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Mosque City of Bagerhat

The Mosque City of Bagerhat (মসজিদের শহর বাগেরহাট; historically known as Khalifatabad) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Bagerhat District, Bangladesh. It contains 360 mosques, public buildings, mausoleums, bridges, roads, water tanks and other public buildings constructed from baked brick. The mosques were built during the Bengal Sultanate in the 15th century, of which the Sixty Dome Mosque is the largest. Other mosques include the Singar Mosque, the Nine Dome Mosque, the Tomb of Khan Jahan, the Bibi Begni Mosque and the Ronvijoypur Mosque. The mosques were built during the governorship of Ulugh Khan Jahan, a Turkic military officer appointed as governor in the Sundarbans by Sultan Mahmud Shah of Bengal.

The site was a "mint town" of the Bengal Sultanate. Bagerhat has one of the largest concentrations of sultanate-era mosques in Bangladesh. The historic city has more than 50 structures built in the local Bengal Sultanate variant style of Indo-Islamic architecture. This is sometimes called the 'Khan Jahan Style'. These were uncovered after removing the vegetation that had obscured them from view for many centuries. The site has been recognised by UNESCO in 1983 under criteria (iv), "as an outstanding example of an architectural ensemble which illustrates a significant stage in human history", of which the Sixty Dome Mosque with actually 60 pillars and 77 domes, is the most well known. The mosques feature terracotta artwork and arabesque.

Geography
The mosque city is situated in southern Bengal near the vast estuary of the Bengal delta. It is located 60 km from the coast of the Bay of Bengal. The city is spread over an area of 50 km2, on the banks of the moribund branch of the Bhairab River along a 6 km stretch (in an east–west direction and about 25 km width in north–south direction ), which was part of the Sundarbans mangrove forests. Today all monuments are set in the unspoilt environment of what is now farmlands, surrounded by palm trees.

History
The Bengal Sultanate appointed Khan Jahan Ali, also known as Ulug Khan, as its governor in the Sundarbans in southern Bengal during the 15th century. Ulugh Khan Jahan was a person of Turkic-origin. The title of Ulugh was common to rulers from the Turco-Persian tradition. The Bengal Sultanate attracted many immigrants from the Middle East and Central Asia, who brought with them ideas of Islamic architecture. Sufism was employed by Muslim missionaries to attract the local population. The high concentration of mosques suggests the rapidity with which the local population converted to Islam.

According to sultanate taka, it was built in the 15th century and was known by the name of Khalifatabad during the 16th century.

Ulugh Khan Jahan administered an area covering parts of present-day Khulna Division and Barisal Division in Bangladesh. Inscriptions in Bagerhat indicate that the mosque was built during the reign of Sultan Mahmud Shah between 1450 and 1459. Interestingly, Mahmud Shah was also responsible for transferring Bengal's capital from Pandua to Gauda. The reign of Mahmud Shah was marked by significant architectural development. In south Bengal, the mosque city of Bagerhat displays the simplistic 'Khan Jahan Style' of Bengali Islamic architecture. Ulugh Khan Jahan was responsible for establishing a planned township with roads, bridges, and water supply tanks (of which the Ghoradighi and Dargadighi still survive), cisterns, and several mosques and tombs. Ulugh Khan Jahan was a Sufi.

In 1895, an extensive survey of the area was conducted by the Archaeological Survey of British India, and restoration was put into effect in 1903–04 on the Sixty Dome Mosque. In 1907-8 part of the roof and 28 domes were restored. In 1983, UNESCO drew up a master plan for the Bagerhat area and it became a World Heritage Site in 1985.

Architecture
The remaining buildings of the city are largely mosques and bridges etc, which later locals did not like to take apart for their materials. Few original houses remain. The larger buildings use a version of the Bengal Sultanate style of Indo-Islamic architecture, with elements of various styles, including Bengali, Persian and Arab. The city covered 360 mosques (most of them of identical designs), many public buildings, mausoleums, bridges, network of roads and water reservoirs. The material used in building construction was baked bricks, which over the centuries deteriorated under saline conditions of the soil and the atmosphere.

The mosques have round towers projecting at the four corners; sometimes these extend some way above the main roofline to make minarets at the front corners of the mosque. These are very short by normal standards.

The layout, revealed after the recent removal of the vegetative growth around the historic city, indicates that the city developed in two distinct zones; the main zone is the Mosque of Shait Gumbaz and its precincts and the other zone to its east is the one encircling the Mausoleum of Khan Jahan. The two zones are separated by a distance of 6.5 km.

Mosques
The following includes a partial list of mosques, tombs or mausoleums, and other monuments which have been restored from among the large number of ruins in the city.

Sixty Dome Mosque
The Sixty Dome Mosque, on the eastern bank of a water tank or pond (the Ghora Dighi), is one of the oldest mosques in the country and is described as a "historic mosque representing the Golden Era of Muslim Bengal". The mosque has an oblong plan of 148'6" x 101'4" externally and 123'3" x 76'2" internally. The mosque is unique in that it has 60 pillars that support 77 exquisitely curved "low squat domes" that have worn away over time; it has seven central domes that are four-sided and built in Bengali style. It was established in 1440 by Khan Jahan Ali.

The minarets are double storied and round in shape; projecting cornices surround the shafts up to the middle height of the minarets and a window fitted at this mid height provides ventilation and light. A spiral staircase in this minar leads to the top.

It was used for prayers, as an assembly hall and madrasa (an Islamic school). Seventy seven domes are over the roof and four smaller ones at the four corners are towers (the towers were used to call the faithfuls to attend prayers). The large prayer hall has 11 arched doorways on the east and 7 each on the north and south which provide ventilation and light to the hall. There are 7 longitudinal aisles and 11 deep bays in the midst of slim columns made of stone. These columns support the curving arches that are overlaid by the domes. The west wall in the interior has eleven mihrabs that are decorated with stonework and terracotta and the flooring is brickwork. The walls and the mihrabs were affected by sulphates. Most of the damage has been rectified. The arches are 6 ft thick with a slight taper over the hollow and round walls. The mosque also functioned as the court of Khan Jahan Ali. It now attracts a large number of tourists and visitors. The mosque is decorated mostly with terracotta and bricks.

Nine Dome Mosque
The Nine Dome Mosque is located to the west of the takur dighi tank and built in the 15th century. It is located near Khan Jahan Ali's tomb. Its western wall conventionally faces west towards Mecca, where the mihrab is inset; terracotta floral scrolls and flower motifs are the decorations seen around the mihrab. Circular towers are provided in the four corners. The walls of the mosque support a large central dome which has eight smaller domes around it. This structure was also affected by sulphates. It has been since substantially restored. Close to this mosque are the Zinda Pir Mosque and mazar (tomb), which are in ruins.

Singar Mosque
The Singar Mosque is across the road from the Sixty Dome Mosque on its southeastern side. It is a square shaped single dome mosque. In what is typical to the Khan Jahan Style, the dome is supported on thick walls and topped with a cambered cornice. The Bigi Begni Mosque and the Chuna Khola Mosque are also single domed but much larger in size.

Ronvijoypur Mosque
The Ronvijoypur Mosque has the largest dome in Bangladesh. It is of 11 m width supported by arches and pendentives. The corners have tapering circular turrets while the external cornice has a slight curve. The mosque's interior is plain. However, the main mihrabs have decorations of floral patterns. It is located on the opposite side of the Khan Jahan Tomb on the Khulna-Bagerhat Road. It was built in the Khan Jahan style of architecture. It has been renovated many times in the past during the 1960s and 70s. However, it needs further repair work to prevent dampness inside the tomb, and also to the brickwork on the exterior surfaces.

Chuna Khola Mosque
The Chuna Khola Mosque, built in the 15th century, is located in the midst of rice fields in the village of Chuna Khola (named after the limestone extraction that was in vogue here in the past). It has been identified as representing a transition from the Khan Jahan style monuments. It is a 7.7 m square building with 2.24 m thick walls. It has three entrances on the east and one each on the northern and southern sides also. It has three mihrabs with the central mihrab being the largest in size and projecting outwards. It has a hemispherical dome with frontal arches. There are also squinches and half domes. It is distinctly different from the Khan Jahan style mosque in its exterior decorations, particularly the east façade, which depicts four rectangular panels bordered by foliated scrolls with merlons having plant motifs. It has four turrets with curved cornices. The brick walls, in particular, were damaged due to sulphate effect. It was renovated in the 1980s according to guidelines set by UNESCO.

Tomb of Khan Jahan
The Khan Jahan Mausoleum or tomb is located on the northern bank of a water tank (a pond infested with crocodiles) called thakur dighi in Bengali language. The pond is square in shape and the excavated material from the tank was used to make an embankment over which the Mausoleum has been built. The pond is approached through a flight of broad and steep steps built from the embankment. It has a single domes structure built over a square plan of 47'0" x 47'0" externally while internally it has a square plan of 28'2" x 28'2". The building was made of brick walls over five layers of dressed stone which forms the basement. From recorded sources of 1866, it is also mentioned that the flooring had been inlaid with hexagonal encaustic tiles of different designs and colours (mostly blue, white and yellow). However, in its present condition such type of tiles are seen only on a few steps on the Mausoleum itself. The tomb has black stones have been used in making the tomb and it is made of three steps. Verses from the Koran are inscribed in Arabic and Persian. There are inscriptions on the walls of the crypt which are inferred as providing historical information about Ulugh Khan Jahan's life. After retirement, Khan Jahan spent his retired life here and after his death on 25 October 1459, his tomb was preserved here. It is now pilgrimage site where people pay homage to the man who dedicated his lifetime to building the city and its monuments. The Pir Ali Tomb (of Pir Ali, a close associate of Khan Jahan) is an annexe building to this mausoleum and is of identical layout. A mosque called the Dargha Mosque is attached to the mausoleum.

Museum
A small museum has been established by the Directorate of Archaeology of Bangladesh, in collaboration with UNESCO, in front of the Shait Gumbaz Mosque, where antiquaries collected from the area of the historical site are displayed providing knowledge on the history of Bagerhat. It has three exhibit galleries of antiquaries related to the "Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat", which include inscriptions, potteries, terracotta plaques and ornamental bricks. Pictures of important historic buildings of Bangladesh are also part of the exhibits here.

title: Mosque City of Bagerhat


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Science Fiction Research Association

The Science Fiction Research Association (SFRA), founded in 1970, is the oldest, non-profit professional organization committed to encouraging, facilitating, and rewarding the study of science fiction and fantasy literature, film, and other media. The organization’s international membership includes academically affiliated scholars, librarians, and archivists, as well as authors, editors, publishers, and readers. In addition to its facilitating the exchange of ideas within a network of science fiction and fantasy experts, SFRA holds an annual conference for the critical discussion of science fiction and fantasy where it confers a number of awards, and it produces the quarterly publication, SFRA Review, which features reviews, review essays, articles, interviews, and professional announcements.

Conferences
The SFRA hosts an annual scholarly conference, which meets in a different location each year. Meetings have been held predominantly in the United States in such places as New York, New York (1970), Lawrence, Kansas (1982, 2008), Las Vegas, Nevada (2005), and Atlanta, Georgia (2009). However, its meetings have been held elsewhere when possible including the cities of St. Anne de Bellevue, Province of Quebec (1992), New Lanark, Scotland (2002), Guelph, Ontario (2003), Lublin, Poland (2011), and Detroit, Michigan (2012).

The 2012 SFRA Conference's theme was "Urban Apocalypse, Urban Renaissance: Science Fiction and Fantasy Landscapes". Its Guest of Honor was Eric Rabkin, Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of English Language and Literature at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and the guest speakers included Professor Steven Shaviro of Wayne State University and writers Saladin Ahmed, Sarah Zettel (aka C.L. Anderson), and Minister Faust.

Awards
The SFRA presents the following awards at its annual conference:

 * 1) Pilgrim Award – The Pilgrim Award, created in 1970 and named for J. O. Bailey's pioneering book, Pilgrims through Space and Time, honors lifetime contributions to SF and fantasy scholarship.
 * 2) Pioneer Award – The Pioneer Award, first given in 1990, recognizes the writer or writers of the best critical essay-length work of the year.
 * 3) Clareson Award – The Thomas D. Clareson Award for Distinguished Service, first given in 1996, recognizes an individual for outstanding service activities, which may include promotion of SF teaching and study, editing, reviewing, editorial writing, publishing, organizing meetings, mentoring, and leadership in SF/fantasy organizations.
 * 4) Mary Kay Bray Award – The Mary Kay Bray Award, first given in 2002 and established in honor of the late scholar for whom it is named, recognizes the best essay, interview, or extended review to appear in the SFRA Review in a given year.
 * 5) Graduate Student Paper Award – The Graduate Student Paper Award, first given in 1999, recognizes the most outstanding scholarly essay read by a graduate student at the SFRA's annual conference.

Publications
SFRA members receive the association's quarterly publication SFRA Review (ISSN 1068-395X). The contents include extensive book reviews of both nonfiction and fiction, review articles, listings of new and forthcoming books, letters, SFRA internal affairs, calls for papers, works in progress, and an annual index. Individual issues are not for sale; however, starting with issue #256 (Jan–Feb 2002) all issues are published to SFRA's website.

SFRA book publications include the 1988 anthology, Science Fiction: The Science Fiction Research Association Anthology, edited by Patricia S. Warrick, Charles G. Waugh, and Martin H. Greenberg, the 1996 collection, Visions of Wonder: The Science Fiction Research Association Reading Anthology, edited by David G. Hartwell and Milton T. Wolf, the 1999 work, Pilgrims & Pioneers: The History and Speeches of the Science Fiction Research Association Award Winners by Hal W. Hall and Daryl F. Mallett with substantial contributions by Fiona Kelleghan, and the 2010 anthology, Practicing Science Fiction: Critical Essays on Writing, Reading and Teaching the Genre, edited by Karen Hellekson, Craig B. Jacobsen, Patrick B. Sharp, and Lisa Yaszek.

Presidents
Past presidents of the SFRA include the following:

 * Hugh O'Connell (2023–2024)
 * Gerry Canavan (2020–2022)
 * Keren Omry (2017–2019)
 * Craig Jacobsen (2015–2016)
 * Pawel Frelik (2013–2014)
 * Ritch Calvin (2011–2012)
 * Lisa Yaszek (2009–2010)
 * Adam Frisch (2007–2008)
 * David G. Mead (2005–2006)
 * Peter Brigg (2003–2004)
 * Mike Levy (2001–2002)
 * Joe Sanders (1995–1996)
 * Patricia S. Warrick (1983–1984)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Science Fiction Research Association


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Lara Jill Miller

Lara Jill Miller (born April 20, 1967) is an American actress. She rose to prominence when she played in roles like Samantha "Sam" Kanisky on the 1980s sitcom Gimme a Break! and Kathy on The Amanda Show.

She voices the title characters in Clifford's Puppy Days, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee and Henry Hugglemonster. She also voices Widget in Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!, Lambie in Doc McStuffins, Fink in OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes, Lisa Loud in The Loud House, Libby Stein-Torres in The Ghost and Molly McGee, Izzie in SciGirls, Allie in Curious George, and Cat in If You Give a Mouse a Cookie.

Early life and education
Miller was born April 20, 1967, in Allentown, Pennsylvania, to Lois (née Noll) and Stanley Miller. Her parents were both Jewish. Her mother, Lois Miller, founded the talent agency Star Talent Management. Her father, Stanley Miller, owned and operated a pajama factory. He was also well known for his participation in community theater, and he worked as an extra in the movie Hairspray.

Miller first started acting at a local dinner theater, which she tried out for after seeing its auditions advertised in a local newspaper and asking her father what the word "audition" meant. She graduated from Allentown's William Allen High School.

Career
Miller's professional acting career began on Broadway, where she appeared as Amaryllis in a revival of The Music Man with Dick Van Dyke.

In 1981, after her appearance on Broadway, she joined the cast of Gimme a Break!, playing the role of the tomboyish Samantha "Sam" Kanisky opposite Nell Carter. When the series ended its six-year run on NBC in 1987, Miller returned to New York University, where she played on the university's women's varsity tennis team and continued performing on stage nationally. Four years later, she received her J.D. degree from Fordham University School of Law, leaving graduation early to portray Peter Pan in a production at the Pennsylvania Youth Theater. She subsequently was admitted to practice law in New Jersey, New York, and her native Pennsylvania.

In 1999, Miller resumed her on-camera acting career with recurring roles on the Nickelodeon series The Amanda Show and All That and on General Hospital. She also began working in animated series, lending her voice to various characters, including Kari in Digimon (both the series and the feature film), Koko in Zatch Bell!, Alejo in Astro Boy, and Scheris Adjani in s-CRY-ed. Miller also provided the singing voice of Dorothy Gale in the National Public Radio adaptation of L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, and the voices of the title characters on Cartoon Network's The Life and Times of Juniper Lee, Disney Junior's Henry Hugglemonster, and the PBS Kids Clifford's Puppy Days (prequel to Clifford the Big Red Dog).

Miller appears in the recurring roles of Pookie, Wiki, and Tini on Disney Channel's Higglytown Heroes, Haruka of Daigunder, and the Nick Jr. series Wow! Wow! Wubbzy! as Widget, the show's problem-solving pink creature resembling a rabbit, both PBS series Curious George as Allie and SciGirls as Izzie, and regular guest-starring roles on several other animated series.

For six seasons, she performed voice work on the Disney Channel/Disney Junior television series Doc McStuffins as the voice of Lambie and on the Nickelodeon television series The Loud House in which she voices Lisa Loud, Liam Hunnicutt, Becky, Persephone, and Nurse Patti.

In 2020, she voice acted for two cartoons, the episode "All About Zee" in DC Super Hero Girls and the English dub for Beastars as Haru. She continues to perform the role of Libby in the Disney production, The Ghost and Molly McGee.

Personal life
In 2006, Miller's mother was diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia, a progressive brain disease, which forced her to close her talent agency; Miller has since helped spread awareness of the disease.

title: Lara Jill Miller


text: User talk:67.86.207.119

title: User talk:67.86.207.119


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User talk:BIG BROTHER

Welcome!
Hello, BIG BROTHER, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:21, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:BIG BROTHER


text:
User talk:Tickenest

Welcome!
Hello, Tickenest, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:21, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Tickenest


text:
User talk:Jhurta

Welcome!
Hello, Jhurta, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:22, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Jhurta


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Ferry Farm

Ferry Farm, also known as the George Washington Boyhood Home Site or the Ferry Farm Site, is the farm and home where George Washington spent much of his childhood. The site is located in Stafford County, Virginia, along the northern bank of the Rappahannock River, across from the city of Fredericksburg. In July 2008, archaeologists announced that they had found remains of the boyhood home, which had suffered a fire during 1740, including artifacts such as pieces of a cream-colored tea set probably belonging to George's mother, Mary Ball Washington. In 2015, the George Washington Foundation began constructing a replica of Washington's boyhood home on the site of the original building. The replica house was completed in 2018 and is open to the public.

History
The farm was named after the Washington family had left the property. Its namesake was a free ferry that crossed the Rappahannock River on Washington land—the family did not own or operate it. It is unclear what the farm was called during the Washington occupancy. Sometime in the late 19th century the farm became known as Pine Grove, as well as The Ferry Farm. The farm rose to national prominence during the Washington Birth Bicentennial of 1932—during the years surrounding this celebration some authors cited both the names Ferry Farm and Pine Grove.

Before Washington
Over thousands of years, American Indians periodically inhabited the lands that today make up Ferry Farm. Archaeological finds include a spear point made over 10,000 years ago by a big-game hunter, numerous tools associated with bands of hunter/gatherers, and pottery created by native farmers. The first European claim on the property was a land patent granted to John Catlett in 1666. By 1710, the tract had been subdivided into several small farms, with Maurice Clark in ownership of what would become Ferry Farm. In 1727, the property was sold to William Strother, a lawyer, and a Burgess for the newly formed King George County.

In 1738, George Washington's father, Augustine, acquired the plantation from the Strother estate. Augustine Washington held political office, owned several thriving plantations, and was a managing partner of Accokeek Iron Furnace located six miles north of Ferry Farm on a tributary of the Potomac River. He moved to Ferry Farm in the fall of 1738 with his second wife, Mary Ball Washington, and their five young children.

Washington-era
George Washington's biographers could claim three locations significant as his homesteads through his lifetime. Pope's Creek, Virginia from 1732 to 1735 was his birthplace. Little Hunting Creek, later to be renamed Mount Vernon by elder brother Lawrence after his 1743 inheritance of the property was briefly the family home to Augustine and Mary Washington and their brood of five including his third son George, from 1735 to 1738. The Washington-era farm, then referred to by others as the Washington Farm and by the Washingtons as the Home Farm, had a 1½-story central-passage house, two rooms deep, perched atop a bluff on the Rappahannock River. It was built by Augustine Washington. Based on excavations at the site in 2008, the structure was approximately 54 ft wide by 28 ft deep. It was the second of five houses at the site. George was six when the family moved to the farm in 1738. He inherited the farm and lived in the house until his early 20s. However, George Washington was not sentimental about the land. Washington saw the land as a "crowded, busy, trouble-filled place of limited options." Washington's father Augustine had left behind a small set of surveying instruments after he died. At the age of 16 Washington used his father's surveying tools to survey for prominent Virginia grandees and instantly became hooked; George Washington had found his first true calling. Surveying linked George to his brother Lawrence and the Fairfaxes. At age 18 Washington was granted a 453-acre tract in western Frederick County by Lord Fairfax. Washington surveyed the 453 acres of land and also purchased an adjoining tract. Washington soon had acquired close to two thousand acres in western lands. Washington had acquired more land through his own hard work than Ferry Farm would be worth in the three years Washington had to wait to legally claim Ferry Farm. He often stayed with his half-brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon. Washington's mother lived in the house until 1772, when she moved to Fredericksburg, and the farm was sold to a friend Hugh Mercer. The Washington-era house was in ruinous condition by 1833.

After Washington
A new farmhouse was built at the site in 1850 for the use of an overseer. It was the site of skirmishing during the American Civil War in 1862. Throughout the Civil War, the area surrounding Ferry Farm was prone to encounters between Confederate and Union armies due to a concentration of ferry and train traffic. Because of these encounters, many significant battles occurred in the city surrounding Ferry Farm, although no battles occurred on the actual site.

Ferry Farm was periodically occupied by Union Soldiers as a war campground, which military personnel used to prepare for battle. In 1862, amid the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln, familiar with Weems' Washington myths, toured Ferry Farm. While occupying the Farm, many soldiers familiar with the Cherry Tree Myth, carved trinkets, such as rings, from a tree they believed to be the myth. Much of the farm was destroyed during this time. Another new farmhouse was built during the 1870s, along with many outbuildings. A surviving "surveyor's shed" is a remnant of this period.

Since the 1920s, the property has been the subject of many preservation and money-making schemes. James Beverly Colbert sought to profit from the land's associations with Washington. The writer George Allan England agreed to write real-estate ads promoting the historical value of the land for a $5,000 fee upon the land's sale. He made full use of the many Weem's tales. Colbert also helped promote the thought that a non-important structure called "The Surveyor Shed," was a genuine relic, though it was not. Since the bicentennial celebration of George Washington's Birthday was approaching, Colbert and England thought the land would sell quickly, but there were other historical sites vying for preservation and the Great Depression finally killed their dream.

In each subsequent decade, different groups of preservationists have tried to make a "national shrine" out of Washington's boyhood home. The 1960s saw the creation of a home for troubled boys on the site. This project left on the landscape the site's most visible feature—a large pseudo-Georgian building which now houses a museum, offices, and archaeological lab, which, since 2006, is viewable for visitors.

In the 1990s Stafford County's Board of Supervisors set out to both preserve the site and bring business to the county. Their attempts ultimately led to rezoning and a bid by Wal-Mart to buy the property and construct a large store adjacent to the boyhood site. This was opposed by many in Fredericksburg, which would have been able to see the back of the store from town. There was a widespread feeling that such a change in this historical town's viewshed would have had adverse effects on the town's crucial tourist trade as well as harming the town's charm and quality of life. The result was a deal whereby Historic Kenmore (the circa 1770s Fredericksburg home of Washington's sister Betty Washington Lewis and her husband Fielding Lewis), in conjunction with the National Park Service and commonwealth funds, purchased the site. Historic Kenmore became George Washington's Fredericksburg Foundation and in 2008 The George Washington Foundation. This foundation oversees both sites as well as Augustine Washington's ironworks at Accokeek (Potomac) Furnace (1726~ 56) in Stafford County, part of the Principio Company.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000.

Extensive archaeological investigations began in 2002 under the direction of David Muraca (formerly of Colonial Williamsburg) and Philip Levy of the University of South Florida. The goal of the excavations is to locate and understand the original Washington farm complex. In 2008, Levy and Muraca announced that one of three sites excavated yielded the original home site, including foundations of a 53 by 37 ft home. The home had suffered a small fire during George Washington's lifetime. In 2018 a replica of the original home was completed above these foundations and guided tours are offered on a daily basis. Ferry Farm also runs children's programs and other public events.

It is located at 237 King's Highway (Virginia Route 3), near Fredericksburg. A building associated with George Washington's surveying work is listed at 712 King's Highway.

Wal-Mart controversy
Samuel Warren and Irma Warren bought the land in 1969. The Warrens were interested in historical preservation and kept the property in the family for nearly 30 years but they eventually sought to rezone the land as a B-1 commercial lot. They then reached an agreement with Stafford County, with the county agreeing to rezoning a parcel of the land, and the Warrens agreeing to donate 24 acres surrounding the Colbert house. The sale, however, marked the start of a long controversy between commercial interests and proponents of national heritage. Robert Siegrist entered the controversy and expressed an interest in maintaining the land that was recently donated to Stafford County. Siegrist maintained the property for 4 years until early on the morning of September 26, 1994 when a fire broke out at the Colbert house. Stafford County quickly ended its relationship with Siegrist and looked for alternate applications of the property. In 1995, the Walmart corporation sought the land surrounding the Washington Site, and worked to purchase it. Included in the purchase was a promise that the site heritage would be preserved through a columned plaza with "special tributes to George and the Cherry Tree." However, there was a large opposition including Fredericksburg small business owners, local historical preservationists, and many national organizations such as Daughters of the American Revolution. The conflict came to a head on April 1, 1995, after the review board assigned to the task rejected Walmart's offer.

Archaeology
The George Washington Foundation purchased the land in 1996 and since 2003 has supported an archeological field school at the site. The summer excavations are led by Philip Levy (associate professor of history at the University of South Florida) and David Muraca (who previously worked at Colonial Williamsburg). Digs are organized through university groups and consist of undergraduate and graduate volunteers. Archeologists and volunteers have found artifacts dating from the prehistoric period through the Civil War and beyond.

The house
In 2006-2008 the archeology team headed by Muraca and Levy, funded by the George Washington Foundation, found the cellar to, and thus the location of George Washington's boyhood home. Using the remains of the building and the artifacts within, they have dated the feature to the 1740s, the time when the Washingtons lived on the land. In 2015, groundbreaking began on a replica house built above the original foundations using information gleaned from the archaeological remains, contemporary descriptions of the original house, and knowledge of similar houses in Colonial Virginia. The house was built using eighteenth-century building techniques by experts in colonial craftsmanship, and completed and opened to the public in 2018. It is stocked with reproductions of the furniture and objects listed in Augustine Washington's probate inventory as having been in the house when he died in 1743. Since they are reproductions, tour guides encourage guests to interact with all of the objects in the house, allowing them to sit on the furniture, open cabinets, and handle objects.

Foundation and museum
The George Washington Foundation now owns the land as well as Kenmore, the Fredericksburg home of Washington's sister Betty and her husband Fielding Lewis. The GWF is funded by donors and grants and has been managing the land since the Walmart purchase. In addition to funding, staffing, cataloging, and overseeing the site's excavations there are now plans to recreate the historical landscape and build a new visitor's center on the site.

Prehistoric
Artifacts found at the Ferry Farm site have dated back to 10,000 B.C. This period of prehistoric artifacts continues on until 1,500 B.C. Artifacts from this period include hunting and gather tools, which prehistoric peoples used to hunt wildlife around and in the Rappahannock River. The land around Ferry Farm was rich in nutrients and populated with multiple animals. "Such diversity in food sources required these groups to expand the types of tools they used." Examples of artifacts that were found include spear points, stone axes, and quartz scrapers, which were used as tools for hunting.

Pre-Colonial life
While evidence is scarce, artifacts have been dated back to 1,500 B.C. until 1,500 A.D. when Woodland Indians inhabited the land around current day Ferry Farm.

Colonial life
Popular artifacts found from the Colonial Period include the ends of 18th century wig hair curlers. "[...] These were associated with maintaining wigs for George Washington's younger brothers. The fashionable gentlemen of the late 18th century wore a wig- the single most expensive part of the gentry-class man's wardrobe."

Civil War
In 1862 the Civil War arrived at Ferry Farm leaving behind a variety of artifacts throughout the duration of the war. Such as objects from battles including bullets, ink bottles, buttons and medallions from uniforms to name a few.

Cherry tree
Ferry Farm is the setting for some of the best known stories about George Washington, most particularly those brought to the American public by Mason Locke Weems, best known as Parson Weems, in the early 19th century. These include the anecdote, appearing first in the 1806 edition of Weems's Life of Washington, in which a 6-year-old George barked one of his father Augustine's favorite English cherry trees with a new hatchet. Upon being confronted by his father, the boy confessed, saying: "I cannot tell a lie; I did it with my little hatchet."

George Washington's step-grandson, George Washington Parke Custis, published a newer version of the story in which George Washington tried to break his mothers new colt (horse). In this story, Washington rode the horse "so hard" that one of the horse's blood vessel's burst, killing the horse. Like the cherry tree story, when confronted George Washington admitted to killing the horse. Both stories celebrate George Washington's honesty and share a theme of loss, which Washington was painfully familiar with after his father's death and losing his opportunity to study abroad.

Silver dollar toss
It has also been claimed to be the site where George Washington "threw a silver dollar across the Rappahannock River." It is possible to "skip" a coin or flat rock across that area. Regardless, the river was considerably wider during this period than it is today, making the feat that much more difficult. Each year during the celebration of Washington's birthday, townspeople are invited to attempt to recreate this event. In the summer of 2006, archaeology intern Jim Trueman duplicated Washington's alleged throw and did it again the following summer to prove the first throw was not a fluke.

title: Ferry Farm


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Disco Pigs

Disco Pigs is a 2001 Irish coming of age romantic crime film directed by Kirsten Sheridan and written by Enda Walsh, who adapted it from his 1996 play of the same name. Cillian Murphy and Elaine Cassidy star as two young people from Cork who have a lifelong, but unhealthy, friendship that is imploding as they approach active life.

Plot
The film revolves around the intense relationship of the two teenage protagonists, Darren (Cillian Murphy) and Sinéad (Elaine Cassidy), who call each other "Pig" and "Runt", respectively. Pig and Runt were born at the same hospital at nearly the same time and grow up next door to each other. It brings about an extremely close relationship between the two. They live in their own world and rarely interact with others; when they do, it's mostly to express their hostility toward them. Their relationship, while very intense and unhealthy, remains platonic until just before their 17th birthday.

Around this time, Runt catches and reciprocates the attention of another young man, Marky (Darren Healy), from their school just as Pig develops romantic feelings for Runt. As their birthday draws closer, Pig becomes more volatile and violent, and his new feelings become obvious to Runt when he kisses her after a rampage at a nightclub. Runt does not know how to reject him and they continue their friendship, though relations between them are markedly awkward. Their relationship finally raises concerns at their school. With the cooperation of her parents and Pig's single mother, Runt, considered the more adaptive of the two, is sent away to a boarding school. Pig is devastated by this and decides to run away and retrieve Runt.

Even though Runt is paralyzed with uncertainty and fear at the boarding school, unsure of how to live her daily life without Pig, she starts to adapt, even befriending another girl. On their 17th birthday, Pig arrives at Runt's school and asks her to leave with him, which she does. Elated at their reunion, the two eventually chance upon a nightclub called The Palace. There, Runt sees Marky again and dances with him. In a fit of jealous rage, Pig beats Marky until he dies. The two flee the club and take a taxi to the beach where they often spend time and make love. In the morning, Pig wordlessly allows Runt to smother him, knowing the punishment awaiting him. Runt stares out to the ocean, wondering what the rest of her life will be like.

Characters
Darren/"Pig" is portrayed by Cillian Murphy, who also originally played the part in the stage version. Runt is the only person Pig knows well. Pig also has an extreme hatred for public displays of affection. He cannot begin to comprehend a world where Runt does not exist. Together, they create a surreal world where there is little division between reality and dreams and Pig's and Runt's two personas. Pig is a strange, volatile dreamer. Charles Bark portrays Young Pig.

Sinéad/"Runt" is portrayed by Elaine Cassidy. She is the calmer of the two characters. When events involving Pig get too wild, Runt steps in quietly. Although the less voiced of the two, she is the more independent. Eileen Walsh played this role on stage. Sarah Gallagher portrays Young Runt.

title: Disco Pigs


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Another Useless Website.co.uk

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:10, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Another Useless Website.co.uk
It's a small experimental website that has received < 20,000 total hits in the last two years. The entire point of the website was simply to become popular, which it never did, and it hasn't been updated practically since it started.

Hundreds of new media art school projects appear every year, I just don't see how this one is at all notable. Lifefeed 18:25, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

The Time Killer
 * Delete. I agree with the original post; I do not consider the site to be particularly notable enough for an article about it. Perhaps if it suceeded in its 'experiment', it may be more of note, but it did not. IINAG 19:52, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete original research to start, vanity right after.-Poli (talk • contribs) 23:04, 2005 July 25 (UTC)
 * Keep - but put in a article with all the other 'joke' websites. --
 * Delete - not notable, and no reason why we should help it on its goal. Laur 20:54, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Not notable. JDoorjam 19:27, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Web of Spider-Man

Web of Spider-Man is the name of two different monthly comic book series starring Spider-Man that have been published by Marvel Comics since 1985, the first volume of which ran for 129 issues between 1985 and 1995, and the second of which ran for 12 issues between 2009 and 2010.

Volume 1
The first volume of Web of Spider-Man published by Marvel Comics for 129 issues, cover dated from April 1985 to October 1995. It replaced Marvel Team-Up as the third major Spider-Man title of the time. Web of Spider-Man Annual ran for ten issues from 1985 to 1994.

The series was launched with an April 1985 cover dated issue by writer Louise Simonson and penciller Greg LaRocque and featured the return of Spider-Man's alien black costume, which attempted to rebond with Peter Parker. Peter managed to rid himself of the costume again using church bells and the alien was presumed to have died after that. The first issue featured a cover painting by artist Charles Vess.

In issue #18 (September 1986), Peter Parker is pushed in front of an oncoming train. He thinks to himself that this should not have happened, as his spider-sense would have warned him of the danger. Writer David Michelinie has said that he wrote this as the first "teaser" appearance of the character Venom, whom he was planning to introduce at a later date. Venom is an amalgam of reporter Eddie Brock and the alien costume. The costume could nullify Spider-Man's spider-sense, and this was the first clue of a puzzle that Michelinie was planning to weave to introduce Venom.

Web of Spider-Man Annual #2 (1986) featured stories drawn by Arthur Adams and Mike Mignola. A followup to the Spider-Man vs. Wolverine one-shot appeared in issue #29. The "Kraven's Last Hunt" storyline by writer J.M. DeMatteis and artists Mike Zeck and Bob McLeod began in issue #31 (October 1987).

The "Tribute-to-Teen-Agers" story in issue #35 saw the debut of the creative team of writer Gerry Conway and artist Alex Saviuk. Web of Spider-Man #50 featured guest-appearances by several minor Marvel super-heroes such as the Puma, the Prowler, and Rocket Racer. A hologram on the cover of issue #90 (July 1992) marked the 30th anniversary of Spider-Man's first appearance. A four-part crossover with Ghost Rider/Blaze: Spirits of Vengeance began in issue #95(December 1992). Spider-Man donned "Spider-Armor" in issue #100's story by Terry Kavanagh and Alex Saviuk.

The "Clone Saga" storyline began in issue #117 (October 1994) and Ben Reilly became the Scarlet Spider in the next issue.

After issue #129 in October 1995, the title was renamed Web of Scarlet Spider and started again at #1. After four issues, the series was cancelled to make way for the new The Sensational Spider-Man title.

Volume 2
In December 2009, Web of Spider-Man volume 2 debuted as a new anthology title replacing Amazing Spider-Man Family, with the initial story written by J. M. DeMatteis focusing on Kaine. The title also served as the new home for Spider-Girl, who was written by Tom DeFalco and illustrated by Ron Frenz, the character having first appeared on Marvel.com as The Spectacular Spider-Girl. The stories feature characters tied to "The Gauntlet" storyline, such as Electro, the Rhino, the Lizard, and many more from Spider-Man's colorful rogues gallery, each titled "Gauntlet: Origins, ...". The series ended in November 2010 with issue #12.

Collected editions

 * Essential Web of Spider-Man
 * Vol. 1 collects Web of Spider-Man #1–18 and Annual #1–2, 528 pages, September 2011, ISBN 978-0785157564
 * Vol. 2 collects Web of Spider-Man#19–32 and Annual #3, 480 pages, July 2012, ISBN 978-0785163329
 * Spider-Man: Birth of Venom includes Web of Spider-Man #1, 352 pages, April 2007, ISBN 0-7851-2498-5
 * Secret Wars II Omnibus includes Web of Spider-Man #6, 1184 pages, May 2009, ISBN 978-0785131113
 * Amazing Spider-Man Epic Collection Vol. 17: Kraven's Last Hunt includes Web of Spider-Man #29–32 496 Pages June 2017
 * Spider-Man Fearful Symmetry: Kraven's Last Hunt includes Web of Spider-Man #31–32, 164 pages, December 1991, ISBN 978-0871355522
 * Spider-Man's Greatest Villains includes Web of Spider-Man #38, 176 pages, December 1995, ISBN 978-0752201238
 * Evolutionary War Omnibus includes Web of Spider-Man Annual #4, 472 pages, September 2011, ISBN 978-0785155478
 * Atlantis Attacks Omnibus  includes Web of Spider-Man Annual #5, 552 pages, March 2011, ISBN 978-0785144922
 * X-Men: Inferno Omnibus  includes Web of Spider-Man #47-48, 1240 pages, March 2021, ISBN 978-1302928544
 * Spider-Man: The Cosmic Adventures includes Web of Spider-Man #59–61, 192 pages, March 1993, ISBN 978-0871359636
 * Acts of Vengeance Omnibus includes Web of Spider-Man #64–65, 744 pages, March 2011, ISBN 978-0785144649
 * Spider-Man and New Warriors: Hero Killers includes Web of Spider-Man Annual #8, 232 pages, March 2012, ISBN 978-0785159674
 * Spirits of Venom includes Web of Spider-Man #95–96, 48 pages, December 1993, ISBN 978-0785100096
 * Spider-Man: Maximum Carnage includes Web of Spider-Man #101–103, 336 pages, December 2006, ISBN 978-0785109877
 * Amazing Spider-Man Epic Collection Vol. 26 Lifetheft includes Web of Spider-Man #112, 496 Pages, November 2021
 * Spider-Man: The Complete Clone Saga Epic
 * Book 1 includes Web of Spider-Man #117–119, 424 pages, April 2010, ISBN 978-0785144625
 * Book 2 includes Web of Spider-Man #120–122, 480 pages, June 2010, ISBN 978-0785143512
 * Book 3 includes Web of Spider-Man #123–124, 464 pages, September 2010, ISBN 978-0785149545
 * Book 4 includes Web of Spider-Man #125–127, 480 pages, December 2010, ISBN 978-0785149552
 * Book 5 includes Web of Spider-Man #128–129, 472 pages, February 2011, ISBN 978-0785150091
 * The Amazing Spider-Man: Return of the Black Cat includes Web of Spider-Man vol. 2 #1, 168 pages, June 2010, ISBN 978-0785138686
 * Spider-Man: New York Stories includes back-up stories from Web of Spider-Man vol. 2 #1, 3–5, 7–11, 152 pages, May 2011, ISBN 0785156372
 * The Amazing Spider-Man: The Gauntlet
 * Vol. 1 – Electro & Sandman includes Web of Spider-Man vol. 2 #2, 176 pages, March 2010, ISBN 978-0785142645
 * Vol. 2 – Rhino & Mysterio includes Web of Spider-Man vol. 2 #3–4, 160 pages, April 2010, ISBN 978-0785142652
 * Vol. 3 – Vulture & Morbius includes Web of Spider-Man vol. 2 #2 and #6, 136 pages, June 2010, ISBN 978-0785146117
 * Vol. 5 – The Lizard includes Web of Spider-Man vol. 2 #6, 128 pages, September 2010, ISBN 978-0785146155
 * Spider-Man: Grim Hunt includes Web of Spider-Man vol. 2 #7, 192 pages, March 2011, ISBN 978-0785146186
 * Spider-Man: The Extremist includes Web of Spider-Man vol. 2 #8–12, 144 pages, May 2011, ISBN 978-0785156703

title: Web of Spider-Man


text:
User talk:Basic-element

Basic-element aka stray.

Zen Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhism.

FreeBSD, Linux, Unix.

Welcome!
Hello, Basic-element, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:26, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

skandha article - question about parenthetical comment
Howdy! I see on 10:29, 4 September 2005 you made many excellent changes to the skandha article. I was wondering if you could provide a citation for one minor change you made, where you added to the definition of "vinnana" the parenthetical phrase, "(ie not asleep, knocked out or unconscious)." Because the definition of the skandhas varies so widely from school to school, could you provide the source for this parenthetical definition thereby allowing others to better understand its context? Thanks again for all your great work! LarryR 15:54, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Skandha article - exposition related to the Heart Sutra
Howdy again! I see on [21 August 2005] you added some incisive commentary to the skandha article regarding the Heart Sutra. As it is though, that paragraph now seems kind of out of place. (Please see Talk:Skandha for more information.) Mind if, given the article's current state, that one paragraph regarding the Heart Sutra is now deleted or reworded? Thanks for your help! LarryR 03:51, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Basic-element


text:
Robert Jones (composer)

Robert Jones (c. 1577 – 1617) was an English lutenist and composer, the most prolific of the English lute song composers (along with Thomas Campion).

He received the degree of B.Mus. from Oxford in 1597 (St. Edmund Hall). He ran a school in London. Records show that he had a patent (monopoly) to train children for the Queen's Revels between 1610 and 1615. In 1610, he collaborated with Philip Rosseter to present plays at the Whitefriars theatre. He was recorded as a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in 1612.

He published five volumes of simple and melodious lute songs, and one of madrigals; he also contributed to The Triumphs of Oriana and Leighton's Teares. His 27 madrigals are mostly to texts about birds – birds merry, sweet, shrill, crowing or melancholic.

William Shakespeare quoted his song, 'Farewell, dear love', in Twelfth Night.

The date and place of Jones's death are not known.

Known publications

 * The First Booke of Songes and Ayres, 1600, dedicated to Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester (1563–1626)
 * The Second Booke of Ayres, 1601, dedicated to Sir Henry Lennard, 12th Baron Dacre (1570–1616)
 * Third book, 1605, dedicated to Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (died 1612)
 * The first set of madrigals of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. parts, viols and voices, 1607, dedicated to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury
 * Ultimum vale, with a triplicity of musicke, ..., 1608
 * A Musicall Dreame, or the Fourth Booke of Ayres ..., 1609, dedicated to Sir John Levinthorpe
 * The Muses Gardin for delight, or the Fift booke of Ayres onely for the Lute, the bass Violl, and the Voyce, 1611, dedicated to Lady Mary Wroth (1587?–1651?)

title: Robert Jones (composer)


text:
Slither (2006 film)

Slither is a 2006 science fiction comedy horror film written and directed by James Gunn in his directorial debut. Produced by Paul Brooks and Eric Newman, the film stars Nathan Fillion, Elizabeth Banks, Tania Saulnier, Gregg Henry, and Michael Rooker. The film is set in a small town in South Carolina that becomes invaded by a malevolent alien parasite.

Slither was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on March 31, 2006, by Universal Pictures and TVA Films respectively. Despite it being a box office failure, grossing only $12 million worldwide against a $15 million budget, it received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences for it's unique blend of horror and comedy.

Plot
A meteorite brings a malevolent, sentient extraterrestrial parasite to Earth. The parasite enters the town of Wheelsy, South Carolina, where it infects wealthy resident Grant by taking over his body and absorbing his mind. With the alien in control of him, Grant begins to transform into a grotesque, tentacled monstrosity. He also abducts and infects a local woman, Brenda, to serve as a breeder for his alien larvae. His wife Starla becomes suspicious over the changes in his appearance and behavior, leading to Grant attacking her. When the police arrive to rescue Starla, Grant flees.

During their search for Grant, a posse led by police chief Bill Pardy discovers Brenda, whose body has become inhumanly bloated from the larvae growing inside her. The slug-like larvae burst from her body and infests everyone in town, except Starla, Bill, Mayor Jack MacReady, and teenager Kylie Strutemyer. Those infected by the larvae become part of a hive mind controlled by Grant, who intends to consume all lifeforms until only his consciousness remains. However, Grant also retains his love for his wife and seeks to be reunited with her. The survivors deduce that killing Grant will eliminate the rest of the aliens before they are attacked by the infected townspeople. Bill and Kylie escape, but Starla and Jack are captured.

Armed with a grenade to kill the monster, Bill and Kylie head to Grant's home, where the infected are being absorbed by the increasingly-mutated Grant. Jack and others are turned into breeders for more larvae, while Grant keeps Starla uninfected in the hope of regaining her love. After waking up, Starla arms herself with a sharp brush and goes downstairs to find Grant. She tricks him into believing she still loves him and stabs him with the brush. Grant becomes angry and throws her across the room while Bill tries to use the grenade, only for Grant to knock it into the pool. Grant subdues Kylie with a couch and attempts to infect Bill with his tentacles. While one of the tentacles stabs Bill in the stomach, he attaches the other tentacle to a propane tank. Filled with flammable gas, Grant is shot by Starla and explodes, killing the rest of the aliens in the process. With everyone else in Wheelsy dead, the three survivors head off to seek help.

In a post-credits scene, a cat approaches Grant's remains and becomes infected by the alien parasite.

Cast

 * Nathan Fillion as Police Chief Bill Pardy
 * Elizabeth Banks as Starla Grant
 * Tania Saulnier as Kylie Strutemyer
 * Gregg Henry as Mayor Jack MacReady
 * Michael Rooker as Grant Grant
 * Brenda James as Brenda Gutierrez
 * Don Thompson as Wally
 * Jennifer Copping as Margaret
 * Jenna Fischer as Shelby Cunningham
 * Haig Sutherland as Trevor

Additionally, William MacDonald and Iris Quinn portray Kylie's parents and Matreya Fedor and Amber Lee Bartlett portray her siblings Emily and Jenna. Other members of Bill's posse are played by Tom Heaton as Tourneur, Ben Cotton as Charlie, and Dee Jay Jackson as Dwight. Residents of Wheelsy include Dustin Milligan as a student in Starla's class, Lorena Gale as Starla's co-worker Janene, Darren Shahlavi as Brenda's husband, and Magda Apanowicz in an uncredited role as Kylie's friend. Troma Films co-founder Lloyd Kaufman has a cameo as a drunk man and Rob Zombie provides the voice of Grant's physician Dr. Karl. Director James Gunn makes an uncredited appearance as Hank, Starla's co-worker.

Themes and influences
Controversy ensued over the many similarities and plot-points shared with Fred Dekker's 1986 horror-comedy Night of the Creeps. According to journalist Steve Palopoli:

"When the trailer for Slither came out, Internet boards about the movie suddenly lit up with protests from a legion of fans of the 1986 film Night of the Creeps. 'Alien slugs that turn people into zombies!' they cried. 'What a rip-off!' I bring this up not because I think Slither— which is a tongue-in-cheek pastiche of at least a dozen '80s horror films—could really be considered a rip-off of any one of them."

Palopoli then goes on to directly compare Slither to the aforementioned Creeps as well as the 1975 film Shivers. Gunn has stated that both Cronenberg's Shivers and his 1979 film The Brood were the two biggest influences on the story in Slither, along with the 2000 manga Uzumaki by Junji Ito. In an interview with Jeff Schubert, Gunn also states that Slither was inspired by and pays homage to the horror-comedies from the 1980s.

The film pays homage to other horror films, such as a farm being owned by Castevet in reference to the Satan-worshiping next-door neighbors in Rosemary's Baby. Jack MacReady, the mayor of Wheelsy, is named after Kurt Russell's characters Jack Burton and R.J. MacReady from the John Carpenter films Big Trouble in Little China and The Thing.

Home media
Slither was released on regular DVD and on HD-DVD/DVD hybrid disc on October 24, 2006. The HD version is presented in 1.85:1 widescreen encoded at 1080p and Dolby Digital-Plus 5.1 surround. In addition to the film, the DVD contains two making-of documentaries, deleted and extended scenes, a blooper reel, visual effects progressions, a set tour with Fillion, and an audio commentary by Gunn and Fillion. Also included are featurettes outlining how to make edible blood, and Lloyd Kaufman's documentary discussing his day on set, and the shooting of his one line (which was eventually cut from the film). Finally, there is a bonus entitled "Who Is Bill Pardy?" which is a joke feature made by Gunn with the sole purpose of roasting Fillion, and was shown at the film's wrap party.

Shout! Factory released a Collector's Edition on Blu-ray on July 25, 2017. In addition to new case artwork illustrated by artist Justin Osbourn, it includes new special features such as a new audio commentary with James Gunn and cast members, new interviews with James Gunn and actor Gregg Henry (Jack MacReady) as well as all of the special features found on the original DVD.

Box office
Slither was a box office flop, failing to recoup its production budget following its debut in the United States and Canada on March 31, 2006, in 1,945 theaters. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $3,880,270 and ranked #8 at the U.S. and Canadian box office. Slither grossed $7,802,450 in its theatrical run in the United States and Canada. Slither also under-performed in France, grossing $236,261 from 150 screens. The film grossed $5,032,486 as of February 6, 2008 in territories outside the United States and Canada for a worldwide gross of $12,834,936. Its box office performance was substantially less than its total budget of $29.5 million, including marketing costs. The production budget took up about $15 million of the total.

Paul Brooks, president of the film's production company, Gold Circle Films, said the company was "crushingly disappointed" by the gross. Universal distanced itself from Slither's poor box office performance, citing their distribution of the film as merely part of a deal with Gold Circle. The Hollywood Reporter speculated that Slither's performance "might have killed off the horror-comedy genre for the near future." Producer Paul Brooks suggested that Slither failing to catch on indicated that filmgoers were no longer interested in horror-comedies.

Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 87% of 141 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "A slimy, B-movie homage oozing with affection for low-budget horror films, Slither is creepy and funny — if you've got the stomach for it." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 69 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The movie was featured in the April 14, 2006 issue of Entertainment Weekly as #1 on "The Must List"; "Ten Things We Love This Week". Guest critic Michael Phillips named Slither his DVD pick of the week on the television show Ebert & Roeper. Slither was listed as one of the "Top 25 DVDs of the Year" by Peter Travers in Rolling Stone magazine.

Among the critics who did not like the film, Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper gave Slither a "two thumbs down" rating on their television show, with Roeper saying he was "all zombied out" after reviewing a wave of zombie-themed films from the year before.

Accolades
Slither picked up the 2006 Fangoria "Chainsaw Award" for Highest Body Count and garnered nominations in the categories Relationship From Hell, Dude You Don't Wanna Mess With, and Looks That Kill. Additionally, the horror magazine Rue Morgue named Slither the "Best Feature Film of the Year".

title: Slither (2006 film)


text:
Babahoyo

Babahoyo, founded May 27, 1948, by legislative decree, is the capital of the Los Ríos province of Ecuador. Its population is cited around 98,000. It is bordered by two rivers, the San Pablo and the Caracol, which join to form the Babahoyo River. This meets the Daule River to form the Guayas River, which runs to the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Guayaquil.

A processing and trade center for the surrounding agricultural region, the city handles rice, sugarcane, fruits, balsa wood, and tagua nuts (vegetable ivory). Rice and sugar are also milled here.

Geography
The city is located in on the left bank of the San Pablo River, which unites in its estuary with the Catarama River to form the Babahoyo River. One of the most interesting excursions one can take in the area is a boat trip on the Babahoyo River. Babahoyo is located in Litoral and is an obligatory stop to reach the mountains through the highways Babahoyo – Quito (Via Panamericana), Babahoyo – Ambato (Via Flores) and also through Babahoyo – Riobamba. Babahoyo is located in the south of the province of Los Ríos. The roads that unite it with other cities and towns in the coast are Babhoyo – Baba, Babahoyo – Guayaquil and Babahoyo – Milagro. Its geographical location is one of the best because more than 25000 cars, buses, trailers and trucks pass through Babahoyo every day. Babhoyo is a commercial center between the coast and the mountains. Through the urban road network, the city counts on two pedestrian bridges that permit communication between Barreiro and El Salto. There are four bridges for vehicles: the first two cross the Catarama River and the San Pablo river in the north of the city (highway Babahoyo – Quito); the third crosses the Lagarto marsh in the south of the city (highway Babahoyo – Guayaquil); and the fourth is located in the sector of La Ventura (highway Babahoyo – Ambato).

Climate
The city has a hot and humid climate. Babahoyo floods frequently during the winter months. (Note:Babahoyo flooded during January–June 2008 in which the entire city flooded)

History
The city of Babahoyo was founded on May 27, 1869 in the lands ceded by the Flores family. Facing the confluence of the Babahoyo River and Caracol River, the city was established on the right bank of the San Pablo River. For a long time it was called Bodegas (warehouses) because the customs and royal stores were located in the city, to control the commerce between Guayaquil and the cities of the Ecuadorian mountains.

Babahoyo suffered from many fires, the worst one occurring on March 30, 1867, which demolished all of the goods of the population, creating a sufficient motive for the government of Dr. Gabriel García Moreno to move the city to its current location. The capital was moved to the other side of the San Pablo River, where the urban district of Barreiro is now located.

It is a prototype of the activity and height of different orders of national life, and will continue to be so, because it has its own resources; it is the backbone of two regions: coast and mountains; being the most influential point in between the two, where the forces of many enterprising villages are bonded; because here the agricultural and commercial aspirations were founded.

In June 2023 Bella Montoya, 76, who had been presumed dead, awoke in a coffin after a five-hour wake and banged on the coffin lid to be let out. Ecuador's Health Ministry said in a statement on 11 June, that the woman had been admitted to hospital with a suspected stroke "and went into cardiorespiratory arrest without responding to resuscitation maneuvers, so the doctor on duty confirmed her death." The Martín Icaza government hospital had declared her dead on Friday. A video posted on Twitter, showing her in her open coffin, breathing heavily, while two men assisted her, went viral on social media.

Demographics
Babahoyo has a population of 98,251 in the city center, which is one of the largest of the region. It is one of the 20 biggest cities of the country. A large part of its population is in the urban area and in the outskirts of the city which are near the Bypass (Via E25, highway Babahoyo – Quito) that passes through all of the city from the south to the northeast. The center of the city begins at Malecón 9 de octubre, and includes the roads Juan x Marcos Isaías Chopitea and ends at Primero de Mayo. This is the center for commerce and public administration. The center has all infrastructure services and a large part of the community centers of the city; the buildings of this sector are built with strong, modern materials. The roads are in good repair, all with strong paving and some paved with flexible asphalt.

Economy
The population is mainly dedicated to farming and the common crops are rice and bananas. Different industries have taken root in this city such as Industrias Facundo located in the periphery of the city, and also the Ingenio Isabel Maria, the fourth largest refinery in the country, and different (piladoras); a large part of the city is upwardly mobile above all in the city center which is the largest economic center in the province. There are also a few different banking entities.

Culture
The patron saint’s day is 24 September. Each year Babahoya gives just homage to the Virgin of Merced in the following manner: from the 15th until 23 September, different groups carry the Virgin through the streets of the city. On the 24th the day of September Merced is celebrated. Artisans of the mountain and coastal regions of Ecuador show and sell their wares, and there is always a large fair of children's toys. Folkloric groups and national and sometimes international singers come to give homage to the Virgin.

Attractions
Noteworthy attractions of the capital include the verdant gardens of Parque 24 de Mayo and the city's main cathedral, which is decorated with an enormous mosaic mural depicting the Virgin Mary.

One of the excursions that the area offers involves sailing down the Rio Babahoyo, taking in the countryside and the traditional lifestyle of the area's campesinos who live off the land, cultivating crops and raising cattle. One feature of this journey that stands out is seeing the floating houses unique to the area.

Local Festivals
Within the local festivals and holidays that Babahoyans celebrate are the following:

Food
In Babahoyo the main dish is the ceviche of shrimp, fish and conch. Another characteristic dish famous in Babahoyo is the caldo de manguera (sausage soup).

Transportation
Most bus companies running between Quito and Guayaquil stop or pass through Babahoyo. Quevedo connects with Guayaquil by two highways, a less popular one through Balzar and Daule, and one that passes through Babahoyo.

Babahoyo has two Transportation Agencies: Fluminense and The Santa Ana Cooperative. There are 5 bus routes and each of these go from the northeast to the south passing through the city center. There is also transportation by boat which joins the urban parishes of Barreiro and El Salto and the rural parishes of Pimocha and Caracol.

La Unión
Located in the northwest of Babahoyo, close to the mountains, is an agricultural district which is dedicated to fishing and rice, soy and banana cultivation.

Pimocha
It is a very large district in regards to area. It borders Puebloviejo county in the north, the Babahoyo River in the south, the Caracol River in the east, and the Garrapata River in the west. Its precincts are Cauge, Guarumo, Chapulo, Convento, Mapan, Sauce, Gallinazo, Papayal, Compañía, Pechiche Dulce, Santa Rita, Las tres bocas, Calabria, Cubon de Caimito, Parindero, Río Grande, Tejar, Providencia, etc. It is certain that it was home to many tribes that formed the Huancavilca villages.

The main source of work and wealth is agriculture although some other industries exist. The ground produces cocoa, rice, sugar cane, coffee, rubber, fine wood, especially oak, cedar and balsa wood. Bananas are exported in large quantities. Also pineapple, sapote, and many wild fruits grow here. Extensive industries other than livestock and fishery are sugar factories and liquor production and rice and coffee farming.

Caracol
It is one of the oldest populations. Perhaps like Ojivarm it was the location of an indigenous tribe that the Spanish encountered during their expedition in these lands. In 1838 the population was raised to a category of an ecclesiastical parish, making it independent of the curate of Babahoyo. It borders Catarma in the north, Barriero in the south, Montalvo in the east and is separated from Pimocha in the west by the Caracol River.

Febres Cordero
Created in Recinto de Las Juntas on May 14, 1936, its inhabitants are farmers and ranchers. Febres Cordero is one of the most important agricultural centres of the city.

title: Babahoyo


text:
User:Fredmooreincornwall

The online persona/username used mainly by  Spud; Sxc Chris; Spuddles; Etc...  Or, to give him his full (but usually unused name) Daniel Hocking. He generally hangs out around his nearest town of St. Austell, or mabye spending £2.45 to take the train to Truro, not wanting to be near his home town of Par. In his opinion,  Par is filled with townies , of which he does not associate. In the slightest. He used to be found in and around Penrice Community College, wherever and whenever he decides to move around. If you have seen him recently, you might have seen him with a pinstripe jacket, although at the moment, it has been stolen by that weirdo Dylan Moss. If you see him please feel free to say "Hi". He would greatly appreciate it. He also has long hair if this helps you in finding him. He may be anywhere. So finding him may be a quest in your lunchtime. What a good way to spend a lunch. You can't really define his style of music to one specific group of people. He does listen to a lot of music. Nearly all of it does have a common theme: it is quite heavy or has a good bass line. Although anything even closely related to townie/chav culture he hates with a passion. Bands such as The Ataris, System Of A Down, Jimmy Eat World, Camares, Bad Religion, The God Awfuls and Less Than Jake on his PSP, as his mp3 player has been in for repairs for the last 5 weeks. He has quite a passion for technology, with surrounds him in his house. His is quite proud of his new PSP, which he even dragged his long-suffering girlfriend into WHSmith to buy. However, due to the quality of the gaming on "Wipeout Pure", he never seems to get tired of only having one game. Also, he enjoys regular gaming sessions on his PS2. Lately, he has been playing on the game he purchased on the 30th, "Tony Hawk's American Wasteland". He believes it is an excellent game, with a magnificent soundtrack and no loading times on the levels. As of late, he has discovered a way to record the soundtrack off of the game and save it onto mp3 format. But don't tell anyone. He thanks you for taking the time to read this. Any names he has forgotten to mention, please send him a text. If you don't have any contact details of his, then make an effort to find some.

title: User:Fredmooreincornwall


text:
User talk:Bantosh

Welcome!
Hello, Bantosh, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  18:26, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

Image Tagging Image:Cb web site2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Cb web site2.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Bryce Britt
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Image:Coca cola can hebrew.jpg listed for deletion
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Har Habayit warning photo
I have a question about the photo you uploaded that is on the temple mount page. The Hebrew appears to have been vandalized. What did the original Hebrew say and is the vandalized version of the sign currently on display? Rabbi-m 04:18, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

WP:FU
Please do not add fair-use images to articles without adhering to their license and without providing a detailed hand-written fair-use rationale justifying their use. Your changes to Brad Pitt were reverted as the changes violated WP:FU. --Yamla 18:02, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Regarding your change to Pee Wee Herman
rmv "website" header- how do you have an internet link to anything but websites?
 * lol Gravee 20:43, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Trivia tags
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Jingle All the Way
I lowered the protection for Jingle All the Way, in case you still are interesting in editing it. --  Jreferee  (Talk) 18:40, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Casino soundtrack cover.jpg
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AfD nomination of The Big Lie (The Adventures of McGee and Me)
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AfD nomination of Call Me Mister (book)
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An article you created maybe deleted soon: Tools which can help you
The article you created, Call_Me_Mister_(book) maybe deleted from Wikipedia.

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If your page is deleted, you still have many options available. Good luck! travb (talk) 21:37, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

The Age of Reason
Hi. A little over a year ago you made an edit to The Age of Reason, which was immediately reverted. You might wish to look at Talk:The Age of Reason and maybe get involved with the article again. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 14:25, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

File:The-manster-eye.jpg missing description details
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Nomination of Judy Starr for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Monkey-ed Movies

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Nomination of Monkey-ed Movies for deletion
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title: User talk:Bantosh


text:
Talk:Defense of Rorke's Drift hospital

Moved from article Robert Jones (VC)
 * On 22/23 January 1879 at Rorke's Drift, Natal, South Africa, Private Robert Jones and another man (William Jones) defended one of the wards in the hospital to the last, until six out of the seven patients had been removed. The seventh was delirious and although they managed to dress him, they could not induce him to move and when they returned to carry him away he was being stabbed to death in his bed.

--Jerzy·t 19:00, 2005 July 25 (UTC)

_ _ The VfD nominator added to the article (with the leading blank as shown here, perhaps the ugliest possible wiki fmt'g) Contents moved to Robert Jones (VC) Such a comment shoul never be included in the article, even in the course of a VfD. _ _ Its meaning may be "the contents should be moved, rendering the VfD'ed title pointless. _ _ See the VfD. --Jerzy·t 00:52, 2005 August 15 (UTC)

title: Talk:Defense of Rorke's Drift hospital


text:
Nancy Hodges

Nancy Hodges (October 28, 1888 – December 15, 1969) was a Canadian journalist and politician. Over her career, she served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, as the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, and as a member of the Senate of Canada. She was the first woman in the Commonwealth of Nations to become Speaker, and was known as a powerful women's rights activist in the Commonwealth.

Personal life
Born in London, England, Nancy Hodges attended King's College at the London University. She and her husband, Harry P. Hodges, moved to Victoria, British Columbia, in 1916 due to him needing a dry climate for recovery for his tuberculosis. She then found a job as the women's editor for the Victoria Day Times, where she had a daily column. Through 30 years of being an esteemed journalist, she produced over 2,550 columns. Along with her passion for the paper, she was involved in the Victoria Business and Professional Women's Club, where she became a charter member, and later President. An unsuccessful candidate in the 1937 provincial election, she ran again in 1941 and succeeded, staying in office until 1953.

Political life
Hodges first ran for office in the 1937 election in the multi-member riding of Victoria City, as a member of the Liberal Party. She was the first woman to run as a Liberal. She campaigned on increasing the quality of social conditions, resulting in better old-age pensions. Other ideas included bettering medical services and insurance, protection of single women, and compensation benefits for the working class. She came in seventh place and failed to be elected. She ran again in the 1941 election and was elected to the legislature. When the 1941 election produced only a plurality of seats for the governing Liberals, Hodges was one of the MLAs who supported forming a coalition with the Conservatives; when Liberal premier and leader Duff Pattullo argued that "coalition with the Conservatives will be the end of the Liberal Party in British Columbia.", Hodges responded "Coalition won't kill any party that hasn't germs of decay in it already." The coalitionists ultimately won out, and Pattullo was replaced as premier by John Hart.

Hodges took interest in the Victoria Business and Professional Women's Club, where her slogan was born: "Equal pay for equal work!" She had a strong belief that more women should be entering into politics to make a positive change. Hodges' principles occasionally led her to work across party lines with the other women in the legislature (Tilly Rolston, Conservative; Dorothy Steeves, Laura Jamieson, Grace MacInnis, CCF) to promote women's issues; in one instance, Hodges and the other women convinced the government to buy seven Emily Carr paintings before she was nationally renowned, making the purchase a bargain upon Carr's recognition.

Hodges was re-elected in 1945 and 1949. She attended a public meeting conference for the United Nations in 1945 for International Peace in San Francisco. In this meeting, the Charter of the United Nations was first signed. In 1947, she attacked the Coalition government for laying off single women to provide jobs for returning veterans, and threatened to campaign for pensions for women at 40 if the practice continued. The firing of women stopped. During this time, Hodges advocated for women to be eligible for worker's compensation benefits, and for married women to receive property rights.

When John Hart stepped down in 1947, Hodges supported Boss Johnson as his successor, nominating him in a passionate speech at the convention; Johnson won by eight votes. Following his victory, there was speculation among the press that Hodges would receive a cabinet post as a reward, but Hodges quashed rumours, and said she would not accept a cabinet post. In 1950, she was elected as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, becoming the first woman in the Commonwealth of Nations to hold that office. During her time as Speaker, Hodges toured North America, including visits to The Californian Business and Professional Women's Club, The Canadian Federation of Liberal Women, and The Women's Canadian Club in Ottawa. In July 1950, Hodges was invited to The Halifax Convention of the Federation of Canadian Business and Professional Women's Clubs where she was named Canadian Woman of 1950.

Hodges was defeated in the 1953 election by the Social Credit candidate, Lydia Arsens. Shortly after, in 1953, she was appointed to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of Victoria, British Columbia, and served until her resignation in 1965. Increase in salary for underpaid government workers, teachers, and mothers were among the causes she took up as a senator. She later became the President of the National Association of Liberal Women. During her time as a senator, Hodges was a member of numerous committees, including the Standing Committee on Immigration and Labour, the Standing Committee on Internal Economy and Contingent Accounts, and the Standing Committee on Divorce. Along with being a member of Senate committees, she was also a member of various Joint Committees including those of Restaurant and Parliament, and Capital and Corporal Punishment and Lotteries.

title: Nancy Hodges


text:
Kovvur

Kovvur is a town in the East Godavari district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipality and the mandal headquarters of Kovvur mandal in Kovvur revenue division.

Etymology
This Town was earlier referred as Govur. According to Brahma Puranam, Kovvur(Govuru) is considered as the place of Gautama Maharishi's Ashramam. He did farming in the surrounding regions to maintain his Ashramam. Gautama Maharishi once he accidentally kills a cow, grazing in his paddy field, by throwing a darbha (sharp, pointed grass). Gautama becomes upset with this incident and offers a great tapas for Lord Shiva in Brahmagiri mountains. The god, pleased by his tapas, wipes away his sin and allows Ganga to flow in his farm to purify the place (Kovvur). The river thus originated is called "Godavari" which means "originated due to killing a cow". It is also called as "Gautami" in appreciation to the effort of the Maharishi in bringing Godavari to earth. Gautama Maharishi accidentally kills a cow in his farm and to clear out his sin, he offers a great tapas near Bhrahmagiri parvatas near Triambakam in Maharashtra. Lord Shiva pleased with his tapas allows Ganga to sanctify the region.

Kovvuru is a transformed name of Govuru which originated from the above story. The names of various places around Kovvuru highlight this fact. It is believed that Gautama established a Vijneswara temple in the South and a Kumaraswami temple in the North of his Ashrama. These are currently known as Vijjeswaram and Kumaradevam. The place where Gautama ploughed the farm was Arikirevula which is transformed to Arikirevu. Vadapalli, Munikoodali and Brahmanagudem were the places of rishis. The place where Ahalya lived was called Tougimi which is currently called Togummi. The place where the cow died was Chavugallu which is currently called Chagallu.

Kovvuru Goshpada Kshetram is a very sacred place and a must visit place during pushkaras.

Geography
Kovvuru is situated on the west bank of the Godavari River, at a distance of 92 km from the district headquarters, Eluru. It is located at 17.0167°N, 81.7333°W and has an average elevation of 10 m. Kovvur is the most peaceful town in the district and a devotional town. Goshpada Kshetram is a very well known tourist place, where Godavari Pushkaralu takes place.

Demographics
India census, Kovvur had a population of 39,193. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Kovvur has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 66%. In Kovvur, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Governance
Civic administration

Kovvur municipality was formed in the year 1965. It is a III–Grade Municipality, which is spread over an area of 24.56 km2 and has 23 election wards.

Transport
It is supported by bridges across Godavari River:
 * Godavari Bridge which is the second longest railroad bridge in Asia;
 * Godavari Arch Bridge was commissioned on 14 March 1997 for Howrah–Chennai main line.
 * Old Godavari Bridge (Havelock Bridge) was the earliest of all, built in 1897 and decommissioned in 1997.

Roadways
The town has a total road length of 70.45 km. The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) operates bus services from Kovvuru bus station. The depot was reopened in 2015.

Railways
Kovvur is one of the fourteen D–category stations in the Vijayawada railway division of South Central Railway zone. Kovvur will become a Potential Railway junction Between both Telugu States after the Completion of Kovvur-Bhadrachalam road Railway line.

Airways
Rajahmundry Airport is the nearest airport, located 15 km away.

Education
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided, and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu. There are many famous institutions like ABN&PRR College Of Sciences, Sanskrit colleges and many other private institutions.

title: Kovvur