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Police academy

A police academy, also known as a law enforcement training center, police college, or police university, is a training school for police cadets, designed to prepare them for the law enforcement agency they will be joining upon graduation, or to otherwise certify an individual as a law enforcement officer, typically a police officer.

Police academies train cadets on skills and tactics required to properly and effectively conduct their duties. These include legal training, driving skills, equipment training, firearm training, use of force, crisis negotiation, and de-escalation, among others. Typical facilities in a police academy include classrooms, vehicle courses, shooting ranges, running tracks, gyms, and recreational facilities, though some may also include dormitories, cafeterias, training simulators, police museums, and police-affiliated businesses such as restaurants and stores.

Police training varies in important ways around the world, with significant differences in program content, format, and instructional methods. Police academies are not used solely by police cadets, and some are also regularly used regularly by sworn officers, other law enforcement agencies, special units such as SWAT, and occasionally even civilians and other non-law enforcement personnel; for example, the 1932 Summer Olympics used the Los Angeles Police Academy's range for their shooting event.

The requirements to join a police department and attend a police academy vary by jurisdiction. Most of the time, these requirements include background checks, physical, mental, and medical exams, as well as criminal record checks.

Approaches to police instruction
Training prepares police officers with the knowledge and skills to apply contemporary standards of policing. In some countries, police education consists of an extensive process over many years. In other countries, police receive as little as 5 to 8 months of education. Most police education includes some time spent on field training, which is a supervised practicum supported by a field training officer (FTO). Police academies adhere to policies for the selection and recruitment of instructors, stress-management training, community-oriented leadership and policing training, specialist training, supervisory and management training, and liability issues associated with training.

History of police education
From the early 1800s through the early to middle 1900s, policing was conceptualized as a form of physical labor, and on-the-job training was the norm. In the middle of the 20th century, police work became more professional, but this changed a lot depending on national and local culture and politics. The "good government" ethos of the 20th century emphasized that police should be hired competitively based on merit, and entrance tests became standard practice. In some countries, the rights of ‘due process’ advanced to the point where it is necessary for police to have an understanding of the law and legal reasoning. After riots and other problems in the late 20th century, community policing methods were created to show how important social skills and knowledge of social science are. The rise of gun violence also affected police training programs, which placed more and more emphasis on the use of weapons and defensive tactics.

Classroom and field training
Police training occurs in classroom settings, on the shooting range, in the gym, and in the field. In the classroom, recruits learn the basics of law, procedures, radio codes, penal codes, etc. This type of instruction often involves formal testing, in which recruits must pass each exam with a certain minimum score. On the shooting range and in the gym, hands-on and scenario-based activities include arrest and control, defensive tactics, the use of weapons, and driving. Recruits must demonstrate proficiency in these skills. In the U.S., the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing recommended incorporating the following in topics in basic recruit and in-service trainings: policing in a democratic society; implicit bias and cultural responsiveness; social interaction skills and tactical skills; addiction; crisis intervention (mental health); policies on sexual misconduct and sexual harassment; and how to work with the LGBTQ community. They also said that training innovation hubs should be set up and that community members should be included in police training. Overall police training has also gone through a shift from vocational training to greater emphasis on academic courses. One of the intentions is to mitigate the powerful social impact of police culture. Some states are moving towards a more inclusive training culture, for instance, all Florida police officers must complete a minimum of 770 hours of state-mandated training during their initial certification, which includes training in diversity.

Uses of video as a training tool
Videos are used as a recruiting tool to engage people to apply for police training, and in attracting interest and attention, they may use action, humor, pathos or other techniques to encourage people's curiosity about policing as a career choice.

Videos may be effective in improving learners' knowledge, developing attention, reflection, and noticing skills, but the educational value of video depends upon the characteristics of the medium, content, and the learner's mental effort and expectations for learning. Video has six functions in police education to support the development of sworn officers.

In the classroom, watching and talking about videos can help people learn to pick out and pay attention to the most important parts of complicated situations. For example, students may view a video of an interaction between police and citizens, learning to able to recognize the point at which information has been gathered to establish probable cause or suspicion to justify the officer's initial action. Such activities also may sharpen the ability to interpret and reflect on what is noticed based on one's own professional knowledge and experience using description, explanation, and prediction. In policing, learning from video may cultivate systematic observation procedures that transfer to direct observation in the field. Because video provides a permanent recording that captures the complexity of social interactions, learners can examine an action with multiple objectives and from different perspectives. Learners can also stop the tape and review certain segments, focusing on specific details.

Video viewing and discussion activities cultivates professional vision. A concept used to describe the distinctive ability shared by members of a professional group to see and understand events central to their work. This is because video facilitates a shift from an individual dimension to a collective one in observation, since the same video can be shared by different observers, enabling analysis from multiple perspectives. Because viewers bring a variety of different kinds of life experiences and prior knowledge to the task of viewing video, what they notice and the meanings they infer from the video will vary greatly. For this reason, instructional practices that involve viewing and discussion need to elaborate their purposes with clear and concrete task structures and designs.

Learning from body-worn camera footage (BWC)
Video has become increasingly important in law enforcement, and society has accepted a variety of forms of surveillance because of its value in both increasing accountability and preventing crime. In a study of more than 700 police chiefs, researchers found that police chiefs with higher levels of trust in their officers were more willing to disclose raw video footage from body-worn cameras to the general public. Body-worn camera footage can be valuable for police training and supporting officer learning, particularly in situations where behaviors fall short of professionalism. But dashcams and body-worn cameras may also inadvertently increase the use of force incidents and reduce the time that the police spend on de-escalating a situation.

Demonstrations and how-to videos
Other types of videos can also provide visual and real-life examples of important policing concepts and police instructors often use video ftoconveyiimportant information and ideas, demonstrating how to use equipment, tactics, and procedures, enhaneg situational awareness, and evenbettern understang the local community. Short clips from news and entertainment programs can help address important cultural and social dimensions of police/citizen encounters, and these videos are easily accessed through social media posts and video-sharing websites. Some of the video training materials that are used in police education are so tedious and boring to watch that officers are tempted to skip out on viewing them, which is a type of cheating.

Controversies about videos used in police training
Many police recruits have entertainment-based perceptions about crime and law enforcement, and their world views may be shaped by copaganda, or entertainment media's distorted depictions of police activity. Police training videos can also reinforce harmful stereotypes. Communities concerned about police abuse of power have examined the content and format of videos used in police academies as part of police reform initiatives. In Austin, as members of the community reviewed videos used for police education, they noticed patterns that troubled them. The videos used for police instruction included many with content that included an “us-versus-them” bias that focused exclusively on officer safety that neglected to consider the safety of the community as a whole. Videos depicted officers as “good guys” and the public they interact with as “bad guys,” offering a view of the profession as primarily concerned with exercising and maintaining control, where officers are agents of control and the public stands in need of being controlled.

Albania
Albanian Police recruits are trained at the Security Academy, located in Tirana.

Australia
In Australia, the states and mainland territories run a centralised academy for the training of law enforcement personnel for agencies within a given state or territory.

The academies ensure that officers meet basic local, state and federal standards. Graduation from an approved academy program is usually required before a new law enforcement officer is placed on active duty.

The New South Wales Police Academy, Victoria Police Academy, Queensland Police Academy, Tasmania Police Academy, South Australia Police Academy, Northern Territory Police Academy, Western Australia Police Academy are state police, initial training institutions. The smaller yet distinguished Australian Federal Police Academy located in Barton, Canberra trains AFP recruits.

Austria
There are 10 police academies for the Federal Police (Bundespolizei) and several municipal police forces (Stadtpolizei), the basic training for police officers in Austria will last for 24 months.

Azerbaijan
In Azerbaijan, the Police Academy was established in 1921 by the People's Internal Affairs Commissariat of the Azerbaijan Republic and it continued to function in Baku until 1936 when the main building of the academy was moved to Mərdəkan (a district outside Baku).

In 1957, it became the Baku Private Secondary Police School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The graduates were granted legal diplomas. Initially, education spanned two years. From 1957 to 1961, the school trained personnel for Georgia, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Altai, Irkutsk, Krasnodar, Kuybyshev, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Saratov, and other states within the USSR.

The main purpose of the academy is to educate students regarding the law as well as specialised training for employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

All candidates are expected to pass an entry examination composed mostly of fitness requirements. A candidate who does not meet the physical fitness requirements, or fails assessments such as medical or MIA checks are considered to be disqualified from the competition. Applicants must be a citizen of Azerbaijan with no criminal record. The successful candidates graduate after studying for 5 years at the academy.

During the course of study, students of academy are provided with dormitories, uniforms, scholarships, and meals. Men and women are placed in separate dormitories on campus.

After graduation, the candidates are assigned police ranks and they are given positions within the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The academy studies other countries by sending officers to Germany, Austria, England, Spain, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and other countries.

Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Police Academy trains recruits of the Bangladesh Police. It also offers refreshment training for previous graduates. Each law enforcement includes specialised training and study durations.

 * Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP): Bangladesh Police Academy (1 year), foundation training at Bangladesh Public Administration Training Center (BPATC)
 * Sub-Inspector: Bangladesh Police Academy (1 year)
 * Sergeant: Bangladesh Police Academy (6 months)
 * Constable: Bangladesh Police Academy (6 months)

Bulgaria
The Bulgarian police academy is the Academy of the Ministry of Interior (Академия МВР).

Colombia
National Police of Colombia recruits are trained at the General Santander National Police Academy.

Cyprus
The Cyprus Police Academy, (Greek: Αστυνομική Ακαδημία Κύπρου), is the main educational institution for law enforcement officers in the Republic of Cyprus. Founded in 1990 as the successor to the Police Training School, the CPA is recognised as an institution of higher education by the Cyprus Council for the Recognition of Higher Education Qualifications. The CPA operates under the Ministry of Justice and Public Order as a police unit within the organizational structure of the Cyprus Police. It functions on a permanent basis, both for the education of cadet constables and for the training of all police members, regardless of rank, as part of officers' continuing education. Some legal courses are also conducted for non-police officers.

Czech Republic
The Police Education and Training Unit (PETU) was established in 2015 and is the leading agency regarding all education and training of the police forces in the Czech Republic. In the Czech Republic, the Police Academy is a university-level institution, where specialised training for police, public administration, and private security services is provided. Some branches are open to civilians while some are only for police officers and other para-military groups such as firefighters and soldiers. The schools are open to recruits holding advanced educational degrees (bachelor's degree or higher).

Basic training centers for recruits are called "secondary police schools" and every law enforcement officer must advance through one of these centers. In this system, "senior police schools" still exist that have the educational status of "higher learning", where specializations are offered.

Municipal police may have access to several training centers, and some larger cities have their own dedicated campuses. Some municipalities conduct training through privately licensed agencies.

Estonia
The Estonian Police was originally established in 1918 and then re-established in 1991 after gaining independence from the Soviet Union. The Estonia Police force consists of three units: Central Criminal Police, the Central Law Enforcement, and the Forensic Service Center. In Estonia, the Estonian Academy of Security Science is located in Tallinn and consists of four colleges including the Police and Border Guard colleges in Muraste and Paikuse. Estonia Police were the first to use Blockchain technology to allow for better policing of the people. Applicants must be in good health, have no criminal background and possess certain traits as evaluated by psychological exams.

Finland
Recruits in the Finnish Police forces receive training at the Police University College in Finland, or POLAMK. It is located in Tampere, Finland and consists of various teaching facilities and related premises, including a vehicle training facility and a training area for live-action, realistic police operations. POLAMK requires its candidates to be Finnish citizens who have completed at least a vocational qualification, upper secondary school studies or the matriculation examination. Applicants must be in good health, have no criminal background and possess certain traits as evaluated by psychological exams. The Security Intelligence Service performs a basic security background check of all applicants which includes penalties and convictions, arrests for drunkenness, racist attitudes as well as security risks. Applicants must possess, at least, a short-term driving license by the end of the application period. Basic police training requires three years of study and is considered a bachelor's degree.

After the bachelor's degree and three additional years of experience in the field of internal security, an officer is qualified to apply for Master's studies (2 years, Master's degree). Master's studies focus on management skills and supervisory tasks. The master's degree is a required qualification for command positions such as Chief Inspector or Superintendent.

Germany
In Germany policing is divided into different levels. There are different police academies (Polizeischule) for the federal police (Bundespolizei) or state police forces (Landespolizei). In addition, there are training centers for several municipal police forces as well.

Ghana
Ghana Police Service recruits are trained at the Ghana Police Academy in Tesano.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, the National Police Academy (Indonesian: Akademi Kepolisian abbreviated "AKPOL") is the main institute, training center, and school for recruits joining the Indonesian National Police to become professional officers. After 4 years in the Police Academy, cadets graduate to the rank of Police Inspector 2nd Class (Inspektur Polisi Dua), (equivalent to Second Lieutenant in the military). Graduates become first line supervisors with the rank of junior first ranking officers in the Indonesian National Police and can be deployed to different units within the force. The academy is located in Semarang, Central Java and is part of the International Association of Police Academies.

Cadet ranks in the academy are as shown below:
 * Cadet Enlisted Candidate (Calon Bhayangkara Taruna) – Trainee for the first 4 months
 * Cadet Enlisted Second Class (Bhayangkara Dua Taruna) – First Year
 * Cadet Enlisted First Class (Bhayangkara Satu Taruna) – Second Year
 * Cadet Brigadier Second Class (Brigadir Dua Taruna) – Third Year
 * Cadet Brigadier First Class (Brigadir Satu Taruna) – Fourth Year
 * Cadet Brigadier (Brigadir Taruna) – Graduating year (After this rank, they will graduate and achieve the rank of Police Inspector)

Until 1999, before the Indonesian National Police officially separated from the armed forces (ABRI), the Indonesian Police Academy ("AKPOL") also stood under the National Armed Forces Academy but now has separated from the Military and is under the auspices of the President of Indonesia, and controlled by the National Police Headquarters (Mabes Polri). Although separated from the service academies, cadets from both institutions maintain cooperative relationships through annual joint exercises. AKPOL's new cadets and fourth class cadets, alongside their armed forces counterparts, have had a joint fourth class cadet training program since 2008, after completing it the police officer cadets spend the remaining four years of study in Semarang.

India
Located in Hyderabad, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy is the national institute for training of Indian Police Service (IPS) officers before they are assigned to their respective Indian state cadres. Additionally, each state has their respective police academy for training of lower ranks below the rank of superintendent of police, such as constable, sub-inspector and many more.

Iran
Recruits of the Law Enforcement Command of Islamic Republic of Iran are trained at the Amin Police Academy in Tehran.

Ireland
In Ireland, the Garda Síochána College in Templemore is the only police academy. All trainees for the Garda Síochána and Garda Síochána Reserve study here. The basic training program is 104 weeks in the academy which is split with practical skills and training also required.

Israel
All Israel Police regular personnel are trained at the National Police Academy in Beit Shemesh, which has facilities for a wide range of training programs. Israel Border Police personnel are trained at the Border Police instructional base near Beit Horon and the basic training base near Ma'ale Mikhmas.

Italy
For prospective candidates to the Polizia di Stato, basic education is conducted at the Scuola Superiore di Polizia while the Scuola di perfezionamento per le Forze di Polizia conducts advanced education and implements courses on new legislation, regulations and operational techniques.

Japan
Each prefectural police department in Japan has a dedicated prefectural police academy. The police academy of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department is the Metropolitan Police Academy. The academies operate similarly to regular colleges or universities, and offer clubs and mandatory dormitories.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, there are fifteen police academies, one of them being the Royal Malaysia Police College in Kuala Lumpur which is a combination of four police training institutes, (the Kuala Kubu Baru Police College, the Special Branch Training School, the College of Criminal Investigation, and Traffic School), which train higher-ranking officers. The college has plans to be upgraded to a Police University in collaboration with the Sultan Idris Education University.

Moldova
Moldovan Police recruits are trained at the Ștefan cel Mare Police Academy in Chișinău.

Mongolia
National Police Agency recruits are trained at the Police Academy of Mongolia in Ulaanbaatar.

Nepal
The National Police Academy, Nepal (formerly known as the Central Police Training Centre, founded in 1956) was established with the introduction of police regulation in 1993.

New Zealand
Located in Papakowhai, approximately 2 km north of Porirua City, the Royal New Zealand Police College is the central training institution for all police recruits and police officers in New Zealand.

Nigeria
Cadets for the Nigerian Police Force who join during recruitment drives are trained in a number of police colleges and training schools, including specialized schools. In addition, the Nigeria Police Academy in Wudil, Kano State, is a federal university for police recruits. Those who earn a degree from the Nigeria Police Academy can join the police with the rank of Assistant Superintendent, though they may also use their degrees to integrate into multiple sectors of the economy.

Norway
The Norwegian Police University College offers education for the police force of Norway, including a three-year basic education program and a possible expansion that would offer a Master's degree.

Philippines
During the 1980s, the Philippine National Police Academy in Cavite served as a school for selected enlisted personnel and civilians to join as Police/Fire Lieutenants in the defunct Integrated National Police. After the merging of the Philippine Constabulary and INP on January 1, 1991, it became the primary officer school for the new Philippine National Police, the Bureau of Fire Protection and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, all under the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG).

Philippine National Police Academy graduates are automatically appointed as Inspectors/Lieutenants in the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, or the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology according to their choice of public safety curriculum during their cadetship. This is under the supervision of the DILG and the Philippine Public Safety College.

Poland
The Polish Police college is located in the town of Szczytno. Police schools are in Piła, Słupsk, Katowice, and Legionowo. Border guard training centers are located in Kętrzyn, Koszalin, and Lubań. Poland also has a "higher educational institution" called Wyższa Szkoła Policji. where officers are enrolled in academic studies and trained in modern policing techniques, weapons handling, and informatics.

Romania
Offering two levels of training for officers, (Bachelor's Degree (3 years) and Master's Degree, (2 years), The Romanian Police academy is located in București.

The Border Police School and Training Center is located in Oradea, Avram Iancu, the Coast Guard Center is in Constanta. Centers for Training Border Police Personnel are in Iași and Orsova.

Serbia
In Serbia, future police officers are trained at the Basic Police Training Centre in Sremska Kamenica, the former Police High School. The training lasts for 1 year and is followed by a 6-month probation period at a Regional Police Department. The skills the recruits learn are for general jurisdiction police officers, and after they are employed, they may specialise in a line of work (traffic police, border police, special forces, etc.). There is also the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, a higher education institution established as a legal successor of the Advanced School of Internal Affairs, formed in 1972; and Police Academy, formed in 1993.

Singapore
Recruits of the Singapore Police Force, Singapore Civil Defence Force, Central Narcotics Bureau, Singapore Prison Service, Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, and Internal Security Department, among other Singaporean law enforcement and internal security agencies, are trained at the Home Team Academy.

Slovak Republic
In the Slovak Republic, the Police College, (University), offers courses in security specialization for police, public administration, and private security services. Some branches are open to civilians, while some only allow police officers, firefighters, soldiers and the like. The schools offer bachelor's degrees, Master's Degrees, and Doctoral Degrees.

All police officers must pass through the basic training centers for new police officers, called secondary police schools.

Slovenia
In Slovenia, the police academy conducts training programs, education, and training for the police and for external users. All candidates need to have a high-school education before attending. Candidates spend eighteen months in basic training in order to become a police officer, followed by a six-month evaluation period. Advanced police school courses last two years, and require one to have been a police officer for at least two years.

South Korea
National Police Agency recruits are trained at the Korean National Police University in Asan.

Spain
In Spain, there is a Ministry of the Interior's National Police centralised academy near Ávila (40.66604°N, -4.65383°W.) The Guardia Civil runs two centralised academies, one for enlisted guardias and sub-officers in Baeza (Jaén, 37.99559°N, -3.48042°W) and another one for commanding officers in two campuses at Aranjuez (40.05222°N, -3.60072°W) and El Escorial (40.59949°N, -4.1321°W) (Madrid). The autonomous Catalan and Basque police forces —the Mossos d'Esquadra and the Ertzaintza— also have their own academies in Mollet del Vallès (Barcelona, 41.55144°N, 2.22131°W) and Arcaute (Álava, 42.85819°N, -2.61872°W). No candidates with a criminal record are accepted.

Candidates attend these centralised public academies after passing the police force's entry examination, this way recruits are already enlisted and will automatically become police officers if they don't fail the course or drop out. Recruits' training is tuition free and the candidates are paid a police cadet's wage as members of the force. Basic training ranges from 9 months for an entry-level officer of the Policía Nacional,Guardia Civil or a mosso, but realistically takes 18 months to two years including practicums and additional training. Local police forces including Madrid's or Barcelona's are often trained at these large public academies too. High-rank or highly specialised courses are longer and eventually lead to a college-like degree.

The Spanish police academies must not be confused with the many fee-paying private academias training potential candidates to pass the entry examination beforehand. While these private academies may be helpful, studying at them is not required and potential candidates are able to take the entrance examination without these courses.

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka established the Sri Lanka Police Academy in 2008, bringing together several police training institutions including the Sri Lanka Police College.

Sweden
Since 2015, police training has been entirely outsourced by the Swedish Police Authority, and is carried out at five universities: Malmö, Borås Växjö, Umeå, and Södertörn. The training covers five terms, and the last two include six months of paid workplace practicum as a Police Trainee. Applicants must possess eligibility for higher education, the personal qualities deemed necessary for the profession and meet a number of the physical requirements relating to the job.

Taiwan
National Police Agency recruits are trained at the Taiwan Police College in Wenshan District

Thailand
In Thailand, the Royal Thai Police has two levels of police academies:

Royal Police Cadet Academy for police cadet There is only one training school in the country. graduated with the rank of Police Sub Lieutenant.

Police Training Center for Non-Commissioned Officers Graduated with the rank of Police lance corporal. The training centers are divided according to operational regions, namely the Central Police Training Division for the Metropolitan Police Bureau. Training Center Of Provincial Police Region 1-9 for the Provincial Police and Border Patrol Police Training Center, Division 1-9 for Border Patrol Police.

Turkey
The Police Academy was established in 1937 to recruit police chiefs. In 1938, a police college, (high school), was established in Ankara in order to prepare students for the Police Academy. Today, the police academy recruits police officers in 26 schools located in different parts of Turkey, and police chiefs in one school located in Ankara.

Ukraine
National Police of Ukraine recruits are trained at the National Academy of Internal Affairs in Kyiv.

United Arab Emirates
In UAE, the Emirates either train their own police force or outsource training to academies of other Emirates. There are mainly two academies, one located in Abu Dhabi and the other in Dubai.

Abu Dhabi
In the Abu Dhabi Police Academy, the study program includes practical and field training. After successful completion of the program, the student is awarded a bachelor's degree in Law and Policing Sciences.

An Institute for officer training affiliated with the Police College was established in 1992. In 2002, the system of study in the college was changed to incorporate training theory programs and fieldwork.

The four years of study are divided into two levels of study consisting of eight terms:

Basic level – two years
One year for theoretical study and another for fieldwork.

Advanced level – two years
These two levels are preceded by an introductory period for the physical and psychological preparation of the students. After successful completion of the study and training programs, the student will be awarded a bachelor's degree in Police Sciences and Criminal Justice.

Dubai
The Dubai Police Academy was founded in 1987 and was granted autonomy from the police force as long as it retained some affiliation with Dubai Police General Headquarters. It was fully inaugurated in 1989 in the presence of Sheikh Maktoum Bin Rashid Al Maktoum. In 1992, degrees offered by the academy were given university equivalency.

The first class was from 1987 to 1988 and consisted of 51 cadets and 30 full-time students, (some of whom were existing police officers), which graduated in 1991. During the academic year of 1996–1997, students from other Arabic countries such as Yemen and the Palestinian Territories were admitted.

England and Wales
All candidates for the 43 police forces for England and Wales must be over the age of 18$1/2$; of a reasonable standard of physical fitness, with good health and eyesight. Candidates also must hold British citizenship, be a citizen of the Commonwealth with no restrictions on his or her stay within Britain or be a citizen of the Republic of Ireland. There are a number of entry routes, none of which require officers to train at a residential police academy. From 2007, all training was managed by the now defunct National Policing Improvement Agency with the College of Policing taking over in 2013.

Scotland
All new police officers in Scotland attend an initial 11-week training course at the Scottish Police College at Tulliallan Castle. The college has been operating since 1954 and hosts initial training of new officers as well as a range of courses such as the training of traffic officers and detectives. Many courses have received accreditation from the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) or are credit rated on the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF). Training ranges from a SCQF Level 7 for the probationer training delivered to new recruits (equivalent to an entry-level higher education course) to degree level qualifications for more specialised or senior roles such as detective training or courses for senior officers.

United States
Police academies exist in every state and at the federal level. Each state has an agency that certifies state-specific police academies and their programs. Most states have minimum physical and academic requirements to be completed prior to entry into the academy. Some states may require additional certifications before qualification as a police officer. While some states allow open enrollment in police academies, many require cadets to be hired by a police department in order to attend training. Departments and/or state certification agencies may also require individuals to pass background checks, psychological evaluations, polygraph exams, drug screenings, firearms qualifications and demonstrations of driving skills as prerequisites of employment/certification.

In an analysis of training requirements in several states by Gawker "found Louisiana law enforcement recruits typically attend 360 hours of training, while the national average is approximately 70% higher, at more than 600 hours. Louisiana requires less hours of training for law enforcement than the 1,500 hours needed to become a certified barber, the website said. "Washington, D.C., requires the most police academy training hours in the nation, at 1,120."

Researchers say police are given far more training on use of firearms than on de-escalating provocative situations.

Federal
While some federal law enforcement agencies have their own training requirements and training facilities, 91 federal law enforcement agencies (including the Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Marshals Service), require agents, officers and prospective agents/officers to attend basic and in-service training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC). FLETC, which is operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and is headquartered in Glynco, Georgia with training sites in Artesia, New Mexico, Charleston, South Carolina and Cheltenham, Maryland.

Connecticut
In Connecticut, police officer recruits receive a certification to enforce the General Statutes. Their training is conducted at "The Connecticut Police Academy" located at 285 Preston Avenue, in Meriden, CT. In order to become a certified police officer, a recruit must be a legal United States resident at least 21 years of age, have a high school diploma or equivalent, possess a valid drivers license, and not be convicted of any felonies. The to be officers then have to attend an 818-hour basic training course that covers various aspects of police work. This basic training course is certified by Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, (CALEA).

Florida
In Florida, police academies are primarily run by community colleges or state agencies. All law enforcement officers in the state are certified as such by a governing body appointed by the governor called the Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission under the Florida Department of Law Enforcement. All applicants must pass a state examination and be hired by a law enforcement agency within 4 years of graduation to be considered certified.

Kentucky
All law enforcement officers in Kentucky, (except as listed below), hired after 1998 are required to complete the minimum screening, physical training and classroom requirements of the Kentucky's Police Officer Professional Standards (POPS) prior to being certified, and acting, as a law enforcement officer. Larger agencies, such as the Kentucky State Police, as well as the Louisville Metro Police and the Lexington Division of Police, operate their own police academies and may have requirements that exceed the minimum POPS standards. Agencies in Kentucky who do not run their own academies send their prospective officers to a 20-week basic training class at the Kentucky Department of Criminal Justice Training Academy, operated by the Kentucky Justice and Public Safety Cabinet and located on the campus of Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond. Exceptions to POPS training and certification are officers hired prior to 1998 and elected law enforcement officers whose duties and requirements are set forth in the Kentucky Constitution. These include sheriffs, constables, coroners and jailers, (though generally not deputies). Many of these officeholders, however, hold POPS certification from previous employment as law enforcement officers prior to their election and some will receive POPS certification or approved equivalent training before taking office.

Maryland
In Maryland, the Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commission is the civilian governing body that sets standards for law enforcement personnel within the state. Most major law enforcement agencies operate their own academy in which recruits must pass over 550 objectives including, (but not limited to), criminal and traffic law, officer safety techniques, defensive tactics, report writing, a 40-hour block of emergency vehicle operations, a 40-hour block of First Responder, and a 40-hour block of weapon training. Most agencies operate non-resident academies; however, the Maryland State Police requires recruits to live at the academy and, dependent on their performance level for the week, may leave campus for the weekend. Many colleges such as the University of Maryland and other community colleges offer police academy instruction as well.

Michigan
In Michigan, in order to become law enforcement officers, all applicants have the option to be certified by the Michigan Commission on Law Enforcement Standards or MCOLES. All persons wishing to become police officers in the State of Michigan must be certified through MCOLES. Cadets must pass a physical fitness exam as well as a reading and writing exam. Applicants also cannot have any felonies, weapons violations, or a history of domestic violence posted on their criminal records. Police academies are most often part of community colleges, city or county police and sheriff departments, or the Michigan State Police.

After the police academy, candidates take the MCOLES test. Upon successful completion, candidates are 'certifiable' and have a period of one year to obtain employment as law enforcement officers, (if not sponsored by an agency). If a candidate is unable to obtain a law enforcement position within that year, and if the candidate wishes to be considered in the future, he/she must attend a two-week re-certification course, which adds a year to the candidate's window of opportunity.

New Hampshire
New Hampshire's PSTC, (Police Standards and Training Council), provides all training and maintains certification standards for every full and part-time law enforcement officer in the state. This includes anyone who has the power of arrest, (except federal officers), under New Hampshire law. The PSTC also provides training and certification for correctional officers employed directly by the State. All recruits must have at least a conditional offer of employment from a law enforcement agency, have a clear background check, pass a medical exam and a physical fitness test. Agencies may add other qualifications such as education, polygraph, and drug exams. The PSTC law enforcement academies require each recruit to qualify with a firearm, demonstrate driving skills, maintaining physical fitness, pass subject matter exams and scenario evaluations as a condition of certification.

Most agencies in the state use a Field Training Officer program to provide additional training and evaluation of new hires.

Texas
The agency which certifies police academies in Texas is the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement (TCOLE). Many major cities and sheriff's offices also operate their own training academies, while some smaller municipalities cooperate to maintain regional academies. Some community colleges offer police training courses as well. There are three state-level law enforcement academies: the Texas Department of Public Safety which trains state troopers, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department who train game wardens, and the Texas Department of Criminal Justice that trains state corrections officers. Police academies typically last from 18 to 30 weeks, though there are many variations. All police cadets are required to obtain at least a Basic Peace Officer Proficiency Certification from TCOLE before beginning active duty; some academies also require their cadets to obtain an Intermediate certification before graduating. TCOLE offers certifications for jailers and corrections officers, who must also undergo training prior to being commissioned, (albeit typically much less than police officers).

Utah
The basis of the Utah basic training for police officers is to protect the community and the citizens the officers are serving. They do this by completing basic training, firearms training, curriculum development, canine training, defensive tactics, emergency vehicle operations, and physical fitness training. Training for Utah officers is broken into two separate sections, called blocks. The two blocks are Special Functions and Law Enforcement. In order to be certified in the state of Utah an individual must successfully finish both blocks of training. This training is intended to teach the officers to be as professional and as up to date as possible. Officers are also required to do an additional 40 hours of training annually in order to stay up to date on all current laws and police procedures.

Venezuela
Venezuelan National Police recruits are trained at the Experimental Security University in Caracas.

Vietnam
Located in Tu Liem district, Hanoi, Vietnam, The Vietnam People's Police Academy is one of the leading schools of the Vietnam People's Public Security, training officers with university degrees and postgraduate degrees. The People's Police Academy is a training center under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Security.

In 1968, the People's Police was established within the Department of the Public Security Police (now known as the Academy of the People's Security).

Its primary responsibilities are:

 * Training police officers with university degrees and postgraduate courses;
 * Studying the scientific topics of the National Crime Prevention; Administration of State Security Order, Criminal Law, Works of Justice investigation
 * International Training Cooperation with foreign police academies

In addition to future police officers, it also trains firefighters who serve in the VPPS officer corps.

title: Police academy


text:
The Virtual Community

The Virtual Community is a 1993 book about virtual communities by Howard Rheingold, a member of the early network system The WELL. A second edition, with a new concluding chapter, was published in 2000 by MIT Press.

The book's discussion ranges from Rheingold's adventures on The WELL, computer-mediated communication and social groups and information science. Technologies cited include Usenet, MUDs (multi-user dungeons) and their derivatives MUSHes and MOOs, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), chat rooms, and electronic mailing lists. Rheingold also points out the potential benefits for personal psychological well-being, as well as for society at large, of belonging to a virtual community.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Virtual Community


text:
Disappearance of Etan Patz

Etan Kalil Patz (October 9, 1972 –May 25, 1979) was an American boy who was six years old on May 25, 1979, when he disappeared on his way to his school bus stop in the SoHo neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. His disappearance helped launch the missing children movement, which included new legislation and new methods for tracking down missing children. Several years after he disappeared, Patz was one of the first children to be profiled on the "photo on a milk carton" campaigns of the early 1980s. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan designated May 25—the anniversary of Etan's disappearance—as National Missing Children's Day in the United States.

Decades later, it was determined that Patz had been abducted and murdered the same day that he went missing. The case was reopened in 2010 by the Manhattan District Attorney's office. In 2012, the FBI excavated the basement of the alleged crime scene near the Patz residence but discovered no new evidence. Pedro Hernandez—a suspect who confessed—was charged and indicted later that year on charges of second-degree murder and first-degree kidnapping. In 2014, the case went through a series of hearings to determine whether or not Hernandez's statements before he received his Miranda warning were legally admissible at trial. His trial began in January 2015 and it ended with a mistrial that May, when 1 of the 12 jurors held out. The retrial began on October 19, 2016, and it was concluded on February 14, 2017, after nine days of deliberations, when the jury found Hernandez guilty of murder and kidnapping. Hernandez was sentenced to 25-years-to-life in prison on April 18, 2017. Hernandez will not be eligible for parole for 25 years.

Disappearance
On the morning of May 25, 1979, Etan left his SoHo apartment at 113 Prince Street by himself for the first time, planning to walk two blocks to board a school bus at West Broadway and Prince Street. He was wearing a black "Future Flight Captain" pilot cap, a blue corduroy jacket, blue jeans and blue sneakers with fluorescent stripes. He never got on the bus.

At school, Etan's teacher noticed his absence but did not report it to the principal. When Etan did not return home after school, his mother Julie called the police. At first, detectives considered the Patzes to be possible suspects but quickly determined they had no involvement. An intense search began that evening, using nearly 100 police officers and a team of bloodhounds. The search continued for weeks. Neighbors and police canvassed the city and placed missing-child posters featuring Etan's portrait, but this resulted in few leads.

Etan's father Stanley was a professional photographer and had a collection of photographs he had taken of his son. His photos of Etan were printed on countless missing-child posters and milk cartons. They were also projected on screens in Times Square.

Accusations against Jose Ramos
Assistant United States Attorney Stuart R. GraBois received the case in 1985 and identified Jose Antonio Ramos, a convicted child sexual abuser who had been a friend of Etan's former babysitters, as the primary suspect. In 1982, multiple boys had accused Ramos of trying to lure them into a drain pipe in the area where Ramos was living. When police searched the drain pipe, they found photographs of Ramos and young boys who resembled Etan. GraBois eventually found out that Ramos had been in custody in Pennsylvania in connection with an unrelated child molestation case. In 1990, GraBois was deputized as a deputy state attorney general in Pennsylvania to help prosecute a case against Ramos for sexually abusing children and to obtain further information about Etan's case. When first questioned by GraBois, Ramos stated that, on the day when Etan disappeared, he had taken a young boy back to his apartment to rape him. Ramos said that he was "90 percent sure" it was the boy whom he later saw on television. However, Ramos did not use Etan's name. He also claimed he had put the boy on a subway going uptown.

In 1991, while Ramos was incarcerated, a jailhouse informant told GraBois and FBI agent Mary Galligan that Ramos had told him he knew what had happened to Etan. Ramos even drew a map of Etan's school bus route, indicating that he knew that Etan's bus stop was the third one on the route. In a special feature on missing children, the New York Post reported on October 21, 1999, that Ramos was the prime suspect in Etan's disappearance. Ramos had been known by the Patz family and was the prime suspect all along, but in the early 1980s authorities were unable to prosecute Ramos.

Etan's body was never found, and he was declared legally dead on June 19, 2001. Stan and Julie Patz pursued and won a civil case against Ramos in 2004. They were awarded a symbolic sum of $2 million, which they have never collected. Ramos has never been criminally prosecuted for the murder of Etan. Every year, on Etan's birthday and the anniversary of his disappearance, Stan Patz sent Ramos a copy of his son's missing-child poster. On the back, he typed the same message: "What did you do to my little boy?"

Ramos has denied that he killed Etan. Ramos served a 20-year prison sentence in the State Correctional Institution in Dallas, Pennsylvania, for child molestation. He was released from prison on November 7, 2012. Soon after his release he was arrested on a Megan's Law violation.

Stan and Julie Patz had the 2004 judgment against Ramos dismissed after the 2015 trial of Pedro Hernandez convinced them that Ramos was not responsible for their son's death.

Case reopened
Manhattan district attorney Cyrus Vance, Jr. officially reopened the case on May 25, 2010. On April 19, 2012, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and New York City Police Department (NYPD) investigators began excavating the SoHo basement of 127-B Prince Street, near the Patz home. This residence had been newly refurbished shortly after Etan's disappearance in 1979, and the basement had been the workshop and storage space of a handyman. After a four-day search, investigators announced that there was "nothing conclusive found."

Confession
On May 24, 2012, New York police commissioner Raymond Kelly announced that a man was in custody who had implicated himself in Etan's disappearance. A law enforcement official identified the man as 51-year-old Pedro Hernandez of Maple Shade, New Jersey, and said that Hernandez had confessed to strangling the child. Hernandez stated in his written confession to police, "I'm sorry, I shoke [sic] him." According to a 2009 book about the case, After Etan, Etan had a dollar and had told his parents that he planned to buy a soda to drink with his lunch. At the time of Etan's disappearance, Hernandez was an 18-year-old convenience store worker in a neighborhood bodega. Hernandez said that he later threw Etan's remains into the garbage. Hernandez was charged with second-degree murder. According to a New York Times report from May 25, 2012, the police at that time had no physical evidence to corroborate his confession.

Corroborating evidence
In 2012 Jose Lopez, a man from New Jersey, reached out to investigators because he believed that Hernandez, Lopez's brother-in-law, was responsible for Etan's disappearance. Statements by Hernandez's sister, Nina Hernandez, and Tomas Rivera, leader of a Charismatic Christianity group at St. Anthony of Padua, a Roman Catholic church in Camden, New Jersey, indicated that Hernandez may have publicly confessed in the presence of fellow parishioners in the early 1980s to having murdered Etan. According to Hernandez's sister, it was an "open family secret that he had confessed in the church."

A New York grand jury indicted Hernandez on November 14, 2012, on charges of second-degree murder and first-degree kidnapping. His lawyer has stated that Hernandez was diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder, which includes hallucinations. The lawyer has also said that Hernandez has a low intelligence quotient (IQ) of around 70, "at the border of intellectual disability."

Trials and conviction
On December 12, 2012, Hernandez pled not guilty to two counts of murder and one count of kidnapping in a New York court. In April 2013, Harvey Fishbein, Hernandez's legal-aid criminal-defense lawyer, filed a motion to dismiss the case, citing that Hernandez's "confession in one of the nation's most notorious child disappearances was false, peppered with questionable claims and made after almost seven hours of police questioning." The next month, New York Supreme Court justice Maxwell Wiley ruled that the evidence was "legally sufficient to support the charges" and that the case could move forward. He also ordered a hearing to determine whether the defendant's statements could be used at trial.

A September 2014 hearing was conducted to determine whether Hernandez's statements that were made before the police had read the Miranda rights to him were legally admissible at trial. This would be influenced by whether he felt free to leave during the time before which he was Mirandized. The hearing also sought to determine whether Hernandez understood the significance of his Miranda rights and was competent to waive them when he did so. This was significant because it would decide whether any statements made after that point by Hernandez were legally admissible at trial. The actual truth or falsehood of the statements was not the focus of the hearing; rather, the question of the statements' truthfulness was to be discussed at trial, which began on January 5, 2015.

The case resulted in a mistrial in May 2015 because of a hung jury that was deadlocked 11 against 1 for conviction. A retrial began on October 19, 2016, in a New York City court, with jury deliberations in February 2017. On February 14, 2017, Hernandez was found guilty of kidnapping and felony murder. Sentencing was scheduled on February 28, with Hernandez facing 25 years to life in prison. However, Hernandez's attorneys were granted a delay in order to challenge the verdict, and no new sentencing date was set.

On April 18, 2017, Hernandez was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole after serving at least 25 years. The conviction was unanimously affirmed by the appellate court on March 26, 2020.

Aftermath
In 1983, the May 25 anniversary of Etan Patz's disappearance was designated National Missing Children's Day in the United States. In 2001, the tribute spread worldwide. The International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) coordinates the "Help Bring Them Home" campaign in 22 countries in conjunction with International Missing Children's Day.

The extensive media attention attracted by the case of Patz's disappearance has been credited with increasing public awareness of the problem of child abduction. As a result, fewer parents are willing to allow their children to walk to school, photos of missing children have been more widely distributed (for example, on milk cartons) and the concept of "stranger danger" has been promoted, the idea that all adults not known to the child must be regarded as potential sources of danger.

title: Disappearance of Etan Patz


text: Category:World Heritage Sites in Croatia


text: User talk:84.47.101.40

title: User talk:84.47.101.40


text:
Jules Violle

Jules Louis Gabriel Violle (16 November 1841 – 12 September 1923) was a French physicist and inventor.

He is notable for having determined the solar constant at Mont Blanc in 1875, and, in 1881, for proposing a standard for luminous intensity, called the Violle, equal to the light emitted by 1 cm² of platinum at its melting point. It was the first unit of light intensity that did not depend on the properties of a particular lamp. This was much larger than traditional measures such as candlepower, so the standard SI unit candela was originally defined in 1946 as 1/60 Violle.

During his career, Violle taught at several colleges including the University of Lyon and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris. He was one of the founders of the Institut d'optique théorique et appliquée and the École supérieure d'optique. He improved and invented a number of devices for measuring radiation, and determined the freezing and melting points of palladium.

Violle is believed by some to be the secret identity of Fulcanelli, a contemporary French alchemist whose true identity is still debated.

title: Jules Violle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Farmanesh

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. --Conti|✉ 03:01, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Farmanesh
Vanity--an accomplished individual, but unfortunatedly not a notable one. tregoweth 00:43, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above (and my previous vote). This guy obviously hadn't heard of a redirect, it seems. -mysekurity 01:28, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as above. Also appears to be a copyvio-- duplicates his personal web page. -- Mwanner 01:31, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 09:06, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as website copy. If at all noteworthy this content should have its site linked in his article. - Mgm|(talk) 09:44, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Redundant, even if the other were kept. Geogre 15:06, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above identical vfd. --Etacar11 23:43, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Silo Monster

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge and redirect to List of Power Rangers monsters --Conti|✉ 03:13, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Silo Monster
Monster from one episode of power rangers. Non-notable to the extreme.--InShaneee 00:43, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yea, just slightly. What is this, "powerrangerscruft"? That's too many letters! -mysekurity 01:29, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into List of Power Rangers monsters, but it doesn't need its own article. -- M P er el ( talk 02:28, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. This fits perfectly into List of Power Rangers monsters. DarthVader 04:03, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to List of Power Rangers monsters. Poli (talk • contribs) 08:26, 2005 July 11 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect as suggested. - Mgm|(talk) 09:45, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Hey, baby, wanna see my silo monster?" Merge and redirect per above, I suppose.  Geogre 15:07, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect [[royblumy|royblumy] 00:18, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to List of Power Rangers monsters as per WP:FICT. -- Lochaber 11:14, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Amir farmanesh

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Conti|✉ 03:00, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Amir farmanesh
Vanity--an accomplished individual, but unfortunatedly not a notable one. tregoweth 00:43, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The only thing that links there is this VfD tag :) -mysekurity 01:27, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, it's actually a portion of his resume in the external link. -- M P er el ( talk 02:20, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Reasons above. -Uris 04:09, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep, I think he may be just notable for inclusion. Typing "Amir Farmanesh" into google gives 215 hits, and the majority of them are relevent . I don't actually know the criteria for inclusion for government officials, but he seems notable enough from looking at that article. However, it should be moved to Amir Farmanesh.Cyclone49 06:12, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 09:05, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Curriculum vitae; we've been o'er this and o'er this. Wikipedia is not Monster.com.  Were this to already be a 3rd person, NPOV discussion of the achievements of the person's life, and were those achievements to have amounted to something significant, there would be a debate.  However, as a CV, there isn't. Geogre 15:05, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just a student building a resume at this point. Dcarrano 20:41, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn cv vanity. And only 99 unique google hits. --Etacar11 23:40, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete CV, Vanity royblumy 23:15, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Ricardo Colclough

Ricardo Sanchez Colclough (born September 26, 1983) is an American former professional football cornerback who played in the National Football League (NFL), United Football League (UFL), and Canadian Football League (CFL). He was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Kilgore College for one season (2001) under head coach Jimmy Rieves on an undefeated NJCAA football team, then played at Tusculum.

Colclough earned a Super Bowl ring with the Steelers in Super Bowl XL against the Seattle Seahawks. He was also a member of the Cleveland Browns, Carolina Panthers, and Kansas City Chiefs of the NFL, the Omaha Nighthawks of the UFL, and the Edmonton Eskimos, Hamilton Tiger-Cats, and Toronto Argonauts of the CFL.

Pittsburgh Steelers
He was drafted with the sixth pick of the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft out of Tusculum College. He is perhaps best known for his momentum-shifting muffed punt in week three of the 2006 season. With the Steelers up 17 to 14 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Colclough was back for a punt with roughly eight minutes remaining. He attempted to field the punt by raising his hands above his head, then dropping the punt. He and teammate free safety Tyrone Carter both had a chance to recover, but both failed. One play after the miscue, Bengals quarterback Carson Palmer hit wide receiver T. J. Houshmandzadeh for a score. The Steelers ended up losing the game, 28-20.

Colclough was put on the injured reserve list in early October of the 2006 NFL season. On October 30, 2007, Colclough was released by the Steelers after appearing in three games.

Cleveland Browns
The next day, he was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns. He was with the team the rest of the 2007 season, but did not play in any games for the Browns before becoming a free agent.

Carolina Panthers
On March 1, 2008, Colclough signed a two-year, $4 million contract with the Carolina Panthers. Colclough was released by the Panthers on August 30, 2008, hours after receiving a DWI.

Kansas City Chiefs
Colclough was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs on November 5, 2008. He was waived on September 29, 2009.

Omaha Nighthawks
Colclough was signed by the Omaha Nighthawks in 2010. He was re-signed by the team on July 15, 2011.

Edmonton Eskimos
On March 12, 2012, Colclough signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. In two games, he recorded 6 tackles.

Hamilton Tiger-Cats
On September 13, 2012, Colclough was traded from the Eskimos to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats along with a 6th round pick the CFL draft for non-import fullback Darcy Brown. Colclough was released by the Tiger-Cats on July 18, 2013

Toronto Argonauts
On July 23, 2013, Colclough signed with the Toronto Argonauts. He was released by the Argonauts on May 26, 2014.

title: Ricardo Colclough


text:
Mystery Walk

Mystery Walk is a 1984 album by M + M (also known as Martha And The Muffins), produced by Daniel Lanois. The opening tracks, "Black Stations/White Stations" and "Cooling The Medium" were both released as singles, with the first track being the more successful of the two, achieving hit status in Canada and reaching #2 on the U.S. dance music chart.

A 30th anniversary CD and digital download edition of the album (remastered by Peter J. Moore) containing additional bonus tracks was released through the band's Muffin Music imprint in 2014.

Track listing

 * 1) "Black Stations/White Stations"
 * 2) "Cooling the Medium"
 * 3) "Come Out and Dance"
 * 4) "I Start to Stop"
 * 5) "Big Trees"
 * 6) "In Between Sleep and Reason"
 * 7) "Garden in the Sky"
 * 8) "Nation of Followers"
 * 9) "Alibi Room"
 * 10) "Rhythm of Life"

Personnel

 * Martha Johnson - guitar, keyboards, vocals
 * Mark Gane - guitar, keyboards, vocals
 * Daniel Lanois - guitar, pedal steel, treatments
 * Dave Piltch - bass
 * Eluriel Tinker - bass
 * Yogi Horton - drums
 * Fred Maher - drums
 * Martin Deller - percussion
 * Dick Smith - percussion
 * Randy Brecker, Michael Brecker, Wayne Smith - horns
 * Rufus Cappdocia - cello
 * Julie Masi, Brian Patti, Shawne Jackson, Sharon Lee Williams - background vocals

title: Mystery Walk


text:
Sido (rapper)

Paul Hartmut Würdig (born 30 November 1980), better known as Sido, is a German rapper. He interprets his artist name as "super-intelligentes Drogenopfer" (super-intelligent drug victim). It used to stand for "Scheiße in dein Ohr" (shit into your ear), a line from his track "Terroarr".

Sido distinguishes himself by using provocative and aggressive lyrics. After his breakthrough with his debut album Maske in 2004, he was always seen wearing a silver skull mask. However, since 2005, he no longer wears the mask.

Würdig's career began in 1997, as one half of duo Royal TS (now A.i.d.S) with B-Tight, both of whom were later signed to the label Berlin hip hop Royal Bunker and then to Aggro Berlin in 2001. As of 2009, Sido is signed to Urban/Universal Music Group.

Early life
Würdig was born to a German father and a Sinti mother. At the age of eight, he and his younger sister were brought up by their mother in East Berlin in the Prenzlauer Berg neighborhood. In 1988, the family moved to West Berlin, where they first lived in emergency accommodation in Wedding along with many asylum seekers. They then moved into Märkisches Viertel, a high-rise residential area in the Berlin borough of Reinickendorf. During his childhood and youth, Märkisches Viertel had a high proportion of migrants and low-income families. There he attended the Bettina-von-Arnim-Oberschule and afterwards began an apprenticeship as an educator, which he never completed.

1997–2002: Early career
Sido has been active in the music business since 1997. Together with his best friend B-Tight he released several EPs and demos under the name Royal TS, which were never officially published, at the Berlin underground hip hop label Royal Bunker. Sido had been friends with DJ Tomekk for a long time. The two made a dubplate from Arschficksong and DJ Tomekk played them in clubs all over Germany, presenting Sido to a wider audience for the first time. Specter was art director for DJ Tomekk at that time. At a concert the duo got the attention of Halil, Specter and Spaiche - the later founders of the Aggro Berlin label.

2003–2004: First successes and Maske
Sido's solo career began in 2002 with the "Arschficksong" ("Ass-fuck song") on the sampler ''Aggro Ansage Nr. 1 and the "Weihnachtssong" ("Christmas song") on Aggro Ansage Nr. 3''.

In 2004, Sido's debut album Maske was released, reaching No. 3 on the German charts and selling more than 180,000 copies to date, achieving gold status. The lead single "Mein Block" ("My hood") reached No. 13 on the German charts, the second single "Fuffies im Club" ("€50 notes in the club") reached No. 18 and the third single "Mama ist stolz" ("Mum is proud") reached No. 25. The original album was banned because of the song "Endlich Wochenende" ("Finally weekend") which, according to the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons, glorified the use of drugs. The album was rereleased under the name "Maske X" with the song "Arschficksong" in replacement of "Endlich Wochenende". The song was also published (with the video slightly censored), for the first time as a single.

In September of the same year, he won a prestigious German music award for "Best Newcomer." The best-known song from that album, "Mein Block", describes life from a resident's perspective in the Märkisches Viertel, a low-income neighborhood of Berlin, detailing the narcotics trade, alcoholism, problems with police, and poverty in Sido's Block, or building.

2005–2006: Other projects and Ich
After this debut album, together with his Label colleagues B-Tight and Fler, he released two label samplers: ''Aggro Ansage Nr. 4 and Aggro Ansage Nr. 5'' (which featured the new label artists Tony D and G-Hot).

In 2005, Sido performed with and represented Berlin in the Bundesvision Song Contest 2005 with the song "Mama ist stolz", placing 3rd with 113 points.

Later he collaborated with rapper Harris, as the rap duo Deine Lieblings Rapper ("Your favorite rappers"). In 2005, they released their debut album Dein Lieblings Album ("Your favorite album"), with "Steh wieder auf" ("Get up again") as the only single.

In December 2006, Sido released his second album Ich, which reached No. 4 in the German album charts. Three singles ("Strassenjunge", "Ein Teil von mir" and "Schlechtes Vorbild") were released. The album achieved gold status.

2007: Sektenmuzik
In 2007, Sido and B-Tight (alias A.i.d.S.) formed their label Sektenmuzik and a rap-crew named Die Sekte (with Rhymin Simon and Vokalmatador). Tony D joined later.

2008: Ich und meine Maske and Popstars
His third album Ich und meine Maske was released at the end of May 2008. It reached No. 1 in the German album charts. The singles "Augen auf"/Halt dein Maul", "Carmen", "Herz", "Nein!" and "Beweg dein Arsch" had success in the charts.

In August 2008, Sido joined the seventh season of Popstars, called "Just 4 Girls", as a jury member, along with Detlef D! Soost and Loona. Many people were surprised, wondering why Sido, the rapper with his provocative and aggressive lyrics, would join a TV show like Popstars. At the end of Popstars, the band Queensberry was formed.

2009: Aggro Berlin
On 1 April 2009, the label Aggro Berlin was closed. Sido was then signed by Urban Records, a division of Universal Music Germany.

On 30 October 2009, Sido released his fourth studio album Aggro Berlin. The lead single "Hey du!" ranked No. 4 in the German Charts. In this song Sido talks about growing up in East Germany and his later life in West Berlin. He reported that he kept his East Berlin origins secret for a long time for fear of bullying.

Personal life
Würdig has a son, whose name and date of birth are not known publicly, but he references him in the songs "Aggro Gold" and "2010", amongst others.

He began dating former Nu Pagadi lead singer Doreen Steinert in mid-2005 and on 14 February 2010 they became engaged. But in April 2012 they broke off their engagement. Just a few weeks later, in early May 2012, Würdig confirmed rumors that he had started dating German TV presenter Charlotte Engelhardt. Sido had a second son with Engelhardt in 2013.

Würdig is the second cousin of the German DSDS participant Menowin Fröhlich.

Controversy
The perceived rebellious tendencies of Sido's label affiliates B-Tight, Fler, and G-Hot, whose persona emphasize embittered racial or class standpoints, have garnered additional discussion in widely circulated publications.

MTV HipHop Open
July 2004, Sido performed live in Stuttgart for the festival MTV HipHop Open. During his performances he insulted Frankfurt rapper Azad's mother saying: "If we had a bed right here, I'd bang Azad's mother". A week later Sido and Azad met each other backstage, and after a short dispute, it escalated into a brawl that involved the artists of Aggro Berlin and Bozz Music. The security and the police arrived to stop the conflict, but Azad and his crew had fled already.

Antisemitism and conspiracy theories
Sido has been accused of promoting conspiracy theories. In a 2020 video with the rapper Ali Bumaye, Sido seemed to endorse the QAnon conspiracy theory. Sido has also been criticized for comments alleged to be antisemitic. The journalist Eliran Kendi has claimed that Sido “reaches into the anti-Semitic bag of tricks” and “triggers […] the audience specifically in the direction of the Jewish world conspiracy”. Sido has distanced himself from the antisemitic conspiracy theorists Attila Hildmann and KenFM.

Studio albums

 * Maske (2004)
 * Ich (2006)
 * Ich und meine Maske (2008)
 * Aggro Berlin (2009)
 * 30.11.80 (2013)
 * VI (2015)
 * Das goldene Album (2016)
 * Ich & keine Maske (2019)

Live albums

 * MTV Unplugged Live aus'm MV (arranged and produced by Sven Helbig) (2010)

Collaborations

 * Dein Lieblingsalbum (with Deine Lieblingsrapper) (2005)
 * Die Sekte (with Die Sekte) (2009)
 * 23 (with Bushido) (2011)
 * Crystals (with Eskimo Callboy) (2015)
 * Royal Bunker (with Kool Savas) (2017)

Soundtrack

 * Blutzbrüdaz – Die Mukke zum Film (with various artists) (2011)

Compilation

 * No. Beste (2012)
 * Kronjuwelen (2018)

Awards and certifications

 * 2004: Bravo Otto in Gold in the category "National rapper"
 * 2004: Comet in the category "National Newcomer"
 * 2006: Bravo Otto in silver in the category "Best Rapper National" (Sido)
 * 2006: Juice-Awards: 1st place in the category "Album National" for "Ich"
 * 2007: Golden Tape for 15 No. 1 rankings "Strassenjunge" in the video on MTV's TRL
 * 2007: Bravo Otto in silver in the category "National Hip-Hop"
 * 2009: Swiss Music Award in the category "Best Urban Album International"
 * 2009: Comet in the category "Best Song"
 * 2010: Echo in the category "Best Video" for "Hey Du"!
 * 2010: Comet in the category "Best Song"
 * 2010: MTV Europe Music Award in the category Best German Act
 * 2011: Comet in the category "Best Artist"
 * 2012: Echo-winner in the category Bestes Video National for So mach ich es'' with Bushido

Gold Record
 * Germany
 * 2004: for the album "Maske"
 * 2004: for the sampler "Aggro Ansage Nr. 4"
 * 2005: for the sampler "Aggro Ansage Nr. 5"
 * 2006: for the album "Ich"
 * 2011: for the album "Ich und meine Maske"
 * 2012: for the album "23"
 * 2013: for the single "Der Himmel soll warten"
 * Austria
 * 2008: for the album "Ich und meine Maske"
 * 2011: for the album "23"
 * 2012: for the album "Blutzbrüdaz - die Mukke zum Film"
 * Switzerland
 * 2008: for the album "Ich und meine Maske"

Platinum Record
 * Switzerland
 * 2009: for the album "Ich und meine Maske"

title: Sido (rapper)


text:
Working Class Hero

"Working Class Hero" is a song by John Lennon from his 1970 album John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band, his first album after the break-up of the Beatles.

Theme
Stridently political, the song is a commentary on the difference between social classes. According to Lennon, it is about working class people being processed into the middle classes, into the "machine". Lennon also said, "I think it's a revolutionary song – it's really just revolutionary. I just think its concept is revolutionary. I hope it's for workers and not for tarts and fags. I hope it's about what "Give Peace a Chance" was about. But I don't know – on the other hand, it might just be ignored. I think it's for the people like me who are working class, who are supposed to be processed into the middle classes, or into the machinery. It's my experience, and I hope it's just a warning to people, Working Class Hero."

The song continued a string of political Lennon recordings that began in 1968 with the Beatles' "Revolution" and continued in 1972 with the release of Some Time in New York City.

Recording and sound
Recorded at EMI Studios on 27 September 1970, the song features only Lennon, singing and playing an acoustic guitar as his backing. The chord progression is very simple, and builds on A-minor and G-major, with a short detour to D-major in one line of the chorus. Lennon's strumming technique includes a riff with a hammer-on pick of the E note on the D string and then an open A string. The tone and style of the song is similar to that of "Masters of War" and "North Country Blues" by Bob Dylan, a known influence of Lennon. Both are based on Jean Ritchie's arrangement of the traditional English folk song, "Nottamun Town".

According to tape operator Andy Stephens, the song took more than 100 takes to record. The recording is the composite of two different takes: the tone of the guitar and vocal changes between 1:24 and 1:45 for the verse "When they've tortured and scared you".

Reception
Classic Rock critic Rob Hughes rated "Working Class Hero" as Lennon's 4th best political song, saying that "The class wars provide the impetus for Lennon’s searing commentary on the repressive nature of institutional power." Ultimate Classic Rock critic Nick DeRiso rated it as Lennon's 4th greatest solo political song, calling it "one of Lennon's most brutally frank and emotionally gripping moments."

Stereogum contributors Timothy and Elizabeth Bracy rated it as Lennon's 3rd best solo song, calling it "a stark, acoustic ballad reminiscent of Bob Dylan's 'Masters of War and "a painful recognition that the Age of Aquarius has meant less than zero."

Controversy
In 1973, US Representative Harley Orrin Staggers heard the song – which includes the lines "'Til you're so fucking crazy you can't follow their rules" and "But you're still fucking peasants as far as I can see" – on WGTB and lodged a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The manager of the station, Ken Sleeman, faced a year in prison and a $10,000 fine, but defended his decision to play the song saying, "The People of Washington DC are sophisticated enough to accept the occasional four-letter word in context, and not become sexually aroused, offended, or upset." The charges were dropped. Other US radio stations, like Boston's WBCN, banned the song for its use of the word "fucking". In Australia, the album was released with the expletive removed from the song and the lyrics censored on the inner sleeve. The American release did not censor the lyrics, neither on the album nor on the inner sleeve.

Personnel

 * John Lennon – vocals, acoustic guitar

title: Working Class Hero


text:
Prague 1

Prague 1, formally the Prague 1 Municipal District (Městská část Praha 1), is a second-tier municipality in Prague. It is co-extensive with the national administrative district (správní obvod) of the same name.

Prague 1 includes most of the medieval heart of the city. All of Staré Město (the Old Town) and Josefov (the Jewish Quarter) are in the district, as are most of Malá Strana (the Little Quarter), Hradčany and Nové Město (the New Town). Tiny parts of Holešovice and Vinohrady (the State Opera and new building of the National Museum) round out the district. The district has remained intact since its creation in 1960.

Most of Prague 1 is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Almost all of Prague's major tourist sites, including Prague Castle, Old Town Square, the Charles Bridge and the above-mentioned Jewish Quarter, are in the district. The Parliament of the Czech Republic and the offices of the government are in Malá Strana, while the main building of Charles University is in Staré Město.

As of the end of 2004, 32,552 people lived in 18,821 homes in the district. The district covers 5.53 km2.

A Prague 1 address is considered quite prestigious, and real estate there is the most expensive in the city.

Government
The Czech Ministry of Transport is in Prague 1.

The Rail Safety Inspection Office has its head office in Prague 1.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic is headquartered in Czernin Palace in Prague 1.

The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic head office is in Prague 1.

title: Prague 1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bruno Boismoreau

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 07:02, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Bruno Boismoreau
Seems to be a joke. The middle paragraph is copied from Bruno of Cologne. Neither amazon.fr nor Google have heard of this person. The company mentioned cannot be found in Google. Delete. Chl 00:48, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete "french duck kidneys"??? yeah, right... -mysekurity 01:06, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as a hoax. Not even good enough for BJAODN. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 02:19, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. JamesBurns 09:03, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Conditional delete. I'll assume hoax, unless I can be bought off by being emailed some foie gras made out of duck kidneys. — Asbestos | Talk  13:14, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Llandinam

Llandinam is a village and community in Montgomeryshire, Powys, central Wales, between Newtown and Llanidloes, located on the A470. As a community, Llandinam is made up of the village itself, small hamlets including Plas Dinam and Little London and several farms. The village itself has a population of around 576 with 56% born in Wales.

History and notable people
Llandinam was the family home of David Davies (1818–1890) who was responsible for much of the development of the South Wales Valleys and the export of coal in the 19th century. His grandson David Davies, 1st Baron Davies FRGS (1880–1944) became MP for Montgomeryshire from 1906 to 1929.

The parents of Murray Humphreys (1899–1965), one of Chicago's most feared Prohibition gangsters, emigrated to the United States from the village in the late 1890s.

Gordonstoun school was evacuated here for the duration of World War II. The village was previously served by Llandinam railway station on the Llanidloes and Newtown Railway.

Governance
An electoral ward in the same name existed, which also covered the neighbouring community of Mochdre. The population of this ward at the 2011 census was 1,405. It elected its first Conservative County Councillor in May 2017. From the 2022 local election the Llandinam ward became 'Llandinam and Dolfor', following the merger with part of the neighbouring Kerry community. It continued to be represented by one county councillor.

St Llonio's Church
St Llonio's Church is located north of the village, on a spur of land jutting into the Severn Valley, and within a fortified promontory fort. It was originally the mother church of those at Llanidloes and Llanwnnog, serving a monastery until the late 13th century. The church is thought to date from around AD 520. It was initially a clas structure. Its tower has a pyramidal slate roof over a timber belfry, dating from the 13th century. It is recorded as Ecclesia de Landinam in the Norwich Taxation of 1254 with a value of £1 6s 8d. The majority of the church was rebuilt in the 19th century, a restoration undertaken by George Edmund Street. The church still retains some original features, however, most notably the northern wall of the chancel. During the restoration, new windows were installed in a neo-Gothic style. The churchyard contains a number of old trees, principally oaks and yews, including one of the latter which is claimed to be around 800 years old. The churchyard contains the war graves of three Royal Welsh Fusiliers soldiers of World War I.

The church, which is a Grade II listed building, is in the Church in Wales parish of Bro Arwystli. It has its own Facebook page, which features photographs of some of its architectural features.

Llandinam Bridge
The bridge from the main road over towards Broneirion was the first cast iron bridge constructed in the county, designed by Thomas Penson and built by Davies 1846. It spans 90 feet (27.5 m). At the east end of the bridge there is a statue of David Davies.

Broneirion
The house that David Davies built, Broneirion, remains an elegant country mansion owned by Girlguiding Cymru.

Plâs Dinam
Plâs Dinam was bought by David Davies for his son, Edward. Designed by William Eden Nesfield in 1873-1874, it is a Grade II* listed building. Its garden is listed at Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

title: Llandinam


text:
Antonia Zerbisias

Antonia Zerbisias is a Canadian journalist associated with the Toronto Star from 1989 until she took early retirement from the paper on 31 October 2014. She has been a reporter and TV host for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, as well as the Montreal correspondent for the trade paper, Variety.

She was nominated for ACTRA awards for her documentary writing in 1980 and 1981, and won the 1996 National Newspaper Award for critical writing for her columns about magazines. Currently a freelancer, she regularly writes opinion columns for Al Jazeera English and the Toronto alternative weekly, Now.

Early life
Petros Zerbisias immigrated from Greece to Canada arriving in Halifax in 1928. He settled in Montreal where he met his wife, Loula, where they owned and operated the Deli-Q restaurant. Zerbisias attended Wagar High School in the suburb of Cote-St-Luc. She was married to the late Mark Blandford, a prominent Quebec television producer, director and screenwriter.

Career
Zerbisias has a BA in applied social sciences from Concordia University (then called Sir George Williams University). Her first job as a reporter, in the early 1970s, was with the now-defunct Montreal weekly newspaper the Sunday Express. She moved to Toronto and worked as a researcher on the Larry Solway Show for a year before returning to Montreal in 1975. In 1975, she joined CBC-TV, first as a researcher and eventually becoming a reporter for The City at Six which later was renamed Newswatch.

In 1980 she returned to Concordia to earn her MBA (Marketing Research, Honours, 1985), while still working as a journalist for CBC-TV and Variety. In 1986, she became a reporter/producer for the CBC-TV business show Venture. In 2002–2003, she co-hosted the CBC Newsworld program Inside Media with Matthew Fraser.

Toronto Star
Zerbisias joined the Toronto Star as a TV columnist in 1989. She was assigned to the Montreal bureau in 1991. In 1993, she returned to Toronto and became a media critic. She won the 1996 National Newspaper Award for critical writing for her columns about magazines; the award noting that Zerbisias "is not one to mince with words as she focuses on the subject matter at hand. She proceeds to give us her insights, analysis and critique not only with rhetorical, stylistic and intellectual rigor, but with gusto and passion, a rare commodity in today's bland politically correct journalism." In 1997, she became TV critic and then, in 2003, was appointed media columnist.

Zerbisias' first blog for the Star, Azerbic effectively went on hiatus in August 2006 and ceased publishing the following December. She continued as media critic until June 2007, when she became the social issues and cultural affairs columnist at the Toronto Star. In January 2008, she launched a new Star blog, with a focus on feminist issues, called Broadsides.

In April 2010, she ended her regular column to become a feature writer at the Toronto Star. She took early retirement from the Star on 31 October 2014.

Social media
On the day before retiring from The Star, during the controversy over allegations that CBC Radio personality Jian Ghomeshi had assaulted half a dozen women, Zerbisias, along with then-Montreal Gazette reporter Sue Montgomery, created the hashtag #BeenRapedNeverReported which went viral internationally and was translated into other languages.

Disputes
While focusing on entertainment, media and cultural issues for the bulk of her career Zerbisias has also taken positions in regards to the Middle East including the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the Iraq War. In 2009, on Twitter, she took issue with former Justice Minister Irwin Cotler who, as a keynote speaker at a Stand With Us event at Israel's Bar-Ilan University, boasted about his children enlisting in the Israeli military and asked "Which country are you loyal to, sir?" In the same year, she mocked Bernie Farber, then CEO of the Canadian Jewish Congress, in her blog for wearing a "Nobody knows I'm gay" T-shirt while marching in Toronto's Pride parade in a protest against the inclusion of Queers Against Israeli Apartheid in the march after he had said that political groups do not belong in the Pride parade. Zerbisias commented on Farber's decision to march as itself being a political act by sardonically writing in the comments thread of her blog, "Imagine my surprise when I saw Bernie Farber identifying himself as queer by joining a pro-Israel gay rights group in the parade." The Canadian Jewish Congress responded by filing a complaint with the Toronto Star against Zerbisias for allegedly "outing" Farber. The Star's public editor, Kathy English, ruled that Zerbisias' comments "fell short of the Star's standards of fairness, accuracy and civility," and promised to rein in journalists who "put the Star in a negative light." Readers lamented the Toronto Star's sudden lack of humour and appreciation for one of its own columnists. "Imagine if top-notch cartoonist Theo Moudakis had penned a cartoon expressing the same thing. Would the Star have griped? I think not," suggested a Star reader.

English acknowledged that her ruling had elicited widespread criticism and subsequently modified her assessment and criticized Farber and the Canadian Jewish Congress since in their complaint they did not "think to tell me that [Farber], along with dozens of others who marched with the Kulanu group, had worn a T-shirt that made its own ironic quip. That's context I sure wish I had known" and conceded that Zerbisias' comment "was intended as sarcastic irony, stock in trade for this columnist and blogger. But I think her attempt at irony failed here; the quip – as published without that context – was ambiguous and could be misunderstood", adding "To be fair to Zerbisias, it should be made clear, though, that she did not 'make things up,' as Farber interpreted it."

title: Antonia Zerbisias


text: User talk:212.2.177.134

title: User talk:212.2.177.134


text: User talk:83.70.31.213

title: User talk:83.70.31.213


text:
Category:Dallas Chaparrals players

This category lists players of the American Basketball Association's Dallas Chaparrals. In 1974, the team moved to San Antonio and became the San Antonio Spurs, see Category:San Antonio Spurs players for a list of the team's players while in San Antonio.

title: Category:Dallas Chaparrals players


text:
1951 Northwest Territories general election

The 1951 Northwest Territories general election was held on September 17, 1951 in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It was the territory's first general election since 1902. The election came about after The Northwest Territories Act was amended to permit three elected members from the Mackenzie District to join the five appointed members on the Executive Council of the Northwest Territories. The Council, which had met in Ottawa, Ontario, outside of the Northwest Territories, shortly after the election, the council began to alternate sittings between Ottawa and Northwest Territories communities.

Background
The bill to re initiate territorial elections in the Northwest Territories was introduced in the Canadian House of Commons by Federal Resources Minister Robert Henry Winters.

Aboriginal vote
The 1951 election was the first in the territory to allow aboriginal peoples to vote and stand for election. However the electoral districts created for the election included only the west portion of the territories thus disenfranchising the prominently aboriginal eastern portion of the territory. When the nominations closed on August 20, 1951 no aboriginals stood for office.

Female suffrage
Unlike the small elections in the Territories prior to the first general election in 1888, this was considered a general election, since it was based on the dissolution of the previous legislature. It was the smallest general election in Northwest Territories history.

This was the first election in the Northwest Territories in which women had the right to vote. Female suffrage was permitted under the Northwest Territories Elections Ordinance of 1951, this was the last jurisdiction in Canada to grant voting rights to women. The first woman candidate in the territory's history also ran in this election: Vivian Roberts from Aklavik.

The writ for the election was dropped on July 3, 1951 and the nominations closed on August 20, 1951.

Appointed members
Note:

1 Frank Cunningham was also Deputy Commissioner

Elected members
For complete electoral history, see individual districts


text: Category:Memphis Pros players

title: Category:Memphis Pros players