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Dam (disambiguation)

A dam is a barrier obstructing flowing water.

Dam may also refer to:

Places

 * Dam, Bhutan
 * Dam, Gennep, in the Dutch municipality of Gennep
 * Dam, Hollands Kroon, in the Dutch municipality of Hollands Kroon
 * Dam Square, Amsterdam
 * Den Dam, in northern Antwerp, Belgium

Abbreviations and acronyms

 * Database activity monitoring
 * Decametre
 * Denver Art Museum
 * Digital asset management
 * Direct Action Movement of Solidarity Federation

Transport

 * Dalmeny railway station's station code
 * Damascus International Airport's IATA code

Other uses

 * Dam (agricultural reservoir)
 * DAM (band), a Palestinian rap group
 * Dam (Indian coin)
 * Dam (Nepali coin)
 * Dam (methylase), DNA adenine methylase
 * Dam (surname), a surname
 * Dams (surname), a surname
 * The Dam a 1913 painting by Dominique Lang
 * Dental dam
 * WCMG, a South Carolina, US radio station once called "94.3 The Dam"
 * Dam, female role in the Dominican bélé dance
 * Dam, the female parent of a horse, a term used in horse breeding
 * (blood), one of the Ten Plagues of Egypt

 * "Dam" (Space Ghost Coast to Coast), a television episode
 * Dam (TV series), a South African psychological thriller television series

People

 * Atli Dam (1932–2005), Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
 * Henrik Dam (1895–1976), Danish biochemist
 * Jan Dam (footballer) (born 1968), Faroese footballer
 * Jan Dam (boxer) (1905–1985), Belgian boxer
 * José van Dam (born 1940), Belgian bass-baritone
 * Kenneth W. Dam (1932–2022), American lawyer and politician
 * Kurtis Dam (born 1985), Swiss-American drag queen
 * Laurens ten Dam (born 1980), Dutch cycle racer
 * Peter Mohr Dam (1898–1968), Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
 * Rigmor Dam (born 1971), Faroese politician
 * Rob Van Dam (born 1970), American actor
 * Thomas Dam (1909–1986), inventor of the troll doll
 * Đàm Thanh Xuân (born 1985), Vietnamese swimmer and martial artist

title: Dam (disambiguation)


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The Young One

The Young One (La joven) (released as White Trash in the United States and Island of Shame in the United Kingdom) is a 1960 English-language Mexican drama film directed and co-written by Luis Buñuel, and starring Zachary Scott, Bernie Hamilton, Key Meersman, Crahan Denton and Claudio Brook. "Inspired by" the story "Travelin' Man" by Peter Matthiessen, the film deals with issues such as racism and statutory rape by depicting the interactions between two men and a teenage girl on a private island game preserve.

It was Buñuel's second (and last) film in English, following Robinson Crusoe (1954); both were co-written by Hugo Butler (under the pseudonym H. B. Addis) and produced by George Pepper (as George P. Werker), Americans who had moved to Mexico after being blacklisted in Hollywood based on their alleged membership of, or sympathy with the Communist Party USA. The Young One was screened in competition at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival, and has received highly positive reviews since its release.

Plot
When a white woman accuses him of raping her, Traver, a black clarinetist in a touring jazz band, steals a small boat to escape a lynch mob. He travels until the outboard motor runs out of gas, at which point he paddles to an island off the Carolina coast that is a private game preserve. It is not hunting season, so the island's only inhabitants are the caretakers Miller and Pee-Wee and Pee-Wee's teenage granddaughter Evalyn.

Pee-Wee dies the same morning Traver comes to the island. Miller says he did not approve of how the elderly drunkard was raising Evvie, and he intends to put her in the care of the church and send her to the mainland so she can attend school. After he has her clean herself up and brush her wild hair, however, he notices she is growing up and comes on to her. Evvie escapes Miller's cabin and locks herself in hers with Pee-Wee's corpse.

The next day, Jackson arrives on the island with supplies. He and Miller bury Pee-Wee, and Miller leaves with Jackson to alert the authorities to the death. Miller had told Evvie that she could go to town with Jackson, but now says he changed his mind.

Thinking herself alone on the island, Evvie goes to work at the apiary until Traver appears and begs her for something to eat. She is initially frightened, but the dime he pays her for some honey and an apple puts her at ease, and she takes him back to Miller's cabin for a real meal. Evvie tries to stop Traver from taking some food and gas and a shotgun with him when he goes, though she relents when he gives her twenty dollars. Traver accidentally shoots a hole in his boat and gets supplies to repair it from Evvie.

Miller returns in the morning, and Evvie, who does not think Traver is still on the island, tells him about Traver's visit. She does not mention the twenty dollars, so Miller takes a rifle and goes to look for the thief. Traver had fallen asleep before finishing his repairs, but he is just about to leave when he hears Miller approaching. He gets away on foot, and Miller shoots four holes in the boat and begins to track Traver through the woods. Sighting Traver crossing a swamp in a boat he has found, Miller fires a shot. Although Traver splashes into the water, he emerges unscathed out of Miller's view.

That night, Miller presents Evvie with a new dress and some high heel shoes. He tries to kiss her, but she pulls away, and he sees the twenty-dollar bill pinned to the inside of Evvie's old dress. Miller angrily demands to know what Evvie gave Traver in exchange for so much money, not believing the truth. After Evvie goes to bed, Traver bursts in with the shotgun to get his motor, which Miller had taken, and Miller's rifle. He explains he is not a thief because he paid for the supplies he took, inadvertently corroborating Evvie's story.

In the morning, Miller gives Evvie the money back. She goes to see Traver, who is fixing his boat, but their conversation is interrupted when Miller shows up. The tension is defused somewhat when the men discover they were both in the army and took part in the liberation of Italy during WWII.

Later, Traver comes to the cabins to keep an eye on Miller while his boat soaks overnight. Evvie gets Traver to play his clarinet, and she dances until Miller gets a hand grenade and throws it. He says he has two more, so Traver does not have the upper hand, even with the guns, and should just give them back, which Traver does that evening. Miller moves Evvie into his cabin so Traver can stay in hers, and, while Traver plays the clarinet, Miller rapes Evvie.

There is a rainstorm the following day, and, to interrupt a fraught racial conversation, Evvie asks Traver to play some music. When he goes to get his clarinet, Jackson arrives unexpectedly with Reverend Fleetwood, who has come to perform a funeral service and take Evvie to a children's home. Jackson mentions that a black musician raped a white woman, and Miller realizes why Traver is on the island. Traver snuck away when the visitors came, so Miller and Jackson do not find him in Evvie's cabin, and they decide to wait until morning to continue their search, as it is still raining and Jackson has the keys to his boat and Miller has Traver's motor and oars.

While Miller and Jackson hunt Traver, the Reverend, who has suspicions about Miller's treatment of Evvie, baptizes Evvie, though she fails to see the value of the ritual. Evvie and the Reverend find Traver stuck in one of Miller's animal traps and bring him to the cabins to address his wounded leg. Traver declares his innocence and the Reverend believes him after he says who made the claim against him, as the woman is a drunk and falsely accused a white man of raping her two years ago. Miller and Jackson return and tie Traver up, planning to take him to the mainland the next day. The Reverend says he will testify on Traver's behalf, but Traver says he does not expect to live long enough to see his trial.

After dark, Traver convinces Evvie to set him free. The Reverend confronts Miller about Evvie and Miller confirms the rape, though he defends his actions and asks the Reverend not to report him. After Jackson, who is an even bigger racist than Miller, leaves to find and kill Traver in the morning, the Reverend appeals to Miller, ending by pointing out what a hypocrite he is being. Miller asks if the Reverend would still turn him in if he married Evvie, and the Reverend says he would have to ask his superiors.

Miller finds Jackson, takes his gun, and tells him to get off the island. Traver, who slept in a shed, limps up to Evvie and the Reverend just as Miller returns to the cabins. To everyone's surprise, Miller gives Traver his oars to use as crutches and offers to carry his motor to his boat so he can leave. Evvie goes with the Reverend, but Miller says he will visit her in town soon.

Jackson intercepts Traver and attacks him with a knife. Traver defends himself with an oar and gets the knife, but he is able to stop himself from killing Jackson. Evvie and the Reverend leave with Jackson and Miller helps Traver launch his boat, leaving Miller alone on the island.

Cast

 * Zachary Scott as "Hap" Miller
 * Bernie Hamilton as Traveling Man aka "Traver"
 * Key Meersman as Evalyn "Evvie" Stroud
 * Crahan Denton as Jackson
 * Claudio Brook as Rev. Fleetwood

Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 100% approval rating based reviews from eight critics, with an average score of 8.3/10. Jonathan Rosenbaum called the film “Buñuel's neglected masterpiece”.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Young One


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River Anker

The River Anker flows through Nuneaton, England. It is a major tributary of the River Tame, which it joins in Tamworth. The name derives from the old British for winding river. From source to river mouth at Tamworth is 50 km.

Course
The river rises near Wolvey and flows in a north-westerly direction to pass between Bramcote and Burton Hastings, it is designated a main river at Stretton Baskerville where it also forms the boundary between the boroughs of Rugby, Nuneaton and Bedworth. On the outskirts of Nuneaton it collects the Wem Brook, and then passes alongside the Liberty Way sports stadium. At this point the river splits, with a flood relief channel to the north, and the main channel passing through the Nuneaton town centre. The relief channel re-joins beyond the town at Weddington, where the river then continues in the same north-westerly direction to pass the village of Caldecote, then Mancetter (where it is crossed by Watling Street) and Witherley, before reaching Atherstone where it is joined by the River Sence.

Downstream of the confluence, it reaches Grendon and then flows through Polesworth before passing beneath the M42 motorway. Beyond the motorway it passes through Alvecote Pools and meadows, a 128 ha Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and nature reserve. It continues past Amington Hall before turning south-westerly to flow through Tamworth and join the River Tame near Tamworth Castle.

The Anker is popular with anglers and is known to contain some large pike and chub. Also there are barbel present with fish over 15 lb being reported.

Hydrology
The flow of the Anker has been measured at a gauging station in its lower reaches at Polesworth since 1966. The catchment to the station of 386 km2 yields an average flow of 3.2 m3/s. The highest river level recorded at the station occurred on the 25 November 2012, with a height of 2.57 m and a flow of 128 m3/s.

The catchment upstream of the station has an average annual rainfall of 653 mm and a maximum altitude of 275 m near Bardon Hill in Charnwood Forest at the north-eastern edge of the basin.

Flooding
The River Anker has flooded Nuneaton town centre several times in the past, including 1968, prompting the construction of a 600 m flood relief channel in Weddington in 1976.

In July 2007 the river flooded the Liberty Way pitch, forcing Nuneaton Town and Nuneaton RFC to cancel matches while the river water drained away.

title: River Anker


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File:Brikwars.png

Summary
"The Dread Pirate Two-By-Two," the deadliest brick on the high seas. Two-By-Two is the promotional icon of BrikWars. Image copyright ©2005 Mike Rayhawk.

title: File:Brikwars.png


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Ray Price (singer)

Noble Ray Price (January 12, 1926 – December 16, 2013) was an American country music singer, songwriter, and guitarist. His wide-ranging baritone is regarded as among the best male voices of country music, and his innovations, such as propelling the country beat from 2/4 to 4/4, known as the "Ray Price beat", helped make country music more popular.

Some of his well-known recordings include "Release Me", "Crazy Arms", "Heartaches by the Number", "For the Good Times", "Night Life", and "You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me". He was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1996. He continued to record and tour into his 80s.

Early life
Ray Price was born on a farm near the small former community of Peach, near Perryville, Wood County, Texas. He was the son of Walter Clifton Price and Clara Mae Bradley Cimini. His grandfather, James M. M. Price, was an early settler in the area. Price was three years old when his parents divorced and his mother moved to Dallas, Texas. For the rest of his childhood he split time between Dallas and on the family farm, where his father had remained. Price's mother and step-father were successful fashion designers and wanted him to take up that line of work but it had little appeal to him.

Price began singing and playing guitar as a teenager but at first chose a career in veterinary medicine. He was attending North Texas Agricultural College in preparation for that career when his studies were interrupted by America's entry into World War II. Price was drafted in 1944 and served in the United States Marine Corps in the Pacific Theater. He returned to the college after the war and, in 1972, was honored as a distinguished alumnus.

1940s–1950s success
After the war and college, Price rethought his decision to continue schooling to be a veterinarian; he was considered too small to work with large cattle and horses, the backbone of a Texas veterinarian's practice. While helping around his father's ranch he also began singing at various functions around the Abilene, Texas, area. This eventually led him to begin singing on the radio program Hillbilly Circus broadcast on Abilene's KRBC in 1948. He joined the Big D Jamboree on Dallas radio station KRLD (AM) in 1949, and when the show was picked up for broadcast on the CBS radio network soon afterward Price had his first taste of national exposure. It was around this time Ray Price became friends with Lefty Frizzell. The two first met at Beck Recording Studio in Dallas, and Price ended up writing the song "Give Me More, More, More Of Your Kisses" for Frizzell's use. A few demos recorded by Price at Beck's caught the attention of Bullet Records in Nashville, Tennessee, and he was signed to his first recording contract. However, his first single released on Bullet, "Jealous Lies", failed to become a chart hit.

He relocated to Nashville in the early 1950s, rooming for a brief time with Hank Williams. When Williams died, Price managed his band, the Drifting Cowboys, and had minor success. He was the first artist to have a success with the song "Release Me" (1954), a top five popular music hit for Engelbert Humperdinck in 1967. In 1953, Price formed his band, the Cherokee Cowboys. Among its members during the late 1950s and early 1960s were Roger Miller, Willie Nelson, Darrell McCall, Van Howard, Johnny Paycheck, Johnny Bush, Buddy Emmons, and Buddy Spicher. Miller wrote one of Ray Price's classics in 1958, "Invitation to the Blues", and sang harmony on the recording. Additionally, Nelson composed the Ray Price song, "Night Life". Price became one of the stalwarts of 1950s honky tonk music, with hit songs such as "Talk To Your Heart" (1952) and "Release Me".

1960–2000s: Nashville sound to gospel
During the 1960s, Ray experimented increasingly with the so-called Nashville sound, singing slow ballads and utilizing lush arrangements of strings and backing singers. Examples include his 1967 rendition of "Danny Boy", and "For the Good Times" in 1970, which was Price's first country music chart No. 1 hit since "The Same Old Me" by Kris Kristofferson, the song also scored No. 11 on the popular music chart and featured a mellower Price backed by sophisticated musical sounds, quite in contrast to the honky tonk sounds Price had pioneered two decades before. Price had three more No. 1 country music successes during the 1970s: "I Won't Mention It Again", "She's Got To Be A Saint", and "You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me" (the last of which was a pop hit in Canada, and would gain greater fame a year later when Gladys Knight & the Pips covered it).

Price's final top ten hit was "Diamonds In The Stars" in early 1982. Price continued to have songs on the country music chart through 1989. Later, he sang gospel music and recorded such songs as "Amazing Grace", "What A Friend We Have In Jesus", "Farther Along" and "Rock of Ages". Price briefly made national news again in 1999 when he was arrested for possession of marijuana. According to Price in a 2008 interview, old friend Willie Nelson — no stranger to marijuana arrests — phoned and told him he had just earned $5 million in free publicity with the drug bust.

In 2009, he made two performances for the Fox News show Huckabee. The first was with the Cherokee Cowboys and host Mike Huckabee, and he performed "Crazy Arms" and "Heartaches By The Number". Weeks later he performed with the Cherokee Cowboys and Willie Nelson (again with Huckabee playing bass guitar). This time they performed duets of "Faded Love" and "Crazy". Price worked on his last album, Last of the Breed, with fellow country music singers Willie Nelson and Merle Haggard. This album was released on March 20, 2007, by the company Lost Highway Records. The two-disc set features 20 country classics as well as a pair of new compositions. The trio toured the U.S. from March 9 until March 25 starting in Arizona and finishing in Illinois. This was Price's third album with Nelson and first album with Haggard. After the tour, Haggard remarked, "I told Willie when it was over, 'That old man gave us a goddamn singing lesson.' He really did. He just sang so good. He sat there with the mic against his chest. And me and Willie are all over the microphone trying to find it, and he found it."

Cancer and death
On November 6, 2012, Price confirmed that he was fighting pancreatic cancer. Price told the San Antonio Express-News that he had been receiving chemotherapy for the past six months. An alternative to the chemo would have been surgery that involved removing the pancreas along with portions of the stomach and liver, which would have meant a long recovery and stay in a nursing home. Said Price, "That's not very much an option for me. God knows I want to live as long as I can but I don't want to live like that." He told the newspaper, "The doctor said that every man will get cancer if he lives to be old enough. I don't know why I got it – I ain't old!"

Although in February 2013 the cancer appeared to be in remission, Price was hospitalized in May 2013 with severe dehydration. On December 2, 2013, Price entered a Tyler, Texas, hospital in the final stages of pancreatic cancer, according to his son, then left on December 12 for home hospice care. Price died at his home in Mt. Pleasant, Texas, on December 16, 2013, at age 87. Price was interred at Restland Memorial Park in Dallas, Texas.

Personal life
After leaving Nashville, Price lived his time off the road on his east Texas ranch near Mount Pleasant, continuing to dabble in gamefowl, cattle and horses. Ray Price married twice. He and his first wife divorced in the late 1960s. Price married second wife Janie on June 11, 1970, and they remained together until his death. A son from his first marriage, Cliff Price, also survives.

Industry awards
Academy of Country Music
 * 1970 Album of the Year – For The Good Times
 * 1970 Single of the Year – "For The Good Times"

Country Music Association
 * 1971 Album of the Year – I Won't Mention It Again

Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
 * Inducted in 1996

Grammy Awards
 * 1971 Best Male Country Vocal Performance – "For The Good Times"
 * 2008 Best Country Collaboration with Vocals with Willie Nelson – "Lost Highway"

title: Ray Price (singer)


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Palani Hills

The Palani Hills are a mountain range in the southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Palani Hills are an eastward extension of the Western Ghats ranges, which run parallel to the west coast of India. The Palani Hills adjoin with the high Anamalai range on the west and extend east into the plains of Tamil Nadu, covering an area of 2068 km2. The highest part of the range is in the southwest, and reaches 1,800-2,500 metres (5,906-8,202 feet) elevation; the eastern extension of the range is made up of hills 1,000-1,500 m (3,281-4,921 ft) high.

It is also home to the main temple of Murugan, who is worshipped as a major deity in Tamil Nadu.

The Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park is a proposed protected area in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu. The park will be an upgrade and expansion of the 736.87 km2 Palani Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary which was to be established in 2008. The park includes about 36% of the 2068 km2 in the Palani Hills. The park is located between latitude 10°7'–10°28' N and longitude 77°16'–77°46' E. Central location is 1.5 km east northeast of Silver Cascade Waterfall and 4 km E X NE of Kodaikanal Lake.

History
The Palani Hills derive their name from the ancient temple town of Palani (பழநி in Tamil) located at the northern base of the hills.

In 1906, the great undulating plateau on top of the Palanis comprising four forest ranges were consolidated under the Indian Forest Act of 1878 and designated by the British Government as a single reserve forest, from Kodaikanal town to the Kerala state border in the west and the Bodinayakkanur town limits to the south, and given the name of the Ampthill Downs. It was over 53 sqmi in extent and about one quarter of it then consisted of sholas and three quarters was open, rolling, grassy downs.

The Ampthill Downs area is now named Upper Palani Shola Reserved Forest and totals 145.7 km2 (36,000 acres) of forest land. It is the largest reserve forest division in the Palani Hills. The core of the proposed Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary awaiting government notification is located in this division.

In 1988, the new 50 km2 Kodaikanal-Berijam Wildlife Sanctuary was included in the protected area proposals considered to be of national priority status by the Wildlife Institute of India. In the early 1990s, the Tamil Nadu Forest Department submitted a proposal to the State government to protect much of the Palani Hills by declaring the area a wildlife sanctuary or a national park.

The proposed park area includes only reserve forest land. These forests are already among the protected areas of Tamil Nadu. Their upgrade to Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park will increase their IUCN status from level VI - Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to IV - Habitat/Species Management Area or II - National Park and improve the habitat and wildlife conservation of the area.

The sanctuary has been under consideration of the Government of India in consultation with the Government of Tamil Nadu since 1999. The actual park boundaries have not been finalized. In 2007, proposals for declaration of Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary were under consideration of the Government.

On 13 August 2012, in an apparent change away from plans for notification of parts of the Palani Hills as a separate wildlife sanctuary, the Tamil Nadu Gazette notification attached parts of Kodaikanal and Dindigul divisions of reserve forests to the buffer zone of Annamalai Tiger Reserve. About 5155.42 hectares of forest land belonging to Palani Hills Northern Slope, Andipatty reserve forest, 4,344.53 acres in Kudraiyar block forest and 5,548.49 hectares in Mannavanur Range in Kodaikanal will be included in the buffer zone. The villages and hamlets that now form part of the Palani Hills buffer zone are Poondi, Mannavanur, Kilavarai, Polur, Kavunchi, Kumbur, Kilanavayal, Kukkal, Pazhamputhur and Puthurpuram.

The increasingly important economic role of Eco-tourism, including trekking, hiking, camping, mountaineering, rock climbing and bird watching may help the local populace to welcome this new Protected area. It remains to be seen whether the Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park will stimulate or stifle commercial development and tourism. The decision to finally establish the park must balance short term financial benefits of the status quo versus long term stability of the natural and human community.

Geography
Vandaravu peak is the highest peak in the Palani hills. The range lies between the Cumbum Valley on the south, which is drained by the Vaigai River and its upper tributaries, and the Kongunadu region to the north. The northern slopes are drained by the Shanmukha River, Nanganji River, and Kodavanar River, which are tributaries of the Kaveri River. The range lies mostly within Dindigul district, except in the western portion, where it forms the boundary between Dindigul district and Theni district to the south and Idukki District to the south west. The hill station of Kodaikanal lies in the southern central portion of the range. Palani Hills joined with Anamalai Hills and Cardamom Hills at Anamudi peak in Kerala state. Vattavada in Kerala is a part of Palani hills.

The Palni Hills are an eastward spur of the Western Ghats with a maximum east–west length of 65 km, and a north–south width of 40 km. Area is 2064 km2. These hills rise in steep escarpments to a high undulating plateau ranging from 1600 m to over 2000 m elevation.

The western extremity of the park is contiguous with the Manjampatti Valley core area of the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park and with The Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala. The Kurinjimala Sanctuary in Kerala borders the southwestern corner of the park. These Wildlife Sanctuaries are adjacent to the recently established Eravikulam National Park.

The park area includes only reserve forest land, including Palni Hills Northern Slope East, Kallar, Palni Hills Southern Slope East, Upper Palni Shola, Allinagaram, and Palni Hills Northern Slope West Reserve Forests in the Dindigul and Kodaikanal Forest Divisions.

Ecoregions
The lower elevations of the Palani Hills, between 250 and 1,000 m (820-3,281 ft), are part of the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests ecoregion. Above 1,000 m (3,281 ft), the deciduous forests transition to the evergreen South Western Ghats montane rain forests. In the highest portions of the range, above 2,000 m (6,562 ft), the montane rainforests give way to shola-grassland mosaic, made up of frost-tolerant montane grasslands interspersed with pockets of stunted shola forests. The hills extend into Kerala as Pampadum Shola National Park.

Conservation
The Palani Hills are currently subject to increasing development pressure as it is under developed for a long time. The Palani Hills Conservation Council, a non-governmental organization headquartered in Kodaikanal, was founded in 1985. In the early 1990s the Tamil Nadu Forest Department proposed to the Tamil Nadu state government that much of the range be granted protected status as a wildlife sanctuary or Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park.

History
The Palani Hills are formed of pre-Cambrian gneisses, charnockites and schists; they are among the oldest mountain ranges in India. The park is an eastward extension of the Western Ghats hills formed by separation of the India-Madagascar-Seychelles blocks of East Gondwana in the Early Cretaceous period about 120 million years ago.

It is surrounded to the north, east and south by the Deccan Plateau formed later in the massive Deccan Traps eruption 66 million years ago as India drifted over the Reunion Hotspot.

Mountains
The Palani hills are most prominent towards the west, ranging from 1800 m to 2553 m (5,906 ft - 8,376 ft). The ten most prominent peaks are:

 * 1) Vandaravu  2553 m,
 * 2) Ibex Peak  2517 m
 * 3) Vembadi Peak 2505 m,
 * 4) Gundar 2461 m,
 * 5) Karunmakadu  2451 m,
 * 6) Sandana Parai 2404 m
 * 7) Venkombu 2327 m
 * 8) Tina Vardi 2270 m,
 * 9) Perumal Malai 2236 m,
 * 10) Vellari Malai 2229 m

The hill station of Kodaikanal stands in a 2,195 m (7,202 ft) high basin at the southern edge of the central part. The eastern end of the park is made of hills 1000–1500 m (3,281 ft - 4,921 ft) high.

The Tamil Nadu Department of Geology and Mining has completed detailed Geo-Technical Studies of the Palni Hills determining moderate to high landslide danger in much of the area.

Waterfalls
There are many waterfalls throughout the park which are popular tourist attractions. Some of the prominent falls associated with the park are: (Distances are referenced from km 0.0 at the bund (dam) on northeast end of Kodaikanal lake at .)

 * 1) Alanthoni Falls at  20 m high, elevation 590 m in Manjampatti Valley, core area of Indira Gandhi National Park, between Talinji and Manjampatti villages on the Ten Ar River, public access restricted.
 * 2) Bamen Falls
 * 3) Bear Shola Falls at  2 km from Kodaikanal,
 * 4) Fairy Falls at   5 km from Kodaikanal),
 * 5) Glen Falls  at Vilpatti on Palar (Kallar) River
 * 6) Gundar Falls at A dangerous sheer cliff that drops over 100 m, to the first level, then drops off a couple more times to the plains.
 * 7) Neptune Falls and Pool at, 400 m are down a pine needle path through large pines beginning on left of road .5 km past Forest Dept. Nursery,  14 km from Kodaikanal on Poombrai Road.
 * 8) Palar Upper Falls also called  Anju Veedu Falls (Five House Falls), 85 m photo, photo, on Palar stream 5.5 km southeast of Palar Reservoir and 1.7 km downstream north from Ganesha Puram village, per 1974 survey map. 27 km from Kodaikanal), in the Vilpatti Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the Kodaikanal lake.
 * 9) Palar Lower falls 103 m photo, photo, on Palar stream 5.5 km southeast of Palar Reservoir and 1.7 km downstream north from Ganesha Puram village, per 1974 survey map. 27 km from Kodaikanal), in the Vilpatti Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the Kodaikanal lake.
 * 10) Poombarai Falls
 * 11) Pambar Falls (also called Liril or Vatakanal) at, elevation 2120 m, is 3 km SE from Kodaikanal.
 * 12) Silver Cascade at  55 m high, is 8 km from Kodaikanal) on the Ghat Road.
 * 13) Skamba Falls at is 8 km NE from Kodaikanal).
 * 14) Snake Falls   Just below Pambar Falls where Levigne stream comes out of Pambar Shola.  Is particularly visible from Priests Walk and from top end of Coolie Ghat just below Shenbuganour.
 * 15) Thalaiyar Falls, (Rat Tail Falls) at, elevation 820 m, is 975 ft (297 meters) high. It is the highest waterfall in Tamil Nadu and the third highest in India.
 * 16) Gaur Vellaiyan Falls at, 52 ft high, is along the Kilavarai trail between Kilavarai and intersection 11 with Kodaikanal–Munnar Road, 40 km from Kodaikanal.
 * 17) Kathirikkai Falls is at, elevation 2270 m. There is small pool above this 50 m waterfall just southwest of the Kodaikanal–Munnar Road crossing the Kathirikkai Odei (the Second Trout Stream) 2.2 km west of the Forest Dept Hut.
 * 18) Unnamed Falls at is on Dolphins Nose Trail.
 * 19) Unnamed Falls 16m at, 16 m high, is 2 km southwest of Vandaravu Peak in remote southwest corner of Palani Hills.
 * 20) Kudiraiyar River Falls at Kookkal Kombai, 90 m high, is 4 km walk northwest of Kukkal.
 * 21) Kukkal Falls unnamed? at  .6 km southwest of Kukkal village center
 * 22) Polur Falls (போளூர் அருவி) at.
 * 23) Poondi Falls at estimated from Army Map and contours
 * 24) Kumbakarai Falls located in the lower Palni foothills, along the Kodai-Vellagavi-Periyakulam footpath. These falls have two stages. At the first stage water collects in huge rock recesses which are each named after wild animals such as tiger, elephant and snake. The Pambar river then flows .5 km to the second stage before falling as the main waterfall. Bathing is allowed. There is a bus from Periyakulam with fare of Rs. 5(6.00,7.00 13.00,15.30,16.30 hrs).
 * 25) Unnamed Falls 10m, in Allinagaram Reserved Forest, elevation 2220 m, location estimated from Map
 * 26) Unnamed Falls 15m  height 15 m, elevation 2170 m, location estimated from Map
 * 1) Unnamed Falls 15m  height 15 m, elevation 2170 m, location estimated from Map

Climate
The Palani Hills have a montane tropical monsoon climate which varies from west to east. Generally, as one proceeds from the Kerala border in the west to the foothills in the east, average rainfall decreases and temperature increases. Compared to the Deccan plateau and the southwestern coastal plains, temperatures vary from moderate to quite cool. In the central Palani Hills at Kodaikanal, during March to May, the temperature range is between 10.1 and 20.9 C. The temperature can rise to a high of 35 C. During December to February it is between 8.1 and 18.6 C. In January, night temperatures sometimes drop below freezing, and thin ice is seen on lake edges in the early morning.

The climate of the upper Palnis has four clearly defined seasons:

 * the dry season, usually between January and March, during which rain is scarce and limited to around 10 rainy days, the air is crisp, dry and cold, and when ground frost occurs;
 * The warm season of April and May when most tourists arrive for their holiday in the hills and when summer showers and rain may fall on 18 to 20 days;
 * The Southwest monsoon season extends between June and September, with around 45 days of rainfall spread over the four months;
 * The Northeast monsoon season from October through early December, when rain is abundant and occurs over 30 or more days. Depending on the timing of the northeast monsoon, the latter half of December may experience a few days of heavy rain or remain completely dry.

The average annual rainfall is 1617 mm, mostly during the north-east monsoon.

Tribes
Nomadic Paliyan tribes people have been seen living in some of the several caves in Manjampatti Valley. Paliyan people can be seen near Kukal Cave. The Tamil speaking Pulayan are referred to as the MalaPulayans, a group categorized as scheduled caste by State government of Tamil Nadu. Their traditional livelihood is foraging yams and small gaming in the nearby forest areas combined with cultivation of several species of minor millets in small plots located near their hamlets to meet their subsistence requirements.

They live in small hamlets in huts and government constructed colonies. The sedentary life started with the construction of group houses by the government in the early sixties. The community is vertically divided into two sub divisions called Koora and Kanni, further subdivided into 47 sub sects. Each sub sect is called Kootams, which regulates certain social events. Each kootam has its own deity, which is common to the entire group and once yearly the members of the same kootam assemble to worship the deity.

Many native tribals in the Palani Hills have partially assimilated modern culture but are marginalized on the fringes of society. Their social, economic and physical survival has become a difficult challenge for them and several public and private agencies. Their ancient culture in this area is well documented.

Relics and artifacts of the Paliyan tribes people can be seen in the Shenbaganur Museum.

Ecoregions
The Palani hills are the easternmost part of the Western Ghats of India, which is one of the 25 biodiversity hotspots of the world. Some of the very rare and endangered plants and animals of India are found here. including intact relics of primary indigenous vegetation and a large number of non-native plants.

The hills may be divided into four distinct vertical zones comprising distinct Ecoregions with a wide diversity of Endemic species.

 * 1) The foothills from 400 to 800 m consist mostly of Deccan thorn scrub forests and South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests. There is also some evergreen forest along streams and rivers at these altitudes.
 * 2) Between 800 and 1600 m is dominated by South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests accompanied by shrub savannah, although most has been converted to plantations.
 * 3) From 1600 to 2000 m are upper montane slopes characterised by shola-grassland mosaic, composed of frost-tolerant montane grasslands on the hills interspersed with pockets of dense shola forests in the valleys. This is an undulating plateau interspersed with occasional peaks.
 * 4) Peaks rising to over 2500 m with total area of 385 km2 and average elevation of 2200 m consist mostly of montane grasslands interspersed with sholas. The grassland component is now largely replaced by forest plantations of wattle, pine and some eucalyptus.

Flora and fauna
Mammals: Wild are common in areas away from human habitation and cultivation.

Threatened species in the park area include: Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, Indian leopard, gaur (wild ox), Nilgiri tahr and grizzled giant squirrel.

Endangered Bengal tiger populations in the adjacent Project Tiger reserves of Anamalai Tiger Reserve and the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in the Agasthyamalai hills could expand back into this area when it is better protected. In February 2010, tigers were sighted in Kodaikanal forests during a six-day carnivore signs survey. A tigress and her cub were spotted playing in the wild. Forest Department officials are studying survey data to estimate the local tiger population based on indirect evidence like pug marks, scats and scratches. Amphibians and reptiles: Several little-known and endemic species of amphibians like Raorchestes dubois, Ghatixalus asterops, Micrixalus nigraventris, Indirana leptodactyla, Nyctibatrachus deccanensis and reptiles like Salea anamallayana, Hemidactylus anamallensis, Kaestlea palnica, Kaestlea travancorica, Ristella rurkii, Platyplectrurus madurensis, Teretrurus rhodogaster, Uropeltis pulneyensis, Uropeltis broughami, Uropeltis woodmasoni, Ahaetulla dispar, Boiga dightoni and Trimeresurus macrolepis occur in this sanctuary. Other more widespread species of herpetofauna also occur lower down.

Plants: Moist areas exist along the ravines and in the sheltered pockets of high elevation shola forests around 2000 m. These sholas are often hotspots of endemic plant life. Notable among these is Pambar Shola. The Pambar Shola, draining to the Pambar River, is now reduced to less than 3 km in circumference. It contains several rare and endemic plant species including: Sonerila pulneyensis: a delicate Melastomataceae succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola, Hoya wightii ssp. pulneyensis: a succulent vine with waxy flowers endemic to Pambar Shola', Plectranthus bourneate: a succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola, Trichoglottis tenera: an epiphytic orchid. Pambar Shola is its major habitat, Phyllanthus chandrabosei: a shrub endemic to Pambar Shola, Huperzia sp.: a fern ally endemic to Pambar Shola, Selaginella sp.: a delicate creeping fern endemic to Pambar Shola, Psydraxficiformis: a tree, until recently thought extinct, Utleria salicifolia: only one clump known on the Palni hills, Elaeocarpus blascoi: a tree believed extinct until this year, Cyathea crinita: tree fern, highly endangered (Botanical Survey of India), Aeschynanthus perrottetii: known only from one other shola in the Palni hills, Eulophia sp.: a new species for the Palni hills first collected in April 2000,Actinodapohne bourneae: Laurel tree believed extinct (Botanical Survey of India). Two trees found in Pambar Shola, Ceropegia thwaitesii: vine, vulnerable, endemic to Pambar shola, Pimpinella pulneyensis: scarce, Exacum anamallayannum: gentian, only one other known location in Palni hills.

The comprehensive source on Palani Hills flora is currently in print: "The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India" by K.M. Matthew (1999), Tiruchirapalli, 3 vols., xcvi, 1880 p., figs., maps, $193 (set). ISBN 81-900539-3-0. Contents:

 * Volume I ISBN 81-900539-4-9: Polypetalae: Dedication. Preface. Novelties in this Flora. Precursory or related publications. References. Introduction. I. The Palni hills: 1. Location and physical features. 2. Kodaikanal: taluk and town. 3. Rivers. 4. Roads. 5. Table 2: Gazetteer of localities. 6. Climatic conditions at Kodaikanal. 7. Geology and soils. 8. History. 9. The vegetation: A. Native; B. Alien. 10. References. II. Plant explorations on the Palnis: 1. Past explorations: 1. The Bournes. 2. The Fysons. 3. The Shembaganur team. 4. Natural History Centre at Shembaganur (SHC). 5. Recent explorations. 6. References. 2. Present exploration: 1. Background and scope. 2. Field trip report. 3. Phytogeographical findings. 4. Ethnobotany. 5. Nature conservation. 3. The present Flora: Format and conventions. Acknowledgments. Family sequence. Key to families. Dicotyledones: I. Polypetalae: 1. Ranunculaceae. 2. Alangiaceae.
 * Volume II ISBN 81-900539-5-7: Gamopetalae: 1. Caprifoliaceae. 2. Labiatae. III. Monochlamvdeae: 1. Plantaginaceae. 2. Salicaceae.
 * Volume III ISBN 81-900539-6-5: Monocotyledones: 1. Orchidaceae. 2. Gramineae. II. Gymnospermae: 1. Gnetaceae. 2. Cycadaceae.

Kurinji flowers (Strobilanthes kunthiana) which blossom in spectacular fields of violet only once in 12 years are threatened.

Threat aversion
There is decreasing biodiversity, deforestation, grasslands destruction, monoculture tree plantations, and invasive exotic plant species in the park. There is sewage pollution, solid waste pollution and mercury contamination, and mercury pollution. There is also sound pollution, visual pollution, uncontrolled tourism, overdevelopment and lake eutrophication in and near Kodaikanal town. The Government of Tamil Nadu and several local NGO conservation groups are actively working to reduce some of these threats:

 * The Government of Tamil Nadu completed establishment of a litter free zone and awareness campaign in Kodaikanal in 2000 at a cost of Rs 1. lakh.
 * The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board, the Public Works Department and the local bodies are executing Bioremediation of Kodaikanal Lake under the National Lake Conservation Programme, with an expenditure of Rs.33.90 lakhs incurred till 2007.
 * The Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. is implementing forest maintenance and restoration works over a period of 5 years from 2006 to 2007. Government of Tamil Nadu has sanctioned a sum of Rs.30.00 crores for the following components:
 * Conservation and eco-restoration of degraded forests in Nilgiris and Palani Hills. During 2007–2008, it is proposed to take up degraded sholas over an extent of 3 square kilometres and to carry out other maintenance and improvement works at a cost of Rs. 590.75 lakhs.
 * Improvement of roads in the forest areas of Tamil Nadu.
 * Bio-diversity conservation.
 * Maintenance and special repairs to Forest Department buildings.
 * Raising shola seedlings for afforestation.

A sum of Rs.1327.50 lakhs has been released for this purpose during 2006–2007.

 * The Palani Hills Conservation Council (PHCC) was formed by concerned residents in 1985 One of its first goals was to support and push for the creation of a national park or a wildlife sanctuary in the Palni Hills. Zafar Futehally and M.S. Viraraghavan were its leaders. The PHCC made a clear connection between natural forests and water security and coined the phrase: "The health of the hills is the wealth of the plains." The PHCC generated a National Park proposal used by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. One of the council's major contributions has been the creation of nurseries for indigenous trees. Today, thanks to its efforts, young shola trees thrive at Kodai institutions and in private gardens. The organisation sought to restrict unsustainable building development in the 1990s. The PHCC has been active in the case against mercury contamination of the once beautiful Pambar Shola.,
 * The Vattakanal Conservation Trust promotes the conservation of Palni Hills' native plants and habitats by raising plant nurseries, establishing conservation gardens, working with the Forest Department to restore habitats and acquiring properties to ensure survival of specific species and ecosystems
 * Kodaikanal International School supports and leads environmental initiatives in the surrounding area. It offers an International Baccalaureate Program course on Environmental Systems.
 * The Save Kurinji Campaign Council organises campaigns and programmes for conservation of the Kurinji plant and its habit.
 * The Tamil Nadu Green Movement works on Nature Education, Conservation awareness, Judicial intervention, media awareness and works with other NGOs in the Western Ghats.
 * Elephant Valley at Vilpatti, 8 km NW of Kodaikanal, is a 100 acre private nature reserve and organic farm welcoming eco-tourists. They promote the conservation of traditional varieties of fruits, vegetables and cereals, including vegetables of all colours, shapes and sizes and orchards of lime, orange, avocados, guavas and amla intercropped with coffee, pepper, vanilla, cinnamon, nutmeg, mangoes, jack fruit, pomegranate, guavas and bananas.

Visitor information
The Kodaikanal Division Forest Office offers a book called Kodaikanal Beauty in Wilderness, which has a list and map of local treks in the Kodaikanal area. Several trekking destinations are accessible from the Kodaikanal–Munnar Road. Permission from the Forest Department is necessary to visit areas deep inside the forests and for trekking in forests. Forest rest houses are available with advance reservation at Kodaikkanal, Poombarai, Kukkal, Kavunji, Berijam and Devadanapatty. Contact: District Forest officer, Kodaikkanal Forest Division, Kodaikanal, Dindigal District, Tamil Nadu, India. (open 10 am to 6 pm) Phone : 91-4542-240287

title: Palani Hills


text:
Greece at the 1896 Summer Olympics

Greece was the host nation of the 1896 Summer Olympics held in Athens. The number of Greek contestants is commonly cited as 169, but as many as 176 Greeks contested events in all nine sports. The Greeks were by far the most successful nation in terms of total medals with 47, 27 more than the United States of America. Nevertheless, their number of first-place finishes (10) was one fewer than the Americans' 11. The Greeks had 172 entries in 39 events. Only 4 events had no Greek entrants—the 400 metres and the high jump in athletics and the vault and the team horizontal bar in gymnastics.

Medalists
The following competitors won medals at the games. In the discipline sections below, the medalists' names are bolded.

Multiple medalists
The following competitors won multiple medals at the 1896 Olympic Games.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
 * width=78% align=left valign=top |

 * width="22%" align="left" valign="top" |

Athletics
The Greeks entered every event on the athletics program save the 400 metres and the high jump. They took 1 gold, 3 silver, and 6 bronze medals in the sport. It was initially thought that the Greek team had swept the top three places of the marathon event, until it was discovered that Spiridon Belokas had covered part of the distance by cart and was disqualified.

Track & road events

Field events

Cycling
Greece had entries in all six cycling events, winning one and taking second place in three more.

Fencing
Greek fencers won the top two places in the sabre competition, third place in the amateur foil competition, and in a major upset, Pyrgos defeated Joanni Perronet in the sole match of the masters foil event.

Gymnastics
The names of the members of the two teams that competed in the team events are, for the most part, unknown. The vault and the team horizontal bar were two of the four events (the other two in the athletics program) that had no Greek entrants. The Greeks took two of each color medal, with two medals in each of the rope climbing (gold and silver), rings (gold and bronze), and team parallel bars (silver and bronze) competitions.

 * Team

 * Individual

Shooting
Greek shooters dominated the two rifle events and the rapid fire pistol competition, but were largely unable to compete with the Paine brothers of the United States in the pistol events that the two brothers entered.

Swimming
Some of the Greek swimmers' names were not recorded. Greece's only swimming gold medal came in an event in which only Greek swimmers were allowed to compete, as did a silver and a bronze. In the three open events, the Greeks took two silvers and one bronze, all in the two longer races.

Tennis
Greece earned a silver medal and a bronze medal in the singles tournament. Kasdaglis and Petrokokkinos won a silver medal in doubles tournament.

Weightlifting
In the one handed event, weightlifters had to lift with each hand successively. Nikolopoulos was able to list 57 kilograms with one hand, but only 40 kilograms with the other. He was judged to have come in third place in the event between the silver medallist Viggo Jensen who had lifted 57 with each hand and 4th-place finisher Versis who had lifted 40 with each, but had not been able to lift 57 with either.

Lifting form was used to break ties in the two handed competition.

Wrestling
Christopoulos won a battle of endurance against Momcsilló Tapavicza in the quarterfinals of the wrestling tournament. He then had to face Tsitas, who had received a bye in that round. Tsitas won after Christopoulos retired due to a shoulder injury; Christopoulous received the bronze medal. Tsitas then faced Carl Schuhmann in the final. Schuhmann, having had a bye in the semifinals, took 55 minutes over two days to defeat Tsitas, the match having to be postponed on account of darkness after 40 minutes on the first day.

title: Greece at the 1896 Summer Olympics


text:
Ray Price (cricketer)

Raymond William Price (born 12 June 1976) is a former Zimbabwean international cricketer. He bowls left-arm orthodox spin. He is the nephew of the renowned Zimbabwean golfer Nick Price.

Early life
Price was born two months premature and contracted meningitis when he was a few months old. He was given only a one in four chance of survival, but managed to beat the odds. However, although it was not realised for some time, he was left totally deaf by the disease. When he was four, an operation helped him regain his hearing, but left him with terrible coordination difficulties. He was consequently some way behind his age group when he went to school.

Price first played cricket with friends in his back garden. When he was at primary school he was a pace bowler, but took up spin at Watershed College, a boarding school near Marondera. He gradually got better and better at cricket, ending up as a key figure for the school team.

Early career
He had attracted the attention of the Mashonaland County Districts cricket side, and he made his first-class debut in 1995/6, although only as an amateur. He was a trained installer of refrigeration and air conditioning units during this period of his career.

Price began to impress the Zimbabwe selectors and, when an injury and form crisis robbed Zimbabwe of the first-choice spinner Paul Strang, Adam Huckle and Andy Whittall, they selected him for the third Test of the series against Sri Lanka in 1999/2000.

He became a marginal figure in the squad, sometimes he played and sometimes he did not, however in 2001/02 he began to put in some good performances for the national side, including 5–181, his first Test five-wicket haul, against South Africa at Bulawayo and 4–116 against Pakistan at the same ground.

Gaining attention
In 2003 Price toured England and impressed everyone who saw him bowl. He was rated as a better spinner than the English spinner Ashley Giles. It was in that winter's tour of Australia, however, that Ray truly established himself as a world-class bowler, taking 6–121 in the second Test at Sydney. Against the West Indies back home that winter Price ran through their strong batting line-up twice, taking 6–73 and 4–88 in the first Test at Harare and then again in Bulawayo, taking 5–119 and 4–36. He played a pivotal role in Zimbabwe's series win over Bangladesh that winter too, taking 8 wickets in two Tests. He was becoming disaffected with the politicisation of Zimbabwean cricket however, and in 2004 he joined the player rebellion led by captain Heath Streak. Soon afterwards he signed for Worcestershire and announced an ambition to play for England.

Price has built up a devoted following among supporters of other counties. His appearance at the 2005 Bath Festival was met with jubilation by his fans as they chanted his name throughout the day. His clever left arm spin bamboozled Somerset that day as 'Ray's Barmy Army' went through a selection of pop hits based on the popular Zimbabwe international.

Late career
In 2006 Price revealed to the Press Association that he hoped to play international cricket again – for England after the required qualification period.

In 2007 he made a surprise return to Zimbabwe, and played in several National League matches for Old Hararians. Some believed this might have been a hint to the national selectors, with the 2007 World Cup approaching. However, he was not selected for the Zimbabwe squad.

Price rejected a one-year contract with Worcestershire at the end of the 2007 season, ending his three-and-a-half-year spell at the club.

In late 2007, he officially returned to the Zimbabwe team. He was selected for the Zimbabwe squad to play the West Indies. Ever since, he has been a regular and influential member of the team, used to dry up runs and to take crucial wickets. He has been one of many rebel cricketers who have returned due to the improving situation in Zimbabwe. He has had a superb comeback to the Zimbabwe cricket team, rising to 3rd in the ICC Cricket ODI Bowling Rankings, taking 45 wickets in just 27 matches, while bowling very economically. He played in all ODIs for Zimbabwe in 2009, against the South Africa national cricket team, the Bangladesh cricket team, the Sri Lanka national cricket team and the Kenya cricket team. Price was unsold at the original IPL 2011 player auction in January and Mumbai Indians bought him at his reserve price of $50,000, in place of the injured Moises Henriques. He became only the second Zimbabwean to play in the IPL.

Later in 2011, Price was selected to play in all three of Zimbabwe's one-off Tests against Bangladesh, Pakistan and New Zealand, after Zimbabwe's five-year hiatus from Test cricket. He took ten wickets over the three matches.

Price ended his international career on 14 March 2013 during a test match against West Indies.

title: Ray Price (cricketer)


text:
University of Cyprus

The University of Cyprus (Greek: Πανεπιστήμιο Κύπρου, Turkish: Kıbrıs Üniversitesi) is a public research university established in Cyprus in 1989. It admitted its first students in 1992 and has approximately 7000 students.

History
The University of Cyprus was established in 1989 and admitted its first students in 1992.

Admission for the majority of undergraduate students is by entrance examinations organised by the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Cyprus. A number of places are reserved for students with special needs or circumstances.

When the University of Cyprus opened, the incoming class consisted of 486 undergraduate students. During the academic year 2010–2011, 4691 undergraduate students attended courses offered by the 21 departments. At the same time, there were 1549 postgraduate students.

Academic reputation
Based in the capital of Cyprus, Nicosia, teaching is mainly in Greek. The official languages are Greek and Turkish, but only a few Turkish speakers are registered. Since September 2005, the university credit point system is based on European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System.

Those eligible to participate in the entrance examination for the University of Cyprus are Cypriot citizens or those with at least one parent of Cypriot origin. Prospective students will have graduated from a six-year high school. A number of positions are granted to the handicapped or those with special needs.

Greeks of the Diaspora and Cypriots who belong to specific religious groups as determined by the constitution of Cyprus, repatriated Cypriots and Cypriots who are permanent residents in the other countries, can claim a limited number of posts (3% of the admitted Cypriot students) based on General Certificate of Secondary Education or General Certificate of Education or other equivalent exams. Turkish Cypriots who hold a six-year high-school diploma are eligible for admission upon passing special examinations set by the university.

The programmes of studies at the University of Cyprus are based on credit hours. One credit hour is normally equivalent to one weekly 50-minute «class» per semester. To graduate from the university, a student must successfully complete 120 credit hours as described in the programme of the department, which must include 12–15 credit hours of free elective courses outside the major area of studies and from at least two faculties. In addition to the 120 credit hours, the student must complete the university foreign language requirement of 6 to 9 credits.

According to the QS World University Rankings, the University of Cyprus ranks 368th in the world.

Faculties
There are eight faculties:
 * Faculty of Humanities: three departments and the Language Centre
 * Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences: five departments and the Oceanography Centre
 * Faculty of Social Sciences and Education: four departments and the Centre for Gender Studies
 * Faculty of Economics and Management: two departments, the Economic Research Centre and the Centre for Banking and Financial Research
 * Faculty of Engineering: four departments, the Nanotechnology Research Centre, the KIOS Research and Innovation Center of Excellence and the NIREAS International Water Research Centre
 * Faculty of Letters: three departments and the Archaeological Research Unit
 * Faculty of Graduate Studies
 * The Medical School

Library
The library offers access to more than 700,000 print and electronic book titles, tens of thousands of online and print journal titles, and 160 scientific databases. It also includes audiovisual and digitized material.

The new "Stelios Ioannou Learning Resource Center", designed by the French architect Jean Nouvel, in 2017.
(The following text is derived from the library’s website ) Following the valuable contribution of the late Ellie Ioannou who donated €8m in memory of her husband Stelios Ioannou, as well as the co-funding by the European Regional Development Fund as part of the Operational Programme “Competitiveness and Sustainable Development”, the University of Cyprus has completed the contemporary building of the Learning Resource Centre “Stelios Ioannou”.

The building is located to the northeast of the university campus as an artificial hill similar in shape to the adjacent hills of the area and especially resembling the Aronas hill which dominates the south part of the area with its characteristic plateau.

A coloured membrane covers all sides of the artificial hill's slopes and an impressive white cupola juts out of the plateau crowning it.

The building has a total surface area of approx. 15,700 sq.m. and rises vertically sprawling to five levels (basement, ground floor and three more floors above ground level).

Horizontally, the building is formed around a central cylinder with three peripheral wings. Apart from the patio inside the cylinder, a peripheral second patio is located between the central cylinder and the three wings.

The 40m central cylinder that hosts the Library extends to five successive concentric rings around the central patio.

Reading rooms in all levels, except the 3rd floor, occupy the inner zone of the rings towards the central patio, with book stacks in the outer zone.

The 3rd floor hosts a large reading room that expands visually to the hill plateau that is located 14m from the ground.

Additionally, 31 further small glass-divided spaces for group study are adjacent to the outer periphery of the cylinder and are ‘suspended’ in the peripheral patio.

The Library roof is covered by a translucent cupola on top of which appears a 5m heliostat with a vertical rotation axis of integrated rotating blinds that direct natural light even to the lowest building level. Natural light is diffused to all reading rooms in the lower levels through a system that reflects light on the surface of a 24m cone located at the centre of the central patio.

The three wings on the periphery of the central cylinder host two amphitheaters, computer labs, teaching spaces, multimedia labs and personnel offices, as well as the building's functional support spaces.

Research
There are currently more than 200 ongoing research programs, in collaboration with other academic, private and governmental authorities. A list of the current research programs can be found here Additionally, more than 550 programs were completed in the period 2012–2019. The list of the completed programs can be seen here.

Few notable research activities are the following:

 * The university announced in 2012 a 10 MW photovoltaic park.
 * The university will lead a €1.3 million investigation into the adoption of net metering.
 * UoC will lead an EU-funded European research module on compelling net metering policies.
 * Institutions from five countries will join UoC on a project: Aristotle University, Greece; University of Maribor, Slovenia; Andalusian Energy Institute, Spain; Agency for Energy and Environment in Rhone Alpes, France; and the Agency for Energy and Environment in Algarve, Portugal.

Notable alumni

 * Anna Prodromou, Greek Cypriot communication consultant, journalist, speaker and educator
 * Anna Theologou, Greek Cypriot economist and politician
 * Demetrios Nicolaides, Canadian politician
 * Doğuş Derya, Turkish Cypriot activist and politician
 * Maria Elena Kyriakou, Greek Cypriot singer
 * Neşe Yaşın, Turkish Cypriot poet and author
 * Yvonne Jegede, Nigerian actress, film producer, model, and television personality

authors: Κυπρομέδουσα

title: University of Cyprus


title: File:Killer7screen.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/I Felta Thi

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedied (blanked by author)   — Gwalla | Talk 00:16, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

I Felta Thi, Eric Salopek
Delete. Either a hoax article or a joke fraternity. (Say the name out loud if you don't get it.) 58 unique Googles, none of which appear to be relevant to this joke fraternity. "i felta thi" penn state garners just one hit to a blog where the frat is mentioned in passing. Even if this fraternity does exist, local chapters of a fraternity without at least a national membership are not notable enough for inclusion. A и D я 01D TALK  EMAIL  20:44, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've added Eric Salopek to this vfd - no indicia of notability. -- BD2412 talk 21:03, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete that article as well. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  21:11, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Real Group This fraternity is a true organization created by myself and others at Penn State University. No we do not have national membership, but I do not see how this pertains to being notable enough for inclusion.  We are not technically a "fraternity" which is why we do not have a national membership.  We are a club who calls themselves a fraternity in order to portray the ideals of brotherhood and comradery that we believe in.  There are hundreds of articles on this site which do not serve any purpose or have any realistic background and yet they remain.  The reason they stay is that there is a demand for the information provided.  This article was added recently (today) and is not yet completed with all of the information which we are attempting to portray to others.  We are not technically a "fraternity", but we are however a recognized club at the University as are many other clubs ranging from "Halo lovers" to "People who have the name Mike."  Yes our name is a play on words and is meant to be humorous, but this in no way discredits our organization or its goals.  We developed the group as a place to interact with others at college.  We take in at least 20 new members each semester and hope that they continue the tradition when we graduate.
 * Above comment is by Cousin; new account, fewer than 50 edits, virtually all of which are to this article and to Eric Salopek. -- BD2412 talk|undefined 21:00, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * So, it's not even a real fraternity, but a student club. If this is merged into Penn State, it needs to be drastically condensed, as there are over 600 student clubs at that university. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  21:11, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Further correction: it appears to be an unofficial, unrecognized student club. All of the links here make no mention of I Felta Thi. (I say appears because I was unable to check the student club lists for a number of the PSU campuses because there are broken links in that list.) Given the complete lack of relevant Google hits, it is increasingly likely that this is a hoax. If it is not, it is an unofficial student club – that is, a group of guys at a college. There is no verifiable information about this supposed club that I have been able to find. Utterly unencyclopedic. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  22:07, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge I Felta Thi into Penn State. Not independently notable, even if it does exist. Delete Eric Salopek, no indicia of notability. -- BD2412 talk 20:58, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Change of vote. Delete both, as the former is not verifiable. -- BD2412 talk 22:25, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Old frat joke, just like Tappa Kegga Dae. -R. fiend 21:08, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Give me a break, that joke was old when I was in school.  If you're going to waste our time, at least try and be original, please?  RoySmith 21:27, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Do not merge as this is almost certainly a hoax. Gamaliel 21:28, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above reasons. Neither are notable and both appear to be vanity. Good point about the 600 clubs, and as such, a "list of clubs at Penn State" would not be needed. No real purpose for it here. A sugguestion for Cousin; Try geocities or maybe the Penn State website if you want your Fraternity to be known. Wikipedia is not paper, but neither is it a junkyard (Jni) -mysekurity 21:36, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Almost certainly a hoax? If those of you who are attending Penn State Univeristy at this moment and are a part of this organization would please stand up.  That's what I thought.  As for those of you who feel the need to destroy every page that appears on wikipedia that you do not find important enough for your time please heed these words ... stop wasting your time.  This is not a joke.  This is a true organization.  Merging it into Penn State would simply have it get lost among the hundreds of articles and topics that are available there.  Deleting it means that your idea of information is better than someone elses.  Wikipedia is a place for people to find information.  Free information.  Who was the person that gave you the power to deem information unimportant and not independently notable 20 minutes after the first draft of text has been uploaded.  If you feel the need to delete this page and feel that my attempt at educating people about our organization and efforts are not notable of inclusion in the world of wikipedia then fine.  But at least give people like myself and others a chance to provide the information that is desired before attacking us with these deletion attempts.  If after this you still feel that my page does not deserve to be placed on wikipedia alongside articles dealing with "credible" information such as the detailed inner workings of a blaster rifle from star wars or other such pages that specifically state that their information is fictional then fine.  I have no control over what you do.  But if fictional information and hoaxes are what you are after, then I suggest you look elsewhere because I am only concerned with informing people about our organization.  --Cousin
 * Not only is blanking user pages not cool, it's not even original (see above). Yawn.  RoySmith 22:00, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * And that would make calling new users unoriginal and deleting their first additions to wikipedia "cool"? Yawn. --Cousin
 * No, it would make you a vandal. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  22:07, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a free web host. Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. Information added to Wikipedia must be verifiable. (Yes, information about Star Wars and the like is verifiable. This is not.) A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  22:07, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * So instead of partaking in activities that might make use of your somewhat terrifying ability to research topics that you don't believe are real in the first place you attack "unverifiable topics" from wikipedia and new users in your free time? --Cousin
 * It's not "attacking." It's janitorial work, which I do in addition to contributing my own content. And if no one did this, Wikipedia would quickly become an unusable heap of junk. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  22:26, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you provide some examples of content that you contribute so that I may scrutinize every detail of your words as severely as you have done to mine? --Cousin
 * I think that's a gross mischaracterization of what I've done here, but go right ahead. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  22:46, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Even if it's a real student club, there's no evidence of notability. Friday 22:49, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn semi-ad, and possibly not even real, since not verifiable.-Splash 22:55, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Android you seem to enjoy arguing for the deletion of "hoaxes" such as schools and bridges as well as college clubs that you dont feel are important enough for your time. And as for the topic of notability, many things are not notable.  An apple is just an apple, nothing too notable there yet it gets quite a lengthy page for itself (probably not done in the first 10 minutes of its creation either).  You "Wikipedians" may need to choose some new terms in order to argue for the deletion of pages.  User profiles aren't too notable or verifiable (cite your sources for your personal information please), yet they get space on the site just like anything else.

 * The power of annoyance perseveres. Thanks to an apparent unrelenting stream of people sitting at home with nothing better to do than worry about whether or not my organization is real, I'm taking down the information for both of my entries so far.  Feel free to do whatever you like.  Delete the entries through whatever process necessary.  However please remember that patience is a virtue.  In the future be more accepting of ideas and allow them a day or two to develop before tagging them for deletion.  Verifiable does not just mean that you can Google it.  There were times when things such as books, magazines, and newspapers determined what was verifiable.  Apparently some of you have forgotten those days.  Just because you can't find it in 5 minutes on a site like Google doesn't mean that it doesn't exist.  Just because some of you have no lives and apparently also have enormous sticks shoved in orifices I choose not to mention at this time does not mean that the rest of must suffer the pains of your scrutiny.  In addition I suggest some of you (Android79 and RoySmith particularly) look into joining another club of mine.  It's called FA-Q (Say the name out loud if you don't get it Android.)  --Cousin
 * Strong delete on both, not notable, not verifiable, abusive user. Dcarrano 23:33, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn per Cousin - Thatdog 23:38, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedied. Cousin was so kind as to blank both pages.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:16, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Competitors at the 1896 Summer Olympics


text:
Al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah

Al-Mughīra ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿUmar (المغيرة بن عبد الله بن عمر) was a preeminent leader of the Quraysh tribe's Banu Makhzum clan in Mecca in the 6th century. His descendants, the Banu al-Mughira, became the principle house of the Makhzum for the remainder of the pre-Islamic period and in the centuries following the advent of Islam in the 620s.

Life and legacy
Al-Mughira was the son of Abd Allah ibn Umar and a great-grandson of the eponymous progenitor of the Banu Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. He was likely active as a leader of his clan and tribe in the mid-6th century CE, a period in which Mecca, traditionally a pilgrimage center for the polytheistic Arabs during the pre-Islamic period, was becoming a political center as well. Al-Mughira was a contemporary of Abd al-Muttalib of the Quraysh's Banu Hashim clan and the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Anecdotes recorded by the 8th- and 9th-century historians Mus'ab al-Zubayri and al-Baladhuri mention that al-Mughira provoked a rebellion by the nomadic Banu Fazara tribe as a result of disbarring the Fazara's chieftain from making the pilgrimage to Mecca's religious sanctuary, the Ka'aba.

The Makzhum became the Quraysh's strongest and wealthiest clan during the pre-Islamic period as a result of al-Mughira's leadership. Under him or his sons, Mecca was introduced to trade with foreign markets, particularly with South Arabia and Abyssinia. With the exception of the Ka'aba, the Makhzum controlled Mecca. Al-Mughira's family, known as the Banu al-Mughira, became the preeminent household of the Makzhum and for the remainder of the pre-Islamic period and throughout the post-Islamic period most notable members of the Makhzum were descendants of al-Mughira. The families of al-Mughira's at least nineteen brothers and cousins became cadet branches of the clan. Al-Mughira had thirteen or fourteen sons, including Hisham, al-Walid, Abu Umayya, Abu Rabi'a and Hashim. Seven or eight of al-Mughira's grandsons were slain at the Battle of Badr against Muhammad and his followers in 624. Among his descendants who played a prominent role during the early Muslim conquests were Khalid ibn al-Walid, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl and al-Harith ibn Hisham.

title: Al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah


text:
Talk:Akhirah

Untitled
The following info: "Akhirah is the day of judgment in the Islamic faith." is true. See Qiyamah/Temp. It is part of the Qiyamah proccess, a subset event, like Barzakh. freestylefrappe 20:45, July 10, 2005 (UTC)

The Structure of the Article
,I suggest this structure for the article.

Salman mahdi (talk) 14:42, 24 June 2015 (UTC)
 * 1) Terminology
 * 2) The Death
 * 3) The Angel of Death
 * 4) The Grave
 * 5) The Barzakh(Isthmus)
 * 6) The Resurrection
 * 7) The Resurrection of the Body and the Soul
 * 8) Kinds of Resurrection
 * 9) Lesser Resurrection
 * 10) Intermediate Resurrection
 * 11) The Greater Resurrection
 * 12) The Weighing
 * 13) The Book
 * 14) The Questioning
 * 15) Divine Justice
 * 16) The Intercession
 * 17) The Path
 * 18) The Garden
 * 19) The Fire
 * 20) The Infinity
 * 21) The Argument
 * 22) By Quran and Hadith
 * 23) By Intellect
 * resurrection or afterlife has many points in different thought schools among muslim. muslim philosophers explain it in a way other than mystics and men of  interpretation in  islam particulary Shiite. according to this, I think, if we add to this division also schools such as philosophers and mystics and those who are versed in kalam or apologetics , then this division is more perfect. I propose to add these section also:

 * resurrection in philosophy
 * resurrection in kalam
 * resurrection in commetaries--m,sharaf (talk) 15:34, 24 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I think the general idea should be expressed here and the details in the related article.Salman mahdi (talk) 16:07, 25 June 2015 (UTC)
 * that's it. I thinks so.--m,sharaf (talk) 17:49, 25 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you. It looks complete.-- Seyyed(t-c) 07:10, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

Neutral point of view
I don't feel qualified to do this because my Arabic is unfortunately very poor, and therefore I'm not sure if I could do the source text justice, but would someone be able to rewrite specifically the Heaven and Hell section in this article in a more encyclopedic tone? Thanks! Diogenes Redivivus (talk) 05:14, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I suggest merging Mi'ad into Akhirah. Some brief reading suggests that they're the same concept, and the former article is very short and could easily fit into the latter.— Moriwen (talk) 16:23, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Judgement Day in Islam seems like a better fit; that is, resurrection on the day of judgement. Klbrain (talk) 16:03, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

Bold 2409:4080:1298:2BC9:8C23:6BFF:FEDC:6F44 (talk) 07:42, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Akhirah


text:
Northern brown argus

The northern brown argus (Aricia artaxerxes) is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found throughout much of the Palearctic realm.

Subspecies

 * A. a. allous (Geyer, [1836]) Alps, northern Europe
 * A. a. vandalica Kaaber & Høegh-Guldberg, 1961 Jutland, Denmark
 * A. a. rambringi Høegh-Guldberg, 1966 southern Scandinavia
 * A. a. opheimi Høegh-Guldberg, 1966 southern Norway
 * A. a. lyngensis Høegh-Guldberg, 1966 northern Scandinavia
 * A. a. horkei Høegh-Guldberg, 1973 Öland & Gotland, Sweden
 * A. a. ukrainica (Obraztsov, 1936) south-east Europe
 * A. a. inhonora Jachontov, 1909 "Rossia [Russia]centrali et orientali"
 * A. a. sheljuzhkoi (Obraztsov, 1935) Caucasus Major
 * A. a. turgaica (Obraztsov, 1935) south-west Siberia
 * A. a. lepsinskana (Obraztsov, 1935) Dzhungarsky Alatau
 * A. a. transalaica (Obratzov, 1935) Ghissar, Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, Himalayas
 * A. a. scytissa Nekrutenko, 1985 Tian-Shan
 * A. a. sarmatis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890) southern Urals
 * A. a. strandi (Obraztsov, 1935) Altai – western Amur
 * A. a. mandzhuriana (Obraztsov, 1935) eastern Amur, Ussuri
 * A. a. hakutozana (Matsumura, 1927) North Korea
 * A. a. sachalinensis (Matsumura, 1919) Sakhalin

Appearance, behaviour and distribution (Great Britain)
This species has confused British entomologists for years. Since its discovery in Britain it has been thought to be a form or a subspecies of the brown argus (Aricia agestis) and as well as a species in its own right. Since 1967 all brown arguses in the north of England and Scotland have been classified as this species. In the last few years genetic studies have shown that some of the colonies along the border of the two species ranges are still being wrongly classified and some colonies in the north of England are now thought to be A. agestis. So far as is known their ranges do not overlap in the UK. The Scottish form is visually quite distinct from the brown argus. It usually has a small white dot in the centre of the upperside forewing and the black spots on the underside are missing leaving larger white spots on the light brown background. The northern English populations belong to a form called salmacis (called the Durham argus in English ) and are very similar to the brown argus including the presence of black spots on the under-wing (see photo) hence all the confusion. In Europe where it is known as the mountain argus, it is widespread in Scandinavia and mountainous regions of central, southern and eastern Europe. The species is considered locally rare in Britain, and the UK has established a detailed Biodiversity Action Plan to conserve this species along with a small number of other butterfly species.

Life cycle and food plants

 * Note that information on this species applies to Great Britain and some details may not be consistent with the species in other parts of its range.

Eggs are laid singly on the upperside of the food plant leaves. As far is known common rock-rose (Helianthemum nummularium) seems to be the sole food plant in Britain. The larvae hibernate while still quite small and continue to feed and grow the following spring. Like the brown argus, it is attractive to ants and often attended by them. Pupation takes place at ground level in late May and butterflies are on the wing from mid-June to mid-July.

title: Northern brown argus