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Talk:Propofol

Famous Overdose Death
The death of renowned singer Michael Jackson made worldwide headlines. His death was due to his doctor injecting Propofol for Jackson's insomnia problem. The Wiki doesn't mention Propofol as sleep aid, however it is used for that off label. TaylorLeem (talk) 16:14, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

Propofol
Propofol 42.106.181.94 (talk) 00:54, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

Total Rewrite..
This is an important compound, and an important subject, it needs a lot of rework.

Without Propofol - the aging population would have some awful surgical experiences - perhaps many have not been subjected to compounds such as nitrous oxide, halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane -- Propofol has really helped and this article deserves a lot more attention.

Much of the language looks cut and pasted and there is no real flow to the article. It also leaps around almost randomly - with commentary that offers no cohesive structure.

It should be written in an encyclopedic tone - to inform a standard WP reader - BeingObjective (talk) 03:01, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

I think it is better now - at least the opening
Despite the weird edit wars - which I am NOT NOW a part of - this is a better read.

I do think there are many sections that are old cut/pastes with the editors not really understanding the content.

The article was confusing as to the chemical and the chemical emulsion formulated as the anesthetic- the infobox gives plenty of technical data on this chemical compound - but it is ONLY as an emulsified formulation that it becomes useful. If you look at a vial of the stuff - and I see it frequently - it says something like 'one or two percent P in soybean oil' etc.

To be crystal PROPOFOL is a chemical. The stuff used by an Anesthesiologist is emulsified PROPOFOL.

Regards BeingObjective (talk) 18:30, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Propofol


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Hostivice

Hostivice is a town in Prague-West District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 9,200 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The village of Břve is an administrative part of Hostivice.

Etymology
The name was derived derived from the personal name Hostivít, meaning "Hostivít's village".

Geography
Hostivice is located west of Prague, in its immediate vicinity. It lies in a flat agricultural landscape in the Prague Plateau. The stream of Litovický potok flows through the territory and supplies a system of three fishponds, protected as the Hostivice Ponds Nature Monument.

History
Břve is the oldest part of the town, first mentioned in 1184. The first written mention of Hostivice is from 1277.

The current appearance of the town was created by merging and growing four separate villages: Hostivice, Litovice, Jeneček and Břve. In 1849, Litovice, Jeneček and Břve merged to create one municipality of Litovice, and in 1950, it was merged with Hostivice. In 1978, Hostivice became a town.

Transport
Hostivice lies close to Václav Havel Airport Prague. The D6 motorway from Prague to Karlovy Vary runs next to the town.

Hostivice is located on the railway lines Prague–Kladno and Prague–Rudná.

Sights
The main landmars of the town are the church and castle, located by the town square. The Hostivice Castle was built in the early Baroque style in 1689–1697 for Countess Caretto-Millesimo. The castle was completely rebuilt in 1732–1734, during the rule of Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg. She also had built a large two-storey granary next to the castle. Today the castle serves as the town hall.

The Church of Saint James the Great was built in the Gothic style in the 13th or 14th century. In the 18th and 19th centuries, it was modified and extended into its current form.

In the centre of the town square is a Baroque Marian column. It dates from 1734.

Notable people

 * David Rath (born 1965), politician; lives here

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hostivice


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Rodd Keith

Rodd Keith (born Rodney Keith Eskelin; January 30, 1937 – December 15, 1974) was an American multi-instrumentalist and songwriter. He is perhaps the best known figure in the obscure musical subgenre known as song poem music.

Life and career
He worked for several companies active in the song poem business, a practice also known as song sharking, and generally dismissed as a scam.

Keith recorded hundreds of musical compositions based around lyrics sent in to song-poem companies by amateur songwriters, based upon small ads in the backs of mass market magazines promising success in the profitable field of songwriting. After a letter was sent by the company, the amateur songwriters would then be convinced to pay the company a fee to have a recording made and records pressed. Keith sang on many of these recordings as well as playing several different instruments, including saxophone, melodica, and all manner of keyboards. His earliest song-poem work was made for Sandy Stanton's Film City label in which he would build the entire track using a Chamberlin keyboard (a precursor to the mellotron). These early recordings have a woozy, distinctive sound that are like nothing else before or since.

During the late 1960s he had his most prolific period working for Clarence Freed's Preview Records label in Los Angeles. Keith masterminded recording sessions for hundreds of 45s and dozens of albums, working with female singers Teri Thornton, Charlotte O'Hara, and Nita Garfield (who used "noms de disque" Teri Summers/Teri Marsh/Terri North, Bonnie Graham, and Nita Craig respectively). Thornton, a promising jazz vocalist in the late 1950s and early 1960s, had fallen on hard times, while the latter two were ambitious singers and songwriters who had had material recorded in the C&W and R&B markets.

Musically, Rodd Keith seemed at home and completely convincing in a wide variety of musical idioms, becoming almost chameleon-like (an attribute that not all song-poem performers shared). That said, his music is distinctive, with strong melodic hooks, dazzling keyboard playing, highly inventive (and sometimes lush) arrangements, and (depending on the musical style) a wide vocal vibrato. His music has many "eras", starting with the early Chamberlin recordings for the Film City label, elaborate jazzy arrangements for his early Preview records, and shambolic yet often compelling mellotron-drenched recordings for his later career. His recordings run the gamut of all the various subgenres of jazz, rock & roll, country, funk, soul and religious music.

Keith, who was born into a religious household and was even a musical evangelist for a time, fell in with a hard-living crowd in Los Angeles during the late 1960s and early 1970s, experimenting with different psychedelics. In December 1974, by which time he had moved over to Maury S. Rosen's MSR Records, Keith met his death on the Hollywood Freeway in Los Angeles. According to an article in the Los Angeles Times (which ran on December 15, 1974) Keith was seen "leaping or falling from an overcrossing onto the Hollywood Freeway," and he "plunged down the Santa Monica Blvd. overpass onto the northbound freeway about 5:15 a.m. and drivers could not avoid him." It has been suggested that this was a suicidal act, but Keith's heavy drug use at this time has led others to claim it was an accident.

In the 1990s, record collectors who seek out old vinyl recordings rediscovered these obscure discs. Several compilations of these songs were released on compact disc, including several which featured the work of Keith exclusively. Keith's son, avant-garde saxophonist Ellery Eskelin, provided commentary on these releases. Although Eskelin never actually met his father, he was told by many people that he was some kind of musical genius. Keith once remarked that he spelled "Rodd" with two d's because "God only used one."

This American Life, an NPR show, had an interview with Ellery Eskelin, who spoke about his discovery of his father's works. This show originally aired August 15, 1997.

Partial discography

 * I Died Today, Rodd Keith (Tzadik)
 * Ecstacy To Frenzy, Rodd Keith (Tzadik)
 * Saucers in the Sky, Rodd Keith (Roaratorio)
 * My Pipe Yellow Dream, Rodd Keith (Roaratorio)
 * Black Phoenix Blues, Rodd Keith (Roaratorio)

title: Rodd Keith


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Santa Monica Civic Auditorium

Santa Monica Civic Auditorium is a multi-purpose convention center at 1855 Main Street in Santa Monica, California, owned by the City of Santa Monica. It was built in 1958 and designed by Welton Becket and as a concert venue, it has a seating capacity of 3,000.

Architecture
The building was made of reinforced concrete and combined elements of a theater, concert hall, and trade show and convention auditorium. Parabolic pylons supported the exterior grand cantilevered canopy fronting a glass curtain wall and brise soleil, a patterned wall that reduced the effects of the sun's glare.

For trade shows, the Civic Auditorium features 11,775 ft2, while the stage adds 4,485 ft2 more space, for a total of 16,260 ft2. The East Wing meeting room adds an additional 4200 ft2, while the main lobby features 6,708 ft2.

The main hall of the Civic is adaptable for not only trade shows, but also sporting events, concerts, meetings, awards shows and other events. As a concert venue it can seat 3,000, as a banquet hall 720 in tables, and as a sports arena it can seat up to 2,500. The most widely touted innovation was the auditorium's main floor, which in a matter of seconds could be tilted by a hydraulic mechanism to form raked seating for theatrical productions or a flat surface for dancing or exhibits. The main floor of the auditorium can thus be raised or lowered to create a raked floor for theatre seating or a level floor for exhibits.

The parcel includes the auditorium and surrounding land bounded on the north by the county building, on the west by Main Street, on the east by 4th Street and on the south by Pico Boulevard.

History
The Santa Monica Civic Auditorium opened in summer 1958, then the second-largest auditorium in the Los Angeles area. It was constructed in what was formally known as Belmar, the first African American community in Santa Monica. The land was secured through the use of eminent domain.

The $2.9-million city-owned project soon became an acclaimed music venue, for artists as varied as David Bowie, Eric Clapton, Frank Sinatra, Village People, Mötley Crüe, Dave Brubeck, Laura Nyro, The Limeliters, Ella Fitzgerald, Elton John, Free, Traffic, Prince, Tim Buckley and Bob Dylan. On October 28 and 29, 1964, the auditorium was host to the T.A.M.I. Show, a filmed concert featuring James Brown and The Rolling Stones. A home of the Academy Awards from 1961 to 1968, the auditorium remains home to the Santa Monica Symphony Orchestra. Pink Floyd performed there on May 1, 1970.

George Carlin's album Class Clown was recorded at the auditorium on May 27, 1972, and was released later that year on September 29. Carlin first performed his infamous monologue "Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television" at the show's finale. On July 21, 1972, Carlin was arrested and charged with violating obscenity laws after performing the routine at Summerfest.

The Eagles performed three consecutive shows during The Long Run Tour on July 27–29, 1980. The show was recorded and mostly featured on their live album, entitled Eagles Live. Blue Öyster Cult played in support of its Club Ninja album in March 1986; the show was recorded for radio broadcast, and several songs from the performance were finally made available as part of a box set in 2012, including the never-before released "Wings Of Mercury".

On April 9, 1982, "Weird Al" Yankovic made his first major appearance at the auditorium, when his band opened for Missing Persons. It was not a happy experience; "I got pelted for 45 minutes", he later said, "(with) anything that wasn't nailed down".

In 1986, the Santa Monica City Council discussed a preliminary report containing four plans calling for various combinations of office buildings, a hotel, a museum, a conference center, a playhouse, parking garages and open space and, in two of the plans, demolition of the auditorium. By the 2000s, the Civic Auditorium was operating at an annual deficit of as much as $2 million, which the city has had to cover. The City of Santa Monica began to plan for a $51.9-million renovation using redevelopment funds and negotiated with the Nederlander Organization to book events. That effort was suspended after Governor Jerry Brown dissolved community redevelopment agencies. Per the Santa Monica Mirror newspaper, the auditorium was expected to close in July 2013 for at least five years. It needs at least $23 million in seismic and accessibly upgrades. A complete renovation would exceed $50 million. From an economic perspective, it would be cheaper to replace it, but many consider it a landmark worth preserving. The city has an annual budget of more than half of a billion dollars and is considering its priorities.

Phish made their only appearance at the venue on December 10, 1994, which was the final show of their 1994 fall tour.

"As of 2016 the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium is currently available for limited filming, photo shoots, private events, and meetings". The Civic Auditorium parking lot is also used for shows like the AltCar Expo Conference that took place in September 2016. The AltCar Expo features hi-tech electric vehicles equipped with latest technology.

title: Santa Monica Civic Auditorium


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Viscosity solution

In mathematics, the viscosity solution concept was introduced in the early 1980s by Pierre-Louis Lions and Michael G. Crandall as a generalization of the classical concept of what is meant by a 'solution' to a partial differential equation (PDE). It has been found that the viscosity solution is the natural solution concept to use in many applications of PDE's, including for example first order equations arising in dynamic programming (the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation), differential games (the Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs equation) or front evolution problems, as well as second-order equations such as the ones arising in stochastic optimal control or stochastic differential games.

The classical concept was that a PDE
 * $$ F(x,u,Du,D^2 u) = 0 $$

over a domain $$x\in\Omega$$ has a solution if we can find a function u(x) continuous and differentiable over the entire domain such that $$x$$, $$u$$, $$Du$$, $$ D^2 u$$ satisfy the above equation at every point.

If a scalar equation is degenerate elliptic (defined below), one can define a type of weak solution called viscosity solution. Under the viscosity solution concept, u does not need to be everywhere differentiable. There may be points where either $$Du$$ or $$ D^2 u$$ does not exist and yet u satisfies the equation in an appropriate generalized sense. The definition allows only for certain kind of singularities, so that existence, uniqueness, and stability under uniform limits, hold for a large class of equations.

Definition
There are several equivalent ways to phrase the definition of viscosity solutions. See for example the section II.4 of Fleming and Soner's book or the definition using semi-jets in the Users Guide.

 * Degenerate elliptic : An equation $$ F(x,u,Du,D^2 u) = 0 $$ in a domain $$ \Omega $$ is defined to be degenerate elliptic if for any two symmetric matrices $$X$$ and $$Y$$ such that $$Y-X$$ is positive definite, and any values of $$x \in \Omega$$, $$u \in \mathbb{R}$$ and $$p \in \mathbb{R}^n$$, we have the inequality $$ F(x,u,p,X) \geq F(x,u,p,Y) $$. For example, $$ -\Delta u = 0 $$ (where $$ \Delta $$ denotes the Laplacian) is degenerate elliptic since in this case, $$ F(x,u,p,X) = -\text{trace}(X) $$, and the trace of $$ X $$ is the sum of its eigenvalues. Any real first- order equation is degenerate elliptic.

 * Viscosity subsolution: An upper semicontinuous function $$u$$ in $$\Omega$$ is defined to be a subsolution of the above degenerate elliptic equation in the viscosity sense if for any point $$x_0 \in \Omega$$ and any $$C^2$$ function $$\phi$$ such that $$\phi(x_0) = u(x_0)$$ and $$\phi \geq u$$ in a neighborhood of $$x_0$$, we have $$ F(x_0,\phi(x_0),D\phi(x_0),D^2 \phi(x_0)) \leq 0 $$.

 * Viscosity supersolution: A lower semicontinuous function $$u$$ in $$\Omega$$ is defined to be a supersolution of the above degenerate elliptic equation in the viscosity sense if for any point $$x_0 \in \Omega$$ and any $$C^2$$ function $$\phi$$ such that $$\phi(x_0) = u(x_0)$$ and $$\phi \leq u$$ in a neighborhood of $$x_0$$, we have $$ F(x_0,\phi(x_0),D\phi(x_0),D^2 \phi(x_0)) \geq 0 $$.

 * Viscosity solution : A continuous function u is a viscosity solution of the PDE $$ F(x,u,Du,D^2 u) = 0 $$ in $$ \Omega $$ if it is both a supersolution and a subsolution. Note that the boundary condition in the viscosity sense has not been discussed here.

Example
Consider the boundary value problem $$|u'(x)| = 1$$, or $$F(u') = |u'| -1 = 0$$, on $$(-1,1)$$ with boundary conditions $$u(-1) = u(1) = 0$$. Then, the function $$u(x) = 1-|x|$$ is a viscosity solution.

Indeed, note that the boundary conditions are satisfied classically, and $$|u'(x)| = 1$$ is well-defined in the interior except at $$x = 0$$. Thus, it remains to show that the conditions for viscosity subsolution and viscosity supersolution hold at $$x=0$$. Suppose that $$\phi(x)$$ is any function differentiable at $$x=0$$ with $$\phi(0) = u(0) = 1$$ and $$\phi(x) \geq u(x)$$ near $$x=0$$. From these assumptions, it follows that $$\phi(x) - \phi(0) \geq -|x|$$. For positive $$x$$, this inequality implies $$\lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{\phi(x) - \phi(0)}{x} \geq -1$$, using that $$|x| / x = sgn(x) = 1$$ for $$x > 0$$. On the other hand, for $$x < 0$$, we have that $$\lim_{x \to 0^-} \frac{\phi(x) - \phi(0)}{x} \leq 1$$. Because $$\phi$$ is differentiable, the left and right limits agree and are equal to $$\phi'(0)$$, and we therefore conclude that $$|\phi'(0)| \leq 1$$, i.e., $$F(\phi'(0)) \leq 0$$. Thus, $$u$$ is a viscosity subsolution. Moreover, the fact that $$u$$ is a supersolution holds vacuously, since there is no function $$\phi(x)$$ differentiable at $$x=0$$ with $$\phi(0) = u(0) = 1$$ and $$\phi(x) \leq u(x)$$ near $$x=0$$. This implies that $$u$$ is a viscosity solution.

In fact, one may prove that $$u$$ is the unique viscosity solution for such problem. The uniqueness part involves a more refined argument.

Discussion

The previous boundary value problem is an eikonal equation in a single spatial dimension with $$f = 1$$, where the solution is known to be the signed distance function to the boundary of the domain. Note also in the previous example, the importance of the sign of $$F$$. In particular, the viscosity solution to the PDE $$-F = 0$$ with the same boundary conditions is $$u(x) = |x| - 1$$. This can be explained by observing that the solution $$u(x) = 1-|x|$$ is the limiting solution of the vanishing viscosity problem $$F(u') = [u']^2 - 1 = \epsilon u$$ as $$\epsilon$$ goes to zero, while $$u(x) = |x| - 1$$ is the limit solution of the vanishing viscosity problem $$-F(u') = 1 - [u']^2 = \epsilon u$$. One can readily confirm that $$u_\epsilon(x) = \epsilon [\ln(\cosh(1/\epsilon)) - \ln(\cosh(x/\epsilon))]$$ solves the PDE $$F(u') = [u']^2 - 1 = \epsilon u''$$ for each $$\epsilon>0$$. Further, the family of solutions $$u_\epsilon$$ converges toward the solution $$u = 1-|x|$$ as $$\epsilon$$ vanishes (see Figure).

Basic properties
The three basic properties of viscosity solutions are existence, uniqueness and stability.
 * The uniqueness of solutions requires some extra structural assumptions on the equation. Yet it can be shown for a very large class of degenerate elliptic equations. It is a direct consequence of the comparison principle. Some simple examples where comparison principle holds are
 * 1) $$u+H(x,\nabla u) = 0$$ with H uniformly continuous in both variables.
 * 2) (Uniformly elliptic case) $$F(D^2 u, Du, u) = 0$$ so that $$F$$ is Lipschitz with respect to all variables and for every $$r \leq s $$ and $$X \geq Y$$, $$F(Y,p,s) \geq F(X,p,r) + \lambda ||X-Y||$$ for some $$\lambda>0$$.
 * The existence of solutions holds in all cases where the comparison principle holds and the boundary conditions can be enforced in some way (through barrier functions in the case of a Dirichlet boundary condition). For first order equations, it can be obtained using the vanishing viscosity method or for most equations using Perron's method. There is a generalized notion of boundary condition, in the viscosity sense. The solution to a boundary problem with generalized boundary conditions is solvable whenever the comparison principle holds.
 * The stability of solutions in $$L^\infty$$ holds as follows: a locally uniform limit of a sequence of solutions (or subsolutions, or supersolutions) is a solution (or subsolution, or supersolution). More generally, the notions of viscosity sub- and supersolution are also conserved by half-relaxed limits.

History
The term viscosity solutions first appear in the work of Michael G. Crandall and Pierre-Louis Lions in 1983 regarding the Hamilton–Jacobi equation. The name is justified by the fact that the existence of solutions was obtained by the vanishing viscosity method. The definition of solution had actually been given earlier by Lawrence C. Evans in 1980. Subsequently the definition and properties of viscosity solutions for the Hamilton–Jacobi equation were refined in a joint work by Crandall, Evans and Lions in 1984.

For a few years the work on viscosity solutions concentrated on first order equations because it was not known whether second order elliptic equations would have a unique viscosity solution except in very particular cases. The breakthrough result came with the method introduced by Robert Jensen in 1988 to prove the comparison principle using a regularized approximation of the solution which has a second derivative almost everywhere (in modern versions of the proof this is achieved with sup-convolutions and Alexandrov theorem).

In subsequent years the concept of viscosity solution has become increasingly prevalent in analysis of degenerate elliptic PDE. Based on their stability properties, Barles and Souganidis obtained a very simple and general proof of convergence of finite difference schemes. Further regularity properties of viscosity solutions were obtained, especially in the uniformly elliptic case with the work of Luis Caffarelli. Viscosity solutions have become a central concept in the study of elliptic PDE. In particular, Viscosity solutions are essential in the study of the infinity Laplacian. In the modern approach, the existence of solutions is obtained most often through the Perron method. The vanishing viscosity method is not practical for second order equations in general since the addition of artificial viscosity does not guarantee the existence of a classical solution. Moreover, the definition of viscosity solutions does not generally involve physical viscosity. Nevertheless, while the theory of viscosity solutions is sometimes considered unrelated to viscous fluids, irrotational fluids can indeed be described by a Hamilton-Jacobi equation. In this case, viscosity corresponds to the bulk viscosity of an irrotational, incompressible fluid. Other names that were suggested were Crandall–Lions solutions, in honor to their pioneers, $$L^\infty$$-weak solutions, referring to their stability properties, or comparison solutions, referring to their most characteristic property.

title: Viscosity solution


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Complications of pregnancy

Complications of pregnancy are health problems that are related to, or arise during pregnancy. Complications that occur primarily during childbirth are termed obstetric labor complications, and problems that occur primarily after childbirth are termed puerperal disorders. While some complications improve or are fully resolved after pregnancy, some may lead to lasting effects, morbidity, or in the most severe cases, maternal or fetal mortality.

Common complications of pregnancy include anemia, gestational diabetes, infections, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Presence of these types of complications can have implications on monitoring lab work, imaging, and medical management during pregnancy.

Severe complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium are present in 1.6% of mothers in the US, and in 1.5% of mothers in Canada. In the immediate postpartum period (puerperium), 87% to 94% of women report at least one health problem. Long-term health problems (persisting after six months postpartum) are reported by 31% of women.

In 2016, complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium resulted globally in 230,600 deaths, down from 377,000 deaths in 1990. The most common causes of maternal mortality are maternal bleeding, postpartum infections including sepsis, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, obstructed labor, and unsafe abortion.

Complications of pregnancy can sometimes arise from abnormally severe presentations of symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy, which usually do not significantly interfere with activities of daily living or pose any significant threat to the health of the birthing person or fetus. For example, morning sickness is a fairly common mild symptom of pregnancy that generally resolves in the second trimester, but hyperemesis gravidarum is a severe form of this symptom that sometimes requires medical intervention to prevent electrolyte imbalances from severe vomiting.

Maternal problems
The following problems originate in the mother, however, they may have serious consequences for the fetus as well.

Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is when a woman, without a previous diagnosis of diabetes, develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. There are many non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors that lead to the devopment of this complication. Non-modifiable risk factors include a family history of diabetes, advanced maternal age, and ethnicity. Modifiable risk factors include maternal obesity. There is an elevated demand for insulin during pregnancy which leads to increased insulin production from pancreatic beta cells. The elevated demand is a result of increased maternal calorie intake and weight gain, and increased production of prolactin and growth hormone. Gestational diabetes increases risk for further maternal and fetal complications such as development of pre-eclampsia, need for cesarean delivery, preterm delivery, polyhydramnios, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, fetal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and admission into the neonatal intensive care unit. The increased risk is correlated with the how well the gestational diabetes is controlled during pregnancy with poor control associated with worsened outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is used to treat gestational diabetes and involves monitoring of blood-glucose levels, nutritional and dietary modifications, lifestyle changes such as increasing physical activity, maternal weight management, and medication such as insulin.

Hyperemesis gravidarum
Hyperemesis gravidarum is the presence of severe and persistent vomiting, causing dehydration and weight loss. It is similar although more severe than the common morning sickness. It is estimated to affect 0.3–3.6% of pregnant women and is the greatest contributor to hospitalizations under 20 weeks of gestation. Most often, nausea and vomiting symptoms during pregnancy resolve in the first trimester, however, some continue to experience symptoms. Hyperemesis gravidarum is diagnosed by the following criteria: greater than 3 vomiting episodes per day, ketonuria, and weight loss of more than 3 kg or 5% of body weight. There are several non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors that predispose women to development of this condition such as female fetus, psychiatric illness history, high or low BMI pre-pregnancy, young age, African American or Asian ethnicity, type I diabetes, multiple pregnancies, and history of pregnancy affected by hyperemesis gravidarum. There are currently no known mechanisms for the cause of this condition. This complication can cause nutritional deficiency, low pregnancy weight gain, dehydration, and vitamin, electrolyte, and acid-based disturbances in the mother. It has been shown to cause low birth weight, small gestational age, preterm birth, and poor APGAR scores in the infant. Treatments for this condition focus on preventing harm to the fetus while improving symptoms and commonly include fluid replacement and consumption of small, frequent, bland meals. First-line treatments include ginger and acupuncture. Second-line treatments include vitamin B6 +/- doxylamine, antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, and serotonin antagonists. Third-line treatments include corticosteroids, transdermal clonidine, and gabapentin. Treatments chosen are dependent on severity of symptoms and response to therapies.

Pelvic girdle pain
Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) disorder is pain in the area between the posterior iliac crest and gluteal fold beginning peri or postpartum caused by instability and limitation of mobility. It is associated with pubic symphysis pain and sometimes radiation of pain down the hips and thighs. For most pregnant individuals, PGP resolves within three months following delivery, but for some it can last for years, resulting in a reduced tolerance for weight bearing activities. PGP affects around 45% of individuals during pregnancy: 25% report serious pain and 8% are severely disabled. Risk factors for complication development include multiparity, increased BMI, physically strenuous work, smoking, distress, history of back and pelvic trauma, and previous history of pelvic and lower back pain. This syndrome results from a growing uterus during pregnancy that causes increased stress on the lumbar and pelvic regions of the mother, thereby, resulting in postural changes and reduced lumbopelvic muscle strength leading to pelvic instability and pain. It is unclear whether specific hormones in pregnancy are associated with complication development. PGP can result in poor quality of life, predisposition to chronic pain syndrome, extended leave from work, and psychosocial distress. Many treatment options are available based on symptom severity. Non-invasive treatment options include activity modification, pelvic support garments, analgesia with or without short periods of bed rest, and physiotherapy to increase strength of gluteal and adductor muscles reducing stress on the lumbar spine. Invasive surgical management is considered a last-line treatment if all other treatment modalities have failed and symptoms are severe.

High blood pressure
Potential severe hypertensive states of pregnancy are mainly: Women who have chronic hypertension before their pregnancy are at increased risk of complications such as premature birth, low birthweight or stillbirth. Women who have high blood pressure and had complications in their pregnancy have three times the risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to women with normal blood pressure who had no complications in pregnancy. Monitoring pregnant women's blood pressure can help prevent both complications and future cardiovascular diseases.
 * Pre-eclampsia – gestational hypertension, proteinuria (>300 mg), and edema. Severe pre-eclampsia involves a BP over 160/110 (with additional signs). It affects 5–8% of pregnancies.
 * Eclampsia – seizures in a pre-eclamptic patient, affect around 1.4% of pregnancies.
 * Gestational hypertension can develop after 20 weeks but has no other symptoms, and later rights itself, but it can develop into pre-eclampsia.
 * HELLP syndrome – Hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes and a low platelet count. Incidence is reported as 0.5–0.9% of all pregnancies.
 * Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is sometimes included in the pre-eclamptic spectrum. It occurs in approximately one in 7,000 to one in 15,000 pregnancies.

Venous thromboembolism
Venous thromboembolism, consisting of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a major risk factor for postpartum morbidity and mortality, especially in highly developed countries. A combination of pregnancy-exacerbated hypercoagulability and additional risk factors such as obesity and thrombophilias makes pregnant women vulnerable to thrombotic events T.he prophylactic measures that include the usage of low molecular weight heparin, in fact, can significantly reduce risks associated with surgery, particularly in high-risk patients. Awareness among healthcare givers and prompt response in early identification and management of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period are both crucial for prompt response. Deep vein thrombosis, a form of venous thromboembolism, has an incidence of 0.5 to 7 per 1,000 pregnancies, and is the second most common cause of maternal death in developed countries after bleeding.
 * Caused by: Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability as a physiological response in preparation for the potential bleeding during childbirth.
 * Treatment: Prophylactic treatment, e.g. with low molecular weight heparin may be indicated when there are additional risk factors for deep vein thrombosis.

Anemia
Anemia is a globally recognized complication of pregnancy worldwide and is a condition with a low hemoglobin amount in one of the trimesters. Such physiological modifications are more pronounced among individuals who suffer from undernutrition as well as chronic diseases associated with hemoglobin rehoming, like sickle cell anemia. Prevention of anemia during pregnancy is complicated, and is often treated by a team effort of dietary supplementation, iron therapy, and continuous assessment of mother and fetal indices in a multidisciplinary approach. As an additional measure, emphasis is placed on the astute determination of the respective triggering points, and the application of optimal prenatal care to better maternal and fetal outcome.

Levels of hemoglobin are lower in the third trimesters. According to the United Nations (UN) estimates, approximately half of pregnant individuals develop anemia worldwide. Anemia prevalences during pregnancy differed from 18% in developed countries to 75% in South Asia; culminating to a global rate of 38% of pregnancies world wide.

Treatment varies due to the severity of the anaemia, and can be used by increasing iron containing foods, oral iron tablets or by the use of parenteral iron.

Infection
Pregnancy is a critical period for the expectant mom to experience additional dangers associated with infections. Moreover, a mother and baby's health is exposed to danger when she is in this condition. The prenatal physiology complexity and immunity modulation inherently increase the risk of influenza, hepatitis E, and cytomegalovirus transmission. Avoidance actions like vaccines and strict infectious control protocols can be given priority in the policies aimed at limiting the risk of transmission among high-risk populations. In addition, it is early diagnosis and management of maternal infections are among the main methods to flatline vertical transmission and fetal aberrations. A pregnant woman is more susceptible to certain infections. This increased risk is caused by an increased immune tolerance in pregnancy to prevent an immune reaction against the fetus, as well as secondary to maternal physiological changes including a decrease in respiratory volumes and urinary stasis due to an enlarging uterus. Pregnant individuals are more severely affected by, for example, influenza, hepatitis E, herpes simplex and malaria. The evidence is more limited for coccidioidomycosis, measles, smallpox, and varicella. Mastitis, or inflammation of the breast, occurs in 20% of lactating individuals.

Some infections are vertically transmissible, meaning that they can affect the child as well.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy
Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a heart failure caused by a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to <45% which occurs towards the end of pregnancy or a few months postpartum. Symptoms include shortness of breath in various positions and/or with exertion, fatigue, pedal edema, and chest tightness. Risk factors associated with the development of this complication include maternal age over 30 years, multi gestational pregnancy, family history of cardiomyopathy, previous diagnosis of cardiomyopathy, pre-eclampsia, hypertension, and African ancestry. The pathogenesis of peripartum cardiomyopathy is not yet known, however, it is suggested that multifactorial potential causes could include autoimmune processes, viral myocarditis, nutritional deficiencies, and maximal cardiovascular changes during which increase cardiac preload. Peripartum cardiomyopathy can lead to many complications such as cardiopulmonary arrest, pulmonary edema, thromboembolisms, brain injury, and death. Treatment of this condition is very similar to treatment of non-gravid heart failure patients, however, safety of the fetus must be prioritized. For example, for anticoagulation due to increased risk for thromboembolism, low molecular weight heparin which is safe for use during pregnancy is used instead of warfarin which crosses the placenta.

Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism (commonly caused by Hashimoto's disease) is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid by causing low thyroid hormone levels. Symptoms of hypothyroidism can include low energy, cold intolerance, muscle cramps, constipation, and memory and concentration problems. It is diagnosed by the presence of elevated levels of thyroid stimulation hormone or TSH. Patients with elevated TSH and decreased levels of free thyroxine or T4 are considered to have overt hypothyroidism. While those with elevated TSH and normal levels of free T4 are considered to have subclinical hypothyroidism. Risk factors for developing hypothyroidism during pregnancy include iodine deficiency, history of thyroid disease, visible goiter, hypothyroidism symptoms, family history of thyroid disease, history of type 1 diabetes or autoimmune conditions, and history of infertility or fetal loss. Various hormones during pregnancy affect the thyroid and increase thyroid hormone demand. For example, during pregnancy, there is increased urinary iodine excretion as well as increased thyroxine binding globulin and thyroid hormone degradation which all increase thyroid hormone demands. This condition can have a profound effect during pregnancy on the mother and fetus. The infant may be seriously affected and have a variety of birth defects. Complications in the mother and fetus can include pre-eclampsia, anemia, miscarriage, low birth weight, still birth, congestive heart failure, impaired neurointellectual development, and if severe, congenital iodine deficiency syndrome. This complication is treated by iodine supplementation, levothyroxine which is a form of thyroid hormone replacement, and close monitoring of thyroid function.

Fetal and placental problems
The following problems occur in the fetus or placenta, but may have serious consequences on the mother as well.

Ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy is implantation of the embryo outside the uterus. This form of complicated pregnancy, which is a non-implication of a normally fertilized egg at any spot other than the uterus, involves operation failure, which can cause life-threatening conditions. However, the underlying reasons for this are not exactly known. This phenomenon is often accompanied by PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) or salpingectomy (surgery).
 * Caused by: Unknown, but risk factors include smoking, advanced maternal age, and prior surgery or trauma to the fallopian tubes.
 * Risk factors include untreated pelvic inflammatory disease, likely due to fallopian tube scarring.
 * Treatment: In most cases, keyhole surgery must be carried out to remove the fetus, along with the fallopian tube. If the pregnancy is very early, it may resolve on its own, or it can be treated with methotrexate, an abortifacient.

Miscarriage
Miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy prior to 20 weeks. In the UK, miscarriage is defined as the loss of a pregnancy during the first 23 weeks. Comprehensive support, consists of the consultation of the genomics as well as the provision of the medical or surgical operations required. The psychological relevance of family members, relatives, and friends to the bereaved ones is also a necessity. The most effective tools that can be used to minimize the psychological implications of the mourners include autopsy and bereavement counseling.

Approximately 80% of pregnancy loss occurs in the first trimester, with a decrease in risk after 12 weeks gestation. Some variables, such as the mother’s being older or chromosomal abnormalities, possess a higher likelihood of causing multiple miscarriages. Spontaneous abortions can be further categorized into complete, inevitable, missed, and threatened abortions:
 * Complete: Vaginal bleeding occurs followed by the complete passing of conception products through the cervix.
 * Inevitable: Vaginal bleeding occurs; the cervical os is closed indicating that conception products will pass in the near future.
 * Missed: Vaginal bleeding occurs and some products of conception may have passed through the cervix; the cervical os is closed and ultrasound shows a nonviable fetus and remaining products of conception.
 * Threatened: Vaginal bleeding occurs; the cervical os is closed and ultrasound shows a viable fetus.

Stillbirth
Stillbirth is defined as fetal loss or death after 20 weeks gestation. Early stillbirth is between 20 and 27 weeks gestation, while late stillbirth is between 28 and 36 weeks gestation. A term stillbirth is when the fetus dies 37 weeks and above. This phenomenon can go beyond grief and can lead to worries about strange maternal feelings or postpartum treatment regarding complications of childbirth. Such parents would require more than empathy; generally, adequate medical programs should be considered for parents having such unbearable grief. Along with psychiatric help, counseling, and peer support, which should be useful in the process of assisting parents who have lost their children.
 * Epidemiology: There are over 2 million stillbirths a year and there are about 6 stillbirths per 1000 births (0.6%)
 * Clinical presentation: Fetal behavioral changes like decreased movements or a loss in fetal sensation may indicate stillbirth, but the presentation can vary greatly.
 * Risk factors: Maternal weight, age, and smoking, as well as pre-existing maternal diabetes or hypertension
 * Treatment: If fetal passing occurs before labor, treatment options include induced labor or cesarean section. Otherwise, stillbirths can pass with natural birth.

Placental abruption
Placental abruption defined as the separation of the placenta from the uterus prior to delivery, is a major cause of third trimester vaginal bleeding and complicates about 1% of pregnancies. Symptomatic presentations are variable: Some women can entirely ignore the symptoms, while others have mild bleeding or abdominal discomfort and pain. Hence, though symptom severity variance and precipitous placental separation are not relevant, they can still cause the diagnosis and clinical management to be complicated.

Several contributors may result in placental abruption. This includes: pre-existing maternal factors (e.g., smoking, hypertension, advanced age), as well as pregnancy-related factors such as [https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/multiple-pregnancy#:~:text=A%20pregnancy%20with%20more%20than,and%20grow%20in%20the%20uterus. multiple pregnancies] or the presence of in-utero infections. Identifying risk factors beforehand in order to take steps and make quick reactions to minimize the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes for the mother or the fetus is essential. The therapy techniques of placental rupture are based on the fetal gestation age and the status of both the mother and the baby. Instant delivery should be medically warranted for full-term babies (36 weeks or more) and in case of distress. Milder cases with immature embryos being monitored closely, any necessary intervention is done in time after careful observation.

The implementation of preventive measures, which include pre-conception counseling to deal with the modifiable risk factors, can significantly contribute to the reduction of incidents of placental abruption. Knowing the long-term impacts on the mother and the baby after giving birth is essential. Continuous research and evidence-based approaches help in providing management that works. Collaboration between healthcare providers and patients is the core of the outcomes of placenta abruption.

 * Clinical Presentation: Varies widely from asymptomatic to vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain.
 * Risk factors: Prior abruption, smoking, trauma, cocaine use, multifetal gestation, hypertension, preeclampsia, thrombophilias, advanced maternal age, preterm premature rupture of membranes, intrauterine infections, and hydramnios.
 * Treatment: Immediate delivery if the fetus is mature (36 weeks or older), or if a younger fetus or the mother is in distress. In less severe cases with immature fetuses, the situation may be monitored in hospital, with treatment if necessary.

Placenta previa
Placenta previa is a condition that occurs when the placenta fully or partially covers the cervix. Placenta previa can be further categorized into complete previa, partial previa, marginal previa, and low-lying placenta, depending on the degree to which the placenta covers the internal cervical os. Placenta previa is primarily diagnosed by ultrasound, either during a routine examination or following an episode of abnormal vaginal bleeding, often in the second trimester of pregnancy. Most diagnosis of placenta previa occurs during the second-trimester.

Treatments are adapted according to their severity and the mother's state of health, from strict monitoring to cesarean section.
 * Risk Factors: prior cesarean delivery, pregnancy termination, intrauterine surgery, smoking, multifetal gestation, increasing parity, maternal age.

Placenta accreta
Placenta accreta is an abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall. Specifically, placenta accreta involves abnormal adherence of the placental trophoblast to the uterine myometrium.

Placenta accreta risk factors include placenta previa, abnormally elevated second-trimester AFP and free β-hCG levels, and advanced gestational parent age, specifically over the age of 35. Furthermore, prior cesarean delivery is one of the most common risk factors for placenta accreta, due to the presence of a uterine scar leading to abnormal decidualization of the placenta.

Due to abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall, cesarean delivery is often indicated, as well as cesarean hysterectomy.

Multiple pregnancies
Multiple births may become monochorionic, sharing the same chorion, with resultant risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Monochorionic multiples may even become monoamniotic, sharing the same amniotic sac, resulting in risk of umbilical cord compression and entanglement. In very rare cases, there may be conjoined twins, possibly impairing function of internal organs. Control of multiple pregnancies, such as special prenatal care and birth plans, can help in the control of placenta accreta. Moreover, early detection and response to the health problems arising from multiple pregnancies can help both the expectant parents and medical care providers deal with this particular aspect of reproductive health consciously.

Mother-to-child transmission
Since the embryo and fetus have little or no immune function, they depend on the immune function of their mother. Several pathogens can cross the placenta and cause (perinatal) infection. Often microorganisms that produce minor illness in the mother are very dangerous for the developing embryo or fetus. This can result in spontaneous abortion or major developmental disorders. For many infections, the baby is more at risk at particular stages of pregnancy. Problems related to perinatal infection are not always directly noticeable.

The term TORCH complex refers to a set of several different infections that may be caused by transplacental infection:
 * T - Toxoplasmosis
 * O - other infections (i.e. Parvovirus B19, Coxsackievirus, Chickenpox, Chlamydia, HIV, HTLV, syphilis, Zika)
 * R - Rubella
 * C - Cytomegalovirus
 * H - HSV

Babies can also become infected by their mother during birth. During birth, babies are exposed to maternal blood and body fluids without the placental barrier intervening and to the maternal genital tract. Because of this, blood-borne microorganisms (hepatitis B, HIV), organisms associated with sexually transmitted disease (e.g., gonorrhoea and chlamydia), and normal fauna of the genito-urinary tract (e.g., Candida) are among those commonly seen in infection of newborns. Furthermore, vaccination, commitment to safe birth practices, and prenatal screening and treatment of infections are also strategic measures that can help reduce the risk of newborn infections.

General risk factors
Factors increasing the risk (to either the pregnant individual, the fetus/es, or both) of pregnancy complications beyond the normal level of risk may be present in the pregnant individual's medical profile either before they become pregnant or during the pregnancy. These pre-existing factors may related to the individual's genetics, physical or mental health, their environment and social issues, or a combination of those.

Biological
Some common biological risk factors include:
 * Age of either parent
 * Adolescent parents: Young mothers are at an increased risk of developing certain complications, including preterm birth and low infant birth weight.
 * Older parents: As they age, both mothers and fathers are at an increased risk for complications in the fetus and during pregnancy and childbirth. Complications for those 45 or older include increased risk of primary Caesarean delivery (i.e. C-section).
 * Height: Pregnancy in individuals whose height is less than 1.5 meters (5 feet) correlates with a higher incidence of preterm birth and underweight babies. Also, these individuals are more likely to have a small pelvis, which can result in such complications during childbirth as shoulder dystocia.
 * Weight
 * Low weight: Individuals whose pre-pregnancy weight is less than 45.5 kilograms (100 pounds) are more likely to have underweight babies.
 * High weight: Obese individuals are more likely to have very large babies, potentially increasing difficulties in childbirth. Obesity also increases the chances of developing gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, preeclampsia, experiencing postterm pregnancy and requiring a cesarean delivery.
 * Pre-existing disease in pregnancy, or an acquired disease: A disease and condition not necessarily directly caused by the pregnancy.
 * Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy
 * Lupus in pregnancy
 * Thyroid disease in pregnancy
 * Risks arising from previous pregnancies: Complications experienced during a previous pregnancy are more likely to recur.
 * Multiple pregnancies: Individuals who have had greater than five previous pregnancies face increased risks of rapid labor and excessive bleeding after delivery.
 * Multiple gestation (having more than one fetus in a single pregnancy): These individuals have an increased risk of mislocated placenta.

Environmental
Some common environmental risk factors during pregnancy include:
 * Exposure to environmental toxins
 * Ionizing radiation
 * Exposure to recreational drugs
 * Alcohol: Use during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
 * Tobacco use: During pregnancy, causes twice the risk of premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and placenta previa. Also, it increases the odds of the baby being born prematurely by 30%.
 * Prenatal cocaine exposure: Associated with premature birth, birth defects and attention deficit disorder.
 * Prenatal methamphetamine exposure: Can cause premature birth and congenital abnormalities. Other investigations have revealed short-term neonatal outcomes to include small deficits in infant neurobehavioral function and growth restriction when compared to control infants. Also, prenatal methamphetamine use is believed to have long-term effects in terms of brain development, which may last for many years.
 * Cannabis: Possibly associated with adverse effects on the child later in life.
 * Social and socioeconomic factors: Generally speaking, unmarried individuals and those in lower socioeconomic groups experience an increased level of risk in pregnancy, due at least in part to lack of access to appropriate prenatal care.
 * Unintended pregnancy: Unintended pregnancies preclude preconception care and delays prenatal care. They preclude other preventive care, may disrupt life plans and on average have worse health and psychological outcomes for the mother and, if birth occurs, the child.
 * Exposure to pharmaceutical drugs: Certain anti-depressants may increase risks of preterm delivery.
 * Stress
 * An elevated level of stress during pregnancy leads to notorious pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and mental health problems for the mother.
 * Prolonged effects of chronic stressors such as discrimination, intimate partner violence, housing issues, and poverty lead to widespread maternal health issues and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
 * Culture
 * Cultural norms, convictions, and traditions connected to pregnancy and childbirth lead people to establish perceptions, habits, and treatment-seeking. Cultural determinants affect the assessment of prenatal care utilization, childbirth practice, dietary habits and reproductive health beliefs, which are direct outcomes of pregnancy and health situations.

High-risk pregnancy
Some disorders and conditions can mean that pregnancy is considered high-risk (about 6-8% of pregnancies in the USA) and in extreme cases may be contraindicated. High-risk pregnancies are the main focus of doctors specialising in maternal-fetal medicine. Serious pre-existing disorders which can reduce a woman's physical ability to survive pregnancy include a range of congenital defects (that is, conditions with which the woman herself was born, for example, those of the heart or reproductive organs, some of which are listed above) and diseases acquired at any time during the woman's life.

List of complications (complete)
Obstetric complications are those complications that develop during pregnancy. A woman may develop an infection, syndrome or complication that is not unique to pregnancy and that may have existed before pregnancy. Pregnancy often is complicated by preexisting and concurrent conditions. Though these pre-existing and concurrent conditions may have great impact on pregnancy, they are not included in the following list.

 * Chromosome abnormalities
 * Ectopic pregnancy
 * Mendelian disorders
 * Spontaneous abortion
 * Nonmedelian disorders
 * Oligohydramnios
 * Hydramnios
 * Abnormal labor and delivery
 * Chorioamnionitis
 * Shoulder dystocia
 * Breech delivery
 * Prior Cesarean delivery
 * Uterine rupture
 * Hysterectomy after delivery
 * Postpartum infection
 * Postpartum depression
 * Septic pelvic thrombosis
 * Hypertension
 * Preeclampsia
 * Eclampsia
 * Placental abruption
 * Placenta previa
 * Fetal-to-mother hemorrhage
 * Rh disease
 * Amniotic fluid embolism
 * Delayed delivery
 * Fetal death
 * Incontinence
 * Preterm birth
 * Neonatal infection
 * Low birth-weight infant
 * Premature rupture of membranes
 * Incompetent cervix
 * Posterm infant
 * Fetal growth restriction
 * Macrosomia
 * Twin pregnancy
 * Triplets and more
 * Seizures
 * Gestational trophoblastic disease
 * Gestational diabetes
 * Hyperemesis gravidarum
 * Pelvic girdle pain
 * HELLP syndrome
 * Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
 * Deep vein thrombosis
 * Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
 * Immune tolerance in pregnancy
 * Mastitis
 * Peripartum cardiomyopathy
 * Vertically transmitted infection
 * Postpartum bleeding
 * Perineal tear
 * Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
 * Thyroid disease in pregnancy
 * Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy
 * Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
 * Gestational pemphigoid
 * Prurigo gestationis
 * Lupus
 * Cephalopelvic disproportion
 * Stillbirth
 * Molar pregnancy
 * Obstetric fistula
 * Uterine incarceration
 * Twin to Twin transfusion syndrome
 * Gestational trophoblastic disease
 * Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
 * Hyperemesis gravidarum
 * Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
 * Gestational diabetes
 * Hemoglobinopathies
 * Postpartum thyroiditis
 * Postpartum depression
 * Hyperpigmentation
 * Hair growth changes
 * Herpes gestationitis
 * Pruritic urticarial papaules of pregnancy
 * Abnormality of maternal pelvic organs
 * Postpartum acute renal failure
 * Postpartum nephritis
 * Haemorrhoids in pregnancy
 * Obstetric embolism
 * Pregnancy-related peripheral neuritis
 * Obstetrical tetanus
 * Unicornuate uterus
 * Maternal death
 * Arcuate uterus

title: Complications of pregnancy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robin Gissing

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedied. Joyous (talk) 02:26, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Robin Gissing
No evidence of notability. Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 19:39, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Is it speedyable? Sonic Mew | talk to me 20:42, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think so under the new CSD criteria, but I won't delete it because I'm not familiar with them yet. Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 20:46, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy if possible. -- Etacar11   01:08, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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title: Template:Guyana-stub


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Salpointe Catholic High School

Salpointe Catholic High School is a college prep Catholic high school in Tucson, Arizona. Although located in the Diocese of Tucson, it is administered by the Carmelite Order.

History
Salpointe Catholic High School is named for Arizona's first Bishop, Jean-Baptiste Salpointe, who worked as a missionary in the Arizona Territory from 1866 to 1885.

In the late 1940s, Tucson's parochial grammar schools had nine grades. The desire to build a Catholic high school for these graduates prompted the diocese to purchase the 40 acre Florence Addition. Salpointe Catholic High School began in 1950 as a modest school consisting of what is now the Farr Patio and cafeteria. On the first day of school, Salpointe opened to 100 students. At that time, Tucson High School and Amphitheater High School were the only other high schools in Tucson. Salpointe had nine classrooms, a library and administrative offices. The first principal was Rev. Victor Stoner. He was followed by Rev. Edward Carscallen and Rev. George Dyke.

In summer 1952, Msgr. Francis Green, pastor of Ss. Peter and Paul Parish, visited the Chancery Office in Chicago, where he met Rev. Romaeus O'Brien, O. Carm. He mentioned that Bishop Daniel Gercke of Tucson was thinking about asking a religious order to operate Salpointe. In spring 1953, Green made a formal request that the Carmelites come to Tucson. Rev. Joseph Bonaventure Gilmore, O. Carm., Provincial Counselor, and Rev. Kenneth Moore, O. Carm., Assistant Provincial, met with Green, Msgr. Don Hughes, president of the Salpointe School Board, and other pastors. Gilmore became the first Carmelite principal in summer 1953. In August, he wrote to Rev. Raphael Kieffer, O. Carm., Carmelite Provincial, asking that the two promised Carmelites arrive as soon as possible.

The day school opened, Fr. Frank Florian McCarthy, O. Carm., and Fr. Carl Pfister, O. Carm., arrived from Mt. Carmel High School in Chicago. The original faculty consisted of three Carmelites, six Sisters of St. Joseph, three Sisters of Charity of Seton Hill, two Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and one Benedictine. Two laymen and one laywoman were also on the staff. On September 8, 1955, Bishop Gercke transferred ownership of the forty acres and buildings, then known as Salpointe High School, to the Carmelites for "$10.00 and other valuable considerations".

Much of Salpointe's early development (1954–1966) was due to the generosity of Helena S. Corcoran (with the support of her husband), who donated $8–$10 million for expansion of the Salpointe campus. Under her sponsorship, the school grew from 400 to 1,000 pupils, and the physical infrastructure that forms much of today's campus was established.

In 1993, the Catalina Foothills Unified School District went before the U.S. Supreme Court to argue that it did not have to provide an American Sign Language interpreter to a deaf student attending Salpointe Catholic High School. The district argued that, while the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act would normally require such services if the student attended public school, providing it for religious instruction at Salpointe would be unconstitutional. In Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District, the court found "that the Establishment Clause does not bar the school district from providing the requested interpreter."

Policies and procedures
Admissions decisions are made on the basis of information provided on several application forms, recommendations, transcripts, and a personal interview.

The admissions process starts in the fall of each year, before a student intends to enroll at Salpointe. Several important admissions-related events are held at Salpointe including Open House and Step Up Day.

Transfer and mid-year applications are accepted for consideration throughout the year.

"President/principal" model
The administration of the school consists of nine members headed by the president. Answering to the president are the principal, director of operations, the director of athletics, the director of campus ministry, the assistant principal for faculty development and supervision, assistant principal for student services, the director of counseling and the director of advancement.

Board of members and board of directors
The board of members consists of the members of the Provincial Council of the Society of Mount Carmel of Illinois (the Most Pure Heart of Mary Province of the Carmelite Order). Members serve for a term of three years.

The purpose, philosophy, and mission of Salpointe Catholic are the responsibility of the Board of Members. They also select and terminate the president of the school and the slate of candidates for principal. Certain financial measures require the approval of the Board of Members as well as any changes to the Articles of Incorporation and changes in the bylaws.

The board of directors is a committee of up to 18 members serving as the policy-making body for the school. Membership consists of up to four representatives of the Carmelite community and at least 10 members of the community at large. As trustees for the Carmelite Order, this board oversees the administration of the school, makes policies affecting all areas of school operations, oversees its financial well-being, and plans extensively for the future.

Overview
Salpointe offers a four-year program with seven classes per year for all students. Salpointe curriculum requirements for the class of 2022 included four credits in English, four credits in Mathematics, four credits in Theology, three credits in Science, three credits in Social Studies, two credits in the same World Language, half a credit in Exercise Science, one credit in Fine Arts, a half credit Technology, and four credits in electives. Twenty-six credits are required to graduate. The student/teacher ratio is 15:1. The North Central Association of Colleges and Schools named Salpointe the first college preparatory school in Southern Arizona in 1987 because of its cumulative college prep curriculum. Salpointe was the third school in the state to receive this classification following Brophy and Xavier High Schools in Phoenix. The school is also certified by the Western Catholic Educational Association.

College preparatory education
All courses are college-preparatory. Humanities, Advanced Placement and honors courses are offered. Salpointe has a high school to college conversion rate of 95%. 245 students in the Class of 2015 were admitted to 175 colleges, universities and military academies. 80% matriculated to four-year institutions, 15% matriculated to two-year institutions and 5% selected military service or work. 56% of seniors participated in varsity athletics and all 24 athletic teams averaged a 3.5 GPA or higher.

Humanities program
The Humanities program is a challenging two-year program offered to highly motivated students, featuring Advanced Placement and Honors courses. Established in 1978, the program provides an integrated, interdisciplinary, multi-cultural approach needed by students to actively take part in their communities and a complex global universe. Students in the Humanities program are required to partake in the Humanities Project, a culmination of coursework across all classes. All final placements in Humanities require department approval. This program fulfills English, History, Theology and Fine Arts requirements for graduation.

STEM program
In 2015, Salpointe opened their Cracchiolo Family Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Center. The 8,000 square-foot building was part of a $12 million capital campaign that also funded a new athletics complex and student center. The STEM center focuses on engineering, robotics and biotechnology and includes a 3D printer, a biomedical lab, classrooms and outdoor work spaces. Salpointe's STEM program is one of the first integrated STEM high school curricula in Southern Arizona.

As of 2016, the courses offered in the STEM program include Engineering 102, Engineering Fundamentals, Intermediate Robotics, Mechanical Engineering and Design, Advanced Robotics, Biotechnology, and Environmental Engineering.

Drama and theater
In addition to widely notable athletics, Salpointe's drama department is recognized by the Arizona State Thespian Board, and has been invited to perform school productions on the "main stage" at the Arizona State Thespian festival. In 2012, Salpointe was the first-ever Southern Arizona school to receive state selection of a one-act performance to be performed at a national level.

In 2013, Salpointe's drama students, with their production Cash on Delivery, were invited to perform in front of thousands of their peers at the State Thespian Festival, under the direction of Dana Milne, the school's Director of Fine Arts.

In 2022, Salpointe student Chloe Harris competed in the 2022 Jimmy Awards for her role as Sister Mary in Salpointe's production of Disaster! The following year, Salpointe student Samia Posadas competed at the Jimmy Awards for her role as Elle Woods in the school's production of Legally Blonde: The Musical. She was then chosen as one of eight finalists out of 96 total nominees, and gave a solo performance of the song "Stupid With Love" from the musical Mean Girls.

Band and orchestra
Salpointe also has a band and orchestra, which have, on multiple occasions, been featured on a local Tucson, Arizona-based news station, for their weekly "wake up call". In 2016, one of Salpointe's brass musicians, Alexander Melnychuck, was included as part of the GRAMMY Camp — Jazz Session and GRAMMY in the Schools Media Team.

The Instrumental Music program has undergone changes since 2019 with the coming of a new director, Jim Howell, Salpointe alumnus of 1991. The ensembles available to students include Jazz Band, a zero hour course dedicated to the history behind jazz as well as playing pieces from throughout the history of jazz, and learning fundamental jazz theorems. Drum Line, a class dedicated to the playing of marching-style drums that coincides with the Lancer Marching Band. In Drum Line, students learn drum rudiments, as well cadences in preparation for athletic events and assemblies. Concert Band, where students can learn music history and play exciting and challenging arrangements in the traditional concert-ensemble style. Orchestra, where students can play any of the traditional orchestral instruments and delve into the history behind each piece. Marching Band, an after school class period where students play their instruments to support the Salpointe sport teams, learn fundamentals of marching, and compete against other schools in Southern Arizona, all whilst excelling through and showcasing their musical talents. All performing music courses offered at Salpointe offer units in music theory, scale theory, and complex understandings of rhythm.

Aspire Capital Project
in 2019, Salpointe implemented the Aspire Capital Project, an 11-million-dollar fundraising campaign with focuses on academics, arts, and athletics.

The new Stearns Center for the Arts features the Ginny L. Clements Dance Studio, Czarina and Humberto S. Lopez Visual Arts Rooms;,Pocono Music Room, Foundation Choir Room, Stevens Art Gallery, Carmelite Plaza, and the Helena S. Corcoran Theater.

The renovation of four multipurpose learning spaces and two digital educational classrooms also took place, including the Tim and Jane Garigan Room 411, Mike and Gracie Quiroz Marum Room 424 and Ashton Expansion of the STEM Patio.

The renovation of existing facilities meets the needs of 85% of Lancers who participate in extracurricular activities: Kalil Family Gymnasium including the Pat Sniezek Wall of Champions and Rev. Msgr. John Lyons Bistro, Stevens Strength and Conditioning Center, Michael Geddes Wrestling Facility, Alumni Hall, as well as installation of lights on the baseball, softball and track fields.

Athletics
Over 85% of students participate in co-curricular activities each year. Salpointe sponsors 24 varsity athletic teams competing primarily at the Division II level. Lancers have accumulated the largest number of AIA Scholar-Athlete awards in Arizona and have won 259 region championships, 46 state runner-up and 27 state championships in various sports, including a football state championship in 2013. On-campus facilities include a gymnasium, weight room, wrestling room, football, soccer, rugby, track, baseball and softball fields. Tennis, cross-country and swimming utilize off campus facilities.

The Lancer Fight Song
(sung to the melody of the Notre Dame Victory March)

 * We're going to tell you something tonight,
 * About the team that you're going to fight,
 * We're the Lancers, Salpointe High,
 * If we don't win we're willing to try!
 * Out on the field we're ready to fight (FIGHT!)
 * We're going to fight with full force and might (MIGHT!)
 * Win or lose we'll stick together,
 * Onward to victory!
 * Lancers, Lancers, Let's Take State!

Campus ministry
Under the guidance of the Carmelites, Salpointe has developed an active campus ministry. Students are encouraged to attend a number of retreats throughout their time at Salpointe, culminating in the Kairos retreat experience during their junior or senior year. Students at Salpointe also attend periodic all-school mass, worshipping the Holy Trinity under the direction of the school chaplain.

Counseling services
In addition to routine academic counseling and schedule management, the school counselors are actively engaged in helping students mature in their decision-making, values clarification, and interpersonal relationships. Salpointe's Counseling and Guidance Department has undertaken a number of novel initiatives in recent years such as the Community of Concern program. The Community of Concern committee sponsors annual forums to inform parents about medical, legal, criminal and social aspects of drug and alcohol abuse.

Salpointe has implemented an anonymous tip-line to report suspected drug use. The school has also established a mandatory drug testing program to screen every student at least one time during the school year for drug use.

Notable alumni

 * Kelly Cagle, head women's soccer coach at Virginia Tech
 * Mark Carreon, former MLB player
 * John Fina, former NFL offensive tackle
 * Alex Flanagan, sports journalist
 * Patricia Preciado Martin, writer
 * Frank Garcia, former NFL punter
 * Tairia Mims, softball Olympic gold medalist
 * Antonio Nagore, international operatic tenor and recitalist
 * Donovan Olumba, former NFL cornerback
 * Kiley Reid, writer and novelist
 * Bijan Robinson, running back for the Atlanta Falcons
 * John Roll, chief judge for the United States District Court for the District of Arizona
 * Andy Trouard, professional distance runner
 * Ed Vosberg, former MLB player
 * Mark Wystrach, lead singer for Midland
 * Kristofer O'Dowd Former NFL center

title: Salpointe Catholic High School


text:
Talk:January 0

1900 date format
Please explain the "1900 date format". Is it something unique to Microsoft? — Joe Kress 19:40, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have a related query. It says currently: In Microsoft Excel, the day 0 of the 1900 date format is January 0, 1900. However, as the fact that 1900 was not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar is ignored, it actually corresponds to 30 December 1899.

 * Q.1 Why doesn't it correspond to 31 December 1899, being the day preceding 1 January 1900?
 * Q.2 What does this have to do with leap years?  Leap years only make their mark on 29 February, ie. 29 February 1900 in this case.  How could this possibly affect dates in the preceding December/January?  JackofOz 00:32, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Answers 1 and 2: The article was wrong. It has nothing to do with leap years so I removed the However sentence. To clarify I included quotes from the Microsoft cite.-Wikianon (talk) 01:14, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Nominated for deletion
I have nominated this for deletion, for the reasons stated on the relevant deletion discussion page. Tilefish 16:29, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

The result was Keep but the nomination prompted several people to improve the article and justify its existence, the job's a good'un. Tilefish 21:35, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

DONT DELETE
Don delete this its a real thing and therefore should be added to the Wikipedia database —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.59.25.130 (talk) 12:42, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/666iH0vl1?url=http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html to http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html

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title: Talk:January 0


text:
File:TheUpsetters-DoubleSeven.jpg

Summary
Cover of The Upsetters album Double Seven (1974).

Licensing
Source: https://www.amazon.com/

title: File:TheUpsetters-DoubleSeven.jpg


text:
File:TheUpsetters-ReturnOfTheSuperApe.jpg

Summary
Cover of The Upsetters album Return of the Super Ape (1978).

Licensing
Source: http://www.smokeyroom.net/albums/returnofsuperape.htm


text:
Area 52

Area 52 may refer to:

 * Tonopah Test Range, a military installation near Tonopah, Nevada
 * Dugway Proving Ground, a military installation in Tooele County, Utah

Film and television

 * Area 52, codename for Stargate Command in the Stargate Universe
 * Area 52, a more secret government facility like Area 51 in the movie Looney Tunes: Back in Action
 * Area 52, a secret government facility underneath Area 51 in the movie Zoom
 * Area 52, the site just outside of Area 51 and the site of a Challenge Total Drama World Tour
 * Area 52, pyramids in Egypt in the Doctor Who episode "The Wedding of River Song"
 * Area 52, a secret government facility in the television show "Obliterated"

Video games

 * Area 52, a Goblin town in the Netherstorm zone of World of Warcraft
 * Area 52, the new Nazi headquarters near Roswell, New Mexico in Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus

Other uses

 * Area 52 (album), a 2012 album by Rodrigo y Gabriela and C.U.B.A.
 * Brodmann area 52, an area of the brain
 * "Area 52", a song from the 2001 video game SimCity 4: Rush Hour
 * "Area 52", a 2013 song by Yeah Yeah Yeahs from the album Mosquito
 * "Area 52", a song from the 2003 animated movie Looney Tunes: Back in Action

title: Area 52


text:
Curb chain

A curb chain, or curb strap, is a piece of horse tack required for proper use on any type of curb bit. It is a flat linked chain or flat strap that runs under the chin groove of the horse, between the bit shank's purchase arms. It has a buckle or hook attachment and English designs have a "fly link" in the middle to hold a lip strap. On English bridles the horse is bridled with the curb chain undone on one side, then connected once on the horse. On western bridles, the curb chain is kept buckled to both sides of the bit.

Action
The main use of the curb chain is to enhance and control the lever action of a curb bit. Additionally, it helps to keep the bit steady and in place within the mouth. On English pelham and double bridles the curb chin is attached by a ring ("fly link" (UK)) to a lip strap, which helps keep the lip strap in place while the lip strap in turn prevents the curb chain from being lost if it becomes unhooked.

The curb chain applies pressure to the curb groove under a horse's chin when the curb rein of the bit is used. When the curb rein is pulled, the shank of the bit rotates back towards the chest of the horse and the cheek (upper shank) of the bit rotates forward (since it is a lever arm). The curb chain is attached to the rings at the end of the cheek, so, as the cheek moves forward, the chain is pulled and tightened in the curb groove. Once it comes in contact with the curb groove of the horse it acts as a fulcrum, causing the cannons of the bit mouthpiece to push down onto the horse's bars, thus amplifying the bit's pressure on the bars of the horse's mouth.

Adjustment
The tightness of the curb chain has a great effect on the action of the bit. If used with no or a loose curb chain, it allows the shanks to rotate more before the curb chain is tight enough to act as a fulcrum and exert pressure. This extra rotation can warn the horse before pressure is exerted on his mouth, so he may respond beforehand. Conversely, a very loose curb chain can be undesirable, allowing the bit to rotate in the mouth too much, causing the port, especially a high port, to become too vertical and press against the palate, which is painful, can damage the mouth in extreme cases, and can cause the horse to gape. Additionally, it can completely nullify the correct action of the curb, making its use pointless.

There are two undesirable consequences when using a very tight curb chain. First, the bit immediately exerts curb pressure and increased pressure on the bars as soon as pressure is applied to the reins. Therefore, a tight curb chain is much harsher, and provides less finesse in signaling the horse than a looser curb chain would, as the horse is never given a chance to respond before the curb chain engages. Secondly, an extremely tight curb chain causes the mouthpiece to constantly push down on the sensitive tongue, never allowing the horse relief.

A curb chain is generally adjusted so it comes into action when the shank rotates 45 degrees back. However, skilled riders with experience with the curb bit may adjust the chain tighter to accommodate the needs of the individual horse, type of equipment, and training situation. However, keeping the curb chain looser allows more accommodation for rider error.

The curb chain should be applied by twisting it clockwise on one hook until it is flat, and then attaching it to the other hook. A twisted curb chain is far harsher in its effect than a flat one.

Differences in chains
Curb chains vary in width and linkage. Thinner curb chains are more severe, ones that are too thin are banned in competition, and any curb chain could cause sores if the chain is not adjusted properly and used with discretion. For horses that are sensitive or that are rubbed by the chain, a cover made of rubber, neoprene, leather, or gel can be used, or a leather curb strap. However, it is important that the rider check that the curb is being used correctly and is not the cause of the rubs.

title: Curb chain