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User talk:Gedankenus

Welcome
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Other links for reference: Wikiquette, image copyright tags, Merge Hope to see you around the Wiki! Remember to be Bold! with your edits, and if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 06:52, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

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Thank you for uploading Image:Ringo.jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. See Image copyright tags, for a list of copyright tags, that you can use. If you created this/these image(s) yourself, you can use the tag. Thank you. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 06:52, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Wing Cheung
Please stop removing the VfD tag from the article, or you will be blocked from editing. Better yet, you should refrain from creating nonsensical pages here in the first place! Thank you, jni 07:57, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

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April 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Please do not remove speedy deletion tags from pages that you have created yourself. If you do not believe the page should be deleted, then please place  on the page (please do not remove any existing speedy deletion tag) and make your case on the page's. Administrators will look at your reasoning before deciding what to do with the page. Roleplayer (talk) 00:24, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Gedankenus


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Image hosting service

An image hosting service allows individuals to upload images to an Internet website. The image host will then store the image onto its server, and show the individual different types of code to allow others to view that image. Some examples are Flickr, Imgur, and Photobucket.

How it works
Typically image hosting websites provide an upload interface; a form in which the uploader specifies the location of an image file on their local computer file system. After pressing a "Submit" button, the file is uploaded to the image host's server. Some image hosts allow the uploader to specify multiple files at once using this form, or the ability to upload one ZIP archive containing multiple images. Additionally, some hosts allow FTP access, where single or multiple files can be uploaded in one session using FTP software or an FTP-capable browser.

After this process, the image is hosted on the server. Typically, this means that the image is available on the web (to the public). The uploader may also be allowed to specify inline links to the hosted image, in order to embed it on other websites e.g.

 * Linking with HTML code
 * Linking with BBcode
 * A clickable thumbnail that is linked to the full image

Usually, the image host will put restrictions on the maximum image size allowed, or the maximum space or bandwidth allowed per user. Due to bandwidth costs, free services usually offer relatively modest size limits per image when compared to paid services, but allow users hotlinking their images.

Tools
Image hosts also allow tools such as the ability to create photoblogs/galleries with your images, or add them to a slide show for easier viewing. Some offer more advanced tools such as the ability for anl to ato an image they uploaded, sideloaders, or browser sidebars. Other hosts have introduced novel features such as the ability to automatically resize images down to a user-selected size. A Flickr tool allows one to upload photos using a camera phone with email capability.

Identification
Hosting services have the potential ability to identify when and where their images are being used. When an image file is accessed, the image host is capable of logging the date and the general numeric internet address of the request.

In the case of spam, the messages often include unique image URLs that are specific to that message only. The unique URL is used as a tracking ID, so that the image host can identify exactly what message intended for what specific recipient has been viewed, in addition to the date and host accessing the image. This is why many email reading systems do not show images by default, to protect the reader from having their reading of spam being tracked by the email senders.

Cost
Many image hosts are free, some do not even require registration. Of the free image hosts, the vast majority are supported by advertisements, mostly on their top pages, thumbnail pages, or "not found" pages. Showing advertisements to users has enabled image size and bandwidth limits to increase.

Some free hosts have optional paid image hosting functions, while other hosts offer only paid services. Features and storage available are generally better for paid services, while cost is still much less than the cost of purchasing webhosting to operate a website. Paid services often allow users to have password protected photo albums, customizable skins, and customized subdomains. There are many other paid services available that offer different packages of options, features, and costs.

History
Before the development of image hosting services, the display and exchange of images on the early public Internet of the 1980s–1990s was a laborious and complex process. Expertise was needed to set up a private file server, to connect it to the Internet, and paying for the potentially expensive dedicated Internet connection. Some experts would provide access to a Unix shell and some file storage, via paid access, free public access, or just made available to a select group of private friends. Uploading of images was accomplished with command-line tools like FTP, or uploading images using slow 14.4 to 33.6 kilobit dialup modem connections and terminal protocols like XMODEM to the server storage.

Before the Web was developed, images would primarily be downloaded manually from file servers or from binary newsgroups on Usenet, and displayed with a separate image viewer. The expansion of the Web in the 1990s brought text and images together, allowing for inline display of images without separate downloading, but still required the above expertise and methods to make the images available.

Also, on the early web, some technical knowledge was required to know how to even make an uploaded image display on a discussion forum. Typically, images would accessed using a URL format similar to:

http://www.example.com/~username/directory/image.jpg

but to make the image actually display in a discussion forum, this would need to be manually rewritten in HTML markup in the forum post, as

One of the primary new features of the early and developing Web that enabled the easy sharing of images and other data, was the concept of being able to upload or HTTP POST a file via the web browser to the remote server. This alone helped to eliminate all the complex steps of needing to understand command line tools like FTP or uploading via a modem terminal.

Early image and data storage servers also initially left the uploaded content unchanged, sometimes resulting in undesirable web page display problems, such as too high resolution causing page layout problems in discussion forums, or too high detail causing very slow page loading times. The sharing of potentially incompatible image formats could also result in them not displaying properly for some viewers.

The early and developing image sharing services eventually added the ability to automatically resize and recompress uploaded images into standardized sizes and formats, for maximum browser compatibility and minimizing of bandwidth usage for unnecessarily large images.

The provision for early image sharing services to automatically create sharing links also reduced the need for technical knowledge of where the image was uploaded.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Image hosting service


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Petrăchioaia

Petrăchioaia is a commune in the east of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Măineasca, Surlari, Petrăchioaia, and Vânători. Its name is a feminine form of Petrache, which in turn is a name of Greek origin, derived from Petrakis.

title: Petrăchioaia


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Tunari

Tunari is a commune in the center of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. Its name means "cannoneers" in Romanian. It is composed of two villages, Dimieni and Tunari.

The commune is located in the central part of the county, at a distance of 8 km north of the capital city, Bucharest, on the Bucharest–Pipera–Tunari–Dimieni road. It has the following neighbors:

 * To the north: Henri Coandă International Airport and Balotești commune, separated by the Bucharest–Urziceni railway.
 * To the south: the Pipera district of Voluntari commune, separated by the Bucharest–Constanța railway and the Bucharest Ring Motorway on the Otopeni–Ștefăneștii de Jos segment.
 * To the east: Ștefăneștii de Jos commune.
 * To the west: the town of Otopeni.

The town has a Romanian Orthodox church, named after Saint Nicholas; it was built in 1702 by Marica Brâncoveanu.

title: Tunari


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Ștefăneștii de Jos

Ștefăneștii de Jos is a commune in the centre of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. Its name means "Lower Ștefănești", derived from Ștefan (Stephan) and suffix -ești. The commune is composed of three villages: Crețuleasca, Ștefăneștii de Jos, and Ștefăneștii de Sus.

title: Ștefăneștii de Jos


text: User talk:66.82.9.58

title: User talk:66.82.9.58


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Afumați, Ilfov

Afumați is a commune in the east of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania, composed of a single village, Afumați. Its name is derived from the Romanian verb "a afuma", meaning to smoke food.

The commune is located 15 km northeast of downtown Bucharest, on the left bank of the river Pasărea. The ruins of the Princely Court of Radu of Afumați, Voivode of Wallachia from 1522 to 1529, are located at the entrance in the commune.

Afumați is traversed by the DN2 road, which connects Bucharest to Urziceni. It is bordered on the north by Dascălu commune, on the west by Ștefăneștii de Jos commune, on the south by the town of Pantelimon, on the southeast by Găneasa commune, and on the northeast by Petrăchioaia commune.

Stadionul Comunal is a multi-use stadium located in Afumați. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of the CS Afumați football club.

Natives

 * Constantin Nica
 * Dumitru Popescu-Colibași

title: Afumați, Ilfov


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Găneasa, Ilfov

Găneasa is a commune in the east of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. Its name is a feminine form of Gane, a Romanian name. It is composed of five villages: Cozieni, Găneasa, Moara Domnească, Piteasca, and Șindrilița.

Natives

 * Radu Aldulescu (1922–2006), cellist

title: Găneasa, Ilfov


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Mogoșoaia

Mogoșoaia is a commune in the west of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania, composed of a single village, Mogoșoaia.

In late 17th century, Constantin Brâncoveanu bought land here, and, between 1698 and 1702, he built the Mogoșoaia Palace.

Natives

 * Raul Costin (born 1985), footballer

title: Mogoșoaia


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The Gates of Hell

The Gates of Hell (La Porte de l'Enfer) is a monumental bronze sculptural group work by French artist Auguste Rodin that depicts a scene from the Inferno, the first section of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. It stands at 6 metres high, 4 metres wide and 1 metre deep (6 *) and contains 180 figures.

Several casts of the work were made, which are now in various locations around the world. Rodin's original plaster model is in the Musée D’Orsay, Paris. The figures range from 15 cm high up to more than one metre (3 ft). Several of the figures were also cast as independent free-standing statues.

History
The sculpture was commissioned by the Directorate of Fine Arts in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885. Rodin would continue to work on and off on this project for 37 years, until his death in 1917.

The Directorate asked for an inviting entrance to a planned Decorative Arts Museum with the theme being left to Rodin's selection. Even before this commission, Rodin had developed sketches of some of Dante's characters based on his admiration of Dante's Inferno.

The Decorative Arts Museum was never built. Rodin worked on this project on the ground floor of the Hôtel Biron. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. In 1919, two years after his death, the Hôtel Biron became the Musée Rodin, housing a cast of The Gates of Hell and related works.

Inspiration
Rodin conceived that people would walk toward the work, perhaps up a flight of stairs, and be overwhelmed frontally by the massive gates, contemplating the experience of hell that Dante describes in his Inferno. Rodin thought particularly of Dante's warning over the entrance of the Inferno, "Abandon every hope, who enter here."

A work of the scope of The Gates of Hell had not been attempted before, but inspiration came from Lorenzo Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise at the Baptistery of St. John, Florence, 15th century bronze doors depicting figures from the Old Testament. Another source of inspiration was medieval cathedrals combining high and low relief. Rodin was also inspired by Michelangelo's fresco The Last Judgment, Delacroix's painting The Barque of Dante, Balzac's collection La Comédie humaine and Baudelaire's poems Les Fleurs du mal.

In an article in Le Matin, Rodin said: "For a whole year I lived with Dante, with him alone, drawing the eight circles of his inferno. [...] At the end of this year, I realized that while my drawing rendered my vision of Dante, they had become too remote from reality. So I started all over again, working from nature, with my models."

Outstanding figures
The original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own.

 * The Thinker (Le Penseur), also called The Poet, is located above the door panels. One interpretation suggests that it might represent Dante looking down to the characters in the Inferno. Another interpretation is that the Thinker is Rodin himself meditating about his composition. Others believe that the figure may be Adam, contemplating the destruction brought upon mankind because of his sin.
 * The Kiss (Le Baiser) was originally in The Gate along with other figures of Paolo and Francesca da Rimini. Rodin wanted to represent their initial joy as well as their final damnation. He removed the figure that became known as The Kiss because it seemed to conflict with the other suffering figures.
 * Ugolino and His Children (Ugolin et ses enfants) depicts Ugolino della Gherardesca, who according to the story, ate the corpses of his children after they died by starvation (Dante, Inferno, Canto XXXIII). The Ugolino group was cast as a separate bronze in 1882.
 * The Three Shades (Les Trois Ombres) was originally 98 cm high. The over-life size group was initially made of three independent figures in 1899. Later on, Rodin replaced one hand in the figures to fuse them together, in the same form as the smaller version. The figures originally pointed to the phrase "Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate" ("Abandon all hope, ye who enter here") from Canto III of the Inferno.
 * Fleeting Love (Fugit Amor) is located on the right door pane, it is one of several figures of lovers that represent Paolo and Francesca da Rimini. The male figure is also called The Prodigal.
 * Paolo and Francesca is shown on the left door pane. Paolo tries to reach Francesca, who seems to slip away.
 * Meditation appears on the rightmost part of the tympanum, shown as an enlarged figure in 1896.
 * The Old Courtesan is a bronze cast from 1910 of an aged, naked female body. The sculpture is also called She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife (Celle qui fut la belle heaulmière). This title is taken from a poem by François Villon.
 * Fallen Caryatid Carrying Her Stone is based on the figure at the top of the left pilaster. Around 1881 Rodin enlarged her and gave her a stone.
 * I Am Beautiful (Je suis belle), cast in 1882, is among the second set of figures on the extreme right portion of the door.
 * Eternal Springtime (L'Éternel printemps) was cast in 1884. It exists in several separate versions, both in marble and in bronze.
 * Despair is found in various versions on both the left and right door panes.
 * Kneeling Female Faun was conceived around 1884 and first cast in 1887. It is found on the left side of the tympanum, in front of the bas-reliefs which form the background.
 * Adam and Eve. Rodin asked the directorate for additional funds for the independent sculptures of Adam and Eve that were meant to frame The Gates of Hell. However, Rodin found he could not get Eve's figure right. Consequently, several figures of Eve were made, none of which were used, and all of them were later sold.

Most of the individual figures portrayed on the gates do not originate in Dante. Rodin's sculptures are not illustrations of scenes from Inferno. Rather, Rodin “reinvented” Dante's hell to include figures who personified his own conception. Dante's Adam and Eve, for example, are in Paradise, thought to have been “rescued” from eternal damnation by Christ on Holy Saturday in the Harrowing of Hell.

The three shades are a transformation of three sinners whom Dante encounters in the Seventh Circle of murderers, suicides and homosexuals, all included among the violent against others, self and nature.

Other figures are either fully invented by Rodin or derive from other literary sources.

Locations
The original plaster was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. A series of plaster casts illustrating the development of the work is on view at the Musée Rodin in Meudon. Also in 1917, a model was used to make the original three bronze casts:
 * The Musée Rodin, Paris.
 * The Rodin Museum, Philadelphia, United States.
 * The National Museum of Western Art in Ueno Park, Tokyo.

Subsequent bronzes have been distributed by the Musée Rodin to a number of locations, including:
 * The Kunsthaus Zürich, Zürich
 * The Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University
 * The Plateau, Seoul, South Korea
 * Museo Soumaya, Mexico City, Mexico
 * Shizuoka Prefectural Museum of Art, Shizuoka, Japan, which has a special Rodin Wing.静岡県立美術館-7.JPG

title: The Gates of Hell


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Chitila

Chitila is a town in the west of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania, situated 9 km to the north-west of Bucharest. It is often seen as a satellite town of Bucharest. One village, Rudeni, is administered by the town.

Transport
Chitila is linked to Bucharest by two bus routes (r476 and r429 run by Ecotrans STCM). The Chitila railway station serves two of the CFR main railway lines emanating from Bucharest: Lines 500 and 300, going to Ploiești and Târgoviște.

Natives

 * Teohari Georgescu (1908–1976), Communist politician

Other
The Romanian 1st Surface to Air Missiles Brigade has its headquarters in Chitila.

title: Chitila


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Dragomirești-Vale

Dragomirești-Vale is a commune in the southwestern part of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. Its name is derived from Dragomir, a Romanian name of Slavic origin (from Драгомир, which means "precious and peaceful"), the suffix -ești, and noun Vale, which means "valley".

A medium-size commune, it is composed of 3 villages: Dragomirești-Deal, Dragomirești-Vale and Zurbaua.

It is situated near Bucharest, some 14 km away from the city centre and 4 km from the Bucharest–Pitești highway. The nearest airports are Henri Coandă International Airport, Otopeni (30 km away), and Aurel Vlaicu International Airport (25 km away).

title: Dragomirești-Vale


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Dobroești

Dobroești is a commune in the east of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania, right off the limits of Bucharest's Sector 2. It is composed of two villages, Dobroești and Fundeni. The name Dobroești is derived from South Slavic/Bulgarian "Dobro" (good) and Romanian suffix -ești. A modern shopping and apartment complex, for overseas Chinese, have been built in Dobroești, dubbed as Chinatown.

Natives

 * Aurel Beldeanu

title: Dobroești


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Brănești, Ilfov

Brănești is a commune in the far east of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. Its name is derived from Bran, a Romanian name, and the suffix -ești. It is composed of four villages: Brănești, Islaz, Pasărea, and Vadu Anei.

The commune is located 21 km east of downtown Bucharest, on the border with Călărași County. It lies on the left bank of the river Pasărea, which separates it from the town of Pantelimon and the commune Cernica to the west.

Brănești is traversed by the A2 motorway, which connects Bucharest to Constanța on the Black Sea coast, and by national road DN3, which connects Bucharest to Călărași and on to Constanța. County road DJ100 goes south towards Fundeni and northwest towards Găneasa, Afumați, Ștefăneștii de Jos, Tunari, and Otopeni.

The commune also has several train stations that serve the CFR Line 800, which runs from Bucharest to the Black Sea coast.

Pasărea Monastery, dating from 1813, is located in Pasărea village.

The Cătălin Hîldan Stadium was the home stadium of FC Victoria Brănești, a professional football club founded in 1968 and dissolved in 2012. Brănești has three high schools: the Traian Lalescu Theoretical High School, the Cezar Nicolau Technological High School, and the Theodor Pietraru Forest College.

Natives

 * Sorin Ispir
 * Eduard Pană
 * Nicolae Zuluf

title: Brănești, Ilfov


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Ciorogârla

Ciorogârla is a commune in the southwestern part of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Ciorogârla and Dârvari. The Ciorogârla River flows through this location; its name, of Slavic origin, means "murky stream".

Natives

 * Marin Ion (born 1955), football player and manager

title: Ciorogârla


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Domnești, Ilfov

Domnești is a commune in the southwestern part of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. Its name is derived from "Domn" (Lord, referring to the ruler of Wallachia) and suffix "-ești". It is composed of two villages, Domnești and Țegheș.

The commune is located west of Bucharest, on the banks of the Ciorogârla and Sabar rivers, and on the left bank of the Argeș River. It is crossed by county road DJ602, which leads east to the Ghencea Extension neighborhood of Bucharest and north-east to Ciorogârla and further into Giurgiu County to Joița and Săbăreni, then returning to Ilfov County in Chitila (where it intersects with DN7) and Buftea (where it ends in DN1A).

The Domnești railway station serves the CFR Line 900, which connects Bucharest with the western city of Timișoara.

title: Domnești, Ilfov


text: User talk:68.82.75.61

title: User talk:68.82.75.61


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Clinceni

Clinceni is a commune in the southwestern part of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Clinceni, Olteni, and Ordoreanu. The location hosts a small airport.

Currently, the village of Clinceni has the Guinness World Records for the biggest flag ever made. The flag, of Romania, weighs 5 t and measures 349 m by 227 m. Work on the flag required 2 months and 70 km of thread. Previously, Lebanon was the country with this record.

Clinceni also has a football team named LPS HD Clinceni who play in the Liga III, the third level of the Romanian football league system. Its home ground, the Clinceni Stadium, has a capacity of 4,500 seats.

Natives

 * Vasile Paraschiv (1928 – 2011), social and political activist

title: Clinceni


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Bragadiru

Bragadiru is a town in Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. The town is located in the southwestern vicinity of the city of Bucharest, at the exit towards Alexandria, being a part of the Bucharest metropolitan area. Bragadiru became a town on 29 December 2005.

Geography
The town lies in the Wallachian Plain, on the banks of the river Sabar and of its tributary, the river Ciorogârla. Bragadiru is located around the intersection of the Bucharest Ring Motorway with the national road DN6 (part of European route E70).

Demographics
According to the 2002 census, Bragadiru had a population of 8,165, of which 98.19% were Romanians, 1.45% were Roma, and 0.36% of other ethnic backgrounds. According to the 2011 census, the town had a population of 15,329 inhabitants, being the fifth urban center of Ilfov County from a demographic point of view, after Voluntari, Pantelimon, Buftea, and Popești-Leordeni. At the 2011 census, the population had increased to 40,080 inhabitants.

title: Bragadiru


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Glina, Ilfov

Glina is a commune in the south-east of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. Its name is derived from Slavic Glina, meaning "clay". It is composed of three villages: Cățelu, Glina, and Manolache.

The commune is the site of the Glina sewage treatment plant.

Cățelu is the site of Battery 9–10, the best known – and most visited – former military fort from a defensive circle of fortifications surrounding Bucharest that was built in the late 19th century, during the reign of King Carol I.

title: Glina, Ilfov


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Cernica

Cernica is a commune in the southeast part of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania, with a population of 11,871 as of 2021. It is composed of five villages: Bălăceanca, Căldăraru, Cernica, Poșta, and Tânganu.

The commune is situated in the Wallachian Plain, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River and its left tributary, the Colentina River. It is located in the southeastern part of Ilfov County, 17 km east of downtown Bucharest, on the border with Călărași County.

The commune lent its name to the Cernica Monastery, an early 17th-century Orthodox monastery in the nearby town of Pantelimon. The name is also given to the Cernica Forest, the largest wooded area around Bucharest.

The name of the commune is derived from the name of the vornic Cernica Știrbei and is of Slavic origin, meaning "black".

title: Cernica


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Cornetu

Cornetu is a commune in the south-west of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. In Romanian, its name signifies a forest of European Cornel (Cornus mas) trees. It is composed of two villages, Buda and Cornetu.

title: Cornetu


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Paul Hirst

Paul Quentin Hirst (1946–2003) was a British sociologist and political theorist. He became Professor of Social Theory at Birkbeck College, London, in 1985 and held the post until his death from a stroke and brain haemorrhage.

Biography
On 20 May 1946, Hirst was born in Holbeton, Devon. His father was in the armed forces and part of this childhood was spent in Germany. He went to grammar school in Plymouth, he studied social science at the University of Leicester, where he was taught by Sami Zubaida, and took his master's in sociology at the University of Sussex.

Hirst took up a lectureship at Birkbeck College in 1969. In 1972, he was one of the founding members of the Department of Politics and Sociology at Birkbeck. He was appointed Reader in Social Theory in 1978 and Professor seven years later.

During the 1970s he became well known (along with Barry Hindess) as the main figure in British structural Marxism. By the late 1970s and 1980s, however, Hirst had become a critic of Louis Althusser's brand of Marxism. Drawing upon Michel Foucault but also W. V. O. Quine and Ludwig Wittgenstein, he criticised essentialism, epistemological discourses and the possibility of any general theory, in a move against careless sociological constructionist imperialism. In his work on democratic governance, he turned towards the ideas of the English political pluralists: John Neville Figgis, G. D. H. Cole, and Harold Laski. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Hirst developed a theory of associationalism which attempted to revive social democracy by providing an alternative to state socialism and free-market liberalism. He also made important contributions to critical legal theory.

His later work, with Grahame Thompson resulted in an influential criticism of fashionable theories of economic globalisation, demonstrating the continued importance of the nation-state. His book 'War and Power' is a historical-sociological analysis of the development of the modern state and state system and addresses some of current political challenges including climate change. His last book 'Space and Power' clearly demonstrated his intellectual scope. In the book he investigates the relationship between space and power, arguing that the exercise of power is both constrained by and shapes the character of the built environment.

With Mark Cousins, Colin MacCabe, and Richard Humphreys, he founded the London Consortium in 1993. He chaired the Executive Committee of Charter 88 and was an early and regular contributor to openDemocracy.

He died on 17 June 2003 in London.

Selected bibliography

 * Hirst, P. and Hindess, B. Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975.
 * Hirst, P. On Law and Ideology. London: MacMillan, 1979.
 * Hirst, P. and Woolley, P. Social Relations and Human Attributes. London: Routledge, 1982.
 * Hirst, P. Law, Socialism and Democracy. London: Harper Collins, 1986.
 * Hirst, P. “Carl Schmitt's Decisionism”. Telos 72 (Summer 1987). New York: Telos Press.
 * Hirst, P. Representative Democracy and its Limits. Cambridge: Polity, 1990.
 * Hirst, P. Associative Democracy. Cambridge: Polity, 1993.
 * Hirst, P. From Statism to Pluralism. London: UCL Press, 1997.
 * Hirst, P. and Thompson, G. Globalisation in Question. Cambridge: Polity, 1999.
 * Hirst, P. War and Power in the 21st Century. Cambridge: Polity, 2001.
 * Hirst, P. Space and Power: Politics, War and Architecture. Cambridge: Polity, 2005.

Journals

 * "Statism, Pluralism and Social Control", The British Journal of Criminology, Volume 40, Issue 2, (1 March 2000), pp 279–295

title: Paul Hirst


text:
Măgurele

Măgurele is a town situated in the southwestern part of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. It has a population of 14,414 as of 2021 and hosts several research institutes.

In 2024, new buses were donated from the Voluntari district. It is rapidly developing. Examples include investment into education in Vârteju, construction of a new water supply and sewage collection network in Măgurele, and 85 households in Aluniș, connected to the water and sewage network.

Research institutes
Although a small town, Măgurele hosts 9 different research institutes, on the naukograd model:
 * Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (NIPNE/IFIN-HH) nipne.ro
 * Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) www.eli-np.ro
 * National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR) inflpr.ro
 * National Institute of Materials Physics (NIMP) infim.ro
 * Institute of Atomic Physics (IFA) ifa-mg.ro
 * National Institute of R&D for Optoelectronics (INOE 2000) inoe.ro
 * National Institute for Earth Physics (NIEP/INCDFP) infp.ro
 * National Institute of Research and Development in Mechatronics and Measurement Technique (INCDMTM) incdmtm.ro
 * National Research&Development Institute for Non-ferrous and Rare Metals (IMNR) imnr.ro
 * Research and Development National Institute for Metals and Radioactive Resources (INCDMRR-ICPMRR) incdmrr.ro

The town hosts Măgurele Science Park, the largest science park in Romania, consisting of a series o research institutes. among which a nuclear research lab, the Institute of Atomic Physics (IFA) and its National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH). Between 1957 and 1998, it had a Soviet VVRS research reactor, now closed down. The Faculty of Physics of the University of Bucharest is also located in Măgurele.

According to a Romanian government press release, the high power laser system (HPLS) project of the Extreme Light Infrastructure — Nuclear Physics Center achieved the power of 10 petawatts on 7 March 2019, becoming the most powerful laser in the world.

Administration
Măgurele was declared a town in 2004. At the 2021 census it had a population of 14,414. Four villages are administered by the town: Alunișu, Dumitrana, Pruni, and Vârteju.

The local administration releases the monthly Pro Măgurele newspaper.

Etymology
Its name is derived from a Romanian word possibly of Dacian origin, măgură, meaning "hill".

Natives

 * George Anania (1941–2013), science-fiction writer and translator
 * Augustin Deleanu (1944–2014), footballer

title: Măgurele


text:
Berceni, Ilfov

Berceni is a commune in the southeastern part of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania, composed of a single village, Berceni.

The commune is located at the southern edge of Bucharest, about 15 km from the city center, to which it is connected by the Berceni Road and the DJ401 county road. On its northwestern side, the commune abuts the Berceni neighborhood of Bucharest, while on its southeastern side it abuts Giurgiu County.

From 1957 to 2016, Stadionul Berceni was the home ground for the football club ACS Berceni. In the summer of 2016, the team moved to Buftea after clashing with the local administration of Berceni.

title: Berceni, Ilfov


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Dărăști-Ilfov

Dărăști-Ilfov is a commune in the south of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania, 20 km from the national capital, Bucharest. It is composed of a single village, Dărăști-Ilfov. The commune, with a population of 2,865 people as of 2021, is mainly inhabited by low-income families, many of which commute to Bucharest for work but live in the locality due to cheaper housing.

Transport
Until July 2005, Dărăști had been served by public bus route 433 from Bucharest, run by RATB, the capital's bus operator. After July 2005, however, RATB suspended all of its outer-suburban routes in Ilfov County, including Route 433 to Dărăști, citing lack of profitability on these routes. This resulted in the routes being licensed out to private operators. The Dărăști-Bucharest route was contracted to Atlassib, a Romanian bus company which operates internationally. Atlassib has been accused by the residents of Dărăști for doubling prices, despite the fact that RATB prices were heavily subsidised.

In October 2005, this led to a number of revolts by the residents of the Dărăști, many of which refused to pay the fare, physically-abused drivers and controllers, and damaged the buses, causing losses of 200,000 lei to Altassib. This has led to the introduction of security guards on Dărăști services, and in bus stops alongside the route, making the Dărăști–Bucharest route the only route in Romania that necessitates this type of security. On October 10, 2005, Gândul reported that the threats and assault against Atlassib employees increased, prompted by a price rise of more than 30% that Altassib maintains was only caused by a need to recover losses on the route. This had led many to believe that the bus service may soon by totally suspended, leaving the locality without any public transport links with Bucharest and further exacerbating Dărăști's social problems.

In 2006, RATB reintroduced Route 433 services from Bucharest to Dărăști, and the locality is now once again connected to the capital's public bus network.

title: Dărăști-Ilfov


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1 Decembrie

1 Decembrie is a commune in the south of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania, composed of a single village, 1 Decembrie. It also included Copăceni village until 2005, when it was split off to form a separate commune.

Name
Originally named Copăcenii de Sus, in the 1930s the village changed its name to Regele Ferdinand, in memory of King Ferdinand of Romania. After the Communist takeover in the aftermath of World War II, the name was changed to 30 Decembrie (December 30), to commemorate the day when the country became a republic in 1947. In 1996, following the Romanian Revolution, the name was changed to 1 Decembrie (December 1), which marks Union Day, the day when the Kingdom of Romania was united with Transylvania in 1918.

Demographics
As of the 2021 census, the commune had a population of 8,206, of which 78.15% are Romanians and 4.26% are Roma.

Natives

 * Angela Similea (born 1946), female pop star

Sports
Sportul 30 Decembrie was a football club based in the commune. Founded in 1950, the club was financially supported by the local farm; its team was the first from Ilfov County to play in Liga II. The club was dissolved in 1992.

title: 1 Decembrie


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Vidra, Ilfov

Vidra is a commune in the south of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. Its name means "otter". It is composed of three villages: Crețești, Sintești, and Vidra.

Natives

 * Spiridon Niculescu (born 1943), football goalkeeper and manager

title: Vidra, Ilfov


text:
Volley theory

Volley theory states that groups of neurons of the auditory system respond to a sound by firing action potentials slightly out of phase with one another so that when combined, a greater frequency of sound can be encoded and sent to the brain to be analyzed. The theory was proposed by Ernest Wever and Charles Bray in 1930 as a supplement to the frequency theory of hearing. It was later discovered that this only occurs in response to sounds that are about 500 Hz to 5000 Hz.

Description
The volley theory was explained in depth in Ernest Wever's 1949 book, Theory of Hearing Groups of neurons in the cochlea individually fire at subharmonic frequencies of a sound being heard and collectively phase-lock to match the total frequencies of the sound. The reason for this is that neurons can only fire at a maximum of about 500 Hz but other theories of hearing did not explain for hearing sounds below about 5000 Hz.

Harmonic spectrums
Sounds are often sums of multiple frequency tones. When these frequencies are whole number multiples of a fundamental frequency they create a harmonic. When groups of auditory neurons are presented with harmonics, each neuron fires at one frequency and when combined, the entire harmonic is encoded into the primary auditory cortex of the brain. This is the basis of volley theory.

Phase-locking
Phase-locking is known as matching amplitude times to a certain phase of another waveform. In the case of auditory neurons, this means firing an action potential at a certain phase of a stimulus sound being delivered. It has been seen that when being played a pure tone, auditory nerve fibers will fire at the same frequency as the tone. Volley theory suggests that groups of auditory neurons use phase-locking to represent subharmonic frequencies of one harmonic sound. This has been shown in guinea pig and cat models.

In 1980, Don Johnson experimentally revealed phase-locking in the auditory nerve fibers of the adult cat. In the presence of -40 to -100 decibel single tones lasting 15 or 30 seconds, recordings from the auditory nerve fibers showed firing fluctuations in synchrony with the stimulus. Johnson observed that during frequencies below 1000 Hz, two peaks are recorded for every cycle of the stimulus, which had varying phases according to stimulation frequency. This phenomenon was interpreted as the result of a second harmonic, phase-locking to the stimulus waveform. However, at frequencies between about 1000 Hz and 5000 Hz, phase-locking becomes progressively inaccurate and intervals tend to become more random.

Pitch perception
Pitch is an assigned, perceptual property where a listener orders sound frequencies from low to high. Pitch is hypothesized to be determined by receiving phase-locked input from neuronal axons and combining that information into harmonics. In simple sounds consisting of one frequency, the pitch is equivalent to the frequency. There are two models of pitch perception; a spectral and a temporal. Low frequency sounds evoke the strongest pitches, suggesting that pitch is based on the temporal components of the sound. Historically, there have been many models of pitch perception. (Terhardt, 1974; Goldstein, 1973; Wightman, 1973). Many consisted of a peripheral spectral-analysis stage and a central periodicity-analysis stage. In his model, Terhardt claims that the spectral-analysis output of complex sounds, specifically low frequency ones, is a learned entity which eventually allows easy identification of the virtual pitch. The volley principle is predominantly seen during the pitch perception of lower frequencies where sounds are often resolved. Goldstein proposed that through phase-locking and temporal frequencies encoded in neuron firing rates, the brain has the itemization of frequencies that can then be used to estimate pitch.

Discovery and history
Throughout the nineteenth century, many theories and concepts of hearing were created. Ernest Wever proposed the volley theory in 1937 with his paper "The Perception of Low Tones and the Resonance-Volley Theory". In this paper, Wever discusses previous theories of hearing and introduces volley theory using support from his own experiments and research. The theory was introduced as a supplement to the frequency theory or temporal theory of hearing, which was in contrast to the place theory of hearing.

Place theory
The most prominent figure in the creation of the place theory of hearing is Hermann von Helmholtz, who published his finished theory in 1885. Helmholtz claimed that the cochlea contained individual fibers for analyzing each pitch and delivering that information to the brain. Many followers revised and added to Helmholtz's theory and the consensus soon became that high frequency sounds were encoded near the base of the cochlea and that middle frequency sounds were encoded near the apex. Georg von Békésy developed a novel method of dissecting the inner ear and using stroboscopic illumination to observe the basilar membrane move, adding evidence to support the theory.

Frequency theory
Ideas related to the frequency theory of hearing came about in the late 1800s as a result of the research of many individuals. In 1865, Heinrich Adolf Rinne challenged the place theory; he claimed that it’s not very efficient for complex sounds to be broken into simple sounds then be reconstructed in the brain. Later, Friedrich Voltolini added on by proposing that every auditory hair cell is stimulated by any sound. Correspondingly, William Rutherford provided evidence that this hypothesis was true, allowing greater accuracy of the cochlea. In 1886, Rutherford also proposed that the brain interpreted the vibrations of the hair cells and that the cochlea did no frequency or pitch analysis of the sound. Soon after, Max Friedrich Meyer, among other ideas, theorized that nerves would be excited at the same frequency of the stimulus.

Volley theory
Of the various theories and notions created by Rinne, Rutherford, and their followers, the frequency theory was born. In general, it claimed that all sounds were encoded to the brain by neurons firing at a rate that mimics the frequency of the sound. However, because humans can hear frequencies up to 20,000 Hz but neurons cannot fire at these rates, the frequency theory had a major flaw. In an effort to combat this fault, Ernest Wever and Charles Bray, in 1930, proposed the volley theory, claiming that multiple neurons could fire in a volley to later combine and equal the frequency of the original sound stimulus. Through more research, it was determined that because phase synchrony is only accurate up to about 1000 Hz, volley theory cannot account for all frequencies at which we hear.

Present thoughts
Ultimately, as new methods of studying the inner ear came about, a combination of place theory and frequency theory was adopted. Today, it is widely believed that hearing follows the rules of the frequency theory, including volley theory, at frequencies below 1000 Hz and place theory at frequencies above 5000 Hz. For sounds with frequencies between 1000 and 5000 Hz, both theories come into play so the brain can utilize the basilar membrane location and the rate of the impulse.

Experimental evidence
Due to the invasiveness of most hearing related experiments, it is difficult to use human models in the study of the auditory system. However, many findings have been revealed in cats and guinea pigs. Additionally, there are few ways to study the basilar membrane in vivo.

Sound Stimuli
Many revolutionary concepts regarding hearing and encoding sound in the brain were founded in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Various tool were used induce a response in auditory nerves that were to be recorded. Experiments by Helmholtz, Wever, and Bray often involved the use of organ pipes, stretched springs, loaded reeds, lamellas, vibrating forks, beats, and interruption tones to create “clicks”, harmonics, or pure tones. Today, electronic oscillators are often used to create sinusoidal or square waves of precise frequencies.

Electrophysiology
Attempts to electrically record from the auditory nerve began as early as 1896. Electrodes were placed into the auditory nerve of various animal models to give insight on the rate at which the neurons are firing. In a 1930 experiment involving the auditory nerve of a cat, Wever and Bray found that 100–5000 Hz sounds played to the cat produced similar frequency firing in the nerve. This supported the frequency theory and the volley theory.

Stroboscopic illumination
Pioneered by Georg von Békésy, a method to observe the basilar membrane in action came about in the mid 1900s. Békésy isolated the cochlea from human and animal cadavers and labeled the basilar membrane with silver flakes. This allowed strobe imaging to capture the movement of the membrane as sounds stimulated the hair cells. This led to the solidification of the idea that high frequencies excite the basal end of the cochlea and provided new information that low frequencies excite a large area of the cochlea. This new finding suggested that specialized properties are occurring for high frequency hearing and that low frequencies involve mechanisms explained in the frequency theory.

Missing fundamental
A fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency of a harmonic. In some cases, sound can have all the frequencies of a harmonic but be missing the fundamental frequency, this is known as missing fundamental. When listening to a sound with a missing fundamental, the human brain still receives information for all frequencies, including the fundamental frequency which does not exist in the sound. This implies that sound is encoded by neurons firing at all frequencies of a harmonic, therefore, the neurons must be locked in some way to result in the hearing of one sound.

Hearing loss and deafness
Congenital deafness or sensorineural hearing loss is an often used model for the study of the inner ear regarding pitch perception and theories of hearing in general. Frequency analysis of these individuals’ hearing has given insight on common deviations from normal tuning curves, excitation patterns, and frequency discrimination ranges. By applying pure or complex tones, information on pitch perception can be obtained. In 1983, it was shown that subjects with low frequency sensorineural hearing loss demonstrated abnormal psychophysical tuning curves. Changes in the spatial responses in these subjects showed similar pitch judgment abilities when compared to subjects with normal spatial responses. This was especially true regarding low frequency stimuli. These results suggest that the place theory of hearing does not explain pitch perception at low frequencies, but that the temporal (frequency) theory is more likely. This conclusion is due to the finding that when deprived of basilar membrane place information, these patients still demonstrated normal pitch perception. Computer models for pitch perception and loudness perception are often used during hearing studies on acoustically impaired subjects. The combination of this modeling and knowledge of natural hearing allows for better development of hearing aids.

title: Volley theory


text:
Rush Copley Medical Center

Rush Copley Medical Center in Aurora, Illinois, is a 210-bed hospital in the greater Fox Valley area. It is named after Ira Clifton Copley, who donated over $2 million for the original hospital. It is part of the Rush University System for Health, which includes Rush University Medical Center in Chicago and Rush Oak Park Hospital.

The Cancer Care Center has been designated as a Comprehensive Community Cancer Center by the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer.

Rush Copley Neuroscience Services provides specialized care to the greater Fox Valley area.

The Heart and Vascular Institute is an accredited Chest Pain Center for the care of patients with acute coronary from the Society of Chest Pain Centers.

Emergency Services is a designated Level II Trauma Center that serves nearly 70,000 patients annually.

The health complex also includes a fitness center which includes exercise equipment, tennis, basketball, swimming, pickleball, etc. The center is used for fitness and physical therapy.

title: Rush Copley Medical Center


text:
Talk:Seattle general strike

1.1.7 : "Any page which is requested for deletion by the original author, provided the author reasonably explains that it was created by mistake, and the page was edited only by its author."

title: Talk:Seattle general strike


text:
User:James1234

Don't pay much attention to yourself, it is not a good beginning. Pay too much attention to yourself, it is not a good ending. Where is way, please show me.

title: User:James1234


text:
Swingnose crossing

A swingnose crossing or moveable point frog is a device used at a railroad switch to eliminate the gap at the common crossing (a.k.a. frog) which can cause damage and noise.

Fixed crossing
On a fixed railway crossing, the wheels need only drift by a small angle, say 1 in 20, before the vehicle may start to go in the wrong direction at the V of a V-crossing. This problem can limit the maximum speed of vehicles using the crossing.

In addition, the open gap at a fixed V-crossing forms a weak point on the railway line where the heavily loaded wheel must bump across the resulting gap of about 10 cm, supported only by the portion of the wheel tread which is on the wing rail. This pounds the rail so much that the steel can deform and/or wear away. This damage may easily spread to other components including the wheels, and the noise can be a nuisance. Scheduling repair of damage can also be a problem in high traffic locations.

Swingnose crossings virtually eliminate the gap at V-crossings allowing for higher vehicle speeds.

The swingnose crossing overcomes the problem of the gap by moving the point of the V-crossing from side to side, synchronised with the selected direction of the turnout. The wheels are supported the entire way on their treads, and do not produce noise and vibration that would otherwise occur.

Swingnose crossings are also useful where heavy rail and light rail vehicles, which have different wheel profiles, share the same track.

Swingwing crossing
A variety of swingnose crossing, suitable for locations where a branch line turns off a higher-speed line, is the swing wing crossing. In this device, the V-crossing does not need its own motor but is moved by the flange of an approaching wheel on the branch track. It returns to its normal position when the diverging train has passed, pushed by a damped spring.

Parameters
Swingnose crossings would be used for V-crossings finer than about 1 in 20, and for axle loads in excess of 25 tonnes.

Operation
Swingnose crossings need to operate at the same time as the main turnout switches to which they belong. This may require excessive effort for manual operation, and require a point motor. The main turnout and the swingnose crossing will require separate machines.

Switched diamond
A switched diamond is a diamond crossing in which the fixed frogs are replaced by moveable frogs.

title: Swingnose crossing


text:
Latanoprost

Latanoprost, sold under the brand name Xalatan among others, is a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure). This includes ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma. Latanaprost is applied as eye drops to the eyes. Onset of effects is usually within four hours, and they last for up to a day.

Common side effects include blurry vision, redness of the eye, itchiness, and darkening of the iris. Latanoprost is in the prostaglandin analogue family of medications. It works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes through the uveoscleral tract.

Latanoprost was approved for medical use in the United States and the European Union in 1996. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Latanoprost is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 68th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States with more than 9million prescriptions. It is available as a combination with netarsudil and with timolol.

Medical uses
In the United States, latanoprost is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in people with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Open-angle glaucoma

In people with ocular hypertension (IOP ≥21 mm Hg) including open-angle glaucoma, treatment with latanoprost reduced IOP levels by 22 to 39% over 1 to 12 months’ treatment. Latanoprost is more effective than timolol 0.5% twice daily in 3 of 4 large (n = 163 to 267) randomised, double-blind trials. Latanoprost demonstrated a stable long-term IOP-lowering effect in 1- or 2-year continuations of these trials, with no sign of diminishing effect during prolonged treatment.

Meta-analysis suggests that latanoprost is more effective than timolol in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). However, it often causes iris pigmentation. While current evidence suggests that this pigmentation is benign, careful lifetime evaluation of patients is still justified.

Closed-angle glaucoma
Patients who had elevated IOP despite iridotomy and/or iridectomy (including patients of Asian descent), latanoprost was significantly more effective than timolol in two double-blind, monotherapy trials (8.2 and 8.8 mm Hg vs 5.2 and 5.7 mm Hg for latanoprost vs timolol at 12 and 2 weeks, respectively).

Adverse effects
Listed from most to least common:

 * > 5–15%: blurred vision, burning and stinging, conjunctival hyperemia, foreign body sensation, itching, increased (brown) pigmentation of the iris (causing heterochromia), punctate epithelial keratopathy
 * 4%: cold or upper respiratory tract infections, flu-like syndrome
 * 1–4%: dry eyes, excessive tearing, eye pain, lid crusting, lid edema, lid erythema (hyperemia), lid pain, photophobia
 * 1–2%: chest pain, allergic skin reactions, arthralgia, back pain, myalgia
 * < 1 % (only severe or life-threatening effects): asthma, herpes keratitis, iritis, keratitis, retinal artery embolus, retinal detachment, toxic epidermal necrolysis, uveitis, vitreous hemorrhage from diabetic retinopathy
 * A single case report links latanoprost use to the progression of keratoconus.

Research suggests that wiping the eye with an absorbent pad after the administration of eye drops can result in shorter eyelashes and a lesser chance of hyperpigmentation in the eyelid, compared to not wiping off excess fluid.

Interactions
Interactions are similar to other prostaglandin analogs. Paradoxically, the concomitant use of latanoprost and bimatoprost or other prostaglandins may result in increased intraocular pressure. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can reduce or increase the effect of latanoprost.

Mechanism of action
Like other prostaglandin analogues, latanoprost acid is an analog of prostaglandin F2α that acts as a selective agonist at the prostaglandin F receptor. Prostaglandins increase the sclera's permeability to aqueous fluid. By giving latanoprorost, it increases prostaglandin's scleral activity, increasing outflow of aqueous fluid and lowering intraocular pressure. The outflow of aqueous fluid would reduce the intraocular pressure in the eye, reducing the likelihood of complications such as optic nerve damage and visual field loss.

Pharmacokinetics
Latanoprost is absorbed well through the cornea. As an ester prodrug, it completely hydrolyses to the active latanoprost acid upon absorption to become biologically active. Highest concentrations of the acid in the aqueous humour are reached two hours after application, lowering of intraocular pressure starts after 3 to 4 hours, with its highest effect found after 8 to 12 hours, and its effect still present for at least 24 hours. When latanoprost acid reaches the circulation, it is quickly metabolised in the liver by fatty acid beta oxidation to 1,2-dinor- and 1,2,3,4-tetranor-latanoprost acid; blood plasma half life is only 17 minutes. The metabolites are mainly excreted via the kidney, with 88% of the topical dose and 98% of an intravenous dose being recovered in the urine respectively.

The activation and deactivation pathway is analogous to the one of tafluprost (at least up to the tetranor-metabolite); compare Tafluprost.

Stability
Latanoprost exhibits thermal and solar instability. The concentration of latanoprost stored at 50 °C will decrease by 10% every 8.25 days. When stored at 70 °C the concentration will decrease by 10% every 1.32 days. Ultraviolet light, for example in sunlight, causes rapid degradation of latanoprost.

Legal status
Latanoprost was approved for medical use in the United States and the European Union in 1996.

In September 2023, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Catiolanze, intended for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in adults with open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and in children from four years and adolescents with elevated intraocular pressure and pediatric glaucoma. The applicant for this medicinal product is Santen Oy. Catiolanze was approved for medical use in the European Union in November 2023.

Brand names
Latanoprost is sold under many brand names including Xalatan, Iyuzeh, Xelpros, and Catiolanze.

In the US, Xalatan is marketed by Viatris after Upjohn was spun off from Pfizer.

Cosmetic use

 * Lengthening and thickening of the eyelashes (used, like bimatoprost, in the cosmetic industry as eyelash growth enhancers).

title: Latanoprost


text: User:CJ/Lab

title: User:CJ/Lab


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BlackNite Records

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete both. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:58, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

BlackNite Records and EdgeSide
A label with only one band and the band signed to that label that doesn't even have a demo tape yet... Violates everything in WP:MUSIC. Delete both. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 07:06, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable self promotion. JamesBurns 09:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no sign of compliance with WP:Music guidelines for label or band. Capitalistroadster 10:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn label vanity. And for the love of god, stop with the Capitalizing Of Every Damn Word. --  Etacar11   23:40, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Japanese occupation of Singapore

Syonan (昭南), officially Syonan Island (昭南島), was the name for Singapore when it was occupied and ruled by the Empire of Japan, following the fall and surrender of British military forces on 15 February 1942 during World War II.

Japanese military forces occupied it after defeating the combined British, Indian, Australian, Malayan and the Straits Settlements garrison in the Battle of Singapore. The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations, including those of Japan, Britain, and Singapore. Singapore was renamed Syonan-to, meaning "Light of the South Island" and was also included as part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (大東亜共栄圏).

Singapore was officially returned to British colonial rule on 12 September 1945, following the formal signing of the surrender at the Municipal Building, currently known as City Hall. After the return of the British, there was growing political sentiments amongst the local populace in tandem with the rise of anti-colonial and nationalist fervor, as many felt that the British were no longer competent with the administration and defence of the crown colony and its inhabitants.

Shortly after the war, the Straits Settlements was dissolved and Singapore became a separate crown colony in 1946. It would go on to achieve self-governance in 1959 and join with Malaya to form Malaysia in 1963, before becoming a sovereign city-state a few years later in 1965. The day of the surrender of the British to the Japanese in 1942 continues to be commemorated in Singapore with Total Defence Day, which is marked annually on 15 February.

Events leading to the occupation
On 8 December 1941, Singapore was hit by the first Japanese bombs. After the air strike, the Japanese forces focused their invasion on Malaya (present-day Peninsular Malaysia). During that time, the people in Malaya and Singapore thought the British rulers could defend them. However, the Japanese had soldiers well-trained in jungle warfare. They used light tanks to move quickly through the jungle. As a result, they managed to capture Malaya within 55 days. By 31 January 1942, the Japanese forces had captured Johor Bahru. The British forces retreated from Malaya to Singapore. They then blew up the Johor-Singapore Causeway, which linked Malaya and Singapore. They wanted to delay the Japanese forces from entering Singapore. The British plan for the defense of Singapore was to guard against attacks from the sea. For example, there were coastal defenses guarding the southern coastline of Singapore. However, the Japanese forces entered Singapore via the northwestern coastline. On 7 February 1942, the Japanese forces attacked Pulau Ubin to mislead the British forces into thinking that they would attack Singapore from the northeast. The very next day, The Japanese forces made use of boats to cross the Straits of Johor. On 9 February 1942, The Japanese forces repaired the Causeway, which had been blown up by the British forces. They then crossed into Singapore. 2 days later, the Japanese forces reached Bukit Timah, where there was a reservoir. This was also where the British kept their food and weapons. Fierce fighting took place, with Chinese volunteers and British forces fighting against the Japanese forces. In the end, the British forces lost the battle. Many soldiers were killed on both sides. On 12 February, the Japanese forces attacked Fort Siloso at Sentosa. The British forces sank one of the Japanese ships. The next day, a fierce battle took place between the British forces and the Japanese forces at Pasir Panjang, where the British forces kept their military stores. Fighting alongside the British were soldiers from the Malay Regiment. They were led by Lieutenant Adnan bin Saidi who died in the battle. The next day, Japanese soldiers charged into the Alexandra Military Hospital (present-day Alexandra Hospital), where they killed more than 200 hospital staff and patients. The British decided to surrender. The supplies of water, food and ammunition were running out, and the soldiers were tired. The British wanted to prevent more deaths. On the evening of 15 February 1942, Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival, the leader of the British forces in Singapore, met Lieutenant-General Tomoyuki Yamashita, the leader of the Japanese forces tasked to capture Malaya and Singapore. At the meeting, the British forces surrendered Singapore to the Japanese forces.

Time of mass-terror
The main army which took Malaya, the 25th Army, was redeployed to other fronts such as the Philippines and New Guinea shortly after the fall of Singapore. The Kempeitai (the Japanese military police), which was the dominant occupation unit in Singapore, committed numerous atrocities towards the common people. They introduced the system of "Sook Ching", meaning "purging through purification" in Chinese, to get rid of those, especially ethnic Chinese, deemed to be hostile to the Empire of Japan (anti-Japanese elements in the local population). The Sook Ching massacres claimed the lives of between 25,000 and 55,000 ethnic Chinese in Singapore as well as in neighboring Malaya. These victims, mainly males between the ages of 18 and 50, were rounded up and taken to deserted spots and remote locations around the island, such as Changi Beach, Punggol Point, and Siglap, and killed systematically using machine guns and rifles.

Moreover, the Kempeitai established an island-wide network of local informants to help them identify those they suspected as anti-Japanese. These informers were well-paid by the Kempeitai and had no fear of being arrested for their loyalty was not in question to the occupation forces. These informers worked at Kempeitai screening centres where the Japanese attempted to single out anti-Japanese elements for execution. Japanese soldiers and Kempeitai officers patrolled the streets often and all commoners had to bow to them with respect when they passed by. Those who failed to do so would be slapped, punched, beaten and some people would even be taken away to imprisonment or even face execution.

Other changes to life in Singapore
To discourage Western influence, which Japan sought to eliminate from the very start of their invasion, the Japanese set up schools and education institutions and pressured the local people to learn their language (Japanese). Textbooks and language guidebooks were printed in Japanese and radios and movies were broadcast and screened in Japanese. Every morning, school-children had to stand facing the direction of Japan (in the case of Singapore, looking northeast) and sing the Japanese national anthem ("Kimigayo"). Japanese propaganda banners and posters also went up all around Singapore, as did many Japanese Rising Sun flags raised and hung across many major buildings.

Scarcity of basic needs

Basic resources, ranging from food to medication, were scarce during the occupation. The prices of basic necessities increased drastically over the three and a half years due to hyperinflation. For example, the price of rice increased from $5 per 100 catties (about 60 kg) to $5,000 by the end of the occupation between August and September 1945. The Japanese issued ration cards, also known as "Peace Living Certificates", which were very precious to the people at that time, to limit the amount of resources distributed to the civilian population. Adults could purchase 5 kg of rice per month and children received 2 kg accordingly. The amount of rice for adults was reduced by 25% as the war progressed, as much of the scarce rice supplies were sent to feed the Japanese military.

The Japanese issued "Banana Money" (so referred to due to the image of a banana tree printed on most of such notes of the currency) as their main currency during the occupation period since British Straits currency became rarer and was subsequently phased out when the Japanese took over in 1942. They instituted elements of a command economy in which there were restrictions on the demand and supply of resources, thus creating a popular black market from which the locals could obtain key scarce resources such as rice, meat, and medicine. The "Banana" currency started to suffer from high inflation and dropped drastically in value because the occupation authorities would simply print more whenever they needed it; consequently on the black market, Straits currency was more widely used.

Food availability and quality decreased greatly. Sweet potatoes, tapiocas and yams became the staple food of most diets of many Singaporeans because they were considerably cheaper than rice and could also be grown fast and easily in backyard gardens. They were then turned into a variety of dishes, as both desserts and all three meals of the day. Such foods helped to fend starvation off, with limited success in terms of nutrients gained, and new ways of consuming sweet potatoes, tapiocas and yams with other products were regularly invented and created to help stave off the monotony. Both the British colonial and Japanese occupation authorities encouraged their local population to grow their own food even if they had the smallest amount of land. The encouragement and production were similar to what occurred with "Victory Gardens" in Western nations (predominantly in Europe) during World War II as food supplies grew ever scarcer. Ipomoea aquatica, which grew relatively easily and flourished relatively well near water sources, became a popular food-crop just as it did the other vegetables.

Education
After taking Singapore, the Japanese established the Shonan Japanese School (昭南日本学園), to educate the Malays, Chinese, Indians, and Eurasians in the Japanese language. Faye Yuan Kleeman, the author of Under an Imperial Sun: Japanese Colonial Literature of Taiwan and the South wrote that it was the most successful of such schools in Southeast Asia. During the occupation, the Japanese had also opened the Shonan First People's School.

Allied attacks

Singapore was the target of various operations masterminded by Allied forces to disrupt Japanese military activities. On 26 September 1943, an Allied commando unit known as Z Force led by Major Ivan Lyon infiltrated Singapore Harbour and sank or damaged seven Japanese ships comprising over 39000 LT. Lyon led another operation, codenamed "Rimau", with the same objective almost a year later and sank three ships. Lyon and 13 of his men were killed fighting the Japanese. The other 10 men who participated in the operation were captured, charged with espionage in a kangaroo court and subsequently executed.

Lim Bo Seng of Force 136 led another operation, code-named Gustavus, he recruited and trained hundreds of secret agents through intensive military intelligence missions from China and India. He set up the Sino-British guerrilla task force Force 136 in 1942 with Captain John Davis of the Special Operations Executive (SOE). Operation Gustavus was aimed at establishing an espionage network in Malaya and Singapore to gather intelligence about Japanese activities, and thereby aid the British in Operation Zipper – the code name for their plan to take back Singapore from the Japanese. Force 136 was eventually disbanded after the war.

In August 1945, two XE class midget submarines of the Royal Navy took part in Operation Struggle, a plan to infiltrate Singapore Harbour and sabotage the Japanese cruisers JAPANESE CRUISER Takao and JAPANESE CRUISER Myōkō using limpet mines. They inflicted heavy damage on Takao, earning Lieutenant Ian Edward Fraser the Victoria Cross. From November 1944 to May 1945, Singapore was subjected to air raids by British and American long-range bomber units.

Naval facilities and docks in Singapore were also bombed on eleven occasions by American air units between November 1944 and May 1945. These attacks caused some damage to their targets but also killed a number of civilians. Most Singaporeans, however, welcomed the raids as they were seen as heralding Singapore's liberation from Japanese rule.

End of the occupation

On 6 August 1945, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Sixteen hours later, US President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan's surrender and warned it to "expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth." On 8 August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and the next day invaded the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Later that day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Following those events, Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration to end the war. After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état, Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on 15 August. In the radio address, he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies.

The surrender ceremony was held on 2 September aboard the United States Navy battleship USS Missouri at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, thereby ending the hostilities.

On 12 September 1945, a surrender instrument was signed at the Singapore Municipal Building. That was followed by a celebration at the Padang, which included a victory parade. Lord Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander of South East Asia Command, came to Singapore to receive the formal surrender of the Japanese forces in the region from General Seishirō Itagaki on behalf of Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi. A British military administration, using surrendered Japanese troops as security forces, was formed to govern the island until March 1946.

After the Japanese surrendered, there was a state of instability (anomie) in Singapore, as the British had not yet arrived to take control. The Japanese occupiers had a considerably weakened hold over the populace. There were widespread incidents of looting and revenge killing. Much of the infrastructure had been wrecked, including the harbour facilities and the electricity, water supply and telephone services. It took four or five years for the economy to return to prewar levels. When British troops finally arrived, they were met with cheering and fanfare.

Banana money became worthless after the occupation ended.

Memorials
To keep alive the memory of the Japanese occupation and its lessons learned for future generations, the Singapore government erected several memorials with some at the former massacre sites:

Civilian War Memorial
Spearheaded and managed by the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Civilian War Memorial is located in the War Memorial Park at Beach Road. Comprising four white concrete columns, this 61-meter-tall memorial commemorates the civilian dead of all races. It was built after thousands of remains were discovered all over Singapore during the urban redevelopment boom in the early 1960s. The memorial was officially unveiled by Singapore's first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew on the 25th anniversary of the start of the Japanese occupation in 1967. It was constructed with part of the S$50 million 'blood debt' compensation paid by the Japanese government in October 1966. Speaking at the unveiling ceremony, Lee said:

"We meet to remember the men and women who were the hapless victims of one of the fires of history... If today we remember these lessons of the past, we strengthen our resolve and determination to make our future more secure then these men and women for whom we mourn would not have died in vain."

On 15 February every year, memorial services (opened to the public) are held at the memorial.

Sook Ching Centre Monument
The site of this monument lies within the Hong Lim Complex in Chinatown. The inscription on the monument reads:

The site was one of the temporary registration centres of the Japanese Military Police, the Kempeitai, for screening 'anti-Japanese' Chinese.

On 18 February 1942, three days after the surrender of Singapore, the Kempeitai launched a month-long purge of 'anti-Japanese elements' in an operation named Sook Ching. All Chinese men between 18 and 50 years old, and in some cases women and children, were ordered to report to these temporary registration centers for interrogation and identification by the Kempeitai.

Those who passed the arbitrary screening were released with 'Examined' stamped on their faces, arms or clothes. Others, not so fortunate, were taken to outlying parts of Singapore and executed for alleged anti-Japanese activities. Tens of thousands were estimated to have lost their lives.

For those who were spared, the Sook Ching screening remains one of their worst memories of the Japanese Occupation. — National Heritage Board.

Changi Beach Massacre Monument
The site of this monument is located in Changi Beach Park (near Camp Site 2) in the eastern part of Singapore. The inscription reads:

66 male civilians were killed by Japanese Hojo Kempei (auxiliary military police) firing at the water's edge on this stretch of Changi Beach on 20 February 1942. They were among tens of thousands who lost their lives during the Japanese Sook Ching operation to purge suspected anti-Japanese civilians among Singapore's Chinese population between 18 February and 4 March 1942. Tanah Merah Besar Beach, a few hundred meters south (now part of Singapore Changi Airport runway) was one of the most heavily-used killing grounds where well over a thousand Chinese men and youths lost their lives. — National Heritage Board.

Punggol Beach Massacre Monument
The site of this monument is located off Punggol Road in northeastern Singapore. The inscription on the monument reads:

On 23 February 1942, some 300–400 Chinese civilians were killed along Punggol foreshore by Hojo Kempei (auxiliary military police) firing squad. They were among tens of thousands who lost their lives during the Japanese Sook Ching operation to purge suspected anti-Japanese civilians among Singapore's Chinese population between 18 February and 4 March 1942. The victims who perished along the foreshore were among 1,000 Chinese males rounded up following a house-to-house search of the Chinese community living along Upper Serangoon Road by Japanese soldiers. — National Heritage Board.

Popular culture
The Japanese occupation of Singapore has been depicted in media and popular culture, including films, television series and books:

Books Film
 * The Singapore Grip (1978), a comic-dramatic novel about British merchant families in Singapore and their complicated relationships with each other, other European expats, and other residents, including Chinese immigrants. The novel culminates in the invasion of the Malaysian peninsula and Singapore's occupation by the Japanese and includes several vivid battle scenes written from the point of view of a Japanese soldier in a tank battalion.
 * Ovidia Yu's Su Lin series of mysteries, beginning with The Frangipani Tree Mystery (2017), start off in 1930s Singapore and continue into the period of Japanese occupation.
 * Leftenan Adnan (2000), a Malaysian film set in the Battle of Singapore

Television series

 * Early episodes of Tenko, a BBC/ABC production.
 * The Heroes (1988), an Australian-British co-production.
 * Heroes II: The Return (1991), an Australian miniseries.
 * The Last Rhythm (1996), a Chinese language series produced by the Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS).
 * The Price of Peace (1997), produced by the TCS.
 * A War Diary (2001), produced by MediaCorp.
 * In Pursuit of Peace (2001), produced by MediaCorp.
 * Changi (2001), produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
 * The Journey: Tumultuous Times (2014), produced by MediaCorp.
 * The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye (2020), produced by Kabir Khan Films Pvt. Ltd.

List of monuments and historical sites

 * Civilian War Memorial
 * Kranji War Memorial and Cemetery
 * Changi Chapel and Museum
 * YMCA on Orchard Road
 * Alexandra Hospital grounds
 * Old Ford Motor Factory

title: Japanese occupation of Singapore


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Scalix

Scalix is an e-mail and groupware server that runs on Linux, licensed under the Scalix Public License (SPL).

The software provides e-mail, group calendaring and other collaborative software, which are standard in groupware. It can also be accessed from many different clients, most notably Microsoft Outlook, Novell and Evolution (formerly Ximian). It also has an AJAX-based web email and calendaring client named Scalix Web Access.

Background
The software was released by Scalix Corporation and founded by Julie Hanna in 2002, during her tenure as an Entrepreneur In Residence (EIR) at Mayfield Fund. The company was funded by venture firms New Enterprise Associates (NEA), Mohr Davidow Ventures (MDV) and Mayfield Fund. The code is based on the earlier HP OpenMail product, which was licensed from Hewlett-Packard.

In 2006, Scalix had thousands of customers for a total of over a million mailboxes. A majority of customers were migrating away from legacy software like Microsoft Exchange and Lotus Notes.

In July 2007, the company was purchased by Xandros and in July 2011 sold to Sebring Software Inc, a collaborative integration software company offering on-premises and cloud solutions.

On November 11, 2013, a press release announced a management buy-out and the concurrent release of version 12.0.

Software license
The Scalix Public License is based on the Mozilla Public License (MPL); the modifications have not been approved by the Open Source Initiative. The SPL adds an appendix (exhibit b) to the MPL requiring that any products derived from Scalix source code display a "Scalix" logo that links back to the Scalix website, and a copyright notice states that it must be "in the same form as the latest version of the Covered Code distributed by Scalix at the time of distribution of such copy".

Status
Scalix struggled to release the latest version with a maintenance update, announced for Q4/2011, and a major release, announced for Q1/2012, not being released. After a three year wait, the next major release of Scalix, version 12, was released on November 11, 2013, with support included for Outlook 2010 and 2013.

title: Scalix


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Talk:Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles

Just a note: This will eventually have to become a disambiguation page. As a quick Google search will show there are numerous F&M banks (and similar names) around the US. This is not even the only F&M Bank in Los Angeles County, with F&M Bank that is headquartered in Long Beach showing up as the first choice in the Google search.

The LA F&M Bank Building doesn't even show up until the 31st link (an 1971 certificate of deposit for sale —there is some good history on the bank on the webpage) (see also from the same website). Through the Google search, I also found an interesting book from the University of California Press and the Huntington Library : Robert Glass Cleland and Frank B. Putnam, "Isaias W. Hellman and the Farmers and Merchants Bank", ISBN 0-87328-018-0, 138 pages, 5-1/2 x 8-1/2 inches, 9 b/w illustrations.

This page should be moved to either Farmers and Merchants Bank Building, Farmers and Merchants Bank (Los Angeles), or Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles. Blank Verse  ∅  07:07, 19 July 2005 (UTC)


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Digital clock

A digital clock displays the time digitally (i.e. in numerals or other symbols), as opposed to an analogue clock.

Digital clocks are often associated with electronic drives, but the "digital" description refers only to the display, not to the drive mechanism. (Both analogue and digital clocks can be driven either mechanically or electronically, but "clockwork" mechanisms with digital displays are rare.)

History
The first digital pocket watch was the invention of Austrian engineer Josef Pallweber who created his "jump-hour" mechanism in 1883. Instead of a conventional dial, the jump-hour featured two windows in an enamel dial, through which the hours and minutes are visible on rotating discs. The second hand remained conventional. By 1885, Pallweber mechanism was already on the market in pocket watches by Cortébert and IWC; arguably contributing to the subsequent rise and commercial success of IWC. The principles of Pallweber jump-hour movement had appeared in wristwatches by the 1920s (Cortébert) and are still used today (Chronoswiss Digiteur). While the original inventor did not have a watch brand at the time, his name has since been resurrected by a newly established watch manufacturer.

Plato clocks used a similar idea but a different layout. These spring-wound pieces consisted of a glass cylinder with a column inside, affixed to which were small digital cards with numbers printed on them, which flipped as time passed. The Plato clocks were introduced at the St. Louis World Fair in 1904, produced by Ansonia Clock Company. Eugene Fitch of New York patented the clock design in 1903. Thirteen years earlier, Josef Pallweber had patented the same invention using digital cards (different from his 1885 patent using moving disks) in Germany (DRP No. 54093). The German factory Aktiengesellschaft für Uhrenfabrikation Lenzkirch made such digital clocks in 1893 and 1894.

The earliest patent for a digital alarm clock was registered by D. E. Protzmann and others on October 23, 1956, in the United States. Protzmann and his associates also patented another digital clock in 1970, which was said to use a minimal amount of moving parts. Two side-plates held digital numerals between them, while an electric motor and cam gear outside controlled movement.

In 1970, the first digital wristwatch with an LED display was unveiled on the Johnny Carson Show, although it was not released until 1972. Called the Pulsar, and produced by the Hamilton Watch Company, this watch was hinted at two years prior when the same company created a non-function digital watch prop (with a main analogue face but a secondary digital display) for Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey.

Construction
Digital clocks typically use the 50 or 60 hertz oscillation of AC power or a 32,768 hertz crystal oscillator as in a quartz clock to keep time. Most digital clocks display the hour of the day in 24-hour format; in the United States and a few other countries, a commonly used hour sequence option is 12-hour format (with some indication of AM or PM). Some timepieces, such as many digital watches, can be switched between 12-hour and 24-hour modes. Emulations of analog-style faces often use an LCD screen, and these are also sometimes described as "digital".

Displays
To represent time, most digital clocks use a seven-segment LED, VFD, or LCD for each of the four digits. They generally also include other elements to indicate whether the time is AM or PM, whether or not an alarm is set, and so on. Older digital clocks used numbers painted on wheels, or a split-flap display. High-end digital clocks use dot matrix displays and use animations for digit changes.

Setting
If people find difficulty in setting the time in some designs of digital clocks in electronic devices where the clock is not a critical function, they may not be set at all, displaying the default after powered on, 00:00 or 12:00.

Because they run on electricity, digital clocks often need to be reset whenever the power is cut off, even for a very brief period of time. This is a particular problem with alarm clocks that have no "battery" backup, because a power outage during the night usually prevents the clock from triggering the alarm in the morning.

To reduce the problem, many devices designed to operate on household electricity incorporate a battery backup to maintain the time during power outages and during times of disconnection from the power supply. More recently, some devices incorporate a method for automatically setting the time, such as using a broadcast radio time signal from an atomic clock, getting the time from an existing satellite television or computer connection, or by being set at the factory and then maintaining the time from then on with a quartz movement powered by an internal rechargeable battery. Commercial digital clocks are typically more reliable than consumer clocks. Multi-decade backup batteries can be used to maintain time during power loss.

Uses

Because digital clocks can be very small and inexpensive devices that enhance the popularity of product designs, they are often incorporated into all kinds of devices such as cars, radios, televisions, microwave ovens, standard ovens, computers and cell phones. Sometimes their usefulness is disputed: a common complaint is that when time has to be set to Daylight Saving Time, many household clocks have to be readjusted. The incorporation of automatic synchronization by a radio time signal is reducing this problem (see Radio clock). Smart digital clocks, in addition to displaying time, scroll additional information such as weather and notifications.

title: Digital clock


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Fox Valley (Illinois)

The Fox Valley—also commonly known as the Fox River Valley—is a region centered on the Fox River of Northern Illinois, along the western edges of the Chicago metropolitan area. The region extends from the village of Antioch, in far northern Illinois, to the city of Ottawa in the south. It includes rural areas, suburban development, and 19th-century downtowns. Around 1 million people live in this area.

Native American tribes that historically lived in this region include the Potawatomi, Sac, and Fox tribes.

Some of cities in the Fox River Valley are part of the Rust Belt. Within this region is Aurora, the second-largest city in the state, Elgin, and the nearby cities of Batavia, St. Charles, and Geneva, which have been known as the Tri-City area since the early 20th century.

Prominent cities
The following is a list of cities and villages from north to south, along the Fox River Valley:

 * Antioch
 * Fox Lake
 * Johnsburg
 * McHenry
 * Fox River Grove
 * Cary
 * Algonquin
 * Carpentersville
 * East Dundee
 * West Dundee
 * Elgin
 * South Elgin
 * Wayne
 * Campton Hills
 * St. Charles
 * Geneva
 * Batavia
 * North Aurora
 * Aurora
 * Montgomery
 * Oswego
 * Yorkville
 * Millbrook
 * Millington
 * Sheridan
 * Ottawa

title: Fox Valley (Illinois)


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Talk:Cormac McLaggen

Previously redirected to: Talk:List of supporting Harry Potter characters

title: Talk:Cormac McLaggen