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Crazy Nights

Crazy Nights is the fourteenth studio album by American rock band Kiss, recorded from March to June 1987 and released on September 21, 1987, by Mercury worldwide and Vertigo in the UK. This was the second album to feature the line-up of Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, Bruce Kulick, and Eric Carr. The album is notable for its pop-metal or glam-rock sound as well as for its use of keyboards and synthesizers (unlike previous Kiss albums) - a reflection of popular trends in the commercial rock genre of this time. It was re-released in 1998 as part of the Kiss Remasters series and is the last Kiss album to have been remastered.

A relatively high number of songs from Crazy Nights were performed live during its supporting tour, but during and especially immediately following the tour, most of those songs were dropped and were never performed again. Only the song "Crazy Crazy Nights" was retained in their setlist for the Hot in the Shade Tour which followed a couple of years later; it was dropped after that tour and would not return for nearly 20 years until the Sonic Boom Over Europe Tour. This makes the album one of the least represented in the bands' entire catalog throughout their career in their setlists, behind only Music From "The Elder" and Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions. Despite its lack of representation in live sets since, the album remains a fan favorite and is considered a classic album from their non-makeup years and their 80s era.

Composition and recording
Kiss took a different approach in creating Crazy Nights, to turn around their image after they had a downfall in their music career due to experimentation of the band's music genre and the loss of two prime members. The band had a lot to prove after their decline of success. Since the time of recording Asylum, Kiss were also under new management representation with Larry Mazur, a consultant.

After the Asylum Tour had ended, Kiss went on a couple of months hiatus due to Gene Simmons' career as an actor and a producer, which made the band seem like his side job instead of his primary job. For Kisstory, Paul Stanley stated that he got tired of Simmons's lack of commitment and one day told him:

"We were in the parking lot one day, and I said to Gene, 'Look, you're off doing all these other things while still reaping the benefits of this band—and I'm getting screwed. It's not fair for me to put in this kind of time, while somebody else who is supposed to be my partner, is not.' And Gene looked at me and said,'That's fair.' I could have used Gene's input. But my attitude at that point was that I certainly wasn't going to listen to a guy who's off managing cabaret singers and producing five bands, while I was trying to make an album."

Simmons' temporary departure gave space to Eric Carr and Bruce Kulick. Kulick had four co-writing credits and Carr one, but almost got other material on the album. Stanley had worked with Desmond Child, Diane Warren and Adam Mitchell and co-wrote songs: "Crazy Crazy Nights", "I'll Fight Hell to Hold You" and "When Your Walls Come Down" with Mitchell ("I'll Fight Hell to Hold You" and "When Your Walls Come Down" with Kulick), "Bang Bang You", "My Way" and "Reason to Live" with Child ("My Way" with Bruce Turgon also), and "Turn On the Night" was co-written by Stanley and Warren.

As Kiss' previous two albums had been self-produced, the band felt it needed to bring in an outside producer who would help the album achieve more commercial success. Producer Ron Nevison was hired to produce the album, but because of Nevison's filled schedule, the band had to wait for his schedule to clear. Nevison was chosen in part from his recent commercial success in producing platinum albums for Heart and Ozzy Osbourne. Simmons said for KISStory, "When we started working on Crazy Nights, we looked for someone else to pull the cart, another person to help guide the band... So we hooked up with a producer named Ron Nevison, who[m] Paul had wanted to work with for a while, although I never did." In the "Crazy Nights, it's 25 years strong" KissFAQ interview, Nevison describes the efforts band members put into the album: “Well, this was the only album I did with them. I do know that Gene wasn’t there all the time. Obviously, Bruce was and, to some extent, Eric. Mostly, a majority of the work on that album I did with Bruce and Paul. The bass tracks were cut initially, and Gene was only needed for lead vocals. I must say that most of the time he was there, he was in the back of the studio reading Variety." Although Simmons' participation was low for the album, he did contribute in providing Nevison with 20–25 songs that were potential material for the album, including one song called "I'm Going to Put a Log in Your Fire Place", which was ultimately not used on this or any subsequent albums.

The album was at first called "Who Dares Wins", which was Carr's idea. According to him, "During a photo session, our wardrobe girl had this commando patch lying around with 'Who Dares Wins' on it, and I said, 'Hey, what a great idea for an album title!' Then she brought it over to Paul who said the same thing. We ended up not using it because it didn't look good in print, and it sounded as if no one would understand it." The idea was dropped in June but managed to appear on some Japanese advertisements for the upcoming album. Another title the band thought of was "Condomnation", but as Stanley said, "Well, 'Condomnation' was never really the title. It was just a thought that passed through our minds and gave everyone a chuckle." The recording sessions started in March at One on One Recording Studios in Canoga Park, California, but later continued at Rumbo Recorders, also in Canoga Park, and Can-Am Recorders in Tarzana, California. In June the album was completed, and it was mixed at Can-Am Recorders by Nevison, before being turned over to PolyGram in July.

In his 2014 biography Face the Music, Stanley claims that Carr had stopped speaking to him during the tour for Crazy Nights. Stanley eventually sat down with Carr and insisted that the "non-communicative bullshit" had to end, which it did. Stanley claimed that Carr had started to drink more and may have been doing drugs by the late 1980s, which may have been causing his unhappiness. Stanley also claimed that Carr had started to obsess over not being the original drummer for Kiss, which he said Carr also did during the 1980 Australia tour.

Songs
"Crazy Crazy Nights" was the first single from the album and reached No. 65 on Billboard Hot 100 and No. 37 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks. The song was a massive hit in the UK where it reached No. 4 and, to date, is Kiss' joint highest-charting single in the UK along with "God Gave Rock 'n' Roll to You II". "Crazy Crazy Nights" also went into the Top 40 in Norway, the Netherlands and Australia.
 * "Crazy Crazy Nights"

Adam Mitchell reportedly plays on the song along with Bruce Kulick.
 * "I'll Fight Hell to Hold You"

According to Paul Stanley, "Bang Bang You" is "the classic story of boys and their toys." Love Gun from 1977 is referenced in the lyrics.
 * "Bang Bang You"

"No, No, No", was originally titled "Assume the Position" and later "Down on All Fours". It was based on Kulick's riff which was originally engineered and mixed by Bruce's long time friend NYC Record Plant engineer Ira Hoch in Ira's home studio. The tracks consisted of a stereo drum mix lifted from a prior KISS album (originally played by Eric Carr), otherwise Bruce plays bass and all guitars with Ira doing the recording and stereo bounce from a 4 track Tascam 244 to a Teac 1/4" stereo reel to reel and back to the Tascam 244 to allow for the recording of two more guitar parts. The demo was then given to Gene Simmons, who wrote the lyrics. The song was released as the "B" side of the first single "Crazy Crazy Nights". It is Kulick's favorite song because "It's the fastest, ferocious thing, and it features me a lot."
 * "No, No, No"

"Hell or High Water" is a song based on Kulick's idea and riff which he came up with during the Asylum Tour; Simmons wrote the lyrics.
 * "Hell or High Water"

"When Your Walls Come Down" is another song based on Kulick's riff that he came up with during the Asylum Tour. Stanley had the chorus and with Mitchell's assistance, the song was finished.
 * "When Your Walls Come Down"

Stanley recalled when he played the "Reason to Live" demo to Simmons, "I remember calling up Gene and playing it to him down the phone... I played the song to Gene, and obviously, the bomb had gone off at the other end. He was speechless." Stanley was always okay with having power ballads on Kiss albums, which first started with "I Still Love You" on Creatures of the Night. Stanley also said, "If a band was, to be honest, they would tell you that at that time, the only hope for airplay was a ballad." A music video, directed by Marty Callner, was made and featured Playboy centerfold, Eloise Broady. "Reason to Live" reached No. 64 Billboard Hot 100, No. 34 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks and No. 33 in the UK. The song also managed to chart in the Netherlands, reaching No. 89. The music video for the song was a big hit on MTV in early 1988, regularly appearing as the top requested video on Dial MTV.
 * "Reason to Live"

"Good Girl Gone Bad" was written by Simmons, friend Davitt Sigerson, and his songwriting partner Peter Diggins, whom Simmons never met. The song was lyrically based on something obvious from Simmons's community college period: "A young lady who Gene went to college with, a girl who started out the demure virgin, all coy and unclaimed...then met up with 'The Tongue'! The only sad thing about the tale is that when she finally did give way, it was in the backseat of a car—and with someone else, a friend of Gene's, in fact."
 * "Good Girl Gone Bad"

"Turn On the Night" was the third single off the album. A music video directed by Marty Callner was made in Worcester, Massachusetts on January 27, 1988. "Turn On the Night" only charted in the UK, where it reached No. 41.
 * "Turn On the Night"

"Thief in the Night" was first recorded by Wendy O. Williams on her 1984 solo album WOW.
 * "Thief in the Night"

A vocal range treat by Paul.
 * "My Way"

Unreleased songs
A few other songs were recorded for the album, but not included. Kulick, Child and Stanley wrote a song called "Sword and Stone" that did not manage to get on the album because Nevison was not thrilled with the song. Kulick later stated, "I just felt really bad that Ron Nevison didn't like the song 'cause then it would have been on Crazy Nights. But I couldn't control that. And the demo that is out there in bootleg form is pretty good. We did it at Electric Lady with Eric Carr, and it's a full-blown KISS track practically. I actually came up with that riff backstage on tour early on, Asylum, I think. That's what happens. Paul didn't mind as much; I felt pretty bad about that." The song was offered to Canadian rock band Loverboy, and was re-recorded by their lead guitarist Paul Dean on his 1988 album Hard Core. The song was also recorded by German heavy metal band Bonfire for a Wes Craven movie, Shocker.

Carr, Simmons and Mitchell wrote, "Dial 'L' for Love". Carr, who sang the song, was the primary writer, and he later passed it to Simmons and Mitchell who completed it. As Carr stated, "The song wasn't good at the time, so it didn't get on the album." A demo was made, but it did not include completed vocals. An instrumental recording of "Dial 'L' for Love" would be released on Unfinished Business in 2011.

"Are You Always This Hot" is a song written by Simmons and Mitchell. In the 1980s, Simmons had the ritual of making new songs that are based on some older songs, or simply spoken, he recycled them. And "Are You Always This Hot" is one of them. It was first written by Mitchell in 1981. The Simmons demo was only released in 2017 on the box set Gene Simmons Vault. The song "Time Traveler" was recorded during these sessions and later released on the 2001 KISS Box Set. Some other songs that were written for the album, but never made it, are "Boomerang", "'X' Marks the Spot", "Scratch and Sniff", "What Goes Up", "Hunger for Love", "Dirty Blonde", "Don't Let Go" and "No Mercy", although "Boomerang" would be later featured on Hot in the Shade.

Reception
"While their melodies continue to be quarried from stone, their lyrics are written in lipstick," wrote Emily Fraser in a three-star Q review. "The riffs often have purpose and force and, in the cases of 'No No No' and 'Thief in the Night', a keen, cutting edge." "Not aesthetically wonderful," observed Fred Dellar in Hi-Fi News & Record Review, "but I wish I had shares in it."

Crazy Nights peaked at No. 18 on the US Billboard 200 chart, making it the highest-charting Kiss album of the 1980s in the US. It was certified platinum on November 18, 1987, in Canada and a few months later in the US, on February 18, 1988. All three singles off the album had corresponding videos that received heavy rotation on MTV, and were also featured on the Crazy Nights home video. The most successful single was "Crazy Crazy Nights", charting in five countries, and the least successful was "Turn On the Night", charting only in the UK.

The album was very well received by executives at Polygram Records. It was widely reported that during a meeting in which the album was played for them in full, the entire conference room reportedly stood and applauded for a full five minutes afterward. The excitement was enough for the corporate team to promote the album well past platinum status, cementing its reputation as one of the benchmarks of 1980's corporate rock.

Track listing
All credits adapted from the original release.

Personnel

 * Kiss
 * Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards
 * Gene Simmons – bass, vocals
 * Eric Carr – drums, percussion, backing vocals
 * Bruce Kulick – lead guitar, all guitars on "No, No, No", bass on "Hell or High Water", backing vocals

 * Additional musicians
 * Phil Ashley – keyboards
 * Tom Kelly – backing vocals

 * Production
 * Ron Nevison – producer, engineer
 * Toby Wright, Julian Stoll, Stan Katayama, Jeff Poe – assistant engineers
 * Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
 * Diandre Miller – producer assistant

title: Crazy Nights


text: Category:Poland-related lists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Poland-related lists


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Emperor Tomato Ketchup (album)

Emperor Tomato Ketchup is the fourth studio album by English-French rock band Stereolab. It was released on 18 March 1996 and was issued by Duophonic Records and Elektra Records.

The album is named after the 1971 experimental film Emperor Tomato Ketchup by Japanese author and director Shūji Terayama.

Composition and recording
On Emperor Tomato Ketchup, Stereolab experimented with composing songs around looped sounds instead of traditional riffs. Critic Tom Moon found the band's compositional approach reminiscent of hip hop and electronica music, with loops being layered into "richly textured collages".

Guitarist Tim Gane remarked that the shift in style from previous releases emerged from a year-long bout of writer's block, where the band felt they were "drifting about in a musical landscape that wasn't inspiring or particularly exciting. With nothing on the horizon, everything we tried out seemed to be a dead end". The group began working on a cover of the Godz' "ABC" for a tribute album. The challenge of covering a song that was essentially a free improvisation proved to be invigorating: Gane adapted four notes from the track and looped them, providing the basis for an early take on the song "Percolator". This reliance on loops rather than their earlier drone-based approach provided the blueprint for much of the album's direction. The recording sessions for Emperor Tomato Ketchup were split between working with John McEntire in Chicago and Paul Tipler in London.

Release
Emperor Tomato Ketchup was released on 18 March 1996 in the United Kingdom by Duophonic Records, and on 9 April 1996 in the United States by Elektra Records. The artwork for the album was inspired by the LP cover sleeve of a 1964 recording of composer Béla Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra by the Bamberg Symphony conducted by Heinrich Hollreiser.

Preceding the album's release, the track "Cybele's Reverie" was issued as a single (on 7" vinyl) and as an EP (on CD and 10" vinyl) on 19 February 1996. A second single, "Metronomic Underground", was released on 2 December 1996. "The Noise of Carpet" was also promoted as a single to radio outlets in the United States.

AllMusic writer Heather Phares cites Emperor Tomato Ketchup as "Stereolab's greatest success to date". In the US, the album was especially successful on college radio, and by August 1997, the album had sold over 46,000 units in the country, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

A remastered and expanded edition of Emperor Tomato Ketchup was released by Duophonic and Warp on 13 September 2019.

Critical reception and legacy
On its release, Emperor Tomato Ketchup earned positive reviews from music critics.

In 2004's The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, Roni Sarig wrote that Stereolab created their "most well-rounded, confident, and accomplished statement" with Emperor Tomato Ketchup, forgoing their earlier lo-fi aesthetic and crafting "an impeccably produced, creatively mixed collection that's a joy to behold in its full high-fidelity glory." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated that "Stereolab were poised for a breakthrough" with Emperor Tomato Ketchup given both their growing influence on alternative rock and their increasingly accessible musical direction. He noted that the album saw the band composing hookier songs while incorporating "more avant-garde and experimental influences", resulting in it being their "most complex, multi-layered record." Record Collector's Oregano Rathbone likewise said that Emperor Tomato Ketchup contained "defining examples of Stereolab's rewardingly oxymoronic tendencies".

Emperor Tomato Ketchup has appeared in numerous lists of the greatest albums. Spin named it the 46th best album of the 1990s. It was ranked 51st on Pitchfork's list of the decade's best albums, with staff writer Brent DiCrescenzo praising it as Stereolab's "most definitive and recommended statement" and recalling that it "sounded wholly futuristic and alien" at the time of its release. Tom Moon included Emperor Tomato Ketchup in his book 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die (2008), and it was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

Stereolab
 * Stereolab – vocals, percussion, bass, guitar, Farfisa and Vox organs, analogue synthesizer, electronics, electric piano, tambourine, vibraphone, other instruments
 * Tim Gane
 * Lætitia Sadier
 * Duncan Brown
 * Mary Hansen
 * Morgane Lhote
 * Andy Ramsay

Additional musicians
 * Ray Dickarty – alto saxophone on "Percolator"
 * Mandy Drummond – strings
 * Meg Gates – strings
 * Sally Herbert – strings
 * Marcus Holdaway – strings
 * John McEntire – analogue synthesizer, electronics, maracas, tambourine, vibraphone and guitar on "Tomorrow Is Already Here"
 * Sean O'Hagan – Wurlitzer piano, Vox organ, vibraphone, string arrangements

Production
 * John McEntire – production, engineering, mixing
 * Stereolab (credited as "The Groop") – production, mixing
 * Paul Tipler – production, engineering, mixing

title: Emperor Tomato Ketchup (album)


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Carlos Meléndez (politician)

Carlos Meléndez Ramírez (1 February 1861 – 8 October 1919) was a Salvadoran politician who served as the president of El Salvador from 1913 to 1914 and again from 1915 to 1918. He also served as the president of the Legislative Assembly from 1912 to 1913.

Early and personal life
Carlos Meléndez Ramírez was born on 1 February 1861 in San Salvador, El Salvador. His parents were Rafael Meléndez and Mercedes Ramírez de Meléndez. His maternal grandfather was Norberto Ramírez, the president of El Salvador from 1840 to 1841. His siblings were Rafael, Francisco, Guillermo, Jorge (who later served as president from 1919 to 1923), Leonor, Carmen, and Sor. His sister Carmen married Alfonso Quiñónez Molina, a physician. Meléndez married Sara Meza de Meléndez but did not have children.

Political career
From 1904 to 1905, 1907 to 1910, and 1912 to 1914, Meléndez served as a deputy of the Legislative Assembly. From 29 April 1912 to 1913, Meléndez served as the president of the Legislative Assembly.

Meléndez participated in the 1895 election, running to serve as General Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez's vice president. Meléndez won 18,792 votes, or 30.91 percent, losing to Liberal opponent Prudencio Alfaro. Meléndez participated in the 1903 election, running to serve as Pedro José Escalón's vice president. Meléndez won 138 votes, or 0.12 percent, coming in last place and losing to Calixto Velado Eduardo. Meléndez participated in the 1907 presidential election; he won only 8 votes, or 0.01 percent, coming in sixth place and losing to General Fernando Figueroa.

On 9 February 1913, President Manuel Enrique Araujo was assassinated in San Salvador. As Araujo's vice president, Onofre Durán Santillana, had resigned prior to Araujo's assassination, Meléndez, who Araujo selected as the first designate, became the country's provisional president, serving until 29 August 1914 when he was succeeded by Quiñónez. On 12 January 1915, Meléndez was elected as president of El Salvador unopposed and assumed office on 1 March 1915; Quiñónez was his vice president. In 1918, Meléndez formed the Red League, a paramilitary organization of the National Democratic Party (PDN) to intimidate political opponents. Meléndez considered the Gulf of Fonseca to be Salvadoran territory due to historical reasons and its geographic configuration. Under Meléndez, El Salvador remained neutral during World War I.

Illness and death
On 21 December 1918, Meléndez resigned due to illness and was succeeded by Quiñónez. In August 1919, Meléndez left El Salvador to the United States to seek treatment for his illness where he died in New York City on 8 October 1919. His funeral was held the two days later at St. Patrick's Cathedral. His body was returned to El Salvador on the USS Cleveland protected cruiser, arriving in La Libertad on 5 November 1919.

title: Carlos Meléndez (politician)


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Alfonso Quiñónez Molina

Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (January 11, 1874 – May 22, 1950) was the President of El Salvador from 21 December 1918 to 28 February 1919 and from 1 March 1923 to 28 February 1927.

He served as the Vice President to Carlos Meléndez and Jorge Meléndez from March 1915 to March 1923.

Early life
Alfonso was born into the family of Lucio Quiñónez and Aurelia Molina. He was married to Leonor Meléndez Ramírez, a sister of Presidents Carlos and Jorge Meléndez.

Political career
The Meléndez-Quiñónez dynasty effectively ruled the country from 1914 to 1927. Quiñónez was one of the founders of the Democratic Party of El Salvador. His policies largely served the interests of the coffee oligarchy of the country.

In 1918, Quiñónez established the Lega Rojas, or the Red league, which intended to work as a mediator between the oligarchy and the peasants. It was deemed as the first attempt to form an official party in the country. However, the far-reaching oligarchic control of the prevented the organization from achieving its goal. Later it supported the candidacy of President Jorge Melendez.

After becoming president in 1923, Quiñónez ruled El Salvador like a ruthless dictator, harassing and suppressing any form of opposition.

It was common among Salvadoran presidents to declare an heir during the final days of their terms, as the constitution barred immediate re-election.

Quiñónez handed the presidency to Vice-President Romero. He thought that as Romero did not spring from a rich family, he would be a puppet of Quiñónez. However, Quiñónez's plan backfired, and he, along with other members of the dynasty organized a coup against the new president. However, the coup, which took place in December 1927, ultimately failed.

Quiñónez's decision to borrow money from other countries to pave the roads of San Salvador sparked a controversy in the country thatwas exploited by subsequent rulers like Maximiliano Hernández Martinez.

title: Alfonso Quiñónez Molina


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Talk:Snowball effect

Untitled
Removed the 'technical' requirements for a snowball to produce the snowball effect. Not really required as the point of the term is that a snowball effect is based on how a snowball rolling on snow gets bigger, to add that certain requirements for moisture/temperature etc. are required is a mute point for what the term itself means. ny156uk 11:51, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Removed "Snowball Earth" as it absolutely has nothing to do with snowball effect, or any "effect" for that matter. I feel this is highly relevant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.217.208.82 (talk) 15:18, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Deletion?
Does this article really need to exist? It seems like it would be better suited to wiktionary, and it somewhat repeats the material from the "domino effect" and "butterfly effect" articles. It also has almost no references. --Titus.jon (talk) 02:26, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * This article may need to exist as far as it may help learn a lesson from even the foolish such that something needs to be avoided. Such may be the case with the butterfly effect, which is literally quite, if not definitely, unlikely. The extremely dubious Lorenz's question "Does the flap of a butterfly’s wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas?" itself needs to be formally asked and answered. Who should answer it? After Lorenz, perhaps the MIT school who may benefit from the  Lorenz attractor and the like should answer it. KYPark (talk) 04:46, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Snowball effect


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Jorge Meléndez

Jorge Meléndez Ramírez (15 April 1871 – 22 November 1953), was born to Rafael Meléndez and Mercedes Ramírez (daughter of Norberto Ramírez). Married to Tula Mazzini, he had three children: Jorge (who died in his youth), María de los Angeles, and Ricardo. He was the younger brother of President Carlos Meléndez.

He served as 26th President of El Salvador from 1 March 1919 to 1 March 1923.

title: Jorge Meléndez


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Pío Romero Bosque

Pío Romero Bosque (1860 – 10 December 1935) was a Salvadoran politician who served as president of El Salvador from 1 March 1927 until 1 March 1931. He also served as the vice president of Alfonso Quiñónez Molina from 1 March 1923 to 1 March 1927.

He is reputed to be one of the few, if not the only, Salvadoran president who was able to strike a political balance in government during his administration. This balance is often known as the "natural mix" – a balance between concession to demands of the various components of society and repression of the same in a given country. He was a scion of the Meléndez–Quiñónez "dynasty", who, rather than impose his own heir as president, allowed a democratization of the country with its first free elections in 1931, won by Arturo Araujo.

title: Pío Romero Bosque


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Arturo Araujo

Arturo Araujo Fajardo (1878 – December 1, 1967) was the president of El Salvador from March 1, 1931, to December 2, 1931. He was overthrown in a military coup led by junior officers, and was forced to flee the country for Guatemala. An agricultural leader and engineer, Araujo had been elected in what is generally reckoned as the country's first honest presidential contest.

Arturo Araujo was a distant relative of Manuel Enrique Araujo. Pachita Tennant Mejía de Pike, who is familiar with the history of Salvadoran families, says that the Araujo family mostly comes from the town of Jucuapa, in the department of Usulután, El Salvador. However, Arturo Araujo's family originally came from Suchitoto, in the department of Cuscatlán, moving to Santa Tecla around 1885. His parents were Enriqueta Fajardo de Araujo and Dr. Eugenio Araujo, Finance Minister in the Administration of General Francisco Menéndez. He spent some time studying in Liverpool, England. It was there that Araujo became involved with Labour Party politics. He also met his English wife, Dora née Morton, while a student there.

Biography
Araujo was a member of land-owning oligarchy of El Salvador. He made an unsuccessful bid for presidency in 1919. Before that, his speech at the first workers congress in the western town of Armenia earned him the nickname "Benefactor of the general people." In 1922, he made a failed attempt to invade the country from Honduras.

The free elections in 1931 failed to obtain a plurality for any of the candidate. Arturo won the elections with the backing of his supporters in the congress. Alberto Masferrer had proposed a nine-point reform program of the country, based on which the president promised food, cloth, work and housing to every Salvadoran. However, Government corruption and the Great Depression created disadvantage for the president.

Soon he was overthrown in a military coup, and with his overthrow began five decades of military rule in the country.

title: Arturo Araujo


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User talk:Andraax

Check out Rolemaster in List of role-playing games >:-( A/B 'Shipper 女 (talk) 19:57, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Checked and did some modifications, buy a lot more is needed.

Invitation
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Seeing your edits, I guess that you are Argentine, if you are, c'mon join us at WikiProject Argentina. Also you may like to know that Wikipedia has a small but constantly growing Argentine community, if you want to include yourself in our noble ranks =D add this in your user page:. Goodbye! --OneEuropeanHeart 03:24, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andraax


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Andrés Ignacio Menéndez

Brigadier General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (1 February 1879–7 June 1962) was born in Santa Ana, El Salvador.

He served as President of El Salvador from 29 August 1934 to 1 March 1935 and again from 9 May to 20 October 1944. He was overthrown in October 1944 by a military coup led by Col. Osmín Aguirre y Salinas and exiled to Guatemala.

Career
Ignacio gradually rose through the ranks in the Salvadoran military, becoming second lieutenant on 18 October 1898, lieutenant on 24 March 1904, captain on 1 August 1906, captain major on 24 May, 1907, lieutenant colonel on 20 May 1911, colonel on 21 May 1915, and brigadier general on 10 August 1920.

Civil unrest broke out following the overthrow of President Hernandez. In response, Melendez declared amnesty for everyone who was part of the unrest, and thus began a national transition to democracy.

title: Andrés Ignacio Menéndez


text:
Dew Process

Dew Process is an Australian independent record label, based in Brisbane, Queensland, founded and owned by Australian music industry figure Paul Piticco.

Operational
The label operates in two primary areas: traditional development of Australian talent and the provision of promotional, marketing and distribution services for artists based in other countries who are looking to establish their music in Australia and New Zealand.

Management and distribution
Dew Process is part of the Secret Sounds group, with offices in Brisbane and Sydney. The label is distributed by Universal Music Australia.

Current roster

 * Alice Ivy
 * Bernard Fanning
 * Boy Destroy
 * The Beths
 * Bloc Party
 * Eves Karydas
 * The Grates
 * Jean Dawson
 * London Grammar
 * Mallrat
 * Mumford and Sons
 * Oh Wonder
 * Sam Fender
 * Sly Withers
 * Tired Lion
 * Thomas Porter
 * Tkay Maidza
 * Tyne-James Organ
 * Waax

Discography
Discography adapted from AllMusic and Dew Process.

 * The Fergusons - Never Too Young To Hitchhike (February 2003)
 * The Fergusons - "Sinner is Red" (14 July 2003)
 * The Tremors - ''Can I Get a Whiskey (29 September 2003)
 * The Tremors - Cash Up Front, No Kissing (6 September 2004)
 * Sarah Blasko - The Overture & the Underscore (11 October 2004)
 * The Grates - The Ouch. The Touch. (14 February 2005)
 * Drag - The Way Out (10 July 2005)
 * Bernard Fanning - Tea & Sympathy (31 October 2005)
 * Expatriate - Lovers le Strange (31 October 2005)
 * Sarah Blasko - ''What the Sea Wants, the Sea Will Have (21 October 2006)
 * Expatriate - Play a Part EP (12 February 2007)
 * Expatriate - In the Midst of This (21 April 2007)
 * Shout Out Louds - Our Ill Wills (25 April 2007)
 * Powderfinger - Dream Days at the Hotel Existence (4 June 2007)
 * Dropkick Murphys - The Meanest of Times (18 September 2007)
 * The Panics - Cruel Guards (15 October 2007)
 * Various artists - No Man's Woman (20 October 2007)
 * Yves Klein Blue - Yves Klein Blue Draw Attention to Themselves (1 April 2008)
 * The Living End - White Noise (19 July 2008)
 * The Grates - Teeth Lost, Hearts Won (2 August 2008)
 * The Living End - Rarities (15 November 2008)
 * Yves Klein Blue - Ragged & Ecstatic (7 July 2009)
 * Sarah Blasko - ''As Day Follows Night (10 July 2009)
 * Whitley - Go Forth, Find Mammoth (30 October 2009)
 * Last Dinosaurs - Back from the Dead (26 February 2010)
 * Ernest Ellis - Hunting (6 October 2010)
 * The John Steel Singers - Tangalooma (5 November 2010)
 * Guineafowl - Hello Anxiety (11 February 2011)
 * Jebediah - Kosciuszko (15 April 2011)
 * Seeker Lover Keeper - Seeker Lover Keeper (3 June 2011)
 * The Grates - Secret Rituals (17 June 2011)
 * The Living End - The Ending Is Just the Beginning Repeating (22 July 2011)
 * The Panics - Rain on the Humming Wire (29 July 2011)
 * Ben Lee - Deeper into Dream (11 October 2011)
 * Bluejuice - Company (11 November 2011)
 * Last Dinosaurs - In a Million Years (2 March 2012)
 * James Vincent McMorrow - Early in the Morning (re-issue) (13 March 2012)
 * Electric Guest - Mondo (re-issue) (15 May 2012)
 * Mosman Alder - Burn Bright (22 May 2012)
 * White Arrows - Dry Land is Not a Myth (19 June 2012)
 * Expatriate - Hyper / Heart (9 July 2012)
 * Sarah Blasko - I Awake (re-issue) (6 November 2012)
 * Bernard Fanning - Departures (7 June 2013)
 * Whitley - Even the Stars Are a Mess (5 July 2013)
 * Gossling - Harvest of Gold (1 November 2013)

 * The John Steel Singers - Everything's a Thread (8 November 2013)
 * James Vincent McMorrow - Post Tropical (10 January 2014)
 * Kingswood - Microscopic Wars (22 August 2014)
 * Little May - Little May (10 October 2014)
 * Bluejuice - Retrospectable (1 September 2014)
 * Many Things - Burn Together (11 April 2015)
 * Paul Conrad - "Records" (14 July 2015)
 * Eves the Behavior - Eves the Behavior (24 July 2015)
 * Last Dinosaurs - Wellness (28 August 2015)
 * Little May - For the Company (9 October 2015)
 * Paul Conrad - "California" (9 October 2015)
 * L.K. McKay - "Tip Toe" (18 January 2016)
 * Bloc Party - Hymns (29 January 2016)
 * The Living End - Shift (13 May 2016)
 * Bernard Fanning - Civil Dusk (5 August 2016)
 * Tired Lion - "Agoraphobia" (6 October 2016)
 * The Panics - Hole in Your Pocket (7 October 2016)
 * James Vincent McMorrow - We Move (2 September 2016)
 * Kingswood - After Hours, Close To Dawn (17 February 2017)
 * Antony & Cleopatra - "Dust" (14 May 2017)
 * Bernard Fanning - Brutal Dawn (26 May 2017)
 * James Vincent McMorrow - True Care (26 May 2017)
 * Chapel - "Do the Marino" (29 June 2017)
 * Tired Lion - Dumb Days (15 September 2017)
 * Ecca Vandal - Ecca Vandal (20 October 2017)
 * Antony & Cleopatra - "Twitch" (16 November 2017)
 * Tyne-James Organ - "Watch You Go" (30 November 2017)
 * Alice Ivy - I'm Dreaming (9 February 2018)
 * Antony & Cleopatra - "The Islands" (19 April 2018)
 * The Beths - Future Me Hates Me (10 August 2018)
 * Kingswood - "Messed It Up" (25 September 2018)
 * Eves Karydas - Summerskin (28 September 2018)
 * Amwin - "DeLorean" (4 October 2018)
 * Last Dinosaurs - Yumeno Garden (5 October 2018)
 * Little May - "Lover" (30 October 2018)
 * Joyride - Sunrise Chaser (9 November 2018)
 * Antony & Cleopatra - Hurt Like Hell (23 November 2018)
 * Waax - Big Grief (23 August 2019)

title: Dew Process


text: File:Smashes Thrashes cover.jpg

title: File:Smashes Thrashes cover.jpg


text:
User:Baudrillard

I am the best imitation of myself.

title: User:Baudrillard


text:
Osmín Aguirre y Salinas

Osmín Aguirre y Salinas (25 December 1889 – 17 July 1977) was a Salvadoran military officer and politician who served as the provisional president of El Salvador from 21 October 1944 until 1 March 1945. A Colonel in the Salvadoran Army, Aguirre y Salinas led two successful coups against the Salvadoran government: once in 1931 (installing General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez in power) and once more in 1944 (installing himself in power). He left office in 1945, with the assurance that his successor in the next election would be Salvador Castaneda Castro. Aguirre y Salinas was later assassinated by left-wing guerrillas near his home in San Salvador at the age of 87.

The Supreme Court declared his term unconstitutional, and the United States did not recognize his coming to power, which deemed his regime pro-fascist.

As the chief of the National Police of El Salvador, Aguirre y Salinas was one of main perpetrators of La Matanza.

Personal life
Osmín Aguirre y Salinas was born in San Miguel, San Miguel, on 24 December 1889.

He married Mrs. Rosa Cardona (1904–1991) and fathered four children.

Government of Hernández Martínez

On 2 December 1931, President Arturo Araujo was overthrown by Army officers over anger that they had not been paid. Colonel Osmín Aguirre y Salinas took part in the coup and helped establish the Civic Directory. The Civic Directory handed over the Presidency of El Salvador to then Vice President General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez on December 4. Aguirre y Salinas acted as Director of the National Police during Hernández Martínez's presidency from 1931 through 1944.

In January 1932, peasants across western El Salvador took up arms against the government after legislative elections were cancelled by President Hernández Martínez. In what would become a massacre of 25,000 to 40,000 indigenous peasants and communists, Aguirre y Salinas was put in charge of capturing Farabundo Martí, one of the rebellion's communist leaders.

Presidency
On 9 May 1944, Maximiliano Hernández Martínez resigned due to an attempted coup, strikes being conducted against his government, and pressure from the United States. After Hernández Martínez's resignation, Andrés Ignacio Menéndez became Provisional President of El Salvador. On 21 October 1944, Aguirre y Salinas and other military officers who previously supported Hernández Martínez overthrew Andrés Ignacio Menéndez's government and established himself as Provisional President of El Salvador. He cracked down on political opposition which lead to an armed uprising being launched by students in San Salvador on 8 December, followed by an insurgent attack from Guatemala four days later where dictator Jorge Ubico had been overthrown in July. Both movements were crushed by the Aguirre y Salinas government, which thus consolidated its position in power.

During his brief and short presidency, he issued a decree reforming the regulations of executive power on 28 February 1945, with the purpose of making a "more rational distribution of the different branches of public administration" and considering "urgent the introduction of some reforms to the Regulation of the Executive Power, so that the incoming Government can organize said services on new bases".

In January 1945, Aguirre y Salinas oversaw the presidential elections and ran in them to be elected to a second term. The election was boycotted by five candidates who withdrew after accusing Osmín Aguirre y Salinas of unfair election practices to ensure victory for his favored candidate. The election ended in a victory for Salvador Castaneda Castro of the Social Democratic Unification Party with 312,754 votes and a margin of 99.70 percent. Aguirre y Salinas himself only received 690 votes, a margin of 0.22 percent, in the heavily rigged election.

Aguirre y Salinas' term ended on 1 March 1945 and Castaneda Castro was sworn in as President. He continued to harbor political aspirations in opposition to the rule of Castaneda Castro and run for the presidency, until the military coup of 1948.

Assassination
Aguirre y Salinas was shot and killed on 12 July 1977 in San Salvador while he was being taken to the Military Hospital. He was 87 years old at the time of his death. The Farabundo Martí Popular Liberation Forces claimed responsibility for the assassination.

title: Osmín Aguirre y Salinas


text:
User:Pietras1988

http://kurow-wiki.openhosting.pl/wiki/User:Pietras1988

title: User:Pietras1988


text:
Chlorodifluoromethane

Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). This colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22, or R-22, or. It was commonly used as a propellant and refrigerant. These applications were phased out under the Montreal Protocol in developed countries in 2020 due to the compound's ozone depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP), and in developing countries this process will be completed by 2030. R-22 is a versatile intermediate in industrial organofluorine chemistry, e.g. as a precursor to tetrafluoroethylene.

Production and current applications
Worldwide production of R-22 in 2008 was about 800Gg per year, up from about 450Gg per year in 1998, with most production in developing countries. R-22 use is being phased out in developing countries, where it is largely used for air conditioning applications. Air conditioning sales are growing 20% annually in India and China.

R-22 is prepared from chloroform:
 * HCCl3 + 2 HF → HCF2Cl + 2 HCl

An important application of R-22 is as a precursor to tetrafluoroethylene. This conversion involves pyrolysis to give difluorocarbene, which dimerizes:
 * 2 CHClF2 → C2F4 + 2 HCl

The compound also yields difluorocarbene upon treatment with strong base and is used in the laboratory as a source of this reactive intermediate.

The pyrolysis of R-22 in the presence of chlorofluoromethane gives hexafluorobenzene.

Environmental effects
R-22 is often used as an alternative to the highly ozone-depleting CFC-11 and CFC-12, because of its relatively low ozone depletion potential of 0.055, among the lowest for chlorine-containing haloalkanes. However, even this lower ozone depletion potential is no longer considered acceptable.

As an additional environmental concern, R-22 is a powerful greenhouse gas with a GWP equal to 1810 (which indicates 1810 times as powerful as carbon dioxide). Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are often substituted for R-22 because of their lower ozone depletion potential, but these refrigerants often have a higher GWP. R-410A, for example, is often substituted, but has a GWP of 2088. Another substitute is R-404A with a GWP of 3900. Other substitute refrigerants are available with low GWP. Ammonia (R-717), with a GWP of <1, remains a popular substitute on fishing vessels and large industrial applications. Ammonia's toxicity in high concentrations limit its application in small-scale refrigeration applications.

Propane (R-290) is another example, and has a GWP of 3. Propane was the de facto refrigerant in systems smaller than industrial scale before the introduction of CFCs. The reputation of propane refrigerators as a fire hazard kept delivered ice and the ice box the overwhelming consumer choice despite its inconvenience and higher cost until safe CFC systems overcame the negative perceptions of refrigerators. Illegal to use as a refrigerant in the US for decades, propane is now permitted for use in limited mass suitable for small refrigerators. It is not lawful to use in air conditioners or larger refrigerators because of its flammability and potential for explosion.

Phaseout in the European Union
Since 1 January 2010, it has been illegal to use newly manufactured HCFCs to service refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment; only reclaimed and recycled HCFCs may be used. In practice this means that the gas has to be removed from the equipment before servicing and replaced afterwards, rather than refilling with new gas.

Since 1 January 2015, it has been illegal to use any HCFCs to service refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment; broken equipment that used HCFC refrigerants must be replaced with equipment that does not use them.

Phaseout in the United States
R-22 was mostly phased out in new equipment in the United States by regulatory action by the EPA under the Significant New Alternatives Program (SNAP) by rules 20 and 21 of the program, due to its high global warming potential. The EPA program was consistent with the Montreal Accords, but international agreements must be ratified by the US Senate to have legal effect. A 2017 decision of the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held that the US EPA lacked authority to regulate the use of R-22 under SNAP. In essence the court ruled the EPA's statutory authority was for ozone reduction, not global warming. The EPA subsequently issued guidance to the effect that the EPA would no longer regulate R-22. A 2018 ruling by the same court held that the EPA failed to conform with required procedure when it issued its guidance pursuant to the 2017 ruling, voiding the guidance, but not the prior ruling that required it. The refrigeration and air conditioning industry had already discontinued production of new R-22 equipment. The practical effect of these rulings is to reduce the cost of imported R-22 to maintain aging equipment, extending its service life, while preventing the use of R-22 in new equipment.

R-22, retrofit using substitute refrigerants
The energy efficiency and system capacity of systems designed for R-22 is slightly greater using R-22 than the available substitutes.

R-407A is for use in low- and medium-temp refrigeration. Uses a polyolester (POE) oil.

R-407C is for use in air conditioning. Uses a minimum of 20 percent POE oil.

R-407F and R-407H are for use in medium- and low-temperature refrigeration applications (supermarkets, cold storage, and process refrigeration); direct expansion system design only. They use a POE oil.

R-421A is for use in "air conditioning split systems, heat pumps, supermarket pak systems, dairy chillers, reach-in storage, bakery applications, refrigerated transport, self-contained display cabinets, and walk-in coolers". Uses mineral oil (MO), Alkylbenzene (AB), and POE.

R-422B is for use in low-, medium-, and high-temperature applications. It is not recommended for use in flooded applications.

R-422C is for use in medium- and low-temperature applications. The TXV power element will need to be changed to a 404A/507A element and critical seals (elastomers) may need to be replaced.

R-422D is for use in low-temp applications, and is mineral oil compatible.

R-424A is for use in air conditioning as well as medium-temp refrigeration temperature ranges of 20 to 50˚F. It works with MO, alkylbenzenes (AB), and POE oils.

R-427A is for use in air conditioning and refrigeration applications. It does not require all the mineral oil to be removed. It works with MO, AB, and POE oils.

R-434A is for use in water cooled and process chillers for air conditioning and medium- and low-temperature applications. It works with MO, AB, and POE oils.

R-438A (MO-99) is for use in low-, medium-, and high-temperature applications. It is compatible with all lubricants.

R-458A is for use in air conditioning and refrigeration applications, without capacity or efficiency loss. Works with MO, AB, and POE oils.

R-32 or HFC-32 (difluoromethane) is for use in air conditioning and refrigeration applications. It has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) [2] and a global warming potential (GWP) index 675 times that of carbon dioxide.

Physical properties
It has two allotropes: crystalline II below 59K and crystalline I above 59K and below 115.73K.

Price history and availability
EPA's analysis indicated the amount of existing inventory was between 22,700t and 45,400t.

In 2012 the EPA reduced the amount of R-22 by 45%, causing the price to rise by more than 300%. For 2013, the EPA has reduced the amount of R-22 by 29%.

title: Chlorodifluoromethane


text:
Salvador Castaneda Castro

Salvador Castaneda Castro (6 August 1888 – 5 March 1965) was President of El Salvador from 1 March 1945 to 14 December 1948. He had previously served as Interior Minister under President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez. He was elected unopposed during martial law in January 1945, and was overthrown in a coup by other military officers in December 1948.

1944 Salvadoran uprisings
A general strike had begun on 19 April 1944 in reaction to the repressive policies of the President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, which included acts of civil disobedience by workers, students, and government employees, who refused to attend work or school during the strike. During the strike a member of the police killed the son of a wealthy United States immigrant. The US ambassador demanded an explanation, and the struggling economy also contributed to the pressure on Hernández Martínez, who resigned. Before leaving for exile, Hernández Martínez appointed General Andrés Ignacio Menéndez as provisional president. Although the strike succeeded in ousting Hernández Martínez, its leaders were not organized well enough to form an enduring organization. Hernández Martínez' supporters also succeeded in arresting or exiling many of the leaders of the strike.

In October 1944, Osmín Aguirre y Salinas, who had been the director of the National Police, staged a counter-coup along with many other very conservative military officials. He promptly repressed most dissident groups. This repression radicalized the opposition, which armed itself in neighboring Guatemala, which had just overthrown its dictator Jorge Ubico during the Guatemalan Revolution. An armed uprising was launched by students in San Salvador on 8 December, followed by an insurgent attack from Guatemala four days later. Both movements were crushed by the Aguirre government, which thus consolidated its position in power.

Presidency
In early 1945, Aguirre transferred power to Castaneda Castro. In January 1945, Castaneda Castro was elected president, with the backing of the elites that had supported Hernández Martínez. He contested the election as a candidate of Partido Agraria, or the Agrarian Party. He faced no opposition in the election, and the country remained under martial law during the entire process. Castaneda Castro had previously served as the interior minister in the government of Hernández Martínez, as had many of the ministers that Castaneda Castro appointed.

The Castaneda Castro government passed a measure that loosened the restrictions on labor unions in January 1946. However, the government did not liberalize its response to strikes; In October 1946, workers from a bakers union and a textile factory led a general strike in the hope of ousting Castaneda Castro from the presidency. The strike was put down by the government, and two hundred workers were arrested. In September 1946, in response to a further strike, Castaneda Castro disbanded all the labor organizations and exiled their leaders. The situation in the country during Castro's government has been described by historian Paul Almeida as a "state of siege. R.V. Elam stated that the governments of Aguirre and Castaneda Castro "reestablished elitist rule, [and] restricted political activity." James Dunkerley has stated that during Castaneda Castro's government, the country saw an economic recovery as the price of coffee rose, even as a return to democracy became less likely as the Cold War strengthened anti-communist sentiment.

In 1945 Castaneda Castro met Guatemalan President Juan José Arévalo to discuss the possibility of a Central American Union. In 1946, the two presidents signed the Pact of Santa Ana, and a year afterward they signed the Pact of the Confederate Union of the Central American States. However, this project was never fully realized.

Castro was deposed in a coup in December 1948, after he attempted to extend his stay in office. He initially intended to hand over power in 1949, but it was clear that his chosen successor Mauro Espinola Castro was unpopular while Osmín Aguirre y Salinas was among the favourites to win the election. The coup was led by many younger military officers.

title: Salvador Castaneda Castro


text: User:Elisson~enwiki

title: User:Elisson~enwiki


text:
Óscar Osorio

Óscar Osorio Hernández (December 14, 1910 – March 6, 1969) ruled as a member of the Revolutionary Council of Government from December 14, 1948 to September 14, 1950. He was President of El Salvador from September 14, 1950 until September 14, 1956.

Biography
Osorio was born in the town of Sonsonate, El Salvador, on December 14, 1910.

He married twice: first with Leticia Rosales, with whom she had three children: Ana Maya, Rhina and Oscar. His second wife was Esperanza Llerena and had two children, Cecilia and Humberto.

His primary education was made in Sonsonate, Santa Ana and San Salvador, and worked in the Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School in the capital.

He did his higher education in various national and foreign academies, but mostly 3 years in the War College in Turin, Italy, where he returned to the country in October 1943.

On December 14, 1948, there was a coup d'état of the "young soldiers" against President Salvador Castaneda Castro. Osorio, in the end with the rank of major, was added as a diplomatic mission in El Salvador in Mexico, and was called to lead the provisional government called the Revolutionary Council government, formed by Major Oscar Bolaños and civilians Reynaldo Galindo Pohl and Humberto Costa.

Under the new constitution of 1950 the presidential elections were held. In the elections of that year, he presented himself as a candidate of the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification, founded in 1945 and beat the only opposition candidate, Colonel José Menéndez Ascencio, who was presented by the Action Party Renovadora.

He assumed the constitutional presidency of El Salvador in 1950 and Osorio's government coincided with a period of calm because the coffee and cotton prices rose considerably. His presidency had adopted a plan of social reforms including the introduction of Social Security for urban workers and the creation of the Institute of Urban Housing (IVU) and developmental measures (pulse limited industrialization). With what he perceived the state in taxes on exports of coffee were initiated numerous public works, particularly the establishment of the Executive Committee on Ports, ECA, the construction of the Hydroelectric Dam "November 5, and the Coastal Highway the "Golden Bridge" on the Lempa River, numerous schools and multifamily housing complexes. It was also celebrated with great pomp the anniversary of the coup d'état of December 14 (officially known as the Revolution of 1948).These economic reforms largely helped the middle class and urban residents.

There was also a strong impetus to the arts, and he established a scholarship scheme for artists to study abroad.

At the same time, however, together with the democratic opening, Osorio created rules that put the country under a suspension of individual rights and collective, known as the Law on Defense of the Constitutional Order. Based on it, from 1952 until the end of his term, Osorio had developed a policy of selective repression against labor leaders and students, before the rise of the popular movement that emerged from the struggles that led to the overthrow of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez in 1944. Osorio passed as political disappearances the imprisonment of the most important leaders of the Salvadoran left—labor leaders Salvador Cayetano Carpio and his wife Tula Alvarenga, the student leader Gabriel Gallegos Valdés and academic Celestino Castro. All were interrogated and tortured by the National Police, as documented in his book Abduction and Hood, first published in 1956.

The features of the government Osorio called Revolution 48 were:

His continued representation as of 1932 as the government of the oligarchy and imperialism.

With the rising price of coffee, there was a boom in the country.

In tandem with the high rhetoric, the government of Colonel Osorio accentuated the line of repression and terror against the democratic movement organized in the country. After splitting the labor movement and supporting a central reactionary movement with the full support of the state machinery, the Osores-led government acted against the organization of the working class in El Salvador in an attempt to repress it, albeit less intensely than in 1932.

At the time of Osorio, people began growing cotton on a large scale in the plains of the coast, especially in the east.

Another important fact is the Central American economic integration treaties signed in 1951.

Osorio died in Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas, United States, as a result of kidney failure complicated by pneumonia.

Military ranks

 * Promoted to lieutenant on December 12, 1931
 * Promoted to lieutenant on June 15, 1934
 * Promoted to captain on October 15, 1937
 * Promoted to captain staff on October 15, 1937
 * Promoted to lieutenant colonel on September 9, 1950

Decorations

 * MEX Order of the Aztec Eagle 1Class BAR.png Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (Mexico, July 1951)
 * CHL Order of Bernardo O'Higgins - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile, October 1951)
 * NI Ribbon bar of the Grand Cross of the Order of Rubén Dario.png Grand Cross of the Order of Rubén Darío (Nicaragua, January 1952)
 * PAN Order of Vasco Nunez de Balboa - Grand Cross BAR.png Extraordinary Grand Cross of the Order of Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Panama, September 1952)
 * National Order of Merit-Grand Cross (Ecuador) - ribbon bar.gif Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (Ecuador, May 1953)
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 9 Sond des Grosskreuzes.svg Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany, December 1954)
 * Cordone di gran Croce di Gran Cordone OMRI BAR.svg Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italy, February 1955)

title: Óscar Osorio


text:
Soldier Fuel

The Soldier Fuel bar, formerly known as Hooah! bar, is a dairy-based calcium-enriched energy bar created by the United States military in 1996. It was originally provided to military personnel packaged within a field ration, such as the Meal, Ready-to-Eat, Meal Cold Weather, or First Strike Ration.

Origin
The name comes from the word "hooah", an expression of high morale, strength and confidence most commonly used by the United States Army. As the Marine Corps preferred the word "Oohrah!" instead, the bar originally had "HOOAH!" and the US Army seal on one side and "OOH-RAH!" and the US Marine Corps seal on the other; newer wrappers have both logos on the same side. The commercial version features the United States roundel instead.

The original military HOOAH! Bar came in apple-cinnamon, chocolate, raspberry, cran-raspberry, and peanut butter flavors. The smaller First Strike bars (provided in the concentrated First Strike Ration) come in the same flavors, except peanut butter (mocha is used instead).

Commercial availability
In 2004, D'Andrea Brothers LLC licensed "HOOAH!" for commercial sales, and the company started marketing the bar to the public in 2004. The energy bar is now named "Soldier Fuel" instead of HOOAH!, and provides 270 to 280 calories, 10 grams of protein, 8 or 9 grams of fat and 40 grams to 42 grams of carbohydrates. While "Soldier Fuel" was offered in both chocolate and peanut butter in 2017, as of early 2020, it is offered only in chocolate.

title: Soldier Fuel


text:
José María Lemus

Lieutenant Colonel José María Lemus López (22 July 1911 – 31 March 1993) was president of El Salvador from 14 September 1956 to 26 October 1960. Before becoming a president, he served as an undersecretary of defense and a minister of the interior.

Life and career
He was born into a family of humble beginnings in La Unión, El Salvador. He was undersecretary of defense from 1948-1949. As President Óscar Osorio's choice for the successor to presidency, he antagonized many by fighting against corruption. Having won the disputed election of 1956, he appointed prominent civilians into his government and allowed many exiles to return the country.

He was a member of the Party of Democratic Unification. He continued socio-economic reforms of his predecessor, but there was no improvement in the living standards of the working class. He promulgated the Tenant Law, which protects the rights of the renters of houses or "Mesones, called also Vecindades" (apartment units with shared bathrooms). The law stipulating that landlords cannot increase the rent more than 10% every year made rent contract in houses obligatory with the objective of protecting the renter.

His government repealed the anti-sedition laws, therefore antagonizing the military. His government's decision to control the production of coffee infuriated the public. Soon after the Cuban revolution, there were widespread student protests. There was a subsequent roundup of dissidents and protesters.

Overthrow and death
Following these uncertainties, he was overthrown in a bloodless coup and a new, short-lived Junta government was formed consisting of three military (Miguel Ángel Castillo, César Yanes Urías, Rubén Alonso Rosales) and three civilian (Ricardo Falla Cáceres, Fabio Castillo Figueroa, Rene Fortín Magaña).

After his exile, he lived in New York City until his death in San Jose, Costa Rica. He died of Hodgkin's lymphoma, leaving behind a wife and eight children.

title: José María Lemus


text:
Sharlee D'Angelo

Sharlee D'Angelo (born Charles Petter Andreason, 27 April 1973) is a Swedish musician. He is the bassist for the melodic death metal band Arch Enemy, as well as the classic rock/AOR band the Night Flight Orchestra and the stoner metal band Spiritual Beggars.

D'Angelo has also been in various bands in the past, either as a studio session player or full member. These include Arch Enemy, Mercyful Fate, Dismember, King Diamond and Witchery.

Equipment
He plays with Dunlop picks and primarily used Rickenbacker bass guitars in his early career, before switching to playing and endorsing Ibanez Iceman bass guitars in 2005. Ibanez now produces the Sharlee D'Angelo signature bass guitar, called the SDB2, which is tuned to D'Angelo's preferred C standard (Low to High – C, F, Bb, Eb).

Influences
D'Angelo has cited a number of bass players as early influences, including Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Steve Dawson, Peter Baltes, and John Entwistle.

With Mercyful Fate

 * 1994 – Time
 * 1996 – Into the Unknown
 * 1998 – Dead Again
 * 1999 – 9

With Facelift

 * 1997 – State of the Art

With IllWill

 * 1998 – Evilution

With Witchery

 * 1998 – Restless & Dead
 * 1999 – Dead, Hot and Ready
 * 2001 – Symphony for the Devil
 * 2006 – Don't Fear the Reaper
 * 2010 – Witchkrieg
 * 2016 – In His Infernal Majesty's Service
 * 2017 – I Am Legion

With Sinergy

 * 1999 – Beware the Heavens

With Arch Enemy

 * 1999 – Burning Bridges
 * 2000 – Burning Japan Live 1999
 * 2001 – Wages of Sin
 * 2003 – Anthems of Rebellion
 * 2005 – Doomsday Machine
 * 2006 – Live Apocalypse
 * 2007 – Rise of the Tyrant
 * 2008 – Tyrants of the Rising Sun
 * 2009 – The Root of All Evil
 * 2011 – Khaos Legions
 * 2014 – War Eternal
 * 2017 – Will to Power
 * 2022 – Deceivers

With Dismember

 * 2000 – Hate Campaign

With Spiritual Beggars

 * 2005 – Demons
 * 2010 – Return to Zero
 * 2013 – Earth Blues
 * 2016 – Sunrise to Sundown

With the Night Flight Orchestra

 * 2012 – Internal Affairs
 * 2015 – Skyline Whispers
 * 2017 – Amber Galactic
 * 2018 – Sometimes the World Ain't Enough
 * 2020 – Aeromantic
 * 2021 – Aeromantic II

title: Sharlee D'Angelo


text:
Talk:Chlorodifluoromethane

Untitled
Does anybody know what this stuff should cost? Could be good information to add. I just paid about $240 US for 2 pounds of this stuff for my home AC unit. Seemed like a rip off. 75.75.98.217 22:43, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

It is a common practice for repair people to artificially inflate the cost of provided goods in order to cover the cost of the service call..

Cans of HFC 22 for use in air guns are NOT Chlorodifluoromethane!
Every single place I've seen selling it, the shipping weight is nowhere near what it ought to be if it were actually CClFCH, the shipping weight, that is, the product and the can its sealed in combined, is always between 1/3 and 2/3rds of what the weight of the CClF2H alone ought to weigh! Chances are whatever is in those cans is actually propane.

I am deeply disappointed to make this disclosure. I was really hoping that, perhaps, the 2nd amendment had provided some sort of loophole to bypass the draconian restrictions put in place by the EPA as a result of the Ozone Hoax. Not so. Instead, what we have here is a company called "Ho Feng Corp" portraying their product in an extremely dishonest manner in order to confuse those who might use canisters of propane that cost over ten times less than their branded "HFC 22"... Zaphraud 03:39, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

 * What does airsoft have to do with Chlorodifluoromethane? LethalReflex (talk) 21:44, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

 * And here I was thinking airguns used canisters of compressed CO2, nitrogen or just plain, well... air. But conspiracy wonks gonna wonk, I guess. 146.199.0.169 (talk) 20:57, 17 June 2019 (UTC)

R-502/R-409A?
According to List of refrigerants, R-502 and R-409A are mixtures which both contain Chlorodifluoromethane, one of them containing 60% of it. Wouldn't that make them also illegal under the Montreal Protocol, and therefore NOT a good substitute?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.87.96.159 (talk) 03:20, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

HCFC-22 corrosion potential with aluminum
Has anybody ever heard of experimentation/testing being run regarding the corrosive properties of HCFC-22 to aluminum (primarily 6061-T6). It looks like there is some sort of reactin to "Group 2 - Alkaline Earth metals but nothing specific to aluminum (understood that aluminum is composed of many of the alkaline earth metals). It would be nice to see a report done on the subject. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sandcreature (talk • contribs) 19:56, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Why R 22
why we call chlorodifluromethane as R 22. Please explain —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pram3012 (talk • contribs) 09:58, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Already have data for 2014?
In the 'Price History and Availability' section, there's data for 2014. But it's 2013 now. How do we have next year's information?152.51.56.1 (talk) 17:06, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

Why isn't this article named R-22?
The first sentence of the article states that the most common name is R-22 - which is true. Why are we using a less common name for the article title? This is a widely used refrigerant with a well known common name - the article name should probably be R-22. 72.88.81.122 (talk) 16:34, 27 May 2015 (UTC)
 * It is usual to give chemicals their IUPAC name, that is the name that chemists call them. Note for example aluminium which has confused many people. Besides, R-22 isn't all that common, and less as it is phased out, so it won't be so commonly discussed. Gah4 (talk) 02:50, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
 * It is usual to give chemicals their IUPAC name, that is the name that chemists call them. Note for example aluminium which has confused many people. Besides, R-22 isn't all that common, and less as it is phased out, so it won't be so commonly discussed. Gah4 (talk) 02:50, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 11:34, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Any reason for "MT"?
It seems a bit strange seeing the stockpile figure listed as "MT (metric tons)". There are a few things wrong with this and I hope it's just because the EPA chose to write it like that for a nonscientific US audience, rather than it being an invention of the article author.

For a start, if your units are clear and conventional, they shouldn't need subtitling - you don't see lbs or kg being subtitled (pounds) or (kilogrammes), and indeed I saw "Gg" (a rather odd, but valid SI combination, although you'd normally expect to see it written in terms of kg, maybe in standard form) either further up the article or the one I directly linked through to it from (R410a) without it needing a note of "(gigagrammes)". That it needs explaining suggests you know it's nonstandard to start with.

Secondly, the M could be easily mistaken as the "mega-" prefix, IE multiplying the given figure by 1 million; though "MT" would be a somewhat worrying "megatesla", thus a measure of a truly epic magnetic field, it could also be misread as "megatons" ... especially as that abbreviation, with various capitalisation, is routinely used for measuring the power of nuclear bomb blasts.

Thirdly, there's already a perfectly good symbol - "t", and name - "tonnes", for "metric ton". The latter term is a rather unscientific American colloquialism. At the very least you could write "metric tonnes", y'know? But all that's actually needed is replacing the MT and its subtitle with a simple lowercase t.

I'm going to change that now anyway, but I felt it bore some explanation in case someone thought it simple vandalism and blindly reverted it. We're covering a scientific subject, the units and symbols should be standard SI, which means g, kg, and t for measures of mass or weight. If you want to vary from that, go the whole hog and use pure "standard" units instead... thus, lbs, and short or long tons. If that means converting the units, it's not exactly a difficult thing to do - there's even the facility built into Windows Calculator nowadays. 146.199.0.169 (talk) 21:07, 17 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I was wondering about kt in place of Gg, but all these units are funny. If kg is the base unit, the multiple should be Mkg. Gah4 (talk) 02:53, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I was wondering about kt in place of Gg, but all these units are funny. If kg is the base unit, the multiple should be Mkg. Gah4 (talk) 02:53, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

propane?
The article has a whole paragraph on propane as a refrigerant. It seems that this should actually go to the propane article, maybe with a mention or see also here. Gah4 (talk) 02:54, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chlorodifluoromethane


text:
Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea

Dr Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea (December 16, 1899 – January 9, 1966) was provisional president of El Salvador between January 25 and July 1, 1962.

He served as the President of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador in 1962.

title: Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea


text:
Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo

Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo (2 September 1921 – 29 July 1973) was a Salvadoran politician and military officer, who was the 34th President of El Salvador, in office from 1962 to 1967.

Early life and career
Rivera was born in Zacatecoluca, El Salvador. He was a military officer who helped to orchestrate a coup in 1961. From January to September of that year, he was a member of the Civic-Military Directory which ruled El Salvador at that time. In 1962 he was elected President for a 5-year term as the candidate of the National Conciliation Party. As president, he signed the Alianza para el Progreso with the United States and accepted a good amount of money to build low-cost housing for Salvadorans, such as the Zacamil buildings and other public works. The Times Magazines from March 16, 1962, said "Colonel Julio Rivera, is loosening the control of "the 14," a group of land and banking families who have ruled the country since Spanish colonial days", and recognized the biggest effort from the 19 Latin American countries that signed the document during the term of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.

At the same time, he started a Secret Service called ANSESAL and the head of this agency was Coronel Medrano, a CIA informant. He is known to have started Death Squads in El Salvador using military intelligence and personnel. They would interrogate and eliminate leftist suspects in both the countryside and in the capital. After leaving public office he went on to serve as Ambassador of El Salvador to the United States and the United Nations. During his tenure as president, he was often seen driving through the streets of San Salvador on his 1965 Harley-Davidson motorcycle.

Later life and death
From 1968 to 1973, he served as Ambassador to the United States. He died on July 29, 1973, aged 51.

title: Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo


text:
Steven Lewington

Steven Paul Lewington (born 25 February 1983) is an English professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment, where he performed under the ring name DJ Gabriel on the ECW brand. Lewington currently wrestles independently as "The Swole-verine" Bronson.

All Star Wrestling and Ohio Valley Wrestling (2003–2005)
After graduating from Senior School Sixth Form at the Forest School Winnersh, Lewington attended Farnborough College of Technology where he earned a Higher National Diploma in Aeronautical Engineering.

After developing an interest in professional wrestling, however, Lewington applied and was accepted to attend an Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) tryout in America between 23 and 28 February 2003. Lewington's official training began 8 months later in the beginners' class at the Old Davis arena.

Lewington would return to England in late 2004 where he would work with All Star Wrestling. Throughout early 2005, Lewington would train and appear with ASW as well as becoming the subject of an episode of UKTV People's Secret Life of the Gym.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2005–2010)
While WWE was touring England in 2005, Lewington would make three appearances on its main programming, once as a jobber on Carlito's Cabana interview segment, again as a jobber to Kurt Angle after Angle disrespected England and once as part of the WWE security squad that helped keep the warring Raw and SmackDown! wrestlers apart. Other British wrestlers including Robbie Brookside and Thunder were a part of the security team.

After his appearances in WWE programming in 2005, Lewington stayed in the United Kingdom to compete for the All Star Wrestling (ASW) promotion, under the ring name Steve Sonic. On 17 January 2006 in Croydon, Sonic faced Drew McDonald in a ladder match for the ASW British Heavyweight Championship, and won. Sonic would remain champion for several months before relinquishing the title to return to WWE's developmental promotion in July 2006.

Developmental territories (2006–2008)
During April 2006, WWE would once again tour England allowing Lewington to make another appearance on Raw on 24 April, losing to Umaga. His performance in this match would earn Lewington a developmental deal. After receiving his contract, Lewington was sent to OVW and formed a tag team called "Terminal Velocity" with Chet the Jett. After Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) opened, however, Terminal Velocity was moved down to the new territory. After a brief run in FCW, Terminal Velocity was called back up to OVW and won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship for the first time, giving Lewington the first tag team championship of his career. On 26 September 2007, Lewington and Chet lost the championship to The James Boys (KC James and Kassidy James). After their title loss, both members of Terminal Velocity were moved back down to FCW. After their return to FCW, however, Terminal Velocity split up when Chet renamed himself Mariouz Jablonski and developed an in-ring persona based on his Polish ancestry.

Lewington later began teaming with Heath Miller and both advanced to the finals of a tournament to crown the inaugural FCW Florida Tag Team Champions, but they were defeated by The Puerto Rican Nightmares (Eddie Colón and Eric Pérez). Lewington and Miller defeated Brandon Groom and Greg Jackson and The Thoroughbreds (Johnny Curtis and Kevin Kiley) en route to the finals. On 4 March 2008 he changed his name to "Jack Gabriel".

ECW (2008–2009)
On 18 November 2008, Lewington made his debut as a face in ECW, under the ring name "DJ Gabriel", with a dancing persona, and was managed by Alicia Fox. He defeated local wrestler Sal Rinauro in his debut match for the brand. Over the next weeks, he defeated several jobbers, before defeating Paul Burchill on the last episode of ECW in 2008. On 13 January 2009 episode of ECW, Gabriel and Fox defeated The Burchills, Paul and Katie Lea, in a mixed tag team match. On 24 February, Lewington suffered his ECW first loss since coming to the brand against Mark Henry. Several weeks later Gabriel lost to Tyson Kidd in a singles match, which was his last televised match on the brand. On 15 April 2009, Fox returned to the SmackDown brand as a part of the 2009 Supplemental Draft, leaving Gabriel on his own.

Departure (2009–2010)
After Fox returned to SmackDown, Lewington was sent back to FCW and developed a new character of a "true British man", while his ring name was tweaked to simply Gabriel. After losing a match and, in storyline, being suspended from FCW, Lewington then began wrestling under a mask as Mr. FCW. Lewington would eventually "win" back his place on the FCW roster, and would alternate between his Gabriel and Mr. FCW characters before being released from his contract in January 2010.

Independent circuit (2010)
After leaving WWE, Lewington continued the DJ Gabriel gimmick working for American Combat Wrestling in Florida from March to April 2010. He retired afterwards.

Championships and accomplishments

 * All Star Wrestling
 * ASW British Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Ohio Valley Wrestling
 * OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chet the Jet
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him #358 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2008

title: Steven Lewington


text:
Colman

Colmán or Colman is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:

Medieval Irish people

 * Colmán Bec (died c. 585), Irish dynast
 * Colmán mac Cobthaig (died c. 622), Irish king
 * Colmán mac Lénéni (died c. 606), Irish poet
 * Colmán Már (died c. 557), Irish dynast
 * Colmán Rímid (died c. 612), Irish king
 * Colman nepos Cracavist (fl. c. 800), Hiberno-Latin poet

Saints

 * Colman of Templeshambo (died 595), Abbot of Templeshambo
 * Colmán Elo (died 611) of the moccu Béognae
 * Colman of Cloyne, 6th-century Bishop of Cloyne
 * Colman of Dromore, 6th-century Bishop of Dromore
 * Colman of Kilmacduagh, 7th-century Bishop of Kilmacduagh
 * Colmán of Kilroot, contemporary of St. Ailbe
 * Colmán of Lindisfarne (died 676), bishop of Lindisfarne
 * Colmán of Lann, patron saint of Lann
 * St. Colman (martyr) (7th century), companion of St Kilian and St Totnan
 * Coloman of Stockerau (Colmán) (died 1012), Irish pilgrim martyred in Austria
 * Columbanus (died 615), Irish missionary

Given name

 * Colman Domingo (born 1969), American actor, writer, director

Surname

 * Andrew Colman (born 1944), British psychologist
 * Chanan Colman (born 1984), Danish-Israeli professional basketball player for the Copenhagen Wolfpack of the Danish Basketligaen
 * Daniel Colman (born 1990), American poker player
 * Eamon Colman (born 1957), Irish artist
 * Eddie Colman (1936–1958), British footballer
 * Edward Colman (cinematographer) (1905–1995), American cinematographer
 * Edward Colmans (1908–1977), American actor
 * Ethel Colman (1863–1948), first woman to be Lord Mayor of Norwich and the first woman to be a Lord Mayor in England; daughter of Jeremiah Colman MP
 * Fraser Colman (1925–2008), New Zealand politician
 * Geoffrey Colman (1892–1935), first-class English cricketer; father of Timothy
 * George Colman the Elder (1732–1794), English dramatist
 * George Colman the Younger (1762–1836), English dramatist
 * Iván Colman (born 1995), Argentine professional footballer
 * Jeremiah Colman (MP) (1830–1898), English businessman and Liberal politician; father of Ethel
 * Sir Jeremiah Colman, 1st Baronet (1859–1942), English businessman and first of the Colman baronets
 * Julia Colman (1828–1909), American temperance educator, activist, editor, writer
 * Neville Colman (1945–2003), South African hematologist and forensic DNA expert
 * Nicolás Colman, 16th-century English conquistador who served for the Spanish Crown
 * Olivia Colman (born 1974), British actress
 * Robert Colman (died 1428), English medieval Franciscan friar and university chancellor
 * Ronald Colman (1891–1958), English actor
 * Samuel Colman (1832–1920), American interior designer
 * Samuel Colman (British painter) (1780–1845)
 * Sir Timothy Colman (1929–2021), British businessman and Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk
 * Tony Colman (disambiguation)
 * Tyler Colman, American wine critic known by the pen name Dr. Vino

Other

 * Colman's, a British mustard manufacturer
 * Colman, South Dakota, city in Moody County, South Dakota, United States
 * Arthurstown, County Wexford, Ireland, a village
 * St Colman's College, Claremorris, County Mayo
 * St Colman's College, Newry, County Down
 * Colman, the sequel to the late Monica Furlong's Wise Child novel

title: Colman


text:
1877–78 in English football

The 1877–78 season was the seventh season of competitive football in England.

Overview
Wanderers became the first club to win the FA Cup three times in a row after beating Royal Engineers 3–1 in this season's final. It was the fifth time they had won the competition overall. They never won it again.

International match
A disastrous day for England saw them trounced by Scotland seven goals to two.

Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition

title: 1877–78 in English football


text:
User talk:Piccolomomo~enwiki

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Meelar (talk) 20:00, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Live bootleg
Whoops, mea maxima culpa. I saw a mass removal of content without an edit summary, and reverted. I apologise! [[Sam Korn ]] 14:08, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Piccolomomo~enwiki


text:
Betsey Johnson

Betsey Johnson (born August 10, 1942) is an American fashion designer best known for her feminine and whimsical designs. Many of her designs are considered "over the top" and embellished. She also is known for doing a cartwheel ending in a split at the end of her fashion shows.

Early life and education
Johnson was born in Wethersfield, Connecticut, the second of three children born to Lena and John Johnson. She has an elder sister, Sally, and a younger brother, Robert. Johnson grew up in Terryville, Connecticut, and took many dance classes, which inspired her love of costumes.

Following her graduation from high school, Johnson studied at the Pratt Institute and then later graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Syracuse University, where she was a member of the Alpha Xi Delta women's sorority. After graduation, she spent a summer as an intern at Mademoiselle magazine, where she was mentored by Edie Locke.

Career
Johnson's fashion career started after she entered and won the Mademoiselle Guest Editor Contest. Within a year, she was the in-house designer for Manhattan boutique Paraphernalia. Johnson became part of both the youthquake fashion movement and Andy Warhol's underground scene, along with The Velvet Underground, Edie Sedgwick, Nico, and Lou Reed. In 1969, she opened a boutique called Betsey Bunky Nini on New York City's Upper East Side. Edie Sedgwick was her house model and Johnson designed the clothing Sedgwick wore on her last film, Ciao! Manhattan.

In the 1970s, Johnson took control of the fashion label "Alley Cat" which was popular with the rock 'n roll musicians of the day. In her first year, her debut collection for Alley Cat reportedly sold $5 million in volume. In September 1971 she received the Coty Fashion Critics' Award (a 'Winnie').

In 1978, Johnson started her own fashion line. Her second collection did not sell well, leaving her with 3,000 pieces of spring clothing and insufficient funds to stage a 1981 fashion show to sell them and Johnson opened a retail store in the SoHo area of New York City. She designed the dress that Lisa Loeb wore in the music video for her 1994 hit "Stay (I Missed You)".

In 2002, Johnson was inducted into the Fashion Walk of Fame. Her bronze plaque held one of her original sketches. In 2003, she expanded her line for 2004 to include handbags, accessories, hats, and scarves.

In 2008, Johnson was a contributor to Carrie Borzillo-Vrenna's book Cherry Bomb.

The National Arts Club awarded Johnson the 2009 Medal of Honor for Lifetime Achievement in Fashion. She once described her style as a formula: "Take a leotard and add a skirt." As of 2011, she has more than 65 stores worldwide.

In September 2010, her Spring/Summer 2011 Ready-to-Wear fashion show generated a lot of buzz before it started because models were rumored to come down the runway riding bicycles. However, the original concept proved too dangerous during the rehearsals, so Betsey asked model Kim Matulova to ride a skateboard while wearing open-toed platform heels instead. She ended up falling to the ground and losing one of her shoes, and she had to get off and shoulder her skateboard all the way back up the catwalk.

On April 26, 2012, Betsey Johnson, LLC filed voluntarily for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.

On September 12, 2012, she celebrated 40 years of her brand with a retrospective fashion show with Cyndi Lauper performing.

As of May 2013, Johnson and her daughter Lulu Johnson have a reality TV show that airs on the Style Network.

On September 4, 2014, it was announced that Johnson would be one of the celebrities competing on the 19th season of Dancing with the Stars. The couple was eliminated in week 4, finishing in tenth place.

In 2018, Johnson appeared on Sugar Rush as a guest judge (Episode: "Frosted Fashion").

In 2022, Johnson appeared on RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars as a guest judge (Episode: "Legendary Legend Looks").

Personal life
Johnson is a long-term breast cancer survivor.

title: Betsey Johnson


text:
July 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

July 24 - Eastern Orthodox calendar - July 26

All fixed commemorations below are celebrated on August 7 by Old Calendar.

For July 25th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 12.

Saints

 * The Dormition of the Righteous Anna, Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos.
 * The Holy Martyrs of Lyons: (c. 177)   (see also: June 2)
 * Pothinus, Bishop of Lyons, Sanctus the Deacon, Maturus, Attalus, Blandina, Vettius, Epagathus, Biblis, Ponticus, Alexander, and those with them, at Lyon.

 * Righteous Olympias the Deaconess, of Constantinople (410)
 * Virgin-martyr Eupraxia of Tabennisi (413)   (see also: March 13)
 * Saint Elias of Thessaloniki, Metropolitan of Thessaloniki, who played a leading role in the Fifth Ecumenical Council (c. 553)

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Saint James the Greater, the son of Zebedee and brother of St John the Evangelist (44)   (see also: April 30 - East)
 * Saints Florentius and Felix, two soldiers martyred under Maximinius the Thracian at Furcona near Aquila in the south of Italy (235)
 * Martyr Cucuphas of Barcelona (Cucufate, Cugat, Guinefort, Qoqofas), a martyr of Spain (304)
 * Saint Nessan (Neasán), a convert of St Patrick of Ireland, he became Abbot of Montgarth (Mountgarret, Mungret) in Wexford (5th century)
 * Saint Magnericus of Trier, Bishop of Trier in Germany (596)
 * Saint Ebrulfus (Evroult), born in Beauvais in France, he became a hermit and later founded a monastery at Saint-Fuscien-aux-Bois ( fr ) (c. 600)
 * Saint Glodesinda of Metz, a nun in Metz in France, where she later became abbess (c. 608)
 * Saint Banthus of Trier, Bishop of Trier in Germany (7th century) (see also: July 28)
 * Saint Theodemir of Córdoba, a monk martyred in Córdoba in Spain under Abderrahman II (851)

Post-Schism Orthodox saints

 * Venerable Macarius of Zheltovod and Unzha, Abbot and Wonderworker (1444)
 * Venerable Christopher of Solvychegodsk in Vologda, Abbot (1572)
 * Saint Gregory (Kallidis), Metropolitan of Thessalonica and of Heraclea (1925) (see also: June 29)

New martyrs and confessors

 * New Hieromartyr Nicholas Udintsev, Priest (1918)
 * New Hieromartyr Alexander Sakharov, Priest (1927)
 * New Hieromartyr Theodore Tonkovid, Priest of Lovets, Pskov (1942)
 * New Hieromartyrs Vukosav Milanovic and Rodoljub Samardzic, of Kulen Vakuf, Serbia (1941-1945)
 * Saint Iraida Tikhova, Confessor (1967)

Other commemorations

 * Commemoration of the Holy 165 Fathers of the Fifth Ecumenical Council, who refuted the doctrines of Origen (553)

title: July 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


text:
SpeedStep

Enhanced SpeedStep is a series of dynamic frequency scaling technologies (codenamed Geyserville and including SpeedStep, SpeedStep II, and SpeedStep III) built into some Intel's microprocessors that allow the clock speed of the processor to be dynamically changed (to different P-states) by software. This allows the processor to meet the instantaneous performance needs of the operation being performed, while minimizing power draw and heat generation. EIST (SpeedStep III) was introduced in several Prescott 6 series in the first quarter of 2005, namely the Pentium 4 660. Intel Speed Shift Technology (SST) was introduced in Intel Skylake Processor.

Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology is sometimes abbreviated as EIST. Intel's trademark of "Intel SpeedStep" was cancelled due to the trademark being invalidated in 2012.

Explanation
Running a processor at high clock speeds allows for better performance. However, when the same processor is run at a lower frequency (speed), it generates less heat and consumes less power. In many cases, the core voltage can also be reduced, further reducing power consumption and heat generation. By using SpeedStep, users can select the balance of power conservation and performance that best suits them, or even change the clock speed dynamically as the processor burden changes.

The power consumed by a CPU with a capacitance C, running at frequency f and voltage V is approximately:
 * $$P = C V^2 f$$

For a given processor, C is a fixed value. However, V and f can vary considerably. For example, for a 1.6 GHz Pentium M, the clock frequency can be stepped down in 200 MHz decrements over the range from 1.6 to 0.6 GHz. At the same time, the voltage requirement decreases from 1.484 to 0.956 V. The result is that the power consumption theoretically goes down by a factor of 6.4. In practice, the effect may be smaller because some CPU instructions use less energy per tick of the CPU clock than others. For example, when an operating system is not busy, it tends to issue x86 halt (HLT) instructions, which suspend operation of parts of the CPU for a time period, so it uses less energy per tick of the CPU clock than when executing productive instructions in its normal state. For a given rate of work, a CPU running at a higher clock rate will execute a greater proportion of HLT instructions. The simple equation which relates power, voltage and frequency above also does not take into account the static power consumption of the CPU. This tends not to change with frequency, but does change with temperature and voltage. Hot electrons, and electrons exposed to a stronger electric field are more likely to migrate across a gate as "gate leakage" current, leading to an increase in static power consumption.

Older processors such as the Pentium 4-M, which use older versions of SpeedStep, have fewer clock-speed increments. SpeedStep technology is partly responsible for the reduced power consumption of Intel's Pentium M processor, part of the Centrino brand.

Known issues
Microsoft has reported that there may be problems previewing video files when SpeedStep (or the AMD equivalent PowerNow!) is enabled under Windows 2000 or Windows XP.

Operating system support

 * Solaris has supported SpeedStep since OpenSolaris SXDE 9/07.
 * Older versions of Microsoft Windows, Windows 2000 and earlier, need a special driver and dashboard application to access the SpeedStep feature. Intel's website specifically states that such drivers must come from the computer manufacturer; there are no generic drivers supplied by Intel which will enable SpeedStep for older Windows versions if one cannot obtain a manufacturer's driver.
 * Under Microsoft Windows XP, SpeedStep support is built into the power management console under the control panel. In Windows XP a user can regulate processor speed indirectly by changing power schemes. The "Home/Office Desk" setting disables SpeedStep on AC power, the "Portable/Laptop" power scheme enables SpeedStep, and the "Max Battery" uses SpeedStep to slow the processor to minimal power levels as the battery weakens. The SpeedStep settings for power schemes, either built-in or custom, cannot be modified from the control panel's GUI, but can be modified using the   command-line utility.
 * The Linux kernel has a subsystem called "cpufreq", tunable by power-scheme and command line, devoted to the control of the operating frequency and voltage of a CPU. Linux runs on Intel, AMD, and other makes of CPU.
 * Newer version Windows 10 and Linux kernel support Intel Speed Shift Technology.

In contrast, AMD has supplied and supported drivers for its competing PowerNow! technology that work on Windows 2000, ME, 98, and NT.

title: SpeedStep