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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Amaryllis stamens

Amaryllis stamens

Beautiful photo of Amaryllis stamens; illustrates the article stamen. Photographer: Aka.

 * Nominate and support. - Sango  123  18:13, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. A lovely image. Sadly it doesn't (yet?) do a great job of illustrating the article, as it's stuck at the bottom of it without any context or explanation. Lupin 02:26, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It does offer some explanation: 'Stamens of Amaryllis'. I think that since this image focuses primarily on the stamens instead of an entire flower, the article would benefit having this as the lead image instead of Image:Crateva religiosa.jpg. What do you think? Sango  123  02:44, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the current lead image does a better job of visually explaining what stamens are. A macro shot like this is potentially ambiguous as it doesn't show how the stamens relate to the rest of the flower. Lupin 13:43, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I've moved the picture up, because although Lupin's point about showing the relation to the plant is a good one, I think the Amaryllis picture gives a much better idea of which bit of the plant the page is talking about. Also, the page is a redirect for anther, and the Amaryllis shows those clearly. Arguably the SEM picture is not as useful though. -- Solipsist 12:15, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Isn't this already a featured picture? It has a tag at the bottom of its image page saying it's a featured picture.Senatedems 23:58, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a featured picture on the Commons, not Wikipedia (yet). Sango  123  00:01, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Solipsist 12:15, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Chris 73 Talk 16:40, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Way too much white - the dark top makes it look a little top heavy. Also top left stamen is out of focus. Enochlau 11:07, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, but : If the focusing is better, I may support. But it's a very detailed picture. — Stevey7788 (talk) 20:59, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * ( + ) Support great photo by a great wiki photographer --Fir0002 10:05, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The pollen on the anthers looks quite old. it would be a better and useful picture if the anthers were in the process of dehiscence with fresh pollen. David D. 18:08, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 20:50, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This link is Broken 02:36, 2 August 2005 (UTC)


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Caacupé

Caacupé (Guarani: Ka'akupe, literally: "Behind the Mount") is a city and district in Paraguay. It is the capital of the department of Cordillera.

The town was founded in 1770 by Carlos Murphy, a grenadier in the service of King Charles III of Spain, although a first settlement existed here from the 17th century.

The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Caacupé. Caacupé is best known as the site of the Virgin of Caacupé, Saint Patron of Paraguay. The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Miracles, Caacupé stands in the centre of the town. A major religious festival is held annually on 8 December in honour of the statuette "Our Lady of the Miracles". This statuette, carved in the 16th century by a devout convert, was miraculously saved from a great flood, and numerous miracles are ascribed to it.

During the rest of the year Caacupé is a quiet provincial town. It has a park with amusements.

External list

 * Official website

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Caacupé


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Viren Rasquinha

Viren Wilfred Rasquinha (born 13 September 1980) is an Indian former field hockey player and captain of the Indian national team. He was a member of the team that competed at the 2004 Athens Olympics. He quit international hockey in 2008 to pursue management studies at the age of 28. He came to gitam

Early life
Rasquinha was born in 1980 to Eric and Merlyn Rasquinha. He studied at St. Stanislaus High School in Bandra, Mumbai, then graduated with a B.Com from MMK College in Bandra.

Hockey career
Rasquinha made his junior international debut in 1999, and was part of the team that won the 2001 Junior World Cup in Hobart, Australia.

He made his senior international debut as a midfielder in May 2002, at a Four Nation Tournament in Adelaide. He won a silver medal at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, gold medals at the Asia Cup in Kuala Lumpur and the Afro-Asian Games in Hyderabad in 2003. He was part of the Olympic team which finished seventh in Athens in the 2004 Olympic Games. He led the Indian Hockey team for the first time in the bilateral series against Pakistan in 2004. He was also captain of the Premier Hockey League team Maratha Warriors, and played for Tata Sports, Air India, and the Indian Oil Corporation, as well as 180 international matches. Rasquinha announced his retirement from hockey on 15 January 2008 at the age of 28, to pursue his studies.

He said he was extremely disappointed with the sorry state of affairs of the national sports.

Business career
After retiring from hockey, Rasquinha studied for a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) at the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad. After completion of his MBA, he joined Olympic Gold Quest in 2009, and is now the CEO.

Along with Pullela Gopichand and Abhinav Bindra, he was a member of the PMO Task Force after the 2016 Rio Olympics that prepared India's plans for the Olympic Games in 2020, 2024 and 2028. Their report was submitted to the PMO on 12 August 2017.

Rasquinha was named as one of the "Top 40 Under 40" leaders in India for 2017-18 by the Economic Times.

Personal life
Rasquinha got married in 2013 to Smitha Nair.

Honours

 * 2004, Shiv Chhatrapati Award from the Government of Maharashtra.
 * 2005, Arjuna Award for Best Sportsman of the Year in Hockey.

General

 * 1) Official MoneyControl website Interview
 * 2) Official ISB website Interview
 * 3) Rediff website Interview

title: Viren Rasquinha


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Encarnación, Paraguay

Encarnación is a district and the capital city of Itapúa Department in Paraguay, located at the south-east of the department, on the right-hand (western) shore of the Paraná River, opposite Posadas, Argentina. The city has an area of 274 km2 and a population of 93,497 (2002 Census), and the Greater Encarnacion area has a population of over 225,000 according to a 2020 estimate. Encarnación is the third-largest city of Paraguay. The city was originally named Nuestra Señora de la Anunciación de Itapúa, and is considered the capital of summer by most of its inhabitants.

Encarnación is connected to the Argentine city of Posadas by the San Roque González de Santa Cruz Bridge and the International Train. The city is located on Route 1, some 370 km (225 miles) from Asunción, and located on Route 6, some 280 km (175 miles) from Ciudad del Este. Due to its proximity, many Argentines travel to the city. The city is an important financing centre of Paraguay and maintains a commercial relationship with Argentine Posadas.

The Teniente Amin Ayub Gonzalez Airport (IATA: ENO, ICAO: SGEN), at coordinates 27°13′23″S 55°50′03″W, is 12 kilometres from the city, is the third most important airport of the country. Encarnación was a host city for the 2003 Futsal Men's World Cup.

Demography
Encarnación is the capital of the department of Itapúa and has a total population of 93,497 and an urban population of 67,173 according to the 2002 National Census.

Most of the inhabitants are of mixed Spanish and Amerindian descent as in the rest of Paraguay but there are also minorities of Germans, Ukrainians and Poles.

The city has the largest settlement of Ukrainians in Paraguay.

History
The mission called Anunciación de Itapua was founded by the Paraguayan Jesuit San Roque González de Santa Cruz on 25 March 1615, on the southern side of the Paraná river. That mission was relocated to the north side in the current location of the city in 1703 under the name Encarncación de Itapua. It gained in importance after the coming of the railway in 1894.

In 1926, the city suffered a destructive F4 tornado that killed around 300 and injured around 700.

On February 20, 1931, a student-worker group led by Obdulio Barthe took the city of Encarnación and declared it a "revolutionary commune", Encarnación Commune, under the leadership of popular assemblies.

In 1957, the city was made the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Encarnación.

Because of its mild climate Encarnación is often called "The Pearl of the South". Encarnación was the birthplace of Alfredo Stroessner, general and head of state of Paraguay from 1954 to 1989.

Lately, the city experienced a radical change, with the loss of the "Zona Baja" because the "Plan de Terminación Yacyretá" (Termination plan of Yacyretá) giving way to a renewed modern city with wide avenues and bridges.

In 2015, Encarnación was Paraguay's third city with a growing economy and a multicultural and cosmopolitan population. Affordable contracts for work in certain business places, as bars, restaurants, discos and casinos, are easy to find in Encarnación.

Tourism
Lately Encarnación has become the tourism capital of the country, with its wide beaches and newly completed waterfront boardwalk. The city is located near the Jesús and Trinidad Jesuit Ruins, declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1993, and the Beach in Carmen del Paraná. Due its location, at the Argentina–Paraguay border, the area is characterized by a high commercial and tourist exchange between Paraguay and Argentina.

In 2010, Encarnación began its transformation to become the centre of summer tourism for nationals and regionals. In December 2011 the Costanera Avenue was inaugurated and with it three beaches were opened to the public. These three beaches were the Mbói Ka’e Beach, the Pacu Cuá Beach, and the San José Beach. From the three beaches the San José Beach is the most visited by tourists and has several restaurants at the tourists disposal.

In January 2013, ABC Color reported that tourism in Encarnación moved at least USD $10 million in the month, more than the USD $5 million to USD $6 million of the anterior year. Prior to this, the city converted into a destination for thousands of tourists from all parts of the country, including tourists from other countries of the region.

In 2015 Encarnación reached a new peak in tourists that visited the city. With more than 30 000 people going there for their vacation Jaime Fernandez, head of the Hotel Association of Encarnación, confirmed that there were no places available throughout the Encarnación and lodgings were improvised 50 km (31 miles) around the city.

Encarnación's Carnival Party, taken place every January and February, attracts more than 100, 000 tourists. Different clubs will compete against each other on a parade in which they will be qualified by a group of judges under the following criteria: originality, design, charisma, dance, rhythm, beauty, and elegance.

Despite the protocols caused by COVID-19, there was a great quantity of tourists at Encarnación's beaches in January 2021. Given this, the city prepared its protocols for 9 months to be a safe destination for tourists.

Geography
The city is located at the south-east of the department, on the right-hand (western) shore of the Paraná River, opposite Posadas, Argentina.

Climate
Encarnación has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa). The summers are hot and humid, and winters are temperate and cool. Due to its geographical position in the extreme south of the country Encarnación is the coldest city in Paraguay.

Encarnación registered snowfall in the winter of 1975, the first time in the history of Paraguay. The annual mean temperature is 20.4 °C (68.7 °F). The annual mean relative humidity is 73%.

Places of Worship
Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches, (Catholic and Orthodox).

Twin towns
Encarnación is twinned with:
 * Corrientes, Argentina
 * Paysandú, Uruguay
 * Posadas, Argentina
 * Punta Cana, Dominican Republic

title: Encarnación, Paraguay


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Operation Harpoon

Operation Harpoon may refer to:
 * Operation Harpoon (1942), an Allied convoy sent to supply Malta in the Axis-dominated central Mediterranean Sea
 * Operation Harpoon (2002), a Canadian-American operation against the Taliban in the Arma mountains of Afghanistan
 * Operation Harpoon, an operation by Israeli Mossad and Shurat HaDin targeting terrorist money networks

title: Operation Harpoon


text: Category:Canadian orchestras

title: Category:Canadian orchestras


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User:Gkagan

Gerald Kagan (gkagan) was born on 11 July, 1984 to Harris and Gail Kagan in Weymouth, MA. He lived in Kingston, MA with his parents and dog, Hundela, until he was 1 year old, when his family moved to Foxboro so his father could be closer to his job at the Foxboro Company. Gerald spent one year at Crossroads Preschool, followed by two years of kindergarten at the Lewis School in Foxboro. After kindergarten Gerald attended first through third grades at the Taylor Elementary School, fourth through seventh grades at the Ahern middle School, and eighth through twelfth grades at Foxboro High School, where he graduated as valedictorian of his class receiving awards for academic excellence in both science and mathematics. Gerald was accepted via early decision to Brown University, in Providence, RI, where he is currently in his fourth year studying for a Sc.B. in chemistry. He plans on attending graduate school for organic chemistry in order to obtain a Ph.D., after which he plans on working as a synthetic organic chemist in the pharmaceutical field.

At age 4 Gerald was introduced to computers by his father, learning on a machine his father had built from parts. When Gerald was 7 years old, he began Shotokan karate, which he continued until the age of 17, having received the rank of black belt at age 12. During high school, Gerald was actively involved in The Boy Scouts where he received the rank of Eagle Scout at the age of 16. At age 18, however, Gerald distanced himself from the Boy Scouts due to an unfavorable reorganization within the local chapter of the group. During his last year of high school, Gerald was an officer “Webmaster” of the Foxboro High School’s chapter of the National Honor Society, though he sharply criticized the group.

Gerald is actively involved with Brown EMS, a volunteer 24/7/365 rescue service out of Brown Health Services as an EMT-Basic. He actively participates in Airsoft, a paintball-like sport using realistic firearm replicas running off electric motors or compressed gases. He is an enthusiastic player and an avid collector of replicas. He also enjoys sporting clay and target shooting with his parents and friends. One of his beloved, though more illicit, hobbies is urban exploration, his favorite sites being various state hospitals.

title: User:Gkagan


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San Juan Bautista, Paraguay

San Juan Bautista, capital of the Department of Misiones, Paraguay, is considered the cradle of the religious mission culture. The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Juan Bautista de las Misiones.

Geography
San Juan Bautista Misiones is located 196 kilometers south of Asunción. One can travel to the city by following the Route 1st “Mcal. Francisco Solano López”.

Climate
In summer, the maximum temperature is 42 degrees Celsius. The minimum temperature in winter is zero degrees Celsius. The annual average is 21 degrees Celsius.

Demography
With a total area of 2,300 square kilometers, San Juan Bautista has a population of 18,441 inhabitants, 9,281 male and 9,161 female, according to projections of the General Office of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses. The city is the third most populated one in Misiones, after San Ignacio and Ayolas.

History
This city was established during the government of Carlos Antonio López, declared a small town in 1893, and in 1945 was made the capital of the department.

Economy
San Juan Bautista is an agricultural and livestock area. It produces soy, wheat, cotton, rice and corn. livestock is also important there.

Te Guaraní- natural products for health life style. Distribuidora Pilar -Wholesale Company of household cleaning Staff.

Tourism
Important educational institutions, como el colegio diocesano misionero government institutions, the bishopric, and health centers are located in the city. The church is a Jesuit style relic.

There are springs and streams in the city. At Lilly's Island, in San Cristobal, a diversity of these flowers may be seen.

During the holidays honoring the city's patron saint, Saint John the Baptist, processions, riding on horseback, colt taming, and bullfights are held. Some typical foods eaten then are batiburrillo, asado a la estaca and caburé.

In January, the party of Siriki is celebrated.

The house of Mangoré, today a museum and a cultural center, is frequented by tourists.

Other interesting locations in the vicinity are:
 * The art gallery “El Viejo Taller”
 * The “Monseñor Rojas” Theater
 * Seminario Diocesano San José
 * The Boquerón square, with a fountain in its center
 * The pyramids constructed honoring the veterans of the Chaco War and the country

Transportation
Beyond San Juan Bautista, an unpaved road goes to Santa María. Another road also goes to Route 4th and to Pilar in Ñeembucú.

Notable people

 * Agustín Pío Barrios, guitarist.
 * Gustavo Gómez, footballer.

Twin towns
San Juan Bautista, Paraguay is twinned with:
 * Luque, Paraguay
 * 🇦🇷 San Juan, Argentina

title: San Juan Bautista, Paraguay


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Ignace Tirkey

Ignacious "Ignace" Tirkey is an Indian field Hockey player. He plays as a Fullback and has captained the Indian team.

He also serves the Madras Engineering Group (Madras Sappers corps of engineers) Indian army as a commissioned officer. He holds the rank of Captain.

Early life
Ignace Tirkey's younger brother Prabodh Tirkey also represented India in hockey. He is a product of Panposh Sports Hostel, Rourkela where he was spotted by Indian Army to help him pursue his career.

Career
Tirkey made his debut for the national side in February 2001 at the Akbar el Yom Tournament in Cairo against Belgium. He was a member of Indian team that participated in the Athens Olympic in 2004, where India finished seventh. In club hockey, Tirkey played for Services.

He is most remembered for his goal that he scored between Pakistan's ace striker, Sohail Abbas's legs in the final minutes of 2003 Asia Cup final to give India the winning lead after both teams were locked at 2-2 (India eventually added a 4th goal in the last minute). The match won India its first gold in Asia Cups.

Another highlight of his was in the Muruguppa Gold Cup in Aug 2001, where he scored a golden goal to win final, and thereafter in December 2002 during the National Games in Hyderabad.

title: Ignace Tirkey


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Pilar, Paraguay

Pilar is the capital city of the Paraguayan department of Ñeembucú, located along the Paraguay River in the southwestern part of the country. Located about 258 km from Asunción, Pilar serves as an important center of commerce and government for the far southwestern region of the country.

History
Pilar was founded by Pedro Melo de Portugal on October 12, 1779. The original name of the settlement was Villa del Ñeembucú, named for the nearby Arroyo Ñeembucú that flows into the Paraguay River. Four years later it was renamed Villa del Pilar by Spanish priest Marcial Antonio Uliambre, for the Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar (Catedral-Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pilar) in his hometown of Zaragoza.

Demographics
Pilar has a total population of 32,810, with 14,298 men and 15,030 women, according to information provided by the General Directorate of Statistics, Polls and Census.

Tourism
The center of the city is home to a large number of historical buildings dating back to the founding of the city.

The Basilica of Our Lady of Pilar, whose feast day is celebrated on October 12, is a magnificent church constructed by Italian missionaries to the city.

During Semana Santa the city is the site of a large fishing tournament and competition that attracts participants and spectators from all over Paraguay and Northern Argentina.

The city's location on the Rio Paraguay provides a prime location for boating and fishing. There are walking paths, pavilions, and parks located on the shores of the river. The shores of the calmer Arroyo Ñeembucú provide the city's residents with a beach to enjoy on hot December days.

The Town Council Museum was constructed in 1817, during the government of President Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia. It is excellently preserved. This is the only build of this nature that is still preserved in the country. The museum contains objects of historical importance including photographs, trophies and medals that belonged to the Marshall López, as well as pieces of columns from the old church, weapons, bullets, ammunitions, chains, lances, shields and other historical artifacts.

A very popular tourist destination is also the "Fiesta Hawaiana" Party every January 2. In recent years, this party which is held alongside the Neembucu River has reached about 20,000 to 30,000 people coming from all parts of Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay

Pilar is considered as one of the safest and cleanest cities in all of Paraguay.

Transportation
Pilar is served by Carlos Miguel Jiménez Airport, however traffic is limited to private airplanes.

Located at the very Argentina–Paraguay border, the ferry traffic from the harbor of Pilar connects the city to Puerto Cano, which is close to Resistencia and Formosa in Argentina. There is a paved highway, the Route 4, that is 140 km long and starts at San Ignacio.

Until quite recently, there was no paved route to Asunción, and the city was nearly isolated during periods of rain. Today, however, there is the Villeta–Alberdi–Pilar Route that connects the capital with Pilar, and daily buses use it to go to various other cities. The primary mode of transportation to other cities is by bus from the Central Terminal, which offers routes to Asunción and its suburbs such as Luque, Ñemby, and San Lorenzo, as well as Ciudad del Este, Villarrica, Pedro Juan Caballero, Encarnación, Santa Rita, Humaitá, Concepción, Mariscal Estigarribia and Villa Hayes.

Within the city, motorcycles and mopeds make up the bulk of traffic, with bicycles also constituting a significant percentage of traffic. In addition, it is quite possible to find people on horseback, in horse-drawn carts, on foot, and in cars or trucks on the same street.

Climate
Situated near the confluence of the Paraguay and Paraná rivers, Pilar is in a region of the country with many small streams, rivers and wetlands that contribute to a humid climate. The average annual temperature is 22 °C. Summer temperatures can reach as high as 40 °C, and it winter it drops to as low as -3 °C. The rainy months are January, March, April and October; the dryer are May and August. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (Humid Subtropical Climate).

Sister cities
Pilar has sister cities:

 * Carmelo, Uruguay
 * 🇦🇷 Reconquista, Argentina

title: Pilar, Paraguay


text: User talk:209.67.214.170

title: User talk:209.67.214.170


text:
Eric Miller (musician)

Eric Miller (born in Chicago, Illinois) is an American house music DJ, record producer and remixer. As E-Smoove, he worked for a number of years with Steve "Silk" Hurley and Maurice Joshua, before he hit the U.S. Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1998 with "Deja Vu", which climbed to No. 16. The song reached No. 63 on the UK Singles Chart. His next U.S. dance chart entry came in 2002, when "Insatiable" hit No. 1. "Insatiable" was released under the pseudonym Thick Dick. It peaked at No. 35 in the UK. Both tracks featured lead vocals by his wife Latanza Waters.

Also in 2002, he appeared under another pseudonym, Praise Cats. The track "Shined on Me" first peaked at No. 56 in the UK in 2002, but on the remix featuring Andrea Love, it reached No. 24 there in May 2005.

title: Eric Miller (musician)


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Paraguarí

Paraguarí (Paraguari) is a city, distrito and capital of Paraguarí Department in Paraguay, located 66 km from the country's capital, Asunción. At the 2002 census it had a population of 22,154.

Toponymy
Paraguarí is called “The cradle of the National Independence”. In that city on January 13, 1811, the Paraguayans Yegros, Gamarra and Cabañas, with their troops, defeated the Argentine Army, commanded by the General Manuel Belgrano in the battle of Cerro Mbaé or Battle of Paraguarí.

Was founded in 1775 over a hill by Agustín Fernando de Pinedo, a time after the banishment of the Jesuits in Paraguay. On August 18, 1960 the town became a district.

Geography
The city of Paraguarí is situated 66 km from Asunción, bordering to the north with the Altos Cordillera and to the south with a wide savanna.

It's surrounded by the hills Saint Thomas, Cerro Peró (Bald Hill) and Cerro Porteño.

Limits

 * To the north: City of Pirayú.
 * To the east: Escobar.
 * To the south: Sapucaí, Acahay and Carapeguá.
 * To the west: Yaguarón.

Weather
The average temperature is of 21 degrees Celsius, the maximum in summer is 39 degrees Celsius and the minimum in winter is 2 degrees Celsius.

Demography
Paraguarí has 22,154 inhabitants, from which 11,053 are men and 11,101 women, according to the 2002 census. In the urban area are 8,307 inhabitants and in the rural area are 13,847.

Economy
The expansion of the agriculture and livestock industry of the region and an important road network makes of Paraguarí the main supplier of Asunción.

It's a commercial center for the agriculture products of its inhabitants. Also is an important learning center in the region.

There exist also quarries from which granite and kaolin are extracted.

Transportation
Paraguarí is 66 km away from Asunción following the Route 1 “Mariscal Francisco Solano López”. To get to Paraguarí one can take an inter-urban bus at the Bus Terminal of Asunción, or at the Eusebio Ayala Road, where a bus leaves for Paraguarí about every 15 minutes.

Coming from the east following the Route 2 you must take the Rogelio Benítez Road (7th km) after crossing the detour to Eusebio Ayala.

History
Paraguarí was founded by Agustín Fernando de Pinedo, ordered by Charles the Third, King of Spain, after the banishment of the Jesuits in Paraguay, where he overtook their properties: The ranches “Tavapy” and “Campo Grande”.

Many Spanish people moved to Paraguarí coming from Burgos and Andalucía.

The Company of Jesus in the 7th century was established in Paraguarí, in a great ranch until the banishment of the King Charles the Third.

Tourism
Paraguarí has a number of attractions of interest to tourists. It has several picturesque districts, including the famous fruit stores of Paraguarí which are closely packed together, located to the side of the Route 1, and the Kamba Kokué, an old neighbourhood whose name testifies to the existence of black slaves in the Missiones. The train station of the city is one of the oldest in America, and the city's old church draws many visitors. The national Museum of Artillery is also located in the city and forms the seat of the Army's Artillery Command, displaying cannons, antique weapons, trophies, photographs and documents.

Annual bullfights - “toro moñaroha” in Guaraní language - are organised alongside the city patrons' celebrations of Saint Thomas' day. The whole city participates in the event, making it an unmissable event.

Looking just beyond the city itself, the road between Paraguarí and Piribebuy is one of the prettiest of the country, connecting numerous tourist locations across a unique landscape of hills and brooks only a few miles away from Asunción. One of them is the Mbatovi reservation, located 72 km away from Asunción following the road that connects the Routes 1 and 2, the roadhouses of Chololó, Pinamar, Piraretá and others.

title: Paraguarí


text:
Stab (music)

In music, a stab is a single staccato note or chord that adds dramatic punctuation to a composition. Stabs are usually provided by horns (real or synthesized), thus the term horn stab, or an orchestral sample and usually occur on a 1-beat. Stabs are used in a wide variety of music genres including jazz, rock, classical, funk, freestyle, trap, EDM, metal and ska. There is no standardized notation symbol to specifically indicate a stab. They are most commonly notated as a short note value with a staccato dot, sometimes with the verbal marking "stab".

"There's a rule of thumb in funk music that says short sounds are better than long: thus the drier the guitar hit, the tighter the horn stab, the slappier the bass, the more clipped the clavinet etc, the better. It's the bits of silence in-between these short events that builds anticipation for the next one - the tension/release principle in rhythmic form."

- Steve Lodder

Stabs are also used in electronic music in the form of very short snippets of a song used as rhythmic accents in a new composition. Early breakbeat hardcore, such as Prodigy's "Fire", and hip hop in general made use of stabs.

title: Stab (music)


text:
The Temple of the Golden Pavilion

The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (金閣寺) is a novel by the Japanese author Yukio Mishima. It was published in 1956 and translated into English by Ivan Morris in 1959.

The novel is loosely based on the burning of the Reliquary (or Golden Pavilion) of Kinkaku-ji in Kyoto by a young Buddhist acolyte in 1950. The pavilion, dating from before 1400, was a national monument that had been spared destruction many times throughout history, and the arson shocked Japan.

Plot
The protagonist, Mizoguchi, is the son of a consumptive Buddhist priest who lives and works on Cape Nariu on the north coast of Honshū. As a child, the narrator lives with his uncle near Maizuru. Throughout his childhood he is assured by his father that the Golden Pavilion is the most beautiful building in the world, and the idea of the temple becomes a fixture in his imagination. His stammering and poverty cause him to be friendless. A neighbour's girl, Uiko, becomes the target of his hatred. After she is killed by her deserter boyfriend, Mizoguchi becomes convinced that his curse on her has worked.

His ill father takes him to the Kinkaku-ji in the spring of 1944, and introduces him to the Superior, Tayama Dosen. After his father's death, Mizoguchi becomes an acolyte at the temple. He meets his first real friend, Tsurukawa there. During the 1944–5 school year, he works at a factory, where he comes to hope that the Golden Pavilion will be destroyed by the firebombing. However, Kyoto is never firebombed. In May 1945, he and Tsurukawa visit Nanzen-ji and witness a woman giving her lover a cup of tea with her own breast milk.

The Temple is visited by a drunk American soldier who orders Mizoguchi to trample his pregnant Japanese girlfriend's stomach, giving him two cartons of cigarettes. Mizoguchi gives them to the Superior. Father Dosen thanks him, and tells him he will attend Ōtani University. A week later the girl visits the temple and demands compensation. The Superior gives her money, but rumours of her claims spread.

He starts to drift away from Tsurukawa, befriending Kashiwagi, a cynical clubfooted boy from Sannomiya. Kashiwagi seduces women by making them feel sorry for him. In May, Kashiwagi invites him to a picnic at Kameyama Park, taking two girls. When left alone with the other girl, she tells him a story about a woman who lost her lover during the war. He realises that the woman is one he saw two years before. That evening, Mizoguchi becomes aware of Tsurukawa's death in an accident. In the spring of 1948, Kashiwagi mentions that he is being taught ikebana by the woman Mizoguchi saw. Mizoguchi tells her about his experiences. She tries to seduce him, but he experiences visions of the temple.

As Mizoguchi's mental illness worsens, he neglects his studies, and is reprimanded. Mizoguchi responds by borrowing ¥3000 from Kashiwagi. He goes to Takeisao-jinja and draws a lot which warns him not to travel northwest. He sets off northwest the next morning, and spends three days at Yura, where the sight of the Sea of Japan inspires him to destroy the Kinkaku. By May, his debt has grown to ¥5100. Kashiwagi is angry, and comes to suspect that Mizoguchi is considering suicide. To prevent this, he reveals that Tsurukawa committed suicide over a love affair.

Mizoguchi spends his tuition on prostitutes in the hope that Dosen will expel him. After this fails, he buys arsenic and a knife at a shop near Senbon-Imadegawa. On 30 June, a repairman tries to fix the temple's fire alarm, but he is unsuccessful, and promises to return the next day. He does not come. Early next morning, Mizoguchi sneaks into the Kinkaku and places three straw bales in corners of the ground floor. He goes outside to sink some non-inflammable items in the pond, but on turning back to the temple he finds himself filled with his childhood visions of its beauty, and he is overcome by uncertainty.

Finally, he resolves to go ahead with his plan. He enters the Kinkaku and sets the bales on fire. He runs upstairs and tries to enter the Kukkyōchō, but the door is locked. Suddenly feeling that a glorious death has been "refused" to him, he runs back downstairs and out of the temple. He continues running to Hidari Daimonji. He throws away the arsenic and knife and decides to live.

Reception
Hortense Calisher of The New York Times referred to The Temple of the Golden Pavilion as "surely one of his best" and noted that it had been praised upon its 1959 release in the West.

The real story
The only proven and detailed information in English on the arson comes from Albert Borowitz's Terrorism For Self-Glorification: The Herostratos Syndrome (2005), which includes translations of interview transcripts published in the book Kinkaku-ji Enjō (1979) by Mizukami Tsutomo, a novelist who had known the boy at school.

The acolyte's name was Hayashi Yōken, and the Superior's name was Murakami Jikai. The prostitute to whom he boasted was called Heya Teruko. Hayashi's mother threw herself in front of a train soon after the event. His sentence was reduced on account of his schizophrenia; he was released on 29 September 1955, the same year that the rebuilding commenced, and died in March 1956. (Borowitz comments that many accounts avoid giving the acolyte's name, perhaps to prevent him from becoming a celebrity.) The pavilion's interior paintings were restored much later; even the gold leaf, which was thought to be mostly worn away before 1950, was replaced.

Mishima collected all the information he could, even visiting Hayashi in prison, and as a result the novel follows the real situation with surprising closeness.

Film adaptations

 * Enjō ("Conflagration", 1958), directed by Kon Ichikawa, was by far the most critically successful film to be made from a Mishima novel.
 * The book was one of three Mishima novels adapted by Paul Schrader for episodes in his film Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985).

title: The Temple of the Golden Pavilion


text:
Pozo Colorado

Pozo Colorado is a town in Paraguay, located in the department of Presidente Hayes. First references for the place comes from the late 1890s. It was originally an Enxet village yexwase’ yamelkyet. Pozo Colorado is the Spanish translation for Red Well. After the Chaco War, it became primarily a military base, surrounded by ranches whose owners lived mainly in Asunción. As the Ruta Transchaco cut across the Chacoan plain, entrepreneurs arrived creating a small civilian enclave setting up small businesses. It is now quite a thriving small town or village with more petrol stations than any other small town of Paraguay. Besides the military presence, the police are also there, as well as other government offices that have to do with cattle sanitation and husbandry.

Geography
Temperatures range between 0 Celsius in winter to 44 in the Summer. It is practically on the border of the swamps and wetlands of the Bajo Chaco. Typical of the area are the large clumps and even small forests of palm trees Copernicia alba and various types of algarrobos (Prosopis).

title: Pozo Colorado


text: Category:Health in Malaysia

title: Category:Health in Malaysia


text:
San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú

San Pedro de Ycuamandyyú is a city and district in Paraguay. It is the capital of the department of San Pedro.

The conquistador Aleixo Garcia, the first European to cross Paraguay and reach the Inca empire in 1524, is believed to have been killed near San Pedro on his return.

Etymology
Originally the name was "Villa de San Pedro Apóstol de ykuaminday", San Pedro's village from the water source of the cotton field, is the translation of the words in Guaraní Language "ykua"  water source and "mandyju" cotton,  there was a cotton plant in a well. Mr. Pedro García Lacoizqueta was sent by Governor Pedro Melo de Portugal to establish a small village in that place.

Geography
Route XI "Juana de Lara" links the city to Route III "Elizardo Aquino" to the east. It is 25 km far from Paraguay River, 15 km from Antequera district and 3 km from Jejui River.

Weather
The weather is humid and rainy, humidity ranges from 70 to 80%. The average temperature 23 °C, the maximum in summer is 35 °C and the minimum 10 °C.

Demography
San Pedro's population is 29,097 inhabitants, 15,043 are men and 14,054 women. In the urban area 7,927 people and the rural area, 21,170 people.

History
In 1525, native people might have killed the Portuguese Alejo García, who was the first European to explore Paraguay by walking the whole Chaco Paraguayo. He also went through the Tapé Avirú.

San Pedro was founded on 16 March 1786 by Commander José Ferreira and Captain Pedro García.

Economy
The city economy is based mainly on cattle rising. Farming includes yerba mate, cotton, soy, bean, potato, alfalfa, citrus fruits, maní, manioc and wheat. Industries like wood, oil and petit grain. Craftmanship like embroidering ao poi and handed-works on clay.

Tourism
San Pedro is the "Capital of Cordiality", because of the hospitality of its people. The most beautiful things are the ancient and colorful houses from the colonial period which can be appreciated in the city.

The church was built during Don Carlos Antonio López government and rebuilt with all the characteristics of that period. The altarpiece and the images are invaluable parts of the Paraguayan History. Some important historical elements of the region can be seen at Mr. Francisco Resquin's museum.

Casa de la Cultura is another interesting place because artists present their works there, poems, guitar and music courses are held in this house. Jejui River offers its shores and beach for people where they can go camping.

Bibliography and references

 * Geografía Ilustrada del Paraguay, Distribuidora Arami SRL; 2007. ISBN 99925-68-04-6
 * Geografía del Paraguay, Primera Edición 1999, Editorial Hispana Paraguay SRL,

title: San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú


text:
Rural Free Delivery

Rural Free Delivery (RFD), since 1906 officially rural delivery, is a program of the United States Post Office Department to deliver mail directly to rural destinations. The program began in the late 19th century. Before that, people living in rural areas had to pick up mail themselves at sometimes distant post offices or pay private carriers for delivery.

The proposal to offer free rural delivery was not universally embraced. Private carriers and local shopkeepers feared a loss of business. RFD became a political football, with politicians promising it to voters, and benefiting themselves to reach voters. The United States Post Office Department began experiments with Rural Free Delivery as early as 1890. However, it was not until 1893 that Georgia Representative Thomas E. Watson pushed through legislation that mandated the practice. However, universal implementation was slow; RFD was not adopted generally across the country until 1902.

The rural delivery service has used a network of rural routes traveled by carriers to deliver to and pick it up from roadside mailboxes. , the USPS rural delivery service served about 41 million homes and businesses. , the USPS had about 133,000 rural letter carriers serving 80,000 rural routes.

History

Until the late 19th century, residents of rural areas had to travel to a designated distant post office to pick up their mail or to pay for delivery by a private carrier. Fayette County in east-central Indiana claims to be the birthplace of Rural Free Delivery. Milton Trusler, a leading farmer in the county, began advocating the idea in 1880; as the president of the Indiana Grange, he spoke to farmers statewide frequently over the following 16 years. Postmaster General John Wanamaker, owner of a major department store, was ardently in favor of Rural Free Delivery (RFD), with many thousands of Americans living in rural communities who wanted to send and receive retail orders inexpensively. Support for the introduction of a nationwide rural mail delivery service came from The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, the nation's oldest agricultural organization.

However, the adoption of a nationwide RFD system had many opponents. Most important were the four rich, powerful express companies that monopolized the delivery of valuable or time-sensitive packages. Wayne Fuller concludes that they "arrogantly served the public, rendered only mediocre service, [and] made inordinate profits." They were unregulated and confused customers with myriad rates; in rural areas they dropped off packages at the train depot. Furthermore many politically connected town merchants worried that the service would reduce farmers' weekly visits to town to obtain supplies, or that Sears, Roebuck and Company with its catalogs would undermine their local business. The opponents mounted a fierce opposition to the use of parcel post, delaying full implementation. However Sears and the other mail-order houses realized that parcel post would be to their advantage and joined the farmers in a coalition that finally overcame the local merchants and express companies. Indeed, Sears sales tripled in the first five years after parcel post started in 1913.

The Post Office Department first experimented with the idea of rural mail delivery in 1896, to determine the viability of RFD. It began with five routes covering 10 miles, 33 years after free delivery in cities had begun. The first routes to receive RFD during its experimental phase were in Jefferson County, West Virginia, near Charles Town; Halltown; and Uvilla.

Legislation by Congressman Thomas E. Watson of Georgia mandated the practice, and RFD finally became an official service in 1896. That year, 82 rural routes were put into operation. Tens of thousands of routes had to be found. A massive undertaking, nationwide RFD service took several years to implement, and remains the "biggest and most expensive endeavor" ever instituted by the U.S. Postal Service.

The service grew steadily. By 1901, the mileage had increased to over 100,000; the cost was $1,750,321, and over 37,000 carriers were employed. In 1910, the mileage was 993,068; the cost was $36,915,000, and 40,997 carriers were employed. In 1913 came the introduction of parcel post delivery, which caused another boom in rural deliveries. Parcel post service allowed the distribution of national newspapers and magazines, and was responsible for millions of dollars of sales in mail-order merchandise to customers in rural areas. By 1930, 43,278 rural routes served over 6,875,300 families, amounting to about 25,472,00 persons, at a cost of $106,338,341. The Rural Post Roads Act of 1916 authorized federal funds for rural post roads.

First routes
The following is a list of the first rural routes established in each state, along with the names of the (up to three) post offices served and the date of establishment.

title: Rural Free Delivery


text:
Euskaltel–Euskadi (1994–2013)

Euskaltel–Euskadi was a professional road bicycle racing team from Spain, Europe. The team was commercially sponsored, but was also partly funded by the Basque Government until the end of 2013, with riders either from the Basque Country, Navarre, La Rioja, and the French Basque Country, or who had grown up in the cycling culture of those regions: This policy was abandoned to enable retention of World Tour status. Its sponsor was Euskaltel, a Basque telecom company. Euskaltel–Euskadi was famous for its all-orange team kits. Whenever the Tour de France passed through the Basque Country many spectators lined the route dressed in the team's orange or the colours of the Basque flag. The Euskaltel team also has a second team inside the "Fundacion Euskadi", this team rode in a continental category, the name of the team was Orbea. This team was created with the aim of forming the young cyclist before going to the Euskaltel–Euskadi.

History
Following the creation of the Euskadi Cycling Foundation (June 1993), Euskadi was established in 1994 (as Euskadi-Petronor), and has been recognizable among the peloton for their bright orange kit (which developed later in the team's history). After a financially turbulent first few seasons, in which the team was on the brink of folding multiple times, they secured their long term and most successful sponsor Euskaltel. By 1999, with Roberto Laiseka winning the team's first Grand Tour stage win this investment had paid off. In 2001 they were invited to the Tour de France and achieved another victory for Laiseka in the Pyrénées.

After a 2003 Tour de France breakthrough success during which both Iban Mayo and Haimar Zubeldia finished in the top-10 of the general classification, with Mayo winning the prized Alpe d'Huez stage. Euskaltel–Euskadi was considered to be a strong contender for the 2004 Tour de France as well. Iban Mayo's commanding victory in the 2004 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré stage race (traditionally seen as one of the tests for Tour de France contenders), including defeating Lance Armstrong in the Mont Ventoux hill climb individual time trial stage, further fueled the hype. Unfortunately, Mayo was injured in a crash on a pavé section of an early stage of the Tour de France, and abandoned in the first Pyrénées stage. Zubeldia also failed to deliver in the 2004 Tour de France, to the chagrin of Basque fans lining the road. "I wish that our uniform was not so easy to spot," admitted directeur sportif Julián Gorospe.

In the 2005 season the team recruited Aitor González, who won the Tour de Suisse. They again failed to make an impression in the 2005 Tour de France. In 2006 the sporting director Julián Gorospe was replaced by Igor González de Galdeano, who became technical secretary. Euskaltel–Euskadi ranked 13th in the UCI World Tour rankings among 18 teams, but only the top 15 teams automatically qualify for the World Tour for the following year (source?). The other teams qualify based on a variety of criteria, including team points and a dedication to clean racing, but the most important are points earned by individual riders.

Under points pressure, Euskaltel confirmed in 2012 that it would break with its long-standing policy of signing a majority of Basque riders and would employ riders of other countries to assure its UCI World Tour standing. This has had knock on effects for the makeup of other traditionally Basque teams such as Orbea and Caja Rural. For example, in the 2013 season Euskaltel's Amets Txurruka and Iván Velasco moved to.

The withdrawal of sponsorship via government funds prompted the team to announce it would be unable to continue after the 2013 season. In September 2013 Formula One racing driver Fernando Alonso expressed a wish to ensure the team's survival by buying their UCI World Tour license but reached no agreement with the team.

In 2018 Mikel Landa, the President of the Euskadi Cycling Foundation, established Team Fundación Euskadi on the Continental tour. In 2020, Euskaltel revived its sponsorship, thereby rebranding the team with the name of its predecessor, Euskaltel-Euskadi.

Major wins

 * 1995
 * Stages 4 & 8 Volta ao Algarve, Asier Guenetxea

 * 1996
 * Memorial Manuel Galera, Iñaki Ayarzagüena
 * Txitxarro Igoera, Iñaki Ayarzagüena
 * Stage 4 Vuelta a Asturias, Álvaro González de Galdeano
 * Time Trial Championship, Iñigo González de Heredia

 * 1997
 * Stage 4 Vuelta a los Valles Mineros, Igor González de Galdeano

 * 1998
 * Stage 8 Tour de l'Avenir, Txema Del Olmo Zendegi
 * Stages 7 & 12 Volta a Portugal, Unai Etxebarria
 * Clásica de Sabiñánigo, Igor González de Galdeano
 * Stage 5 Volta a Galicia, Igor González de Galdeano

 * 1999
 * Stage 1 GP Mitsubishi, Aitor Silloniz
 * Stage 4 GP Jornal de Noticias, José Alberto Martínez
 * Stage 1 GP du Midi-Libre, José Alberto Martínez
 * Stage 18 Vuelta a España, Roberto Laiseka

 * 2000
 * Overall, GP Jornal de Noticias, Mikel Artetxe Guezuraga
 * Stages 1 & 4 GP Jornal de Noticias, Mikel Artetxe Guezuraga
 * Klasika Primavera, Unai Etxebarria
 * Overall Tour de l'Avenir, Iker Flores
 * Stage 8, Aitor Kintana
 * Stage 9, Iker Flores
 * Prologue Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, Alberto Lopez de Munain Ruiz de Gauna
 * Stage 1 Vuelta a Asturias, Alberto Lopez de Munain Ruiz de Gauna
 * Stage 1 Vuelta a Burgos, José Alberto Martínez
 * Overall Euskal Bizikleta, Haimar Zubeldia
 * Stage 4b, Haimar Zubeldia

 * 2001
 * Stage 5 Vuelta a Andalucía, Mikel Artetxe
 * Stage 3 Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana, David Etxebarria
 * Stage 3 Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme, Aitor Silloniz
 * Stage 4 Tour of the Basque Country, Angel Castresana
 * Stage 4 Vuelta a La Rioja, Igor Flores
 * Stage 5 Vuelta a Asturias, Alberto López de Munain
 * Overall GP du Midi-Libre, Iban Mayo
 * Classique des Alpes, Iban Mayo
 * Stage 3 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, Unai Etxebarria
 * Stage 6 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, Iban Mayo
 * Stage 14 Tour de France, Roberto Laiseka

 * 2002
 * Trofeo Manacor, Igor Flores
 * Overall Critérium International, José Alberto Martínez
 * Stages 5a & 5b Tour of the Basque Country, David Etxebarria
 * Stage 1 Vuelta a Castilla y León, David Herrero
 * Stage 4a Euskal Bizikleta, David Etxebarria
 * Stage 5 Troféu Joaquim Agostinho, Mikel Artetxe
 * Stage 7 Tour de l'Avenir, Aitor Silloniz

 * 2003
 * Overall Tour of the Basque Country, Iban Mayo
 * Stages 1, 5a & 5b Iban Mayo
 * Stage 1 Vuelta a La Rioja, David Herrero
 * Stage 1 Euskal Bizikleta, David Etxebarria
 * Prologue & Stage 4 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, Iban Mayo
 * Stage 1 Troféu Joaquim Agostinho, Lander Euba
 * Stage 8 Tour de France, Iban Mayo
 * Stage 5 Vuelta a Burgos, Gorka González
 * Overall Tour de l'Avenir, Egoi Martínez

 * 2004
 * Trofeo Calvià, Unai Etxebarria
 * Overall Clásica de Alcobendas, Iban Mayo
 * Stages 1 & 2, Iban Mayo
 * Subida al Naranco, Iban Mayo
 * GP Llodio, Unai Etxebarria
 * Overall Vuelta a Asturias, Iban Mayo
 * Stage 5 Euskal Bizikleta, Roberto Laiseka
 * Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, Iban Mayo
 * Prologue & Stage 4, Iban Mayo

 * 2005
 * Stage 2 Clásica de Alcobendas, David Herrero
 * GP Llodio, David Herrero
 * Stage 4b Euskal Bizikleta, David Herrero
 * Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, Iñigo Landaluze
 * Overall Tour de Suisse, Aitor González
 * Stage 9, Aitor González
 * Stage 5 Vuelta a Burgos, David Herrero
 * Stage 11 Vuelta a España, Roberto Laiseka
 * Stage 13 Vuelta a España, Samuel Sánchez
 * Escalada a Montjuïc, Samuel Sánchez

 * 2006
 * Stages 2 & 3 Tour of the Basque Country, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stage 5 Euskal Bizikleta, David Herrero
 * Stage 6 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, Iban Mayo
 * Stage 3 Vuelta a Asturias, Samuel Sánchez
 * Overall Vuelta a Burgos, Iban Mayo
 * Stage 4, Iban Mayo
 * Subida a Urkiola, Iban Mayo
 * Stage 13 Vuelta a España, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stage 16 Vuelta a España, Igor Antón
 * Züri-Metzgete, Samuel Sánchez
 * Escalada a Montjuïc, Igor Antón

 * 2007
 * Trofeo Calvià, Unai Etxebarria
 * Stage 7 Tirreno–Adriatico, Koldo Fernández
 * Stage 6 Tour of the Basque Country, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stage 4 Tour de Romandie, Igor Antón
 * Stage 7 Volta a Catalunya, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stages 15, 19 & 20 Vuelta a España, Samuel Sánchez

 * 2008
 * Stage 5 Vuelta a Murcia, Koldo Fernández
 * Stage 5 Vuelta a Castilla y León, Koldo Fernández
 * Stage 2b Vuelta a Asturias, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stage 2 Euskal Bizikleta, Koldo Fernández
 * Stage 2 Tour de Suisse, Igor Antón
 * Stage 3 Vuelta a Burgos, Koldo Fernández
 * Tour de Vendée, Koldo Fernández

 * 2009
 * Stage 2 Volta ao Algarve, Koldo Fernández
 * GP Llodio, Samuel Sánchez
 * Circuito de Getxo, Koldo Fernández
 * Subida a Urkiola, Igor Antón
 * Stage 1 Vuelta a Burgos, Koldo Fernández

 * 2010
 * Stage 4 Tour of the Basque Country, Samuel Sánchez
 * Klasika Primavera, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stage 3 Vuelta a Castilla y León, Igor Antón
 * Stage 1 Vuelta a Asturias, Pablo Urtasun
 * Stage 3b Vuelta a Asturias, Beñat Intxausti
 * Stage 5 Tour de Romandie, Igor Antón
 * Stage 1 Bayern Rundfahrt, Rubén Pérez
 * Stage 4 Tour de Luxembourg, Gorka Izagirre
 * Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia, Gorka Izagirre
 * Overall Vuelta a Burgos, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stage 1, Koldo Fernández
 * Stages 2 & 5, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stages 4 & 11 Vuelta a España, Igor Antón
 * Stage 16 Vuelta a España, Mikel Nieve
 * Tour de Vendée, Koldo Fernández

 * 2011
 * GP Miguel Induráin, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stage 4 Tour of the Basque Country, Samuel Sánchez
 * Prologue Tour de Romandie, Jonathan Castroviejo
 * Stage 1 Vuelta a la Comunidad de Madrid, Jonathan Castroviejo
 * Stage 14 Giro d'Italia, Igor Antón
 * Stage 15 Giro d'Italia, Mikel Nieve
 * Stage 12 Tour de France, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stage 1 Vuelta a Burgos, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stage 5 Vuelta a Burgos, Mikel Landa
 * Stage 19 Vuelta a España, Igor Antón

 * 2012
 * Stage 6 Volta a Catalunya, Samuel Sánchez
 * Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of the Basque Country, Samuel Sánchez
 * Stages 3 & 6 (ITT), Samuel Sánchez
 * Stage 2b (ITT) Vuelta a Asturias, Jon Izagirre
 * Stage 16 Giro d'Italia, Jon Izagirre
 * Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia, Gorka Izagirre
 * Stage 7 Tour of Britain, Pablo Urtasun

 * 2013
 * Stage 1 Vuelta a Castilla y León, Pablo Urtasun
 * Stage 2 Vuelta a Castilla y León, Juan José Lobato
 * Stage 7 Critérium du Dauphiné, Samuel Sánchez
 * Time Trial Championships, Ioannis Tamouridis
 * Road Race Championships, Ioannis Tamouridis
 * Circuito de Getxo, Juan José Lobato

title: Euskaltel–Euskadi (1994–2013)


text:
Vece Paes

Vece Paes (born 30 April 1945) is a former Indian hockey midfielder, and representing the Indian team in the 1972 Munich Olympics, that won the bronze medal. He is the father of Indian tennis player Leander Paes. He is also a doctor in sports medicine, and served as the president of the Calcutta Cricket and Football Club.

He attended La Martiniere College in Lucknow. He is married to Jennifer Dutton, a great-granddaughter of Michael Madhusudan Dutt.

title: Vece Paes


text:
TPON

TPON might refer to:

 * Telephony over Passive Optical Network, kind of telephone network
 * The Power of Nightmares, 2004 documentary series
 * The Philippine Order of Narnians, Filipino community of CS Lewis enthusiasts

 * Two Parties One Nation, an Instagram-based mock government community

title: TPON


text:
User:Aznrocket

Part time Wikipedian

title: User:Aznrocket


text:
Mafalda of Portugal

Infanta Mafalda of Portugal (also known as Blessed Mafalda, O.Cist. (c. 1195 – 1 May 1256 in Rio Tinto, Gondomar; ) was a Portuguese infanta (princess), later Queen consort of Castile for a brief period. She was the second youngest daughter of King Sancho I of Portugal and Dulce of Aragon. Married briefly to the ten-year-old Henry I of Castile, she held for a time the title Queen of Castile.

Upon the dissolution of the marriage, Mafalda returned to her homeland. She chose to become a Cistercian nun, and became noted for the holiness of her life. She was declared Blessed by the Catholic Church five centuries after her death.

Early life
Mafalda of Portugal was born around 1195, the daughter of King Sancho I of Portugal and his queen, Dulce of Aragon.

On the death of her father, Mafalda, under the provisions of his will, was to receive the Seia Castle and the remaining portion of the municipality as well as all income produced there. Furthermore, she was granted the right to use the title of queen. This created a conflict with her brother Afonso II O Gordo, who, wanting a centralized power, hindered his sister from receiving the titles and the corresponding rights. Afonso feared that something similar could happen with his two sisters, Teresa and Sancha, and their eventual heirs, creating a problem of sovereignty that could come to divide the country. Much of the Portuguese nobles sided with Mafalda and her sisters, but they were defeated. On the death of Afonso II, his son Sancho II granted some lands and castles to his aunts but he made them renounce the title of princess-queen. The final peace came in 1223.

Marriage
In 1215, a political marriage was arranged between Mafalda and her young cousin Henry I of Castile. As he was about ten years old, the marriage was never consummated, and it was dissolved the following year on grounds of consanguinity. She then returned to Portugal.

Monastic life
In 1220, Mafalda chose not to marry again and became a nun at the Abbey of Arouca, though she was granted a special dispensation to retain control of her inheritance. She became abbess of the community, then one of Benedictine nuns, and in 1226 had her request to transfer the abbey to the Cistercian Order granted by the pope. She had a great devotion to Our Lady of Silva and made substantial donations to the shrine. She also had a hospice for travelers built as well as a number of bridges, churches, monasteries, and hospitals. She helped to establish her own abbey as a major religious center in the region for centuries.

Returning from a pilgrimage to the shrine of Our Lady of Silva, she fell ill at Rio Tinto, Gondomar, and died at the monastery of Cistercians monks there on 1 May 1256. In 1616, wanting to return her body to Arouca as part of the process of her possible canonization, it was found not to have deteriorated, which generated a strong devotion to the Portuguese princess. She was beatified in 1792 by Pope Pius VI. Her feast day is celebrated on 20 June, together with her two sisters.

title: Mafalda of Portugal


text:
Talk:Commercial bank

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 September 2020 and 7 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): LBJJames.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:07, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Improvement Drive
The article Grameen Bank is currently nominated to be improved on This week's improvement drive. If you want to support the article, you can vote for it there.--Fenice 09:05, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Reserves
The article needs to explain that banks need to keep reserves. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.174.229.241 (talk) 22:55, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Overlap
There seems to be an overlap between this article and bank and much of the content is relevant to all banks and not specific to commercial banks. However its clear the term commercial bank has different meanings to different people and for some a commercial bank is a 'normal' bank so not sure if we should move the content such as history to the bank article and focus here on particular aspects of commercial bank. I have added some links for now which should help some readers but I think the article could do with an overhaul. Sargdub (talk) 22:51, 5 May 2013 (UTC)

Structural change
Dear all, having visited the article several times in the past today I still found its structure below any recognition as compared to encyclopaedic standards. Therefore, I have taken liberty to put it to Order. Hope it will help. KR62.163.159.72 (talk) 10:24, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

Commercial bank
Bank Gupta7860 (talk) 11:02, 25 July 2016 (UTC)

Bank should be in an area where there is need but now a days all commercial banks are been operated by corruption of an nation but it induces the lost of a country fame they don't undestand for what they are doing these organaized for the reputed banks are using for the profit organised but with knowledge of enterpruner the cost of heading the knowledge of an computer known languages they can be a some hacked but with mean technology all of us want to be in good posistion of knoweledge Outstandingtaj (talk) 04:52, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

Economic
Co 2409:4073:4D9D:18BE:0:0:76C8:9303 (talk) 09:04, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

Economic
Conclusion of commercial banks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2409:4073:4D9D:18BE:0:0:76C8:9303 (talk) 09:05, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

Commercial banks
Voice 59.91.86.5 (talk) 06:29, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

Business studies
@A "Ferals" Hope in Coles County 41.114.141.125 (talk) 15:08, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

Subsection "Role"
What happened here? The first two paragraphs make sense, the rest, however, does not. ALL CAPS are usually not used in Wikipedia; also, the content appears to be totally nonsensical, structurally and syntactically speaking. Does most of the content, starting from "THUS, in ABSENCE [...]" to "not to wish to interfere)."", not belong somewhere else entirely? I have no clue about this topic, but someone who has worked on this article maybe should go over it to see if there has been some kind of clumsy (read malicious) editing going on. 141.201.151.51 (talk) 12:30, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commercial bank


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Scientology

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Scientology


text: User talk:70.181.83.16

title: User talk:70.181.83.16


text:
The Rose (song)

"The Rose" is a pop song written by Amanda McBroom. The Melody is actually taken from Felix Mendelssohn’s (Piano concerto Nr 1, 2nd movement, the Rose). The melody was subsequently arranged by Robert Lowry for popular use, entitled CYMRAEG, and is usually associated with the hymn, "Here Is Love, Vast As the Ocean." Bette Midler made the song famous when she recorded it for her 1979 film The Rose, in which it plays during the closing credits. It has been recorded multiple times, including by Conway Twitty and Westlife who had US Country & Western and UK number one hits with the song, respectively. Nana Mouskouri recorded a German version (Die Rose), also in 1980, as well as an English version.

Background and Bette Midler version
"The Rose" was first recorded by Bette Midler for the soundtrack of the 1979 film The Rose, in which it plays under the closing credits. However, the song was not written for the movie: Amanda McBroom recalls, "I wrote it in 1977 [or] 1978, and I sang it occasionally in clubs. ... Jim Nabors had a local talk show, and I sang ["The Rose"] on his show once." According to McBroom, she wrote "The Rose" in response to her manager's suggestion that she write "some Bob Seger-type tunes" to expedite a record deal: McBroom obliged by writing "The Rose" in 45 minutes. The song is one verse musically repeated three times; McBroom comments: "When I finished it, I realized it doesn't have a bridge or a hook, but I couldn't think of anything to put in there." McBroom believes the song struck a universal nerve because "It's a message of hope that's very easily understandable".

McBroom's composition was one of seven songs selected by Midler from thirty song possibilities proffered by Paul A. Rothchild, the producer of The Rose soundtrack album. Reportedly Rothchild had listened to over 3,000 songs in order to assemble those thirty possibilities.

Released as the second single from The Rose soundtrack album, "The Rose" hit number 1 on the Cashbox Top 100 and peaked at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Additionally, it was number 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart for five weeks running. The single was certified Gold by the RIAA for over a million copies sold in the United States.

Midler won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "The Rose", beating out formidable competition from Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer among others.

There are two mixes of the song. The single mix features orchestration, while the version in the film (and on its soundtrack) includes an extended introduction while doing away with the orchestration in favor of piano-and-vocals only.

"The Rose" did not receive a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Despite not having been recorded prior to the soundtrack of the film The Rose, the song had not been written for the film. According to McBroom, AMPAS inquired of her if the song had been written for the movie, and McBroom answered honestly that it had not. McBroom did however win the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for "The Rose", as that award's governing body, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA), does not share AMPAS' official requirement that a nominated song be completely original with its parent film.

In 2004 "The Rose" finished #83 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of the top tunes in American cinema.

Personnel

 * Bette Midler - lead vocals
 * David Campbell - string arrangements
 * Lincoln Mayorga - piano
 * Amanda McBroom - harmony vocals

Conway Twitty version
Country singer Conway Twitty recorded a cover version in 1982. His version, from his album Dream Maker, was a number one country hit in US and Canada; it became his 30th number one single on the US country chart.

Track listing
7-inch single
 * 1) The Rose - 3:32
 * 2) It's Only Make Believe - 2:18

The Dubliners version
The Dubliners recorded a duet with the Hothouse Flowers for Rose Week and released "The Rose" as a single in 1991, reaching no. 2 in the Irish Singles Chart.

Westlife version
"The Rose" was covered by Irish boy band Westlife and was released as the first and only single from their seventh studio album The Love Album (2006). It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the group's 14th and most recent number-one single in the United Kingdom. The single has sold over 200,000 copies in the UK to earn a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).

Music video
The video for this single was presented in two versions: one in black and white and the other in color. It shows the emotions and events leading up to a couple's wedding procession. The band members are clad in suits and are shown in a checkered-floor room. During the initial period of the video's release, fans were given the opportunity to customise the music video by digitally adding their names to various elements such as the wedding invitation card.

Track listings
UK CD1 and European CD single
 * 1) "The Rose" – 3:40
 * 2) "Solitaire" – 5:07

UK CD2
 * 1) "The Rose" – 3:40
 * 2) "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" – 3:47
 * 3) "If" – 2:42
 * 4) Making of the photoshoot (enhanced)

In popular culture
An adaptation of the song entitled "Hǎo xiǎng nǐ" (好想你, "I Truly Miss You") by Taiwanese singer YoYo (金瑞瑶) was released in 1984.

The song was featured in the ending scene of the 1991 Studio Ghibli film Only Yesterday, directed by Isao Takahata. The ending theme song, sung by Miyako Harumi, is titled "Ai wa Hana, Kimi wa sono Tane" (愛は花、君はその種子, "Love Is a Flower, You Are the Seed"), a Japanese translation of Amanda McBroom's composition "The Rose".

The song appears in Napoleon Dynamite in the scene where Napoleon performs with the Happy Hands Club for his class. The song also appeared in the Richard Simmons exercise video Dance Your Pants Off!. A cover of the song was featured in the 2008 Family Guy episode "Baby Not on Board". During the episode, the Griffin family, except for Stewie, sings the song as a family road trip song. The song was also covered in the episode "Maybe Tomorrow" of True Detective, and in the first episode of the third season of Goliath.

A six part a cappella arrangement of the song by Nic Raines, created for The King's Singers, was included in the King's Singers 2019 EP release "The Library, Vol. 1" and also in a 2019 music video for YouTube. The song was featured in the 2021 Korean drama series Youth of May, aired on KBS2.

title: The Rose (song)


text:
Cobija

Cobija is a city in Bolivia, capital of the department of Pando, and is located about 600 km (373 mi.) north of La Paz in the Amazon Basin on the border with Brazil. Cobija lies on the banks of the Rio Acre across from the Brazilian city of Brasiléia. Cobija lies at an elevation of ca. 280 m (920 ft.) above sea level and has a tropical and rainy climate.

Cobija has approximately 80,000 inhabitants, is the seat of a university and capital of the Bolivian Pando Department. Cobija has two airports and is connected by one road to El Choro in the Beni Department, which is not always passable during the rainy season. When the rain allows it, Cobija is connected to the rest of Bolivia also via road. Cobija is connected to Brazil by two bridges.

History
Cobija was founded in 1906 by Colonel Enrique Cornejo, originally under the name of Bahía and received its current name in 1908 in commemoration of the former Bolivian seaport Cobija on the Pacific, which has been a part of Chile since the War of the Pacific. In the early 1900s, Cobija experienced a boom as an India rubber industry center. When the industry collapsed, a major source of income being lost, Cobija became impoverished and its population fell. Nowadays, Cobija is developing again and its population is increasing. Currently, the region's primary industry is Bolivia nuts, although tourism and commerce are growing. There is a Free economic zone in the city, the largest in Bolivia.

Population
The inhabitants of Cobija has risen very strongly during the past two decades to more than five-fold. Currently the estimated population is as much as 80,000 inhabitants with a population growth of 6 to 8% per year.

Sports
The Estadio Roberto Jordán Cuellar is located in Cobija. The football stadium has a capacity of 24,000.

Climate
The city of Cobija sits on a sharp curve of the Acre river, at an altitude of 280 m above sea level and in the north-western Amazon region of Bolivia. Cobija is classified as a tropical monsoon climate, Am in the Köppen classification system. Cobija has two distinct seasons, with a noticeable dry season and a wet rainy season fed by powerful thunderstorms, with hot temperatures year-round.

Transportation
Cobija is served by major Bolivian airlines at Captain Aníbal Arab Airport and by buses to Riberalta. The Interoceanic Highway passes through the city of Cobija.

title: Cobija


text:
Magdalena Dobromila Rettigová

Magdalena Dobromila Rettigová (31 January 1785 – 5 August 1845) was a Czech writer known for her famous cookery book.

Biography
Rettigová, née Artmann, was born in Všeradice, into a German-speaking family. Her childhood was not happy and her father died in 1792. In 1808 she married Jan Alois Sudiprav Rettig, a Czech patriot from a half-German speaking family. Under his influence she learned to speak and write correctly in Czech and also started to use her middle name Dobromila. Rettigová was active in the Czech National Revival movement, also helped to found an educational institute for girls (her main advice for the girls was to keep their husband happy no matter what). Of her 11 children only three survived into adult age. She died, aged 60, in Litomyšl.

Her early literary works were mostly syrupy and sentimental texts. In 1826 Rettigová published her legendary (in Czech circles) recipe book "A Household Cookery Book or A Treatise on Meat and Fasting Dishes for Bohemian and Moravian Lasses". This book became a 19th-century bestseller and for a long time remained the only cookery book written in Czech. Rettigová continued to improve the book with culinary experiments.

Most of the recipes in her cookbook were written without access to foreign spices, and thus require adaptation to fit with modern lifestyle. The book is still being reprinted and a copy can be found in libraries of many Czech households.

title: Magdalena Dobromila Rettigová


text:
Latanza Waters

Latanza Waters-Brown is a female house music singer who has been featured on several big club hits by various producers and remixers. Her first record, "Love Struck", was produced by Dewey B and released in 1995. This union led to the creation of the house music group Love Tribe which included Waters, producer Dewey Bullock, and musician Victor Mitchell. Signed by renowned music A&R Simon Dunmore to AM:PM Records in the UK, Love Tribe's 1996 cult classic single "Stand Up" reached No. 1 on the U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart, and No. 23 on the UK Singles Chart in July of that year.

Waters is also the featured artist on two tracks by house music producer Eric Miller: "Deja Vu" (under Miller's alias E-Smoove) and "Insatiable" (under the Miller alias Thick Dick). "Insatiable" hit number 1 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 2002. Waters and E-Smoove went on to release other songs as well; SubUSA's releases "Crazy" (E-Funk) and "Quiver" (E-Rock), Defected release "Beautiful" (2011), Strictly Rhythm's release "So Glad" (Love Journey), Slip N Slide's "Something Special" (House Avengers), and Basement Boys' release "Ordinary People".

She has also sung lead on "Mountain Top" by 99th Affair released on Playola (#16 US Dance in 2002) and "Bang On" by Purple Kitty released on Nervous Records (#17 US Dance in 2003). Waters is perhaps best known for the vocals on Thunderpuss's 2001 reworked version of Love Tribe's "Stand Up". Waters worked as a teacher in Chicago and is currently writing for tween music company Big Kidz Radio, and authoring children's books, but still sings and writes songs. Her most recent tracks were her collaborations with Kings of Groove producers Franco De Mulero and Adam Moss called "I'm Lost" released on Purple Music in 2010, the Defected release “Beautiful”, produced by E-Smoove in 2011, “Bring Me Joy” Ibitaly, and “Give Me the Night” produced by DJ Kawasaki.

title: Latanza Waters


text:
Category:Network access

This category is for articles about connections of clients to telecommunications networks.

title: Category:Network access


text:
Talk:Newton's cradle

Newton's cradle
What I don't understand is why it's always the same number of balls at the same acceleration from each side, and not 1/2 the number of balls at twice the acceleration [Hackwrench]

I'm going over http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/scenario/cradle.htm, but it's making a mistake of saying speed instead of acceleration/deceleration.

 * A purely elastic collision preserves not just momentum, but also kinetic energy in the system, where $$KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 $$. The scenario you describe would end up with twice the mass in motion, but $$v^2$$ would be a quarter of what it was before, so only half the kinetic energy would remain (the rest of the energy having been converted into other forms, such as sound and heat). This is impossible is a purely elastic scenario, and you will find that the only case preserving both momentum and KE is the one where "the same number of balls" have the same speed before and after the collision.

 * Glad I can help answer year-old questions. :/ Twinxor t 17:04, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * every collision preserves momentum; an ideal perfectly elastic collision preserves kinetic energy. 2603:8001:D3F0:87E0:0:0:0:1DF6 (talk) 00:10, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * What is momentum 2409:4056:201D:783E:0:0:1C2:10A0 (talk) 14:26, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Momentum is a measure of how much force an object could apply in collision.
 * (F=dp/dt)-Newton's Second Law
 * [Note:F=ma assumes that the mass is constant which might not be true in all cases.] 27.147.202.233 (talk) 12:41, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Suppose,you lift three balls and release them.The third ball will transfer all of its momentum to the fourth ball which will transfer its to the fifth ball.The firs two balls will do the same exact thing and what we are left with is that three balls moving from the right side.
 * [Note:Assuming all the ball have the same mass] 27.147.202.233 (talk) 12:36, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

Explanation of the Physics?
This article could really do with an explanation of the physics behind this. The first sentence mentions stuff like conservation of momentum and energy, but that doesn't really help to explain how this device works to the layman. I'd write it myself, but I don't know how it works. =P – Lantoka  (talk) 03:54, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

I think the best explanation would be that all the explanations are wrong! Amoung other things, an explanation/theory/model must be predictave. While the two conservation laws mentioned do fine on the one ball case; they fail miserably when you swing 3 or 4 balls to start it. As a retired rocket scientist (physicist) I delight in showing this as an example of "A simple mechanisim" needing a very complex analysis. 71.163.146.15 (talk) 11:10, 27 December 2008 (UTC)Ron

Elastic collision
Am I the only one who finds the elastic collision animation so distracting it's almost impossible to read the article? That and many other highly distracting gifs are already on the elastic collision page. Do we really need it here? Kafziel Talk 16:17, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * In particular, the bright green backgrounds are distracting and unnecessary. White or grey would be less intrusive, as shown by the 3d animations. 173.172.70.38 (talk) 19:28, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

Hmm, I think a picture says more than a thousand words, and an animation even more so when describing the motion of something. I think it should stay. I feel one fault of the Newton's Cradle animation is that it does not show the gradual decay of oscillation, which may have lead to some people thinking it keeps going forever. Maybe someone could produce a non-repeating animation, or more animations with more balls.

Besides, the animation soon scrolls off screen as you read through the article. SpareHeadOne 02:34, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Does not need to be touched to stop
I am bothered by the fact that it says you need to touch it to make it stop, while that is obviously not true. This is not a "perpetuum mobile", it's just a device that provides a good example of the conservation of KE and impulse, and impulse transfer in solids. You don't need to touch it to stop it, it will stop on its own as some of the energy will be transformed into heat on each collision (making the collision partly plastic and not 100% elastic, which is an ideal theoretical case). Adrian

Other Names; History; How it works; Variations
Other names for this are: Collision Apparatus http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Mechanics/Collision_Apparatus/Collision_Apparatus.html

"Balance Balls", "Newton's Pendulum" and "Newton's Balls" http://www.officeplayground.com/newtonscradle3.html In particular, the first link shows pictures of this device dating to around 1890.

The "Invention and design" section says "in early 1967 ... coined the name 'Newton's Cradle'" but does not mention earlier dates.

I have not researched this myself, but I suspect that "Collision Ball Apparatus" was the earlier name used in physics demos, and that a search under that name might bring up better/alternative explanations of how this device actually works.

A variation of this physics demo consistes of balls on a track (straight or curved, grooved or parallel rods):

"version of Newton's Cradle" http://www.hope.edu/csi/Activity_Kits/Newtons_Balls_Background.pdf "Rolling Collision Balls" https://www1.fishersci.com/wps/portal/PRODUCTDETAIL?productId=703758&catalogId=29101&pos=23&catCode=SE_SC&fromCat=yes&keepSessionSearchOutPut=true&brCategoryId=56821&hlpi=y&fromSearch=

"COLLISION BALL APPARATUS" http://www.ginsbergscientific.com/0cat_details01.asp?cid=3676 I hope these observations are helpful. Quisicaluser (talk) 16:22, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

German tradition
Every German physics textbook of the 19th century shows a picture of such a device, it is most often called "Stossmaschine" (= impulse machine). One of my books names it "Stossmaschine Mariotte", thus one should look for Mariotte as the inventor. Every German Grammar school had/has such a gadget to demonstrate conservation of impulse. I own a 1972 catalog from Griffin & George (English company making and trading laboratory and school equipment) but there is no such device at all! For strange reasons the Mariotte impact machine was not popular in English schools/universities, maybe the same is true for US? http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelsto%C3%9Fpendel names Mariotte

 * A drawing of Newton's cradle (not named) appears on p. 223 of The Book of Popular Science, Vol. 5 (1958 ed.) by The Grolier Society. It's in an article entitled Experiments With Sound which also contains older devices such as the Siren which is mentioned by 19th century authors such as Rayleigh and Helmholtz. The article could explain the popularity of the cradle and it appearance as a novelty in Canada and the US in the sixties. --Jbergquist (talk) 22:21, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

Do we really need a pop culture section?
I don't think the pop culture section contributes at all to this article. The pop culture references are far too obscure, especially when you consider that a newton's cradle is a common prop for an executive character's desk. It looks to me like some random users noticed a newton's cradle in their favorite pop media, looked it up on Wikipedia, and thought it would be cool to add cruft to the article. I was about to simply remove the entire section, but as I am Wikipedia (editing) noob I'm going to ask in advance. What do you guys think? AuntieNeo (talk) 04:40, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

What if the middle balls are not hang but fixed?
Will the effect be observed in the case only deformations of metall are involved and the middle balls are well fixed?--MathFacts (talk) 10:38, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Newtons Balls?
Does anyone have proof that it has been called 'Newtons Balls,' as it does sound a bit, well, you know, DIRTY. He's just A Common Man! (talk) 07:53, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Yes in... http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~scidemos/NewtonianMechanics/NewtonsCradle/NewtonsCradle.html http://hendrix2.uoregon.edu/~demo/Demo/Mechanics/ILM/Balls.html http://claymore.engineer.gvsu.edu/~flanderb/files/Newton.htm http://demo.pa.msu.edu/showdemo.asp?DID=DID26 Cantwealljustgetalong (talk) 15:26, 20 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Oh, so it was not only me who bursted out laughing at that name. ROTFL. -andy 77.190.12.208 (talk) 17:33, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

Explanation of the Physics?
Another thing I've noticed is that nowhere is there any reference to a text/source to support "the wave propagates through the balls at the speed of sound etc". I can categorically tell you that that is not the case. From some of my recent experimentation it is clear that the wave propagation time is on a scale of milliseconds not microseconds. Can anyone else shed any light on this?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.206.1.20 (talk) 15:57, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

I agree with user 136.206.1.20 above in that shock waves are probably what is involved although sound waves would also occur at the same time. I'd like to know how he measured the propagation time and through what. Contrary to what Lensman003 says there would be no light speed propagation.--JCatania1 (talk) 23:05, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

The velocity of sound in steel is around 6000 m/s, thus the time for a wave to travel through all the balls is around 15 µs.Perarve (talk) 11:02, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

 * The effect of pressure waves was the original wiki explanation, and their presence is interesting so I just included a detailed description of how they are involved. Ywaz (talk) 13:39, 15 January 2017 (UTC)

What?
This article states: "The first time observer may find this visually intriguing and counter-intuitive. If a person charged into one end of a row of adjacent people then one would intuitively expect the whole row of people to be moved, rather than the last person in the row to acquire the kinetic energy." It is not well established that one person running into a row of people would cause them all to move or indeed any of them to move - there are just too many variables here for this analogy to be meaningful. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.61.139 (talk) 13:44, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * There's only one way to find out what would happen in such a scenario. 173.180.202.22 (talk) 07:40, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Justification for detailed physics, and a spreadsheet
After spending a lot of time working on the physics explanation, I wanted to justify what may seem like a lengthy section. Other than finding out what it is, I think the main reason anyone would visit the article is to find out how it works. There are a lot of inaccurate solutions on the internet, and the previous explanation in Wikipedia was wrong (based on bouncing shockwaves which the authors of the reference subsequently renounced because the time it took was much slower as predicted by Hertzian compression). Rather than simply giving the 5 interdependent 2nd order differential equations and asking the reader to work out the details, or otherwise giving complex math, I gave a more wordy treatment in the expectation that the average reader would be at a high school physics level. Most presentations of the device and all of the iPad apps and Java programs I've seen use the simple solution, which is not completely accurate, given that it is supposed to be a physics demonstration. Even the best apps are not doing a real cradle justice because they do not include the errors away from the ideal. They have included friction and heat loss, but it is not enough to give the feel of a real device. Ywaz (talk) 16:04, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

"Drag the balls to create different motions"
This is totally misleading for unaware users! These are animated GIFs and would not respond to any mouse interaction whatsoever!! I make a bet many users already tried to take influence on the motions by using their mouse. But alas, this is not Flash, it's just a (beefed-up) image file. -andy 77.190.12.208 (talk) 17:38, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I fixed them. Didn't know how to upload on top of the old ones on Commons, so if someone wants to fix that, please go ahead so the file history is preserved.  Lurlock (talk) 02:21, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

Who Invented It?
Joe Smitherman? Shouldn't the invention of this by Joe Smitherman in 1965 be mentioned? http://www.angelfire.com/home/sesquiq/joe.html -- 76.104.59.252 (talk) 16:54, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Lee Trippett? A December 2007 article in the Eugene Weekly credits him: http://www.eugeneweekly.com/2007/12/13/news2.html

Energy losses
One of the other factors for losses must be the sound generated by each impact, not just heat from deformation and air resistance. In fact I think the sound is probably the major source of energy loss in an otherwise balanced system, but I have no evidence of this. Can somebody with the numbers add this ideas to the Losses section? Nutster (talk) 23:52, 25 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Also, if the balls are big enough that they deform on impact, some of the kinetic energy is lost to breaking metallic bonds and changing energy at the grain boundaries, not just to heat.--Wikimedes (talk) 19:00, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

Earthquake
I'm no expert, so I'll risk asking an ignorant question. Could this be considered as exemplifying how shock waves travel through the ground from an earthquake? If so, would it be worth mentioning?Campolongo (talk) 08:14, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't think so. The energy released in an earthquake travels through the earth's crust by a wave motion that involves measurable movement of the soil and rock, up and down, or back and forth. In Newton's cradle with three or more spheres, there is no measurable movement of the middle sphere, or the interior spheres if there are more than three in total.
 * An earthquake doesn't generate shock waves; they are something different. A shock wave is generated by a jet aircraft or rocket or artillery shell or bullet that travels through air (or other gas) at a speed faster than the speed of sound. Dolphin  ( t ) 12:53, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

OK, thanks for that. I'll reflect on it and try to grasp the difference.Campolongo (talk) 18:41, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Earthquakes generally shift down more than sideways, so the crust acts like surface waves in water, not sideways wavefronts, although the sideway movement might be like this effect in a certain way that the article mentions. The connection is too lose to mention it. I wanted to include pressure waves in water like when you see the surface explosions from depth charges, but someone objected. Ywaz (talk) 00:17, 9 April 2016 (UTC)

more complex arrangements of the five balled cradle
initial conditioning:

 * 1) one ball raised and released at once (from one side)
 * 2) one ball from each side raised and released at once synchronously
 * 3) two balls raised and released at once (from one side)
 * 4) two balls from each side raised and released at once synchronously
 * 5) three balls raised and released at once (from one side)
 * 6) four balls raised and released at once (from one side)
 * 7) all balls raised and released at once (from one side)
 * 8) separate the five balls in groups of 2 - 2 - 1 balls and synchronously release them
 * 9) all balls raised and released one by one at short intervals (by holding them carefully with one hand) (from one side)
 * 10) stabilize the central ball, release synchronously two surrounding balls - one from each side - and at the half of the extreme divergence position release the other two flank balls
 * 11) make the central ball to oscillate, then repeat the upper step, this looks like step 9 but less energetic

then:
 * 1) describe all the above mathematically
 * 2) replace one ball with one magnetic ball from one flank
 * 3) replace the two outer balls from both flanks with magnetic ones
 * 4) use magnets of various magnetic magnitudes
 * 5) describe all the above mathematically
 * 6) find new examples

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:587:4110:2B00:F0D5:204:77E2:3637 (talk) 09:53, 24 October 2016 (UTC)

Crappy grammar from template
five 6 in chrome steel ball bearings yields
 * five 6 in chrome steel ball bearings

which is not good grammar. Either amend the 'convert' template, change the template being used, or don't use a template. —DIV (120.18.150.196 (talk) 07:20, 20 November 2016 (UTC))

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:21, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

Typo? Time to complete collision ____ (increases or decreases) in softer materials.
Hi, I noticed that the sentence reading "the time to complete a collision decreases in softer materials" seems to have it backward... isn't rubber a slower collision than steel?

Thanks. 208.76.28.70 (talk) 21:34, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I made the correction. Ywaz (talk) 20:51, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

Sentence needs proof reading and correction.
In the section "Effects of Different Types of Balls", this sentence needs to be fixed. "If the solid balls are too large, is be lost as heat, because the elastic limit increases as radius 1.5 but the energy had to be absorbed and released increases as radius3" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jamezism (talk • contribs) 16:20, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Newton's cradle


text:
File:Love gun cover.jpg

Summary
Album cover to KISS's Love Gun. Obtained from amazon.com.

Fair use rationale for Love Gun

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Love gun cover.jpg


text:
Cirilo Guainora

Cirilo Guainora  is a corregimiento in Cémaco District, Comarca Emberá, Panama with a population of 8,703 as of 2010. It is the seat of Cémaco District. It was created by Law 22 of November 8, 1983. Its population as of 1990 was 1,428; its population as of 2000 was 2,015.

title: Cirilo Guainora