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Desmond Donnelly

Desmond Louis Donnelly (16 October 1920 – 3 April 1974) was a British politician, author and journalist who was a member of four political parties during the course of his career, and moved between parties on five occasions.

Origins
Donnelly, whose ancestry was Irish, was born in Sibsagar, Assam, India, where his father was a tea planter; his mother was English and descended from a member of the Indian Civil Service. In 1928 he was the first of his family to return to Britain for his schooling in a century (accompanied by his mother; they lost contact with his father); he went to Brightlands School, Newnham-on-Severn, Gloucestershire. Later he attended Bembridge School (a public school) on the Isle of Wight. He first joined the Labour Party in 1936 after becoming interested in the ideas of William Morris.

He did not go to university. As a keen sportsman, Donnelly became secretary of the London Grasshoppers Rugby Club on leaving school and while working as an office boy. At the age of 17 he set up the British Empire Cricket XI, which continued through the war years, supporting cricket, and raising funds for the Duke of Gloucester's Red Cross and the St John fund. He enlisted in the Royal Air Force in 1939 and served as a Flying Officer with Bomber Command. Later he joined the 'Desert Air Force' in the North African Campaign and Italy where he rose to the rank of Flight Lieutenant.

On the left
In the 1945 general election, Donnelly fought the constituency of Evesham in Worcestershire for Common Wealth, an idealistic socialist party generally regarded as to the left of Labour. Although there was no Labour Party candidate, Donnelly was narrowly pushed into third place by the Liberal Party candidate.

Common Wealth did not long survive the election and Donnelly rejoined Labour in September 1945. From 1945 to 1946 he lectured at the RAF Staff College. On leaving the RAF, Donnelly became assistant editor and later editor of Town and Country Planning, the journal of the Town and Country Planning Association. From 1948 was that Association's Director. He contested the 1946 Down by-election as a Northern Ireland Labour Party candidate.

Bevanite
Donnelly was chosen to fight Pembrokeshire for the Labour Party in the 1950 general election, which a good Labour candidate had narrowly failed to win in 1945 and where the sitting Member, Gwilym Lloyd George, was very popular, not merely because he was the son of David Lloyd George. Despite the general trend away from the Labour Party, Donnelly beat Lloyd George by playing on the fact that he was supporting the Conservatives, and won the seat by 129 votes.

In Parliament, he defined himself as "an Englishman with an Irish name sitting for a Welsh seat" and initially allied with Aneurin Bevan. He also made sure to build extensive contacts within his constituency, where he became very popular. Although his seat never became entirely safe, he was never taken to the wire. While serving as an MP, Donnelly upped his income by acting as a consultant to the engineering firms David Brown and Philips Industries and to the merchant bankers Hill Samuel.

Gaitskellite
In 1954, Donnelly fell out with Bevan over the issue of German rearmament which he considered necessary. He was also outspokenly anti-Soviet Union, a position which intensified after he made trips to the Soviet bloc. After 1955, he became known as a vociferous opponent of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and a general supporter of Hugh Gaitskell as Labour leader.

This ensured his appointment as political correspondent for the Daily Herald from 1959, but Gaitskell's death in 1963 brought in Harold Wilson with whom Donnelly was not pleased; although his skills would have merited appointment to Wilson's government after the 1964 election, Wilson offered Donnelly nothing.

In the mid-1960s, Donnelly decided to call for an alliance between the Labour Party and the Liberal Party. He also joined with another Labour MP, Woodrow Wyatt, to publicly oppose the Labour Party policy of nationalising the Steel industry; given the narrow majority which Wilson's government had in its first term, their opposition would have been enough to vote down the plan, and any moves had to be postponed until after the 1966 election gave a landslide majority.

Labour rebel
Donnelly began causing increasing trouble to the Labour Party whips after the election. He became chief political correspondent for the News of the World in 1967 which ensured his views were widely known. He heaped scorn on the government's handling of the economy and called for a fundamental change to the relation of the party to the trade unions "in which the unions do not look on the Labour Party as their pet poodle".

The final breach in relations came after spending cuts caused by devaluation of the Pound sterling in November 1967 forced the government to withdraw from defence commitments 'east of Suez'. Donnelly resigned the Labour Party whip in the House of Commons on 18 January 1968. The Labour Party responded on 27 March by expelling him from membership of the party entirely.

Democratic Party
At a meeting of the Monday Club in 1968, Donnelly received a two-minute standing ovation, and then told members "Mr Wilson should resign and leave public life". However he was not willing to join the Conservative Party and instead set up his own party, initially known as 'Our Party' but later the Democratic Party. In some respects the party's policy was to the right of the Conservatives, advocating the abolition of the welfare state, sweeping changes to the taxation system, and the return of national service. The party fought five seats at the 1970 general election but polled poorly. Donnelly himself lost Pembrokeshire to the Conservatives.

Later career
Abruptly, in April 1971, Donnelly announced that he had joined the Conservative Party, without warning the members of the Democratic Party. He explained that the Conservative Party closely reflected his views on reform of the law relating to trades unions and EEC entry, and attended the Conservative Party conference that October as a delegate from Cities of London and Westminster. He applied for, but did not get, the Conservative nomination for the Hove by-election in 1973, and was also rejected for Melton for the next general election.

In addition to prolific journalism (he specialised in book reviews), Donnelly had gone into business after his defeat in 1970 and became chairman of ICPS Ltd and Managing Director of Practical Europe Ltd. In the recession of 1973 and 1974, his companies struggled financially, and this, combined with his failure to get back into the House of Commons as a Conservative, was to cause serious depression.

Donnelly committed suicide in a hotel room at West Drayton near Heathrow Airport on 3 April 1974, by drinking a large amount of vodka and taking a massive overdose of barbiturates.

title: Desmond Donnelly


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Talk:Consigliere

Merger talk
I, for one, am against it. I came here searching by the term "consigliere" and found this. I know that the wikipedia deep down wishes there were a more solid distinction between encyclopedia and dictionary, but there's not, and I hope there never is. mrcolj

Merge
I have no problem merging this, and I created the original entry.

If "consigliere" forwards to mafia (the way "Don" does) and the mafia entry were expanded a bit to fully explain what a consigliere is, it seems like it'd work fine

Opposed to merge
I would recommend against a merger, and in favor of a mere reference to the Mafia entry. While the term is most often associated with the Mafia because of The Godfather, that is not the sole useage.

Also opposed
I came looking specifically for this term, after having heard it used in a business context as a synonym for trusted advisor. I do believe that it should be linked to the mafia entry, and vice versa... but keep the flexibility of a separate term.

Also opposed
I found this used about a lawyer in a positive sense, and wanted to find out how common it was. I was unaware of any Mafia connexion, and having seen there was one, would now appreciate a neutral article mentioning other uses. - Anon, 9 Aug. 2005

Also opposed
I completely agree with the above commenter.

Also opposed
I agree too --Crdoconnor 16:01, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Also opposed
I think it should be kept as is and that expansions on the other positions listed under Mafia structure should be requested.

Consigliere is more than a mafia title
The description should be changed to make it clear that consigliere is much more than a mafia title. It could be written something like this:

A consigliere (IPA /consiʎere/) is the Italian term for adviser or counsellor. [From Latin consiliarius, from consilium, advice.]

Some compund forms: consigliere comunale = city councilman, consigliere personale = personal adviser.

Consigliere entered the popular lexicon through the “Godfather” films. There the consigliere is an advisor to a mafia boss. As well, it is the consigliere's role to fill in for the Don as the Don's representative during important meetings, either within the Don's crime family or with other crime families. The consigliere is a close, trusted friend and confidant. It is reputed that in Cosa Nostra (the 'real' mafia) the consigliere is the third-most powerful figure in a Mafia family, following the underboss and the boss.

Use of Italian
I have said in related talk pages, the chances of the Sicilian mafia using Italian words to describe themselves is pure fiction, they would have used Sicilian. If this article cannot be properly sourced, it should be scrapped. ρ¡ρρµ δ→θ∑ - (waarom? jus'b'coz!)  03:34, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, perhaps they would have used the Sicilian variant of 'consigliere', which must be similar. If that's true, it's not a stretch that anglophones describing Mafia culture would use the Italian version instead, as it's close and much better known. --saforrest 04:51, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Other Uses
I also have heard this word used in other contexts, especially politics. This usage may have been derived from the original godfather terminology, but I don't have any sources for that. Either way, it seems like the article would be more solid and coherent if all the mafia-specific stuff went in one section, perhaps with another section for "Other Uses" or something. Anyone agree/disagree? Jodamn 02:24, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Agreed

popular culture
I really don't like these sections. I especially don't like this reference. it should be removed.

"In the HBO TV series In Treatment, one of Paul Weston's patients decided he wanted to be a Consigliere after watching The Godfather."

We already know that the term was popularized by the Godfather book, then the movie. How many more meta do we need to include here? Elvisjnr (talk)

Say what? (effective?)
This sentence is incomprehensible: "The rank of Messaggero can be effective from law enforcement exposure." — Preceding unsigned comment added by JohnOFL (talk • contribs) 15:53, 18 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Yeah it doesn't make sense. Removed. Vaselineeeeeeee★★★ 16:00, 18 April 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Consigliere


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Parrhasius (painter)

Parrhasius of Ephesus (Παρράσιος) was a famed painter of Ancient Greece. Zeuxis, Timanthes and Parrhasius were painters who belonged to the Ionian School of painting. The Ionian School flourished during the 4th-century BCE.

Life
Born to the painter Evenor, he settled in Athens. The period of his activity is fixed by the anecdote which Xenophon records of the conversation between him and Socrates on the subject of art; he was therefore distinguished as a painter before 399 BC. Seneca relates a tale that Parrhasius bought one of the Olynthians whom Philip sold into slavery, 346 BC, and tortured him in order to have a model for a picture of the bound Prometheus for the Parthenon in Athens; but the story, which is similar to one told of Michelangelo, is chronologically impossible.

Contest with Zeuxis
Pliny the Elder described Parrhasius's contest with Zeuxis in his book Naturalis Historia: The latter painted some grapes so perfectly that a flock of birds flew down to eat them but, instead, only pecked at their picture. Zeuxis had fooled the birds with his picture. Parrhasius and Zeuxis walked to Parrhasius's studio whereupon Parrhasius asked Zeuxis to draw aside the curtain and witness his own masterpiece. When Zeuxis attempted to do so, he realized that the curtain was not a curtain, but a painting of a curtain. Zeuxis acknowledged himself to be surpassed, for while Zeuxis had deceived the birds, Parrhasius had deceived Zeuxis. This one of the earliest examples mentioned of the idea of trompe-l'œil.

Legacy
Parrhasius was universally placed in the very first rank among painters. His skillful drawing of outlines is especially praised, and many of his drawings on wood and parchment were preserved and highly valued by later painters for purposes of study. He first attained skill in making his figures appear to stand out from the background. His picture of Theseus adorned the Capitol in Rome. His other works, besides the obscene subjects with which he is said to have amused his leisure, are chiefly mythological groups. A picture of the Demos, the personified People of Athens, is famous; according to the story, which is probably based upon epigrams, the twelve prominent characteristics of the people, though apparently quite inconsistent with each other, were distinctly expressed in this figure.

Parrhasius is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Australian lizard, Lygisaurus parrhasius, the fire-tailed rainbow-skink.

title: Parrhasius (painter)


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Talk:Courts-martial of the United States

Untitled
I've done some further wikification. But the article needs a little more work, I feel. --BillC 17:01, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't often weigh in, but I think the section about courts-martial not being Article III courts is misstated. I'd be interested in seeing a citation to a case, in my view they are specially constituted federal courts. Also, in the opening sentence of that paragraph, administrative tribunals and review (which is what I think is meant by "Article I" courts) certainly cannot take a person's life.

Good work
This is an exceptional start. I'll assit in editing where I can. Hadrian Penn 02:12, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

It needs some work to reflect current practice in the US military; particularly in the roles of convening authorities and military judges. Posthoc777 07:32, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

The article calls out the acronym "JSC" in the fifth paragraph of Section 5. What's it stand for?

"JSC" is the Joint Services Committee. I've made the change to reflect the full name before the acronym is used. In summary, a representative from each service sits on the committee and they review proposed changes to the UCMJ and MCM as well as propose changes prior to sending them to Congress or the President. I'll try to insert a short piece on it. Hadrian Penn 15:13, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Military law on military bases
I seem to remember reading somewhere that the UCMJ used to apply to everyone on military bases -- civilians and servicepeople alike. So, spouses and dependents who found themselves in trouble (say, the son of a Sgt. Smith stole a car and went joy-riding or the wife of a Lt. Jones assaulted her husband) would actually find themselves before a court-martial rather than a civilian legal proceeding. Until there was some kind of legal challenge to this type of jurisdiction, then a civilian legal presence was formed on overseas bases to prevent this sort of problem. I don't remember much else other than that, though. Perhaps this is something worth mentioning, from someone who knows WTF I'm talking about? —Micahbrwn (talk) 07:43, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

Added section on courts-martial appeals
The article did not discuss in detail a service members right to appeal and lack of Supreme Court access. The recent controversy of Supreme Court access and the two pending bills in the 111th Congress. I included that in the article with several references. I still believe the article needs much work in that more references need to be added. Over the next month I will continue to work on the article to bring it up to a good article nominee. If others have suggestions please write them on this page.

Regarding military law bases above. No, that is not the case. Civilians can be prosecuted under the UCMJ if they are serving with military units. I will address that situation with references in the article. (Mattwashdc (talk) 00:55, 17 March 2009 (UTC))

Recent controversy over Supreme Court access - NPOV
I have tagged a couple of sentences in this section of the article for POV issues. The wording seems to show a bias towards Supreme Court access unstead of just merely the facts. The quote of Norbert Basil MacLean III in this section is of particular concern. While I am in favor of appelate access to the Supreme Court by service members, I also believe that the statements tagged could be written in a more NPOV manner. I am not the person to do this as I do not know anything more about the subject than this article conveys. Cuprum17 (talk) 20:00, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Courts-Martial and appellate courts as legislative (Article I) courts
This section needs citations, and may also need an NPOV review or a review of its style. It almost reads as a defense of the status of military courts as being outside the normal judicial functions. Definitely reads as being in favor of the arrangement as opposed to neutral. 152.120.255.251 (talk) 19:34, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

State Courts-Martial
The article as I found it covered only Federal courts-martial, and failed to note the continued existence of state courts-martial. State militaries are far less important today than they were in the past, but State courts-martial are still convened from time to time. Work continues... Mikedelsol (talk) 23:51, 3 August 2014 (UTC)

Examples ?
An article in Daily Chronicle November 6, 2012 says 'There have been only two other court-martial cases against Army generals in recent years.' The current is against Brig. Gen. Jeffrey Sinclair (began Monday 5. Nov. at Fort Bragg, home to the 82nd Airborne Division: . Does someone know who the other two were ? Should they be mentioned in the article ? --Neun-x (talk) 10:02, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 5 July 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved as requested per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 20:08, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

Courts-martial in the United States → Courts-martial of the United States – See arguments presented at Talk:Courts-martial of Canada. Jak525 (talk) 23:38, Thursday, July 5, 2018 (UTC) 23:38, 5 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Support, although I notice that the RM to which you refer closed as no consensus. This article covers courts-martial held by the US military in any part of the world, and would not cover a court-martial held by another military on US territory (hypothetical as that may seem). The current article title does not reflect this, the proposed one does. Andrewa (talk) 04:17, 13 July 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.


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Talk:Methoxsalen

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. For details, please see Votes for deletion/Oxsoralen. -- BD2412 talk 17:03, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Merged material has copyright problems
The material recently merged from 8-mop was copied from NIH. Although the content of this site is in the public domain, no acknowledgement was given. I am going to revert the material and let editors here sort out if or how the material should be reinserted and how to reference it properly. The editor who introduced it,, has a record of copyright violation and appears to be editing in order to promote the website. JonHarder talk 02:24, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Elen of the Roads (talk) 17:59, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

Date / Timeline Issue
The first section indicates that "In 1970, Nielsen extracted 8-methoxypsoralen" but the last section indicates that the book 'Black Like Me' was written in 1961. How did the author take the substance a decade prior to it being chemically isolated? 2001:569:7D1E:7100:957C:DABD:A601:A051 (talk) 05:32, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing this up. I've found a paper about the substance being isolated from bishop's weed, dated 1947. --ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 06:39, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Methoxsalen


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History of suicide

Attitudes toward suicide have varied through time and across cultures.

Antiquity to 1700
At times, suicide played a prominent role in ancient legend and history, like with Ajax the Great, who killed himself in the Trojan War, and Lucretia, whose suicide in around 510 B.C. initiated the revolt that displaced the Roman Kingdom with the Roman Republic.

One early Greek historical person to die by suicide was Empedocles around 434 B.C. One of his beliefs was that Death was a transformation. It is possible this idea influenced his suicide. Empedocles died by throwing himself into the Sicilian volcano Mount Etna.

In general, the pagan world, both Roman and Greek, had a relaxed attitude towards the concept of suicide.

The Council of Arles (452) stated "if a slave commits suicide no reproach shall fall upon his master." There are some precursors of Christian hostility to suicide in ancient Greek thinkers. Pythagoras, for example, was against the act, though more on mathematical than moral grounds, believing that there was only a finite number of souls for use in the world, and that the sudden and unexpected departure of one would upset a delicate balance. Aristotle also condemned suicide, though for quite different reasons – in that it robbed the community of the services of one of its members.

In Rome, suicide was never a general offense in law, though the whole approach to the question was essentially pragmatic. It was specifically forbidden in three cases: those accused of capital crimes, soldiers and slaves. The reason behind all three was the same – it was uneconomic for these people to die. If the accused killed themselves prior to trial and conviction then the state lost the right to seize their property, a loophole that was only closed by Domitian in the 1st century AD, who decreed that those who died prior to trial were without legal heirs. The suicide of a soldier was treated on the same basis as desertion. If a slave killed themselves within six months of purchase, the master could claim a full refund from the former owner.

The Romans, however, fully approved of what might be termed "patriotic suicide" – in other words, death as an alternative to dishonor. For the Stoics, a philosophical sect which originated in Greece, death was a guarantee of personal freedom, an escape from an unbearable reality that had nothing left to give. And so it was for Cato the Younger, who killed himself after the Pompeian cause was defeated at the Battle of Thapsus. This was a "virtuous death", one guided by reason and conscience. His example was later followed by Seneca, though under somewhat more straitened circumstances, as he had been ordered to do so on suspicion of being involved with the Pisonian conspiracy to kill Emperor Nero. A very definite line was drawn by the Romans between the virtuous suicide and suicide for entirely private reasons. They disapproved of Mark Antony not because he killed himself, but that he killed himself for love.

In the Middle Ages, the Christian church excommunicated people who attempted suicide, and those who died by suicide were buried outside consecrated graveyards. The Church had drawn-out discussions on the edge where the search for martyrdom was suicidal, as in the case of some of the martyrs of Córdoba.

Changes in attitude
Attitudes towards suicide slowly began to shift during the Renaissance; Thomas More the English humanist, wrote in Utopia (1516) that a person afflicted with disease can "free himself from this bitter life…since by death he will put an end not to enjoyment but to torture...it will be a pious and holy action". It was assisted suicide, and killing oneself for other reasons was still a crime for people in his Utopia, punished by the denial of funeral rites. John Donne's work Biathanatos contained one of the first modern defenses of suicide, bringing proof from the conduct of Biblical figures, such as Jesus, Samson and Saul, and presenting arguments on grounds of reason and nature to sanction suicide in certain circumstances.

A criminal ordinance issued by Louis XIV of France in 1670 was far more severe in its punishment: the dead person's body was drawn through the streets, face down, and then hung or thrown on a garbage heap. Additionally, all of the person's property was confiscated.

In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, loopholes were invented to avoid the damnation that was promised by most Christian doctrine as a penalty of suicide. One famous example of someone who wished to end their life but avoid the eternity in hell was Christina Johansdotter (died 1740). She was a Swedish murderer who killed a child in Stockholm with the sole purpose of being executed. She is an example of those who seek suicide through execution by committing a murder, similar to suicide by cop.

The secularization of society that began during The Enlightenment questioned traditional religious attitudes toward suicide to eventually form the modern perspective on the issue. David Hume denied that suicide was a crime as it affected no one and was potentially to the advantage of the individual. In his 1777 Essays on Suicide and the Immortality of the Soul he rhetorically asked “Why should I prolong a miserable existence, because of some frivolous advantage which the public may perhaps receive from me?” A shift in public opinion at large can also be discerned; The Times in 1786 initiated a spirited debate on the motion “Is suicide an act of courage?”

By the 19th century, the act of suicide had shifted from being viewed as caused by sin to being caused by insanity in Europe. Although suicide remained illegal during this period, it increasingly became the target of satirical comment, such as the spoof advertisement in the 1839 Bentley's Miscellany for a London Suicide Company or the Gilbert and Sullivan musical The Mikado, that satirized the idea of executing someone who had already killed himself.

By 1879, English law began to distinguish between suicide and homicide, although suicide still resulted in forfeiture of estate. In 1882, the deceased were permitted daylight burial in England and by the mid-20th century, suicide had become legal in much of the western world.

Military suicide
In ancient times, suicide sometimes followed defeat in battle, to avoid capture and possible subsequent torture, mutilation, or enslavement by the enemy. The Caesarean assassins Brutus and Cassius, for example, killed themselves after their defeat at the battle of Philippi. Insurgent Jews died in a mass suicide at Masada in 74 CE rather than face enslavement by the Romans. During World War II, Japanese units would often fight to the last man rather than surrender. Towards the end of the war, the Japanese navy sent pilots to attack Allied ships. These tactics reflect the influence of the samurai warrior culture, where seppuku was often required after a loss of honor.

In recent decades, suicide attacks have been used extensively by Islamist militants. However, suicide is strictly forbidden by Islamic law, and the terrorist leaders of the groups who organize these attacks do not regard them as suicide, but as martyrdom operations. They argue the difference to be that in suicide a person kills themselves out of despair, while in a martyrdom operation a person is killed as a pure act. This attitude is not universally held by all Muslim clerics.

Spies have carried suicide pills to use when captured, partly to avoid the misery of captivity, but also to avoid being forced to disclose secrets. For the latter reason, spies may even have orders to kill themselves if captured – for example, Gary Powers had a suicide pill, but did not use it when he was captured.

Social protest
Slave suicide in the United States before the American Civil War has been seen as a social protest. Some slaves were portrayed by abolitionist writers, such as William Lloyd Garrison, as those that ended their lives in response to the hypocrisy of the American Constitution. Abolitionists have had differing views on slave suicide. Many cases were published in hope of convincing the public that slaves were protesting the slave society by ending their lives.

In the 1960s, Buddhist monks, most notably Thích Quảng Đức, in South Vietnam gained Western praise in their protests against President Ngô Đình Diệm by burning themselves to death. Similar events were reported in central Europe, such as Jan Palach and Ryszard Siwiec following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. In 1970 Greek geology student Kostas Georgakis burned himself to death in Genoa, Italy to protest against the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.

During the Cultural Revolution in China (1966–1976), numerous publicly known figures, especially intellectuals and writers, are reported to have died by suicide, typically to escape persecution, typically at the hands of the Red Guards. Some, or perhaps many, of these reported suicides are suspected by many observers to have, in fact, not been voluntary but instead the result of mistreatment. Some reported suicides include famed writer Lao She, among the best-known 20th-century Chinese writers, and journalist Fan Changjiang.

Eliyahu Rips, who studied mathematics in the Latvian University, on April 13, 1969 attempted self-immolation at the Freedom Monument in Riga in order to protest against the Soviet military invasion of Czechoslovakia.

title: History of suicide


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Richard Carlile

Richard Carlile (8 December 1790 – 10 February 1843) was an English radical publisher and writer. He was an important agitator for the establishment of universal suffrage and freedom of the press in the United Kingdom.

Early life and career
Richard Carlile was born on 8 December 1790. He was the second of three children of William Carlile and Elizabeth (née Brookings). His father, from a Devon family, worked variously as a shoemaker, exciseman, teacher, and soldier. William Carlile published a book on mathematics but later became a drunkard, deserted the family a few years after his son's birth, and died shortly thereafter. His mother ran a shop in Lawrence Lane, Ashburton, and was a devout Anglican, providing her children with a strict Christian upbringing.

Carlile received an elementary education at two local free schools until age 12 but did not attend the prestigious local grammar school. After leaving school, he worked at Edward Lee's chemist shop in Exeter but soon returned to his mother's shop. In 1803, through his father's family connections, he became a tinplate worker. For the next 15 years, he worked as an itinerant tinworker, making domestic items. The trade’s decline forced him to move frequently in southern England, living in constant anxiety about future employment.

From 1812 to 1813, while in Portsmouth, he considered joining the Church of England, inspired by sermons from reforming theologians Lant Carpenter and David Bogue. These were difficult years for Carlile, compounded when he married Jane Cousins, of poor origins from Hampshire, on 24 May 1813 in Alverstoke. The couple moved to London, hoping for better prospects. Living in Bloomsbury, Carlile worked for Benham & Sons and Masterman, Matthews & Co. between 1813 and 1817. They had four children: Richard (1814–1854), Alfred (b. 1816), Thomas Paine (1818–1819), and Thomas Paine (b. 1819).

Politics and publishing
His interest in politics was kindled first by economic conditions in the winter of 1816 when Carlile was put on short-time work by his employer creating serious problems for the family: "I shared the general distress of 1816 and it was this that opened my eyes." He began attending political meetings where speakers like Henry Hunt complained that only three men in a hundred had the vote, and was also influenced by the publications of William Cobbett.

As a way of making a living he sold the writings of parliamentary reformers such as Tom Paine on the streets of London, often walking "thirty miles for a profit of eighteen pence".

In April 1817, he formed a publishing business with the printer William Sherwin and rented a shop in Fleet Street. To make political texts such as Paine's books The Rights of Man and the Principles of Government available to the poor he split them into sections which he sold as small pamphlets, similarly publishing The Age of Reason and Principles of Nature. He issued unauthorized copies of Southey's Wat Tyler and after the radical William Hone's arrest in May, he reissued the parody of parts of the Book of Common Prayer for which Hone was to be tried, then was himself arrested in August and held without charge until Hone was acquitted in December.

He took on distributing the banned Radical weekly The Black Dwarf at a time when the government was prosecuting publishers: "The Habeas Corpus Act being suspended ... all was terror and alarm, but I take credit to myself in defeating the effect of these two Acts upon the Press... Of imprisonment I made sure, but I felt inclined to court it than to shrink from it".

Carlile then brought out a radical journal, Sherwin's Political Register, which reported political meetings and included extracts from books and poems by supporters of the reform movement such as Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron. The popularity of this helped to soon bring his profit from his publishing venture to £50 a week.

Peterloo and The Republican
Carlile was one of the scheduled main speakers at the reform meeting on 16 August 1819 at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. Just as Henry Hunt was about to speak, the crowd was attacked by the yeomanry in what became known as the Peterloo massacre. Carlile escaped and was hidden by radical friends before he caught the mail coach to London and published his eyewitness account, giving the first full report of what had happened, in Sherwin's Weekly Political Register of 18 August 1819. His placards proclaimed "Horrid Massacres at Manchester".

The government responded by closing Sherwin's Political Register, confiscating the stock of newspapers and pamphlets. Carlile changed the name to The Republican and in its issue of 27 August 1819 demanded that "The massacre... should be the daily theme of the Press until the murderers are brought to justice.... Every man in Manchester who avows his opinions on the necessity of reform, should never go unarmed – retaliation has become a duty, and revenge an act of justice."

Carlile was prosecuted for blasphemy, blasphemous libel and sedition for publishing material that might encourage people to hate the government in his newspaper, and for publishing Tom Paine's Common Sense, The Rights of Man and the Age of Reason (which criticised the Church of England).

In October 1819, he was found guilty of blasphemy and seditious libel and sentenced to three years in Dorchester Gaol with a fine of £1,500. When he refused to pay the fine, his premises in Fleet Street were raided and his stock was confiscated. While he was in jail he continued to write articles for The Republican which was now published by Carlile's wife, Jane, and thanks to the publicity it now outsold pro-government newspapers such as The Times.

To curb newspapers the government had raised the ½d tax on newspapers, first imposed in 1712, to 3½d in 1797, then 4d in 1815. From December 1819 it set a minimum price of 7d, with further restrictions. At a time when workers earned less than 10 shillings (120d.) a week this made it hard for them to afford radical newspapers, and publishers tried various strategies to evade the tax. Groups would pool their resources in reading societies and subscription societies to purchase a book or journal in common, and frequently read it aloud to one another as was the case with James Wilson.

By 1821, Carlile was a declared atheist (having previously been a Deist) and published his Address to Men of Science, in favour of materialism and education. In the same year Jane Carlile was in turn sentenced to two years imprisonment for seditious libel, and her place as publisher was taken by Richard Carlile's sister, Mary. Within six months she was imprisoned for the same offence. The process was repeated with eight of his shop workers, including Susannah Wright, and over 150 men and women were sent to prison for selling The Republican.

Carlile's sentence ended in 1823 but he was immediately arrested and returned to prison for not paying his £1,500 fine, so the process continued until he was eventually released on 25 November 1825. In the next edition of The Republican he expressed the hope that his long confinement would result in the freedom to publish radical political ideas. An example of the support he received from around the country is the £1.5.1 sent to him in Dorchester jail by forty working men in the West Yorkshire village of Hunslet, accompanied by a noble letter on behalf of those "few Friends to Truth and Justice".

He then published further journals, The Lion which campaigned against child labour and The Promptor. He argued that "equality between the sexes" should be the objective of all reformers, and in 1826 published Every Woman's Book advocating birth control and the sexual emancipation of women. Cobbett denounced this book as "so filthy, so disgusting, so beastly, as to shock even the lewdest men and women".

Carlile was an advocate of the Christ myth theory. He did not believe that Jesus existed. He debated Unitarian minister John Relly Beard in The Republican, 1826.

The Devil's Chaplain
He joined up with the radical and sceptical clergyman Robert Taylor and set out on an "infidel home missionary tour" which reached Cambridge on Thursday 21 May 1829 and caused a considerable upset to the University of Cambridge where a young Charles Darwin was a second-year student.

At their meeting in Bolton, Lancashire, Carlile met Eliza Sharples, who was to become his long term mistress. With her, he had two further children.

Carlile then opened a ramshackle building on the south bank of the River Thames, the Blackfriars Rotunda, and in widespread public unrest in July 1830 this became a gathering place for republicans and atheists. Taylor staged infidel melodramas, preaching outrageous sermons which got him dubbed "The Devil's Chaplain". Thousands of copies of these sermons were circulated in a seditious publication, The Devil's Pulpit.

Jailed again
In 1831, he was jailed, under the charge of seditious libel, given two and a half years for writing an article in support of agricultural labourers campaigning against wage cuts and advising the strikers to regard themselves as being at war with the government.

He left prison deeply in debt, and government fines had taken from him the finances needed to publish newspapers.

His political and social opinions never altered, but his philosophy underwent a change in the 1830s. In 1837 H. Robinson published the results of his later thinking in the book Extraordinary Conversion and Public Declaration of Richard Carlile of London to Christianity.

In 1834, he was tried for creating a public nuisance, when he displayed two effigies in the windows of his shop at 62 Fleet Street, one in blue representing a broker titled "Temporal broker" and another dressed as a bishop titled "Spiritual broker". A large group of people were often gathered there, impeding traffic and causing quarrels. He was found guilty, but judgment was respited.

After living for some years in extreme poverty in Enfield, Carlile returned to Fleet Street in 1842, dying there the following year. He donated his body for medical research. Large numbers of people attended his funeral in Kensal Green Cemetery on Sunday 26 February 1843, where his sons protested at the Christian burial rite being administered in the common grave he was being buried in – citing that their father had "passed his life in opposition to all priestcraft".

Writings

 * The Deist; or, Moral Philosopher: Being an Impartial Inquiry After Moral and Theological Truths (1819)
 * A Letter to the Society for the Suppression of Vice: On Their Malignant Efforts to Prevent a Free Enquiry After Truth and Reason (1819)
 * An Address to Men of Science: Calling Upon Them to Stand Forward and Vindicate the Truth from the Foul Grasp and Persecution of Superstition (1821)
 * Life of Thomas Paine: Written Purposely to Bind With His Writings (1822)
 * The Character of the Jew Books: Being a Defence of the Natural Innocence of Man, against Kings and Priests, or Tyrants and Impostors (1822)
 * Every Woman's Book or What is Love? (1826)

title: Richard Carlile


text:
Talk:3,000 strikeout club

Untitled
Half of these pitchers got their 3000th K in the month of July. Any idea why this happens this way. Wouldn't this be a statistical anomaly? Maybe someone ever checking this talk page would be a statistical anomaly. Who knows? --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 17:04, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's probably largely a statistically anomoly... However, it may also be of note to realize that a pitcher traditionally throws most effectively (and consequently, the hardest) in warmer weather, and being that July is one of the warmer of the months during a baseball season, maybe pitchers just tend to be throwing harder, and therefore recieveing more strikeouts, during this month. Ubergenius 14:28, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

I also just updated all the current pitchers active stats, since most of them were off. Ubergenius 14:28, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

WHAT ABOUT THE 4K CLUB
since there is only 4,we could have those dudes with a ฿ next to em,or something —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.46.49.98 (talk) 17:22, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The 3000 strikeout club is the only one that is really seriously discussed (though any round number, particularly 500s and 1000s, get mentioned). Plus I don't know if you need to mark that 4XXX is more than 4000. Staxringold talkcontribs 21:20, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

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Talk:Monkey hanger

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. For details, please see Votes for deletion/Monkey hanger. -- BD2412 talk 17:04, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

While the article is probably worth keeping the current version is basically just a list of unnattributed hearsay, tradition and internet rumour. I added a qualification about the area I'm confident on - the law of salvage - but the whole article needs rewritten by someone with some sources to cite, probably cutting out a huge chunk of what is here. Endie (talk) 10:54, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

quote
"this has remained a source of embarrassment for people from Hartlepool."

It's not really that embarrising, in fact we are proud of it, thats why a Hartlepool Rugby team has it as its logo.

You have to keep in mind that in the past, some animals were put to trial just as humans were. This would not seem so unlikely. Must have been funny to see a judge or a barrister try to question a french monkey... Youkai no unmei 14:30, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Why the hell would you be proud of mistaking an innocent monkey for a human and murdering it?71.113.211.146 18:03, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Because it's funny. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.62.67.100 (talk) 11:57, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Only Hartlepudlians are capable of taking pride in the fact that other people are basically calling them idiots, I guess; though how they could ever see "monkey hanger" as a term of affection is beyond me. Idontcareanymore (talk) 14:52, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

The point being that Hartlepool spread the rumour, and you people are stupid enough to think that makes it insulting to them. You really are the dregs of society. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.193.68.7 (talk) 02:40, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Quality
This is a terrible article. It doesn't look like the author bothered looking into the actual story at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.193.68.7 (talk) 23:22, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monkey hanger


text:
Donghae Bukbu Line

The Donghae Bukbu Line is a former railway line that connected the present-day city of Anbyon in Kangwon Province, North Korea, with Yangyang, Gangwon Province, South Korea. Since the division of Korea it has only carried trains for a brief period during 2007/8. The line originally connected to the Gyeongwon Line running from Gyeongseong (present-day Seoul) to Wonsan.

It began running in 1929 between Anbyon and Hupgok, and was extended to Yangyang in 1937. Plans had called for it to be extended south to Pohang, where it would have connected with the Donghae Nambu Line. However, this extension was not completed before the fall of the Japanese regime in 1945, and since then the tracks have been idle.

Cross-border section
With increasing talk of peaceful Korean reunification beginning in the 1990s, there have been various efforts to reopen the Donghae Bukbu Line, together with the Gyeongui Line in the west. An opened Donghae Bukbu Line would provide ready land access to the Mount Kumgang Tourist Region, which is open to South Korean tourists. After the completion of reconstruction on the 11.1 km cross-border section between Jejin in South Korea and Gamho in North Korea, the initial test run was set for May 25, 2006, but North Korean military authorities cancelled the plans a day ahead of the scheduled event. On the South Korean side, Korail opened Jejin Station in 2006 and has maintained some rolling stock for a trial run.

At a meeting held in Pyongyang, North Korea, on April 22, 2007, North and South Korea agreed to restart the project. On May 17, 2007, the first train to cross the border between North and South Korea in over 50 years entered South Korea from the North, from Kaesŏng to Dorasan on the Gyeongui line (whose northern section is known as the P'yŏngbu line). More than one million civilian visitors crossed the DMZ until the route was closed following the shooting death of a 53-year-old South Korean tourist in July 2008. After a joint investigation was rebuffed by the North, the Republic of Korea government suspended tours to the resort. Since then the resort, and the Donghae Bukbu Line, have effectively been closed by the North.

East coast railway
During the efforts to re-open the cross-border section, the South Korean government has taken up the idea of a railway all along the east coast from Pohang to the North Korean border, with a primary aim to serve freight traffic that could eventually access the Trans-Siberian Railway. As part of the project, plans foresaw to connect the end of the Yeongdong Line in Gangneung with Jejin by 110.2 km long, single-track, non-electrified line for 150 km/h, effectively re-building the Donghae Bukbu Line on a new alignment.

Three years later, the project re-surfaced as a domestic project. On September 1, 2010, the South Korean government announced a strategic plan to reduce travel times from Seoul to 95% of the country to under 2 hours by 2020. The section from Gangneung to Sokcho forms a part of the plan as a line for 230 km/h, and may see KTX service.

title: Donghae Bukbu Line


text:
Liga Deportiva Universitaria

Liga Deportiva Universitaria (LDU) (University Sporting League in English), can refer to one of various Ecuadorian football teams originally made up by groups of university students from different cities.

Liga Deportiva Universitaria may refer to:
 * Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Cuenca, a professional football club based in Cuenca, Ecuador
 * Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Loja, a professional football club based in Loja, Ecuador
 * Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Portoviejo, a professional football club based in Port
 * Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito, a professional football club based in Quito, Ecuador

title: Liga Deportiva Universitaria


text:
Passport to Paris

Passport to Paris is a 1999 American romantic comedy film starring Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, who also serve as the film's executive producers. It is the first of seven direct-to-video films produced by Tapestry Films to star the Olsens.

Plot
13-year-old twin sisters Melanie and Allyson Porter have only one concern: boys. Desperate for them to broaden their horizons and see the world, their parents send them to Paris, France to spend spring break with their estranged grandfather, Edward, who's the American Ambassador to France.

Expecting a fun time with their grandfather, they instead end up living day-to-day via a mundane itinerary with his no-nonsense assistant, Jeremy Bluff, since Edward's always too busy with his ambassadorial duties to spend time with them. They also learn some harsh rules while staying at his swanky mansion, which includes: no loud music, no jumping on the bed, and having to be dressed appropriately for dinner every night without being a minute late.

While out for lunch one afternoon, the girls meet and befriend Brigitte, a beautiful French fashion model, who agrees to show them the great sights of Paris. They also meet two charming teenage French boys, Jean and Michel (who become infatuated with them and give them roses), and find various ways to ditch Jeremy so that they can spend time cruising around the city on mopeds with the boys. One afternoon, the twins end up in police custody, along with Jean and Michel, for trespassing on private property. To their dismay, the girls are forbidden by Grandpa Edward to see the boys again.

At dinner one night, the girls challenge the French Foreign Minister, Monsieur De Beauvoir, and manage to convince him to accept an important proposal that was established by their grandfather, concerning clean drinking water for the Embassy. This puts Melanie and Allyson back in Grandpa Edward's good graces, and he allows them to once again see Jean and Michel, even allowing all four of them to attend a dance together where they have their first kisses.

When the time comes for the girls to return home, Grandpa Edward decides to take a much-needed break from his ambassadorial duties and accompany them—the intention being to spend time with his family (whom he hasn't seen for a long time) back in the United States.

title: Passport to Paris


text: Talk:2007 AFC Asian Cup

title: Talk:2007 AFC Asian Cup


text:
Pass of Killiecrankie

Three miles north of Pitlochry by the A9 road, the Pass of Killiecrankie (Gaelic: Coille Chneagaidh), is a gorge lying between Ben Vrackie (841 m) and Tenandry Hill in Perth and Kinross on the River Garry.

The river-gorge traverses the pass over the course of a mile, and above it, the road and the railway, with the village of Killiecrankie at the north end. Much of the area is owned by the National Trust for Scotland.

About a mile toward the village of Killiecrankie, the Battle of Killiecrankie took place in 1689.

There was also a ship, a 3-masted bark named the Pass of Killiecrankie of the Killiecrankie line. The ship was built in 1893 and later renamed Stifinder.

Killiecrankie is part of the Loch Tummel National Scenic Area (NSA), one of 40 such areas in Scotland, which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection by restricting certain forms of development.

title: Pass of Killiecrankie


text:
The Golden Path (song)

"The Golden Path" is a song recorded by English electronic music duo the Chemical Brothers, taken from their first greatest hits album, Singles 93–03. Featuring the Flaming Lips, the lead vocals were performed by Wayne Coyne with Steven Drozd performing backing vocals. The song reached number 10 in Spain, number 17 in the United Kingdom, number 20 in Ireland, and number 32 in Italy.

Production
Coyne said: "I love that band; they are one of the greatest inventions of our day." Coyne recalls about the recording process of his band's vocals: "We recorded our part very quickly, almost flippantly, like we'd get a second chance. Then Tom and Ed left a message within 20 minutes of receiving the tape. You could hear them jumping up and down in the background, shouting 'We're ecstatic.'"

Critical response
Choosing it as one of album's best tracks, John Bush from AllMusic said the song "delivers on most of its promise as a soundclash for two of neo-psychedelia's most interesting acts" while calling it "a cool, crisp song" with two surprises: its reminiscence of Echo & the Bunnymen and Drozd's vocal debut.

More critical was Michaelangelo Matos of Spin, cited the track as possible evidence for a Chemical Brothers "decline into middlebrow irrelevance."

Music video
The video was the first directorial work by American artist Chris Milk, involves a man (played by Fran Kranz) in a depressing grey office environment, dreaming of a more colorful world full of joy and dancing in the sunshine. It was shot at Los Angeles Center Studios.

The Chemical Brothers make a brief cameo appearance as conjoined twins commemorated on a wall of "employee of the month" plaques.

Track listings
CD single
 * 1) "The Golden Path" – 4:47
 * 2) "Nude Night" – 6:18
 * 3) "The Golden Path" (Ewan Pearson extended vocal) – 6:35

DVD single
 * 1) "The Golden Path" (music video)
 * 2) "The Golden Path" (edit)
 * 3) "Dexter's International Scribble mix"
 * 4) "The Golden Path" (Ewan's Rave Hell dub)

12-inch single
 * 1) "The Golden Path" – 4:47
 * 2) "Nude Night" – 6:18

title: The Golden Path (song)


text:
Talk:Donghae Bukbu Line

The article says "However, although the cross-border tracks have been fully repaired, no actual trains have yet crossed the border," followed by "On May 18, 2007 the first train to cross the border between North and South Korea in over 50 years entered South Korea from the North." Does that mean that the first statement is false? Or the second statement is unclear?

-67.171.122.139 (talk) 23:38, 26 June 2008 (UTC) Lorenzo Swank

Fact tag
Quote "It has not carried trains since the division of Korea". I think this statement is incorrect. The North Korean section seems to be still in use as the Kumgangsan Line. Biscuittin (talk) 15:10, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Donghae Bukbu Line


text: User talk:81.192.44.171

title: User talk:81.192.44.171


text:
PersonalJava

PersonalJava was a Java edition for mobile and embedded systems based on Java 1.1.8. It has been superseded by the CDC's Personal Profile, which is not widely deployed.

title: PersonalJava


text: Category:Greek art

title: Category:Greek art


text:
Nicolas Hayek

Nicolas George Hayek (19 February 1928 – 28 June 2010) was a Swiss businessman of Lebanese descent, and the co-founder, CEO and Chairman of the Board of The Swatch Group.

Early life and education
Hayek was born the second of three children to a Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christian family. His father trained as a dentist at Loyola University Chicago. He had an older sister, Mona, and a younger brother, Sam. Hayek studied mathematics, physics, and chemistry at the University of Lyon.

Personal life
Hayek met Marianne Mezger, an au pair and the daughter of Swiss industrialist Eduard Mezger, in Beirut in 1950. They married in 1951 and moved to Switzerland. They had two children, Nayla and G. Nicolas "Nick" Jr. In 1964, the family moved to Meisterschwanden, a village west of Zürich. Hayek lived there for the rest of his life. Hayek was awarded the title of Doctor honoris causa of Law and Economics of the Faculty of Beni Culturali of the University of Bologna (Italy) in June 1998, after being awarded doctor honoris causa of Law and Economics of the University of Neuchatel in 1996.

In the year of his death, 2010, Hayek had an estimated net worth of $3.9 billion.

Early career
Hayek worked as an actuary for Swiss Re, before briefly managing his ailing father-in-law's engineering company.

Hayek Engineering
Hayek founded Hayek Engineering, a management consulting firm, in Zürich in 1963. He advised successful turnarounds at several of Europe's largest companies. One of his management credos was: "The rarest resources are entrepreneurial types in top management." Hayek Engineering had more than 300 clients in 30 countries by 1979.

Swatch Group
In the early 1980s a group of Swiss banks asked Hayek to oversee the liquidation of ASUAG and SSIH, two Swiss watch-making firms that were in turmoil due to competition from Japan. Hayek believed the Swiss watch manufacturing industry could be competitive and that restructuring operations and repositioning brands would help ASUAG/SSIH recover.

Hayek identified problems in products, policies, distribution, and leadership. "ASUAG for example owned more than 100 separate companies – some big, some small, some modern, some backward. Most of these companies did their own marketing, R&D and assembly. It was crazy."

He invested in automation and standardised parts and tooling. This produced economies of scale, improved quality, and allowed production to be centralized.

The restructuring of the companies coincided with the invention of the Swatch watch. Its colorful appearance and marketing helped Switzerland regain a large share of the lower end of the watch market from Japanese makers. The design used almost half the number of parts of a traditional wristwatch to reduce cost without compromising on quality.

After the reorganisation ASUAG and SSIH merged, initially becoming the Société Suisse de Microélectronique et d'Horlogerie. Hayek and Swiss investors bought a majority shareholding in the new group in 1985. Hayek became chairman and chief executive officer in 1986. His business strategies helped the Swiss watch industry regain its market leading position.

Hayek is also credited with a fundamental role in the creation of the Smart Car with Mercedes-Benz. The name "Smart" was derived by adding the first letters of Swatch and Mercedes to the word "art".

Hayek's son Nick Jr. became the CEO of the Swatch Group in 2003. Nicholas Hayek remained Chair of the Swatch Group's board until his death. His daughter Nayla succeeded him as chairperson.

Death
Hayek died of a cardiac arrest while working at the Swatch Group headquarters on 28 June 2010.

Press

 * Harvard Business Review, March–April 1993. Message and Muscle: An Interview with Swatch Titan Nicolas Hayek
 * Wall Street Journal Interview, June 2010. Nicolas Hayek: Time Bandit

Video

 * Video (French), TSR Interview, 1988
 * Video, CBC Interview from the 1990s, Part 1
 * Video, CBC Interview from the 1990s, Part 2
 * Video (French), Q&A with L'Hebdo, May 2009
 * Video (French), Pardonnez-moi, L'Interview de Darius Rochebin
 * Video (French), TSR News Report, June 2010

title: Nicolas Hayek


text:
A Secret Vice

"A Secret Vice", also known as "A Hobby for The Home", is a lecture first presented by English philologist and author J. R. R. Tolkien in 1931. The lecture concerns Tolkien's relations with and view on constructed languages, in particular on artistic languages. In the talk, Tolkien discusses the human desire to make languages, and his criteria to create a good language – these include phonoaesthetics (the beauty of sounds) and the presence of a mythology to accompany the language. Tolkien's presentation was the first instance of him openly exhibiting his hobby of conlanging, and includes examples of several of his languages.

The talk was first published in essay form in 1983, in an anthology of Tolkien's previously unpublished works edited by his son, Christopher. In 2016, an extended edition was published, with material missing from earlier versions, new manuscript material, and a collection of essays concerning Tolkien and constructed languages. This version was edited by Dimitra Fimi and Andrew Higgins, receiving largely positive reviews from both Tolkien scholarship and the fandom.

Background
Tolkien began his interest in conlanging, the art of inventing languages, when he was a teenager; he had previously used Animalic, a language created by his cousins. Tolkien helped to create Nevbosh with a cousin, a code based on English with concepts from French and Latin included. Tolkien's following solo work, Naffarin, was largely drawn from Spanish and Latin. During adolescence, he learnt the international auxiliary language of Esperanto, keeping a notebook in the language aged 17.

Contents
Tolkien begins the lecture by clarifying its topic as concerning artistic languages, as compared to international auxiliary languages; he briefly discusses his admiration for Esperanto, and the need for a unifying international language. He then attempts to categorise these languages by their level of complexity. The lower stages of this hierarchy comprise language games; Tolkien writes that this type of language is not art in the same way as more developed ones, and that they are crude in their simple use for secrecy or fun.

To illustrate this, the example of Animalic, a language built solely from animal names, is given. Tolkien argues that the invention of this is an example of the linguistic ability of humans, and that a more developed form of this ability manifests itself in several forms: in polyglotism, poetry, and in conlanging. To show the next stage in his hierarchy, he uses Nevbosh, which showed examples of sound change and alternation, as well as a fledgling appreciation of phonaesthetics. He discusses his joy of language invention, its lack of recognition as an art form, and subsequent lack of publicity by practitioners.

For the next level of development, Tolkien deems a distinction between practicality of communication and pleasure in sound-making as necessary. Examining his own language, Naffarin, a language partly inspired by Nevbosh, Tolkien notes that it has more developed phonetics, moving away from its source languages, and shows his style of conlanging. He states that a successful artistic language requires a constructed mythology among other stipulations, and lists attractions to conlanging: philological experimentation, and grammatical experimentation with the creation of engineered languages. To end, Tolkien gives several examples of his poetry in Quenya and Noldorin, concluding the lecture by likening artistic languages to a form of poetry, and conlangers to poets.

Publication
A Secret Vice was first presented as a lecture to the Samuel Johnson literary society at Pembroke College, Oxford on 29 November 1931 at 9pm – it was the first time that Tolkien made his views of language creation and phonoaesthetics public. The manuscript for the talk was later revised for a possible second presentation around twenty years later. Although the original manuscript for the talk gave its name as A Hobby For The Home, the minutes of the Johnson Society record the lecture's name as A Secret Vice  – this name was applied to it by Tolkien's son Christopher; Tolkien then used the name.

The essay was first published in print in the 1983 The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays, which was edited by Christopher. This version omitted material from the original speech, such as a description and glossary of Tolkien's language Fonwegian, an a posteriori and a priori mix, using grammatical elements from Latin, and a phonology from English. This was left out of the 1983 edition because it was written in pencil in the original manuscript, and it was therefore not clear that it was intended to be part of the main lecture.

HarperCollins published a 2016 hardback extended critical edition titled A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages edited by Dimitra Fimi and Andrew Higgins. This included the full text of the lecture, as well as several essays, including a previously unpublished "Essay on Phonetic Symbolism" on sound and language by Tolkien, and manuscript work related to the lecture. The introduction of the book includes five essays surrounding the lecture and its context, entitled:

 * 1) "Myth-making and Language Invention"
 * 2) "Theorizing Language Invention"
 * 3) "The Languages of Middle-earth"
 * 4) "'A Secret Vice' and Its Immediate Context"
 * 5) "'A Secret Vice' and the Larger Context"

After the introduction, full text, and Tolkien's notes for the lecture,  including the original minutes of the Johnson Society meeting, the book concludes with a two-part coda. The first part, The Reception of Tolkien's Invented Languages, discusses the history of the study of Tolkien's languages or "Tolkenian Linguistics". The second, Imaginary Languages for Fiction: Tolkien's Legacy, discusses Tolkien's impact and legacy on artistic languages, looking at languages used in popular media since the publication of The Lord of The Rings. According to Fimi, the critical edition included around 4,500 words of previously unpublished writing by Tolkien.

Reception
The Norwegian linguist and Tolkien scholar Helge Fauskanger wrote: "In 1931, Tolkien wrote an essay about the somewhat peculiar hobby of devising private languages. He called it 'A Secret Vice'. But in Tolkien's case, the 'vice' can hardly be called secret anymore." Fauskanger sees as significant Tolkien's statement in "A Secret Vice" that "The making of language and mythology are related functions", and that "Your language construction will breed a mythology." John Garth wrote that A Secret Vice showed that "language creation, for Tolkien, was an act of gorgeous, individualistic rebellion in an era of barbarous conformity."

Cheryl Cardoza comments that the essay showed Tolkien's "integral relationship between linguistic invention and mythic core" and that "Tolkien’s creation of these categories [of artistic languages] in “A Secret Vice” shed light on the mistakes made by ... other fiction authors." Cardoza views A Secret Vice as containing "a recipe for achieving ... depth" and that it was his application of the set of rules Tolkien outlined in the essay that allowed the realism of Middle-earth.

Of the 2016 edition

A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages received largely positive reviews: Nelson Goering praised the editors in the Journal of Tolkien Research for their "excellent job of making clear the dynamic nature of these languages", calling the book "a very significant publication... a largely well-edited and learned presentation of important material by Tolkien."

In Tolkien Studies, Arden R. Smith called the work "a welcome addition to the family of expanded editions of Tolkien's shorter works", praising the editorial essays, but criticised "various infelicities "in the Elvish texts and poetry.

Jason Fisher, in Mythlore, gave a more critical review, writing that the level at which the book was written excluded readers with less thorough knowledge of Tolkien scholarship: "this book is not intended for readers who are new to the subject." Fisher also criticised the lack of an index, omission of Tolkien's annotations for his poem "Olima Markirya", and lack of information surrounding Fonwegian. He additionally disagreed with the scope of the piece with the relative lack of material relating to Tolkien and Esperanto. Despite this, he termed it "a welcome bounty of new material to reckon with and ... an invaluable start".

Garth gave a summary of the book in New Statesman, writing "It’s a mishmash, with something for the Elvish buff and something for those who enjoy unlikely cultural collisions."

Ed Fortune in Starburst magazine gave a positive review, and commented: "Editors Dimitra Fimi and Andrew Higgins have done much to preserve the sense of the work...  Those fascinated with Quenya and all things Middle Earth will be especially delighted by this work... this is the definitive work on Tolkien’s relationship with words."

Dennis Wilson Wise viewed the book as an improved "go-to text", praising the "rigorous endnotes" and the "solid contributions being made to the field by this volume". Wise also questioned some of the book's claims as "overstatements", as well as the book's limited area of study, which omitted material on Tolkien's relationship with Esperanto.

title: A Secret Vice


text:
Pollo Campero

Pollo Campero is a Guatemalan fast-food restaurant chain, located in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Mexico, Spain, Bahrain, the United States, Puerto Rico, Belize, Haiti, Montserrat, the British Virgin Islands, Brazil, and Italy. The chain has nearly 400 locations, including more than 100 in the United States.

Corporate affairs and history

Pollo Campero International headquarters are located in Dallas, Texas. The current facility is in 12633 sqft of area in the Hidden Grove office building in North Dallas. The headquarters was previously in a 6800 sqft area in Lincoln Center, but moved in 2016.

Pollo Campero has been popular with the Guatemalan and Salvadoran diaspora, who see it as a nostalgic taste from home. This led to a tradition of relatives bringing boxes of the restaurant's chicken to the United States on international flights, with some even reselling the chicken. Issues with the smell led to the company developing an insulated bag to make it easier to transport for air passengers and better contain odors. While the chain opened branches in the United States starting in 2002, which became quite popular and had eight-hour lines upon opening, many customers felt that the chicken and taste was not the same, and chicken continues to be brought by passengers to the United States. The chain also announced plans to expand to Spain, Poland and Portugal in that year.

In 2007 the company opened a restaurant in Shanghai, its first in China.

title: Pollo Campero


text:
Ammonia (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on ammonia.

Vapor–liquid equilibrium data
Table data (above) obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid.

Vapor-pressure formula for ammonia:

 * log10P = A – B / (T − C),

where P is pressure in kPa, and T is temperature in kelvins;

 * A = 6.67956, B = 1002.711, C = 25.215 for T = 190 K through 333 K.

Safety data sheet
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions... It is highly recommend that you seek the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
 * SIRI
 * Science Stuff (Ammonia Solution)

title: Ammonia (data page)


text:
Subhuman (song)

"Subhuman" is a 1995 song written, recorded and produced by alternative rock band Garbage, and was originally released as an international B-side on "Vow", Garbage's debut single. That song had earlier been pressed as a limited edition 7-inch vinyl in the United Kingdom for the purposes of launching the band; when it came to re-releasing "Vow", Mushroom Records felt that "Subhuman" was strong enough to be issued as an A-side to follow up "Vow". A last-minute decision was made to switch the songs. "Vow" was relegated to bonus track on the CD single.

"Subhuman" was released as the band's second single exclusively in the United Kingdom, and it gave Garbage their first chart appearance, peaking at #50 on the UK Singles Chart. The single was promoted by a press junket organised by the record label on a boat sailing down London's River Thames, and attracted media attention for the distinctive rubber packaging of the vinyl format.

"Subhuman" was also used by the label as an opportunity to massively raise general awareness of Garbage and as an advertising campaign to brand the "G" logo by promoting the single release with plain white flyers, stickers, carrier bags, T-shirts and subway posters emblazoned with the band's "G" logo. "Subhuman" was never intended to be an album cut, and was not included on the standard editions of the band's debut album, Garbage which was released later that year. The single was excluded from the 2007 greatest hits album Absolute Garbage and from the 2012 greatest hits album The Absolute Collection. It was however remastered and included in the CD and streaming editions of the 2022 greatest hits album Anthology.

Background
"Subhuman" was written and recorded over the course of 1994 during sessions between band members Duke Erikson, Shirley Manson, Steve Marker and Butch Vig in either Marker's basement recording studio or at their own Smart Studios in Wisconsin university town Madison. The band has kept the story behind the song ambiguous, although Erikson has said that the lyric "burn down all your idols", the first line of the song "pretty much sums it up". The opening noise emerged from Vig accidentally wiring the mixing console to the air conditioner.

First single
Midway through the recording sessions for the band's debut album, the band's manager, Shannon O'Shea, secured the group an inclusion on Volume, a compilation album and magazine title. However, the deadline given for accepting a track was only three days. The only song the band had completed in any shape or form was "Vow". After Volume was released in December 1994, "Vow" began to receive radio airplay from Radio 1 DJs Steve Lamacq, John Peel and Johnnie Walker, and record stores in the United Kingdom began to receive requests for a single that didn't yet exist. Garbage were still putting the finishing touches to their debut set, as well as extra tracks such as "Subhuman", which was still three months away from release. In the United Kingdom, the terms of the licensing deal regarding the inclusion of "Vow" on Volume meant that the track could only be released on a limited basis. "Vow" was issued in a 1,000 copy limited edition 7-inch vinyl format packaged in an aluminium sleeve, which was designed by O'Shea along with the aluminium sleeve for "Vow". The single sold out in one day. Mushroom later licensed the single out to BMG who fully issued "Vow" in Europe, and to White Records, who released "Vow" in Australia and New Zealand in a limited edition format packaged in an embossed rubber wallet. "Subhuman" was released as the "Vow" b-side on both labels.

"Subhuman" release
Mushroom's plan for releasing "Vow" in the limited metal sleeve had been to create an early buzz about the band and "Vow" by word-of-mouth, rather than by retail impact. For the follow-up, the label were concerned with maintaining the interest of the record buyers, as well as attracting interest from record chains. Mushroom manufactured advance discs to promote a re-release of "Vow" in the United Kingdom, but later decided to alter the single, so that the international b-side, "Subhuman", would be the title track. The label felt that "Subhuman" was a "strong single to release in its own right". "Subhuman" was to be a limited release as well, but manufactured in greater quantities to enable a greater retail impact than the first. Mushroom re-serviced the single to the media as a cassette featuring "Subhuman", "#1 Crush" (an album out-take) and "Vow".

Garbage requested that their initial singles were to be packaged with a "high-tech, design-led approach", which led to the manufacture of the aluminium sleeve for "Vow". To follow it up, Mushroom's product manager originally wanted to create the sleeve for "Subhuman" from neoprene. Instead, he sourced a black plasticised rubber from a company in Germany to create the sleeve. Although it wasn't requested, the company manufactured the rubber wallets with lining and a flap to enclose the discs within. "Subhuman" was a bigger investment than the first single; the metal sleeve for "Vow" had cost 90p per unit to manufacture, "Subhuman" cost £2.00 per unit. Knowing that the dealer price was fixed at £1.36, Mushroom lost 64p on each. The company manufactured 3,000 copies of the sleeve in 7-inch size, and a further 2,000 copies in CD-size (these were used as promos, and exported to Australia for their limited edition "Vow" CD single).

Marketing trends over the 1990s had shown an increasing dominance of using branding to sell product, so Mushroom's marketing campaign for the launch of the band focused on branding the "G" logo onto the minds of music buyers. The logo would adorn the album cover and each upcoming single, as well as all upcoming promotional matter and point of sale displays. Upfront of the release date, Mushroom ran two teaser campaigns in the British music press. 10,000 A2 posters of simply the G logo were affixed to prime sites around the United Kingdom; another 10,000 were set up two weeks later which also included the band's name, the name of the single and the release information. Similar branded carrier bags and posters were distributed to independent retailers, flyers and stickers distributed to nightclubs, as well as branded t-shirts to key people. No music video was filmed for "Subhuman", instead, Mushroom serviced the video for "Vow" to music channels.

To support the release of "Subhuman" and launch the album, Mushroom organised the band's first fanzine press conference on July 25, on board a cruise sailing up and down the River Thames. The event hosted an exclusive album playback and a question and answer session to introduce the band, and gained music paper publicity for the release of the album. The boat set-off from Embankment Pier early, without the band on board, and had to return to pick them up (it was later pointed out and reported that the conference had taken place on the sister-ship to the Marchioness, which had sunk with loss of life a few years earlier).

On August 7, 1995, "Subhuman" was issued on the rubber-sleeved 7-inch vinyl, and stickered CD single, both limited to 3,000 copies each. Some copies of the vinyl also came with a G-logo carrier bag. Both formats sold out in the first week. "Subhuman" debuted at number 50 on the UK Singles Chart. In case of demand, Mushroom also manufactured an extra 2,000 copies of the 7-inch in a simple black card sleeve. These made it into shops the following week, at the end of which "Subhuman" fell to number 77.

Post-release
Both "Subhuman" and "#1 Crush" were never intended to be included on the band's debut album, which was released in the United Kingdom in October 1995. Both tracks were however included as bonus tracks on the Japanese edition of Garbage. In November, "Subhuman" was included on Rare Track Collection, a five track sampler given away free by Virgin Megastores in France with purchases of the album. Towards the end of the following year, "Subhuman" b-side "#1 Crush" was remixed by Nellee Hooper for inclusion on the soundtrack album to Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet. As the album opener, "#1 Crush" received massive airplay at alternative radio. At the start of 1997, "#1 Crush" hit #1 on the Modern Rock chart and stayed there for four weeks. Later the same year, limited two-disc edition of Garbage featuring "Subhuman" and three other b-sides was issued in Korea and Singapore. In 1998, "Subhuman" was included on Independent Access, a CD sampler given away by Newbury Comics stores in the United States with purchases of Garbage's second album Version 2.0.

In 2015, Garbage announced the 20th Anniversary Edition of their debut album with a free download of an extended version of "Subhuman" with all pre-orders. "Subhuman" was included on the deluxe edition of the reissue. "I just don’t feel that everyone felt ["Subhuman"] was strong enough to put on the record", Shirley Manson stated in 2015. "In retrospect it’s a bit silly, because it’s fantastic. You make strange choices and you have to live by them".

In 2022, "Subhuman" was remastered by Heba Kadry and included in the band's third greatest hits album Anthology.

Critical reception
"Subhuman" received a mostly positive response from music critics. Before the release of the single, Volume described the song as having a "dark sensibility and bouts of Trent Reznor-esque depression". Both Kerrang! and Melody Maker rated "Subhuman" as their "Single of the Week"; the former publication wrote, ""Subhuman" crunches along on a thrilling, all consuming electro-rhythm-from-hell. Totally distinctive and utterly brilliant" while the latter lengthily enthused, "There are reminders of Curve, in the scowling, abrasive guitars, trussed down with a rubbery, mordantly funky rhythm programme. This is severely internal music, right inside your head, pulsing like a migraine, with Manson crowing like a dominatrix as she presides over some impending psychological breakdown". Hot Press described "Subhuman" as "hypnotic drum loops combined with a guitar overload... an industrial noise-feat", adding that it was "a great single". Vox were equally positive, writing "trashing a bloated, ego-fuelled but nameless icon, "Subhuman" is one of [Garbage's] darkest songs to date." NME were severely critical of "Subhuman", stating that the single was a disappointing follow up to "Vow": "Garbage go and ruin it all by being hopelessly techno-gothic. The end result is a song plagued by its own earnestness... it more or less self-destructs."

Track listings

 * UK CD single Mushroom D1138
 * 1) "Subhuman" – 4:36
 * 2) "#1 Crush" – 4:52
 * 3) "Vow" – 4:30

 * UK 7-inch vinyl Mushroom S1138 / SX1138
 * 1) "Subhuman" – 4:36
 * 2) "#1 Crush" – 4:52

 * Digital download
 * 1) "Subhuman (Supersize mix)" – 5:13

Credits and personnel
Garbage
 * Shirley Manson – vocals, guitar
 * Steve Marker – guitars, bass, samples and loops
 * Duke Erikson – guitars, keyboards, six-string and fuzz bass
 * Butch Vig – drums, loops, noise and efx

 * Recorded & produced by Garbage
 * Recorded at Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin, USA
 * Second engineer: Mike Zirkel
 * Mastered: Howie Weinberg (Masterdisk)
 * Editing & post production: Scott Hull (Masterdisk)

title: Subhuman (song)