text:
Talk:HMS Canopus (1897)

Canopus
The disambiguation page on Canopus (disambiguation) refers to two RN ships of this name. Where is the second? Mark O'Sullivan 15:17, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The HMS Canopus article was added on 13 August 2005 with this information. -- Curps 14:25, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Minor point but having naval warships and astronomy as interests, could I point out that Canopus is the second brightest star in the sky after Sirius (and of course the Sun) Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopus_(star)

Importance of Canopus's hit on Gneisenau
The article correctly gives HMS Canopus credit for causing Sharnhorst and Gneisenau to retreat, correctly suggests that the Germans would have won a stunning victory had they continued, and correctly says that the shell richoched.

In my opinion it achieved an absolute miracle. It could even be claimed to have had an effect on both world wars as Churchill's reputation might have been irreparably damaged by sucessive disasters in the opening months of the war.

Could a line "A live shell could not have achieved this as it would probably have exploded before hitting Gneisenau." be added? This is my first post, I hope I've not broken any rules or caused too much offence!

--JRPG 22:48, 28 November 2005 (UTC) JRPG
 * SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau of 1914 were not the powerhouses of WWII. Sturdee's battlecruisers outclassed them in guns (12" versus 8.2") and speed (25 kt vs 22 kt) so it's hard to see any other outcome.96.54.53.165 (talk) 00:47, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

 * This is possibly a useful source. I have seen a much better article -I wish I knew where -which suggests that the battlecruisers were without power during coaling and virtually defenceless as their guns couldn't fire and their armour was comparable with their opponents. It went on to say Graf Spee could have achieved a famous victory had he continued. JRPG (talk) 15:47, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

Canopus' Top Speed.
Greetings, my first wiki talk-post.

The general characteristics section shows HMS Canopus' top speed to be 18 knots, typical for pre-dreadnought battleships and in agreement with http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/pre-dreadnought/hms-canopus.html.

In the article however, it is stated: "Canopus 's slow maximum speed of only 12 knots (22 km/h) meant that she was 300 miles (500 km) south of the rest of Cradock's squadron..."

The article does not clarify why the speed is 12 knots, far less than the design's specified maximum speed. I am assuming that the value of 12 knots may have been derived from the distance and coal consumption, under the understanding that a ship burns less coal traveling a given distance if it moves at a slower speed, and therefore to save coal, a ship generally did not approach maximum speed unless in battle. Anyways, I could be wrong (engine troubles? maintanance issues?) and I would love it if the article clearly stated the reason for 12 knots, whatever that reason may be.

Tank 7 (talk) 17:32, 13 February 2008 (UTC)Tank7

I read in a book on warships that steam turbines were a big advance over triple expansion reciprocating steam engines, in spite of lower efficiency, because to fit in the space available in a battleship the reciprocating engines needed to run at such high speeds that they were not reliable operating long at full power. So the 18 knots may have been usable only in battle, even with sufficient coal. The battle cruisers had turbines.

David R. Ingham (talk) 19:10, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Set Sail Date from Abrolhos Rocks
I'd like to review the date stated that HMS Canopus set sail from the Abrolhos Rocks. I am actually reviewing the actual ship logs and she doesn't set sail until October 8 1914. I'm reading these as part of the "Old Weather" project and am uncertain how to cite this source.

Beto0707 (talk) 23:26, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

Type of Armour
I have doubts that the armour of the Canopus is correctly described. I would follow Pears:British Battleships 1892-1957,p.20; where is stated that only the last ship, HMS Vengeance, had Krupp armour. From timescale, knowledge on other types I think Pears is correct. Looking at the article I added a bit to the introduction--erb. 09:47, 23 February 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Erb34 (talk • contribs)

Sturdee
When Sturdee already arrived on 7 December with the intention to sortie on 9 December, how could the germans then have spotted the tripodmasts of Sturdee´s arriving battlecruisers on 8 December ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr.Lovecraft (talk • contribs) 09:57, 5 May 2022 (UTC)
 * It's not clear to me what you're asking. Sturdee's battlecruisers were in Stanley on the 8th, making preparations to leave the next morning. Spee's ships spotted their masts when they arrived the morning of the 8th. What exactly is the problem? Parsecboy (talk) 11:45, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

Namesake
As has been pointed out long before this, Canopus is an astronomical navigational point of reference of extremely high importance to sailors - the second brightest star after Sirius.

Given this context, the naming of a second-class battleship after the star, when a recent cruiser had also been named for Sirius, would be completely appropriate and logical. For what it's worth, I assumed for decades that the battleship was named for the star (because, apart from anything, naming ships for stars was a tradition in itself).

But this article states that her namesake was in fact an ancient city? I am not so sure that this is correct, but perhaps the supporting materials will bear this out. 2A00:23C7:312C:2401:884C:653D:EBA8:57BB (talk) 17:43, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

 * The cited source states: "Named for the ancient Egyptian city near Alexandria where Nelson defeated the French at the Battle of the Nile, Canopus was..." Do you have a source for your claim, or is it just your assumption that the star is the actual namesake? Parsecboy (talk) 17:54, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
 * No, no, not a bit, but it's just a curious thing.
 * I took a look at the Paine book - not especially good (the worst kind of scanty, flitting work of broad strokes and confident statements without any supporting evidence, to this reader's experienced eye) and seems to be poorly reviewed too.
 * But, by all means, rely on the one source which says that, beyond the lack of sources which might otherwise suggest something far more obvious.
 * I do understand how Wikipedia works and know that this is the process, so that's that.
 * Matter put to bed. 2A00:23C7:312C:2401:884C:653D:EBA8:57BB (talk) 18:03, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh, most sources apart from Paine put the site of Nelson's victory as Abu Qir or Aboukir, not the lost city of Canopus (which, according to its WP article, seems to have had its submerged ruins discovered in the early 20thC)?
 * Fascinating stuff. 2A00:23C7:312C:2401:884C:653D:EBA8:57BB (talk) 18:07, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, Paine may not be the best source, but it is a source. So far, all you've presented is what you find to be obvious.
 * Manning & Walker, in British Ship Names state: "Canopus, an ancient Egyptian city." Nothing about a star. Meanwhile, their entry for "Sirius, the Dog Star". Parsecboy (talk) 18:13, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Very well. Spurces are good. WP article on 'Battle of the Nile' only records two warships named by the RN for the battle, Nile and Aboukir, so someone might want to correct that in light of this. 2A00:23C7:312C:2401:884C:653D:EBA8:57BB (talk) 18:22, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:HMS Canopus (1897)


text:
Gay Shame

Gay Shame is a movement from within the queer communities described as a radical alternative to gay mainstreaming. The movement directly posits an alternative view of gay pride events and activities which have become increasingly commercialized with corporate sponsors as well as the adoption of more sanitized, mainstream agendas to avoid offending supporters and sponsors. The Gay Shame movement has grown to embrace radical expression, counter-cultural ideologies, and avant-garde arts and artists.

Background
Gay Shame was created as a protest of (and named in opposition to) the over-commercialization of the gay pride events. Members attack "queer assimilation" into what they perceive as oppressive societal structures. As such, its members disagree with the legalization of same-sex marriage, stating that: "What we are calling for is an abolishment of State sanctioned coupling in either the hetero or homo incarnation. We are against any institution that perpetuates the further exploitation of some people for the benefit of others. Why do the fundamental necessities marriage may provide for some (like healthcare) have to be wedded to the State sanctioned ritual of terror known as marriage? […] Gay marriage and voting are symbolic gestures that reinforce structures while claiming to reconfigure them."

History
Gay Shame began in 1998 as an annual event in Brooklyn, New York. It was held for a number of years at DUMBA, an artists' run collective center. Bands such as Three Dollar Bill and Kiki and Herb and speakers such as Eileen Myles, Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore and Penny Arcade appeared at the first event, and the evening was documented by Scott Berry and released as the film Gay Shame '98. Swallow Your Pride was a zine published by the people involved in planning Gay Shame in New York. Three issues were released. The movement later spread to San Francisco, Toronto, and Sweden.

LAGAI – Queer Insurrection (formerly Lesbians and Gays Against Intervention) put such a protest in context. They wrote that the "origins of the LGBTQ movement are revolutionary […] Now, some of the same people who participated in those fabulous outpourings of anti-establishment rage tripped over each other on the way to City Hall to have their love blessed by Gavin Newsom, successor to Dan White and Dianne Feinstein, darling of the developers, persecutor of the homeless, and cause of Gay Shame getting beaten and busted by the cops on more than one occasion."

In 2002, AlterNet published a piece by queer activist Tommi Avicolli Mecca who lived in San Francisco about Gay Shame. What he wrote expressed many of the ideas of Gay Shame: "...Gay Shame is an outgrowth of a younger generation's disgust with over-commercialized pride celebrations that are more about corporate sponsorships, celebrity grand marshals, and consumerism than they are about the radicalism that gave birth to our post-Stonewall gay-liberation movement, and radicalism such as that displayed by the Cockettes. Every movement undergoes changes in three decades, but pride, especially in Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York, transformed a street protest into a multi-million dollar extravaganza that has no political through line...thousands stand along the sidelines and cheer every corporate contingent that passes despite the fact that many of them, while good on gay rights, have policies and practices that oppress other groups...Many in my generation will find gay shame a hard pill to swallow, not unlike the word queer...But I like Gay Shame. It challenges us to ask important questions about what we've become as a community. Not everything we did was wrong; obviously, queers are an important part of the fabric of this country, thanks to the efforts of those who gave their lives to make it easier for all of us to live outside the closet. But no one back in the 70s could have imagined what a market niche we would become...This mass appeal and corporate sponsorship of our pride has been accompanied by a de-emphasis on politics. As more and more of corporate America gravitated toward pride, the "gay pride march" changed to a "parade" (or "celebration")...The Gay Shame folks will most certainly be dismissed as PC leftists who want to knock everything. Such a characterization will not make their criticisms go away."

In 2009, according to an article on IndyBay, SF Gay Shame had a protest outside San Francisco's LGBT Center. A press release they put out about the event they wrote: "GAY SHAME has uncovered shocking new truths! Upon studying the blueprints to the San Francisco LGBT Community Center, GAY SHAME has gathered evidence that it is in fact a portal to the 8th dimension. Cleverly disguised as a community center, familiar evil mega-corporate donors (ranging from Lennar to PG&E to Bechtel) and the San Francisco power elite, have been using their office park portal to suck away all our time, energy and passion...30 years after the White Night Riots and 40 years after Stonewall, radicals from splintering time periods and multiple movements without number shall join forces...This will be a high-concept anachronistic interpretive dance-off to determine the fate of radical queer politics!"

That same year there was an event of London's chapter of Gay Shame, which they had a so-called "indoor playground of interactive art and alternative ideas...[which was in a] club [that] shares a similar non-commercial, anti-consumerist angle...[and there were] thirty-five sideshows, 100 performance artists and 3,000 revellers."

A book titled Gay Shame was reviewed on Lambda Literary in 2010. The reviewers noted that the book looks at the origins of Gay Shame, the question of gay pride and challenges readers to "question and explore the possibility that the modern LGBT rights movement's push for acceptance, assimilation, and—they would argue—pride, results in a loss of something importantly queer as it attempts to eradicate shame...[by] exploring the ways in which pride and shame connected with race, gender and sexuality."

In 2011, Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore was interviewed by an online publication called We Who Feel Differently. Carlos Motta, the interviewer asked about how to open up spaces, and in a response, Mattilda described her work with Gay Shame: "I was also involved with Gay Shame, a group that emerged in New York in 1998. Originally what we wanted to do was to create a radical alternative to "Gay Pride." Instead of having an endless gated procession of corporate floats, we thought we would just invite people for free into a space to share skills and strategies for resistance. We had bands, music, dancing and also people talking about welfare reform, trans liberation, or gentrification in New York. We thought we could make culture on our own terms...When I moved to San Francisco we started Gay Shame there along similar lines, it was a "direct action extravaganza"; we were committed to challenging the hypocrisy, not just of mainstream gay people but also of all hypocrites. We would throw together these very elaborate events like the "Gay Shame Awards" where we awarded the most hypocritical gay people for their service to the community. We had categories like "helping right wingers cope," "exploiting our youth," an "award for celebrities who should never have come out in the first place," etc. The award was a burning rainbow flag. What was really interesting about Gay Shame's actions, was that we wanted to create a spectacle. We wanted to create something that used the militancy of Act Up, but fused it with spectacle, to focus on reclaiming the streets in an anti-capitalist, extravagant way, so that people would be drawn in."

Gay Shame was also mentioned on Mission Local, the Bay Area Reporter, writer Toshio Meronek on the Huffington Post, a radical magazine titled Slingshot, SF Weekly, Sarah Jaffe on Alternet, in a 7-page article in the Quarterly Journal of Speech and many others.

Fizzling out and the aftermath
The San Francisco Gay Shame became a non-hierarchical direct action and radical queer collective that continued until early 2013 when it petered out. It was also "primarily responsible for the protests, mobilizations, and guerrilla tactics that shut down the city of San Francisco in response to the declaration of war on Iraq". An interview posted on the Mission Local website noted that the group began organizing in 2001, doing radical direct action with ideas like the "Goth Cry-In" which they described as a "space for basking in our sadness around the current state of LGBT politics and the horrors of the larger world." The group also said that "the current state of LGBT politics is a scramble for straight privilege" and that "things like health care ... should be available to us all ... [but that] a queer identity is about challenging institutions of domination, like marriage and the military, not becoming part of them [because] ... we would be working against traditional institutions and building connections with people that make us feel love, joy, freedom and safety—which in many cases, as we know, is the exact opposite of marriage ... [since] Gay Shame supports gender self-determination in all its manifestations."

Their website described themselves as committed to "a queer extravaganza that brings direct action to astounding levels of theatricality [that rejects a] commercialized gay identity that denies the intrinsic links between queer struggle and challenging power ... counter[ing] the self-serving 'values' of gay consumerism and ... fighting the rabid assimilationist monster with a devastating mobilization of queer brilliance." Despite this, in 2012, according to writer Toshio Meronek, a criticism of the "corporatization of Pride events has officially gone viral ... [and] that Pride actually started as a day of political action called Christopher Street Liberation Day." At one point, after Don't Ask Don't Tell was repealed, Gay Shame put out a flier declaring: "No Gays in the Military! We need you on the streets. Keeping the status quo in check and on fire."

After the end of the last chapter of Gay Shame, there were some reflections on the movement as a whole. One of the main organizers, Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore, told the San Francisco Bay Guardian that: "... this activist group that meant so much to me, that challenged and inspired me in so many ways ... ultimately failed me. ... There is so much self-congratulatory rhetoric in San Francisco, especially in radical-identified queer spaces, and we’re never going to get to something beyond a cooler marketing niche unless we can examine the ways that so often in radical queer spaces people treat one another just as horribly as in dominant straight culture or mainstream gay culture, and it hurts so much more when this kind of viciousness comes from people you actually believe in."

This is similar to her remarks on a radio show in late October 2012 called Horizontal Power Hour.

In June 2013, an article on White Rose Reader added to this, noting that: "Starting in 1998, these “Gay Shame” events promoted counter-cultural ideologies and radical expression...some have picked up on this: a blog popped up recently to demand Gay Shame, started by a 48-year old queer male DJ."

Re-emergence
In September 2013, Gay Shame SF, or San Francisco Gay Shame, re-emerged. Gay Shame SF describes themselves as a 'Virus in the System," declaring a "new queer activism...to counter the self-serving "values" of gay consumerism and the increasingly hypocritical left." Organizationally, Gay Shame SF is consensus based, meaning everyone has to agree on decisions before they proceed and that they will make sure everyone is fully informed on the actions that are going to occur. When any member of the group speaks to the press, they will identify as 'Mary' so no one is seen as a leader, incorrectly identified and so that anonymity can be preserved.

Most recently, Gay Shame SF has attracted attention for its prison abolition and anti-gentrification organizing. In 2014, six members of Gay Shame were arrested for protesting a "prison-themed" pride party hosted by Kink.com. In an open letter co-signed by queer abolition leaders Miss Major and Angela Davis, Gay Shame demanded that Kink.com change the party's theme, and "not use themes of arrest and incarceration... in promoting your event." In 2015, a series of "anti-tech" fliers posted by Gay Shame in the Mission District, San Francisco, demanded 'Brogrammers' leave the neighborhood and implied violence.

Additionally, other chapters have emerged as well. In around May 2013, Gay Shame San Diego emerged, describing itself on a Facebook page as being "created as a protest to the over-commercialization of pride events and opposes queer assimilation." This Facebook page has covered topics ranging from same-sex marriage, Lou Reed, and gay pride. Around the same time, a tumblr of the organization popped up as well repeating the same description on their Facebook page and it has been around ever since. Their tumblr currently has reposted material written by Gay Shame SF, criticized capitalism, and discussed topics such as queer and trans liberation.

Criticism
Due to the opposition to mainstream LGBTQ culture, some have criticized Gay Shame. Another criticism, from a queer perspective, while praising the group in certain ways, commented: "...it is difficult for the group to wholly remove themselves from the overarching structure as their ideology demands..." By removing individual names, and by extent, individual identities within the group, Gay Shame conforms to the very commercialization it seeks to fight against."

Academic conference
An academic conference at the University of Michigan Ann Arbor took place in March, 2003. Supposedly, during that weekend, there was friction between the activists and the academics, growing out of different strategies, and the activists' claim that the academics didn't do enough to acknowledge their power and class privilege, and to share more of that with the activists. A professor from the University of Texas adds to this account, reviewing a book called Gay Shame:

"In 2003 the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor hosted a generative yet controversial conference titled Gay Shame. Seven years later, conference organizers David M. Halperin and Valerie Traub have compiled essays, spoken-word texts, art works, interviews, short documentary films, video performances, and images that were either inspired by, inspiration for, or a product of the conference proceedings in the anthology and accompanying DVD also titled Gay Shame. Most all of the diverse collection of contributions to the anthology and DVD were provided by the distinguished community of scholars, activists, and artists who attended the conference not only as presenters but also as active participants in the conversations it facilitated. Reflective of the vast scope of this book, the contributions are divided into six categories: "Gay Shame," which offers an introduction to both the conference and the volume; "Performing Shame," which examines shame as an affect produced and reflected through performance; "Spectacles of Shame," which considers imagery, both popular and erotic, that induces shame; "Disabled Shame," which explores shame in the lives of those living with disabilities; "Histories of Shame," which concerns shame in LGBTQ histories; and lastly "Communities of Shame," which examines shame and its relationship to identity politics."

Events
There have also been annual themed events titled "Gay Shame and Lesbian Weakness" in London, England, associated with the club night Duckie run by Simon Casson and Amy Lamé. Although documentation about when the first event happened is hard to come by, the event was occurring annually by 1998, if not earlier. The 2004 event was billed as "Now in its 9th great year." The event includes performance art and queer-bash make-overs and is also referred to as The Annual Festival of Homosexual Misery. The 2009 event has been announced as the last. But, since Gay Shame SF has re-emerged, new events are likely to happen as well.

Duckie Gay Shame Themes

 * 2004 Homosexual Misery. It's a nightclub. It's a theatre event. It's a rip-off.
 * 2005 Homosexual Misery. London's inverted underbelly prove that Gay ain't nothing to be proud of.
 * 2006 Euroshame for EuroPride, the booths and shows themed as different European countries.
 * 2007 Cancelled due to Arts Council England funding diverted to the Olympics.
 * 2008 Masculinity, betting, boxing, trucker fun.
 * 2009 Femininity.
 * 2015 National Borders (the plight of LGBTQ asylum seekers).

From 2001 to 2004, there were Shame events in Stockholm, Sweden. Gay Shame SF meets every Saturday at the Muddy Waters cafe.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gay Shame


text:
Aileu Municipality

Aileu (Município Aileu, Munisípiu Aileu) is a municipality, and was formerly a district, of East Timor. It has a population of 48,554 (Census 2015) and an area of 737 km2. The municipality's capital is also named Aileu. Its administrative posts are Aileu, Laulara, Lequidoe and Remexio.

Etymology
The word Aileu means "bent tree" in the local Mambai language. According to legend, the root of a banyan fig tree (Ficus benghalensis) grew to maturity without a branch or leaf. The tree developed into a twisted shape that looked like a chair; its unique appearance made it famous, and eventually gave the community its name. Nowadays, the wooden chair is also the symbol of the municipality.

Geography
Aileu is in the northwestern part of East Timor and is one of only two landlocked municipalities, the other being Ermera. It borders Dili to the north, Manatuto to the east, Manufahi to the southeast, Ainaro to the south, Ermera to the west, and Liquiçá to the northwest. It was formerly part of what is now the municipality of Dili but was split in the final years of Portuguese administration.

Politics
As part of the Timor-Leste Government decentralization program the former District of Aileu is now organised as the Municipality of Aileu, headed by a Municipal Administrator. The four former subdistricts are now organised as Administrative Posts.

Administrative posts
The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:
 * Aileu Vila (place of capital)
 * Laulara
 * Lequido
 * Remexio

Development
Aileu is the focus of several development programmes from NGOs, including WaterAid, World Vision and Plan International. In May 2000 the Hume City Council and Moreland City Council and the communities in Melbourne Australia, established a friendship relationship with the Aileu Municipality, called "Friends of Aileu". The friendship relationship has been renewed periodically, with the signing of updated Friendship Agreements in 2005, 2010 and 2016. and

title: Aileu Municipality


text:
Talk:East–West All-Star Game

Expansion
The full list of East-West All-Star teams and results form Appendix B of Peterson's Only The Ball Was White. I can find nothing about other Negro League All-Stars games or series. —Theo (Talk) 15:17, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

If it is not going to be expanded, I suggest merging it into Negro league baseball, where it would be more likely to be read. Put something on my talk page if this is a good idea, and I'll do the work. Chris the speller 21:01, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

I don't understand the meaning of "He arranged for the fans to vote on the players that would participate and his original 1933 series grew into an annual tradition that continued until 1962." but I don't want to edit it because I genuinely don't understand it... 81.23.54.142 (talk) 22:12, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I've reworded it a bit. It seems that it may have been parts of two separate thoughts that were completed.  -- Couillaud (talk) 14:59, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Cy Perkins
See the change I just made. The black Perkins apparently had a more distinguished career than his white counterpart. Check out his page at Pitch Black Baseball! He certainly deserves a wikipage. DutchmanInDisguise (talk) 17:02, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

1960 linescore
If anyone has a source to double check this, please verify the linescore for the 1960 game; below is what was listed in the article -- the scores do not add up: Rgrds. (Dynamic IP, will change when I log off.) --64.85.214.22 (talk) 18:13, 22 May 2013 (UTC)
 * West 8  East  4
 * East 200 210 000 - 4 5 5
 * West 021 140 00X - 5 5 3

 * I found two reports of the game on ProQuest, the Chicago Daily Tribune and Daily Defender. I added the winning and losing pitchers, as well as the lone HR hit in the game.  The "5 runs, 5 hits" should have been 8 and 8. -- Couillaud 05:38, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you. (Dynamic IP, will change when I log off.) --64.85.214.212 (talk) 07:20, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Need a few more linescores
I got all of the linescores from '33 until '48 (excluding '46) from Holway's Complete Book. We still need linescores for:

 * 1946 game 1
 * 1946 game 2
 * 1949
 * 1950

 * 1951
 * 1954
 * 1955 (H & E only)

 * 1956
 * 1959
 * 1962

If anyone wants to have a go at it, knock yourself out. Rgrds. --64.85.215.113 (talk) 14:36, 29 May 2013 (UTC)

 * The 1940s are covered. I got both games of 1946, plus added the second games of 1947 and 1948, and then got the one game in 1949.  Also added time of game and attendance to each game. --  Couillaud 16:19, 29 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I am currently working my way through the games of the mid- and late-1950s. The book Black Baseball's National Showcase: The East-West All-Star Game, 1933-1953 by Larry Lester, will help with the games of that era, but I have to go through various historical newspapers via ProQuest to find data on the games after 1953.  So far, the 1962 game may be the one for which the least information is available, having been played in Kansas City instead of Chicago or New York.  FYI, 1962 was the very last East-West game, as the NAL ceased operations after that season.  -- Couillaud 15:04, 12 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:East–West All-Star Game


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fronk

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 16:36, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Fronk
I couldn't find any trace of this while searching for it, found message board usernames and regular names along with mispellings but no usages as described here. Even MySpace, which is referenced here only returns two results, both usernames. Delete Rx StrangeLove 15:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No indication of use outside Wkipedia. --DrTorstenHenning 15:21, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I asked for references this morning, none yet. - Chairboy 17:15, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

What about this:

http://forum.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=messageboard.viewCategory&CategoryID=60&Mytoken=20050725004916
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 07:17, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Give me a break. I am sure Zydeco was up for deletion once.
 * And if it was, it was probably deleted if it's usage then was as limited as Fronk's is now. If Fronk becomes more widely used in the future, someone will write an article about it and it will probably be accepted. Rx StrangeLove 21:50, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fronk


text:
Salif Keïta (Malian footballer)

Salif Keïta Traoré (6 December 1946 – 2 September 2023), known as Keita, was a Malian footballer who played as a striker. He was also the first person to receive the African Footballer of the Year award in 1970. He was nicknamed the 'Black Panther'. Which inspired the club

Early life
Like others in Bamako, he would grow up poor. So, he decided that he would play football in order to escape poverty. During his youth, his incredible talents led him to join Stade Malien and Real Bamako.

Club career
Salif Keïta Traoré was born in Bamako, playing in his country for Real Bamako and Stade Malien. With the former, which he represented in two different spells, he was always crowned Première Division champion. At the first CAF Champions League in 1965, Stade Malien would lose 2-1 against the Oryx of Douala of Maréchal Mbappe Leppe and the year; after that, he would lose another final against Stade d'Abidjan.

In 1967, 20-year-old Keita left for France to join Saint-Étienne, where he won three consecutive Ligue 1 titles, including the double in 1968 and 1970. In his last two seasons with Les Verts combined, he scored an astonishing 71 league goals – 42 alone in the 1970–71 campaign – but the team failed to win any silverware; in 1970, he was voted African Footballer of the Year. He would also act in a film later on in his life about it.

Keita joined fellow league side Marseille in the 1972 summer. After the club tried to force him to assume French nationality he opposed, leaving in the ensuing off-season for Valencia in Spain.

Spanish newspapers were accused of racism when one headline read El Valencia va a por alemanes y vuelve con un negro ("Valencia goes out to buy Germans and comes back with a black man"), but he was always loved during his spell at the club, netting in his debut with the Che, a 2–1 La Liga home win against Real Oviedo, and being eventually nicknamed La perla negra de Malí (The black pearl of Mali); he complained, however, that he was constantly played out of position.

In 1976, after three years with Valencia, Keita signed for Sporting CP, where he replaced another legendary goalscorer, Héctor Yazalde. In two of his three seasons with the Lisbon side, he scored in double digits, winning one domestic cup. He retired at the age of 34, after a couple of years with Greater Boston area-based New England Tea Men, in the United States.

International career
In 1963, at the age of only 16, Keita was selected to play for Mali. He was part of the squad that appeared at the 1972 African Cup of Nations in Cameroon, helping the national team finish second.

In June 2005, Keita was elected president of the Malian Football Federation for a period of four years. Late into the following year, he was selected by the Confederation of African Football as one of the best 200 African football players of the last 50 years.

Personal life
Keita's nephew, Seydou Keita, was also a footballer. He also played some years in France, and later represented, with great team and individual success, Barcelona. Mohamed Sissoko, who played namely for Valencia, Liverpool and Juventus, was also his nephew; both played similar roles as central midfielders; another nephew, Sidi Yaya Keita, was also a footballer and a midfielder, who played most of his career in France with Lens.

After his retirement he would return to Mali and invest in businesses and would create his own training center creating talents like Mahamadou Diarra and Seydou Keita who was his nephew. He would also be the president of the Malian Football Federation. He also became ambassador for Saint-Étienne for life.

Guinean film director Cheik Doukouré used the life of Keita as a starting point for his 1994 work Le Ballon d'or. In 1994, he created the first training center for professional football players in Mali, which bore his name.

From 2007, Keita acted as delegated minister of the Prime Minister of Mali.

Salif Keïta died on 2 September 2023, at the age of 76.

Honours
Real Bamako
 * Malian Cup: 1963–64, 1965–66, 1966–67
 * African Cup of Champions Clubs: runner-up 1966

Stade Malien
 * African Cup of Champions Clubs: runner-up 1965

Saint-Étienne
 * Ligue 1: 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70; runner-up 1970–71
 * Coupe de France: 1967–68, 1969–70
 * Trophée des Champions: 1967, 1968, 1969

Sporting CP
 * Primeira Liga: Runner-up 1976–77
 * Taça de Portugal: 1977–78; runner-up 1978–79

Mali
 * African Games: runner-up 1965
 * Africa Cup of Nations: runner-up 1972

Individual
 * African Cup of Champions Clubs: Best goalscorer 1965, 1966
 * African Footballer of the Year: 1970

Decorations
 * FIFA Order of Merit: 1996

title: Salif Keïta (Malian footballer)


text:
Safe Speed

Safe Speed was a United Kingdom-based pressure group that campaigned against speed cameras, claiming that it did so on the grounds of road safety.

History
The organisation was started in 2001 by Paul Smith, a former computer electronics engineer, which ran from Smith's home in Scotland. Following Smith's death in 2007 the campaign was taken over by his partner Claire Armstrong.

Criticism
There have been few formal studies evaluating the claims made by Safe Speed:

 * George Monbiot has argued that Safe Speed is much more about speed than safety, and is part of a "culture of speed".
 * The claim that "one third of road deaths are due to speed cameras" was disputed by the Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety (PACTS) and by the National Safety Camera Scheme which cite seatbelt and alcohol laws introduced prior to the 1990s, and recent increased road use and mobile phone use as better explanations for the perceived increase in casualties. Safe Speed's method of extrapolating from two years' data is also disputed.
 * Which? magazine reported that the Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety (PACTS) and the National Safety Camera Liaison (NSCL) cite three studies which do allow for long-term trends, and which confirm the correlation between speed cameras and accident reduction. The magazine also reported that the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) disputes Safe Speed's interpretation of TRL 323. In particular they state that the study was dependent on subjective judgements of primary cause, and that many of the other primary causes listed also implied excessive speed. Other TRL studies (e.g. 421 and 511) have examined the relationship between speed and accidents and suggest a strong association. A study of over 300 roads, encompassing several hundred thousand observations, demonstrated that the higher the average speed of traffic on a given type of road, the more accidents there are. The study also demonstrated that injury accidents rise as average speed increases (if all else remains constant).

title: Safe Speed


text:
The Yo-Yos

The Yo-Yos are a British rock and roll band, formed in 1998 by ex-The Wildhearts bassist, Danny McCormack and Tom Spencer (ex- Sugarsnatch / The Lurkers), after the two met at a Toy Dolls recording session. The Yo-Yo's recruited Andy Selway (Bladz) (ex- Sugarsnatch) on drums and guitarist Neil Phillips (B-Movie Heroes) to the band.

The Yo-Yo's recorded their first single, "Out Of My Mind", and then joined The Backyard Babies for a UK tour. Another single was then recorded, "Rumble(d)". The Yo-Yo's continued to tour the UK and were then signed by the US record label, Sub Pop.

On the Sub Pop label, the Yo-Yo's released their debut album, Uppers & Downers on CD and LP in 2000. Despite gaining a cult following as well a favourable coverage from the rock and indie press, they split up due to infighting among members.

Neil Phillips went on to play for Danny Frye & The Devildolls, and also return his concentration to his own B-Movie Heroes whilst Andy Selway went on to KMFDM. Neil Phillips released his debut solo album in July 2012 under the name Jackrabbit Parole. The album, It's a Long Way Back to the Drawing Board, was available on Front Room Records.

In 2005, the group reformed with a new line-up, that included McCormack and Spencer, along with Rich Jones on guitar. The band recorded a new EP, Given Up Giving Up and toured the UK supporting 3 Colours Red. The EP was initially due for release on Mighty Atom Records, but was put out on Undergroove records at the last minute.

Ex-Wildhearts drummer Stidi originally took up drumming duties for the band, but was later replaced with a thumb. The band finally walked out on McCormack halfway through a tour with AntiProduct. However, McCormack completed the tour in defiance, with support band Any Given Day providing a backing band.

Tom Spencer is currently fronting the London-based The Loyalties, which includes Rich Jones, Lee Jones. Rich Jones also plays with Bassknives. McCormack is working on his first solo album in South Shields. Neil Phillips continues to play with B-Movie Heroes.

On 17 February 2012, the Yo-Yo's reformed for "one night only" for a show at Camden Barfly to celebrate Danny McCormack's 40th birthday. Initially only one show was scheduled but due to demand, a second later show was also booked for later in the evening. At the end of each set the band was joined on stage by Chris McCormack, Andy Cairns, Ritch Battersby (first set) and Stidi (second set). In addition Ray McVeigh and Carl Barât appeared for a selection of punk rock songs. The band also performed on the third stage at Download Festival on 9 June 2012.

The band made a further appearance on 1 June 2013 at Camden Rocks Festival, curated by Chris McCormack at The Barfly. Chris McCormack was originally planned to take Rich Jones's place who was in the United States with the Ginger Wildheart Band, but Nick Hughes ended up taking second guitar duties, while Si Maxwell performed again with the band on drums.

The Yoyos were confirmed for two dates in July 2013 at Camden Barfly, warming up to playing the satellite stage at Sonisphere Festival.

Discography

 * LPs
 * Uppers and Downers (Sub Pop 2000)
 * EPs
 * Given Up Giving Up (Undergroove 2005)

title: The Yo-Yos


text:
Golden Snowball Award

The Golden Snowball Award is an annual award presented to the city in Upstate New York that receives the most snowfall in a season. The original award was the result of a friendly competition between National Weather Service offices in Upstate New York.

Originally conceived after the Great Lakes Blizzard of 1977, the competition died out after the Rochester and Syracuse offices closed in the mid-1990s. However, the award was revived during the 2002–2003 snowfall season when Patrick DeCoursey started up a website to inform people about the past competition. Syracuse won the 2002-2003 season and they won every year from then through the 2010–2011 season as well. In the 2011–2012 season, Rochester was the first city other than Syracuse to win since the award's revival. They also received temporary possession of a trophy for the year. The original competition's trophy has been lost, prompting its replacement with a new one donated by a trophy shop in Syracuse. The current Golden Snowball trophy resides in the Geosciences Department at Buffalo State University.

Compared to Syracuse's average snowfall of 127.8 inches, or over 10 feet per year, New York City's annual snow average is a relatively small 2–3 feet per year in the city and about 3–4 feet per year in nearby suburbs. This is due to a number of factors, including lower latitude and oceanic influence keeping much of the precipitation as rain in the winter, combined with distance from the Great Lakes keeping the city well away from the influence of lake-effect snow. For the first time ever, during the 2005–2006 winter season New York City did have more snowfall than Albany, mainly due to the Blizzard of 2006, which was the city's biggest snowfall to date, while Albany was on the extreme northern fringe.

The cities that compete for the award are:

 * Albany
 * Binghamton
 * Buffalo
 * Rochester
 * Syracuse

Until the 2006–2007 season, several smaller cities also competed for a smaller award, that includes a $50 check. These are:

 * Fulton
 * Oswego
 * Utica
 * Watertown

Winners of the Golden Snowball

 * 2002–2003: Syracuse
 * 2003–2004: Syracuse
 * 2004–2005: Syracuse
 * 2005–2006: Syracuse
 * 2006–2007: Syracuse
 * 2007–2008: Syracuse
 * 2008–2009: Syracuse
 * 2009–2010: Syracuse
 * 2010–2011: Syracuse
 * 2011–2012: Rochester
 * 2012–2013: Syracuse
 * 2013–2014: Syracuse
 * 2014–2015: Syracuse
 * 2015–2016: Syracuse
 * 2016–2017: Binghamton
 * 2017–2018: Syracuse
 * 2018–2019: Buffalo (Mayor Refused Award)
 * 2019–2020: Rochester
 * 2020–2021: Binghamton
 * 2021–2022: Buffalo
 * 2022–2023: Buffalo
 * 2023–2024: Buffalo

Snowfall by season
Note: Official National Weather Service snowfall statistics were not kept at the current locations for Binghamton and Syracuse until the 1951–52 season.

All measurements are in inches.

Snowiest Season for all Golden Snowball Cities: Buffalo 199.4 inches (1976-77)

Least Snowiest Season for all Golden Snowball Cities: Albany 13.8 inches (1912-13)

Albany
Max: 112.5 inches (1970-71)

Min: 13.8 inches (1912-13)

Average: 59.2 inches

Binghamton
Max: 135.2 inches (2016-17)

Min: 32.0 inches (2015-16)

Average: 86.5 inches

Buffalo
Max: 199.4 inches (1976-77)

Min: 36.7 inches (2011-12)

Average: 95.4 inches

Rochester
Max: 161.7 inches (1959-60)

Min: 41.7 inches (1952-53)

Average: 102.0 inches

Syracuse
Max: 192.1 inches (1992-93)

Min: 50.6 inches (2011-12)

Average: 127.8 inches

title: Golden Snowball Award


text: User talk:68.81.242.138

title: User talk:68.81.242.138


text:
Battle of Britain Monument, London

The Battle of Britain Monument in London is a sculpture on the Victoria Embankment, overlooking the River Thames, which commemorates the individuals who took part in the Battle of Britain during the Second World War.

It was unveiled on 18 September 2005, the 65th anniversary of the Battle, by Prince Charles and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, in the presence of many of the surviving airmen known collectively as "The Few", following the Royal Air Force Service of Thanksgiving and Rededication on Battle of Britain Sunday. This service is an annual event, the first of which took place in 1943 at St Paul's Cathedral and since has taken place in Westminster Abbey.

The monument was conceived by Bill Bond, founder of the Battle of Britain Historical Society, who was later appointed an MBE for his services to heritage. He was solely responsible for negotiating with the City of Westminster to secure the site of the monument, as well as appointing Donald Insall Associates as architects. He also formed the fundraising committee after raising over £250,000 through an appeal. The budget was £1.74 million which was funded in the main by private donations. Bill Bond appointed Lord Tebbit as chairman of the fundraising committee.

The monument utilises a panelled granite structure 25 m long which was originally designed as a smoke outlet for underground trains when they were powered by steam engines. A walkway was cut obliquely through the middle of the structure, and is lined with panels of high relief sculpture in bronze depicting scenes from the Battle of Britain. The centrepiece is an approximately life sized sculpture of airmen scrambling for their aircraft during the battle. The outside of the monument is lined with bronze plaques listing 2,936 pilots and aircrew from 14 countries who took part in the battle on the Allied side. In July 2020, Ajax historian Martin Sugarman, lost a campaign to list one of the airmen, whose parents were born in Mandatory Palestine, as being “British-Israeli" or "British Palestinian”. A member of the London monument team advised that, with nearly 3,000 names on the memorial, there was “no prospect of post-unveiling correction”.

The sculptor of the monument is Paul Day. The statue was cast by Morris Singer, which is the oldest established fine art foundry in the world and has cast many prominent statues and sculptures in London and around the world, including the lions and fountains in Trafalgar Square.

The architectural historian Gavin Stamp wrote of the sculpture:

"Long, bronze relief friezes by Paul Day [...] are in a sort of 3-D super-realist style depicting pilots scrambling for action and giving Jerry a good hiding. The importance of that conflict for Britain and Europe and the heroism of those pilots certainly cannot be exaggerated, but do the events of 1940 really have to be recalled quite so literally? I am afraid these sculptures remind me of the cartoon strips illustrating the improbable adventures of 'Paddy Payne, Fighter Pilot' that I read in the Lion comic as a schoolboy. The objection to this work is not that it is figurative but that it is so childish and lacking in subtlety."

title: Battle of Britain Monument, London


text:
Getty Square

Getty Square is the name for downtown Yonkers, New York, centered on the public square. Getty Square is the civic center, central business district, and transit hub of the City of Yonkers. A dense and growing residential area, it is located in southern Westchester County, New York. The square is named after prominent 19th-century merchant Robert Getty.

European colonization

The square is named for Robert Parkhill Getty, a prominent merchant and civic leader in the 1800s. The area was the heart of a Dutch patroonship granted to the first lawyer in the New World, Adriaen van der Donck, who built both saw and grist mills on what was then the Saeck Kill, later to become the Nepperhan River and today's Saw Mill.

Getty Square's two oldest, still-standing buildings, Philipse Manor Hall (circa 1682) and St. John's Protestant Episcopal Church (built 1752 by Frederick Philipse III), were built in close proximity to the river. The Hudson River, bordering the western waterfront of Getty Square, provided a transportation route to markets beginning in the 1600s. The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 increased water-borne traffic from upstate New York down the Hudson to Manhattan.

Industrialization
In 1853, Elisha Graves Otis, inventor of the safety elevator, established the Otis Elevator Company on the Hudson River and Vark Street, along the new railroad tracks that ran along the Hudson's banks. As the company grew, a larger facility was built just north of the Saw Mill River, what is now Van der Donck Park. Vast Otis factory buildings covering blocks of land extended north to Ashburton Avenue.

Later, three separate railroad companies established lines through Getty Square. The New York and Putnam Railroad built the terminal for its Yonkers Branch line in Getty Square, with the original 1880s headhouse and train shed station in the square later upgraded to an office building and railway platform at 20 South Broadway. (The office building remains, but the railway platform has been replaced by a parking garage.) The New York Central Railroad operated out of the still-in-use Yonkers train station. The Third Avenue Railway trolley company ran multiple streetcar lines through Getty Square, and stored its streetcars (also called trams) in the still-standing Yonkers Trolley Barn on Main Street in Getty Square.

Like many downtowns in the northeastern United States, Getty Square suffered gradual and severe de-industrialization and non-automobile infrastructure disinvestment beginning after World War II. The Otis Elevator Company factory, with vast buildings covering much of the Getty Square neighborhood north of what is now Van der Donck Park, closed in 1983. Rail-based transportation also diminished. The closing and quick demolition of the Yonkers Branch of the New York and Putnam Railroad, despite an appeal to the United States Supreme Court, occurred in 1944, and the Third Avenue Railway trolley service finally ended in 1952. The Saw Mill River, once the economic engine of Getty Square, was buried in flumes underground in the 1920s; the pavement above was used mostly for car parking lots at Chicken Island, Mill Street Courtyard, and Larkin Plaza. New York State widened Nepperhan Avenue to create an arterial highway along the eastern side of the neighborhood, demolishing a Carnegie library in the process.

The farmers' market at St. John's Church is the oldest in Westchester.

21st century
The reconstituting of the vacant Otis Elevator Factory campus into the iPark corporate business center spurred an influx of advanced industrial initiatives. Capitalizing on the iPark location connected to the existing rail network, Kawasaki Heavy Industries brought its railcar assembly plant to Getty Square. In 2011, iPark installed the largest solar-panel array in Westchester on its roof to provide low-cost electricity to its manufacturing tenants. In 2011, ContraFect, a biotechnology firm, relocated from Manhattan to Getty Square's iPark, followed in 2013 by Mindspark Interactive Network. Also in 2013, the YONY initiative to spur increased technology company activity began.

In 2007, the Science Barge, a solar and wind-powered demonstration farm, using hydroponics and aquaculture, docked at its permanent home next to the train station at the mouth of the Saw Mill River. The Science Barge draws thousands of researchers and students in the STEM fields, environmental science, and agriculture to Getty Square from around the world, and has been featured by the news media as far as Brazil, Japan and South Korea. In 2013, Sarah Lawrence College established an academic research center at the existing Beczak Environmental Center.

The Saw Mill River, the catalyst for Yonkers' initial economic growth in the 17th century, is again being used as an economic engine. Long buried underground in Getty Square, in 2012, the City of Yonkers and Groundwork Yonkers completed the "daylighting" of the Saw Mill River and construction of Van der Donck Park around it just east of the Yonkers train station. The park, featuring public amenities and wildlife elements, has become an international showpiece.

Van der Donck Park was the first phase of daylighting the river in Getty Square. The second phase, the Mill Street Courtyard project to be constructed in 2014, will daylight another portion of the river in a Getty Square block bounded by Warburton Avenue (west), North Broadway (east), Manor House Lane (north), and Main Street (south). The third daylighting phase, near Chicken Island, does not yet have a start date, although New York State awarded a $1.08 million grant for the project at the end of 2013.

Shopping district

Getty Square is a bustling, multi-ethnic shopping district with very high numbers of shoppers compared with other Westchester downtowns (See Intermodal Transit Hub section below.) With significant cohorts of along with many ethnic groups, businesses benefit from an international customer base, including African-American and Latino customers.

Farmers' markets and the CSA operate seasonally: St. John's Episcopal Church holds its market on Thursdays at the church; and Groundwork holds its market on Fridays in Van der Donck Park, across the street from the Yonkers train station. The St. John's Church's market is the oldest farmers market in Westchester. The CSA is operated by Groundwork. At all the markets and the CSA, produce can be purchased using government assistance programs.

Retail and business banking thrives in Getty Square. Branches of all the major national banks are present, including: Chase with two branches, Wells Fargo, Citibank, HSBC, and Bank of America. Branches of regional banks and credit unions include: Atlantic Bank & Trust, Hudson Valley Bank, KeyBank, and Municipal Credit Union.

Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company is located in the Central Business District.

Intermodal transit hub
Getty Square's heavy pedestrian foot traffic is bolstered by its role as a key transit hub of Yonkers and Westchester. Bee-Line buses, MTA express buses, Metro-North Railroad, and Amtrak converge in Getty Square, and connections are often little more than a few blocks.

Getty Square achieves a Walk Score of 95 out of 100, making it a "Walker's Paradise" where "daily errands do not require a car." Getty Square's WalkScore is the highest of any neighborhood in Westchester, making it one of the best places in the County to be car-free.

The combination of walkability and a transit hub has spurred transit-oriented development, with zoning changes to promote less car travel and more walking, cycling, and transit use.

Bus
Many of the bus routes provide direct connections to the New York City Subway. Bee-Line Bus and MTA Express Bus serve Getty Square. Ridership on buses dwarfs that of commuter rail. Annual bus ridership on lines in Getty Square numbers in the millions, with Yonkers being the largest origin and destination for bus trips in the Bee-Line Bus service area of Westchester and the northern Bronx. In addition to the thru-running buses, loop route bus lines circulate through Getty Square and adjoining neighborhoods. The MTA Express Bus lines provide direct transportation to midtown Manhattan (via Route BxM3). Metro Card is accepted on buses serving Getty Square.

Bus routes in Getty Square may be expanded in the future. As part of the transit plan for the Tappan Zee Bridge Replacement, a proposed express bus route from Spring Valley in Rockland County would have Getty Square as its final destination.

Rail
Metro-North Railroad serves Getty Square. Rail riders use Getty Square's Beaux-Arts Yonkers station to board Hudson Line and Amtrak trains. Metro-North provides trips south to stations in the Bronx and to Harlem–125th Street, and Grand Central Terminal, and to the north to stations along the Hudson Line as far as Poughkeepsie.

Many Metro North commuters travel to the Marble Hill station, connecting to the New York City Subway's Marble Hill–225th Street station to reach destinations on the west side of Manhattan, or travel to the Harlem–125th Street station, connecting to the 125th Street  for Manhattan's east side.

Amtrak serves Getty Square. The Yonkers train station is the sole southern Westchester station on the Amtrak Hudson River Line, providing an Inter-city rail link to US and Canadian cities like Albany, Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Montreal, and Toronto.

Ride share
Taxi stands sit at the heart of Getty Square along New Main Street, and at the Yonkers Train Station. Taxis are often used by shoppers with large packages.

Car sharing Zipcars are available near the Yonkers Train Station since 2012.

Other
Ferry service ended in 2010 between Yonkers and other points in New York City and the Hudson Valley. Boat docking is permitted at the Yonkers Pier.

Bicycles are used frequently in Getty Square, mostly for transportation as opposed to recreation. Many businesses use them for fast local deliveries. Children use them to get around. Warburton Avenue and Riverdale Avenue, which meet in Getty Square, are well-used, Westchester bicycling commuting routes.

LimeBike dockless bikeshare began operations in Yonkers in May 2018.

Walking and bicycling trails in Getty Square are still on the drawing board. The Old Croton Aqueduct runs along the northern edge of the Getty Square neighborhood, although two blocks of path are on-street at Ashburton Avenue. The Hudson River Valley Greenway, not yet built in Yonkers, may combine portions of the Hudson River waterfront promenade with the Old Croton Aqueduct Trailway. A concept to turn the former Getty Square branch of the New York and Putnam Railroad into a trail has been proposed. It would connect Getty Square and the waterfront promenade at the Science Barge with Van Cortlandt Park. It would be an urban multi-use path with both on- and off-street portions.

Notable people
Restaurateur Peter X. Kelly grew up near Getty Square, and opened Xaviar's on the Hudson, on the 2nd floor of the Yonkers Pier in 2007.

title: Getty Square


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lyrics - Songs about Jane

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 16:33, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Lyrics - Songs about Jane
Lyrics to individual songs aren't really encyclopedia-worthy, and if they were, they should be included in the pages devoted to the album. ''Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. Wikipedia is not a free host or webspace provider. Wikipedia is not a mirror or a repository of links, images, or media files: Mere collections of public domain or other source material...'' Delete DNicholls 15:24, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Bollar 15:31, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * More to the point, it's a copyright violation. Delete. -- The Anome 15:43, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. 23skidoo 15:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't know if it is copyvio but there's kiwilyrics and various other sites for this sort of thing anyway. Flowerparty talk 17:05, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as copyvio.Capitalistroadster 17:31, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Grudgingly agree. Delete--May the Force be with you! Shreshth91  ($ |-| r 3 $ |-| t |-|)  14:51, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. JamesBurns 07:17, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Thomas Davis

Thomas, Tom or Tommy Davis may refer to:

Business

 * Thomas E. Davis (1785–1878), British real estate developer in New York City
 * Thomas Benjamin Frederick Davis (1867–1942), Jersey-born South African businessman
 * Thomas Henry Davis (businessman) (1918–1999), founder of Piedmont Airlines
 * Thomas J. Davis Jr. (1912–1989), American venture capitalist, founder of the Mayfield Fund
 * Thomas Davis (shipwright) (?–?), English shipwright in Dutch service during the 18th century
 * T. Cullen Davis (born 1933), American oil heir

Military

 * Thomas Davis (Medal of Honor) (1837–1919), Welsh soldier who fought in the American Civil War
 * Thomas Francis Davis (1853–1935), U.S. Army general
 * Thomas A. Davis (1873–1964), American founder of two military schools
 * Thomas Jefferson Davis (1893–1964), U.S. Army general

U.S.

 * Thomas Terry Davis (died 1807), U.S. Representative from Kentucky
 * Thomas Aspinwall Davis (1798–1845), American mayor of Boston in 1845
 * Thomas Davis (Rhode Island politician) (1806–1895), Irish-American member of U.S. House of Representatives
 * Thomas Treadwell Davis (1810–1872), U.S. Representative from New York
 * Thomas Beall Davis (1828–1911), U.S. Representative from West Virginia
 * Tom Davis (Virginia politician) (born 1949), U.S. Representative from Virginia
 * Tom Davis (South Carolina politician) (born 1960), South Carolina State Senator for Beaufort County
 * Thomas Davis (Wisconsin politician) (1817–1908), Wisconsin State Assemblyman for Walworth County

Other countries

 * Thomas Davis (Young Irelander) (Thomas Osborne Davis, 1814–1845), Irish writer and politician
 * Thomas Davis (Australian politician) (1856–1899), New South Wales politician
 * Thomas Davis (Cook Islands politician) (1917–2007), Cook Island Prime Minister and former NASA researcher
 * Thomas Clayton Davis (1889–1960), Canadian diplomat, politician and judge from Saskatchewan
 * Thomas Osborne Davis (Canadian politician) (1856–1917), Canadian parliamentarian

Religion

 * Thomas Davis (priest) (1804–1887), Church of England clergyman and hymn writer
 * Thomas F. Davis (1804–1871), fifth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina
 * Thomas Henry Davis (organist) (1867–1947), English priest and organist

American football

 * Thomas Davis Sr. (born 1983), American football player
 * Tommy Davis (kicker) (1934–1987), American football player, 49ers kicker
 * Tommy Davis (defensive end) (born 1982), American football player

Olympics

 * Tom Davis (handcyclist) (born 1977), American Paralympian, 2016 Rio Paralympics

Other sports

 * Tom Davis (basketball coach) (born 1938), American college basketball coach
 * Tom Davis (basketball player) (born c. 1970), American college basketball player
 * Tommy Davis (catcher) (born 1973), American baseball catcher
 * Tommy Davis (outfielder) (1939–2022), American baseball outfielder
 * Thomas Davis (cricketer) (1827–1898), English cricketer
 * Thomas Davis GAA, a Gaelic football club in Tallaght, County Dublin, Ireland
 * Thomas Davis GFC, Corrinshego, a Gaelic football club in Corrinshego in County Armagh, Northern Ireland
 * Tom Davis (footballer, born 1901) (1901–?), English association footballer
 * Tom Davis (footballer, born 1911) (1911–1987), Irish association footballer
 * Tom Davis (rugby union) (c. 1894–?), rugby union player who represented Australia

Other uses

 * Thomas Davis (chief) (1755–1837), Mohawk Chief of Davisville/Davis' Hamlet, near Brantford, Ontario
 * Thomas Hoyt Davis (1892–1969), U.S. federal judge
 * Tom Davis (comedian) (1952–2012), American comedy writer on Saturday Night Live
 * Tom Davis (journalist) (born 1967), mental-health educator
 * Tom Davis (British actor) (born 1979), comedian and actor
 * Tommy Davis (Scientology) (born 1972), former spokesperson for the Church of Scientology

title: Thomas Davis


text:
User talk:Pyroclastic

Evil reptilian kitten-eater from another planet
Hi Pyroclastic. I noticed you added some additional pictures to the ERKEfAP articles. However, the picture I was looking for was one of the photos or editorial cartoons actually showing Mr. McGuinty posing with a kitten. Check the Talk page. -- Corvus 20:53, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Edit to Disambiguation page on Human sexual response
Thanks! I realized that one of my links ended up going right back to the disambiguation page but didn't know how to fix it and stay within the style guidelines. Your fix was exactly what was needed. capitalist 04:26, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Warsaw Uprising
Hi there. You might be interested in that I reduced the number of red links in that article by half and applied all fixes you proposed. Would that make you change your mind? :)  // Halibutt 09:31, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Dafspeed
Hi! I was just looking at that article, and wondered if you meant to put nn or db-nn on the article - I have gone ahead and cleaned it up a bit, but I think it needs the hands of someone familiar with the topic, which I assume you are, from your edit. It would be great if you could help out! — K e  akealani  23:11, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

AutoWikiBrowser
Thank you for your recent application to use AutoWikiBrowser. Regrettably, I have declined your request as you do not have 500 mainspace edits. You are welcome to apply again at a later time. Feel free to contact me with any questions, alphachimp  19:15, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Just a friendly reminder to use an edit summary when proposing deletion for an article. Edit summary usage is always good, but it is especially important that edit summaries are used when proposing deletion. The reason for this is that articles proposed for deletion that later have the prod tag removed should not be proposed for deletion again, but rather sent to Articles for deletion. The only easy way to check if an article was previously proposed for deletion is to look at the edit history and the edit summaries people have left before. Thanks! Oo7565 17:41, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Magnetized Target Fusion
Sure, it was from. Looking at it again I see that it is from a (sort of) US government site, which could be public domain. But from looking at I am not a 100 percent sure. Which I guess is why I deleted it. Garion96 (talk) 18:15, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion
Hi - you put a "nonsense" tag on User:Gulp.seven up's user page. Not quite sure why someone's user page bothered you sufficiently to want to get it deleted, but that's not really why I'm here. Please read WP:Patent nonsense sometime, then read and reflect that calling a sonnet by William Shakespeare "patent nonsense" isn't exactly a good speedy deletion tagging on your part. Regards, BencherliteTalk 22:39, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I declined the speedy deletion at User:Crumpchromicles. If we start deleting all userpages with an "attitude", we'll never get finished. - Dan Dank55 (push to talk) 23:06, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for December 8
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Nomination of Dyke tyke for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Dyke tyke is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Dyke tyke & until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Holdek (talk) 13:29, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Didacus Pyrrhus moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Didacus Pyrrhus, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. ... disco spinster   talk  00:46, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

AfC notification: Draft:Didacus Pyrrhus has a new comment
 I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at Draft:Didacus Pyrrhus. Thanks!  DGG ( talk ) 09:39, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:Didacus Pyrrhus
Hello, Pyroclastic. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Didacus Pyrrhus, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Draft space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for article space.

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title: User talk:Pyroclastic


text:
Mike Reno

Mike Reno (born Joseph Michael Rynoski; born January 8, 1955) is a Canadian musician, singer and the lead singer of the rock band Loverboy. He fronted other bands, including Moxy, before helping form Loverboy. Reno also sang for the Canadian band Hammersmith in 1976.

Life and career
Reno was born in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada and spent his early years in the South Okanagan. He graduated from Penticton Secondary School.

While still in school in the early 1970s, Reno joined a cover band called Morning Glory, in which he played the drums and eventually found his way to the cover band Synergy. Later, Reno moved on to a band called Spunk with guitarist Jack Stoltz. After graduating from Penticton Secondary School, Reno briefly joined the band Moxy for a single album, Under the Lights, released in 1978. It was something of a departure from the previous Moxy albums, partially because of changes in band members as well as Reno's different singing style, and did not sell as well as the band's earlier releases. Eventually, Reno was introduced to Paul Dean in 1979 at a nightclub called The Refinery and they immediately got together for a jam session, which led to the formation of Loverboy shortly thereafter. Loverboy released its first album in 1980 and the band went on to tour extensively as well as release three more multi-platinum albums between 1981 and 1985. Loverboy's last full album of original material in the 1980s was Wildside (1987), though they included three new original songs on the compilation album Big Ones (1989).

Reno has also contributed to various film soundtracks. In 1984, he performed a duet with Ann Wilson of Heart, "Almost Paradise", for the movie Footloose. With Loverboy, the band contributed "Heaven in Your Eyes" for the movie Top Gun (1986). Reno contributed the song "Chasing the Angels" for the soundtrack to Iron Eagle II (1988) along with the song "Whenever There's a Night" for the movie Dream a Little Dream (1989). Reno also reportedly recorded a cover of "Never Been to Spain", a song that was originally written by Hoyt Axton and recorded by Three Dog Night for their album Harmony (1971). The Three Dog Night version went to #1 on the charts. In 1990 Reno co-wrote and performed the song 'All I Ever Needed' from the David Foster Album River of Love. In 2003, artist Tim Feehan released a solo album Tracks I Forgot About containing a song that features Reno on vocals, "Call of the Wild".

In the late 1990s, during a VH1 interview, Reno attributed the decline of Loverboy to the rise of grunge bands such as Pearl Jam and Nirvana.

In 2002, Reno released his first solo album titled Renovation. The album is composed of ten tracks closely resembling the sound of his work with Loverboy, although some discs contain a bonus track titled "Guilty as Charged." The album was reportedly recorded in 1992, and was supposed to be released by Sony but they chose instead to indefinitely shelve the project due to changes in the music industry--the changes touched on by Reno in his previously mentioned VH1 interview. Reno eventually proceeded to release the un-mastered recordings from his own archival tapes on his now defunct website but went on to release the album widely on a variety of sources. The main complaint amongst critics and fans is a lack of mastering, overall production and polishing commonly found on finished albums... but hard core fans and critics seem to feel the album is more than worthy of attention in spite of this.

Loverboy had a headlining spot at the 2007 Grey Cup party in Toronto. At the 2009 Juno Awards, Reno was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame as a member of Loverboy. Loverboy also played as a part of the 2010 Olympic ceremonies in Vancouver on Sunday February 21, 2010. This night, otherwise known as "Nunavut night", was co-headlined with the band Trooper. The live medal presentations were in short track speed skating (ladies' 1,500 m and men's 1,000 m), men's 1,500-metre speed skating and men's freestyle skiing ski cross.

The band's latest full album of all-new material is Unfinished Business, released on July 15, 2014, through Loverboy Music. As of 2024, Reno continues to tour and play live shows with Loverboy.

Studio albums

 * Renovation (2002)

with Moxy

 * Under the Lights (1978)

with Loverboy

 * Loverboy (1980)
 * Get Lucky (1981)
 * Keep It Up (1983)
 * Lovin' Every Minute of It (1985)
 * Wildside (1987)
 * Six (1997)
 * Just Getting Started (2007)
 * Rock 'n' Roll Revival (2012)
 * Unfinished Business (2014)

with Just·If·I

 * All One People (1993)

title: Mike Reno


text:
Talk:UXGA

Untitled
I changed "exactly twice the default resolution of SVGA" to "exactly four times the default resolution of SVGA", because SVGA is 800x600=48000 and UXGA is 1600x1200=1920000=4*480000. If you double both side length you quadruple the size.
 * You're right, but that's still confusing. I totally read it wrong the first time.  I added clarification in parenthesis.  Bilbo1507 21:52, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

But isn't resolution a linear measure? Therefore, I would say that the resolution of UXGA is twice the resolution of SVGA, having four times the number of pixels of SVGA --HelgeStenstrom 08:08, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Alternative resolution
HP uses the term UXGA for a resolution of 1920x1200 in their Maintenance and Service Guide for HP Compaq Business Notebook nx7000, Document Part Number: 325388-002, page 6-3 (139). --HelgeStenstrom 08:08, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

What would the 1920x1440 resolution be?
My CRT monitor runs at 1920x1440 resolution and I see quite a few such 19 and 21-inch monitors supporting it, but this resolution seems to be left out in the *GA articles. Would it be UXGA (which is 1600x1200 for 4:3 aspect ratio), UXGA+ (doesn't seem to exist), or maybe QXGA (this goes to 2048x1536)? It's been unlisted on Wikipedia for at least a year and I've been wondering what *GA acronym it is referenced as. Ulillillia (talk) 22:17, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Wrong comparison chart
I didn't get much sleep last night, so I may be missing something, but it certainly appears as though the comparison chart is for widescreen displays, as for the WUXGA article.--Rfsmit (talk) 21:22, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

What about UWXGA
The Sony VAIO P series has an 8" screen @ 1600x768 UWXGA Excogitation (talk) 23:12, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:UXGA


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quaffles, Anyone?

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 16:31, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Quaffles, Anyone?
POV, possible vanity. While it may be popular on fanfiction.net, it only gets 16 Google hits. Sonic Mew | talk to me 15:28, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Style not good enough to last: delete (Unsigned vote by )
 * Delete : Non-notable fan fiction. Gblaz 15:34, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ibid. Nandesuka 15:54, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete William M. Connolley 16:03:33, 2005-07-24 (UTC).
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Fulta

Phulta is a village in Ganjam, Odisha, India. It is several kilometers away from the city of Berhampur.

Note: This is not the Fulta or Fultah where in 1756, a multitude of British settlers sought refuge after the nawab Siraj ud-Daulah took control of Calcutta. That Fulta is on the Hooghly River, some 20 miles south of Calcutta. Admiral Watson and Robert Clive were at Fulta around 6 December 1756, preparing to attack Calcutta.

title: Fulta


text:
1935 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1935.

Excavations

 * September 18: Excavation of the Kirkhaugh cairns in Northumberland (England) by Herbert Maryon begins.
 * December: Chinese prehistorian Jia Lanpo appointed field director of the continuing excavations at Peking Man site in Zhoukoudian, China.

Finds

 * February 28: The Ladby ship Viking grave is discovered on Funen in Denmark.
 * June 29: First portion of Swanscombe skull, belonging to a woman from 400,000 BP, is discovered in England.
 * October 7: The skeleton of the Mesolithic Loschbour man is discovered in Mullerthal, Luxembourg.
 * A hoard of more than 11,000 Celtic coins is discovered at La Marquanderie on the Channel Island of Jersey.
 * The mural of the Investiture of Zimrilim is discovered in Mari, Syria.
 * Viking Age ruins at Narsaq in Greenland are discovered by Aage Roussell.

Events

 * July: The Ahnenerbe is established in Nazi Germany as a division of the Schutzstaffel "for the Study of the History of Primeval Ideas" in support of Nazi racial ideology.
 * August 2: The USS Philadelphia (1776) is raised from Lake Champlain.
 * V. Gordon Childe delivers the inaugural Presidential address to The Prehistoric Society in England on 'Changing Methods and Aims in Prehistory'.
 * Col. William Hawley reburies cremated human remains in A47 of the Aubrey holes at Stonehenge in England.

Awards

 * Leonard Woolley knighted for his work in archaeology.

Births

 * January 19: Robin Birley, English archaeologist, director of excavations at the Roman site of Vindolanda (d. 2018)

Deaths

 * May 11: Edward Herbert Thompson, American Mayanist (b. 1857)
 * May 19: T. E. Lawrence, British archaeologist of the Middle East, military officer, diplomat and author, result of motorcycle accident (b. 1888)
 * December 2: James Henry Breasted, American Egyptologist (b. 1865)

title: 1935 in archaeology


text:
File:Good-ByeChunkyRiceBookCover.jpg

Summary
Good-Bye, Chunky Rice book cover

title: File:Good-ByeChunkyRiceBookCover.jpg


text:
European fire-bellied toad

The European fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina) is a species of fire-bellied toad native to eastern parts of mainland Europe, where it can be found near waterbodies such as ponds and marshes. It is known for its red colored belly used to ward off predators, an example of aposematism, and its distinctive "whoop" call.

Description
The European fire-bellied toad is a medium sized frog, growing up to approximately 5.6 cm. The dorsal coloration can vary from gray to brown to green, while the stomach is red with thick black mottling. The backs of these frogs are covered in warts.

When threatened by a predator, the fire-bellied toad will lift up its arms (sometimes flipping over) to expose its red coloration and show off its toxicity to the potential predator. This is known as Unkenreflex, and is an example of aposematism.

Distribution
The European fire-bellied toad is found throughout Central and Eastern Europe. More particularly, its range starts in eastern Germany (including eastern Denmark and parts of southern Sweden), and then east to the Volga District of Russia where they are stopped by the Ural Mountains. The frog's most southern range is Bulgaria and the Marmara Region of Turkey.

There is an introduced population of European fire-bellied toads in Lorraine, France, over 500 km away from their natural range in eastern Germany. This population was first discovered in 2009 in Moselle but has since been found in several other nearby locations up to 30 km away, which suggests they were moved by humans intentionally. They can potentially impact the local yellow-bellied toads through hybridization.

While they are listed as "Least Concern" by the IUCN, this frog has been suffering some losses throughout its range. For example, 15 known breeding populations of these frogs were identified in Denmark in 1974, but by 1988 only 8 of those populations remained. In the Puszcza Romincka Landscape Park in Poland, the fire-bellied toad was described as uncommon, rare in the Coastal Landscape Park, and in an amphibian survey in Warsaw the fire-bellied toad only made up 9% of the observed species. However, in some areas they are recovering through human intervention, such as in Funen County, Denmark, where dozens of ponds were dug for the frogs to live and breed in, increasing their population approximately five-fold in a decade.

Ecology
This frog generally prefers to live in lowland areas such as ponds and marshes without too much woody vegetation. In larger lakes these frogs will stay on the edges (50 to 70 cm deep) in reed beds and floodplains. They feed on all sorts of small invertebrates, in particular springtails, beetles, flies, and ants. In return, the frogs are preyed on by many other animals such as snakes and birds, while tadpoles are eaten by leeches and fish.

They will typically hibernate once temperatures dip down to 4 C, during which they burrow into soil or a rotting log and remain in a state of torpor until spring. Breeding commences once temperatures reach 16 C and is usually done at night time or early morning, where females will deposit up to 15 to 40 eggs depending on their size. Tadpoles are born in about a week and develop for approximately a month before metamorphosing at a size of about 3.8 cm).

Evolution
The European fire-bellied toad (B. bombina) and yellow-bellied toad (B. variegata) are the product of clinal speciation. They emerged from an ancient divergence event, however they continue to hybridise where they overlap geographically. Yanchukov et al. 2006's survey of these species aids understanding of clinal speciation itself: Because different subpopulations carry different combinations of the reproductive isolation mechanisms, and because they combine data from a new transect with four preceding transects, their comparison and reanalysis of this speciation process helps to understand the contribution of single-nucleotide polymorphisms to clinal speciation. Clinal speciation is a challenging dynamic to study and so Yanchukov is one of the few to provide insight into this relationship.

Their speciation occurred during the Pleistocene epoch. The ancestor to both species was confined to southern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum, where B. variegata evolved in the mountains in the west (Apennine and Balkans) and B. bombina in the lowlands to the east (the steppes around the Black and Caspian Sea). As the glaciers receded, both species spread out to the rest of Europe but hybridized and competed with each other until B. bombina occupied the lowlands and B. variegata the higher altitudes.

While the two frogs hybridize in narrow hybrid zones of approximately 2 to 7 km wide, they generally avoid it by differing in their morphology and behavior. B. bombina prefers to breed in lowland seasonal ponds, such as wet meadows and floodplains, but ones that are still close to nearby permanent waterbodies. On the other hand, B. variegata prefers to breed in higher elevations in ephermal ponds that are quick to dry up. B. bombina also spends more time confined to a waterbody compared to B. variegata, which is more terrestrial and has evolved longer legs and thicker skin to aid in their frequent migrations onto dry land. Additionally, B. variegata is unable to sing as loudly as B. bombina due to their lack of internal vocal sacs, which forces them to find other breeding ponds without the other species of fire-bellied toad.

Secondary metabolites
Like its relatives – including B. variegata and B. orientalis – B. bombina produces bombinins. The H. Michl group in Vienna were the first to study B. bombina and B. variegata, first publishing a partial bombinin amino acid sequence in Kiss & Michl 1962. A few years later they discovered it was merely the carboxy terminal of a larger molecule in Csordás & Michl 1970, also showing antibacterial effect. The antifungal effect of bombinins in the toads' skin makes them promising factors for incorporation into food packaging to retard spoilage. More recently Jilek et al. 2005 searched for homologues of the isomerase and found the closest in Xenopus tropicalis, but also finding predicted homologues in various other vertebrates including the chicken (Gallus domesticus).

The prokineticin family of compounds was first discovered in this species and B. variegata. These two species produce and subsequently other prokineticins have been isolated from other species in the genus, and predicted in Rana temporaria and Pelophylax esculentus.

title: European fire-bellied toad


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Noitall

Not properly certified
I'm going to delete this RfC shortly as User:-Ril- has certified it but has offered no evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute. If anyone objects, please let me know. SlimVirgin (talk) 15:32, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * I asked -Ril- to show me evidence of his attempt to resolve the dispute, but he replied only that he wouldn't remove his signature, so I deleted the RfC as uncertified. SlimVirgin (talk) 17:23, July 24, 2005 (UTC)