text:
Prairie oyster

A prairie oyster (sometimes also prairie cocktail) is a traditional beverage consisting of a raw egg (often yolk alone), Worcestershire sauce, vinegar and/or hot sauce, table salt, and ground black pepper. A small amount of tomato juice is sometimes added, reminiscent of a Bloody Mary. Occasionally a spirit such as brandy, vodka, or gin is also included, transforming the drink into a hair of the dog. The egg is broken into a glass so as not to break the yolk. The mixture is quickly swallowed. The unbroken yolk causes the drink to bear a texture similar to that of an oyster. The concoction has been referred to as a traditional cure for hangovers, and has appeared in media for decades.

Supposed hangover remedy properties
Though considered a traditional hangover remedy, the prairie oyster has not been scientifically proven to treat hangover symptoms. Headache experts say that a prairie oyster will not work as a remedy for a hangover.

It has been suggested that the raw egg in a prairie oyster may alleviate the symptoms of a hangover since eggs contain cysteine, an amino acid which helps the body break down acetaldehyde, a by-product of processing alcohol. However, there is no reliable evidence showing that consuming foods with this amino acid relieves hangover symptoms.

It has also been suggested that a prairie oyster may seem to relieve hangover symptoms by acting as a distraction and a placebo.

In popular culture
The prairie oyster has appeared in popular media since the early 20th century. Notable appearances include:
 * In James Joyce's novel Ulysses, a prairie oyster is mentioned in passing in episode 14.
 * In P. G. Wodehouse's 1916 short story "Jeeves Takes Charge", Jeeves cures Bertie Wooster's hangover with his version of a prairie oyster. The drink is not named in the story but it fits the description of a prairie oyster. As Jeeves says, "It is a little preparation of my own invention. It is the Worcester Sauce that gives it its colour. The raw egg makes it nutritious. The red pepper gives it its bite." Jeeves also serves this hangover cure in other stories. It is very effective, and Bertie suspects that there is more to the drink than the ingredients mentioned by Jeeves.
 * In the 1931 film The Last Flight, three of the main characters order a prairie oyster after a night of heavy drinking.
 * In the 1934 George Orwell novel Keep the Aspidistra Flying, Ravelston prepares Gordon a prairie oyster in jail.
 * In 1935, Barbary Coast saw Edward G. Robinson offer Miriam Hopkins a prairie oyster on New Year's Day.
 * In the 1936 Frank Capra film Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Longfellow Deeds is offered a prairie oyster after a night on the town.
 * In the 1937 film A Star is Born, Norman Maine (Fredric March) has a prairie oyster at the bar to cure his hangover when he spies Vicky Lester (Janet Gaynor) and begins a conversation.
 * Goodbye to Berlin, the 1939 novel by Christopher Isherwood mentions prairie oysters several times, where Sally and Chris drink them in Sally's room. Similar scenes also occur in Cabaret, the 1966 musical; as well as in the 1972 film, in which Sally Bowles regularly makes prairie oysters, remarking that they "work instantly, even on the most sinister hangovers."
 * In The Palm Beach Story, the 1942 screwball comedy directed by Preston Sturges, Gerry Jeffers (Claudette Colbert) orders a prairie oyster at breakfast on the train with J.D. Hackensacker III (Rudy Vallée), who orders one too but asks for it "on the half-shell").
 * In the 1950 Patricia Highsmith novel Strangers on a Train, Charles Anthony Bruno has a prairie oyster to cure his hangover and ready himself to murder Miriam, the wife of a man he met on the train.
 * In the 1959 film The Nun's Story, Gaby (Audrey Hepburn) is given the drink to aid her in recovery from suspected tuberculosis.
 * In the 1959 film Pillow Talk, the main female character's maid, Alma, starts every day, hungover, with a drink of tomato juice, Tabasco and Worcester sauce. Towards the end of the film, the main male character's best friend makes him a drink to cure his hangover with "a lot of olive oil in it and two raw eggs", tomato juice, Tabasco and Worcester sauce.
 * In Thunderball, the 1961 novel by Ian Fleming, prior to spending a fortnight at Shrublands ("Gateway to Health"), James Bond states that "there wasn't a week went by but that on at least one day I couldn't eat anything for breakfast but a couple of aspirins and a prairie oyster".
 * In the 1972 film version of the musical Cabaret, Sally Bowles makes Brian Roberts a prairie oyster. She lists the ingredients and Brian queries "peppermint"? - it transpired she had served his prairie oyster in her toothpaste glass.
 * In Season 2, episode 17 "The Break-Up, Part 2" (1976), of the television show The Jeffersons, Tom Willis's (Franklin Cover) daughter Jenny (Berlinda Tolbert) makes a prairie oyster to help her dad with his hangover.
 * In the 1984 film Broadway Danny Rose, the eponymous Danny Rose's hangover cure has all the ingredients of a Prairie Oyster, but adds chicken fat to it.
 * In a 1985 episode of No. 73 (series 5, episode 21), a Saturday morning children's television show aired in the UK, Neil and Harry each drink a prairie oyster to ward off a hangover purportedly caused by staying out all night drinking fizzy orange juice.
 * In the 1988 film Heathers, Veronica Sawyer makes Heather Chandler a prairie oyster in an attempt to apologize for an incident at a party the previous night, but it is soon replaced with a glass of liquid drain cleaner, killing Heather Chandler.
 * In the 1990 film Back to the Future Part III, Marty gives (egg-free) "wake-up juice" into Doc to wake him up after he instantly passes out from a shot of whiskey in the Old West.
 * In the 1992 novel The Secret History by Donna Tartt, prairie oysters are prepared by characters because of the purported hangover cure qualities, although they rule that it does not work.
 * In the 1993 film Addams Family Values, Gomez Addams makes a Prairie Oyster and shakes it up in a bottle to give to his infant son after a night of celebrating Fester's wedding to Debbie.
 * In a 1996 episode of Sliders "The Good, the Bad, and the Wealthy," a character gives Quinn a ready-made can of Prairie Oyster to help alleviate his hangover.
 * In the 1998 episode of the anime Cowboy Bebop "Heavy Metal Queen," the protagonist Spike Spiegel orders a prairie oyster to get over a hangover, although he adds Boofeater (a reference to the London Dry Gin Beefeater) to the cocktail.
 * In the 2001 film The Man Who Wasn't There, lawyer Freddy Riedenschneider inquires about a prairie oyster in a restaurant before ordering a fruit cocktail.
 * In Season 1, episode 14 “The Harriet Dinner, Part II” (2007) of the television show Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, Jack Rudolph suggests that Kim Tao be given a prairie oyster after drinking too much tequila.
 * In Chris Onstad's long-running webcomic Achewood, and its characters' "blogs", a prairie oyster is mentioned as a hangover cure several times, both in the traditional form, and in a "V8, Miller Lite, & raw egg" version.
 * In the 2010 play Heathers: The Musical by Kevin Murphy and Laurence O'Keefe, one of the titular characters, Heather Chandler, requests a prairie oyster, to alleviate the hungover feeling after the party scene.
 * In the 2011 video game Catherine, the drink is referenced in one of the many cocktail trivia segments that can occur in the bar.
 * In the 2013 television series Spies of Warsaw episode 3, Lady Angela Hope brings a Prairie Oyster to Jean-Francois Mercier in bed to help with his hangover.
 * In the 2013 Netflix series House of Cards (season 3, episode 3, min. 43), White House press secretary Seth Grayson alludes to prairie oysters, saying to the hungover president, "Where I come from, we drop a raw egg into some tomato juice and drink that."
 * In the American TV show Shameless, the character Mickey is seen preparing one in "The Alibi". (Season 4, Episode 1)
 * In the Netflix series Russian Doll, the main character Nadia is seen making a prairie oyster to help with a hangover in the episode "The Great Escape" (Season 1, Episode 2).
 * In the Netflix series The Good Cop, Belinda Mannix makes one for Tony Caruso Sr to help with his hangover in the episode "What is the Supermodel's Secret?" (Season 1, Episode 2).
 * In the Norwegian series Mammon (season 2, episode 5, min. 45), the new prime minister makes himself a prairie oyster with tomato juice after a long day.
 * In the television series Peacemaker (season 1, episode 5), Peacemaker makes a prairie oyster for his hangover.
 * In the beginning of the 2021 film The French Dispatch, a modified version of a prairie oyster is made that contains an actual oyster.

title: Prairie oyster


text:
Talk:Spatchcock

=Definition= I have been told by two chefs a spatchcock is a small/young chicken (less than 0.5kg) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.228.131.12 (talk) 06:17, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I also thought this was the case. I used to have them quite often. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.56.87.254 (talk) 17:09, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd never heard of that until I heard the term used on Come Dine With Me Australia, I'm in the UK, maybe it's an Australian thing. Will Bradshaw (talk) 15:49, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Andrewa here, foodie and Australian. Yes, in Australian English a spatchcock is just a very small chook, I just cooked one for dinner the night before last and it certainly had a full (small) skeleton! What Spatchcock describes as a spatchcock we'd probably call a butterflied chicken. Andrewa (talk) 07:04, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

= pictures & history =

This article could really do with

* some pictures of spatchcocked fowl * some history of the word and cooking method * some references —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.44.44.68 (talk) 12:31, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Added photo of a spatchcocked chicken. Geoff  TC 20:51, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 20:51, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

How do you remove the backbone?
Please be so kind as to add -- if possible -- a short description of how you remove the backbone. Would it be sufficient to cut along the ridge of the backbone, on both sides, to crush the bird to be flat? — Preceding unsigned comment added by HaroldHelson (talk • contribs) 22:02, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Take a look at the links on the bottom of the page. Cut on either side of the backbone and just take it right out. By the way, it's a heck of a lot harder on a turkey. --jpgordon:==( o ) 06:12, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

Why?
Why remove these bones? Does it cook quicker or better? Is it safer, making it less likely to have raw meat inside?

IceDragon64 (talk) 11:22, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Spatchcock


text:
Talk:Spinocerebellar ataxia

Work
As one can tell, this article could use a fair bit bit of work. Mainly it needs clearer a English description, written by somebody with medicial expertise, for those without it. Also, it needs a clearer or more practical definition of each type of SCA, including alternate any additional alternate names. I decided to make a single unified article, since many of the subtypes of SCA are so rare. --rob 10:34, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Polyglutamine/ poly CAG
I took the liberty of doing a little update on the polyglutamine stuff. I also added the note, that you have an earlier onset with more radical symptoms with a longer CAG expansion. Actually, I work on spinocerebellar ataxias at the university (only SCA 1-4, 6 and 7).

 * Thanks. It's all greek to me.  So, if you are familiar with this stuff, feel free to add/edit lots more.  I've done my best to understand this, but it's really complicated.  I only got interested due to knowing somebody with it.  --rob 10:41, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If that someone you know suffers from a SCA Type disease with a polyglutamine (poly CAG) expansion, you might want to watch for any news regarding "Trehalose". This is a disaccharid (double sugar, kind of), consisting of two glucose subunits. I think they put it in chewing gum or something like that. Anyway, in genetically engineered rats designed to develop Huntingtons disease (which is also caused by a poly CAG expansion) a trehalose based diet slowed onset and progression of symptoms. Okay, it was in rats and it was huntingtons disease, but I think it is worth keeping an eye on.
 * Thanks. I never heard of "Trehalose" before.  I just found a few items with Google, and will read and monitor it. --rob 11:26, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Incomplete
- SCA 15, 17, 18, 20 and 21 aren't even mentioned

- There are mistakes concerning critical clinical features (example: SCA 19 also causes mental reatardation, nystagmus and ataxia are almost universal among SCA-in the article they're not mentioned much, Machado Joseph very often has Parkinsonian features)

- Diseases that are now classed in the SCA family are missing (dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, episodic ataxias types 1-4, SCA with optic and cochleo-vestibular degeneration and OHAHA syndrome- ophthalmoplegia, hypoacusis, ataxia, hypotonia, athetosis)

I'll try to do a clean-up using as simple language as I can

 * Thanks for finding mistakes. Its great if you can fix them.  If there's anything that's wrong, and you're not able to fix it right away, do feel free to remove it, to avoid displaying false information.  --Rob 18:43, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Categorisation
As there are so many disorders involving ataxia, a new category could be created to link them all, such as Category:hereditary ataxias or Category:Spinocerebellar ataxias. --apers0n 13:33, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

The use of < (less than) and > (greater than)
Article currently reads:

Average Onset (Range in Years) 4th decade ( 60)

I make that (less than 10 years to greater than 60 years). Surely it should read:

Average Onset (Range in Years) 4th decade (>10 to <60)

Regards

Adam 129.67.66.34 11:13, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Spinocerebellar atrophy grouped in this?
I thought there used to be an article on spinocerebellar atrophy in it's own right. I was under the impression that ataxia was more of a symptom, and atrophy possibly the cause. Is it common practice to group it under the name "spinocerebellar ataxia?" - Cyborg Ninja 17:31, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

spinocerebellar ataxia type 5
According to recent research by the University of Utah, type 5 is caused by "brittle" axons due to the malfunction in the production of beta spectrin protein. Add to page? Jumping  cheese  09:08, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Go for it, particularly if you can find the original article. --Dpryan 18:08, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I can't find the original paper. I tried using google scholar, but that didn't work. I'll have access to all scientific papers (hopefully even the most recent ones) when I figure out how to access them through the Cal website. Until then, I'll hold off. ^_^ Jumping   cheese  06:17, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
 * You'll want to familiarize yourself with pubmed, which works a lot better than google scholar for these sorts of things. You can get the original paper here. It's open access. --Dpryan 20:15, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Improvements on Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6
Studies found that a 60 year old patient in Japan diagnosed with Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 had great improvements to her symptoms after taking a variety of 18 different Chinese herbs specifically taken for her gait disabilities. After nearly a year without the medication she reported ataxic gait dis-functions. After 60 days from the herbs, she reported great improvements to her ability to move. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.247.154.103 (talk) 02:15, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Please take a look at WP:MEDRS. Looie496 (talk) 02:42, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Spinocerebellar ataxia


text:
Talk:Uptown Girl

Billy Joel ONLY
This page is supposed to be about the BILLY JOEL song, the "Westlife version" should get it's own page, or be put under "notable covers." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.228.231.176 (talk) 01:52, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Music Video
Were there any more versions of the opening other than MTV and Friday Night Videos? I know of these versions personally since I have the actual tapes to document. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.106.39.80 (talk) 09:18, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

There was another video produced, possibly just in the UK as when it appeared on Top of the Pops it was not the video of the mechanics in the garage —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.2.57.146 (talk) 20:16, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Can anybody verify the #99 claim on the rolling stone list?????? i cant find it anywhere else on the web — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.68.231.175 (talk) 22:19, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:9UptownGirl1.jpg
Image:9UptownGirl1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:09, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:9UptownGirl2.jpg
Image:9UptownGirl2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:10, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Joel makes reference to Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice in the song.
Is this the line "When my ship comes it?"

While that line is in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, I'll bet 99% of the people use that line are not referencing the Merchant of Venice. ..

What supports that Merchant of Venice was his source for the line, and that he had not heard the line in daily conversation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.39.144.40 (talk) 08:20, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Rock or pop
Since this song seems very reminiscent of The Four Seasons, I suggest that this song's genre be changed to "rock". Not only does it sound much like a Four Seasons record, it also has a sort of backbeat to it, making it rock music. Thus, the article's given genre of "pop rock" doesn't make much sense. Why would anybody think this song is just a "pop rock" song? Perhaps it doesn't have things like electric guitar solos? Doesn't necessarily mean it's not a rock song. 69.121.17.200 (talk) 12:42, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

 * As I've mentioned before, I disagree with the change of category you are suggesting for this article. I don't believe either the song "Uptown Girl" by Billy Joel, or the music of Franki Valli and the Four Seasons which inspired it, fit the label of "rock." The pop music category that was already provided seems a much more accurate a description to me. Perhaps, early pop/rock would a better description. But straight-ahead "rock" music is typically much louder with more emphasis of prominent guitars and drums and inspired or imitative of the electric blues (i.e. bands like Aerosmith, Led Zeppelin, The Who etc.). I think that the allmusic guide by Rovi does an excellent job of explaining these different categories in more depth. Jpcohen (talk) 17:06, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Still, I disagree a bit here. For instance, songs by The Four Seasons, particularly "Walk Like a Man", "Ronnie", and "Rag Doll", characterize what you've described rock music as being. That being said, if The Four Seasons' music should not be considered rock music, the music of The Beatles (at least a large chunk of it, anyway) should not be either. Excluding the beat music influences from The Beatles' native England, their music isn't far removed from that of the Seasons. The Beatles have largely been touted as a rock band, yet music by both The Beatles and The Four Seasons sounded like solid gold oldies to me. Believe me, I have come across people who have said that The Beatles were not a real rock band and that The Rolling Stones are the greatest rock band of all time, while still liking The Beatles better. Does this help at all? 69.121.17.200 (talk) 22:08, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

 * This is going off on a bit of a tangent here. But in response to your last comment, I would say that The Beatles wrote and performed both rock and pop songs. For instance, songs like "Revolution" and "Yer Blues" were Beatles songs that were clearly rock. And songs like "When I'm 64" and "Hello Goodbye" were Beatles songs that were clearly pop. So The Beatles did both. Stylistically, they were really all over the map.

 * As far as The Four Seasons go, I would say that a song like "Rag Doll," which you call "rock," is not really a "rock" song at all by my definition (or by any definition that I'm familiar with). It's pop. And there's nothing wrong with that. Calling it a pop song is not a criticism. It's just a more accurate classification.Jpcohen (talk) 02:39, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

Inspiration for the song
Billy first thought of the song when he surrounded by Christie Brinkley, Elle Macpherson, and Whitney Houston

The text suggests Claudia Schaffer appeared in the Joel video. Wasn’t it Christie Brinkley as per the photo? Claudia Schaffer was in the Westlife video, wasn’t she?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jL5dmEAo0c — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.165.170.17 (talk) 22:57, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

Composition
This song has song interesting stuff going on in the song. The song is mainly in the key of E Major; however, the pre-chorus is in C Major, the chorus is in A Major, and the bridge is in b minor. Because Joel said that the song was inspired by Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons’ music, it uses these interesting key changes that we don’t see in today’s pop music anymore. I I think that it’d be useful to include a composition section in the article to discuss the song’s key changes. KevinML (talk) 10:41, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

Westlife part
Its bigger than all of the content for the original version. I dont see the need of that. KhlavKhalash (talk) 11:15, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uptown Girl


text: User:Jeremygbyrne/Template:ozsf person

title: User:Jeremygbyrne/Template:ozsf person


text:
João Gilberto (album)

João Gilberto is a bossa nova album by João Gilberto, originally released in Brazil as a vinyl LP in 1973 and reissued on CD in 1988. João Gilberto released another album named João Gilberto in 1961, as well as several EPs with only his name as title. The minimal instrumentation – just Gilberto's guitar and voice, plus Sonny Carr's very sparse percussion – and the relentless beat give the album a hypnotic feel. The album's sound engineer was famous electronic music pioneer Wendy Carlos. This album is often referred to as João Gilberto's "white album", in a reference to The Beatles' White Album.

It was listed by Rolling Stone Brazil as 47th of the 100 best Brazilian albums in history.

Personnel

 * João Gilberto – vocals, classical guitar
 * Sonny Carr – percussion
 * Miúcha – vocals (on "Izaura")

title: João Gilberto (album)


text: User talk:69.248.236.62

title: User talk:69.248.236.62


text:
Galveston Independent School District

Galveston Independent School District is a school district headquartered in Galveston, Texas, United States.

In 2013, the school district was rated as having "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency.

Catchment area
Galveston ISD takes students from the cities of Galveston and Jamaica Beach. Galveston ISD also serves unincorporated areas of Galveston County, including the communities of Port Bolivar and Crystal Beach on the Bolivar Peninsula.

GISD uses a "freedom of choice" model in which a student may seek to attend any school in the district if the school has a seat for the given student. The district only provides school bus transportation on the Bolivar Peninsula for the Crenshaw K-8 School. For the campuses in Galveston the district will provide transportation to any part of GISD. In previous eras Galveston ISD house or residential area was assigned to an elementary school and a middle school. In Port Bolivar, the houses and residential areas are zoned to a K-8 center. All high school students in Galveston ISD were zoned to attend Ball High School.

Galveston College serves the catchment area of Galveston ISD.

History
In 1881, the citizens of Galveston, authorized by the legislative act of 1879 which specified that all cities of a certain size could initiate and maintain their own school system, organized a public school district and elected a board of trustees. Some 20 teachers were employed to teach students in grades one through seven. Prior to this time, all education in Galveston was private or parochial.

In the summer of 1883, a local dry goods businessman, George Ball, offered to finance construction of new schools. Ball's offer was accepted, and the cornerstone for what would become Ball High School was laid on February 15, 1884. Ball died on March 11, 1884, without seeing his gift completed. Ball High School opened its doors to 200 pupils on October 1, 1884, with a building consisting of 12 classrooms, two offices and an auditorium. According to Gary Cartwright's "Galveston, A History of the Island", two alderman pressured the school board to open the new school to all races. At first, the school board agreed to do that, but changed its mind when Ball's heirs offered to give another $10,000, if the high school was only for white students. Susan Wiley Hardwick's Mythic Galveston: Reinventing America's Third Coast documents that Central High School was opened as a high school for black students in a storefront in 1885. Central High and Ball High merged into one high school in 1968.

Public schools in Galveston were operated by the city from 1884 until 1949, when Galveston ISD was established by the Texas Legislature.

Enrollment decline
The enrollment declined by 1,147 from 1995 to 1996.

In the 2000s skyrocketing home prices created by the completion of many high-rise projects have forced many middle class Galveston residents to move off of the island to many cities, including Texas City, League City, and La Marque. Galveston ISD's tax base grew by 13% in 2005. Including all students, GISD lost 8% of its students (780) between the 2002-2003 school year and the 2006-2007 school year, with a 7% loss (610) in 2006. The district lost 12% of its students during the same years when Hurricane Katrina evacuees and out-of-district students are excluded.

Galveston ISD lost students to mainland school districts such as Clear Creek ISD and Dickinson ISD. District enrollment fell by 101 students from 2004-2005 to 2005-2006. The district missed 772 students on October 30, 2006. Elementary school enrollment had dropped about 2.3 percent from the 1996-1997 school year to the 2006-2007 school year. If the trend continues for fall 2007, the district would lose 300 students to the newly opened Ambassadors Preparatory School, a charter school, in addition to 94 students, translating to a loss of 10.6% of the district's total elementary school students. At the end of 2006, GISD's total enrollment was about 8,700. From 2006 to 2007 enrollment fell by 642. In January 2007 the middle schools had 934 vacant slots while the elementary schools had 834 vacant slots.

On January 2, 2007, the Galveston County Daily News published a report about parents frustrated over plans to close Scott Elementary School. The District Education Council approved a GISD plan to close multiple schools. On May 15, 2007, the Houston Chronicle reported that the League of United Latin American Citizens, in an attempt to prevent schools from closing, filed a complaint with the U.S. federal government asserting that GISD violated a desegregation order. Pat Guseman, an official with Pasa Demographics, predicted that GISD would lose about 1,468 students in the five years after 2007. Guseman said that many of the student losses would originate from the East End of the island. The demographer, characterizing the change in Galveston demographics as "Hamptonization," stated that economically disadvantaged children and Hispanic children are increasing, while African-American children are decreasing, as of 2007. Guseman cited increasing private school enrollment, increasing costs of housing, and a dearth of local employment as reasons for the loss of students in Galveston. During that year, Christine Hopkins, a spokesperson for the district, said that the housing costs and perceptions of GISD schools caused many families to move from the GISD area.

Before Hurricane Ike hit Galveston in September 2008, GISD had 7,900 students. After Ike hit Galveston, the district lost 25% of its total enrollment. Burnet and Scott elementary schools and Central Middle School received severe damage; the district said the schools would not open in fall 2009. In March 2009 GISD cut 163 positions, including 99 teaching positions; 40% of the total cut positions had already been vacant.

In the fall of 2009 the district had 6,235 students, 1,665 fewer than the previous year. This was a 20% decrease from pre-Ike. The district had expected 6,000 students to be enrolled during the 2009-2010 school year; it had 235 more than expected.

School configuration change plans
In March 2007, Galveston ISD announced that it would introduce plans to change the configurations of its elementary and middle schools within the city of Galveston.

Some parents expressed concern about consolidating the middle schools, because Weis and Central had different student demographics, with Weis having a wealthier student body.

Ending in the 2007-2008 school year, Galveston ISD operates:
 * Six elementary schools including grades Pre-Kindergarten through 5
 * One schools including grades Pre-Kindergarten through 8
 * Three middle schools with grades 6 through 8
 * One high school with grades 9 through 12

After spring 2008, Alamo Elementary School would be converted into a multi-purpose center.

Starting in the 2008-2009 school year, Galveston ISD would operate four PreK-4 elementary school and two K-4 elementary schools.

Weis Middle School would become a 5-6 school. Central Middle School would become a 7-8 school. Austin Middle School would become a magnet school for grades 5-8.

Now GISD is configured in-

 * 4 Pre-K through 4th grade elementary schools.
 * 2 K through 4th grade elementary schools.
 * 1 5th grade through 6th grade middle school.
 * 1 7th grade through 8th grade middle school.
 * 1 5h grade through 8th grade magnet school.
 * 1 9th grade through 12th grade high school.

Post-Hurricane Ike
Galveston schools reopened in October 2008.

GISD Police
Galveston ISD Police Department is a school district police department established under the provision of the Texas Education Code. The department was established during the 1967-68 school year to assist during the consolidation of Central High School (an African American school) into the all Caucasian Ball High School to bring an end to segregation of schools in Galveston ISD.

Dress codes
All elementary and middle school students residing in Galveston Island are required to wear school uniforms. Crenshaw School students are not required to wear school uniforms.

Ball High School has a detailed dress code requiring solid-colored polo shirts, turtlenecks, solid-colored trousers, and blue denim jeans.

Students in Ball Preparatory Academy wear same as greater Ball High School

GISD TV
Galveston ISD has its own TV channel available on Comcast Cable channel 17. The channel includes current information about the school district including recent news in short video clips; school board meetings are also shown.

High schools
Zoned Open enrollment
 * Ball High School (Galveston)
 * Aim High School (Galveston) - Accelerated High School
 * Galveston Early College High School

Middle schools
Comprehensive Magnet
 * 7-8: Central Middle School (Galveston, constructed 1954)
 * Before the consolidation and realignment of GISD middle schools, Central had a mostly African American student body. In 2006, 80% of Central's students were socioeconomically disadvantaged, and 92% were racial and ethnic minorities. In 2006 there were reports of a decline in student discipline.
 * 5-6: Weis Middle School (Galveston, constructed 1965)
 * Before the consolidation and realignment of GISD middle schools, Weis had a more White and more affluent student body than other GISD middle schools. As of 2006, 46% of the students were socioeconomically disadvantaged and 37% were racial and ethnic minorities.
 * 5-8 Stephen F. Austin Magnet Middle School (Galveston, constructed by the PWA in 1939)
 * Before Austin was changed from a zoned school to a magnet school, 80% of the students were socioeconomically disadvantaged, and 84% were racial and ethnic minorities.

From the 2022-2023 school year Weis will begin to be a 5th grade only school, Austin will only have 6th graders, and Central will only have grades 7 and 8.

K-8 schools
Zoned: Alternative:
 * Crenshaw Elementary and Middle School (Unincorporated area, Constructed 2005 )
 * The current Crenshaw campus is at Texas State Highway 87 and Helen Drive in Crystal Beach, on land donated by a third party. The 56000 sqft building, designed by Bay Architects, was built off of the ground and as a hurricane shelter. It includes a cafeteria that includes a stage and a gymnasium. Carter Thompson of the Galveston County Daily News wrote "A slight nautical theme shows up in a lobby that resembles a wheelhouse." The previous Crenshaw facility was two separate campuses, in Port Bolivar.
 * KIPP Coastal Village Elementary and Middle School

Primary schools
All of the following schools are in Galveston. Zoned: Unzoned:
 * L.A. Morgan Elementary School (PK-4)
 * Greta Oppe Elementary School (PK4-4)
 * Greta Oppe was named after a high school chemistry teacher. GISD decided to build the school due to an increase of students from the West End of Galveston. The $3.9 million campus opened in 1987. It is in close proximity to Scholes Airport and Moody Gardens.
 * In 2006 Oppe had a student body that was more White and more affluent than other GISD elementary schools. As of that year, 37% of the students were racial and ethnic minorities, and 39% were socioeconomically disadvantaged.
 * Gladnieo Parker Elementary School (PK4-4)
 * Burnet Early Childhood University Magnet School (magnet school)
 * Scott Collegiate Academy

Former high schools

 * Central High School (Galveston) (First African-American segregated high school in Texas, now holds Central Middle School )
 * Ball High North (Galveston) (Now Scott Academy), housed 9th and 10th grades and Ball High (called Ball South) housed 11th and 12th grades)

Former middle schools

 * Lovenberg Junior High School (Galveston) demolished - 1980

Former elementary schools

 * Alamo Elementary School (closed 2007 )
 * At the end of the school's life, 95% of the student body was Hispanic and African-American. Of the GISD school zones, Alamo had the second highest population of Hispanic students, after Burnet Elementary School. A demographer said that, between March and October 2007, the Alamo school zone was the only area in Galveston that gained children. As of March 2007, almost 500 students resided in the Alamo zone. This is a higher number than the numbers residing in the Rosenberg, Morgan, and San Jacinto zones. Some critics of the school district said that this proves that GISD closed the wrong school. Lynne Cleveland, the superintendent, argued that the correct school closed because Alamo had the fewest students of any school, showing that not every student living in the zone went to that school. Cleveland said that it was not feasible for GISD to continue staffing such a small school. Between 2001 and 2007 all GISD elementary schools had population decreases. Alamo's population fell by 90 students, making up 16% of the district population. Alamo lost fewer students than other schools.
 * The building is currently used as storage and was used for the district alternative education program for students with discipline problems prior to mid-2008. Cleveland said that because Alamo was the district's oldest elementary school, and the costliest to maintain, it was the best choice for closure.
 * Burnet Elementary School (PK-4)
 * After Hurricane Ike damaged the school, pre-kindergarten and bilingual students attended Oppe while all other students attended Parker. In fall 2009 Burnet was temporary closed, due to Ike's damage. It is now a Magnet School.
 * Davy Crockett Elementary School (closed by 1978 )
 * Henry Rosenberg Elementary School (PK-4)
 * Between 2001 and 2007, Rosenberg Elementary lost 188 students, a 33% decrease in the population.
 * In March 2009 GISD signed a contract with the Knowledge is Power Program (KIPP), a charter school program, so KIPP could open a charter school in a GISD campus. In the northern hemisphere fall of that year, KIPP Coastal Village School opened in the Rosenberg Elementary facility. The two schools shared the same campus.
 * San Jacinto Elementary School (closed 2006) (Students attending San Jacinto were reassigned to various schools ) The building is currently used for the district alternative education program for students with discipline problems.
 * Between 2001 and 2007 San Jacinto lost 178 students, a 36% decrease.
 * Charles B. Scott Elementary School (PK4-4)
 * Scott opened in the former Ball High School North facility in 1996 after renovations occurred. Murals were installed after the school opened. Between 2001 and 2007, Scott lost 160 students, a 22% decrease in the student body. After Scott was damaged in Hurricane Ike in 2008, students with family names beginning in the letters A through L attended Rosenberg Elementary, while others were assigned to Morgan elementary. In the fall of 2009 Scott remained closed due to Ike damage.
 * William B. Travis Elementary School - Opened in 1948 and relieved Alamo and Crockett schools. - Closed in the 1970s. Sold and converted to apartments

Athletic facilities
As of 2010 Kermit Courville Stadium is the district's stadium. The stadium was 62 years old as of January 22, 2010, Before 2010 GISD was deciding whether to renovate Courville stadium. If the district decided to renovate Courville stadium, it would have had to purchase 75 structures, including a church, to build enough parking spaces. Galveston law requires one parking space per 200 sqft of building space, and Courville, which had 140 parking spaces, did not have the sufficient number specified by law; if GISD renovated it, it would have been required to create the legally specified number of parking spaces. When people attend events at Courville, many park on streets around the stadium and in a grassy lot north of the stadium.

title: Galveston Independent School District


text:
Benicarló

Benicarló is a city and municipality in the north of the province of Castelló, part of the Valencian Community, in the Mediterranean Coast between the cities of Vinaròs and Peníscola, not too far south from the Ebre River.

Tourism, agriculture and some manufacturing are the major industries. Benicarló is part of the Taula del Sénia free association of municipalities.

Benicarló is served by a train station in the Valencia-Barcelona line, and is connected by road through the A7 Highway.

Main sights

 * Chapel of Cristo del Mar
 * Parish church of Sant Bartolomeu (18th century). It has a Baroque façade, an octagonal bell tower and a dome over the transept. The interior, on a single nave, houses an altarpiece attributed to Vicente Juan Masip.
 * Convent of St. Francis (1578)
 * Hermitage of St. Gregory, located c. 2 km outside the city.

Twin towns

 * 🇮🇹 Ladispoli, Italy

title: Benicarló


text:
User:Jeremygbyrne/Terry Dowling

Terry Dowling is Australia's premiere fabulist.

title: User:Jeremygbyrne/Terry Dowling


text: Category:João Gilberto albums

title: Category:João Gilberto albums


text:
Talk:João Gilberto (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:JoaoGilbertoWhiteAlbum.gif
Image:JoaoGilbertoWhiteAlbum.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:55, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:João Gilberto (album)


text:
User:Mr.Bip

I'm a first-year medical student at Harvard Medical School, and love to research new topics and indulge my curiosity. I know that many students have learned to rely on Wikipedia as a good general resource for biology and medicine topics, and I want to help keep the standard of those articles as high as possible, so professors have little reason to roll their eyes when someone says, "Well, I looked this up on Wikipedia last night ..."

I want to help out with basic science articles, particularly in Medicine and Biology, and their sub-disciplines, like Biochemistry, Molecular biology, Biotechnology, Neurobiology, etc. Please feel free to contact me if you're interested in collaborating. I'd like to start nailing own some articles on RNA, like ribozyme and RNA interference, both of which are pretty lacking in any detail. Now that I'm in medical school, I'm also pretty interested in Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology.

title: User:Mr.Bip


text:
Radial basis function

In mathematics a radial basis function (RBF) is a real-valued function $\varphi$ whose value depends only on the distance between the input and some fixed point, either the origin, so that $\varphi(\mathbf{x}) = \hat\varphi(\left\|\mathbf{x}\right\|)$, or some other fixed point $\mathbf{c}$ , called a center, so that $\varphi(\mathbf{x}) = \hat\varphi(\left\|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{c}\right\|)$. Any function $\varphi$ that satisfies the property $\varphi(\mathbf{x}) = \hat\varphi(\left\|\mathbf{x}\right\|)$  is a radial function. The distance is usually Euclidean distance, although other metrics are sometimes used. They are often used as a collection $$\{ \varphi_k \}_k$$ which forms a basis for some function space of interest, hence the name.

Sums of radial basis functions are typically used to approximate given functions. This approximation process can also be interpreted as a simple kind of neural network; this was the context in which they were originally applied to machine learning, in work by David Broomhead and David Lowe in 1988, which stemmed from Michael J. D. Powell's seminal research from 1977. RBFs are also used as a kernel in support vector classification. The technique has proven effective and flexible enough that radial basis functions are now applied in a variety of engineering applications.

Definition
A radial function is a function $\varphi:[0,\infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ . When paired with a norm on a vector space $ \|\cdot\|:V \to [0,\infty)$, a function of the form $ \varphi_\mathbf{c} = \varphi(\|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{c}\|) $ is said to be a radial kernel centered at $ \mathbf{c} \in V $. A radial function and the associated radial kernels are said to be radial basis functions if, for any finite set of nodes $$\{\mathbf{x}_k\}_{k=1}^n \subseteq V$$, all of the following conditions are true: • The kernels $\varphi_{\mathbf{x}_1}, \varphi_{\mathbf{x}_2}, \dots, \varphi_{\mathbf{x}_n}$ are linearly independent (for example $\varphi(r)=r^2$ in $V=\mathbb{R}$ is not a radial basis function)

• The kernels $\varphi_{\mathbf{x}_1}, \varphi_{\mathbf{x}_2}, \dots, \varphi_{\mathbf{x}_n}$ form a basis for a Haar Space, meaning that the interpolation matrix (given below) is non-singular.

Examples
Commonly used types of radial basis functions include (writing $r = \left\|\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{x}_i\right\|$ and using $\varepsilon $  to indicate a shape parameter that can be used to scale the input of the radial kernel ):

• Infinitely Smooth RBFs

These radial basis functions are from $C^\infty(\mathbb{R})$ and are strictly positive definite functions that require tuning a shape parameter $\varepsilon$ • Gaussian:

Gaussian function shape parameter.png for several choices of $\varepsilon$]] Bump function shape.png with several choices of $\varepsilon$]]

• Inverse quadratic:

• Inverse multiquadric:| Polyharmonic spline:

 * For even-degree polyharmonic splines $(k = 2,4,6,\dotsc)$, to avoid numerical problems at $r = 0$ where $\ln(0) = -\infty$, the computational implementation is often written as $\varphi(r) = r^{k-1}\ln(r^r)$.
 * Thin plate spline (a special polyharmonic spline):

 * Compactly Supported RBFs

These RBFs are compactly supported and thus are non-zero only within a radius of $1 / \varepsilon$, and thus have sparse differentiation matrices

• Bump function:
 * undefined

Approximation
Radial basis functions are typically used to build up function approximations of the form

where the approximating function $y(\mathbf{x})$ is represented as a sum of $$N$$ radial basis functions, each associated with a different center $\mathbf{x}_i$, and weighted by an appropriate coefficient $w_i.$  The weights $w_i$  can be estimated using the matrix methods of linear least squares, because the approximating function is linear in the weights $w_i$.

Approximation schemes of this kind have been particularly used in time series prediction and control of nonlinear systems exhibiting sufficiently simple chaotic behaviour and 3D reconstruction in computer graphics (for example, hierarchical RBF and Pose Space Deformation).

RBF Network

The sum

can also be interpreted as a rather simple single-layer type of artificial neural network called a radial basis function network, with the radial basis functions taking on the role of the activation functions of the network. It can be shown that any continuous function on a compact interval can in principle be interpolated with arbitrary accuracy by a sum of this form, if a sufficiently large number $N$ of radial basis functions is used.

The approximant $y(\mathbf{x})$ is differentiable with respect to the weights $w_i$. The weights could thus be learned using any of the standard iterative methods for neural networks.

Using radial basis functions in this manner yields a reasonable interpolation approach provided that the fitting set has been chosen such that it covers the entire range systematically (equidistant data points are ideal). However, without a polynomial term that is orthogonal to the radial basis functions, estimates outside the fitting set tend to perform poorly.

RBFs for PDEs
Radial basis functions are used to approximate functions and so can be used to discretize and numerically solve Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). This was first done in 1990 by E. J. Kansa who developed the first RBF based numerical method. It is called the Kansa method and was used to solve the elliptic Poisson equation and the linear advection-diffusion equation. The function values at points $$\mathbf{x}$$ in the domain are approximated by the linear combination of RBFs:

The derivatives are approximated as such:

where $$N$$ are the number of points in the discretized domain, $$d$$ the dimension of the domain and $$\lambda$$ the scalar coefficients that are unchanged by the differential operator.

Different numerical methods based on Radial Basis Functions were developed thereafter. Some methods are the RBF-FD method, the RBF-QR method and the RBF-PUM method.

title: Radial basis function


text:
Talk:Getz/Gilberto

Awkward trivia
"An interesting tidbit about this recording is that producer Creed Taylor kept the recording in a drawer for a year before releasing it, for reasons known only to him."

The information is fine but it doesn't belong in the summary paragraph. I personally don't know anyway to integrate it into the article for now so I'm taking it out. Glassbreaker5791 16:09, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Another Grammy winning Jazz Album
Quincy Jones: Back on the Block, another jazz album winning the Grammy for Album of the Year -1991 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.90.142.202 (talk) 15:16, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Importance
This album is a landmark in recording history, and it was notably responsible for the dissemination of the bossa nova style outside of Brazil in the 1960s, quickly followed by many recordings of bossa nova songs by american artists, and eventually made the Girl from Ipanema become a standard and one of the most recognizable tunes anywhere. I am reverting the recent change from top to mid, back to top. Fbergo (talk) 19:56, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

the person who wrote the album
Why is the person who wrote almost the entire album, and played on the album, treated as a secondary notation? This is Jobim's album.68.49.111.15 (talk) 00:46, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

 * All of the tracks in the album are rearrangements of the original recordings, featuring prominently Gilberto's guitar and Getz's saxophone. Jobim's original recordings and arrangements were too full and complex, and the Gilberto's innovation with the bossa nova was the his minimalist voice-and-guitar style. The (commercial) objective of this album was to spread the style (not the compositions themselves) to the american public. Launching Astrud Gilberto's career as a singer was, apparently, just a side-effect. Of all recordings of the Girl of Ipanema in english, her rendering of the english lyrics are unique as she pronounces Ipanema correctly, unlike Sinatra and several other american artists. Fbergo (talk) 20:55, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Re bass player
The CD lists the bass player as being Tommy Williams of Getz's working group.

Assessment comment
Substituted at 04:52, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

"Getz/Gilberto" album, on Verve
According the album notes on the back of the sleeve, this album was recorded on March 18/19, 1963

... not 1964

How is this best amended?

Gyromancer1 Gyromancer1 (talk) 01:19, 25 September 2016 (UTC)

Possible Incorrect Release Date
As it happens, I have a strong childhood memory of this album in spring of 1963. It's possible my parents got it thru some unusual channel but it had the same cover. I took the album to my 4th grade class and was ridiculed for it which is why I vividly remember it being '63 and not '64 when I went to a different school. Lycurgus (talk) 05:45, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

 * OK, so I checked because I recalled that I went back to that school for 6th grade (and the '64/65 school year) and there was this other song that was the reason for the ridicule because Getz/Gilberto wasn it and the thing i brought wasn the real bossa nova. It seemed that song might be the Bossa Nova bird by the Dells which came out in '64. But pretty sure it was in fact the unmistakable Surfin' Bird which came out in Nov. '63., later than I remember the incident being. Couldn have been later than that and pretty sure it was in the '62/63 school year. Lycurgus (talk) 06:00, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Getz/Gilberto


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/ABC Amateur Productions Network

ABC Amateur Productions Network
 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 07:32, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Vanity and advert for a bunch of amateur filmmakers. Delete. Indrian 06:57, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete violates a handful of what WP is not.--DNicholls 07:00, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad and nn. -- Etacar11   00:01, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. JamesBurns 09:04, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nintendo Hard

Nintendo Hard
 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 07:33, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

"Nintendo Hard is an adjectival phrase used among older video game players when refering to games that are extremely challenging to play, or even unbalanced against the player." I removed a speedy tag from this article because it doesn't meet the criteria, but I agree that this neologism was probably made up on the spot. Rl 06:58, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

References:
 * Delete A dicdef we shouldn't transwiki.--DNicholls 07:01, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or -- redirect to Battletoads... but then again Mario was hard for me :( gren 07:18, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The system works! Snargle 07:53, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This is an actual expression commonly used in the referenced gaming community. The original author was not very concise and used poor style, as well as jargon that could be perceived as nonsense by a reader who is not familiar with the subject. I cleaned the article up a bit so it is easier to understand.

"This game is hard. Like, old-school Nintendo hard (appropriately enough). Like, sub-second-timing- with-a-four-pixel- margin-of-error- and-dying-restarts-the-entire-section hard." (http://cpe000103c34069-cm014300001653.cpe.net.cable.rogers.com/weblogs/ben/media/games)

"Actually, Zelda II is just plain hard. Not 'challenging'. Not 'difficult'. It's, as we say, 'NINTENDO HARD'.(http://gabtable.stalo.com/viewtopic.php?p=8123&sid=0f430ef53115e8a939ad5c9bb0a750de)

Freerick 10:02, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. It apparently (as shown above) has been used in a couple reviews, but that doesn't make it significant enough. A Google search will get you about 1,700 hits, but none of the first few have anything to do with difficulty level. (They're all about a Nintendo Hard Case, "the economic downturn will hit Nintendo hard," etc. Really the reviews are just saying that a game in question is hard for Nintendo's levels. Like Rl says, it was probably made up on the spot. -newkai | talk | contribs 13:09, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because it's a dicdef, but transwiki because I'll believe it's legitimate jargon. Sirmob 13:13, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm an avid gamer (almost exclusively Nintendo consoles), and I've never heard or come across this phrase without deliberately searching for it. I don't think it's established enough for an article, although I know what the author means. --Pagrashtak 15:05, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm a fairly avid gamer myself, and I've never heard this. It's a dicdef and caveman-cruft anyhow. Nintento hard. Article delete. Fernando Rizo T/C 17:11, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, never heard of this. K1Bond007 22:23, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete one level harder than Nintendo Hard, no transwiki since the consensus is this isn't widely used even among the console's users. Barno 00:51, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn phrase. JamesBurns 09:05, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, though I imagined "nintendo hard" is what gamers get when playing Nintendo. -R. fiend 15:56, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Goin' Band from Raiderland

New Uniforms
If possible, someone should mention or post a photo of the new uniforms. If memory serves, there is something notable about their new design or the age of the old uniforms. 129.118.147.220 (talk) 18:32, 18 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The old uniforms were about a dozen years old. I do have a picture from last Saturday's game of the band in their new unforms. I'll see about getting it added. →Wordbuilder (talk) 19:04, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:RedRaiderlogo.png
The image Image:RedRaiderlogo.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --06:09, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Concern addressed. →Wordbuilder (talk) 14:39, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Goin' Band from Raiderland


text:
Crause

Crause was a weapons manufacturer located in Herzberg, Germany, operating in the first half of the 19th century. Among other orders, they manufactured 2,000 M1849 kammerladers for the Norwegian Army.

title: Crause


text:
Talk:Suncoast Hotel and Casino

Number of rooms
Anyone know for sure? I found 432, 438 and 439 when researching this. Vegaswikian 07:03, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Suncoast Hotel and Casino


text:
Talk:York County, New Brunswick

Untitled
Kirjtc2, just dont remove the parish listings. Put them in their own listing if you have a problem with them, just dont remove someone's *cough* me *cough* hard work. -- Earl Andrew - talk 07:04, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

We went over this with the Alberta article. The parishes in NB are no different from census divisions in Alberta. There IS NO "Bright, New Brunswick". People who live in the Nashwaak Valley DO NOT say they live in St. Mary's Parish. Parishes are not notable compared to the community listings. I will continue to revert your edits. Kirjtc2 17:57, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

There's no reason a list of parishes cannot be on this list. You are forgetting, that the Alberta Census Division debate was an overwhelming keep. There is absolutely no reason for there not to be a list of parishes here. They are at least census divisions, and are *still* used be the federal government, not only by Statistics Canada but by Elections Canada as well. -- Earl Andrew - talk 18:05, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:York County, New Brunswick


text:
User talk:Blue Kitsune

welcome
Welcome!

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title: User talk:Blue Kitsune


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District Court (Hong Kong)

The District Court is the intermediate court system in Hong Kong, having limited criminal and civil jurisdictions. The District Court was established in 1953 with the enactment of the District Court Ordinance. It is located in the Wanchai Law Courts, Wanchai Tower, 12 Harbour Road. In the past there were six district courts, namely Victoria, Kowloon, Fanling, Tsuen Wan, Tuen Mun and Sha Tin, before being amalgamated and moved to the same location

Civil jurisdiction
The District Court has limited civil jurisdiction. For a contract, quasi-contract or tort claim to be handled by the District Court, it should be for an amount over HK$75,000 but not more than HK$3 million. If the claim is more than HK$3 million, the claim can still be pursued in the District Court (instead of the Court of First Instance of the High Court) provided that the excess is abandoned. If the claim is HK$75,000 or less, an adverse costs order may be made against the winning plaintiff due to pursuing its claim in the wrong court.

If the plaintiff's claim does not exceed HK$3 million, but the defendant counterclaims for over HK$3 million, the claim and the counterclaim (or the counterclaim only) may be transferred to the Court of First Instance of the High Court. For good reasons, the District Court may continue to handle the whole case even when the counterclaim exceeds HK$3 million, but a report has to be made to the High Court, which may order that the case be transferred.

As to claims for possession of land, the District Court can deal with buildings or premises the annual rent or rateable value or the annual value of which does not exceed HK$320,000.

If a claimant invokes the District Court's equity jurisdiction, the above limits are equally applicable, except that in proceedings wholly relating to land, the maximum value shall not exceed HK$7 million.

Distraint claims are handled by the District Court.

The District Court has exclusive jurisdiction to determine claims for compensation payable under the Employees' Compensation Ordinance (Cap. 282), regardless of the amount. Such claims are governed by the Employees' Compensation (Rules of Court) Rules (Cap. 282B) and Practice Direction 18.2.

The District Court has exclusive jurisdiction to deal with claims made under the Sex Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 480), the Disability Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 487), the Family Status Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 527) and the Race Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 602). Such claims are governed by the District Court Equal Opportunities Rules (Cap. 336G) and Practice Direction SL8.

The District Court has jurisdiction to handle claims by the Inland Revenue Department against defaulting taxpayers to recover outstanding tax due to the Government, regardless of the amount. The District Court also hears appeals from taxpayers against assessments by the Collector of Stamp Duty.

Criminal jurisdiction
The system is modelled after the English legal system, with indictable offences being taken up by the District Court if they are transferred from the magistrate's court.

The District Court hears all serious cases except murder, manslaughter rape and dangerous drug cases where large quantities of drugs have been seized, and can impose a sentence of up to seven years. Cases are heard in either the Cantonese or English language.

A District Court Judge sits alone without a jury. From its establishment in 1953 there have been no juries in the district court. The Attorney General at the time the District Court Ordinance was passed, Arthur Ridehalgh, explained to the Legislative Council that juries were "not infallible" and only a "means to an end" and that every practitioner will have come across cases where a verdict of not guilty was either a "stupid or perverse one." Judges would be required to give reasons for verdict would should be sufficient safeguard.

Eligibility and appointment
A person who has practised for at least 5 years as a barrister, advocate, solicitor or judicial officer in Hong Kong or another common law jurisdiction is eligible to be appointed as a Judge, Registrar or Master of the District Court.

District Judges, as well as the Registrar and Masters of the District Court, are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of the independent Judicial Officers Recommendation Commission (JORC).

Limited-term or vacancy-filling Deputy District Judges may be appointed by the Chief Justice.

It is not uncommon for a person to sit as a short-term Deputy District Judge prior to appointment in a permanent capacity.

In 1986, Judge Helen Lo was the first woman to be appointed as a District Judge.

District judges are mandated to retire at age 65.

Chief District Judge
The Chief District Judge is the Court Leader of the District Court.

The Judges who have held the position of Chief District Judge to date are:

District Judges
District Judges are referred to as 'His/Her Honour Judge [surname]'.

The Judges of the District Court are (ranked by seniority):

Chief District Judge
 * Justin Ko

District Judges
 * Michael Wong
 * Stanley Chan
 * Simon Leung
 * Eddie Yip
 * Katina Levy
 * C K Chan (Principal Family Court Judge)
 * Frankie Yiu
 * K W Wong
 * Douglas Yau
 * W K Kwok
 * Josiah Lam
 * Anthony Kwok
 * Amanda Woodcock
 * K H Hui
 * Jack Wong
 * Gary Lam
 * Andrew Li
 * Herbert Au-Yeung
 * Harold Leong
 * Kent Yee
 * C P Pang
 * Simon Lo
 * Isaac Tam
 * Angela Kot
 * Reuden Lai
 * George Own
 * Grace Chan
 * L W Wong
 * M K Liu
 * Edmond Lee
 * Winnie Tsui
 * Clement Lee
 * Ernest Lin
 * Adriana Tse Ching
 * K K Pang
 * K C Chan
 * Phoebe Man
 * Lily Wong
 * Kathie Cheung
 * Thelma Kwan
 * Jonathan Wong
 * Elaine Liu, BBS
 * Dick Ho

Pursuant to a general power of appointment to vacancies or on a temporary basis under sections 10 and 37A of the High Court Ordinance, Cap. 4, the Chief Justice frequently makes short-term appointments of District Court judges to sit in the High Court as a Deputy Judge or Master.

All District Judges are, by virtue of their office, Presiding Officers of the Lands Tribunal. In practice, however, only certain District Judges are assigned to hear cases in the Lands Tribunal.

Deputy District Judges
The Chief Justice appoints on a temporary basis a number of Permanent Magistrates, retired judges and practitioners in private practice to sit as Deputy District Judges. A Deputy District Judge may exercise all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a District Judge.

All Deputy District Judges are, by virtue of their office, Presiding Officers of the Lands Tribunal. In practice, however, only certain Deputy District Judges are assigned to hear cases in the Lands Tribunal.

Forms of address
All Judges of the District Court (regardless of whether Chief District Judge, Judges or Deputy Judges) are addressed in court as "Your Honour".

In court judgments and decisions, District Judges are referred to as 'His/Her Honour Judge [surname]', 'HH Judge [surname]' or 'HHJ [surname]'. Deputy District Judges are referred to as 'Deputy District Judge [surname]' or 'DDJ [surname]'.

title: District Court (Hong Kong)


text: Category:Television spin-offs

title: Category:Television spin-offs


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MBM (Message Board Misunderstanding)

MBM (Message Board Misunderstanding)
 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Redwolf24 07:34, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

This sounds an awful lot like original research to me. (WP:NOT) --Alan Au 07:06, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete And nonsense beside.--DNicholls 07:17, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research, forumcruft.   — J I P | Talk 09:28, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Cut and paste nonsense. Probell 11:26, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Neologism, functional vanity, not an encyclopedic topic. Robert A West 19:32, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Neologism, non-encyclopedic.Mmmbeer 21:16, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 09:06, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Francotte

Auguste Francotte&Comp. (Auguste Francotte & Companie, Liege) was a privately owned firearms manufacturer based in Liège, Belgium. It was founded between 1805. and 1810, and was still in operation after 1948.

History
The company was founded in 1805 by August Francotte in Liège, based at Rue de Mont-Saint-Martin 61. The company was especially active from 1860 to 1914 before manufacturing ceased due to the German invasion of Belgium. The company resumed production after World War I.

Arms for Serbian military
In 1857, the Principality of Serbia ordered rifles (Francotte rifle model 1849/56) and pistols of percussion cap system for its armed forces. Also, in 1875, Serbia procured 11 mm Lefaucheux-Francotte M. 1871 revolvers of double action, similar to a Danish revolver Lefaucheux-Francotte M1865.

Production
Throughout the period from the middle of the nineteenth century to 1914, Belgian gunmakers like Auguste Francotte made large quantities of rifles and revolvers of the most diverse construction, calibre and size; most, however, were imitations (produced under licence) of other well-known systems (Martini-Henry, Mauser, Smith&Wesson, Nagant). During the first decades they manufactured various arms for various nations around Europe, among others 1,500 M1849 kammerladers for Norway. Later they concentrated on high-quality, expensive civilian arms.

Rifles

 * Francotte-Martini rifle, single shot breachloader with falling block action. Made after 1865, it was an unlicenced derivative of the Peabody rifle. Modern versions are of the hamerless type, and have a removable breechblock, which can be easily removed for cleaning. It is a very well made and expensive weapon.

Revolvers

 * Lefaucheux-Francotte M1871 d.jpg, made for Swedish and Serbian Army.]]Model 1865, Chamelot-Delavigne double action pinfire revolver with solid frame and fixed cylinder, with no mechanical extractor. Made for Danish navy, caliber 11 mm.
 * Model 1871, Lefaucheux-Francotte double action pinfire revolver with solid frame and fixed cylinder, with no mechanical extractor. Made for Danish army, caliber 11 mm.
 * Revolver m/1871, Lefaucheux-Francotte double action revolver with solid frame and fixed cylinder, with no mechanical extractor. Made for Swedish army, caliber 11 mm.
 * Model 1882 (trooper's model), similar as above, made for Danish army, caliber 10.9 mm.
 * Model 1886 (trooper's model), similar as above, made for Danish army, caliber 9.5 mm.

title: Francotte


text: User talk:71.108.186.233

title: User talk:71.108.186.233


text:
Albion and Albanius

Albion and Albanius is an opera, closely resembling a French tragédie en musique, by Louis Grabu with an English libretto by John Dryden.

The words were written by Dryden in 1680. It was initially intended as a prologue to his opera King Arthur, which he explicitly states in the prologue to that opera. "But some intervening accidents having hitherto deferred the performance of the main design, I proposed to the actors to turn the intended prologue into an entertainment by itself, as you now see it, by adding two acts more to what I had already written." (Dryden's "Preface")

Performance history
The music was written in 1685. After the period of court mourning for the late King and many other delays, the sumptuous production (costing the company over £4000 to mount) had its premiere on Sunday, 3 June, that same year at Dorset Garden Theatre, London. This was "a very unlucky day", observed Downes in Roscius Anglicanus, "being the day the Duke of Monmouth landed in the west: the nation being in a great consternation, it was performed but six times, which not answering half the charge they were at, involved the company very much in debt." This fiasco helps explain the rarity of operas in the 1680s, until Londoners had settled down after the Glorious Revolution of 1689. In addition, events of the reign of James II quickly rendered the adulatory allegory of Dryden's machinery no longer current.

Albion and Albanius is the first all-sung and full-length English opera that still survives, with John Blow's Venus and Adonis being its shorter predecessor by about two years.

The allegory
It was written as a tribute to King Charles II, and after his death was intended to apply to his successor James II.

Based in style on a pre-civil war court masque, "the allegory itself so very obvious that it will no sooner be read than understood", the hero and his supporters in the plot are mythological and Arthurian; they are, however, quite clearly based on the Stuart dynasty, in a thinly veiled allegory. In terms of production, the opera was a restoration spectacular, visuals included much mere mythological display to take advantage of the "machines" at the Dorset Garden Theatre, such as "The clouds divide, and Juno appears in a machine drawn by peacocks: while a symphony is playing, it moves gently forward, and as it descends, it opens and discovers the tail of the peacock, which is so large that it almost fills the opening of the stage between scene and scene" (act 1). More pointedly, political allegorizing of the Tory message includes a figure representing Shaftesbury "with Fiend's Wings, and snakes twisted round his body; he is encompassed by several fanatical rebellious heads, who suck poison from him, which runs out of a tap in his side".

Dryden on opera
When Albion and Albanius came to be printed, Dryden's "Preface" was the first explication of opera in the English language. "An opera is a poetical tale, or fiction, represented by vocal and instrumental music, adorned with scenes, machines and dancing", Dryden informed his readers. The "machines" were required to effect the dramatic changes of scenery the action required. Pointing out that the persons were supernatural or heroic, Dryden linked his work with the genre we would call Romance: "The subject, therefore, being extended beyond the limits of human nature, admits of that sort of marvellous and surprising conduct, which is rejected in other plays... it would follow of necessity, that the expressions should be lofty, figurative, and majestical." In this way, at the very birth of opera in London, Dryden gives the character that opera seria retained for a century, as long as the librettos of Metastasio were being set, into the age of Mozart.

In the 17th-century, Italian operas that Dryden admitted were his general models – and the French ones that he did not mention – the recitative drove the action, and the arias – "which for want of a proper English word, I must call the songish part" – were meant to please the ear rather than gratify the understanding.

title: Albion and Albanius


text: User talk:69.139.242.59

title: User talk:69.139.242.59


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User talk:SoVerySpiffy

SoVerySpiffy

title: User talk:SoVerySpiffy


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Ilocano literature

Ilocano literature or Iloko literature pertains to the literary works of writers of Ilocano ancestry regardless of the language used - be it Ilocano, English, Spanish or other foreign and Philippine languages. For writers of the Ilocano language, the terms "Iloko" and "Ilocano" are different. Arbitrarily, "Iloko" is the language while "Ilocano" refers to the people or the ethnicity of the people who speak the Iloko language. This distinction of terms however is impractical since a lot of native Ilocanos interchange them practically.

Ilocano literature in the Philippines is one of several regional Philippine literatures. It is one of the most active tributaries to the general Philippine literature, next to Tagalog (Filipino) and Philippine Literature in English.

History of Iloko literature
Ilocanos are an Austronesian language-speaking people. Families and clans arrived by viray or bilog, meaning "boat". The term Ilokano originates from i-, "from", and looc, "cove or bay", thus "people of the bay." Ilokanos also refer to themselves as Samtoy, a contraction from the Ilokano phrase "sao mi ditoy", meaning "our language here".

Precolonial to the 19th century
Pre-colonial Iloko literature were composed of folk songs, riddles, proverbs, lamentations called dung-aw, and epic stories in written or oral form. Ancient Ilokano poets expressed themselves in folk and war songs as well as the dallot, an improvised, versified and at times impromptu long poem delivered in a sing-song manner.

During the Spanish regime, Iloko poetry was generally patterned after Spanish models. In fact, the earliest known written Iloko poems were the romances translated from Spanish by Francisco Lopez, an Augustinian friar who, in 1621, published his own Iloko translation of the Doctrina Cristiana by Cardinal Bellarmine, the first book to be printed in Iloko.

A study of Iloko poetry could be found in the Gramatica Ilokana, published in 1895, based on Lopez's Arte de la Lengua Iloca, earlier published in 1627, but was probably written before 1606.

Some Iloko writers credit Pedro Bucaneg, who collaborated with Lopez in the translation of the Doctrina into Iloko, for having been the first known Ilokano poet, and as the "Father of Ilokano Poetry and Literature." Bucaneg, blind since childhood, authored the popular epic known as Biag ni Lam-ang ("Life of Lam-ang") written in the 17th century. The earliest written form of the epic poem was given by Fr. Gerardo Blanco to Isabelo de los Reyes, who published it in El Ilocano from December 1889 to February 1890, with Spanish translation in prose, and also reprinted it in his El Folklore Filipino, under the title Vida de Lam-ang.

Ilocano literature developed in many ways. During the 18th century, the missionaries used religious as well as secular literatures among other means to advance their mission of converting the Ilokanos to Christianity. The century also saw the publication of religious works like Fr. Jacinto Rivera's Sumario de las Indulgencias de la Santa Correa in 1719 and the Pasion, a translation of St. Vincent Ferrer's sermons into Iloko by Fr. Antonio Mejia in 1845.

The 19th century also became the origin of feminist writings in the Philippines through Leona Florentino (1849-1884), the mother of Philippine women's literature, who is known for crafting the “bridge” from oral tradition to written poetry in Philippine literature. An outstanding dramatist, spoken word poet, and the first foundational poet in Philippine feminism and lesbian literature, her works, which flow through a distinctly Vigan oral style that she espoused, have been honored internationally, as well by literary experts in the country.

Fr. Justo Claudio Fojas, an Ilokano secular priest who wrote novenas, prayerbooks, catechism, metrical romances, dramas, biographies, a Spanish grammar and an Iloko-Spanish dictionary, was Leona Florentino's contemporary.

Isabelo de los Reyes, Leona's son, himself wrote poems, stories, folklore, studies, and seemingly interminable religious as well as political articles. The achievement of both Claudio Fojas and de los Reyes is possibly more significant than the critical reader of Iloko literature today is ready to admit.

The comedia, otherwise known as the moro-moro, and the zarzuela were presented for the first time in the Ilocos in the 19th century. The comedia, a highly picturesque presentation of the wars between Christians and Muslims, and the zarzuela, an equally picturesque depiction of what is at once melodrama, comic-opera, and the skit interminably preoccupied with the eternal theme of boy-meets-girl-who-always-live-happily-ever-after-against-seemingly-impossible-odds are still as popular today as they were when first staged in the Ilocos.

The comedia was scripted from the corridos like Principe Don Juan, Ari Esteban ken Reyna Hipolita, Doce Paris, Bernardo Carpio, Jaime del Prado. Marcelino Mena Crisologo helped popularize the zarzuela based on the culture and tradition of the Ilokanos particularly those in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. So did Pascual Agcaoili y Guerrero (1880–1958) of Ilocos Norte who wrote and staged "Daguiti Agpaspasukmon Basi," and Isaias R. Lazo (1887–1983) of San Vicente, Ilocos Sur who wrote comedia and zarzuela.

The year 1892 saw the printing for the first time of the first Iloko novel, written by Fr. Rufino Redondo, an Augustinian friar, titled "Matilde de Sinapangan." Another Iloko novel which was written before the end of the 19th century by one Don Quintin Alcid was "Ayat, Kaanonto Ngata?" ("Love, When Shall it Be?").

Arturo Centeno of Vigan, Ilocos Sur, also wrote three novels titled Apay a Di Mangasawa? ("Why Doesn't He Get Married?"), Dispensara and Padi a Puraw Wenno Naamo a Kibin ("A White Priest or a Good Guide").

21st century literature
The 20th century was comparatively more intense in literary activity. Some of the literature in this period are "Biag ti Maysa a Lakay, Wenno Nakaam-ames a Bales" ("Life of an Old Man, or a Dreadful Revenge") by Mariano Gaerlan (1909); "Uray Narigat no Paguimbagan" ("Improvement Despite Obstacles") by Facundo Madriaga (1911); "Mining Wenno Ayat ti Cararua" ("Mining or Spiritual Love") by Marcelino Peña Crisologo (1914); "Nasam-it ken Narucbos nga Sabong dagiti Dardarepdep ti Agbaniaga" ("Sweet and Fresh Flower of a Traveller's Dreams") by Marcos E. Millon (1921); "Sabsabong ken Lulua" ("Flowers and Tears") by R. Respicio (1930); "Apay a Pinatayda ni Naw Simon?" ("Why Did They Kill Don Simon?") first known detective novel in Iloko by Leon C. Pichay (1935); "Puso ti Ina" ("A Mother's Heart") by Leon C. Pichay (1936).

When the Bannawag magazine, a sister publication of Liwayway, Bisaya and Hiligaynon, hit the streets on Nov. 3, 1934, Iloko literature reached a headland. Many Ilokanos started to write literary pieces.

The early Bannawag short stories showed sustained growth. The short stories written in the 1920s were poor imitations of equally poor American fiction. Early short story writers had practically no literary background in their attempts.

The growth of the short story was not apparent until Bannawag resumed publication in 1947. Most of the stories published dealt with themes of war; guerrilla activities, Japanese atrocities, murder, pillage and death. By the latter part of the decade, writers of different ages emerged, and from their ranks came stories that were less verbose, tighter, and with more credible characterization than those written previously.

While many articles have been written by Ilokanos and non-Ilokanos about the Ilocos Region, few scholarly studies have been conducted. Among these scholars were Leopoldo Y. Yabes of the University of the Philippines, who made a brief survey of Iloko literature in 1934. His findings showed that Iloko literature began with Pedro Bucaneg.

In 1940, Thomas B. Alcid of the University of Santo Tomas made a study on the Iloko prose fiction and discussed the Iloko short story and the Iloko novel and their possibilities in Philippine literature. His study showed that the short stories and novels at that time were still young and needed more improvement.

In 1954, Mercedes F. Guerrero of the Manuel L. Quezon Educational Institution (now MLQU) made a masteral thesis titled "Critical Analysis of the Outstanding Iloco Short Stories Published in the Bannawag from 1948 to 1952." Her findings showed that the Iloko stories offer a mine of information about the ideals and customs of the Filipino people. In the display of emotions and feelings, the Iloko author has been free or spontaneous in dealing with the life he portrayed. Most often he has been compassionate with his characters. He has treated a wide variety of subjects that there is no important place of Filipino life that has not been depicted. There are stories on mere trifling matters as well as their own nation-slaking subjects. These are stories about persons, about animals, about places and about events.

Guerrero also found out that the Ilokano author served his society by: 1.) Preserving the ideals, customs and traditions of the people. 2.) Bringing out the social consciousness of the era—its mood, conflicts, struggles, and rehabilitation. 3.) Awakening man's sensibilities to the joys, sorrows, loves, hatreds and jealousies of the people. 4.) Casting away sectional sentiments and prejudices and bringing about fuller understanding of the different ethnic groups.

A related literature published by Dr. Marcelino A. Foronda, Jr. in 1967, titled "Dallang: An Introduction to Philippine Literature in Iloko," discussed the traits and characteristics of the Ilokanos. Of their literature, he stated: "...The Ilokano language is so highly developed as to have produced the greatest number of printed works in any Philippine language, next to Tagalog.

Bannawag has played and still plays a major role in the development of Iloko literature. At present, it publishes poems (daniw), short stories (sarita), novels (nobela), essays (salaysay), comics, biographies, folktales and many others including what some call avant garde literary output. It is the only magazine where Ilokano writers hope to publish most of their writings.

During the magazine's infancy years in the 1930s, most of its contents were translations from the Liwayway magazine save a novel by Hermogenes F. Belen titled "Nadaraan a Linnaaw" (Blood-stained Dew) which was serialized in 1947. Other writers at that time included Benjamin M. Pascual, David D. Campañano, Godofredo S. Reyes, Benito de Castro, Jose P. Acance, Benjamin Gray, Marcelino A. Foronda, Jr.

In the 1960s, poems, short stories and novels published by the Bannawag became better — in craftsmanship, development of plots and themes, among others. Writers by then, most of whom were college students and professionals, had a bigger library of literary books.

To help in the development of the Iloko short story, Bannawag launched a writing contest in 1961. The judges were Prof. Santiago Alcantara of the National University, Prof. Angel C. Anden of the Manuel L. Quezon University, and Dr. Marcelino A. Foronda, Jr. of the De La Salle University-Manila. This contest lasted until 1970. One of the judges said the quality of Iloko short stories was competitive with those written in English. Before the martial-law era, most of the poems, stories and novels dwelt on political unrest and protests, like rallies and demonstrations by students, professionals and workers against the government. (From an essay by Jose A. Bragado. Bragado is one of the foremost writers in contemporary Ilokano literature. He is a former literary editor of Bannawag magazine and past president of GUMIL, an international association of Ilokano writers.)

Future of Ilocano literature
Ilokano writers have also published their works in foreign countries. One of the most popular authors of Ilocano ancestry abroad was the late Carlos Bulosan, a California immigrant born to Ilokano parents in Pangasinan. And currently, the most internationally translated Filipino author is an Ilokano from Rosales, Pangasinan—Francisco Sionil Jose, popularly known as F. Sionil Jose. He is famous for his Rosales saga, a five-novel work about an Ilokano clan, virtually documenting Philippine history from Spanish time to the years of the Marcos administration. The novels, translated in about 22 languages, are circulated and read around the world.

Back home, many Iloko writers have won major prizes in the annual Palanca Awards, the most prestigious and most anticipated of all literary contests in the Philippines. These famous winners' names include Reynaldo A. Duque, Ricarte Agnes, Aurelio S. Agcaoili, Lorenzo G. Tabin, Jaime M. Agpalo Jr., Prescillano N. Bermudez, William V. Alvarado, Maria Fres-Felix, Clarito G. de Francia, Arnold Pascual Jose, Eden Aquino Alviar, Severino Pablo, Ariel S. Tabag, Daniel L. Nesperos, Roy V. Aragon, Danilo Antalan, Joel B. Manuel, Bernardo D. Tabbada, Noli S. Dumlao and others.

Clarito G. de Francia expanded his writings by composing songs in English, when he immigrated to the U.S. His first work "Fil-Am Song" deals with the pursuit of Filipino-Americans' struggles in the green fields and their triumphs in great cities. This is followed by "Loyalty for Our Country and Humanity," a tribute to America as a sanctuary of migrants. President Barack Obama reacted to this work: "...We should be proud of what we have accomplished together...It’s the optimism and hard work of people like you that have changed our country for the better..." After that, come "Today is Your Special" a birthday greetings; "Home Sweet Home" an upliftment of family togetherness; "Celebrate a Recommitment" an anniversary song; "Live and Share Christ to the World" for evangelization, etc. These pieces show De Francia's way of encouraging his fellow Filipinos to impart their heritage, culture and traditions to the world. As a bridge for this idea, he has been sponsoring a short story writing contest in English, the DEfrancia Awards for Literature(DEAL), since 2017.

GUMIL (Gunglo dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano)
On October 19, 1968, GUMIL Filipinas (Ilokano Writers Association of the Philippines) was organized in Baguio. Arturo M. Padua, then mayor of Sison, Pangasinan, was elected president. The officers took their oath of office before President Ferdinand E. Marcos.

GUMIL Filipinas or Gunglo dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano iti Filipinas, Inc., was incorporated and registered with the Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission on January 8, 1977.

GUMIL Filipinas' main objectives are:

 * To provide a forum in which Ilokano writers can undertake common and cooperative efforts to improve their craft of writing literary, historical, research and other works;
 * To enrich Ilokano literature and cultural heritage as phases of the national identity by encouraging the members to concentrate on writing extensively and intensively about the social, economic, cultural and other aspects of growth and development among the Ilokanos through literature, history, research, or the like;
 * To publish books of poetry, short stories, essays, novels, historical accounts, research and critical studies, and other writings; and
 * To assist each member in pursuing his/her writing career and in fulfilling his life as a member of Philippines society.

(Excerpted from an essay by Jose A. Bragado)

Notable works

 * Biag ni Lam-ang – a pre-colonial epic poem; first translated into English in September 1916
 * Pasion de Nuestro Señor Jesucristo (1621) – the first Ilocano pasyon and the first Philippine language pasyon overall, written by Antonio Mejia and published in 1845
 * Sumario de las Indulgencias de la Santa Correa (1719) – an Ilocano book written by Jacinto Rivera
 * Castora Benigna (before 1884) – a poem by Leona Florentino
 * Leon XIII (before 1884) – a poem by Leona Florentino dedicated to Pope Leo XIII
 * To a Young Woman on Her Birthday (before 1884) – a poem by Leona Florentino
 * Matilde de Sinapangan (1892) – possibly the first Ilocano-language novel, written by Spanish Augustinian priest Rufino Redondo
 * Ti Langit ti Inanamatayo – The first Ilokano short story, written by Isabelo de los Reyes
 * Biag ti Maysa a Lacay Oenno Nacaam-ames a Bales (1909) – a novel by Mariano Gaerlan
 * Sangcareppet a Dandaniw (1926) – possibly the first Ilocano anthology of poems
 * Dagiti Balud (late 1940s) - a novel by Hermogenes F. Belen
 * Sasainnec (1948) – the first Ilocano novel by a female author, Estela Rimorin-Gordo

title: Ilocano literature


text:
Coon

Coon may refer to:

Butterflies

 * Coon, common name of the butterfly Astictopterus jama
 * Coon, species group of the butterfly genus Atrophaneura, now genus Losaria
 * Coon, common name of the butterfly Psolos fuligo

Mammals

 * Coon, an alternative name for Maine Coon, a breed of domestic cat
 * Coon, a diminutive of raccoon

People

 * Coon (surname)
 * Coön (Κόων, Κόωνος), a Trojan warrior who during the Trojan War wounded Agamemnon

Arts and entertainment

 * "Coon 2: Hindsight", a 2010 episode of American animated series South Park
 * "The Coon", a 2009 episode of American animated series South Park
 * Coon Can or Conquian, a card game

Slang

 * Coon, a racial slur, used pejoratively to refer to a dark-skinned person of African, Indigenous Australian, or Pacific islander heritage.
 * Coon Carnival, the original name for the Kaapse Klopse, a yearly minstrel festival in Cape Town, South Africa
 * Coon Chicken Inn, a former American restaurant chain whose trademarks and entrances were designed to look like a smiling blackface caricature of an African-American porter
 * Coon song, a genre of music that presented a stereotyped image of black people
 * Coonass or Coon-ass, an epithet used in reference to a person of Cajun ethnicity

Other uses

 * Cheer cheese, formerly Coon cheese, an Australian brand of cheese
 * Coon hunting, a shortened form of the sport of raccoon hunting

title: Coon