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Clube Atlético Juventus

Clube Atlético Juventus (Latin for Youth), commonly referred to as Juventus da Mooca or simply Juventus, is a Brazilian professional football club in the district of Mooca, São Paulo, that competes in Campeonato Paulista Série A2, the second tier of the São Paulo state football league.

Although it was a Campeonato Brasileiro Série B (Taça de Prata) winner once, Juventus nowadays competes only in tournaments in the state of São Paulo, such as the Campeonato Paulista.

The team typically plays in maroon shirts and white shorts, and is nicknamed Moleque Travesso (the Prankster Boy).

History
Clube Atlético Juventus was founded on 20 April 1924 by Cotonificio Rodolfo Crespi employees, as Extra São Paulo. The team colors were the colors of São Paulo state, black, white and red.

The club changed its name to Cotonifício Rodolfo Crespi Futebol Clube in 1925, and in 1930, the club changed its name again, to Clube Atlético Juventus, because Count Rodolfo Crespi was a supporter of Juventus of Italy, but the team colors are a homage to Italian club Torino Football Club, because Rodolfo Crespi's son, Adriano, was a supporter of their Turin rivals.

Pelé states his most beautiful goal was scored at Rua Javari on a Campeonato Paulista match against Juventus on 2 August 1959. As there was no video footage of this match, Pelé asked that a computer animation be made of this specific goal. This animation can be seen on Pelé Eterno, a documentary about his career.

The club won the Copa FPF for the first time in 2007, after defeating Linense in the final, and also competed in that season's edition of Recopa Sul-Brasileira. Juventus was eliminated in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C 2007's first stage.

On 23 September 2021, the São Paulo Football Federation recognizes the São Paulo titles of 1933 and 1934, to Albion and Juventus respectively.

National

 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série B:
 * Winners (1): 1983
 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série C:
 * Runners-up (1): 1997

State

 * Campeonato Paulista:
 * Winners (1): 1934 (FPF)
 * Copa Paulista:
 * Winners (1): 2007
 * Campeonato Paulista Série A2:
 * Winners (2): 1929, 2005
 * Taça Campeonato Estadual FPF:
 * Winners (1): 1934
 * Torneio Início:
 * Winners (1): 1986

Youth team

 * Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior:
 * Winners (1): 1985

Women's

 * Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Feminino:
 * Winners (1): 1987

Stadium

Juventus' home stadium is Estádio Rua Javari, inaugurated in 1929, with a maximum capacity of 4,000 people.

Juventus in other years

 * Season 2007
 * Season 2008

Notable coaches

 * 🇧🇷 Basílio
 * 🇧🇷 Candinho
 * 🇧🇷 Edu Marangon
 * 🇧🇷 Márcio Bittencourt

Symbols
The anthem's author is Carlos Alberto de Jesus Polastro.

The club is nicknamed Moleque Travesso, meaning the Mischievous Boy. The nickname was first used on 14 September 1930, by the journalist Thomaz Mazzoni, after Juventus beat Corinthians 2–1 at Estádio Parque São Jorge, which was Corinthian's home stadium at the time.

Rivals
Juventus biggest rival is Nacional; the games between the two clubs are called Juvenal. Because of the poor performances of both teams on their championships, they've been relegated to different divisions and cannot play a match between them, since 2007. However, in 2014 Nacional AC was promoted from Second Division to Division A3, where Juventus has been played for a couple of years leading to a recent edition of the Juvenal in April 2015. Portuguesa is another direct rival of Juventus. Their matches are known as The Immigrants' Derby (Italians vs Portuguese).

title: Clube Atlético Juventus


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Jeppe High School for Boys

Jeppe High School for Boys is a public English medium high school for boys in Kensington, a suburb of Johannesburg in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It is one of the 23 Milner Schools, and its sister school is Jeppe High School for Girls.

The school's motto is the Latin Forti nihil difficilius, meaning "Nothing is too difficult for the brave". Jeppe High School for Boys is the oldest known school in Johannesburg.

History
St. Michael's College was the predecessor of all the Jeppe Schools. This was an Anglican private school on the corner of Commissioner and Crowns Street in Fairview. There were 25 students when the school first opened in 1890. The headmaster of the school was Rev. H B Sidwell. His successor was Rev. George Perry, in 1891.

The buildings of the college and the site on which its grounds lay were bought by the Witwatersrand Council for education, in 1896, as the school was struggling to function. The school was re-opened, in April 1897, by the council as Jeppestown Grammar School. Fifteen boys enrolled into the school and the first headmaster of the school was Mr. H Hardwick. However, school financial issues forced the council to reduce its disbursement. As a result, Mr. Hardwick and the rest of the school's staff were given notice. On 1 October 1898, a group of Jeppestown parents bought the school from the council for £2,500. The staff had been replaced, but Mr. Hardwick remained the headmaster of the school.

In 1899, at the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War, with the number of students slowly decreasing, the school was forced to close down. Mr. Hardwick left in September 1899.

The school re-opened, after the war, as Jeppestown High School for Girls and Boys using land donated by Sir Julius Jeppe. It was opened in the same building of the Grammar School, and was one of the first co-educational schools, opened by the Transvaal Education Department (T.E.D). The precise date of the re-opening is unknown, however it is believed to have been during the first quarter of the year 1902, as a letter sent to the Department of Education by the school, about the teachers being unwilling to teach under the conditions of an unfinished building as well as there not being enough space for the number of children, was sent on 9 April of that year.

The Parents' Committee experienced financial hardships at the same time as the school's construction. In September 1902, the Education Department was presented with an ultimatum, which stated that either they purchase the premises or vacate it, by October that year. The Public Works Department advised that purchase be made, until a new school building could be constructed.

The new headmaster of the school, in 1902, was Mr. C D Hope. He remained headmaster until he left in 1904 to found a fellow "Milner School", Potchefstroom High School for Boys. He was succeeded by Mr. J H Payne, who became a staff member in 1902 and remained headmaster until his death, in 1917, during his service in the First World War (170 boys and staff members died in the border conflicts and two World Wars). Mr. Payne acquired the building that the Jeppe Boys students currently occupy.

By 1912 the new school's grounds were not sufficient enough for the accumulating number of pupils at the school. Owing to the boys out-numbering the girls, and pressure from the Governing Body of the school, who were against the co-educational system of the school, it was decided that the girls would be moved to other premises. The split would occur in 1919.

When Johannesburg celebrated its centenary, in 1986, the main building of Jeppe High School for Boys, as well as the First World War Memorial, were declared national monuments.

Current administration
Headmaster | Principal

 * Mr. Dale Jackson

War Memorial
A dome built near the main entrance of the school is one of the prominent facades of the school building. One side of the dome is used for "recruiting" and the other as the school museum. Alongside the dome can be found the names of boys who died during the war while still attending the school. The dome also features a plinth with the names of staff and pupils who were killed in The Great War. Mr. James Humphrey Allen Payne, who was a headmaster at the school, died of a fever in 1917 while serving in the war. The second hall in the school is named after him.

When the school celebrated its centenary in 1986, the First World War Memorial, which was opened by field Marshal Jan Smuts, was declared a national monument.

Hostel
In 1912, Oribi House, the oldest hostel, was built. In 1916, Tsessebe House now called Sable House occupied Friedenheim, Sir Julius Jeppe's home. During the Anglo-Boer War, Friedenheim was used as British Headquarters and was owned by Sir Abe Bailey. In the early 1960s, Friedenheim was declared unsafe to occupy and was demolished.

Main gates
The main gates to the school are dedicated to FWB von Linsingen and AS Dashwood who were both killed in action in Bardia on 31 December 1941.

World War II Rolls of Honour
Two World War II plaques are situated in the foyer of the school's main hall. These contain the names of Jeppe pupils who died in action while still attending the school.

Jeppe High School for Boys Association
There have been a number of different Old Boy Associations over the years at Jeppe High School for Boys. However, over time they had become defunct, in 2009 the Jeppe High School for Boys Association (JBA) was officially formed.

The stated aims of the JBA are as follows:

 * To communicate with Old Boys and members of the Jeppe family through monthly newsletters and the JBA website as to the activities, achievements, developments and progress of the School.
 * To facilitate continued interaction amongst the Old Boy network by assisting with reunions and various fundraising events.
 * To become the “business advisory” arm of the School by acting as a conduit for the School to interact with the many areas of business acumen and expertise which exist within the Jeppe family.
 * To contribute to the continued high standards of academic, sporting and cultural performances at the School and the high levels of discipline and behaviour by raising finances to support the various capital projects at the School.
 * To give underprivileged and financially disadvantaged scholars, of all races, the opportunity to attend Jeppe through the establishment and maintenance of the various Scholarship Funds.

Academics
Jeppe Boys write the Gauteng Department of Education preliminarily examinations and the Department of Education, South Africa final examination via the FET (Further Education Training) board. They are also offered the opportunity to partake in Advanced Programme mathematics, which is written separately under the IEB.

Scholarships
Jake White Scholarship Fund - The Jake White Scholarship, named after Jake White who was a pupil at the school from Grade 8 to Grade 12, aims to brand all sports scholarships at the school under this fund.

White, who is a former Springbok and IRB World Cup Winning Coach, and Jeppe old boy, was a prominent figure in the Springboks' victory in 2007 during the Rugby World Cup.

Theo Jackson Scholarship Fund - The Theo Jackson Scholarship Fund, established by Dale and Craig Jackson in 2006 in honour of their late father, Theo Jackson, is a separate scholarship within the JBA association. The scholarship aims to grant scholarships to boys of all races and from disadvantaged backgrounds. Recipients of the scholarship are not chosen based on academic or sporting excellence but rather on strength of character and the will to succeed despite a disadvantaged background.

100 Club - The 100 Club, formed in 2004, aims to improve sports, academics, facilities and infrastructure at Jeppe Boys through donations from Jeppe old Boys.

Extramural activities
Listed alphabetically according to season

Academics
Jeppe Boys write the Gauteng Department of Education preliminarily examinations and the Department of Education, South Africa final examination via the FET (Further Education Training) board.

Subjects
In line with the requirements of the Education Department, Jeppe High School for Boys offers the following subjects in the Junior and Senior Phase:

School buildings
Jeppe Boys has stone buildings with a prominent facade. The Payne Hall, a stone building with a largely wooden interior, has been declared a national monument. Within the school is another national monument; a war memorial dedicated to those who died in the First World War.

Prominent Old Boys

 * Herman Charles Bosman (1905–1951), writer and journalist
 * Bob Hepple (1934–2015), legal adviser to Nelson Mandela in his trial for incitement in 1962
 * Samuel Kinkead (1897–1928), air ace and Schneider Trophy pilot
 * Joel Mandelstam (1919–2008), British microbiologist
 * Henry John May (1903–1995), author, noted South African constitutional lawyer, and Queen's Counsel
 * Cecil Pugh, GC (1898–1941), clergyman and George Cross recipient
 * Marius Schoon (1937–1999), anti-apartheid activist
 * Harry Schwarz (1924–2010), lawyer, politician, South African Ambassador to the United States and anti-apartheid leader
 * Garth Shelton (1956), Author and Professor of International Relations, University of the Witwatersrand.

Sportsmen

 * Jock Cameron (1905–1935), South African international wicket-keeper
 * Bob Catterall (1900–1961), South African Test cricketer
 * Jim Christy (1904–1971), South African international opening batsman
 * Laurence Stegmann (born 1958) Springbok swimmer
 * James Dalton (born 1972), Springbok hooker
 * Hacjivah Dayimani (born 1997), Lions Flanker
 * Norman Gordon (1911–2014) South African cricketer who participated in the famous "timeless test"
 * Morgan Gould (born 1983), soccer player
 * Tyrone Green (born 1998), former Junior Springbok. Lions Utility back
 * Daryl Impey (born 1984), South African professional road cyclist
 * Alan Kourie (born 1951), played cricket for South Africa in 16 unofficial Tests
 * Brian Mitchell (born 1961), World Junior Lightweight Champion Boxer
 * S'busiso Romeo Nkosi (born 1996), Springbok winger
 * Fhatuwani 'Rasta' Rasivhenge (born 1986), International Rugby Board referee
 * Wilf Rosenberg (1934–2019), Springbok outside centre
 * Wandisile Simelane (born 1998), former Junior Springbok. Lions centre
 * Des Sinclair (1927–1996), Springbok inside centre
 * Jake White (born 1963), World Cup (2007) winning Springbok coach, who also taught at the school

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jeppe High School for Boys


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Fiona Reid

Fiona Reid, CM (born 24 July 1951) is an English-born Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles as Cathy on the TV series King of Kensington (1975-1978) and as Harriet Miller in the film My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002).

Early life and education
Reid was born in Whitstable, Kent, England. Her father was a doctor in the British Army. As a teenager, she lived in Germany, Africa, and the U.S. before settling in Canada with her family in 1964, when she was aged 12.

She studied acting at McGill University in Montreal, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1972, and at the Banff Centre for the Arts.

Career
Fiona Reid performed in theatres for five seasons with the Stratford Festival, and twelve seasons at the Shaw Festival, as well as theatres in Great Britain and the U.S. Over her career her performances have garnered her two Dora Mavor Moore awards, a Jessie Award (Vancouver), and a Sterling Award (Edmonton) in 2011.

Her career has been marked by diverse signature roles that include Rose in The Children, Amanda (The Glass Menagerie, 2010), Julie (London Road), Blanche Dubois (A Streetcar Named Desire), Lady Bracknell (The Importance of Being Earnest), Martha (Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf), Mrs Lovett (Sweeney Todd), Hedda Gabler and Clare (A Delicate Balance), amongst many others. Her film credits include My Big Fat Greek Wedding, One Week, and The Time Traveler's Wife.

In 2016, Reid starred as Queen Elizabeth II in the Mirvish Productions presentation of The Audience at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto.

In 2019, Fiona started her run in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child on Broadway.

Awards
She has twice won the Dora Mavor Moore Award, in 1993 for Fallen Angels, and in 1995 for Six Degrees of Separation. She won an Elizabeth Sterling Haynes Award (Sterling Award) for her performance in August: Osage County.

For her role in "This Is Wonderland", Reid was nominated for a Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Guest Role Dramatic Series in 2005.

In 2006, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada She received The Barbara Hamilton Award in 2008. and an award of excellence from ACTRA Toronto in 2010.

In 2015, Reid received the Toronto Critics’ Award for her performance of Sonia in Vanya, Sonia, Masha and Spike (Mirvish Productions). Reid is the past president of the Actor's Fund of Canada (AFC), and has received an honorary doctorate from Bishop's University and is a graduate of McGill University.

Personal life
Reid met McCowan Thomas doing summer stock theatre and married him in 1977. They have two children, Alec and Julia.

title: Fiona Reid


text:
Talk:Peter Qasim

Untitled
The link to the Independent doesn't refer to anything about him. Also, one of the other sources says he asked 50 countries for asylum, not 80. Can you check this? Thanks. Bruxism 18:29, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I remember that that link had a reasonably detailed article originally, but they've obviously changed it's address. It's now only a redirect to the newspaper's home page. It's possible that was the source that put it at 80.--130.95.106.154 07:57, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The source that put it at 80 was this article: - on the page as Qasim's grim record-breaking spell to end in days.  Hope this helped. - 220.237.30.150 10:51, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

His history
The article doesn't explain the case very well. Where was he born? Why was he stateless? etc etc Nil Einne 08:51, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Sorry for bumping in, but probably due to Peter Qasim never mentioning it. 124.170.173.218 (talk) 22:02, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Qasim


text:
Benedum Center

The Benedum Center for the Performing Arts (formerly the Stanley Theatre) is a theater and concert hall located at 237 7th Street in the Cultural District of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Designed by the Philadelphia architectural firm Hoffman-Henon, it was built in 1928 as the Stanley Theatre. The former movie palace was renovated and reopened as the Benedum Center for the Performing Arts in 1987.

History
The Stanley Theatre, built at a cost of $3 million, opened as a deluxe movie palace February 27, 1928, with seating for 3,800 people (it now seats 2,885). It was designed by the architectural firm Hoffman−Henon who were best known for their design of 35 theaters in the Philadelphia area. The Stanley Theatre was the largest movie theater in Western Pennsylvania. Operated by the Stanley Warner Theatres circuit division of Warner Bros., it was Pittsburgh's main first run house for all Warner Bros. film releases.

Frank Sinatra played here December 10, 1943.

In 1974 War and King Crimson played at the Stanley.

On April 29, 1974, the King Biscuit Flower Hour recorded a show at the Stanley by Robin Trower for a later broadcast.

In 1976, the Stanley was purchased and renovated by the Cinemette Corporation to be operated as a movie theater. In 1977, DiCesare Engler Productions bought the theater.

September 23, 1978, Frank Zappa played two sets at the Stanley Theatre.

Live rock and roll concerts presented through 1984.

The Grateful Dead performed four shows at the venue, and reggae musician Bob Marley performed his last live concert there in 1980, before his death in 1981. The only known photographs from the show were featured in Kevin Macdonald's documentary film Marley.

Prince kicked off his Controversy Tour in 1981 at the Stanley. The rock band Kansas chose the Benedum Center to host its 40th Anniversary Fan Appreciation Concert on August 17, 2013, which all the original members were to attend.

The Stanley Theater was named "Number One Auditorium in the U.S." by Billboard several times during the DiCesare-Engler years.

Restoration
On September 25, 1987, after a $43 million restoration was completed, the Stanley reopened as the Benedum Center for the Performing Arts. In converting the former movie palace into a full performing arts center, a new building including an extension to the stage and support facilities was built at the rear of the theater. The interior was largely preserved and restored to its original design, with the addition of a new acoustical baffle covering the original proscenium.

The centerpiece of the auditorium is the large chandelier in the dome above the balcony. It weighs 4,700 lb, is 20 ft high by 12 ft wide. Its restoration was dedicated to the late H.J. Heinz II.

Today the center is the home of the Pittsburgh Opera, Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre, and Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera, all of which used to be based at Heinz Hall. The 2,800-seat Benedum Center is a centerpiece of the Pittsburgh Cultural District and is one of the most utilized theaters in the nation today.

The center has hosted several PBS doo-wop television concert specials including Doo Wop 50. The TV game show Wheel of Fortune taped two weeks of shows at the theater for the first two weeks of their 16th season in 1998.

In popular culture

 * 2011's Live Forever: September 23, 1980 • Stanley Theatre • Pittsburgh, PA was recorded at the center.
 * HBO's Boardwalk Empire mentioned a tap dancing act as having played "the Stanley" in Pittsburgh for three weeks during its season 4 premier.
 * The Benedum Center was featured prominently in the 2006 mockumentary film Pittsburgh directed by Jeff Goldblum. The film follows Goldblum's appearances in the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera production of The Music Man staged at the theater.

title: Benedum Center


text:
Talk:Springboro Star Press

DYK
This article was featured on the main page in the Did you know? box this day. 66.213.119.98 18:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Springboro Star Press


text:
Template talk:Pennsylvania

Why Penn Hills?
How does Penn Hills count among the "largest cities"? Yes, it has a population exceeding Norristown, but I would imagine that several suburbs of Pittsburgh and Philadelphia could lay claim to that. Nothing in the Penn Hills article leads me to an understanding of why it gets singled out. -- Ventura 18:30, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

I agree
^ I agree...Penn Hills, Levittown, Bethel Park, and Mt. Lebanon should all go. They are glorified suburbs and there are other cities that could be placed on the template. Wrightchr

U.S. state templates
WikiProject U.S. states/state templates lists and displays all 50 U.S. state (and additional other) templates. It potentially can be used for ideas and standardization. //MrD9 07:25, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Standardization of state templates
There is currently an ongoing discussion regarding standardization of state templates (primarily regarding layout and styling) at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. states/state templates. An effort was made earlier this year to standardize Canadian province templates (which mostly succeeded). Lovelac7 and I have already begun standardizing all state templates. If you have any concerns, they should be directed toward the discussion page for state template standardization. Thanks! — Webdinger BLAH 22:58, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Background changes in two rows
I changed the near black background (at least on my screen) for the capital and regions rows to a light grey. The black made them nearly illegible. I realize there is standardization going on, but we don't want it to be standardly illegible - I used the same color as Template:Ohio does for the new backgrounds. Ruhrfisch 03:28, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Adding New York metro
According to the US Census map in New York metropolitan area, Pike County is in the area. As such, I am adding it. --AEMoreira042281 (talk) 04:07, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Flag
I appreciate that this is the official flag and we cannot change it but as a thumbnail it comes out very dark and hard to recognise any detail. Is there any other official seal or something we could use instead? --BozMo talk 10:12, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Yellowish orange
Is there a particular reason why this template is yellowish orange? Wouldn't it be better to just go with the default used by navbox to avoid having a rainbow at the bottom of the page when this navbox is next to another one and per WP:ACCESSIBILITY? Please let me know if there is a strong reason to have it a particular color. I noticed this was attempted recently, but was reverted, so I thought I would be proactive and start a thread here to avoid an edit war. Thanks! Plastikspork ―Œ (talk) 21:33, 19 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Since there were no objections, I will go ahead and change the color to the standard. Thanks! Plastikspork (talk) 23:00, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The official colors of Pennsylvania are blue and gold. That is probably why it was originally in a gold color. I believe the official color is old gold. CrazyPaco (talk) 02:59, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Pennsylvania


text: User:Edward Z. Yang/Sandbox

title: User:Edward Z. Yang/Sandbox


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Talk:Net present value

Simple Formula
The formula below is most easier that table

$$ NPV = \frac {1-(1+i)^{-n}}{i} - S$$

and also used by many ERP systems now a days as a base formula to determine NPV why people make any article their personal matter i added this formula for public's best interest but it is removed many time if anyone think that this formula is improper then discuss here

Needs Example
The article needs an example of NPV of a bond paying 5% yearly coupon for 10 years and a face value of 10,000.00. as well as a zero coupon bond maturing in 10 years and a face value of 10,000.00.

The article needs a discussion of how to compare the two bonds above to
 * a risk free rate NPV such as 10 year US treasuray
 * inflation assumptions for 10 years (using for example, the 10 year US TIPS inflation adjusted security).

you can view detailed cases on bonds and how to compare them at the following link

http://www.oopine.com/view_topic.php?ti=121

however by the time i will update this article also

Question:
Two alternative scenarios for a project involve expensing the up-front costs when incurred or capitalizing them and taking capital cost allowance over future periods. Cash flow values are identical with the exception of income tax payments. When up-front costs are expensed, income taxes are lowered in year 0, and when up-front costs are capitalized, income taxes are lowered in future periods as capital cost allowances are claimed.

NPV of the alternative where up-front costs are expensed is higher than the alternative where costs are capitalized.

Does it make sense to favor one alternative over the other for this reason alone? Would/could companies alter their capital accounting practises based on this reason?

72.2.16.10 (talk) 15:54, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Formula
The formula was deleted by a graffiti edit on 02:07, 22 June 2009. I restored the formula from the previous edit.

Is it me or is the formula not appearing anymore in the article ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.13.188.216 (talk) 09:45, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

Corrected the formula. The formula does not match the example and formulas I found in text books. Instead of $$\mbox{NPV} = \sum_{t=1}^{N} \frac{C_t}{(1+i)^{t}}$$ it should be $$\mbox{NPV} = \sum_{t=0}^{N} \frac{C_t}{(1+i)^{t}}$$ If not, T0 in the example would be wrong. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 134.130.104.136 (talk) 13:49, 22 October 2006 (UTC).

 * $$t_0$$ is the period you already have results for, i.e. the period just past. Do you really want to discount last period's cash flows by the discount rate? You should only discount future cash flows. Am I missing something? --JHP 09:04, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * $$t_0$$ is the current period. Often this is the period in which the initial investment is made.  The discount rate at time zero is 1 (i.e., no discount).  The summation in the formula can, therefore, include t=0.  An alternative -- as shown now -- is to start the summation at t=1 and add a separate C0 term.

$$\mbox{NPV} = \sum_{t=1}^{n} \frac{C_t}{(1+r)^{t}} + {C_0}$$ or like $$\mbox{NPV} = \sum_{t=0}^{n} \frac{C_t}{(1+r)^{t}} $$
 * --Grieger (talk) 13:35, 17 December 2007 (UTC) The formula could be written either like

The subtraction of $$C_0$$ makes no sense, once $$C_0<0$$ if it is an outlay. Per definition, one should sum the present value of the cash flow with the outlay or inlay that already exists.

—Daniel.gruno (talk) 21:53, 10 February 2008 (UTC) In principle the formula should be close to what you state, $$\mbox{NPV} = \sum_{t=0}^{N} \frac{C_t}{(1+r)^{t}}$$, with the slight alteration, that N is prefered to n (we want a full population of cash flows, not just a random sample). In principle! (explanation below)

Mr. unsigned from 134.130.104.136: Assuming that you meant to include $$C_0 + $$ in your formula, plenty of text books list the formula you first submitted (ie Essentials of Corporate Financial Management by Glen Arnold, Pearson Ed. 2007), and the sole reason they cling on to this oh so tedious version of the formula (which clearly is a waste of 2 cm of space which could've been used for other doodles) is to emphasize (for learning purposes) that $$C_0$$ refers to the initial investments put into the project (or whatever you are calculating). Though I too prefer the shortened version of the formula, I think it remains important for Wikipedia as a source of information for not only us hardcore financial idiots, but also people in the midst of a learning process, for whom the added emphasis of $$C_0$$ would prove useful. Furthermore - and yes, this is Nitpicking Extreme - the variable r should actually be a k when dealing with (opportunity) cost of capital, an i when dealing with discounting and r when dealing with the internal rate of return...but I simply cannot be bothered to even try fixing that up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Daniel.gruno (talk • contribs) 01:46, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Without Title
added "and no cash inflow for the 12 months of Year 0." It makes the example more complete, and highlights that cashflow in applies to Year 0 just as it does for years 1 to 6. The first monkey 12 months of a projects life is Year 0 and many projects do generate cash within the first 12 months of life.

Removed "and no cash inflow for the 12 months of t=0" as previous poster has misunderstood the time periods. This project does generate cashflow in during the first 12 months, and that is what is shown at the end of that first year as the entry for t=1.

Questions
The calculations are using 10% per MONTH discount rate, not 10% per year. The whole example should be made a ten year project, which is much more realistic. Doing NPV on a ten month horizon is very rare, since the cost of money/inflation in less than a year is so small (except in very high inflationary economies). If the example is to be month-based, the interest rate is 0.10/12, or 0.0083, for a 10% annual discount rate. Krementz (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 16:11, 16 April 2012 (UTC).

Why is it $5000 / 1.10^1 and not $5000 * 0.9? If I'm adjusting for inflation and the inflation rate is 10% the money would be worth $5000*0.9 after one year.--Jerryseinfeld 18:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This is because you want to know how much money you need today to buy later a product that will be priced 10% more. If the price today is $4545,45, after the period of time which inflation is 10%, the product will cost $5000 ($4545,45 * 1.1). It's just the inverse operation.

From memory, NPV is a method of comparing the financial return of a project to the return on the same cash in a term deposit. Liberator 09:38, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

I have looked at several people's attempts to try to explain what NPV is, and nobody gets it right. The best explaination I have found is in Brierly and Myers textbook, the title I forget.

I think it would be better to start with a simple explaination along the lines of -

You have £100 which you place in a savings account for one year. This account has, for the sake of argument, a 10% interest rate. Thus after one year you get £110. Therefore, £110 one year in the future is worth the same as £100 now, at a 10% discount rate.

Actually, this is a description of present value. NPV would be £110-£100=£10.

This article ought to refer to PV, (with a link) and then point out the difference between PV and NPV.

On the Danish Wikipedia we're having a discussion whether the term also refers to a serie of previous payments - and not only future payments? Personally I haven't meet the expression in such connection. Have anybody else perhaps? --83.91.231.222 16:01, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The math would work, but it would be simplier just to use future value calculations here, e.g. $100/ (1.10)^-3 = $100 * 1.10^3. NPV is in essence a forward looking tool so the past is irrelevant (sunk costs).  Somebody's thinking though. Smallbones 18:01, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Restructuring, debate
This article is a bit of a mess. can someone go ahead and clean up the bit with the excel sheets? I know it represents the information, but I'm sure a better screenshot/diagram could be used. EmileVictor 00:06, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

I'm looking at the proposal to merge this article with Discounted cash flow from March 2007 with some concern. For those of you who are financial wizzards just remember that there is an engineering aspect to this subject where ordinary people have to understand what you're talking about. KISS is important to the rest of us. Lin 01:39, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I don't work in Finance, but have worked on Financial systems and projects, and most of this is over my head. The introduction should really explain it in plain English as opposed to the current financial jargon. There is a (slightly) clearer version at http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/npv.asp#axzz2HJHRYdu4 ("The difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows. NPV is used in capital budgeting to analyze the profitability of an investment or project. NPV analysis is sensitive to the reliability of future cash inflows that an investment or project will yield"). However, even that could be simplified into something like:
 * "Is a snapshot of the cash flowing into an organisation, minus that flowing out, converted into today's values by taking into account the effects of inflation. It is used to analyse, or estimate, the profit generated by an investment or project. It can be unreliable if the cash-flow and inflation estimates are inaccurate."
 * I won't replace the existing version as I am not 100% sure if my understanding is correct. Can someone with a Financial background confirm my lay-woman's understanding? ComplyAnt (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 14:11, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

Is there something wrong with this calculation?
A while ago I had posted a link to the finance wonk's version of net present value calculation at http://finance wonk.blogspot.com/2006/05/present-value-analysis-fundamentals.html

(Remove the space in the first word in the address to use the link, the blacklist kills it here too!)

Recently it was removed and I was notified the site had been blacklisted?

Did I do something wrong? Or is something wrong with the analysis on the destination site?

Looking at the finance wonk page (I haven't reread it in detail) it still looks like a neat runthrough and I like the plots, they do a lot more for me than the equations on the current wikipedia page. Especially the third and fourth ones.

I also like the discussion of how to do NPV in excel, although I see someone has found a possibly better site for that and added it to external links (cool!).

It still looks like the plots contribute a lot, I would add them into the Wikipedia write up except that it would violate copyright since that site obviously owns them (or so I assume).

I read Wikipedia's policy on external links and the link would seem to qualify on the basis of the cool plots alone, and financewonk doesn't ACTUALLY show up on the blacklist (http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spam_blacklist) so I can't even tell if there's an overall site problem or what.

Mostly I'm intrigued by the process and hoping the person who did the blacklisting/removal could comment. Is it because the blogspot page has google ads on it? There is hardly any of it and it's kind of out of the way, but I could see if that were a policy.

Full disclosure -- I do know the guy who writes that page. I consider a (small) handful of his work link-worthy, most of it being rather more specific and of limited application.

The controversy of the formula
Have a look at this page

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/npv.asp —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.52.66.10 (talk) 13:49, 8 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Fixed. Although, I don't know why you subtract last period's cash flows, unless it's because you are spending it to buy capital equipment. That would make sense for capital equipment purchases, but not for financial asset purchases. Perhaps this needs to be explained in the article. --JHP 09:10, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

—Daniel.gruno (talk) 22:03, 10 February 2008 (UTC) They don't subtract last period's cash flow, they subtract the initial cash flow but place it at the end of the formula. Nonetheless, the cash flow should not be subtracted, it should be added since any investment is a negative cash flow, and thus adding it will...subtract it! And I'd probably put $$C_0$$ to the left of the whole sum thing in the formula to show which flows comes first - but I guess it's a chicken-or-the-egg kind of thing.

Interest Rate v Discount Rate or Discount Factor
In the body of the page we talk a lot about interest rate applied to the cash flows. I am not comfortable with that. It implies that the discount factor is somehow directly linked to interest rates. I prefer to use discount factor in the body. I believe that depending on the context of the analysis, the discount factor may or may not be related to some interest rate. Comments?Kenckar 15:31, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree, very good point. Be bold and edit! It would be good to sign your comments.--Gregalton 18:23, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Disagree. Interest rate is directly linked to discount rate. An example will be fixed term deposit. The interest rate to use in calculating future value should be the discount rate in calculating present value. Gp10kenkwok 10:04, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * They are similar but distinct concepts. Interest rate is a convenient shortcut but not the same. For your fixed term deposit it may or may not be appropriate. To put a different way in relation to your example: interest rate may be the contractual amount you will get paid, but this is not necessarily the rate you should discount at; you may decide that the interest being paid does not sufficiently compensate you for risk, for example. This is particularly true for NPV/Cash flow discounting, where the discount rate for investment projects would be substantially more than any relevant interest rate.
 * That said, it should be easy enough to write this in such a way as to be clear that interest rate is often used as the discount rate.--Gregalton 10:13, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I do not agree as value is able to move backward and forward. This can been seen with Present Value and Future Value relationship. Interest rate is the rate to be used to move the present value forward, and discount rate is the rate to be used to move the future value backward. This two rate has to be the same or else the relationship will not hold. Gp10kenkwok 08:10, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Ah, I see the objection. Although I don't think it makes much difference in any case (call it something else "going forward" if you like, such as accumulation rate), the article is about net present value - which refers to discounting future cash flows to the present.--Gregalton 09:12, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I see the point as well. Ideally, we could create a new term, e.g. present value factor or something, but most references speak of discount rate. It is often thought of as a weighted combination of cost of equity and cost of debt, although some people promote the use of other rates, such as the corporate investment rate. In any case, it might or might not be the same as some interest rate. Kenckar 04:09, 30 April 2007 (UTC)
 * From a pure linguistic point of view, I would definitely prefer discount rate to any other term. You could just as easily nitpick about how opportunity cost of investment should be opportunity cost of capital and vice versa, but in reality it all comes down to the fact, that the term discount - as far as I can gather - is mistaken for something that merely "cheapens" a quality of merchandise, cash etc, when it in fact means that you simply dis-count a portion of the capital due to any of the various fun terms we have.Daniel.gruno (talk) 22:16, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Discount Rate and Timing
This might be beyond the scope of this article. But if T1 is one year later than T0, and the discount rate I'm using is 10% per year, then if I decided to use six-month intervals (i.e. T1 is six months later than T0), would I then cut the interest rate in half? Or is the math more complex than that? Or should I suck it up and divide into years?

Either way, I think that there should be a mention of how the time and the rate are related. DRogers 16:58, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * See effective interest rate and nominal interest rate. The short form is, the math is a bit more complex than that. Not much, though. If your example is 10% annually and compounding twice a year (the intervals), the effective rate will be slightly higher. If I've understood your question correctly.--Gregalton 20:22, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, thank you. That makes more sense. DRogers 21:47, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * This is actually a quite valid point to make and should perhaps be emphasized in the article, since most (primarilly online) means of calculating NPV, IRR etc. disregard the fact that compound intervals are not static Daniel.gruno (talk) 22:10, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Dead link
The first external link: http://www.odellion.com/pages/online%20community/NPV/financialmodels_npv_definition.htm seems to go to an expired domain? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.231.187.94 (talk) 19:34, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Continuous functions?
I'm confused: wouldn't it make more sense to express these equations as continous functions. Granted financial transactions are discrete, but in as much as interest compounds continuously, wouldn't it make more sense to express
 * $$\mbox{NPV} = \sum_{t=0}^{N} \frac{C_t}{(1+r)^{t}}$$

as
 * $$\mbox{NPV} = \int_{0}^{t_\mathrm{final}} \frac{C(t)}{(1+r)^{t}} \, dt$$

or am I missing something? Also, it looks like this can be expressed as an inner product:
 * Let $$g(t):=(1+r)^{-t}$$ then
 * $$\mbox{NPV} = \int_0^{t_\mathrm{final}} C(t) g(t) \, dt = \langle C, g\rangle$$

do finance people think of it that way? —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 00:19, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * From a mathematical point of view, sure, you could but it like you write. That's just not how economists usually tackle this issue. The solutions you present, albeit not totally bogus, are complicated beyond what is necessary, and believe it or not, I don't think all economists would understand the mechanics of NPV if you tried to present the formula as you did. The equation would be, and is, perfectly suited for statistical and physical/chemical/etc calculations, but having an equation that considers floating point values and negative/positive numbers in a world that only deals with positive integers is like hunting rabbits with a tank.

 * Furthermore, we shirt-and-tie people prefer to use Annuity and Perpetuity calculations to find the value of unending cash flows (typically, we'll just mash together a string of successive years and make it look like one single cash flow instead), and as such, there's no real need to start using more complex math equations, as it'd just be more confusing than helpful. And, well, lastly, writing C(t) in a formula would, even though I know it's just a conceptual idea, implicate that all cash flows can be extracted from the same function, which is usually not the case. Typically, you would have a variety of different scenarios requiring different calculations to get the final result of the cash flow (these could be initial costs, operating profits/expenditures, missed opportunities, scrap income or cost and so on). Of course, you could state that C(t) is an abstract function, but then again, that would just make it even more useless to include a function that isn't really needed.Daniel V. Gruno (talk) 00:49, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That's about how I figured it. The mathematician in me is tempted to argue that this "tank" I'm huntin' waskaly wabbits wit' is a simpler, more beautiful weapon, but point taken. :-) —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 00:28, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The continous function shall not use interest i but a modified continous interest ln(1 + i) --Gunnar (talk) 01:52, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

52 cents
In the sentence, "The sum of all these present values is the net present value, which equals $8,881.52." Maybe drop the cents in the sentence to be consistent with the PVs in the box above the sentence? As it is, it does not add up. SWAK ! --Seahappy (talk) 22:04, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Graph update?
Shouldn't the graph for discounted and undiscounted cash flows (CumCF.jpg) be updated so it doesn't say "undiscounted cum" and "discounted cum" in the key at the side? Just an observation. Daneel (talk) 23:33, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Removed some misleading content
"If NPV is less than 0, which is to say, negative, the project should not be immediately rejected. Sometimes companies have to execute an NPV-negative project if not executing it creates even more value destruction." That would only happen if you had missed out some important issues in your NPV calculations. Could be rephrased as something like: "Not including all the relevant issues in the NPV calculations".

"Another issue with relying on NPV is that it does not provide an overall picture of the gain or loss of executing a certain project. To see a percentage gain relative to the investments for the project, usually, Internal rate of return is used complimented to the NPV method." Sigh. Oh dear. This must have been written by someone who does not really understand DCF. This is precisely why people should use NPV and not IRR to evaluate projects. For example you could have two projects that you have to choose between - you cannot do both. Project A has a 200% IRR, but only has a NPV of £10. Project B has a 5% IRR, but has a NPV of £50. Clearly, Project B is the one you should choose.

"Another issue with relying on NPV is that it does not provide an overall picture of the gain or loss of executing a certain project." Sorry to say but that is complete nonsense - completely untrue - the opposite of the truth in fact. It is true to say this about IRR, but not NPV. Which is why you should use NPV.

Brealey and Myers Principles Of Corporate Finance has an excellent chapter on Why You Should Use NPV and I suggest the original editor reasds that. 84.13.28.161 (talk) 16:17, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Removed the same misleading content again after someone put it back
Please leave it alone. 84.13.28.161 (talk) 16:21, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Example needs an overhaul
I'm not a finance guy (never took a business or accounting class even), but it seems like the Example section desperately needs an overhaul. As noted above the inputs are for a 12 month project life with a 10% monthly discount rate. That can't be right. Also, the cash flows in the example don't seem to relate to the numbers in the 2 charts except for the t=0. Anybody with Finance 101 under their belt able to straighten this out? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.0.45.66 (talk) 00:24, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Example (not mine originally) was changed to be an annual model. Prior calculations were verified correct.Rick (talk) 14:47, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

Bank Loan Interest
As a example if we obtain 5 million bank loan to invest a 10 million project; when we are calculating NPV do we need to take the instalment repayment and interest payment as an outflow from the project? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lasith.gunasekara (talk • contribs) 09:42, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Here is the "MBA" (but not the PHD in finance) answer. Don't get various financing options confused with capital project analysis. IE - do not consider "installment repayment and interest payment as an outflow". Here's why - in your discount rate used in NPV calculation you are setting that high enough to cover the risk you are assuming on the project, including financing. Implicit in that rate is the time value of money (the risk free rate) plus a reasonable risk premium. You then LATER shop for financing - some combo of your money (or equity) plus borrowing (debt).

 * You are very astute however in pointing out any debt holder must make all payments WHEN DUE, according to the exact debt agreement. If you have installment debt, and your capital projects runs cash flow negative for the first several years, you have to still meet those installments during those years. You may have to borrow more just to cover those payments. More at Accounting liquidity vs. Solvency and Insolvency and Miller, M (1977). NPV makes a heroic assumption - you can meet debt payments as they come due, which is of course not necessarily true.

 * You can use Internal rate of return on the project (ignoring all financing cash flows) vs. your financing cost (APR) for the project. (Read however problems on IRR so you know the limitations.) In general if IRR > APR by a good margin, commensurate with risk taken, its a favorable project. However if there are personal guarantees, or a low APR is obtained via other assets and obligations pledged, and the project is indeed quite risky, you need to have much more IRR to make it a good deal. Read the fine print in debt agreement, bond covenant, etc. very carefully. See above Accounting liquidity too. Rick (talk) 15:42, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

Too complicated
This article - or at least the introduction - seems too complicated to me. I'm a medical doctor with a PhD, and I need to understand this term for a business proposal. An encyclopedia article introduction should be comprehensible to an interested layman. This one isn't, I'm afraid.

Consider the first sentence: "In finance, the net present value (NPV) or net present worth (NPW) of a time series of cash flows, both incoming and outgoing, is defined as the sum of the present values (PVs) of the individual cash flows of the same entity."

There's no way that could make sense to anyone but an economist - but I don't think those ought to be the target of the introductory sentence.

Please can someone who understands the concept, rewrite the introduction so that it is comprehensible to people from outside the field?

I suggest focusing on the phrase "better to invest in the project than to do nothing", found buried deep in the example, to explain the concept in accessible terms.

Thanks. Dubbin u | t | c 18:17, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

I agree completely. Time value of money does this right. --JMT32 (talk) 00:08, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

Example too complicated and unclear
There has already been a suggestion that the article is too technical for a layperson. I find the example unnecessarily complicated for someone unfamiliar with the concept, particularly the text describing the example which considers far too many variables to get the point across. Unless anyone objects, I will simplify the example to include an initial outgoing cash flow and identical incoming cash flows (with a nice number, say 10,000). Otherwise, I think the concept of discounting gets lost on a reader. I eat BC Fish (talk) 19:08, 29 December 2014 (UTC)

t=0 versus t=1
, the discrete summation does indeed start from t=0 rather than t=1 (even though this paradoxically allows for N+1 cashflows in a summation over N years). This is to allow for any initial costs in the project. Example academic references: I'll revert your edit. -Stelio (talk) 10:48, 6 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Financial Mathematics for Actuaries, Chapter 1: Interest Accumulation and Time Value of Money, page 52 (formula 1.36): http://www.mysmu.edu/faculty/yktse/FMA/S_FMA_1.pdf
 * Subject CT1 Financial Mathematics Core Technical, Core Reading for the 2016 exams, Unit 9, page 6 (implicit in examples, noting the undiscounted terms): https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/media/livacuk/maths/docs/IandF_CT1_2016_FINAL_cr_v1.pdf
 * MATH1510, Financial Mathematics I, page 38 (3.1.2): http://www1.maths.leeds.ac.uk/~jitse/math1510/notes-all.pdf

Rewrite
I encourage other editors to help improve this article.--Jonathan G. G. Lewis 09:32, 26 March 2019 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jonazo (talk • contribs)

Deleted reference to Calculator Soup website
I have a concern about using the Calculator Soup web site as an inline citation. It's an online calculator web site. It gives the author's name but says nothing about his credentials. Before we cite it in this article, I'd like to get some comfort that Calculator Soup satisfies at least some of the Wikipedia guidelines for reliable secondary sources, such as "a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy" and  "editorial oversight." I'm going to be bold and delete the citation. But I'm willing to consider other points of view. This is the same issue I raised about a similar site being cited in the Internal Rate or Return article. Cordially, BuzzWeiser196 (talk) 11:50, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Net present value


text:
Juice (disambiguation)

Juice is a drink made from the extraction or pressing of the natural liquid contained in fruit and vegetables.

Juice or The Juice may also refer to:

People

 * MC Juice (born 1978), American rapper Terry Parker
 * Juice Wrld (1998–2019), American rapper Jarad Higgins
 * Juice (Serbian rapper) (born Ivan Ivanović in 1981), also known as "Đus"
 * Le'Veon Bell (born 1992), American football player, stage name "Juice" as a musician
 * Kevin Bieksa (born 1981), Canadian hockey player
 * Kristian Huselius (born 1978), Swedish hockey player
 * Jussi Jokinen (born 1983), Finnish hockey player
 * Oran "Juice" Jones (born 1957), American soul and R&B singer and actor
 * Jarvis Landry (born 1992), American football player
 * Juice Leskinen (1950–2006), Finnish singer-songwriter
 * Juice Newton (born 1952), American pop music and country singer
 * Andrii Pilshchykov, (1992/1993–2023), Ukrainian pilot with call sign "Juice"
 * Juuse Saros (born 1995), Finnish hockey goaltender
 * O. J. Simpson (1947–2024), American football player nicknamed "the Juice"
 * Juice Williams (born 1987), American football player
 * Juice Robinson (born 1989), ring name of American professional wrestler Joseph Robinson

Fictional characters

 * Juice Ortiz, a character in the television series Sons of Anarchy

Film

 * Juice (1992 film), an American crime drama thriller
 * Juice (2017 film), an Indian short
 * The Juice (film), an American satirical film to be released in 2025 (as of 2024)

Groups

 * Juice (American band), an American band from Boston College
 * Juice (Australian band), an Australian underground funk metal band
 * Juice (Danish group), a Danish R&B musical group
 * Juice (trio), a British a cappella voice trio

Albums

 * Juice (The Grapes album), 1997
 * Juice (Juice Newton album), 1981
 * Juice (Oran "Juice" Jones album), 1986
 * Juice (Medeski Scofield Martin & Wood album), 2014
 * Juice (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the 1992 crime drama film, Juice
 * J.U.I.C.E. (EP), by Atlanta rapper Roscoe Dash

Songs

 * "Juice" (B'z song), 2000
 * "Juice" (Chance the Rapper song), 2013
 * "Juice" (Headless Chickens song), 1992
 * "Juice" (Lizzo song), 2019
 * "Juice" (Yo Gotti song), 2017
 * "Juice", 2018 song by Bhad Bhabie featuring YG
 * "Juice", a song by Qveen Herby from her 2021 album A Woman
 * "Juice", a song by Steve Vai from his 1995 EP Alien Love Secrets

Print media

 * Juice (Australian magazine), defunct Australian music magazine
 * Juice (German magazine), a German hip hop magazine
 * Juice (skateboarding magazine)
 * Juice!, a 2012 novel by Ishmael Reed

Television

 * Juice, a pop music program presented by Magenta Devine
 * Juice TV, a New Zealand music television channel
 * Juice (TV series), a British surreal comedy series created by and starring Mawaan Rizwan
 * Juice Ortiz, a fictional character in the FX television series Sons of Anarchy

Science and technology

 * Juice (aggregator), a cross-platform aggregator used to download podcasts
 * Juice (JVM), a Java ME Java Virtual Machine
 * JUICE (software), software for editing and analysing phytosociological data
 * Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE), a spacecraft of the European Space Agency
 * Pancreatic juice, in biology, a fluid produced by the pancreas

Slang

 * Alcoholic drink
 * Anabolic steroids
 * E-liquid, a liquid that produces the vapor of an electronic cigarette
 * Electric current or electrical power
 * Vigorish, the commission charged by bookmakers

title: Juice (disambiguation)


text:
Maniac Cop

Maniac Cop is a 1988 American slasher film directed by William Lustig, written by Larry Cohen, and starring Tom Atkins, Bruce Campbell, Laurene Landon, Richard Roundtree, William Smith, Robert Z'Dar, and Sheree North. Z'Dar plays the title character, a murderous ex-police officer returned from the dead, and seeks revenge on the people who wronged him. It is the first installment in the Maniac Cop film series. Maniac Cop was released on May 13, 1988 and grossed $671,382 worldwide on a budget of $1.1 million. The film was followed by two sequels, Maniac Cop 2 (1990) and Maniac Cop III: Badge of Silence (1993).

Plot
In New York City, a waitress on her way home is assaulted by two muggers and seeks aid from a police officer, who breaks her neck. Over the next two nights, this "Maniac Cop" commits more murders, prompting Lieutenant McCrae, who was told by his superiors to suppress eyewitness accounts that the killer was wearing a police uniform, to pass on information to a journalist, in an attempt to protect civilians. This causes panic and dissent among the city, and results in innocent patrolmen either being shot to death or avoided on the streets by people afraid of them being the Maniac Cop.

Ellen Forrest, suspecting that her husband Jack may be the Maniac Cop, follows him to a motel and catches him in bed with fellow officer Theresa Mallory. Distraught, Ellen runs out of the room, and is slain by the killer. Jack is arrested under suspicion of murder, but McCrae believes Jack has been framed. McCrae gets Jack to tell him about his relationship with Mallory, who is attacked by the Maniac Cop while working undercover as a prostitute. Mallory and McCrae fight off the killer, who is deathly cold even through his gloves and does not appear to breathe; when they shoot him several times, the killer appears unfazed.

Mallory hides out in McCrae's apartment while he investigates Sally Noland, the only person Mallory told about her affair. McCrae follows Noland to a warehouse, where she meets with the Maniac Cop and refers to him as "Matt". Returning to police headquarters, McCrae discovers files on Matthew Cordell, an officer who was unjustly imprisoned in Sing Sing for police brutality and closing in on corruption in city hall. He was mutilated and killed in a shower room in Sing Sing by other inmates, whom he helped incarcerate.

When McCrae and Mallory visit Jack, they tell him they think Cordell is the real killer and plan to visit the chief medical examiner at Sing Sing. McCrae leaves to go to the clerical room, and he is attacked by Sally, who is convinced that Cordell is going to turn on her. After finding an officer hanging from the ceiling, Sally is beaten to death by Cordell. Hearing the commotion, Jack and Mallory leave the interrogation room and find the corpses of numerous officers strewn about the halls of the building. Mallory goes to McCrae's car while Jack searches for Cordell, who disappears after throwing McCrae out a window, killing him. Jack, who looks like the one responsible for the carnage to responding officers, flees with Mallory.

The two go to see Sing Sing's medical examiner, who admits that while he was preparing to autopsy Cordell, the officer showed faint signs of life. The examiner secretly released Cordell into Sally's care, convinced he was completely brain dead. During the 50th annual Saint Patrick's Day parade, Jack waits outside as Mallory warns Commissioner Pike and Captain Ripley about Cordell, but the two refuse to believe her and have her arrested. Cordell appears and fatally stabs Pike and Ripley, then targets Mallory, knifing the policeman left to guard her. Mallory escapes through a window, while Jack is arrested and placed in a van, which Cordell hijacks.

Mallory and another officer chase the van, which Cordell takes to his warehouse hideout. Cordell attacks Mallory and Jack, kills the other officer, and tries to escape in the van when backup arrives. Jack clings to the side of the van and fights for control of it, causing Cordell to drive into a suspended pipe, which impales him. Cordell loses control of the vehicle, which crashes into the river, and sinks. Afterwards, the van is fished out; as it is searched, Cordell's hand emerges from the water.

Later in the extended version, the mayor, confident that Cordell is dead, relaxes in his office. After the mayor's assistant leaves the office, Cordell silently appears from behind the curtain and kills the mayor as revenge for framing him.

Cast

 * Bruce Campbell as Officer Jack W. Forrest Jr.
 * Tom Atkins as Lieutenant Frank McCrae
 * Laurene Landon as Officer Theresa Mallory
 * Robert Z'Dar as Officer Matt Cordell / The Maniac Cop
 * Richard Roundtree as Commissioner Pike
 * William Smith as Captain Ripley
 * Ken Lerner as Mayor Jerry Killium
 * Victoria Catlin as Ellen Forrest
 * Sheree North as Officer Sally Noland
 * Rocky Giordani as Officer Fowler
 * Nina Arvesen as Regina Sheperd
 * Marcia Karr as Nancy
 * William Lustig as Motel Manager (uncredited)
 * Sam Raimi as News Reporter (uncredited)
 * Jake LaMotta as Detective Motta (uncredited)

Theatrical
Maniac Cop was released May 13, 1988. It played in 50 theaters and had a U.S. gross of $671,382.

Home media
The film was first released on DVD on April 8, 1998, by Elite Entertainment and included a commentary by director William Lustig, writer Larry Cohen, star Bruce Campbell, and composer Jay Chattaway as well as a trailer and deleted scenes. Later, on November 14, 2006, a "special edition" DVD was released by Synapse Films. This version includes the film restored and re-mastered with a DTS soundtrack. In October 2011, Synapse Films released a Blu-ray edition of the film.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes reports that 53% of 15 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 5/10. The film was mostly panned by critics at the time of its release. Variety called it a "disappointing thriller that wastes an oddball premise". Caryn James of The New York Times called it an amateurish film with stiff acting and dialogue. Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times wrote that film quickly becomes an uninteresting Friday the 13th clone. Time Out London criticized the film as formulaic and said that it might have been better had writer-producer Cohen directed it himself. Richard Harrington of The Washington Post called the script "undernourished and obvious".

Reviewing the Blu-ray release, J. Hurtado of Screen Anarchy wrote that despite its faults, Maniac Cop deserves mention as one of the last grindhouse films set in New York City. Tom Becker of DVD Verdict called it "a fun, mindless gorefest". Bill Gibron of DVD Talk rated it 4.5/5 stars and called it "one of the era's finest forgotten gems", deserving of a critical reappraisal. Noel Murray of The A.V. Club rated it B− and called it a goofy film that was always meant to inhabit the shelves of independent video rental stores. Gareth Jones of Dread Central rated it four out of five stars and called it a cult film that is "amongst the cream of the crop of late-eighties low-budget horror". Bloody Disgusting rated it five out of ten stars and questioned why the film has a cult following when it has a poor script and direction, uneven tone, and boring kills.

Campbell said of the film that it was "not a good movie" when viewed in hindsight, but it initially struck him as "perfectly legit".

Sequels
The film was followed by two sequels, Maniac Cop 2 in 1990, and Maniac Cop III: Badge of Silence in 1993.

Remake
In 2017, it was rumored that there would be a Maniac Cop remake in the works. As of November 2018, the remake is still being developed and will have a completely different tone from the first film.

Television
In October 2019, HBO and Canal+ picked up a Maniac Cop TV series that will be executive produced by Nicolas Winding Refn, through his production company by NWR Originals, and John Hyams, who will also direct the pilot. Writer Ed Brubaker, who worked on the pilot, clarified in 2023 that the project is most likely not going forward.

In popular media
The Maniac Cop film series and Robert Z'Dar were mentioned in the song "Two Trucks" by Internet comedian Neil Cicierega.

title: Maniac Cop


text: Template:Philadelphia 76ers roster

title: Template:Philadelphia 76ers roster


text:
Martin Michlmayr

Martin Michlmayr is a free and open-source software advocate and Debian developer, formerly president of Software in the Public Interest.

Michlmayr joined the Debian project in 2000. In 2003, Michlmayr was elected as Debian Project Leader; he was re-elected to that position one year later, in 2004.

Michlmayr contributed to Debian's New Member process, participating in the recruitment of over 120 new members. Additionally, Michlmayr made various contributions to Debian's quality assurance effort. He identified the problem of packages with inactive maintainers and implemented processes to address this problem systematically. He also became involved in identifying inactive maintainers whose packages should be reassigned; created overviews of bugs in Debian; and coordinated keysigning to improve Debian's web of trust. He also contributed to Debian's ports to the ARM and MIPS platforms, by porting Debian to several embedded devices and Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices. He used snapshots of the GCC compiler to build the entire Debian archive. This work resulted in the identification of compiler bugs as well as build errors in many open source packages.

Michlmayr completed a doctorate in technology management at the University of Cambridge in 2007. The focus of this research was on quality improvement in free software and open source projects, and particularly on release management processes and practices.

In 2013, O'Reilly awarded an open source award to Michlmayr, putting him in "the 'unsung heroes' category—the people who devote themselves to the important but not always glorious jobs that keep open source healthy".

Between 2008 and 2014 Michlmayr served on the board of directors of the Open Source Initiative, acting as the organization's secretary. He is a member of Software Freedom Conservancy's evaluation committee, which evaluates projects that apply to Conservancy for membership. Michlmayr acted as an advisor to Software in the Public Interest in the past.

title: Martin Michlmayr


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Feem

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was, ignoring the unsigned votes, delete. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 03:30, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Feem
Pseudo-linguistic bullfeem. Joyous (talk) 18:33, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

- John Duke: Atlanta, Georgia
 * Keep,It may be pseudo-linguistic bullfeem, but 'feem' is actually used like that by a considerable group of people that live around the South East. I don't see anyone else using feem, so I think we have a natural right to claim its use as such.

 * Keep,Please keep feem, it is a highly used word among a group of people.

 * Delete Can't see any indication in a Google search that it's used by anyone. Big pile of feeming bullfeem. KeithD 18:47, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Type feems into google, and you should find the following site - http://feem.sycophancy.net/home.html click the logo that says feems. People use the word. You yourself have just used it.
 * That's the website of someone called John Duke, which is coincidentally the same name as someone in favour of keeping the word. Thus it's either a form of vanity or a copyvio. KeithD 19:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Certainly I originated the use of the word like that (I actually got the word from an episode of 2 Stupid Dogs), but pretty much all of my good friends use the word, and it has been passed on to places as far as Idaho (I had a friend that got people to use it there). So, really, it's not just me, though certainly it would seem that way as I'm the only person who would probably care to have it up on wikipedia. But I still feel I have a right to claim the word, not as my own, but at least for the usage I came up with. - John

 * Delete Neologism. Bobbis 19:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. This is an in-joke between you and your friends and no-one else cares. Ben-w 19:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep,If no one else cares, what's the point in arguing about it? Just ignore it and let the people have fun.

The point is that no one else has taken the word. It's up for the claiming, It's being used infinitely more by s than anyone else. You can find plenty of localized, insignificant stuff on this thing anyway.

 * Keep,I find this word quite useful and it has been a part of my regualr vocabulary for a number of years. It doesn't matter where it orginated so long as people find it facilitates communication. It's true what John says. I have heard it used by people who know neither he nor I. Shakespeare invented words that have come into common use. Feem, even Heinlen's "grok" is in wikipedia. "Grok" was a fabricated word, but people found it useful, and even though it's more or less an inside joke among scifi fans, it's used for more than getting cheap laughs. I see no difference between "grok" and "feem" in this respect. Keep it, or if it MUST go then just move it to the Wiktionary. - Will Mockridge
 * From Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Criteria for inclusion
 * Clearly widespread use,
 * Usage in a well known work,
 * Appearance in a refereed academic journal, or
 * Usage, conveying meaning, in at least three independently recorded instances spanning at least a year, whether in print, audio, video or on the internet.
 * I'd say it doesn't merit a move to Wiktionary either. KeithD 20:23, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep,I use this word about 90% of the time that I can't remember a common usage word such as "pan" or "run" but if I can manage to insert a word there, the sentence makes sense. This happens to me more often than it should, and just because you've never heard it used doesn't mean it doesn't have useful applications to others. I say keep the word, since "neologism" (to use one of your own shiny five dollar words) keeps the language evolving. (unsigned edit by User:68.19.17.60, whose only edit is this one. Joyous  (talk) 20:45, July 18, 2005 (UTC))
 * Please note that Heinlein and Shakespeare are both famous people, which gives the words they invented slightly more weigth. Also, the current info suggests it's a dictionary entry and wikipedia isn't a dictionary. Words shouldn't have an article unless they are used on a national level at the very least. - Mgm|(talk) 20:59, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Which means 'delete. Also, you responded to "no one else cares about" when in fact the most important part of that line was "in-joke between friends" which means it's not notable for inclusion in an international encyclopedia. - Mgm|(talk) 21:01, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

It defies dictionary definition, since it is not so much a word as a tool for not having to use words. That's why the mimicked dictionary part of my entry looks comical and ridiculous. I was also under the impression that the purpose of an encyclopedia is to stab at an impossibility - a complete collection of all human knowledge. Now, there are some tribal groups somewhere with dwindling numbers that speak their own language and have their own customs who probably number less than the people who use the word feem. But the main point is this: having this entry in Wikipedia obstructs nothing and can only add to one's knowledge. There are no real reasons to NOT put it in. Oh, and it's also not a joke, since people use it without even thinking about it. - John

 * Keep,meh let them keep their word. -artorhemnnahs
 * Delete neologism, no information whether anyone uses it. Pavel Vozenilek 23:22, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as in-joke neologism. You could put it in Everything2, which doesn't require a degree of encyclopedic value in their articles. — Asbestos | Talk  23:33, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, neologism. Dcarrano 23:37, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. WP:WINAD, and Wiktionary wouldn't want it, anyway. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  23:39, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep,Does a term have to be known/used throughout the entire English-speaking world to merit inclusion in a international collection of knowledge such as wikipedia? There are plenty of current entries that are completely acceptable that not everyone in the world, or even a specific country such as the USA, knows.  This word is not known just among a small group of friends in the Southeast.  I personally know several individuals from locals such as Washington (state), Idaho, Utah, and California (who have never been to Georgia at all) who effectively use 'feem' in their vernacular.  Besides, sundry modern English words and phrases began as "in-jokes between friends" and eventually became used by a sizeable portion of the population.  See the many California 'surfer' terms or internet terminology that have become commonplace among the rising generation in North America.  Every year, such diction becomes more widespread.  Now, I am not promising that feem will become so common, for I cannot see the future.  Nevertheless, it is a vehicle to express certain ideas that other words or phrases cannot sufficiently illustrate.  As John stated, it can only add to human knowledge, not detract.  I see no reason not to include it in this encyclopedia, in spite of prejudices formed by those unfamiliar with said word.  -A. Pauluk

 * Delete, if solid evidence that this word is genuinely in use is provided, then I will change my vote to "Move to Wiktionary". But for now, delete. --Stormie 03:54, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, I see no reason why it should be deleted, or even moved to the Wiktionary. We have demonstrated a "national" usage.  While most people who use the word live in and around Atlanta, I personally know of people who use the word in Michigan, California, Idaho, Utah, Oregon, Washington, Illinois, Ohio and Russia.  The spread of the word is both through actual communication and through the Internet.  I find it quite a useful word, and say it quite a lot in all seriousness in order to avoid perplexing conversation gaps.  Because of it's interesting etymology, I say it merits it's inclusion in the Wikipedia.  It's not just a word, but a new way of going about conversation that can help reduce the prevalence of "Like, Uh... You know" in our language. Praetorian42 06:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)~
 * Delete, neologism, original research. --Angr/undefined 07:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 08:05, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and surprisingly enough, Redirect to Enchanter (game) - it's a spell from that game. Radiant_ >|< 10:50, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence of notability. Binadot 03:28, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, In-joke neologism is the best description I've seen so far. I don't see how an "interesting etymology" merits entry. An "useful etymology" perhaps, but this entire article is simiply made up on the spot. The majority of the rules center around "you can use this however you feel like at any point". Subjunctive is a mood not a tense by the way. Further, if you really believe it has merit as a replacement to words like "uh", than you should add a section to speech disfluencies. The likelihood of someone actually wanting to look this up on their own is next to zero. (editted because I suck at words)
 * Delete neologism. 03:46, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Feem


text:
Lee Man Hon

Lee Man Hon is a former football player from Singapore. He was one of the top midfield players in Singapore in the 1990s and played at international level for the Singapore national team from 1989 to 1997. He also played for the Singapore team in the Malaysian League and the Malaysia Cup, and in Singapore's S.League.

Education
Lee studied at Bukit Ho Swee Secondary School.

Football career
In 1992, Lee with four others, went to Czechoslovak First League FC Nitra on a 10 week attachment under the Goh Chok Tong / City Development talent search project.

Lee played on the Singapore team which won the Malaysian League and Malaysia Cup double in 1994. He was well known for his cultured left foot, making the left midfield position his own, and was one of the first choice players for taking corners.

After the Football Association of Singapore withdrew the Singapore team from the Malaysian competitions at the end of the 1994 season, Lee went on to play in Singapore's newly formed S.League. He played for the Singapore Armed Forces Football Club when the S.League was first inaugurated, and later for Marine Castle United.

Lee was signed by Tampines Rovers for the 2000 season and went on to captain the team a year later.

International
Malaysia Cup : 1994

title: Lee Man Hon


text:
Long Hot Summer (The Style Council song)

"Long Hot Summer" is a song by the English band The Style Council which was their third single to be released. It was composed by lead singer Paul Weller, recorded between 12 and 17 June 1983 in the Grande Armée Studios in Paris, and released on 8 August 1983. In the UK "Long Hot Summer" was the lead track of an EP titled À Paris, which also contained the song "The Paris Match" (a different version of which, featuring Tracey Thorn from Everything But The Girl on lead vocal, was included on the band's first album Café Bleu) plus two keyboard instrumentals, "Party Chambers" and "Le Depart". In other countries it was a conventional single with "Long Hot Summer" as the A-side. It was also included on the 1983 mini-album Introducing The Style Council.

The promotional video for "Long Hot Summer" was filmed on the River Cam in Cambridge. The song reached the position of number three in the UK singles chart making it the Style Council's biggest hit, and it remains a staple of Paul Weller's live concerts.

By coincidence the British summer heat wave of 1983, most notably July, turned out to be one of the hottest on record – something that would not have been known at the time the song was written and recorded.

Compilation appearances
The song appears on The Singular Adventures of The Style Council (1989), Greatest Hits (2000) and the box set The Complete Adventures of The Style Council (1998).

Track listing

 * 12" single (TSCX3)
 * 1) "Long Hot Summer" (Extended Version)
 * 2) "Party Chambers"
 * 3) "The Paris Match"
 * 4) "Le Départ"

 * 7" single (815 276-7)
 * 1) "Long Hot Summer"
 * 2) "Le Départ"

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
 * Paul Weller – lead vocals, guitars
 * Mick Talbot – keyboards
 * Steve White – drums


text:
Prom Queen: The Marc Hall Story

Prom Queen: The Marc Hall Story is a 2004 Canadian biographical drama television film directed by John L'Ecuyer and written by Michael MacLennan. Aaron Ashmore stars as Marc Hall, a gay Canadian teenager whose legal fight (Marc Hall v. Durham Catholic School Board) to bring a same-sex date to his Catholic high school prom made headlines in 2002. The film aired on CTV on 1 June 2004.

Plot
In Inniston, Marc Hall is popular and his sexuality relatively well-accepted by his classmates and later his parents. But when he decides to take his boyfriend to the prom as his date, he finds he has stepped over the line straight into the fight of his young life and sends ripples through Canada's media. From just an ordinary teenager, he becomes an icon for LGBT rights across the nation when he discovers he is battling discrimination to date whomever he wants within the spotlight of the nation's media.

Cast

 * Aaron Ashmore as Marc Hall
 * Mac Fyfe as Jason
 * Tamara Hope as Carly
 * Trevor Blumas as Beau
 * Dave Foley as Principal Warrick
 * Fiona Reid as the school board chief
 * Laura Vandervoort as Young Girl (uncredited)

Production
The offices of Toronto-based Tapestry Pictures were vandalised one week before the film's television premiere, and the producers feared the vandalism was linked to its controversial film it was about to release. It was shown on terrestrial TV on CTV on 1 June 2004.

Theatrical adaptation
A musical adaptation of Prom Queen entitled The Louder We Get directed by Lonny Price with songs by Colleen Dauncey and lyrics by Akiva-Romer Segal premiered in January 2020 at Theatre Calgary after a developmental production in September 2018 in London, Ontario. Selections were featured in the 2017 NAMT festival in New York.

title: Prom Queen: The Marc Hall Story


text:
User:Cliff Crittenden

Cliff Crittenden (born January 19, 1969 in the United States) is a Washington, D.C. based photographer and video producer.

Contact information:

wikipedia@crittenden.tv

http://www.cliff.crittenden.name

title: User:Cliff Crittenden


text:
Talk:Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.

Citizens United decision
Should the decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission(2010) be mentioned under significance?

 * And now corporations have religious rights via Hobby Lobby. I did not know a corporation could practice religion.
 * Jeffrey Walton (talk) 15:58, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

Bogosity meter tripped
The story in this section sounds suspicious.Even it this *weren't* an accurate precedent surely there would be other supreme court cases on the topic.Roadrunner 22:33, 3 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Roadrunner, your "Bogosity meter" was accurate. The article was almost completely false.  The case did NOT create the doctrine of corporate personhood, nor has any court misunderstood it to mean that.  The case DID apply the Fourteenth Amendment to "juristic persons."  This is NOT a mistaken reading, that's what the case did.  I don't know where the original writer got information on the private discussion between Supreme Court justices and their clerks.  I've tried to clean it up some--Bibliophylax 23:35, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

"Bogosity meter" failed; zero "bogosity" found
FYI, (1) Chief Justice Waite himself explicitly stated in his (recently discovered) letter of 31, May 1886 that the case DID NOT apply the Fourteenth Amendment to "juristic persons". link to Waite Correspondence to Court Reporter J.C Bancroft Davis. A reading of case itself (instead of the headnotes of the case) will quickly confirm this. (2) The case HAS been widely and frequently (and mistakenly) cited by USSC for over 100 years as being the Court's first declaration that corporations are "persons" for the purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment. In fact this case HAS been misunderstood in exactly the manner described.

It's now a matter of history.

''The decision did not rule that corporations are persons: Davis added it in the headnotes (commentary) on his own, and subsequent courts have incorrectly based decisions since 1886 on the headnotes and not the case. (Thanks to Michael Kinder, who found this in the J.C. Bancroft Davis collection of personal papers in the National Archives in Washington, DC, where they had been sitting, unnoticed, for over a century.), ''The letter from Davis to Waite asking if he got the comments right precedes Waite's response. Davis writes, after quoting language stating that corporations are persons, "please let me know whether I correctly caught your comments and oblige [reply]."''

In his reply to Davis, Waite writes: "I think your mem(ory) in the California Rail Road tax cases expresses with sufficient accuracy what was said before the arguments began. I leave it with you to determine whether anything need be said about it in the report inasmuch as we avoided meeting the Constitutional question in the decision." ''

Waite-Davis letters from the National Archives riverguy42 21:16, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Revert
Can someone revert this to the last version by User:Bibliophylax? I'm not very good at this. >.> --AgentCDE 04:22, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Disputed?
The content of this article is, by most peoples' accounts, disputed. See Corporate personhood debate. Could someone mark it as such? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Terrio (talk • contribs) 01:42, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Worse than disputed, I would say. Most of the article seems to have been taken verbatim from this article in a publication called "The People's Voice".  A footnote was added but this kind of content copying is not appropriate and The People's Voice is hardly a reliable source.  Note also that content was added by an anonymous user in the revision of 14 February.  Accordingly, I am deleting the added content.  Elliotreed (talk) 13:50, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

In regards to recent 'debate'
That article struck a cord with somebody, even though it appears to be nonsense.

Anyway, those watching this article may also want to watch Bancroft Davis (the Court Reporter), who has apparently changed the face of legal history in the US forever despite essentially being a glorified typist. The article also claims he was himself a former railroad President, which seems to be a fact plucked straight out of the authors you-know-what.

Someone had put in a huge chunk of what was removed from this article.--EchetusXe (talk) 19:22, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Ralph Nader
In this talk about Corporate Power, Law Firms, and Law Schools, Ralph Nader asserts that personhood was granted not by the judgment itself, but by the headnote given by the scribe to the court. – Kaihsu (talk) 09:36, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Smoke signals?
What's with the "smoke signals" sentence (added "19:47, 22 July 2009 91.104.42.107")? It's one thing to say generically that they can rule however they want and another to mention a specific method that is preposterous. 63.147.59.14 (talk) 23:08, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

A needed major change?
Sorry, this was entered in error. Is it possible to delete it?


text:
User talk:Tsmrafi

Welcome!
Hello, Tsmrafi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:37, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Tsmrafi


text:
John Black (Mississippi politician)

John Black (August 11, 1800 – August 29, 1854) was a politician from the U.S. state of Mississippi, most notably serving in the United States Senate as a Whig from 1832 to 1838.

Biography
Black was born in Massachusetts, and became a teacher. He then moved to Louisiana, where he practiced law. After moving to Mississippi, he was elected a judge in 1826, eventually being elected to the Mississippi Supreme Court. In 1832, Governor Charles Lynch appointed him as a Jacksonian, the forerunner of the modern Democratic Party, to fill the vacancy left by Powhatan Ellis. He ran for the seat in his own right as an anti-Jacksonian (later Whig) and served from November 22, 1833 to January 22, 1838, when he resigned.

During his time in office, he served as the chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Private Lands. After leaving the Senate, he moved to Winchester, Virginia, where he resumed practicing law until his death.

Like many southern United States politicians of his day, Black was a slave owner.

title: John Black (Mississippi politician)


text:
Maniac Cop 2

Maniac Cop 2 is a 1990 American slasher film directed by William Lustig and written by Larry Cohen. It is the second installment in the Maniac Cop film series. It stars Robert Davi, Claudia Christian, Michael Lerner, and Bruce Campbell, with Robert Z'Dar returning as Matthew Cordell, an undead police officer-turned-serial killer following his own murder.

Maniac Cop 2 was released direct-to-video in 1990, and received mixed-to-positive reviews, with many considering it as an improvement over its predecessor. It was followed by Maniac Cop III: Badge of Silence (1993).

Plot
After being impaled by a pipe and plunged into a body of water, the now-undead "Maniac Cop" Matthew Cordell acquires a junked police cruiser and restarts his killing spree through New York City. Finding a convenience store in the middle of a robbery, he kills the clerk; the thief is subsequently killed in a shootout with police. As Cordell stalks the streets, his enemies Officers Jack Forrest and Theresa Mallory are put back on duty by Deputy Commissioner Edward Doyle, who has the two undergo a psychiatric evaluation under Officer Susan Riley. While Jack is content that Cordell is dead, Theresa is convinced that Cordell is still alive and plotting his revenge.

At a newsstand, Jack is fatally stabbed by Cordell. In order to protect the memory of Commissioner Pike, the corrupt official who originally framed Cordell, the police refuse to inform the public of the nature of recent events. This, along with her belief that Cordell is alive and killing, prompts Theresa to appear on a talk show to inform the public about Cordell. A traffic cop is murdered by Cordell later while attempting to tow a man's car. The man who was having his car towed is arrested on suspicion of the cop's murder. While en route to a hotel in a taxi, Theresa is joined by Susan, and the two are attacked by Cordell, who kills the cabbie and forces Susan and Theresa off the road. After handcuffing Susan to the steering wheel of a car and sending her into the busy streets, Cordell kills Theresa by snapping her neck. Gaining control of the car, Susan crashes and is found by authorities.

Elsewhere, a stripper named Cheryl is attacked in her apartment by Steven Turkell, who has strangled at least six other exotic dancers. Cordell arrives, murders two officers whom Cheryl called for, and helps Turkell escape. Turkell befriends Cordell and takes him back to his apartment, where Cordell stays for a short while. After Cordell leaves, Turkell visits a strip club, where he is identified by Cheryl to Susan and Detective Lieutenant Sean McKinney. He is arrested and placed in a holding cell.

Cordell breaks into the police station, murders nineteen police officers, and frees Turkell and several unnamed convicts. Using Susan as a hostage, Turkell, Cordell, and another criminal named Joseph Blum hijack a prison bus and head to Sing Sing, where Turkell believes Cordell wants to free all inmates and create an army of criminals. McKinney and Doyle follow, and McKinney convinces Doyle to reopen Cordell's case and rebury his casket with full honors on the assumption that this will appease Cordell.

Cordell gains entry into the prison using Blum's paperwork, and kills a guard for his keys. Shortly after entering death row, Cordell is contacted over the prison PA system by Doyle, who admits to Cordell that he was set up and states that his case has been reopened. After hearing Doyle's announcement, Cordell abandons Turkell, Blum, and Susan and heads deeper into the prison, where he is attacked with a Molotov cocktail by the three inmates who originally mutilated and killed him. While on fire, Cordell kills the three convicts who mutilated him, only to be attacked by Turkell. As Cordell and Turkell fight, the two crash through a wall, fall onto the bus below, and seemingly die when the vehicle explodes.

Some time later, Cordell is buried with full honors alongside 19 other deceased officers he murdered; Susan and McKinney attend his funeral. As Cordell's casket is lowered, McKinney throws Cordell's badge into the grave, leaves with Susan, and monologues about how justice and pressure are the only differences between a cop and a "Maniac Cop". Then the camera slowly and eerily zooms in on Cordell's gravesite. After a few seconds, Cordell's hand unexpectedly bursts through the lid of his casket (in a jump scare) and quickly grabs his badge as the screen cuts to black and the credits roll.

Cast

 * Robert Davi as Lieutenant Sean McKinney
 * Claudia Christian as Officer Susan Riley
 * Robert Z'Dar as Officer Matt Cordell / The Maniac Cop
 * Michael Lerner as Deputy Commissioner Ed Doyle
 * Bruce Campbell as Officer Jack W. Forrest Jr.
 * Laurene Landon as Officer Theresa Mallory
 * Clarence Williams III as Joe Blum
 * Leo Rossi as Steven Turkell
 * Paula Trickey as Cheryl
 * Charles Napier as Lew Brady
 * Ángel Salazar as Officer Kirby
 * Hank Garrett as Tom O'Henton
 * Robert Earl Jones as Harry Bergman
 * Danny Trejo as Prisoner
 * Sam Raimi as News Reporter
 * NYPD Detective Bo Dietl as himself (cameo)

Home media
Maniac Cop 2 was released direct-to-video in the United States.

Blue Underground gave the film a limited theatrical release in the United States in October 2013, which was followed by the Blu-ray and DVD release on November 19.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, 60% of 10 critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 5.1/10. Variety called Maniac Cop 2 "a thinking man's exploitation film, improving on the 1988 original". TV Guide said the sequel "lacks the element of suspense present in the first film" but "delivers excellent action, [...] some spectacular fire effects and a number of quirky characterizations—a Cohen specialty". Ty Burr rated the film C+ and called it a "brutal, stupid" zombie film in which "the style almost redeems the sleaze". Michael Gingold of Fangoria rated it 3.5/4 stars and called it Lustig's best film. Anthony Arrigo of Dread Central rated it 4/5 stars and wrote, "Maniac Cop 2 embodies all of the excess that made '80s horror sequels so great". Mike Pereira of Bloody Disgusting rated it 4/5 stars and wrote, "Maniac Cop 2 delivers a fresh experience while all along staying true to what fans dig about the original".

Lustig considers Maniac Cop 2 to be his best film, saying that "it was the film [where] I felt as though myself and my crew were really firing on all cylinders. And I think we made a terrific B-movie", and also thinks it's superior to the first Maniac Cop film.

title: Maniac Cop 2