text:
Talk:Highway revolt

Suggestions
Missing image: The first sentence in the section about San Francisco refers to an image that I don't see included in the article. Perhaps it was intended to be an image similar to the one at http://www.mistersf.com/notorious/notfreeway.htm, which shows the extent of the madness planned for San Francisco, but with little detail. Does anybody know what happened to the image? MikZ 20:43, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Has anyone thought about including Toronto in this article? it was once supposed to have freeways criss-crossing throughout the city, of which two were completed, one was severely truncated(after a protest led by Jane Jacobs) an interchange is all that remains of one, the extension of one of the completed highways that was meant to serve as another was recently destroyed, and the rest were never built.

Doesn't Milwakee have a compelling Freeway revolt story? --Paul 06:12, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

If it does, feel free to add content describing it. I'm insufficiently familiar with the events in Milwaukee to write such a section myself; living in Portland I am familiar with the freeway revolts here. Any city's freeway revolt story is welcome on this page.

I'd love to see a Marylander write about the Baltimore freeway revolts; the fact that Interstate 70 ends in a park-and-ride is a good story.

EngineerScotty 06:46 PM 16 July 2005 (PDT)
 * I-70 is not the only freeway to end (ironically?) at a park and ride--look at I-95 at northern I-495 near DC. Also see Boston --Jason McHuff 04:21, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, where did Six freeway routes were proposed. Four of the six were eventually constructed in Portland come from? It contridicts the later listing of three proposed (the Rose City Freeway, the Interstate 505 freeway, and the Mount Hood Freeway) and the plan map which lists more (see Highway to Hell link).  And Milwaukee does have a lot of unbuilt freeways. Lastly, the only real diff between Salem Parkway and I-305 is a lack of interchanges --Jason McHuff 05:12, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

The text should say "six freeway routes were planned, of those four were built. The original proposal by Moses (described with a picture in the WW article) had many additional routes, such as the Prescott Freeway, that never made it to the planning/design stage.  As near as I can tell, the two freeways that were planned/designed but not built were the Mount Hood Freeway, and Interstate 505 (Oregon).  The others were simply were never more than lines on a map.  Regarding the Salem Parkeway/I-305, the lack of interchanges is a big deal--constructing an interstate-grade freeway (even if only 4 lanes) along with interchanges is far more disruptive to neighborhoods--both in terms of real estate which must be condemned, and in terms of noise--than the Parkway proposal which was built.

At any rate, the article needs correction. In addition, one of the links is broken; it is retrievable from the google cache but the site (www.pdxplan.org) appears to no longer exist.-- --EngineerScotty 21:27, 15 September 2005 (UTC)''

I've made some corrections to the article. One issue that I haven't been able to figure out is how Harbor Drive fits into Moses' proposal. It isn't shown on the map. In addition, it was built in 1950, only seven years after Moses was brought to Portland--it may well have already been on the drawing board before Moses came to town, thus not part of his proposal. --EngineerScotty 23:35, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Los Angeles
Nothing about freeway revolts in Los Angeles? There were major freeway revolts in the 1960s and 1970s which were successful in preventing the Beverly Hills Freeway and Laurel Canyon Freeway to be built (something most residents of Los Angeles' Westside should be thankful for) and which limited the construction of the Marina Freeway.

 * Go ahead and add it! The Long Beach Freeway in Pasadena probably should be added to the list as well.  I'm not familiar with the LA area, so I'll let someone else add this to the article.  --EngineerScotty 18:38, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

San Francisco Central Freeway
I made two changes. The page said the top deck was removed in 1991. That is incorrect. In 1991 only the damaged section north to Turk and Golden Gate was demolished, leaving only the Oak and Fell ramps. In 1996 the top (southbound) deck was removed, and in early 2003 the remaining lower deck was removed.

This article is regarding the 1996 closure for the upper deck removal http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1996/08/21/MN17939.DTL&hw=central+freeway&sn=004&sc=831 and this one is regarding tearing down the lower deck. They even had a goodbye party. How cool. http://www.mistersf.com/farewell/fwfellramp.htm

Vieux Carre
Does the Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway qualify for this article?

J. Crocker 00:38, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, assuming it was derailed because of opposition rather than apathy or budget dml 08:32, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The article says it was canceled due to "large amounts of local opposition". --NE2 10:31, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Arcata
Can anyone direct me where to learn if Eureka or Arcata in California experienced similar revolt? I think Arcata did but Eureka just ran out of money.... Thanks!--al95521 00:05, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * If you live in the area, the public library is probably the best place to start; the next alternative would be the morgue (i.e., archives department) of any local newspaper. MrRedwood 05:59, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Big story -- should be split
I think this warrants a much better treatment than a miscellaneous listing of canceled freeway projects. I recall reading somewhere that it was one of the sparks of the emergence of neighborhood protection organizations. At least the Haight Ashbury Neighborhood Council believes it played a leading role in the revolution in San Francisco. This has to be one of the more interesting shifts from post-War complacency towards the activism of the 60s and 70s. I think it would be good to see at least three articles; one on San Francisco's local battle, another on how it fits into cultural changes in the nation at the time, and a final one taking the place of this one, listing those movements that don't otherwise warrant individual treatment.

There should, in theory, be a wealth of public-domain images for these since they were government projects. The Army Corps of Engineers should have an archive, and I suspect the |San Francisco Public Library would have some, but I couldn't find any in a quickie search. MrRedwood 03:58, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Changing reqdiagram to reqmapin since I think you're after a map rather than a diagram, right? pfctdayelise (talk) 16:05, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * California and New York should get their own lists. I've got an empty New York list in my sandbox, that I'll be working on in 2010. DanTD (talk) 16:04, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Interstates with problems (1970)
The following were mentioned in the discussion of the Federal Highway Act of 1970: --NE2 02:26, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I-220 around Shreveport
 * I-70N through Gwynns Falls Park in Baltimore
 * I-78, Lower Manhattan Expressway and Cross-Brooklyn Expressway in New York City
 * I-478, Lower Manhattan Expressway in New York City
 * I-90 across Lake Washington in Seattle
 * I-290 in Shaker Heights, Ohio
 * I-291 northwest of Hartford
 * I-93 through Franconia Notch
 * I-93 in Vermont
 * I-494, Crosstown Expressway in Chicago
 * I-95 in Boston
 * I-95 near Fort McHenry in Baltimore
 * I-695, Inner Belt in Boston
 * I-695, Cobbs Creek Expressway in Philadelphia
 * I-895 in Massachusetts and Rhode Island
 * Many freeways in D.C.

Harrisburg Freeway?
I've noticed that this article lacks mention of the only major freeway to be completely stopped in the Houston area: the Harrisburg Freeway, which was a proposed section of Texas State Highway 225 extending into downtown Houston, which was stopped because of neighborhood opposition. -MBK004 14:26, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

 * A Texas chapter could and should be started for this article. And from what I've read, this isn't the only road to be stopped in the Houston Area. DanTD (talk) 15:22, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Here you go; Houston's Cancelled Freeways. There's plenty more in other sections of that website. DanTD (talk) 13:09, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

International Dimension
Although the article is currently limited to North American road schemes, opposition to urban roadbuilding was a global phenomenon in the 60s and 70s and some reference to this would be appropriate, if only by means of a list of See Also links. An example would be the design, partial construction and eventual abandonment of the London Motorway Box, and there are many others I know about even within the UK. --80.176.142.11 (talk) 09:55, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Who's merging Florida?
Why is there somebody trying to merge the Florida list here? We already agree that the existing list is too big as it is, and should be split into specific states. DanTD (talk) 22:58, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

A rewrite is needed
This article is way too long and trying to accomplish way too many things. My suggestion would be to rewrite the article to focus on just the phenomenon and the lasting effects of the revolts. Most of these by-city/state sections should be spun out to the affected highways' articles. Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe isn't even mentioned in the article, yet it was a crucial development in the revolt in Memphis, TN. Some of the details for cities or states could be spun out into separate articles or included in articles on that city's roads and freeways. In short, most of this article's specifics can just be tossed out of here.  Imzadi  1979   →  02:55, 5 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree 100%, which is why I spoke out against merging the one for Florida with this one, and even reveresed previous attempts to do so. DanTD (talk) 06:15, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

Removing 'Results' section - this is very slanted
Someone put a 'Results' section in the article and suggestively stated that those cities that had protests now have terrible traffic congestion. Unfortunately, the only sources cited was a simply listing of which cities have the highest congestion that does not make any comparative mention with what was going on in the 70s. I.e., those cities could have had even comparably worse congestion before for all we know, or other factors could be at work, such as just population growth.

This correlation may or may not exist, I really don't know, but obviously this is just a guy with a politically motivated bias, which has no place in Wikipedia. Find a credible source that makes this comparison - this is not a free form place for wiki editors to provide expository writing.

For someone (not a wiki editor - a researcher outside of wiki!) to draw a correlation between the protests and current congestion, the researcher would need to demonstrate that a city that didn't have a protest (or had a smaller protest) now has less of a problem with congestion than they did in the 70s, when compared to a city that did have the protests. It's possible that this work has been done, so let's cite it.

Here's what you need to do: find some creditable article that makes this case, then go ahead and mention it in the article and say 'according to X, there's a correlation between the protests and current congestion'. It's quite possible that such an article exists, and I think it would make a great addition. Harburg (talk) 18:34, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Update - The wiki editor that made the change kept undoing my changes, so I guess I lose, I have better things to do then trying to preserve the integrity of wikipedia. I changed the wording of the section to at least conform a bit to reality, hope at least that sticks, we'll see.

 * The cited article that lists the most congested cities refers only to the United States, not to the world as the wiki editor stated. I'm still somewhat dubious about the existence of this section.  If it's trying to say there's a correlation, then it should come out from the shadows and say it and then cite it.  If it's not saying that, then what's it doing in the article? Harburg (talk) 20:25, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

 * There has been more than one editor who has been trying to maintain that chapter. I didn't find out about it until today, and it seems fairly reasonable. For many of the cities and metropolitan areas that had freeway revolts, and revolts against other road improvements, the traffic in those communities did become worse. DanTD (talk) 21:03, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry for suggesting bias, that was hasty of me. I could totally believe that there might be a correlation between cities blocking highway expansion and future traffic congestion.  But I think that we serve ourselves best if we cite sources that have taken the position that is being suggested. This way we create a culture of keeping Wikipedia free from soapbox articles with unsupported suggestive statements.

 * I have to believe that someone in favor of further highway expansion made this argument, and it would be a great addition to the article to pull that in, as would be the counter arguments. Until we get those sources cited, I don't think it serves us to suggest a causal link that might or might not really exist. Harburg (talk) 22:09, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

401 (Windsor)

 * "1965, the MTO had completed construction of Highway 401 from the south end of Windsor, to the Quebec border."

Almost, but not quite. Highway 401 was complete in 1964 with the exception of one section bypassing the 1000 Islands Parkway, which was opened in 1968. The article on 401 has a map with the completion date of each segment. 66.102.83.61 (talk) 05:48, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

Archival material on Highway Revolt
I hold the original archival material from the two groups (perhaps the only two) that coordinated national highway battles in the 1970's and into the 1980's:

1. The Highway Action Coalition (HAC) correspondence files that contain letters from many highway battles active in the early 1970's.  HAC was instrumental in the 1973 Highway Act that contained the first tradein provisions.

2. Continued Action on Transportation -U.S. (CONTACT-US) files. These continue letters and project articles from individuals mostly from the latter 1970's. CONTACT-US was an outgrowth from the battle against I-66 in Arlington (next to DC) that was organized under CONTACT. CONTACT-US also published a "Cookbook" that summarized all the projects in the files, and it exists in hardcopy in my files.

I am looking for anyone who would participate in scanning these files to the web. Please contact me if there is any interest in access to these materials. They are located in Troy, NY.

InTroyNY (talk) 15:15, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

what's this about MD 149
OK, I see this:

"Additionally, Moravia Road was never built beyond I-95 exit 60; it was supposed to be connected to the Windlass Freeway (MD-149), which was canceled as well. A small portion of the Windlass Freeway was constructed, and it is now signed as I-695."

But when I click on MD 149, the only information I find is about Ebenezer Road, which is still driveable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.63.16.47 (talk) 17:15, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

Split off US freeway revolts into its own page
I'm not a regular contributor to Wikipedia anymore, but since someone has tagged this article as being too long to navigate comfortably, then why not make the entire section on the United States into its own article? That entire section is long enough to merit having its own article. This allows anyone trying to read the rest of the content on the article to feel more comfortable. The UK section is already on its own page so this would make some sense. D e v r i t 01:59, 26 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes. I intend to do it, day after tomorrow, unless someone objects before then. Jim.henderson (talk) 20:37, 26 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I said that without expecting to be so tired from bicycling on a suburban highway in the daytime, and so busy observing the lunar eclipse in the inner city at night. Also I didn't consider what the name should be for this branch of conservative politics.  Highway revolts in the United States is perhaps the most obvious but some might prefer "freeway" and "resistance" or other words. Any opinions or suggestions? Jim.henderson (talk) 11:55, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Highway revolt


text:
Betul, Madhya Pradesh

Betul is Municipal Council town in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is the administrative head-quarter of Betul district and forms the southernmost part of the Narmadapuram Division.

Name
During the early 20th century, Betul was known as Badnur. It derives its present name from its surrounding district, which was named for its former headquarters at Betul Bazar, a small town about 5 km to its south. Betul—literally "without" (be) "cotton" (tool)—was named for its position outside the area's cottonfields.

History
Nearby fort called Kherla Quila was formerly the seat of an independent kingdom in the medieval and early modern period. Under Company Rule, its fort was permitted to fall into ruin. Badnur became the headquarters of Betul District in 1822. Surrounded by hills on all sides, it was used by the British for the exportation of coal. It supported two bazaars; the larger, Kothi Bazar, held 2015 people in the 1870s. At that time, the town had a circuit house, a dak bungalow, a caravanserai, jail, police station, pharmacy, and schools. Its population c. 1901 was 3766.

Following independence, Betul lay near the geographical center point of the new country, which is now marked by a stone at Barsali. Betul was connected to the Delhi–Chennai line of the Indian rail network in the early 1950s. It now serves as a junction point, providing the access to the Chhindwara District on broad-gauge rail Biggest City in India .

Geography
Betul is located at 21.92°N, 77.9°W, near the geographical center point of modern India. It has an average elevation of 658 m.

Demographics
During the 2011 Indian census, Betul had a population of 103,330. Males constitute 51.12% of the population, females 48.88%. Betul has an average literacy rate of 89.28%, higher than the national average of 74.04%. 10.82% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Economy
Betul District's economy is predominantly an agrarian one. Its dense woods also permit forestry.

Transport
Betul is connected to the broad-gauge Delhi–Chennai (Grand Trunk) line of the Indian rail network, which also communicates with Bhopal and Nagpur.

Betul is serviced by National Highway 46 connecting it with Bhopal and Nagpur. National Highway 47 connects it to Indore.

The nearest airports are at Nagpur and Bhopal, both about 180 km away.

Education
In Betul, there are total 72 number of colleges. Some main colleges are as follows In Betul, there are many schools for primary and secondary education. Some of the main schools are
 * Govt Jaywanti Haksar P G College Betul
 * Government polytechnic college sonaghati Betul
 * Bhimrao Ramrao Ambedkar College Of Education, Run By Shri Ram Shiksha Parishad, Chakkar Road Ambedk
 * Late Shri Nandkishore Singh Patel Memorial College, Near Link Road, Sadar, Betul
 * Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose College
 * Shri Ram Pharmacy College Jamthi Betul
 * Shri Balaji Institute of Technology & Management, Betul

 * R D Public School, Kalapatha, Betul
 * Satpuda Valley Public School, Sonaghati, Betul
 * Kendriya Vidyalya Betul
 * ELC English School
 * Rathore Collage and School

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Betul, Madhya Pradesh


text:
M2 (Johannesburg)

The M2 is a major highway and metropolitan route in Greater Johannesburg, South Africa. It is named the Francois Oberholzer Freeway. It runs just to the south of the Johannesburg Central Business District eastwards where it connects with the N3 (only a short segment goes to the west of the Johannesburg CBD) and enters Germiston, ending near its CBD. The north–south M1 intersects with the M2 just to the south-west of the Johannesburg CBD.

Route
The M2 route begins just west of the Germiston city centre (capital of Ekurhuleni). It begins by heading westwards from Jack Street at the junction with the M93 Refinery Road, immediately becoming a freeway (Francois Oberholzer Freeway). The motorway continues westwards and reaches the Geldenhuys Interchange with the N3/N12 highway (Johannesburg Eastern Bypass), where it exits Germiston and crosses into Johannesburg. Crossing under the N3 highway, it continues westwards as the road separating the two industrial areas of Heriotdale and Cleveland and reaches its first off-ramp with the M33 Cleveland Road. It continues westward to the Denver Interchange at Chilvers Street. Shortly after that interchange, there is an exit and on-ramp from the M2 West at the M19 Ruven Road and the same for the M2 East intersection at New Goch Road. The motorway continues westward past the Kaserne Railyards to the Maritzburg Street Interchange. A short distance past that interchange, it passes through the Heidelberg Road Interchange. This interchange connects with the M31 North Joe Slovo Drive (which is an eastern bypass of the CBD to the northern suburbs and the M1 North) and the M31 South Heidelberg Road to Alberton. It then passes shortly over the M11 Mooi Street allowing traffic to exit the M2 East and enter the M2 West.

Passing over Rosettenville Road, it reaches Eloff Street where off-ramps on M2 West allow exits to Stott Street and the M9 Rissik Street while the M2 East allows an exit to the M9 Rissik Street and an on-ramp from Village Road. Continuing westward it crosses over the M27 Simmonds Street with an on-ramp to the M2 East and then the route crosses Booysens Road and reaches the Westgate Interchange. Here vehicles can enter and exit the M2 from Ntemi Piliso Street, leave the M2 and exit north on the M1 crossing the CBD via the Goch Street double-decker overpass or exit south to M1 and the southern suburbs. The M2 continues westward to the Crown Interchange that allows vehicles from M1 South to head east or west along the M2. Passing through the Crown Interchange, it flies over Treu Road into the suburb of Crown and ends shortly thereafter at a junction with the R41 Main Reef Road, which heads to Roodepoort in the west and the Johannesburg CBD in the north-east.

History
Both the M2 and M1 motorways have their beginnings in a 1948 traffic planning scheme developed by the Johannesburg City Council and examined by American traffic engineering consultant Lloyd B. Reid in 1954. Two 10-year plans examined among other things the idea of new urban motorways and improving existing highways. The plan called for two motorways, one running east–west along the southern CBD and the other running north–south on the western side of the CBD. The plan was linked to the national and provincial governments plan by the National Transport Commission for the Western and Eastern Bypasses, the future N1 and N3/N12. The East-West Motorway (M2) would have its beginning at the Eastern Bypass now known as the Geldenhuis Interchange, though it presently begins further eastwards in Germiston at Refinery Road.

The motorway would then continue westwards over old mining properties and original gold-bearing reefs ending at Main Reef Road near Church Street. The plan was for it to eventually reach the proposed Western Bypass, but it never did. Apart from several diamond interchanges connecting to existing main roads in and out of the city, there would be two large interchanges that would be built on mine dumps. The first would be constructed near New Kazerine and would connect Heidelberg Road to the south and Harrow Road (now Joe Slovo Drive) northwards while the second large interchange, further on, would connect the North-South Motorway (M1) and the later Crown Interchange. Provisions would be made for the vertical and horizontal movement of land due subsidence of undermined land especially where old mine stopes had not been properly filled.

A two-three-lane motorway was planned with large medians for breakdowns, elevated where required, and the speed limit set at between 80 and 100 km/h. The motorway is named after City of Johannesburg councilor J. F. Oberholzer, who was the head of the council's Works and Traffic committee.

1956
An early long-term motorway plan was envisaged for a future Johannesburg. The first was a north–south motorway of 18.4 km stretching from Westgate just south of the Johannesburg CBD to connect up with the existing main Pretoria Road, 5.6 km outside the Johannesburg municipal boundary in the north suburbs. The Westgate section would connect up with an east/west motorway running just south of the Johannesburg CBD. A third section involved the reconfiguration of roads to form an eastern CBD bypass connecting the north–south motorway with Saratoga Avenue.

1958
Improvements began on Harrow Road (Joe Slovo Drive) to widen and deepen the road and included new bridges crossing over it at Joel Road, Alexandra Street and Barnato Street's. Where Harrow Street (Joe Slovo Drive) met Louis Botha Avenue in Berea, this was to become an underpass of the latter. At the southern end of Harrow Road (Joe Slovo Drive), a flyover would cross Saratoga Avenue and would eventually connect in the future with a redesigned Siemert and Sivewright Roads.

1962
The construction on the Sivewright Road / Berea Street and the Siemert Road / End Street reconfiguration, important to connecting the future eastern bypass with the M1 in northern suburbs, at the proposed Killarney interchange, with the M2 East at the proposed Heidelberg Interchange, was nearing completion. Both road reconfiguration's were situated in Doornfontein, east of the Johannesburg CBD.

1963
An investigation began on the planned route of the east/west freeway to examine soil quality of the mine dumps and slime dams as well the position and depth of mine tunnels. Contracts were issued for the section of the M2 freeway from the Westgate Interchange eastward to Mooi Street. Contracts were also issued for the planning of the Heidelberg Interchange and its connection to Harrow Road (Joe Slovo Drive) bypass.

1964
The Harrow Road (Joe Slovo Drive) scheme was completed. Improvements on Harrow Road (Joe Slovo Drive) widened and deepened the road and included new bridges crossing over it at Joel Road, Alexandra Street and Barnato Street's. Where Harrow Street (Joe Slovo Drive) met Louis Botha Avenue in Berea, this had become an underpass of the latter. Work continued on the Berea-Sivewright motorway bypass works.

1965–1966
Work that had started on the eastern-bypass, the Berea-Sivewright Street section, was completed. At the southern end of the M1 Goch Street double-decker section, work began on the Westgate Interchange that would connect the M1 and M2 motorways but work was problematic when mine workings below the site became an issue.

1967
The Heidelberg Interchange was put out to tender and would cost R3.9 million. The rest of the M2 motorway was under tender or construction was beginning on the motorway.

1968
Work on the Siemert Road / End Street route making up part of the eastern bypass was completed.

1970
By this year, the Heidelberg Interchange was nearing completion.

1971
Construction of the Crown Interchange that would connect the M1 North–south route with the M2 was postponed when the tenders received were consider too expensive.

1972
The Crown Interchange tender on the M1/M2 was finally awarded and a completion date set for 1974. Heidelberg Interchange on the M2 eastern section was opened and connected the eastern CBD bypass to the M1 in the northern suburbs. A section of the M2 freeway between the Maritzberg Interchange and Heriotdale off-ramps had been completed and was opened to traffic between those two sections. Work on the section called the Kazerne Viaduct east of the Heidelberg Interchange was still under way.

1973
Part of the route connecting the Crown Interchange to the Westgate Interchange was now open to traffic. Work on the section called the Kazerne Viaduct east of the Heidelberg Interchange was still not completed.

1974
The M2 was now fully open with the completion of the Kazerne Viaduct east of the Heidelberg Interchange. Work connecting the M2 to the N3 Eastern Bypass on the eastern border with Germiston was not completed as the Geldenhuys Interchange was still being built by the Transvaal Roads Department.

1978
This year saw the completion and opening of the Geldenhuys Interchange which saw the M2 connected to the N3 Eastern bypass.

Final cost
The final cost of the twelve-year M1 and M2 project was R85.5 million through the awarding of twenty-seven contracts. The Provincial and National government's contributed R21 million of the final cost while land acquisitions represented 19% of the final cost. The project moved 8.3 million cubic metres of land made up of 0.3 million cubic metres of rock, 8 million cubic metres of slime and earth. Eighty new bridges were constructed and ten mine dumps moved. Seventy kilometres of drainage pipes were laid and 500,000 cubic metres of concreted poured.

title: M2 (Johannesburg)


text:
George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon

George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon KG (1547 – 9 September 1603) was the eldest son of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and Anne Morgan. His father was first cousin to Elizabeth I of England. In 1560, at the age of 13, George matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Military and political career
In December 1566 he accompanied the Earl of Bedford on an official mission to Scotland, to attend the baptism of the future King James. Mary, Queen of Scots gave him a ring and a chain with her miniature portrait.

During the Northern Rebellion of 1569, George was knighted in the field by Thomas Radcliffe 3rd Earl of Sussex for bravery. George had challenged Lord Fleming, the commander of Dunbar Castle, to single combat.George served as a member of Parliament in the Commons for several terms (for Hertfordshire in 1571, for Hampshire in 1584, 1586, 1589, and 1593). He was created Knight Marshal in 1578. He was given the tenure of the lands of the Cornish recusant Francis Tregian when the latter was convicted of praemunire in 1577 for aiding and abetting the missionary priest Cuthbert Mayne.

Carey was sent to Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight. In 1586, French diplomats complained that as Governor of the Isle he profited from goods taken from merchants ships, including velvet, satin, leather, cardamom, and ivory. He was the commander of the Isle's defenses during the Spanish Armada threat.

In July 1596, when his father died, George became the second Baron Hunsdon, and the following year he was appointed Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household, a position which had been held by his father.

Theatre
Both Henry and George Carey were patrons of the professional theatre company in London known as "the Lord Chamberlain's Men". Talents such as William Shakespeare and Richard Burbage were among the writers and performers of the company. In 1597 George was invested as a Knight of the Garter, and it is sometimes proposed that the first performance of William Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor was held to commemorate the occasion.

Family
George married Elizabeth Spencer (related to poet/author Edmund Spenser), who like her husband was a patron of the arts. They had one daughter, Elizabeth.

Death
He died on 9 September 1603 (from venereal disease and mercury poisoning), and his brother John (the next eldest) became the third Lord Hunsdon.

title: George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon


text:
Clean and Sober

Clean and Sober is a 1988 American drama film directed by Glenn Gordon Caron and starring Michael Keaton as a real estate agent struggling with a substance abuse problem. This film was Keaton's first dramatic departure from comedies. The supporting cast includes Kathy Baker, M. Emmet Walsh, Morgan Freeman, Luca Bercovici and Tate Donovan.

Ron Howard, who previously directed Keaton in the comedies Night Shift (1982) and Gung Ho (1986), served as co-producer.

Plot
Daryl Poynter is a successful but self-destructive Philadelphia real estate salesman who is addicted to cocaine and alcohol. He embezzles $92,000 of his company's money from an escrow account and spends $52,000 of it between cocaine buys and playing the stock market. Waking up one morning next to a woman who suffered a heart attack from a cocaine overdose, he tries to cover up their drug use, but the police make it clear that they know what happened. Fearing arrest for the woman's death and embezzling his company's funds, Daryl goes to the airport to try to flee the country but his credit card is declined and he has no cash. His colleague Martin also refuses to put him up for a couple of weeks.

Daryl learns of a drug rehabilitation program on the radio which lasts about a month and which guarantees anonymity. He checks in, figuring he can hide out there. While in rehab he meets Craig, a tough but supportive drug rehabilitation counselor. With great difficulty, Craig helps Daryl to realize he is an addict and that his life is complete chaos. Craig teaches Daryl the maxim, "The best way to break old habits is to make new ones."

At a 12-step meeting, Daryl tries to get "eligible" women to sponsor him, but they turn him down. He then meets the older, reformed addict Richard Dirks, who agrees to act as his sponsor in Alcoholics Anonymous. While discussing Step 4, Richard eventually encourages Daryl to confess his embezzlement to his employer. Daryl agrees but tries to shirk responsibility by blaming the dead woman he spent the night with. Incredulous, Daryl's employer fires him, though he skirts legal responsibility for his actions.

Daryl becomes attracted to a fellow patient, a woman named Charlie Standers. She is a steel foundry worker who is addicted to alcohol and cocaine. Charlie is involved in an abusive relationship with her boyfriend, Lenny, a fellow addict to whom Charlie acts as a codependent. Daryl falls in love with Charlie and urges her to leave Lenny. He finally succeeds in persuading her to leave, only to witness Lenny's manipulative way of winning her back.

Genuinely concerned for her well being, Daryl tries to remain in Charlie's life to help her stay sober. After another fight with Lenny, she leaves the house, does a hit of cocaine, and is killed in a car accident. In despair, Daryl also feels a strong temptation to return to drugs. He visits Richard, who talks him out of it. Richard also explains he couldn't have saved Charlie as addict cannot take responsibility for someone else.

A month later, Daryl, confused but hopeful and reborn, accepts his 30 Day Sobriety Coin in front of an audience of fellow AA members.

Cast

 * Michael Keaton as Daryl Poynter
 * Kathy Baker as Charlie Standers
 * Morgan Freeman as Craig
 * M. Emmet Walsh as Richard Dirks
 * Luca Bercovici as Lenny
 * Tate Donovan as Donald
 * Claudia Christian	as Iris
 * Brian Benben as Martin
 * Henry Judd Baker as Xavier
 * J. David Krassner as Tiller
 * Dakin Matthews as Bob
 * Ben Piazza as Kramer
 * Rachel Ryan as Karen Peluso

Reception
Clean and Sober received generally favorable reviews at the time. Roger Ebert praised the "superb supporting performances" and noted, "Although the subject matter of this film is commonplace in our society...the actual process of surrender and recovery is hardly ever the subject of films, maybe because it seems too depressing." Variety wondered if the film was "perhaps too grim."

In the Los Angeles Times, Sheila Benson wrote:"[The film's] characters, particularly Keaton’s self-destructive Daryl and Kathy Baker’s seductive, wavering fellow addict Charlie, are daringly and consummately played. With anyone as scuzzy as Daryl--and to think of a character his equal you probably have to go back to Sweet Smell of Success--part of the fascination comes from seeing how deep the fault line runs. Caron and Carroll have managed the almost impossible; there is truly no reading Daryl until the last second of the last scene." On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 53% approval rating based on reviews from 15 critics, with an average score of 5.4/10. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B+" on scale of A to F.

Then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan viewed this film at Camp David on September 17, 1988 and wrote of it in his diary: "watched a long & not very entertaining movie about a man fighting drugs."

Awards
Michael Keaton won the 1988 National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor for his performances in both Clean and Sober and Beetlejuice.

title: Clean and Sober


text:
User talk:Chicago103

Ok, assuming good faith I've unblocked the IP address though it has sent a lot of vandalism our way, do you happen to know where the IP address is, it might help us figure things out. If its a school, I hate to say it but we have a lot of schools on long term blocks as a lot of students are pretty bad for vandalism, anyways, please let me know if you have any problems -- Tawker 07:15, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

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Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Daley articles
Hi! Welcome to Wikipedia and thans for your contributions, especially your edits to the Richard J. Daley and Sis Daley articles. When you make an edit, there is a small box at the bottom where you can type an edit summary. These help other editors follow the changes in the article. . .can you please use them more in the future? Thanks! TMS63112 17:34, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Stamsried.gif
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Image Tagging Image:Stamsriedchurch.jpg.jpeg
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Image Tagging Image:P6225487.JPG.jpeg
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want to edit WGME TV antenna article
Hi there, In March you edited article WGME TV Tower to try and square Guinness World book and FCC data, writing "It is not clear whether the entry is referring to the current tower, or if something happened to the 1959 one - it is fairly common to rebuild collapsed TV towers to the same height."

I've lived near this antenna most my life and am pretty sure it's never been rebuilt. I have searched and can't figure out why the FCC site lists "built in 1975". I wonder if it had something to do with a new transmitter or FM mast or relicensing. Maybe I'll call the station, but wouldn't be surprised if they didn't know either. The station name change from WGAN ,(as the tower was originally known), to WGME came in 1983/84 so that doesn't explain it etiher. I welcome feedback. Cheers, --truthdowser 20:14, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Nixon94.jpg
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Earliest-serving living president of the United States
Just to let you know, I've proposed that Earliest-serving living president of the United States be deleted. While it's interesting, it's really just trivia and isn't appropriate for Wikipedia. You can remove the PROD tag if you disagree. Happy editing! --Tango (talk) 22:25, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

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Nomination of Patricia Van Pelt Watkins for deletion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Robert rafael reyes

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Richard Nixon talk page notice
I have added a section on the talk page for the article Richard Nixon titled "Section deleted on 13 December 2012." Please share your thoughts on the talk page. Thanks. Mitchumch (talk) 17:34, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

October 2015
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Sources needed for Days of the Year pages
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title: User talk:Chicago103


text:
Category:North American Interfraternity Conference

The North American Interfraternity Conference (formerly known as the National Interfraternity Conference) is an umbrella organization coordinating organization of U.S. and international men's collegiate fraternities, founded in 1909. The name change came as fraternities expanded to include Canadian chapters.


text:
Gyerim

The Gyerim is a small woodland in Gyeongju National Park, Gyeongju, South Korea. The name literally means "rooster forest." The grove lies near the old site of the Silla kingdom palace in central Gyeongju. Nearby landmarks include the Banwolseong fortress, Cheomseongdae, the Gyeongju National Museum, and the Royal Tombs Complex.

History
The original name of Gyerim was Sirim (시림, 始林). However, according to the Samguk Sagi, a 12th-century Korean history, Sirim was the site where the child Kim Alji, founder of the Gyeongju Kim clan, was discovered. Found in a golden box accompanied by a rooster, he was adopted by the royal family. His descendants became the later kings of Silla and the forest where he was found was renamed Gyerim, "Rooster Forest." The Samgungnyusa, a 13th-century miscellanea of tales relating to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, gives a different origin of the term Gyerim. According to that text, the founder of Silla, Hyeokgeose, was born at a stream called Gyejeong (계정, 鷄井), "rooster well," and that his future consort was born from a dragon that came to earth at another place called Gyeryongseo (계룡서, 鷄龍瑞), and for this reason the area was renamed Gyerim.

However, it is presumed that Gim's Legend related to Gye(계,鷄) was mixed with the legend of state's founder. Because, The source of these records is a comprehensive record of verbal legends in the 13th century written by Buddhist monks. There is a difference of more than 1000 years from the time when the incident occurred. In the Samguk Sagi, a more reliable history book, Legend related to Gye(계,鷄) is mentioned only in Gim Al-ji's part, but not in Hyeokgeose's part.

Based upon the legends of Silla's founding, Gyerim also became a sobriquet for that state. The earliest recorded reference we have of Gyerim being used to designate Silla is from the Chinese histories. The Old Book of Tang records that in 663 Emperor Gaozong of Tang designated Silla the Gyerim Territory Area Command and Munmu of Silla as its commander-in-chief. The early eighth-century Sillan scholar Kim Dae-mun authored a no longer extant book of tales of Silla entitled Gyerim japjeon.

Gyerim also appears in the title of the early twelfth-century Chinese work Gyerim yusa, which provides one of the earliest sources of information on the pronunciation of the native Korean language.

Historical landmark
Being considered a holy place, a monument commemorating the birth legend of Kim Alji was built in 1803 by the Joseon. Gyerim has been designated as historical landmark #19 from the Korean government since January, 1963. The grounds cover 7,300 m2 and has a dense forest of old oak, ash, zelkova, willow, Japanese clovers, scarlet maple and Japanese pagoda trees.

title: Gyerim


text:
Al Downing

Al Downing may refer to:
 * Alvin Joseph Downing (1916–2000), jazz musician
 * Al Downing (baseball) (born 1941), pitcher
 * Al Downing (musician) (1940–2005), entertainer, singer, songwriter, and pianist

title: Al Downing


text:
Talk:Gyerim

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title: Talk:Gyerim


text:
User talk:Keon~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Seeaxid 06:19, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:56, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Keon~enwiki


text:
User:Melissadolbeer/Melissa's response to sock-puppet allegations

Melissa's response to sock-puppet allegations
Ril's M.O.

1) Sock-puppet redirects and hopes nobody notices - Article Gone.
 * 81.156.177.21 (talk • contribs)

2) SP starts edit war - victim gives up - Article Gone.
 * 81.156.177.21 (talk • contribs)

3) Later new SP 'merges' and redirects - Article Gone.
 * -Ril- (talk • contribs)

4) New SP starts edit war - Article Gone.
 * -Ril- (talk • contribs)

5) If all else fails, SP puts up Vfd and makes false statements against his victim, often getting THE VICTIM BLOCKED.
 * -Ril- (talk • contribs)

I am new to Wikipedia this year and have never used a sock-puppet. I know that sock-puppets are legal but not in the way they were used in the article on Authentic Matthew (see above, and compare to edit history of Authentic Matthew). In addition, the following may be sock-puppets acting improperly:

 * Doc glasgow (talk • contribs)

 * Capitalistroadster (talk • contribs)

 * Jamesgibbon (talk • contribs)

 * Melissa's allegation that I may be a sockpuppet has no foundation in reality. I would suggest to her that, in future, she should do a bit more research before casting an entirely independent Wikipedian in an unlikely role as a possible "sockpuppet". No hard feelings, and I hope that the parties can resolve this dispute, in which I have no interest, amicably. But please, with respect, be more careful next time james gibbon  14:56, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Dialogue between Ril and Doc glasgow, or as they put it, one sock to another:

(cur) (last) 19:37, 14 July 2005 -Ril- (→From one sock to another)

(cur) (last) 19:08, 14 July 2005 Doc glasgow (→From one sock to another - OK, but ....)

(cur) (last) 18:52, 14 July 2005 -Ril- (→From one sock to another)

(cur) (last) 18:49, 14 July 2005 -Ril- (→From one sock to another)

(cur) (last) 18:45, 14 July 2005 -Ril- (→From one sock to another)

(cur) (last) 18:29, 14 July 2005 Doc glasgow (→From one sock to another - BTW)

(cur) (last) 17:40, 14 July 2005 -Ril- (→My username)

(cur) (last) 17:39, 14 July 2005 -Ril- (→My username)

(cur) (last) 17:36, 14 July 2005 Doc glasgow (From one sock to another)

(cur) (last) 17:35, 14 July 2005 John Barleycorn (My username)

Here and elsewhere Doc and Ril seem to admit that they are sock-puppets. In other places they talk about the hundred articles they have deleted. This is just one example of their misbehaviour.

 * Melissa, it would help you if you actually read what was said in those conversations where we discussed how amusingly absurd it was you thought we were sockpuppets.     10:04, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Denial
I specifically deny any wrongdoing and put Ril to the strictist proof thereof. If you read the contributions of the above, you will see that they have deleted some good articles, been rude on occasion and some have even been blocked. This is why I am refusing to walk away from Wikipedia as so many others have. Finally, the help I have received from the "Angels" has been unsolicited.


text:
File talk:PaintedBunting23.jpg

This image needs to be protected since it got to the frontpage and hasn't been protected yet. Jtkiefer 06:20, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems like it's been done already at this point :) Rbarreira 17:13, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: File talk:PaintedBunting23.jpg


text:
Pegeen Hanrahan

Margaret "Pegeen" Hanrahan (born c. 1966) was the mayor of Gainesville, Florida, her native city, from 2004 through 2010. Described by The Nation as a "vegetarian, bike-riding environmentalist", Hanrahan has been active in politics since she was a teenager. An environmental engineer, she was elected to the Gainesville City Commission in 1996, and was elected mayor in 2004. In the 2007 mayoral election she was re-elected to another term.

Early life and career
Hanrahan received her bachelor's and master's degrees in environmental engineering, as well as a B.A. in sociology, all with honors from the University of Florida. In 2003 she married Tony Malone, a professional engineer in civil infrastructure. Together they have a daughter, Evyleen Mary, born in 2005; a son, Quinn Joseph, born in 2007; and a daughter, Tess Lucille, born in 2011.

Electoral history
Mayor Hanrahan was re-elected on March 6, 2007, beating her opponent Wesley Watson with 73% of the vote.

title: Pegeen Hanrahan


text:
Talk:Jagannath Mishra

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Falsehood about Cause of Press Bill
Press Bill of Bihar was brought to curb incessant personal attacks on Jagannath Mishra by Aryavarta and Indian Nation, leading dailies on Bihar in Hindi and English respectively and both owned by Darbhanga Raj, effectivelt controlled by Rajkumar Shubheshwar Singh. Media of almost entire country supported the movement startede by these two newspapers and when Indira Gandhi forced Jagannath Mishra to withdraw the bill, Jagannath Mishra was also forced to resign. Then, Jagannath Mishra started his own newspaper Pataliputra Times in order to damage the newspapers of Raj. These well known facts are deliberately missed by this article and the blame of bringing Press Bill is falsely thrown on Indira Gandhi just to "humour" her! VJha (talk) 12:43, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jagannath Mishra


text:
Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn

Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn (857–10th century) was a Korean philosopher and poet of the late medieval Unified Silla period (668-935). He studied for many years in Tang China, passed the Tang imperial examination, and rose to the high office there before returning to Silla, where he made ultimately futile attempts to reform the governmental apparatus of a declining Silla state.

In his final years, Ch'oe turned more towards Buddhism and became a hermit scholar residing in and around Korea's Haeinsa temple. Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn was also known by the literary names Haeun, or, more commonly, Koun. He is recognized today as the progenitor of the Gyeongju Ch'oe clan.

Early life and study in Tang
Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn was born in the Saryang district of the Silla capital of Gyeongju in 857. He was of the so-called "head rank six" (yukdupum ) class, a hereditary class in Silla's stringent bone rank system affixed to those of mixed aristocratic and commoner birth. As a member of head rank six, Ch'oe was restricted in the level of office he could attain.

Towards the end of Silla, many in the head rank six ranks began to seek opportunities of advancement beyond the traditional confines of the Silla social-political order. One outlet was to become a Buddhist monk. Another was to take up the study of Confucianism. China's Confucian bureaucracy had been adopted to a limited degree by Silla following its unification of the peninsula in 668. Confucianism was well suited to the administration of territory and the buttressing of central authority (that is, royal absolutism). The adoption of Confucian administrative norms and Silla's closer ties with Tang China demanded a highly educated corps of scholar-officials. To meet this need the Silla monarchy turned to the frustrated talents of the head rank six class. Royal support of the head rank six also gave the monarch more leverage against an increasingly hostile aristocracy.

In the early years following unification head rank six students matriculated at Silla's own National Confucian Academy, established in the late 7th century. By the 9th century, however, ambitious Silla students aspired to seek their education at the very source, in the Tang capital of Chang'an (present day Xi'an). It was in the course of the 9th century that the Gyeongju Ch'oe clan nurtured close ties with the Silla monarchy, and as a result many of the Ch'oe clan were sent to matriculate in China with the ultimate goal of passing the Chinese civil service exam and returning to serve the Silla court.

According to the 12th century history work Samguk Sagi, when Ch'oe was twelve years of age, in 869, his father sent him to study in Tang, seeing him off with the admonition that if he did not pass the Chinese imperial examination within ten years he would cease to be his son. Within the decade Ch'oe did indeed pass the highest of China's civil service exams, the coveted jinshi (進士) degree, and was duly appointed to a prefectural office in the south. Ch'oe went on to serve in China for nearly a decade, even becoming acquainted with Emperor Xizong of Tang (r. 873-888). Ch'oe also won merits for his service under the Tang general Gao Pian in his struggle against the Huang Chao rebellion, a failed uprising which nonetheless ushered in the final years of the crippled Chinese dynasty. With the rebellion put down and peace at least temporarily restored Ch'oe's thoughts turned towards home. One surviving poem, written earlier while Ch'oe was heading to his first official post in China ("ten years of dust" being his ten years spent in preparing for the exam), gave vent to his emotions regarding the native land and family he had not seen in a decade:

The Samguk Sagi again tells us that Ch'oe - the consummate Confucian - was thinking of his ageing parents when he requested permission from the Tang emperor to return to Silla. This he was duly granted and he returned home in 885. He was then 28.

Attempts at reform
Soon upon his return to Silla Ch'oe was appointed an instructor and reader at Silla's Confucian Hallim Academy. He was shuffled through various positions, including Minister of War and chief of a variety of regional prefectures. Though in 893 he was appointed chief envoy of a diplomatic mission to Tang China, famine and subsequent upheavals in Silla prevented his journey. Tang fell soon afterward and Ch'oe was never to see China again.

As member of the yukdupum class, Ch'oe had returned to Silla with youthful hopes of reform. Ch'oe was not the first of the yukdupum Confucian literati to attempt to foster reform in the Silla state, however his case is one of the most prominent to come down to us in recorded Korean history. In 894 Ch'oe submitted to Silla's Queen Jinseong (r. 887-897) his "Ten Urgent Points of Reform" for the Silla. As with earlier attempts by Ch'oe's predecessors, these were ultimately to fall upon deaf ears. By the time of Ch'oe's return Silla was in an advanced state of collapse. The central monarchy had been greatly weakened by internecine struggle, with power devolving first into the hands of the bone rank aristocracy and then - more ominously for Silla's survival - into the hands of regional warlords who controlled the countryside outside the capital region, and in some cases commanded their own private armies.

Retirement and later life
Few records remain of Ch'oe's middle and late years. Around the year 900 Ch'oe retired from public life and began a period of wandering through numerous Korean locales. As the Samguk Sagi relates, "Living in retirement, Ch'oe took up the free life of a mountain sage, building pavilions along rivers and shores, planting pines and bamboo, reading books and writing history, and composing odes to nature. He is known to have dwelled in such places as Namsan in Gyeongju, Bingsan in Gangju, Cheongnyang Temple in Habju, Ssanggye Temple in Jirisan, and a cottage in Habpohyeon." Haeundae District of modern Busan takes its name from Ch'oe's pen-name Haeun as he purportedly was enamored of the location and so built a pavilion there overlooking the beach. A piece of Ch'oe's calligraphy engraved on a rock still survives there.

Eventually Ch'oe settled at Haeinsa Temple where his elder brother Hyŏnjun served as abbot. His later years are most notable for his lengthy stele inscriptions, hagiographies to Silla's most noted Buddhist priests that have proved a primary source of information on Silla Buddhism.

One well known anecdote regarding Ch'oe in these years regards a putative piece of verse he dispatched to Wang Kŏn, the founder of the Goryeo. Apparently convinced by the greatness of Wang Kŏn, notably by the promulgation of his Ten Injunctions, Ch'oe came to believe that Wang Kŏn had inherited the Mandate of Heaven to succeed the declining Silla dynasty as the ruler of the peninsula. Reflecting this, he secretly sent off a prophetic verse reflecting his support of the new dynasty: “The leaves of the Cock Forest [Silla] are yellow, the pines of Snow Goose Pass [Goryeo] are green.”. Cock Forest (Gyerim) being an ancient sobriquet for Silla and Snow Goose Pass (Gongnyeong) being the ancestral home of Wang Kŏn, and by association the Goryeo Dynasty. However, this anecdote first appeared in the 12th century Samguk Sagi, long after Ch'oe had died and some modern scholars concur that Ch'oe, a native and ardent supporter of Silla, never penned it but that it was attributed to him by a young Goryeo dynasty to buttress its legitimacy and win over the support of young Silla scholars to its enterprise.

The date of Ch'oe's death is unknown, though he was still living as late as 924, the date of one of his surviving stele engravings. One fantastic account relates that Ch'oe's straw slippers were discovered at the edge of the forest on Mt. Gaya (Gayasan), the location of Haeinsa, and that Ch'oe had become a Daoist immortal and ascended into the heavens. More grounded historical theories posit that he committed suicide, but this is ultimately conjecture.

Later views
Several streams emerged from Ch'oe in the long centuries following his death. On the one hand, as Korea became increasingly Confucianized in the late Goryeo and most especially the Joseon period, Ch'oe became one of the most lauded members of Korea's pantheon of Confucianists, with pride of place in the nation's Confucian temple. King Hyeonjong (r. 1009–1031), recognizing Ch'oe's Confucian accomplishments, granted him the posthumous title of Marquis of Bright Culture. In the early 13th century his portrait was placed in the national Confucian shrine to become an object of veneration thence forward.

On the other hand, as time passed Ch'oe also came to be revered as a poet, due in great part to the relatively large number of his poems that have survived, all written in Chinese. Around Ch'oe also grew up a rich body of folklore, attributing to him fantastic deeds and supernatural powers.

In the late 19th century, as Korean intellectuals began to reexamine their intellectual and historical roots in the face of increasing national weakness and foreign encroachment, there arose a rising critique of Korea's historical deference to China.

The most articulate voice of such nationalist sentiment was the journalist, historian, and philosopher Shin Chaeho (1880–1936). Shin condemned Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn as one of the most glaring examples of Korean intellectual subservience to China, a pattern of sequacious behavior on the part of Korea's intellectual class (according to Shin) that over the long run weakened Korea's national spirit and made it a slave to "Sadae" ("serving the great") thought. Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn is now claimed by the Gyeongju Ch'oe clan as their founder. The location of his home in Gyeongju is now a small temple hall dedicated to his memory.

Writings
The relatively extensive extant writings of Ch'oe stand as witness to his importance in late Silla society while also ensuring him a degree of importance among latter generations that has escaped his contemporaries, many of whom, like him, were talented poets, learned officials, and diligent in their attempts at reform.

Besides his lost works like Jewang yeondaeryeok (Chronological History of Monarchs) and others, Ch'oe's surviving writings may be divided roughly into four main categories: official prose (to include memorials, dispatches, etc. during his service both in Tang China and Silla); private prose (on such topics as tea drinking and natural scenery); poetry; and stele inscriptions.

Shortly following Ch'oe's return to Silla in 885 he compiled his various writings, both official and unofficial (to include some poetry) and presented it to King Heongang. The preface to that compilation survives allowing us to know its original contents. However, the entire collection is no longer extant. What does survive is one part entitled the Gyeweon Pilgyeong (계원필경, 桂苑筆耕, "Plowing the Cassia Grove with a Writing Brush"), which is ten volumes made up primarily of official letters and memorials composed while in the service of Tang. This work also includes some private prose.

A sizable collection of Ch'oe's poetry, which was presumably originally included in the work presented to King Heongang cited above, has come down to us through other Korean sources, primarily the Dongmunseon, a Joseon Dynasty collection of Korean poetry. Some verses of his are also included in the 12th century Samguk Sagi. Ch'oe's surviving stele inscriptions, the so-called Sasan bimyeong (사산비명, 四山碑銘, “Four mountain steles”) are as follows (all in present-day South Korea):

 * 1) Jingamguksa bimyeong Memorial Stele to Master Jingam [Hyeso] of Ssanggye Temple, 887, at Ssanggye Temple, South Gyeongsang province.
 * 2) Daesungboksa bimyeong Stele of Daesungbok Temple, 885, Gyeongju (not totally extant).
 * 3) Nanghyehwasang bimyeong Memorial Stele to Master Ranghye of Seongju Temple, 890, at Seongju Temple, South Chungcheong province.
 * 4) Jijeungdaesa bimyeong Memorial Stele to Master Jijeung of Pongam Temple, 924, at Mungyeong, North Gyeongsang province.

Ch'oe's authorship has been conjectured for the Silla Suijeon (신라수이전, 新羅殊異傳, Silla tales of wonder), the earliest and oldest known collection of Korean Buddhist tales and popular fables. The work is no longer extant but thirteen of its original stories have survived in other works. Almost all scholars agree, however, that Ch'oe was not the author. This seems clear by the fact that one of the tales included in the collection was a fable of Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn, the Koun Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn chŏn. Likewise, in the early 20th century Ch'oe was put forward as the author of the Yuseolgyeonghak daejang, a Confucian pedagogical work. Based upon the nature of the language and expressions employed, scholars are also fairly unanimous in denying this to be a work of Ch'oe.

title: Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn


text:
Haeundae

Haeundae may refer to:

 * Haeundae Beach, an urban beach in Busan, South Korea
 * Haeundae District, a district of Busan, South Korea
 * Haeundae station, a station on the Busan Metro Line 2
 * Tidal Wave (2009 film),, a 2009 South Korean disaster film

title: Haeundae


text:
Talk:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn

Note: The earlier history of this article can be found at Choe Chi-won. -- Visviva 05:01, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Untitled

 * History merge completed July 27, 2007. Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ 23:08, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Airlines/Codes

This page is for the discussion of how to display the Airline's codes on the article pages.

 * For the present, I'm leaving this page blank while we discuss ideas on the talk page. Once we start to develop some ideas there, we can put the working recommendation here.  Vegaswikian 06:27, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Airlines/Codes


text:
Julia Duffy

Julia Margaret Duffy (née Hinds; June 27, 1951) is an American actress.

From 1983 to 1990, she played Stephanie Vanderkellen in the TV series Newhart. The role garnered her critical acclaim, including seven Primetime Emmy Award nominations, three Viewers for Quality Television awards, and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film.

Following the conclusion of Newhart, Duffy continued to work in television, playing the original Maggie Campbell on Baby Talk (1991) and Allison Sugarbaker on Designing Women (1991–1992). In the 2000s, Duffy appeared in guest roles on Reba and Drake & Josh, as well as having supporting roles in 2003's comedy films Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd and Intolerable Cruelty. She had recurring guest roles on the series Shameless (2011–2013) and Looking (2014–2015), and appeared in a supporting role in the drama Camp X-Ray (2014).

Early life, family, and education
Julia Margaret Hinds was born on June 27, 1951, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the youngest of four daughters of Joseph Hinds and Mary Duffy. When Julia was seven years old, her father died, and her mother later remarried and worked as a real estate agent.

She began acting as an adolescent, appearing in local stage productions at Minneapolis's Old Log Theatre. At age 18, she appeared in a Minneapolis production of The Girl in the Freudian Slip. In 1970, Duffy moved to New York City, and she enrolled at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, from which she graduated in 1972. While attending, she worked as a waitress and hatcheck girl.

Career beginnings
Duffy began her career in television, appearing in minor guest roles in soap operas such as Love of Life and One Life to Live before being cast in the role of Penny Davis in the series The Doctors from 1973 until 1977. In 1978, Duffy starred in the critically acclaimed Broadway revival of Once in a Lifetime.

She appeared in supporting roles in the exploitation horror film Butcher, Baker, Nightmare Maker (1981), also known as Night Warning, as well as Cutter's Way (1981). She appeared in a first season episode of the television sitcom Cheers in 1982. Initially, she had been considered for the role of Diane Chambers, the sitcom's female lead.

In 1983, she played Princess Ariel Baaldorf in the medieval adventure spoof TV series Wizards and Warriors, which lasted one season on the CBS network.

Newhart and critical acclaim
In 1982, Duffy guest-starred on the sitcom Newhart as Stephanie Vanderkellen, a self-obsessed heiress and the haughty cousin of Stratford Inn maid Leslie. At the beginning of the second season, Duffy joined the main cast, replacing Leslie as the Stratford's maid. She continued to play Stephanie for the rest of the show's run, earning Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for the role every year from 1984 through 1990. She also received a Golden Globe nomination and won three Viewers For Quality Television awards and five American Comedy Awards nominations for her work.

Twice during Newhart's run, Duffy was pregnant. The first time, she wore baggy clothes and stood behind furniture to hide her bump, while the second time, the pregnancy was written into the show, with Stephanie becoming a mother in the eighth season. She remains close to Bob Newhart.

After Newhart
After Newhart ended in 1990, Duffy briefly starred in the sitcom Baby Talk alongside George Clooney, but asked to be released after Clooney walked off the troubled set. The new producers accommodated her, allowing her to then join the cast of Designing Women in 1991. Baby Talk was then retooled and Duffy was replaced by Mary Page Keller. On Designing Women, she essentially replaced Delta Burke, the show's breakout star, who was fired after quarrels with producers. Duffy played Allison Sugarbaker, Burke and Dixie Carter's previously unseen cousin on the show. Duffy's tenure on the sitcom's sixth season turned out to be the highest-rated season in the show's history, partly because of the highly publicized cast additions of Duffy and Jan Hooks. However, because of conflicting ideas about her character, she was amicably released from her contract, thus leading her to be replaced by Judith Ivey.

From 1993 to 1995, Duffy played Barb Ballantine on the short-lived comedy series The Mommies. Duffy played Lindsay Mercer, one of the failed buyers of Winfred-Lauder and the ex-wife of Lord Mercer on The Drew Carey Show. She has a recurring role on the Nickelodeon series Drake & Josh as Linda Hayfer, a high-school English teacher who despises Drake. She appeared on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody as the rich mother of Jason, a boy who goes on a date with Maddie Fitzpatrick (Ashley Tisdale). She made a brief appearance in the Nickelodeon sitcom True Jackson, VP as the owner of a stage that LuLu wanted to rent.

In 2009, Duffy co-starred with Kelly McGillis in a stage production of The Little Foxes at the Pasadena Playhouse. She later appeared again at the Playhouse in 'The Heiress' starring Richard Chamberlain. In the 2010s, Duffy had recurring roles on HBO's Looking and Showtime's Shameless, as well as Scream Queens, Key and Peele, and other guest roles. In 2014, she appeared in a supporting role opposite Kristen Stewart in the drama film Camp X-Ray.

Her theater credits include the Broadway production Once in a Lifetime as well as numerous regional theater credits. Most recently, Duffy appeared in a stage production of Guess Who's Coming to Dinner at the Huntington Theatre in Boston, directed by David Esbjornson, for which she received an IRNE Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama, followed by a lead in the play Sex and Education at the Laguna Playhouse in the spring of 2016. In December 2016, Duffy co-starred with Mare Winningham and Mark Blum in an Off-Broadway production of Rancho Viejo directed by Daniel Aukin Playwrights Horizons. Ben Brantley of The New York Times described Duffy's performance as "hilariously withering." She starred in the ensemble comedy The Outsider at Paper Mill Playhouse in New Jersey, along with Broadway veterans Lenny Wolpe, Kelley Curran and Manoel Felciano, directed by David Esbjornson.

Other pursuits
Duffy wrote the book Bad Auditions, published by Smith and Kraus in 2018.

Personal life
Duffy married actor Jerry Lacy, co-star of Dark Shadows and Love of Life, in 1984. In 1986, they had their first child, a daughter, Kerry. In August 1989, Duffy gave birth to their second child, a son, Daniel. Daniel died by suicide in April 2019.

title: Julia Duffy


text: User talk:216.21.154.105

title: User talk:216.21.154.105


text: Talk:Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement


text:
Johannesburg CBD

The Johannesburg Central Business District, commonly called Johannesburg CBD, is one of the main business centres of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is the densest collection of skyscrapers in Africa, however, due to white flight and urban blight, many of the buildings are unoccupied as tenants have left for more secure locations in the Northern Suburbs, in particular Sandton and Rosebank. There are significant movements to revive the area.

History
The area that is currently the Central Business District has been the central area of Johannesburg nearly since its inception. Its central location in the city as well as careful planning led to it being chosen as the best location for residential and commercial development, especially during the economically prosperous 1960s and 1970s. Many large commercial products were completed in this period, such as the Carlton Centre, the tallest building in Africa for 46 years (currently the fifth tallest).

Under apartheid, the Central Business District was classified as a whites-only area, meaning that black people were allowed to work and shop there but could not live there. Application of the Group Areas Act became very lax in the 1980s, among other things because courts were not able to handle all the cases, and when the Act was abolished even more disadvantaged black people moved into the City Centre, often taking over whole buildings by overfilling them with people that the previous middle-class white tenants found unacceptable neighbours.

This is not only true of previously established residential areas such as Hillbrow on the periphery of the CBD but also of former office blocks in the heart of the CBD, that were converted to residential accommodation as businesses fled the centre in the late-1980s and 1990s. A crime wave swept through the city as businesses left the CBD, which made walking around the area dangerous. Many businesses and people fled the Central Business District and surrounding areas such as Braamfontein, Hillbrow, and Yeoville for more secured houses or offices in the Northern Suburbs.

By the late 1990s, the Central Business District was a no-go zone and a virtual ghost town. All its former glory was lost, and the city was shattered by the loss of the Carlton Hotel. The situation has improved since. The provincial government of Gauteng is based in the CBD as are several large banks.

Gentrification
There have been significant movements to redevelop the city centre. The Johannesburg city government installed CCTV cameras all over the Central Business District, which decreased crime dramatically. Several historical buildings have also been developed and turned into condominiums, which developers hope will draw new residents to the area. The process of gentrification and redevelopment is ongoing as of 2016.

title: Johannesburg CBD


text:
User talk:Hiteshrajbhagat

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

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Re:
See User Talk:Redwolf24 for my reply. Redwolf24 06:50, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hiteshrajbhagat


text:
The Ryans and the Pittmans

"The Ryans and The Pittmans" is a popular Newfoundland folk song. It tells of the romantic entanglements of a sailor named Bob Pittman, and his desire to sail home to finally marry his "sweet Biddy". The song is also known as "We'll Rant and We'll Roar", after the first line of the chorus; however, this is also the name by which some foreign variants are known.

It is based on a traditional English capstan shanty, "Spanish Ladies", which describes headlands sighted on a sailor's homeward voyage through the English Channel. "Spanish Ladies" has a number of variants: New England whalers sang of "Yankee Whalermen", while their Pacific counterparts sang of Talcuhano Girls. A more landlocked drover's version surfaced in Australia as "Brisbane Ladies".

Verses 2, 8, 9, and 10 of the Newfoundland version are adapted from that of the whalers; the remainder were composed around 1875 by Henry W. LeMessurier. It was printed in Old Songs of Newfoundland (1912) by James Murphy. The places mentioned in the song are outports in and around Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.

The most famous recent version of the song was recorded by Great Big Sea.

Lyrics
THE RYANS AND THE PITTMANS

 * Chorus:

 * We'll rant and we'll roar like true Newfoundlanders
 * We'll rant and we'll roar on deck and below
 * Until we see bottom inside the two sunkers
 * When straight through the Channel to Toslow we'll go.

 * My name it is Robert, they call me Bob Pittman
 * I sail in the Ino with Skipper Tom Brown
 * I'm bound to have Polly or Biddy or Molly
 * As soon as I'm able to plank the cash down.

 * I'm a son of a sea cook, and a cook in a trader
 * I can dance, I can sing, I can reef the mainboom,
 * I can handle a jigger, and cuts a fine figure
 * Whenever I gets in a boat's standing room.

 * If the voyage is good, this fall I will do it
 * I wants two pounds ten for a ring and the priest
 * A couple of dollars for clean shirts and collars
 * And a handful of coppers to make up a feast.

 * There's plump little Polly, her name is Goldsworthy
 * There's John Coady's Kitty and Mary Tibbo
 * There's Clara from Brule and young Martha Foley
 * But the nicest of all is me girl from Toslow.

 * Farewell and adieu to ye girls of Valen
 * Farewell and adieu to ye girls in the Cove
 * I'm bound to the westward, to the wall with the hole in
 * I'll take her from Toslow the wide world to rove.

 * Farewell and adieu to ye girls of St. Kryan's
 * Of Paradise and Presque, Big and Little Bona
 * I'm bound unto Toslow to marry sweet Biddy
 * And if I don't do so I'm afraid of her da'.

 * I've bought me a house from Katherine Davis
 * A twenty pound bed from Jimmy McGrath
 * I'll get me a settle, a pot and a kettle
 * And then I'll be ready for Biddy, hurrah!

 * O, I brought in the Ino this spring from the city,
 * Some rings and gold brooches for the girls in the Bay;
 * I bought me a case-pipe —- they call it a meerschaum —-
 * It melted like butter upon a hot day.

 * I went to a dance one night at Fox Harbour,
 * There were plenty of girls, so nice as you'd wish;
 * There was one pretty maiden a-chewin' of frankgum
 * Just like a young kitten a-gnawing fresh fish.

 * Then here is a health to the girls of Fox Harbour
 * Of Oderin and Presque, Crabbes Hole and Brule
 * Now let ye be jolly, don't be melancholy
 * I can't marry all or in chokey I'd be.

 * We'll rant and we'll roar like true Newfoundlanders
 * We'll rant and we'll roar on deck and below
 * Until we see bottom inside the two sunkers
 * When straight through the Channel to Toslow we'll go.

title: The Ryans and the Pittmans