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1958 in archaeology

The year 1958 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Explorations

 * Neolithic Tomb of the Eagles on Orkney first explored by Ronald Simison.
 * Anil de Silva plans an all-woman expedition to China (at this time closed to Western visitors) for herself, Romila Thapar and photographer Dominique Darbois to study the cave paintings in Dunhuang and the Maijishan Grottoes in Gansu province.

Excavations

 * Maya site of Dzibilchaltun, National Geographic Society project under E. Wyllys Andrews IV.
 * Maya site of Altar de Sacrificios, Peabody Museum project under A. Ledyard Smith and Gordon Willey (continues to 1963).
 * Excavation project at Sardis by Harvard University and Cornell University begins.
 * Excavation at Great Zimbabwe under Roger Summers.
 * Excavations at Adlun in Southern Lebanon under Dorothy Garrod begin (continue to 1963).
 * Excavations at Vaishali in Bihar begin (continue to 1962).
 * Excavations at Brunswick Town, North Carolina under Stanley South begin (continue to 1968).
 * Excavations at the Roman fort of Petuaria near Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, begin (continue to 1962).
 * Excavations and re-erection of trilithon at Stonehenge in England.

Finds

 * February 7: Discovery of "Deep Skull" in Niah Caves in Sarawak by Barbara and Tom Harrisson, at around 40,000 years BP the oldest known evidence of Homo sapiens in southeast Asia.
 * April 2: Accidental discovery of the Caernarfon Mithraeum in Wales.
 * July 4: St Ninian's Isle Treasure in Shetland by Douglas Coutts.
 * August 18: Accidental discovery of Brymbo Man (c.2000 BCE) in Wales.
 * Workshop of Phidias at Olympia.
 * Çatalhöyük.
 * Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck site on the Mediterranean coast of Spain first identified by divers.

Publications

 * M. W. Beresford and J. K. S. St Joseph - Medieval England : an aerial survey.
 * John Chadwick - The Decipherment of Linear B.
 * Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips - Method and Theory in American Archaeology.

Events

 * December 12–14: 'Problems relating to the Iron Age in Southern Britain' conference held in Oxford, organised by the Council for British Archaeology.

Births

 * May 18: David Mattingly, English archaeologist and historian of the Roman world

Deaths

 * August 17: John Marshall, English Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (born 1876)

title: 1958 in archaeology


text:
File:Guitar Wolf - Jet Generation.jpg

Licensing
Album cover for Jet Generation by Guitar Wolf.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Guitar Wolf - Jet Generation.jpg


text:
Pope Adeodatus

Pope Adeodatus can refer to:
 * Pope Adeodatus I (615 to 618)
 * Pope Adeodatus II (672 to 676)

title: Pope Adeodatus


text:
7.1 surround sound

7.1 surround sound is the common name for an eight-channel surround audio system commonly used in home theatre configurations. It adds two additional speakers to the more conventional six-channel (5.1) audio configuration. As with 5.1 surround sound, 7.1 surround sound positional audio uses the standard front left and right, center, and LFE (subwoofer) speaker configuration. However, whereas a 5.1 surround sound system combines both surround and rear channel effects into two channels (commonly configured in home theatre set-ups as two rear surround speakers), a 7.1 surround system splits the surround and rear channel information into four distinct channels, in which sound effects are directed to left and right surround channels (SL and SR), plus two rear surround channels (SBL and SBR).

In a 7.1 surround sound home theatre set-up, the surround speakers are placed to the side of the listener's position and the rear speakers are placed behind the listener. In addition, with the advent of Dolby Pro Logic IIz and DTS Neo:X, 7.1 surround sound can also refer to 7.1 surround sound configurations with the addition of two front height channels (LH and RH) positioned above the front channels or two front wide channels positioned between the front and surround channels.

Home entertainment
The Blu-ray Disc and the HD DVD home video formats provide up to eight channels of lossless DTS-HD Master Audio, Dolby TrueHD or uncompressed LPCM audio at 96/48 kHz 24/16-bit, or lossy Dolby Digital Plus up to 48 kHz at 1024 kilobytes per second.

Cinema
While some movies have been remixed to 7.1 audio tracks on Blu-ray Discs for home cinema, the first discrete theatrical 7.1 soundtrack was Toy Story 3 in 2010, followed by Step Up 3D. Disney announced that they will use 7.1 surround for their future 3D releases. Recent titles include Megamind, Tangled, Tron: Legacy, Gnomeo and Juliet, Mars Needs Moms, Gulliver's Travels and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. In 2011, additional movies were released with theatrical 7.1 audio, including Thor, Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, Kung Fu Panda 2, Super 8, Green Lantern, Cars 2, Transformers: Dark of the Moon, Captain America: The First Avenger. In 2012, Pizza, a Tamil film was released with this theatrical 7.1 audio. All these titles are exhibited in the Dolby Surround 7.1 theatrical format. 7-1-surround-sound

Music
The history of electronic music includes the evolution of multi-channel playback in concert (arguably the real roots of "surround sound" for cinema) and for a considerable time the 8-channel format was a de facto standard. This standardisation was fostered, in great measure, by the development of professional and semi-professional 8-track tape recorders—originally analog, but later manifesting in proprietary cassette formats by Alesis and Tascam. The speaker configuration, however, is much less traditional, and unlike cinematic reproduction systems, there is no hard-and-fast "standard". In fact, composers took (and to some extent still take) considerable interest in experimenting with speaker layouts. In these experiments, the goal is not limited to creating "realistic" playback of believably natural sonic environments. Rather, the goals are often simply to experience and understand the psychoacoustics effect created by variations on source and imaging.

Some of the first live concerts to appear were Chris Botti in Boston in 2009 and Satchurated in 2012.

title: 7.1 surround sound


text:
José Marzan Jr.

José Marzán Jr. is an American comic book writer and artist. Over his career he has worked on many titles including Action Comics, Final Night, Marvel Comics Presents, Nightwing and Y: The Last Man.

He was the regular inker on The Flash for over nine years, from issues 38 (May 1990) to #151 (August, 1999), through many penciler changes.

title: José Marzan Jr.


text:
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF ) is a federal assistance program of the United States. It began on July 1, 1997, and succeeded the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, providing cash assistance to indigent American families through the United States Department of Health and Human Services. TANF is often regarded as just "welfare", but some argue this is a misnomer. Unlike AFDC, which provided a guaranteed cash benefit to eligible families, TANF is a block grant to states that creates no federal entitlement to welfare and is used by states to provide non-welfare services, including educational services, to employed people.

The TANF program, emphasizing the welfare-to-work principle, is a grant given to each state to run its own welfare program and designed to be temporary in nature and has several limits and requirements. The TANF grant has a five-year lifetime limit and requires that all recipients of welfare aid must find work within three years of receiving aid, including single parents who are required to work at least 30 hours per week (35 for two-parent families). Failure to comply with work requirements could result in loss of benefits. TANF funds may be used for the following reasons: to provide assistance to needy families so that children can be cared for at home; to end the dependence of needy parents on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work and marriage; to prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies; and to encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families.

Background
Prior to TANF, Aid to Families with Dependent Children was a major federal assistance program that was coming under heavy criticism. Some argued that such programs were ineffective, promoted dependency on the government, and encouraged behaviors detrimental to escaping from poverty. Some people also argued that TANF is detrimental to its recipients because using these programs have a stigma attached to them, which makes the people that use them less likely to participate politically to defend this program, and thus the programs have been subsequently weakened. Beginning with President Ronald Reagan's administration and continuing through the first few years of the Clinton administration, growing dissatisfaction with AFDC, particularly the rise in welfare caseloads, led an increasing number of states to seek waivers from AFDC rules to allow states to more stringently enforce work requirements for welfare recipients. The 27 percent increase in caseloads between 1990 and 1994 accelerated the push by states to implement more radical welfare reform.

States that were granted waivers from AFDC program rules to run mandatory welfare-to-work programs were also required to rigorously evaluate the success of their programs. As a result, many types of mandatory welfare-to-work programs were evaluated in the early 1990s. While reviews of such programs found that almost all programs led to significant increases in employment and reductions in welfare rolls, there was little evidence that income among former welfare recipients had increased. In effect, increases in earnings from jobs were offset by losses in public income, leading many to conclude that these programs had no anti-poverty effects. However, the findings that welfare-to-work programs did have some effect in reducing dependence on government increased support among policymakers for moving welfare recipients into employment.

While liberals and conservatives agreed on the importance of transitioning families from government assistance to jobs, they disagreed on how to accomplish this goal. Liberals thought that welfare reform should expand opportunities for welfare mothers to receive training and work experience that would help them raise their families' living standards by working more and at higher wages. Conservatives emphasized work requirements and time limits, paying little attention to whether or not families' incomes increased. More specifically, conservatives wanted to impose a five-year lifetime limit on welfare benefits and provide block grants for states to fund programs for poor families. Conservatives argued that welfare to work reform would be beneficial by creating role models out of mothers, promoting maternal self-esteem and sense of control, and introducing productive daily routines into family life. Furthermore, they argued that reforms would eliminate welfare dependence by sending a powerful message to teens and young women to postpone childbearing. Liberals responded that the reform sought by conservatives would overwhelm severely stressed parents, deepen the poverty of many families, and force young children into unsafe and unstimulating child care situations. In addition, they asserted that welfare reform would reduce parents' ability to monitor the behaviors of their children, leading to problems in child and adolescent functioning.

In 1992, as a presidential candidate, Bill Clinton pledged to "end welfare as we know it" by requiring families receiving welfare to work after three years. As president, Clinton was attracted to welfare expert and Harvard University Professor David Ellwood's proposal on welfare reform and thus Clinton eventually appointed Ellwood to co-chair his welfare task force. Ellwood supported converting welfare into a transitional system. He advocated providing assistance to families for a limited time, after which recipients would be required to earn wages from a regular job or a work opportunity program. Low wages would be supplemented by expanded tax credits, access to subsidized childcare and health insurance, and guaranteed child support.

In 1994, Clinton introduced a welfare reform proposal that would provide job training coupled with time limits and subsidized jobs for those having difficulty finding work, but it was defeated. Later that year, when Republicans attained a Congressional majority in November 1994, the focus shifted toward the Republican proposal to end entitlements to assistance, repeal AFDC and instead provide states with blocks grants. The debates in Congress about welfare reform centered around five themes:
 *  Reforming Welfare to Promote Work and Time Limits:  The welfare reform discussions were dominated by the perception that the then-existing cash assistance program, AFDC, did not do enough to encourage and require employment, and instead incentivized non-work. Supporters of welfare reform also argued that AFDC fostered divorce and out-of-wedlock birth, and created a culture of dependency on government assistance. Both President Clinton and Congressional Republicans emphasized the need to transform the cash assistance system into a work-focused, time-limited program.
 *  Reducing Projected Spending:  Republicans argued that projected federal spending for low-income families was too high and needed to be reduced to lower overall federal spending.
 *  Promoting Parental Responsibility:  There was broad agreement among politicians that both parents should support their children. For custodial parents, this meant an emphasis on work and cooperation with child support enforcement. For non-custodial parents, it meant a set of initiatives to strengthen the effectiveness of the child support enforcement.
 *  Addressing Out-of-Wedlock Birth:  Republicans argued that out of wedlock birth was presenting an increasingly serious social problem and that the federal government should work to reduce out-of-wedlock births.
 *  Promoting Devolution:  A common theme in the debates was that the federal government had failed and that states were more successful in providing for the needy, and thus reform needed to provide more power and authority to states to shape such policy.

Clinton twice vetoed the welfare reform bill put forward by House Speaker Newt Gingrich and Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole. Then just before the Democratic Convention he signed a third version after the Senate voted 74–24 and the House voted 256–170  in favor of welfare reform legislation, formally known as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA). Clinton signed the bill into law on August 22, 1996. PRWORA replaced AFDC with TANF and dramatically changed the way the federal government and states determine eligibility and provide aid for needy families.

Before 1997, the federal government designed the overall program requirements and guidelines, while states administered the program and determined eligibility for benefits. Since 1997, states have been given block grants and both design and administer their own programs. Access to welfare and amount of assistance varied quite a bit by state and locality under AFDC, both because of the differences in state standards of need and considerable subjectivity in caseworker evaluation of qualifying "suitable homes". However, welfare recipients under TANF are actually in completely different programs depending on their state of residence, with different social services available to them and different requirements for maintaining aid.

Funding and eligibility

PRWORA replaced AFDC with TANF and ended entitlement to cash assistance for low-income families, meaning that some families may be denied aid even if they are eligible. Under TANF, states have broad discretion to determine who is eligible for benefits and services. In general, states must use funds to serve families with children, with the only exceptions related to efforts to reduce non-marital childbearing and promote marriage. States cannot use TANF funds to assist most legal immigrants until they have been in the country for at least five years. TANF sets forth the following work requirements in order to qualify for benefits:

 * 1) Recipients (with few exceptions) must work as soon as they are job ready or no later than three years after coming on assistance.
 * 2) Single parents are required to participate in work activities for at least 30 hours per week. Two-parent families must participate in work activities 35 hours a week.
 * 3) Failure to participate in work requirements can result in a reduction or termination of benefits to the family.
 * 4) States, in fiscal year 2004, have to ensure that 50 percent of all families and 90 percent of two-parent families are participating in work activities. If a state meets these goals without restricting eligibility, it can receive a caseload reduction credit. This credit reduces the minimum participation rates the state must achieve to continue receiving federal funding.

While states are given more flexibility in the design and implementation of public assistance, they must do so within various provisions of the law:
 * 1) Provide assistance to needy families so that children may be cared for in their own homes or in the homes of relatives;
 * 2) end the dependence of needy parents on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work, and marriage;
 * 3) prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies and establish annual numerical goals for preventing and reducing the incidence of these pregnancies;
 * 4) and encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families.

Since these four goals are deeply general, "states can use TANF funds much more broadly than the core welfare reform areas of providing a safety net and connecting families to work; some states use a substantial share of funding for these other services and program".

Funding for TANF underwent several changes from its predecessor, AFDC. Under AFDC, states provided cash assistance to families with children, and the federal government paid half or more of all program costs. Federal spending was provided to states on an open-ended basis, meaning that funding was tied to the number of caseloads. Federal law mandated that states provide some level of cash assistance to eligible poor families but states had broad discretion in setting the benefit levels. Under TANF, states qualify for block grants. The funding for these block grants have been fixed since fiscal year 2002 and the amount each state receives is based on the level of federal contributions to the state for the AFDC program in 1994, with no adjustments for inflation, size of caseload, or other factors. This has led to a great disparity in the grant size per child living in poverty among the states, ranging from a low of $318 per child in poverty in Texas to a high of $3,220 per child in poverty in Vermont, with the median per child grant size being $1,064 in Wyoming. The states are required to maintain their spending for welfare programs at 80 percent of their 1994 spending levels, with a reduction to 75 percent if states meet other work-participation requirements. States have greater flexibility in deciding how they spend funds as long as they meet the provisions of TANF described above.

Currently, states spend only slightly more than one-quarter of their combined federal TANF funds and the state funds they must spend to meet TANF's "maintenance of effort" (MOE) requirement on basic assistance to meet the essential needs of families with children, and just another quarter on child care for low-income families and on activities to connect TANF families to work. They spend the rest of the funding on other types of services, including programs not aimed at improving employment opportunities for poor families. TANF does not require states to report on whom they serve with the federal or state funds they shift from cash assistance to other uses.

In July 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services released a memo notifying states that they are able to apply for a waiver for the work requirements of the TANF program. Critics claim the waiver would allow states to provide assistance without having to enforce the work component of the program. The administration has stipulated that any waivers that weaken the work requirement will be rejected. The DHHS granted the waivers after several Governors requested more state control. The DHHS agreed to the waivers on the stipulation that they continue to meet all Federal requirements. States were given the right to submit their own plans and reporting methods only if they continued to meet Federal requirements and if the state programs proved to be more effective.

Case load
Between 1996 and 2000, the number of welfare recipients plunged by 6.5 million, or 53% nationally. The number of caseloads was lower in 2000 than at any time since 1969, and the percentages of persons receiving public assistance income (less than 3%) was the lowest on record. Since the implementation of TANF occurred during a period of strong economic growth, there are questions about how much of the decline in caseloads is attributable to TANF program requirements. First, the number of caseloads began declining after 1994, the year with the highest number of caseloads, well before the enactment of TANF, suggesting that TANF was not solely responsible for the caseload decline. Research suggests that both changes in welfare policy and economic growth played a substantial role in this decline, and that no larger than one-third of the decline in caseloads is attributable to TANF.

Work, earnings, and poverty
One of the major goals of TANF was to increase work among welfare recipients. During the post-welfare reform period, employment did increase among single mothers. Single mothers with children showed little changes in their labor force participation rates throughout the 1980s and into the mid-1990s, but between 1994 and 1999, their labor force participation rose by 10%. Among welfare recipients, the percentage that reported earnings from employment increased from 6.7% in 1990 to 28.1% by 1999. While employment of TANF recipients increased in the early years of reform, it declined in the later period after reform, particularly after 2000. From 2000 to 2005, employment among TANF recipients declined by 6.5%. Among welfare leavers, it was estimated that close to two-thirds worked at a future point in time About 20 percent of welfare leavers are not working, without a spouse, and without any public assistance. Those who left welfare because of sanctions (time limits or failure to meet program requirements) fared comparably worse than those who left welfare voluntarily. Sanctioned welfare recipients have employment rates that are, on average, 20 percent below those who left for reasons other than sanctions.

While the participation of many low-income single parents in the labor market has increased, their earnings and wages remained low, and their employment was concentrated in low-wage occupations and industries: 78 percent of employed low-income single parents were concentrated in four typically low-wage occupations: service; administrative support and clerical; operators, fabricators, and laborers; and sales and related jobs. While the average income among TANF recipients increased over the early years of reform, it has become stagnant in the later period; for welfare leavers, their average income remained steady or declined in the later years. Studies that compared household income (includes welfare benefits) before and after leaving welfare find that between one-third and one-half of welfare leavers had decreased income after leaving welfare.

During the 1990s, poverty among single-mother and their families declined rapidly from 35.4% in 1992 to 24.7% in 2000, a new historic low. However, due to the fact that low-income mothers who left welfare are likely to be concentrated in low-wage occupations, the decline in public assistance caseloads has not translated easily into reduction in poverty. The number of poor female-headed families with children dropped from 3.8 million to 3.1 million between 1994 and 1999, a 22% decline compared to a 48% decline in caseloads. As a result, the share of working poor in the U.S. population rose, as some women left public assistance for employment but remained poor. Most studies have found that poverty is quite high among welfare leavers. Depending on the source of the data, estimates of poverty among leavers vary from about 48% to 74%.

TANF requirements have led to massive drops in the number of people receiving cash benefits since 1996, but there has been little change in the national poverty rate during this time. The table below shows these figures along with the annual unemployment rate.

Note: 1996 was the last year for the AFDC program, and is shown for comparison. All figures are for calendar years. The poverty rate for families differs from the official poverty rate.

Marriage and fertility
A major impetus for welfare reform was concern about increases in out-of-wedlock births and declining marriage rates, especially among low-income women. The major goals of the 1996 legislation included reducing out-of-wedlock births and increasing rates and stability of marriages.

Studies have produced only modest or inconsistent evidence that marital and cohabitation decisions are influenced by welfare program policies. Schoeni and Blank (2003) found that pre-1996 welfare waivers were associated with modest increases in probabilities of marriage. However, a similar analysis of post-TANF effect revealed less consistent results. Nationally, only 0.4% of closed cases gave marriage as the reason for leaving welfare. Using data on marriage and divorces from 1989 to 2000 to examine the role of welfare reform on marriage and divorce, Bitler (2004) found that both state waivers and TANF program requirements were associated with reductions in transitions into marriage and reductions from marriage to divorce. In other words, individuals who were not married were more likely to stay unmarried, and those who were married were more likely to stay married. Her explanation behind this, which is consistent with other studies, is that after reform single women were required to work more, increasing their income and reducing their incentive to give up independence for marriage, whereas for married women, post-reform there was potentially a significant increase in the number of hours they would have to work when single, discouraging divorce.

In addition to marriage and divorce, welfare reform was also concerned about unwed childbearing. Specific provisions in TANF were aimed at reducing unwed childbearing. For example, TANF provided cash bonuses to states with the largest reductions in unwed childbearing that are not accompanied by more abortions. States were also required to eliminate cash benefits to unwed teens under age 18 who did not reside with their parents. TANF allowed states to impose family caps on the receipt of additional cash benefits from unwed childbearing. Between 1994 and 1999, unwed childbearing among teenagers declined 20 percent among 15- to 17-year-olds and 10 percent among 18- and 19-year-olds. In a comprehensive cross-state comparison, Horvath-Rose & Peters (2002) studied nonmarital birth ratios with and without family cap waivers over the 1986–1996 period, and they found that family caps reduced nonmarital ratios. Any fears that family caps would lead to more abortions was allayed by declining numbers and rates of abortion during this period.

Child well-being
Proponents of welfare reform argued that encouraging maternal employment will enhance children's cognitive and emotional development. A working mother, proponents assert, provides a positive role model for her children. Opponents, on the other hand, argued that requiring women to work at low pay puts additional stress on mothers, reduces the quality time spent with children, and diverts income to work-related expenses such as transportation and childcare. Evidence is mixed on the impact of TANF on child welfare. Duncan & Chase-Lansdale (2001) found that the impact of welfare reform varied by age of the children, with generally positive effects on school achievement among elementary-school age children and negative effects on adolescents, especially with regards to risky or problematic behaviors. Another study found large and significant effects of welfare reform on educational achievement and aspirations, and on social behavior (i.e. teacher assessment of compliance and self-control, competence and sensitivity). The positive effects were largely due to the quality of childcare arrangement and afterschool programs that accompanied the move from welfare to work for these recipients. Yet another study found that substitution from maternal care to other informal care had caused a significant drop in performance of young children. In a program with less generous benefits, Kalili et al. (2002) found that maternal work (measured in months and hours per week) had little overall effect on children's antisocial behavior, anxious/depressed behavior or positive behavior. They find no evidence that children were harmed by such transitions; if anything, their mothers report that their children are better behaved and have better mental health.

Synthesizing findings from an extensive selection of publications, Golden (2005) reached the conclusion that children's outcomes were largely unchanged when examining children's developmental risk, including health status, behavior or emotional problems, suspensions from school, and lack of participation in extracurricular activities. She argues that contrary to the fears of many, welfare reform and an increase in parental work did not seem to have reduced children's well-being overall. More abused and neglected children had not entered the child welfare system. However, at the same time, improvement in parental earnings and reductions in child poverty had not consistently improved outcomes for children.

Maternal well-being
While the material and economic well-being of welfare mothers after the enactment of TANF has been the subject of countless studies, their mental and physical well-being has received little attention. Research on the latter has found that welfare recipients face mental and physical problems at rates that are higher than the general population. Such problems which include depression, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and domestic violence mean that welfare recipients face many more barriers to employment and are more at risk of welfare sanctions due to noncompliance with work requirements and other TANF regulations Research on the health status of welfare leavers have indicated positive results. Findings from the Women's Employment Study, a longitudinal survey of welfare recipients in Michigan, indicated that women on welfare but not working are more likely to have mental health and other problems than are former welfare recipients now working. Similarly, interviews with now employed welfare recipients find that partly as a result of their increased material resources from working, the women felt that work has led to higher self-esteem, new opportunities to expand their social support networks, and increased feelings of self-efficacy. Furthermore, they became less socially isolated and potentially less prone to depression. At the same time, however, many women were experiencing stress and exhaustion from trying to balance work and family responsibilities.

Paternal well-being
For single fathers within the program, there is a small percentage increase of employment in comparison to single mothers, but there is a significant increase of increased wages throughout their time in the program. As of June 2020, the number of one-parent families participating in TANF is 432,644.

Reauthorization
Enacted in July 1997, TANF was set for reauthorization in Congress in 2002. However, Congress was unable to reach an agreement for the next several years, and as a result, several extensions were granted to continue funding the program. TANF was finally reauthorized under the Deficit Reduction ACT (DRA) of 2005. DRA included several changes to the original TANF program. It raised work participation rates, increased the share of welfare recipients subject to work requirements, limited the activities that could be counted as work, prescribed hours that could be spent doing certain work activities, and required states to verify activities for each adult beneficiary.

In February 2009, as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), Congress created a new TANF Emergency Fund (TANF EF), funded at $5 billion and available to states, territories, and tribes for federal fiscal years 2009 and 2010. The original TANF law provided for a Contingency Fund (CF) funded at $2 billion which allows states meeting economic triggers to draw additional funds based upon high levels of state MOE spending. This fund was expected to (and did) run out in FY 2010. The TANF Emergency Fund provided states 80 percent of the funding for spending increases in three categories of TANF-related expenditures in FYs 2009 or 2010 over FYs 2007 or 2008. The three categories of expenditures that could be claimed were basic assistance, non-recurrent short-term benefits, and subsidized employment. The third category listed, subsidized employment, made national headlines as states created nearly 250,000 adult and youth jobs through the funding. The program however expired on September 30, 2010, on schedule with states drawing down the entire $5 billion allocated by ARRA.

TANF was scheduled for reauthorization again in 2010. However, Congress did not work on legislation to reauthorize the program and instead they extended the TANF block grant through September 30, 2011, as part of the Claims Resolution Act. During this period Congress once again did not reauthorize the program but passed a three-month extension through December 31, 2011.

Exiting the TANF program
When transitioning out of the TANF program, individuals find themselves in one of three situations that constitute the reasons for exiting: It has been observed that certain situations of TANF exit are more prominent depending on the geographic area which recipients live in. Focusing the comparison between metropolitan (urban) areas and non-metropolitan (rural) areas, the number of recipients experiencing non work TANF related exit is highest among rural areas (rural areas in the South experience the highest cases of this type of exiting the program).
 * 1) Work related TANF exit, in which individuals no longer qualify for TANF assistance due to acquired employment.
 * 2) Non- work TANF related exit in which the recipient no longer qualifies for assistance due to reaching the maximum time allowed to be enrolled in the assistance program. Once their time limit has been reached, individuals are removed from receiving assistance.
 * 3) Continued TANF receipt in which employed recipients earning a wage that does not help cover expenses continue receiving assistance.

Information asymmetry or lack of knowledge among recipients on the various TANF work incentive programs is a contributor to recipients experiencing non work related TANF exits. Not being aware of the offered programs impacts their use and creates misconceptions that influence the responsiveness of those who qualify for such programs, resulting in longer time periods requiring TANF services. Recipients who exit TANF due to work are also affected by information asymmetry due to lack of awareness on the "transitional support" programs available to facilitate their transitioning into the work field. Programs such as childcare, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), and Medicaid are meant increase work incentive but many TANF recipients transitioning into work do not know they are eligible. It has been shown that TANF-exiting working women who use and maintain the transitional incentive services described above are less likely to return to receiving assistance and are more likely to experience long term employment.

Criticism
Peter Edelman, an assistant secretary in the Department of Health and Human Services, resigned from the Clinton administration in protest of Clinton signing the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, which he called, "The worst thing Bill Clinton has done." According to Edelman, the 1996 welfare reform law destroyed the safety net. It increased poverty, lowered income for single mothers, put people from welfare into homeless shelters, and left states free to eliminate welfare entirely. It moved mothers and children from welfare to work, but many of them are not making enough to survive. Many of them were pushed off welfare rolls because they did not show up for an appointment, when they had no transportation to get to the appointment, or were not informed about the appointment, said Edelman.

Critics later said that TANF was successful during the Clinton administration when the economy was booming, but failed to support the poor when jobs were no longer available during the downturn, particularly the 2007–2008 financial crisis, and particularly after the lifetime limits imposed by TANF may have been reached by many recipients.

title: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families


text:
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title: User talk:LFIntalan


text:
Pilewort

Pilewort is a common name for plants that were traditionally used to treat piles.(hemorrhoids) This herb was more commonly used throughout the Tudor period in England. Pilewort may refer to

 * Erechtites hieracifolia, or burnweed, a plant in the aster family
 * Ficaria verna, or lesser celandine, a plant in the buttercup family

title: Pilewort


text: Template:User hy

title: Template:User hy


text:
Port of Zeebrugge

The Port of Zeebrugge (also referred to as the Port of Bruges or Bruges Seaport) is a large container, bulk cargo, new vehicles and passenger ferry terminal port on the North Sea. The port is located in the municipality of Bruges, West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, handling over 50 million tonnes of cargo annually.

The port of Zeebrugge is managed by the port authority MBZ (Maatschappij van de Brugse Zeehaven - translated: 'Company of the Bruges Seaport'), an autonomous company regulated by public law, the city of Bruges being the main shareholder.

History
Zeebrugge is a multifaceted port that handles a wide range of trades: unit loads (trailers and containers), new cars, conventional general cargo, 'high & heavy' cargoes, dry and liquid bulk cargoes and natural gas. From a purely transit port Zeebrugge has gradually evolved into a centre for European distribution.

The port has become a major European port since major development works were carried in the 1972 to 1985 period. Since then total tonnage has doubled. As of 2008, Bruges-Zeebrugge is one of the fastest growing ports between Le Havre and Hamburg. It is Europe's leading RoRo port, handling 12.5 million mt in 2010, and the world's largest port for imports and exports of new vehicles, with over 1.6 million units handled in 2010 (24.5% less than in 2008 due to the economical crises). It is also Europe's largest terminal for liquefied natural gas (LNG), receiving natural gas from the Troll gas field via the 814 km long Zeepipe under the North Sea. LNG is also delivered in specialized gas tankers from various origins, like Africa, Australia or the Middle East. Zeebrugge counts as one of the most important ports in Europe for containerized cargo as well, handling over 2.5 million TEUs in 2010.

The port employs directly over 11,000 people and handles over 10,000 ship moorings annually. Together with the indirect employees, the port creates over 28,000 jobs.

The most important functions of the port are:
 * Intense RoRo traffic between the Continent, Great Britain, Scandinavia and Southern Europe;
 * European hub port for the automotive industry;
 * Container port with a good nautical accessibility for + 19,000 TEU ships;
 * Import of Liquefied Natural Gas and energy products;
 * Handling, storage and distribution of perishables and other agricultural products;
 * Handling of conventional general cargo and 'high & heavy' cargoes;
 * Passenger transport;
 * Organisation of the European distribution via an intricate network of hinterland connections.

Advantages of the port
The port complex of Bruges-Zeebrugge offers several main assets, which will allow volumes to develop even further in the years to come, namely,
 * The favourable geographical position:
 * On the coast of the North Sea, the busiest sea in the world;
 * Central in relation to other North Sea ports;
 * Within a short distance of Great Britain;
 * Close to many major, densely populated and industrialised cities;
 * Good nautical accessibility with a deep water draught in the approaches and at the berths;
 * Good road and rail connections to all countries of Continental Europe;
 * Several daily liner services to Great Britain and to other ports in northern and southern Europe, Zeebrugge being the cross-roads for traffic in all directions;
 * A network of intercontinental and intra-European container services;
 * Modern port equipment, recently established, which meets all the expectations of modern shipping and handling techniques;
 * A large potential of skilled labour achieving high productivity.

Ferry routes
The following ferry operators operate regular scheduled, international routes to and from Zeebrugge.

Terminals

 * As of July 2015:

{| class="wikitable" ! Terminal !! Type !! Website ! colspan="3" |

Outer port
Brittaniadok, Hermeskaai, Minervaplein || roro terminal || Zweedse Kaai || roro terminal || ! colspan="3" |
 * Zeebrugge International Port (ZIP) || paper and multi-purpose terminal ||
 * Zeebrugge International Port (ZIP) || deepsea container terminal ||
 * Container Handling Zeebrugge (CHZ) || deepsea container terminal ||
 * Verbrugge Terminals Zeebrugge || breakbulk terminal ||
 * APM Terminals Zeebrugge || deepsea container terminal ||
 * P&O Ferries || roro terminal ||
 * DFDS Seaways || roro terminal ||
 * Fluxys - LNG Terminal || terminal for liquefied natural gas ||
 * C.RO Terminal
 * APM Terminals Zeebrugge || deepsea container terminal ||
 * P&O Ferries || roro terminal ||
 * DFDS Seaways || roro terminal ||
 * Fluxys - LNG Terminal || terminal for liquefied natural gas ||
 * C.RO Terminal
 * Fluxys - LNG Terminal || terminal for liquefied natural gas ||
 * C.RO Terminal
 * C.RO Terminal
 * C.RO Terminal
 * C.RO Terminal
 * C.RO Terminal
 * Euroservices NV || terminal for the purging of gas-carriers ||
 * Euroservices NV || terminal for the purging of gas-carriers ||

Inner port Zeebrugge
Northern Inlet dock || roro terminal for new cars and breakbulk || Bastenakenkade || roro terminal for new cars || ! colspan="3" |
 * ICO Terminals
 * ICO Terminals
 * ICO Terminals
 * ICO Terminals
 * Sea-Invest, Belgian New Fruit Wharf || terminal for general cargo and fruit ||
 * Sea-Invest, Flanders Cold Center - Tropicana || terminal for general cargo packing installation for fruit juices ||
 * Tate & Lyle Molasses || terminal for molasses ||
 * Vlaamse Visveiling || fish auction ||
 * Zeebrugge Food Logistics || deepfreeze warehouse ||
 * Hanson Europe || sand and gravel terminal ||
 * Borlix || terminal for agricultural products ||
 * Decloedt Dredging || maintenance and storage facility ||
 * Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics || roro terminal for new cars ||
 * C.RO Terminal Canadakaai || roro terminal for new cars ||
 * Fluxys - peak shaving installation || terminal for storage of liquefied natural gas ||
 * Gassco || terminal for the gas pipeline "Zeepipe" from Norway ||
 * Toyota || dedicated autoterminal ||
 * CdMZ || roro terminal for new cars ||
 * Seabridge/Efico || terminal for storage and distribution of green coffee ||
 * Bridgestone Logistics || terminal for storage of tyres ||
 * Brit European Transport || international transport, storage and distribution of floor coverings ||
 * Progeco || container depot at Jozef Verschaeveweg ||
 * C.RO Terminal Canadakaai || roro terminal for new cars ||
 * Fluxys - peak shaving installation || terminal for storage of liquefied natural gas ||
 * Gassco || terminal for the gas pipeline "Zeepipe" from Norway ||
 * Toyota || dedicated autoterminal ||
 * CdMZ || roro terminal for new cars ||
 * Seabridge/Efico || terminal for storage and distribution of green coffee ||
 * Bridgestone Logistics || terminal for storage of tyres ||
 * Brit European Transport || international transport, storage and distribution of floor coverings ||
 * Progeco || container depot at Jozef Verschaeveweg ||
 * CdMZ || roro terminal for new cars ||
 * Seabridge/Efico || terminal for storage and distribution of green coffee ||
 * Bridgestone Logistics || terminal for storage of tyres ||
 * Brit European Transport || international transport, storage and distribution of floor coverings ||
 * Progeco || container depot at Jozef Verschaeveweg ||
 * Brit European Transport || international transport, storage and distribution of floor coverings ||
 * Progeco || container depot at Jozef Verschaeveweg ||
 * Progeco || container depot at Jozef Verschaeveweg ||
 * Progeco || container depot at Jozef Verschaeveweg ||

Transportzone Zeebrugge
! colspan="3" |
 * Interconnector || terminal for gas pipeline "Interconnector" from Bacton (UK) ||
 * European Container Services ECS || intermodal transport and logistics ||
 * 2XL || intermodal transport and logistics ||
 * Middlegate Europe || intermodal transport and logistics ||
 * Huktra || intermodal transport of tank containers ||
 * North Sea Express || international transport ||
 * Britlink || international transport ||
 * Middlegate Europe || intermodal transport and logistics ||
 * Huktra || intermodal transport of tank containers ||
 * North Sea Express || international transport ||
 * Britlink || international transport ||
 * North Sea Express || international transport ||
 * Britlink || international transport ||
 * Britlink || international transport ||

Inner port Bruges

 * Nieuwpoortse Handelsmaatschappij || sand and gravel terminal ||
 * Alzagri || sand and gravel terminal ||
 * Hanson || sand and gravel terminal ||
 * Seaport Shipping & Trading || terminal for general cargo, project cargo and bulk cargo ||
 * Minne Port Services || terminal for general cargo, project cargo and bulk cargo ||
 * Beveco || peat terminal ||
 * Denolf Recycling || recycling terminal ||
 * Flanders Ship Repair / Longueville || ship repair ||
 * Marpos || waste treatment ||
 * Tomar Kolen || coal terminal ||
 * ABN Transport || exceptional transport ||
 * Solid || timber terminal ||
 * }
 * Denolf Recycling || recycling terminal ||
 * Flanders Ship Repair / Longueville || ship repair ||
 * Marpos || waste treatment ||
 * Tomar Kolen || coal terminal ||
 * ABN Transport || exceptional transport ||
 * Solid || timber terminal ||
 * }
 * ABN Transport || exceptional transport ||
 * Solid || timber terminal ||
 * }
 * Solid || timber terminal ||
 * }

Historical events

 * 1866 Mr August de Maere d'Aertrijcke, a Ghent Alderman describes the project of connecting his town with the sea in a public conference. He is known as the father of the Zeebrugge port.
 * 1894 Belgian parliament votes the law approving the construction of Port of Heyst
 * The port was inaugurated on 23 July 1907 by King Leopold II, who arrived by sea.
 * On 23 April 1918, the port was the target of the Zeebrugge Raid by the Royal Navy and Royal Marines. This was an attempt to block access to and from the port by intentionally sinking ships to block the canal entrance, thus preventing its use by German ships and submarines. Eight participants in the raid were awarded the Victoria Cross.
 * October 1918, the capture of Zeebrugge by the Allies.
 * On 6 March 1987, the ferry Herald of Free Enterprise (owned by Townsend-Thoresen) was just outside the port when it took on water due to the bow doors remaining open, became unstable and capsized, killing 193 passengers.
 * On 16 August 2014, 35 people of an Afghan origin, were found in a container at Tilbury Docks that had originated from The Bruges-Zeebruge port. All were suspected to be dehydrated and 1 man died from his injuries.

title: Port of Zeebrugge


text:
Tasha Andrews

Natasha "Tasha" Hunter (also Andrews) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Isabel Lucas. She made her first screen appearance in the episode broadcast on 31 July 2003. Tasha departed the series on 10 October 2006.

Tasha arrives in Summer Bay as a disoriented young girl who only speaks Pig Latin for several weeks. Her backstory of being raised by adoptive survivalist parents soon comes to the fore. She quickly befriends Max Sutherland (Sebastian Elmaloglou), Flynn Saunders (Joel McIlroy) and Sally Fletcher (Kate Ritchie). Tasha has a love interest in the form of Robbie Hunter (Jason Smith) and the couple later marry. Other storylines see Tasha on the hunt for her biological parents Angie Russell (Laurie Foell) and Ian Osbourne (Andrew McFarlane). She is also involved in some of the more dramatic storylines including joining a cult called The Believers, led by Mumma Rose (Linden Wilkinson) and Jonah Abraham (James Mitchell). Tasha subsequently falls pregnant and is held against her will by Mumma Rose following the child's birth.

Casting
Lucas joined the serial in 2003 after being discovered by talent scout Sharron Meissner, who was on holiday at the time. Meissner encouraged Lucas to audition for the part of Kit Hunter, which eventually went to Amy Mizzi. However, Series Producer Julie McGuaran created the role of Tasha specifically for Lucas. Lucas was then required to move from her home town of Melbourne to Sydney, where the serial is filmed.

She told Michael Gadd of the Newcastle Herald: "It gets a little crazy at times, but when we have to get up at sunrise to start a shoot it hits me the most," Lucas said. "I just walk out to see the start of the day at Palm Beach and think 'Wow, this is my office'. "Believe me, most of the time I don't feel like I'm working 60-hour weeks." She described the role as "meaty" for someone relatively new and said it was part of the reason she enjoyed playing Tasha. Lucas described the event as "fate intertwined with my own self-belief".

Backstory
Tasha was born to Angie Russell (Laurie Foell) after a one-night stand with the wealthy Ian Osbourne (Andrew McFarlane). Ian paid Angie off and she subsequently put Tasha up for adoption by survivalist couple Mike and Jenny Andrews, who had dropped out of society. Angie put $30,000 along a letter to her daughter to be opened when she reached the age of eighteen in a box and gave it to the couple. Mike and Jenny raised Tasha in a fortress camp in the bush and prepared for Y2K. They were killed trying to protect camp with firearms, leaving Tasha traumatised, forcing her to flee.

2003–06
Tasha is spotted walking along the beach by Max Sutherland (Sebastian Elmaloglou). She is seemingly spooked by him and jumps into the sea. When Max returns the next day with Flynn Saunders (Joel McIlroy), Tasha runs off again but falls and hurts her ankle. They bring her to Flynn's surgery but Tasha does not say a word. At the hospital,Tasha tries to escape and but is immediately sedated. Flynn tries to communicate with Tasha by speaking several different languages to no avail. He soon realises she is speaking Pig latin. Tasha forms an attachment to Irene Roberts (Lynne McGranger), who is able to calm her down one day at the hospital. Tasha's stay at the Beach House is met with drama after she burns her hands in a fire when is she is nowhere near it. She is visibly scared of Kane Phillips (Sam Atwell) and through flashbacks it is revealed that Kane and his older brother, Scott (Josh Rosenthal) held her hostage during a petrol station robbery. Irene quickly works out Tasha's name and she begins learning some English.

Tasha's enrollment in the local High school does not run smoothly but Kit Hunter takes her under her wing and helps her to adjust to normal society. Flynn learns that Angie is Tasha's biological mother which shocks Irene, who makes a realisation after seeing a photo of a younger Angie. Irene tries to protect Tasha but she finds out anyway. Max is shocked as Angie had caused problems between his uncle Rhys (Michael Beckley) and aunt Shelley (Paula Forrest). Tasha is hurt when she discovers Irene trying to hide the truth and runs away. Kit's brother, Robbie tries to find her by setting a trap but needs rescuing himself after he is bitten by a snake. Tasha saves him and they quickly become friends and share a kiss.

Kim Hyde (Chris Hemsworth) arrives in Summer Bay and Tasha and Robbie quickly become friends with him. There is a small love triangle when Tasha kisses Kim and Robbie is hurt but they reconcile and they all remain friends. Duncan Stewart (Brendan McKensy) exposes Angie's true nature in a videotape Seb Miller (Mitch Firth) made a year earlier. Tasha has dream in which Angie appears and heads to the bush to unearth the money she had hidden and finds some guns in the process. Duncan blackmails Tasha into paying him off in exchange for her father's identity, which she does. Tasha uses the remainder of the money to buy friends presents but they kindly turn her down. After some more tension with Irene, Tasha goes looking for her father, Ian Osbourne. Ian sets Tasha some tests and gives her a choice; join him in the city or remain in Summer Bay. She chooses the latter.

Tasha meets her half-brother Dylan (Brett Hicks-Maitland) and Angie's cousin, Josie (also played by Foell). She builds up a relationship with Josie, much to Irene's chagrin. During this time Tasha and Robbie consummate their relationship. Things are strained when Robbie has a HIV scare after stepping on a needle during a camping trip and behaves erratically, pushing Kim and Tasha away. She is also disappointed in Josie when she jilts Jesse McGregor (Ben Unwin) at the altar after cheating on him with Marc Edwards (Christopher Hobbs). Tasha joins a cult named the believers much to worry of her friends who warn her, but she refuses to listen. The cult's leader, Mumma Rose (Linden Wilkinson) decides Tasha will be the chosen one and carry her son Jonah Abraham's (James Mitchell) baby. She is later drugged and falls pregnant (Jonah is later revealed to be sterile). Tasha struggles to love the baby at first but after the child is kidnapped by Mumma Rose, she changes her mind. Following Robbie's trial for the murder of his grandfather, Graham Walters) (Doug Scroope) and a guilty verdict (albeit with no jail time), Josie invites the couple and baby Ella to join her in Boston and they leave.

Reception
For her portrayal of Tasha, Lucas won the Most Popular New Female Talent accolade at the 2004 Logie Awards. Brian Courtis of the Sunday Age referred to Tasha as a "Blonde Princess" ahead of her wedding to Robbie.

In an interview with The Sunday Times, Catholic Priest Toby Sherring spoke out against the storyline where Mumma Rose convinces Tasha to join the Believers. He said: "Sometimes it is assumed that all churches operate like cults, who will steal away naive teenagers from their families, brainwash them with strange ideas and involve them in strange suicide pacts, or send them knocking on people's doors with predictions about the end of the world." He added: "Because religion in TV shows such as Home and Away is portrayed in this way, the media version is firstly more believable and secondly much more intriguing, although ultimately unappealing."

title: Tasha Andrews


text:
Talk:Highwind

"Ship's" limit breaks and other stuff like that
From the article:

 * During the game, talking to one of the pilots eventually brings up the conversation about the airship reaching it's "LVL 14 (Fourteen) Limit Break". The text is displayed in a flashing rainbow color. What exactly the pilot is talking about is never made clear, but many assume it is connected to the airship's ability to transform.

Errrmmmmm... looks like somebody didn't pay attention. The guy on the helm of the Highwind is a student pilot who gains piloting "levels" through the game - and his speech slowly moves from extremely frightened to calm as he gets more experience. Near the end of the CD 2, he's titled "Learner Pilot (L14 Limit Break!)" with the "Limit Break!" flashing, like in combat, though far slower. In CD 3, he's titled "Full Pilot".

I have screenshots of this; I don't think I'll add it to the article. It's one of the funniest jokes in the game, I wouldn't want to spoil it. (Eh, I think I just did. Drat.)

I'd love to edit the article to be actually truthful, but there's two issues: What about the "many assume" bit? (Is this zany theory of theirs documented anywhere? There's nothing in the game that indicates it's ship's "progress", only the pilot's.) Secondly, is this really worth mentioning at all, or just needless fancruft?

Personally, I'd remove this paragraph (and one day, unless people object too much, I will); it's just a very small joke that's better left unmentioned, even in "Spoiler" section. --Wwwwolf 16:30, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Okay, I removed the paragraph. I can't think of any good way to express this thing factually; maybe someone could write more of the Highwind crew, including the pilot who grows in levels. But as a singular factoid, I don't think it can stand alone. So, I think it should go for now... --Wwwwolf 15:53, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Anyway, it's not the kind of thing someone searching that article should care about, they want to know about the highwind, and it's capacities, origin, appearance. I never found theory on the many assume bit. It was contributed by 70.95.29.121 on May 31, 2005 who only contributed first to the All your base are belong to us article and then Highwind to finally disappear. Maybe he has now a true account. We can't verify that information for now at least. Anyway, all I wanted to say is that it does not, in my opinion, belong to the article, or need more info to be part of it. – DarkEvil 19:07, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * FYI, this same crap is in the Final Fantasy airships article, you guys might want to get rid of it there too.--Lord Shitzu 07:37, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Dang, should stick more articles in the watchlist. Removed this stuff from there too. --wwwwolf (barks/growls) 14:22, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Merge Proposal
I respectfully disagree with the proposal to merge this article into the FF Airships general article, for the following reasons.

- The List of Final Fantasy Airships article is already rather unwieldly, with all the section headings and images that currently exist. Folding this article into the larger one would only serve to decrease its readibility.

- Other articles regarding entities, factions, objects, and places of similar importance in Final Fantasy VII have been granted their own articles. The Highwind should be no exception, as it does not differ qualitatively in this respect from those other storyline or gameplay elements.

- The Highwind is important enough both within the context of FF7, and as a significant storyline aspect of a popular CRPG, to merit its own article.

- There is more than enough information extant to fill a dedicated article about the Highwind.

- Wikipedia has more than enough room to contain a dedicated article about Highwind (among other things).

Disclosure: I wrote the first draft of this article, IIRC, in case this affects in any way the points above. Have a good night/day. AustinZ 05:37, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * -=nods=- Okay, that reasoning sounds fair. Anyone else have opinions to contribute? Deckiller 00:37, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I will remove the merge notice/suggestion at 10:00 PM EST if nobody else supports a merge. Deckiller 22:02, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I gotta say that I support it, myself. I just think it's a matter of perspective: WP:FICT discourages creating individual articles for concepts from a single work of fiction, and the Highwind does not seem to me to be special or notable enough to deserve breaking that rule. And while Wikipedia may have "more than enough room for it," my ultimate concern is to limit article sprawl. Spreading information that can be contained within one article across many makes it harder to locate specific information, and harder to provide the proper context for that information. There are plenty of articles larger than the current List of Final Fantasy airships, and merging the current Highwind article would only add two smallish paragraphs to that total, anyway (since the current entry in the list article is already three paragraphs). – Seancdaug 00:02, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * -=Nods=- I agree. There can always be formatting changes to the lists, as well. Deckiller 00:24, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * If there are no further disputes (curretly a 2-1 pro-merge vote), I will merge this article in twenty four (24) hours. Deckiller 00:15, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't say I really mind a proposed merge that much, as long as we can find someone to do some clean-up on the main FF airships page (which I still maintain is cluttered). I'd love to do it myself, but I barely have time now for regular Wikipedia tasks :). AustinZ 02:32, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I agree that the list format and prose should be cleaned; I'll try and work on it tonight or tomorrow, and then see if we all agree on the merge then. Deckiller 23:28, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge - An easy redirect from Highwind to the List of Final Fantasy airships is easy enough. But then again, I'm a mergist :P čĥàñľōŕď 03:09, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Highwind


text:
Nanak Singh

Nanak Singh, (b. 4 July 1897 as Hans Raj – 28 December 1971), was an Indian poet, songwriter, and novelist of the Punjabi language. His literary works in support of India's independence movement led the British to arrest him. He published novels that won him literary acclaim.

Early life
Nanak Singh was born to a poor Punjabi Hindu family in the Jhelum district of Pakistan as 'Hans Raj'. He later changed his name to Nanak Singh after adopting Sikhism. Although he did not receive a formal education, he started writing at an early age by writing verses on historical events. Later, Singh started to write devotional songs, encouraging Sikhs to join the Gurdwara Reform Movement. In 1918, he published his first book Satguru Mehma, which contained hymns in praise of the Sikh Gurus. It is considered his first commercially successful literary work. He was the one of the few survivors of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

Indian Independence movement
On 13 April 1919, British troops killed vary from 379 to 1,500 or more people and over 1,200 other people were injured of whom 192 were seriously injured during a peaceful rally participants in what became known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on Baisakhi (Punjabi New Year) day in Amritsar. Singh was present with two friends who were killed in the massacre. This incident impelled Singh to write Khomeini Visayans – Bloody Baisakhi (Punjabi New Year), an epic poem that mocked colonial rule. The British Government became concerned about his provocative publication and banned the book.

Singh participated in India's independence struggle by joining the Akali movement. He became the editor of Akali papers. This was noticed by the British Government. Singh was charged with participation in unlawful political activities and was sent to Borstal Jail, Lahore. He described the savagery and oppression of the British on peaceful Sikhs during the Guru ka Bagh Mocha demonstration in his second poetry collection, Zakhmi Dil. It was published in January 1923, and was banned within two weeks of publication.

Singh wrote several novels during his time in jail, including over 40,000 pages in longhand Gurmukhi (Punjabi) script.

He was publicly recognized with many awards, including Punjab's highest literary award in 1960. His great historical novel, Ik Mian Do Talwaran (One Sheath and Two Swords, 1959), won him India's highest literary honor, the Sahitya Akademi Award, in 1962.

Prolific writer
In 1945 he wrote his popular novel, which won him acclaim. It was translated into Hindi and other Indian languages, and into English by his grandson Navdeep Singh Suri. In 1968 the book was adapted into the successful motion picture, (Pavitra Paapi), by his admirer Balraj Sahani an Nanak Singh wrote dialogue and screenplay for Dara Singh he's Punjabi movie Nanak Dukhiya Sub Sansar.

Quoting the Tribune, "Nanak Singh was the best selling novelist in India for thirty to forty years. He wrote over 50 books including novels and collection of short stories. He made significant contributions to various literary genres. For him character was the determination of incident and incident the illustration of character. His greatest contribution to Punjabi fiction is its secularization. He depicted excerpts from contemporary life, cloaked with a veil of romantic idealism."

In his novel Chitta Lahu (White Blood), Singh writes, "It seems to imply that in the lifeblood of our society, red corpuscles have disappeared." Singh's grandson, Dilraj Singh Suri, has translated Chitta Lahu into English (titled White Blood). Natasha Tolstoy, the granddaughter of novelist Leo Tolstoy, translated Singh's novel Chitta Lahu into Russian. She visited Nanak Singh in Amritsar to present to him the first copy of the translated novel.

Adaptations of his works
Pavitra Paapi, a 1970 Indian Hindi-language drama film was based on his novel of the same name. His short story Sunehri Jild was adapted into a television short of the same name that aired on DD Punjabi.

Legacy
His centenary was celebrated in 1997. In honor of Singh, India's Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral released a postal stamp with his image in 1998.

title: Nanak Singh


text:
Talk:Karan Johar

Please Do not delete the Recurring collaborators table
I created this many times ago... but someone deleted it... The Tables i inspired from Quentin Tarantino's article.. Its good anyway... May be needed.. Please, Try to Understand. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Surper1988west (talk • contribs) 10:34, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't think it looks good here. The format seems out of place; its too big. Why not just s simple list of names? It is something that will need constant updating and grow to an unmanageable size over time.  Besides, its really just trivia.  I say it should be removed.  BollyJeff  ||  talk  14:06, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Not only the format, but the existense of such a trivial table looks totally unnecessary in an encyclopedia article. It does not really matter how much he worked with whom. The prose whould reflect everything through the discussion of his work. Shahid  •  Talk 2 me  18:13, 20 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I have added a table that regroups his work as producer/writer/director which also includes notes regarding awards/co-producers or other notable remarks. I suppose it looks much better than the one regarding his work with other names of the industry. --Meryam90 (talk) 12:49, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 30 November 2011
Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu

HasaraB (talk) 11:40, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

✅ assuming you meant to add this film to the table. BollyJeff ||  talk  13:11, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Edit request on 14 March 2012
The earning shown for the movies,"Kabhi khushi kabhi gham" and "kabhi alvida naa kehna" are wrong they earned 	36,75,00,000 and 44,50,00,000 respectively(in rupees) REF: www.boxofficeindia.com

27.124.12.98 (talk) 10:02, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

The figures stated in the article are WORLDWIDE GROSS the one you have put up are only the domestic net gross.--Meryam90 (talk) 12:47, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 8 January 2013
Karan Johar's next venture should be added to his works! SOURCE: http://businessofcinema.com/news/exclusive-shah-rukh-khan-siddharth-malhotra-in-karan-johars-next/56481

Vsareen (talk) 02:49, 8 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please make your request in a "change X to Y" format. — KuyaBriBri Talk 16:06, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

Edit request on 13 April 2013
In the 3rd line, it in incorrectly mentioned that "The four films he has directed", actually Karan Johar has directed 5 films by now-latest being Student of the year. This change would imply another correction, omission of the phrase "all starring Shahrukh Khan"

Vishmjan (talk) 13:48, 13 April 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ I changed it to what I think was meant. BollyJeff  |  talk  15:19, 13 April 2013 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 March 2014
{{edit semi-protected||answered=yes In the filmography section, My Name is Khan(gross : Rs. 200 cr) has been given the verdict Hit while Student of the Year(gross : Rs. 71 cr) as Super Hit. It should be revesved

59.94.88.230 (talk) 14:46, 1 March 2014 (UTC)
 * {{Not done}}, where's the source for it? —Soham 16:00, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

is he sindhi or punjabi?
is he sindhi or punjabi? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.63.143.107 (talk) 20:12, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 May 2015
kaas aap mujhe bhi koi chhota sa roll de sakte j se sidhhart aur dhavan ko diya

125.21.198.50 (talk) 15:09, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

❌ This is the English Wikipedia - and all requests (if that is what it is) must be in English and cite reliable sources - Arjayay (talk) 07:40, 26 May 2015 (UTC)

Filmography

 * Association
 * The Lunchbox (2013)
 * Baahubali: The Beginning (2015)

Karthikmy9 (talk) 12:53, 17 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. What do you mean by "association"? Altamel (talk) 02:54, 19 July 2015 (UTC)

Please remove any mention that Karan Johar is related to Yash Chopra's family
Karan Johar's mother is not Yash Chopra's sister, therefore Karan Johar is NOT Yash Chopra's nephew, nor is he Aditya and Uday Chopras' cousin. The Johar and Chopra families are simply very close family friends and collaborators. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bebo1522 (talk • contribs) 02:33, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 May 2016
117.216.112.11 (talk) 07:49, 28 May 2016 (UTC) sir i am great fan of u. can i meet with u if u have some extra time.
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: No request made — JJMC89  (T·C) 08:54, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

Madharchodiet Network
Karan Johar is a member of the madharchodiet network and his movies are based on lives of people in Suriname and he should be prosecuted. Their contact is Faried Pierkhan Madharchodiet, who started stealing babies from India to start film scripts and movies in Suriname.

"The Man Who Let India Out of the Closet"
An opinion article by Aatish Taseer, titled "The Man Who Let India Out of the Closet", was published in the New York Times on 16 February 2017, also in the International New York Times print edition. I suggest its content may be relevant for incorporation in the Wikipedia article, certainly in being up-to-date. -- Deborahjay (talk) 18:08, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 1 September 2018
Change "Since 2012, he has served as a judge on the reality shows Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (with Madhuri Dixit and Remo D’Souza), India's Got Talent (with Malaika Arora Khan, Kirron Kher, and Farah Khan) and India's Next Superstars (with Rohit Shetty).[20]" with "Since 2012, he has served as a judge on the reality shows Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (with Madhuri Dixit and Remo D’Souza), India's Got Talent (with Malaika Arora Khan, Kirron Kher, and Farah Khan), Dil Hai Hindustani (with Shalmali Khalgode, Shekhar Ravjiani and Badshaah) and India's Next Superstars (with Rohit Shetty).[20] Abhirami49 (talk) 17:23, 1 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. — KuyaBriBri Talk 20:55, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

Criticism
Why is there is nothing mentioned here about his criticism of casting and launching 'star kids' of bollywood. And also about his role and support to nepotism. Avian2201 (talk) 16:58, 4 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Because nobody with an ounce of awareness for neutrality has figured out a way to do that in a way that doesn't sound like children yelling baseless accusations at Johar. Do you want to give it a shot? Use your sandbox. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 00:38, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Hey, I tried to have some basic idea introduced in the article but you outright removed it for not being good enough. I concede it wasn't a great detailed writeup, but I did add citations and made it as NPOV as possible. You could have made some improvements there, but you went ahead with removal of cited content. Again, I don't care strongly enough about the subject so I don't care to reinstate and fight over it, but since you brought this up here just wanted to let you. Thanks. GreaterPonce665  (TALK) 01:05, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I greatly appreciate your talk page comment. Look, I have nothing against you personally, so I hope you don't think my reversion is personal. Observing these edits, the entirely of the content was:
 * Johar has been accused of nepotism on multiple occasions by bollywood actress Kangana Ranaut[30][31] as well as others.[32] Johar has denied these accusations saying that he has not got any credit for introducing aspiring and new filmmakers to Bollywood.
 * Wikipedia aspires to bring neutral content to its readers. In this content, all that's here is an accusation of some vague wrongdoing, with no context about the specific accusations, who was affected, but balanced with a vague denial. (Although I must praise you for at least trying to present a contrary viewpoint.)
 * But what specific "nepotism" are you talking about? Which of Johar's personal relatives was hired, since that's what "nepotism" is. Did Johar hire his brother instead of Sushant Singh Rajput? Did Johar hire his mother instead of some other qualified actress? Did Johar hire his sister instead of someone else? There is ZERO context that explains what the accusations are, so any denial, which would normally be a refreshing contrast to an accusation, is pointless, since we didn't actually explain what the allegations were in the first place. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 03:47, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Of course, I understand this isn't personal. I fully agree that there's much to be said about what nepotism constitutes here, and could be additional line or two to explain the background. I don't know if the allegations are true or not (great thing about them is that you don't need any proof), I'm just going to state the allegations. If there's no proof given in the allegations, I of course, won't make up stuff. I'm thinking USA today style concise reports; no editorializing. Maybe I'll try to reintroduce this in article tomorrow, but tbh, I'm not sure, I'm just not as interested in this topic anymore. Thanks. GreaterPonce665  (TALK) 04:34, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

I have reintroduced the criticism section taking into consideration the feedback you had given earlier. I hope this is up to the standards.Wistleblow (talk) 15:30, 07 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Nicely done! Thank you for that. I made minor tweaks and flagged one vague statement, the content about reports coming out. If we're trying to say that some actors or whomever felt that Rajput was let down by the industry, then it seems we should indicate who specifically said this. Like, "fellow actors ___ and ___ felt that Rajput had been let down by the industry". And maybe a quote? Cyphoidbomb (talk) 16:54, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for the guidance.Wistleblow (talk) 15:11, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

Is it acceptable to quote from youtube videos or other less reliable sources for extra clarification?Wistleblow (talk) 00:51, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Good question. YouTube is a delivery mechanism, not a source. So we always have to look at the actual source we are citing. We also have to be very careful of linking to potential copyright violations. So I would never use a YouTube channel that isn't verified. We also have to consider what the source is. For uncontroversial content, I typically look the other way when we cite interviews on less-than-reliable sources, because it seems unlikely that Filmibeat (for example) would have lied about something the subject said, especially if the interview was filmed. Let me know if you have a more specific question so I can better guide you. Regards, Cyphoidbomb (talk) 01:39, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Oh, I forgot. If you're going to cite YouTube, please use Cite AV media and it's always helpful to include timestamps and quotes when possible.}} Cyphoidbomb (talk) 01:45, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

Fake News about Early Life
In the Early life section, it statings Karan Johar got zero in The Doon admission test. This not true. He got 95 but rejected the Doonz School. I am of the same institution and have researching in the archives. Please remove misreportage of the untrue facts, which not reflect good on an intelligent man such as Mr. Johar. Wikipedia should not carry fake news, he did not got 0 in the Maths test. I am belonging to that school, nowhere I see in his report card. Please change it to facts, he got 95% and but did not want to go away from Mumbai to Doon Institution. No propaganda or fake news should be on the Wikipedia. Please remove I can't edit the page. Thank you kindly — Preceding unsigned comment added by FrictionNeutron (talk • contribs) 12:00, 27 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I took a look at the source, and it does appear to be well sourced. Though, admittedly, it does seem rather trivial for inclusion but I'll leave that to editors who know something about this actor. --regentspark (comment) 19:27, 27 June 2020 (UTC)
 * First of all, take a deep breath. I don't want you to pass out. Now that you're calm, ❌. You should check the reference. The claim that he scored a zero comes from Johar's autobiography. See this. "I gave the test, but I was very bad at maths and got a zero in it. It was a multiple-choice test and you really can't get a zero, so I don't know how I managed that!" So if you're upset about the information, you should complain to Johar. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 19:28, 27 June 2020 (UTC)

Please don't tell me to take deep breath. I'm taking deep breaths all the time, they teaching us yoga and meditation at the Doon. Now you listen me. I'm very calm person and not upset, but only want truth to win on Wikipedia. This is fake news! You say it coming from autobiography. I have done my researches on this and having some news for you (not fake). That auto is only fake news! Mr. Johar did not even wrote it, some POonam lady did it, look it up if you don't believe it - her name is Poonam Sena! How you feeling if somebody releasing autobiogurphy in your name and then making fake things up to show someone bad? You tell me first. This is efforts of many persons to bring down Mr. Johar. You will believe fake auto books that are not even wrote by Mr. Johar, but not listen me who is telling you the truth from Doon archive report card! Okay, if you not changing willing to change this fake news information, listen to regetspark editor above who is saying sensible things. This is very trivial for the WIkipedia page. PLease change it to 95, which is the only TRUTH, or removing it completely because trivial. Satyamev jayate. Truth should prevail.. Thank you — Preceding unsigned comment added by FrictionNeutron (talk • contribs) 06:45, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

Cypnhbomb, why you no reply me?? BEcuase you can't hear truth? Ok listen..I calmly requesting, if you remove this, I try to you get you some role (and good compnsation) in the next Dharma Productions film. You just change this and share your info or email. I will taking care of rest. Some acting experience necessary, but for you we make consession...okay ✅? — Preceding unsigned comment added by FrictionNeutron (talk • contribs) 12:47, 29 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I didn't reply to you, because I have well over 17 thousand articles on my watchlist, and Karan Johar is not the most important subject of my focus. Please sign your posts with four tildes, by the way, like ~ . This will properly sign your posts. As for the matter above, whether or not Johar had a ghost writer, is irrelevant, unless you're trying to suggest that this was an unauthorised autobiography, which seems unlikely. Unless you can substantiate that claim, we would consider an autobiography a suitable source of uncontroversial information, as it is a primary source. That said, I don't care if the content is in the article or not—it seems likely it's a grave exaggeration—so if thinks it's trivial, I don't mind cutting it. But changing it to 95% would not be an option, since there is no way for anyone to verify that, and the change would constitute what the Wikipedia community calls "original research". Regards, Cyphoidbomb (talk) 16:37, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for the favour my brother! Because you been polite and caring, I will be honest also... I'm not from the Doon actually. But as promise I still try taking care of some role for you in Dharma. Share info or email and we take on from there...thank you very much brother once more. Signing my post with four FrictionNeutron (talk) 19:51, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, what on earth is this? I have just seen this exchange. Some random punter claiming to be, first, from Doon and then Dharma Production barges in (and disappears once the mission is achieved), requesting some information to be removed citing personal testimony, and we just go ahead with that? I have reinstated that well-sourced passage about Johar's early education. It isn't trivial. I see it as an important bit of information that not only sheds light on Johar's early failure in life (which will be useful should anyone want to take this to FA - he didn't always get what he wanted), but also reveals his social privilege through the fact that a headmaster of a prominent school felt the need to write a consolatory letter to his mother, something he wouldn't have done for the average Joe. In the current climate of Johar-bashing, the well-sourced information very much belongs in the article, as the well-referenced NPOV fact illuminates his early life, early failure, social privilege etc, and can be read either way, with condescension or pity, depending on where the reader's sympathies lie. If it needs to be removed, we need to have a discussion here and a consensus needs to form. It can't be done simply to pander to some walk-in who has access to "report cards"! With regards, MaysinFourty (talk) 11:39, 14 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Whoa whoa whoa, the content wasn't removed to pander to anybody. Get your facts straight. It's a somewhat apocryphal tale attributed to a primary source, and also thought it was trivial, so I removed it. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 13:23, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Exactly. Also, MaysinFourty, your reference to "illuminates his early life, early failure, social privilege etc, and can be read either way, with condescension or pity, depending on where the reader's sympathies lie" is both WP:OR as well as against our biographies of living persons policy. It is original research because you're ascribing meaning to the event rather than providing reliable, independent sources that do so. It is against our BLP policy because it is negative information that is not reliably sourced to independent sources. I've removed it. --RegentsPark (comment) 13:32, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Cyphoidbomb, I stand corrected. My apologies. But, clearly, we differ on what counts as trivial, but perhaps not to the extent that makes arguing here worthwhile. And what you call Original Research was a talk page comment, not something I put into the article -- for which I only relied on a published book, which you in your edit summary patronisingly labelled "poorly sourced". Anyhoo, adios! MaysinFourty (talk) 14:26, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , while I have your attention, I'd like to broach another subject, selfishly. I created an article about a film I loved: Eeb Allay Ooo!, but it still doesn't appear on Google!? Why would that be and what can I do to fix it? With thanks, MaysinFourty (talk) 16:00, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * If it helps, it does show up on google when I do a search. --RegentsPark (comment) 17:36, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 January 2021
Why there is no mention of film Kalank (2019)? 103.60.160.213 (talk) 04:17, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

 * where do you want it to be mentioned? It’s mentioned in his list of filmography as a producer.defcon5 (talk) 05:04, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Karan Johar


text:
Animal stall

An animal stall is an enclosure housing one or a few animals. Stalls for animals can often be found wherever animals are kept: a horse stable is often a purpose-built and permanent structure. A farmer's barn may be subdivided into animal stalls or pens for cows and other livestock.

Tie stalls are a type of stall where animals are tethered at the neck to their stall. It is mostly used in the dairy industry, although horses might also be stalled in tie stalls (often referred to as stands or straight stalls). Typical the barn has two rows of stalls, where the cow is tied up for resting, feeding, milking and watering. This type of housing is used in both regular and organic farming.

Horse care
In horse care, the standard dimensions for a "loose box" (UK) or "box stall" (US) vary from 10 by to 14 by, depending on local cultural traditions, the breed of horse, gender, and any special needs. Mares with foals often are kept in double stalls. Stallions, kept alone with less access to turnout, are also often given larger quarters. Ponies sometimes are kept in smaller box stalls, sometimes as small as 8 x, and warmbloods or draft horses may need larger ones. Box stalls usually contain a layer of absorbent bedding such as straw or wood shavings and need to be cleaned daily. Depending on the environmental conditions and the needs of the horses, stalls may be cleaned multiple times a day - especially during winter seasons when turnout is limited, for show horses that receive meticulous grooming, or for horses recovering from injuries. Keeping stalls, paddocks, and pastures clean is one of the most important things to manage when considering the overall cleanliness and health (especially respiratory health) of horses.

Prior to the late 20th century, the tie stall or standing stall was a more common housing for working horses that were taken out daily. Taking only half the size of a box stall, more animals could be housed in a single barn or stable. Generally about 5 by or sometimes smaller, with a manger in the front, usually to which the animal was tied, the design allowed the horse to lie down if the lead rope was long enough, but not to turn around.

title: Animal stall