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Section 16.1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Section 16.1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees equality between English-speaking and French-speaking residents of New Brunswick. Enacted in 1993, it is the most recent addition to the Charter.

Section 16.1 (pronounced "sixteen point one") is not to be confused with subsection 16(1) ("sixteen one"), which is part of section 16 and was part of the original 1982 text. Section 16.1 is a separate section; the "point one" numbering indicates that this new section was added between two existing sections without renumbering them.

Text
The section reads,

16.1 (1) The English linguistic community and the French linguistic community in New Brunswick have equality of status and equal rights and privileges, including the right to distinct educational institutions and such distinct cultural institutions as are necessary for the preservation and promotion of those communities. (2) The role of the legislature and government of New Brunswick to preserve and promote the status, rights and privileges referred to subsection (1) is affirmed.

Purpose
Section 16.1 makes reference to a need for institutions for both language groups, including educational institutions, and it seemingly gives the provincial government powers to protect the right. This is not completely revolutionary in that this merely entrenches laws already found in An Act Recognizing the Equality of the Two Official Linguistic Communities in New Brunswick (1981), as noted in the 2001 Court of Appeal case Charlebois v. Mowat. The section can be seen as providing "collective rights," and one critic charged that a deeper meaning to the section would have to be decided by Canadian courts.

In Charlebois v. Mowat, the court ruled that section 16.1, as well as subsections 16(2) and 18(2), require bilingual municipal laws when the minority language population of a municipality is significant. The ruling was made primarily on the basis of the court's interpretation of subsection 18(2)), but in its ruling the court also stated that section 16.1 is "remedial", meaning that it is supposed to fix historical problems. (A related case later went to the Supreme Court as Charlebois v. Saint John (City).)

History
An Act Recognizing the Equality of the Two Official Linguistic Communities in New Brunswick was enacted in 1981 by Premier Richard Hatfield. It provided independent school boards for both linguistic groups. Its principles were later incorporated into the Constitution of Canada, through section 16.1, in response to a shift in provincial politics in the early 1990s.

Whereas in the 1980s all parties had supported the rise of bilingualism in New Brunswick, in 1991 a new party called the Confederation of Regions Party, which was opposed to official bilingualism, became the official opposition in the legislature. The pro-bilingualism Liberal provincial government proceeded to seek a constitutional amendment mandating bilingualism in New Brunswick to make any future change in New Brunswick's status subject to Federal approval.

The constitutionalization of the legislation was originally meant to be accomplished as part of a package of amendments known as the Charlottetown Accord in 1992. The amendment was made separately once the Accord was rejected in a national referendum, prompting Professor Peter Russell to refer to this as an "encouraging [sign] that Canadians may be recovering the capacity to accomplish constitutional reform without linking everything together and getting bogged down in the mega constitutional swamp."

Section 43 of the Constitution Act, 1982 was the part of the amending formula used to add section 16.1 to the Charter. This meant the amendment was approved by the province affected (New Brunswick) and the Senate of Canada and House of Commons of Canada, although constitutional lawyer Deborah Coyne argued that the amendment involved federal jurisdiction and thus seven provinces would be needed. The House of Commons passed the amendment with a vote of 219-2, on February 1, 1993.

A Montreal Gazette article approved, calling the New Brunswick government "courageous" because of its resistance to the Confederation of Regions Party, and added that the section provided a "noble, generous vision of Canadian duality and co-existence. Too bad it seems confined to New Brunswick."

It did attract some criticism, with columnist William Johnson claiming that Parliament had not fully analyzed the amendment and tried to stifle public discussion. He even suggested that section 16.1 might create two governments for New Brunswick, one in English and one in French. Earlier, this columnist had also charged that enshrining collective rights in the Constitution was "alien to liberalism," and would undermine the individual in favour of a larger group; he also said section 16.1 excluded Aboriginal peoples in New Brunswick and could make them "second-class citizens." He compared section 16.1 to how the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord would have recognized Quebec as a distinct society.

However, Opposition leader Jean Chrétien, who at that time represented Acadians, said that "For me it is a great day. It is an example that we can be together and at the same time be different in Canada."

Proclamation
The Constitution Amendment, 1993 (New Brunswick) was signed by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, Attorney General Pierre Blais, and Registrar General Pierre H. Vincent, under a proclamation of Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn in Ottawa on 12 March 1993.

Influence outside New Brunswick
In 2000, an Ontario court ruled that the province was legally obligated to keep from closing the Montfort Hospital as part of its program of merging many of the hospitals in the Ottawa region. The basis for the decision was the court's conclusion that this was a logical application of an unwritten constitutional principle of minority rights, which had been found by the Supreme Court in the 1998 Reference re Secession of Quebec. Since the Montfort Hospital was the only hospital in the region operating primarily in French, it amounted to a protected parallel service-provider, much as New Brunswick's French-language and English-language school systems are parallel service providers, and therefore as an essential component of the collective rights of Ottawa's Franco-Ontarian population. The Government of Ontario criticized the decision as judicial activism, and charged that "The divisional court decision has effectively rewritten the constitution to make [Section] 16.1 applicable to Ontario despite the express intention that it apply to New Brunswick alone."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Miami Tower

The Miami Tower is a 47-story, landmark office skyscraper in Miami, Florida, United States; previously known as the Bank Of America Tower and CenTrust Tower. It is located in central Downtown. It is currently the 16th tallest building in Miami and Florida. On April 18, 2012, the AIA's Florida Chapter placed it on its list of ''Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places'' as the Bank of America Tower. In 2022, the office skyscraper was purchased by DRA Advisors and CP Group, the largest office landlord in Downtown Miami and Florida.

History
Built for CenTrust Bank in 1987, the 47-story building ranks in the top twenty tallest skyscrapers in Miami and in Florida at a height of 625 ft and is known for its elaborate night-time illuminations and its dramatic three glass tiers. Designed by the Pei Cobb Freed & Partners architectural firm, the tower consists of two separate structures: A 10-story parking garage owned by the city and the 47-story office tower built upon the air rights of the garage. Preliminary planning for the tower began in February 1980; construction on the garage began by November. The garage was completed in February 1983 and the tower began construction a year later. In August 1984, while the tower was under construction, a 5-alarm fire began on the ninth floor; construction was subsequently delayed for several weeks. On December 15, 1985, the tower was lit for the first time in Miami Dolphins aqua and snowflakes.

By mid-1986, the tower's exterior was complete and the grand opening for the complex was set for early fall that same year. Due to the uneven settling of the tower's foundation to one side by several inches, and the resulting misalignment of the tower's elevator rails, the grand opening for the complex was delayed until February 1987. The complete complex featured the world's only elevated metro station in a skyscraper (Knight Center station). It also gained notoriety for its luxurious interiors, including a skylobby on the 11th floor covered in marble and gold and a 10000 sqft outdoor terrace. Also its indoor gym features mahogany cabinets. The tower is connected to the James L. Knight Center by a pedestrian walkway and on the first floor is a retail spine covered with green marble. The tower contains 1.16 e6sqft with 503000 sqft of office space and a 535000 sqft, 1,500 space parking garage.

The tower can be seen in the "Streetwise" episode of Miami Vice which aired on December 5, 1986, as well as in the opening credits of the show from season 3.

The building appears during the end credits of the 1986 film Flight Of The Navigator in an aerial shot of Miami. The top floors can clearly be seen still under construction.

The roof of the building was the set of Gloria Estefan's 1994 video for "Turn The Beat Around". The building is also one of many featured on the backdrop of the stage on The Tonight Show.

On January 1, 2010, the building was renamed the Miami Tower.

Many colors of the tower
The tower's three tiers allow it to have multiple color schemes in tribute to certain holidays and seasons. In 2012, a $1.5 million LED system was installed on the tower to allow for more elaborate displays with a much quicker transition time. Below are some examples of the various colors used:

In popular culture
The Miami Tower is referenced in several video games and TV shows. It was featured in the opening sequence of the 1980s TV show Miami Vice, even being referred to as the "'Miami Vice' Tower" when it was sold. It is also depicted in the video games Grand Theft Auto: Vice City in the downtown area and in DRIV3R with its name is changed to "The Tower At International Place". The tower appears repeatedly in multiple scenes throughout the movie Miami Vice as well as in the Miami Vice television series and also in a scene in the 2006 version of Casino Royale

 * In the FOX television series Fringe, this building is referred to as the "Boston Federal Building".

title: Miami Tower


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Papyrus (disambiguation)

Papyrus is a thick paper-like material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus.

Papyrus may also refer to:
 * Papyrus (comics), a Belgian comic book series
 * Papyrus (company), stationery and greeting card retailer purchased in 2009 by American Greetings
 * Papyrus, a synonym for a genus of plants, Cyperus
 * Papyrus (horse), a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire
 * Papyrus (typeface), a widely available typeface designed by Chris Costello
 * Papyrus UK, a British youth suicide prevention charity

Computing

 * Papyrus (software), an Open Source UML 2 tool
 * Papyrus Design Group, a computer game developer

Fictional characters

 * Papyrus (Undertale), a major character from the 2015 video game Undertale

title: Papyrus (disambiguation)


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Leila Arboretum

The Leila Arboretum is an arboretum and garden located at 928 West Michigan Avenue, Battle Creek, Michigan. The arboretum is 72 acres, and is open to the public.

The Arboretum's collections include nearly 1,700 accessioned woody plants and about 25,000 total plants, comprising trees, shrubs, and perennial and annual plantings laid out in the manner of European gardens. Many plantings date back to the 1920s. Recently the Arboretum has focused on increasing the diversity of woody plants and developing demonstration gardens including a lilac garden, perennial walkway, native plant garden, and labyrinth. Perennial gardens feature daylilies, purple coneflowers, and daisies; the annual flower displays include a yearly planting of some 7,000 spring bulbs including tulips and daffodils, as well as approximately 5,000 annuals and 1,500 chrysanthemums. In addition, the Kingman Museum, a natural history museum and planetarium, is located on the Arboretum grounds.

The Leila Arboretum dates back to 1922 when Leila Post Montgomery, widow of breakfast cereal magnate C. W. Post, purchased 72 acres (291,000 m2) of an old country club and donated the land to the City of Battle Creek “to be laid out and improved as a public Arboretum...”. This gift was part of the larger vision of Edward M. Brigham who started planning an educational campus consisting of a museum, an historical building for the Battle Creek Historical Society, a fine arts building, a hall of music, and a lyceum (lecture hall) building. Mrs. Charles E. Kolb, W. I. Fell and Burritt Hamilton donated additional land, and the combined property, which became known as Leila Arboretum, was designed and developed by T. Clifton Shepard between 1924 and 1930. However, the Great Depression soon overshadowed these plans and the gardens fell into great disrepair. They were finally revived in 1982 by a band of volunteers who styled themselves the Leila Arboretum Society and who set about the ultimately successful task of reclaiming the fine landscapes hidden under years of overgrown brush.

title: Leila Arboretum


text:
Talk:Poker/Drawing

This is a sub-page and should be deleted. It has no incoming links.

title: Talk:Poker/Drawing


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Sgeotasaigh

Scotasay (Sgeotasaigh) is small island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. It lies 1 km off the east coast of Harris and gives some shelter to the ferry port of Tarbert. There are two houses on the island, a wind turbine and a fresh water tank.

The island had 15-20 inhabitants in the early 20th century but there are no records of any permanent inhabitation since then.

title: Sgeotasaigh


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Dan May

Dan May (1898–1982) was a Nashville, Tennessee business, educational and civic leader.

Biography
An alumnus and long-time member of the board of trustees of Vanderbilt University, May was an active member and trustee of many civic and educational organizations in the Nashville area.

May is one of the historic Nashville figures whose likenesses were created by artist Red Grooms for the Tennessee Foxtrot Carousel in Nashville.

May was active in the Nashville desegregation effort of the 1950s. In The Jews in America, Arthur Hertzberg wrote,"In Nashville, Tennessee, Dan May, a leading industrialist, was chairman of the school board in 1954, and he took the lead in fostering a plan for integrating the public schools, one grade at a time. This modest suggestion did not endear him to the local racists, and he had to be guarded by police for a while."

May became chairman of the May Hosiery Mills (subsequently part of the Wayne-Gossard Corp.) in Nashville after the death of his father, Jacob May (1861-1946), who founded the company.

In Mortimer May, Foot soldier in Zion, the 1965 biography of May's brother Mortimer, Sam Shankman summarized Dan May's civic involvement:
 * Daniel [May] devoted himself assiduously to the labor of a modern industrialist, mainly to the management of a large hosiery manufacturing enterprise, yet finding time for myriad activity in civic and communal endeavor.

 * Daniel May served during World War II in the War Production Board. He was for long years a member of the Nashville Board of Education and its chairman for three years. He was elected a magistrate of Davidson County in 1954 and continues in that position.  In this capacity he has maintained his interest in education as chairman of the school committee of the County Court which governs the working of the county school system. He was a member of the Board of Trust of Fisk University for many years. He has been a Trustee of Vanderbilt University, his Alma Mater, for more than a decade.

 * At the moment he is President of the Nashville Rotary Club, the first time such honor has come to a Jew. He has labored strenuously for consolidated city and county government. When it was adopted, he ran for the Metropolitan Council; of 89 candidates seeking the five council seats at-large, he received the greatest number of votes.

 * In the Jewish community he has been president of the Jewish Community Center and of the Community Council, and he has served as general chairman of the Welfare Fund on two occasions. He has ever been concerned with better understanding between groups in the community complex, and has played a substantial role in promoting wholesome relations between religious and racial segments. On many agencies his has been a positive and constructive voice for Negro rights and progress in which Nashville has been in the van of Southern communities.

Noted family members

 * May was the father of radio DJ Jack May (a.k.a. "Candied Yam Jackson"), known for originating the phrase "screw the pooch."
 * May was related to infamous gangster Dutch Schultz, born Arthur Flegenheimer.

title: Dan May


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Timbs

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was already redirected. Actually this should not be done before the VFD debate is over. Anyway, no big deal. I'll let the redirect stay. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:57, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Timbs
This article isn't encyclopedic, it's just a dictionary definition and maybe a neologism (found no links on Google about this definition, but it does link to Timberland). —Cleared as filed. 21:44, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. JamesBurns 08:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't know it had been posted on Vfd, so I just redir'd it to Timberland Corporation. Niteowlneils 16:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Timbs


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Talk:Primer (molecular biology)

=Need to create a article for Primer design software=

Untitled
I see links in 'External links' to third party and commercial software. Before they become subject to heavy editing, I propose to create a new article listing all such software in a tabular format —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.49.46.141 (talk) 20:21, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

=Melting temperature versus annealing= I'm not familiar with this process, but from what I know of annealing, I'm not sure that "melting temperature" is the correct equivalent. --Michael Snow 21:48, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

It's not really about one temperature, but a shifting equilibrium: from annealed to separated and back. So when you lower the temperature, the primer anneals. When you heat it up again it 'melts' (separetes from the dna), but not all at once.

I am a molecular biologist. I modified the optimal length (20bp) and melting temperature (60C) according to my daily experience. I have very good experience with primer3 in picking primers working in experiments later. --Untergasser 14:33, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I also use primer3 to help me design primers. Can a link to primer3 be added in addition to the other free (Primerfox) primer designing program?  --Lunajurai (talk) 20:06, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I think Melting temperature and annealing are similar but not exactly the same thing. Melting temperature refers to breaking apart the hydrogen bonds between two DNA/RNA strands. This depends on the length and makeup of each individual strand, as G-C bonding involves a with triple hydrogen bond, and A-T bonding involves a double hydrogen bonds. So Melting temperature is a temperature at which 50% of multiple copies of the same species of DNA/RNA are breaking apart into single stranded molecules. Annealing is the temperature at which short primers hybridize or bind to their complementary sequence in another DNA/RNA molecule which is not necessarily the same length. This will be at a temperature less than the Melting temperature.
 * See Polymerase chain reaction for more information --Zven 02:58, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2019 and 24 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tcowan1996.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:11, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Merge proposal
The Polymerase chain reaction article is too big! I propose moving the primer design information here, if it isn't already redundant. I also propose creating a new page PCR optimization and moving all the PCR optimization information there as well. -Madeleine 00:44, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Wrong Information
Whoever keeps adding in the bit about Okazaki fragments, correct me if I'm wrong but arent Okazaki fragments the RNA strands produced on the LAGGING strand during DNA replication only, and not the actual primers themselves?
 * You have a point, Pwnz0r1337 -- I hadn't thought much about how correct the statement was when I undid your edit before. Between your choice of username and the fact you didn't both to leave any sort of comment in the edit summary, your deletion looked like vandalism. I won't apologize for my reversion; in the future, please give the reasoning behind the edits you make in the edit summary.
 * I'm responsible for the introduction of the statement. I was trying to give an example where readers could read further about naturally occuring primers & extension from them (since this article mostly cares about PCR), but it was a bad one and wrong in its claim of generality. For the introduction of a false statement, I apologize. Madeleine 12:19, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * No harm done, it could just as easily been me who was at fault. Pwnz0r1377 21:09, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry I was defensive in tone, I need to lighten up. I'm actually really glad you caught the mistake, I was just embarrassed. Thanks. :-)  Madeleine 23:17, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Introduction
I think the introduction is just fine, can we get rid of the many "warnings" heading this article. Wiki is starting to become very messy with all these so called problems. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.162.142.67 (talk) 00:09, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Software
I do not think that PrimerFox is the best external link. Primer3 is much more used (according to methods sections of scientific articles), is published, open-source, and has references to the original research it is based on to determine annealing temperatures. 134.160.83.73 (talk) 09:09, 21 May 2009 (UTC) Charles Plessy, molecular biologist.
 * I agree. Furthermore, there is the NCBI tool primer-BLAST that combines primer3 and BLAST into one tool. I add these two links since they are useful. --Firefly's luciferase (talk) 15:39, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

PCR Primer Design
It might be helpful to add in more information about PCR primers. Specifically the three main types used: oligo-dt Priming, Specific Priming, and Random Priming. As well as some general rules for synthesizing primers such as wanting at least a 50% ratio of G-C so that it will anneal strongly and making sure the forward and reverse primers have similiar G-C content and that the 3' end ends with a C or G (this is called the G/C clamp and ensure goods binding of the primer to where synthesis begins. These are interesting and helpful bits of knowledge I have learned in my molecular biology lab class. MicailaSpisak (talk) 07:39, 13 February 2016 (UTC)Micaila

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:55, 14 May 2019 (UTC)
 * DNA replication en.svg

Primer vs monomer
Because of k-mer and polymer, I wonder if someone may be tempted to think that "primer" somehow means pri-mer. If the connection is helpful, someone might describe the meaning of "primer" as the "initial [poly]mers"). Note, it does not mean "monomer" (or uni-mer, if that were a thing). Intellec7 (talk) 19:59, 15 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Primer (molecular biology)


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File:Kotterdvdcover.jpg

summary
Welcome Back, Kotter Television Classics DVD cover, from my collection.

Fair use in Welcome Back, Kotter
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Kotterdvdcover.jpg


text: Template:Campaignbox Creek War

title: Template:Campaignbox Creek War


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Map (butterfly)

The map (Araschnia levana) is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae.

Distribution
The area of distribution of the map extends from Spain through Europe and east through the Palearctic to Central Asia and the Russian Far East to Korea and Japan.

Spread in western Europe
Despite a temporary decline in individual regions of Europe, there has been a general increase and increase within the populated areas for more than 100 years. In Germany, the map was only locally represented until the 1930s, from the middle of the century it was already widespread and in places frequently encountered. In the second half of the 20th century it spread in Germany to the north and west across Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein and the Netherlands to the North Sea coast. Already 1881 it was present in Jutland (Denmark). In 1955, the northern distribution limit of indigenous Danish populations was Falster, Lolland and Zealand. It reached Sweden in the 1970s, and in 1973 it was first seen in Finland. A. levana was found on May 30, 1973, in southeastern Finland, in Lauritsala, by a young lepidopterist, Mr Jouko E. Hokka. The specimen was the first known A. levana in northern Europe, excluding Denmark. Since 1983, the map has been established in Finland and has since steadily increased its area.

In the UK this species is a very rare vagrant, but there have also been several unsuccessful – and now illegal – attempts at introducing this species over the past 100 years or so: in the Wye Valley in 1912, the Wyre Forest in the 1920s, South Devon 1942, Worcester 1960s, Cheshire 1970s, South Midlands 1990s. All these introductions failed and eggs or larvae have never been recorded in the wild in the UK. (Under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 it is now illegal to release a non-native species into the wild.)

Description in Seitz
A. levana L. (64d) has on a reddish ochreous ground a characteristic pattern of spots, some whitish subapical and distomarginal spots on the forewing and a row of blue bars near the distal margin of the hindwing. The underside of the forewing on the whole agrees with the upper, but the apical area bears violet dusting, the ground-colour is paler, and there are sharply defined white lines at the cell-spots; the hindwing is for the greater part red-brown, bearing in the centre a pale transverse band which widens behind, in places light lines traverse the wing and there is a dull violet smear in the distal area; the margin of both wings bears thin black lines. This is the first brood, which flies early in the spring (April—May). There occur among the ordinary form occasionally specimens in which the black basal and costal markings are confluent and both wings dark-margined, while the other markings of the wings (in the centre) are quite or nearly obsolete, these areas therefore being nearly uniformly red-brown. This is ab. frivaldszkyi Aigner. The summer-brood (July till August), sometimes also a third brood (September—October), is essentially different, being known as ab. prorsa L. (64d). Black, the forewing with white spots, the hindwing with a white transverse band; for the greater part red-brown beneath, with whitish lines and bands. On the upperside there appear vestiges of reddish yellow lines at the distal margin; specimens in which these lines are absent or only in places slightly indicated, while the white markings are narrowed, are ab. obscura Fruhst. (64f). If the white marking is narrowed to a yellowish stripe, or if the hindwing is entirely black, the name ab. schultzi Pfitzn. may be employed. Specimens in which the upperside is entirely without white bands, the small spots in the distal area being either present or absent, have been named ab. weismanni Fisch. (artificially produced). On the other hand, the individuals with the bands partly yellowish and the reddish yellow distal markings strongly developed may be named ab. intermedia form. nov. (64d); not rare in nature, being especially frequent in wet and cold summers. It forms the transition to ab. porima O. (64d) which is already so much changed in the direction of the spring-brood that the reddish yellow colour in the distal area forms the ground-colour, the bands of prorsa, however, still being visible. Finally, ab. diluta Spul. is an artificially produced variety which resembles porima, but the forewing has an archaic Nymphalidian character in the row of spots recalling the ocelli found in the Satyrids. All these forms are connected by intergradations, prorsa being considered the more recent form, which can be changed by the application of cold into levana (the ancestral form), while the inverse does not take place. — The egg of the species is ovate, flattened above, ribbed, of a greenish colour. The larva feeds on Urtica dioica gregariously; it is black or pale brown with black stripes, sometimes with a reddish side-line, armed with short branched thorns, which are black, sometimes yellow. Pupa brown, spotted with blackish, the projections of the head and back obtuse, sometimes with metallic spots. The pupa of the last brood hibernates. The species is distributed over Central and East Europe (except England) southward to Dalmatia, through Armenia, Siberia, Amurland, Ussuri, Corea to Japan (here apparently in 3 broods), the varieties recurring in the East without showing any striking or constant differences from those of the West.

Seasonal dimorphism
The map is unusual in that its two annual broods look very different. The summer brood are black with white markings, looking like a miniature version of the white admiral and lacking most of the orange of the pictured spring brood.

Biology
The eggs are laid in long strings, one on top of the other, on the underside of stinging nettles, the larval food plant. It is thought that these strings of eggs mimic the flowers of the nettles, thereby evading predators. The larvae feed gregariously and hibernate as pupae. The map prefers moist habitats with stinging nettles, as they are found in open forest, at forest edges and transitional moors. both the needs of the caterpillars for high humidity and shade as well as the moths for abundant flowering perennials must be met. The insect lives in the flat and hilly country of the lowlands and rarely rises more than 1000 meters.

title: Map (butterfly)


text: User talk:70.240.76.174

title: User talk:70.240.76.174


text:
Montgó Massif

Montgó is a mountain in Alicante Province, Spain, which rises to 753 m. It is the last spur on the Cordillera Prebética Mountain Range and is located in the Marina Alta region in the north of Alicante between the towns of Dénia and Xàbia. The mountain rises dramatically from the valley floors surrounding it and dominates the skyline for miles around. Its craggy cliffs are home to some of the most unusual flora and fauna in Spain. The mountain is renowned for its rock formations, cliffs, caves and natural harbours. From the Xàbia side Montgó is often said to resemble the head and trunk of an elephant. The mountain can be easily reached by highway CV-736 which links Denia with Xàbia, both of which are accessible via the AP-7 motorway or the N-332 national highway.

A regional folktale details that Dénia and Xàbia fought over the Montgó so much that one fell on their face and the other on their butt, giving the nicknames of people from these regions.

Montgó Nature Reserve
The Montgó Nature Reserve encompasses 2150 hectares (5312 acres) around the mountain. It includes a coastal section that covers over 3 km. The Reserve contains important archaeological finds such as cave paintings, Phoenician amphoras and the remains of Iberian settlements. Because of its extraordinary wealth of flora, fauna and ecosystems the park was declared an officially protected nature reserve in 1987. The reserve runs almost parallel to the coastline, joining the coastal area via a flat area known as ‘les Planes’ which ends at Cap de San Antoni.

Formation of the Montgó
The mountain was formed during the Cretaceous period, some 70 million years ago, when plate tectonic processes forced the African and European continental plates upwards, creating spectacular mountainous landscapes such as that of the Montgó. Over the next few million years, strong erosion and rock slides sculpted it to the shape it has today.

The geological composition of this Nature Reserve is characterized by Cretaceous materials. On the lower parts, marl and marlaceous lime abound, while the escarpments are formed by compact limestone.

Flora
The geology and climate of the Montgó has fostered more than 650 species of flora. The primitive Mediterranean oak, which once dominated the mountain before over-exploitation by man, is still present, as is Mount Atlas Pistachio, rosemary, white hellebore, rock lavender, marine juniper and cistus.

In the higher more humid areas there are a number of endemic plants such as the Hippocrepis Valentina and the Valencian rock violet, as well as the blue Mediterranean fan palm (usually seen in the plains), the only palm species to grow wild in Europe. In addition, the Carduncellus Dianius or ‘Hierba Santa’ as it is known in Spanish, is unique and only found here and in Ibiza.

The Montgó flora also includes Kermes oak groves dotted with mastic trees and rhamnnus alaternus, as well as the Mediterranean scrub. On the summit there is red lavender and Kermes oak. These take over from the communities of holm oak which dominate the more protected areas with deeper soil.

On the cliffs of the Cap de Sant Antoni, the vegetation is characterised by plants adapted to growing in the fissures, cracks and shelves of the cliff, and able to withstand contact with salt water. In the areas closest to the sea, Marine Fennel and the everlasting flower, Helichrysum decumbens, can be found. As one moves away from the sea and the salinity decreases the Valencian rock violet appears as well as Cave Scabius on the steeper slopes. On more level ground, endemic plants can be found (the town of Denia takes its name from the cult to the Roman goddess Diana) such as the Valencian rock violet and also pitiusic vegetation (in reference to the nearby archipelago Pitiusas) such as rock thistle and valerian can be found.

On the plain, as on the hillside, lavender and Kermes oak grow mingled with repopulated aleppo or carrasco pine and vegetation typical of unirrigated land. Shady cliffs, with their increased humidity level, isolation and inaccessibility encourage the growth of endemic plants such as Valencian rock violet, Cave Scabius, Sanguisorba ancistroides, and Sarcocapnos saetabensis. On wider shelves, a community of Black Sabina and Chamaerops humilis has developed. In areas exposed to the sun, various communities of species adapted to high temperatures and scarce humidity levels are located, such as Chaenorrhinum crassifolium and Teucrium hifacense.

Fauna
The marine bird life comprises the yellow-footed gull (Larus cachinnans), Sandwich tern (Sterna sandvicensis) and Audouin's gull (Larus audouinii), among other species. The peregrine falcon and the Eurasian eagle owl live on the Montgó as well as eagles, ravens, seagulls and an abundance of other migratory birds. In the higher areas the patiamarilla gull nests and Audouin's gull winters along with Bonelli's eagle.

In total there are eight species of birds of prey in the Montgó Natural Park which have been documented to be breeding. Four of these species are nocturnal (Eurasian eagle owl, Eurasian scops owl, tawny owl and the little owl) and the other four diurnal (goshawk, peregrine falcon, common kestrel and Eurasian sparrowhawk). They feed on the many European rabbits, red foxes, toads, snakes, dormice, brown rats, European badgers, common genets, weasels and bats which share their mountain home. Although there is no concrete evidence as yet, it is probable that common buzzards, short-toed eagles and the Eleanora's falcon also reproduce in the Montgó park.

Due to shortages of places to collect water, amphibians are rare, although the common toad and the natterjack toad are still found. Reptiles are more frequent, such as the viviparous lizard, the ocellated lizard, the horseshoe whip snake, and, most exotically, Bedriaga's skink. As regards invertebrate species, there are a great number of gastropods and insects.

Human inhabitants
The first evidence of human presence on Montgó dates to the Paleolithic period some 30,000 years ago. During this period, small nomadic groups occupied the caves and hills that faced the sea in the Cap de San antoni. The communities lived a hunter-gatherer way of life, and were able to survive thanks to rich fishing grounds, plentiful supply of animals and mild temperatures. Evidence of human presence in past millennia can be seen in the famous paintings in Migdia cave. Elsewhere on the mountain Stone-Age hand-axes and flints have been found along with Roman pottery and Muslim ceramics.

There are a few caves in the massif. The most prominent is the Cova de l'Aigua, a small cave that was used in the Iberian age in the 4th and 5th centuries as a place of worship and later as a water deposit in the 18th century. In the entrance there's a Roman inscription dated year 238 carved by a legionary stationed there. The cave is accessible from the Dénia side.

At the beginning of the 10th century the moorish Caliph, Abd ur Rahman the Third, made a special trip from Cordoba to collect over a hundred medicinal herbs from the slopes of Montgó.

At the end of the 19th century, a high demand for raisins led to the cultivation of the Moscatel grape on its slopes. Today, these areas have been largely abandoned due to difficulty in accessibility and non-profitability. Yet some vines, which produce the sweet grape variety, mostly the Mistela of the Marina Alta, as well as some citrus products, are still grown.

Climatic conditions
Clouds are often seen forming around the peak of Montgó even when the sky is clear elsewhere. This is caused by Orographic lift. Humid air from the Mediterranean is forced up towards the summit of the Montgó, then condenses and falls as rain. Despite its dry and austere appearance, rain is common on the mountain, with peak precipitation occurring between September and November. However, during the summer there is often a long period of drought.

Climbing the Montgó
It is possible to climb to the top of Montgó from all sides. The excursion leads through numerous eco-systems: stony terrain, croplands, pine forests and scrub land. The ascent takes about four hours. At the summit of Montgó one will find the remains of the Casa de Biot, an Iberian settlement of the eighth century B.C. From the summit there are magnificent views of the coast and the sea and on a clear day, Ibiza can be seen.

Legislation protecting the Montgó
Decree 25/87 issued on March 16, 1987, by the Consell of the Generalitat Valenciana declared the Montgó a Natural Park. This decree has since been modified by Ordinance 110/92. Law 5/88 issued on June 24, 1988, by the Generalitat Valenciana protects the nature reserves of the Province of Valencia.

title: Montgó Massif


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Assay sensitivity

Assay sensitivity is a property of a clinical trial defined as the ability of a trial to distinguish an effective treatment from a less effective or ineffective intervention. Without assay sensitivity, a trial is not internally valid and is not capable of comparing the efficacy of two interventions.

Importance
Lack of assay sensitivity has different implications for trials intended to show a difference greater than zero between interventions (superiority trials) and trials intended to show non-inferiority. Non-inferiority trials attempt to rule out some margin of inferiority between a test and control intervention i.e. rule out that the test intervention is no worse than the control intervention by a chosen amount.

If a trial intended to demonstrate efficacy by showing superiority of a test intervention to control lacks assay sensitivity, it will fail to show that the test intervention is superior and will fail to lead to a conclusion of efficacy.

In contrast, if a trial intended to demonstrate efficacy by showing a test intervention is non-inferior to an active control lacks assay sensitivity, the trial may find an ineffective intervention to be non-inferior and could lead to an erroneous conclusion of efficacy.

When two interventions within a trial are shown to have different efficacy (i.e., when one intervention is superior), that finding itself directly demonstrates that the trial had assay sensitivity (assuming the finding is not related to random or systematic error). In contrast, a trial that demonstrates non-inferiority between two interventions, or an unsuccessful superiority trial, generally does not contain such direct evidence of assay sensitivity. However, the idea that non-inferiority trials lack assay sensitivity has been disputed.

Differences in sensitivity
Assay sensitivity for a non-inferiority trial may depend upon the chosen margin of inferiority ruled out by the trial, and the design of the planned non-inferiority trial. The chosen margin of inferiority in a non-inferiority trial cannot be larger than the largest effect size which the control intervention reliably and reproducibly demonstrates compared to placebo or no treatment in past superiority trials. For instance, if there is reliable and reproducible evidence from previous superiority trials of an effect size of 10% for a control intervention compared to placebo, an appropriately designed non-inferiority trial designed to rule out that the test intervention may be as much as 5% less effective than the control would have assay sensitivity. On the other hand, with this same data, a noninferiority trial designed to rule out that the test intervention may be as much as 15% less effective than the control may not have assay sensitivity, since this trial would not ensure that the test intervention is any more effective than a placebo given that the effect ruled out is larger than the effect of the control compared to placebo. The choice of the margin is sometimes problematic in non-inferiority trials. Given investigators desire to choose larger margins to decrease the sample size needed to perform a trial, the chosen margin is sometimes larger than the effect size of the control compared to placebo. In addition, a valid noninferiority trial is not possible in situations in which there is a lack of data demonstrating a reliable and reproducible effect of the control compared to placebo.

In addition to choosing a margin based upon credible past evidence, to have assay sensitivity, the planned non-inferiority trial must be designed in a way similar to the past trials which demonstrated the effectiveness of the control compared to placebo, the so-called "constancy assumption". In this way, non-inferiority trials have a feature in common with external (historically) controlled trials. This also means that non-inferiority trials are subject to some of the same biases as historically controlled trials; that is, the effect of a drug in a past trial may not be the same in a current trial given changes in medical practice, differences in disease definitions or changes in the natural history of a disease, differences in outcome timing and definitions, usage of concomitant medications, etc.

The finding of "difference" or "no difference" between two interventions is not a direct demonstration of the internal validity of the trial unless another internal control confirms that the study methods have the ability to show a difference, if one exists, over the range of interest (i.e. the trial contains a third group receiving placebo). Since most clinical trials do not contain an internal "negative" control (i.e. a placebo group) to internally validate the trial, the data to evaluate the validity of the trial comes from past trials external to the current trial.

title: Assay sensitivity


text: Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: St. Lawrence Frontier


text: User talk:64.187.12.2

title: User talk:64.187.12.2


text:
User:JMBell/Lost Library/UserArchive5

Current time is: (UTC) on July 29, 2024

Me I am James Maxwell Bell. I was born some years ago in New York, but now live in Princeton, New Jersey. I have a good sense of humor (which I like to call my "sixth sense") and good common sense. My writing skills are somewhat unused, my last "great" work having been writing more than 2 years ago. My reading skills... well, that's a different story. I find practical jokes funny (kinda), but respect the feelings of the poor victim.

Projects On Wikipedia, I seek to improve the conditions that the everyday men and women face, which the Nobles do not do, simply because they have no balls. I specialize in diplomacy, peacekeeping, and informal arbitration. So far, I have successfully mediated one heated debate, namely between Nanshu and the Irish Greek on the topic of Nanyang, and am now helping steer the Tsushima Islands debate to calmer waters. This debate is an offshoot of the Messr. Tan problem: a certain Messr. Tan, around 14 years old, is trying to find his place in the real world, and unfortunately chose the Kingdom of En to practice his newly-found skills. I am one of many trying to give him advice and make him listen to it.

Many other debates go unsolved; I seek to find them and free the debators from the oppression of hostility.

M y Contributions

Not much have I written on Wikipedia, with just over 500 edits at the time of writing. The following I did write or significantly contribute to: And many other copyedits on many other articles left by Messr. Tan in appalling states (State of Calamity, State of Disorder, etc.)
 * Glyptothek
 * Englischer Garten (expanded article)

M iscellaneous
Backup files are stored bothe on my Hard Diske and in my crumbling archives. When seeking things to contemplate, I turn to my olde ally, my self. And to welcome newcomers to En, I use this banner.

title: User:JMBell/Lost Library/UserArchive5


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Raup

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Michael Raup
Hardly an article, and a search on Google for "michael raup sheep husbandry" returns nothing indicating it could have any merit. —Cleared as filed. 21:48, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete unless there is any verification that this is true. All edits by 65.216.119.103, the author of this article, are vandalism. Angela. 21:52, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, on talk page for this IP. -WCFrancis 03:05, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 08:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax/unverifiable. Dcarrano 16:51, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. royblumy 21:31, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverified. --Etacar11 23:28, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:82.69.86.229

title: User talk:82.69.86.229


text:
Henri Mouhot

Alexandre Henri Mouhot (15 May 1826 — 10 November 1861) was a French naturalist and explorer of the mid-19th century. He was born in Montbéliard, Doubs, France, near the Swiss border, but spent his childhood in Russia and, possibly, parts of Asia. He died near Luang-Prabang, Laos. He is remembered mostly in connection to Angkor. Mouhot's tomb is located just outside of Ban Phanom, to the east of Luang Prabang.

Early life
He traveled throughout Europe with his brother Charles, studying photographic techniques developed by Louis Daguerre. In 1856, he began devoting himself to the study of Natural Science. Upon reading "The Kingdom and People of Siam" by Sir John Bowring in 1857, Mouhot decided to travel to Indochina to conduct a series of botanical expeditions for the collection of new zoological specimens. His initial requests for grants and passage were rejected by French companies and the government of Napoleon III. The Royal Geographical Society and the Zoological Society of London lent him their support, and he set sail for Bangkok, via Singapore.

Expeditions
From his base in Bangkok in 1858, Mouhot made four journeys into the interior of Siam, Cambodia and Laos. Over a period of three years before he died, he endured extreme hardships and fended off wild animals, to explore some previously uncharted jungle territory.

On his first expedition, he visited Ayutthaya, the former capital of Siam (already charted territory), and gathered an extensive collection of insects, as well as terrestrial and river shells, and sent them on to England.

In January 1860, at the end of his second and longest journey, he reached Angkor (already charted territory) — an area spread over more than 400 km2., consisting of many sites of ancient terraces, pools, moated cities, palaces and temples, the most famous of which is Angkor Wat. He recorded this visit in his travel journals, which included three weeks of detailed observations. These journals and illustrations were later incorporated into Voyage dans les royaumes de Siam, de Cambodge, de Laos which were published posthumously.

Angkor

Mouhot is often mistakenly credited with "discovering" Angkor, although Angkor was never lost — the location and existence of the entire series of Angkor sites was always known to the Khmers and had been visited by several westerners since the 16th century. Mouhot mentions in his journals that his contemporary Father Charles Emile Bouillevaux, a French missionary based in Battambang, had reported that he and other Western explorers and missionaries had visited Angkor Wat and the other Khmer temples at least five years before Mouhot. Father Bouillevaux published his accounts in 1857: "Travel in Indochina 1848–1846, The Annam and Cambodia". Previously, a Portuguese trader Diogo do Couto visited Angkor and wrote his accounts about it in 1550, and the Portuguese monk Antonio da Magdalena had also written about his visit to Angkor Wat in 1586. Mouhot did, however, popularise Angkor in the West.

Perhaps none of the previous European visitors wrote as evocatively as Mouhot, who included interesting and detailed sketches. In his posthumously published "Travels in Siam, Cambodia and Laos," Mouhot compared Angkor to the pyramids, for it was popular in the West at that time to ascribe the origin of all civilization to the Middle East. For example, he described the Buddha heads at the gateways to Angkor Thom as "four immense heads in the Egyptian style" and wrote of Angkor: "'One of these temples—a rival to that of Solomon, and erected by some ancient Michael Angelo—might take an honourable place beside our most beautiful buildings. It is grander than anything left to us by Greece or Rome, and presents a sad contrast to the state of barbarism in which the nation is now plunged.'"

Mouhot also wrote that: "'At Ongcor, there are ...ruins of such grandeur... that, at the first view, one is filled with profound admiration, and cannot but ask what has become of this powerful race, so civilized, so enlightened, the authors of these gigantic works?'"

Such quotations may have given rise to the popular misconception that Mouhot had found the abandoned ruins of a lost civilisation. The Royal Geographical Society and The Zoological Society, both interested in announcing new finds, seemed to have encouraged the rumor that Mouhot — whom they had sponsored to chart mountains and rivers and catalog new species — had discovered Angkor. Mouhot himself erroneously asserted that Angkor was the work of an earlier civilization than the Khmer. For although the very same civilization which built Angkor was alive and right before his eyes, he considered them in a "state of barbarism" and could not believe they were civilized or enlightened enough to have built it. He assumed that the authors of such grandeur were a disappeared race and mistakenly dated Angkor back over two millennia, to around the same era as Rome. The true history of Angkor Wat was later pieced together from the book The Customs of Cambodia written by Temür Khan's envoy Zhou Daguan to Cambodia in 1295-1296 and from stylistic and epigraphic evidence accumulated during the subsequent clearing and restoration work carried out across the whole Angkor site. It is now known that the dates of Angkor's habitation were from the early 9th to the early 15th centuries.

Itinerary in Southeast Asia
Henri Mouhot's exploration covered 4,955 kilometers in Southeast Asia, in 3 years, 6 months and 13 days. The exact itinerary, as listed in Le Tour du Monde ("Around the World" journal), is as follows:

Link to the itinerary on Google Maps

Colonialism
Some have argued that Mouhot may have been a tool for French expansionism and the annexation of territories which followed shortly after his death. Mouhot himself, however, did not seem to be a hardcore colonialist, for he occasionally doubted the beneficial effects of European colonisation:

"'Will the present movement of the nations of Europe towards the East result in good by introducing into these lands the blessings of our civilization? Or shall we, as blind instruments of boundless ambition, come hither as a scourge, to add to their present miseries?'"However, Henri Mouhot appears in his notes as genuinely interested in South East Asia and its culture, and kept in mind the benefits he thought France could provide to those countries. He notably wrote in the Tour du Monde:

Page 174: " European domination, the abolition of slavery, protective and wise laws, and faithful, experienced and scrupulously honest administrators, would alone be capable of regenerating this State, so close to Cochinchina, where France is seeking to establish itself and where it will undoubtedly establish itself; then it would certainly become a granary of abundance, as fertile as lower Cochinchina ".

Page 175: "People are astonished to see insignificant production and no industry in these regions that are so fertile and so rich, but they are generally unaware that the kings and mandarins enrich themselves through despoilment and corruption, through all the abuses that ruin work and halt progress. Let this country be administered with wisdom and prudence, with loyalty and protection for the people, and everything will change with marvellous rapidity.”

Mouhot also highlighted he saw France already provided Cambodia, at his time: (page 179) "Had it not been for the war that France has been waging against the Empire of Annam for the past two years, it is probable that today the last hour would have sounded for the little kingdom of Cambodia, whose destiny, with little doubt, is to die out and be assimilated into the neighbouring peoples.”

Death and legacy
Mouhot died of a malarial fever on his 4th expedition, in the jungles of Laos. He had been visiting Luang Prabang, capital of the Lan Xang kingdom, one of 3 kingdoms which eventually merged into what can be known as modern day Laos, and was under the patronage of the king. Two of his servants buried him near a French mission in Naphan, by the banks of the Nam Khan river. Mouhot's favourite servant, Phrai, transported all of Mouhot's journals and specimens back to Bangkok, from where they were shipped to Europe.

A modest monument was erected over his grave in 1867 under the orders of French commander Ernest Doudart de Lagrée, who gave him this eulogy: "'We found everywhere the memory of our compatriot who, by the uprightness of his character and his natural benevolence, had acquired the regard and the affection of the natives.'" The monument was destroyed by the overflow of the river Nam Khan. It was replaced in 1887 by a more durable crypt monument, and a maisonnette was built nearby to house and feed visitors to the white shrine. Some restoration work was done on the tomb in 1951 by the EFEO (Ecole Française d'Extrème Orient—The French School of the Far East).

Mouhot's tomb was consumed by the jungle and lost until it was accidentally rediscovered in 1989 by a French Laos scholar, Jean-Michel Strobino, who played a part in rehabilitating it with the support of the French embassy and the Municipality of Montbeliard, Mouhot's birth town. A new plaque was fixed to one end of the crypt in 1990 to commemorate this rediscovery. The location is now known to hotels and tourist operators in Luang Prabang, and a minivan or "tuk tuk" may be hired to take one the 10 km from town to visit it. This entails a walk down a steep track on the southern bank of river Nam Khan, over a small wooden bridge, and then up to a well-cleared track to the tomb, altogether about 150 meters. A new road being constructed nearby (June 2013) will make access easier. The tomb is still quite near the river (only about 20m), and access by boat from town should be possible.

The popularity of Angkor generated by Mouhot's writings led to the popular support for a major French role in its study and preservation. The French carried out the majority of research work on Angkor until recently.

Two species of Asian reptiles are named in his honor: Cuora mouhotii, a turtle; and Oligodon mouhoti, a snake.

Works
Mouhot's travel journals are immortalized in Voyage dans les royaumes de Siam, de Cambodge, de Laos et autres parties centrales de l'Indochine (published 1863, 1864). English title: Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China, Cambodia and Laos During the Years 1858,1859, and 1860.
 * Travels in Siam, Cambodia, Laos, and Annam. Henri Mouhot ISBN 974-8434-03-6
 * Travels in Siam, Cambodia and Laos, 1858-1860 Henri Mouhot, Michael Smithies - ISBN 0-19-588614-3
 * Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (Siam), Cambodia, and Laos During the Years 1858, 1859, and 1860. Mouhot, Henri—ISBN 974-8495-11-6 (B/W illustrations)

title: Henri Mouhot


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Spanish royal family

The Spanish royal family constitutes the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon (Casa de Borbón), also known as the House of Bourbon-Anjou (Casa de Borbón-Anjou). The royal family is headed by King Felipe VI and currently consists of the King; Queen Letizia; their children, Leonor, Princess of Asturias, and Infanta Sofía; and Felipe's parents, King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía. The royal family lives at the Zarzuela Palace in Madrid, although their official residence is the Royal Palace of Madrid. The membership of the royal family is defined by royal decree and consists of: the King of Spain, the monarch's spouse, the monarch's parents, his children, and the heir to the Spanish throne.

Titles and styles
The titles and styles of the Royal Family are as follows:
 * The occupant of the throne is the King (el Rey) or the Queen (Spanish: la Reina), together with other titles pertaining to the Crown or belonging to members of the royal family. They are styled His or Her Majesty.
 * The King's wife bears the title of Queen (consort) with the style Her Majesty.
 * The husband of the Queen regnant, known as "Consort to the Queen of Spain", bears the title of Prince and is styled His Royal Highness.
 * The King's heir apparent or heir presumptive bears the title of Prince or Princess of Asturias with the style Royal Highness.
 * A monarch's children besides the Prince or Princess of Asturias, as well as the children of the Prince or Princess, bear the title of Infante or Infanta and use the style Royal Highness. The children of an Infante or Infanta have the rank (but not the title) of Grandees and the style of Excellency.
 * Spouses and widows/widowers of the monarch's sons and daughters, other than those of the Prince or Princess of Asturias, are entitled to the form of address and honours the monarch may grant them.
 * The sovereign may also grant the dignity of Infante or Infanta with the style of Highness.

Members of the royal family

 * King Felipe VI was born on 30 January 1968. He is the third child and only son of King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía. He became heir apparent when his father became king in 1975, and was named Prince of Asturias in 1977. He married Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano on 22 May 2004. He became king on 19 June 2014 upon his father's abdication.
 * Queen Letizia was born on 15 September 1972, the eldest daughter of Jesús José Ortiz Álvarez and María de la Paloma Rocasolano Rodríguez. The King and Queen have two daughters.
 * Leonor, Princess of Asturias, is the elder daughter of King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia, and the heir presumptive to the Spanish throne since her father's accession in 2014. She was born on 31 October 2005.
 * Infanta Sofía is the younger daughter of King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia. She was born on 29 April 2007.
 * King Juan Carlos I is the former king of Spain, reigning from 1975 to 2014. He was born on 5 January 1938 as the eldest son and second child of Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, and Princess María de las Mercedes, Countess of Barcelona. Through his father, he is a grandson of King Alfonso XIII. On 14 May 1962, Juan Carlos married Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark, with whom he has three children. Following General Franco's death, Juan Carlos was proclaimed king on 22 November 1975. On 19 June 2014, he abdicated and his son was enthroned as King Felipe VI.
 * Queen Sofía is the wife of King Juan Carlos I. She was born on 2 November 1938, and is the eldest child of King Paul and Queen Frederica of Greece. Sofía was the queen consort of Spain during her husband's reign.

Members of the King's family

 * Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo, born 20 December 1963, is the eldest child of King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía. She married Jaime de Marichalar y Sáenz de Tejada on 18 March 1995, and they divorced in December 2009. The Duchess has two children with Marichalar:
 * Don Felipe de Marichalar y Borbón (born 17 July 1998)
 * Doña Victoria de Marichalar y Borbón (born 9 September 2000)
 * Infanta Cristina, born 13 June 1965, is the second child and younger daughter of King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía. She married Iñaki Urdangarin Liebaert on 4 October 1997, and they divorced in December 2023. Infanta Cristina and Iñaki Urdangarin have four children:
 * Don Juan Urdangarín y Borbón (born 29 September 1999)
 * Don Pablo Urdangarín y Borbón (born 6 December 2000)
 * Don Miguel Urdangarín y Borbón (born 30 April 2002)
 * Doña Irene Urdangarín y Borbón (born 5 June 2005)
 * King Felipe's aunt, the late Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz, had five children with her husband Luis Gómez-Acebo y Duque de Estrada, 2nd Viscount of La Torre. The children of the Duchess and the Viscount are:
 * Doña Simoneta Gómez-Acebo y Borbón (born 31 October 1968)
 * Don Juan Gómez-Acebo y Borbón, 3rd The Viscount of La Torre (born 6 December 1969)
 * Don Bruno Gómez-Acebo y Borbón (born 15 June 1971)
 * Don Luis Gómez-Acebo y Borbón (born 20 May 1973)
 * Don Fernando Gómez-Acebo y Borbón (born 13 September 1974)
 * Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria and Hernani, is the younger sister of King Juan Carlos and the aunt of King Felipe VI. She was born on 6 March 1939 as the third child and younger daughter of Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, and Princess María de las Mercedes, Countess of Barcelona. She married Carlos Zurita y Delgado on 12 October 1972.
 * Carlos Zurita, Duke of Soria and Hernani, was born on 9 October 1943 as the son of Carlos Zurita y González-Vidalte and María del Carmen Delgado y Fernández de Santaella. The Duchess and Duke of Soria have two children:
 * Don Alfonso Zurita y Borbón (born 9 August 1973)
 * Doña María Zurita y Borbón (born 16 September 1975)

House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

 * Princess Anne, Dowager Duchess of Calabria, is the widow of Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria (16 January 1938 – 5 October 2015), who was the cousin of King Juan Carlos I. Princess Anne was born on 4 December 1938, and she is the daughter of Henri, Count of Paris, and Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza. She married the Duke of Calabria on 11 May 1965. The couple had five children.

Royal family tree

 * Notes

* - Member of the Royal Family (as opposed to the Family of the King, or extended family)

** - Member of the Extended royal family

Public role
Members of the Spanish Royal Family are often asked by non-profit charitable, cultural, or religious organizations within and outside Spain to become their patrons, a role the Spanish constitution recognizes and codified in Title II Article 62 (j). It is incumbent for the monarch "to exercise the High Patronage of the Royal Academies". Royal patronage conveys a sense of official credibility as the organization is scrutinized for suitability. A royal presence often greatly raises the profile of the organization and attracts media publicity and public interest that the organization may not have otherwise garnered, aiding in the charitable cause or cultural event. Royalty make use of their considerable celebrity to assist the organization to raise funds or to promote government policy.

Additionally, members of the royal family may also pursue their own charitable and cultural interests. Queen Sofía devotes much of her time to the Queen Sofia Foundation (Fundación Reina Sofía); while Leonor, Princess of Asturias presents the annual Princess of Asturias Awards (Premios Princesa de Asturias), which aims to promote "scientific, cultural and humanistic values that form part of mankind's universal heritage." The Princess of Asturias Foundation (Fundación Princesa de Asturias) holds the annual Princess of Asturias Awards acknowledging the contributions of individuals, entities, and/or organizations from around the world who make notable achievements in the sciences, humanities, or public affairs.

King Felipe VI serves as president of the Organization of Ibero-American States which hosts the annual Ibero-American Summit, serves as president of the Codespa Foundation, which finances specific economic and social development activities in Latin American and other countries, and serves as president of the Spanish branch of the Association of European Journalists, which is composed of achieving communications professionals. King Felipe VI also serves as honorary chair of the Ministry of Culture National Awards Ceremonies.

Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo, Juan Carlos' elder daughter, is the Director of Cultural and Social Projects of Mapfre Foundation, while Infanta Cristina, Juan Carlos' younger daughter, served as the Goodwill Ambassador to the United Nations for the 2nd World Assembly on Ageing, and is a member of the Dali Foundation Board of Trustees, president of the International Foundation for Disabled Sailing, and Director of Social Welfare at the La Caixa Foundation in Barcelona where she lives with her family.

King Juan Carlos, Queen Sofia, and Infanta Cristina are all members of the Bilderberg Group, an informal think-tank centered on United States and European relations, and other world issues.

title: Spanish royal family


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Dietrich Heinrich von Bülow

Dietrich Heinrich Freiherr von Bülow (1757–1807) was a Prussian soldier and military writer, and brother of General Count Friedrich Wilhelm Bülow.

Early career
Von Bülow entered the Prussian army in 1773. Routine work proved distasteful to him, and he read with avidity the works of Jean Charles, Chevalier Folard and other theoretical writers on war, and of Rousseau. After sixteen years service he left Prussia, and endeavoured without success to obtain a commission in the Austrian army. He then returned to Prussia, and for some time managed a theatrical company. The failure of this undertaking involved Bülow in heavy losses, and soon afterwards he went to America, where he seems to have been converted to, and to have preached, Swedenborgianism.

On his return to Europe he persuaded his brother to engage in a speculation for exporting glass to the United States, which proved a complete failure. After this for some years he made a precarious living in Berlin by literary work, but his debts accumulated, and it was under great disadvantages that he produced his Geist des Neueren Kriegssystems (Hamburg, 1799) and Der Feldzug 1801 (Berlin, 1801). His hopes of military employment were again disappointed, and his brother, the future field marshal, who had stood by him in all his troubles, finally left him.

Writing career
In 1797, Bülow published his two-volume Der Freistaat von Nordamerika in seinem neuesten Zustand. It offered an decidedly negative account of the United States. John Quincy Adams, then U.S. minister at Berlin, translated the work, describing it as a "libel upon America." Adams' transcription was subsequently published in Joseph Dennie's Philadelphia-based Port Folio in the early 1800s.

After wandering in France and the smaller German states, Bulow reappeared at Berlin in 1804, where he wrote a revised edition of his Geist des Neueren Kriegssystems (Hamburg, 1805), Lehrstze des Neueren Kriegs (Berlin, 1805), Geschichte des Prinzen Heinrich von Preussen (Berlin, 1805), Neue Taktik der Neuern wie sie sein sollte (Leipzig, 1805), and Der Feldzug 1805 (Leipzig, 1806). He also edited, with G. H. von Behrenhorst (1733–1814) and others, Annalen des Krieges (Berlin, 1806). These brilliant but unorthodox works, distinguished by an open contempt of the Prussian system, cosmopolitanism hardly to be distinguished from high treason, and the mordant sarcasm of a disappointed man, brought upon Bülow the enmity of the official classes and of the government. He was arrested as insane, but medical examination proved him sane and he was then lodged as a prisoner in Kolberg, where he was harshly treated, though August von Gneisenau obtained some mitigation of his condition. Thence he passed into Russian hands and died in prison at Riga in 1807, probably as a result of ill-treatment.

Assessment
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition: "In Bülow's writings there is a distinct contrast evident between the spirit of his strategical and that of his tactical ideas. As a strategist (he claimed to be the first of strategists) he reduces to mathematical rules the practice of the great generals of the 18th century, ignoring friction, and maneuvering his armies in vacuo. At the same time he professes that his system provides working rules for the armies of his own day, which in point of fact were armed nations, infinitely more affected by friction than the small dynastic and professional armies of the preceding age. Bülow may therefore be considered as anything but a reformer in the domain of strategy. With more justice he has been styled the father of modern tactics. He was the first to recognize that the conditions of swift and decisive war brought about by the French Revolution involved wholly new tactics, and much of his teaching had a profound influence on European warfare of the 19th century."

His early training had shown him merely the pedantic minutiae of Frederick's methods, and, in the absence of any troops capable of illustrating the real linear tactics, he became an enthusiastic supporter of the methods, which (more of necessity than from judgment) the French revolutionary generals had adopted, of fighting in small columns covered by skirmishers. Battles, he maintained, were won by skirmishers. We must organize disorder, he said; indeed, every argument of writers of the modern extended order school is to be found mutatis mutandis in Bülow, whose system acquired great prominence in view of the mechanical improvements in armament. But his tactics, like his strategy, were vitiated by the absence of friction, and their dependence on the realization of an unattainable standard of bravery.

title: Dietrich Heinrich von Bülow


text: User talk:81.157.34.103

title: User talk:81.157.34.103


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Avanade

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:30, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Avanade
Nothing but a corporate ad/self-promotion. —Cleared as filed. 21:50, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Language includes: "Our people help customers ...", flagging it as promo material, certainly not encyclopedic or NPOV. Notability not established, there are thousands of MicroSoft thralls partners.--WCFrancis 03:01, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, merely because it's advertising (and not because it has two parents from hell, Micro$oft and not-Arthur-Andersen). -- Hoary 12:20, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. royblumy 21:32, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable / vanity - Tεx  τ  urε  19:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Avanade


text:
User talk:207.233.120.2

May 2022
Hello, I'm Pulpfiction621. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Dreams (1990 film) have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Teahouse. Thanks. Pulpfiction621 (talk) 18:54, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

May 2024
Hello, I'm Waxworker. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Lil Bub, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Waxworker (talk) 18:37, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:207.233.120.2


text:
Grayling (butterfly)

The grayling or rock grayling (Hipparchia semele) is a species in the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. Although found all over Europe, the grayling mostly inhabits coastal areas, with inland populations declining significantly in recent years. The grayling lives in dry and warm habitats with easy access to the sun, which helps them with body temperature regulation.

A grayling goes through four stages in its life cycle. The eggs hatch around August, and larvae grow in four instars from August to the following June. By June, the larvae begin to pupate by spinning a silk cocoon below the surface of the ground. The adult grayling emerges around August. The grayling migrates in small groups of two or three butterflies throughout most of August, typically moving southeast.

H. semele engages in cryptic coloring, with their tan and brown colored wings helping them camouflage into their surroundings. The grayling exposes the eyespots on its wings when it believes to have been detected by a predator, but generally keeps them hidden to avoid being seen. Male butterflies are territorial, and engage in flight performances to determine who settles in the best oviposition site. Additionally, the grayling regulates its body temperature by orienting its body and posture to adjust to the heat from the sun.

Grayling populations have recently begun to decline, and while it is not globally endangered, the species is now considered a priority for conservation efforts in the United Kingdom.

Geographic range
Hipparchia semele lives at elevations between sea level and about 2000 m. The grayling is a species endemic to Europe, and is found almost all over Europe and parts of western Russia. In parts of northern and western Europe, including Scandinavia, Britain, Ireland, and the Baltic states, it can be seen mostly in the coastal areas. The butterfly population is declining in many areas, especially inland. The grayling is not found in west France, large parts of Greece, Albania, North Macedonia, and south of Bulgaria and the Mediterranean islands.

Description in Seitz
S. semele L. (42 f). The female above similar to the preceding [ anthe ie. dark brown with a yellow-orange submarginal band marked in the female, more discreet in the male, with an interrupted fringe and two black blind or very discreetly pupiled ocelli on the forewing and a very small ocellus on the hindwing. The verso of the forewing is yellow-orange surrounded by a marbled band of brown and white with the two black ocelli while the hindwing verso is marbled with brown and white.], but the bands above ivory-yellow, often obscured, especially on the hindwing. The male above almost entirely dark, the band being only perceptible on the hindwing in the form of a row of obsolete ochre-yellow spots. Both sexes show, on a pale ochre ground, before the anal angle a dark ocellus which occasionally is pupilled with white. The underside of the hindwing is marbled with dark, a pale powdering in the form of a band terminating the basal portion distally. this band protruding in a strong tooth below the cell towards the margin.

Habitat
Grayling populations are typically found in dry habitats with warm climates to aid in their thermoregulatory behavior. Often found in sand dunes, salt marshes, undercliffs, and clifftops in coastal regions, and heathlands, limestone pavements, scree and brownfield land in inland regions, but graylings are also known to inhabit old quarries, railway lines, and industrial areas. Colonies typically develop around areas with little vegetation and bare, open ground, with spots of shelter and sun to help them regulate their body temperature.

Adult diet
Hipparchia semele can be considered a specialist feeding species. They tend to feed on the following plants:

 * Bird's-foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)
 * Bramble (Rubus fruticosus)
 * Carline thistle (Carlina vulgaris)
 * Heather (Calluna vulgaris)
 * Marjoram (Origanum vulgare)
 * Red Clover (Trifolium pretense)
 * Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
 * Thistles (Cirsium spp. and Carduus spp.)

Oviposition
Hipparchia semele sometimes lay their eggs on the green leaves that the larvae later feed on. Because the adult butterflies lay their eggs on the ground, the larvae can easily find the host plants to feed on. Therefore, laying eggs directly on host plants does not seem to be crucial for survival to adulthood.

Life cycle
Note that information on this species applies to Great Britain and some details may not be consistent with the species in other parts of its range.

There is one generation per year. The eggs are laid from July to September singly, often on the food plant. H. semele eggs are white at first, but turn pale yellow as they develop. The egg stage generally lasts between two and three weeks.

When the eggs hatch, the caterpillar grows slowly, feeding at night and typically hibernating during cold temperatures in a deep patch of grass. The larvae are small and cream colored, and there are four moults. The first-instar and second-instar larvae feed in mid-to-late summer and then hibernate, while still small, in the third instar, at the base of a tussock. Feeding then resumes in the spring and the last instar larvae are nocturnal, hiding in the base of grass tussocks during the day. These larval instars take place from August to June. By June, the larvae should be fully grown, and at this point the caterpillar spends most of its time basking in the sun on the bare ground or rocks. The larvae are attracted to muddy puddles and sap from tree trunks. When the time comes to pupate, the caterpillar spins a cocoon in the ground.

Pupation happens in a cavity lined with silk below the surface of the ground. The pupa is unattached in an earth cell. The pupal stage lasts around four weeks. The pupa is formed from June to August and the adult butterflies emerge in August.

Larval host plants

 * Sheep's-fescue (Festuca ovina)
 * Red fescue (Festuca rubra)
 * Bristle bent (Agrostis curtisii)
 * Early hair-grass (Aira praecox)
 * Tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa)
 * Marram (Ammophila arenaria)
 * Upright brome (Bromus erectus)
 * Slim-stem reed grass (Calamagrostis neglecta)
 * Grey hair-grass (Corynephorus canescens)
 * Cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata)
 * Couch grass (Elymus repens)
 * Agropyron species
 * Triticum species

Migration
The Hipparchia semele often migrates in small groups of two or three, generally at 10-11 kilometers per hour. The flight direction of these migrating grayling is direct and constant, notably because they do not pause or dart off into short flights. The grayling generally migrates in the southeast direction through most of August.

Cryptic and mimicking color and behavior
Hipparchia semele engages in cryptic coloring, or camouflage that makes it difficult to see them when they are resting on the bare ground, tree trunks, rocks, etc. Their tan and brown colored wings help them conceal themselves. Usually at rest and when not in flight, the butterflies keep their wings closed, with their forewings tucked behind their hindwings. This helps them conceal their eyespots and makes them appear smaller, further helping them camouflage to their environment.

Additionally, the forewing of a Hipparchia semele has one large and one small eyespot. When the grayling butterfly believes it may have been detected by a predator, it exposes these spots. However, there may be a balance between their cryptic coloring behavior and the exposure of their conspicuous eye spots. Exposing their spots may increase detectability by their predators. Therefore, at rest, the grayling adopts its cryptic coloring position, pulling its forewings down behind its hindwings in order to conceal the eyespots.

Mate searching behavior
When it comes time to mate, male and female H. semele meet above a solitary tree in a wide and open area. This takes on many forms, from a tall tree in a heathland to bare patches of ground in sand dunes. The female lays her eggs on various fine-leaved grasses, including fescues, bents, and bromes, a few centimeters above the ground.

Lekking
Male butterflies exhibit behaviors for defending territories. Females choose males based on the best territory for them to lay their eggs in. These territorial males engage in competitions of flight performances where the winning male settles in the territory. Thermoregulation helps these butterflies prepare for maximum flight efficiency in order to gain ownership of the most optimal territory.

Displaying
Male graylings make short and frequent flights, both spontaneous and non-spontaneous. These may function as a signal of display for females.

Pheromones
The male graylings' courtship procedure for copulation may also serve to indicate to the female the amount and the nature of the males' sex pheromones. Further research must be conducted to determine this for certain, but the courtship procedure likely plays a role in pheromone production. Hipparchia semele only copulate once, so determining the best possible male, based on the pheromones and courting procedure, is very important for reproductive success. Pheromone releasers are located all over the wings of the males.

Mate choice
Grayling females partake in resource defense polygyny. Females choose a territorial male in order to gain the best oviposition site. This allows for a higher survival rate of the eggs, as well as the inheritance of the ability to defend the best territories which are attractive to females, leading to a higher reproductive rate of the offspring, thus allowing the female grayling a higher opportunity to propagate her genes.

Courting
A complex courtship procedure is performed by grayling males for copulation. The male moves behind the female, and engages in short movements around her until they are facing each other. Then, the male raises his forewings slowly, and quickly lowers and closes them, continuing this rhythmically. He then spreads his antennae to create a circular shape, and spreads his wings so the forewings are separated from the hindwings. After closing the wings again slowly, the male moves around the female again, and attempts copulation.

Flight
The grayling is a large and distinctive butterfly when in flight. The flight of a grayling is characterized by strong loops.

The flying patterns of a grayling are also important in male-male interactions of territoriality. Initially, when defending a territory, each male grayling flies in a spiral motion, trying to be higher than and behind the other male. When this formation is stabilized, the two male graylings go into an alternating sequence of dives and climbs. At the end, the male that is able to achieve the highest position settles in the territory.

Thermoregulation
The graylings prefer to live in open habitats, with easy access to the sun. This may be due to their ability to regulate their body temperature using the sun. When the temperature gets too cold, the grayling leans to expose its side towards the sunlight, therefore allowing its wings to gain heat from the sun. When the temperature gets too warm, the grayling stands straight, on its tiptoes, exposing its head towards the sun and keeping the majority of its body away.

The male tends to orient its body and wings to control which parts of the body are exposed to the sun. This allows the grayling to keep its body temperature as close to the preferred level as possible. Therefore, at lower temperatures, the male grayling exposes as much of its body area as it can to increase the surface area facing the sun. This process is sometimes called sun-basking. This can raise body temperatures by up to 3 degrees Celsius. Contrarily, at high temperatures, the male grayling exposes as little of its body area as possible to the sun. This process can lower body temperatures by up to 2.5 degrees Celsius. At intermediate temperatures, the male grayling is often observed gradually changing his body orientation and posture in order to evenly spread the heat all over his body. This behavior can often be observed by male butterflies defending their territories. Many times, the territories that male graylings defend are specific mating sites. Thermoregulation allows the male butterflies to maximize their efficiency, in order to prepare for optimal flight performance if another male enters the territory.

Conservation (Great Britain)
The grayling has been decreasing in numbers significantly in recent years. While it was not considered of importance before, Hipparchia semele is now considered a priority species for conservation efforts in the United Kingdom.

It is now a UK Biodiversity Action Plan species (Butterfly Conservation, 2007).

Habitat loss
Much of the Hipparchia semele’s common habitats, such as heathlands, have started to become transformed into agricultural land. The dry habitats are occupied by trees and other greenery, reducing the optimal available habitats for the graylings.

title: Grayling (butterfly)