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Adjustable gastric band

A laparoscopic adjustable gastric band, commonly called a lap-band, A band, or LAGB, is an inflatable silicone device placed around the top portion of the stomach to treat obesity, intended to decrease food consumption.

Adjustable gastric band surgery is an example of bariatric surgery designed for obese patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater—or between 35 and 40 in cases of patients with certain comorbidities that are known to improve with weight loss, such as sleep apnea, diabetes, osteoarthritis, GERD, hypertension (high blood pressure), or metabolic syndrome, among others.

In February 2011, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expanded approval of adjustable gastric bands to patients with a BMI between 30 and 40 and one weight-related medical condition, such as diabetes or high blood pressure. However, an adjustable gastric band may be used only after other methods such as diet and exercise have been tried.

Working principle
The inflatable band is placed around the upper part of the stomach to create a smaller stomach pouch. This slows and limits the amount of food that can be consumed at one time, thus giving the opportunity for the sense of satiety to be met with the release of peptide YY (PYY). It does not decrease gastric emptying time. The individual achieves sustained weight loss by choosing healthy food options, limiting food intake and volume, reducing appetite, and progress of food from the top portion of the stomach to the lower portion digestion.

According to the American Society for Metabolic Bariatric Surgery, bariatric surgery is not an easy option for obesity sufferers. It is a drastic step, and carries the usual pain and risks of any major gastrointestinal surgical operation.

However, gastric banding is the least invasive surgery of its kind and is completely reversible, with another "keyhole" operation. Gastric banding is performed using laparoscopic surgery and usually results in a shorter hospital stay, faster recovery, smaller scars, and less pain than open surgical procedures. Because no part of the stomach is stapled or removed, and the patient's intestines are not re-routed, they can continue to absorb nutrients from food normally. Gastric bands are made entirely of biocompatible materials, so they are able to stay in the patient's body without causing harm.

However, not all patients are suitable for laparoscopy. Patients who are extremely obese, who have had previous abdominal surgery, or have complicating medical problems may require the open approach.

Placement via laparoscopic surgery
The surgical insertion of an adjustable gastric band is often referred to as a lap band procedure or band placement. First, a small incision (typically less than 1.25 cm or 0.5 in.) is made near the belly button. Carbon dioxide (a gas that occurs naturally in the body) is introduced into the abdomen to create a work space for the surgeon. Then a small laparoscopic camera is placed through the incision into the abdomen. The camera sends a picture of the stomach and abdominal cavity to a video monitor. It gives the surgeon a good view of the key structures in the abdominal cavity. A few additional small incisions are made in the abdomen. The surgeon watches the video monitor and works through these small incisions using instruments with long handles to complete the procedure. The surgeon creates a small, circular tunnel behind the stomach, inserts the gastric band through the tunnel, and locks the band around the stomach.

Clinical studies of laparoscopic (minimally invasive) bariatric surgery patients found that they felt better, spent more time doing recreational and physical activities, benefited from enhanced productivity and economic opportunities, and had more self-confidence than they did prior to surgery.

Mechanics
The placement of the band creates a small pouch at the top of the stomach. This pouch holds approximately ½ cup of food, whereas the typical stomach holds about 6 cups of food. The pouch fills with food quickly, and the band slows the passage of food from the pouch to the lower part of the stomach. As the upper part of the stomach registers as full, the message to the brain is that the entire stomach is full, and this sensation helps the person to be hungry less often, feel full more quickly and for a longer period of time, eat smaller portions, and lose weight over time.

As patients lose weight, their bands will need adjustments, or "fills", to ensure comfort and effectiveness. The gastric band is adjusted by introducing a saline solution into a small access port placed just under the skin. A specialized non-coring needle is used to avoid damage to the port membrane and prevent leakage. There are many port designs (such as high profile and low profile), and they may be placed in varying positions based on the surgeon's preference, but are always attached (through sutures, staples, or another method) to the muscle wall in and around the diaphragm.

Adjustable gastric bands hold between 4 and 12 cc of saline solution, depending on their design. When the band is inflated with saline solution, it places pressure around the outside of the stomach. This decreases the size of the passage between the pouch created from the upper part of the stomach and the lower stomach and further restricts the movement of food. Over the course of several visits to the doctor, the band is filled until the optimal restriction has been achieved – neither so loose that hunger is not controlled, nor so tight that food cannot move through the digestive system. The number of adjustments required is an individual experience and cannot be accurately predicted.

Types of adjustable bands
In the U.S. market, one adjustable gastric band is currently approved by the FDA: Lap-Band. The Lap-Band System obtained FDA approval in 2001. The Realize Band lost FDA approval in 2016. The device comes in five different sizes and has undergone modification over the years. The latest models, the Lap-Band AP-L and Lap-Band AP-S, feature a standardized injection port sutured into the skin and fill volumes of 14 mL and 10 mL respectively.

Two other adjustable gastric bands are in use outside of the United States—Heliogast and Midband. Neither band has been approved by the FDA. The Midband was the first to market in 2000. In order to preserve the gastric wall in event of rubbing, the device contains no sharp edges or irregularities. It is also opaque to x-rays, making it easy to locate and adjust. The Heliogast band entered the market in 2003. The device features a streamlined band to ease insertion during the operation.

Surgical indications
In general, gastric banding is indicated for people for whom all of the following apply: Gastric banding is usually not recommended for people with any of the following:
 * Body Mass Index above 40, or those who are 100 pounds (7 stone/45 kilograms) or more over their estimated ideal weight, according to the National Institutes of Health, or those with a BMI between 30 and 40 with co-morbidities that may improve with weight loss (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obstructive sleep apnea.)
 * Age between 18 and 55 years (although there are doctors who will work outside these ages, some as young as 12 ).
 * Failure of medically supervised dietary therapy (for about 6 months).
 * History of obesity (up to 5 years).
 * Comprehension of the risks and benefits of the procedure and willingness to comply with the substantial lifelong dietary restrictions required for long-term success.
 * If the surgery or treatment represents an unreasonable risk to the patient
 * Untreated endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism
 * Inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract such as ulcers, esophagitis or Crohn's disease.
 * Severe cardiopulmonary diseases or other conditions which may make them poor surgical candidates in general.
 * An allergic reaction to materials contained in the band or who have exhibited a pain intolerance to implanted devices
 * Dependency on alcohol or drugs
 * People with severe learning or cognitive disabilities or emotionally unstable people

Special considerations for pregnancy
If considering pregnancy, ideally the patient should be in optimum nutritional condition prior to, or immediately following, conception; deflation of the band may be required prior to a planned conception. Deflation should also be considered should the patient experience morning sickness. The band may remain deflated during pregnancy and once breast feeding is completed, or if bottle feeding, the band may be gradually re-inflated to aid postpartum weight loss as needed.

It is highly advised to take extra precautions during intercourse after surgery, as rapid weight loss increases fertility. Effective birth control methods must be used at all times to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Two factors have been pointed out by experts that may help explain this increase in fertility: reversal of PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) and reduction in the excess of estrogen, which is produced by fat cells.

Comparison with other bariatric surgeries
Unlike more open forms of weight loss surgery (e.g. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RNY), Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and Duodenal Switch (DS)), gastric banding does not require cutting or removing any part of the digestive system. It is removable, requiring only a laparoscopic procedure to remove the band, after which the stomach usually returns to its normal pre-banded size so it is not unusual for a person to gain weight after having a band removed. However, it is not entirely reversible as adhesions and tissue scarring are inevitable. Unlike those who have procedures such as RNY, DS, or BPD, it is unusual for gastric band patients to experience any nutritional deficiencies or malabsorption of micro-nutrients. Calcium supplements and Vitamin B12 injections are not routinely required following gastric banding (as is often the case with RNY, for example). Gastric dumping syndrome issues also do not occur since intestines are not removed or re-routed.

Typically, patients who undergo adjustable gastric banding procedures lose less weight over the first 3.5 years than those who have RNY gastric bypass, BPD, or DS surgeries. Although other procedures appear to result in greater weight loss than adjustable gastric banding in the short term, results from the study by Maggard suggest that this difference decreases significantly over time. Gastric banding patients lose an average of 47.5% of their excess weight, according to a meta analysis by Buchwald.

It is important to note that, in order to maintain their weight reduction, patients must carefully follow post-operative guidelines relating to diet, exercise, and band maintenance. Weight regain is possible with any weight loss procedure, including the more radical procedures that initially result in rapid weight loss. The National Institutes of Health recommendation for weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds (½ to 1 kilogram) per week, and an average banded patient may lose this amount. This is variable based on the individual and their personal circumstances, motivation, and mobility.

Benefits of gastric banding when compared to other bariatric surgeries

 * Lower mortality rate: only 1 in 1000 versus 1 in 250 for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
 * No cutting or stapling of the stomach
 * Short hospital stay
 * Quick recovery
 * Adjustable without additional surgery
 * No malabsorption issues (because no intestines are bypassed)
 * Fewer life-threatening complications (see complications table for details)

Potential complications
Some studies reveal there is a decrease in adjustable gastric banding surgeries due to the increased risk of reoperation, compared to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) bariatric procedures.

One commonly reported occurrence for banded patients is regurgitation of non-acidic swallowed food from the upper pouch, commonly known as Productive Burping (PBing). Productive Burping is not to be considered normal. The patient should consider eating less, eating more slowly and chewing food more thoroughly. Occasionally, the narrow passage into the larger, lower part of the stomach might also become blocked by a large portion of unchewed or unsuitable food.

Other complications include:
 * Ulceration
 * Gastritis (irritated stomach tissue)
 * Erosion – The band may slowly migrate through the stomach wall. This will result in the band moving from the outside of the stomach to the inside. This may occur silently but can cause severe problems. Urgent treatment may be required if there is any internal leak of gastric contents or bleeding.
 * Slippage – An unusual occurrence in which the lower part of the stomach may prolapse through the band causing an enlarged upper pouch. In severe instances this can cause an obstruction and require an urgent operation to fix.
 * Malposition of the band (rare with experienced practitioners):
 * If the band does not surround the vertical (esophagus-to-duodenum) axis of the stomach but instead surrounds only a non-vertical (horizontal or diagonal) axis of the stomach, as by encircling only a side or portion of a side of the stomach, then the restriction on food passage will be less, weight loss will be reduced, and a painful kink in the stomach may result.
 * In two reported cases, prompted by patients' reporting an absence of appetite suppression and of weight loss, investigation revealed that the band had not enclosed the stomach at all, instead enclosing only perigastric fat, with the effect that the passage of food was not restricted at all. In these cases, the patients experienced no additional adverse symptoms.
 * Problems with the port and/or the tube connecting port and band – The port can "flip over" so that the membrane can no longer be accessed with a needle from the outside (this often goes hand in hand with a tube kink, and may require repositioning as a minor surgical procedure under local anaesthesia); the port may get disconnected from the tube or the tube may be perforated in the course of a port access attempt (both would result in loss of fill fluid and restriction, and likewise require a minor operation).
 * Internal bleeding
 * Infection

Documented adverse effects
The following are the adverse effects of gastric banding as documented by the FDA.

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| {{clear}}

Band- and port-specific

 * Band slippage/pouch dilation
 * Esophageal dilatation/dysmotility
 * Erosion of the band into the gastric lumen
 * Mechanical malfunctions – port leakage, cracking of the kink-resistant tubing or disruption of the tubing connection from the port to the band
 * Port site pain
 * Port displacement
 * Infection of the fluid within the band
 * Bulging of the port through the skin

Digestive

 * Nausea and/or vomiting
 * Gastroesophageal reflux
 * Stoma obstruction
 * Dysphagia
 * Diarrhea
 * Abnormal stools
 * Constipation
 * Diverticulosis

Body as a whole

 * Abdominal pain
 * Asthenia
 * Death
 * Infection
 * Fever
 * Hernia
 * Pain
 * Chest pain
 * Incisional infection
 * Incision pain
 * Blood clots
 * Hair loss
 * Gall stones
 * Pancreatitis

Miscellaneous
}}
 * Abnormal healing
 * Alopecia
 * Band intolerance
 * An inability to maintain proper restriction

Effectiveness
The average gastric banding patient loses 500 grams to a kilogram (1–2 pounds) per week consistently, but heavier patients often lose faster in the beginning. This comes to roughly 22 to 45 kg the first year for most band patients. It is important to keep in mind that while most of the RNY patients drop the weight faster in the beginning, some studies have found that LAGB patients will have the same percentage of excess weight loss and comparable ability to keep it off after only a couple of years. The procedure tends to encourage better eating habits which, in turn, helps in producing long term weight stability. However, with greater experience and longer patient follow up, several studies have found suboptimal weight loss and high complication rates for the gastric band.

A systematic review concluded "LAGB has been shown to produce a significant loss of excess weight while maintaining low rates of short-term complications and reducing obesity-related comorbidities. LAGB may not result in the most weight loss but it may be an option for bariatric patients who prefer or who are better suited to undergo less invasive and reversible surgery with lower perioperative complication rates. One caution with LAGB is the uncertainty about whether the low complication rate extends past three years, given a possibility of increased band-related complications (e.g., erosion, slippage) requiring re-operation".

Researcher Paul O’Brien, MD, of Melbourne, Australia's Monash University says the procedure offers an effective, reversible, long-term solution for weight loss as long as patients get good follow-up care and are willing to carefully control the way they eat. This study was supported by Allergan Inc., which markets a gastric band system.

A meta-analysis of 174772 participants published in The Lancet in 2021 found that bariatric surgery was associated with 59% and 30% reduction in all-cause mortality among obese adults with or without type 2 diabetes respectively. This meta-analysis also found that median life-expectancy was 9.3 years longer for obese adults with diabetes who received bariatric surgery as compared to routine (non-surgical) care, whereas the life expectancy gain was 5.1 years longer for obese adults without diabetes.

Band adjustments and weight loss
Correct and sensitive adjustment of the band is imperative for weight loss and the long-term success of the procedure. Adjustments (also called "fills") may be performed using an X-ray fluoroscope so that the radiologist can assess the placement of the band, the port, and the tubing that runs between the port and the band. The patient is given a small cup of liquid containing a clear or white radio-opaque fluid similar to barium. When swallowed, the fluid is clearly shown on X–ray and is observed as it travels down the esophagus and through the restriction caused by the band. The radiologist is then able to see the level of restriction in the band and to assess if there are potential or developing issues of concern. These may include dilation of the esophagus, an enlarged pouch, prolapsed stomach (when part of the stomach moves into the band where it does not belong), erosion or migration. Reflux-type symptoms may indicate too great a restriction, and further assessment may be required.

Under some circumstances, fluid is removed from the band prior to further investigation and reevaluation. In other cases, further surgery may be required, such as removal of the band, should gastric erosion or a similar complication be detected. Some health practitioners adjust the band without the use of X-ray control (fluoroscopy). In these cases, the doctor assesses the patient's weight loss and potential reflex symptoms described by the patient, such as heartburn, regurgitation, or chest pain. From this information, the doctor decides whether a band adjustment is necessary. Adjustments are often indicated if a patient has regained weight, if weight loss has leveled off, or if the patient has a distinct feeling that food is difficult to move through the stomach.

Clinical visits for regular fill adjustments generally take only about one to two minutes. However, for some patients, this type of fill is not possible because of issues such as partial rotation of the port or excess tissue above the port presenting difficulty in determining its precise location. In these cases, a fluoroscope will generally be used. It is more common practice for the band not to be filled at surgery, although some surgeons choose to place a small amount in the band at the time of surgery. The stomach tends to swell following surgery and it is possible that too great a restriction would be achieved if filled at that time.

Many health practitioners make the first adjustment between four and six weeks post-operatively to allow the stomach time to heal. After that, fills are performed as needed.

No accurate number of adjustments required can be given. The amount of saline/isotonic solution needed in the band varies from patient to patient. There are a small number of people who find that they do not need a fill at all and have sufficient restriction immediately following surgery. Others may need significant adjustments to the maximum that the band is able to hold.

Post-surgical diet and care
The patient may be prescribed a liquid-only diet, followed by mushy foods and then solids. This is prescribed for a varied length of time and each surgeon and manufacturer varies. Some may find that before their first fill, they are still able to eat fairly large portions, because before the fill, there is little or no restriction in the band. Thus a proper post-op diet and a good after-care plan are essential to success. A recent study found that patients who did not change their eating habits were 2.2 times more likely to be unsuccessful than those who did, and that patients who had not increased their physical activity were 2.3 times more likely to be unsuccessful than those who did.

A long-term, post-gastric-band surgery diet should consist of normal healthy food that is solid in nature and requires ample chewing to achieve a paste consistency prior to swallowing. This texture will maximise the effect of the band, in contrast to easier wet foods, such as soups, casseroles and smoothies, which pass through the band quickly and easily resulting in greater caloric intake.

Support groups exist for gastric-banding patients. Some mix RNY and gastric-bypass patients with gastric-banding patients. Some gastric-band patients have criticized this approach because, while many of the underlying issues related to obesity are the same, the needs and challenges of the two groups are very different, as are their early rates of weight loss. Some gastric-band recipients feel that the procedure is a failure when they see that RNY patients generally lose weight faster.

Cost of gastric banding
Adjustable gastric-band surgery costs about $15,000 in the United States, although state-specific averages range from about $10,500 (Colorado and Texas) to over $33,000 (Alaska). Services included in these costs vary by surgical clinic and hospital, but most practices include all services necessary to perform the procedure (surgeon's fee, surgical assistant fee, hospital/operating room fee, anesthesiologist fee and the device fee for the gastric band itself). Some practices also bundle a set duration of post-operative follow-up visits for filling and unfilling the gastric band as necessary (e.g., as many fills/unfills as necessary for anywhere from three to 13 months following surgery, depending on the practice), which as a standalone service costs between $15 and $300 per office visit. Most practices do not include within their quoted fees the cost of preoperative care and testing or any potential complications that may arise.

Non-adjustable bands
At the end of the 1970s, Wilkinson developed several surgical approaches with a common aim to limit food intake without disrupting the continuity of the gastrointestinal tract.

In 1978 Wilkinson and Peloso were the first to place, by open procedure, a non-adjustable band (2 cm Marlex mesh) around the upper part of the stomach.

The early 1980s saw further developments, with Kolle (Norway), Molina & Oria (U.S.), Naslund (Sweden), Frydenberg (Australia) and Kuzmack (U.S.) implanting non-adjustable gastric bands made from a variety of materials, including marlex mesh, dacron vascular prosthesis, silicone covered mesh and Gore-Tex, among others. In addition, Bashour developed the "gastro-clip", a 10.5 cm polypropylene clip with a 50cc pouch and a fixed 1.25 cm stoma, which was later abandoned because of its high rates of gastric erosion.

All of these early attempts at restriction using meshes, bands and clips showed a high failure rate because of difficulty achieving correct stomal diameter, stomach slippage, erosion, food intolerance, intractable vomiting and pouch dilatation. Despite these difficulties, silicone was identified as the best-tolerated material, with far fewer adhesions and tissue reactions occurring than with other materials. Nevertheless, adjustability became a primary goal of these early pioneers.

Adjustable bands
The development of the modern adjustable gastric band is a tribute both to the vision and persistence of the early pioneers, particularly Lubomyr Kuzmak and a sustained collaborative effort on the part of bio-engineers, surgeons and scientists.

Early research on the concept of band “adjustability” can be traced back to the early work of G. Szinicz (Austria) who experimented with an adjustable band, connected to a subcutaneous port, in animals.

In 1986, Lubomyr Kuzmak, a Ukrainian surgeon who had emigrated to the United States in 1965, reported on the clinical use of the "adjustable silicone gastric band" (ASGB) via open surgery. Kuzmak, who from the early 1980s had been searching for a simple and safe restrictive procedure for severe obesity, modified his original silicone non-adjustable band, which he had been using since 1983, by adding an adjustable portion. His clinical results showed improved weight loss and reduced complication rates compared with his original non-adjustable band. Kuzmak's major contributions were the application of Mason's teachings about VBG to the development of the gastric band, the volume of the pouch, the need to overcome staple line disruption, the ratification of the use of silicone and the essential element of adjustability.

Separately, but in parallel with Kuzmak, Hallberg and Forsell in Stockholm, Sweden also developed an adjustable gastric band. After further work and modifications this eventually became known as the Swedish Adjustable Gastric Band (SAGB).

In early 1985, Dr. Dag Hallberg applied for a patent for the SAGB within Scandinavian countries. In late March, Dr. Hallberg presented his idea of the "balloon band" at the Swedish Surgical Society and started to use the SAGB in a controlled series of 50 procedures. At the time, laparoscopic surgery was uncommon and Dr. Hallberg and his assistant, Dr. Peter Forsell, started performing the open technique to implant the SAGB.

In 1992, Forsell, who fully owned the patent, was in contact with surgeons in Switzerland, Italy and Germany who began to implant the SAGB with the laparoscopic technique. In 1994, Dr. Forsell presented the SAGB at an international workshop for bariatric surgery in Sweden, and from then on, the SAGB would be implanted laparoscopically. During this time, the SAGB was manufactured by Swedish company ATOS Medical.

The laparoscopic era
The advent of surgical laparoscopy has transformed the field of bariatric surgery and made the gastric band a more appealing option for the surgical management of obesity. In 1992, Prof. Guy-Bernard Cadière was the first to apply an adjustable band (the Kuzmak ASGB device) by the laparoscopic approach. Over the next few years, the Kuzmak ASGB was modified to make it suitable for laparoscopic implantation, eventually emerging as the modern lap band. This landmark innovation was driven by Belachew, Cadière, Favretti and O’Brien, and the Inamed Development Company engineered the device. The first human laparoscopic implantation of the newly developed lap band was performed by Belachew and le Grand on 1 September 1993 in Huy, Belgium, followed on 8 September by Cadière and Favretti in Padua, Italy. In 1993, Broadbent in Australia and Catona in Italy implanted non-adjustable (Molina-type) gastric bands by laparoscopy. In 1994, the first international laparoscopic-band workshop was held in Belgium and the first involving the SAGB was held in Sweden.

Single-port laparoscopy (SPL) is an advanced, minimally invasive procedure in which the surgeon operates almost exclusively through a single entry point, typically the navel. Special articulating instruments and access ports make it unnecessary to place trocars externally for triangulation, thus allowing the creation of a small, solitary portal of entry into the abdomen. The SPL technique has been used to perform many types of surgery, including adjustable gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy.

In 2003, the American Institute of Gastric Banding (AIGB) True Results opened the first outpatient surgery center using advanced laparoscopic technology to be recognized by the American College of Surgeons as an accredited outpatient bariatric center in the U.S. The first outpatient lap-band procedure in the U.S. was performed at the AIGB True Results Surgery Center of Richardson, Texas in 2003, and since that time, AIGB True Results has performed more than 30,000 outpatient lap-band procedures.

Safety
In 2012 there was a request for a congressional investigation by members of the U.S. Congress into lapband safety, prompted by recent patient deaths after lapband surgeries at clinics affiliated with the 1-800-GET-THIN advertising campaign in Southern California.

Awareness
As with many developments in approaches to weight loss, some public figures have affected public opinion and increased awareness of gastric banding:
 * Khaliah Ali (daughter of Muhammad Ali)
 * Fern Britton
 * Professor Chris Oliver – Surgeon, Professor Physical Activity. LapBand failed and subsequently in 2020 had gastric bypass surgery.
 * Sharon Osbourne

title: Adjustable gastric band


text:
Cam and Dursley railway station

Cam and Dursley railway station is a railway station serving the large village of Cam and the market town of Dursley in Gloucestershire, England. It is located on the main Bristol-Birmingham line, between Yate and Gloucester, at a site close to where Coaley Junction railway station was situated from 1856 to 1965.

The new station
Following a campaign for the reopening of Coaley Junction, the new station called Cam and Dursley opened on 14 May 1994, about 380 m north of the original site, although full opening did not occur until 30 May 1994. The new station is unstaffed, and consists of two platforms, linked by a footbridge, a car park covered by CCTV and a bus stop with shelter. Passenger facilities consist of shelters with seats on both platforms and a ticket machine, with passenger help points installed in late 2010.

Passenger services are provided by Great Western Railway on a largely hourly basis on the Bristol to Gloucester route. It is the nearest station to the town of Wotton-under-Edge, which is seven miles away.

Bus services, operated by Stagecoach West, run infrequently to the station as of timetable changes in August 2021. The 65 service runs 5 services, 3 in the morning, 2 in the evening to provide links to Gloucester, via Stonehouse and to Stroud, via Dursley and Uley.

Cam and Dursley Train Station, runs to a GWR timetable that links in with services towards Gloucester or towards Bristol.

There is a rail user group for the station, Coaley Junction Action Committee (CoJAC), which, following the opening of the new station, continues as a group to press for improvements in the service.

The previous station
Coaley Junction station was originally the junction for the short Dursley and Midland Junction Railway branch to Cam and Dursley, built in 1856 and later taken over by the Midland Railway. The station, also known as Dursley Junction, opened to goods on 2 August 1856 and to passengers on 18 September 1856. The station had two short platforms on the main line with a very short and sharply curved platform on the branch. Goods facilities were limited, but included a brick goods shed (still in situ) with a crane. The signal box stood at the end of the platform between the branch and mainline.

The branch closed to passenger traffic on 10 September 1962, although the mainline platforms remained open for passengers until 4 January 1965. The station closed to goods on 28 June 1968, although the branch remained as a long siding to R A Lister and Company's works at Dursley until 13 July 1970.

Stationmasters

 * J. Harris until 1863 (afterwards 119)
 * F. Burdett 1863 - 1865 (afterwards station master at Wickwar)
 * B. Derry 1865 - 1866
 * J. Baines 1866 (afterwards station master at Defford)
 * J. Dawson from 1866
 * James Boughton ca. 1870
 * Reuben Stevens ca. 1871 - 1879 (afterwards station master at Radlett)
 * Charles Jobbins 1879 - 1881 (formerly station master at Burton Joyce, afterwards station master at Weston, Bath)
 * Thomas Viney 1881 - 1892 (formerly station master at Selly Oak)
 * George J. Goscombe 1892 - 1902 (formerly station master at Wadborough, afterwards station master at Charfield)
 * H.G. Cooper 1902 (formerly station master at Staple Hill, afterwards station master at Staplehill)
 * Charles Henry Shill 1902 - 1911 (formerly station master at Staple Hill, afterwards station master at Blackwell)
 * T. Edgar Brown 1911 - 1926 (formerly station master at Rubery, afterwards station master at Charfield)
 * William John Havard from 1926 (formerly station master at Sea Mills)

Services
Great Western Railway's local services operate all services at this station. A new timetable was brought out on 10 December 2006 which saw the introduction of a mostly hourly "clockface" service, and a considerable increase in the number of trains calling, with northbound services (on Mondays to Fridays) increased from 11 to 15 and southbound services increased from 13 to 16. Northwards, services are to Gloucester with alternate services continuing on to Cheltenham Spa, Ashchurch for Tewkesbury, Worcester Shrub Hill and Great Malvern. Southbound, services are to Bristol Temple Meads and onwards to Bath and Westbury, with some services carrying on to Weymouth and occasionally Southampton Central and Brighton. A two-hourly service runs on Sundays between Bristol and Gloucester only.

 * colspan=5|Stopping at Coaley Junction railway station
 * colspan=5|Stopping at Coaley Junction railway station

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cam and Dursley railway station


text:
Talk:Butanone

Nomenclature
Does it need to be referred to as 2-butanone? On what other atom can the oxygen be? 82.16.7.63 14:23, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Take a look at the molecule. 2- and 3-butanone are equivalent, so redundant. If the oxygen was bonded to a terminal carbon, the resulting molecule would be not 1-butanone, but butanal, an aldehyde. Sealicus (talk) 02:33, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Catalyst
The use of butanone as a catalyst appears incorrect. The catalyst used is the peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP)Sergegian (talk) 01:49, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Yep, I agree with you there. Physchim62 (talk) 10:01, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Use in Inks
MEK is used in inks. For example, see http://www.abmmarking.com/ink.htm I think it would be good for the article to describe this more explicitly. --Westwind273 (talk) 23:51, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

Is Butanone a petrochemical?
It is very important that articles identify what chemicals are petrochemicals because crud oil is the ancient feces of the dinosaurs and it is important to understand how wide spread the science of the chemistry of ancient feces is because they are using it to create medicines. 2602:306:C518:6C40:D5B6:C1CD:4D8E:9B53 (talk) 02:21, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

I do know that Butanone is a derivative of Butane. 2602:306:C518:6C40:D5B6:C1CD:4D8E:9B53 (talk) 04:30, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

 * It is a derivative of petrochemicals, meaning it isn't present in petrol however, the precursors come from petrol. This doesn't mean it is the only pathway to 2-butanone. The same goes for all organic molecules. Petrol doesn't come from dinosaur feces since it would not concentrate in one location. It is more likely to be dead undersea microorganisms. They probably existed in large numbers in certain locations. Petrol is often found in watery locations. Vmelkon (talk) 17:07, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

"welding agent" (for PS)
The chapter should better contain the word solvent, as well. --Helium4 (talk) 21:24, 7 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Qaumi Watan Party

Qaumi Watan Party (قومي وطن ګوند or قامي وطنپال ګوند; قومی وطن پارٹی), abbreviated as QWP and formerly called Pakistan Peoples Party–Sherpao (PPP–S), is one of the prominent political parties in Pakistan, that split away from the Pakistan Peoples Party just before the 2002 general election. PPP–S was named after its leader Aftab Ahmad Sherpao. Differences had cropped up between PPP Chairperson Benazir Bhutto and Senior Leader Aftab Ahmad Sherpao in 1999 and the latter was expelled from the PPP by the former, thus creating PPP–S. In October 2012, it was renamed to Qaumi Watan Party when it changed its political agenda and declared itself as a Pashtun neo-nationalist party.

Name change
The name and manifesto of the party were formally changed on October 17, 2012. It was renamed from "Pakistan Peoples Party–Sherpao" to "Qaumi Watan Party". The tri-color flag was also changed by replacing the green color with white. Aftab Ahmad Sherpao said Qaumi Watan Party will work for rights of the Pashtuns of the entire region, including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Karachi, Balochistan and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

Overview
At the legislative elections of 20 October 2002, Pakistan Peoples Party–Sherpao won 0.3% of the popular vote and two out of 272 elected members. In the 2008 general election, the party won only one seat in the National Assembly, in which the party leader Aftab Sherpao was successful. On the other hand, it won six provincial assembly seats, all in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province.

During the 2013 elections, the party rebranded itself as the Qaumi Watan Party and Sherpao once again won the National seat, provincially the party secured 10 seats in total, of which eight were directly elected. This made the Qaumi Watan Party the fourth largest party in the KPK Assembly and an ally of PTI-led government coalition.

Flag
The tricolor red-black-white flag of the party exactly resembles the flag of the Kingdom of Afghanistan during the regime of Emir Habibullah Kalakani (January 1929 – October 1929). The same colors were also used by the Mongols when occupying present-day Afghanistan in the 13th century.

QWP-PTI relationship
The QWP initially joined the coalition government in the KPK province as a junior party of Imran Khan's PTI. The PTI then parted ways on suspicions of corruption by QWP ministers. After Qaumi Wattan Party parted ways from the KPK provincial government by Tehreek-e-Insaf of Imran Khan over corruption allegations, Sikandar Sherpao of QWP presented a letter to the media which was received from PTI Chairman Imran Khan advising to appoint a person named Khushal Khan as CEO of KPOGCL. PTI criticized QWP for such an act as the letter contained errors and the signature of Imran Khan was seen to be different from the original one. Shireen Mazari condemned the letter in a brief press release.

Relations began to improve between the two party and as of 2015, QWP rejoined the PTI provincial government and its ministers re-took the oath of office, this came amongst agreement between the parties to support non-corrupt government and resulted from QWP ministers not being charged of corruption by the Ehtesab Commission.

title: Qaumi Watan Party


text:
Saiga antelope

The saiga antelope (, Saiga tatarica), or saiga, is a species of antelope which during antiquity inhabited a vast area of the Eurasian steppe, spanning the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains in the northwest and Caucasus in the southwest into Mongolia in the northeast and Dzungaria in the southeast. During the Pleistocene, it ranged across the mammoth steppe from the British Isles to Beringia. Today, the dominant subspecies (S. t. tatarica) only occurs in Kalmykia and Astrakhan Oblast of Russia and in the Ural, Ustyurt and Betpak-Dala regions of Kazakhstan. A portion of the Ustyurt population migrates south to Uzbekistan and occasionally to Turkmenistan in winter. It is regionally extinct in Romania, Ukraine, Moldova, China and southwestern Mongolia. The Mongolian subspecies (S. t. mongolica) occurs only in western Mongolia.

Taxonomy and phylogeny
The scientific name Capra tatarica was coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the 12th edition of Systema Naturae. It was reclassified as Saiga tatarica and is the sole living member of the genus Saiga. Two subspecies are recognised:
 * S. t. tatarica (Linnaeus, 1766) : also known as the Russian saiga, it is only to be found today in central Asia.
 * S. t. mongolica Bannikov, 1946 : also known as the Mongolian saiga, it is sometimes treated as an independent species, or as subspecies of the Pleistocene Saiga borealis; it is confined to Mongolia.

In 1945, American paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson classified both in the tribe Saigini under the same subfamily, Caprinae. Subsequent authors were not certain about the relationship between the two, until phylogenetic studies in the 1990s revealed that though morphologically similar, the Tibetan antelope is closer to the Caprinae while the saiga is closer to the Antilopinae.

In a revision of the phylogeny of the tribe Antilopini on the basis of nuclear and mitochondrial data in 2013, Eva Verena Bärmann (of the University of Cambridge) and colleagues showed that the saiga is sister to the clade formed by the springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) and the gerenuk (Litocranius walleri). The study noted that the saiga and the springbok could be considerably different from the rest of the antilopines; a 2007 phylogenetic study suggested that the two form a clade sister to the gerenuk. The cladogram below is based on the 2013 study.

Evolution
Fossils of saiga, concentrated mainly in central and northern Eurasia, date to as early as the late Pleistocene (nearly 0.1 Mya). Several species of extinct Saiga from the Pleistocene of Eurasia and Alaska have been named, including S. borealis, S. prisca, S. binagadensis and S. ricei, although more recent studies suggest that these prehistoric representatives were merely geographical variants of the extant species that was formerly much more widespread. Fossils excavated from the Buran Kaya III site (Crimea) date back to the transition from Pleistocene to Holocene. The morphology of saiga does not seem to have changed significantly since prehistoric times.

Before the Holocene, the saiga ranged across the mammoth steppe from as far west as modern-day England and France to as far east as northern Siberia, Alaska, and probably Canada. The antelope gradually entered the Urals, though it did not colonise southern Europe. A 2010 study revealed that a steep decline has occurred in the genetic variability of the saiga since the late Pleistocene-Holocene, probably due to a population bottleneck.

Characteristics
The saiga stands 61 – at the shoulder, and weighs 26 –. The head-and-body length is typically between 100 and 140 cm. A prominent feature of the saiga is the pair of closely spaced, bloated nostrils directed downward. Other facial features include the dark markings on the cheeks and the nose, and the 7 – long ears.

The coat shows seasonal changes. In summer, the coat appears yellow to red, fading toward the flanks. The Mongolian saiga can develop a sandy colour. The coat develops a pale, grayish-brown colour in winter, with a hint of brown on the belly and the neck. The ventral parts are generally white. The hairs, that measure 18 – long in summer, can grow as long as 40 – in winter. This forms a 12 to 15 cm long mane on the neck. Two distinct moults can be observed in a year, one in spring from April to May and another in autumn from late September or early October to late November or early December. The tail measures 6 –.

Only males possess horns. These horns, thick and slightly translucent, are wax-coloured and show 12 to 20 pronounced rings. With a base diameter of 25 –, the horns of the Russian saiga measure 28 – in length; the horns of the Mongolian saiga, however, reach a maximum length of 22 cm.

Ecology and behaviour
Saigas form very large herds that graze in semideserts, steppes, grasslands, and possibly open woodlands, eating several species of plants, including some that are poisonous to other animals. They can cover long distances and swim across rivers, but they avoid steep or rugged areas. The mating season starts in November, when stags fight for the acceptance of females. The winner leads a herd of five to ten females (occasionally up to 50). In springtime, mothers come together in mass to give birth. Two-thirds of births are twins; the remaining third of births are single calves.

Saigas, like the Mongolian gazelles, are known for their extensive migrations across the steppes that allow them to escape natural calamities. Saigas are highly vulnerable to wolves. Juveniles are targeted by foxes, steppe eagles, golden eagles, and ravens.

Distribution and habitat
In the mid-2010s, the populations declined enormously – as much as 95% in 15 years. This led the saiga to be classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. In more recent years, the saiga has experienced massive regrowth. As of 2022, there is an estimated number of 1.38 million saiga surviving in Kazakhstan, per an April aerial count. As of December 2023, the global saiga antelope population is estimated to number 922,600–988,500 mature individuals.

In May 2010, an estimated 12,000 of the 26,000 saiga population in the Ural region of Kazakhstan were found dead. Although the deaths are currently being ascribed to pasteurellosis, an infectious disease that strikes the lungs and intestines, the underlying trigger remains to be identified. In May 2015, what may be the same disease broke out in three northern regions of the country. As of 28 May 2015, more than 120,000 saigas have been confirmed dead in the Betpak-Dala population in central Kazakhstan, representing more than a third of the global population. By April 2016, the saigas appear to be making a comeback, with an increase of population from 31,000 to 36,000 in the Betpak-Dala area. In April 2021 a survey in Kazakhstan found that the saiga population had risen from an estimated 334,000 to 842,000. The population increase was partially attributed to the government crackdown on poaching and the establishment of conservation areas. UK charity RSPB reported in 2022 that, partly due to their conservation efforts, as well as the designation of the Bokey Orda-Ashiozek protected area by the Kazakhstan government, the population had now risen to a peak of 1.32 million.

Former range
The saiga was not present in Europe during the Eemian. During the last glacial period, it ranged from the British Isles through Central Asia and the Bering Strait into Alaska and Canada's Yukon and Northwest Territories. By the classical age, they were apparently considered a characteristic animal of Scythia, judging from the historian Strabo's description of an animal called the kolos that was "between the deer and ram in size" and was wrongly believed to drink through its nose.

Considerable evidence shows the importance of the antelope to Andronovo culture settlements. Illustrations of saiga antelopes can be found among the cave paintings that were dated back to seventh to fifth century BC. Moreover, saiga bones were found among the remains of other wild animals near the human settlements.

The fragmented information shows an abundance of saigas on the territory of modern Kazakhstan in the 14th-16th centuries. The migratory routes ranged throughout the country's area, especially the region between the Volga and Ural Rivers was heavily populated. The population's size remained high until the second half of the 19th century, when excessive horn export began. The high price and demand for horns drove radical hunting. The number of animals decreased in all regions and the migratory routes shifted southward. Populations in Ukraine were driven to extirpation in the 18th century.

After a rapid decline, they were nearly completely exterminated in the 1920s, but they were able to recover. By 1950, two million of them were found in the steppes of the USSR. Their population fell drastically following the collapse of the USSR due to uncontrolled hunting and demand for horns in Chinese medicine. At one point, some conservation groups, such as the World Wildlife Fund, encouraged the hunting of this species, as its horn was presented as an alternative to that of a rhinoceros.

Mongolian saiga
The Mongolian saiga (S. t. mongolica) is found in a small area in western Mongolia around the Sharga and Mankhan Nature Reserves.

Threats

The horn of the saiga antelope is used in traditional Chinese medicine and can sell for as much as US$150. Demand for the horns drives poaching and smuggling, which has wiped out the population in China, where the saiga antelope is a class I protected species.

In June 2014, Chinese customs at the Kazakh border uncovered 66 cases containing 2,351 saiga antelope horns, estimated to be worth over Y70.5 million (US$11 million). In June 2015, E. J. Milner-Gulland (chair of Saiga Conservation Alliance) said: "Antipoaching needs to be a top priority for the Russian and Kazakh governments."

Hunting
Saigas have been a target of hunting since prehistoric ages, when hunting was an essential means to acquire food. Saigas' horns, meat, and skin have commercial value and are exported from Kazakhstan.

Saiga horn, known as, is one of the main ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine that is used as an extract or powder additive to the elixirs, ointments, and drinks. Saiga horn's value is equal to rhinoceros horn, whose trade was banned in 1993. is thought to be a cheaper substitute of rare rhino horn in most TCM recipes.

In the period from 1955 to 1989, over 87 thousand tonnes of meat were collected in Kazakhstan by killing more than five million saiga. In 2011, Kazakhstan reaffirmed a ban on hunting saiga and extended this ban until 2021.

Saiga meat is compared to lamb, considered to be nutritious and delicious. Numerous recipes for cooking the antelope's meat can be found. Both meat and byproducts are sold in the country and outside of it. About 45–80 dm2 of skin can be harvested from one individual depending on its age and sex.

Physical barriers
Agricultural advancement and human settlements have been shrinking habitat areas of the saigas since the 20th century. Occupants limited saiga's passage to water resources and the winter and summer habitats. The ever-changing face of steppe requires saigas to search for new routes to their habitual lands. Currently, saiga populations' migratory routes pass five countries and different human-made constructions, such as railways, trenches, mining sites, and pipelines. These physical barriers limit movement of the antelopes. Cases of saiga herds being trapped within fenced areas and starving to death have been reported.

Climatic variability
Saigas are dependent on weather and affected by climate fluctuations to a great extent due to their migratory nature. Harsh winters with strong winds or high snow coverage prevent them from feeding on the underlying grass. Population size usually dramatically decreases after severe cold months. Recent trends in climate change have increased the aridity of the steppe region, leading an estimated 14% or more of available pastureland to be considered degraded and useless. Concurrently, small steppe rivers dry faster, limiting water resources to large lakes and rivers, which are usually populated by human settlements; high temperatures in the steppe region lead to springtime floods, in which saiga calves can drown.

1980 to 2015 events
For ungulates, mass mortalities are not uncommon. In the 1980s, several saiga die-offs occurred, and between 2010 and 2014, one occurred every year. The deaths could be linked to calving aggregation, which is when they are most vulnerable. More recent research involving a mass die-off in 2015 indicates warmer weather and attendant humidity led bacteria common in saiga antelopes to move into the bloodstream and cause hemorrhagic septicemia.

2015–2016 epizootic
In May 2015, uncommonly large numbers of saigas began to die from a mysterious epizootic illness suspected to be pasteurellosis. Herd fatality is 100% once infected, with an estimated 40% of the species' total population already dead. More than 120,000 carcasses had been found by late May 2015, while the estimated total population was only 250,000.

Biologist Murat Nurushev suggested that the cause might be acute ruminal tympany, whose symptoms (bloating, mouth foaming, and diarrhea) had been observed in dead saiga antelopes. According to Nurushev, this disease occurred as a result of foraging on a large amount of easily fermenting plants (alfalfa, clover, sainfoins, and mixed wet, green grass). In May 2015, the United Nations agency which is involved in saiga conservation efforts issued a statement that the mass die-off had ended. By June 2015, no definitive cause for the epizootic had been found.

At a scientific meeting in November 2015 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Dr. Richard A. Kock (of the Royal Veterinary College in London) reported that his colleagues and he had narrowed down the possible culprits. Climate change and stormy spring weather, they said, may have transformed harmless bacteria, carried by the saigas, into lethal pathogens.

Pasteurella multocida, a bacterium, was determined to be the cause of death. The bacterium occurs in the antelopes and is normally harmless; the reason for the change in behavior of the bacterium is unknown.

Now, scientists and researchers believe the unusually warm and wet uncontrolled environmental variables caused the bacterium to enter the bloodstream and become septic. Hemorrhagic septicemia is the likely cause of the most recent deaths The change of the bacteria may be attributed to "the response of opportunistic microbes to changing environmental conditions".

The Betpak-Dala saiga population in central Kazakhstan, which saw the most deaths, increased from 31,000 after the epidemic to 36,000 by April 2016.

In late 2016, a large loss of the population happened in Mongolia. The etiology was confirmed to be goat plague in early 2017.

Conservation
Under the auspices of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, the Saiga Antelope Memorandum of Understanding was concluded and came into effect on 24 September 2006.

In captivity
Currently, only the Almaty Zoo and Askania-Nova keep saigas.

title: Saiga antelope


text: User talk:69.21.104.70

title: User talk:69.21.104.70


text:
Pittsford Sutherland High School

Pittsford Sutherland High School is a public high school in suburban Rochester, Monroe County in upstate New York. In 2021, the school was ranked in the top 2 percent (#319 nationwide; #36 in New York) in U.S. News & World Report's annual evaluation of nearly 18,000 public high schools.

Notable alumni

 * Marty Byrnes, basketball player, first round pick in 1978 NBA draft
 * John Curran, director of The Painted Veil
 * John F. Harris, journalist; founder, Politico; author, The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House, Random House, May 2005.
 * Pete Pfitzinger, distance runner, author, two-time Olympian
 * Chyna (Joan Marie Laurer), American professional wrestler, glamour model, author, and bodybuilder
 * Adam Podlesh, NFL punter
 * Morgan Schild, American freestyle mogul skier who represented the United States at the 2018 Winter Olympics
 * Leehom Wang, C-pop singer, producer, actor, musician

Feeder patterns
Allen Creek, Jefferson Road, and the northern part of Mendon Center Elementary Schools feed into Calkins Road Middle School, then to Pittsford Sutherland High School.

title: Pittsford Sutherland High School


text:
Talk:Demographics of Saudi Arabia

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 October 2018 and 5 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Crbrenner.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:17, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Ethnic groups
According to the article: "The ethnic composition of Saudi citizens is 90% Arab and 10% Afro-Asian."

However, there are:
 * 2.7 million Pakistan nationals in Saudi Arabia: https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1496861/pakistan
 * 2.5 million Bangladesh nationals in Saudi Arabia: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/over-217-bangladeshi-workers-deported-from-saudi-arabia/1711803#
 * 2,594,947 overseas Indians in Saudi Arabia: https://mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf

According to : "More than 30 per cent of Saudi Arabia’s population of 28 million are thought to be non-nationals."

So the ethnic composition in the current version of the article seems wrong. How could we correct it? A455bcd9 (talk) 19:05, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
 * The people in these groups are almost surely not Saudi citizens, so it's not a contradiction. 72.197.54.15 (talk) 17:20, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

You're right. The current sentence is limited to Saudi citizens and probably reflects the reality. However there are many non citizens among the population and they should be mentioned as well. A455bcd9 (talk) 06:08, 4 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Fixed A455bcd9 (talk) 17:12, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

It is me the person who said Saudi are Syeds
Ok 202.187.226.76 (talk) 17:30, 14 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Demographics of Saudi Arabia


text: User talk:69.2.247.138

title: User talk:69.2.247.138


text:
Richard Dehmel

Richard Fedor Leopold Dehmel (18 November 1863 – 8 February 1920) was a German poet and writer.

Life
A forester's son, Richard Dehmel was born in Hermsdorf near Wendisch Buchholz (now a part of Münchehofe) in the Brandenburg Province, Kingdom of Prussia.

He got his first impressions of nature wandering the oak forests tended by his father, and first attended school in his hometown. He then attended the Sophiengymnasium (a Berlin gymnasium) yet was expelled after clashing with the headteacher. He finished his school days in Danzig and subsequently studied the natural sciences, economics, literature, and philosophy, first at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin and then at Leipzig University, where he obtained a doctorate in economics with a thesis on the insurance industry. He then worked as a secretary at a fire insurance association, and remained in this position until, after the publication of his second volume of poetry, he turned full-time writer.

In 1889, Dehmel married Paula Oppenheimer, sister of Franz Oppenheimer. He became active as a writer and co-founded Pan magazine in 1894. Dehmel divorced Paula in 1899 and traveled Europe with Ida Auerbach (née Coblentz), who had formerly been engaged to Dehmel's rival Stefan George. Dehmel married Ida in 1901, and that same year they settled in Hamburg.

Dehmel's poetic volume Weib und Welt (Woman and World) triggered a scandal in the late 1890s: denounced by the deeply conservative poet Börries von Münchhausen, Dehmel was tried for obscenity and blasphemy. Despite being acquitted on technical grounds, the court condemned the work as obscene and blasphemous and ordered that it be burned. Dehmel would again be prosecuted for obscenity and blasphemy, but again acquitted as earlier.

Dehmel was a champion of the rights of workers. However, despite his record of fighting conservatives, Dehmel joined the many patriotic and pro-war German intellectuals who inveighed the masses to support the German Empire after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Fifty-one at the time, Dehmel volunteered in 1914 and served until 1916, when he was wounded. He called on the Germans to keep fighting right until 1918. Dehmel died in 1920 in Blankenese from the after-effects of an injury sustained during the war.

Literary work
Dehmel is considered one of the foremost German poets of the pre-World War I era. His poems are finished in form and use numerous metrical patterns. They were set to music by composers such as Richard Strauss (who met his principal librettist Hugo von Hofmannsthal at Dehmel's house), Max Reger, Alexander von Zemlinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, Luise Schulze-Berghof, Oskar Fried, Alma Mahler, Anton Webern, Ignatz Waghalter, Carl Orff, and Kurt Weill, or they inspired them to write music. Dehmel's main theme was "love and sex (Eros)", which he framed as a power to break away from middle-class values and fetters. In particular, his poem "Verklärte Nacht" (see that article for the poem) was set by Schoenberg in two versions and has been often performed.

Works

 * Erlösungen, poems 1891
 * Aber die Liebe, poems 1893
 * Weib und Welt, poems 1896
 * Zwei Menschen. Roman in Romanzen, 1903
 * Die Verwandlungen der Venus, poems 1907
 * Michel Michael, comedy 1911
 * Schöne wilde Welt, poems 1913
 * Die Menschenfreunde, Drama 1917
 * Mein Leben, autobiography 1922 (posthumously)

title: Richard Dehmel


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Authoritarian personality

The authoritarian personality is a personality type characterized by a disposition to treat authority figures with unquestioning obedience and respect. Conceptually, the term authoritarian personality originated from the writings of Erich Fromm, and usually is applied to people who exhibit a strict and oppressive personality towards their subordinates. Regardless of whether authoritarianism is more of a personality, attitude, ideology or disposition, scholars find it has significant influence on public opinion and political behavior.

Historical origins
In his 1941 book Fear of Freedom, a psychological exploration of modern politics, Erich Fromm described authoritarianism as a defence mechanism.

In The Authoritarian Personality (1950), Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson, and Nevitt Sanford proposed a personality type that involved the "potentially fascistic individual". The historical background that influenced the theoretical development of the authoritarian personality included the rise of fascism in the 1930s, World War II (1939–1945), and The Holocaust, which indicated that the fascistic individual was psychologically susceptible to the ideology of antisemitism and to the emotional appeal of anti-democratic politics. Known as the Berkeley studies, the researches of Adorno and Frenkel-Brunswik, and of Levinson and Sanford concentrated upon prejudice, which they studied within psychoanalytic and psychosocial frameworks of Freudian and Frommian theories. The book was described as a landmark work in social science that generated significant criticism of certain methods and results but also confirmation of many of the findings in independent studies. Following its publication was an extensive debate on the merits of the work, with many of the themes of this debate persisting in authoritarianism research today. The authoritarian person also presents a cynical and disdainful view of humanity, and a need to wield power and be tough, which arise from the anxieties produced by the perceived lapses of people who do not abide by the conventions and social norms of society (destructiveness and cynicism); a general tendency to focus upon people who violate the value system, and to act oppressively against them (authoritarian aggression); anti-intellectualism, a general opposition to the subjective and imaginative tendencies of the mind (anti-intraception); and an exaggerated concern with sexual promiscuity, especially when concerning women. The f-scale fell into disrepute as being unreliable after about 10 years. Other criticisms of the sociologic theory presented in The Authoritarian Personality are the validity of the psychoanalytic interpretation of personality and bias that authoritarianism exists only in the right wing of the political spectrum. In human psychological development, the formation of the authoritarian personality occurs within the first years of a child's life, strongly influenced and shaped by the parents' personalities and the organizational structure of the child's family; thus, parent-child relations that are "hierarchical, authoritarian, [and] exploitative" can result in a child developing an authoritarian personality. Authoritarian-personality characteristics are fostered by parents who have a psychological need for domination, and who harshly threaten their child to compel obedience to conventional behaviors. Moreover, such domineering parents also are preoccupied with social status, a concern they communicate by having the child follow rigid, external rules. In consequence of such domination, the child suffers emotionally from the suppression of his or her feelings of aggression and resentment towards the domineering parents, whom the child reverently idealizes, but does not criticize. Such personalities may also be related to studies in preschool children of personality and political views as reported by scientists in 2006 which concluded that some children described as being "somewhat dominating" were later found, as adults, to be "relatively liberal", and those described as "relatively over-controlled" were later found, as adults, to be "relatively conservative"; in the words of the researchers, "Preschool children who 20 years later were relatively liberal were characterized as: developing close relationships, self-reliant, energetic, somewhat dominating, relatively under-controlled, and resilient. Preschool children subsequently relatively conservative at age 23 were described as: feeling easily victimized, easily offended, indecisive, fearful, rigid, inhibited, and relatively over-controlled and vulnerable."

Perceived threat
Hetherington and Weiler argue that perceived threat is a crucial variable in activating an authoritarian disposition. They suggest this helps to explain higher rates of authoritarianism in developing countries, after social or economic crises, as well as security crises like September 11th. The authors believe that some people, who tend to be more pessimistic and experience higher levels of stress and must rely more on instinct than cognition for decision-making, while those who under normal circumstances are more optimistic and at-ease, will also respond in a more authoritarian way when feeling threatened.

Links to gender inequality
According to a study by Brandt and Henry, there is a direct correlation between the rates of gender inequality and the levels of authoritarian ideas in the male and female populations. It was found that in countries with less gender equality where individualism was encouraged and men occupied the dominant societal roles, women were more likely to support traits such as obedience which would allow them to survive in an authoritarian environment and less likely to encourage ideas such as independence and imagination. In countries with higher levels of gender equality, men held less authoritarian views. It is theorized that this occurs due to the stigma attached to individuals who question the cultural norms set by the dominant individuals and establishments in an authoritarian society as a way to prevent the psychological stress caused by the active ostracizing of the stigmatized individuals.

Modern models
C.G. Sibley and J. Duckitt reported that more recent research has produced two more effective scales of measurement for predicting prejudice and other characteristics associated with authoritative personalities. The first scale is called the Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and the second is called the social dominance orientation (SDO).

Bob Altemeyer used the right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) scale, to identify, measure, and quantify the personality traits of authoritarian people. The political personality type identified with the RWA scale indicates the existence of three psychological tendencies and attitudinal clusters characteristic of the authoritarian personality: (i) Submission to legitimate authorities; (ii) Aggression towards minority groups whom authorities identified as targets for sanctioned political violence; and (iii) Adherence to cultural values and political beliefs endorsed by the authorities. As measured with the NEO-PI-R Openness scale, the research indicates a negative correlation (r = 0.57) between the personality trait of "openness to experience", of the Five Factor Model of the human personality.

The research of Jost, Glaser, Arie W. Kruglanski, and Sulloway (2003) indicates that authoritarianism and right-wing authoritarianism are ideological constructs for social cognition, by which political conservatives view people who are the Other who is not the Self. That the authoritarian personality and the conservative personality share two, core traits: (i) resistance to change (social, political. economic), and (ii) justification for social inequality among the members of society. Conservatives have a psychological need to manage existential uncertainty and threats with situational motives (striving for dominance in social hierarchies) and with dispositional motives (self-esteem and the management of fear).

The research on ideology, politics, and racist prejudice, by John Duckitt and Chris Sibley, identified two types of authoritarian worldview: (i) that the social world is dangerous, which leads to right-wing authoritarianism; and (ii) that the world is a ruthlessly competitive jungle, which leads to social dominance orientation. In a meta-analysis of the research, Sibley and Duckitt explained that the social-dominance orientation scale helps to measure the generalization of prejudice and other authoritarian attitudes that can exist within social groups. Although both the right-wing authoritarianism scale and the social-dominance orientation scale can accurately measure authoritarian personalities, the scales usually are not correlated.

Hetherington and Weiler describe the authoritarian personality as one that has a greater need for order, and less willingness to tolerate ambiguity as well as a tendency to rely on established authorities to provide that order. They acknowledge that while everyone seeks to bring some semblence of order to their world, non-authoritarian personalities are more likely to use concepts like fairness and equality, instead of the time-honored texts, conventions or leaders that are more common among authoritarian personalities. They also note that almost everyone becomes more authoritarian when they feel threat, anxiety or fatigue, as the emotional, reactive parts of the brain crowd out cognitive abilities. They also assert that scholars do not know whether to consider authoritarianism a personality trait, an attitude or an ideology.

Western countries
In 2021, Morning Consult (an American data intelligence company) published the results of a survey measuring the levels of authoritarianism in adults in America and seven other Western countries. The study used Bob Altemeyer's right-wing authoritarianism scale, but they omitted the following two statements from Altemeyer's scale: (1) "The established authorities generally turn out to be right about things, while the radicals and protestors are usually just "loud mouths" showing off their ignorance"; and (2) "Women should have to promise to obey their husbands when they get married." Morning Consult's scale thus had just 20 items, with a score range of 20 to 180 points. Morning Consult found that 25.6% of American adults qualify as "high RWA" (scoring between 111 and 180 points), while 13.4% of American adults qualify as "low RWA" (scoring 20 to 63 points).

United States
In a 2009 book, Marc J. Hetherington and Jonathan D. Weiler identified evangelical Protestants as the most authoritarian of voting blocs in the United States. Furthermore, the former Confederate states (i.e. "the South") showed higher levels of authoritarianism than the rest. Rural populations tend to be more authoritarian than urban ones. People who preferred simple problems to complex ones, had less formal education, and those scoring lower in political knowledge also tended to score higher in authoritarianism. The authoritarianism levels of these demographics were assessed with four items that appeared in the 2004 American National Election Studies survey:

These questions were designed to force a choice, not unlike in politics, when voters are forced to choose between competing values. Some respondents chose both responses to some of the questions, and the four questions are averaged together, with a score of 1 meaning they answered all four questions with a more authoritarian response and 0 with a less authoritarian response. Half of the americans surveyed scored .75 or higher, indicating that the average American had a more authoritarian disposition in 2004.
 * 1) Please tell me which one you think is more important for a child to have: INDEPENDENCE or RESPECT FOR ELDERS
 * 2) Please tell me which one you think is more important for a child to have: CURIOSITY or GOOD MANNERS
 * 3) Please tell me which one you think is more important for a child to have: OBEDIENCE or SELF-RELIANCE
 * 4) Please tell me which one you think is more important for a child to have: BEING CONSIDERATE or WELL BEHAVED

title: Authoritarian personality


text:
Talk:Tooth whitening

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Aso1995.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:30, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Kugel?
"A recent study by Kugel et al, has shown that as much as 4 shades of lightness can be lost over 30 days with light-activated/office bleaching."

 * 1) Who is Kugel? A reference is needed
 * 2) Is there a technical definition for a "shade of lightness"?

-- Kaszeta 21:06, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I agree that this part is unclear. Is it saying the rebound makes the teeth darker by four shades beyond the original lightness or just darker than the post-bleaching level?
 * While I have a guess as to its meaning, a formal definition of "Fridge-door teeth" would also be nice for those not "in the profession". A Google search returns this article as the first result, and no other relevant results are found.

201.241.121.148 17:32, 22 September 2007 (UTC)There is a technical definition of shade of teeth color. Dentists standardly use it to determine which color they should use for a particular filling when using composite (white) as opposed to amalgam (metallic) materials to do their work. For example, your teeth could be B1 or A2, depending on various factors. In this article they talk about it:

"Title:Enhanced tooth shade guide Document Type and Number:United States Patent 7118374 / Link to this page:http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7118374.html"

The guardian--C. Booker
while not entirely incorrect, the bombastic and inflamitory remarks of the source whose "teeth looking as though life itself had wiped its arse" and he "contemplated running outside and tossing my head under a bus" is not acceptable. Find a credible source-not someone who will say anything for attention. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.219.235.253 (talk) 17:13, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

 * While it doesn't qualify as a scientific study, it may worth to leave the link. Actually all research on side effects relies on patient stories. --Zslevi (talk) 17:04, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

... No actually some research on side effects is actually performed during clinical trials in a somewhat rigorous (or so we hope) manner.

18.111.40.19 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 08:20, 21 August 2009 (UTC).

Pictures Please
Like many other dental articles we need to add some photos here - before and after type things. If anyone has access to these images then please post them otherwise I will try and find a link to some.

I agree, pictures would be useful in identifying the differential diagnosis of dental staining. Hypoplastic enamel is similar to a rare disease called amelogenesis imperfecta. This could cause confusion for readers. Thivan-ebp (talk) 05:47, 13 May 2019 (UTC) thivan-ebp

Thinning of enamel
I ran across a statement somewhere else (sorry, I don't recall where :- that the yellowing of teeth with age was due at least in part to the thinning of the enamel, so that the yellower inner layers of the tooth could show through. I don't see anything in this article (or the other articles on similar topics) that refers to this theory, so maybe it's an urban legend.  At any rate, could someone who knows the truth about this idea add something on the page about it?  Thanks!

Mcswell 14:14, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

I believe the article reflects these changes better now, although I think you have it the other way around- while enamel deteriorates over time, the dentin inside your teeth becomes more yellow as you age.--HurstMatt (talk) 22:33, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

The natural production of secondary dentine also gradually darkens teeth with age. Thivan-ebp (talk) 05:46, 13 May 2019 (UTC)thivan-ebp

American Culture
The comment about tooth whitening being due to the spread of American culture is subjective, as are comments about white teeth being associated with youth. Unusual Cheese 15:40, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

You are technically correct. However, the XO/XB bleaching shades in the vita 3D shade guide were AFAIK created for the US market - they are shades that correlated to overbleached (unnaturally high value) teeth. Also, teeth do yellow with age (this is not subjective), so it is possible that white teeth be associated with youth.Dr-G - Illigetimi non carborundum est. 19:07, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Oil pulling for tooth whitening--delete?
Oil pulling should not be mentioned in this article, given the dispute within the oil pulling article's talk page (over neutrality and reliability of sources). The claim of tooth whitening through oil pulling is not substantiated in either article. I found the reference to oil pulling in the tooth bleaching article to be misleading--I was looking for reliable information on tooth whitening, not a 'treatment' that claims to ameliorate AIDS and cure leukemia along with a host of unrelated ailments (see first 'reference' in oil pulling article, "oilpulling.com"). 69.134.79.254 04:40, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Deleted. - Dozenist talk  05:12, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Bold merge.
I'm going to be bold and merge this page into tooth whitening. WLU (talk) 12:19, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Oops, no I'm not, I'm merging tooth whitener into this page. WLU (talk) 12:21, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

While many popular tooth whitening products involve teeth bleaching treatments, many teeth whitening techniques are not related to bleaching (I'm thinking of baking soda, whitening toothpaste, and even cosmetic dentistry techniques). In fact the history of tooth whitening predates the use of bleach, a large omission from the entry as long as it remains merged. Is it possible to unmerge these entries? --HurstMatt (talk) 22:22, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Merge with Whitening strips
The Whitening strips article does not present sufficient information to stand on its own. I recommend that it be merged here. Neelix (talk) 17:35, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

I'll second that! first time i've ever seen a wiki with just One Sentence! --Alex at kms (talk) 06:13, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

The whitening strips article is pitifully small, and since it IS a way to bleach, or whiten teeth, it would be better to merge them DarkXWeatherX (talk) 00:17, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

The whitening strips article, standing at all of two sentences, would benefit from being merged into Tooth Bleaching, with a possible redirect from "Whitening strips" to "Tooth bleaching". I think it should be done; clearly the whitening strips article isn't growing all that fast since this was proposed over a year ago. :] Alex60466176 (talk) 19:41, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Infobox image caption
The caption contains capitalized words and something about a brush. It is confusing. I would make the edit but I am not familiar with the product. Please, could somebody fix it. Thank yooooooooo.--Anna Frodesiak (talk) 11:23, 18 August 2009 (UTC) I think the suggestion to merge whitening strips into this section is good, and not only the strips but other things like laser treatment and so many other things too, so that, researcher will have all related data about teeth whitening under one umbrella! Thanks! Mudassir —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.186.69.210 (talk) 06:34, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

Discovered by a Mom
i have seen a recurrent internet 'advert' claiming to offer information on a simple trick for teeth whiteing supposedly discovered by a mom, and only costing 5USD. Because i avoid ad-clicking and Wikipedia is my main source of info, i am left without a bright smile to enlighten me (or other wikipedians) ;) 79.76.215.56 (talk) 02:23, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Seconded -- this ad-plague is worthy of a mention. 86.25.179.164 (talk) 00:18, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I am wondering why it mentions that it was discovered by 'a mom' It's like saying that the telephone was "invented by a dad". DavidFarmbrough (talk) 07:34, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

In the UK these adds are ruining the teeth whitening market for both dentists and established online oral hygiene stores. The Daily Mail ran a series of reports on these 'scams' people complaining that once they had signed up for their free trial their credit cards were billed monthly! Buyers beware. There are many suppliers in America of good teeth whitening kits & Crest Whitestrips.Scmdouglas (talk) 23:43, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Teeth Whitening FAQ
Would it be appropriate to add a link to a specific brand of teeth whitening's FAQ?

Sometimes brands are mentioned in other categories, vehicles for example, and Zoom has become a market leader in bleaching/whitening.

I found a good FAQ on on Zoom at and Auckland dentist site

Hochelaga Bryant —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.238.173.205 (talk) 19:36, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

There are lots of good information and resource sites, try http://crestwhitestrips.co.ukScmdouglas (talk) 23:53, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Those that are interested in home teeth whitening but have doubts can check out these helpful articles http://www.teethwhiteningstrips.co.uk/teeth-whitening-info/useful-articles.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.104.248.37 (talk) 06:26, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Tooth care free guide available at http://crestwhitening.co.uk/resource-centre/toothcare/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.140.161.22 (talk) 18:43, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

Reads like an advertisement?
Many parts of this article (and other dental articles) read like an advertisement, explicitly using words like "you" and "your". Is this acceptable or should it be edited? Primary Antagonist (talk) 01:51, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Aforementioned?
The text "aforementioned damaging effect" (last sentence under "Natural Methods") has no prior reference in the article. There is no other sodium bicarbonate mention in the article that the browser can find except in this paragraph. kc (talk) 10:32, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Merger proposal
It is proposed that the content of Laser teeth whitening be merged into this article. Alexbrn talk 17:37, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

support : Agreed. This could be the main title, and the other perhaps the subtitle, doesn't make sense for them to be standing alone. Danger^Mouse (talk) 13:44, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

support : Agreed. No reason for two articles. Laser is subset of whitening. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.26.135.244 (talk) 02:11, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

Scope
This article contains a mixture of bleaching techniques (i.e. using bleach) and other techniques not involving bleach. Therefore the title "tooth whitening" is more appropriate. Matthew Ferguson (talk) 08:44, 6 September 2015 (UTC)

Dentin/ dentine?
Can someone clarify for me why the article has "dentine" in some copy and "dentin" in others. The dictionary shows only "dentine", but no other option. Wondering if it's dentin for adjective, but the dictionary doesn't say. Thanks. Manytexts (talk) 14:05, 11 April 2018 (UTC)
 * The article dentin says "dentin" is the American spelling and "dentine" is the British spelling. Since this article appears to use American spelling elsewhere, WP:ENGVAR suggests that it should use the "dentin" spelling throughout for consistency. Deli nk (talk) 14:11, 11 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Ah, thanks. There's quite a bit of English spelling I realise now, e.g. colour/colouration. Which spelling to follow? Happy to make any changes.Manytexts (talk) 22:14, 11 April 2018 (UTC)
 * You're right, there is an existing mix of both American and English spellings. I guess I didn't look closely enough.  The policy says in situations such as this to "use the variety found in the first post-stub revision that introduced an identifiable variety".  It's not obvious to me which revision that would be though.   Deli nk (talk) 23:01, 11 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I'm happy to toss a coin and conform the copy to one version if you're happy with that too. Manytexts (talk) 08:17, 12 April 2018 (UTC)
 * That's perfectly fine with me (but eventually someone will complain that you picked the wrong one ). Deli nk (talk) 12:44, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

Whitening Toothpaste section
This section needs review. I was reading it for my own purposes, and there are issued with this past: "Whitening toothpastes are different to regular toothpastes in a way that they contain a higher content of abrasives and detergents to fight off tougher stains. Most contain low concentrations of carbamide/hydrogen peroxide – this lightens the colour of teeth. These whitening toothpastes make teeth one to two shades lighter.[25] Toothpastes (dentifrices) which are advertised as "whitening" rarely contain carbamide peroxide, hydrogen peroxide or any other bleaching agent.[26] Rather, they are abrasive (usually containing alumina, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate, calcium carbonate or silica), intended to remove surface stains from the tooth surface."

The section also seems confusing. I believe what is meant, is that whitening toothpastes, and toothpastes that advertise as whitening are two totally different things... but this isn't made clear, and it took a number of sweeps of reading for me to realise that this was what is likely meant, rather than just reading as a self-contradicting passage. Somebody may clear it up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.80.185.169 (talk) 13:33, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

Teeth whitening suitable for all stains?
Is it worth mentioning which extrinsic and intrinsic stains would be suitable for teeth whitening? Reading the introduction: "Tooth whitening can be achieved by either changing the intrinsic colour or by removing and controlling the formation of extrinsic stains" would lead a reader to believe teeth whitening can remove all types of stains. Which extrinsic and intrinsic stains are permanent and cannot be removed with teeth whitening? Thivan-ebp (talk) 05:49, 13 May 2019 (UTC)

Yes, as chemical tooth whitening only affects the intrinsic staining by oxidising the 'stain' molecules. It is important to note that undertaking procedures such as prophylaxis and Debridement also lead to stain removal, but of the extrinsic type. This could be mentioned in a different area on the page. Another area to discuss would be the causes of each staining type. Intrinsic being linked to dentine and Extrinsic being linked to factors such as food and beverages like wine and Cola. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BOHStudentLatrobe (talk • contribs) 09:32, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: ENGL A120 Critical Thinking
— Assignment last updated by Cpdus0923 (talk) 07:44, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tooth whitening


text:
Battle of Sacheon (1592)

The Battle of Sacheon was a naval engagement on May 29, 1592 (Gregorian: July 8, 1592) during the Imjin War (1592–98). It occurred at Sacheon where Yi Sunsin's fleet managed to destroy 13 large Japanese ships. It was the first battle of Admiral Yi's 2nd Campaign in the Imjin War, between Japan and Korea, when the turtle ship was first used.

Prelude
Yi Sunsin received news from Won Gyun that the Japanese were already at Sacheon and the surrounding area. Fearing that they were planning an attack on Yeosu, Yi Sunsin set sail with 26 warships on May 29 (Gregorian: July 8). He met up with Won Gyun at Noryang and ordered him to mop up stragglers after the battle and then approached Sacheon.

Situation at Sacheon
Admiral Yi scrutinized the surrounding area. A large cliff overlooked the city and Japanese soldiers seemed to move about everywhere in the city. Twelve very large Japanese warships were anchored in the harbor, along with numerous other smaller ships. Admiral Yi knew that he could not attack the Japanese in a spearhead assault because he knew that the Japanese could direct arquebus fire down on the Koreans from the top of the cliffs.

Admiral Yi wanted to fight the Japanese in the sea where there was more room to maneuver. Hoping to draw the Japanese into open waters, he turned his battleships around and withdrew. Apparently, the Japanese commander had been observing the Korean movements and quickly ordered his captains to take a portion of the fleet anchored at Sacheon and attack the Koreans when he saw them withdraw. Taking the bait, the Japanese pursued the Koreans.

The turtle ship
The Battle of Sacheon was the first battle during which Admiral Yi deployed the turtle ship. By the time the Koreans and the Japanese were out on the open sea, it was nearly dark. Nonetheless, Admiral Yi had the turtle ship and his other vessels turn around quickly and fire upon the Japanese. Admiral Yi had his men unleash a hail of cannonballs and fire arrows. This had an immediate effect on the enemy warships, and the Japanese ships started taking heavy damage.

The fierce and sudden Korean attack shocked the Japanese. But unlike their previous poor performance at the Battle of Okpo, the Japanese soldiers fought bravely and returned fire with their arquebuses in a timely manner. Unfortunately for the Japanese, they did not have a chance to board the Korean ships because of concentrated Korean cannon fire. Also, the turtle ship was impossible to board anyway due to iron spikes on its roof. Then, the Japanese began to panic when the turtle ship smashed into Japanese lines, firing in every direction.

It was in the heat of the battle when the course of Korea's history nearly changed; Admiral Yi was shot by a Japanese arquebusier. The Korean captains were shocked. However, the bullet only punctured the skin of his left arm leaving Admiral Yi with a very minor injury.

Aftermath
In a couple of hours, every single Japanese warship that had fought was destroyed. Yi Sunsin destroyed all the large Japanese ships and left a few small enemy ships behind hoping to lure back the Japanese who had fled. A few survivors struggled ashore. The Battle of Sacheon caused the Japanese command at Busan some anxiety, as the supply ships that sailed from Japan might be in danger.

title: Battle of Sacheon (1592)


text:
List of storms named Nanette

The name Nanette has been used for three tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Tropical Storm Nanette (1967)
 * Hurricane Nanette (1971)
 * Tropical Storm Nanette (1975)

The name Nanette has also been used for one tropical cyclone in the Western Pacific Ocean.
 * Typhoon Nanette (1947) (T4713)

title: List of storms named Nanette


text:
WYBF

WYBF (89.1 FM, "Cavalier Radio") was a college radio station which broadcast in the Philadelphia area via a 700 watt transmitter that covered a 15-mile radius around Radnor, Pennsylvania; the station was owned by Cabrini College. WYBF had a freeform type of format, which allowed the student DJs to create their own playlists; however most of the music played on WYBF was of the modern rock genre.

The station's license was cancelled by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on August 25, 2022, at the request of the licensee. The closure of WYBF came after Cabrini College agreed to end its share-time agreement with Villanova University's WXVU; as part of the deal, Cabrini will be paid $125,000 upon FCC approval of WXVU's application for full-time operation. The "Cavalier Radio" programming continues to operate as an Internet radio station.

title: WYBF


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nicholas Tryfonos

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Dmcdevit·t 07:17, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

Nicholas Tryfonos
Not a Juventus player, just a fool! (I have even looked for him, but he does not appear anywhere in association with the team) Angelo.romano 21:09, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete under the new policy: it makes no assertion of notability. See WP:CSD as updated. -Splash 22:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete I disagree with Splash to a degree - being a Juventus player is a certainly legitimate claim of notability. Becoming a member of one of the most famous football teams in Europe certainly means having achieved considerable success. However, I can find no evidence of this being true, either on Google News, Google Web or Juventus pages. Manning 03:04, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 08:27, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.