text:
User:Boil1202/Biology

Biology: Physiology | Histology | Heredity | Taxonomy | Taxon | Genetics | Molecular genetics | Population genetics | Ontogeny | Ethology | Habitat | Ecology | Evolutionary biology | Astrobiology | Botany | Zoology | Ovoviviparous | Pathogen | Eukaryote | Prokaryote | Amphibian | Arachnid | Arthropod | Entomology | Myrmecology | Chordate | Mitosis | | Larva | Pupa |||

Health: Homeostasis | Medicine | Environmental health | Nutrition | Public health | Quality of life | Physical fitness | Human sexuality | Health science | Health disparities | Longevity | Wellness | Hormone | Insulin | Lipid | Phospholipid | Prostaglandin | Acupuncture | Chiropractic ||||||

Tobacco smoking: Nightshade | Emphysema | Chronic disease | Pulmonary alveolus | Hypoxia | hyperventilate | Maya civilization | Divination | Talisman | Myocardial infarction | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Lung cancer | Stroke | Peripheral artery occlusive disease | Buerger's disease | Impotence | Bronchitis |

Biochemicals: Cholesterol | Pheromone | steroid | Nicotine | Heroin | Cocaine | Dioxin ||||||

Equipment: Electrocardiogram | Sphygmomanometer | Bronchoscopy | Spirometry | Computed tomography | Biopsy | Positron emission tomography |||||

Anatomy
Respiratory system: Nose | Nasal cavity | Pharynx | Larynx | Trachea | Lung | Conducting zone | Respiratory zone | Respiratory bronchiole | Bronchi

Human skeleton: Ligament | Tendon | Cartilage | Skull | Spine (anatomy) | Sacrum | Femur | Stapes | Cartilage |

Nervous system: Vagus nerve | sensory system | olfactory | taste | somatic sensation | Spinal cord | neuron | Glia | Olfactory epithelium | Nasal cavity ||||

Lymphatic system: lymphatics | lymph | Lymphocyte | Phagocyte | Interstitial fluid | Thoracic duct | Thymus | Bone marrow | Antigen | Spleen | Lymph node | Tonsil |||

Tonsil: Uvula | Soft palate |||

Integumentary system: Epidermis | Dermis | Subcutis | Cutis (anatomy) | Hypodermis ||

Endocrine system: Pineal gland | Pituitary gland | Thyroid | Thymus | Adrenal gland | Pancreas | Ovary | Testis |||||||

Digestive system: Sweetbread | Small intestine | Duodenum | Jejunum | Ileum |  Large intestine | Cecum | Colon (anatomy) | rectum | Anus | bile | gallbladder | pancreas | Spleen |||||||||||

Liver: Metabolism | detoxification | Glycogen | Plasma protein | Bile | Abdomen | Diaphragm (anatomy) | Anterior | Gallbladder | Hepatic artery | Portal vein | Celiac trunk | Inferior vena cava | Ampulla of Vater ||||||||

Circulatory system: Erythrocytes | Granulocyte | Platelet | Blood plasma | Aorta | Artery | Arteriole| Capillary | Venule | Vein | Venae cavae | Carotid artery | |||||||||

Heart: Superior Vena Cava | Inferior Vena Cava | Right Atrium | Tricuspid Valve | Right Ventricle | Pulmonary Valve | Pulmonary Artery | Pulmonary Vein | Left Atrium | Mitral Valve | Left Ventricle | Aortic Valve | Aorta

Reproductive system: Foreskin | Frenulum | Circumcision | Uterus | womb | Aphrodisiac |||

Pregnancy: Gestation | Fetus | Trimester | Childbirth | Breastfeeding | Birth weight | Umbilical cord | Midwifery | Sterilization (surgical procedure) ||||||

Cancer
National Cancer Institute: Bladder cancer | Breast Cancer | Colon and Rectal Cancer | Endometrial Cancer ||||||||||

Lung cancer: malignant tumour | Dyspnea | Hemoptysis | Cachexia | Fatigue (physical) | Clubbing | Lumen | Pneumonia | Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome | Pancoast tumor | Brachial plexus ||||||

Disease
disease media: Flea | Bacterium ||||||

Disease1: Diabetes mellitus | Obesity | Osteoporosis | Scurvy | Alopecia | Alzheimer's disease | Anemia | Appendicitis | Arthritis | Asthma | Calculus (medicine) | Cardiac arrest | Cholera | Cleft lip | Color blindness | Common cold | Cowpox | Diphtheria | Encephalitis | Hypertension | Influenza | Leprosy | Leukemia | syphilis | gonorhea | Malaria | Measles | Meningitis | Migraine | Multiple myeloma | Mumps | Myopia | Parkinson's disease | Pertussis | Rabies | Plague | Polio | Rickets | Sciatica | spur | Schizophrenia | Herpes zoster | Shock | Pertussis | Silicosis | Smallpox | Strabismus | Rubella | Phimosis | pneumonia | Constipation | Paralysis | Stroke |||||||||

Disease of Heart: Cardiology | Coronary heart disease | Myocardial infarction | Congestive heart failure | Endocarditis | Myocarditis | Inflammation | Cardiac arrhythmia | Congenital heart defect ||||

Mental illness: Sanity | Schizophrenia |||

Disease2: Acne | Amblyopia | Anthrax disease | Atherosclerosis | Bubonic plague | Chickenpox | Chlamydia trachomatis | Colitis | Genital wart | Coronary heart disease | Ichthyosis | Interstitial cystitis | Iritis | Irritable bowel syndrome | Kwashiorkor | Lupus erythematosus | Lyme disease | Lymphoma | Multiple sclerosis | Muscular dystrophy | Myasthenia gravis | Myelitis | Myoclonus | Hypothyroidism | Non-gonococcal urethritis | Osteoarthritis | Peritonitis | Periodontal disease | Pityriasis rosea | Progeria | Prostatitis | Psoriasis | Pubic louse | Q fever | Repetitive strain injury | Rheumatic fever | Rheumatoid arthritis | Rocky Mountain spotted fever | Salmonellosis | Scabies | Scarlet fever | Scleroderma | Scrapie | Sepsis | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome | Pneumoconiosis | Strep throat | Streptococcus | Syphilis | Teratoma | Tetanus | Thalassemia | Candidiasis | Tinnitus | Toxic shock syndrome | Trichinosis | Trichomoniasis | Tuberculosis | Tularemia | Typhoid fever | Typhus | Ulcerative colitis | Uremia | Urticaria | Uveitis | Chickenpox | Whooping cough ||||||

title: User:Boil1202/Biology


text:
Talk:Michael Walzer

Iraq War
Did Walzer believe the latest Iraq war was just or unjust?

== No It wasn't just, the Iraq was is unjust.

Almost a year after the above question was posed: unjust. According to the review of his book that is referenced in this article, that is.

- Sorry I can't sign, I'm not really a user.

Paragraph out of Context
Hello, this paragraph seems to be out of context:

Support for Israel´s invasion of Lebanon: "Walzer’s explicit support for the Lebanon war (“I certainly welcome the political defeat of the PLO, and I believe that the limited military operation [sic] required to inflict that defeat can be defended under the theory of just war”; September 8, 1982" Cited from Chomsky’s ‘Fateful Triangle’: An Exchange (Nybooks, 1984)

It seems relevant but should be placed under an appropriate heading. Best, HAGAD (talk) 11:53, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Tributes
A section of the article is currently titled "Tributes". Perhaps "Recognition" would be a better term. The section contains some very poor writing in my opinion, especially the line: "Perhaps the highest honor a scholar can achieve is serious attention given by other scholars to his body of work; in this regard Walzer has been greatly honored." There are no references or examples following this bit of text. Stefan Kruithof (talk) 15:18, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

I think it's probably best to drop the sentence in the "Recognition" section listing a particular work that has made use of Walzer's theory. Lots of books have done this, and it actually undersells his influence to include just one. It's also not really recognition in the right sense. (Anyway, a more obvious book, if wanted one, is Brian Orend's "Michael Walzer on War and Justice", since it shows distinctly that Walzer is being discussed.)

I'll revisit this after a while, but if its still the same when I come back, I'll change the section I'm referring to. 173.32.35.78 (talk) 23:35, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Communitarian
This line is highly problematic, and misleading at best: "Michael Walzer is usually identified as one of the leading proponents of the "Communitarian" position in political theory, along with Alasdair MacIntyre and Michael Sandel." First, weasel words. "Usually identified" by whom??? This is unacceptably vague. I am a political theorist and I do not "usually identify" any of the above as communitarians; that label was never accepted by MacIntyre and Sandel (not sure about Walzer) and has proven to be so problematic and, ultimately, meaningless that it has largely been abandoned. Second, this is highly misleading, since Walzer, Sandel, and MacIntyre have very little in common. This sentence strongly implies that they share a particular "position," which is very definitely false.

The bulk of Walzer's views, at least in the economic sphere, are broadly classifiable as socialist, and if he is going to be given a label, it should be socialist, not communitarian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Reader335 (talk • contribs) 16:40, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I watch this page because I have spent a lot of time editing Toleration. Frankly, I had never heard of "communitarian" before, so I have no opinion. I agree that "usually identified" sounds weaselly without a reference. I have no problem with your deleting "communitarian" but please don't add socialist without a source that shows he self-identifies as such. Or maybe we just don't need to label him. Jonathanwallace (talk) 17:57, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Criticisms of Walzer's Work?
Walzer's influence in political theory is undoubtedly considerable; however, his work has also generated a great deal of criticism, as many theorists of considerable influence also do. Take for example the criticism of Walzer's justification of United States interventionism from Noam Chomsky, or the dialog between Walzer and James B. Rule on the subject of Israel. Joeyvandernaald (talk) 23:29, 18 October 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Michael Walzer


text:
Aeon (company)

Aeon Co., Ltd. (イオン株式会社), formerly Jusco Co., Ltd. (ジャスコ株式会社), is a Japanese diversified retail holding company. It is one of the largest retail companies in Japan, owning Aeon hypermarkets, Aeon Mall and Aeon Town shopping malls, Daiei, MaxValu, Maruetsu, and My Basket supermarkets, Ministop convenience store, Welcia drugstore, and Aeon Cinema movie theaters.

Aeon traces its origins back to 1758 during the Edo period in Japan when it was established as a small sundry goods store called Shinohara-ya. Later, it was renamed Okada-ya after the founding family. In 1970, Okada-ya merged with several other companies it had established and became Jusco. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, Jusco expanded and in 2001 changed its name to Aeon, which was its own brand. In 2010, Aeon merged with its subsidiary retail companies and consolidated all its hypermarket brands such as Jusco and Saty under the Aeon name. In 2021, Aeon was reportedly the 17th largest retailer in the world in terms of revenue.

Naming
The name Aeon is a transliteration from the koine Greek word ὁ αἰών (ho aion), from the archaic αἰϝών (aiwon). The name and symbolism used in the branding (i.e., aeon) implies the eternal nature of the company.

History
JUSCO (ジャスコ) is the acronym for Japan United Stores Company, a chain of "general merchandise stores" (or hypermarket) and the largest of its type in Japan.

The company was legally incorporated in September 1926 as Okadaya (founded in 1758). In 1970, Okadaya merged with Futagi and Shiro to form Jusco Co., Ltd. The employees voted to name the company "Japan United Stores Company". The various Jusco companies are subsidiaries of the Aeon supermarket chain. The Jusco name was adopted from a company founded as a kimono silk trader in 1758. Renamed Aeon in 1989, it operates stores throughout Japan under Jusco and other names and also has a presence in Malaysia, Hong Kong, mainland China and Thailand.

On August 21, 2001, the company became Aeon Co., Ltd. The largest Jusco (also the largest single-building shopping center in Japan) opened in 2005 in Mito. On August 21, 2008, the corporate structure changed. Aeon Co., Ltd. became a holding company while Aeon Retail Co., Ltd. took over the retail operations formerly held by Aeon Co., Ltd.

As of March 1, 2011, all Jusco and SATY stores under the Aeon umbrella in Japan changed their names to Aeon while all the Jusco stores and shopping centres in Malaysia have been fully re-branded into Aeon since March 2012. The Hong Kong and Mainland China subsidiaries officially changed their name to Aeon on 1 March 2013.

Malaysia
In 1985, the first Jusco store outside Japan was opened in Plaza Dayabumi, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as a jointly-owned company with Cold Storage and three local companies, known as Jaya Jusco. It was the first time that a Japanese company had entered into a significant joint venture in the Malaysian retail industry. Jusco assumed total operational control of the chain in 1988. Currently. there are 35 Aeon (formerly known as Jusco) retail stores and shopping centres in operation throughout Malaysia.

The oldest (though not the first) Jusco store in Malaysia is Jusco Taman Maluri located in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. It opened on 30 October 1989. The Aeon Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre in Bandar Bukit Tinggi, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia is the largest Aeon store in Malaysia and overall in Southeast Asia, with over 200,000 m2 of built-up area and 5,000 car park bays. Jusco in Malaysia is notable for being among the first general merchandise chains to introduce biodegradable polybags made from sweet potatoes.

In March 2012, all the Jusco stores and shopping centres in Malaysia were rebranded to Aeon, following the decision of Aeon in Japan. In November 2012, Aeon acquired the operation of Carrefour Malaysia with an enterprise value of €250 million. All of the current Carrefour hypermarkets and supermarkets in Malaysia were then fully re-branded into Aeon BiG. The acquisition of Carrefour Malaysia made Aeon as the second largest retailer in Malaysia, which combined the sales from Aeon Retail stores (formerly known as Jusco) and the former Carrefour outlets. Post-acquisition, Aeon's ASEAN business vice president said the retail giant targeted to open 100 outlets in various formats in the country by year 2020.

In April 2018, Aeon expanded to East Malaysia by opening their first mall in Kuching.

Vietnam
The first Jusco store "AEON MALL Tan Phu Celadon" opened on January 11, 2014, in Ho Chi Minh City at Tân Phú district. On October 28, 2015, Hanoi opened its first Jusco store "AEON MALL Long Bien" with an investment of 200m USD. Vietnam has currently about 200 Junco stores including 6 malls and several supermarkets. Junco has announced in 2023 that the first Aeon mall will open in Central Vietnam in the city of Huế in 2024.

Cambodia
The first Jusco store in Cambodia was opened on June 30, 2014, in Phnom Penh at Tonlé Bassac district. As of September 2023, Cambodia has three Aeon Malls, all of them located in the capital Phnom Penh.

Mainland China
In Mainland China, Jusco uses Aeon and Jusco for its name. From 1996, Aeon Co., Ltd created many shopping mall named Jusco. In Shanghai, there was a Jusco before, but it divested finance finally because of poor management. In Guangdong, Guangdong Jusco Co., Ltd used the name "Jusco" to operate the first Jusco at 1996. Now, there are thirteen shops in Guangdong. Otherwise, Aeon also operated large shopping mall in Beijing and Shunde. It also planned to expand to North China. In Shenzhen, Aeon has  a number of large stores including one at Coastal city (Houhai station ).

Hong Kong
Aeon Stores (Hong Kong) Co., Limited was established in Hong Kong in November 1987 and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in February 1994. Aeon aims to develop a chain operation in Hong Kong and offer value-for-money merchandise to Hong Kong customers.

The Hong Kong Jusco subsidiary was established in November 1987 as Jusco Department Store Co. Ltd. The first Jusco store opened in Kornhill in December 1987 (another name for this store was Quarry Bay Main and Flagship store). It was listed in Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited on 4 February 1994 with the stock code 984.

Hong Kong Jusco has now been renamed as Aeon Stores (Hong Kong), and mainly manages shopping malls and other retail shops such as supermarkets, discount shops, home places, convenience stores and department stores. They offer low-cost and convenient daily necessities to customers including food, clothes, household items and electrical appliances. As of March 2013, there are eight Aeon General Merchandise Stores (GMS) in Hong Kong, seven branches of Aeon Supermarkets, 22 branches of Living Plaza by Aeon, 4 branches of BENTO EXPRESS by Aeon, 2 Aeon Style stores and only one branch of Aeon MaxValu Prime, which is located at The One, Tsim Sha Tsui.

Taiwan
Taiwan Jusco are subsidiaries of Taiwan Aeon Stores Co., Ltd. The first Jusco was in Windance in Hsinchu City. It was operated in 2003. The second Jusco was operated in December 2005 at New Taipei city global mall.

Thailand
All Juscos have been closed down in Bangkok, Thailand. Aeon Co., Ltd. and now use the MaxValu name instead.

Other countries
Aeon has a presence in other ASEAN countries including malls in Indonesia and Myanmar.

title: Aeon (company)


text:
Mondo Desperado

Mondo Desperado (1999) is a book by Irish writer Patrick McCabe. The novel bills as a short story collection by a fictitious author, Phildy Hackball, a resident "homeboy" from the small town of Barntrosna.

Plot summaries
Many of the ten (10) short stories contained within Mondo Desperado observe the odd and dysfunctional aspects of humanity. McCabe's short stories include recurring themes which challenge traditionally respected figures within Irish culture - priests, schoolteachers and nurses. The novel utilizes black humour and McCabe's language is a distorted yet authentic idiom, described by one reviewer as "a souped-up Blarney".

The Bursted Priest tells the story of how a young man, Declan Coyningham, deemed the holiest boy in town, is blown up by his schoolmates. The Forbidden Love of Noreen Tiernan involves an intern nurse, Noreen, working in London who becomes involuntarily embroiled in a homoerotic affair with her roommate.

title: Mondo Desperado


text:
User talk:Imcoolerthanyou

Welcome
Welcome!

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title: User talk:Imcoolerthanyou


text:
Methyl nitrate

Methyl nitrate is the methyl ester of nitric acid and has the chemical formula CH3NO3. It is a colourless explosive volatile liquid.

Synthesis
It can be produced by the condensation of nitric acid and methanol:

 * CH3OH + HNO3 → CH3NO3 + H2O

A newer method uses methyl iodide and silver nitrate:

 * CH3I + AgNO3 → CH3NO3 + AgI

Methyl nitrate can be produced on a laboratory or industrial scale either through the distillation of a mixture of methanol and nitric acid, or by the nitration of methanol by a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. The first procedure is not preferred due to the great explosion danger presented by the methyl nitrate vapour. The second procedure is essentially identical to that of making nitroglycerin. However, the process is usually run at a slightly higher temperature and the mixture is stirred mechanically on an industrial scale instead of with compressed air.

Electrolytic production methods have been reported involving electrolyzing sodium acetate and sodium nitrate in acetic acid.

Methyl nitrate is also the product of the oxidation of some organic compounds in the presence of nitrogen oxides and chlorine, namely chloroethane or di-tert-butyl ether, while also producing nitromethane. Oxidation of nitromethane using nitrogen dioxide in an inert atmosphere can also yield methyl nitrate.

Explosive properties
Methyl nitrate is a sensitive explosive. When ignited it burns extremely fiercely with a gray-blue flame. Methyl nitrate is a very strong explosive with a detonation velocity of 6,300 m/s, like nitroglycerin, ethylene glycol dinitrate, and other nitrate esters. The sensitivity of methyl nitrate to initiation by detonation is among the greatest known, with even a number one blasting cap, the lowest power available, producing a near full detonation of the explosive.

Despite the superior explosive properties of methyl nitrate, it has not received application as an explosive due mostly to its high volatility, which prevents it from being stored or handled safely.

Safety
As well as being an explosive, methyl nitrate is toxic and causes headaches when inhaled.

History
Methyl nitrate has not received much attention as an explosive, but as a mixture containing 25% methanol it was used as rocket fuel and volumetric explosive under the name Myrol in Nazi Germany during World War II. This mixture would evaporate at a constant rate and so its composition would not change over time. It presents a slight explosive danger (it is somewhat difficult to detonate) and does not detonate easily via shock.

According to A. Stettbacher, the substance was used as a combustible during the Reichstag fire in 1933. Gartz shows in a recent work that only methyl nitrate with its production and explosion potential can represent the famous and mysterious "shooting water" from the German Feuerwerkbuch ("fireworks book") of about 1420 (the oldest technical text in German language, handwritten in Dresden and later printed in Augsburg).

An extract of the text from the 1420 Feuerwerkbuch is as follows (written in Early New High German):

""Wildu mit wasser schyessen // daß du kein pulfer prauch // est vnd sterker und waiter // mit schewst dann als du daß aller // pest pulfer hast das yemann gehab // en mag und ye gemacht wurd so ny // salpeter und distillier den mit wasser // vnd nym oleo benedicto dazu auch … // … vnd zunt sie an mit sinnen das du davon kommen magst … //

…mit disem wasser schewst du dreytousent schrit weit … // … es ist gar köstlich…""

Translated:

""Do you want to shoot with water // so that you don't need powder // and stronger and further // you shoot than the very // best powder somebody might have had ever // and was made ever // so take salpetre and distill it with water // and also take oleo benedicto (the oil of Benedicus) // and ignite it with the intention that you may get off ... with this water you will shoot threethousand foot // it is so delicious""

Structure
The structure of methyl nitrate has been studied experimentally in the gas phase (combined gas-electron diffraction and microwave spectroscopy, GED/MW) and in the crystalline state (X-ray diffraction, XRD) (see Table 1). In the solid state there are weak interactions between the O and N atoms of different molecules (see figure).

title: Methyl nitrate


text:
User talk:Rmm0484

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title: User talk:Rmm0484


text:
Idyllwild Arts Academy

Idyllwild Arts Academy is a private school located in Idyllwild, in the San Jacinto Mountains and San Bernardino National Forest, within western Riverside County, California. The school was founded in 1946. It was previously known as Idyllwild School of Music and the Arts. Joy in the Making (1967) is a documentary about its summer arts program made by filmmaker Virginia Garner, who became a Trustee Emeritus of the Board of Governors and Trustees of the Idyllwild Arts Foundation.

Academics
It offers a college preparatory program for grades 9–12 and post-graduates, with training in music, theater, dance, visual art, creative writing, film, and interdisciplinary arts. An audition or portfolio is required for admission.

It was the first independent boarding high school for the arts in the western United States.

Idyllwild Arts Academy offers programs including music, visual arts, theatre, creative writing, dance, fashion design, film & digital media, and interdisciplinary arts. Outside of the regular school year, Idyllwild Arts Academy offers summer workshops that include Jazz in the Pines, ESL, Native American Arts.

Notable alumni

 * Casey Abrams, American Idol season 10 contestant and musician
 * Clayton Alexander, inventor.
 * Amanda Aday, actress.
 * Neal Bledsoe, actor on Smash and Ugly Betty.
 * Douwe Blumberg, sculptor.
 * Evan Christopher, clarinetist.
 * Shepard Fairey, artist.
 * Joel Gennari, Artist. Emmy Award-winning puppet builder for The Jim Henson Company. Book illustrator for Soman Chainani, Victoria Aveyard, & Harper Collins
 * Greer Grammer, actress
 * Trevor Hall, musician.
 * Celeste Headlee, author and radio host
 * Marin Ireland, actress
 * Aaron Lee Tasjan, musician.
 * Nate Lowman, artist.
 * Jennifer Missoni, actress.
 * Michael Tilson Thomas, conductor and pianist
 * Liang Wang, oboeist
 * Mara Wilson, actress.

Notable faculty

 * Lisa Adams, painter
 * Suzanne Jackson, visual artist and dancer
 * Michael Kabotie, Hopi silversmith
 * Bella Lewitzky, Modern dancer and founding chair of the Dance Department at Idyllwild Arts Academy (1956–1972).
 * Mary Stone McLendon, Chickasaw artist and educator.
 * Eleonore Schoenfeld, cellist and longtime professor at University of Southern California (USC) at the Thornton School of Music.

In popular culture
In the television series The Fosters the character Brandon Foster attends a summer program in piano competition at Idyllwild.

Author Justin Cronin confirmed on Twitter that Idyllwild Arts Academy eventually becomes the community called First Colony in his book The Passage as humanity tries to survive one hundred years into a vampire apocalypse.

title: Idyllwild Arts Academy


text:
User talk:Amakkar

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title: User talk:Amakkar


text:
Immigration Restriction Act 1901

The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 (Cth) was an Act of the Parliament of Australia which limited immigration to Australia and formed the basis of the White Australia policy which sought to exclude all non-Europeans from Australia. The law granted immigration officers a wide degree of discretion to prevent individuals from entering Australia. The Act prohibited various classes of people from immigrating and provided for illegal immigrants to be deported.

Because of opposition from the British government, more explicit racial policies were avoided in the legislation, with the control mechanism for people deemed undesirable being a dictation test, which required a person seeking entry to Australia to write out a passage of fifty words dictated to them in any European language, not necessarily English, at the discretion of an immigration officer. The test was a pretend of fake one as it not designed to allow immigration officers to evaluate applicants on the basis of language skills, rather the decision that a person was a “prohibited immigrant” was already taken when the “test” was to be administered and the language chosen was always one known beforehand that the person would fail. This pretend was well recognised at the time as Senator Harney of Western Australia expressed it:

“The Government had placed itself on the horns of a dilemma, as, if the Bill were honestly administered, it would be inept, and, if not honestly administered, it would involve Parliament and its officers in a piece of gross chicanery.” The West Australian, 14 November 1901, p.3.

While the initial bill was based on similar legislation in the Colony of Natal which later became part of South Africa, unlike that and similar Education Tests elsewhere, passing was not possible.

The Act was replaced by the Migration Act 1958.

Dictation Test
The Act provided that any would-be immigrant could be subjected to a 50-word dictation test. "Any person who when asked to do so by an officer fails to write out at dictation and sign in the presence of the officer a passage of fifty words in length in a European language directed by the officer" was deemed a "prohibited immigrant" and was to be prevented from landing.

This was similar to tests previously used in Western Australia, New South Wales and Tasmania. It enabled immigration officials to exclude individuals on the basis of race without explicitly saying so. However the shift from an unfair, discriminatory but real test as the three colonies had passed into one that was a legal piece of trickery was rapidly accomplished with a minimum of regulation and with no essential legal changes within two years of the passing of the Immigration Restriction Act at the end of 1901. After 1903 the passage chosen was not important in itself as it was already decided the person could not enter Australia and so failure was inevitable. Although the test could theoretically be given to any person arriving in Australia, in practice it was given selectively on the basis of race, and others considered undesirables. Between 1902 and 1909, 52 people passed the test out of 1,359 who were given it.

Offences
The Act established a range of federal crimes relating to immigration. Illegal immigrants could be imprisoned for up to six months and then could be deported. Both the captain and the owners of ships which transported illegal immigrants to Australia could be fined GBP 100 for each immigrant, unless the immigrant was European. The Minister for Foreign Affairs was also able to detain ships which were suspected of carrying illegal immigrants. People who brought ill or insane immigrants into Australia were also liable for the costs of caring for them, on top of other penalties.

Controversies
The dictation test came into disrepute when it began to be used to exclude and deport individuals which the government considered undesirable.

Jewish political activist Egon Kisch from Czechoslovakia, who was exiled from Germany for opposing Nazism, arrived in Australia in 1934. The Government of Joseph Lyons went to extraordinary lengths to exclude Kisch, including using the dictation test. Kisch was fluent in a number of European languages and, after completing passages in several, was finally failed when he declined to be tested in Scottish Gaelic. The officer who tested him had grown up in northern Scotland but did not have a particularly good grasp of Scottish Gaelic himself. In the High Court case of R v Wilson; ex parte Kisch, the court found that Scottish Gaelic was not within the fair meaning of the Act, and overturned Kisch's convictions for being an illegal immigrant. The failure to exclude Kisch brought the dictation test into widespread public ridicule.

In 1936, the dictation test was controversially used again to exclude Mabel Freer, a white British woman born in India. She was twice set the test in Italian, which she failed. In the face of a long press and legal campaign for her admission, the government was unable or unwilling to provide a convincing reason for her exclusion and eventually she was admitted, welcomed by a huge crowd at the quay in Sydney. Interior Minister Thomas Paterson resigned from the Lyons Cabinet in 1937 as a result of the controversy.

Amendments
At first the dictation test had to be given in any European language and the dictation test could be administered any time within the first year of a person's arrival to Australia. In 1905 the Act was amended so that the dictation could be submitted in "any prescribed language", the restriction to European languages remaining active until such prescribed language be chosen by the Parliament. This wording was used to placate the objection from Japan that only European languages could be used. As the Parliament never prescribed any language, the dictation case remained limited to European languages only—and more specifically to the main language of any European nation, as illustrated in the infamous attempted exclusion of Egon Kisch from Australia.

In 1932 the period during which the test could be given was extended to the first five years of residence and officials could give the test to an individual an unlimited number of times.

The Act was replaced by the Migration Act 1958, which replaced the dictation test with a universal visa system (or entry permits), and removed many of the other restrictions, although many migrants from southern Europe and Asia were already living in Australia, some of them having arrived as refugees during or after World War II.

title: Immigration Restriction Act 1901


text:
User talk:Elgino

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title: User talk:Elgino


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Talk:Hong Kong Garrison

Category:Militaries
Instantnood added this to the above category with the summary that the above category is not just for soveriegn states. That's not why I removed it. The two parent categories of this article are already in that parent category or it's subs. It's superfluous. SchmuckyTheCat 05:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There are many articles and categories on Wikipedia which are categorised to a certain category and the parent category of that category, when it is useful or necessary. — Instantnood 05:46, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is obviously not neccesary for a local garrison to be in the main category.--Huaiwei 05:58, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hkgarrison.jpg
Image:Hkgarrison.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:30, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

recruitment
There was a sentence or two about the local population not being able to join the army. What happened to it? Can Hong Konger join the PLA? --Kvasir (talk) 20:20, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Search the talk page archives from the main HK article maybe. I think the answer was that an HKer can join the PLA but there is an official but widely known rule in the PLA that they will not serve their term anywhere near HK. I don't think we found a reliable source for it. SchmuckyTheCat (talk)

Merge
I'm not sure how much useful information is there, but Military history of Hong Kong would seem to be redundant to this article. Anyone with a bit more knowledge want to take a look and see what's worth moving over? --Onorem♠Dil 13:01, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I would agree with moving a few things to and from there, but not a merge: articles about the history of something are not the same as the article about the thing itself. In this case it is especially true since the guarrison is not even from the same country as its predecessor. --Lgriot (talk) 05:59, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

Military service

 * Due to the division of powers under the "One Country, Two Systems" scheme, there is no arrangement for residents of Hong Kong to serve in the PLA, whereas they were able to serve in the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong prior to 1997.

I can find no reference in PRC law that forbids HK residents from joining the PLA as a volunteer, and the reference to Article 16 Basic Law is obviously incorrect. Article 16 refers to the powers of the CE. Article 14 might be relevant, but it has no provision for invoking the MSL in HK, and from the other items in the Basic Law, this would require approval by at least the NPCSC.

Roadrunner (talk) 07:44, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Highly Possible Misspell "Shenzhou"
The base "Shenzhou, China" seems to be a highly possible misspell of "Shenzhen,China", and I'm going to correct it to "Shenzhen,China". Related logistics base will also be corrected.--Peter17ji (talk) 05:52, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hong Kong Garrison


text:
User talk:Stubieboy

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title: User talk:Stubieboy


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User talk:Rasielbz

Welcome
Welcome!

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title: User talk:Rasielbz


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Talk:National song

If this were better it would belong at National anthem --Wetman 05:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:National song


text:
User talk:Nichalp/Archive10

Economy of India
Please check Talk:Economy_of_India for my reply. pamri July 1, 2005 03:29 (UTC)

Flag of India
I've done some minor copyediting and feel that the article is now ripe for FAC. Great work, by the way. -- Sundar \talk \contribs July 1, 2005 09:31 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the copyedits. I wanted to nominate it yesterday, but I decided to wait till you had a look at at. I'm tying up loose ends at the moment and inking the red links. How are the flags? I made it. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 1, 2005 09:34 (UTC)

The flags arereally cool. I was really thinking of thanking you for that. Those make this article a unique single place for all rare and pertinent information on that topic. Very well done. Why couldn't the Nivedita Flag be made? Was that especially tough? Just curious. -- Sundar \talk \contribs July 1, 2005 10:48 (UTC)

 * I don't have any information on the Nivedita flag as to what it is supposed to look like, so that I reproduce it here. Similarly there is one tiny flag of the Ghadhar party, too little information to draw, though I can do it. The white lotus images were sourced from the BJP flag :) . BTW the article is on FAC. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 1, 2005 10:53 (UTC)
 * Cool. I do have sufficient bandwidth. Send them across to my e-mail. -- Sundar \talk \contribs July 1, 2005 11:40 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'll upload them in a few minutes. I'll vote on the fac also. -- Sundar \talk \contribs July 1, 2005 11:52 (UTC)
 * Saw the Gadhar Party flag. It would be tough to recreate that, I think. Btw, I've uploaded many images to commons. -- Sundar \talk \contribs July 1, 2005 13:13 (UTC)

Dear Nichalp, I have made a new flag with the corrected Chakra dia, it looks similar to the one you have uploaded by merging the earlier two flags, so I am not uploding it, if you want me, do let me know, I shall upload it. Thanks --Girish 10:31, July 10, 2005 (UTC)

Your ITN revert
Why did you revert to the old version of WP:ITN?! Trying to steer the column away from being too US-centric is laudable, but you can't just disregard User:BayanTree's edit summaries about the questionable Iran news item and revert to a previous version singlehandedly. Phil s 1 July 2005 15:11 (UTC)

 * The topic is too US-centric. One of the criteria for listing, mentions that it must be have some international interest. I did check the history, though BanyanTree raises a good point on the Iran article, but it does not mean that a US-centric topic should appear on the ITN. I reverted to maintain the status quo. If another topic of international interest is found, please feel free to replace the Iran article. Regards, =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 1, 2005 15:18 (UTC)

Headings for History of India
Do you have any ideas on how to divide the History of India article into sections? I made some changes, but still it doesn't look very organized. Thanks. deeptrivia July 1, 2005 23:28 (UTC)
 * Thanks NICHALP for your message on History of India. I am at Bhopal and would like to contribute whatever way it is possible.The article needs lot of indepth studies. Thanks. burdak 2 July 2005 06:15 (UTC)

Subst:User:Nichalp/sg
This has been deleted because it appeared in main space rather than in your user space. -- Francs2000 | Talk 2 July 2005 14:59 (UTC)

 * Create User:Nichalp/sg first, then when you write it will insert whatever is at that page onto whichever page you are editing. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 2 July 2005 15:03 (UTC)

 * Thanks =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 2, 2005 15:08 (UTC)

 * No problem. Nice signature -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 2 July 2005 15:11 (UTC)

 * Thanks. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 2, 2005 15:21 (UTC)

Thank you!
I don't know whether it's "the done thing" to thank people for awarding barnstars, but I think I should be bold and do so anyway. Thank you for giving me a smile as well this rather grey morning. Loganberry (Talk) 2 July 2005 15:00 (UTC)
 * You're welcome :). Its dull grey and rainy here too. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 2, 2005 15:02 (UTC)

Infobox
Hey, are you still editing the infobox ?. It looks really bad now, can we avoid any colors in the heading of the template ?.

template:main and template:seemain
Hi Nichalp, you asked me to restore the text of these templates. Because these templates are very confusing they are not used consistently. For this reason two new templates were created which serve the same purpose but are not ambiguous. For rewordings I redirect you to their respective talk pages. For other problems, please tell me which articles this is about so I can fix it locally. Or you can do it yourself. Don't "fix" these templates, just because one article doesn't use them in the correct way. --MarSch 3 July 2005 12:43 (UTC)

 * The wording was chosen so as to not be ambiguous. Do you link back with {seemain}? What wording do you prefer for that? --MarSch 3 July 2005 12:53 (UTC)

Cricket newsgroup
You've added a cricket newsgroup on the links page. Only I can't see how to access it - I clicked on it and it took me to some Outlook Express wizard thing (and I don't use Outlook Express although it's installed). How do I as a basic user, with a yahoo email account and not computer-minded access it? (I just feel there's a cricket-loving world out there I've never entered;) ). By the way, if you ever want to MSN Messenger me, I lurk on there under the address thagudearbh.yahoo.co.uk, jguk 3 July 2005 20:25 (UTC)

 * To access newsgroups or bulletin boards, you will need to know your ISP news server. It goes something like this: news.ISP NAME.com OR nntp.ISP NAME.com. I'm not sure (but I think) there are free news servers out there too. Will have to query in Reference Desk. Outlook Express is the default news reader for windows. I think its selected via the Tools> menu of Internet Explorer when you surf. If you wan't to avoid the hassle of Outlook Express to read a post, then Google groups has enabled access to the usenet servers, so all you have to do is to create an account and start posting there. [news:rec.sport.cricket] is the most popular. I hope this was useful to you. PS. MSN requires a hotmail account right? =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 4, 2005 06:37 (UTC)

Request
Hello, Nichalp! I have a favor to ask of you (and several other admins), and I hope you would mind helping. User:Ashida Kim has been giving several of us some trouble regarding the factual accuracy of the article Ashida Kim. I was first made aware of this issue after someone listed the user on Clueless newbies. Therefore, I contacted User:Ashida Kim and left him a friendly message and welcome note. He responded with insults, and I again politely replied, telling him that he needed to follow Wikipedia policy and provide sources/proofs to back up his facts. After checking out his history, I see several other users have been attempting to talk with him as well. He insists on talking to an administrator, via email. He claims that he cannot contact any administrator (despite being pointed to the list).(For appropriate sections regarding this matter, see the two sections on my talk page, see his talk page, see the section titled "Personal Attack" in the help desk (Help desk), see his contributions, and see Clueless newbies). I do not wish to get involved in this dispute (several other users & admins are already involved), but he basically requested (challenged?) that I contact several non-involved admins after I made a friendly offer. Therefore, would you mind taking a look at this case and seeing what you can do? Thank you very much. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 3 July 2005 23:39 (UTC)

 * I posted a small message, but I have concerns if the user is genuine or a fraud. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 4, 2005 08:30 (UTC)

 * Thank you for responding to my request. I'm pleased to say that User:Ashida Kim has calmed down and remained civil in the discussion at Talk:Ashida Kim. Thank you very much! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 9 July 2005 02:37 (UTC)

thanks!
Thanks, Nichalp, for your support of my RfA. It's a pleasure building an encyclopedia with you, and I'll do my best with my new responsibilities! --Spangineer (háblame)  July 4, 2005 03:47 (UTC)

 * You're welcome :) =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 4, 2005 06:42 (UTC)

Chennai and History of India
Hi Nichalp, I've not quite lived in Chennai, but have visited there many times. Having been in Tamil Nadu most of my life, I know things about Chennai. I could also ask my friends. We can bring it to FA. Also, I'll help with History of India in whatever way I can. -- Sundar \talk \contribs July 4, 2005 04:17 (UTC)

Indian Cities project
Hi. I'll add myself to the Indian Cities project and'll help in using that for Chennai and Madurai. But, it'll be a few hours before I can come back. -- Sundar \talk \contribs July 4, 2005 06:40 (UTC)

 * No probs =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 4, 2005 06:42 (UTC)

Copyright in India
Hi - thanks for the message. Unfortunatly, I am not an expert on the law appertaining to intellectual property in the UK, let alone in India! I'm not sure I would be much better placed to form a view on the Indian legislation than you are, I am afraid. However, as far as I am aware, in the UK at least, the fact that freedom of information legislation allows access to information does not mean that the information thereby becomes public domain. On the other hand, the UK press has been using the new FoI rules to obtain information that can then be published as news stories. -- ALoan (Talk) 4 July 2005 14:36 (UTC)

re: Your request to persuade MT on something:
 * Yes-wearily, to some small effect, albeit less than we hoped. Sigh. Have been trying to 'get a brief' or directions (link) to how to archieve properly (preserve talk + history side by side) for 4-5 days, but the 'West' has hit summer vacation season (and a United States Big Holiday Weekend) have apparently interfered with my normal sources getting back to me, so would be delighted if your can give me the link or instruction.
 * But don't comprehend this "...remove the en-N tag he has on his user page?" Sol you need to use less shorthand. Feel free to email, instead cluttering talk pages with 'How To'. The only difference I see is the link is now red that was an email discussion of some of the more confusing English language constructs (i.e. Humor, much based in paradoxical useages on idioms.) that I'd created a page to hold on it's own for him to puruse and mull over, and comprehend 'idiomatic english' better, even if he wouldn't 'appreciate' some of the humor— I'll forward to you by email later when I go up to the office, I'm enjoying a late sunny afternoon near the pool on a lattop right now. (Cancel that- it's now somehow imbedded in and part of his main talk page. Just above the note I just closed to him.)
 * (Since I've got your attention)... Please take a look (as a railroad buff) at Manchurian Railway, Chinese Far East Railway, and South Manchurian Railway and advise me whether the merge on the first two seems advisable to you. I'm having second thoughts, as 'Historic Names' strike me as having a place of their own in article space when they don't map directly 'onto' deriviative entities. I'll be glad to elaborate on that if it's not clear. JYollkowski has me convinced I should write an RfC for the Village Pump on the general issue, so that will be forthcoming. The 'gist' (heart) can be seen on my antimerge comments in Talk:Tsushima Strait. Bottom line, when someone is reading a history and wants to check a fact or garner more background, Wikiarticles need to maintain compatibility with long in print references. Thanks FrankB
 * User:Fabartus || Talkto_FrankB 4 July 2005 23:38 (UTC)

VAT
"Featured List Director"!! No, nothing so grand - just that, in practice, over the past few weeks, Filiocht and I have been co-ordinating WP:FLC (a bit like violetriga is de facto in charge of WP:RM, and ContiE of WP:FARC).

In the UK, at least, you can express a price as inclusive of VAT (i.e. £5 including VAT - that is £4.26 plus 74p of VAT giving a total price of £5) or exclusive of VAT (i.e. £5 plus 87p of VAT giving a total price of £5.87). However, the legal default position is that an amount is inclusive of VAT unless it is specifically stated that VAT is not included. Most retail outlets will price "including VAT" so the prices you see are what you pay and they include any VAT that is payable; trade outlets (that sell most of their goods or services to VAT-registered persons) will often price "excluding VAT" since their customers will generally be able to recover any VAT as "input VAT". I hope this makes sense. Does VAT help? I thought it gave a reasonable enough summary. -- ALoan (Talk) 5 July 2005 16:28 (UTC)

 * Not on holiday - taking a Wikibreak - too busy at work. -- ALoan (Talk) 5 July 2005 16:42 (UTC)

 * VAT is a tax on the final customer (that is, anyone who is unable to recover any VAT that they have to pay to their suppliers as "input tax"). The intricate details of what happens between each supplier in the supply chain rather obfuscates the fact that someone who has a business of buying and selling will usually not bear any VAT at the end of the day, as it should all be recoverable against their "output tax".

 * Whether quoting a price without tax (as, rather annoyingly, they tend to do in the US) is legal is a question for an Indian legal expert! In the UK, it would usually be pretty clear whether VAT will be due in addition to the quoted price or not. -- ALoan (Talk) 5 July 2005 17:32 (UTC)

Incidentally, UK law provides that if an amount is not stated as being exclusive of VAT it should be taken as being inclusive of VAT (if VAT is due). However, there is a custom of five star hotels (maybe four star too), of quoting rates exclusive of VAT without saying so, jguk 5 July 2005 18:53 (UTC)

 * The law in the UK is similar to the law throughout the EU.
 * Where most of the trade is business-to-consumer, prices must include VAT.
 * Where most of the trade is business-to-business, prices do not have to include VAT.
 * There are lots of regulations about this topic but those are the principles. For example, a hotel may claim that most of their trade is business-to-business but they will also have to comply with the rules for hotel prices. Bobblewik (talk) 14:29, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the added info. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  14:54, July 10, 2005 (UTC)

Delhi
Actually, more than 2/3 of Delhi is neither New Delhi, nor Cantonment, and not villages. New Delhi is actually a district in the National Capital Territory of Delhi [http://www.demographia.com/db-delhidistr.htm, (so Delhi is the National Capital Territory) There is a body called Municipal Committee of Delhi (MCD) which looks after all of Delhi, excluding the small pockets of New Delhi, which is under New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) and Delhi Cantt, which is under the Delhi Cantonment Board. So there are 3 municipal areas of Delhi. Most of Delhi city is just Delhi, neither New Delhi, or Cantt. This includes all of East, North and West Delhi, including the Walled City (Red Fort, etc) and large parts of South Delhi.

As far as I know, the New Delhi area is more strongly under the control of central government than rest of Delhi, since it includes all the important national buildings. So while MCD works with Delhi Government, NDMC works with the Central Governement.

Hope this helps. Muwaffaq 6 July 2005 22:29 (UTC)

Geography of India
Hi Nichalp. It's great to see Geography of India featured on the main page. A lot of the credit belongs to you.

By the way, there is some formatting issue with the rivers section of that article. I've made a temporary fix. Please look at that.

-- Sundar \talk \contribs July 7, 2005 04:20 (UTC)

India map
You have - rightfully - removed Image:India_topo.jpg from India, b/c the borders are incorrect (what may have looked like POV was actually my ignorance, the borders were drawn automatically). Your new version Image:India_topo_small.jpg has correct borders, but is too small to read the labels. So I intend to create a new version.

Here is what I found out: There are 3 disputed borders: 1x w/ Pakistan, 2x w/ China. Of those, the eastern one w/ China is already correct in the map. The other 2 I will draw by hand (accuracy will be a problem) using Image:Kashmir_map.jpg.

Any objections to that? Another question: are the labels correct? There seem to be old and new names for some cities. With some cities I was not sure, which is the old and which is the new name. --Captain Blood 7 July 2005 15:11 (UTC)

 * Hi! Thanks for attempting a new map. An NPOV map you can use for reference is available here: Image:IndiaTest.png. Yes, the names are old, but its ok to retain the old alongside the new in the following cases: Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta) and Chennai (Madras) as in image:IndiaMap2.PNG. Laccadives (islands) should be updated to Lakshadweep, Benaras to Varanasi and Hydarabad to Hyderabad. Thanks =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 7, 2005 15:27 (UTC)

Goa
Hi regarding your note on changes to Goa article-- my changes were

1. Removed the note where Goa was cited as the most important Portuguese colony. This is nonsense, as the Portuguese possessions included large territories as Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, just to name the largest in a large number of territories.

2. The Portuguese were not expelled from other territories in India by the Dutch or British. The Portuguese presence in India was always localised. The Brits took possession not from the Portuguese but from Indian states/territories. Only Bombay (Mumbay) was given to the Brits as a wedding gift of Catherine of Braganza.

I did not change the mentions to the forcible conversions etc., although I believe they are exaggerated. Anyway, the inquisition was in full force (in Portugal) only during the reign of the Spanish kings Phillip(s) I-IV (1580-1640).

Thanks and all the best, --BBird 7 July 2005 16:17 (UTC)

 * I'm not really convinced of the fact that the Portuguese possessions were localised. The World Book encyclopedia 2003 (CD) has a map showing Portuguese possessions in the 16th century. Almost all of India's and Sri Lanka's coastline are shown under Portuguese occupation. So what happened to these areas? Were they not lost to the British? And why was Goa granted the same civic privileges as Lisbon? Were Angola/Mozambique also given this status? Regards, =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 7, 2005 17:59 (UTC)

-- Hi -- I think both can be easily explained --

1) Goa was the first major Portuguese colony, and the focal trade route of spices, the main (commercial) reason for the establishment of the Portuguese. When gold started flooding from Brazil, the Indian trade became less important. Anyway Goa was important latter only due to historical reasons.

2) As for most of India being under Portuguese rule -- This never happened nor could happen. The Portuguese population at the time was around 2-3 mn people. The resources to actually do it were only available much latter, under British rule. Portugal and England are allies for centuries (except under Spanish/Absburg rule) and the brits never took forcibly a de facto Portuguese territory. They just installed themselves where the Portuguese could not reach. As for the Encl, it may reflect a (European view) "de jure" domination under international treaties which never occurred in practice.

Thanks --BBird 7 July 2005 18:17 (UTC)

Image:India_topo.jpg
I have uploaded the corrected version. The map you suggested for reference was perfect, it had already the same projection, made it easy for me (I hate drawing borders by hand). Hopefully it is correct now. The solid white lines (same as before) show the borders which are actually controlled by each country, while the dot-lines show the "theoretical" borders. I have also uploaded a PNG version, but I think it is too big, and it is only marginally better then the JPG version. Thinking about it, I'm also uploading Image:India_topo_big.jpg, it is in the original size (3000px), but only slightly bigger than the PNG w/ 1400px. It shows the imperfection of the topography dataset (GLOBE), e.g. in the Ganges plain. So I think the best version is 1400px JPG. Since you are admin, you can delete the others. For information on how the map was created, see the image description page. Greetings, --Captain Blood 7 July 2005 23:07 (UTC)

Ian Brown
That's me. I created that name and asked for a name change at Changing_username. Seems that no-one actually looks at these requests, so I've just continued on with my old logon. - Ian ≡ talk 8 July 2005 00:41 (UTC)

South Eastern Railway
I am not too happy with what you have done to South Eastern Railway. There are over fifty articles which refer to the UK railway and so far only two or three which link to the Indian one. Will you please do one of the following: Thanks. -- RHaworth 2005 July 8 00:54 (UTC)
 * (Preferably) move South Eastern Railway (UK) back to South Eastern Railway - and provide an -style link at the top of it to the Indian SER.
 * Complete the job and modify all articles with links to South Eastern Railway to point to the proper article.

 * OK, I will grant you the Systemic Bias argument but I find it difficult to accept your claim of ennui. As a non-Sysop, I hesitate to say this, but ... On Special:Movepage it says You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Are you really setting a good example to mere editors? -- RHaworth 21:22, 2005 July 12 (UTC)

 * What that really means is that there should be no double redirects or self redirects. Such pages point to nowhere. There are lots of pages that do not link directly link to the article. Its really not a crime, someone or the other is bound to fix it. It really doesn't need an admin to carry out the task does it? :) Regards, 08:59, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

subst
I looked at the Indian cities template. It doesn't require to be substituted as it doesn't add any unnecessary categories to the project page yet. If required in the future, we'll do that. -- Sundar \talk \contribs July 8, 2005 08:18 (UTC)

Loksatta
The article was submitted pursuant to the following passage in the speedy deletion policy:

3. Any article whose contents consist only of an external link, "See also" section, book reference, category tag, template tag, or interwiki link.

The article consisted only of an external link and was nominated. - Aaron Hill July 8, 2005 09:32 (UTC)

 * Ahh dont worry about it, I'm highly strung from dealing with vandalism. Sorry for being terse. - Aaron Hill July 8, 2005 10:28 (UTC)

Thanks for the barnstar
Hello Nicholas, I thank you for the barnstar for “persistent effort to tag all Indian cities”; I accept your appreciation with utmost humbleness. Actually, still a number of Indian cities require wikiproject Indian cities tag. I shall continue to identify such cities and towns and continue to put the tag. It has another dimension also: this tagging “business” also gives an idea about the “missing cities”, and to begin with stubs may be created for such missing cities and towns. Again, I thank you for the barnstar. Shortly, I will give my comments about Goa input box. Bye now.--Bhadani 8 July 2005 13:06 (UTC)

Category:Peaks of India
Hi. Why do think it's necessary to create a subcategory of Category:Mountains of India for the mountains that are technically considered peaks? WikiProject Mountains has not decided to do this (what I would consider over-categorization) for any other country. RedWolf July 8, 2005 16:45 (UTC)

 * I thought it would separate the two, making it easier to identify the highest points in an Indian state from the hill ranges. I wasn't aware that the wikiproject had decided not to have the same. Is it so egregious? You can put it up for deletion if so. Regards. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 8, 2005 16:58 (UTC)

Murphys' Law#6.I just got lost in thought. It was unfamiliar territory. 24.61.229.179 8 July 2005 21:02 (UTC)

 * Please take a quick peek at Concern Talk:Tsushima_Island/Archive_4 and act accordingly! Thanks Fra  nkB  8 July 2005 19:56 (UTC)
 * Above link updated while updating my archive by stealing this post!  Fra nkB 18:43, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Back
Hi, can you use a different color coding ?. It looks pretty bad now ... or instead of using a color code, why not use a background image ? (tricolor) ?. --IMpbt 9 July 2005 02:10 (UTC)

The surrey color code looks nice, how about a saffron/green tinge (similar to one for new messages ?) ?.If we can't, I would rather choose a pastel color like DEFFAD (add a hex or delete a hex).

Thanks
Thanks for also supporting my IFD nominations of the Brazil symbols. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 9 July 2005 08:01 (UTC)
 * No probs :) =Nichalp   «Talk»=  July 9, 2005 08:02 (UTC)

Juhu Aerodrome
Are u sure the Juhu airstrip is capable for emergency landing of Boeing 747's ? I think you are mistaken here and am quite certain at max it can handle the turbo-prop aircraft.

New cricket collaboration of the fortnight
Just to let you know that West Indian cricket team, which you voted for, is the new Cricket Collaboration of the Fortnight. Please come along and help improve it! Stephen Turner 10:00, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

History of India
An article on Indian independence movement does exist. Do you want me to write a brief summary on it? Thanks --IncMan 03:23, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nichalp, I couldn't work on Saturday as expected due to rain and other non-wiki engagements. Will try and work on it and other projects later. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 05:23, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * It ok. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  05:29, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Flag of Hong Kong
I saw your featured article Flag of India, and it's really fab! Recently I've modelled Flag of Hong Kong on yours. I think I need your opinion which is surely useful for improving the article. :) -- Jerry Crimson Mann 07:29, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Cool. Your opinions are pretty straight to the point. For the second problem, i.e. the left-alighned image, I don't have an idea to deal with it...The image is really too long. :-/ -- Jerry Crimson Mann 07:41, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Re: India links
Thanks for the welcome note. Jyotirmaya 08:53, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * You're welcome :)

List of Oklahoma birds
Hi,You objected to the featured list nomination because, in part, you wished to see a brief description in each section. Such descriptions have (finally) been added to all sections. You might want to revisit ypur objection now. Thank you. Dsmdgold 15:56, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Voted in support. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  18:02, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

India map
I'm glad that you like the map, and thanks for the award, it's a great honor (although I don't really deserve it, b/c drawing those maps is easy thanks to GMT's programmers). I have uploaded a new version: Image:India_topo.png: Greetings, --Captain Blood 18:29, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I have corrected/added the (new) cities (In some places, it gets a little crowded). If there are still errors, don't hesitate to tell me, it's no big effort.
 * The dull city names: Unfortunately, I can't improve that. The labels are pure white, with black outline. The only way to make them brighter, would be to make them larger (bad, obscures the topography) or without outline (would worsen the readabiliy in areas with bright or mixed background, e.g. the Himalayas, borders...).
 * It's 1400px PNG, is this ok? I wasn't sure, b/c in Geography of India the 3000px JPG version is used??? (FYI: the 3000px PNG version is 10 MB!)
 * About the advantage of PNG for later modification: yes that's true, but in the special case of these maps, it might be easier to install GMT (at least under Linux), and run the script (see Image:India_topo.jpg) to reproduce the map. For pure looking, the difference between the PNG and JPG maps is negligible. Also, these maps have antialias artifacts, so later working on them is difficult anyway, even with PNG. So, the decision is not easy, considerung the difference in size.
 * About commons: I'm aware of that, but I think it should be reserved for images without labels. These maps have all English labels, so while they can be used in other WP's, translated versions would be better. For instance, all the maps in category:GMT images have links to the german version.

India map again

 * Regarding the NPOV borders for other maps: Yes, I'm aware of that problem now. But first I'll have to convert those borders into a GMT-usable format, b/c I don't want to draw them by hand for every map.
 * Regarding the dull labels: (we are talking about the 1400px version?) I have thought about uploading a version without any labels, maybe you want to try and find a better way to draw them? Maybe there are graphics editors with better text-drawing capabilities. I have found the current solution the best compromise between readability and efficiency (I let GMT do the work), but if there is a better way, I'd like to know. --Captain Blood 20:46, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Rafique Zakaria
There are two articles on Zakaria namely Rafique Zakaria and Rafiq Zakaria. I thought of making a redirect but I am not very sure which spelling is correct. Seeing your work on Rafique Zakaria, I believe you could do the needful. Gaurav1146 09:56, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rafiq Zakaria is the correct spelling. I have made the redirect. Thanks for informing me. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  10:03, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Former Portuguese Colonies
Hello Nichalp! First of all let me tell that your wikiwork is impressive. Thanks for you post on the Former Portuguese colonies. I did add Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the category. The criteria I was following was that of portuguese possessions after World War II (If we did go back in time the list would be much bigger and the exact meaning of colony ambiguous), plus Brazil (due to it's importance). Of course you might disagree. If you do disagree (and remove the category from the territories of former portuguese India), do you think we can agree, then, that this category should at least comprise the existing colonies as of the Carnation revolution of 1974 in Portugal (plus Brazil?)? Hope to hear from you! The Ogre 15:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * No I don't disagree, and the post-WW2 limit is fine. But you should put up the minimum criteria for inclusion on the category page. Thanks, =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:59, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Indian districts
Thanks for initiating this project. Currently, most of the articles about Indian towns having the same name as their districts have been presented in the same article. This information will naturally have to be segregated. But, my problem is different - it relates to naming the article. I am giving an example: say, Ranchi is a town as well as a district. Article about Ranchi town will remain as Ranchi. What should be the name of the article about the district? - Ranchi District or Ranchi district. Please comment, so that I may commence creating articles on different districts of Jharkhand and Bihar. Thanks.--Bhadani 16:13, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The word district should be in small case. This nominclature is used in newspapers as well. Regards, =Nichalp   «Talk»=  17:04, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

India History
Hi, sorry for not responding earlier, I added a reply in the history discussion bit, inclusding the needed references, and was editing the Indus area, ill discuss further with you tommorow, although im not sure if I can be online, thankyou for collaberating with me on this ;-) If your next areas will be the Mauryans, then we should do this under the new 'epic age' heading, which can be the current 16 kingdoms one, and encompass that.  Vastu 16:23, 13 July 2005 (GMT)

Goa: inaccurate info
Hi, .. i noticed that you have reverted the edits i made for the goa article .. i'm a goan and i've been reading and learning goan history has a hobby .. I feel that there are numerous GROSS mistakes in the article which should be corrected .. perhaps we should take the opinion of a historian who knows goan history. such incorrect information could seriouly dent the credibility of wikipedia .. Nice to know a Mumbaikar who takes so much interest in wikip :) i'm livin in mumbai too .. (for the last 2 years ) but i guess i'll be moving out soon .. Leningrad

incidentally, Fredrick Noronha (FN) happens to be a good friend of mine. I called him up yesterday and we discussed the "noise" in the page .. I guess he was unhappy about the eurasian population thing too.. its just absurd! like apples in the sahara. I guess he has mentioned it in the discuss page .. Leningrad

Dab's reply
Hi Nichalp. I realise that my edit to Talk:History of India might've hidden Dab's reply to your queries there. Just FYI. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 08:56, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh ya. Saw that. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 09:04, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Cherapunji?
It's written in your DYK's that Cherapunji is the wettest place in the world. But isn't it Mawsynram? Thanks
 * --May the Force be with you! Shreshth91  ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  13:52, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

karnataka map
lets start on the map of karnataka, there was change in districts recently. --Shivu 14:38, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Constellation diagrams IfD
Hi Nichalp. You pointed out my mistake on the IfD on July 9 for the bunch of constellation diagrams. I've since corrected the capital letter in the links to the new images, which are Gray coded. The reason I uploaded the new ones was to replace the old ones since they were, as you rightly say not Gray-coded. Seeing as your comment could be interpreted as an objection, I wonder if you could go back to IfD and see if you still object to their deletion: they aren't used anywhere at all. Thanks. -Splash 22:27, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nichalp/Archive10


text:
File:Summerlin-Gardens Park Monument.JPG

Summerlin Gardens Park monument sign.

Photo by Vegaswikian on July 14, 2005.


text:
Talk:Mondo Desperado

Untitled
This would make a good paragraph at Patrick McCabe. ---Wetman 05:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mondo Desperado


text:
Donner Memorial State Park

Donner Memorial State Park is a state park of California, US, preserving the site of the Donner Camp, where members of the ill-fated Donner Party were trapped by weather during the winter of 1846–1847. Caught without shelter or adequate supplies, members of the group resorted to cannibalism to survive. The Sierra Nevada site has been designated a National Historic Landmark. The state park contains the Emigrant Trail Museum and the Pioneer Monument dedicated to the travelers of the Emigrant Trail.

Donner Memorial State Park is located outside Truckee, California. It has 2.5 mi of hiking trails, campgrounds, and 3 mi of lake frontage on Donner Lake, east of Donner Pass. The 3293 acre park was established in 1928.

Visitor center
The Donner Memorial State Park visitor center contains exhibits about the cultural history of the area, including local Native Americans, the Donner Party, and builders of the First transcontinental railroad. Near the museum is the Pioneer Monument and the Donner Party's Murphy family cabin site. Park staff offer hikes, special presentations and campfires by the museum.

Pioneer Monument
The Pioneer Monument was erected in honor of all who made the difficult trek across the western plains and mountains to reach California during the 1840s. Work on the monument, constructed near the site of the cabins that gave shelter to the Donner Party, began in 1901. On June 6, 1918, in a ceremony that included Donner Party survivors, the Native Sons of the Golden West donated the completed monument and 11 surrounding acres to the State of California.

The plaque on the front of the Pioneer Statue reads: "VIRILE TO RISK AND FIND; KINDLY WITHAL AND A READY HELP. FACING THE BRUNT OF FATE; INDOMITABLE,—UNAFRAID."

The plaque on the rear of the Pioneer Statue reads: NEAR THIS SPOT STOOD THE BREEN CABIN OF THE PARTY OF EMIGRANTS WHO STARTED FOR CALIFORNIA FROM SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, IN APRIL 1846, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF CAPTAIN GEORGE DONNER. DELAYS OCCURRED AND WHEN THE PARTY REACHED THIS LOCALITY, ON OCTOBER 29, THE TRUCKEE PASS EMIGRANT ROAD WAS CONCEALED BY SNOW. THE HEIGHT OF THE SHAFT OF THE MONUMENT INDICATES THE DEPTH OF THE SNOW, WHICH WAS TWENTY-TWO FEET. AFTER FUTILE EFFORTS TO CROSS THE SUMMIT THE PARTY WAS COMPELLED TO ENCAMP FOR THE WINTER. THE GRAVES CABIN WAS SITUATED ABOUT THREE-QUARTERS OF A MILE TO THE EASTWARD, THE MURPHY CABIN ABOUT TWO HUNDRED YARDS SOUTHWEST OF THE MONUMENT, AND THE DONNER TENTS WERE AT THE HEAD OF ALDER CREEK. NINETY PEOPLE WERE IN THE PARTY AND FORTY-TWO PERISHED, MOST OF THEM FROM STARVATION AND EXPOSURE.

IN COMMEMORATION OF THE PIONEERS WHO CROSSED THE PLAINS TO SETTLE IN CALIFORNIA. MONUMENT ERECTED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE NATIVE SONS AND THE NATIVE DAUGHTERS OF THE GOLDEN WEST. MONUMENT DEDICATED JUNE 6, 1918

From the museum a trail leads about 200 yd to the large granite boulder against which was built the cabin that sheltered members of the Murphy, Pike, Foster, and Eddy families during the winter of 1846–47. A plaque on the boulder's face reads: "THE FACE OF THIS ROCK FORMED THE NORTH END AND THE FIREPLACE OF THE MURPHY CABIN. GENERAL STEPHEN W. KEARNY, ON JUNE 22, 1847, BURIED UNDER THE MIDDLE OF THE CABIN THE BODIES FOUND IN THE VICINITY. FOLLOWING IS A COMPLETE LIST OF THE MEMBERS OF THE DONNER PARTY WHO OCCUPIED THE VARIOUS CABINS AND TENTS." This is followed by a list of the members of the Donner Party, divided into "Survived" and "Perished." (Some of the information on this plaque is inaccurate, however.)

The Moses Schallenberger plaque reads: "SCHALLENBERGER CABIN SITE \ Near this spot stood a small cabin built by 18-year-old Moses Schallenberger and two other men. They were members of the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party of 1844, the first pioneers to take wagons over the Sierra Nevada, opening the Truckee Route of the California Trail. The three men had volunteered to remain behind and guard six of the wagons left here by the main party. \ Due to extreme winter weather conditions and lack of food, the three men agreed to separate. The two older men rejoined the wagon party, but due to his weakened physical condition, Moses Schallenberger chose to remain at the cabin. The young man survived for nearly three months alone in the small cabin during the winter of 1844–45 before being rescued. His cabin would later provide shelter for the Breen family, members of the ill-fated Donner Party, who were stranded here in 1846–47. \ The courage and resolution of Moses Schallenberger during his solitary winter ordeal in this cabin makes him one of the true heroes in the saga of the California Trail. \ Dedicated August 19, 1995 \ Nevada County Historical Landmarks Commission \ Calif. Dept. of Parks and Recreation \ Nev-01-95 \ This monument was made possible through the generosity of many groups and individuals committed to the preservation of the California Trail."

Climate
The park has either a Mediterranean climate or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsb/Csb) with cold, snowy winters and warm, dry summers. Winters are cold with a January average of 27.2 °F and temperatures below 0 °F occur on 3.6 days per year. Most of the precipitation falls during the winter months with an average precipitation of 38.81 in and an average snowfall of 182.9 in. Summers are dry with warm daytime temperatures (can exceed 90 °F on 6.3 days) and cold nighttime temperatures that often reach below 32 °F. The average high in the warmest month, July is 82.3 °F and the average low is 43.5 °F with a mean precipitation of only 0.35 in. The record low is -28 °F on February 27, 1962, and the record high is 99 °F on July 10–11, 2002 and August 9, 1981.

title: Donner Memorial State Park


text:
Old Fire

The Old Fire was a large complex wildfire that started on October 25, 2003 (the original Old Fire began on October 25), near Old Waterman Canyon Road and California State Route 18 in the San Bernardino Mountains, in San Bernardino County, Southern California, United States. The Old Fire caused at least $1.2 billion in damages.

The Old Fire was one of 15 wildfires throughout Southern California that month, which became known as the "2003 Firestorm" and the "Fire Siege of 2003." This included the huge Cedar Fire, what was then the second-largest fire in California's history after the Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889.

The wildfire
Fanned by the Santa Ana winds, the Old Fire burned 91281 acre, destroyed 993 homes, and caused six deaths. The fire threatened San Bernardino and Highland, as well as the mountain resort communities of Cedar Glen, Crestline, Running Springs and Lake Arrowhead and forcing upwards of 80,000 residents to evacuate their homes. Part of California State University, San Bernardino burned during the fire.

The fire was fully contained on November 2, 2003, with the help of rain and snow. The final cost of fighting the fire was $42 million. The Lake Arrowhead community is now part of a Redevelopment Agency, which a Board of Supervisors controls.

Old Fire, Padua, and Grand Prix wildfires
A United States Forest Service report on the "true" combined costs of the 2003 Old Fire, Padua, and the Grand Prix wildfires (the Grand Prix Fire merged with the Old Fire and the part of the Grand Prix Fire that crossed into Los Angeles County was known as the "Padua Fire") was nearly $1.3 billion. Wildfire impacts are much higher when cleanup, watershed damages, and other costs are considered beyond the expenses for firefighting and property damage. About 750000 acre were blackened across five southern California counties.

Arson
In 2009, Rickie Lee Fowler was charged with igniting the Old Fire. Authorities charged that he was a passenger in a white van seen leaving the area where the fire started, and that Fowler was the person seen throwing a lit flare into brush by the side of the road. The driver of the van, Martin David Valdez, Jr., died of a gunshot wound in 2006. A grand jury indicted Fowler on October 19, 2009, with one count of arson of an inhabited structure, one count of aggravated arson, and five counts of murder, based on five residents in the burn evacuation areas who died of heart attacks. Although a sixth man also died of a heart attack after the fire was set, prosecutors could not link that death to the stress of the fire directly. The deaths of an additional fourteen people may be associated with this fire, killed two months later when a mudslide ripped through a camp in Waterman Canyon. A jury would later assign 30% of responsibility for the deaths to CALTRANS, citing inadequate engineering of Highway 18.

On January 21, 2010, the San Bernardino County prosecutor announced that he would seek the death penalty. Fowler then recanted his confession, saying that he had admitted to the crime only to appease authorities so that he could be transferred to a prison closer to his mother.

In September 2011, Fowler moved to dismiss the indictment because the prosecutors had failed to present exculpatory evidence to the grand jury. In January 2012, he was reportedly discussing a plea bargain, but no plea bargain was reached and the case went to trial.

The trial started in July 2012 in San Bernardino, having been rescheduled from January. Prosecutors charged with special circumstances which can bring the death penalty. On August 15, 2012, Fowler was convicted of five counts of murder and two counts of arson. On September 28, 2012, the jury returned a verdict of death. The death verdict was affirmed by the trial judge on January 28, 2013.

Accidental ignition
On August 7, 2007, local newspapers reported that 25-year-old Jeremiah D. Hope, of Riverside, faced federal charges for starting a blaze that eventually merged with the Old Fire. Authorities said Hope had been evacuated from his Crestline home when he and some friends off-roaded onto dry vegetation to get a better view of the Old Fire. The vehicle's catalytic converter reportedly sparked a second fire near Playground Road, which firefighters dubbed the Playground Fire. That fire quickly consumed forest land and became part of the Old Fire. Hope faced misdemeanor counts of causing the national forest to burn without a permit and one count of placing a vehicle in a dangerous area.

Victims
The victims identified were Charles Howard Cunningham, 93, of San Bernardino; Ralph Eugene McWilliams, 67, of Cedar Glen; Chad Leo Williams, 70, of Crestline; James William McDermoth, 70, of San Bernardino; and Robert Norman Taylor, 54, of San Bernardino. All five victims died from indirect consequences of the fire due to heart attacks brought on by physical or emotional strain.

title: Old Fire


text:
Maiden's hair

Maiden's hair or maidenhair may refer to:

 * Maidenhair (Wyeth Painting), a 1974 tempura painting by American artist Andrew Wyeth
 * Maidenhair fern, several ferns of the genus Adiantum
 * Maidenhair moss (Fissidens adianthoides), a species of moss
 * Maiden's hair plant, any of several green seaweeds:
 * Maiden's hair plant, several species of the genus Chlorodesmis
 * Maiden's hair plant, several species of the genus Caulerpa
 * Maiden's hair tree or ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
 * Maidenhair spleenwort (Asplenium trichomanes), a species of fern

title: Maiden's hair


text:
Forestville, New South Wales

Forestville is a suburb of Northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Forestville is 12 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. Forestville is part of the Forest District.

Location
Forestville's location is at a junction between Sydney's North Shore and Northern Beaches and is often considered to be part of both, with Middle Harbour forming the boundary of this distinction. The suburb is bound to the east and west by bushland of the Garigal National Park and to the south by Middle Harbour.

Flora and fauna thrive in Garigal National Park and nearby Davidson National Park, with the area, along with Frenchs Forest, Belrose and Terrey Hills, receiving some of the highest rainfall in Sydney.

History
Forestville means town in the forest. This area was originally thick wooded forest until James French settled here and began felling timber in 1856 and eventually built a small wharf on Bantry Bay to ship timber to Sydney. French later acquired more land in the adjacent suburb which bears his name, Frenchs Forest. The area was used for so called "soldier settlement" farms after the 1st world war with very mixed success. Much of the land, particularly toward Killarney Heights was totally unsuitable for any type of farming and was developed as housing land in the early 1960s.

French's Forest Settlement Post Office opened in 1920 and was renamed Forestville in 1947.

Commercial areas
Forestville Village Shops - or The Centre - is the suburb's main shopping centre located on Darley and Starkey Streets with a Coles supermarket and a variety of specialty shops, services and food options.

A few shops are located along Arthur Street, including a cafe, physiotherapist and chiropractor.

Forestville is also formerly the home to the office and call centre of the NSW Wildlife Information and Rescue Service (WIRES), which has since relocated to nearby Brookvale. Cook Street is also home to many DIY shops such as a Mitre 10 (also known by its original name "Eatons") and multiple car service centres and other industries.

Housing
Dotted with many parks and reserves and almost completely surrounded by beautiful bushland with much native flora and fauna, Forestville is a low density housing area consisting of mostly family homes with medium-sized backyards. The housing style is mixed.

Many of the timber Soldiers Cottages that were originally built in the 1950s and early 1960s have gradually been replaced by large project homes and smaller townhouse villas. However, there is increasingly a trend towards renovating and preserving the original cottages or building architect-designed houses which sit well in the bushland setting. It's this organic approach to housing development by Warringah council and the wider Forestville community that has allowed Forestville and the surrounding neighbourhoods like Killarney Heights and Frenchs Forest to grow and expand yet still maintain their unique bushland identity and local character.

Schools
There are three primary schools in Forestville, Our Lady of Good Counsel, Forestville Montessori School and Forestville Public School. The nearest high school is Killarney Heights High School and other high schools nearby are The Forest High School in Frenchs Forest and Davidson High School in Frenchs Forest. There is also the Aspect Vern Barnett School for children with autism spectrum disorder.

Churches
There are a number of churches in Forestville:
 * St David's Anglican Church
 * Cityview Church
 * Forestville Uniting Church
 * Our Lady of Good Counsel Catholic Church
 * Rest Church
 * Ruach Ministries (a network of house churches)

Sport and recreation
Sporting facilities in Forestville include sporting fields, tennis and netball courts which local teams such as Forest Killarney Soccer Club, Forest Netball Club, Forest Rugby Club and the Forestville Ferrets Junior Rugby League Football Club call home ground. There is a Returned Services League Centre (RSL) nearby called The Forest Club.

Population
At the 2016 census, there were 8,329 residents in Forestville. The median age of 42 was higher than the national median of 38, and 20.2% of the population were aged 65 years and over. The most common ancestries in Forestville were English 26.8%, Australian 21.4%, Irish 8.1%, Scottish 6.7% and Chinese 5.6%.

65.9% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 6.0%, China 2.5%, New Zealand 2.1% and South Africa 1.4%. 74.7% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Armenian 3.5%, Cantonese 2.7%, Mandarin 2.6%, French 1.9% and Japanese 1.5%. The most common responses for religion in Forestville were No Religion 9.7%, Catholic 23.8% and Anglican 18.2%.

Politics
Following a redistribution in December 2009, Forestville residents may be allocated to one of two Federal electorates. This could be either the Division of Warringah or the Division of Mackellar. Forestville is home to the former Federal MP for Warringah, and former Prime Minister Tony Abbott.

Transport
Warringah Road is the main thoroughfare that connects Forestville to the adjacent suburbs of Roseville Chase and Frenchs Forest. Two different bus companies operate in Forestville. CDC NSW operates numerous routes through the suburb, connecting Forestville to the Sydney CBD, Chatswood and Terrey Hills. Keolis Downer Northern Beaches operates two bus routes, which runs from Chatswood to Dee Why or Westfield Warringah Mall and passes through Forestville.

title: Forestville, New South Wales


text:
Talk:Peace Now!

Who wrote this article? Certainly the popularity of Peace Now (Shalom Achshav) has declined since 2000, but it is not a "fringe group" nor dominated by "Marxist extremists". Perhaps the author is thinking of Gush Shalom (Peace Bloc), Uri Avneiry's non-Zionist group, which is considered fringe? - Alexis

title: Talk:Peace Now!


text:
Talk:The Ultraman

Untitled
Huh? What is this? It needs more, or it might be mistaken for nonsense. Friday 05:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Ultraman


text:
Khed, Ratnagiri

Khed (Pronunciation: [kʰeːɖ]) is a municipal council in the Ratnagiri district of the state of Maharashtra, India. Khed town is situated on the Mumbai - Ratnagiri Highway.

Khed is the headquarters of Khed taluka which connects the district administration with the village administration.

Geography
Khed is located at 17.72°N, 73.38°W. It has an average elevation of 25 metres (82 feet). Alphonso mangoes are grown in the area around the town. Khed lies between Kashedi Ghat and Bhoste Ghat. The region surrounding the town is mostly mountainous.

The Jagbudi River is a large river located in the area. Raghuveer ghat is mainly use for picnic spots.

Culture
Khed is a town that has many festivities. Several religious festivals are celebrated in the town. Social groups like Navnirman Kala Sanstha have been promoting artists from surrounding villages to show their work at state and national levels since 2004.

'RAJ YUVA Mahostav' & 'JCI festival' (mela) is also organized in Khed once every year.

Shimaga (Holi) and Ganapati are Konkan's favorite festivals. Gauri-Ganpati festival is celebrated with cheer and enthusiasm all over the taluka.

Ram Navmi festival is celebrated in Laxmi Narayan Temple. It is celebrated for 10 days starting from Gudi Padva. Ganesh utsav is largely and joyfully celebrated in the city. One of the most important attractions of Khed is the annual rally conducted on the occasion of Shiv Jayanti.

Vade-Mutton is a popular dish in the khed. The staple diet is rice and fish. Ghavane is one of the main dishes in the menu which prepared by the rice flour, eaten as Breakfast. Also, Monga is a famous food item called as "Popati" in north Konkan.

taivarshik jatra festival is celebrated in {zolai kedar nath Temple in hedali}. It is celebrated for 4 days starting from
 * {akhand harinam saptah} festival is celebrated in {vithal rakhumai Temple in hedali bajarwadi} It is celebrated for 7 days starting from

Demographics
The 2001 Indian census reported that Khed had a population of 13,813. Males constituted 49% of the population and females 51%. Khed had an average literacy rate of 97%, which was higher than the national average of 69.5%. The literacy rate among males was 98%, and among females, it was 96%.

In the 2011 Indian census, the town of Khed [listed] 15,249 inhabitants.

Industry
Several factories [that produce] chemicals and pharmaceuticals are located in Khed. Furthermore, the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) has developed the Lote-Parshuram industrial area in Khed.

Transport
Khed lies off National Highway NH-66, popularly known as Mumbai-Goa Highway, which connects Khed with cities like Mangalore, Panaji, Madgaon, Karwar and Udupi. The Bharna Naka – Khed road, part of state highway SH-106, connects NH-66 to the town of Khed. Khed has a railway station on the Konkan Railway line and a Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) bus station connecting Khed taluka to major cities in Maharashtra.

Khed railway station connects three talukas (Dapoli, Mandangad, and Khed) to the railway map of India.

Education
Khed has many English, Urdu, and Marathi medium schools and colleges:
 * M.I.B Girl's High School And Junior College.
 * Sriman Chandulal Sheth High School & Jr.College.
 * Navabharat High School & Junior College, Bharne.
 * L. P. English School.
 * Haji SM Mukaddam High school and Junior College.
 * L. T. T. English Medium School & Junior College.
 * M. I. Hajwani English Medium School & Junior College.
 * Rotary English Medium School,DELHI AFFILIATED{CBSE}
 * Shiv Shankar Madhyamik Vidyalaya & Jr. College, Kulwandi.

 * Dnyandeep Vidya Mandir, Bhadgaon.
 * Vishwakarma Sahajeevan Institute of Management.
 * New English Junior College of Aambavali.
 * Yogita Dental College Khed.
 * S.I.Junior college, furus, khed.
 * New English school, Dayal, Khed.
 * I.C.S College Khed.
 * Ideal English school Furus.
 * New English school,hedali saveni
 * z.p.school hedali

title: Khed, Ratnagiri