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Joliet Central High School

Joliet Central High School is a public secondary school located in Joliet, Illinois. Central is part of Joliet Township High Schools, along with Joliet West and Joliet East (now defunct). Before the opening of Joliet East and West, the school was called Joliet Township High School. In 1993, when Joliet Central and Joliet West combined many of their athletic and other competitive extracurricular programs, the combined program took the old "Joliet Township" name.

Building
The original building was designed by architect Frank Shaver Allen in the "Collegiate Gothic" featuring arches, castellated walls, and towers. It was built in 1901 and expanded by the D. H. Burnham Company, in 1917, 1922, 1924, and 1931 which were built in similar style. It is built of locally quarried limestone. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

The school is four stories tall, two city blocks long, and includes four separate buildings. The campus underwent a moderate expansion during 2005 when the old shop building was knocked down and a new building was erected in its place. A catwalk connects the main building to the T&I building and allows students to cross sheltered from inclement weather. The facilities include a daycare center, a planetarium, one soccer field, four baseball fields, a 1/16-mile indoor track and a 1/4-mile track across the street to the east.

There is a historical display on the second floor near the South Entrance that is maintained by the Joliet Central Historical Society. Many archived items are kept in a vault; the display includes the original Steelman sculpture and conceptual models of it from the 1933 Chicago World's Fair. The Steelman was sculpted by Louise Lentz Woodruff and is positioned with its hands behind a male and female, symbolizing technology advancing humans. It is surrounded by the original relief panels representing the basic sciences: astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, medicine, and geology. It has long been considered good luck to rub the right knee of the male before any test or sporting events; therefore, the knee has been worn away and reconstituted over the years.

After finishing a new parking lot in 2007, Central began constructing a Field House over the parking lot. In October 2008, the Field House was completed.

In April 2016, Gilbane Building Company completed construction of a new 43,000 sqft addition. The new structure, designed by Wight & Co., features a three-story glass curtainwall facade that leads a student center and cafeteria that can seat up to 600 people for events.

Athletics
In sports, the district had combined teams between Joliet West and Joliet Central that was collectively known as "Joliet Township." However, the schools separated and now have two athletics. The program is a member of the Southwest Prairie Conference (SWPC) and the Illinois High School Association (IHSA). In this combined form the Steelmen/Steelwomen name which continues to be used by Joliet Central when it competes alone, is used for the combined teams. Joliet Central is the headquarters for the combined athletic program.

The athletic department sponsors interscholastic teams for young men and women in basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. Young men may compete in baseball, football, and wrestling, while young women may compete in badminton, cheerleading, and softball. While not sponsored by the IHSA, the school sponsors a poms team.

The following teams finished in the top four of their respective IHSA sponsored state championship tournament:

 * Baseball: 2nd place (1974–75)
 * Basketball (boys): 4th place (1994–95); 3rd place (1969–70); State Champions (1936–37)
 * Golf (boys): 2nd place (1951–52)
 * Softball: State Champions (1999–2000)
 * Track & Field (boys): 4th place (1905–06, 1914–15); 2nd place (1931–32); State Champions (1915–16)
 * Track & Field (girls): 4th place (1993–94)
 * Wrestling: 4th place (1946–47, 1947–48); 2nd place (1985–86); State Champions (1984–85)
 * Football: State Champions (1961–62) ; (1962–63)

During the 2008–2009 school year, Central and West began to separate their football programs, causing the West mascot to become the Tiger again, leaving Central as the Steelmen. The split began with Joliet's freshmen football team dividing. By the 2010–2011 school year, Joliet Central and Joliet West will have their own football teams. All of the other sports except golf have divided too.

Band
In 1913, A.R. McAllister, a manual arts instructor who played the cornet, was asked to organize a band for Joliet Township High School. Mr. McAllister, who grew up on a farm in Jackson Township, bought a cornet at age 14 with profits he earned from selling his pig at the Will County Fair. He studied music under James H. Ward, director of Ward's Boy Band in Joliet. Prior to directing the JT band, McAllister organized the Trinity Girl's Band in 1905 and performed with local ensembles, including the Dellwood Park Band and Joliet Steelworkers Industrial Band.

Under Mr. McAllister's leadership, the band won state championships from 1924 to 1926 and national championships from 1926 to 1928. In their hometown, the band received permanent possession of the trophy in 1928 and was praised by John Philip Sousa (see photo below). The band was exempt to play at the 1929 contest in Denver, but performed as an exhibition group. In 1931, the band regained the national title.

In 1936, McAllister lead his young musicians through a week of nine performances at Radio City Music Hall where the band performed an Easter show with the Rockettes, playing for a total of 160,000 people. The band played for draftees, and was known as "the minute men" because they were always ready - day or night to perform for soldiers traveling through Joliet.

Mr. McAllister became a nationally recognized leader of the school band movement and was known as "the father of the high school band program." McAllister helped organize the National School Band Association in 1926. He was elected vice-president the same year before serving as president for 14 years. On Sept. 30, 1944, McAllister died at age 63.

The Joliet Township High School Band, later the Joliet Central Band, still continues today. It is one of the longest running band and one of the most successful band programs in the country. One of Joliet's nicknames is the "City of Champions." This nickname stems from the numerous state and national titles won by the Joliet Township High School and grade school bands over several decades.

Notable alumni

 * Jesse Barfield (1977) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder (1981–92), playing most of his career with the Toronto Blue Jays. He won two Gold Gloves and one Silver Slugger.
 * Garland Buckeye, former MLB player (Washington Senators, Cleveland Indians, New York Giants).
 * Larry Gura (1965) former MLB pitcher who played from 1970 to 1985 (Cubs, Royals, Yankees)
 * Lois Delander (1931) was, while a student at the school, the first woman to win the Miss Illinois pageant. She then became Miss America 1927.
 * Katherine Dunham (1926) was a dancer, choreographer, civil rights activist, teacher, and anthropologist who was a pioneer in African-American modern dance, dance ethnology. In 1983, she was awarded a Kennedy Center Honor.
 * Merritt Giffin (1908) was an athlete who won a silver medal in the men's discus throw at the 1908 Summer Olympics.
 * John D. Goeken is a telecommunications entrepreneur who founded MCI Inc., FTD Mercury Network, Airfone, and In-Flight Phone Corporation. His lawsuit against AT&T eventually led to its divestiture of its Bell company holdings.
 * Kathryn Hays (1952) is an actress, perhaps best known for her role as Kim Sullivan Hughes on the soap opera As the World Turns (1972–2010).
 * John Houbolt (1936) is a former aerospace engineer who fought for and developed the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous (LOR) plan for transporting astronauts to and from the Moon.
 * Bill Jones (1976) retired basketball player who played his professional career in Australia, captaining the Adelaide 36ers to the 1986 National Basketball League championship. Jones was All-Conference and an All-State honorable mention while at Central.
 * Morton Kondracke (1956) is a political journalist who has written independently and for such periodicals as Roll Call. He was also known for his appearances as a regular panelist on the long-running television show The McLaughlin Group.
 * Harry Daniel Leinenweber is a U.S. federal judge (1985–present) serving on the bench of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.
 * Jeff Monken (1985) is the head football coach at Army.
 * Phyllis Reynolds Naylor (1951) is an author of children's and young adult literature (Shiloh, the Alice series, The Witch Saga).
 * Robert Novak (1948) was a political journalist, writer, and television personality. He was known for his long writing and television relationship with Rowland Evans (Evans, Novak, Hunt & Shields).
 * Lionel Richie (attended) is a 5-time Grammy Award-winning singer, songwriter, and record producer who was a member of the Commodores before starting a solo career, with hits including All Night Long (All Night), Say You, Say Me and Hello; he graduated from Joliet East in 1967.
 * Larry Parks (1932) was an Academy Award-nominated actor (The Jolson Story). He testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and was blacklisted in Hollywood as a consequence. Parks married to film and television actress Betty Garrett.
 * Roger Powell, Jr. was a University of Illinois basketball player whose team reached the 2005 NCAA tournament championship game. His father Roger Powell was a Joliet Central star who played basketball for Illinois State.
 * George E. Sangmeister was a U.S. Representative (1989–95).
 * Trina Shoemaker (1983) is a 3–time Grammy Award winning record producer and sound engineer.
 * James J. Stukel (1955) was the 15th president of the University of Illinois.
 * Bill Sudakis is a former MLB player (Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, Texas Rangers, New York Yankees, California Angels, Cleveland Indians)
 * Edwin Way Teale (1918) was a naturalist, journalist, and writer. He won the 1966 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for the book Wandering Through Winter.
 * Lynne Thigpen (1966) was an actress with credits on film (Bicentennial Man), television (Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?), and stage. She won a Tony Award in 1997 for her role in the play An American Daughter.
 * Audrey Totter (c. 1935), was an actress who starred in 1940s and '50s films including Lady in the Lake, The Set-Up, High Wall, Any Number Can Play and The Postman Always Rings Twice.

title: Joliet Central High School


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Talk:NHL Challenge

 * Are there any plans for the NHL Challenge to be utilized in the future? Nyrmetros 05:04, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:NHL Challenge


text:
History of lighthouses

The History of Lighthouses refers to the development of the use of towers, buildings, or other types of structure, as an aid to navigation for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways.

Premodern era
Before the development of clearly defined ports, mariners were guided by fires built on hilltops. Since raising the fire would improve the visibility, placing the fire on a platform became a practice that led to the development of the lighthouse. In antiquity, the lighthouse functioned more as an entrance marker to ports than as a warning signal for reefs and promontories, unlike many modern lighthouses. Excavation at Kuntasi on the coast of India has revealed a square watch tower with a ramp which would have originally been 10–12 meters, used to guide boats coming to Kuntasi from Rann of Kutch. The possibility of it being a lighthouse cannot be ruled out. If so, the lighthouse would date from about 2000 BCE.

Greek-Roman period
According to Homeric legend, Palamedes of Nafplio invented the first lighthouse, although they are certainly attested with the Lighthouse of Alexandria (designed and constructed by Sostratus of Cnidus) and the Colossus of Rhodes. However, Themistocles had earlier established a lighthouse at the harbour of Piraeus connected to Athens in the 5th century BC, essentially a small stone column with a fire beacon.

Lesches, a Greek poet (c. 660 BC) mentions a lighthouse at Sigeion in the Troad. This appears to have been the first light regularly maintained for the guidance of mariners.

Written descriptions and drawings of the Pharos of Alexandria provide information about lighthouses, but the tower itself collapsed during an earthquake many centuries after its construction in the 3rd century BC by the Greeks. The Tower of Hercules at A Coruña in Spain has a Roman core, and the ruins of the Dover lighthouse in England give insight into construction; other evidence about lighthouses exists in depictions on coins and mosaics, of which many represent the lighthouse at Ostia. Coins from Alexandria, Ostia, and Laodicea in Syria also exist.

While the evidence provides insight into the exterior structure of these structures, there are many gaps in evidence concerning less visible aspects of the structures. The remains at A Coruña and Dover help determine how each lighthouse structure functioned, though one must make some assumptions to determine how the structures beacons were illuminated. Presumably locally available fuels will have included wood and probably coal to keep a fire going continuously during the night, and there is a large chimney leading to the top room at the Tower of Hercules. The example from Dover has been converted at some stage into a simple bell tower for the adjoining church.

Lighthouse keepers may have added combustible liquids to reduce the expenditure on fuel and keep the light steady during gales, but little information exists in the literature from the time. It may also be possible that the light was protected from the wind by glass windows, and large mirrors may have assisted in projecting the light beam as far as possible. It is likely that lighthouses would have required considerable labour for transporting the fuel and maintaining the flame. At Cape Hatteras in the 1870s, one keeper and two assistants kept themselves busy by tending more sophisticated flames from powerful oil lamps.

While artistic representations assist us in re-creating a visual image of lighthouses, they present many problems. Depictions of lighthouses on Roman coins, inscriptions, carvings, and mosaics present an inconsistent view of the actual appearances of the structures. Most show a building with two or three stories that decreases in width as it ascends. The limited size of coins could cause the producer of the coin to alter the image to fit on the surface. The similarity in depictions of lighthouses is symbolic rather than accurate representations of specific beacons.

Europe
During the European Middle Ages, many Roman lighthouses fell into disuse. Some did remain functional, such as the Farum Brigantium, now known as the Tower of Hercules, in A Coruña, Spain, and others in the Mediterranean Sea such as the Lanterna at Genoa. As navigation improved, lighthouses gradually expanded into Western and Northern Europe. One of the oldest working lighthouses in Europe is Hook Lighthouse located at Hook Head in County Wexford, Ireland. It was built during the Middle Ages, in a sturdy –circular design.

A century later, in the Late Middle Ages, a 40 ft tower was built by Edward the Black Prince at Cordouan near the Gironde estuary. One hundred years later, in 1581, Henri III asked architect Louis de Foix to build a new one. Building the lighthouse took twenty-seven years and was finally completed in 1611. The tiered Cordouan symbolized French maritime power and prestige. The interior had sumptuous king's apartments, decorated pillars and murals. Its upper level was rebuilt between 1780 and 1790 increasing the height from 49m to 60m and incorporating an Argand lamp and one of the first parabolic mirrors which was turned by clockwork developed by a clockmaker of Dieppe. The tower later became the first to use the revolutionary Fresnel lens, in the early 1820s.)

In Britain, lighthouses were privately owned and the right to collect dues was by warrant either from a local authority or the crown. The abuse of these licenses led to foreign ships fearing to seek refuge on the south coast of England for fear of being boarded with demands, and to the loss of a number of ships, most notably the Dutch merchant ship Vreede in 1802 with the loss of 380 lives.

With the increasing number of ships lost along the Newcastle to London coal route, Trinity House established the Lowestoft Lighthouse in 1609, a pair of wooden towers with candle illuminants. Until the late 18th century, candle, coal, or wood fires were used as lighthouse illuminants, improved in 1782 with the circular-wick oil-burning Argand lamp, the first ‘catoptric’ mirrored reflector in 1777, and Fresnel’s ‘dioptric’ lens system in 1823. The Nore lightship was established as the world's first floating light in 1732.

After the reforms of the Lighthouse Act 1836 by which Trinity House accepted powers to levy out the last private lighthouse owners and began refurbishing and upgrading its lighthouse estate, owners still managed to collect large dues, of which the largest were for the Smalls Lighthouse which collected £23,000 in 1852 and Trinity House was forced to spend over £1m in buying back leases, including £444,000 for the Skerries Lighthouse.

Construction
The modern era of lighthouses began at the turn of the 18th century, as lighthouse construction boomed in lockstep with burgeoning levels of transatlantic commerce. Advances in structural engineering and new and efficient lighting equipment allowed for the creation of larger and more powerful lighthouses, including ones exposed to the sea. The function of lighthouses shifted toward the provision of a visible warning against shipping hazards, such as rocks or reefs.

Eddystone lighthouse
The Eddystone Rocks, an extensive reef near Plymouth Sound, England and one of the major shipwreck hazards for mariners sailing through the English Channel, was the site of many technical and conceptual advances in lighthouse construction. The difficulty of gaining a foothold on the dangerous rocks, particularly in the predominant swell, meant that it was a long time before anyone attempted to place any warning on them.

The first attempt was an octagonal wooden structure, anchored by 12 iron stanchions secured in the rock, and was built by Henry Winstanley from 1696 to 1698. The tower ultimately proved short-lived and the Great Storm of 1703 erased almost all trace of it. Following the destruction of the first lighthouse, a Captain Lovett acquired the lease of the rock, and by Act of Parliament was allowed to charge passing ships a toll of one penny per ton. He commissioned John Rudyard (or Rudyerd) to design the new lighthouse, built as a conical wooden structure around a core of brick and concrete. A temporary light was first shone from it in 1708 and the work was completed in 1709. This proved more durable, surviving until 1755 when it burnt to the ground.

The civil engineer, John Smeaton, rebuilt the lighthouse from 1756–59; his tower marked a major step forward in the design of lighthouses and remained in use until 1877. He modelled the shape of his lighthouse on that of an oak tree, using granite blocks. He pioneered the use of "hydraulic lime," a form of concrete that will set under water, and developed a technique of securing the granite blocks together using dovetail joints and marble dowels. The dovetailing feature served to improve the structural stability, although Smeaton also had to taper the thickness of the tower towards the top, for which he curved the tower inwards on a gentle gradient. This profile had the added advantage of allowing some of the energy of the waves to dissipate on impact with the walls.

Construction started at a site in Millbay where Smeaton built a jetty and workyard in the south west corner of the harbour for unloading and working the stone. Timber rails of 3 ft. 6 in. gauge were laid for the four-wheeled flat trucks on which the masonry was moved around the site. A ten-ton ship, named the Eddystone Boat, was based here and took the worked stones out to the reef. The lighthouse was 72 ft high and had a diameter at the base of 26 ft and at the top of 17 ft.

Further development
Scottish engineer Robert Stevenson was a seminal figure in the development of lighthouse design and construction in the first half of the 19th century. In 1797, he was appointed engineer to the newly formed Northern Lighthouse Board, the lighthouse authority for Scotland and the Isle of Man. His greatest achievement was the construction of the Bell Rock Lighthouse in 1810, one of the most impressive feats of engineering of the age. This structure was based upon the design of the earlier Eddystone Lighthouse by John Smeaton, but with several improved features, such as the incorporation of rotating lights, alternating between red and white.

Stevenson worked for the Northern Lighthouse Board for nearly fifty years during which time he designed and oversaw the construction and later improvement of numerous lighthouses. He innovated in the choice of light sources, mountings, reflector design, the use of Fresnel lenses, and in rotation and shuttering systems providing lighthouses with individual signatures allowing them to be identified by seafarers. He also invented the movable jib and the balance crane as a necessary part for lighthouse construction.

Stevenson established a great dynasty of engineers specializing in lighthouse construction - his descendants were responsible for most of the lighthouse construction in Scotland for a century. Three of Robert's sons followed in his path: David, Alan, and Thomas. Two of David's children, David Alan and Charles Alexander also became distinguished lighthouse engineers in their own right.

Alexander Mitchell designed the first screw-pile lighthouse - his lighthouse was built on piles that were screwed into the sandy or muddy seabed. Construction of his design began in 1838 at the mouth of the Thames and was known as the Maplin Sands lighthouse, and first lit in 1841. However, though its construction began later, the Wyre Light in Fleetwood, Lancashire, was the first to be lit (in 1840).

Lighthouses in America
The first lighthouse in America was the 17th century lighthouse and watchtower of the Three Kings of Morro fortress in Havana, the most important port of the Caribbean and intensely used for the twice a year Spanish treasure fleet voyages to and from Spain. The first lighthouse in today´s United States was the Boston Light, built in 1716 at Boston Harbor. Lighthouses were soon built along the marshy coast lines from Delaware to North Carolina, where navigation was difficult and treacherous. These were generally made of wood, as it was readily available. Due to the fire hazard, masonry towers were increasingly built - the oldest standing masonry tower was Sandy Hook Lighthouse, built in 1764 in New Jersey.

Screw-pile lighthouses were used in the Chesapeake Bay and along the Carolina coast in the United States. The first screw pile light in the United States was Brandywine Shoal in the Delaware Bay. They became especially popular after the Civil War when the Lighthouse Board approved a policy to replace lighthouses in the interior. Around 100 of these complex structures were built on the Atlantic coast line from the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays down to the Florida Keys and Gulf of Mexico. One of the most famous towers was the Thomas Point Shoal Light - it has been called “the finest example of a screw pile cottage anywhere in the world.”

Another historic lighthouse in America is the San Juan de Ulúa fortress Veracruz lighthouse (1790), which was the first modern lighthouse in the american Spanish Empire.

On March 3, 1851, the U.S. Congress passed "An Act Making Appropriations for Light House, Light Boats, Buoys, &c.", leading to the creation of the United States Lighthouse Board to replace the Department of Treasury's Lighthouse Establishment as the governmental agency responsible for the construction and maintenance of all lighthouses and navigation aids in the United States.

Most recently new high power LED technology has started to replace the old rotating systems. Modern lighthouses need no moving parts, simply a computer controlled electronic oscillator. In simple terms we could call it a Strobe light.

Lighting improvements
The source of illumination had generally been wood pyres or burning coal but this was expensive, some lighthouses consuming 400 tons of coal a year. Candles or oil lamps backed by concave mirrors were used, often in large banks. The French conducted a series of tests between 1783 and 1788 with varying results. Smeaton's Eddystone lighthouse used 24 candles until 1810.

The Argand lamp, invented in 1782 by the Swiss scientist, Aimé Argand, revolutionized lighthouse illumination with its steady smokeless flame. The Argand lamp had a sleeve-shaped candle wick mounted so that air could pass both through the center of the wick and also around the outside of the wick before being drawn into cylindrical chimney. This steadied the flame and improved the flow of air. Early models used ground glass which was sometimes tinted around the wick. Later models used a mantle of thorium dioxide suspended over the flame, creating a bright, steady light. The Argand lamp used whale oil, colza, olive oil or other vegetable oil as fuel which was supplied by a gravity feed from a reservoir mounted above the burner. The lamp was first produced by Matthew Boulton, in partnership with Argand, in 1784 and became the standard for lighthouses for over a century.

John Richardson Wigham was the first to develop a system for gas illumination of lighthouses. He was given a grant by the Dublin Ballast Board in 1865 and he fitted his new gas 'crocus' burner at the Baily Lighthouse in Howth Head, giving an output 4 times more powerful than the equivalent oil lights. An improved 'composite' design, installed in the Baily light in 1868, was 13 times more powerful than the most brilliant light then known, according to the scientist John Tyndall, an advisor to the United Kingdom's lighthouse authority, Trinity House.

In 1870, the light at Wicklow Head was fitted with Wigham's patent intermittent flashing mechanism, which timed the gas supply by means of clockwork. When this mechanism was combined with a revolving lens in Rockabill Lighthouse, the world's first lighthouse with a group-flashing characteristic was produced.

The vaporized oil burner was invented in 1901 by Arthur Kitson, and improved by David Hood at Trinity House. The fuel was vaporized at high pressure and burned to heat the mantle, giving an output of over six times the luminosity of traditional oil lights.

The use of gas as illuminant became widely available with the invention of the Dalén light by Swedish engineer, Gustaf Dalén. In 1906, Dalén became the chief engineer at the Gas Accumulator Company. Initially Dalén worked with acetylene, an extremely explosive hydrocarbon gas. Dalén invented Agamassan (Aga), a substrate used to absorb the gas allowing safe storage and hence commercial exploitation. Acetylene produced an ultra-bright white-light and immediately superseded the duller-flamed LPG as the fuel of choice in lighthouse illuminations. Dalén incorporated another invention into his light - the 'sun valve'. This device allowed the light to operate only at night, conserving fuel, and extending their service life to over a year.

The AGA lighthouse equipment worked without any type of electric supply and was thus extremely reliable. To a rugged coastal area like Scandinavia, his mass-produced, robust, minimal maintenance lights were a significant boon to safety and livelihood. AGA Lighthouses covered the entire Panama Canal. The technology was the predominant form of light source in lighthouses from the 1900s through the 1960s, when electric lighting had become dominant.

The first electrically illuminated lighthouse was the tower at Dungeness, Kent in 1862. It was powered by a large carbon arc lamp, although it was later converted back to oil, as the arc lamps were difficult to operate (needing twice the number of keepers) and were not as cost-effective as oil lamps. South Foreland Lighthouse was the first tower to successfully use an electric light in 1875. The lighthouse's carbon arc lamps were powered by a steam-driven magneto.

Optics
With the development of the steady illumination of the Argand lamp, the application of optical lenses to increase and focus the light intensity became a practical possibility. William Hutchinson developed the first practical optical system in 1763, known as a catoptric system. He constructed paraboloidal reflectors by attaching small pieces of reflective material to a cast that had been moulded into an approximate paraboloid. This rudimentary system effectively collimated the emitted light into a concentrated beam, thereby greatly increasing the light's visibility. His system was installed in the newly built Leasowe Lighthouse near Liverpool, and was later copied elsewhere. The ability to focus the light led to the first revolving lighthouse beams, where the light would appear to the mariners as a series of intermittent flashes. It also became possible to transmit complex signals using the light flashes.

The idea of creating a thinner, lighter lens by making it with separate sections mounted in a frame is often attributed to Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. The marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794) proposed grinding such a lens from a single thin piece of glass.

However, it was the French physicist and engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel who is credited with the development of the multi-part Fresnel lens for use in lighthouses. His design allowed for the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length, without the mass and volume of material that would be required by a lens of conventional design. A Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. A Fresnel lens can also capture more oblique light from a light source, thus allowing the light from a lighthouse equipped with one to be visible over greater distances.

The first Fresnel lens was used in 1823 in the Cordouan Lighthouse at the mouth of the Gironde estuary in France; its light could be seen from more than 20 mi out. Scottish physicist Sir David Brewster is credited with convincing the British authorities to adopt these lenses in their lighthouses. Fresnel's invention increased the luminosity of the lighthouse lamp by a factor of 4 and his system is still in common use.

title: History of lighthouses


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Furka Pass

Furka Pass (Furkapass; Col de la Furka) is a 2429 m high mountain pass in the southern Swiss Alps connecting Gletsch, Valais with Realp, Uri via the seasonal Furkapassroute. The Furka Oberalp Bahn bypasses the pass through the 1390 m high Furka Base Tunnel, which opened in 1982 to replace the seasonal Furka Summit Tunnel tunnel at 2160 m.

The Furka Pass was used as a location in the James Bond film Goldfinger, a curve of which is marked as "James Bond Strasse", complete with lookout point and small parking area. Near the western summit of the pass is the Hotel Belvédère; a short walk from it leads to the Rhône Glacier Ice Grotto. The glacier moves 30–40 meters a year, and the 100 meter long tunnel and ice chamber can be visited from June when the road opens.

title: Furka Pass


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User:Nubby

I joined Wikipedia in July 2005.

Favorite Musical Acts

 * John Mayer
 * Nickel Creek
 * Chris Thile
 * Jamie Cullum
 * Barenaked Ladies
 * Dave Matthews Band
 * Sufjan Stevens
 * Sarah McLachlan
 * matchbox twenty
 * Incubus
 * Damien Rice
 * Gavin DeGraw

title: User:Nubby


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Baron Alexander von Bach

Baron Alexander von Bach (German: Alexander Freiherr von Bach; 4 January 1813, Loosdorf, Austria – 12 November 1893, Schöngrabern, Austria) was an Austrian politician. His most notable achievement was instituting a system of centralized control at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.

Early life
Born in Loosdorf, Lower Austria, he came from a legal background, with his father holding a judicial office. At the age of 24 he was made a doctor of laws, and then entered the Imperial service, where he remained for nine years. Seen as an up-and-coming young radical, Adolph Schwarzenberg noted that 'his motto must have been "to improvise is to change, to be perfect is to change often"'. In this way, he was a well-known liberal lawyer, and was first called a "minister of barricades", before he served as Minister of Justice in 1848 and 1849, and then moving on to Minister of the Interior from 1849 to 1859.

Minister of the interior (1849–1859)
Although he favored a departure from the absolute system of Metternich, Bach was not prepared to go so far as the Revolutionaries of 1848 wished. In his views, he has been called a man who was 'quite wonderfully unprincipled' and so could change his position often. This allowed him to be driven into conservative ranks by popular opposition: he gradually adhered to conservative views, endorsing the centralizing constitutional program of Prince Schwarzenberg in March 1849, thus further inflaming Hungarian sentiments. However, the impact of his reforms on Hungary has been the contest of many historical debates. Some viewed the Revolution as far more productive in recreating the Hungarian "national identity", whereas some contemporaries of later Hungarian revolutions saw the systems created by Bach as the foremost driver in Hungarian nationalism.

After the death of Schwarzenberg in 1852, he largely dictated policy in Austria and Hungary. Bach centralized administrative authority for the Austrian Empire, but he also endorsed reactionary policies that reduced freedom of the press and abandoned public trials. He represented later the Absolutist (or Klerikalabsolutist) direction, which culminated in the concordat of August 1855 that gave the Roman Catholic Church control over education and family life. This period in the history of the Austrian Empire would become known as the era of "neo-absolutism", or Bach's absolutism.

Bach was created Baron (Freiherr) in 1854. He was also the guardian of Science Academy (Akademie der Wissenschaften) from 1849 to 1859.

Later life
His fall in 1859 was caused to a considerable extent by the failure in the Italian war against the Kingdom of Sardinia and Napoleon III. His reforms of the military had led to industrialization being foregone to the army, with barracks taking place of factories and infrastructural expansion, weakening. After leaving his position, Bach served as Ambassador to the Holy See from 1859 to 1867 before dying in seclusion in 1893.

title: Baron Alexander von Bach


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1999 in Singapore

The following lists events that happened during 1999 in the Republic of Singapore.

Incumbents

 * President: Ong Teng Cheong (until 1 September), S. R. Nathan (starting 1 September)
 * Prime Minister: Goh Chok Tong

January

 * January – Delhaize buys up to a 49% stake in Shop N Save, with QAF Limited retaining the rest.
 * 11 January – Powergrid's 400 kV transmission system is commissioned.
 * 21 January – StarHub acquires Cyberway, an ISP. It is rebranded to StarHub Internet on 3 December.
 * 29 January – Construction starts on the Changi Airport Line (CAL), targeted for completion by 2001.

February

 * 2 February – Creative Resource, Creative Technology's new headquarters is officially opened in International Business Park.
 * 11 February – The Environmental Pollution Control Act is passed to replace the Clean Air Act, giving the Ministry of the Environment (ENV) more powers to deal with pollution.

March

 * 1 March – At 9:00am SGT, Channel NewsAsia was officially very first formal launched took place as local free-to-air terrestrial news channel under the Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS) with a 18-hour broadcasts from 6:00am to stroke of midnight SGT. The channel opened with a speech from Brigadier General George Yeo at Raffles Place, which as seen as "a bold move" during the Asian economic recession of the time.
 * 4 March – Singapore Expo is officially opened, making it the largest meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions (MICE) venue in Singapore. This comes after some exhibition space in World Trade Centre had to make way for the North East MRT line.
 * 26 March – The Civil Defence Academy is officially opened.
 * 31 March – Lorong Halus Dumping Ground is closed.

April

 * 1 April –
 * Semakau landfill begin operations after the closure of the Lorong Halus Dumping Ground.
 * The Building and Construction Authority is formed from a merger of Construction Industry Development Board and Public Works Department's Building Control Division to develop and regulate Singapore's construction industry and ensure safe buildings, with some functions transferred to the Urban Redevelopment Authority. On the same day, PWD Corporation (present-day CPG Corporation) is formed from a corporatisation.
 * The Juvenile Court moves to the Subordinate Courts building.

May

 * 11 May – The Ministry of Education announced a new Programme for Rebuilding and Improving Existing schools (PRIME) to upgrade or rebuild existing schools, ensuring all schools have access to modern and conducive learning environments.
 * 17 May – The Monetary Authority of Singapore announced rules that liberalise commercial banking and help take local banks to new heights. They include a five-year liberalisation programme with new Qualifying Full Bank (QFB) licences, increase the number of restricted banks here and greater flexibility for offshore banks' wholesale business, all local banks having Nominating Committees to strengthen corporate governance and the lifting of 40 percent limit on foreigners' shareholding in banks.
 * 20 May – The North East MRT line (NEL) and the Sengkang and Punggol LRT lines are awarded to Singapore Bus Service (present-day SBS Transit) to foster competition with SMRT, the first rail lines to be operated by SBS. In addition, SMRT and Trans-Island Bus Services (TIBS) will merge. As a result, SBS will take over bus operations in Sengkang and Punggol from TIBS with TIBS taking over bus services from SBS in Choa Chu Kang and Bukit Batok.
 * 30 May - Causeway Point shopping mall in Woodlands is officially opened.

June

 * 1 June – The National Neuroscience Institute starts operations.
 * 13–16 June – Singapore hosts the 1999 Rotary Convention.
 * 15 June – The Singapore International Media group of companies is restructured into Mediacorp in preparation for media competition in Singapore.
 * 21 June – SingPost and CISCO signed an agreement to create a new certification authority for e-commerce, thereby increasing security.
 * 26 June – The National Sailing Centre is officially opened.

July

 * 18 July – The new Woodlands Checkpoint starts operations.
 * 21 July – DataOne (D1) is awarded a licence to run an ISP network in Singapore, thus making D1 the fourth operator after SingNet, Pacific Internet and Cyberway. The ISP commenced operations in November.
 * 25 July – Transfer of bus services 864, 865 and 866 to SBS, and transfer of bus service 190 to TIBS.

August

 * 12 August – The Underground Ammunition Facility starts construction, which will be ready by 2003. It eventually opened in 2008.
 * 17 August – The SAF Basic Military Training Centre is officially opened on Pulau Tekong.
 * 18 August – Nomination Day for the 1999 Presidential Election: S.R. Nathan won the election via an uncontested walkover since he was the only candidate eligible to contest in the election. Nathan was sworn in as the sixth President of Singapore on 1 September.

September

 * Eng Wah closes its White Sands cinema due to low patronage.
 * 9 September – The Portrait Series notes are officially launched.
 * 11 September – The SAR 21 rifle is launched.
 * 14 September 1999 – In the first case of kidnapping by ransom for over a decade, 33-year-old Vincent Lee Chuan Leong and his two Chinese accomplices Zhou Jian Guang and Shi Song Jing kidnapped a 14-year-old schoolgirl for a ransom of S$330,000. All three were arrested, and sentenced to life imprisonment.

October

 * 4 October – The new Parliament House is officially opened.
 * 18 October – The merger between TIBS and SMRT fails to go through.
 * 20 October – The Monetary Authority of Singapore awards four foreign banks with Qualifying Full Bank (QFB) licences, which are ABN Amro, Banque Nationale de Paris (present day BNP Paribas), Citibank, and Standard Chartered. Another eight banks are awarded Qualifying Offshore Bank (QOB) licences. In addition, eight new Restricted Banks (RB) are announced, with 4 RBs to start operations immediately and another 4 more from 1 October 2000. MAS will eventually award up to 20 RB licences compared to 18 previously after a high demand from banks.
 * 21 October – library@orchard officially opens in Ngee Ann City, operating until its closure in 2007.
 * 22 October – ST Engineering announces the acquisition of Chartered Industries of Singapore through ST Auto, now called ST Kinetics. The acquisition will help make ST Engineering a successful world-class engineering company.

November

 * 6 November – The Bukit Panjang LRT line opens.
 * 18 November –
 * The Ministry of Health announced the formation of two healthcare clusters known as the Eastern (SingHealth) and Western (National Healthcare Group) Networks, which will take effect in 2000.
 * Golden Village opens its ninth multiplex at Eastpoint.
 * 19 November – Smart Radio, a digital audio broadcasting (DAB) service is launched in Singapore.
 * 30 November – Singapore Power launches a new website CAN.COM.SG.

December

 * 1 December –
 * The Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore is launched from a merger between the National Computer Board and the Telecommunication Authority of Singapore to take charge of Singapore's infocomm sector.
 * The Singapore Exchange (SGX) is formed from the merger of Stock Exchange of Singapore (SES), Singapore International Monetary Exchange (Simex) and Securities Clearing and Computer Services Pte Ltd (SCCS), first announced on 4 August.
 * 28 December – Keppel Land and PSA Corporation (now Mapletree) start construction of the HarbourFront office towers, which is completed in 2003.
 * 31 December –
 * The redevelopment of Changi Prison starts, eventually having consolidated clusters and facilities to optimise land use.
 * The Antarctica 2000 team becomes the first Singapore team to reach the South Pole after a 1,125 km trek.

Date unknown

 * The last quarry on Pulau Ubin is closed.

 * Hougang 1 and Rivervale Plaza are officially opened to the public.

 * Woodlands Mart and Woodlands North Plaza are completed and opened to the public.

Deaths

 * 8 January – Punch Coomaraswamy, High Court judge and envoy (b. 1925).
 * 23 February – Pan Shou, Chinese calligrapher and poet (b. 1911).
 * 20 March – G. Kandasamy, union leader, politician, and community leader (b. 1921).
 * 25 March – Koh Mew Chin, murder victim of Chan Choon Wai (b. 1981).
 * 21 April – T. Maniam, murder victim of Loganatha Venkatesan, Chandran Rajagopal, and Julaiha Begum (b. 1943).
 * 2 May – S. Salim Ahmad, murder victim of Seah Kok Meng (b. 1943).
 * 3 June – Andy Ang Wei Jie, murder victim in the Ang Mo Kio child abuse case (b. 1991–1992).
 * 30 July – Ling Siew May, wife of late former President Ong Teng Cheong (b. 1937).
 * 21 August – Paddy Chew, actor and HIV patient (b. 1960).
 * 28 August – Ho Rih Hwa, businessman and ambassador (b. 1917).
 * 28 September – A. P. Rajah, Singapore's first High Commissioner to UK and first Supreme Court judge to remain after 70 (b. 1911).
 * 1 December – Hsu Tse Kwang, former tax commissioner for 21 years (b. 1929).

title: 1999 in Singapore


text:
Jimmy King

Jimmy Hal King (born August 9, 1973) is an American former professional basketball player. King played in the NBA and other leagues. He is most famous for his time spent on the famed University of Michigan Wolverines Fab Five along with Ray Jackson, Juwan Howard, Chris Webber, and Jalen Rose, who reached the 1992 and 1993 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship games as freshmen and sophomores. He played all four years at Michigan and averaged 15 points per game as a senior in 1995.

College career
He was part of the University of Michigan Wolverines Fab Five, along with Ray Jackson and future NBA players Juwan Howard, Chris Webber and Jalen Rose, that reached the 1992 and 1993 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship games as freshmen and sophomores. He was a starter for teams that reached the tournament four times. Before this, he was a high school All-American basketball player at Plano East Senior High School in Plano, a city north of Dallas, Texas. Although the Fab Five final four appearances have been forfeited, he was not among the players called before the grand jury (Robert Traylor, Webber, Rose, Maurice Taylor, and Louis Bullock) in the University of Michigan basketball scandal and was not found to have received large amounts of money.

Professional career
King was selected by the Toronto Raptors in the second round (35th overall) of the 1995 NBA draft and played 62 games for them during the 1995–96 season, averaging 4.5 points, 1.8 rebounds and 1.4 assists per game. On July 24, 1996, before the start of the 1996–97 season, he was traded to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for Ronald "Popeye" Jones, but King was eventually waived. After playing most of the 1996–97 season with the Quad City Thunder of the CBA, he signed with the Denver Nuggets on a 10-day contract, but participated in only two games for them, tallying six points, two rebounds, two assists and three steals.

King also played a few seasons in Europe and with the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) where he was the 1998 league MVP with the Quad City Thunder. He played for the US national team in the 1998 FIBA World Championship, winning the bronze medal. He also played for the Asheville Altitude in the NBDL.

King's last chance to return to the NBA came before the 2000–01 NBA season where King was the final player cut on the defending Eastern Conference champion Indiana Pacers.

In a phone interview on the Jim Rome Show on November 30, 2006, King stated he was working as a financial advisor for Merrill Lynch on Wall Street. During the 2008–09 Michigan Wolverines season King served as a radio color commentator.

Currently, King is the Vice President at TruChampions, a high school sports recruiting solution that helps parents take their student-athletes from 0 to 5+ offers by the end of their high school career.

The March 13, 2011 airing of the ESPN films 30 for 30 documentary The Fab Five sparked national outrage that led to a series of media exchanges between members of the press, Michigan Wolverines men's basketball players, including King, and Duke Blue Devils men's basketball players in forums such as The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post.

In August 2011, King was detained by police for failure to pay $17,000 in back child support for his 17-year-old son. He was incarcerated at Michigan's Oakland County Jail along with Jalen Rose, who was serving time for a DUI arrest. On January 27, 2012, the case against King was dismissed after he paid the $17,000 in full.

In 2016, King began his coaching career as he became the head coach of the Ecorse Community High School men's basketball team in Ecorse, Michigan.

title: Jimmy King


text: Category:Bird artists

title: Category:Bird artists


text:
Helen Grace Scott Keenan

Helen Grace Reswick Scott Keenan (June 16, 1915 – November 20, 1987), more commonly, Helen Grace Scott, was a United States citizen employed in the Office of Strategic Services and later the Office of U.S Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis War Criminals on the staff of Justice Robert H. Jackson during World War II. She was also a broadcaster for Free France in Brazzaville, and later in life, as Helen G. Scott, was a close associate of François Truffaut and other French filmmakers.

Early life
Helen Grace Reswick was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of William Reswick and Bessie Schwartz Reswick. She and her brothers were raised in Paris, where their father worked as a journalist with the Associated Press. William Reswick, who was born in Ukraine, was also a correspondent in Moscow from 1922 to 1934, and wrote a memoir of his time there. She was fluent in English and French from childhood.

In 1943, during World War II, Reswick fled France due to her Jewish heritage and settled in Brazzaville, Congo, where she was a radio broadcaster for Free France. After the war, she was a press attaché to Justice Robert H. Jackson at the Nuremberg trials. She was recognized later for her wartime work: in 1965, she was awarded the Commemorative medal for voluntary service in Free France, and in 1986 she was named a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

Alleged spy activities
Between 1933 and 1938, Helen Scott served on the Executive Committee of the Workers Alliance, a Comintern affiliate front organization. In 1944, she worked for Congressman Boulton. Keenan had been a freelance journalist in the 1930s before beginning work in the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (OCIAA) as a writer and editor in 1945. She first worked for the New York line of KGB, then later the Washington, D.C. branch of the KGB.

Venona
Helen Grace Scott Keenan's code name in Soviet intelligence, and later as deciphered by the Venona project is "Fir" (or "Spruce"). "Firtree" and "El" also occurred. Keenan is referenced in the following Venona decryptions:

 * 326: KGB Moscow to New York, April 5, 1945;
 * 3614–3615: KGB Washington to Moscow, June 22, 1945.

Later career
Scott worked as a senior editor at the United Nations headquarters, and from 1959 to 1965 at the French Film Office in New York, as director of public relations. She worked with many French and American filmmakers in this role, including Robert Benton, Miloš Forman, Jacques Tati, Alain Resnais, and Jean-Luc Godard. She also wrote the English subtitles of various French-language films, including Manon of the Spring and Jean de Florette.

She assisted François Truffaut as the interpreter in his conversations with Alfred Hitchcock, using both her language skills and her specialized knowledge of film. She collaborated with Truffaut in writing the resulting book, Hitchcock/Truffaut (1966). She wrote additional dialogue for Truffaut's Fahrenheit 451 (1966), and was among the writers nominated for a Hugo Award when that film was a finalist for Best Dramatic Presentation in 1967. Later, she translated another book of Truffaut's, The Adventures of Antoine Doinel (1971). Scott was Truffaut's confidante, and their correspondence offers insight into his personal life and relationships.

Scott appeared in uncredited cameos in Godard's Weekend (1967) and Truffaut's Bed & Board (1970). She also appears in archival footage in the 2015 documentary Hitchcock/Truffaut.

Personal life
Helen G. Scott was divorced. She died in Paris in 1987, aged 72 years, from a heart attack. Her gravesite is in Montmartre Cemetery, not far from Truffaut's.

title: Helen Grace Scott Keenan


text:
Birzeit University

Birzeit University (جامعة بيرزيت) is a public university in the West Bank, Palestine, registered by the Palestinian Ministry of Social Affairs as a charitable organization. It is accredited by the Ministry of Higher Education and located in the outskirts of Birzeit, West Bank, near Ramallah. Established in 1924, as an elementary school for girls, Birzeit became a university in 1975.

Birzeit University offers graduate and undergraduate programs in information technology, engineering, sciences, social policy, arts, law, nursing, pharmacy, health sciences, economics, and management. It has 9 faculties, including a graduate faculty. These offer 76 Bachelor of Arts programs for undergraduate students and 39 Master of Arts programs for graduate students. As of 2020, more than 15,000 students are enrolled in the university's bachelor's, master's, and PhD programs.

Since five consecutive years, Birzeit University has retained its position as the top university in Palestine and is ranked among the best fifty universities in the Arab region according to the 2019 QS Arab Region University Rankings.

Foundation 1924
Birzeit School for Girls was founded in 1924 by Nabiha Nasir (1891–1951) as an elementary school for girls from Birzeit and the surrounding villages. It was one of the first schools in the region. In 1930, it broadened its scope to become a co-educational secondary school, and in 1932, it was renamed Birzeit Higher School. In 1942, the name was changed to Birzeit College. In 1953, a freshman higher education class was incorporated, followed by a sophomore class in 1961. The university was closed from 1988 until 1992 by the Israeli army. The university was the last of 6 in Israeli-occupied territories to reopen.

Progress
The Faculty of Information Technology was established in 2006 (later merged with the Faculty of Engineering to create the Faculty of Engineering and Technology). In 2007, the Faculty of Arts was established. The Faculty of Nursing and Allied Health Professions (later renamed Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions) was established in 2008.

In 2015, Birzeit University launched the Ph.D. program in social sciences, its first doctorate program. In 2016, the university was ranked first nationally in the January edition of the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities. 2018 saw the establishment of Birzeit University's newest college, the Faculty of Art, Music and Design. The university was ranked top nationally and among the top 3 percent of universities worldwide in the 2018 edition of the QS World University Rankings, and it retained its position in the 2019 edition. Beshara Doumani assumed office as president of the university in August 2021.

Current situation
In December 2021, a series of violent incidents between students of rival Palestinian factions occurred in the campus. On 14 December 2021, Israeli soldiers and Shin Bet arrested a number of students allegedly involved with a Hamas cell, and accused them of funneling money and organizing rallies in support of the organization, as well as incitement. The same day, hundreds of students took part in a Hamas parade on campus to mark the movement's founding anniversary. Some students also attacked the university's security guards.

On 10 January 2022, an undercover Israeli military unit known as the Mista'arvim stormed the university, shooting one student in the leg and detaining four other student activists.

Old campus
The old Birzeit campus was centered around the historic Nasir family home constructed at the end of the Ottoman Empire and adjacent buildings that originally housed the elementary school founded in 1924, before later becoming the community college and eventually the university.

New campus
Birzeit University's new campus is located atop a hill, with a view on the rolling hill and the Mediterranean Sea. The university's large building complexes and stone facades are designed in a contemporary architectural style, forming a contrast against the surrounding landscape of olive groves and small villages nestled in the valleys.

Administration
The university follows a semester system, with two four-month semesters beginning in Autumn and Spring, and two shorter two-month semesters in summer. Support comes from numerous Palestinian, Arab, and international foundations, as well as from various individuals.

Board of trustees
Birzeit University is governed by an autonomous Board of Trustees composed of educators and professionals from the Palestinian community. The board appoints the president of the university. It also confirms the appointment of vice presidents and deans upon the recommendation of the president. The board approves the budget and general development plans presented to it by the university council.

Faculties
The university, through its nine faculties (Arts; Science; Business and Economics; Law and Public Administration; Engineering and Technology; Pharmacy, Nursing, and Health Professions; Education; Graduate Studies and Research, and Art Music and Design), provides academic programs (76 programs) that end in bachelor's degrees, such as the major/minor programs. These faculties, in addition to the Graduate Studies and Research faculty, offer 39 postgraduate programs that lead to master's degrees. The university also offers three Ph.D. programs in Social Sciences; Computer Science and Mathematics.

Birzeit University is affiliated with the independent public opinion research firm Arab World for Research and Development (AWRAD).

The university also proposes a rich and diverse additional programs such as the Literacy and Adult Education Program in 1976, aimed at providing technical expertise to nongovernmental organizations operating literacy programs and helping them overcome the challenges they encountered (By creating Developmental programs or giving books).

The Voluntary Work Program also requires students to fulfill 120 hours of community service to meet the graduation requirement, permitting them to explore Palestine in an educational manner. By doing so they can discover new places such as the Upper Galilee or the Naqab desert.

Green campus
One of the earliest academic establishments in Palestine to embrace the idea of green buildings was Birzeit University. The campus has been thoughtfully planned with eco-friendly building standards in mind, aiming to show students and staff the importance of sustainability.

The policies of Birzeit University place a strong emphasis on environmental preservation, demonstrating a serious awareness of the climate crisis. Investing in development tools, water projects and protection of the environment exemplify their strategy aiming to achieve sustainable development goals while making the most use of the resources at hand.

Museums
The Birzeit University Museum is a significant location for exhibitions, workshops, and talks in the Palestinian cultural landscape. The university's Ethnographic and Art Museum is a permanent museum with two main collections: The Palestinian Costumes, and The Tawfiq Canaan Amulet Collection. The Virtual Gallery is an art gallery promoting visual art through exhibitions, training and educational workshops.

History
The museum evolved progressively as soon as Vera Tamari joined the university of Birzeit in 1986. She taught creative courses revolving around art and architecture. She significantly developed the university's artistic programs, eventually taking on major responsibility for its artistic initiatives. Moreover, as more attention was given to artistic practices, the university felt the need to devote a specific and larger space for art collections and creativity. Consequently, in 2005, the Birzeit University museum was established. Furthermore, significant donations were made to the museum, from the Palestinian American artist Sari Khoury, Kamal Boullata, Vladimir Tamari, Vera Tamari, Nasser Soumi and Samira Badran.

Political and social projects
This museum has a significant political role. Indeed, being part of an academic institution, the museum became important as it became a model of propagation and creation of cultural and artistic practices. Furthermore, this institution became a place where students can express themselves and participate in shared projects as a community.

Exhibition: "Unlike Other Springs"
The exhibition "unlike other springs" was launched at the Birzeit University Museum on the 19 March 2016. It illuminates the depth of the university's art collection's historical background and its relationship to the political goal in the creation of the Palestinian "State. This exhibition offers a glimpse into the many years of labor and devotion of a community of artists who, in the past, worked hard to create vibrant cultural experiences free from the negative effects of political realities. Many students participated, strengthening the community.

Discussion: "Unpacking the Violent Tools of Settler Colonialism: Methodology of Forensic Architecture in Palestine"
Furthermore, events and discussions take place. For instance, on Wednesday, May 8, 2024, the Forensic Architecture Investigation Unit at Al Haq in collaboration with Birzeit University Museum had a public discussion titled "Unpacking the Violent Tools of Settler Colonialism: Methodology of Forensic Architecture in Palestine." The FAI Unit's researchers discussed their work during the genocide against Palestine. Part of comprehending the continuing Nakba is their work over the past seven months, reporting and exposing Israeli colonial brutality in Gaza.

Poetry
Poetry holds a significant place in Birzeit University. One tradition is the Suk Okaz poetry competition, created since the founding of elementary school. It is based on the recital of classic Arabic poetry by students from the university. A notable event is also the fact that in 1995, a public poetry recital was given within the university by the famous Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish.

"WikiArabia Conference"
Birzeit University's Department of Biology and Biochemistry participated in WikiArabia: a three-day conference held in Jordan. The Birzeit University delegation presented the academic and educational material they have produced and uploaded to Wikipedia in Arabic in the fields of biology and biochemistry. This conference is organized annually in different countries of the region by A Wikimedia Levant, a user group in the Middle East.

"Rebuilding Hope" initiative
Furthermore, nowadays, in the context of the ongoing Israeli occupation Birzeit University plays a crucial role. The university is committed to allow students to keep studying and learning in the best conditions possible: Indeed, the initiative "Rebuilding hope" aims to allow students in the Gaza Strip to pursue their education, through the strengthening of every element that makes up the university sector. Firstly, online distance learning will begin in May 2024 in coordination with other Gaza universities. Furthermore, employees of Birzeit University will donate their time and energy to improve the institutional and infrastructural body of the university: they will help students retain more information to finish their academic careers. Moreover, resources will be supplied to Birzeit University and academic institutions in the Gaza Strip so they may improve their physical and numeric base. Lastly, relevant research will be undertaken to reconstruct Gaza's social, cultural, structural, and environmental aspects in accordance with local resources and Palestinian identity.

Student Activism
Students from the Birzeit University are well engaged within the political context of their country. This can be shown from the creation of the "Right to Education Campaign" rooted in a long history of activism, in response to the ongoing repression of Palestinian educational institutions by Israeli occupation forces.

The campaign aims to demand the right to education for all Palestinians, including total free access to their places of study and raise awareness to their situation by using digital media. It seeks to provide the international community legal help about Israel's continuous violations of Palestinians' right to education, such as denying access to campuses through roadblocks and closures.

They act by operating on various levels to defend both school and university education in Palestine, such as documenting human rights abuses at Palestinian universities, producing legal reports and submitting them to UN bodies.Furthermore, the Campaign leads initiatives on specific issues, such as the denial of entry for foreign passport-holding staff into the Occupied Palestinian Territory and the restrictions imposed on university students from Gaza.

Birzeit University's Annual Heritage Week
Another form of activism by the university and the students is the Annual Heritage Week, organized by the student council.

Undoubtedly, student engagement within the conflict has played a part in transforming Birzeit into a hub of intellectual, artistic, and cultural activity that draws visitors from all over the world. By actively engaging students and the wider community in the preservation and promotion of Palestinian heritage and culture, it permits to strengthen their national identity in the face of the conflict.

The yearly Heritage Week features lectures by eminent authorities on a range of societal subjects, including political, economic, cultural, and artistic. Leading theater and folklore troupes perform, while exhibitors include book publishers, artisans, and producers of industrial and agricultural items. Renowned poets serve as judges at the poetry competition, Suq Okaz. The week culminates with a Palestinian wedding, where students assume the roles of the bride and groom and vivid aspects from a traditional rural wedding are recreated. Preserving the legacy and introducing it to the next generation are the objectives.

It is important to note that this event was still organised annually despite its interdiction by Israeli and the threat of closure of the university, showing its important sign of resistance connotation.

View point of Birzeit University on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Birzeit University has made a strong appeal to the global academic world. They claim that Israel is waging a genocidal war on the Palestinian people and continuing to colonize them through settler colonies.

According to them, Israel's military operations—particularly its bombardments and incursions into crowded Palestinian regions like Gaza—amount to war crimes and savage aggression. By forcing Palestinians to flee their homes and taking their lands for Israeli settlements, they charge Israel with ethnic cleansing.

The conflict is framed by the institution as one involving occupation, oppression, and an uneven power dynamic. They see Israel as the main colonial power committing crimes against humanity and abuses of human rights. Birzeit also denounces what it sees as the complicity and apathy of the international community.

Endangered students
A large number of Birzeit University students were killed as a result of the ongoing war. Below is a list with their names:
 * Sharaf al-Tibi (November 21, 1984)
 * Isa Shamasneh (November 15, 1986)
 * Jawad Abu Salmieh (December 4, 1986)
 * Saeb Dhahab (December 4, 1986)
 * Musa al-Hanafi (April 13, 1987)
 * Abdullah Alawneh (November 11, 1990)
 * Ibrahim Qasim (May 25, 1991)
 * Jamal Ghanim (March 22, 1992)
 * Hazim Eid (July 9, 1992)
 * Imad Klab (January 6, 1994)
 * Abd al-Munem Abu Hamid (May 31, 1994)
 * Mohammad Abu Shaqra (October 7, 1995)
 * Fathi al-Shiqaqi (October 26, 1995)
 * Yahya Abd al-Latif Ayyash (January 5, 1996)
 * Yasir Abd al-Ghani (February 24, 1997)
 * Abdullah Salah (March 29, 1997)
 * Khalil al-Sharif (September 4, 1997)
 * Nasir Eraikat (December 9, 1998)
 * Diya al-Tawil (March 27, 2001)
 * Ayman Halaweh (October 22, 2001)
 * Salih Talahmeh (December 1, 2003)
 * Jamal al-Faqih (December 1, 2003)
 * Ihab Abd al-Qader Abu Salim (September 9, 2003)
 * Omar Mohammed Mustafa Abd al-Haleem (May 29, 2007) Abd al-Latif Ali Mohammad Hroub (March 31, 2008)

Birzeit's Prisoners Committee
Birzeit's Prisoners Committee was created in 1980. It is an informal group from the university dedicated to assisting students and staff who faced harassment from Israeli military authorities. The aim of the committee was to document violations, contact lawyers, and raise awareness while providing a safe support for all students.

Commemorations of the University
Several commemorations were put in place within the university as a sign of resistance and a way to mourn the deaths of Palestinians. One example is the plantations of trees on the campus initiated by students, commemorating the 1976 fatal shooting of six Palestinian citizens of Israel by the government for demonstrating against the seizure of land in the Galilee region.

Political role of the University
In the context of Israeli military occupation, the political role of Birzeit university lies in the fact that the institution is crucial to provide to the youth education, which is in turn important for liberation. Indeed, a large number of today's community and political leaders are alumni of Birzeit University. Furthermore, university academics play a significant role in the national conversation on democracy, sound governance, social justice, and social responsibility in addition to their involvement in state-building. Moreover, since the mid-1970s, Palestinian universities have been a powerful force for social mobility, reaching young people from all social backgrounds.

Notable people
By 2023, there are a number of professors who are also ministers in the Palestinian government. Thirteen members of the Palestinian negotiating team in U.S.-sponsored Middle East peace talks were faculty members of Birzeit University.

Apresidents
The presidents of Birzeit University are:
 * Hanna Nasser (1972–1974)
 * Gabi Baramki (1974–1993)
 * Hanna Nasser (1993–2004)
 * Nabeel Kassis (2004–2010)
 * Khalil Hindi (2010–2015)
 * Abdul Latif Abu Hijleh (2015–2021)
 * Beshara Doumani (2021–2023)
 * Talal Shahwan (2023–)

Academics and faculty

 * Hanan Ashrawi taught literature there.
 * The South African-born sociologist Stanley Cohen worked at Birzeit in support of Palestinian staff and students while a professor in criminology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem between 1980 and 1996.
 * Lara Khaldi taught art history.
 * Vera Tamari is a Palestinian artist, art activist, founder of the Birzeit University Museum and lectures Art courses at the university.
 * Elia Suleiman a Palestinian filmmaker, taught courses within the university and engaged in the cultural activity.
 * Emily Jacir, a visual artist taught courses within the university and developed the university's Art collection by making a donation of a variety of 100 art videos.
 * Samia Halaby, a Palestinian American artist worked on an art project with Birzeit University architecture students during a month in 1996.

Alumni

 * Hanan Awwad – Palestinian poet and activist
 * Husam Zomlot – Head of Mission to the UK
 * Hussein Barghouthi - Palestinian poet, writer, essayist, critic, lyricist, playwright and philosopher
 * Yahya Ayyash – Hamas leader (known as "the Engineer")
 * Marwan Barghouti—Palestinian political figure convicted of several murders of Israelis, studied in Birzeit between 1983 and 1988 and also headed the Student Council.
 * Mohammed Shtayyeh—Palestinian politician, academic, and economist who served as Prime Minister of the State of Palestine and the Palestinian National Authority from 2019-2024.
 * Khalida Jarrar—Palestinian representative on the Council of Europe and is currently head of the Prisoners Committee of the Palestinian Legislative Council.
 * Atef Abu Saif—Palestinian writer
 * Amer Shomali - Palestinian interdisciplinary visual artist
 * Muna el-Kurd - Palestinian activist
 * Kholoud Nasser - PhD candidates in the Social Sciences Doctoral Program: award of the Tanya Baker- Asad Scholarship for 2024-2025
 * Yasmeen Qadan - PhD candidates in the Social Sciences Doctoral Program: award of the Tanya Baker- Asad Scholarship for 2024-2025

Visit of renowned people
During another notable occasion, Mahmoud Darwish brought a delegation of prominent international writers and Nobel laureates from the International Parliament of Writers to visit Birzeit University, and to honor the resilience and bravery of Palestinian people during their repression.

This group included :
 * Nigerian Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka
 * South African poet and memoirist Breyten Breytenbach
 * Chinese poet Bei Dao
 * Spanish novelist Juan Goytisolo
 * Portuguese Nobel laureate José Saramago
 * Italian novelist Vincenzo Consolo
 * French writer Christian Salmon
 * American novelist Russel Banks.

title: Birzeit University


text:
Coronation Gulf

Coronation Gulf lies between Victoria Island and mainland Nunavut in Canada. To the northwest it connects with Dolphin and Union Strait and thence the Beaufort Sea and Arctic Ocean; to the northeast it connects with Dease Strait and thence Queen Maud Gulf.

The northwest point is Cape Krusenstern (not the Cape Krusenstern in Alaska). South of that is Richardson Bay and the mouths (from west to east) of the Rae River, Richardson River and the large Coppermine River, Napaaktoktok River, and the Asiak River. The Tree River enters at the south centre. At the southeast end is the large Bathurst Inlet. At the northeast end is Cape Flinders on the Kent Peninsula. In the centre of the gulf lies the Duke of York Archipelago.

The gulf was named by Sir John Franklin in 1821, in honour of the coronation of King George IV. The environment and Native culture of the area were studied by Rudolph Anderson and Diamond Jenness in 1916 as part of the Canadian Arctic Expedition.

The mainland south of the gulf may have substantial diamond and uranium deposits.

In 2010, the Coronation Gulf was the site of maritime disaster, when the Clipper Adventurer ran aground on a rock shoal. The accident punctured the ship's ballast and fuel tanks, releasing pollution into the pristine waters, and stranded 128 passengers and 69 crew members until the CCGS Amundsen came to rescue them.

title: Coronation Gulf


text:
File:BurningSpear-MarcusGarvey.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Burning Spear album Marcus Garvey.

title: File:BurningSpear-MarcusGarvey.jpg


text:
The Day the Country Died

The Day the Country Died is the debut studio album by English anarcho-punk band Subhumans. It was recorded in five days in June 1982 and was released in January 1983 through Spiderleg Records. The album was later re-released via Bluurg, the band's own record label.

The album is influenced by the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell. The most obvious sign of such an influence is the song "Big Brother"; Big Brother is the dictatorial political leader figure in Orwell's novel. The song revolves around how "Big Brother is watching you", and when Dick Lucas sings "there's a TV in my front room and it's screwing up my head", it is a comparison between the telescreen in the novel which monitored citizens constantly and excessive viewing of mass media. Today, there is a huge amount of video surveillance in the United Kingdom, showing the foresight of this subject matter. Like the novel, the album has dystopian overtones.

It also describes a world ravaged by war, most likely our world which arguably is, this is suggested by track titles such as "Dying World" and "All Gone Dead". The latter contains lyrics like "So long to the world, that's what they said, it's 1984 and it's all gone dead", which can be seen as another reference to Nineteen Eighty-Four.

The Day the Country Died is widely regarded as a classic punk rock album.

Information
Four of the tracks on the album had previously been performed by the Stupid Humans, the band that Bruce was in before forming Subhumans. "All Gone Dead", "Ashtray Dirt", "Killing" and "New Age" all appeared on the Stupid Humans’ 1980 demo tape. The "nihilist" section, between "I Don't Wanna Die" and "No", is from the chorus of an earlier Subhumans track, "Song No. 35".

Personnel
Subhumans
 * Dick Lucas – lead vocals
 * Bruce Treasure – guitar, backing vocals
 * Grant Jackson – bass
 * Trotsky – drums

Other
 * Subhumans – production
 * Steve Collinson – engineering, mixing
 * Harvey Birrell – mastering
 * Nick Lant – cover art
 * Simone S. – photography

title: The Day the Country Died


text:
Life with Louie

Life with Louie is an American animated sitcom created by Louie Anderson and Matthew O'Callaghan for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series was based on the childhood of Anderson, growing up with his family in the fictional town of Cedar Knoll, Wisconsin during the early 1960s, although Anderson himself was actually from Saint Paul, Minnesota, also situated in the Midwestern U.S.

The first two episodes aired in primetime on Fox in late 1994, before moving to Saturday morning on Fox Kids from 1995 to 1998.

Ownership of the series passed to Disney in 2001 when Disney acquired Fox Kids Worldwide.

Characters

 * Louis "Louie" Anderson (voiced by Louie Anderson) — Based on Anderson's younger self. Louie is an 8-year-old, living in the fictional town of Cedar Knoll, Wisconsin. He is a very sensitive, humorous, impressionable, and intelligent young boy. He often uses his gifted sense of humor to deal with difficult situations. He always stands up for his rights and principles, but also for those of others. His most notable catchphrase in the series is, "All right!"
 * Jeannie Harper (voiced by Debi Derryberry) — Louie's best friend. She often defends Louie from local bullies. Louie has a crush on her.
 * Michael "Mike" Grunewald (voiced by Justin Shenkarow) — Louie's friend with a sarcastic sense of humor. He has a somewhat relaxed attitude and comes from a rather wealthy family, sometimes much to Louie's jealousy.
 * Toddler Tobolinski — Louie's other friend. He is somewhat shorter than the others, about the same height as Louie, and loves activities like recess.
 * Scott Jensen — One of Louie's friends. He appears quite often in the first and third seasons, but is rarely seen in Season 2.
 * Andrew "Andy" Mortimer Anderson (voiced by Louie Anderson) — Louie's demanding, but caring father. He is a veteran of World War II and likes to tell his family stories about his experience at the front in Europe. Much of the humor regarding Andy involved his comic superiority complex and equally comical unawareness of his limitations. Though he often appeared out of touch with reality, Andy was secretly a very gifted chess player, a skill Louie was briefly shown to have himself, but he exposed his gift during the latter half of his life because of the way he was supposedly mistreated for it in his youth (including during the time he had previously served in the army; even going so far as to disguise himself at chess tournaments so he would not be recognized). He is a proud owner of a Rambler sedan (most probably a 1959 Rambler Six), which appears on the show in various episodes. His catchphrases: "For crying out loud!" and "I heard that." Despite his appearance, he is a very caring and loving, with his family, neighbors (to whom he is seen expressing solidarity in times of trouble), and other characters.
 * Ora Anderson (voiced by Edie McClurg) — Louie's kind, loving, and sweet-natured mother. She usually acts as the voice of reason for Louie and Andy and also for Tommy.
 * Thomas "Tommy" Anderson (voiced by Miko Hughes) — Louie's youngest brother. Louie teases him a lot in the beginning.
 * Glen Glenn (voiced by Justin Shenkarow) — The local bully of Louie's school who teases Louie and the other kids. His mother Jen Glenn has a hot temper and loud voice, which the other citizens of Cedar Knoll do not like.
 * Craig Eric, Paul George — Glen Glenn's friends and other bullies.
 * The Melvins — A group of chess specialists. One of them is actually named Franklin, but is still called Melvin.
 * Henrietta Shermann (voiced by Mary Wickes) — The mother of Ora and maternal grandmother of Louie. When her voice actress Mary Wickes died in Season 2, the producers elected to make an episode where Louie handles the death of his grandmother.
 * Pepper — Louie's obese pet goldfish.
 * Sid Anderson, John Anderson, Danny Anderson, Peter Anderson — Louie's older brothers.
 * Norton Jensen, Earl Grunewald, Gus Williams, Mrs. Stillman — Louie's neighbors.
 * Laura Anderson, Carol Anderson, Charlie Anderson, Julie Anderson — Louie's older sisters.

Intro and theme song
The show's introduction for Seasons 2 and 3 involved the main character running toward a TV set, turning one of the set's dials, and showing a live-action video of Louie Anderson as an adult saying, "Let me tell you about my family." This was followed by clips of the show from Andy Anderson being pulled by sled dogs, Louie sticking chopsticks in his nose, to Louie jumping off a diving board at a swimming pool, nearly wasting all the water and getting most of the other participants wet due to the fact of him being overweight. Then, the show's logo (in pink) appeared on the bottom left-hand corner of the screen, while the main character (wearing sunglasses) ate a dot while sitting on a raft and watching TV on a tire. Season 1 episodes used a live-action intro by Louie Anderson, talking to the audience about his childhood, then dissolving into the show.

Home videos and merchandise
Based on the popularity of the show, various merchandise was released including apparel, videos of various episodes, a "Lake Winnibigoshish" CD-ROM comic book, and a book series for children. The book series was based on the show's various episodes and contained six books. Kids' meal toys were also produced for several fast-food restaurant chains including Taco Bell (1996), Hardee's (1997), Jack in the Box (1997), and Dairy Queen (1999).

For a time, Life with Louie-branded SpaghettiOs, in character shapes, were available.

In early January 2006, TVShowsOnDVD.com posted a news story that Life with Louie was going to be released on DVD in the US. The information came from Louie Anderson, who mentioned this news on a radio program he was a guest on, KQRS-FM. There has been no other news since then, and it is now unknown if this series will be released on DVD in the United States since Louie Anderson died in 2022. However, three 2-episode sets were released in the United Kingdom in summer 2007 as Life with Louie: Volume 1, 2, and 3. The sets were released through Boulevard Entertainment as part of the Jetix programming brand.

Awards
The series won two Emmy Awards. It also won the Humanitas Prize three times, more than any other animated series.
 * Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing - Special Class - Rick Hinson, Rick Hammel, Les Wolf Thomas Syslo and Timothy Borquez - 1996 (nominated)
 * Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing - Special Class - Timothy Borquez and Dan Hiland - 1996 (nominated)
 * Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program - Louie Anderson - 1997
 * Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program - Louie Anderson - 1998
 * Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing - Special Class - Timothy Borquez, Timothy J. Garrity and Brad Brock - 1998 (nominated)
 * Emmy Award for Outstanding Outstanding Sound Editing - Special Class - Timothy Borquez, Rick Hinson, and Eric Freeman - 1998 (nominated)
 * Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program - Louie Anderson - 1999 (nominated)
 * Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Animated Program - 1999 (nominated)
 * Genesis Award for ethical treatment of animals - 1997
 * Humanitas Prize for Children's Animation - 1996
 * Humanitas Prize for Children's Animation - 1997
 * Humanitas Prize for Children's Animation - 1998

title: Life with Louie


text:
User talk:Yourmama

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks, Antandrus (talk) 19:52, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yourmama


text:
George Garrett (poet)

George Palmer Garrett (June 11, 1929 – May 25, 2008) was an American poet and novelist. He was the Poet Laureate of Virginia from 2002 to 2004. His novels include The Finished Man, Double Vision, and the Elizabethan Trilogy, composed of Death of the Fox, The Succession, and Entered from the Sun. He worked as a book reviewer and screenwriter, and taught at Cambridge University and, for many years, at the University of Virginia. He is the subject of critical books by R. H. W. Dillard, Casey Clabough, and Irving Malin.

Biography
George Palmer Garrett was born in Orlando, Florida on June 11, 1929. He attended The Hill School. He graduated from the Sewanee Military Academy in Sewanee, Tennessee, in 1945. He earned his BA from Princeton University in 1952, having matriculated in 1947 and having attended Columbia University in 1948–49. He also received his MA (1956) and PhD (1985) from Princeton.

Garrett served in the US Army (1946–47), and was stationed in Europe, in Leonding, Austria.

He began his teaching career as an assistant professor at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut (1957–60). After one year as a visiting lecturer at Rice University, he became associate professor of English at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, where he taught for five years before accepting a post as professor of English at Hollins College (now University, Virginia, in 1967. In 1964–65 he was writer-in-residence at Princeton University. In 1971, he became professor of English and writer-in-residence at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, where he taught until 1973. From 1974 to 1977 he was senior fellow at the Council of the Humanities, Princeton University. He was then one year at Columbia University as adjunct professor (1977–78), one semester as writer-in-residence at Bennington College, Vermont, one semester at the Virginia Military Institute, and several years at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979–84). In 1984 Garrett was appointed Henry Hoyns Professor of English at the University of Virginia, the position in which he continued until his retirement in December 1999.

Garrett served a two-year term as president of the Associated Writing Programs (1971–73). A charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers, he was the organization's vice-chancellor (1987–93) and chancellor (1993–97). Over the years, he edited several magazines and book series. He was Contemporary Poetry Series editor at the University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1962–68; and Short Story Series editor at the Louisiana State University Press, 1966–69. From 1958 to 1971 he was United States poetry editor for Transatlantic Review and, from 1965 to 1971 co-editor of Hollins Critic. He was a contributing editor for Contempora and assistant editor of The Film Journal. With Brendan Galvin he edited Poultry: A Magazine of Voice; and he was fiction editor at The Texas Review.

He is known for his Elizabethan trilogy, Death of the Fox, The Succession, and Entered from the Sun, a body of work that is so imbued with its subject matter and time as to create the sense that he lived through it all, and had total recall of life in the respective courts of Queen Elizabeth I and James I. Death of the Fox, the first of the books, raises questions about the nature of the form itself, and in fact all of Garrett's writing challenges the accepted ideas about the various forms in which he chose to work. The vast panorama of fictional and historical people that occupy the stage in the three novels is equaled by the beautifully drawn contemporary cast of characters in his other novels: the political novel The Finished Man; Do Lord, Remember Me; Which Ones Are the Enemy?; and The King of Babylon Shall Not Come Against You. Garrett never repeated himself, and the variety of his output has perhaps been a bit daunting to the critical establishment of his time, American critics tending to prefer their subjects to be rather one-noted, consistent and readily classified as to type, or theme, or treatment.

Garrett died at home in Charlottesville, Virginia, at the age of 78 of cancer. He had been diagnosed with cancer in 2006 after having suffered from myasthenia gravis for some years.

George Garrett's papers are housed in the Duke University Special Collections Library.

Awards

 * Sewanee Review fellowship (1958)
 * American Academy in Rome fellowship (1958)
 * Ford grant, for drama (1960)
 * National Endowment for the Arts grant (1967)
 * Contempora award (1971)
 * Guggenheim fellowship (1974)
 * American Academy award (1985)
 * New York Public Library Literary Lion award (1988)
 * T. S. Eliot Award (1989)
 * PEN/Malamud Award for short fiction (1990)
 * Aiken-Taylor Award (1999)
 * Lifetime Achievement Award from the Library of Virginia (2004)
 * Cleanth Brooks Medal for Lifetime Achievement from the Fellowship of Southern Writers (2005)
 * Carole Weinstein Poetry Prize (2006)
 * Thomas Wolfe Award (2006)

title: George Garrett (poet)


text:
Ageless Medley

Ageless Medley is an extended play by Amy Grant, released in 1983 on the label Myrrh Records.It was originally released as a double-sided 7" vinyl record and audio cassette tape EP single. Even though it was designed as purely a promotional tool, it reached the top ten of the Christian radio charts, and won the 1984 Grammy Award for Best Gospel Performance, Female. It was later featured on the CD and cassette releases of Grant's 1986 compilation album The Collection. The title refers to Grant's 1982 album Age to Age, which references a lyric in the song "El Shaddai"

Track listing
7" vinyl/cassette, sides 1 & 2
 * Ageless Medley
 * "Old Man's Rubble"
 * "Too Late"
 * "Walking Away with You"
 * "El Shaddai"
 * "I'm Gonna Fly"
 * "Father's Eyes"
 * "Sing Your Praise to the Lord"
 * "I Have Decided"

Accolades

 * Best Gospel Performance, Female, 1984

title: Ageless Medley


text:
Field bean

Field bean is a general term for several plants found growing within fields or shrubbery and may refer to:

 * Lablab purpureus (the hyacinth bean)
 * Phaseolus vulgaris (the string bean)
 * Vicia faba (the broad bean)

title: Field bean


text:
Feijao

Feijao is derived from feijão, the Portuguese word for bean. It most commonly refers to:

 * Feijoa sellowiana, a fruit also known as guavasteen or pineapple guava
 * Phaseolus vulgaris, the common bean

title: Feijao


text:
Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis

The Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis is a series of organic reactions that produce indoles from o-nitrotoluenes 1. The first step is the formation of an enamine 2 using N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal and pyrrolidine. The desired indole 3 is then formed in a second step by reductive cyclisation.

In the above scheme, the reductive cyclisation is effected by Raney nickel and hydrazine. Palladium-on-carbon and hydrogen, stannous chloride, sodium hydrosulfite, or iron in acetic acid are also effective reducing agents.

Reaction mechanism
In the initial enamine formation, dimethylamine (a gas) is displaced by pyrrolidine from the dimethylformamide dimethylacetal, producing a more reactive reagent. The mildly acidic hydrogens of the methyl group in the nitrotoluene can be deprotonated under the basic conditions, and the resultant carbanion attacks to produce the enamine shown, with loss of methanol. The sequence can also be performed without pyrrolidine, via the N,N-dimethyl enamine, though reaction times may be much longer in some cases. In the second step the nitro group is reduced to -NH2 using hydrogen and a Raney nickel catalyst, followed by cyclisation then elimination of the pyrrolidine. The hydrogen is often generated in situ by the spontaneous decomposition of hydrazine hydrate to H2 and N2 in the presence of the nickel.

The reaction is a good example of a reaction that was widely used in industry before any procedures were published in the mainstream scientific literature. Many indoles are pharmacologically active, so a good indole synthesis is important for the pharmaceutical industry. The process has become a popular alternative to the Fischer indole synthesis because many starting ortho-nitrotoluenes are commercially available or easily made. In addition, the reactions proceed in high chemical yield under mild conditions.

The intermediate enamines are electronically related to push–pull olefins, having an electron-withdrawing nitro group conjugated to an electron-donating group. The extended conjugation means that these compounds are usually an intense red color.

Dinitrostyrene reductive cyclization
The reductive cyclization of dinitrostyrenes (2) has proven itself effective when other more common methods have failed.

Most of the standard reduction methods listed above are successful with this reaction.

title: Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis


text:
Exogen

Exogen may refer to:

 * an archaic term meaning a woody plant whose stem is formed by successive accretions to the outside of the wood under the bark; see
 * a phase in the life cycle of a hair follicle in which a hair exits the follicle

title: Exogen


text:
Yalong River

The Yalong River (雅砻江, p Yǎlóngjiāng, w Ya-lung Chiang, IPA ), or Nyag Chu (Tibetan: ཉག་ཆུ་, z Nyag Qu), is a major tributary river of the Yangtze River in Southwest China. With a length of 1,571 km, the Yalong River flows from north to south through the Hengduan Mountains in western Sichuan Province.

Course
The Yalong has its source in the Bayan Har Mountains on the Tibet–Qinghai Plateau in Chindu County, Yushu, Qinghai, where it is known as the Za Qu (扎曲). Flowing southeasterly, the Yalong gradually turns south at Garzê and travels between the Shaluli Mountains to the west and the Daxue Mountains to the east. The Yalong River channel runs through a deep gorge for much of its length south of Garzê. The southern Sichuan-Tibet Highway crosses the Yalong at Yajiang in the middle of the river's course. In Liangshan Prefecture, the river wraps 150 km around the Jinping Mountains creating the Jinping Bend. Here, water from the Yalong River has been diverted under the mountains as part of the Jinping-II Dam hydroelectric project. The Yalong meets the main stem of the Yangtze (Jinsha) River in Panzhihua, Sichuan.

History
The upper reaches of the Yalong have traditionally been inhabited by the Tibetan nomads of the historic region of Kham. The lower course of the Yalong is deeply incised and is not conducive to human habitation. The lower course of the Yalong was historically the western limit of Chinese influence in the region.

Dams
Since the 1980s, the Yalong has been heavily developed for hydroelectric power. A total of 23 dams are completed, under construction, or planned for the river. Those dams are listed below from downstream to upstream.
 * Tongzilin Dam – Under construction, 600 MW
 * Ertan Dam – Completed, 3,300 MW
 * Guandi Dam – Completed, 2,400 MW
 * Jinping 2 Dam – Completed, 4,800 MW
 * Jinping 1 Dam – Completed, 3,600 MW, tallest dam in the world
 * Kala Dam – Programmed, 1,060 MW
 * Yangfanggou Dam – Programmed, 2,200 MW
 * Mengdigou Dam – Programmed, 1,700 MW
 * Lenggu Dam – Planned, 2,300 MW
 * Yagen Dam – Programmed, 1,500 MW
 * Lianghekou Dam – Completed, 3,000 MW
 * Gongbagou Dam – Planned, 500 MW
 * Gongke Dam – Planned, 400 MW
 * Xinlong Dam – Planned, 500 MW
 * Yingda Dam – Planned, 500 MW
 * Tongha Dam – Planned, 200 MW
 * Geni Dam – Planned, 200 MW
 * Ada Dam – Planned, 250 MW
 * Reba Dam – Planned, 250 MW
 * Renqingling Dam – Planned, 300 MW
 * Wenbosi Dam – Planned, 150 MW
 * Danikanduo Dam – Planned, 7.2 MW
 * Yangri Dam – Planned, 1 MW

title: Yalong River


text:
User talk:Datdudedatdodat

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks, --JYolkowski // talk 19:58, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Datdudedatdodat