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Asymmetric federalism

Asymmetric federalism or asymmetrical federalism is found in a federation or other types of union in which different constituent states possess different powers: one or more of the substates has considerably more autonomy than the other substates, although they have the same constitutional status. This is in contrast to symmetric federalism, where no distinction is made between constituent states. As a result, it is frequently proposed as a solution to the dissatisfaction that arises when one or more constituent units feel significantly different needs from the others, as the result of an ethnic, linguistic or cultural difference.

The difference between an asymmetric federation and federacy is indistinct. A federacy is essentially an extreme case of an asymmetric federation, either due to large differences in the level of autonomy, or the rigidity of the constitutional arrangements. An asymmetric federation, however, has to have a federal constitution, and all states in federation have the same formal status ("state"), while in a federacy independent substate has a different status ("autonomous region").

Types
Asymmetrical federalism can be divided into two types of agreements or arrangements. The first type resolves differences in legislative powers, representation in central institutions, and rights and obligations that are set in the constitution. This type of asymmetry can be called de jure asymmetry (Brown 2). The second type reflects agreements which come out of national policy, opting out, and (depending on one's definition of the term) bilateral and ad hoc deals with specific provinces, none of which are entrenched in the constitution. This type of asymmetry is known as de facto asymmetry. The Canadian federation uses a combination of these, which make up its asymmetrical character.

Canada
The Constitution of Canada is broadly symmetric but contains certain specific sections that apply only to certain provinces. In practice, a degree of asymmetry is created as a result of the evolution of the Canadian federal experiment, individual federal-provincial agreements, and judicial interpretation. Asymmetrical federalism has been much discussed as a formula for stability in Canada, meeting the aspirations of French-speaking Quebec for control over its cultural and social life without removing it from the national federation, where it coexists with nine largely English-speaking provinces.

The most prominent example of asymmetric federalism in Canada is the constitutional requirement that three Supreme Court justices must come from Quebec. The nine other provinces are each entitled to fair representation in the Supreme Court, but their entitlement is based on convention rather than enshrined in the constitution.

A recent example of asymmetry in the Canadian federation can be found in the terms of the September 2004 federal-provincial-territorial agreement on health care and the financing thereof. The Government of Quebec supported the broader agreement but insisted on a separate communiqué in which it was specified, among other things, that Quebec will apply its own wait time reduction plan in accordance with the objectives, standards and criteria established by the relevant Quebec authorities; that the Government of Quebec will report to Quebecers on progress in achieving its objectives, and will use comparable indicators, mutually agreed to with other governments; and that funding made available by the Government of Canada will be used by the Government of Quebec to implement its own plan for renewing Quebec's health system.

For example, Quebec operates its own pension plan, while the other nine provinces are covered by the federal/provincial Canada Pension Plan. Quebec has extensive authority over employment and immigration issues within its borders, matters that are handled by the federal government in all the other provinces.

Such an arrangement has led to criticism in the English-speaking provinces, where there is fear that Quebec is enjoying favouritism in the federal system. It, however, provides a useful lever for those who want to decentralize the structure as a whole, transferring more powers from the centre to the provinces overall, a trend that dominated Canadian politics for decades.

Czechoslovakia
The Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939) was divided into five lands, with the land of Slovakia given a higher degree of autonomy than the other lands, often regarded as a de facto federalist devolution. From 1945 to 1968, Czechoslovakia operated under an asymmetric federal model, and the Slovak National Council appointed a Chairman of the Board of Trustees, de facto the Prime Minister of Slovakia. In 1968 asymmetric federalism was officially abandoned, and the constitution was changed to a federal republic with the creation of the Slovak Socialist Republic and the Czech Socialist Republic with a new Czech National Council, but the ruling Communist Party of Czechoslovakia retained an asymmetrical partisan model with only a Communist Party of Slovakia and no Czech Communist Party until 1990.

India
The Government of India (referred to as the Union Government or Central Government) was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of a federal union of 28 states and 8 union territories.

The governance of India is based on a tiered federal system, wherein the Constitution of India assigns the subjects on which each tier of government exercises powers.

An intrinsic characteristic of Indian federalism is that it is designed to be asymmetric where necessary. Until 2019, Article 370 made special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371-371J make special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Goa, Karnataka, Mizoram, Manipur, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Telangana.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, although the form of state is unitary, four regions were given the special status of autonomy (keistimewaan) as provinces: Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta and 5 provinces in West Papua. These regions were given special statuses based on the constitutional laws of special autonomy (Undang-Undang Keistimewaan Daerah) with each having their own degree of autonomy:

Aceh exercises Sharia law with the Aceh traditional system of government instead of using the unitary system the other provinces have. Aceh was also granted the rights over the participation of regional parties in their province, unlike other provinces.

Jakarta is the capital city and, unlike other cities in Indonesia which were granted a second-tier of country subdivision or the same degree as a regency, exercises the autonomous power of a first-tier level of country subdivision.

Yogyakarta was granted special status over the exercise and involvement of the royal family of Keraton Jogjakarta and Kadipaten Pakualaman, where the Sultan of Jogjakarta rules the province, taking the place of a governor in other provinces. Acting as his deputy is the Adipati of Pakualam. The two rule as the executive leaders of Jogjakarta.

Papua was granted a special status over the exercise of legislative power. Papua has a separate legislative council, the MRP (Majelis Rakyat Papua/Papuan People's Assembly), which has legislative power over Papua inside the People's Consultative Assembly, the Legislative Council of Indonesia. However, the status of Papua has been criticized due to intervention from Jakarta. International human rights activists have called Papua a 'fake autonomous province' due to the lack of real autonomy in the field.

Italy
In Italy, five regions (namely Sardinia, Sicily, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Aosta Valley and Friuli-Venezia Giulia) have been granted special status of autonomy. Their statutes are constitutional laws approved by the Italian Parliament, granting them relatively broad powers in relation to legislation and administration, but also significant financial autonomy. They keep between 60% (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) and 100% (Sicily) of all taxes and decide how to spend the revenues. These regions became autonomous in order to take into account that they host linguistic minorities (German-speaking in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Arpitan-speaking in Aosta Valley, Friulian and Slovenian-speaking in Friuli-Venezia Giulia) or are geographically isolated (the two islands, but also Friuli-Venezia Giulia).

Malaysia
Malaysia is a federation of 13 states formed in 1963 by the merger of the independent Federation of Malaya and the formerly British colonies of Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak.

Under the terms of the federation, Sabah and Sarawak are granted significant autonomy in excess of that exercised by the 11 Malayan states, most notably the control over immigration to these two states.

Singapore was a part of Malaysia until 1965. During its time as a state of Malaysia, Singapore enjoyed autonomy in setting labour and education policies.

Russia
The Russian Federation consists of 83 federal subjects, all equal in federal matters but enjoying six more or less different levels of autonomy.

A republic is the most autonomous subject. Each has its own constitution, has its own official language (alongside Russian, which is official throughout the federation) and is meant to be home to a specific ethnic minority. An autonomous okrug also has a substantial ethnic minority, but is not allowed to have its own constitution and official language. An oblast, a krai, and an autonomous oblast has subjects without a substantial ethnic minority, completely equal to an autonomous okrug with other rights. A federal city is a major city that functions as a separate region.

Previously, the Soviet Union often demonstrated traits of asymmetric federalism, including defining the Russian SFSR's constitution inside of the 1936 Soviet Constitution, subnational asymmetric federalism (especially within the Russian SFSR but also in other SSRs), and giving the Russian SFSR the most representation in the Supreme Soviet, particularly the Soviet of Nationalities, where each autonomous area of the Russian SFSR was granted additional representation. At the same time, Russian SFSR did not have its own Communist Party branch, whose First Secretaries de-facto served as a head of states of other Soviet Republics.

Spain
In Spain, which is either called an "imperfect federation" or a "federation in all but its name", the central government has granted different levels of autonomy to its substates, considerably more to the autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Basque Country, Valencia, Andalusia, Navarre and Galicia and considerably less to the others, out of respect for nationalist sentiment and rights these regions have enjoyed historically.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, England has no self-government and is ruled directly by the British Parliament, but Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales have varying degrees of autonomy. However, many people, such as the Yorkshire Party, believe that asymmetrical devolution of powers (most notably to the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Parliament) is unfair, which causes the ongoing West Lothian question. The United Kingdom is a unitary state, not a federal one, according to its constitution, and the British Parliament still remains sovereign, though some groups such as the Federal Union seek to change this, and Winston Churchill was famously in favour of a British federation.

title: Asymmetric federalism


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Talk:Mdfb

I Don't know yet how to make a "medium density fiber board" page that is equivelant to this page. Maybe it was in the tutorial and I missed it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.215.29.46 (talk • contribs)
 * ok, I've changed this page to a redirect to the existing page on this topic. -- Bovineone 23:36, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

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The Bristh Empire

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Shahr-e Bazi

Shahr-e Bazi (, formerly known as Luna Park), was an amusement park located in the north of Tehran. Covering 150 acre, it was the largest amusement park in the Islamic Republic of Iran and admitted around 2.5 million visitors every year. It has been closed since 2007 due to highway construction, lack of inspection, and malfunctions.

The amusement park was opened in 1970 under the last Shah of Iran. It became a state-owned park after the Iran–Iraq War in 1988.

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Talk:Stepmom (1998 film)

Untitled
Just keep this one, it's better than the other one (the one without the (movie) at the end of the title)

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Roman Catholic Diocese of Chuncheon

The Diocese of Chunchon (also romanized Chuncheon and Ch’unch’on, Dioecesis Chuncheonensis) is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church in South Korea. A suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Seoul, it has ecclesiastic authority over the administrative province of Gangwon-do. Its cathedral episcopal see mother church is Jungnim-dong Cathedral in Chuncheon.

History
The jurisdiction was erected on April 25, 1939 as a missionary pre-diocesan jurisdiction on territory split off from the Apostolic Vicariate of Seoul under the name Apostolic Prefecture of Shunsen, the city's name during the period of Japanese rule of Korea. It was renamed the Apostolic Prefecture of Chunchon on July 16, 1950 and made an Apostolic vicariate on September 20, 1955. It was elevated to diocesan status on March 10, 1962.

On 22 March 1965, it lost territory to establish the Diocese of Wonju 원주

Apostolic Prefects of Chunchon

 * Owen McPolin (1939–1940)
 * Thomas F. Quinlan, S.S.C.M.E. (1940–1942)
 * Paul Noh Gi-nam (1942–1945; apostolic administrator)
 * Thomas F. Quinlan, S.S.C.M.E. (1945–1955)

Apostolic Vicars of Chunchon

 * Thomas F. Quinlan, S.S.C.M.E. (1955–1962)

Bishops of Chunchon

 * Thomas F. Quinlan, S.S.C.M.E. (1962–1965)
 * Thomas Stewart, S.S.C.M.E. (1966–1994)
 * John Chang Yik (1994–2010)
 * Lucas Kim Woon-hoe (2010–2020)
 * Simon Kim Ju-young (2020–present)

title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Chuncheon


text:
Talk:T T Durai

Is Durai, or Mrs Goh Chok Tong, @ Tan Choo Leng, really to blame?

Quality of article
Obviously needs lots of work. Its not only quantity that counts, but quality. Right now it looks perfect for immediate removal.--Huaiwei 16:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

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User:Proghelper

John Dirk
I have years of experience on systems analysis, software design and implementation. I am an expert programmer in C/C++ and Java. Additionally I also have several years of experience as a lecturer and tutor on programming and related subjects.

I work for a company that helps novices on programming. I provide help with assignments and projects, so that people can learn better.

Currently I am working on a project where I am building a knowledge base on programming help links that would help novice programmer learn the programming principles and languages easily and effectively. I am in the design phase of this project.

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Talk:London Town (Wings album)

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Suggestion for a quote?
Shouldn't we put in a Denny Laine quote discussing his writing process with McCartney? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.144.171.23 (talk) 12:12, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

London Town Sessions
Article should mention the 2016 3CD release of the studio sessions: https://www.discogs.com/Wings-London-Town-Sessions/release/8470172 John a s (talk) 23:37, 26 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Re-reading the Discogs page it says this is an unofficial release, not sure if this classes it as a bootleg so apologies if not relevant. John a s (talk) 23:52, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:London Town (Wings album)


text:
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is a collective term for the network and equipment that connects mobile handsets to the public telephone network or the Internet. It contains the base stations, which are called Node B's and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) which make up the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio access network. This communications network, commonly referred to as 3G (for 3rd Generation Wireless Mobile Communication Technology), can carry many traffic types from real-time Circuit Switched to IP based Packet Switched. The UTRAN allows connectivity between the UE (user equipment) and the core network.

The RNC provides control functionalities for one or more Node Bs. A Node B and an RNC can be the same device, although typical implementations have a separate RNC that is located in a central office serving multiple Node Bs. Despite the fact that they do not have to be physically separated, there is a logical interface between them known as the Iub. The RNC and its corresponding Node Bs are called the Radio Network Subsystem (RNS). There can be more than one RNS present in a UTRAN.

There are four interfaces connecting the UTRAN internally or externally to other functional entities: Iu, Uu, Iub and Iur. The Iu interface is an external interface that connects the RNC to the Core Network (CN). The Uu is also external, connecting Node B with the User Equipment (UE). The Iub is an internal interface connecting the RNC with Node B. And at last, there is the Iur interface, which is an internal interface most of the time but can exceptionally be an external interface too for some network architectures. The Iur connects two RNCs with each other.

title: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network


text:
McGonigle, Ohio

McGonigle is an unincorporated community in northwestern Hanover Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States about seven miles northwest of Hamilton at the intersection of U.S. Route 27 and State Route 130 in sections 17 and 18 of R2ET4N of the Congress Lands. It was formerly a stop on the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad's Indianapolis branch. It was named for Philip McGonigle, an early settler, and is spelled in various ways (McGonigle is the spelling on the official Butler County highway map).

title: McGonigle, Ohio


text:
Kartini

Raden Adjeng Kartini, also known as Raden Ayu Kartini (21 April 1879 – 17 September 1904), was a prominent Indonesian activist who advocated for women's rights and female education.

She was born into an aristocratic Javanese family in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia). After attending a Dutch-language primary school, she wanted to pursue further education, but Javanese women at the time were barred from higher education. Instead, Kartini entered a period of seclusion mandated for teenage girls until they married. She acquired knowledge by reading books and by corresponding with Indonesian and Dutch people. Her father allowed her to go into the community beginning in 1896, although she remained an unmarried single woman.

She met various officials and influential people, including J.H. Abendanon. She began the tradition amongst three of her sisters to found and operate schools. After she died, schools were established by a foundation founded in the Netherlands. Some of her Indonesian friends also established Kartini Schools.

After her death, her sisters continued her advocacy of educating girls and women. Kartini's letters were published in a Dutch magazine and eventually, in 1911, as the works: Door Duisternis tot Licht (From Dark Comes Light) and an English version, Letters of a Javanese Princess. Her birthday is now celebrated in Indonesia as Kartini Day in her honor. She opposed the Purdah-like seclusion of teenage girls and polygamy.

Kartini is a National Hero of Indonesia.

Background
During Kartini's life, Indonesia became an important Dutch colony with natural resources of rubber and oil and the production of tobacco that attracted more Dutch immigrants than any other Dutch colonial possession. The Dutch sought to control the entire Indonesian archipelago, which it did by the 20th century. In the meantime, there were technological advancements with the opening of the Suez Canal, the establishment of telegraph lines, and the installation of railroads, which brought the colony into the modern age. As more Dutch people immigrated to Indonesia, more private businesses were founded, and educational opportunities opened up for the Indonesian noble class, as Dutch schools were opened up for immigrants. The knowledge of the feminist movement in Holland began to spread to the traditional Indonesian culture. Polygny was common amongst Indonesian aristocrats. Muslims could have up to four wives. Common wives had little clout in their husband's households. They often supported themselves and lived in separate buildings from their husband. Women generally had little influence in the patriarchal Indonesian society. Men's social standing was determined by the number of wives they had.

Early life
Kartini was born 21 April 1879, in Java, Indonesia, in the village of Mayong. Her parents were Raden Adipati Sosroningrat, a member of the priyayi (Javanese gentry), and Ngasirah, the daughter of a religious scholar. Her father worked for the Dutch colonial empire of the Dutch East Indies as the administrative head of north-central Java. In 1880, he became the Regent of Jepara, which meant that, in all likelihood, Kartini would marry another Regent.

Her mother, Ngasirah, was 14 and a commoner when she married Sosroningrat. Her parents were Nyai Haji Siti Aminah, who had a pilgrimage to Mecca, and Kyai Modirono, likely devout Muslims. Ngasirah was Sosroningrat's first wife, with whom he had eight children. His next wife was the aristocratic Raden Ayu Sosroningrat, with whom he had three daughters. Regents were expected to marry nobility. Kartini called her step-mother "mother", rather than her birth mothers.

Kartini was the fifth child and second-eldest daughter in a family of eleven, including half-siblings. She was born into a family with a strong intellectual tradition. Her grandfather, Pangeran Ario Tjondronegoro IV, became a regent at the age of 25, while Kartini's older brother, Sosrokartono, was an accomplished linguist.

Education
Kartini attended a Dutch school, which was her initiation to the Western world, beginning at the age of six. She was among the first Indonesian children to attend a European school and was treated poorly by teachers and fellow students. Over time, though, she was recognized for her intelligence. Kartini was a fluent speaker of the Dutch language. Most Indonesian girls spoke Malay. While at Dutch school, she also studied with Marie Ovink-Soer, the wife of another regent, who gave Kartini sewing lessons and taught her about feminist viewpoints. She remained in Dutch school until she was a teenager when she experienced the purdah-like "sheltered existence deemed appropriate to a young female noble", from 1891 to 1895. During this period, she was expected to be meek and compliant with rigid cultural rules and etiquette. She learned to cook and do other household chores. She made batik fabric and her clothing. Uncomfortable with the hierarchical dictates, Kartini was considerate of her subordinates and did not expect servants, commoners, or her younger siblings to treat her according to the cultural traditions. She was particularly annoyed when women berated or talked in a rebuking manner about young girls, the lowest on the hierarchical ladder. Kartini stood up her ground for all of the females to go to school

During her seclusion, Kartini read feminist and political publications, including that of Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati. She said of the activist for outcastes and women, "So it's not only white women who are able to take care of themselves-a brown woman can make herself free and independent too."

Kartini and her sisters, Kardinah and Roekmini, were allowed one way they could escape the seclusion periodically. They visited Marie Ovink-Soer for piano and handicrafts training.

Kartini was fluent in Dutch and acquired several Dutch pen pals. One of them was a girl named Rosa Abendanon, who later became a close friend. Kartini shared her opinions about feminism and her concern about traditional Javanese practices with her friends from Dutch school and Ovink-Soer. She was particularly concerned that Javanese girls were often denied an education and forced into marriage when they were young. She believed that education was important to develop oneself and to prepare for motherhood and was against arranged marriages and polygamy. Kartini believed that women should be free to make decisions themselves.

Beginning in 1896, Kartini was given permission by her father to occasionally leave the room in which she was secluded to visit a village of wood carvers, attend the consecration of a protestant church, and other special occasions. The more that she became acquainted with life outside her home, the more that she became interested in the concerns of other Indonesians. Some of her articles were published during this time. Members of her family and noble Indonesian and Dutch people considered the unmarried Kartini's activities in the community a scandal.

In 1898, a ball was held to celebrate the Inauguration of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. Unusual for the time, Katrina and her closest two unmarried sisters were invited to attend the ball with their father, which Kartini saw as a recognition of her leadership and as a representative for single women. She decided that educational courses in character should be given to students due to the "deceit and hypocrisy" exhibited by Europeans and Asians at the ball.

Marriage and death
By the time that Kartini reached the age of 16, she was expected to marry. Rather than being addressed to society as a woman looking to marry, she was introduced as a single woman. She had no intention of marrying at that age. By 20, her viewpoint had changed. In a letter, she stated, "Some day it will, it must happen, that I shall leave home with a husband who is a stranger to me."

Raden Adipati Djojo Adiningrat (also known as Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat Rembang) was a widowed progressive leader. He learned about Kartini and approached her father to discuss the possibility of an arranged marriage. The couple agreed that Kartini would continue her plans for the school. Kartini married Joyodiningrat on 8 November 1903. There was a 26-year age difference between Kartini and her husband. She became the fourth wife of Joyodiningrat, who had 12 children at the time. Her marriage precluded her from accepting a scholarship. Soon after her marriage, Kartini became pregnant and was optimistic about the life her child would have. She continued to work at the school during her pregnancy. Her son Raden Mas Singgih was born on 13 September 1904. Kartini died on 17 September 1904, four days after giving birth to her only child. She was buried at Bulu Village, Rembang.

Letters
Kartini wrote letters extensively about matters important to her, including art, politics, education, public health, economic welfare, and literature. The letters were sent to her Dutch friends, including J.H. Abendanon, the Minister for Culture, Religion, and Industry in the East Indies, and his family.

Kartini corresponded with Estelle (Stella) Zeehandelaar, who answered her pen-pal ad in the Daily Lily in 1900. Unlike Kartini, who had been secluded for many years, Stella was a 25-year-old woman from Amsterdam who supported herself. Kartini wrote about her feelings about marriage, polygyny, traditional mores, and education. She also wrote about her relationship with her father and how she planned to improve herself. She met Abendanon, who sought to improve educational opportunities for girls, also in 1900. She began to correspond with Mevrouw (Mrs.) Abendanon-Mandri. Their letters provide insight into the changes in her life and in colonial Indonesian life.

Seven years after Kartini's death, Abendanon collected, edited, and published her letters. The book titled Door Duisternis tot Licht (From Dark Comes Light) was published in 1911. She was the first Indonesian whose opinions were published in Dutch and popular among Dutch-speaking Indonesians and Europeans. This publication was edited to exclude references to colonial figures, Islamic beliefs, and Javanese culture, and the English translation made further changes. The book was translated into English by Agnes L. Symmers as Letters of a Javanese Princess published in 1920. The English book focused on Symmers' view of an Oriental woman in love, focusing on her personal life, and excluding letters that showed her as an intelligent forward-thinking woman. Books were published for Indonesians, a version in Malay in 1922 and another Malay version in 1951 by Armijn Pane, excluding some Kartini's most important letters. In 1960, UNESCO published 19 of Kartini's letters in French. The letters are available at Leiden University Libraries and can also be consulted digitally. A complete English translation of all of Kartini's letters was published in 2014 by Joost Coté in Kartini: The Complete Writings 1898-1904  along with articles and other writings by her.

East and West
Kartini coordinated efforts between a group of Indonesian artists and Europeans in the East and West association. Europeans provided funding for an art shop to create carved wood pieces. Kartini operated a school.

Schools
Kartini believed that women were paramount in the process of improving the lives of Indonesian men and women, and because of that, she developed an education plan for girls that had the same academics and character-building instruction as for boys but also included hygiene, first aid, and money management. Kartini was particularly concerned about the lack of medical care for Indonesians, and female Indonesians in particular. So much so that she considered attending medical school.

Kartini was introduced to Henri van Kol, a member of parliament, in August 1902, who offered to help her realize her plan to study teaching and first aid in the Netherlands. The goal was to have the knowledge to open a school, teach, and be the school's headmistress. He contacted the States General on her behalf. Kartini received a scholarship, but many people in her life were concerned about her leaving Java.

Kartini, with her husband's support, opened up a school for women in Rembang's Regency Office complex. She operated the school by herself, teaching 10 girls four days a week. In 1903, she wrote a report to the government entitled Educate the Javanese Now that discussed the significance of receiving a quality education and offered some recommended methods for achieving it.

Following Kartini's death, a foundation was established in the Netherlands to continue Kartini's vision for building and operating schools. Indonesian women also opened Kartini Schools from 1913 and into the 1930s in Java. Students of the schools included Java's first female graduate of medical school, and another woman was its first law graduate. Women asserted themselves to create productive lives of their own making. In 1945, equal rights for women was written into Indonesia's first constitution.

Her sisters continued the legacy of operating schools, including Rockmini. Kardinah also wrote textbooks and established a medical school. Soematri also focused on vocational education for women.

Legacy and tributes

 * Kartini Schools opened in Bogor, Jakarta, and Malang. A society was also established in her name in the Netherlands.

 * Kartini is a National Hero of Indonesia.

 * Kartini was an intellectual who elevated the status of Indonesian women and a nationalist figure with modern ideas, who struggled on behalf of her people and played a role in the national struggle for independence. She is among the first modern intellectuals in Indonesia.

 * She appeared twice in the Indonesian rupiah banknotes, in the 5 rupiah (1952 edition, which issued in 1953) and the 10,000 rupiah (1985 edition).

 * Sukarno's Old Order state declared 21 April as Kartini Day in 1963 to remind women that they should participate in "the hegemonic state discourse of pembangunan (development)". After 1965, however, Suharto's New Order state reconfigured the image of Kartini from that of radical women's emancipator to one that portrayed her as a dutiful wife and obedient daughter, "as only a woman dressed in a kebaya who can cook." On that occasion, popularly known as Hari Ibu Kartini or Mother Kartini Day, "young girls were to wear tight, fitted jackets, batik shirts, elaborate hairstyles, and ornate jewelry to school, supposedly replicating Kartini's attire but in reality, wearing an invented and more constricting ensemble than she ever did."

 * The melody of "Ibu Kita Kartini" (Our Mother Kartini) by W. R. Supratman:

 * On 21 April 2016, Google celebrated her 137th birthday with a Google Doodle.

title: Kartini


text: User talk:38.112.12.110

title: User talk:38.112.12.110


text:
List of country and regional avifaunas

The following is a list of avifauna books for countries and regions of the world, including authoritative field guides.

Europe

 * Birds in England, by Andy Brown and Phil Grice, T. & A. D. Poyser, 2005
 * Birds in Ireland, by Clive D. Hutchinson, T. & A. D. Poyser, 1989
 * Birds of Europe, by Killian Mullarney, Lars Svensson, Dan Zetterström, and Peter J. Grant, Princeton University Press, 1999
 * Peterson Field Guide to Birds of Britain and Europe, by Roger Tory Peterson, G. Mountfort, and P.A.D. Hollom, Houghton Mifflin, 1993 (5th Edition)
 * Birds in Scotland, by Valerie Thom, T. & A. D. Poyser, 1986
 * Birds in Wales, by Iolo Williams, Graham Williams, and Roger Lovegrove, T. & A. D. Poyser, 1994

Asia

 * Birds of India, by Richard Grimmett, Carol Inskipp, and Tim Inskipp, Princeton University Press, 1999), limited text.
 * A Field Guide to the Birds of Korea, by Woo-Shin Lee, Tae-Hoe Koo, and Jin-Young Park, L.G. Evergreen Foundation, 2000
 * A Field Guide to the Birds of China, by John MacKinnon and Karen Phillipps (illustrator), Oxford University Press, 2000
 * The first comprehensive, fully illustrated field guide for the region
 * A Guide to the Birds of South-East Asia, by Craig Robson, Princeton University Press, 2000
 * A Field Guide to the Birds of Japan, text by Wild Bird Society of Japan, illustrations by Shinji Takano, 1982
 * Classic fully illustrated field guide; out of print
 * Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan, together with those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, by Salim Ali and Dillon S. Ripley. 10 volumes. Oxford University Press. New Delhi. 1998. Reprinted 2001; out of print.
 * Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide by Pamela C. Rasmussen and John C. Anderton. Two volumes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 2005.
 * A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand by Craig Robson, New Holland Press, 2004 ISBN 1-84330-921-1
 * A Guide to the Birds of Thailand🇦🇹, Boonsong Lekagul & Philip Round,   Saha Karn Baet, 1991 ISBN 974-85673-6-2

Africa and the Middle East

 * A Guide to the Birds of Western Africa, by Nik Borrow and Ron Demey, Princeton University Press, 2002
 * Field Guide to the Birds of the Middle East, by R. F. Porter, S. Christensen, P. Schiermacker-Hansen, T. & A. D. Poyser, 1996
 * The Birds of Israel, by Hadoram Shirihai, Princeton University Press, 1996
 * Birds of Southern Africa, by Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey, and Warwick Tarboton, Princeton University Press, 2002
 * The Birds of East Africa, by Terry Stevenson and John Fanshawe, Academic Press, 2001
 * Field Guide to the Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania, by Dale A. Zimmerman, Donald A. Turner, and David J. Pearson, Princeton University Press, 1999
 * Birds of The Gambia, Barlow, Wacher and Disley, ISBN 1-873403-32-1

North America

 * Birds of North America, by Kenn Kaufman, Houghton Mifflin, 2000
 * Innovative field guide employing digitally enhanced photographs
 * Field Guide to the Birds of North America, National Geographic Society, 2002 (4th Edition)
 * First field guide (in 1983) to cover all of North America; considered by many to have been the most authoritative guide until Sibley
 * A Field Guide to the Birds of Eastern and Central North America, by Roger Tory Peterson and Virginia Marie Peterson (editor), Houghton Mifflin, revised 2002 A Field Guide to Western Birds, by Roger Tory Peterson and Virginia Marie Peterson (editor), Houghton Mifflin, revised 1990
 * The current incarnations of the seminal A Field Guide to the Birds, the first modern field guide published by Peterson in 1934
 * The Sibley Guide to Birds, by David Allen Sibley, Alfred A.Knopf, 2000
 * The current standard in identification guides for North America; exhaustively illustrated and oversized for a field guide (although there are field-sized Eastern and Western editions), limited text.

Central America and the Caribbean

 * Field Guide to Birds of the West Indies, by James Bond, Houghton Mifflin, 1985 (5th Edition)
 * A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America, by Steve N.G. Howell and Sophie Webb, Oxford University Press, 1995
 * A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies, by Herbert Raffaele, James Wiley, Orlando Garrido, Allan Keith, and Janis Raffaele, Princeton University Press, 1998
 * A Guide to the Birds of Panama with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras, by Robert S. Ridgely and John A. Gwynne, Jr., Princeton University Press, 1989 (2nd Edition)
 * A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica, by F. Gary Stiles and Alexander F. Skutch, Cornell University Press, 1989
 * Birds of the Dominican Republic and Haiti, by Steven Latta, Christopher Rimmer, Allan Keith, and James Wiley (Princeton Field Guides), Princeton University Press, 2006 (also printed in Spanish and French)
 * Birds of Trinidad and Tobago, by Richard ffrench, ISBN 0-7136-6759-1
 * Birds of Cuba, by Orlando Garrido and Arturo Kirkconnell, Helm Field Guides, London, 2000

South America

 * A Guide to the Birds of the Galapagos Islands, by Isabel Castro and Antonia Phillips, Princeton University Press, 1997
 * A Guide to the Birds of Peru, by James F. Clements, Ibis Publishing, 2001
 * A Guide to the Birds of Colombia, by Steven L. Hilty and William L. Brown, Princeton University Press, 1986
 * Birds of Venezuela, by Steven L. Hilty, Princeton University Press, 2003
 * Birds of Chile, by Alvaro Jaramillo, Princeton University Press, 2003
 * The Birds of Ecuador, by Robert S. Ridgely and Paul J. Greenfield, Cornell University Press, 2001
 * The Birds of South America, by Robert S. Ridgely and Guy Tudor, University of Texas Press, 1994

Australasia

 * The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, by Graham Pizzey and Frank Knight (illustrator), HarperCollins, 1997
 * Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, by Ken Simpson and Nicolas Day, Princeton University Press, 1999 (6th Edition)

Antarctica

 * Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica, by Martin R. de la Peña and Maurice Rumboll, Princeton University Press, 2001

Oceania

 * A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific, by H. Douglas Pratt, Phillip L. Bruner, and Delwyn G. Berrett, Princeton University Press, 1987

title: List of country and regional avifaunas


text:
Friedrich Christoph von Saldern

Friedrich Christoph von Saldern (2 January 1719 – 14 March 1785) was a Prussian general and military writer. He proved his organizational mettle with the battlefield clean up after Liegnitz in 1760. At the Battle of Torgau he proved his tactical and command mettle in the assault Austrian lines, which changed the course of the battle. His refusal to sack Hubertusburg in 1763 led to his resignation from the army. Despite retirement from command, however, Frederick the Great promoted him to lieutenant general and made him inspector of troops. Saldern wrote at least two missives on infantry tactics. He received the Order Pour le Mérite and the Order of the Black Eagle; in 1851, his name was included on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great.

Family
Saldern was born in the Prignitz into a family of the old Lower Saxon nobility Friedrich Christoph Saldern comes from the old Lower Saxon noble family of Saldern. At his birth in 1719 his father Otto Ludolph von Saldern (26 June 1686 – 5 April 1753) was battalion commander of Kolberg; his mother was Lucrezia Tugendreich von Holtzendorf (1700–1728). After her death his father married Sophie Wilhemine von Sack (1709–1780), the daughter of the commander of Kolberg, Siegmund von Sack.

Saldern married three times, first on 1 June 1748 to Sophie Antoinette Katharina von Tettau (1720–1759), a lady in waiting for Queen Elizabeth Christine and daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Carl von Tettau, second, to Wilhelmine von Borcke (6 April 1742, Kassel – 15 May 1766, Potsdam, at age 24) on 5 January 1763; after her death, third, he married in 1767 her sister, Helene Bernhardine von Borcke (1743–1831, Berlin). He had two children who predeceased him.

Military career
He entered the Prussian Army in 1735 in Stettin. Due to his height, he was transferred to the Guards in 1739. When this regiment was dissolved after Frederick II ascension, he was transferred to the second battalion of the new guard regiment as a first lieutenant.

Frederick William died in May 1740 and his son, Frederick II declined to endorse the Pragmatic Sanction. This opened the way for rapid promotions. By the end of 1740, with the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Prussia and Austria were at war over Maria Theresa's succession. With the outbreak of war with Austria, he remained with the king as an aide-de-camp, and he was the first to discover the approach of Neipperg's Austrians preliminary to the Battle of Mollwitz.

He commanded a guard battalion at the Battle of Leuthen, again distinguished himself at the Battle of Hochkirch and was promoted major-general. In 1760 at Liegnitz Frederick gave him four hours in which to collect, arrange and dispatch the spoils of the battle, 6000 prisoners, 100 wagons, 82 guns and 5000 muskets. His complete success marked him as efficient, even in Frederick's army. At the Battle of Torgau, Saldern and von Möllendorf converted a lost battle into a great victory by their desperate assault on the Siptitz Heights with skillful manoeuvring and iron resolution. After Torgau, Saldern was acclaimed as one of the "completest general of infantry alive" by Thomas Carlyle. Subsequently, Frederick claimed that Saldern had brains and heart, by which he meant courage.

In the following winter, however, being ordered by Frederick to sack Hubertusburg, Saldern refused on the ground of conscience. The king pressed him, saying that he himself could take the contents of the palace for himself. The king continued to push him, and Saldern refused. The king finally dismissed him, saying, "He will not be rich," and gave up the task to Colonel Quintus-Icilius. Saldern retired, but Frederick was well aware that he needed Saldern's experience and organizing ability, and after the peace the general was at once made inspector of the troops at Magdeburg. In 1766 he became lieutenant-general.

Saldern spent the remainder of his life studying military sciences, in which he became a pedant. In one of his works he discussed at great length the question of the proper cadence for the infantry: was it 75 paces per minute, or 76? The "Saldern-tactics" proliferated in the Prussian military following Frederick's death, and contributed powerfully to the disaster of Jena in 1806. His works included Taktik der Infanterie (Dresden, 1784) and Taktische Grundsatze (Dresden, 1786), and were the basis of the British "Dundas" drill-book.

Saldern received the Order Pour le Mérite and the Order of the Black Eagle; in 1851, his name was included on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great.

title: Friedrich Christoph von Saldern


text:
Incoming (1998 video game)

Incoming is a 3D shooter video game developed and published by Rage Software. The game was first released for Microsoft Windows in mid-1998, and was followed by a Dreamcast version, which was released in Japan on December 17, 1998, in Europe on October 14, 1999, and in North America on September 15, 1999. Set in the near-future of 2009, the game primarily revolves around controlling vehicles and turrets to fight alien invaders of Earth in one of the campaign modes, the arcade mode, and with or against another player. Some levels include brief real-time strategy segments.

Praised for its then-advanced graphics and sound, the game was generally well-received on the PC, though the critical response was less positive for the Dreamcast version. A sequel entitled Incoming Forces was released in 2002 exclusively for the PC. An arcade version of the game, utilising a unique hardware interface, was released in 2003.

Gameplay
Primarily a vehicle simulation game, the player controls one of a number of possible vehicles in order to complete objectives. The vehicle used could be an aerial craft, defence emplacement, or surface craft, and is usually armed with a primary weapon (with unlimited ammunition) and sometimes secondary weapons (with either a limited or infinite supply). Incoming employs an arcade style; in particular, the logging of high scores and a "life" system.

There are three different game modes. The campaign mode follows the main storyline, in which the player must complete a series of objectives to neutralise the alien threat. Typical goals include transporting cargo and defending allied convoys. Two variants of the campaign exist: "campaign action" purely consists of the simulation missions; "campaign tactics" features the same main missions as campaign action, but with some extra sub-missions. These sub-missions take place in the "tactical display", where the player controls several vehicles and gun emplacements in a similar manner to real-time strategy games.

Either campaign consists of ten missions (referred to as "phases" in the game) in each of the six locations. These locations can also be accessed in the arcade mode. This mode sees the player fight off alien craft while picking up as many power-ups as is possible. The same mechanics apply to the multiplayer mode, with some slight variations depending on the game type selected. Multiplayer is available in split-screen mode on both platforms, in addition to networking and Internet options on the PC version.

Plot
Acknowledged by critics for having a simple storyline, Incoming is set in 2009 over a period of fifteen days. An increasing number of UFO sightings culminate in attacks on the international lunar base and other locations on Earth; and the construction of a base in the Arctic. Secret work is started on an "ADATA" (Anomaly Detection And Tracking Array) near Mount Kilimanjaro. The events of the game take place after an attack on the ADATA facility is initiated by alien forces.

The game is set in six locations: Kenya, defending the ADATA facility; the Arctic, attacking an alien base while defending a human one; the North Atlantic Ocean, where the player must defend oil rigs and attack a second alien base; Florida, where parts of a fleet to invade the alien's Moon base must be defended; the Moon, attacking a further alien base; and a planet in the Crab Nebula, assaulting the planet from which the alien attackers came.

If the player has completed these in the Campaign Action mode, then in addition to these ten missions in each location, there are bonus "virus" scenarios, with one level in each location. Shortly before these missions, the aliens launched four virus bombs which impacted in the four location on Earth the player had previously visited. All buildings in these areas must be destroyed by the player to prevent the virus from spreading further.

Development
Rage Software, developers of Incoming, were known for their cutting-edge graphics and effects. The game utilized the 3dfx technology, and was included in some retail versions of the Voodoo2 graphics card.

While exhibiting the PC version at the September 1997 European Computer Trade Show, Rage Software stated that they were considering a Nintendo 64 version of the game. However, none was ever released.

An arcade version followed in 2003, running on the Vortek V3 Global VR arcade board, utilising the system's unique virtual reality hardware interface.

Critical reception
The Windows version of Incoming was generally well received. In particular, the explosions, similar special effects and cut scenes using the main game engine were noted for their quality. The Dolby Surround-encoded sound was a further source of acclaim. British magazine PC Zone described it as "bloody good", with "some modest simulation elements". The magazine praised the setting of the game, commenting: "A refreshing change from the deep space of most futuristic combat sims, and something which definitely has a positive effect on gameplay." The review concluded by saying that "it's as fun as it looks. Just for once, all those people who don't read reviews and buy games purely on the strength of pretty pictures on the packaging are gonna find themselves playing a very, very enjoyable game." Edge highlighted the game's efficient gameplay mechanics, giving it eight out of ten and stating that designers "managed to produce something more than a lightshow, taking care to fine-tune a design that, if not exactly original, at least does its thing with flair and solid understanding of gameplay."

Next Generation said the game was "definitely an improvement to the action/arcade genre, as well as a visual improvement to the 3D market as a whole. The amount of varied units and different setting give Incoming the commendable originality and replay value that make it a title worth checking out."

Though considering the game "pretty darn tough", IGN praised the game's variety and length. It also praised the sound and graphics, though the latter was a source of criticism: "Incoming's got it all... but it all comes at a high price: getting this game to run on our PCs was one big pain in the butt." Despite calling it "an outstanding-looking and great playing game", IGN only gave the game a "decent" review score because of the system problems. Conversely, GameSpot's review noted none of these hardware issues, praising the visuals as "some of the finest... of any action game." The reviewer, however, described the game design as "strong yet slightly flawed... [it] definitely pulls you in, but leaves a little to be desired as far as keeping you there", complaining that "what [the developer] have presented gets tiresome quickly." The publication summarised the game as "a fine game and a definite must-have for arcade fans... What it lacks is a realization that computer games have moved beyond this simplistic style of gameplay."

The reception was less positive when the game was ported to the Dreamcast. A release title for Sega's console, IGN complained that the graphics were not top-of-the-range at the time of its late 1999 release, with the draw distance being cited as a specific hindrance on gameplay. IGN also said that, although the game "is lacking in many areas, there's more than enough here for the hardcore shooting fans out there to have their requisite blast of shooting action". Though criticizing the graphics' ability to "get in the way at times", the "very vague" mission briefings and the "odd flying model for the planes", the reviewer conceded that "if you're a hardcore shooting fan, and you're looking for a good challenge, you'll probably want to look into Incoming." Jonathan Licata of AllGame gave it three stars out of five, saying, "With the two-player modes falling short due to lack of innovation, Incoming exists as a one-player game for all intents and purposes. When you have completed all of the campaigns in their entirety, the appeal of the game wears very thin." PlanetDreamcast's review was harsher, describing the plot as "the same recycled garbage used in tons of other games of this type", the multiplayer split screen mode as "lame" and the objectives as "mundane". The reviewer also noted graphical issues, clipping problems and poor controls. Though dismissing the graphics as "a bit dated", the reviewer did acknowledge the "nifty special effects" and admitted that "Incoming may be worth a rental... [it] is only slightly better than mediocre." In a rare positive review for the Dreamcast version, Game Vortex described the visuals as "some of the most breathtaking visuals you'll find in any game." Though describing the multiplayer as "fun", it considered "by far, the best [mode to be] Campaign mode". The review concluded by describing the game as "lots of fun and highly recommended". In Japan, where said console version was released under the name Incoming: Jinrui Saishū Kessen (インカミング 人類最終決戦), Famitsu gave it a score of 27 out of 40.

title: Incoming (1998 video game)


text: User talk:136.174.187.10

title: User talk:136.174.187.10


text:
Battle of Matewan

The Battle of Matewan (also known as the Matewan Massacre ) was a shootout in the town of Matewan in Mingo County and the Pocahontas Coalfield mining district, in southern West Virginia. It occurred on May 19, 1920 between local coal miners and their allies and the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency. The dead included two brothers of the detective agency's founder and Matewan's mayor Cabell Testerman, who supported the union.

History
Employed by the Stone Mountain Coal Company, a contingent of the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency arrived on the No. 29 morning train to evict families that had been living at the Stone Mountain Coal Camp just on the outskirts of town. The detectives carried out several evictions before they ate dinner at the Urias Hotel and, upon finishing, they walked toward the train depot to catch the five o'clock train back to Bluefield, West Virginia. While the detectives made their way to the train depot, they were intercepted by Matewan Chief of Police Sid Hatfield, who claimed to have arrest warrants from the Mingo County sheriff. Hatfield, a native of the Tug River Valley, was a supporter of the miners' attempts to organize the UMWA in the southern coalfields of West Virginia. Detective Albert Felts and his brother Lee Felts then produced their own warrant for Sid Hatfield's arrest. Upon inspection, Matewan mayor Cabell Testerman claimed it was fraudulent.

Unbeknownst to the detectives, they had been surrounded by armed miners, who watched intently from the windows, doorways, and roofs of the businesses that lined Mate Street. Accounts vary as to who actually fired the first shot and the ensuing gun battle left seven detectives and three townspeople dead, including the Felts brothers and Testerman. The battle was hailed by miners and their supporters for the number of casualties inflicted on the Baldwin–Felts detectives. This incident, along with events such as the Ludlow Massacre in Colorado six years earlier, marked an important turning point in the battle for miners' rights.

Coal miners
At the time, the United Mine Workers of America had just elected John L. Lewis as their president. During this period, miners worked long hours in unsafe and dismal working conditions, while being paid low wages. Adding to the hardship was the use of coal scrip by the Stone Mountain Coal Company, because the scrip could only be used for those goods the company sold through their company stores. A few months before the battle at Matewan, union miners in other parts of the country went on strike, receiving a full 27 percent pay increase for their efforts. Lewis recognized that the area was ripe for change, and planned to organize the coal fields of southern Appalachia. The union sent its top organizers, including the famous Mary Harris "Mother" Jones. Roughly 3000 men signed the union's roster in the spring of 1920. They signed their union cards at the community church, something that they knew could cost them their jobs, and in many cases their homes. The coal companies controlled many aspects of the miners' lives. Stone Mountain Coal Corporation fought back with mass firings, harassment, and evictions.

Town of Matewan
Matewan, founded in 1895, was a small independent town with only a few elected officials. The mayor at the time was Cabell Testerman, and the chief of police was Sid Hatfield. Both refused to succumb to the company's plans, and sided with the miners. In turn, the Stone Mountain Coal Corporation hired their own enforcers, the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency, dubbed the "Baldwin Thugs" by the miners. The coal operators hired them to evict the miners and their families from the company owned houses. As a result, hundreds of miner families spent the spring of 1920 in tents. The assemblage of tents was known as Stony Mountain Camp Tent Colony.

Battle
On the day of the fight, a group of the Baldwin–Felts enforcers arrived to evict families living at the mountain coal camp, just outside Matewan. The sheriff and his deputy, Fred Burgraff, sensed trouble and met the Baldwin–Felts detectives at the train station. News of the evictions soon spread around the town. When Sid Hatfield approached Felts, Felts served a warrant on Hatfield, which had been issued by Squire R. M. Stafford, a Justice of the Peace of Magnolia District, Mingo County, West Virginia, for the arrest of Hatfield, Bas Ball, Tony Webb and others, which warrant was directed to Albert C. Felts for execution. Burgraff's son reported that the detectives had sub-machine guns with them in their suitcases.

Hatfield, Burgraff, and Mayor Cabell Testerman met with the detectives on the porch of the Chambers Hardware Store. It was then that Albert Felts fired from his coat pocket, mortally wounding Testerman, and then fired over his shoulder at Sid Hatfield, instantly killing a miner, Tot Tinsley. At this time Sid Hatfield opened fire, killing Albert Felts. When the shooting finally stopped, the townspeople came out, many wounded. There were casualties on both sides. Seven Baldwin–Felts detectives were killed, including Albert and Lee Felts. One more detective had been wounded. Two miners were killed: Bob Mullins, who had just been fired for joining the union, and Tot Tinsley, an unarmed bystander. Mayor Testerman eventually died from his gun shot wound and four other bystanders had been wounded.

Aftermath

Governor John J. Cornwell ordered the state police force to take control of Matewan. Hatfield and his men cooperated, and stacked their arms inside the hardware store. The miners, encouraged by their success in getting the Baldwin–Felts detectives out of Matewan, improved their efforts to organize.

On July 1 the miners' union went on another strike, and widespread violence erupted. Railroad cars were blown up, and strikers were beaten and left to die by the side of the road.

The trial for the miners who killed the seven agents started January 26, 1921, and ended March 19, 1921, with all defendants being acquitted of all charges.

Some people believe that Sid Hatfield fired that first shot that killed Mayor Testerman because he was in love with the mayor's wife Jessie. The belief was strengthened when Sid and Jessie were married twelve days after the May 19 shootout.

Tom Felts, the last remaining Felts brother, sent undercover operatives to collect evidence to convict Sid Hatfield and his men. When the charges against Hatfield and 22 others for the murder of Albert Felts were dismissed, Baldwin–Felts detectives assassinated Hatfield and his deputy Ed Chambers on August 1, 1921, on the steps of the McDowell County courthouse located in Welch, West Virginia. Of those defendants whose charges were not dismissed, all were acquitted.

Less than a month later, miners from the state gathered in Charleston. They were even more determined to organize the southern coal fields, and began the march to Logan County. Thousands of miners joined them along the way, culminating in what was to become known as the Battle of Blair Mountain.

The headquarters of the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency was the Urias hotel and was destroyed in a fire in December 1992.

The Matewan Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 	April 27, 1993.

Historic interpretations
The Matewan massacre is related by the State of West Virginia through a Historic Highway marker produced by the West Virginia Division of Culture and History. It is located off Main Street in Matewan.

The marker reads: "MATEWAN MASSACRE. In 1920 area miners went on strike to gain recognition of UMWA. On May 19 of the same year, twelve Baldwin–Felts Agency guards came from Bluefield to evict the miners from company houses. As guards left town, they argued with town police chief Sid Hatfield and Mayor Testerman.  Shooting of undetermined origins resulted in the deaths of two coal miners, seven agents, and the mayor.  None of the 19 men indicted were convicted."

In media

 * The battle was the subject of the 1987 John Sayles film Matewan.
 * Sid Hatfield was featured in Smilin' Sid which was a silent movie that portrayed Sid Hatfield as a hero and was shown in union mining camps.
 * Terror of the Tug, a 2000 play by Jean Battlo, covers the violent events that occurred directly afterward.
 * The battle features in Glenn Taylor's 2008 novel The Ballad of Trenchmouth Taggart. In the book, it is Trenchmouth Taggart that shoots Al Felts when Felts draws a gun to shoot Sid Hatfield. Felts then accidentally shoots Mayor Testerman. Trenchmouth also shoots and kills Lee Felts.
 * The battle receives prominent mention in Eric Flint's science fiction novel 1632, the starting point of his Ring of Fire series.

title: Battle of Matewan


text:
240-Robert

240-Robert is an American drama television series that ran on ABC from August 28, 1979, to March 21, 1981. The series title is a reference to the call-sign designation for the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department's search and rescue/paramedic teams.

Synopsis
The series chronicles the missions of "240-Robert", a specialized unit of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD), that utilized four wheel drive vehicles and a helicopter. Most of the assignments were sea/air/land search and rescue operations in the extensive (over 4,000 sqmi) jurisdiction. The show's creator was Rick Rosner (himself an LASD reserve deputy), who created the hit series CHiPs two years earlier for NBC.

The vehicles used at that time were 1979 Ford Broncos, while the helicopter was a Hughes HA-500C (similar in design to the current MD 500).

The series was based on real life cases encountered by the LASD's Emergency Services Detail. The real life ESD is actually headquartered in East Los Angeles. Rick Rosner took artistic liberty and portrayed the headquarters as a beach-side station. The actual filming location was at a State of California ranger station located at Sycamore Cove in Ventura County, California. The series was inspired, in part, on the experiences of Officer Charles Thibaudeau of the Hermosa Beach Police Department.

Cast

 * John Bennett Perry as Deputy Theodore Roosevelt "Trap" Applegate III
 * Mark Harmon as Deputy Dwayne "Thib" Thibideaux (episodes 1–13)
 * Joanna Cassidy as Deputy Morgan Wainwright (episodes 1–13), the unit's helicopter pilot
 * Stephen W. Burns as Deputy Brett Cueva (episodes 14–16), who replaced Thib
 * Pamela Hensley as Deputy Sandy Harper (episodes 14–16), the new pilot of the unit

Cassidy and Hensley both had an expert helicopter pilot take over for them in the actual helicopter flight sequences; this regular stunt pilot was Charles 'Chuck' Tamburro who wore a wig to give the appearance of a female pilot.

Matthew Perry's first credited role was a small part in the show, where he played a child actor in a 1979 episode.

Cancellation
Harmon and Cassidy left the series when their contracts expired after the first season. Burns and Hensley were brought in to replace them, but the second season (returning mid-season in early 1981 due to an actor's strike) only lasted three episodes before ABC cancelled it due to poor ratings.

title: 240-Robert


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Talk:Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia (born 1958)

Line of succession to the british throne
I'm no expert on this, but is prince Dimitri really 1000 and something in line to the British throne. There are many members of the Yugoslavian royal family that are around 100 give or take a few places, so Dimitri being over 1000th in line seems far fetched... Given that there isn't even a citation on that "fact"....? Tominrochester (talk) 04:21, 25 August 2012 (UTC)TominrochesterTominrochester (talk) 04:21, 25 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Nobody asserts that Prince Dimitri is 1375th in the line of succession to the Yugoslavian throne, but in the line of succession to the British throne, which does, indeed, include thousands because all legitimate, non-Catholic descendants of the Electress Sophia of Hanover have rights of succession to that crown, conferred by the Act of Settlement 1701 -- and she now has more than 5,000 known descendants, most of whom, like Dimitri, belong to Continental reigning, formerly reigning or noble families. Although respected genealogists and royalty writers such as William Addams Reitwiesner, Marlene Eilers, Dan Willis and Noel McFerran, among others, painstakingly traced the descendants of the Electress Sophia for decades, a few years ago the vast majority of their work, and that of those who updated the list, was expunged from Wikipedia by others who pedantically insisted that each of the descendants be footnoted or deleted -- an impossible task! To find dynasts on that list, you must now look at the article's history page for a version of Line of succession to the British throne which pre-dates the mass expungement. Quite often, the numbered places of those in Britain's succession line given in articles such as this were originally taken from the now-truncated Wikipedia article, so there is no reason to assume that Dimitri's place in this article was "pulled out of thin air". Indeed, since Dimitri is listed on page 416 of Willis' 2002 book, The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain; since George I was the Electress Sophia's son and heir so that all of his descendants are hers; and since Dimitri is not Catholic, he does fall somewhere within the UK's line of succession, and given the number of Sophia's descendants, it is quite plausible that Dimitri is 1000-something in that line -- rather high up given that she has five times that number of living descendants. FactStraight (talk) 07:14, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 17 December 2017

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved as proposed. bd2412 T 01:21, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia (born 1958) → Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia – He is the only person by that name with an article on Wikipedia, so there is no need for a disambiguation. 2601:241:300:C930:40BD:EF47:BE90:E2D0 (talk) 16:19, 17 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support – disambiguation is not needed since there is no other subject known by this name on Wikipedia, and that subject does not meet WP:PRIMARYREDIRECT criteria.  CookieMonster755   𝚨-𝛀    03:51, 19 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination and CookieMonster755. The disambiguation page Dimitri of Yugoslavia is unnecessary and should be redirected to this article. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 17:55, 19 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Support - In the nine years since the Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia (b. 1965) article was redirected, there hasn't been a single attempt to demonstrate the independent notability of that particular Prince Dimitri so it seems plain that Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia (born 1958) is the primary topic. 79.65.126.84 (talk) 17:14, 20 December 2017 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.


text: User talk:67.70.29.71

title: User talk:67.70.29.71


text:
Lucian Perkins

Lucian Perkins is an American photojournalist, who is best known for covering a number of conflicts with profound compassion for his photograph's subjects, including the war in Afghanistan, Kosovo and the 1991 Persian Gulf War. It has been said that Perkins has a developed style that not only portrays the hopes and weaknesses of the people in his photographs but in an unconventional manner. Perkins currently works at The Washington Post, where he has worked for the past 30 years and resides in Washington, D.C.

Student life
Lucian Perkins first began experimenting with photojournalism during his time at the University of Texas. In 1976, Perkins graduated with a degree in biology, only to go back to school to earn his teaching degree. It was when he returned, that Perkins discovered a new career interest. After attending a UT exposition workshop on photography, Perkins began exploring photojournalism. He worked for both the Cactus yearbook as well as the student newspaper, The Daily Texan. There he studied photography with the well acclaimed Garry Winogrand. Perkins has additionally acknowledged the UT photojournalism class that he took during his time there, as a strong influence in directing him to photojournalism.

Career
In 1979, shortly after working for The Daily Texan, Perkins went on to an internship with The Washington Post where he was a staff photographer for 27 years. Perkins was first initially given the job due to a series he shot in his free time on the first class of female "middies" at the Naval Academy. Once coming on to the paper, Perkins developed a passion for his job in covering extravagant international events. These include the Palestinian revolution, both the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, as well as wars in what was the former Yugoslavia. As well as international, Perkins has documented many local and national events all over the United States. Recently, Perkins has carried on and worked closely with the Post's online version of the paper. He has produced some of the website's first multimedia and interactive projects including the Siberia and Finland Diaries. Presently, Perkins is working as both an independent photographer and videographer, concentrating on interactive media assignments and video documentaries as well as continuing documenting in photographic form.

Awards
The first recognized award Perkins received was the "Newspaper Photographer of the Year" by the National Press Photographers Association in 1994. This was given for a portfolio that included photographic projects in Russia as well as several images from New York City fashion shows. A year later, in 1995, Perkins and fellow Post reporter Leon Dash were presented a Pulitzer Prize in the category Explanatory Journalism for their four-year investigation of the consequences of poverty, illiteracy, crime and drug abuse had on a three generation family living in the District of Columbia. In 1996, Perkins won the World Press Photo of the year award for his well-known photograph of a young boy looking out a window on a bus full of refugees, leaving Chechnya, Russia. In describing the image, The World Press Photo association said "The boy's expression mirrored all that Perkins had experienced and seen himself, and leaning out of his car, he attempted to steady his camera, focus and shoot. He says he knew this was a special image, mostly because of the symbolic meaning it had for him, but it was not an image he believed would win a contest." Five years later, Perkins once again shared a second Pulitzer Prize in 2000 in the category Feature Photography with fellow Post photographers Carol Guzy and Michael Williamson. They were awarded for their heartbreaking photos illustrating the plight of Kosovo refugees.

Other work
In 1995, Lucian Perkins co-founded InterFoto, an international photojournalism conference located in Moscow with free-lance photographer Bill Swersey. InterFoto was the biggest professional photography exposition in Russia, the Baltic States and CIS countries from 1994 to 2004. The conference explored the Russian photographic community, uniting local, regional and international societies of photographers, photography editors, curators, and industrial leaders to swap ideas, share and educate others on the art of professional photography. In 1996 Perkins and Leon Dash published a book illustrating their Pulitzer Prize–winning investigation titled Rosa Lee : A Mother and Her Family in Urban America. In 1998, Perkins published his next book Runaway Madness, and had it exhibited nationally. The book has over 100 images of a behind-the-scenes story of a popular New York fashion event. Perkins photographed models Kate Moss, Naomi Campbell, Shalom Harlow, Christy Turlington and more behind the curtain. Perkins also photographed fashion journalists, fashion editors and buyers as well as the audience. Later, Perkins curated the book and founded the exhibit, Chronicles of Change, which held much Russian photography. Perkins first went to Russia in 1988 to cover a summit between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev but ended up spending over a month in the country. Later he went back in 1993 and spent much time with a number of Russian photographers during his six-month visit, which led him to Chronicles of Change.

Displayed and Exhibited Work
Perkins has had work displayed in museums both in and outside the United States. Internationally, these places would include: World Press Museum in Amsterdam, The ART in Embassies Program in Sarajevo, Bosnia, Havana, Cuba, Tokyo, Japan and Ankara, Turkey. In the United States, Perkins has work displayed in The Southeast Museum of Photography in Daytona Beach, Newseum in Washington DC, San Francisco and New York City. He also has exhibits in The American Textile History Museum in Lowell Massachusetts, The Boca Raton Museum of Art in Florida and The Flint Institute of Arts in Flint, Michigan.

title: Lucian Perkins


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Talk:British Home Championship

1977 Pitch Invasion
although at the height of Football hooliganism, I was not aware that there were any deaths or injuries like Heysel, Hillsborough etc. mostly Scotland fans stealing souvenirs for themselves. Perhaps a policing nightmare, but i was not aware that this was considered a particularly heinous act of hooliganism?

From memory, it was of major significance in making football hooliganism a 'law and order' issue. First, it was broadcast live on TV, at tea-time on a Saturday afternoon, and got a lot of time on the TV news. Second, it happened in London, not in Scotland, or some Northern working class place. Third, the hooligans were identifiably outsiders (they had dark blue shirts on and wore kilts and spoke an unidentifable language). Fourth, it was violent and frightening, even if the violence was aimed mostly at the goalposts. It made for easy copy for the Sunday papers. Neil Leslie 10:29, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Total Wins - Ireland
Why is Ireland not included in the list of total wins? --Drgs100 17:15, 28 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Their wins are included in Northern Ireland's. Feel free to clarify it. Modest Genius talk 01:48, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Ireland into Northern Ireland
This page implies that the IFA team became Northern Ireland from 1950 but Northern Ireland national football team says The IFA objected and in 1954 was permitted to continue using the name Ireland, and to select players from throughtout the island in the non-FIFA regulated British Home Championship. Is this correct and how long did it last for? Timrollpickering 16:45, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmmm
 * The name bit is true; the exact year it played as NI in the BHC I'm not sure of. See Talk:Ireland national football team (IFA).
 * What year to mark the change from in this article's table? Dunno. I'd suggest 1953 till an exact ref for the end-date turns up.
 * the player selection right might have been true in theory, but it never happened in practice. Discussed at Talk:Ireland national football team (IFA). There were subsequent eligibility restrictions from the 1960s,aimed mainly at Oriundi,which would  perhaps have affected whatever residual rights the IFA had theoretically retained.
 * I've changed the Northern Ireland national football team article, and I hope there won't be discrepancies between it and Ireland national football team (IFA); there is a danger of these two articles becoming a POV fork. jnestorius(talk) 17:42, 30 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Would it be easier to treat this as a competition between associations? We know those for certain Fasach Nua (talk) 16:27, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

It's ridiculous calling the Ireland teams that participated before 1921 "N.Ireland" before Northern Ireland even existed as a state. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.107.201.240 (talk) 06:43, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

The first match programme produced by the Irish Football Association for a home international which stated Northern Ireland rather than just 'Ireland' was 01st May 1957 against Portugal. Killultagh (talk) 12:05, 1 April 2013 (UTC)
 * That was against international opposition. In the British Championship the team took part as "Ireland" until the 1970s. The last home match played as Ireland was 1978 versus Scotland . However, apart from this match, all matches had been played as "Northern Ireland" since the 1973-74 tournament. . In the 1972-73 tournament, the first two matches were played as "Ireland" and the third as "Northern Ireland". In the 1971-72 tournament, the first was played as "Ireland" and the second and third as "Northern Ireland". 1970-71 was the last tournament in which all matches were played under the name "Ireland". . I think it's reasonable to say that "Ireland" was used continously until 1970-71. I've amended the article accordingly. Mooretwin (talk) 22:55, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

The Scots were never World Champions
It was only a claim, a joke, and should be titled as such. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.5.100.206 (talk) 16:32, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Goal Difference
I see Goal Difference is listed in the pages with the final tables, but Goal Difference wasn't introduced until the 1970s, these need to be edited down. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ifcp1 (talk • contribs) 18:01, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

Welsh Flag 1953-59
Why is the Red Dragon not used between 1953 and 1959? I have never once seen this flag used to refer to Wales and it doesn't appear to denote Wales on any other pages such as the Five Nations, The 1958 World Cup etc. Blogdroed (talk) 11:32, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Did this competition really start in 1883-4?
I'm looking at contemporary newspaper reports of the final Scotland v Wales match in the 1883-4 championship, in which Scotland purportedly secured the first "championship". Not a single report mentions anything about Scotland becoming the winner of a tournament / competition. They treat it as an isolated match between Scotland and Wales -- often listing previous matches between Scotland and Wales and mentioning Scotland's superior record in matches between those two teams, but there is nothing about Scotland being the best home nation team that year. Was this recognized as a competition between all four home nations only in retrospect? Grover cleveland (talk) 04:24, 16 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Here's an example -- admittedly a brief report (chosen because easy to screenshot) -- but notice how it mentions that the FA Cup final (which, bizarrely, took place the same day) was the "match for the association cup", but says nothing about any prize available to Scotland. Grover cleveland (talk) 04:29, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

Use of goal difference is an anachronism
While I understand the temnptation to come up with a definitive ordering for each tournament, the use of goal difference here constitutes Original Research, unless we can come up with reliable sources that actually order the teams in this way. Grover cleveland (talk) 22:18, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Agree in principle, but in practical terms how would you display those on the same points in the table (alphabetical order would always falsely imply visually that England finished higher than the others...)? Crowsus (talk) 23:23, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:British Home Championship