text:
Talk:Timurid dynasty

Introduction
The dynasty is Turkic and it came under Persian linguistic/cultural influence later. That must be emphasized, otherwise, the introduction looks as if the dynasty of Timur was Persian and only nominally Turkic. There is no serious scholarly basis to make such claim other than some ideological convictions. Atabəy (talk) 22:05, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but I had to revert. Most of all, because your edit falsified attached sources (for example the Encyclopaedia of Islam). Beatrice Manz emphasizes on their (evidently) Mongol origins. It was in later times that the clan (Barlas) became Turkicized and Persianized. The intro uses the correct expressions "Persianate" and "Turko-Mongol". Besides that, Turkic Persianate Sunni Muslim dynasty sounds really weird. Keeping in mind that the article itself is very detailed in regard of their origins and culture/language, I am actually convinced that there is no need to mention any ethnic reference in the intro. Tajik (talk) 22:14, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The lead of the article "Timur" in Encyclopaedia of Islam is:
 * TĪMŪR LANG (“Timur the Lame”) b. Taraghay Barlas, the founder of the Tīmūrid dynasty [q.v.] which ruled in Central Asia and eastern Iran from 1370 to 1507. The birthdate commonly ascribed to Tīmūr, 25 Sha’bān 736/8 April 1336, is probably an invention from the time of his successor Shāh Rūkh [q.v.], the day chosen for astrological meaning and the year to coincide with the death of the last Il-Khān (Manz, Tamerlane and the symbolism of sovereignty, in Iranian Studies, xxi/1-2 [1988], 113-14 n.) Tīmūr rose to power in the Ulus Čaghatay, a tribal confederation forming the western section of the Mongol Čaghatay Khānate [q.v.] He was a member of the Barlas of the Kish region. This was an important Mongol tribe within the Ulus, tracing its leadership back to Činggis Khān’s commander Karačar, who shared a common ancestor with Činggis, and was later attached to his son Čaghatay. Tīmūr descended from Karačar but was not of the chiefly lineage, and gained power through skilful politics and the help of a personal, non-tribal following.
 * The lead of the article "Timurids" is:
 * TĪMŪRIDS, a dynasty of Persia and Central Asia (771-913/1370-1507) founded by the conqueror Tīmūr Lang [q.v.], who rose to power within the Ulus Čaghatay, a tribal confederation covering Transoxania and much of what is now northeastern Afghanistan. This was controlled by Turco-Mongolian military aristocracy , known as “Čaghatay”, faithful to Mongol traditions but Muslim and living in close contact with the settled population.
 * Tajik (talk) 22:19, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Well, it's clear from references that the dynasty was Turco-Mongolian, while you're trying to emphasize that it was "Persianate". The issue is that why "Persianate" is written ahead of the origin of dynasty. By the way, the article linking to Persianate is a piece of WP:OR invention as the tag clearly indicates. According to the same logic, anyone listening to Michael Jackson or Madonna, wearing Levi's is "Americanate" :). Atabəy (talk) 22:57, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Comparing the Timurd dynasty to Michael Jackson fans actually shows that you have only a limited understanding of the subject. The dynasty itself was certainly more "Persian" than "Turkic", for it represented to outsiders a continuation of the Persian world. There is a difference between "listening to English music" and "being entirely integrated in the English society". The Timurids were - very much - like the current royal family of the United Kingdom who are German by descent and ethnicity, but entirely English in identity, culture, language, etc. The case was not as clear prior to the world wars when the rulers of Great Britain were still German-speakers. The same happened to the Mughals who were Mongols, then became Turkic, then became gradually Persianized before (and finally) becoming Indians or fully Iranized (like the Taimuris of modern Afghanistan who are Persian-speaking and trace their origin to the Timurids). The transformation from Turko-Mongol (= nomadic steppe people) to Persian and Indo-Persian (= settled; cultured) had already begun during Timru's reign:
 * "... Timur's successors, who were, unlike him, essentially peace-loving, devoted themselves to the support of culture, the arts, and religion and to the preservation of his territorial legacy. His fourth son, Shahrokh (807-50/1407-47), succeeded him as ruler of Transoxania, though he lived in Herat, and earned a great reputation as a friend of scholars and poets and as a patron of architecture. He installed his son Ologh (Ulugh) Beg as governor at Samarkand, where, following in the footsteps of his grandfather, he enlarged his palace and took steps to prevent the deterioration of many of his ancestor's monuments. His personal interest was astronomy, to which he made significant contributions (cf. Barthold, 1935). Like his father, Ologh Beg was entirely integrated into Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarkand until the Russian revolution of 1917. Many works of poetry, history, and other learned subjects were composed there in Persian (as later in the empire of the Great Mughals in India). By contrast, Persian was disappearing in Anatolia at the same period, increasingly supplanted by Ottoman Turkish. ..." - Iranica
 * However, as I have already mentioned: there is no need to put all of this in the intro. It's totally enough to say that the Timruids were "the Central Asian dynasty founded by Timur". Everything else can be explained in the article. Tajik (talk) 23:54, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

As Tajik noted, Persianate is a well established term in Academia [] [] and one just has to read books about the era to come across the term. Virtually every major Turkic/Mongolian dynasty of Anatolia, Caucasus, Central Asia and Persia were Persianate in terms of high culture. Persian was the dominant culture simply because the nomadic Turks lacked an urban culture (as the Urban population was mainly Iranian and even the word for city in Turkish "Kent" comes from Iranian Soghdian and the other word "Shahr" comes from Iranian Persian) until many centuries later when Turks settled down and Ottoman-Turkish and Chagatay developed. Both are dead languages now, however both of these had strong ties with Persian. The best example of this is Mughal India which Persianate culture dominated while the dynasty itself was of Turco-Mongolian origin, but the languge of administration, official language and cultural language was Persian and even religions like Sikhism have important founding documents in Persian.

Robert L. Canfield, Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 20: "The Mughals- Persianized Turks who invaded from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis - strenghthened the Persianate culture of of Muslim India"

So from a historical aspect, this is important. Other examples include Seljuqids, Khwarizmshahids, Ildiguzids, Ghaznavids which we do not have a single verse of Turkic from as the courts, administrations and basic population of urban centers were non-Turks and mainly Iranians. The Qarakhanids might be the only exception to this rule. With regards to this article:

Maria Subtelny, "Timurids in Transition", BRILL; illustrated edition edition (September 30, 2007). pg 40: "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Turko-Mongolian supporters became acculturate by the surrounding Persinate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian culture, painting, architecture and music." pg 41: "The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who develoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture."

As Thackston also states: "Indeed, given the extraordinarily unified culture that had been produced by a century of Turco-Persian Timurid rule, the educated elite from Chinese Turkistan to Constantinopole, regardless of ethnicity, communicated on a learned level in one language, Persian, read the same classics of Persian literature, and participated in one Persianate culture ".

"JAHĀNGIR, SĀLEM MOḤAMMAD NUR-AL-DIN, the fourth Mughal emperor, and the first of his dynasty to have been born in India (b. 17 Rabiʿ I 977/30 August 1569; d. 28 Ṣafar 1037/7 November 1627). His court remained strongly influenced by the Persianate political, cultural, and aesthetic traditions of the refugee Timurid elite who had fled the Uzbek invasion of Transoxiana to found the Mughal Empire."

With regards to this article, it is not like the Safavids who origin is disputed (although most established Safavid scholars concur with Kurdish). Rather no one disagrees with the Timurids being Turko-Mongol origin (their fatherline). Wether the Turko-Mongol origin should come first or Persianate culture is irrelavent as both are accurate and occur in the same sentence. As long as the sentence is clear and does not contain readings that imply invented terms like "Turkic Persianate", then it is fine. The current sentence has captured both of these. However, in passing, the origin of the dynasty is a minor point relative to culture of the empire and official language of the empire as a whole and the article is not about Timur himself but rather the Timurid empire/dynasty which despite it Turko-Mongol origin has also been described as a Persianate accultured as well. The article is not about Timur but Timurids. "The Timurids ...". I don't see a problem with the introduction, since Turco-Mongolian is mentioned in the first sentence as well. However the main legacy of any empire is simply the culture they leave behind and Persianate culture was a major part of it. So Persianate culture is arguably much more relavant than the origin of Timur for Timurid dynasty, however Tajik has done a good job in putting both points in the first sentence and I do not think the article conveys any sense of Timur being of Persian origin as it is explicit in the first sentence that the Timurids were Turco-Mongolian in origin. --Nepaheshgar (talk) 02:15, 2 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The second sentence reads :"It was founded by the legendary conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th century, a descendent of Turks affiliated with the preceding Mongol rulers." and so the introduction is unambigious. However, given the fact that Altaic hypothesis is being seriously challegned, perhaps the Mongolian origin of Timurids should be emphasized in the second sentence as well.   --Nepaheshgar (talk) 02:55, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

I've reverted User:Nedim Ardoğa because his edit was totally irrelevant: the Timurids did not speak Anatolian Turkish nor were they associated with or related to Anatolia or modern Turkey. Tajik (talk) 15:57, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I reverted an anon IP who had had deleted sourced material without any explanation. Tajik (talk) 00:24, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Once again, I reverted false and misleading edits by an anon IP. Tajik (talk) 20:10, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

Timurid map too small an area
The Timurid map showing the supposed "greatest extent" takes no account of Timur's conquest of Anatolia. He defeated Bayezid the Thunderbolt at Ankara in 1402 and later went on to take Smyrna. These conquests are not highlighted. Western Anatolia should be included. Also, where there any conquests made in China? The following source: says that Timur died laying siege in China from drinking too much iced water.  Gabr-  el  03:45, 13 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is too small. In addition, the map should also include Goldern Horde's territory, Levant, Egypt, and Ottoman's dominion in Balkan. Alagos (talk) 03:46, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

 * I know he fought campaigns in those areas, but were they actually part of his empire? MAJackson1 (talk) 03:07, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

Unencyclopedic introduction
There has to be a better way to describe the dynasty in the introduction without jumping directly to "Persianate". Is this the way a professional encyclopedia starts an article? This is ethnocentric point of view pushing. This is the most ridiculous introduction I have ever came across, just try to read it and you'll probably agree and laugh too. "The Timurids (Persian: تیموریان), self-designated Gurkānī [2][3][4] (Persian: گوركانى), were a Persianate,[5][6] Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turco-Mongol lineage[6][7][8][9] whose Timurid Empire included the whole of Iran, modern Afghanistan, and modern Central Asia, as well as large parts of contemporary Pakistan, Mesopotamia, Anatolia and the Caucasus. It was founded by the militant conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th century." One must read this like 50 times or so to be able to understand it.--Nasir Ghobar (talk) 03:13, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Flag
I've noticed that File:Timurid.svg is used in several articles, to represent "Timurids", in one sense or another. However, that flag image is based on the Catalan Atlas; an outstanding piece of history in its own right but it's not a reliable source for faraway places, whose western-style flags are likely to be invented or at least fanciful. So, I propose that the flag should be removed from places where it's currently used as a flagicon just like some kind of modern national flag. Comments/complaints? bobrayner (talk) 19:56, 7 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Still no solution? I've removed it. bobrayner (talk) 19:15, 11 June 2013 (UTC)

Why Timurid Dynasty and not Timurid Empire
Honestly, the Timurds were turko-mongolic in origin which came in and created a new culture by merging Chagatai and Persian traditions. Why is the article called the Timurid Dynasty instead of say the Timurid Empire? Naming the article as dynasty implies it was just one in a natural progression of rulers that ruled a set state. This isn't the case. The Timurids were outside invaders that then created a new state. The Safavids were the ones to really re-establish Persian identity in the area. And that's another thing, the Timurids didn't just disappear and get replaced by the Safavids, the surviving Tumrids eventually turned into the Timurid Emirate and then the Mughal Empire which is completely separate from Persia/Iran. I know Iranian nationalism likes to claim everything in one natural progression, even calling Elam as part of Indo-Aryan culture, but I mean we don't call the Mughal page the Mughal Dynasty (of India). We call it the Mughal Empire.207.237.208.153 (talk) 20:44, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I have split it into Timurid Empire for the empire. This article is now about the actual dynasty. The sub-section for the list of rulers of the Mughal Empire in this article is copied from the respective section from the Mughal Empire. --Cartakes (talk) 16:12, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I agree with the split.71.190.228.146 (talk) 13:22, 2 October 2015 (UTC)

Excellent Job my friends Alexis Ivanov (talk) 22:19, 2 October 2015 (UTC)

Duplicate reference/ note
Reference/ note 25 and 27 are the same - just different formatting. Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 16:54, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

Gurkani
It seems to me that someone has removed mentions of the "Gurkani" title (with citations) from the intro to the article. The Timurids did not call themselves "Timurids", they referred to themselves as the "Gurkaniya" or Gurkani Empire. Similarly, the Mughals did not refer to themselves as Moghuls or Mongols, they too called themselves the "Gurkaniya". An easy to understand analogy would be the Byzantines referring to themselves as the Roman Empire, and not actually "Byzantine". These were all terms labelled by outsiders, and which eventually stuck (in history books). If any editor has some idea why the term/title was removed, then please share with us. DA1 (talk) 18:57, 12 April 2015 (UTC) If you look into any of the Turkic language versions of the Wikipedia page, they all mention Gurkaniya in the introduction. For some reason, the English version has completely revised/removed it. That is quite strange. DA1 (talk) 18:59, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

 * I brought it back, you are actually very correct, this is something new I learned while researching "Mughal Empire", they don't call themselves Mughals, they probabaly hate that word. Both the Mughals and Timurids called themselves Gurkanis which means son-in-law. I'm doing some research finding about how is Timur a son-in-law to the Mongols. In the mean time you should edit the infoox, because I'm not good at it and emulate the Mughal Empire's infobox RussianDewey (talk) 04:10, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I removed the term because I researched a good bit and couldn't find any sources confirming that the Timurids (as opposed to the Mughals, who are a bit too remote to consider Timurids) actually self-designated as Gurkaniya. If you can find some, so much the better!—Neil P. Quinn (talk) 04:46, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

Oh, my research was done, but I was busy, I can send you the book if you want, my curiosity has faded. Anyway long story short is he is not descendant directly fro Chingiz Khan his "hero" so to speak, he is descendant from what it seems like a Mongolian Family that have been Turkicized. "Temür’s marriage to a Chinggisid princess (the daughter of Qazan Khan) gave him the right to use the title kürgän, or imperial son in law, which was also adopted by several of his descendants, and he attempted to revive the Chinggisid house through the elevation of puppet khans in the Ulus Chaghadai" my source is the new Cambridge History of Islam. I can send it to you if you like, on the Mughals part they see themselves as Timurids, but the correct word is Gurkani, a simple google book search has concluded me that Babur's diary called Baburnama edited by Thackston in 2002 may contain the Gurkani material. RussianDewey (talk) 05:35, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

Timurid flag
File:Timurid.svg states: !This flag, as well as other fictitious flags, is fictitious or proposed but not adopted. This flag is named as it would be an official flag of a national or subnational entity, and probably has some visual elements that are similar to official logos or coats of arms of certain entity, such as colors or some symbol, but they are NOT official and don't have any official recognition." and "WARNING: This image is highly speculative. The main source pointing to this design is the Catalan Atlas, which as a historical primary source cannot be considered a reliable reference, especially if it is the only source used. This image should not be added to articles without clearly indicating its speculative nature. Note that FOTW (where most of those images on Commons are taken from) is based on user contributions like Wikipedia, and hence not authoritative either." Doug Weller (talk) 14:02, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

Though that is a major source for the file, it may not be the ONLY source. somewhere in an article, it said europeans described the flag as black, red and white (white could be a form of flag fringe or border), though there is no reference:, for where the information came from. I will see if i can find any european sources stating that the colours where black red and white, though european descriptions may not be a valid source either so i will look for more sources. when i do, the tag on the file will be removed, and the flag will no longer be considered fictious.

ON THE OTHER HAND, if you look at the catalan atlas, you see the same flag raised in parts of China..........WHAAAA?!?!?!!?! so maybe the flag could be that of the Yuan dynasty and not the timurids, perhaps the map is showing a short occupation of central asia by the yuans. I will see if such an event happened. if so then that means the file ISNT a timurid flag, but a Yuan flag and should be added to the yuan dynasty page. For now more research should be done before the image it is removed from articles History of Persia (talk) 04:20, 16 July 2015 (UTC)

Mistake
Babur became ruler of Ferghana on June 1494, at the age of 11 and some months, this is the date where his father died Alexis Ivanov (talk) 15:10, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

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Mughals
Hi. Can you please explain your revert? Also, if you have a source that support the Mughals being considered a continuation of the Timurids, that would be appreciated. Otherwise, I see no reason to keep something like this (WP:OR). --HistoryofIran (talk) 14:11, 11 June 2021 (UTC)
 * from Mughal Empire: The Mughal designation for their own dynasty was Gurkani (, Gūrkāniyān, meaning "sons-in-law"). I doubt they saw as a different dynasty. Beshogur (talk) 18:44, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I meant in modern scholarship. Timur saw himself as a Chingizid, yet that doesn't mean we should we should see the Timurids as an extension of the Chingizids, no? The Mughals no doubt were aware of their origins, I'm not denying that, but calling the dynasty a continuation of the Timurids? Do scholars consider that as such? --HistoryofIran (talk) 18:53, 11 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Timur saw himself as a Chingizid Timur never saw himself Chingisid. He saw himself restorer of the Chingisid traditions. Quickly found something like this . There were three principal groups of Timurid legatees. These were: the Mughul emperors of India, true Timurids who enthusiastically embraced Timurid legitimacy and consciously presided over a Timurid renaissance. Also a question, (I don't know exactly), what did the Mughals call their own dynasty? Beshogur (talk) 19:14, 11 June 2021 (UTC)
 * You ought to now by know not to complain if any very drastic undiscussed edit to an important article is reverted for achieving consensus. You have not produced any evidence whatsoever for your edit, nor showed awareness that you should. You might consider this painting, done for Humayan. It is surely well-known that the Mughals were direct descendants of Timur, and not very remote. The article describes them somewhere as a cadet branch of the Timurids, which seems about right. I doubt you are very familiar with our numerous articles on European dynasties - the treatment here seems very compatible with those. Normally cadet branches are included in their own sections. What do you think is OR? Johnbod (talk) 21:37, 11 June 2021 (UTC)
 * You ought to know by now what a source is, Johnbod. Some random painting has zero importance. 'What do you think is OR?'? I don't think you're showing awareness enough, please my read comment(s) again. Anyhow, this is not worth the hassle, I'm out. --HistoryofIran (talk) 22:28, 11 June 2021 (UTC)
 * "Some random painting has zero importance" - right! This is an imaginary group portrait commissioned by the 2nd Mughal emperor, showing him at the centre of a group of his Timurid ancestors and relatives. Later Mughal emperors added their own portraits. This shows very clearly how the Mughals saw themselves. No historians have been produced showing anything else. Johnbod (talk) 01:35, 12 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Timurid dynasty


text:
Chazy River

Chazy River is the name of two tributaries of Lake Champlain in Clinton County, New York in the United States.

The more northerly river is the Great Chazy River, which empties into Lake Champlain at King Bay in the Town of Champlain.

The more southerly river is the Little Chazy River, which empties into Lake Champlain north of Chazy Landing in the Town of Chazy.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chazy River


text: Category:United States musical groups

title: Category:United States musical groups


text:
User talk:Tpaulshippy

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title: User talk:Tpaulshippy


text: File:WonderfulTownWikipedia.jpg

title: File:WonderfulTownWikipedia.jpg


text:
Corn stover

Corn stover consists of the leaves, stalks, and cobs of corn (maize) (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) plants left in a field after harvest. Such stover makes up about half of the yield of a corn crop and is similar to straw from other cereal grasses; in Britain it is sometimes called corn straw. Corn stover is a very common agricultural product in areas of large amounts of corn production. As well as the non-grain part of harvested corn, the stover can also contain other weeds and grasses. Field corn and sweet corn, two different types of maize, have relatively similar corn stover.

Fodder (ensilaged or nonensilaged)
Corn stover (like various other kinds of stover) can be used as feed, whether grazed as forage, chopped as silage to be used later for fodder, or collected for direct (nonensilaged) fodder use. Maize forage is usually ensiled in cooler regions, but it can be harvested year-round in the tropics and fed as green forage to the animals. In the silage use case, it is usual for the entire plant (grain and stover together) to be chopped into pieces which are then crushed between rollers while harvesting. Maize silage is one of the most valuable forages for ruminants. In dairy farming, corn silage is primarily used as fodder for dairy cows during the winter season. Corn stover can be beneficial to beef cattle producers because the "corn stover can provide a low cost feed source for mid-gestation beef cows". In addition to the stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs remaining in the field, kernels of grain may also be left over from harvest. These left over kernels, along with the corn stover, serve as an additional feed source for grazing cattle. Over time, the stalks will decrease in value as feed, so farmers aim to graze the corn stover as soon as possible after harvest. The amount of grazing possible on a field of corn stover is "between one and two months of grazing per cow per acre (50 cows on 50 acre for one to two months)."

When corn stover is harvested intact (as opposed to the whole plant being chopped for silage, or the stover being left in the field by a combine), it can be cut and gathered by corn binders, which are reaper-binders designed specifically for maize. It can also be baled into large round bales.

Bedding (litter) followed by soil amendment
Instead of feed uses, corn stover can also be collected for use as bedding or litter for the livestock (that is, cellulosic bulk to catch and contain the animal manure), or it can be a vegetable manure that stays in the field as plant litter (serving as green manure, although less green than some others, with a higher C/N ratio). When used as bedding (barn litter), it is then removed and directly spread on the fields or composted (in long piles handled by loaders) for later field spreading. In either of the latter two use cases, it ends up as organic matter for soil amendment.

Direct soil amendment
The feed and bedding uses of corn stover are common, but the plant litter/vegetable manure use is also common. The latter is true for any combination of two reasons: (1) it helps to maintain soil health, and (2) when the corn crop is used as a grain crop (as opposed to a silage crop), harvesting the (grainless) stover simply does not pay; there is often no market demand for it that outweighs its value on the farm as soil maintenance, which represents an economic factor of its own. Regular annual harvesting of the whole corn plant (chopping for silage) is more challenging to soil management than is using the corn as a grain crop and mulching the field with the stover. Reincorporating the organic matter is good for the soil, although it must be managed properly to prevent nitrogen robbery of the next crop, as the high C/N ratio causes available nitrogen (fixed nitrogen) to be hoarded by the soil microbes diligently digesting the cellulose and lignin. They can outcompete the plants for the nitrogen. There are both organic and nonorganic ways to augment the nitrogen supply. Animal urine and manure is the main organic way, whereas commercial fertilizer is the main nonorganic way; both ways provide urea, which the microbes digest with their urease.

Bioenergy
Another use for corn stover is as fuel for bioenergy or as feedstock for bioproducts. It can be burned in furnaces to yield energy that steam turbines convert to electricity. It also has potential for cellulosic ethanol (biomass ethanol), which is "ethanol made from non-grain plant materials known as biomass." However, with current technology, a large part of the biofuel potential of cellulose is wasted due to the strength of the glycosidic bonds that pair chains of D-glucose units. But if the commercialization of cellulosic ethanol advances enough technologically, biomass ethanol production would use the corn stover from the corn crop produced in areas around ethanol plants. Corn stover, due to the relative close proximity of the corn grain produced for ethanol production, "is by far the most abundant crop residue readily available today." The free accessibility to corn stover makes it a prime candidate for biomass ethanol production. DuPont opened a facility in Nevada, Iowa, that was expected to generate 30 million gallons annually of cellulosic biofuel produced from corn stover residues. The plant provisionally opened in 2015, but shut down in 2017 after a previous temporary shutdown in 2016. DuPont repaid $10.5 million of the $17.5 million in incentives received from the state of Iowa. DuPont sold the plant to a German company, Verbio, who converted the plant from ethanol production to renewable natural gas production for eventual use as compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquified natural gas (LNG) vehicle fuel. Humus is also produced as a byproduct of natural gas production. Humus, alternatively known as digestate, is a value-added lignin- and nutrient-rich soil amendment similar to peat moss or compost which may be returned to feedstock suppliers or further processed into marketable products. As of 2021, Verbio is considering adding back ethanol production capabilities to the plant.

Composition and properties
HHV: 19 MJ/kg DAF

title: Corn stover


text:
Natrocarbonatite

Natrocarbonatite is a rare carbonatite lava which erupts from the Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania within the East African Rift of eastern Africa. Natrocarbonatite lavas were first documented in 1962, by J. B. Dawson.

Composition
Whereas most lavas are rich in silicate minerals, the natrocarbonatite lavas of Ol Doinyo Lengai are rich in two rare sodium and potassium carbonate minerals, nyerereite and gregoryite.

Due to this unusual composition, the lava is erupted at relatively low temperatures (approximately 500–600 °C). This temperature is so low that the molten lava appears black in sunlight, rather than having the red glow common to most lavas. It is also much more fluid than silicate lavas.

Impact
The sodium and potassium carbonate minerals of the lavas erupted at Ol Doinyo Lengai are unstable at the Earth's surface and susceptible to rapid weathering, the minerals are anhydrous and when they come into contact with the moisture of the atmosphere, they begin to react extremely quickly.

The black or dark brown lava and ash erupted begins to turn white within a few hours. The resulting volcanic landscape is different from any other in the world.

In popular culture
Notable appearances
 * Etnatao: Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano Tanzania
 * Eruption
 * Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano HDTV (from a French TV documentary)

title: Natrocarbonatite


text:
International Society of Arboriculture

The International Society of Arboriculture, commonly known as ISA, is an international non-profit organization headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The ISA serves the tree care industry as a paid membership association and a credentialing organization that promotes the professional practice of arboriculture. ISA focuses on providing research, technology, and education opportunities for tree care professionals to develop their arboricultural expertise. ISA also works to educate the general public about the benefits of trees and the need for proper tree care.

Worldwide, ISA has more than 22,000 members and 31,000 ISA-certified tree care professionals with 59 chapters, associate organizations, and professional affiliates throughout North America, Asia, Oceania, Europe, and South America.

title: International Society of Arboriculture


text:
User talk:Shootthemagpies

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 03:25, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

Image Tagging Image:Goldcoaststadium.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Goldcoaststadium.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. Thue | talk 08:34, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

The same for Image:Q1frombeach.jpg and any other unsourced images you have uploaded. Thue | talk 08:52, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Which I can see includes all the images you uploaded. Images must have clear copyright status! Please don't upload any images which do not have source and acceptable copyright status. Any images you have uploaded which do not have their copyright status resolved within 7 days will be deleted. Thue | talk 09:01, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Image:Wetnwildlogo.gif
Hi, I noticed you uploaded this photo with the template Coatofarms. I think Logo would probably be more useful.

BTW, if you haven't already, you should definitely check out the Australian Wikipedians' notice board and the WikiProject Brisbane, I am sure they would love to hear from you. cheers. --pfctdayelise 14:45, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Image:Helensvale.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Helensvale.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the image description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use image by finding a freely licensed image of its subject or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that any fair use images which are replaceable by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. --Sherool (talk) 11:30, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:WestfieldHelensvale.JPG)
Thanks for uploading Image:WestfieldHelensvale.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 23:15, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:AustFair.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:AustFair.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 09:47, 1 June 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Longhair\talk 09:47, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Loganhyperdomepiazza.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Loganhyperdomepiazza.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the image description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use image by finding a freely licensed image of its subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or a similar) image under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that fair use images which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 7 days after this notification, per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. —  pd_THOR  undefined | 17:13, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:WestfieldGardenCity.JPG)
 Thanks for uploading Image:WestfieldGardenCity.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Jusjih 01:44, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Pacificfair.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Pacificfair.jpg. I noticed the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the image description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use image by finding a freely licensed image of its subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or a similar) image under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that fair use images which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if not used in an article), per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Calliopejen1 19:43, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Robinatowncentre.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Robinatowncentre.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted after seven days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Calliopejen1 19:46, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Robina_logo.gif
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Robina_logo.gif. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Rettetast (talk) 16:42, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Dreamworldlogo.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Dreamworldlogo.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. --Geniac (talk) 01:06, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Brisbane meetup - Sunday 10 December 2017 at The Edge, State Library of Queensland
If you are in or near Brisbane, please join us on Sunday 10 December 2017 any time from noon to 4pm at The Edge at the State Library of Queensland. For more details and to sign up, please go to the meetup page. See you there! Kerry (talk) 22:39, 27 November 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shootthemagpies


text:
Talk:FAU

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep (nomination withdrawn). For details, please see Votes for deletion/FAU. -- BD2412 talk 03:26, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:FAU


text:
Missouri Route 32

Route 32 is a highway in Missouri. Its eastern terminus is at the Mississippi River near Ste. Genevieve; its western terminus is at U.S. Route 54 in El Dorado Springs. It is currently one of the longest highways in the state. Most of the highway east of Lebanon is hilly and curvy, passing through a large part of the Missouri Ozarks.

Route 32 is one of the original Missouri highways from 1922. It originally ran only from Licking to Flat River (now Park Hills). Other portions were defined as Route 66 (El Dorado Springs to Fair Play), Route 13 (Fair Play to Buffalo), and Route 68 (Farmington to Ste. Genevieve). Route 66 replaced Route 13 to Buffalo in 1925, but by 1927 it became part of US 54. Route 32 also absorbed Route 68 in 1926 or 1927. Route 64, which had been designated in 1922 between Collins and Preston (now US 54), was extended east to Lebanon in the early 1930s, and by 1935 it had swapped alignments with US 54, becoming the El Dorado Springs-Lebanon route that now mostly carries Route 32. Route 32 was extended west to Lebanon by 1946, and it was later extended west, leaving only the Louisburg-Lebanon section of Route 64, which has since been extended west.

Route description
The highway begins at the beginning of state maintenance, at a point in the 300 block of 4th Street in Ste. Genevieve. City streets connect to a ferry providing passage across the Mississippi River to Illinois. Just before leaving the city, the route comes to an intersection with U.S. Route 61. Six miles further west is an interchange with Interstate 55 and eleven miles (18 km) west of the interstate is the northern junction of Route 144. At Farmington, the highway joins U.S. Route 67 for seven miles (6 km), then it exits at Leadington and turns into four lane to Saint Joe State Park U.S. Route 67 Business.

At Caledonia, the highway turns south and forms a four-mile (6 km) concurrency with Route 21, then turns west and enters the Mark Twain National Forest. In the national forest, the highway forms a six-mile (10 km) concurrency with Route 49. As the highway nears the western boundary of the Mark Twain National Forest, the highway joins Route 72, the two highways will be united to the west side of Salem. Nine miles west of Salem is the northern terminus of Route 119.

At Licking is the northern terminus of Route 137 and an intersection with U.S. Route 63. West of Licking, Route 32 enters another section of the Mark Twain National Forest. At Success, Route 32 turns north, joining Route 17 for four miles (6 km) then turns west again at Roby. At Lynchburg is the northern terminus of Route 95 and Route 32 turns north. Three miles northwest of Falcon, the highway leaves the Mark Twain National Forest.

At Lebanon, Route 32 joins Route 5 and has an interchange with Interstate 44, which also serves as the eastern terminus of Route 64. In Lebanon, the highway turns southwest and leaves the concurrency with Route 5 and Route 64.

At Buffalo, Route 32 intersects U.S. Route 65. The road then continues west, forming the main highway between the two county seats of Buffalo and Bolivar. At Bolivar, the highway intersect Route 83, and then intersects Route 13.

At Fair Play, Route 32 briefly joins Route 123 and begins a northwest route to the north side of Stockton Lake where the highway passes over the dam. At Stockton, it joins Route 39 briefly and continue west eventually reaching the northern terminus of Route 97. At this intersection, the highway turns due north for five miles (8 km) before reaching U.S. Route 54 and ending in eastern El Dorado Springs.

History
The section of Route 32 between Route 17 and Plato was formerly designated as Route 17A.

title: Missouri Route 32