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SK Gaming

SK Gaming is a professional esports organization based in Germany that has teams across the world competing in different titles. SK is particularly known for their success in Counter-Strike (CS) tournaments. SK's Brazilian CS team won the ESL One Cologne 2016 Major. SK currently has players and teams competing in League of Legends and Hearthstone. SK Gaming was founded in 1997 by a small group of Quake players in Oberhausen.

Beginnings
Schroet Kommando was founded in 1997 as a German Quake clan by four brothers and three accomplices in Oberhausen. The original line-up of Schroet Kommando consisted of Ralf "Griff" Reichert, Daniel "Godlike" Beames, Tim "Burke" Reichert, Benjamin "Kane" Reichert, Kristof "Speed" Salwiczek, Carsten "Storch" Kramer and Sven "Ramses" Tümmers. According to Ralf Reichert, the original naming of the organization originated from one of the members repeatedly shouting "Schröt!" This was a common occurrence from whenever a double-barreled shotgun would be handled, due to the translation meaning "shrapnel". Eventually, the team adopted this into their name, thus becoming "Schroet Kommando". Since then, the organization began using their abbreviation more often, until it eventually became SK Gaming.

Initially, the Beames family home operated as the Schroet Kommando headquarters, concentrating primarily upon the Quake series. Early on, Schroet Kommando became one of the first clans to feature an all-female team; the most notable of which was Annemarie "XS" Warnkross, who later became a well-known host on German television. The organization expanded into Counter-Strike, where it became known as one of the most-successful squads in all of Germany. In September 2001, Andreas "bds" Thorstensson merged his Geekboys team and news syndicate with that of SK Gaming, with a long-term prospect of emphasizing the success of his own organization. Thorstensson revolutionized electronic sports by having SK act as the first organization to have payable premium services ("SK Insider", a virtual marketplace in which subscribers could download demos (replays), mods and add-ons better and earlier than others, talk directly to SK gamers etc.). The organization's international Counter-Strike success came when they signed on the players of the successful Swedish Counter-Strike clan Ninjas in Pyjamas. In 2003, SK Gaming became the first electronic sports organization to contract players, beginning with the SK Sweden Counter-Strike squad.

Later years
The 2006 season brought no successes to the Counter-Strike team, the most notable of which, the team failed to qualify for the Electronic Sports World Cup, in which Sweden was represented by rivals Ninjas in Pyjamas and the developing Fnatic team. Thereafter, the team managed to qualify for the KODE5 finals, where they won two matches and lost to the Brazilians from Made in Brazil during the group stages. They then lost to Wisdom Nerve Victory in the single elimination round, placing fifth to eighth overall. Success did come for the Quake 4 squad however, as the Swedish star player Johan "Toxic" Quick managed to win eight out of the ten major tournaments during that year, including four out of five World Championships. Meanwhile, the FIFA 06 squad had a successful year, as the team managed to win the prestigious Electronic Sports League Pro Series twice, and the German player Daniel "hero" Schellhase won the World Cyber Games championship.

In 2008, SK Gaming began to invest in World of Warcraft and shortly before the release of the Sunwell Plateau, the final and most challenging raid encounter of World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade, the organization sponsored Curse, one of the highest-ranked guilds at the time. SK Gaming's German competitor, Mousesports, had significantly commanded the recognition with maintaining Nihilum, the most-successful guild in the world, achieving a strong majority of world first raid kills. The newly recruited SK.PvE squad, however, had a strong winning streak during the Sunwell Plateau and completed most of the instance's boss kills first. Due to differences in interests, the PvE team was dismissed, with a stronger emphasis upon the PvP aspect. Near the end of 2008, SK Gaming entered the competitive console scene, with acquisition of a German Xbox team.

Stability issues and reorganization
Beginning in the fall of 2009, the Counter-Strike squad would encounter long-term stability issues, as long-time member Kristoffer "Tentpole" Nordlund and Marcus "zet" Sundström were removed from the roster for disagreements and misrepresentation issues. The roster began refocusing with the acquisition of H2k Gaming players Johan "face" Klasson and Frej "kHRYSTAL" Sjöström, which gained its best respective victory two weeks after the change with a gold medal victory against Fnatic. 2009 marked the conclusion of managing director and partial owner Andreas Thorstensson's tenure, as he stepped down from SK Gaming to further pursue his web development career, giving full executive authority to Alexander T. Müller-Rodic, thereby making SK Gaming a singular German organization. Alongside Thorstensson's departure, the highly successful Warcraft III departed, as well, in order to make way for SK Gaming to operate as a more conservative business. To accommodate for the Counter-Strike stability issues, SK Gaming announced the replacement of Frej "kHRYSTAL" Sjöström with the former Fnatic player Rasmus "GuX" Ståhl. In one of the greatest controversies in electronic sports history, the organization Fnatic arranged for Rasmus "GuX" Ståhl to rejoin their Counter-Strike team, after a series of failed performances. Ståhl did not technically sign his contract with SK after five months, while still receiving months of payment and was intended to attend Arbalet Dallas with his team, after his plane ticket was purchased. However, it was revealed through Ståhl's message logs that Fnatic had paid him not to use SK's ticket to Dallas Despite the closure of SK's investment into the Action RTS scene with the departure of its Defense of the Ancients team in 2009, SK Gaming took in a squad for the relatively unknown title Avalon Heroes in 2010, as well as an American Heroes of Newerth squad and a European League of Legends squad. In August 2010, welcomed back Warcraft III veteran Fredrik "MaDFroG" Johansson, with the creation of the organization's StarCraft II division. 2010 marked the final year in which SK Gaming would support World of Warcraft, with the removal of its European, American and Asian squads, as well as the unannounced closure of its Sansibar squad. On 3 December, it was announced that the German FIFA duo of Daniel "hero" Schellhase and Dennis "styla" Schellhase would be retiring from eSports, following a joint brotherly career as the most-successful virtual sports players of all time. In a massive Counter-Strike roster overhaul on 7 December, SK Gaming signed on the departing Fnatic players Patrik "f0rest" Lindberg and Christopher "GeT_RiGhT" Alesund, (the latter of whom played for the organization previously), while also seeing the departure of Dennis "walle" Wallenberg. On 21 December, it was announced that SK Gaming would be closing its Counter-Strike female team, as well as its short-lived Counter-Strike: Source team, in order to retain a more conservative roster for 2011.

The first development of 2011 constituted the trimming of the Xbox 360 sports roster and the addition of a competitive Call of Duty: Black Ops team, as well as the addition of newcomers Hun "inuh" Park and Jimmy "jimpo" Wölfinger to the StarCraft II team. These new StarCraft II players would, however, become the entirety of the division, as it was soon announced afterwards that Fredrik "MaDFroG" Johansson would not be given a contract for 2011. On 16 January, it was announced that SK Gaming would be adding another United States Counter-Strike division, which would include former SK Gaming female member Alice "ali" Lew. On 28 February, SK Gaming announced that Toshiba would be taking the reins of main sponsor from Acer Inc., which had served as the primary sponsor since 2009. On 12 March, SK Gaming announced the additions of the up and rising StarCraft II Dane Johannes Sabroe "Joe" Witt, as well as a Bloodline Champions squad. On 4 April, five-year Counter-Strike player, Jimmy "allen" Allén, announced his inactivity, due to considerable health ailments, setting the stage for the trial replacement, Dennis "dennis" Edman. However, on 23 May, SK Gaming declared that Edman would no longer be playing for the organization and that Allén would participate in the WCG Swedish Qualifier the following weekend. On 29 May, however, a permanent replacement was made with the still-contracted Fnatic player and former SK stand-in, Marcus "Delpan" Larsson. On 23 June, following a disappointing Dreamhack appearance, SK Gaming's League of Legends team underwent a massive overhaul, removing the vast majority of the squad, but bringing in recently dismissed players from other professional organizations. On 1 July, it was announced that the SK Gaming's Heroes of Newerth team would be replaced by the former squad of Evil Geniuses. On Independence Day of 2011, SK Gaming released its European StarCraft II roster consisting of Hun "inuh" Park, Jimmy "jimpo" Wölfinger and Johannes Sabroe "Joe" Witt, citing unsatisfactory performances. The squad was remade, however, on 15 July, with the partnership with the South Korean pro-gamer house Old Generations, for SK Gaming to sponsor Min Chul "MC" Jang and Yoon-Yeol "NaDa" Lee for international events. Due to long-term prospective differences, the Heroes of Newerth once again parted ways with the organization, during SK's attendance at Gamescom. SK Gaming would invest in a different sector of the action RTS scene, however, with the acquisition of an all-Danish Dota 2 squad previously known as Next Evolution ESC, in November 2011, but dismissed the team for the unpredictability of the relatively young scene for the game.

In early 2012, the partnership between SK Gaming and Old Generations ended, with Min Chul "MC" Jang joining the organization, while Yoon-Yeol "NaDa" Lee remained with oGs. In a surprising move, SK Gaming announced that the Counter-Strike team would be removing the player with the shortest tenure, Marcus "Delpan" Larsson, in favor of their first permanent Danish member and former mTw ace, Martin Alexander "trace" Bang Heldt at the end of January. On 13 April, however, Larsson once more returned to the team, replacing Heldt. On 27 July 2012, it was announced that SK Gaming's Counter-Strike division would lose Robert "RobbaN" Dahlström, Patrik "f0rest" Lindberg and Christopher "GeT_RiGhT" Alesund, as well as team captain Anton Budak, due to SK's decision to not send the team to GameGune 2012. On 30 July, SK Gaming announced the final closing of the Counter-Strike division.

On 15 January 2013, it was determined that SteelSeries has ended their ten-year sponsorship of SK Gaming, in addition to Evil Geniuses. In an annual wrap-up, SK's CEO Alexander T. Müller-Rodic announced the departures of League of Legends players Carlos "ocelote" Rodríguez Santiago, Patrick "Nyph" Funke, as well as the sole StarCraft II player Min Chul "MC" Jang and sports player Bruce "Spank" Grannec.

In January 2017 it was announced that Visa would be a sponsor of SK Gaming.

Business model
SK Gaming is incorporated as a German limited liability company (GmbH). Its owners are Alexander Müller-Rodic, Andreas Thorstensson and Ralf Reichert. SK Gaming operates largely due to its sponsorships, most-notably by Toshiba, Kingston Technology and Bigben. The company also finances itself by the "SK Insider" subscription service. However, according to Rodic, the vast majority of the company's funds originates from sponsorships.

League of Legends
Riot Games announced on 20 November 2018 that SK Gaming would be one of ten franchise partners participating in the newly rebranded League of Legends European Championship (LEC). On 20 December 2018, the organisation announced it had signed top laner Jorge "Werlyb" Casanovas Moreno-Torres, jungler Oskar "Selfmade" Boderek, mid laner Choi "Pirean" Jun-sik, bot laner Jus "Crownshot" Marusic and support Han "Dreams" Min-kook for their starting roster in the 2019 LEC Spring Split.

Notable alumni

 * Tim "Burke" Reichert (Quake)
 * Benjamin "Kane" Reichert (Quake)
 * Musa "kila" Celik (Quake)
 * Emil "HeatoN" Christensen (Counter-Strike)
 * Andreas "bds" Thorstensson (Counter-Strike)
 * Fredrik "MaDFroG" Johansson (Warcraft III, StarCraft II)
 * Lee "NaDa" Yoon-yeol (StarCraft II)
 * Patrik "f0rest" Lindberg (Counter-Strike)
 * Christopher "GeT_RiGhT" Alesund (Counter-Strike)
 * Jang "MC" Min-chul (StarCraft II)
 * Dennis "Svenskeren" Johnsen (League of Legends)
 * Mikail "Maikelele" Bill (Counter-Strike: Global Offensive)
 * Shane "rapha" Hendrixson (Quake)
 * Gabriel "FalleN" Toledo de Alcântara Sguario (Counter-Strike: Global Offensive)

Counter-Strike: Global Offensive
Bold denotes a CS:GO Major

2016

 * 1st ESL One Cologne 2016
 * 3rd-4th ESL One New York 2016
 * 2nd ESL Pro League Season 4, 2016
 * 2nd Intel Extreme Masters Season XI Oakland
 * 3rd-4th ELEAGUE Season 2
 * 3rd-4th Esports Championship Series Season 2

2017

 * 3rd-4th ELEAGUE Major 2017
 * 2nd DreamHack Masters Las Vegas 2017
 * 1st cs_summit
 * 1st Intel Extreme Masters Season XII - Sydney
 * 1st DreamHack Open Summer 2017
 * 1st Esports Championship Series Season 3
 * 5th-8th PGL Major Kraków 2017
 * 3rd-4th ESL One New York 2017
 * 1st EPICENTER 2017
 * 3rd-4th Intel Extreme Masters Season XII – Oakland
 * 1st BLAST Pro Series: Copenhagen 2017
 * 1st ESL Pro League Season 6

2018

 * 3rd-4th ELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018
 * 1st WESG North America Regional Finals
 * 3rd cs_summit 2
 * 5th-8th StarLadder & i-League StarSeries Season 4
 * 5th-6th ESL Pro League Season 7 - Finals
 * 1st Adrenaline Cyber League 2018
 * 5th-8th StarSeries i-League Season 5
 * 1st Moche XL eSports CS:GO Cup

Counter-Strike

 * CPL
 * 1st CPL Winter 2005 – Dallas
 * 1st CPL Summer 2005 – Dallas
 * 2nd CPL Summer 2004 – Dallas
 * 1st CPL Winter 2003 – Dallas
 * 1st CPL Europe 2003 – Copenhagen
 * 1st CPL Summer 2003 – Dallas
 * 1st CPL Europe 2003 – Cannes
 * 3rd CPL Winter 2002 – Dallas
 * 1st CPL Summer 2002 – Dallas
 * 3rd CPL Europe 2002 – Cologne

 * ESL
 * 1st ESL Extreme Masters IV 09/10: Global Challenge New York  – New York City
 * 3rd ESL Extreme Masters IV 09/10: Global Finals  – Germany
 * 3rd ESL Extreme Masters IV 09/10: Global Challenge Dubai  – Dubai
 * 1st ESL Extreme Masters IV 09/10: Global Challenge Chengdu – Chengdu
 * 2nd ESL Extreme Masters III 08/09: Global Challenge Montreal – Montreal
 * 1st ESL Extreme Masters III 08/09: Global Challenge Los Angeles – Los Angeles
 * 2nd ESL Extreme Masters II 07/08: Global Challenge Los Angeles – Los Angeles

 * ESWC
 * 1st ESWC 2011 – Paris
 * 2nd ESWC Masters Cheonan 2009 – Cheonan
 * 2nd ESWC 2005 – Paris
 * 3rd ESWC 2003 – Poitiers

 * KODE5
 * 2nd KODE5 08/09 – Moscow
 * 3rd KODE5 07/08 – Moscow

 * WCG
 * 2nd WCG 2011 – Busan
 * 2nd WCG 2008 – Cologne
 * 1st WCG Euro Championship 2007 – Hannover
 * 1st WCG 2003 – Seoul

Zonerank rankings

 * Top Ranking: 2nd (March 2008)
 * Current Ranking: 2nd

Quake, Painkiller & Unreal Tournament

 * 1st KODE5 Finals 2006 – Johan "Toxic" Quick (Quake 4)
 * 1st QuakeCon 2006 – Johan "Toxic" Quick (Quake 4)
 * 1st World Series of Video Games Intel Summer Championship 2006 – Johan "Toxic" Quick (Quake 4)
 * 2nd World Series of Video Games Sweden 2006 – Johan "Toxic" Quick (Quake 4)
 * 1st World Series of Video Games London 2006 – Johan "Toxic" Quick (Quake 4)
 * 1st DigitalLife 2006 – Johan "Toxic" Quick (Quake 4)
 * 1st World Cyber Games 2006 – Johan "Toxic" Quick (Quake 4)
 * 1st World Series of Video Games Finals 2006 – Johan "Toxic" Quick (Quake 4)
 * 2nd 2005 CPL World Tour: Istanbul – Benjamin "zyz" Bohrmann (Painkiller)
 * 1st 2005 CPL World Tour: Spain – Stephan "SteLam" Lammert (Painkiller)
 * 3rd 2005 CPL World Tour: Brazil – Benjamin "zyz" Bohrmann (Painkiller)
 * 3rd Electronic Sports World Cup 2005 – Fox (Quake 3)
 * 3rd 2005 CPL World Tour: United Kingdom – Benjamin "zyz" Bohrmann (Painkiller)
 * 2nd CPL 2005 Winter – Johan "Toxic" Quick (Quake 4)
 * 3rd Cyberathlete Professional League: Summer 2004 – Stephan "SteLam" Lammert (Painkiller)
 * 1st Cyberathlete Professional League: Summer 2004 – Team (Unreal Tournament 2004)
 * 2nd Electronic Sports World Cup 2004 – Christian "GitzZz" Hoeck (Unreal Tournament 2004)
 * 1st Electronic Sports World Cup 2003 – Christian "GitzZz" Hoeck (Unreal Tournament 2003)
 * 3rd World Cyber Games 2001 – Stephan "SteLam" Lammert (Quake 3)

World Championships

 * KODE5 (2006, Quake 4)
 * World Cyber Games (2006, Quake 4)
 * World Series of Video Games (2006, Quake 4)
 * Electronic Sports World Cup (2003, Unreal Tournament)

Warcraft III

 * 1st WCG SEC 2007 – Mykhaylo "HoT" Novopashyn
 * 2nd World Series of Videogames, Finals 2006 – Jung Hee "jamem" Chun
 * 3rd World Cyber Games 2006 – Mykhaylo "HoT" Novopashyn
 * 1st KODE5 2006- Andrey "Deadman" Sobolev
 * 1st World Series of Videogames, China 2006 – Jung Hee "Sweet" Chun
 * 1st World Series of Videogames, Sweden 2006 – Andrey "Deadman" Sobolev
 * 2nd NGL One Season I 2006 – Team
 * 3rd Warcraft 3 Champions League V 2006 – Team
 * 1st ClanBase EuroCup 2005 – Mykhaylo "HoT" Novopashyn
 * 3rd CPL Summer 2005 – Björn "ElakeDuck" ödman
 * 2nd Electronic Sports World Cup 2005 – Andrey "Deadman" Sobolev
 * 3rd ACON5 2005 – Andrey "Deadman" Sobolev
 * 3rd Warcraft 3 Champions League VII 2005 – Team
 * 2nd World E-Sport Games I 2005 – Tae min "Zacard" Hwang
 * 3rd Warcraft 3 Champions League VI 2004 – Team
 * 2nd World Cyber Games 2004 – Tae min "Zacard" Hwang
 * 2nd Electronic Sports World Cup 2004 – Fredrik "MaDFroG" Johansson
 * 3rd Electronic Sports World Cup 2004 – Alborz "HeMaN" Haidarian
 * 3rd ACON4 2004 – Jung Hee "Sweet" Chun
 * 3rd Warcraft 3 Champions League V 2004 – Team
 * 1st Blizzard Worldwide Invitational 2004 – Fredrik "MaDFroG" Johansson
 * 3rd Cyber X Gaming 2004 – Zdravko "Insomnia" Georgiev
 * 1st World Cyber Games 2003 – Zdravko "Insomnia" Georgiev
 * 1st Euro Cyber Games 2003 – Antoine "FaTC" Zadri
 * 2nd Euro Cyber Games 2003 – Georgi "Zeerax" Marinov
 * 1st Electronic Sports World Cup 2003 – Alborz "HeMaN" Haidarian
 * 2nd Electronic Sports World Cup 2003 – Fredrik "MaDFroG" Johansson
 * 3rd Clikarena 2003 – Zdravko "Insomnia" Georgiev
 * 2nd CPL Cannes 2003 – Zdravko "Insomnia" Georgiev
 * 2nd CPL Oslo 2002 – Sven "Kovax" Running
 * 3rd CPL Oslo 2002 – Fahad "DsCo" Hamid

World Championships

 * KODE5 (2006)
 * Blizzard Worldwide Invitational (2004)
 * World Cyber Games (2003)
 * Electronic Sports World Cup (2003)

World of Warcraft

 * World 1st kill of Felmyst
 * World 1st kill of M'uru
 * World 1st kill of Kil'jaeden – (final boss of The Burning Crusade).
 * SK.US 1st Place at MLG Columbus
 * SK.US 1st Place at the Blizzard Regional Finals
 * SK.US 4th Place – BlizzCon 3vs3 World Finals 2009
 * SK.US 1st Place – BlizzCon 3vs3 World Finals 2015

title: SK Gaming


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Edible plant stem

Edible plant stems are one part of plants that are eaten by humans. Most plants are made up of stems, roots, leaves, flowers, and produce fruits containing seeds. Humans most commonly eat the seeds (e.g. maize, wheat),  fruit (e.g. tomato, avocado, banana), flowers (e.g. broccoli), leaves (e.g. lettuce, spinach, and cabbage), roots (e.g. carrots, beets), and stems (e.g. asparagus of many plants. There are also a few edible petioles (also known as leaf stems) such as celery or rhubarb.

Plant stems have a variety of functions. Stems support the entire plant and have buds, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Stems are also a vital connection between leaves and roots. They conduct water and mineral nutrients through xylem tissue from roots upward, and organic compounds and some mineral nutrients through phloem tissue in any direction within the plant. Apical meristems, located at the shoot tip and axillary buds on the stem, allow plants to increase in length, surface, and mass. In some plants, such as cactus, stems are specialized for photosynthesis and water storage.

Modified stems
Typical stems are located above ground, but there are modified stems that can be found either above or below ground. Modified stems located above ground are phylloids, stolons, runners, or spurs. Modified stems located below ground are corms, rhizomes, and tubers.

Detailed description of edible plant stems

 * Asparagus : The edible portion is the rapidly emerging stems that arise from the crowns in the

 * Bamboo : The edible portion is the young shoot (culm).

 * Birch : Trunk sap is drunk as a tonic or rendered into birch syrup, vinegar, beer, soft drinks, and other foods.

 * Broccoli : The edible portion is the peduncle stem tissue, flower buds, and some small leaves.

 * Cauliflower : The edible portion is proliferated peduncle and flower tissue.

 * Cinnamon : Many favor the unique sweet flavor of the inner bark of cinnamon, and it is commonly used as a spice.

 * Fig : The edible portion is stem tissue. The fig "fruit" is actually an inverted flower cluster with both the male and female flower parts enclosed inside the base of the inflorescence, corresponding to the peduncle.

 * Ginger root : The edible portion is a branched underground compressed stem also referred to as a rhizome.

 * Kohlrabi : The edible portion is an enlarged (swollen) hypocotyl. It is a member of the cabbage family and is white, green, or purple in color.

 * Lotus root : The edible portion is a stem modified for underwater growth. Buds and branches are visible on the vegetable sold as lotus root.

 * Potato : The edible portion is a rhizome (an underground stem) that is also a tuber. The "eyes" of the potato are lateral buds. Potatoes come in white, yellow, orange, or purple-colored varieties.

 * Sugar cane : The edible portion is the inner stalk (stem) whose sap is a source of sugar. In its raw form chewing or extraction through a juicer extracts its juice.

 * Sugar maple : Xylem sap from the tree trunks is made into maple sugar and maple syrup.

 * Taro : The edible portion is the underground stem (corm).

 * Wasabi : In addition to its edible stem, the leaves and rhizomes of the plant are edible. It has an interesting spicy taste.

 * White pine : The sweet inner bark (phloem) was eaten by Native Americans.

Some wild plants with edible stems
There are also many wild edible plant stems. In North America, these include the shoots of woodsorrel (usually eaten along with the leaves), chickweeds, galinsoga, common purslane, Japanese knotweed, winter cress and other wild mustards, thistles (de-thorned), stinging nettles (cooked), bellworts, violets, amaranth and slippery elm, among many others. Also, some wild plants with edible rhizomes (underground, horizontal stems) can be found, such as arrowhead or cattail. Wild edible stems, like their domestic relatives, are usually only good when young and growing. Many of these also require preparation (as do many domestic plants, such as the potato), so it is wise to read up on the plant before experimenting with eating it.

Sources and external links

 * Albuquerque Master Gardeners. (2005, May 23). Basic Plant Science (Botany). Retrieved July 15, 2005, from www.nmmastergardeners.org/Manual%20etc/Supplementfiles/Botany.htm
 * Hershey, D. (2001, May 4). Re: What plant parts do we eat?. Message posted to www.madsci.org
 * Lineberger, D. (spring 2005). Aggie Horticulture’s edible botany. Retrieved July 15, 2005, from aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/syllabi/201h/ediblebotany/index.html
 * McEachern, G. R. (1996, December 9). Figs. Retrieved July 15, 2005, from aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/fruit/figs/figs.html
 * Oregon State University Extension Service. (1999). Master Gardener Handbook: external plant parts—stems. Retrieved July 15, 2005, from extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/stems6.html
 * Wilson, H. D. (1998, July 7). Plants and People—Botany 328, Lab 1—Plant Vegetative Morphology and Vegetables. Retrieved July 15, 2005, from www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/Wilson/pp/su98/veglablist.htm
 * Institute for the Study of Edible Wild Plants & Other Foragables Link

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edible plant stem


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Spencer Salisbury

Spencer Salisbury was a war buddy and business partner of Harry S. Truman. Salisbury, along with Edgar Hinde, convinced Truman to apply for membership in the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Salisbury claimed that Truman was actually initiated into the Klan, in contradiction to Hinde and Truman, who stated that Truman backed out and was refunded his $10 initiation fee.

Later, Salisbury and Truman became bitter enemies. Salisbury states that Truman attempted "to give Jim Pendergast control of [their] business." Salisbury began attacking Truman's patrons, the Pendergast machine, for corruption, and Truman retaliated by telegramming the Federal Home Loan Bank system about Salisbury, leading to Salisbury's conviction for filing a false affidavit. For this reason, doubt has been cast on Salisbury's version of Truman's flirtation with the Klan.

title: Spencer Salisbury


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Catherine Seipp

Catherine Seipp (November 17, 1957 – March 21, 2007) was a Los Angeles freelance writer and media critic. She is best known for writing the weekly "From the Left Coast" column for National Review Online and a monthly column for the Independent Women's Forum and for her early recognition of the potential significance of the blogosphere.

Personal life
Cathy Seipp was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in November 1957. Her family moved to Los Alamitos, California when she was five years old. When she was 16, she enrolled at UCLA and earned a bachelor's degree in English.

Seipp married Jerry Lazar in 1986; their daughter, Maia, was born in 1989. Seipp and Lazar divorced in 1990, and Seipp never remarried.

Career
In addition to her regular columns, Seipp wrote for a variety of publications and websites, including Buzz, Mediaweek, UPI, New York Press, TV Guide, Reason, Forbes, Salon, Penthouse, Pages, Canada's National Post, and The Wall Street Journal. During the 1980s, Seipp wrote a column titled "Miss Hot Tips" for the Los Angeles Daily News giving household hints and suggesting inexpensive but classy entertainments.

She was also a regular guest on CNBC's The Dennis Miller Show until the show's cancellation in May 2005.

Death
Seipp, a non-smoker, died of lung cancer on March 21, 2007. She was survived by her parents, daughter, and sister.

Quotes

 * "I just want to let everyone know having cancer hasn't made me a better person."
 * "And to all those proper feminists asking how I could work for a mag [Penthouse] that exploits women like that, I would suggest: Go write for a woman's mag if you want to experience an institution that exploits women."

title: Catherine Seipp


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Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-07-18/Wikimedia board elections

The two community representatives on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Angela Beesley and Florence Nibart-Devouard, were re-elected to their posts in the election that concluded last week. Detailed results are still not available, but both were apparently approved by a majority of voters.

Within a few hours of the election closing on Monday, Danny, one of the election officials, released preliminary election results indicating that Beesley and Nibart-Devouard had been re-elected. They had both been chosen in June 2004 for one-year terms and have now been elected to serve for an additional two years.

Delay in releasing full results
When the initial results were released, Danny indicated that the exact totals were being validated and would be completed over the next 24 hours. However, after a couple days passed and this did not happen, a few people asked about the delay. It seems now that the results will finally be available sometime this week.

In last year's election, the vote totals were also released somewhat after the identity of the trustees had been announced. This was due to uncertainty over whether the unsuccessful candidates were willing to have this information disclosed, as it had not been clear in advance that it would be.

This time the delay is reportedly due to issues with determining the validity of some votes. For example, it was pointed out that Gzornenplatz voted while subject to an indefinite ban, and it was not certain whether the vote should be counted. Several other possibly spurious votes have been identified and are being reviewed.

Order of finish, additional analysis
However, the number of questionable votes is apparently low enough that it will not affect the outcome in any case. Beesley and Nibart-Devouard were both approved by more than 50% of all voters, and Samuel Klein, who endorsed their re-election as part of his campaign statement, came in third. The order of finish for the remaining candidates was Jussi-Ville Heiskanen, Arno Lagrange, and Francis Schonken.

As the election used approval voting, majority support was not guaranteed even for the winners; last year only Beesley was elected by a majority, and only one of the current arbitrators received over 50% of the vote using the same system. Both Beesley and Nibart-Devouard increased their percentage of the overall vote from last year.

The total number of votes cast was 1,484, more than double the number of people who participated in last year's election. Although the candidate totals are not yet available, a breakdown of votes by languages is. Just under half of all votes (49%) came from English-language projects, a significant increase from about 40% the previous year.

Update: The detailed vote totals for each candidate were finally published on Monday, 18 July. Beesley received 70% of the vote and Nibart-Devouard 55%. Results for the remaining candidates were as follows: Klein 33%, Heiskanen 25%, Lagrange 21%, and Schonken 12%.


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User talk:Violet Evans

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 22:30, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
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Candace Kita

Candace Kita is an American actress.

Acting
Kita's first role was as a news anchor in the 1991 movie Stealth Hunters. Kita's first recurring television role was in Fox's Masked Rider, from 1995 to 1996. She appeared as a series regular lead in all 40 episodes. Kita also portrayed a frantic stewardess in a music video directed by Mark Pellington for the British group, Catherine Wheel, titled, "Waydown" in 1995. In 1996, Kita also appeared in the film Barb Wire (1996) and guest starred on The Wayans Bros.. She also guest starred in Miriam Teitelbaum: Homicide with Saturday Night Live alumni Nora Dunn, Wall To Wall Records with Jordan Bridges, Even Stevens, Felicity with Keri Russell, V.I.P. with Pamela Anderson, Girlfriends, The Sweet Spot with Bill Murray, and Movies at Our House. She also had recurring roles on the FX spoof, Son of the Beach from 2001 to 2002, ABC-Family's Dance Fever and Oxygen Network's Running with Scissors. Kita also appeared in the films Little Heroes (2002) and Rennie's Landing (2001).

Kita guest starred on Method and Red and Quintuplets in 2004 and Two and a Half Men in 2005. She also appeared in Bad News Bears (2005) with Billy Bob Thornton and Greg Kinnear.

In 2005 to 2007, Kita continued work on Complete Savages. She also appeared in the independent films, Faith Happens (2006) and Falling (2008). In 2006, she was in the pilot for the television series Smith, with Ray Liotta and played a prison inmate in Pepper Dennis with Rebecca Romijn. Kita also shot a pilot with Tim Stack called The Probe (2006). In 2007, she appeared in an episode of Ugly Betty with Vanessa Williams, and had a role in the Adam Sandler and Kevin James film I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry. In 2008, Kita guest starred opposite James Belushi in According to Jim and played herself on an episode of The Jace Hall Show. She is a guest star in the 100th episode and series finale of Nip/Tuck.

She has also appeared as a guest star in Revenge, Better With You, and Raising Hope among others.

Kita hosted a call-in show on Sway TV on Amazon Live.

Editor
Kita was a managing editor at VIVA GLAM Magazine.

Causes
Kita has been a long-time proponent of women's safety.

title: Candace Kita


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Ronald Stuart

Ronald Niel Stuart, VC, DSO, RD, RNR (26 August 1886 – 8 February 1954) was a British Merchant Navy commodore and Royal Navy captain who was highly commended following extensive and distinguished service at sea over a period of more than thirty-five years. During World War I he was awarded the Victoria Cross, the Distinguished Service Order, the French Croix de Guerre avec Palmes and the United States' Navy Cross for a series of daring operations he conducted while serving in the Royal Navy against the German U-boat campaign in the Atlantic.

Stuart received his Victoria Cross following a ballot by the men under his command. This unusual method of selection was used after the Admiralty board was unable to choose which members of the crew deserved the honour after a desperate engagement between a Q-ship and a German submarine off the Irish coast. His later career included command of the liner RMS Empress of Britain and the management of the London office of a major transatlantic shipping company. Following his retirement in 1951, Stuart moved into his sister's cottage in Kent and died three years later. A sometimes irascible man, he was reportedly embarrassed by any fuss surrounding his celebrity and was known to exclaim "Mush!" at any demonstration of strong emotion.

Early life
Ronald Niel Stuart was born in 1886 in Liverpool to Neil Stuart and Mary Harrison, both from experienced seafaring families. Neil Sr. had been born on Prince Edward Island in Canada and had met and married Mary in Montreal. She was the daughter of a master mariner from Australia. In the 1880s the family moved to Liverpool, where Stuart was born as the youngest of six children. Neil worked in the city as a dock superintendent and owner of a wholesale tea shop before dying suddenly while preparing for a return to the Merchant Navy.

Stuart was by this time a stocky, blonde, blue-eyed man described as "powerful" but "very bleak and penetrating". He was initially educated at Shaw Street College, but following his father's death was forced to leave and take a job as a clerk in an office. Stuart's son commented that "He hated it [the job]. He hated Liverpool". In 1902, Stuart decided to leave the city and find work in a different environment. He took an apprenticeship with the shipping company Steele & Co and was sent to learn his trade on the sailing barque Kirkhill.

In 1905 the Kirkhill was wrecked on a rock near the Falkland Islands. Stuart survived the sinking and returned to England to continue his training. He was posted to a new ship upon his return but she too was wrecked by a cyclone off the Florida coast. Eventually, after several years service he achieved his mariner's qualifications and gained a job with the Allan Line as a junior officer. He then served in a variety of sailing and steam ships traveling across most of the world. In 1910, the Allan Line was taken over by the Canadian Pacific Line and he continued working with the company's new owners as a junior ship's officer.

First World War
At the outbreak of World War I Stuart was called up to service, as an officer in the Royal Naval Reserve. He was originally posted as a junior officer on board the old and obsolete destroyer HMS Opossum in Plymouth. This ship was used for harbour patrols and intercepting neutral merchant ships and other work Stuart considered tedious. He became increasingly impatient with the life and repeatedly applied to his senior officers with requests for transfer; at one point he even requested that he be commissioned into the army. All of these were turned down, with increasing levels of hostility from his commanders, one of whom was reported to have told him to "Go to hell! And shut the door behind you!"

HMS Farnborough
In the spring of 1916 he was transferred as first lieutenant to a Q-ship under Gordon Campbell. A Q-ship was a merchant ship with hidden weaponry, commanded secretly by the navy and manned by a Royal Navy crew. When attacked by a submarine, the Q-ship would feign damage until the enemy was close enough to engage and then reveal its weapons to counter-attack. Campbell, a major proponent of Q-ship strategy, was impressed with Stuart's stubborn refusal to accept the two years of rejection and brought him in to replace an officer whose nerves had cracked under the strain of Q-ship operations.

Stuart's experience in merchant shipping proved invaluable to his work and he soon had the crew of Q5 (also known as HMS Farnborough) disciplined and the ship well maintained and run. Campbell himself was very pleased with his executive officer, declaring him "on the top line". Stuart and Campbell later fell out over Stuart's belief that Campbell was exaggerating the danger of Q-ship service, Stuart comparing his own life favourably with service in the trenches.

His first year of Q-ship service was frustrating for Stuart and the crew. Although, prior to his attachment to the ship, Farnborough had succeeded in sinking an enemy submarine (the U-68 in March 1916), there had been no successes since. In February 1917, Campbell decided that in order to properly invite an attack, the Farnborough would have to actually be torpedoed before combat and then engage the submarine as she closed to finish the job with shellfire. On 17 February this theory was proven correct off Southern Ireland when the lone Farnborough was struck by a torpedo fired at extreme range. Campbell intentionally failed to evade the missile and the ship took the blow in the hold, causing some minor injuries to the crew but serious damage to the ship. The crew were well rehearsed and the "panic party" took to their boats with a great show of alarm and disorder while the gun crews manned positions on their hidden weapons. When four lifeboats had been released and the ship had settled in the water and was clearly sinking, the submarine U-83 pulled up just ten yards (9m) from the wreck. A hail of shot was then unleashed by the Farnborough's remaining crew from their six-pounder gun and several machine guns into the stationary submarine. The very first shot decapitated the German captain Bruno Hoppe and the U-boat was rapidly reduced to a battered wreck. Eight German sailors escaped the submarine before it sank but only two could be pulled from the water, one of whom subsequently died from his wounds.

The Farnborough too was sinking from her torpedo damage. Realising this, Campbell left the men in the boats, destroyed all confidential papers and radioed for help. His unorthodox message read: "Q5 slowly sinking respectfully wishes you goodbye". This message reached nearby naval shipping, and within an hour the destroyers HMS Narwhal and HMS Buttercup arrived and began to tow the stricken ship back to land. During the night a depth charge accidentally exploded on board Farnborough and the tow was dropped. Campbell ordered the twelve men remaining aboard into a lifeboat and attempted to take a final survey of his vessel, only to be driven back by another exploding depth charge. On returning to the rail he discovered that Stuart had disobeyed his order and remained on board, to make sure his captain disembarked safely. The tow was later reattached and the battered Farnborough beached at Mill Cove, in no fit state to return to sea. Campbell was awarded the Victoria Cross in recognition of his service in the action and £1,000 of prize money was shared among the crew. Stuart and Engineer-Lieutenant Len Loveless were both presented with the Distinguished Service Order.

HMS Pargust
Following the action Stuart remained with Campbell and Loveless as Inspectors of Shipping, choosing those vessels they believed to be best suited to Q-ship work for naval service. After some time ashore all three returned to sea in a vessel they had personally chosen, an old, battered tramp steamer named SS Vittoria. Renaming it HMS Pargust, they armed their vessel with a 4 in gun, two twelve pounders, two machine guns, torpedo tubes and depth charges. Thus armed the Pargust departed on her first patrol to the same grounds where U-83 had been sunk, in the waters south of Ireland. For the first few days her duties consisted only of rescuing survivors from sunken cargo ships but with increasing German activity, an attack was expected at any moment. On 7 June 1917, Pargust was suddenly struck by a torpedo fired at very close range from an unseen German submarine. Unlike the Farnborough action, the damage done to the Pargust was immense. The ship was holed close to the waterline, and its cover was almost blown when one of the twelve pounder gun ports was blasted free from its mounting; it was only the quick thinking of sailor William Williams, who took the full weight of the gun port on himself, that prevented the gun being exposed. One petty officer was killed and a number wounded.

By this stage in the war, the German submarine authorities had become aware of the existence of Q-ships and Captain Ernst Rosenow of SM UC-29 was taking no risks with his target, remaining at 400 yd distance watching the staged panicked evacuation of the ship. While the hidden gun crews watched the enemy approach the lifeboats, the officer in charge of the boats, Lieutenant Francis Hereford, realised that the submarine would follow his movements, as its commander assumed him to be the captain. Hereford therefore ordered his men to row back towards the ship, thus luring the enemy into range. This made the submarine commander believe that the ship's crew were planning to regain their vessel and he immediately closed to just 50 yd, surfaced and began angrily semaphoring to the "survivors" in the boats. This was exactly what the gun crews had been waiting for and a volley of fire was directed at the U-boat. Numerous holes were blown in the conning tower and the submarine desperately attempted to flee on the surface before slowing down and heeling over, trailing oil. The gun crews then stopped firing only for the submarine to suddenly restart its engines and attempt to escape. In a final barrage of fire the submarine was hit fatally, a large explosion blowing the vessel in two. Rosenow and 22 of his crew were killed, while two survivors were rescued by the panic party.

The wrecked Pargust was taken in tow by HMS Crocus, USS Cushing (DD-55) and HMS Zinnia and reached Queenstown barely afloat nearly two days later. The port's admiral congratulated the crew personally on their arrival. As before, the crew were awarded £1,000 prize money and several awards were promised. Unusually, the Admiralty were unable to decide who among the ship's crew should receive the Victoria Cross as all were deemed to have participated in the action with equal valour. It was thus decided for the first time, under article 13 of the Victoria Cross's royal warrant, that one officer and one enlisted man would be granted the award following a ballot by the ship's company. After the vote, from which Campbell abstained, the Victoria Crosses were awarded to Stuart and William Williams. Fourteen other crew members were awarded medals, including DSOs for Campbell and Hereford. In addition, every sailor had his participation in the action and subsequent ballot noted on his service records.

Due to the official secrecy surrounding the activities of the Q-ships, Stuart's and Williams's Victoria Crosses were announced without fanfare or explanation of their actions; even the Pargust's name was omitted from the citation. The full account of the action was not published until after the armistice in November 1918. Stuart was noted as the first Anglo-Canadian to receive the Victoria Cross and his obituary later stated that in the action, "his gallantry stood out". The medal was presented to him in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace by King George V on 23 July 1917.

Victoria Cross citations
The award alone without any details was announced in The London Gazette dated 20 July 1917.

 * "To receive the Victoria Cross.
 * Lieut. Ronald Neil Stuart, D.S.O., R.N.R.
 * Sea. William Williams, R.N.R., O.N., 6224A
 * Lieutenant Stuart and Seaman Williams were selected by the officers and ship's company respectively of one of H.M. Ships to receive the Victoria Cross under Rule 13 of the Royal Warrant dated 29th January, 1856."

As with other Victoria Cross awards for "services in action with enemy submarines" the circumstances of the award were not announced until after the end of the war.

 * "On the 7th June, 1917, while disguised as a British merchant vessel with a dummy gun mounted aft, H.M.S. "Pargust" was torpedoed at very close range. Her boiler-room, engine-room, and No. 5 hold were immediately flooded, and the starboard lifeboat was blown to pieces. The weather was misty at the time, fresh breeze and a choppy sea. The "Panic Party", under the command of Lieutenant F. R. Hereford, D.S.C., R.N.R., abandoned ship, and as the last boat was shoving off, the periscope of the submarine was observed close before the port beam about 400 yards distant. The enemy then submerged, and periscope reappeared directly astern, passing to the starboard quarter, and then round to the port beam, when it turned again towards the ship, breaking surface about 50 yards away. The lifeboat, acting as a lure, commenced to pull round the stern; submarine followed closely and Lieutenant Hereford, with complete disregard of the danger incurred from the fire of either ship or submarine (who had trained a maxim on the lifeboat), continued to decoy her to within 50 yards of the ship. The "Pargust" then opened fire with all guns, and the submarine, with oil squirting from her side and the crew pouring out of the conning tower, steamed slowly across the bows with a heavy list. The enemy crew held up their hands in token of surrender, whereupon fire immediately ceased. The submarine then began to move away at a gradually increasing speed, apparently endeavouring to escape in the mist. Fire was reopened until she sank, one man clinging to the bow as she went down. The boats, after a severe pull to the windward, succeeded in saving one officer and one man. American Destroyers and a British sloop arrived shortly afterwards, and the "Pargust" was towed back to port. As on the previous occasions, officers and men displayed the utmost courage and confidence in their captain, and the action serves as an example of what perfect discipline, when coupled with such confidence, can achieve."

HMS Tamarisk
In addition to receiving the Victoria Cross, Stuart was promoted to lieutenant commander and given his own command, HMS Tamarisk. Tamarisk was a small sloop built in 1916 that was capable of being disguised as a merchant vessel and used as a Q-ship, designated Q11.

A few months after assuming command, on 15 October 1917, Stuart was on hand to rescue the United States Navy destroyer USS Cassin after she was torpedoed by U-61 in heavy weather. Along with one crewmember killed and nine wounded, the Cassin had lost her entire stern including the rudder and was in danger of sinking. The dead crew member was Osmond Ingram, who had died throwing burning munitions overboard and was later posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Twenty miles from the Irish coast and in total darkness, the Tamarisk not only found the crippled ship but was able to come alongside in high seas and a strong gale and pass across a tow line. Twice during the night the tow broke and twice it was reconnected as the battle to save the ship continued. The next morning several trawlers came to the aid of the Q-ship and together they enabled the Cassin to make port, saving the ship and her crew. Ten years after the Cassin's rescue the US Navy awarded Stuart the Navy Cross in recognition of his part in the operation; it was a rare presentation to a sailor of a foreign navy and the only occasion in which the recipient also possessed the Victoria Cross.

The remainder of the war was quiet for Stuart, achieving no further successes against submarines. Upon the armistice the full details of his Victoria Cross action were revealed and, in 1919, he was mentioned in despatches in recognition of the service he had performed during the Q-ship operations. As further recognition of his overall efforts against the German submarine campaign, the French government presented him with the Croix de Guerre.

In 1919, Stuart returned to Canadian Pacific, his maritime reputation on both sides of the Atlantic greatly enhanced by his war record. In the same year he met and married his wife Evelyn, with whom he had three sons and two daughters.

Return to the Merchant Navy
After post-war service on a succession of merchant ships, Stuart was provided with his first merchant command, the steam freighter SS Brandon, in 1927. After a short period in charge, he was again promoted and transferred, taking up the role of staff captain on the liner RMS Empress of Australia.

Ships' captain
Just a year later he again moved, becoming full captain on the 15,000-ton liner SS Minnedosa – a smaller and slower ship that transported immigrants to Canada. Stuart was one of a number of Royal Naval Reserve officers employed by Canadian Pacific, part of a deliberate recruitment policy by the company. In 1929, he was given his biggest command yet as he took over the newly completed 20,000-ton ocean liner SS Duchess of York. He commanded her for five years along her route from Liverpool to Saint John, New Brunswick stopping at Belfast and Greenock. He also briefly commanded her on the New York City to Bermuda route. It was during this period, in 1929, that he was awarded the Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Reserve (RD) in honour of his long service and in 1935 he was made a full Naval Reserve Captain. He maintained his connection with the RNR throughout his life, becoming Honorary President of the RNR Officer's Club and a part-time naval aide-de-camp to King George VI in 1941 – a position he held part-time throughout World War II. A special warrant was written in 1927 that allowed him to fly the Blue Ensign from any ship, mercantile or military, which he commanded.

In 1931, while he was in command of the Duchess of York, his wife suddenly died in Toxteth. This event is said to have changed Stuart's demeanour and plunged him into a depression. He never again took time off work and left his children to the sole care and maintenance of his four maiden sisters in England. In 1934 he took over his last and most important seagoing role as Commodore of the CPS fleet and was placed in command of the 42,000-ton liner RMS Empress of Britain on her transatlantic route.

After three years in command of the Empress on the England to Quebec route, Stuart was given a desk job managing the company's assets in Montreal. In 1937, he was promoted to company superintendent, a role followed by the job of general manager at Canadian Pacific's London office. He retained this job for 13 years, including through the difficult experiences of World War II when London's dockyards were badly damaged by the London Blitz. Two of his sons served in the war; one in the Royal Navy and the other in the Royal Canadian Navy. Both were decorated for bravery while fighting in the Battle of the Atlantic against the resurgent German submarine fleet. One was presented with the Distinguished Service Cross, while the other was Mentioned in Despatches.

Retirement
Retiring in 1951, Stuart retreated to his sisters' cottage in Charing, Kent, and spent his days reading, walking, observing nature and visiting the cinema, where he was reportedly notorious for "jeering embarrassingly loudly at falsely heroic, sentimental or emotional passages" and shouting "Mush!" at parts of movies he did not approve. He died aged 67 at the cottage on 8 February 1954 and was buried in local Charing Cemetery. For many years his gravestone was in a poor state of repair but it was later replaced with a standard white Commonwealth War Grave headstone. Following his death, 'Stuart Close' in Lee-on-Solent was named for him and his medals were collected and donated on permanent loan to the National Maritime Museum, where they are on display.

title: Ronald Stuart


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Henry Tudor School

Henry Tudor School (Welsh: Ysgol Harri Tudur), formerly the Pembroke School, is a co-educational school of 1500 students in Pembroke, Wales.

History
Founded in 1972 as a result of the amalgamation of Pembroke Grammar School and Coronation Secondary Modern School, the Pembroke School offers education for the years 11–18. It is located on a single campus of 100 acre that has views to the historic Pembroke Castle. The buildings date back to the 1950s, with extensions added in the 1960s and 1970s. A new wing housing science laboratories was completed in 2004.

The school facilities includes science laboratories and a large hall. The school has also recently installed networked internet access and satellite technology. It is located next to Pembroke Leisure Centre, so the school uses these facilities for sports activities.

Present day
In 2015, Pembrokeshire County Council announced plans to build a new school and vocational centre on the grounds of the existing school. The plan was for the new school to be constructed and opened in time for the 2017/18 academic year, with the existing school demolished (with the exception of the science block) and replaced by sports facilities by Summer 2018. This did not happen on schedule, but the new school, named "Henry Tudor School" was built on the area of the rugby field of the original Pembroke School, and opened in September 2018.

Notable former pupils

 * Dominic Day – played Rugby Union for Llanelli, Exeter Chiefs and has won several Welsh caps at different levels
 * Paul Davies – Anglican priest and bishop-designate

title: Henry Tudor School


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The Brick

The Brick Ltd. is a Canadian retailer of furniture, mattresses, appliances and home electronics. The company was founded as The Brick Warehouse LP by brothers, John, Fred, and Bill Comrie. The first warehouse opened on September 1, 1971 in Edmonton, Alberta. Its first expansion was to Fort McMurray, Alberta in the 1970s and later acquired a competitor in the city of Calgary.

Over the past 51 years, The Brick has expanded across Canada and now operates 136 retail stores (including 20 franchise locations) in every province and territory except for Nunavut, while Quebec stores are branded simply as Brick. In addition, the Brick Group Income Fund operates distribution centres in Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal and Dartmouth.

History
The company was founded as The Brick Warehouse LP by brothers, John, Fred, and Bill Comrie. The first warehouse opened on September 1, 1971 in Edmonton, Alberta. Its first expansion was to Fort McMurray, Alberta in the 1970s and later acquired a competitor in the city of Calgary. In 1975 it acquired the Bad Boy Furniture chain of 40 stores in Toronto, Ontario area. Absorbed into The Brick, the rights to the Bad Boy Furniture name was lapsed and later revived by Lastman family in 1991.

In March 2004, the company acquired United Furniture Warehouse which had 81 locations throughout Canada at the time. In 2006, 24 stores were rebranded as "The Brick" in a strategic attempt to save on advertising costs and increase sales.

On November 11, 2012, The Brick announced that competitor Leon's would acquire the company for $700 million subject to approval of shareholders. Following the acquisition, Leon's maintains the two separate chains.

In November 2012, The Brick agreed to pay $2.1 million to settle a class-action lawsuit filed by consumer rights group Option consommateurs in 2009 over claims the retailer's advertising was misleading.

In July 2017, The Brick re-branded all of its United Furniture Warehouse and The Brick Clearance Centres into a new branding called The Brick Outlet.

Other
In the 1980s, they were financial backers of the Edmonton Brick Men soccer team, which was owned by Edmonton Oilers owner Peter Pocklington, with the team being named after the company and the team's logo using the same font for the word Brick as the furniture retailer.

title: The Brick


text:
Talk:Google Earth

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kylefowler.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:33, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

"Geegle earth" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Geegle earth. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. TheAwesome Hwyh  19:10, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

Bug in infobox
There is a bug in the info box. In the place where the information for Windows should be gibberish can be found instead: "ighu]95pbkopm3kt4hb kopt;gf jfekrtfghpweydflkuv;u9wjeklrgu bhr3pijkweod" I couldn't find out how to correct this. --Maxl (talk) 22:34, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

List of Google Earth 3D areas
Agree, could someone re-instate the list? It is a very useful comparison with Apple maps' 3d flyover locations.

This list must contain only 3d areas and it must be trimmed if these 3d areas are merged.

I think that the best way forward would be to delete all suburbs of larger settlements from this list, unless those suburbs are major cities themselves (eg. Yokohama is a big city but also a suburb of an even bigger city Tokyo; but the Lawrence suburb of Indianapolis is not a major city). I would also remove all internal divisions of each country except the United States. 86.124.206.135 (talk) 15:09, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

Is there someone to re-instate the list of 3d cities? This is a very useful comparison with Apple maps' 3d flyover locations. 62.231.94.90 (talk) 11:29, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Weather layer
When did Google Earth add a weather layer? I see nothing about it here. Seems a pretty major oversight, since the past 2 winters the weather has been pretty wild as seen from Google Earth. Entire continents whited out. Thetrellan (talk) 18:50, 18 January 2023 (UTC)
 * If we don't have a third-party source saying that, we can't include it here. And if no source talks about this, it's a good indicator that the change isn't notable. InfiniteNexus (talk) 21:39, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

"Geegle Earth" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geegle_Earth&redirect=no Geegle Earth] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Mia Mahey (talk) 02:13, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Google Earth


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Talk:Colombian Cumbia

Untitled
Here's some stuff I can quite swallow about the article.
 * First of all, it's the first time i've ever seen Rafaga or Gilda labeled glamorous cumbia (what's the spanish expression?). I've always read, heard on TV, or named by people by either cumbia or Musica Tropical (tropical music), or even pachanga. I think the "glamorous cumbia" label is not correct.
 * Second. The bands are dressed in Epoque suits of the 19th Century, and they wear jewelry, sometimes becoming close to an image that can be described like a Liberace style. Besides Ráfaga, I can't think of other bands matching the description. But I hardly listen -let alone watch- cumbia (besides some Gilda back in 1998). Searches on Gilda, and pics of Walter Olmos, Grupo Sombras (Antonio Rios listed on the article was Sombras' singer), Daniel Agostini, Amar Azul, are hard to see as liberace.
 * Third, regional scene in the genrebox links Argentina to cumbia villera, which is a currently sucessful offspring (among many offsprings) from the whole argentine cumbia scene, not the whole scene.
 * Fourth, Cumbia and Cuarteto have been popular in lower classes in Argentina, previously to the 90s. The boom on urban centres such as Rosario or Buenos Aires, doesn't change the fact they were already very popular on the north of Argentina or Cordoba.
 * Fifth, the article starts saying cumbia is from Colombia, and roughly half the article talks about Cumbia from Argentina. Argentine cumbia should be moved to an article by itself (and the link on the genrebox directed to it).
 * Sixth, the (imho) real cumbia is barely mentioned. The spanish wikipedia article is quite extensive es:Cumbia. This is actually a suggestion, which I would be glad to help to translate.

On a side, I think Luna Nueva deserves to be mentioned on the Argentine Cumbia article, they even performed on the Luna Park... SpiceMan 22:32, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree in most (if not all) your above mentioned points. Glamorous Cumbia seams to be an original phrase of the anonymous user who created both Glamorous cumbia and Gauchos Pesados. I've got no clue about Luna Nueva. We defenitely need an Argentine Cumbia article. -Mariano 08:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * 'Tis done, yet woefully incomplete. I took Mexican and Argentine cumbia out and into their own articles, but Argentine cumbia is rather small and Mexican cumbia is barely a stub. Got a link to it in Music of Mexico too. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 21:47, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

National cumbias
Cumbia surged in Colombia and expanded to other countries, its a fact. To be considered cumbia it must have a single identity that determines that is a cumbia, for this you can then talk about sub-genres; colombian cumbia, argentinian cumbia, mexican cumbia and please find out and explain what makes the differences among these sub-genres. there is no need to create new pages about these subgenres because I dont think they defer that much from each other, maybe one or two instruments but in essence they are the same. —This unsigned comment was added by F3rn4nd0 (talk • contribs) 03:23, 23 March 2006.

 * (I took the liberty of rearranging the above and signing. Please use --~ to sign and date your contributions.) I don't remember now why exactly I split those articles (it was in August 2005!) but I assume it must have been because they are different. The instruments might be similar but history, influences and offshoots/derivations are not. Mixing the history of Arg. cumbia villera with that of Mex. sonidero surely isn't right, is it? I'd rather have several small articles with the particulars of each national cumbia well marked, instead one big article with sections where you don't have enough room to cover minor details. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 10:36, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

yep I thought about it after readaing about it.. thanks.. F3rn4nd0 (talk contribs)

Thanks for telling me, Im pretty much new to wikipedia... I need someone to please help me (if necessary) to complete the summarized list of instruments... F3rn4nd0 (talk

 * Cumbia as a courtship ritual is actually part of cumbia's origins, it's part of traditional cumbia and not modern cumbia. F3rn4nd0 (talk

Well sorry for my english, i just got one simple thing to say, about the origins, i dont doubt that the original cumbia was mainly afro-indian in its first days, but u cant talk about cumbia in its early stage and talk like if you were talking about CUMBIA, the cumbia as we know it today, has much more to do with spanish or european folk than with any african traditional music, at least if u listen to portuguese folk we will find great similarities, in the accords from the accordeon (basically the same) in the accords from the bass, and even the rythm, so i find it unfair that u dont even mention spanish/european, influences in the music, just check for example a video like "folklore portugues" in youtube, and sometimes u will feel like u listening cumbia (still cumbia is better). So thats basically it, u can say "original cumbia" is a mix of indian and african, but u cant say cumbia (as we know it) is just that, ill say its AT LEAST 50% spanish or european (u can listen spanish portuguese dutch german etc folk that ull see sounds very like it) 40 % african (the drums) and 10% native american (some instruments some of the melodies and a little bit of the rhytm) Thats just it, is normal to see that kind of definitions like "afro-american music" why not "spanish-afro" or "euro-afro" music? calling it south-american or caribbean music should be enough ...is like there is some need to deny the european roots wich are so or more obvious than the african, the percussion is african the rest is european, and my source to say this is all the music i listen. Anyway what matters is that cumbia is great, and by the way there is also very similar with north brasilian "forró" (even more similar), wich of course also sounds a lot like portuguese folclore, but i prefer cumbia from all them.Sabugo (talk) 04:02, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Links
Why is there a link to http://www.sonidoextasis.com.mx? As an example of Cumbia, you might just as well include a link to any other band or, better yet, to a website that offers a variety of free samples of Cumbia music. I've found that address but there are possibly many others: http://music.download.com/2001-9061_32-0.html  - 83.129.176.181 17:08, 21 January 2007 (UTC) www.youtube.com/watch?v=OB8sBV7r7xM&index=1&list=PLu29Wi19_vC12Sl_aZmfsvYvCdKB-SO3n — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.8.98.152 (talk) 14:40, 29 January 2017 (UTC)

Peruvian Cumbia
This section does not adequately describe Peruvian Cumbia, instead opting to discuss the sub-genre Chicha. Chicha should be in its own article (current article about Chicha is about food by the same name). Additionally, the artists selected as examples of Peruvian Chicha are not good examples at all. Chicha has more of a psychedelia influence than any of the examples represent. "Etc." is not acceptable in a list of exemplary artists of the particular style. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.152.199.162 (talk) 13:43, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Added. Please add more to the section. Morganfitzp (talk) 21:25, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

Panamanian Cumbia
Cumbia isnt an exclusive genre from Colombia, at Panama we have 16 types of cumbia that comes from colonial times.

Some examples:

Spanish Cumbia: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRhZoium_6I

Native American Cumbia: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIfAuPDtUKQ

Africanamerican cumbia: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0yxj5hjUlE — Preceding unsigned comment added by Panama1519 (talk • contribs) 01:45, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Sweet. Go ahead a write these up in the new section about Panama. Please include print sources if you have some. Morganfitzp (talk) 21:27, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

Done!

--Panama1519 (talk) 02:32, 17 May 2019 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Cumbia music by country be merged into Cumbia. Regional Cumbias are a subset of Cumbia as a whole, yet the main Cumbia article is tiny by comparison and offers little information. Inclusion of everything in the Cumbia music by country article would provide that information. Morganfitzp (talk) 12:36, 11 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Merge Well noticed, Morganfitzp. I'll get on to cleaning the article a little bit now before the probable merger! Cheers! Jayaguru-Shishya (talk) 18:34, 11 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I migrated those sections over with a little re-ordering. A lot still needs adding to this article to move it up past start class. Morganfitzp (talk) 21:29, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

I also propose that Cumbia (Colombia) be merged into Cumbia. Colombia cumbia is the root of cumbia and all of the information in that article could be migrated here. Morganfitzp (talk) 14:11, 18 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I am currently translating the article Cumbia (Colombia) from Spanish. I would suggest that I finish my job there first. After that, you can decide on merging the articles if that pleases you Nicoguaro (talk) 17:53, 18 May 2016 (UTC)

 * That's amazing. Thanks for your work. Morganfitzp (talk) 19:08, 18 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Nicoguaro! Should you need help with the translations, please tell! :-) Jayaguru-Shishya (talk) 20:00, 27 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Support: there isn't enough difference or information to warrant separating the articles by country. Richard3120 (talk) 00:07, 27 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Support--but merge them selectively. There is too much unreferenced stuff in there. Drmies (talk) 04:39, 11 November 2016 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 22:44, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

Over-policed
I think the editing criteria for this article are bit too harsh. Many editors have contributed substantially referenced material here, and our content has been removed. The result is a paltry article that fails to represent the depth and breadth of one of Latin America's largest cultural traditions. Rather than fight editing wars, I'm tempted to visit this page and request an admin step in and assess the history of what's been happening here. I'm reticent to do that because I'd rather get into the far more important history of the actual subject at hand: cumbia.. Morganfitzp (talk) 21:58, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Is it really THAT controversial?
The opening paragraph is the generally accepted truth: "It began as a courtship dance practiced among the Indigenous population on the Caribbean coasts of Colombia. It later mixed with African and European instruments, steps and musical characteristics. " The thrust of the article does not support that, due to dilution.

The only controversy I'm aware of is; was it pure Indigenous origin, or Black too, and possibly Spanish, and how much of each. (And how it spread.) Two nearby rival villages claim origin, Big Wow. (IMO, mixture not purity seems logical.)

(My impression; It was also like a circular square dance and the "caller" as a well respected, wise villager (I envision similarities to a medicine man) who guiding the dance, was often also (lightly?) directing individual courtships.)

With all the other "possible" descriptions listed, I wonder if every harebrained armchair postulate is indiscriminately being included, as in shitty objective journalism? If the editors can't decide, it seems there ought to be enough info included that the reader could at least assign probabilities of veracity. ...but who could keep reading knowing they are sifting trash? Not the average reader. Cheers! --2602:306:CFCE:1EE0:78B0:1743:9EC6:2F6B (talk) 20:35, 12 May 2018 (UTC)Doug Bashford

To much Spanish.
There must be 20 or thirty paragraphs of Spanish, then the En translation. One single paragraph even has ~20 lines of Spanish, then finishes in English. ...Never seen anything even close in En Wiki. Since nobody has challenged the translations for accuracy, they must be accurate, so please fix this distraction. Delete or move to refs. Cheers! --2602:306:CFCE:1EE0:78B0:1743:9EC6:2F6B (talk) 20:49, 12 May 2018 (UTC)Doug Bashford
 * No, I guess you could say I "challenged" the translations' accuracy: they're probably lightly edited Google Translate, since they contained a bunch of errors that a human reader with context wouldn't be likely to make--for example there was "approximation of St. John's feast day" when from context "aproximación" was clearly "approach," "up the neighborhood" when instead of "the Arriba (high) neighborhood," "rarely" for "weirdly," and others. I cleaned up what I could, but ran out of time and I'm neither a native speaker nor an expert on cumbia so I still suspect they're not quite right. Many reading about topics like this know some Spanish and find it useful; you often see originals and translations of songs/poems/quotes. The original can also be useful if you want to search for lyrics, titles, and so on that change when translated.
 * I don't know Wiki's policy on this stuff but the English is not in good shape, and removing the Spanish will make it difficult to fix it. Pragmatically, I would leave both there. Easy enough to scroll past the parts you can't read. You're not really going to avoid Spanish if you're researching cumbia, haha.76.103.246.130 (talk) 04:15, 26 May 2018 (UTC)

Ain't got no rhythm!
Quoting: " ...Jose Barros, in order to preserve the original rhythms of traditional Cumbia music."

The opening defining sentence mentions Cumbia's rhythm. "Rhythm" is is used 17 times in the article. Am I missing something? Cumbian rhythm is never defined, not even described. — Also, why no sound clips; Debussy gets about 20! Guess what? It's about the music! — Cheers! --2602:306:CFCE:1EE0:78B0:1743:9EC6:2F6B (talk) 21:19, 12 May 2018 (UTC)Doug Bashford

NPOV tag
The article stress overly cumbias Colombian origins and its nature as Colombian folklore. Just like rock music has its roots in the US but is not longer an exclusive US-phenomenon cumbia is now understood as something larger, no longer "Colombian". Indeed most cumbia subgenres have little resemblance to the original cumbia, both in music, aesthetics or sociocultural setting. Take New Chilean Cumbia Rock, Cumbia cheta or technocumbia. Dentren |  Ta lk  04:55, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colombian Cumbia


text:
User talk:FrankZappo

Read, understand, and obey No personal attacks, otherwise you may find yourself blocked from editing. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:32, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Your comment to me at Requests for page protection is way out of line. I'm not your enemy. You need to read Civility. Fernando Rizo T/C 18:23, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Categories
Hi, I am calling repeated addition of wildly tangential categories to prove a point, as well as deliberately adding reams of irrelevant and plain wrong inter-wiki links, to be vandalism. What do you call it? - Randwicked 05:39, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Falsifiability and Validity
I thought that my comment wasn't too appropriate in the Pseudoscience to Science of Questionable Validity voting thread, so here it is: it seems to me that a lot of people (including myself) in the pseudoscience debate are often confused about the logical distinction between the falsifiability of the claims of a scientific theory and its methodological validity.

Advocates of the so-called pseudosciences focus on their propositional contents and say that they have not been falsified. Since in falsificationism at least (which happens to be the philosophy of science that the majority of scientists supports), no hypothesis is ever confirmed, only either falsified or waiting to be falsified—possibly forever—all still unfalsified but falsifiable "pseudosciences" are as scientific in content as orthodox scientific theories. Hence all sciences are "questionable", and "Science of Unconfirmed Validity" category would not make sense—only "Falsified science" and "Science" would! Here, we win the battle.

However, detractors of the "pseudosciences" often point out that falsifiability is a necessary condition of scientificity, but not a sufficient one: a theory has also to be valid, that is, to have been built according the rules of the scientific method. To them, an invalid theory may very well be right, but still unscientific. But I don't see why they aren't satisfied with falsifiability. That the theory must be born in a well-known lab, grown out of previously orthodox theories, and have been peer-reviewed by a lot of important scientists, strikes me as irrelevant to scientificity—those are the rituals of a strongly political "organized science". As long as they insist on playing on that shaky ground, the "pseudoscience" category will remain ambiguous, and last. —Meidosemme 22:24, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

To me, the notion of "falsifiability" seems not stupendously useful in actual scientific practice. I think that it is a concept forged in the attempt to shoehorn a "philosophy of science" into a conceptual framework along the lines of the "philosophy of mathematics". It arose out of the intellectual fascination which philosophy developed, in the 1920s and 1930s, for the foundations of mathematics, and I don't think that it has much relevance or adequacy to the scientific process. And the way I see it, neither is it particularly relevant to the Wikipedia "war" concerning the category Pseudoscience.

I think that it is pretty clear what is involved in the scientific method. Its defining parameters have to do with the proper grounding of theoretical conclusions in properly conducted empirical observations. This includes requirements such as that the empirical observations should be reproducible; that they should support the conclusions; that the conclusions should not be at odds with earlier reproducible and reproduced empirical observations; that the conclusions should not simply proliferate interpretations of previously interpreted phenomena, but should have some explanatory or predictive power beyond the currently accepted interpretations, etc. The conclusions may still be wrong, of course - but if the research is conducted in accordance with the scientific method, it is science. And this is so irrespective of whether it is conducted at Lawrence Livermore Labs or on a desert island. It does not cease being science just because only very few people have heard about it. There is nothing in the requirements of the scientific method that says that the given activity has to have been reviewed or approved by some quorum of scientists.

So the way I see it, the problem with the Wikipedia category "Pseudoscience" is that, by definition, it is supposed to be applied to things that pretend to be science but do not follow the scientific method - whereas in reality it gets applied to every scientific claim that has not been accepted into mainstream science. There is absolutely no logical justification for jumping from the fact that something is not part of mainstream science to the conclusion that it does not follow the scientific method. In order to know whether or not something follows the scientific method, one needs to examine and understand its claims and their basis. I have never seen any sign that the Wikipedia "science squad" has examined or understood the claims and methods of any of the "dissident sciences" that they label "Pseudoscience". So if they have not examined and understood those claims and methods, they should have a special category that expresses precisely that. To, instead, label those endeavours as "Pseudoscience" - i.e. as not following the scientific method - is pure bias and misinformation. It implies that the claims and methods have been examined and found unscientific, when in fact they have not been examined.

That's my view of this problem, and I think it has very little to do with the notion of "falsifiability". FrankZappo 22:23, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Request for your vote
I saw that you voted against the adminship of William M Connolly. I reviewed said candidate's actions on the Cold Fusion article and determined them to indeed be very biased and uncivil. I haven't looked at WC's actions on the aetherometry article yet though. The vast support for WC is truly disturbing. I am a candidate for the arbitration council. William M Connolly is precisely the type of biased and uncivil person that I would fight against.

I request that you review my candidate statement and questions at: Arbitration_Committee_Elections_January_2006/Vote/LawAndOrder, and consider voting for me, though only if you have suffrage for arbitration committee elections (registered before 9/30/2005, and have over 150 edits before 1/9/2006). The votes are vastly against me, so I will not win, but I have very few support votes, so voting for me will at least show that I (who is on your side) am less of a pariah. LawAndOrder 20:55, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Petition on Bullying in Wikipedia
Hi FrankZappa. I have compiled a petition to send to Mr. Wales with respect to my views on bullying on Wikipedia, which I think is a very grave problem on Wikipedia that Mr. Wales needs to address: User:Benapgar/Bullying. Please sign it if you agree, and if you can think of other people who might agree please let them know about it too. --Ben 01:58, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

WP:FRINGE
Hi there. The AFD/DRV debate about Aetherometry inspired me to try and hack together some proposed guidelines about fringe theories. I saw you were an active and thoughtful participant in that debate, and thought I would solicit your comments and hopefully suggestions and edits. At the moment the page is at WP:FRINGE for lack of a better name. Thanks for your time if you can lend any. --Fastfission 17:56, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:FrankZappo


text:
Business record

A business record is a document (hard copy or digital) that records an "act, condition, or event" related to business. Business records include meeting minutes, memoranda, employment contracts, and accounting source documents.

It must be retrievable at a later date so that the business dealings can be accurately reviewed as required. Since business is dependent upon confidence and trust, not only must the record be accurate and easily retrieved, but the processes surrounding its creation and retrieval must be perceived by customers and the business community to consistently deliver a full and accurate record with no gaps or additions.

Most business records have specified retention periods based on legal requirements and/or internal company policies. This is important because in many countries (including the United States), many documents may be required by law to be disclosed to government regulatory agencies or to the general public. Likewise, they may be discoverable if the business is sued. Under the business records exception in the Federal Rules of Evidence, certain types of business records, particularly those made and kept with regularity, may be considered admissible in court despite containing hearsay.

Resources

 * ARMA International - Association of Records Managers and Administrators
 * AIIM - Association for Information and Image Management

title: Business record