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Australian nationality law

Australian nationality law details the conditions by which a person is a national of Australia. The primary law governing nationality regulations is the Australian Citizenship Act 2007, which came into force on 1 July 2007 and is applicable in all states and territories of Australia.

All persons born in Australia before 20 August 1986 were automatically citizens at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents (jus soli). Individuals born in the country after that date receive Australian citizenship at birth if at least one of their parents is an Australian citizen or permanent resident. Children born in Australia to New Zealand citizens since 1 July 2022 also receive Australian citizenship at birth. Foreign nationals may be granted citizenship after living in the country for at least four years, holding permanent residency for one year, and showing proficiency in the English language.

Australia is composed of several former British colonies founded in the 18th and 19th centuries whose residents were British subjects. After federation as a Dominion within the British Empire in 1901, Australia was granted more autonomy over time and gradually became independent from the United Kingdom. Although Australian citizens have no longer been British subjects since 1984, they continue to hold favoured status when residing in the UK. As Commonwealth citizens, Australians are eligible to vote in UK elections and serve in public office there, as well as in several other Commonwealth countries.

Terminology
The distinction between the meaning of the terms citizenship and nationality is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers a person's legal belonging to a state and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of that polity; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a person has in that nation. Despite this distinction, the Australian Government uses these two terms interchangeably.

Fragmented development
The Kingdom of Great Britain established its first colony in Australia with the founding of New South Wales in 1788. Over the course of the 19th century, the British presence expanded throughout the continent. By 1890, there were six separate self-governing territories in Australia. British nationality law applied to each of these colonies, as was the case elsewhere in the British Empire. Australians and all other imperial citizens were British subjects; any person born in the Australian colonies, the United Kingdom, or anywhere else within Crown dominions was a natural-born British subject.

British nationality law during this time was uncodified and did not have a standard set of regulations, relying instead on precedent and common law. Until the mid-19th century, it was unclear whether naturalisation rules in the United Kingdom were applicable in other parts of the Empire. Each colony had wide discretion in developing their own procedures and requirements for admitting foreign settlers as subjects. New South Wales and Tasmania respectively enacted legislation in 1828 and 1834 enabling denization, a process that partially granted foreign citizens the rights of British subjects, most notably property rights. Denizens were not considered aliens, but could not pass subject status to their children by descent and were barred from Crown service and public office.

Naturalisation in Britain was achieved through individual Acts of Parliament until 1844, when a more streamlined administrative process was introduced. The Australian colonies emulated this system in their own naturalisation legislation, which was enacted in all local legislatures by 1871. In 1847, the Imperial Parliament formalised a clear distinction between subjects who naturalised in the UK and those who did so in other territories. Individuals who naturalised in the UK were deemed to have received the status by imperial naturalisation, which was valid throughout the Empire. Those naturalising in colonies were said to have gone through local naturalisation and were given subject status valid only within the relevant territory; a subject who locally naturalised in New South Wales was a British subject there, but not in England or Victoria. Nevertheless, locally naturalised British subjects were still entitled to imperial protection when travelling outside of the Empire.

Married women generally followed the nationality status of their husbands. Beginning with New South Wales in 1848, each colony enacted legislation that automatically naturalised foreign women who married British subjects, mirroring regulations enacted in the UK in 1844. After Britain established marital denaturalisation for British subject women who married non-British men in 1870, New South Wales adapted its rules to match this in 1875. The other Australian colonies did not adopt this in legislation but in practice, women who married foreign men were automatically stripped of British subject status throughout Australia.

The Federal Council of Australasia, created in 1885, was a first attempt at forming a unified governing body in the region and consisted of four Australian colonies (Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia), along with Fiji. Legislation passed by the Federal Council in 1897 allowed British subjects who had naturalised in a colony under its authority to be considered as naturalised in other such colonies.

Discriminatory policies against Indigenous Australians and non-European migrants
Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders became British subjects as the colonies were settled throughout the continent, but actual participation in colonial society and access to civil rights was limited. In Queensland and Western Australia, franchise qualification for an Indigenous person was dependent on their ownership of land that was valued at least £100, which was prohibitively expensive for the time and barred virtually all such persons from voting. While there were no specific restrictions in legislation on Indigenous voting in the other colonies, other regulatory barriers often prevented exercising that right. Between 1858 and 1926, New South Wales disqualified persons receiving aid from "any public charitable institution" from voting registration; anyone living in Aboriginal reserves were considered to be receiving aid. Some exceptions were afforded to landholders and "half-caste" Aboriginals.

Immigration from Asia began in the 1840s, when Chinese workers were invited to work in New South Wales due to a labour shortage. Although these labourers were met with almost immediate disapproval, the Australian gold rushes beginning in the 1850s attracted a steady wave of further migration. Growing hostility and anti-Chinese sentiment led to severe social unrest and violent confrontations during the Lambing Flat riots in 1861. Following this, New South Wales imposed substantial restrictions on Chinese entry. Regulations varied by colony but clearly favoured immigrants of European descent over members of any other ethnic groups. Queensland created two different sets of requirements in 1867 for naturalisation of "Asiatic and African aliens" and "European and North American aliens". Asian and African applicants seeking to become subjects were required to have lived in the colony for three years, and be married and living together with their wives. Chinese migrants were specifically targeted in colonial legislation that charged fees for entry to or residence in the colonies, and banned them from naturalising as British subjects. In 1889, entrance fees for Chinese in each of the Australasian colonies were standardised at £10, except for Queensland which required £30.

Post-federation policies
The Federal Council of Australasia was abolished in 1900 and replaced on 1 January 1901 by the Commonwealth of Australia, a federation of the six Australian colonies. The status of Australians as British subjects (including Indigenous Australians) remained unchanged despite the creation of this union. Commonwealth nationality legislation enacted in 1903 superseded laws of the new states; naturalisation in one of the states became automatically valid in all of them.

The federal government continued and extended restrictions on persons of non-European descent as part of its White Australia policy. The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 created the legal basis for administering dictation tests in any European language as determined by an immigration officer. Any person who failed was denied entry into Australia. While Māori from New Zealand technically fell under the exclusion criteria of this Act, representations made by the New Zealand government pressured the Commonwealth government into exceptionally relaxing restrictions for Māori. The Naturalization Act 1903 explicitly prohibited naturalisation of anyone with ancestry from Africa, Asia, or Oceania (except New Zealand). Indigenous Australians who did not already have their names placed on a state electoral roll on the date of federation were largely prohibited from enrolling to vote in federal elections from 1902 to 1962.

Imperial common code
The Imperial Parliament brought regulations for British subject status into codified statute law for the first time with passage of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914. British subject status was standardised as a common nationality across the Empire. Dominions that adopted this Act as part of local legislation were authorised to grant subject status to aliens by imperial naturalisation. Australia adopted the common code in 1920.

The 1914 regulations codified the doctrine of coverture into imperial nationality law, where a woman's consent to marry a foreign national was also assumed to be intent to denaturalise; British women who married foreign men automatically lost their British nationality. There were two exceptions to this: a wife married to a husband who lost his British subject status was able to retain British nationality by declaration, and a British-born widow or divorcée who had lost her British nationality through marriage could reacquire that status without meeting residence requirements after the dissolution of her marriage.

Australia's version of the common code regulations contained extensive measures for revoking British subject status from naturalised persons. Individuals who showed disloyalty to the monarch, were sentenced to imprisonment for at least one year or received a fine of more than £100 within five years of naturalising, had been deemed to be "not of good character" when subject status was granted, or lived outside of the British Empire for more than seven years were liable to have their naturalisation revoked.

Unlike the 1903 Act, the common code enacted in 1920 did not explicitly bar migrants on the basis of race. It instead allowed the government to deny naturalisation to any person without cause. Only 45 people of Asian descent were naturalised between 1904 and 1953. Migrants of non-European ancestry were effectively barred from permanent residency and naturalisation until 1957.

By the end of the First World War, the Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity. Britain formally recognised this at the 1926 Imperial Conference, jointly issuing the Balfour Declaration with all the Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the British Commonwealth of Nations. Full legislative independence was granted to the Dominions with passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931.

Women's rights groups throughout the Empire pressured the imperial government during this time to amend nationality regulations that tied a married woman's status to that of her husband. Because the British government could no longer enforce legislative supremacy over the Dominions after 1931 and wanted to maintain a strong constitutional link to them through the common nationality code, it was unwilling to make major changes without unanimous agreement among the Dominions on this issue, which it did not have. Imperial legal uniformity was nevertheless eroded during the 1930s; New Zealand and Australia amended their laws in 1935 and 1936 to allow women denaturalised by marriage to retain their rights as British subjects, and Ireland changed its regulations in 1935 to cause no change to a woman's nationality after her marriage.

Australian citizenship created
Diverging developments in Dominion nationality laws, as well as growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire, culminated with the creation of Canadian citizenship in 1946, unilaterally breaking the system of a common imperial nationality. Combined with the approaching independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, comprehensive nationality law reform was necessary at this point to address ideas that were incompatible with the previous system. The Dominion governments agreed on the principle of equal standing for women in a reformed nationality system at the 1946 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference and Australia amended its law to grant equal nationality rights in that same year.

Australia enacted the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 to create its own citizenship, which came into force on 26 January 1949, shortly after the British Nationality Act 1948 became effective throughout the Empire on 1 January 1949. All British subjects who were born, naturalised, or resident for at least five years in Australia automatically acquired Australian citizenship on that date. British subjects born to a father who himself was born or naturalised in Australia and British subject women who were married to someone qualifying as an Australian citizen also automatically acquired citizenship on that date.

All other noncitizens could acquire citizenship by naturalisation after fulfilling a general residence requirement. Candidates must have resided in Australia (including Papua) or New Guinea for at least four of the previous eight years, with one year of continuous residence immediately preceding an application. This was reduced to two of the previous eight years in 1973. Non-Europeans were allowed to apply for residency and naturalisation from 1957, if they were legally admitted and living in Australia for 15 years (reduced to five years in 1966).

Almost all provisions to revoke citizenship from naturalised individuals were repealed in 1958. On the other hand, Australian citizens who acquired a foreign citizenship other than through marriage were automatically denaturalised and lost their Australian citizenship under this Act. Individuals who naturalised as Australian citizens conversely were not required to renounce their previous nationalities.

Restrictions on Indigenous Australian rights were relaxed in 1949, when eligibility to enrol in federal elections was extended to any Indigenous Australian who was already enrolled to vote in state elections or had been a member of the armed forces. Voting eligibility was extended to all Indigenous Australians in 1962, and following a 1967 referendum, they began to be included as part of state population counts in each national census.

Reform and abolition of British subject status
The 1948 Act redefined the term British subject as any citizen of Australia or another Commonwealth country. Commonwealth citizen is defined in this Act to have the same meaning. British subject/Commonwealth citizen status co-existed with the citizenships of each Commonwealth country. Irish citizens were treated as if they were British subjects, despite Ireland's exit from the Commonwealth in 1949. All Commonwealth citizens were eligible to become Australian citizens by registration, rather than naturalisation, after residing in Australia for at least five of the preceding seven years. Commonwealth citizens who became Australian citizens by registration were not required to swear an oath of allegiance because they were already subjects of the Crown.

All British subjects under the reformed system initially held an automatic right to settle in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Non-white immigration into the UK was systemically discouraged, but strong economic conditions in Britain following the Second World War attracted an unprecedented wave of colonial migration. In response, the British Parliament imposed immigration controls on any subjects originating from outside the British Islands with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962. Ireland had continued to allow all British subjects free movement despite independence in 1922 as part of the Common Travel Area arrangement, but moved to mirror Britain's restriction in 1962 by limiting this ability only to people born on the islands of Great Britain or Ireland. Britain somewhat relaxed these measures in 1971 for patrials, subjects whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom, which gave effective preferential treatment to white Commonwealth citizens.

As a sign of Australia's changing relationship with Britain, Australian passports were no longer labelled with the phrase "British passport" beginning in 1967. Legislative changes in 1969 meant that Australian citizens technically ceased to be British subjects in that year, but retained "the status of British subjects" instead. Preferences that were afforded to citizens from other Commonwealth countries and restrictions on migrants of non-European descent were abolished in a further 1973 amendment. The name of the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 itself changed to the Australian Citizenship Act 1948 in 1973 as well; the anniversary of this event has been celebrated since 2001 as Australian Citizenship Day.

By the 1970s and 1980s, most colonies of the British Empire had become independent and remaining ties to the United Kingdom had been significantly weakened. The UK itself updated its nationality law to reflect the more modest boundaries of its remaining territory and possessions with the British Nationality Act 1981, which redefined British subject to no longer also mean Commonwealth citizen. Australian citizens remain Commonwealth citizens in British law and are still eligible to vote and stand for public office in the UK.

Further reforms in 1984 fully abolished British subject status in Australian law and removed remaining gender imbalances in nationality regulations. Voting eligibility rules were changed to require Australian citizenship instead of British subject status, but any British subject without citizenship already enrolled to vote before 26 January 1984 had the right to continue participating in elections. Noncitizen British subjects could no longer apply for Australian passports beginning in that year.

After passage of the Australia Act 1986, the High Court has considered any persons without Australian citizenship to be aliens. While British subjects could not have been considered foreign at the time of federation, the severing of constitutional ties with the United Kingdom created a definitive separation between the two countries; British citizens have since been considered subjects of a foreign power and are ineligible to serve in the Parliament of Australia under section 44 of the Constitution of Australia. The eligibility of 10 sitting legislators was questioned under this section of the Constitution during the 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis, leading to eight disqualifications under subsequent court proceedings.

Heightened citizenship requirements
The general residence requirement for acquiring citizenship was relaxed in 1984. Naturalisation candidates were required to have lived in Australia for two of the five years preceding an application, while holding permanent residency for at least one year during that aggregate period. However, concerns over an influx of unintended immigration and the perceived exploitation of nationality law by illegal migrants to gain residence in Australia created the impetus for ending unrestricted birthright citizenship in 1986. Children born in the country since then are only granted citizenship by birth if at least one parent is a citizen or permanent resident. Naturalisation candidates have been required since 1993 to recite a citizenship pledge in which they commit their loyalty to the country of Australia, rather than swear an oath of allegiance to the Australian monarch. Automatic denaturalisation of Australians acquiring foreign nationalities was repealed in 2002. Citizenship tests were introduced in 2007 and the general residence requirement was increased back to four years as well.

Government powers for citizenship deprivation were greatly expanded in 2015. Australians holding another nationality and engaged in terrorist activities were subject to automatic loss of citizenship. These measures were amended in 2020 to require an explicit revocation order from the Minister for Home Affairs.

Papua, New Guinea, and Nauru
Queensland attempted to preemptively counter German colonial interests in the Pacific by annexing Papua in 1883, though this was met with disapproval from imperial authorities. Following the establishment of German New Guinea, Britain claimed Papua in 1884 and formally annexed it in 1888. After Australian federation in 1901, Britain ceded administrative control of the territory to the Commonwealth government in 1902, which was accepted by Australia in 1905. New Guinea and Nauru remained German colonies until the First World War, after which New Guinea became a League of Nations mandate under Australian control while Nauru's mandate was split between Britain, Australia, and New Zealand. In practice, Australia held sole governing authority over Nauru.

While residents of Papua became British subjects, that status was not extended to those from the mandated territories under the recommendation of the Permanent Mandates Commission. Residents of New Guinea and Nauru were instead treated as British protected persons. When Australian citizenship was created in 1949, Papuans automatically became Australian citizens while New Guinea and Nauru residents became "Australian protected persons". Despite their status as British subjects/Australian citizens, Papuans of indigenous descent did not have an automatic right to reside in mainland Australia and were required to apply for that separately. Persons with non-indigenous ancestry held that right automatically.

Papua New Guinea became independent in 1975. Indigenous residents born in Papua or New Guinea with two grandparents also born in either territory or surrounding area, who did not have right of residence in mainland Australia, and did not hold foreign nationality automatically became citizens of the new country. Former Australian citizens born in Papua before independence seeking to resume citizenship cannot reacquire that status by descent. Because Papua fell within the definition of "Australia" before 1975, applicants cannot claim citizenship through their birth overseas. Since 2007, Papua New Guinean citizens who lost Australian citizenship on independence but have a parent born on the Australian mainland can apply for a special resumption of citizenship.

Indian Ocean territories
The Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island were respectively annexed into the Empire in 1857 and 1888. The Cocos Islands were first directly administered by the UK until 1878, when it was transferred to Ceylon, then to the Straits Settlements in 1886, and finally devolved to the settlement of Singapore in 1903. Christmas Island was similarly incorporated into Singapore in 1900. Following the Second World War, the Australian government expressed its interest in acquiring both territories for strategic and commercial reasons; the Cocos Islands for its airstrip and Christmas Island for its phosphate. Sovereignty over the Cocos Islands was transferred to Australia in 1955. Island residents became Australian citizens at time of transfer while retaining UK citizenship. Christmas Island was transferred to Australia in 1958 under largely the same terms. Citizens from these territories did not have automatic right of residence on the Australian mainland, as was the case with citizens from Papua, until this restriction was repealed in 1984. No Australian citizen has been required to obtain an entry permit to enter the country since that year.

Burmese independence
Burma gained independence from the United Kingdom on 4 January 1948. The British Parliament enacted the Burma Independence Act 1947 to remove British subject status from all individuals who held that status solely through their connection with Burma. Burmese resident in the UK or its colonies could make formal claims to retain subject status.

The Australian Parliament did not pass similar legislation addressing this event, leaving only common law to apply. Australian common law at the time dictated that only Burmese resident in Burma at the time of independence lost British nationality, while every Burmese person who left Burma permanently before its independence or "within a reasonable time thereafter" retained British subject status. This created an anomalous situation where Burmese living in Australia ceased to be British subjects under UK law, but continued that status in Australian law.

The Nationality and Citizenship (Burmese) Act 1950 addressed this discrepancy, removing British subject status from persons connected with Burma. Individuals who lost subject status through this Act but had become Australian citizens in 1949 could retain their citizenship by making formal declarations within two years of the Act's passage.

Entitlement by birth, descent, or adoption
All persons born in Australia before 20 August 1986 automatically received citizenship at birth regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Individuals born in the country since that date receive Australian citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a citizen or permanent resident. Children born in Australia to New Zealand citizens since 1 July 2022 also receive Australian citizenship at birth.

A person born outside Australia to an Australian citizen parent is eligible to acquire Australian citizenship by descent through application. If the parent acquired citizenship by descent or adoption, the parent must have resided in Australia for at least two years at the time of application.

Adopted children are treated as if they were naturally born to the adopting parents at the time and location of adoption; those adopted in Australia automatically receive citizenship, while those adopted overseas are eligible to apply. Children who are born in Australia but did not acquire citizenship at birth may otherwise automatically acquire citizenship if they are ordinarily resident in the country for the 10-year period immediately following their birth. Stateless children born in the country are entitled to citizenship without further residence requirements.

Voluntary acquisition

Noncitizens over the age of 18 may become Australian citizens by conferral after legally residing in the country for more than four years and holding permanent residency for at least 12 months. Applicants must not have been outside of Australia for longer than 12 months in the preceding four years, with absences totaling less than 90 days in the final year. Candidates who are overseas while enlisted in the Australian Defence Force, deemed to be engaged in activities for Australia's benefit, or employed in a position that requires regular travel abroad can be considered to have fulfilled special residence requirements. Members of the Australian Commonwealth Games team and holders of distinguished talent visas have also been eligible for special residence considerations since 2021.

Applicants between the ages of 18 and 59 must complete a citizenship test in which they demonstrate basic competency in the English language as well as sufficient knowledge of the country and citizenship. Successful candidates aged 16 and older are required to make a citizenship pledge in which they commit their loyalty to the country of Australia; these are usually administered by local government at citizenship ceremonies that take place about six months after approval. Between 1 July 2020 and 30 June 2021, over 140,000 people obtained Australian citizenship by conferral.

Pathway for New Zealand citizens
New Zealand citizens are generally exempt from immigration restrictions under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement and fall under unique regulations. Any New Zealander who settled in Australia on or before 26 February 2001 is automatically considered a permanent resident for nationality purposes, while those who arrive after that date were required to first obtain permanent residency before they may naturalise. Beginning on 1 July 2023, all New Zealand citizens holding a Special Category Visa (SCV) who have been resident in Australia for at least four years will no longer be required to obtain permanent residency before naturalisation.

Children born in Australia to New Zealand citizens between the end of unrestricted birthright citizenship on 20 August 1986 and 31 August 1994 were "exempt non-citizens" and considered to have been permanent residents for any time spent living in the country during this period. The SCV was introduced for New Zealand citizens on 1 September 1994; all New Zealand citizens already in the country on that date were automatically granted this visa and it is issued on arrival to New Zealanders after that date. A child born in Australia between 1 September 1994 and 26 February 2001 to a New Zealand parent with an SCV or permanent visa is an Australian citizen by birth. Between 27 February 2001 and 30 June 2022, children born to New Zealand citizens in Australia only received Australian citizenship at birth if at least one parent held an SCV issued before 27 February 2001, a permanent Australian visa, or dual Australian-New Zealand citizenship. Since 1 July 2022, children born in Australia to New Zealand citizens are automatically Australian citizens by birth.

Since 1 January 2023, New Zealand citizens holding an SCV who are granted the Skilled Independent (subclass 189) permanent resident visa under the New Zealand stream are considered to have been permanent residents in Australia since 1 January 2022, making them immediately eligible for Australian citizenship by conferral without a further term of residence. Any New Zealand citizen who already held this type of visa before 2023 is also considered to have their permanent residence backdated. Children born between 1 January 2022 and 30 June 2023 to SCV holders who are later granted the subclass 189 visa between those dates retroactively acquire Australian citizenship by birth.

By 15 August 2023, over 15,000 New Zealand citizens residing in Australia had applied for Australian citizenship under the new criteria, with 500 passing the Australian citizenship test at the time of publication.

Loss and resumption of citizenship
Australian citizenship can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation, although this may be denied at the discretion of the Minister for Home Affairs. Citizenship may be involuntarily deprived from individuals who fraudulently acquired it, or from dual citizens who actively serve in the military of another country at war with Australia. Children of former citizens may also be stripped of citizenship, except in cases where another parent remains an Australian citizen or deprivation would cause statelessness. Dual citizens who are engaged in terrorist activities, part of a known terror group, or have been convicted of terrorism offences for imprisonment sentences totaling at least three years may also be stripped of their citizenship at the discretion of the Minister.

Until 4 April 2002, Australians who became citizens of another country automatically lost Australian citizenship. This restriction did not apply to those who acquired a foreign citizenship by marriage, and did not require naturalisation candidates to relinquish their former nationalities. Children born to individuals who lost their citizenship under this provision for automatic loss before 2002 are eligible for a special conferral of citizenship.

Former citizens may subsequently apply for nationality restoration, provided that they would have been subject to hardship had they not renounced Australian citizenship, or were automatically deprived of their Australian citizenship before 2002. Individuals resuming citizenship regain the same type of citizenship they held previously; a person who had acquired citizenship by descent, relinquishes it, then resumes citizenship would regain citizenship by descent. Citizens of Papua New Guinea who lost Australian citizenship on independence in 1975 but have a parent born on the Australian mainland have been able to apply for a special resumption of citizenship since 2007.

title: Australian nationality law


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User:YborCityGirl

Florida Rocks!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Finching

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 23:54, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Finching
Really? Google's not heard of this. I doubt that this is the correct term for this. humblefool® 03:52, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. --TheMidnighters 04:06, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This is made up slang. NN. MicahMN | Talk 17:39, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment just because a director uses a technique, like this, does not mean that they "invented it", especially if it isn't really done by followup directors. MicahMN | Talk 02:51, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, per micahmn. Tempshill 17:51, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete EdwinHJ | Talk 00:34, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 07:44, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Shinichi Hoshi

Shin’ichi Hoshi (星 新一 Hoshi Shin'ichi, September 6, 1926 – December 30, 1997) was a Japanese novelist and science fiction writer best known for his "short-short" science fiction stories, often no more than three or four pages in length, of which he wrote over 1000. He also wrote mysteries and won the Mystery Writers of Japan Award for Mōsō Ginkō (Delusion Bank) in 1968.

One of his short stories, "Bokko-chan" ("Miss Bokko"), was translated into English and published in Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction in June 1963. His books translated into English include There Was a Knock, a collection of 15 stories, and The Spiteful Planet and Other Stories.

His friend Osamu Tezuka used his name for a character in Amazing 3, a manga and anime series which Tezuka produced in 1967.

His father, Ichi Hoshi (星一 Hoshi Ichi), is the founder of the Hoshi Pharmaceutical University and the Hoshi Pharmaceutical company. His grandmother on his mother's side, Kimiko Koganei, was the sister of Mori Ōgai. Shin'ichi's name is an abbreviated version of his father's motto, "kindness first" (親切第一 shinsetsu daiichi). After his father's death, he briefly served as the president of Hoshi Pharmaceutical. At the time of serving, Hoshi Pharmaceutical was listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange.

Early life
Shinichi was born in Hongo, Tokyo (東京市本郷区) or current day Honkomagome (東京市本駒込). He lived with his maternal grandparents, who owned a home in Hongo, until 1945. His grandfather, Yoshikiyo Koganei (小金井良精), was an anatomist at, as well as the president of, Imperial University School of Medicine and his grandmother, Kimiko Koganei (小金井喜美子), was the younger sister of Mori Ōgai.

After attending the elementary school owned by the Tokyo Women's Higher Normal School (currently Ochanomizu University Elementary School), Shinichi attended the junior high school owned by the Tokyo Normal School (currently the junior high school and high school attached to the University of Tsukuba).

In 1941, the United States joined World War 2, becoming an enemy state of Japan. This resulted in English becoming viewed as an enemy language. Realizing that English would now likely be absent from the high school entrance exam, Shinichi ignored it completely, instead focusing his efforts on other subjects. After successfully completing four grades, even skipping one (there used to be five years of junior high in Japan), he managed to enter the Imperial run Tokyo High School, prompting many to call him a genius. However, after the war he hired a private English tutor to compensate for his inability. It has been speculated that his lack of English skill caused problems for him.

When Shinichi was 16. he spent one year living in the dormitory of Tokyo High School. A time his close friends would often look back on fondly. By contrast, Shinichi found the dorm life harsh, saying "It was horrible. To this day I get headaches thinking about it before I go to sleep", "I realized soon after entry, the school had a strong militaristic attitude, and not just the teachers, the students too. I absolutely despised every second I was there".

Such feelings are mostly because of the differences between post and mid-war life, and the fact that Shinichi finished high school in 2 years. As a result of his early graduation, he graduated college at the age of 21. One year younger than normal.

University and graduate school
In 1948, Hoshi graduated from the University of Tokyo's Department of Agricultural Chemistry. His graduation thesis was done on the cultivation of solid penicillin.

Despite passing the recruitment exam for high-government officials, he was not offered a job. On top of that, his father who disliked government officials discovered he took the exam, causing Shinichi to be severely reprimanded. So, he entered graduate school at the University of Tokyo where he studied agricultural chemistry under Kinichiro Sakaguchi (坂口謹一郎) where he manufactured the starch-degrading enzyme Amylase in liquids. Completing the first semester of graduate school in 1950. His master's thesis was a "Study of Amylase Production by Submersion in Molds of the Genus Aspergillus".

In 1949, his first published short-short story, "For the Fox", was released in the doujinshi "The Lindin Monthly Report".

Hoshi Pharmaceutical
In 1951, his father died suddenly, causing Hoshi to drop out of graduate school and take over his father's company. At the time, Hoshi Pharmaceutical was in bad shape. Hoshi was forced to deal with the situation until the company went bankrupt and was handed over to Yonetaro Otani (大谷米太郎). Hoshi was hospitalized and in immense pain during this process, and later said, "I don't even want to remember these past several years. They are the reason I'm anti-social."

Immediately after letting go of the company, he read "The Martian Chronicles" by Ray Bradbury on his hospital bed and was deeply moved. He recalls that without this chance reading, he would not have pursued a career in science fiction. He grew weary of the harsh realities in his daily life and became obsessed with the wondrous idea of "flying saucers." He attended the "Flying Saucer Research Group" that happened to be nearby. Other known members include Yukio Mishima (三島由紀夫) and Shintaro Ishihara (石原慎太郎).

After losing the company, he remained unemployed until his writing debut. During this time, Hoshi remained a part-time director of Hoshi Pharmaceutical University, earning 100,000 yen a month (not adjusted for inflation), making it difficult to pay the bills, and reducing him to poverty.

title: Shinichi Hoshi


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Talk:High Tor (play)

High Tor
"High Tor" was originally a play - on Broadway - why is there no discussion on this Wikipedia page of the original play by Maxwell Anderson? - quite different from the made for TV film with Bing Crosby and Julie Andrews. I would also very much like to see the original script of this play. Is this possible? D. Lang

I removed the Trivia section. Whoever wrote its one item didn't realize that High Tor is a real place, not a fictional creation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.114.164.41 (talk) 21:17, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

It could do with a disambiguation page. As well as the summit overlooking the Hudson, High Tor is also the name of an important rock-climbing crag in the U.K. Peak District. http://www.peakdistrictinformation.com/visits/hightor.php Sswitcher (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 13:15, 7 July 2014 (UTC)

 * I've renamed this as High Tor (play) and created a disambiguation page named High Tor (disambiguation) which includes all similarly-named articles and High Tor in Matlock Bath.--Rocknrollmancer (talk) 20:02, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

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Talk:Eclipse (gum)

This is ripped from Wrigley's own Eclispe site. Some work needs to be done. Chatoyant 03:55, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

I linked a bunch of things on this page. I put it on my watch list with plans to fix up more on a cold, boring day this winter. :D --Munboy 05:17, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

There are two articles on this subject and they need to be merged. Paul Robinson 10:34, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eclipse (gum)


text:
User talk:DanielVonFange

--Cleared for the New Year --

title: User talk:DanielVonFange


text:
Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

The Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy is a dwarf galaxy in the Carina constellation. It was discovered in 1977 with the UK Schmidt Telescope by Cannon et al. The Carina Dwarf Spheroidal galaxy is a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way and is receding from it at 230 km/s. The diameter of the galaxy is about 1600 light-years, which is 75 times smaller than the Milky Way. Most of the stars in the galaxy formed 7 billion years ago, although it also experienced bursts of star formation about 13 and 3 billion years ago. It is also being tidally disrupted by the Milky Way galaxy.

title: Carina Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy


text:
User talk:RDL

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some helpful links:
 * Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages.
 * Wikipedia directory is also quite useful.
 * Meet other new users You may want to add yourself to the Wikipedia new user log.
 * Assign edits to your username from before you registered.
 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you
 * How to upload files and image copyright tags.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 03:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Oops
Good spot. I can spell really. Honest. - Dudesleeper · Talk 15:27, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Striking your vote
Hello RDL,

Thank you for your interest in the Wikimedia Board Election. The Election Committee regretfully informs you that your previous vote was received in error and will be struck according to the election rules, described below.

The Election Committee regretfully announces today that we will have to remove approximately 220 votes submitted. These votes were cast by people not entitled to vote. The election rules state that users must have at least 400 edits by June 1 to be eligible to vote.

The voter lists we sent to Software in the Public Interest (our third party election partner) initially were wrong, and one of your account was eventually included to our initial list. There was a bug in the edit counting program and the sent list contained every account with 201 or more edits, instead of 400 or more edits. So large numbers of people were qualified according to the software who shouldn't be. The bug has been fixed and an amended list was sent to SPI already.

Our first (and wrong) list contains 80,458 accounts as qualified. The proper number of qualified voters in the SPI list is now 52,750. As of the morning of July 4 (UTC), there are 2,773 unique voters and 220 people, including you, have voted who are not qualified based upon this identified error.

In accordance with voting regulations the Election Committee will strike those approximately 220 votes due to lack of voting eligibility. The list of struck votes is available at https://wikimedia.spi-inc.org/index.php/List_of_struck_votes.

We are aware of the possibility that some of the people affected may have other accounts with more than 400 edits, and hence may still be eligible to vote. We encourage you to consider voting again from another account, if you have one. If you have no other account eligible to vote, we hope you reach the criteria in the next Election, and expect to see your participation to the future Elections.

Your comments, questions or messages to the Committee would be appreciated, you can make them at m:Talk:Board elections/2007/en. Other language versions are available at Translation requests/Eleccom mail, 07-05.

Again, we would like to deeply apologize for any inconvenience.

Sincerely, Kizu Naoko Philippe

Jon Harald Søby

Newyorkbrad Tim Starling

For Wikimedia Board Election Steering Committee

The Highland Council election, 1999
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The Highland Council election, 1995
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:RDL


text:
Colleen O'Shaughnessey

Colleen Ann O'Shaughnessey (born September 15, 1971) is an American voice actress. She is best known as the voice of Sora Takenouchi in the Digimon anime, Jazz Fenton in Danny Phantom, Wasp in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, and Ino Yamanaka and Konohamaru Sarutobi in the Naruto anime. Since 2010, O'Shaughnessey has voiced various characters in the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise, including Miles "Tails" Prower, a role she reprised in the film adaptations Sonic the Hedgehog 2 and Sonic the Hedgehog 3, as well as the show Knuckles.

Early life
O'Shaughnessey was born on September 15, 1971 in Grand Rapids, Michigan and earned a B.F.A. degree in musical theatre from the University of Michigan.

Career
She is perhaps best known for her roles as Sora Takenouchi from the first and second seasons of Digimon (her first major voiceover role), Jazz Fenton in Danny Phantom, Ino Yamanaka and Konohamaru Sarutobi in Naruto, Nelliel Tu Odelschwanck in Bleach, and Janet Van Dyne/Wasp in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes.

She has also worked in the video game industry, where she voiced Genis Sage in Tales of Symphonia and KOS-MOS in Xenosaga Episode II: Jenseits von Gut und Böse. Since 2010 and 2014 respectively, she has been the voice of Charmy Bee and Miles "Tails" Prower in the Sonic the Hedgehog series.

She reprised her role of Sora Takenouchi for the Digimon Adventure tri movie series.

Personal life
As of 2018, she resides in Los Angeles, California with her husband, Jason Villard, and her two children, son Connor (b. 2001) and daughter Maggie (b. 2004).

Anime

 * B-Daman Crossfire – Sumi Inaba
 * Battle B-Daman – Assado
 * Black Jack – Karen Aramis
 * Bleach – Hinako Shijō, Nelliel Tu Odelschwanck, Loly Aivirrne, Michiru Ogawa, Yuichi Shibata, Kyoko Haida
 * Bleach: Thousand-Year Blood War – Nelliel Tu Odelschwanck, Loly Aivirrne
 * Blue Exorcist – Cram School Girl C (Ep. 7); Ghost Boy (Ep. 12)
 * Boruto: Naruto Next Generations – Chocho Akimichi, Hanabi Hyūga, Ino Yamanaka
 * Bungou Stray Dogs – Margaret Mitchell
 * Digimon Adventure – Sora Takenouchi
 * Digimon Adventure 02 – Sora Takenouchi
 * Digimon Data Squad – Yoshino "Yoshi" Fujieda
 * Digimon Fusion – Angie Hinomoto, Monitamon
 * Dinozaurs (2000) – Kira (Ep. 16)
 * Drifting Dragons – Vanabelle
 * Duel Masters – Mimi Tasogare (Seasons 2 & 3 only)
 * Glitter Force – Kelsey/Glitter Sunny, Shadow Sunny (Episode 38)
 * Initial D First Stage – Saori (Ep. 12 & 13, Tokyopop Dub)
 * K – Anna Kushina, Sakura Asama, Claudia Weissman
 * Kekkaishi – Yurina Kanda, Yomi Kasuga
 * Mars Daybreak – Enora Taft
 * Marvel Future Avengers – F.R.I.D.A.Y., Black Mamba
 * Mirage of Blaze – Saori
 * Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin – Artesia Som Deikun/Sayla Mass
 * Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn – Additional Voices
 * Monster – Wim Knaup
 * My Next Life as a Villainess: All Routes Lead to Doom! – Mary Hunt
 * Naruto – Ino Yamanaka, Konohamaru Sarutobi
 * Naruto: Shippuden – Ino Yamanaka, Konohamaru Sarutobi, Hanabi Hyuga (Ep. 166), Kaori, Furofuki (Ep. 186)
 * Nier: Automata Ver1.1a – Commander
 * Nodame Cantabile – Kiyora Miki
 * Overman King Gainer – Sara Kodama
 * Sailor Moon – Thetis (Ep. 12, Viz dub), Mie Sayama (Ep. 52, Viz dub), U-Ndoukai (Ep. 117, Viz dub)
 * Slayers Revolution – Pokota
 * Slayers Evolution–R – Pokota
 * Somali and the Forest Spirit – Praline
 * Stitch! – Kijimuna
 * Sword Art Online II – Endou, Verdandi (Ep. 17)
 * Tenkai Knights – Ms. Finwick, Additional Voices
 * The Orbital Children – Hiroshi Tanegashima
 * Tokyo Pig – Dizzie Lizzie
 * Vampire Knight series – Seiren, Additional Voices
 * Vandread – Seiron
 * Zatch Bell! – Suzy Mizuno, Robnos

Animation

 * The Adventures of Kid Danger (2018) – Menu Board
 * The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes (2010–2012) – Wasp, Vapor, Valkyrie, Cassandra Lang, Female Kang
 * Bubble Everfreeies – Saphie
 * Danny Phantom – Jazz Fenton, Mikey, Flight Attendant, Girl 1, Girl 3, Girl, Alarm Voice, Spandex-Wearing Student, Nerd Girl (1), Walla 2, Vid, Additional Voices
 * Doc McStuffins – Pickles, Agnes Mom, Townsperson
 * Freedom Fighters: The Ray – Mrs. Terrill
 * Hanazuki: Full of Treasures – Little Dreamer, Red Hemka, Yellow Hemka
 * Important Things with Demetri Martin – Female Bystander
 * Jonah Hex: Motion Comics – Additional Voices
 * The Kids from Room 402 – Polly, Mary–Ellen, Don
 * Lego Scooby–Doo: Knight Time Terror – Wanda Grimsley
 * The Life and Times of Juniper Lee – Jody Irwin, Rachel Irwin, Hammerette #3, Mrs. Fallon, Mrs. Irwin, Slim, Teen #2, Attendant, Mall Manager #1, Cleota, Intercom, Citizen, Astronaut, Margie, Marvin, Photographer, Co-Worker #2, Additional Voices
 * OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes – Tails ("Let’s Meet Sonic")
 * Pinkfong Wonderstar – Pinkfong
 * Random! Cartoons – Tiffany, Mom, Kit, Some Kid, Little Girl
 * The Replacements – The Lise, Swifty
 * Sonic Boom – Tails
 * South Park – Karen McCormick
 * Special Agent Oso – Jake's Mom ("License To Clean"), Jade's Mom ("On Her Cousin's Special Salad"), Nadia's Mom ("For Sleepy Eyes Only")
 * Static Shock – Nightingale/Gail
 * What's New, Scooby-Doo? – Celia Clyde, Jingle, Galana's Friends
 * What's with Andy? – Lori Mackney (2001–2002)

Film

 * Axel: The Biggest Little Hero (2013) – Jono
 * Bleach: Memories of Nobody (2006) – Store Keeper
 * Boruto: Naruto the Movie (2015) – Ino Yamanaka
 * Cars (2006) – M.A. Brake Drumm
 * Digimon Adventure 02: Revenge of Diaboromon – Sora Takenouchi
 * Digimon: The Movie – Sora Takenouchi, Male Student ("Four Years Later" segment)
 * Digimon Adventure tri. – Sora Takenouchi, Mrs. Mochizuki, Tapirmon
 * Digimon Adventure: Last Evolution Kizuna – Sora Takenouchi
 * Horton Hears a Who! (2008) – Angela, Additional Voices
 * The Last: Naruto the Movie – Hanabi Hyuga, Ino Yamanaka, Konohamaru Sarutobi
 * Ladybug & Cat Noir: The Movie – Emilie Agreste
 * Monsters University – Additional Voices
 * Murder and Cocktails – Sarah
 * Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Will of Fire – Ino Yamanaka
 * The Orbital Children – Hiroshi Tanegashima
 * The Painting – Harlequin
 * Okko's Inn – Suzuki
 * Party Central – Mom
 * Ponyo – Karen, Additional Voices
 * Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie – Ino Yamanaka
 * ''Sailor Moon Super S: The Movie – Perle / Sailor Moon Super S Plus: Ami's First Love – Bonnon
 * Sonic the Hedgehog (2020) – Tails
 * Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (2022) – Tails
 * Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (2024) - Tails
 * Spirited Away – Additional Voices
 * Toy Story 3 (2010) – Additional Voices
 * Violet Evergarden: Eternity and the Auto Memory Doll – Isabella York
 * Violet Evergarden: The Movie – Additional Cast
 * Winx Club: The Mystery of the Abyss (2014) – Omnia

Video games

 * Alpha Protocol – Madison Saint James
 * Bleach series – Nelliel Tu Odelschwanck
 * Cookie Run: Kingdom – Pastry Cookie, Tails Cookie
 * Digimon World Data Squad – Yoshino Fujieda, Runaway A, Runaway B
 * Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII – Incidental Characters
 * Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes – Wasp
 * Disney Infinity 3.0 – Additional Voices
 * Disney Princess: Palace Pets – Summer
 * EverQuest II – Emissary Millia, redeemable traitor (human), Alanaramal Zaste, Freya Ora, Maida Tudors, Bartender, Innkeeper Female Good & Evil recording1 (Kerran), Raban, Yanari Cyellan, Nyla Diggs
 * Fallout 4 – Sylvia Cooper
 * Final Fantasy VII Remake – Additional Voices
 * Final Fantasy XIII – Cocoon Inhabitants
 * Final Fantasy XIII-2 – Additional Voices
 * Fire Emblem: Three Houses – Kronya, Monica von Ochs
 * Fire Emblem Warriors: Three Hopes – Kronya, Monica von Ochs
 * Fire Emblem Engage – Jean
 * Guild Wars 2 – Female Asura Player Character
 * Hearthstone – Additional Voices
 * Hitman – Valerie St. Clair, Additional Voices
 * La Pucelle: Tactics – Alouette
 * Lego Dimensions – Miles "Tails" Prower
 * Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII – Additional Voices
 * Lost Judgment – Kuniko
 * Marvel Heroes – Julia Carpenter/Arachne, Wasp/Janet Van Dyne
 * Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots – Soldiers
 * Naruto series – Ino Yamanaka, Konohamaru, Tsunami, Hanabi Hyuga
 * Psychonauts – Nils Lutefisk and Crystal Flowers Snagrash
 * Persona 5 Strikers – Akane Hasegawa
 * Red Ninja: End of Honor – Additional voices
 * Rogue Galaxy – Mark Pocacchio
 * Shenmue III – Additional Cast
 * Sonic the Hedgehog series – Miles "Tails" Prower (2014–present), Charmy Bee (2010–present)
 * Boom (video games) – Tails
 * Fire & Ice
 * Rise of Lyric
 * Shattered Crystal
 * Sonic Dash 2
 * Colors – Charmy (Nintendo DS version only; credited as Maggie O'Connor)
 * Generations – Charmy (Console/PC version only; credited as Maggie O'Connor)
 * Forces – Tails, Charmy, Additional Voices
 * Frontiers – Tails
 * Mario & Sonic at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games – Tails
 * Team Sonic Racing – Tails
 * South Park
 * South Park: The Stick of Truth – The New Kid's Mom (Kelly), Karen McCormick
 * South Park: The Fractured but Whole – The New Kid’s Mom (Kelly), Karen McCormick
 * South Park: Snow Day! – The New Kid's Mom (Kelly)
 * Spider-Man – Woman with missing purse on rooftop
 * SpongeBob SquarePants featuring Nicktoons: Globs of Doom – Jazz Fenton
 * Star Wars: The Old Republic – Additional Voices
 * Tales of Symphonia – Genis Sage
 * Tower of Fantasy – Huma
 * Valkyria Chronicles – Alicia Melchiott
 * Valkyria Chronicles II – Alicia Gunther
 * WildStar – Drusera, Professor Goldbough, Yuria, Cassian Female, Aurine Female
 * Xenosaga Episode II: Jenseits von Gut und Böse – KOS-MOS
 * Zatch Bell! Mamodo Fury – Suzy Mizuno, Robnos

Documentary

 * Adventures in Voice Acting – Herself
 * I Know That Voice – Herself

Other

 * The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure
 * Violetta – Camila vocals (English localization of Argentinian telenovela)

title: Colleen O'Shaughnessey


text:
Sheri Moon Zombie

Sheri Moon Zombie (born Sheri Lyn Skurkis; September 26, 1970) is an American actress, model, dancer, and fashion designer.

Early life
Moon was born on September 26, 1970, in San Jose, California, the daughter of William "Bill" Skurkis (1947–2010) and Carol A. Skurkis, but was raised in Connecticut. She has a brother, Jeffrey. She graduated from Plainville High School in Plainville, Connecticut. After graduation, she moved to Los Angeles, California; however she soon found herself moving between homes in both states to attend school and seek work.

Career
Moon had aspirations to do cartoon voice-overs and took classes. She briefly attended the Connecticut School of Broadcasting to become an MTV VJ, but Moon found herself preoccupied going on tour with Rob Zombie. When Rob Zombie's band White Zombie disbanded and he went solo, he took Moon on as a dancer where she also choreographed routines and created costumes for the tour.

Moon has appeared in eleven of Zombie's solo music videos and an additional four previous to that when he fronted White Zombie. She most famously starred in the  Cabinet of Dr. Caligari-themed music video for "Living Dead Girl". Moon appeared on the cover of the single for "Living Dead Girl" (1998), Zombie's remix album American Made Music to Strip By (1999), and the cover of the single for "Demon Speeding" (2002). Aside from Zombie's work, she also appeared in Black Label Society's video for "Stillborn" and Prong's video for "Rude Awakening". In 2003, Moon co-starred in her husband's first feature film, House of 1000 Corpses, as Vera-Ellen "Baby" Firefly, but previous to that, she claims that she had never had aspirations of becoming an actress. As Moon explains her character in that film, "Baby is the angelic-looking bait to get the victims." Moon starred alongside genre actors Sid Haig, Bill Moseley and Karen Black. In 2004, she had a brief appearance in the Tobe Hooper film Toolbox Murders starring Angela Bettis, the only film she has been in not directed by Zombie.

Moon reprised her role as Baby Firefly in the 2005 sequel to House of 1000 Corpses, titled The Devil's Rejects. The Devil's Rejects was financially successful, recouping its roughly $7 million budget during its opening weekend, going on to earn over $16 million and better received by critics than its predecessor. Critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of a possible four stars. Ebert wrote, "If you are a hardened horror-movie fan capable of appreciating skill and wit in the service of the deliberately disgusting, The Devil's Rejects may exercise a certain strange charm." Moon was awarded Spike TV's Scream Awards award for "Most Vile Villain" alongside co-stars Haig, Moseley and Leslie Easterbrook for their portrayal of the Firefly family. Following that, she was awarded a Fuse/Fangoria Chainsaw Award for best duo with her co-star Moseley.

Moon designed a clothing line, Total Skull, which debuted at the end of May 2006. She explains, "The phrase 'total skull' to me means awesome, rad, the best of the best."

In 2007, Moon starred as Eva Krupp in a short faux trailer segment for the film Grindhouse, directed by Zombie and titled Werewolf Women of the SS. She also appeared in her husband's remake of the 1978 horror classic Halloween, portraying Deborah Myers, the mother of Michael Myers and Laurie Strode. At the time, it was the highest-grossing overall film in the Halloween franchise. Moon reprised her character in the sequel Halloween II, which was released on August 28, 2009. Moon provides the voice for the character of Suzi-X in the animated film The Haunted World of El Superbeasto, written and produced by her husband, Zombie. In 2010, she guest-starred on the series CSI: Miami in the episode "L.A.", which was directed by her husband. She reprised the role of Baby Firefly in the sequel to The Devil's Rejects, 3 from Hell, which was released in September 2019. Fathom events held a 3-day theatrical opening. It is set to appear one final time in theaters before being released on DVD and Blu-ray. Reviews for the film were mixed.

Personal life
On October 31, 2002, after almost nine years of dating, she married heavy metal musician and film director Rob Zombie at the Graceland Wedding Chapel, and subsequently changed her name to Sheri Moon Zombie. As of 2019, she resided with Zombie between a home in Los Angeles and a farm in Connecticut. She is a vegan and animal rights supporter, and she houses rescued animals at her Connecticut farm.

title: Sheri Moon Zombie


text:
Bobby Ologun

Bobby Ologun (ボビー・オロゴン) is a Nigerian-born television personality and mixed martial artist with Japanese citizenship. In Japan, he is known simply as Bobby (ボビー). He speaks English, Yoruba and Japanese. He lives in Saitama, Saitama Prefecture. On July 26, 2007, he announced on Mezamashi TV that he had become a naturalized citizen of Japan, taking his wife's surname and registering officially as Bobby Konda (近田 ボビー).

He is currently working as the narrator for You wa Nani Shi ni Nippon e (YOUは何しに日本へ).

Early life
Ologun is the third brother in a family of thirty-one brothers and sisters. After graduating from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, he came to Japan as an assistant to a trading company which his father manages. In 2001, he worked a part-time job in the kitchen of a cafe in Daikanyama, Shibuya, while also first appearing in Sanma Akashiya's television program Sanma's Super Karakuri-TV on Tokyo Broadcasting System as a non-Tarento interviewee. By the end of the year, he was regular on the popular skits featured on Karakuri-TV, The Funniest Language School, as a student.

Comedy style
Foreigners who have trouble speaking Japanese are often featured in Japanese variety shows, which may explain the immediate success of Ologun. His frequent confusion (or feigned confusion) quickly made him an instant star on the Karakuri-TV show.

Some of his famous mistakes were:
 * Called the famous diviner Kazuko Hosoki, Usagi-sensei (Rabbit teacher) instead of Hosoki-sensei on her TV show.
 * Confused tensai (genius) with hentai (pervert).
 * Rearranged Ayumi Hamasaki's name into Amaguri Kayumi" (Itchy Sweet-chestnut). However, the Amaguri could have been a switchout for Hamaguri which is a type of clam that is symbolic of the vulva in Japanese culture (it is common to switch taboo words for their closest spelled or phonetic equivalent in Japanese entertainment), hence the lasting novelty of the gaffe. He is supposedly a fan of Hamasaki.
 * Routinely mistook Kinchō (nervous) with Kanchō (enema).

Ologun also stands out for using politically incorrect, racially-charged humor, often capitalizing on stereotypes of African Americans. He and fighting celebrity Bob Sapp were criticized for the perceived racism on their performances, but they defended it as part of the Japanese's cultural views towards humor. Ologun and Sapp were reportedly hugely popular among African people living in Japan.

Fighting origins and records
One of the running skits on Sanma's Super Karakuri TV featured Ologun attempting a variety of different jobs and skills in which he had no previous experience (he succeeded Tamao Nakamura in these skit performances). Inspired from watching Bob Sapp vs Tarō Akebono on K-1 Dynamite!! on New Year's Eve in 2003, Ologun tried judo on Karakuri-TV. Karakuri-TV's emcee, Sanma Akashiya (who had previously watched a VTR of Ologun struggling in the martial art and half-jokingly said, "Bobby might be able to take part in a combat sport event at the end of the year."), in reference to the New Year's Eve supershows put on by K-1, PRIDE, and Antonio Inoki's now defunct BOM-BA-YE promotion. As a result, he tried various full contact combat sports on the program.

By February 2004, he was initiated into the Pancrase stable, "GRABAKA" and studied under its founder, Sanae Kikuta. In March of that same year, he experienced a sparring match with MMA and Jiu-Jitsu legend Royce Gracie. He lost, but Ologun performed better than expected, as he was able to cut Gracie and make him bleed from his forehead. In a joke turned reality, he faced French kickboxer Cyril Abidi in K-1 Dynamite!! at the Osaka Dome on December 31, 2004. Billed as "The World's Most Dangerous Newcomer", Ologun won by three-round decision, and scored a surprise victory. This match was the only pure MMA rules bout on that night's card, giving Ologun a slight advantage due to his training and the fact that his opponent, while an accomplished kickboxer, wasn't prepared for MMA style fighting. Abidi was a last minute addition to the fight, Ologun's original opponent Mike Bernardo had to withdraw due to an injury. Additionally, there was confusion to the rule system of the bout as the captions showed it to be the general kickboxing rules but ended up as an MMA contest. Abidi was admonished for actions Ologun was doing repeatedly in the fight, such as mounted punches, which led fighting pundits to believe the fight was fixed. Abidi himself hinted the fight was fixed in a post fight interview. The Japanese media, which focused quite a bit of time on fighting events such as K-1 and PRIDE, soon dubbed Ologun Saikyō no Shirōto (The Strongest Amateur).

Ologun's next fight was against former Yokozuna, Akebono at K-1 Dynamite!! on New Year's Eve 2005. Akebono, who had a fighting record of 1-9 entering the fight, fiercely attacked Ologun in the first and second rounds. However, Ologun steadily fought his way to another three-round decision.

His next fight was a kickboxing match in Sapporo at K-1 Revenge on July 30, 2006, where he fought Asian GP champion Yusuke Fujimoto. Ologun earned the ire of the referee with unsportsmanlike conduct as he tripped and pushed over Fujimoto repeatedly, trying to punch at him afterward, and going for sucker punches after gesturing for a break, all of which led to a yellow card. At the end of the 3rd round, he tripped Fujimoto one last time and then stood over him in an unsportsmanlike fashion. Added to the knockdown he suffered in the first round, he lost his first fight and his first under K-1 rules by unanimous decision.

At K-1 Dynamite, New Year's Eve 2006, during the K-1 HERO'S was set face the 7'2", 360 lb. Choi Hong-man. Choi, on the Hero's website, warned Ologun about his in-ring behavior, saying (in Japanese), "Bobby had better grow up.", and, "If he makes me mad, he's going to the hospital.". In the subsequent fight, Ologun immediately tried a flying kick to Choi's head, but missed. This allowed Choi to capitalize and punch Ologun repeatedly in the head, leading to a stoppage of the bout after 16 seconds into the first round.

Ologun's latest fight was on the next year's K-1 Dynamite show against the returning Bob Sapp. Once again, he was defeated easily by his larger and more powerful opponent by Technical Knock Out in the first round.

Ologun made his return to martial arts against Katsuya Kitamura at Rizin 32 on November 20, 2021 He won the bout via rear-naked choke in the second round.

Assault controversies
On January 25, 2006, Ologun allegedly assaulted Katsuyuki Itō, the president of the entertainment agency, R&A Promotions, to which Ologun belongs in Shibuya. Police deliberated whether to send prosecution documents to court in lieu of the charges. According to the investigation, Ologun reportedly seized the president's clothes and acted violently by throwing around furniture because of a dispute over payment. John Muwete Muruaka, who is famous in Japan as the former private secretary of the scandalized Representative Muneo Suzuki and a member of the same agency as Ologun, happened to be there and tried to stop the fight, resulting in a scuffle between the two men.

Ologun later denied that the incident had happened saying, "I didn't hit anybody. On the contrary, I was hit by Muruaka" at a news conference on the same day. The official explanation presented later was that Ologun was being paid per the stipulations of his contract, but he did not fully understand the Japanese legalese in it, so he made a deal which he did not fully understand.

At the same time, it was found that he had lied about his age when the police checked his driver's license in Harajuku police station. He had until then claimed to have been born in 1973, but he was actually born in 1968. Ologun now uses this incident as part of his gimmick by lying about his age on his blog and on television shows as he maintains his fictitious 1973 birth year.

He was banned from appearing on Japanese television for three months and was confined to his quarters from January to April 2006 by the geinokai following the assault incident. He has since returned to television, but his appearances and bookings have been sparse as compared to before the incident. This was believed to be because the talent agency that held his contract, R&A Promotions, was not sending any jobs his way due to the bad publicity surrounding the incident. Ologun was still under contract to R&A until December 2007. For that reason, and even though he was under contract and the legality of his actions were questionable, in May 2006, Ologun announced the start of his own independent talent agency, Alemco Productions. However, on September 8, 2006 an announcement on Ologun's blog by R&A Promotions mentioned that they had come to a reconciliation with Ologun and were representing him once again.

On May 16, 2020, police were called to his residence by his Japanese national wife (Kyoko Konda) after reports that he had struck her in the face in front of their three children.

Personal life

 * Ologun's younger brother, Andy Ologun, is a K-1 lightweight mixed martial artist and kickboxer in Japan. Bobby was in his corner for his first ever fight in a losing effort at K-1 MAX 2006.
 * Ologun is married to a Japanese woman named Kyoko Konda.
 * He has five children.

In popular culture

 * Ologun is a character voiced by himself in the re-release of Shin Goketsuji Ichizoku ~ Matrimelee, namely as the new boss character. His set of moves does not involve any moves associated with K-1, however, they are more comical, possibly owing to his associations with comedy in Japanese culture. The character itself was later renamed "Bobby Strong", due to licensing reasons.
 * Ologun had a cameo appearance in 2005's angling comedy Tsuribaka Nisshi 16, a long running movie series with Japanese actor/comedian Toshiyuki Nishida.

title: Bobby Ologun


text:
Universidad de las Américas

Universidad de las Américas (University of the Americas) may refer to:

 * Universidad de las Américas, A.C., a bilingual university in Mexico City, Mexico.
 * Universidad de las Américas Puebla, a Mexican private university in San Andrés Cholula, near Puebla
 * Universidad de las Américas, Spanish name for University of the Americas (Chile), a private university based in Santiago
 * Universidad de las Américas, Spanish name for University of the Americas (Nicaragua), a private university based in Managua
 * Universidad de las Américas (Ecuador), a private university based in Quito.

title: Universidad de las Américas


text:
Crazy Beat

"Crazy Beat" is a song by English band Blur from their seventh album, Think Tank (2003). The song was written and produced by band members Damon Albarn, Alex James and Dave Rowntree in Morocco, with Norman Cook also serving as a producer. It was first serviced to alternative radio stations in the United States on 17 March 2003, by Virgin Records, while being commercially released in the United Kingdom on 7 July 2003, by Parlophone, including the songs "The Outsider" and "Don't Be" as B-sides. A three-chord song, "Crazy Beat" is a dance-pop and electropop track which draws influences of big beat and nu metal into its composition. Lyrically, it praises the effects of music and clubs on crowds.

"Crazy Beat" received mixed reviews from music critics, who generally compared it to the band's previous single "Song 2" (1997); while some felt the song was an interesting track, others saw it as "cartoonish" and out of place on Think Tank. In the United Kingdom, "Crazy Beat" peaked at number 18, while attaining lower positions worldwide. In the United States, it became Blur's first single since "Song 2" to enter the Modern Rock Tracks chart, where it reached number 22. Two music videos were released for the song. The first was directed by animation collective Shynola and features the band performing in a pub as a green audio waveform comes to life, while an alternative version was directed by John Hardwick and shows four women performing a dance routine. Blur performed "Crazy Beat" on some televised shows and live concerts.

Background and development
Recording sessions for Think Tank started in November 2001 in London with the absence of guitarist Graham Coxon, who had been battling alcoholism and depression, thus failing to turn up to the initial sessions. He eventually left the band in 2002 after he had a "mental breakdown" during these sessions. The remaining members of Blur decided to carry on recording, travelling to Morocco to continue developing the album, with the intention to "escape from whatever ghetto we're in and free ourselves by going somewhere new and exciting". The decision was influenced by a visit by vocalist Damon Albarn to the country. The band settled at Marrakesh, where they built a studio together, which "brought everyone closer". Bassist Alex James later admitted, "It was a real hassle to go to Morocco. We had to get all scruffy with customs because they wouldn't let us import our gear into the country. It was a struggle and it cost a fucking fortune", adding that it was "well worth it." Musician Norman Cook, commonly known as Fatboy Slim, was invited to collaborate on the project, as he was a "really nice injection of fresh energy at a point in the proceedings when we needed one, and he fundamentally understands music", according to James.

The villa the band had rented in Marrakesh provided several venues for recording. Hiller recalled that the drum sound for "Crazy Beat" is just the effects of a room made of a marble floor, tiled walls and a concrete ceiling, which provided a "really banging reverb". "Crazy Beat" was first conceived in a different way, with Albarn describing its first version as a "really bad version of Daft Punk". However, the band and the production involved "got sick of it and then put in that descending guitar line over it to rough it up a bit". He later resumed the track as "just a bit of fun we had with Norman", as one of the "few moments where we just let our hair down and got dumb" while recording Think Tank. During these sessions, Cook also produced "Gene by Gene", another track present on the record. In 2015, Albarn declared that he regretted including "Crazy Beat" on Think Tank, rather than a song titled "Me, White Noise", attributing his decision to outside influences at the time; the latter was actually on the record, hidden as a prologue thanks to a digital chicanery which revealed the track if the CD was rewound.

Release
"Crazy Beat" was commercially released on 7 July 2003 in the United Kingdom, by Parlophone. The release included two songs as B-sides: "Don't Be", recorded by the band in Marrakech, which was included on the CD version of the single, while "The Outsider" was featured on the 7" vinyl format. The DVD version for the single included both tracks, in addition to the music video for "Crazy Beat", as well as an exclusive animated version of the video storyboard, while the CD single included an enhanced section with the alternative video for the track. The single's cover art features a satirical portrait of the British royal family by English graffiti artist Banksy; the mural was painted on a building in Stoke Newington. In September 2009, workers sent by Hackney London Borough Council painted over most of the mural with black paint, against the building owner's wishes. However, a crowd gathered and stopped the workers to stop before destroying the artwork completely. In the United States, Virgin Records serviced the track to alternative radio stations on 17 March 2003, as the lead single from the album in the region. Additionally, "Crazy Beat" was used in a commercial for clothing company Levi's. At the time of its release, the band thought that the song did not represent the sound of Think Tank entirely.

Composition
"Crazy Beat" was written and produced by Blur, with Cook also serving as a producer. Musically, it is a dance-pop and electropop track which is based on "rowdy" three-chords. Reviewers also noted the influence of big beat and nu metal into its composition. It also features a "big rock beat and fuzz-punk guitar", along with a "pounding percussion". According to Bram Teitelman of Billboard, the song is "one of the most guitar-driven songs of the enduring act's career" and noted that it was not representative of the rest of Think Tank, which found the band "dabbling in world music". Lúcio Ribeiro from Folha de S.Paulo wrote that it was "the rock track of the record". For The Observer's Kitty Empire, "Crazy Beat" was a "raw rock tune" with "dancefloor dynamics" added by Cook. It was seen by Steve Lowe of Q as Blur's take on "I Wanna Be Your Dog" (1969) by The Stooges.

"Crazy Beat" starts with a "trademark Fatboy Slim drum loop" and vocodered vocals which repeat the track's title, before shifting into "classic Blur, with deep, grumbling guitar and ferocious analog drums." Some journalists likened the vocodered voice to that of cartoon character Donald Duck; Jeff Elbel of Paste also commented that it resembles Rick Dees' "Disco Duck" (1976). During the chorus, Albarn shouts "yeah yeah yeah!". To many reviewers, "Crazy Beat" was reminiscent of Blur's "Song 2" (1997),  as well as works by The Clash. Lyrically, it praises the effects of music and clubs on the people, in the "best music makes the people comes together style". The lyrics also namecheck the Central Intelligence Agency.

Critical reception
"Crazy Beat" received mixed reviews from music critics. According to Nigel Williamson from Uncut, the song "bears the unmistakable cartoon signature of Fatboy Slim." Steve Lowe from Q deemed the track as "the album's prime Fatboy Slim moment", and stated that it was "surely a hit". Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club noted that the song "sounds like a deranged midget", and described it as a "poundingly ingratiating track". John Lamb of The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead described it as "pulsating", and wrote that it would "fill any listener's novelty fix". The Independent staff thought that "Crazy Beat" was a "second cousin" to "Song 2", pointing out its "ironic swagger". Also calling it a cousin to the aforementioned track, Russell Baillie of The New Zealand Herald described the track as "highly infectious meaty beaty big and bouncy". Bram Teitelman of Billboard stated that "the combination of Cook's production and the aggressive guitar riff gives 'Crazy Beat' a shot of adrenaline, and it seems destined to follow in the footsteps of 'Song 2' as a fixture at sporting events." Jeres from Playlouder said that it "packs a punch, and has lots of strange squelchy devil belches for your entertainment".

Kitty Empire from The Observer commented that the song was not "Blur's finest hour, nor Norman Cook's, but it will reassure Blur-watchers (and the record company) that the band haven't entirely disappeared up Albarn's world music collection." Classic Pops Steve Harnell described it as "airhead fun", but felt that Think Tanks high points were "mostly found elsewhere". For NME's Alex Needham, the song "sounds like four old yobs making an exhibition of themselves in a disco". According to Andy Greenwald of Spin, the "escapist laddism" present on the track felt forced and hollow. Sharing a similar opinion, Sam Bloch from Stylus Magazine said that the song had a "hollow commercialism". Rob Brunner from Entertainment Weekly dismissed "Crazy Beat" as a "cartoon-voiced throwaway that’s neither deranged nor danceable". For his part, Stereogum's Ryan Leas felt it was "one of Blur’s lowest moments", and "a cartoonish retread of ideas they achieved better elsewhere"; Jeff Elbel of Paste also deemed "Crazy Beat" as "cartoonish".

Alexis Petridis from The Guardian called Cook's tracks on Think Tank, including "Crazy Beat", as "cluttered-sounding collaborations" which "fall short of their ambition", as well as "a disappointment". Devon Powers of PopMatters described it as an "energetic, punked-out rocker", although "as much as this song might appeal to the neo-DIY set — complete with its jumpy chorus and lively melody — Blur are anything but". John Murphy wrote for musicOMH that "Crazy Beat" "sits somewhat jarringly on the album"; he went on to say that it was "basically a Fatboy Slim remix of Song 2", and while it would probably be a commercial success, it "doesn’t sound quite right sat between the gorgeousness of Out Of Time and Good Song". For Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani, the song "ultimately sound[s] out of place" on the album. In a similar vein, Gareth James from Clash panned it as a "'hit-by-numbers' brash nonsense" which was "glaringly out of place" on Think Tank. Ben Gilbert from Dotmusic condemned the track, pointing out its "lazy, predictable, sub-'Song 2' primal noise and pointless, throwaway chorus", and asserting that it was "Think Tank's weakest moment by some considerable distance". Similarly, The Line of Best Fit's Thomas Hannan described it as a "sub-'Song 2' abomination". Julian Marshall wrote for BBC Newsbeat that "Crazy Beat" "[has] aged badly", and sounded like a novelty hit.

Commercial performance
In the United Kingdom, "Crazy Beat" debuted at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart for the week dated 19 July 2003, before disappearing from the chart two weeks later. It later returned for a run of two weeks, totalling five weeks on the chart. Outside of the United Kingdom, the song attained lower positions; in Scotland, it reached number 26, while peaking at number 41 in Ireland and 20 in Sweden. In the United States, "Crazy Beat" reached number 22 on the Alternative Airplay chart, compiled by Billboard; it became Blur's first appearance on the chart since "Song 2", as well as their last until "The Narcissist" (2023). In Canada, the single also peaked at number 30 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. Across the pan-Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, the track peaked at number 63 for the week dated 26 July 2003.

Music video
Two music videos were created to accompany the single's release. The first was directed by animation collective Shynola in late March 2003 at Ealing Studios in London and premiered through MTV's website the following month. It was also sent to rotation on MTV2 in May 2003. The visual sees the band performing the song in a pub as a green audio waveform comes to life while vibrating in time with the music. An alternate video was directed by John Hardwick; it shows four women performing a dance routine to the song, wearing matching brown dresses and blonde wigs.

Live performances
Although MTV reported Blur was annoyed to play the song on television shows at the time of its release, "Crazy Beat" was performed on Top of the Pops, Headliners and Supersonic. The song was also played during a series of shows supporting Think Tank in 2003.

Track listings

 * UK 7-inch single
 * 1) "Crazy Beat" – 3:14
 * 2) "The Outsider" – 5:13

 * UK CD single and Australian maxi-single
 * 1) "Crazy Beat" – 3:14
 * 2) "Don't Be" – 2:39
 * 3) "Crazy Beat" (alternative video) – 3:35

 * UK DVD single
 * 1) "Crazy Beat" (video) – 3:22
 * 2) "Don't Be" – 2:38
 * 3) "The Outsider" – 5:13
 * 4) "Crazy Beat" (animatic) – 1:56

 * Canadian CD single
 * 1) "Crazy Beat" – 3:14
 * 2) "Tune Two" – 3:48

Credits and personnel
Credits and personnel are adapted from the Think Tank album liner notes.
 * Damon Albarn – vocals, songwriter, producer, guitars, programming
 * Alex James – songwriter, producer, bass, backing vocals
 * Dave Rowntree – songwriter, producer, drums, programming
 * Fatboy Slim – producer, keyboards, synths, programming, effects
 * Ben Hillier – percussion, engineering, mixing
 * Jason Cox – production assistant, engineering
 * James Dring – additional engineering, programming

title: Crazy Beat


text:
Talk:Hornfel

Note: I reversed the previous page move. Hornfels is the singular term and used as such in the article as well as common (geological) current usage. Vsmith 03:59, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hornfel


text:
Canadian Institutes of Health Research

The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada; IRSC) is a federal agency responsible for funding health and medical research in Canada. Comprising 13 institutes, it is the successor to the Medical Research Council of Canada.

CIHR supports more than 15,000 researchers and trainees through grants, fellowships, scholarships, and other funding, as part of the federal government's investment in health research. The peer review process is a vital part of CIHR. Review by panels of peers from the research community ensures that proposals approved for funding by CIHR meet internationally accepted standards of scientific excellence.

Along with the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, the CIHR forms the major source of federal government funding to post-secondary research and are collectively referred to as the "Tri-Council" or "Tri-Agency".

History
CIHR was created by an Act of Parliament on June 7, 2000, bringing together existing government activities. CIHR's annual budget is approximately $1.2 billion.

In 2021, Carrie Bourassa, the scientific director of CIHR's Indigenous health arm, was placed on immediate leave after the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) found no evidence to support her repeated claims of Indigenous ancestry.

Governance
CIHR is a departmental corporation listed in Schedule II of the Financial Administration Act. As an arms' length agency of government, it is accountable to Parliament through the minister of health. CIHR is managed by the president and the 17 members of Governing Council, who are assisted by various Standing and Advisory Committees and a 7-member executive team.

President
Alan Bernstein was the founding president of the agency (2000-2007), followed by Alain Beaudet (2008-2017). Michael Strong, an ALS researcher, was announced as the new president in June 2018.

Institute structure
CIHR consists of 13 institutes, each headed by a Scientific Director and assisted by an Institute Advisory Board. They work together to shape a national health research agenda for Canada. The institutes bring together researchers, health professionals, and policy-makers from voluntary health organizations, provincial government agencies, international research organizations, and industry and patient groups from across the country with a shared interest in improving the health of Canadians.

The work of the institutes embraces the four pillars of health research:
 * 1) biomedical;
 * 2) clinical;
 * 3) health services; and
 * 4) population health.

A major goal of the institutes is to forge relationships across disciplines to stimulate integrative, multifaceted research agendas that respond to society's health priorities while adhering to the highest ethical standards.

Member institutes
Each institute focuses on a specific area of research.
 * Institute of Aging
 * Institute of Cancer Research
 * Institute of Circulatory and Respiratory Health
 * Institute of Gender and Health
 * Institute of Genetics
 * Institute of Health Services and Policy Research
 * Institute of Human Development, Child and Youth Health
 * Institute of Indigenous Peoples' Health
 * Institute of Infection and Immunity
 * Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis
 * Institute of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Addiction
 * Institute of Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes
 * Institute of Population and Public Health

COVID-19
In June 2020, CIHR provided $109 million in funding to 139 research teams across Canada for COVID-19 research. Over the coming months and years, CIHR provided additional funding for COVID-19 research, totaling $430 million by June 2022. CIHR also worked with domestic and global partners to fund research and ensure the alignment and coordination of Canada's research with the international response. On February 16, 2021, CIHR launched the CIHR-CEPI Leadership Award for Excellence in Vaccine Research for Infectious Diseases of Epidemic Potential, co-administered with the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). The results were announced in April 2023 along with a $100 million investment from Global Affairs Canada to support CEPI's new five-year strategic plan to accelerate the development of vaccines.

title: Canadian Institutes of Health Research


text:
Alluvium (peercasting)

Alluvium is open source peercasting software developed by the Foundation for Decentralization Research, first released in 2003. It comprises three components, Core, Media Player, and Server. Alluvium allows video and audio programming to be broadcast over the Internet using swarming technology. It is powered by Onion Networks' Swarmcast, and is notable for its incorporation of server-side time-based playlists, and client software which examines those playlists and begins streaming content from the server(and available peers) per that schedule, simplifying the creation of continuous-broadcast video and audio.

Technical overview
Alluvium is a technology for low-cost streaming media broadcasts. It differs in method from server-to-client streaming servers such as icecast, Real Server, and QuickTime Streaming Server. It requires only a standard web server and client software. No additional modules or CGI scripts are required for its operation.

Web Server
The web server handles static files: content, and the playlist(s). The Alluvium playlist file is a text file, residing on the web server, written in the Alluvium playlist format, which is based on the RSS 1.0 news format. The playlist file specifies the play order of URLs that can be hosted anywhere on the web. All RSS tags used are standard tags from existing schemas. An Alluvium playlist file can be generated using the Broadcaster playlist generation tool.

The web server is configured to deliver Alluvium playlists with MIME type Content-Type: application/x-alluvium for files with the extension .rss

Client software
The client software, running on each listener's computer, scans through a playlist file until it finds an entry which is scheduled for the current time, then fetches that media. Files are downloaded using the Open Content Network (OCN) utilizing Swarmcast swarming download technology. After the first file download has started, the client immediately sends it to a locally generated icecast-compatible stream. The client's media player can then be directed to the local stream and listen to it exactly as though it was a normal icecast stream.

Swarming download operation
The client software first checks with the OCN gateway, which stores special headers for all of the files being distributed through the OCN. If the gateway doesn't know about a particular URL, it will fetch the necessary information from the URL and then cache it. The information stored by the gateway contains information needed to swarm download the file such as a hashtree.

Among the information obtained by the client from the gateway is a list of addresses for other clients who are also downloading or have recently downloaded the file. Clients download multiple parts of the file simultaneously from each other. When a certain part of the file is unavailable from other clients, a client will fetch it from the original source URL and then share that part with the other clients, minimizing the load on the server which stores the content files. The majority of data transfer happens between peers. Priority for downloading is given to chunks earlier in the file, so that file playback can happen immediately.

This swarming architecture offers savings in bandwidth and processor usage. Because most transfers happen between listeners, the source server has much less load. Also, unlike icecast, servers which serve files for Alluvium stations do not decode the files, so broadcasts can be done from low-cost, obsolete hardware with sufficiently fast I/O and network speeds.

History
Alluvium was developed as part of the Tristero project, hosted at SourceForge, by Brandon Wiley. The source code, still in beta, is available as part of the Tristero project at tristero.cvs.sourceforge.net

Alluvium was unveiled at CodeCon 2 in February 2003, generating interest in the peer-to-peer, open source, and streaming radio communities. In 2004, CodeCon 3 was broadcast live using Alluvium 2.0.

Alluvium was further developed and incorporated into software developed at and named after ActLab.TV, a peercasted TV and radio service operated by the ActLab at the University of Texas at Austin.

title: Alluvium (peercasting)


text:
Pajuçara

Pajuçara is a beach and a neighborhood in Maceió, capital of Alagoas, in Brazil. The Estádio Severiano Gomes Filho is located in the neighborhood. This beach is approximately 2 km from downtown. It is a calm water beach thanks to the reefs, which make it safe for swimming, especially for children. Near the arts and crafts fair in Pajuçara is also where the rafts leave for the natural pools formed by choral reefs, where the tourist will find floating bars.

Geography
Pajuçara is localised in the South Zone.

Climate
Pajuçara has a typical tropical climate, with warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and pleasant trade winds blowing from the ocean. January is the warmest month, with mean maxima of 31°C and minima of 22°C; July experiences the coolest temperatures, with means of 26°C and 15°C. The absolute maximum and minimum are respectively 33°C and 11,3°C.

Vegetation
Pajuçara has a Tropical forest. Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 2,000 mm (about 78 inches or 2 meters) and 1700 mm (about 67 inches). The soil can be poor because high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients. There are several common characteristics of tropical rainforest trees. Tropical rainforest species frequently possess one or more of the following attributes not commonly seen in trees of higher latitudes or trees in drier conditions on the same latitude.

Demographics
According to the 2006 census, the racial makeup of Ponta Verde district inhabitants was 95% White people and 5% Black people. People of Latin Europe descent form the largest ethnic groups in the district. Predominantly Roman Catholics religion and Portuguese language.

Economy
Pajuçara is a vibrant tourist coastal area with Hotels and Pousadas (hostels), bars, nightclubs, pubs, good restaurants, etc. Tourism is the most important segment in the district, because Pajuçara district has beautifuls beaches with their calm and blue waters, their reefs and corals. Thanks to the "barracas"(traditional restaurants/bars built on the beach sand, just close by the sea waters and resembling huge Amazonian-Indian straw huts), thanks to the modern buildings facing the sea (luxurious hotels and residential buildings), thanks to the running and cycling tracks and row of benches that follow the coastline like at Copacabana beach in Rio or Miami beach in the United States, thanks to the beach volley friendly practice and beach volley tournaments, and thanks to its beautiful squares and playgrounds, Pajuçara is a place of entertainment, healthy activities, cultural activities, meeting, and nightlife.

title: Pajuçara