text:
Talk:List of Australian Aboriginal group names

geographic areas
It'd be great if we could include information on each tribe's geographical area, perhaps formatting the whole thing as a table with main name, alternate names, and area. I know the locations of only a couple of the tribes, but I imagine other people could contribute quite a bit, and google might be helpful. Any thoughts? --Skud 06:12, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * hello my name is megan warrell i he 110.142.253.131 (talk) 03:30, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

Well, I started on this. I'm currently working through Tindale's list (see the refs at the bottom of the page) finding locations. For now I'm just putting the state for each one, but Tindale lists more specific areas, so eventually I'd like to put that, too. Tindale might be a good source for at least stub-level information on each tribe. --Skud 12:29, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Great work - I always wanted to do that but there was always something else... - —Moondyne 14:02, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

AIATSIS have a great (clickable) map which shows the locations of the various groups. I've added a link to that at the bottom. Rayd8 22:37, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Moruya?
Hi I am currently working on the article on Moruya, New South Wales. I want to talk about the two tribes which inhabited the area: the Walbanga (no trouble there is a red link to them and they are in the list and associated with Moruya) and the Brinja Yuin. This second tribe is not in the list. Nor is there any entry for Yuin although there are quite a few (190+) google entries for Moruya and yuin. The Tindale elist diverges to two places for Yuin - first to Djiringanj which extends south from Cape Dromedary (and therefore commences south of Moruya) and the second to the Thaua  which is the right geography (north of Merimbula to Green Cape). I just can't quite see why Brinja Yuin might = Thaua and not sure what links to use. Any advice? Thanks--AYArktos 09:58, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Looking at the ATSIS map link just added and specifically the quadrant from the south coast of New South Wales - the Yuin dominate the area. However, they are not on the article as a primary tribe.  Is this list complete - are we working off different naming conventions? - yours in ignorance but hoping an encyclopaedia might help :-)  I note the language group to the north - the Tharawal are on our list as a primary tribe name--AYArktos 22:46, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

The Tindale list is quite dated, and although it can be useful, it misses out quite a few groups (e.g. Yolngu!). The Yuin are shown on the AIATSIS map - see the link I've added at the bottom of the table. This (and the assocaited AIATSIS material) should probably be used as a reference rather than Tindale.Rayd8 22:45, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem then seems to be that we need to update the article to the AIATSIS authority since that is the current thinking and presumably incorporates Tindale. I note that AIATSIS are generous on copyright - " ASP grants permission to reprint copyright material from our publications, including the Aboriginal Australia wall map." I interpret this to mean we could upload their map image for reference to the wikipedia.--AYArktos 22:52, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess you're right. Note also the Ausanthrop link which has a good database (and it calls them "tribal" names - see discussion below!). Rayd8 12:31, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

The word "Tribe"
Some people feel that the word "Tribe" has a negative (colonial, patronising) connotation, and that we should use another word such as "language group" instead. ("Nation" is also used, but that seems equally inappropriate to me, for a population per group of a few thousand.) Any feelings or reactions to this? Rayd8 22:37, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I thought a "tribe" was a group of several "clans", but several "tribes" make a "language group" or "nation". Not sure where I got that impression, but I think I've seen "tribe" on interpretive signs put up by local government bodies, so it must be an acceptable term. --Scott Davis Talk 00:17, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I just had a poke around and found that (1) as you say, the word "tribe" is used in several places by people who should know, but (2) I found a guideline in a Queensland website which said that the word "tribe" should be avoided, because it has a particular meaning which is inappropriate in an Australian context! It recommends using "nation", "people", or "language group" instead. So there you go. I guess we continue to use it unless someone can definitively show that it's wrong. Rayd8 12:28, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Tribe is not really a meaningful or useful word in the Australian context. Clan is not applicable to many Australian groups either. As a linguist I prefer to talk about 'language groups' as this is, in many cases, the highest level of group affiliation (altho people from different language groups can have ceremonial, and other, ties).

Someone (Ezeu) moved yamaji to the list of tribes, but I'm going to remove it. Yamaji is the word for 'man, human being' in Wajarri and is also one of the words used for that meaning in Badimaya. As such it, like ngayarda in the Pilbara and Koori in south-east Australia is used to refer to Aboriginal people from a particular region (the Murchison-Gascoyne region of WA), but may also be used to refer to Aboriginal people from any part of Australia. It's not a 'tribe' in any sense that I can determine. Dougg 01:52, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for pointing that out. Could you also create an article or stub for yamaji so that others can learn. --Ezeu 13:13, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Okay Ezeu, that sounds like a good idea. I'm curious tho to know why yamaji was put in as a 'tribal' name. If there's some source making this claim I'd be interested to know about it. Dougg 04:28, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've finally put in a brief comment at the start of the page about the word tribe. It's not easy to spell the situation out clearly without a lengthy discussion and many examples, but I hope what I've written makes sense. Dougg 06:37, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

complete list of tribes
this article needs a COMPLETE list of the australian aboriginal tribes. i think the list is missing at least a few hundred of them... Gringo300 15:05, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Apparently the authority for this list was work by Tindale. As discussed above in my query about the Moruya area we probably should use AIATSIS as an authority which should be comprehensive. I cannot find a list associated with the map, however, the map "represents work carried out for the Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia, developed between 1988 and 1994. Using the published resources available at the time, the map attempts to represent language, tribal or nation groups of Australia's Indigenous peoples." The caveat is it "indicates only the general location of larger groupings of people, which may include smaller groups such as clans, dialects or individual languages in a group." There are many groups not on our list that are on the map. This reference (from the links at the bottom of the article) gives results from a number of databases. However when I typed in "yuin" I was left confused as it appears in the AIATSIS database but not in others including not in a list for NSW. I don't think it is going to be easy to produce a list. For the moment I will put a caveat on the article to indicate lack of completeness. --User:AYArktos | Talk 20:27, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Its complete now I think, at least from the Tindale source. Cfitzart 23:39, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikilinks within list
I removed the wikilink to Anmatyerre because that link only redirects to Anmatjera which is the tribe name against this entry in the table. I think wikilinks in the central column (Alternative names and/or component tribes) should be limited to those for component tribes or at the very least those for which there is a distinct article not for redirects back tot he tribe name. Ohterwise the reader will spend fruitless time pursuing links they would have probably already visited.--User:AYArktos | Talk 01:00, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thats fair enough. I made that this morning when I was trying to make a couple articles on Anmatjera and Alyawarre and it gets SO confusing with all the different names used. Cfitzart 01:42, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Duplicate List
Hi Guys, stumbled accross a duplicate list of tribes at Australian tribes. Might be worth checking for any missed info, and then converting to a redirect. Martyman 00:18, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks like everything there is in this article already.. I think this table must have been made from that info? made it a redirect. Cfitzart 14:17, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

redirects
not sure if this was the right thing to do, but I've redirected some of the tribes to the main article about them - compare these two maps of eastern Arnhem land: (yellow part - Yolngu) with. The area taken up by the Yolngu in the ATASIS map is taken up with about 9 tribes in the Tindale map - so I made redirects for all of those to the Yolngu article; Djangu, Nango, etc. Cfitzart 14:06, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur with the redirect approach - see below--A Y  Arktos 20:18, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Barada
There's a group in the list called "Barada." The name is in the form of a link that points to the page concerning the Barada river in Syria. This is clearly inappropriate and needs to be fixed; but, being the clueless newby I am, I don't know how. I'd try to figure it out, but I'm a little pressed for time. I'll check back later, when I have more leisure, and see if someone's fixed it. If not, I'll try to learn how and do it myself. CKA3KA (Skazka) 17:28, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yay, me! I figured it out. If anyone wants to take a look and make sure I used the best method to accomplish this, I'd appreciate it. But I've tested my solution and it seems to be working as hoped. CKA3KA (Skazka) 06:45, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Bad Link
The link for the Kurama people of WA goes to a Japanese Manga hero. I'm not competent to fix it -- the name itself might be a mis-spelling -- but I can remove the link and leave it bare. Some proof-reading on this page would be in order. 14:16, 19-12-05. Also Maia, Mandara and Mangala. These 4 may also be an internal Wiki thing due to not having stub-entries in place. All the more need for a proof-read. —preceding unsigned comment by +11 hours (talk • contribs) 17:34, 19 December 2005 210.80.168.62  (UTC)

 * Yeah, these days the name is usually spelled 'Kurrama'. I'm not sure about 'Mandara', but the other two are spelled 'Maya' and 'Mangarla'.

 * One of the problems with this whole idea of an article on Australian Aboriginal 'Tribes' is that the idea of a 'tribe' is not very applicable to much of Aboriginal Australia. And most of the names in the list actually refer to language groups, so Kurrama is a language as is Mangarla. Maya on the other hand may well have been a local group name (but no-one's really sure as they were disappeared pretty early on). So a question that arises is, where there's no relevant 'people' article should links go to the relevant language article? For example, in this article 'Malgana' doesn't link anywhere even though there's an article 'Malgana language'. Dougg 10:14, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Red links are OK. If the text is wrong fix it.  If the link is wrong disambiguate it.  If you don't know how, please don't remove links but leave a note here for another editor to fix as I am doing now with the links mentioned.--A  Y  Arktos 10:38, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Standardising disambiguation
As some aboriginal names require disambigiation, and the Australian Aboriginal tribe or language group is not unique in usng that name, I propose, that where disambiguation is required, it is dismbiguated to ... people (Australia) - for example Mandara referes to a people of Cameroon as well as an Australian Language Group.--A Y  Arktos 19:52, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I have fixed the Barada disambiguation according to this standardisation. I checked the redlink of Barada (people) to ensure nothing linked there--A  Y  Arktos 20:17, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Similarly I changed Mandi(tribe)--A Y  Arktos 20:38, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Link to Language Groups rather than an article about people
I have no objection if the links are redirected to the language in the case of Malgana language, but instead of doing it directy in this page, I think better to create a redirect page from the appropriate blank article page. For example, create a redirect from the currently red linked Malgana page to Malgana language. That way anything that links to the people will link correctly if an article is later written. It is quite possible that material will be added on a people that will not fit within an article on the language, for example Ngunnawal people is separate from Ngunnawal language.--A Y  Arktos 19:52, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I have created the redirect for Malgana to Malgana language. The Special:Whatlinkshere/Malgana shows the Malgana page linked to the Kartu languages article and thus I think confirms my approach to redirects on the article page rather than altering this list in isolation.--A  Y  Arktos 20:07, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Different spellings
Variations in spellings should be fixed with redirect pages if a link has been created, unless the red link has been checked to see nothing links to it. If the misspelling, or alternate spelling has ended up in this page, it may well have been used elsewhere. If the misspelling leads to a disambiguation page, then it only needs to have the dab page corrected.--A Y  Arktos 19:52, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I have fixed Maia ->Maya and associated dab pages plus Malgana -> Malgarna and Kurama -> Kurrama as per comments above. I have also fixed a redirect from Barara to Burarra.--A  Y  Arktos 20:36, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

These things you've done are all good, but it doesn't address the question of what the article is a list of. If it's meant to be a list of Tindale's tribal groupings then changing the spellings is wrong. If it's meant to be a list of 'tribes', well, in many cases the term doesn't really apply to much in Australia. Here's some examples:
 * 'Mandi' (usually spelled Manthi) was a local sub-group of Yinggarda (the ones who lived around the mouth of the Gascoyne river)
 * Eora and Daruk, one is people the other is the language
 * Jaburara (nowadays Yapurarra) was the northern Ngarluma people and possibly also a different variety of the language
 * Jungkundjara (=Yankunytjatjara) is a dialect of the Western Desert Language
 * Jumu (=Yumu), a name which no-one has been able to figure out exactly where it's from (Tindale seems to have gotten it from Roheim's strange writings)
 * Maduwongga (=Martuwangka) is a communalect (i.e. grew out of people from several different dialect groups living together)
 * Mardudunera (=Martuthunira) refers to people from a particular location on the Fortescue River
 * Yolngu, which means 'person' and refers to a group of closely related languages in NE Arnhem Land
 * etc...

So, the article is a list of names which have been applied to different kinds of groupings of Aboriginal people, by those people themselves or by others (and in some cases there's two names that refer to the same group). It should be remembered that Aboriginal people were not (and are not) one-dimensional, and have always had numerous ways of grouping themselves, and often names for more than one of those groupings. But there's not much that correspends to what the word 'tribe' is usually used to mean.

BTW, it's Malgana, not Malgarna. I'll fix it. Dougg 00:53, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * thanks for fixing--A Y  Arktos 06:52, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

What is this a list of, or should it be two lists?
With reference to Dougg's comments above, I am not sure what this is a list of. I don't believe it is appropriate for it to be limited to a list of what Tindale researched. That list of course is available on the web. We have discussed whether or not "tribes" is an appropriate descriptor and one editor has tried to provide a meaningful introduction to cover the scope of not just tribes, but communalects (my new word for today), dialects.... If somebody talks about or wishes to find out about an aboriginal people, whether tribe, nation, language group, whatever - I would hope they could find a link on this list. Others may have different views. Feel free to be bold about the introduction. Page moves to describe the list differently should probably be discussed here first to arrive at concensus - that does not mean that there can be no changes. If there should be more than one list, say a list to cover people and another to cover language, communalect, dialect, ... that might be sensible--A Y  Arktos 06:52, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for those comments. I wrote the intro para about 'tribes', but I don't think it solves the problem of what to put into the article. As you suggest, one thing that this article could be (or work towards being) is a comprehensive list of names that have been used to refer to groups of indigenous Australians, which are linked to the appropriate 'standard' people and/or language names. Two problems with this are how to determine the 'standard' or preferred term (and its spelling) and working out what the correspondences are. But the main problem is the sheer number of such group names that have been used. I've seen a list of over 9,000 such names. Still, completeness is not necessary and such a list would be a very useful resource. I've mentioned elsewhere that AIATSIS is developing a major on-line database to deal with this issue, but it won't be publicly available until late 2006 (when it is I'll be sure to post a note here). Dougg 07:31, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I like the list of names used to refer to groups of Australian indigenous people. Perhaps we could clarify between people and language by some annotation or additional column.  For example, in the case of Eora and Daruk, mentioned above, where one is people the other is the language - the two would appear in separate columns, one for people and the other language; or could be annotated Eora (people) and Daruk (language of the Eora people) or whatever.
 * A list of 9,000 sounds scary. The lack of completeness is indicated by the tag at the header.  The issue becomes which name to use.  Redirects can take care of alternatives, but is there an authorative source for preferred spelling or name.  Spinifex people seems a little unusual to be joining this list for example, but is that any the less preferred than Pila Nguru - I am really not qualified to venture an opinion.  However, if somebody said we would use so-and-so's atlas of 19xx then I feel I would have more basis for editing to a particular standard.  There has been some limited discussion at Talk:Indigenous_Australians but seems to be no conclusion.--A  Y  Arktos 11:52, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Glad you like It! What do others think? As you say, there would a need for annotations, but while many of these would be 'people' or 'language' I don't think it would be good to limit them. Regards authoritative sources for all names, there is nothing at the moment, nor do I think such a thing is really possible, athough the AIATSIS databaase being developed will (eventually) be the nearest thing. For many names there won't be a problem, but for many others there will be no simple answer and it will require caneful sifting of sources.
 * Re Spinifex people my understanding is that this name was used primarily for Native Title purposes. 'Pila Nguru' is, I imagine pilanguru (Western Desert Language) i.e. pila 'plain' plus the ablative suffix -nguru and would mean something like 'from the plains'. Dougg 01:44, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I would support a renaming of this list, in view of the multiple contexts and range of meanings attached to these group names. I also think that it is highly useful to have all such names in one place, such as here. Dougg's introduction could be further expanded to explore the subtleties re collective divisions such as tribe, nation, people, community, moiety, linguistic affiliation, Native Title formal name, etc, and some sort of key employed to mark where possible the "type" of group name for the entries in the list. For a new article title I'd suggest something like List of indigenous Australian group names, which should be generic enough to cover all possibilities. One further point, if we do rename along the lines of "indigenous Australians", then the list should probably also include Torres Strait Islanders' group names, like Merriam/Mer etc.--cjllw | TALK  22:59, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Spinifex people - Pila Nguru
The Federal Court of Australia Native Title case uses Pila Nguru as first option
 * The persons holding the communal or group rights comprising the native title ("the common law holders") are the Pila Nguru People (otherwise known as the Spinifex People). http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/federal_ct/2000/1717.html

Could an administrator look at swapping the redirect and the article Paul foord 01:20, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

But then again it appears to have been discussed before and resolved to keep Spinifex people Paul foord
 * Although Naming conventions gives supports the guidleines under development at Naming conventions (use English), I believe there are good reasons to prefer Pila Nguru (or agreed transcription) in place of Spinifex people, unless the people of that group themselves prefer Spinifex people. We need to conduct a straw poll, perhaps at WP:AWNB.--A  Y  Arktos 11:43, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Kurama
Could someone please consider this edit from Kurama? I don't wish to break the 3 revert rule and it is perhaps about time another editor had a view.--A Y  Arktos 11:43, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I have moved the newly created Kurama people to Kurama language as per most recent edit to the list--A Y  Arktos 00:46, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, I just changed 'Kurama' in the list to 'Kurrama' but you (impressively quickly!) reverted it. You cited AusAnthrop, but please note that the Encycclopedia of Aboriginal Australia, AIATSIS and SIL (all cited on that page) agree in using 'Kurrama', as does the WA Handbook at . Also 'Kurrama' is the preferred spelling used by Wangka Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre (the Aboriginal organisation in the Pilbara that carries out work on Pilbara languages on behalf of the language speakers themselves). I've created an article Kurrama language. Dougg 00:53, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * And having posted the above, I see your post that you've created a page 'Kurama language'. Dougg 00:53, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * 'Twas I who originally created the Kurama people article a little earlier, given AYA's call above for assistance in arguing the case for some kind of disambiguation with the Kurama article on the manga character. Their several Native Title claims appear lodged with the NNTT as "Kurama people". I don't really mind which of Kurama/Kurrama is used - seems to be a judgement call as to which is the "most preferred term"; note that "Kurrama" seems to be employed when referring to the language, such as by SIL and the Pilbara language centre Dougg mentions above, but "Kurama" is attested as a form for the people's name. However, we should I believe maintain two separate articles, one for the people, the other for the language, as is commonly done. Thus Kurama people (or Kurrama people) should appear on this list, not the "___ language" article. Thoughts?--cjllw | TALK  01:07, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Apropos disambiguation of Kurama, the situation is further complicated by the term also being the name of a Benue-Congo language of Nigeria (see ethnologue). "Kurama" is also the name of a town to the north of Kyoto, and its nearby mountain. Although these other articles don't yet exist, they should be catered for, and  ideally, Kurama should be turned into a dab page, and the related article titles qualified.--cjllw |  TALK  01:26, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, I don't think there's a need for disambiguation with other 'kurama' articles because I think the name 'Kurrama' should be used. I'm well aware that the NNTT applications used the spelling 'Kurama', however NNTT applications are no guide as they're generally put in by lawyers who commonly use Tindale's spelling. The language has a contrast between retroflex 'r' and trilled 'rr', so it does make a difference--the word is pronounced with the latter. 'Kurrama' does indeed refer to the language, but also thereby to the people who speak that language (or nowadays to people descended from those whose primary language affiliation was to Kurrama). As such it should be in this list; I guess 'Kurrama people' could be there as well, though it seems redundant. BTW your Kurama people page seems to have been redirected to Kurama language. Dougg 01:47, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks Dougg for the info re the language; "Kurrama" it is, then. However, I do think that some kind of disambig pointer for the alternate "Kurama" is still warranted- it would aid any potential reader searching for info on the people/language, who might have come across this spelling. As for the change from people to language, I'm not sure why this was done. IMO the (yet to be written) Kurrama language article ought to contain naturally enough particulars such as grammar, phonemics, etc, while the article on the people should describe their situation, history, culture, traditions, and so on. The two have distinct purposes, and the latter is the appropriate topic to be linked to here in this present article. The corresponding language article would be better placed on Australian Aboriginal languages.--cjllw | TALK  04:58, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, fair enough about the need for disambig. I'm not sure what would be the best way to implement it, though. As for 'people' vs. 'language', this list started off using Tindale's names, and he's the one that used the 'dialectal tribe' notion to define his so-called 'tribes' largely in terms of their language. This means that most of the names on the list are names of languages, by which means groups of people may be defined (NB only one of the ways by which this may be done). But I can certainly see your point, and can see the value in having the two articles. Dougg 08:10, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I have created a Kurama (disambiguation) page, which is referred to on the Kurama page and I believe complies with the manual of style. I have also created a disambiguation link on the Niger-Congo Kurama language to the Aust Aboriginal Kurrama language.  I think the disambiguation is warranted as there are reputable sources spelling the Aboriginal language as Kurama.  Thanks for all the work in creating the articles and sorting it out in such a constructive way.--A  Y  Arktos 09:46, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * no worries AY, and your dab work should address the issue just fine. And Dougg, your point re the scope of many of Tindale's group names being linguistic rather than necessarily community divisions only further underscores the need to rename this page. Per my suggestion supra, we could add something like a "Notes" column to the tables which could be used to describe the scope of the name, be it linguistic, 'tribal', 'sub-tribal', exonym, community, etc— where this is known or relevant, to go with an expanded blurb at the front. Ideally, each indigenous group or people in the list will have an article describing their particulars, and there may or may not be a corresponding article describing the related language as well (but not listed here, rather at Australian Aboriginal languages or some such). If there are no further objections, I propose to rename this article to List of indigenous Australian group names in the next couple of days. Cheers, --cjllw | TALK  05:24, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Article rename
Two suggestions to date: Any more? Any preference, or objections?--A Y  Arktos 11:43, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * List of names used to refer to groups of Australian indigenous people
 * List of indigenous Australian group names

 * My preference is for List of indigenous Australian group names, more economical to type!--cjllw | TALK  01:12, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Since some time has passed, and no specific objections raised, I've gone ahead and moved the article to List of Indigenous Australian group names.--cjllw | TALK  06:29, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Tindale's catalogue is online
See Norman Tindale's Catalogue of Australian Aboriginal Tribes, in his book ''Aboriginal Tribes of Australia. Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names''

A useful reference for all articles on Indigenous Australian groups. -- Paul foord 12:08, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Tindale's list is already provided in the External links section. As per comments above, "The Tindale list is quite dated, and although it can be useful, it misses out quite a few groups".  We actually need to be using some other authority.  In the section above: "What is this a list of, or should it be two lists?", we do try to discuss the issue, it is almost certainly not limited to Tindale's list, nor even some of the terminlogy or spelling by Tindale, though any that he gave should be covered in the alternatative names area.--A  Y  Arktos 19:49, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Palm Island -Manburra
Hello Can someone with knowledge check the Palm Island Qld page, Not sure about the tribe mane of the original people. Said to be Mandarra but your list says there from WA

preferred name
on the article Five Dock, New South Wales it is stated
 * One of these groups, the Wangal (sometimes spelt Wanngal, Wann-gal or Wanegal) people...

Each of these names is returned from different articles if they are searched for. Which would be the preferred name, and I will unify the spelling across all articles. I will also create a stub article they can all point to identifying that there is more than one spelling although the "preferred" / "standard" spelling is.... ? Garrie 03:31, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Misplaced sentence
Not sure where this should go, but it was put under the "See Also" section of the article, where it obviously should not be:

"Yorta Yorta of the central Murray and Lower Goulburn River Region of Victoria stretching into New South Wales."

If anybody knows where it goes, be my guest and add it back to the article. -Oatmeal batman 01:16, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Table format
The tables would be easier to parse if you put the 'geographical location' columns in the 2nd position rather than the 3rd. As it stands, the eye strains to cross blank space and match up an item in the 1st and 3rd columns. Regards, --User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 20:15, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The names in the 2nd column are just as important as those in the 1st as there are different names for each group --Astrokey 44 11:16, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Ngala
Ngala is not mentioned, is this ngalawanka ? There more in the center (west) dough —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.246.178.160 (talk) 13:53, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Mandingalbay Yidinji and Gunggandji
Re: Frankland Group National Park

These two "Aboriginal peoples", identified from The State of Queensland Government site as "traditional sea country" of the Frankland Isles:[1] These aren't on this list. I don't know where to link from the article, or how/if to include on the list. If some kind editor would like to handle this, it would be appreciated.
 * Mandingalby Yindinji
 * Gungandji

~thanks, ~E : 05:06, 21 December 2012 (UTC), modified:74.60.29.141 (talk) 18:33, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

Also note:
 * "The Federal Court of Australia has today recognised the Combined Mandingalbay Yidinji-Gunggandji People's Native Title rights and interests ..."[2]

 * 1) http://www.nprsr.qld.gov.au/parks/frankland-group/index.html
 * 2) http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2012/9/21/mandingalbay-yidinjigunggandji-peoples-native-title-rights-recognised

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Naming
In the process of moving a couple of names around in the tables after I had effected article name changes, I noticed that there are a lot of discrepancies in the "J" list, in particular where an alternative spelling begins with "Y", but also a few others where the article name is completely different. A task for someone some day... Go through the whole list and check that the names reflect those used in article names? Laterthanyouthink (talk) 07:01, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * As a follow-up - a good example also is (from article) "Yuwaalaraay, also spelt Euahlayi, Euayelai, Eualeyai, Ualarai, Yuwaaliyaay and Yuwallarai...) - with website and other contemprary references appearing to favour Euahlayi. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 04:07, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes some early researchers (notably Tindale) used  to represent the palatal glide, which is often written  in English (ie [j] in IPA). Re Yuwaalaraay, yes there are quite a few variant spellings, many arose because people think Australian languages can be written as though they're English... Austlang aims to use the form of the name that is preferred by the community, so I would suggest that WP articles, including the list in this article, should use the Austlang name. Dougg (talk) 04:32, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, thanks - I have usually been following that rule myself. Yuwaalaraay is particularly complicated by the varying opinions on their language though (here all under Gamilaraay, as per Austlang - haven't rechecked that spelling yet). I have commented on both pages just to note it - but haven't dug very deep and I'm not a linguist myself. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 05:03, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Yuwaalaraay has its own Austlang entry, and the title spelling there seems to be pretty widely accepted, to my understanding more so than any of the variants.
 * Thanks again . I had started looking at the Gamilaraay language article before, in which are included all of the dialects/languages, but had somehow missed D27, I think. I'm doing a bit of a cleanup and clarification at the moment, and will check all of the associated articles (people who speak the dialects) to ensure that everything matches up, with AUSTLANG citations to each, eventually. It does look as if we need to move Ualarai to Yuwaalaraay, at least, in this list article. Should we leave a line with a "see ref" (link) to the main name where the spellings are so widely different, such as in this case? Laterthanyouthink (talk) 06:44, 14 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure that a "see ref" is necessary, I think it may be enough simply to make sure that 'Ualarai' appears as one of the alternative names under 'Yuwaalaraay' so that it can be found by a search. Dougg (talk) 05:26, 15 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorted. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 09:25, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

Request for info
I'm currently working on Aboriginal cultures of Western Australia and I'm hoping someone can help find me a source.

Hey folks, would anyone have a source as to why the region names in the AIATSIS map (compare the | old AIATSIS map with the | current map) are no longer in use?

I'm asking this here as I saw the note in this article that points out that the 18 region names are no longer given/used.

I can make the guess that they often gave the impression that these groupings were stronger than they actually are, and so AIATSIS decided to remove them. But I'd like/need a source to put that in the article.

I'm hoping to find a source as (I think) the article I'm working on benefits by being structured by some set of highly general cultural groupings, but I want to do that while noting that these cultural-regions are not well divided. I think this would be the best way of giving a general overview of the many different Aboriginal cultures of WA.

FropFrop (talk) 15:32, 6 January 2024 (UTC)


text:
It's in Our Hands

"It's in Our Hands" is a song by Icelandic recording artist and songwriter Björk, released as the first and only single from her first greatest hits album Greatest Hits (2002). It was written by her and co-produced by her along with Matmos. Musically, "It's in Our Hands" is an electronic song that is influenced by glitch music, abstract sounds, ambient and synthpop. The song received favorable reviews from many music critics and reached number 37 in the United Kingdom.

Composition
"It's in Our Hands" is mostly distinctive for its usage of "bubbling keyboards and clicks." The song relies heavily on a sample taken from Gigi Masin's song "Clouds" from the album Les Nouvelles Musiques De Chambre (1989).

PopMatters's Kila Packett said that in the song "Björk's distinctly broken voice dances nakedly across the canvas like a newborn child—virginal and sensually full of life. Beautifully chimed ticks, scratches, clangs and lush melodic vibrations support her breathy voice. With layers and layers of nicely timed loops, rings, and jingles she has concocted a stereophonic world of audible feasting."

Critical reception
"It's in Our Hands" received favorable reviews from music critics. Heather Phares from AllMusic called the song "lovely" saying "the lovely "It's in Our Hands," help compensate for the omissions about which fans could potentially complain." to which she referenced the lack of other tracks on her greatest hits album. While commenting on the omitting of most of Bjork's successful songs on the compilation, Chris Ott from Pitchfork said "A few stellar long-players like "Headphones" and "The Anchor Song" also fall by the wayside, but it may be worth whatever sacrifice for the bubbling keyboards and clicks behind her latest single "It's in Our Hands" [...]" Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine said that this song along with "Play Dead" were the only good songs on the album due to the absence of many other good tracks from the compilation. Scott Plagenhoef from Stylus Magazine said "On the hits collection, the crumbs for the completist include two singles mixes—the sublime “All Is Full of Love” and four-to-the-floor “Violently Happy”—a wide released for her John Barryesque David Arnold collaboration, “Play Dead,” and a new song, the gorgeous “It’s in Our Hands.” The well-chosen hits package is the best Björk primer and the place to go for casual fans. Whether it offers enough reason for her die-hard fans to purchase it is less certain."

Music video
The music video, directed by Spike Jonze, features a third-trimester pregnant Björk shot at night with a night-vision camera amongst bushes. Her image is transposed against close-ups of flowers, plants, and bugs to make her appear as if she is smaller than them. There are also shots of underwater scenes interspersed throughout the video.

A second video was directed by Lynn Fox and set to the Soft Pink Truth remix of "It's in Our Hands."

Track listings
UK CD1
 * 1) "It's in Our Hands"
 * 2) "Cocoon" (Retangled By Ensemble)
 * 3) "All is Full of Love" (Live in Brussels)

UK CD2
 * 1) "It's in Our Hands" (Soft Pink Truth Mix)
 * 2) "It's in Our Hands" (Arcade Mix)
 * 3) "So Broken" (Live on Jools Holland)

UK/EU DVD
 * 1) "It's in Our Hands" (Video)
 * 2) "Harm of Will" (Live in Barcelona) (Audio)
 * 3) "Undo" (Live in Barcelona) (Audio)

EU CD
 * 1) "It's in Our Hands"
 * 2) "It's in Our Hands" (Soft Pink Truth Mix)
 * 3) "It's in Our Hands" (Arcade Mix)

JP CD
 * 1) "It's in Our Hands"
 * 2) "It's in Our Hands" (Soft Pink Truth Mix)
 * 3) "It's in Our Hands" (Arcade Mix)
 * 4) "So Broken" (Live on Jools Holland)
 * 5) "Cocoon" (Retangled by Ensemble)

12"
 * 1) "It's in Our Hands" (Soft Pink Truth Mix)
 * 2) "It's in Our Hands" (Arcade Mix)

Live
"It's in Our Hands", being the only single released from Greatest Hits, was normally played at the end of same era concerts, but existed in two different versions. One was seemingly identical to the album version, but featured an Inuit version of the children's song "Paddycake", whereas the other version was actually a dance remix by the Soft Pink Truth. This version is especially popular amongst fans and has been described as "spending a long winter at home (Vespertine) and then having a discoball drop out of your ceiling".

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of "It's in Our Hands".
 * Björk – vocals, production, composition
 * Drew Daniel – production
 * Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering
 * Jennifer Quinn – production manager
 * Roger Lian – digital editing

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: It's in Our Hands


text:
Nothhelm of Sussex

Noðhelm, or Nunna for short, was King of Sussex, apparently reigning jointly with Watt, Osric, and Æðelstan.

Life
Kelly noted the names of rulers in Sussex starting with Aethel- and Os- and suggested they might have been relatives. She also referred to the King list of Hwicce in this respect and its similarity. Queen Eafe was an Hwiccean princess (Bede) and married to Aethelwalh. Following Anglo-Saxon naming patterns (A-S genealogies and the observation of Kelly), King Aethelwalh could be said to have been an older relative of King Aethelstan and Queen Aethelthryth; Aethelstan and Aethelthryth could be said to have been older kinsfolk of King Aethelberht (of the South Saxons). Slaughter (Rulers of the South Saxons before 825) contends that Aethelthryth was Nothhelm's wife. Following the same comments from Kelly, it could also be said that Alderman Osric of Hwicce might have been an ancestor of Alderman Osric of Sussex and Bishop Osa of Selsey and that Kings Osmund and Oslac might have been younger members of the same family. On the same basis (re: genealogy of the later House of Wessex for comparison) Ealdberht, who rebelled against King Ine in 722 and 725 (A-S Chronicles), could have been a contemporary and relative of Aethelberht. This could point to Nothhelm having died in 722 and a bid by Ealdberht, known to have been a dissident (A-S Chronicles), to become a king in Sussex. King Watt is not heard of after circa 700 (cartulary evidence), indicating that he might have died at about this time.

In 692 Noðhelm granted land to his sister Noðgyð (Nothgyth). He was styled Nothelmus rex Suthsax’ in the body of the charter, but he signed it as Nunna rex Sussax’. Nothgyth was granted land to build a minster, and in the charter it states that she promised to be Bishop Wilfrid's nun and to go on a pilgrimage. In these early years a Christian example certainly needed to be set, for it was during the 690s that Cuthman established his mission at Steyning, otherwise known as Cuthman's Port, to convert the South Saxons from their heathenry. This was in spite of Wilfrid's conversion of Sussex in the previous decade. Moreover, there was the martyrdom of St Lewinna, killed by pagans c. 690 probably at Alfriston. Noðhelm’s last surviving charter, in which he was called Nunna rex Suthsax’, is dated 714, probably in error for 717, so his reign began in or before 692 and ended in or after 717. In this charter, witnessed by King Aethelstan and Queen Aethelthryth, Nothhelm expressed the wish to be buried at Church Norton. He is mentioned by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as fighting for his kinsman Ine, King of Wessex, against Geraint, King of the Britons, in the year 710. Many scholars are of the opinion that the main battle was fought at Langport in Somerset, where King Geraint of Dumnonia was slain (Armes Prydain). Another important event during Nothhelm's reign was the establishment of the Diocese of Selsey for the South Saxons, probably in 705 (Kelly). Until this development Sussex had come under the See of Winchester (Kelly). 705 is also the earliest date (Kelly) for Nothhelm's charter allowing four hides to be granted at Peppering to Berhfrith. This man was to build a church at Peppering where prayers could to be said for the king.

Two of his charters were witnessed  by Cœnred, King of Wessex. Concerning one of these, strangely dated 775, Barker (1947) commented:

 * "20. Cœnred was the father of Ine. He is not mentioned in ASC. as having ever been king of Wessex; but ASC. says that Ini succeeded in 688 and abdicated in 728, while insisting on the length of his reign as 37 years. Cœnred appears for the last time in 692 (No. IV) and Ine was certainly sole king by 704, when then men of Kent compounded with him for the death of his relative Mul. Mul was Caedwalla's younger brother and the chroniclers record that when Caedwalla, king of the South Saxons, abdicated in 688 Ine succeeded him. The Anglo-Saxon conception of family as the basis of law was so strict that they would not have done so if his father had been alive (citation from Saxon Dooms needed). Therefore Cœnred must have died before 688 proving conclusively that this charter must bear date in 689 (but why 689?). In fact, to allow for a reign of 37 years (or nearly 37) by Ine, he (Ceonred ??) must have died in 692 (but Ine was elected King of the West Saxons in 688 and abdicated in 726). Coenred was a minor king in Wessex, but, quite apart from this, Cynegils and Cwichelm had ruled together ?614-636.
 * 21. The signature of Ine here and in No. IV without the title rex bears out the statement of n. 20 about the reign of Cœnred. This is not surprising, since the main king list for Wessex at this time is thus: Cynegils 611-643, Cenwealh 643-645 and 648-672, Seaxburh 672-673, Aescwine 673-676, Centwine 676-685, Caedwalla 685-688, Ine 688-726.

But Kelly (1998) concluded that this charter "is without doubt a forgery, and not an innocent tenth-century copy of a genuine eighth-century charter. The incarnation date is impossible for the donor and beneficiary, and for the witnesses to the charter. Birch's suggested emendation to 725 is still unsatisfactory, since it is too late for Bishop Eadberht and does not agree with the indication". Hence it is wrong to extend Noðhelm's reign to 725 on the authority of this charter.

title: Nothhelm of Sussex


text:
Talk:Xi'an Incident

Language Barrier
The article was clearly written by someone for whom Englibobsh is a foreign language, most likely someone more familiar with Chinese. While it is admirable that the author is trying to explain the incident in English, the English-speaking community would be better served by an article written by someone who actually knows how to write in English.219.81.224.53 (talk) 06:13, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Another View on the reason
It's planned by CCP to avoid its destruction and to stop Ching to destroy them. Its supported by USSR.

Fact Check
I would like to see a sources added to confirm the statement "During the conflict, Shao Yuanchong (邵元冲 in Chinese), the incumbent minister of the propaganda department of the KMT, died after he was hit in his testicles while attempting to climb over a fence". This description sounds a bit too whimsical to include without a reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paravail (talk • contribs) 05:06, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Editorialising
There is significant editorialising in this article. Some of it is justified by "most parties agree" et al, but without more sources listed this is hard to accept. I have tidied some of it, but it needs redoing by someone who knows the subject better.

Xi'an Incident needs editing.
There is nothing in this article to explain why it is called the Xi'an Incident.

This article is in need of some serious quality boosting. There are major grammar errors, and terrible sentence structure.
 * Xi'an is the city of Xi'an, simply. Yug [[User talk:Yug|(talk)]] 10:31, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

He, Who is "He" ?
Thanks to complete this some points if you are able to do it :] Yug (talk)  10:32, 8 December 2005 (UTC) [From another person] -General Yang is indeed Yang Hu Cheng. -He is indeed the last name of the general He Ying Qin -An alternate transliteration for a general Dong, which is in any case wrong, since the general temporarily put in charge of the military was actually the aforesaid He Ying Qin.
 * "Yang", who is the general "Yang", is it truly Yang Hucheng ? I had replace most of "Yang" by Yang Hucheng, but I'm not sure.
 * "He", what is his complete name ?
 * "Tung Cheuk Heem", who is him ? What is his pinyin name ? Is he the "He" just before ?
 * -Agreed, He Yingqin was in charge of military, "Tung Cheuk Heem" is nobody, just delete it from the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by LuciferZH (talk • contribs)

POV in the Effects section
"...since the incident saved the CCP from total annihilation but put Zhang in custody for life."

It is not clear at all that the CCP was facing total annihilation in the near or medium term from Nationalist forces barring a comprehensive peace and even alignment with the Japanese, and such an unfavourable state of affairs is sure to complicate things a lot further - upsetting many warlords who stand to lose much from such an agreement either due to proximity to Japanese spheres of interest or, in the case of Zhang, loss of any chance to regain their powerbase; Nationalists who would regard the acknoledgement of the loss of Manchuria unacceptable (a peace agreement in which Japan does not at least demand that China recognises Manchukuo is unlikely at best, since all of Japan's subsequent dealings including with Wang's puppet regime included that, and Manchuria certainly was sufficiently Chinese - of the thirty millions or so more than ninety percent were Han, and of the remaining, a substantial number of the Manchus also indentified with China - to make this an issue, as it did historically); as well as drawing unfavourable attention from the Soviet Union, which at that point was perfectly capable of stepping up the conflict through arms supplies to the Shaanxi-Ningxia CCP base via Mongolia (Stalin supported the Nationalist government historically because it was considered more efficient - as late as 1945 the Soviet Union did not support the CCP's goal of unifying China - q.v. Soviet communications with the Greek Communist Party in '48, but if the Nationalist goverment were to show signs of aligning with Japan, all bets are off), making the CCP's position no worse off.

"However, there are new findings arguing that Zhang was a CCP member indeed, but his real status was so secret that only a few people such as Zhou and Ye Jiangyin knew about it. With all these witnesses passing away, the true status of Zhang may remain secret. But if Zhang’s CCP membership could be proved, the history of Xian Incident would be rewritten to be a conspiracy of the CCP instead of a spontaneous patriotic action."

A source for this would be welcomed. The subsequent confusion shown by the CCP leadership seems to suggest otherwise. In any event it seems doubtful that the CCP would have planned this event in advance. No doubt they considered a united front desirable, but coercing Jiang by capturing him would have been amongst the worse ways to do it, for reasons of Jiang's personality (he had broken agreements before, and was known to be vengeful), politics (either Jiang was to be released, in which case he would then be free to tear up any agreement he might or might not have signed, or he was not to be released, in which case a general power struggle was more likely to result, favouring perhaps the Wang faction of even Long Yun's clique, or more likely Jiang's own clan, but in any case all of them would have been happy to see Jiang rot) and propaganda value. Going to all this trouble just for the uncertain possibility of a united front and truce with Jiang seems foolhardy at best, and if the CCP had such influence over Zhang they might as well have just had him declare for the CCP.

"It is generally accepted that the CCP got most of the benefit from this incident. Chiang did abide by the peace agreement and stopped the suppression until the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War in 1945. Mao exploited this precious peace to enlarge his power base and strengthen his power grip. By conforming to Soviet policy, Mao pleased Stalin and avoided the czar’s further interference. In particular, CCP won great support from the Chinese people for being an open advocate of the anti-Japan United Front. All this work laid a stable foundation for CCP’s victory over KMT after the end of the anti-Japanese war"

Calling Stalin 'Czar' (Which, for those interested, is the Bulgarian form at any rate, not the Russian one) can hardly be called NPOV.

As well, there are a number of problems regarding the peace-agreement's effects, notably the fact that low-level hostility resumed as early as 1940 and flared up in the New Fourth Army incident, and it can hardly be said that there was general peace between the two parties. Moreover, to characterise that period of history as 'peaceful' for the communist strains the imgination to the breaking point as regardless of friction with the Nationalist government, the communist forces were infiltrating and in many cases operating within enemy-controlled territory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.69.61.145 (talk • contribs) Antonrojo 19:19, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It sounds like you have some good ideas for fixing the WP:NPOV problems with this article. If you've signed up for a named account, I suggest you be bold and make the changes. Antonrojo 19:22, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

dentures
Is it true that when Chiang Kai-Shek was kidnapped he did not have his dentures? According to The Soong Dynasty (Seagrave) he spent 11 days without any dentures. This might be worth adding to the article if true.24.22.28.146 (talk) 04:18, 10 October 2008there was a special omo yart Bold text (UTC)

Photo in article appears 'edited'
As was popular with political photos at the time, the photo showing Chiang Kai-Shek et al at time of arrest appears to have been edited; only against convention, on this occasion a person appears to have been added rather than removed - back row fourth from left, between uniformed man and left side of doorway. Note the shadow on the opposite side of the face to the others in the composition, the difference in focus, and the lack of symmetry with the space on the other side of the group/doorway.

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CCP or CPC
Should we use CCP or CPC on this page? Chinese Communist Party has much talk about this if you need some back ground.Dushan Jugum (talk) 00:09, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Xi'an Incident


text:
Talk:Turgo

It has a sacred grave that is discussed in one of Martin Van Bruinnesen's articles about a javanese saint who is connected with jumadril kobra; it is also a hard to reach gravesite. It is very close to the village where almost the whole village was boiled alive by escaping volcano steam about 10 years ago. SatuSuro 14:27, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Turgo


text:
Talk:Friends Select School

Comment
I'd like to link the "Meeting for Worship" phrase to something more explanatory on Quaker Meetings, but there doesn't seem to be an independent article (I'm also not sure how common this phrase is outside of the area). Any ideas? --Dirk Gently 06:14, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There. --Dirk Gently 14:42, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Address
Normally it is not appropriate to add an address to a Wikipedia article, as Wikipedia is not a directory. Readers can find directory information in the cited material. Exceptions are when the address is used as shorthand for the building or the institution, such as "10 Downing Street", "221B Baker Street.", or "1600 Pennsylvannia Avenue". --Bejnar (talk) 22:12, 22 December 2015 (UTC)
 * That Wikipedia is not a directory means that we don't list places just' to provide their address, it does not'' mean that we don't show an address for a building which has an article anyway. BMK (talk) 23:27, 22 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Even if an address were appopriate in a Wikipedia article, say in an infobox, on what basis does it (at that level of detail) belong in the lead, which the WP:Manual of Style says should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic. It should define the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies. --Bejnar (talk) 23:56, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

Non sequitur?
The article currently contains the following sentence:

The school is currently governed by a board of trustees divided equally between the two monthly meetings that oversee the school.

For the life of me, I can't figure out what this is supposed to mean. Unschool 02:44, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Attempted to improve. Any better now? Turtlecrown (talk) 19:56, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Friends Select School


text:
WTGS

WTGS (channel 28) is a television station licensed to Hardeeville, South Carolina, United States, serving as the Fox affiliate for the Savannah, Georgia, area. Owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, WTGS maintains transmitter facilities on Fort Argyle Road/SR 204 in western unincorporated Chatham County, Georgia, while its studios are located in the Savannah Morning News building on Chatham Parkway in Savannah.

WTGS went on the air in 1985 as the first independent television station for Savannah and the southern Lowcountry and the lone commercial television station in southeastern South Carolina. Originally built by a Florida company, a change in federal regulations on cable carriage that took effect weeks before starting up nearly carried the station to the brink of bankruptcy. Between 1996 and 2014, operations of WTGS were related to those of WJCL (channel 22), Savannah's ABC affiliate, by a series of operating agreements. During much of this period, WJCL produced local newscasts for air on WTGS. However, the two stations were split in 2014 when owner LIN Media and its affiliates opted to divest WJCL and WTGS to separate entities in order to complete a merger. The two stations continue to share office space, though Sinclair later brought news production in-house in 2016. From 2016 until its cancellation in 2024, WTGS's 10 p.m. newscast was produced from WPDE-TV in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.

Early years, cable disputes, and near-bankruptcy (19851996)
Business and Minority Coalition Broadcasters, Inc., a consortium of six investors from Charleston, filed an application with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to build a new television station on channel 28 in Hardeeville (15 mi from the allocation city of Savannah, the maximum distance permitted), which would transmit from a site on St. Helena Island and reach audiences from Kiawah Island in the northeast to Savannah in the southwest. The FCC approved the license on November 17, 1981, and it took the call sign WTGS, with a planned start date in September 1982.

The WTGS construction permit was purchased in 1983 by American Communications and Television (AC&T), a company based in Gainesville, Florida. This cable and communications firm was making an incursion into new full-power and low-power independent stations across the country. It was another two years before movement began in earnest to build the station, whose founding general manager and 20% owner, John Bailie, had previously built two other Southern independents: WPTY in Memphis and WAWS-TV in Jacksonville. Planned programming included movies and children's programming in the morning and afternoon, with few commercial interruptions; Bailie stated that WTGS was the first TV station "programmed exclusively for the Lowcountry". The station signed on September 1, 1985, as the market's first general entertainment independent outlet.

On July 19, 1985 (a few months before WTGS officially signed on), a federal judge struck down the "must-carry" rule imposed by the FCC, which required cable television operators to carry all commercial over-the-air stations within 35 mi of its community of service. This decision was challenging for WTGS, as Bailie felt that it would cause the new station to become "squeezed out of the market". By August 30, Savannah Cablevision, along with seven other local cable operators, had agreed to carry WTGS. However, Plantation Cablevision and Hargray Cablevision, along with "dozens" of other local cable operators, had refused to carry WTGS. WTGS was one of the first stations to pay for carriage on a cable system, leasing a channel from Savannah Cablevision for $2,000 a month. In particular, WTGS stated that Plantation Cablevision refused to carry the station, as they considered it to be competition; however, Plantation Cablevision stated that they did not carry WTGS due to the removal of the must-carry rule. Plantation Cablevision also denied having wanted WTGS to pay for access to its cable system. The controversy continued that September, when Plantation Cablevision announced a new emergency warning system for Hilton Head Island. This angered Bailie, as he was concerned that those who did not subscribe to Plantation Cablevision's service would not be able to receive emergency information; WTGS decided to create its own emergency warning system instead.

The same month, Bailie went to Congress at the invitation of broadcasting groups, in order to speak to congressional leaders who were concerned that the repeal of the must-carry rule would hurt independent stations such as WTGS. The next month, Bailie revisited Congress in order to comment to the House Copyright Committee about bills in consideration at the time which would reform "compulsory license" rules. That same month, Plantation Cablevision was "carefully documenting requests" for WTGS to be added to its cable lineup and had sent out a questionnaire to subscribers in order to measure what viewers liked and disliked about the cable system. On December 27, 1985, Plantation Cablevision started to carry WTGS; the addition of WTGS removed Charleston stations WCBD and WCIV from the lineup. WTGS was a charter affiliate of Fox at its October 1986 launch.

In May 1987, the station was profiled on the MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, by which time it was so near to bankruptcy—due to its diminished ability to reach all TV homes in the region—that Bailie lived and slept in his office and drove a taxi cab the station had bought to promote the show Taxi. Later that year, AC&T sold itself to new Florida-based owners, giving it an infusion of $500,000 in cash. The new ownership moved the station's facilities south from Hardeeville to a site in Chatham County, Georgia, which would not be limited by height restrictions on a tower and be more centrally located for advertising sales purposes. The new tower was activated in February 1990. AC&T sold its two remaining stations, WTGS and KOOG in Ogden, Utah, to Trivest Financial Services Corporation in 1991.

Common operation with WJCL (1996–2014)
Licensee Hilton Head Television sold the station in 1996 for $7 million to LP Media, a company owned by Julius Curtis Lewis III. His father, Julius Curtis Lewis Jr., was the majority owner and namesake of WJCL television. The two stations came under common operation at that time. Lewis sold WJCL in 1998 to Grapevine Communications of Atlanta for $19 million, and in a parallel transaction, LP Media sold WTGS to Brissette Communications, owned by Paul Brissette, for $20 million. After Grapevine Communications, having purchased and changed its name to GOCOM in 1999, became Piedmont Television Holdings (owned by Brissette), WTGS was sold to Bluenose Broadcasting, a company owned by members of the Brissette family. Parkin Broadcasting purchased WTGS for $17.5 million in 2007, in tandem with New Vision Television acquiring WJCL—and WJCL's option to buy WTGS's assets—for the same price. The two stations moved out of WJCL's longtime Abercorn Street studios to the vacant third floor of the Savannah Morning News building in 2011, establishing a content partnership with the newspaper. In 2012, LIN TV Corporation purchased New Vision Television and WJCL, which included a tandem sale of WTGS and two other stations that New Vision operated—KTKA-TV in Topeka, Kansas, and WYTV in Youngstown, Ohio—to Vaughan Media.

During Super Bowl XLVIII, WTGS notably aired a two-minute long advertisement by local personal injury lawyer Jamie Casino, which featured a thriller-styled retelling of how he stopped representing "cold-hearted villains" to avenge the shooting death of his brother Michael Biancosino in 2012, culminating with Casino digging through a grave with a sledgehammer. The ad gained media attention following the game as a viral video, and while the station did not provide exact numbers, a WTGS spokesperson stated that the ad was its most expensive advertising sale in history.

Sinclair Broadcast Group ownership (2014present)
On March 21, 2014, LIN Media entered into an agreement to merge with Media General in a $1.6 billion deal. Because Media General already owned NBC affiliate WSAV-TV (channel 3), the companies were required to sell either WSAV or WJCL to another station owner in order to comply with FCC ownership rules as well as planned changes to those rules regarding same-market television stations which would prohibit sharing agreements.

On August 20, Media General announced that it would keep WSAV and sell WJCL to Hearst Television. It also would swap WTGS and television stations in Providence, Rhode Island, and Green Bay, Wisconsin, in exchange for properties that Sinclair owned or was acquiring in Colorado Springs, Colorado; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; and Tampa. Sinclair also acquired the right to purchase other WTGS assets from WTGS Television LLC. The sale was completed on December 19.

Newscasts
Through a news share agreement established in 1996, WJCL produced a nightly prime time newscast on WTGS for the station from 1996 to 2016. On June 1, 2016, WJCL ceased producing the newscast for WTGS, and Sinclair took production in-house. The news program was produced and presented from WPDE-TV in Myrtle Beach, using a local staff of seven. Sinclair ended production of WTGS's local newscasts on May 31, 2024, replacing them with Sinclair's syndicated The National Desk.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WTGS discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 28, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 27 to channel 28. It was then repacked to channel 26 in 2020.

title: WTGS


text:
Asian studies

Asian studies is the term used usually in North America and Australia for what in Europe is known as Oriental studies. The field is concerned with the Asian people, their cultures, languages, history and politics. Within the Asian sphere, Asian studies combines aspects of sociology, history, cultural anthropology and many other disciplines to study political, cultural and economic phenomena in Asian traditional and contemporary societies. Asian studies form a field of post-graduate study in many universities.

It is a branch of area studies, and many Western universities combine Asian and African studies in a single faculty or institute, like SOAS in London. It is often combined with Islamic studies in a similar way. The history of the discipline in the West is covered under Oriental studies.

The International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) only considers Asia to the east of the Indus River in its scope of "Asian Studies".

Branches

 * South Asian studies (Indology)
 * Bengal studies
 * Dravidian studies
 * Tamilology
 * Pakistan studies
 * Sindhology
 * Southeast Asian studies
 * Filipinology (Philippine studies)
 * Thai studies
 * Vietnamese studies
 * Myanmar studies
 * Indonesian studies
 * East Asian studies
 * Sinology (Chinese studies)
 * Taiwan studies
 * Japanese studies
 * Ainu studies
 * Okinawan studies
 * Ryukyuan studies
 * Jurchen studies
 * Khitan studies
 * Korean studies
 * Manchurology
 * Mongolian studies
 * Tangutology
 * Tibetology (Tibetan studies)
 * Uyghur studies
 * Western Asian studies
 * Jewish studies
 * Iranian studies
 * Central Asian studies
 * Turkology
 * Semitic studies
 * Assyriology
 * Hebraic studies
 * Jewish studies (often overlapping with Middle Eastern studies)
 * Islamic studies (often overlapping with Middle Eastern and Central Asian studies)
 * Middle Eastern studies or Near Eastern studies

title: Asian studies


text:
MKN

MKN, Mkn or mkn may refer to:

 * Macedonian denar, the currency of North Macedonia
 * Markarian galaxies, are often abbreviated "Mkn" (also Mrk, Mkr, Ma, Mk, Mark), followed by their four-digit number
 * the ISO 639:m, language code for Malay
 * the ICAO airline code for Mekong Airlines

title: MKN


text:
Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck

Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (Frederik Carl Ludvig; 20 August 1757 – 24 April 1816) was the ninth and penultimate Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck. Friedrich Karl Ludwig was the son of Prince Karl Anton August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck and his wife Countess Charlotte of Dohna-Schlodien.

Life
Friedrich Karl Ludwig was born in Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia. At the age of two he lost his father who died from wounds he received in the battle of Kundersdorf. He joined the Prussian Army in 1777 upon the request of King Frederick the Great. By 1781 he was a staff officer in the Regiment von Schlieben and by 1787 he commanded a grenadier battalion based in Königsberg. He assisted in the suppression of the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising and was Governor of Kraków in 1795. He retired from Prussian service as a lieutenant general in 1797 and spent the rest of his life improving agriculture in Holstein. He died in Wellingsbüttel Manor, now part of Hamburg.

He was a recipient of the Order of the Elephant, Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, Order of the Red Eagle, and the Order of Saint Hubert.

Marriage and issue
Friedrich married Countess Friederike of Schlieben (28 February 1757 – 17 December 1827) on 8 March 1780 in Königsberg. At the time, the marriage was not looked upon favorably because the Schlieben family didn't belong to the circle of either reigning families or ancient noble families. Friedrich and Friederike had three children:
 * Princess Friederike of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (13 December 1780 – 19 January 1862) ⚭ 1800 Gottlob Samuel von Richthofen, Baron von Richthofen (1769–1808)
 * Princess Luise of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (28 September 1783 – 24 November 1803) ⚭ 1803 Frederick Ferdinand, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen
 * Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (4 January 1785 – 27 February 1831)

Friedrich was succeeded as duke by his son, Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.


text:
Wilbur Cooper

Arley Wilbur Cooper (February 24, 1892 – August 7, 1973) was an American starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played most of his career for the Pittsburgh Pirates. A four-time winner of 20 games in the early 1920s, he was the first National League left-hander to win 200 games. He established NL records for left-handers – second only to Eddie Plank among all southpaws – for career wins (216), innings pitched ($3466 1/3$) and games started (405); all were broken within several years by Eppa Rixey. His career earned run average of 2.89 is also the lowest of any left-hander with at least 3000 innings in the NL. He still holds the Pirates franchise records for career victories (202) and complete games (263); he also set club records, since broken, for innings (3201), strikeouts (1191), and games pitched (469).

Career
Cooper was born in Bearsville, West Virginia, and his family moved to Waterford, Ohio when he was a boy. He began his professional career in 1911 with the Marion, Ohio based Marion Diggers minor league team partially owned by future U.S. President Warren G. Harding; some reports suggested that Harding was the person who recommended Cooper to the Pirates, although he pitched for another minor league team before reaching the majors. In his first start with Pittsburgh in, he pitched a shutout against the St. Louis Cardinals. In he set a team record, still unbroken, with a 1.87 earned run average. He won at least 17 games each year from through, peaking with seasons of 24, 22 and 23 wins from 1920 to 1922, and led the league in starts and complete games twice each, and in wins, innings and shutouts once each. He worked quickly in his starts, often not getting the signal from his catcher until he had already begun his windup. Also known as an excellent fielder, in he became the only pitcher in major league history to begin two triple plays in a single season (on July 7 and August 21), and in 1924 he picked off a record seven runners at third base; that year the Pirates finished within three games of first place, the closest he would come to a championship.

In October 1924, Cooper was traded to the Chicago Cubs, along with Charlie Grimm and Rabbit Maranville, in a decidedly unpopular six-player deal; he was greatly disappointed to leave the Pirates, and never pitched as effectively again. In, while Pittsburgh won the NL pennant for the first time since 1909, he surpassed Rube Marquard for the NL career innings record for left-handers; the following year, he broke Marquard's league record for career starts. In June he was picked up by the Detroit Tigers, and he ended his major league career after eight games with the team, though he played in the minor leagues through 1930. Over his career, he was 216–178 with a 2.89 ERA in 517 games, and struck out 1252 batters in 3480 innings. In addition to his NL career records for left-handers in wins, starts and innings, he also ranked second among league southpaws to Marquard in strikeouts (1250) and games pitched (509), second to Ted Breitenstein in complete games (279), and second to Nap Rucker in shutouts (35). His Pirates team records for innings and strikeouts were later surpassed by Bob Friend, and his record for games pitched was broken by teammate Babe Adams in 1926. Cooper, who batted right-handed, was also a fine hitter, and teammate Pie Traynor recalled that he would often bat in the #8 slot when he was starting; in 1924, he batted .346 in 104 at bats. He had a career .239 average with 6 home runs and 106 RBI.

Personal life
Cooper died of a heart attack at age 81 in Encino, California, and was buried on the Forest Lawn Memorial Park.

Cooper's great-grandson is Keoni DeRenne.

title: Wilbur Cooper


text:
WSCG (TV)

WSCG (channel 34) is a religious television station licensed to Baxley, Georgia, United States, serving the Savannah area as an owned-and-operated station of Tri-State Christian Television (TCT). The station's studios are located on Sams Point Road in Beaufort, South Carolina, and its transmitter is located on Fort Argyle Road/SR 204 in unincorporated western Chatham County, Georgia. WSCG is one of a few TCT owned-and-operated stations to maintain its own studio facilities as other TCT O&Os ended their local operations in 2018.

History
The station signed on as WUBI on May 1, 1992, and aired an analog signal on UHF channel 34. It was an independent station at first but joined The WB in 1995 and became known as "WB 34". The station switched to UPN in early 1997 as "UPN 13" (using the station's cable channel for branding) after ABC affiliate WJCL (channel 22) originally carried UPN as a secondary affiliation. From 1997 to 1998, The WB's programming was only seen on cable and satellite providers in the Baxley and Savannah areas via the national feed of Chicago-based superstation WGN-TV. From 1998 onwards, WGN was displaced on those providers by a cable-only WB-affiliated station using the fictional call letters "WBVH" (known on-air as "WB 15") as a member of The WB 100+ Station Group.

During the analog era, WGSA's transmitter was located on the western fringe of the Savannah market and was too far away to provide most of the area with a good signal. As a result, it was seen in Savannah itself on Class A repeater WGSA-CA. That repeater was originally W34BO and was assigned in mid-November 1992 on channel 34 but the frequency proved problematic. It became WUBI-LP on channel 38 in late-April 1996 but there were still reception problems. It became WGSA-LP on channel 50 in mid-September 1998 with a further upgrade to Class A (-CA) status in August 2001. The WGSA-CA license was canceled by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on February 3, 2015, due to the station having been silent since May 2, 2012.

In January 2006, it was announced that The WB and UPN would end operations in September 2006 to form The CW, a combination of the best programs from both networks. It was made public on April 23 that WGSA would affiliate with The CW. In response to this announcement, Comcast removed "WBVH" from its channel lineup. Its successor, The CW Plus, affiliated with WGCW-LP, a low power station co-owned with WGSA on channel 38 and available exclusively on Comcast channel 240 as part of their digital lineup. WGCW was also available over-the-air via WGSA's second digital subchannel until September 11, 2016.

WGSA had a modified construction permit for digital television on channel 35 which made it high-power for the first time and put the station's transmitter site just west of Savannah. On September 28, 2007, the Savannah Morning News reported after years of being the only local station Comcast rebroadcast from an over-the-air signal, WGSA had a fiber-optic cable placed into their master control connecting directly to the cable company giving the station a much clearer signal.

On April 1, 2016, it was announced that WGSA would lose its CW affiliation to the second digital subchannel of WSAV-TV on September 12 of that year. Following a Chapter 11 bankruptcy auction in September 2017, Lowcountry 34 Media, LLC (operated by Jeff and Janet Winemiller) agreed to buy the station from Southern TV Corporation for $1.2 million. Lowcountry 34 Media had reserved the call sign WSCG for assignment when it took control February 1, 2018. WSCG resumed broadcasting April 1, 2018, under new ownership.

On May 21, 2019, it was announced that Lowcountry 34 Media would sell WSCG to HC2 Holdings for $2.6 million. The sale received FCC approval on July 2, 2019; however, Winemiller Television filed a notice of non-consummation of the purchase on November 7. Subsequently, on January 28, 2020, Lowcountry 34 Media announced it would sell the station to Marion, Illinois–based Tri-State Christian Television for $3 million. The sale was completed on April 1, making WSCG an owned-and-operated station of the TCT Network and the first full-power religious station in the Savannah market. In addition, Lowcountry 34 Media also announced that it would sell WSCG-LD and translator WGCB-LD to Marquee Broadcasting.

Newscast
In-early October 2013, WGSA established a news share agreement with NBC affiliate WSAV-TV, channel 3 (at the time owned by Media General). The arrangement resulted in a prime time newscast debuting on this station. Known on-air as WSAV News 3 at 10, the program was seen for thirty minutes on weeknights. It was effectively "moved" from previously airing at 7 p.m. on MyNetworkTV/MeTV outlet WSAV-DT2 (now a CW affiliate). With the switch to 10 o'clock, the show later broadcast in high definition on WGSA and was seen through a standard definition simulcast on WSAV-DT2. The newscast was also streamed live on WSAV's website.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WSCG (as WGSA) shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 34, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 35.

Translators
In addition to its main signal, WSCG operated two digital translators.
 * Beaufort, etc.: W14EP-D
 * Hinesville/Richmond Hill, GA: W36EZ-D

The two former translators now operate independently as WSCG-LD and WGCB-LD, respectively, with WSCG-LD broadcasting its own programming and WGCB-LD acting as its translator. WGSA's signal was also repeated by WGCW-LP in Savannah, Georgia. WGCW-LP's license was canceled by the FCC effective February 16, 2017, due to having been silent since September 12, 2016.

title: WSCG (TV)


text:
Spencer G. Lucas

Spencer George Lucas is an American paleontologist and stratigrapher, and curator of paleontology at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. His main areas of study are late Paleozoic, Mesozoic and early Cenozoic vertebrate fossils, stratigraphy, and continental deposits, particularly in the American Southwest. His research has taken him on field trips to northern Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, and Georgia, and he conducted extensive field and museum research in China in the 1980s and 1990s. He has written more than 500 scientific contributions (about 25-percent are articles in peer-reviewed journals), three books, and has co-edited 14 books.

In 2007, some publications by Lucas and associates at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science came under scrutiny after allegations that information was improperly taken from the unpublished and in-press work of graduate students not on his team. Formal complaints were made to the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs regarding publications on a new genus of aetosaur (a type of armored prehistoric reptile from the Triassic), and a reinterpretation of another aetosaur's armor. In July 2008, the Ethics Committee of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology concluded that the matter could not be resolved in favor of either side.

In 2012, he co-authored a paper describing the world's smallest tetrapod footprints, found at Joggins, Nova Scotia.

Lucas was a master-level chess player (New Mexico state champion in 1973 and 1974). He gave up chess, for the most part, in the mid-1970s to focus on his academic career.

title: Spencer G. Lucas


text:
File:One-nite-alone-live-box.jpg

Summary
Prince One Nite Alone... Live! album (2002)

title: File:One-nite-alone-live-box.jpg


text:
Chairs Missing

Chairs Missing is the second studio album by English rock band Wire. It was released on 8 September 1978 by Harvest Records. The album peaked at number 48 in the UK Albums Chart.

Although it features some of the minimalist punk rock of the band's debut Pink Flag, Chairs Missing contains more developed song structure (taking some cues from 1970s prog-rock, psychedelia, and art rock), keyboard and synthesizer elements brought in by producer Mike Thorne, and a broader palette of emotional and intellectual subject matter. The title is said to be a British slang term for a mildly disturbed person, as in "that guy has a few chairs missing in his front room". The single "Outdoor Miner" was a minor hit, peaking at number 51 in the UK Singles Chart.

Critical reception
In a 1979 Trouser Press review, Jim Green said, "Wire are disconcerting, laconic yet eloquent in fragmented visions, jarring even at their most accessible. They disdain cliche, pushing out the limits of rock; the easy way is too boring." He continued, "Their stripped-down rhythms take on the quality of being familiar yet somehow alien, just as their bleak lyrics lift the everyday from its context and illuminate its ironies." Green concluded that "[y]ou have to listen for yourself." The Sandwell Evening Mail wrote that "the songs are sparse, sometimes rather frightening, but often superbly constructed."

In its retrospective review, Steve Huey of AllMusic wrote: "The arty darkness of Chairs Missing, combined with the often icy-sounding synth/guitar arrangements, helps make the record a crucial landmark in the evolution of punk into post-punk and goth, as well as a testament to Wire's rapid development and inventiveness." BBC Music called the album a "glorious avant-pop coup" and (referring to the 2006 edition of the album) "the most satisfying of the three reissues [the others being Pink Flag and 154]." In 2004, Pitchfork listed Chairs Missing as 33rd best album of the 1970s. In 2013, NME listed the album as the 394th greatest album of all time.

Legacy
In 2004 the US record label Words-on-Music released A Houseguest's Wish, a CD tribute album to the band consisting solely of 19 different versions of the Chairs Missing track "Outdoor Miner".

Track listing
Credits adapted from the 2018 Special Edition.

All music written by Colin Newman, except where noted. All lyrics written by Graham Lewis, except where noted.

 * The bonus tracks on the 1989 and 1994 reissues were removed from the 2006 remastered reissue because they, according to the band, didn't honour the "conceptual clarity of the original statements".

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of the 2018 Special Edition.
 * Wire
 * Colin Newman – vocals, guitar, backing vocals, arrangement
 * Bruce Gilbert – guitar, arrangement, concept
 * Graham Lewis – bass, vocals on "Sand in My Joints", backing vocals, arrangement, concept, original sleeve design
 * Robert Gotobed – drums, percussion, arrangement

 * Additional personnel and production
 * Kathryn Lukas – flute on "Heartbeat"
 * Mike Thorne – production, keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals on "Being Sucked in Again", arrangement
 * Paul Hardiman – engineering
 * Ken Thomas – assistant engineering
 * Annette Green – photography
 * Brian Palmer – art direction
 * Tim Chacksfield – project co-ordination (1994 reissue)
 * Phil Smee – packaging (1994 reissue)
 * Chris Blair – cutting engineering (1994 reissue)
 * Andrew Day – design (2006 reissue)
 * Denis Blackham – Remastering (2006 and 2018 reissues)
 * Nick Glennie-Smith – engineering (disc 3, 2018 reissue)
 * Jon Wozencroft – art direction, layout (2018 reissue)
 * HQ – layout (2018 reissue)
 * Malka Spigel-Newman – photo restoration (2018 reissue)
 * Jon Savage – liner notes (2018 reissue)
 * Graham Duff – liner notes (2018 reissue)
 * Craig Grannell – booklet editor (2018 reissue)

title: Chairs Missing