text:
Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829

The Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 (10 Geo. 4. c. 7), also known as the Catholic Emancipation Act 1829, removed the sacramental tests that barred Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom from Parliament and from higher offices of the judiciary and state. It was the culmination of a fifty-year process of Catholic emancipation which had offered Catholics successive measures of "relief" from the civil and political disabilities imposed by Penal Laws in both Great Britain and in Ireland in the seventeenth, and early eighteenth, centuries.

Convinced that the measure was essential to maintain order in Catholic-majority Ireland, the Duke of Wellington helped overcome the opposition of the King, George IV, and of the House of Lords, by threatening to step aside as Prime Minister and retire his Tory government in favour of a new, likely-reform-minded Whig, ministry.

In Ireland, the Protestant Ascendancy had the assurance of the simultaneous passage of the Parliamentary Elections (Ireland) Act 1829. Its substitution of the British ten-pound, for the Irish forty shilling, freehold qualification disenfranchised over eighty percent of Ireland's electorate. This included a majority of the tenant farmers who had helped force the issue of emancipation in 1828 by electing to parliament the leader of the Catholic Association, Daniel O'Connell.

Agitation and concession
Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847) had rejected a suggestion from "friends of emancipation", and from the English Roman Catholic bishop, John Milner, that the fear of Catholic advancement might be allayed if the Crown were accorded the same right exercised by continental monarchs: a veto on the confirmation of Catholic bishops. O'Connell insisted that Irish Catholics would rather "remain forever without emancipation" than allow the government "to interfere" with the appointment of their senior clergy. Instead, he relied on their confidence in the independence of the priesthood from Ascendancy landowners and magistrates to build his Catholic Association into a mass political movement. On the basis of a "Catholic rent" of a penny a month (typically paid through the local priest), the Association mobilised not only the Catholic middle class, but also poorer tenant farmers and tradesmen. Their investment enabled O'Connell to mount "monster" rallies (crowds of over 100,000) that stayed the hands of authorities, and emboldened larger enfranchised tenants to vote for pro-emancipation candidates in defiance of their landlords.

His campaign reached its climax when he himself stood for parliament. In July 1828, O'Connell defeated a nominee for a position in the British cabinet, William Vesey Fitzgerald, in a County Clare by-election, 2057 votes to 982. This made a direct issue of the parliamentary Oath of Supremacy by which, as a Catholic, he would be denied his seat in the Commons.

As Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Wellington's brother, Richard Wellesley, had attempted to placate Catholic opinion, notably by dismissing of the long-serving Attorney-General for Ireland, William Saurin, whose rigid Ascendancy views and policy made him bitterly unpopular, and by applying a policy of prohibitions and coercion against not only the Catholic Ribbonmen but also the Protestant Orangemen. But now both Wellington and his Home Secretary, Robert Peel, were convinced that unless concessions were made, a confrontation was inevitable. Peel (nicknamed "Orange Peel" by O'Connell on account of his anti-Catholic views) concluded: "though emancipation was a great danger, civil strife was a greater danger". Fearing insurrection in Ireland, he drafted the Relief Bill and guided it through the House of Commons. To overcome the vehement opposition of both the King and of the House of Lords, Wellington threatened to resign, potentially opening the way for a new Whig majority with designs not only for Catholic emancipation but also for parliamentary reform. The King initially accepted Wellington's resignation and the King's brother, the Duke of Cumberland, attempted to put together a government united against Catholic emancipation. Though such a government would have had considerable support in the House of Lords, it would have had little support in the Commons and Ernest abandoned his attempt. The King recalled Wellington. The bill passed the Lords and became law.

Provisions and assurances
The key, defining, provision of the Act's was its repeal of "certain oaths and certain declarations, commonly called the declarations against transubstantiation and the invocation of saints and the sacrifice of the mass, as practised in the Church of Rome", which had been required "as qualifications for sitting and voting in parliament and for the enjoyment of certain offices, franchises, and civil rights". For the Oath of Supremacy, the act substituted a pledge to bear "true allegiance" to the King, to recognise the Hanoverian succession, to reject any claim to " temporal or civil jurisdiction" within the United Kingdom by "the Pope of Rome" or "any other foreign prince ... or potentate", and to "abjure any intention to subvert the present [Anglican] church establishment".

This last abjuration in the new Oath of Allegiance was underscored by a provision forbidding the assumption by the Roman Church of episcopal titles, derived from "any city, town or place", already used by the United Church of England and Ireland. (With other sectarian impositions of the Act, such as restrictions on admittance to Catholic religious orders and on Catholic-church processions, this was repealed with the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1926.)

The one major security required to pass the Act was the Parliamentary Elections (Ireland) Act 1829 (10 Geo 4 c. 8). Receiving its royal assent on the same day as the relief bill, the act disenfranchised Ireland's Forty Shilling Freeholders, by raising the property threshold for the county vote to the British ten pound standard. As a result, "emancipation" was accompanied by a more than five-fold decrease in the Irish electorate, from 216,000 voters to just 37,000. That the majority of the tenant farmers who had voted for O'Connell in the Clare by-election were disenfranchised as a result of his apparent victory at Westminster was not made immediately apparent, as O'Connell was permitted in July 1829 to stand unopposed for the Clare seat that his refusal to take the Oath of Supremacy had denied him the year before.

Political results
J. C. D. Clark (1985) depicts England before 1828 as a nation in which the vast majority of the people still believed in the divine right of kings, and the legitimacy of a hereditary nobility, and in the rights and privileges of the Anglican Church. In Clark's interpretation, the system remained virtually intact until it suddenly collapsed in 1828, because Catholic emancipation undermined its central symbolic prop, the Anglican supremacy. Clark argues that the consequences were enormous: "The shattering of a whole social order ... What was lost at that point ... was not merely a constitutional arrangement, but the intellectual ascendancy of a worldview, the cultural hegemony of the old elite."

Clark's interpretation has been widely debated in the scholarly literature. Other historians examining the issue highlight the amount of continuity before and after the period of 1828 through 1832.

Eric J. Evans (1996) emphasises that the political importance of emancipation was that it split the anti-reformers beyond repair and diminished their ability to block future reform laws, especially the great Reform Act of 1832. Paradoxically, Wellington's success in forcing through emancipation led many Ultra-Tories to demand reform of Parliament after seeing that the votes of the rotten boroughs had given the government its majority. Thus, it was an ultra-Tory, the Marquess of Blandford, who in February 1830 introduced the first major reform bill, calling for the transfer of rotten borough seats to the counties and large towns, the disfranchisement of non-resident voters, the preventing of Crown office-holders from sitting in Parliament, the payment of a salary to MPs, and the general franchise for men who owned property. The ultras believed that a widely based electorate could be relied upon to rally around anti-Catholicism.

In Ireland, emancipation is generally regarded as having come too late to influence the Catholic-majority view of the union. After a delay of thirty years, an opportunity to integrate Catholics through their re-emerging propertied and professional classes as a minority within the United Kingdom may have passed. In 1830, O’Connell, invited Protestants to join in a campaign to repeal the Act of Union and restore the Kingdom of Ireland under the Constitution of 1782. But in breaking the link between Catholic inclusion and democratic reform, the terms under which he was able to secure the final measure of relief may have weakened the case for a restored Irish parliament.

George Ensor, a leading Protestant member of the Catholic Association in the Ulster, protested "relief" being bought at the price of "casting" forty-shilling freeholders, both Catholic and Protestant, "into the abyss". While it allowed a few Catholic barristers to attain a higher grade in their profession, and a few Catholic gentlemen to be returned to Parliament, the "indifference" demonstrated to parliamentary reform would prove "disastrous" for the cause of repeal.

Seeking, perhaps, to rationalise the sacrifice of his freeholders, O'Connell wrote privately in March 1829 that the new ten-pound franchise might actually "give more power to Catholics by concentrating it in more reliable and less democratically dangerous hands". The Young Irelander John Mitchel believed that this was the intent: to detach propertied Catholics from the increasingly agitated rural masses.

In a pattern that had been intensifying from the 1820s as landlords cleared land to meet the growing livestock demand from England, tenants had been banding together to oppose evictions, and to attack tithe and process servers. On his visit to Ireland, Alexis De Tocqueville recorded these Whiteboys and Ribbonmen protesting:"The law does nothing for us. We must save ourselves. We have a little land which we need for ourselves and our families to live on, and they drive us out of it. To whom should we address ourselves?... Emancipation has done nothing for us. Mr. O'Connell and the rich Catholics go to Parliament. We die of starvation just the same."

Amendment and repeal
One civil disability not removed by 1829 Act were the sacramental tests required for professorships, fellowships, studentships and other lay offices at universities. These were abolished for the English universities--Oxford, Cambridge and Durham--by the Universities Tests Act 1871, and for Trinity College Dublin by the "Fawcett's Act" 1873.

Section 18 of the 1829 act, "No Roman Catholic to advise the Crown in the appointment to offices in the established church", remains in force in England, Wales and Scotland, but was repealed with respect to Northern Ireland (the Church of Ireland having been disestablished in 1869) by the Statute Law Revision (Northern Ireland) Act 1980. The entire act was repealed in the Republic of Ireland by the Statute Law Revision Act 1983.

title: Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829


text:
List of tourist attractions providing reenactment

The following is a list of tourist attractions, by country, that regularly use "living history" or historical reenactments either with professional actors or amateur groups.

Most castles which open to the public use reenactment in some form or another, even if not noted on this list. Similarly, anything labeled a Renaissance fair will use reenactment, though the level of authenticity may vary.

Australia

 * Sovereign Hill in Ballarat, Victoria

Portugal

 * Viagem medieval em Terra de Santa Maria in Santa Maria da Feira

Belgium

 * Bokrijk in Genk

Denmark

 * The Old Town, Aarhus
 * The Middle Ages Center Falster

Germany

 * Slavic Village Passentin

Norway

 * Viking village of Njardarheimr in Gudvangen

Sweden

 * Skansen open-air museum in Stockholm

United Kingdom

 * Alnwick Castle
 * Beamish Museum, County Durham, England
 * Butser Ancient Farm, Hampshire, England
 * Cardiff Castle, Wales
 * Cosmeston Medieval Village, Wales
 * English Heritage sites
 * Festival of History, the largest historical festival in Europe (now defunct)
 * Hampton Court
 * Jorvik Viking Centre in York, England
 * Llancaiach Fawr, Wales
 * Kentwell Hall
 * Little Woodham, Hampshire, England
 * Murton Park / Yorkshire Museum of Farming in Murton, York, England
 * National Trust sites
 * St Fagan's National Museum of History in Cardiff, Wales

United States

 * Ardenwood Historic Farm in Fremont, California
 * Battle of the Little Bighorn reenactment, Big Horn County, Montana
 * Cabrillo National Monument in Point Loma, San Diego, California
 * Colonial Pennsylvania Plantation in Ridley Creek State Park, Media, Pennsylvania
 * Colonial Spanish Quarter Living History Museum, St. Augustine, Florida
 * Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia
 * Conner Prairie in Fishers, Indiana
 * Ethan Allen Homestead Museum in Burlington, VT'
 * Fosterfields Living Historical Farm in Morris Township, New Jersey
 * Fort at Number 4, New Hampshire
 * Fort Meigs, Perrysburg, Ohio
 * Fort Snelling, Minnesota
 * Fort Tejon, California
 * Fort Ticonderoga, New York
 * Fort Western, Maine
 * Fort Wilkins, Michigan
 * Frazier History Museum, Kentucky
 * Frontier Culture Museum of Virginia in Staunton, Virginia
 * Grand Ledge, Michigan
 * Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan
 * Historic Cold Spring Village in Cold Spring, New Jersey
 * Historic Richmond Town, New York
 * Knott's Berry Farm, Buena Park, California
 * Little Bighorn National Monument-Reenactment is known as Custer's Last Stand Reenactment in Crow Agency Montana.
 * Maine Forest and Logging Museum, Bradley, Maine
 * Living History Farms, Urbandale, Iowa
 * Minute Man National Historical Park, Concord, Massachusetts
 * Missouri Town 1855, Blue Springs, Missouri
 * Monmouth Battlefield State Park in Monmouth County, New Jersey
 * Mount Vernon, Mt. Vernon, Virginia
 * Mystic Seaport, Connecticut
 * Old Salem in Winston-Salem, North Carolina
 * Old Sturbridge Village, Massachusetts
 * Old World Wisconsin, Wisconsin Ethnic Heritage, Working Farms, 600 acre site in Eagle, Wisconsin
 * Pilgrim's Progress in Plymouth, Massachusetts
 * Plimoth Plantation in Plymouth, Massachusetts
 * Riley's Farm, Oak Glen, California
 * The Spanish Military Hospital Museum, Saint Augustine, Florida
 * Strawbery Banke, New Hampshire
 * Waterloo Village in Byram Township, New Jersey
 * Westville, Georgia

Canada

 * Fort Edmonton Park in Edmonton, Alberta
 * Fort Henry National Historic Site in Kingston, Ontario
 * Fort St. James National Historic Site in Fort St. James, British Columbia
 * Fort William Historical Park in Thunder Bay, Ontario
 * Heritage Park Historical Village in Calgary, Alberta
 * L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland
 * Lower Fort Garry in Winnipeg, Manitoba
 * Norstead in Newfoundland
 * Quebec City, Quebec (Fêtes de la Nouvelle-France)
 * Tunnels of Moose Jaw in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan
 * Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village near Lamont, Alberta
 * Upper Canada Village near Morrisburg, Ontario
 * Chateau Ramezay in Montreal, Quebec

Japan

 * Edo Wonderland Nikko Edomura in Nikko, Tochigi

Yemen

 * Sultan Al-Qu'aiti Palace

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
George Gordon, 1st Duke of Gordon

George Gordon, 1st Duke of Gordon KT, PC (1643 – 7 December 1716), known as the Marquess of Huntly from 1661 to 1684, was a Scottish peer.

George Gordon, 4th Marquess of Huntly was born in 1643, the son of Lewis Gordon, 3rd Marquess of Huntly and Mary Grant. He was originally styled the Earl of Enzie until his succession as Marquess in December 1653, when he was around four years old. The young Marquess was educated at a Catholic seminary in France, following a tradition within the Huntly family. In 1673, when he was aged 24, he entered the French Army of Louis XIV and served under the famous Marshal de Turenne before returning to Scotland sometime around 1675.

In October of the following year, 1676, he married Lady Elizabeth Howard, the second daughter of Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk. However, he was described by the historian Macky as someone "made for the company of ladies, but is covetous which extremely eclipses him." The marriage was not wholly successful and the couple parted some years before his death.

On 1 November 1684, George was advanced from Marquess of Huntly, becoming the first Duke of Gordon. Following the accession of the Catholic James VII in 1685, the Duke was made one of the Commissioners of Supply, Constable of Edinburgh Castle, a Commissioner of the Scottish Treasury and a founding Knight of the Order of the Thistle. The Duke owed these positions to his Catholicism, Around this time, he was described as being "a libertine and a fop, he is a Roman Catholic because he was bred so, but otherwise thinks very little of revealed religion."

Following the Glorious Revolution and the overthrow of James VII, the Duke held Edinburgh Castle against the Protestant Conventionists. However, he is remembered as being "vacillating in his defence" and eventually surrendered the Castle on 14 June 1689. As a result of his actions in Edinburgh, he was received somewhat coldly by King James at his residence in exile, the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris. On his return to Scotland he was confined on parole. Shortly after this, his Duchess left him and retired to a convent in Flanders. The Duke temporarily regained favour with the accession of Queen Anne in 1702 and was recognised by her as a Knight of the Thistle when she revived the Order on 31 December 1703.

In March 1707, he was arrested along with other Jacobite Lords and was confined to Edinburgh Castle for being implicated in the aborted Jacobite invasion. For his long-suffering Duchess, this was the final straw, and she obtained a deed of separation from her husband. The historian Macky, in his book Characters, observed the Duke and said that "he hath a great many links, but they do not make a complete chain; is certainly a very fine gentleman and understands conversation and the belles lettres; is well bred. He is handsome and taller than the ordinary size; thin, dresses well; but is somewhat finical, resembling the French".

The Duke died at his residence in the Citadel in North Leith, on 7 December 1716. The Duchess returned to Scotland after his death and resided at Abbey Hill in Edinburgh until her own death in July 1732. Like her husband, she was buried in Elgin Cathedral.

Family
The duke married Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk and with her had two children:
 * Alexander Gordon, 2nd Duke of Gordon (ca. 1678 – 1728)
 * Lady Jane Gordon (ca. 1691 – 1773), married James Drummond, 2nd Duke of Perth and had issue.

title: George Gordon, 1st Duke of Gordon


text:
Talk:Philander Chase

Salmon P. Chase
The page for Salmon P. Chase says that Philander Chase is his uncle, hower Philander's page says he is his brother. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.22.148.148 (talk • contribs) 00:27, 24 July 2005

Saints banner and category
Based on this individual being included in the Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church in the United States of America), I am adding the Category:Anglican saints and the Saints WikiProject banner to this article. I am awaiting reliable sources which can be used to add the content to the article. John Carter 19:51, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Bishop Chase and slavery
I revised this article a few days ago while waiting for windows updates to load onto a problem laptop, although I really don't have the time to finish the revision due to other obligations. I revised it a bit more today (thanks Doncram for correcting the disambiguation links!) while trying to fix another laptop (which developed major problems a month after upgrading to Windows10, or because of the other situation that's occupying my time). I noticed the "character" question and thought given the time frames involved, that it actually might be code for abolitionism, especially since Chase's consecrators didn't own slaves, his successor as Ohio's bishop (McIlvaine) was known for his accommodationist stance toward slavery, the Jubilee college fire was in 1849 (the year before the Missouri Compromise tried to quell divisiveness over slavery), and his nephew Salmon Chase was a prominent abolitionist before the Civil War. However, I don't know when I'll have time to do the research, especially given wikipedia's policy against publishing original research.Jweaver28 (talk) 12:49, 25 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Philander Chase. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150925120007/http://www.christchurchpok.org/history.html to http://www.christchurchpok.org/history.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195547/http://bulletin.kenyon.edu/x1446.xml to http://bulletin.kenyon.edu/x1446.xml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060903081151/http://www.kenyon.edu//x7397.xml to http://www.kenyon.edu/x7397.xml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:33, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philander Chase


text:
Atefeh Sahaaleh

Atefeh Rajabi Sahaaleh (September 21, 1987 – August 15, 2004) was an Iranian girl from the town of Neka who was executed a week after being sentenced to death by Haji Rezai, head of Neka's court, on charges of adultery and crimes against chastity after being repeatedly raped.

Early life
Atefeh was born in Neka, and her family moved to Mashhad shortly after her birth. When she was a young girl, her parents separated and her mother remarried. Her mother died in a car accident when Atefeh was five years old. Around that same time, her younger brother is said to have drowned in a river. Her father became a drug addict, and she was forced to care for her octogenerian grandparents. Despite her attention to their needs they are reported to have largely ignored her. She was described as a "lively and intelligent girl."

Arrests
Atefeh was convicted of crimes against chastity when she was 13 years old. Following a police raid, she was discovered alone in a car with a boy. She was jailed and given 100 lashes. While in prison, she was further allegedly tortured and raped by prison guards. She told her grandmother that she could only walk on all fours because of the pain. In the following years, she was arrested twice more for crimes against chastity, and both convictions were punished by flogging and jail time.

In May 2003, Atefeh was arrested at home and charged with adultery and immorality. Authorities presented a report which they claimed supported the charges against Atefeh, but the only signatures on the report were police officers and other local authorities.

The judge presiding over the trial was Haji Rezai. After Rezai interrogated Atefeh, she confessed to having sex with Ali Darabi, a married 51-year-old ex-revolutionary guard turned taxi driver. Atefeh was raped repeatedly by Darabi over the previous three years. When Atefeh realized that she was losing her case, she removed her hijab, an act seen as a severe contempt of the court, and argued that Darabi should be punished, not her. She even removed her shoes and threw them at the judge. Rezai sentenced Atefeh to death. Her lawyer appealed to Iran's Supreme Court in Tehran, where the verdict was upheld due to Atefeh's confession and three prior convictions for similar offenses.

According to the BBC, the documents presented to the Supreme Court of Appeal described her as 22 years old, but her birth certificate and death certificate stated that she was 16. A witness stated that "the judge just looked at [Atefeh's] body, because of the developed physique... and declared her as 22," and her father alleges that "neither the judge nor even Atefeh's court appointed lawyer did anything to find out her true age."

Execution
She was publicly hanged from a crane in Neka on August 15, 2004.

Atefeh's execution is considered controversial because, as a signatory of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Iran promised not to execute anyone under the age of 18. According to a 2004 press released issued by Amnesty International, Atefeh was the tenth minor Iran had executed since 1990. They declared her execution to be a crime against humanity and against children of the world.

After the execution of Atefeh, Iranian media reported that Judge Rezai and several militia members, including Captain Zabihi and Captain Molai, were arrested by the Intelligence Ministry. Pursuant to continual complaints filed by Atefeh's family, and heavy international pressure about her execution and the way the judge mishandled the case, the Supreme Court of Iran issued an order to posthumously pardon Atefeh.

Documentaries
Atefeh's story was the subject of a BBC documentary produced by Wild Pictures in 2006. Monica Garnsey and Arash Sahami went undercover to document the case. It was also the subject of an hour-long Discovery Times program called Execution in Iran.

title: Atefeh Sahaaleh


text:
Jorge Maronna

Jorge Maronna is an Argentine multi-instrumentalist, composer, singer, author and a founding member of the comedy-musical group Les Luthiers. Born August 1, 1948, in Bahía Blanca, he joined I Musicisti while still a teenager, and helped Gerardo Masana and Carlos Iraldi build the first informal instrument, the "contrachitarrone da gamba". In 1967, he was part of the four people who left I Musicisti and formed Les Luthiers. There, he and Masana composed most of the music for early shows, and to this day Maronna still pens many musical pieces for the group, often in collaboration with one of his bandmates.

As a member of Les Luthiers, he's been composer, lyricist, scriptwriter, singer and multi-instrumentalist, and he's also been conducting their rehearsals during the last years. He has reportedly played over 35 instruments for the group, including banjo, viola and bagpipes.

title: Jorge Maronna


text:
User:WriterHound

Wikipedia is the greatest project that has ever been undertaken to consolidate human knowledge. "Thank you" to all of those who contribute to it. Wikipedia demonstrates the power of working together.

Useful links

 * This Template:Image_label allows one to label parts of images so that one can click on a certain part of an image and it will click through to a corresponding article.
 * Template:Neuron map
 * Template:Cquote is a template for putting a long piece of quoted text into an article.  It produces blue graphical quotes around the text to be quoted.
 * Common Errors in English Usage
 * Tools/Editing tools Some cool tools to make editing Wikipedia easier.
 * Cheatsheet Common formatting items in Wikitext
 * Languageicon Example:{{Languageicon |es|Spanish }} displays:
 * Vandalism
 * Requested pictures
 * User:WriterHound/HI
 * User:WriterHound/Template:Stem cross section
 * User:WriterHound/Cancer statistics
 * User:WriterHound/Essential oil
 * User:WriterHound/Copper ores
 * User:WriterHound/Holodomor
 * User:WriterHound/HFCS
 * User:WriterHound/Beberine
 * User:WriterHound/Gentiana loureiroi
 * User:WriterHound/Scutellaria baicalensis
 * User:WriterHound/Fittonia albivenis
 * User:WriterHound/Adaptogens table
 * Herb Uses

 * Taxobox Usage
 * Help:Table

You might also like WP:POPUPS.

 * Reference Generator
 * User:Mboverload/RegExTypoFix
 * Administrator intervention against vandalism
 * WikiProject Chemistry/Structure drawing

Multi-lingual Wikipedia search

 * You can do a multi-lingual Wikipedia search using Google Advanced Search or entering site:wikipedia.org in the Google search box.
 * Interlanguage link search tool (vs.aka-online.de)

WikiEd

 * These links are part of the navigation box for the editor extension wikEd (check it out!). Cacycle 14:37, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Free pictures

 * Some Free Forestry Images
 * Free Botanical Pictures (Spanish)
 * Open Stock Photography
 * Public domain image resources
 * Free Green Construction Photos
 * Copyleft Photos
 * copyrightfriendly.wikispaces.com (Not all free)
 * Wikitravel

Australia

 * Australian Government Flora
 * Australian Flora (PlantNET)
 * Dryland Area Species
 * Australian National Botanical Gardens
 * www.anbg.gov.au
 * ANBG Site Index
 * The Genus Acacia

Acacia, etc.

 * List of Acacia Species in the U.S.
 * Handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias
 * Acacia (Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy Information Center)
 * Purdue University
 * ProtaBase Useful Plants of Tropical Africa
 * Acacia Overview

Plants in general

 * USDA Plants Profile
 * Search for Plants by Criteria
 * Herbage Plants
 * www.botany.hawaii.edu
 * Zipcodezoo.com Range Maps
 * Daves Garden (Images)
 * DFT Digital Library - Vascular Plant Images
 * Herbario Florestal
 * Acacia Cultivation Information
 * UK Cropnet
 * www.plantsasmedicine.com

Other

 * Cool grammar checker, which gives detail about grammar (run spellcheck first)
 * Alta Vista Translator
 * Really Nice Automated Reference Generator for Firefox
 * Antivandalism
 * Antivandalism

title: User:WriterHound


text:
Talk:The Big House (1930 film)

Untitled
There is also "The Big House" in Macon, Georgia, on Vineville Avenue, which is the house that the Allman Brothers Band lived in at the time Duane wrote "Blue Sky" and "In Memory of Elizabeth Reed" See http://www.bighousefoundation.com for more details and info. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.107.227.208 (talk) 23:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Big House (1930 film)


text:
User:Piot/monobook.js

// Live Preview customization, // edit this to your own liking.

wpUserName  = 'Piot';   // User name to display in signatures wpShowImages = true;     // Enable downloading and displaying of images

// Include Live Preview... mw.loader.load('https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pilaf/livepreview.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

// Now set everything up window.onload = Main;

function Main { LivePreviewInstall; // You may include here other "extensions" }

/* This is to keep track of who is using the Live Preview: User:Piot/livepreview.js */

title: User:Piot/monobook.js


text: Category:Experimental archaeology

title: Category:Experimental archaeology


text:
Air Services Cargo

Air Services Cargo was a short-lived cargo airline based in Panama City, Panama. The airline was operational between 2002 and 2003, operating cargo flights within the Americas from Albrook "Marcos A. Gelabert" International Airport, Panama City.

title: Air Services Cargo


text:
Myakovsky

Myakovsky may refer to:

 * Nikolai Myaskovsky (1881-1950), Russian Composer
 * Vladimir Mayakovsky (1883-1930), Russian Poet

title: Myakovsky


text:
Marcos Mundstock

Marcos Mundstock (May 25, 1942 – April 22, 2020) was an Argentine musician, writer, comedian, actor, broadcaster and copywriter. He had dual nationality of Argentina and Spain, having obtained the latter in 2012.

Born in Santa Fe, Argentina, he was best known as a founding member of Les Luthiers, their emcee, and as writer of many of their shows and lyrics. He also invented one of their most famous instruments, the gom-horn (a trumpet parody) and occasionally played keyboards and percussion for their numbers. Mostly, his role was that of the 'non-musician' member, in spite of having sung for their (mostly operatic) pieces with some frequency.

In the beginning of 2020, it was announced that, due to health problems, Mundstock would not be a part of Les Luthiers for the year. He died on April 22, 2020, in Buenos Aires, due to a brain tumor diagnosed in 2019.

Honours

 * 🇪🇸 Spain:
 * ESP Isabella Catholic Order COM NUM.svg Commander by Number of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (cnYC) (2007)

title: Marcos Mundstock


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Novels involving beer

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 01:52, August 5, 2005 (UTC)

Novels involving beer
Much too whide a topic for a list. Harry Potter could go on it; it's got Butterbeer! Urg. humblefool® 23:33, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete too broad. --malathion talk 23:58, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonsensical. K1Bond007 06:26, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonmaintainable as well... probablyaround a million novels mention beer of some sort. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 21:34, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unmaintainable list. JamesBurns 04:44, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nonsense
 * Delete Nonsense
 * Keep Keep it! It sounds like the primary criticism is that the title is too vague or too broad-sounding. In actuality, there are very few novels in existence wherein the main plot revolves around beer, so the list would be quite finite. Someone's comment indicated they misunderstood and thought it should be about any books which mentioned beer -- which would obviously be too broad. But, that's not the case...
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Gunnison–Crested Butte Regional Airport

Gunnison–Crested Butte Regional Airport is a county-owned, public airport one mile southwest of Gunnison, in Gunnison County, Colorado, United States. Also known as Gunnison County Airport, it serves the valley and nearby Crested Butte, Colorado, with airline and general aviation flights.

This airport is in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which called it a primary commercial service airport (more than 10,000 enplanements per year). Federal Aviation Administration records say it had 36,035 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 42,130 in 2009 and 37,316 in 2010.

Passengers at Gunnison are mainly vacationers coming to the area for year-round outdoor activities, such as skiing, snowmobiling, snowshoeing, mountain biking, fishing, rafting, hiking and camping. The terminal is one large building with two jetbridge gates, two ground-level gates, and a variety of rental car or shuttle bus companies. One baggage claim area in the lower lobby level houses a single carousel and a dedicated ski/oversize baggage slide. The airport sees limited regional jet service during the summer months from Denver on United Express; however, seasonal service flown with mainline jetliners is operated during the winter months from other cities such as Dallas/Fort Worth and Houston.

It is at 38.53389°N, -106.93306°W at an elevation of 7680 feet or 2341 meters above mean sea level. U.S. 50 runs along the northwest side of the airport. Its close location is due in part to redevelopment of land formerly occupied by the Denver & Rio Grande narrow gauge railroad and rail yards, abandoned in 1953. Currecanti Recreation Area and Blue Mesa Reservoir is located nine miles West of Gunnison. Also nearby is the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Taylor Reservoir, and Roaring Judy fish hatchery. Numerous ghost towns and scenic drives are located throughout the region as well.

In the months after the September 11 attacks, Gunnison–Crested Butte Regional Airport was one of several airports to have a temporary presence of the National Guard.

Historical airline service
Monarch Airlines (1946-1950) was serving Gunnison by the late 1940s. Monarch was then merged with two other airlines to form the original Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) which in 1950 was operating Douglas DC-3 service on a round trip routing of Denver - Pueblo, CO - Canon City, CO/Florence, CO - Gunnison, CO - Montrose, CO - Grand Junction, CO several times a day. By 1967, Frontier was operating nonstop service to Denver and Montrose as well as direct one stop service to Grand Junction with Convair 580 turboprops. Two airlines were serving Gunnison in 1979: Frontier with nonstop service from Denver and Montrose, and Aspen Airways with nonstop service from Denver and Durango, CO with both air carriers operating Convair 580 turboprops. By 1981, Trans-Colorado Airlines was operating nonstop flights from Denver with Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner commuter propjets while Frontier was continuing to operate Convair 580 service nonstop from Denver and Montrose.

Seasonal mainline jetliner service had arrived at the airport by early 1985 with Air Atlanta operating Boeing 727-100 service nonstop from Atlanta (ATL) on Saturdays while at this same time Frontier was operating Boeing 737-200 service nonstop from both Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) and Houston Hobby Airport (HOU) on Saturdays and Sundays with Trans-Colorado Airlines operating Metroliner commuter propjets nonstop from Denver, Durango and Montrose. American Airlines also began seasonal jetliner service in December 1985 from Dallas, Chicago and Houston, and grabbed a decided edge on its domestic competitors by signing a 10-year contract to provide expanded service between Chicago and Gunnison. Five airlines were serving Gunnison by late 1989 including American Airlines with daily Boeing 727-200 service nonstop from both Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) and Chicago O'Hare Airport (ORD), Continental Airlines with nonstop Boeing 727-200 service from Houston Intercontinental Airport (IAH) on Saturdays, Continental Express operated by Rocky Mountain Airways on a code sharing basis on behalf of Continental with Beechcraft 1900C commuter propjets nonstop from Denver, Delta Air Lines with nonstop Boeing 727-200 service from Salt Lake City (SLC) on Saturdays, and United Express operated by Aspen Airways on a code sharing basis on behalf of United Airlines with nonstop Convair 580 turboprop service from Denver and Montrose. By the fall of 1991, Continental Express was flying de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7 turboprops nonstop from Denver and Montrose in addition to its Beechcraft 1900C service. According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), four airlines were serving the airport in early 1995 including American with daily nonstop Boeing 757-200 service from Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) with this flight also providing daily direct one stop service from Philadelphia (PHL), Continental Express operating on a code sharing basis on behalf of Continental with Beechcraft 1900C commuter propjets nonstop from Denver, Delta with nonstop Boeing 757-200 service from Atlanta (ATL) operated several days a week, and United Express operated by Mesa Airlines on a code sharing basis on behalf of United with nonstop Beechcraft 1900C service from Denver.

Facilities and aircraft

Gunnison–Crested Butte Regional Airport covers 1600 acre and has two runways. The main runway, 6/24, has an asphalt pavement 9400 by and is lighted during operational hours (0600-2230 MST). A second unpaved runway, 17/35, south of the main, is available to small aircraft in the summer; it has a turf and gravel surface 2981 by and is unlighted and therefore open for daylight use only.

In the year ending June 30, 2018, the airport had 8,717 aircraft operations, average 24 per day: 80% general aviation, 9% air taxi, 6% scheduled commercial, and 5% military. 30 aircraft were then based at this airport: 23 single-engine 6 multi-engine, and 1 jet.

title: Gunnison–Crested Butte Regional Airport


text:
Charles Frederick Hartt

Charles Frederick Hartt (23 August 1840 in Fredericton, New Brunswick – 18 March 1878) was a Canadian-American geologist, paleontologist and naturalist who specialized in the geology of Brazil.

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
Hartt graduated from Acadia College in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, in 1860, and by his graduation he had made extensive geological explorations in Nova Scotia. In 1860, he accompanied his father, Jarvis William Hartt, to Saint John, New Brunswick, where they established a high school for young women in which Charles Frederick taught for a year. Hartt also studied the geology of New Brunswick, and devoted special attention to the Devonian shales, in which he discovered an abundance of land plants and insects.

Exploration in Brazil
In 1861, Hartt started to work as a student assistant for Louis Agassiz at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. This work lasted until 1864, when he received an appointment on the geological survey of New Brunswick. In 1865 he accompanied Agassiz to Brazil in the Thayer Expedition.

Agassiz was mainly concerned with collecting fish on the expedition through the Amazonian basin. He also hypothesized that Brazil had also been affected by the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), so supported field work to find evidence supporting glaciation, such as gravel beds. His close assistant Hartt instead found evidence that other factors such as organic decay caused specific features in the Brazilian landscape. In the 20th century, extensive field work by other scientists mapped a vast ancient savannah that had separated the Amazonian rainforest into two separate ecosystems during the glaciation of other regions. The separation of ecosystems could theoretically support increased speciation. But in the 21st century, additional research was funded to answer hypothetical concerns about the potential extinction of the entire Amazonian ecosystem during predicted global warming. This field work indicated there were areas in the western lowlands near Lake Pata that retained lush tropical rainforest, so the complete natural history of the Amazonian basin during the LGM is developing a more complex narrative in which Hartt's field work can be expounded.

Agassiz and Hartt were also searching in 1865 for evidence that could prove or disprove the 1859 Darwinian evolutionary theory, in contrast to the multiple creation theory it proposed to replace. From a scientific point of view, Darwinism could potentially resolve inconsistencies in the multiple creation narrative, just as multiple creation theory was an attempt to resolve inconsistencies in the single creation theory. The inconsistencies were facts that could not be compellingly explained by each theory.

Evolutionary theory was not immediately accepted because of a lack of fossil evidence (an issue resolved by discovery of more and more fossil "missing links") and its inability to explain the distribution of species better than multiple creation theory (an issue resolved in the 1960s by plate tectonics). There were a few inconsistencies such as the Lamarckian idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics that Darwin had accepted and later expanded upon in his writings on heredity.

Hartt fell in love with Brazil, and spent 15 months exploring the coastal regions from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. The large zoological collections he made were later used to prepare his Geology and Physical Geography of Brazil (Boston, 1870). In 1868 he was elected professor of natural history at Vassar College, but later in the same year he accepted a post at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York, and planned to return to Brazil. Charles married Lucy Cornelia Lynde of Buffalo, New York, in 1869. They had two children, Mary and Rollin. Both children became writers.

In all, Hartt participated in four expeditions to Brazil (the Morgan Expeditions) from 1870 to 1878. He collected a great deal of data about the land and the people, contributing to new knowledge about the flora, the fauna, minerals, geography, linguistics and ethnography. He was an accomplished draftsman and illustrator and musician. In his last voyage he collected more than 500,000 specimens, which were donated to the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, where he worked as the founder and director of the section of geology from 1866 to 1867.

In 1875, following a suggestion by Hartt, the Emperor Dom Pedro II (1825–1891) established the Imperial Geological Commission. The Commission was closed down after two years of work after losing the Emperor's support. Hartt was joined by his wife and children in Brazil in 1875, but they returned to the United States without him when his wife got pregnant.

Hartt died in Rio de Janeiro on 18 March 1878, after contracting yellow fever, at the age of 38. Agassiz died earlier, in 1873, before major discoveries could provide substantial fossil evidence and before the neo-Darwinists improved Darwinism by asserting the Weismann barrier in 1893. Hartt had gathered useful specimens in Brazil that could be explained by the 20th century Darwinian narrative of accelerated evolution, which hypothesized that Amazonian butterflies survived in isolated refuges during ice ages. But in the 21st century the refuge mechanism has been diminished as a possible explanation by research that determined sufficient rainfall maintained a more complete ecosystem, which increases the likelihood of a more complex mosaic mechanism to explain the variations in Hartt's specimens. The ancient pollen data in the Bolivian rainforest of the Amazonian basin indicates that it was savannah during the LGM.

One of Hartt's students, the American geologist Orville Adalbert Derby (1851–1915), succeeded him at the National Museum, after having accompanied him in two of the Morgan Expeditions (1870 and 1871) and having worked with him at the Imperial Commission.

Publications

 * Thayer Expedition (1870)
 * Geology and physical geography of Brazil (1870)
 * Amazonian Tortoise Myths (1875)
 * Notes on the Manufacture of Pottery Among Savage Races (1873)

Legacy
The Armoured Catfish genus Harttia is named after him.

title: Charles Frederick Hartt


text:
Talk:Kalamansig

July 24, 2005: Presently there is only 1 (one) commercial bank, the Onetwork Bank and a lot of establishment such as Azen Merchandising, Eunice Store, Magbanua Merchandising and so on.. The Port as of now is undergoing a major renovation of the whole deck. aec

Added
I added infobox Bonvallite (talk) 07:23, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120413163013/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp to http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/default.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131004104825/http://census.gov.ph/ to http://www.census.gov.ph/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:38, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

Tagg Added
Tagging multiple issues that do not meet Wikipedia Guidelines and verifiability and might contain original work. Bonvallite (talk) 08:16, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

Vandal
A vandal from this user 49.148.241.253 made on this page. Reverting chnages.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/49.148.241.253

Bonvallite (talk) 14:41, 31 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kalamansig


text:
Saerom Animation

Saerom Animation, Inc. (새롬 애니메이션) is an animation studio located in Seoul, South Korea founded in 1987 by Gilhwan Kim. While it mainly animates shows from American animation studios, the company started making its own cartoons in 2003.

Other Productions

 * Bugtime Adventures (alongside Starburst Animation)
 * The Avengers
 * Aladdin (uncredited) (alongside Sunwoo Entertainment)
 * Beetlejuice (uncredited) (alongside Hanho Heung-Up)
 * Captain Planet (alongside Dong Woo Animation, Dong Yang Animation, Plus One Animation and Sei Young Animation)
 * Cal and Rat (credited as Sae Rom Production Co. Ltd)
 * Commander Cork: Space Ranger
 * Darkwing Duck (uncredited) (alongside Hanho Heung-Up and Sunwoo Entertainment)
 * Double Dragon (alongside Plus One Animation)
 * Dragon Tales (uncredited) (alongside Dong Woo Animation, Rough Draft Korea, Wang Film Productions, Yeson Animation Studios, Sunwoo Entertainment, Lotto Animation, Koko Enterprises and Yearim)
 * Go! Cartoons
 * Johnny Bravo (Season 4, including the Christmas and Valentine's specials) (alongside Koko Enterprises, Rough Draft Korea and Sunwoo Entertainment)
 * Marsupilami (alongside AKOM)
 * Mixels: Nixel, Nixel, Go Away
 * Monster Farm
 * Mouse and the Monster
 * NASCAR Superchargers
 * Oh Yeah! Cartoons (alongside Rough Draft Korea)
 * Paranormal Roommates
 * Party Wagon (in collaboration with Sunwoo Entertainment)
 * Phantom 2040 (alongside Sei Young Animation)
 * The Pink Panther (1993) (alongside Wang Film Productions)
 * Sam & Max: Freelance Police!!!
 * Sandokan
 * Sonic Christmas Blast (credited as Sae Rom Production Co. Ltd)
 * Stunt Dawgs
 * The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat (alongside Plus One Animation)
 * Trap Universe (credited as Saerom)
 * Walter Melon
 * What-a-Mess
 * Young Robin Hood

Korean animation
Saerom also created these cartoons which were made for Korean audiences.
 * Super Zuri: The Galactic Quest (a.k.a. Baby Zuri)
 * Dreamy Pensee

title: Saerom Animation