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Intelligence and public policy

A large body of research indicates that IQ ("intelligence quotient") and similar measures vary between individuals and between certain groups, and that they correlate with socially important outcomes such as educational achievement, employment, crime, poverty and socioeconomic status.

In the United States, certain public policies and laws regarding employment, military service, education and crime incorporate IQ or similar measurements. Internationally, certain public policies, such as improving nutrition and prohibiting neurotoxins, have as one of their goals raising or preventing a decline in intelligence.

History
In the early 20th century, eugenics legislation was passed in many US states which allowed, or encouraged, sterilization of "feeble-minded" individuals.

In the 1927 case Buck v. Bell, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes closed the 8–1 majority opinion upholding the sterilization of Carrie Buck, who along with her mother and daughter was labeled "feeble-minded", with the infamous phrase, "Three generations of imbeciles are enough."

Eugenics fell out of favor in the middle part of the century and is now widely denounced, though memories of the period continue to influence public policy.

US education
Cognitive test scores predict educational performance better than they predict any other outcome, and cognitive testing is pervasive in academics. Central policy issues concern the proper role of testing in assessing educational quality and in college admission; efforts to characterize and close the educational achievement gap between racial and socioeconomic groups in the US; and the importance of cognitive ability differences in educational affirmative action.

The existence of educational achievement gaps between racial and socioeconomic groups is broadly accepted; the source and stability of the gaps remain areas of active research and debate. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) is aimed explicitly at reducing achievement gaps by race. Federally defined formulas in NCLB call for elimination of all achievement disparity by 2014. Regardless of the source of the gap, most educators agree that it must be addressed. They often advocate equitable funding for education.

The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals interpreted state and federal statutes to require that IQ tests not be used in a manner that was determinative of tracking students into classes designed for the mentally retarded. Larry P. v. Riles, 793 F.2d 969 (9th Cir. 1984). The court specifically found that the tests involved were designed and standardized based on an all-white population, and had not undergone a legislatively mandated validation process. In addition, the court ruled that predictive validity for a general population is not sufficient, since the rights of an individual student were at issue, and emphasized that had the tests not been treated as controlling but instead used as part of a thorough and individualized assessment by a school psychologist a different result would have been obtained. In September 1982, the judge in the Larry P. case, Federal District Judge Robert F. Peckham, relented in part in response to a lawsuit brought by black parents who wanted their children tested. The parents' attorney, Mark Bredemeier, said his clients viewed the modern special education offered by California schools today as helpful to children with learning disabilities, not a dead-end track, as parents contended in the original 1979 Larry P. case.

A major area of controversy regarding the NCLB Act is whether achievement gaps are the result of "the soft bigotry of low expectations" or reflect real cognitive ability differences between groups. Because the Act includes warnings and funding consequences for schools which do not meet performance goals, whether disparate student performance is due primarily to environment (which is perceived to be under substantial school and teacher control) or to genetics (which is perceived to be far less malleable) has become a crucial issue.

Gifted education and special education programs aim to provide tailored instruction to students with especially high or low ability. Research in both civilian and military training has demonstrated that bright individuals learn 2–5 times faster than their less able peers.

Employment
One summary of the relationship between employment policy and IQ testing is provided by Murphy (2002):

"Cognitive ability tests represent the best single predictor of job performance, but also represent the predictor most likely to have substantial adverse impact on employment opportunities for members of several racial and ethnic minority groups. Debates over the use of these tests in selection often involve trade-offs between two criteria that are valued by decision makers – that is, efficiency and equity. Findings and methods from decision research can help us frame these trade-offs, but in most cases they cannot be avoided."

Before the late twentieth century, on the basis of studies showing widely varying validities for personnel selection techniques, the theory of "situational specificity" held sway. This principle holds that each organization, work setting and job is unique, requiring unique employee characteristics or skills, and that selection on any general ability yields little benefit. However, the development of statistical techniques such as meta-analysis allowed large samples to be assembled from smaller studies, revealing that apparent validity variations reflected statistical artifacts. Re-analysis, and subsequent studies, have established that general mental ability (IQ) predicts job performance across all jobs. The validity of IQ varies most notably with job complexity: IQ matters little for simple jobs such as packing, and a great deal in complex jobs such as medicine.

These findings have major significance. For example, racial groups differ in average performance on mental ability tests: East Asians on average score higher than Whites, who on average score higher than Blacks (see Race and intelligence for a more thorough discussion). Race-blind hiring on the basis of cognitive test score, among the best predictors of job performance, tends to lead to under-representation of some racial groups in favor of others, a phenomenon called "adverse impact" or "disparate impact" in employment law. (In contrast, "disparate treatment" refers to deliberate discrimination.)

In 1971, in the case Griggs v. Duke Power Co., the US Supreme Court handed down a seminal ruling which framed US public policy on adverse impact. Griggs concerned a company which had rejected a large number of Black applicants who either lacked a high-school education or performed poorly on a paper-and-pencil cognitive test. Referring to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Court wrote, "The Act proscribes not only overt discrimination but also practices that are fair in form, but discriminatory in operation. The touchstone is business necessity. If an employment practice which operates to exclude Negroes cannot be shown to be related to job performance, the practice is prohibited."

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act generally prohibits employment practices that are unfair or discriminatory. One provision of Title VII, codified at 42 USC 2000e-2(h), specifically provides that it is not an "unlawful employment practice for an employer to give and to act upon the results of any professionally developed ability test provided that such test, its administration or action upon the results is not designed, intended or used to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex or national origin." This statute was interpreted by the Supreme Court in Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 US 424 (1971). In Griggs, the Court ruled that the reliance solely on a general IQ test that was not found to be specifically relevant to the job at issue was a discriminatory practice where it had a "disparate impact" on hiring. The Court gave considerable weight in its ruling to an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulation interpreting Section 2002e-2(h)'s reference to a "professionally developed ability test" to mean "a test which fairly measures the knowledge or skills required by the particular job or class of jobs which the applicant seeks, or which fairly affords the employer a chance to measure the applicant's ability to perform a particular job or class of jobs." In other words, the use of any particular test would need to be shown to be relevant to the particular job or class of jobs at issue.

In 1989, the US Supreme Court decision in Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio reduced the defendant's burden of proving business necessity to a burden of producing evidence of business justification. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 overturned that portion of the Wards Cove decision.

These decisions added a legal dimension to trade-offs between "efficiency and equity" referenced by Murphy. Though cognitive testing is generally inexpensive, reliable and valid, US employers risk expensive legal action if such testing produces disparate impact. In practice, companies have responded with a variety of strategies, from abandonment of cognitive testing to maintenance of racial hiring quotas. The latter derives from enforcement of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's "four-fifths rule", which states that any group selection rate that is less than four-fifths (80%) of the highest rate will be regarded by Federal enforcement agencies as evidence of adverse impact.

Attempts to formulate a test with reliability and validity equal to cognitive testing, but that does not produce disparate impact, have generally failed.

Microsoft is known for using non-illegal tests that correlate with IQ tests as part of the interview process, weighing the results even more than experience in many cases.

US military service
All US military recruits take the Armed Forces Qualification Test, an intelligence test that strongly measures the general intelligence factor. A recruit's cognitive test scores in part determine the professions available to them.

The Military Doesn't conduct IQ tests any more, Instead Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is conducted. The (ASVAB) test has nothing to do with IQ test and the scores between the two tests vary. The Minimum Score in the test is 31. Those who score less than 31 in Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery are also selected.

The U.S. military uses the Armed Forces Qualifying Test (AFQT), as higher scores correlate with significant increases in effectiveness of both individual soldiers and units.

US crime
In its 2002 ruling on the case Atkins v. Virginia, the US Supreme Court outlawed the execution of intellectually-disabled criminals on the grounds that it constituted cruel and unusual punishment, which is prohibited by the 8th Amendment. The designation of mental retardation (or developmental disability) typically requires a measured IQ below 70 or 75.

The Supreme Court of the United States has utilized IQ test results during the sentencing phase of some criminal proceedings. The Supreme Court case of Atkins v. Virginia, decided June 20, 2002, held that executions of mentally challenged criminals are "cruel and unusual punishments" prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. In Atkins the court stated that

 * "[I]t appears that even among those States that regularly execute offenders and that have no prohibition with regard to the mentally retarded, only five have executed offenders possessing a known IQ less than 70 since we decided Penry. The practice, therefore, has become truly unusual, and it is fair to say that a national consensus has developed against it."

In overturning the Virginia Supreme Court's holding, the Atkins opinion stated that petitioner's IQ result of 59 was a factor making the imposition of capital punishment a violation of his eighth amendment rights. In the opinion's notes the court provided some of the facts relied upon when reaching their decision"At the sentencing phase, Dr. Nelson testified: 'Atkins' full scale IQ is 59. Compared to the population at large, that means less than one percentile. ... Mental retardation is a relatively rare thing. It's about one percent of the population.' App. 274. According to Dr. Nelson, Atkins' IQ score 'would automatically qualify for Social Security disability income.' Id., at 280. Dr. Nelson also indicated that of the over 40 capital defendants that he had evaluated, Atkins was only the second individual who met the criteria for mental retardation. Id., at 310. He testified that, in his opinion, Atkins' limited intellect had been a consistent feature throughout his life, and that his IQ score of 59 is not an 'aberration, malingered result, or invalid test score.' Id., at 308."

Individuals with IQs below 70 have been essentially exempted from the death penalty in the U.S. since 2002, even though this cannot be definitely confirmed.

US Social Security
The Social Security Administration also uses IQ results when deciding disability claims. In certain cases, IQ results alone are used (in those cases where the result shows a "full scale IQ of 59 or less") and in other cases IQ results are used along with other factors (for a "full scale IQ of 60 through 70") when deciding whether a claimant qualifies for Social Security Disability benefits.

Race issues
The public policy implications of intelligence research have often been defined by debates surrounding race and intelligence.

Pseudoscientific claims of inherent differences in intelligence between races have played a central role in the history of scientific racism. The first tests showing differences in IQ scores between different population groups in the United States were the tests of United States Army recruits in World War I. In the 1920s, groups of eugenics lobbyists argued that these results demonstrated that African Americans and certain immigrant groups were of inferior intellect to Anglo-Saxon white people, and that this was due to innate biological differences. In turn, they used such beliefs to justify policies of racial segregation. However, other studies soon appeared, contesting these conclusions and arguing instead that the Army tests had not adequately controlled for environmental factors, such as socioeconomic and educational inequality between black people and white people. Later observations of phenomena such as the Flynn effect, and the steady closing of the gap between black and white Americans, along with recognition of disparities in access to prenatal care, all highlighted ways in which environmental factors affect group IQ differences. In recent decades, as understanding of human genetics has advanced, claims of inherent differences in intelligence between races have been broadly rejected by scientists on both theoretical and empirical grounds.

title: Intelligence and public policy


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Tom LaBonge

Thomas J. LaBonge (October 6, 1953 – January 7, 2021) was an American politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served on the Los Angeles City Council from 2001 to 2015, representing the city's 4th district.

Education
A graduate of John Marshall High School, LaBonge received his bachelor's degree in sociology from California State University, Los Angeles.

Career

He was a member of the Los Angeles City Council representing the 4th district, serving from 2001 to 2015. He won a special election to fill the seat left vacant by the death of long-time council member John Ferraro. The district included a wide diversity of incomes and neighborhoods. During his time in office, he was the Chairman of the Arts, Parks, Health and Aging Committee, Vice Chairman of the Transportation Committee and the Ad Hoc River Committee, and a member of the Trade, Commerce & Tourism Committee, and the Ad Hoc on Recovering Energy, Natural Resources & Economic Benefit from Waste for L.A. (RENEW LA) in the city of Los Angeles. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Before serving as councilman, LaBonge was Director of Community Relations at the Department of Water and Power, Special Assistant to Mayor Richard Riordan, and Chief Deputy to Council President John Ferraro. LaBonge was a lifelong advocate for Griffith Park, one of the largest urban parks in the nation, which fell in his old council district.

Personal life
He married graphic designer and illustrator Brigid Manning LaBonge in 1988. Before his death, LaBonge resided in the Silver Lake district of Los Angeles with his wife and their two children, Mary-Cate and Charles.

Death
LaBonge died on January 7, 2021, at the age of 67.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tom LaBonge


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Beyond the Mat

Beyond the Mat is a 1999 American documentary film directed, written, produced and narrated by Barry W. Blaustein. The film focuses on the lives of professional wrestlers outside of the ring, primarily Mick Foley, Terry Funk, and Jake Roberts, as well as some aspiring wrestlers. It focuses on the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) during its rise in popularity, and many other independent wrestlers and organizations. The film was originally released in U.S. theaters in March 2000, and later on VHS and DVD.

Synopsis
Director Barry Blaustein discusses his love for professional wrestling and clips of him viewing employees of the World Wrestling Federation and Extreme Championship Wrestling. He then decides to travel the United States over a three-year period, endeavoring to understand the mindset of someone who would voluntarily choose to become a professional wrestler. Blaustein interviews a wide variety of wrestling personalities and ascertains their motivations.

Blaustein focuses on three famous wrestlers, one at the height of his career (Mick Foley, aka "Mankind"), one contemplating retirement (Terry Funk) and one at a career low (Jake "The Snake" Roberts). He begins by following Funk, a 53-year-old man in need of knee surgery who appears unable to retire, despite the mounting toll wrestling is taking on his body. Blaustein follows him as he competes at hardcore wrestling promotion Extreme Championship Wrestling's first pay-per-view event Barely Legal in 1997. Funk also appears with his friend, former wrestler Dennis Stamp, who is eager to work as a referee in Funk's upcoming "retirement" match. Stamp discusses the fact that he has not wrestled in years, but remains in shape just in case he gets the call, and demonstrates his unusual workout regimen: jumping on a trampoline in his backyard while holding hand weights.

Funk's sometime in-ring rival, Foley, is profiled next. He has been taking increasingly risky falls (or "bumps") and blows to the head, and at one point is heard talking incoherently as the result of a fall (from his Hell in a Cell match against The Undertaker at King of the Ring 1998) which briefly rendered him unconscious. Clips of Foley with his wife and children are spliced with the clips of him risking his body for the sport. Later, in the film's climax, his wife and young children (particularly his daughter Noelle) watch in horror from the front of the audience during Foley's "I Quit" match at the 1999 Royal Rumble, wherein he takes multiple unprotected shots to the head by Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson with a steel folding chair. Four weeks after the match, Blaustein was haunted by seeing Foley's family reaction to the Royal Rumble match. Blaustein decided to show Foley and his wife the footage he captured at the event. After watching the footage, Foley admitted he felt guilty for putting his family through the ordeal, and said he never wanted to put them in that position again.

Lastly, Roberts is a wrestler whose height of popularity was in the 1980s. Now he is a crack cocaine addict, and estranged from his daughter. Although he was once one of the more famous wrestlers in America, performing in front of tens of thousands of fans, he is now wrestling in small-town venues. In the course of the film, Roberts is shown attempting to reconcile with his daughter and being interviewed after reportedly smoking crack cocaine in a hotel room (the act is not shown on camera), as well as musing aloud about his increasingly illicit sexual dalliances while traveling.

The careers of the three successful wrestlers are contrasted with those of wrestlers who have not yet achieved comparable success, such as two men getting started in the sport of wrestling, Tony Jones and Michael Modest, who are granted a tryout match for the WWF. In addition, Darren Drozdov is a former NFL football player who is shown in an interview with Vince McMahon. Drozdov, who can vomit at will, is called on by McMahon to vomit in a bucket as a demonstration of his ability—an ability which earned him the ring name "Puke"—which McMahon plans to use as part of Drozdov's new in-ring persona. Drozdov becomes a WWF wrestler, but at the end of the film, it is revealed that Droz was paralyzed in an in-ring accident from a botched maneuver several months later.

Production and release
Blaustein decided to make a documentary about professional wrestling after being outed as a professional wrestling fan. His original budget was $500,000, funded by the company Imagine. He shot footage for the film over a span of three to five years.

World Championship Wrestling refused to participate in the film. Blaustein approached the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) about involving the company in the film in 1997. WWF chairman Vince McMahon originally allowed Blaustein full access to behind-the-scenes aspects of his company, but later tried to pull out of the deal.

Jake Roberts has stated that he was informed the film would be used to help children, but that never transpired. Blaustein has stated the opposite. In response to why he thought Roberts made the allegations, Blaustein responded, "I don't know why. Jake's looking for publicity for himself, maybe. I don't know. He has problems with reality. I wish Jake all the best."

Beyond the Mat was released in theaters in the United States in March 2000. The film was later released on DVD, including extra footage and cast interviews. An unrated director's cut edition dubbed Special Ringside Edition was released on DVD in March 2004. This version featured a new introduction and additional footage, as well as an interview with Foley and Jesse Ventura.

Critics
Beyond the Mat has an 82% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 67 reviews. Its consensus reads: "Even if you aren't a fan, Beyond the Mat provides a riveting, perceptive look into the world of professional wrestling by taking a closer look at the people beneath the personas."

Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly rated the film a B−, stating that "Beyond the Mat is entirely dependent on, and shaped by, the good stuff the director happens to get, rather than driven by hard questions a journalist might want answered." Paul Tatara of CNN wrote, "Blaustein seems to think that he's humanizing these guys by showing how "normal" they are out of the ring, but he unintentionally makes their penchant for self-mutilation all the more inexplicable. There are a couple of laughs in the movie, but the overall effect is much more depressing than it is humorous."

The film was named Best Documentary at the Cinequest Film Festival, and was also nominated by the Director's Guild Association for best documentary and best director. The book The 100 Best Movies You've Never Seen includes Beyond the Mat in its list, declaring that it "works on an almost Shakespearean level."

Wrestling industry
After viewing the film, McMahon removed all advertising for it from WWF broadcasts. As a result, Lions Gate Films, the film's distributor, considered filing a lawsuit for restraint of trade. Spokespeople for the WWF, however, stated that advertising was pulled because of a policy against advertising for other wrestling companies or ventures. Blaustein also stated that McMahon ordered his wrestlers, including Mick Foley, not to speak about the film publicly. Foley, however, did appear on Larry King Live with Blaustein to help promote the film. As a result, the tagline of the movie became "The Movie Vince McMahon Didn't Want You to See!".

Roddy Piper also appeared with Blaustein on Larry King Live to discuss the professional wrestling business. He called the movie, "the best documentary ever made on professional wrestling." Likewise, Hulk Hogan expressed an interest in appearing in the next wrestling documentary should Blaustein make one.

In June 2011, Blaustein undertook an extensive one-hour interview on Review a Wai with John Pollock, in which he discussed the problems of putting the documentary together with Vince McMahon's blessing. Blaustein also revealed that after the first viewing, it was Linda McMahon who was more upset than Vince, due to the documentary's portrayal of the company, and a lack of emphasis on the "fun" in professional wrestling.

Fate of the wrestlers profiled
In the years after the film was released, the three wrestlers primarily profiled continued their lives largely on the same path. Foley retired from full-time competition in 2000, at age 34, due to health concerns related to his hardcore style of wrestling, as well as him and his wife Colette (who was featured in the film with their two older children) having two more children after the film was released. He had, however, wrestled on occasion afterward. Foley was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame on April 6, 2013, and maintains a relatively successful circuit of stand-up comedy and speaking tours. He is also a New York Times best-selling novelist.

As the epilogue of the film mentioned, Funk's retirement lasted three months. Funk went on to participate in several more retirement matches, the most recent on September 22, 2017, at age 73. Along with his brother Dory Funk, Jr., Funk was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2009. Funk Died on August 23, 2023.

Roberts' drug and alcohol use increased after the film was released. In 2004, Roberts faced a charge of "causing unnecessary suffering" after his snake, "Damien", was allowed to starve to death in the garage of his London Colney home. In 2007, WWE initiated a policy to pay all expenses for any former WWWF/WWF/WWE performer who needed to enter into any form of drug rehabilitation. According to various wrestling news reports, as well as his own MySpace page, Roberts was placed in a 14-week voluntary rehab program by WWE as of December 10, 2007. In May 2008, Jim Ross reported that, "Jake Roberts has been doing well the past few weeks, after completing a treatment program." In 2012, Roberts moved in with fellow wrestler Diamond Dallas Page to receive help with getting his life back on track. In 2013, Scott Hall joined Roberts' rehabilitative efforts by also moving into Page's home, which has been nicknamed the "accountability crib". This is documented in the film The Resurrection of Jake the Snake.

At WrestleCon 2013, Roberts announced his desire to return to WWE as a participant in Royal Rumble 2014, which did not happen. However, on January 6, 2014, Roberts returned on WWE television for the first time in almost nine years, as a part of Old School Raw at the end of the CM Punk vs Roman Reigns match, bringing out a new snake with him (an Albino Burmese Python) and aiding The New Age Outlaws and Punk in fending off The Shield. Jake is doing well and enjoying his newfound sobriety, although he was diagnosed with skin cancer, for which he has undergone successful treatment. He was announced as the second entrant of WWE's 2014 Hall of Fame Class. He is currently signed with All Elite Wrestling.

In 2007, Jim Bell, the former Vice President of Merchandising for the WWF who featured in the film, was sentenced for trying to defraud the company almost $1 million from 1998 to 2002 through illegitimate kickbacks. He received an eight month prison sentence and three years of probation.

In 2014, Dennis Stamp published a book about his wrestling days titled The Stamp Collection: A Collection of Short Stories from the World's Most Famous Unknown Wrestler. That year he also refereed a main event for Scottish Wrestling Entertainment.

In 2016, Stamp announced that his cancer had returned. He died of lymphoma on March 13, 2017 after which wrestlers including Ted DiBiase and Tommy Dreamer paid tribute to him on social media.

In November 2017, Stamp was posthumously inducted into the Amarillo Pioneer Hall of Fame by the local Amarillo Pioneer newspaper.

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Joe Lynn Turner

Joe Lynn Turner (born Joseph Arthur Mark Linquito, August 2, 1951) is an American singer known for his work in the hard rock bands Rainbow, Yngwie Malmsteen and Deep Purple.

During his career, Turner fronted and played guitar with pop rock band Fandango in the late 1970s; and in the early 1980s, he became a member of Rainbow, fronting the band and writing songs with guitarist Ritchie Blackmore and bassist Roger Glover. After Rainbow had disbanded in March 1984, he pursued a solo career, released one album, Rescue You, and sang backing vocals for Billy Joel, Cher, and Michael Bolton along with radio and television jingles. He also collaborated with songwriters Desmond Child and Jack Ponti. Turner had a short-lived association with neoclassical metal guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen and then Deep Purple. From the mid-1990s, he resumed his solo career, releasing an additional nine studio and two live recordings. He continued to perform session work, and collaborated with the groups Mother's Army and Hughes Turner Project and Sunstorm, the latter of which released five albums with Turner. In 2016, Turner released The Sessions via Cleopatra Records.

Early work
Turner was born in Hackensack, New Jersey, on August 2, 1951, and became interested in music in the 1960s. Growing up in an Italian-American home, he was influenced by singers such as Frank Sinatra and Enrico Caruso. In high school, he formed the band Ezra, performing original material and cover songs. He played the accordion as a child and learned the guitar in his early teens. He was once influenced primarily by such artists as Led Zeppelin, Jimi Hendrix and Free.

In 1977, Turner joined the rock band Fandango, who signed with RCA Records. Turner sang and played guitar on the band's four albums. Fandango toured with numerous artists including The Allman Brothers Band, The Marshall Tucker Band, The Beach Boys and Billy Joel.

Rainbow
After Fandango split, he received a phone call from British guitarist Ritchie Blackmore. This resulted in an audition and Turner was immediately enlisted in Rainbow. The band, while popular in Europe and Japan, had not reached the same level of success in the US. Turner contributed a pop influence to the band, and Rainbow became successful in the US. Several tracks from albums with Turner reached the Top 20 on rock radio charts in the early to mid-1980s. "Stone Cold" became Rainbow's first Top 40 hit and the band's videos were played on heavy rotation on MTV. Turner recorded three studio albums with Rainbow: Difficult to Cure, Straight Between the Eyes, and Bent Out of Shape, which featured the singles, "Street of Dreams" and "Can't Let You Go". Rainbow disbanded in 1984.

Solo (1980s)
In 1985, after the break-up of Rainbow, Turner released a solo album, Rescue You, produced by Roy Thomas Baker, known for his work with Queen and The Cars. He co-wrote most of the songs with keyboardist Al Greenwood (Foreigner). The first single, "Endlessly", received extensive airplay on radio and MTV. Tours with Night Ranger and Pat Benatar and an acting role in the TV movie Blue Deville followed.

In 1987, Turner also supplied backing vocals to the Michael Bolton album, The Hunger. He appeared on the tracks, "Hot Love" and "Gina".

That same year (1987), he joined Yngwie Malmsteen's Rising Force and recorded the album Odyssey. The brief tour that followed the release of the album included a concert in Leningrad, which was recorded and then released as Trial by Fire (1989). Later that year he left the band.

Deep Purple
Turner was asked to join both Bad Company and Foreigner, but opted to join Deep Purple. Turner recorded one album, Slaves and Masters (1990). The album peaked at No. 87 on the Billboard Charts, which was below expectations for a Deep Purple Album. A relatively successful tour followed in 1991, especially in Europe, with Turner willing to sing Songs from the Coverdale-Era of the band, something Ian Gillan had refused. Turner was let go of the band in late 1992 in the middle of sessions for a follow-up album (which eventually became The Battle Rages On) to make way for a returning Gillan in time for the 25th anniversary of the band. He has also put out three albums for the progressive rock band Mother's Army, featuring Jeff Watson, Bob Daisley, and Carmine Appice.

Solo (1992–present)
After his stints with Rising Force and Deep Purple, Turner spent the mid-1990s through 2008, working on his solo career. It was during that time, Turner released an additional nine studio albums and two live albums, to go along with his 1985 offering, Rescue You.

He also worked with Brazen Abbot, led by Bulgarian guitarist Nikolo Kotzev. Contributing songs he wrote or co-wrote with producer, Bob Held, Turner sang those songs on four studio albums including, Eye of the Storm (1996); Bad Religion (1997); Guilty As Sin (2003); and My Resurrection (2005). In 2001, Turner took part in the role of "The Narrator" in the rock opera, Nikolo Kotzev's Nostradamus. Turner also fronted the band for a majority of their live performances in Bulgaria. As a result, Turner appears on the 2005 documentary style/live performance DVD release entitled, A Decade of Brazen Abbot, as well as the 2015 studio/live compilation release of 20 Years of Brazen Abbot.

In 2000, Turner first approached former Trapeze and Deep Purple bassist, Glenn Hughes to perform some live dates in Japan in support of Turner's sixth solo album, Holy Man. In 2001, the pair formed Hughes Turner Project. The collaboration resulted in two studio albums (HTP and HTP2) and a live album (Live in Tokyo) between 2001 and 2003. In 2005, Hughes and Turner collaborated once more on the Russian studio project Michael Men Project's album Made in Moscow.

The May 11, 2000 PBS show Between the Lions, featured his vocal on the song "Clobbered" in the season 1, episode 29 episode entitled Giants and Cubs. Another song, "Very Loud, Very Big, Very Metal", was also featured.

On August 4, 2006, Turner gave a special performance of Rainbow songs with the New Japan Philharmonic at the Metropolitan Art Space in Tokyo, Japan. Later that same year in September 2006, Turner released the first album for Frontiers Records AOR project Sunstorm, with bassist Dennis Ward of German rock band Pink Cream 69 under the title, Sunstorm featuring Joe Lynn Turner. Subsequent albums were released under the name, Sunstorm.

Turner was a guest performer in the Voices of Classic Rock shows.

In 2007, Turner also appeared as a headliner with AC/DC frontman Brian Johnson on the Classic Rock Cares charity tour, which was organized by longtime friend Steve Luongo, who was the drummer/producer of The John Entwistle Band.

In 2008, Turner formed Over the Rainbow, a tribute band composed of former Rainbow musicians, including drummer Bobby Rondinelli, bassist Greg Smith, keyboardist Paul Morris and Ritchie Blackmore's eldest son, Jürgen on guitar.

He was also a member of the touring band Big Noize from 2008 to 2012. The band featured Turner alongside guitarist Carlos Cavazo, bassist Phil Soussan, and drummer Vinny Appice. In the fall of 2008, the band traveled to Iraq and Kuwait to entertain Multi National Forces. Drummer, Simon Wright, replaced Appice temporarily due to other touring commitments. In the summer of 2012, he and the Legends Voice of Rock did a gig at the Golden Times Festival in Degerfors, Sweden.

In 2013, he sang a few songs in a guest role on the Avantasia album The Mystery of Time, released in March.

March and April 2013 saw Turner perform as a special guest artist for the Las Vegas show Raiding the Rock Vault at the LVH Hotel and Casino.

in 2014 a band he was in: Rated X, released their self-titled debut through Frontiers. The band was led by Carmine Appice of Vanilla Fudge, The Firm bassist Tony Franklin, and guitarist Karl Cochran.

In February 2015, Turner was a guest singer, alongside the winner Slavin Slavchev, in the final of the third season of X Factor Bulgaria. They sang together "Street of Dreams".

Turner was extensively interviewed for the 2016 book, The Other Side of Rainbow, by author Greg Prato, and is also featured on the book's cover.

2021 saw Turner singing two songs on the Michael Schenker Group album Immortal.

In recent years, Turner has received recognition and distinguished awards from around the world. In 2015 he was named Cultural Ambassador to Bulgaria. That same year, he accepted the Legends of Rock Award in Italy, and the Peacemaker Award from the Russian administration in occupied Crimea for the promotion of peace and outstanding contribution to World Art. And in 2016, he received the Man of the Golden Voice Award in Peru.

In August 2022, Turner released "Belly of the Beast", the first single and title track off the new studio album. In the press release, he also went public with having been diagnosed with alopecia totalis at the age of just 3 and having to wear a wig since age 14 in order to hide his lack of hair.

In recent years, Turner has disavowed the United States, and championed Russian President Vladimir Putin. "The only one telling the truth is Putin," Turner said. "Truth be told, I have no love anymore for the United States."

Solo

 * Rescue You (1985)
 * Nothing's Changed (1995)
 * Under Cover (1997, cover album)
 * Hurry Up and Wait (1998)
 * Under Cover 2 (1999, cover album)
 * Holy Man (2000)
 * Slam (2001)
 * JLT (2003)
 * The Usual Suspects (2005)
 * Second Hand Life (2007)
 * Belly of the Beast (2022)

Compilations

 * The Sessions (2016)

EPs

 * Waiting for a Girl Like You (1999)
 * Challenge Them All (2001)
 * The One (2004)

Live albums

 * Live in Germany (2008)
 * Street of Dreams – Boston 1985 (2016)

Guest appearances

 * Soundtrack The Heavenly Kid (1985) – "Heartless"
 * Don Johnson – Heartbeat (1986) – backing vocals
 * Michael Bolton – The Hunger (1987) – backing vocals
 * Cher – Cher (1987) – backing vocals
 * John Waite – Rovers Return (1987) – backing vocals
 * Lee Aaron – Lee Aaron (1987) – co-writer on "Powerline", "Hands Are Tied" and "Number One".
 * Jimmy Barnes – Freight Train Heart (1987) – co-writer of "Walk On"
 * Bonfire – Fireworks (1987) – co-writer of "Sleeping All Alone" and "Sweet Obsession"
 * TNT – Intuition (1988) – backing vocals
 * Bonnie Tyler – Notes from America aka Hide Your Heart (1988) – backing vocals
 * Don Johnson – Let It Roll (1989) – backing vocals
 * Mick Jones – Mick Jones (1989)
 * Alexa – Alexa (1989)
 * Paul Carrack – Groove Approved (1989)
 * Billy Joel – Storm Front (1989) – backing vocals
 * Slyce – Slyce (1990)
 * Riot – The Privilege of Power (1990) – vocals on "Killer"
 * Michael Bolton – Time, Love and Tenderness (1991) – backing vocals
 * Kathy Troccoli – Pure Attraction (1991) – backing vocals
 * Lita Ford – Dangerous Curves (1991) – co-writer of "Little Too Early", backing vocals
 * Hellcats – Hellcats 2 (1992)
 * TNT – Realized Fantasies (1992) – backing vocals
 * Taylor Dayne – Soul Dancing (1993) – backing vocals
 * Bloodline – Bloodline (1994)
 * L.A. Blues Authority vol. 5 – Cream of the Crop (1994 compilation of covers by Blues Bureau International) – "Sittin' on Top of the World"
 * Deep Purple Tribute – Smoke on the Water (1994)
 * Nerds – Poultry in Motion (1995)
 * Black Night: Tribute to Deep Purple (1995)
 * Toshi Kankawa – Toshi Kankawa (1996)
 * Mojo Brothers – Mojo Brothers (1997)
 * Thunderbolt: A Tribute to AC/DC (1997) – "Back in Black"
 * Vick LeCar – Never Stranded (1998)
 * Stuart Smith – Heaven & Earth (1998)
 * Niji Densetsu – Rainbow Tribute (1998)
 * Randy Rhoads Tribute (1999) – "Mr Crowley", "Over the Mountain", "Diary of a Madman"
 * Leslie West – As Phat as It Gets (1999)
 * Fire Woman: A Tribute to The Cult (2000) – "The Rain"
 * Bat Head Soup: A Tribute to Ozzy (2000) – "Hellraiser"
 * Tribute to Van Halen (2000) – "Dance the Night Away"
 * Nikolo Kotzev – Nikolo Kotzev's Nostradamus (2001)
 * Voices for America – Special WTC EP (2001)
 * Aerosmith Tribute – Let the Tribute Do the Talking (2001) – "Let the Music Do the Talking"
 * Rock Ballads – WTC Benefit (2001)
 * Stone Cold Queen: A Tribute (2001) – "Fat Bottomed Girls"
 * Terry Brock – Freedom (2001)
 * The Tour Bus Radio Show – The Road Trip (2002)
 * Mountain – Mystic Fire (2002)
 * Mr. Big Tribute – Influences and Connections (2003) – "Colorado Bulldog", "Daddy Brother Lover Little Boy"
 * Murray Weinstock – Tails of the City (2003)
 * Metallic Attack: The Ultimate Tribute (2004) – "Nothing Else Matters"
 * Karl Cochran's Voodooland – Give Me Air (2004)
 * Eddie Ojeda – Axes 2 Axes (2005)
 * Numbers from the Beast (2005) – "2 Minutes to Midnight"
 * Vitalij Kuprij – Revenge (2005) – "Follow Your Heart"
 * Michael Schenker Group – Heavy Hitters (2005) – "All Shook Up"
 * Blackmore's Night – The Village Lanterne (2006) – bonus track version of "Street of Dreams"
 * Icarus Witch – Songs for the Lost (2007)
 * Jimi Jamison – Crossroads Moment  (2008)
 * We Wish You a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year (2008) – "Rockin' Around the Xmas Tree"
 * Howard Leese – Secret Weapon (2009) – "Alive Again", "Hot to Cold"
 * The Ultimate Tribute to Ozzy Osbourne (2009) – "Hellraiser"
 * Voices of Rock - High & Mighty (2009) - "Tonight"
 * MelodicRock.com, Vol. 7 – Forces of Dark & Light (2010) – "This Is Who I Am" – premiere song
 * Pushking – The World as We Love It (2011) – "Kukarracha", "Head Shooter"
 * Robin Beck – The Great Escape (2011) – "That All Depends"
 * Who Are You: An All Star Tribute to The Who (2012) – "The Seeker"
 * George Gakis & Very Special Friends – Too Much Ain't Never Enough (2012) – "Street of Broken Dreams"
 * Avantasia – The Mystery of Time (2013) – "Spectres", "The Watchmakers' Dream", "Savior in the Clockwork", "The Great Mystery"
 * Fly Like an Eagle: An All-Star Tribute to Steve Miller Band (2013) – "Jungle Love"
 * Light My Fire: A Classic Rock Salute to the Doors (2014) – "Riders on the Storm"
 * Magnus Karlsson's Free Fall – Kingdom of Rock (2015) – "No Control"
 * Paco Ventura – Black Moon (2015)
 * The Parliament of Souls – project honouring the memory of Václav Havel (2016)
 * Bob Daisley and Friends – Moore Blues for Gary (2018) - "The Blues Just Got Sadder", "Power of the Blues"
 * Star One – Revel in Time (2022) – "The Year of '41"

title: Joe Lynn Turner


text:
Category:Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons players

This category is for players on the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons team whose franchise existed only in the National Basketball League between 1941 and 1948.
 * Note: Players on the Basketball Association of America team that later became the Detroit Pistons should be categorized in Category:Fort Wayne Pistons players.


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User talk:SoxFan

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Category:Detroit Eagles players

This category is for players on the Detroit Eagles, a professional basketball team that played in the United States' National Basketball League from 1939 to 1941.

title: Category:Detroit Eagles players


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title: Category:Languages of Yemen


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Category:Cleveland White Horses players

This category is for players on the Cleveland White Horses, a professional basketball team that played in the United States' National Basketball League from 1938 to 1939. The team was originally known as the Warren Penns in 1937–38 and in the beginning of the 1938–39 season. They moved to Cleveland after a handful of games at the start of 1938–39 and changed their name.

title: Category:Cleveland White Horses players


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Talk:Charing Cross railway station

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move
'Charing Cross' is not the official name for the station, and is a minority station in Glasgow, Scotland. chrismjc 00:14, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

It was suggested that this article should be renamed Charing Cross Station (London). The vote is shown below:
 * Oppose. Primary topic disambiguation is emminently suitable here. James F. (talk) 00:39, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Anyway, if we were going to rename it at all, it would be "London Charing Cross station" (not ... railway station, as the tube part isn't called that at all, even if the overground bit sometimes is). James F. (talk) 01:00, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - the London station is massively more well known than the Glasgow one, it's at the correct place right now. -- Joolz 01:03, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If you mention Charing Cross, chances are you're talking about the one in London. There is no need for this to be moved. I definitely don't think that every train station deserves an article. Talrias (t | e | c) 01:04, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose --Philip Baird Shearer 10:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agree with James F. - Primary topic disambiguation seems appropriate here. It might also be an idea to mention the Glasgow station at the foot of the page. -- Solipsist 13:58, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. – AxSkov ( T ) 02:55, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. violet/riga (t) 19:40, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

distances in London
I was of the view that all distances in London are measured from St Pauls. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.43.107.41 (talk • contribs) 13:44, 10 December 2005.
 * No, I believe they are measured from the Eleanor cross. You can find a little more on the article at milestone. -- Solipsist 15:33, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Oops - page move
I didn't realise i had to discuss this first. As you know, i have moved Charing Cross railway station to its new location. The original Charing Cross railway station page is now a disambiguation page. Simply south 20:20, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Im not that fussed, but IMHO "Charing Cross" is "Charing Cross London". IIRC is there not somehting on station naming policy that if two stations ahve the same name but one is insignificant and the other of great importantce it should be the mian one (Example IIRC was reading and reading west) ... ???? Pickle 07:12, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that's not really such a good example (reading and reading west) as it is clear from the name they are seperate stations. However, this move involved renaming because both stations had exactly the same name. The London and Glasgow things were just added to distinguish in location between the two. I will possibly check policy out. Simply south 09:52, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This move was pointless. If there are only two articles with the same name you do not have to dab each in the title. This page needs to be moved back. No dab page is needed. MRSC 16:45, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

The article has been moved back
I have moved the article back to Charing Cross railway station. Normally, I would have relisted the move request because the proper procedure given at Requested moves was not followed. A move notice was not put at the top of the talk page and a clear place for discussion and voting was not made. However, I moved the article back because the move goes against naming conventions. When there are two articles with the same name and one is more notable than the other, the more notable one should have the name and there should be a link to the other article at the top of the page. I suggest that the mover read Naming conventions and Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). -- Kjkolb 20:49, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Busiest station per-platform.
This might be OR, though all I'm doing is dividing the passenger figures by the number of platforms, but Charing Cross is the busiest station per-platform in the UK, at over seven million passengers per-platform per-year. There's only one other station over five million (Liverpool Central), except that London Bridge is temporarily at 6.2 million because half the platforms have been closed for redevelopment. Waterloo and Victoria are both about 4.7 million, just for comparison. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Po8crg (talk • contribs) 16:42, 17 December 2015 (UTC)

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Busiest Transit Facility in the World in 1920s or 1930s?
In California's San Francisco Bay Area, an oft-repeated statement is that the Ferry Building in San Francisco was the world's second-busiest transit facility (in terms of annual passengers) before the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge opened in 1936. These assertions often note that Charing Cross Station in London was the world's busiest transit facility at that time (mid-1930s). Does anyone have knowledge of any facts about passenger traffic through London's transit facilities in the 1930s? Does it make sense that Charing Cross Station would have been the busiest in the world in the mid-1930s? Jab73 (talk) 08:28, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * In the mid-1930s the current Charing Cross tube station was two separate stations (Strand and Trafalgar Square). At that time the Charing Cross name was used on the London Underground for what is now Embankment tube station, which was served by three lines (District, Bakerloo and Northern), but would probably not have been the busiest on the network. I'm not aware of any data from the period, but I would have thought that the busiest Underground station would more likely have been one serving a major mainline station (say Kings Cross or Paddington) or one of the central stations served by more than one line (Oxford Circus, Piccadilly Circus, Leicester Square, Tottenham Court Road, Bank or Holborn). If Charing Cross was the "busiest transit facility" it probably applied to the mainline station rather than an Underground station, but Clapham Junction railway station is usually the one said to be the busiest junction.--DavidCane (talk) 16:21, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I'll have a look in book sources when I next get a chance, but as David says, the busiest interchange is likely to be that serving a major long-distance terminal, such as Waterloo, which is the busiest today because it caters for an abundance of both long-distance and local services. As the article states, in the 1930s, Charing Cross was considered a bit of an anachronism and in a parallel universe, we might now have a rebuilt Hungerford Bridge carrying one of the London Ringways with run-down diesel services terminating at London Bridge. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  16:55, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Just come back from a trawl of The Times Digital Archive on Gale, and found a possible confirmation of this in an article of 14 June 1930 "More Sub-Surface Tube Stations." (p. 9) . The article discusses the introduction of sub-way entrances and below ground concourses in the style of Piccadilly Circus at a number of central tube stations (what it calls sub-surface stations). The article states "The official added that something like 50,000,000 people a year used the subways and station at Piccadilly-circus (sic), where improvements had had the effect of challenging Charing Cross as London's busiest centre." I note that the 50 million is defined as those using "the subways and the station". This might mean that Charing Cross as London's busiest centre is being used in a broader sense than just a single station. It might be that use of the mainline station, the three underground stations and the foot traffic around Strand and Trafalgar Square are being brought together.--DavidCane (talk) 18:06, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Where they use the term "subway", is that in the American sense (the underground railway line) or the British sense (a passageway below ground level often used as a means of crossing the road). The Underground station at Piccadilly Circus has a number of pedestrian subways (in the British sense) that are not used 100% as a means of accessing the underground railway: it is a very busy road junction. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 20:43, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * The British English sense. When talking about changes planned at Leicester Square tube station, the article talks about "four subway entrances-on each corner of the cross-roads".--DavidCane (talk) 21:20, 20 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charing Cross railway station


text: Category:Languages of Oman

title: Category:Languages of Oman


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Pass of Drumochter

The Pass of Drumochter (Druim Uachdair) meaning simply 'high ridge' is the main mountain pass between the northern and southern central Scottish Highlands. The A9 road passes through here, as does the Highland Main Line, the railway between Inverness and the south of Scotland. The Sustrans National Cycle Route 7 between Glasgow and Inverness also runs through the pass.

The pass is the only gap in the main Grampian Watershed suitable for road traffic routes for almost 100 km, between Glen Coe (west) and Cairnwell Pass (east); the West Highland Railway is the only other crossing, at Corrour. The pass is a natural low point, where the headwaters of the Spey and Tay penetrate most deeply into the broad Gaick Plateau, with the River Garry flowing south, and the River Truim north. The gap has been shaped into a "U" convenient for a transport corridor by glacial action over successive ice ages, although Loch Ericht just to the west is a much larger glacial breach

The route through the pass has been used since prehistoric times. A military road built between 1728 and 1730 by General Wade came through here.

It is the high point on the A9, at 460 m (1508 ft), and in winter can be subject to severe weather conditions. There are routine winter patrols from November to March, and the road is occasionally closed with snow gates near Dalwhinnie and Dalnacardoch. The summit of the railway line is 452 m (1480 ft), making it the highest in the UK. It has been used by the RAF as a training route for low level flying, now less frequently.

It is isolated, and the nearest settlement of any size is the small village of Dalwhinnie, some 10 km to the north.

The summit of the pass marks the boundary between Perth and Kinross and the Highland Council area. A sign at this point says "Welcome to the Highlands/Fàilte don Ghàidhealtachd", although this is the boundary for the authority rather than for the Scottish Highlands which extend south to the geological Highland Boundary Fault at Dunkeld.

title: Pass of Drumochter


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User talk:Wyldkat

Welcome!
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Tobycat 00:16, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Muskoday First Nation
Hello Wyldkat, I also wanted to say welcome to Wikipedia and to say thank you for your Muskoday First Nation article creation. Unfortunately our articles on First Nations are currently both brief and rare, so it is a great asset to the encyclopedia to have the content you've added. I also wanted to show you the Canadian wikipedians' notice board. Take care, Kurieeto 04:40, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

New 10,000 Challenge for Canada
Hi, WikiProject Canada/The 10,000 Challenge is up and running based on The 10,000 Challenge for the UK which has currently produced over 2300 article improvements and creations. If you'd like to see large scale quality improvements happening for Canada like The Africa Destubathon, which has produced over 1600 articles in 5 weeks, sign up on the page. The idea will be an ongoing national editathon/challenge for Canada but fuelled by a contest such as The North America Destubathon to really get articles on every province and subject mass improved. I would like some support from Canadian wikipedians here to get the Challenge off to a start with some articles to make doing a Destubathon worthwhile! Cheers. --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:55, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wyldkat


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Penrhyn Quarry Railway

The Penrhyn Quarry Railway was a narrow-gauge railway in Caernarfonshire (now Gwynedd), Wales. It served the Penrhyn quarry near Bethesda, taking their slate produce to Port Penrhyn, near Bangor. The railway was around 6 mi long and used a gauge of.

The railway opened in June 1801 and was one of the earliest overground narrow gauge railways in the world. It closed on 24 July 1962, the track being lifted in 1965 and sold to the Ffestiniog Railway.

In 2012, a section of the railway was restored at Felin Fawr and regular services were run beginning in February 2017. In July 2017, the railway closed just ahead of the fifth anniversary of operations.

Llandegai Tramway (1798–1831)
Author James Boyd suggests that the earliest predecessor to the Penrhyn Quarry Railway was the 1 mi long gauge Llandegai Tramway, built in 1798. The tramway connected the Penlan Mill at Llandegai with Port Penrhyn. The mill ground flint shipped in from Sussex into a powder, which was then shipped on to a pottery in Liverpool. The tramway would have been was one of the earliest overground railways in Britain. It included two balanced gravity inclines one from the floor of the Cegin valley near Llandegai to the hills above Bangor, the other dropping from there to the mill. Both inclines used vertically mounted winding drums. Research in 2021 suggests the tramway may not have existed.

Penrhyn Railroad (1801–1878)
In 1793, William Jessop suggested that the owners of the Penrhyn Quarry build a tramway to connect the quarry to the sea at Port Penrhyn. Jessop and his partner Benjamin Outram were then constructing the Little Eaton Gangway in Derbyshire. Samuel Wyatt was also involved in the construction of the gangway, and his brother Benjamin was the Penrhyn estate manager. Before the railroad was constructed, slate was transported to the port by horses along slow and difficult mountain paths.

Benjamin Wyatt was put in charge of building the tramway. Construction started on 2 September 1800, with the first slate train travelling on 25 June 1801. The line cost £170,000 to build. The track used oval rails designed by Benjamin Wyatt, and their quoted gauge of was measured between the centres of the rails. The railroad was operated by horse power along with gravity and three balanced inclines – "Port" (sometimes called "Marchogion"), "Dinas" north east of Tregarth and "Cilgeraint" a short distance north of Coed-y-Parc workshops in Bethesda. The longest was 220 yds. The cost of transport fell from 4 shillings per ton using horses with panniers, to 1 shilling using the railroad.

In 1832, Wyatt's oval rails were replaced with more conventional T-rails. The gauge of this new track was, measured between the inner edges of the rails - the conventional way of measuring track gauge.

In 1868, Charles Easton Spooner, who had been responsible for introducing steam locomotives on the nearby Festiniog Railway wrote to Lord Penrhyn proposing that he replace the railroad with a new line with steam haulage. Spooner was commissioned to survey a suitable route in 1872. The quarry suffered a strike in 1874, which slowed down plans to replace the railroad, but in July 1875 the decision was made to build a new railway and introduce steam. In 1877, two De Winton were delivered from Caernarfon to the port. They were steamed there on 22 June.

Construction of the new railway started on 7 March 1878 at the port. Contractor Richard Parry and civil engineer Robert Algeo were in charge of building a completely new railway that took a more circuitous route to the quarry but avoided the need for any inclines. The work was planned to take two years but was completed early. The first steam-hauled train on the new Penrhyn Quarry Railway on 3 October 1879.

Penrhyn Quarry Railway (1878–1962)

The first locomotives used on the new railway were three De Winton's with horizontal boilers. Although successful, these locomotives were not powerful enough for the substantial traffic that passed down the line. In 1882 the railway ordered 'Charles', a large 0-4-0ST from Hunslet. Charles proved very successful and was followed by 'Blanche' and 'Linda' in 1893 to the same basic design. These locomotives were the mainstay of the railway for the rest of its life.

There was a significant demand for building materials after the First World War, as Britain recovered from the conflict and many new houses were built to replace slums. The slate industry had been largely mothballed during the conflict, but now found itself in a boom period. Shortly after the war, the quarry began producing Fullersite - ground slate waste - which was shipped in large quantities along the railway. In 1924, with traffic continuing the rise, three additional Baldwin locomotives were purchased. These had been built for war use by the United States Army Transport Corp, and were refurbished before being sold to the railway, but were not successful, and after three years of intermittent use they were put aside.

Immediately after the Second World War, there was a short boom in demand for Welsh slate, to meet reconstruction needs throughout the United Kingdom. However this proved to be a short-lived period of success, and cheap foreign imports of slate and new man-made roofing materials quickly began to eat into the market for the higher-quality and more expensive Penrhyn product. A steady decline in traffic through the 1950s and growth in the use of roads for transporting slates direct from the quarry to market meant the end of the railway was inevitable. In June 1962, the last slate train ran, though a few unofficial trips were run as late as the summer of 1963.

Traffic and rolling stock
Heading seawards (northwards) from the quarry at Bethesda the first (Cilgeraint) incline was bypassed by building an almost parallel straight line at a gentler end-to-end gradient whose foot was some distance north of the foot of the incline. A similar approach was not feasible for the other two inclines, so the traditional approach was taken – to increase the length of the line to spread the grade. The old route was retained to the head of the Dinas Incline where the new line swung through 180 degrees in a horseshoe bend, thereby changing from heading northeast to southwest. It then swung past a new halt at Tregarth before swinging northwards again past a new halt at Felin Hen, whereafter the line headed more or less straight for Port Penrhyn, meeting the original alignment below the foot of the Marchogion Incline.

The main line's primary purpose was to carry finished slates and Fullersite (powdered slate) to Port Penrhyn where they were loaded onto ships or, from February 1852 when the Chester and Holyhead Railway opened its Port Penrhyn Branch, onto standard gauge trains. The ships and standard gauge trains took the products to national and international markets. Secondary traffic consisted of slate materials which were finished at workshops at Port Penrhyn into bitumen blocks and, notably, writing slates on which the port had a British near-monopoly in the 1930s. Paying backloads were few, but sufficient coal was brought from the port to the quarries to warrant the company buying a fleet of 50 coal wagons. The line also carried internal user traffic such as spare parts. The intermixing of standard and narrow gauge lines at the port produced some remarkable pointwork.

Lord Penrhyn had his own saloon coach, which has survived into preservation. An example of the second type of passenger vehicle – an Incline Carriage – has survived in the Penrhyn Castle Railway Museum. It was intended for conveying visitors and guests round the quarry itself, having inclined seats for comfort when travelling up and down inclines between levels.

Workmen's trains were provided, along with specials for visitors and dignitaries, but the railway never provided a public passenger service. The quarrymen's carriages were unsprung and open to the elements, having neither roofs nor doors. In the frequent event of rain and cold passengers usually covered themselves with sacks to keep out the worst. Each carriage could carry 24 quarrymen "at a pinch". The carriages resembled enlarged versions of many used on garden railways in fine weather. 16 of these were built in two batches between 1878 and 1908, each bore a single letter in the series A to P. The service was withdrawn on 9 February 1951, rendering the carriages redundant. Seven survived, six were given or sold to the Talyllyn Railway where they were modified or cannibalised to such an extent that no Penrhyn bodies survive there. The seventh survivor was acquired by the Penrhyn Castle Railway Museum, where it remained on view in 2016. Contradicting this to a degree is the Moseley Railway Trust which has carriage "O", which came into their hands after a long tour of various preservation sites, starting with Bressingham Steam and Gardens. The trust has also built a replica of carriage "H".

Restoration
Penrhyn Quarries Ltd completed the restoration of a section of the original railway at Felin Fawr, Bethesda in 2012, and further sections were planned.

The section of restored railway was approximately 1/5 mi in length and ran between Coed y Parc bridge (Felin Fawr) (grid ref. SH 615662) and St. Anns (grid ref. SH 614661). A second phase of the restoration was planned which would add a further mile of track running in a southerly direction. "Open weekends" with public running were held annually from 2013 onwards. From 2016 onwards, a series of "Steam Galas" and regular weekend running with diesel locomotives took place.

The Penrhyn Quarry Railway Society is no longer involved with the team carrying out the restoration work, but continues to record and document the history of the railway. The rebuilding of the line, overseen by PQR Engineering Ltd and the operating company Penrhyn Rail Ltd, - was supported by the Penrhyn Railway Supporters, formed in 2013. To commemorate the 50th. anniversary of the closure of the original railway, original Penrhyn Quarry Hunslet locomotive 'George Sholto' was operated on the restored section.

In July 2017, all railway operations ceased at short notice and the rolling stock was removed from the site. The track remained in place in August 2017, though the lines leading to the loco shed and crossing the footpath, which were removed in September 2017.

Main line locomotives
These are the locomotives that worked trains between the quarry and the port, often known as the "main line" locomotives.

title: Penrhyn Quarry Railway


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Talk:La dolce vita

Cleanup
Warisill cleaned up the description, particularly the "characteristic Fellini style" line, which is simply nonexistent. There are two distinct periods for Fellini and La Dolce Vita rests in the middle of them. I also added the description of the opening scene and touched up the facts about Rome in 1959.

The description here of the opening helicopter scene isn't actually accurate. Marcello says they're taking the statue "to the Pope" and the women understand him by lip reading; then he asks for their telephone number, one of the women below says "he wants our telephone number," and they wave "no" to him. It's a famous scene, but not for conveying anything about the futility of communication. If anything, it's the famous last scene that's more germane, where M. can't hear what the girl from the cafe is saying. --Bombyx 03:04, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

In the trivia section, there is mention that the word "paparazzo" means "sparrow," and that Fellini used this name because photographers could be viewed as "hungry birds". In another article titled "Paparazzo", it is mentioned that this word actually means "buzzing mosquito" and that as a child he knew a classmate with that nickname, and chose the name based on this. There is obviously a discrepency, and I don't know which statement is correct.

The actual word for sparrow in Italian is passero. So, if Fellini did say that paparazzo means sparrow it is either slang or he was deliberately misleading for some reason--he would certainly know the formal word. The buzzing Mosquito story sounds equally doubtful like either a rumor or an after-thought by Fellini later after paparazzi became a term since the photgrapher in the movie does not sound as if annoying photography was central to his character role. It is possible Fellini came up with that explanation after the term apaprazzi was coined. --[digginestdogg, 09:28 UTC, 10 June 2007]

conforming to Wikipedia guidelines to remove trivia - moved to production section of article —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.107.3.86 (talk) 17:23, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

There is a discussion on wordreference.com about "paparazzo" and there doesn't seem to be any sort of mention of the sparrow meaning. Rather, what seems to be the true origin of paparazzi/o is the bastardization of the Italian word "“pappatacio”" which refers to mosquitoes. I'm providing the link below for anyone to verify and am going to remove the sparrow-trivia.

http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=534907 Angel of Mons 14:05, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Apocalypse Now
There is a scene in AN in which a cow is hoisted by helicopter with a rather long puzzling shot, and the film climaxes with a cow being slaughtered. As a reference to the opening sequence of La Dolce Vita is almost makes sense... implausible though? --75.6.173.77 (talk) 06:16, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:LaDolceVita.jpg
Image:LaDolceVita.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 22:45, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Capitalization
This page should be "La dolce vita", not "La Dolce Vita", as per Italian capitalization rules. --Gika (talk) 19:13, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

Yes, but in English-speaking countries the title is rendered in all capitals, rather than translated as "The Sweet Life". Take for example, the page for Akira Kurosawa's Throne of Blood, which uses the American title, rather than the Japanese title Kumonosu-jō (蜘蛛巣城) which means "Spider Web Castle." English Wikipedia conforms to the choice of the American/British distributors.IceKeyHunter (talk) 03:33, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

This article sucks
I got referred to this article to learn about this film, and instead I stumbled upon one of the worst articles I’ve ever read in Wikipedia. The intro is a joke; the tedious plot section reads like Cliff’s Notes; and the sections between the plot section and the critical reception section read like a hodgepodge of random facts and useless trivia slapped together and arbitrarily broken into paragraphs. But by far the worst section is the critical reception section. After giving up on the Wikipedia article, I read up on the film on the Web, and according to the criticism out there, La Dolce Vita seems to be a cinematically and artistically very siginificant film. I get the impression that the film occupies a central status as one of the most important, most significant films in history, but reading the critical reception and awards recognition sections, which read like a random smattering of review clips strung together like amateur Rotten Tomatoes reviews, there is just absolutely no way to get any appreciation for the significance of the film, its contributions to cinematic history, any perspective of where the film stands in relation to other great films, or any idea to what extent it influenced other films or contributed to the evolution of film. This entire article is in need of a major rewrite; better yet it should honestly be deleted entirely by an administrator and left to be rewritten from scratch by someone knowledgable in the subject who has the initiative. And no, I didn’t come here just to bitch; from what I’ve read recently it seems like this is a really important, significant film that deserves infinitely better than the travesty of an article it currently has, and it makes Wikipedia look like an utter joke. I wouldn’t be writing this if I didn’t genuinely care. Btw I wish I could help but am unqualified to contribute to this subject. MAJOR FAIL. —Technion (talk) 14:57, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Glaring error in Episode 1 description, the 1958 Cadillac is *NOT WHITE* folks
Come on folks, did the author *see* the movie? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.37.139.157 (talk) 04:49, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

La Grande Belleza
There are not many direct visual quotes from La dolce vita in La grande belleza, just the one striking line "Today we are going to see a sea monster", which refers to the final scene of La dolce vita. The two films have to be compared and La grande belleza should be mentioned in the article. Everybody got to be somewhere! (talk) 21:28, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

Plot section: OR?
This seems a little unencyclopedic for a synopsis: the logic of grouping the Steiner episodes as 3a, 3b, 3c is outweighed by the confusion that results, and 3rd (day-episode) and 4th (day-episode) may or may not be the same day, but cause 8th night to be followed by 7th dawn. I supplied a page number from a different footnote, but Bondanella's date is given in the bibliography as 1992 instead of 1994. Looking at Bondanella: The Films of Frederico Fellini (Cambridge 2002) one reads (pp. 68-9) "Many critics attempt to shuffle this vast kaleidoscope of characters and sets into some tidier organization, hoping to discover the film's "meaning"…" Does his earlier writing actually support the (hardly tidy) scheme which references it? Sparafucil (talk) 20:42, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

Passo Oscuro
The article on Passo Oscuro says that the town is "south of Rome", this article said that it is "on the Italian coast 30 kilometers north of Rome" (as does the Italian-language version), while Google maps suggests that it is west of Rome. I have changed this article to say "30 kilometers from Rome". Molinari (talk) 18:55, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Comedy?
I find it strange that the lead lists the film's genre as "comedy-drama". The drama part I get but there is hardly that much comedy—only a few light-toned moments worthy of chuckles, hardly any slapstick and definitely not enough to set the film's genre. Opencooper (talk) 15:55, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

Video rentals
According to the article, the film made $6 million from rentals in 1966. This is not clear to me; according to Video rental shop, "The first professionally managed video rental store in the U.S. was opened by George Atkinson in December 1977". So which rentals does this sentence refer to? Thanks, 85.250.238.10 (talk) 14:56, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 10 February 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) –  22:14, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

La Dolce Vita → La dolce vita – This movie title is untranslated, and per MOS:FOREIGNTITLE should keep the capitalization of its source language. As noted earlier in this talk page, Italian capitalization rules do not include film titles. Bensci54 (talk) 06:24, 10 February 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:La dolce vita


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Template:User or-2

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Talk:Slaking (Pokemon)

Slaking lime would be of far more importance to an encyclopedia than some drivel about pokemon!

Then make the article, and stop whining. ~regruBgniK

Wouldn't Slaking's name also be a variant of "slacking"?

I agree, Slakings name origin is obviously a play on the gerund form of the verb Slack. The article should be updated, but I will leave it to a Pokemon expert.

another meaning
Actually, other than refering to pokemon and gaming stuffs, slaking also means wet-dry weathering in geomorphology. It refers to the process of alternate swelling and shrinking of rocks (containing minerals like clay, shale and mudstones) when it comes into contact with water, and eventually breaking them down.

Reference: Huggett, Richard. John (2003) "Fundamentals of Geomorphology". New York: Routledge. Pg 117 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 137.132.3.11 (talk) 19:34, 15 April 2007 (UTC).

Slaking's Ability
Shouldn't there be something in the article about how Slaking is the first pokémon to have a negative special ability?--72.88.113.212 23:30, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

MERGED
Slakoth,Vigoroth,and Slaking have been merged into an article called Slakoth evolutionary line. By Ridley76.

Slaking means something
Slaking means extinguish (or something close to it) in Greek! Check out BabelFish to see! --Riley the Kirlia 23:59, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Why does that matter?—Ｌｏｖｅはドコ？ (talk • contribs) 01:19, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

It is interesting. --Riley the Kirlia 00:15, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slaking (Pokemon)


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User talk:Roman Soldier

Account Deleted. Roman Soldier 01:18, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

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Nomination of Natalie Teeger for deletion
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Güímar

Güímar is the name of a municipality, town and valley in the eastern part of the Spanish island of Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands, and part of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (province). The municipality extends for 102.9 square kilometers from the mountainous interior to the beaches on the Atlantic, and borders the municipalities of La Orotava, Arafo and Fasnia. Its estimated population is 18,589 (2013). The TF-1 motorway passes through the municipality.

The municipality is famous for its pyramids. It is also the location of the barranco de Badajoz. A portion of its volcanic landscape has been set aside as the Nature reserve of Malpaís of Güímar, its highest point being Montaña Grande.

Name
The name comes from Guanche and is thought to mean 'angle, corner, nook'.

History
The first population centre of Güímar originated in the sixteenth century in the neighbourhood of San Juan - also called Güímar de Arriba - near the springs of the Agua and Chamoco ravines. The first buildings were linked to the sugar mill started up by the brothers Juan Felipe and Blasino Piombino or Romano.

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User talk:Bryan grant

Welcome!
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Talk:Difficult to Cure

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"Viellacht das nachster Zeit" was a mistranslation to the German, not from the German. (Somebody picked up a dictionary; translated "maybe next time" one word at a time; didn't know how to do the umlaut; and gave "Zeit" the wrong gender.) 2A02:810D:54BF:F934:19C0:B852:A3D6:9545 (talk) 10:34, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Difficult to Cure


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Talk:Straight Between the Eyes

Added Apostrophe
I added an apostrophe in "band's" to make it grammatically correct here - "...on the bands "Final Cut" 1985 home video." FiggazWithAttitude (talk) 19:17, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Straight Between the Eyes


text:
Amari Torayasu

Amari Torayasu (甘利 虎泰) was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period, and served the Takeda clan under Takeda Nobutora and Shingen. Amari was a shukurō, or clan elder, following Shingen's accession to family headship and was one of "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen".

He was killed in action at the battle of Uedahara in 1548, together with Itagaki Nobukata. The two were fighting side by side on the frontlines when suddenly a volley of arrows shot them down.

Amari was succeeded by his son Amari Masatada.

Japanese Politician Akira Amari is a descendant of Torayasu.

Amari in Fiction
In NHK's 2007 Taiga drama Fūrinkazan, Amari is played by Raita Ryū.

title: Amari Torayasu


text:
Talk:Battle of the scheldt

Not a "clever redirect"; Wikipedia sees "scheldt" and "Scheldt" as two different destinations. Denni ☯ 00:20, 2005 July 11 (UTC)

 * When I made it first, I made a typo and didn't capitolize Scheldt, but I corrected it and had to leave before I could post heresay1988 17:38, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of the scheldt


text:
Talk:Bent Out of Shape

" The first CD version to be released featured several longer edits compared to the vinyl version." Since the first CD version had two songs of a shorter length than the Remaster (the others being equal) did the contributor mean the first CD featured several shorter edits cf the vinyl version? I do not have the vinyl, but I do have both US CDs and I have detailed the differences on the page, below the tracklisting. My Q is, which one most closely matches the vinyl? (Were the cassette and the vinyl were the same?) 86.129.10.125 (talk) 22:25, 2 June 2008 (UTC) Alister, UK

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User talk:Tom Kysilko

Greetings User:Tom Kysilko, welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. FYI, we don't normally sign articles we create or contribute to on Wikipedia. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Fire Star 00:20, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Tom Kysilko


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User:Choess

Greetings! I'm Choess, Wikipedia user since 2005.

I got the mop and bucket in August 2008. I use my tools very sparingly and mostly to aid in article writing/organization, so if you have a problem requiring an administrator, I am not necessarily your best choice. I have declared myself open to recall; my recall page is here. I am currently looking for clerks for that page.

I hold a graduate degree in biochemistry, and teach biology and chemistry at a local college. I don't usually edit in those areas, but I can comment on them with some degree of assurance if necessary.

My principal areas of editing are as follows: You can see the portfolio I maintain of some of my contributions.
 * British peers and office-holders (MPs, courtiers, and so forth), concentrating on making proper succession boxes and assigning categories.
 * Railroad history, particularly that of the American mid-Atlantic states and the Pennsylvania Railroad.
 * The iron industry in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York.
 * Some medieval and crusading history, although I've done very little of this of late.

title: User:Choess


text: Category:Michael Bublé albums

title: Category:Michael Bublé albums


text: Template:User or-3

title: Template:User or-3


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Talk:E-text

Untitled
This seems to use the term "e-text" too broadly and too narrowly at the same time. It restricts the term to ASCII text files, though it is commonly used for books in other formats (especially open formats like HTML; "html etext" gets 10,400 Google hits), and it seems at one point to sloppily use the term "etext" to refer to any ASCII text file no matter its content. Can someone cite sources that use the term in this vast sense? --Jim Henry | Talk 00:22, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Concur, in particular the description of html and programs being etexts is just silly. They are text files.

Remake of the page
Currently the article talks both about the ETEXT format and "electronic text" as a concept. This makes the article confusing and, depending what you look for, inaccurate.

I'd split the article into two. One would be about the ETEXT format (used in old text newsletters and project Gutenberg) and the other would be for "Electronic Text" (or e-text), an article that I really don't believe is necessary but I can respect the need for in others. --eduo 16:04, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with all the above sentiments that this needs serious attention. I don't know how to tackle it myself so have flagged it for expert attention. Nurg 06:49, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Start of one expert's edit
I agree w/ the points made above; article needs much work, esp. because of confusing several senses of its subject. I've been working in this domain since 1977, so have taken a shot at the requested "expert" edit. Doesn't feel finished, but I think it's considerably better. Comments, fixes, etc. of course welcome. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sderose (talk • contribs) 03:45, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:E-text


text:
Category:Languages of the State of Palestine

This category lists the different languages used in the State of Palestine.


text:
User:Gasjuice

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks, You (Talk) 00:22, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Gasjuice


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TSEC

TSEC may refer to:

 * Taiwan Stock Exchange Corporation
 * The former name of the techno band Lagoona
 * Thadomal Shahani Engineering College, Mumbai
 * The Solid Energy Crew
 * Telecommunications Security
 * TATA Social Enterprise Challenge
 * Tissue-selective estrogen complex

title: TSEC


text: Category:Alexisonfire albums

title: Category:Alexisonfire albums


text: Category:Languages of the United Arab Emirates