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Ragley Hall

Ragley Hall in the parish of Arrow in Warwickshire is a stately home, located south of Alcester and eight miles (13 km) west of Stratford-upon-Avon. It is the ancestral seat of the Seymour-Conway family, Marquesses of Hertford.

History
The house was built by Edward Conway, 1st Earl of Conway (1623–1683) to the designs of William Hurlbert, with modifications by Robert Hooke and was completed after his death in 1683. The interior was subsequently modified on at least three occasions, to the designs of James Gibbs circa 1750–56; of James Wyatt circa 1778–83 and of William Tasker circa 1871–73.

It became the home of Anne Conway and she was visited there by a number of notable people including Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Thomas Vaughan, Lilias Skene, Henry More, Elizabeth of Bohemia Christian Knorr von Rosenroth, the alchemist Ezekiel Foxcroft and his mother the philosopher Elizabeth Foxcroft. Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont was Anne's physician from 1671 until her death in 1679. The secondary seat of the Seymour-Conway family, Earls of Hertford, was Sudbourne Hall in Suffolk and their London townhouse was Hertford House. Financial instability of the Seymour family left the house threatened with demolition more than once. In 1912, following the death of Hugh Seymour, 6th Marquess of Hertford, the estate's trustees recommended that the house be demolished. However, during World War I and World War II, the house found use as a military hospital. Hugh Seymour, 8th Marquess of Hertford, who in 1940 inherited Ragley Hall from his uncle George Seymour, 7th Marquess of Hertford, fought to save it after the war. It was refurbished between 1956 and 1958, when it became one of the first stately homes opened to the public.

In 1983, the painter Graham Rust completed a huge mural including pets, friends and family members which is known as "The Temptation" and is exhibited on the Southern staircase.

Ragley was the site of the Jerwood Sculpture Park, opened in July 2004. The Park included works that won the Jerwood Sculpture Prizes, and the work of Dame Elisabeth Frink, among others. However the site was closed in April 2012. Since 2017, the property has not been open to the general public but was available as a venue for events as of 2023. Maintenance of the park area is funded by The National Lottery Heritage Fund.

In popular culture
Ragley Hall has occasionally been used as a location for filming, including: the 1982 television version of The Scarlet Pimpernel; the fourth episode of the second series of the science fiction television series Doctor Who, titled "The Girl in the Fireplace", first broadcast in May 2006; and the first and fourth episodes of the fourth season of the Netflix series "The Crown". A news item adds that "Ragley also became the home of Lady Cremone in the BBC Two Drama Dancing on the Edge" in 2013.

title: Ragley Hall


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Big Tilly

James Tilquist is an American professional wrestler better known by the ring name Big Tilly. He is best known for being a member of the tag team Phi Delta Slam as well as his appearances in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. In early 2009 he returned to TNA under ring name Big Rocco as one half of The Main Event Mafia's (and later Mick Foley's) personal security force.

Professional wrestling career
Tilly worked for World Championship Wrestling throughout the mid-1990s as a jobber. He later began wrestling primarily on the Floridian independent circuit, where he formed a tag team with Bruno Sassi known as Phi Delta Slam. Phi Delta Slam used the gimmick of a pair of boisterous fraternity members.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005, 2007, 2009–2010)
Phi Delta Slam were introduced to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) after Dusty Rhodes told his two competing assistants, Traci Brooks and Trinity, to each find a tag team. The tag teams would wrestle one another at Destination X, with the winning tag team's sponsor becoming Rhodes' sole assistant. Trinity selected Phi Delta Slam, and they debuted in February 2005, wrestling dark matches. They made their on-screen debut on March 13 at Destination X, where they lost to Traci's choice, The Harris Brothers. Phi Delta Slam remained in TNA for several weeks afterwards, but were unable to get over with fans, and began appearing only sporadically with the promotion. In September 2005, their profiles were removed from the TNA website, confirming that the team was gone from TNA.

Tilly and Sassi later made a cameo appearance in a series of comedy segments on the December 20, 2007 episode of Impact! where they were seen at Eric Young's Christmas party, which also involved the likes of Luke Williams, Kevin Nash, ODB, and Awesome Kong.

Return
In early 2009, both Tilly and Sassi returned to TNA as the personal security of The Main Event Mafia in order to help them fend off The TNA Front Line. In order play into the mafia aspect of the stable, Tilly was renamed to Rocco (before it was later tweaked to Big Rocco), he began wearing sunglasses at all times, he dyed his normally brown hair to black and began sporting a goatee. On the March 13 edition of Impact!, Sal and Kurt Angle accompanied Rocco as he wrestled Front Line member Eric Young in the main event, which he lost after Young pinned him following a Death Valley driver. On the April 2 edition of Impact!, Rocco and Sal challenged and lost to Team 3D. On the May 7 edition of Impact! they were defeated in a handicap match by Matt Morgan. On the May 28 edition of Impact! Sting, the new leader of the Main Event Mafia, fired Rocco and Sal. On the June 4, 2009, edition of Impact! Rocco and Sal were hired by Mick Foley. The two of them have since made only sporadic appearances as security men.

On August 8, 2010, at ECW reunion show, Hardcore Justice, Tilquist portrayed a fake version of The Blue Meanie, using the name Blue Tilly, and, along with Hollywood Nova, accompanied Stevie Richards to the ring. Later in the night Tilly and Nova attacked Tommy Dreamer during his match with Raven.

Independent circuit
Phi Delta Slam is currently wrestling with the South Florida based Coastal Championship Wrestling. In addition, all three members of Phi Delta Slam (Sassi, Tilly and Evans) operate a professional wrestling school called "Bodyslam University" in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Coastal Championship Wrestling
 * CCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bruno Sassi
 * Florida Wrestling Alliance
 * FWA Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Bruno Sassi
 * Independent Pro Wrestling Association
 * IPWA Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Bruno Sassi
 * International Wrestling Federation
 * IWF Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Bruno Sassi
 * South Eastern Championship Wrestling
 * SECW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bruno Sassi
 * World Wide Wrestling
 * WWW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Bruno Sassi

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Big Tilly


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Ridgerunner

"Ridgerunner" is a nickname for people from the higher parts of mountainous areas in the Southeastern United States, especially the Appalachians. However, it has significantly different meanings from one State to another. The name has been used of people from some parts of: Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas and Oklahoma.

Appalachian Trail
The name Ridgerunner is used officially for a person who works on the Appalachian Trail. In this particular sense, a Ridgerunner meets, greets and guides hikers, as well as providing brochures and literature to inform visitors about the trail. They cover its location, regulations, and traditions. They take steps to encourage the best behavior on the part of hikers, to facilitate a positive experience (particularly for those who are poorly prepared), and to elicit the support of Trail neighbors and those who live nearby, but who may not understand or use the Trail properly. Ridgerunners, by their presence, discourage and mitigate misuse of the Appalachian Trail and its environs by performing educational and public relations functions.

Moonshiners
In Eastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, West Virginia and western Virginia, the term Ridgerunner originally referred specifically to a transporter of illegal moonshine liquor. They were said to "run the ridges" with their illicit cargo to bypass the roads down in the hollows where law enforcement officers might find them.

The mascot of Grove High School, in the town of Grove, Oklahoma, is a Ridgerunner in this sense of the word.

title: Ridgerunner


text: User talk:70.188.244.17

title: User talk:70.188.244.17


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Talk:Big Tilly

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title: Talk:Big Tilly


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List of storms named Naomi

The name Naomi has been used for three tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

 * Tropical Storm Naomi (1961)
 * Hurricane Naomi (1968)
 * Tropical Storm Naomi (1976)

The name Naomi has been used twice in the Australian region.
 * Cyclone Naomi (1983) – remained out at sea.
 * Cyclone Naomi (1993)

title: List of storms named Naomi


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Talk:Tepezcohuite

This page needs far more than cleaning up. It needs content! The following information might prove helpful or worth researching:

Tepezcohuite (alternately Tepescohuite) is the common name given to the leguminous tree Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) poir.

It was used by the Red Cross in Mexico during the explosion of a gas factory during the early 1980s, but only because the sheer volume of casualties exceeded the resources of standard treatment, to which it, alas, was found inferior.

While it has been found 3 times more effective against the cultures tested when run up against Streptomycin in vitro, in vivo studies have held less promise. Far from non-toxic when taken orally (Some advocate this practice as a three month "proven beauty treatment"), 'one abstract' on pubmed.gov cites hepatotoxicity as a proscription against this use. It also contains the hallucinogen N',N-dimethyl tryptamine a.k.a. DMT, which though not very bioavailable when taken orally, can be delivered by means of inhaling smoke form its burning bark and leaves.

'One source'claims its rise to fame in cosmetics circles can be accredited largely to a Dr. Roque who patented the process of preparing and extracting the principles used in cosmetics.

A somewhat biased article with more information can be found 'here'.

I will try to write a cursory article when I get the chance to verify sources and have the time to investigate which are public domain, but I would prefer that those with a better knowledge of botany and pharmacognosy would take up the task.

title: Talk:Tepezcohuite


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Talk:Ridgerunner

I'll add more to this later this week or early next month. I have to look up a few more references. I have two books at home that will help fill it out.

Reference added
I have added one reference and removed the tags on the article page and the talk page. Squamate 14:26, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ridgerunner


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Siebel Institute

The Siebel Institute of Technology is a for-profit, unaccredited vocational college located on Goose Island in Chicago that focuses on brewing science. The school is the oldest brewing school located in the United States and has been in operation since its founding in 1868 by German immigrant chemist John Ewald Siebel (1845-1919). Prior to immigrating to the United States in 1866, Siebel earned his doctorate in chemistry from the University of Berlin Originally named the Zymotechnic Institute, the school was renamed after its founder in 1872. During Prohibition, the institute diversified by adding courses in baking, refrigeration, engineering, milling, carbonated beverages and related topics; after the repeal of Prohibition, courses not concerned with brewing were discontinued.

In 2013 the institute was moved to the Kendall College’s building. There are satellite campuses in Munich, Germany and Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Notable alumni

 * Joseph F. Fanta (1914–1988), Illinois state representative
 * Teri Fahrendorf (born 1960), American brewer and founder of the Pink Boots Society
 * Dan Carey, Master Brewer at New Glarus Brewing Company

title: Siebel Institute


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Wolf tone (disambiguation)

A wolf tone is an unintended sound quality of an instrument in the violin family.

Wolf tone or Wolfe Tone may also refer to:

Music

 * Wolf interval, ratio of pitches appearing in some musical temperaments
 * Wolf Tone, a British record label founded by Paul Epworth
 * The Wolfe Tones, Irish band

Ireland

 * Wolfe Tones GAA, a GAA club in Oristown and Kilberry, County Meath
 * Wolfe Tones GAA (Longford), a hurling-focused GAA club in Mostrim, County Longford
 * Wolfe Tones GFC Drogheda, a Gaelic football club in Drogheda, County Louth
 * Wolfe Tones na Sionna GAA, a GAA club in Shannon, County Clare

Northern Ireland

 * Bellaghy Wolfe Tones GAC, or Bellaghy GAC, a GAA club in Bellaghy, County Londonderry
 * Drumquin Wolfe Tones GAC, a GAA club in Drumquin, County Tyrone
 * Greencastle Wolfe Tones GAC, a GAA club in Greencastle, County Antrim
 * Kildress Wolfe Tones GAC, a GAA club in Kildress, County Tyrone
 * Wolfe Tone GAC, Derrymacash, a GAA club in County Armagh

United States

 * Chicago Wolfe Tones GFC, a Gaelic football club in Chicago, Illinois

Other

 * Wolfe Tone (1763–1798), Irish republican activist and namesake of many of the other entries on this page
 * Wolfe Tone Societies, Irish republican group
 * Wolfe Tone Square, a public space in Dublin, Ireland
 * Wolfe Tone Weekly, a late-1930s Irish republican newspaper

title: Wolf tone (disambiguation)


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Talk:Commodity computer

Merge with IBM PC compatible
Yes, good idea. This adds no additional value.

 * Oppose: As far as I know, in the field of supercomputers, "commodity computing" does not refer only to x86 PCs, but to every machine that isn't built usign vector processors. This definition includes for example IA-32, AMD64, PowerPC or IA-64 based computers, and even POWER4 processors . --surueña 12:54, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commodity computer


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User talk:TO220740

Unspecified source for Image:Jean-daniel lafond.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Jean-daniel lafond.JPG. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the file also doesn't have a copyright tag, then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. —Bkell (talk) 06:04, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Appeallogo.JPG}
Thank you for uploading Image:Appeallogo.JPG. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this image under "fair use" may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the image description page and add or clarify the reason why the image qualifies for fair use. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check:
 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's escription page for each article the image is used in.
 * That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page.

Please be aware that a fair use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for images used under the fair use policy require both a copyright tag and a fair use rationale.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it might be deleted by adminstrator within a few days in accordance with our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 06:13, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Appeallogo.JPG
Thanks for uploading File:Appeallogo.JPG. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to , stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add OTRS pending to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to .

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read the Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Bulwersator (talk) 09:56, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:TO220740


text:
Talk:Lango of Uganda

I am creating "Lango of Uganda" so as to create a disambiguation page for Lango. There are also two different Lango in Sudan.

title: Talk:Lango of Uganda


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Alief, Houston

Alief is a working-class suburb in Southwest Harris County, Texas, United States. Most of Alief is within the city limits of Houston, while a portion of the community is in unincorporated Harris County.

First settled in 1894 as a rural farm community, Alief experienced rapid population growth in the 1970s and 1980s. The community became one of the most ethnically diverse areas in Houston.

Early settlement (1861–1917)
In 1861, Reynolds Reynolds claimed 1250 acre of land near Brays Bayou. The land was sold to Jacamiah Seaman Daugherty in 1888 and in the following year, he allowed the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway to build on his land. Daugherty sold his land in 1893 to Francis Meston who planned to engineer a community. Daugherty stayed to oversee land sales in Meston's Houston office. In 1894, the community was surveyed and recognized by Harris County. Surveyors named the town Dairy, Texas. The first two town settlers, Dr. John S. Magee and his wife, Alief Ozelda Magee, moved from Ellis County to Dairy the same year.

Alief Ozelda Magee, acting as the town's first postmistress, applied to open the first post office in 1895. On August 16, 1895, the post office opened. The postal service referred to the office as "Alief" in her honor to help avoid confusion with mail intended for the similarly named town of Daisy, Texas. The site of the post office, which was operated from her home, was honored with a Texas State Historical Marker in 1990. The marker (number 10644) is located on the south side of 7th Street between F Street and G Street.

Meston deeded property to Dr. John S. Magee, Newton Gentry, and Hardy Price for use as a cemetery in 1900. Alief Ozelda Magee, who died in 1899, is buried in the cemetery. The cemetery is located at what is now the intersection of Bellaire Blvd. and Dairy Ashford. The Texas Historical Commission recognized Alief Cemetery with a historical marker (number 10589) in 1984.

The Flood of 1899 and the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 destroyed the Methodist Episcopal Church along with the town's cotton and corn crops, forcing 24 of the 30 families that resided in Alief to relocate. The town reverted to prairie and wolves openly roamed during daytime. Daugherty found a positive side to the flooding; he persuaded the remaining six families that rice was better suited to grow in Alief's flood plains than previous crops and spent his own money to help cultivate the first rice crops. Daugherty succeeded: his rice became an instant cash crop that persuaded many to return to Alief. In 1901, Alief's first immigrant families, a small group of Germans arrived. In 1904, the majority of those who had left in the wake of the 1900 hurricane returned. The rapid growth period created a commercial district along the railroad tracks, convincing the San Antonio & Aransas Pass Railway to construct a depot.

Due to its propensity for flooding, the citizens established the Harris County Flood Control District in Alief in 1909. The chairman of the Harris County Drainage District was Daugherty. Trustees S.B. (Shorter) Burleson and Will and Eddie Garmond for the Prairie Grove Missionary Baptist Church purchased land in 1910 which would later become the church's home. The historic African American church's congregation met in the home of S.B. (Shorter) Burleson before the construction of the sanctuary. Credit for the church's name is primarily attributed to Mamie Burleson. In 1911, the Dairy School District was established and a three-story school was built.

The town was officially renamed "Alief, Texas" in 1917 and the Dairy School District became the Alief Independent School District (Alief ISD).

Development (1918–1969)
Automobiles arrived in Alief by 1920. The sanctuary for Prairie Grove Missionary Baptist Church was constructed between 1921 and 1922. The Cane Belt Canal, which "ran from the Brazos River, eight miles north of Richmond, through Alief and south to Alvin," according to the Westchase District, was completed in 1934. Daugherty promoted the canal, which was used for irrigation by rice farmers. The year after the canal was completed, Alief obtained electricity. Education in Alief was segregated. From 1927 to 1937, African American children used Prairie Grove Missionary Baptist Church's sanctuary as a schoolhouse. Previously, African American children attended school in a one-room schoolhouse. Alief ISD's three-story schoolhouse was condemned in 1939, and its students attended classes in a nearby building until a new school annex was added in 1940. Also in 1940, one of their 11 children Melissa Outley died at 19. She is the first to be buried at the Prairie Grove cemetery which was adjacent to Prairie Grove Missionary Baptist Church. Parthenia Outley was married to David Outley whom both were born in 1886. Parthenia died in 1967,and David passed away in 1981.He was the first African American educator in Alief as he created the one room schoolhouse aforementioned.David E. Outley has a school named in his honor in Alief located at 12355 Richmond Ave., Houston, TX 77082. The church's sanctuary was demolished in the 1940s as attendance fell. Alief Community Church first opened its doors in 1941. Population fluctuated wildly, ranging from a low of 35 in the 1930s to 200 by 1942. Alief acquired telephone service in 1943. E.W.K. "Andy" Andrau opened Andrau Airpark in 1946. In 1964, Alief ISD built its oldest remaining school, Alief Elementary School (later renamed for teacher Cynthia Youens). By the same year, oilman Robert E. "Bob" Smith owned 11,000 acres of land including what is now the Westchase area.

Growth, diversification, and annexation (1970–1989)
In 1970, Alief was still primarily pastureland and major thoroughfares, such as the Sam Houston Tollway, were still gravel roads. The 1970s were a prosperous time for Houston, and Alief continued to grow as people came to the area in search of housing. Houston began expanding westward with the development of River Oaks and Memorial, and the trend continued to Alief. Many of the new residents were low-income apartment dwellers. The community's population increased by a factor of four between 1970 and 1985. Between 1980 and 1985, approximately a third of the population growth experienced by Harris County occurred in the southwest quadrant of the county bounded by the Katy and South (288) freeways, with Alief accounting for half of that, or one-sixth of the overall growth of the county during that five-year time frame. The Alief Independent School District struggled to find room for all of the new students.

As the population of Alief increased in the 1980s, the community began to diversify. In 1978, close to 80% of the people in the community were white. Less than 4% of the people in the community were African American. The shift was primarily for socio-economic reasons. Many low-income Spanish-speaking immigrants settled in traditionally low-income areas of Houston inside Loop 610. Many African-Americans who could afford to left traditional African-American neighborhoods to move to Alief and other parts of Southwest Houston during the 1980s. White people who could afford to move to newer suburbs further from Houston than Alief began to leave the community. In addition, many people of Asian ancestry settled in Alief, Sharpstown, and Westwood, creating one of the largest Asian-American concentrations in Houston. Southwest Houston's Asian population included mainly immigrants from China, the Philippines, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Korea. In addition, Southwest Houston became home to many people from Taiwan, Bangladesh, Japan, Laos, and Indonesia. By the late 1980s, white students accounted for less than half of the students enrolled in Alief ISD.

In addition changes in population and demographic, the community underwent several other important changes. Robert E. "Bob" Smith died in 1973, and his widow sold 760 acres of land to the Westchase Corporation which began developing the Westchase District. Houston began annexing Alief in 1977. The City of Houston voted to annex the Alief-Fondren area on November 23, 1977. In 1978, Brown and Root built a large engineering complex at the corner of Bellaire Blvd. and Beltway 8. Houston continued to annex pieces of Alief into the 1980s. West Oaks Mall opened in 1984 and was annexed by the City of Houston the same year. The community feared that annexation would lead to neglect by Houston's government and protested further annexations. Despite these efforts, Houston succeeded in annexing most of the area. Agriculture began to fade. The last cotton gin in Alief closed in 1976, and the area ceased growing cotton altogether by 1982. Alief was one of the last places where cotton had been grown in Harris County. Dairy, cattle, vegetable production, and rice production also declined. Urban development took the place of agriculture. In the spring of 1985, Houston Fire Station #76 was opened to serve the Alief area. The Alief Branch Library (since renamed the David M. Henington-Alief Regional Library) was also opened in 1985. As a sign of the community's growing diversity, the Houston Chronicle noted that the library staff spoke, "a variety of languages, including Hindi, Mandarin Chinese and Farsi (referring to Persian)," when the library first opened. West Houston Medical Center was constructed in 1985 as well. The Alief General Hospital building was abandoned. The Fame City entertainment complex and water park (which later became Fun Plex and Adventure Bay) held its grand opening in 1986. Fame City featured roller skating, movie theaters, a sound studio, miniature golf, bumper-cars, bowling, alley, games, rides, an arcade, restaurants and shops indoors, and a 10-acre water park outdoors. The Alief Brown and Root building closed in May 1987, but was reopened in November 1988 when the industry saw increased growth. Andrau Airpark was sold to the Camden Trust in 1988, although the airport continued to operate.

Population boom (1990–2010)
The size and diversity of Alief's population continued to grow. Alief's population increased by 45% from 1990 to 2005. By 1991, Alief ISD was growing at a rate of approximately 1,500 new students per year. Houston City Council District F (which included Alief and Sharpstown) had a population that was approximately 46% white with quickly growing African American, Hispanic, and Asian segments. Previously, District F had a mostly white population. Alief ISD's student population was 24% African American by 1991. By 1993, there were 34% more Asian businesses than there had been in 1982. Canterbury United Methodist Church began offering services in Vietnamese in 1995. By 1996, Alief was one of the most ethnically diverse school districts in the country. The district's students spoke a total of 57 different languages. Christ the King Episcopal Church was offering an "African Thanksgiving Feast" since many of the church members had African heritage. The district's main high schools, Hastings and Elsik, were the two largest high schools in Texas. Alief ISD estimated a total enrollment of 39,000 students in the district, with 8,582 students attending either Hastings or Elsik. Mik Giglio of the Houston Press said in 2000 that in 1997 Alief "was a blend of its affluent, white former self and the predominantly poor, ethnic enclave it has since become." In the first 1991 Mayor of Houston election, most Alief voters voted for Bob Lanier. However, in the community Sylvester Turner, Lanier's opponent, had a large second-most following in terms of votes. In 2008, M. J. Khan represented the District F (which includes Alief). By December 3, 1991, increases in crime and changes of demographics in southwestern Houston neighborhoods led to many challengers desiring to fill the city council seat of District F. By 1997, street signs in Alief near Bellaire and Corporate were in both English and Chinese. The Chinese signs had the Chinese phonetic pronunciations of the English names so that English and Chinese speakers could understand each other. In 1997, Hong Kong Development announced plans to build a center called Hong Kong City at the corner of Bellaire and Boone. The developers hoped that building west of Beltway 8 would move the center of the growing Asian business community further west. The Hong Kong City Mall opened in 1999. At the same time that the African American, Hispanic, and Asian populations increased, the white population decreased. Researchers cited social class differences as the reason most white people moved away from Alief. People with greater financial means of all ethnicities moved to further outlying suburbs with greater amenities and better performing schools during the period, while people with lesser financial means moved into the area to take advantage of newer housing and better amenities and schools than those that they left behind. The change was seen disproportionately in the white population since the white population was disproportionately wealthier. Allen G. Breed of the Associated Press wrote: "Alief is an impoverished, multicultural enclave where many of the business and street signs are in both English and one of several Asian languages. The district's 47,000 students speak nearly 70 tongues, and the number of students qualifying for free or reduced lunch over 70%.".

Many developments in education took place in the 1990s in Alief. In 1993, Alief ISD instituted a rule which made passing the statewide standardized test, the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills (TAAS) Exit Exam, a requirement for high school graduation. Many parents protested the measure. In 1995, voters decided to allow Alief ISD to build the Hastings and Elsik Ninth Grade Centers. In 1998, voters approved funds for Alief ISD to use to build a new high school, which would later become Alief "Doc" Taylor. The period was also marked with political scandals. In 1991, a ballot box from the Boone Elementary polling location containing over 700 ballots went missing after the poll closed.

In late 1994, David M. Henington, the director of the Houston Public Library, retired. In an article about his retirement plans he told the reporter he wanted personal computers placed in all of Houston's branch libraries so that all Houstonians could access the internet "information superhighway" during their visits. In 1996, the Henington-Alief Library began offering free internet access to the public. The service was text-only and was limited to 20 minutes when other users were waiting to use the computers. The move by the Houston Public Library was intended to bring internet access to Houstonians who did not have a home computer and therefore did not have home access to the internet.

The City of Houston did limited purpose annexation in Alief after the year 2000.

In 2005, Alief became home to many Hurricane Katrina evacuees. More than 3,000 evacuees enrolled in Alief ISD schools. Alief ISD spent $12 million to accommodate Hurricane Katrina evacuees in 2005. The United States government promised to reimburse the district, but in 2006 Alief had not yet received the money. Many of the students who were displaced by the hurricane were academically behind their Texas peers. In 2006, former United States President George H. W. Bush and Houston Mayor Bill White led a fundraising campaign to help Alief ISD and other districts pay for educating the displaced students. Between 2005 and 2010 more than 30,000 evacuee families lived section 8 based apartment complexes throughout southwest Houston. Alief had the biggest concentration of Katrina evacuees in the city. Shortly after Katrina refugees moved in, the complexes and the area began to rapidly decline. Locals residents stated "the neighborhood already had problem before but nowhere near as bad as it is now." With overcrowded apartments, many landlords were forced to stop leasing after numerous property violations such as vandalism became a problem. Some apartments were completely demolished due to poor living conditions. The influx of evacuees caused an escalation of gang violence and crime. Houston's homicide rate has shot up 18% since the storm, and police statistics show that one in every five homicides in the city involves a Katrina evacuee as suspect, victim or both. Locals fed up residents and community leaders began filing complaints to push out evacuees due to the rise in crime stating "It's time for them to go home," In response, Houston Police Chief Harold L. Hurtt hired 400 additional officers to deal with the city's evacuee-fueled crime wave. HPD added the rise in murders were committed by New Orleans teenagers from rival housing projects shooting at each other over long-standing beefs.

Cityscape
The Alief Community Association defines the boundaries of Alief as, "Westheimer on the north, Sam Houston Tollway on the east, Fort Bend County Line on the west and Interstate 69/U.S. Highway 59 on the south," while the Alief Independent School District boundaries extend as far east as Gessner in some places. The Alief Super Neighborhood Council (ASNC) and the International Management District (IMD) have their own boundaries.

Municipal
Alief is partially annexed by the City of Houston, and partially unincorporated. This section pertains only to the annexed portion of Alief. Please see the "County" section for unincorporated Alief.

As of 2011 Houston City Council District F covers the parts of Alief in Houston.

The portion of Alief in Houston is within Super Neighborhood #25 Alief. Its recognized council was established on June 25, 2000. Each super neighborhood represents a group of civic clubs, places of worship, businesses, and other institutions and community interests.

Demographics
In 2015 the Houston portion of the Alief Super Neighborhood had 106,657 people, with 7,544 people per square mile. 49% were Hispanic, 22% were non-Hispanic black, 19% were non-Hispanic Asians, 9% were non-Hispanic whites, and 1% were non-Hispanic others. The median income was $46,187.

The annexed portion of Alief had a population of 108,971 people which was growing at a rate of 1.15% annually in 2009. The City of Houston stated on its website that the "legendary diversity" in Alief "is evident in the large section of Asian residents and businesses along Bellaire Boulevard. " According to the Alief Independent School District in 2011, "Virtually every culture of the modern world is represented in [the district's] 45,000 student enrollment; more than 80 languages and dialects are spoken" among its students.

In 2009, the population of the annexed portion of Alief??? was 11.1% white(non-Hispanic), 28.4% black(non-Hispanic), 21.2% Asian, and 37.9% Hispanic. The number of Asians and Hispanics in the annexed portion of Alief increased between the years 2000 and 2009 while the number of people from all other ethnic groups listed by the City of Houston Planning Department either declined or showed no change. The number of households in the annexed portion of Alief increased from 31,033 in 2000 to 33,654 in 2009. The average size of households in the area increased as well, from 3.15 to 3.22. The median age of residents in the annexed portion of Alief was 29.6 in 2009. The median household income in 2009 was $50,028 annually and the average household income was $54,295 annually for Alief households located in Houston. The unemployment rate increased significantly, from 7.4% in 2000 to 11.5% in the annexed portion of Alief.

In 2000 the Alief Super Neighborhood had 41,820 residents, with 2,962 people per square mile. 31% were Hispanic, 28% were non-Hispanic black, 21% were non-Hispanic Asian, 17% were non-Hispanic white, and 3% were non-Hispanic other.

Media
The major citywide newspaper for Houston is the Houston Chronicle, and the Houston Post previously was a major daily newspaper.

Public schools
Public school students the vast majority of areas considered to be Alief are served by the Alief Independent School District (Alief ISD).

As of 2011, the Alief Independent School District has 24 elementary schools. Youens Elementary and Chancellor Elementary go all the way to fifth grade, however most students are also zoned to an intermediate school for fifth and sixth grade. The district has six intermediate schools as of 2011. Students attend middle school for the sixth through eighth grades. The district has six middle schools as of 2011. High school students in Alief ISD are assigned by lottery to either Alief Elsik High School, Alief Hastings High School, or Alief Taylor High School during October of their eighth grade year. They can also choose to apply for admission to Alief Kerr High School. Students selected to attend Hastings High School attend the Hastings Ninth Grade Center during their ninth grade year, and students selected to attend Elsik High School attend the Elsik Ninth Grade Center during their ninth grade year. It also operates Alief Early College High School, which opened in 2010 and allows students to take courses for dual credit and graduate with both a high school diploma and the equivalence of an associate degree at the same time. The district also has two alternative schools. The Alief Learning Center has its own campus, while the Crossroads/ Night High School/ LINC/ SOAR (Crossroads) meets in the annex between Hastings and Elsik. The Crossroads program is designed for "at-risk students with discipline problems who are behind in academic credit and are at risk of not graduating from high school, " as well students who are pregnant or parenting, emancipated minors, and students who have failed the TAKS/ TAAS tests.

A portion of the City of Houston-defined Alief Super Neighborhood within Fort Bend County is in the Fort Bend Independent School District. Some residents are zoned to Meadows Elementary School in Meadows Place along with Dulles Middle School and Dulles High School in Sugar Land, while others are zoned to Townewest Elementary School, Sugar Land Middle School, and Kempner High School.

Charter schools
Alief is served by multiple charter schools, which are not affiliated with Alief ISD nor Fort Bend ISD.

Alief Montessori Community School is a pre-kindergarten through fifth grade school following Montessori philosophy. Students are typically between 3 and 12 years old. The school is located on 6th Street in the historic townsite of Alief. As of July 2011, the school is undergoing an expansion. Groundbreaking on the expansion was held on March 26, 2010. In 2011, Children at Risk, an education advocacy non-profit, ranked the Alief Montessori among the ten best Houston-area elementary schools. The school has been recognized as an "exemplary school" by the Texas Education Agency every academic year since 1999 and was a recipient of the Honor Roll School Award from the Texas Business and Education Coalition. Its 2011 per-pupil spending of $3,587 was one of the lowest in Houston.

Harmony Public Schools offers two campuses in the Alief area, Harmony School of Innovation (grades K-8) and Harmony Science Academy High (grades 9-12).

Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP) operates charter schools which serve Alief, including KIPP SHINE Preparatory (pre-kindergarten through grade 4), KIPP Academy Middle School (grades 5-8), KIPP Houston High School (grades 9-12), and KIPP Unity (pre-kindergarten through grade 2).

Private schools
Christ the Lord Lutheran School is located at 4410 S. Kirkwood Rd. The school instructs preschool through the eighth grade as part of the 4th largest private/parochial school system in the United States, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS). The school has been in operation since 1972.

Strake Jesuit College Preparatory and St. Agnes Academy are located in proximity to Alief.

The Darul Arqam Schools Southwest Campus is located in Alief, Houston, with a Sugar Land postal address.

Colleges, universities, and higher education

The Houston Community College System (HCCS) has served the Alief area since 1982. The HCC Alief Campus, a part of the Southwest College, is located at 2811 Hayes Road in the Westchase area of Houston. The HCC Alief Continuing Education Center is located at 13803 Bissonnet Road in an unincorporated area in Harris County. In 1982, HCCS expanded classes to Alief Elsik High School. In 2001, HCCS opened the Alief Center on Bissonnet. In 2007, the new Alief Campus in Westchase opened. In 2008, the former Alief Center became the Continuing Education Center.

Public libraries
Alief is served by both the Houston Public Library and the Harris County Public Library.

The David M. Henington-Alief Regional Branch of Houston Public Library is in Alief. The branch is located at 7979 South Kirkwood Street and was originally named the Alief Branch Library when it opened in 1985. The library was later named for David M. Henington, who served as the Director of the Houston Public Library for 26 years. The area is also served by the Judson W. Robinson-Westchase Neighborhood Library of HPL at 3223 Wilcrest Drive, within the Alief ISD boundaries.

Residents of Alief within Harris County may obtain library cards for the Harris County Public Library (HCPL) system. There are no HCPL branches in the Alief area. Fort Bend County Libraries serves the Fort Bend County areas.

Fire service
Alief residents in Houston receive fire services from the Houston Fire Department. The Houston Fire Department has operated Station 76 Alief Community since 1985. A part of Fire District 83 is also in Alief.

For residents of unincorporated Harris County, emergency medical services (EMS) and fire service are provided by a volunteer fire department, the Community Volunteer Fire Department (CVFD). CVFD is a combination career and volunteer fire suppression and EMS provider which operates two stations in the Alief area. CVFD also has a training center in the Alief area, where a bi-yearly cadet program takes place. A new training center is proposed next door to the current Station 1.

Police services
Alief is served by the Houston Police Department, which has Alief in the Westside Patrol Division, headquartered at 3203 South Dairy Ashford Road, in the Alief area. In 2000 the police department's Westwood Storefront in the Westwood Mall was scheduled to open before May 2000; it is the first police storefront to open in Alief. Construction delays foiled plans to open the storefront at the end of 1999 and in March 2000.

Harris County Sheriff's Office serves unincorporated sections of Harris County. The Alief area outside of Houston is within the District IV Patrol Bureau, headquartered at the Clay Road Substation at 16715 Clay Road. The Mission Bend Storefront is located at 7043 Highway 6 South.

Alief ISD Police Department serves the Alief Independent School District as its law enforcement agency. Alief ISD Police keep staff, students, facilities and the public safe. Alief ISD Police respond to other agencies in need of assistance in the surrounding Harris County and Houston area.

Hospital
West Houston Medical Center is located on West Houston Center Blvd. The current location was constructed in 1985. West Houston Medical Center is an HCA member hospital. The facility has 410 physicians, 742 total employees, and 195 beds. The center houses an emergency room which had annual visits of 47,156 in the year which was most currently reported as of July 2011. The center also has a cardiovascular services area, a women's center, a cancer center, a gamma knife, and many other services. US News & World Report Health ranked West Houston Medical Center the #18 hospital in Houston as of July 2011.

Government-funded healthcare
The El Franco Lee Health Center in Alief, operated by Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District), opened on May 19, 2009. Prior to the opening, the closest facility was the People's Health Center. The district said in a 2006 Houston Chronicle article that it planned to build a health care facility in Alief. The center has 66000 sqft of space. The previous designated health care center was People's Health Center, now Valbona Health Center. The nearest public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.

Mass transit
The Metropolitan Transit Authority (METRO) provides local bus services to the area.

METRO Park & Ride locations in Alief include:
 * Gessner Park & Ride located at Westpark at Gessner, Houston, TX 77036 (Considered to be located in Alief when Gessner is considered the boundary line for Alief)
 * Mission Bend Park & Ride located at 13855 Alief Clodine Rd. (at METRO Blvd.), Houston, TX 77083
 * Westchase Park & Ride located at 11050 Harwin Dr., Houston, TX 77072
 * Westwood Park & Ride located at 9990 Southwest Fwy. (south of Bissonnet), Houston, TX 77036 (Considered to be located in Alief when Gessner is considered the boundary line for Alief)

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-69.svg|20px]][[Image:US 59.svg|20px]] Interstate 69 / U.S. Highway 59
 * [[Image:Texas Beltway 8.svg|20px]] Beltway 8
 * [[Image:Texas 6.svg|20px]] State Highway 6
 * [[Image:Texas 6.svg|20px]] State Highway 6

Airports
Andrau Airpark operated in Alief from 1946 to 1998, when it was closed to make room for the Royal Oaks Country Club and subdivision.

Parks and recreation
The Alief Community is home to public parks maintained by Harris County, public parks maintained by the City of Houston, and private parks and venues.

Harris County parks
Harris County operates parks throughout Alief which is in Precinct 3. Harris County parks are maintained by the Precinct's Parks Division.

 * Alief-Amity Park, an 11 acre park located along Westpark Tollway adjacent to Alief Elsik High School. In 1975, the county acquired what is now the park site from the Cloud family. The park was dedicated in the early 1980s. The park, once upon a time, was the site of the original Alief railroad depot.
 * Archbishop Joseph A. Fiorenza Park is located north of Westpark Tollway along Eldridge Road in northwest Alief. This park includes a 0.6 mi trail. Located on part of a Harris County Flood Control District site acquired in 1988, the park was dedicated in June 1999. It is named after Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston archbishop Joseph Fiorenza.
 * Arthur Storey Park is a 175 acre green space along Brays Bayou at the intersection of Bellaire Boulevard and State Highway Beltway 8, immediately west of Chinatown. In August 1995, the Harris County Flood Control District began acquiring land along the bayou, and in October of that year it agreed to allow the establishment of a park. The commissioner's court voted to rename the park in January 1997 after Arthur L. Storey Jr., who worked for the Harris County Flood Control District.  Storey is credited with "modernizing and streamlining the county's flood control district operations while simultaneously considering [the district's operations'] environmental implications." The park opened and was dedicated on September 26, 1997. [[Image:Arthurstoreyduckpond.jpg|thumb|The duck pond at Arthur Storey Park]]
 * Mike Driscoll Park is a 46 acre park located on West Center Boulevard between Westpark Tollway and Brays Bayou. The park hosts a playground and a 1.13 mi asphalt walking trail.

City of Houston parks
The City of Houston operates parks in the annexed portion of Alief. City of Houston parks are maintained by the City of Houston Parks and Recreation Department.
 * Alief Community Park is a 37.3 acres park located at the southwest corner of Bellaire Boulevard and Kirkwood Road. The park was acquired by the City of Houston in 1993 from the First United Methodist Church of Houston for $3.5 million.  The city originally named the park Southwest Park, but changed the name to Alief Community Park in 1997.  It is home to Alief Community Center and Alief Pool.   The park also boasts basketball courts, tennis courts, baseball fields, playgrounds, paved trails, and multi-purpose fields. In 2011, a new hike and bike trail funded by a Texas Department of Transportation grant was constructed.  Alief Pool was nearly closed in 2011 due to city budget cuts; however, corporate donors Marathon Oil and ConocoPhillips agreed to sponsor the pool.
 * Boone Park is located on Boone Road between Bellaire Boulevard and Beechnut Street. It was created by the City of Houston in 1984, and has since been improved by the city, oil companies, and volunteers.   The parks amenities include a 1.06 mi walking trail system, cricket field, playground, picnic pavilion, and multi-purpose fields, as well as a nature preserve recognized by the Texas Forestry Department.
 * Hackberry Park is located 1.5 mi west of Boone Park on South Dairy Ashford Road between Bellaire Boulevard and Kirkwood Road. The park features a 1 mi outer-loop trail.  In addition, the park has a community center, a sprayground, and a playground.  The park is the former home of Hackberry Golf Course and occupies 22.5 acres.  The park was acquired in 2007, at a cost of $5 million, and dedicated in 2009.
 * Harwin Park is located in northeast Alief along Harwin Road near the intersection with Wilcrest Drive. It contains multi-purpose fields, a trail system, and a playground. The park is a 8.3 acre property and was established in 1989.

Christianity
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston operates Notre Dame Church in Alief. It opened in 1969 with 173 families and a 5000 sqft church structure with room for 750. From 1970 to 1975 the Continuing Christian Education and parish hall structures were built. By 2008 the church had 2,600 families. It previously used a 13000 sqft sanctuary. By 2008 it struggled to cope with the demand, so it began building a new sanctuary and day chapel as part of a $5.7 million capital campaign, with 20280 sqft of space. The South Continuing Christian Education structure previously on the site was to be razed. The church's site has 10 acre of land.

Ascension Chinese Mission is in the Alief super neighborhood. It originated from a Chinese worship service that was established in the 1970s. The parish was created in 1988, initially operating out of a commercial center in the southwest Houston Chinatown area. It relocated to its current site in Spring 1991.

Christ, The Incarnate Word Church (Giáo Xứ Đức Kito Ngôi Lời Nhập Thể), also in the Alief super neighborhood, opened in 1998. It is one of five Vietnamese Catholic churches in the Houston area. The archdiocese operates another Alief church, St. Justin Martyr.

Wilcrest Baptist Church is in the area.

Other religions
Shri Krishna Vrundavana has a Sugar Land postal address, but is physically in the Alief super neighborhood in the Houston city limits. It occupies the 450-person, 9000 sqft former La Festa Hall. It was established in 2011 with about 200 people in its congregation; originally the temple rented its property. In October 2015 the temple organizers bought the current site for $1.3 million. In December 2015 its congregation had numbered over 800.

The Islamic Society of Greater Houston (ISGH) operates Masjid At-Taqwa (Synott Islamic Center), which has a Sugar Land postal address but is in the Alief super neighborhood in Houston. By the 2000s Alief had the highest percentage of Muslims in Houston and the Greater Houston area overall.

Lunar New Year Festival
The Lunar New Year Festival is an annual event which was first held in 1996. The event has featured dancing, cooking, and a beauty contest. The festival claims to be the "largest international celebration in the southwest."

International Parade
The International Parade was first held in 2008. The parade is held annually near the end of September. The parade strives to include many different ethnic groups and promote the diversity of the community. The route travels down Bellaire Blvd.

title: Alief, Houston


text:
Victoria Spivey

Victoria Regina Spivey (October 15, 1906 – October 3, 1976), sometimes known as Queen Victoria, was an American blues singer, songwriter, and record company founder. During a recording career that spanned 40 years, from 1926 to the mid-1960s, she worked with Louis Armstrong, King Oliver, Clarence Williams, Luis Russell, Lonnie Johnson, and Bob Dylan. She also performed in vaudeville and clubs, sometimes with her sister Addie "Sweet Peas" (or "Sweet Pease") Spivey (August 22, 1910 – 1943), also known as the Za Zu Girl. Among her compositions are "Black Snake Blues" (1926), "Dope Head Blues" (1927), and "Organ Grinder Blues" (1928). In 1961, she co-founded Spivey Records with one of her husbands, Len Kunstadt.

Life and career
Born in Houston, Texas, she was the daughter of Grant and Addie (Smith) Spivey. Her father was a part-time musician and a flagman for the railroad; her mother was a nurse. She had three sisters, all three of whom also sang professionally: Leona, Elton "Za Zu", and Addie "Sweet Peas" (or "Sweet Pease") Spivey (August 22, 1910 – 1943),  who recorded for several major record labels between 1929 and 1937, and Elton Island Spivey Harris (1900–1971). She married four times; her husbands included Ruben Floyd, Billy Adams, and Len Kunstadt, with whom she co-founded Spivey Records in 1961.

Spivey's first professional experience was in a family string band led by her father in Houston. After he died, the seven-year-old Victoria played on her own at local parties. In 1918, she was hired to accompany films at the Lincoln Theater in Dallas. As a teenager, she worked in local bars, nightclubs, and buffet flats, mostly alone, but occasionally with singer-guitarists, including Blind Lemon Jefferson. In 1926 she moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where she was signed by Okeh Records. Her first recording, "Black Snake Blues" (1926), sold well, and her association with the label continued. She recorded numerous sides for Okeh in New York City until 1929, when she switched to the Victor label. Between 1931 and 1937, more recordings followed for Vocalion Records and Decca Records, and, working out of New York, she maintained an active performance schedule. Her recorded accompanists included King Oliver, Charles Avery, Louis Armstrong, Lonnie Johnson, and Red Allen.

The Depression did not put an end to Spivey's musical career. She found a new outlet for her talent in 1929, when the film director King Vidor cast her to play Missy Rose in his first sound film, Hallelujah!. Through the 1930s and 1940s Spivey continued to work in musical films and stage shows, including the hit musical Hellzapoppin (1938), often with her husband, the vaudeville dancer Billy Adams.

In 1951, Spivey retired from show business to play the pipe organ and lead a church choir, but she returned to secular music in 1961, when she was reunited with an old singing partner, Lonnie Johnson, to appear on four tracks on his Prestige Bluesville album Idle Hours.

The folk music revival of the 1960s gave her further opportunities to make a comeback. She recorded again for Prestige Bluesville, sharing an album, Songs We Taught Your Mother, with fellow veterans Alberta Hunter and Lucille Hegamin, and began making personal appearances at festivals and clubs, including the 1963 European tour of the American Folk Blues Festival.

In 1961, Spivey and the jazz and blues historian Len Kunstadt launched Spivey Records, a low-budget label dedicated to blues, jazz, and related music, prolifically recording established artists, including Sippie Wallace, Lucille Hegamin, Otis Rush, Otis Spann, Willie Dixon, Roosevelt Sykes, Big Joe Turner, Buddy Tate, and Hannah Sylvester, and also newer artists, including Luther Johnson, Brenda Bell, Washboard Doc, Bill Dicey, Robert Ross, Sugar Blue, Paul Oscher, Danny Russo, and Larry Johnson.

In March 1962, Spivey and Big Joe Williams recorded for Spivey Records, with harmonica accompaniment and backup vocals by Bob Dylan. The recordings were released on Three Kings and the Queen (Spivey LP 1004) and Kings and the Queen Volume Two (Spivey LP 1014). Dylan was listed under his own name on the record covers. A picture of her and Dylan from this period is shown on the back cover of the Dylan album, New Morning. In 1964, Spivey made her only recording with an all-white band, the Connecticut-based Easy Riders Jazz Band, led by the trombonist Big Bill Bissonnette. It was released first on an LP and later re-released on compact disc.

Spivey married four times; her husbands included Ruben Floyd, Billy Adams, and Len Kunstadt.

Spivey died in New York on October 3, 1976, at the age of 69, from an internal hemorrhage.

Albums

 * Idle Hours (Bluesville, 1961) with Lonnie Johnson (three tracks)
 * Songs We Taught Your Mother (Bluesville, 1962) shared album with Alberta Hunter and Lucille Hegamin (four tracks)
 * Woman Blues! (Bluesville, 1962) with Lonnie Johnson
 * A Basket of Blues (Spivey, 1962) shared album with Buddy Terry, Lucille Hegamin and Hannah Sylvester
 * Victoria and Her Blues (Spivey, 1962)
 * Three Kings and the Queen (Spivey, 1964) shared album with Roosevelt Sykes, Big Joe Williams and Lonnie Johnson
 * The Queen and Her Knights (Spivey, 1965) shared album with Lonnie Johnson, Little Brother Montgomery, Memphis Slim and Sonny Greer
 * Music Down Home: An Introduction to Negro Folk Music, U.S.A. (1965)
 * The Blues Is Life (1976)
 * Classic Piano Blues from Smithsonian Folkways (2008)

title: Victoria Spivey


text:
Talk:Lili'oukalani, Queen of Hawai'i

Whoever moved this page page improperly via copy and paste, please make sure firstly that if you're going to move an article, move it CORRECTLY. Secondly, if you're going to move an article, could you please, please, PLEASE make sure you spell the name of the person in question CORRECTLY? It's Liliuokalani, not Lilioukalani. Third, if you're going to try and insert an ‘okina, please don't just insert an apostrophe. Instead, use the proper style conventions. 青い(Aoi) 21:17, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lili'oukalani, Queen of Hawai'i


text:
LeBreton Flats

LeBreton Flats (also spelled Lebreton Flats) (Plaines Lebreton) known colloquially as The Flats is a neighbourhood in Somerset Ward in central Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It lies to the west of Centretown neighbourhood, and to the north of Centretown West. The Ottawa River forms the western and northern limit, with the western side being a wider area of the river known as Nepean Bay.

Originally a residential area, much of the northern portion of the Flats is now occupied by the Canadian War Museum and the National Holocaust Monument. Pimisi station, a station on Ottawa's LRT system, is also in LeBreton Flats. About half of the total area, on the south side of the Kichi Zibi Mikan, is undergoing redevelopment. The population was 620 (2016 Census), up from 373 (2011 Census), and 57 in 2006 and 50 in 2001.

Founding
LeBreton Flats was named after Lieutenant John LeBreton (1779–1848), one of Nepean Township's first settlers (c. 1819) and a hero of the War of 1812. As an officer in the Royal Newfoundland Regiment between April and October 1812, he acted as adjutant to the Voltigeurs Canadiens. LeBreton purchased the area in 1820, a purchase which has been described as solely for the purpose of capitalizing on the construction of the planned Rideau Canal.

The account, according to his detractors, goes as follows. In 1820, LeBreton lived at the community of Britannia, west of Ottawa and overheard Lord Dalhousie explain that the intended plan for the Rideau Canal was from Dow's Lake to the Chaudière Falls, directly crossing the flats. LeBreton bought the land for £499, before Lord Dalhousie had a chance to purchase the territory. LeBreton then offered to sell the land to Dalhousie for £3000. Dalhousie recognized LeBreton's land speculation and was so infuriated he decided to move the canal to Entrance Bay, the current location where the canal enters into the Ottawa River. This significantly raised the cost of the canal, as it was a longer route and additional locks were now required. At the same time, Dalhousie purchased neighbouring Barracks Hill as part of the agreement, which would become Parliament Hill.

For his part, LeBreton vigorously maintained that he had purchased the land fairly at a public auction and that he had been grievously wronged by Dalhousie and those in the community who took the Governor General's side. LeBreton claimed he was one of the few to grasp the commercial value of the flats and that he had begun to make offers to acquire land there as early as 1818, well before the canal was approved or any route revealed. LeBreton presented Dalhousie with a lengthy written defence against the allegations. These arguments Dalhousie somewhat peremptorily dismissed, entrenching the notion of LeBreton as a swindler in local legend.

19th-century development

By the mid-19th century, LeBreton Flats developed into a mixed community to serve the lumber mills on the nearby Chaudière and Victoria islands. A rail line came in with a station and yards, and industries developed in turn. There was also housing for both the workers and owners, as well as hotels and taverns.

The area was ravaged by the Great Fire of 1900, which had started across the river in Hull (now Gatineau, Quebec), but crossed over by way of the great stacks of piled lumber on the islands. The fire destroyed the neighbourhood, leaving many homeless. The area was rebuilt, but the lumber barons relocated their dwellings up into the city proper above the escarpment, leaving the workers as the remaining Flats' residents.

Urban renewal and redevelopment
In the 1960s, expropriation occurred in order to make room for redevelopment, including offices for the Government of Canada. Ottawa Valley artist Ralph Wallace Burton documented the neighbourhood in his Lebreton Flats series of oil sketches (now on display in Ottawa City Hall), "working just ahead of the demolition crews".

As a result of disputes over the use of the land and soil contamination from the previous industrial uses, the land remained vacant for over forty years. It was used in the winter for piling snow that had been removed from Ottawa streets, with the pile often remaining well into the late spring. As a result of the runoff from this snowpile, the land became more contaminated.

Because of this, it was found that almost all of the area's topsoil would have to be removed in order for redevelopment to proceed, but the ownership had to be consolidated, since the Government of Canada, the former Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton government, and the City of Ottawa were all landowners. This situation was remedied with a federal agency called the National Capital Commission (NCC) acquiring all title to the land.

In May 2005, the new home for the Canadian War Museum was opened on LeBreton Flats as the first component of redevelopment. There are plans to use the remainder of the site for housing, commercial space, offices and parkland.

The southern part of LeBreton Flats between Albert Street and Nanny Goat Hill escaped the expropriation of the 1960s. In this area, brick houses and townhouses built immediately following the 1900 fire still exist alongside row housing built in the 1970s. The portion of Lorne Avenue which lies below Nanny Goat Hill is an example of the housing which filled LeBreton prior to the 1960s and is a Heritage District designated by the City of Ottawa.

The western portion of the Transitway ran through LeBreton Flats, which served Lebreton Station. The Transitway was replaced by the Confederation Line light rail, which opened on September 14, 2019.

As of the Canada 2006 Census, 57 people were living in LeBreton Flats. The portion of LeBreton Flats that had been expropriated and left vacant in the 1960s welcomed its first residents in 2008, as the first condominium building constructed in the first phase of the redevelopment neared completion.

RendezVous LeBreton development
In 2015, the NCC put out a request for submissions to redevelop the south and south-western sections of LeBreton Flats, north of Albert Street, 21 ha in size. Four groups submitted proposals:

 * RendezVous LeBreton Group - a partnership of the Ottawa Senators and Trinity Developments
 * Claridge Homes
 * Devcore Group
 * Focus Equities

In April 2016, the NCC selected the RendezVous LeBreton proposal, which included 4,000 housing units, park space, a recreation facility with services for the disabled, a library (just off the defined redevelopment lands) and a new arena for the Ottawa Senators team in the NHL. A completion date was not announced.

In January 2018, the NCC reached an agreement with RendezVous to redevelop LeBreton Flats in a two-phase operation. However, before construction could begin a conflict between the development consortium parties led to that project being cancelled by the NCC. The NCC then conducted a new series of public consultations which resulted in a new Preliminary Master Concept Plan being approved in January 2020. The plan divided the undeveloped land into four sectors, with the intention of determining, in the first half of 2020, the order in which the various parcels of land will be developed, and parks and public spaces created.

Pooley's Bridge
Pooley's Bridge ( 45.41659°N, -75.7108°W ), Ottawa's oldest bridge, is a stone arch bicycle/pedestrian bridge located in LeBreton Flats east of the Canadian War Museum and south of the Portage Bridge. The three span closed spandrel stone arch structure, built in 1873, was designated as a heritage structure by the City of Ottawa in 1994. It is located beside the Fleet Street Pumping Station (Ottawa's original water works) at the end of Fleet Street.

The bridge is located at 9 Fleet Street, at the southwest edge of Bronson Park. It is very near and southeast of LeBreton Flats' first new condo unit. It is south (but beyond some grassy area) of where Wellington Street meets the Portage Bridge. The city describes it as "over the channel tailrace of the Fleet Street Pumping Station". The City waterworks building, including the pumping station and the aqueduct were designated as heritage in 1982 under the Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act.

Pooley's Bridge is one of six stone arch bridges in the Lebreton Flats, all built c. 1873. All are Heritage Bridges and are designated to serve as pedestrian/bicycle facilities only. The five other bridges are all single span stone arch bridges over the aqueduct, west of Pooley's Bridge. They are: Canada Central Railway Bridge, Broad Street Bridge, Lloyd Street Bridge, Grand Trunk Railway Bridge and Lett Street Bridge. The first bridge is owned by the National Capital Commission; the second, third and fifth by the City of Ottawa; and the fourth bridge is under the Region's ownership. The third, fourth and fifth bridges are connected.

The condition of Pooley's Bridge has been of concern for a number of years. It was necessary to undertake the controlled removal operations on the bridge in 1994, to ensure public safety. Due to anticipated failures, the City of Ottawa filed an Application to Alter and make repairs to five other stone arch bridges in the area in 1999. The repairs required at the five stone arch bridges were relatively minor, but expensive.

Pooley's Bridge in Bytown, an earlier bridge, was built in 1836 by Lieutenant Henry Pooley and assigned by Colonel John By who gave it the name after seeing the unpeeled log structure. The bridge was on the road from Wellington and Bank en route to the Union Bridge (see Chaudière Bridge). It was between Upper Town and LeBreton Flats, and appeared in a Chesterton painting.

Tailrace whitewater course
Downstream of Pooley's Bridge and the Pumphouse lies the Tailrace. The Ottawa River Runners made the Tailrace into a Class 2 whitewater course with natural and artificial obstacles for competitions and practice.

Events held at LeBreton Flats
The Ottawa Bluesfest music festival takes place at Lebreton Flats annually. Performances by many international and local musicians occur during this 10-day music festival in the month of July.

In 2022, the main Canada Day stage show, traditionally held on Parliament Hill, was moved to the park due to the ongoing renovation project at the Centre Block.

Public art

In 2023, a sculpture called When the Rubber Meets the Road by Gerald Beaulieu was installed by the National Capital Commission on a bike path in LeBreton, near Pimisi station. The sculpture, which depicts a run-over crow, is 5 metres long, weighs 360 kilograms and is made of 50–60 recycled tires. The NCC paid $14,022 for the work, which will be on display for one year. Its instalment was met with mixed reactions from the public, with some people loving it, and some criticizing the expenditure.

title: LeBreton Flats


text:
Triumph TR5

The Triumph TR5 is a sports car built by the Triumph Motor Company in Coventry, England, between August 1967 and September 1968.

Visually similar to the Michelotti-designed TR4 open two-seater it was derived from, the TR5 replaced Triumph's 105 bhp SAE Standard inline-four engine with the much more powerful Lucas mechanical fuel-injected 150 bhp Triumph 2.5-litre straight-6. Price pressures and tighter emissions standards in the U.S. resulted in a much less powerful carburetted version, the TR250, being sold on the North American market.

At the time, fuel injection was uncommon in road cars. Triumph claimed in their sales brochure that it was the "First British production sports car with petrol injection".

TR5
The base price of a 1968 TR5 in the UK was £1,260 including taxes. Standard equipment included front disc brakes, independent rear suspension, rack and pinion steering and a four speed gearbox. Optional extras included wire wheels (£38), overdrive (£60), and a tonneau cover (£13).

The TR5 was available with the "Surrey Top" hard top, a weather protection system with rigid rear section including the rear window and removable fabric section over the driver and passenger's heads.

Specifications
Taken from the UK sales brochure.
 * Engine: 2498 cc, 6 cylinder, 74.7 mm bore, 95 mm stroke, 9.5:1 compression ratio, 150 bhp
 * Turning circle: 10.1 m
 * Ground clearance: 152 mm
 * Luggage capacity:
 * Max width: 1180 mm
 * Max height: 510 mm
 * Capacities:
 * Fuel tank: 51 L
 * Engine sump: 4.53 L
 * Gearbox: 1.13 L

 * Acceleration in top:
 * 30 to 50 mph: 7 s
 * 40 to 60 mph: 7 s
 * 60 to 80 mph: 8 s

 * Standing 0.25 mi : 16.5 s
 * Gear ratios:

 * Available colours:

Performance
According to its UK sales brochure, the fuel-injected engine could propel the TR5 from 0–50 mph in 6.5 seconds, reaching a top speed of 125 mph. Road tests at the time reported slightly different performance figures:

The TR5 engine was carried forward to the TR6.

Production
The TR5 was produced in small numbers when compared with either the TR250 or the later TR6, with just 2,947 units produced; the first car was assembled on 29 August 1967 and the last on 19 September 1968. Of these, 1,161 were destined for the UK market, the remainder were left hand drive and were exported to France, Belgium and Germany amongst other countries. In the first quarter of 2011 there were approximately 410 licensed and 74 SORN TR5s registered with the DVLA.

TR250
The Triumph TR250 was built during the same period for the North American market. Price pressures and tighter emission regulations resulted in twin Zenith-Stromberg carburettors being fitted instead of the TR5's Lucas fuel injection system. Otherwise it is nearly identical.

The TR250's engine delivered 111 bhp (81 kW), 39 bhp less than the TR5; 0 – acceleration took 10.6 seconds. The TR250 was also available with the Surrey Top system.

In 1968, the TR250 sold in the USA for approximately US$3,395, with wire wheels an $118 option, overdrive $175, and air conditioning $395.

Specifications
Engine:
 * 2,498 cc, inline-six cylinder, 74.7 mm bore, 95 mm stroke, 8.5:1 compression ratio, 111 bhp at 4,500 rpm

Turning circle: 10.1 m (33 ft)

Capacities:
 * Fuel tank: 51 litres (11.22 imp gal; 13.47 US gal)
 * Engine sump: 5.4 L (9.64 imp pt)
 * Gearbox: 1.13 L (2 imp pt)

Performance:
 * 0 to 60 mph: 10.6 seconds

 * 0 to 100 mph: 39 seconds
 * Fuel consumption: 23.5 mpgus

Production
A total of 8,484 TR250s were built, many destined for the US and Canada. More than 1300 TR250s are still viable in the world today. Many can now be found outside the United States, primarily in Europe.

title: Triumph TR5


text:
Emergency Fighter Program

The Emergency Fighter Program (Jägernotprogramm) was the program that resulted from a decision taken on July 3, 1944 by the Luftwaffe regarding the German aircraft manufacturing companies during the last year of the Third Reich.

This project was one of the products of the latter part of 1944, when the Luftwaffe High Command saw that there was a dire need for a strong defense against Allied bombing raids. Although opposed by important figures such as Luftwaffe fighter force leader Adolf Galland, the project went ahead owing to the backing of Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring. Most of the designs of the Emergency Fighter Program never proceeded past the project stage.

History
1944 began with massive bombing raids by the US Army Air Force and RAF Bomber Command on a unprecedented scale. With a shift of emphasis from targeting strategic targets to the destruction of the Luftwaffe, during the Big Week in late February 1944 the Luftwaffe fighter force was broken. Attempts to address this failed, and by the summer, Allied aircraft were roaming at will over most of Germany.

The Messerschmitt Me 262, then about to enter service, had a clear performance advantage over the Allied aircraft but were expensive and difficult to keep operational. This led to the idea of a much simpler design which could be easily built and so inexpensive that any extensive problems would be addressed by simply disposing of the aircraft. This became the genesis of the Emergency Fighter Program as part of shifting production to defensive interceptors. A number of new aircraft design competition programmes were launched to provide new designs.

Production of the Messerschmitt Me 262A fighter versions continued, as did the development of advanced piston-engined fighters such as the Dornier Do 335 as per Hitler's personal request on May 23, 1944, before the July 3 announcement of the program. Bomber designs powered by piston engines were curtailed or cancelled, with only jet bombers such as the Arado Ar 234 allowed to continue in production. New jet bombers such as the Junkers Ju 287 and Heinkel He 343 were worked on fitfully as low priority projects in the last months of the war.

Towards the end of the war the design of aircraft largely ignored the safety or comfort of the pilots, who would be mostly Hitler Youth motivated by fanaticism. Some of the fighters, such as the Heinkel P.1077 Julia, the Blohm & Voss BV 40 and the Arado E.381 Kleinstjäger – "smallest fighter" were designed with the pilot flying the aircraft in a prone position. Powered by rockets, certain designs were a blend of "aircraft and projectile" in the words of Nazi propaganda, with a vertical takeoff like a missile launch system attempted for the first time in a crewed aircraft, such as the Bachem Ba 349 Natter —in which the test-pilot died in the first flight.

Peoples' Fighter
In September 1944, the Volksjäger ("Peoples' Fighter") design competition was initiated to create a lightweight high-speed fighter/interceptor using a single BMW 003 turbojet engine, and intended for rapid mass-production while using minimal resources. The Volksjäger was intended to be disposable, with damaged aircraft being discarded rather than repaired, and was to be flown by pilots hastily trained on gliders.

After a hurried design competition involving almost all German aircraft companies Heinkel's He 162 was selected over the Blohm & Voss P 211 and rival designs from Focke-Wulf, Fieseler, and Junkers.. The first prototype flew in December 1944.

Miniature Fighter
In November 1944 Blohm und Voss designed the BV P 213 Miniaturjäger ("Miniature Fighter") with the aim of producing a very small interceptor using the absolute minimum of strategic materials. It was to be powered by a single Argus As 014 pulsejet engine, since building this engine required far fewer man-hours than the 375 man-hours needed to build a Junkers Jumo 004 turbojet. However, the P 213’s pulsejet didn't produce enough power at low speeds for takeoff and was unsuitable for crewed aircraft which would have to take off unassisted. Since additional launch schemes would have to be added to the project, such as towplanes, catapults or rocket boosters, the goal of the P 213 would be defeated as complexity and expense would be far higher. Thus the Miniaturjäger project never saw the light of day, being abandoned by December 1944.

1-TL-Jäger program
In 1943, a requirement was launched by the OKL for a single-seat jet fighter to replace the Me 262. The new aircraft was intended to have superior performance in order to deal with future high altitude threats such as the B-29 Superfortress. To meet this requirement, power was to be a single Heinkel HeS 011 turbojet, of which only 19 examples were ever produced, and all used for testing. The designs of the Messerschmitt P.1110, Heinkel P.1078, Focke-Wulf Ta 183, Blohm & Voss P 212 as well as the official winner of the competition, the Junkers EF 128, were submitted by February 1945.

Only the Messerschmitt prototype of this more advanced fighter had been started by the end of the war. The first prototype of the Messerschmitt P.1101 was 80% complete when captured at the end of the war, following which it was taken to America, with some of its design ideas used as the basis of the Bell X-5 variable geometry research aircraft.

Pulsejet

 * Blohm & Voss P 213
 * Heinkel He 162 B
 * Heinkel P.1077 Romeo
 * Zeppelin pulsejet fighter

Turbojet

 * Arado E.580 Volksjäger
 * Arado E.581
 * Blohm & Voss P 211
 * Blohm & Voss P 212
 * Focke-Wulf Ta 183 Huckebein
 * Focke-Wulf Volksflugzeug
 * Junkers EF 128
 * Heinkel He 162
 * Heinkel P.1078
 * Messerschmitt P.1101
 * Messerschmitt P.1110
 * Messerschmitt P.1106

title: Emergency Fighter Program


text: User talk:205.196.208.21

title: User talk:205.196.208.21