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Altstadt (Frankfurt am Main)

The Altstadt (old town) is a quarter (Stadtteil) of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is part of the Ortsbezirk Innenstadt I and is located on the northern Main river bank. It is completely surrounded by the Innenstadt district, Frankfurt's present-day city centre. On the opposite side of the Main is the district of Sachsenhausen.

The historic old town of Frankfurt was one of the largest half-timbered towns in Germany until the extensive destruction in World War II with its around 1250 half-timbered houses, most of which date from the Middle Ages. It was one of the most important tourist attractions for Germany. The historic old town was largely destroyed by the air raids on Frankfurt am Main in 1944. The streets and the entire district are predominantly characterized by quickly and easily erected buildings from the 1950s and 60s. A handful of the most important historic buildings, churches and squares were restored or reconstructed, especially around the main square, the Römerberg.

However, from 2012 to 2018, a small section of the old town was reconstructed. A construction project known as the Dom-Römer project, restored a small section of the old town between the Imperial Cathedral and the Römer town hall, following a decision by the city council in 2007. A few former streets and squares that once stood in the area were rebuilt, most notably the historical coronation route of German emperors through the old town from the cathedral.

Surface and population
The Altstadt is the smallest district of Frankfurt, covering less than half a square kilometre. The area is completely built-up with the only open spaces being accounted for by the Main and the river bank, the streets, squares and backyards. The construction descends predominantly from the reconstruction phase of the post-war era, aside from which there are numerous historical buildings partly reconstructed after their destruction in the Second World War.

Approximately 3,400 people reside in the Altstadt of which an estimated 32% are of foreign origin. This is above the ratio of the entire town, but far under that of the other town quarters. The adjacent Neustadt, for example, is home to 44% non-German inhabitants.

Museums and theatres dominate the western part of Altstadt and service jobs are a major part of the economy, especially along Weißfrauenstraße and Berliner Straße. The centre of Altstadt is a hot spot for the city's tourism industry, with tours around the most meaningful sights such as Paulskirche, Römer, and the Frankfurt Cathedral, as well as being the seat of the city's administrative branch. In the north of the district the retail industry is well represented, particularly in Neue Kräme and Töngesgasse. Residential flats are found in the east in an area which also contains most of Frankfurt's art trade (Braubachstraße and Fahrgasse).

Economy
By far the largest employer in the old part of the city is the city's administration. Even today the Altstadt is the political centre of the city. The city council, magistrates and a considerable part of the city departments are located in Römer square, either in the town hall itself or in the surrounding properties.

In the past years, two other important facilities abandoned the Altstadt and the city as a whole: the German Federal Court of Auditors of Berliner Straße which was relocated to Bonn, and the headquarters of Degussa from Weißfrauenstraße which moved to Düsseldorf. While the monument-listed building of the German Federal Court of Auditors is currently being redeveloped, the former Degussa building had been torn down, and the area has been redeveloped into flats and offices.

Other important factors of the economy are the retail and tourist industries. Although there were still numerous small industrial businesses in the narrow lanes up until the Second World War, the retail sector now outweighs all other types of business. Particularly in Neue Kräme and Töngesgasse many niche eateries can be found. In Berliner Straße there a numerous shops specialised on Asian tourists who come to the city for extensive shopping trips. The Fahrgasse and the quarter around the Weckmarkt at the cathedral form the traditional centre for antique dealers in Frankfurt.

Traffic
The Altstadt is remarkably open because of its attachment to the suburban traffic network. The underground station "Dom/Römer", opened in 1974, connected the historical core of the city to the Underground lines 4 and 5. The building of the track and the station in the years 1968–74 represented a special technical challenge. The underground junction of Willy-Brandt-Platz connects parts of the Altstadt, the rapid-transit system of Hauptwache and Konstablerwache to the north.

Tram lines 11 and 12 operate along the central thoroughfare of Bethmannstrasse-Braubachstrasse-Battonnstrasse. At the start of the 20th century, two tram lines were laid through Altstadt, the first—the so-called Dienstmädchenlinie (Handmaid's line)—from the Zeil past the Trierischen Hof (hotel) in the direction of the cathedral, the other along the newly laid Brauchbachstrasse in an east to west direction. While the Dienstmädchen line was never successful and had been shut down after the First World War, the east–west line remained and is now known as the Altstadtstrecke. In 1986 its redundant status was brought to an end due to the intervention of the district president in Darmstadt. In the meantime the Altstadtstrecke gained a firm place in local public passenger transport, especially with the Ebbelwei-express, which serves an exclusive tourist route.

Three bridges lead out of the Altstadt over the Main; Alte Brücke, Eiserner Steg and Untermainbrücke.

The Mainkai (Main quay), as the name suggests, stands on the oldest harbour in the city. Ships are still moored there today; however, these only serve tourists along the Main and the Rhine. Ships transporting goods are instead found, as in the city's early days, in the main harbours of Frankfurt.

The Altstadt in pre-medieval times
The city's founding legend names Charlemagne as the city's founder, which corresponds to the oldest surviving documentary mention on the occasion of a donation to the St. Emmeran monastery near Regensburg on 22 February 794, but not to any archaeological finds. Accordingly, the Royal Palatinate Frankfurt was only created under the son of the legendary founder, Ludwig the Pious, between 815 and 822.

According to the current state of research, the core settlement was on the Samstagsberg.

Archaeological digs on the Römerberg, and most recently near the Alte Nikolaikirche, revealed slight remains of a wall to be considered Carolingian, which would presumably have surrounded the settlement on the Samstagsberg and, in a continued process, would also satisfactorily explain the striking rounding of the plots on the former Goldhutgasse. If one follows this assumption, to the south the wall roughly followed the course of the later Bendergasse; however the northern and western extent can only be guessed at. Overall it is a typical, ring-like fortification, the former row of buildings in the eastern part until the destruction of the Second World War was reflected by the parcels within their former borders.

In the 9th century the Palatinate Franconofurd developed into one of the political centres of the eastern Franconian empire. Around the year 1000, the old town area was fortified under the Ottonian dynasty with a wider wall ring. It is unclear whether the core settlement had already expanded beyond the Carolingian wall at this time. Recent publications cautiously point out that at the earliest from the middle of the 10th century there was a very long transition from the post house to the half-timbered building with stone foundations. The scanty finds actually point to a slow expansion of the city limits at that time.

After the Carolingian Palatinate probably ended with a fire between 1017 and 1027 and the rulers of the Salians showed little interest in the city, the settlement activity only expanded again significantly with the active support of the Staufers in the 12th century. King Conrad III had a royal castle built on the Main in the middle of the 12th century with the Saalhof, which is still preserved in part. A little later, the urban area was enclosed by a wall named after the Swabian noble family, the course of which is still clearly visible in the shape of the city due to minor remains above ground.

Until the destruction of the Second World War, the street map was still recognisable from this period. This is clear from an impression of the street network from the early 14th century which shows that the Altstadt had already taken the form it would take for centuries.

Most of the church and monastery foundations and the construction of the most important public buildings, most recently the town hall which was rebuilt in 1405, fell into this first political and economic heyday through the acquisition of numerous imperial privileges.

The emergence of the Altstadt in the Middle Ages

The Altstadt is on the right bank of the Main on the outer edge of a gentle bend in the river. Here was the ford which gave the city its name. In the place of today's cathedral was a raised, flood-proof plateau, the Dominsel (cathedral island). At the time it was protected to the north by a branch of the Main, the Brauchbach. This island represents the historic origin of the city and was presumably settled in the Neolithic era. Archaeological excavations in the 1950s and 1990s brought to light the remains of a Roman military camp, an Alamanni property yard and a Merovingian king's court. Legends of the city's founding name Karl the Great as the city's founder, which corresponds to the oldest known documents (Frankfurt council, 794), but contradicts the archaeological findings.

Around the start of the 2nd millennium, the city expanded to the west of today's Römerberg. One of the oldest city walls, the Staufenmauer, was built round these two areas, which make up today's Altstadt. The adjacent district of the Innenstadt equated to the historic Neustadt, an expansion in 1333. The Jewish ghetto of the Judengasse was established On the border between the two.

The Altstadt in the Early Modern Period
Over the course of the centuries, the population of the city always continued to increase, whereby the population density of the Altstadt continuously increased. The buildings finally had up to five full storeys and (due to the usual, very steep roofs) several attics. Each floor protruded outwards in excess of the one beneath it so the inhabitants of the highest floors could reach out and touch the hand of the person living on the other side of the alley.

The Altstadt began to display a clear structure with three north–south axis identifiable: in the west the Kornmarkt ran between Bockenheimer Gate (to the church later erected and named Katharinenpforte) and Leonhardstor (tower) next to Leonhardskirche (church) on the Main. In the middle of the district Neue Kräme connected the two largest squares of the Altstadt, Liebfrauenberg to Römerberg and further towards the south lying Fahrtor on the bank of the Main and the harbour there. The Fahrgasse ran east of the cathedral from Bornheimer Gate near today's Konstablerwache to the Main bridge. It was one of the most busy streets for Frankfurt traffic in the 20th century.

The majority of Frankfurt's inhabitants lived in the densely populated Altstadt, while the Neustadt remained characteristically suburban until far into the 18th century with loose land development and agriculture featuring prominently in contrast with Altstadt. The city in general was divided into fourteen parts after the Fettmilch uprising of 1614. Seven of these formed the relatively small Altstadt, five belonged to the Neustadt (which made it three times bigger than the Altstadt) and two for Sachsenhausen. Each area placed a militarily organised citizen's resistance under the command of a civilian captain, which the only democratically elected department in the otherwise corporate composed imperial city.

Substantial changes to the cityscape only occurred after a large fire in 1719 when 430 houses burnt down in the north east Altstadt. In order to prevent such disasters in the future the council intensified construction specifications in 1720. Between 1740 and 1800 around 3,000 houses were either adapted or built anew. The number and width of overhangs were drastically limited. As well as that houses had to be built in future with the eaves side facing the road. Only small attics were certified as opposed to gabled dormers.

In 1785, Johann Georg Christian Hess took office as city architect. In 1809 he wrote a set of articles for the city of Frankfurt on behalf of the Grand Duke Carl Theodor von Dalberg, which basically remained in force until 1880. It made classicism mandatory as an architectural style. Hess was influenced by the spirit of the Enlightenment and campaigned radically for the architecture of classicism. He refused to preserve the numerous medieval buildings in Frankfurt because they did not meet his hygienic and aesthetic requirements. In the new town and in the new neighbourhoods emerging outside of the city walls, which were torn from 1804 to 1808, he effortlessly prevailed with his ideas, but in the old town he encountered stubborn resistance from conservative citizens. Only the new public buildings emerging in the old town, e.g. B. the Paulskirche (1833) or the Alte Börse (1843) on Paulsplatz corresponded to his classicist ideal.

The decline of the Altstadt in the 19th century
In the 19th century, Frankfurt was considered one of the most beautiful cities in Germany due to the numerous classical buildings. The medieval old town, on the other hand, was considered backward and outdated.

Goethe made Mephisto scoff at the old town:
 * I chose a capital like this In the core citizen food horror. Crowds of alleyways, steep gables, Restricted market, cabbage, beets, onions; Meat banks where the Schmeissen live, To feast on the fat roasts; You will find it there at all times Certainly smell and activity. (Faust. The tragedy, part four, act four High mountains).

The city historian Anton Kirchner also wrote about the buildings of the old town in 1818 in his panel work Views of Frankfurt am Main. The classicist zeitgeist is clear from the description:"The overload with carving and lappy artistry and the shapeless three- and four-story roofs make them easily recognizable by the eye. They do not belong to any order of architecture. "

The loss of prestige corresponded to a political and economic decline. The Frankfurt fair, which was held twice a year in the old town, had passed to Leipzig in the middle of the 18th century. With the end of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, imperial coronations no longer took place.

The economic and political focus of Frankfurt has been the Neustadt since the Napoleonic Wars. After the restoration of the Free City of Frankfurt at the Vienna Congress, the Bundestag took its seat here in the Palais Thurn and Taxis.

Frankfurt became the European financial centre with the banking houses Bethmann, Rothschild and Gontard. The trade fair business no longer played a role in goods traffic; instead, the city's good transport links became the engine of the economic upswing. Around 1830 steam shipping was introduced on the Main, in 1836 Frankfurt joined the German Customs Union and as early as 1839 was an important node in the emerging German rail network.

This economic boom passed the old town by. At the latest after the annexation of Frankfurt by Prussia in 1866, the wealthy citizens moved to the new districts outside the ramparts, especially to the Westend. The city centre gradually shifted to the new town, where numerous Wilhelminian style buildings were erected at the Hauptwache, the Zeil and the Roßmarkt. The former exhibition halls in the buildings of the old town were transformed into warehouses or second-hand shops, and the long-established craftsmen were forced to move to the new town with their customers. When the new small market hall between Fahrengasse and Hasengasse was built between 1877 and 1878, the traditional parapets also disappeared. The former Coronation Trail Markt no longer deserved its name, which was a symbol of the beginning of the social and structural deterioration of the old town. The horse-drawn tram, which started operating in 1872, did not reach the old town either.

Early photographs of the old town, for example by Carl Friedrich Mylius, or the watercolors by Carl Theodor Reiffenstein, not only show the picturesque and beautiful sides of the old town, but are also witnesses of their decay.

The first street widenings were made in the second half of the 19th century in order to better open the old town to traffic. In 1855 the Liebfrauengasse between Liebfrauenberg and Zeil was built, and in 1872 the Weißfrauengasse in the west to connect the old town with the railway stations at the Taunusanlage. The associated demolition of historical buildings, in particular the Weiße Hirsch, was accepted.

The Lower Main Bridge and the Upper Main Bridge were built in 1874 and 1878. The Old Bridge and Fahrgasse lost their importance because the traffic flowed around the old town as far as possible.

The medieval houses, not to mention their backyards, were now often in poor condition. The hygienic conditions improved with the construction of an alluvial sewage system based on the English model from 1867. More and more houses were connected to the drinking water network, especially after the construction of a pipeline from Vogelsberg in 1873. In the course of industrialisation after 1870, numerous workers flocked to the city and quickly found cheap housing in the dilapidated buildings. Large parts of the old town were now considered to be the residential area of the proletariat and poorer petty bourgeoisie, where poverty, prostitution and crime were rampant.

At the same time, however, people began to discover the picturesque sides of the old town and to open it up to tourism. On many half-timbered buildings, the early 19th century plaster was removed and the infill was often painted traditionally, referring to Frankfurt's important past, so that well-known postcard motifs were created in the touristically important places such as the Roseneck or the Five-Finger Square.

As in the classicist era, however, many measures were limited to public buildings: in 1874, the medieval city weighhouse was demolished. Cathedral master builder Franz Josef Denzinger created a much larger neo-Gothic building, which was completed in 1877. Other large medieval buildings such as churches or patrician houses were restored or decorated in traditional style. The best-known example is the conversion of the Römer by Max Meckel (1896–1900).

The Altstadt in the early 20th century
By the beginning of the 20th century, the structure of the old town had remained largely unchanged since the Middle Ages, as a comparison with Merian copper engravings shows. In the old town alone there were around 2,000 historic buildings. The wooden half-timbered houses were still predominant, although there were a few stone patrician houses and numerous public buildings. Almost all stone buildings were made of local red sandstone.

The first really far-reaching structural change in the old town took place in the years 1904–1908 with the creation of a new road breakthrough; Braubachstrasse. This was in order to better open up the old town to traffic, especially for the tram. Around 100 old town houses, including art-historical complexes that date back to the Middle Ages, such as the Nürnberger Hof or the Hof Rebstock, were demolished. On the new road, historizing buildings were built, in a style in keeping with the historical styles in the old town.

Frankfurts old town was gradually recognised for its cultural and historical value as one of the best preserved old towns in Central Europe.

The resurgence and the "old town restoration"
The National Socialists planned to replace large parts of the old town with modern buildings in accordance with their ideology. A citizens' initiative, the association of active friends of the old town founded in 1922 under the direction of art historian Fried Lübbecke, opposed these efforts. As of the early 1940s, when these restorations came to a stand still due to the war, more than 600 buildings had been renovated.

After the National Socialist seizure of power in 1933, the new regime elevated Altstadtgesundung (old town healing) into a prestige project. In Nazi Germany, this neologism was an umbrella term for measures taken by the city administration to preserve the old town as an overall monument; they took place simultaneously in Hamburg, Cologne, Braunschweig, Kassel and Hanover, among others. In Frankfurt, the distinction was made between 'clearing out'; newbuild or reconstructive addition, and the exposure of half-timbering.

'Clearing out' was a euphemism for in part extensive gutting measures, in modern usage the "renovation by demolition" that was common until the 1970s, which was carried out in some of the courtyards that were completely built up over the centuries. The Nazi city administration under Mayor Friedrich Krebs used the project to change the social structure of the old town in terms of its ideology. They believed that old-established residents of the old town should be placed in new housing developments on the outskirts of the city and the renovated old town apartments should primarily be awarded to traders, craftsmen and party members. In doing so, the city also wanted to correspond to its Nazi honorary title awarded in 1935 as the city of German crafts. Fried Lübbecke and the poet Alfons Paquet opposed the destruction of medieval buildings. Her submissions were disqualified as "shouting from old town fanatics who judge things of community life not even out of bad will but from a limited view".

There were numerous half-timbered buildings in the old town area, however by the time of their destruction in the war, many went with little documentation and recognition because their status as notable historical buildings was only just being realised.

The destruction in World War II
As the war progressed, it became clear that the old town of Frankfurt am Main could become the target of aerial bombardment. The Federation of Friends of the Old Town, therefore, often with the help of external institutions such as the students from the Frankfurt School of Engineering or retired architects, had the entire existing building stock photographed and drawn as of summer 1942.

The first serious air raid on Frankfurt am Main hit the old town on 4 October 1943, including the Römer and the area between Liebfrauenberg, Töngesgasse and Hasengasse. Further attacks on 20 December 1943 and 29 January 1944 caused only minor damage in the old town, but destroyed the large amounts of archive materials in the city archive buildings. On 18 March 1944, 846 British aircraft dropped aerial bombs over Frankfurt. They mainly hit the eastern part of the old town and completely destroyed the area around Fahrgasse. They also caused severe damage in the western old town, the Paulskirche burned down completely.

The worst blow was yet to come: on 22 March 1944, another British air raid of 816 aircraft destroyed large parts of the old town that had previously been spared, including all churches except the Old Nikolaikirche and Leonhardskirche. According to official information, 500 air mines, 3,000 heavy explosive bombs and 1.2 million incendiary bombs were dropped on the city in just under an hour, with a clear focus on the city centre. As with previous air raids, this was part of the tactic: the majority of all houses in the old town were built in half-timbered construction, so that they largely burned completely in the unleashed firestorm. But patrician buildings from the Middle Ages built of stone, such as the canvas house or the stone house, were also destroyed by explosive devices. This air raid was reproduced in a chalk drawing by the painter Karl Friedrich Lippmann, who painted what was happening on the Sachsenhausen side. The drawing shows how the old town and sky were brightly lit due to the fire. The artist's house and emergency shelter were also bombed out.

Of the approximately 2,000 half-timbered houses, only one—the Wertheim am Fahrtor house—remained undamaged. The fire department had protected it with a water curtain to keep the escape route from the Römerberg to the banks of the Main open.

The last major attack of the month followed on 24 March, this time a daily attack by 262 aircraft of the American Air Force. In total, more than 1,500 people were killed in the attacks in March 1944. The main reason for the fact that the number of victims was not higher than in other cities was that, since the summer of 1940, the solidly built cellars of the old town houses had been interconnected. An emergency exit at the Fountain of Justice on the Römerberg alone saved around 800 people.

An impression of the destruction can be seen in the historic model of the Treuner brothers exhibited in the Historical Museum, who in the years before the destruction had measured and reconstructed most of the houses in the old town on a scale of 1: 200. The debris model shown next shows the extent of the destruction of this bombing night. However, it should be viewed with caution, since contemporary photographs show significantly more surviving building remains.

The post-war period: reconstruction and second destruction
Large parts of the old town were completely rebuilt after the destruction of the Second World War, so very few historical buildings remained. After the clearing, modernisers and conservators faced each other—as it was often the case at this time—so there was initially a construction halt until 1952. Even the conservators, essentially represented by the group of old town friends, did not campaign for extensive reconstruction, but above all called for the preservation of the old road network with a small-scale new construction and the reconstruction of some important buildings.

Finally, albeit with a clear tendency towards modernisation, a mixed solution was found: some prominent monuments were reconstructed, the first being the Paulskirche in 1947 and the Goethe House in 1949. After 1952 followed the Römer square, as well as the Staufen wall, the Stone house, the Saalhof, the Carmelite monastery and the canvas house. From the destroyed endowment churches located in the old town, the cathedral, the Old Nikolaikirche, the Liebfrauenkirche and the Dominican monastery were rebuilt from urban funds from 1952 to 1962. The burnt-out ruins of the Gothic Weißfrauenkirche and the classicist German-Reformed church were removed in 1953.

Of the reconstructed buildings, only the Goethe House was largely restored to the original. Most other reconstructions were more or less simplified (for example the houses Silberberg, Frauenstein and Salzhaus in the Römer complex) or with modern additions (for example the stone house). Much of the former old town was built on in the simple style of the 1950s. The main result was multi-storey houses, partly as block perimeter development, partly as loosened row buildings, often with green inner courtyards.

Furthermore, new main roads were made through the wreckage, rejecting the historical road plan. This was with the ideal of making a car-friendly Frankfurt, which was often desired even before the war. This was realized in the form of the east–west axis, inaugurated on 16 November 1953 as the street at the Paulskirche and from 1955 until today known as Berliner Straße. It connects the also widened Weißfrauenstrasse with the north–south axis of Kurt-Schumacher-Strasse that runs through the inner city centre. In 1955, the ten-story high-rise was completed at the intersection of Berliner Strasse and Fahrgasse. At 30 meters, it is the tallest residential building in the old town.

The area between the cathedral and the Römer initially remained a wasteland, the development of which was long debated. In the early 1970s, the Technical City Hall (1972–1974) and the Historical Museum (1971/72) were two large, monolithic buildings in a brutalist concrete style, regardless of historical layouts and shapes.

Reconstruction of historical buildings

In 1981 to 1983, the historic east side of the Römerberg was reconstructed with five half-timbered buildings, above all the famous town house Großer Engel. The other reconstructions, which are particularly fortunate to represent all forms of the local half-timbered building from Gothic to Classicism, can be seen as prototypical for the urban effect of the development of the entire district that was preserved until 1944.

Unlike the historical models, the facades of the new buildings with their half-timbering remained unplastered. Some of its structure is extrapolated from known individual constructive forms, photographs and analogue conclusions, since building plans have not been preserved for all buildings. Since the beams and their infill were traditionally plastered or slated, decorative forms were installed in the now visible half-timbering, which were borrowed from other buildings of comparable construction.

After just a few years, there was considerable structural damage that required extensive renovation. As it turned out, the contracted construction companies no longer had the essential skills for a half-timbered building. For example, the timber from Alsace was not dried long enough and the beams were not properly connected.

The Kunsthalle Schirn and the postmodern new buildings on Saalgasse were created at the same time as the historicizing reconstructions. In 1991 the Museum of Modern Art opened on Braubachstrasse. The Haus am Dom, an educational center of the Catholic diocese of Limburg, was built in 2007 on Domstrasse on the preserved substructure of the former main customs office from 1927.

After the decision of the city council to demolish the Technical City Hall, A technical and emotional discussion about the reconstruction of this old town district began when almost the entire historical nucleus of the city between the cathedral and the Römer became an open space again. In 2007, the factions of the CDU and Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen, ruling since the municipal elections in Frankfurt in 2006, reached an agreement with the FDP and the free voters against the votes of the SPD and Die Linke for the new construction of the Dom-Römer area on a compromise.

The city had eight historical buildings reconstructed as the client, with "the historical district floor plan largely being used as the basis for planning", including the Haus zur Goldenen Waage and the Neue Rote Haus am Markt, the Haus zum Esslinger (also as the aunt's house) Marked Melber) at the Hühnermarkt and the Goldene Lämmchen. In addition, the city had the Alter Esslinger house, the Klein Nürnberg house and parts of the Rebstock farm, located between the latter two. The remaining 32 parcels were awarded to builders who had 7 further reconstructions built. For the new buildings, with which well-known architects were commissioned to plan, there was a strict design statute that stipulated, among other things, the shape of the roof, the height of the buildings and the materials used.

Construction started in 2012. At the end of 2017, the buildings were completed externally. In September 2018, the New Old Town was opened with a three-day festival.

The concrete building of the Historical Museum was demolished in 2012 and replaced by a new building opened in October 2017.

Districts and sights of the Altstadt
There are numerous sights in the old town, although most of the buildings are reconstructions after severe war destruction. All sights are close together and can be reached by tram and subway.

Römerberg and surroundings

The Römerberg is the centre of the old town. Here stands the Römer, the historic town hall and symbol of the city. It was acquired in 1405 by the city, which needed a new town hall, as the previous town hall had to be demolished to build the cathedral tower. By 1878 the ten neighboring houses were also acquired by the city and structurally connected to the Römer. The five houses next to each other, whose facade faces the Römerberg, are called Alt Limpurg, Zum Römer, Löwenstein, Frauenstein and Salzhaus. Before its destruction, the Salzhaus was one of the most beautiful half-timbered houses in Germany. It was rebuilt in a simplified manner after its destruction in the war.

In the middle of the square is the Justice Fountain, which was built from sandstone in the 17th century. The construction was replaced in 1887 by a bronze replica. His name comes from the statue of Justitia that crowns him. In contrast to her depictions, Justitia was not blindfolded in Frankfurt. According to tradition, the fountain was fed with red and white wine at imperial coronations.

The Wertheim House (around 1600), is the only completely undamaged preserved half-timbered house in the old town. It is an ornate three-story Renaissance house with the stone ground floor common in Frankfurt. Opposite is the Rententurm, an important Frankfurt port building, where customs duties and port fees were collected. It was completed in 1456.

North of the Römerberg on Paulsplatz is the New Town Hall, built around 1900 with rich neo-Renaissance and neo-Baroque decor, as well as the Paulskirche, where the German National Assembly met in 1848/1849.

Cathedral area

Around 300 meters east of the Römerberg rises the largest and most important church in the city, the Catholic imperial cathedral St. Bartholomew with its 95 meter high west tower. The majority of German kings were chosen here since the Middle Ages. From 1562 to 1792, 10 emperors of the Holy Roman Empire were crowned in the Bartholomäuskirche. The market (Kramgasse in the Middle Ages) runs between the cathedral and Römerberg, the main street of the old town that was rebuilt more than 70 years after its destruction. The Coronation Trail ran here, which the Emperor took after the coronation to celebrate the Römerberg.

In front of the west tower of the cathedral is the archaeological garden, which was built over 2012 to 2015 with the town house on the market, in which the remains of the foundations of the Roman military camp, the Carolingian Palatinate and medieval town houses are open to the public. The streets behind the Lämmchen, Neugasse and the Hühnermarkt, which have been resurrected after the demolition of the Technical Town Hall, with their new buildings and reconstructions have been accessible again since May 2018. With the House of the Golden Waage and the New Red House, two of the most famous half-timbered buildings in the old town were rebuilt. Further reconstructions are the houses Grüne Linde, Würzgarten and Rotes Haus am Markt. Striking new buildings are the Großer Rebstock houses on the market next to the Haus am Dom, Neues Paradies on the corner of the Hühnermarkt, Altes Kaufhaus, the city of Milan and Zu den Drei Römer on the western edge of the new development area.

On the north side of the Old Market is the Stone House, a 15th-century Gothic patrician building. It is the seat of the Frankfurter Kunstverein. A gate passage from the Nürnberger Hof (around 1410), the trade fair quarter of the Nuremberg merchants, has been preserved near the Stone House.

The Kunsthalle Schirn, opened in 1986, stretches south of the market, for example along the former Bendergasse. In the same block, on the north side of Saalgasse, townhouses were built in the proportions of the former old town, but in the postmodern architectural style of the time. South of the cathedral on Weckmarkt is the canvas house, architecturally related to the stone house, which today houses the Museum of Comic Art.

Between the cathedral, Fahrgasse and Main was built in the style of the time in the 1950s. Most of the historic streets of the former butcher's quarter were lost. Quiet, green courtyards were created, whose irregular design and small passageways could remind people with a lot of imagination of the enchanted old town streets. In the former old town there were numerous small fountains, many of which could be saved and put back in the courtyards.

Western old town
The most striking building in the western old town is the Leonhardskirche, the only church in downtown Frankfurt that remained undamaged in the Second World War. The north portal and the two east towers are still Romanesque, the basilica itself is late Gothic. Cathedral choir Madern Gerthener designed the high choir.

A few steps away is the former Carmelite monastery, today the seat of the Institute for Urban History and the Archaeological Museum.

The Goethe House, the poet's birthplace, is located north of Berliner Strasse in the Großer Hirschgraben.

Northern old town
The northern old town is the area between today's Berliner Straße and the Staufenmauer, the former course of which can be seen on the Graben streets (Hirschgraben, Holzgraben). It is the area that the city gained through the second expansion in the 12th century. In contrast to the older part in the area of the former Carolingian Palatinate, which has an irregular road network, the northern old town had an almost right-angled road structure.

Most of the northern part of the old town was destroyed on 26 June 1719 during the "Great Christian Fire" (eight years earlier to distinguish it from the "Great Jewish Fire" in Judengasse). In the area between Fahrgasse, Schnurgasse and Töngesgasse, 282 people died and 425 houses were destroyed. However, the area was quickly rebuilt on the old, small plots.

Eastern old town

The main street of the eastern old town was the Fahrgasse. It ran from the Bornheim gate at the Konstablerwache to the Old Bridge; all traffic over the only Main crossing between Mainz and Aschaffenburg passed through this street.

To the east of Fahrgasse is the former Dominican monastery, rebuilt from 1953 to 1957 on the old floor plan, with the Church of the Holy Spirit. It is the seat of the Evangelical City Deanery and the Evangelical Regional Association Frankfurt. To the east of it is Börneplatz, the largest and busiest square in the district. Under changing names, it was the centre of Jewish life in Frankfurt. The Judengasse ended here, since 1882 the Börneplatz synagogue, destroyed in the November pogroms in 1938, was here, and the Old Jewish Cemetery, Battonnstrasse, whose oldest grave monuments date from 1272, is still located here today. In the Judengasse Museum, part of the Frankfurt Jewish Museum, excavated remains of the ghetto and the synagogue can be viewed.

Former and reconstructed buildings

Many architectural monuments as well as striking buildings or street corners or entire streets of the old town were lost as a result of the Second World War or due to demolition, some of them were rebuilt or reconstructed - some more than 70 years after their destruction. Here are a few of the most important:
 * The old stock exchange on Paulsplatz was a building of late classicism, built in 1843, burned out in 1944 and demolished in 1952.
 * The old bridge was first mentioned in 1222. It has been destroyed and rebuilt at least 18 times over the centuries. In 1914 the only beautiful monument from earlier times (Goethe) worthy of such a large city was demolished. The New Old Bridge, inaugurated in its place in 1926, which was simply rebuilt after the war was destroyed in 1965.
 * Bendergasse was the epitome of an old town alley with numerous five- to six-story half-timbered buildings from the 16th to 18th centuries. Destroyed in 1944, the site was cleared until 1950. Today the Schirn art gallery is located here.
 * The Five-Finger Square was a popular postcard motif, a tiny old town square near the Römerberg (burned out in 1944).
 * The Haus zum Esslinger on the Chicken Market was a baroque altered, late Gothic half-timbered building in which Goethe's aunt Johanna Melber lived in the 18th century, which he also described in his autobiographical work Poetry and Truth. The building burned down in 1944 and the ruins were removed in 1950. The reconstruction opened in 2018 and is the seat of the Struwwelpeter Museum.
 * The Fürsteneck house was a Gothic patrician stone building from the 13th century. Extensively restored in the 1920s, it burned out in 1944. The remains were torn down after the war.
 * The House of the Golden Scales in Höllgasse west of the cathedral was an elaborately decorated Renaissance half-timbered building. Built between 1618 and 1619, it was renovated at the beginning of the 20th century. The Golden Scales burned out in 1944 and its remains were cleared in 1950. The reconstruction of the Golden Scales will reopen in 2018 as a branch of the Historical Museum.
 * The Lichtenstein House was a Gothic patrician stone house on the south-western Römerberg, which was changed in the 18th century in the Baroque style. It burned down in 1944, the well-preserved but unsecured ruin was badly damaged in a storm in 1946 and, shortly thereafter, was torn down despite the planned reconstruction.
 * The Rebstock farm was a half-timbered building from the 17th century and one of the most important inns in the old town. The poet Friedrich Stoltze was born here in 1816. Large parts were demolished at the beginning of the 20th century for the breakthrough of Braubachstrasse, the rest were destroyed in 1944.
 * Behind the Lämmchen was the name of a narrow alley between the Nürnberger Hof and the Chicken Market, in which some of the most important half-timbered houses in the city were located, including the houses Zum Nürnberger Hof, Zum Mohrenkopf and Goldenes Lämmchen. From 1974 to 2010, the entire area was built over with the Technical Town Hall.
 * The Chicken Market between the cathedral and the Römer was a picturesque ensemble of half-timbered houses from the 17th and 18th centuries: the most important were the Old Red House and the New Red House at the entrance to the Tuchgaden. Both have since been reconstructed. The Stoltze Fountain stood on the chicken market until 1944, which returned to its regular place in 2016. The Schildknecht house on Hühnermarkt, built around 1405, had the largest overhang of all Frankfurt half-timbered houses at almost two meters.
 * From 1462 to 1796, Judengasse was the Frankfurt ghetto. Their remains were burned down and rebuilt several times between 1874 and 1888. Only the synagogue and the Rothschildhaus were initially preserved. The synagogue fell victim to the November pogroms in 1938, the Rothschildhaus in 1944 to the bombing.
 * The herb market was a place at the exit of Bendergasse to the cathedral. The baroque stone houses of the late 18th century were completely destroyed in 1944.
 * The market was historically the most important old town alley in Frankfurt. The coronation route of the German emperors from the cathedral to the Römer ran through him. The countless, mostly richly decorated half-timbered buildings from the 16th to the 18th centuries were destroyed in 1944. At the beginning of the 1970s, the area was built over with the Technical Town Hall and the Römer underground station. After the town hall was demolished, the market was built again. The houses Goldene Waage, Grüne Linde, Rotes Haus, Neues Rotes Haus, Schlegel and Würzgarten were reconstructed.
 * The flour scale at Garküchenplatz was built in 1719. The flour was officially weighed and cleared on the ground floor, and the upper floors served as a city prison until 1866. The building was extensively renovated in 1938 and destroyed in 1944.
 * The Nürnberger Hof was an extensive building complex from the 13th century. It was largely torn down when the Braubachstrasse was built in 1905. The rest suffered severe bomb damage in 1944 and was demolished in 1953 except for the baroque gate in favor of Berliner Strasse.
 * The Roseneck was a group of half-timbered houses south of the cathedral. It was completely destroyed in 1944.
 * Saalgasse ran south of the Old Nikolaikirche parallel to Bendergasse. Its numerous multi-storey half-timbered buildings and some stone buildings from the 16th to the 18th centuries were destroyed in 1944 and the remains were cleared after the war. The south side was rebuilt in the 1950s, and a number of postmodern town houses were built on the north side in the early 1980s.
 * The Scharnhäuser on Heilig-Geist-Plätzchen in Saalgasse were two baroque modified, late Gothic half-timbered buildings with public passageways on their ground floors on wooden pillars. In the 1770s, Johann Wolfgang Goethe conducted a successful lawsuit around one of the buildings. The buildings burned down in 1944 and were cleared until 1950.
 * The Weckmarkt, south of the cathedral, was home to the canvas house built in 1399 and the former city scales from 1504, two of the most important medieval stone buildings in Frankfurt. The city scales were rebuilt around 1880 by cathedral architect Franz Josef Denzinger in the neo-Gothic style. It housed the city archive until it was destroyed in 1944. The ruins of the canvas house were rebuilt in 1982.

Culture
In the old town there are numerous museums that are part of the so-called museum bank along the Main, including the Jewish Museum, the Archaeological Museum in the Carmelite Monastery, the Historical Museum with a focus on city history, the Schirn Art Gallery and the Museum of Modern Art. The Steinerne Haus, seat of the Frankfurter Kunstverein, the canvas house and the Literature house Frankfurt in the old city library are important domiciles of the Frankfurt art scene, which are located in three reconstructed historical buildings.

Among the Frankfurt theatres, three, namely the comedy, the Volksbühne and the cabaret Die Schmiere, have their venues in the old town. In the past, the old town was generally not particularly busy in the evening, except for major events such as the Museumsuferfest. Public traffic has increased significantly since the beginning of the 21st century, especially among tourists. During the 2006 World Cup, numerous soccer games were broadcast in the specially built Main Arena, an open-air cinema for around 15,000 visitors on the northern bank of the Main.

Literature

 * Johann Georg Battonn: Local description of the city of Frankfurt am Main - Volumes I – VI. Association for history and antiquity to Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1861-1871
 * Hartwig Beseler, Niels Gutschow: Fate of war in German architecture. Losses - damage - reconstruction. Documentation for the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany. Volume II: South. Panorama Verlag, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-926642-22-X.
 * Friedrich Bothe: History of the city of Frankfurt am Main. Publishing house of Moritz Diesterweg, Frankfurt am Main 1913.
 * Wilhelm Carlé (Bearb.): The new old town. 1926 yearbook of the federal government to old town friends Frankfurt a. Main. Holbein-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1926.
 * Olaf Cunitz: Urban redevelopment in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. Final thesis to obtain the Magister Artium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Faculty 08 History / Historical Seminar, 1996 (online ; PDF; 11,2 MB).
 * Georg Hartmann, Fried Lübbecke: Old Frankfurt. A legacy. Verlag Sauer and Auvermann KG, Glashütten / Taunus 1971.
 * Julius Hülsen, Rudolf Jung, Carl Wolff: The monuments in Frankfurt am Main. Self-publishing / Völcker, Frankfurt am Main 1896–1914.
 * Georg Ludwig Kriegk: History of Frankfurt am Main in selected representations. Heyder and Zimmer, Frankfurt am Main 1871.
 * Fried Lübbecke: The face of the city. Based on Frankfurt plans by Faber, Merian and Delkeskamp 1552–1864. Waldemar Kramer publishing house, Frankfurt am Main 1952.
 * Walter Sage: The community center in Frankfurt a. M. until the end of the Thirty Years' War. Wasmuth, Tübingen 1959 (Das Deutsche Bürgerhaus 2).
 * . Katalog zur Ausstellung im Deutschen Architekturmuseum.
 * Heinrich Völcker: The city of Goethe. Frankfurt am Main in the XVIII. Century. Blazek & Bergmann University Bookstore, Frankfurt am Main 1932.
 * Magnus Wintergerst: Franconofurd. Volume I. The Findings of the Carolingian-Ottonian Palatinate from the Frankfurt Old Town Excavations 1953–1993. Archaeological Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 3-88270-501-9 (Writings of the Archaeological Museum Frankfurt 22/1).
 * Hermann Karl Zimmermann: The artwork of a city. Frankfurt am Main as an example. Verlag Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1963.

title: Altstadt (Frankfurt am Main)


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User:Some random dude~enwiki

About Me
I am a computer geek and I was born on October 12. I use my computer a lot; programming for fun, playing games, and surfing the net. Other than that, there's not much more about me. :)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Some random dude~enwiki


text:
Nonelementary problem

In computational complexity theory, a nonelementary problem is a problem that is not a member of the class ELEMENTARY. As a class it is sometimes denoted as NONELEMENTARY.

Examples of nonelementary problems that are nevertheless decidable include:
 * the problem of regular expression equivalence with complementation
 * the decision problem for monadic second-order logic over trees (see S2S)
 * the decision problem for term algebras
 * satisfiability of W. V. O. Quine's fluted fragment of first-order logic
 * deciding β-convertibility of two closed terms in typed lambda calculus
 * reachability in vector addition systems; it is Ackermann-complete.
 * reachability in Petri nets; it is Ackermann-complete.

title: Nonelementary problem


text:
User talk:Dusisude

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Ragib 03:52, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Dusisude


text:
User:Dusisude

Dusisude comes from ancient egyptian mythology.

title: User:Dusisude


text:
History of Gyeongju

Gyeongju is a coastal city in the far southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang province in South Korea. It is the second largest city by area in the province after Andong, covering 1,324 km2 with a population of 269,343 people according to the 2008 census. The early history of Gyeongju is closely tied to that of the Silla kingdom, of which it was the capital for nearly one thousand years.

Silla period

Gyeongju first enters non-Korean records during the Samhan period in the early Common Era. It is recorded in Chinese records as Saro-guk, one of twelve petty states which comprised the Jinhan confederacy. Saro-guk would later become the Silla kingdom. Korean records, probably based on the dynastic chronicles of Silla, record that Saro-guk was established in 57 BCE, when six small villages in the Gyeongju area united under Bak Hyeokgose, the kingdom's first ruler. During the Silla period, the city was called "Seorabeol" (서라벌; 西羅伐) that is assumed to mean Capital, "Gyerim which literally means Rooster's forest," or "Geumseong" (금성; 金成) that refers to "City of Gold".

After the unification of the peninsula up to Taedong River in 668 AD, Gyeongju became the center of Korean political and cultural life. The city was home to the Silla court, and the great majority of the kingdom's elite. Its prosperity became legendary, and was reported as far away as Persia according to the 9th century book, The Book of Roads and Kingdoms. Records of Samguk Yusa give the city's population in its peak period as 178,936 households, suggesting that the total population was almost one million. Many of Gyeongju's most famous sites date from this period, known as Unified Silla.

However, the city's prosperity proved short-lived. In the late 9th century the Silla kingdom declined and fell apart, giving way to the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea. In 927 Gyeongju was pillaged by Hubaekje, one of these later kingdoms. Shortly thereafter, King Gyeongsun surrendered his title and country to Taejo in 935, who then established the Goryeo dynasty. Gyeongju was no longer the capital of a united Korea, while Gaegyeong (modern-day Kaesong) took that title.

Goryeo and Joseon periods
Under the Goryeo dynasty (935–1392), Gyeongju was no longer of national importance. However, it remained a regional center. The city was given its modern name "Gyeongju" by King Taejo in 940, and was made the seat of Yeongnam Province. It had jurisdiction over a wide area, including much of east-central Yeongnam.

Gyeongju was designated the "Eastern Capital" in 987, but that title was removed in 1012. For much of the Goryeo period, it was also the seat of the Andong Daedohobu, the Great Protectorate of the East, which oversaw military affairs for much of eastern and central Korea. However, it was stripped of this distinction as well in the 13th century, after bloody rebellions connected with the Silla restoration movement broke out in the area. At the same time, its boundaries were considerably reduced.

During the Joseon period (1392–1910), the city declined yet further. It ceased to occupy a central position as the Great Yeongnam Road became the Gyeongsang province's chief artery. This road connected Seoul to the southeastern port of Dongnae (in modern-day Busan) without passing near Gyeongju. In 1601, the provincial capital passed to Daegu, which was located on the main road.

Over these centuries, the city's relics suffered numerous assaults. In the 13th century, Mongol forces destroyed a nine-story wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa. During the Imjin War (1592–1598), the Gyeongju area became a heated battlefield and Japanese forces burned the wooden structures at Bulguksa. Not all damage was due to invasions, however. In the early Joseon period, a great deal of damage was done to Buddhist sculptures on Namsan by Neo-Confucian radicals, who hacked arms and heads off statuary.

Since 1900
The city's boundaries and designation changed several times in the 20th century. From 1895 to 1955, the area was known as Gyeongju-gun ("Gyeongju County"). In the first decades of the century, the city center was known as Gyeongju-myeon, signifying a relatively rural area. In 1931, the downtown area was designated Gyeongju-eup, in recognition of its increasingly urban nature. In 1955, Gyeongju-eup became Gyeongju-si ("Gyeongju City"), the same name as today but with a much smaller area. The remainder of Gyeongju-gun became "Wolseong County." The county and city were reunited in 1995, creating Gyeongju City as we know it today.

From the 1900s (decade) to the early 1970s, Gyeongju had remained relatively small and all glories of the past were gone. In the early 20th century many archaeological excavations took place, mostly on the many tombs which survived the centuries fairly well. A museum, the forerunner of the present-day Gyeongju National Museum, was set up in 1915 to exhibit the finds. The excavations of this period, largely carried out by Japanese archaeologists, are often accused of recklessness and plunder, although others take a more neutral view. Few excavation reports were ever published.

Gyeongju emerged as a railroad junction in the later years of the Japanese Occupation. The Donghae Nambu Line was completed in 1935, cutting directly through the historical areas of central Gyeongju. The Jungang Line was completed in 1942, and Gyeongju became directly connected to Keijō (present-day Seoul). This helped to lay the foundations for future industrial development. Thanks to these improved connections, this period also saw the town beginning to emerge as a center of tourism.

Following liberation in 1945, Korea was plunged into turmoil. Gyeongju was no exception. Returnees from abroad were numerous; a village for them was constructed in present-day Dongcheon-dong. In a period marked by widespread conflict and unrest, the Gyeongju area became particularly notorious for the level of guerrilla activity in the mountains.

The Korean War broke out in 1950. Most of Gyeongju was spared from the fighting, and remained under South Korean control throughout the conflict. However, for a brief time in late 1950 portions of the city stood on the front lines, as North Korean forces pushed the Pusan Perimeter southward from Pohang.

In the 1970s, Korea saw substantial industrial development, much of it centered in the Yeongnam region of which Gyeongju is a part. In 1971, the Gyeongbu Expressway was completed connecting Seoul and Busan, and passing through Gyeongju on the way. The POSCO steel mill in neighboring Pohang commenced operations in 1973, and the chemical manufacturing complex in Ulsan emerged in the same year. These developments helped to support the emergence of the manufacturing sector in Gyeongju.

For almost all of the 20th century, the people of the city had no direct say in their government. The mayors of Gyeongju, like those of all other cities, were directly appointed by the central government, whether the government was that of the Joseon Dynasty, Japanese occupation, or modern South Korea. This changed in 1995, with the establishment of local autonomy throughout the country. The city's first elected mayor was the unaffiliated Lee Won-shik, who served from 1995 to 1998.

In September 2015 the city was hit by an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.8, but no major damage or injuries were reported.

Recent discoveries
In September 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of the remains of human sacrifices dating to the Silla Dynasty at Wolseong Palace's western wall in Gyeongju. According to the Gyeongju National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, a 1,500 year-old female skeleton was found with a necklace, a bracelet and an earthen pot.

title: History of Gyeongju


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Rudyard Lake

Rudyard Lake is a reservoir in Rudyard, Staffordshire, located north-west of the town of Leek, Staffordshire. It was constructed in the late 18th century to feed the Caldon Canal. During the 19th century, it was a popular destination for daytrippers taking advantage of easy access using the newly constructed North Staffordshire Railway. The lake is still used for many water activities such as boating, canoeing, fishing and also for walks and recreational steam train trips.

History
Legend has it that the village of Rudyard was named after Ralph Rudyard, a local man reputed to have killed Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, although as the place-name, meaning 'a yard or enclosure where rue is grown' in Old English, was first recorded in 1022 and subsequently mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086 it is more likely that Ralph, if he ever existed, was named after the village.

Rudyard Lake was constructed by the engineer John Rennie, for the Trent and Mersey Canal company in 1797–98 to feed the Caldon Canal. The reservoir had been proposed in 1796, and would have been connected to the upper level of the Caldon Canal by a feeder, but in order to win the consent of landowners, the 3.3 mi section below Leek was made navigable. The bill to promote the construction failed in Parliament, and there was a suggestion for a bigger scheme, involving a canal from Marple on the Peak Forest Canal to the Caldon Canal, passing through Macclesfield and Rudyard. Benjamin Outram, the engineer for the Peak Forest Canal, would have overseen the project, and again, it would have involved a reservoir at Rudyard. However, the Trent and Mersey re-submitted their bill in early 1797, and it became an Act of Parliament in March.

As built, the lake is around 2 mi long and 0.25 mi wide. It was formed by creating a 63 ft earth dam at the southern end of the steep wooded valley, which is faced with stone on the upstream side, to prevent erosion. A spillway, some 60 ft wide, was built at the eastern side of the dam, and feeds the 2.5 mi feeder than carries water to the Leek Branch. The main source of water supply to the lake is a feeder that runs from the headwaters of the River Dane. This was refurbished in the mid-1990s by the Waterway Recovery Group. The lake has gradually silted up, but there are problems associated with dredging it, due to a lack of access for vehicles, and English Nature's concern over the disturbance of some rare fauna.

On 26 June 1846 the North Staffordshire Railway successfully took over the canal company and lake as part of one of its acts of parliament that resulted in the formation of the railway. Having acquired the lake and the land around it the railway used the land down one side as the route for its Churnet Valley Line between Macclesfield and Uttoxeter. Two stations were built, one at Rudyard village (later renamed Rudyard Lake) and one at the north end of the lake called Rudyard Lake (later renamed Cliffe Park)

Because of the accessibility brought by the railway stations, daytrippers and tourists began visiting the lake. Visitors included John Lockwood Kipling and Alice Macdonald, the parents of Rudyard Kipling, who met there on a trip from Burslem. They liked the place so much they named their son after it. By the end of the 19th century, crowds of up to 20,000 people could visit the lake on some days. Its popularity continued into the early 20th century, and over 20,000 visitors were carried to the site on 88 trains on a particular day in 1913. Matthew Webb, the first man to swim the English Channel, entertained crowds by demonstrating his swimming in the lake, and Carlos Trower ("the African Blondin") performed a tightrope walk across the lake.

Attractions
The lake is home to Rudyard Lake Sailing Club and North Staffordshire Rowing Club. Fishing, walking, canoeing and boat trips are popular attractions. The lake has a visitor centre, toilets and an activity centre which can be hired for functions or conferences. An annual lake festival is held on a Sunday in August and a firework display takes place in November.

The Rudyard Lake Steam Railway runs narrow gauge steam trains that operate up the east side of the lake on many days throughout the year. It is possible to walk round the lake or walk part way and start/finish the journey by steam train.

Top Gear episode
The BBC's motoring show Top Gear held a challenge at the lake in 2006 to see which presenter had designed the best amphibious car. Richard Hammond's attempt sank while Jeremy Clarkson's attempt capsized with Richard on board at the end of the challenge. However, James May's Triumph Herald, complete with sail and mast, performed well, despite the almost total absence of wind, and he was able to drive it out of the water, thus winning the challenge.

title: Rudyard Lake


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Talk:Pork chop

Definition and Circular Logic
"A pork chop is a chop of pork?" Does that add anything to one's understanding? Jbracken77 (talk) 16:42, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Good.88.230.240.58 (talk) 11:45, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

I love in dinner.88.231.54.87 (talk) 14:50, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

Merger?
The content at Pork Chops seems rather trivial to me, as well as America-centric. If appropriate at all, I think the content belongs in an article about the American midwest. At it's core, this article's content (Pork Chops) is not so much about pork as it is about a regional attitude toward it. The content, therefore, is more aptly placed with content about the region.

I also think that Pork Chops should eventually redirect to Pork Chop.Tobycat 03:53, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I would have redirected it here without a second thought. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:54, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Pork chops are used througout the world in a number of fine eateries, it deserves its own wiki. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.110.241.126 (talk) 04:37, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

porkchops deserve their own page, probably not their own wiki though. i have no idea why you think this would make sense in a page about the american midwest; porkchops would be kind of a tangent. anyway i just posted to say that TOW really sucks, and you guys need to clean up this page. it's got some peoples' nicknames on it and the article reads like they probably wrote it, too. there is a thread on one of the /b/'s talking about how ridiculous the first sentence is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.116.255.13 (talk) 04:08, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Huh? What is "TOW"? What nicknames are you talking about? The vandalism that has already been removed? --macrakis (talk) 17:15, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

Under 'Preparation'
In an effort to reinvent pork as "the other white meat", the pork industry began breeding leaner cows.

I've changed cows to pigs since I would think that was what was meant.65.43.96.3 (talk) 18:36, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Porkchops as Items in Castlevania
Apparently Pork chops are an the main health item that appears in the classic series,I saw this on the manual of the game in an episode of The Angry Video Game Nerd,you can confirm this watching the review in Gametrailers.Com,it could be a reference for Cultural References Bloodawn5 15:09,30 November 2009

Uh. No. Might as well include pork chop sideburns too (which is 100 times more known than some obscure video game). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.35.52.208 (talk) 02:03, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pork chop


text:
File:XTC Nonsuch.jpg

Licensing
This image is determined to be within fair use guidelines because:

 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of a single cover.
 * 2) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the recorded work in any way.
 * 3) It is being used for informational purposes only, not for profit.
 * 4) It is used to identify and illustrate the article Nonsuch (album), which is the specific recording related to the cover image.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:XTC Nonsuch.jpg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ratiocination

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 17:00, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Ratiocination
Dictionary definition. WP:WINAD. No potential for growth. Already at Wiktionary. Delete. --Dmcdevit·t 03:53, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. Gazpacho 04:06, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dicdef. Dcarrano 15:56, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Pavel Vozenilek 23:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. JamesBurns 04:04, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Shemekia Copeland

Charon Shemekia Copeland (born April 10, 1979) is an American electric blues vocalist. To date, she has released ten albums and been presented with eight Blues Music Awards.

Career
Copeland was born in Harlem, New York City, United States. She is the daughter of Texas blues guitarist and singer Johnny Copeland. She began singing at an early age and her first public performance was at the Cotton Club when she was about 10. She began to pursue a singing career in earnest at age 16. When her father's health began to decline, he took Shemekia on tour as his opening act, which helped establish her name on the blues circuit. Copeland graduated in 1997 from Teaneck High School in Teaneck, New Jersey.

She landed a recording contract with Alligator Records, which issued her debut album, Turn the Heat Up! in 1998, following it up with a tour of the blues festival circuit in America and Europe. Her second album, Wicked, was released in 2000 and featured a duet with one of her heroes, Ruth Brown. It earned her three Blues Music Awards.

The follow-up record, Talking to Strangers, was produced by Dr. John, and in 2005 she released The Soul Truth, produced by Steve Cropper.

In 2008, Copeland signed with Telarc International, and released her first album, Never Going Back, with that label in February 2009. She won the "Rising Star - Blues Artist" in Down Beat magazine's critics poll announced in the December 2009 issue.

Copeland participated in the Efes Pilsen Blues Festival in 2009. On June 12, 2011 at the 2011 Chicago Blues Festival, Copeland was presented Koko Taylor's crown, and officially given the honor as the new "Queen of the Blues" by Koko Taylor's daughter, Cookie Taylor.

In 2013, Copeland was nominated for a Blues Music Award in the Contemporary Blues Female Artist' category. She won the title in 2016.

In October 2015, her album Outskirts of Love peaked at number 6 in the Billboard Top Blues Albums chart. In 2017 she participated in Mahindra Blues Festival, Mumbai. In August 2018, her next album, America's Child, entered the same listing at number 3. The recording won both the 'Album of the Year' and 'Contemporary Album of the Year' titles at the 40th Blues Music Awards in 2019.

In May 2020, Copeland was presented with another Blues Music Award in the 'Contemporary Blues Female Artist of the Year' category.

In July 2022 she won the award Blues artist of the year at the annual Downbeat Critics Poll. She released her tenth studio album, Done Come Too Far, on August 19, 2022 In 2023, Copeland triumphed in the 'Instrumentalist - Vocals' category at the Blues Music Awards.

Discography

 * 1998: Turn the Heat Up
 * 2000: Wicked
 * 2002: Talking to Strangers
 * 2005: The Soul Truth
 * 2009: Never Going Back
 * 2011: Shemekia Copeland - Deluxe Edition
 * 2012: 33 1/3
 * 2015: Outskirts of Love
 * 2018: America's Child
 * 2020: Uncivil War
 * 2022: Done Come Too Far

title: Shemekia Copeland


text:
User talk:Ids135

Ids135's interests include:

+ History of Collecting and Collections + Museums + Sociology + Software Engineering + Software and Business Consulting + Physical and Social Geography + The Settlement of America + The Early Industrialization of America and Europe

and, currently above all else:

+ Early American Glass

I created this account to work on the glass pages which, although they are already a featured part of Wikipedia, are lacking in many ways.

title: User talk:Ids135


text:
Talk:Jane Swift

Governor's Mansion
The article mentions Jane Swift unwilling to move to the Governor's Mansion but Massachusetts has none...

Where is the reference to show she was from Melrose? I understand she's from Williamstown - not even close. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MassWiki (talk • contribs) 12:32, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

There may be more coverage of Swift (with useful references to shore up this page) in mid September 2008 as she wades into the Presidential election fray. Failed to sign in; apologies Kvcad (talk) 04:49, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Gubernatorial Inauguration
I'm confused. Since (as the state Constitution calls for) Lieutenant Governor Jane Swift didn't become Governor, upon Paul Celluci's resignation (and remained LtGov for the rest of her term); why was an inaugural ceremony held? Should we mention this annomaly, in the article? GoodDay (talk) 18:28, 30 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Because Massachusetts has a screwy technical rule that you don't become "Governor" in such an instance, but "Acting Governor." The distinction was pushed heavily in the media in a way it wasn't when Paul Cellucci took the corner office under very similar circumstances, and you may draw the obvious conclusions from there.    Ravenswing  13:37, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Neutrality Dispute?
On September 15, 2008, WildGooseWest tagged this article for a neutrality dispute but no discussion was added explaining in what way the neutrality is being challenged. Without any such comment, the dispute notice is not very useful. An elaboration would be welcome. --Crunch (talk) 18:02, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Neutrality
This seems like a really unbalanced article

Examples:

"This was immediately seen as a threat to the Boston-based political power structure." By whom?

"Swift led 45 fellow governors in urging Congress to create the Department of Homeland Security." ''She LED the effort? Her name isn't even mentioned in the DHS article''

"Her popularity diminished, however, due in part to the resistance to defunding of some of her detractor’s pet programs." Self explanatory.

"As the first woman to govern Massachusetts, and the first governor of any state to give birth in office, she was constantly attacked by political foes as ill-suited for the job." The source is Swift talking about Palin...

"...although there was 'the appearance of impropriety ...' which was considered a very minor infraction." ''Who considered it a minor infraction? The source is broken''

"National television reporters would ask her about breast-feeding in the governor’s office" The source is broken

"As a result, educational indicators in Massachusetts increased significantly during her term in office." ''According to whom? The source doesn't provide any info.''

"...and was instrumental in the passage of the Education Reform Act of 1993." The source never even mentions her.

"As a result, Swift gained a reputation for demanding responsiveness in public programs and championing the need for workers to balance work and family demands." The source is a Celebrity Speaker company.

This article needs serious work. In its current state, it sounds like Swift herself wrote it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.169.105.35 (talk) 00:07, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090102015337/http://www.swiftcommittee.com/page.php?PageID=110 to http://www.swiftcommittee.com/page.php?PageID=110
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090709093310/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/articles/in_her_own_words/ to http://www.bostonmagazine.com/articles/in_her_own_words/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081029085454/http://www.mhtc.org/downloads/pressreleases/july29_02.pdf to http://www.mhtc.org/downloads/pressreleases/july29_02.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://online.wsj.com/article/SB108328121782598112.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://wiki.williams.edu/display/facom/New%2BFaculty%2B2008-09

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120320073348/http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/1168473/detail.html to http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/1168473/detail.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080220142213/http://tspweb02.tsp.utexas.edu/webarchive/04-11-01/2001041120_s02_Massachuse.html to http://tspweb02.tsp.utexas.edu/webarchive/04-11-01/2001041120_s02_Massachuse.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030406181452/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/frank/article/0%2C9565%2C219417%2C00.html to http://www.time.com/time/columnist/frank/article/0,9565,219417,00.html

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160115075658/http://middleburyinteractive.com/about/leadership/jane-swift-chief-executive-officer to http://www.middleburyinteractive.com/about/leadership/jane-swift-chief-executive-officer
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://tspweb02.tsp.utexas.edu/webarchive/04-11-01/2001041120_s02_Massachuse.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140531084947/http://middleburyinteractive.com/about-us/our-expertise-history/leadership-jane-swift to http://www.middleburyinteractive.com/about-us/our-expertise-history/leadership-jane-swift

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Never Governor
This needs to be corrected. Jane Swift was never our Governor; she was Acting Governor. She was not inaugurated, and her own party didn't want her as the Republican candidate for Governor. 209.6.28.234 (talk) 17:34, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jane Swift


text:
User:Mattmcc

My name is Matt McClanahan. I've lived in Tualatin, Oregon since 1984. With some oddly random exceptions, most of my contributions focus on my own little world, the Northwestern US, the Portland area in particular.

Unsorted Musings

 * There doesn't appear to be an article for Benson Bubblers, the drinking fountains found in downtown Portland.
 * This hasn't gone entirely unnoticed, see Talk:Portland, Oregon.
 * Simon Benson's article briefly mentions it.

 * Speaking of fountains, The Downtown Portland article might benefit from a section on its various water fountains
 * Information on the Oregon coast seems pretty thin.
 * Much more can be said about the relatively brief life of the Japanese submarine Sensuikan Toku
 * I-70 through the Glenwood Canyon deserves a little more detail for the efforts made to minimize environmental impact.
 * Curiously, while Dr Seuss's article does mention it, there's no mention on the Lorax article about the controversy surrounding it, including banning attempts, and the pro-logging response, Truax by Terri W. Birkett.
 * The Secret Alchemy of Dr. Seuss
 * Native Forest Council

 * No article for the Mazamas. No shortage of information .  Mention its founding in the Mount Hood article?
 * Kind of curious that none of the articles relating to Pearl Harbor seem to mention the mock attack by the USS Saratoga (CV-3) three years prior to the Japanese attack, which followed much the same strategy, and caught the base completely by surprise. One would've thought that might have inspired them to improve their defenses.
 * Tom McCall quotes:
 * "Heroes are not statues framed against a red sky; they are people who say: ‘this is my community and it’s my responsibility to make it better.'"
 * "If Oregon can do it, other people try it"

 * Linkspammers
 * 65.127.8.2
 * 71.113.3.178

 * What can be done for Passenger rail terminology? It seems to overlap a fair amount with Tram.
 * A surprising number of images in the Commons Tram area don't have the Tram category set on them.

=Burnside Bridgehead=

The Burnside Bridgehead project is a mixed-use development effort in Portland, Oregon being managed by the Portland Development Commission. The site occupies five city blocks north of the east end of the Burnside Bridge, totalling 195,500 square feet, and sits within the PDC's Central Eastside Urban Renewal Area.

In the fall of 2004, the PDC sent out a request for proposals from developers. Proposals were received from three firms: Beam Development, Opus Northwest, and Gerding/Edlen Development. Initially, Opus and Gerding/Edlen included a big box store as part of their proposal. However, in response to widespread public opposition to such a design, both firms removed them from their proposals.

On April 27, 2005, the PDC selected Opus Northwest for the contract to develop the site.

title: User:Mattmcc


text:
Tourist trolley

A tourist trolley, also called a road trolley, is a bus designed to resemble an old-style streetcar or tram, usually with false clerestory roof. The vehicles are usually fueled by diesel, or sometimes compressed natural gas.

The name refers to the American English usage of the word trolley to mean an electric streetcar. As these vehicles are not actually trolleys, and to avoid confusion with trolley buses, the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) refers to them as "trolley-replica buses".

Use
Tourist trolleys are used by both municipal and private operators. Municipal operators may mix tourist trolleys in with the regular service bus fleet to add more visitor interest or attract attention to new routes. In many cities tourist trolleys are used as circulators. Tourist trolleys are also run by private operators to carry tourists to popular destinations.

In San Francisco, tourist trolleys mimic the city's famous cable cars.

Tourist trolleys sometimes operate in places which also have streetcars. For example, tourist trolleys operate in Philadelphia, which also has actual trolley service.

Operators

Notable operators of tourist-trolley buses:
 * New York Trolley Company
 * Williamsburg Area Transit Authority – Local shopping centers and points of interest, including Merchants Square in Williamsburg, Virginia
 * Capital Metropolitan Transit Authority – Dillo Routes in downtown Austin, Texas
 * Erie Metropolitan Transit Authority – Bayliner Route in downtown Erie, Pennsylvania
 * Gray Line Worldwide
 * Kingston Citibus in Kingston, New York
 * Montgomery Area Transit Service – Lightning Route Trolleys in Montgomery, Alabama
 * Pace – circulator in the Chicago area
 * Chicago Trolley & Double Decker Co. – Largest sightseeing/charter company in the Midwest
 * Red Rose Transit Authority – circulator in downtown Lancaster, Pennsylvania (retired in 2019 and replaced with regular buses)
 * Rhode Island Public Transit Authority – Providence LINK in downtown Providence, Rhode Island
 * Transit Authority of River City – Louisville, Kentucky
 * VIA Metropolitan Transit – VIA Streetcar in San Antonio, Texas
 * Ollie the Trolley in Scottsdale, AZ circulator in Downtown Scottsdale
 * Riverside Transit Agency – shuttle service in downtown Riverside, CA, Temecula, CA and around UC Riverside
 * Molly's Trolley in West Palm Beach, Florida
 * I-Ride Trolley in Orlando, Florida
 * Sun Trolley in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
 * Miami Trolley in Miami, Florida
 * Doral Trolley in Doral, Florida
 * TANK operates Southbound Shuttle, which circles the riverfront cities of Newport, Kentucky, Covington, Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio.
 * Wave Transit operates a circular tourist route in downtown Wilmington, NC.
 * Capital District Transportation Authority (CDTA) – Saratoga Visitors Trolley (Saratoga Springs, NY; from Memorial Day Weekend until Labor Day Weekend)
 * Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA); Route 55T Tourist Trolley along Pine Avenue in Niagara Falls, New York between Niagara Falls and the Niagara Falls International Airport.
 * Housatonic Area Regional Transit in the past had a trolley service in downtown Danbury, but service was later suspended. HARTransit purchased a new trolley-replica bus in June 2014.
 * Coast Transit Authority Beachcomber (1) and Casino Hopper (2) lines in Biloxi, Mississippi
 * Pigeon Forge Mass Transit in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee

Current

 * Cable Car Classics, Inc.
 * Gillig Corporation
 * Hometown Trolley
 * Specialty Vehicles

Former

 * Dupont Industries
 * Optima Bus Corporation (formerly Chance Coach Inc.)

title: Tourist trolley


text:
Talk:Shemekia Copeland

Untitled
Please expand article. Djbaniel 03:57, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shemekia Copeland


text:
Bernard (disambiguation)

Bernard is a given name and a family name.

Bernard may also refer to:

Places

 * Bernard, Iowa, United States
 * Bernard Terminal, a bus terminal in the York Region Transit/VIVA system in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada
 * Great St Bernard Pass, the third highest road pass in Switzerland
 * Bernard (crater), a crater on Mars
 * St Bernard Pass (disambiguation)
 * San Bernardino Pass, between Thusis and Bellinzona in Switzerland

Other uses

 * "Bernard", a song by Kazumi Watanabe from the album Kilowatt
 * Bernard (TV series), a short animated TV series
 * Bernard Brewery, a Czech family brewery
 * Not Now, Bernard, a children's book by David McKee
 * St. Bernard (dog), a Swiss dog breed

title: Bernard (disambiguation)


text:
User:Nbgoku

i have a new user name: Nima Baghaei

title: User:Nbgoku


text:
User talk:Nbgoku

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Ragib 03:57, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
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 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Images
Hi, I notice you have uploaded a number of images but have not give information on their source or copyright status. Please refer to this link for an appropriate and remember to add these in the future. Thanks Craigy (talk) 09:06, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I don't think you've left any out, but just incase, you could aways check this link. Craigy [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|15px]] (talk) 09:44, August 15, 2005 (UTC)

Re the article POTMASTM
Please do not add this sort of non-notable stuff to Wikipedia. -- Francs2000 21:05, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Sf zangief.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Sf zangief.gif. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging for Image:Juni_pose_1.gif
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 16:48, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Delete Sf dhalsim pose 1.gif
Hi. It seems you are the one who uploaded Sf dhalsim pose 1.gif. I listed it for deletion because I converted it to png, resulting in a smaller file in a more advanced and more free format. Jorge Peixoto 19:10, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

RenFile
I have added a "" template to the article RenFile, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Abu badali (talk) 18:21, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Retsu vs dan 1.jpg
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title: User talk:Nbgoku