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7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen

The 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division "Prinz Eugen" (7. SS-Freiwilligen Gebirgs-Division "Prinz Eugen"), initially named the SS-Volunteer Division Prinz Eugen (SS-Freiwilligen-Division "Prinz Eugen"), was a mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, an armed branch of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World War II. At the post-war Nuremberg trials, the Waffen-SS was declared to be a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity. From 1942 to 1945, the division fought a counter-insurgency campaign against communist-led Yugoslav Partisan resistance forces in occupied Yugoslavia. It was formed in 1941 from both Reich Germans and Volksdeutsche – ethnic German volunteers and conscripts from the Banat, Independent State of Croatia, Hungary and Romania. The division surrendered on 11 May 1945 to Yugoslav Partisan forces, with thousands of stragglers surrendering by the 15th near the Austrian border.

1941
After the invasion, occupation and dismantling of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers on 6 April 1941, the Wehrmacht placed Serbia proper, the northern part of Kosovo (around Kosovska Mitrovica) and the Banat under a military government. The division was formed in late 1941 following the invasion initially from German-speaking Danube Swabian Selbstschutz in the Banat autonomous area within the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia. The unit was given the title Prinz Eugen after Prince Eugene of Savoy, an outstanding military leader of the Habsburg Empire who liberated the Banat and Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire in the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18. A key figure in the organisation of the division was the Higher SS and Police Leader in Serbia, SS-Obergruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Polizei (Police General) August Meyszner.

After the initial rush of Volksdeutsche to join, voluntary enlistments tapered off, and the new formation did not reach division size. Therefore, in August 1941, the SS discarded the voluntary approach, and after a favorable judgement from the SS court in Belgrade, imposed a mandatory military obligation on all Volksdeutsche in Banat, the first of its kind for non-Reichsdeutsche.

One of the reasons for the forced conscription of ethnic Germans was the disappointingly low number of volunteers for the division after the initial recruitments (no more than 5,000). While the division remained "volunteer" in name, few of the conscripted ethnic Germans actively sought entry into the unit. Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler had announced that the wishes of the Volksdeutsche were irrelevant, while in connection with the Balkan Germans the SS head of recruitment Gottlob Berger remarked: "kein Mensch [kümmert] [sich ja] darum, was wir unten mit unseren Volksdeutschen tun" ("no person cares what we do with our ethnic Germans in the South").

Ethnic Germans in the Balkans were therefore powerless and could not oppose conscription into the SS. The unwillingness of ethnic Germans to serve in the unit is illustrated by a mutiny of 173 Croatian Germans of the division in 1943 in Bosnia when apparently the men of mixed ancestry did not speak German and were mistreated by their superiors as a result. Many of these men preferred service in the Croatian Home Guard for a variety of reasons; Himmler intervened personally in the problem.

In 1942, the Pančevo-based unit was declared a Mountain Division. Its troops were issued with a significant amount of non-standard German weapons and used captured equipment such as Czechoslovak machine guns like the ZB-53 and French light tanks. They were provided with excellent German-made mountain artillery such as the 10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40 howitzer and 7.5 cm Gebirgsgeschütz 36 mountain gun. When the division was formed, it was assigned to the Balkans as an anti-Partisan mountain division.

1942
In October 1942, the division led a German-Bulgarian anti-guerrilla offensive by the name of Operation Kopaonik against the Chetniks in the Kopaonik, Goč and Jastrebac mountains in Serbia. The operation was aimed at the destruction of the Rasina Corps of the Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland, commanded by Major Dragutin Keserović, whose headquarters was located in the village of Kriva Reka.

In early October 1942, the division was deployed in southwestern Serbia, in Kraljevo, Užice, Ivanjica, Čačak, Raška, Kosovska Mitrovica, and Novi Pazar. On 5 October 1942, the division commander Artur Phleps ordered the German and Bulgarian forces to destroy the enemy. A comprehensive attack was planned: 20,000 well-armed and fully trained troops would encircle the 1,500 Serb guerrillas from four directions. Because of the perceived importance of this operation and to observe the first military operations of the newly established SS Division, Himmler himself travelled to Kraljevo in the German occupation zone; Himmler was in Kraljevo from 15 to 18 October 1942 and toured the division. German and Bulgarian forces began their attack on the Chetnik territory at dawn on 12 October 1942, proceeding from four directions. However, Keserović ordered his units to regroup into smaller squads for easy maneuvering and penetration, and the Rasina Corps was able to escape from the Axis ring entrapment.

The division's first major action thus ended in a failure, as the Germans and Bulgarians cleared the Chetnik free territory (and in the process committed war crimes against the Serbian civilian population), yet the Chetniks themselves successfully withdrew beyond the reach of the occupation forces. The Prinz Eugen was next involved in counter-insurgency activities on the Serbian-Montenegro border in the mountains east of river Ibar.

1943
Afterwards, the division took part in the Fourth anti-Partisan Offensive (Operation Weiss) in Croatia's Zagreb-Karlovac area. There, together with Italian forces, the Germans attempted to defeat the Yugoslav Partisans commanded by Josip Broz Tito, but the operation failed as most of the Partisans managed to evade the main attack. In Operation Weiss I, the division advanced from Karlovac area against the Yugoslav National Liberation Army (NOVJ) resistance and on January 29 captured informal partisan capital Bihać. In Operation Weiss II, it forced its way from western Bosnia to Mostar area in Hercegovina and also deployed units northwest of Sarajevo.

From 15 May – 15 June, the Prinz Eugen took a part in the subsequent Fifth anti-Partisan Offensive (Operation Schwarz) aiming to pin Tito's main force of about 20,000 Partisans against the Zelengora mountain, in south-eastern Bosnia. During the battle, the division received a task to move through the Italian occupation zone in order to block the possible advance of Partisans towards the Adriatic Sea and the Italian-occupied Albania, to close the south-east part of the encirclement and then advance north over mountainous terrain to crush the Partisan forces. In eleven-day fightings from May 20, division captured Šavnik. For this success, Sturmbannführer Dietsche as well as commander Phleps both received first two Knight's Crosses for the division. In the following days, the focal point of the battle shifted westward. After the main group of the Partisans headed by the 1st Proletarian Division broke out of the encirclement, two battalions of the division that were moved to cover the left bank of the Sutjeska river and block the Partisans' escape route were surprised by the attack of three battalions of the NOVJ 1st Dalmatian Strike Brigade and one from 5th Montenegro Brigade at Tjentište pushing them back. They recovered their positions during a night battle and defeated the Partisan units. In the operation Schwarz the division suffered total losses of 613 men.

In August 1943, the division became a part of the XV Mountain Corps and was sent to the Dalmatian coast, to disarm the local Italian forces in September 1943 after the Italian government had surrendered to the Allies. In exploiting Italian capitulation, Tito's forces succeeded in seizing control of the most part of the Dalmatian coast. In sixteen-days long battle the division pushed back NOVJ units and on September 29 reoccupied Split, forcing the resisting Italians to surrender. In October, division participated in Operation Landsturm, another anti-Partisan operation in Omiš, Ploče and Biokovo. In battles for Split and Biokovo coastline, the Prinz Eugen suffered losses of 1,582 killed, wounded and missing in action.

The division was reorganized on 22 October 1943 and was renamed the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen. In November, the unit was attached to the V SS Mountain Corps and took part in anti-Partisan Operations Kugelblitz and Schneesturm in Dalmatia during the next month.

1944
In January 1944, the division was involved in more anti-Partisan actions in Operation Waldrausch. It then took part in Seventh anti-Partisan Offensive (Operation Rösselsprung) which began on 25 May 1944. This operation had the task of killing or capturing Tito, and the operation was spearheaded by the 500th SS Fallschirmjäger-Bataillon and supported by the Brandenburg Regiment. In this timespan many other ethnic groups joined the division, such as ethnic Croats, ethnic Hungarians, and over 1,000 ethnic Serbs who volunteered for the division at General Phelps' office, most of whom were either ideologically or otherwise motivated to fight against the Partisans.

In May, June and July, the Prinz Eugen saw further action in Operation Freie Jagd, Operation Rose and Operation Feuerwehr. Between 12 and 30 August, the division was engaged in Operation Rübezahl, aimed to prevent offensive of NOVJ forces from Montenegro into western Serbia.

In September, the Soviet Red Army had advanced to the Balkans and the division suffered heavy casualties in defensive battles against the combined Bulgarian, Soviet and NOVJ forces in the Nish region. On 21 September, Obergruppenführer Phleps—the division's first commander—was believed to have been killed when en route from Montenegro to Transylvania. The division's next action was the defence of the Kraljevo bridgehead against the Soviet-led Belgrade Offensive as a part of XXXIV Army Corps (Army Corps Müller). This defence was essential for the success of Army Group E efforts to open a corridor which would allow the retreat of 350,000 German soldiers from Greece and the Aegean Sea.

In the beginning of November, the very understrength and underperforming 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg was disbanded, following widespread demoralisation and mass desertions within its ranks. It was nominally ethnic Albanian but in reality staffed mostly with the Reichsdeutsche and Volksdeutsche Germans, including ex-Kriegsmarine conscripts. Its remnants were incorporated into the 14th Regiment of Prinz Eugen, which received its honor title Skanderbeg.

1945
In January 1945, the division was in action against the Yugoslav Partisans at Otok and Vukovar in Croatia. In February, it took part in Operation Wehrwolf against a Yugoslav bridgehead in the Virovitica area.

The withdrawal from Bosnia towards Austria continued as Prinz Eugen retreated through Croatia in April 1945. On 10 May, the division moved towards Celje in Slovenia. There it surrendered to the Yugoslav People's Army on 11 May, three days after the capitulation of Germany that marked the official end to World War II in Europe.

All personnel of Prinz Eugen taken prisoner by the Yugoslav army were then killed. Most were executed wholesale, without trial, disposed of through a variety of methods immediately following their surrender. The killings, which were never punished, were ordered by local Yugoslav commanders, apparently acting directly against Tito's strict instructions to detain the captives in prison camps and screen them for war criminals. In 2010, a large mass grave containing the remains of some 2,000 Prinz Eugen soldiers was opened near the Slovenian village of Brežice; the soldiers had been stripped naked, bound together with telephone wire, and shot, their bodies buried in a trench in a summary mass execution on 22 May 1945. Many of the soldiers' family members were amongst the tens of thousands of local civilians who perished at the hands of Yugoslav forces during the ethnic cleansing of German-speaking populations throughout eastern Europe.

The loss of the division's war diary, likely through intentional destruction, has caused significant gaps in the historiography of both the division itself and the broader Yugoslav campaign.

War crimes
The post-war Nuremberg trials made the declaratory judgement that the Waffen-SS was a criminal organisation due to its major involvement in war crimes and crimes against humanity, including the killing of prisoners-of-war and atrocities committed in occupied countries. Excluded from this judgement were those who were conscripted into the Waffen-SS and had not personally committed war crimes and crimes against humanity.

The division was infamous for its brutality. On 6 August 1946, during the morning session at the Nürnberg Trials, it was said that "The 7th SS Division, Prinz Eugen, is famed for its cruelty," and that "wherever it passed - through Serbia, through Bosnia and Herzegovina, through Lika and Banija or through Dalmatia - everywhere it left behind scenes of conflagration and devastation and the bodies of innocent men, women, and children who had been burned in the houses."

 * During late September 1942 members of SS Prinz Eugen killed 18 Serb civilians in villages on Rogozna mountain. Unit also stole wheat and forced people to work in mines, on roads and railways, regardless of ethnicity
 * The Germans and Bulgarians committed reprisals against the civilian population and burned several villages during their anti-Chetnik Operation Kopaonik during October 1942. The village of Kriva Reka, the location of Keserović's headquarters, suffered the most: 120 civilians were locked in the village church and burned to death by members of the 7th SS Division. In other villages in Kopaonik 300 civilians were killed; in the villages on Mount Goč 250 civilians were executed.
 * In villages of Blaževo, Gradac, Bozomina and Domiševine in early December 1942 the united killed 29 villagers and razed 40 homes. In Brekovo near Arilje, they arrested and executed 11 people for founding weapons in some houses. They burned down municipality seat and few other buildings. Crew of SS Prinz Eugen located in Topola arrested over 30 citizens, tortured them into admitting to support Partisans and than executed them. Right before transport to NDH, on January 1, 1943, SS Prinz Eugen arrested 12 and executed 11 people south of Požega
 * Researchers of the Institute of History in Karlovac established a number of 276 civilian inhabitants of Karlovac area, killed by the 7th SS Division during Operation Weiss I in January 1943. In February, the division conducted, together with the 369th (Croatian) Infantry Division and the 717th Infantry Division, an assault on Grmeč. Some 15,000 civilian inhabitants broke through the enemy lines together with Partisans, but those left behind were destroyed mercilessly. Another drama of an attack on a refugee column happened on late February near Resanovci, during Operation Weiss II, and resulted with hundreds of victims. According to official postwar investigation, the three divisions were responsible for 3,370 killed civilians, and another 1,722 deported to concentration camps during Operation Weiss.
 * In late May and early June 1943, during Operation Schwarz, the division killed a large number of civilians and prisoners of war with assistance from Croatian Ustaše and SS Handschar Division. Inhabitants from the Bosnian and Serbian villages of Dub, Bukovac, Miljkovac, Duba and Rudinci, and in the Piva area of Montenegro, were all captured, regardless of age or sex, and killed in the village of Doli Pivski. The total number of victims from these villages ranges from around 400 to 522.
 * On 12 July in the Bosnian Muslim village of Rotimlja, near Stolac, the 7th SS Division killed 66 civilians, 25 of which were younger than 15. On the same day, other units of the division killed 68 civilians, 36 younger than 15, in the Muslim village of Košutica, near Sokolac.
 * During its advancement towards Split, on 17–30 September 1943, the division killed 230 inhabitants of Croatian villages in the Imotski, Sinj and Split areas. After capturing Split, the division executed 48 Italian officers and three generals (General Salvatore Pelligra, commander of the artillery of the XVIII Corps, General Angelo Policardi, commander of the pioneers of the XVIII Corps, and General Alfonso Cigala Fulgosi, commander of the 17th Littoral Brigade). On 5 November, the division executed 25 hostages in Sinj in a retribution for losses.
 * The 2nd Battalion of the 14th SS Regiment of the division killed 1,525 civilians on 26–30 March 1944, in the villages near Kamešnica near Split, in an action under command of V SS Corps.
 * On 28 July 1944, the division together with the ethnic Albanian SS Skanderbeg, massacred around 550 Serb villagers in the settlement of Velika, in Plav, Montenegro following Operation Draufgänger.

It also committed numerous atrocities in the area of Nikšić in Montenegro:

Commanders

The following officers commanded the division:
 * SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS Artur Phleps (30 Jan 1942 – 15 May 1943)
 * SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS Karl von Oberkamp (15 May 1943 – 30 Jan 1944)
 * SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS Otto Kumm (30 Jan 1944 – 20 Jan 1945)
 * SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS August Schmidhuber (20 Jan 1945 – 8 May 1945)

Out of the four commanders of the division, one (Phleps) was killed in battle, two of them were sentenced to death by hanging and executed in Belgrade 1947, and the fourth (Kumm) managed to avoid extradition to Yugoslavia by fleeing over the wall of the internment camp of Dachau.

Awards
Several members were decorated with high German military awards, including one Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oaks Leaves and Swords awarded to SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS Otto Kumm when he was the divisional commander. Divisional recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross included the first commander of the division, Artur Phleps and five others, all regimental or battalion commanders. One was awarded posthumously.

October 1943 – Croatia

 * Division Staff
 * SS-Volunteer Gebirgsjäger-Regiment'' 13
 * SS-Volunteer Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 14 "Skanderberg"
 * SS-Volunteer Gebirgs-Artillerie-Regiment 7
 * SS-Volunteer Gebirgs Reconnaissance Battalion (mot) 7
 * SS-Panzer Battalion 7
 * SS-Panzerjäger Battalion 7
 * SS-Gebirgs-Pionier-Battalion 7
 * SS-Gebirgs-Flak Battalion 7
 * SS-Radfahr-Battalion 7
 * SS-Cavalry Battalion 7
 * SS-Gebirgs-Signals Battalion 7
 * SS-Gebirgs-Reserve Battalion 7
 * SS-Medical Battalion 7
 * SS-Feldgendarmerie-Troop 7
 * SS-Volunteer Gebirgs Veterinary Company 7
 * SS-Volunteer Gebirgs War Reporter platoon 7
 * SS-Divisions Versorgungs Truppen 7

November 1944 – Balkans

 * Division Staff
 * SS-Volunteer-Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 13 Artur Phleps
 * SS-Volunteer Gebrigsjäger-Regiment 14 Skanderbeg
 * SS-Volunteer Gebrigs Artillery Regiment 7
 * SS-Volunteer Gebirgs-Reconnaissance Battalion (mot) 7
 * SS-Panzer-Battalion 7
 * SS-Gebirgs-Panzerjäger Battalion 7
 * SS-Sturmgeschutz Battalion 7
 * SS-Gebirgs-Pionier-Battalion 7
 * SS-Flak Battalion 7
 * SS-Radfahr-Reconnaissance Battalion 7
 * SS-Cavalry Battalion 7
 * SS-Motorcycle Battalion 7
 * SS-Gebirgs-Signals Battalion 7
 * SS-Reserve Battalion 7
 * SS-Medical Battalion 7
 * SS-Volunteer Gebirgs Veterinary Company 7
 * SS-Volunteer Gebirgs War Reporter Platoon 7
 * SS-Propaganda-Zug
 * SS-Feldgendarmerie-Troop 7
 * SS-Werkstatt-Company 7
 * SS-Nachshub-Company 7
 * SS-Reserve Battalion 7
 * SS-Wirtschafts-Battalion 7
 * SS-Wehrgeologisches-Battalion 7

Alternative names

 * Freiwilligen-Gebirgs-Division
 * SS-Freiwilligen-Division Prinz Eugen
 * SS-Freiwilligen-Gebirgs-Division Prinz Eugen
 * 7.SS-Freiwilligen-Gebirgs-Division Prinz Eugen


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Ian McCall (footballer)

Ian Holland McCall (born 30 September 1964) is a Scottish former football player and coach, who manages Scottish League Two club Clyde.

During his playing days McCall played for Queen's Park, Dunfermline Athletic, Rangers, Bradford City, Dundee, Falkirk, Hamilton Academical, Happy Valley, Partick Thistle and Clydebank.

He is probably best known for his two spells as manager of Partick Thistle from 2007 until 2011 and again from 2019 until 2023.

He began an extensive managerial career, mostly in the lower leagues of Scotland starting with Clydebank, Greenock Morton, Airdrieonians, Falkirk, Dundee United, Queen of the South, Partick Thistle, Ayr United and Clyde.

Playing career
Ian McCall was born in Dumfries, Scotland. In his boyhood, he was a regular on the Palmerston terraces watching Queen of the South. His hopes of playing for his home town club were dashed, though, by then chairman Willie Harkness. "I played a trial game for the club, and thought I did reasonably well," McCall recalls. "Drew Busby was the manager, but I was told by Willie Harkness I might not make the grade. Instead I went to Queen's Park, and then three years after that was sold to Rangers for £250,000."

McCall began his career as a midfielder for Queen's Park in 1983, then was with Dunfermline Athletic from 1986 to 1987, and Rangers from 1987 to 1990. He was transferred to Bradford City for £200,000 before rejoining Dunfermline. His playing career also included spells with Dundee, Falkirk, Hamilton Academical, Happy Valley in Hong Kong and Partick Thistle back in Scotland. His final club as a player was Clydebank, where he became player-manager during the 1997–98 season.

McCall never made more than 75 league appearances in a single spell for one club. He made 85 league appearances for Dunfermline broken over two separate periods with the Fife club.

Clydebank, Morton and Airdrie
His spell at Clydebank took place against the backdrop of an abortive scheme to relocate the club to Dublin.

In 17 games in charge at Morton, McCall achieved five wins and 9 defeats.

This was followed by a move to Airdrieonians. Airdrie challenged for promotion to the Scottish Premier League before the club's extinction in 2002, making McCall the last manager in the club's history. McCall won 23 of his 65 games in charge.

Falkirk and Dundee United
A spell, at Falkirk, with the best win rate of his managerial career, led to McCall twice being offered the manager's job at Dundee United, which he finally accepted in January 2003. In McCall's first top flight managerial season the Tayside club achieved a top-6 finish, but in the following season with the club in a relegation battle he was sacked in March 2005.

Queen of the South
In November 2005, Ian McCall returned to management with his home town club Queen of the South. After a less than auspicious start to his reign as Queens manager, the Palmerston outfit enjoyed somewhat of a resurgence in the early months of 2006, finally securing eight position in the league and thus avoiding having to play-off to maintain first division status. 2006/07 provided a second relegation battle. Allan Jenkins scored the Stranraer winner on a 2 January South West relegation derby leaving Queens firmly in the play off spot that was ninth place. However Jenkins was sold to Gretna 10 days later. Stranraer's league form imploded immediately recording only one other league win from then until the season's end. Despite narrowly avoiding relegation, Ian McCall was sacked by Queen of the South, with his assistant Gordon Chisholm taking over. His departure from Queen of the South was in bitter circumstances. McCall fielded an ineligible player in Jamie Adams in a Scottish Cup run early in 2007. Queens were fined £20,000 by the SFA. Chairman Davie Rae described the fine as, "A considerable sum". McCall's departure from Queens was at the season's end. In 70 games in charge McCall notched 19 wins.

Partick Thistle
He became manager of Partick Thistle in May 2007. staying until 15 April 2011 when he departed after achieving 70 wins from 179 games in charge. In his first season in charge, McCall largely rebuilt the squad, bringing in players such as Marc Twaddle, Gary Harkins and Liam Buchanan, each of whom would go on to serve with distinction at the club.

Ayr United
After three years out of the game, McCall was appointed manager of Ayr United in January 2015. He led the "Honest Men" to promotion to the Scottish Championship through the play-offs in May 2016. They were relegated the following season in May 2017. McCall then led an instant promotion back to the second tier in the following season by winning the Scottish League One title. Ayr reached the promotion playoffs in 2018–19. McCall left the club in September 2019 to rejoin Partick Thistle.

Partick Thistle (second spell)
During his second stint as Thistle manager, McCall won promotion to the Championship in 2020–21. This had followed their relegation in the 2019–20 season, which had been curtailed by the COVID-19 pandemic. McCall left the club on 12 February 2023, following a Scottish Cup defeat against Rangers.

Clyde
McCall was appointed Clyde manager in November 2023.

Media work
McCall has worked for a number of years as a media pundit. McCall commented, "I can't really slag my bosses at the BBC because they're my pals."

Personal life
McCall lives in Glasgow. He has a son, called Edson, from a previous marriage.

Player

 * Dundee
 * Scottish First Division (1): 1991–92

 * Falkirk
 * Scottish First Division (1): 1993–94
 * Scottish Challenge Cup (1): 1993–94
 * Stirlingshire Cup (1): 1992–93

Manager

 * Clydebank
 * Scottish Second Division: Promotion 1997–98

 * Airdrieonians
 * Scottish Challenge Cup: 2001–02

 * Falkirk
 * Stirlingshire Cup: 2002–03

 * Ayr United
 * Scottish League One : 2017–18
 * Scottish Championship Play-offs: 2015–16

 * Partick Thistle
 * Scottish League One: 2020–21

Individual

 * SPFL League One Manager of the Year (3): 2015–16, 2017–18, 2020–21

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ian McCall (footballer)


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Mackenzie, British Columbia

Mackenzie is a district municipality within the Fraser-Fort George Regional District in central British Columbia, Canada. The community is located at the south end of Williston Lake. The townsite, established by Alexandra Forest Industries (acquired by BC Forest Products in 1967) and Cattermole Timber (partnered with Jujo Paper in 1970 to create Finlay Forest Industries), was named for Sir Alexander MacKenzie (1764–1820).

Economy
Mackenzie's main industries are logging, lumber and tourism. Duz Cho Logging, sawmills, such as the now closed Canfor Corporation Mackenzie sawmill (successor to BCFP's lumber division) and the currently still running Conifex Timber (successor to FFI), and the Paper Excellence kraft pulp mill (successor to BCFP's pulp division), were major employers in town. As of July 2019, the Canfor sawmill ceased production indefinitely as part of a province-wide curtailment of operations and in 2020 the pulp mill was also permanently shut down. The nearby Centerra Gold Mount Milligan copper-gold operation provides secondary economic activity for the town.

Transportation
Mackenzie is located on Highway 39, 28 km from Highway 97. There is a scheduled bus service to Chetwynd and Prince George, although since Greyhound pulled out of Canada the new bus service is not very frequent. It is also served by a small airport. There is no scheduled passenger service but charter services are available.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Mackenzie had a population of 3,281 living in 1,515 of its 1,837 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 3,714. With a land area of 154.19 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Mackenzie included:
 * Irreligion (2,095 persons or 61.5%)
 * Christianity (1,260 persons or 37.0%)
 * Hinduism (20 persons or 0.6%)
 * Other (25 persons or 0.7%)

Climate
Mackenzie has a subarctic climate that has influences from the Pacific Ocean resulting in less cold winters than expected for its northerly latitude compared to other Canadian locations. It has warm summer days, but the cool nights ensure that only three months go above 10 C in mean temperatures. Winters are very cold on occasion, although relatively short for a subarctic climate with a January mean of -9.2 C as the coldest month.

Recreation
In the winter, Mackenzie hosts dog sled racing, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling competitions, and maintains 32 km of groomed cross-country ski trails. Morfee Mountain overlooks Mackenzie and is suitable for hiking and off-road vehicle usage. Mackenzie has a swimming pool, indoor skating rink, a curling rink, and two beaches on Morfee Lake; First Beach is used primarily for recreational swimming, and Second Beach includes a boat launch. Mackenzie is home to Little Mac Ski Hill, a small local ski hill and mountain-bike park located east of town and a 45-minutes drive from Powder King ski resort. The nearby lakes and forests are suitable for fishing and hunting.

Mackenzie Golf and Country Club is a semi-private, nine-hole golf course with a driving range. It is situated within walking distance of most of the town.

Community facilities
Community facilities include a recreation centre that houses the public library, gym, swimming pool, ice rink, and community hall. There is also an art centre, a museum, two shopping malls, and two schools: Mackenzie Secondary School (which also serves McLeod Lake), and Morfee Elementary School. The schools are operated by the Prince George School District (No. 57).

Mackenzie also has several religious establishments, including a Sikh temple, St. Peter's Catholic, Mackenzie Baptist and Hope Trinity (converging the Anglican, Lutheran and United faiths) churches and Living Joy Christian Centre.

Mackenzie has been served by CHMM-FM, a not-for-profit radio station since 2003.

Mackenzie has its own Royal Canadian Mounted Police detachment, a provincial courtroom, a volunteer fire department, and a municipal hospital.

Tourist attractions
Mackenzie is situated less than 10 km east of Williston Lake reservoir, the largest man-made lake in British Columbia. Mackenzie is also the home of the world's largest tree crusher.

Notable people

 * Turner Stevenson – Former National Hockey League player
 * Leah Callahan – Canadian Olympic wrestler (London 2012)

title: Mackenzie, British Columbia


text:
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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:42, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Coficofi


text:
Members of the Tasmanian Legislative Council

These are lists of members of the Tasmanian Legislative Council. Members of the Legislative Council serve six-year terms, with two or three members facing re-election at periodic elections held every year. Due to the difficulty of categorising members without having lists for each individual year, members are categorised here in six-year blocks starting firstly from 1885 and then from 1999.

 * 1879–1885
 * 1885–1891
 * 1891–1897
 * 1897–1903
 * 1903–1909
 * 1909–1915
 * 1915–1921
 * 1921–1927
 * 1927–1933
 * 1933–1939
 * 1939–1945
 * 1945–1951
 * 1951–1957
 * 1957–1963
 * 1963–1969
 * 1969–1975
 * 1975–1981
 * 1981–1987
 * 1987–1993
 * 1993–1999
 * 1999–2005
 * 2005–2011
 * 2011–2017
 * 2017–2023
 * 2023–2029


text:
Spiraling (band)

Spiraling is a New Jersey-based pop-rock quartet. The band was formed out of a previous incarnation called You Were Spiraling by keyboardist/vocalist Tom Brislin.

Spiraling gained national exposure with its self-produced independent release Transmitter. Critical and popular response to the album was enthusiastic. The Star-Ledger of Newark hailed, "There isn't a dull moment on the band's self-released, immaculately produced debut album Transmitter." It also attracted the attention of The New York Times, among a host of other national publications. It is difficult to pigeonhole the group's dynamic, synth-infused modern rock sound.

The band has performed with marquee acts such as OK Go, They Might Be Giants, Violent Femmes, and Rooney at various venues. In 2007, Brislin toured with Deborah Harry during the True Colors tour, and Spiraling was the whole band for Harry's Necessary Evil tour. Spiraling regularly plays at Glen Burtnik's XMAS Xtravaganza, performing "Nutrocker" and "Do You Hear What I Hear". At the 2007 Xtravanganza, they also played "Feliz Navidad" with Harry singing.

Brislin has toured with progressive-rock legends Yes, as well as behind the operatic-rock of Meat Loaf, holding his own with these music veterans and gaining acceptance from both acts' devoted followings. He now is a member of Kansas, with writing credits on their new album The Absence of Presence.

Members

 * Tom Brislin – keyboards and vocals
 * Bob Hart – bass
 * Marty O'Kane – guitar
 * Paul Wells – drums

Discography

 * 2002 Transmitter
 * 2004 Challenging Stage
 * 2004 Spiraling Live in New York City
 * 2008 Time Travel Made Easy
 * 2011 Spiraling Live at Maxwell's 12/17/2004

title: Spiraling (band)


text:
User talk:Neveresa

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Ragib 04:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Neveresa


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Erich Bey

Konteradmiral Erich Bey (23 March 1898 – 26 December 1943) was a German admiral during World War II. He served as commander of the Kriegsmarine's destroyer forces and commanded the battleship Scharnhorst in the Battle of the North Cape on 26 December 1943, during which he went down with his ship.

Career
Bey joined the Kaiserliche Marine on 13 June 1916 and served in its destroyer arm. Following the end of World War I, he stayed in the navy and continued his career as the Nazi Party rose to power in Germany. By the start of World War II he was commissioned a Fregattenkapitän (frigate captain).

Bey led the 4th Destroyer Flotilla, consisting of the destroyers Z11 Bernd von Arnim, Z12 Erich Giese and Z13 Erich Koellner, as part of Kommodore Friedrich Bonte's force that carried General Eduard Dietl's mountain troops for the occupation of Narvik during the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940. In the following Battles of Narvik on 10 April and 13 April, Bey distinguished himself by leading a small group of destroyers in a brave though doomed action against a superior Royal Navy force that included the battleship HMS Warspite (03). Bey was awarded with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 May 1940. The next day he was promoted to captain and appointed commander of the German destroyer force (Führer der Zerstörer), succeeding Commodore Bonte, who had been killed on 10 April in the first Battle of Narvik. Bey then commanded the destroyer screen protecting the ships of the Brest Group (Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Prinz Eugen) during Operation Cerberus (the “Channel Dash”) in February 1942. Of the three, Scharnhorst suffered extensive damage, having struck a naval mine laid off the Dover Straits.

Battle of the North Cape
Promoted to Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral), on 1 March 1943, Bey on 26 December led a task force consisting of the battleship Scharnhorst and the destroyers Z29, Z30, Z33, Z34 and Z38 out of the Altafjord in Operation Ostfront. The first and only surface sortie ordered by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, Bey's objective was to intercept the Allied Convoy JW 55B en route to Murmansk.

Bey's initial force of Scharnhorst and five destroyers was superior to the convoy's escorting British cruisers and destroyers in terms of firepower. However, Bey's flagship was outmatched by Admiral Bruce Fraser's battleship HMS Duke of York (17) which led the British Home Fleet shadowing the convoy. Scharnhorst was expected to use her speed to avoid an engagement with the Duke of York.

Poor weather, heavy seas and inadequate Luftwaffe reconnaissance prevented Bey from initially locating the convoy, so he detached his destroyers to fan out and assist in the search. However, the storm meant that Bey's destroyers ended up playing no part in the battle. Bey in the Scharnhorst managed to locate the convoy, but in the first engagement of the ensuing Battle of North Cape, while trading fire with the British convoy's screening cruisers, Scharnhorst's radar was destroyed, rendering her more or less blind during the long winter night. Scharnhorst was then caught by the more powerful Duke of York and suffered critical damage before being sunk after several torpedo hits from destroyers. Of Scharnhorst's crew of 1,968, Royal Navy vessels fished 36 men alive from the icy sea, not one of them an officer.

Awards

 * Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd Class (16 October 1939)
 * Iron Cross (1939), 1st Class (20 November 1939)
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 May 1940 as Kapitän zur See and chief of the 4. Zerstörer-Flottille

title: Erich Bey


text: User talk:83.135.57.112

title: User talk:83.135.57.112


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Tumbler Ridge

Tumbler Ridge is a district municipality in the foothills of the B.C. Rockies in northeastern British Columbia, Canada, and a member municipality of the Peace River Regional District. With a population of 2,399 (2021) living in a townsite, the municipality encompasses an area of 1558 km2 of mostly Crown land. The townsite is located near the confluence of the Murray River and Flatbed Creek and the intersection of Highway 52 and Highway 29 and includes the site of the Tumbler Ridge Secondary School and Tumbler Ridge Airport. It is part of the Peace River South provincial electoral district and the Prince George—Peace River—Northern Rockies federal riding.

Tumbler Ridge is a planned community with the housing and infrastructure construct built simultaneously in 1981 by the provincial government to service the coal industry as part of the British Columbia Resources Investment Corporation's Northeast Coal Development. In 1981, a consortium of Japanese steel mills agreed to purchase 100 million tonnes of coal over 15 years for US$7.5 billion from two mining companies, Denison Mines Inc. and the Teck Corporation, who were to operate the Quintette mine and the Bullmoose mine respectively. Declining global coal prices after 1981, and weakening Asian markets in the late 1990s, made the town's future uncertain and kept it from achieving its projected population of 10,000 people. The uncertainty dissuaded investment and kept the economy from diversifying. When price reductions were forced onto the mines, the Quintette mine was closed in 2000 production and the town lost about half its population. Coal prices began to rise after the turn of the century, leading to the opening of the Peace River Coal Trend mine by Northern Energy & Mining Inc. (now owned by Anglo American Met Coal) and the Wolverine Mine, originally owned by Western Canadian Coal, which was purchased by Walter Energy in 2010. Walter went bankrupt in 2015, and their Canadian assets—including the Wolverine Mine—were purchased by Conuma Coal in 2016.

After dinosaur footprints and fossils were discovered in the municipality, along with fossils of Triassic fishes and Cretaceous plants, the Peace Region Paleontology Research Center opened in 2003, followed by a dinosaur museum. The study of the area led to a recognition of its geological importance and listing in the UNESCO Global Geopark Network. Nearby recreational destinations include numerous trails, mountains, waterfalls, snowmobiling areas and provincial parks, such as Monkman Provincial Park, Bearhole Lake Provincial Park, and Gwillim Lake Provincial Park.

History
Archaeological evidence show a human presence dating back 3,000 years. The nomadic Sekani, followed by the Dunneza and then the Cree, periodically lived in temporary settlements around the future municipality. Formal exploratory and surveying expeditions were conducted by S. Prescott Fay, with Robert Cross and Fred Brewster in 1914, J.C. Gwillim in 1919, Edmund Spieker in 1920, and John Holzworth in 1923. Spieker coined the name Tumbler Ridge, referring to the mountains northwest of the future town, by altering Gwillim's map that named them Tumbler Range. Permanent settlers were squatters, five families by 1920, who maintained trap lines. In the 1950s and 1960s, oil and natural gas exploration and logging was conducted through the area, and 15 significant coal deposits were discovered. Coal prices rose after the 1973 oil crisis leading to 40 government studies examining the viability of accessing the coal, given the 1,130 km (700 mi) to the nearest port and the mountainous barrier.

With these coal deposits in mind, a purchasing agreement was signed in 1981 by two Canadian mining companies, a consortium of Japanese steel mills, and the governments of British Columbia and Canada. As part of the deal, the provincial government committed, under the North East Coal Development plan, to build a new town near the deposits, two highways off Highway 97, a power line from the W. A. C. Bennett Dam at Hudson's Hope, and a branch rail line through the Rocky Mountains. An alternative of using work camps staffed by people from Dawson Creek and Chetwynd was also considered. Massive initial investments were required as planning for the new town began in 1976 with the objective of having a fully functioning town ready before residents arrived.

The community's 1977 conceptual plan estimated a population of 3,568 residents in 1981, 7,940 in 1985, and 10,584 in 1987, after which the level was expected to stabilize. The planners of the community advised the mining companies to hire workers who were married, believing they would live in Tumbler Ridge longer and reduce employment turnover. Coordinated through the provincial Ministry of Municipal Affairs, the community, regional infrastructure, and mining plants were all built simultaneously. When the municipality was incorporated in April 1981 the area was completely forested. During that year building sites and roadways were cleared and in the winter the water and sewer system was built. In 1982, houses and other buildings were constructed. Full production at the mines was reached the following year. The population rose to 3,833 people in 1984. The 1986 Canadian census, the first census to recognize Tumbler Ridge as a census subdivision, recorded 4,566 residents.

In 1984, world coal prices were dropping and the Japanese consortium requested a reduction in the price of coal from the Tumbler Ridge mines. As price reduction requests continued, the concern over the viability of the mines led the BC Assessment Authority to lower the 1987 property assessments for the Quintette mine from CAD$156 million to $89 million and the Bullmoose mine $70 million to $43 million. This lowered their taxes as they tried to enforce the purchasing agreement at the Supreme Court of Canada. Their 1990 ruling required the Quintette Operations Company to reduce coal prices and reimburse the Japanese consortium $4.6 million. The company responded by reducing production, cutting employment, and applying for court protection from creditors. This allowed Teck to acquire 50% interest and take over management of the Quintette mine, but it was unable to stop further job losses. Tumbler Ridge's population, which had peaked in 1991 at 4,794 people, began to decline.

As most residents left town, apartment blocks were closed and the mine companies bought back all but 11 houses in the town. After 30% of the workforce had been laid off, new contracts with the Japanese consortium were signed in 1997, allowing re-hirings to begin, but with lower export levels. The North East Coal Development was projected to create a net benefit of CAD$0.9 billion (2000), but incurred a net loss of $2.8 billion and half the expected regional employment.

The population declined as many residents were unable to find other work in the town, even as a sawmill for specialty woods opened in 1999. After Teck closed the Quintette mine in August 2000 and shifted production to the lower cost Bullmoose mine, the municipal council established the Tumbler Ridge Revitalization Task Force to investigate ways to boost and diversify the economy. The Task Force negotiated the return of the housing stock from the mines to the free market, grants from the province to become debt-free, and stabilized funds from the province for healthcare and education. The discovery of dinosaur tracks in 2000 by two local boys while playing near a creek, led to major fossil and bone discoveries from the Cretaceous Period. To survey and study the finds, government funding was secured to found both the Tumbler Ridge Museum Foundation and Peace Region Palaeontology Research Centre. Tumbler Ridge' population was recorded as 1,932 people in 2001.

The community went through a second boom-and-bust cycle beginning in 2004 with the increase in world coal prices. Western Canadian Coal opened new open-pit mining operations creating the Brule (Dillon) mine using some of the Bullmoose mining infrastructure, between the townsite and Chetwynd, and the Wolverine mine. These mines were purchased by Walter Energy in 2010, but world coal prices began to drop again in 2011 and in April 2014, Walter put their Canadian operations into care and maintenance, laying off nearly 700 people. Similarly, Anglo American placed their Trend mine in care and maintenance in 2015. These second generation coal mines were not as dominant in town affairs as Quinette and Bullmoose were such that, while as of 2016 there were no operating coal mines, the town had achieved some success in other activities, such as wind power, forestry and tourism. Most significantly, the area around Tumbler Ridge was listed as North America's second UNESCO Global Geoparks promoting its geological significance.

On June 8, 2023, the community of Tumbler Ridge was evacuated due to the 2023 Canadian wildfires.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Tumbler Ridge had a population of 2,399 living in 1,093 of its 1,551 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 1,987. With a land area of 1557.41 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

The 2016 Canadian Census reported Tumbler Ridge's median age increased from 38.8 years in 2001 to 39.4 in 2016. In 2006, of those over 15 years of age, 62% were married, higher than the 54% provincial average. Reflecting the nature of the industrial jobs available in town, in 2001, only 12% of residents between 20 and 64 years of age completed university, half of the provincial average, and 26% did not complete high school, much higher than the 19% provincial average.

As of the 2021 Census, the municipality is 78% European, 14% Indigenous, 3% Filipino, 2% Black and 2% Chinese.

Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Tumbler Ridge included:
 * Irreligion (1,430 persons or 59.7%)
 * Christianity (935 persons or 39.0%)
 * Other (25 persons or 1.0%)

Geography and climate
The townsite is located on a series of southern-facing gravel terraces on a ridge of Mount Bergeron, overlooking the confluence of the Murray and Wolverine Rivers. The site, above the floodplain of the Murray River, has well-drained soils with easy access to aquifers with potable water. The rocks, mostly shale and mudstone but lacking quartzite, make the mountains less rugged than their neighbouring ranges. The terraces grow Lodgepole Pine, White Spruce, Trembling Aspen trees. Moose and elk are common. Escarpments to the east and north could pose a snow avalanche threat but are kept forested for stability. In 2006, the town was evacuated for several days as four forest fires approached the town.

Major coal deposits indicate the site was a swampy forest during the Cretaceous. Paleontologists have discovered tracks or fossils from ankylosauria, ornithopods (including a Hadrosaurus), and theropods. Fossils of Cretaceous plants such as ferns, redwoods, cycads, and ginkgo, and Triassic fishes and reptiles such as coelacanths, Weigeltisaurus, and ichthyosaurs have been recovered.

The town experiences a continental climate. Arctic air masses move predominantly southwest from the Mackenzie Valley towards the Rocky Mountains and through the mountains north of town. The town is in a rain shadow behind Mount Bergeron, though much of the precipitation is lost in the mountains beforehand. Town planners laid out the roads so that they run along wind breaks, and buildings and parks are located in wind shadows.

After examining other resource towns in Canada, the planners followed socio-spatial guidelines and principles in physical planning. The coal mining facilities were well separated from the townsite to minimize the feeling of a company town. An attempt to mitigate potential lifestyle conflicts between families and childless households was made by separating the low-density, single-family dwellings from the low-rise apartments. The apartment blocks were planned for areas with clusters of trees and excellent viewscapes, but close to the town plaza. The low-density residences that were more likely to have children living in them were oriented around elementary schools and parks. Cul-de-sacs were avoided in favour of better linkages and pedestrian access.

Climate
Bullmoose is a weather station near Tumbler Ridge, situated on the northern slopes of Bullmoose Mountain, at an elevation of 1102 m (3615 ft). Bullmoose has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc), with long, snowy winters and short, mild summers.

Infrastructure and services
Two highways diverge from Highway 97 and intersect in Tumbler Ridge: Highway 52 (Heritage Highway) which runs 98 km (61 mi) south at Arras, and Highway 29 which runs 90 km (56 mi) southeast from Chetwynd. At the intersection Highway 29 ends but Highway 52 continues south past Tumbler Ridge, then unpaved, it runs northeast to Highway 2 near the Alberta border. In town, the 28 km (17 mi) of paved roads are laid out in a curvilinear pattern that use two arterial roads, MacKenzie Way and Monkman Way, to connect each section of town. Service roads from the townsite to the mines and forestry areas are maintained by the industries but are unpaved.

The unmanned Tumbler Ridge Airport, with its 1,219 m (4,000 ft) asphalt runway, is used by chartered and local flights. The closest airports with regularly scheduled flights are in Dawson Creek, Fort St John and Grande Prairie. The rail line into town is a 132 km (82 mi) formerly electrified branch line through the Rocky Mountains constructed by BC Rail to transport coal to the Port of Prince Rupert. The branch line includes two major tunnels: the 9 km (6 mi) Table Tunnel and the 6 km (4 mi) Wolverine Tunnel.

Fire rescue services are provided by the town's own 16-member composite fire department. Police services are provided by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police which maintains a five officer detachment within the municipality. BCEHS maintains an on-call ambulance service as well as a Community Paramedicine Program. Tumbler Ridge Search and Rescue provide backcountry emergency response to the surrounding areas around Tumbler Ridge. The town operates a water treatment system and sewage disposal system. Drinking water is drawn from two drilled wells south of the townsite where it is stored in a 7 million litre reservoir before being chlorinated and pumped into town. The storm sewers empty into the Murray River, but the sanitary sewage is processed through a lagoon system and released into the Murray River north of town. Both the town and the province, through the Northern Health Authority, operate the Tumbler Ridge Community Health Centre. The closest hospitals with over-night beds are in Chetwynd and Dawson Creek. The two public schools, Tumbler Ridge Elementary School and Tumbler Ridge Secondary School are run by the School District 59 Peace River South. Post-secondary courses, programs, and industry training are offered by Northern Lights College at the secondary school and community centre.

Economy
Tumbler Ridge was built to provide a labour force for the coal mining industry, which has remained the dominant employer throughout the town's history. The mining companies had a contract to sell 100 million tons of coal to a consortium of Japanese steel mills over 15 years for US$7.5 billion (1981). The Quintette Operating Corporation (QOC) was formed by partnership between Denison Mines (50%), Mitsui Mining (20%), Tokyo Boeki (20%), and other smaller firms, and began blasting at the Quintette mine in October 1982. The Bullmoose Operating Corporation was formed by the Teck Corporation (51%), Lornex (39%), and Nissho Iwai (10%) and worked the smaller Bullmoose mine. The economic viability of the mining companies were in question since the world coal prices began falling in the early 1980s and the Japanese consortium requested reduced prices. After the Supreme Court ruled that the coal prices must be reduced, the QOC filed for court protection from its creditors allowing the Teck Corporation to take over management in 1992. By 1996, even as lay-offs continued, over half the town's labour force were employed at one of the two mines. New contracts with the Japanese consortium, signed 1997, moved production to the lower cost Bullmoose mine but guaranteed production until 2003 when that mine was expected to be exhausted. The Quintette mine was closed altogether on August 31, 2000. Since then, three other coal mines opened but were unprofitable: Walter Energy's Willow Creek, Brule and Wolverine mines. HD Mining International pursued opening another coal mine, the Murray River project, but encountered labour challenges.

While there was an intent by the town's planners to move to a more diversified economy, the few initiatives in this direction were not supported by the industries or local decision-makers. Uncertainty about the town's future had been a serious concern to residents since the 1984 price reduction demands, but it was not until the closure of the Quintette mine that the town pursued diversification initiatives, such as tourism (attractions from dinosaur fossil discoveries, outdoor recreation, and nearby provincial parks), forestry, and oil and gas exploration.

Culture, recreation and media
After dinosaur trackways were discovered in 2000, and bones in 2002, the Tumbler Ridge Museum Foundation began excavations and opened the Peace Region Palaeontology Research Centre. Fossils and bones are displayed at both locations. Tours and educational programs related to dinosaur, the trackways, and the wilderness are offered. In Fall 2014 Tumbler Ridge was designated a full member of UNESCO's Global Geopark Network. Comprising 7,822 km2, the geopark highlights the geological heritage of the area such as Cretaceous dinosaur tracks and bone bed and fossils of Triassic fishes and marine reptiles.

Tumbler Ridge's location among the Rocky Mountains has allowed for the development of numerous trail systems for motorized and non-motorized recreation. The trails and open areas span numerous mountains. Kinuseo Falls along the Murray River in the Monkman Provincial Park is the most popular destination for visitors to Tumbler Ridge. Two other provincial parks are just outside the municipal boundaries: Bearhole Lake Provincial Park and Gwillim Lake Provincial Park.

Annual events held in Tumbler Ridge include the Grizfest Music Festival and the Emperor's Challenge. The Emperor's Challenge is a 21 km (13 mi) half marathon up Roman Mountain that has been held in August since 1998. The Grizfest Music Festival (formerly Grizzly Valley Days) is a two-day event held on the August or September long weekend that includes a concert, parade, displays and other community-wide events.

Tumbler Ridge has one newspaper published in the community, the locally owned and operated Tumbler Ridgelines . It started after the publisher of the Tumbler Ridge News (formerly Community Connections) died in 2017. The Tumbler Ridge Observer formerly covered the town and was published by the Peace River Block Daily News in Dawson Creek. No radio station, or television station broadcasts from the town but there are local repeaters for stations from larger centres.

Government and politics
The District of Tumbler Ridge's council-manager form of municipal government is headed by a mayor (who also represents Tumbler Ridge on the Peace River Regional District's governing board) and a six-member council; these positions are subject to at-large elections every four years. Keith Bertrand was elected mayor on October 21, 2018, succeeding one-term mayors Don McPherson (2014-2018), Darwin Wren (2011-2014) and Larry White (2008-2011), who had all succeeded long-time mayor Mike Caisley. Residents of the District also elect one school trustee to School District 59.

For representation in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Tumbler Ridge is part of the Peace River South electoral district which has been represented by Mike Bernier of the BC Liberal Party since 2013. Prior to Bernier, the riding was represented by Blair Lekstrom who was elected in the 2001 provincial election, with 72% support from the town's polls and re-elected in 2005 with 64% and in 2009 with 70% support. Before Lekstrom, Peace River South was represented by Jack Weisgerber as a member of the Social Credit Party of British Columbia (1986–1994) and Reform Party of British Columbia (1994–2001). In 1996, as leader of the Reform Party, Weisgerber won re-election despite the Tumbler Ridge polls placing him second to the New Democratic Party candidate.

Federally, Tumbler Ridge is in the Prince George—Peace River—Northern Rockies riding, represented in the House of Commons of Canada by Conservative Party Member of Parliament Bob Zimmer. Before Zimmer, who was elected in May 2011, the riding was represented by Jay Hill since 1993. The riding was represented by Frank Oberle of the Progressive Conservative Party from 1972 to 1993. Oberle served as Canada's Minister of Science and Technology in 1985 and Minister of Forestry in 1989.

title: Tumbler Ridge


text:
User talk:Ragib/Archive 2

BioCOTW Project
You voted for  Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, this weeks' Biography Collaboration of the weeks. Please come and help them become a featured-standard article.

Public Domain Image
Ooops, sorry, I didn't know it was a gov. image. --Hottentot

 * She was the prime minister between 1996-2001. The image was by law kept in every Government and nonn govt. office in Bangladesh. I have contacted her party's website to get permission to resolve the matter completely. In any case, the photo is an official govt release. Thanks. --Ragib 4 July 2005 03:43 (UTC)

Bangla Script
Hi Ragib! Why does Bangla script appear as if it were subscript? For example: ভারতভাগ্যবিধাতা! ?? It think it a problem with Mozilla Firefox. Maybe we can report the bug. deeptrivia July 4, 2005 23:45 (UTC)

 * Well, did you try looking thru IE? It seems fine with that. The reason is that you need to enable Eastern language support in Windows XP, to be able to see it from Firefox. See Control Panel->regional and language options->Languages->Supplemental language support. You need to check Install files for complex language support. You also need to have windows XP Service pack2 installed. IE does that natively, so the bangla script in unicode shows up fine in IE. In Linux, the script should show up in any firefox version with Pango rendering compiled in. Thanks. --Ragib 4 July 2005 23:50 (UTC)

Actually, you can see the script in firefox, but it is very small. I can see other scripts (I installed the things you mentioned last month), and on the Jana Gana Mana page, where the font size is increased to 5, I can see Bangla prefectly on Firefox. There is something wrong with the default size. I looks like subscript. Thanks. deeptrivia July 4, 2005 23:56 (UTC)

 * I think the problem may be with the fonts you have. Because I can see Jana Gana Mana's Bangla script in quite large size. You can vist www.ekushey.org to get some more Bangla unicode fonts. --Ragib 5 July 2005 00:09 (UTC)

Re: personal message
That's interesting to know. I also got a copy of the "letter to help Hridoy" and it seems you are involved with it. I'm trying my best to help from here. Do you have an IM client ID? It might be better not to use up Wikipedia server space for personal conversations. -- Urnonav 7 July 2005 17:32 (UTC)
 * Sure, use my full name without spaces, that's my yahoo ID. Or email me. --Ragib 7 July 2005 22:44 (UTC)

Welcome
You beat me to welcoming J E Baily. :P oh by the way you oughta archive your talk page at User Talk:Ragib/Archive1. Redwolf24 9 July 2005 01:52 (UTC)

Bangladesh districts (new project)
It seems like most of the 64 districts have no wikipedia page. I would like to start working on a project to get at least the basics of each district from Banglapedia and other sources and get a decent page for each district. What would be nicer is to have a general template that will ease navigation between the various administrative divisions: divisions and districts. Would you be interested to help out by any chance? (Leave a message on my talk page.) -- Urnonav 9 July 2005 12:23 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that structure is definitely what I was hoping for. I already finished the first of the my share. See Chuadanga and let me know if this is fine. I'll start with districts in Khulna Division. Check out any British cities or counties, e.g. London or South East England. They have a really nice structured template. I believe India also uses one. Do you know how to make these? I also left a message on Shmitra's page. -- Urnonav 20:51, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I got the map from Banglapedia. So I am not very sure of copyright issues. However, I think it will fall under fair use, since it was the only map available. I will try to get some maps and pictures if I visit Bangladesh soon. Thanks for the notification of the vote. It's done! -- Urnonav 09:35, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

BioCOTW
If you feel that the Sheikh Hasina article still needs improvements I created this section. Falphin 9 July 2005 15:58 (UTC)

Cricket COTF
Hi

I see you're supporting Bangladeshi cricket team as a cricket COTF. I don't know whether you've seen WikiProject Cricket, but you'll notice that as yet we don't have any Bangladesh fans as part of the WikiProject. Would you be interested in joining - and/or do you know others who would be interested? jguk 10:58, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

You may (or may not) be interested in Bangladeshis in England in 2005 - it includes that victory against the Aussies (though not much else of cheer for you, I'm afraid!). We've also got Bangladesh A in England in 2005 and Bangladeshi national cricket captains is a Featured list. We could really do with some piccis and more write-ups of Bangladeshi cricketers though, if you're willing to dabble from time to time, jguk 11:19, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Nemo here
thanks for the notes. I once more looked over the entire history of this page, and I especially recognize your good efforts. Also followed some of your contributions and see that you have really added value. Barnstar for you? That's a compliment -- the respect of your colleagues.

These non-registered IP guys are a pain in the ass. Their edits have been very POV and very stupid. Bad combination. They don't seem to have much gas, however -- I've bit back, and that's bveen the last of it.

I really don't have time to bulldog changes, so will soon just sail off into the sunset and return only occasionally. Aurengzeb deserved decent treatment; and I did my very best to see he got what he deserved. I hope what I wrote replaced POV with facts and references. I know it is likely to be degraded going forward, but for one brief shining moment, there was a version I could live with.

Please stay in touch. --Nemonoman 02:41, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

--It seems to be a never ending and a losing battle on the South Asian pages which are swarming with hardline hindutva elements. There is hardly a page where they don't squeeze in hate literature, mostly quoting from VHP sites which in turn quote one historian associated with them. These are not the viewpoints of the mainstream historians in India and I am afraid, left to the hardliners swarming around here, there will be little objectivity left on Wikipedia pages that deal with South Asian culture, history or politics. How can this be stopped? A prime example of this is the page on Genocides, which I have edited of late : sj_oblx

Re: Bangladesh army
I will try to get some first hand info on a planned trip to Bangladesh, but see if your friend can give us some more insight. The tone used by a lot of Indian wikipedians with regards to Bangladeshi history is one depicting utter ignorance of their own history, false self-esteem, abused information and a "holier than thou" attitude. Amazing how (s)he now wants to make a section on military coups - what a surprise indeed! I wonder when Wikipedia will come up with a standard on that.

I'm watching that article for now. At least Idleguy is not one of those hit-and-run anons! By the way, if you read Banglapedia's article on how the Mukti Bahini was organised and so on lot of information comes up about how the technically-speaking first army was built. I'll see if I get some free time to compile something.

Thanks for the e-mail to Asiatic Society. I owe you one! As for the support from various groups, well, it has to come from within, but having some people who know better than an expatriate kid with no background in Bangladeshi history is definitely better. -- Urnonav 10:30, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Durga
Made it 1000, clearly still less than real number. Anyway.--ppm 21:13, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Babel templates
Hi,

I added templates for all levels of Bangla users. I am not sure if the templates are right - in terms of keeping in line with the sentence being used in other languages. I checked the other languages I know and made some "translations". It would be nice if you could check the templates:

 * basic
 * intermediate
 * advanced
 * native

Thanks,

-- Urnonav 04:22, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Could I ask for the creation of a level 4 tag as well? We are implementing, for all languages (over time), a tag that states that a user can contribute at a near-native level (that is, the person is able to speak and understand, etc. as well as a native), but is not a native speaker of the language.  For references of other tags already created: en-4, es-4 and fr-4.  That would be a great help.  Thanks in advance.  Regards, Redux 21:48, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Personal problem with Bangla typing
Well since you are a computer guy, thought I'd ask you this. I've lately been having troubling typing "khônđottô". I use AvroKeyboard layout and whenever I press Shift+7, it gives me a "tô" with a "hôshontô", like this: ত্. I tried using different fonts, nothing happens. Would you know what's going on and how to fix it? -- Urnonav 15:02, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, did you try using the Ekushay typing system? I haven't tried Avro, so don't know the problem with that. In any case, there is a quick and dirty solution to typing Bangla, open winword, switch to a Bangla unicode font, Go to Insert Symbols, and insert Khanda-ta from the list. Then copy and paste Khanda-ta to Wiki's edit box. Works fine for me :) --Ragib 15:05, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * CS hacks! ppftt... thanks! -- Urnonav 12:18, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Award
Great work towards expanding our coverage of Bangladesh! Keep it up. Regards, Redux 21:50, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You're most welcome. Credit where credit is due.  Redux 22:32, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Bengali article
Hi Ragib

I actually started to make changes (anonymously, as 70.33.82.99) to the Bengali language article, but my revisions were removed, so I got discouraged and moved onto the Bengali script article! However, I am very interested in helping you all out with the article, since my passion is pretty much Bengali linguistics.

My main interest is in phonetics and phonology, and I feel I can make some revisions there that could fix some inaccurate or confusing information, and simple typographical errors. I realize I also added a lot of extraneous transliteration, and I'll try not to do that this time. However, I do not want to spend much time on the article if my changes get removed again! I get too easily discouraged I guess... hah.

I'm really excited to be part of this project!

Sameer

 * Hmmm, upon checking the history, I see that I had reverted some of your changes. The main issue was how much transliteration is necessary without making the article confusing. I had changed some of your transliterations because they seemed to make the names confusing. Please don't get discouraged ... we need many people to work on BD related articles and since you are studying the subject, you can help a lot in the Bengali language article with history plus other issues. Some other languages like Tamil has been elevated to "Featured Article" status, and it would be a shame if Bangla, the 4th largest natively-spoken language doesn't become so. So, let us work to make our Bangladesh related articles better. I'm working on the Liberation war articles, and just got a bunch of books from all over Illinois libraries. --Ragib 07:47, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Category
Alren is right. If a category is a subset of a larger category, there's no need for both to appear. LordGulliver is at fault. I have posted a message on his talk page. =Nichalp  «Talk»=  09:26, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Extent of transliteration
I saw your recent edit on Bangladesh page involving transliteration. That's a good point actually. To what extent should transliterations be used. There are several words that are commonly spelt in a certain way for no reason what so ever. For instance, Boishakh is spelt Baishakh. I'm assuming this is done to satisfy our Hindi speaking friends, but interestingly, it's not even important or relevant for them anymore. They have stopped following the calendar as soon as Mughal empire collapsed, I believe.

Then there are words like names of people which have accepted spellings. I believe standards on the extent of transliteration and pronunciation guidelines to be used are needed. There are few things to consider:

 * Where to provide transliteration - there are two cases: one, in which the word has an article associated with it and two, where the word is standalone with no page linked to it.
 * Words that have commonly used transliterations but these are clearly erroneous and are not universal
 * Words that are names of places, people, etc
 * Should transliterations be linked to the page that has IPA descriptions of the transliterations?

I'll add this as a new to-do on the Project Bengal.

Any ideas?

-- Urnonav 12:26, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ragib/Archive 2


text: User talk:68.45.216.132

title: User talk:68.45.216.132


text:
Clay Shirky

Clay Shirky (born 1964 ) is an American writer, consultant and teacher on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies and journalism.

In 2017 he was appointed Vice Provost of Educational Technologies of New York University (NYU), after serving as Chief Information Officer at NYU Shanghai from 2014 to 2017. He also is an associate professor at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute and Associate Arts Professor at the Tisch School of the Arts' Interactive Telecommunications Program. His courses address, among other things, the interrelated effects of the topology of social networks and technological networks, how our networks shape culture and vice versa.

He has written and been interviewed about the Internet since 1996. His columns and writings have appeared in Business 2.0, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, the Harvard Business Review and Wired. Shirky divides his time between consulting, teaching, and writing on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies. His consulting practice is focused on the rise of decentralized technologies such as peer-to-peer, web services, and wireless networks that provide alternatives to the wired client–server infrastructure that characterizes the World Wide Web. He is a member of the Wikimedia Foundation's advisory board. In The Long Tail, Chris Anderson calls Shirky "a prominent thinker on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies."

Education and career
After graduating from Yale University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in fine art in 1986, he moved to New York. In the 1990s he founded the Hard Place Theater, a theatre company that produced non-fiction theater using only found materials such as government documents, transcripts and cultural records and also worked as a lighting designer for other theater and dance companies, including the Wooster Group, Elevator Repair Service and Dana Reitz. During this time, Shirky was vice-president of the New York chapter of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and wrote technology guides for Ziff Davis. He appeared as an expert witness on cyberculture in Shea v. Reno, a case cited in the U. S. Supreme Court's decision to strike down the Communications Decency Act in 1996.

Shirky was the first Professor of New Media in the Media Studies department at Hunter College, where he developed the MFA in Integrated Media Arts program.

In the Fall of 2010, Shirky was a visiting Morrow Lecturer at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government instructing a course titled: "New Media and Public Action".

Views
In his book Here Comes Everybody, Shirky explains how he has long spoken in favor of crowdsourcing and collaborative efforts online. He uses the phrase "the Internet runs on love" to describe the nature of such collaborations. In the book, he discusses the ways in which the action of a group adds up to something more than just aggregated individual action borrowing the phrase "more is different" from physicist Philip Warren Anderson.

Shirky asserts that collaborative crowdsourced work results from "a successful fusion of a plausible promise, an effective tool, and an acceptable bargain with the users." He states that the promise of what the user will get out of participating in a project leads to a person's desire to get involved. Collaborators will then choose the best social networking tool to do the job. One that "must be designed to fit the job being done, and it must help people do something they actually want to do." The bargain, Shirky states, defines what collaborators expect from each other's participation in the project. Shirky's 'Promise, Tool, Bargain' premise restates aspects of the Uses and Gratifications Theory of mass media research.

He points to four key steps. The first is sharing, a sort of "me-first collaboration" in which the social effects are aggregated after the fact; people share links, URLs, tags, and eventually come together around a type. This type of sharing is a reverse of the so-called old order of sharing, where participants congregate first and then share (examples include Flickr, and Delicious). The second is conversation, that is, the synchronization of people with each other and the coming together to learn more about something and to get better at it. The third is collaboration, in which a group forms under the purpose of some common effort. It requires a division of labor, and teamwork. It can often be characterized by people wanting to fix a market failure, and is motivated by increasing accessibility.

The fourth and final step is collective action, which Shirky says is "mainly still in the future." The key point about collective action is that the fate of the group as a whole becomes important.

Shirky also introduces his theory of mass amateurization:

Combined with the lowering of transaction costs associated with creating content, mass amateurization of publishing changes the question from "Why publish this?" to "Why not?" Tied to mass amateurization is the idea of publish-then-filter which is now required due to the mere size and amount of material being created on a daily basis. Shirky calls this mass amateurization of filtering a forced move. He uses the Portland Pattern Repository, which introduced the wiki concept that inspired Wikipedia, as an example of this new marriage of mass content creation and mass filtering.

In 2010 Shirky published Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age which expands on themes introduced in Here Comes Everybody. The book follows concepts he introduced in a Web 2. 0 conference presentation April 23, 2008 called "Gin, Television, and Social Surplus", Herein he popularizes the concept of cognitive surplus, the time freed from watching television which can be enormously productive when applied to other social endeavors. Technology has turned many past consumers into producers. This new production capacity, combined with humanity's willingness to share, can change society if applied to civic endeavors.

Shirky introduces Cognitive Surplus as a continuation of his work in Here Comes Everybody. "This book picks up where that one left off, starting with the observation that the wiring of humanity lets us treat free time as a shared global resource, and lets us design new kinds of participation and sharing that take advantage of that resource."

Shirky has also written about "algorithmic authority," which describes the process through which unverified information is vetted for its trustworthiness through multiple sources.

Institutions vs collaboration
In July 2005, Shirky gave a talk titled "Institutions vs collaboration" as a part of TEDGlobal 2005. This presentation reveals many of the ideas and concepts that would ultimately be presented in Here Comes Everybody and in future TED talks. Shirky compares the coordination costs between groups formed under traditional institutions and those formed by groups which "build cooperation into the infrastructure." Classic institutions have to create economic, management, legal and physical structures and inherently, by creating these rigid structures, must exclude large numbers of people. Companies like Flickr, however, having built "cooperation into the infrastructure" of their company, do not have to build massive infrastructure nor exclude large groups of potential contributors.

Shirky states that since many social systems follow the Pareto principle wherein 20% of contributors account for 80% of contributions, traditional institutions lose out of the long tail of contributors by turning only the few that dominate the distribution into employees. The cooperative infrastructure model escapes having to lose this resource. Shirky presents an institution as enabler and institution as obstacle concept. The relatively small number of high-volume contributors can be assimilated, as employees, into the old-style corporate model and thus can live in an "institution-as-enabler world". The long tail of contributors, however, who make few and infrequent contributions, see institutions as an obstacle as they would never have been hired, therefore, disenfranchised. Shirky argues that an idea or contribution may be infrequent and significant. Furthermore, all of the long tail contributors, taken in aggregate, can be substantial.

One pitfall of the "mass amateurs" creating their own groups is that not all niches that are filled will be positive ones; Shirky presents pro-ana groups as an example. Shirky closes by stating that the migration from institutions to self-organizing, collaborative groups will be incomplete and will not end in a utopian society. Rather, chaos will follow as was created by the advent of the printing press before it, and that this period of transition will last roughly fifty years.

Shirky claims that our actions and behavior are generated by convenience. Writer and analyst Megan Garber writes: "The more people we have participating in media, and the more people we have consuming it—and the more people we have, in particular, creating it—the better. Not because bigger is implicitly better than the alternative compact, but because abundance changes the value proposition of media as a resource."

According to Jay Baer by making collaboration more convenient for the user, it will eventually become a more commonplace. Further, enhancing the outcome of collaboration will instill motivation within the users.

According to Audrey Tang, Shirky has coined the phrase "cognitive surplus", to describe the way that time spent on the internet can have an increasing social value.

Evolution of asymmetric media
In June 2009, Shirky participated in a TED@State talk titled "How cellphones, Twitter and Facebook can make history" aka "How social media can make history." In the talk, he explains that this is the first time in history that communication is possible from many to many. In the past, communication to a large group excluded the possibility of having a conversation, and having a conversation meant not interacting with a group and instead was necessarily a one-to-one structure. Shirky labels this incongruous exchange as asymmetric. In Shirky's view, this feature is one of the main reasons that the internet revolution is different from communication revolutions that preceded it.

The second difference between the twentieth and twenty-first century communication revolution, Shirky states, is now all media is digitized. This means that the Internet now encapsulates all forms of media from the past and the medium itself has become the site of exchange, not just a means of exchange.

Finally, the Internet allows people to create content, thus the line between producers and consumers has become blurred. As Shirky puts it, "Every time a new consumer joins this media landscape, a new producer joins as well." Even countries like China, as Shirky gives as an example, go to great lengths to control information exchange on the Internet but are having trouble as the "amateurization" of media creation has effectively turned every owner of a cellphone and Twitter account into a journalist. The populace as a whole, Shirky claims, is a force much harder to control than a handful of professional news sources. He compares the "Great Firewall of China" to the Maginot Line as both were built to protect from external threats but that is not where the majority of content is being created in this new media landscape.

As an example of the potential of this two-way, collaborative environment Shirky believes we are now living in, he presents as a case study MyBarackObama.com. Over the issue of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, members of the website were upset over Obama's announcement that he was changing his stance and that now he was going to sign the bill "that granted immunity for possibly warrantless spying on American persons." Despite the disagreement between the President and the posters opposed to his altered view, Shirky cites the mere fact that the President posted a reply to their concerns, instead of persecuting/ignoring the group, as hope for the future of this new form of mass media.

Shirky principle
In April 2010, Kevin Kelly cited the phrase "Institutions will try to preserve the problem to which they are the solution", and called it the "Shirky Principle", as the phrasing reminded him of the clarity of the Peter Principle.

Communal value vs civic value
In June 2010, Shirky participated in TED@Cannes wherein he spoke about cognitive surplus and its role furthering communal and civic value. The talk was titled, "How cognitive surplus will change the world," and the possibility for change, which Shirky presents, runs the spectrum at one end with communal value being increased and at the other end with civic value being furthered. Digital technology has allowed human generosity and "the world's free time and talents," which Shirky calls cognitive surplus, to combine and create a new form of creative expression. This creative expression can take the form of lolcats or endeavors such as Ushahidi; the former Shirky says increases communal value, "it is created by the participants for each other" for simple amusement, whereas the latter he cites furthers civic value meaning the group action is taken to benefit society as a whole.

Shirky then presents the view that society lives under social constraint and that these social constraints can create a culture that is "more generous than" the environment created by contractual constraints alone. Understanding where the economic or contractual motivation of a situation ends and where the social part begins, Shirky claims is key when designing to maximize generosity. This being the case, to have society use its "trillion hours a year of participatory value" to advance civic value, society itself simply needs to prize, and collectively praise, endeavors like Ushahidi.

Clay Shirky wrote an essay about the aspects of online community building through broadcast media. As members of a broad social community and users of media outlets, Shirky suggests ways in which we can build up this type of society.

Shirky suggests five different things to think about when dealing with broadcast media outlets: Audiences are built. Communities grow. Communities face a tradeoff between size and focus. Participation matters more than quality. You may own the software, but the community owns itself. The community will want to build. Help it, or at least let it.

Response to Evgeny Morozov on consulting for the Libyan government
In March 2011, Shirky responded to questions raised by Evgeny Morozov about consulting he had done for the Libyan government. Morozov tweeted "With Clay Shirky consulting the Libyan govt, it's now clear why dictators are so smart about the Web". Shirky explained he had been invited in 2007 to speak in Boston to Libya's IT Minister. Shirky stated the talk was "about using social software to improve citizen engagement in coastal towns. The idea was that those cities would be more economically successful if local policies related to the tourist trade were designed by the locals themselves." Shirky added that nothing came of the project beyond his initial talk. He defended his underlying desire to expand representative government in Libya and concluded that "the best reason to believe that social media can aid citizens in their struggle to make government more responsive is that both citizens and governments believe that."

Reaction to SOPA
In January 2012, at TED Salon NY, Shirky gave a talk titled "Why SOPA is a bad idea." He cites SOPA as a way for traditional, mass media producers to "raise the cost of copyright compliance to the point where people simply get out of the business of offering it as a capability to amateurs." After an offending internet site is identified, with the identification process itself not specified in the bill, the targeted site will be removed from the Domain Name System (DNS). Shirky claims since you can still use the static IP address of the site in question, removal from DNS is futile. He identifies the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 as a law that was able to delineate between sharing with your friends as being legal and selling for commercial gain as illegal. Unsatisfied, media companies, Shirky claims, continued to push government to create more sweeping legislation which would hinder any form of sharing. This pressure, in 1998, created the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. It was now legal for media companies to sell uncopyable material although uncopyable digital material does not exist. To remedy this fact, Shirky states that media companies now tried to break consumer's computer hardware to create the illusion that the media they purchased was indeed uncopyable. "The DMCA marks the moment when the media industries gave up on the legal system of distinguishing between legal and illegal copying and simply tried to prevent copying through technical means."

Whereas DMCA was "surgical," SOPA is "nuclear" since the law stipulates any sites pointing to "illegal" content may be censored. Ultimately, Shirky points out the public-at-large is by far the largest producers of content and they are the ones which will be censured. They will be presumed guilty until they can prove the content they published is not illegal. This turns the American legal system on its head. He closes by encouraging Americans to contact their senators and congressmen and reminding them they prefer "not to be treated like a thief."

Distributed version control and democracy
On June 29, 2012, Shirky participated in Session 12: Public Sphere of TEDGlobal 2012. Shirky made the observation that many of the technological advancements in communication throughout history, from the printing press to the television, were heralded as harbingers of world peace yet ended up creating greater dissent. "The more ideas there are in circulation, the more ideas there are for any individual to disagree with." However, Shirky claims, with this increased "arguing," comes an increased "speed" of information exchange. Shirky cites "The Invisible College" as an example of a group that was able to utilize this effect created by the printing press, via the scientific journal, to help launch the Scientific Revolution.

He then states we are in a similar period today with open-source programmers and their use of distributed version control or DVCS. DVCS, he argues, allows for "more arguments" to be made into "better arguments". DVCS also allows for "cooperation without coordination" which Shirky states is "the big change". He then suggests that DVCS fits naturally with law as it, and software development, are "dependency-related." Shirky presents another application for DVCS – drafting legislation. He cites Open Legislation, a listing of legislative information from the New York State Senate and Assembly, as an early step in that direction.

The talk culminates with Shirky posing the open question of whether or not government will transition from striving towards one-way transparency to mutual collaboration and suggests if it does, there is already a "new form of arguing" centered around DVCS to aid the transition.

title: Clay Shirky


text:
Viga

Viga may refer to:

 * Viga, Catanduanes, Philippines
 * Viga (river), Russia
 * Viga (architecture), a wooden beam characteristic of adobe buildings of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico
 * La Viga metro station, in Mexico City, Mexico
 * La Viga (Mexico City Metrobús), a BRT station in Mexico City
 * La Viga (Mexibús), a BRT station in Ecatepec, State of Mexico

title: Viga


text:
Panganiban

Panganiban may refer to
 * Panganiban (surname)
 * Panganiban, Catanduanes, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Jose Maria Panganiban Monument in Naga, Camarines Sur, Philippines

title: Panganiban


text:
Annapurna II

Annapurna II is the second-highest mountain of the Annapurna range located in Nepal, and the eastern anchor of the range.

In terms of elevation, isolation (distance to a higher summit, namely Annapurna I East Peak, 29.02 km) and prominence (2437 m), Annapurna II does not rank far behind Annapurna I Main, which serves as the western anchor. It is a fully independent peak, despite the close association with Annapurna I Main which its name implies; it is, however, closely connected to the shorter Annapurna IV. Annapurna II is the 16th highest mountain in the world, and the highest ultra-prominent peak on Earth under eight-thousand meters.

Features
Annapurna II sits apart from the main ridge of the Annapurna Massif, along with the shorter Annapurna IV. Its summit proper lies along a steep rock ridge, relatively free of snow towards its highest point, which drops in altitude to run west to the summit of the smaller peak. The South Face is a large pyramidal wall only interrupted by the central spur, while the North Face is more complex, with steep walls cascading between ice fields near the summit and base of the mountain. To the northwest, a large hanging glacier occupies the flank between it and Annapurna IV, while the Northeastern wall has a distinctive, recurrent series of cornices and rock bands resembling a human face or skull, visible in the above photograph.

Annapurna II is notable for its large avalanches, especially those originating from the high snowpack behind the North-central buttress. Other dangers include rockfall, large ice overhangs, and frequent storms. These have limited the scope of mountaineering expeditions, indeed, the standard route of ascent uses the central connecting ridge with Annapurna IV to bypass many of its objective hazards.

Climbing history
It was first climbed in 1960 by a British/Indian/Nepalese team led by J. O. M. Roberts via the West Ridge, reached by climbing the North face of Annapurna IV. The summit party comprised Richard Grant, Chris Bonington, and Sherpa Ang Nyima.

Yugoslavs from Slovenia repeated this ascent in 1969, also climbing Annapurna IV. Kazimir Drašlar and Matija Maležič reached the summit. In 1973 Japanese took a shortcut by climbing directly up the north face between IV and V before continuing along the west ridge. Katsuyuki Kondo reached the top by himself.

In 1983, Tim Macartney-Snape planned and participated in an expedition to Annapurna II (7937 m), reaching the summit via the first ascent of the south spur. The descent was delayed by a blizzard and the expedition ran out of food during the last five days. They were reported missing and when the expedition eventually returned they received significant publicity.

On Feb 2, 2007; Philipp Kunz, Lhakpa Wangel, Temba Nuru and Lhakpa Thinduk made the first winter ascent. The team followed the route of the first ascent from the north.

title: Annapurna II


text:
Virac

Virac may refer to:

 * Virac, Catanduanes, a municipality in the province of Catanduanes, Philippines
 * Virac Airport, airport in Virac, Catanduanes
 * Virac, Itogon, a barangay of the municipality of Itogon in the province of Benguet, Philippines
 * Virac, Tarn, a municipality in the Tarn department, France
 * Ventspils Starptautiskais Radioastronomijas Centrs (Ventspils International Radio Astronomy Centre), an ex-Soviet radio astronomy installation 30 km north of Ventspils, Latvia
 * Virac, a trade name for the drug undecoylium chloride iodine

title: Virac