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Roland (missile)

The Roland is a Franco-German mobile short-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system. The Roland was also purchased by the U.S. Army as one of very few foreign SAM systems.

Development
Roland was designed to a joint French and German requirement for a low-level mobile missile system to protect mobile field formations and fixed, high-value targets such as airfields. Development began in 1963 as a study by Nord Aviation of France and Bölkow of Germany with the system then called SABA in France and P-250 in Germany. The two companies formed a joint development project in 1964 and later (as Aérospatiale of France and MBB of Germany) founded the Euromissile company for this and other missile programs. Aerospatiale took primary responsibility for the Roland 1 day/clear-weather system while MBB took primary responsibility for the Roland 2 all-weather system. Aerospatiale was also responsible for the rear and propulsion system of the missile while MBB developed the front end of the missile with warhead and guidance systems. The first guided launch of a Roland prototype took place in June 1968, destroying a Nord Aviation CT20 target drone and fielding of production systems was expected from January 1970. The test and evaluation phase took much longer than originally anticipated with the clear-weather Roland I finally entering operational service with the French Army in April 1977, while the all-weather Roland II was first fielded by the German Army in 1978 followed by the French Army in 1981. The long delays and ever-increasing costs combined with inflation meant Roland was never procured in the numbers originally anticipated.

Variants
The Roland SAM system was designed to engage enemy air targets flying at speeds of up to Mach 1.3 at altitudes between 20 meters and 5,500 meters with a minimum effective range of 500 meters and a maximum of 6,300 meters. The system can operate in optical or radar mode and can switch between these modes during an engagement. A pulse-doppler search radar with a range of 15–18 km detects the target which can then be tracked either by the tracking radar or an optical tracker. The optical channel would normally be employed only in daylight against very low-level targets or in a heavy jamming environment.

The Roland missile is a two-stage solid propellant unit 2.4 meters long with a weight of 66.5 kg including the 6.5 kg multiple hollow-charge fragmentation warhead which contains 3.5 kg of explosive detonated by impact or proximity fuses. The 65 projectile charges have a lethal radius of 6 meters. Cruising speed is Mach 1.6. The missile is delivered in a sealed container which is also the launch tube. Each launcher carries two launch tubes with 8 more inside the vehicle or shelter with automatic reloading in 10 seconds.

For defense of fixed sites such as airfields the shelter Roland can be integrated in the CORAD (Co-ordinated Roland Air Defense) system which can include a surveillance radar, a Roland Co-ordination Center, 8 Roland fire units and up to 8 guns.

Fire units

 * Roland 1 – The initial fair-weather, daylight-only, version used by the French and Spanish armies on the AMX-30R chassis with entry into service in 1976. Roland 1 can also fire the Roland 2 and Roland 3 missiles.
 * Roland 2 – This is the all-weather version mounted on the AMX-30R chassis (France and others), the Marder chassis (Germany, FlaRakPz 1, Heer, and others) and also as a shelter mount in either a static location or mounted on a 6×6 or 8×8 all-terrain truck (Germany, Roland FRR, Luftwaffe and Bundesmarine, and others). Euromissile, MaK, IBH and Blohm and Voss of Germany in 1983 proposed the Leopard 1 tank chassis as a carrier for the Roland system to appeal to those countries who already used the Leopard I tank. Roland 2 can also fire the Roland 3 missile.
 * American Roland – Selected in 1975 as the forward air defense system for U.S. Army divisions, the first missiles were delivered in 1977 with the first firing from the XM975 launcher vehicle (a modified M109 howitzer chassis) taking place in September 1978. (Prior to late 1977 it was planned to use a version of the M520 Goer as the launcher vehicle.) American Roland was essentially Roland 2 with a longer-ranged American-made search radar. The palletized fire unit could be installed and rapidly removed from the XM975 chassis, installed on a truck or used as a static emplacement. Problems with technology transfer and rising costs (ostensibly at least, institutional resistance within the U.S. Army/DOD and Congress to using a 'foreign' weapons system may have actually played more of a role ) killed the program and only 27 fire units and 600 missiles were built for one battalion in the Army National Guard, mounted on M812 flatbed trucks. With the failure of the M247 Sergeant York the U.S. Army leased 5 German Roland systems for evaluation as a possible replacement.
 * Paladin – Paladin was the Hughes/Euromissile submission for the US Army's Line of Sight, Forward-Heavy requirement. It proposed using the XM957 for trials, with production vehicles to use the Bradley chassis.
 * Roland 3 – As part of the development process for the Roland 3 missile, Euromissile developed an upgraded launcher with 4 ready to fire missiles.
 * Glaive – Glaive was a Franco-German programme under which Euromissile would develop a revised Roland fire unit for use with the RM5 missile. This would add an integrated thermal sighting system with laser rangefinder allowing for night/all-weather operation without using the radar. Contracts were issued in 1989 with the system intended to enter service in 1996. However, development of RM5 was cancelled in 1991.
 * Roland M3S (upgrade) – This system was an upgrade of existing French Roland 1/2 systems to maintain them in service through 2010. It included fitting the BBKS operator consoles and replacing the existing optical sight with the Glaive thermal imaging unit. France had a requirement to update 54 AMX30-based fire units and 20 shelter units with this new equipment. The upgraded fire unit could use either the existing Roland missile or the new Roland 3 missile.
 * Roland CAROL – Conversion of existing French Roland 2 systems into a shelter-mounted version of the M3S standard. France procured 20 trailer-borne systems. France intended the shelterised variants for use with air-transported rapid-deployment forces. The upgraded fire unit could use either the existing Roland missile or the new Roland 3 missile.
 * Roland LVB – LVB, Luftverlastbarkeit, air-transportable. The Luftwaffe acquired 10 truck-mounted versions, similar to Roland CAROL, with integration into the Heeres Flugabwehr Aufklärungs-und Führungssystem (HFLaAFüSys) air-defence command and control system. As with France, Germany intended the shelterised variants for use with air-transported rapid-deployment forces. The upgraded fire unit could user either the existing Roland missile or the new Roland 3 missile.
 * Roland NDV – NDV, NutzungsDauerVerlängert, Extended Service Life. This was a German parallel to the French M3S, being developed by LFK GmbH for the German government. The control system was to be digitized and integrated into the HFLaAFüSys air-defence command and control system, with Roland 3 missile integration. Germany had a requirement to upgrade 84 Army (FlaRakPz 1A2) and 40 Luftwaffe (FlaRakRad) fire units. Trials had been completed in 2003 when Germany decided to withdraw Roland from use.
 * Roland M3S (new build) – The prototype for this next-generation Roland system was completed in 1992 and was offered to meet the air defense requirements of Turkey and Thailand. The prototype was a shelter installed on the chassis of the American M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System and featured a then Dassault Electronique Rodeo 4 or a Thomson CSF (now Thales) search radar. Roland M3S can be operated by one man although 2 are necessary for sustained operation and the operator can select radar, TV or optronic (FLIR) tracking. Roland M3S has 4 instead of 2 missile containers in the ready-to-fire position but only the 2 lower positions can be automatically reloaded. In addition to the original Roland missile Roland M3S could use the Roland 3 missile, or the VT1 missile of the Crotale missile system. Additionally the upper launch containers could be replaced by 2 pairs of launchers for the Mistral missile or the standard Roland missile container could be adapted to carry four FIM-92 Stinger missiles to increase the system's ability to rapidly engage multiple targets in a saturation attack.
 * Roland MX/Jason – From 1969 Euromissile studied Roland as a possible naval weapon for shipboard installation. Originally known as Roland MX and later as Jason, the standard twin launcher (without search radar) with two below-decks 8-round reloading drums could be installed on a standard sized module that was featured in several Blohm & Voss MEKO frigate proposals of the 1970s. No prototype or production systems were built with attention turning early on to an abortive vertically launched missile.

Missile variants

 * Roland 1/2 : The initial missile for the Roland system, entering production in 1977. Roland has a speed of 550 m/s and a range of 6.2 km. Roland 1 and 2 missiles have identical statistics but differ in tracking modes, Roland 1 being optically tracked, while Roland 2 missiles incorporate a continuous wave beacon to allow automatic radar tracking.
 * Roland 3 : An upgraded missile which entered production in 1988 with speed increased from 550 m/s to 620 m/s and range increased from 6.3 to 8.5 km with maximum effective altitude increased to 6,000 m. Warhead size is also increased to 9.1 kg with 84 hollow-charges. Response time for the first target is quoted as 6–8 seconds with 2–6 seconds for subsequent targets. The Roland 3 missile can be used by all Roland systems.
 * Roland RM5 (Roland Mach 5) : This was a joint project between the then Matra and Aerospatiale of France and MBB of Germany begun in 1987 for a missile with increased speed and range. RM5 was designed to achieve speeds of 1,600 m/s (Mach 5.0) with the range increased to 10 km. The RM5 warhead had an 11 kg warhead with dual detonation modes, able to produce either large, high energy fragments for use against armoured targets, or larger numbers of smaller fragments for use against small targets. The companies had committed to only the preliminary design phase and when Germany and France opted not to fund full scale development in 1991 development of RM-5 ceased.
 * VT1 : In September 1991 Euromissile and the then Thomson CSF (now Thales Group) agreed to integrate the VT1 missile of the Crotale NG system into the Roland 3 system with retrofitting of French and German Roland fire units from 1996. Thales subsequently revoked the Euromissile license, but was ordered to pay Euromissile $109m in a subsequent court case.
 * HFK/KV : HFK/KV was a BGT proposed alternative to VT1. It was a hypersonic missile with a speed of over Mach 5, intended to reach maximum range of 12 km in only 60% of the time taken by VT1. Guidance was to be inertial with terminal infra-red homing.

Current systems are capable of launching Roland 2, Roland 3 or VT1 missiles. Roland's latest upgraded versions have limited ability to counter incoming low radar cross-section munitions (large-caliber heavyweight rockets).

Carriers
The Roland system has been installed on a variety of platforms, amongst them:

 * Tracked
 * AMX 30
 * Marder
 * Wheeled
 * ACMAT 6×6
 * MAN 6×6, 8×8

Roland 2 was proposed in the early 1980s for installation on the Leopard 1 tank chassis, probably to meet an expected Dutch army requirement but was never built. In configuration it would have been very similar to the AMX-30R.

American Roland on the M109 chassis was built in prototype form but production systems were rather hastily installed on 6×6 flatbed trucks. In the late 1980s there was an attempt to revive the American Roland program with the Paladin submission to the U.S. Army's LOS-F-H (Line Of Sight - Forward - Heavy) battlefield air defense program. This new version of the American Roland system would have used the existing XM975 vehicle for testing & evaluation purposes, with production systems being fitted on a new modified M2 Bradley chassis.

An airliftable shelter named Roland CAROL has also been developed, which is a 7.8t container that can be deployed on the ground to protect fixed assets like airfields or depots or fitted on an ACMAT truck.

Users

 * Initial French requirements were for 144 Roland 1 and 70 Roland 2 systems with 10,800 missiles for the French Army, all installed on the AMX-30 tank chassis known as the AMX-30R. 181 systems (83 Roland 1 and 98 Roland 2) were eventually procured. The French Army has subsequently converted 20 of its Roland 2 all-weather systems to the Carole air-mobile shelter mounted system. These are used by the 54th Roland Regiment of the French Reaction Force for rapid deployment on short notice anywhere in the world. Three of the four Artillery Regiments which operated Roland have been disbanded and the 4th (54 Regiment) has been converted to the Mistral (missile). Thus it is likely Roland has been withdrawn from French service.
 * Germany was to buy 12,200 missiles and 340 Roland 2 fire units to fully replace the towed Bofors 40 mm guns systems and Contraves Super Fledermaus fire control systems. Eventually 140 fire units installed on the Marder (IFV) chassis were procured for service with the German Army Corps-level air defense and equipped 3 regiments of 36 fire units in 6 batteries of 6 with one regiment assigned to each army corps (I., II., III.) and one battalion of 18 fire units (3 x 6) for the Corps LANDJUT. The Luftwaffe had a requirement for 200 Roland 2 systems for the close-in defense of airfields and as mobile gap-fillers for the MIM-23 HAWK SAM systems. 95 shelter mounted Roland systems (FRR) on MAN 8×8 trucks were eventually procured from the mid-1980s with 27 of those used by US Forces to defend American air bases in Germany. In 1998–99 10 Roland LVB systems were installed on MAN 6×6 trucks to be air-transportable in the Transall C-160 for the German rapid reaction forces. The German Navy also procured 20 FRR truck-mounted shelter systems for defense of naval air bases. Air Force and Navy Roland batteries consisted of 8 FRR fire units and an additional shelter-mounted Fire Direction Centre (FGR) with a TRML-2D radar. In February 2003 the Bundeswehr cancelled a planned upgrade of Roland and announced it would phase-out all of its Roland systems. This was completed by the end of 2005. The Luftwaffe and Navy have also withdrawn Roland and it is no longer employed by Germany. The Army had planned to replace Roland with the new and much more capable development LFK NG, but in 2012 the Army had to hand over the task of Short Range Air Defense to the German Air Force, ending all plans. A battery of shelter-mounted ROLAND FRR systems and a FGR Fire Direction Centre have been passed on to Slovenia.
 * On January 9, 1975, the United States Army selected Roland 2 as the winner of its SHORADS (Short-Range Air Defense System) competition to replace the MIM-72 Chaparral and M163 VADS divisional air defense systems with a requirement for more than 500 fire units to be designated the MIM-115. Hughes Aircraft and Boeing Aerospace were contracted to develop American Roland which would have been installed in a removable module on the M109 howitzer chassis. The American system used the European fire control system with an American search radar of greater range and enhanced ECCM capability. Initial production of fire units to equip 4 battalions and 1,000 missiles (against an anticipated requirement for 14,000) was approved in October 1978 but subsequently reduced to just 1 battalion. Difficulties in technology transfer, integration and commonality difficulties and rising costs meant only a single Army National Guard battalion (part of the 200th Air Defense Artillery Regiment) was ever equipped with the type, with the 27 launchers and 600 missiles installed on 6×6 flatbed trucks instead of tracked carriers. The XMIM-115 was never type-classified and served for less than a decade, being retired in 1988.
 * Argentina purchased 4 Roland shelter-mounted systems for static defense of fixed installations and one of these was deployed to defend Stanley airfield during the Falklands War with Britain in 1982. This system fired 8 out of the 10 missiles it was deployed with and is credited with shooting down one Royal Navy Sea Harrier and two 1,000 lb general-purpose bombs (although the British used air burst 1,000 lb bomb in the conflict). This system was captured intact by the British and taken back to Britain.
 * Brazil purchased 4 Roland 2 systems on the German Marder chassis along with 50 missiles, all of which were retired from service in 2001.
 * Venezuela purchased 6 Roland 2 shelter mounted systems although some sources at the time indicated 8 systems.
 * Nigeria acquired 16 Roland 2 systems on the AMX-30R chassis. An option for a further 16 was not taken up.
 * Spain acquired 9 Roland 1 and 9 Roland 2 systems on the AMX-30R chassis and 414 missiles for defense of its armored field formations equipping the 71st Air Defense Regiment. Each battery has 2 Roland 1 and 2 Roland 2 systems with one system of each type held for tests and training.
 * Iraq is believed to have received 100 shelter-mounted Roland 2 on MAN 8×8 trucks and 13 self-propelled systems on the AMX-30R chassis during the 1980–88 Iran–Iraq War and they first went into action in 1982 claiming a F-4E Phantom and F-5E Tiger that year. Roland is believed to have shot down 2 Panavia Tornado aircraft and an A-6E TRAM Intruder during Operation Desert Storm and an A-10 Thunderbolt during the Iraq War. As a result of Operation Desert Storm in 1991 and Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 these systems may no longer be in service.
 * In 1986 Qatar ordered 3 self-propelled Roland 2 systems on the AMX-30R chassis and 6 shelter-mounted systems with deliveries completed in 1989.

Combat use
On 1 June 1982, during the Falklands War, Sea Harrier XZ456 was destroyed south of Stanley, by a Roland launched by members of the Argentine Army's GADA 601 (601st AA Artillery Group). The launcher, one of four examples delivered to Argentina, was later captured in fairly intact condition by the British around Port Stanley after the surrender. It was taken back to Britain as a valuable prize and studied in detail.

At around 11:00 pm on 17 January 1991, an A-6E TRAM Intruder from VA-35, AA-510 (BuNo 161668), crewed by Lt. Bob Wetzel and Lt. Jeff Zaun was attacked by two Rolands while attacking the H-3 Airfield in Western Iraq. The Roland did not set off the American-built RWRs, meaning that it was hard to detect. After evading the first Roland, another one (which the crew didn't see), impacted the aircraft. The crew successfully ejected but were soon captured. On 19 January 1991, during the Gulf War a RAF Panavia Tornado GR.1 ZA396/GE, on a SEAD mission against the Iraqi air base at Tallil, was destroyed by a Roland. Both crew members ejected successfully, were taken prisoner and survived the war. The destruction of at least one USAF A-10 Thunderbolt, which occurred at around the same time, was later attributed to a Roland, by the Pentagon.

Rolandgate
In October 2003, controversy erupted between Poland and France when Polish forces from the Multinational force in Iraq found four French Roland surface-to-air missiles. Polish and international press reported that Polish officers claimed these missiles had been manufactured in 2003. France pointed out that it had never sold weapons to Iraq after July 1990 in violation of the embargo. Polish authorities would later remark that the four missiles were manufactured in 1984, and that the 2003 date was the last time when Iraqi personnel had serviced them. Investigations by the Polish authorities came to the conclusion that the persons responsible for the scandal were low level commanders. Wojskowe Służby Informacyjne, the Polish Army's intelligence unit, had not verified their claims before they were leaked to the press. Poland apologized to France for the scandal, but these allegations against France worsened the already somewhat strained relationships between the two countries. The entire incident was sarcastically called "Rolandgate" by the Polish media, using the unofficial naming conventions of US political scandals after Watergate.

Current operators

 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * 🇶🇦 Qatar

Former operators

 * 🇮🇶 - 127 Roland launchers: 13 on AMX-30 chassis and 100 on MAN trucks
 * – a number of examples were operated by the Norwegian Army (though the Royal Norwegian Air Force also considered procuring the system in the 1980s for NATO airfield defence) using the M520 Goer as its carrier vehicle (similar to original U.S. deployment plans). All now believed to be retired.
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia (sent for destruction in Croatia in November 2016)
 * 🇪🇸 - From 2015 no longer in use
 * 🇺🇸 – formerly used by the U.S. Army National Guard
 * 🇪🇸 - From 2015 no longer in use
 * 🇺🇸 – formerly used by the U.S. Army National Guard

title: Roland (missile)


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Uniform access principle

The uniform access principle of computer programming was put forth by Bertrand Meyer (originally in his book Object-Oriented Software Construction). It states "All services offered by a module should be available through a uniform notation, which does not betray whether they are implemented through storage or through computation." This principle applies generally to the syntax of object-oriented programming languages. In simpler form, it states that there should be no syntactical difference between working with an attribute, pre-computed property, or method/query of an object.

While most examples focus on the "read" aspect of the principle (i.e., retrieving a value), Meyer shows that the "write" implications (i.e., modifying a value) of the principle are harder to deal with in his monthly column on the Eiffel programming language official website.

Explanation
The problem being addressed by Meyer involves the maintenance of large software projects or software libraries. Sometimes when developing or maintaining software it is necessary, after much code is in place, to change a class or object in a way that transforms what was simply an attribute access into a method call. Programming languages often use different syntax for attribute access and invoking a method, (e.g., object.something versus object.something). The syntax change would require, in popular programming languages of the day, changing the source code in all the places where the attribute was used. This might require changing source code in many different locations throughout a very large volume of source code. Or worse, if the change is in an object library used by hundreds of customers, each of those customers would have to find and change all the places the attribute was used in their own code and recompile their programs.

Going the reverse way (from method to simple attribute) really was not a problem, as one can always just keep the function and have it simply return the attribute value.

Meyer recognized the need for software developers to write code in such a way as to minimize or eliminate cascading changes in code that result from changes which convert an object attribute to a method call or vice versa. For this he developed the Uniform Access Principle.

Many programming languages do not strictly support the UAP but do support forms of it. Properties, which are provided in a number of programming languages, address the problem Meyer was addressing with his UAP in a different way. Instead of providing a single uniform notation, properties provide a way to invoke a method of an object while using the same notation as is used for attribute access. The separate method invocation syntax is still available.

UAP example
If the language uses the method invocation syntax it may look something like this. // Assume print displays the variable passed to it, with or without parens // Set Foo's attribute 'bar' to value 5. Foo.bar(5) print Foo.bar When executed, should display : 5 Whether or not Foo.bar(5) invokes a function or simply sets an attribute is hidden from the caller. Likewise whether Foo.bar simply retrieves the value of the attribute, or invokes a function to compute the value returned, is an implementation detail hidden from the caller.

If the language uses the attribute syntax the syntax may look like this. Foo.bar = 5 print Foo.bar Again, whether or not a method is invoked, or the value is simply assigned to an attribute is hidden from the calling method.

Problems
However, UAP itself can lead to problems, if used in places where the differences between access methods are not negligible, such as when the returned value is expensive to compute or will trigger cache operations.

Python
Python properties may be used to allow a method to be invoked with the same syntax as accessing an attribute. Whereas Meyer's UAP would have a single notation for both attribute access and method invocation (method invocation syntax), a language with support for properties still supports separate notations for attribute and method access. Properties allow the attribute notation to be used, but to hide the fact that a method is being invoked instead of simply retrieving or setting a value.

As such, Python leaves the option of adherence to UAP up to the individual programmer. The built-in @property function provides a simple way to decorate any given method in attribute access syntax, thus abstracting away the syntactical difference between method invocations and attribute accesses.

In Python, we may have code that access an Egg object that could be defined such that weight and color are simple attributes as in the following Or the Egg object could use properties, and invoke getter and setter methods instead

Regardless of which way Egg is defined, the calling code can remain the same. The implementation of Egg can switch from one form to the other without affecting code that uses the Egg class. Languages which implement the UAP have this property as well.

Ruby
Consider the following Now the Egg class could be defined as follows The above initial code segment would work fine with the Egg being defined as such. The Egg class could also be defined as below, where color is instead a method. The calling code would still work, unchanged if Egg were to be defined as follows.

Note how even though  looks like an attribute in one case and a pair of methods in the next, the interface to the class remains the same. The person maintaining the Egg class can switch from one form to the other without fear of breaking any caller's code. Ruby follows the revised UAP, the  only acts as syntactic sugar for generating accessor/setter methods for. There is no way in Ruby to retrieve an instance variable from an object without calling a method on it.

Strictly speaking, Ruby does not follow Meyer's original UAP in that the syntax for accessing an attribute is different from the syntax for invoking a method. But here, the access for an attribute will always actually be through a function which is often automatically generated. So in essence, either type of access invokes a function and the language does follow Meyer's revised Uniform Access Principle.

C#
The C# language supports class properties, which provide a means to define get and set operations (getters and setters) for a member variable. The syntax to access or modify the property is the same as accessing any other class member variable, but the actual implementation for doing so can be defined as either a simple read/write access or as functional code.

In the example above, class Foo contains two properties, Size and Name. The Size property is an integer that can be read (get) and written (set). Similarly, the Name property is a string that can also be read and modified, but its value is stored in a separate (private) class variable _name.

Omitting the set operation in a property definition makes the property read-only, while omitting the get operation makes it write-only.

Use of the properties employs the UAP, as shown in the code below.

C++
C++ has neither the UAP nor properties, when an object is changed such that an attribute (color) becomes a pair of functions (getA, setA). Any place in that uses an instance of the object and either sets or gets the attribute value (x = obj.color or obj.color = x) must be changed to invoke one of the functions. (x = obj.getColor or obj.setColor(x)). Using templates and operator overloading, it is possible to fake properties, but this is more complex than in languages which directly support properties. This complicates maintenance of C++ programs. Distributed libraries of C++ objects must be careful about how they provide access to member data.

JavaScript
JavaScript has had support for computed properties since 2009.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Uniform access principle


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Zhang Wentian

Zhang Wentian (30 August 1900 – 1 July 1976) was a Chinese politician who was a high-ranking leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Born in Nanhui, he attended the Hohai Civil Engineering School in Nanjing and spent a year at the University of California. He later joined the CCP in 1925 and was sent to study at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, from 1926 to 1930. He was a member of the group known as the 28 Bolsheviks, but switched to supporting Mao Zedong during the Long March. He was General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party from 1935 to 1943, when the post was abolished. He remained a member of the Politburo, but ranked 12th of 13 in the 7th Politburo and reduced to Alternate Member in the 8th Politburo.

He was First Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China from December 1954 to November 1960. He was a participant of the Long March, and later served as an ambassador to the Soviet Union from April 1951 to January 1955. At the Lushan Conference in 1959 he supported Peng Dehuai and lost power along with Peng. During the Cultural Revolution he was attacked as an ally of Peng and Liu Shaoqi; he was rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping after Mao's death.

Early life
On 30 August 1900, Zhang Wentian was born in Deng San Village, Nanhui, Jiangsu Province. Zhang's ancestors migrated to Pudong from Qinghe County to avoid the war. His grandfather Zhang Xiangfu and father Zhang Qimei were farmers, and his mother Jin Tianhua had attended a private school. Zhang Wentian was the eldest son of the family. In 1915, he was admitted to the Jiangsu Provincial Fisheries School (Wusong Fisheries School). After studying for two years, he decided to transfer because he could not physically get used to the studying environment there. In 1917, he entered the Hohai Civil Engineering School. At this point, Zhang Wentian became exposed to the Chen Duxiu's journal New Youth, and started to lean toward the idea of Bolshevik revolution.

After the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement in 1919, Zhang Wentian participated in student movements and began to engage himself in literary creation and translation. In July 1920, Zhang Wentian and his classmate Shen Zemin went to study in Japan. They studied Japanese, philosophy and other texts in social sciences. In January 1921, Zhang Wentian returned to China, and became an editor for Zhonghua Book Company, working with colleagues Zuo Shunsheng, Tian Han, Li Da, He Shuheng. On January 5, 1922, Zhang Wentian published "China's Source of Chaos and Its Solution(中国底乱源及其解决)". The article stated: "We are so uneasy about this unreasonable society, but what methods should we use to transform it? What should it be transformed into? Nonresistance? Resistance? Anarchism? Socialism? Like the water flowing in the river, it constantly troubles me. However, life cannot continue without a decision. Then, naturally we cannot but go down the socialist road." In August, Zhang Wentian went to study in University of California, Berkeley at his own expense. He took several courses, but was not formally enrolled.

Zhang Wentian returned home in January 1924, continuing his work as an editor for to Zhonghua Book Company. In October 1924, Zhang Wentian received an invitation from the Juvenile Chinese Society Chengdu branch and took up the job as an English teacher at the Second Chongqing Women's Normal School with colleagues Xiao Chunü and Yang Angong. In May 1925, Zhang Wentian left Sichuan and returned to Shanghai with Xiao Chunü to propagate revolutionary ideas. In June, Zhang Wentian was introduced by Shen Zemin and Dong Yixiang to join the Chinese Communist Party. He went to Moscow to study at Sun Yat-sen University in October.

While Zhang was studying and teaching in Moscow between 1925 and 1930, Nikolai Bukharin was still in power. Zhang learned about Bukarin's theory of allowing private rural economy through supply and marketing cooperatives, and this would later deeply influence Zhang's own policy perspectives. Zhang was much respected in the CCP circle for his thorough knowledge of Bukharin, in addition to Marxism and Leninism.

In early 1928, some members of the Chinese Communist Party branch at Sun Yat-sen University were dissatisfied with the work of the school branch office. The school branch office ignored the leadership of the party and sought to restructure the Communist Party branch. The power struggle between the two factions in Moscow reached its peak in the summer of 1928, and a ten-day meeting was held to discuss the workings of the school office. The secretary of the Soviet Communist Party Committee supported the school branch office. Despite the opposition from majority of students, under the support of minority factions including Bo Gu and others, the vote was passed to support the school branch office. After the meeting, the proud supporters of the school branch office were given the nickname" 28 Bolsheviks" by the oppositional faction, and Zhang Wentian was one of them.

On 19 May 1930, Zhang Wentian published "On the Two Lines of Struggle." The article pointed out that the Communist Party not only needs to oppose the right-wing within the party, but also needs to oppose the left-wing inside the party. This article was considered to be directed against Li Lisan and his extremism which later came to be known as "Li Lisan line".

The First Chinese Civil War (1927-1937)
In February 1931, Zhang Wentian returned to Shanghai, and soon served as the Minister of Propaganda Department of the CCP Central Committee. In September of the same year, the provisional central political bureau was established by Bo Gu, Zhang Wentian, Lu Futan, Li Zhusheng, Kang Sheng, Chen Yun, Huang Ping, Liu Shaoqi, Wang Yun Cheng and other nine; Bo Gu, Zhang Wentian, Lu Futan as the Standing Committee. After the outbreak of January 28 Incident in 1932, Zhang Wentian was disturbed by the class struggle mode of thinking, which denounced the Nineteenth Route Army generals as reactionary and counter-revolutionary "anti-Japanese warlords". He pointed out that the Party's strategy is "supporting the soldiers to struggle against Japan automatically and to oppose their superiors, using every opportunity to expose the deceptions of these officials" and making them to think that "they must kill their reactionary superiors in order to win the war."

In December 1932, the Shanghai underground party was once again destroyed. Lu Futan and others in Politburo Standing Committee were arrested, resulting in Zhang Wentian, Chen Yun and others to almost get arrested. In January 1933, Zhang Wentian moved to the Central Soviet Area with the temporary central government, and served as the Minister of the Central Bureau of the Soviet Union, and as the chairman of Ruijin Workers and Peasants Democratic Government.

At that time, the Nationalist Government was preparing for the Fourth Encirclement Campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet. Chiang Kai-shek personally commanded the attack. Bo Gu held a meeting of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, arguing that they should stick to their positions. This proposal has been opposed by the Chinese Communist Party Fujian Provincial Party Secretary Luo Ming, who said that they should continue the guerrilla warfare since people do not have the strength to resist long-term warfare. Luo Ming pointed out straightforwardly that the resolution of the Central Bureau was an "empty preaching". Bo Gu was enraged and wrote "The Central Bureau's position about Decisions from Fujian Provincial Committee," in which he accused Luo Ming of "opportunism" (Luo Ming doctrine), followed by the launching of anti-Luo Ming campaign. Many grassroots and front-line cadres involved were dismissed from their posts.

On 18 February 1933, Zhang Wentian published an article entitled "What is the opportunist line of Comrade Luo Ming" published in the Struggle, a bulletin for the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. Since then, Bo Gu criticised "Jiangxi Luoming line," and Zhang Wentian also published "Luo Ming line in Jiangxi," "Fire toward the Opportunism of the Right-wing" and other articles to support Bo Gu's action. Communist cadre including Zhang Dingcheng, Liu Xiao, Deng Xiaoping, Mao Zedong, Xie Weijun, and He Shushing were involved in this movement.

In January 1934, Zhang Wentian was elected member of the Central Political Bureau and secretary of the Central Committee of the Fifth Plenary Session of the Sixth CCP Central Committee. In February, he was elected as the Chairman of Central Government People's Committee. After the fall of Guangchang, Zhang Wentian criticized the military command of Bo Gu, Li De (Otto Braun) and others at the first meeting of the Central Military Commission, and began to be estranged from them. In August 1934, the authorities of the Central Soviet area stationed at Shazhou Dam was bombed by the Kuomintang, and they were forced to relocate to Ruijin. Since then, Zhang Wentian began to communicate with Mao Zedong and became close to him.

In October 1934, Zhang Wentian participated in the Long March with Mao Zedong and Wang Jiaxiang. Three people communicated many times during the march on the way and formed an alliance against Bo Gu and Li De. On 15 January 1935, the First Red Army occupied Zunyi, Guizhou during the Long March, and held a meeting. At the meeting, Bo Gu took the lead in making a report to discuss the errors of military command during the fifth anti-encirclement campaign, but mainly asserted that the difficulties were unavoidable due to circumstances. Zhou Enlai then made a deputy report, saying that it was the tactical errors made by the military command, and admitted responsibility. It was followed by Zhang Wentian's report opposing the Central Committee's military strategy that solely focused on defense. Then, Mao Zedong made a long speech, pointing out that the cause of serious loss and defeat in the fifth anti-encirclement campaign was due to the military's simple defense line, and this was manifest in the adventurism during the attack, the conservatism during the defense, and conservatism during the sortie. Mao Zedong had planned this outline in advance with Wang Jiaxiang and Zhang Wentian. Immediately, Wang Jiaxiang, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi expressed agreement. The meeting was held for three days, and the final decision was to dismiss the leadership of Bo Gu, Li De, and Zhou Enlai. Mao Zedong was co-opted onto the standing committee of the CCP Central Committee Political Bureau by military commanders Zhu De and Zhou Enlai, and was also restored to the position as the military commander of the Red Army.

On 5 February, the Red Army arrived in Bijie, and held a Politburo meeting here. Zhang Wentian replaced Bo Gu as the CCP Central Committee General Secretary. On 12 May, Zhang Wentian presided over the Huili Meeting. After the First and Fourth Red Army joined forces in June 1935, Zhang Wentian supported Mao Zedong's decision to go up north and opposed Zhang Guotao's plan to go south.

In 1936, the Red Army carried out the failed eastern and western expedition (western route army). During this period, Zhang Wentian, Mao Zedong, and Zhou Enlai cooperated to push the anti-Japanese national united front into the CCP's focus. After the outbreak of Xi'an Incident in December, Zhang Wentian held a meeting to deal with the incident. At this meeting, Mao Zedong proposed to "put Chiang on trial", "get rid of Chiang", and Zhang Wentian advocated "not to take the opposite policy with Nanjing, not to organise opposition against Nanjing", "to strive to gain legitimacy of the Nanjing government and join forces with anti-Chiang troops". In the end, under the pressure from Stalin, the Xian Incident was peacefully resolved. In January 1937, Zhang Wentian secretly went to Xian to discuss matters with Zhou Enlai, Bo Gu and others.

Second Sino-Japanese War
After the full-scale Sino-Japanese War broke out in China in August 1937, the CCP Central Committee held a Political Bureau meeting in Fengjia Village, Luochuan, Shaanxi Province. Zhang Wentian presided over the meeting and made an analytic report on the political situation both at home and abroad. He put forward a proposal of ten major of resistance against Japan and rejected national defeatism.

By the end of November 1937, Wang Ming, Chen Yun and Kang Sheng returned to Yan'an from Moscow. Zhang Wentian presided over the December Politburo meeting and made a report on "The Current Political Situation and the Task of the Party." At the meeting, the Central Committee decided that Zhang Wentian should manage the Party, Mao Zedong manage the army, Wang Ming manage the United Front, forming a triumvirate layout. In 1938, Zhang Wentian opposed the marriage of Mao Zedong and Jiang Qing.

After the 6th Plenary Session of the 6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Zhang Wentian withdrew from the position of supreme leader and went on to being responsible for propaganda work and cadre education as the Minister of the CCP Central Committee and Central Propaganda Department. In 1941, Zhang Wentian responded to Mao's call and went to rural areas in northern Shaanxi and northwestern Shanxi for more than a year for a rural survey and wrote "Return to the Start". In 1941, the CCP was facing embargo from the Nationalist Party and offensive attacks by the Japanese army. The economy was on the verge of collapse, making CCP highly unpopular among peasants. Zhang Wentian was sent down to Shanxi in order to investigate how to increase the production of agricultural output and improve peasant's livelihood. During the investigation, Zhang found out about the key role of rich peasants in rural prosperity. Zhang proposed providing economic incentives to boost commerce and new capitalism, but his report was suppressed as it went directly against Mao Zedong's plan for organising collective farms and mutual aid teams. In February 1942, Mao Zedong launched the Yan'an Rectification Movement, and pushed for Sinification of Marxism and study of Mao Zedong thought. When Zhang Wentian returned to Yan'an, he became a target for Yan'an Rectification Movement, and was forced to repeatedly criticise himself. He could not apply his knowledge gained from the investigation to solve economic problems. In June 1945, at the Seventh Congress of the CCP in Yanan, he was elected a member of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee, and served as director of the Central Political Research Office.

The Second Chinese Civil War (1946-1949)
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Zhang Wentian volunteered to go to the northeast for local work. After regaining trust from Mao Zedong after continuous self-criticisms, Zhang was sent to Hejiang province in northeast China to take charge of it. On October 22, 1945, Zhang Wentian and Gao Gang, Li Fuchun, Wang Heshou, Kai Feng, Chen Guang and Zhu Rui took a plane from the U.S. mediation team to Handan, and arrived in Shenyang on 22 November. Afterwards, Zhang Wentian was sent to North Manchuria. Under the auspices of Chen Yun, he participated in drafting a telegram and sending it to the Central Committee jointly with Chen Yun and Gao Gang. Zhang suggested that the CCP's strategic principle in northeast should be to disperse the armed forces and cadres into the vast rural areas and small to medium-sized cities as soon as possible, and establish a consolidated base instead of concentrating too much attention on big cities. In December, Zhang Wentian served as secretary of the CCP Hejiang Provincial Party Committee. Because of the large number of bandits in Hejiang Province at the time, Zhang Wentian first conducted a social investigation in Ning'an County.

In Hejiang, he has presided over the work of building political power in Hejiang and suppressing bandits and land reform, and has also served as political commissar of Hejiang Military Region. Between 1947 and 1948, radical land reforms swept northeast China, followed by collective-style mutual aid teams. However, these aid teams soon collapsed, creating chaos in the rural areas. There was a "leftist" tendency in the land reform movement and other excessive violence taking place. In response, Zhang Wentian ordered newspapers in Hejiang area not to reproduce the experience of violent land reform, and to protect Hejiang's commerce and industry, and Zhang drafted the "Directive on the Protection of Business and Industry in Distinguishing the Land. Zhang strongly objected to forceful collectivisation and proposed to the Party that the emphasis should be in encouraging rural production, rather than class struggle.

In May 1948, Zhang Wentian served as a minister of the Standing Committee and Organisation Department of the Northeast Bureau of the CCP Central Committee and deputy director of the Northeast Financial and Economic Committee. During this period, Zhang Wentian drafted the "Outline on the Basic Principles of Economic Structure and Economic Development in Northeast China" and put forward the idea of "five kinds of economic components". The Outline was affirmed by Mao Zedong and was forwarded to the whole party as a guideline for the economic development of all the liberated areas. In April, he took up the job as the secretary of Liaodong Provincial Party Committee, Liaodong Military District Political Committee to organize the increase of production and to improve people's lives.

After the Founding of the PRC
Since earlier periods of the CCP, Mao Zedong's emphasis on collective farms as the correct form of rural socialism differed from Liu Shaoqi and Zhang Wentian's line of supporting the supply and marketing cooperative (SMCs). Gao Gang was a prominent leftist and a staunch supporter of Stalin's and Mao's model of bolstering collectivisation. Zhang Wentian clashed with Gao Gang when Zhang strongly criticised the idea of organising all peasants into mutual aid teams. Soon afterwards, the CCP suddenly appointed Zhang as a Chinese delegate to the United Nations without consulting him. Zhang reluctantly accepted the post and repeatedly made pleas to return to his job in the economic sector, but they were ignored. In April 1951, Zhang Wentian was appointed as Ambassador of China to the Soviet Union. Zhang Wentian paid attention to studying international issues and actively submitted the analysis and policy proposals to the Central Government. For instance, the report on the first armistice negotiations in the Korean War was put forward in 1951, and was valued by the Central Government. In 1953, during his conversation with Wu Lengxi of Xinhua news agency, Zhang talked about the weakness and failures of the Soviet collectivisation system and warned that China should not blindly copy the Soviet model. In January 1955, Zhang Wentian returned to China and was appointed the first deputy minister of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China to assist Zhou Enlai in diplomatic affairs. In September 1956, the 8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party elected Zhang Wentian as alternate member of the Political Bureau of the CCP Central Committee.

In 1959, Zhang Wentian attended the Lushan Conference. On 14 July, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission and Vice Minister of the State Council and Minister of National Defense Peng Dehuai wrote a letter to Chairman Mao Zedong. In the letter, he first affirmed that the principles of the Great Leap forward was correct. However, Peng subsequently pointed out the problems of the Great Leap Forward, "Now looking back, the basic development in 1958 was overly rapid and a bit too much. In the year 1959, not only the pace could not be slowed down, nor was it properly controlled, and continuing the Great Leap Forward did not lead to immediate regulation of imbalances, but only added new temporary difficulties." He also pointed out that the lack of democracy and the cult of personality were the root causes of all these evils. On July 19, Huang Kecheng, chief advisor of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and Zhou Xiaozhou, the first secretary of the CCP Hunan Provincial Committee, spoke in support of Peng Dehuai. On 21 July, Zhang Wentian made a speech for three hours and used more precise theoretical terms to criticize the leftist mistakes of the Great Leap Forward and the People's commune. He advocated the promotion of democracy within the party and supported Peng Dehuai. Subsequently, Mao Zedong, who originally advocated "rectification of the left," turned to criticise the "Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Group". Zhang Wentian was classified by Mao Zedong as a "Right opportunist" element and a member of "Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Group". After the meeting, "Anti-Rightist Movement" was launched again. Zhang Wentian was further criticized at the National Foreign Affairs Conference and was removed from the post of deputy minister of foreign affairs.

On 12 November 1960, he took up the job as a researcher for the Institute of Economics at Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Chinese Academy of Sciences, and dealt with the research on socialist economic development theories. He went to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Hunan to conduct a social survey. After the survey was over, he wrote a report "Suggestions on Market Trade". During the Eighth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee, Mao Zedong again criticised Peng Dehuai, Zhang Wentian, Xi Zhongxun and others. After the meeting, Zhang Wentian was deprived of the right to participate in all Central Committee's meetings and read any document from the Central Government. Afterwards, Zhang Wentian again put forward "A Duality of Production Relations Theory". On 1 October, Zhang Wentian took part in the celebration of the National Day and went up to the Tiananmen Gate Tower with Mao Zedong to have a conversation.

During the Cultural Revolution, Zhang Wentian was persecuted and received criticism with Peng Dehuai. From May 17, 1968, Zhang Wentian was under house arrest in his residence. During the period, Zhang Wentian and his wife Liu Ying were separated. In order to obtain material unfavourable to Liu Shaoqi, Kang Sheng asked Zhang Wentian to testify on Liu Shaoqi's charge on "61 Traitors Group", but Zhang Wentian did not give in to the pressure. On 24 October 1969, Zhang Wentian was released to Zhaoqing, Guangdong with his family.

Zhang Wentian started to write a series of theoretical essays that were later referred to as the "Zhaoqing Manuscript." He criticised the ultra-leftist line and errors of the Cultural Revolution and elaborated on the views on the basic issues of China's socialist construction. In his writing, Zhang Wentian wrote that the foremost task of socialist society is to develop productive forces, and "it is absurd to curse the principle of struggle for the material interests of the people as a revisionist, that is to say, unacceptable confusion and deceit!" About the Cultural Revolution, he thought that exaggerating the internal contradictions among the people as the contradiction between the enemy and myself "caused great harm to the Party." It poses a serious disruption to the Party "to have the comrades who hold different opinions are framed as 'agents of the bourgeoisie within the party,' because it further confuses the enemy and ourselves." In May 1972, the CCP Central Committee decided to restore the wages of Zhang Wentian and his wife. Since then, Zhang Wentian repeatedly asked to return to Beijing but was not approved. In August 1975, Zhang Wentian moved to Wuxi.

On 1 July 1976, Zhang Wentian died in Wuxi, Jiangsu, due to a heart disease at the age of 75. On 25 August 1979, the CCP Central Committee held a memorial service to Zhang Wentian in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.

Evaluation
In the mainstream historiography of the Chinese Communist Party, Zhang is regarded as the leader of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party who made a significant contribution to the CCP. During the Yan'an period, Mao Zedong once remarked: "Zhang Wentian was an influential figure in the Central Soviet Area, not only because of his status and position, but also for his own qualities." On 25 August 1979, during the memorial held for Zhang Wentian by the CCP Central Committee in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Deng Xiaoping wrote a eulogy stating that Zhang Wentian was "an outstanding Party member and an important leader of our party for a fairly long period of time." The next day People's Daily published a news that Zhang Wentian was "an outstanding party member of the Chinese Communist Party and an older generation of proletarian revolutionaries." Throughout his political career, he made criticism whenever overt leftist tendency arose within the Party. Even though his adherence to Bukharin's interpretation of Lenin's "Cooperative Plan" set himself against Mao Zedong, who followed Stalin's way of collectivisation, and caused constant fluctuations in terms of his political career, Zhang never ceased to speak up. He also devoted his entire life studying the economic issues. Jiang Zemin said in his letter to Zhang Wentian's wife Liu Ying in August 1990, "With his firm unwavering belief in communism, his generous heart as a politician and the cautious demeanour as a scholar, he adhered to the truth for the benefit of the people. His noble character to correct the errors, he always deserves to be learned by all of us in his practical, practical, humble, prudent and simple style of work."

title: Zhang Wentian


text:
File:Guitar Wolf - Wolf Rock!.jpg

Licensing
Album cover for Wolf Rock! by Guitar Wolf.

title: File:Guitar Wolf - Wolf Rock!.jpg


text:
Mod jk

mod_jk is an Apache module used to connect the Tomcat servlet container with web servers such as Apache, iPlanet, Sun ONE (formerly Netscape) and even IIS using the Apache JServ Protocol. The mod_proxy_ajp module performs a similar function to this module, while being integrated into the mod_proxy framework.

A web server waits for client HTTP requests. When these requests arrive, the server does what is needed to serve the requests by providing the necessary content.

Adding a servlet container alters this behavior. Now the web server needs also to:
 * Load the servlet container adapter library and initialize it (prior to serving requests).
 * When a request arrives, it needs to check and see if a certain request belongs to a servlet, if so it needs to let the adapter take the request and handle it.

The adapter needs to know what requests it is going to serve, usually based on some pattern in the request URL, and to where to direct these requests.

Things are more complex when the user wants to set a configuration that uses virtual hosts, or when they want multiple developers to work on the same web server but on different servlet container JVMs.

title: Mod jk


text:
Talk:Human trafficking in Kosovo

What needs to be done

 * Examine sources and find:
 * Estimates on number of women trafficked.
 * Specific instances of trafficking.
 * Laws and legislations (if any) dealing with the problem. --dcabrilo 12:39, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

As there are separate pages on prostitution for Thailand and the Netherlands for various logical reasons (sex terrorism, association in the media and popular culture, scale), I thought of doing a separate page for Kosovo because of the scale and the particular circumstance with Kosovo (that I was going to expand on)

Chwyatt

We dont need this articel
At first it is to short and hase to mutch links. Its look that it was maked more for propaganda agains UNMIK in Kosovo als to explen the user samthing.

Yes we do. It is a fact, its compliance with the people "in charge" of this place is also a fact. It is a disgraceful fact, the more it is known the less it can happen. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.158.18.126 (talk) 01:21, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

This article
This article is only a political article witch is traing to make propaganda agains the UNMIK. For thet you dont have to think so much read the first paragraph (and only one) of the article: Since the establishment of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) in 1999. O comme, this is so clean that no body is going to eat souch propagander.--Hipi Zhdripi 14:15, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

I don't understand
Why Albanian nationalist must come here and disrupt articles related to Serbs and Serbia. Even this article was nominated for deletion as it makes Kosovo "look bad".

Kosovo is the "good" guy, the "little" underdog, this does make them look bad. What I do not understand is the silence that has been allowed to perpetuate this travesty. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.158.18.126 (talk) 01:22, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Human trafficking in Kosovo


text:
Charibert of Laon

Charibert (also spelled Caribert and Heribert), Count of Laon, was the maternal grandfather of Charlemagne. Charibert was the father of Charlemagne's mother, Bertrada of Laon.

Only Charibert's mother, Bertrada of Prüm, is known from contemporary records as the two signed the foundation act of the Abbey of Prüm in 721. The same year, also with his mother, he made a donation to the Abbey of Echternach. Charibert's father was possibly Martin of Laon.

The name of Charibert's wife is not known. Charibert had one daughter:
 * Bertrada of Laon, who married Pippin the Younger, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy and later king of the Franks.

Charibert died before 762, as stated in an act of his daughter and son-in-law.

title: Charibert of Laon


text:
Encore! (musician)

Sabine Ohmes (born August 12, 1974), better known by her stage name Encore!, is a German singer who performs mainly in French. Ohmes adopted her stage name after her debut as the vocalist on the Sash! track "Encore une fois", which reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart.

Musical career
She reached No. 12 as a soloist in the UK with her own track "Le Disc Jockey" and later released the single "Le Paradis". Both songs were written by Sash!'s producers, Ralf Kappmeier and Thomas Lüdke (known as the Tokapi production team).

Encore! also worked with Sash! singing on the track "Le Soleil Noir" on their third album, Trilenium. The song was later mixed and unsuccessfully released solely by Encore!.

title: Encore! (musician)


text:
Home equity loan

A home equity loan is a type of loan in which the borrowers use the equity of their home as collateral. The loan amount is determined by the value of the property, and the value of the property is determined by an appraiser from the lending institution.

Home equity loans are often used to finance major expenses such as home repairs, medical bills, or college education. A home equity loan creates a lien against the borrower's house and reduces actual home equity.

Most home equity loans require good to excellent credit history, reasonable loan-to-value and combined loan-to-value ratios. Home equity loans come in two types: closed end (traditionally just called a home-equity loan) and open end (a.k.a. a home equity line of credit (HELOC)). Both are usually referred to as second mortgages, because they are secured against the value of the property, just like a traditional mortgage.

Home equity loans and lines of credit are usually, but not always, for a shorter term than first mortgages. Home equity loan can be used as a person's main mortgage in place of a traditional mortgage. However, one cannot purchase a home using a home equity loan, one can only use a home equity loan to refinance. In the United States until December 31, 2017, it was possible to deduct home equity loan interest on one's personal income taxes. As part of the 2018 Tax Reform bill signed into law, interest on home equity loans will no longer be deductible on income taxes in the United States.

There is a specific difference between a home equity loan and a HELOC. A HELOC is a line of revolving credit with an adjustable interest rate whereas a home equity loan is a one time lump-sum loan, often with a fixed interest rate. With a HELOC the borrower can choose when and how often to borrow against the equity in the property, with the lender setting an initial limit to the credit line based on criteria similar to those used for closed-end loans. Like the closed-end loan, it may be possible to borrow up to an amount equal to the value of the home, minus any liens. These lines of credit are available up to 30 years, usually at a variable interest rate. The minimum monthly payment can be as low as only the interest that is due. Typically, the interest rate is based on the prime rate plus a margin.

Fees
A brief list of fees that may apply for home equity loans:

 * Appraisal fees
 * Originator fees
 * Title fees
 * Stamp duties
 * Arrangement fees
 * Closing fees
 * Early pay-off fee
 * Inactivity fee
 * Annual or Membership fee

Surveyor and conveyor or valuation fees may also apply to loans but some may be waived. The survey or conveyor and valuation costs can often be reduced, provided one finds a licensed surveyor to inspect the property considered for purchase. The title charges in secondary mortgages or equity loans are often fees for renewing the title information. Most loans will have fees of some sort.

title: Home equity loan


text:
Aaron Ogden

Aaron Ogden (December 3, 1756 – April 19, 1839) was an American soldier, lawyer, United States Senator and the fifth governor of New Jersey. Ogden is perhaps best known today as the complainant in Gibbons v. Ogden which destroyed the monopoly power of steamboats on the Hudson River in 1824.

Early life
Ogden was born in Elizabethtown (known today as "Elizabeth") in the Province of New Jersey. He was the son of Robert Ogden, a lawyer and public official who served as Speaker of the New Jersey lower house immediately preceding the Revolution, and Phebe (née Hatfield) Ogden. Ogden's brother Matthias Ogden (1754–1791) was a Revolutionary War soldier and his nephew, Daniel Haines, also served as Governor of New Jersey on two separate occasions.

Ogden, a Presbyterian, graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1773, and served as a grammar school tutor from 1773 to 1775.

Career
In the American Revolutionary War, Ogden was appointed a lieutenant in the 1st New Jersey Regiment; his older brother Matthias Ogden was the lieutenant colonel. Aaron Ogden served in various roles through the war, seeing action and rising to the rank of brigade major. In 1778, he visited the house occupied by the family of diarist Sally Wister, who described him as "a genteel young fellow, with an aquiline nose." Ogden was wounded at the siege of Yorktown in 1781.

Ogden was admitted as an original member of The Society of the Cincinnati in the state of New Jersey when it was established in 1783. He went on to serve as the President of the New Jersey Society from 1824 until his death in 1839, and President General of The Society of the Cincinnati from 1829 until his death.

Political career
After the war, Ogden studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1784. He commenced practice in Elizabeth and served as a presidential elector in the 1796 electoral college that elected John Adams. He was clerk of Essex County from 1785 to 1803, and was elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James Schureman and served from February 28, 1801, to March 3, 1803. He lost his bid for re-election to the Senate in 1802.

In 1803, Ogden was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly, where he served until 1812. Ogden was elected trustee of the College of New Jersey (later to become Princeton University) in 1803, a post in which he served until his death.

In 1812, Ogden was elected as Governor of New Jersey in a wave of Federalist victories across the state due to opposition to the War of 1812. Ogden had been nominated by his Federalist colleagues as governor many times before, but the Republicans held the majority in the Assembly and elected their choice from 1803 to 1812. During his term as governor, "funds were secured for the military's use in the war against Britain." After running unsuccessfully for re-election, the Federalists lost their majority in the Assembly and Ogden retired from political life. Ogden was nominated by President James Madison as major general of the Army in 1813, but declined the appointment.

Steamboat operations
In 1811, he became engaged in steamboat navigation by building the steamboat Sea Horse to run between Elizabeth and New York City. In 1812, in Livingston v. Van Ingen, the courts chose to upheld a steamboat monopoly over the Hudson River. In 1813, the New York State Legislature further upheld the monopoly created by Chancellor Robert Livingston and Robert Fulton, who had designed the steamboat. In response, Ogden agreed to pay them for a ten-year monopoly to run his line.

As a result of a feud with his neighbor and competing steamboat operator who violated the statutory monopoly, Thomas Gibbons, Ogden filed the complaint in Gibbons v. Ogden, seeking to enjoin Gibbons from operating a steamboat on New York waters. As a result, the United States Supreme Court declared unconstitutional New York's attempted monopoly on steamboat operation between New York and New Jersey based on the Commerce Clause. In the case, decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1824, Ogden was represented by Samuel L. Southard and Joseph Hopkinson, while Livingston was represented by Thomas Addis Emmet, and Gibbons by Daniel Webster and U.S. Attorney General William Wirt.

Later life
Ogden moved to Jersey City in 1829 and resumed the practice of law. It was in Jersey City where he was arrested for debt and sent to a debtors' prison. He was released several months later under an act of the Legislature that provided "that no Revolutionary officer or soldier should be imprisoned for debt. The law was so framed as to cover the case of Col. Ogden, and he was released." In 1830, he was appointed as Collector of Customs of Jersey City, an office created specifically for him by an act of Congress, and served until his death in Jersey City.

Personal life
Ogden was married to Elizabeth Chetwood (1766–1826), the daughter of John Chetwood, an attorney, and Mary (née Emott) Chetwood (d. 1786). She was the older sister of U.S. Representative and Mayor of Elizabeth William Chetwood (1771–1857). Together, they were the parents of:

 * Mary Chetwood Ogden (1789–1863), who was married to George Clinton Barber.
 * Phebe Ann Ogden (1790–1865), who served as Vice Regent of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association.
 * Matthias Ogden (1792–1860), who married Lucille Robert.
 * John Robert Ogden (1794–1845).
 * Elias Bailey Dayton Ogden (1797–1799), who died young.
 * Elias Bailey Dayton Ogden (1800–1865), who was named after his deceased brother. Elias, who married three times, served as an associate justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1842 until his death in 1865.
 * Aaron Ogden Jr. (1803–1803), who died young.

Ogden died in Jersey City, New Jersey on April 19, 1839. Ogden's body is interred at the burial ground of the First Presbyterian Church of Elizabeth. Ogden Street in Trenton, New Jersey is named in his honor.

He was a slaveholder.

Descendants
Through his son Elias, he was the grandfather of Frederick Beasley Ogden (1827–1893), who served as Mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey from 1865 to 1867; Aaron Ogden (1828–1896), who married Harriet Emily Travers; and Susan Dayton Ogden (1831–1878), who married William Shepard Biddle, and were the parents of U.S. Army general John Biddle.

title: Aaron Ogden


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shoplifters Pty. Ltd.

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sasquatch ↔讲↔看 05:39, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

Shoplifters Pty. Ltd.
Non-notable high-school band, formed this year. jni 09:40, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

fine delete it then (unsigned comment by Mr Brightside)
 * Delete. Not notable. DarthVader 11:27, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 19:53, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. -- Etacar11   00:49, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. Fails WP:MUSIC guidelines. JamesBurns 02:59, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wolf Rock!

Wolf Rock! is the debut studio album of Japanese rock band Guitar Wolf, released in the U.S. on vinyl LP in 1993 and in Japan on CD in July 1995. The band claims that the reason it sounds messy is because they recorded it in their lead singer, Seiji's, basement.

Track listing

 * 1) "Wolf Rock"
 * 2) "Ace of Spades"
 * 3) "Indian Guitar"
 * 4) "Apache Leather"
 * 5) "Red Rockabilly"
 * 6) "Mars Twist"
 * 7) "Shooting Star Noise"
 * 8) "J Jupiter Joan"
 * 9) "Machine Gun Guitar"
 * 10) "Jack the Ripper"
 * 11) "Rumble" (Unlisted)
 * 12) "Gloria"

title: Wolf Rock!


text:
Talk:Action of 12 July 1564

Untitled
I've removed the "move" template, as it's unclear what this event was, so impossible to move the article to its "canonical name". If and when more information turns up, the article should be moved to the poper name. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:42, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 08:54, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Action of 12 July 1564


text:
Talk:Marche

Pronounciation?
mahr-KEH or mahr-SHEH? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.55.52.3 (talk) 23:26, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

"marquee" is a bit confusing as its final syllable is the sound of "key" whereas in "marche" it should be the sound of "kay" as in first syllable of the word "cane". Accent is also on first syllable of "marche", not last syllable as in "marquee". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.60.135.1 (talk) 15:23, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi everybody. The right pronunciation of Le Marche is [le ˌmarke]; in English it sounds like leh-mahr-keh. 93.149.186.184 (talk) 18:49, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

Marche and Marca
Marche is a prural noun in italian because the name refers to the several Marche (a border territory of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by a Marchese) i the region not only to the Marca Anconitana or Marca di Ancona. --Brandoale 09:34, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

External link
I removed ItalianVisits.com since, as can be seen, it's a small and very inferior site: a single unfinished page with 4 small uncaptioned photos and 4 links, the purpose of which is to draw people to "I.V. Tours".

I replaced it by a selection of the best sites available. The five provinces maintain excellent sites as well, with at least some pages in English; and there are several dozen small sites in English much better than the above. I didn't add my own site because not sufficiently broad — although it has 28 pages of text and 59 large photos, and is thus considerably better than the spam I removed. Bill 09:42, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Can we get better links added? In the summer I collate as many Le Marche events as I can find online and translate them and put link to original site. As summer is just starting there are only around 20 festival on the site but as summer prg oresses this increases when I add events that are not online by attending pre-summer pro-loco events and scanning promotion literature and adding them to the site. Last year there were around 40-50 events promoted including large jazz festivals, opera and local festas from each region in Le Marche - Le Marche Festivals - I added this and it was deleted - fair enough I understand that you have guidelines. Can you let me know why site was deleted out of interest? If it's not broad enough or focuses too much on southern Le Marche then I am still collating more walks to put on youtube to add to site, widening the number of beaches and villages on the site so hopefully it will meet the requirements at some poing in the future.

But surely you can find links that are more informative than this Regional Guide to Le Marche

Rebuttal to Bill Thayer
Bill, I am the "someone" who added links to ItalianVisits.com on the various Italian Regional sites - and I don't think I was commiting "link spam" or engaged in vandalism when I did so. ItalianVisits.com is a serious endeavour being undertaken by my daughter, Jesse Andrews, who for the past 2 years has been living in Praia A Mare, in the northwest region of Calabria. My other daughter, Arianna, is attending university at the University for Foreigners in Perugia, and also contributes to the ItalianVisits website when she can.

If you look at the section on Calabria, you will see how much work and effort has been put into cataloguing towns and villages that are virtually unknown to English-speaking people, whether they are travelers or tourists, or people who have a curiousity about the area. You will note, I hope, the abundance of wonderful photographs that compliment the text, and present our viewers with images that otherwise would not be available. Incidentally, you should also note the link to Wikipedia resources whereever and whenever there is material on Wikidpedia about a region, town or other locale. We are as committed to Wikipedia as you are.

Jesse has created a vessel into which more information is being added every day. I just spent 15 days in Umbria, for instance, and added pages for Perugia, Assisi, Spello, Bevagna, Gubbio and the Regional Park at Colfiorito. Other contributors, like Katherine Lavallee, have added information about other towns in Tuscany. Such contributions are solicited eagerly so that we can fatten the content on the site.

ItalianVisits.com is hardly a come-on for selling tour packages, although we are trying to attract people to "unknown" parts of Italy, and in so doing, get some business to those out of the way places for local restauranteurs, hoteliers, and others in the travel business. If you are aware of what is going on in Italy now, you will understand that the economy is depressed, owing largely to various difficulties it has and is facing as it tries to integrate with the EU, and as it attempts to compete in a global economy. So, having information for travelers can not be the sine qua non of "link spam". If you look at all the external links listed in the Umbria section of Wikipedia, a number of them are active promoters of travel to the Region. Even in the various regional sections of Italy where you posted identical comments to the comments you made here there are links to sites that promote and facilitate travel. Should all of these be removed? And if so, by whom and under what (hopefully) reasonably well-defined policy?

You can coin or use phrases like "link spam", and "cyber vandalism", or other terms of denigration, but I think you, and others who "worry" about Wikipedia, should be careful not to sit on Wikipedia with a holier than thou attitude, deleting other people's contributions, unless a more thorough investigation is done into the content, and sometimes into the motives and objectives of their creators. Many people spend a lot of time, money and energy trying to do good without much reward beyond the satisfactions it provides. This effort to "do good" is manifest on your site Bill, at least, so far as I can see, and I commend you for it.

I'm a bit more than a little chagrined about what you have done Bill, and about how you have characterized ItalianVisits, but I hope we can discuss this if you think I am making an untenable argument in favour of allowing us to post links to the IV website, without fear of having them removed by the over-zealous.

Regards Vian Andrews Vancouver, BC July 28, 2005

Northern Italy?
Why Marche is considered a region in Northen Italy? As far as I know, together with Tuscany, Lazio, Umbria and Abruzzo, it is part of Central Italy. --Cantalamessa 23:00, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Bravo, amico — now why didn't you make the change? I've been watching this "error" (a piece of vandalism introduced in Dec 04) to see how long it would take to be caught. Qui, si canta spesso non la messa, ma il truffo.... Bill 00:03, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Merged content from Foglia
Kville105125 01:12, 15 October 2007 (UTC) Merged content to this page to eliminate a stub, and expand this page.

English name
After a brief search, I found that the most often used designation for this region in English language is "the Marches". This is evident from searching Google Books and also the standard Google. Because of this, and because of the low activity in this talk page (the last discussion dates from 2007) I decided to be BOLD and carry out the change myself. Of course, everyone is welcome to discuss the question.--Le Petit Modificateur Laborieux (talk) 14:13, 14 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I definitely think that the most used name for the region in English nowadays is "Marche". Therefore I don't agree with PML's changes. --Checco (talk) 17:57, 14 February 2009 (UTC)
 * As only PML has stated its preference for "Marches" and I oppose such a change, I'll replace "the Marches" with "Marche". As no new consensus was formed, it's better to stick to the previous one. --Checco (talk) 13:20, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi all. Generally, I think it's better to use truly English names (e.g. "Germany" not "Deutschland", except when there is now an overwhelming consensus that the once-in-use English name has passed into the history books for any number of reasons (e.g. "Beijing", not "Peking" and "Zimbabwe", not "Rhodesia".  Therefore, I think I would have agreed with PML's change.  HOWEVER, that is not my real point - my primary concern is the first line, where it states that "The english name is Marches."  We need to have it one way or the other - either the English name is Marches, and the article should be moved, or the English name is Marche, which would mean that the title of the article is correct, but that opening sentence should be moved.  Can someone who has more knowledge on the topic than me resolve this? AshleyMorton (talk) 15:47, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Hi. While there remain a few British English speakers who persist in refering to the region as "The Marches" (notice that it must have the definite article), most English speakers, particularly US English speakers, now refer to the region as "The Marche" or, often just "Marche". All the main tourist resources both printed and web-based, including those created by English speakers living in the region, invariably use either "Marche" or "The Marche". I humbly suggest "The Marches" be kept for those in Wales alone... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sancristo (talk • contribs) 19:06, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

Adding official anthem
I think that someone should add the official anthem of The Marche to the infobox of the Region (much as it has been done for British territories, for instance). Since 2007, the official anthem of Marche is the "Inno delle Marche" (see on the official site of the region and on Wikipedia's List of anthems). Incidentally, the same change to the infobox should be done also for the other two Italian Regions which have an official anthem: Sicily (anthem: Madreterra) and Aosta Valley (anthem: Montagnes Valdôtaines). --82.50.124.184 (talk) 04:43, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Name
As said previously above (here and here) the name we should use here needs sorting out. Is it to be in Italian or English? Singular or plural? With or without the definite article? I’ve no particular preference, except for consistency; the text as it stands is a mixture of each, due to this not being resolved  But the title is "Marche", and most of the text is singular, so I’ve standardized it on that, until it is resolved. Any thoughts? Moonraker12 (talk) 16:26, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I reported the English name. I think we should change the title from "Marche" in "Marches" similar to "Tuscany", "Lombardy", "Piedmont" and the other Italian regions that have English name. This, among other things, solve the problem "singular or plural". In tourist brochures the names of the regions is rarely translated, but (I think) this is not a reason not to use the English name in an encycplopedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Giespe (talk • contribs) 2 February 2011
 * I’m not so sure. Historically they were called the Marches, of course, but my feeling is that this has pretty much disappeared from modern English: more so, even, than ‘Latium’ for ‘Lazio’. (And relatively few of our readers will know what a ‘march’ in this sense is.) Partly, of course, it’s a matter of taste: I would move Apulia to Puglia, but Livorno to Leghorn. And keep this at Marche. Ian Spackman (talk) 15:15, 3 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Reply to Giespe
 * It’s true Marche translates to "Marches" in English; also that English often has its own version of placenames around the world. But they are seldom the same thing; it’s far more usual to be a corruption of the local name ("Tuscany" for Toscana, for example, or "Sardinia" for Sardegna) And in most cases the local spelling is preserved, just given an idiosyncratic prounciation. Umbria (if I’m not mistaken) would translate as “Shadowland” in English, but is referred to as "Umbria" none the less (though it’d be pronounced "Umm-brea", as likely as not).
 * Your reference to the Encyclopaedia Britannica shows what the translation is, but it does use the name "Marche" thoughout, which suggests the name in English is "Marche" (though it's likely to be pronounced "Marsh", or "Marshay").
 * Also, I notice the EB renders it singular, and without the definite article, which is maybe what we should do here. Moonraker12 (talk) 16:43, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Ian
 * I think you are right that it has changed over the years. I have an atlas from 1965 which renders it "Marches" (it also has "Latium" and "Apulia"), but another from 1994 which has "Marche" (and "Lazio" and "Puglia"). So I'm guessing (with the EB ref) that that is currently the preferred English term. Moonraker12 (talk) 16:47, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

I did the following: I searched on google Marche Italy I got about 644,000 results; I searched "the Marches" italy –Marche and I got about 1,510,000 results; I searched "the Marches" italy -Marche –welsh and I got about 1,460,000 result. This easy search makes me realize that the name most used in modern English in "The Marches", as it was years ago. Giespe — Preceding unsigned comment added by Giespe (talk • contribs) 17:16, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I’m not sure what this proves; I searched for "The Marches Italy" and got a shed-load of hits, too, but most of them (9 out of 12 on the first page) actually go to "Marche". And google searches aren’t really conclusive, it’s better to have reliable sources, such as reference books, gazetteers, guide books and the like.
 * Anyway, the purpose of my original question was to get a range of opinion; I can see your preference, as I can Ian’s; perhaps we should see if there are any other opinions to be voiced. Moonraker12 (talk) 14:36, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * PS It would be a good idea if you signed your posts; you can do it by typing four tildes (~), like this: .Moonraker12 (talk) 14:42, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * PPS I've combined the "Name again" and "Name" sections, for clarity; I trust that's OK with everyone. Moonraker12 (talk) 14:47, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

"The Italian name Le Marche requires the article". This is wrong. It requires the article, depending on the contest, as well as most country or region names in Italian. If needed, the article is always lower case, i.e. it is not part of the name (unlike the article in town names as L'Aquila, La Spezia, Il Cairo). Moreover, the official name has no article. Examples: i cittadini di Marche, Abruzzo, Molise; una località al confine tra Marche e Abruzzo; Regione Marche, and so on. One more example from it.wiki: Terremoto di Umbria e Marche. Of course, in most contests an article is needed, but this is quite common in Italian. In adverbial complements of place, e.g., we have: in Abruzzo, in Molise, in Piemonte vs. nelle Marche, but also nel Lazio, nel Veneto, nel Salento, negli Stati Uniti, nella Repubblica Ceca: do these nouns require an article too? --Erinaceus (talk) 15:19, 28 June 2011 (UTC) P.S. I am native Italian and live in the Marche(s).

October 2011 page move
I am a bit puzzled by the move to the title Marches on a number of grounds. Firstly there was already a discussion on this talk page which I would have expected a page-mover to engage with before doing the deed. Secondly because the natural title would seem to be The Marches rather than the form without a definite article. And thirdly because the mover treats the title as if it were in the singular: ‘The Marches was nominally part of the Papal States’, for instance, which reads very oddly to me. I see that the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office uses Piedmont (rather than Piemonte), Lombardy (rather than Lombardia), Tuscany (rather than Toscana), Sicily (rather than Sicilia) and Sardinia rather than Sardegna), but Marche rather than [The] Marches. I tend to think that the FCO has the contemporary English usage right here. Accordingly I will revert the move and suggest that a consensus is reached on this page before moving it again. Ian Spackman (talk) 15:45, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Firstly, the discussion was closed about 4 months ago and I decided to be BOLD, secondly The Marches is incorrect, even the Britannica Encyclopedia put the page on the "M" summary" and the "T" of "the Marche", , is not a capital letter, this is en.wiki where geography must use the proper English exonym, not the Italian one, if you read "Marche" name you pronunce it in English, not in Italian, so "Marche" is wrong because is the Italian name, I don't care about the FCO, I care about its proper name in English as per Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names) and per WP:naming conventions (use English), in italian the name is not and never was "Le Marche" (a Britannica mistake) but simply "Marche" at the opposite of "La Spezia" or "L'Aquila" (curiously the Britannica use simply "Spezia" without "L'") that use the article as part of the noun. I am highly knowledgeable about this "problem" because I live there. About your third point: it was a mistake, of course the correct sentence is ‘The Marches were nominally part of the Papal States’. At the moment the page and both names used on the geobox are totally wrong, last but non least the section: (pronounced [ˈmarke]) is not valid for English speaker, it's almost like writing Italy (pronunciation Italya) simply ridiculous. Anyway here some sources standard Google, than about some governamental websites here you have 22.000 results with "Marche"+"Italy", [22.000 results with "Marche"+"Italy"]. Even the European Union is still using "Marches" , then reasearching on google books in English "italy"+"the marches" we got 53.000 results, "italy"+"marche"+"region" (because was finding something else) we got 11.100 results and many of them are written by Italians. So you can raname the page as you want like The Marches but "Le Marche" is completely wrong as stated before by User:Erinaceus, and Marche is once again wrong because is the Italian plural form of Marca wich in English is -> March or Mark and its plural counterpart is Marches (see from point 2.) --Nicola Romani (talk) 17:53, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

A small point on the above rather poorly argued comment - it is no surprise that "53,000 results" appeared for "the marches" simply because "marches" is the English plural of a "march" (as in a military march - "una marcia" in Italian). That is why arguments based on Google searches are frequently meaningless, as in this case. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.46.64.66 (talk) 16:50, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

I repeat: I searched on google "the Marches" Italy –Marche" and not simply "The Marches"!!! Read more carefully my previous post, please--Giespe (talk) 09:54, 21 October 2012 (UTC)!

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Coat of Arms
The coat of arms of Marche does not follow the rules of heraldry, so it would be more accurate to refer to it as an emblem in the article. It might also be pertinent to change the file name of the image to 'Emblem of Marche' too, though I'm not sure how renaming files works. The Flag of Marche article already calls it an emblem. --Heatedfrost (talk) 21:28, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Wernher
How does the history section not mention that the name comes from the German, "Wernher's Mark"?188.172.108.167 (talk) 21:26, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:46, 25 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Inno delle Marche.ogg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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title: Talk:Marche


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cyber shock

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sasquatch ↔讲↔看 05:39, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

Cyber shock
This entry is not encyclopedic, so need an huge rewrite, but I don't see references of this book. Amazon has an author with this name but it write about dinosaures, and google no hits about his title. Considering also the style of article, IMHO is a vanity page of a non notable schoolboy Cate 09:44, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete notability not established. --malathion talk 12:03, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete a synopsis from a nn book. JamesBurns 03:01, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
N9

N9 may refer to:

Roads

 * N9 road (Belgium), a road connecting Brussels and Ostend, passing Aalst, Ghent, Eeklo and Bruges (see nl:N9 (België))
 * N9 road (France)
 * N9 road (Ireland)
 * N9 road (Netherlands), a road connecting Alkmaar and De Kooy
 * N9 road (South Africa), a road connecting George and Colesberg
 * N9 road (Switzerland)
 * Nebraska Highway 9, a state highway in the U.S. state of Nebraska

Other

 * Fairey N.9, a British seaplane
 * Jero N° 9 Antwerpen 1911, a 1911 aeroplane
 * London Buses route N9
 * N9, a postcode district in the N postcode area
 * N9, the Nokia N9 model N9-00, a MeeGo Linux phone
 * Negeri Sembilan, one of the 13 states in Malaysia
 * Netscape Navigator 9, a web browser created by Netscape Communications
 * Nonoxynol-9, a molecule
 * North Coast Aviation IATA airline designator
 * Northrop N-9, company designation of the Northrop YB-35 flying wing bomber
 * Northrop N-9M, research aircraft, built as a flying mockup of the Northrop YB-35
 * LNER Class N9, a class of British steam locomotives

title: N9


text:
Bordesley

Bordesley may refer to several places in England:

 * Bordesley, Birmingham, an area in the UK West Midlands
 * Bordesley railway station a railway station in Birmingham
 * Bordesley Junction a canal junction in Birmingham
 * Birmingham Bordesley (UK Parliament constituency) a former United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency in Birmingham
 * Bordesley Green, a separate area of Birmingham
 * Bordesley, Worcestershire, an area of Redditch
 * Bordesley Abbey, a ruined abbey near Reddich

title: Bordesley