text:
Talk:Soba

Discussion of gluten
I've worked with buckwheat flour once and found it couldn't make a dough - water just turned it into a paste. I was looking this up and somehow it is possible to make a dough out of the buckwheat flour and make 100% buckwheat noodles. Do we have any explanation for how this works? Maybe it has to be hulled buckwheat flour, not the dark Western style with the hulls? How can something with no internal stickiness form a dough?

Soba from Nagano
"The most famous Japanese soba noodles come from Nagano. Soba from Nagano is called Shinano Soba or Shinshu soba."

"One of the unusual side of soba is that unlike udon or ramen where varieties of noodles are named with a famed location of them, soba is named according to ingredients used to make soba."

These parts appear to contradict each other. Shinano is a town in Nagano. Can anyone verify the latter part? I am thinking it should be removed. Dforest 01:13, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

I think they mean that the noodles are named after the place the ingredients come from not where they are made.

There is definitely a town named Shinano, but it is rather the name of the former province that is practically equivalent to present Nagano Prefecture. Shinshu stands for the Province of Shinano. --B. T. Si 01:22, 21 December 2005 (UTC)I think "Buckake soba" is vandalism. Plus, the romanji spelling isn't correct.

Sorry, apparently there is a kind of soba that does use "bukkake." That's really funny.

[in Japan, it is traditionally considered polite to slurp the noodles noisily.] I have heard this kind of theory at many places but I do not think so. Japanese just do not care making noise when they eat noodle soup. Actually it is difficult, if not impossible, to eat noodle soup without making noise unless you eat very slowly. -- 03:04, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

You're quite right there: "You may get surprised to see everybody slurping ramen without hint of hesitation in ramen shops in Japan. Yes, Japanese do not mind making noise eating not only but also other kinds of noodles like soba and udon. I knew some explained slurping noodles is to express appreciation. This is funny but it's not true. Japanese love noodles so much that they just devote themselves in eating it and do not care making noise. " -From WorldRamen -- 03:22, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

I think "Buckake soba" is vandalism. Plus, the romanji spelling isn't correct.

Sorry, apparently there is a kind of soba that does use "bukkake." That's really funny.

Tsuyu / method of eating
I added the terminology "tsuyu" instead of the generic "broth" and slightly changed the zarusoba section.

Yam
Most of the soba I buy has "yam" as one of the ingredients (after wheat flour and buckwheat flour, and before salt). This should be addressed in the article, and the exact species/variety of yam that is used should be given. Badagnani 10:03, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Dipping sauce
Does the dipping sauce ever include ponzu (i.e. citrus such as yuzu or sudachi juice, etc.)? Badagnani 22:53, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Unlike Korean noodles, Japanese soba is rarely served with any sour-tasted sauce or soup (in Japan). It's udon, another kind of Japanese noodle, that is sometimes served with cut sudachi especially in Japanese island of Shikoku. Rija 23:55, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Thank you. One more question: why are the noodles dipped in the sauce rather than simply pouring the sauce on top of the noodles? It seems that pouring the sauce on the noodles is so much easier. Badagnani 01:52, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, it's really easy and some people do so, but I believe the majority in Japan consider it's somewhat a rude way to serve soba. The noodle easily loses its flavor when wet with sauce, so they like to keep the cooked noodle dry until it's eaten. It's said that true gourmets do not even dip the entire body of noodle in the sauce; to avoid ruining its flavor they should dip only the bottom of the noodle (and keep the upper half dry)! It's not rare for soba to be served in soup, usually hot and sometimes chilled, but such soup is much thinner than dipping sauce. Rija (talk) 05:17, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Slurping
I've never met a Japanese person who considers it polite to slurp, merely odd that one would try not to. Besides, it stops the sauce from going everywhere. Does someone actually have a citation for this or is it an urban myth creeping in?
 * I, a Japanese person living in Japan, personally believe it's a stylish way to eat soba.... Of cource, true soba gourmets will never sprinkle sauce on the table when they slurp soba, and what they make during slurping soba is not just unpolite noise but some pleasant sound (for some people), I also believe.
 * Anyway, These may be citations: a student's essay reviewed by education board staff, a Tokyo restaurant guide. --Rija (talk) 14:28, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I would say that it is not polite to slurp in Japan. The Japanese intake of breath while eating soba is not the American-style sound and action that the word connotes.  I don't know of an English word for the Japanese inhalation while eating.  Perhaps it would be best to describe it as it is instead of using an inaccurate word. 128.151.98.46 (talk) 16:23, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I get what the user above is saying. I believe they quietly slurp. The word slurp just makes it sound rowdy. EmGaGa (talk) 10:50, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

Katakana vs Hiragana
Why is "soba" written using katakana on the Japanese-language wikipedia entry for buckwheat, but here it is written using hiragana? Any subtletly in the rules governing the usage of these two systems that I don't know? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.106.62.115 (talk) 00:15, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Questions about Types
The article states:

"The most famous Japanese soba noodles come from Nagano. Soba from Nagano is called Shinano Soba or Shinshu soba. Ni-hachi (二八, two-eight) soba, consists of two parts of wheat and eight of buckwheat; Juwari (十割, 100%) soba, the finest (and usually most expensive) variety, consists entirely of buckwheat."

It then goes on to list various types of soba by region and by ingredients. Some of the types are also mentioned in the quote and others are not. My question: are the types mentioned above (Ni-hachi and Juwari) both Shinano Sobas? If so I would like to clarify that. If not we need to clarify as well and perhaps rearrange the text for the benefit of persons such as myself who get confused easily.

Thank you, Dave (djkernen)|Talk to me|Please help! 13:28, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

Nutritional Value of Soba Yu
The article currently says:

"Soba-yu 蕎麦湯: This is warm water that boiled soba, much like broth. People drink dipping sauce mixed with soba-yu to enjoy the flavor of soba; however, there is little or no nutritional value.""

But it doesn't give a source for this statement. I'm not sure that conclusion is accurate. The following quote seems to be more recent. I found the following in a 2004 paper titled "Buckwheat Minerals and Their Nutritional Role" by Ikeda et al.:

""In Japan, there is a traditional dietary custom of drinking the hot cooking water,“soba-yu”, left after cooking buckwheat noodles. It has been believed that the cooking water (soba-yu) may contain some essential nutrients (NAGATOMO 1984), although the scientific basis for such a dietary custom had not been fully elucidated (IKEDA AND SHIMIZU 1993). Our findings suggest that the hot cooking water (soba-yu) after cooking of the noodles contain nutrients such as protein and some essential minerals. Our studies may provide a nutritionally-scientific basis for such a dietary custom (IKEDA et al. 2003).

We have analyzed changes in seven essential mineral, i.e., zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus, released as a soluble form after α-amylase, pepsin plus pancreatin digestion of buckwheat noodles and of their hot cooking water (soba-yu) (IKEDA et al. 2003). Our findings showed that the enzymatic digestion of cooked noodles enables over 70% of three of the minerals, i.e., zinc, copper and potassium to be released as a soluble form. In addition, high proportions of the minerals, released on the enzymatic digestion of the hot cooking water (soba-yu) were found for the six essential minerals but with the exception for calcium.

...Our studies on cooked buckwheat noodles and their hot cooking water (soba-yu) has shown that the enzymatic digestion of cooked noodles enables large proportions of zinc, copper and potassium, to be released as a soluble form and that high proportions of the six essential minerals, released on the enzymatic digestion of hot cooking water (soba-yu) were found (IKEDA et al. 2003).""

So, there may be nutritional value to Soba Yu after all. Drichman39 (talk) 20:31, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Further, the US Department of Agriculture has one page for the nutritional value of cooked soba noodles at https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6569?fgcd=Cereal+Grains+and+Pasta&manu=&lfacet=&format=&count=&max=35&offset=70&sort=&qlookup= and another page for dry soba noodles at https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/6568?fgcd=Cereal+Grains+and+Pasta&manu=&lfacet=&format=&count=&max=35&offset=70&sort=&qlookup= Something is going into the cooking water, the values change from dry to cooked. The article cites the value of kcal for cooked noodles. --Prairieplant (talk) 06:20, 19 April 2016 (UTC)

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Clarification: there are 9 essential amino acids, article notes Soba contains 'all 8'
In the introduction, near the end is a line saying 'Soba contains all eight essential amino acids, including lysine, which is lacking in wheat flour.', and this is referenced again in the nutrition section. This is a little misleading as there are 9 generally accepted essential amino acids, so I wasn't sure if it meant Soba contained eight of nine essential amino acids (rather than all) or if the article was just dated. Alternative sources indicate Soba DOES contain all 9 essential AA's, with the most recent addition being Histidine.

I've read there is some debate between Histidine's status of essential, but Wikipedia's page on it and most other info i've gathered supports 9. From wikipedia's page on histidine: 'The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the U.S. Institute of Medicine set Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for essential amino acids in 2002. For histidine, for adults 19 years and older, 14 mg/kg body weight/day'. The citation for the nutrition section is the following piece: Homma, Gaku (1990). The Folk Art of Japanese Country Cooking: A Traditional Diet for Today's World.

I'm not versed well enough in using the history tool, but it seems the source for the info was prior to addition of Histidine as an essential amino acid. Even so, that was 16 years ago. Unless I'm missing something, shouldn't this be clarified to contain all 9 essential amino acids? It might sound pedantic, but as someone who was reading specific for amino acid content the notion of 8 is what sent me on the research binge above. I didn't want to edit myself, being having no experience as an editor and not yet familiar enough with citation standards, etc. . --47.55.176.99 (talk) 03:54, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

To say “soba noodles” is redundant
To say “soba noodles” is redundant. The word for “buckwheat noodles“ in Japanese is “soba“. To say “soba noodles“ is effectively to say “buckwheat noodles noodles“. Starlists (talk) 16:51, 29 January 2022 (UTC)

Containing all nine essential amino acids means nothing for common foods (wheat also contains lysine)
The only food that this could correctly, and most likely be applied against, is gelatin. That would contain eight, excluding tryptophan. The fact that a food does not contain the nine, is far more useful. Such as if one is using it as their main source of protein; then it may be detrimental to use it like that. Alone, it is not useful information for anyone concerned about nutrition. Protein completeness is different, and useful. A complete protein is a theoretically perfect protein for health. For humans, it is made of nine EAAs (essential amino acids) in specific quantities. In best practice, a protein is qualified as wholly complete, or the amino acids in lesser quantity are highlighted as limiting amino acids. The amount of each limiting amino acid can be weighed against those of a complete protein to show the overall relative protein completeness. The diet across one's day might amount to an adequate intake of complete protein, even if one eats much of a food with low relative protein completeness. Wheat absolutely contains lysine. Lysine is a limiting amino acid in wheat. I hope this topic might inspire someone to more effectively write about nutrition and understand the concepts more deeply. Consonol (talk) 03:15, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Soba


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carnivore (screenplay)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was 3-1 delete. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 03:49, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Carnivore (screenplay)
Wikipedia is not a crystal ball and this has yet to be released. When it is an article should be created but it has been around for almost 2 years and still hasn't been released. Jobe6 22:23, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. Jobe6 01:13, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow. That single sentence has given me a purpose in life, as well as enlightening, elucidating and informing me. Delete as absolutely pointless. --Scimitar parley 22:35, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. 1,000 movie projects are discussed for every one that gets made.  If the cameras haven't started rolling yet, most movie projects are notoriously prone to falling into "development hell" and never getting made, making this too crystal ball-y.  (Not every single movie project is a toss-up -- I think we know there's going to be  a Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix movie -- but most are, including this.)  Dcarrano 00:34, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. it's linked off wachowski brothers, correctly. it's part of the reason they became famous, and there are many hits for it on the intarweb. i've expanded the article, accordingly. it's certainly more valuable than some of the sub stubs we have out there. it will also eventually wind up being fleshed out. see history of 40mm grenade for another aticle which was one sentance that a VfD made much stronger. Avriette 01:15, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Guide to Cannibilism

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The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 16:52, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Guide to Cannibilism
Delete craziness that probably doesn't make it to patent nonsense, a fact which is, itself, nonsensical. -Splash 01:15, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I think it's in part a joke. drini ☎ 02:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete meant as an insult and largely copied from existing article "cannibalism" Hamster Sandwich 02:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Are non-admin allowed to vote on policy papers? If so, Delete nonsense.  CanadianCaesar 04:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, even while I express the secret wish that an "Eat" template actually existed. Sirmob 04:45, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Useless "project page." -- BD2412 talk 04:48, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and BJAODN it. Cyclone49 05:37, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. JamesBurns 10:01, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN mmmmmmm Wikipedians... ~ WCFrancis 12:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN- sorry I am a vegetarian. Ok, I will try to eat vegetarian wikipedians. Volunteers required. --Bhadani 15:21, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I offer myself as a volunteer. Any taker?--Bhadani 15:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * mmmmmmm Bhadani... --Dmcdevit·t 02:17, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wikibooks and rewrite. Meelar (talk) 15:36, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a joke? Themindset 16:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN, LOL. Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 16:54, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Put on BJAODN MicroFeet 18:48, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rubbish. Doesn't warrent BJAODN as it makes no sense and is not funny. Delete.--Briangotts 19:43, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN, I find its humor well to my... taste. Dcarrano 21:28, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN Revolución 00:06, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Eat. --Dmcdevit·t 07:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's funny, but not BJAODN material. Delete. --Titoxd 00:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Already on BJAODN. Del-eat. --Idont Havaname
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Purification Rundown

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EST/Landmark adopted the rundown
My knowledge of this comes from knowing a high level Landmark person who told me that she went with other members to Mexico to do sauna, oil, niacin purification process. I don’t know if it was formally organized or not. A quick look did not reveal sources. --Technophant (talk) 03:12, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

Adverse outcomes (recovered)
Thank you for discovering and recovering the "Adverse outcomes" sections in the article. Grorp (talk) 02:38, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Purification Rundown


text:
Talk:Rehabilitation Project Force

Reference & Notes
Section removed since no verifiable source has been cited, despite this having been requested earlier. Streamlight 17:01, 17 February 2006

RPF (Labor Camp) is no more
Source: Aaron-Smith Levin - YouTube video around June 5th 2023. Of course CoS could reinstate it anytime or reform it and call it something else. Asherkobin (talk) 06:35, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I, too, have heard this, but I have no reliable source to cite so it's not in the article. Grorp (talk) 07:45, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Documentary: Missing in the Scientology RPF "Happy Valley" by Peter Reichelt + Ina Brockmann
Storing here for future reference.

Grorp (talk) 06:50, 12 September 2023 (UTC)
 * 25 February 1999 - The ARD - German TV film by TV journalists Peter Reichelt and Ina Brockmann about Scientology's RPF prison camps in USA and Europe
 * In English: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w68aZ_41hds
 * In German: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQOzMSLvIyQ

Graduation requirements
This source used in the article has a good description of the "formula" of confession or "success story" required before being allowed to "graduate" from the RPF. Probably should be incorporated into the article. ▶ I am Grorp ◀ 20:23, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rehabilitation Project Force


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joshua Arrowood

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE -- Francs2000 | Talk 02:31, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Joshua Arrowood
Delete, Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. FreplySpang (talk) 01:23, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As the only other editor blanked the article after you added the vfd tag, I think it is fairly safe to speedily delete this. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 01:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Talk:Guillermo León Valencia

title: Talk:Guillermo León Valencia


text:
Equus (magazine)

Equus is a quarterly magazine for horse owners that was first published in November 1977.

The intent of the magazine is succinctly stated by founding editor and publisher Ami Shinitzky's original working title: The Horseman's Veterinary Journal. In the editorial in the first issue Shinitzky wrote, "EQUUS serves as a bridge between the veterinarian and the horse owner, bringing to our readers the expertise of the nation's leading authorities on the care and maintenance of the animal through the talents of writers who are able to translate often technical information into a language easily understood and rapidly absorbed."

Carrying the slogan, "The horse owner's resource", Equus is meant to be collected by subscribers so they might use articles in past issues as a reference. Each issue has a prominent issue identification number on the cover (e.g., the June 2005 issue is "Equus 332"), and an index to articles is published annually.

After the June 1998 sale of Shinitzky's Fleet Street Publishing to PRIMEDIA, the magazine was published by the PRIMEDIA Equine Group. From 2007 to 2010, with the completion of the sale of the PRIMEDIA Enthusiast Media group, the publisher was Source Interlink. In 2010, Equus was purchased by Active Interest Media and is based in Gaithersburg, Maryland. In 2021, Active Interest Media sold its Equine Network properties to Growth Catalyst Partners.

Mission
EQUUS provides information from veterinarians, equine researchers, riders, and trainers on understanding and influencing equine behavior, recognizing the warning signs of illness and disease, and solving riding and training problems.

title: Equus (magazine)


text:
The Unfaithful (1947 film)

The Unfaithful is a 1947 American murder mystery film noir directed by Vincent Sherman and starring Ann Sheridan, Lew Ayres and Zachary Scott. It was produced and distributed by Warner Brothers. Regarded by some as a film noir, the picture is based on the W. Somerset Maugham-penned 1927 play and William Wyler-directed 1940 film The Letter, which was reworked and turned into an original screenplay by writers David Goodis and James Gunn who shifted the setting from Malaya to the United States.

Plot
Chris Hunter (Ann Sheridan) stabs a man in her home one night while her husband Bob is out of town. The dead man's name is Tanner and she claims not to know him and to have acted in self-defense.

Art shop owner, Martin Barrow (Steven Geray), contacts Chris's lawyer and good friend Larry Hannaford (Lew Ayres). Barrow shows Hannaford a bust of Chris Hunter's head, signed by Tanner, and attempts blackmail. It turns out Tanner had been a sculptor, and it is now evident to Hannaford that Chris has lied about never knowing the man she killed.

After learning about the bust, Chris goes to Barrow to try to take possession of it. But, Barrow has taken the piece to Tanner's wife (Marta Mitrovich), who is now convinced Chris had an affair with her husband and wants Chris punished for murder. Barrow convinces her to create more anguish for Chris by relaying this information to Bob Hunter (Zachary Scott), thinking also that the wronged husband would pay to avoid scandal. When Bob learns about the affair and sees the bust, he confronts Chris at home. After she admits to having an affair with Tanner while Bob was away during the war, he demands a divorce.

Chris is charged with murder and tried. Hannaford persuades the jury that while Chris was indeed guilty of adultery, she truly did stab Tanner in self-defense. Hannaford then convinces Bob, who has softened a bit on the idea of divorce after a long talk with his cousin, Paula, and Chris to at least consider trying to save their marriage, rather than rushing into a divorce.

Cast

 * Ann Sheridan as Chris Hunter
 * Lew Ayres as Larry Hannaford
 * Zachary Scott as Bob Hunter
 * Eve Arden as Paula
 * Jerome Cowan as Prosecuting Attorney
 * Steven Geray as Martin Barrow
 * John Hoyt as Det. Lt. Reynolds
 * Peggy Knudsen as Claire
 * Marta Mitrovich as Mrs. Tanner
 * Douglas Kennedy as Roger
 * Claire Meade as Martha
 * Frances Morris as Agnes
 * Jane Harker as Joan
 * Heinie Conklin as Streetcar Passenger (uncredited)
 * Jack Mower as Morrie (uncredited)
 * Leo White as Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)

Box office
The film was highly successful at the box office. According to Warner Bros records, the film cost $1,822,000 to produce and earned $1,939,000 domestically and $1,033,000 in foreign markets, registering a profit of $1,150,000.

Critical response
Thomas Pyror of The New York Times gave the film a mixed review: "'The Warner Brothers have turned out a better than average murder mystery in The Unfaithful, but they have badly over-weighted with melodramatics the things they obviously wanted to say about a pressing social problem. The new picture at the Strand stabs and jabs like a hit-and-run prizefighter at the subject of hasty divorces and the dangerous consequences to society of this ill conceived cure all for marital difficulties, but it never gets across a telling dramatic punch. However, through some uncommonly persuasive acting and skillful direction the patently artificial plot stands up surprisingly well.'"

Shown on the Turner Classic Movies show 'Noir Alley' with Eddie Muller on November 19, 2022.

title: The Unfaithful (1947 film)


text:
Action role-playing game

An action role-playing game (often abbreviated action RPG or ARPG) is a subgenre of video games that combines core elements from both the action game and role-playing genre.

Definition
Action role-playing games emphasize real-time combat where the player has direct control over the characters as opposed to turn or menu-based combat while still having a focus on character's stats in order to determine relative strength and abilities. These games often use action game combat systems similar to hack and slash or shooter games. The term "action role-playing game" may also describe action-adventure games, which include a mission system and role-playing game mechanics, as well as MMORPGs with real-time combat systems.

1970s and early 1980s
Allgame listed the following games released prior to 1984 as action RPGs: Temple of Apshai (1979) and its sequel Gateway to Apshai (1983), Beneath the Pyramids for the Apple II (1980), Bokosuka Wars (1983), and Sword of Fargoal (1983). Jeremy Parish of USgamer claimed that Adventure (1980) was an action RPG. Bill Loguidice and Matt Barton claimed that the Intellivision games Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (1982) and Treasure of Tarmin (1983) were action RPGs. Shaun Musgrave of TouchArcade notes that Adventure lacked RPG mechanics such as experience points and permanent character growth, and argues that Gateway to Apshai is "the earliest game I'd feel comfortable calling an action-RPG" but notes that "it doesn't fit neatly into our modern genre classifications", though came closer than Bokosuka Wars released the same year.

Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com argues that Japanese developers created a new brand of action role-playing game; these new Japanese games combined the role-playing genre with arcade-style action and action-adventure elements. Shaun Musgrave of TouchArcade also traces the genre's roots to Japan, noting that the "Western game industry of the time had a tendency to treat action games and RPGs as separate things for separate demographics".

Jeremy Parish argues that action RPGs were popularized in Japan by The Tower of Druaga. It was released for arcades in June 1984, and was intended as a "fantasy version of Pac-Man, with puzzles to solve, monsters to battle, and hidden treasure to find". Its success in Japan inspired the development of Dragon Slayer (1984) and Hydlide (1984). Dragon Slayer, Hydlide and Courageous Perseus (1984) "vie for position as genre precedent" according to John Szczepaniak, and there was an ongoing rivalry developing between the Dragon Slayer and Hydlide series over the years. The Tower of Druaga, Dragon Slayer and Hydlide were influential in Japan, where they influenced later action RPGs such as Ys, as well as The Legend of Zelda.

Falcom's Dragon Slayer, created by Yoshio Kiya, is "the very first action-RPG ever made" according to GameSetWatch. Originally released for the PC-8801 computer in September 1984, it abandoned the command-based battles of earlier role-playing games in favor of real-time hack-and-slash combat that required direct input from the player, alongside puzzle-solving elements. In contrast to earlier turn-based roguelikes, Dragon Slayer was a dungeon-crawl role-playing game using real-time, action-oriented combat, combined with traditional role-playing mechanics. Dragon Slayer's overhead action role-playing formula was used in many later games.

T&E Soft's Hydlide, released in December 1984, was created by Tokihiro Naito, who was influenced by The Tower of Druaga. It was the first action RPG with an overworld. The game was immensely popular in Japan, selling 2 million copies across all platforms. According to John Szczepaniak, it "cannot be overstated how influential Hydlide was on the ARPGs which followed it". The same year, Courageous Perseus was also one of the earliest action RPGs.

Dragon Slayer II: Xanadu, released in 1985 (billed as a "new type of real-time role-playing game"), was an action role-playing game including many character stats and a large quest. It also incorporated a side-scrolling view during exploration and an overhead view during battle, and an early "Karma" morality system where the character's Karma meter will rise if he commits sin (killing "good" enemies), which in turn causes the temples to refuse to level him up. Xanadu Scenario II, released in 1986, was an expansion pack, created to expand the content of Dragon Slayer II: Xanadu. Hydlide II: Shine of Darkness (1985) also featured a morality system. Eurogamer cites Fairlight (1985) as an early action RPG.

Late 1980s
An important influence on the action RPG genre was the 1986 action-adventure The Legend of Zelda, which served as the template for many future action RPGs, even though it does not strictly fit the definition of later action RPGs. In contrast to previous action RPGs, such as Dragon Slayer and Hydlide, which required the player to bump into enemies in order to attack them, The Legend of Zelda featured an attack button that animates a sword swing or projectile attack on the screen. It was also an early example of open-world, nonlinear gameplay, and introduced new features such as battery backup saving. These elements have been used in many action RPGs since.

In 1987, Zelda II: The Adventure of Link implemented a more traditional RPG-esque system, including experience points and levels with action game elements. Unlike its predecessor, Zelda II more closely fits the definition of an action RPG.

Another Metroidvania-style action RPG released that year was System Sacom's Sharp X1 computer game Euphory, which was possibly the only Metroidvania-style multiplayer action RPG produced, allowing two-player cooperative gameplay. The fifth Dragon Slayer title, Sorcerian, was also released that year. It was a party-based action RPG, with the player controlling a party of four characters at the same time in a side-scrolling view. The game also featured character creation, highly customizable characters, class-based puzzles, and a new scenario system, allowing players to choose from 15 scenarios, or quests, to play through in the order of their choice. It was also an episodic video game, with expansion disks later released offering more scenarios. Falcom also released the first installment of its Ys series in 1987. While not very popular in the West, the long-running Ys series has performed strongly in the Japanese market, with many sequels, remakes and ports in the decades that followed its release. Besides Falcom's own Dragon Slayer series, Ys was also influenced by Hydlide, from which it borrowed certain mechanics such as health-regeneration.

The Faery Tale Adventure offered one of the largest worlds at the time, with over 17,000 computer screens without loading times.

In 1988, Telenet Japan's Exile series debuted, and was controversial due to its plot, which revolves around a time-traveling Crusades-era Syrian assassin who assassinates various religious/historical figures as well as 20th-century political leaders, The gameplay of Exile included both overhead exploration and side-scrolling combat, and featured a heart monitor to represent the player's Attack Power and Armor Class statistics. Another controversial aspect of the game involved taking drugs (instead of potions) that increase/decrease attributes, but with side effects such as heart-rate increase/decrease or death. Origin Systems, the developer of the Ultima series, also released an action RPG in 1988, titled Times of Lore, which was inspired by various NES titles, particularly The Legend of Zelda. Times of Lore inspired several later titles by Origin Systems, such as the 1990 games Bad Blood (another action RPG based on the same engine) and Ultima VI: The False Prophet, based on the same interface.

Also in 1989, the enhanced remake Ys I & II was one of the first video games to use CD-ROM, which was utilized to provide enhanced graphics, animated cut scenes, a Red Book CD soundtrack, and voice acting. Its English localization was also one of the first to use voice dubbing. The game received the Game of the Year award from OMNI Magazine in 1990, as well as other prizes. Another 1989 release, Activision's Prophecy: The Fall of Trinadon, attempted to introduce "Nintendo-style" action combat to North American computer role-playing games.

1990s
Action RPGs were far more common on consoles than computers, due to gamepads being better suited to real-time action than the keyboard and mouse. Though there were attempts at creating action-oriented computer RPGs during the late 1980s and early 1990s, very few saw any success. Times of Lore was one of the more successful attempts in the American computer market, where there was a generally negative attitude towards combining genres in this way and more of an emphasis on preserving the purity of the RPG genre. For example, a 1991 issue of Computer Gaming World criticized several computer role-playing games for using "arcade" or "Nintendo-style" action combat, including Ys, Sorcerian, Times of Lore, and Prophecy.

In 1991, Square released Seiken Densetsu: Final Fantasy Gaiden, also known as Final Fantasy Adventure or Mystic Quest in the West, for the Game Boy. Like Crystalis, the action in Seiken Densetsu bore a strong resemblance to that of Legend of Zelda, but added more RPG elements. It was one of the first action RPGs to allow players to kill townspeople, though later Mana games removed this feature. Arcus Odyssey by Wolf Team (now Namco Tales Studio) was an action RPG that featured an isometric perspective and co-operative multiplayer gameplay.

In 1993, the second Seiken Densetsu game, Secret of Mana, received considerable acclaim, for its innovative pausable real-time action battle system, and its innovative cooperative multiplayer gameplay, where the second or third players could drop in and out of the game at any time, rather than players having to join the game at the same time. The game has remained influential through to the present day, with its ring menu system still used in modern games and its cooperative multiplayer mentioned as an influence on games such as Dungeon Siege III (2011).

Most other such games, however, used a side-scrolling perspective typical of beat 'em ups, such as the Princess Crown series, including Odin Sphere and Muramasa: The Demon Blade. Princess Crown had a more cartoon-like visual appeal. It still had quality visuals due to the George Kamitani style.

LandStalker's 1997 spiritual successor Alundra is considered "one of the finest examples of action/RPG gaming", combining platforming elements and challenging puzzles with an innovative storyline revolving around entering people's dreams and dealing with mature themes.

2000s
Ultima Underworld's influence has been found in BioShock (2007), and that game's designer, Ken Levine, has stated that "all the things that I wanted to do and all the games that I ended up working on came out of the inspiration I took from [Ultima Underworld]". Gears of War designer Cliff Bleszinski also cited it as an early influence, stating that it had "far more impact on me than Doom". Other games influenced by Ultima Underworld include The Elder Scrolls: Arena, Deus Ex, Deus Ex: Invisible War, Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines, and Half-Life 2.

FromSoftware's Demon's Souls (2009) emphasized unforgiving enemies and environments, combined with risk-and-reward mechanics such as limited checkpoints, collecting "souls" that can be consumed as experience points to increase the player's stats, or as a currency to purchase items, and penalizing player deaths without imposing an outright failure state. It also incorporated online features allowing players to leave messages in the overworld that can be read by other players, to temporarily join other players' sessions to assist them cooperatively, or "invade" another player's session to engage in player versus player combat. Especially after the release of its spiritual successor Dark Souls (2011) and its sequels, other action RPGs emerged in the 2010s that incorporated mechanics influenced by those of Demon's Souls, which have been popularly referred to as "Soulslike" games.

2010s
In 2013, Vanillaware released the fantasy beat 'em up ARPG Dragon's Crown, a spiritual successor to Princess Crown and a "deeply moving product" of Vanillaware director George Kamitani. Kamitani cites many classic RPGs as his inspiration, stating in the Dragon's Crown Artworks foreword: "The motif within Dragon's Crown is all the fantasy works that has affected me until now: the PC RPG Wizardry that I first came into contact with as a student; Ian Livingstone's gamebooks; games like Tower of Druaga, Golden Axe and The King of Dragons." He also cites his early 20s work on Dungeons & Dragons: Tower of Doom as "truly something that I had aspired for". Dragon's Crown was re-released with a PS4 "Pro" edition in 2018.

Assassin's Creed, a long-running Ubisoft franchise, also shifted towards the action RPG formula, inspired by the successes of The Witcher 3 and the Dark Souls series, with its titles Origins (2017), Odyssey (2018) and Valhalla (2020).

2020s
Avalanche Software released Hogwarts Legacy in 2023. Set in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and its surrounding areas, the game is played from a third-person perspective. Players can customize their player character, which learns to cast spells, brew potions, and master combat abilities, eventually developing their own special combat style.

First-person dungeon crawl
In late 1987, FTL Games released Dungeon Master, a dungeon crawler that had a real-time game world and some real-time combat elements (akin to Active Time Battle), requiring players to quickly issue orders to the characters, setting the standard for first-person computer RPGs for several years. It inspired many other developers to make real-time dungeon crawlers, such as Eye of the Beholder and Lands of Lore: The Throne of Chaos.

Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss, released in 1992, has been cited as the first RPG to feature first-person action in a 3D environment. Ultima Underworld is considered the first example of an immersive sim, a genre that combines elements from other genres to create a game with strong player agency and emergent gameplay, and has influenced many games since its release. The engine was re-used and enhanced for Ultima Underworld's 1993 sequel, Ultima Underworld II: Labyrinth of Worlds. Looking Glass Studios planned to create a third Ultima Underworld, but Origin rejected their pitches. After Electronic Arts (EA) rejected Arkane Studios' pitch for Ultima Underworld III, the studio instead created a spiritual successor: Arx Fatalis. Toby Gard stated that, when designing Tomb Raider, he "was a big fan of ... Ultima Underworld and I wanted to mix that type of game with the sort of polygon characters that were just being showcased in Virtua Fighter". Ultima Underworld was also the basis for Looking Glass Technologies' later System Shock.

Isometric/top-down dungeon crawler
The 1988 Origin Systems title Times of Lore was an action RPG with an icon-based point-and-click interface. Bad Blood, another Origin Systems game from 1990, would use the same interface. The designers were inspired by console titles, particularly The Legend of Zelda, to make their interface more accessible. The 1994 title Ultima VIII used mouse controls and attempted to add precision jumping sequences reminiscent of a Mario platform game, though reactions to the game's mouse-based combat were mixed. In 1997 Blizzard's Diablo was released and became massively successful. It was an action RPG that used a mouse oriented point-and-click interface and offered gamers a free online service to play with others that maintained the same rules and gameplay.

Diablo's effect on the market was significant, inspiring many imitators. Its impact was such that the term "action RPG" has come to be more commonly used for Diablo-style games, with The Legend of Zelda itself slowly recategorized as an action-adventure. Very commonly, these games used a fixed-camera isometric view of the game world, a necessity of the limitations of 2D graphics of early computers; even with 3D graphic engines, such point-and-click games are still presented from a similar isometric view, though providing options to rotate, pan, and zoom the camera to some degree. As such, these are often grouped with other "isometric RPGs".

The popularity of the Diablo series spawned such franchises like Divinity, Torchlight, Dungeon Siege and Sacred. Commonly, these games used a fixed-camera isometric view of the game world, a necessity of the limitations of 2D graphics of early computers; The Diablo series spawned many terms like being referred to as "dungeon crawler" "slasher RPG" "hack and slasher", the series was also heavily criticized by players and media for not being a proper RPG due to it being focused more on fighting enemies and creating character builds than following a proper narrative and dialogue-heavy journey. After its success many other games tried to mix its influences with different structures and narratives, there are multiple games like Divine Divinity that were an attempt to have a more dialogue-heavy experience akin to the Baldurs Gate games and even older series like Falcom's Dragon Slayer/Xanadu series had its outing Xanadu Next with similar Diablo influences. The influences also come full circle when the first Diablo game was inspired by rogue-likes Umoria and Angband and in more recent years many games in the rogue-like genre are inspired by more classic dungeon crawler ARPGs that Diablo helped spawn.

In this sub genre there are such recent titles as Path of Exile (2013), Grim Dawn (2016), Zenonia S: Rifts In Time (2015), Book of Demons (2018), Shadows: Awakening (2018), Snack World: The Dungeon Crawl Gold (2017), Titan Quest: Anniversary Edition (2016) and its expansions Titan Quest: Ragnarök (2017) and Titan Quest: Atlantis (2019), Wolcen: Lords of Mayhem (2020) and Minecraft Dungeons (2020).

Point and click/target combat
The prominence of Diablo 2 in the gaming market and its influence on the MMORPG genre      later popularized the strongly used mouse-oriented point and click combat. While in the Diablo series this type of combat does not have a lock-on key, World of Warcraft and most MMO games uses some kind of key to target an enemy, usually TAB, to lock into it, usually referred to as "tab-target". In tab-target combat the player's character automatic do attack animations with some kind of regular attack, while the player can focus on activating other skills and items by pressing other keys. Usually this type of combat is not heavily based on aiming or hit boxes thus the player can hit enemies from different distances and even from a far. Some tab-target MMOs have other targeting options such as an "Action mode".

Role-playing shooter
Shooter-based action RPGs include Strife (1996), System Shock 2 (1999), the Deus Ex series (2000 onwards) by Ion Storm, Bungie's Destiny (2014), Irem's Steambot Chronicles (2005), Square Enix's third-person shooter RPG Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII (2006), which introduced an over-the-shoulder perspective similar to Resident Evil 4, and the MMO vehicular combat game Auto Assault (2006) by NetDevil and NCsoft. Other action RPGs featured both hack and slash and shooting elements, with the use of both guns (or in some cases, bow and arrow or aerial combat) and melee weapons, including Cavia's flight-based Drakengard series (2003 to 2005), and Level-5's Rogue Galaxy (2005).

Other RPS games include the Mass Effect series (2007 onwards), Fallout 3 and subsequent Fallout titles (2008 onwards), White Gold: War in Paradise (2008), and Borderlands (2009). Borderlands developer Gearbox Software has dubbed it as a "role-playing shooter" due to the heavy RPG elements within the game, such as quest-based gameplay and also its character traits and leveling system. Half-Minute Hero (2009) is an RPG shooter featuring self-referential humour and a 30-second time limit for each level and boss encounter. Other action role-playing games with shooter elements include the 2010 titles Alpha Protocol by Obsidian Entertainment and The 3rd Birthday, the third game in the Parasite Eve series, features a unique blend of action RPG, real-time tactical RPG, survival horror and third-person tactical shooter elements. Shooter-based RPGs include Imageepoch's post-apocalyptic Black Rock Shooter (2011), which employs both first-person and third-person shooter elements, and Square Enix's Final Fantasy XV (2016), which features both hack and slash and third-person shooter elements.

The online live service version gained a lot of popularity on the 2010s with titles such as Warframe (2013), Destiny (2014) and Destiny 2 (2017), Anthem (2019), The Division (2016) and The Division 2 (2019).

title: Action role-playing game


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Lieutenant Governor of New York

The lieutenant governor of New York is a constitutional office in the executive branch of the Government of the State of New York. It is the second highest-ranking official in state government. The lieutenant governor is elected on a ticket with the governor for a four-year term. Official duties dictated to the lieutenant governor under the present New York Constitution are to serve as president of the state senate, serve as acting governor in the absence of the governor from the state or the disability of the governor, or to become governor in the event of the governor's death, resignation or removal from office via impeachment. Additional statutory duties of the lieutenant governor are to serve on the New York Court for the Trial of Impeachments, the State Defense Council, and on the board of trustees of the College of Environmental Science and Forestry. The lieutenant governor of New York is the highest-paid lieutenant governor in the country.

The office is currently held by Antonio Delgado, who was sworn in on May 25, 2022.

Most lieutenant governors take on other duties as assigned to them by the governor. For example, Mary Donohue took on duties in the areas of small business, school violence, and land-use planning, along with serving as a surrogate speaker for the governor in upstate New York. Donohue's predecessor, Betsy McCaughey Ross, worked on Medicare and education policy, before her falling out with Governor George Pataki. Democrat Stan Lundine, who served under Governor Mario Cuomo, was active on technology and housing issues during his two terms in office.

While governor and lieutenant governor are elected by a single joint vote in the general election, they run separately in the primaries. In 1982, Mario Cuomo won the Democratic nomination for governor, but his running mate H. Carl McCall lost the lieutenant governor nomination to Alfred DelBello. DelBello was elected with Cuomo, but resigned in 1985, complaining that Cuomo did not give him anything to do.

McCaughey Ross had been elected on a ticket with Pataki in 1994 but soon broke with him on state policy. He dropped her from his 1998 re-election ticket, and she became a Democrat and ran for governor on the Liberal ticket.

Thirteen years before Hochul succeeded Cuomo as governor, Lieutenant Governor David Paterson succeeded to the governorship in the same manner, when Eliot Spitzer resigned on March 17, 2008. Mario Cuomo was the last lieutenant governor to be elected governor.

1994 election
In the 1994 statewide election, Lt. Gov. Stan Lundine sought reelection on the Democratic ticket with Gov. Mario Cuomo. Lieutenant Governor Lundine was unopposed for renomination on the Democratic ticket. In the Republican primary, academic Betsy McCaughey was the only candidate, as nominated by the Republican State Convention. Ms. McCaughey was selected as a running mate by State Sen. George Pataki. Pataki reportedly also considered sofa bed heiress Bernadette Castro and Assembly Minority Leader Clarence Rappalya as possible running mates as well. The Pataki/McCaughey ticket defeated the Cuomo/Lundine ticket in the general election.

1998 election
In 1997, following a falling out for most of their term, Gov. George Pataki dropped Lieutenant Governor Betsy McCaughey Ross from the ticket. Pataki embarked on a year long process to select a new running mate for lieutenant governor. After reportedly considering State Parks Commissioner Bernadette Castro, State Sen. Mary Lou Rath and Erie County Comptroller Nancy Naples, Pataki nominated Judge Mary Donohue as his running mate. Judge Donohue was unopposed for the Republican nomination. Several candidates entered the race for the Democratic lieutenant governor nomination. State Sen. Anthony Nanula of Buffalo reportedly considered the race and then decided against running. Plattsburgh Mayor Clyde Rabideau, Brighton Town Supervisor Sandra Frankel, Buffalo Councilwoman Barbra Kavenugh, and attorney Charlie King of Rockland County announced their candidacies for the nomination. Councilwoman Kavanaugh withdrew from the race at the Democratic State Convention. Mayor Rabideau was selected as a running mate by New York City Council Speaker Peter Vallone and Supervisor Frankel was selected as a running mate by Brooklyn District Attorney Charles Hynes during the state convention. Mr. King received enough support to qualify for the September primary ballot and continued his race. Lieutenant Governor McCaughey Ross, who was running for governor, reportedly considered Assemblyman Sam Hoyt as a running mate. As the Liberal Party nominee, Lieutenant Governor McCaughey Ross was paired with Jonathan Reiter as a running mate. Independence Party nominee Tom Golisano ran with Laureen Oliver. The Green Party nominee actor Al Lewis ran with Alice Green.

Supervisor Frankel won the Democratic lieutenant governor primary and was paired in the general election with Speaker Vallone. The Pataki/Donohue ticket defeated the Vallone/Frankel and the Golisano/Oliver tickets.

2002 election
Reports in early 2002 said that Governor Pataki was considered dropping Lieutenant Governor Donohue from the ticket and asking her to run for New York State Attorney General instead. The reports said he had considered New York Secretary of State Randy Daniels and Erie County Executive Joel Giambra as replacement running mates, but eventually Lieutenant Governor Donohue would join Governor Pataki again on the Republican ticket.

The Democratic field started with 1998 nominee Sandra Frankel, 1998 candidate Charlie King, businessman Dennis Mehiel, Westchester County Legislature Chairman George Latimer and former New York City Consumer Affairs Commissioner Jane Steiner Hoffman. Commissioner Hoffman dropped out of the race for medical reasons, and both Latimer and Frankel dropped out for party unity. State Comptroller Carl McCall selected Mr. Mehiel as his running mate and former HUD Secretary Andrew Cuomo selected Mr. King as a running mate. A week before the September primary, Secretary Cuomo and Mr. King withdrew from their primaries and endorsed the McCall and Mehiel ticket.

The Independence Party had a contested primary battle for lieutenant governor. Lieutenant Governor Donohue faced an Independence Party member aligned with gubernatorial candidate Tom Golisano in the primary, but won the primary, while Governor Pataki lost the Independence primary for governor to Golisano. This made Donohue the running mate for both Pataki and Golisano in November.

The Green Party nominated Jennifer Daniels for lieutenant governor on a ticket with Stanley Aronowitz.

The Pataki/Donohue ticket defeated the McCall and Mehiel and the Golisano and Donohue tickets in November.

2006 election
Lieutenant Governor Donohue announced that she would not run for a third term in 2006. The race to succeed her drew eight major party candidates. State Senate Minority Leader David Paterson of Harlem won the Democratic nomination. Rockland County Executive C. Scott Vanderhoef won the Republican nomination. The Green Party candidate was Alison Duncan.

Former candidates for the Democratic lieutenant governor nomination were attorney Leecia Eve of Buffalo, Assemblyman Thomas DiNapoli of Nassau County, Doctor Jon Cohen of Nassau County and Wappinger Town Supervisor Joseph Ruggiero of Dutchess County, New York. Former candidates for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor were New York Secretary of State Christopher Jacobs of Buffalo, Town Supervisor Tim Demler of Wheatfield, and former State Senator Nancy Larraine Hoffmann of Madison County. The Spitzer/Paterson ticket defeated the Faso/Vanderhoef ticket in the election for Governor and Lieutenant Governor on November 7.

2008 vacancy and 2009 appointment
After Lieutenant Governor David Paterson succeeded to the governorship of New York after Eliot Spitzer resigned on March 17, 2008, the office of lieutenant governor became vacant. The duties of lieutenant governor were then performed successively by Temporary Presidents of the State Senate Joseph Bruno, Dean Skelos, Malcolm Smith and, during the 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis, Pedro Espada Jr.

On July 8, 2009, before the recapture of senate control by the Democrats, Governor Paterson appointed Richard Ravitch to the position of lieutenant governor to resolve the month-long political stalemate in the state senate. However, Attorney General Andrew Cuomo warned Paterson before Ravitch's selection that such an appointment would be unconstitutional. Litigation concerning the appointment's constitutionality was filed in New York State's courts by the Republican Senate caucus on July 9. A preliminary ruling by Justice William R. LaMarca on July 21 upheld AG Cuomo. On August 20, a four-judge panel of the Appellate Division (2nd Dept.) rejected unanimously the appointment. However, on September 22, in a "stunning reversal," the New York Court of Appeals, ruled in a 4-3 decision that Paterson's appointment was constitutional.

2021 vacancy and appointment
Upon the resignation of Governor Andrew Cuomo in August 2021, Lt. Governor Kathy Hochul succeeded him, with Andrea Stewart-Cousins becoming acting lieutenant governor. Hochul then picked State Senator Brian Benjamin for lieutenant governor, a position he filled on September 9, 2021.

2022 vacancy and appointment
Upon the resignation of Lt. Governor Brian Benjamin on April 12, 2022, due to federal corruption charges, Andrea Stewart-Cousins became acting lieutenant governor for the second time. Governor Hochul later appointed Antonio Delgado to fill the vacancy and was sworn in on May 25, 2022.

title: Lieutenant Governor of New York


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ebarfulate

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:37, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Ebarfulate
Delete asburd (proto-?)neologism. It is what it describes. I can't believe I just checked, but it gets 17 unique Google hits. -Splash 01:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Delete and direct user to for future "contributions" pomegranate 01:30, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I'm laughing... I'm laughing out loud... but Wikipedia is not a dictionary.... CanadianCaesar 03:48, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you three mad! I've never seen a article that is a more clear keep BJAODN. I mean really, how could you delete this utterly inappopriate article without leaving some trace behind... Sirmob 03:58, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Dcarrano 04:36, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Absurd neologism. Cnwb 07:44, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 10:03, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Deletulate. -- BD2412 talk 15:32, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete absurd neologism. Revolución 00:11, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Takeda clan

The Takeda Clan (武田氏) was a Japanese samurai clan active from the late Heian period until the late 16th century. The clan was historically based in Kai Province in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture. The clan reached its greatest influence under the rule of Takeda Shingen, one of the most famous rulers of the period.

Origin
The Takeda are descendants of the Emperor Seiwa (858–876), the 56th Emperor of Japan, and are a branch of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji), by Minamoto no Yoshimitsu (1056–1127), son of the Chinjufu-shōgun Minamoto no Yoriyoshi (988-1075), and brother to the famous Minamoto no Yoshiie (1039–1106). Minamoto no Yoshikiyo (1075–1149), son of Yoshimitsu, was the first to take the name of Takeda, which he took when his father granted him Takeda domain in Hitachi Province; thereafter, he was known as Takeda Yoshikiyo.

Kamakura to early Azuchi–Momoyama periods
In the 12th century, at the end of the Heian period, the Takeda family-controlled Kai Province. Along with a number of other families, they supported their cousin Minamoto no Yoritomo against the Taira clan in the Genpei War (1180–85). When Yoritomo was first defeated at Ishibashiyama (1181), Takeda Nobuyoshi (1128–86) was applied for help, and the Takeda sent an army of 25,000 soldiers to support Yoritomo. Takeda Nobumitsu (1162–1248), son of Nobuyoshi, fought against the Taira, against Kiso Yoshinaka (1184), distinguished himself in the Battle of Ichinotani (1184), and was appointed Shugo (Governor) of Kai province. He also fought against the Northern Fujiwara (1189) and against Wada Yoshimori (1213). During the Jōkyū War, he helped the Hōjō, and led 50,000 soldiers as 'Daishogun of the Tosando', and in reward received the governorship of Aki province (1221). Takeda Nobuhide (1413–40), eldest son of the Takeda Nobushige (1390–1465), Shugo of Aki, helped the 6th shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori (1394–1441) against the revolt of Isshiki Yoshitsura and was granted the governorship of Wakasa province (1440). Takeda Nobukata (1420–71) inherited the titles of Shugo of Wakasa from his brother Nobuhide, and that of Shugo of Aki from his father Nobushige. During the Ōnin War (1467–77) he occupied Tango province that belonged to Isshiki Yoshinao and received the governorship of Tango province (1469). His brother Takeda Kuninobu (1437–90) inherited the titles of Shugo of Aki, Wakasa, and Tango provinces, but lost Tango in 1474. Until the Sengoku period, the Takeda were Shugo of the provinces of Kai (since Yoritomo), Aki (since 1221), and Wakasa (since 1440).

Sengoku period
Immediately prior to the Sengoku period, the Takeda helped to suppress the Rebellion of Uesugi Zenshū (1416–1417). Uesugi Zenshū (d. 1417) was the kanrei chief advisor to Ashikaga Mochiuji, an enemy of the central Ashikaga shogunate and the Kantō kubō governor-general of the Kantō region. Mochiuji, lord of the Uesugi clan, made a reprisal against the Takeda clan in 1415. This reprisal began a rivalry between the Uesugi and Takeda clans which would last roughly 150 years until the destruction of the Takeda clan at the end of the Sengoku period. While this rivalry existed, the Takeda and the Uesugi still had a huge amount of respect for one another.

Takeda Shingen

Takeda Harunobu (1521 – 1573) succeeded his father Nobutora in 1540 and became shugo lord of Kai Province in present-day Yamanashi Prefecture. In this period the Takeda began to quickly expand from their base in Kai Province. In 1559, Harunobu changed his name to the better-known Takeda Shingen. He faced the Hōjō clan a number of times, and most of his expansion was to the north, where he fought his most famous battles against Uesugi Kenshin. This series of regional skirmishes is known as the Battles of Kawanakajima. The battles began in 1553, and the best known and severest among them was fought on September 10, 1561.

Shingen is famous for his tactical genius, and innovations, though some historians have argued that his tactics were not particularly impressive nor revolutionary. Nevertheless, Shingen is perhaps most famous for his use of the cavalry charge at the Battle of Mikatagahara. The strength of Shingen's new tactic became so famous that the Takeda army came to be known as the Kiba Gundan (騎馬軍団), or 'mounted army'. Up until the mid-16th century and Shingen's rise to power, mounted samurai were primarily archers. There was already a trend at this time towards larger infantry-based armies, including a large number of foot archers. In order to defeat these missile troops, Shingen transformed his samurai from archers to lancers.

Decline of the Takeda clan
Shingen died on May 13, 1573, at age 53 from illness. His son Takeda Katsuyori (1546–1582) effectively succeeded Shingen though the nominal head of the family was his grandson Takeda Nobukatsu; Katsuyori continued Shingen's aggressive expansion plan south and westward and was initially successful, briefly achieving the largest extent of Takeda rule. However, he was defeated in the Battle of Nagashino in 1575 by Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu.

After Nagashino, the Takeda clan fell into sharp decline as it had lost many of its most notable samurai during the battle. Katsuyori's position within the clan also became precarious (as he did not fully inherit the clan leadership position); in 1582, two of his relatives defected to the Oda/Tokugawa alliance and Nobunaga succeeded in destroying the Takeda clan shortly thereafter. The campaign saw most of the Takeda followers simply abandoning Katsuyori and the other Takeda family members to their fate. The clan was effectively eliminated, although descendants of the Takeda clan would take prominent positions in the Tokugawa shogunate, established in 1603.

Modern period

Takeda is also a fairly common family name in modern Japan, though it is unlikely that everyone with the Takeda name is descended from this noble house (several divisions of the family have the Takeda name).

In fact, most of the real descendants of the Takeda had a different name when they created a cadet branch. It is also acknowledged that members of the clan married into other Japanese families.

During the Tokugawa period, several daimyō families were direct descendants of the Takeda. In 1868, these daimyō families were :

 * The Matsumae, descendants of Takeda Nobuhiro (1431-1494), son of Takeda Nobukata (1420-1471) of the Aki Takeda. They were daimyō of Matsumae, the only feudal fief (han) of Hokkaidō.
 * The Nanbu, descendants of Takeda Mitsuyuki (1165-1236), grandson of Takeda Kiyomitsu (1110-1168), established himself at Nambu (Kai Province) and took that name. The Nambu were daimyō of Morioka, of Shichinohe and Hachinohe (Mutsu Province).
 * The Yanagisawa, descendants of Takeda Nobunaga, a grandson of Takeda Nobuyoshi (1128-1186), were daimyō of Kōriyama (Yamato Province), of Kurokawa and Mikkaichi (Echigo Province).
 * The Yonekura, descendants of Takeda Kiyomitsu, settled at Koiwasuji Yonekura and took the name Yonekura. They were daimyō of Mutsuura Domain (Musashi province)
 * The Gotō, descendants of Takeda Nobuhiro, were daimyō of Gotō (the Gotō Islands in Hizen Province).
 * The Ogasawara are also a cadet branch of the Takeda, by Takeda Nagakiyo (1162–1242), grandson of Takeda Kiyomitsu (1110-1168), and the first to take the name of Ogasawara. His descendants were shugo (governors) of Shinano and Hida Provinces, and during the 16th century were at war with their Takeda cousins. In 1868, they were daimyō of Kokura, of Chikuza (Buzen Province), of Ashi (Harima Province), of Karatsu (Hizen Province), and of Katsuyama (Echizen Province).

In 1868, two branches named Takeda were also ranked among the Kōke (the High Families). This title was given to descendants of great dispossessed daimyo families of the Kamakura period to Sengoku period such as the Takeda, the Kyōgoku, the Rokkaku, the Ōtomo, the Toki, the Isshiki and the Hatakeyama clans. They received a pension from the shogunate and had privileged missions confided to them.

Cadet branches
Three major cadet branches of the Takeda clan were established across Japan, along with several smaller branches. Due to the establishment of these cadet branches, the main Takeda clan in Kai Province is also referred to as the Kai Takeda clan.

Aki Takeda
The Aki Takeda clan, established in Aki Province in the present-day western part of Hiroshima Prefecture. Takeda Nobumitsu (1162–1248), Shugo of Kai, received the governorship of Aki province in 1221. Takeda Nobutake († 1362) was the last Takeda Shugo of the two provinces of Kai and Aki. His elder son Nobunari received Kai and the younger Ujinobu received Aki province.

Wakasa Takeda
The Aki Takeda was granted the governorship of Wakasa province in 1440. The Wakasa Takeda clan was established in Wakasa Province in present-day southern Fukui Prefecture, and separates from Aki province in 1500, when Takeda Motonobu (1461-1521) ruled Wakasa, while his uncle Takeda Mototsuna (1441-1505) ruled Aki. The Wakasa Takeda were known for their patronage of the arts and developing the Takeda school of military etiquette.

Kazusa Takeda
The Kazusa Takeda clan, established at the beginning of the Sengoku period in Kazusa Province in the present-day central area of Chiba Prefecture. Along with the Satomi clan of Awa Province in the southern part of present-day Chiba Prefecture the two clans replaced the dominance of the Chiba clan in the region. The Kazusa Takeda is also known as the Mariyatsu Takeda, a reference to their base of power, Mariyatsu Castle.

Clan literature
The Kōshū Hatto, composed at some point in the 15th century, is the code of law of the Takeda family, while the Kōyō Gunkan, composed largely by Kōsaka Masanobu in the mid-16th century, is an epic poem recording the family's history and Shingen's innovations in military tactics.

Notable figures of the Takeda clan
Among the notable members of the Takeda clan was Takeda Nobushige, who wrote the Kyujukyu Kakun, which introduced the 99 rules for the clan members. Takeda Nobumitsu, who was a noted warrior under the Hojo shikken of Kamakura, became a monk and founded the Takeda family of Kai. Another important figure was Minamoto no Yoshimitsu, who developed the Daito-ryu Aikijujutsu/Takeda-ryu. Other noted members include Nobuyoshi, Nobutora, Harunobu (Shingen), Katsuyori, Matsuhime

Important members

 * Takeda Nobuyoshi (1128–86) Founder of the Takeda clan
 * Takeda Nobutora – Shingen's father
 * Takeda Shingen – one of Japan's most famous warlords, Shingen expanded his domains greatly and became one of the major powers in the country for a time.
 * Takeda Katsuyori – Shingen's son, Katsuyori commanded his father's armies after his death, and saw the fall of the Takeda family.
 * Matsuhime – Shingen's daughter
 * Takeda Nobushige – Shingen's younger brother, who held their father's favor to be heir of the clan, continued to support his older brother throughout his life, he also wrote the Kyūjūkyū Kakun, a set of 99 short rules for Takeda house members.
 * Takeda Sōkaku (1859–1943) was the restorer of the Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu school of jūjutsu, and the first to teach the art outside of the Takeda family.

Crests

 * Four diamonds (pictured)
 * Four diamonds surrounded by a solid ring
 * Two cranes bowing their heads together
 * A centipede
 * Hanabishi (three vertical flowers)
 * Fūrinkazan (a battle standard with the writing: "風林火山", which literally means: "Wind, Forest, Fire, Mountain".)
 * The Tai (大) character

Popular culture
Takeda is a playable faction in Shogun: Total War and Shogun 2.

Takeda is a playable nation in Europa Universalis IV.

The Takeda clan in feudal Japan is in the manga and the anime of Inuyasha.

Takeda Shingen and his peasant doppelgänger are the main subjects of Kagemusha, directed by Akira Kurosawa.

The character Miku Nakano from the anime and manga series The Quintessential Quintuplets is shown to have an obsession with Takeda Shingen.

title: Takeda clan


text:
User talk:Mathias Johansson

I guess I should have a page like this...

Finland-Swedish
Yes, so we can talk to you... ;-) Your suggestions for changes to the article seem very good. I've thought of doing something on those lines for quite a while. I especially like this:

In general, Finland-Swedes consider themselves to be just as much Finnish nationals as the Finnish-speaking majority, i.e. they support Finland in sports, consider Finland their home country and themselves a part of Finnish society but they have their own identity, which is distinct of that of the majority (and wish to be recognized as such).

Since you wrote it, please insert it into the article! Thanks - --Janke | Talk 17:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Ethnicity
I think this whole section about ethnicity should go, or at least be entirely re-written. I've never met a Swedish-speaking Finn who has considered him/herself anything other than a Finlander. Even all Ålanders I've talked to don not consider themselves Swedes.... --Janke | Talk 19:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mathias Johansson


text:
Talk:Captain America (Ultimate Marvel character)

Untitled
Merge with Captain America, it is just another interpretation of the same character--Apollonaire1980

KEEP--Brown Shoes22 01:29, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Don't merge this. The characters are different and merit their own articles.--GingerM 15:29, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Merge all Ultimate versions into their original versions' articles, unless these become to big. The more information is kept in one big article, instead of lots of smaller scattered ones, the better. Someone might look up Captain America to find about it, but the only people who know about the Ultimate versions are hardcore comic book fans who are familiar with the concept of rebooted continuity and various iterations of the same character. --Pc13 21:02, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * This debate is at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Comics. Please refrain from debating policy on these individual pages unless they are exceptional.  Brownshoes, you seem to be opposing the merge on every single page of ultimates characters.  If you oppose the policy, you can chime in on the WikiProject page.  It is useless to have the same debate on each talk page.  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 18:20, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Merging would be absolutely inappropriate. The character, like the other ultimate characters, is extremely different form his counterpart. Putting them together would cause a grat deal of confusion. Merging ALL the ultimate articles would be ridiculous, and inefficient. Go take a look at The Ultimate Spider-man article and the main Spider-man article, and you'll note that the characters need their own pages for discussion.

The Red Skull and the Avengers section
The subject section is almost incoherent due to grammar issues. I would fix it but I don't know enough about the topic —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.23.193.172 (talk) 23:04, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Comics portal
shouldn't this fall under the wiki comics portal, not the fictional character portal?Asaspades (talk) 07:56, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 17 January 2018
See Talk:Ultimate Nick Fury.--TriiipleThreat (talk) 18:53, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Ultimate Nick Fury which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:59, 18 January 2018 (UTC)