeavors to prove his tribe's Gabrieleno lineages and to investigate the lineages of others who are pretendians. But, I am sure you have an idea of my work as, no doubt, as your dialogue appears to reflects that facts you would find in his website. I find it so telling that anyone depends on DNA to attempt to prove where they are from. All that does is show that they have NA DNA from either North or South America--both of which are not particularly specific to any given state in any country. That is why good genealogy will be necessary for a very long time. The origin details are in the paper trail, not in the DNA trail. So, Alvitre's claim of 40-60% does not prove anything other than she has some native ancestry from one of those two continents while the paper evidence proves she is not of California Indian descent at all. Those pretendians don't seem to grasp the hard facts of DNA or genealogy. And, in her case, it appears she believes she can keep fooling those who don't know better. I believe Alvitre is in a community of frauds. It is going to take some real time and attention to get the truth out there where it might actually start shedding the light necessary on these frauds. It's too bad they don't see themselves as they truly are--an obstacle to the real Gabrielenos. It will take time but we have to try to change that ("we" meaning people like Andy, me, and others who understand and support the cause). There is no morality in remaining quiet when there is so much evidence to the contrary. So, sooner or later, the status quo will have to change. She is right about one thing--she and her pretendian buddies are "all bozos." Their "collective consciousness" is based on denial. You can have a bunch of people who are wrong. I should know. I have researched many of the 1928 California Indian Jurisdictional Act applications of persons who got on the Indian rolls in 1933. For example, half of those who enrolled, and got on the list, in Orange County were not Indians from California. There are lots of people who have been misled by Thomas Workman Temple, II. He was not a certified genealogist and his methods were flawed. Had there been a higher standard of evidence back then, the list would have been a whole lot shorter. But, the phenomenon has snowballed and its going to take an avalanche of truth to undo it. I am not mercenary by any means. But, I am an advocate for real Native Americans to do all they can to hang on to what little is left of their heritage. And, sometimes being an effective advocate does not just mean proving the real Indians are as they claim, it also includes exposing those who are frauds. I am hoping to start a blog pretty soon to explore my topic of "Thieves and Frauds Among Us," (a book I had thought to write). I know there will be haters but I also know they have no authority and have not done the work to rebut my conclusions. Yes, I agree, "And the truth will set you free."

Lorraine Escobar

Here’s more from Lorraine: It's unfortunate but the term "tongva" was promoted by persons claiming to be Gabrieleno Indians. They were so effective at promoting this false concept in the 1980s and 1990s that they not only got the general public to believe it (the term does sound Indian, as does Tonto of Lone Ranger fame) but they even got some genuine tribal members to believe it as well, not to mention editors at Wikipedia and authors of articles and books. Alvitre is in a community of frauds. It is going to take some real time and attention to get the truth out there where it might actually start shedding the light necessary on these frauds. It's too bad they don't see themselves as they truly are--an obstacle to the real Gabrielenos. Read: Microsoft Word - Kizh not Tongva_9-27-17.doc (cpp.edu)

Wikipedia’s editors are a joke: just the other day, Larry Sanger, founder of Wikipedia, warned that the website can no longer be trusted — insisting it is now just “propaganda” for the left-leaning “establishment.” Read: Wikipedia co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment' (nypost.com)Harryawhite (talk) 23:30, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I just checked Alfred Kroeber's 1925 "Handbook of the Indians of California", and there is no mention of the name "Tongva" whatsoever. Also, The ethnonym "Kizh" cited in the article is probably mistaken for "Kechi" or "Kech", which means "house, village", or a native designation for the vicinity of the mission (ibid. p. 648). This article should be named Gabrieleno canonically with "Tongva" redirecting to it, not the other way round. --83.137.6.59 (talk) 04:19, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

Tongva page, not Kizh page
The Tongva tribal community is very upset by the vandalization of this page by editors who keep inserting the term "Kizh" an unattested endonym, into the article. We respect thier right to create their own page and to use any name they wish, but Tongva is historically attested (Merriam, C. Hart; Studies of California Indians, pp. 77-86) and used by the vast majority of our people.

I have removed a number of cases where the term "Kizh" was simply inserted or replaced the endonym Tongva. It does not seem appropriate to allow this page, titled "Tongva," to be modified in this fashion, particularly against the request of the Tongva Tribal community. May I suggest that the "Kizh" create their own page if they wish to discuss their chosen endonym, which is simply the Tongva word for "house" (Munro, Pamela; Gabrielino/Tongva/Fernandeno Vocabulary with an English Index, p.14,49).

I also removed citations to the discredited and self published (by the Kizh group) article by Gary Stickel. Wendy Teeter, the director of the Fowler Museum at UCLA, has issued this statement about Stickel and his work:

In reference to statements you provide below Gary Stickel did graduate from UCLA and has worked on different excavations around the world. He taught for extension a few times several decades ago, but that’s the end of his relationship with UCLA. His professional ethics have been called into question continuously. As an example he helped to convict several daycare providers in the Manhattan Beach area (fortunately later overturned) and this piece was published about him:

http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume7/j7_2_1_17.htm

Please see the article for full details on the unprofessional nature of this individual and evidence for why his "scholarship" should not be recognized here.

I know this is a sensitive issue, but it does not seem appropriate to allow the site that references our endonym to be vandalized by someone without consent of our community. Again, I suggest they create a "Kizh" page where they can put whatever material they wish.

For the record, I am an enrolled member of the Gabreileno Tongva, an Associate Professor of Teaching at the University of California at Riverside, and it was my three times great grandmother, Narcisa Higuera, whose picture is used at the beginning of the article. She was the Tongva, along with several others (as the publicly available Merriam papers make clear) who reported the endonym and recorded much of the language. We have used the term continuously in this manner and continue to do so.

'Aweeshkone xaa, Wallace Cleaves — Preceding unsigned comment added by WallaceC2 (talk • contribs) 19:18, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

---

Hello, thank you for adding this post to the Talk page so that we may discuss this topic. The name Kizh appears in the work of the following ethnographers and is also historically attested:

"In 1846, scholar Horatio Hale used the term Kizh in a United States government report on “Ethnography and Philology.” Lieutenant Amiel Weeks Whipple, Thomas Ewbank, and William Turner used Kizh when publishing a “Report upon the Indian Tribes” in 1855 for the U.S. War Department. German scholar Johann Carl Eduard Buschmann used the term in a study on language in 1856 published in the German Royal Academy of Science. Further notable scholars who used Kizh throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries include George Bell (in 1856), Robert Gordon Latham (in 1860), Lewis H. Morgan (in 1868), Albert Samuel Gatschet (in 1877), Hubert Howe Bancroft (in 1883), Daniel G. Briton (in 1891), David Prescott Barrows (in 1900), and A. L. Kroeber (in 1907)."

It appears that Stickel summarizes this work (by including images and underlinings of the word Kizh as it appears in the original work of these ethnographers). I am not interested in who Stickel is or the legitimacy of his work otherwise. His article merely does the work of bringing together information. However, if necessary, I would be happy to delete Stickel's article as a source cited on this page and simply go through the work of citing each ethnographer and source that Stickel himself cites independently.

Furthermore, members of the Kizh Nation (Gabrieleño Band of Mission Indians) group support the name Kizh over Tongva. For example, this is outlined in sources such as in an article for La Verne Magazine: https://lavernemagazine.org/2018/09/fighting-history/. As evident, there is much conflict surrounding which name is appropriate. I think this should be reflected in the NAME section of this article. Additionally, if an 'identical' Kizh page should be created, then that page should also have a NAME section which has a section on the term Tongva. This would be the only way to accurately reflect the controversy surrounding name.

Again, I gesture towards the case in Pomona, California in 2017, when both groups reached a consensus to use the term Gabrieleño. I can see how this would be inappropriate given the colonial origins, so if two pages should exist under the condition that both pages list each respective name within the NAME section, then that would accurately reflect the issue as it stands. Please let me know your thoughts and thank you again for your response.

Xicanx (talk) 19:57, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Xicanx, Ah, I see the problem now. Yes, it is attested, but only by colonial sources, not by Tongva or Indigenous ones. The Stickel article itself notes that the term "Kizh" simply meant house and was in no way an endonym. It too is an entirely colonial construct, which is the concern for many in the Tribal community. I should note that the "Kizh" group happily used the term Tongva until they split from the main San Gabriel group. I have Salas' signature on a number of documents with the endonym Tongva from Tribal records. I say this not to cause more contention, but just to note that the use of Kizh by any of our community is quite recent (really within the last decade) and relegated to a small if vocal group, and is largely for political reasons. Again, I believe they have the right to call themselves what they wish, but not to cast aspersions on the attested designations others wish to use.

The Laverne magazine article is not in any way a work of serious scholarship and is simply an interview with a clearly partisan individual. Referencing that is problematic.

I did remove the traces of conjecture from Stickel about Tongva being a misunderstanding and also the odd comparisons to Greek city states that seemed...irrelevant and somewhat Eurocentric.

I support the idea of creating three articles, one for Tongva, one for Kizh, and one for Gabrieleno (even that spelling is contested, so good luck there) and linking them. Hopefully that could resolve this conflict. Your suggestion about the sign at Pomona does not really reflect an accord, but rather a moment where there was so much contention the city decided to use the colonial name to simply avoid further contention. It was a solution that pleased no one and rather created further rancor.

Again, I think it's fairly simple to suggest that the Kizh be left off the Tongva page (except for links and references to the political entity)and that the same respect be accorded the Kizh page. A third "Gabrieleno" page could be developed that mentions both.

I've shared this talk page with other members of the Tongva community of scholars and I hope they will weigh in here as well. I do hope that you will respect the wishes of the actual people who identify themselves, as our ancestors have done for thousands of years, as Tongva, especially on Indigenous Peoples' day and refrain from switching the endonyms back again. I also feel that I need to mention how problematic it is that this is likely going to be decided by people who are not Tongva (or whatever designation they choose to use with that lineage). 'Aweeshkone xaa Wallace CleavesWallaceC2 (talk) 20:28, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

---

Thanks again for your response. I totally understand that this is a contentious and sensitive subject.

I originally started editing this page because I was interested in expanding the history section as I have on the page and have done so on other pages. For example, I expanded the history section of the Acjachemen page and changed the previous article name from "Juaneño" to Acjachemen with little conflict. The issue I ran into for this page was the disagreement among different groups, which brought about unexpected challenges.

I ran into the issue of name several times and eventually encountered Stickel's research and the words of Kizh Nation members in articles, which complicated the issue. I was swayed back and forth trying to do the 'right thing.'

I agree that the idea of creating two pages is the best way to address this issue. I want to respect both groups who seem very passionate about each name (and rather than doing what the city of Pomona did, as I originally thought was reached through 'agreement' and would be a way to 'mediate,' but really seems to have, as you say, created even more contention), I accept that the best course of action is to create a second page entitled Kizh as an 'alternative name' page for Tongva in order to respect how everyone chooses to identify.

As a result, I believe that I have overstepped in my attempts to do the 'right thing' and I apologize for that. Overall, since this is an inter-communal issue and since I am not a part of the community as you are, I will leave it up to you and will not revert the edits back on the Tongva page. Rather, I will place relevant edits on a separate Kizh page as you suggest and I agree would be a fair way to respect how everyone chooses to identify. I will then place a link on the Tongva page to the Kizh page so that both groups are recognized for how they choose to identify and will do the same on the Kizh page.

I am happy to have and learn from this discussion and am glad we have reached some agreement. Apologies for misunderstanding and thank you again for your time.

Xicanx (talk) 21:12, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

I have now created the page for Kizh and have linked both pages to one another. Thank you!

Xicanx (talk) 21:47, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Xicanx, Thank you for understanding and looking for a way to work around this contentious issue. I hope this solution works and eases tensions. It's a very recent (historically) and divisive issue in our community, and one that brings along a great deal of baggage, as you can see in some of the vitriolic attacks elsewhere on this page. It just seems reasonable to leave the Tongva page with that term used (along with Gabrieleno - which while colonial does help with disambiguation) and let the Kizh have their own page to put whatever they want.

I'm glad to hear that you are interested in these issues and in the question of the endonym. A group of Tongva scholars and academics at UCLA are preparing what we hope will be a definitive paper on this issue and it should be published next year. Interestingly, there are other sources that attest the Tongva endonym as well, and this should hopefully put the issue to rest, at least for those who are concerned with accurate scholarship. When that occurs we will do a significant overhaul of the page, but I will make sure that we discuss it here in the Talk section first and account for our efforts.

I can understand that, without knowing the deep background behind these internal divisions, themselves the legacy of colonial practice (mostly around the terrible practice of monitoring for profit), that the issue is complex and even perhaps opaque to outsiders. I honestly don't think it is resolvable as there is clear community consensus on the use of Tongva, but the group who resurrected the Kizh term are hostile to all other communities. I work with all of the other Tongva groups and even with our Acjachemen cousins.

We'll be keeping an eye on the site and I hope we can let the Tongva be Tongva and the Kizh the Kizh and let us all get on with our lives. Thank you for helping to come up with a reasonable solution here and finding a middle ground. That seems like an all to rare result these days.

Wallace CleavesWallaceC2 (talk) 22:39, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Photo of "two Tongva women pictured in 1830"
Since the first photo of a human being is a daguerrotype dating to 1838, these women were clearly not pictured in 1830.

Furthermore, a version of the picture here (https://i.pinimg.com/originals/75/5f/b6/755fb6f37df3c44ef780ae987b4ff7cc.jpg) claims that they are 100 and 130 years old, which seems just as absurd. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.102.152.118 (talk) 17:48, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

Another source suggests the picture dates to 1890. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.102.152.118 (talk) 17:53, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

High Country News on Gabrieleño re University Grant
This might be of some interest to the extant article as a reference or citation: University Land Grant -- Gabrieleño though the article takes a detailed, deep look at how Native American lands were seized and distributed among the States for the putative creation of Universities. The history of the Gabrieleño and the killing of tribal members to force the selling of their ownership is one aspect of why California's current governor lamented the attempted genocide of natives nation wide. SoftwareThing (talk) 22:29, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

Merger proposal
"Kizh" can refer to two things; an alternate name for the people more commonly referred to as Tongva, and one of the several groups claiming to represent said people that has adopted and advocates for the "Kizh" name. Neither seem worthy of an article of their own to me. The Kizh article is also heavily biased towards the aforementioned "Kizh" group. --Eldomtom2 (talk) 13:43, 21 April 2021 (UTC)

 * What constitutes worthiness? Harryawhite (talk) 01:31, 4 April 2022 (UTC)
 * What nonsense; from the article on the Tongva it's obvious that "Kizh" refers to three tribes of Indians not things, (1) the long-suffering Kizh Nation whose culture predates contact with the Spanish in the mid 1530s, (2) the Tongva-Gabrieleno founded in the 1990s by Yahoos in academia, and (3) the Tongva/Gabrieleno founded in the 1990s by other Yahoos in academia. Why just the other day, Larry Sanger, founder of Wikipedia, warned that the website can no longer be trusted — insisting it is now just “propaganda” for academia and the left-leaning “establishment” (nypost.com). Harryawhite (talk) 00:05, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

Either the articles should be merged (which I learn toward), or the Kizh article should focus solely on the use of the endonym and not on topics which are covered adequately in the Tongva article. The usage of the term Kizh seems to be the only true endonym, and as such, the Kizh section of the Tongva article should be expanded significantly to reflect this. Ultimately, the Tongva article should probably be renamed Kizh, but this would require citation demonstrating that this is indeed the community's preferred term and that it has come into sufficiently wide and accepted use. newmila (talk) 14:38, 25 November 2021 (UTC) Having reviewed the earlier discussion on contention around whether this is indeed the accepted endonym or not, I want to retract my comments; I recognize I simply don't know enough about this issue to have a truly considered opinion on it. newmila (talk) 14:43, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Bone up Harryawhite (talk) 00:08, 5 April 2022 (UTC)
 * "I simply don't know enough about this issue to have a truly considered opinion on it." In the early 1990s non-natives led by people in academia established the Tongva-Gabrieleno and the Tongva/Gabrieleno organizations (hoping to achieve federal recognition and a casino) began to promote the term "Tongva" while demoting the Kizh (Wikipedia, etc.), as the ivory tower of academia tends to do. There never was a tribe of Tongva before 1992. It's not the first time Native Americans have been taken advantage of; however, Kizh tribal spokesperson Ernest Perez Teutimez Salas, who will forever regret helping them make the “Gabrieleño/Tongva Springs Foundation” possible, soon cut off contact with T-G and T/G leaders after its leaders got what they wanted, (“Gabrieleño/Tongva Springs Foundation”), but the damage had been done. They had succeeded in promoting the term "Tongva" on Wikipedia, in the literary world, etc. to the detriment of the Kizh. Harryawhite (talk) 23:08, 19 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tongva


text:
Talk:E.tv

Untitled
Should probably be renamed to e.tv (South Africa), seeing as how the article references itself as e.tv. PeepP 02:02, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Refernece please
The following paragraph needs a reference:

"Their reports are sometimes critical of the SABC for its alleged "close ties" to the ruling African National Congress, and have launched print and outdoor campaigns that imply an inherent bias in the SABC's news coverage. More recently, they have joined a coalition of media outlets in a lawsuit to force the courts to allow live audio and/or video feeds to be broadcast from trials involving government officials and other prominent figures." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.129.71.243 (talk) 09:49, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:E.tv


text: User:CronoDroid

title: User:CronoDroid


text:
WSAV-TV

WSAV-TV (channel 3) is a television station in Savannah, Georgia, United States, affiliated with NBC, The CW Plus, and MyNetworkTV. Owned by Nexstar Media Group, the station maintains studios on East Victory Drive/US 80/SR 26 in Savannah's Live Oak section, and its transmitter is located on Little Neck Road in unincorporated northwestern Chatham County, near Pooler.

History
The station began broadcasting on VHF channel 3 on February 1, 1956, and was co-owned with WSAV radio (630 AM; later WBMQ) after a long legal battle over the frequency with the owners of WJIV (900 AM). It initially aired an analog signal from a transmitter on top of a bank building on Broughton Street in Downtown Savannah. The flashing WSAV sign was a landmark on the street for many years. WSAV radio had long carried NBC Radio programming, so WSAV-TV took the NBC television affiliation.

It shared ABC with CBS affiliate WTOC-TV (channel 11) until 1970, when WJCL-TV (channel 22) started operations as a full-time ABC affiliate. During the late 1950s, WSAV-TV was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. WSAV briefly had an FM station using an antenna atop the middle of three AM towers at the transmitter facility on Oatland Island. However, without many listeners to the simulcast programming, the FM operation was ended in the 1950s.

In 1960, WSAV-AM-TV moved into a brand-new facility on Victory Drive, where WSAV-TV still is located today. A new tower was built at the site boosting its signal to many of the surrounding counties in Georgia and South Carolina. The current tower near Pooler was built in 1976. In the same year, the WSAV stations were sold to different parties, with WSAV-TV going to the News-Press & Gazette Company. In 1982, the station swapped affiliations with WJCL and became an ABC affiliate. That network had become number one in the country and was searching for stronger affiliates. However, by 1985, WSAV was one of several ABC affiliates nationwide that were disappointed with the network's weak prime time programming offerings, particularly on Thursday nights, which were bogging down WSAV's otherwise successful lineup. Meanwhile, WSAV returned to NBC a mere three years later in 1985, one year before that network became number one again, reversing the 1982 affiliation swap.

In the 1990s, like many other commercial television stations in the United States, WSAV was sold several times. NPG sold its entire broadcasting group of the time to the first incarnation of New Vision Television in 1993. Ellis Communications bought the New Vision stations in 1995.

In 1996, Ellis was sold to Retirement Systems of Alabama who merged it with AFLAC's former broadcasting division to form Raycom Media. Since AFLAC had owned rival WTOC, Raycom could not keep both stations due to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations at the time forbidding common ownership of two stations in the same market; this rule would be partially repealed in 2000 when the FCC allowed common ownership of two stations in the same market provided that both of them are not the four highest-rated stations in a market with eight unique station owners. Savannah had only six full power stations at the time of the merger, which was too few to permit a duopoly in any case. As a result, Raycom opted to keep the higher-rated WTOC and sell WSAV. In early 1997, Raycom traded WSAV and two other stations to Media General in return for WTVR-TV in Richmond, Virginia.

In the 2000s, WSAV acquired the local rights to the syndicated game shows Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy!. Both were previously shown on rival WJCL for almost two decades. On February 1, 2006, WSAV celebrated its 50th anniversary. To commemorate the event, Savannah Mayor Otis Johnson officially announced the date as "WSAV Day" and lauded the station for its many achievements over the decades. Its continued service to its viewers being always "On Your Side" whenever a viewer needs to get a story out was also recognized.

On March 21, 2014, LIN Media entered into an agreement to merge with Media General in a $1.6 billion deal. Because LIN already owned ABC affiliate WJCL and operated Fox affiliate WTGS (channel 28), the companies were required to sell either WSAV or WJCL and its SSA with WTGS to another station owner in order to comply with FCC ownership rules as well as planned changes to those rules regarding same-market television stations which would prohibit sharing agreements. On August 20, 2014, Media General announced that it would keep WSAV and sell WJCL to Hearst Television, with WTGS going to Sinclair Broadcast Group. The sale was completed on December 19, and Hearst closed on its purchase of WJCL and Birmingham-based WVTM-TV (the latter of which was acquired due to an ownership conflict with WIAT) three days later.

On January 27, 2016, Media General announced that it had entered into a definite agreement to be acquired by Nexstar Broadcasting Group for $4.6 billion. The combined company would be known as Nexstar Media Group, and own 171 stations (including WSAV-TV). The deal closed one year later, in January 2017.

Weather with Captain Sandy
WSAV was known for an unusual practice on its newscasts from the 1950s to the 1970s. Channel 3 was home to "Captain Sandy," who was something of a hybrid between a weatherman and children's show host. The character gave the weather on the weeknight news working with puppet sidekicks "Wilbur the Weather Bird," "Arthur Mometer", and "Calamity Clam." Captain Sandy would appear on the news set wearing a vaguely nautical cap and blazer, as a nod to the region's dependence on the Atlantic Ocean. The comedy elements of the forecast included the thermometer and the clam. Captain Sandy's big thermometer was temperamental and would fidget before revealing the next day's high and low temperatures. When Captain Sandy opened Davy Jones' Locker to get the tide information (a crucial component of any weather forecast in the region) out of Calamity Clam, the puppeteer always tried to bite the captain's hand.

By the end of the 1970s, the new out-of-town owners of WSAV expressed embarrassment with Captain Sandy's routine as newscasts became more strait-laced and serious, with non-scientist weather presenters replaced with certified meteorologists trained in accurate forecasting. They also found the endeavor anachronistic since most television stations had begun to wind down local children's shows. NPG made the Captain finally conform to convention, prescribing him a suit and tie like other newscasters, and put the puppets out of commission, to the almost-certain sorrow of area children. One of the personalities behind the Captain Sandy character was smooth-voiced Joe Cox, who later left WSAV to become weatherman at cross-town rival WJCL, where he also hosted an evening radio program on WJCL-FM 96.5. The original Captain Sandy from 1956 was played by Norm Strand.

WSAV-DT2
WSAV-DT2 is the CW+-affiliated second digital subchannel of WSAV-TV, broadcasting in 720p high definition on channel 3.2.

History
What is now WSAV-DT2 began on September 21, 1998, after WSAV entered into a partnership with The WB 100+, a national programming service operated by The WB for television markets ranked greater than 100, and cable systems in the Savannah area. WSCG also carried The WB from the network's launch in January 1995 to 1997. After WSCG's switch to UPN and prior to the launch of The WB 100+, cable providers piped in WGN-TV's national feed and/or local WB affiliate WATL in Atlanta. It was a cable-exclusive station, and as a result, used the call sign "WBVH" (standing for "The WB Savannah") in a fictional manner for identification purposes. WSAV-TV provided local advertisement opportunities and performed promotional duties for the outlet.

On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation (which split from Viacom after 2005) and Warner Bros. Television (the company which owned The WB) announced they then would cease operating the UPN and The WB networks and combine their resources to create a programming service entitled The CW. The letters would represent the first initial of the new network's respective corporate parents.

On September 18 of that year, The CW officially launched nationwide at which point WGCW-LP started to simulcast "WBVH" and allowing non-cable subscribers access to the new network; WGCW-LP was, in turn, relayed over the second subchannel of WSCG, until becoming exclusive to WSCG-DT1/DT2 on May 2, 2012, when WGCW-LP had suddenly fallen silent (with the "WGCW" call letters remaining as a part of this CW+ affiliate's branding, although at that point a fictitious call sign that was no longer recognized by the FCC). With its over-their-air launch, "WBVH" began using WGCW as its official calls and became part of The CW Plus, a successor to The WB 100+.

On September 5, 2006, WSAV-DT2 signed on as a MyNetworkTV/Retro TV affiliate. It switched to MeTV on September 26, 2011.

On April 1, 2016, it was announced that WSAV-DT2 would assume the CW affiliation from WSCG-DT1/DT2 on September 12 of that year, thus shifting MyNetworkTV and MeTV to WSAV-DT3 (replacing the station's weather radar, which launched on May 16, 2012). Shortly thereafter, WSAV-TV added Laff as a new fourth digital subchannel. After the move of MeTV to WJCL-DT2 in the fall of 2019, the third subchannel was replaced with Court TV, and MyNetworkTV's schedule was shifted onto WSAV-DT2 to overlay the national late night paid programming carried as part of The CW Plus schedule. As of March 16, 2021, MyNetworkTV programming has moved to WSAV-DT3, replacing Court TV programming weeknights from 9 to 11 p.m. WSAV-DT2 currently airs a half-hour newscast at 10 p.m., moving the first episode of Seinfeld to 1:30 a.m.

News operation
For most of its history, WSAV has been a solid, if distant, runner-up to longtime dominant WTOC. While WSAV and WJCL made a serious threat in the 1970s, WTOC has won every timeslot since 1980 often garnering more viewers than its rivals combined. The CBS outlet airs more than seven hours of news a day, a considerable amount for a station in the 97th market and far more than any other television station in Savannah. In 1976, as part of a major expansion of its news department, WSAV moved to a former insurance office that is next door to its original East Victory Drive studios.

Until 2024, unlike most NBC affiliates in the Eastern Time Zone, WSAV did not offer midday newscasts during the week. The station now produces a half-hour midday newscast at 11 a.m. followed by the lifestyle/advertorial show The Bridge at 11:30 a.m. Another recent addition to local news on this outlet occurred on June 21, 2010, when it added a broadcast weeknights at 5:30. As well, WSAV recently added a 5 p.m. newscast to the lineup. Before this point in time, WTOC had been the area's only station to air local news in those time slots.

In 2009, WSAV-DT2 launched a two-person bureau to produce a newscast weeknights at 7 called My Lowcountry News, this production is specifically targeted to the South Carolina side of the market featuring coverage from throughout the Lowcountry and the state. Some stories originated from Media General's three stations in South Carolina.

There is a weather forecast targeted towards Hilton Head and Beaufort in addition to South Carolina sports headlines.

WSAV does maintain a bureau on Assembly Street/SC 48 covering the Capitol in Columbia. The operating expenses are shared among Nexstar's television stations in South Carolina. WSAV became the last Savannah station to upgrade newscasts to high definition level on March 8, 2011. However, since WSAV-DT3 only transmits in standard definition digital, My Lowcountry 3 was not included in the change. After switching to MeTV, that broadcast was reduced to a half-hour. News and weather updates from this station can be heard on WEAS (93.1 FM), WIXV (95.5 FM), & WJCL-FM (96.5). All news anchors also serve as reporters. In early October 2013, the half-hour 7 p.m. newscast was moved to 10 p.m. (now called WSAV News 3 at 10:00), it remained a half-hour broadcast and was also shown on Savannah's CW 13 (WGSA).

Controversy
The station made national headlines after reporter Alex Bozarjian, who was reporting live on the Savannah Bridge Run, was slapped on her buttocks by a runner during the broadcast. Bozarjian, who kept her composure, later tweeted that the runner "violated, objectified, and embarrassed me. No woman should EVER have to put up with this at work or anywhere!!" The runner, later identified as Thomas Callaway, was banned from participating in future races. Callaway apologized in an interview to WSAV in which he stated, "I'm thankful for this opportunity to share my apology to her and to her family, her friends and her co-workers. It was an awful act and an awful mistake."

On December 9, 2019, Bozarjian filed a sexual battery report with the Savannah Police Department against Callaway.

Notable current on-air staff

 * Tina Tyus-Shaw – Anchor

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WSAV-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 3, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 39, using virtual channel 3.

title: WSAV-TV


text:
Wines Park

Wines Park is a park in Lehi, Utah, United States. It is dedicated to Margaret Wines and covers one city block near North Center Street and 600 North. It has four pavilions, a restroom, playgrounds and many large trees.

title: Wines Park


text:
Talk:The Influence of Sea Power upon History

This appears to have been taken from this site. What is copyright status? --Mmartins 02:03, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

The article is a copy of Mahan's book contents
This so called "article" is an exact copy of the Contents of Mahan's book: The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783. Binot 17:07, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Well, I put a reference in there. I can't see any copyright issues with a blurb/review if credit is given. CNSW 05:29, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

I think this article should be merged with Alfred Thayer Mahan or even deleted entirely. The book is an important one, but it doesn't merit a separate article. As it stands, this page is little more than a table of contents, it hasn't been tidied in six months, it isn't useful and breaches the rules of What Wikipedia is not. JimmyTheOne 22:04, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Temp. Page
I have just created a temporary article for this page. From what I have seen, most of the copywritten was already deleted. I deleted some more, and added new information, so the temporay page has not been started from scratch. Other than the first sentence, which is inherently similar, I believe that the temporary page does not violate any copywrites. If anyone sees any vestiges of the copywrite, please remove it. Thanks Joshdboz 12:58, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikisource
Upon talking with Wiki Help Desk, the wikisource template has been moved further to the top in reference to WP:MOSSIS that allows for wikisource templates to be placed at the right of TOCs, etc.

This is in a move to better display the fact there is a free copy of the original text and ensure people are better aware of this, as placing at the bottom may result in this being lost due to scrolling fatigue. Jamzze (talk) 10:41, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

Someone pointed out that the infobox contained this ability to add this link, so moved accordingly. Jamzze (talk) 13:51, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

First published in 1890?
There is a French translation in 1889, and Cambridge University Press edition, among other sources(such as WorldCat.org), claims it's first published in 1889. Happyseeu (talk) 16:23, 5 October 2022 (UTC)
 * After reading a bibliography of Mahan and history of publication, I've concluded that the French edition couldn't have been published in 1889, as Mahan wrote the preface in English dated Dec. 1889. The date referenced is a typo for the French edition that should be "1899". --Happyseeu (talk) 23:52, 5 October 2022 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Ers81239

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Ers81239


text:
User talk:Chrisbarrett

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Chrisbarrett


text:
The Third World War (video game)

The Third World War, released in Japan as The IIIrd World War (ザ・サード ワールド ウォー), is a 1993 turn-based strategy game for the Mega-CD developed by Micronet. A Sega Genesis/Mega Drive version was planned, but never released. The objective of the game is to defeat an opponent computer player in order to prevent starting a Third World War.

Gameplay
Players are tasked with competing against a computer player as a nation of their choosing in the past (i.e. during the Cold War), present-day, or future. Each nation has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the player is given a limited number of terms to develop their nation's society, technology, and military power.

Players are able to choose from one of 16 nations to lead: The United States of America, Russia, Japan, Germany, China, France, the United Kingdom, India, Brazil, Canada, Australia, Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, or Libya. Several other areas in the map are gray in most game options and are not selectable to control, but are conquerable (examples would include Cuba, Vietnam, Mexico, and Ethiopia).

Victory is achieved in one of two ways: a military victory or an economic victory. To achieve military victory, players must conquer 51 different nations. Once the 51st location is conquered, a small speech by the chosen country's leader will commence.

Reception
Entertainment Weekly gave the game a C and wrote that "Assuming the leadership of any one of 16 countries, players negotiate treaties, deploy armed forces, and shore up their economies in this complex, menu-driven brain strainer. But while it's hard to dislike any game that includes options like 'aid terrorism' and 'manipulate media,' Third World War is a bit dull-by the time the shooting starts, you'll probably have tuned in CNN to catch the real thing."

title: The Third World War (video game)


text:
Audrey Marnay

Audrey Marnay is a French actress and model. She was born on 14 October 1980 in Chartres, Eure-et-Loir.

Early life
Marnay was born in Chartres, department of Eure-et-Loir on 14 October 1980.

Career
At the age of 15, Marnay started working at a modeling agency in Paris. A year later, she was named top model and was featured on 32 pages and the cover of Vogue Italy, photographed by Steven Meisel. She has also been featured on the pages and covers of Vogue, Elle, Harper's Bazaar, and luxury brands such as Chanel, Versace, Lanvin, Calvin Klein, Valentin, and Longchamp.

She has worked with directors including Patrice Leconte, Raoul Ruiz, David Foenkinos, Stefan Liberski, Arielle Dombasle, and Cedric Klapisch. In 2014, George Clooney selected her to star in his movie The Monuments Men.

Marnay is involved in multiple creative pursuits: in fashion (capsule collections for Claudie Pierlot), jewelry design (Etername), and singing (Alain Chamfort Manureva), and she is the muse for Air in their video clips. The French artist Pierre Huyghe cast her in The Host and The Cloud[1]. Marney became the spokesperson for “Les Enfants de Bam” in 2010.

In 2021, Marnay revealed herself as the woman depicted in the cover artwork for the 2001 album Jane Doe by metalcore band Converge, claiming in an Instagram post that a photograph of her from the May 2001 issue of Marie Claire Italy magazine taken by Dutch fashion photographer Jan Welters was the original source artwork used by Converge vocalist and cover artist Jacob Bannon.

Filmography

 * How does it make you feel by Antoine Bardou-Jacquet for Air (2001)
 * Nuages by Michel Gondry for Air France (2002)
 * Bunker Paradise by Stefan Liberski Laeticia
 * My Best Friend by Patrice Leconte (2006)
 * Tony Zoreil by Valentin Potier (2007)
 * Paris by Cédric Klapisch (Marjolaine 2008)
 * The Monuments Men by George Clooney (2014)

title: Audrey Marnay


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris Barrett

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 01:03, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Chris Barrett
Delete? Simple paste from IMDB. Copyvio too? PhilipO 02:07, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Obvious copyvio, look at the history too, hes the writer! Redwolf24 02:08, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Copyvio, vanity, non-notable trifecta. Good find! - Thatdog 02:22, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete confirmed copyvio. I added a notice to the page. Tobycat 06:52, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * When doing so, be sure to complete the process: the text should be blanked (otherwise its still in violation) and the page needs to be listed at Copyright problems. I've just done both things. -Splash 07:21, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. JamesBurns 03:39, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nothing!--Peterloud 13:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anarcho-Primitive

 * 1) Delete. Doesn't anarcho-primitive do the job? This one doesn't work unless you do Anarcho-Primitive. Oh wait.. if this gets deleted.. will Anarcho-Primitive still work? If not, remove the VfD tag, and just change the redirect to Anarcho-primitivism --coblin 02:08, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Err, nevermind. Sorry, my apologies. This is a needed redirect. --coblin 02:12, July 17, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Roland Park, Baltimore

Roland Park is a community located in Baltimore, Maryland. It was developed between 1890 and 1920 as an upper-class streetcar suburb. The early phases of the neighborhood were designed by Edward Bouton and Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.

History
Jarvis and Conklin, a Chicago investment firm, purchased 500 acre of land near Lake Roland in 1891 and founded the Roland Park Company with $1 million in capital. Not long after, the Panic of 1893 forced Jarvis and Conklin to sell the Roland Park Company to the firm of Stewart and Young. Despite the dire economics after 1893, Stewart and Young continued investment in the development.

The Roland Park Company hired Kansas City developer Edward H. Bouton as the general manager and George Edward Kessler to lay out the lots for the first tract. They hired the Olmsted Brothers to lay out the second tract, and installed expensive infrastructure, including graded-streets, gutters, sidewalks, and constructed the Lake Roland Elevated Railroad. The company consulted George E Waring Jr. to advise them on the installation of a sewer system. Bouton placed restrictive covenants on all lots in Roland Park. These included setback requirements and proscriptions against any business operations.

It was a modern development, electricity for lighting throughout the neighborhood as well as gas for cooking and lighting. Water came from artesian wells dug up to 500 ft, nearly 50000 ft of water mains were constructed, in addition to 50000 ft of roadways, and 100000 ft of sidewalks.

Bouton and some Baltimore investors purchased the interests of Roland Park and reorganized the company in 1903.

Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. cited Roland Park as a model residential subdivision to his Harvard School of Design students. Duncan McDuffie, developer of St. Francis Wood in San Francisco, called Roland Park "an ideal residential district." Jesse Clyde Nichols had found inspiration in Roland Park when he was planning the Country Club District of Kansas City. Nichols continued to refer to Roland Park as an ideal residential development when he counselled other residential developers. The park-like setting designed by the Olmsted brothers was a mark of affluence echoed by other neighborhoods in Baltimore such as Mayfield and Guilford.

Deed restrictions and further implications
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, Baltimore saw an influx of immigrants, nearing 600,000. Bouton took 100 acres of land a few miles north of Downtown Baltimore and sold it as an exclusive, lush “garden suburb”, free of city grime and racial diversity.

Letters from the time show that Bouton asked a law firm, Schmuker & Whitelock, if he could legally restrict who bought property in Roland Park. Though the firm advised against it, by 1912, the ‘Nuisances’ section of the deed read, “At no time shall the land included in said tract or any part thereof, or any building erected thereon, be occupied by any negro or person of negro extraction. This prohibition, however, is not intended to include occupancy by a negro domestic servant.”

Additionally, Bouton claimed that he did not sell to Jews, as they were “undesirable”, at the 1914 Annual Conference of the Development of High-Class Residential Property, further demonstrating the levels of exclusion in the emerging city suburbs.

In 1911, George Ford, a professor at Columbia University and later the president of the National Conference on City Planning, was starting to teach a course on urban planning and reached out to Bouton as he was impressed with his racial restrictions. Employees of the Roland Park Company would later go on to serve on national boards, such as the Federal Housing Administration, which helped normalize and standardize the practice of redlining throughout the country.

Though the Supreme Court ruled against the enforceability of racially restrictive deeds in 1948, segregation and redlining remained prevalent in Roland Park and throughout other areas of Baltimore City through the 1950s and up until today. In the early 1940s and ‘50s, Baltimore City and the federal government undertook housing development projects displacing African-American populations into inner-city, high-rise buildings that were, essentially, created to reinforce the patterns of neighborhood segregation that emerged in the late 1800s. On this matter, the government stated the project was “not [for] slum clearance but rather using the projects to block the Negro from encroaching upon white territory”.

The real estate developer James W. Rouse used antisemitic quotas when building in Roland Park. In 1951, Rouse enforced a quota of no more than 12% Jewish residents for the Maryland Apartment in north Baltimore until 75% of the apartments were rented.

Roland Park Shopping Center
Roland Park Shopping Center (originally Roland Park Business Block) was built at the corner of Upland Road and Roland Avenue in 1896 in the English Tudor style. Developed by Roland Park Company President Edward Bouton and designed by Wyatt and Nolting, it was originally planned as an apartment and office building with a “community room” for civic functions on the upper level.

It opened in 1907 as shops. It has been credited by Guinness World Records as the world's first shopping center (though some editions of Guinness incorrectly date it to 1896, when it was not yet a shopping center). Since it had only six stores, qualifying today as a strip mall, other, larger centers have received more recognition as “firsts”, such as Market Square in Lake Forest, Illinois (1916, the first uniformly planned neighborhood shopping center) and the Country Club Plaza (1923) in Kansas City, Missouri, the first uniformly-planned regional shopping center.

Education
The neighborhood is within the bounds of Baltimore City Public Schools and is assigned to Roland Park Elementary/Middle School, a K-8 school that earned the Blue Ribbon for Academic Excellence from the state department of education in 1997 and 1998.

There are several private schools in the neighborhood: Friends School of Baltimore, Gilman School, Roland Park Country School, the Bryn Mawr School, Cathedral School, and Boys' Latin School of Maryland. In addition, St. Mary's Seminary and University is located in Roland Park.

There is also a branch of the Enoch Pratt Free Library in Roland Park.

Transportation
The Baltimore Light Rail's Cold Spring Lane Station is to the west, within walking distance of much of the neighborhood, just across Falls Road and running alongside the Jones Falls Expressway.

title: Roland Park, Baltimore


text:
Corn oil

Corn oil (North American) or maize oil (British) is oil extracted from the germ of corn (maize). Its main use is in cooking, where its high smoke point makes refined corn oil a valuable frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarines. Corn oil is generally less expensive than most other types of vegetable oils.

Corn oil is also a feedstock used for biodiesel. Other industrial uses for corn oil include soap, salve, paint, erasers, rustproofing for metal surfaces, inks, textiles, nitroglycerin, and insecticides. It is sometimes used as a carrier for drug molecules in pharmaceutical preparations.

Production
Almost all corn oil is expeller-pressed, then solvent-extracted using hexane or 2-methylpentane (isohexane). The solvent is evaporated from the corn oil, recovered, and re-used. After extraction, the corn oil is then refined by degumming and/or alkali treatment, both of which remove phosphatides. Alkali treatment also neutralizes free fatty acids and removes color (bleaching). Final steps in refining include winterization (the removal of waxes), and deodorization by steam distillation of the oil at 232 - 260 °C under a high vacuum.

Some specialty oil producers manufacture unrefined, 100%-expeller-pressed corn oil. This is a more expensive product since it has a much lower yield than the combination expeller and solvent process, as well as a smaller market share.

Constituents and comparison

 * Of the saturated fatty acids, 80% are palmitic acid (lipid number of C16:0), 14% stearic acid (C18:0), and 3% arachidic acid (C20:0).
 * Over 99% of the monounsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9)
 * 98% of the polyunsaturated fatty acids are the omega-6 linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6).

title: Corn oil


text:
Wonder Dog (video game)

Wonder Dog is a side-scrolling platform game developed by Core Design and released by JVC Musical Industries for the Sega CD in 1992. It is one of the first games developed for the system. The game features Wonder Dog, a mascot for Victor and the Wondermega during the early 1990s.

In 1993, Core Design released a port of the game for the Amiga in Europe as part of a deal with JVC that saw them distributing Wolfchild on the Sega Genesis and Sega CD.

Plot
The peaceful dog-ruled planet K-9 finds itself under attack by the evil Pitbully space armada. In a last-ditch effort to save his world, Dr. Kibble fast tracks the Wonder Dog project, an experiment to create a superpowered dog. Running out of time, he tests the serum on his newborn son and sends him to Earth with a special outfit called the Wonder Suit. His son crash lands on the planet and immediately befriends a boy. However, the two are separated as the boy's father will not let him keep the dog. The dog then returns to the ship, dons the Wonder Suit and becomes Wonder Dog, who must save K-9 from the Pitbullies' invasion.

Gameplay
The game is a platformer with controls similar to the Super Mario Bros. games. The player controls Wonder Dog to guide him through seven stages: Bunny Hop Meadow, Dogsville, Scrapyard, Loony Moon, Planet Weird, Planet Foggia and Planet K-9 (known as "Planet Kninus" in the Amiga version). Wonder Dog moves when the "Left" and "Right" buttons on the D-pad are pressed. Holding the "B" Button while pressing "Left" and "Right" allows him to run. Pressing the "C" Button makes him jump, and he can also jump on the heads of enemies to defeat them. He can jump farther and higher while running. Holding the "C" Button in midair allows Wonder Dog to use his ears to glide. He can perform the Spin Dig, which digs into certain terrains, when the "Down" and "C" Buttons are pressed and held. By pressing the "A" Button, Wonder Dog can shoot stars for a ranged attack. The speed, distance, and trajectory of the stars fired depends on the Star Power gauge, which is increased by firing multiple stars in quick succession or by holding the fire button.

If Wonder Dog is hit by an enemy, he loses a hit point. He has three in total, which can be replenished by finding a Wings item. If he loses all of his hit points, he loses a life. Lives are limited but can be found throughout the game or when 100 Bones are collected. The game ends when the player runs out of lives but can be continued from the start of the current stage. Stages are mostly linear, but each stage has several hidden areas containing bonus items, as well as two hidden stages (Underground and Moon Mines). Many stages contain invisible platforms, which can be revealed by finding a Smiley item.

Development
In November 1991, Victor Musical Industries saw potential in the rise of 16-bit gaming and CD-ROM-based home consoles, and partnered with Sega to release the Wondermega, a console that combined the Sega Genesis and Sega CD and included extra features like with high-quality audio, MIDI output and microphone inputs. Various characters were created as candidates for mascots for their new console, but Satoshi Honda, General Manager of Victor's New Media Division at the time, selected a dog as the mascot, as the company's original logo had a dog mascot, Nipper. Since they were releasing the Wondermega, Victor needed a game in order to help sell the console as well, so they decided to create a family-friendly product that would appeal to a wide range of ages. They consulted Core Design for their assistance with developing the game, entitled Wonder Dog. Core Design already had quite a history, working on titles for computers like Rick Dangerous and Impossamole, so they were well-versed with creating platformers. The game was programmed by Chris Long, John Kirkland, Ged Keaveney and Robert Toone, play-tested by Mark Price and Darren Price, directed by Toshiyuki Nagai and Takeshi Minagawa, produced by Jeremy Heath-Smith and Isamu Senda, and executive produced by Honda, with graphics by Lee Pullen, Robert Churchill and Simon Phipps, and music and sound effects by Martin Iveson and Stewart Perkins. One of the game's sound effects was a clip of Homer Simpson's "D'oh!" from The Simpsons, used for some enemies when defeated. The game's opening cutscene was animated by Billy Allison and programmed by Sean Dunlevy. The game was originally set to be released in June 1992, but was moved to September 25 of that year. Telephone cards, stuffed toys, UFO catcher toys, stickers and a manga based on the game and a sequel were being planned at the time. The character of Wonder Dog also appeared in a short film contained in some VHS head cleaning videocassettes.

The Amiga version was programmed by Daniel Scott and Jason Gosling and produced by Jeremy Heath-Smith, with graphics by Adrian Mannion and Robert Churchill and music and sound effects by Martin Iveson. According to Scott, Chuck Rock II: Son of Chuck, another Core Design game for the Sega CD, was based on the same engine as Wonder Dog. He then started work on Chuck Rock II for the Amiga, after which the developers decided to convert Wonder Dog to the console as well. The game was distributed in Germany by Bomico and in Italy by Leader.

Reception
Wonder Dog received positive reviews upon release, being praised for its visuals and soundtrack. Magazines such as Sega Pro, GamePro, Mega Drive Advanced Gaming and Computer and Video Games scored the game a 90%, 100%, 88% and 84%, respectively. Some magazines of the time, such as Beep! MegaDrive, Hippon Super and Famitsu, seemed to take offence to its manufactured origins as a product for order, with scores ranging from 50% to 60%. However, the game was not enough to make the Wondermega a success. This would be JVC's only attempt to breach the console market, though the console did at least get a second release as the JVC X'Eye in North America in 1994. This did not stop Core Design from supporting the Sega CD for years with games like Battlecorps and Soulstar, and they would go on to achieve tremendous success with Tomb Raider in 1996.

Doug Jackson of Sega-16 reviewed the game, giving it a score of 5 out of 10, and stating, "The bottom line for Wonder Dog is that it's just an average game that's too easy, lacks variety, has a poor story, and doesn't make any decent use of the CD's added capabilities. Ultimately, it just feels like a cash-in for the system." Stephen Barbato reviewed the game, stating, "Wonder Dog is a somewhat incoherent game, full of ideas that don't feel properly connected, but this unpredictability and unorthodox approach also gives it a distinct identity that makes getting to the next stage more rewarding when compared to other mascot platformers of the time. For those who never had a chance to be exposed to European-style platformers, it's a potentially good place to start due to its low difficulty and straightforward level design. It’s by no means a must-play game in the genre, but it's an uncommon blending of platforming design philosophies from two different regions with a bit of interesting history behind it, making it worthy of recognition nonetheless."

Magazine reviews for the Amiga version ranged from 84% in The One Amiga to 31% in CU Amiga.

title: Wonder Dog (video game)


text:
Henry M. Jackson Wilderness

The Henry M. Jackson Wilderness is a 103,297 acre designated wilderness area in the state of Washington, United States. The area lies adjacent to the southwest corner of the Glacier Peak Wilderness, northwest of Stevens Pass on U.S. Highway 2 and northeast of the town of Skykomish, Washington. Wild Sky Wilderness is located immediately southwest of the Henry M. Jackson Wilderness. While the wilderness straddles the Cascade Mountain Range, most of it is in the westside ecotype. The wilderness lies in parts of Snoqualmie, Mount Baker, and Wenatchee national forests.

History
The Henry M. Jackson Wilderness was created by the 1984 Washington Wilderness Act and named after former U.S. Senator Henry M. Jackson of Washington. Senator Jackson was instrumental in the designation of many of the state's wildernesses, and this "forest" of fabled peaks recalls his efforts.

Cross-Cascade Indian trails paralleled the Little Wenatchee River and provided routes for later exploring parties such as the 1860 E.F. Cady party for whom Cady Pass and Cady Creek were named. The area is rich in mining history with several acres of patented mining claims within its borders.

Geographic features
The terrain is rugged, with steep slopes, and finger ridges dissected by small intermittent or permanent drainages. Streams in the northern portion of this area drain into the Sauk River, while the southern portion drains into the Skykomish River. Main features of this area include Skykomish Peak, Cady Creek Ridge and Cady Creek, as well as the Beckler River's tributary the Rapid River, the true source of the South Fork Skykomish River. The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail traverses the southern portion of the wilderness.

The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail winds down the high heart of the area for about 32 miles. Other trails snake up from the east and west to join the PCT. The Blanca Lake Trail leads 3.5 miles to Blanca Lake, and five short pathways approach the center of the northwest section and fade to bushwhacking terrain.

The wilderness area contains approximately 30 lakes which receive moderate fishing. One of the most popular of these lakes is Blanca Lake due to its beautiful turquoise green color.

Flora and fauna
A tall forest covers the lower elevations, then thins out and changes in species to eventually open into broad meadows on many ridge tops. The vegetation includes western redcedar, Douglas fir, true firs, Engelmann spruce, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, sub-alpine meadows, and at higher elevations, alpine meadows.

title: Henry M. Jackson Wilderness


text:
Piste

A piste is a marked ski run or path down a mountain for snow skiing, snowboarding, or other mountain sports.

This European term is French ("trail", "track") and synonymous with 'trail', 'slope', or 'run' in North America. The word is pronounced using a long "e" sound so that it rhymes with "beast".

North Americans employ its common European antonym, 'off piste', to describe backcountry skiing, especially when referring to skiing outside officially approved areas of a ski resort.

Construction
Pistes are not naturally occurring features, and must be created through human means. This can be done by "clearing" (removing the trees only) or by "grading" (clearing followed by reshaping of the surface by machines like graders).

Maintenance
Pistes are usually maintained using tracked vehicles known as snowcats to compact or "groom" the snow to even out trail conditions, remove moguls, and redistribute snow to extend the ski season. Natural snow is often augmented with snow making machines and snow reserves, early in the season or when the snowpack is low, and to ensure the snow lasts throughout the season.

Ratings
Typically, grading is done by the resort, and grades are relative to other trails within that resort. As such, they are not classified to an independent standard; although they are likely to be roughly similar, skiers should be cautious about assuming that grades in two different resorts are absolutely equivalent.

North America, Australia and New Zealand
In North America, Australia and New Zealand, a color–shape rating system is used to indicate the comparative difficulty of trails (otherwise known as slopes or pistes).

The steepness of ski trails is usually measured by grade (as a percentage) instead of degree angle. In general, beginner slopes (green circle) are between 6% and 25%. Intermediate slopes (blue square) are between 25% and 40%. Difficult slopes (black diamond) are 40% and up. However, this is just a general "rule of thumb". Although slope gradient is the primary consideration in assigning a trail difficulty rating, other factors come into play. A trail will be rated by its most difficult part, even if the rest of the trail is easy. Ski resorts assign ratings to their own trails, rating a trail compared only with other trails at that resort. The resort may take into consideration the width of the trail, sharpest turns, terrain roughness, the direction of the fall line, and whether the trail is groomed regularly.

Europe
In Europe, pistes are classified by a color-coded system. The actual color system differs in parts for each country, although in all countries blue (easy), red (intermediate) and black (expert) are used. Shapes are often not used, sometimes all ratings are circles as being defined in the basic rules of the German Skiing Association DSV. The three basic color codes of the DSV have been integrated into the national standards DIN 32912 in Germany and ÖNORM S 4610 f in Austria.

In Scandinavia, a similar system is used with the addition of shapes, simplifying the identification of snow covered signs (see table below).

Slopes marked green, blue or red are groomed in all countries; blacks are groomed in Italy, Austria, Switzerland and Scandinavian resorts, while in France most black slopes are not groomed, but some are. All other classifications are generally not groomed. Sometimes slopes are marked on piste maps as dotted or as dashed lines, this also signifies that the slope is not groomed.

Alpine slope classification in Europe is less rigidly tied to slope angle than in North America. A lower angle slope may be classified as more difficult than a steeper slope if it requires better skiing ability because, for example, it is narrower, requires carrying speed through flatter sections or controlling speed through sharp hairpin turns, or features off-camber slope angles or exposed rock.

Scandinavia
In Norway, Sweden and Finland, a system is used with similar colours as elsewhere in Europe, but with shapes as well.

Japan
Japan uses a color-coded system, but shapes do not usually accompany them. Some resorts, mainly those catering to foreigners, use the North American or European color-coding system, adding to the confusion. The usual ratings are:

Japan has more than 1000 ski areas (115 in Nagano Prefecture alone), many of them small and family-oriented, so comparisons between slope classifications in Japan and "equivalent" slopes in Europe or North America can be misleading.

title: Piste