text:
Liga Nacional de Básquetbol

The Liga Nacional de Básquetbol (abbreviated LNB, and literally in English, "National Basketball League"), also commonly referred to as "La Liga de Básquet" ("The Basketball League"), is the top-tier level of the Argentine basketball league system. The league is under the auspices of the Basketball Clubs' Association (in Spanish: Asociación de Clubes de Básquetbol). The LNB's predecessor league is the now defunct Campeonato Argentino de Clubes, which was organized by the Argentine Basketball Confederation.

The league was created through the efforts of basketball coach León Najnudel, and sports journalist Osvaldo Orcasitas, in the 1980s, to make Argentine men's club basketball more competitive, through the merging of the many existing local leagues. It is designed like the NBA, with a regular season, all-star game, and playoffs. However, unlike the NBA, the LNB has a promotion and relegation system, with the La Liga Argentina (LLA), the league level that is immediately below the LNB.

A tribute to Najnudel's vision, is the string of successes of the senior men's Argentine national basketball team, culminating with the team's Summer Olympic Games gold medal won at the 2004 Summer Olympics, and the international careers of many players who started in the league.

Creation
Before the league was established, the regular tournament was Campeonato Argentino de Clubes where teams from all the provinces took part. The league had a regional format and playoffs.

For the 1984 edition there was 64 teams. The association decided to retire 10 teams, moving them to "Primera Nacional A". Of those teams, 4 were from city of Buenos Aires, and the provinces of Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Santa Fe were represented by 2 teams each.

As a result, a number of 54 teams played the Argentino de clubes. At the end of the tournament, the six best placed team would promote to Primera A, and the rest of the clubs would be relegated to Primera B (second division).

First seasons
The first edition of Liga Nacional was played within 1985, with 16 teams participating although Independiente de Tucumán abandoned the championship for economic reasons. The first game was played on April 26, 1985, when San Lorenzo de Almagro faced Argentino de Firmat at Estadio Obras Sanitarias.

Ferro Carril Oeste was the first LNB champion after defeating Atenas de Córdoba in 3 games. The next season (1986), Ferro Carril Oeste won its second consecutive title, beating Olimpo de Bahía Blanca in 5 games (3-1 on aggregate). The Verdolaga played its third consecutive final series in 1987, but was finally defeated by Atenas, that won the first of 9 titles, being the most winning LNB team to date.

In 1988 Atenas won a second championship beating River Plate and the next year Ferro won another title, being the only title won by León Najnudel as coach.

Competition format
Following a system similar to the European basketball leagues, the Liga Nacional features promotion and relegation. Contested by 20 teams, the top division is divided in two stages: the first one consists of a double round-robin competition, with standings decided by a points system. At the end of the season, teams placed 1st to 16th advance to the playoffs, while the last 2 teams play a series to avoid relegation.

The playoffs stage is divided in four parts, where winning teams qualify to the next stage while defeated teams retire from the tournament. The successive stages are quarter finals, semi-finals and the finals. Quarter and semi-finals are played in a 2-2-1 format (best-of-five) while finals are played in a 2-2-1-1-1 format, which rounds are best-of-seven series.

Current clubs (2023–24 season)

 * References

List of finals
Source: LNB website.

Awards
These are the yearly individual awards are given by the league as a recognition to the most valuable player (in both, regular season and finals) and the top scorer. Leonardo Gutiérrez was chosen finals MVP a record of 4 times, while Joe Bunn is the most times top scorer (5 seasons).

Retired numbers
As of September 2019, 17 players have their jerseys retired. Atenas was the team which started this practice (in 2002, with legendary Marcelo Milanesio's #9).

 * Notes

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Liga Nacional de Básquetbol


text:
Shrubland

Shrubland, scrubland, scrub, brush, or bush is a plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and geophytes. Shrubland may either occur naturally or be the result of human activity. It may be the mature vegetation type in a particular region and remain stable over time, or a transitional community that occurs temporarily as the result of a disturbance, such as fire. A stable state may be maintained by regular natural disturbance such as fire or browsing. Shrubland may be unsuitable for human habitation because of the danger of fire. The term was coined in 1903.

Shrubland species generally show a wide range of adaptations to fire, such as heavy seed production, lignotubers, and fire-induced germination.

Botanical structural form
In botany and ecology a shrub is defined as a much-branched woody plant less than 8 m high and usually with many stems. Tall shrubs are mostly 2–8 m high, small shrubs 1–2 m high and subshrubs less than 1 m high.

There is a descriptive system widely adopted in Australia to describe different types of vegetation is based on structural characteristics based on plant life-form, plus the height and foliage cover of the tallest stratum or dominant species. For shrubs that are 2 - 8 m high, the following structural forms are categorized:
 * dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-shrubs
 * mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-shrubs
 * sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — tall shrubland
 * very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — tall open shrubland

For shrubs less than 2 m high, the following structural forms are categorized:
 * dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-heath or closed low shrubland—(North America)
 * mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-heath or mid-dense low shrubland—(North America)
 * sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — low shrubland
 * very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — low open shrubland

Biome plant group
Similarly, shrubland is a category used to describe a type of biome plant group. In this context, shrublands are dense thickets of evergreen sclerophyll shrubs and small trees, called:
 * Chaparral in California
 * Matorral in Chile, Mexico, and Spain
 * Maquis in France and elsewhere around the Mediterranean
 * Macchia in Italy
 * Fynbos in South Africa
 * Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub in Sydney
 * Kwongan in Southwest Australia
 * Cedar scrub in Texas Hill Country
 * Caatinga in northestern Brazil

In some places shrubland is the mature vegetation type, and in other places the result of degradation of former forest or woodland by logging or overgrazing, or disturbance by major fires.

A number of World Wildlife Fund biomes are characterized as shrublands, including:

Xeric or desert scrublands occur in the world's deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregions, or in areas of fast-draining sandy soils in more humid regions. These scrublands are characterized by plants with adaptations to the dry climate, which include small leaves to limit water loss, thorns to protect them from grazing animals, succulent leaves or stems, storage organs to store water, and long taproots to reach groundwater.
 * Desert scrublands

Mediterranean scrublands occur naturally in the Mediterranean scrub biome, located in the five Mediterranean climate regions of the world. Scrublands are most common near the seacoast, and have often adapted to the wind and salt air of the ocean. Low, soft-leaved scrublands around the Mediterranean Basin are known as garrigue in France, phrygana in Greece, tomillares in Spain, and batha in Israel. Northern coastal scrub and coastal sage scrub occur along the California coast, strandveld in the Western Cape of South Africa, coastal matorral in central Chile, and sand-heath and kwongan in Southwest Australia.
 * Mediterranean scrublands

Interior scrublands occur naturally in semi-arid areas where soils are nutrient-poor, such as on the matas of Portugal which are underlain by Cambrian and Silurian schists. Florida scrub is another example of interior scrublands.
 * Interior scrublands

Some vegetation types are formed of dwarf-shrubs: low-growing or creeping shrubs. These include the maquis and garrigues of Mediterranean climates, and the acid-loving dwarf shrubs of heathland and moorland.
 * Dwarf shrubs

title: Shrubland


text:
Sukumar Ray

Sukumar Ray (30 October 1887 – 10 September 1923) was a Bengali writer and poet from British India. He is remembered mainly for his writings for children. He was the son of children's story writer Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury and the father of Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray.

Family history
According to the history of the Ray family, one of their ancestors, Ramsunder Deo (Deb), was a native of Chakdah village in Nadia district of present-day West Bengal, India. In search of fortune he migrated to Town Sherpur, Sherpur district in East Bengal. There he met Raja Gunichandra, the zamindar of Jashodal, at the zamindar house of Sherpur. King Gunichandra was immediately impressed by Ramsunder's stately appearance and sharp intellect and took Ramsunder with him to his zamindari estate. He made Ramsunder his son-in-law and granted him some property in Jashodal. From then on Ramsunder started living in Jashodal. His descendants migrated from there and settled down in the village of Masua in Katiadi upazila of Kishoreganj district.

Early years
Sukumar Ray was born in a Brahmo family in Calcutta on 30 October 1887. His family hailed from Masua village of Kishorganj division of Eastern Bengal in British India, presently in Bangladesh. Sukumar's father Upendrakishore Ray was a famous Bengali writer, painter, violin player and composer, technologist, amateur astronomer and entrepreneur. Sukumar's mother, Bidhumukhi Devi, was the daughter of reformer Dwarkanath Ganguly.

Born in the era which can be called the pinnacle of the Bengal Renaissance, he grew up in an environment that fostered his literary talents. He befriended the likes of Jagdish Chandra Bose, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray, and one of his biggest influencers, his father's friend, Rabindranath Tagore. His father was a writer of stories and popular science; painter and illustrator; musician and composer of songs; a technologist and hobbyist astronomer. Upendrakishore was also a close friend of Rabindranath Tagore, who directly influenced Sukumar. Among other family friends were scientists Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray, composer Atul Prasad Sen etc. Upendrakishore studied the technology of blockmaking, conducted experiments, and set up a business of making blocks. The firm M/s U. Ray & Sons, where Sukumar and his younger brother Subinay were involved. His sister, Shukhalata Rao, became a social worker and children's book author. Like his father, Ray also had a close acquaintance with Rabindranath Tagore.

Education and profession
In 1906, Ray graduated with double Honours in Physics and Chemistry from the Presidency College, then affiliated with the University of Calcutta. Before that, he attended City College School, Surya Sen Street along with his classmate who inspired his famous funny character "Pagla Dashu", which appeared in several of his penned stories. He was trained in photography and printing technology in England at the School of Photo-Engraving and Lithography, London, and was a pioneer of photography and lithography in India. While in England, he also delivered lectures about the songs of Rabindranath before Tagore won the Nobel Prize. Meanwhile, Sukumar had also drawn acclaim as an illustrator. As a technologist, he also developed new methods of halftone blockmaking, and technical articles about this were published in journals in England. The Penrose Annual published two articles by Ray. While in the United Kingdom, he joined the Royal Photographic Society in 1912 and remained a member until his death, gaining his Fellowship in 1922.

Upendrakishore started a publishing firm, U. Ray and Sons, which Sukumar and Subinay helped to run. While Sukumar went to England to learn printing technology, Upendrakishore purchased land, constructed a building, and set up a printing press with facilities for high-quality halftone color blockmaking and printing. He launched the children's magazine, Sandesh, in May, 1913. Very soon after Sukumar's return from England his writings and sketches started appearing in Sandesh. After Upendrakishore died on 20 December 1915, Sukumar ran the printing and publishing businesses and the Sandesh for about eight years. His younger brother Subinoy helped him, and many relatives pitched in writing for "Sandesh".

Contribution in literature
Sukumar Ray delved into a unique genre of pure nonsense and gibberish, a pioneering work in Bengali literature with a few exceptions, work that was compared to Lewis Carrol's Alice in Wonderland. Amazing sense of humor, sharp power of observation and unfathomed wit merged with a profound command on selection of words produced a class of humor which was equally approachable by children as well as the grown ups. Satyajit Ray, in the preface of the first edition of the compilation of Sukumar Ray's complete works in his centenary year, Sukumar Sahitya Samagra, wrote: "'উপেন্দ্রকিশোরের সম্পাদনাকালে সন্দেশে প্রকাশিত সুকুমারের কয়েকটি রচনায় তাঁর সাহিত্যিক বৈশিষ্ট্যের স্পষ্ট ইঙ্গিত পাওয়া যায়। ১৯১৪ সালে বেরোল আবোল তাবোল শ্রেনীর প্রথম কবিতা 'খিচুড়ি'। এই প্রথম সুকুমার সাহিত্যে উদ্ভট প্রানীর আবির্ভাব। এখানে প্রানীর সৃষ্টি হয়েছে ভাষার কারসাজিতে -      হাঁস ছিল সজারুও, (ব্যাকরণ মানিনা)

হয়ে গেল হাঁসজারু কেমনে তা জানিনা।

এই উদ্ভট সন্ধির নিযমেই সৃষ্টি হল বকচ্ছপ, মোরগরু,গিরগিটিয়া, সিংহরিণ, হাতিমি। '" After his father's death in 1915, Sukumar had to take over responsibility of publication of "Sandesh", and his creativity reached its pinnacle. The 45 limericks in Abol Tabol and many other creations published in Sandesh still amuse the readers of all ages. He created many characters in his prose and poems. Kaath Buro, Tash Goru, Huko Mukho Hangla, Kumro Potash etc. were fictitious characters, though they were very close to our known world. He himself described his works as the product of Kheyal Ros (হঠাৎ ইচ্ছা;ঝোঁক/Wish; Whims; Freak; Fancy).

title: Sukumar Ray


text: Talk:Crowleymass

title: Talk:Crowleymass


text:
Wikipedia:Template standardisation/submission

" "

This is a suggestion for Template standardisation/article.

Deletion

 * Location:
 * Style:

VFD vfd:

Delete delete:

Disambiguation

 * Location:
 * Style:

Disambig Disambig:

Disputes and warnings

 * Location:
 * Style:

POV POV:

Advertisement Advertisement:

Maintenance

 * Location:
 * Style:

Wikify Wikify:

Source details

 * Location:
 * Style:

1911 1911:

Spoilers

 * Location:
 * Style:

Spoiler Spoiler:


text:
User talk:Janeygodley

Sleepless in Westminster
I cannot seem to sleep well, this flat is amazing though...two bedrooms, ensuite toilets and power showers deluxe and I lie in that big bed and stare at the ceiling...I even have air con, yet I cannot rest well. Driving me mad, all my dreams are surreal and weird. I keep dreaming I lie there and talk to my husband and it seems so very real. I went for a good walk yesterday all around this area, and it's so lovely. The Houses of Parliament are behind my garden and the river walk is just amazing. I walked round the square where all the protestors stay, living there beneath the banners they have erected in protest to our elected Government and it seems a law is being passed to move them away as there will be no protestors allowed within a certain boundary of the Houses of Parliament, so that the MP and the PM can sit safely in the 'Big House' secure in the knowledge that when they pass that square they don’t have to look into the eyes of the defiance of the people....such shit I say. What a fucking blatant disregard to our freedom of speech. What is wrong with the 'chosen few' (who we must never chose again I say) are they too scared to see the gentle, yet powerful and peaceful words that challenge them? Do we live in state where we cannot talk about what we believe in? I may just rip off one of these expensive Egyptian cotton sheets off the bed here and write up FREEDOM OF SPEECH FOR ALL on it and set up camp in the square. Or maybe I will not bother as I am scared beasties that live in the grass or worse...RATS will come and live on me....I am good at the talking but worried about the long haul involved...so I applaud the bravery of those people who stand up for themselves in that square near Parliament and urge you all to support their right to freedom of speech. It's our rights too that are being affected. See what happened you put me near a government building and I get all political! I am getting ready for my preview show tonight at Richmond and I think I am better prepared than Friday's show. It's exciting to have a whole new HOUR to take to Edinburgh! Roll on August!

OH MY GOD! Alexander O'Neal
YES! The soul sexy love God..Alexander O'Neal was a guest on the radio show BBC radio 4 'Loose Ends' (Tonight Saturday 6.15pm).

I was doing a guest spot and HE was sitting beside ME....I melted...I have all his music on my IPOD.

I did this story about how Ashley was selling my knickers on EBAY and I actually offered live on air Alexander O'Neal a pair of mine for FREE!!!!!

The show went well, I was nervous and I did advertise my blog on the radio also, I am so naughty.

Last night my preview went as well as expected, I was nervous but I threw away the script in my head and went on a rant about stuff that turned out to be funny, the audience liked me so I am therefore happy. I did discover some of the stuff that didn’t work and that will be excluded for tomorrow nights preview.

I am still all gooey about Alexander O'Neal...how much of a tit am I? So it's Saturday and I am free tonight though am on call in case some comedy club has a let down, but otherwise am free to chill out!

It's Summer in the city and I am hot hot hot...but not as hot as I was an hour ago!

I am in love....the black man who lives in my head is jealous, but that's life.

Listen in tonight if you wish, it also streams on the internet Radio 4 BBC Loose ends 6.15pm.

Confessions of a confessor
Well thanks for all the comments about yesterday's blog. I had explained my need for honesty in my life and confession...and not being a Catholic ( I have no religion, can you tell?) I decided that the best thing to do is keep all my dark secrets within my own head. Maybe on my death bed all will be revealed! I am not about to unleash my mistakes on the general public!

On another note, I just sat and watched Roman Holdiay with Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck, it was awesome to see all the beautiful places I had visited last week. Despite having no Royal connections ( Hepburn was a Princess in the movie) I had the most amazing Roman Holiday myself. I will go back.

Today I had nasty problems with my internet connections, my previous provider was Wanadoo, it was problematic so I cancelled it and tried to switch to BT internet but how the fuck was I to know that the whole process took 20 days in all to complete! I am aghast at the service...surely in today's technology it can happen in a New York minute? NO NO NO!

So I am on no broadband and limited to internet time whilst the fuckers make the switch over...GRrrrrrr...I am so very annoyed.

Life is good just now, I am off to London tomorrow and the people at Crownlawn who get me accomodation have come up trumps again! I do love them, I am going to stay in a lovely apartment in central London.

My best mate Monica is coming round for dinner in my new smart London pad and after ten years of friendship I have NEVER cooked for her! My husband has cooked for her as he can cook, but I am now about to face the challenge. Bear in mind Monica owns her own PR company that represents THE BEST CHEF IN THE WORLD! Yes Heston Blumental is her client and I will have to get on the phone and have my husband talk me through steak and roasted asparagus! I am nervous but will rise to the challenge.

Hope she doesn't want something strange like souffle' ..?

I will be fine...I hope. If it all fails we will just eat crisps and sit on the floor and talk about men for three hours over a bottle of good wine...that's what we normally do anyway!

I still have a disconnected idea of what i am doing for my preview shows and the radio show...I am nervous but will do my best. There is a nice write up going in the Evening Standard tomorrow night, Bruce Dessau came to Glastonbury to interview me for the article which will feature details of my previews. I am shitting a brick...or if my cooking goes wrong...just shitting.

I am sitting here listening to the Scottish news and can hear how some of the protestors from the G8 summit were submitted to psychological damage in the London Road police cells...I spent the night in those cells when they found guns in the house I stayed in that belonged to my father in law.

The only psychological damage I suffered was that wee fat woman who works in the police office came to give me tea in the morning, she was small and fat and looked like Les Dawson when he dressed as a woman on TV....I could not stop laughing at her, she was not pleased and when I asked for a hot bath and some clean clothes-she fucking laughed right back at me and said " Yeah fuck you ye arse, where de ye think ye are? The fucking Hilton?, see if pulling a gun on me gets ye a fried egg ya cunt!" With that she slammed the door and left me tea-less!

So have a good night all and will chat when I am safely (I hope) tucked up in my nice temporary flat in London.

Tuesday the 12th of July 2005 The heat is on

I am slowly melting into a fat blob of liquid cellulite.

I love Glasgow in the summertime, but shopping in that heat is clearly mental. The amount of kids out of school running up and down shopping aisles is crazy and screaming mothers, tempers flared by the heat chasing them for a slap (is that not illegal?)...it's a world gone mad.

I am ready for my preview shows in london, I was slightly concerned that i would not have an act...but it seems a quick chat with my daughter helped, she reminded me of all the stuff I talk about and we both worked out some funny shit to do. So I was calm then I got a call from BBC about the radio show I am on this weekend "Loose Ends", I have to do 4 minutes of material ...not that its a problem, but I always panic that my material is good but may bot be suitable for certain times of the day. I am not a 'blue' comic by any means but I do worry.

Then I got a call from BBC Scotland to remind me of a show they are filming that I am involved in, fuck I forgot about that. Never mind it's all sorted and my head is around it all now.

I have been feeling a bit weird lately, just odd in an emotional way. When I was in Italy, I had a chat with a good pal and we talked about being really really honest and this stuck in my head, I dont know if I am totally honest about everything in my life and it worries me. There is some stuff I will take to my grave and I am not sure if I can or ever will talk about it.

I wont talk about it on here, but my mate tells me he wants to start a website where people can be truly honest about stuff and that struck me as a good idea.

When I was in Manchester, I woke up in the middle of the night and wrote down everything I am guilty of ( bear in mind my Edinburgh show is called Janey Godley is Innocent) and I sat there staring at it. Then I burnt the paper and fell back asleep and was plagued by horrible screaming nightmares, so much so I walked in my sleep.

I have said some nasty things in my life, done some unforgivable things and witnessed some stuff that I will never talk about...surely thats not unique?

Is it?

Monday the 11th of July 2005 My Knickers on EBAY!

My daugter Ashley cornered me yesterday when I got home...I am all exhausted and she shoves a pair of knickers into my hand and black ink marker and said "Sign these whilst I take a picture"...so I did. I then went into unpack my things.

Eventually when my brain worked properly I asked her "Why did you take a photo of me signing knickers?"

Ashley said " Well I am hoping your book will make you more famous and I am selling your pants on EBAY"

I am shocked. I am hoping she is joking and I am hoping the knickers she has belonging to me are sparkling and clean. The last thing I want is for some weirdo to have a pair of my old pants with dodgy stains on....

Well today in Scotland is the offical hotest day on the year. I watched loads of mad Scots walk about burnt red...so many people will lie in bed tonight and feel the hot skin on their back start to blister..USE SUNSCREEN!

You always know its hot in Glasgow because the next day newspapers report of two people who died in their garden...fucking hell, when will folk realise that the BIG HOT ball in the sky is made of BURNING FLAMES?

We went to the beach for a wee while and it was way too hot to even sit on the coast..we are all at home..half naked clustered around a fan....I would kill for snow right now.

I am getting my show prepared for my previews this weekend in London, my new show for the Edinburgh Fringe is called

"Janey Godley is Innocent".

Well hope it is funny as I have press etc coming to see the show. Cant change the title now as I have posters etc all made and ready to go and my daughter is doing my PR this year, no reason to spend 3 grand on someone else talking about me when she can do it perfectly well and is in fact very good at PR. She has a lot of experience in that field and has managed to get big audiences into shows every year for other companies that hired her, for me she will work for love.

I hope...or maybe I can pay her in used underwear to sell on EBAY?

Monday the 11th of July The Observer

Just managed to read a newspaper without tearing it up (read post below!) and the Observer has a big BOOK review section and they TIP my BOOK 'Handstands in the Dark' as one of their recommendations as a 'HOT TIP' WOW!

I am well pleased with that...I am up withere with some of the best books this year.

Thats worth all the stress and hard work.

Am off to sleep, painkillers have finally kicked in and my womb no longer feels like it's trying to implode.

Am off to London this week, this time I promise I will not go to the M15 building and demand a go on their internet...still cant believe I assumed that the biggest SPY- INTELLIGENCE building in Millbank, London was an internet cafe....... I am an arse.

I am home..at last!

Awoke this morning in Manchester with period pains from hell ( I wish the government would legalise CRACK once a month for women)..the journey loomed ahead, so I upgraded to first class and encountered a well dressed oppressive old man who demanded my newspaper (wot is it with me and fucking loonies on trains?).

this is how it went...

I sit in an empty first class carriage, happy to be alone...to quietly bleed and moan. I spread out my newspapers and set about distracting myself from my womb that feels like a fucking evil Doberman is trying to eat it's way out.

An elderly couple come on and sit three seats in front of me. She is stooped and very old but a pretty looking old Dame, he is tall well dressed in check trews and sparkling white shirt.

He looks over at me then stumbles up to the seat across the aisle from mine and stared at my newspaper, then flashed a glance at me...basically communicating to me that he wants to read my Sunday Newspapers, but wants me to 'offer' them to him. I am no mood to placate old grumpy old men, he can ask me if he wants to read my papers.

He sits there and I can see out of the side of my vision that he intently staring at the newspaper...still...he then gets some courage and reaches over with his liver spotted gnarled hand and simply grasps them off my table in front of me.

My reflex action is there before he can escape to his seat..I grab at his wrist, pull out my IPOD earplug and say "That is my newspaper sir"

His reumy old eyes flinch and he diverts his stare and gazes through me and mutters " I thought they belonged to the train company"

me-"Well even if that was true would it not be at least polite to ask me instead of grabbing at them? If I did that to you, you would insist that MY GENERATION had no respect"

He simply stood there watching me whilst holding my freshly bought newspapers, his wife watched with frightened eyes that told me he normally got his own way. Well, not with fucking me he ain't.

"You could ask me if you can read my papers" I spoke to fill the dead air.

"Can I read your newspaper?" he barked in defiance at me.

"No..no way, not until you learn some manners Old man, now put them down and get back from my table" I hissed.

He threw my Sunday Times on the floor in the centre of the train aisle and threw himself onto his seat.

I simply leaned over and picked it up and sat there in front of him and slowly but very deliberately tore it into long equal strips..one after the other until I had managed to decimate the whole newspaper including magazines and sports sections...the noise ripped the air as I sat there smiling tearing away slowly but happily. There was a huge pile of confetti'ed Sunday news sat there right on my table. I missed nothing, in fact it was theraputic, all that destruction and slashing noise filling the air cured me of my angst and period pains.

The old man sat there, his face going purple, his anger seeped into the carriage, yet I smiled.

Fuck Him...he may be able to bully his poor wee wife, but I am not going to let any man ever bully me or make me feel that I should do anything to keep them happy.

I would have been that wee old woman had I not stood my ground years ago...in fact I think I was her for a short while.

No more!

I am the SCOTTISH RIPPER! (of newspapers)

 * Lol. Well done. -- BMIComp  (talk) 23:02, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Cool City!
I do love Glasgow! My husband and daughter are in Amsterdam for five days (she is having a pre-University holiday with her dad) and it's great being at home alone...I never get to do this- normally i am alone elsewhere in the world...but i now lie on my huge sofa, eat ice cream at midnight, watch MY televison (not interrupted by HIS constant channel flicking), I get to eat my kind of food.

Get this -I made cheesy pasta and added chicken breast to it, and mushrooms...CHEESE and CHICKEN...I ate it out of a POT...no table cloth and polished cutlery for me..I ate at the small table (Husband will kill me for this) with a big pot on the surface and chomped into my strange meal. It was great, and I read a full book in one sitting!

I sleep until 3pm and walk about half naked eating ice cream!

Today i will need to clean the whole house and get washing hung up, clean pots and discard ice cream cartons.

Went up to my local pub yesterday 'Oran Mor' and was surprised to see the famous David Walliams from Little Britain and Gweynth Paltrow, Fran healy from Travis...then realised that Simon Pegg was having his wedding there, his lovely wife is Scottish and they had the full bagpipe and tartan affair!

Nice..

Went straight to my gig at Blackfriars and as usual the mic broke..the audience were lovely though and it was a good night. I tried out some of my new stuff for the fringe and it all went well.

Husband is back today and I am off to do some spring cleaning.

The UK is still reeling at the fact the poor bloke they shot five times in the head is innocent but was acting weird...

Fucksake if acting weird is a shootable offence then everyone I know will be dead by next week.

If that is the 'Intelligence' of our Intelligence people then hopefully they will recruit my crazy brother MIJ, he has more intelligence than our authorities and he talks to worms.

RIP poor Brazilian boy...thoughts are with your family.

title: User talk:Janeygodley


text:
Audi S6

The Audi S6 is the performance variant of the Audi A6, an executive car produced by German automaker Audi. It went on sale in 1994, shortly after the "A6" designation was introduced, replacing the "100" nameplate.

The original S6 was largely the same car as the outgoing, original Audi S4 (C4) (Ur-S4), with the only visible differences being new body-cladding and badging. In certain markets where the even-higher performance RS6 (which is also based on the A6) is not sold, the S6 is the most powerful A6 trim there.

The S6, like all Audi "S" models, is fitted as standard with Audi's trademark quattro four-wheel drive (4WD) system, the S6 using the Torsen-based permanent 4WD.

C4 (Typ 4A, 1994–1997)

Audi was restructuring their model lineup in early and mid-1990s, and in late 1994, began selling the fifth generation (C4) Audi 100 model, re-badged as the Audi A6. Wanting to keep a sports-saloon in their lineup, the company made small revisions to what was previously known as the Audi S4, renaming it the Audi S6; the S4 name would eventually be re-used for a completely different model derived from Audi's smaller Volkswagen Group B platform-based Audi A4. As this was the first S6 model from Audi, it is sometimes referred to as the Ur-S6, derived from the German augmentive, "Ursprünglich" (meaning: original).

It was available as both a saloon/sedan (typ 4A5), and an "Avant" (typ 4A9) (estate/wagon) to European and United States customers, but only as a saloon in Canada, Asia and Australia. Audi's trademark "procon-ten" safety system was standard fitment.

C4 powertrain
From its launch in late 1994, the Audi S6 was powered by a 2226 cc turbocharged inline five-cylinder petrol engine (parts code prefix: 034, identification code: AAN) with a Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU), producing a motive power output of 169 kW at 5,900 rpm, and 326 Nm at around 1,950 rpm, whilst consuming high octane "Super Plus" 98RON unleaded petrol.

This engine gave the S6 a top speed of 235 km/h, and a 0 to 100 km/h of 6.7 seconds; with 160 km/h being reached in 17.5 seconds.

The vehicle was available with a standard six-speed manual transmission (five-speed only in North America) and with the four-plus-one-speed automatic (the fifth "gear" called a 'lockup' gear, what reduced the RPM by ~400 at highway speed with cruise control on) as well, with the Audi's dynamic Torsen T-1 quattro permanent four-wheel drive system.

Audi made a high-performance, 4.2-litre V8 engine (parts code prefix: 077, identification code: AEC) with a Bosch Motronic ECU available as an option in the original European S4s, and made the decision to continue to do so with the S6, making a 213 kW version of the 4.2 available as an optional upgrade over the 2.2-litre inline five-cylinder turbo.

Unlike the five-cylinder turbocharged version, the V8-powered S6 was supplied with a four-plus-one-speed automatic transmission as standard, but kept the quattro four wheel drive. A six-speed manual gearbox was also available as an option.

C4 brakes, wheels and tyres
The C4 braking system included radially ventilated disc brakes front and rear; with 314 mm diameter by 30 mm thick discs, with two-piston floating Girling calipers bearing the interlocking four-ringed Audi logo, and four individual pads per caliper up front, and 269 mm by 20 mm discs with Lucas single-piston sliding calipers at the rear. Bosch Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) with EDS was also standard.

Standard wheels were 7½Jx16 "Avus" cast aluminium alloy wheels with 205/55 R16 tyres. An optional 7½Jx16 five-arm alloy wheel, with 205/55 R16 tyres, an 8Jx16 five double-spoke alloy, an 8Jx17 10-spoke alloys "Bolero" were also available with 225/45 R17 tyres.

Audi S6 Plus
As a swan song to the C4 platform, an even more powerful, and very limited-production Audi S6 Plus was briefly available to European customers. The S6 Plus, developed by Audi's wholly owned high performance subsidiary, quattro GmbH, was available for sale during the 1997 model year only (production from June 1996 to October 1997). A total of 952 cars were produced – 855 Avant, and 97 saloons.

It was powered by another version of the 32-valve (four valves per cylinder) 4.2-litre V8 engine (parts code prefix: 077, identification code: AHK, later to be seen in the Audi S8 as AKH). Audi's performance division reworked key parts of the internal combustion engine, increasing the motive power to 240 kW. It was only available with a revised six-speed manual transmission (parts code prefix: 01E, identification code: DGU) (gear ratios - 1st: 3.500, 2nd: 1.889, 3rd: 1.320, 4th: 1.034, 5th: 0.857, 6th: 0.730), with a final drive ratio of 4.111.

Further revisions were made to the suspension, brakes and wheels. The front brake discs were enlarged to 323 mm in diameter by 30 mm thick. Standard wheels were 8Jx17 6-spoke "Avus" cast aluminium alloy wheels with 255/40 R17 tyres on them, with an optional 7Jx16 alloy wheel for use with winter tyres was also available.

With so much power on tap, the S6 Plus saloon could reach 100 km/h from a standstill in 5.6 seconds, with the Avant a tenth of a second slower at 5.7 seconds, making it comparable in terms of acceleration to vehicles like the Porsche 944 Turbo.

Hella xenon high intensity discharge (HID) headlamps (still with the C4s triple bulb design, only low beam) were available as serial equipment.

C5 (Typ 4B, 1999–2003)
In late 1997, Audi introduced an all-new range of Audi A6 models, based on the Volkswagen Group C5 platform. A new Audi S6, now officially known as the Audi S6 quattro appeared in 1999, to complement its A6 platform-mate. It was available in a four-door saloon/sedan and a five-door Avant (estate/wagon). In North America, the Avant bodystyle was the only version available. The vehicle could accelerate from standstill to 100 km/h in 5.7 seconds, and from 0 to 200 km/h in 21.7 seconds. The top speed was electronically governed to 250 km/h.

This generation of S6 went out of production in 2003.

C5 powertrain
The engine was a new rubber-hydro mounted all-aluminium alloy 4.2-litre 40-valve (five valves per cylinder) 90° V8 (parts code: 077, identification codes: AQJ [Sept 99-May 1], ANK [Sept 00-onwards]). It had double overhead camshafts on each cylinder bank and solenoid-operated magnesium two-stage variable intake manifold. It displaced 4172 cc, and was rated at 250 kW at 6,600 rpm, producing 420 Nm of torque at 3,400 rpm. It satisfied the European Union EU3 emissions standard, and was managed by a Bosch Motronic ME 7.1.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU) with manifold-sited sequential fuel injection, mapped direct ignition with eight individual spark coils, Bosch longlife spark plugs, four heated lambda sensors and two catalytic converters, cylinder-selective knock control and a Bosch "E-Gas" drive by wire throttle. The engine was cooled with the aid of two electric cooling fans, replacing the single viscous fan of earlier models.

An oil-cooled six-speed manual transmission (parts code: 01E, identification code: EEY) was standard, with gear ratios as follows: 1st: 3.500, 2nd: 1.889, 3rd: 1.320, 4th: 1.034, 5th: 0.857, 6th: 0.730; final drive: 4.111. An optional ZF 5HP24A five-speed tiptronic automatic transmission was also available (parts code: 01L, identification codes: EFN [Sept 99-May 1], FBD [June 00-onwards]) with gear ratios as follows: 1st: 3.571, 2nd: 2.200, 3rd: 1.508, 4th: 1.000, 5th: 0.803; and final drive ratio: 2.909). The automatic included steering wheel mounted paddle shifters, and a "Dynamic Shift Program" (DSP) for improved gear selection based on driving conditions.(paddle shift optional) Torsen T-1 based dynamic quattro permanent four-wheel drive was also standard. Both front and rear axles utilised "Electronic Differential Lock" (EDL), which is a function of the Bosch ESP 5.7 Electronic Stability Programme.

C5 suspension and steering
Compared to its A6 sibling, the suspension on the S6 was stiffened and lowered by 10 mm, and utilised gas-pressurised shock absorbers.

ZF rack and pinion "servotronic" speed-sensitive power steering was standard.

C5 brakes, wheels and tyres
Brakes consisted of radially vented brake discs front and rear. The fronts are sized at 321 mm diameter by 30 mm thick, and are clamped by Lucas HP2 two-piston calipers. At the rear, the discs are 269 mm by 22 mm, and use a Lucas single-piston sliding caliper.

Bosch ESP 5.7 Electronic Stability Programme, with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Brake Assist, and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) completed the brake system.

Wheels are 8Jx17" cast alloy "Avus" 6-spoke alloy wheels, with 255/40 ZR17 tyres.

C5 body and interior
The body panels were largely based on the Audi A6 4.2 model, with slightly flared wheel arches and door sills, with the bonnet (hood) and front wings being constructed from aluminium. Other features included S6 badging, bolstered seats (optional Recaro seats), polished aluminium exterior door mirror housings, unique front grille, and rear bootlid/tailgate spoiler.

Audi RS 6 (C5)
A higher performance Audi RS 6 was also available from 2002 to 2004. It was built by Audi's high performance private subsidiary quattro GmbH. It used a twin-turbo ("biturbo") version of the 4.2-litre V8 engine (identification code: BCY). Power output was 331 kW at 5,700 to 6,400 rpm, and torque was 560 Nm from 1,950 to 5,600 rpm. The only transmission was a five-speed tiptronic automatic.

Wheels and tyres were upgraded to 255/40 ZR18 99Y XL, or 255/35 ZR19 96Y XL (5/15 arm design), and there was the "Dynamic Ride Control" (DRC) system available for the suspension, which featured diagonally interlinked shock absorbers to give better body control during extreme cornering, acceleration and braking. Compared to the standard S6, the suspension was lowered by 20 mm. The brake discs were ventilated and upgraded to 365 mm at the front and 335 mm at the rear.

It can accelerate from 0-100 km/h in 4.6 seconds. 0-200 km/h times are 16.6 seconds for the saloon and 16.8 seconds for the Avant.

C6 (Typ 4F, 2006–2011)
The Audi S6 5.2 FSI quattro (Typ 4F) was introduced at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in January.

The performance version of the C6 Audi A6, the S6 uses the Volkswagen Group C6 platform, and is available in saloon/sedan and Avant (estate/wagon) bodystyles. Factory production started in June 2006. A facelifted version of the S6 was released in late 2008 for the 2009 model year. In 2010, the S6 gained Audi's third-generation MMI electronics controller and real-time traffic information.

C6 powertrain
The engine in the C6 S6 is an Odd firing all-aluminium alloy 5204 cc Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) 40-valve (four valves per cylinder) 90° V10 (parts code: 07L, identification code: BXA). This engine is often referred to as a derivative of Lamborghini's 5.0-litre V10, but with longer stroke and wider bore to provide additional low end torque for use in the heavier sedan. The cylinder spacing is 90mm compared to 88mm for the Lamborghini engine. The V10 is based on the Audi 4.2-litre V8 engine. It produces 320 kW at 6,800 rpm and 540 Nm of torque from 3,000 to 4,000 rpm. It uses twin chain-driven double overhead camshafts with variable valve timing for both intake and exhaust valves. The engine is managed by a Bosch Motronic MED 9.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU), which controls the mapped direct ignition, ten individual spark coils, common rail cylinder-direct sequential multi-point fuel injection, and drive-by-wire throttle. A ZF 6HP26 six-speed tiptronic automatic transmission (parts code: 09E, identification codes: JBW, JMS, KHD, JLL) (gear ratios - 1st: 4.171, 2nd: 2.340, 3rd: 1.521, 4th: 1.143, 5th: 0.867, 6th: 0.691), with steering wheel-mounted "paddle-shifters" is the only transmission available. Torsen-based quattro permanent four-wheel drive - initially with the T-1 symmetrical differential, and from 2007 model year with the latest 40:60 front:rear asymmetric/dynamic Torsen T-3 differential, is standard. The final drive ratio is 3.801. Traction is assisted "Electronic Differential Lock" (EDL) and "Anti-Slip Regulation" (ASR) (commonly known as traction control system) - both functions of the Bosch ESP 8.0 Electronic Stability Programme.

The same engine is used in the Audi D3 S8, but in a higher state of tune where it develops 331 kW, as the S6 is not to be positioned above the S8 in output. With the discontinuation of the S8 5.2 FSI after the 2009 model year and the RS 6 5.0 TFSI in late 2010, the S6 5.2 FSI and R8 5.2 FSI were the remaining Audi vehicles that have V10 engines. The S6 5.2 FSI was discontinued after the 2011 model year, shortly before the release of the 2012 Audi A6 (C7).

For the sprint from rest to 100 km/h, the S6 saloon takes 5.2 seconds, with the quarter mile passing in 13.5 seconds. Top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h. However a test by Edmunds found that the S6 takes 5.7-seconds to reach 60 mph, a full second or so behind the BMW M5 and Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG (which are the S6's closest competitors in North America, since the RS6 is not sold there), and that the 2009 Audi A6 3.0 TFSI (a supercharged 3.0L V6) has almost equivalent performance to the S6 5.2 FSI. Yet, in a 2007 track test by Road & Track, the C6 S6 went from 0 - 60 mph in 5.1 seconds, while it covered the quarter-mile in 13.5 seconds. Despite its heft at 4,500 pounds, the S6 has quick reflexes and agility, with the assistance of Audi's quattro system.

C6 brakes, wheels and tyres
The brakes consist of radially ventilated discs front and rear. The fronts are sized at 385 mm in diameter by 36 mm thick, and are clamped by gloss black painted Continental Teves two-piston sliding calipers. The rear discs are 330 mm by 22 mm thick, and use gloss black Girling-TRW single piston sliding calipers with an integrated electro-mechanical parking brake.

A Bosch ESP 8.0 Electronic Stability Programme, with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Brake Assist, and Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) completed the brake system.

Standard alloy wheels consist of 9Jx19" cast aluminium alloy "5-arm wing design", fitted with Continental SportContact2 265/35 ZR19 tyres. An optional 8½Jx18" cast alloy "S design" with 255/40 ZR18 tyres (either Continental SportContact2 or Bridgestone Potenza RE050A) are also available. A direct-acting Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) is also standard.

C6 other features
The S6 features two rows of five distinctive LED daytime running lamps (DRLs) along each side of the front bumper air intakes which indicates the 10-cylinder engine as a point of differentiation from other A6 models. Bi-Xenon high-intensity discharge (HID) adaptive headlights which swivel around corners complement the LED DRLs.

Audi RS 6 (C6)
As with the previous generation, this C6 platform also generated an RS 6 version available for the model years 2008 to 2010, again developed and produced by quattro GmbH. This version of the RS6 included a 5.0-litre (4991 cc) even firing 90° V10 twin-turbocharged ("biturbo"), Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) V10 engine, which produced 580 PS and 650 Nm. Available in both Avant and saloon bodystyles, it was Audi's single most powerful car. Official performance figures for acceleration from 0-100 km/h are 4.6 seconds for the Avant and 4.5 seconds for the saloon.

C7 (Typ 4G, 2012–2018)
The Audi S6 4.0 TFSI quattro and its mechanical twin S7 were launched as a 2013 models, a year after the C7 Audi A6 and Audi A7 were released.

The Audi S6 and S7 are powered by a 4.0L DOHC twin-turbo V8 engine mated to a 7-speed S-tronic Double Clutch Gearbox. This engine makes 420 PS and 406 lbft of torque, plus there is a cylinder-on-demand system and a stop-start system for improved fuel economy. This was later upgraded to 450 PS for 2016. The 2013 Audi A8 shares the same engine, while the 2012 Audi S8 has a variant of the powerplant in a higher state of tune making 520 PS and 479 lbft of torque, both mated to an 8-speed automatic transmission. Higher output versions of this 4.0L DOHC twin-turbo V8 engine are found in the 2013 Audi RS6, 2013 Audi RS7, and 2016 Audi S8 Plus.

The V8 performance option for the regular Audi A6, found in the 2004-11 Audi A6 4.2 FSI, has been discontinued and the S6 takes over as the engine upgrade. The S6 now compares more closely with the BMW 550i   and Mercedes-Benz E550, which also use twin-turbo V8 engines and have available all-wheel drive. The BMW with 450 PS, and the E550 with 408 PS. (The 2013 BMW 550i xDrive starts at US$65,595 while the 2013 Audi S6 has an MRSP of US$72,795).

UK sales began in May, with a starting price of £53,995 for the saloon, and £56,050 for the Avant.

C7.5 (2015 facelift)
Audi unveiled the 2015 S6 facelift in November 2014. Changes include:

 * Styling tweaks to the car's exterior, engine line-up, transmission.
 * Latest Multi Media Interface modular infotainment platform (faster Nvidia Tegra 3 processor, improved graphics) including handwriting recognition.Audi S6 in Salon International de l’auto de Montréal 2015.jpg
 * Audi connect telematics with 4G mobile internet (and mobile updates for the navigation map).
 * Adaptive glare-free Matrix LED headlights.
 * Improved Night Vision Assistant can now recognize animals.
 * Both TFSI and all three TDI engines now meet the Euro 6 emission standard.

C8 (Typ 4K, 2019–)
The Audi S6 C8 is powered by a 2.9 litre twin-turbo V6 TFSI gasoline engine, producing 331 kW and 600 Nm of torque, allowing the car to reach 60 mph in just 4.4 seconds. The engine is boosted by a 48V belt alternator/starter mild-hybrid system, which can recover up to 9.4 bhp (7 kW).

European models went on sale in summer 2019 and feature a 3.0 litre turbo-diesel V6 producing 253 kW and 700 Nm of torque, accelerating the car to 60 mph in 5.1 seconds. The car has a drag coefficient of 0.29.

Both engines feature an electric supercharger or compressor, originally debuted on a diesel powered V8 in 2016 Audi SQ7 TDI. The 2.9 TFSI is the only Audi AG petrol engine known to have an electric supercharger.

title: Audi S6


text:
Talk:List of universities in Scotland

Queen Margaret University just got university status as of january 2007. Rcrice 18:06, 12 February 2007 (UTC)rcrice

Should a list of universities contain colleges of higher education? Might we rename this list 'list of higher educational institutions in Scotland'?? --Doc (?) 22:52, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

I can see your point but in other lists colleges of higher education are listed and because they have degree giving status they get to be in this list, no one reading the article could be confused as to which are Universities and which are higher education institutions, so I defend their right to be there.

University of Strathclyde date
I've just changed the University of Strathclyde's date from 1796 to 1964 - the date it actually became a University. I have sympathy with those who have pride in Strathclyde's long history through its previous incarnations back to 1796, but if you use that to date it then you can justify a lot of strange things. eg. If tomorrow they upgraded an school/college with roots back to the 14th century to University status, could you call it 'the oldest University in Scotland' even though it's just been created? aldaden 12:13, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Sadly there's a coordinated campaign recently started by an single issue IP user (s/he uses a variety of IP addresses but his editing style is very characteristic) to pretend that Strathclyde, rather than its precursor institutions, dates back to 1796. No discussion, just blind repeated insertion of the same text, sometimes poorly formatted.  Ho hum. Jonathan A Jones (talk) 11:23, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

 * I just put a request on the talk page for the latest IP. He/She probably won't see it but asked them to come and talk about it anyway rather than just changing. Can but hope Aldaden (talk) 03:09, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I'm very grateful for the involvement of other editors.  Similar events have been happening on about a dozen pages; in almost all cases, as here, thet IP editor refusese to get involved on talk pages, but just reverts his/her changes, usually with inaccurate edit summaries.  It's important to have third parties involved to help prevent me falling into similar errors!  Jonathan A Jones (talk) 06:07, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Have requested semi-protection. Was looking at table to see if could add column for a date other than when officially became University but just can't see any way it would work. All educational organisations could have gone through several incarnations before they became a University and just can't see how it would work. Also over-complicates something so simple. Haven't looked but bet on similar lists it will the way it is now with the official date listed. Aldaden (talk) 01:53, 3 September 2013 (UTC)
 * In fact many places on the web do list it as being founded in 1796 implying that that's the date that should be considered the date for the start of the University. I'm not opposed to it really that much but point is it should be discussed here. The article for Strathclyde shows the complication: Many places where it is mentioned on the web say things like "Founded as Anderson's University" skirting around the fact that they then removed the "University" suffix because they'd just given themselves the name without it being recognised by any legal authority. Think that might be a result of good PR by Strathclyde Aldaden (talk) 02:13, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the request and the comments above. It is indeed horribly complex, but probably less messy than the London Universities.  Note that Strathclyde only used the title "Anderson's University" between 1828 and 1887; before 1828 it went by "Anderson's Institution" or "The Andersonian Institution".  Jonathan A Jones (talk) 06:26, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

Newest University
Anybody know when the Scottish Agricultural College was founded ? - it entered the university sector formally in August 2008 so should perhaps be listed as the newest university.Zagubov (talk) 11:43, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

RSAMD
Should the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama be included in this list? It is a charted and ancient institution which gives out university level degrees? Or would it belong in another list with the likes of the Glasgow School of Art etc? The Welsh University list includes the Welsh equivalent of the RSAMD. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.71.59.99 (talk) 09:11, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

 * SAC and RSAMD are two of many higher education institutions which don't have university status, see List of further education colleges in Scotland. Jonathan Oldenbuck (talk) 09:24, 28 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I added a short section on the non-university HEIs. hope it clarifies the above points. Thanks, Jonathan Oldenbuck (talk) 17:16, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

QS Rankings
The QS rankings of the ancients should be added to this page as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jalba51 (talk • contribs) 09:50, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

Date of foundation
Due attention should be given to date of foundation.

Below is an excerpt from the talk page of List of UK universities by date of foundation

Date of foundation or establishment is the common criteria and should be used for defining. Below are some of the issues which arise if only the date of royal charter is taken into account.

KCL: "In 2003, the College was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right, as opposed to through the University of London, by the Privy Council. This power remained unexercised until 2007, when the College announced that all students starting courses from September 2007 onwards would be awarded degrees conferred by King's itself, rather than by the University of London. The new certificates however still make reference to the fact that King's is a constituent college of the University of London." Also, Lampeter was St David's "College" in 1822 ("The university was founded in 1822 as St David's College (Coleg Dewi Sant), becoming St David's University College (Coleg Prifysgol Dewi Sant) in 1971, when it became part of the federal University of Wales")("In 2010 it merged with Trinity University College (under its 1822 charter) to create the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David") and so it technically became an university in 2010!

Durham was granted Royal charter in 1837 and NOT 1832.

Bangor received RC in 1885 and NOT 1884

London School of Economics: "The London School of Economics was founded in 1895 by Beatrice and Sidney Webb, initially funded by a bequest of £20,000[24][25] from the estate of Henry Hunt Hutchinson. Hutchinson, a lawyer[24] and member of the Fabian Society, left the money in trust, to be put "towards advancing its [The Fabian Society's] objects in any way they [the trustees] deem advisable". The five trustees were Sidney Webb, Edward Pease, Constance Hutchinson, William de Mattos and William Clark. The LSE records that the proposal to establish the school was conceived during a breakfast meeting on 4 August 1894, between the Webbs, Graham Wallas and George Bernard Shaw. The proposal was accepted by the trustees in February 1895 and LSE held its first classes in October of that year, in rooms at 9 John Street, Adelphi, in the City of Westminster." It was a "School" and not an University all this time till,

"The school joined the federal University of London in 1900, becoming the university's Faculty of Economics and awarding degrees of the University from 1902.[28] Expanding rapidly over the following years, the school moved initially to the nearby 10 Adelphi Terrace, then to Clare Market and Houghton Street. The foundation stone of the Old Building, on Houghton Street, was laid by King George V in 1920; the building was opened in 1922." therefore it cannot be classified as a separate university. and it never received its Royal Charter.

Royal Holoway "Royal Holloway, University of London (RHUL) is a constituent "college" of the University of London." Again, not an "University"

Aberystwyth University has NOT received Royal charter. "Founded in 1872 as University College Wales, Aberystwyth became a founder member of the University of Wales in 1894 and changed its name to the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. In the mid-1990s, the university again changed its name to the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. On 1 September 2007, the University of Wales ceased to be a federal university and Aberystwyth became independent again. However, students enrolled from the 2009/2010 academic year onwards, or whose first year of study was in the 2008/2009 academic year, can choose to receive their degree from the University of Wales or Aberystwyth University."

Queen Mary: this is the biggest issue. "In April 1929 the College Council decided it would take the steps towards applying to the Privy Council for a Royal Charter, but on the advice of the Drapers' Company first devised a scheme for development and expansion, which recommended amongst other things to reamalgamate the People's Palace and the College, with guaranteed provision of the Queen's Hall for recreational purposes, offering at least freedom of governance if not in space"

"Queen Mary and Westfield College was established by Act of Parliament and the granting of a Royal charter in 1989, following the merger of Queen Mary College (incorporated by charter in 1934) and Westfield College (incorporated in 1933).[1] The Charter has subsequently been revised three times: in 1995 (as a result of the merger of the College with the Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry); in 2008 (as a result of the Privy Council awarding the College Degree Awarding Powers; and in July 2010 (following a governance review)."

So this received its royal charter in 1934/1989 and NOT 1885.

So clearly all the universities are listed on dates of foundation and NOT on royal charter. So if you need, please create a page separately as mentioned above for universities based on RC. 101.212.67.232 (talk) 14:56, 2 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Firstly, please don't obliterate other people's comments, it's considered rude (I've restored them and moved this to the end). Second, none of the above is relevant to the list of universities in Scotland, since none of your examples relate to a Scottish institution. All the institutions listed on this page are given by the year in which they became universities. That is the only criteria. So Heriot Watt isn't listed as 1821, RGU isn't listed as 1750, and yes, Strathclyde is not listed as 1796. The current situation on this page is well established and consistent, regardless of what information goes into other pages. Please don't change this page again without further reasoned discussion. Thanks, Jonathan Oldenbuck (talk) 15:37, 2 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of universities in Scotland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120128164603/http://www.strath.ac.uk/about/heritage/history/ to http://www.strath.ac.uk/about/heritage/history/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:35, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of universities in Scotland


text:
Sabhal Mòr Ostaig

Sabhal Mòr Ostaig (lit. 'Great Barn of Ostaig') is a public higher education college situated in the Sleat peninsula in the south of the Isle of Skye, Scotland with an associate campus at Bowmore on the island of Islay. Sabhal Mòr is an independent Academic Partner in the federal University of the Highlands and Islands. Its sole medium of instruction on degree courses is Scottish Gaelic.

Since its foundation in 1973 Sabhal Mòr Ostaig has played a crucial role in the linguistic and cultural renaissance of Gaelic in Scotland. The college enjoys an international reputation for the study of the history and literature of the Gàidhealtachd, past and present; for research into political, educational, and community aspects of minority language maintenance and revitalisation; and for its engagement with Gaelic creative arts, as well as with broadcast and online media.

Sabhal Mòr's research base has been further strengthened to take in sociolinguistics, through the Soillse initiative; corpus planning and historical lexicography, through the Stòrdata Nàiseanta na Gàidhlig/Gaelic Terminology Database and the Faclair na Gàidhlig/Dictionary of Scottish Gaelic projects; and toponomy, through the Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba/Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland advisory partnership, all based at the college. Research capacity is underpinned by the Sabhal Mòr Ostaig Library with its internationally important collections of material related to Gaelic and to the Highlands, and further complemented by the proximity of two major Highland archives: those of MacDonald of Sleat in the Museum of the Isles by Armadale Castle, and the MacLeod papers in Dunvegan Castle. Through academic collaboration and student exchanges, the college maintains links with partner institutions in Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and Nova Scotia.

With residencies for writers, artists, musicians, and dramatists; its degree courses in media and traditional music; its hosting of the national folklore digitisation project Tobar an Dualchais/Kist o Riches; and Fàs, its £8-million centre for creative industries, Sabhal Mòr fulfils an important cultural remit both in the Highlands and in Scotland more generally.

Beginnings
In early 1972 Iain Noble, financier, merchant banker, and Gaelic activist, bought the northern portion of the Sleat estate, in the south of the Isle of Skye, from the then owner, Godfrey Macdonald, 8th Baron Macdonald of Sleat. Noble's vision for his new Eilean Iarmain estate was inspired by a visit he had made to the Faroe Islands in the late 1960s. There he had been impressed by how the local linguistic and cultural renaissance had helped to create what was at the time a correspondingly dynamic economic and creative revival:

"When I asked the Faroese, I was amazed when they all replied that things began to happen when they decided to be Faroese and stop being Danish. This sparked the whole thing off. It gave them a sort of self-respect… I am convinced that through the revival of the language there came a pride in identity and all else followed. We mustn’t be frightened of being a small community. Instead we must create our own internal binding factors. People here have never believed that things are possible. But there is virtually nothing that could not be achieved in the Highlands."

Noble set about putting his ideals into practice. Gaelic speakers were recruited and employed in running new fishing and textile enterprises; a bar was set up beside the estate headquarters as a Gaelic-oriented social and cultural focus for the district; and he was soon involved in a series of wrangles with Inverness County Council over bilingual Gaelic roadsigns on his land. Noble was also inspired by the idea of renovating a semi-derelict farmhouse steading at Ostaig as a Gaelic cultural centre. Plans at first focused around the establishment of a Gaelic library, quickly growing through donations to become the largest public collection of Gaelic-related material in the Hebrides. In Noble's words, however:

"a library by itself is like mustard without beef. It would have to be open to the public and should become a centre for students. Teachers and an academic ambience were the logical extensions of the new theme."

Creation
Sabhal Mòr Ostaig was established as a charitable trust in 1973, "as an educational institute, with a special emphasis on Gaelic educational functions", with a longer-term vision of establishing a Gaelic-medium college and research centre offering vocational further education, as well as opportunities for Gaelic learners to develop their fluency. Four urrasairean or trustees were appointed: Iain Noble, poet Sorley Maclean, Donald Ruaraidh Macdonald of Portree High School, and Gordon Barr, then a lecturer in biochemistry at the University of Dundee. Barr was to take a year's sabbatical, from June 1973 to September 1974, as the college's first fear-stiùiridh or director. A two-week summer course for Gaelic learners, attended by 22 students from Scotland, Britain, and further afield, was held in September 1973 in association with An Comunn Gàidhealach. Other activities included a lecture series, a Gaelic playgroup, night classes for Gaelic learners, and events for Gaelic-speaking schoolchildren. The Scottish Arts Council sponsored a Gaelic writer-in-residence, Catrìona Montgomery from Roag near Dunvegan.

In November 1974 the charitable Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation offered Sabhal Mòr a three-year grant towards the cost of a full-time director. Farquhar MacLennan, a teacher from Raasay accepted the post the following spring. During the early years of the college's existence the trustees’ energy was directed towards fundraising, improving the dilapidated Ostaig steading, expanding summer courses in Gaelic and music, developing links with equivalent institutions in Ireland, Wales, and Canada, and hosting an annual conference.

In July 1978 the trustees of the college established a committee to examine the possibilities of delivering two-year full-time diploma courses through Gaelic. Two years later the committee recommended the establishment of practically oriented business and administration courses focusing upon the situation in the Highlands, but employing comparisons with similar regions. Following a fundraising drive to pay for the necessary building improvements, the first two-year HND diploma course, in Business and Gàidhealtachd Studies, began in 1983 under the new college principal, Seán Ó Drisceoil, appointed on a three-year secondment from Údarás na Gaeltachta in Ireland. Seven students, all native speakers from the Western Isles, comprised the first intake. Despite continuing financial problems, the college expanded its programme to take in two new HNDs: Business and Information Studies in 1987, and Business and Secretarial Studies, subsequently Business Studies with Office Technology, in 1988.

1980s and 90s
During the 1980s the full-time student body at Sabhal Mòr numbered on average ten a year. Prospects for future development, however, remained restricted as long as the college focused solely on recruiting business students with fluent Gaelic. Opportunities for significant expansion arose at the end of the decade with the establishment of Comataidh Telebhisein Gàidhlig, endowed by the government with an annual grant of £9.5 million. With its business focus, and existing expertise in ICT, Sabhal Mòr was well placed to take advantage of the demand for a major increase in Gaelic-speaking personnel in the Scottish media. Under its new director Norman Gillies, the college was able to secure funding from the Scottish Office, Highlands and Islands Enterprise, Scottish Television, and Grampian Television for the construction of a £1.4 million accommodation block, Àrainn Ostaig (Ostaig Campus), with 36 student bedrooms, teaching and administration spaces, dining facilities, and a television studio. Àrainn Ostaig opened in the autumn of 1993. The same year, the college launched what would prove a remarkably popular postgraduate diploma in Gaelic Broadcasting.

The early 1990s saw a series of significant developments at Sabhal Mòr, including the establishment in 1992 of the Lèirsinn Research Centre and the Cànan creative agency. The growth of college accommodation allowed a massive increase in summer courses and short courses. The introduction in 1994 of a new HNC in Gaelic and Communications, a diploma designed to boost the supply of teachers to the growing number of Gaelic medium units in primary schools across the country, further underlined the shift in the college's position in response to the increasing need for qualified Gaelic speakers in the media and education throughout Scotland. During the rest of the decade there would be a major expansion of the college campus and a sizeable growth in student numbers. The latter was the consequence of two new one-year HNC diplomas established in 1997 – the innovative language immersion Cùrsa Comais intended to enable Gaelic learners to attain comprehension and fluency within a year, and the HNC in Gaelic Performing Arts designed to meet an apparent need for more Gaelic television actors in the future – and the introduction of university-level BA courses the following year.

The most significant influence on the college's long-term strategic thinking during the 1990s was the prospect of participating as a partner college in the recently proposed University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) network, and thus being able to offer full-time degree courses. The involvement of Sabhal Mòr Ostaig from 1995 onwards was crucial for the credibility of the wider UHI project. Its Gaelic identity helped to lend the scheme a much needed cultural distinctiveness rooted in the region. In a more concrete sense, the surprising ‘conversion’ of the then Scottish Secretary Michael Forsyth to the merit of the UHI scheme in October 1995 was primarily due to a recent visit to Sabhal Mòr during which he had been given a demonstration of the efficacy of new ISDN communications technologies in linking widely dispersed colleges into a single university network. Forsyth's remarkable volte-face gave the UHI proposal the vital government support required to make a plausible submission to the lottery-funded Millennium Commission.

The project bid was funded in full: an award of £33.35 million allowed construction of new college buildings throughout the network, in preparation for envisaged university status. Among these buildings was the £6 million second campus at Sabhal Mòr, Àrainn Chaluim Chille (Columba Campus). The site, two hundred yards along the road from the original Ostaig site, occupied part of a 6+1/2 acre site donated by Ellice MacDonald, chairman of Clan Donald Trust, that had previously been earmarked as the site for a new township, Bail’ Ùr Ostaig, the subject of an unsuccessful £15.75 million bid by Sabhal Mòr itself to the Millennium Commission. In September 1998 Àrainn Chaluim Chille, with teaching facilities, library, dining room, lecture/sports/concert hall, and 31 student bedrooms, was completed; the following year saw the opening of the iconic tower Lòchran an Dòmhnallaich (the MacDonald Beacon), containing 31 further bedrooms and partly funded from a £900,000 end-of-year surplus wrangled from the Scottish Office by the then Minister for Industry, Education and Gaelic, Brian Wilson.

In 1997 the college commenced its first BA courses, Cànan is Cultar na Gàidhlig (Gaelic Language and Culture), and Gàidhlig agus Iomall a’ Chuain Siar (Gaelic and the Atlantic Rim), later Gàidhlig is Leasachadh (Gaelic and Development). These were upgraded into Honours courses in 2002, when a further BA course, Gàidhlig agus na Meadhanan (Gaelic and Media Studies), was introduced. Another BA (Hons) course, Gàidhlig agus Ceòl Traidiseanta (Gaelic and Traditional Music), began in 2006, while the following year the teacher-training MA (Hons) course in Gàidhlig agus Foghlam (Gaelic and Education) began, in collaboration with the University of Aberdeen. These were complemented by highly successful distance learning language courses: from 2000, the award-winning Cùrsa Inntrigidh for beginners, and six years later, the Cùrsa Adhartais for advanced learners. The college also offers an innovative master's degree, the MSc in Cultar Dùthchasach agus Eachdraidh na Gàidhealtachd (Material Culture and Gàidhealtachd History), begun in 2005 as an MA in Cultar Dùthchasach agus an Àrainneachd (Material Culture and the Environment). Since the University of the Highlands and Islands project was granted university status and thus degree-granting powers in March 2011, the college has strengthened its research base through sponsorship of a growing number of PhD studentships.

21st century
Sabhal Mòr Ostaig continues its expansion in the twenty-first century. Ionad Chaluim Chille Ìle, the college's associate campus in Islay, opened in 2002. The college was visited by Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay in 2004; he expressed hope for the Gaelic language flourishing, stating "Scottish life is greatly enriched by the Gaelic dimension," and "If it flourishes here it sends out a message of inspiration and optimism." In 2008 the £8 million new centre for creative and cultural industries, Ionad Fàs, incorporating a television studio, offices, workshop and exhibition spaces, and Gaelic-medium childcare facilities, was finished. In 2013 the £6.7 million first phase of the Kilbeg Village scheme began, a long-term development that will result in new administration and research facilities, a conference and training centre, new college and community sports and recreation provision, a hotel, and up to 75 new houses being built in the space between the two campuses.

Campus
At present Sabhal Mòr Ostaig occupies two linked campuses, Àrainn Ostaig and Àrainn Chaluim Chille.

Àrainn Ostaig, situated some 2 mi north-east of the main ferry terminal at Armadale, consists of two quadrangles. The renovated Ostaig steading was originally built on a U-plan in the late 1820s by Major Allan MacDonald of Belfinlay, who had the lease of Ostaig farm at the time, then subsequently extended on the south side. The adjoining modern blocks of student accommodation, lecture facilities, and offices, designed by Donald Mackillop Assocs, were opened in autumn 1993. The original buildings contain the student common room and the Tàlla Mòr or Great Hall, used for cèilidhs and smaller concerts, while the newer hosts the Café Ostaig.

Àrainn Chaluim Chille, 300 yards to the east of Àrainn Ostaig, consists of a main building (1998) incorporating teaching facilities, the college library and dining room, the lecture/sports/concert hall Talla Dhonaidh Chaimbeul, and student accommodation, and the broch-like tower Lòchran an Dòmhnallaich (1999), containing additional student and guest bedrooms and crowned by a glazed drum and lantern viewing platform. Designed by George Mulvagh of Gillespie Architects, the buildings were awarded a Regeneration of Scotland architectural award by the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland. Adjoining them is the later Ionad Fàs (2008), the centre for creative and cultural industries, again designed by Gillespie Architects.

The college's associate campus Ionad Chaluim Chille Ìle, situated beside Bowmore on the island of Islay and incorporating a library and lecture facilities, was opened in 2002.

Organisation
Sabhal Mòr Ostaig is an independent charitable company and an Academic Partner of the University of the Highlands and Islands. The college itself is governed by a Board of Directors responsible for strategy and policy development. Its Cathraichean (Chairs) since 2007 have been:

 * 2007-2016 Roddy John MacLeod, now Lord Minginish
 * 2016-2017 Aideen O’Malley, an Irish academic living in Scotland
 * 2017-2023 Angus G MacLeod], an Inverness-based solicitor
 * 2023- date Angus MacInnes

A college management team supervises the three internal departments of Academic Provision, Arts and Development, and Finance and Planning. College staff are also involved in the governance of the University of the Highlands and Islands, and participate in relevant committees within the wider network partnership.

The following projects are associated with Sabhal Mòr Ostaig:
 * Cànan: bilingual creative agency
 * Faclair na Gàidhlig/Dictionary of Scottish Gaelic
 * Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba/Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland
 * Soillse: the national research network for the maintenance and revitalisation of Gaelic language and culture
 * Stòrdata Nàiseanta na Gàidhlig/Gaelic Terminology Database
 * Tobar an Dualchais/Kist o Riches: collaborative online folklore project

Sabhal Mòr Ostaig has a writer-in-residence, a musician-in-residence, artists in residence, and a drama artist-in-residence.

Courses
Sabhal Mòr Ostaig offers the following degrees and diplomas:

Distance Learning:
 * Cùrsa Inntrigidh (Beginners’ Gaelic Course)
 * Cùrsa Adhartais (Advanced Gaelic Course)
 * Sgilean Sgrìobhaidh (Gaelic Writing Skills)
 * Deasachadh agus Foillseachadh (Editing and Publishing)
 * DipHE Gaelic and Related Studies
 * BA (With or without Honours) 'Gàidhlig is Leasachadh'' (Gaelic and Development)
 * BA (With or without Honours) Cànan is Cultar na Gàidhlig (Gaelic Language and Culture)
 * CPD Diploma Leasachadh Coimhearsnachd (Community Development)
 * CPD Diploma Leasachadh Cànain (Language Development)
 * PGCert Scottish Culture and Heritage
 * MA Learning and Teaching (Gaelic Arts)

Undergraduate:
 * CertHE An Cùrsa Comais (Gaelic Competence Course)
 * CertHE Gàidhlig is Conaltradh (Gaelic and Communication)
 * PDA Diploma Na Meadhanan Gàidhlig (Gaelic Media)
 * BA (Hons) Cànan is Cultar na Gàidhlig (Gaelic Language and Culture)
 * BA (Hons) Gàidhlig is Leasachadh (Gaelic and Development)
 * BA (Hons) Gàidhlig agus Ceòl Traidiseanta (Gaelic and Traditional Music)
 * MA (Hons) Gàidhlig agus Foghlam (Gaelic and Education)

Postgraduate:
 * MSc Cultar Dùthchasach agus Eachdraidh na Gàidhealtachd (Material Culture and Gàidhealtachd History)

In addition, research staff at the college are presently supervising PhD theses concerning Gaelic language, culture, history, and sociolinguistics.

Sabhal Mòr Ostaig also offers a growing number of short courses, well-established programmes in Gaelic language and music as well as more recent ones in history, culture, and crofting. Most are based at the main Skye campus, but the college runs a number of courses elsewhere in the country and abroad.

Library
Sabhal Mòr Ostaig Library is an internationally significant collection of material, antiquarian and contemporary, relating to Gaelic language, culture, and music, and Highland history. At present Special Collections number over 6,000 volumes, comprising six principal divisions:
 * the Celtica Collection, acquired by Sir Robert Gordon of Letterfourie (1824–1908) and previously housed in Fort Augustus Abbey;
 * the MacCormick Collection, donated by the pre-eminent Gaelic bookseller and collector Donald MacCormick;
 * the collection of Sorley Maclean (1911–96), Gaelic poet and scholar;
 * the collection of Professor Robert A. Rankin (1915–2001), emeritus Professor of Mathematics at the University of Glasgow, and Gaelic scholar;
 * the collection of Professor Roderick Cannon (1938–2015), emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of East Anglia, and distinguished historian of bagpipe music;
 * the Sabhal Mòr Ostaig Collection itself, accumulated since the college's foundation.

The Library also holds a sizeable collection of historic 78-rpm recordings of Gaelic singers and musicians, donated from the archives of the BBC in Glasgow.

Sabhal Mòr Ostaig Library is a member of the Consortium of European Research Libraries, and the Ligue des Bibliothèques Européenes de Recherche.

College Principals and Directors
The following have been College Principals and Directors of Sabhal Mòr Ostaig:
 * Gordon Barr (Principal 1973–4)
 * Farquhar MacLennan (Principal 1975–8)
 * Iain Taylor (Principal 1980–2)
 * Seán Ó Drisceoil (Principal 1983–6)
 * Colin MacLeod (Principal 1986–7)
 * Norman Gillies (Director 1987–2009)
 * Boyd Robertson (Director 2009–18)
 * Gillian Munro (Director 2018– )

Student life and culture
The college hosts regular concerts, plays, cèilidhs, dances, films, and gigs open to the wider local community, while local hotels and pubs offer weekly music sessions in a variety of styles. There are a number of local sports clubs, and a Club Coiseachd/Walking Club allows students the opportunity to enjoy the landscape of Skye and surrounding areas.

As well as organising social events, the student association Comann nan Oileanach is involved in a number of campaigns, strengthening links with students in other Associate Partners in the University of the Highlands and Islands, with Celtic Societies in other universities and with other smaller colleges across the country.

title: Sabhal Mòr Ostaig


text:
Pentazole

Pentazole is an aromatic molecule consisting of a five-membered ring with all nitrogen atoms, one of which is bonded to a hydrogen atom. It has the molecular formula HN5. Although strictly speaking a homocyclic, inorganic compound, pentazole has historically been classed as the last in a series of heterocyclic azole compounds containing one to five nitrogen atoms. This set contains pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazoles, tetrazole, and pentazole.

Derivatives
Substituted analogs of pentazole are collectively known as pentazoles. As a class, they are unstable and often highly explosive compounds. The first pentazole synthesized was phenylpentazole, where the pentazole ring is highly stabilized by conjugation with the phenyl ring. The derivative 4-dimethylaminophenylpentazole is among the most stable pentazole compounds known, although it still decomposes at temperatures over 50 °C. It is known that electron-donating groups stabilize aryl pentazole compounds.

Ions
The cyclic pentazolium cation is not known due to its probable antiaromatic character; whereas the open-chained pentazenium cation  is known. Butler et al. first demonstrated the presence of the cyclic  in solution through the decomposition of substituted aryl pentazoles at low temperature. The presence of and  (held in solution through the interaction with zinc ions) was proven primarily using 15N NMR techniques of the decomposition products. These results were initially challenged by some authors, but subsequent experiments involving the detailed analysis of the decomposition products, complemented by computational studies, bore out the initial conclusion. The pentazolide anion is not expected to last longer than a few seconds in aqueous solution without the aid of complexing agents. The discovery of pentazoles spurred attempts to create all-nitrogen salts such as, which should be highly potent propellants for space travel.

In 2002, the pentazolate anion was first detected with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry In 2016, the ion was also detected in solution. In 2017, white cubic crystals of the pentazolate salt, (N5)6(H3O)3(NH4)4Cl were announced. In this salt, the rings are planar. The bond lengths in the ring are 1.309 Å, 1.310 Å, 1.310 Å, 1.324 Å, and 1.324 Å. When heated, the salt is stable up to 117 °C, and over this temperature it decomposes to ammonium azide. Under extreme pressure conditions, the pentazolate ion was also synthesized. It was first obtained in 2016 in the form of the CsN5 salt by compressing and laser-heating a mixture of CsN3 embedded in molecular N2 at 60 GPa. Following the pressure release, it was found metastable down to 18 GPa. In 2018, another team reported the high pressure synthesis of LiN5 above 45 GPa from a pure lithium surrounded by molecular nitrogen. This compound could be retained down to ambient conditions after the complete release of pressure.

title: Pentazole


text:
Prague Zoo

Prague Zoological Garden (Czech: Zoologická zahrada hl. m. Prahy) is a zoo in Prague, Czech Republic. It was opened in 1931 with the goal to "advance the study of zoology, protect wildlife, and educate the public" in the district of Troja in the north of Prague. In 2013, the zoo occupied 58 ha with 50 ha in use for exhibits, and housed around 5,000 animals from 676 species, including 132 species listed as threatened.

The zoo is rated as the seventh best zoo in the world by Forbes Travel Guide in 2007, and is rated as the fifth best in the world by TripAdvisor.

The zoo has contributed significantly to saving Przewalski's horse; for many years, it was the leading breeder of the subspecies. The zoo director is Miroslav Bobek.

History
The idea for a zoological garden in Prague was first proposed in 1881 in a newspaper article by Count Sweerts-Spork, on the occasion of the marriage of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and Princess Stéphanie of Belgium.

In 1919, at a meeting of the advisory board for mathematics and natural sciences at the Ministry of Education and National Enlightenment, a committee was established to start the preparatory work on the establishment of the zoo. The zoo was opened to the public on 28 September 1931 by the founding director Jiří Janda.

In 1938, the first artificially bred Andean condor in the world was hatched and reared, and the first artificially bred polar bear, a female named Ilun, followed in 1942. In 1959 Dr. Zdeněk Veselovský was appointed as director of the zoo. Under his leadership, the zoo achieved some world-class successes in the area of breeding and scientific research.

In 1971 a new pavilion opened for large mammals, including elephants, hippos and rhinos, followed by a big cat pavilion in 1991.

In 2001 the first artificial breeding of a Przewalski's Horse in the world took place at the zoo.

In 2002 Prague suffered the worst floods in its history. A large part of the zoo was flooded and 134 animals died, including an elephant, a lion, a gorilla, and four hippopotamuses. A brown fur seal named Gaston swam the Vltava and Elbe rivers to Dresdon Germany, where Gaston died of exhaustion or injury. Gaston was memorialized with a statue in the Prague Zoo. However, thanks to a big wave of solidarity and donations, Prague Zoo greatly flourished in the next decade.

In 2004 the country's largest and most expensive animal pavilion, named the "Indonesian Jungle", was opened, and the first Western gorilla was born in Czech Republic, named Moja. This was followed in 2007 by the first breeding of a Komodo dragon in Prague Zoo. In 2009 a new exhibition for brown fur seals was opened, with an enlarged swimming pool and a grandstand. The following year saw a Texas tortoise bred in Europe for the first time.

In 2011 Moja, a western gorilla famous from the multimedia project The Revealed, was moved to Cabarceno Natural Park in Spain. Four Przewalski's horses were transported to Mongolia to be released into the wild as part of Return of the Wild Horses reintroduction and in situ conservation project.

In 2012 the zoo saw its highest number of babies born, numbering 1,557 from 211 species, including the world's first breeding of the crowned river turtle and the rufous-cheeked laughingthrush, as well as Prague Zoo's first breeding of the red panda. In 2013 a large new Elephant Valley pavilion was introduced and the first elephant was born in Prague Zoo, named Sita. The zoo was flooded in June the same year for a second time, but most animals were evacuated in time.

In 2014, a pavilion was opened for 33 critically endangered Chinese giant salamanders, including three adults. The collection features the largest of such salamanders in Europe.

After 13 years of waiting, the zoo is among the three unique zoos in the world, which have a breeding pair of Lesser Antillean iguana.

In 2023, the Zoo saw the first birth of a Chinese Pangolin in captivity. The pangolin was born in February and weighed in at 135 grams. The birth gives hope that the creature can be rescued from its current status on the endangered species list.

title: Prague Zoo


text:
User:Say1988

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! BMIComp (talk) 22:54, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User:Say1988


text: Template:Vorarlberg

title: Template:Vorarlberg


text: User talk:24.189.5.171

title: User talk:24.189.5.171


text: File:Faith hope love album cover.jpg

title: File:Faith hope love album cover.jpg


text:
List of Somaliland politicians

This is a list of notable politicians from Somaliland.

Presidents

 * Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur – first President of Somaliland
 * Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal – second President of Somaliland
 * Dahir Rayale Kahin – third President of Somaliland
 * Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud – fourth President of Somaliland
 * Muse Bihi Abdi – current and fifth President of Somaliland

Vice presidents

 * Hassan Isse Jama – first Vice President of Somaliland
 * Abdirahman Aw Ali Farrah – second Vice President of Somaliland
 * Dahir Rayale Kahin – third Vice President of Somaliland
 * Ahmed Yusuf Yasin – fourth Vice President of Somaliland
 * Abdirahman Saylici – current and sixth Vice President of Somaliland

Ministers

 * Yasin Haji Mohamoud – Member of Somaliland Parliament, former Foreign Minister, former Minister of Education, and former Minister of Interior
 * Mohamed Kahin Ahmed – current Minister of Interior
 * Dr. Saad Ali Shire – current Minister of Finance, former Foreign Minister and former Minister of Planning
 * Abdiqani Mohamoud Aateye – current Minister of Defence and former Minister of Justice
 * Mohamed Muse Diriye – current Minister of Water and former Minister of Information
 * Omar Ali Abdillahi – current Minister of Health
 * Ahmed Mumin Seed – former Minister of Agriculture
 * Jama Mohamoud Egal – current Minister of Energy and Minerals
 * Mohamoud Hassan Saad – current Minister of Commerce, Industries and Tourism
 * Yusuf Mire Mohamed – former Minister of Youth and Sports
 * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye – current Minister of Education and Science
 * Abdirashid Haji Duale – current Minister of Youth and Sports
 * Abdiweli Sheikh Abdillahi – current Minister of Telecommunications
 * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye Toorno
 * Hinda Jama Hersi
 * Shukri Haji Ismail
 * Mustafe Mohamoud Ali
 * Mohamed Ahmed Mohamoud
 * Hassan Mohammed Ali
 * Khalil Abdillahi Ahmed
 * Said Sulub Mohamed
 * Mohamed Adan Elmi
 * Abdillahi Abokor Osman
 * Saleban Yusuf Ali – current Minister of Information, Guidance and Culture
 * Hussein Abdi Dualeh –former Minister of Energy and Minerals
 * Mohammad Abdullahi Omar – former Foreign Minister
 * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud Hussein Hog  – former Minister of Health
 * Suleiman Haglotosiye – former Minister of Health
 * Ali Said Raygal – former Minister of Youth and Sports
 * Adan Ahmed Elmi – former Minister of Agriculture
 * Edna Adan Ismail – former Foreign Minister
 * Hassan Haji Mohamoud – former Minister of Education
 * Hussein Ali Duale – former Minister of Finance
 * Mohamed Yonis – former Foreign Minister

Other politicians

 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – current mayor of Hargeisa
 * Abdurrahman Mahmoud Aidiid – former mayor of Hargeisa
 * Bashe Mohamed Farah – former Speaker of the House of Representatives of Somaliland
 * Mahamed-Amin Omar Abdi current mayor of Gabiley
 * Abdishakur Mohamoud Hassan – current mayor of Berbera
 * Ali Ibrahim Jama – former governor of Somaliland's Central Bank
 * Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi – former Speaker of the House of Representatives of Somaliland
 * Ali Omar Mohamed – former manager of Berbera Port
 * Mohamed Hassan Maidane – former mayor of Borama and current MP of Somaliland
 * Hussein Mohamed Jiciir – former mayor of Hargeisa
 * Adan Haji Ali – current chief justice of Somaliland
 * Faysal Ali Warabe – chairman of the UCID party
 * Yusuf Warsame Saeed – former mayor of Hargeisa
 * Khadra Haji Ismail yonis (X Geid) – former deputy mayor of Gebiley former general director of presidential palaces
 * Khadra Hussein Mohammad – former national deputy prosecutor of Somaliland
 * Mohamed Sahal Eidle- CEO of Som Migration Solutions

title: List of Somaliland politicians


text:
Talk:List of women who died in childbirth

Untitled
Several spelling and grammatical errors.

Question
Should Mary Shelly really be in "Maternal Death of Mother's of Famous People" section, since her mother and father were famous in their own right, and her mother is already mentioned as a famous death. Other people in similiar circumstances, such as Edward the VI, who was king and who's father was, has his mother, Jane Seymour, mentioned only in the famous deaths category.

Similiarly, the heading "Maternal Death of Mothers of Famous People" is confusing, suggest something simpler.

List, over all, seems incomplete.

Move
I suggest this article be moved to "List of famous women who died in childbirth", because the current title is misleading, and causes one to think that this is an incomplete list of all women who have died during parturition. Mizu onna sango15 / 水 女 珊瑚15  19:26, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

What about all the other thousands and million of women who died in childbirth? I think this section should be renamed... I agree with adding the "famous" keyword. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.158.109.144 (talk) 08:11, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

"notable" would be a better term as not all those that died were famous in their own right. AlwynJPie (talk) 11:50, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

Delete
seriously, isn't this strange? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.63.70.212 (talk) 06:26, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Should "Year of Birth" as well as Death be shown?
To help identify many of the listed characters more quickly, I feel their year of birth should be shown as well as death. But, of course, I would still prefer listing them in the chronological order of their deaths, as they are now, as this is the important event. Any thoughts?AlwynJPie (talk) 12:33, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

Eleanor de Braose (1226-1251)
Added this after reading this list: http://www.sarahwoodbury.com/life-expectancy-in-the-middle-ages/ AlwynJPie (talk) 22:39, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

Emilia Wojtyła
This list includes

 * Emilia Wojtyła (1929), mother of Pope John Paul II.

But this page says she died of heart and kidney problems. Her Polish page says (with the help of Google Translate): "Some sources have erroneously reported that during the birth of the fourth child." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jhknight (talk • contribs) 22:40, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

France - Antoinette Gabrielle Charpentier (wife of George Jacques Danton) should be included, because she died after giving birth to a stillborn son. Great Britain - Mary Powell & Katherine Woodcock, first two wives of a famous poet John Milton. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.68.103.4 (talk) 00:58, 23 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of women who died in childbirth. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071112201958/http://www.about-crete.gr/eleftherios-venizelos.html to http://www.about-crete.gr/eleftherios-venizelos.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:55, 27 December 2017 (UTC)


text:
File:Wisegirls.JPG

Fair Use Rationale for WiseGirls

 * 1) The image is being used to illustrate the film in question.
 * 2) No free or public domain images have been located for this purpose.
 * 3) The image is of lower resolution than the original poster.
 * 4) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the film in any way.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is.
 * 6) The image is being used for informational purposes only.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Wisegirls.JPG


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mairinque

 * Keep Dementedd is going around putting and  tags on random articles. I do agree this one needs some work, though --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 22:58, 10 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Dersus

All about Dersu Uzala.

Mariusz Dersus Kwiatkowski from Poland

title: User:Dersus