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Twana

Twana (Twana: təwəʔduq) is the collective name for a group of nine Coast Salish peoples in the northern-mid Puget Sound region. The Skokomish are the main surviving group and self-identify as the Twana today. The spoken language, also named Twana, is part of the Central Coast Salish language group. The Twana language is closely related to Lushootseed.

The nine groups making up the Twana are the Dabop, Quilcene, Dosewallips, Duckabush, Hoodsport, Skokomish, Vance Creek, Tahuya, and Duhlelap. By 1860 there were 33 settlements in total, with the Skokomish making up the majority of the population. Most descendants of all groups now are citizens of the Skokomish Indian Tribe and live on the Skokomish Indian Reservation at Skokomish, Washington.

History
Ancestral origins of the Twana include the Proto-Salish people of the northwest Americas who migrated into Washington and split into 23 distinct tribes, each speaking its own language. American contact with the Twana likely began around 1788 when traders participating in the Maritime Fur Trade came looking for sea otter pelts in the Pacific Northwest. The trade was so extensive that the sea otter population was almost diminished by 1792, and there was subsequently little non-native contact in the region for about 30 years. The Twana along with dozens of nearby tribes then experienced the ceding of their land with a series of treaties, starting with the Oregon Treaty (1846) and later the Washington Territory (1853). American settlers began moving onto the lands alongside the Twana and other tribes for a short period of time until the Treaty of Point No Point in 1855, which required all Native Americans to migrate off their lands and into reservations within one year after it was passed.

Divisions
The 9 groups who make up the Twana were historically completely autonomous and independent. The Twana were bound by no higher political power, but only by shared language, location, and cultural practices. While the area in the immediate vicinity of a group's village would be exclusive use, the vast majority of land was used freely by all Twana groups.

Pre-contact and reservation era
Native Americans of the Coast Salish region resided in semi-permanent villages, usually moving between summer and winter locations over the course of the year in accordance with fishing and crop seasons. Winter locations consisted of permanent plank houses and summer locations held temporary tent-style dwellings. Permanent villages could include homes, sweat houses, and potlatch houses. Twana chiefs had their own speaker that delivered speeches to the villagers. There were individuals who made morning calls to wake up the village as well. Status and wealth was divided among social classes.

The Twana Tribe’s primary resources were salmon (pink, coho, chum/dog, chinook, sockeye), cedar, and redwood. Other sources of food and material included herring, smelt, seals, sea otters, blacktail deer, black bear, elk, shellfish, fowl, and plant species such as bracken, camus, and wapato. Roots, berries, and nuts were also gathered in the region. Hides and shredded cedar bark were used to make aprons, skirts, breechclouts, shirts, leggings, robes, and moccasins.

There were likely connections within the Twana tribes as well as with other tribal groups in the southern Coast Salish region. This included trade between other Salish groups, especially with those more inland for items that could not be found at the coast. Some items from the east included mountain goat hair and hemp fiber. Canoes were sourced from the western outer coast tribes. Fishing and hunting grounds could be shared among groups. Twana were not known to partake in violent conflict, however shamans had the ability to harm other groups if needed. Coast Salish conflict was generally defensive in nature.

Men and women had different roles within the Twana village. Wood carving was a primary craft practiced by men. Woodwork included planks, houses, canoes, utensils, and containers such as bent-corner boxes. Similarly, men carved bone, stone, and antler. Wealthy and high-status men included chiefs and potlatch sponsors. Women were known to wear leg and chin tattoos. Women's roles included gathering roots, berries, and nuts, and well as making baskets, cordage, mats, and blankets. Materials for such crafts included shredded cedar bark, sedge, cattail leaves. Twana women were to isolate during their menstrual periods, the first of which signaled a woman's eligibility for marriage. Marriage was arranged by families and could be between members of different villages.

Customs and ceremonies
Twana beliefs include the heart and life souls that occupy each person, the loss of one being associated with illness and death, respectively. Deities include the sun and earth. Shamans held power to cause or cure illness, restore lost souls, and even cause death. Illness held certain significance among Twana culture. Illness could be a signal of soul loss or possession of a spirit. Young aspiring shamans, inheriting the shamanistic spirit or acquiring it through quests, became ill once the spirit possessed their body. The concept of the circle is also of deep importance within Twana culture, including among modern-day Twana. The cyclical nature of the circle is connected to many aspects of Twana life, such as the seasons, the moon and sun, the horizons, and gatherings where group members sit in a circle.

Ceremonies included the winter dance, soul recovery, elaborately painting boards, and Tamanawas. Potlatches were a common event across most North American Native tribes including the Twana. Twana potlatches could be held at any time of the year but were common in the winter. The extravagant gathering was hosted or sponsored by an individual man or group of men, who were the gift-donors. Guests were invited from nearby villages and tribes, who recipients of the hosts' gifts, as a display of wealth and power. These items of wealth could include woven blankets, dentalia, clamshell-disk beads, robes, pelts, bone war clubs, canoes, and slaves. Upon death, bodies were not buried but placed in canoes or grave boxes, followed by a ceremonial gathering that included a feast and the deceased's belongings being given away.

Some upper-class individuals of the Twana were members of a secret society, named after the society sprit "growling of an animal." The society held exclusive events similar to the potlatch, with an individual sponsor, feasts, and gifting. All members of the society possessed the society spirit, acquired through initiation. Members of the society were usually wealthy or upper-class, and initiation took place in adolescence. Initiation included several stages: showing the society spirit (where members ceremonially danced with duck-shaped rattles), laying down initiates (the initiates were sent into an unconscious trance after the society spirit possessed them), playing of the society spirit (members perform more dances for one or more nights), reviving the entranced initiates (the initiates, still unconscious, have blood dripped onto them and yelling society members lift them in the air a number of times until they awaken and run into the forest), bathing [ritually] the initiate (initiates are bathed in a river by their parents, given ceremonial garments, fed, and taught the secret society spirit dance), and working or practicing the initiate (society members and new initiates practice the society spirit dance and novices become entranced, represented by vomiting blood).

Modern-day
Today, most of the Twana population live on the Skokomish Indian Reservation and the Chehalis Indian Reservation. On the Skokomish Reservation, Twana members hold personal naming and salmon run festivals. There is a tribal K-4 school on the Reservation. The Twana language is spoken and taught through a language project, and similarly there is a basket project that several neighboring tribes take part in.

title: Twana


text:
Hypericum quadrangulum

Hypericum quadrangulum L. ''nom. rej.'' can refer to two different species of St. Johnswort:
 * Hypericum maculatum Crantz
 * Hypericum tetrapterum Fries

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hypericum quadrangulum


text:
Gonzo Station

Gonzo Station was a U.S. Navy acronym for "Gulf of Oman Naval Zone of Operations" or "Gulf of Oman Northern Zone." It was used to designate an area of carrier-based naval operations by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps in the Indian Ocean during the 1979-1981 Iranian Hostage Crisis and the "Tanker War" between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Carriers deployed
Multiple aircraft carriers, their associated air wings and carrier battle groups, and associated sea-based and land-based task forces and task groups served on Gonzo Station. USS Ranger (CV-61), USS Midway (CV-41) and USS Constellation (CV-64) were some of the first carriers on Gonzo Station who were at sea for 110 days or more, the longest at-sea record for a conventional US Navy carrier. Ranger was the first on-scene carrier at the beginning of the Iranian Hostage Crisis, followed shortly after by USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63), with both carriers executing simultaneous air operations and carrier presence in the vicinity of one another off the southern coast of Iran.

USS Nimitz (CV-68) exceeded Midway's record at sea in May 1980 with 144 days at sea. In 1984 Midway was on station for 111 days. Subsequent deployments by other carriers, such as USS America (CV-66) and Kitty Hawk, dwarfed the earlier records with over 180 days at sea, or six months on-station.

Several U.S. Navy carriers from both the Atlantic Fleet and Pacific Fleet served repeated deployments on Gonzo Station, including Ranger, Midway, USS Enterprise (CVN-65), America, USS Independence (CV-62), Kitty Hawk, Constellation, USS Coral Sea (CV-43), Nimitz and USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69). While replenishment ships normally rotated on and off the line in order to resupply, USS Roanoke (AOR-7) served in formation for 180 days, and USS Shasta (AE-33) served in formation for 78 days.

In 1980, the Dwight D. Eisenhower served 315 days of deployed sea time with a consecutive 154-day line period. This was the largest deployment of US Navy ships to the Indian Ocean since World War II.

title: Gonzo Station


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Template talk:Religious persecution

Listed for TfD in 2005

 * This template was listed on templates for deletion, but there was no consensus to delete. See the log. Dan100 (Talk) 15:27, August 7, 2005 (UTC)

Atheists/anti-clericals
I don't think this "persecuting group" should include atheists. The article this links to does not have ANY mention of atheism (or agnosticism). It sounds more like catholic anti-clericals. The article lists the anti-clericals as "fighting for Christ", not a group of people lacking a religion.
 * Yup I agree - The group at best should be titled Antitheists... which is different from Atheists... though truthfully I would imagine that atheism or even antitheism is a minority view from what in fact the real belief was i.e. Anticlericalism.
 * The French article mentions Atheist but only when Robespierre (a Deist) started a rival group; both though are a side-effect not a initiator of the Terrors. The Mexico article doesn't mention atheist at all. The Red Terror (Spain) article also doesn't mention anything on atheism, just anticlerical.
 * To thus avoid a tautology or presenting a minority view we need to simply drop the word Atheism from all three entries. Ttiotsw 13:57, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Have also remove atheism from the Marxist Soviet Union and China links and used "Antireligion" instead as both article are clear that they are against religion not theism (i.e. a belief in god or gods). Ttiotsw 14:06, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There's suddenly a "persecuting group" called "Antireligion"? I always thought they were called atheists. At least that term is grammatical. Not just that, but "atheists" is what they called themselves. They never called themselves "antireligion[sic]" or "antireligionists." It's original research to lable these groups as "antireligion(ists)" when they called themselves atheists. Sure they fit that definition, but it's still a synthesis of new ideas applying a term not used by these groups to self-identify before, and thus against Wikipedia's NOR policy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 154.20.253.36 (talk • contribs)
 * The USSR and China are influenced primarily by "Marxism-Leninism" and atheism is just one side effect of that doctrine (though not an obvious one given Marx was focused on the excesses of religion as opposed to philosophical questions on existence of god or gods) so the primary identity is not atheism but Marxism-Leninism and how these countries have politically effected their objections to religion; which in the end is political. On the other hand you can be a theist and object to religion or an atheist and object to religion so atheist per se doesn't add anything other than trying to further conflate atheists with communism. As I have explained the first three entries had "Atheist" in them and I have removed that outright but left the USSR and China entries as a read of the articles highlighted the anti-religion angle intrinsic to Marxism-Leninism. For consistency though I'll agree with you and remove "Antireligion" in the USSR and China entries so it's just says "Marxism-Leninism" as I'm certain that is their main identity. The "atheist" label is ancillary and incidental to the main political driver of Marxism-Leninism. Ttiotsw 19:28, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * OK have used Marxist-Leninists for the USSR and Communists for China. Edit to suit if better political terms work. Ttiotsw 19:41, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

In the case of the communist persecution of religion in Russia and China, those states were officially atheist (the fact that there is such a thing as believing communists is beside the point). To suggest their persecution of relion in those states was (and is in the case of China) unrelated to atheism really begs the question. With regard to the persecution of religion in revolutionary France, certainly one faction was just anti-clerical but another was indisputably atheist. Hebert, Danton, Chaumett, Cloots and many others were atheists. In Mexico, the most severe persecutor of Catholics Garrido Canaba was outspokenly atheist as was president Calles. The situation is the same in Spain. Just as Christians, Muslims and Jews have persecuted people based on their faith, so have atheists. You may not like the facts but they are the facts. Mamalujo 18:44, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Atheism is a philosophical position regarding the existence of one or more gods. It says nothing about how people relate to other religions. It is original research to conflate the philosophical position with any social or political side-effects,
 * Marxist/Leninists in the USSR are anti-religious and anti-clerical,
 * in the case of China I used "communists" as I was unclear as to the best description for Chinese Communism,
 * in the case of France, Mexico and Spain I kept anti-clerical as that was the primary driver,
 * Robspierre for France is inextricably related to the Terror but he was a deist - that's not Atheist ,
 * the Mexico and Spanish linked article do not mention atheism at all,
 * In all the cases (AFAICS) they were also men - it would be silly to change the lines to "Male or Men" persecution of 'x' so equally it is silly to change it to state "Atheist..." as you have not yet shown a causal link between the two i.e. atheism (a philosophical position) and persecution any more than I would be able to show a link between gender and persecution. I can though describe "Marxist/Leninist" or "Communism" or "Anti-clerical" (by definition) as a description for the persecutor as those are clearly documented as opposed to religion. Ttiotsw 19:14, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Have removed atheist from French entry as clearly all of atheists, theists and deists were involved so biasing towards one stance is not neutral. Will look at the others over time. Ttiotsw 05:21, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There were atheist and deists, hence the cult of reason and the cult of the supreme being. Describing them as atheists and anti-clericals is not biasing toward one stance. I am reverting.  68.126.63.211 18:39, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
 * But it is a bias. It is not neutral to list only one particular philosophical position without the others. We must either list all of "Atheists, Deists, Theists and anti-clericals" as there were clearly atheists who were anti-clerical, deists who were anti-clerical and theists who were anti-clerical as well as, no doubt given modern population demographics equally atheists, deists and theists who were not anti-clerical.
 * Why is there this desire to only bias towards just one of the many combinations ?
 * Please sign in - we don't know if you are a new user to Wikipedia who hasn't looked at WP:NPOV guidelines or an existing editor. For WP:DR to proceed we would need to know who the parties are.Ttiotsw 10:46, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

NPOV Question
Isn't this template inherently carrying bias. To place on a page, "this group has been persecuted by/persectued" seems awfully POV no matter how true (or not) it may be... (just my 2 cents) Makenji-san 07:48, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Two way grid?
We need a two-way grid really, "Persecution of atheists by Mormons", "Persecution of Zoroastrians by Christians", etc. Admittedly, some would be a bit short. Poetlister 16:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Trouble is, the longest article would probably be "Persecution of Christians by Christians". We'd then need to split it into  "Persecution of Protestants by Catholics" and vice versa, etc.  RachelBrown 10:02, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Afraid I have to agree with you. Poetlister 10:05, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Scientologists
I do not see this as a notable group, and this page is already sinking under the weight of its unused links. (In case you have not noticed, it is being VfD-ed itself.)

If you want to add Scientologists, then kindly first create the relevant articles. --EMS | Talk 02:52, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Those articles would be rather long, and I don't see any problem with them being red links in the template. Scientologists have been persecuted and persecuted others in thier history. SCN is very relavent to any article on Religious persecution. Klonimus 07:38, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I find that to be remarkable in a 50-year-old religion.
 * As far as I am concerned, you have demonstrated that the concept of this template is corrupt. It was meant to be a navigation bar, not a billboard.  Historical, dominant religions I can accept in this list by default.  Lesser religions should at least have the articles already in place at the least.
 * Also, if this template is to accept anthing that comes along with the proper set of articles, it will get awfully long after a while. --EMS | Talk 17:44, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Why should the fact that an article would be rather long mean that it shouldn't be written? On the contrary, it means that it's a substantial subject that may well deserve an article.  And it seems awfully wrong to me to have a template dominated by red links.  Isn't there a Wikipedia policy on this? Poetlister 10:07, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

zoroastrians?
where are the zoroastrians? Sohrab Irani 02:42, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Pagans and Germanic pagans
I don't see why there should be a separate entry for Germanic pagans, when there is already one for Pagans in general. DFH 17:07, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Further duplication - Heathens and Pagans are the same. One just redirects to the other. This is overkill! DFH 17:13, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * As nobody responded, I have just removed some of the duplication. DFH 17:34, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Looks good to me, SqueakBox 18:07, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Redlinks and hidden links
As some of these links are to subsections in the main article about that religion, rather than wait indefinitely for someone to write "persecution of the Cathars", and "persecution of the Zoraoastrians" articles, I've linked to the relevant subsections in the main articles. I'm wondering if we should do the same for the two hidden links, Sikhism and Spiritualism. Sikhs has a section on recent persecution, which I guess I'll just add if no one objects. However there is no section on persecution in the Spiritualism article. ~ Kathryn NicDhàna ♫ ♦ ♫ 06:58, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

"Christians, Jews, Muslims" then "Soviet Union"...WTF???
Okay, if you're going to generalize people by religion, then do it equally, do it fairly. The first three are RELIGIONS. The last one is a COUNTRY. You should do one of two things:

1) Replace "Christians", "Jews", and "Muslims" under the "by persecuting group" column with the specific NATIONS that did the persecuting, or

2) Replace "Soviet Union" under said column with "Atheists".

It is not fair to say that when the Soviet Union persecuted people, it was the Soviet Union not Atheists that did the persecuting, but when anyone else persecuted people, it was (religion) and not the respective nation or country. You are either being unfair towards religion, or letting atheists off the hook. Take your pick, and fix it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.144.227.63 (talk) 01:22, 19 March 2007 (UTC).

Removing the persecuting group altogether as POV ?
We don't seem to be able to describe the persecuted in a NPOV was so as per some of the suggestions in we should remove the persecuting group. They do seem very contrived given they do not point to articles but sections inside articles. This does seem like a pic-n-mix approach. Ttiotsw 19:28, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Buddhists listed as a Persecuting group yet....?
By Persecuting group lists Buddhists and yet the Wikilink to that article is unclear why Buddhists are listed. The only reference to the word "Persecut*" is with "Buddhists were briefly persecuted under the Zoroastrian priest-king Kirder.". Huh ? They were persecuted not the "...persecuting group:" surely shome mistake ? I vote they are removed along with all the other atheists ! Ttiotsw 19:45, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Still seems like a good delete so I was bold and did it. Ttiotsw 04:55, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Dispute Resolution next step.
Disputes on Templates are new to me so I'll create what I feel is an unbiased and neutral edit and then self-revert it instantly (this doesn't count against WP:3RR ) because at this time I don't want to tag the template NPOV as that may mess with many articles. Once the IP identifies itself then we can proceed with resolution on handling the reverts (e.g. WP:3O or WP:RFC. Ttiotsw 11:00, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This template is biased and should probably be deleted entirely. There is no such thing as factual "persecution".  Would like to see all references to "persecution", "victim" etc. which are stated as facts removed from wikipedia.  Fourdee 19:57, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't want the template to be removed just the original research removed. I have edited the template and removed words unless they are in the article title or in the leader paragraphs. Anyone using any other wording that they pick from their own personal view or from deep in the article is either doing a bit of original research to push their point of view by presenting a minor view.
 * I have removed the heading "By persecuting group" and split it into three,
 * Notable events:
 * Historical perspectives:
 * Contemporary perspectives:
 * How do we know things are "Notable" - simply because they describe some event (rather than a place or person) and have a Wikipedia article, how do we know something is historical ?, simply because it says that in the title and how do we know something is contemporary ? - it doesn't have historical in the title or it's talking about recent times. Hopefully this'll be a better approach. Ttiotsw 06:59, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Notable events
These are the "notable events" in the infobox...

 * Dechristianisation in French Revolution
 * Uprising in 1920's Mexico
 * Spanish Civil War of the 1930s

You gotta be kidding me... Where's the Inquisition? Persecution of Christians by Jews and Romans? Persecution of the Huguenots? Persecution of Catholics and others in England? And on and on...

I cannot believe that these three are the three most notable events in the history of religious persecution. I'm going to be bold and remove them from the infobox. If anyone disagrees, revert me but also explain why you think these events deserve to be highlighted.

--Richard 05:47, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * See your comment now. Can we add those?  Seems like they'd all be useful, unless it became a big gang-up on somebody, or some other problem.Mackan79 22:32, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The list of events would I guess be special events that didn't exactly fit into a category, or maybe the very largest types of upheavals. The Inquisition would seem like it would have to fit; as to persecution of Christians by Jews or by Romans, that's in the main article, I believe, no? Mackan79 22:35, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The strange change of categorization within the template from organization by presecuting group to "notable events" was a plain act of POV pushing to remove atheists as a persecuting group. Significantly, that change still listed religions as persecutors.  That change to the template is blatant POV and is unacceptable.  There was nothing wrong with the organization of the template as it was.  It made more sense, it was neutral and it was consistent. Mamalujo 17:15, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it's problematic to focus the template on who has committed persecution, particularly when the articles don't match up such that you have five on one group and one on others. If there's material on persecution by atheists, that could certainly be made into an article.  In any case, I'd think a more helpful template would focus on things that don't look like accusations, which would probably mean moving the "by group" material somewhere lower. Mackan79 18:18, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Mackan79 characterized the list of "Notable events" as a "list of events would I guess be special events that didn't exactly fit into a category". If that is the intent, then I would suggest renaming the section to "Other notable events" and moving it to the bottom of the template. Placed at the top and without the qualifier "other", the section seemed to be saying "These are the most notable events in the history of religious persecution". I was objecting to that implication. By placing it at the bottom and saying "Other notable events", we change the meaning to the one that Mackan79 described. --Richard 17:22, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * That would be fine with me. Mackan79 18:18, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Simply rearranging the order of a POV laden edit (whether the POV was intentional or not) does not cure the problem. The previous organization of the template made the most sense.  Removing areligious groups as persecutors while retaining religions as persecutors is POV and greatly misleading.  The greatest persecution of religion in the 20th century was not by other religions but by those opposed to religion.  Mamalujo 19:16, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Mamalujuo, I don't believe I removed them; the problem is that those aren't actually articles on persecution by atheists, but a group of articles on events which have been named that for purposes of the template. Surely you see the problem with this. I'm suggesting if we move all of that to the bottom, then it's less of an issue, while the events involving atheists are still included under their actual names. Also religious persecution here is being defined by those against whom it's being done (the article is on persecution of religions, not by them), which suggests to me that the victims should go on the top. Mackan79 19:20, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually, they ARE articles about persecution by atheists and anti-clericals, whether or not they bear that moniker. I do see what you're saying is the problem, but I don't think it is a real issue.  Moreover, the countervailing problem is greater.  By far, the greatest persecution of religion in the 20th century was not by other religions but was by those opposed to religion, namely atheists and anticlerical in latin countries and atheist states in the communist world.  The revised template is thus less factually acurate and it moved away from the simple and workable organization which it had.Mamalujo 19:39, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I support Mackan79 on how they have re-arrange this. It is more logical view. Whereas Mamalujo is clearly inventing new titles for articles by plucking words he wants out of articles (in some cases inventing new words not even present in the linked articles). The articles ARE also about *men* being the oppressers (from a feminist POV) or *meat-eaters* (from a Vegetarian POV) or heterosexuals (from a homosexual POV)...there are many other possible attributes plucked to push a point. You are plucking out "atheists" to reword article titles and present a particular spin to the template and this is against the broader consensus of editors.  If you want articles with "atheist" this or that in the title then start them and then they may fit here.Ttiotsw 19:51, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Re Richard's comment, above, as to the absence of the Inquisition, it is referenced in the article on persecution by Christians. But it should be noted that despite the Black Legend, the Spanish Inquisition was in relative terms vastly less bloody than, for example, the Reign of Terror. Modern scholarship concludes that the Spanish Inquisition killed 3000-6000 people over a number of centuries, whereas 40,000 people were killed in less than a year in the Reign of Terror. The Red Terror in Spain in a matter of months killed more clerics alone (not including lay people) than all the people killed in the centuries of the Spanish Inquisition.Mamalujo 19:39, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The Category has all of this. The Template is a navigator to help logically group articles. You seem to be suggesting we group by body-count. Ttiotsw 19:51, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * No. I'm not suggesting we order it by body count. I'm suggesting we keep the simple and sensible organization which it had: by persecuting group and by persecuted group.  You prefer the current haphazard and obfuscated organization because you refuse to believe that atheists have ever persecuted people based on their faith.Mamalujo 07:08, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * We're kind of in agreement except I think the victimized (i.e. persecuted) people are more important than the persecutors and so should figure up on the top of the list. The strategy used is important as it is victim-focused and then the persecutors and then some significantly related events. This does seem to be the consensus view whereas there is no consensus for your views (especially your inventing new and imaginative titles for article wikilinks) and I don't know exactly where I figure personally in this. Ttiotsw 15:23, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

POV
This template's NPOV has been seriously compromised. It now distances secularism from the intense and well-documented persecutions against religious people that took place during the 20th century. People have both killed and died for secularism on a massive scale. We should try to put the secularist apologetics and revisionism on a back burner so that this template can conform to NPOV guidelines. Some secularists, especially hardline atheists, hate religion and want to destroy it, and have attempted to do so in the past. There should be an article called persecution by secularists that could cover things such as:
 * The Reign of Terror and the dechristianization of France (deist and atheist secularists against Christians--deists were most certainly secularists)
 * The Pontic Greek Genocide and the Armenian Genocide (secularists against Christians) (one other genocide was carried out by the secularist Young Turks but I forget what it was about--all of these were based on ethnic hatred, but religion played a major role)
 * The Red Terror of the Russian Revolution (communist atheists against Christians)
 * The Red Terror (Spain) of the Spanish Civil War (anarchist and communist atheists against Christians)
 * The Cultural Revolution (communist atheists against all religious Chinese)
 * The Soviet Union's persecutions (communist atheists against Muslims, Jews, and Christians)
 * The Khmer Rouge (communist atheists against Buddhists, Muslims, and Christians)
 * Albania (communist atheists against Christians)

There are a half dozen others that could be included in that article. Secularism and anti-religious sentiment were the primary motivating factors in all of these persecutions. Today's secularists often rely on the no true Scotsman fallacy or try to highlight variations in ideology ("Oh no, they were communists."), but they only do this so they can continue to use guilt by association against religion for the past crimes of religious people without being outed as hypocrites (see criticism of religion to see how that works). An article about persecution by secularists would fit well with this template. Persecution by atheists might need to be spun off into another article, though, because it could get very long. 154.20.253.36 21:07, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Was the Reign of Terror really motivated primarily by secularism? My point here is that we're better off not making a big deal of this either way.  If persecution is about being targeted for your religion, then we should focus first on the religions that have been targeted.  Incidentally, I'm guessing people would object if any of the religions were given five articles right at the top, followed by one for each of the others.  I don't see any reason to focus on this, or to change the names of the articles for purposes of the template.  If you'd like to create those articles, though, you can feel free. Mackan79 21:35, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * "Was the Reign of Terror really motivated primarily by secularism?"
 * When a mob of atheists encircle a church, drag those inside out toward the guillotine, and light fire to the church, I might suspect that secularism could have something to do with it. Anticlericalism was a major factor in the Reign of Terror, and thousands of clergy were executed. The Pope ended up dead in a French jail cell, and thousands of churches and cathedrals ended up stolen, desecrated, or destroyed. What motivated all that, if not secularism? Was it Buddhism? Or maybe Hinduism? Wait, neither of those were very popular in France at the time...
 * "Incidentally, I'm guessing people would object if any of the religions were given five articles right at the top, followed by one for each of the others."
 * Well, I am sorry that atheists have persecuted so many people, that their belief system starts with the letter A, and that there is no article that compiles all their crimes, but changing the entire template to downplay their crimes comes off as POV. But that is irrelevant, because I advocate the creation of an article called persecution by secularists that would balance things out in more ways than one. But I don't have an account, so I can't start that article. Someone else has to. 154.20.253.36 00:19, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Well I'm sorry that you have such a distorted view of the reality here. It is not what you suspect but that someone else notable says this. It is trivial to create an account. Ttiotsw 01:11, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * "Well I'm sorry that you have such a distorted view of the reality here." Please refrain from personal attacks. 154.20.253.36 21:22, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * That's not a personal attack. I am describing (partly paraphrasing your own words) that the reality here is deliberately phrased that way using the word "here" so that it means the environment of Wikipedia rather than reality in general. Thus a) what you suspect isn't notable unless you can identify someone notable who has said this and b) that it is trivial to create an account. That is the reality here and that is what you are misunderstanding. It feels odd to me that you know of these nuances of Wikipedia, are actively editing as an IP and yet can't create an account. Ttiotsw 03:17, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Telling someone that they have a distorted view of reality anywhere is a personal attack. Way to follow that up with an assumption of bad faith. Good job. 154.20.253.36 09:30, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Err, whatever.Ttiotsw 09:49, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The third genocide of Christians undertaken by the secularist Young Turks was the Assyrian Genocide. 154.20.253.36 00:24, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Well yes we all know about the Ottoman Empire !. Yesterdays Muslim Terrorists. Have no idea how that's got to do with "atheists". Also haven't actually worked out the relevance of Albania in your edit. Ttiotsw 01:11, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Let’s examine the beliefs of the Young Turks, shall we? From the article about them: “Another guiding principle for the Young Turks was the transformation of their society into one in which religion played no consequential role. In this ultra-secular and somewhat materialistic structure, science was to replace religion. However Young Turks soon recognized the difficulty of spreading this idea and began to work at developing claims that Islam itself was materialism. As compared with later intellectual activities by Muslim intellectuals, such as the attempt to reconcile Islam and socialism, this was an extremely difficult thought.” Also: “Positivism, with its claim of being a religion of science, deeply impressed Young Turks, who believed it could be more easily reconciled with Islam than could popular materialistic theories.” The Young Turks were about as Muslim as you are Christian. They were materialists and positivists. Please see materialism and positivism. Both are rather secularist, I must say.
 * You don’t see the relevance of Albania? Then could you please read History of Communist Albania. Maybe you will understand then. Here is the best part: “In 1967 the authorities conducted a violent campaign to extinguish religious life in Albania, claiming that religion had divided the Albanian nation and kept it mired in backwardness. Student agitators combed the countryside, forcing Albanians to quit practicing their faith. Despite complaints, even by APL members, all churches, mosques, monasteries, and other religious institutions had been closed or converted into warehouses, gymnasiums, and workshops by year's end. A special decree abrogated the charters by which the country's main religious communities had operated. The campaign culminated in an announcement that Albania had become the world's first atheistic state, a feat touted as one of Enver Hoxha's greatest achievements.” 154.20.253.36 21:22, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I can't comment much on the Wikipedia Young Turk article as it fails to cite any reliable sources. You haul up a strawman of the Young Turks not being Muslim, call them materialist and positivist, say those are secularist no doubt to conclude that thus secularism is what committed the Armenian Genocide. Rather odd way of shifting blame. Though it would probably get me imprisoned in Turkey I'm confident the Young Turks more or less committed the Armenian Genocide rather than some the bit of original research on your part to remove the blame from them and stick it on "secularism".
 * On Albania - good you have fixed the Wikilink. Again this desire to cry "secularism" when you need simply read about old "shroom" Hoxha himself to get the full story. As with many despots in history, religion is a tool they use to manipulate the masses. We're starting to get well known scientists seriously questioning this delusion but it is nothing new,
 * Leave the matter of religion to the family altar, the church, and the private schools, supported entirely by private contributions. Keep the church and the state forever separate. Ulysses S. Grant
 * Any system of religion that has anything in it that shocks the mind of a child, cannot be a true system.
 * Persecution is not an original feature in any religion; but it is always the strongly marked feature of all religions established by law. both by Thomas Paine
 * and finally the first part of this one,
 * Religion is an insult to human dignity. Without it you would have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things, that takes religion. Steven Weinberg
 * obviously applies to all of Hoxha, Young Turks and any other despot but by you trying to say it's Secularism like it was some kind of religion you are actually trying to deflect the responsibility. I can see the International Criminal Court lawyer, "Sorry but my client isn't responsible as he was under the influence of secularism." Judge replies, "Ooowch that's nasty. Good point though so case dismissed, please don't kill and torture any more people."....Ttiotsw 03:17, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

As far as I can tell, I never made the fallacy of guilt by association. That is something you read into my words. I understand how and why you thought so, but I never meant that it is secularism in general that is responsible for these persecutions. That is the argument form that you use against religion, and I would never want to borrow your fallacy. I must have hit a nerve to make you read my words in that way. Maybe because it is the atheists' favourite fallacy when talking about religious people to blame their beliefs for things like the Crusades, etc. and you were just surprised to learn that your ideological camp has a few skeletons in its own closet? A few million skeletons, in fact. Maybe you should realize that such closets don’t exist.

I merely meant to say that they were secularists who persecuted religious people. Secularism is fine, as long as it isn't the intolerant, bigoted, militant varieties responsible for the atrocities under discussion, and even then it is the intolerance, bigotry, and militancy of those types that is responsible, and not secularism per se (wow, I wonder if secularism and religion could be on equal footing there?).

Besides that, what a lovely little antireligious rant you ahve there. It is the best one I have seen since…well…since the last one I made. Please face the facts, though. Some secularists of a militant stripe have killed millions of religious people and otherwise persecuted millions more in the name of combating religion and establishing the dominance of secularism. I hope that those same quotations of yours are not used again someday to justify more such antireligious activity. For example, your Richard Dawkins advocates removing children from the influence of religious parents. I for one cannot see any potential for human rights violations in that, but then again I am a rather trusting person.

I wish you luck in curing us masses of our delusions. Just try not to make the cure worse than the disease next time, if you can. We religious folk are somewhat tired of being slaughtered by one group of secularists and then scolded by another (totally unrelated) group of secularists about how violent our beliefs are in comparison to the bastion of peace, tolerance, and harmony that is secularism (that we must embrace or be mocked, marginalized, and destroyed--in that order). You can see how that gets old very quickly. 154.20.253.36 05:30, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I see a couple of days ago you say...
 * "I never meant that it is secularism in general that is responsible for these persecutions."
 * Yet a few days before that you said...
 * "Secularism and anti-religious sentiment were the primary motivating factors in all of these persecutions."
 * That's almost Biblical in consistency. We shiver with anticipation on this plan your working on, if secularism is really to blame or if it is a cause or a symptom. Ttiotsw 04:29, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Is the secularism and anti-religious sentiment of a bigoted, intolerant, uncivil atheist who wants to shove his beliefs down everyone's throat and, say, gets indignant whenever someone points out historical persecutions by other bigoted, intolerant, uncivil atheists really the same as the secularism and religious tolerance of the rational, tolerant, civil atheist who has nothing in common with these persecutors except his secularism? You see, that's the difference between the type of secularism that I *meant* (your eyes skipped over that word, huh?) and "secularism in general". 154.20.253.36 09:23, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Template looks fine. We're discussing the template contents after all. Ttiotsw 09:49, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Really? That antireligious screed of yours seemed to change the subject. But yes, the template looks fine. I'll submit some content for the new article persecution by atheists that should allow for an even better structure. 154.20.253.36 21:53, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Your edits to date on existing articles seem to get reverted. You may get more lucky with trying to get stuff into persecution by atheists but please try to get good cites else you're just wasting everyones time. You will have to create an account to create an article see here and also upload images. You can still avoid creating an account but it does look odd when you're going beyond quick edits. Ttiotsw 20:53, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I have made plenty of edits that have not been reverted, and some of those that have have been reverted back again by other editors. There is a considerable body of literature surrounding every persecution that I have listed, as you can tell from the footnotes of the related articles. I really do not take it into consideration how odd anything looks to you, so, while I thank you for your repeated suggestion, please do not repeat it again, for there is no need, and doing so might start to seem obtuse. 154.20.253.36 10:58, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Plenty is relative - you have done just 33 edits in total on Wikipedia and only 12 are to mainspace. Plenty is e.g. WP:AWB trigger of say 500 mainspace edits.
 * So then why are you complaining for me to start an account? Get your story straight. 154.20.253.36 00:47, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

In the past week as a guess only 1 of your edits has stuck - and truthfully it is a dubious deletion because you cut+paste some waffle about Christians, reworded it to say "atheists" and stuck it in another target article and then used the reverting editor's summary on the target article to revert the original text on the original article !.
 * So? I've only made a few edits in the last week, and several of them have stuck, thank you. So then why are you complaining for me to start an account if I contribute so little? Get your story straight. And I thought that one was a very clever edit. It brought the article in question into better line with Wikipedia's standards while excluding the possibility of anyone applying a double standard. 154.20.253.36 00:47, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

I'm just concerned that this template is being stuffed with article wikilinks which present an undue weight to a particular view. Ttiotsw 12:28, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * No, that is not your only concern. If it was, you would not be looking through my edit history for red herrings with which you can personally attack me as an editor. The template is one of your concerns, though. So start the persecution by atheists article yourself and add it to the template. That way we would have no need for those article wikilinks. That is the reason why they are there--to make up for the lack of persecution by atheists article on the template until we start one. I am trying to balance the view, not load it.
 * Thank you for ceasing your insinuations as to why I do not have an account. I appreciate that. Do you honestly want to know why I have not registered and never intend to? The reason is that I do not contribute often or enough, and you seem to agree with me on that point, with all your complaints on this talk page about my edits to articles irrelevent to this one. Also, I am the only person on my IP, so I have no reason to have a user page. I do not feel that it would be worthwhile in any way to register, especially given the warm welcome you have given me here. If this is any indication of the kind of interaction that takes place on this website, I think I will pass on the membership. 154.20.253.36 00:47, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Edits on 25 July
Some of my edits made on this date will without doubt be controversial. With that in mind, I ask the following. I made three edits, one of which only contained formatting changes. When reverting, please adhere to the new formatting as it is used throughout Wikipedia, from to. --User:Krator (t c) 01:33, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm happy. The template was bloating out a bit and messing up articles. Ttiotsw 09:17, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

some common sense please
Don't include links to every subgroup. We have a link to "Neopagans". Adding links to "Asatru" and "Wicca" on top of that is like linking to "Anabaptists", "Jehova's Witnesses", "Catholics", "Protestants", "Apostolics" and what have you on top of "Christians". Try to counteract Wikipedia's natural tendency to fragment into hundreds of badly maintained stubby sub-articles. dab (𒁳) 14:31, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Why not merge Christians, Mormons, Jews and Muslims (since they are all Abrahamic religions) then? // Liftarn
 * Do you really want a reply to that? Zara1709 17:01, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, please. Why the double standards? // Liftarn
 * I can't believe that you shouldn't know this: Judaism, Christianity and Islam have a 4-, 2- and 1,5- thousand year history respectively. They contributed to the rise and fall of empires, formed human culture and values, filled libraries with academic discourses, and so on... in short, they are notable in an encyclopaedia.
 * Neopaganism is a religious experiment that was started 80-40 years ago and has yet achieved no impact on human history or something like that. Even the Mormons founded Salt Lake City, which would rather not have happened if it hadn't been for Anti-Mormonism. Of course every religion thinks that it's faith is the most important on earth, but some Neopagans are really overacting here. Zara1709 10:14, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * We're obviously talking about different things here. You talk about history and notability, I'm talking about ontology. Isn't ironic that the template for religious persecution discriminate against minority religions? // Liftarn
 * There are around 2,850 gods listed on God Checker split into 21 different regional groupings and representing god knows how many religions. It is impractical and unreasonable to cram every religion into this template unless it's got a clearly focused article. If people want their current favourite religion in this template they had first create the article (using notable stuff and reliable sources etc etc) and then link it in. Ttiotsw 08:36, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, what if it has an article (using notable stuff and reliable sources). That is the case here. There are different levels of indirection. We have groups of religions (African religions and Neopagans), religions (Buddhists, Christians) and branches within religions (Cathars, Mormons) mixed. // Liftarn

State religion is clearly religious discrimination.
I had added State religion as it clearly is a means of religious discrimination (and historically a form of persecution) as much as say "State atheism" has ever been but it has been reverted. In the UK the Acts of Settlement (and other laws) are clearly intended to discriminate against Catholics or to provide the one State religion with an advantage of all others (for example the Blasphemy laws in the UK only apply/applied to the Church of England). In the many countries that have State religions today though the persecution is not as cruel as in the past, the discrimination still remains. The template is clearly titled "Religious discrimination and persecution" and whilst State religion discriminates and we have reliable sources that can show examples of State religions that are discriminatory then it should be listed in this template. Ttiotsw 10:14, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I would also point out that in many countries that have state religions like afghanistan, iran and egypt, persecution is as cruel as in the past. In fact I think citing the UK as your example is a mistake, since muslim countries that execute apostates from the state religion are much less ambiguous examples. These countries don't care about jewish converts to christianity for instance, only converts from islam, and indeed it sometimes occurs that conversions are forced, by a muslim simply claiming someone converted, then forcing them to affirm the conversion or be killed as an apostate. Oh and as a final rhetorical question to those objecting to the inclusion, if state religion wasn't a means of religious persecution, why then do the US and Australian constitutions specifically forbid the establishment of state religions? ornis ( t ) 10:35, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Though it probably belongs in this template, I removed it because the article State religion does not state any kind of connection to persecution. Content on Wikipedia must be verifiable, and currently there is no verifiable connection between state religion and religious persecution. User:Krator (t c) 15:23, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I took out both as an attempted compromise. It seems to me both can involve persecution, while neither does necessarily. Of course, this is similar to some of the others such as anti-clericalism, but it seems to me a fairly clear NPOV problem with representing either state religion or state atheism as inherently a "strategy" or "method" of religious persecution. Mackan79 15:34, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Also: should "by method/strategy" be "by form"? This might make more sense. Mackan79 15:37, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * By Form does sound more neutral. The consensus seems to be flowing back to adding State atheism so my original argument still applies for State religion. Please note that the template includes "Religious discrimination and persecution" (my bold). Inclusion can thus be either from discrimination or persecution. The Religious discrimination (thanks to the US State Department and their "International Religious freedom (excluding the US)" reports has plenty of material to make it stick (well and also thanks to Islamic countries !. Ttiotsw 10:56, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Please add the template itself to the article. User:Krator (t c) 11:56, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

State Atheism
I am adding state atheism back into the template. Quite frankly, it indisputably belongs and never should have been removed. An argument that it does not belong can only be cobbled together by very strained sophisty. And no, the fact that it belongs in the template does not mean that state religion also belongs. The latter commonly exists without persecution; the former does not. Mamalujo 06:19, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The template is for both discrimination too. It is good that the State atheism is added back in as to balance that we need the State religion. Others had removed them. Ttiotsw 09:59, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Overuse
Looking through various articles, it appears to me that this template is being overused. In particular, it's now been added largely by one editor to most of the events listed on the bottom portion of the template, which doesn't seem helpful to me. One can go through the articles and look, but putting large templates on articles like Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution, Red Terror - Spain, Cristero War, etc. characterizing these as articles about "Religious discrimination and persecution" seems rather soap boxy; surely the articles are about a number of things including these issues, but primarily about the events themselves. My suggestion would be to generally put the template on articles about discrimination, but not about specific events. Other thoughts? Mackan79 18:05, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

WP Discrimination
Greetings. Over at WikiProject Discrimination we are looking to split our currently-overgrown Template:Discrimination sidebar into finer scopes such as racial discrimination, ethnic discrimination, etc., including religious discrimination. Not wanting to accidentally create a fork here, how do the contributors here feel that Template:Religious persecution would fit in this plan, and/or related to WP Discrimination? - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 23:28, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Anti-clericalism
Can Anti-clericalism be classified as "persecution"? It appears that the anti-clericalists simply want to strip power and prestige from the clergy, not arrest or rob or even kill them.Bless sins (talk) 14:39, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * That would be my concern, too. As far as I can see, the article Anti-clericalism doesn't distinguish between religious persecution and persecution for political reasons; now, one could argue that this is both religious persecution if it goes against a religion, (see the case of Jesuit priests in Great Britain in the 17th century), but this needs to be debated in the article or in the article religious persecution; if people whould actually do that we could decide whether 'Anti-clericalism' should be linked in the template. On the other hand: if violence against Christians for political reasons is to be considered religious persecution, than violence by Christians for political reasons also need to be considered religious persecution. So we whould need to specify the clerical element within the White Terror and link that, too. I guess until someone does some work on the Anti-clericalism article the link to it can be removed from the template. Zara1709 (talk) 09:42, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Anti-clericalism indisputably has often entailed persecution. Not always, but neither does state religion always entails persecution (England, Malta, Denmark, and Argentina all have state religion). Anti-clericalism in France, Mexico and Spain, to name a few, has involved serious persecution including killings of innocent faithful and clergy.  I think it's clear the article should remain on the template.  Mamalujo (talk) 21:37, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I would appreciate it if you could actually respond to my concerns here; in what sense has "Anti-clericalism indisputably (...) often entailed persecution", answered the question whether clerics had become the victims of persecution because of their religioun or purely because or because of their (presumded) political activities? In the latter case, what is about the victims of crimes that were committed by clerics during the civil wars of the 20th century? Should they also be considered victims of religious persecution?  I' d really wish that people could try to distinuish here (after all, this is an encyclopedia)  and that they wouldn't display an  attidute that would be more appropriate in other contexts.  Yes, the killing "of innocent faithful and clergy" is wrong and despicable, but in the last century millions of innocent died. In the articles about these topcis, we are not helped by a template "Religious persecution" that lists cases of political violence as religious persecution. Zara1709 (talk) 10:04, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * If you look at the Red Terror (Spain) article, for example, you will see that almost 7,000 religious (priests, nuns, monks) were killed. As a rule they had no involvement in politics.  In fact, I believe close to 1,000 have been beatified or canonized now (with about another 1,000 causes having been opened), and one of the requirements is that they were not killed because of their politics or as combatants (otherwise they would not be martyrs).  The same is the case with regard to the persecution by anti-clericals in Mexico.  Thousands of priests were also killed during the Reign of Terror.   In Mexico, the president Plutarco Elias Calles was an atheist who had absolute contempt for religion.  His closing of churches and killing of priests was not with regard to their politics; he simply sought to crush the church.  The same was true of Tabasco's governor Tomas Garrido Canabal.  As to whether it was persecution, the English writer Graham Greene, who lived in Mexico during the persecution of the church, called it the "fiercest persecution of religion anywhere since the reign of Elizabeth." Mamalujo (talk) 17:12, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Ditto Overuse
Please consider the removal of this Template from the article on War in the Vendée. I agree that there were episodes of religious prosecution in the conflict, but the template of religious prosecution in the article is excessive, bungles up the article, and serves no real purpose. Templates should be used where the issue or topic represented by it is directly related to the article, and closely connected with it. Following the logic of putting this template up over every single article having to do with events, conflict and war with religion as backdrop would make this template appear in practically all articles on historical conflicts. I don't see it -and quite correctly- in the Albigensian Crusade article, or in any of the Crusade articles, for instance... I don't really see what it's doing in the War in the Vendée. Cheers! Dr Benway (talk) 12:48, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
 * This is certainly not religious persecution in the narrow sense. There were atrocities committed, but no one was put on trial as heretic (as in Inquisition), there were no laws that prohibited certain forms of worship etc. I'll remove the template for now.Zara1709 (talk) 12:02, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks muchly :) (Dr Benway (talk) 14:33, 22 January 2009 (UTC)).

Hi there. Could we please have a normal conversation on the use of this infobox in the article War in the Vendée? I thought we had agreed on the fact that it was a bit of an overuse there... As stated above. No answer, no discussion, simply revert and ongoing revert war with Mamalujo. It's plain silly, frankly. Dr Benway (talk) 20:29, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
 * From reading the article it is plainly an instance of egregious religious persecution: clergy imprisoned, women beaten on the way to Mass, monastics suppressed, property confiscated, virtually all churches ordered closed. Moreover, sources typically say "religious persecution" was a cause of the uprising. Mamalujo (talk) 21:58, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

As stated back in January:

''Please consider the removal of this Template from the article on War in the Vendée. I agree that there were episodes of religious prosecution in the conflict, but the template of religious prosecution in the article is excessive, bungles up the article, and serves no real purpose. Templates should be used where the issue or topic represented by it is directly related to the article, and closely connected with it. Following the logic of putting this template up over every single article having to do with events, conflict and war with religion as backdrop would make this template appear in practically all articles on historical conflicts. I don't see it -and quite correctly- in the Albigensian Crusade article, or in any of the Crusade articles, for instance... I don't really see what it's doing in the War in the Vendée. Cheers! Dr Benway (talk) 12:48, 13 January 2009'' (UTC)

I'm not disputing, not for a single moment, that there were episodes of religious prosecution. And it was a cause for the uprising. But please refer to qouted paragraph for specifics. Cheers! 194.224.27.161 (talk) 13:08, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Reduction of Template to Bar and movement of bars to bottom of article
Yorkshirian recently made and edit reducting the template to a bar and then, on each of the articles, moving the bar to then end of the article. I am opposed to each of these edits, done without discussion, becuase they minimize the related articles which give perspective to various incidents of religious persecution. Mamalujo (talk) 21:55, 14 September 2009 (UTC)
 * In the articles which you are putting it in, its squashing all of the pictures and all of the "edit" functions into a royal mess, making the articles unreadable. The template in a bar contains the exact same information, in the exact same articles, only it doesn't screw up the articles but pushing all the images down to the bottom and messing up the format. I've reverted. - Yorkshirian (talk) 22:13, 14 September 2009 (UTC)
 * This has been a longstanding format. It should be discussed before such a major format change is made. I think there will be a consensus to keep it as is.  What articles have been "messed up"? Mamalujo (talk) 22:14, 15 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I think reducing this template to a bar is a great idea. There is no reason for it to be brought at the top of an article - it is rather unlikely that someone who is reading the article Persecution of Christians would be interested in the article Discrimination against atheists, for example. Zara1709 (talk) 15:53, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * This template must be a navbar, not a free-floating box. The box is very large and disrupts the design and narrative flow of all the articles to which it is attached. (I noticed this disruption in many articles on the French Revolution, and it seems to have universal effect throughout WP.) The links it contains are on an order lesser than "See Also" links, so it should always be placed at the bottom, in the template area, unless individual placements can be supported by persuasive reasoning (on article Talk pages). SteveStrummer (talk) 21:11, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Events subsection
Perhaps this has been discussed already, but it seems to me that the events subsection of the template makes no sense, because there is simply no way to include every instance of religious persecution in there. Either it should be deleted (and if there are no responses to this in a few days, I'll do so) or we need to develop a set of inclusion criteria that are both meaningful and would limit the links to a reasonable number. Vanamonde93 (talk) 03:56, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

Roman persecution of Christians
While this template is too long already and the extent of the Roman persecutions are subject to scholarly discussion, I think it was common enough and well know enough to gain a spot. The dates are from the page itself, starting with the first persecution and ending with Constantine's conversion. Suomi13 (talk) 00:37, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Deleting
I'm dumping the following which (skimming their pages) had nothing to do with religion:

-Rwandan genocide

-Hutu Ten Commandments

-Anfal

-Rwandan Revolution Suomi13 (talk) 20:06, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Religious persecution


text:
User:Skarg

Steve Karg

I am a software engineer, electrical and electronic engineer, and a technical writer. I've been involved with computers since about 1980 when my dad brought home a book on the BASIC programming language. I proceeded to type programs on a manual Typewriter and longed for a real computer. In 1983, my high school got some TRS-80 Model III computers, and I learned to hack on them. I hacked the Tandy version of Space Invaders using the file debugger to modify some of the text in the game. I used to sneak into the high school computer lab during lunch and after school, and occasionally during other classes.

When I graduated from high school, I wanted to study computers, but thought that computer science would be too easy, and so I chose to study electrical engineering. I graduated from college in 1988 with a B.S.E.E. and a minor in Computer Science.

After working in the field of Electrical Engineering for a few years, I noticed that I really enjoyed engineering when I was writing software. I returned to school and studied Computer information systems at night while working during the day testing and installing the Denver International Airport People mover and the downtown Miami Metromover. I completed my Master of Science in 1996, and decided to pursue Software Engineering in the field of Embedded Systems as a full time career. I continued to work on People mover systems for Frankfurt International Airport, Denver International Airport, and Atlanta International Airport.

I moved to Conyers in 1997 and began working at Lithonia Lighting in the Lithonia Control Systems group. I eventually joined the BACnet committee after our Synergy lighting control system used BACnet as its networking protocol. The chair of the BACnet committee tagged me to lead the Lighting Applications working group in making BACnet better for lighting applications.

Family Life
I grew up in a family of nine children in Rockland, Pennsylvania. I attended Catholic school in nearby Oil City, Pennsylvania. I moved to Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania to attend Geneva College. Upon graduation in 1988, I moved to Niagara Falls, New York, to work at CarboSil. After a long winter, I moved to Bessemer, Alabama, to work at Alabama Silicon. I met the love of my life, Patricia, in Birmingham, Alabama on New Year's Eve in 1989. I moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1992 to live with my aunt, uncle, and cousins after Alabama Silicon closed. I moved briefly to West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, after starting to work at AEG Westinghouse Transportation Systems, and then moved to Denver, Colorado, to work at getting the Denver International Airport ready for service. I returned to Hoover, Alabama, in 1993 to marry Patricia, and we both returned to Denver, Colorado. In 1995, our son Joshua was born. We moved to Hutchinson, Pennsylvania in 1995 to work from AEG Westinghouse Transportation Systems headquarters in West Mifflin, Pennsylvania. In 1997, we moved to Conyers, Georgia to work for Lithonia Lighting. During our 10 years in Georgia, Mary, Anna, and Christopher were born. Mary died from Anencephaly in 1998. In 2007, we lived in San Marcos, California for 6 months while working for The WattStopper. We currently reside in Birmingham, Alabama.

Wikipedia
Gallery of my Wikipedia photos.

Wikipedians/Photographers

Photo Matching Service

Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in San Diego County, California

Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Rockdale County, Georgia

Recent changes patrol - Help fix vandalism when it happens

External References
The Steve Karg Family Website

Steve's Software Trek blog

title: User:Skarg


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Talk:Bathtub curve

This was a very short article that did not seem to me to need a separate encyclopedia entry, so I redirected it to the more comprehensive failure rate article, which addresses the Bathtub curve. --

The curve shown is not good: a typical bathtub has a steep decrease in the left side (the side where the bathtub has the drain hole), a longer horizontal low portion and a smooth rise at the other side. Similar is the curve of the failure rate. I suggest to copy here the curve of the german or Esperanto version, which shows the affair better.--Hans W (talk) 21:13, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Reference 1 has a bad link. The correct link is: http://www.asq.org/qic/display-item/index.html?item=30486 However, I don't know how to edit reflist. Bread2u (talk) 00:08, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

That's a bad link too ^ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.210.46.108 (talk) 18:22, 16 October 2012 (UTC)

"Bathtub effect" should not redirect here
It refers to something quite different: the ability to recall the start and end of a forgotten word (on the tip of one's tongue) — with reference to a person in a bath whose head and feet are alone visible. 109.157.79.50 (talk) 18:35, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bathtub curve


text:
Talk:All-Star Squadron

Should the Shining Knight's horse (Victory) really be considered a member? --joyboy 16:38, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably not...and I'm a big SK fan. KHM03 20:13, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

I hit the "post" button accidentally before finishing my edit summary, so here it is: Miss America was a Squadron member pre-Crisis; Robin, like Hawkgirl, wasn't in the JSA at the time. --Brian Olsen 19:28, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

There should be an article about the Young All-Stars Brian Boru is awesome

Image credit
I can't find any information on this image, does anyone know what the source was? --Basique 12:52, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Nevermind it's Alan Davis. --Basique 14:19, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Non-free image use
The fair use of image:All-Star Squadron 1.jpg in this article is questionable. Listed below is/are the reason(s) for this:

The list section this image is used in conjunction with is Creators. The image does not add in any way to the section, nor does it illustrate, in whole or in part, the people that worked on the stories published during the comics run. It only serves as decoration as it is currently used.

It is also redundant in illustrating the comic book series, the types of characters, and the scope of characters in light of the image used in the infobox.

If the above concern(s) can be addressed in light of the relevant policies and/or guidelines, the image use can be retained. If not, the image needs to be removed from the article.

- J Greb (talk) 18:10, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Removed the image as decoration. - J Greb (talk) 01:26, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

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Talk:Hammer Film Productions Ltd.

Oops, Houston we have a problem. We now have two articles on Hammer, the other is called Hammer horror. One is supposedly a corporate history, but the trouble is they both largely replicate each other. I suppose I should try and merge them but I can't be bothered at the moment, especially as I'm not sure if the best title would be Hammer Films, Hammer Horror or what. Any ideas...? JW 16:39, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * By golly, you're right. I make it three articles! If I find the time this week, I'll try to merge them. I'd say that all the others should redirect to Hammer Films. Thoughts? Rayray 15:41, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Looking at the history it seems that 12.73.195.82 went to some lengths to UNmerge them... and to a certain extent (s)he is right, there's defiantly scope for a Hammer Film Productions article and a Hammer Horror one. However some efforts should definately  be made to remove duplicated content. --Artw 06:31, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, we've gone ahead with the merge, which I think has worked out well. Hammer Film Productions is now the parent article, with most of the others merged and redirected. I've built a reference to Hammer horror into the introduction to the article, but retained a fairly thorough overview of the company as a whole. I can't really see what a separate Hammer horor article would bring to the table, although I'm willing to be convinced.Rayray 14:38, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think you could safely redirect this article to Hammer Film Productions without losing any information, and I'd fully support it... but I'd give it a few more days before actually going ahead with it. BTW: I think you've done a fine job. The previous state of affairs was a mess. The situation now is that we have an excellent article that can be built upon further without unneccessary duplication and confusion... and all the disparate "Hammer" links (Hammer Studios, Hammer horror etc etc) are all pointing at the right place to make sure anyone following links from other articles gets all the information they need. - Motor (talk) 15:05:46, 2005-08-22 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I'm going to leave it a few more days then do as you suggest. Phew. This has been hard work. Rayray 15:09, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

OK. I'm redirecting. Rayray 10:47, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hammer Film Productions Ltd.


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Freehold Regional High School District

The Freehold Regional High School District is a public regional school district established in 1953, that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from eight communities in western Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The district, with six high schools, is the largest regional high school district in the state, as measured by enrollment. The district serves students from Colts Neck Township, Englishtown, Farmingdale, Freehold Borough, Freehold Township, Howell Township, Manalapan Township and Marlboro Township.

Each of the six high schools is located in their respective communities: Howell High School in Howell Township, Manalapan High School in Manalapan Township, Marlboro High School in Marlboro Township, Colts Neck High School in Colts Neck Township, Freehold Township High School in Freehold Township & Freehold High School in Freehold Borough, although school boundaries do not match municipal boundaries.

As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 10,519 students and 687.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 15.3:1.

The district has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 2016.

The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "GH", the third-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

The Freehold Regional High School District is home to specialized Magnet Programs. The Magnet Programs provide opportunities for students to engage in academic study related to their individual interests. The 12 Magnet Programs focus on particular topics, ranging from humanities and law to medical sciences and engineering. By joining one of these unique learning communities within the six high schools, students have access to advanced level courses, including Advanced Placement and college level classes. Students also engage in real-world activities with recognized experts in fields related to each program. Students in these programs distinguish themselves on the national and global stages. They earn millions of dollars in scholarships, place at the highest levels in competitions, and attend the nation’s best colleges, universities, and trade schools.

Freehold Township High School and Howell High School have both been named IB World Schools. They are two of only 17 schools in New Jersey to offer the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme (DP). Every effort is made to keep special education students in the district; a variety of in-class support, resource center, and self-contained programs are conducted to educate those in need of special education.

History
The school district came into being as a result of a referendum vote on October 6, 1953, in which voters in each of the seven districts united to form the district. The referendum allocated $690,000 (equivalent to $ in ) to be used to purchase Freehold High School by the regional district from the Freehold Borough Board of Education.

A referendum for a second high school was passed in March 1962 by a 2-1 margin. The board of education confirmed the name Southern Freehold Regional High School in November 1962 and allocated $2.7 million (equivalent to $ million in ) for construction of a building on a 60 acres site to handle an enrollment of up to 1,300 students. Ground was broken in March 1963, with construction set to start a month later and a target completion date of May 1964. The school opened in September 1968, though construction delays meant that the school was not fully complete. When it opened, the Southern Freehold Regional High School attendance zone included all of Farmingdale and Howell Township along with the southern portion of Freehold Township, with all other students remaining at Freehold Regional High School.

With the original high school holding double sessions and rapid growth projected in the district, voters approved a referendum in December 1963 by a nearly 3-2 margin under which the district would spend $161,000 (equivalent to $ in ) to acquire sites covering 43 acres in Marlboro and 65 acres in Manalapan that would be used for future high schools.

With the opening of the Marlboro High School for the 1968-69 school year, attendance zones were realigned so that Freehold High School (with 1,500 students in grades 9-12) served all students from Freehold Borough and parts of Freehold Township; Howell High School (with 1,500 students in 9-12) served all of Farmingdale and Howell Township, and parts of Freehold Township and Marlboro Township; while Marlboro High School (with 1,100 students in grades 9-11) served all of Colts Neck Township, Englishtown and Marlboro Township, along with parts of Manalapan Township. Constructed at a cost of $3.4 million (equivalent to $ million in ), Marlboro High School opened in late October 1968.

Freehold Township High School and Manalapan High School, the district's fourth and fifth facilities, were constructed with identical designs. Groundbreaking for both schools took place in August 1969 and the two schools opened in September 1971, having been completed at a combined cost of $10.4 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Manalapan High School opened with an enrollment of 900 students from Englishtown and Manalapan Township, who had previously attended Marlboro High School. Freehold High School was closed for a $300,000 renovation project during the 1971-72 school year, during which it operated with 1,600 students using the new building that had been completed for Freehold Township High School.

In September 1986, after a decade-long effort, voters approved a referendum for the creation of a high school in Colts Neck by a 58%-42% margin, with Colts Neck Township residents providing much of the margin for passage. By 1988, the costs of construction of the new high school had jumped by millions of dollars, exceeding the amount available from the referendum to cover the costs, leading to further delays. In February 1993, a judge ruled that the district had to move forward with construction of the new high school and could not put forth a referendum to undo the 1986 vote and the New Jersey Supreme Court refused to hear the case. Construction began in August 1996, with expectations to have the building open in September 1998 to handle 750 incoming students, with an eventual capacity for 1,300. Colts Neck High School opened in September 1998 as the sixth high school in the system, with 380 students in ninth and tenth grades.

Schools
Attendance at each of the district's six schools is based on where the student lives in relation to the district's high schools. While many students attend the school in their hometown, others attend a school located outside their own municipality. In order to balance enrollment, district lines are redrawn for the six schools to address issues with overcrowding and spending in regards to transportation. Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) with their attendance zones for incoming students are:
 * Colts Neck High School - 1,316 students from Colts Neck Township (all), Howell (part) and Marlboro (part).
 * Brian Donahue, principal
 * Freehold High School - 1,343 students from Freehold (all) and Freehold Township (part).
 * Lavetta Ross, principal
 * Freehold Township High School - 2,003 students from Freehold Township (part), Howell (part), Manalapan (part).
 * Alicia Scelso, principal
 * Howell High School - 2,094 students from Farmingdale (all) and Howell (part).
 * Jeremy Braverman, principal
 * Manalapan High School - 1,828 students from Englishtown (all) and Manalapan (part).
 * Shawn Currie, principal
 * Marlboro High School - 1,794 students from Marlboro (part).
 * David Bleakley, principal

Effective for entering Freshman, students from each of the municipalities are assigned to attend the specified schools:
 * Colts Neck to Colts Neck H.S.
 * Englishtown to Manalapan H.S.
 * Farmingdale to Howell H.S.
 * Freehold Borough to Freehold Borough H.S.
 * Freehold Township to Freehold Borough H.S. or Freehold Township H.S.
 * Howell to Colts Neck H.S., Freehold Township H.S. or Howell H.S.
 * Manalapan to Freehold Township H.S. or Manalapan H.S.
 * Marlboro to Colts Neck H.S. or Marlboro H.S.

Magnet programs
Students may apply to attend one of the district's six specialized learning centers, each listed at one of the district's high schools.

 * Science and Engineering Learning Center at Manalapan High School
 * Medical Sciences Program at Freehold High School
 * Business Administration Learning Center at Marlboro High School
 * Scholars' Center for the Humanities - Howell High School
 * Global Studies Learning Center at Freehold Township High School
 * Center for Law and Public Service at Colts Neck High School
 * Naval JROTC - Colts Neck High School
 * Law Enforcement and Public Safety - Manalapan High School
 * Culinary Arts and Hospitality Management - Freehold High School
 * Computer Science - Freehold High School
 * Fine and Performing Arts - Howell High School
 * Animal and Botanical Sciences - Freehold Township High School

Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
 * Nicole P. Hazel, superintendent (as of November 1, 2023)
 * Sean Boyce, business administrator and board secretary

Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of nine members from each of the constituent districts, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district. Each member is allocated a fraction of a vote that totals to nine points.

Members of the board of education are:
 * Peter Bruno (President) - Howell Township (1.0 vote)
 * Marc Parisi (Vice President) - Howell Township (1.0 vote)
 * Diana Cappiello - Englishtown Borough (0.5 vote)
 * Debra Fanelli - Colts Neck (0.9 vote)
 * Elizabeth Higley - Freehold Township (1.4 vote)
 * Kathie Lavin - Farmingdale Borough (0.5 vote)
 * Michael Messinger - Marlboro Township (1.4 vote)
 * Heshy Moses - Freehold Borough (0.9 vote)
 * Adam Weiss - Manalapan Township (1.4 vote)

Notable alumni

 * Bonnie Bernstein (Howell HS), ESPN Sports Reporter.
 * Scott Conover (Freehold HS), former Detroit Lions offensive tackle (1991–96)
 * David DeJesus (Manalapan HS), MLB player on the Chicago Cubs
 * Dan Klecko (Marlboro HS), NFL football player and son of Joe Klecko.
 * Danny Lewis (Freehold HS), former NFL player
 * Craig Mazin (Medical Sciences Program at Freehold HS, class of 1988), screenwriter, director and producer.
 * Jim Nantz (Marlboro HS), sports commentator for CBS Sports.
 * Tom Pelphrey (Howell HS), actor, Guiding Light.
 * Kal Penn (Freehold Twp. and Howell HS), actor, Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle, The Namesake.
 * Tim Perry (Freehold HS), former NBA player
 * Amy Polumbo (Fine and Performing Arts Academy at Howell HS, class of 2003), Miss New Jersey, 2007.
 * Darrell Reid (Freehold HS), Indianapolis Colts Defensive end
 * Michael "The Situation" Sorrentino (Manalapan HS), of Jersey Shore.
 * Gregg and Evan Spiridellis (Marlboro HS) - two brothers who launched the internet media company JibJab.
 * Bruce Springsteen (Freehold HS), musician.
 * Jade Yorker (Manalapan HS), actor.

title: Freehold Regional High School District


text:
Everything's Eventual (novella)

Everything's Eventual is a fantasy novella  by American writer Stephen King. It was originally published in the October/November 1997 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. In 2000, it was included in the game Stephen King's F13, and in 2002, in King's collection of the same name.

Plot summary
Richard "Dinky" Earnshaw, a 19-year-old high school dropout, explains that he's got a good job in which he gets his own house, car, and virtually anything he asks for — including CDs that have not been released yet. He also gets a small weekly cash allowance, provided he doesn't look for the people who drop it through his mail slot and that he gets rid of any money left over at the end of the week; he dumps his excess change into the gutter by his house and he puts his bills in the garbage disposal.

It is revealed that Dinky has the ability to mentally influence people by drawing complicated designs or pictures, in a way that he does not completely understand. This is illustrated when he recalls that, as a child, when a dog tormented him on his way home from school, he (semi-knowingly) drove it to suicide. At Dinky's previous job at a convenience store, he was forced to endure humiliating treatment by another employee named Skipper, until the day Dinky used his power to make Skipper kill himself.

Dinky is discovered by a man named Mr. Sharpton, who claims to work for an organization that searches across the world for people with such talents. Dinky is recruited to kill very specific targets by e-mailing them his designs that he creates on an Apple computer. He is, in return, given a life that seems ideal, complete with a house and other benefits. Mr. Sharpton tells Dinky that the people he is ordered to kill are wicked, horrible criminals, and that the world is better off without them.

For a time, Dinky lives his new life in a semi-mindless bliss; however, when he finds an article in the newspaper about one of the individuals whom he has killed (a seemingly innocent old newspaper columnist) he begins to feel guilty for what he has done. After researching more into his other victims, Dinky realizes that the organization has been using him to assassinate political dissidents and alternative thinkers. As the story ends, Dinky plans his escape, but not before sending one final email to Mr. Sharpton, his recruiter, with a nondescript symbol attached.

Inspiration
King states in the foreword for this short story that the idea came from a dream about a person pouring change into the storm drain.

Dinky is a "Breaker", like Ted Brautigan in the novella "Low Men in Yellow Coats", which connects Dinky's story to The Dark Tower universe. They appeared together as minor characters in the final novel of The Dark Tower series.

title: Everything's Eventual (novella)


text:
The Folk of the Fringe

The Folk of the Fringe (1989) is a collection of post-apocalyptic stories by American writer Orson Scott Card. These stories are set sometime in the near future, when World War III has left America in ruins. The stories are about how a few groups of Mormons struggle to survive. Although all of these stories in this book were meant to stand alone, they each include at least one character from one of the other stories which helps to make them a cohesive collection.

Contents

 * "West"
 * "Salvage"
 * "The Fringe"
 * "Pageant Wagon"
 * "America"

This book also includes interior artwork by Glen R. Bellamy, an "Author's Note: On Sycamore Hill" by Orson Scott Card and an "Afterward: The Folk of the Fringe" by Michael Collings. The essay by Card was originally published in the 55th issue of Science Fiction Review (1985) under the title "On Sycamore Hill: A Personal View".

Many of the stories take place in, or are connected to, a fictional post-apocalyptic state of Deseret around the former Mormon areas of Utah, which was clearly inspired by the historical State of Deseret.

Influences
As with many of Card's other literature, a Christian/Mormon influence is present in this book.

US editions

 * Phantasia Press 1st ed. hardcover February 1989 ISBN 0-932096-49-2
 * Tor Books hardcover Copyright 1989 no ISBN printed by R.R.Donnelley & Sons Company
 * Tor Books paperback August 15, 1990 ISBN 0-8125-0086-5
 * Orb Books paperback August 11, 2001 ISBN 0-312-87663-7

UK editions

 * Legend Books hardcover March 8, 1990 ISBN 0-7126-3637-4
 * Legend Books paperback March 8, 1990 ISBN 0-7126-3638-2
 * Legend Books paperback May 2, 1991 ISBN 0-09-973440-0

title: The Folk of the Fringe


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Robert Adams (handgun designer)

Robert Adams (1 December 1809 – 13 September 1870) was a 19th-century British gunsmith who patented the first successful double-action revolver in 1851. His revolvers were used during the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, the American Civil War, and the Anglo-Zulu War.

Deane and Adams
Adams was the manager for the London arms manufacturers George & John Deane. On August 22, 1851, he was granted a British patent for a new revolver design.

The .436 Deane and Adams was a five-shot percussion (cap-and-ball) revolver with a spurless hammer, and the first revolver with a solid frame. The revolver used a double-action only system in which the external hammer could not be cocked by thumbing it back, like most other pistols of the era, but instead cocked itself when the trigger was pulled. This made it possible to fire the gun much more rapidly than contemporary single-action revolvers, such as the Colt, which had to be cocked before each shot.

Deane and Adams's revolver was shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851 and subsequently approved by the British Army's Small Arms Committee in addition to being adopted by the East India Company for use by their cavalry. Orders for the revolver were great enough to prompt the Deane brothers to make Adams a partner in their firm, which became Messrs. Deane, Adams, and Deane.

Although highly regarded, the hand-crafted Adams revolver was more expensive than Colt's mass-produced guns. It lacked a recoil shield behind the cylinder, which left the shooter's hand subject to powder burns resulting from "blowback" caused by the sometimes unpredictable black powder of the era. The lack of a hammer spur was criticized since the longer trigger pull of the Adams made it less accurate than the Colt. Furthermore, the Adams's nipples, upon which the percussion caps were set, were unhardened and sometimes burst upon firing.

An "Improved Frame" model was offered in 1854, presenting both a sleeker look and more comfortable grip. In that same year the British Board of Ordnance reviewed the Adams together with other percussion revolvers with a view to adopting one as an official service sidearm. Concerns about the gas escape between the cylinder and barrel during discharge resulted in no decision being made. Nevertheless, British officers purchased the Adams privately and the gun proved its worth in battle during the Crimean War.

Beaumont–Adams
In 1855, a veteran of the Crimean conflict, Lieutenant Frederick E.B. Beaumont, improved the gun by linking the trigger to a spurred hammer, permitting both single- and double-action fire. A new version of the revolver, the Beaumont–Adams, was produced and became so popular that it is said Samuel Colt was forced to shut down his London manufactory as a result.

London Armoury Company
Adams had a falling out with the Deane brothers the following year and founded a new arms concern, the London Armoury Company, on February 9, 1856. Another important stockholder was Adams's cousin, James Kerr, who later invented the Kerrs Patent Revolver. The factory was established on the former site of the South-Eastern Railway Company in the Bermondsey section of London.

The Indian Mutiny of 1857 established the Adams as the official revolver of the British Army. In the bitter fighting it was found that rapid fire was more important than accuracy, and the man-stopping power of the Adams's large caliber bullet was also valued. Several variations and improvements were made upon the Adams, which was manufactured in Europe and briefly in the United States under license. The majority of British-made Adams guns seem to have been in 54 bore (approximately .44 caliber), but several smaller and at least one larger bore were also offered. In 1857 the U.S. government purchased 100 revolvers in .36 caliber and another 500 from the Adams-licensed Massachusetts Arms Company. The 100 British-made guns were issued to the U.S. Army with the rest held in storage until issued at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War. In addition Adams revolvers were purchased from the London Armoury prior to and during the war by individual states and the U.S. and Confederate governments.

The London Armoury Company flourished due to the manufacture of the Adams revolver, however, in 1859 the company's board of directors decided to increase the production of infantry rifles, decreasing revolver production. Adams disagreed with the decision, selling his stock and leaving the company. Kerr then became the armoury's dominant figure and his revolver, together with a large number of rifles, were sold to the Confederate government which became the armoury's principal client. With the fall of the Confederacy the fortunes of the company declined and it went into receivership in 1866. Adams owned the rights to his revolver, which the London Armoury Company had only produced under license, and he now manufactured them in Birmingham, with minor improvements keeping his revolvers in competition with other designs.

John Adams
In 1867, Robert Adams's brother John Adams patented a breech-loading revolver which was adopted by the British government in place of the Beaumont–Adams. It was a solid frame pistol with six chambers, in .450 caliber. After official acceptance of his pistol, Adams left the London Armoury Company and established his own factory, the Adams Patent Small Arms Company. His pistol was manufactured in three distinct variations (differences related mainly to methods of spent cartridge ejection) between 1867 and about 1880. The models were tested and adopted by the British Army and Navy, with the last, the M1872 Mark III, seeing the widest use.

The John Adams revolver remained the official sidearm of the British Army until replaced by the Enfield Mark I in 1880.

title: Robert Adams (handgun designer)