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Starwood Amphitheatre

The Starwood Amphitheatre was the primary outdoor music venue in the Nashville, Tennessee area from 1986 to 2006. It was owned by Live Nation and had a capacity of 17,137. It had previously been owned by SFX Entertainment and Clear Channel Worldwide, both predecessors of Live Nation Entertainment. It was demolished in 2007 and the site, as of 2021, has not yet been redeveloped. It was not affiliated with the now-defunct Starwood hospitality company.

Background
The venue was the idea of Steve Moore, former CEO of the Country Music Association. Moore began working for PACE Concerts, in Houston booking acts for AstroWorld and Six Flags Over Texas. In 1985, Moore moved to Nashville in hopes of opening a venue tailored to acts like The Beach Boys, Jimmy Buffett, the Coral Reefer Band and the Eagles.

The amphitheater broke ground November 11, 1985. In June 1986, the amphitheater opened as Nashville's premier outdoor venue.

Venue information
Located in the Nashville suburb of Antioch, the amphitheatre featured one large stage, a covered pavilion with reserved box seating, and an open-air grassy area for general admission seating. A much smaller stage was located near the venue's north entrance and usually featured local bands entertaining audiences as they entered the venue. For larger music festivals, a temporary third stage would be erected in a fenced area normally used as a parking lot.

Starwood regularly hosted most of Nashville's summer concerts featuring A-list artists from all genres of music. The typical season, which generally ran from April to October, featured 20 to 25 events.

Starwood was criticized for the lack of sufficient road infrastructure in the area. Though within two miles (3 km) of Interstate 24, Starwood was located along Tennessee State Route 171 (Old Hickory Blvd), a two-lane road in a primarily residential and industrial neighborhood. It was also located along U.S. Route 41 (Murfreesboro Road), a four-lane highway that does not intersect a freeway in the immediate area. Therefore, larger crowds would result in major traffic problems both before and after events. Event attendees often faced hours before and after events waiting in the traffic on the two lane road location of the main venue entrance.

Aggressive security policies, such as preventing any consumption of alcohol in the parking lots before concerts, led to many concert-goers boycotting the venue through the 1990s and up to the time of its closure.

Naming rights
After opening as Starwood Amphitheatre in 1986, the venue went through several name changes in its later years. Prior to the 1999 season, naming rights were sold to locally based First American National Bank for five years, and the venue was renamed First American Music Center. That October, First American National Bank merged into Alabama-based AmSouth Bancorporation. AmSouth agreed to assume the naming rights upon the merger, and after just one season with its new name, the venue was renamed AmSouth Amphitheatre in 2000. AmSouth declined to extend the naming rights agreement past the initial five-year deal, and without a new suitor, the venue reverted to its original name in 2004.

Closing
On February 13, 2007, Live Nation announced its intention to close Starwood Amphitheatre and cancel the 2007 season in anticipation of a potential sale.

Entertainment industry insiders blame the closing on Starwood's age and size, calling it a "first-generation" outdoor venue that was only about two-thirds the size of the ones being built at the time of its closing and one that lacked now-standard amenities for both patrons and performers, and therefore not able to attract the top-tier artists who demand larger, more modern performance venues.

Starwood grossed only $4.6 million in ticket sales during the 2006 season and was one of four underperforming venues that Live Nation put up for sale following the season. Only two events were scheduled for 2007 before the announcement to close the venue: The Charlie Daniels Band's annual Volunteer Jam, and a Brad Paisley/Kellie Pickler show.

The last show at Starwood featured Aerosmith and Mötley Crüe, two bands who had played there many times over the years.

Demolition and beyond
The Starwood offices and concession areas were demolished during the last half of September 2007, culminating with the dynamite demolition of the stage, seating area, and dressing rooms on September 29, 2007.

Live Nation announced on April 30, 2007 that the buyer of the Starwood property was Vastland Realty Group. Plans for the site were revealed the following November, when Vastland announced a $100 million mixed-use residential and commercial development named "Starwood Commons" that would feature 350000 sqft of retail space and 250 multi-level townhomes.

More than three years later, the site had not been cleared, and the landscape remained much the same as it did following demolition of the structures. In October 2010, the then-current owner of the site petitioned to allow live concerts on the site, as the original development plans had fallen through due in part to the late-2000s recession.

In December 2010, Nashville rock band August Christopher performed on the still-standing concrete stage, shooting a music video for their song "Down", which was nominated for NIMA's (Nashville Independent Musicians' Association) "Video of the Year". Years later, the band got retroactive permission from Vastland Realty in response to a documentary titled "All or Nothing".

Real estate developer Vastland Realty announced plans to return concerts to the site beginning as soon as Summer 2011 using a temporary stage and seating, but the plans never came to fruition.

After defaulting on the loan, Vastland Realty lost the property to foreclosure. It was purchased out of foreclosure by Orange Murfreesboro, LLC in 2013 for US$5.5 million.

title: Starwood Amphitheatre


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dead death

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:23, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Dead death
Not notable band. No evidence that they meet any of the guidelines at WP:MUSIC. Would have fallen under the proposal for speedy deletion of unremarkable bands, but this was voted down so we'll have to go about this the long way. delete -Wiccan Quagga 08:03, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A google search turns up many results for the string "Dead Death" band, but no pages for this band. The band's website (as listed in the article) doesn't even have a dedicated URL, but is hosted at freewebs. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 08:07, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as Not Notable. Hamster Sandwich 10:35, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The band hasn't even registered one of the linked web sites. Pburka 16:38, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. -- Etacar11   23:42, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. JamesBurns 07:02, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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New London Northern Railroad

The New London Northern Railroad was a part of the Central Vermont Railway from New London, Connecticut, north to Brattleboro, Vermont. After a long period with the Canadian National Railway, it is now operated by the New England Central Railroad. The New London Northern was the only through railroad in Connecticut not to come under the control of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.

History
The New London, Willimantic and Springfield Railroad was chartered in May 1847 to build from New London on the Long Island Sound north through Willimantic to Springfield, Massachusetts. On April 10, 1848, the name was changed to the New London, Willimantic and Palmer Railroad with the shift of the north terminus to Palmer. The first section, from Norwich north to Willimantic, opened in September 1849, and the part from Norwich south to New London opened the next month. The part north to Stafford opened in March 1850, and the rest of the way to Palmer opened in September of that year.

A steamship line continued from New London to New York City via the Long Island Sound.

The Amherst and Belchertown Railroad was chartered on May 24, 1851. Construction began on April 23, 1852, and the full line opened May 9, 1853, from Palmer north to Amherst via Belchertown and Dwight. It went bankrupt in 1857, was sold at auction on October 14, 1858, and was reorganized on November 23 of that year as the Amherst, Belchertown and Palmer Railroad.

The New London Northern Railroad succeeded the New London, Willimantic and Palmer on April 1, 1861. In March 1864, it bought the Amherst, Belchertown and Palmer, extending the line north to Amherst. An extension north to Millers Falls on the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad opened in 1867.

On December 1, 1871, the Central Vermont Railroad leased the New London Northern and made it its Southern Division. The connection between the two lines was made over the Vermont Valley Railroad and the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad's Brattleboro Branch.

The Ware River Railroad opened in stages from 1870 to 1873, running from Palmer north to Winchendon. It was leased to the New London Northern until April 1, 1873, when the Boston and Albany Railroad took it over.

On May 1, 1880, the New London Northern bought the branch of the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad from Millers Falls north to Brattleboro, part of its original main line, extending the line north to Brattleboro. Just prior to that lease, in February, the narrow gauge Brattleboro and Whitehall Railroad was leased, providing a branch from Brattleboro northwest to a dead end at South Londonderry (never extended as planned to Whitehall, New York).

In 1896, the Grand Trunk Railway bought the Central Vermont. The Grand Trunk was merged into the Canadian National Railway in 1923.

The Brattleboro and Whitehall Railroad went bankrupt and was foreclosed in March 1905. The West River Railroad was chartered in May of that year as a reorganization, and the line was converted to.

On February 3, 1995, the New London Northern's line became part of the New England Central Railroad, a regional railroad from New London north to East Alburg, Vermont. This change in operation was approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission on December 9, 1994.

Branches
The Palmertown Branch ran west from Montville, Connecticut, to Palmertown.
 * Palmertown

The Fitchville Branch ran from Fitchville Junction, in the northwest part of Norwich, Connecticut, west to Fitchville.
 * Fitchville

The Flynt Granite Company built the Flynt's Granite Branch Railroad to their quarries in Monson, Massachusetts. It was owned and operated by the granite company.
 * Flynt's Granite

Passenger service
As noted above, the Central Vermont Railway bought the NLN. The latter's passenger service appeared on 20th century passenger timetables as a division of the Central Vermont Railway. The CV continued passenger service on the Brattleboro - Amherst - Palmer - Norwich - New London route until September 27, 1947. The Mansfield stop provided the nearest point of rail access to the University of Connecticut at Storrs. In 1989 passenger service was restored on the line when Amtrak rerouted the Montrealer over the line, however, only with stops between the Atlantic Coast and the Vermont border being New London, Amherst and Palmer. (In 1991 Willimantic was added as an intermediate stop.) However, service on the line was eliminated in 1995.

title: New London Northern Railroad


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Talk:Charlie Nash (Street Fighter)

Headline text
Okay, there seems to be a lot of back and forth in the page history about whether Charlie's last name is Nash or not. I removed it based on Tiamat's Street Fighter Plot Guide, which is based on official Capcom publishings. Until we can get some evidence that Charlie's last name is Nash, let's keep it as is. ~ July 24, El Cid

In Guile's SFIV intro, he's handed dog tags that clearly show the name 'Nash, Charlie'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.140.188.69 (talk) 19:33, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Animated GIF
Do we really need that Animated GIF? It slows down the loading and uses up space, as well as that one is not useful to any article, and anyone who visits any article believes that Animated GIFS are NOT necessary. --Zachkudrna18@yahoo.com
 * I agree. Whay happened to the static gif that was previously present in the article...? If its in the history, I'm going to proceed to revert and place the animated gif up for deletion. --ZeroTalk 10:49, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Shadow
Shadow (from the Marvel vs. series) redirects here, which is devoid of anything explaining about who Shadow is or his relation to Charlie. I remember there was information about Shadow on this page, but it was removed. I don't see any reason why it shouldn't be put on this page. Can anyone explain why it was removed?--Ultimo Camdawg 23:59, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Street Fighter 2 the animated Movie
Some people say that the terrorist who kills the Indian politician is Charlie (because he gets shot and then dies ,so Guile has got a reason for taking Bison down). I don't believe this. Charlie is not mentioned by name in the whole movie .Also ,at the beginning of the film Guile states that Bison's _ss is his which means that Charlie is already dead .Can anyone help ? --1stLtLombardi 18:40, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Well, there are lines of dialogue said by characters that indicate that, at the time the movie starts, Charlie is already pushing up the daisies.

Example. Bison at one point mockingly asks Guile during the final battle if hes still "thinking about the friend he killed" confirming Charlie is six feet under. MightyKombat 16:44, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Alright, then we agree that the terrorist is not Charlie. --1stLtLombardi

Trivia Section
Some things mentioned in Charlie's biography should better be listed in the Trivia section since they don't affect the story-line. I'll change that. --1stLtLombardi

 * Trivia sections are discouraged here. See WP:Trivia. Jonny2x4 22:40, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Well, I think it would be very useful to add the Trivia section here. I've read his page again and all the information seems to be squeezed and sometimes pretty TRIVIAL. But if Trivia sections are taboo, then we should just not list stuff like where to find him in Super Turbo or that he's actually stupid but needs glasses to look intelligent... --1stLtLombardi

Biography
His biography should be changed back to the date of 19:55, 9 March 2007. It simply features the best overview and doesn't focus on Guile as much as the current page does. Any opinions? I won't change his biography until then. --1stLtLombardi

Well without Guile's past, there wouldn't be an explanation of Charlie (not like they couldn't do it without him but w/e) and most of Charlie's official status happens in Guile's story of Alpha 3 and is confirmed in SF2 (hell he practically IS Guile with glasses). To be honest, despite the fact that I agree the article should have more focus on Charlie, most information about him (in-game wise) is found in Guile's story most of all and the wiki articles gauge a game's story mostly by what happens in the games (the exception is with the SF games because capcom released official info about the SF storyline and such..........

You know what? I dont really care anymore, this IS Charlie's page and as such, should have more focus on him rather than guile. Wait a sec....IT DOES! O_O;--Neofcon 21:30, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

....??? Do you want me to change the page or not? I'm pretty confused *_* But before his page will be changed you should take a quick look at the page from March and tell me if it's good. In my opinion it's the best up to now... --1stLtLombardi

And by the way, Charlie isn't Guile's old war buddy... pretty pejorative in my opinion since they're considered best friends...--1stLtLombardi

Im more of an expert on Ryu/Ken's pages than this and despite Guile being mentioned alot, Guile DID come first and most of Charlie's is gauged in Guile's. Im actually at a loss of words and would pretty much say do w/e.--Neofcon 18:14, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Ok, I'm done. I also consider adding a Guile/friendship section that tells how important Charlie was to Guile and that he still is sad about what happened. I WON'T write what Guile did after he found out that he was dead i.e. wnats to kill Bison, deserting his family....That's Guile related stuff....I'll only write about their relationship i.e. Guile is visiting his grave, .... 1stLtLombardi 02:32, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

okay, like I said, it's really your call.--Neofcon 19:45, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Ok, dudes and dudettes, can somebody explain why his page was changed back? 1stLtLombardi 12:39, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Dont look at me, I haven't touched wiki in days--Neofcon 23:49, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

No, an explanation is the only thing I request... and I haven't blamed you...1stLtLombardi 01:10, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * If you're looking to "blame" someone, then you can blame me. However, I did it only to fit in with the standards of WP:WAF. I don't really mind that you rewrite the story section, but please keep it in a real world perspective and cite your sources. Jonny2x4 02:05, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Ok, you're talking about that part of his story where they became friends? Well, I thought this would make the whole thing more understandable but if it's not appropriate enough... 1stLtLombardi 06:23, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:CharlieNash-A2.jpg
Image:CharlieNash-A2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 06:54, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Full name
Guile's prologue in Street Fighter 4 pretty much confirms his full name to be Charlie Nash. I'm going to add it to the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.249.50.213 (talk) 22:10, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I saw this too. --- Silent RAGE!  10:36, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

Charlie should not be merged
To whoever nominated Charlie for merging with the List of characters - are you serious? Charlie is a major character in many SF games (every series except III), sometimes he's almost a lead character. It would be ridiculous if he were demoted in this way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.141.22.96 (talk) 11:43, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Charlie has no reception really to speak of or Development info. Appearing in a lot of stuff doesn't satisfy Notability.--Kung Fu Man (talk) 08:36, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

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WP:Commonname

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (non-admin closure) Iffy★Chat -- 13:46, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Charlie (Street Fighter) → Charlie Nash (Street Fighter)

Prior to Street Fighter V, the character is known as "Nash" in Japan and some Asian territories, and "Charlie" in North America. From SFV onwards, the character is typically referred to by his full name within the game and by numerous secondary sources. There is already a retired Irish boxer named Charlie Nash and I am not disputing his article's status as the primary topic of the full name, but as per WP:Commonname, Charlie Nash (Street Fighter) would be the next best alternative. Haleth (talk) 01:43, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 02:11, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Support move. This isn't the same as the Balrog/Bison/Vega situation, because the Japanese and English names were reconciled.  O.N.R.  (talk) 07:16, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. I'm kind of thinking it's a WP:NOPRIMARY situation though, and the boxer should also be disambiguated.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 10:11, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
 * There is already a retired Irish boxer named Charlie Nash and I am not disputing his article's status as the primary topic of the full name - I mean, I would. Said article is sparsely viewed compared to this one. But that might be for another discussion. Nohomersryan (talk) 03:45, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Support but name it as "Charlie Nash". The name should refer to the Street Fighter character, and not the boxer, due to it being more significant. Also rename the current "Charlie Nash" to "Charlie Nash (boxer)".  Hansen Sebastian Talk

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Charlie Nash (Street Fighter)


text:
Culture of Serbia

Serbian culture is a term that encompasses the artistic, culinary, literary, musical, political and social elements that are representative of Serbs and Serbia.

History
The Byzantine Empire had a great influence on Serbian culture as it initially governed the Byzantine and Frankish frontiers in the name of the emperors. Serbs soon formed an independent country. They were baptised by Eastern Orthodox missionaries and adopted the Cyrillic script, with both Latin and Catholic influences in the southern regions. The Republic of Venice influenced the maritime regions of the Serbian state in the Middle Ages. The Serbian Orthodox Church gained autocephaly from Constantinople in 1219. The pope declared Stefan the First Crowned king, starting a prosperous medieval period of Serbian culture. The Ottoman Empire conquered the Serbian Despotate in 1459, ending a cultural and political renaissance. Ottomans ruled the territory and influenced Serbian culture, especially in the southern regions. Meanwhile, in the northern regions, the Habsburg monarchy expanded into modern-day Serbian territory beginning at the end of the 17th century, culturally binding this part of the nation to Central Europe, rather than the Balkans. After the Serbian Revolution led to autonomy and eventual independence, its people became the primary influence on the culture of Serbia.

Religion
Conversion of the South Slavs from Slavic paganism to Christianity began in the early 7th century, long before the Great Schism, the split between the Greek Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West. The Serbs were first Christianised during the reign of Heraclius (610–641). They were fully Christianised by Eastern Orthodox Missionaries (Saints) Cyril and Methodius in 869 during the reign of Basil I, who sent them following Knez Mutimir's acknowledgement of the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire.

After the Schism, those who lived under the Byzantine sphere of influence became Orthodox; those who lived under the Roman sphere of influence became Catholic. During Stefan Nemanjić's reign (1169–1196), Serbian principalities were united into a Kingdom and many churches and monasteries were built throughout the territories, including the Studenica Monastery. Nemanjić's youngest son, Saint Sava (born as Rastko) was an influential Serbian monk who became the first independent Serbian Archbishop in 1219, granted by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

Later, with the arrival of the Ottoman Empire, one group of Serbs converted to Islam. Their modern descendants are considered to be members of the Gorani and Bosniak ethnic groups. The Serbian Orthodox Church was the westernmost bastion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Europe, which shaped its historical fate through contacts with Catholicism and Islam.

During World War II the Serbs, who lived in a wide area, were persecuted by various peoples and organisations. Catholic Croats within the Independent State of Croatia recognised the Serbs only as "Croats of the Eastern Greek faith". They held the ideological view that one third of the Serbs were to be murdered, one third were to be converted and the last third expelled. This view led to the deaths of at least 700,000 people, the religious conversion of 250,000 as well as mass expulsion.

According to the 2011 Serbian census, 6,079,396 people (84.6%) identified themselves as Christian Orthodox, five per cent Roman Catholic, three per cent Muslim and one per cent Protestant.

Given names
As with most Western cultures, a child is given a first name chosen by their parents but approved by the child's godparents who usually approve their choice). The given name comes first, the surname last, e.g. "Željko Popović", where "Željko" is a first name and "Popović" is a family name. Female names typically end with -a or -ica.

Popular names are mostly of Serbian (Slavic), Christian (Biblical), Greek and Latin origin. Some examples are:
 * Serbian: Dragana, Dušan, Milan, Milica, Miloš, Nemanja, Uroš, Vuk
 * Greek: Aleksandar, Anastasija, Anđela, Đorđe, Jelena, Katarina, Nikola, Stefan
 * Biblical: Ana, Lazar, Luka, Jovan or Ivan, Marija, Marko, Matija, Mihajlo, Pavle, Petar
 * Latin: Antonije, Roman, Srđan, Valentina

Surnames
Most Serbian surnames (like Bosnian, Croatian and Montenegrin) have the surname suffix -ić (pronounced, Cyrillic: -ић). This is often transliterated as -ic or -ici. In history, Serbian names have often been transcribed with a phonetic ending, -ich or -itch. This form is often associated with Serbs from before the early 20th century: hence Milutin Milanković is usually referred to, for historical reasons, as Milutin Milankovitch.

The -ić suffix, with variants "-ović"/"-ević", is originally a Slavic diminutive and its meaning has been extended to create patronymics. Thus the surname Petr(ov)ić signifies "little Petar", as does, for example, "-sen"/"-son" in Scandinavian and to a lesser extent German and English names or a common prefix Mac ("son of") in Scottish and Irish, and O' (grandson of) in Irish names. It is estimated that some two thirds of all Serbian surnames end in -ić but that some 80% of Serbs carry such a surname with many common names being spread out among tens and even hundreds of non-related extended families.

Other common surname suffixes are -ov or -in which is the Slavic possessive case suffix, thus Nikola's son becomes Nikolin, Petar's son Petrov, and Jovan's son Jovanov. Those are more typical for Serbs from Vojvodina. The two suffixes are often combined. The most common surnames are Marković, Nikolić, Petrović, and Jovanović.

Cuisine
Most people in Serbia have three meals daily, breakfast, lunch and dinner, with lunch being the largest and most important meal. However, people traditionally ate only lunch and dinner, with breakfast being introduced in the second half of the 19th century.

Background
Traditional Serbian cuisine is varied and can be said to be a mix of European, Mediterranean and Middle Eastern fare. Ćevapi consisting of grilled heavily seasoned mixed ground meat patties is considered the national dish. Other notable dishes include koljivo used in religious rituals, Serbian salad, sarma (stuffed wineleaf), pilav (pilaf,a Middle eastern meal similar to rizzoto), moussaka and bean soup (prebranac). Česnica is a traditional bread for Christmas Day.

Homemade meals
A number of foods which are easily available in Western supermarkets, are often made at home in Serbia. These include rakija (fruit brandy), slatko, jam, jelly, and pickled foods (notably sauerkraut, ajvar and sausage). There can be economic or cultural reasons behind these food choices. Food preparation is a strong part of the Serbian family tradition.

Desserts
Serbian desserts are a mixture of other Balkan desserts and desserts native to central Serbia. The desserts that are usually served include uštipci, tulumbe, krofne and palačinke (crepes). Slatko is a traditional Serbian dessert popular throughout Serbia and it can be found in most Serbian restaurants in the Balkans and in the diaspora.

Drinks
Beer is widely consumed in Serbia. The most popular brands are Jelen Pivo and Lav Pivo. Rakija, a type of fruit brandy is also widespread, with the plum rakija (šljivovica, symbol of Šumadija), and grape rakija (loza, southern Serbia). This is Serbia's national drink and is common in other Mediterranean countries. Domestic wine is also popular. Turkish coffee (called domaća or srpska kafa) is widely consumed as well.

Language

Serbs speak the Serbian language, one of the South Slavic group of languages, specifically in the Southwestern Slavic subgroup together with other Serbo-Croatian varieties and Slovenian. It is mutually intelligible with the Croatian and Bosnian languages (see Differences in standard Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian) and most linguists consider it one of the standard varieties of the common Serbo-Croatian language.

The Serbian language comprises several dialects, the standard language is based on the Stokavian dialect.

It is an official language in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. In Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, North Macedonia and Romania, it is a regionally recognised minority language.

There are also historical variants of the Serbian language, namely Old Serbian and Slavonic-Serbian, a blend of Church Slavonic, Russian and Serbian.

Serbian is the only European language with active digraphia, using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Vuk Karadžić, who created the alphabet on phonemic principles. Cyrillic has its origins in the Cyril and Methodius transformation from the Greek script. The Latin alphabet used for Serbian is Ljudevit Gaj's version shared by all Southwestern Slavic languages.

Loanwords in the Serbian language are mostly from Turkish, German and Italian; words of Hungarian origin are present mostly in the north and Greek words mostly in the liturgy.

Two Serbian words that are used in many of the world's languages are vampire and paprika. Slivovitz and ćevapčići are Serbian words which have spread together with the Serbian food/drink they refer to. Vampire entered most West European languages through German-language texts in the early 18th century and has since spread around the world.

Literature
Most Medieval literature was about religious themes. Various gospels, psalters, menologies, hagiographies, and essays and sermons of the founders of the Serbian Orthodox Church were written. At the end of the 12th century, two of the most important pieces of Serbian medieval literature were created—the Miroslav Gospels (UNESCO's Memory of the World) and the Vukan Gospels, which combined handwritten Biblical texts with painted initials and small pictures. Serbian epic poetry was a central part of medieval Serbian literature based on historic events such as the Battle of Kosovo.

Notable Baroque authors include Andrija Zmajević, Gavril Stefanović Venclović, Jovan Rajić and Zaharije Orfelin. Dositej Obradović is the most prominent literary figure of the Age of Enlightenment, while the most notable Classicist writer is Jovan Sterija Popović, although his works also contain elements of Romanticism. Modern Serbian literature began with Vuk Karadžić's collections of folk songs in the 19th century, and the writings of Njegoš and Branko Radičević. The first prominent representative of Serbian literature in the 20th century is Jovan Skerlić, who wrote in pre–World War I Belgrade and helped to introduce Serbian writers to literary modernism.

In the 20th century, Serbian literature flourished and a myriad of young and talented writers appeared. The most well-known authors are Ivo Andrić, Miloš Crnjanski, Meša Selimović, Borislav Pekić, Danilo Kiš, Milorad Pavić, David Albahari, Miodrag Bulatović, Dobrica Ćosić, Zoran Živković among others. Jelena Dimitrijević and Isidora Sekulić are two early 20th century women writers; Svetlana Velmar-Janković was the best-known female novelist in mi-20th and early 21st century. Ivo Andrić won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961.

Milorad Pavić is one of the most widely acclaimed Serbian authors, most notably for his Dictionary of the Khazars, which has been translated into 38 languages.

Traditions and customs
Among Slavs and Orthodox Christians, only Serbs have the custom of slava. Each family has one patron saint they venerate on their feast day. Unlike most customs that are common for everyone, each family celebrates its own saint (of course, there is a lot of overlap) who is considered its protector separately. A slava is passed down mostly, though not exclusively, from father to son. (If a family has no son, and a daughter stays in the parental home and her husband moves in, her slava, not his, is celebrated). Each household celebrates only one saint, so the occasion brings the whole family together. However, since many saints (e.g. St. Nicholas, St. John the Baptist, St. George, St. Archangels of Gabriel and Michael, and the Apostles St. Peter and Paul) have two feast days, both are marked.

 * Slava, Serbian Orthodox Patron saint veneration
 * Kumstvo, God-parenthood in the Serbian Orthodox Church
 * Pobratimstvo, blood-brotherhood
 * Serbian Christmas traditions
 * Badnjak (Serbian), Christmas tradition
 * Serbian epic poetry, Epic poetry
 * Čuvari Hristovog groba is a religious/cultural practice of guarding a representation of Christ's grave on Good Friday in the Church of St. Nicholas by the Serbian Orthodox inhabitants in the town of Vrlika
 * Čuvari Hristovog groba is a religious/cultural practice of guarding a representation of Christ's grave on Good Friday in the Church of St. Nicholas by the Serbian Orthodox inhabitants in the town of Vrlika

The Serbs are a highly family-oriented society, which glancing at a Serbian dictionary and the richness of their terminology related to kinship makes clear.

The traditional dance is a circle dance called kolo, which is common among Serbs, Montenegrins and Macedonians. It is a collective dance, where a group of people (usually several dozen, at the very least three) hold each other by the hands or around the waist dancing, forming a circle (hence the name), semicircle or spiral. It is called Oro in Montenegro. Similar circle dances also exist in other cultures of the region.

The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian calendar, so Christmas Day (December 25) falls on January 7 on the Gregorian calendar and is the day Serbs celebrate Christmas. This is shared with the Orthodox churches of Jerusalem, Russia, Georgia, Ukraine and the Greek Old Calendarists.Serbs have their own customs regarding Christmas. Early in the morning of Christmas Eve, the head of the family would go to a forest to cut badnjak, a young oak, the oak tree would then be brought into the church to be blessed by the priest. Then it would be stripped of its branches and combined with wheat and other grain products would be burned in the fireplace. The burning of the badnjak is a ritual which is of pagan origin and is considered a sacrifice to God (or the old pagan gods) so that the coming year may bring plenty of food, happiness, love, luck and riches. Nowadays, with most Serbs living in towns, they go to their church service to be given a small parcel of oak, wheat and other branches tied together to be taken home and set afire. The house floor and church are covered with hay, reminding worshippers of the stable in which Jesus was born.

Christmas Day itself is celebrated with a feast, necessarily featuring roasted piglet as the main meal. The most important Christmas meal is česnica, a special bread. It contains a coin; during the lunch, the family breaks up the bread and the one who finds the coin is said to be assured of an especially happy year.

Unlike in the West, Christmas is not associated with presents, although it is the day of Saint Nicholas, the protector saint of children, to whom presents are given. Most Serbian families give presents on New Year's Day. Santa Claus (Deda Mraz (literally meaning Grandpa Frost)) and the Christmas tree (generally associated with New Year's Day) are also used in Serbia because of globalisation. Serbs celebrate the Old New Year (currently on January 14 of the Gregorian calendar).

On Orthodox Easter, Serbs have the tradition of Slavic Egg decorating.

Another related feature, often lamented by Serbs themselves, is disunity and discord; as Slobodan Naumović puts it, "Disunity and discord have acquired in the Serbian popular imaginary a notorious, quasi-demiurgic status. They are often perceived as being the chief malefactors in Serbian history, causing political or military defeats, and threatening to tear Serbian society completely apart." That disunity is often quoted as the source of Serbian historic tragedies, from the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 to Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s. Even the contemporary notion of "two Serbia's"—one supposedly liberal, pro-European, Eurocentric and pro-western—and the other conservative, nationalist, Russophilic and Eurosceptic seems to be an extension of the discord. Popular proverbs "two Serbs, three political parties" and "God save us from Serbs that may unite!", and even the unofficial Serbian motto "Only Unity Saves the Serbs" (Samo sloga Srbina spasava) illustrates the national frustration with the inability to unite over important issues.

Humour
Serbian has a long tradition of humour and popular jokes. The most common type of humour is black humour and Serbian jokes are often imitated by other peoples from the Balkans, often with a twist. As with many other peoples, there are popular stereotypes at the local level: in popular jokes and stories, northern Serbs of Vojvodina (Lale) are perceived as phlegmatic, undisturbed and slow; Montenegrins are lazy and pushy; people from Pirot are misers; Bosnians are raw and simple; Serbs from Central Serbia (Šumadija) are often portrayed as capricious and malicious, etc.

Visual arts

There was some resumption of artistic endeavour after the restoration of the Serbian patriarch in 1557. Djordje Mitrofanović was the leading painter of the early 17th century with his work on the church at the Morača Monastery considered as amongst his best.

A Baroque church 'Our Lady of the Rocks' on an island in the Boka Kotorska, in Montenegro is one of the most notable pieces of architecture in Serbia from the early modern period; many fine specimens of silverware dating from the 17th century are contained within its walls. Traditional Serbian art was beginning to show some Baroque influences at the end of the 18th century as shown in the works of Nikola Nešković, Teodor Kračun and Jakov Orfelin.

There was somewhat of a resurgence in Serbian art in the 19th century as Serbia gradually regained its autonomy. Prince Aleksandar commissioned the building of a Monument to the Insurgents in Karađorđev Park in 1848 in Vračar. Serbian paintings showed the influence of Neoclassicism and Romanticism during the 19th century. Anastas Jovanović was a pioneering photographer in Serbia, taking the photos of many leading citizens.

Kirilo Kutlik set up the first school of art in Serbia in 1895. Many of his students went to study in Western Europe, especially France and Germany, and brought back avant-garde styles. Fauvism influenced Nadežda Petrović, while Sava Šumanović worked in Cubism.

After World War I, the Belgrade School of Painting developed in the capital with some members such as Milan Konjović working in a Fauvist manner, while others such as Marko Čelebonović worked in a style called Intimisme based on the use of colours.

The most famous Serbian painters were Paja Jovanović and Uroš Predić, painting in the Realist style. Their monumental paintings of historical events have inspired generations of Serbian artists.

Music

Serbian music dates from the medieval period with strong church and folk traditions. Church music in Serbia of the time was based on the Osmoglasnik a cycle of religious songs based on the resurrection and lasting for eight weeks. During the Nemanjić dynasty and under other rulers such as Stefan Dušan, musicians enjoyed royal patronage. There was a strong folk tradition in Serbia dating from this time.

During Ottoman rule, Serbs were forbidden to own property, to learn to read and write and denied the use of musical instruments. Church music had to be performed in private. The gusle, a one-stringed instrument, was used by Serbian peasants during this time in an effort to find a loophole through the stringent Ottoman laws. Filip Višnjić was a particularly notable guslar (gusle player). In the 18th century, Russian and Greek chant schools were established and the Serbian Orthodox Church accepted Church Slavonic into their liturgy.

Folk music enjoyed a resurgence in the 19th century. Stevan Mokranjac, a composer and musicologist, collected folk songs as well as performing his own work. Kornelije Stanković wrote the first Serbian language works for choirs.

Traditional Serbian folk music remains popular today, especially in rural areas. Western rock and pop music has become increasingly popular, mainly in cities with rock acts such as Riblja Čorba and Đorđe Balašević incorporating political statements in their music. Turbo-folk combines Western rock and pop styles with traditional folk music vocals. Serbian immigrants have taken their musical traditions to nations such as the US and Canada.

Marija Šerifović won first place at the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest, and Serbia was the host of the 2008 contest.

Several notable composers used motifs from Serbian folk music and composed works inspired by Serbian history or culture, such as Johannes Brahms, Franz Liszt, Arthur Rubinstein, Antonín Dvořák, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Franz Schubert, Hans Huber and other.

Theatre and cinema
Serbia has a well-established theatrical tradition with many theatres. The Serbian National Theatre was established in 1861. The company started performing opera at the end of the 19th century and the permanent opera was established in 1947. It established a ballet company.

Bitef, Belgrade International Theatre Festival, is one of the oldest theatre festivals in the world. New Theatre Tendencies is the constant subtitle of the Festival. Founded in 1967, Bitef has continually followed and supported the latest theater trends. It has become one of the five most important and biggest European festivals, and one of the most significant culture institutions of Serbia.

Cinema was established reasonably early in Serbia, with 12 feature films being produced before the start of World War II. The most notable of the prewar films is Mihailo Popovic's The Battle of Kosovo in 1939.

Cinema prospered after World War II. The most notable postwar director is Dušan Makavejev, who is recognised internationally for Love Affair: Or the Case of the Missing Switchboard Operator in 1969. Makavejev's Montenegro was made in Sweden in 1981. Zoran Radmilović was one of the most notable actors of the postwar period.

Serbian cinema continued to make progress in the 1990s and today, despite the turmoil of the 1990s. Emir Kusturica won two Golden Palms for Best Feature Film at the Cannes Film Festival, for When Father Was Away on Business in 1985 and then again for Underground in 1995. In 1998, Kusturica won a Silver Lion for directing Black Cat, White Cat.

Serbian handcrafts
Serbia has a long tradition of handicrafts. Đakovica in Kosovo was known for its black pottery. Pirot in southern Serbia became known for its ceramics under the Ottomans with the potters following Byzantine designs. It also became a centre for the production of kilims or rugs.

The Slavs introduced jewellery making to Serbia in the 6th century AD. Metalworking started to develop on a significant scale following the development of a Serbian state. Workshops were set up in towns, large estates and in monasteries. The Studenica Monastery was known for the quality of its goldsmithing. Coins were minted not only by the kings but some of the wealthier nobility. The nobility was influenced by the wealth of the Byzantine court. Metalworking like many other arts and crafts went into decline following the Ottoman conquest. However, there was a partial revival in later centuries with a strong Baroque influence notably, the 17th century silverware at Our Lady of the Rocks on Boka Kotorska.

Media
As of 2001, there were 27 daily newspapers and 580 other newspapers published in Serbia. Some of them have Internet editions. Politika founded in 1904 is the oldest daily newspaper in the Balkans. There were also 491 periodical magazines published in Serbia with the Nedeljne informativne novine (NIN) and Vreme amongst the notable ones. The state exerts its influence on some daily publications such as Večernje novosti and Politika.

Television broadcasting started in 1958 with every country in the former Yugoslavia having its own station. In Serbia, the state television station was known as RTB and became known as RTS (Radio Television of Serbia) after the breakup of Yugoslavia. From the time of Yugoslavia until the Bulldozer Revolution in 2000, the ruling party controlled state broadcasting. NATO bombed the headquarters of the RTS station during its 1999 air-strikes against Yugoslavia, claiming it was being used for propaganda purposes.

There was some private broadcasting with the B92 radio and television station starting in 1989, although it was shut down in 1999 during the hostilities. After the fall of Milošević, RTS became known as the "new" RTS as an assertion of independence while B92 commenced broadcasting. During 2001, there were 70 television centres in Serbia of which 24 were privately owned. In 2003, there was a return to censorship as the government of Zoran Živković temporarily imposed a state of emergency following the assassination of Zoran Djindjic. The European Federation of Journalists continues to have concerns over media freedom in the country.

Sport

Serbia is very successful in many sports. Among the most popular sports are football, basketball, water polo, sport shooting, handball, volleyball and tennis.

The two most popular football clubs in Serbia are Red Star Belgrade and FK Partizan. Their supporters are the Delije and the Grobari, respectively. The Serbia national football team participated in the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

In basketball, Serbian clubs are successful and participate regularly in European competitions, where they often make quarter-final and semi-final appearances. The Serbian national basketball team is successful in international competitions, having won several FIBA World Championship, EuroBasket and Olympic gold medals.

Serbian men's and women's teams are also World Champions in sports, such as water polo and volleyball.

Serbian tennis players have been successful. Novak Djokovic is the current World No. 1, and he has won nineteen Grand Slam Singles titles so far. Janko Tipsarević, Viktor Troicki, Jelena Janković and Ana Ivanovic are also successful. The Serbia Davis Cup team won the 2010 Davis Cup Final held in the Belgrade Arena.

Cultural institutions
At the beginning of the 21st century, there were 32 art galleries and 142 museums in Serbia. Belgrade has many of the most significant with the National Museum of Serbia in Belgrade, the Gallery of Frescoes featuring Orthodox Church art, the Ethnographic Museum and the Princess Ljubica's Residence. Novi Sad contains the Museum of Vojvodina, Gallery of Matica Srpska as well as the Petrovaradin fortress.

Matica Srpska is the oldest and most notable cultural and scientific organisation in today's Serbia. Its name is translated in Serbian as the Serbian matrix or parent body of the Serbs. It was founded in 1826 in Budapest and moved to Novi Sad in 1864. Amongst other achievements, it compiled a six-volume study of the Serbian language between 1967 and 1976. Its journal Letopis Matice Srpske is one of the oldest periodicals examining scientific and cultural issues anywhere in the world. Vojvodina province of Austro-Hungary became attractive for Serbs ever since the fall of Serbia in the 15th century, and was the site of the Great Serbian Migrations, when Serbs colonised the area escaping Turkish vengeance. Sremski Karlovci became the spiritual, political and cultural centre of the Serbs in the Habsburg Empire, with the Metropolitan of the Serbian Orthodox Church residing in the town. To this day, Serbian Patriarch retains the title of Metropolitan of (Sremski) Karlovci. The town featured the earliest Serb and Slavic grammar school (Serbian: gimnazija/гимназија, French: Lycée) founded on August 3, 1791. In 1794, an Orthodox seminary was also founded in the town, ranking second oldest in the world (after the Spiritual Academy in Kiev). Novi Sad is home to Serbia's oldest professional theatre, founded in 1861 as Serbian National Theatre (serbian: Srpsko Narodno Pozorište), followed by Belgrade in 1868; however two other cities claim this title: City of Kragujevac Knjazesko Srbski Teatar since 1835 and Subotica since 1851 (*there were theatres throughout Serbia long before that time but cannot be classified as "professional").

There is a network of libraries with three national libraries, 689 public libraries, 143 higher education libraries and 11 non-specialised libraries as of 1998. The National Library of Serbia is the most significant of these. Project Rastko, founded in 1997, is an Internet library of Serb culture.

The roots of the Serbian education system date back to the 11th and 12th centuries when the first Catholic colleges were founded in Vojvodina (Titel, Bac). Medieval Serbian education, however, was mostly conducted in Serbian Orthodox monasteries (UNESCO protected Sopoćani, Studenica, Patriarchate of Peć) starting from the rise of Raška in the 12th century, when Serbs overwhelmingly embraced Eastern Orthodoxy rather than Roman Catholicism. The first European-style higher education facilities, however, were founded in Catholic Vojvodina, Teacher's College in Subotica in 1689, although several facilities have functioned even before (e.g. Jesuit School in Belgrade, since 1609). Following the short-lived Serbian independence between 1804 and 1813, Belgrade officially became the educational centre of the country (excluding Vojvodina). The University of Belgrade is the largest and most prestigious institution of higher education in Serbia, founded as the Belgrade Higher School in 1808. The Gymnasium Jovan Jovanović Zmaj was founded in 1810 and many important Serb cultural figures studied there.

Within the Government of Serbia, the Serbian Ministry for Culture is responsible for administering its cultural facilities.

National symbols

 * The Serbian flag is a red-blue-white horizontal tricolour.
 * The Serbian eagle, a white two-headed eagle, which represents dual power and sovereignty (monarch and church), was the coat of arms of the Nemanjić dynasty.
 * The Serbian cross is based on the Byzantine cross, but where the Byzantine Cross held four Greek letter 'V' (or 'B') meaning King of Kings, ruling over Kings, the Serbian cross turned the Byzantine "B" into four Cyrillic letters of 'S' (C) with little stylistic modification, for a whole new message (traditionally rendered as Samo sloga Srbina spasava—Only Unity Saves the Serbs). If displayed on a field, traditionally it is on a red field, but could be used with no field at all.

Both the eagle and the cross, besides being the basis for various Serbian coats of arms through history, are the basis for the symbols of various Serbian organisations, political parties, institutions and companies.

Serbian folk attire varies, mostly because of the very diverse geography and climate of the territory inhabited by the Serbs. Some parts of it are, however, common:

 * A traditional shoe that is called the opanak. It is recognisable by its distinctive tips that spiral backward. Each region of Serbia has a different kind of tips.
 * A traditional hat that is called the šajkača. It is easily recognisable by its top part that looks like the letter V or like the bottom of a boat (viewed from above), after which it got its name. It gained wide popularity in the early 20th century as it was the hat of the Serbian army in the First World War. It is still worn every day by some villagers today, and it was a common item of headgear among Bosnian Serb military commanders during the Bosnian War in the 1990s. However, the šajkača is common mostly for the Serbian population living in the region of Central Serbia (Šumadija), while Serbs living in Vojvodina, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia had different types of traditional hats, which are not similar to šajkača. Different types of traditional hats could also be found in eastern and southern parts of Central Serbia.

Online references

 * Serbia Ministry of Culture
 * The Christian heritage of Kosovo and Metohija - The historical and spiritual heartland of the Serbian people
 * Radio Television Serbia
 * European Federation of Journalists Serbia page
 * Serbian info culture page
 * Serbian info Art History page
 * Encarta Yugoslavia article
 * Encarta Yugoslav literature page
 * Serbian medieval literature history
 * Columbia University Yugoslav Literature article
 * Treasures National Library Serbia
 * Project Rastko (1995): The History of Serbian Culture

Other references

 * "Serbia and Montenegro", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2005
 * "Serbia", Grove Art Online, 2005
 * "Serbia", Grove Music Online, 2005
 * The Statesman's Yearbook 2005: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, ISBN 1-4039-1481-8

title: Culture of Serbia


text: File:ICP JOKER6 Shangrila.jpg

title: File:ICP JOKER6 Shangrila.jpg


text:
Mavia

Mavia may refer to:

 * Mavia (queen), the warrior-queen of the Bedouin Saracens in the fourth century CE
 * Mavia (genus), a classification of insects
 * Makonde language
 * Mav̋ea language
 * Mavea, an island in Vanuatu
 * "Mavia", a character from Love from a Stranger (1947 film)

title: Mavia


text:
File:Terry Pratchett - Thud 0385608675.jpg

summary
Hardbook Cover Thud! (Discworld Novel) by Terry Pratchett
 * Publisher: Doubleday
 * ISBN 0385608675


text:
Phùng Thị Chính

Phùng Thị Chính was a Vietnamese noblewoman who fought alongside the Trưng sisters in order to repel Han invaders from Vietnam in 43 CE. She was pregnant at the time, and was in charge of protecting the central flank. Legend says she gave birth on the front lines and carried her newborn in one arm and a sword in the other as she fought to open the ranks of the enemy.

title: Phùng Thị Chính


text:
Talk:Parental alienation syndrome

New source
http://psychologistswithnogod.com/
 * January, 2012

Opening paragraphs
The opening paragraphs need to provide a definition and balanced overview of PAS. The opening sentence is better now, but a number of problems remain:

1) The overview is unbalanced, with two-thirds of it being about how PAS is not recognised, not accepted, rejected etc. A more balanced introduction would say a bit more about what PAS actually is, and a bit less about academic/legal debate/controversy;

2) PAS is not best described as a "theory";

3) It's not up to legal scholars to criticize science for lacking scientific validity and reliability; that job should fall to scientists - so it may be OK to refer to legal reviews of the acceptance of PAS in the courtroom, for instance, but not to the views of legal scholars about PAS itself;

4) The standard of references needs some improvement. A citation of Gardner's original 1985 paper was missing (which I added), while reliance has been placed on one or two references (such as Hoult 2006) that are not reputable;

5) It's important to remember that, although this article should be academically accurate, its aim is to communicate with a broad audience, many of whom will never previously have heard of PAS. The opening paragraphs need therefore to do more to explain what PAS actually is, and to put it in context for the average reader (NOT for the reader that already has a position in a debate about it).

The following is an example of what I think is a more balanced overview:

[Definition/Origin of term]

Parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is a term coined by child psychiatrist Richard Gardner, and introduced in his seminal 1985 paper,[1] to describe a suite of distinctive behaviors consistently shown by children who have been psychologically manipulated into showing unwarranted fear, disrespect or hostility towards a parent and/or other family members - typically, by the other parent and during child custody disputes.[1][2]

[Historical context/description]

Although common knowledge that a parent could turn a child against, or poison a child's mind against, another parent, particularly during family separation, Gardner proposed that the resultant behaviors of children, remarkably consistent across families, amounted to an actual and specific disorder in the child: parental alienation syndrome. Gardner identified a number of characteristic behaviors including a "campaign of denigration" in which a child actively contributes to a narrative of why s/he is rejecting a parent and/or other family members.

[Status/Legacy]

PAS itself has not been formally recognized as a mental disorder by key professional associations and internationally respected publications such as the WHO's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems and the current, 2013 edition of the APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the DSM-5. However, the DSM-5 does recognise other disorders and behaviors that describe aspects of PAS.[12] In the absence of academic consensus about the validity of using the technical term "syndrome" in this context,[3] and about other aspects of Gardner's original work,[4][5][6][7] academic and clinical psychologists have, since the 1990s, increasingly referred to this phenomenon more broadly by using the truncated term parental alienation.[8] This term has become increasingly used, initially in the USA and subsequently worldwide, in family court cases[9] and the mainstream press.[10][11]

Skythrops (talk) 10:18, 12 February 2018 (UTC)
 * PAS is a theory, and it is a rejected theory. That should be explicit in any introduction to the subject. As much as some might want to advocate for the concept of PAS, it has now been consistently rejected by the courts and by psychological organizations, and is not under consideration for inclusion in the DSM. This is not only a situation where legal professionals and courts have come to reject PAS, as its lack of scientific validity has caused it to also be rejected by the psychological and psychiatric communities. It should not be pretended that the DSM provides support for the concept of PAS, as it does not. This article should reflect the history and ultimate rejection of PAS, not pretend that it remains a viable theory or is about to suddenly gain acceptance. It is not the case that the controversy is over the word "syndrome"; a consensus has in fact formed that rejects the concept of a syndrome. It is not the case that "parental alienation" is, or is used as, a synonym for the rejected concept of "parental alienation syndrome", and we should not introduce that type of inaccuracy into the article. Arllaw (talk) 16:20, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

PAS is clearly a sensitive subject for many. So, we need to be alert to anyone with an extreme, partisan position editing a Wikipedia article or removing valid edits by others. I believe Arllaw is correct in saying that current consensus "rejects the concept of a syndrome" but I do not find the rest of the para above to be an objective or accurate assessment. Following a request, I've posted my proposed revisions above. Please could any editors do us the courtesy of stating which words or phrases in the above, proposed revision they believe are wrong or misleading, and provide associated evidence/citations. I'll leave appropriate time for discussion before making any such changes.

The fact remains that the intro to this article is unbalanced, as detailed above.

Wikipedia should not be about people wanting to lobby for a position, but about objective facts and consensus (and, again, it's not for lawyers to determine the merits of a scientific or medical issue any more than it's the job of a scientist to interpret the law).

It is misleading to characterise PAS as "a rejected theory" when it has spawned so extensive a literature and legacy; the fact that PAS has not been accepted as a syndrome by professional/psychological associations is independent of whether or not the broader concept (of parents psychologically manipulating children to reject other family members) is generally accepted. And it's not just consensus, but common knowledge that parents can and do poison children against other parents. The phenomenon is not in doubt - even if the labels for it are.

How useful Gardner's contribution will ultimately prove to have been to this particular subject remains moot, but his 1985 paper introducing the term PAS meets the definition of "seminal" insofar as it highlighted an issue, has been much cited and stimulated further work, and was responsible for introducing the term "parental alienation" that (whether or not one likes the term) is now increasingly used to refer to this phenomenon in legal proceedings (in many of which its existence is accepted), social science and the popular press. Skythrops (talk) 04:15, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * The issue is not that PAS is a "sensitive issue". The issue is that we should not confuse advocacy for the concept of PAS, wishful thinking that it will suddenly become recognized despite its history of rejection by the mental health community and courts, or conflation of PAS with "parental alienation", with the type of objective information that belongs in a Wikipedia article. Referring back to Gardner's 1985 paper is useful to show the origin of the concept, but useless as evidence that it has present credibility. Arllaw (talk) 13:54, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

The first paragraph had been edited over the past year to leave one incomplete sentence, as well as some other grammatical and factual issues. It also included a sentence/paragraph better suited to a later section of the article. I've made the adjustments to correct for this, in line with discussion above. Skythrops (talk) 12:18, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

Citations: Added Bala et al (2010) reference which refers to increasing prevalence of PA; Bernet et al reference removed where it doesn't support prior text. Skythrops (talk) 23:57, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

With respect to Arllaw's recent text changes/reversions in the introductory paragraph, I’m providing the attached, detailed explanation. It would be good to see any contrary position argued here on the Talk page, with evidence, to reach consensus prior to any further such changes. [With respect to Arllaw’s conduct, which includes tracking my edits on multiple pages and sometimes-immediately changing/reverting my text (notwithstanding my supporting, background comments and evidence on Talk pages), please could you/Arllaw start up a User page so we may discuss this there, as per Wikipedia guidelines. Thanks.]

The reversions/changes in one sentence of the opening paragraph introduce numerous problems/errors:

1. A grammatical error - needs a “has” before “been criticized”;

2. Adding the words “syndrome” and “theory” in this sentence creates multiple inaccuracies and/or misleads;

3. It is not for legal communities to decide (or accept) whether or not parental alienation is a syndrome; as discussed above and elsewhere, this is a question for the medical, psychological and/or psychiatric fraternity. Similarly, it is not for “legal scholars” to criticize the science relating to parental alienation (syndrome); this again is an issue for scientists and academics in this or related fields. Legal scholars can, of course, comment on the usage and/or acceptance of PAS in a legal context, though this is a very different discussion that should not be conflated with the discussion about the science by scientists;

4. At least one of the leading and most-extensively published academics on this subject matter has, in fact, accepted the term parental alienation syndrome and uses it in multiple publications to this day. (This substantial body of work should not be characterized, as does Arllaw, as "theoretical acceptance at the fringes".) So, we should not make blanket statements about whether or not it’s been accepted without a qualifier, such as ‘widely’ or ‘generally’, or without going into more detail (which is more appropriate later in the article). Similarly, it’s not wholly accurate to say that PAS has been criticized when it has also had support. Again, this would need the qualifier that it’s been criticized by “some” (not “all”). In a strictly neutral introduction, both sides of the argument would be put, with matching citations, but in the interests of a summary, this could perhaps be left until later in the piece;

5. What has not been widely/generally accepted is that “parental alienation syndrome” is a medically/scientifically recognized/valid “syndrome”. There is a well-documented history of how long it takes some phenomena or beliefs to gain general acceptance and others to lose it. More importantly, there is good evidence that the broader phenomenon (aka “parental alienation”) is now increasingly accepted and recognized in the literature, and even within the legal and healthcare communities in some countries. The wording of this paragraph needs to make such nuanced distinctions - between the phenomenon and the terms used to describe it, for instance - as clear as possible;

6. With respect to the use of the word “theory”, I’ve argued elsewhere in some considerable detail why its usage in this context is not appropriate. I can add these explanations here on request;

7. I refer also to comments made by other editors, not least Martinogk and DrPax, on related pages concerning similar issues.

Thanks Skythrops (talk) 22:38, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

Arllaw, please could you establish a User page so we may communicate - as per Wikipedia policy guidelines - via your own Talk page about the multiple reversions of my text that you have made on multiple pages. I explain the rationale behind my edits in considerable and sometimes painstaking detail on Talk pages while you are making reversions generally without any discussion or attempt to reach consensus on these pages, which are there for precisely this reason. I appreciate your help with this. Thanks. Skythrops (talk) 12:58, 3 April 2019 (UTC)
 * If you want to discuss an article, that's what the article discussion page is for. You have strong personal feelings about this subject, but recall that this is a collaborative project. Arllaw (talk) 17:18, 3 April 2019 (UTC)
 * To be accurate, this sentence in the opening paragraph,
 * "Observed repeatedly in families involved in child custody litigation, these behaviors result from psychological manipulation or undue influence, typically by the other parent who may be attempting to prevent an ongoing relationship between a child and other family members after family separation or divorce"

 * Should be revised along the lines of,
 * "Gardner believed that a set of behaviors that he observed in some families involved in child custody litigation could be used to diagnose psychological manipulation or undue influence of a child by a parent, typically by the other parent who may be attempting to prevent an ongoing relationship between a child and other family members after family separation or divorce."

 * Arllaw (talk) 20:13, 1 August 2019 (UTC)
 * No objection, then? Arllaw (talk) 12:06, 7 August 2019 (UTC)

WHO Recognition
The WHO has announced an update to ICD-11. Are there any reliable sources to show that P.A.S. is included - as stated by this blog? Bogger (talk) 16:14, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

There appears to be ongoing controversy about this. As I understand it, PAS will not be listed as a syndrome in ICD-11, no matter what. The discussion is whether the index should contain PAS, which would lead to parent child relational problem. I am not sure how things work for ICD, but in DSM-5 PCRP is given a "V-code", meaning that it is not a diagnosis of a problem in any individual involved.

Treatment issues
I am surprised that this article does not reference any of the treatments like Family Bridges and High Road that purport to treat PAS. The lack of evidentiary support for these treatments is an additional reason to query PAS and PA concepts. JeanAMercer (talk) 18:34, 31 July 2019 (UTC)
 * There was some discussion of the controversy on Richard Warshak's page, but somebody quickly edited it out. Discussion perhaps belongs in the parental alienation article, as I believe every proponent of that sort of treatment has abandoned the concept of PAS and, for that matter, that some are even moving away from the term "parental alienation". Arllaw (talk) 20:05, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

Gardner?
I am looking reliable sources to support the claims "In 1985 child psychiatrist Richard Gardner introduced the term parental alienation syndrome" and "Gardner argued for parental alienation syndrome to be included in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)."

I see where he coined the phrase https://web.archive.org/web/20031220023819/http://mensnewsdaily.com/archive/g/gardner/gardner100602.htm and it looks like`he sent a letter and asked others in something he called the "PAS Network" to send letters (canadiancrc.com/Parental_Alienation_Syndrome_Canada/letter2002.aspx -- can't post the URL, on the blacklist. add the http yourself to view) http://fact.on.ca/Info/pas/gardnr85.pdf but "Fathers Are Capable Too: Supporting a child's right to both parents" and "Men's News Daily" are obvious advocacy sites. Does anyone have any references that show any reliable sources reporting either his coining of the phrase or his lobbying to get it in the DSM? --Guy Macon (talk) 16:13, 24 September 2019 (UTC)
 * A partial answer: Gardner presented a paper entitled Recent trends in divorce and custody litigation, which was published in the Academy Forum (published by the The American Academy of Psychodynamic Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis), Volume 29, Number 2, Summer, 1985, p. 3-7, in which he proposed PAS. A relatively recent article, Are children susceptible to manipulation? The best interest of childrenand their testimony, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.02.003, corroborates that Gardner coined the term in 1985. Arllaw (talk) 19:45, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parental alienation syndrome


text:
File:AllOverMeIndieFilm.jpg

Movie poster for "All Over Me"

Fair use in All Over Me
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:AllOverMeIndieFilm.jpg


text:
NLN

NLN may refer to:
 * National Lampoon Inc (stock symbol NLN)
 * National League for Nursing
 * National League of the North
 * National Learning Network, a large UK repository of online learning materials
 * Neurolysin, a human protein found in the mitochondria
 * New London Northern Railroad

title: NLN


text:
Šamši

Šamsi (Old Arabic: Šamši; 𒊓𒄠𒋛) was an Arab queen who reigned in the Ancient Near East, in the 8th century BCE. She succeeded Queen Zabibe (Arabic meaning "Raisin"). Tiglath-Pileser III, son of Ashur-nirari V and king of Assyria, was the first foreign ruler to bring the Arabs under his control. When Šamsi rebelled against him by joining an alliance forged by Rakhianu of Damascus, Pileser attacked and defeated Samsi, made her and her alliance partners surrender, and pay a tribute to remain in power. She ruled for 20 years and her successor was Queen Iatie, in about 700 BC.

History
The Assyrian chronicles describe Queen Šamsi as a powerful ruler who was bold enough to face the Assyrian kings in the 730s and 720s. She and others are mentioned as rulers of the regions far to the west of Assyria who were aware of the Assyrian kings and had trade with them in spices Šamsi and her predecessor and successor queens had led embassies and caravans carrying spices and incense to the Near East and Syria from the Arabian Peninsula.

Šamsi had come to power as a vassal of Assyria, succeeding the former Arabian queen Zabibe, who had abdicated in Šamsi's favour. Zabibe's oath of allegiance was continued by Šamsi on taking the throne; she swore by the sun, the god of Arabia, that she would be loyal to Assyria. Tiglath-Pileser gave formal recognition to this accession. Later, however, she changed her mind and rebelled, joining an alliance made by Rezin of Damascus to fight the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III in 732 BCE.

The Assyrian army under King Tiglath-Pileser III (ruled 745–727 BCE) had recently subjugated the land of Edom and now turned its attention to the anti-Assyrian forces in Arabia and the Levant. According to the Assyrian records, Tiglath-Pileser attacked many Arab tribal areas and defeated Šamsi in the neighborhood of Mount Sa-qu-ur-ri (a place not identified). The Assyrians took many prisoners of war, 30,000 camels, and more than 20,000 oxen as booty. An inscription records that 9,400 of her soldiers were killed, and in addition 5,000 bags of various types of spices, altars of gods, armaments including an ornamental staff of her goddess, and her estates were seized. As she fled to the desert, Tiglath-Pileser set fire to the remaining tents at the battle site.

After her defeat, Šamsi was said by the Assyrian chroniclers to have fled the battlefield like a "wild she-ass of the desert". She did not remain at liberty for long, as she was soon captured and brought as prisoner to Tiglath-Pileser. He appointed a qepu or governor over her and 10,000 soldiers, and restored her to her kingdom. It is also said that she had escaped to the land of Bazu/Basu and later surrendered. The terms of surrender to Tiglath-Pileser involved a tribute to be paid by Šamsi. The Assyrians chose to restore her as they needed a pliable Arab ruler in order to maintain the lucrative north–south trade route from Assyrian territory across Arabia. Seven other kingdoms involved in Arabian commerce were also required to pay tribute and provide security to their incense trade; these seven kingdoms were Massa, Tyma, Saba, Haiappa (Ephah), Badana, Hattia, and Idibi'lu. The tribute agreed to be paid by the Arabs included gold, silver, male and female camels, and all types of spices.

title: Šamši