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Crazy in Love

"Crazy in Love" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé for her debut solo studio album Dangerously in Love (2003). It features a rap verse and ad-libs from Jay-Z, her now-husband. Both artists wrote and composed the song in collaboration with Rich Harrison and Eugene Record; the former also produced it with Beyoncé. Using samples from the Chi-Lites's 1970 song "Are You My Woman (Tell Me So)", "Crazy in Love" is a pop, hip hop and R&B love song that incorporates elements of soul, and 1970s-style funk music. Its lyrics describe a romantic obsession causing the protagonist to act out of character. The song was released as the lead single from Dangerously in Love on May 18, 2003, by Columbia Records.

"Crazy in Love" was a number-one hit in the United States and United Kingdom, and reached the top ten in various other countries worldwide. The song was universally acclaimed; music critics praised the hook, Jay-Z's contribution, and Beyoncé's assertive vocals. VH1 declared it the greatest song of the 2000s decade, while Rolling Stone ranked it at number 16 on their list of the 500 greatest songs of all time in 2021, and in 2018, declared the song the greatest of the 21st century so far. At the 46th Annual Grammy Awards (2004), "Crazy in Love" won Grammy Awards for Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.

The song's accompanying music video features Beyoncé in various dance sequences. It won three awards at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, and its director, Jake Nava, won the Music Video Production Association award for Best R&B Video in 2004. Since 2003, "Crazy in Love" has been a staple in Beyoncé's live performances and concert tours. The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) recognized "Crazy in Love" as one of the most performed songs of 2004. Artists including David Byrne have covered the song, and it has been used in various television shows and other media.

Development and production
By July 2002, Beyoncé had already recorded several songs which would appear on Dangerously in Love. Columbia Records planned to release the album in October 2002; however, the release was postponed several times to capitalize on the success of American rapper Nelly's 2002 single "Dilemma," which features Beyoncé's former Destiny's Child colleague Kelly Rowland. These delays allowed Beyoncé to record more songs for the album.

Before meeting Beyoncé, Rich Harrison had conceptualized the beat of the song. He had sampled the hook's instrumentation from the 1970 song "Are You My Woman? (Tell Me So)," which had originally been written and composed by Eugene Record, frontman of the Chicago-based vocal group the Chi-Lites. When Harrison first played the beat to his friends, they could not "dig it," and this made him realize that he had conceived something special, which people would appreciate better after hearing the whole record. Thus Harrison decided not to market the selection, and instead, he waited for the right artist to record it: "I had it in the chamber, I had not really shopped it much, because sometimes you do not want to come out of the bag before it's right. People do not really get it and you will leave them with a foul taste in their mouth."

Harrison was pleasantly surprised when he got a call from Beyoncé, who was working on one of the most anticipated albums of the year. However, things did not turn up according to his plans the following day, as he was late and was still suffering the effects of a hangover. When Harrison played the sample to Beyoncé in the studio, the singer initially had doubts about the "sound so full of blaring fanfare;" it seemed too retro and according to her, no one used horn riffs in the 21st century. Nevertheless, Beyoncé accepted the sample, much to Harrison's delight, and gave him two hours to write and compose the song while she went out.

Harrison confessed that it was not easy for him to come up with the lyrics to "Crazy in Love" in that length of time. But two hours later, he had written the verses and the hook, in spite of being hung over. Harrison had also made provision for a backing track; he played all the instruments on the track. The bridge was written by Beyoncé, who was inspired by looking at herself in the mirror; as she was not wearing matching clothes and her hair was untidy, she kept saying, "I'm looking so crazy right now." Harrison sang back to her and said, "That's the hook." It also inspired the title of the song. After that Beyoncé had filled up the middle eight, she came up with the catchphrase – "Uh-oh, uh-oh, you know" – alongside Harrison.

Featured artist Jay-Z became involved late in the song's production. Around 3 am, he came to the studio and recorded a rap verse, which he improvised in about ten minutes. The recording of "Crazy in Love" took place nearly three months following the meeting of Beyoncé with Harrison.

Music and lyrics
"Crazy in Love" is performed in the key of D. It incorporates influences of 1970s-style funk, hip hop, and soul. As commented by Robert Webb of The Independent, the old soul influences in the song seem to have been derived from the horn hook, which samples the 1970 song "Are You My Woman? (Tell Me So)." Having a go-go vibe, "Crazy in Love" is built on a hip hop beat. Beyoncé told The Sunday Herald that the beat is "so hard that it makes your heart hurt." The song's tempo is a moderate 100 beats per minute, in common time. Beyoncé's vocal range spans around one and a half octaves in the song, from the low note of B♭3 to the high note of F5. "Crazy in Love" uses two major chords, B♭ and G, a minor third apart. One of the main vocal riffs uses the traditional cowbell rhythm often found in samba music. Lisa Verrico of The Times magazine, wrote that "Crazy in Love" makes use of big drums and bits of brass.

According to Natalie Nichols of the Los Angeles Times, the lyrics of "Crazy in Love" reference a state of romantic obsession. Beyoncé said that the song talks "about how, when you are falling in love, you do things that are out of character and you do not really care because you are just open." Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone wrote that "Crazy in Love" has "such a cauldron of energy," that Beyoncé sounds "loose and sexy," gripped by emotions she "can neither understand nor control." The lyrics are composed in the traditional verse-chorus form. Jay Z opens the song with a brief spoken verse-rap, containing the lyrics: "Yes! So crazy right now. Most incredibly, it's your girl, B. It's your boy, Young. You ready?" After Beyoncé delivers the "uh-oh, uh-oh" catchphrase, Jay Z continues the monologue. Beyoncé begins the first verse, followed with the whistle-backed chorus. She repeats the "uh-oh, uh-oh" phrase, leading to the second verse. The chorus follows, giving way to the second verse-rap which contains the lyrics: "Jay Z in the range, crazy and deranged [...] I been iller than chain smokers, how you think I got the name 'Hova', I been real and the game's over". The song continues to the bridge, singing: "I'm not myself, lately I'm foolish, I don't do this, / I've been playing myself, baby, I don't care / 'Cuz your love's got the best of me, / And baby, you're making a fool of me, / You got me sprung and I don't care who sees." She then sings the chorus again and the song fades out with the horns.

Release
"Crazy in Love" was first released for digital download via iTunes Store in the United States on May 14, 2003. It was then sent to rhythmic contemporary, contemporary hit radio, and urban contemporary radio stations in the United States on the week of May 18, 2003. In the United Kingdom, it was released for digital download via iTunes Store on May 20, 2003. Notably, the song was also fairly successful as a ringtone among cell phone users across the United States. The song was released as a CD single in Ireland and Switzerland, and as a digital EP in Germany on June 20, 2003. "Crazy in Love" was released as a maxi single in Germany on June 30, 2003, and in Australia on July 7, 2003. The song was issued as a CD single in the United Kingdom on June 30, 2003. "Crazy in Love" was released as a digital EP in several European countries, including Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden on July 8, 2003. This digital EP was also available in Canada and Ireland on July 8, 2003. On July 22, 2003, two remixes–one from Rockwilder and the other from Adam 12–were released in the United States.

Critical reception
"Crazy in Love" was acclaimed by contemporary music critics, who complimented the horn lines and the guest appearance of Jay-Z. Many of them called it the Summer Anthem of 2003. Tim Sendra of AllMusic described the song as a "stunning pop masterpiece", while Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the same website called it "deliriously catchy". Darryl Sterdan of Jam! noted the "Crazy in Love" is "instantly addictive horn lines". Anthony DeCurtis of Rolling Stone wrote: "'Crazy in Love' ... roars out of the speakers on the strength of a propulsive horn sample and the charged presence of her pal, Jay-Z." Ben Ratliff of Blender magazine called the song an "itchy [and] eager-to-please" one. Marc Anthony Neal of PopMatters called the "uh-oh, uh-oh" phrase catchy. MTV News considered "Crazy in Love" to be the "proudest moment" of Dangerously in Love. Similarly, Allison Stewart of The Washington Post called it the best song on the album, praising its instrumentation, harmonies, and the rap verse of Jay Z. This was echoed by Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times who wrote that "Crazy in Love" is the best one on the album thanks to its "simplicity, irresistible combination of triumphant horns and a wicked hip-hop beat". She added that "[Beyoncé's] vocals – as deft and accurate as ever – convey none of the giddy rush that the lyrics describe." Likewise, Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote the lyrical arrangement, the music structure and the guest vocals by Jay Z all contributed in making "Crazy in Love" a wonderful resume for Beyoncé.

Rob Fitzpatrick of NME called "Crazy in Love" a "head-nodding [and] body-rocking funk-soul genius" and wrote that it is "a 100 per cent, stone-cold, dead-cert classic". He complimented Beyoncé's vocals, describing them as "genuinely, hip-grindingly fruity". Los Angeles Times writer Natalie Nichols noted that "sexy dance tunes as the vintage funk-flavored 'Crazy in Love'" made Dangerously in Love a great album. Neil Drumming of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the song has a "fresh sound". Spence D. of IGN Music wrote that Beyoncé rides the "infectious rhythm" with grace and mid-range seductively. He added, "As [it] can be expected, the track bumps when Jay drops his distinctive uptown flavor. While other rap-meet-R&B tracks often fall flat, this one works well as Beyoncé and Jay's verbals play nicely against one another." Lisa Verrico of The Times wrote that Jay Z performed a "decent rap", however, "Beyoncé and the beats save the day" and that "Crazy in Love" was a departure for Beyoncé from Destiny's Child.

Commercial performance
"Crazy in Love" was a commercial success in the United States, debuting at number fifty-eight on the Billboard Hot 100. Although it hadn't yet been released to retail stores, the single gained much attention and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 based on heavy rotation alone. The same week it reached number one, Dangerously in Love debuted on the Billboard 200 at number one on July 12, 2003. Substantial airplay, and later in retail, gains of "Crazy in Love" allowed it to dominate the chart, spending eight consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot 100, making it Beyoncé's first number one single in her solo career. According to Nielsen SoundScan, "Crazy in Love" was the most downloaded song in the United States for four consecutive weeks in July 2003. "Crazy in Love" spent fifteen weeks in the top ten, twenty-six weeks in the top fifty, and twenty-seven weeks on the chart in total. The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2004 while its mastertone was also certified gold two years later. In August 2022, "Crazy In Love" was certified six-times platinum by the RIAA denoting sales and streams of six million copies in the US. "Crazy in Love" was the fourth biggest hit of 2003 in the United States. By October 6, 2010, "Crazy in Love" had sold 47,000 physical units in the United States. "Crazy In Love" also has the distinction of being the first number-one single on Billboard's inaugural Hot Dance Airplay Chart, which debuted on August 16, 2003, where it spent seven weeks at the top spot. In the United Kingdom, Beyoncé became the third female artist to top the UK Singles Chart and UK Albums Chart simultaneously, following Mariah Carey in 1994 and Kylie Minogue in 2001. Including her career with Destiny's Child, "Crazy in Love" became Beyoncé's third number one single in the United Kingdom and was the only song to top the charts the United Kingdom and the United States simultaneously in 2003. The single spent three weeks at number one in the United Kingdom and fifteen weeks in the top hundred. As of March 2018, it has sold over 1 million units in the country, making it her second best selling song there. "Crazy in Love" reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart, where it spent eighteen weeks. In Australia, "Crazy in Love" peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart and was later certified eleven-times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) with sales of over 770,000 equivalent units. It also peaked at number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart, and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ). "Crazy in Love" reached top ten throughout Europe, including Austria, the Belgian territories of Flanders and Wallonia, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.

Production and synopsis
The music video of "Crazy in Love", released in May 2003, was directed by Jake Nava and filmed in downtown Los Angeles. In MTV Making of the Video 2003 documentary, Beyoncé described the video's conception: "[It] celebrates the evolution of a woman. It is about a girl who is at the point of a relationship. She realizes that she is in love, she is doing stuff she would not normally do but she does not care. It does not matter she is just crazy in love."

The opening sequence of the video features Jay-Z as a passenger in a car speeding along Mission Road in Los Angeles, where he encounters Beyoncé, standing in the middle of the road, at the Fourth Street bridge. Beyoncé performs in various dance sequences, beginning with her wearing a white tank top, denim blue shorts, and red high-heels. She performs an elaborate solo dance on a riser. The scene shifts to a gold set with a mock photo shoot, before moving into a scene with dancers detailing Beyoncé and dancing against a wall while wearing caps and full length pants. Jay Z appears and ignites a line of petrol leading to a car parked under the bridge, which explodes in flames. Jay Z performs his rap in front of the burning car, and Beyoncé dances beside him, wearing an exotic silk print over a fur coat, before kicking the valve off a fire hydrant. She continues to dance while the water is flying everywhere. The video ends with Beyoncé and her dancers wearing vibrant Versace dresses in front of a large fan. Their outfits contrast with the neutral colors of the background, the video. Carmit Bachar, then a member of The Pussycat Dolls, is one of the dancers.

Reception and accolades
The music video received acclaim by music critics. Cynthia Fuchs, writing for PopMatters commented that the photo shoot scene uses the routine used by Jennifer Lopez in the video for "Jenny from the Block" (2002) with hot lights, scary makeup, and inclusion of many shots of legs. She wrote that: "Beyoncé's body becomes its undeniable emblem." Tom Moon of The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that Beyoncé "shakes every inch of her famously photogenic goddess frame."

The music video won three awards at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards in the categories of Best Female Video, Best R&B Video, and Best Choreography. It however lost to Good Charlotte's "Lifestyles of the Rich & Famous" in the Viewer's Choice category. Director Nava also won a Music Video Production Association award for the Best R&B Video in 2004. During the same year, the video won the Best Collaboration award at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards Japan, where it was also nominated for the Best Female Video award. "Crazy in Love" was nominated at the 36th NAACP Image Awards for the Outstanding Music Video award. It won the Best International Video award at the 2004 MuchMusic Video Awards. The song is also recognized as the Best Selling Mobile Ringtone in the United Kingdom for 2003 In 2014, The Guardian writer Michael Cragg included the clip for "Crazy in Love" in his list of the ten best music videos by Beyoncé. He offered high praise for it, saying "Aware of how much of a statement the song was, the video is a checklist of icon-making visuals, from the locations... the dance moves... to the part where she makes bubble blowing look like the sexiest thing a human could do."

The music video on YouTube has received over 780 million views as of May 2024.

Live performances

Beyoncé first performed "Crazy in Love" with Jay Z on Saturday Night Live. They also performed the song during the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. She sang the song in a medley, with the pre-recorded vocals of Sean Paul on "Baby Boy" (2003). "Crazy in Love" was included on the set list for most of Beyoncé's concert tours. The song was the closing track of her Dangerously in Love World Tour that began in late 2003. On February 8, 2004, Prince appeared at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards with Beyoncé. In a performance that opened the show, they performed a medley of "Purple Rain", "Let's Go Crazy", "Baby I'm a Star", and Beyoncé's "Crazy in Love". Beyoncé performed "Crazy in Love" live at the 2004 BRIT Awards February 17, 2004. Monique Jessen And Todd Peterson wrote that she, "...lit up the stage with her performance of "Crazy in Love", wearing a white Roberto Cavalli dress and nearly half a million dollars worth of diamonds. The pop diva, appearing onstage in a puff of smoke, stopped midway through the song to pull up her top before walking away with the best international female solo artist award." Beyoncé and Jay Z also performed "Crazy in Love" at The Prince's Trust Urban Music Festival at Earls Court in London on May 31, 2004.

"Crazy in Love" has been included in all of Beyoncé's headlining concert tours as of 2023. Performances of the song are additionally included in the live albums The Beyoncé Experience Live (2007), the deluxe edition of I Am... World Tour (2010), and Homecoming: The Live Album (2019). "Crazy in Love" was the first song on Beyoncé's set list on The Beyoncé Experience and the I Am... World Tour on several dates. On August 5, 2007, Beyoncé performed the song at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Beyoncé emerged in a sparkling silver dress with a long train. She walked to the front of the stage, did a couple of snaps of her neck and then started singing "Crazy in Love". She climbed a staircase where her all-female band and three backup singers were positioned. The staircase moved forward in two places; top part moved while the bottom poked out more. At the top of her staircase, she removed her train and returned to the main stage. Her backup singers followed and danced with Beyoncé. After "Crazy in Love", Beyoncé performed a short rendition of Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" (2006), singing: "Who do you, who do you think you are? / Ha, ha, ha, bless your soul." Shaheem Reid of MTV News wrote: "There are few (very few) ladies out there who can really sing, a lot who can dance, a lot more who look good — but really no other who can combine all three and add iconic star power like Miss Beyoncé, arguably the best all-around stage performer in the game right now." Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote: "Beyoncé needs no distractions from her singing, which can be airy or brassy, tearful or vicious, rapid-fire with staccato syllables or sustained in curlicued melismas. But she was in constant motion, strutting in costumes (most of them silvery), from miniskirts to formal dresses, flesh-toned bodysuit to bikini to negligee." Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "Her performance of 'Crazy in Love' featured some surprising arrangements that gave the material freshness". Beyoncé performed "Crazy in Love" wearing a pink fringe dress at a concert at Palais Nikaïa in Nice, France, on June 20, 2011, in support of her album 4, and at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival on June 26, 2011.

In August 2011, Beyoncé performed "Crazy in Love" during her revue show 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé. She performed a slowed-down, jazzier version of the song and danced with a similar routine to the one in the music video. During the ITV special A Night With Beyoncé which aired on December 4 in the United Kingdom, Beyoncé performed "Crazy in Love" to a selected crowd of fans. In May 2012, she performed the song during her Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live revue in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States' entertainment resort, hotel, casino and spa, Revel. During the performance, Jay-Z did not appear on stage but his pre-recorded voice was heard. Dan DeLuca of noted that the song was one of the "beat-savvy booty-shaking workouts" performed during the revue. Jim Farber of New York Daily News wrote that "The first, and last parts of the show stressed the steeliest Beyoncé, told in bold songs" like "Crazy in Love". A writer of Black Entertainment Television noted that, "She dazzled fans with an assortment of high-energy performances of her upbeat hits like... 'Crazy in Love.'" Beyoncé also performed the song at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show held on February 3, 2013. In July 2013, while placing Beyoncé at number 33 on their list of 50 Best Live Musicians, the writers of Rolling Stone magazine noted that the performance of "Crazy in Love" was a highlight during her live shows with the singer "expertly poppin' her booty".

Cover versions
Several artists have recorded cover versions of "Crazy in Love". In 2003, Irish singer-songwriter Mickey Joe Harte recorded an acoustic rendition of "Crazy In Love" for the charity album Even Better Than the Real Thing Vol. 1. Alternative rock band Snow Patrol recorded the song during a BBC session with Zane Lowe. Snow Patrol's version was released as a B-side to the single "Spitting Games", on the compilation Cosmosonica – Tom Middleton Presents Crazy Covers Vol. 1 and on Snow Patrol's compilation album Up to Now. Ross Langager of PopMatters noted that their cover "sparks an initial chuckle of recognition but soon after becomes more than a bit unfortunate". David Byrne closed his concert at the Hollywood Bowl on June 27, 2005, with a samba-tinged version of "Crazy in Love". In 2007, American alternative rock band Switchfoot produced a rock version that was released as part of Yahoo!'s CoverArt series. Switchfoot produced a video for their cover version. Nashville-based indie quintet Wild Cub performed a version of the song in June 2014 for The A.V. Club A.V. Undercover series.

British band The Magic Numbers performed "Crazy in Love" on the Australian radio station Triple J, and recorded it for the Starbucks (Hear Music) compilation album, Sounds Eclectic: The Covers Project (2007). Tracy Bonham covered the song with guitar and violin accompaniment, for her 2007 album In The City + In The Woods. British close harmony trio The Puppini Sisters covered "Crazy in Love" for their 2007 album The Rise and Fall of Ruby Woo; this was remixed by the electronica jazz outfit The Real Tuesday Weld. Indie artist Dsico recorded an electronic cover of the song. In 2009, Pattern Is Movement recorded a cover of "Crazy in Love", which they claimed was inspired by Anohni's version; this cover was included on their September 4, 2009 Daytrotter session. Antony and the Johnsons released an orchestral version of the song as the b-side to their 2009 single "Aeon". Indie singer-songwriter Eden recorded a cover version of "Crazy in Love" for his final extended play (EP) under the EDEN Project alias.

German group The Baseballs covered the song in rockabilly style for their debut album ''Strike! Back'' in August 2010. "Crazy in Love" was performed live on Australian Idol during the first season by winner Guy Sebastian on the Final 2 showdown in 2003. A jazz version was performed during the fourth season by runner-up Jessica Mauboy on the Final 6 Big Band show in 2006. In June 2008, Mauboy performed "Crazy in Love" on Indonesian Idol with some eliminated contestants. Singapore Idol contestant Maia Lee performed "Crazy in Love" on the show. In March 2012, Swing Republic released their electro swing cover version which also ended up featuring on their album released the same year entitled Midnight Calling. In June 2012, Robin Thicke and Olivia Chisholm covered the song during the show Duets. Kate Kroll of Rolling Stone gave a negative review for Chisholm's performance, saying that "Her voice sounded thin, and she just can't seem to shake that Stepford Wife stare." Emeli Sandé and The Bryan Ferry Orchestra recorded a cover of the song which was included on The Great Gatsby soundtrack (2013). Upon hearing a preview of the song, Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times commented that the cover was the best song on the album sang with a "surprising, simmering urgency". Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly also wrote that the swing cover of "Crazy in Love" was one of the highlights on the album. On October 21, 2013, Third Degree covered "Crazy in Love" on the fifth season of The X Factor Australia, and on May 4, 2014, C Major covered the song on the third series of The Voice Australia. In 2015, Monica Michael covered the song on The X Factor UK. Filipina actress Denise Laurel covered the song while impersonating Beyoncé, based on her performance at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show on Your Face Sounds Familiar, in which Laurel won the season.

Usage in media
In 2002, Beyoncé signed a contract with Pepsi, and appeared on several of its advertising campaigns, one of which featured "Crazy in Love" as background music. After winning the Best Collaboration Awards for "Crazy in Love" at the 2004 BET Awards, Beyoncé dedicated the award to the show's host, comedian Mo'Nique, who parodied the choreography from the "Crazy in Love" video with six equally voluptuous female dancers. "Crazy in Love" was included on the official soundtrack albums of the following films: Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), White Chicks (2004), Taxi (2004), Good Luck Chuck (2007), Gayby (2012), and Love, Rosie (2014), as well in the tenth season of Brazilian soap opera Malhação. In 2009, the cast of Glee performed a mash up of the songs "Hair" from the musical Hair and "Crazy in Love" in season one, episode eleven "Hairography". A parody of the song is also used in the Disney Channel's show That's So Raven, in the episode "Hizzouse Party". It was featured on the video games Karaoke Revolution Party and Just Dance 2. On the eleventh series of Dancing on Ice, Gemma Collins and Matt Evers performed to the song on the first week of the competition.

Accolades and legacy
Entertainment Weekly magazine ranked "Crazy in Love" forty-seven in its list of The 100 Greatest Summer Songs. The song was also ranked as the Best Song of 2003 from NME, Mojo, Nöjesguiden, Rockdelux, Dotmusic, Playlouder and Magic. The song was listed at number three on Rolling Stone's list of the 50 Best Songs of the 2000s Decade in 2009, and as the one-hundred-and-eighteenth greatest song of all time on the magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time (2010), as well as ranking it at number two on the list Singles of the Year, and at number three on their 100 Best Songs of the 2000s list, writing: "The horns weren't a hook. They were a herald: Pop's new queen had arrived."

In 2018, the song topped Rolling Stone list on "100 Greatest Songs of the Century – So Far". In 2021, Rolling Stone placed "Crazy in Love" at number 16 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song also placed at number one on the Singles of the Decade by The Times Literary Supplement and 75 Best Singles of the Decade by The Observer. "NME" staff voted "Crazy in Love" the best song of the 2000s, calling it "a dancefloor-destroying howitzer of a pop song.", also ranking it at number nineteen on their list of five hundred best songs of all time. The song was ranked at number four on Pitchfork Media's list of The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s, number seven on The Daily Telegraphs list of the best songs of the decade and number six on Slants list of the 100 Best Singles of the Decade. In September 2011, VH1 ranked "Crazy in Love" number one on its list of The 100 Greatest Songs of the 2000s. In October 2011, to mark NME's fifteenth birthday, its staff members selected the one-hundred-and-fifty tracks "that have meant the most to [them] over the site's lifetime", placing "Crazy in Love" at number sixteen. In 2012, the song was ranked at number twenty-two on Billboard's list of "Top 50 'Love' Songs of All Time". In 2013, John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E! placed the song at number one on their list of ten best Beyoncé's songs, writing: "It's the song that started it all. The definitive best Beyoncé jam is her first, complete with a guest spot by now-husband Jay Z, a killer hook and a chorus of horns that you have to dance to. Literally have to, Pavlovian conditioning-style." In a 2013 list of Jay Z's 20 Biggest Billboard Hits, "Crazy in Love" was ranked at number one. On July 5, 2013, NME magazine named "Crazy in Love" "the Best Pop Song of the Century". Q ranked the song at number fifty-nine on their list of 1001 Best Songs Ever. It was also ranked at number two on The Village Voice's list Pazz + Jop 2003.

In 2004, "Crazy in Love" was nominated for three Grammy Awards in the categories of Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration, which it won, and Record of the Year, which it did not win. A remix of "Crazy in Love", known as "Krazy in Luv" (Maurice's Nu Soul Mix), won the award Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical for its remixer, Maurice Joshua. "Crazy in Love" was also recognized at the 2004 ASCAP Pop Music Awards Awards as one of the Most Performed Songs and its publisher, EMI, received the Publisher of the Year award. Vibe magazine's VIBE Awards recognized the song for Coolest Collaboration in 2003. In Europe, "Crazy in Love" won the Best Song award at the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards. "Crazy in Love" won the awards for Best R&B/Urban Track and Best Pop Dance Track at the 22nd Annual International Dance Music Awards in 2003. It was recognized by Beyoncé's peers in the urban markets, and won the award for Best Collaboration at the BET Awards, where it also received a nomination in the Viewers Choice Awards category in 2004. "Crazy in Love" was nominated at the 36th NAACP Image Awards for the Outstanding Song award and for Favorite Song at the 2004 Kids' Choice Awards.

Remixes
"Crazy in Love" has various remixes, including the Rockwilder remix, Maurice Joshua's Nu Soul remix, and Juniors World remix. These versions appeared on the single releases of "Crazy in Love" under an alternative spelling, "Krazy in Luv". The Rockwilder remix slows down the beat and makes the song deeper and funkier with chopped up horn samples and sparkling synth textures from sampling Don't Stop the Music by Yarbrough and Peoples. Maurice's Nu Soul Remix speeds up the beat, taking it from hip-hop to house territory. A version of the song included on Asian special edition of Dangerously in Love features a rap in Mandarin Chinese performed by American-Taiwanese singer Vanness Wu, instead of Jay Z's performance.

"Crazy in Love" was re-recorded by Beyoncé for the film Fifty Shades of Grey (2015) and used for its trailer, which was released on July 24, 2014. The slowed-down version was produced by Boots with violin arrangements by Margot, both of whom worked on Beyoncé's self-titled fifth studio album (2013), and, unlike the original, doesn't feature Jay-Z. Margot said: "It inspires me to work on other artists' songs [because] it pushes my boundaries in a direction that I wouldn't necessarily come up with. Obviously I know how 'Crazy in Love' goes, but I knew there was the possibility her vocals would be different. It's almost more vulnerable and beautiful this way, because you do do crazy things when you fall in love. To hear the mood reversed and flipped makes it even more powerful."

The track was then officially released through iTunes Store on February 10, 2015. The single cover artwork uses the same image used in the original cover, but in black and white. The rendition was performed for the first time during the 2015 Budweiser Made in America Festival on September 5, 2015, and was included on the setlist of The Formation World Tour (2016), alongside the original version.

Credits and personnel
Recording and management
 * Recorded at Sony Music Studios (New York City)
 * Mixed at The Hit Factory (New York City)
 * Additional vocals recorded at The Hit Factory (New York City)
 * Contains samples of the composition "Are You My Woman (Tell Me So)", written by Eugene Record, published by Unichappell Music Inc. (BMI) and performed by The Chi-Lites (courtesy of Brunswick Records)
 * Jay-Z appears courtesy of Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings
 * Published by Beyoncé Publishing (ASCAP), Hitco South South (ASCAP) — all rights administered by Music of Windswept (ASCAP) — EMI Blackwood Music Inc. OBO Itself (BMI), Dam Rich Music (BMI), EMI April Music Inc. OBO Itself (BMI), Carter Boyd Publishing (ASCAP) and Unichappell Music Inc. (BMI)

Personnel

 * Beyoncé – songwriting, lead vocals, background vocals, production
 * Rich Harrison – production, instrumentation
 * Pat Thrall – recording
 * Tony Maserati – mixing
 * Jim Caruana – engineer

 * Pat Woodward – assistant mix engineer
 * Luz Vasquez – assistant mix engineer
 * Jay-Z – songwriting, vocals
 * Maurice Joshua – remixing

title: Crazy in Love


text:
User:Adambondy

This is the user page for Adam Bondy. He thinks he ought to flesh it out someday.

I'm going to do this by transferring my rather extensive watchlist to a list of items of interest.

Animals
Munchkin cats - A modern breed of cat with very short legs. Unlike most specially-bred cats, these short legs actually improve the cats' hunting and climbing skills.

People
Ben Charles Padilla - A flight mechanic who was aboard a former American Airlines 727 which took off illegally and disappeared but for sightings throughout Africa and the Middle East.

Christopher and Cosmas - Two Japanese men, known only by Western names, who travelled on Spanish galleons and later with English explorers from 1587-1592.

Count of St Germain - One of history's odd characters, first recorded in 1745 by Horace Walpole as being arrested and released uncharged. Little was known about him and he caught the interest of the Prince of Wales. In 1752, he may have been governor of Chengalaput in India. He was spotted again in 1757 by Giacomo Casanova as a favorite of Louis XV of France. Further sightings are claimed in 1896, 1926, and 1930.

Eilmer of Malmesbury - 11th century AD English monk who is known for attempting flight with mechanical wings after reading the Daedalus fable. He glided for about 15 seconds, covering 220 yards.

Ernst Chladni - Inventor of Chladni's euphonium, a musical instrument made of glass rods. Also the discoverer of guitar plate modes.

Felice Beato - One of the first photographers to document East Asia, Japan, samurai and war.

H. H. Holmes - A serial killer who built a maze-like structure that he operated as a hotel in 1893, torturing and killing hundreds of people he lured into the maze.

Helen Clark - Prime Minister of New Zealand.

Hugh Capet of France - Early king of France who is credited with the beginning of the modern concept of France and the establishment of Paris as the capital.

Julian of Norwich - A female English mystic of the 14th century who conceptualized God's love in terms of joy and compassion rather than law and duty.

Juliane K%C3%B6pcke - Only survivor out of 92 passengers on LANSA flight 508. At the age of 17, she fell two miles out of the plane and traversed dense jungle for 10 days with injuries to return to civilization.

Mark Matthews - He was the last surviving Buffalo Soldier in the U.S. Army. He served in the army from 1910 to 1949, seeing action in the pursuit of Pancho Villa and Saipan. He retired from his second job in 1970 and died at the age of 111 in 2005.

Mitford family - An English aristocratic family famous for controversy. Of the 6 daughters, two married nephews of prime ministers and two married wealthy aristocrats. Two became well-known writers. Two became fascists and one became a communist.

Nicolas Grollier de Serviere - A 17th century French inventor of fantastical machines including floating bridges, ball-powered clocks, machines to trace landscapes into perspective views, a reading wheel to read multiple books at once, and many others.

Places
Antillia - A mythical island of the Pacific, also known as the Isle of Seven Cities.

Ball's Pyramid - A very steep island remnant of a shield volcano discovered in 1788, first landed on in 1882, and first successfully climbed in 1965. It is 562m high but only 200m across.

Blue Bridge - The Blue Bridge, of course.

Buffalo Ranch - A tourist attraction located where Newport Beach is today.

Chimborazo Volcano - An inactive volcano in Ecuador whose summit is the farthest surface point from the center of the Earth (disputed with Nevado Huascaran.

Cathedral of Learning - An impressive 42-story building at the University of Pittsburgh with 26 "nationality" rooms.

Fingal's Cave - A sea cave on Staffa, Scotland, famous for hexagonal rock structures (see also Giant's Causeway.)

Giant's Causeway - 40,000 interlocking usually hexagonal columns in Ireland ((see also Fingal's Cave.)

Heligoland - A small German archipelago connected until 1720. After World War II the British Royal Navy attempted to destroy the island using 6,800 tonnes of explosives in the "British Bang".

Kitezh - A legendary town in Russia that supposedly floated away when attacked by the Mongols.

Kolmanskop - German ghost town in Namibia built in a German style.

Kowloon Walled City - An anomalous area of Hong Kong that was essentially free from government control and, as of 1987, had a population of 50,000 in 0.026 square kilometers (or 1,900,000 per square kilometer) It was a no-go zone and a lone European was likely to disappear. The block was demolished in 1992.

Living Shangri-La - A skyscraper under construction in Vancouver, British Columbia, that will be the tallest building in the city. The building will contain a 5-star hotel, offices, condominiums, spa, specialty grocery store, and a portion of the Vancouver Art Gallery.

Moresnet - A tiny former European territory of about 3.5 square kilometers and 3000 people. It existed from 1816 to 1919 between Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

Nevado Huascaran - Mountain in Peru where a 1970 earthquake caused a mile-long block of the mountain to fall and obliterating the town of Yungay, killing 20,000 and leaving 400 survivors (see also Chimborazo Volcano.

Artifacts
Baghdad Battery - Several ancient pots that may have been used as batteries inside such objects as the Ark_of_the_Covenant.

Copper Scroll - One of the Dead Sea Scrolls, unique in that it is written on metal. It purports to list 63 locations with hidden treasure and the location of another document with more details.

Cyrus Cylinder - A Persian Empire artifact containing a declaration by Cyrus the Great. It was discovered in 1879 and is dated to ~October 29 (Julian calender), 539BC.

Kensington Runestone - A stone with runic writing on discovered in 1898 in Minnesota. Although widely-believed to be a hoax, if confirmed, it would verify the presence of Viking explorers in 14th century America.

Ships
Baychimo - A cargo steamer repeatedly abandoned in 1931 that was sighted encased in ice and boarded several times until 1969.

Cap Arcona - A luxury ocean liner pressed into service to evacuate POWs from Germany to neutral countries after Hitler's suicide. The POWs were from 26 different countries, including Russia and Poland. For unknown reasons, the RAF attacked and sank this ship, killing all but 350 of the estimated 7,000 to 8,000 POWs on board.

HMS Ganges - One of the longest serving navy ships, launched in 1821, taken out of service in 1923, and broken up in 1930. Also one of the last sailing ships in navy service.

MV Blue Marlin - A lift ship that partially submerges underneath oil platforms or other ships (including things as large as destroyers) and then rises up beneath them to carry them around.

MV Doulos - The world's oldest active ocean-faring passenger ship. Built in 1914 and currently used as a travelling bookshop, she has previously been known as SS Medina, SS Roma, and MV Franca C.

Books
Codex Seraphinianus - A book that appears to be a visual encyclopedia of an unknown world, written in an incomprehensible (for us) script. The numbering system has been cracked and is a variant of base 21.

Codex Tchacos - Manuscript discovered in 1970 and deciphered in 2001 that contains the only known surviving copy of the Gospel of Judas.

Gospel of Judas - A Gnostic text that implies that Judas believed he was helping Jesus.

Hansard - Printed transcripts of parliamentary debates in England and other Westminster systems of government.

Inventio Fortunata - A 14th century book describing the journey of a priest to the North Pole, depicted as a magnetic island surrounded by a whirlpool. No copies survive.

Other/Misc
3753 Cruithne - An asteroid in 1:1 orbital resonance with Earth that approaches fairly closely (astronomically speaking).

90377 Sedna - A trans-Neptunian object discovered in 2003 that ranges between 975 and 75 AU from the sun. It may be classified as a dwarf planet.

All Red Line - The informal name for the system of electrical telegraphs that linked the British Empire.

Doyle Owl - An unofficial mascot of Reed College. I've touched it! Whee!

Eternal Flames - A flame that burns continuously, usually to commemorate an event or person. Such flames also exist in nature.

Geneva drive - A mechanism for turning continuous rotation movement into intermittent rotary movement.

Hawks - A great comedy about two terminally ill patients who break out of hospital to really live... "Dum vivimus, vivimus."

Hebban olla vogala - The first three words of a fragment of old Dutch, found in the margin of a 12th century Latin Manuscript. The full text runs: "Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan hinase hic andu thu. Wat unbidan we nu?" and is roughly translated as ""All the birds have begun nests, except me and you. What are we waiting for?"

Iapetus - Unusual moon of Saturn with as-yet-unexplained coloring and mountain range that circles the equator. One theory postulates that it is made of mirror matter.

Hood Canal Bridge - One of the longest floating bridges, with a very unusual opening mechanism to allow ships to pass.

Theories
Ancient astronaut theories - A set of theories that the Earth was visited in ancient times by aliens.

Mirror Matter - Postulated counterpart to ordinary matter that would solve the τ-θ puzzle. Also called shadow matter or Alice matter.

Principle of Evil Marksmanship - Phenomenon observed in many movies and TV shows where the "bad guys" consistently have much poorer firearm accuracy than the hero.

Conceptual
Boosterism - Promotion, generally of small towns, with the goal of improving public perception.

Copyright_trap - Deliberately false entries in dictionaries, encyclopedias, maps, etc. Also referred to as a fictitious entry.

Criticality accident - Accidental nuclear chain reactions such as those that killed Harry Daghlian and Louis Slotin

Culture jamming - Attempts to get mass media to produce negative commentary about itself. Culture jamming is widely associated with anti-consumerist movements and is often interpreted as vandalism.

Hikikomori - Japanese word describing the acute social withdrawal phenomenon observed in some adolescents and young adults.

Human zoo - A phenomenon of the 19th and 20th century wherein "primitive" people were displayed in their "natural" state for Western audiences.

Jumping the shark - A metaphor used to describe the point at which a TV series passes its peak by introducing plot twists illogical or inconsistent with the series and previous events in order to boost ratings.

Knight's Tour - A mathematical problem that has the knight of a chess game visit each square exactly once. Several authors have used this as a literary device or a way to order chapters.

Kyrie - Vocative case in Greek meaning "O Lord" and is the name of an important prayer in Christian liturgy.

Lost cities - Including cities completely lost, cities preserved in stories, and cities which are no longer inhabited in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Some of these are actually quite recent.

Military slang - Self-descriptive.

History
54 Berners Street prank - One of the earliest known and recorded pranks, involving the Duke of York, Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Lord Mayor of London, among others. Otherwise known as the Berners Street Hoax.

Goiânia accident - An incident of radioactive contamination by abandoned medical equipment that killed several people.

Organizations
E Clampus Vitus - A fraternal society focused on Californian history which often plays practical jokes.

Songs
Child Ballads - A collection of 305 English, Scottish, and early-American ballads collected by Francis James Child.

Lists
List of Latin Phrases

List of Disasters - Natural and manmade disasters from prehistoric to the present day.

List of House Types - Various architectural types of single family homes.

[|Place names considered unusual] -

List of People Who Have Disappeared - Where did they go?

List of songs with titles of twenty or more words

List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions

List of wars and disasters by death toll

Lost cities - Including cities completely lost, cities preserved in stories, and cities which are no longer inhabited in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Some of these are actually quite recent.

in progress

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Adambondy


text:
User:Marc.M/contribs

Main Contributions on en.wikipedia.org
Marc.M is not yet active on en.wikipedia.org

title: User:Marc.M/contribs


text:
Talk:Kimiko Hahn

Untitled
For what-ever reason, Wik did not record me as having written this even though I logged on. (Kdammers)67.188.221.2 08:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Kimiko Hahn. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.kenyonreview.org/kro_full.php?file=hahn.php
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080705134531/http://www.storyscapejournal.com/truth.html to http://www.storyscapejournal.com/truth.html
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title: Talk:Kimiko Hahn


text:
User:Prasannare

Dear Reader,

I am Prasanna Revan from Bangalore India, I have decided spend my leisure time to spread the knowledge and love of my land and our planet in Wikipedia. I mainly write about History, Kannada, Indian Folklore, Design, Art and Film Making/Film Makers.

Thank you!

Prasanna Revan AKA prasannare

title: User:Prasannare


text:
Talk:Unicoherent space

Mathworld.wolfram.com claims that the definition is "for any closed and connected A,B such that A cup B = X, the set A cap B is connected." Since I have not seen the definition anywhere else, I did not dare correct Wikipedia.

There seem to be two problems (1) the lack of the requirement connected for A and B. (2) Calling A,B a partition even if A cap B may not be empty. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.167.195.60 (talk) 08:27, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

The above are both valid criticisms. Point (1) is valid because without this requirement the definition doesn't actually work, as almost no sets satisfy the weaker (incorrect) definition. Point (2) is valid because of the definition of partition, which specifically requires that the subsets in question be disjoint.

Using Mathworld as an authoritative source on this topic seems best, so I'm going to change the page appropriately. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kprice@gmail.com (talk • contribs) 01:57, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unicoherent space


text:
Speedwell

Speedwell may refer to:

Plants

 * Speedwell, several plants in the genus Veronica

Australia

 * Speedwell, Queensland, a locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland

United Kingdom

 * Speedwell, Bristol, England
 * Speedwell Castle, Staffordshire, England
 * Speedwell Cavern, Derbyshire, England, a former 18th Century lead mine
 * Speedwell Mill, 18th century mill in Wirksworth, Derbyshire
 * Speedwell Farm, Woburn, Bedfordshire, designed in 1795 by Robert Salmon
 * Speedwell Hill, Cheshire, former site of the Bluecap Memorial

United States

 * Speedwell, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Speedwell, New Jersey, an unincorporated community
 * Speedwell, Tennessee, an unincorporated community
 * Speedwell, Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Speedwell Township, St. Clair County, Missouri, an inactive township

Falkland Islands

 * Speedwell Island in Falkland Sound

Australia

 * Speedwell in the vicinity of Hivesville, Queensland

Manufacturing and vehicles

 * Speedwell Forge, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
 * Speedwell Ironworks, and Speedwell Village, Morristown, New Jersey
 * Troublesome Creek Ironworks, from 1771, North Carolina, originally called Speedwell Furnace
 * Speedwell Motor Car Company, an early car manufacturer
 * Speedwell GT version of the Austin-Healey Sebring Sprite sports car
 * Speedwell bicycles, made in Sydney, Australia, from 1882
 * Speedwellbus, a former bus company in Manchester, England

Ships

 * Speedwell (ship) lists ships with the name Speedwell including:
 * Speedwell (1577 ship) transported Pilgrims with Mayflower

Fictional characters

 * Speedwell, a rabbit character in the Watership Down novel
 * Mrs Speedwell, a character in Tit for Tat (1921 film)
 * Speedwell, a character in Death Comes to Time, a Doctor Who-based audio drama
 * Mrs Speedwell, a character in The Glorious Dead (Upstairs, Downstairs)

Music

 * "Speedwell" song on the album You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone by Saint Etienne
 * Dan B. Speedwell, musician on the album Liberty Belle and the Black Diamond Express by The Go-Betweens

Other uses

 * Speedwell Weather Limited, a company making Weather derivative software
 * "Speedwell" whistle, by Henry Arthur Ward
 * Speedwell, an 18th-century Thoroughbred racehorse, winner of the 1894 Middle Park Stakes

title: Speedwell


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sdorws

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. humblefool®Deletion Reform 01:24, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Sdorws
I'm not sure about this one. Looks like a possible neologism. It needs some work, in any case. 148.78.243.51 08:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * delete nonsense. Appears to have tried spelling "swords" backwards. Unsuccessfully I might add.Hamster Sandwich 09:10, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like a neologism or hoax to me, too. Interestingly, Sdrows (which would be a more sensible title, being word with an S on either end) returns quite a few hits (I believe that backwards sites are a way of beating news-site censorship in countries like China). But as for the current article, I'd suggest that the writer of it needs to learn how to use English forwards before trying anything more adventurous. "Oppersite"? "catched on"? Grutness...  wha?  09:58, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Gturenss. —  F REAK OF N URxTURE  ( TALK )  10:20, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Writing a word backwards creates a word with the opposite meaning? Roger, that.  Peek. Uncle G 11:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per ssenturG. Dcarrano 16:28, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sdorws


text:
Talk:Lon Chaney

Old Vandalism/St. Francis Xavier Secondary School?
I don't want to jump in and delete a section that has apparently been in place in this article for a while. But isn't the St. Francis Xavier Secondary School reference a hoax? A Google search on 'lon chaney "St. Francis Xavier Secondary School"' pulls up only this article. Rizzleboffin 18:47, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * OK. No one's provided justification or a source for this sentence:
 * "Currently, Chaney's influence on pop culture is continually evident as his ghost is said to haunt the bulding of St. Francis Xavier Secondary School."
 * So I'm assuming it's old vandalism, and taking it out of the article. My apologies if I'm in error. Rizzleboffin 06:14, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I was Lon Chaney's lover. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.149.181.145 (talk) 06:00, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Leg damage?
Today's "Did You Know" section on the WP main page says: The apparatus Lon Chaney, Sr. insisted on wearing when he starred in the 1920 movie The Penalty, so that he could better simulate an amputee crimelord, led to his sustaining permanent leg damage. There is no mention of this in the article. If it's true, could someone please add it, properly cited? - Brian Kendig 06:11, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I've never heard he had permanent leg damage... it was uncomfortable, yes, and he could only wear the apparatus for 5-10 minutes at a time, but I've never heard it did him sustaining bodily harm... -The Photoplayer 06:41, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that info. Since the factoid is in dispute, I'm removing it from the "Did You Know" section on the main page. - Brian Kendig 17:48, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Page name
I believe I know why this page is named the way it is but it needs to be stated that this man was never called Lon Chaney, Sr. You will find no film credit, newspaper or magazine article, or any other reference during the time that he was alive calling him Sr. Now I know that this is trying to differentiate him from his son Creighton. But his name change to LC Jr. did not occur until 1935 which was several years after his fathers death. I am not necessarily propsing that this articles name be changed, but if there ever is a consensus to do so I would be glad to help fix all of the redirects. I am proud to be a part of what wikipedia is trying to acheive and I feel that calling this fine actor by a name that neither he, or anyone else from his time, ever used is a bit of an embarrassment. MarnetteD | Talk 18:31, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Recent deletion in intro paragraph
Not sure what to do here or exactly what's in dispute. The removed sentences read:

"He is best remembered for his indelible characterizations of tortured, often grotesque and afflicted characters, and his groundbreaking artistry with makeup. He was also one of the most versatile and powerful character actors of the early cinema."

The first sentence could find numerous sources. It's referencing his characterizations of the Phantom of the Opera and The Hunchback of Notre Dame. The intro to Micheal Blake's second bio on Chaney(ISBN 1-879511-20-7) echos this intro that the public's rememberence of Chaney is distorted. He notes on page 3:

"Because Lon's most often-viewed pictures, The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Phantom of the Opera, have been seen so many times on television, while his work at M-G-M has been limited to screenings at universitites and museums, his persona as a horror actor has been embedded in the mind of the public."

On-line, it's pretty easy to source most of this as well. I'm not sure what qualifies as valid source for Wikipedia (yet) but PBS American Masters sitesupports the viewpoint that he had tremendous range as a "character actor" if you define that as "not conventionally 'leading man' material.

I'm a little too new to know if this qualifies as sourcing. Anyone who feels they know if it does, or how to incorporate it into the article, please do so. Joe JJC 15:19, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Years of Marriage
I did some further research into the dates on Chaney's marriages. In the book The Man of a Thousand Faces (ISBN 1-879511-09-6) page 41 explains the Judge's decision was issued on April 2, 1914 and stated the marriage would be dissolved in one year, making the year 1915. However, contrary to some earlier published bios, the date of their marriage appears to be May 31, 1906, as noted both in the Oklahoma City court records and the local newspaper. (pgs 21-22) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joejjc (talk • contribs) 00:16, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

what was his sisters name. I was told that lon's sister is his great grandma. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:2D80:4007:803B:594A:C111:FB33:CB98 (talk) 22:42, 28 April 2019 (UTC)

Voice Recording?
I know that The Unholy Three remake was the only talkie that Chaney made, but is this the only extant recording of his voice? Are there any newsreels or maybe interviews with him speaking? CFLeon 22:11, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Years of Marriage Take 2
Year of Death: 1930 Married to Hazel Hastings 1915-1933 I don't know if I'm the only one who has a problem with that or not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Moonvsgoku (talk • contribs) 15:31, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Lon Chaney & Horror
Have any of you actually seen The Hunchback of Notre Dame? It isn't a horror film, it was Universal's big budget prestige film for 1923. It's grand, romantic drama. Lon Chaney in grotesque makeup doesn't equal "Horror Film". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jonas.E.B. (talk • contribs) 07:05, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

Birthplace
According to http://www.ci.carroll.oh.us/LonChaney.html Lon Chaney was born on a farm two miles west of Carroll, Ohio at the corner of Winchester and Lockville Road on April 1, 1883. The family moved to California soon after his birth. Unibond (talk) 20:26, 16 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes I have seen this. All of the biographies written about Chaney state that he was born in Colorado Springs. The website maintained by his descendants states the same . His parents met at the Colorado School for the Education of Mutes this later became The Colorado School for the Deaf and the Blind and it exists to this day.
 * The spurious claim (sorry for the rude wording but that is the nicest thing that I can say about it) from Carroll states that his family moved from there directly to LA. Yet the theater in Colorado Springs is named for Chaney . Indeed Chaney began his acting career in vaudeville at that theater. To the best of my knowledge Chaney's parents never moved to LA.
 * As I have been researching this tonight I found quotations from Michael F. Blake's book Lon Chaney: The Man Behind the Thousand Faces here It turns out that it was Lon's father Frank Chaney that was born in Carroll in 1852. He moved to Colorado Springs in 1877. Whoever made the post at the Carroll website was very sloppy (I'm sorry but, again, this is the kindest word that I can use) in their research. How they could ignore all of the biographies is beyond me. Who knows what it would take to get them to correct their info in regards to Ohio's connection to the Chaney family. Mistakes like this occurred before "the web" but they seem to happen faster because of it. That is why one should never stop their research with just one article/book/biography or website. MarnetteD | Talk 04:30, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lon Chaney


text:
Carathéodory's theorem (conformal mapping)

In mathematics, Carathéodory's theorem is a theorem in complex analysis, named after Constantin Carathéodory, which extends the Riemann mapping theorem. The theorem, published by Carathéodory in 1913, states that any conformal mapping sending the unit disk to some region in the complex plane bounded by a Jordan curve extends continuously to a homeomorphism from the unit circle onto the Jordan curve. The result is one of Carathéodory's results on prime ends and the boundary behaviour of univalent holomorphic functions.

Proofs of Carathéodory's theorem
The first proof of Carathéodory's theorem presented here is a summary of the short self-contained account in ; there are related proofs in and.

Clearly if f admits an extension to a homeomorphism, then ∂U must be a Jordan curve.

Conversely if ∂U is a Jordan curve, the first step is to prove f extends continuously to the closure of D. In fact this will hold if and only if f is uniformly continuous on D: for this is true if it has a continuous extension to the closure of D; and, if f is uniformly continuous, it is easy to check f has limits on the unit circle and the same inequalities for uniform continuity hold on the closure of D.

Suppose that f is not uniformly continuous. In this case there must be an ε > 0 and a point ζ on the unit circle and sequences zn, wn tending to ζ with |f(zn) − f(wn)| ≥ 2ε. This is shown below to lead to a contradiction, so that f must be uniformly continuous and hence has a continuous extension to the closure of D.

For 0 < r < 1, let γr be the curve given by the arc of the circle $| z − ζ | = r$ lying within D. Then f ∘ γr is a Jordan curve. Its length can be estimated using the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality:

 * $$\displaystyle{\ell(f\circ \gamma_r) = \int_{\gamma_r} |f^\prime(z)|\, |dz|\le \left(\int_{\gamma_r}\,|dz|\right)^{1/2}\cdot \left(\int_{\gamma_r}|f^\prime(z)|^2\,|dz|\right)^{1/2}\le (2\pi r)^{1/2} \cdot\left(\int_{\{\theta:|\zeta +re^{i\theta}|<1\}} |f^\prime(\zeta + re^{i\theta})|^2\,r\,d\theta\right)^{1/2}.}$$

Hence there is a "length-area estimate":

 * $$\displaystyle{\int_0^{1} \ell(f\circ \gamma_r)^2 \, {dr\over r} \le 2\pi \int_{|z|<1} |f^\prime(z)|^2 \,dx\, dy = 2\pi \cdot {\rm Area}\,f(D)<\infty.}$$

The finiteness of the integral on the left hand side implies that there is a sequence rn decreasing to 0 with $$\ell(f\circ \gamma_{r_n})$$ tending to 0. But the length of a curve g(t) for t in (a, b) is given by

 * $$\displaystyle{\ell(g) =\sup_{a< t_1< t_2 < \cdots <t_k<b}\sum_{i=1}^{k-1} |g(t_{i+1})-g(t_i)|.}$$

The finiteness of $$\ell(f\circ \gamma_{r_n})$$ therefore implies that the curve has limiting points an, bn at its two ends with $$|a_n - b_n| \le \ell(f\circ \gamma_{r_n})$$, so this distance, as well as diameter of the curve, tends to 0. These two limit points must lie on ∂U, because f is a homeomorphism between D and U and thus a sequence converging in U has to be the image under f of a sequence converging in D. By assumption there exist a homeomorphism β between the circle ∂D and ∂U. Since β−1 is uniformly continuous, the distance between the two points ξn and ηn corresponding to an and bn in ∂U must tend to 0. So eventually the smallest circular arc in ∂D joining ξn and ηn is defined. Denote τn image of this arc under β. By uniform continuity of β, diameter of τn in ∂U tends to 0. Together τn and f ∘ γr n form a simple Jordan curve. Its interior Un is contained in U by the Jordan curve theorem for ∂U and ∂Un: to see this, notice that U is the interior of ∂U, as it is bounded, connected and it is both open and closed in the complement of ∂U; so the exterior region of ∂U is unbounded, connected and does not intersect ∂Un, hence its closure is contained in the closure of the exterior of ∂Un; taking complements, we get the desired inclusion. The diameter of ∂Un tends to 0 because the diameters of τn and f ∘ γr n tend to 0. Hence the diameter of Un tend to 0. (For $$\bar U_n \times \bar U_n$$ is compact set, hence $$\bar U_n$$ contains two points u and v such that distance between them is maximal. It is easy to see that u and v must lie in ∂U and diameters of both U and ∂U equal $$|u-v|$$.)

Now if Vn denotes the intersection of D with the disk |z − ζ| < rn, then for all sufficiently large n f(Vn) = Un. Indeed, the arc γr n divides D into Vn and complementary region $$V_n'$$, so under the conformal homeomorphism f the curve f ∘ γr n divides U into $$f(V_n)$$ and a complementary region $$f(V_n')$$; Un is a connected component of U \ f ∘ γr n, as it is connected and is both open and closed in this set, hence $$U_n$$ equals either $$f(V_n)$$ or $$f(V_n')$$. Diameter of $$f(V_n')$$ does not decrease with increasing n, for $$n<n'$$ implies $$V_n' \subset V_{n'}'$$. Since diameter of Un tends to 0 as n goes to infinity, it is eventually less than the diameter of $$f(V_n')$$ and then necessarily f(Vn) = Un.

So the diameter of f(Vn) tends to 0. On the other hand, passing to subsequences of (zn) and (wn) if necessary, it may be assumed that zn and wn both lie in Vn. But this gives a contradiction since |f(zn) − f(wn)| ≥ ε. So f must be uniformly continuous on U.

Thus f extends continuously to the closure of D. Since f(D) = U, by compactness f carries the closure of D onto the closure of U and hence ∂D onto ∂U. If f is not one-one, there are points u, v on ∂D with u ≠ v and f(u) = f(v). Let X and Y be the radial lines from 0 to u and v. Then $f(X ∪ Y)$ is a Jordan curve. Arguing as before, its interior V is contained in U and is a connected component of $U \ f(X ∪ Y)$. On the other hand, $D \ (X ∪ Y)$ is the disjoint union of two open sectors W1 and W2. Hence, for one of them, W1 say, f(W1) = V. Let Z be the portion of ∂W1 on the unit circle, so that Z is a closed arc and f(Z) is a subset of both ∂U and the closure of V. But their intersection is a single point and hence f is constant on Z. By the Schwarz reflection principle, f can be analytically continued by conformal reflection across the circular arc. Since non-constant holomorphic functions have isolated zeros, this forces f to be constant, a contradiction. So f is one-one and hence a homeomorphism on the closure of D.

Two different proofs of Carathéodory's theorem are described in and. The first proof follows Carathéodory's original method of proof from 1913 using properties of Lebesgue measure on the circle: the continuous extension of the inverse function g of f to ∂U is justified by Fatou's theorem on the boundary behaviour of bounded harmonic functions on the unit disk. The second proof is based on the method of, where a sharpening of the maximum modulus inequality was established for bounded holomorphic functions h defined on a bounded domain V: if a lies in V, then

 * h(a)| ≤ mt ⋅ M1 − t,

where 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, M is maximum modulus of h for sequential limits on ∂U and m is the maximum modulus of h for sequential limits on ∂U lying in a sector centred on a subtending an angle 2πt at a.

Continuous extension and the Carathéodory-Torhorst theorem
An extension of the theorem states that a conformal isomorphism

 * $$ g\colon \mathbb{D} \to U$$,

where $$U$$ is a simply connected subset of the Riemann sphere, extends continuously to the unit circle if and only if the boundary of $$U$$ is locally connected.

This result is often also attributed to Carathéodory, but was first stated and proved by Marie Torhorst in her 1918 thesis, under the supervision of Hans Hahn, using Carathéodory's theory of prime ends. More precisely, Torhorst proved that local connectivity is equivalent to the domain having only prime ends of the first kind. By the theory of prime ends, the latter property, in turn, is equivalent to $$g$$ having a continuous extension.


text:
Talk:George Dalgarno

Javirl 11:16, 18 July 2005 (UTC) This article lacks reference to Dalgarno's artificial language, which is truly interesting. I'll add it when I have the time.

what kind of language?

 * Dalgarno was also interested in constructing what he called a 'philosophical language', now more usually referred to as universal language.

These are different concepts; to choose between them, I'd need to know a bit more about his purposes. —Tamfang (talk) 22:12, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

 * They are different concepts now, but at the time (1600s) universality is pretty much what all the philosophical languages were going for. (Or looking for the original 'Adamic language', but I think they'd consider that roughly equivalent to 'universal'.) See e.g. Leibniz's similar work at around the same period. I don't know Dalgarno's, but it's a reasonable guess that it was doing the same. --Sai ¿? ✍ 00:20, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:George Dalgarno


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User talk:Ericg/experimental/template/test ii

clever, hows it done? GraemeLeggett 08:34, 18 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Ribbon microphone

A ribbon microphone, also known as a ribbon velocity microphone, is a type of microphone that uses a thin aluminum, duraluminum or nanofilm of electrically conductive ribbon placed between the poles of a magnet to produce a voltage by electromagnetic induction. Ribbon microphones are typically bidirectional, meaning that they pick up sounds equally well from either side of the microphone.

Principle of operation

In a moving-coil microphone, the diaphragm is attached to a light movable coil that generates a voltage as it moves back and forth between the poles of a permanent magnet. In ribbon microphones, a very thin light metal ribbon (usually corrugated) is suspended between the poles of a magnet. As the ribbon vibrates, a voltage is induced at right angles to both the ribbon velocity and magnetic field direction and is picked off by contacts at the ends of the ribbon. Ribbon microphones are also called "velocity microphones" because the induced voltage is proportional to the velocity of the ribbon and thus of the air particles in the sound wave, unlike in some other microphones where the voltage is proportional to the displacement of the diaphragm and the air.

One important advantage that the ribbon microphone had when it was introduced is that its very lightweight ribbon, which is under very little tension, has a resonant frequency lower than 20 Hz; in contrast to the typical resonant frequency of the diaphragms in contemporary high quality microphones which used other technology. The typical resonant frequency of those microphones is within the range of human hearing. So even the very early commercially available ribbon microphones had excellent frequency response throughout the nominal range of human hearing (20 Hz to 20 kHz for a young adult).

The voltage output of older ribbon microphones is typically quite low compared to a dynamic moving coil microphone, and a step-up transformer is used to increase the voltage output and increase the output impedance. Modern ribbon microphones do not suffer from this problem due to improved magnets and more efficient transformers and have output levels that can exceed typical stage dynamic microphones.

Ribbon microphones were once delicate and expensive, but modern materials make certain present-day ribbon microphones very durable, and so they may be used for loud popular music and stage work. They are prized for their ability to capture high-frequency detail, comparing very favorably with condenser microphones, which can often sound subjectively "aggressive" or "brittle" in the high end of the frequency spectrum. Due to their bidirectional pick-up pattern, ribbon microphones may be used in pairs to produce the Blumlein Pair recording array. In addition to the standard bidirectional pick-up pattern, ribbon microphones can also be configured to have cardioid, hypercardioid, and variable pattern.

As many mixers are equipped with phantom power in order to enable the use of condenser microphones, care should be taken when using condenser and ribbon microphones at the same time. If the ribbon microphone is improperly wired, which is not unheard of with older microphones, this capability can damage some ribbon elements; however, improvements in designs and materials have made those concerns largely inconsequential in modern ribbon microphones.

History

In the early 1920s, Drs. Walter H. Schottky and Erwin Gerlach co-invented the first ribbon microphone. By turning the ribbon circuit in the opposite direction, they also invented the first ribbon loudspeaker. A few years later, Dr. Harry F. Olson of RCA started developing ribbon microphones using field coils and permanent magnets. The RCA Photophone Type PB-31 was commercially manufactured in 1931, greatly impacting the audio recording and broadcasting industries. Condenser microphones at the time could not compare to its frequency response. Radio City Music Hall employed PB-31s in 1932. The following year, RCA introduced the Type 44A Velocity Microphone. Its tone and pattern control helped reduce reverberation. Many RCA ribbon models are still in use and valued by audio engineers.

The BBC-Marconi Type A was an iconic ribbon microphone produced by the BBC and Marconi between 1934 and 1959. Also of note is the ST&C Coles 4038 (or PGS – pressure gradient single), designed by the BBC in 1954 and still used for some applications to this day. Its historical uses varied from talks to symphony concerts, and it is regarded as a delicate, fine traditional microphone. The German Beyerdynamic M 160 was introduced in 1957, fitted with a smaller microphone element with two 15 mm ribbons combined to create a highly directional pickup pattern. The microphone proved to be popular in recording studios.

Around 2002, relatively inexpensive ($80 – $200) ribbon microphones manufactured in China and inspired by the RCA-44 and older Soviet Oktava ribbon microphones became available. UK based Stewart Taverner and his company XAudia developed "The Beeb", modifying vintage Reslo ribbon microphones for better tone, performance and increased output. In 2007, microphones employing ribbon elements made of strong nanomaterials became available, offering orders of magnitude improvement in signal purity and output level.

The ribbon microphone is an electrically simple design with no active circuitry; it is possible to build one from a kit, or with basic tools and materials. The acoustic complexity of ribbon microphones is comparable to other types of air coupled transducers.

title: Ribbon microphone


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User talk:RainbowOfLight

Although I am semi-retired from editing, I do still look things up on Wikipedia so I still see messages to this page. RainbowofLight (talk) 18:57, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

I have semi-retired due to the nonsense of the date linking/delinking wars. Wikipedia is fundamentally broken. There will never be consensus (i.e. Wikipedia's definition of consensus, which is apparently that everyone agrees on everything**) on this issue and since Wikipedia is not a democracy where majority can rule, nothing will ever be resolved. Rain bow Of Light  Talk  03:20, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Quote: WP:Consensus has never meant majority rule; it means a statement which (almost) everyone can tolerate. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 17:18, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Quote: See voting is evil. See also WP:NOTDEMOCRACY. The results of polls where only a majority is defined (and not a consensus) should be the start of more discussion, not the end of it. —Locke Cole • t • c 05:58, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Quotes above from Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_arbitration/Date_delinking/Proposed_decision

May 22 2009

 * Please come back if the dates case ends up in a vaguely sane way. Tony   (talk)  04:30, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

the United States, etc
It has nothing to do with the ArbCom case and you are free to follow the style guide in this respect. Just don't do too much too fast, or mow through article in a way that appears to be consistent with a single-theme process. I certainly remove links to major anglophone countries, and "English" (language), and "Internet", and "horse", and other dictionary terms, unless in rare cases where they pass the relevance test. You're doing the project a good turn. Tony  (talk)  04:47, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Pauley Perrette/The Ring
OK, my goof. I did make that edit while barely awake. I shouldn't edit while half conscious. I will be more careful. -  NeutralHomer •  Talk  • 21:26, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

Hello
Warm regards Little Professor (talk) 01:37, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Disam
Nice catch! Thank you. Yeah I do several hundred disamms a day. Misclicks happen...that's all that was I think. --User:Woohookitty Diamming fool! 06:43, 12 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Yep. :) But my goodness it makes disamming easier. :) One of the best simple tools I've found. --User:Woohookitty Diamming fool! 07:11, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Happy Halloween!

As Halloween is my favorite holiday, I just wanted to wish those Wikipedians who have been nice enough to give me a barnstar or smile at me, supportive enough to agree with me, etc., a Happy Halloween! Sincerely, --A NobodyMy talk 16:35, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Happy Thanksgiving!

I just wanted to wish those Wikipedians who have been nice enough to give me a barnstar or smile at me, supportive enough to agree with me, etc., a Happy Thanksgiving! Sincerely, --A NobodyMy talk 16:16, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

Vandalism issue
IP 159.83.4.95 is from County Library of Los Angeles, Lakewood branch. I am not the person who has vandalized a school wikipedia entry but there's no knowing who really did it due to the vandalizer using a public library PC. --159.83.4.95 (talk) 21:10, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

Merry Christmas

A NobodyMy talk is wishing you a Merry Christmas! This greeting (and season) promotes WikiLove and hopefully this note has made your day a little better. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a Merry Christmas, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Don't eat yellow snow!

Spread the holiday cheer by adding to their talk page with a friendly message. To those who make Good Arguments, who are appreciative, or supportive. Sincerely, --A NobodyMy talk 18:04, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Smile!
 Hello RainbowOfLight, Thesevenseas has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling at someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Go on, smile! Cheers, and happy editing! Smile at others by adding {{subst:Smile}} to their talk page with a friendly message.  Set Sail   For The   Seven Seas   346° 12' 15" NET   23:04, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Thank you. :) Rain bow Of Light   Talk  04:55, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

 * No problem! :)  Set Sail   For The   Seven Seas   266° 5' 15" NET   17:44, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

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Missing Wikipedians
You have been mentioned at Missing Wikipedians. Woodlot (talk) 09:35, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

-heh. I'm not missing, I just don't edit anymore. Too many hostile people. But it's nice that people are thinking of me. :) RainbowofLight (talk) 13:11, 2 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:RainbowOfLight


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Toad Killing Spree

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 08:01, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Toad Killing Spree
NN flash animation. NSR (talk) 08:35, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN. KeithD 09:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete NN vanity of a minor animation.Hamster Sandwich 09:12, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable flash. JamesBurns 10:24, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Exploding toad. the wub  "?/!"  12:19, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dcarrano 16:30, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
H. Owen Reed

Herbert Owen Reed (June 17, 1910 – January 6, 2014) was an American composer, conductor, and author.

Personal life
Reed was raised in rural Odessa, Missouri, where his first exposure to music was his father's playing of the old-time fiddle (accompanied by his mother at the piano).

Reed was married twice, for nearly fifty years to Esther, who preceded him in death; and for 31 years to Mary, who traveled the world with him and survived him. He had two daughters, three step-children, fifteen grandchildren, and twenty-two great-grandchildren. Reed was an avid fisherman and world traveler. After starting to play jazz in college, he continued beyond his hundredth year, including membership in a Michigan State faculty combo known as the "Geriatric Six."

Education
In addition to his childhood with musically inclined parents, he was also attracted to the popular piano music of the 1920s (such as the novelty piano tunes of Zez Confrey), as well as his family's player piano, which played popular tunes. He studied piano with Odessa's only piano teacher, Mrs. Felts, who attempted to interest him in the music of Bach and Beethoven.

In 1937 he enrolled at the Eastman School of Music (studying composition with Howard Hanson and Bernard Rogers, conducting with Paul White, musicology with Howard Gleason, and music theory with Allen I. McHose), receiving a Ph.D. in composition in 1939. In 1942, at the Berkshire Music Center (Tanglewood), Massachusetts, he studied composition with Bohuslav Martinů, and contemporary music with Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein and Stanley Chappel. In the summer of 1947, he studied composition with Roy Harris at Colorado Springs, Colorado, and also attended lessons with Arnold Schoenberg.

Career
H. Owen Reed joined the composition faculty of Michigan State College in 1939. His career at MSU lasted for nearly 40 years. Reed retired from MSU in 1976. Upon his retirement, MSU granted the title of Professor Emeritus unto Reed.

Many of Reed's students have gone on to fame as composers and arrangers, including Howard J. Buss, Loris Chobanian, Clare Fischer, David Gillingham, Adolphus Hailstork, and David Maslanka.

Compositions
Just as Béla Bartók investigated the traditional music of Eastern Europe, North Africa, and Turkey, using these as inspirations for his own original works, Reed similarly devoted much study to the traditional music of North America. Many of his works feature material derived from the Mexican, Native American, Anglo-American and African American cultures, blended with contemporary idioms.

Reed's best known and most widely performed work is the three-movement concert band composition La Fiesta Mexicana (1949), composed with the support of a Guggenheim Fellowship. The work is based on Aztec, Roman Catholic, mariachi, and other music Reed heard while in Mexico City, Cuernavaca, and Chapala, Mexico for six months between 1948 and 1949. He returned to Mexico in 1960 for a month's further study. He also studied folk music in the Caribbean in February 1976, and in Norway in the summer of 1977.

Reed later studied Native American musics in Taos, New Mexico and Arizona, and eventually composed a trilogy of chamber operas based on Native American legends: Earth Trapped (Sioux, 1960), Living Solid Face (Algonquin, 1974), and Butterfly Girl and Mirage Boy (Hopi-Aztec, 1980). His band composition Missouri Shindig (1951) is based on the American fiddle tune "Give the Fiddler a Dram," which his father had particularly enjoyed playing. Spiritual (1947), Reed's first composition for band, is based on his recollection of overhearing the exuberant religious expression of African American churchgoers while passing by their churches as a child.

Reed's music is published by G. Schirmer, Warner Brothers, Ballerbach Music, Harrock Hall Music, Triplo Press, Allyn & Bacon, Boosey & Hawkes, Edwin A. Fleisher, EMI Mills, Neil A. Kjos, Ludwig and H. O. Reed Music.

Writings
In addition to his compositions, Reed published eight books on the subjects of musical composition and music theory. His scores, recordings, correspondence, and other papers have been deposited in the Michigan State University Manuscript Collection, in the Special Collections Unit of the Michigan State University Libraries.

Discography

 * 2004: The Composer's Voice: H. Owen Reed (Piano)

title: H. Owen Reed


text:
Gerzeh culture

The Gerzeh culture, also called Naqada II, refers to the archaeological stage at Gerzeh (also Girza or Jirzah), a prehistoric Egyptian cemetery located along the west bank of the Nile. The necropolis is named after el-Girzeh, the nearby contemporary town in Egypt. Gerzeh is situated only several miles due east of the oasis of Faiyum.

The Gerzeh culture is a material culture identified by archaeologists. It is the second of three phases of the prehistoric Naqada cultures and so is also known as Naqada II. The Gerzeh culture was preceded by the Amratian culture ("Naqada I") and followed by the Naqada III ("protodynastic" or "Semainian culture").

Historical context
Sources differ on dating, some saying use of the culture distinguishes itself from the Amratian and begins circa 3500 BC lasting through circa 3200 BC. Accordingly, some authorities place the onset of the Gerzeh coincident with the Amratian or Badari cultures, i.e. c.3800 BC to 3650 BC, even though some Badarian artifacts, in fact, may date earlier. Nevertheless, because the Naqada sites were first divided by the British Egyptologist Flinders Petrie in 1894, into Amratian (after the cemetery near el-Amrah) and "Gerzean" (after the cemetery near Gerzeh) sub-periods, the original convention is used in this text.

The Gerzeh culture lasted through a period of time when the desertification of the Sahara had nearly reached its state seen during the late twentieth century.

The primary distinguishing feature between the earlier Amratian and the Gerzeh is the extra decorative effort exhibited in the pottery of the period. Artwork on Gerzeh ceramics features stylised animals and environment to a greater degree than the earlier Amratian artwork. Further, images of ostriches on the pottery artwork possibly indicate an inclination these early peoples may have felt to explore the Sahara desert.

Reed boats
Pictures of ceremonial reed boats appear on some Naqada II jars, showing two male and two female figures standing aboard, the boat being equipped with oars and two cabins.

Contacts with Western and Central Asia
Distinctly foreign objects and art forms entered Egypt during this period, indicating contacts with several parts of Asia. Scientific analysis of ancient wine jars in Abydos has shown that there was some high-volume wine trade with the Levant during this period. Objects such as the Gebel el-Arak knife handle, which has patently Mesopotamian relief carvings on it, have been found in Egypt, and the silver which appears in this period can only have been obtained from Asia Minor.

Lapis lazuli trade, in the form of beads, from its only known prehistoric source – Badakhshan in northeastern Afghanistan – also reached ancient Gerzeh. Other discovered grave goods are on display here.

Cylinder seals
It is generally thought that cylinder seals were introduced from Mesopotamia to Egypt during the Naqada II period. Cylinder seals, some coming from Mesopotamia and Elam, and some made locally in Egypt following Mesopotamian designs in a stylized manner, have been discovered in the tombs of Upper Egypt dating to Naqada II and III, particularly in Hierakonpolis. Mesopotamia cylinder seals have been found in the Gerzean context of Naqada II, in Naqada and Hiw, attesting to the expansion of the Jemdet Nasr culture as far as Egypt at the end of the 4th millennium BC.

In Egypt, cylinder seals suddenly appear without local antecedents from around Naqada II c-d (3500–3300 BC). The designs are similar to those of Mesopotamia, where they were invented during the early 4th millennium BC, during the Uruk period, as an evolutionary step from various accounting systems and seals going back as early as the 7th millennium BC. The earliest Egyptian cylinder seals are clearly similar to contemporary Uruk seals down to Naqada II-d (circa 3300 BC), and may even have been manufactured by Mesopotamian craftsman, but they start to diverge from circa 3300 BC to become more Egyptian in character. Cylinder seals were made in Egypt as late as the Second Intermediate Period, but they were essentially replaced by scarabs from the time of the Middle Kingdom.

Burials
Burial sites in Gerzeh have uncovered artifacts, such as cosmetic palettes, a bone harpoon, an ivory pot, stone vessels, and several meteoritic iron beads, Technologies at Gerzeh also include fine ripple-flaked knives of exceptional workmanship. The meteoritic iron beads, discovered in two Gerzean graves by Egyptologist Wainwright in 1911, are the earliest artifacts of iron known, dating to around 3200 BC (see also Iron Age).

One burial uncovered evidence of decapitation.

Oldest known Egyptian painted tomb
Discoveries at Nekhen include Tomb 100, the oldest known tomb with a mural painted on its plaster walls. The sepulchre is thought to date to the Gerzeh culture (c. 3500–3200 BC).

It is presumed that the mural shows religious scenes and images. It includes figures featured in Egyptian culture for three thousand years—a funerary procession of barques, presumably a goddess standing between two upright lionesses, a wheel of various horned quadrupeds, several examples of a staff that became associated with the deity of the earliest cattle culture and one being held up by a heavy-breasted goddess. Animals depicted include onagers or zebras, ibexes, ostriches, lionesses, impalas, gazelles, and cattle.

Several of the images in the mural resemble images seen in the Gebel el-Arak Knife: a figure between two lions, warriors, or boats, but are not stylistically similar.

Proto-hieroglyphic symbols
Some symbols on Gerzeh pottery resemble traditional Egyptian hieroglyphs, which were contemporaneous with the proto-cuneiform script of Sumer. The figurine of a woman is a distinctive design considered characteristic of the culture.

The end of the Gerzeh culture is generally regarded as coinciding with the unification of Egypt, the Naqada III period.

title: Gerzeh culture