text:
1927 Manitoba general election

The 1927 Manitoba general election was held on 28 June 1927 to elect Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Manitoba, Canada. The result was a second consecutive victory for Manitoba farmers, following its 1922 win.

This was the first election in Manitoba history to elect MLAs through casting of ranked ballots in all districts. Ten MLAs were elected in Winnipeg through Single transferable vote, as they had done since 1920. The other districts now began to elect MLAs through Instant-runoff voting. The Progressive Party of Manitoba, led by Premier John Bracken, won a second consecutive majority government in 1927. Progressive candidates won twenty-nine seats out of fifty-five to win their second majority government. During the campaign, the Progressives stressed that they were not a party in the traditional sense and promised "A business (not a party) government". Many Progressive candidates simply described themselves as Bracken supporters. The Progressive Party was supported by the powerful United Farmers of Manitoba organization.

The Conservatives won fifteen seats under the leadership of Fawcett Taylor, an improvement from seven in the election of 1922. This election re-established the Conservatives as the leading opposition party in Manitoba, and made the party a credible challenger for government in the next election.

The Manitoba Liberal Party was unable to regain the support it had lost to the Progressive Party in the previous election. The Liberals won seven seats under the new leadership of Hugh Robson, down one from their 1922 total. After the election, many senior Liberals began to work for an electoral alliance with the Progressives. Robson, who opposed this plan, was persuaded to resign as leader in 1930. The alliance was formalized in 1932.

The Independent Labour Party fell to three seats, down from six in the previous election. All three members, including party leader John Queen, were elected in the city of Winnipeg. Candidates of four separate parties - Liberal, Conservative, ILP and Progressive - plus an Independent - were elected to fill that city's ten seats. Winnipeg seats were filled using a form of proportional representation, Single transferable voting.

Jacob Penner ran in Winnipeg as a Communist candidate, but was not successful. He lasted 19 rounds of transfers but picked up very few votes so was eliminated.

Independent candidate John Edmison was re-elected in Brandon.

The proportion of the vote received by the Progressive Party (based on first-preference votes) was enough to assure a functioning government, but it was one of lowest in Canadian history.

The Legislature experienced a significant turnover of members, with 23 seats electing new MLAs. Twelve incumbents (one in Winnipeg, and 11 more in other ridings) went down in defeat, six failed to be renominated, and five chose not to stand for reelection.

Under the instant-runoff voting used to elect 45 MLAs, the leader in the first count of the district's votes was the one elected in all but three districts,so the final results in the districts outside Winnipeg were almost the same as under First-past-the-post voting .

Of the 45 single-member ridings, two MLAs were returned by acclamation. Twenty-one were decided solely on first-preference votes, with no vote transfers conducted. The remainder (22) went to runoff counts. There were only three "turn-overs" where the first count leader did not win due to vote transfers - in Minnedosa, Morden & Rhineland and Springfield. The Progressive candidate was leading on the first count in all three districts but after vote transfers, Conservatives won two of them and Liberals won one.

Seventeen seats in the single-member districts went to parties different from the previous election. Eleven rural incumbents running for re-election under their old party label were defeated. Three other incumbents changed their party label and were re-elected. Three open seats flipped to another party.

Results by riding
Bold names indicate members returned by acclamation. Incumbents are marked with *.

{{legend|#66CC00|Arthur: Duncan Lloyd McLeod*}} {{legend|#9999FF|Assiniboia: Joseph Cotter}} {{legend|#66CC00|Beautiful Plains: Adalbert Poole}} {{legend|#66CC00|Birtle: John Pratt}} {{legend|#DCDCDC|Brandon: John H. Edmison}} {{legend|#66CC00|Carillon: Albert Prefontaine*}} {{legend|#9999FF|Cypress: William H. Spinks*}} {{legend|#9999FF|Dauphin: Robert Ferguson}} {{legend|#66CC00|Deloraine: Hugh McKenzie}} {{legend|#66CC00|Dufferin: John Munn}} {{legend|#66CC00|Emerson: Robert Curran (Lib-Prog)}} {{legend|#B9E5B9|Ethelbert: Nicholas Hryhorczuk* (Ind-Frm)}} {{legend|#66CC00|Fairford: Stuart Garson}} {{legend|#66CC00|Fisher: Nicholas Bachynsky*}} {{legend|#66CC00|Gilbert Plains: Arthur Berry*}} {{legend|#66CC00|Gimli: Ingimar Ingaldson}} {{legend|#66CC00|Gladstone: William Morton}} {{legend|#EA6D6A|Glenwood: James Breakey*}}

{{legend|#66CC00|Hamiota: Thomas Wolstenholme*}} {{legend|#66CC00|Iberville: Arthur R. Boivin* (Ind-Prog)}} {{legend|#9999FF|Kildonan & St. Andrews: James McLenaghen}} {{legend|#9999FF|Killarney: John Laughlin}} {{legend|#66CC00|Lakeside: Douglas Campbell*}} {{legend|#EA6D6A|Lansdowne: Tobias Norris*}} {{legend|#66CC00|La Verendrye: Philippe Adjutor Talbot*}} {{legend|#9999FF|Manitou: Joseph Lusignan}} {{legend|#9999FF|Minnedosa: George Compton}} {{legend|#9999FF|Morden & Rhineland: Hugh McGavin}} {{legend|#66CC00|Morris: William Clubb*}} {{legend|#EA6D6A|Mountain: Irving Cleghorn}} {{legend|#66CC00|Norfolk: John Muirhead*}} {{legend|#9999FF|Portage la Prairie: Fawcett Taylor*}} {{legend|#9999FF|Roblin: Frederic Newton*}} {{legend|#66CC00|Rockwood: William McKinnell*}} {{legend|#66CC00|Rupertsland: Herbert Beresford (Ind-Prog)}} {{legend|#66CC00|Russell: Isaac Griffiths*}}

{{legend|#9999FF|St. Boniface: Joseph Bernier}} {{legend|#66CC00|St. Clements: Robert Hoey}} {{legend|#EA6D6A|St. George: Skuli Sigfusson*}} {{legend|#66CC00|Ste. Rose: Maurice Dane MacCarthy*}} {{legend|#EA6D6A|Springfield: Murdoch Mackay}} {{legend|#66CC00|Swan River: Andrew McCleary}} {{legend|#66CC00|The Pas: John Bracken*}} {{legend|#9999FF|Turtle Mountain: Richard G. Willis*}} {{legend|#66CC00|Virden: Robert Mooney*}} {{legend|#66CC00|Winnipeg: William Major}} {{legend|#66CC00|Winnipeg: Edward Montgomery}} {{legend|#9999FF|Winnipeg: William Sanford Evans*}} {{legend|#9999FF|Winnipeg: John Thomas Haig*}} {{legend|#9999FF|Winnipeg: William Tobias}} {{legend|#EA6D6A|Winnipeg: Hugh Robson}} {{legend|#EA6D6A|Winnipeg: Edith Rogers*}} {{legend|#EEDDAA|Winnipeg: Seymour Farmer*}} {{legend|#EEDDAA|Winnipeg: William Ivens*}} {{legend|#EEDDAA|Winnipeg: John Queen*}}

Seats changing hands
In the single-member ridings, 17 seats changed allegiance:

 * Progressive to Conservative
 * Killarney
 * Manitou
 * Minnedosa

 * Progressive to Liberal
 * Mountain
 * Springfield

 * Progressive to Independent-Farmer
 * Ethelbert

 * Progressive to Independent-Progressive
 * Iberville
 * Rupertsland

 * Liberal to Progressive
 * Fairford
 * Gimli

 * Liberal to Conservative
 * Dauphin

 * ILP to Conservative
 * Assiniboia
 * Kildonan & St. Andrews

 * Independent to Progressive
 * St. Clements
 * Ste. Rose

 * Independent to Conservative
 * St. Boniface

 * Independent-Farmer to Progressive
 * Emerson

 * (Italics indicate that incumbent changed allegiance)

In Winnipeg, the seat distribution was changed as follows:

Turnovers on runoff
In the single-member ridings, there were three cases where the first-place candidate on first-preference votes failed to win:

! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Party ! rowspan="2"|Candidate ! colspan="2"|First-preference votes ! colspan="3"|Maximum votes ! Votes ! % FPv ! Votes ! Round ! Initial vs transfer votes mix
 * - style="text-align:right; background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center"

 * style="text-align:left;" |Norman W.P. Shuttleworth
 * 1,405
 * 41.89
 * 1,581
 * 2
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |George Compton
 * 1,377
 * 41.06
 * 1,595
 * 2
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Walter Cooper Richardson
 * 572
 * 17.05
 * 572
 * 1
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" |Total
 * 3,354
 * 100.00
 * colspan="3"|
 * colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" |Exhausted votes
 * 178
 * 5.31%
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * }
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * }

! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Party ! rowspan="2"|Candidate ! colspan="2"|First-preference votes ! colspan="3"|Maximum votes ! Votes ! % FPv ! Votes ! Round ! Initial vs transfer votes mix
 * - style="text-align:right; background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center"

 * style="text-align:left;" |John Henry Black
 * 1,075
 * 41.20
 * 1,132
 * 2
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Hugh McGavin
 * 1,016
 * 38.94
 * 1,252
 * 2
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Peter Buerckert
 * 518
 * 19.85
 * 518
 * 1
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" |Total
 * 2,609
 * 100.00
 * colspan="3"|
 * colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" |Exhausted votes
 * 225
 * 8.62%
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * }
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * }

! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Party ! rowspan="2"|Candidate ! colspan="2"|First-preference votes ! colspan="3"|Maximum votes ! Votes ! % FPv ! Votes ! Round ! Initial vs transfer votes mix
 * - style="text-align:right; background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center"

 * style="text-align:left;" |Clifford Barclay
 * 1,459
 * 43.70
 * 1,489
 * 2
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Murdoch Mackay
 * 1,389
 * 41.60
 * 1,507
 * 2
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Theo Stefanik
 * 491
 * 14.70
 * 491
 * 1
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" |Total
 * 3,339
 * 100.00
 * colspan="3"|
 * colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" |Exhausted votes
 * 343
 * 10.27%
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * }
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * }

First-preference votes by riding

 * = won on first-preference votes, by receiving majority of valid votes in the first count.

The candidate in the winning position in the first count won in the end in every district, except in the Minnedosa, Morden and Springfield districts, where the winner is indicated with vote tally in bold.

Winnipeg
Eligible voters 67,124     Valid votes 50,706      Turnout: 76%

10 seats. Quota: 4,610

Elected: 2 Progressive Party, 3 Conservatives, 2 Liberals, 3 ILP (listed in same order as in above table)

Rogers and Ivens passed quota in Round 21. Their surpluses were not transferred as they could not possibly have bridged the gap between the least-popular remaining candidate and the other two remaining contenders. With their election, there were only three remaining candidates and two remaining open seats. Downes was then declared defeated - his votes were not transferred as Tobias and Montgomery were the only ones still standing and there were two seats left to be filled Tobias and Montgomery were elected with partial quota, as the field of candidates had been thinned to the number of remaining open seats.

! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Label ! rowspan="2"|Candidate ! colspan="2"|First-preference votes ! colspan="3"|Maximum votes ! Votes ! % FPv ! Votes ! Round ! Initial vs transfer votes mix
 * - style="text-align:right; background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center"

 * style="text-align:left;" |John Thomas Haig*
 * 5,108
 * 10.07
 * 5,108
 * 1
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Hugh Robson
 * 4,862
 * 9.59
 * 4,862
 * 1
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |William Sanford Evans*
 * 4,551
 * 8.98
 * 4,800
 * 3
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Independent Labour Party
 * style="text-align:left;" |John Queen*
 * 3,985
 * 7.86
 * 4,631
 * 9
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |William Major
 * 3,713
 * 7.32
 * 5,142
 * 14
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Independent Labour Party
 * style="text-align:left;" |Seymour Farmer*
 * 3,497
 * 6.90
 * 5,376
 * 13
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Edward Montgomery
 * 2,236
 * 4.41
 * 3,960
 * 22
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |John K. Downes*
 * 2,047
 * 4.04
 * 3,411
 * 21
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Jacob Penner
 * 2,015
 * 3.97
 * 2,229
 * 19
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |William Tobias
 * 1,687
 * 3.33
 * 4,114
 * 22
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Royal Burritt
 * 1,604
 * 3.16
 * 1,791
 * 16
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Edith Rogers*
 * 1,582
 * 3.12
 * 4,764
 * 21
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Independent Labour Party
 * style="text-align:left;" |William Ivens*
 * 1,435
 * 2.83
 * 4,700
 * 21
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |W.J. Lindal
 * 1,362
 * 2.69
 * 1,669
 * 13
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Duncan Cameron
 * 1,271
 * 2.51
 * 2,173
 * 18
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Max Steinkopf
 * 1,241
 * 2.45
 * 1,291
 * 10
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Ralph Maybank
 * 1,191
 * 2.35
 * 1,410
 * 11
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Arthur Moore
 * 1,153
 * 2.27
 * 1,218
 * 9
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Theodore A. Hunt
 * 1,075
 * 2.12
 * 2,408
 * 20
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Independent Labour Party
 * style="text-align:left;" |Sam Cartwright
 * 999
 * 1.97
 * 1,049
 * 7
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Independent Labour Party
 * style="text-align:left;" |R. Durward
 * 993
 * 1.96
 * 1,691
 * 14
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |R.A. Gillespie
 * 941
 * 1.86
 * 1,116
 * 8
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |F. Sedziak
 * 836
 * 1.65
 * 842
 * 6
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |J. MacLean
 * 761
 * 1.50
 * 792
 * 5
 * style="text-align:left;" |

 * style="text-align:left;" |Independent Labour Party
 * style="text-align:left;" |W.A. James
 * 561
 * 1.11
 * 562
 * 4
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" |Total
 * 50,706
 * 100.00
 * colspan="3"|
 * colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" |Exhausted votes
 * 5,508
 * 10.86%
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * }
 * style="text-align:left;" |
 * }

Transfers of surplus votes belonging to elected Conservatives Haig and Evans went in large numbers to Tobias, helping him take a seat although he was not in top ten in the first count. Communist candidate Penner's vote tally was not large enough for him to win a seat and he received few vote transfers, but many of his votes were transferred to help elect Ivens, the last ILP member to be elected. The Independent-Moderationist candidate Downes received some vote transfers from supporters of candidates running under other labels, but not enough to maintain a lead over party candidates (Rogers and Ivens) who although initially lower ranking compared to Downes, received many vote transfers from elected or eliminated candidates of the same party. In each party the most popular candidates maintained their position visa vis other candidates of the same party all the way through. The question was how many quota each party had at the start (taking all the party candidates together) and how many they would pick up from cross-party transfers - this set up how many seats each party would take. The seats were filled by the candidates in popularity order set by the voters. Party lists, if they had been used as in Party-list proportional representation, might have dictated that different persons would have filled the seats that were indirectly allocated to each party than were the choice of voters in this election.

Post-election changes
Birtle (John Pratt leaves the government side, early in the parliament).

Lansdowne (res. Tobias Norris, 1928), 10 November 1928:
 * Donald McKenzie (Liberal/Progressive) 1527
 * Harvey Hicks (C) 1260

Morris (William Clubb to new cabinet post, 18 May 1929), 30 May 1929:
 * William Clubb (P) accl.

Turtle Mountain (dec. Richard G. Willis, February 1929), 22 June 1929:
 * Alexander Welch (C) 1327
 * W.E. Campbell (P) 995

Winnipeg (res. Hugh Robson, January 1930)

Mountain (dec. Irving Cleghorn, 1930), 20 January 1930:
 * Ivan Schultz (L [endorsed by Progressives]) accl.

The Liberals formed an alliance with the governing Progressives in 1932.

Brandon City (dec. John H. Edmison, 22 March 1932)

title: 1927 Manitoba general election


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Wide open throttle

Wide open throttle or wide-open throttle (WOT), also called full throttle, is the fully opened state of a throttle on an engine (internal combustion engine or steam engine). The term also, by extension, usually refers to the maximum-speed state of running the engine, as the normal result of a fully opened throttle plate/butterfly valve. In an internal combustion engine, this state entails the maximum intake of air and fuel that occurs when the throttle plates inside the carburetor or throttle body are "wide open" (fully opened up), providing the least resistance to the incoming air. In the case of an automobile, WOT is when the accelerator is depressed fully, sometimes referred to as "flooring it" (because automotive throttle controls are usually a pedal, so full throttle is selected by pressing the pedal to the floor, or as near as it will go). A throttle on a steam engine controls how much steam is sent to the cylinders from the boiler.

In the case of a diesel engine, which does not have a throttle valve, WOT is the point at which the maximum amount of fuel is being injected relative to the amount of air pumped by the engine, generally in order to bring the fuel-air mixture up to the stoichiometric point. If any more fuel were to be injected then black smoke would result. (Regardless of the non-literal nature of the term when applied to diesel contexts, it is nonetheless figuratively common and well understood.)

At wide open throttle, manifold vacuum decreases. The higher manifold pressure in turn allows more air to enter the combustion cylinders, and thus additional fuel is required to balance the combustion reaction. (Carburetors and fuel injection systems are arranged so as to provide the correct air–fuel ratio as conditions dynamically shift.) The additional air and fuel reacting together produce more power.

Throttle position is a data point in electronic engine control and in on-board diagnostics (OBD). In the many generations and designs of engine control units, a throttle position sensor (TPS) is typically one of the sensors providing input to the computer. Often an air–fuel ratio meter is also used.

In both control theory (involving humans and machines) and control logic (as a machine-based application thereof), the concept of wide open throttle can be divided logically into operator intent, throttle position itself, the resultant/net effect on the state of engine running at each moment, and the feedback loops among those factors. This is true even in a system without electronic control, as, for example, when the operator holds the throttle open (pedal floored) to overcome flooding in a carbureted engine. The intent of WOT in that case is not to rev up the engine (which is not even running yet) but simply to lean out the air–fuel ratio enough to get the engine started. In electronic control, the feedback between the factors can be finessed and exploited in countless ways, even to the extent that in drive by wire systems the operator's input (which is pedal position) is a completely separate concern from throttle position itself, and the computer constantly makes new decisions about how the two should be correlated when the state of engine running changes from second to second. In the carburetion era, carbs had jets and fuel circuits arranged with a certain logic to overcome the transient differences between throttle position changes and their resultant effects on the engine's running (for example, jets to prevent hesitation).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wide open throttle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AANYL PANE

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:39, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

AANYL PANE
Vanity page for a band, apparently copied entirely from the band's (impressively obscene) web site. This article should be deleted. Ken 21:23, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed - MordredKLB 21:32, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, copyvio/band fails WP:MUSIC. Dcarrano 00:06, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. --Etacar11 01:21, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - DavidWBrooks 01:54, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. Sounds like a poor parody of GWAR. JamesBurns 09:15, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete biggest load of crap I've ever read to be honest --Stevefarrell 00:55, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Jivanmukta

A jīvanmukta, literally meaning 'liberated while living', is a person who, in the Vedānta philosophy, has gained complete self-knowledge and self-realisation and attained kaivalya (enlightenment) or moksha (liberation), thus is liberated while living and not yet died. The state is the aim of moksha in Vedānta, Yoga and other schools of Hinduism, and it is referred to as jīvanmukti.

Jīvanmuktas are also called ātma-jnāni (self-realized) because they are knowers of their true self (ātman) and the universal self, hence also called Brahma-jñāni. At the end of their lives, jīvanmuktas destroy remaining karmas and attain parāmukti (final liberation) and become parāmukta. When a jīvanmukta gives his insight to others and teaches them about his/her realisation of the true nature of the ultimate reality (Brahman) and self (Atman), taking the role of a guru to show the path of Moksha to others, then that jīvanmukta is called an avadhūta. Some avadhūtas also achieve the title of Paramahamsa. When a rishi (seer / sage) becomes a jīvanmukta then that rishi is called Brahmarshi.

According to popular tradition, some examples of jivanmuktas are Mahāvīra, the Buddha, Adi Śankarā, Dnyāneshwar, Kabīr, Chaitanya Mahāprabhu, Rāmakrishna Paramahansa, Ramana Maharshi, Vedānta Deśika, Swāminārāyan, Nisargadatta Maharaj, and Swami Ramdas. They are believed to have realized the Self (atman) within their lifetime by traveling the path of pure spirituality. After achieving enlightenment and the state of jivanmukti, they are regarded to have negated their karma. According to their followers, they are said to have retained their bodies to disseminate their wisdom to the masses. After their death, they are believed to have attained paramukti.

Etymology
Jīvanmukta (जीवन्मुक्त) is an adjective derived from a combination of Sanskrit noun जीव jīva, "life", and the past participle of the verb मुच् (much, or IAST muc), "to liberate". Monier-Williams gives the meaning "emancipated while still alive".

Jīvanmukti (जीवन्मुक्ति:), the corresponding abstract noun means, "liberation during life, liberation before death", or "emancipation while still alive". This is the only meaning given in authoritative dictionaries of classical Sanskrit, including Monier-Williams. Other translations, not found in standard dictionaries and therefore presumably of more modern date, include "self realization",  "living liberation", "enlightenment", "liberated soul", or "self liberation".

Description
The various texts and schools of Hinduism describe the jīvanmukti state of existence as one of liberation and freedom reached within one's life. Some contrast jīvanmukti with videhamukti (moksha from samsāra after death). Jīvanmukti is a state that transforms the nature, attributes and behaviors of an individual, claim these ancient texts of Hindu philosophy. For example, according to Nāradaparivrājaka Upanishad, the enlightened individual shows attributes such as:
 * his consciousness of individuality has disappeared;
 * he is not bothered by disrespect and endures cruel words, treats others with respect regardless of how others treat him;
 * when confronted by an angry person he does not return anger, instead replies with soft and kind words;
 * even if tortured, he speaks and trusts the truth;
 * he does not crave for blessings or expect praise from others;
 * he never injures or harms any life or being (ahimsā), he is intent in the welfare of all beings;
 * he is as comfortable being alone as in the presence of others;
 * he is as comfortable with a bowl, at the foot of a tree in tattered robe without help, as when he is in a mithuna (union of mendicants), grama (village) and nagara (city);
 * he does not care about or wear śikhā (tuft of hair on the back of head for religious reasons), nor the holy thread across his body. To him, knowledge is śikhā, knowledge is the holy thread, knowledge alone is supreme. Outer appearances and rituals do not matter to him, only knowledge matters;
 * for him there is no invocation nor dismissal of deities, no mantra nor non-mantra, no prostrations nor worship of gods, goddess or ancestors, nothing other than knowledge;
 * he is humble, high-spirited, of clear and steady mind, straightforward, compassionate, patient, indifferent, courageous, speaks firmly and with sweet words.

Advaita view
Ādi Śankara explains that nothing can induce one to act who has no desire of his own to satisfy. The supreme limit of vairāgya ("non-attachment"), is the non-springing of vāsanās in respect of enjoyable objects; the non-springing of the sense of the "I" (in things which are the ānatman) is the extreme limit of bodhā ("awakening"), and the non-springing again of the modifications which have ceased is the extreme limit of Uparati ("abstinence"). The jīvanmukta gains divine and infinite knowledge and has complete self-knowledge and Self-realization. A jīvanmukta, by reason of his ever being Brahman, is freed from awareness of external objects and is no longer aware of any difference between the inner ātman and Brahman, or between Brahman and the world. He knows that he is the same as Brahman and has an experiences infinite consciousness. "Vijnātabrahmatattvasya yathāpūrvam na samsrtih" – "there is no saṃsāra as before for one who has known Brahman".

There are three kinds of prārabdha karma: Ichha ("personally desired"), anichhā ("without desire") and parechhā ("due to others' desire"). For a self-realized person, a jīvanmukta, there is no ichhā-prārabdha but the two others, anichhāa and parechhā, remain, which even a jīvanmukta has to undergo. According to the Advaita school, for those of wisdom, prārabdha is liquidated only by experience of its effects; sancita ("accumulated karmas") and āgami ("future karmas") are destroyed in the fire of jñāna ("knowledge").

The term parāmukti is commonly used to refer to final liberation, which occurs upon the death of the body of someone who has attained Jīvanmukti or Kaivalya during his or her lifetime. It implies the ultimate release of the soul (ātman) from saṃsāra and karma and merger of the ātman in Brahman. So when a jīvanmukta dies he becomes a paramukta. In the Hindu view, when an ordinary person dies and his physical body disintegrates, the person's unresolved karma causes his ātman to pass on to a new birth; and thus the kārmic inheritance is reborn in one of the many realms of samsāra. However, when a person attains jīvanmukti, he is liberated from kārmic rebirth. When such a person dies and his physical body disintegrates, his cycle of rebirth ends and he become one with Brahman. That person is said to have achieved parāmukti and become a parāmukta. Thus, a jīvanmukta has a body while a parāmukta is bodyless and pure. When a jīvanmukta attains the state of nirvikalpa samādhi then he or she can become a parāmukta by his or her own will. A jīvanmukta who has attained the state of nirvikalpa samādhi, will, at an appropriate time, consciously exit from their body and attain parāmukti. This act of consciously and intentionally leaving one's body is called as mahāsamādhi.

In the śramaṇic traditions, the jīvanmukta is called an arhat in Buddhism and arihant in Jainism.

Implication
The Advaita school holds the view that the world appearance is owing to avidyā (ignorance) that has the power to project i.e. to superimpose the unreal on the real (adhyāsa), and also the power to conceal the real resulting in the delusion of the jīva who experiences objects created by his mind and sees difference in this world, he sees difference between the ātman ("the individual self") and Brahman ("the supreme Self"). This delusion caused by ignorance is destroyed when ignorance itself is destroyed by knowledge. When all delusion is removed there remains no awareness of difference. He who sees no difference between Self and Brahman is said to be a jīvanmukta. A jīvanmukta experiences infinite knowledge, infinite power, and infinite bliss while alive and also after death i.e., after becoming parāmukta, while a videhamukta experiences these only after death.

There are four stages for becoming a jīvanmukta:

1. Sālokya – living in the same world

2. Sārūpya – having the same form

3. Sāmīpya – being close to

4. Sāyujya – merging into

STAGE 1. The first stage is called sālokya — corresponding to the waking state of consciousness (jāgratā) — the realization that the entire vast universe of billions of galaxies and universes is all pervaded by the Divine Consciousness. (Viṣṇu means That which pervades the entire universe and everything in it.) It is the undifferentiated Ocean of Being. When this stage is achieved then the person is freed from the idea that the world is separate and independent from us and that it is an ultimate source of abiding pleasure and joy.

STAGE 2. The second stage is sarūpya or sadhārmya — corresponding to the dreaming state of consciousness – realization that every being is interconnected and all "apparently" separate jīvas are embodiments of the One Divine Consciousness. When this stage is achieved then the person gets the freedom from ahaṅkāra - the notion of self-identity and the notion of difference from the other, thus being able to cultivate empathy with all and universal compassion for all beings.

STAGE 3. The third stage sāmīpya — is intimacy with the Divine — corresponding to the unconscious dreamless state of consciousness – God-realization occurs when the nature of the saguṇa īśvara is cognized and one surrenders to Him/Her. When this stage is achieved, the person is freed from all self-effort to achieve liberation, from religion and its bondage, and the relinquishes all self-imposed burdens – achieving a state of equanimity, tranquility, abiding joy and peace.

STAGE 4. The final stage sāyujya — communion with, or unification with the Absolute Godhead — corresponding to the Turīya or inconceivable and inexpressible fourth state of consciousness – a merging with the Godhead bordering on complete identity. When this stage is achieved, then the person becomes a complete jīvanmukta and gets absolute freedom from rebirth and suffering — this is the final stage of Brahma-nirvāna.

Significance
The Advaita philosophy rests on the premise that noumenally the Absolute alone exists, Nature, Souls and God are all merged in the Absolute; the Universe is one, that there is no difference within it, or without it; Brahman is alike throughout its structure, and the knowledge of any part of it is the knowledge of the whole (Brihadarānyaka Upanishad II.4.6-14), and, since all causation is ultimately due to Brahman, since everything beside Brahman is an appearance, the Atman is the only entity that exists and nothing else. All elements emanated from the Atman (Taittirīya Upanishad II.1) and all existence is based on Intellect (Aitareya Upanishad III.3). The universe created by Brahman from a part of itself is thrown out and re-absorbed by the Immutable Brahman (Mundaka Upanishad I.1.7). Therefore, the jīva (the individual self) is non-different from Brahman (the supreme Self), and the jīva, never bound, is ever liberated. Through Self-consciousness one gains the knowledge of existence and realizes Brahman.

title: Jivanmukta


text:
Arakkonam

Arakkonam is a railway town and suburb of Chennai within Chennai Metropolitan Area limit, in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, with a population of 78,395 per the census 2011. It is in the newly created Ranipet district, about 54 km from Ranipet headquarters and about 69 km from the state capital of Chennai. In October 2022 Arakkonam is a part of Chennai Metropolitan Area.

Arakkonam is one of the hottest towns in India, where the temperature can exceed 43 °C (110 °F) for several peak days in summer. The name 'Arakkonam' was derived from the word "Arunthamizhkundram" also later called "Aarukonam", meaning 'hexagon' which connects six important places around.

History
The ancient name of the town was "Arumthamizh kundram" ("Arumtamil kunram") which is believed to have been derived from the Tamil words aaru konam meaning "six angles" or hexagon, based on the fact that six important places exist on the town's six sides, namely Kanchipuram, Thakkolam, Manavur, Thiruvalangadu, Thiruttani and Sholinghur.

Arakkonam Junction is one of the oldest junctions in the country connecting with major cities such as Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Goa, Vijayawada, Hyderabad, Coimbatore, Tirupati, Mangalore, Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram.

Municipality
The Arakkonam Municipality was constituted as a 3rd Grade Municipality on 1 October 1958 and upgraded to a 2nd Grade Municipality on 1 May 1974 and has been a 1st Grade Municipality from 17 April 1984. The area of the municipality is 9.06 km2. Arakkonam is a part of the assembly and parliamentary constituencies of the same name. This municipality contains 36 wards.

Urban infrastructure
Arakkonam Junction railway station is one of the largest railway junction in Tamil Nadu. It strategically located at the intersection of the Chennai–Bangalore line, Arakkonam–Chengalpattu branch line and the Guntakal–Chennai line, which is part of Mumbai–Chennai line. The town has one of the biggest workshops for Southern Railway, known as the 'Engineering Workshop' (EWS) which has many employees serving the Indian Railways in various process related with fabrication and processing of various metal components for the railways. Most of the machines in these workshops are a century old and some of them are working. It also has an electric locomotive shed, 'Electric Loco Shed' (ELS). WAG-5 HA, WAP-4 and WAG-9 locomotives are maintained here. Suburban electric train facility is also available towards Chennai. Arakkonam junction is also feature in a song "Vellarikka" of movie Kadhal Kottai starring Ajith Kumar and Devayani.

The second-biggest Food Corporation of India (FCI) godown is located at Arakkonam in Tamil Nadu. It is used to store all types of food grains for a long periods. Transport is also available by road to all major cities and towns.

The runway at INS Rajali, a naval air force of the Indian Navy in Arakkonam is 4,500 metres in length, making it the second-longest air force runway in the Indian Subcontinent. It is also Asia's second-biggest Naval Training Centre.

Other industries include MRF Tyres, Ramco Industries and UltraTech Cement.

Many official buildings in Arakkonam were built during the British era. An underpass beneath the railway connects Arakkonam and Kanchipuram and is one of the city's oldest structures. It was built with lime mortar and stones.

Demographics
According to 2011 census, Arakonam had a population of 78,395 with a sex-ratio of 1,020 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 7,727 were under the age of six, constituting 3,995 males and 3,732 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 27.1% and 1.11% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 81.81%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 19507 households. There were a total of 26,029 workers, comprising 80 cultivators, 206 main agricultural labourers, 674 in house hold industries, 21,857 other workers, 3,212 marginal workers, 42 marginal cultivators, 33 marginal agricultural labourers, 156 marginal workers in household industries and 2,981 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Arakonam had 81.22% Hindus, 9.83% Muslims, 7.95% Christians, 0.04% Sikhs, 0.03% Buddhists, 0.35% Jains, 0.58% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.

Politics
Arakkonam (State Assembly Constituency) is part of the Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency). The AIDMK candidate Thiru.S.Ravi, won the Arakkonam assembly constituency in the 2016 elections. In the parliamentary elections held in 2009, the DMK candidate Thiru S. Jagathrakshakan, was elected MP from this constituency. In the 2014 Lok Sabha election, L. Hari Krishnan of AIADMK wrested the seat from the DMK with a margin of over 2,40,000 votes. He polled 493534 votes while the DMK candidate N.R. Elango polled just 252768 votes. Tmt P. Laskhmi of DMK won the post of municipality chairman in the 2022 Tamilnadu Local body elections. In the 2019 General elections, Dr. S. Jakathrakshagan from Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) won against AIADMK Front (from PMK) candidate A.K. Moorthy.

title: Arakkonam


text:
Declaration of the People of Virginia

The Declaration of the People of Virginia, or simply the Declaration of the People, was a list of complaints issued by Nathaniel Bacon on July 30, 1676, in which he proclaimed Virginia's colonial governor, William Berkeley, to be corrupt and expressed his displeasure at what his followers regarded as unjust taxation and the government's failure to provide colonists protection from some tribes of American Indians. The presumed grievances brought about the uprising known as Bacon's Rebellion. This Rebellion was regarded as the first of the new colonies. Whether Bacon's Rebellion was serving the interest of the colonists, or the King, continues to be debated. The Declaration and the Rebellion as a whole was a long time coming and was the result of a crisis within Virginia's social, economic, and political problems.

Eight points
The Declaration authored by Bacon cited eight points in its complaint against the governor:

 * Taxation (point 1): Governor Berkeley was accused of excessive taxation and having "upon specious pretenses of public works, raised great unjust taxes upon the commonalty for the advancement of private favorites and other sinister ends, but no visible effects in any measure adequate"
 * Judicial corruption (point 2): "For having abused and rendered contemptible the magistrates of justice by advancing to places of judicature scandalous and ignorant favorites"
 * Personal enrichment (point 3): Berkeley was said to be "assuming monopoly of the beaver trade"
 * Failure to protect the colonists (point 4): "For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against his Majesty's loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us."
 * Ceasing the hostilities and pursuit of natives (point 5): "For having, when the army of English was just upon the track of those Indians, who now in all places burn, spoil, murder and when we might with ease have destroyed them who then were in open hostility, for then having expressly countermanded and sent back our army by passing his word for the peaceable demeanor of the said Indians".
 * Raising and framing an army (point 6): "lately, when, upon the loud outcries of blood, the assembly had, with all care, raised and framed an army for the preventing of further mischief and safeguard of this his Majesty's colony."
 * Installing a person in a position of power against the people's consent (point 7): "only by the alteration of a figure, forged a commission, by we know not what hand, not only without but even against the consent of the people, for the raising and effecting civil war and destruction, which being happily and without bloodshed prevented" "thereby calling down our forces from the defense of the frontiers and most weakly exposed places".
 * Preventing chaos within the community while ignoring the threat of the enemy (point 8): "For the prevention of civil mischief and ruin amongst ourselves while the barbarous enemy in all places did invade, murder, and spoil us, his Majesty's most faithful subjects."

Nathaniel Bacon accused Sir William Berkeley of being guilty of going against the King's interests: "we accuse Sir William Berkeley as guilty of each and every one of the same, and as one who has traitorously attempted, violated, and injured his Majesty's interest here by a loss of a great part of this his colony and many of his faithful loyal subjects".

The Declaration listed a number of the governor's associates said to be "his wicked and pernicious councilors, confederates, aiders, and assisters against the commonalty in these our civil commotions."

Names listed included Sir Henry Chichley, William Claiborne Junior, Lieut. Coll. Christopher Wormeley, Thomas Hawkins, William Sherwood, Philip Ludwell, John Page Clerke, Robert Beverley, John Cluffe Clerke, Richard Lee, John West, Thomas Ballard, Hubert Farrell, William Cole, Thomas Reade, Richard Whitacre, Matthew Kempe, Nicholas Spencer, and Joseph Bridger.

Bacon made sure to shame the persons involved by mentioning the King and how the acts of those named had been tyrannical. He contended that those named had been enemies of the people of Virginia and of the King and the Crown. Bacon and his Rebellion felt that before they were to attack and cause an uprising against Sir Berkeley's administration, a treaty would be in order to give the administration a chance to surrender.

Call for action
Bacon demanded that Sir William Berkeley and all persons listed turn themselves in within four days of the notice. Bacon continues with "whatsoever place, house, or ship, any of the said persons shall reside, be hid, or protected, we declare the owners, masters, or inhabitants of the said places to be confederates and traitors to the people and the estates of them is also of all the aforesaid persons to be confiscated."

Nathaniel Bacon then called on the citizens of the state to seize the people mentioned in the declaration by the command of the king.

"These are therefore in his majesties name to command you forthwith to seize the persons above mentioned as Trayters to the King and Country and them to bring to Midle plantacon, and there to secure them unt further order, and in case of opposition, if you want any further assistance you are forthwith to demand itt in the name of the people in all the Counties of Virginia."

The Declaration was signed "Nathaniel Bacon, General by Consent of the people."

title: Declaration of the People of Virginia


text:
Talk:Rose Bertin

Untitled
The German version of this article looks much better, and there is considerable information in French available online. As I can read neither, if someone who can comes along they might want to have a go at expanding this article. --Scimitar 21:23, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Reference
There is good material on Rose Bertin beginning on p. 24 of The Age of Napoleon : costume from Revolution to Empire, 1789-1815, a catalog avilable as a PDF from the Met. - PKM (talk) 01:51, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

Problems
Minor: Sentences such as "...her mother was a sick nurse." (1st sentence, 2nd paragraph). I would change it, but I don't know whether her mother was sick or whether she attended sick patients. Also, it's not silly to raise the issue about nurses; it makes it sound like she was a professional who made a living wage as a nurse, at least enough to provide education for her children. That's quite an accomplishment for a woman during that time, and it requires some explanation and documentation. Minor: I don't know what is meant by a "superior sense of ambition." (2nd pararaph) Major: "She was the first celebrated French fashion designer, and is widely credited with having brought fashion and haute couture to the forefront of popular culture." (1st paragraph). I doubt she was the first celebrated French fashion designer. The French were already well-known as fashion leaders. I'm not really sure that haute couture and popular culture co-existed at the time, and it's rather doubtful that Bertin had any effect at all on anyone who wasn't at court or at least very wealthy. Her fashions might have had a negative effect on Marie Antoinette's reputation, and this is briefly alluded to, but it not at all clear from the information given that Bertin was a significant influence on the development of the French fashion industry. She may have been, but there is little evidence of that presented here, and the lack of citations makes it difficult to assess the sources that were used to write the article.Owney2011 (talk) 07:15, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I imagine what they mean is that Rose Bertin was the first fashion designer whose name achieved recognition and fame and was almost an early "brand name" - where having a Rose Bertin dress immediately marked you as patronising the same dressmaker as the Queen of France. Mabalu (talk) 17:39, 3 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree that this article is very badly cited. I have tried to improve the accuracy of information on this page and have added citations to several works, including Michelle Sapori's 2003 biography, which can better substantiate some claims.
 * Many later sections of this article (especially the French Revolution part) are drawn from unreliable sources such as Langlade's 1911 biography. While Langlade can occasionally be very helpful, much of his information about Bertin's love life and espionage career is drawn from the (mostly fictional) memoir written by Jacques Peuchet in 1824. I don't want to remove it completely from the article – it's interesting and could perhaps be true – but a lot of space is devoted to it in the Wikipedia page, while other better substantiated information is left out.
 * Kimberly Chrisman-Campbell's 2015 book Fashion Victims and Clare Haru Crowston's Credit, Fashion, Sex are two English-language works with reliable information about Bertin. The fashion merchant's pretend bankruptcy, her cultivation of celebrity status, and her work for the Chevalier d'Eon could perhaps be added to this page to improve it. Zaralise (talk) 14:49, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rose Bertin


text:
Savoy (Norwegian band)

Savoy are a Norwegian-American rock trio consisting of Paul Waaktaar-Savoy (famous from Norwegian band a-ha) (vocals/guitars/bass/keyboards), his wife Lauren Savoy (vocals/guitars) and Frode Unneland (drums/percussion/backing vocals). The band was formed in 1994 and has released seven studio albums to date.

Biography
Savoy, unlike Waaktaar-Savoy's other band A-ha, has a more down-to-earth indie rock approach to their music. All songs are composed by Paul Waaktaar-Savoy and Lauren Savoy. Lauren herself is known as a film maker, and Frode Unneland is one of Norway's best drummers known from the Bergen music scene as drummer with Chocolate Overdose and Popium. He has also drummed for Norwegian singer-songwriter Sondre Lerche.

Savoy have achieved great critical success in Norway. They have been nominated for 3 Norwegian Grammy Awards (Spellemannprisen) and won two of them, in 2000 and 2002. Their most known hits include "Velvet" (also covered by A-ha), "Rain", "Star", "Grind You Down", "If You Won't Come to the Party" and "Whalebone" (from the soundtrack of the well-acclaimed Norwegian film Hawaii, Oslo). The latter track recycled lyrics from A-ha's 1993 track, "Locust". Savoy have sold a total of 200,000 albums.

On August 6, 2007, Savoy released Savoy Songbook Vol. 1, a double-CD where CD2 is a "best of"-album with 14 tracks, and CD1 contains three new songs and seven re-worked versions of some of their older songs. It will work as an introduction to the band outside Norway (noting a possible worldwide release). The first single from this release, "Karma Boomerang", is one of the new tracks and was released on 13 April 2007. The second single was announced as "Best Western Beauty" and was released on August 5, 2007.

Savoy signed a UK deal with indie label Genepool Records.

In 2016, it was announced that the band's back catalogue would be remastered and re-released by Apollon Records. Lackluster Me and Mountains of Time were subsequently re-released in 2016 and 2017 respectively. As of 2020, the remaining albums have not been re-released.

After some speculation and social media posts confirming recording in 2015, Savoy's first studio album in 14 years, See the Beauty in Your Drab Hometown, was released on January 12, 2018.

Band members

 * Current members
 * Paul Waaktaar-Savoy – Vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards
 * Lauren Savoy – Vocals, guitar
 * Frode Unneland – Drums, backing vocals

 * Guest musicians
 * Greg Calvert – Bass (1995–1997)
 * Geir Luedy – Bass (1997–1998)
 * Maya Vik – Bass (2004)
 * Christer Ottesen – Bass (2004)
 * Jørun Bøgeberg – Bass (2008)
 * Preben Grieg-Halvorsen – Keyboards (2008)
 * Erin Hill – Harp, backing vocals (2008)
 * Linn Frøkedal – Keyboards (2018)
 * Chris Holm – Bass (2018)

title: Savoy (Norwegian band)


text:
Henry Meadows

Henry Meadows, usually known simply as Meadows, of Wolverhampton, England were major suppliers of engines and transmissions to the smaller companies in the British motor industry. Founded in 1920 in Park Lane, Wolverhampton, as a car gearbox maker, they expanded into petrol engines in 1922 and in the 1930s built a large factory in Fallings Park, Wolverhampton.

Petrol engines
Early production was connected with the move from W.H. Dorman & Co of the Dorman works manager (W.H. Dorman's son, John E. Dorman) in August 1921, and a design engineer Mr R.S. Crump. Dorman had been producing engines from 1903. The early Meadows engines and gearboxes were produced with Meadows-Dorman on the castings. This resulted in a court case between Dorman and Meadows, claiming that this was a misuse of the Dorman name and reputation. Dorman won the case

One of the most popular petrol engines was the 1½-litre four-cylinder Type 4ED engine (following their less powerful 4EB and 4EC engines, used by several makers in the pre 1931 period), widely used by Frazer Nash and Lea-Francis during the 1920s and 30s, and in the H.R.G. light car from 1936 to 1939 which was sold with a guaranteed top speed of 90 mph. Another successful product, the 4½-litre 6-cylinder engine is best remembered as the power unit for Invicta and Lagonda cars.

Meadows also produced marine engines after a visit from Hubert Scott-Paine in 1931 who was looking for some better engines for his prototype seaplane tender (RAF200) which was fitted at that time with Brooks engines. After some modification to allow the engines to be angled at 17 degrees, the British Power Boat Company selected Meadows 6-cylinder petrol engines for the high-speed seaplane tenders, each having two engines rated at 100 bhp, and being capable of 29 knots.

In the 1930s, Meadows developed a flat-12 type-MAT/1 engine of 8858cc for military applications including the Tetrarch Light Tank. Later they built a 16litre 300 bhp flat-12 type-DAV petrol engine used in the Covenanter tank This engine was also used in the prototype A20 tank, although this weighed more than twice the Covenanter and so was considered underpowered. The later, and widely used, A22 Churchill tank was a development of the A20. Partly to provide more power, and also to improve production time, this was instead powered by a Vauxhall flat-12 engine termed the "Twin-Six", as it was based on two pre-existing Bedford six-cylinder lorry engines. This engine was slightly more powerful, but only to a rated 350 bhp. The Guy Armoured Car, made in 1939–1940, used the Meadows 4-cylinder 4-ELA petrol engine.

Meadows also made the 600 bhp Rolls-Royce Meteor V-12 petrol tank engine from 1944. This came about because Rolls-Royce Merlin engines came under the Ministry of Aircraft Production, but tank engines came under the Ministry of Supply, and the huge demand for the Merlin engine was causing Meteor production to falter and this was in turn affecting Cromwell tank production. Meadows was already involved with the Ministry of Supply, so they were brought in from 1944 to manufacture Meteor engines to cover the shortfall. The Rover Company also produced Meteor engines in this period.

Diesel engines
Meadows started developing diesel engines in the 1930s, and a 5-litre 4-cylinder diesel developing 75 bhp at 2000rpm was launched at the 1935 Olympia Motor Transport Show. They introduced a 6-cylinder 100 bhp version in 1938. Both of these engines used a Lanova combustion chamber design, CAV injector pumps, and they were listed both for road transport and marine use. In 1938, they supplied diesel engines for the New Zealand Railways Standard class railcars.

After World War II, they resumed making diesel engines, but with a completely new design this time with direct injection and toroidal cavity pistons. The 6.9 litre 4-cylinder unit gave 85 bhp at 1800rpm, and the 10.35 litre 6-cylinder unit developed 150 bhp at 1800rpm. These were aimed at both vehicle, marine, and stationary markets, and there was a horizontal version of the 6-cylinder unit for flat underfloor mounting. The same two engines were rated at 60 and 90 bhp for continuous marine use at 1600rpm, and a larger engine of similar design rated at 130 bhp and of 15.5 litres capacity was also listed. One of the unusual features of these engines is the ability to swap the utilities from side to side and from end to end, which also allows for making handed-engines for twin-engined marine craft. For marine use helical reduction gears of different ratios, and epicyclic reversing gears were also available. Many engines were supplied to their neighbour in Fallings Park, Guy Motors for use in their buses and trucks. A small number of diesel engines was supplied for British Rail Railbuses in 1958. They also powered the Fowler Challenger crawler tractors, the 6DC-630 in the Mk III, and the 6DJ-970 in the Mk IV. Meadows adverts show they were also used in plant like rock-crushers, ditch diggers, compressors and other equipment used in road building. They were also used to power military FV2502 27.5kVA generator sets.

Engine Models (list incomplete), the letter after the 'D' varies according to application (e.g. M = marine) :
 * Pre-War four cylinder. Bore 105mm, Stroke 150mm.
 * Pre-War six cylinder. Bore 105mm, Stroke 130mm.
 * 4DC-330 Four cylinder diesel. Bore 120mm, Stroke 120mm, 331 cu. in. - 5.43 litres capacity
 * 6DC-630 Six cylinder diesel. Bore 130mm, Stroke 130mm, 630 cu in - 10.35 litres capacity
 * 6HDC-500 Six cylinder horizontal diesel. 500 cu.in. - 8.14 litres capacity
 * 6DJ-970 Six cylinder diesel. 970 cu.in. - 15.5 litres

Gearboxes
Meadows had started by making gearboxes in 1920, initially for lorries made by the Vulcan Motor & Engineering Co and then Coventry Climax Ltd. After engines were introduced in 1922 they sold complete engine, clutch, and gearbox packages, initially with either 3 or 4 speed gearboxes, and later with 4 or 5 speed gearboxes. During the early 1950s, Meadows supplied gearboxes for the Jowett Javelin car.

Cars
They were also responsible for making the Meadows Frisky microcar between 1957 and 1961.

Merger and closure
In 1965, Henry Meadows was purchased by Jaguar.

title: Henry Meadows


text:
Talk:Breckerfeld

Sites of Interest
The city has reservoirs including the Ennepetalsperre, the Gloertalsperre, and the Heilenbecker Dam.

 * What is interesting about these points? RJFJR 02:34, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Breckerfeld


text:
Talk:Nikah mut'ah

Sunni position update
Hi, can we talk more about the prohibition in sunni law about this. For example Ali disagreeing with Ibn Abbas about this topic. It is just odd how the sunni section starts in the 15th century in Mughal India rather than early sunni sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.28.199.31 (talk) 14:23, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

Criticism
“Nikah mut'ah has been used to cover for child prostitution.”

The source for that is BBC segment done by a group of British Sunnis. It’s like saying Sunni triple talaq divorce is a cover for any prostitution, because one can marry, divorce, his wife remarried, divorces and then rhey are back. All within minutes.

This topic is totally biased anti shia
To claim repeatedly that a sanctioned practice of millions of shia is akin to prostitution is absolutely horrendous and offensive in Wikipedia 86.254.10.114 (talk) 20:30, 2 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I look forward to seeing your improvements. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 20:51, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

Yes, how exactly an intercouse between two consenting adults is prostitution? Cyborgyan (talk) 13:45, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 13 July 2023
Change 'pleasure marriage' to 'pleasure intercourse'. In Arabic 'Nikah' doesn't mean marriage, it means intercourse. Zawaj is marriage, nikah is not. 2A02:A44B:48AB:1:5806:56A5:A5BC:3B8C (talk) 10:10, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Not done. 'Nikah' is plainly translated as marriage under usual circumstances, and no sources have been provided to suggest otherwise. Iskandar323 (talk) 10:43, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 12 July 2024
PathToGuidance (talk) 11:57, 12 July 2024 (UTC)According to early Twelver tafsir(exegesis) text on verse 4:24 from the Quran,it does not states anywhere about Nikah'Mutah,this is according to twelver book Tafsir'Qummi,volume.1,page.486-487.
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Jamedeus (talk) 04:10, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nikah mut'ah


text:
Superman: Escape from Krypton

Superman: Escape from Krypton, originally known as Superman: The Escape, is a steel shuttle roller coaster located at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. When it opened in 1997, it was the tallest roller coaster in the world, and its maximum speed of 100 mph was tied for the fastest with Tower of Terror II, a similar roller coaster which opened two months earlier at Dreamworld in Australia. Both were the first to utilize Linear Synchronous Motor (LSM) launch technology to propel vehicles, although the intended opening date in 1996 at Magic Mountain was postponed due to issues with the launch system.

Superman: The Escape closed in late 2010 for refurbishment, and it re-emerged in 2011 as Superman: Escape from Krypton. The refurbished ride introduced new trains that face backward and a new color scheme. As of 2023, Superman: Escape from Krypton has the second-tallest height, the fourth-fastest speed, and the third-longest drop of any operating roller coaster in the world.

Superman: The Escape (1997–2010)
During early planning, Six Flags Magic Mountain considered building a new roller coaster named Velocetron themed to The Man of Steel comic book series. Ultimately, the name Superman: The Escape was chosen, and the ride was announced on January 5, 1996. It would surpass Desperado and Phantom's Revenge to become the fastest roller coaster in the world and the first to reach 100 mph.

Superman: The Escape was designed by Swiss manufacturer Intamin, and construction began in late 1995. During the final stages, the last section of track was installed at the ride's highest point on May 3, 1996. Originally, the ride was scheduled to open on June 1, 1996, but it was delayed due to troubles with the launch system. In late 1996, there was a preview for season pass holders. After 10 months of testing and reengineering, the ride opened on March 15, 1997. Upon opening, it was recognized as the fastest roller coaster in the world. However, its delayed opening allowed Tower of Terror, which also reaches 100 mph, to open earlier at Dreamworld in Australia. Although tied with Tower of Terror as the fastest roller coaster in the world, Superman became the first to exceed 400 ft in height and opened as the tallest roller coaster in the world.

By early 1999, the ride remained closed for maintenance. After new brake fins were installed, one side reopened in late February. On March 22, 1999, Six Flags Magic Mountain announced that Superman: The Escape was fully operating with both sides running.

In June 2004, Superman: The Escape's seat belts were modified because of an incident on the Superman – Ride of Steel roller coaster at Six Flags New England. California State Regulators asked the park to make modifications to the rides' restraint systems to prevent a similar incident in the future.

Just after July 4 weekend of 2010, Superman: The Escape ceased operations with no reason given. A sign posted in front of the ride indicated that it would not reopen until the 2011 season, with hints that there would be improvements made to the ride experience. After Superman: The Escape's sister ride, the Tower of Terror II at Dreamworld, underwent a major refurbishment in 2010 which entailed a new vehicle which launches backward, speculation turned to the possibility of a similar modification to the Magic Mountain ride. Six Flags Magic Mountain officials quickly denied rumors that it would receive a Bizarro retheming, similar to roller coasters at other Six Flags parks.

Superman: Escape from Krypton (2011–present)
On October 20, 2010, Six Flags Magic Mountain officially announced the refurbishment and re-theming of Superman: The Escape, in addition to the construction of two new roller coasters. As part of the refurbishment, the ride was renamed to Superman: Escape from Krypton and featured new backward launching cars and a new color scheme. The upgraded ride reopened to the public on March 19, 2011.

Superman: Escape from Krypton closed again on February 5, 2012 (almost a year after the refurbishment), to prepare for the new 2012 attraction Lex Luthor: Drop of Doom. Two drop towers, also built by Intamin, were integrated into the existing sides of Superman: Escape from Krypton's structure. The ride reopened when construction was finished on July 7, 2012.

To enable the construction of the Full Throttle roller coaster, Superman: Escape from Krypton was temporarily closed from December 2012. It reopened in mid-January 2013, with Six Flags Magic Mountain stating the ride might have intermittent closures as the construction of Full Throttle continued.

Queue and station
At the entrance to the ride, the Superman "S" shield is imprinted and now painted onto the ground. The entrance area and queue are modeled after the Fortress of Solitude, Superman's headquarters. The queue line winds through the building and forks, giving guests the option to wait in line for either the left or right side. During slow days and in the off-season, there may be only one side operating. The fork is followed by a long tunnel down each side of the fortress, which is often kept cold from the air-conditioning. Guests then head into the waiting area, where they are separated into four rows and board after the doors open. The station is lit green, modeled as Krypton, the planet that is full of Kryptonite rock that can take away Superman's powers. Inside is a crystalline-looking environment which recreates Superman's fortress in the Arctic. If the Velocetron name had been chosen, the queue and station would have had ancient ruins and a giant laser. A page on display in the SBNO (Standing but not operating) Sky Tower, the park's observation tower, shows the concept art for Velocetron.

Layout
The roller coaster has two parallel tracks, which are identical. The vehicle is accelerated by Linear Synchronous Motors in reverse or forwards depending on the side riders choose out of the station from 0 to 100 mph in approximately 7 seconds. Riders experience a g-force of 4.5 during the launch. The vehicle then climbs up 415 ft at a 90-degree angle. Riders climb this vertical section facing directly downward, before slightly stopping near the top of the tower. During the vertical section of the ride, riders experience weightlessness for about 6.5 seconds. The vehicle drops 328 ft and is slowed down before re-entering the station.

Vehicles
The roller coaster originally featured two vehicles, each with three rows of four seats and one row of two seats for a total of 14 riders per vehicle. Both vehicles were built to only launch forward. After the ride was refurbished in 2010, new "streamlined" vehicles with the Superman logo were introduced. The new vehicles were designed with low-profile sides to enhance the open-air feeling. Although they are wider, the row of the three seats in the older vehicle was reduced to two, lowering the total number of riders to 14. Both of the new trains were configured to launch backward, although they were designed to launch forward as well. In late August 2021, the left side vehicle of Superman was once again placed forward, allowing riders to choose if they want to experience a forward or backward launch. This is the first time riders can choose between two different ride experiences.

Track
The steel track is approximately 1235 ft in length and the height of the tower is approximately 415 ft. The tower is in an "L" shape with two parallel tracks. When the ride opened, the entire structure was painted white. After the ride was refurbished, the top third of the structure was painted red, the track was painted yellow and the rest was painted blue.

Records
When it opened, Superman: Escape from Krypton was tied with Tower of Terror II as the fastest roller coaster in the world. The shared record stood for four years until Dodonpa opened in Japan in 2001, featuring a maximum speed of 106.9 mph. Superman: Escape from Krypton was also the tallest roller coaster in the world with the longest drop until the 420 ft Top Thrill Dragster opened at Cedar Point in 2003. The ride remains ranked in three major categories among steel coasters.

List of world records

 * Third tallest steel coaster at 415 ft
 * Fourth longest drop on a steel coaster at 328.1 ft
 * Fifth fastest steel coaster at 100 mph

title: Superman: Escape from Krypton


text:
Talk:Maximum Rocknroll (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Maximum nofx .jpg
Image:Maximum nofx .jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:26, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maximum Rocknroll (album)


text:
NEG

NEG or neg is an abbreviation that may refer to:

 * the IATA code for Negril Aerodrome in Jamaica
 * Net energy gain
 * Non-evaporable getter, in vacuum technology
 * Negative (disambiguation)
 * Negging, the giving of a backhanded compliment
 * NEG Micon, now part of Vestas
 * Nippon Electric Glass, a Japanese manufacturer
 * National Energy Guarantee, Australia
 * Neg Dupree, of Neg's Urban Sports

title: NEG


text:
User talk:Ttyre/soapbox

'''Trolling? Snooping? Or in case you want to know more about me - just ask.'''

Count:

=
===

General Leopold Okulicki (pronounce: Okulitski) (November 12, 1898 – December 24, 1946), was a Polish military leader.

Okulicki was born in Bratucice, a village near Bochnia in the Cracow region. As a young boy he joined newly formed Polish legions in 1910, and pursued a steady military career during the Polish-Soviet war of 1920 and after it, eventually becoming a member of the Polish General Staff as Lt. Colonel. He was the first person to report the German attack on Poland on September1, 1939.

He commanded an infantry batallion defending Warsaw during the September campaing, and as soon fighting was over he volunteered for an underground military organization, becoming the District commander of the Łódź region, and afterwards Lwów region in 1940. Arrested by the Soviets he was imprisoned in Moscow and released in 1941. In the Polish Army formed in the Soviet Union he served as a Chief of Staff, and later on commanded an infantry Division. In 1943 he volunteered for Special Operation Paratroops to be parachuted into Poland where as a Brigadier General he became Deputy C-i-C of the underground Home Army (Armia Krajowa).

He took an active part in the Warsaw Uprsing in 1944, and after the Uprising he was promoted to become C-i-C. of the Home Army. On January 19, 1945 he disbanded Home Army in the wake of the advance of the Red Army into Poland. The Soviets arrested him together with 15 Polish political leaders on March 27, 1945. He was flown to Moscow, where in June 1945 he was put on trail and sentenced to 10 years imprisonment for alleged anti-Soviet activities. He died in the prison hospital following a surgery. His ashes were dumped into a common grave in a Moscow cemetery, and only in 1994 Polish authorities were permitted to place a memorial there.

title: User talk:Ttyre/soapbox


text:
Talk:James M. Cox

Where is here?
The following paragraph is currently part of this article:

''Cox recorded for the Nation's Forum several times. The campaign speech featured here (emphasis added) accuses the Republicans of failing to acknowledge that President Wilson's successful prosecution of the war had, according to Cox, saved "civilization."''

My question is, where is the "here" that the paragraph alludes to; is it on Wikipedia, is it on another web site. If its on another web site, is this something that can be linked to this entry? Likewise, the above states that Cox recorded several times, but only make reference to the one instance that is suppossed to be "here". What were those recordings about?

Stude62 21:28, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I was going to ask the same question, but I see someone else already did two years ago... --Maarten1963 22:32, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * "Here" is the hotlinked footnote

Project Gutenburg reference
I think it is extremely doubtful that the book linked in the Project Gutenburg template is by James Middleton Cox. I think it must be another James Cox. Can anyone validate one way or the other? David 23:33, 17 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not by James Middleton Cox, but it is about him. Project Gutenburg lists the subject of The Progressive Democracy of James M. Cox as being "Cox, James M. (James Middleton), 1870-1957". -- SwissCelt 17:55, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * In March 2006 someone fixed the problem I was referring to, which was an incorrect reference using the Gutenburg template.David 20:30, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Inconsistency
The statement

A. Stone argued there was never a case in the history of American presidential elections where the better man lost.

is inconsistent with the preceeding statement

B. Stone professed that Cox was superior in every way over Warren Harding and would have made a much better President.

Perhaps statement "A" was meant to say something else. Perhaps it was meant to say Stone argued [that] there was never more of a case..., or something of the like.

Cox's life after 1920?
The bio says he died in 1957. So what did he do for all those years? Did he work in FDR's administration? This article needs to be fleshed out more.Tom Cod (talk) 06:05, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

Probable Fabrication
The third paragraph, detailing Cox's exploits as a journalist, is not bound to reality by a citation or even a proper noun. It reeks of fabrication or enhancement of some sort, and I recommend that it be quickly referenced or removed. Posting below for reference:

"While a reporter, Cox once went to a town where a massive railroad accident had occurred. Other reporters went directly to the scene of the accident, but Cox instead went to the town's only telegraph office, where he hired the telegraph operator to begin transmitting the Bible to his newspaper, telling the operator he would be back. (Under the law of the day, once a message was begun, it could not be interrupted by others.) Cox then went to the accident site, gathered all the information he needed, and wrote his article. He then returned to the telegraph office, which he found full of frustrated reporters waiting to make use of the telegraph. Cox handed his article to the telegraph operator and thus scooped all of the other reporters." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Enola45 (talk • contribs) 04:09, 21 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I removed it. His official biography mentions the scoop but none of the other details which don't make sense either.Geo8rge (talk) 03:30, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:James M. Cox


text:
World Scrabble Championship 1999

The World Scrabble Championship 1999 was the fifth World Scrabble Championship and was held at the Carlton Crest Hotel, Melbourne, Australia.

The winner was Joel Wapnick of Canada. This was the second time a player representing Canada has won, the first being when David Boys won in 1995. The 1991 champion, Peter Morris, was also a Canadian but represented the United States.

Eight games were played on each of the first three days with the top two players advancing to a best-of-five finals.

In the first game, Wapnick opened with the bingo CHAPLET and took a 249-60 lead three turns later with the double -double FILTHIER then cruised to a 624-307 victory. Nyman took the second game and Wapnick took the third then got off to an early lead in the fourth before losing a turn when he tried the phony FUROUR. The game remained tight, with both players getting down two bingos, until Wapnick drew the X and DEOXY for 50 to take a one -point lead and take the last tile out of the bag. With Wapnick having multiple places to go out, Nyman was unable to catch him and lost by a single point. Joel Wapnick could now add a world title to his US national title and Canadian title, one of only two players to have won the big three.

Complete Results

 * Finals
 * Game 1: Wapnick 624 – Nyman 307
 * Game 2: Nyman 444 – Wapnick 330
 * Game 3: Wapnick 462 – Nyman 339
 * Game 4: Wapnick 403 – Nyman 402

title: World Scrabble Championship 1999


text:
File:Cadaver screenshot.png

Licensing
Screenshot of the computer game Cadaver, from the episode "The Last Supper".

title: File:Cadaver screenshot.png


text:
El Gran Luchadore

El Gran Luchadore (loosely translated from Spanish to "The Great Fighter/Wrestler," "Luchadore" is also an incorrect spelling, luchador is the correct spelling) is a professional wrestling character who appeared in World Wrestling Entertainment in the SmackDown! brand in 2004. El Gran Luchadore was mainly used as a jobber to put over other wrestlers.

Character history
The first WWE wrestler to wrestle as the El Gran Luchadore was Paul London on April 22, 2004, in a singles match against John "Bradshaw" Layfield. El Gran Luchadore was presented by SmackDown General Manager Paul Heyman as the Mexican Heavyweight Champion, but the match was a squash where JBL won. Next up was Shannon Moore on July 8, 2004, billed as the "champion of Mexico", would face the new WWE Champion JBL in a non-title match. During the match, the former WWE Champion Eddie Guerrero interfered and allowed El Gran Luchadore to defeat JBL. The next and final appearance of El Gran Luchadore on July 15, 2004, edition of SmackDown!. During a Steel Cage match between Guerrero and JBL which saw both men sat on top of the Cage, exchanging punches until El Gran Luchadore ran down and climbed into the cage, before El Gran Luchadore grabbed Guerrero's leg, and helping JBL to retain the WWE title after he climb down the cage. After the match, Guerrero pulled the mask off of him, and revealing him to be SmackDown! General Manager Kurt Angle.

title: El Gran Luchadore


title: User:AIIen3


title: User:AlIen3


text:
Talk:International Phonetic Alphabet/Archive 1

The IPA asks that one acknowledge them in using their IPA chart. This is followed by an address. It seems possible that one has to find out what they mean before copying it.

Further, the chart of symbols is not on their home page, as this article indicates. A click on the link to the homepage, included in this article, shows this. RoseParks
 * What about clicking on alphabet on the home page? I suppose acknowledging means giving the link the information come from. --HJH

 * Is there a way someone can textify this thing? Ill give it a shot.-'''豎眩

How's this? --Morwen

Suprasegmantals
This won't render properly in IE, which most people use. Dysprosia 09:32, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Define 'won't render properly'. Is this just a font thing?

 * Yes, if you set the font to Arial Unicode, it works in I.E., but most ppl (99.99%) don't do that or don't have that font installed. On the other hand, it works perfectly w/out adjustment in Mozilla. --Menchi 09:58, Aug 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * How does one set IE's font in this way? -- Chiapr

Alpha Bravo Charlie
Just wondering, I've always thought the International Phonetic Alphabet was "Alpha/Bravo/Charlie" etc. I'm obviously wrong. What do I call what I'm thinking of? and maybe there should be a link at the bottom of this page for disambiguation? --Neolux 09:54, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * You are not alone at all. You're thinking of NATO. And because it's so common a misconception, the disambiguity block is at the top of the page in italics. --Menchi 09:56, Aug 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh. Yes.  It was highlighted and right in front of me and so obviously placed that I completely ignored it and read everything below it.  Sorry about that, and thank you for directing me to the right place. --Neolux 10:04, 2 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Anytime. I've made it easier to see. Admittedly, the original disambiguity wasn't too revealing. --Menchi 10:05, Aug 2, 2003 (UTC)

Examples
Does anyone have some kind of list of usage examples? For example like you see in a dictionary: (symbol, words) z, _z_one, rai_se_

 * Here: SAMPA Chart. --Menchi 23:20, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)


text:
Antonin Scalia Law School

The Antonin Scalia Law School is the law school of George Mason University, Virginia's largest public research university. It is located in Arlington, Virginia, roughly 4 mi west of Washington, D.C., and 15 mi east-northeast of George Mason University's main campus in Fairfax, Virginia. The law school is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA). The school is known for its conservative ideological leaning in law and economics.

History
George Mason University School of Law was authorized by the Virginia General Assembly in March 1979 and was founded on July 1, 1979. The school started as the International School of Law (ISL), which opened in 1972 in a classroom at the Federal Bar Building on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC. In 1973, it moved into the home of former United States Chief Justice Edward Douglass White on Rhode Island Avenue, and in 1975 purchased the old Kann's Department Store in Arlington. Despite the growth, ISL could never obtain accreditation.

In 1976, ISL discussed a merger with George Mason University, which expressed interest in setting up a law school. In 1978, the Virginia State Council of Education denied GMU's proposal to start a law school and encouraged a merger with ISL instead. Later that year, the Council advised against allowing that merger, but the Virginia state legislature nonetheless approved the merger in early March 1979.

The law school became fully accredited by the American Bar Association in 1980. Since then, its rankings amongst U.S. law schools has risen rapidly over the decades, being ranked 32nd in the United States in 2023, according to US News and World Report.

In 2016, the school received $30 million to rename itself for Antonin Scalia, the late United States Supreme Court justice. The Charles Koch Foundation provided $10 million of the donation, with the remaining $20 million coming from an anonymous donor. On March 31, 2016, Mason's Board of Visitors approved the renaming. School officials soon announced a new name: Antonin Scalia Law School, a decision ratified by the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia on May 17, 2016. In 2022, ProPublica reported that the anonymous donation made in 2016 was allegedly from Barre Seid, a businessman and philanthropist known for his donations to conservative causes.

In 2019, the law school received a gift of $50 million, the largest ever received by the university, from the estate of Allison and Dorothy Rouse to "fund a chair or chairs that will promote the conservative principles of governance, statesmanship, high morals, civil and religious freedom and the study of the United States Constitution".

Admission and academics
For the Juris Doctor (J.D.) class entering in 2023, the law school received 2,303 applications and admitted 14%, of which 97 law students enrolled. The total enrollment of all J.D. students in 2023 was 546 law students. The median LSAT score among incoming J.D. students in 2023 was 168, and the median GPA was 3.89. The passage rate for first-time takers of the Virginia bar exam in July 2023 was 90.7%, third among Virginia's eight law schools.

The school also offers various Master of Laws (LLM) programs such as the Flex-LLM program which focuses on training and qualifying foreign law graduates to take bar exams in various U.S. states. In addition, the school offers in-residence and online LLMs that specialize in subjects such as cybersecurity, global antitrust, and intellectual property.

Rankings
In 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked the George Mason University School of Law (Scalia) at 28th in the United States.

Tuition
The total cost of attendance (tuition, fees, and living expenses) for the 2023–24 academic year at Mason Law is $62,196 for in-state students attending full-time; the total cost of attendance for non-resident students attending full-time is $78,044.

Student-edited

 * George Mason Law Review
 * George Mason Civil Rights Law Journal
 * George Mason International Law Journal
 * National Security Law Journal
 * The Journal of Law, Economics & Policy

Law library
The George Mason Law Library has a collection of electronic and print materials providing access to legal treatises, journals, and databases. Non-legal materials are available through the GMU University Libraries. It is a selective depository for U.S. Government documents, and it provides inter-library lending services with other academic libraries, which enables students and faculty to borrow materials from major academic libraries.

The library occupies four levels of the law school building. It has 14 study rooms, 70 carrel seats, and 196 table seats wired with electrical and network connections, and a wireless network is available. The library also operates two computer labs with a variety of software. The library employs 16 full-time staff members, including 6 librarians with degrees in law and library science and 3 technology specialists. Access is limited to university faculty, students, staff, alumni and members of the bar.

Academic climate
The law school is known for its conservative ideological leaning in law and economics. In addition, the school is known for tilting towards conservative principles, a perception that increased with the renaming in 2016 to honor U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, a constitutional originalist.

A 2023 New York Times report detailed the school's effort to cultivate ties to the Republican-appointed U.S. Supreme Court justices. The author described the school as "a Yale or Harvard of conservative legal scholarship and influence".

National Security Institute
The law school is also home to the National Security Institute (NSI), a think tank dedicated to research in national security, especially the relevance of legal issues pertaining to national security issues in the global context.

Global Antitrust Institute
Antonin Scalia Law School also houses the Global Antitrust Institute (GAI), a think tank mainly concerned with antitrust and competition policy. In 2021, Bloomberg reported on the "revolving door" between members of the GAI's faculty who later held positions at the Federal Trade Commission, a government agency tasked with regulating many of the companies that make significant donations to the GAI and the law school at large.

Alumni

 * Jonathan H. Adler, American legal commentator and law professor at the Case Western Reserve University School of Law
 * John Bartrum, American lawyer and colonel in the United States Air Force Reserve
 * Robert Bixby, Executive Director of the Concord Coalition
 * Martha Boneta, American policy advisor, commentator, and farmer known for her role in the passage of a landmark right-to-farm law in Virginia
 * Anna Escobedo Cabral, Treasurer of the United States under President George W. Bush
 * Michael F. Cannon, director of health policy studies at the Cato Institute
 * James W. Carroll, director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy under President Donald Trump
 * Kathleen L. Casey, Commissioner of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
 * Rabia Chaudry, Pakistani-American attorney, author, and podcast host; founder and president of the Safe Nation Collaborative
 * John Critzos II, American martial arts fighter and instructor teaching martial arts at the United States Naval Academy and personal injury lawyer
 * Katherine A. Crytzer, United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee
 * Ken Cuccinelli, Acting United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security, 46th Attorney General of Virginia, a former member of the Virginia Senate from the 37th district
 * William W. Eldridge IV, American General District Court Judge for the 26th Judicial District of Virginia
 * David Jolly, a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives
 * Colleen Kiko, chairman of the United States Federal Labor Relations Authority under Presidents Donald Trump and Joe Biden
 * Chris Krebs, director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency under President Donald Trump
 * Robert A. Levy, chairman of the Cato Institute and director of the Institute of Justice
 * Melissa A. Long, Associate Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court
 * William W. Mercer, United States Associate Attorney General under President George W. Bush and member of the Montana House of Representatives
 * Kendrick Moxon, lead counsel for the Church of Scientology
 * Paul F. Nichols, former delegate to the Virginia General Assembly
 * Liam O'Grady, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
 * Maureen Ohlhausen, former commissioner of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission
 * Scott Pinsker, American filmmaker, talk-show host, author, and celebrity publicist
 * David J. Porter, judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
 * Steve Ricchetti, counselor to the president under President Joe Biden
 * Wesley G. Russell Jr., Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia
 * Harlan M. Sands, 7th President of Cleveland State University
 * Charles Stimson, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs under President George W. Bush
 * Glen Sturtevant, member of the Senate of Virginia from 2016-2020
 * Mary Kirtley Waters, Director of the United Nations Information Centre
 * John Whitbeck, chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia from 2015-2018
 * Richard L. Young, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana

Faculty

 * David Bernstein, university professor, constitutional law scholar, and legal blogger at The Volokh Conspiracy
 * F.H. Buckley, George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law
 * Henry N. Butler, Henry G. Manne Chair in Law and Economics, director of Law & Economics Center and former dean
 * Ernest W. DuBester, member of the Federal Labor Relations Authority
 * Douglas H. Ginsburg, Senior Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and former U.S. Supreme Court nominee
 * Neil Gorsuch, Associate Justice, United States Supreme Court
 * Timothy Muris, George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law, former chairman of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
 * Todd Zywicki, George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law

title: Antonin Scalia Law School


title: User:AIlen3