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Titus Groan

Titus Groan is a novel by Mervyn Peake, first published in 1946. It is the first novel in the Gormenghast series.

Plot introduction
The book is set in the huge castle of Gormenghast, a vast landscape of crumbling towers and ivy-filled quadrangles that has for centuries been the hereditary residence of the Groan family and with them a legion of servants. The Groan family is headed by Lord Sepulchrave, the seventy-sixth Earl of Groan. He is a melancholy man who feels shackled by his duties as Earl, although he never questions them. His only escape is reading in his library. His wife is the Countess Gertrude. Large and imposing, with dark red hair, she pays no attention to her family or to the rest of Gormenghast. Instead, she spends her time either in her bedroom or in walking selected areas, in the company of a legion of birds and her white cats that alone command her affections. Their daughter is 15-year-old Fuchsia Groan, attended to by the easily upset Nannie Slagg. Self-absorbed, childish and thoughtless, she is also impulsive, imaginative and at times fiercely affectionate. Sequestered in the south wing of the castle are Sepulchrave's identical twin sisters Cora and Clarice Groan, notable for always being dressed in purple. Both suffered from epileptic fits in their youth, as a result of which their left arms and legs are "rather starved". They have the same vague and vacant personalities, lacking intelligence to the point of intellectual disability. Both crave political power and bitterly resent Gertrude, believing that she robbed them of their rightful place in the hierarchy of Gormenghast and of any involvement in its affairs. This desire for power, along with their general ignorance, allows for them to be easily manipulated by Steerpike in his quest for authority. Also important to the life of the castle is Lord Sepulchrave's personal servant, Mr. Flay, who believes in strictly adhering to the rules of Gormenghast.

At the beginning of the novel, two agents of change are introduced into the stagnant society of Gormenghast.

The first catalyst is the birth of Titus Groan, the heir to Lord Sepulchrave, which interrupts the centuries-old daily rituals which are practiced at all levels of the castle's society, from the kitchens to the Hall of Bright Carvings in Gormenghast's upper reaches. Though he is the title character and integral to the plot, Titus appears only infrequently as an infant during his first two years of life.

The second is Steerpike, a ruthlessly ambitious kitchen boy, whose rise to power drives the plot of Titus Groan. His escape from the kitchen during the castle's celebration of Lord Titus' birth introduces change into the stultified Gormenghast society. Steerpike is Machiavellian in his rise, but he can also appear charming and sometimes even noble.

Plot summary
The novel begins as the imperious and ritual-driven servant Mr. Flay seeks to inform someone new of the birth of an heir to the House of Groan in a remote part of the sprawling castle of Gormenghast. He relays the information to the curator of the Hall of the Bright Carvings, Mr Rottcodd, notable for being the focal character in the first and last scenes. A son is born to Lord Sepulchrave, Earl of Groan and monarchical ruler of Gormenghast, and his wife, Countess Gertrude. He is named Titus and entrusted to Nannie Slagg by his indifferent mother. Nannie Slagg is an elderly, somewhat senile woman who serves as the nurse and mother figure for the Groan children. She is often unsure of herself, but relishes the small bit of power that comes with raising the heir to the house of Groan. Her first duty is to go to the dwellings of the Bright Carvers just outside the walls of Gormenghast to choose a wet nurse for Titus. Keda, the widow of a well-respected Carver who has recently lost a child from her late husband, volunteers to take on the role. Keda comes to live in the castle for a time helping to raise Titus. Later, she leaves the castle walls and is impregnated by one of her previous two suitors. The suitors promptly kill each other in a duel for her hand in marriage.

On the same day as Titus' birth, an ambitious kitchen boy of seventeen by the name of Steerpike escapes from the kitchens and the obese, sadistic chef, Abiatha Swelter. Lord Sepulchrave's chief servant, Mr. Flay (Swelter's archenemy), comes upon Steerpike who has become lost in the confines of the castle, and takes him through the castle (large parts of which are uninhabited) to a room outside the quarters of the Earl and the Countess. Here, Steerpike takes the opportunity to spy on the Groan family.

Despite having led him there, the fiercely loyal Flay is angered by Steerpike's eavesdropping and locks him in a small room. Steerpike, however, escapes out of a window, risking his life above a sheer drop. He manages to climb up onto the roofs and towers of Gormenghast, and from there begins his rise to power.

After spending twenty-four hours clambering over the enormous castle searching for a means to enter, Steerpike manages to climb in through a window into the secret attic of Lady Fuchsia Groan. Fuchsia, who has a great affinity to the large area of long-abandoned attic space she has had all to herself, is at first appalled and outraged by his entry. He senses the importance of her naivety and seizes her attention by putting on an elaborate performance. She is the first of the royal characters on whom Steerpike will use his cunning to exploit.

A while later, Steerpike accompanies Fuchsia to the house of Dr. Prunesquallor, and becomes his apprentice for a while. Dr. Alfred Prunesquallor is the castle's resident physician whom readers have theorised is perhaps based on the actor Ernest Thesiger, although this is unconfirmed. He is an eccentric individual with a high-pitched laugh and a grandiose wit which he uses on the castle's less intelligent inhabitants. Despite his acid tongue, he is an extremely kind and caring man who also is greatly fond of Fuchsia and Titus. He lives with his sister Irma Prunesquallor. Though she is anything but pretty, she is considerably vain. She desperately desires to be admired and loved by men. In this position, Steerpike is able to come into even closer contact with members of the Groan family, in particular Lord Sepulchrave's twin sisters, Cora and Clarice Groan. The sisters are not very bright and are power-hungry and resentful, believing that Countess Gertrude holds the position that they rightfully deserve.

Burning of the library
Steerpike manages to use the twins' ambition for his own ends. He promises them power and influence, and convinces them that they could achieve their goal by burning down Sepulchrave's beloved library. Steerpike prepares meticulously for the act of arson. He arranges for the burning to happen when the entire Groan family and their most important servants are inside the library for a family gathering (Steerpike intentionally failed to tell the twins that they were invited as well, strengthening their feeling of bitterness towards Sepulchrave and Gertrude). He intends to lock the doors to prevent an escape, and then come through the window and save everyone inside from the fire, appearing as a hero and possibly strengthening his position and granting him more power in the castle.

Everything goes according to plan: the entire Groan family (including the Earl and his heir) and all but one of the retainers are saved. Sourdust, the old Master of Ceremonies, dies of smoke inhalation and all the books in the library are destroyed in the flames. This comes as a great blow to Sepulchrave, a rather melancholic man, to whom the library was the only joy in his otherwise monotonous life, dominated by the ritualistic duties he must perform every day, every week, every month and every year at appropriate times.

Steerpike hoped to become Master of Ritual (a very prestigious job in Gormenghast) after Sourdust died, but the title, like so many things in the castle, is hereditary, and so goes to Sourdust's seventy-four-year-old son Barquentine, who has lived almost completely forgotten in a remote part of the castle for sixty years. He is lame in his one leg, hideous, and unbelievably dirty. Barquentine is a consummate misanthrope who only cares for the laws and traditions of Gormenghast.

During the weeks following the burning, Lord Sepulchrave becomes increasingly insane, starting to believe that he is one of the Death Owls living in the Tower of Flints, the tallest tower in the castle.

Flay versus Swelter
Flay learns that Swelter intends to kill him. Flay had hit him across the face with a chain before Titus' christening, escalating a mutual loathing into plans for vengeful murder. Flay observes Swelter practising the blow with a large cleaver, and so prepares himself for an attack, acquiring a sword for his protection, in case Swelter should ever attempt to murder him while he is sleeping in front of his master's door.

Things happen differently though: Steerpike, now a full-time retainer of the twins, having quit Doctor Prunesquallor's service, angers Flay by sarcastically imitating Sepulchrave's madness. Flay loses control and hurls one of the countess's white cats at Steerpike. At that moment, the Countess enters the room, and seeing that one of her beloved cats has been abused, immediately banishes Flay from Gormenghast.

Flay is forced to learn how to survive outside the castle, and he sets up various homes in the nearby forest and on Gormenghast Mountain. Having a strong attachment to the castle, and feeling a need to watch over Steerpike and to protect Titus, Flay returns secretly to Gormenghast during the night. Four nights after Titus’ first birthday, Flay finds Swelter wandering the castle with a meat cleaver. Swelter does not know of Flay's banishment, and expects him to be sleeping where he has always slept up until now. Flay follows him to just outside Sepulchrave's door, where Swelter discovers that Flay is not there, and soon realizes that he has been followed. Flay lures Swelter to the Hall of Spiders (making use of the fact that Sepulchrave—who is by now quite insane—is sleepwalking), and there they fight a long duel. Eventually, Flay kills Swelter. Lord Sepulchrave arrives on the scene, and decides that Swelter's body should be taken to the Tower of Flints. After helping Sepulchrave carry the body to the tower, Flay is ordered to stay where he is. The mad Earl babbles about possible reincarnation, bids Flay farewell, and then drags the body into the tower by himself and is attacked and eaten by the starved Death Owls, along with Swelter's remains.

After the disappearance of the Earl and the chief cook (the exiled Flay is not able to tell anyone what has happened), Steerpike leads a search for them. Naturally, their remains are not found, but Steerpike is able to gain a good knowledge of all the rooms in the castle. Flay lives in the mountains, making two caves and a shed for himself—living in seclusion but adept as a naturalist. He later witnesses Keda's suicide as she throws herself off a ledge. Initially just one of a number of minor background characters, Keda's story shows some of the world outside the castle, and her choices, journey and resolution are among the most emotive parts of the story.

The Earling
Nine days after Sepulchrave's disappearance, Steerpike has a conversation with Barquentine. The Master of Ceremonies tells Steerpike that Titus is now to become Earl of Groan, despite the fact that he is only one year old. He also gives Steerpike the position of his assistant and heir to his post, since Barquentine does not have a child. As the apprentice to the Master of Ceremonies, Steerpike has a good, stable position in the castle, and can now study its inner workings.

Steerpike fears that Cora and Clarice are too careless and may tell others that he convinced them to burn down Sepulchrave's library. Steerpike dresses as Death and convinces the twins they will die if they ever speak of the fire. By this stage, Steerpike has considerable influence in the affairs of Gormenghast, even if he is not yet a recognised figure of authority. He still has to influence people to do his work for him. Despite this, both the Countess and Dr. Prunesquallor are disturbed and uneasy about all that has happened, and disturbed about Steerpike's sudden rise. Yet neither is able to connect Steerpike as the cause of the tragic events, as he was their apparent saviour from the fire in the library.

Soon afterwards, the "Earling" takes place, and young Titus is officially made Earl of Gormenghast. In a ridiculously elaborate ceremony on a nearby lake, little Titus holds aloft the sacred symbols of his status—the stone and ivy branch—and to the horror of observers, promptly drops them both into the lake. The scene is silent except for the shout of Titus and for the shout of Keda's unnamed baby, with a surrogate parent across the lake with the Bright Carvers.

Characters

 * Lord Sepulchrave
 * Titus Groan
 * Countess Gertrude
 * Fuchsia Groan
 * Cora and Clarice Groan
 * Mr Flay
 * Abiatha Swelter
 * Nannie Slagg
 * Barquentine
 * Steerpike
 * Sourdust
 * Dr Alfred Prunesquallor
 * Irma Prunesquallor

Other minor characters

 * Rottcodd: The curator of the Hall of the Bright Carvings and the first character introduced in the series. Rottcodd lives the life of a recluse in the castle, rarely speaking to anyone and, when not dusting the statues at exactly seven o'clock, is usually sleeping in his hammock by the windowside. Flay feels the need to tell someone of the birth of Titus, and chooses Rottcodd, who is so cut off from the life of the castle that he is the only person left who has not heard the news. The book also ends with Rottcodd as he looks out the window at the entire population of the castle returning from Titus' Earling. Everyone had been invited except for him, as he had been forgotten.
 * Pentecost: Pentecost was one of the Outer Dwellers once, but worked himself up to become the head gardener of the palace.
 * The Poet: Known only by his professional name, the Poet holds a relatively important function of ritual in the castle. He is described as having a wedge-shaped head and a voice "as strange and deep as a lugubrious ocean". He is said to be the only person who can hold Lord Sepulchrave's interest in conversation. Steerpike comes across him on his journey across the rooftops, reciting a poem to himself out of his window. Upon realising that he has been overheard, the Poet wildly over-reacts, and tries to block up his window.
 * Rantel and Braigon: Keda's lovers, whose rivalry eventually leads to their death in a nighttime duel.
 * Bright Carvers or Mud Dwellers: Hereditary population of the extensive Mud Village situated up against and outside the walls of Gormenghast Castle, who are famed for their skill in woodcarving. Their finest carvings are displayed in the Hall of the Bright Carvings.
 * Springers, Spurter and Wrattle: Kitchen boys. Three of Swelter's helpers in the preparation of the Ceremonial Breakfast for Titus.
 * Wrenpatch and Flycrake: Kitchen boys. Swelter relishes the prospect of punishing them for arguing with each other, violating Swelter's strict orders for silence.
 * Grey Scrubbers: Hereditary cleaners of the Great Kitchen.
 * Old Man: Hermit, only known as "Old Man". He cares for Keda as she recovers from the rigours of her travels in the wilds.
 * Smelly Old Woman: The Ladies Clarice and Cora's only servant. Used by Steerpike as an example of just how low the status of the Ladies Clarice and Cora has fallen as he draws them into his power.
 * Pellet: Servant in the Prunesquallors' household. He is replaced by Steerpike at the instigation of Irma Prunesquallor.
 * Shrattle: Armourer. Holds the only key to Groan armoury.

Adaptations
In 1984, BBC Radio 4 broadcast two 90-minute plays based on Titus Groan and Gormenghast, adapted by Brian Sibley and starring Sting as Steerpike and Freddie Jones as the Artist (narrator). A slightly abridged compilation of the two, running to 160 minutes, and entitled Titus Groan of Gormenghast, was broadcast on Christmas Day, 1992. BBC 7 repeated the original versions on 21 and 28 September 2003.

In 2000, the BBC and the PBS station WGBH of Boston produced a miniseries for television, titled Gormenghast, based on the first two books of the trilogy.

In 2011, Brian Sibley adapted the story again, this time as six one-hour episodes broadcast on BBC Radio 4 as the Classic Serial starting on 10 July 2011. The serial was titled The History of Titus Groan and adapted the novels written by Mervyn Peake and the concluding volume, Titus Awakes, written by his widow Maeve Gilmore. It starred Luke Treadaway as Titus, David Warner as the Artist and Carl Prekopp as Steerpike. It also starred Paul Rhys, Miranda Richardson, James Fleet, Tamsin Greig, Fenella Woolgar, Adrian Scarborough and Mark Benton among others.

There have been stage adaptations of Titus Groan, the most recent of which was by theatre company Blackshaw and debuted at the Actors' Church in London's Covent Garden in April 2012.

title: Titus Groan


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Catholic Church in South Africa

The Catholic Church in South Africa is part of the worldwide Catholic Church composed of the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, of which the South African church is under the spiritual leadership of the Southern African Catholic Bishops Conference and the pope in Rome. It is made up of 26 dioceses and archdioceses plus an apostolic vicariate.

In 1996, there were approximately 3.3 million Catholics in South Africa, making up 6% of the total South African population. Currently, there are 3.8 million Catholics. 2.7 million are of various black African ethnic groups, such as Zulu, Xhosa, and Sotho. Coloured and white South Africans each account for roughly 300,000.

Catholic evangelization efforts have traditionally focused on Black South Africans. In the 1950s, however, an effort began to evangelize Afrikaans-speakers, who had previously been ignored by Catholic missionaries. Success in the Afrikaans Apostolate remained minimal until the death throes of Apartheid during the mid to late 1980s. As Catholic texts began to be translated into Afrikaans, sympathetic Dutch Reformed pastors, who were defying the traditional anti-Catholicism of their Church, assisted in correcting linguistic errors. By 1996, the majority of Afrikaans-speaking Catholics came from the Coloured community, with a smaller number of Afrikaner converts, most of whom were from professional backgrounds.

Most White South African Catholics are English speakers, and the majority are descended from Irish immigrants. Many others are Portuguese South Africans, many of whom emigrated from Angola and Mozambique after they became independent and disintegrated into civil war during the 1970s. Others are descended from immigrants from other European countries, such as South Africa's Italian community. The proportion of Catholics among the predominantly Calvinist white Afrikaans speakers, or Asian South Africans who are mainly Hindus or Protestant of Indian descent, is extremely small.

Jurisdictions
The Catholic Church in South Africa consists of five Archdioceses (Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, and Pretoria), 22 Dioceses, 2 Vicariates Apostolic and a Military Ordinariate. The five Ecclesiastical provinces are—
 * Bloemfontein
 * Leadership: Archbishop Zolile Peter Mpambani S.C.J., appointed 1 April 2020
 * Contains the following dioceses:
 * Bethlehem
 * Bishop Jan de Groef, M. Afr. appointed 31 December 2008.
 * Keimoes-Upington – Upington, Northern Cape
 * Bishop Edward Risi, O.M.I. appointed 14 October 2000.
 * Kimberley
 * Bishop Duncan Theodore Tsoke, appointed 03 March 2021
 * Kroonstad
 * Vacant, following the resignation of Bishop Peter Holiday due to ill-health.
 * Cape Town
 * Leadership: Archbishop Stephen Cardinal Brislin appointed 18 December 2009 and Auxiliary Bishop Sylvester Anthony John David OMI, appointed 6 June 2019
 * Contains the following dioceses:
 * Aliwal
 * Bishop Joseph Mary Kizito appointed 15 November 2019
 * De Aar
 * Bishop Adam Leszek Musiałek SCJ, appointed 17 July 2009.
 * Oudtshoorn
 * Bishop Noel Andrew Rucastle appointed 4 May 2020
 * Port Elizabeth
 * Bishop Vincent Mduduzi Zungu OFM, appointed 2 February 2014.
 * Queenstown
 * Bishop Paul Siphiwo Vanqa SAC, appointed 03 March 2021
 * Durban
 * Leadership: Archbishop Siegfried Mandla Jwara CMM, appointed 9 June 2021 and Auxiliary Bishop Elias Kwenzakufani Zondi, appointed 9 March 2023.
 * Contains the following dioceses:
 * Dundee
 * Bishop Graham Rose appointed 13 June 2008.
 * Eshowe
 * Vacant, following the transfer of Bishop Thaddaeus Kumalo to the See of Witbank.
 * Kokstad
 * Bishop Thulani Victor Mbuyisa CMM, appointed 6 April 2022.
 * Mariannhill
 * Bishop Neil Augustine Frank OMI, appointed 17 December 2021.
 * Umtata
 * Bishop Anton Sipuka appointed 8 February 2008.
 * Umzimkulu
 * Bishop Stanisław Jan Dziuba, O.S.P.P.E. appointed 31 December 2008.
 * Vicariate Apostolic of Ingwavuma
 * Bishop Vusumuzi Francis Mazibuko OMI, appointed 20 March 2023.
 * Johannesburg
 * Leadership: Archbishop Buti Tlhagale OMI appointed 8 April 2003
 * Contains the following dioceses:
 * Klerksdorp
 * Bishop Victor Hlolo Phalana appointed 25 January 2015
 * Manzini (Geographically external to South Africa – In eSwatini)
 * Bishop José Luís Gerardo Ponce de León IMC appointed 29 November 2013.
 * Witbank
 * Bishop Thaddaeus Kumalo appointed 25 November 2020.
 * Pretoria
 * Archbishop Dabula Anthony Mpako appointed 30 April 2019 and Auxiliary Bishop Masilo John Selemela, appointed 16 July 2022.
 * Contains the following dioceses:
 * Gaborone (Geographically external to South Africa – In Botswana)
 * Bishop Frank Atese Nubuasah, S.V.D, appointed 6 June 2019.
 * Polokwane
 * Bishop Jeremiah Madimetja Masela appointed 10 June 2013.
 * Rustenburg
 * Bishop Robert Mogapi Mphiwe appointed 25 November 2020.
 * Tzaneen
 * Bishop Joao Rodrigues appointed 28 January 2010.
 * Francistown (Geographically external to South Africa – In Botswana)
 * Vacant, following the tragic, sudden passing of Bishop Anthony Pascal Rebello SVD, on 4 May 2024.
 * Military Ordinariate of South Africa
 * Leadership: Archbishop Dabula Anthony Mpako appointed 30 April 2019.

Southern African Catholic Bishops Conference
The Southern African Catholic Bishops Conference is a collegial body approved by the Holy See and has as its particular aim:

"to provide the bishops of the territories mentioned above with facilities for consultation and united action in such matters of common interest to the Church as consultation and co-operation with other hierarchies; the fostering of priestly and religious vocations; the doctrinal, apostolic and pastoral formation of the clergy, religious and laity; the promotion of missionary activity, catechetics, liturgy, lay apostolate, ecumenism, development, justice and reconciliation, social welfare, schools, hospitals, the apostolate of the press, radio, television, and other means of social communication; and any other necessary activity."

Apostolic Nuncio
The Apostolic Nuncio to South Africa was Archbishop Peter Bryan Wells, from when he was appointed to the post on 9 February 2016, until his appointment to the Nunciature of Thailand on 8 February 2023. He was also the Apostolic Nuncio to Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Namibia.

Catholic Church and apartheid
Denis Hurley, Archbishop of Durban and a member of the Central Preparatory Committee of Vatican II, stands perhaps as the most eminent Catholic cleric in South African history. He was appointed bishop at the age of 31 and was a leader in opposing the apartheid regime. Like him, many senior officials within the Catholic Church in South Africa opposed apartheid, but a group of white Catholics formed the South African Catholic Defence League to condemn the church's political involvement and, in particular, to denounce school integration.

People

 * Roy Campbell, South African poet, Catholic convert, and critic of Stalinism, Nazism, and Apartheid.
 * Ernest Cole (photographer), South Africa's first black freelance photographer.
 * Blessed Benedict Daswa, a Catholic convert from the Lemba people. First South African Blessed & Martyr
 * Christopher Hope, South African journalist, playwright, and poet. In the memoir, White Boy Running, Hope relates his experiences coming from an Irish Catholic South African family, which dealt in different ways with the anti-Catholic face of Afrikaner nationalism.
 * Denis Hurley, see above
 * Anton Lembede, South African activist and founding president of the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL).
 * Owen McCann (1907–1994), President of the Southern African Catholic Bishops Conference (SACBC); South Africa's first cardinal.
 * A. P. Mda, South African activist and founder member of both African National Congress Youth League and Pan Africanist Congress of Azania.
 * Wilfrid Napier Cardinal, Archbishop emeritus of the Archdiocese of Durban
 * Franz Pfanner, Trappist Abbot and candidate for Roman Catholic Sainthood
 * Benedict Wallet Vilakazi, a linguist and Roman Catholic convert of royal descent from among the Zulu people. Also a radically innovative Zulu language poet, who combined the traditional Izibongo and other conventions of Zulu literature with both poetic meters and themes drawn from the European Romantic poetry of the 18th and early 19th centuries.

Education

 * Catholic schools in South Africa
 * Catholic secondary schools in South Africa
 * St Augustine College of South Africa

In popular culture

 * The Syringa Tree, an award-winning stage play by Pamela Gien, relates the life story of Elizabeth Grace, a White South African Catholic girl, during the Apartheid era and its aftermath.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Catholic Church in South Africa


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User talk:Minotaurspore

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG (talk) 04:36, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
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vandalism
We aren't particularly interested in "Drew Lexmond" and his (or her) conquests. Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Stewart Adcock 08:32, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Please refrain from adding nonsense to Wikipedia, as you did to Yeti. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. - UtherSRG (talk) 04:36, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Minotaurspore


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Manfred Schnelldorfer

Manfred Schnelldorfer (born 2 May 1943) is a German former figure skater. He is the 1964 Olympic champion, the 1964 World champion, and an eight-time German national champion.

Personal life
Manfred Schnelldorfer was born on 2 May 1943 in Munich, Bavaria, the son of two figure skating coaches. His father had skated in an ice revue but saw its milieu as a harmful influence.

Manfred Schnelldorfer studied architecture at TH-München but put his studies on hold for financial reasons. A resident of Munich, he is married and has two children.

Competitive
Schnelldorfer won his first competition at age eight. He was coached by his parents and skated for the Munich ERC club. Internationally, he represented the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany).

Schnelldorfer finished second behind Hans-Jürgen Bäumler at the German Junior Championships. The following year, he won the German senior title while Bäumler finished fourth.

At age 20, he won the gold medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, became one of the youngest male figure skating Olympic champions. His victory was a surprise. The favorite was Alain Calmat of France, who won the Europeans between 1962 and 1964 and was silver medalist at the 1963 Worlds.

In all, Schnelldorfer was an eight-time German champion, one-time World champion (1964), three-time bronze and two-time silver medalist at the Europeans.

Post-competitive
After his Olympic win, the Ice Capades offered Schnelldorfer a $1.5 million three-year contract but he declined because of a promise to his parents. For two years beginning in 1967, he served as the sports director, officially "national coach", of the Deutsche Eislauf Union. After his parents gave their approval, he performed with the Deutsche Eistheater from 1969 to 1973.

Schnelldorfer was also a pop singer (German: Schlagersänger) and actor before becoming a coach and sport teacher. He was the first West German national coach for figure skating between 1974 and 1981.

Schnelldorfer owns some sport shops.

Songs

 * Wenn du mal allein bist (When you are once alone)
 * Deine schönen blauen Augen (Your beautiful blue eyes)
 * Mizzie

Films

 * Holiday in St. Tropez (1964)
 * Ich kauf' mir lieber einen Tirolerhut (1965) (I prefer to buy a Tiroler hat)
 * Tausend Takte Übermut (1965) (Thousand takts high spirits)
 * Spukschloß im Salzkammergut (1966)
 * Komm mit zur blauen Adria (1966) (Come to the Blue Adriatic)

title: Manfred Schnelldorfer


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Lithophysa

A lithophysa (plural lithophysae, from Greek lithos "stone" + physan "to blow") is a felsic volcanic rock with a spherulitic structure and interior cavity with concentric chambers. Its outer shape is spherical or lenticular. They vary in size from very small up to twelve feet in diameter depending on the age of the magma chamber. These rocks are usually found within obsidian or rhyolite lava flows. Lavas low in feldspar minerals may produce a version known as snowflake obsidian.

These cavities are believed to be caused by expanding gases in tuffs and rhyolitic lavas before solidification. If the cavity becomes lined with crystals it may be referred to as a geode or if filled partially or fully with agate, jasper or opal it is called a thunderegg. The term vug is also used for similar cavities although the meaning of vug is usually restricted to cavities in rocks formed by the removal of material such as soluble minerals. These cavities usually contain layers of various colors (red, pink, gray, etc.) composed by crystals of quartz, chalcedony, hematite, fluorite and various colored oxides or other minerals.

Lithophysae are one of the many forms of silica (SiO2), as quartz, agate, opal, chalcedony, etc. They can have an average diameter 5 - 20 cm, but can be much larger (for example, 10 – at Silver Cliff in Colorado). Lithophysae are also related to the spherulites found in obsidians on the Italian island of Lipari, in Yellowstone National Park, and other places.

title: Lithophysa


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User talk:Jam2005

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User talk:Hppl

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User talk:Marc44

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St Patrick's College, Mackay

St Patrick's College is a coeducational Catholic systemic secondary school, located in, Queensland, Australia. The college's motto is "Seek and Serve Christ". The current principal is Janelle Agius.

History
St Patrick's College was founded in 1929 as St Patrick's Christian Brothers College, an all-boys school run by the Congregation of Christian Brothers. The school was situated on the Gregory Street site which is the main site of the current senior campus. From the 1870s, the River Street site of today's St Patrick's College was occupied by St Joseph's Convent School (later St Patrick's Convent School). On the closure of the convent primary school, the Christian Brothers' College obtained the use of the River Street land. On the River Street side was CBC's primary school and on the Gregory Street side was CBC's secondary school. In 1987 Our Lady of Mercy College (an all-girls school) became Mercy College, a co-educational school for junior high school (Years 7–10) and St Patrick's became a co-educational school for Years 11 and 12. In 2023, Mercy College and St Patrick's College combined to become St Patrick's College; a Years 7-12 College operating across two campuses. The site of the former Mercy College became the Mercy Campus, for students in Years 7-10, whilst the St Patrick's College site was named the Senior Campus, for students in Years 11 and 12.

Cultural life
There is a wide selection of cultural activities available within the college. Many students exhibit talent in public speaking, drama, music and the visual arts. St Patrick's College provides students with opportunities to further their creative skills, and encourages participation in cultural activities both in the college and the wider Mackay community.

The college participates in interschool debating and encourages students to enter competitions such as Lion's Youth of the Year, Youth Speaks for Australia, Rostrum Public Speaking and so on. The college has established an enviable record in the areas of dramatic performance, debating and public speaking, with St Patrick's being State Champions of Queensland in the Apex Debating Competition in 2005 and 2006, and National Champions in 2004. Debating is arguably the school's most successful extracurricular, non-sporting activity.

St Patrick's College provides opportunities for students to develop their musical talents and provides opportunities for performance. Musical tuition is available through the college in brass, woodwind and percussion, and Music is available as a subject to study. Students have the opportunity to play in the stage band and concert bands which are combined bands with Mercy College Mackay. The St Patrick's choir has attained a high reputation in the community and the handbell ensemble (being one of the largest in the southern-hemisphere) is a unique and challenging musical experience for students. In 2006, the handbell ensemble attended the World Handbell Symposium in Brisbane and were delighted to receive the top mark in Youth strand for their performance. In 2009 co-curricular arts students travelled to New Zealand for the Rhapsody Rotorua music festival and the 25th Australasian Handbell Symposium.

St Patrick's is well-renowned in the community for its high-quality bi-annual theatre productions, which have included adaptations of The Wizard of Oz, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, West Side Story (2006), Godspell (2008) and All Shook Up (2010) as well as award-winning original productions such as Bars (2007). In 2012 the college presented an adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webbers' Cats, becoming one of the first schools in Australia to perform the production.

The college also hosts a cultural dinner and cultural soiree to showcase and acknowledge students’ talents and achievements. The lunchtime comedy theatre is one of the year's attractions. St Pats regularly produces musicals or theatre restaurants, and participates in the Mackay Festival of the Arts.

Spiritual life
At St Patrick's College, all students must study a religion subject, and the college views those subjects as having the same status and importance as all other subjects in the college. Students have a choice to study either:
 * Religion & Ethics or
 * Study of Religion or
 * Cert III in Christian Ministry and Theology

Both subjects are approved by the Queensland Studies Authority (QSA) and results from both subjects will appear on students’ senior certificates. Results from Study of Religion can contribute towards students’ O.Ps. Results from Religion & Ethics, however, do not contribute towards a student's O.P score.

As St Patrick's College is a Catholic school, the college participates in various liturgies, masses and other Catholic events. While it is not a requirement to be Catholic to be enrolled at the college, all students are expected to be respectful and reverent during times of prayer within the college.

Sporting life
St Patrick's students are encouraged to participate in the many sports offered within the college. They can choose to study the subjects Physical Education or Recreation Pursuits in Years 11 and 12, which cover the theoretical and practical sides of sport. Physical Education contributes towards a students O.P score, but Recreation Pursuits does not.

An aquatics carnival, athletics carnival, triathlon, and a cross-country involve students in inter-house competition. The college sees these carnivals as an important part of school life and attendance is compulsory. In addition, there are inter-school carnivals and trials days in the following sports: athletics, Australian rules football, basketball, cricket/indoor cricket, cross country running, football, Futsal, hockey, netball, rowing, rugby league, rugby union, swimming, tennis, touch football, waterpolo, and volleyball.

Houses
The houses at St Patrick's College are all named after significant members of the Catholic Church. Rice is named after the founder of the Christian Brothers, McAuley is named after the founder of the Sisters of Mercy, Colin is named after the founder of the Marists (Society of Mary), and Chisholm is named after an Australian pioneer who helped numerous poor women on the wharves of Sydney. As of 2004, the houses have been separated along gender and year level lines, for example, in 2004 Rice house was year 12 boys.

The houses are:

Notable alumni

 * Mitchell Dunn – rugby league player
 * Ben Barba – rugby league player and 2012 Dally M Medalist
 * Martin Bella – rugby league player
 * Daly Cherry-Evans – rugby league player and 2011 Dally M Rookie of the Year
 * Cobi Crispin – bronze medal paralympian
 * Graeme Connors – country music singer, songwriter, and performer
 * Brett Dallas – rugby league player
 * Nic Ffrost – swimmer – Olympic bronze medalist – 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Tia Gostelow – Indigenous Australian singer-songwriter
 * Shannon Hegarty – rugby league player
 * Stephen Lambert – hockey player; Olympic games bronze medalist; two time Commonwealth Games gold medalist; Champions Trophy gold medalist
 * Tim Mulherin – politician; MP for Mackay, and Deputy Leader of the ALP in Queensland
 * Wendell Sailor – dual-code international rugby league and rugby union player and TV personality
 * Matthew Swann – hockey player

title: St Patrick's College, Mackay


text:
User talk:Absalom Bluxo~enwiki

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title: User talk:Absalom Bluxo~enwiki


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User talk:Romunov

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User talk:StarvinMarv

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User talk:Mikaztro

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Image Tagging Image:Vcpsmall.jpeg
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Notability of Vitara club of the philippines
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User talk:Jon.a.yap

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John Laidley

John Laidley (1791–1863) was a Virginia lawyer and politician.

Laidley was born in Morgantown, Virginia and at age twenty-one served as a militia Colonel in the War of 1812. His family was of Scottish and English descent.

As an adult, Laidley made his home in Cabell County, serving as a prosecuting attorney until his death. In 1829, he was elected to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830, appointed to the Committee of the Judicial Department. He was one of four delegates elected from the western Senatorial district of Kanawha, Mason, Cabell, Randolph, Harrison, Lewis, Wood and Logan Counties.

In 1837, he was one of the founders of Marshall University in present West Virginia.

title: John Laidley


text:
Sulfide mineral

The sulfide minerals are a class of minerals containing sulfide (S2−) or disulfide (S2(2−)) as the major anion. Some sulfide minerals are economically important as metal ores. The sulfide class also includes the selenides, the tellurides, the arsenides, the antimonides, the bismuthinides, the sulfarsenides and the sulfosalts. Sulfide minerals are inorganic compounds.

Minerals
Common or important examples include:

 * Acanthite Ag2S
 * Chalcocite Cu2S
 * Bornite Cu5FeS4
 * Galena PbS
 * Sphalerite ZnS
 * Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
 * Pyrrhotite
 * Millerite NiS
 * Pentlandite (Fe,Ni)9S8
 * Covellite CuS
 * Cinnabar HgS
 * Realgar AsS
 * Orpiment As2S3
 * Stibnite Sb2S3
 * Pyrite FeS2
 * Marcasite FeS2
 * Molybdenite MoS2

Sulfarsenides: Sulfosalts:
 * Cobaltite (Co,Fe)AsS
 * Arsenopyrite FeAsS
 * Gersdorffite NiAsS
 * Pyrargyrite Ag3SbS3
 * Proustite Ag3AsS3
 * Tetrahedrite Cu12Sb4S13
 * Tennantite Cu12As4S13
 * Enargite Cu3AsS4
 * Bournonite PbCuSbS3
 * Jamesonite Pb4FeSb6S14
 * Cylindrite Pb3Sn4FeSb2S14

Nickel–Strunz Classification -02- Sulfides
IMA-CNMNC proposes a new hierarchical scheme (Mills et al., 2009). This list uses the Classification of Nickel–Strunz (mindat.org, 10 ed, pending publication).

 * Abbreviations:
 * "*" - discredited (IMA/CNMNC status).
 * "?" - questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC status).
 * "REE" - Rare-earth element (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)
 * "PGE" - Platinum-group element (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
 * 03.C Aluminofluorides, 06 Borates, 08 Vanadates (04.H V[5,6] Vanadates), 09 Silicates:
 * Neso: insular (from Greek νησος nēsos, island)
 * Soro: grouping (from Greek σωροῦ sōros, heap, mound (especially of corn))
 * Cyclo: ring
 * Ino: chain (from Greek ις [genitive: ινος inos], fibre)
 * Phyllo: sheet (from Greek φύλλον phyllon, leaf)
 * Tekto: three-dimensional framework
 * Nickel–Strunz code scheme: NN.XY.##x
 * NN: Nickel–Strunz mineral class number
 * X: Nickel–Strunz mineral division letter
 * Y: Nickel–Strunz mineral family letter
 * ## x: Nickel–Strunz mineral/group number, x add-on letter

Class: sulfides, selenides, tellurides

 * 02.A Simple Sulfides, Selenides, etc.
 * 02.AA Alloys of metalloids with Cu, Ag, Sn, Au: 10a Algodonite, 10b Domeykite, 10d Koutekite; 15 Novakite, 20 Cuprostibite, 25 Kutinaite, 30 Allargentum, 35 Dyscrasite, 40 Maldonite, 45 Stistaite
 * 02.AB Ni-metalloid alloys: 10 Orcelite, 15 Maucherite, 20 Oregonite
 * 02.AC Alloys of metalloids with PGE: 05a Atheneite, 05a Vincentite; 10a Stillwaterite, 10b Mertieite-II, 10c Arsenopalladinite; 15a Miessiite, 15a Isomertieite, 15b Mertieite-I; 20a Stibiopalladinite, 20b Palarstanide, 20c Menshikovite; 25a Palladoarsenide, 25b Rhodarsenide, 25c Palladodymite, 25d Naldretteite, 25e Majakite, 25f Palladobismutharsenide; 30 Polkanovite; 35a Genkinite, 35b Ungavaite, 40 Polarite; 45a Froodite, 45b Iridarsenite, 45c Borishanskiite
 * 02.B Metal Sulfides, M:S > 1:1 (mainly 2:1)
 * 02.BA With Cu, Ag, Au: 05a Chalcocite, 05b Djurleite, 05c Geerite, 05d Roxbyite, 05e Digenite, 05f Anilite; 10 Bornite; 15a Berzelianite, 15b Bellidoite, 15c Umangite, 15d Athabascaite; 20a Rickardite, 20b Weissite; 25a Stromeyerite, 25b Mckinstryite, 25c Selenojalpaite, 25c Jalpaite, 25d Eucairite, 25e Henryite; 30a Acanthite, 30a Argentite*, 30b Aguilarite, 30b Naumannite, 30c Hessite, 30d Cervelleite, 30e Stutzite; 35 Argyrodite, 35 Putzite, 35 Canfieldite; 40a Fischesserite, 40a Petzite, 40b Uytenbogaardtite, 40c Petrovskaite, 40d Penzhinite; 45 Bezsmertnovite, 50 Bogdanovite, 55 Bilibinskite, 60 Chenguodaite
 * 02.BB With Ni, Fe: 05 Heazlewoodite; 10 Arsenohauchecornite, 10 Bismutohauchecornite, 10 Hauchecornite, 10 Tellurohauchecornite, 10 Tucekite; 15a Argentopentlandite, 15a Cobaltpentlandite, 15a Geffroyite, 15a Manganoshadlunite, 15a Pentlandite, 15a Shadlunite, 15b Godlevskite, 15c Sugakiite; 20 Vozhminite
 * 02.BC With Rh, Pd, Pt, etc.: 05 Palladseite, 05 Miassite; 10 Oosterboschite; 15 Jagueite, 15 Chrisstanleyite; 20 Keithconnite, 25 Vasilite, 30 Telluropalladinite, 35 Luberoite, 40 Oulankaite, 45 Telargpalite, 50 Temagamite, 55 Sopcheite, 60 Laflammeite, 65 Tischendorfite, 70 Kharaelakhite
 * 02.BD With Hg, Tl: 05 Imiterite, 10 Gortdrumite; 15 Balkanite, 15 Danielsite; 20 Donharrisite, 25 Carlinite; 30 Bukovite, 30 Thalcusite, 30 Murunskite; 35 Rohaite, 40 Chalcothallite, 45 Sabatierite, 50 Crookesite, 55 Brodtkorbite
 * 02.BE With Pb(Bi): 05 Betekhtinite, 10 Furutobeite; 15 Rhodplumsite, 15 Shandite; 20 Parkerite, 25 Schlemaite, 30 Pasavaite
 * 02.C Metal Sulfides, M:S = 1:1 (and similar)
 * 02.CA With Cu: 05a Covellite, 05b Klockmannite, 05c Spionkopite, 05d Yarrowite; 10 Nukundamite, 15 Calvertite
 * 02.CB With Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, etc.: 05a Rudashevskyite, 05a Hawleyite, 05a Coloradoite, 05a Metacinnabar, 05a Sphalerite, 05a Tiemannite, 05a Stilleite, 05b Sakuraiite, 05c Polhemusite; 07.0 Arsenosulvanite?; 10a Chalcopyrite, 10a Eskebornite, 10a Gallite, 10a Lenaite, 10a Roquesite, 10a Laforetite, 10b Haycockite, 10b Mooihoekite, 10b Putoranite, 10b Talnakhite; 15a Cernyite, 15a Hocartite, 15a Kuramite, 15a Pirquitasite, 15a Stannite, 15a Velikite, 15a Idaite, 15a Ferrokesterite, 15a Kesterite, 15b Mohite, 15c Stannoidite; 20 Chatkalite, 20 Mawsonite; 30 Colusite, 30 Germanite, 30 Germanocolusite, 30 Nekrasovite, 30 Stibiocolusite, 30 Maikainite, 30 Ovamboite; 35a Hemusite, 35a Kiddcreekite, 35a Renierite, 35a Polkovicite, 35a Morozeviczite, 35a Catamarcaite, 35a Vinciennite; 40 Lautite; 45 Cadmoselite, 45 Rambergite, 45 Greenockite, 45 Wurtzite; 55a Cubanite, 55b Isocubanite; 60 Picotpaulite, 60 Raguinite; 65 Argentopyrite, 65 Sternbergite; 70 Sulvanite, 75 Vulcanite, 80 Empressite, 85 Muthmannite
 * 02.CC With Ni, Fe, Co, PGE, etc.: 05 Zlatogorite, 05 Breithauptite, 05 Freboldite, 05 Langisite, 05 Nickeline, 05 Sederholmite, 05 Stumpflite, 05 Sudburyite, 05 Sobolevskite, 05 Achavalite, 05 Jaipurite*, 05 Hexatestibiopanickelite, 05 Kotulskite; 10 Smythite, 10 Pyrrhotite, 10 Troilite; 15 Cherepanovite, 15 Modderite, 15 Ruthenarsenite, 15 Westerveldite; 20 Makinenite, 20 Millerite; 25 Mackinawite, 30 Vavrinite; 35a Braggite, 35a Cooperite, 35a Vysotskite
 * 02.CD With Sn, Pb, Hg, etc.: 05 Herzenbergite, 05 Teallite; 10 Altaite, 10 Galena, 10 Clausthalite, 10 Alabandite, 10 Niningerite, 10 Oldhamite, 10 Keilite; 15a Cinnabar, 15b Hypercinnabar
 * 02.D Metal Sulfides, M:S = 3:4 and 2:3
 * 02.DA M:S = 3:4: 05 Bornhardtite, 05 Florensovite, 05 Carrollite, 05 Fletcherite, 05 Daubréelite, 05 Greigite, 05 Linnaeite, 05 Kalininite, 05 Polydymite, 05 Violarite, 05 Tyrrellite, 05 Siegenite, 05 Trustedtite, 05 Cadmoindite, 05 Cuproiridsite, 05 Cuprorhodsite, 05 Dayingite*, 05 Ferrorhodsite, 05 Indite, 05 Malanite, 05 Xingzhongite; 10 Rhodostannite, 10 Toyohaite; 15 Wilkmanite, 15 Brezinaite, 15 Heideite; 20 Inaglyite, 20 Konderite; 25 Kingstonite
 * 02.DB M:S = 2:3 and similar: 05 Heklaite, 05a Antimonselite, 05a Guanajuatite, 05a Bismuthinite, 05a Stibnite, 05a Metastibnite, 05b Paakkonenite; 10 Ottemannite, 10 Suredaite; 15 Bowieite, 15 Kashinite; 20 Montbrayite, 25 Edgarite, 30 Tarkianite, 35 Cameronite
 * 02.DC Variable M:S: 05 Platynite?, 05a Hedleyite, 05b Nevskite, 05b Telluronevskite, 05b Ingodite, 05b Sulphotsumoite, 05b Tsumoite, 05c Kawazulite, 05c Paraguanajuatite, 05c Skippenite, 05c Tetradymite, 05c Tellurantimony, 05c Tellurobismuthite, 05d Laitakarite, 05d Ikunolite, 05d Joseite, 05d Joseite-B, 05d Pilsenite, 05e Vihorlatite, 05e Baksanite, 05e Protojoseite*, 05e Sztrokayite*
 * 02.E Metal Sulfides, M:S £1:2
 * 02.EA M:S = 1:2: 05 Sylvanite, 10 Calaverite; 15 Krennerite, 15 Kostovite; 20 Berndtite, 20 Merenskyite, 20 Melonite, 20 Kitkaite, 20 Moncheite, 20 Sudovikovite, 20 Shuangfengite; 25 Verbeekite; 30 Drysdallite, 30 Jordisite, 30 Molybdenite, 30 Tungstenite
 * 02.EB M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.: 05a Aurostibite, 05a Cattierite, 05a Hauerite, 05a Fukuchilite, 05a Erlichmanite, 05a Geversite, 05a Insizwaite, 05a Laurite, 05a Krutaite, 05a Pyrite, 05a Penroseite, 05a Sperrylite, 05a Vaesite, 05a Villamaninite, 05a Trogtalite, 05a Dzharkenite, 05a Gaotaiite, 05b Bambollaite; 10a Frohbergite, 10a Hastite?, 10a Ferroselite, 10a Kullerudite, 10a Mattagamite, 10a Marcasite, 10b Alloclasite, 10c Glaucodot, 10d Costibite, 10e Pararammelsbergite, 10e Paracostibite, 10f Oenite; 15a Clinosafflorite, 15a Anduoite, 15a Omeiite, 15a Lollingite, 15a Nisbite, 15a Rammelsbergite, 15a Safflorite, 15b Seinajokite; 20 Paxite, 20 Arsenopyrite, 20 Gudmundite, 20 Ruarsite, 20 Osarsite; 25 Krutovite, 25 Cobaltite, 25 Changchengite, 25 Hollingworthite, 25 Gersdorffite, 25 Irarsite, 25 Jolliffeite, 25 Padmaite, 25 Platarsite, 25 Ullmannite, 25 Tolovkite, 25 Willyamite, 25 Milotaite, 25 Kalungaite, 25 Maslovite, 25 Testibiopalladite, 25 Michenerite, 25 Mayingite; 30 Urvantsevite, 35 Rheniite
 * 02.EC M:S = 1:>2: 05 Ferroskutterudite, 05 Kieftite, 05 Dienerite?, 05 Nickelskutterudite, 05 Skutterudite; 10 Patronite
 * 02.F Sulfides of Arsenic, Alkalies; Sulfides with Halide, Oxide, Hydroxide, H2O
 * 02.FA With As, (Sb), S: 05 Duranusite, 10 Dimorphite, 15a Realgar, 15b Pararealgar, 20 Alacranite, 25 Uzonite; 30 Laphamite, 30 Orpiment; 35 Getchellite, 40 Wakabayashilite
 * 02.FB With Alkalies (without Cl, etc.): 05 Cronusite, 05 Caswellsilverite, 05 Schollhornite; 10 Chvilevaite, 15 Orickite; 20 Rasvumite, 20 Pautovite; 25 Colimaite
 * 02.FC With Cl, Br, I (halide-sulfides): 05 Djerfisherite, 05 Owensite, 05 Thalfenisite; 10 Bartonite, 10 Chlorbartonite; 15a Arzakite, 15a Corderoite, 15a Lavrentievite, 15b Kenhsuite, 15c Grechishchevite, 15d Radtkeite; 20a Capgaronnite, 20b Iltisite, 20c Perroudite; 25 Demicheleite-(Br), 25 Demicheleite-(Cl)
 * 02.FD With O, OH, H2O: 05 Kermesite, 10 Viaeneite, 20 Erdite, 25 Coyoteite; 30 Haapalaite, 30 Valleriite, 30 Yushkinite; 35 Tochilinite, 40 Wilhelmramsayite, 45 Vyalsovite, 50 Bazhenovite
 * 02.X Unclassified Strunz Sulfides
 * 02.XX Unknown: 00 Horsfordite?, 00 Imgreite?, 00 Bravoite?, 00 Isochalcopyrite?, 00 Bayankhanite?, 00 Dzhezkazganite*, 00 Matraite?, 00 Iridisite*, 00 Prassoite, 00 Samaniite, 00 Horomanite, 00 Jeromite?, 00 Dilithium*, 00 Kurilite?

title: Sulfide mineral


text:
STN display

A STN (super-twisted nematic) display is a type of liquid-crystal display (LCD). An LCD is a flat-panel display that uses liquid crystals to change its properties when exposed to an electric field, which can be used to create images. This change is called the twisted nematic (TN) field effect. Earlier TN displays twisted the liquid crystal molecules at a 90-degree angle. STN displays improved on that by twisting the liquid crystal molecules at a much greater angle, typically between 180 and 270 degrees. This allows for a sharper image and passive matrix addressing, a simpler way to control the pixels in an LCD.

While STN displays were once common in various electronic devices, they have been largely replaced by TFT (thin-film transistor) displays.

Development

In 1982, C. M. Waters and E. P. Raynes patented STN displays, and by 1984 researchers at Brown Boveri (later ABB) built the first prototype STN matrix display, with 540 × 270 pixels. A key challenge was finding a way to address more pixels efficiently. Standard TN displays weren't ideal for this because of their voltage characteristics. STN displays, with their 180-270 degree twist, offered a solution. This twist allows for a clearer distinction between on and off states, making them suitable for passive-matrix addressing with more pixels.

The main advantage of STN LCDs is their lower power consumption and affordability. They can also be made purely reflective for sunlight readability. In the late 1980s, they were used in portable computers and handheld devices like the Nintendo Game Boy. While still found in some simple digital products like calculators, STN displays have largely been replaced by TFT LCDs, which offer superior image quality and faster response times.

Variants
CSTN (color super-twist nematic) is a color variant of STN displays, developed by Sharp. It uses red, green, and blue filters to create color images. Early CSTN displays had limitations like slow response times and ghosting. However, advancements have improved response times to 100 ms (still longer than the 8 ms for TFT), widened viewing angles to 140 degrees, and enhanced color quality, making them a more competitive option at about half the cost of TFT displays. A newer passive-matrix technology, high-performance addressing (HPA), offers even better performance than CSTN.

Other STN display variations were introduced, attempting to improve image quality and response times. They include:
 * Double layer STN: Uses an extra compensating layer to provide a sharper image.
 * DSTN (double STN or dual-scan STN): The screen is divided into halves, and each half is scanned simultaneously, thereby doubling the number of lines refreshed per second and providing a sharper appearance. Widely used on early portable computers.
 * FRSTN (fast-response STN)
 * : (film compensated STN, formulated STN or filtered STN): Uses a film compensating layer between the STN display and rear polarizer for added sharpness and contrast. Used on early portable computers before adoption of DSTN.
 * FFSTN (double film compensated STN)
 * MSTN (monochrome STN)

title: STN display


text:
Zeni Geva

Zeni Geva is a Japanese noise rock band featuring singer and guitarist KK Null and drummer Tatsuya Yoshida. Formed in Tokyo in 1987, the group's name translates roughly as "money violence" ("Zeni" is an old Japanese term for money, and "Geva" comes from the German "Gewalt," meaning "violence").

Zeni Geva typically performs as a trio of two guitars and drums. Their music can be diverse and experimental, incorporating elements ranging from death metal and hardcore punk to math rock, psychedelic, and noise rock. Their music is often technically unorthodox and demanding, and has earned progressive rock comparisons: critic Patrick Kennedy describes their 1993 album Desire for Agony as resembling "Motörhead meets King Crimson."

The Chicago-based Skin Graft Records has released much of the band's music in North America, and the band released several albums with the American Alternative Tentacles label.

History
Following several years in the Japanese noise rock scene that included collaborations with Merzbow and Hanatarashi, experimental noise rock guitarist and electronic programmer KK Null formed Zeni Geva in 1987 with guitarist Fumiyoshi Suzuki (also known as "NP"), vocalist Elle, and drummer Ikuo Taketani of the Japanese experimental groups The Boredoms and Hanatarashi. The group released its debut record, How to Kill, on Null's own NUX Organization label later that year. With bassist Bunsho Nishikawa replacing Elle, they released the Vast Impotenz cassette early in 1988.

Following the departure of Suzuki and Nishikawa, Null and Taketani were ultimately joined by permanent guitarist Mitsuru Tabata (also of The Boredoms) in 1988, and the group released the album Maximum Love and Fuck. Tatsuya Yoshida of the progressive rock band Ruins also joined later this year, replacing Taketani. They released the Maximum Money Monster album in 1990, packaging Maximum Love and Fuck with additional tracks featuring Yoshida on drums.

Yoshida left in 1990 and continued his prolific and lauded career with Ruins and in other projects. He was briefly replaced by drummer Yasuko, but Zeni Geva found a longer standing replacement in Eito Noro. This lineup began extensive world tours, catching the eye of such noteworthy rock figures as Steve Albini, who produced their 1991 album Total Castration, and Jello Biafra, who signed them to his Alternative Tentacles record label. They next released 1992's Live in Amerika and the collaborative All Right You Little Bastards live album with Albini performing with the band. The Albini-produced Desire for Agony marked Zeni Geva's Alternative Tentacles debut, and was followed by 1995's Freedom Bondage.

Noro left the band in 1996, and the band toured with temporary replacement Blake Fleming, an American musician. Masataka Fujikake joined as drummer shortly thereafter, and the group embarked upon further extensive touring. Despite this activity, the band did not release another studio album until 2001, six years after Freedom Bondage. Their next record, 10,000 Light Years, was released on the Neurot Recordings label, and marked their most experimental effort. Null had been making increasing use of electronic instruments of his own design, and his "nulltron" device featured prominently on 10,000 Light Years. A live album, Last Nanosecond - Live in Geneva 2002, followed in 2004.

Fujikake departed, and the band was inactive for the next several years. Null remained prolific via solo and collaborative releases, while Tabata worked with several projects, including Acid Mothers Temple. Maximum Money Monster was remastered and re-released with bonus tracks in 2007.

In 2009, Yoshida rejoined Zeni Geva, and they returned to touring. The live album Alive and Rising, recorded in September 2009 and released in February 2010, captured a live performance from this incarnation of Zeni Geva. Total Castration, remastered by Null, followed on the Nux Organization label in 2012. A European tour followed in October with a two-piece lineup of Null and Yoshida, marking Tabata's departure after more than two decades with the group.

Band members

 * Current members
 * Kazuyuki K. Null – guitar, vocals, violin, ultrasonik, nulltron, kaosspad (1987–present)
 * Tatsuya Yoshida – drums, kaosspad, vocals (1988–1990, 2009–present)

 * Former members
 * Ikuo Taketani – drums (1987–1988)
 * Fumiyoshi Suzuki – guitar (1987–1988)
 * Elle – vocals (1987)
 * Bunsho Nishikawa – bass (1988)
 * Mitsuru Tabata – guitar, synthesizer (1988–2012)
 * Yasuko – drums (1990–1991)
 * Eito Noro – drums (1991–1996)
 * Blake Fleming – drums (1996)
 * Masataka Fujikake – drums (1996–2003)

 * Timeline
 * Note: the band was inactive from 2003 to September 2009.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * How To Kill (1987)
 * Maximum Love and Fuck (1989)
 * Maximum Money Monster (1990, re-released in 2007)
 * Total Castration (1991, re-released in 2012)
 * Desire for Agony (1993)
 * Freedom Bondage (1995)
 * 10,000 Light Years (2001)

 * EPs and singles
 * Vast Impotenz cassette (1988)
 * Honowoh/Sweetheart/Bloodsex 7" (1991)
 * Nai-Ha EP (1992)
 * Disgraceland "7" (1993)
 * Autofuck 7" (1993)
 * Hatetrader split w/ X-Rated-X (1994)
 * Black Room split w/ Meathead 7" (1994)
 * Implosion (1995)

 * Live albums
 * Live 20000V split w/ Lewd (1992)
 * Live In Amerika (1992)
 * All Right You Little Bastards (live collaboration with Steve Albini) (1993)
 * Trance Europe Experience (1994)
 * Last Nanosecond - Live in Geneva 2002 (2004)
 * Alive and Rising (2010)

title: Zeni Geva


text:
User talk:Yitzy

Welcome
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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 08:40, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yitzy


text:
User talk:Jetlag

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title: User talk:Jetlag


text: File:The Crystal Lake (2000 Grandaddy single).jpg


text:
User talk:R04DRUNNER1

Welcome
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We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 08:41, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:R04DRUNNER1


text: Category:Urban planning in Singapore

title: Category:Urban planning in Singapore


text:
Mount Duneed, Victoria

Mount Duneed is a suburb of Geelong, Victoria, Australia. It is divided between the City of Greater Geelong and Surf Coast Shire local government areas. Mount Duneed itself is an extinct volcano and the remains of the crater can be seen in the Mount Duneed Recreation Reserve.

Much of the locality north of Lower Duneed Road is part of the large Armstrong Creek Growth Area, which was opened up for urban development from 2010. With the gazetting of the suburb Armstrong Creek in February 2012, Mount Duneed's southern boundary between Surf Coast Highway and Horseshoe Bend Road follows the boundary of the Armstrong Creek Urban Growth Area. The area north of Boundary Road, south of the Warrnambool railway line and west of the Surf Coast Highway, formerly part of Grovedale, became part of Mount Duneed.

European settlement
In 1852, squatter John Armstrong leased a station in the Mount Duneed area. The station covered 16 square miles and Armstrong's homestead was on the east side of Surf Coast Highway.

Between 1847 and 1850 Assistant Surveyor William Pickering began work mapping the Duneed Parish and lots of c. 640 acres became available for purchase. The large size of the blocks resulted in few sales and Armstrong continued to graze livestock over the area. In 1854, the land comprising Armstrong's River Station was again surveyed and subdivided for sale. Armstrong retained 320 acres on the east side of Surf Coast Highway and renamed his run River Station.

Summerhill - a prefabricated iron cottage erected in 1854 is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.

The Post Office opened on 15 February 1860, but was known as Connewarre for some months then Puelba until 1864. It was renamed Mount Duneed on 1 April 1864. It closed in 1959.

Duneed Aboriginal Land Reserve
From 1861 to 1907, the Duneed Aboriginal Land Reserve, located on Ghazeepore Road just south of Andersons Creek, functioned as an Aboriginal reserve.

21st century
The Geelong Airport was located in the now-excised portion of Mount Duneed, but it closed in 2011 after the area was opened up for urban residential development. As of the 2021 census, Mount Duneed has a population of 6,182.

Notable people

 * Ralph Abercrombie, Auditor-General, was born in Mount Duneed on 19 July 1881 and lived there until 1882. His father was the local school teacher.
 * Rupert Vance "Mick" Moon, Victoria Cross recipient lived at "Calder Park", Mount Duneed from 1954 - 1978 and is buried at the Mount Duneed Cemetery.
 * AFL football player, Taylor Adams

title: Mount Duneed, Victoria


text:
Hemiballismus

Hemiballismus or hemiballism is a basal ganglia syndrome resulting from damage to the subthalamic nucleus in the basal ganglia. Hemiballismus is a rare hyperkinetic movement disorder, that is characterized by violent involuntary limb movements, on one side of the body, and can cause significant disability. Ballismus affects both sides of the body and is much rarer. Symptoms can decrease during sleep.

Hemiballismus differs from chorea in that the movements occur in the proximal limbs whereas in chorea the limb movements are in the distal limbs. Also in chorea the movements are more dance-like, flowing from one region to another.

Symptoms
Ballism was defined by Meyers in 1968 as "Repetitive, but constantly varying, large amplitude involuntary movements of the proximal parts of the limbs. This activity is almost ceaseless and movements are often complex and combined". Hemiballismus is usually characterized by involuntary flinging motions of the extremities. The movements are often violent and have wide amplitudes of motion. They are continuous and random and can involve proximal or distal muscles on one side of the body. Some cases even include the facial muscles. It is common for arms and legs to move together. The more a patient is active, the more the movements increase. With relaxation comes a decrease in movements. Physicians can measure the severity of the disorder by having the patient perform a series of basic, predetermined tasks and counting the hemiballistic movements during a set time session. The physicians then rate the patient on a severity scale. This scale gives scientists and clinicians a way to compare patients and determine the range of the disorder.

The name hemiballismus literally means "half ballistic", referring to the violent, flailing movements observed on one side of the body.

Causes
In examining the causes of hemiballismus, it is important to remember that this disorder is extremely rare. While hemiballismus can result from the following list, just because a patient has one of these disorders does not mean they will also experience hemiballismus.

Stroke
Hemisballismus as a result of stroke occurs in only about 0.45 cases per hundred thousand stroke patients. Even at such a small rate, stroke is by far the most common cause of hemiballismus. A stroke causes tissue to die due to a lack of oxygen resulting from an impaired blood supply. In the basal ganglia, this can result in the death of tissue that helps to control movement. As a result, the brain is left with damaged tissue that sends damaged signals to the skeletal muscles in the body. The result is occasionally a patient with hemiballismus.

Traumatic brain injury
Hemiballismus can also occur as a result of a traumatic brain injury. There are cases in which survivors of assault or other forms of violence have developed hemiballismus. Through these acts of violence, the survivor's brain has been damaged and the hemiballistic movements have developed.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
This disease causes neuronal loss and gliosis, which can include the subthalamic nucleus and other areas of the brain. Essentially any disorder that causes some form of neuronal loss or gliosis in the basal ganglia has the potential to cause hemiballismus.

Nonketotic hyperglycemia
Patients with nonketotic hyperglycemia can develop hemiballismus as a complication to the disease through the development of a subthalamic nucleus lesion. This is the second most common reported cause of hemiballismus. It can be found primarily in the elderly and many of the reported cases have come from East Asian origin, which suggests that there may be some genetic disposition to development of hemiballismus as a result of hyperglycemia. Hemiballistic movements appear when blood glucose levels get too high and then subside once glucose levels return to normal. This time scale for this is usually several hours. In patients with this type of hemiballismus, imaging reveals abnormalities in the putamen contralateral to the movements as well as the globus pallidus and caudate nucleus. While the hyperglycemia itself is not the cause of the hemiballistic movements, it has been suggested that petechial hemorrhage or a decreased production of GABA and acetylcholine could result secondary to the hyperglycemia. One of these issues could be responsible for the hemiballistic movements.

Neoplasms
A neoplasm is an abnormal growth of cells. Cases have shown that if this occurs somewhere in the basal ganglia, hemiballismus can result.

Vascular malformations
Vascular malformations can cause abnormal blood flow to areas of the brain. If too little blood is delivered to the basal ganglia, a stroke can occur.

Tuberculomas
This is another form of tumor that can result in the brain as a result of a tuberculous meningitis infection. This type of tumor can also damage parts of the basal ganglia, sometimes resulting in hemiballismus.

Demyelinating plaques
Demyelinating plaques attack the myelin sheaths on neurons. This decreases the conduction velocity of the neurons, making the signals received by the basal ganglia garbled and incomplete. This disorganized signal can also cause the chaotic movements characterized by hemiballismus.

Complications from HIV infection
Patients with HIV often have complications that arise along with AIDS. Hypoglycemia due to pentamidine use in patients with AIDS has been known to cause hemiballismus. In some patients, hemiballismus has been the only visible symptom to alert the physician that the patients may have AIDS. It is typically a result of a secondary infection that occurs due to the compromised immune system and the most common infection causing hemiballismus is cerebral toxoplasmosis. Most of the lesions that result from this infection are found in the basal ganglia. As long as the diagnosis is not missed, this type of hemiballismus can be treated just as well as in patients without HIV.

Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei that connects to several other areas of the brain. Due to the diverse nuclei that they contain, the basal ganglia are involved in numerous functions, including motor control. It is within this structure that hemiballismus primarily occurs in the brain.

Subthalamic nucleus
This structure within the basal ganglia innervates other structures, including a very important connection to the internal globus pallidus. The subthalamic nucleus essentially provides the excitement needed to drive the globus pallidus. Injury to this area or its efferent or afferent connections can induce this disorder contralateral to the side of the lesion. The structure itself is a regulator of motor function and is also involved in associative and limbic functions. It was traditionally thought that the disorder was only caused by injury to the subthalamic nucleus, but later studies have shown that damage to other basal ganglia regions can also be responsible for causing this disorder. Hemiballismus caused by lesions in the subthalamic nucleus is more severe than other forms of the disorder.

Globus pallidus
From recent studies, it is now thought that hemiballismus can be associated with a decreased output of the globus pallidus. This is because studies have shown that firing rates decrease from 70/s to 40/s. In addition to a decreased firing rate, degenerative neurological disorders that cause patients to exhibit hemiballistic movements show a marked decrease in the globus pallidus mass as well. Increases in activity in this area causes there to be an inhibition of the motor thalamus. This causes cortical activation and thus a movement inhibition. In the case of hemiballismus, the opposite occurs, leading to the characteristic large, irregular movements.

Putamen
The putamen is also part of the basal ganglia and can be involved in hemiballismus due to the fact that it projects to the premotor cortex through the globus pallidus. As a result, damage to this area can also cause hemiballistic movements to be seen as it is also part of the chain in movement.

Caudate nucleus
The caudate nucleus is the portion of the basal ganglia that helps control voluntary movement. Damage to this area can also result in hemiballismus as it is directly related to voluntary movement.

Cortical structures
While the majority of damage that causes hemiballismus occurs within the basal ganglia, there are still cases that have been documented on which damage to cortical structures has caused hemiballistic movements.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of hemiballismus is a clinical one, made with observation during clinical examination. Hemiballismus is a clinical sign with a number of different causes. Therefore, a diagnosis underlying this clinical sign should be sought. The observer should note sudden, flinging movements of a limb(s) and occasionally the face. This is commonly unilateral ("Hemiballismus"). The movements must be distinguished from other hyperkinetic movement disorders such as tremor (generally more rhythmic, and smaller amplitude) and chorea, akathisia and athetosis (all are often of lower amplitude and less violent).

Treatments
When treating hemiballismus, it is first important to treat whatever may be causing the manifestation of this disorder. This could be hyperglycemia, infections, or neoplastic lesions. Some patients may not even need treatment because the disorder is not severe and can be self-limited.

Dopamine blockers
When pharmacological treatment is necessary, the most standard type of drug to use is an antidopaminergic drug. Blocking dopamine is effective in about ninety percent of patients. Perphenazine, pimozide, haloperidol, and chlorpromazine are standard choices for treatment. Scientists are still unsure as to why this form of treatment works, as dopamine has not been directly linked to hemiballismus.

Anticonvulsants
An anticonvulsant called topiramate has helped patients in three cases and may be a viable treatment for the future.

ITB therapy
Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy is used to treat a variety of movement disorders such as cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis. It can also be a possibility to help treat hemiballismus. In one case, before ITB the patient had an average of 10–12 ballism episodes of the right lower limb per hour. During episodes, the right hip would flex up to about 90 degrees, with a fully extended knee. After an ITB pump was implanted and the correct dosage was found, the frequency of ballistic right leg movements decreased to about three per day, and the right hip flexed to only 30 degrees. The patient was also able to better isolate individual distal joint movements in the right lower limb. The patient currently receives 202.4 microg/day of ITB and continues to benefit almost 6 years after the ITB pump was implanted.

Botulinum injections
New uses for botulinum toxin have included treatment of hemiballismus. However, this is still in the early stages of testing. This treatment deals with the muscular manifestations of hemiballismus as opposed to the neurological causes.

Tetrabenazine
Tetrabenazine has been used to treat other movement disorders, but is now being used to treat hemiballismus. Patients using this medication have had a dramatic response. However, lowering the dosage leads to a return of symptoms. This drug works by depleting dopamine.

Antipsychotics
In one case, a patient had not been responding to haloperidol, thus the physician tried olanzapine. The patient made a significant recovery. More research is being performed on the use of these types of drugs in treating hemiballismus.

Functional neurosurgery
Surgery as a treatment should only be used on patients with severe hemiballismus that has not responded to treatment. Lesioning of the globus pallidus or deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus are procedures that can be used on humans. Usually, lesioning is favored over deep brain stimulation because of the maintenance required to continue stimulating the brain correctly and effectively.

Prognosis
In the past, the prognosis for patients with this disease had been very poor; with many patients experiencing severe disability or death. Now, patients are responding remarkably well to current treatments and the majority of patients go into spontaneous remission. For those that do not go into remission, the symptoms of hemiballismus can generally be very well controlled with medication. Due to the rarity of this disorder, scientists know very little about the details of hemiballismus.
 * There appears to be a discrepancy between this disorder in humans and animals that has yet to be explained.
 * Hemiballismus can also be induced by damage to other areas of the basal ganglia besides the subthalamic nucleus. Research is being done in these areas in order to give scientists and clinicians a better model for this disease that will ultimately lead to better diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.
 * Research is also being done on why certain treatments seem to help hemiballistic patients when they should seemingly do more harm. An example of this is why lesioning the globus pallidus seems to reduce hemiballistic movements.
 * The mechanism behind the effect of dopamine on patients' symptoms remains unknown.

History
The work of J.R. Whittier, F.A. Mettler, and M.B. Carpenter in the mid-1900s helped scientists and clinicians form a more complete picture of hemiballismus. In their experiments, several lesions were made in the basal ganglia structures in monkeys and then they monitored the results. They noticed that the majority of the time, the monkeys did not have any unusual movements. However, when at least twenty percent of the subthalamic nucleus was damaged, abnormal movements were seen in the limbs opposite to the side of the brain that was damaged. This observation caused scientists to believe that hemiballismus outside the subthalamic nucleus did not occur. It was not until much later that this classical model began to expand to include other areas of the basal ganglia and even some cortical structures. They also noticed that unlike human patients, the unusual movements in the monkeys were mainly in the lower extremities. In about half of the monkeys, the hemiballismus continued until the monkey died.

Other scientists have also worked on this perplexing disorder and have found that the symptoms can be induced by injecting kainic acid or ibotenic acid into the subthalamic nucleus. I. Hamada and M.R. DeLong found that by using these chemicals, they could destroy only four percent of the subthalamic nucleus and still see hemiballistic movements. However, the abnormal movements would usually disappear within four to five hours even though it did not appear as though the damaged tissue had healed. This suggests that the subthalamic nucleus is plastic enough to adapt to small amounts of damage in order to resume normal function.

title: Hemiballismus


text: Category:Islands of South Carolina

title: Category:Islands of South Carolina


text:
User talk:Malfidus

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If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay · Talk 08:43, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Hello Dave
Don't forget you also play the spoons. Starálfur 19:47, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Dobre daan Malfidus. Kako si? Kako vam je ime?

Wikipedia:WikiProjekt Gesprochene Wikipedia
Hello Malfidus, thanks for the spoken article Britisches Englisch. It's very helpful to hear the examples from a native speaker. I just want to remark that BBC is articulated like an english word and not like the german letters. --ElRakı ?! 15:21, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I'm glad to be of help :) I'll look to correct that mistake sometime. --Dave (talk) 19:58, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank You for Your participation in "Gesprochene Wikipedia". I just listened to Your article. It has excellent quality. Please keep up the good work. Perhaps you would be interested in speaking the article "Germany" in the English wikipedia? I think it is of great interest, and it is one of the best descriptions of Germany I have read. I think with your perfect pronunciation and great technical skill you would be the best for the job. Greetings from Germany, Longbow4u 09:22, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Hi Malfidus. I really enjoyed listening to your article. It makes a lot of sense to read that one by a native speaker. Thanks a lot :-) I wish I could vote for it on de:Wikipedia:Kandidaten für exzellente Aufnahmen, but I am not entitled to vote yet. One small remark: the sentence "Diese Aussprache hätten auch viele Sprecher angenommen, die nicht aus dem Süden Englands kommen und an diesen Schulen unterrichtet wurden." is duplicated in the recording. Cheers --Zeitlupe 00:59, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for voting in my RfA; I promise I'll wield my sacred mop with care. If you ever need me for anything, you know where to find me. Thanks again! -- Essjay · Talk 15:30, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Just take a look at this
Hi, I wasn´t aware of the fact that some people already praised your work for the German Wikiproject "Gesprochene Wikipedia", when I wrote the lines you can find under the provided link. Anyway, they certainly weren´t wrong.

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kandidaten_f%C3%BCr_exzellente_Aufnahmen#Aktuelle_Nominierungen

I do hope that your work will be moved to "Excellent recordings", because I think it belongs there. Thanks for the nice and easy way how you´ve read this article. I - for my part - did enjoy these few minutes of listening. gumboyaya —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.176.24.90 (talk • contribs) 22:38, 4 December 2006 (UTC).

Takk!!
oh..got it..thx for the explaination (explaination?..is right itsn't?)..anyway merry christmas Äpple 10:11, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Iceland
Maybe you are interested in this project... --Michkalas 16:08, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Icelandic language
After noticing your recent Iceland-related contributions, I would like to ask you to vote for the Icelandic language article in the Article Creation and Improvement Drive, your vote would be greatly appreciated if Icelandic language is nominated for ACID so that we can collaboratively improve the article. I would also like to take this opportunity to invitie you to become a member of WikiProject Iceland, as Michkalas has done above. Thank you! Max Naylor Max Naylor 15:30, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

G'day
Ég er nú ekki sammála þér um það hvort það sé "Góðan daginn" eða "Góða daginn". Flest fólk segir "Góðan daginn" en ég las á vísindavefnum að það væri vitlaust. Þú ættir að sjá afhverju:

1 - "n" þegar lýsingarorðið er eitt og sér. 2 - Það stigbreytist ekki með "n" þegar "dagur" er með greini.

Þetta hljómar samt alls ekki rangt vegna þess að fólk notar þetta alltaf en ef þú prófar að segja "Góðan deginum" þá fattar þú hversu rangt þetta hljómar fyrir mér. --S.Örvarr.S 01:04, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

lol... I thought you were Icelandic but when I viewed an old version of your userpage I found out the truth.. let me put this into English for you --S.Örvarr.S 01:08, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

I beg to differ on whether it's "Góðan daginn" or "Góða daginn". If you look at the table below you should see why:

Although folk constantly use "Góðan daginn" it is wrong when using another noun with an article. You probably don't see why but it just sounds wrong. Like saying "a men", that's wrong to a native speaker but it might not sounds so to a foreigner. --S.Örvarr.S 01:23, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Be so kind to look at my proposal on the talkpage for this article. --S.Örvarr.S 09:58, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Cambridge
Hi. I support your edits (reverts) of the Cambridge article. As it is not blatant vandalism, the Three Revert Rule still applies. If they edit it again, and you revert again, that will be your 3 edits. Drop me a message if you want me to do some reverts for you :).  Tiddly Tom  17:25, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the message of support. The reason I didn't revert again is because the original comment was posted by an admin, and I don't feel like getting into an edit war. I've left a message on that user's talkpage in case their account has been used by an unauthorised person. Please feel free to remove the comment completely if you wish - I certainly think it's absurd enough to merit being deleted without warning, as per WP:CITE! --Malfidus ~ (talk) 17:52, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know if you have seen or not, but I did find one reference to nudist cyclist, but I don't believe that one person doing it means that it should be included in the article.  Tiddly Tom  18:01, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:03, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Malfidus