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Vinculin

In mammalian cells, vinculin is a membrane-cytoskeletal protein in focal adhesion plaques that is involved in linkage of integrin adhesion molecules to the actin cytoskeleton. Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions, where it is thought to function as one of several interacting proteins involved in anchoring F-actin to the membrane.

Discovered independently by Benny Geiger and Keith Burridge, its sequence is 20%–30% similar to α-catenin, which serves a similar function.

Binding alternately to talin or α-actinin, vinculin's shape and, as a consequence, its binding properties are changed. The vinculin gene occurs as a single copy and what appears to be no close relative to take over functions in its absence. Its splice variant metavinculin (see below) also needs vinculin to heterodimerize and work in a dependent fashion.

Structure
Vinculin is a 117-kDa cytoskeletal protein with 1066 amino acids. The protein contains an acidic N-terminal domain and a basic C-terminal domain separated by a proline-rich middle segment. Vinculin consists of a globular head domain that contains binding sites for talin and α-actinin as well as a tyrosine phosphorylation site, while the tail region contains binding sites for F-actin, paxillin, and lipids.

Essentially, there is an 835 amino acid N-terminal head, which is split into four domains. This is linked to the C-terminal tail with a linker region.

The recent discovery of the 3D structure sheds light on how this protein tailors its shape to perform a variety of functions. For example, vinculin is able to control the cell's motility by simply altering its shape from active to inactive. When in its ‘inactive’ state, vinculin's conformation is characterized by the interaction between its head and tail domains. And, when transforming to the ‘active’ form, such as when talin triggers binding, the intramolecular interaction between the tail and head is severed. In other words, when talin's binding sites (VBS) of α-helices bind to a helical bundle structure in vinculin's head domain, the ‘helical bundle conversion’ is initiated, which leads to the reorganization of the α-helices (α1- α-4), resulting in an entirely new five-helical bundle structure. This function also extends to cancer cells, and regulating their movement and proliferation of cancer to other parts of the body.

Mechanism and function
Cell spreading and movement occur through the process of binding of cell surface integrin receptors to extracellular matrix adhesion molecules. Vinculin is associated with focal adhesion and adherens junctions, resulting in significant protein dynamics. These are complexes that nucleate actin filaments and crosslinkers between the external medium, plasma membrane, and actin cytoskeleton. The complex at the focal adhesions consists of several proteins such as vinculin, α-actinin, paxillin, and talin, at the intracellular face of the plasma membrane.

In more specific terms, the amino-terminus of vinculin binds to talin, which, in turn, binds to β-integrins, and the carboxy-terminus binds to actin, phospholipids, and paxillin-forming homodimers. The binding of vinculin to talin and actin is regulated by polyphosphoinositides and inhibited by acidic phospholipids. The complex then serves to anchor actin filaments to the membrane and thus, helps to reinforce force on talin within the focal adhesions.

The loss of vinculin impacts a variety of cell functions; it disrupts the formation of the complex, and prevents cell adhesion and spreading. The absence of the protein demonstrates a decrease in spreading of cells, accompanied by reduced stress fiber formation, formation of fewer focal adhesions, and inhibition of lamellipodia extension. It was discovered that cells that are deficient in vinculin have growth cones that advance more slowly, as well as filopodia and lamellipodia that were less stable than the wild-type. Based on research, it has been postulated that the lack of vinculin may decrease cell adhesion by inhibiting focal adhesion assembly and preventing actin polymerization. On the other hand, overexpression of vinculin may restore adhesion and spreading by promoting recruitment of cytoskeletal proteins to the focal adhesion complex at the site of integrin binding. Vinculin's ability to interact with integrins to the cytoskeleton at the focal adhesion appears to be critical for control of cytoskeletal mechanics, cell spreading, and lamellipodia formation. Thus, vinculin appears to play a key role in shape control based on its ability to modulate focal adhesion structure and function.

Activation
Vinculin is present in equilibrium between an active and inactive state. The active state is triggered upon binding to its designated partner. These changes occur when vinculin interacts with focal adhesion points to which it is binding to. When vinculin resides in its inactive form, the protein is kept designated to the cytoplasm unlike the focal adhesion points bound from the active state. The molecule talin is thought to be the major initiator of vinculin activation due to its presence in focal complexes. The combinatorial model of vinculin states that either α-actinin or talin can activate vinculin either alone or with the assistance of PIP2 or actin. This activation takes place by separation of the head-tail connection within inactive vinculin.

Binding site
Vinculin binding sites are predominantly found in talin and talin-like molecules, enabling binding of vinculin to talin, stabilising integrin-mediated cell-matrix junctions. Talin, in turn, links integrins to the actin cytoskeleton. The consensus sequence for Vinculin binding sites is LxxAAxxVAxxVxxLIxxA, with a secondary structure prediction of four amphipathic helices. The hydrophobic residues that define the VBS are themselves 'masked' and are buried in the core of a series of helical bundles that make up the talin rod.

Splice variants
Smooth muscles and skeletal muscles (and probably to a lower extent in cardiac muscle) in their well-differentiated (contractile) state co-express (along with vinculin) a splice variant carrying an extra exon in the 3' coding region, thus encoding a longer isoform meta-vinculin (meta VCL) of ~150KD molecular weight — a protein whose existence has been known since the 1980s. Translation of the extra exon causes a 68- to 79-amino acid acid-rich insert between helices I and II within the C-terminal tail domain. Mutations within the insert region correlate with hereditary idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

The length of the insert in metavinculin is 68 AA in mammals and 79 in frog. Compared metavinculin sequences from pig, man, chicken, and frog, and found the insert to be bipartite: the first part variable and the second highly conserved. Both vinculin isoforms co-localize in muscular adhesive structures, such as dense plaques in smooth muscles, intercalated discs in cardiomyocytes, and costameres in skeletal muscles. Metavinculin tail domain has a lower affinity for the head as compared with the vinculin tail. In case of metavinculin, unfurling of the C-terminal hydrophobic hairpin loop of tail domain is impaired by the negative charges of the 68-amino acid insert, thus requiring phospholipid-activated regular isoform of vinculin to fully activate the metavinculin molecule.

Interactions
Vinculin has been shown to interact with:
 * CDH1,
 * Paxillin,  and
 * SORBS1.

In cases of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth presented as IBS symptoms, anti-CdtB antibodies have been identified to affect vinculin function, which is required in gut motility.

title: Vinculin


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trax (IRC channel)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 07:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Trax (IRC_channel)
This page essentially says "an irc channel exists." This is essentially the same thing as saying "a web forum exists". Wikipedia is not here to document the existence of every internet community ever. The topic could be mentioned in a larger Tracking article as a footnote perhaps, but this article should go.

 * Delete as fluff, trivia. JoshuaRodman 20:03, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Third edit by was to list this article on VfD, series of new accounts follows.  —RaD Man (talk) 01:03, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I've been a user of various Wikis since 1999, and I find it ludicrous that I should need to justify myself. I'm logged in here under my natural name.  I'm easily googleable, you can find my work history at SuSE, etc.  You can find edits minor and discussive of mine on c2, the moin development wiki, and other such.  I can't show you the logs of me reading throgh wikipedia policy, sorry!  The view that this is non encyclopædic is not rooted in how many pages I've edited on Wikipedia, but rather in the obvious non-notability of this page.  These bureaucratic slanderous ad-hominems are really more than I care to countenance. JoshuaRodman 07:22, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete I agree.. this doesn't have much point Oman
 * 1st edit. Account created July 18, 2005.  See:   —RaD Man (talk)

 * Delete Also agree. An IRC channel doesn't need a Wikipedia entry. Polpo 20:01, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1st edit. Account created July 18, 2005. See:   —RaD Man (talk)
 * Add me to those angry at the sock puppet accusations. I have been "zsazs" on #trax for over ten years, was at the reunion, met RaD Man, and was interviewed by him.  The fact that I created an account speaks that I am willing to stand by my opinion on deleting this entry.  The channel in question as a whole obviously finds itself not wanting to be on Wikipedia.  There are no other IRC channels that I can find on Wikipedia.  The #trax Wikipedia entry is certainly a vanity article, albeit created by someone not within the regular community. Polpo 21:54, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Non-encyclopædic, non-notable. It's also difficult to corroborate the channel history. -- dr 20:09, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. — Stevey7788 (talk) 21:23, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Informative and NPOV.  This particular community tends to congregate in one specific place and has a unique history worthy of documentation.  Sock puppet limit has been reached.  —RaD Man (talk) 04:35, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * See talk page for response to Sock puppet accusation. JoshuaRodman 19:05, 19 July 2005 (UTC) See below.
 * Informativeness and NPOV are not disputed, and the article would be suitable as an external reference from Tracker, MOD (file format), or Demoscene. But it is not notable or encyclopædic in its own right. -- dr 19:41, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

*Merge as minor note into broader article. Some data belongs in a bigger article about mod or demoscene. Rad Man's claims of sock puppets are massively unfounded, offensive and rude. He has met most of us in person and interviewed us with his camcorder at T10Y. —RedPenguin 19:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 08:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An IRC channel where a couple dozen old friends talk to each other isn't an encyclopedic topic. Also, the above votes from first-editors are from people in the channel, which unanimously does not want to be in Wikipedia. I hope that's worth something.  19:31, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1st and only edit, not so unfounded. See:   —RaD Man(talk)
 * Sure it was my first edit, that doesn't make me a sock puppet. At the very MOST it would make me a "meat puppet", if I didn't actually have some knowledge/relevance to this topic, which I do. Additionally, YOU INTERVIEWED ME ON CAMERA, Radman, therefore you should understand I exist.  Would it help prove that I am not a sock puppet if I took a picture of myself with a sign so you could compare to the Trax 10 years pictures that it's me?  Have you considered visiting scene.net #trax and talking to us to see that we're quite real? —RedPenguin 21:08, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete— After reviewing the timeline and the rest of the information on the page again I found it of not only questionable correctness (which I attempted to address) but of striking irrelevance. Therefore, I am changing my vote to delete.  While an article on a community can be worthwhile, (consider The WELL) that is generally if the community itself generated or offered something of relevance.  In this case, while many members of the community were computer musicians of some note, the community itself had overall little impact as anything other than a place where people chatted.  Therefore the history of the channel is of no general interest, and instead, individual trackers should be considered in the context of a tracking article.   If the argument can be made that #trax DID contribute something, then that should be the content of the trax article and not irrelevant information about schisms or the nationality of regulars. RedPenguin 22:12, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, an IRC channel would have to be truly exceptional to be notable. Dcarrano 17:14, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, this discussion is not being helped by you Rad Man.
 * You should be clearly indicating your bias as the author of the page.
 * You are accusing these voters of being Sock Puppets, which is clearly defined as indicating pretend existances created solely by a single person for the purpose of falsely magnifying or hiding their influence. Since you are fully aware of the individual existence of each of these people, see for example: pictures of them taken at one of the events mentioned on the very article under discussion, you are either misusing terminology or simply lying.  (Incidentally note RadMan's clear presence at the event.)
 * I specifically went and read the voting policy before mentioning this vote to the sources which were used in the creation of this article. The policy makes no mention of voting being reserved for users or longstanding users. It makes a suggestion that it is better for the votes to be from logged in users. As a result I recommended to these people that they might want to create accounts. The rationale behind this suggestion in the voting guidelines was not given, so I was not able to surmise that it is "wrong" to vote as a new or non-user.  In fact, the text rather suggests the opposite.
 * These are not irrelevant humans who have no relation to this article. They are the sources who populated this article.  As such they are the experts on this information, more so than you, the article author.  The sources of your information, the actual experts on the topic, believe that the information is trivial and non-encyplopædic.  They are weighing in with this opinion.  I believe this is relevant.
 * JoshuaRodman 07:22, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: I've created a user account for myself so you all would know who I am, know me as a relatively long-standing member of the #trax community, and not have to refer to me by IP address. As such I've reverted RadMan's comment re: the fifth edit associated with the IP, since I'm proud to say that the edits here are my first. I offer that the scant record of our collective previous contributions to Wikipedia is immaterial to the discussion. RadMan is well aware of the individuals contributing here, so all that's proven by mentioning our edit records is that we care enough about this topic to chime in. I feel that RadMan has done more to demonstrate his assumption that the very members of the community he strives to document are not acting in good faith here, than to demonstrate any concrete reasoning why the #trax entry conforms to Wikipedia's content guidelines. In particular: why should Wikipedia's admins consider this material is encyclopædic or notable? -- dr 18:15, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge should be filed under IRC or tracker or something; not a standalone subject. but really I don't understand what the fuss is about.  who cares?  radman, you're hardly even in #trax these days, I see nothing from you on the traxstats page in the last 16 days, so obviously you don't either.  what am I missing?  -- Tfinn
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/SampleMyGoods

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:05, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

SampleMyGoods
Delete nn forumcruft TheMidnighters 19:29, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable (the article says it all: "as many as 150 users"). --PrologFan | Talk 19:43, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopaedic. Deb 19:50, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not worth mentioning. — Stevey7788 (talk) 21:19, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable forum. JamesBurns 08:15, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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W. V. Grant

Walter Vinson Grant Jr. (born May 25, 1945) is an American televangelist whose ministry has been based in the Greater Dallas area.

Career
Grant began his career in Cincinnati, Ohio, in the mid-1970s with the "Cathedral of Compassion" in the Over-the-Rhine area of Cincinnati before relocating to the suburbs of St Bernard until the early 1980s. The son of minister Walter Vinson Grant, Sr., in 1983 Grant took over Soul's Harbor Church (located in the Oak Cliff section of Dallas) and expanded its ministry, later renaming the church as "Eagles Nest Cathedral". In 1987, Grant purchased 28 acre in the southwest section of Dallas (near Dallas Baptist University) and built the "Eagle's Nest Family Church", and continued pastoring the 5000-seat church until 1996. Grant was convicted in 1996 of tax evasion, and since his release from prison he has restarted his ministry.

He was married 3 times. His wife, Brenda Gayle Hayes, died on October 6, 2020. He has three adult children: daughter Misty and stepsons Barry and Mark Anderson.

Education and degrees
As of August 2011, Grant's website stated the following about the minister's education and honorary degrees:

"After attending Southwestern Assemblies of God Bible University, he started in the full-time ministry. He received his undergraduate degrees in English Literature and Religion, as well as his Master's Degree in History from Dallas Baptist University. He has two honorary degrees from Kingsway Bible University (Des Moines, Iowa) and the Colonial Academy (Chicago)."

Paranormal investigator James Randi examined Grant's practices in his 1987 book, The Faith Healers. About Grant's degrees, Randi wrote:

". . . even Grant's college degree is phony. He claims that he obtained it from 'Midstates Bible College' in Des Moines in 1972. He displays the diploma on his office wall. But Midstates wasn't then and isn't now accredited with the Iowa Department of Public Instruction, as all parochial and public schools are required to be. It wasn't recorded with the secretary of state's office in Iowa as a corporation; nor was it listed in the county recorder's office. It didn't even show up in the telephone directory."

Grant told a reporter in 1986 that he did not graduate from a seminary but, in Grant's words, had "more or less an honorary D.D. (doctor of divinity) degree" from Mid-States Bible College in Des Moines, Iowa, which later changed its name to Kingsway Christian College. "They take a formula of how many books you've written, how long you've been in the ministry, maybe how many times you've been on radio and TV," he said.

Faith healing
Grant has denied being a faith healer, stating that "whatever healing there is, is a gift from God", for which he is merely "a mortal conduit".

Tax evasion
In 1996, an Internal Revenue Service investigation into Grant's ministry resulted in Grant's imprisonment for tax evasion. He was found guilty of failing to report $375,000 in taxable income in the purchase of two homes, including his $1 million residence. An undercover video tape showed Grant admitting that he used $100,000 in 1988 from church members as a down payment on a $1.2 million home overlooking a Desoto, Texas, country club and not reporting it as income. Judge Joe Kendall criticized Grant by asking, "Did you watch the same videotape I watched?" He continued, "He's all over it admitting he's guilty. He swore to God under oath he is guilty". The judge sentenced Grant to 16 months in prison and a $30,000 fine, to be paid after his release, when he would also serve an additional year of probation. Kendall also ordered Grant to "perform 100 hours of community service, publish details of his arrest and sentence for everyone on his mailing list and provide complete, continuing financial reports to the court."

His wife was indicted on charges of blocking the IRS and evading taxes. Though she initially pleaded guilty, the judge allowed her to withdraw the plea and she was later acquitted. Following the conviction, Grant transferred the Eagles Nest Cathedral facility to T. D. Jakes, also a televangelist, who renamed it "The Potter's House".

Eagles Nest Cathedral
Grant was released from prison on September 18, 1997, and has since restarted his ministry, again under the name Eagles Nest Cathedral.

Originally located in the eastern part of Dallas in the area known as Pleasant Grove", in August 2012, W.V. Grant purchased a historic property in downtown Dallas (the former home of "First Church of Christ, Scientist," located at 1508 Cadiz Street, Dallas, Texas 75201) where "The Eagle's Nest Cathedral" and Grant now hold almost nightly services normally lasting from 7:00 PM – 9:00 PM.

Media coverage
1986–87: Scientific skeptic and professional stage magician James Randi reported that Grant had been supplied with notes concerning the ailments of audience members before the show, that he used a "sleight of hand" trick to make a person's leg appear to grow, and that he had members of the audience who walked into the event placed into wheelchairs beforehand and then, during the service, he asked them to stand and walk. Randi also claimed that Grant's wife first gathered information about members of the audience, which she relayed to her husband via slips of paper in a Bible he displayed during his presentations. "They're agnostics," Grant said of his critics in 1986, "Or even atheists."

1987: Chicago Tribune religion writer Bruce Buursma reported the experiences of one of Randi's fellow investigators, Andrew A. Skolnick, who was twice "healed" by Grant and once by televangelist faith healer Peter Popoff.

1991: Grant was investigated by ABC News and Trinity Foundation for an exposé report on Primetime Live (with Larry Lea and Robert Tilton). A 2006 opinion article in the Dallas Observer claimed that the examination of documents in various lawsuits revealed deceptive journalistic techniques were utilized by ABC News, and concluded that a key element of the televised Primetime Live report relating to Tilton was "bogus".

The Trinity Foundation also found photos of a naked Grant in his trash and published one in the centrefold of their satirical magazine, The Door.

1996: The Dallas Morning News reported that one of Grant's fundraising letters was apparently written by Gene Ewing, who heads a multi-million dollar marketing empire, writing donation letters for other evangelicals like Don Stewart and Robert Tilton.

2003: Atlanta television station WAGA-TV investigated Grant and found that Grant liked to arrive at his revivals early, hours before they were supposed to begin. WAGA reporters showed up early as well, with hidden cameras, and watched the preacher talk to several people already in the church. As it turned out, many of them were people Grant would later pick out of the crowd and "miraculously" announce their name and their disease." The report concluded that of three people Grant claimed to heal, two were in worse condition after, and one assisted Grant with the setup with no sign of the condition he claimed during the service. In addition, "healing the short leg" was a magic trick demonstrated on a reporter by magician James Randi.

2006: Richmond, Virginia television station WWBT-TV aired an investigation on Grant while he conducted faith healing services at the Richmond Christian Center.

2010: Free Inquiry, the magazine of the Council for Secular Humanism, discussed how Grant's act had changed little in the preceding twenty years and detailed his "miracles" at a venue.

2011: British mentalist Derren Brown produced a program "Miracles for Sale" broadcast on Channel 4. As part of the program, Brown and his team made two visits to Grant's church in Dallas. During the first visit, Grant claimed that "God" had told him the name of a member of Brown's team, but the name he gave out was a false one that the person had written on a contact card prior to the start of the service. This indicated that Grant's knowledge came from the card and not from any supernatural means. On their second visit, Grant performed his leg lengthening "miracle" on Brown himself. The footage showed Grant using the same shoe-manipulation technique that Brown had exposed earlier on the program.

title: W. V. Grant


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Bianca Beauchamp

Bianca Stéphanie Beauchamp (, born October 14, 1977) is a Canadian pornographic actress and fetish model best known for her glamour, erotic and latex fetish modelling.

Early life and education
Beauchamp was born in Montreal, Quebec to a French Canadian father and an Italian mother. She was named after Bianca Jagger. She grew up in Montreal, where she was raised in a low-income neighbourhood. After having difficulty at home, Beauchamp moved away soon after graduating high school, and began a course in French literature at CEGEP, hoping to become a high-school French teacher. Beauchamp managed to pass the entrance exam for an exclusive private school. After achieving her certificate, she began studying French and started a teaching job at Université du Québec à Montréal.

Beauchamp is bisexual. She met aspiring photographer Martin Perreault at the age of 18. Perreault convinced her to pose for photographs as his muse, and she began modelling for him. Around 1995, then 20-year-old Beauchamp bought her first latex dress, saying later that she loved how latex contours her whole body and how special the material was for her.

Career
After entering latex fetishism in 1998, Beauchamp and Perreault founded the website Latex Lair (now known as ilovebianca.com). The website showcased erotic galleries and erotic filmography of Bianca donning latex clothing, with Martin shooting most of their work. The duo's work eventually built an international recognition in the latex fashion scene. During her teaching internship at Université du Québec à Montréal, one of the staff discovered their website and suggested that she shut it down (although at the time it contained no nudity). Bianca took down the website, but re-opened the site after completing the internship, prompting the university to threaten to fail her if it remained online. Beauchamp realized her passion for fetish modelling outweighed that for teaching, and left university at the age of 23 to pursue her modelling career.

Beauchamp soon appeared in photoshoots for Bizarre, Marquis, Nightlife, Penthouse, Playboy, Skin Two, and Whiplash, while working at McDonald's, a video store, a sex shop and as a strip-club waitress until her fetish modelling career was fully established.

In January 2007, Beauchamp became the first model to appear on the front cover of Bizarre magazine six times, and later in the same year represented Hype Energy at the 2007 Canadian Grand Prix. Her photos have also been in several Playboy Special Edition issues, including the cover of a Book of Lingerie issue. She has also been on the cover of the Playboy Girls of Canada calendar twice. In partnership with her website and Ritual Entertainment, she portrayed the character Elexis Sinclaire for the video game SiN Episodes.

In January 2008, Beauchamp was named 31st in Askmen.com's Top 99 Women of the Year, a popular "Hot List" for celebrities. The following year, she improved her ranking to 24th. In January 2009, she appeared on the cover of Bizarre magazine, her 9th cover for the UK magazine, confirming her lead as the model who appeared the most times on Bizarre.

Books and film
In 2006, Beauchamp released the self-published book Bianca Beauchamp – Fetish Sex Symbol which focuses on her modelling career as a latex fetish model.

In 2007, she released her film Bianca Beauchamp: All Access, a reality-documentary directed and edited by her partner Martin Perreault. The 85-minute film was premiered at Fantasia Film Festival in July 2007 and issued as a 2-disc Special Edition DVD in September 2007. The film was acquired by distributor HALO 8 Entertainment at the Fantasia Festival and was slated for a wide release in North America on January 29, 2008.

In August 2008, Beauchamp premiered Bianca Beauchamp All Access 2: Rubberised at the Montreal Fetish Weekend, with full red carpet treatment and a sold-out theatre. The DVD was released the same day. In 2014, she appeared along with Daniel Baldwin, Ron Jeremy, Michael Madsen, and Malcolm McDowell in the slasher film Lady Psycho Killer.

Breast surgery
Soon after deciding to concentrate on modelling, Bianca began a fitness regime in order to stay in shape. This, however, caused her breasts to sag, and she made the decision to undergo breast augmentation surgery, increasing her cup size from a 32C to a 34D. After a year, finding the saline implants unsatisfactory, she underwent surgery a second time, getting slightly bigger silicone implants and increasing her cup size to 32DD. In 2009, Beauchamp went for an additional breast surgery, this time increasing the silicone implants to 800cc and her cup size 32FF. She dismisses criticism about the implants, deeming it hypocritical to applaud people for improving their intellects while condemning them for improving their bodies.

Martin Perreault and Bianca Beauchamp are no longer a couple since 2017

Filmography
 Film  Television

title: Bianca Beauchamp


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2006 Minnesota gubernatorial election

The 2006 Minnesota gubernatorial election took place on November 7, 2006. Incumbent Tim Pawlenty was endorsed by the state Republican convention on June 2, 2006, while the state Democratic–Farmer–Labor convention endorsed Mike Hatch on June 10, 2006. The party primaries took place on September 12, 2006, with Hatch defeating DFL challengers Becky Lourey and Ole Savior and incumbent Pawlenty defeating Sue Jeffers. In the November 7 general election, Pawlenty received a plurality of the votes, defeating Hatch by a margin of 1%. As a result, this election was the closest race of the 2006 gubernatorial election cycle.

As of 2024, it is the last time a Republican officially won a statewide race in Minnesota and marked the very last time in which the Republican won the political office of Governor and the Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota to date.

Declared

 * Mike Hatch, 28th Minnesota Attorney General since 1999, former Minnesota Commissioner of Commerce (1983–89), and former State Party Chair of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (1980–83). Hatch received the strongest support of all candidates in the statewide caucus straw poll, and continued to hold his lead into the party convention, in which he received the endorsement after seven ballots. Hatch's running mate was 18th Minnesota State Auditor (since 1995) Judi Dutcher.
 * Becky Lourey, State Senator from senate district 8 since 1997, former State Representative from legislative districts 8B (1993–97) and 14B (1991–93), businesswoman, activist, and homemaker. Lourey lost the DFL endorsement race to Mike Hatch, but continued to seek the DFL nomination in the primary election. Her running mate was businessman, former NFL defensive back (1976–79), and former Minneapolis Planning Commission member (1992–2001) Tim Baylor.
 * Ole Savior, artist and perennial candidate. At the DFL state convention, Savior was eliminated on the first ballot for the party endorsement, after winning just one vote out of 1,500, but he continued to seek the nomination in the primary. Savior's running mate was Dan Fischer.

Withdrawn

 * Kelly Doran, real estate developer. Doran withdrew his candidacy on March 24, 2006.
 * Steve Kelley, State Senator from senate district 44 since 1997, former State Representative from legislative district 44A (1993–97), and attorney. Kelley withdrew his candidacy on June 10, 2006, after failing to defeat Hatch in the endorsement fight, throwing his support behind Hatch's campaign.
 * Bud Philbrook, former State Representative from legislative district 48B (1975–77), non-profit executive director, and attorney. Philbrook withdrew his candidacy on October 24, 2005.

Candidates

 * Pam Ellison, 2000 congressional candidate, former gubernatorial aide, and consultant. Ellison's running mate was Kari Johnson.
 * Peter Hutchinson, former Minnesota Commissioner of Finance (1989–91), former Superintendent of Minneapolis Public Schools (1993–97), and consultant. Hutchinson won the Independence Party straw poll in March, and was endorsed at the June 24 convention. Hutchinson's running mate was physician and former University of Minnesota Board of Regents member (1997–2005) and chair (2001–03) Maureen Reed.

Candidates

 * Sue Jeffers, Minneapolis bar owner and noted opponent of smoking bans and non-public use of eminent domain. A self-described Libertarian Republican, Jeffers was also endorsed by the Libertarian Party (which later withdrew its endorsement, as Minnesota law does not allow fusion candidates) and the Minnesota and National chapters of the Republican Liberty Caucus. Though included in neither the statewide caucus straw poll nor the party endorsement process, Jeffers challenged Governor Pawlenty for the Republican nomination in the September primary. Her running mate was Ruth Hendrycks.
 * Tim Pawlenty, incumbent 39th Governor of Minnesota since 2003, former Majority Leader of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1999–2003), former State Representative from legislative district 38B (1993–2003), former Eagan City Councilor (1989–93), former member of the Eagan Planning Commission, attorney, and businessman. Pawlenty was endorsed by the state Republican party after winning the first ballot, unopposed. His running mate was incumbent 46th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota (since 2003) Carol Molnau.

Nominated by petition

 * Walt E. Brown (Independent; used the ballot designation "Quit Raising Taxes"). Brown's running mate was Wesley C. Nelson.
 * Leslie Davis (American). Davis's running mate was Gregory K. Soderberg.
 * Ken Pentel (Green). Pentel's running mate was Danene Provencher.

Former candidates

 * Jonathon "The Impaler" Sharkey (VWP) – Self-proclaimed vampire. Sharkey's campaign was jeopardized on January 30, 2006, when he was arrested in Princeton, Minnesota on felony charges stemming from allegations of stalking and flight, in Indiana. Sharkey's campaign website was taken down. It was discovered that the stalking charge had been dismissed on September 29, 2003, when Sharkey pleaded guilty to two counts of invasion of privacy and was ordered to submit to mental health treatment. At his trial on July 18, 2006, he was found not guilty of the felony escape charge. Nevertheless, Sharkey's arrest and jailing effectively terminated his campaign.

General election
On November 7, 2006, Tim Pawlenty narrowly won the general election, 46.7% to 45.7%, in a four-way race between himself, DFL candidate Mike Hatch, Independence Party candidate Peter Hutchinson, and Green Party candidate Ken Pentel. After Pawlenty opted out of spending limits, Hatch followed suit. Outspending Hatch by $1 million, Pawlenty's campaign set a new spending record for a Minnesota gubernatorial campaign. The race was also affected by negative advertising by 527 groups, as well as issue-oriented groups opposing liberal causes in the state.

A major issue in the campaign that was considered to have hurt the DFL nominees was lieutenant gubernatorial candidate Judi Dutcher's response to a question about E-85. When asked about the impact of the gasoline alternative on the economies of rural Minnesota by then KSAX-TV anchor Corey Poppe, Dutcher was unable to comment, asking Poppe to define E-85. In the subsequent questioning about her response, gubernatorial candidate Mike Hatch reportedly called a Forum Communications reporter "a Republican whore" and promptly hung up the phone. Hatch claimed he had said "hack", not "whore", but the incident, occurring only three days before the last poll listed in this article, is believed to have swung the race. It put Hatch on the defensive in the campaign's last week.

Additionally, Pawlenty made illegal immigration an issue, running ads accusing Hatch of trying to give illegal immigrants college tuition. Hatch responded with an ad saying that illegal immigration laws had not been enforced under Pawlenty's tenure. Pawlenty also ran ads accusing Hatch of being responsible for raising health care costs, a claim Hatch disputed. Pawlenty campaigned on a record of leading the state through hard times, balancing record budget deficits without raising major state tax rates or diminishing the state's "nation-leading" status on most socioeconomic indicators.

Pawlenty won by piling up large margins in suburban counties as well as in central and southern Minnesota regions anchored by St. Cloud and Rochester. In his victory speech, noting that he would have to deal with a DFL House and Senate, Pawlenty said it was "a time tonight to be humble and time to be grateful." He promised that "the next four years are going to be different than the last four years" and that he would build "a common agenda" with DFLers who swept legislative and constitutional offices.

Hatch ran ahead in Minneapolis, St. Paul and their inner-ring suburbs, and won by large margins around Duluth and the Iron Range. In his concession speech, Hatch advocated that legislators get back to "sitting down and getting to know each other in private" to establish common ground for bipartisan legislation, and called for an end to partisan rancor. Had the Hatch/Dutcher ticket been successful, he stated that this would have been one of his administration's first goals.

Results
[[file:Minnesota gubernatorial election, 2006 Independence Party.svg|thumb|right|200px|County Results for the Independence Party: Hutchinson

]]

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Blue Earth (Largest city: Mankato)
 * Clay (Largest city: Moorhead)
 * Grant (Largest city: Elbow Lake)
 * Aitkin (largest city: Aitkin)
 * Pine (largest city: Pine City)
 * Rice (largest city: Faribault)
 * Winona (largest city: Winona)

Counties that flipped from Independence to Republican

 * Dodge (Largest city: Kasson)
 * Faribault (Largest city: Blue Earth)
 * Waseca (Largest city: Waseca)
 * Olmsted (largest city: Rochester)

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Yellow Medicine (Largest city: Granite Falls)
 * Lake of the Woods (Largest city: Baudette)

Counties that flipped from Independence to Democratic

 * Fillmore (largest city: Spring Valley)
 * Freeborn (largest city: Albert Lea)
 * Mower (largest city: Austin)

title: 2006 Minnesota gubernatorial election


text:
Clyde Tunnel

The Clyde Tunnel is a crossing beneath the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland for road traffic, cyclists and pedestrians. Two parallel tunnel tubes connect the districts of Whiteinch to the north and Govan to the south in the west of the city.

History
Efforts to improve the transport infrastructure of Glasgow post-World War II were hit by the problem of crossing the Clyde. Downstream of Jamaica Street in the city centre, it was perceived to be impossible to build a bridge due to the prevalence of shipping. The solution — to build a tunnel beneath the river — was not a new one, with the Harbour Tunnel at Finnieston having been built in the 1890s. However, the Clyde Tunnel project was to be built in the boom of the car era and would be a much larger project. It was given the green light in 1948 but financial difficulties prevented work from beginning until 1957.

Construction
Construction began in 1957, with tunnelling shields, based on Marc Isambard Brunel's design used for the Thames Tunnel a century earlier, used to dig the two tunnels. The tunnels were cut perfectly circular with the road deck sitting a third of the way up. Under each road deck is the pedestrian/cycle tunnel and ventilation ducts. 16 miners operated the shield working shifts in a compressed air environment to ensure that the rock and the river above did not collapse into the tunneling area. The digging itself would be done only with great difficulty due to the geology of the area, hard rock sitting under a soft silt layer beneath the river.

The techniques for decompression after a period of working in a high pressure atmosphere had not been perfected at this time and – also owing to the prevalence of workers refusing to go through the decompression sequence given the length of time required (around an hour) – there were a number of cases of decompression sickness diagnosed as a result, resulting in two fatalities. Work on the tunnel was halted for a time after an explosion when compressed air escaped through the tunnel lining into the river, flushing outward in a fountain.

The first completed tunnel tube, for northbound traffic, was eventually opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 3 July 1963, with the southbound tunnel opening in March 1964. The total cost of the project was £10 million. . By this time, the migration of port facilities downstream to the deeper waters of the Firth of Clyde and improvements in engineering technology had allowed the consideration of bridges downstream of the city centre, namely the Kingston Bridge and, much further downstream than the Tunnel, the Erskine Bridge.

The tunnels
The road tunnels are each 762 metres (2,500 feet) long with a gradient approaching 6% or 1:16. The width of the river at this point is 123 m. Each road tunnel carries two lanes of traffic as part of the A739 road, and are completely separate except for a very small crossover passage between the road tunnels at the nadir (barely large enough for a single pedestrian). They are monitored and controlled from the two Portal towers, one at each end of the tunnel, where CCTV monitors the entirety of the tunnel. Beneath the road tunnel decks run foot and cycle tunnels; and below those, the tunnels' services.

Pedestrian and cycle tunnels
Both tunnels are open to pedestrians in both directions. The eastern tunnel is open to cyclists going southbound, and the western tunnel to cyclists going northbound. In 2008, CCTV secure entry systems were installed at the portals of these tunnels in order to reduce crime and anti-social behaviour in the tunnels.

Repair work
The estimate for traffic levels in the tunnel was between 9,000 and 13,000 vehicles per day during construction; on the first day of opening, 22,000 vehicles used the tunnel. Current estimates for traffic levels are around 65,000 vehicles per day. These unanticipated high volumes of traffic have increased the wear rate for the tunnel, causing it to close repeatedly for repair and renovation work, which has disrupted traffic in the area for over a decade, and has arguably led to the increase in traffic causing similar problems on the Kingston Bridge.

The more recent repairs, costing as much as the initial outlay for construction, involved installing a second, modern, fireproof layer, enabling the tunnel to meet European safety standards after St Gotthard and Mont Blanc tunnel fires, along with new air extraction systems and new lighting. Work began in March 2005 and was scheduled to last until at least April 2006, with one of the tunnels closed during off-peak hours (19:00 to 07:00 daily). However, problems that were encountered meant the work was only completed in 2010.

The roadworks coincided with the "Hold Your Breath" project which aimed to add an artistic experience to travel through the tunnel. The pedestrian tunnel also had its years of graffiti removed as part of a beautification project, but it was often redone soon after being removed.

Breath holding
A popular game amongst local children, and some adults, is attempting to hold one's breath for the duration of the journey by motorized vehicle through the Clyde Tunnel. This is possible due to the short length of the tunnel – a car travelling at the 30 mph limit takes 57 seconds to pass through. Success is hampered by snarl-ups (particularly at the interchange on the north end) slowing traffic. The breath-holding game was the subject of Scottish artist Roderick Buchanan's video Gobstopper, for which he won the Beck's Futures art prize in 2000.

title: Clyde Tunnel


text:
Talk:Newbottle, Tyne and Wear

Untitled
I was always under the impression that Newbottle was in Sunderland!? Fence Houses to the west (Sunderland), Houghton to the south (Sunderland), Doxford to the east (Sunderland) and Herrington to the north (Sunderland). Can anyone clarify? Craigy (talk) 23:38, August 12, 2005 (UTC)

It is part of Tyne and Wear. However, it was part of County Durham hence the DH post codes for the Newbottle and Houghton areas.

Newbottle residents pay their Council Tax to Sunderland City Council which is usually the acid test.

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title: Talk:Newbottle, Tyne and Wear


text:
Talk:Anwick

Can we agree on this as the definitive format? coor_dms and gbmapping links are a bit redundant but if you like them, I don't mind.

Please note:
 * region:GB_scale:100000 added to the coor_dms call
 * templates
 * Aerial not arial !

Incidentally, I find http://www.streetmap.co.uk better to find places. When you have got the arrow pointing where you want, look at the bottom for "Click here to convert/measure coordinates". That will give you the eastings and northing ready to cut and paste into the mmuknr_map and mmuknr_photo calls. -- RHaworth 22:33, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well the problem is every now and then, someone comes along on this long term project and decides they have a better idea, and starts a revert war. Thats why, after cleaning up the intial entires, ive not managed to get past 'B' in filling in, every time i do, i end up going back through the ones Ive done to satisfy someones whim. At some point, we have to say enough is enough, and unless we now leave it as is, we will never get the rest done. Your just another one of these passer's by who think they know better. Ive been here before and got the T shirt. Once Ive messed around and wasted time doing these changes, some other smartass will be along in another 6 months with another bright idea. Hence you can see im not to keen on making yet another change to the layout, on the whim of someone who isnt prepared to spend the time needed to make all this change to all the existing articles. As I said, the one you did do were a random selection, which was even worse. -- user:lincspoacher

And as I said is there another way I could have found them, reliably, in alphabetical order? I hesitate to get personal, but I feel you may be taking an overly possessive attitude to the articles. -- RHaworth 04:18, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

WOW, pit-yacker, your ability to take an article that was easy on the eye to read and turn it into a  dense mass of linked unreadable text is pretty awesome. Do you REALLY HONESTLY think that compressing the page into the minimum space is a good plan ?

Lincolnshire Poacher 22:50, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Anwick


text:
Leonard Leo

Leonard Anthony Leo (born November 1965) is an American lawyer and conservative legal activist. He was the longtime vice president of the Federalist Society and is currently, along with Steven Calabresi, the co-chairman of the organization's board of directors.

Leo has created a network of influential conservative legal groups funded mostly by anonymous donors, including The 85 Fund and Concord Fund, which serve as funding hubs for affiliated political nonprofits. He assisted Clarence Thomas in his Supreme Court confirmation hearings and led campaigns to support the nominations of John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.

Early life and education
Leonard Anthony Leo was born on Long Island, New York, in November 1965, and raised in suburban New Jersey. His grandfather, an Italian immigrant, was a vice president of fashion company Brooks Brothers. He grew up in a family of practicing Catholics.

His father died when Leo was in preschool. When Leo was five years old, his mother married an engineer, and the family moved to Monroe Township, New Jersey, where he spent most of his childhood. He graduated in 1983 from Monroe Township High School.

Leo attended Cornell University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1986, working as an intern in the office of Senator Orrin Hatch. He then attended Cornell Law School, graduating with a J.D. in 1989. He then clerked for Judge A. Raymond Randolph of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

Judicial nomination work
While studying law at Cornell, Leo founded a student chapter of the Federalist Society in 1989, and subsequently went to work for the Society in 1991 in Washington, D.C. He met Clarence Thomas while clerking in the Appeals Court, and the two became close friends. Leo delayed his start at the Federalist Society to assist Thomas in his Supreme Court confirmation hearings. Leo served at the Federalist Society in various capacities for more than 25 years. In 2019, The Washington Post reported that the Federalist Society had paid Leo an annual salary of more than $400,000 for a number of years.

Bush administration
Leo took leaves of absence from the Federalist Society to assist the Bush administration's judicial nomination and confirmation efforts. This included the unsuccessful nomination of Miguel Estrada to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, as well as the successful confirmations of John Roberts and Samuel Alito to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Trump administration
In 2017, legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin wrote that Leo was "responsible, to a considerable extent, for one third of the justices on the Supreme Court". The Washington Post would later write that "few people outside government have more influence over judicial appointments now than Leo."

Nomination of Neil Gorsuch
In 2016, Leo worked with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell to block President Barack Obama's replacement appointee, Merrick Garland. Leo's nonprofit, the Judicial Crisis Network reported that it spent more than $7 million to prevent Garland's confirmation. After Donald Trump's election, The New York Times described Leo as playing a "critical role" in reshaping the judiciary through Trump's Supreme Court nominees, first contacting then appellate-judge Neil Gorsuch about potentially nominating him to the vacancy created by Scalia's death. Leo's CRC Advisors coordinated "a months-long media campaign" in support of Gorsuch's nomination, including "opinion essays, contributing 5,000 quotes to news stories, scheduling pundit appearances on television," and television and radio advertisements. Between 2014 and 2017, Leo-affiliated entities raised over $250 million from donors including Charles Koch and Rebekah Mercer.

Nomination of Brett Kavanaugh
In 2018, Politico reported that Leo had personally lobbied for Brett Kavanaugh's nomination for the Supreme Court seat vacated by Anthony Kennedy, raising upward of $15 million in support of his confirmation. The Judicial Crisis Network ran television and radio advertisements supporting Kavanaugh's nomination, and CRC advisors "hype[d] a theory that Christine Blasey Ford’s accusation—that when they were both in high school, Kavanaugh pushed her on a bed and tried to remove her clothing—was actually a case of mistaken identity".

Nomination of Amy Coney Barrett
In a 2018 interview, when asked about a possible vacancy on the Supreme Court during an election year, Leo stated that "If a vacancy occurs in 2020, the vacancy needs to remain open until a president is elected and inaugurated and can pick. That's my position, period." Leo said he would advise Trump not to act on an election year Supreme Court vacancy, adding that he had never asked Trump about the possible scenario.

After the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg in September 2020, The Wall Street Journal reported that Leo was involved in the selection process for Ginsburg's replacement. Ultimately, that process resulted in the October 2020 appointment of Amy Coney Barrett.

Conservative network building
Media outlets have described Leo as the "behind-the-scenes leader of a network of interlocking nonprofits that has raised and spent hundreds of millions of dollars to support conservative judges and causes". Groups affiliated with Leo include The 85 Fund; the Concord Fund (formerly the Judicial Crisis Network); the Marble Freedom Trust; and the Rule of Law Trust, among others. The Marble Freedom Trust received a $1.6 billion donation from Illinois businessman Barre Seid, described as "the largest known donation to a political advocacy group in U.S. history".

An October 2022 article by Kenneth P. Vogel in The New York Times detailed how Leo, who had been best known for his role in conservative judicial appointments, developed a larger coalition on the right. In January 2020, Leo announced that he would be leaving his position as vice president at the Federalist Society to start a new for-profit group, CRC Advisors, a conservative political consulting firm. Leo remained in his role as co-chairman of the Federalist Society's board of directors.

Vogel wrote that Leo had built "one of the best-funded and most sophisticated operations in American politics, giving him extraordinary influence as he pushes a broad array of hot-button conservative causes and seeks to counter what he sees as an increasing leftward tilt in society." In 2023, ProPublica described Leo's activism, namely through the Teneo Network (not to be confused with the Teneo company), as focusing on "'woke-ism' in corporations and education, 'one-sided journalism' and 'entertainment that's really corrupting our youth." Teneo (from Latin, meaning "I hold" or "I grasp") claims to have a plan to "crush liberal dominance" in journalism and education, as well as in business and politics; it consists of various loosely affiliated non-profit and for-profit entities, which collectively spent nearly $504 million between mid-2015 and 2021. These include two for-profit firms Leo at least partly controls, BH Group and CRC Advisors, which are also compensated by funding hubs in Leo's network, The 85 Fund and the Concord Fund.

The Teneo Network is a member of the advisory board of Project 2025, a collection of conservative and right-wing policy proposals from the Heritage Foundation to reshape the United States federal government and consolidate executive power should the Republican nominee win the 2024 presidential election.

In 2011 and 2012, Leo arranged for Liberty Consulting, owned by Ginni Thomas, the wife of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, to be paid $80,000 by The Polling Company, owned by Kellyanne Conway and billed through the Judicial Education Project. Leo directed Conway not to mention Ginni Thomas in paperwork, telling The Washington Post, "The Polling Company, along with Ginni Thomas's help, has been an invaluable resource for gauging public attitudes," and that "Knowing how disrespectful, malicious and gossipy people can be, I have always tried to protect the privacy of Justice Thomas and Ginni."

In June 2023, ProPublica reported that Leo helped organize and attended a fishing trip with Justice Samuel Alito and businessman Paul Singer, whose firms later were parties to litigation before the Supreme Court.

In March 2023, Politico reported that in 2021 and 2022, Leo had moved at least $43 million from his nonprofits into CRC Advisors, a for-profit business which he chairs. In August 2023, the Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Brian Schwalb, began investigating Leo and his network of nonprofit groups after receiving a letter from a progressive watchdog group claiming that Leo-aligned groups had violated nonprofit tax law. Leo's attorney, David Rivkin, said in October 2023 that Leo would not cooperate with the investigation because Schwalb had "no legal authority" as the Leo nonprofits are not registered in Washington, D.C. Leo's network subsequently engaged in a pressure campaign targeting Schwalb. Twelve Republican attorneys general have challenged the legal basis of Schwalb's probe and Republican members of the U.S. House have announced a probe of Schwalb's investigation.

The Senate Judiciary Committee in April 2024 issued a subpoena to Leo regarding undisclosed gifts to Supreme Court justices; within a day Leo publicly refused to cooperate with the subpoena, calling it "politically motivated" and arising from "dark money".

Religious work
Leo was national co-chairman of Catholic outreach for the Republican National Committee, and as the 2004 Bush presidential campaign's Catholic strategist. He was appointed by President George W. Bush and the United States Senate to three terms on the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. He is a board member of the National Catholic Prayer Breakfast.

In 2012, Leo served on the boards of the Catholic Association and its affiliate Catholic Association Foundation, which ran campaigns opposing the legalization of same-sex marriage. In 2016, Leo received $120,000 for his work for the Catholic Association.

While Leo was the chairman of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a Muslim policy analyst filed a complaint against the group with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleging that she had been the victim of anti-Muslim discrimination. Leo denied the claims of discrimination against the organization, and no specific claims were made regarding Leo. The EEOC complaint was dismissed.

Other appointments and work
He has been a US delegate to the United Nations Council and the UN Commission on Human Rights, as well as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and World Health Assembly. Leo has been an observer at the World Intellectual Property Organization and as a member of the US National Commission to UNESCO.

Leo has been published in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Huffington Post. He received the 2009 Bradley Prize.

Leo has been on the board of directors of various organizations such as Reclaim New York, a charity with ties to conservative activists Rebekah Mercer and Steve Bannon; Liberty Central, a charity founded by Virginia Thomas, wife of Clarence Thomas; the Catholic Association and an affiliated charity, the Catholic Association Foundation; The National Catholic Prayer Breakfast; the Becket Law Fund; Students for Life; the Napa Legal Institute; the Youth Leadership Foundation; and the Board of Visitors at The Busch School of Business at Catholic University.

Leo is a member of the Council for National Policy, whose other members include Virginia Thomas, the wife of Clarence Thomas; Brent Bozell, founder of the Media Research Center; and Ralph Reed, chairman of the nonprofit Faith and Freedom Coalition.

In filings with the Federal Election Commission, Leo listed the BH Group as his employer. In 2018, the Judicial Crisis Network reported paying BH Group $1.2 million in fees. In its first two years of existence, the BH Group received more than $4 million from the Judicial Crisis Network, its sister entity the Judicial Education Project and a third nonprofit, the Wellspring Committee. Leo is also the president of the Freedom and Opportunity Fund.

In 2016, after the death of US Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, Leo helped finance the renaming of George Mason University's Law School to the Antonin Scalia Law School.

Personal life
Leo is a Roman Catholic. He has seven children with his wife, Sally. Their daughter Margaret died in 2007 at the age of 14 from spina bifida. Leo has spoken about the profound impact her life had on him.

Leo is a knight of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, a Catholic lay religious order. In October 2022, Leo was awarded the John Paul II New Evangelization Award by the Catholic Information Center in Washington, DC, a Paulist organization affiliated with Opus Dei. In May 2023, Leo received an honorary doctorate from Benedictine College in Atchison, Kansas.

Works

 * Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House (Simon & Schuster, 2004) ISBN 978-0743274081. Leo co-edited this volume with James Taranto.

title: Leonard Leo


text:
Gormlaith ingen Murchada

Gormlaith ingen Murchada (960–1030), sometimes spelled Gormflaith, was an Irish queen.

Life
Gormlaith was born in Naas, County Kildare, Ireland. Her father was Murchad mac Finn, King of Leinster, and her brother was Máel Mórda mac Murchada. According to annalistic accounts, she was married to Olaf Cuaran, the Viking king of Dublin and York until his death in 981, and was mother to his son, King Sigtrygg Silkbeard.

After Sigtrygg's defeat at the Battle of Glenn Máma in 999, Gormlaith was married to Brian Boru, the King of Munster and High King of Ireland, and mother to his son and later King of Munster, Donnchad. It is also alleged that she married Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill after Olaf's death, but this is somewhat contentious as the sources for this marriage are less reliable. The Irish annals record Gormlaith's death in 1030.

Gormlaith is most infamous for allegedly inciting men to such a degree that she caused the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. Given that her goading episode exists only in literary sources not contemporary with her lifetime, indeed written long after her death, it is highly unlikely that such an event ever occurred. Very little is known about the actual historical figure since the majority of depictions of Gormlaith were composed well after her life.

Annalistic and genealogical accounts
The first annalistic account regarding Gormlaith appears in the Annals of Inisfallen, a major extant record of Munster history. The entry of her death was composed some 62 years after her death, making it the most contemporary and temporally proximate. This account stated, "The Daughter of Murchad son of Finn, queen of Munster, dies." Gormlaith's father was Murchad, son of Finn and this statement paired with Queen of Munster, leaves little doubt amongst scholars that this reference is to Gormlaith. The Annals of Tigernach are the next chronologically contemporaneous account with a reference to Gormlaith. These annals, compiled in the Irish midlands, stated, "Gormlaith, daughter of Murchad, son of Finn, mother of Sitric, son of Amlaíb Cuarán, king of the Foreigners, and of Donnachad, son of Brian, king of Munster, died."

Gormlaith also appears in genealogical accounts written more than 100 years after her death. The first of these accounts is found in the Banshenchas, a catalogue of famous medieval Irish women. The entry in this account echoed the annalistic accounts and names Olaf Cuaran and Brian Boru as her husbands and Sigtrygg and Donnchad as her sons. Gormlaith also appears in the twelfth-century genealogies found in the Book of Leinster dating from 1150 to 1201. From this entry derives the famous "three leaps" of Gormlaith poem, which states she made a "leap in Dublin, a leap in Tara and a leap in Cashel". Some scholars have used these "three leaps" as evidence of her three marriages to Olaf Cuaran, Brian Boru and Máel Sechnaill, contradicting the annalistic accounts which refer to only two marriages. In particular, the validity of this third marriage to Máel Sechnaill and her alleged divorce from Brian Boru, have been of serious contention amongst scholars. The "three leaps" poem contained in 12th-century genealogies is the only medieval Irish account to potentially suggest a third marriage. However, some scholars have argued that the reference here to "three leaps" is referring instead to children and not, in fact, to marriages.

Mediaeval literary accounts
Gormlaith has been depicted in many contexts since her death, and she is arguably best known for her portrayal in the Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh. This literary work of propaganda was composed between 1103 and 1111 by a descendant of Brian Boru, Muirchertach Ua Briain. This text detailed the ascent to power of his illustrious ancestor in an effort to highlight the prestige of his dynasty. Gormlaith makes her appearance in a singular scene in which she has garnered much notoriety in subsequent sources, is her inciting scene. To provide context: prior to this her brother, Mael Mordha, has ceded vassalage to Brian Boru. "'Now when they arrived at Cenn Cordah, the king took off his tunic, and it was carried to his sister to put a silver button on it, viz. to Gormlaith, daughter of Murchad, Brian's wife; and she was the mother of Donnchad, son of Brian. The queen took the tunic and cast it into the fire; and she began to reproach and incite her brother because she thought it ill that he should yield service and vassalage and suffer oppression from any one or yield that which his father or grandfather never yielded and she said that his Brian's son would require the same thing from his son.'" In this depiction, Gormlaith, unsuccessfully, attempted to goad her brother into going to war against her husband Brian Boru.

Njál's Saga, a thirteenth-century Icelandic literary work, referred to her as Kormloð, and portrayed her as a jealous divorcee bent on revenge on her ex-husband Brian Boru."'She was a very beautiful woman, but her best qualities were those over which she had no control, and it was commonly said that her character was evil insofar as she had control over it.'"

In this narrative, she goads her son Sigtrygg, unlike the Cogadh, where she attempted to incite her brother, Mael Mordha. She prompted Sigtrygg into gathering support from Vikings outside Ireland, most notably Earl Sigurd of Orkney and Brodir of the Isle of Man, by promising her hand in marriage. This is the first work to introduce the idea that Gormlaith was divorced from Brian Boru.

Early Modern narrative texts
A separate strain of wholly negative conceptions of Gormlaith appeared in Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa Ar Eirinn composed in 1634. In this text Keating makes explicit the link between Gormlaith's goading and Máel Mórda's declaration of war. Gormlaith's remarks in this Early Modern account weighed on Máel Mórda, contributing to his quarrel with Murchad and eventually lead the "Leinster king to seek allies in the war against the Dál Cais". As to why Keating decided to place the cause of hostilities with Gormlaith is up for some debate. One scholar, Meidhbhín Ní Úrdail suggested that he was influenced by Meredith Hamner's Chronicle of Ireland published in 1633, where the cause of Clontarf is attributed not to Gormlaith, but an anonymous "merchant's wife". Keating's work would in turn influence a slightly later text of the same period, Cath Cluana Tarbh. Only one version of this work contains a reference to Gormlaith, but the depiction is derived from Keating.

title: Gormlaith ingen Murchada


text:
Epidemic Intelligence Service

The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is a program of the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The modern EIS is a two-year, hands-on post-doctoral training program in epidemiology, with a focus on field work.

History
Alexander Langmuir, Chief of the U.S. Public Health Service, proposed the creation of the Epidemic Intelligence Service on March 30, 1951. Langmuir argued that the agency could identify appropriate defense measures against biological warfare germs, develop new detection methods, and train laboratory workers to rapidly recognize biological warfare germs. This justification arose from biological warfare concerns during the Korean War.

The Epidemic Intelligence Service was organized on September 26, 1951, with the purpose of investigating disease outbreaks that are beyond the control of state and local health departments, enforcing interstate quarantine regulations, and providing epidemic aid at the request of state health agencies. The Epidemic Intelligence Service's first staff members were 21 medical officers of the Public Health Service.

Background
The EIS is operated by the CDC's Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services (CSELS), in the Office of Public Health Scientific Services (OPHSS).

Program participants, known colloquially as "disease detectives", are formally called "EIS officers" (or EIS fellows) by the CDC and have been dispatched to investigate hundreds of possible epidemics created by natural and artificial causes. Since 1951, more than 3,000 EIS officers have been involved in domestic and international response efforts, including the anthrax, hantavirus, West Nile virus in the United States, and the 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.

EIS officers begin their fellowship with a one-month training program at CDC headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia; however, 95% of their two-year term consists of experiential rather than classroom training. For the remainder of their service, EIS officers are assigned to operational branches within the CDC or at state and local health departments around the country. Placement is determined via a highly competitive matching process. The CDC pairs EIS officers with a Public Health Advisor, forming a scientist (EIS officer) and operations (PHA) team. The EIS is a common recruiting pathway into the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.

The EIS is the prototype for Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP), which operate in numerous countries with technical assistance provided by the CDC. However, attempts to establish FETPs in Indonesia, Hungary, Ivory Coast, and within the World Health Organization have failed due to insufficient long-term support.

History of responses
Since the inception of the EIS, officers have been involved with treatment, eradication, and disease-control efforts for a variety of medically related crises. Below is an abridged timeline of their work.
 * 1950s: The EIS worked on polio, lead poisoning, and Asian influenza
 * 1960s: Cancer clusters, and smallpox
 * 1970s: Legionnaires' disease, Ebola, and Reye syndrome
 * 1980s: Toxic shock syndrome, birth defects, and HIV/AIDS
 * 1990s: Tobacco, West Nile virus, and contaminated water
 * 2000s: Post 9/11 anthrax attacks, E. coli O157:H7, SARS, H1N1, and the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina
 * 2010s: The aftermath of the Haiti earthquake, obesity, fungal meningitis, and Ebola
 * 2020s: Zika virus, COVID-19 pandemic

EIS conference
EIS officers attend an annual conference in Atlanta, Georgia, to present components of their work from the preceding year.

During the conference, the Alexander D. Langmuir Prize is awarded "to a current officer or first-year alumnus of the EIS for the best scientific publication. The award consists of a $100 cash prize, an engraved paperweight, a case of ale or beer redolent of the John Snow Pub in London, and an inscription on the permanent plaque at CDC."

A complete list of Langmuir Prize winners is included below:

In popular culture
In the 2011 film Contagion, the character Doctor Erin Mears (portrayed by Kate Winslet) is a physician and investigator with the Epidemic Intelligence Service who was tasked by the CDC to discover the origin of a highly contagious and deadly virus known as MEV-1 which was rapidly spreading throughout the world following initial outbreaks in Kowloon, Hong Kong and Minneapolis, Minnesota.

title: Epidemic Intelligence Service


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Talk:Weeble

Untitled
This shouldn't really be in the "Weebl and Bob" category, surely? Alai 19:36, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it shouldn't. I changed it to a "see also" link. PeepP 19:26, August 14, 2005 (UTC)

Still in production?
The article as written uses the present tense: "Weebles are a line of toys...". However, having listened to the commentary track of the DVD Primer, it seems that Hasbro is no longer manufacturing Weebles. The director wanted Weebles to use as props in the film, but had a lot of difficulty in finding them, until finally he bought some on eBay. He mentioned that he had to take the fire truck and another accessory as well, just to get one Weeble. --Cinematical 23:54, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I saw "Hansel and Gretel", "Jack and Jill", and "Goldilocks" WEEBLES sets at a Wal-Mart store in Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA, within the past two weeks. (I collect WEEBLES toys like some other Wikipedia editors collect Pokémon toys so I watch follow WM's preschool toy section closely.) So it would appear that they either are still in production or have been discontinued very recently. But then Primer is a 2004 film, and the new (2000s) line of WEEBLES toys became available starting in fall 2004. --Damian Yerrick (☎) 00:06, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting. Thanks. Primer was released in 2004, but it would have been filmed a few years earlier, probably 2001. Great movie by the way; you should see it. I wonder when they were last produced prior to 2004? Early 1980s? --Cinematical 04:26, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Just thought that the trivia section almost sounds like it should be moved to a disambiguation page rather than listed on the article. Some of the trivia has nothing to do with weebles but sound like the name. I think the "weebl and bob" should also be part of the disambiguation or a note on the top of the article. Peter 04:25, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

reqphoto: license clarification
Someone put reqphoto at the top of this talk page. I'll warn in advance that any photo added to this article's lead section will have to be non-free and uploaded directly to English Wikipedia, not Commons. Here's why: Oh, and Weebles toys are once again discontinued. (In fact, I managed to catch 'em all.) --Damian Yerrick (talk | stalk) 18:08, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Photos of Weebles figures are derivative works of the original sculptures, subject to copyright restrictions.
 * Photos of homemade self-righting figures would not fit for the same reason that we don't use a screenshot of OpenOffice.org Writer at the top of the article Microsoft Word.

Generic name?
Prior to the proprietary "Weeble" described here, this sort of weighted-bottom, bounce-back toy existed (e.g., in Der Stürmer No. 29, July 1937). What was it called? The page as presently written describes it without using a particular term. The Leo DE/EN online dictionary gives "tumbler" for the German Stehaufmännchen (note that the interwiki links to the generic toy)—is this British English, as it's unfamiliar to my native U.S. English vocabulary. I'm interested in the U.S. English term.  -- Deborahjay (talk) 10:05, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The article roly-poly toy has appeared since then. Now which interlanguage links on this article are trademarks of Hasbro in other countries, and which are generic? The generic ones should be moved to roly-poly toy; only links specifically about Hasbro should stay.

I have often wondered where this product name originates because the Dutch word for 'to wobble' is 'wiebelen' (pronounced weebelen). Thus, Weebles wobble. Simplastic (talk) 14:39, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

Original Weebles
The article needs an image of an original Weeble, preferably a side by side comparison with the new ones. Were the originals discontinued because of possible choking hazards? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bizzybody (talk • contribs) 21:26, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Two solids?
The explanation of how a weeble wroks stresses that it must comtain two solids of different density. Anyone who gas real world experience of destroying weebles (e.g. by hurling them as toy hand grenades) will know they actually have a metal weight in the base and the top is hollow. Altough the principle of low c of g is correct the level of weeble-fu demonstrated by the explanation is paltry and unworthy of Wikipedia. Stub Mandrel (talk) 18:02, 10 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Weeble


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CMS Encore Pro

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. humblefool®Deletion Reform 03:39, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

CMS Encore Pro
Advertising for non-notable software. Interestingly, the first version of this page has a vfd tag which has been there ever since. --PrologFan | Talk 19:36, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Convenient, I guess... delete, ad for non-notable software. Dcarrano 23:58, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Siemens S40

The Siemens S40 is a mobile phone. Originally developed as the Bosch 1886 in 2000, the phone was branded as the Siemens S40 after Siemens acquired the Bosch mobile phone division. The Siemens S40 is a tri-band mobile phone that operates on the GSM-900, GSM-1800, and GSM-1900 networks. Communication with a computer can be done either through the infrared port (IrDA) on the phone or a USB or serial port data cable. Its more distinctive features include the voice memo recorder, the mute feature for conversations, the ability to record phone conversations, and the ringtone composer (a useful alternative for those unsatisfied with the 47 monophonic ringtones).

In 2005, the phone made it onto CNET's list of ten lowest-radiation cell phones, at #10, with a SAR (specific absorption rate) of 0.33.

The phone also supports WAP 1.1, SMS, HSCSD, and T9 predictive text input.

The S40 includes a 104x64 pixel monochrome liquid-crystal display with a blue backlight, an internal antenna, and rubbery buttons to prevent accidental dialing.

Siemens S42
Phone was also branded as the Siemens S42, with the only differences being the keypad cover and a more rounded form factor.

title: Siemens S40


text:
Van der Woude syndrome

Van der Woude syndrome (VDWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the combination of lower lip pits, cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P), and cleft palate only (CPO). The frequency of orofacial clefts ranges from 1:1000 to 1:500 births worldwide, and there are more than 400 syndromes that involve CL/P. VWS is distinct from other clefting syndromes due to the combination of cleft lip and palate (CLP) and CPO within the same family. Other features frequently associated with VWS include hypodontia in 10-81% of cases, narrow arched palate, congenital heart disease, heart murmur and cerebral abnormalities, syndactyly of the hands, polythelia, ankyloglossia, and adhesions between the upper and lower gum pads.

The association between lower lip pits and cleft lip and/or palate was first described by Anne Van der Woude in 1954. The worldwide disease incidence ranges from 1:100,000 to 1:40,000.

Genetics
Van der Woude syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in a single gene with equal distribution between the sexes. The disease has high penetrance at about 96% but the phenotypic expression varies from lower lip pits with cleft lip and cleft palate to no visible abnormalities. Approximately 88% of VWS patients display lower lip pits, and in about 64% of cases lip pits are the only visible defect. Reported clefting covers a wide range including submucous cleft palate, incomplete unilateral CL, bifid uvula, and complete bilateral CLP. VWS is the most common orofacial clefting syndrome, accounting for 2% of CLP cases.

The majority of VWS cases are caused by haploinsufficiency due to mutations in the interferon regulatory factor 6 gene (IRF6) on chromosome 1 in the 1q32-q41 region known as VWS locus 1. A second, less common, causative locus is found at 1p34, known as VWS locus 2 (VWS2). More recent work has shown that GRHL3 is the VWS2 gene. Grhl3 is downstream of Irf6 in oral epithelium, suggesting a common molecular pathway leading to VWS. Prior work also suggested WDR65 as a candidate gene. IRF6 contains two non-coding and seven coding exons and is part of a family of nine transcription factors with a highly conserved helix-turn-helix DNA binding domain called the Smad-interferon regulatory factor binding domain (SMIR). Mutations in coding or non-coding IRF6 exons can result in Van der Woude syndrome. Due to the wide range of expressivity, it is also believed that other unidentified loci contribute to disease development.

An example of the clear phenotypic variability is a monozygotic twin study conducted by Jobling et al. (2010). Two monozygotic female twins had the same IRF6 mutation; however Twin A was born with a bilateral cleft lip, whereas Twin B had bilateral lip pits and no orofacial clefting. Both twins were diagnosed with VWS. The twins' father had lip pits alone and a family history of CLP, CP, CL, and/or lip pits. Both twins were diagnosed with VWS. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was done for all exons of IRF6, and a missense mutation was discovered in exon 4. The tyrosine in the normal protein at this position is conserved across mammals, frogs, and chickens, so despite the fact that it was a previously unreported mutation, it was expected to be deleterious. This study is not the first case of different phenotypes occurring between monozygotic twins. Possible causes of phenotypic variability include variations in the intrauterine environment, epigenetic differences, or chance effects.

Pathophysiology
Lip pits were first reported in 1845 by Demarquay who thought they were indentations made by the upper incisors. Today it is known that they occur during embryogenesis due to IRF6 mutations. On day 32 of embryonic development there are four growth centers of the lower lip divided by two lateral grooves and one median. By day 38 of normal development, the grooves have disappeared. However, when growth of the mandibular process is impeded, a lip pit occurs. Lip pits begin to develop on day 36. Cleft lip begins to develop on day 40, and cleft palate emerges on day 50 of development.

There are three types of lip pits, which are classified according to their location: midline upper, comissural, and lower lip. The most common phenotype is two symmetrical lower lip pits flanking both sides of the midline in the bilateral paramedial sinuses. Lower lip pits may also be bilaterally, unilaterally, or medially asymmetrical. The occurrence of a single lip pit is considered incomplete expression, and it typically occurs on the left side of the lower lip. There are also three different shapes for lip pits, the most common being circular or oval; less common forms include slit-like or transverse. The lip pits extend into the orbicularis oris muscle, ending in blind sacs surrounded by mucous glands. In some cases mucous is excreted when the muscles contract.

Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis based on orofacial clefts and lip pits typically occurs shortly after birth. Certain defects may be difficult to diagnose, particularly a submucous cleft palate. This form of CP may not be detected except through finger palpation, as the mucosa covering the palate is intact, but the muscles underneath have lost their proper attachments. Feeding problems, impaired speech, and hearing loss are symptoms of a submucous cleft palate. Furthermore, approximately 15% of VWS cases with orofacial clefts, in the absence of prominent lip pits, cannot be easily distinguished from non-syndromic forms of orofacial clefting. Therefore, it is very important to closely examine these patients as well as their relatives for lip pits, especially when there is a family history of mixed clefting, in order to make the VWS diagnosis. Dentists may also play an important role in diagnosing cases not detected at birth, as they detect hypodontia commonly associated with VWS. The patients most commonly lack the upper second premolars followed by the lower second premolars and upper lateral incisors. The absence of these teeth might play a role in the constricting of the dental arches.

The clinical signs seen in VWS are similar to those of popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS), which is also an autosomal dominant disease. Approximately 46% of affected individuals have lip pits; other features include genital abnormalities, abnormal skin near nails, syndactyly of fingers and toes, and webbed skin. The disease is also caused by mutations in IRF6; however, they occur in the DNA-binding domain of IRF6 and result in a dominant negative effect in which the mutated IRF6 transcription factor interferes with the ability of the wild type copy to function, in the case of a heterozygous individual.

Genetic Counseling
Genetic counseling for VWS involves discussion of disease transmission in the autosomal dominant manner and possibilities for penetrance and expression in offspring. Autosomal dominance means affected parents have a 50% chance of passing on their mutated IRF6 allele to a their child. Furthermore, if a cleft patient has lip pits, he or she has a ten times greater risk of having a child with cleft lip with or without cleft palate than a cleft patient who does not have lip pits. Types of clefting between parents and affected children are significantly associated; however, different types of clefts may occur horizontally and vertically within the same pedigree. In cases where clefting is the only symptom, a complete family history must be taken to ensure the patient does not have non-syndromic clefting.

Treatment
Lip pits may be surgically removed either for aesthetic reasons or discomfort due to inflammation caused by bacterial infections or chronic saliva excretion, though spontaneous shrinkage of the lip pits has occurred in some rare cases. Chronic inflammation has also been reported to cause squamous-cell carcinoma. It is essential to completely remove the entire lip pit canal, as mucoid cysts can develop if mucous glands are not removed. A possible side effect of removing the lip pits is a loose lip muscle. Other conditions associated with VWS, including CL, CP, congenital heart defects, etc. are surgically corrected or otherwise treated as they would be if they were non-syndromic.

title: Van der Woude syndrome


text:
2006 New Hampshire gubernatorial election

The 2006 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on November 7, 2006. Incumbent Democrat John Lynch defeated Republican James B. Coburn and won a second term as Governor of New Hampshire.

Candidates

 * John Lynch, incumbent Governor of New Hampshire

Candidates

 * Jim Coburn, New Hampshire State Representative

Counties that swung from Republican to Democratic

 * Belknap (largest city: Laconia)
 * Carroll (largest municipality: Conway)
 * Hillsborough (largest municipality: Manchester)
 * Rockingham (largest municipality: Derry)