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David Macht

David Israel Macht (February 14, 1882 – October 14, 1961) was a pharmacologist and Doctor of Hebrew Literature, responsible for many contributions to pharmacology during the first half of the 20th century.

Born in Moscow in 1882, Macht moved to Baltimore in 1892, age 10. He was awarded a bachelor's and a medical degree by Johns Hopkins University in 1905, and took postgraduate courses in Berlin, Munich and Vienna. He returned to America in 1909 to join the teaching staff at Johns Hopkins. He rose to the position of assistant professor, lecturing in pharmacology from 1912 to 1932. His grandson, Kenneth Lasson, would later report that at that time Johns Hopkins had a faculty quota limiting the number of Jewish staff that could proceed to full faculty.

In 1928 Macht received the first degree of advanced research awarded at Yeshiva College, New York, being made Doctor of Hebrew Literature. From 1933 to 1941 he served as visiting professor of general physiology at Yeshiva College.

From 1944 Macht was a consultant in pharmacology at Sinai Hospital in Baltimore until he had a stroke in 1957. He died four years later at the same hospital. Currently, Johns Hopkins honors Dr. Macht via the David I. Macht award.

Contributions to medicine
Macht published over 900 scientific studies, and three books. He introduced a number of new methods of treatment of diseases. His contributions include:
 * Discovered the use of ephedrine as a substitute for cocaine.
 * Distinguished the sedative effect of morphine and codeine on the respiratory system from the stimulant effect of other narcotic drugs.
 * Proved X-rays of varying wavelengths produced different biological effects.
 * Developed a cure for pemphigus using "deep" X-Rays.
 * Studies of the thromboplastic (blood clotting) effects of various agents, including antibodies.
 * Extensive research into the pharmacology of blood and spinal fluid of psychotic patients.
 * Research into the pharmacological applications of cobra venom.

The term "psychopharmacology" (the branch of science concerned with the way drugs affect the mind and behaviour) was coined by Macht in 1920.

Phytopharmacology
Macht was known for his pioneering use of a technique he termed phytopharmacology which involved measuring the effects of drugs on plants. Macht's specific technique was to measure the growth rate of Lupinus albus seedlings when dosed with a test substance, and compare this against a control group of undosed seeds. The relative length of root growth would determine what he called the phytotoxic index, and provide a measure of the toxicity of the substance to the plants.

Macht applied his technique of phytopharmacology to a variety of substances, including the blood of people with medical conditions. In 1930, he reported it could be used to demonstrate the presence of snake venom and menotoxin (a toxin thought to be present in the blood of menstruating women). He felt the technique could aid in the differential diagnosis of pernicious anemia, leprosy, pemphigus and other conditions. At the time of his death it was reported that his technique could serve as an indicator of mental illness, since "the blood of persons suffering from certain types of mental illness acts as a poison on species of the European bean".

The use of phytopharmacology as a predictor of toxicity to humans was mainly restricted to the work of Macht and Macht's work was published in the journal Science. Currently, toxicity testing is mostly performed on animal subjects (both live animals and animal tissues), and the detection of individual toxins is performed with mass spectrometry.

While Macht used the term phytopharmacology to refer to the effects of drugs on plants, the term is now only used to refer to the pharmacological usages of plants as medicine.

Medicine in the Bible
Macht was an Orthodox Jew and a Doctor of Hebrew Literature, and he frequently advocated the position that there was a harmonious relationship between religion and science. He studied medical and other descriptions in the Bible and the Talmud, and published many papers that claimed to show that these were accurate descriptions of diseases or treatments. Such papers include:
 * "A Pharmacological Appreciation of References to Alcohol in the Hebrew Bible", (1929). In which he compared the effects of alcohol mentioned in the Bible with current medical understanding and concluded "the Book of Books is in complete accord with the most modern and advanced experimental data on the subject".
 * "An Experimental Pharmacological Appreciation of Leviticus XI and Deuteronomy XIV" (1953). In which Macht used his phytopharmacology technique on samples of both Levitically clean and unclean animals, and showed a markedly higher phytotoxic index for the unclean meats and the correlation was 100%.
 * "A pharmacological appreciation of a biblical reference to mass poisoning, II Kings IV".

Books

 * The Holy Incense. A Botanical, Pharmacological, Psychological, and Archaeological Appreciation of the Bible, 1928, Waverly Press, Inc., Baltimore, MD
 * Bones and Verdure. An Appreciation of Science in Biblical Expressions, 1943, H.G. Roebuck and Son, Baltimore, MD.
 * The Heart and Blood in the Bible, 1951, Boone Press, Baltimore, MD

title: David Macht


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Page Valley

The Page Valley is a small valley geographically and culturally associated with the Shenandoah Valley. The valley is located between the Massanutten and Blue Ridge mountain ranges in western Virginia.

Geography
The valley is approximately 45 mi long. At its widest, across from New Market Gap near Luray, the valley is about 10 mi wide, while at its narrowest north of Luray near Compton, it is only 3.25 mi. Similarly to the south of Luray, at Ingham, the valley narrows to 3.5 mi wide.

The valley encompasses primarily the Page County, Virginia area and the southern portion of Warren County, Virginia, near the northern terminus, a few miles south of Front Royal, Virginia.

The South Fork of the Shenandoah River flows along the western side of the Page Valley, along the eastern foot of the ridge-like Massanutten Mountain.

Transportation
U.S. Route 340 runs north–south through the valley, while U.S. Route 211 cuts east–west across the valley from Thornton Gap in the Blue Ridge, through Luray to New Market Gap in the Massanutten.

History
During the American Civil War, it was known as the Luray Valley since Luray, Virginia (the county seat of Page County) is located in the center of Page Valley. The valley played a significant role in the strategy of Confederate Major General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson during his Valley Campaign of 1862 in which he defeated three numerically superior Union armies.

Blue Ridge Bank was formerly known as Page Valley Bank. And the local news website of Page County is called Page Valley News.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page Valley


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Talk:Shoebox Zoo

Untitled
2 modifications I don't want to make without a second opinion: Wasn't it Dougie who got hit in the face with the electric light (although Stewart was certainly the one who deserved to be!) Although the Library purported to be "Edinburgh University Library", the interior shots are the Central Library on George IV Bridge. Not sure where the front door scene was though. Thoughts anyone? J

No idea where the library scenes were shot, but yeah, it's definately Dougie who got hit with the light. Neko

Duplication
Why are the characters of the Shoebox Zoo listed twice, first under "The Shoebox Zoo itself" and then with shorter descriptions under "Characters"? I propose to merge the descriptions into a single subsection under "Characters". -- Smjg 11:42, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Airing
Does anyone know when the second season will be airing in the US?

Yudii Mercredi
Hi!

Kyle's character is supposed to be of Red Indian descent, but I am pretty sure that the actor Yudii is of East Asian origin. Or am I wrong?

title: Talk:Shoebox Zoo


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Deadlock (Star Trek: Voyager)

"Deadlock" is the 37th episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the 21st episode of the second season. In this television show, part of the Star Trek franchise, a Federation ship is stranded on the opposite side of the Galaxy as Earth in the late 2300s. On its way home the starship encounters many species of aliens and outer space phenomenon. In this episode their ship is split into two versions of itself sharing the same power source, while being attacked by a species of organ harvesting aliens known as the Vidiian.

The episode aired on UPN on March 18, 1996.

Plot
Voyager hits subspace turbulence and suffers from power failures after passing through a plasma drift to avoid Vidiian territory. As B'Elanna Torres prepares a series of proton bursts to keep the antimatter reaction in the warp engines alive, Voyager is bombarded with proton bursts from an unknown source. The bursts cause shipwide hull ruptures and casualties, including the deaths of Harry Kim and the newborn Naomi Wildman, while Kes disappears through a space-time rift. As the crew recovers, Torres discovers there is air on the other side of the rift, and believes that it may be possible to rescue Kes. The bridge crew is forced to evacuate the bridge when it is engulfed in flames, but as she leaves, Captain Kathryn Janeway sees a ghostly image of the bridge-crew, calmly at their stations.

The viewer is then shown the immaculate bridge of Voyager, where that version of Janeway watches a ghostly image of herself evacuate the bridge. This Voyager's proton bursts succeeded in maintaining the reaction, but damaged its doppelganger, of which the crew are aware due to Kes's arrival through the rift. The respective crews are able to make contact with each other, and conclude that upon exiting the nebula, Voyager and its crew were duplicated as a result of a space-time rift. However, this did not replicate the antimatter, hence the power failures.

The two crews attempt to merge the ships, but the effort is unsuccessful. Janeway from the undamaged Voyager crosses through the rift along with the duplicate of Kes. The two Janeways meet to discuss options, recognizing they cannot evacuate the damaged Voyager without creating a quantum imbalance. Janeway from the damaged Voyager states she will initiate a self-destruct of her ship to allow the undamaged one to regain power. Janeway from the undamaged ship asks her counterpart to delay for 15 minutes to devise another option, and returns to her ship via the rift.

The undamaged Voyager is attacked by Vidiian ships; Vidiians soon appear on board and begin harvesting vital organs from the crew. The damaged Voyager, however, is undetected by the Vidiians. Janeway from the undamaged ship orders her Harry Kim to collect baby Naomi Wildman and escape through the rift to the damaged Voyager, and then begins a self-destruct of her Voyager. The explosion destroys the ship and the attacking Vidiians, leaving the damaged Voyager free and returning to normal power-reserves.

Production
Writer Brannon Braga was initially inspired to create an episode with a strange narrative structure, and the team felt like they needed a more action heavy episode. A similar episode was proposed, unsuccessfully, for Star Trek: The Next Generation, and executive producer Jeri Taylor noted that difficulties that the writers encountered on that episode informed the structure of Deadlock. They decided to focus the story on the two Captain Janeways and their interactions, resulting in what actress Kate Mulgrew described as "the most arduous and possibly the most satisfying work I've ever done, technically".

The episode initially ran short, leaving the crew to write extra material, shot over two extra days.

Reception
"Deadlock" had a rating of 9/10 on TV.com, the highest of season 2 of Voyager. It had Nielsen ratings of 5.8 points when it debuted in 1996 on UPN television. It was later voted the favourite episode of the second season during a fan poll. Similarly Star Trek Monthly ranked the episode with 4/5 stars, and Cinefantastique 3/4.

In 2015, a Star Trek: Voyager binge-watching guide by W.I.R.E.D. suggested this episode should not be skipped.

Den of Geek considers it one of the most brutal Voyager episodes and included it in their Voyager viewing guide in 2017.

The Hollywood Reporter listed it in their top 15 episodes of Star Trek: Voyager. In 2015, SyFy rated it among the top ten of Voyager episodes.

In 2016, Vox rated this one of the top 25 essential episodes of all Star Trek.

In 2020, this episode was ranked the 8th best episode of Voyager by SyFy.

In 2020, Gizmodo ranked this as one of the "must watch" episodes in season 2 of Voyager.

In 2020, The Digital Fix said that "Deadlock" was the best episode in season two, calling it a "big blockbuster event."

title: Deadlock (Star Trek: Voyager)


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Basoche

The Basoche was the guild of legal clerks of the Paris court system under the pre-revolutionary French monarchy, from among whom legal representatives (procureurs) were recruited. It was an ancient institution whose roots are unclear. The word itself derives from the Latin basilica, the kind of building in which the legal trade was practiced in the Middle Ages.

It dated from the time when the profession of procureur (procurator, advocate or legal representative) was still free in the sense that persons rendering that service to others when so permitted by the law were not yet public and ministerial officers. For this purpose there was established near each important juridical centre a group of clerks, that is to say, of men skilled in law (or reputed to be so), who at first would probably fill indifferently the rôles of representative or advocate. Such was the origin of the Basoche of the parlement of Paris; which naturally formed itself into a guild, like other professions and trades in the Middle Ages.

But this organization eventually became disintegrated, dividing up into more specialized bodies: that of the advocates, whose history then begins; and that of legal representatives, whose profession was regularized in 1344, and speedily became a saleable charge. The remnant of the original clerks constituted the new Basoche, which thenceforward consisted only of those who worked as clerks for the procureurs, the richer ones among them aspiring themselves to attain the position of procureur. They all, however, retained some traces of their original conditions. "They are admitted," writes an 18th-century author, "to plead before M. le lieutenant civil sur les réferés and before M. le juge auditeur; so that the procureurs of these days are but the former clerks of the Basoche, admitted to officiate in important cases in preference to other clerks and to their exclusion."

From its ancient past the Basoche had also preserved certain picturesque forms and names. It was called the "kingdom of the Basoche," and for a long time its chief, elected each year in general assembly, bore the title of "king." This he had to give up towards the end of the 16th century, by order, it is said, of Henry III, and was thenceforth called the "chancellor." At this time it is said that the order included 6,000 clerks. The Basoche had besides its maîtres des requêtes, a grand court-crier, a referendary, an advocate-general, a procureur-général, a chaplain, etc. In early days, and until the first half of the 16th century, it was organized in companies in a military manner and held periodical reviews or parades (montres), sometimes taking up arms in the king's service in time of war. Of this there survived later only an annual cavalcade, when the members of the Basoche went to the royal forest of Bondy to cut the maypole, which they afterwards set up in the courtyard of the Palais de Justice, to the sound of tambourines and trumpets. We hear also of satirical and literary entertainments given by clerks of the Palais de Justice, and of the moralities played by them in public, which form an important element in the history of the national theatre; but at the end of the 16th century these performances were restricted to the great hall of the Palais.

To the last the Basoche retained two principal prerogatives. (1) In order to be recognized as a qualified procureur it was necessary to have gone through one's "stage" in the Basoche, to have been entered by name for ten years on its register. It was not sufficient to have been merely clerk to a procureur during the period and to have been registered at his office. This rule was the occasion of frequent conflicts during the 17th and 18th centuries between the members of the Basoche and the procureurs, and on the whole, despite certain decisions favouring the latter, the parlement maintained the rights of the Basoche. Opinion was favourable to it because the certificats de complaisance issued by the procureurs were dreaded. These certificates held good, moreover, in places where there was no Basoche. (2) The Basoche had judiciary powers recognized by the law. It had disciplinary jurisdiction over its members and decided personal actions in civil law brought by one clerk against another or by an outsider against a clerk. The judgment, at any rate if delivered by a maître des requêtes, was authoritative, and could only be contested by a civil petition before the ancient council of the Basoche.

The Châtelet of Paris had its special basoche, which claimed to be older even than that of the Palais de Justice, and there was contention between them as to certain rights. The clerks of the procureurs at the cour des comptes of Paris had their own Basoche of great antiquity, called the "empire de Galilée." The Basoche of the Palais de Justice had in its ancient days the right to create provostships in localities within the jurisdiction of the parlement of Paris, and thus there sprang up a certain number of local basoches. Others were independent in origin; among such being the "regency" of Rouen and the Basoche of the Parlement of Toulouse.

Its powers faded over the years and towards the end, it had little genuine authority. It was abolished in the French Revolution by the general decree of February 13, 1791. In modern French, basoche is a pejorative term for the legal trade as a whole.

title: Basoche


text:
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History of Illinois

The history of Illinois may be defined by several broad historical periods, namely, the pre-Columbian period, the era of European exploration and colonization, its development as part of the American frontier, its early statehood period, growth in the 19th and 20th centuries, and contemporary Illinois of today.

Pre-Columbian era
Cahokia, the urban center of the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture, was located near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. Several burial mounds and adobe structures were created in Southern Illinois across the Mississippi River from St. Louis. A gigantic mound, known as Monks Mound near Cahokia, is about the same height from its base as the Pyramid of Giza. Built around 1050 AD by an immense marshaling of human labor, this huge earth-work faced the site of a palisaded city that contained more than one hundred small artificial mounds marking burial sites. This Mississippi valley city of Cahokia is estimated to have had a population of about 16,000 to 20,000, the most concentrated population north of the Rio Grande until the late 1700s. Radiating out from Cahokia for many miles were tilled fields that supplied the corn for the urban dwellers. That civilization vanished circa 1400–1500 for unknown reasons. A severe earthquake that damaged Monk's Mound at that time might have challenged the supernatural powers claimed by the Cahokian chiefs. Cahokians might have also outstripped their water supply caused in part by large-scale deforestation, and the period of global cooling or mini Ice Age of the era might have caused recurring famines and migration.

The next major power in the region was the Illiniwek Confederation, a political alliance among several tribes. The Illiniwek gave Illinois its name. The Ho-Chunk, a Siouan people of the Chiwere subgroup & the alleged oldest continuous Siouan society, were also believed to claim some land north of the Rock River. During the Beaver Wars period of the 17th century, the Iroquois pushed through and briefly conquered Ohio, Indiana & Southern Michigan, forcing several peoples out of those regions. Several migrating groups of Miami & Mascouten—the oldest known inhabitants of Indiana & S. Michigan—spread throughout the western Great Lakes & Upper Mississippi region, living wherever they could. The known tribes were the Miami, Mascouten, Wea, Atchatchakangouen, Pepicokia, Mengakonkia, Pinakashaw & Kilatika. The Beaver Wars also caused a secondary conflict in the greater Wisconsin area known as the Second Fauk War, which pushed the ancestors of the Lakota/ Dakota out onto the plains & destabilized the Dakotas.

The French, who arrived during the 1670s–80s and established the Illinois colony, helped to stabilize the region. The Miami & Mascouten subtribes merged back into two—the Miami & Wea-- & returned to the east in the 1690s. In the aftermath of the Yamasee War (1715–1717) in the early 18th century, the French also offered aid to a breakaway group of Yuchi known as the Chisca, who had once resided in southeast Kentucky and had them migrate into Illiniwek territory. During the French & Indian War, English influence spread deep into and destabilized the Illinois Colony. The largely Algonquian-ized Chisca split away and returned to Kentucky, taking several of the Illiniwek peoples with them (although, some remained) and became known as the Kispoko. The Kispoko soon after merged with the Shawnee. Later, the remaining Illiniwek were pushed out onto the Great Plains, alike many other tribes and were broken down as several peoples fought for adequate land. Today, the remaining Illiniwek are part of a single tribe—the Peoria of Oklahoma.

European exploration and colonization
French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers in 1673. As a result of their exploration, the Illinois Country was part of the French empire until 1763, when it passed to the British, who later annexed the area to Canada in 1774. It was later ceded to the new United States in 1783 and became part of the Northwest Territory. The Illinois campaign was part of the Western theater of the American Revolutionary War.

American Territory
The Illinois-Wabash Company was an early claimant to much of Illinois. An early western outpost of the United States, Fort Dearborn, was established in 1803 (at the site of present-day Chicago), and the creation of the Illinois Territory followed on February 3, 1809.

Statehood
On December 3, 1818, Illinois became the 21st U.S. state. Early U.S. expansion began in the south part of the state and quickly spread northward, driving out the native residents. In 1832, some Native American "Indians" returned from Iowa but were driven out in the Black Hawk War, fought by militia.

Illinois is known as the "Land of Lincoln" because it is here that the 16th President spent his formative years. Chicago gained prominence as a lake and canal port after 1848, and as a rail hub soon afterward. By 1857, Chicago was the state's dominant metropolis. (see History of Chicago).

Slavery
The state has a varied history in relation to slavery and the treatment of African Americans in general. The French had black slaves from 1719 to as late as the 1820s. Slavery was nominally banned by the Northwest Ordinance, but that was not enforced. When Illinois became a sovereign state in 1818, the Ordinance no longer applied, and there were about 900 slaves in the state. As the southern part of the state, known as "Egypt", was largely settled by migrants from the South, the section was hostile to free blacks and allowed settlers to bring slaves with them for labor. Pro-slavery elements tried to call a convention to legalize slavery, but they were blocked by Governor Edward Coles who mobilized anti-slavery forces, warning that rich slave owners would buy up all the good farm lands. A referendum in 1823 showed 60% of the voters opposed slavery and efforts to make slavery official failed. Nevertheless, some slaves were brought in seasonally or as house servants as late as the 1840s. The Illinois Constitution of 1848 was written with a provision for exclusionary laws to be passed. In 1853, state senator John A. Logan helped pass a law to prohibit all African Americans, including freedmen, from settling in the state. After 1865 Logan reversed positions and became a leading advocate of civil rights for blacks.

Latter Day Saints at Nauvoo
In 1839, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, often referred to as Mormons, created a settlement they named Nauvoo. By 1840 church leadership envisioned Nauvoo as an economic, cultural and spiritual center—a religious utopia guided by church leaders. The city, situated on a prominent bend along the Mississippi River, quickly grew to 12,000 inhabitants and was for a time rivaling for the title of largest city in Illinois. By the early 1840s, the Latter Day Saints built a large stone temple in Nauvoo, one of the largest buildings in Illinois at the time, which was completed in 1846. In 1844 Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, was killed in nearby Carthage, Illinois. In 1846, the Latter-day Saints following Brigham Young left Illinois for what would become Utah, but what was still then Mexican territory. A small breakaway group remained, but Nauvoo fell largely into abandonment. Nauvoo today has many restored buildings from the 1840s.

American Civil War
During the Civil War, over 250,000 soldiers from Illinois served in the Union Army, the fourth most by state. Starting with President Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Illinois sent 150 infantry regiments; they were numbered from the 7th IL to the 156th IL. Seventeen cavalry regiments also served as well as two light artillery regiments. The most well worked soldier was Ulysses S. Grant of Galena. Throughout the war the Republicans were in control, under the firm leadership of Governor Richard Yates The Democrats had a strong Copperhead element that opposed the war and tried in local areas to disrupt the draft. In Chicago, Wilbur F. Storey made his Democratic newspaper the Chicago Times into Lincoln's most vituperative enemy.

20th century
In the 20th century, Illinois emerged as one of the most important states in the Union. Edward F. Dunne was a Chicago Democrat and leader of the progressive movement, who served as governor 1913–1917. He was succeeded by Frank O. Lowden, who led the war effort and was Republican presidential hopeful in 1920.

Democrat Adlai Stevenson served as governor in 1948–1952. William G. Stratton led a Republican statehouse in the 1950s. In 1960 Otto Kerner Jr. led the Democrats back to power. He promoted economic development, education, mental health services, and equal access to jobs and housing. In a federal trial in 1973, Kerner was convicted on 17 counts of bribery while he was governor, plus other charges; he went to prison. Richard B. Ogilvie, a Republican, won in 1968. Bolstered by large Republican majorities in the state house, Ogilvie embarked upon a major modernization of state government. He successfully advocated for a state constitutional convention, increased social spending, and secured Illinois' first state income tax. The latter was particularly unpopular with the electorate, and the modest Ogilvie lost a close election to the flashy Democrat Dan Walker in 1972. The state constitutional convention of 1970 wrote a new document that was approved by the voters. It modernized government and ended the old system of three-person districts which froze the political system in place.

Walker did not repeal the income tax that Ogilvie had enacted and wedged between machine Democrats and Republicans had little success with the Illinois legislature during his tenure. In 1987 he was convicted of business crimes not related to his governorship. In the 1976 gubernatorial election, Jim Thompson, a Republican prosecutor from Chicago won 65 percent of the vote over Michael Howlett. Thompson was reelected in 1978 with 60 percent of the vote, defeating State Superintendent Michael Bakalis. Thompson was very narrowly reelected in 1982 against former U.S. Senator Adlai E. Stevenson III, and then won decisively against him in a rematch in 1986.

Thompson was succeeded by Republican Jim Edgar who won a close race in 1990 against his Democratic opponent, attorney general Neil Hartigan, and was reelected in 1994 by a wide margin against another Democratic opponent, state comptroller and former state senator Dawn Clark Netsch. In the elections of 1992 and 1994, the Republicans succeeded in capturing both houses of the state legislature and all statewide offices, putting Edgar in a very strong political position. He advocated increases in funding for education along with cuts in government employment, spending and welfare programs. He was succeeded by yet another Republican, George H. Ryan. Ryan worked for extensive repairs of the Illinois Highway System called "Illinois FIRST". FIRST was an acronym for "Fund for Infrastructure, Roads, Schools, and Transit". Signed into law in May 1999, the law created a $6.3 billion package for use in school and transportation projects. With various matching funds programs, Illinois FIRST provided $2.2 billion for schools, $4.1 billion for public transportation, another $4.1 billion for roads, and $1.6 billion for other projects. In 1993 Illinois became the first Midwestern state to elect a black person to the US senate before the term of Carol Moseley Braun. The 1996 Democratic National Convention hosted in Chicago sparked protests, such as the one whereby Civil Rights Movement historian Randy Kryn and 10 others were arrested by the Federal Protective Service.

21st century
Ryan gained national attention in January 2003 when he commuted the sentences of everyone on or waiting to be sent to death row in Illinois—a total of 167 convicts—due to his belief that the death penalty was incapable of being administered fairly. Ryan's term was marked by scandals; he was convicted of corruption in federal court and sent to prison.

Rod Blagojevich, elected in 2002, was the first Democratic governor in a quarter century. Illinois was trending sharply toward the Democratic party in both national and state elections. After the 2002 elections, Democrats had control of the House, Senate, and all but one statewide office. Blagojevich signed numerous pieces of progressive legislation such as ethics reform, death penalty reform, a state Earned Income Tax Credit, and expansions of health programs like KidCare and FamilyCare. Blagojevich signed a bill in 2005 that prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, housing, public accommodations, and credit. Other notable actions of his term include a strict new ethics law and a comprehensive death penalty reform bill. Despite an annual budget crunch, Blagojevich oversaw an increase in funding for health care every year without raising general sales or income taxes. Republicans claimed that he simply passed the state's fiscal problems on to future generations by borrowing to balance budgets. Indeed, the 2005 state budget called for paying the bills by shorting the state employees' pension fund by $1.2 billion, which led to a backlash among educators. In December 2008, Blagojevich was arrested on charges of conspiracy and solicitation to commit bribery with regard to appointing a U.S. Senator. He was convicted in federal court and sent to prison.

Financial crisis
Pat Quinn became governor on January 29, 2009, after Blagojevich was removed from office. Quinn was elected to a full term in office in the 2010 gubernatorial election. As governor he faced severe short-term budget shortfalls and a long-term state debt, all in the context of the worst national economic slump since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Quinn has pushed for spending cuts and tax increases, while trying to raise ethical standards, protect public-sector labor unions, and maintain environmental standards. Quinn faced a state with a reputation for corruption—the two previous governors both went to federal prison—and after two years polls showed Quinn himself was the "Nation's most unpopular governor." Quinn in 2012 feared Illinois was "on the verge of a financial meltdown because of pension systems eating up every new dollar and health care costs climbing through the roof." The state for decades had underfunded its pension system for state employees. By early 2013 the main issue remained a financial crisis in meeting the state's budget and its long-term debt as the national economic slump—the Great Recession—continued and Illinois did poorly in terms of creating jobs. In May 2013, Illinois' state (public) universities, colleges, and community colleges agreed, pending formation and passage of the legislation before the end of the state's legislative session, at Illinois House Speaker Michael Madigan and other members' repeated urging, to gradually assume more of the burden- half of a percent of the retirement and pension costs per fiscal year starting in 2015 (it would likely take roughly 10 to 20 years for them to assume the full cost; school districts likely will have to do the same at some point- Chicago Public Schools already bear the entire cost). Programs will likely be cut, tuition will probably keep on being raised too, and property taxes also might well increase, but it would make a sizable dent in the almost $100 billion unfunded retiree pension liability that is a large part of the state's fiscal crisis.

Famous people
Most pre-1940 names have been selected from the WPA Guide This is a list of people from Illinois; people are not included if they left the state before beginning a career.

Before 1940

 * Jane Addams, social work
 * Philip D. Armour, business
 * Louis Armstrong, music
 * Edward Beecher, religion
 * Lydia Moss Bradley, philanthropy
 * Daniel H. Burnham, architect
 * Joseph Gurney Cannon, politics, GOP
 * Anton Cermak, politics, Dem
 * John Coughlin, politics, Dem
 * Clarence Darrow, law
 * John Dewey, philosophy
 * Stephen A. Douglas, politics, Dem
 * Finley Peter Dunne, author
 * Ninian Edwards, politics
 * James T. Farrell, author
 * Theodore Dreiser, author
 * Eugene Field, author
 * Marshall Field I, business
 * Marshall Field III, business
 * Thomas Ford, politics, Dem
 * John T. Frederick, literature
 * Lyman J. Gage, business
 * Ulysses S. Grant, military
 * Red Grange, sports
 * Frank W. Gunsaulus, education
 * William Rainey Harper, education
 * Carter Harrison Sr., politics, Dem
 * Carter Harrison Jr., politics, Dem
 * George Peter Alexander Healy, artist
 * Ben Hecht, author
 * William Holabird, architect
 * Raymond Hood, architect
 * Henry Horner, politics, Dem
 * Robert Maynard Hutchins, education
 * Robert Ingersoll, religion
 * Samuel Insull, business
 * William Le Baron Jenney, architect
 * Leslie Keeley, medicine
 * Florence Kelley, social work
 * John Kinzie, settler
 * Frank Knox, newspapers
 * Christian C. Kohlsaat, judge
 * H. H. Kohlsaat, editor and publisher of the Chicago Times Herald
 * René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, explorer
 * Julia C. Lathrop, social work
 * Victor F. Lawson, newspapers
 * Abraham Lincoln, politics, Whig, GOP, 16th President of the United States
 * Mary Todd Lincoln, Lincoln's wife
 * Robert Todd Lincoln, Lincoln's son
 * Vachel Lindsay, author
 * John A. Logan, politics, Dem, GOP
 * Frank O. Lowden, politics, GOP
 * Cyrus Hall McCormick, business
 * Robert R. McCormick, newspapers
 * James Robert Mann, politics, GOP
 * Edgar Lee Masters, author
 * Joseph Medill, newspapers
 * Charles E. Merriam, education
 * Harriet Monroe, poet
 * Dwight L. Moody, religion

 * William Vaughn Moody, author
 * George Mundelein, cardinal
 * William Butler Ogden, business
 * Richard James Oglesby, politics, GOP
 * John M. Palmer, politics, GOP, Dem
 * Potter Palmer, business
 * Bertha Palmer, society
 * Francis W. Parker, education
 * John Mason Peck, author
 * Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, settler
 * George M. Pullman, business
 * Henry T. Rainey, politics, Dem
 * Ronald Reagan (1911–2004), 40th President of the United States, GOP
 * John W. Root, architect
 * Julius Rosenwald, business
 * E. W. Scripps, newspapers
 * Richard Warren Sears, business
 * Albion W. Small, sociology
 * Joseph Smith, religion
 * John Spalding, religion
 * Amos Alonzo Stagg, sports
 * Ellen Gates Starr, social work
 * Bernard James Sheil, religion
 * Melville E. Stone, newspapers
 * Adlai Stevenson, politics; Vice President, Dem
 * Gustavus F. Swift, business
 * Graham R. Taylor, social work
 * Theodore Thomas, conductor
 * Lyman Trumbull, politics, Dem, GOP, Dem
 * Jonathan Baldwin Turner, education
 * Charles Rudolph Walgreen, business
 * A. Montgomery Ward, business
 * John Wentworth, politics, Dem, GOP
 * Frances E Willard, social activist, head of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union
 * Frank Lloyd Wright, architect
 * Richard Yates, politics, GOP
 * Charles Yerkes, business
 * Arnold Beckman, inventor and philanthropist

Recent

 * Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Olympic Gold Medalist
 * John Bardeen (1908–1991) winner of two Nobel prizes in physics
 * Joseph Bernardin (1928–1996), cardinal
 * Richard J. Daley (1902–1976), Chicago mayor; Dem
 * Richard M. Daley (born 1942), Chicago mayor, son of Richard J.; Dem
 * Everett Dirksen, politics, GOP
 * Enrico Fermi, nuclear physics
 * Vince Vaughn, actor
 * Andrew Greeley (born 1928), author; religion; sociology
 * George Halas, (1895–1983) sports
 * Robert H. Michel, (born 1923), politics, GOP
 * Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, architect
 * William Shockley, (1910–1989), physicist invented transistor
 * Adlai Stevenson II (1908–1965), politician, Dem
 * Robert Berland, (born 1961) Summer Olympics 1984 Silver Medalist in Judo and 1988 Olympian
 * Eric Newby, (born 1988) Summer Paralympics 2016 Silver Medalist in Wheelchair Rugby and 2020 Silver Medalist in Wheelchair Rugby

Primary documents

 * Johnson, Walter. Governor of Illinois 1949–1953 (Papers of Adlai E. Stevenson, Volume 3) (1973), primary documents.
 * Peck, J. M. A Gazetteer of Illinois (1837), a primary source online
 * Quaife, Milo Milton ed. Growing Up with Southern Illinois, 1820 to 1861: From the Memoirs of Daniel Harmon Brush (1944)
 * Sutton, Robert P. ed. The Prairie State: A Documentary History of Illinois (1977).

title: History of Illinois


text:
Super President

Super President is an American animated cartoon that aired Saturday mornings on NBC from September 16, 1967 to December 28, 1968. The series was produced by the DePatie–Freleng animation company.

In the show, the President of the United States has extraordinary superpowers, including increased strength and the ability to change his molecular composition, and uses them to protect the Free World, as well as his hapless Vice President. The show was relentlessly criticized for its bad taste and low quality, and was cancelled after thirty episodes, midway through its second season.

O Sombra
There was a cartoon that aired on this show called "O Sombra - The Spy Shadow". It was also a superhero cartoon. This cartoon is unavailable and there are only a few recordings available that showed the entire cartoon. It was released in 1967.

Plot
The President of the United States, former astronaut James Norcross (voiced by Paul Frees) is given superpowers as the result of a cosmic storm during a space mission. The future President gains increased strength and the Metamorpho-like ability to change his molecular composition at will to any form required (like granite, steel, ozone, water and even electricity). A hidden panel in the Oval Office allows him access to his secret base, a hidden cave beneath the "Presidential Mansion" (a somewhat modified White House). Super President travels either by using a futuristic automobile/aircraft/submarine called the Omnicar, or by using jets built into his belt.

Despite the fact that the character's name is "Super President", for some reason only Norcross' chubby, pipe-smoking advisor Jerry Sales knows that the leader of the Free World is also a red and white-costumed superhero in his off-hours.

A total of thirty episodes of Super President were produced. Two episodes appeared in each show. Each episode also included an episode of Spy Shadow starring secret agent Richard Vance (voiced by Ted Cassidy) who had learned in Tibet how to command his shadow (also voiced by Ted Cassidy) to act independently of himself, an ability he put to good use as an Interspy operative battling a variety of villains, including the evil forces of S.P.I.D.E.R. ("Society for Plunder, International Disorder, Espionage and Racketeering"). Spy Shadow had the power to slip through small openings, hide himself in another person's shadow, and was invulnerable to harm thanks to his insubstantial nature, but his fists remained decidedly solid. Spy Shadow's only weakness is the inability to appear in total darkness for "there can be no shadow without light".

Reception
Super President came under fire from critics and TV watchdog groups, including Action for Children's Television, for its depiction of a national leader who was an invincible superhuman (especially since it debuted less than four years after John Kennedy's death). The National Association of Broadcasters said: "An all-time low in bad taste, with the President of the United States in a Superman role. NBC was responsible for this direct ideological approach to totalitarianism. We fear that there may be other broadcasters who are irresponsible enough to keep it in circulation".

In The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows, David Perlmutter says that the show is "perhaps the worst animated program in the late 1960s (its producers admitted it themselves)" and calls the superhero president "arguably the most implausible superhero narrative idea ever invented".

Episodes

 * 1) The Great Vegetable Disintegrator
 * 2) The Billion Dollar Bomber
 * 3) The Electronic Spy
 * 4) Day of the Locusts
 * 5) The Case of the Destroyer Satellite
 * 6) King of the Sea
 * 7) The U.F.O. Mystery
 * 8) No Time Passes
 * 9) Man of Steel
 * 10) The Earth Robber
 * 11) Monster of the Atoll
 * 12) Return of the Vikings
 * 13) The Cosmic Gladiators
 * 14) The Condor's Eye
 * 15) The President and the Pirate
 * 16) Interplanetary Menace
 * 17) Red Ray Raider
 * 18) The Treachery of Jerry Sales
 * 19) Rangled Terrors
 * 20) Dound and Doom
 * 21) Spears from Space
 * 22) Toys of Death
 * 23) Birds of Terror
 * 24) The Menace of the Moles
 * 25) The Chameleon
 * 26) The Gravity Destroyer
 * 27) Ice Invader
 * 28) Electronic Giant
 * 29) Time Crimes
 * 30) A Million Years of Menace

Cast

 * Daws Butler -
 * Ted Cassidy - Richard Vance, Spy Shadow
 * June Foray -
 * Paul Frees - Super President/James Norcross, Narrator
 * Shepard Menken -
 * Don Messick -

title: Super President


text:
Korel Engin

Korel Engin (born April 8, 1980), aka Cori Enghusen, is an American-born Turkish female basketball player at the center position for Beşiktaş Cola Turka. At 201 cm (6'7"), she is the tallest member of the Turkish women's basketball national team.

Born in Bothell, Washington, Enghusen started playing basketball at the age of 12. She played for Inglemoor High School in Washington until her graduation in 1998. She was named "1998 Gatorade Washington State Player of the Year". While she studied sociology in major and psychology at Stanford University between 1998–2002, she played as center of the college team, the sixth-ranked women's basketball team in the NCAA.

Cori Enghusen was member of the US national team at the 2001 Basketball World University Games in Beijing, China. She helped lead the U.S. to gold at the Games.

In 2003, she played professionally in Greece. Then she moved to Turkey and was with Migrosspor in Istanbul in 2004. In 2005, she agreed to become a Turkish citizen in order to join the Turkey women's basketball national team and to participate at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería, Spain. She helped Turkey earn gold medal. Engin signed a two-years contract with Fenerbahçe Istanbul in July 2005.

Stanford statistics
Sources

Honors

 * 🇹🇷 Fenerbahçe Istanbul
 * Turkish League
 * Winners (1): 2005-06
 * Turkish Cup
 * Winners (1): 2005-06
 * 🇹🇷 Galatasaray
 * Turkish Presidents Cup
 * Winners (1): 2007-08
 * EuroCup Women
 * Winners (1): 2008-09

title: Korel Engin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Billboard Song

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:10, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

The Billboard Song
This article is about a song that doesn't seem at all notable. The article doesn't say anything about the song itself, only the lyrics which may be copyrighted anyway. The few google hits are also only the lyrics. --Moochocoogle 20:03, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Some comedian sang this once, I think. Anyway, delete this non-notable humor song.  (note: sung to the tune of Battle Hymn of the Republic) humblefool® 21:10, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn song. JamesBurns 08:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Red squirrel

Whcih red squirrel?
Is this the Eurasian species?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sciurus-vulgaris_hernandeangelis_stockholm_2008-06-04.jpg

No ear tuffs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.137.245.206 (talk) 19:55, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

Yes, I think it's probably the Eurasian species, possibly a young squirrel that has not grown its ear tufts (and that would also explain why its tail looks thin). We get a wide variety of tail colours from almost white to almost black.  D b f i r s   20:01, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

File:Squirrel posing.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Squirrel posing.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on November 4, 2015. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2015-11-04. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Chris Woodrich (talk) 00:01, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

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Red squirrels in Ireland
The lead says red squirrels are declining in Ireland. This is not true. They are thriving. The statement is very out of date and has no citation. In Ireland it is understood that grey squirrels compete for food but that this wasn't causing extinction, it was loss of habitat (thanks, British) when they cut down all the trees in the 1600s. They were successfully reintroduced about 200 years ago, long before the grey squirrels were introduced (thanks again, British). Red squirrels feed most successfully in coniferous woodland where grey squirrels don't feed as effectively (see source 1 below). I know that most articles have certain editors who feel a sense of ownership over the article so could one of them please update this? Sources as follows. Source: http://www.wildlifecrime.ie/pages/Squirrel.html Source: https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2020/0616/1147681-red-squirrels-comback-ireland-pine-martens-grey-squirrels/ Source: https://www.irishnews.com/lifestyle/2020/06/20/news/take-on-nature-our-native-irish-red-squirrels-are-making-a-comeback-1978855/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.64.115.92 (talk) 01:49, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

"Black" squirrel
Whilst hiking in the Vosges mountains I saw a few squirrels whose coats were so dark as to be called black. This is unusual (I think) but these could be genetic mutants or something similar. Maybe they are immigrants. John Do'h 20:50, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red squirrel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Callipygous

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:10, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Callipygous
Dicdef, and seems unlikley to expand much. Delete or Traswiki. DES 20:05, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary has a sufficient definition. Useful word, but delete. Chatoyant 20:26, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia's official policies state that Wikipedia is not a dictionary (WP:WIN) and such definitions should be sent to Wiktionary. drini ☎ 21:05, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. Contents are slightly different.-Poli (talk • contribs) 22:47, 2005 July 25 (UTC)
 * Yes. Wiktionary's are better.  Transwiki is, in this case, completely unnecessary and a waste of the time and effort of the various editors who manually perform that task — edits to 6 pages just to give Wiktionary content that is inferior to what it already has.  Please find another solution to your problem. Uncle G 23:13:46, 2005-07-25 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef and Wiktionary's entry is already far better than this thing. Xaa 03:06, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Martingale (tack)

A martingale is any of several designs of tack that are used on horses to control head carriage. Martingales may be seen in a wide variety of equestrian disciplines, both riding and driving. Rules for their use vary widely; in some disciplines they are never used, others allow them for schooling but not in judged performance, and some organizations allow certain designs in competition.

The two most common types of martingale, the standing and the running, are used to control the horse's head height, and to prevent the horse from throwing its head so high that the rider loses control over the horse's speed, direction and shape of body. When a horse's head gets above a desired height, the martingale places pressure on the head so that it becomes more difficult or impossible to raise it higher.

The standing martingale
The standing martingale, also known as a "tiedown" or a "head check", has a single strap which is attached to the girth, passes between the horse's front legs and is fixed to the back of the noseband. To prevent it from catching on other objects, it also has a neck strap. A variation is attached to a breastplate in lieu of a neck strap. When correctly fitted for English riding, it should be possible to push the martingale strap up to touch the horse's throatlatch.

A variation of the standing martingale, called a tiedown, is seen almost exclusively in the western riding disciplines. A tiedown is adjusted much shorter than a standing martingale and is intended primarily to prevent the horse from flipping its head up when asked to abruptly stop or turn in speed events. Users also claim that it gives the horse something to brace against for balance. It consists of an adjustable strap, one end which attaches to the horse's breastplate and the other which attaches to a noseband on the bridle. The noseband can be of leather, but may also be of lariat rope, or even plastic-covered cable, which can make the western tiedown considerably harsher than the English-style standing martingale. It is properly adjusted when it puts no pressure on the horse's nose when held at a normal position, but will immediately act if the horse raises its nose more than a few inches.

With both pieces of equipment, the slack is taken up out of the strap when the horse raises its head above the desired point, and pressure is placed on the horse's nose.

The standing martingale is competition legal for show hunter and hunt seat equitation riders over fences in the US, show jumping competitions in the UK, and is permissible and in common use in fox hunting, polocrosse, horseball, and polo. It is also seen on some military and police horses, partly for style and tradition, but also in the event of an emergency that may require the rider to handle the horse in an abrupt manner. It is not legal for flat classes. The tiedown is commonly seen in rodeo and speed events such as gymkhana games, but is not show legal in any other western-style horse show competition.

Safety and risks
The standing martingale is more restrictive than the running martingale because it cannot be loosened in an emergency. A horse that trips in a standing martingale could potentially fall more easily because its range of motion is restricted. If a horse falls wearing an incorrectly fitted standing martingale, the animal cannot extend its neck fully, plus will have a more difficult time getting back up.

Due to the risk of injury to the cartilage of the nose, the martingale strap is never attached to a drop noseband. Because of the risk of both nose and jaw injuries, it also should not be attached to any type of "figure 8" or "grackle" noseband. A standing martingale can be attached to the cavesson (the upper, heavier strap) of a flash noseband, but not to the lower, "flash" or "drop" strap.

Any martingale may cause pain to the horse if misused in combination with certain other equipment. If used in conjunction with a gag bit, a standing martingale can trap the head of the horse, simultaneously asking the horse to raise and lower its head and providing no source of relief in either direction. This combination is sometimes seen in polo, in some rodeo events, and occasionally in the lower levels of jumping.

Overuse or misuse of a martingale or tiedown, particularly as a means to prevent a horse from head-tossing, can lead to the overdevelopment of the muscles on the underside of the neck, creating an undesirable "upside down" neck that makes it more difficult for the horse work properly under saddle. It may also lead to the horse tensing the back muscles and moving incorrectly, especially over fences. This may put excessive pressure on the horse's spine, reduce the shock-absorbing capacity of the leg anatomy, and can over time lead to lameness. There is also a risk of accidents: If a horse is sufficiently "trapped" by a combination of a too-short martingale and too-harsh bit, the horse may attempt to rear and, inhibited by the action of the martingale, fall, potentially injuring both horse and rider.

The running martingale and German martingale

The running martingale consists of a strap which is attached to the girth and passes between the horse's front legs before dividing into two pieces. At the end of each of these straps is a small metal ring through which the reins pass. It is held in the correct position by a neck strap or breastplate.

A running martingale is adjusted so that each of the "forks" has about an inch of slack when the horse holds its head in the normal position. When correctly adjusted, the reins make a straight line from the rider's hand to the bit ring when the horse's head in at the correct height and the running martingale is not in effect.

When the horse raises its head above the desired point, the running martingale adds leverage through the reins to the bit on the bars of the horse's mouth. The leverage created by this pressure encourages the horse to lower its head. A running martingale provides more freedom for the horse than a standing martingale, as the rider can release pressure as soon as the desired result is achieved. Additionally, if a horse happens to trip on landing after a fence, the rider can loosen the reins and the horse will have full use of its head and neck.

Because of this safety factor, the running martingale is the only style of martingale permitted for use in eventing competitions and horse racing. Some show jumpers also prefer the running martingale due to the extra freedom it provides. Running martingales are also used outside of the competition arena on young horses being trained in the Saddle seat, western riding, and many other disciplines.

The German martingale, also called a Market Harborough, consists of a split fork that comes up from the chest, runs through the rings of the bit and attaches to rings on the reins of the bridle between the bit and the rider's hand. It acts in a manner similar to a running martingale, but with additional leverage. It is not show legal and is used primarily as a training aid.

Safety and risks
A running martingale is generally used with rein stops, which are rubber or leather stops slipped onto the rein between the bit and the ring of the martingale. Rein stops are compulsory at Pony Club and British Eventing Events. They are an important safety feature that stops the martingale from sliding too far forward and getting caught on the bit ring or on the buckles or studs that attach the reins to the bit. Sanctioning organizations require a running martingale to be used in conjunction with rein stops if the reins are buckled to the bit.

The primary difficulty in use of a running martingale is the inability to raise the horse's head in the event of the animal bucking. If adjusted too short, lateral use of the reins may be impeded. If used improperly, the force exerted by the running martingale on the horse's mouth can be severe and for this reason the standing martingale is preferred in some circles. Improper use includes use on the reins of a curb bit; adjustment too short, so that the equipment pulls the horse's head below the proper position.

The Irish martingale
The Irish martingale is not a true martingale in the sense of a device that affects the rider's control over the horse. Thus, it is sometimes known as a semi-martingale. It is a simple short strap with a ring on either end. The reins are each run through a ring on either side before being buckled. The Irish martingale's purpose is not to control the head, but to prevent the reins from coming over the horse's head, risking entanglement, should a rider fall. It is used mostly in European horse racing.

title: Martingale (tack)


text:
Lake Monroe

Lake Monroe may refer to one of the following places in the United States:
 * Lake Monroe, Florida, unincorporated community
 * Lake Monroe (Florida) in Florida, a lake on the St. Johns River
 * Lake Monroe (Mississippi) in Monroe County, Mississippi
 * Monroe Lake in Monroe and Brown counties, Indiana

title: Lake Monroe


text:
Talk:Paul Lambert

Untitled
I highly doubt the veracity of the last section of this article. The dysinformtion about Lambert's alledged involvement in the IRA and his response to the Omagh bombings is ridiculous. I'm upset that Wikipedia's negligence has enabled such libel to be published under the guise of legitimate information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.91.46.46 (talk) 21:05, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Birthplace
The Linwood article says Paul Lambert was born and brought up there. The Barrhead article says he is a 'son' of Barrhead. If anyone knows where he was in fact born, please amend these articles as necessary. Thanks :Supergolden:: 10:03, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

He was born in Duke Street in Glasgow. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/aug/06/paul-lambert-norwich-city-interview "Lambert was born in Duke Street, Glasgow, "a stone's throw from Parkhead," and his family moved, when he was a little boy, to Linwood, "a 20 minute drive" to the west of the city". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.195.106.183 (talk) 13:29, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

New contract
I have requested the page be temporarily semi-protected due to the IP vandalism surrounding the new contract signed June 1, 2010  steveyeu   ../(talk)  10:55, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

Norwich as runners-up
Given the case regarding the registration of QPR player Alejandro Faurlin is on going, and a points deduction for that club still a possibility, would it be wise to hold back on claiming Paul Lambert lead Norwich to the Premiership as runners-up in the Championship, at least until the case is resolved?Dtlloyd (talk) 08:29, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Personally, I think the facts are currently the facts, i.e. Norwich have finished second until otherwise announced. The Rambling Man (talk) 08:36, 3 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed. --Dweller (talk) 10:34, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

Norwich manager
Paul Lambert is still a Norwich manager until its been confirmed by Norwich that he has left. Their latest statement says that they have declined his resignation, therefore he is still a Norwich manager. Please do leave him as Norwich manager as present. Mr tim111 (talk) 22:09, 1 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Updated now it's official. The Rambling Man (talk) 11:54, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

Aston Villa
I request the Norwich navbox to be removed and an Aston Villa one in it's place, to go with his recent change of club. 109.145.30.251 (talk) 11:42, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Been done. The Rambling Man (talk) 11:54, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

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text:
FC Zenit (disambiguation)

FC Zenit may refer to:
 * FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, a Russian football club
 * FC Zenit-2, reserve team of Zenit Saint Petersburg
 * FC Zenit Penza, a Russian football club
 * FC Zenit-Izhevsk Izhevsk, a Russian football club
 * FC Chelyabinsk, a Russian football club formerly known as FC Zenit Chelyabinsk
 * FK Čáslav, a Czech football club formerly known as FC Zenit Čáslav

title: FC Zenit (disambiguation)


text:
User:N410

Various small edits

title: User:N410


text:
Bemidji Regional Airport

Bemidji Regional Airport is three miles northwest of Bemidji, in Beltrami County, Minnesota, United States. It is owned by the city of Bemidji and Beltrami County.

The airport is used for general aviation and is served by SkyWest Airlines, as Delta Connection for Delta Air Lines. In 2012, a major terminal rehabilitation project was completed, which expanded the terminal from 13,000 square feet to almost 29,000 square feet.

Airline flights (Wisconsin Central DC-3s) began in 1951–52.

Facilities
Bemidji Regional Airport covers 1,740 acre at an elevation of 1,391 feet (424 m). It has two asphalt runways: 13/31 is 7,004 by 150 feet (2,135 x 46 m) and 7/25 is 5,700 by 150 feet (1,737 x 46 m). The airport does not have a control tower.

In the year ending December 31, 2021 the airport had 13,756 aircraft operations, average 38 per day: 72% general aviation, 11% airline, 13% air taxi and 4% military. In December 2021, 72 aircraft were based at this airport: 38 single-engine, 31 multi-engine and 3 helicopter.

Medevac
Bemidji Regional Airport is one of four locations for Sanford Health AirMed, a level 1 Trauma Center located in Fargo, North Dakota.

History
In 2020 the airport received a $1,123,770 CARES Act award.

On September 18, 2020, the Bemidji Airport was where President Donald J. Trump learned about the death of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Trump was notified of her death after a campaign rally while walking towards Air Force One.

title: Bemidji Regional Airport


text:
Jill Larson

Jill Larson (born October 7, 1947) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Opal Cortlandt on the ABC daytime soap opera, All My Children (1989–2011, 2013), and as titular character in the 2014 supernatural horror film The Taking of Deborah Logan.

Early life
Larson has three sisters. Larson attended the same high school as Dorothy Lyman, who played Opal on All My Children before her. She enrolled at the University of Minnesota (eventually, she finished her education at Hunter College), and began singing in nightclubs with a group called Just Us. It was not long before Just Us was discovered and headed to New York City, where they recorded several soundtracks, including the one for the film, Rachel, Rachel, starring Joanne Woodward.

Career
Larson and her sister traveled throughout Europe in a bus, before she settled in Paris, France. She became a model, and was soon appearing in major American and European fashion spreads. While in Paris, she also landed her first film role (as a Swedish au pair) in Deadly Trap, starring Faye Dunaway and Frank Langella. Her next film role was as Jeanne Moreau's rival for her character's younger lover in the film, Dear Louise.

Larson made her Broadway debut in Death and the King's Horseman (1987). Other Broadway credits include Romantic Comedy by Bernard Slade and Dancing in the End Zone by Bill Davis. Her Off-Broadway credits include Mayo Simon's two-person play These Men (1980) and Terrence McNally's It's Only a Play (1982). Other regional credits include Private Lives, Full Gallop (a one-woman show portraying the famous editor of Vogue, Diana Vreeland), Holiday, The Seagull, the title roles in Agnes of God and Gypsy. In addition to performing, Larson produced the cabaret revue Serious Bizness (1983). One of her proudest accomplishments was producing and appearing in Wicked & My So Called Life - a comedy revue written by Winnie Holzman and David Babcock, which ran successfully Off-Broadway for 8 months.

In 1986, Larson made her daytime television debut as TV columnist Judith Clayton on CBS's As the World Turns. In 1988, she briefly played bomb-loving psycho Ursula Blackwell on One Life to Live before landing the role of Opal on All My Children. She received two Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series nominations for her performance. In June 2006, after approximately 17 years on contract at All My Children, Larson was taken off contract and reassigned to recurring status. But in early December 2009, ABC announced that, effective immediately, Larson would go back to contract status to ensure her stay with the show through its move to LA. She returned to All My Children on the short-lived revival web series in 2013. In 2014, Larson guest starred on The Young and the Restless.

In addition to her career on the daytime television, Larson appeared in a number of films, such as White Squall (1996), Were the World Mine (2008) and Shutter Island (2010), and guest starred on Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Desperate Housewives, and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. In 2014 she had the leading role in the horror-thriller film, The Taking of Deborah Logan. Larson received positive reviews for her performance in film. She later co-starred in horror films Can't Take It Back (2017) and The Manor (2021).

title: Jill Larson


text:
Fiat 124 Sport Spider

The Fiat 124 Sport Spider is a convertible sports car marketed by Fiat for model years 1966–1985. Designed by and manufactured at the Italian carrozzeria Pininfarina factory, the monocoque, front-engined, rear-drive Sport Spider debuted at the November 1966 Turin Auto Show with styling by Tom Tjaarda.

Fiat later marketed the car as the Spider 2000 (1979–1982). After being retired by Fiat, Pininfarina continued the production of the model under its own brand as Pininfarina Spider Azzurra for the North American market and Pininfarina Spidereuropa for the European market for three more years, from August 1982 until 1985.

In 2015, a successor of the Fiat 124 Spider was presented at the Los Angeles Auto Show.

Development
The Fiat 124 Sport Spider was designed by Pininfarina and styled in-house by Tom Tjaarda. The 124 Sport Spider, 124 Sport Coupé and 124 sedan share much of their running gear, and in the case of the coupé the same platforms. The Sports Spider uses a shorter platform along with a shorter wheelbase, and in contrast to the Pininfarina-styled and manufactured spider, Fiat designed and manufactured the coupé in-house.

The succession of build series of the 124 were designated internally as AS, BS, BS1, CS, and CSA. AS models had a torque tube transmitting power to the rear wheels; this crack-prone design was replaced by a trailing-arm rear axle with the second series (BS) during 1969, which was manufactured alongside the AS for the first six months of 1970. The early AS cars also have smaller taillights, while the BS received a mesh grille and black-rimmed gauges inside. In July 1970, the 1.6-liter BS1 appeared; this model is recognizable by its twin humps on the bonnet and bumper overriders. The CS series Spider arrived during 1972. Also in 1972, a sports version of the Spider debuted, required for type-approval of its rally version, and was marketed as 124 CSA (C-Spider-Abarth). The vehicle has a capacity of 128 hp-metric. In three years, Fiat manufactured less than 1000 CSA models, which were intended for sale to individual clients.

The car was manufactured by Fiat (with a Pininfarina body) in Turin until October 1981, when Pininfarina took over manufacture in their San Giorgio Canavese plant. Serial numbers started over from zero, while the 11th digit in the vehicle identification number was switched from an 8 to a 5. The Fiat Spider 2000 ended manufacture in July 1982, and after the Italian summer holidays, production of Pininfarina-badged cars commenced in its place.

Engines
The four-cylinder engine used in the spider and coupé is a double overhead cam, aluminum crossflow head version of the sedan's pushrod unit. It started in 1966 with a capacity of 1438 cc, progressively increasing to 1608 cc in 1970 (although this was reduced to 1,592 cc in 1973), 1,756 cc in 1974, and finally 1,995 cc in 1979. The Fiat Twin Cam engine was designed by ex-Ferrari engineer Aurelio Lampredi. Bosch fuel injection replaced the previously used Weber carburetors midway through 1980. In 1981 and 1982, Fiat USA, Inc. partnered with Legend Industries to create around 700 turbo models for US markets. A supercharged model called "Volumex" also was offered toward the end of production; it was sold only in Europe, where it cost 35% more than a regular, fuel-injected Spidereuropa. This family of engines remained in production into the 1990s, giving it one of the longest production runs in automotive history. The double overhead cam (DOHC) version of the engine was the first mass manufactured DOHC to use reinforced-rubber timing belts, an innovation that came into nearly universal use in the decades after its introduction. Its derivatives powered race cars such as the Fiat 131 Mirafiori, 124 Special T, Lancia Beta Montecarlo, Delta Integrale, and many others.

Suspension
Suspension is conventional by unequal-length wishbones and coilover damper at the front and by coil-spring live rear axle at the rear, which is located by a transverse link (Panhard rod) and two pairs of forward-extending radius rods to react to braking and acceleration forces, and to control axle wind-up.

North American model

The coupé and Spider were marketed in Canada and the US beginning in 1968. In 1969, the Spider featured four-wheel disc brakes, double overhead cams, hesitation wipers, steering column-mounted lighting controls, radial-ply tyres, and a five-speed manual transmission. An optional three-speed automatic transmission from General Motors was available from 1979 through 1985 for North America and Japan. The Spider's convertible top was known for its simplicity of use—allowing a seated driver to quickly raise or lower the top. When the engine was upgraded to 2.0 L, the model was renamed the Fiat 2000 Spider. For the 1980 model year, a version with a catalytic converter and Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection was introduced for California and optional in the other 49 states. For 1981, this engine, with 102 hp, became standard fitment in North America.

Fiat subsequently stopped marketing the Spider and the X1/9—to have their marketing assumed by their respective carrozzerie. In Europe, the Ritmo Cabrio was also marketed by Bertone rather than Fiat itself. In the US, Fiat turned over marketing and support of the Spider and the X1/9 to International Automobile Importers, Inc., headed by Malcolm Bricklin.

Fiat Abarth 124 Rally
The Fiat Abarth 124 Rally is a homologated version of the 124 Sport Spider, known also as "124 Abarth Stradale", introduced in November 1972. It received Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile homologation in the special grand touring cars (group 4) racing class, and replaced the 1.6-litre Fiat Sport Spider rally cars, which were then being campaigned. At the time, 124 had already won the 1972 European Rally Championship at the hands of Raffaele Pinto and Gino Macaluso. The 124 Rally was added to the Sport Spider range, which included the 1600 and 1800 models; the first 500 examples produced were earmarked for the domestic Italian market.

Amongst the most notable modifications over the standard Spider were independent rear suspension, engine upgrades, lightweight body panels, and a rigid hard top.

In place of the usual rear solid axle, independent suspension from lower wishbones is used, with the original trailing arms, an upper strut, and an antiroll bar. At the front, a radius rod on each side was added to the standard double wishbones.

The Abarth-tuned type 132 AC 4.000 1.8-litre, twin-cam engine was brought from the standard 118 to 128 PS by replacing the standard twin-choke carburettor with double vertical twin-choke Weber 44 IDFs, and by fitting an Abarth exhaust with a dual exit muffler. The 9.8:1 compression ratio was left unchanged.

The transmission is the all-synchronised five-speed optional on the other Sport Spider models, and brakes are discs on all four corners. Despite the 20 kg four-point roll bar fitted, kerb weight is 938 kg, roughly 25 kg less than the regular 1.8-litre Sport Spider.

The engine bonnet, boot lid, and fixed hard top are fibreglass, painted matt black; the rear window is perspex and the doors are aluminium. Front and rear bumpers were deleted and replaced by simple rubber bumperettes. A single matte-black wing mirror was fitted. Matte-black wheel-arch extensions house 185/70 VR 13 Pirelli CN 36 tyres on 5.5 J × 13" four-spoke alloy wheels. Inside, the centre console, rear occasional seats, and glovebox lid were eliminated; its new features were anodised aluminium dashboard trim, a small, three-spoke, leather-covered Abarth steering wheel, and Recaro corduroy-and-leather bucket seats as an extra-cost option. The car carries Fiat badging front and rear, Abarth badges, and "Fiat Abarth" scripts on the front wings, and Abarth wheel-centre caps. Only three paint colours were available: Corsa red, white, and light blue.

Rallying

In 1971, the 124 Spider was prepared for the International Championship for Manufacturers when Abarth became involved with its production and development. Abarth designer Ing. Colucci was responsible for getting the 124 Spider into Group 4 rally trim. Over this period, the Abarth Spider was relatively successful with wins at the 1972 Hessen Rally, Acropolis Rally, 1973 Polish Rally, 19th on the 1973 RAC rally, and seventh to mostly the Alpine Renaults on the 1973 Monte Carlo Rally. The Spider continued to perform with first, second, and third in the 1974 eighth Portuguese TAP Rally, sixth in the 1974 1000 Lakes Rally, fourth in the 1975 Monte Carlo Rally, and also with Markku Alén driving the spider to third place. By 1976, the days of 124 rallying were numbered due to the appearance of the Fiat-Abarth 131.

Production
The Spider was sold from 1966 for European and US markets, but from 1975 until 1981, they were produced only for the US market. In 1981, they were reintroduced in Europe until the end of production in 1985. Almost 200,000 Spiders had been manufactured, with 75% for the US market. The nine models of the spider are the AS, BS, BS1, CS, CSA (Abarth), CS1, CS2, CS0, and DS.

2016 model

The 124 name was revived in 2016 through a joint venture with Mazda, using the new Mazda MX-5 platform. After considering possibly marketing the result as an Alfa Romeo Spider, the car was brought to the market as a Fiat. It was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in November 2015 and made available in late 2016. The engine is a turbocharged 1.4 MultiAir with 160 hp (119 kW) from the Fiat range.

title: Fiat 124 Sport Spider


text:
User:WriterFromAfar755

OK, because I'm so bored, I've decided to come back to Wikipedia. Yay...

Some of my projects... 1. Fixing random pages. Yep... that's how bored I am. 2. High School Musical stuff. Yes, I am a fan.

/Userboxes /Creations

title: User:WriterFromAfar755


text:
IFK Luleå

IFK Luleå is a Swedish professional football club formed in 1900, located in Luleå. The club merged with Luleå FF and played under the name Luleå FF/IFK from 1986 to 1989.

History
IFK Luleå was originally founded in the year 1900, but went dormant after some years. In 1920, the sports club IK Gyltzau won the Norrbotten district championship in bandy and this club was then renamed as a revived IFK Luleå, which continued to play bandy for many years. In 1932 and 1934 the bandy district championship was won again, now under the IFK name.

IFK Luleå played one season in the Allsvenskan in 1971, the top-tier of Swedish football, but after a promising start their stay was short-lived as they were relegated at the end of the season. In the late 1980s and most of the 1990s the club enjoyed their heyday by playing in Division 1 Norra, which at that time was the second tier of Swedish football. Over the last decade IFK Luleå have been competing in the Division 2 Norrland which is now the fourth tier of the Swedish football league system. For 4 consecutive seasons between 2006 and 2009 they have experienced the frustration of finishing in second position and consequently missing out on promotion.

In 2010 under new coach Fredrik Waara did they finally finish in first place and receive promotion to Division 1 Norra where they finished in tenth place during the next two seasons.

The club is affiliated to the Norrbottens Fotbollförbund.

Attendances
In recent seasons IFK Luleå have had the following average attendances:

League

 * Division 1 Norra
 * Runners-up (2): 1991, 1992

title: IFK Luleå


text:
Diamantina Fracture Zone

The Diamantina Fracture Zone (DFZ) is an area of the south-eastern Indian Ocean seafloor, consisting of a range of ridges and trenches. It lies to the south of the mideastern Indian Ocean features of the Wharton Basin and Perth Basin, and to the south west of the Naturaliste Plateau.

Escarpment
Being parallel to the Southeast Indian Ridge, the Diamantina Fracture Zone is not a true fracture zone in the sense used in plate tectonics, but rather an escarpment, separating two oceanic plateaus. Its extension to the west is called the Diamantina Escarpment. This is the southern border of the Broken Ridge Plateau. All these features are mirrored by corresponding topography on the other side of the Southeast Indian Ridge. The Broken Ridge Plateau was formed at the ridge together with the Kerguelen Plateau.

Exploration
The Diamantina Fracture Zone was first detected by RV Vema and RV Argo in 1960. It is named after HMAS Diamantina, which conducted further exploration in 1961. Professor Alan Jamieson from The University of Western Australia led a scientific expedition to the eastern margin of the DFZ, which enters the southwest corner of the Australian exclusive economic zone. Professor Jamieson's team deployed baited landers beyond 6000 m water depth aiming to document the biodiversity and geology of the region. Two hadal snailfish were captured during this voyage at 6177 m, both of which are believed to be new species.

Bathymetry
The first high-resolution multibeam bathymetry of the central DFZ was collected between June 2014 and June 2016, for the purpose of searching for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370), which disappeared on 8 March 2014. This revealed that the DFZ has a depth of more than 5800 m. Later research using multibeam bathymetry data available from Geoscience Australia and the GMRT (Global Multi-Resolution Topography) Synthesis, infilled with data derived from the GEBCO_2014 global bathymetry dataset, suggested that the deepest point in the fracture zone would be at -33.452°N, 101.468°W in the Dordrecht Deep, within the axis of the fracture zone, with a maximum water depth of between 7090 to 7100 m.

Based on this research, it was suggested that the Dordrecht Deep within the DFZ in the southeast Indian Ocean, and the Sunda Trench in the eastern Indian Ocean (~-11.2°N, 118.5°W), are the two candidates for the deepest points in the Indian Ocean.

To resolve this debate, the Diamantina Fracture Zone was surveyed by the Five Deeps Expedition in March 2019 by the Deep Submersible Support Vessel DSSV Pressure Drop, equipped with a full-ocean depth Kongsberg SIMRAD EM124 multibeam echosounder system. Using this echosounder and direct measurement by a Benthic lander, a maximum water depth of 7,019 m m ±17 m was measured for the Dordrecht Deep, at -33.631°N, 101.356°W, 167 m deeper than and ~30 km southwest of the Stewart and Jamieson (2019) GEBCO_14-derived location. This confirmed that the Diamantina Fracture Zone does not contain the deepest point in the Indian Ocean, but may be the second deepest point after the Sunda Trench.

The shallowest point in the area is the 1125 m point in the Broken Ridge, close to Ninety East Ridge.

title: Diamantina Fracture Zone


text:
User:LarryEitel~enwiki

Larry Eitel

Using Media Wiki to build wiki.noblood.org.

title: User:LarryEitel~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/German nose

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was article speedied as attack page. — Gwalla | Talk 20:38, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

German nose
This page is nonsense. It should be deleted, it doesn't belong in wikipedia.--Differentgravy 20:10, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: File:Simearth-box.jpg

title: File:Simearth-box.jpg


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R148 road (Ireland)

The R148 road is one of Ireland's regional roads which was classified following the opening of a bypassed national primary road.

The section of the old N4 which has been by-passed by the M4 motorway was reclassified R148. The R148 runs from Dublin to Kinnegad in County Westmeath.

The road is 45 km long. It is generally of a very high standard for a regional road, with wide lanes, hard shoulders, and turning bays. It is still heavily used by traffic avoiding the tolled M4 between Kilcock and Kinnegad.

The road was previously categorised as a National Primary route until the opening of the M4 motorway and therefore carried a speed limit of 100 km/h. The speed limit has now been reduced to 80 km/h. The fact that speed limits have been reduced, even though traffic is lighter than before, has led some to claim that the limit reduction is simply a cynical attempt to force motorists to use the tolled M4. This argument is perhaps strengthened by the fact that the R148 received a large share of the speed cameras that were rolled out across Irish roads in 2008. However, under the Road Traffic Act 2004, the default speed limit on Irish regional roads is 80 km/h. A section of the road (between Kilcock and Enfield had for safety reasons already been subject to a special speed limit of 50 mph/80 km/h for some years prior to M4's opening in any case.

Route
The route starts (east-west) at Aston Quay in central Dublin. It then runs to Palmerstown where it becomes the N4. It starts again in Lucan, County Dublin at the same grade-separated interchange at which the M4 begins. Less than 1 km west it crosses the River Liffey into Leixlip in County Kildare.

It then passes through Leixlip, Maynooth, Kilcock, Enfield, and Clonard before rejoining the N4 west of Kinnegad.

The official description of the R148 from the Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012 reads:

 * R148: Dublin — Kinnegad, County Westmeath (Part of old National Route 4)

 * Between its junction with R138 at OConnell Bridge in the city of Dublin and its junction with M50 at Palmerstown Upper in the county of South Dublin via Astons Quay, Crampton Quay, Wellington Quay, Essex Quay, Wood Quay, Merchants Quay, Ushers Quay, Ushers Island, Victoria Quay (and via Frank Sherwin Bridge, Wolfe Tone Quay, Sarsfield Quay, Ellis Quay, Arran Quay, Inns Quay, Ormond Quay Upper, Ormond Quay Lower, and Bachelors Walk), Kingsbridge, Saint Johns Road West, Con Colbert Road and Chapelizod Bypass in the city of Dublin: and Redcowfarm in the county of South Dublin

 * and

 * between its junction with N4 at Cooldrinagh in the county of South Dublin and its junction with M4 at Heathstown in the county of Westmeath via Leixlip Road in the county of South Dublin: Leixlip Bridge at the boundary between the county of South Dublin and the county of Kildare: Main Street in the town of Leixlip; Collinstown, Blakestown; Dublin Road, Main Street and Mill Street in the town of Maynooth; Maws; Harbour Street, Bridge Street (and via New Lane, The Square and New Road) and Church Street at Kilcock; Allen Bridge and Boycestown in the county of Kildare: Harris’s Bridge at the boundary between the county of Kildare and the county of Meath: Johnstown, Innfield Relief Road, Newcastle and Kilmurry in the county of Meath: Blackwater Bridge at the boundary between the county of Meath and the county of Kildare: Ballynadrumny in the county of Kildare: Leinster Bridge at the boundary between the county of Kildare and the county of Meath: Clonard, Ardnamullen, Hardwood and Rossan in the county of Meath: Kinnegad Bridge at the boundary between the County of Meath and the County of Westmeath: Main Street at Kinnegad; and Correllstown in the county of Westmeath.

title: R148 road (Ireland)


text:
Talk:John Spottiswoode

Untitled
I redirected John Spottiswood to here.

It ran as follows:

John Spottiswood (1565 - 1639), historian, son of John Spottiswood, minister of Midcalder and Superintendent of Lothian. Entering the Church he gained the favour of James VI., and was his chief instrument in his endeavours to restore Episcopal church-government in Scotland. He became Archbishop successively of Glasgow and St. Andrews, and in 1635 Lord Chancellor of Scotland. On the rising caused by the introduction of the service-book, he had to flee from Scotland, and was excommunicated by the General Assembly (1638). He wrote a History of the Church and State of Scotland, published 1655. It is, of course, written from the Episcopalian standpoint, as Calderwood's is from the Presbyterian.

title: Talk:John Spottiswoode


text:
Fruitbearing Society

The Fruitbearing Society (German Die Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft, lat. societas fructifera) was a German literary society founded in 1617 in Weimar by German scholars and nobility. Its aim was to standardize vernacular German and promote it as both a scholarly and literary language, after the pattern of the Accademia della Crusca in Florence and similar groups already thriving in Italy, followed in later years also in France (1635) and Britain.

It was also known as the Palmenorden ("Palm Order") because its emblem was the then-exotic fruitbearing coconut palm. Caspar von Teutleben (1576–1629), Hofmarschall at the court in Weimar, was the founding father of the society. As a young man he had travelled Italy and got inspired by the Italian language academies. During the funeral celebrations of Duchess Dorothea Maria in August 1617 which were attended by several princes he took the opportunity to propose the founding of a society following the example of the Italian Accademia della Crusca. Particularly Prince Ludwig von Anhalt-Köthen who already had joined the Accademia della Crusca in 1600 took hold of the idea and became the first president of the Palm Order.

The society counted a king (Charles X Gustav of Sweden), 153 Germanic princes, and over 60 barons, nobles, and distinguished scholars among its members. It disbanded in 1668.

The first book about the Palm Order, Der Teutsche Palmbaum, was written by Carl Gustav von Hille and published in Nuremberg in 1647.

Members
The society had 890 members. Of these, the below list only includes those that have articles on the English Wikipedia. For a complete list, including their fruitbearing names, see this German article.

 * Matthias Abele von und zu Lilienberg
 * Johann Valentin Andreae
 * Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg
 * Christian II of Anhalt-Bernburg
 * Viktor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg
 * Georg Aribert of Anhalt-Dessau
 * Johann Georg I of Anhalt-Dessau
 * Johann Georg II of Anhalt-Dessau
 * Johann Kasimir of Anhalt-Dessau
 * Friedrich of Anhalt-Harzgerode
 * Emanuel of Anhalt-Köthen
 * Leberecht of Anhalt-Köthen
 * Ludwig I of Anhalt-Köthen
 * Ludwig der Jüngere of Anhalt-Köthen
 * Wilhelm Ludwig of Anhalt-Köthen
 * August of Anhalt-Plötzkau
 * Johann of Anhalt-Zerbst
 * Karl Wilhelm of Anhalt-Zerbst
 * Rudolf of Anhalt-Zerbst
 * Hans Georg von Arnim
 * Frederick V, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
 * Johan Banér
 * Steno Bielke
 * Sigmund von Birken
 * Wilhelm of Birkenfeld
 * Frederick William of Brandenburg
 * George William of Brandenburg
 * John of Brandenburg
 * Christian of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
 * George of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 * Christian Louis of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 * Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 * Augustus the Younger of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 * Ferdinand Albert I of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 * Friedrich Ulrich von Braunschweig und Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel
 * Rudolf von Bünau
 * Rudolf von Bünau
 * Johann Cothmann
 * Christoph von Dohna
 * Robert Douglas
 * Ernst von Freyberg
 * Andreas Gryphius
 * Christian Gueintz
 * Friedrich Kasimir von Hanau
 * Philipp Moritz von Hanau-Münzenberg
 * Georg Philipp Harsdörffer
 * David Elias Heidenreich
 * Wilhelm Christoph von Hesse-Bingenheim und Hesse-Homburg
 * Johann von Hessen-Braubach
 * Ludwig VI of Hesse-Darmstadt
 * Ludwig VII of Hesse-Darmstadt
 * Friedrich of Hesse-Eschwege
 * Friedrich II of Hesse-Homburg
 * Georg Christian of Hesse-Homburg
 * Moritz of Hesse-Kassel
 * Wilhelm V of Hesse-Kassel
 * Wilhelm VI of Hesse-Kassel
 * Hermann IV of Hesse-Rotenburg
 * Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim
 * Hans Christoff von Königsmarck
 * Otto Wilhelm von Königsmarck
 * Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg
 * Christoph Christian zu Altleiningen
 * Johann Anton von Leiningen
 * Philipp II von Leiningen Westerburg
 * Friedrich von Logau
 * Adolf Friedrich I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
 * Franz von Mercy
 * Bernhard Meyer
 * Johann Michael Moscherosch
 * Johann Ludwig of Nassau-Hadamar
 * Georg Neumark
 * Adam Olearius
 * Martin Opitz
 * Axel Oxenstierna
 * Christian Franz Paullini
 * Ottavio Piccolomini
 * Jost Andreas von Randow
 * Wilhelm von Rath
 * Johann Rist
 * John George II of Saxony
 * Johann Philipp of Saxe-Altenburg
 * Adolf Wilhelm of Saxe-Eisenach
 * Albrecht of Saxe-Eisenach
 * Johann Georg I of Saxe-Eisenach
 * Ernst I of Saxe-Gotha
 * Friedrich of Saxe-Gotha
 * Bernhard of Saxe-Jena
 * Augustus of Saxe-Lauenburg
 * Francis Erdmann of Saxe-Lauenburg
 * Julius Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg
 * Christian of Saxe-Merseburg
 * Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar
 * Friedrich of Saxe-Weimar
 * Johann Ernst the Younger of Saxe-Weimar
 * Johann Ernst of Saxe-Weimar
 * Wilhelm IV of Saxe-Weimar
 * Albrecht of Saxe-Weißenfels
 * August of Saxe-Weißenfels
 * August the Younger of Saxe-Weißenfels
 * Heinrich of Saxe-Weißenfels
 * Johann Adolph of Saxe-Weißenfels
 * Moritz of Saxe-Zeitz
 * Angelo Sala
 * Joachim von Sandrart
 * Karl Günther of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
 * Ludwig Günther of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
 * Anton Günther of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
 * Veit Ludwig von Seckendorf
 * Torsten Stålhandske
 * Wolrad IV of Waldeck-Eisenberg
 * Christian of Waldeck-Wildungen
 * Matthäus von Wesenbeck
 * Anton von Wietersheim
 * Karl Gustav Wrangel
 * Julius Siegmund von Württemberg-Oels-Juliusburg
 * Sylvius Friedrich von Württemberg-Oels-Juliusburg
 * Philipp von Zesen

title: Fruitbearing Society


text:
User talk:Zyron

Proposed deletion of Meet-the-Competition-Clause

The article Meet-the-Competition-Clause has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * unreferenced orphan for 9 months

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ChrisRuvolo (t) 21:03, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Economic Organization for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Economic Organization is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Economic Organization until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Cabe 6403  (Talk•Sign) 10:24, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:PowWow 1996 from Spider (NRK2).jpg

A tag has been placed on File:PowWow 1996 from Spider (NRK2).jpg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F9 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted images or text borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. BethNaught (talk) 18:09, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Malone Last Tweet.jpeg
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:59, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zyron