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Talk:Wheelie bin

See more images of Wheelie Bins at http://www.flickr.com/groups/wheelie/

Goon of fortune
I was browsing Goon of fortune, and it occoured to me that someone ought to mention wheelie bin racing.

De-Brit the page?
Though I love the UK, and also appreciate the extensive information about the mobile garbage units presented here, can we "de-Brit" the page? A search of "Wheelie Bin" and "America" on Google turned up only 78,000 pages, "Wheelie Bin" and "Canada" resulted in only 28,000 pages, and "Wheelie Bin" and "Deutschland" only gave around 1000 pages.

Yet "Wheelie Bin" and "UK" resulted in over 400,000 pages. "Wheelie Bin" is clearly a UK derived and used term, and the title of the article should be genericized to either "Mobile trash can", "Mobile refuse bin", or "Mobile waste receptacle", whichever sounds least colloquial. Also, the words "dustcart", "dustbin", "dustmen", and "rubbish" are primarily UK words, and should be replaced with "waste collection vehicle", "waste container", "sanitation worker", and "garbage" (or "trash") respectively.

Let's keep the statement about the use of the term "Wheelie Bin" in the UK, but as "shag" and "screw" are both localized terms for sex (UK and US respectively), "Wheelie Bin" and "Dumpster" are both local terms for "Mobile refuse bin" (depending on size of course).

I have nothing against British words, and reference to British colloquialisms should be given in an article when a difference arises between British naming, and the naming of the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, or other English speaking nations. But unless a subject is distinctly British (Dr. Who, Inigo Jones, or fish and chips), let's make sure the article in question is culturally generic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.251.157 (talk) 08:56, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I would definitely agree to that. "Wheelie bin" sounds too goofy to be the official page name for anything anyway. Anybody else have any input on this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.182.42.62 (talk) 10:29, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

 * This conversation seems to have died out, but I (British) would point out that "trash can" is a very American term: it is no more generic than "wheelie bin". Just for once, can we leave things as they are rather than changing them just so Americans don't complain? 86.154.8.126 (talk) 23:00, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

 * That is just as unreasonable as naming the article "trash can". I had no idea what a wheelie bin even was before I came to this page, and I still am surprised by how much of this article does not make sense in US English.  A bin is not something that contains trash in US English.  A (trash) can is.  I agree wholeheartedly with the neutral renaming. -74.82.64.16 (talk) 15:22, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

The "Homocide" section
I think that the "Homocide" section was made up. No reference online about a "Badminton murderer", raping his victims and a shuttlecock in their mouths. I think it should be deleted. Wydarr (talk) 13:58, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

apparently, not the thing to do
It seems it is not at all appropriate for a grown man to put a lad in a wheelie bin, just because he's getting a bit out of hand and annoying him —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.41.208.250 (talk) 15:02, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wheelie bin


text:
Red Screes

Red Screes is a fell in the English Lake District, situated between the villages of Patterdale and Ambleside. It may be considered an outlier of the Fairfield group in the Eastern Fells, but is separated from its neighbours by low cols. This gives Red Screes an independence which is reflected in its prominence.

Topography
Red Screes is a ridge of high ground which runs for nearly 7 km in a north north-easterly direction from the town of Ambleside, and reaches a maximum height of 776 m. This ridge narrows at either end, giving it the shape of a long upturned boat. It is separated from neighbouring fells by Scandale Pass to the west (c.516 m) and Kirkstone Pass to the east (455 m). These two low cols mean that Red Screes is seen as an independent fell when viewed from the south of the Lake District. They also give the fell sufficient prominence to be classified as a Marilyn. There are two minor subsidiary tops: Snarker Pike (644 m) on the south ridge and Middle Dodd (654 m) on the north ridge. Each of these, however, has very little prominence above the ridge (less than 10 m).

Red Screes forms part of the main watershed of the Lake District, which runs in an east-west direction across the summit and the two adjacent cols. All streams to the north eventually flow into the Solway Firth, and those to the south flow into Morecambe Bay. The boundaries of Red Screes are formed by the four streams in the adjacent valleys. To the south, Scandale Beck drains the western slopes and Stock Ghyll the eastern ones. These both join the River Rothay a few yards apart just to the west of Ambleside. To the north, Caiston Beck drains the western slopes and Kirkstone Beck the eastern ones, and these join where they reach more level ground at the end of the ridge. Thus the boundaries of Red Screes are formed symmetrically by four valleys, with the fell between them, rather than rising at the head of any one of them.

The broad southern ridge rises gently for 4+1/2 km from Ambleside. The lower slopes have been planted with small areas of mixed woodland and are extensively compartmentalised by an array of dry stone walls. North of the summit, the ridge narrows at Smallthwaite Band, before widening again to the summit of Middle Dodd. Beyond this, the descent is steep and rough though mainly grassy.

The western flanks are also rough, mainly grassy with some rock outcrops, rising steeply from Scandale and from Caiston Glen. The eastern side has been eroded by two steep corries (known at coves in Cumbria). These give it a more rocky appearance, with two miles of screeslope looming above almost the full length of Kirkstone Pass, and well seen from the A592 road which crosses the pass. It is from this view that the fell takes its name. Prominent on Ordnance Survey maps is Kilnshaw Chimney, although in reality this is just a narrow gully beneath the summit.

Summit
The summit area is a broad plateau with a dressing of grass and stones. Two unnamed corries are cut into the eastern face and between them a flat topped promontory juts out with the highest point on its northern edge. A number of large cairns have been built and an Ordnance Survey triangulation column stands nearby. Adjacent to that is a circular stone shelter. A few yards to the south is Red Screes Tarn, a small permanent waterbody with no plant life in evidence. A number of smaller pools can be found after rain. The view is excellent in all directions. Helvellyn is seen to good advantage, beyond the crags of Dove Crag and Fairfield and over Deepdale Hause. High Street and the Far Eastern Fells are seen over the immediate bulk of Caudale Moor. To the west the skyline is formed by the distant Coniston, Bowfell and Scafell fells. The immediate view down the eastern face to the Kirkstone Inn is spectacular.

Ascents
Well-used paths approach the summit from four directions. From the south a track up the southern ridge gives convenient access directly from Ambleside, leaving the road towards ‘The Struggle’ about one mile north-east of the town. This leads over Snarker Pike before reaching the summit. From the east a very steep and winding path straight up from Kirkstone Pass is very popular with visitors. Considerable erosion to this path has been repaired by laying stone blocks along much of its length. From the west the path from Scandale Pass gives an easier approach, and may be gained from either Ambleside, or from the north via Caiston Glen. From the north a more direct approach over Middle Dodd is possible, but the way is very steep and unmarked. A path appears near the top of Middle Dodd, and then leads along the northern ridge to the summit of Red Screes.

Geology
All the rocks of Red Screes are part of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, formed on the margin of an ancient continent during a period of intense volcanic activity during the Caradoc epoch of the Ordovician period, roughly 450 million years ago.

The lowest (and oldest) rocks, around the base of the fell and on the southern half of the south ridge, belong to the Seathwaite Fell Sandstone Formation. This consists mainly of deposits of bedded volcaniclastic sandstone and siltstone, deposited rapidly in shallow water at a late stage during the volcanic activity. South of Snarker Pike there are more than 800 m of these sediments. Interbedded pyroclastic rocks vary from thin beds of fine tuff to thick units of breccia, and reveal some ongoing volcanic activity during the period of deposition.

Overlying those deposits are rocks of the Lincomb Tarns Tuff Formation, found on the eastern and western sides of the fell and the top of the southern ridge. These rocks are predominantly dacitic lapilli-tuff, interpreted as welded ignimbrite. Interbeds of thin tuff and of volcaniclastic sandstone occur. This formation is the most widespread in the volcanic rocks of the Lake District; it seems that the whole district was buried beneath at least 150 m (and in places up to 800 m) of densely welded ignimbrite. It must have been a series of eruptions of truly exceptional magnitude, as viscous and highly gaseous silica-rich magma exploded on eruption.

Intrusions of the Borrowdale Sill Suite are found on Red Screes within both the rock formations just described. These andesite sills were intruded during the volcanic activity of the Caradoc Epoch, and may represent one of the last episodes when magma rose to or near the surface that is preserved in the volcanic rocks of the Lake District.

Overlying the Lincomb Tarns Formation are rocks of the Esk Pike Sandstone Formation. On Red Screes these are found high on the northern ridge. In this area the formation consists of alternating thick pebbly sandstone beds and thin beds of finer-grained sandstone and mudstone. These represent a return to water-borne sedimentation in an environment of rivers and lakes.

The highest and youngest rocks of the Borrowdale volcanic sequence found on Red Screes belong to the Middle Dodd Dacite Formation, on and north of the top of Middle Dodd, and with a small area along the edge of the northern corrie of Red Screes. The rock is white-weathered dacite lava, and was formed by the eruption of viscous or semi-mobile lava rich in silica from a steep-sided volcano, perhaps filling in hollows on an old erosion surface.

Drift deposits of glacial till derived from the last ice-age have accumulated on the lower slopes of Red Screes, and on the top of the ridge.

Mining and quarrying
Kirkstone Quarry (named Pets Quarry on Ordnance Survey maps) is prominent on the southeast side of Red Screes, below Kirkstone Pass. It has produced green and blue-black slate for building and architectural purposes. The quarry went into administration in 2012. At present Burlington Stone markets three types of stone called Kirkstone Brathay Blue/Black, Kirkstone Sea Green and Kirkstone Silver Green. Quarrying took place within the Seathwaite Fell Sandstone Formation. The green slate was formed from fine-grained sedimentary rock within that formation, which was later metamorphosed to form slate.

The remains of a small quarry on the western slopes of the fell can still be seen. This was used to extract stones for wall-building, and even the remains of a sled-track exist, leading down to a series of field walls in Scandale.

There is evidence of mining in Caiston Glen, with the mouth of a level opening about halfway up the beck. This was an unsuccessful trial for lead and extends about 80 ft into the fellside. There is a further small working nearby.

There are also the remains of a trial for copper on the eastern flank, a 120 ft level being driven into the fell from close to the modern road.

Names
Red Screes is an example of a fell which has taken the name of one of its sides. The screes which cover the steep eastern slopes above the Kirkstone Pass appear to have a reddish colouration.

Snarker Pike is probably ‘snake peak’ from Old English snaca, a snake, plus pike. In 1764 its name was recorded as Snake Pike. Originally it may have been Snake How (from snaca plus dialect how(e), a hill or mound), which became contracted to Snarker and then had ‘pike’ added. It seems strange that this hill should be associated with snakes, though adders are not uncommon in the Lake District. Pike is a dialect work for a peak or summit, from either Old English pīc or Old Norse pík. This is frequently used for the summit of a fell, and then for the fell itself. Some of these names are ancient, but many are more modern.

Middle Dodd is the central of the three dodds as seen from Hartsop Hall: (Low) Hartsop Dodd, Middle Dodd and High Hartsop Dodd. These names have nothing to do with relative heights but refer to their positions in the valley. Dod or dodd is a dialect word of unknown origin, but common in hill names in the Lake District and the Scottish Borders for bare rounded summits, either free standing or subsidiary shoulders to higher neighbours.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Red Screes


text:
Talk:Big science

The comment on Nobel prizes
It is true that up until now only individuals have been awarded the Nobel prize, but I attended a lecture in Uppsala, Sweden with representatives from the Nobel committee saying, basically, that it was only convention and that it could be awarded to groups. I cannot find a source for either of the positions, so maybe changing it to something clearer or removing it would be best.Augustwollter (talk) 15:24, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

Take this out?
In the article, it is stated that "World War I was the first war in which science played a major role in warfare and armaments." This is obviously untrue and kind of silly. If it were up to me, I'd change it. What do you think? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.138.20.51 (talk) 07:11, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Whoever wrote that has obviously not played any strategy games. I'll fix it, but the real problem is that this article doesn't actively cite its sources, so silly statements like that easily occur. Merzul (talk) 14:49, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

I would point out that the scientific method has only been around in its modern form for a few hundered years. So perhaps it would be better to say something like "WWI was the first war to take full, government sponsored advantage of big science." keep in mind that this article is about big science, not about og the caveman realizing that fire hurts.Playwrite (talk) 07:14, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Possible references
" Big science is a term coined by Alvin Weinberg in the 1960's when he was the director of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. Big science involves the collaboration of large numbers of scientists, Government officials, university faculty members and administrators and industrial contractors, and large sums of money, to produce new instruments to advance our understanding of nature. Examples of big science include the space sciences, particle accelerators, oceanographic vessels, research in fusion energy and the project to map the human genome. It is apparent that, the more deeply we look into nature, the more big science we are going to need." Big Science in the Sky, Leon M. Lederman, New York Times, April 8, 1990.

Reflections on Big Science, Alvin M. Weinberg, 1969, MIT Press, ISBN-10:0-262-73018-9  --mikeu talk 12:44, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Big Science: The Growth of Large Scale Research, Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly, eds., Stanford University Press (April 1992), ISBN-10: 0804723354  --mikeu talk 12:51, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

To feed the "citations needed" in the "criticisms" section
this article by the economist might prove very useful http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21588069-scientific-research-has-changed-world-now-it-needs-change-itself-how-science-goes-wrong — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.220.59.18 (talk) 07:49, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Requested moves

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Jenks24 (talk) 09:09, 22 July 2014 (UTC)

– Common nouns are not capitalised (Naming conventions (capitalisation)). Mr P. Kopee (talk) 10:54, 13 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Big Science → Big science
 * Big Chocolate → Big chocolate
 * Big Oil → Big oil
 * Big Tobacco → Big tobacco
 * Oppose per proper noun. While the second or subsequent words in an article title is not capitalized, it is capitalized if it is a proper noun/proper name. In this context, Big Science or Big Oil is a proper name. Beagel (talk) 11:13, 13 July 2014 (UTC)
 * They would be capitalised if they were proper nouns, but they are common nouns ("big data" and others are in the same situation). Mr P. Kopee (talk) 06:11, 14 July 2014 (UTC).

 * Oppose. A quick Google news search shows Big Oil, Big Science, and Big Tobacco are all treated as proper nouns.  Calidum Talk To Me 16:03, 13 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The fact that other people might incorrectly consider them as proper nouns should not mislead us. These are common nouns. Mr P. Kopee (talk) 06:11, 14 July 2014 (UTC).
 * Of course, depending the context they are also common nouns. However, we should look the context. In the context of the Big Oil article, it is certainly the proper name, not a common noun. Beagel (talk) 06:45, 14 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Support – book evidence does not support the claim that these are proper names. They are often capitalized for emphasis, or in titles and headings and tables, but still most uses are lower case, which is far from the the MOS:CAPS threshold of "consistently capitalized" in sources.  big oil, big chocolate.  On the other hand, perhaps Big Tobacco seems to be treated as a recent-onset proper.  Dicklyon (talk) 18:29, 13 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment. The phrase "big oil" may be used in different contexts, not only to describe the large oil companies which is the topic of Big Oil article. In this context the term appeared only after 1940s and was term was popularized in print from the late 1960s. As according to the graph the non-capitalized phrase has been dominant since beginning of the last century, it is clear that it is used also in other contexts (e.g. "big oil find", "big oil deal", "big oil money" etc) and therefore making decision based on this is not correct. Beagel (talk) 06:38, 14 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose they are commonly capitalized per Calidum and Beagel -- 65.94.171.126 (talk) 03:43, 14 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose all as per WP:COMMONNAME if nothing else. Red Slash 06:27, 15 July 2014 (UTC)

Need a source for this and further elaboration
"Big Science is labelled as fragile by essayist Nassim Nicholas Taleb in his books."

223.24.109.229 (talk) 13:08, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:48, 4 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Fermilab.jpg

title: Talk:Big science


text:
Kenneth Bainbridge

Kenneth Tompkins Bainbridge (July 27, 1904 – July 14, 1996) was an American physicist at Harvard University who worked on cyclotron research. His accurate measurements of mass differences between nuclear isotopes allowed him to confirm Albert Einstein's mass–energy equivalence concept. He was the Director of the Manhattan Project's Trinity nuclear test, which took place July 16, 1945. Bainbridge described the Trinity explosion as a "foul and awesome display". He remarked to J. Robert Oppenheimer immediately after the test, "Now we are all sons of bitches." This marked the beginning of his dedication to ending the testing of nuclear weapons and to efforts to maintain civilian control of future developments in that field.

Early life
Kenneth Tompkins Bainbridge was born in Cooperstown, New York, on July 27, 1904.Bainbridge had one older brother and one younger brother. He was educated at Horace Mann School in New York. While at high school he developed an interest in ham radio which inspired him to enter Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1921 to study electrical engineering. In five years he earned both Bachelor of Science (S.B.) and Master of Science (S.M.) degrees. During the summer breaks he worked at General Electric's laboratories in Lynn, Massachusetts and Schenectady, New York. While there he obtained three patents related to photoelectric tubes.

Normally this would have been a promising start to a career at General Electric, but it made Bainbridge aware of how interested he was in physics. Upon graduating from MIT in 1926, he enrolled at Princeton University, where Karl T. Compton, a consultant to General Electric, was on the faculty. While at Princeton, Bainbridge created his first mass spectrograph, came up with methods for identifying elements, and started studying nuclei. In 1929, he was awarded a Ph.D. in his new field, writing his thesis on "A search for element 87 by analysis of positive rays" under the supervision of Henry DeWolf Smyth.

Early career
Bainbridge enjoyed a series of prestigious fellowships after graduation. He was awarded a National Research Council, and then a Bartol Research Foundation fellowship. At the time the Franklin Institute's Bartol Research Foundation was located on the Swarthmore College campus in Pennsylvania, and was directed by W. F. G. Swann, an English physicist with an interest in nuclear physics. Bainbridge spent four years (1929-1933) at the Franklin Institute’s Bartol laboratories and during his time there Bainbridge learned how to take subtle and difficult mass measurements. Bainbridge married Margaret ("Peg") Pitkin, a member of the Swarthmore teaching faculty, in September 1931. They had a son, Martin Keeler, and two daughters, Joan and Margaret Tomkins.

In 1932, Bainbridge developed a mass spectrometer with a resolving power of 600 and a relative precision of one part in 10,000. He used this instrument to verify Albert Einstein's mass–energy equivalence, E = mc2. Since Bainbridge was the first to successfully test Einstein’s theory of the equivalence of mass and energy, he was awarded the Louis Edward Levy Medal. Francis William Aston wrote that:

"By establishing accurate comparisons of the masses of the light particles concerned in nuclear disintegrations, particularly that of 7Li, discovered by Cockcroft and Walton, he achieved a noteworthy triumph in the experimental proof of the fundamental theory of Einstein of the equivalence of mass and energy."

In 1933, Bainbridge was awarded a prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship, which he used to travel to England and work at Ernest Rutherford's Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. While there he continued his work developing the mass spectrograph, and became friends with the British physicist John Cockcroft. Also, during Bainbridge’s time in Cambridge, he produced very advanced mass spectrographs and ended up becoming a leading expert in the field of mass spectroscopy. It was at Cambridge when Bainbridge first began to work with nuclear chain reactions.

When his Guggenheim fellowship expired in September 1934, he returned to the United States, where he accepted an associate professorship at Harvard University. He started by building a new mass spectrograph that he had designed with at the Cavendish Laboratory. Working with J. Curry Street, he commenced work on a cyclotron. They had a design for a 37 in cyclotron provided by Ernest Lawrence, but decided to build a 42 in cyclotron instead. Bainbridge was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1937. His interest in mass spectroscopy led naturally to an interest in the relative abundance of isotopes. The discovery of nuclear fission in uranium-235 led to an interest in separating this isotope. He proposed using a Holweck pump to produce the vacuum necessary for this work, and enlisted George B. Kistiakowsky and E. Bright Wilson to help. There was little interest in their work because research was being carried out elsewhere. Bainbridge ended up bringing his Holweck pump to government authorities in Washington D.C., however the government authorities claimed that scientists working for the government were already working on a process of isotope separation and that he should discontinue his work using the Holweck pump for isotope separation. In 1943, their cyclotron was requisitioned by Edwin McMillan for use by the U. S. Army. It was packed up and carted off to Los Alamos, New Mexico.

World War II
In September 1940, with World War II raging in Europe, the British Tizard Mission brought a number of new technologies to the United States, including a cavity magnetron, a high-powered device that generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a magnetic field. This device, which promised to revolutionize radar, demolished any thoughts the Americans had entertained about their technological leadership. Alfred Lee Loomis of the National Defense Research Committee established the Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to develop this radar technology. In October, Bainbridge became one of the first scientists to be recruited for the Radiation Laboratory by Ernest Lawrence. Bainbridge spent two and a half years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Radiation laboratory working on radar development. The scientists divided up the work between them; Bainbridge drew pulse modulators. Working with the Navy, he helped develop high-powered radars for warships. Then from March 1941 to May 1941, Bainbridge was sent to England to discuss radar development with the English. While he was in England, he was able to see firsthand the various radar equipment that the British had installed being used in combat. Also, while in England Bainbridge met with British scientists and learned about the British’s efforts in developing an atomic bomb. When Bainbridge returned to the United States, he reported to the United States about the British's plans to build an atomic bomb. Bainbridge then continued to work on the development of radar technology at M.I.T.. Bainbridge eventually became the lead of a division of the lab that was responsible for ship-borne interception control radar, ground systems search and warning class radar, ground-based fire control radar, microwave early warning radar, search and fighter control radar, and fire control radar. Many of these radar technologies would find their way onto aircraft carriers fighting the Japanese in the Pacific as the war went on.

In May 1943, Bainbridge joined Robert Oppenheimer's Project Y at Los Alamos. He initially led E-2, the instrumentation group, which developed X-ray instrumentation for examining explosions. In March 1944, he became head of a new group, E-9, which was charged with conducting the first nuclear test. In Oppenheimer's sweeping reorganization of the Los Alamos laboratory in August 1944, the E-9 Group became X-2. He also worked on developing designs for the uranium Little Boy design dropped on Hiroshima and the plutonium Fat Man design used on Nagasaki. Additionally, Bainbridge also helped in the development of methods to determine the trajectories of the atomic bombs.

In March 1945, Bainbridge was given the position of director of the Trinity Test. Bainbridge was tasked with finding a site that was flat in order to be able to take accurate measurements of the explosion. The site also had to be unnoticeable for security reasons, but decently close to Los Alamos. Bainbridge ended up finding a site that was approximately 200 miles away from Los Alamos, located in the Alamogordo Gunnery Range. Bainbridge along with his assistant director, John Williams who was also a physicist planned and oversaw the construction of the needed facilities at the test site. The facilities consisted of observation bunkers, hundreds of miles of wiring, miles of paved roads, as well as housing. Additionally, Bainbridge played a role in the development of bomb detonator equipment and setting up equipment for measuring the yield of the explosion. On July 16, 1945, Bainbridge and his colleagues conducted the Trinity nuclear test. "My personal nightmare", he later wrote, "was knowing that if the bomb didn't go off or hangfired, I, as head of the test, would have to go to the tower first and seek to find out what had gone wrong." To his relief, the explosion of the first atomic bomb went off without such drama, in what he later described as "a foul and awesome display". He turned to Oppenheimer and said, "Now we are all sons of bitches." After the conclusion of the Trinity test Bainbridge co-wrote the official account of the Trinity test that was given to the United States government.

Bainbridge was relieved that the Trinity test had been a success, relating in a 1975 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists article, "I had a feeling of exhilaration that the 'gadget' had gone off properly followed by one of deep relief. I wouldn't have to go to the tower to see what had gone wrong."

For his work on the Manhattan Project, Bainbridge received two letters of commendation from the project's director, Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr. He also received a Presidential Certificate of Merit for his work at the MIT Radiation Laboratory.

Postwar
Bainbridge returned to Harvard after the war, and initiated the construction of a 96 in synchro-cyclotron, which has since been dismantled. Also, upon arriving back at Harvard, Bainbridge created a larger mass spectrograph. Utilizing his new device, Bainbridge was able to establish the existence of the neutrino, which is a basic component of matter that had eluded scientists for some time. From 1950 to 1954, he chaired the physics department at Harvard. During those years, he drew the ire of Senator Joseph McCarthy for his aggressive defense of his colleagues in academia. As chairman, he was responsible for the renovation of the old Jefferson Physical Laboratory, and he established the Morris Loeb Lectures in Physics. He also devoted a good deal of his time to improving the laboratory facilities for graduate students. During Bainbridge’s remaining years at Harvard, he continued to work towards finding new mechanisms to obtain precise yields of atomic masses.

Throughout the 1950s, Bainbridge remained an outspoken proponent of civilian control of nuclear power and the abandonment of nuclear testing. In 1950 he was one of twelve prominent scientists who petitioned President Harry S. Truman to declare that the United States would never be the first to use the hydrogen bomb. Bainbridge retired from Harvard in 1975.

Bainbridge's wife Margaret died suddenly in January 1967 from a blood clot in a broken wrist. He married Helen Brinkley King, an editor at William Morrow in New York City, in October 1969. She died in February 1989. A scholarship was established at Sarah Lawrence College in her memory. He died at his home in Lexington, Massachusetts, on July 14, 1996. He was survived by his daughters from his first marriage, Joan Bainbridge Safford and Margaret Bainbridge Robinson. He was buried in the Abel's Hill Cemetery on Martha's Vineyard, in a plot with his first wife Margaret and his son Martin. His papers are in the Harvard University Archives.

In popular culture
In the 2023 film Oppenheimer, he is portrayed by Josh Peck.

title: Kenneth Bainbridge


text:
Talk:WDC 65C816

Title change and merge: "65816 Microprocessor" + "65802 Microprocessor" --> "WDC 65816/65802"
Why the name change? In short: because, where belongs to the originating company, is the de facto standard for microprocessor articles in WKP. Note that this also applies to processors which are/have been second-sourced (i.e., manufactured by one or more companies other than the originating one).

Rationale for the article merge: It seemed natural, as the 65802 is a straighforwardly "feature-reduced" version of the 65816. The 65816 is listed first in the title, as that processor is the main variant of the two. --Wernher 14:54, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Source of performance statement wanted
I removed the following from the article: "It worked at 1,5 mips." Could the contributor or others please give a source of performance figures for the 65816/802 processors? It would be an OK addition to the article. --Wernher 14:12, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The performance of the 65C816 measured in MIPS will be basically the same as in 6502, just the 65C816 can work with much higher clock speeds. here (the snapshot on the right) is an example benchmark for a 14 MHz 65C816, and it averages at 3,1 MIPS. The result could be better, but memory writes, which are a part of the test, are slow on that machine. 82.210.159.30 12:23, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Advertising removed
The recently added material that looked like direct advertising from WDC's website was removed by me. The feature list, which I wikified, gives all the information needed, in a more neutral manner. --Wernher 15:12, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

SNES 65816
It would be nice to know how exactly the SNES's "customised" 65816 differs. According to SA-1 chip, it's a (Ricoh?) 5a22. It seems that there might not be much difference from a software point of view, though. BTW, MOS CPU has an entry for "Ricoh 5a22"... If someone can confirm that this is really the SNES CPU, we can have that redirect here. --StuartBrady 23:51, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The SNES CPU is a Ricoh 5A22, which is based on the 65c816; if there are any differences in the core, I don't know about it. However, it has a number of additional features in the package: DMA logic, joypad reading circuitry, interrupt generation circuitry, multiplication and division hardware, an additional address bus, and a variable clock divisor based on the memory region accessed. The SA-1 is also based on the 65c816 with additional features: DMA logic, interrupt generation circuitry, internal RAM, additional arithmetic circuits, bitmap format conversion circuitry, a barrel shifter for variable data access of 1-16 bits, access collision avoidance, memory mapping circuitry, and an integrated version of Nintendo's CIC lockout chip. Anomie 16:21, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

SuperCPU
According to List of home computers by category, there was a (third party?) external CMD SuperCPU accelerator for the Commodore 64 and C128. Would that be worth mentioning and if so, where? --StuartBrady 00:06, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Successor to 6502 or 6510?
It seems to me that this 65816/65802 builds upon, not the 6502 but its successor the 6510 (which has more capability). -  Theaveng 10:48, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Not so! The 6510 did not have "more capability," whatever that means.  It (the 6510) had the exact same instruction set as the 6502, complete with the same limitations and bugs, e.g., the malfunctioning JMP(xxFF) problem.  Also, the 6510, like the 6502, was an NMOS part and was only available in two clock speeds.

 * The 65816/65802 have always been CMOS parts, are available in much higher clock speeds than the 6510, and like the 65C02, work correctly. JMP(xxFF) behaves as it should, a BRK executed at the same time an IRQ occurs is honored, etc.

 * Also, the CMOS lineage actually existed before the 6510. Western Design Center and Rockwell were both shipping 65C02s in 1981.  I know, because I used one to modify a CBM 8000 machine.

 * BDD (talk) 06:38, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

 * The 6510 has a 6 bit i/o port which the 6502 lacks, and (afaik) was not carried over to the 65816/65802 (though some of the variants have such things). —überRegenbogen (talk) 19:28, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It seems to me the the 65816 is the successor to the 65C02 rather than the 6502 or its variants, while the 65802 is a crippled variant of the 65816. Though YMMV.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.160.239.73 (talk) 22:18, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

Article update
Some time in the not-to-distant future I am going to edit this article to be more in line with similar articles for other members of the 6502 family. Although the 65C816 has the "heart" of a 65C02, it is sufficiently advanced over its eight bit counterpart to warrant a more in-depth treatment, especially on the hardware features that only it has (e.g., the ABORT hardware interrupt). The present article is mostly a recapitulation of the bullet points from WDC's product page and doesn't give the reader much information beyond the MPU's development history and the systems in which it was/is used.

Bigdumbdinosaur (talk) 04:13, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 23 July 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved – Unopposed if I read it correctly. (non-admin closure) Dicklyon (talk) 01:04, 11 August 2019 (UTC)

WDC 65816 → WDC 65C816 – Rename article to include letter "C" similar to 3 other WDC articles: WDC 65C02, WDC 65C134, WDC 65C265. • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 07:30, 23 July 2019 (UTC) --Relisting.  — Amakuru (talk) 16:35, 2 August 2019 (UTC)

Did the name actually include the "C" in the beginning? I can find lots of references from the era that do not include the C. It appears to have become more common later. Maury Markowitz (talk) 15:40, 2 August 2019 (UTC)

There are references to both on the internet, so what, but it is currently known with the "C" as 65C816. The old name is deprecated, so it should be treated as such on Wikipedia, though both should be included in the article. If you feel that without "C" is correct, then please show me photos of actual IC chips that don't have LETTER(S) between the "65" and "816", seriously please show the evindence, otherwise the old name is moot for the article title. • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 18:57, 2 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Well where does it say that in the article? After all, it's trivially easy to find Bill himself calling it the 65816, but what would he know? Maury Markowitz (talk) 14:40, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

1) In 2019, why should a "C" not be added to the 65816 article name, though WDC 65C02, WDC 65C134, WDC 65C265 articles all have "C" in their name, as well as at the official webpage? • Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 23:48, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

2) Where are photos of 65816 chips without a "C"? Show me proof! •  Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 23:48, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm fine with the move, I'm asking where in the article we talk about the change in naming. You say "both should be included in the article", but that is not actually the case as it stands. Maury Markowitz (talk) 11:18, 7 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Support move: See [ http://www.6502.org/documents/datasheets/wdc/older/wdc_w65c265s_mar_2000.pdf ]. --Guy Macon (talk) 00:35, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Venerable
Use of "venerable" to describe the NMOS 6502 is actually quite appropriate once one considers what "venerable" means:

 * Definition of venerable

 * 1a : calling forth respect through age, character, and attainments
 * b : impressive by reason of age

Above was copied from the Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary of the English language.

I restored the phrase "venerable MOS Technology 6502 NMOS MPU" because the 6502 indeed meets the requirements of "age, character, and attainments." Also, that word has been part of the article's intro for nearly 10 years. I fail to see any good reason to remove it.

 * 216.152.18.132 (talk) 01:15, 18 June 2022 (UTC)

24-bit addressing
From the intro:

 * Despite 24-bit addressing, the 65816 isn't a true 24-bit computer. Programs still operate in 64K chunks since registers are 16-bit. To access other parts of internal memory a technique similar to bank switching is needed.

The highlighted text is completely false! Addressing constraints apply only to program execution, not data accesses, and there is no “bank switching.”

Contiguous program code cannot span banks without the use of  and/or , only because when the program counter  wraps, the program bank  will not increment (which characteristic, in my opinion, was an unnecessary constraint that was apparently the result of Apple’s meddling in the 65C816 design process). It has nothing to do with register sizes. A program whose size is greater than 64KB can be executed if  and/or JSL are used to transfer control between banks.

Data fetches and stores can be bank-aware using 16-bit addressing modes—same as with the 6502/65C02, or bank-agnostic using 24-bit “long” addressing modes. 16-bit addressing is generally one clock cycle faster per memory access, but long addressing can fetch from or store to anywhere in the 16MB space.

I am removing the subject text from the article.

Bigdumbdinosaur (talk) 20:26, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I would have liked to thank you for improving the accuracy of our article -expert attention is always welcome- Bigdumbdinosaur, but I notice you removed much more from the article than what you said you would. The article should, in my opinion, explain what differentiates the 65816 from a true 24-bit processor, i.e. explain the limitations, and ideally, to do so in a reader-accessible manner; i.e. as non-technically as possible. (Precise details only the initiated can appreciate can always be covered later in the article). Also, you removed the part where the processor is contrasted to the MC68000 which all three major suppliers of home computers opted for, including a very valuable historical tidbit (the BYTE interview with the Woz). In order for that piece to fit, the average reader should leave our article with some understanding why that decision was made. Here's hoping you're willing to discuss further improvements to the article. Regards, CapnZapp (talk) 05:20, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll go ahead and try to reincorporate the cut text into the article as per above. Any expert is welcome to attend the article. CapnZapp (talk) 13:33, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

W65C802
Per WP:LEAD Apart from basic facts, significant information should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article.

In other words, we currently talk about the 65802... but only in the lead. Let's avoid a tag. CapnZapp (talk) 05:27, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

WDC 65C832 citation
Perchance this discussion might help: Stack Exchange CapnZapp (talk) 05:43, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

 * The 65C832 concept was hatched in the latter 1980s and was essentially DOA by the late 1990s.  The 65C832, at best, was a proposed solution in search of an undefined problem.  Given that little-to-no design work was done on it before it was permanently dropped, I see no good reason to even mention it.

 * 216.152.18.132 (talk) 18:31, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

24-bit claim
You're gonna need to discuss my edit comment ("that section isn't there to counter some claim. It is there in order to explain and contrast. Feel free to improve the phrasing, but don't throw out the baby with the bathwater") and not just repeat your revert, 216.152.18.132.

Please begin by understanding why I want that text there. Then you are free to change the phrasing. Thank you CapnZapp (talk) 20:40, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Your argument is wrong.  No one has ever made a claim that the 65C816 is a 24-bit microprocessor.
 * 216.152.18.132 (talk) 01:38, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I am not suggesting anyone has. CapnZapp (talk) 05:23, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:WDC 65C816


text:
Talk:Amur leopard

Some problems
Some article on problems Pacific pipeline project will cause to Amur Leopard
 * But Alexander fears the Pacific pipeline project would cause irreparable damage. "The population in this area would increase several times," he says. "That means many more poachers; more people straying into the reserve. With a new industrial zone on our doorstep, this area would be impossible for us to protect."

The article leopard talks about this species under the name Panthera pardus amurensis. What is the correct name for the subspecies, amurensis or orientalis?
 * IUCN red list uses orientalis ,as does a 2011 scientific paper . So it seems like orientalis is the more commonly used, although it doesnt necessarily mean that amurensis and orientalis aren't both used. douts (talk) 23:28, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Also confused
What is it then amurensis or orientalis???

--Francisco Valverd e |Francisco Valverde 22:45, 9 February 2006 (UTC)also in Mexico

Orientalis
According to the Amur Leopard Conservation Support Programme it is orientalis not amurensis.

--Francisco Valverd e |Francisco Valverde 16:59, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Hello, It is orientalis. Further information on leopard subspecies can be found in the taxonomic notes on the IUCN Red List website.

--ALTA www.amur-leopard.org 15:44, 8 February 2010 (GMT) —Preceding unsigned comment added by AmurLeopardALTA (talk • contribs)

"AMUR LEOPARD" Links
1) Please Join the Yahoo Group on Critically Endangered AMUR LEOPARDS; 2) AMUR LEOPARD LINKS

Please Join the Yahoo Group on Critically Endangered AMUR LEOPARDS and help SAVE them from EXTINCTION

There are less then 40 AMUR LEOPARDS left in the Wilds

Please Join us: http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/amur_rutland/

New Yahoo Group on Critically Endangered AMUR LEOPARD:

SAVE THE " AMUR LEOPARD " THERE ARE LESS THAN 40 LEFT IN THE WILD !!! THIS MAKES THEM THE MOST ENDANGERED BIG CAT IN THE WORLD !!!!

THIS IS 'MANX' OUR AMUR IN RUTLAND ENGLAND, CAN YOU PLEASE HELP AND SUPPORT US IF YOU CAN.

WE NEED PEOPLE WHO CAN VOLUNTEER TO HELP BUILD A BIGGER AND BETTER PEN, SPONSORSHIP TO OFFSET THE BILLS AND JUST ANYTHING ANYONE CAN DO TO HELP !!!!!!!!!PLEASE

http://uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/amur_rutland/

To Post Messages send to: amur_rutland@yahoogroups.co.uk

John B – Yahoo 360

GO TO MY 360 SITE FOR MORE INFO......rutland_leopard

WE NEED TO SAVE THE "AMUR LEOPARD" NOW !!!!!

John B – Yahoo 360

http://uk.360.yahoo.com/profile-8ElDRcYjbrICdI8AbwEmbI0Cov3kRsY-?cq=1

John B – Yahoo 360 - Blog:

http://uk.blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-8ElDRcYjbrICdI8AbwEmbI0Cov3kRsY-?cq=1

Photo Album "AMUR LEOPARD":

http://uk.photos.yahoo.com/ph/rutland_leopard/slideshow?.dir=/2ebdscd&.src=ph

From: "JOHN"  Date: Fri Jan 19, 2007 9:36 am Subject: Amur Leopard

We need help to save the critically endangered AMUR LEOPARDS, if you go to my 360 site it tells you all about our Amur leopard 'Manx' I also have another group just started amur_rutland-subscribe@... please help we need it

thanks John

JOHN; Yahoo! ID: rutland_leopard; Yahoo profile http://uk.profiles.yahoo.com/rutland_leopard

AMUR LEOPARD LINKS:-

 * 1)

'''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Panthera pardus ssp. orientalis'''

Amur leopards are now believed to be practically extinct in the mountainous regions of ... In South Korea, the last record of an Amur leopard is from 1969, ... www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/15957/all - 24k - Cached - Similar pages

http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/15957/all

 * 2)

Amur Leopard Conservation Support Programme

This Amur Leopard Conservation Support Programme has grown out of the increasing coordination of the conservation work for Amur leopards between several key organizations – namely The Tigris Foundation, The Zoological Society of London, Moscow Zoo, Phoenix, AMUR and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). This group, along with additional funding partners, has formed the Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance and is working hard to increase public awareness of and political support for the conservation of both the Amur leopard and the Amur tiger. The Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance (ALTA) has produced an information sheet (PDF 1.21Mb) with lots of information about the activities in progress to secure a future for both leopards and tigers in the Amur region. The latest ALTA Newsletter (January 2007) is also now available (PDF 642Kb). http://www.amur-leopard.org/

 * 3)

Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia page on Critically Endangered AMUR LEOPARD:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_Leopard

NOTE: Public is free to edit articles and add information to articles on Wikipedia or write new informative articles on Wikipedia, please create an account, login and then edit articles on Wikipedia that way your name gets registered in the history of that article

 * 4)

AMUR — AMUR (Russian Far East) Leopards

The Amur leopard has longer fur for winter warmth and ’open’ rosettes ... For a great deal more detailed information about Amur leopards visit the following ... amur.org.uk/leopards.shtml - 10k - Cached - Similar pages

http://amur.org.uk/leopards.shtml

 * 5)

WWF - Amur leopard

This is the Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis), also known as the Far East leopard, the Manchurian leopard or the Korean leopard. ... www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/our_solutions/priority_species/amur_leopard/index.cfm - 29k - Cached - Similar pages

http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/our_solutions/priority_species/amur_leopard/index.cfm

Amur Leopards - Wildlife Conservation Society
 * 6)

Conservation of the Amur Leopard in the Russian Far East, Wildlife Conservation Society. www.wcs.org/international/Asia/russia/Amurleopard - 40k - Cached - Similar pages

http://www.wcs.org/international/Asia/russia/Amurleopard

 * 7)

Amur leopard - Panthera pardus orientalis: More Information - ARKive

ARKive - Images of life on Earth. A new digital library of photographs, film clips and accompanying information about endangered species, ... www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Panthera_pardus_orientalis/more_info.html - 26k -

http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Panthera_pardus_orientalis/more_info.html

 * 8)

VIDEO: YouTube - Amur Leopard, watch before they are extinct

Amur Leopard, watch before they are extinct ... The first Leopard who is shown here is a male called "Puzan", the second one with the cub is a female called ... www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdm-k1oKz84 - 78k - Cached - Similar pages

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdm-k1oKz84

 * 9)

Save The Amur Leopards Petition

There are only around 30 Amur Leopards left in the wild, and only 10 purebred animals in captivity. Poaching, illegal logging, illegal fires, and a massive ... www.thepetitionsite.com/takeaction/542398780 - 31k - 18 Jan 2007 - Cached - Similar pages

http://www.thepetitionsite.com/takeaction/542398780?ltl=1169233749

We, the Undersigned, endorse the following petition: Save The Amur Leopards Target: Vladimir Putin, President of the Russian Federation Sponsor: Annelisa Johnson

 * 10)

Amur Leopard

With only 30 - 40 remaining in the wild, the Amur leopards are listed in international, federal and regional levels as critically endangered and are in immediate danger of extinction.

http://www.amurleopard.com/pages/1/index.htm
 * 11)

WAZA - World Association of Zoos and Aquariums - Virtual Zoo

This studbook forms the basis for conservation breeding programmes operated at the regional level by several zoo associations for the Amur leopard (Panthera ... www.waza.org/virtualzoo/factsheet.php?id=112-007-002-004&view=Cats - 27k - Cached - Similar pages

http://www.waza.org/virtualzoo/factsheet.php?id=112-007-002-004&view=Cats

 * 12)

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC NEWS: Photo in the News: World's Rarest Big Cat Captured

November 16, 2006

In the remote forests of southeastern Russia, scientists have captured what's believed to be the rarest big cat on Earth: a Far Eastern leopard. The animal is so scarce that only 30 are thought to survive in the wild. The team, led by biologists from the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society, caught the 100-pound (45-kilogram) male in a snare last week while studying Siberian tigers in the Russian Far East, 20 miles (32 kilometers) from the Chinese border (See Russia map). The chance capture gave biologists a priceless opportunity to study the elusive feline, and Melody Roelke (below), a specialist in big-cat genetics with the U.S. National Institutes of Health, wasn't shy about getting a closer look. She and other team members conducted a thorough series of tests on the leopard, from studying its teeth to collecting sperm samples, before releasing the animal back into the wild. Among the scientists' main concerns is whether Far Eastern leopards, also known as Amur leopards, can continue to sustain their tiny, isolated population, or whether disease and inbreeding may eventually wipe out the cats. "This capture represents a milestone in our cooperative efforts to save the Far Eastern leopard and Siberian tiger from extinction," said Dale Miquelle, director of the Wildlife Conservation Society's Russia Program, in a statement. "With the information gained from these animals, and others to come, we will be in a much better position to determine appropriate conservation actions." —Blake de Pastino • More Photos in the News • Today's 15 Most Read Stories • Free Email Newsletter: Focus on Photography Photographs courtesy John Goodrich/Wildlife Conservation Society

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/11/061116-russia-leopard.html

Atulsnischal 20:43, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Bad & Broken Link(s) in Article
Links 3 & 4 to news stories are bad in the references.
 * The third reference to the CNN news story is broken. MasterOfHisOwnDomain (talk) 20:03, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

66.56.28.232 19:23, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Government Conservation Programs
I've added new section: Government Conservation Programs.

It talks about a new program aimed to increase the population of Amur Leopards. I've provided a reference to the respectable Russian news agency web-site. I've also added the reference section as it was missing. I will add a couple more things to this page soon. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to ask. Andreyx109 (talk) 22:55, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

IUCN red list status
As of 15th February 2012, the IUCN red list website still lists the Amur leopard as Critically Endangered. Also as there is no citation for the statement saying this species is extinct in the wild (intro), i have reverted this back to Critically Endangered. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15957/0 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Douts (talk • contribs) 22:40, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Protection
Would it be worth placing some protection on the article in order to prevent it being vandalised, which had happened repeatedly over the last few months? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Douts (talk • contribs) 09:46, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

cold snowy climate?
A reader noted the sentence: The Amur leopard is the only leopard subspecies adapted to a cold snowy climate. and asked about Snow leopard.

I don't have the subject matter expertise to weigh in, but hope someone here can. (OTRS agents see )-- S Philbrick  (Talk)  15:56, 30 December 2013 (UTC)
 * The snow leopard is NOT a leopard Panthera pardus subspecies, but a distinct species Panthera uncia. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 12:15, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

confusing sentence
Along with leopards crossing between Russia, China, and North Korea across the Tumen River despite a high and long wire fence marking the boundary. -- that sentence is not well formed. 97.94.139.106 (talk) 16:37, 4 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I've reworded the sentence – I hope that's better. —Bruce1eetalk 05:05, 5 July 2016 (UTC)

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Amur leopard versus other leopards in the Far East
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group subsumed P. p. japonensis to P. p. orientalis, as in, they see the North Chinese leopard as being the same subspecies as the Amur leopard. At least the historic ranges of both populations include Manchuria or Northeastern China, so the new classification could solve the issue of which subspecies a leopard in that place would fit, but Uphyrkina et al. (2001) did say that though P. p. japonensis and P. p. orientalis were contiguous, the same goes for the former and P. p. delacouri, and that the association between all three is weak. Leo1pard (talk) 16:03, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Page views
Leo1pard (talk) 17:50, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Contradictory distribution information
Unless I am misunderstanding the information presented, it appears there is contradictory information regarding the Amur's distribution. The "Current Population and Distribution" section says the Amur inhabits about 5,000 km2. "The Forest Degradation" section states they only exist in an area smaller than 2,500 km2". If one of these two statistics cannot be sourced it should be removed to avoid confusing readers. If both can be sourced, these two conflicting statements should be combined into one sentence that says something along the lines of,  "The current population of wild individuals resides in an area estimated to be between 2500 and 5000 square kilometres" . To avoid redundancy (as Wikipedia generally calls for) it seems this information should possibly be removed from the "Forest Degradation" section and retained only in the "Current Population and Distribution" section". – Down time (talk) 18:59, 6 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing out the contradictory info! I checked and removed the faulty info in the "Forest Degradation" section. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 09:40, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

Requested move to Far Eastern leopard 8 August 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move back to previous title of Amur leopard. The consensus of those participating is to go back to the old title, prior to the bold move made last week. — Amakuru (talk) 17:33, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

Northeast Asian leopard → Far Eastern leopard – The name "Far Eastern leopard" is long established for this subspecies, along with "Amur leopard", whereas the name "Northeast Asian leopard" has to date NOT been used in any scientific source. BhagyaMani (talk) 13:16, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

The following list shows only a selection of several books and articles using this name in the title:
 * Miquelle, D.G., Arzhanova, T.D. and Solkin, V., 1996. A Recovery Plan for Conservation of the Far Eastern Leopard: results of an international conference held in Vladivostok. Russia. 81pp.
 * Augustine, J., Miquelle, D.G. and Korkishko, V.G., 1996. Preliminary results of the Far Eastern Leopard Project: implication for conservation and management. Zov Taigi 4(27): 6-11.
 * Pikunov, D.G., Abramov, V.K., Korkishko, V.G., Aramiliev, V.V., Arzhanova, T.D., Karakin, V.P., Fomenko, P.V., Yudin, V.G., Lukarevskiy, V.S. and Nikolaev, I.G. 1999. Strategy for the conservation of the Far Eastern leopard in Russia. Moscow: World Wildlife Fund.
 * Uphyrkina, O., Miquelle, D., Quigley, H., Driscoll, C. and O'Brien, S.J. 2002. Conservation genetics of the Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis). Journal of heredity 93(5): 303-311.
 * Kostyria, A.V., Skorodelov, A.S., Miquelle, D.G., Aramilev, V.V. and McCullough, D. 2003. Results of camera trap survey of far eastern leopard population in southwest Primorski Krai, winter 2002–2003. Wildlife Conservation Society, Institute of Sustainable Use of Nature Resources, University of California (Berkeley), Vladivostok, Russia.
 * Aramilev, V.V., Kostyria, A.V., Sokolov, S.A., Rybin, A.N., Mc-Cullough, D. and Miquelle, D. 2010. Monitoring of Far eastern leopard population (Panthera pardus orientalis) with photo traps. In Proceedings of International Conference «The Amur Tiger in Northeast Asia: Planning for the 21st Century. pp. 345-351.
 * Hebblewhite, M., Miquelle, D.G., Murzin, A.A., Aramilev, V.V. and Pikunov, D.G. 2011. Predicting potential habitat and population size for reintroduction of the Far Eastern leopards in the Russian Far East. Biological Conservation 144(10): 2403-2413.
 * Spitzen, V.V., Miquelle, D.G., Darman, Y.A., Aramilev, V.V., Hötte, M., Bereznyuk, S.L., Laptev, A.A., Aramileva, T.S., Myslenkov, A.A., Kerley, L.L. and Salkina, G. 2012. A Program for Reintroduction of The Far Eastern Leopard Into Southern Sixhote-Alin, Primorskii Krai, Russian Far East. Amur Leopard Reintroduction. The Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance, The Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance, pp. 88-106.
 * Sulikhan, N.S., Gilbert, M., Blidchenko, E.Y., Naidenko, S.V., Ivanchuk, G.V., Gorpenchenko, T.Y., Alshinetskiy, M.V., Shevtsova, E.I., Goodrich, J.M., Lewis, J.C. and Goncharuk, M.S. 2018. Canine Distemper Virus in a Wild Far Eastern Leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 54(1): 170-174. BhagyaMani (talk) 13:16, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Agree, but then make it clear that it is different to the Indochinese leopard (P. p. delacouri) and the Javan leopard (P. p. melas), because Indochina and Sunda Islands are also considered as being in the Far East. Leo1pard (talk) 13:41, 8 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Leo1pard, can you explain why you made the original move away from Amur leopard? Dekimasu よ! 21:01, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Because the Amur leopard (P. p. orientalis) is a population that has been distinguished from the North Chinese leopard (formerly P. p. japonensis), and I thought that "Northeast Asian leopard" would make sense as a name for the subspecies that includes both populations, given that they are both in Northeast Asia. Leo1pard (talk) 16:22, 16 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Agree. The Latin name of this subspecies is non-ambiguous, hence canNOT be confounded with any of the others! -- BhagyaMani (talk) 07:47, 11 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:RM. Dekimasu よ! 21:28, 14 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Agree, but I have never seen it referred to as the Far Eastern leopard, only as the Amur leopard. That seems to be the name commonly used by documentaries, so maybe we should either (a) move it to Amur leopard, or (b) create a redirect from Amur leopard to Far Eastern leopard.--SilverTiger12 (talk) 12:04, 13 August 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 23:19, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose both and revert to stable title, Amur leopard. This article was at Amur leopard for 14 consecutive years until an undiscussed move on August 7, the day before this move request began. Google Ngrams returns results for Amur leopard only: . The sources given above are helpful but they do not go to show the relative prevalence of these names, which is heavily in favor of the stable title, "Amur leopard." The sources in the article and the external links also favor a return to Amur leopard, and the proposer of the current move recognizes that "Amur leopard" is well established. Had this been caught earlier, I would have requested reversion through WP:RMUM. Dekimasu よ! 21:28, 14 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Support Amur leopard per Dekimasu and WP:COMMONNAME, Oppose other titles. Iffy★Chat -- 21:15, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I can very well understand Dekimasu's and Iffy's line of arguments for keeping the 14-year old name and title. My reason for favouring 'Far Eastern leopard' over the new irrelevant name was : the North-Chinese leopard has been subsumed to P. l. orientalis, so that the name 'Far Eastern leopard' reflects the range of this subspecies better than 'Amur leopard', and is not associated with a specific country. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 21:50, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Common names don't necessarily reflect full ranges, though. The Eurasian teal winters in Africa; the Aleutian cackling goose can be found in California. And I don't think Amur is associated with a specific country. After all, the Amur River serves as a border. Dekimasu よ! 18:23, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Almost support I have only ever heard Amur leopard. If you told me “Far East leopard” or “Northeast Asian leopard,” I’d be lost  User:Dunkleosteus77 |push to talk 04:02, 16 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Support Amur leopard. This is the widely used common name and is unambiguous. It is used by the World Wildlife Fund and the Zoological Society of London, and is also used on recent articles in Scientific American and National Geographic, as well as numerous mainstream media articles. A google search for "Northeast Asian leopard" picks up this Wikipedia article and a number of articles refering to the Amur leopard. "Far Eastern leopard" is slightly better, but most of those say the "Far Eastern or Amur leopard". Very few articles call it anything else without mentioning that it is also called the Amur leopard.  Jts1882 | talk 06:31, 16 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I think that where two or a number of names are used for the same thing, we should always opt for the one used in scientific publications over the name most used. Also important to note that the scientific literature used as reference should be recent, as it often happens that over time new information leads to name changes, just like it just as often leads to reclassification of species. Names most used can always be redirected and inclued as "also known as" in the article. After all, if we are to serve as a fountain of information, we should strive to present it as accurately as possible. Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 18:34, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

This discussions was supposed to close yesterday already. Of seven people who commented, four clearly favour a revert to the long-established title 'Amur leopard'. I'm fine with that too!! The more so as even Chinese authors use this name in a recent article: Does anybody opt for waiting another day ? -- BhagyaMani (talk) 18:52, 16 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Yang, H., Zhao, X., Han, B., Wang, T., Mou, P., Ge, J. and Feng, L. 2018. Spatiotemporal patterns of Amur leopards in northeast China: Influence of tigers, prey, and humans. Mammalian Biology 92: 120-128.
 * The "name most used" is the convention for naming on Wikipedia, however (WP:COMMONNAME, and WP:NCFAUNA: "Use the most common name when possible"). As for waiting another day, someone involved will come along to close this request. One of us should not close it. Dekimasu よ! 01:20, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I am confused. The proposal was "that Northeast Asian leopard be renamed and moved to Far Eastern leopard", and I count quite a few "Agrees". Now you say that "four clearly favour a revert to the long-established title 'Amur leopard'". Can you explain? Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 19:05, 16 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Dekimasu, Iffy, Dunkleosteus77, Jts1882 support Amur leopard, hence four people. SilverTiger12 agreed to moving to Far Eastern leopard, but see his comment above. Consensus seems to be to NOT keep the title Northeast Asian leopard. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 19:23, 16 August 2018 (UTC)
 * In this case, according to the established process at RM, no consensus for a particular title would lead to reversion to the stable title. Dekimasu よ! 01:20, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

But what about the fact that the North Chinese leopard (formerly P. p. japonensis, now P. p. orientalis) has been distinguished from the Amur leopard, but that it is in the same subspecies as it, in the same way that the Siberian tiger (formerly Panthera tigris altaica) has been distinguished from the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), but is treated as being in the same subspecies as it nowadays? Leo1pard (talk) 13:21, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * What does this question have to do with an irrelevant page title?? -- BhagyaMani (talk) 13:36, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Let me go step by step, the Siberian tiger (formerly Panthera tigris altaica), from the region where Korea meets China and Russia, is a different population of the tiger to the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) of South Asia, but in 2017, the Cat Specialist Group grouped them together as one subspecies, that is the Mainland Asian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), right? Leo1pard (talk) 14:58, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * This discussion is about a requested move to a species's common name and article title, but NOT about classification and common names of other species. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 16:57, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Semi-protected edit request on 15 January 2019
2605:A000:F481:F700:51FD:B3FF:DD54:16BB (talk) 22:03, 15 January 2019 (UTC) I have information
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. DannyS712 (talk) 22:24, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

About fate of leopards in Northern China
It's said in the article that Amur Leopards are only avaliable in Chinese-Russian border.However,it is available in Northern China,and the population is relatively big(though it's estimated that about 75% of them live in Shanxi Province).I have been searching behind the Firewall for an hour,only to find that the earliest report of Amur Leopard was in 2009,which stated that,“The population of Northern China Leopard(that is what we call about Amur Leopard) has been declining from 1987 to 2009.”Seems interesting,umm?So it can be inferred that the fate of Amur Leopard isn't as horrible as what is claimed in the article. Frost-CHN (talk) 16:02, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 April 2023
there are about 80 amur leopards in the wild in 2023. 96.74.89.254 (talk) 20:25, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. M.Bitton (talk) 23:11, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

 * The first and second paragraphs contradict each other. 184.145.18.235 (talk) 16:12, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

Balancing Leopard Conservation and Regional Development in Northeast China and Russia
Collaborative conservation efforts are crucial for protecting Amur leopards in Northeast China and Russia. To achieve this, a balance must be struck between leopard recovery and the region's political and economic growth, including the creation of ecological corridors and expanded reserves. Sustainable land use and alternative economic strategies are essential to support local development while preserving biodiversity and ecosystem health. Sujal 3011 (talk) 23:16, 27 October 2023 (UTC) here is the source you can view for detailed information: Wang, T., Feng, L., Yang, H., Han, B., Zhao, Y., Juan, L., Lü, X., Zou, L., Li, T., Xiao, W., Mou, P., Smith, J. L., & Ge, J. (2017, June). A science-based approach to guide Amur leopard recovery in China. Biological Conservation, 210, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.014 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sujal 3011 (talk • contribs) 23:23, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

 * This article is already referenced, and according to its abstract, the authors present results of a population density estimate. The section on conservation of WP pages usually contains information on legal protection status in range countries of a species and successfully implemented measures to improve protection in the field. But this section does usually not contain what should be and must be done. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 07:42, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 October 2023
Collaborative conservation efforts are crucial for protecting Amur leopards in Northeast China and Russia. To achieve this, a balance must be struck between leopard recovery and the region's political and economic growth, including the creation of ecological corridors and expanded reserves. Sustainable land use and alternative economic strategies are essential to support local development while preserving biodiversity and ecosystem health. detailed information on: Sujal 3011 (talk) 23:34, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Not done, see reply in previous section. – BhagyaMani (talk) 07:44, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

Proposed update to the weight range given for male specimens.
"At the beginning of the fall in 2011, Scientists from the Academy of Sciences in Russia equipped an adult male with a satellite collar. The animal weighed 62kg and was in excellent health, about 5 or 6 years old."

https://www.tendua.org/newsletter-no7,069?artpage=3-5

With respect to this information I believe we should update the current weight range of males from 32-48kg, to 32-62kg. Von Herre (talk) 01:33, 14 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Semi-protection-unlocked.svg Not done: According to the page's protection level you should be able to edit the page yourself. If you seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. RudolfRed (talk) 02:40, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

RE: P. p. japonensis
P. p. japonesis was subsumed under P. p. orientalis in 2017, and this article treats it as such (and so do other articles, like the lack of a P. p. japonensis article), but this is still contentious at best. The following two papers discuss reasons why they do not accept the merge, and to my knowledge, no groups working with the animals accept this change either:

Vitekere, K., Consolee, K., Zaman, M., Karanja, H., Hua, Y. and Jiang, G. (2020) ‘Insights on the North China Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis Gray, 1862): Challenges in distribution, population status, threats, and implications for conservation’, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 31, pp. 1–18.

Yang, H., Xie, B., Zhao, G., Gong, Y., Mou, P., Ge, J. and Feng, L. (2021) ‘Elusive cats in our backyards: persistence of the North Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis) in a human‐dominated landscape in central China’, Integrative Zoology, 16(1), pp. 67–83. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12482.

The following charities (amongst others) refer to orientalis as not including japonensis: WWF – https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/amur-leopard WCS – https://conservewildcats.org/portfolio/monitoring-amur-leopards-and-tigers/ Land of the Leopard National Park – https://leopard-land.ru/ Phoenix Fund – https://fundphoenix.org/

I therefore propose that this article treats them as distinct subspecies. I am happy to make the changes myself but I am checking here first before I do so (a P. p. japonensis article will also be needed, to semi-replace Chinese leopard). DevonianShark (talk) 06:40, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I think the article should continue to treat them as one subspecies as overall structure. The project has decided to follow the cat group classification for articles titles and taxobox classification, which provides consistency across articles. However, alternative views should be discussed in the article. For a start, you could add a paragraph at the end of the taxonomy section explaining the controversy (there is a similar one with tigers, especially people working on the Malayan tiger). Then additions to other sections can deal with relevant differences (size, coloration, etc). —  Jts1882 | talk 08:31, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Neither Vitekere et al. (2020) nor Yang et al. (2021) provide any morphological or genetic evidence or argument for treating japonensis as distinct from orientalis; these are NOT taxonomic papers. And what charities publish on their blogs is irrelevant here. BhagyaMani (talk) 11:42, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Sure, but they do highlight that it is far from agreed on. If the conservation groups working on the ground with the animals consider them separate, and no academic papers focusing on either the Russian or Chinese populations after 2017 appear to group them together either, then imo that should come above the Cat Specialist Group’s claims. But if that’s what Wikipedia follows, so be it, I’ll just add some bits about it not being widely accepted. DevonianShark (talk) 01:48, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amur leopard


text:
Adelaide Filleul, Marquise de Souza-Botelho

Adélaïde-Émilie (sometimes Émilie-Adélaïde) Filleul, Marquise de Souza-Botelho (14 May 1761 – 19 April 1836) was a French writer.

Biography
She was born in Paris.

Her mother, Marie Irène Cathérine de Buisson, daughter of the Seigneur de Longpré, near Falaise, married a bourgeois of that town named Charles François Filleul. It was reported, though no proof is forthcoming, that Mme. Filleul had been the mistress of Louis XV, having by him a daughter, Julie Filleul (1751 – 1822), although never recognized. Mme. Filleul then become the mistress of financier Étienne-Michel Bouret who, according to writer Jean Orieux, is Adelaide's true father; according to others (including her grandson Charles, duc de Morny), her father was also the king. Charles François Filleul became one of the king's secretaries, and Mme. Filleul made many friends, among them Jean-François Marmontel. Julie Filleul married at the Château de Menars in 1767 Abel-François Poisson, marquis de Vandières et de Marigny (1727–1781), the brother of Madame de Pompadour; Adelaide married on 30 November 1779 Charles François de Flahaut de La Billarderie, comte de Flahaut de La Billarderie, a soldier of some reputation, who was many years her senior.

In Paris she soon gathered round her a salon, in which the principal figure was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. There are many allusions to their liaison in the diary of Founding Father Gouverneur Morris, who was another of her lovers. In 1785 was born her son Charles, comte de Flahaut, who was generally known to be Talleyrand's son. Mme. de Flahaut fled from Paris in 1792 and joined the society of émigrés at Mickleham, Surrey, described in Mme. d'Arblay's Memoirs. Her husband remained at Boulogne-sur-Mer, where he was arrested on 29 January 1793 and guillotined. Mme. de Flahaut now supported herself by writing novels, of which the first, Adèle de Sénanges (London, 1794), which is partly autobiographical, was the most famous.

She presently left London for Switzerland, where she met Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans. She travelled in his company to Hamburg, where she lived for two years, earning her living as a milliner. She returned to Paris in 1798, and on 17 October 1802 she married Dom José Maria de Sousa Botelho Mourão e Vasconcelos (Porto, 9 March 1758 – Paris, 1 June 1825), Portuguese minister plenipotentiary in Paris, 2nd Lord of the Majorat of Mateus, who was previously married in Lisbon on 23 November 1783 to Dona Maria Teresa de Noronha, of the Lords of the Majorat of Apréstimos, by whom he had an only son, José Luís de Sousa Botelho Mourão e Vasconcelos, future 1st Count of Vila Real. Her husband was recalled in 1804, and was offered the Saint Petersburg embassy; but in the next year he resigned, to settle permanently in Paris, where he had many friends, among them Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi. He spent his time chiefly in the preparation of a beautiful edition of the Lusiads of Luís de Camões, which he completed in 1817.

Mme. de Souza lost her social power after the fall of the First Empire, and was deserted even by Talleyrand, although he continued his patronage of Charles de Flahaut. Her husband died in 1825, and after the accession of Louis Philippe she lived in comparative retirement till her death. She brought up her grandson, Charles, duc de Morny, her son's natural son by Queen Hortense de Beauharnais. Among her later novels were La Comtesse de Fargy (1822) and La Duchesse de Guise (1831). Her complete works were published between 1811 and 1822.


text:
Talk:Maurice Stans

Expand this article.
This article on Maurice Stans ought to be expanded to detail the extent of his involvement in the Watergate scandal.

Simon

Stans was not a "key figure" in the Watergate matter though he had some ties to the thing. He was a key figure in the Nixon campaign's fund raising campaign and had contact with most of the Watergate principals, but was not directly implicated in the burglary of the Watergate complex, in the Fielding matter, in the Segretti matter or in the coverup. Editdroid 03:27, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

External Link Addition?
I would like to add an external link (or in another more appropriate location) to the Maurice H. Stans papers at the Minnesota Historical Society, if possible. Thank you! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Archivist100 (talk • contribs) 19:36, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Maurice Stans