text:
The Palm Beach Story

The Palm Beach Story is a 1942 screwball comedy film written and directed by Preston Sturges, and starring Claudette Colbert, Joel McCrea, Mary Astor and Rudy Vallée. Victor Young contributed the musical score, including a fast-paced variation of the William Tell Overture for the opening scenes. Typical of a Sturges film, the pacing and dialogue of The Palm Beach Story are very fast. The film was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

Plot
Inventor Tom Jeffers and his wife Gerry are down on their luck financially. Married for five years, the couple is still waiting for Tom's success. Anxious for the finer things in a life, Gerry decides that they both would be better off if they split. But before she can act, she ends up entangled with the Wienie King, an older man being shown around her apartment with his wife by a building manager anxious to rent it out from beneath his delinquent tenants. Sympathetic to her plight – and taken by her youth and charm – the man gives her $700 from a giant roll of cash he keeps in his pocket. This is enough to get their rent current, pay off their most urgent bills, buy a new dress, take Tom to an expensive dinner, and still leave $14 and change in pocket money for Tom, and then she says she is leaving him.

In spite of having sex after their return home after their dinner, she awakens early, packs a bag, and makes for the train station. Bound for Palm Beach, Florida, her plan is to get a divorce, meet and marry a wealthy man who can both give her what she craves and also help Tom. Penniless, and repeatedly escaping from Tom's clutches, she is eventually invited to travel for free as a guest on the private car of the well-to-do and soused Ale and Quail Club.

When the Club proves too rowdy and repeatedly fire off hunting rifles in the private car, nearly killing their bartender, she flees to the upper berth of a Pullman car, in the process meeting the eccentric John D. Hackensacker III, who falls for her.

Left without her clothes or purse in the chaos of her flight from the Ale and Quail revelry, she accepts Hackensacker's chivalrous charity, despite not knowing who he is. This takes a turn towards extravagance during a shopping spree for ladies' finery he instigates in Jacksonville, swirling from trifles to haute couture and expensive jewelry.

Only when Hackensacker hands the store manager a card telling him to charge it all to him is it revealed he is the third richest man in the world and owner of the Erl King, a yacht, which the twosome board for the final leg of the journey to Palm Beach.

Back in New York, the now despondent Tom receives the same kind of charity from the Wienie King he had accused Gerry of trading sexual favors with, which helps clear his mind. The King encourages him to rent a plane, fly to Florida, and show up with roses to win back Gerry.

Arriving in Palm Beach, Tom is directed to the dock and Hackensacker's yacht. There he sees the new couple aboard. Failing to run him off on shore, a flustered Gerry introduces Tom as her brother, Captain McGlue. Hackensacker's sister, Princess Centimillia, is smitten with Tom, dismissing her current lover, Toto, by asking him to retrieve a handkerchief.

When Gerry tells Hackensacker, who is working his way to propose to her, that her "brother" is a partner with her husband in the same investment, Hackensacker agrees to back it, saying he likes the Captain and it will keep it "all in the family" once they are married.

Invited to stay at the Princess' estate, the Jeffers' couple to maintain their farce – while Tom reluctantly wrangles to win Gerry back, and Gerry seeks to stick to her original plan. Until, to the strains of Hackensacker crooning beneath their window, the couple end up romantically entangled just as they had their last night together.

Reunited and unmasked the next morning, they confess the ruse to the Hackensackers. After John agrees to finance Tom's invention as a "good investment", sans sentimentality, and Tom and Gerry are asked if they have a brother and a sister. They do: twins!

There is a dual wedding, with Tom as best man and Gerry as matron of honor, John Hackensacker hand-in-hand with Gerry's sister and the Princess with Tom's brother.

Cast

 * Claudette Colbert as Geraldine "Gerry" Jeffers
 * Joel McCrea as Tom Jeffers (alias "Captain McGlue")
 * Mary Astor as The Princess Centimillia (Maud)
 * Rudy Vallée as John D. Hackensacker III
 * Sig Arno as Toto
 * Robert Dudley as Wienie King
 * Esther Howard as Wife of Wienie King
 * Franklin Pangborn as Apartment Manager
 * Arthur Hoyt as Pullman Conductor
 * Al Bridge as Conductor
 * Fred "Snowflake" Toones as George, Club Car Bartender
 * Charles R. Moore as Train Porter
 * Frank Moran as Brakeman
 * Harry Rosenthal as Orchestra Leader
 * J. Farrell MacDonald as Officer O'Donnell

The Ale and Quail Club:
 * Robert Warwick as Mr. Hinch
 * Arthur Stuart Hull as Mr. Osmond
 * Torben Meyer as Dr. Kluck
 * Victor Potel as Mr. McKeewie
 * William Demarest as First Member Ale and Quail Club
 * Jimmy Conlin as Mr. Asweld
 * Unnamed members played by:
 * Jack Norton
 * Robert Greig
 * Roscoe Ates
 * Dewey Robinson
 * Chester Conklin
 * Sheldon Jett

Production
At least part of the initial inspiration for The Palm Beach Story may have come to Preston Sturges from close to home. Not only had he shuttled back and forth to Europe as a young man, his ex-wife Eleanor Hutton was an heiress who moved among the European aristocracy, and had once been wooed by Prince Jerome Rospigliosi-Gioeni. One scene in the film is based upon an incident that had happened to Sturges and his mother while traveling by train to Paris, where the car with their compartment and baggage was uncoupled while they were in the dining car.

The story Sturges came up with was entitled Is Marriage Necessary?, which, along with an alternative, Is That Bad?, became a working title for the film. The original title was rejected by Hays Office censors, who also rejected the script submitted by Paramount over its "sex suggestive situations...and dialogue." In spite of changes the script was still tabled because of its "light treatment of marriage and divorce" and overt parodying of John D. Rockefeller. More changes were made, including reducing Princess Centimillia's divorces from eight to three (plus two annulments), before the script finally was approved.

This was Sturges' second collaboration with Joel McCrea, following Sullivan's Travels from the previous year, and they worked again on The Great Moment, filmed in 1942 (but released in 1944). Although Colbert and Sturges worked on The Big Pond (1930) and the first version of Imitation of Life (1934), The Palm Beach Story was the only time they worked on a movie Sturges wrote and directed.

The movie was Rudy Vallee's first outright comedic role, and he gained a contract with Paramount, as well as an award for Best Actor of 1942 from the National Board of Review. He appeared in Sturges' The Sin of Harold Diddlebock, Unfaithfully Yours and The Beautiful Blonde from Bashful Bend.

Many members of Sturges' unofficial "stock company" of character actors appear in film, such as Al Bridges, Chester Conklin, Jimmy Conlin, William Demarest, Robert Dudley, Byron Foulger, Robert Greig, Harry Hayden, Arthur Hoyt, Torben Meyer, Frank Moran, Charles R. Moore, Jack Norton, Franklin Pangborn, Victor Potel, Dewey Robinson, Harry Rosenthal, Julius Tannen and Robert Warwick.

This was the seventh of ten films written by Preston Sturges in which William Demarest appeared.

Claudette Colbert received $150,000 for her role, and Joel McCrea was paid $60,000.

The second unit did background shooting at Penn Station in Manhattan for the exteriors (interiors were shot at standing set of Penn Station that Paramount owned). The film went into general release on 1 January 1943. It was released on video in the U.S. on 12 July 1990 and re-released on 30 June 1993.

Reception
Contemporaneous reviews

Upon its release The Palm Beach Story received mixed reviews. Among the positive reviews were The Hollywood Reporter calling it a "sophisticated laugh riot" featuring one of Colbert's "most accomplished light performances." The Daily Film Renter praised the film's "scintillating dialogue and provocative situations." Variety described the film as a "tongue-in-cheek spoofing of the idle rich" and predicted that the escapist nature of the story "will prove a welcome change of pace in theaters that have perhaps been overloaded with strictly war output." "The boys in the camps, and in far-off places...will welcome the film for that very reason...there is no hint of war," wrote G.L. Burnett of The Knoxville Journal.

Other critics were put off by the escapist narrative. Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times said the film “lacked social significance” and contained "next to no drama," concluding that "it's a question of weighing, perhaps, whether this is the least best or the next to least best" of Sturges' five films. He added that The Palm Beach Story suffered from the same fault as Sullivan's Travels: "a tricky and not too convincing ending." Several reviews claimed the reliance on dialogue made the film “slow and garrulous." Bosley Crowther of The New York Times claimed the film “is very short on action and very long on trivial talk…It should have been a breathless comedy. But only the actors are breathless—and that from talking too much.” He added: “Perhaps he was making an experiment in conversational comedy.”

Reporting a few hours after its release in the Rivoli Theatre, Ed Sullivan concluded: "'The cinema reporters did not like The Palm Beach Story...The reason that the critics felt let down by this flicker, obviously, was that they have come to look for something special from Sturges--wit, irony, undertones, the unconventional in a medium that often is conventional to the point of triteness...The Palm Beach Story, they felt, was third-rate Sturges and they announced the verdict, not with malice, but because they were rooting for another home run.'"

Retrospective reviews

The Palm Beach Story went on to garner positive reviews from the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes with a 97% positive rating based on 30 critic reviews. Retrospectively, the film has received critical acclaim for representing "the culmination of the great screwball comedy tradition of the 1930s." In 1998, Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader included the film in his unranked list of the best American films not included on the AFI Top 100.

In 2000, the American Film Institute included the film in AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs (#77).

title: The Palm Beach Story


text:
Air Universal

Air Universal was a privately owned airline based in Amman, Jordan, which operated chartered passenger flights between 2002 and 2008. The airline was based at Queen Alia International Airport, Amman, focussing at King Abdulaziz International Airport, Jeddah, Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, Mehrabad International Airport, Tehran and Tripoli International Airport.

Air Universal was registered Jordanian Ministry of Industry and Trade. It held an AOC as commercial operator of scheduled and chartered flights for both passengers and cargo, specializing on operating chartered flights on behalf of other airlines, including aircraft leases. In addition, Air Universal provided maintenance, flight crews, insurance and airline support.

The airline stopped operating its aircraft in 2008.

Fleet
The Air Universal fleet included the following aircraft:

 * 6 Boeing 747-200
 * 2 Lockheed L-1011

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Air Universal


text: Category:Lists of celebrities

title: Category:Lists of celebrities


text:
File:WhatWentWrong.jpeg

 Fair Use rationale for the article What Went Wrong as provided by the uploader:
 * This book cover is a single low resolution image of a book being treated in a non-profit online encyclopedia (Wikipedia) article which is seeking to advance knowledge and learning for the benefit of the public.

 * Purpose of the use:	 			Nonprofit educational purposes
 * Nature of the publication. 			Basic non profit encyclopedic article on the book
 * Amount of the work being used: 	 Low resolution image of the book cover
 * Effect on the market: 				Likely to book publishers's benefit

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: File:WhatWentWrong.jpeg


text: User talk:81.213.201.218

title: User talk:81.213.201.218


text:
Spread-winged skipper

Pyrginae, commonly known as spread-winged skippers, are a subfamily of the skipper butterfly family (Hesperiidae). The subfamily was established by Hermann Burmeister in 1878. Their delimitation and internal systematics has changed considerably in recent years with the most recent review being in 2019.

It still is the second-largest subfamily of skipper butterflies, although of its over 1,000 species a considerable number are no longer in that classification.

Description and distribution
Spread-winged skippers bask with their wings held wide open. The wings are held closed when they are at rest. They are usually brown, black, or checkered, but some are brilliantly coloured. Some have long tailed hind wings.

Males maintain territories and frequently perch on overhanging branches and tree trunks. They do not visit flowers for sustenance, but rather drink fluids from dung, carrion, and rotting fruit.

A large and successful subfamily, the spread-winged skippers are found essentially worldwide, except in very cold or desert regions. They probably originated in the tropics and subsequently extended their range into more temperate regions.

Most of the more advanced tribes, on the other hand, are very diverse in the Neotropics, which their ancestors would have found most easy to reach by crossing the central Atlantic Ocean, rather than taking the longer route via Europe and North America or the Pacific Ocean. It is also possible that the group originated in the Neotropics and subsequently dispersed eastwards to Africa via the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

Tribes
The four tribes of the Pyrginae in their modern circumscription are, in phylogenetic sequence:
 * Carcharodini
 * Achlyodidini
 * Erynnini
 * Pyrgini

Former tribes

 * Celaenorrhinini - now placed within the subfamily Tagiadinae
 * Eudamini - now placed within the subfamily Eudaminae
 * Tagiadini - now placed within the subfamily Tagiadinae
 * Pyrrhopygini - now placed within the subfamily Pyrrhopyginae

title: Spread-winged skipper


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Henry Gallay

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 03:15, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

Henry Gallay
Henry Gallay, Barbara Gallay, Kalman Gallay, and Brian Gallay appear to be non-notable family members of Mike Gallay. No encyclopedic value. Tokek 21:43, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all, no claim to notability asserted. Dcarrano 22:07, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Sigh. Delete them all, per above.   Friday 22:08, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:24, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Mike Gallay might be borderline notable but his relatives aren't. --Etacar11 02:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Hrvatska Kostajnica

Hrvatska Kostajnica (Castanowitz; Costainizza), also referred to as simply Kostajnica, is a town in central Croatia. It is located on the Una river in the Sisak-Moslavina County, south of Petrinja and Sisak and across the river from Kostajnica in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the past, Hrvatska Kostajnica was called by different names, Koztainicha, Kaztanicha to Costgnanica. The name most likely comes from the word Kostanj (chestnut).

Middle Ages
Kostajnica was first mentioned in the document by knights templar from 1240. This year is used as official birth year of this historic town. Its name is derived from the word kostanj ("chestnut"), as the nearby hills around the Una river are covered with forests of chestnut trees.

Time of the first settlement is unknown, but town lies on very important Roman roads that were used for transporting salt and cotton. Since Roman roads were merged in the vicinity of the city it is believed that settlement dates much earlier than the first written document known today. Position of town is very similar to the town from old Roman documents known as “Oeneum”. Five Roman milestones were located in the city dating back to the 3rd century A.D.

During 13th and 14th century, Kostajnica became a fortification (kaštel) that was built as a protection against the invading Ottoman empire. The owners of the fortification were members of the noble families Lipovečki, Tot, Frankopan, Benvenjud and finally Zrinski, so the castle is today also known as Zrinski castle (Stari grad Zrinski in Croatian). Other forts existing during that period were in the surrounding villages of Komogovina, Svinica, and Prevršac. After, Commander of the Hrvatska Kostajnica was Prince and Duke Luke Novosel of Transleithania (House of Novosel) (Croatia and Slavonia part).

Ottoman rule
The Ottoman 1537 offensive against Kostajnica and Dubica ended in Ottoman defeat in a battle near Jasenovac. They nevertheless conquered Dubica in 1538, and conducted raids in the Kostajnica area in 1539, failing to capture any of the forts, but causing widespread destruction. Attempts to capture Kostajnica were repeated in 1550 and 1552. Finally, in 1556 the Ottoman army, led by Malkoč-beg, captured Kostajnica after a one-day siege.

After capturing the town, the Ottomans invested heavily in maintaining the fortifications, and kept a strong military contingent, making Kostajnica – alongside Bihać – their most important stronghold in the area. In the following decades, Kostajnica was a starting point for Ottoman offensive operations. The crushing Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Sisak in 1593, however, marked the turning point in the ongoing conflict, after which Kostajnica was no longer safe from recapture.

In 1596, a well-organized attempt by generals Sigismund Herberstein and Juraj Lenković with 6,000 troops ended in failure. The attackers encountered heavily fortified defensive positions and – having no artillery and receiving news about incoming Ottoman reinforcements – decided to withdraw. Raids in 1624 and 1651 were again successful in dispersing the Ottoman troops, but failed to capture the fortress. Kostajnica was finally taken in 1688, by the army of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden joined with the troops led by ban Nikola Erdödy. The attacking force, equipped with 15 cannons, was able to reach strategic positions around the Ottoman fortress without encountering significant resistance. On the third day of the operation, they seized the fortress after an artillery attack.

18th century to present
During the early 18th century two schools are opened in the city. One school was operated by Catholic Missionary Church of “St. Antun Padovinski”, while the second schools was run as a Serbian Public School. Kostajnica is known for its natural springs such as; Varoški Bunar, Mrzlenac, Tekija, Pekinac, Paunovac, Angelovac, and Tutulovac. The most popular spring Tekija has engraved sign (drink brother, potion was given to you by the god's mercy) “Pi brate iz Božje milosti dat ti je napitak.”

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Kostajnica was a district capital in the Zagreb County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia.

During World War II, the town was occupied by Axis troops and was included into the Pavelić's Independent State of Croatia (NDH). The fascist Ustashe regime committed the Genocide of the Serbs and the Holocaust. Between 29 and 37 July 1941, 280 Serbs were killed and thrown into pits near Kostajnica. The town was bombed by American forces on May 30, 1944.

Kostajnica suffered greatly during the Croatian War of Independence. A large part of the Croatian population were expelled or killed by rebel Serbs in 1991 and the city was incorporated into the Republic of Serbian Krajina. Houses and buildings belonging to Croats were burned and looted, including the baroque church, the medieval apothecary, and the eighteenth-century Franciscan monastery. The only piece of the city's cultural heritage left was the castle by the river built by the Frankopans. Kostajnica was put back in Croatian control following military victories by the army in August 1995, and the Croat population expelled slowly began returning.

Population
The municipality population of 2,756 is composed of the following settlements:

 * Čukur, population 114
 * Hrvatska Kostajnica, population 2,127
 * Panjani, population 125
 * Rausovac, population 28
 * Rosulje (Hrvatska Kostajnica), population 192
 * Selište Kostajničko, population 102
 * Utolica, population 68

In the 2011 population census, Croats made up 69.34% of the municipal population and Serbs were 25.04%.

Population of Hrvatska Kostajnica town by ethnicity

Minority councils and representatives
Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs. At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Serbs of Croatia fulfilled legal requirements to elect 15 members minority council of the Town of Hrvatska Kostajnica.

Economy
Today, chief occupations are farming, leather (footwear), textiles plant, printing, and wood processing mill. Fishing and hunting are very important tourist attractions in the city with some of the best natural habitats found in this part of Europe. Hrvatska Kostajnica is underdeveloped municipality which is statistically classified as the First Category Area of Special State Concern by the Government of Croatia.

Notable natives and residents

 * Svetozar Boroević (1856–1920) - Austro-Hungarian Field Marshal
 * Milislav Demerec (1895–1966) - geneticist, former director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
 * Adam Pribićević (1880–1957) - publisher, writer, and politician
 * Milan Pribićević (1877–1937) - politician
 * Svetozar Pribićević (1875–1936) - politician
 * Antun Vakanović (1808–1894) - politician and Ban of Croatia
 * Nikola Nina Maraković (1912–1943) - antifascist and People's Hero of Yugoslavia

title: Hrvatska Kostajnica


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FAU

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep (nomination withdrawn). -- BD2412 talk 03:27, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

FAU
Delete. This entry is nonencyclopedic. It was previously redirected to Florida Atlantic University but was altered to include the other abbreviations. -Soltak 21:43, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this is usefull to the Wikipedia user. See another example at VFD and CC. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 00:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Clarification. Whether or not the article is 'helpful' is irrelevant. I have little doubt that some users would find articles comprised of complete literary works 'helpful.' The Wikipedia standard for deletion is whether or not an article could be found in an encyclopedia; abbreviations cannot. -Soltak 00:20, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It appears that both Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen Nuremberg and Florida Atlantic University are commonly known as FAU. This is thus, with the exception of the interwiki link entry, a quite normal disambiguation article.  Keep. Uncle G 00:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Clarification. The simple fact that FAU stands for more than one thing does not mean it warrants an article. RSR stands for remote service request, required supply rate, resource status report, and several other things. It does not have such an entry in Wikipedia. If a user types in FAU expecting one thing and ends up with another, I shouldn't think they'd be very troubled to simply spell out their request in full. -Soltak 00:27, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Uncle G said that this page you are nominating is called an disambiguation article. If there are more than one thing that uses the name or initials, then the article is turned into a list. Example, I type in football. But there are more than one type of football, so it gives a list asking me what specific article I want to look it. That is what a disambiguation does. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 00:31, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I am not unfamiliar with the purpose of a disambiguation page. I would withdraw my request if FAU were to be reconstructed in a more effective fashion (more closely matching other disambiguation pages, like OSU, for example). As it stands currently this is only an entry for an abbreviation and is nonencyclopedic. -Soltak 00:38, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Request withdrawn. Thank you for your cooperation. -Soltak 00:41, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Your welcome. I have also struck out your vote for deletion, so to not confuse the admins. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 00:43, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FAU


text:
User:Nobs/Perlo

Victor Perlo (May 15, 1912 -- December 1, 1999) was a Marxist economist and a longtime member of the national committee of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA).

Born in East Elmhurst, New York, Perlo was the son of Russian-Americans who had both emigrated in their youth from Omsk in Siberia. He received a BA and MA in mathematics and statistics from Columbia University in 1933.

Perlo served in various New Deal agencies beginning with the National Recovery Administration and later the Works Progress Administration. While serving in Washington, D.C., Perlo joined the Ware group, a group secret Communist Party members in the federal government. A cadre of Ware group members later formed the Perlo group, headed by Perlo, which was engaged in espionage activity on behalf Earl Browder, General Secretary of the CPUSA. In 1938 Perlo went to work in the United States Department of Commerce and gathered data on basic economic decisions he presented to Harry Hopkins, Secretary of Commerce. Later he transferred to the Division of Monetary Research, and served under Harry Dexter White, followed by Frank Coe and Harold Glasser.

In late 1943 Browder referred the Perlo group to Jacob Golos, an Amreican citizen and emigre from Russia who head the CPUSA's secret apparatus, and who held rank in the Soviet NKVD. The secret apparatus was functioning as an auxilliary to Soviet intelligence. Browder arranged for the group to met directly with the Soviet couriers. Control of the group was given to Elizabeth Bentley.

Bentley's first meeting with the group was to ascertain what information they could provide, who its members where, to collect Communist Party dues, and make arrangements for clandestine recovery of stolen government information. At this meeting, Perlo asked if the information was going to "Uncle Joe".

Perlo was by then Chief of the Aviation Section of the War Production Board. His spy ring included a Senate staff director and supplied the Soviet Union with United States aircraft production figures. Before the War's end, he transferred to the Division of Monetary Research, and served under Harry Dexter White, followed by Frank Coe and Harold Glasser. Perlo left the government in 1947.

Perlo's code name in Soviet intelligence and in the Venona project is "Raider".

After the war, Perlo was employed in the Brookings Institution. From the 1960s until his death, he was chief economist for the CPUSA. His major works include American Imperialism (1951), Empire of High Finance (1957), Economics of Racism I and II (1973 and 1996), and Superprofits and Crises (1988).

Venona
Venona decrpyts that reference Victor Perlo.

 * Venona 588 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 April 1944, Part 1
 * Venona 588 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 April 1944, Part 2
 * Venona 588 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 April 1944, Part 3
 * Venona 687 KGB New York to Moscow, 13 May 1944
 * Venona 769, 771 KGB New York to Moscow, 30 May 1944, part 1
 * Venona 769, 771 KGB New York to Moscow, 30 May 1944, part 2
 * Venona 769, 771 KGB New York to Moscow, 30 May 1944, part 3
 * Venona 1003 KGB New York to Moscow, 18 July 1944, Part 1
 * Venona 1003 KGB New York to Moscow, 18 July 1944, Part 2
 * Venona 1015 KGB New York to Moscow, 22 July 1944
 * Venona 1214 KGB New York to Moscow, 25 August 1944, Part 1
 * Venona 1214 KGB New York to Moscow, 25 August 1944, Part 2
 * Venona 79 KGB New York to Moscow, 18 January 1945 (HTML)
 * Venona 1823, 1824, 1825 KGB Washington to Moscow, 30 March 1945, Part 1
 * Venona 1823, 1824, 1825 KGB Washington to Moscow, 30 March 1945, Part 2
 * Venona 3707 KGB Washington to Moscow, 29 June 1945, Part 1
 * Venona 3707 KGB Washington to Moscow, 29 June 1945, Part 2

 * Venona 3708 KGB Washington to Moscow, 29 June 1945
 * Venona 3713,3715 KGB Washington to Moscow, 29 June 1945, Part 1
 * Venona 3713,3715 KGB Washington to Moscow, 29 June 1945, Part 2
 * Venona 3713,3715 KGB Washington to Moscow, 29 June 1945, Part 3

Perlo group

 * Victor Perlo
 * Edward Fitzgerald, War Production Board
 * Harold Glasser, Director, Division of Monetary Research, United States Department of the Treasury; War Production Board; Advisor on North African Affairs Committee
 * Alger Hiss, Director of the Office of Special Political Affairs United States Department of State
 * Charles Kramer, Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization; Office of Price Administration; National Labor Relations Board; Senate Subcommittee on Wartime Health and Education; Agricultural Adjustment Administration; Senate Subcommittee on Civil Liberties; Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee
 * Sol Leshinsky, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
 * Harry Magdoff, Statistical Division of War Production Board and Office of Emergency Management; Bureau of Research and Statistics, WTB; Tools Division, War Production Board; Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, United States Department of Commerce
 * George Perazich, Foreign Economic Administration; United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
 * Allen Rosenberg, Board of Economic Warfare; Chief of the Economic Institution Staff, Foreign Economic Administration; Senate Subcommittee on Civil Liberties; Senate Committee on Education and Labor; Railroad Retirement Board; Councel to the Secretary of the National Labor Relations Board
 * Donald Wheeler, Office of Strategic Services Research and Analysis division

title: User:Nobs/Perlo


text:
Talk:Tree rotation

New Caption Doesn't Match New Illustration
First off I want to say that I like the new illustration. It's much prettier and more informative than the simple ascii art it replaced. The caption doesn't seem to fit it according to my definition, however. I would say that the right rotation is performed with 'Q' as the root and, thus, the rotation is on, or rooted at, 'Q'. The left rotation is the one rooted at 'P'. Is this a mistake or merely a convention unfamiliar to me?

--Waylonflinn 18:59, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Uh, the ascii art was more easily understood. The new illustration is crap in comparison. As a matter of fact, now all the images on this page suffer from invalid binary trees as a starting point. They're either changing Roman/Greek alphabets or sticking with Roman but not in order or not giving nodes any value for comparison. It's difficult to understand a tree rotation, it's even more difficult when working with invalid trees.

AlwaysAngry (talk) 11:27, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

Python code hard to read
The python code is very hard to read. A simplification would be expedient in this case.
 * I agree, it's quite obscure to anyone not familiar with tuples. That said, the diagrams seem clear enough to enable implementation in any language. Deco 05:17, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

I'm afraid that Python code is my fault, from 2001. Here's a shorter version, but I'm not sure what makes either version harder to read:

def right_rotation(((A, B, C), D, E)): return (A, B, (C, D, E))

Apparently I'm now so indoctrinated with Python that I have forgotten what it was like to not know it! How about this?

def right_rotation(node): delendum = node.left_child new_right_child = binary_tree_node(left_child=delendum.right_child,            key=node.key, right_child=node.right_child) return binary_tree_node(left_child=delendum.left_child,            key=delendum.key, right_child=new_right_child)

A version with shorter variable names:

def right_rotation(N): D = N.L       R = node(L=D.R, K=N.K, R=N.R)        return node(L=D.L, K=D.K, R=R)

My point, by the way, is not to defend Python as a notation, but to figure out what would be an improvement.

-- Kragen

 * imho the python code is quite readable and i am only a bit familiar with python by having played with it for 2 days. i also think familarity with tuples can be expected from readers interested in trees. but another thing: although it is more or less obvious it would be nice to have left_rotation(treenode) also for completeness. -- wizzar 22:45, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

I think what we should shoot for is consistency between this article, Binary tree, Red-Black tree and related articles.

--Waylonflinn 20:57, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks Waylonflinn for that, and between, i agree with the change in the explanation, which slightly misleads and needs a fix. And, how about switching to C for the example rather than in python?

--Ramasamy 18:00, 01 September 2006 (IST)

Left Right confusion
I'm coming across sources which say that the direction of a rotation is not the side upon which the nodes are being shifted, as illustrated on this page, but depends on which child of the node being rotated is going to be the parent. These are 2 completely different views. Who is wrong?

Isn't the psudeo code wrong?

Another view on Rotation
At first I was a bit confused by this article, since a CS article I've read defines rotation with only one parameter:

"If x is a son of y, then rotate(x) moves x up and y down and changes a few pointers"

Maybe not the most accurate specification, but what the function actually does, is to make a left- or right-rotation of y depending on whether x is the left or right child of y. What I am getting at is that maybe this "view" could be touched in this article as well?

--Klokbaske 09:46, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Directions, directions, ...
"direction of a rotation depends on the side which the tree nodes are shifted upon ... This article takes the approach of the side where the nodes get shifted to" upon == to? OK.

"When a subtree is rotated, the subtree side upon which it is rotated increases its height by one while the other subtree increases its height"

That doesn't match. The right subtree gets larger in a right rotation, according to the intro and the illustration above.

I think the whole article needs straightening out.

Długosz (talk) 22:18, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

I addressed the issue.82.114.35.223 (talk) 16:37, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Possible inaccuracy
The article says: "another way to think of it is that the order that the leaves would be visited in a depth first search must be the same after the operation as before"

Correct me if I'm wrong, but I believe the order of visiting the leaves in a DFS after the rotation will change, but the in-order traversal will remain the same.

DFS traversal before right rotation: QPABC

DFS traversal after right rotation: PAQBC

In-order traversal before right rotation:APBQC

In-order traversal after right rotation:APBQC

--Explorer512 (talk) 07:01, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tree rotation


text:
Catch Bull at Four

Catch Bull at Four is the sixth studio album by Cat Stevens. The title is taken from one of the Ten Bulls of Zen.

In the United States the album spent three weeks at number one on the Billboard 200. It also reached number one in Australia and Canada and became Stevens's second consecutive album to reach number two on the UK Albums Chart. The song "Sitting" was released as a single in July 1972, reaching 16 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Critical reception
Catch Bull at Four was well received both commercially and critically. Rolling Stone was satisfied with the "gorgeous melody and orchestration", while simultaneously disappointed by the lack of a single track comparable to "Morning Has Broken" from Teaser and the Firecat.

Record World described "Sitting" as a "magnificently produced up tempo tune" that is "one of [Stevens'] best."

Track listing
All songs written by Cat Stevens except as noted.

Side one

 * 1) "Sitting" – 3:14
 * 2) "Boy with a Moon & Star on His Head" – 5:57
 * 3) "Angelsea" – 4:30
 * 4) "Silent Sunlight" – 3:00
 * 5) "Can't Keep It In" – 2:59

Side two

 * 1) "18th Avenue (Kansas City Nightmare)" – 4:21
 * 2) "Freezing Steel" – 3:40
 * 3) "O Caritas" (Andreas Toumazis, Jeremy Taylor, Stevens) – 3:41
 * 4) "Sweet Scarlet" – 3:49
 * 5) "Ruins" – 4:24

Personnel

 * Cat Stevens – lead and backing vocals, Grand piano, Fender Rhodes electric piano, Wurlitzer electric piano, RMI Electra piano, Böhm Diamond organ, synthesizer, Spanish guitar, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, electric mandolin, pennywhistle, drums, percussion
 * Alun Davies – acoustic guitar, Spanish guitar, backing vocals
 * Jeremy Taylor – Spanish guitar, (assisted in translating "O' Caritas" into the Latin language used in the song).
 * Andreas Toumazis – bouzouki on "O Caritas"
 * Alan James – bass, backing vocals
 * Jean Roussel – piano, Hammond organ, Electric piano
 * Gerry Conway – drums, percussion, backing vocals
 * C.S. Choir – backing vocals on "Freezing Steel" and "O Caritas"
 * Linda Lewis – backing vocals on "Angelsea"
 * Lauren Cooper – backing vocals on "Angelsea"
 * Del Newman – string arrangements

Production
 * Paul Samwell-Smith - producer

Certifications
}

title: Catch Bull at Four


text:
Category:Prisons in Geelong

Prisons in Geelong.

title: Category:Prisons in Geelong


text:
Category:Spanish Broadcasting System radio stations

This category is for radio stations owned by Spanish Broadcasting System.


text:
Keating–Owen Act

The Keating–Owen Child Labor Act of 1916, also known as Wick's Bill, was a short-lived statute enacted by the U.S. Congress which sought to reduce child labor. It did so by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods produced by factories that employed children under 14, mines that employed children younger than 16, and any facility where children under 14 worked after 7:00 p.m. or before 6:00 a.m. or more than eight hours daily. After its original failure to be enacted, the bill was revised and re-introduced to Congress, where it was finally accepted. The basis for the action was the Commerce Clause, a constitutional clause giving Congress the task of regulating interstate commerce.

The Act specified that the U.S. Attorney General, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Labor would convene a board to publish from time to time uniform rules and regulations to comply with the Act. To enforce the Act, the Secretary of Labor would assign inspectors to perform inspections of workplaces that produce goods for commerce. The inspectors would have the authority to make unannounced visits and would be given full access to the facility in question. Anyone found in violation of this Act or who gave false evidence would be subject to fines and/or imprisonment.

The bill was named for its sponsors: Edward Keating and Robert Latham Owen. The work of Alexander McKelway and the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC), it was signed into law in 1916 by President Woodrow Wilson, who had lobbied heavily for its passage, and went into effect on September 1, 1917. However, nine months later, in Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918), it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States (see also Lochner era).

title: Keating–Owen Act


text:
Air Tropiques

Air Tropiques was an airline based in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. It operated domestic, regional and charter flights. Its main base was N'Dolo Airport, Kinshasa.

History
The airline was established in 2001 and started operations in February 2001. It had 50 employees in June 2016 when it was merged into Kin Avia. The airline was on the List of air carriers banned in the European Union. Air Tropiques was merged into Kin Avia in June 2016.

Fleet
The Air Tropiques fleet included the following aircraft (at June 2016):

 * 1 Fokker F27 Mk100 (9Q-CLN) (Standing)
 * 1 Raytheon Beech 1900C Airliner (9Q-CEJ) (Standing without engines)
 * 1 Raytheon Beech Super King Air B200 (ZS-OED)
 * 1 Let-410 UVP (9Q-CEO)
 * 1 Let-410 UVP-E (9Q-CFA)
 * 1 Piper Seneca II (9Q-CSC) (Standing)

title: Air Tropiques


text: Talk:The Confusion

title: Talk:The Confusion


text:
Bid'ah

In Islam, bidʿah (بدعة, lit. 'innovation') refers to innovation in religious matters. Linguistically, the term means "innovation, novelty, heretical doctrine, heresy". Despite its common use in Muslim texts, the term is not found in the Qur'an.

In classical Arabic literature (adab), it has been used as a form of praise for outstanding compositions of prose and poetry.

Traditional view
In early Islamic history, bid'ah referred primarily to heterodox doctrines. In Islamic law, when used without qualification, bid'ah denotes any newly invented matter that is without precedent and is in opposition to the Quran and Sunnah.

Scholars generally have divided bid'ah into two types: innovations in worldly matters and that of in religious matters. Some have additionally divided bid'ah into lawful and unlawful innovations, the details of which are discussed below.

Introducing and acting upon a bid'ah in religious matters is a sin and considered one of the enormities in Islam that is obligatory to immediately desist and repent from.

In worldly matters
Sunni Muslim scholars have divided bid'ah in worldly matters into two types:

 * 1) Good worldly innovations such as using technology to propagate the faith of Islam.
 * 2) Innovations that are purely evil—these are forbidden under Islamic law. Examples of this type of bid'ah include alcohol,  or, in modern times, the discovery and synthesis of new intoxicants.

In religious matters

 * "A newly invented way [beliefs or action] in the religion, in imitation of the Shariah (prescribed Law), by which nearness to Allah is sought, [but] not being supported by any authentic proof – neither in its foundations, nor in the manner in which it is performed."
 * "Carrying out actions which displease Allah Subhanahu wa ta'ala and his messenger" Muhammad. (Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi).
 * "New things that have no basis in the Qurʼan or Sunnah" (Ibn Rajab).
 * Bid'ah is always bad but if a new thing has origins in the Qur'an and Sunnah it is to be called Bid'ah Logaviyya (verbal innovation), (Ibn Taymiyyah).

Arguments against bid'ah
Ali ibn Abi Talib, of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), said; "He who innovates or gives protection to an innovator, there is a curse of Allah and that of His angels and that of the whole humanity upon him." Abdullah ibn Umar said: "Every innovation is misguidance, even if the people see it as something good."

Abd Allah ibn Abbas, a companion of Muhammad and early Islamic scholar also said: "Indeed the most detestable of things to Allah are the innovations." Sufyan al-Thawri, a tabi'i Islamic scholar, Hafiz and jurist, mentions: "Innovation is more beloved to Iblees than sin, since a sin may be repented for but innovation is not repented for." He also said, "Whoever listens to an innovator has left the protection of Allāh and is entrusted with the innovation."

A person once sent salaam to Abdullah ibn Umar who replied: "I do not accept his salaam, as this person has innovated by becoming Qadariyah (A sect which does not believe in destiny.")

Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad is reputed to have said: "I met the best of people, all of them people of the Sunnah, and they used to forbid from accompanying the people of innovation." Hasan al-Basri mentions: "Do not sit with the people of innovation and desires, nor argue with them, nor listen to them". Ibraaheem ibn Maysarah mentions: "Whoever honours an innovator has aided in the destruction of Islam."

Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari mentions: "The innovators are like scorpions. They bury their heads and bodies in the sand and leave their tails out. When they get the chance they sting; the same with the innovators who conceal themselves amongst the people, when they are able, they do what they desire." Abu Haatim said: "A sign of the people of innovation is their battling against the people of Narrations." Abu Uthman al-Sabuni said: "The signs of the people of innovation are clear and obvious. The most apparent of their signs is their severe enmity for those who carry the reports of the Prophet."

Ahmad Sirhindi has explained about Bid'ah in his letter, that according to his view, Bid'ah are the opposite of Sunnah or Hadith traditions of Muhammad.

Various views differentiating good and bad bid'ah
Jabir ibn Abd Allah said that Muhammad said that those who introduced a good precedent in Islam which others followed (by people) would be rewarded as would those who followed it, and someone who introduced a bad precedent which others followed would be punished, as would the followers.

Anas ibn Malik said "I heard the Prophet say: 'My nation will not unite on misguidance, so if you see them differing, follow the great majority.' (The grade of the Hadith is da'eef)"

Abu Hurairah said that Muhammad said, "Whoever prayed at night the whole month of Ramadan out of sincere Faith and hoping for a reward from Allah, then all his previous sins will be forgiven." After Muhammad's death the people continued observing that (i.e. Nawafil offered individually, not in congregation), and it remained as it was during the Caliphate of Abu Bakr and in the early days of Umar ibn Al-Khattab's Caliphate. During Ramadan upon seeing people praying in different groups, Umar ordered Ubayy ibn Ka'b to lead the people in congregational prayer. On this Umar said: 'What an excellent Bida (i.e. innovation in religion at that time from an earlier time) this is; but the prayer which they do not perform, but sleep at its time is better than the one they are offering.'

Salman al-Farsi said that when Muhammad was asked, by some of the companions, about the permissibility and prohibition of certain items, he said "Halal is that which Allah has made Halal in His book, Haram is that which Allah has made Haram in His book and about which he has remained silent is all forgiven."

Abu Hurairah said that at the time of the Fajr prayer Muhammad asked Bilal ibn al-Harith, "Tell me of the best deed you did after embracing Islam, for I heard your footsteps in front of me in Paradise." Bilal replied, "I did not do anything worth mentioning except that whenever I performed ablution during the day or night, I prayed after that ablution as much as was written for me." Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani says in Fath al-Bari that "the hadith shows it is permissible to use personal reasoning (ijtihad) in choosing times for acts of worship, for Bilal reached the conclusion he mentioned by his own inference and the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) confirmed him therein." Similar to this, Khubayb ibn Adiy asked to pray two rak’as before being executed by idolators in Mecca, and was hence the first to establish the sunna of two rak'as for those who are steadfast in going to their death.

Rifaa ibn Rafi narrated: When we were praying behind the Prophet and he raised his head from bowing and said, "Allah hears whoever praises Him," a man behind him said, "Our Lord, Yours is the praise, abundantly, wholesomely, and blessedly."When he rose to leave, the Prophet asked who said it, and when the man replied that it was he, the Prophet said, "I saw thirty-odd angel each striving to be the one to write it." Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani comments in Fath al-Bari that the hadith "indicates the permissibility of initiation new expression of dhikr in the prayer other than the ones related through hadith texts (even though this is still reported in the hadiths), as long as they do not contradict those conveyed by the hadith. It is clear that this is since the above were a mere enhancement and addendum to the know, sunna dhikr."

Imam Shafi'i gave the following advice, "An innovation which contradicts the Qurʼan, Sunnah, an Athar or Ijma is a heretical bid'a: if however something new is introduced which is not evil in itself and does not contradict the above mentioned authorities of religious life, then it is a praiseworthy, unobjectional bid'a." This can infer worldly bid'a or technology.

Modern discourse
The criterion that qualifies a particular action as a bid'ah in the religion is a debate amongst Sunni scholars. Scholars affiliated to the Salafi and Wahhabi sects argue for an exclusive, literal definition that entails anything not specifically performed or confirmed by Muhammad.

Practitioners of Sufism, in contrast, argue for an inclusive, holistic definition. Umar Faruq Abd-Allah writes:

"[B]id’a could take on various shades of meaning. When used without qualifying adjectives, it tended to be condemnatory, as, for example, in the statement, 'bid'a must be avoided' Nevertheless, bid'a was not always something bad. In certain contexts, especially when qualified by adjectives, bid'a could cover a wide range of meanings from what was praiseworthy to what was completely wrong, as, for example, in the caliph ‘Umar's statement below, 'what an excellent bid'a is this!'"

In Shia Islam
According to Shia Islam the definition of bidah is anything that is introduced to Islam as either being fard (mandatory), mustahabb (recommended), halal (permissible), makruh (reprehensible) or haram (forbidden) that contradicts the Quran or hadith. Any new good practice introduced that does not contradict the Quran or hadith is permissible. However, it is not permissible to say that a new good practice (that does not contradict the Quran or hadith) is obligatory, highly recommended or "sunnah" proper. Hence, the Shia stance mirrors the body of Sunni scholars who proffer the idea of "bidah hasana". As a general rule in Shia jurisprudence, anything is permissible except whatever is prohibited through divine revelation (i.e. the Quran or hadith).

Mohammad Baqir Majlisi in the definition of heresy says:

"What is presented after the Prophet as a religious belief or practice, while no specific statement has been made about it and it is not considered as an example of a general rule or that practice is explicitly forbidden."

This definition means that innovation must be done in the name of religion to be considered heresy.

Disputes
Despite the general understanding of standing scholarly disagreements (ikhtilaf), the notion of lawful innovation is a polarizing issue in the Islamic world. A practical example of this is the debate over the permissibility of the mawlid or commemoration of Muhammad's birthday. All scholars agree that such celebrations did not exist in the early period of Islamic history, and yet mawalid commemorations are a common element in Muslim societies around the world. Even so, Sunnis' scholars are divided between emphatic unconditional condemnation and conditional acceptance of the celebration with the former insisting it is a bidah and thus automatically unlawful, while the latter argues it nonetheless is contextually permissible.

British historian Sadakat Kadri has noted the change over time in what is considered bidah.

Hadith were not written down until the 9th century, at least in part because "traditionists such as Ibn Hanbal considered human literature to be an unholy innovation." This interpretation changed even for very conservative jurists such as Ibn Taymiyyah who wrote dozens of books. Ibn Taymiyyah however considered mathematics, a bidah, a false form of knowledge that "does not bring perfection to the human soul, nor save man from castigation of God, nor lead him to a happy life", and forbade its use in determining the beginning of lunar months. Very conservative Wahhabis allow the broadcast of television but Indian Deobandi forbid their followers from watching it, but make use of the more recent invention the internet to issue fatwas.

Traditionally who died of plague and who did not was explained as simply the will of God based on al-Bukhari's al-Sahih hadith, but studying the progress of the Black Death (bubonic plague) in the 14th century, scholar Ibn al-Khatib noted those who died had the plague transmitted to them from "garments, vessels, ear-rings; ... persons ... by infection of a healthy sea-port by an arrival from an infected land" whereas isolated individuals were immune. In the Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun defends the science of medicine from suggestions that it is an innovation going against the Sunna. "The medicine mentioned in religious tradition ... is in no way part of the divine revelation." It was simply part of "Arab custom and happened to be mentioned in connection with the circumstances of the Prophet, like other things that were customary in his generation." But was "not mentioned in order to imply that [it] is stipulated by the religious law."

In his Book of Knowledge Al-Ghazali observed that many phenomena once thought bidah had come to be though legally unobjectionable.

"[A]mong the accepted practices of our time are decorating and furnishing the mosques, and expending great sums of money on their ornate construction and fine rugs which were then considered innovations. These were introduced by the pilgrims, since the early Muslims seldom placed anything on the ground during prayer. Similarly disputation and debate are among the most honoured disciples of the day and are numbered among the best meritorious works (qarubat): nevertheless they were among the taboos at the time of the Companions. The same is true of the chanting (talhiri) of the Quran and the call for prayer, going to excess in matters of cleanliness and being over fastidious in matters of ceremonial purity, ruling clothes unclean on petty and far-fetched grounds, and, at the same time, being lax in ruling foods lawful and unlawful as well as many other like things."

He quoted Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman approvingly: "Strange as it may seem, accepted practices of today are the taboos of a day gone by. ... And the taboos of today are the accepted practices of a day yet to come."

Sunni view

 * The Perfection of the Sharia and an Exposition of the Reprehensible Innovations That Have Crept Into Islam
 * Innovation in Light of the Perfection of the Shari'ah
 * Shaykh Uthaymeen on innovations
 * Expounding Bidah
 * Bidah: a Detailed Explanation from Living Islam
 * Innovation and Creativity in Islam by Dr. Umar Fard Abd-Allah

Shia view

 * Introduction to Bidah from the Shia website Answering Ansar
 * Detailed Explanation of the Shia view on Bidah

title: Bid'ah


text:
User talk:Mfrahm~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Hi, I saw your edits on Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad this afternoon. If you're interested, there are a very large number of other railroad-related articles that need writing, expanding and/or improving. Many of them are listed on WikiProject Trains/Todo. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. slambo 21:49, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Mfrahm~enwiki


text: User talk:209.233.191.109

title: User talk:209.233.191.109


text:
Talk:Mathesis universalis

Function
I am interested in the function of 'mathesis universalis' in Descartes and Leibniz in as much as it informs or shapes (ie in as much as IT STRUCTURES FROM THE INSIDE)'constituted idealities' in Derrida's sense of the TRANSCENDENTAL SIGNIFIED of a signifier (which latter finds its place within a conceptual articulation). In other words, the cognized 'experience of reality' that has successfully evaded the machinations of Descartes' deceiving demon is not simply unmediated sensation of the external environment NOR MERELY EMPIRICAL EXPERIENCE (whether construed in Ockhamist mode or a la Lockeans) __but rather the output or product of the SYNTHESIZING ACTIVITY OF THE COGNITIVE FACULTIES OF WILLING, COMPARISON, IMAGINATION etc.

It is RETRIEVED EXPERIENCE as shaped or fashioned (in quasi-Kantian manner) by 'creative' cognitive activity IN ACCORD WITH THE IMPERATIVES OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MATHEMATICAL IDEALITIES. This 'topos' of synthesizing cognitive activity is admittedly NOT EXPLICITLY PRESENT in any literal reading of Descartes' treament of the matter; however in accord with the STIPULATED ADMISSIBILITY CRITERIA as set forth by Descartes we can say the following: if the 'sensory datums' impinging upon the perceptual organs of the (subject's) sensorium HAVE NOT BEEN SO RESHAPED (into alignment with the said imperatives   as above), the resultant processed (or cognized) EXPERIENCE OF REALITY is NOT allowable (by Rene D) to count as 'experience of the real'!

My point/ what I am getting at here is the Heideggerian point that 'experience of reality' that is thus secured (ie by being 'frogmarched into shape' in accord with the imperatives of 'constituted idealities' as admissible when subsisting UNDER THE REGIME OF 'mathesis universalis') is experience that is 'secured' _and hence validated_ only within the vitiated or 'neutered' framework of a womb-like HOT HOUSE STYLE environment. It is further experience that is 'secured' by REPUDIATING (in the violent Lacanian sense of being aggressively 'in denial') the contingent, play-like dimension to human experience AS WELL AS by disowning the myriad of other possibilities for creative cognitive synthesis of the SENSORY MANIFOLD OF EXPERIENCE that is 'raw reality'  (in Lacan's sense of the unassimilated/ unassimilable Real)!!

I want to make further remarks on all this ....but will demur until 'someone out there' (a lonely 'message in a bottle' cast forelornly adrift into the infinite seas of cyberspace) deigns _or is provoked into_ responding to the above! - (unsigned, 17 July 2005)

What does a universal language have to do with a universal science?
I mean, besides the obvious necessity of language to communicate any theoretical universal science, I feel that that relation, and how the original authors envisaged it, should be expanded upon in the article. romnempire (talk) 16:53, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mathesis universalis


text:
Spanish Broadcasting System

Spanish Broadcasting System, Inc. (SBS) is an American media company specializing in Spanish-speaking audiences. It is one of the largest owners and operators of radio stations in the United States. SBS is also invested in television and internet properties, deriving the majority of its income from advertising through its media products.

SBS owns the internet portal LaMusica.com. It also acquired WSBS-TV in Miami, Florida, and WTCV in San Juan, Puerto Rico, the group of owned and operated TV stations for its Mega TV network. It sold Mega TV in 2023.

SBS targets the U.S. Hispanic audience in eight geographic regions: Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Miami, San Francisco, Puerto Rico, Orlando and Tampa.

History
Spanish Broadcasting System was founded by Pablo Raúl Alarcón Sr., who started in Spanish-language radio broadcasting in the early 1950s when he started his first radio station in Camagüey, Cuba, and his son, Raúl Alarcón Jr. Alarcón Sr. had acquired 14 radio stations by the time he fled Cuba with his family to the United States in 1960. In the U.S. he continued his career as an on-air personality at a New York radio station after arriving in the United States before being promoted to programming director. He subsequently owned a recording studio and advertising agency before borrowing $3.5 million USD to purchase the first SBS radio station, WSKQ-AM (La Super 1380) in 1983 with his son, Raúl Alarcón Jr. Alarcón Sr. would serve as SBS Chairman of the board of directors, while his son would serve as an account executive in the sales department.

SBS generated sales of about $20 million in its first year, confirming the influence of the growing Spanish-speaking audience. Raúl Alarcón Jr. became President of SBS and a director in October 1985. In 1988 SBS purchased its first FM station, regional Mexican KLAX 97.9 FM in Los Angeles. The company went public in the fall of 1991, raising $435.8 million by selling 21.8 million shares at $20 per share. SBS bought its third station, New York's WSKQ-FM, in 1989. In 1993 Alfredo Alonso was hired and reformatted it as Mega 97.9, La Mega, surpassing the market's longtime leader, the light rock station WLTW-FM, by 1998. A major turning point for Spanish radio occurred that year when media researchers at Arbitron rated La Mega's morning show number one over that of the radio personality Howard Stern. In 2002 the company created SBS Entertainment, a concert production arm. It also diversified by purchasing 80 percent of JuJu Media, the operator of the Spanish-English Web site LaMusica.com, which offered Latin music, entertainment, news, and culture. Later that year, at the insistence of Alarcón Jr., SBS launched KZAB-FM (La Sabrosa 93.5), targeting the Central American population in Los Angeles. In 2003, WSKQ was the most listened-to Spanish-language radio station in the United States. That year Alarcón Jr. told Billboard magazine, "My opinion is that radio programming continues to be an art. It is not a science. I will not argue with the fact that research gives you a good indication, a good road map."

Raúl Alarcón Jr. is the current chief executive officer of SBS, a position he has held since June 1994. He also succeeded his father as chairman of the board of directors on November 2, 1999. Alarcón Sr. would continue to serve as chairman emeritus. Alarcón Jr. is responsible for the company's long-range strategic planning and operational matters, and according to SBS's website, is instrumental in the acquisition and related financing of each SBS station.

In 2004, Viacom purchased a 10% stake on SBS, Viacom’s response to Univision-HBC merger, SBS was combined with Viacom’s Infinity Broadcasting.

In 2009, Raúl Alarcón Sr. was posthumously inducted into Billboard's Latin Music Hall of Fame. On June 3, 2011, the heavily Cuban-American community of Union City, New Jersey honored Alarcón Sr. with a star on the Walk of Fame at Celia Cruz Plaza. Raúl Alarcón Jr. was present to accept the honors for his father.

SBS said it would sell Mega TV in 2023 to Voz Media, a conservative Spanish-language news media firm based in Texas, pending approval by the Federal Communications Commission. On September 22, SBS terminated the deal after the buyer breached its agreement to close the deal by the Sept. 15 deadline the two companies agreed to.

Radio
SBS radio stations use one of six programming formats:
 * Spanish tropical: salsa music, merengue, bachata, reggaetón dance music
 * Regional Mexican: ranchera, norteña, banda, cumbia music typically originating from regions of Mexico
 * Spanish adult contemporary: soft romantic ballads, Spanish pop music
 * Spanish oldies: Latin/English music classics from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s
 * American top 40: current pop music hits
 * Hurban: (Hispanic Urban) reggaetón dance music

Los Angeles

 * KLAX-FM 97.9 La Raza HD1 (regional Mexican)/La Privada 97.9 HD2 (regional Mexican oldies)
 * KXOL-FM Mega 96.3 HD1 (pop)/Mega 96.3 HD2 (Spanish Tropical)

New York

 * WSKQ-FM Mega 97.9 HD1 (Spanish Tropical)
 * WPAT-FM 93.1 Amor HD1 (Spanish Tropical)/Radio Vision Latina 93.1 HD2 (Spanish Hot Adult Contemporary & Spanish Christian music)

Puerto Rico

 * WMEG La Mega 106.9 HD1 (CHR - Latin/American top 40)/La Megaestación 106.9 HD2 (American CHR)
 * WEGM La Mega 95.1 (CHR - Latin/American top 40)
 * WRXD Estereotempo 96.5 (Spanish adult contemporary)
 * WNVI Estereotempo 1040 (Spanish adult contemporary)
 * WZNT Zeta 93.7 (Spanish tropical)
 * WZMT Zeta 93.3 (Spanish tropical)
 * WIOB Zeta 97.5 HD1 (Spanish tropical)/Estereotempo 97.5 HD2 (Spanish adult contemporary)/Viva 97.5 HD3 (Spanish variety)
 * WODA La Nueva 94.7 (urban)
 * WNOD La Nueva 94.1 (urban)

Chicago

 * WLEY-FM La Ley 107.9 (Regional Mexican)/Mega 107.9 HD2 (Spanish Tropical/Simulcasting WSKQ-FM: Mega 97.9)

Miami

 * WXDJ El Zol 106.7 (Spanish tropical)
 * WCMQ-FM Zeta 92.3 (Romantic Salsa & Spanish Love AC songs)
 * WRMA Ritmo 95.7 (Cubatón)
 * WRAZ Salsa 106.3 (Spanish tropical)
 * WMFM El Zol 107.9 (Spanish tropical)

San Francisco

 * KRZZ 93.3 La Raza (Regional Mexican)

Orlando

 * WPYO El Nuevo Zol 95.3 (Spanish tropical)

Tampa

 * WSUN (FM) El Nuevo Zol 97.1 (Spanish tropical)

SBS launched AIRE Radio Networks in 2014.

Internet
In addition to individual radio station websites, SBS operates www.lamusica.com and www.mega.tv, all providing bilingual Spanish-English content about Latin music, entertainment and news.

Television
Mega TV was launched on March 1, 2006 and operates as a Spanish-language entertainment station in South Florida, Puerto Rico and Las Vegas. The station's programming targets a young, U.S. Hispanic audience through televised radio-branded shows and general entertainment programs (music, celebrity, debate, interviews, personality based shows). Seventy percent of Mega TV's programming is in-house created. Mega TV is also available nationwide on DirecTV and AT&T U-Verse.

Stations
Stations are arranged alphabetically by state and by city of license.

Arbitron lawsuit
Arbitron sued SBS in order to force it to reinstall encoders used for the Portable People Meter system of audience measurement. SBS and other members of the PPM Coalition contended that the PPM system has had a major negative impact on their ratings and therefore revenue, and asked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in investigate. Arbitron sued SBS for breach of a 2007 contract, including $2.5 million in payments owed since 2009. In February 2010, a court ordered SBS to reinstate, at least temporarily, the coding of its radio broadcasts for measurement by Arbitron.

title: Spanish Broadcasting System


text:
Struve Geodetic Arc

The Struve Geodetic Arc is a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, through ten countries and over 2820 km, which yielded the first accurate measurement of a meridian arc.

The chain was established and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855 to establish the exact size and shape of the earth. At that time, the chain passed merely through three countries: Norway, Sweden and the Russian Empire. The Arc's first point is located in Tartu Observatory in Estonia, where Struve conducted much of his research. Measurement of the triangulation chain comprises 258 main triangles and 265 geodetic vertices. The northernmost point is located near Hammerfest in Norway and the southernmost point near the Black Sea in Ukraine.

In 2005, the chain was inscribed on the World Heritage List, because of its importance in geodesy and its testimony to international scientific cooperation. The World Heritage site includes 34 commemorative plaques or built obelisks out of the original 265 main station points which are marked by drilled holes in rock, iron crosses, cairns, others. This inscription is located in ten countries, the second most of any UNESCO World Heritage after the Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe.

The measurements of the 30° Meridian Arc in 1816–1852 as well the description of the geodesic, topographical, and map making works in the Balkans from the nineteenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century by Russian Czarist Army was described in Astronomy, geodesy and map- drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World War I.

Norway

 * Fuglenes in Hammerfest (70.67°N, 23.66333°W)
 * Raipas in Alta (69.93861°N, 23.36028°W)
 * Luvdiidcohkka in Kautokeino (69.66444°N, 23.60222°W)
 * Baelljasvarri in Kautokeino (69.02861°N, 23.30528°W)

Sweden

 * "Pajtas-vaara" (Tynnyrilaki) in Kiruna (68.255°N, 22.98306°W)
 * "Kerrojupukka" (Jupukka) in Pajala (67.27667°N, 23.24306°W)
 * Pullinki in Övertorneå (66.64639°N, 23.78194°W)
 * "Perra-vaara" (Perävaara) in Haparanda (66.01806°N, 23.9225°W)

Finland

 * Stuor-Oivi (currently Stuorrahanoaivi) in Enontekiö (68.6825°N, 22.74583°W)
 * Avasaksa (currently Aavasaksa) in Ylitornio (66.39778°N, 23.72528°W)
 * Torneå (currently Alatornio Church) in Tornio (65.83°N, 24.15722°W)
 * Puolakka (currently Oravivuori) in Korpilahti (61.92667°N, 25.53361°W)
 * Porlom II (currently Tornikallio) in Lapinjärvi (60.70472°N, 26.00333°W)
 * Svartvira (currently Mustaviiri) in Pyhtää (60.27639°N, 26.60333°W)

Russia

 * "Mäki-päälys" (Mäkipäällys) (Finland 1917/1920-1940) in Gogland (Suursaari)(60.07417°N, 26.96972°W)
 * "Hogland, Z" (Gogland, Tochka Z) in Gogland (60.08606°N, 26.96042°W)

Estonia

 * "Woibifer" (Võivere) in Väike-Maarja Parish (59.05778°N, 26.33778°W)
 * "Katko" (Simuna) in Väike-Maarja Parish (59.04833°N, 26.41417°W)
 * "Dorpat" (Tartu Old Observatory) in Tartu. (58.37879°N, 26.72017°W)

Latvia

 * "Sestu-Kalns" (Ziestu) in Ērgļu novads (56.84°N, 25.63667°W)
 * "Jacobstadt" in Jēkabpils (56.50139°N, 25.85667°W)

Lithuania

 * "Karischki" (Gireišiai) in Panemunėlis (55.9025°N, 25.43667°W)
 * "Meschkanzi" (Meškonys) in Nemenčinė (54.93083°N, 25.31667°W)
 * "Beresnäki" (Paliepiukai) in Nemėžis (54.63444°N, 25.42917°W)

Belarus

 * "Tupischki" (Tupishki) in Ashmyany district (54.29167°N, 26.04528°W)
 * "Lopati" (Lopaty) in Zelva district (53.56056°N, 24.86972°W)
 * "Ossownitza" (Ossovnitsa) in Ivanovo district (52.28944°N, 25.64944°W)
 * "Tchekutsk" (Chekutsk) in Ivanovo district (52.20778°N, 25.55639°W)
 * "Leskowitschi" (Leskovichi) in Ivanovo district (52.16083°N, 25.57139°W)

Moldova

 * "Rudi" near Rudi village, Soroca district (48.31889°N, 27.87667°W)

Ukraine

 * Katerynivka in Antonivka, Khmelnytskyi Oblast (49.56583°N, 26.75611°W)
 * Felshtyn in Hvardiiske, Khmelnytskyi Oblast (49.33°N, 26.68194°W)
 * Baranivka in Baranivka, Khmelnytskyi Oblast (49.14861°N, 26.99167°W)
 * Staro-Nekrasivka (Stara Nekrasivka) in Nekrasivka, Odesa Oblast (45.33264°N, 28.92778°W)

Historical
At publication in 1858, the flattening of the earth was estimated at one part in 294.26. The earth's equatorial radius was estimated at 6378360.7 meters.

In 2005, the work was repeated using satellite navigation. The new flattening estimate was one part in 298.257 222 101 and the equatorial radius was 6378136.8 m.

An earlier survey, in 1740, had given flattening at one part in 178 and an equatorial radius of 6396800 m.

Modern
Northernmost point: Hammerfest (Fuglenes): 70° 40' 11.23″ N

Southernmost point: Ismail (Staro-Nekrassowka): 45° 20' 02.94″ N

Difference in Geodetic Latitude: 25° 20' 08.29″

Distance in kilometres: 2,821.853 ± 0.012

title: Struve Geodetic Arc


text:
King David (musical)

King David: A World Premiere Concert Event is a 1997 oratorio (sometimes described as a work-in-progress musical), co-produced by The Walt Disney Company and Andre Djaoui, and written by Alan Menken (music) and Tim Rice (libretto). Originally conceived by Djaoui as a grand musical performed in Jerusalem to celebrate the 3000th anniversary of the city's founding, it was eventually staged as a concert in the first production at Broadway's New Amsterdam Theater after Disney's restoration. Opening on May 18, 1997 (after three previews beginning May 15), the show ran for six performances closing May 23.

King David is a song-cycle about David whom Alan Menken deems "one of the great heroes of Jewish history", and is based on Biblical tales from the Books of Samuel and 1 Chronicles, as well as text from David's Psalms. It retells the Old Testament story of the shepherd boy, David, who rises from his humble roots to become King of Israel, including the drama between him and Saul and David's trials and tribulations in the foundation of Jerusalem."

At present, there are no plans for a fully staged Broadway production.

Conception
King David was originally conceived in 1994 by Jerusalem 3000 producer Andre Djaoui as a musical based on the life of King David to commemorate the 3,000th anniversary of the founding of the city of Jerusalem; it was to be performed in 1996 at Sultan's Pool, an archaeological site which had since been turned into concert arena. Djaoui described it as “the most spectacular and dramatic production ever staged, as well as conveying a message of inspiration, hope and peace to the world”. The show was expected to tour worldwide, including in Los Angeles, before playing on Broadway and the West End.

Djaoui approached Menken and Rice about writing the piece; Menken took on song-writing duties while bringing on his collaborator Rice for the libretto; the two were sought-after due to the former's Broadway success Beauty and the Beast and the latter's cinema hit The Lion King. Rice had previously helped Menken complete the scores of Aladdin and Beauty and the Beast after Menken's partner Howard Ashman died of AIDS; this would be their first full score together. The show would also be Rice's third Biblical-themed musical, having previously written the lyrics to Jesus Christ Superstar and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat; Rice has since developed a long-time interest in the character of Saul, and utilised the opportunity to theatrically explore the character tragic narrative in the context of his rivalry with David. By November, cast and production crew have not yet been selected.

Over the next couple of years meeting dates became difficult to arrange and the project languished. Menken collaborated with Stephen Schwartz on Disney's The Hunchback of Notre Dame, and afterwards both men moved on to Biblical projects: Schwartz to The Prince of Egypt and Menken returned to King David. While Djaoui had wanted a grandeous musical, Menken assessed "the enormous space really could only handle a concert" so the project evolved into a humbler oratorio. By December 1995, Disney had come on as a producing partner to Djaoui, and the company re-announced King David to the press as an Israeli concert to be performed in September 1996 featuring Israeli and American actors, though no one had yet been cast. Robert W. McTyre, senior vice president of Walt Disney Theatrical Productions said, "this work is being written as a concert – or as Alan [Menken] would say, an oratorio" and that following the performance “then we'll see what kind of life it has".

Disney
King David 's planned debut in Caesarea, Israel in September 1996 was cancelled; Menken cited the score not being completed and due to security concerns; ultimately an opportunity arose at the New Amsterdam once Disney came on as producer. According to Rice, "when it proved logistically and financially impossible to do it and Disney took an interest, we changed gears". Classic New York History argues Disney chose to reopen the New Amsterdam Theatre with King David and a screening of the Hercules movie so that press related to the reopening would not be overshadowed by that of the soon-to-be major hit The Lion King.

After being an open secret in the industry and "months of speculation", on August 19, 1996 The King David project was officially re-announced by Walt Disney CEO Michael Eisner at a press event in Sardi's theatrical restaurant as the first show put on at Disney's New Amsterdam Theater on Broadway as a limited engagement of five concert performances in May 1997. Reporters gathered around a piano while Menken performed a seven-minute preview of songs from the oratorio. Eisner noted the first full production was still a "toss-up" between The Lion King and Aida with the decision not being made until after Disney execs attended a reading of The Lion King. Rice opined '' it's really a fairly un-Broadway piece...something that we hope will work eventually on Broadway, but the great thing is we haven't had to worry about how we get people on and off stage. It's a work in progress". Eisner described the concert as the first step toward the theatricalization of King David as a full stage production. Noting its unfinished quality, The New York Times later described it as "Broadway's most lavish workshop".

Writing
Menken and Rice found that the story divided itself into two halves - David and Saul in the first part (where he is written as a hero) and the succession story in the second part (where he is written as flawed) - in their assessment, both the Biblical treatment and modern-day perception views these tales of David as "virtually two stories [featuring] almost two characters", noting a generally-accepted theory of them being written by two separate authors. The team decided against a clear viewpoint of the Bible as a work of fiction versus a record of historical events, and instead focused on the political and psychological life of a leader with modern day allegories. Rice's lyrics jump between classical and contemporary references, and balance both the humorous and dramatic.

Production
By August 1996, casting was underway with the cast and design team being announced by November, and tickets going on sale before the end of the year. At this time, a fully staged version was being considered for the fall of 1998. The show featured two actors known to Disney audience for their performance in animated movies - Judy Kuhn as the singing voice of Pocahontas and Roger Bart as the singing voice of Hercules in the then-upcoming film of the same name. During initial press, the creative team avoided drawing attention to Julie Taymor's The Lion King, which incorporated Rice's score to the 1994 film, which was expected to replace King David for the 1996-97 season. Disney officials would not comment on the cost of the concert presentation of "David" or the price of tickets, though they intimated the latter would fall in line with current Broadway levels.

Premiering on May 15, 1997 five days earlier than originally scheduled, the two-hour 40-minute, 30-song song cycle was presented with a chorus of 30 and an orchestra of 65; the performers were costumed and there was a set, but the production was not choreographed or fully staged. Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani delivered the curtain speech this evening at the opening night of King David. By May 23, the art work had been completed and advertisements for the forthcoming CD were released.

Ockrent doubted the nature of piece would make it eligible for a Tony Award; this proved not to matter as King David opened after the deadline for the 1997 awards voting had closed.

Music
King David is mostly sung-through with little dialogue, and the music incorporates genres ranging from pop, jazz, and rock, to grand ballad-like choral arrangements. It uses a large orchestra and a large choir. The piece is based on biblical tales from the Books of Samuel, 1 Chronicles and David's Psalms. Playbill described the style of songs in King David as "most similar" to his score for the unproduced TV musical "''Messiah on Mott Street". '' The piece contains around 5,000 bars of music, compared to Beauty and the Beast' which only has 2,200 bars. For Menken, the process of making King David was like writing an album, where he played with styles including Semitic Middle Eastern, cantorial, pop, and classical. Menken wanted to incorporate period instruments, while keeping a contemporary sense of being "drawn into another time". He noted on May 11, "there are five orchestrators, some of them working round the clock, and we're still probably not going to get this completed by the first orchestra rehearsal".

The New York Times felt the show "set[s] these exultant exclamations, sung by a horde of victory-drunk ancient Israelites, to a rousing, peppy melody that bizarrely evokes the fare that clean-cut choral groups like the New Christy Minstrels used to perform".

The May 20 performance was recorded live and released as an album in 1997, in an effort to rush a June release. During filming the sound board computer failed and the first act had to be mixed by hand; as a safeguard the Wednesday matinee and evening performances were also recorded. Rice's intention was to follow the same developmental route he and Andrew Lloyd Webber undertook with Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita, which started life as recordings and concerts respectively. A cast album was released, which cuts several musical numbers and reprises.

The album entitled Alan Menken & Tim Rice's King David - A World Premiere Concert Event - Highlights from the Live Performance was released on June 24, 1997.

The ballad "Never Again" has been performed by Patti LuPone at a Hollywood Bowl concert in 1997 and recorded by Ruthie Henshall on her 2001 "Pilgram" album. Of the song, Ben Brantley wrote Kuhn 's original interpretation "dazzlingly turns an unremarkable song, Never Again, into an incisive emotional portrait that stops the show".

Musical numbers
Samuel Saul Goliath Jonathan Exile
 * Act I
 * Prologue – David, Bathsheba, Young Solomon, Joab and Chorus
 * Israel and Saul – Joab, Samuel, Saul and Chorus
 * Samuel Confronts Saul – Saul, Samuel, Agag and Chorus
 * Samuel Anoints David – Joab, Samuel, Jesse, David and Chorus
 * The Enemy Within – Saul and Chorus
 * There is a View... – Joab, Abner, Saul and Chorus
 * Psalm 8 – David
 * Genius from Bethlehem – Saul, David, Abner, Joab, Jonathan and Michal
 * The Valley of Elah – Goliath, Abner, Joab, David, Saul and Soldiers
 * Goliath of Gath – Goliath, David, Joab, Soldiers and Chorus
 * Sheer Perfection – Joab, Saul, David and Michal
 * Saul Has Slain His Thousands – Joab and Chorus
 * You Have It All – Saul, Jonathan and David
 * Psalm 23 – Saul and David
 * You Have It All/Sheer Perfection (Reprises) – Jonathan, Joab, Michal and David
 * Hunted Partridge on the Hill – Joab, Saul, Michal, David and Men
 * The Death of Saul – Saul, Jonathan, Ghost of Samuel and Chorus
 * How Are The Mighty Fallen

David the King Bathsheba Absalom David's Final Days
 * Act II
 * This New Jerusalem – David, Absalom, Voice of Jonathan, Joab and Chorus
 * David and Michal – David, Joab and Michal
 * The Ark Brought to Jerusalem – David and Chorus
 * Never Again – Michal and David
 * How Wonderful the Peace – Absalom, Joab, David and Chorus
 * Off Limits – Bathsheba, David and Joab
 * Warm Spring Night – David
 * When in Love – Bathsheba
 * Uriah's Fate Sealed – David, Joab, Bathsheba and Chorus
 * Atonement – David, Ghosts of Saul & Samuel, Bathsheba and Chorus
 * The Caravan Moves On – Joab, Absalom, David, Ghosts of Saul & Samuel and Men
 * Death of Absalom – Joab and Absalom
 * Absalom My Absalom – David
 * Solomon – Solomon, Joab, David and Bathsheba
 * David's Final Hours – Michal, David, Joab, Bathsheba, Voices of Goliath, Saul, Jonathan & Samuel and Chorus
 * The Long Long Day – David
 * This New Jerusalem (Reprise) – Solomon and Company

Productions
A concert version, produced by Disney Theatrical Productions and André Djaoui and directed by Mike Ockrent, was presented as the inaugural production at Disney's newly renovated New Amsterdam Theatre (the former home of the Ziegfeld Follies), playing for a nine-performance limited run in May 1997. The cast included Roger Bart, Stephen Bogardus, Judy Kuhn, Alice Ripley, Martin Vidnovic, and Michael Goz, with Marcus Lovett in the title role. The piece ran two hours and 45 minutes and was only partially staged. On September 6, 1997, Patti LuPone, Davis Gaines, and Rebecca Luker gave a concert at the Hollywood Bowl that ended with three selections from King David. There was a production in Irving, Texas in 2004. Amateur and school productions include: Landmark Christian School Newnan, Georgia, near Atlanta in 2005. A concert performance was produced by NYU Steinhardt's Vocal Performance and the NYU Symphony Orchestra in conjunction with the authors on November 13 and 14, 2008. In the summer of 2012, Neighborhood Church in Castro Valley, California, near Oakland, performed the musical as part of their yearly Summer Musical Series.

Two selections from the show were performed at the Broadway and Beyond concert at Anaheim Convention Center for D23 Expo 2013; Thomas Schumacher who hosted the event advised he wanted to include the show in the Disney on Broadway retrospective as the show is so rarely heard or discussed.

In 2009, Rice put on a concert performance of the troubled show Chess and planned to do the same for Kind David, in an effort to focus solely on workshopping the score without regard for the book, costumes, or set, a strategy he had previously employed for Lloyd-Webber's musicals; he also planned to meet with Menken to discuss the future of the show. In 2011, Rice noted, "Alan [Menken] and I had lunch the other day and we discussed the fact that we really must get King David somehow back onto a stage. I think it's got some potential". In 2017, Menken explained, "I'd like to go back and fix King David", but that his schedule was filled by the Disney's live-action remakes of his scores, with Beauty and the Beast (2017) released, and Aladdin (2019) and The Little Mermaid (2023) in production.

In 2019, two selections from the show were performed as part of the Disney's Broadway Hits concert at Royal Albert Hall.

At present, there are no plans for a fully staged Broadway production.

Original cast
The work has seven main singing parts, including that of David, his wife Bathsheba, their son Solomon, and Goliath. There is also a chorus of 30 and an orchestra of 65.

 * Roger Bart – Jonathan
 * Stephen Bogardus – Joab
 * Anthony Galde – Absalom
 * Judy Kuhn – Michal
 * Marcus Lovett – David
 * Alice Ripley – Bathsheba
 * Peter Samuel – Samuel
 * Martin Vidnovic – King Saul

 * Bill Nolte – Goliath
 * Timothy Shew – Abner
 * Timothy Robert Blevins – Agag
 * Peter C. Ermides – Uriah
 * Michael Goz – Jesse
 * Daniel James Hodd – Young Solomon
 * Kimberly JaJuan – Abishag
 * Dylan Lovett – Young Absalom

Critical response
The 1997 debut concert performance provoked a mixed review by critics.

The New York Times' Ben Brantley wrote "the show is sober, respectful, packed with enough information for a month of Bible-study classes and, on its own terms, most carefully thought out, with pop equivalents of operatic motifs and exotic folkloric touches a la Borodin. Yet while the well-sung cast... have been painstakingly polished, the show, at two hours and 45 minutes, just can't help being a Goliath of a yawn." Variety wrote the show "showcases Menken's first-rate abilities as a pop craftsman", but deemed it "unrelentingly serious-minded and devoid of the wit that Menken brought to previous projects". In 2011, Express described it as a "theatre flop" which was "panned by critics".

The Los Angeles Times deemed the "benediction" a "nine-performance excuse for a CD and a possible (but I wouldn't bet on it) tryout for a full production", and felt it "confuses banality with dignity, bombast with piety...an ambitious and derivative example of the it's-so-loud-and-humorless-it-must-be-art style, the dull but earnest offspring of “Jesus Christ, Superstar” and “Les Miserables". The newspaper felt it was an "effort to deflect the inevitable sniping about the Mickey Mouseification of Broadway".

Regarding criticism of the show, Rice commented "we felt we'd been commissioned to write it as an oratorio, and still hoped it would be performed as such in Israel... we should have emphasized that more to avoid being judged primarily as a Broadway show." In retrospect, he felt they should have either produced it as a full-fledged Broadway show, or perform it as a straight concert in a different venue. In 2005, Menken spoke to British music journalist Edward Seckerson about the show as part of a career retrospective for the radio show Stage and Screen.

title: King David (musical)


text:
Paul Grayson

Paul Grayson may refer to:

 * Paul Grayson (clinical psychologist) (born 1946), American clinical psychologist and author
 * Paul Grayson (cricketer) (born 1971), English cricketer
 * Paul Grayson (rugby union) (born 1971), English rugby union player

title: Paul Grayson


text:
Heinrich Caro

Heinrich Caro (February 13, 1834 – September 11, 1910), was a German chemist. Caro was of Sephardic Jewish origin He started his study of chemistry at the Friedrich Wilhelms University and later chemistry and dyeing in Berlin at the Royal Trades Institute. On the initiative of Nicolaus Druckenmüller, he trained as a calico printer in Germany, worked at Troost's calico printing works in Mülheim and then worked at the chemical firm Roberts, Dale in Manchester. During this time he improved the analysis of madder lake. After he returned to Germany he conducted his military service in 1857 and 1858. He worked in the laboratory of Jacques Meyer the father of Viktor Meyer in Berlin. In 1858 he was able to return to Mühlheim where he was not able to conduct his work. He joined the chemical firm Roberts, Dale in Manchester which he knew from his former visit. During his time in England he improved the extraction of Mauveine from the residues of the synthesis and developed a synthesis for aniline red and other dyes. In 1861 Caro returned to Germany and stayed at the laboratory of Robert Bunsen until he joined the Chemische Fabrik Dyckerhoff Clemm & Co. This chemical company later became BASF.

Caro was responsible for indigo research at BASF and he and Adolf von Baeyer synthesised the first indigo dye in 1878. Caro also patented the dye alizarin on behalf of BASF. He was the first to isolate acridine and "Caro's acid" (peroxymonosulfuric acid) is named after him.

title: Heinrich Caro


text:
User talk:Chitpong

Welcome!

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BTW: I can understand your reason why you prefer to contribute to the english WP - it's same for me, I choosed this place instead of the German WP. But once my Thai is good enough (which I worry will still take long time) I will help some at the Thai Wikipedia as well... Anyway, in case you haven't found it yet, the Thailand-related topics notice board is probably of interest for you as well. andy 21:53, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chitpong


text:
Agathis robusta

Agathis robusta, commonly known as Dundathu pine, kauri pine, Queensland kauri (pine), Australian kauri (pine) or smooth-barked kauri, is a coniferous tree in the family Araucariaceae. Although sometimes called a pine it is not a true pine, having leaves rather than needles. It has a disjunct distribution, occurring in eastern New Guinea and New Britain in Papua New Guinea and Queensland, Australia.

Description
Agathis robusta is a large evergreen tree with a straight cylindrical trunk, which can often reach a height of 30 –, and occasionally 50 m. The trunk is usually about 1.2 m diameter at breast height (DBH), but occasionally may reach 3 m. The bark is orange-brown to grey-brown, smooth, but shedding in large flakes.

The linear-elliptic leaves are up to 13 cm long and 4 cm wide, with numerous fine parallel veins and no midrib. They are carried on petioles measuring 3 to 10 mm and are arranged in opposite pairs (rarely whorls of three) on the stem.

The globose, green seed cones measure 8 – diameter with up to 440 scales, and mature in 18–20 months after pollination. They disintegrate at maturity to release the seeds. The male (pollen) cones are cylindrical, 5 – long and 9 mm diameter.

Taxonomy
The Queensland kauri was first described as Dammara robusta in 1859 by the German-born Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller and published in the journal Quarterly Journal and Transactions of the Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria. In 1883 the Colonial Botanist of Queensland Frederick Manson Bailey published a paper in which he gave the species its current binomial name Agathis robusta.

Subspecies
There are two recognised subspecies, namely:
 * Agathis robusta subsp. nesophila Whitmore (syn. Agathis spathulata de Laub. ), which is restricted to eastern New Guinea and New Britain
 * Agathis robusta ssp. robusta, the autonymous subspecies, which is native to New Guinea and Queensland.

Etymology
The genus name Agathis is from the Ancient Greek word ἀγαθίς 'ball of thread', a reference to the appearance of the female cones (seed cones). The species epithet is derived from the Latin word rōbustus meaning 'robust'.

Distribution and habitat
Agathis robusta occurs in three distinct locations — a southern population in southeast Queensland in the regions around Gympie, Maryborough, and K'gari (Fraser Island); another population in northeast Queensland in the regions from Ingham to Cooktown, including the Atherton Tablelands; and the third in New Guinea. The north Queensland population was formerly recognised as Agathis palmerstonii, but is now considered to be synonymous with the southern grouping.

The species grows in rainforest on well-drained soils of various types, at elevations up to 1100 m and where the annual rainfall is between 1100 and 1500 mm.

Ecology
The cones of the Queensland kauri are eaten by sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita).

Conservation
Agathis robusta is listed by both the Queensland Department of Environment and Science and the IUCN as least concern. However, the IUCN assessment states that the "subspecies in Papua New Guinea has been assessed as Vulnerable" due to ongoing, albeit limited, logging.

Pests and diseases
A number of Lepidoptera species utilise the Queensland kauri as a host plant, including Agathiphaga queenslandensis, Heteropsyche poecilochroma, Leipoxais rufobrunnea, Darna nararia, Orgyia australis, Achaea janata, and Lexias dirtea.

Uses
This tree produces a high quality timber, which was used for a variety of purposes, such as cabinetmaking, joinery, framing, and plywood. This led to it being heavily logged from the mid-19th century, with the result that the large stands of these trees, which were once common, are now gone, although many individual trees may still be found. Logging in north Queensland continued until the establishment of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage area in 1987.

State-owned plantations of kauri were established in both north and south Queensland in the first half of the 20th century and met with varying degrees of success; however, today little more than 100 ha of plantation kauri exists.

title: Agathis robusta


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User talk:Ormy

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Malathion 21:53, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Ormy