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William F. Durand

William Frederick Durand (March 5, 1859 – August 9, 1958) was a United States naval officer and pioneer mechanical engineer. He contributed significantly to the development of aircraft propellers. He was the first civilian chair of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the forerunner of NASA.

A native of Connecticut, he was a member of the first graduating class of Birmingham High School in Derby, Connecticut (now Derby High School) in 1877. He graduated second in his class at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis and received his Ph.D. from Lafayette College. He went on to teach at the Michigan State College, Cornell University and Stanford University, teaching that school's first course in aeronautics, the second offered by any school in the country (the first was offered by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology). He helped rebuild Stanford after the 1906 earthquake, and the department of Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering building bears his name. A memorial there reads: "His first professional assignment in 1880 was on the USS Tennessee (1865), a full rigged wooden ship with auxiliary steam power. His last, 1942–46 was as chairman of the National Aeronautical Commission for the development of jet propulsion for aircraft." He died in 1958 at the age of 99.

Early life
William Frederick Durand was born on March 5, 1859, in Beacon Falls, Connecticut. He was the fourth and youngest child and second son to William Leavenworth Durand and Ruth née Coe. When Durand was one year old his family moved to Derby, Connecticut. During high school Durand showed an aptitude towards mathematics, and took extra curricular studies from the principal in analytic geometry and worked as a surveyor's assistant. Durand's brother strongly recommended that he take engineering at the United States Naval Academy. The Academy's entrance exams at the time tested for familiarization with machine tools, so Durand dropped attendance in the spring semester of high school in 1876 to work in the tool room of a factory in Ansonia, Connecticut. Durand was one of five to graduate from the first high school graduating class.

To further prepare for the Navy Academy entrance exams, Durand attended a summer course at the Maryland Agricultural College taught by a retired American Civil War naval veteran. Travelling to Maryland for the classes, Durand stopped at the Centennial Exposition where the Corliss steam engine made a lifelong impression.

Naval career
In 1876 Durand was one of 80 applicants testing for 25 openings at the academy. His first examination was in elementary mechanics, presided over by A. A. Michelson. Durand placed tenth in the exams and was admitted into the academy. During summers Durand cruised on board USS Mayflower (1866).

At the time graduates of the U. S. Naval Academy did not receive commission upon graduation but were required to serve two years of sea duty before being eligible. Durand graduated in 1880 from the academy with the rank of cadet engineer and was assigned to USS Tennessee (1865), flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron. Also assigned to Tennessee was Durand's classmate Midshipman W. S. Sims. After two years at sea Durand was given a week-long oral exam by the Naval Examining Board. Durand passed the exam and was commissioned as Assistant Engineer. Durand continued to serve on Tennessee until June 1883, when he was transferred to the Bureau of Steam Engineering. There Durand was assigned to work on the design of the engines for USS Chicago (1885). While there an Act of Congress titled "To Promote a Knowledge of Steam Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Act" provided officers of the Engineer Corps of the Navy as instructors to scientific and technical institutions in the United States. Durand requested a tour of duty at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. While there Durand married Charlotte Kneen on October 23, 1883, and had a son on June 14, 1885. Durand earned a Ph.D. in engineering from Lafayette while there.

In autumn 1885 Durand was transferred to the Morgan Iron Works as an inspector on the engines for USS Boston (1884) and USS Atlanta (1884). In November 1885 Durand received a telegram ordering him to the Brooklyn Navy Yard to participate in sea trials of USS Dolphin (PG-24). The recently completed Dolphin had received an adverse report from the Board of Inspection and Survey. Among the findings was a claim of structural weakness. Captain R. W. Meade suggested to Secretary of Navy William C. Whitney that he take Dolphin to sea in search of a storm. Dolphin was outfitted at Newport, Rhode Island, and in late November the ship sailed for Cape Hatteras, where a storm of strong wind and heavy seas was known to be. The test plan consisted of: two hours of steaming under full power directly into the storm, two hours steaming with the wind 45 degrees off the bow, two hours with the wind amidships, two hours off the quarter, and two hours with the storm astern. Dolphin passed the storm test and sailed to the Norfolk Navy Yard.

Durand requested and received duty as a naval engineering instructor at Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Worcester, Massachusetts, arriving in March 1887.

Honors

 * Member of the American Philosophical Society (1917)
 * Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1917)
 * Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society (1918)
 * Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1921)
 * LL.D. (Honorary) University of California (1924)
 * LL.D. (Honorary) University of Utah (1927)
 * Honorary Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1934)
 * Daniel Guggenheim Medal (1935)
 * Franklin Medal (1938)
 * D.Eng. (Honorary) Worcester Polytechnic Institute (1938)
 * John J. Carty Award of the National Academy of Sciences (1945)
 * American Society of Mechanical Engineering Medal (1945)
 * Presidential Medal for Merit (1946)
 * Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy (1948)
 * Durand Building at Stanford University
 * Durand Road near Moffett Federal Airfield

Michigan State and Cornell
While in Worcester Durand was approached by a member of the board of trustees of Michigan State College. Michigan State was looking for someone to create and head a mechanical engineering program. Durand accepted the position and resigned his commission with the US Navy effective 15 September 1887.

Durand worked at Michigan State in Lansing, Michigan, for four years, creating the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

In late Spring 1891 Durand accepted the chair of mechanical engineering at Purdue University in Lafayette, Indiana. Later in the summer Durand learned that Robert H. Thurston, Director of Sibley College at Cornell University, was looking for someone to lead a planned post-graduate school of the College in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. Thurston agreed to hire Durand, and the administrators at Purdue agreed to let him go if he could find a suitable replacement for Purdue. Professor John Joseph Flather of the University of Minnesota accepted the position at Purdue, and Durand went to Cornell. Shortly after arriving Durand became the secretary of the Sibley faculty.

In 1892 Durand was elected a member of Sigma Xi, an engineering honors fraternity that started at Cornell in 1886. Durand would later become National President of the Society in 1936.

Logarithm paper, radial planimeter, and marine propeller research
Three accomplishments Durand thought noteworthy during his years at Cornell were the development of logarithmic paper, developing theoretically and mechanically an averaging radial planimeter, and research on marine propellers.

In 1893 Durand developed and introduced Logarithmic graph paper, where the logarithmic scale is marked off in distances proportional to the logarithms of the values being represented. Keuffel and Esser Company listed logarithmic paper in their general catalog as "Durand's Logarithmic Paper" as late as 1936.

In 1893 Durand published a paper mathematically describing a radial planimeter for averaging values plotted in polar coordinates. Originally a radial planimeter was of academic interest only, but ten years later clock driven recording instruments started being used. Durand created working device based on his theory. He patented the device and received royalties from a scientific instrument company making the devices until the patent expired.

Durand conducted research on the theory of operation of marine screw propellers while at Cornell. Using funding from the Carnegie Institute, a concrete canal was built in the Hydraulic Laboratory for the study of propellers. Approximately forty-nine twelve inch diameter model propellers with varying pitch and proportion were tested over the course of several years.

On October 25, 1903, Robert Thurston died and Durand became acting Director of Sibley College while Cornell searched for a permanent replacement. When A. W. Smith of Stanford University became Director David Starr Jordan, president of Stanford, offered Durand a position at Stanford to replace the vacancy created by the leaving of Smith. Durand accepted the offer and moved to Stanford in August 1904.

Stanford (1904–1917)
Durand was the director of the mechanical engineering department and acting director of the electrical engineering department. Durand recruited H. J. Ryan from Cornell to be director of electrical engineering, a position Ryan held from 1905 until his death in 1934.

At 5:20 AM on April 20, 1906, Durand was awakened by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. A marble statue of Louis Agassiz fell headfirst, piercing the concrete sidewalk. University president Jordan commented "Agassiz was always a hard-headed scientist." Durand was appointed to a Board of Engineers tasked with clearing the ruins and making temporary repairs allowing the university to reopen in the fall. Stanford reopened in September for fall semester, and reconstruction was not completed until 1908.

In 1912 Durand chaired the Committee of Management in preparation for the Engineering Congress held in conjunction with the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition. George Washington Goethals was Honorary President of the Congress. Afterwards Durand compiled and edited the papers read before the congress into 18 volumes, mailing them to subscribers.

The NACA
In 1914 Durand attended a conference convened by Charles Doolittle Walcott, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., for the purpose of stimulating interest in aeronautic science, and its relation to the U. S. government. The conference led to an act of congress organizing an Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (later the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) "to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight with a view to their practical solution." This committee was composed of twelve members, two each from the Army and Navy, one each representing the Smithsonian Institution, the Weather Bureau, and the National Bureau of Standards. Five additional members were chosen "who shall be acquainted with the needs of aeronautical science, either civil or military, or skilled in aeronautical engineering or its allied sciences." Brigadier General George P. Scriven, Chief Signal Officer of the Army, was chairman of the committee, Walcott was elected chairman of the Executive Committee. President Woodrow Wilson appointed Durand as one of the civilian members of the Committee.

Durand became Chairman of the NACA in the fall of 1916 at the second meeting of the full committee.

Durand proposed to the NACA the need for research on aircraft propellers, modeled on the work he had done on marine propellers at Cornell. The Committee agreed and Stanford University was contracted to perform the testing. Working with Professor E. P. Lesley, Durand conducted the air propeller research for the following twelve or fifteen years. Test results were published to the Committee and annually in reports.

World War I
The United States declared war on Germany in April, 1917. Durand obtained a leave of absence from Stanford to devote working full-time at the NACA. The United States concentrated on developing training, reconnaissance, and bomber airplanes while relying on the British and French for fighters. The NACA directed the development of the Liberty aeronautical engine.

An impediment early in the war to rapidly improving aircraft were concerns about aircraft patents. To address this a conference of the leaders of the aircraft industry was convened. After several sessions a cross-license agreement was arranged calling for the common use of all important aircraft patents for the duration of the war.

Durand worked to create aviation ground schools at between six and ten universities for the creation of aviation ground schools. The ground school curricula included aircraft control, flight theory, science, and meteorology.

Durand first flew in an airplane in 1917. That year the Italian government was showcasing a large triplane built in the city of Genoa to U. S. Government officials hoping for sales. A party of four or five officials took a trip from Langley Field to Washington, D.C., a distance of 120 miles, lasting over an hour.

In 1917 Durand, metallurgist Dr. Henry M. Howe, and Dr. John J. Carty, Chief Engineer of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company were elected to the National Academy of Sciences to form the nucleus of an engineering section of the academy.

In autumn of 1917 Durand initiated the development of the airplane turbosuperchargers. The NACA had received incomplete reports that a French engineer named Auguste Rateau was attempting to develop engines for high altitudes using a turbo-driven air compressor. Remembering a graduate student named Sanford A. Moss who worked on gas driven turbo engines twenty years earlier at Cornell before starting a career at the gas turbine division of General Electric, Durand wrote to the president of GE, Mr. E. W. Rice requesting Dr. Moss' services. After this turbochargers became Moss' life work.

On May 11, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson signed an Executive Order creating the National Research Council, the working arm of the National Academy of Sciences. Durand was appointed head of the Engineering Division. Both the NACA and the NRC had offices in the Munsey Trust Building in Washington separated by two floors. Durand climbed stairs or rode the elevator several times a day between the two.

In December 1917 Durand, accompanied by his chief assistant Karl T. Compton and two others, traveled to Paris maintain continuous and close contact with developments in the applications of science in warfare. Upon arriving Durand was given the title Scientific Attaché to the U. S. Embassy, though he worked independently of Ambassador William Graves Sharp. He did take advantage of the embassy's diplomatic bag to send reports back to Washington.

In March 1918 Durand experienced the shelling of Paris by the German Paris gun. After an early morning air raid alarm was sounded Durand walked to the Place de la Concorde to witness the raid. Upon arriving at the obelisk he heard an explosion but was unable to see any airplanes. While searching the sky another explosion occurred. The bombardment continued throughout the day, with a shell landing every 15 to 20 minutes. One landed quite close to Durand, hitting the Tuileries Garden.

In June 1918 Durand traveled from Paris to London to give the annual Wilbur & Orville Wright Named Lecture of the Royal Aeronautical Society. Before an audience of 2000 people Durand give a lecture addressing the problems of aircraft design, construction and operation as factors in a war effort. On the occasion of his talk Durand was elected a Fellow of the society.

With the Armistice World War I ended on November 11, 1918. Durand returned to Stanford on February 22, 1919, and resumed teaching.

Retirement from Stanford, ASME, Bureau of Standards, U.S. Naval Academy
In 1924 Durand reached Stanford's mandatory retirement age of 65 and became Professor Emeritus. Durand continued testing model aircraft propellers, research that had begun under the NACA in 1915.

In fall 1924 Durand was elected to a one-year term as President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for 1925-26. Durand had been a continuous member of the society since joining while serving on board the USS Tennessee in 1883. To be near the society headquarters, Durand lived in Brooklyn, New York, during his term in office.

On September 10, 1924 Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover asked Durand to become a member of the Board of Visitors of the Bureau of Standards. The board visited the Bureau several times over the course of a year to confer and advise the Director and be a conduit between the Bureau and outside entities. Durand was a member of the board for several years.

In spring of 1925 Durand was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to the Board of Visitors of the United States Naval Academy. The board visits the academy to attend classes, attend classes, observe drills and exercises and observe the overall performance of the institution.

Morrow Board
On September 3, 1925, the US Navy dirigible USS Shenandoah (ZR-1) crashed in southeastern Ohio. US Army general Billy Mitchell accused the War and Navy Departments of causing the accident through "criminal negligence." The army brought court-martial charges against Mitchell. Due to public pressure President Coolidge created a Board of Aeronautic Inquiry chaired by Dwight Morrow.

On September 11, 1925, Durand learned over the radio that Coolidge had appointed him to the board. The board was tasked to study aeronautics in relation to national defense and advise the president on policy to develop aircraft in time of war. The board was composed of Morrow as chairman, U. S. Judge Arthur C. Denison as vice chairman, Durand as secretary, Hiram Bingham, James S. Parker, Carl Vinson, Maj. Gen. James G. Harbord (ret.), Rear Admiral Frank F. Fletcher (ret.), and Howard E. Coffin.

The first meeting of the board was held at the White House where Durand was chosen to be secretary of the board. After weeks of meetings receiving expert testimony and conferring the board submitted a report to the President recommending a near term development plan for military and naval aircraft. The report further recommended the creation of the offices of Assistant Secretary for Military and for Naval aircraft within the War and Navy Departments.

Guggenheim Fund
In 1926 or 1927 Durand was invited by Daniel Guggenheim to join the Board of Trustees of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. The board asked Durand to make recommendations on the proposal of creating an encyclopedia of aeronautics. Durand determined quickly that the overall field of aeronautics was still developing very rapidly and an encyclopedic overview would rapidly become obsolete. He recommended instead that fluid mechanics theory and its application to aeronautics was mature and stable enough for an encyclopedia. The board agreed, tasking Durand to direct and supervise the effort. Durand worked on the encyclopedia full-time for the next six years. He sailed to Europe and met Theodore von Kármán of Aachen University to find the best qualified authors. Twenty five authors wrote twenty divisions in six volumes for a total of 2200 pages. No American publisher was willing to print the encyclopedia due to concern of the number of potential sales. Springer & Co. of Berlin agreed to publish the volumes in English.

The final volume was published in 1936.

During World War II there was renewed demand for the encyclopedia and a second printing was made by photo-offset printing at the California Institute of Technology.

Propeller research
In 1926 Durand and E. P. Leslie reported on comparisons of propeller efficiency in a wind tunnel versus free flight. Leslie tested seven propellers with a VE-7. Durand's wind tunnel model showed similar efficiency to Leslie's measurements, but lagged by 6% to 10% in thrust developed and power absorbed.

Colorado River, Special Committee on Airships,
In 1927 Durand became a member of a board of advisers to the Secretary of Work of the United States Department of the Interior. The board was tasked to survey the Colorado River to find solutions to annual flooding, silting, the development of hydroelectric power, and water usage for irrigation and by cities such as Los Angeles, California.

On 12 February 1935 The US Navy rigid airship USS Macon (ZRS-5) crashed in a storm off Point Sur, California. Investigations were conducted by a Naval Board of Inquiry and a scientific review board. Science Advisory Board Chairman Karl T. Compton appointed a Special Committee on Airships at the request of Secretary of the Navy Claude Swanson. Members of the committee were Robert A. Millikan and Theodore von Kármán of Caltech, William Hovgaard of M.I.T., Durand and Stephen Timoshenko of Stanford, Frank B. Jewett of Bell Telephone Laboratories, and Charles F. Kettering of General Motors. Durand was the chairman.

Ship stabilization
Upon request of the United States Department of the Navy, the National Academy of Sciences established a committee chaired by Durand to investigate anti-rolling devices on ships. The ability to stabilize a ship such as an aircraft carrier would be extremely useful during the landing of airplanes. The committee established an experimental laboratory at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Dr. Nicolas Minorsky worked on roll stabilization of ships for the navy from 1934 to 1940, designing in 1938 an activated-tank stabilization system into a 5-ton model ship. A full-scale version of the system was tested in USS Hamilton (DD-141) but exhibited control stability problems. Very promising results were beginning to appear when the outbreak of the Second World War interrupted further development as the Hamilton was called to active duty and the 5 ton model was put into storage.

World War II
In March 1941 Chairman of the NACA Vannevar Bush asked the then 82-year-old Durand to head a committee to study and develop jet propulsion for aircraft. The committee was composed of members from General Electric, Westinghouse, and Allis-Chalmers. The committee agreed early that the three companies would work separately developing jet engines to promote diversity in design.

Chief of the Air Corp Henry H. Arnold obtained a Whittle jet engine from England which was turned over to the gas turbine division of GE in Lynn, Massachusetts, for test and copy. General Electric developed this into the J31. Durand witnessed a static test of the engine in Lynn, Massachusetts on July 13, 1942, alongside Sanford A. Moss, the engineer Durand had requested from General Electric for the development of turbosuperchargers during World War I. Moss had retired from GE but worked as a consultant on the jet engine. Durand and Moss spoke to each other of the early development of the turbosupercharger as the manager of the facility recorded their conversation. On October 2, 1941, Durand witnessed the first official flight of the J31 equipped Bell P-59 Airacomet at Muroc Army Air Field (today, Edwards Air Force Base). Westinghouse developed the J30 engine from this effort. Durand led the jet engine effort from April 2, 1941, to July 7, 1945, at which time Durand was 86 years old

Also beginning in early spring 1941 Durand chaired the Engineering Division of the National Research Council. Durand split his work days, mornings at the NACA, afternoons at the NRC. Durand was greatly helped by the NRC Division Executive Secretary William H. Kenerson of Brown University.

Research resources

 * Dams, Papers Concerning Design and Construction, 1903-1956 (3 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries
 * William F. Durand Papers, 1893-1979 (1.25 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries

title: William F. Durand


text:
WFYI (TV)

WFYI (channel 20) is a PBS member television station in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It is owned by Metropolitan Indianapolis Public Media, Inc. alongside NPR member WFYI-FM (90.1). The two stations share studios between Pierson and Illinois Streets (using a North Meridian Street address) north of downtown Indianapolis, within the city's Television Row section. The TV station's transmitter is located on West 79th Street and Township Line Road on the city's northwest side (near Meridian Hills).

After a years-long fight to start public television, much delayed by competing tower site plans proposed by commercial stations, WFYI debuted on October 4, 1970. Its foundation was supported by a women-led fundraising drive to raise the first year's operating expenses. In addition to airing PBS and other public television programs, WFYI also produces programs of local and regional interest.

Prologue
Channel 20 was allocated for non-commercial educational use in Indianapolis by the Federal Communications Commission in 1952; however, in 1958, I. Lynd Esch, the president of Indiana Central College, now the University of Indianapolis, asked the FCC to allocate channel 13, then in a disputed application process, for educational use. Esch believed channel 20 would never be used because it was in the ultra high frequency (UHF) band and not all homes could receive it. A booster group, the Indianapolis Committee for Educational Television, was formed in 1960, with the idea of bringing in educational programming from Indiana University for broadcast or possibly supporting a station to be built by Butler University or Indiana Central College. Butler applied for channel 20 in September 1962, though it admitted at the time that its plans were incomplete.

At the end of 1965, the Metropolitan Indianapolis Television Association, a new group headed by Esch, applied for channel 20. At the same time, WTTV in Bloomington sought permission to move its transmitter to a site in Indianapolis, which it would share with the new educational station alongside other donations by WTTV founder and owner Sarkes Tarzian; studios would be on the Indiana Central campus. The idea of sharing the tower with WTTV and a second proposed commercial independent station for Indianapolis was part of a leverage strategy to try and convince the FCC to let WTTV move its facility from Bloomington, where it had been at a disadvantage to the Indianapolis network affiliates.

Two of the Indianapolis network affiliates—WISH-TV and WLWI—then made a counter-offer to the television association in 1967 to permit the use of one of their towers and provide $350,000 in equipment, noting that the WTTV tower move condition was a hindrance to approving channel 20. WTTV responded by sweetening its proposal, stating that it would offer the use of the existing WTTV mast at Trafalgar to Indiana University, which was in the process of building WTIU (channel 30). The effect was to mire the establishment of channel 20 in a dispute between commercial stations.

In June 1967, the FCC rejected WTTV's proposed relocation. The application sat in limbo, but progress was reported by October, even though the channel 20 proposals had to be amended to specify a new tower site. Plans firmed up in early 1968 with the appointment of a general manager; the selection of WISH-TV's tower for the channel 20 antenna; and proposals to use studios of the Christian Theological Seminary as well as equipment donated by WISH, WLWI, and WFBM-TV. In July, the amended application was mailed to the FCC, but another problem bogged down approval. The new WISH tower was objected to by WLFI in Lafayette, Indiana. Like WISH, WLFI was a CBS affiliate, and WLFI feared that WISH would encroach on its territory to its detriment. During this time, WTIU began broadcasting in March 1969, but Indianapolis was still the largest city in the nation without an educational station. Richard K. Shull, television columnist of The Indianapolis News, criticized local residents that had not moved to Indianapolis from elsewhere for not understanding the benefits of such a station and demonstrating "monumental apathy and rampaging lassitude". Mayor Richard Lugar formed a group to raise funds to sustain operations and receive a matching grant.

Construction and launch
After meeting its fundraising deadline and modifying its application to specify a tower owned by WFBM-TV, thereby bypassing the WISH tower dispute, the impasse finally broke at the end of June 1969. The FCC granted the construction permit on June 26, and a federal facility grant was approved days later. By October, there were call letters—WFYI—and facilities, but no fund drive had yet been slated to raise $350,000 needed to finance the first year of operational expenses, raising the prospect that nothing would come of all the effort. When Sesame Street debuted nationally that fall, WLWI aired the series until WFYI could begin broadcasting.

Early 1970 was spent raising funds to put WFYI into service. A major effort was mounted starting on March 1, involving more than 9,000 women selling charter memberships door-to-door; churches announcing the fund drive from their pulpits; and the organization of a fundraising auction. That day, WLWI aired a 30-minute sampler of educational programs. Response to the door-to-door effort was reported to be greater than anticipated, but a lack of knowledge of educational TV programming and bad weather worked against it. Within a month, the group, led by Ardath Burkhart and dubbed "Ardath's Army", had raised more than $250,000, which was enough to assure that WFYI would sign on the air and resulted in a congratulatory telegram from first lady Pat Nixon.

The launch was originally set for September 1970, but equipment issues resulted in a month's delay. The transmitter was activated on September 16, and WFYI began programming on the evening of October 4, becoming the first new television station in Indianapolis since 1957. The next day, PBS began operations in replacement of National Educational Television. Offices were maintained at Oldfields until WFYI moved into the former WISH-TV studios at 1440 Meridian Street in August 1971, enabling it to start producing its first local programming on January 2, 1972.

Growth in the 1970s and 1980s
When Frank Meek became WFYI's general manager in 1972, the station was struggling to make payroll, and the only cameras it owned filmed in black-and-white. In 1973, after WISH ultimately opted not to build its proposed tower, WFYI began construction of its own mast. The relocation came with a decrease in effective radiated power but raised the height above average terrain by 600 ft, improving reception. The Women's Council for Channel 20 became Friends of Channel 20, the station's fundraising support arm, in 1975; Ardath Burkhart served on the WFYI board and the PBS national board of directors before dying in 1983 at the age of 78.

WFYI left the former WISH-TV studios but remained on Meridian Street when it moved into studios being vacated by WTHR at 1401 Meridian in 1982; new UHF startup WPDS-TV (channel 59) then occupied the 1440 Meridian facility. In 1986, Metropolitan Indianapolis Public Broadcasting acquired WIAN (90.1 FM), a public radio station owned by Indianapolis Public Schools. The station became known as WFYI-FM in March 1988.

From 1985 to 1989, WFYI programming was seen in Fort Wayne, Indiana, until public television station WFWA-TV there began originating its own programming.

1990s to today
Meek retired at the end of 1988; he was replaced by Lloyd Wright, who began a 30-year tenure as general manager (a title changed to president and CEO). Under Wright, WFYI began its first-ever capital fundraising effort in 1995, as part of its 25th anniversary; this was undertaken to replace outdated equipment, which included the oldest UHF transmitter in use in the state of Indiana. In 1999, WFYI and Butler, which had built WTBU (channel 69) in 1991, entered into a joint operating agreement whereby the two stations would collaborate on programming and facilities. This continued until Butler sold WTBU in 2004 to the Daystar Television Network.

What was then known as the "WFYI Teleplex" announced in 2007 that it would move to 1630 N. Meridian Street, a building previously used by Indiana Energy. The $20 million relocation included the $8.5 million purchase of the building and $11.6 million in new equipment. The larger facility offered more room for community events, more parking, and space that WFYI could sublease to other companies. WFYI television was the last component of the public media company to move into the building in 2008. During this time, in 2007, the station began offering subchannels on its digital signal.

The state of Indiana eliminated funding for WFYI in 2009 due to a major revenue shortfall from the Great Recession. As a result, production ceased on new episodes of Across Indiana, a popular state travel series on the air since 1988.

In March 2024, WFYI content staff announced their intentions to unionize with SAG-AFTRA and asked management for voluntary recognition.

Funding
In fiscal year 2021, WFYI TV had total revenue of $8.67 million. Its 17,789 contributors donated more than $1.9 million. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting contributed $1.3 million, most of it in the form of a Community Service Grant.

Programming
Historically, WFYI has rarely been a large producer of network programming. This was because there were fewer underwriters for expensive productions, as fewer major companies were headquartered in Indianapolis. However, it has produced a significant amount of local and regional programming. In 1974, the station began airing state public affairs program The Lawmakers, later retitled Indiana Lawmakers, which covers the activities of the Indiana General Assembly.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

All three subchannels are also broadcast on WFYI-LD (channel 29), an ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) transmitter that began service in 2022.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WFYI shut down its analog signal on UHF channel 20 on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate; the station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 21, using virtual channel 20.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: WFYI (TV)


text:
User talk:Misza13

Hope all is well!
Hello Misza13! I hope you are doing well. I just wanted to let you know that I added you to Missing Wikipedians. If you ever come back, or choose not to have your name on this list, just let me know. Hope you come back, even just to check in, Lima Bean Farmer (talk) 19:40, 19 September 2021 (UTC)

Bot error
Hello Misza13. The bot doesn't work on my talk page. Please kindly and check. Thank you. AriaTess (talk) 08:32, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * There are two reasons. One is that you omitted the newline before the first parameter; second, even after that is fixed, it won't archive anything until there are more than 4 threads, because you have set 4. See User:Lowercase sigmabot III/Archive HowTo, fifth and ninth bullets. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 22:28, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your response. I already fixed. Best regards. AriaTess (talk) 04:42, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Misza13 didn't reply - I did. Misza13 hasn't been around for more than six years, except for one day last year. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 08:04, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Bot error in Common
Hello Misza13! When I want to put  template on my archive page, I encounter this error: I think I put the template correctly on the Discussion page. Please check. Sincerely.  Parsineh  (Talk)  06:28, 8 April 2022 (UTC)
 * @Parsineh: I don't know why this is happening, but:

1. The bot should add it automatically when it creates an archive.

2. Misza is not active and it seems their bot's job was taken over by User:ArchiveBot, which is ran by a different user. Thank you, @ CLYDE  FRANKLIN  01:00, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

Help please
I am trying to add the view source to my userpage, and I followed the instructions availible. Am I misunderstanding how it works, or is there something else I need to do? 🙚Ella🙘 17:37, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Misza13 has made few edits in the last nine years, and none at all since 2020. What is this view source of which you speak? -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 08:48, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * They created a script intended to let you play around with test code on the edit source button without the possibility of accidentally clicking save changes. I found it through the user page style guide under "Your Scripts", but I cannot figure out how to make it work. I'm on a Chromebook if that helps — Preceding unsigned comment added by Allaoii (talk • contribs) 15:47, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * What script? Where are the instructions? The user page has nothing at all about style guides or scripts. In the complete absence of Misza13, I cannot help unless I am told what I am looking for. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 17:36, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * this, it's under "Your Scripts". Scroll all the way down, it's right before the link to the list of all user scripts. User_page_design_guide — Preceding unsigned comment added by Allaoii (talk • contribs) 20:47, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * If you had linked to User page design guide/Scripts from the outset I wouldn't be wasting my time. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 21:22, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Right, short answer: User:Misza13/viewSource.js no longer exists. Longer answer: it was deleted in August 2020, around about the time that Miza13 left for good. The installation instructions haven't been updated in sixteen years, they assume that you're using the MonoBook skin, but I expect that you're not. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 21:37, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * apologies, I took a break from Wikipedia for school, and I've kind of forgotten how everything works. Thank you for the answer, I will try to be more direct in my other conversations from now on. 🙚Ella🙘 16:45, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

Deletion discussion about CAT:TEMP
Hello Misza13, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia.

While your contributions are appreciated, I wanted to let you know that I've started a discussion about whether an article that you created, CAT:TEMP, should be deleted, as I am not sure that it is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia in its current form. Your comments are welcome at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/CAT:TEMP (2nd nomination).

Deletion discussions usually run for seven days and are not votes. Our guide about effectively contributing to such discussions is worth a read. The most common issue in these discussions is notability, but it's not the only aspect that may be discussed; read the nomination and any other comments carefully before you contribute to the discussion. Last but not least, you are highly encouraged to continue improving the article; just be sure not to remove the tag about the deletion nomination from the top.

If you have any questions, please leave a comment here and prepend it with. And don't forget to sign your reply with. Thanks!

(Message delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.)

Toadette Edit! 09:11, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Misza13


text:
The Fortune

The Fortune is a 1975 American black comedy film starring Jack Nicholson and Warren Beatty, and directed by Mike Nichols. The screenplay by Adrien Joyce focuses on two bumbling con men who plot to steal the fortune of a wealthy young heiress, played by Stockard Channing in her first film starring role.

Plot
Nicky Wilson and Oscar Sullivan are inept 1920s scam artists in the Northeastern United States who see pay dirt in the guise of Fredericka Quintessa "Freddie" Bigard, the millionaire heiress to a sanitary napkin fortune. She loves the already married Nicky, but because the Mann Act prohibits him from taking her across state lines and engaging in immoral relations, he proposes that she marry Oscar and then carry on an affair with the man she wants. Oscar, who is wanted for embezzlement and anxious to get out of town, is happy to comply with the plan, although he intends to claim his spousal privileges after they are wed.

Once they reach Los Angeles, the men try everything they can to separate Freddie from her inheritance without success, but with sufficient determination to arouse her suspicions. When she announces her plan to donate her money to charity, Nicky and Oscar conclude that murder might be their only recourse if they're going to get rich quick. Eventually arrested for the murder, Nicky and Oscar confess everything to the Los Angeles Police Department. This leads to unusual complications when the arresting detective meets the very-alive Freddie, who passed out and was oblivious to the entire "murder", and is shocked to hear the story.

Production
When Warren Beatty was unable to stir interest in his and Robert Towne's screenplay for Shampoo about a befuddled but seductive hairdresser, which he had been developing since 1967, he bundled it with the more appealing The Fortune and convinced Columbia Pictures head David Begelman to finance both films. The fact that Carole Eastman, writing under the pen name Adrien Joyce, had yet to complete her 240-page script fazed Beatty less than it did director Mike Nichols, who needed a box-office hit after Catch-22 and The Day of the Dolphin, both of which were critical and commercial flops.

The working relation between the screenwriter and director was amiable until Eastman objected to the many cuts Nichols was making to the script and his determination to make it less satirical and more slapstick, and she was fired from the production.

Nichols wanted Bette Midler to portray Freddie, but he changed his mind when, seemingly unaware of his career, Midler insulted him by asking what films he previously made. He ultimately cast relative newcomer Stockard Channing, whose credits were limited to a few television appearances and a minor role in the Barbra Streisand film Up the Sandbox.

Because the start of principal photography on One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest was delayed, Jack Nicholson, who had worked with Nichols on Carnal Knowledge, was available for the role of Oscar Sullivan. During filming, the actor was forced to deal with two events that impacted his personal life. First, a fact checker working on a biographical piece for Time discovered that the woman Nicholson believed was his sister was actually his mother, and the woman who raised him was his grandmother. Then his close friend Cass Elliot died in her sleep, and rumors about the cause of her death circulated in the media. These two events, linked with the film's eventual failure, made The Fortune a subject that Nicholson never discussed in interviews and biographies.

The film was shot on location in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and on a segment of street constructed in the corner of the former RKO Forty Acres back lot where the "Stalag 13" sets for TV's Hogan's Heroes were located. The apartment building was a The Day of the Locust set. Nichols did not direct another film for seven years.

Critical reception
Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the film "very funny", "manically scatterbrained", and "a marvelous attempt to recreate a kind of farce that, with the notable exceptions of a handful of films by Blake Edwards and Billy Wilder, disappeared after World War II." He added "The Fortune does have sequences that sag, and there are moments when it's obvious that farce is not exactly the native art of any of the people involved. One occasionally is aware of the tremendous effort that has gone into a particular effect, though that doesn't spoil it for me. The endeavor is nobly conceived in an era that has just about abandoned farce in favor of parody, satire, situation and/or wise-crack comedy, all of which Mr. Nichols already can do with – perhaps – too great an ease. The Fortune will probably be compared to The Sting, because of the overlapping of the eras and the con-man theme. Incorrectly, though. The Sting is an adventure. The Fortune is farce of a rare order."

Time Out London stated: "[The film] starts promisingly as a sardonic comedy...but once in California lethargy settles in. The film becomes almost static, a series of stagy, glossy tableaux: such lack of momentum may be an adequate assessment of the characters' limited capacity for development, but it has a disastrous effect on the film's pacing. Events degenerate into miscalculated farce and underline Nichols' continuing slick superficiality. Adrien Joyce's much hacked-about script sounds as though it was once excellent: a pity everyone treats it so off-handedly."

TV Guide rated it four stars, calling it "an offbeat but often hilarious comedy" and adding, the film "works well through the fine performances of the leads and the superb timing of director Nichols." It concluded, "Full of period and period-sounding music, The Fortune is cold to the core – agreeably disagreeable amusement."

Awards
Stockard Channing was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress.

title: The Fortune


text:
Junius Heights, Dallas

Junius Heights is Dallas' largest historic district, a neighborhood of more than 800 homes in East Dallas, Texas (USA) situated east of Munger Place, south of Swiss Avenue and southwest of Lakewood. It is relatively rectangular, bounded roughly by Gaston Avenue on the NW, Paulus Avenue on the NE, Reiger Avenue on the SE, and Henderson Avenue on the SW.

Overview and history
Junius Heights was built at what was the eastern edge of the city of Dallas in the late 1910s and construction continued into the 1930s. Most of the houses are Craftsman and Prairie style bungalows with a smattering of other styles. The neighborhood was served by the Junius Heights streetcar line until streetcar service was discontinued in Dallas.

The neighborhood was cut in two in the early 1970s when Abrams Road was extended from Junius St. to connect with Columbia Ave. The landmark Junius Heights columns were moved at the same time. The original plan called for them to be demolished but a neighborhood effort resulted in them being moved instead.

In 2006 the community became known as a historic district.

In 2010 Junius Heights was named "Best Place for Families" during its listing on This Old House's "Best Old House Neighborhoods 2010".

Composition
Most residences are single family houses with most constructed in the period 1906-1940. In 2011 some houses were recently constructed. In 2011 Dawn McMullan of D Magazine wrote that the "city within a city" vibe in East Dallas is "even more so in Junius Heights because of its proximity to restaurants and retail."

Demographics
it had about 700 families.

Landmarks
Landmarks in and near Junius Heights include:

• the Lakewood Theater and Lakewood shopping center outside the northern tip of the neighborhood

• the Lakewood branch of the Dallas Public Library at Abrams Rd. and Worth St., adjacent to the district

• Woodrow Wilson High School (Official Dallas Landmark, State of Texas Historical Marker, recognition by the National Trust for Historic Preservation) at Columbia Ave. and Glasgow St., near the district

• J.L. Long Middle School on the Woodrow Campus (City of Dallas Landmark)

• Lipscomb Elementary School at Worth and Lowell Sts.

• Junius Heights Baptist Church at Reiger Ave. and Augusta St.

• St. John Methodist Church at Beacon and Columbia Aves.

• Juliette Fowler Communities at Abrams Rd. and Reiger Avenue, and

• a small commercial center at Junius St. and Henderson Ave.

Education
The neighborhood is served by the Dallas Independent School District (DISD). Residents are zoned to William Lipscomb Elementary School (grades PK-5), J.L. Long Middle School, and Woodrow Wilson High School.

Lipscomb is inside the Junius Heights Historic District, and Woodrow Wilson is adjacent to the historic district. Dallas Public Library operates the Lakewood Public Library, which is also inside the historic district.

In addition to Junius Heights, Lipscomb also serves Munger Place and Swiss Avenue. By 2008 DISD made the school only serve grades K to 3, with grades 4 and 5 from the Lipscomb zone assigned to Mata Elementary. By that year parents campaigned for the return of grades 4 and 5 to Lipscomb. In 2008 Lipscomb began serving the 4th grade. Lipscomb now serves all elementary grades.

Mata, now Eduardo Mata Montessori School, a K-8 school, gives second admission priority to people zoned to Woodrow Wilson High. Therefore Junius Heights is one of the neighborhoods with priority for the school.

title: Junius Heights, Dallas


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Battle of Witchhead

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus to delete -- Francs2000 | Talk 13:55, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Battle of Witchhead
unencyclopedic fictional micro-stub with no possiblity for growth ➥the Epopt 18:42, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: fancruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 19:13, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 20:08, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No reason not to Merge and redirect to Systems Commonwealth CanadianCaesar 22:20, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Systems Commonwealth. JamesBurns 04:23, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bill Dowdy

Bill Dowdy (August 15, 1932 – May 12, 2017) was an American jazz musician and teacher. He was the drummer with the jazz trio, The Three Sounds. The Three Sounds recorded over ten jazz albums from the 1950s through the early 1970s and played with Lester Young, Lou Donaldson, Nat Adderley, Johnny Griffin, Anita O'Day and Sonny Stitt among others.

Biography
Bill Dowdy was born in Osceola, Arkansas. He moved with his family to Benton Harbor, Michigan when he was six months old. At a young age he would beat on things as if he were playing the drums, an indication of his future musical career. In high school he learned to play the piano and the drums. He had a group called Club 49 Trio in 1949 which group played on the radio in Chicago.

After Dowdy started his own music group, he moved to Battle Creek and joined a band before being drafted by the Army. Afterwards he moved to Chicago and took private lessons to improve his musical skills. Over time Dowdy became a professional drummer, eventually playing with many blues bands. Dowdy continued traveling, from New York to Los Angeles, and from Canada to the south. His idols included Gene Krupa, Max Roach, and Roy Haynes.

Dowdy died on May 12, 2017.

Discography
With The Three Sounds
 * 1958: Introducing the 3 Sounds (Blue Note)
 * 1958: Branching Out (Blue Note) with Nat Adderley
 * 1959: Bottoms Up! (Blue Note)
 * 1959: LD + 3 (Blue Note) with Lou Donaldson
 * 1959: Good Deal (Blue Note)
 * 1960: Moods (Blue Note)
 * 1960: Feelin' Good (Blue Note)
 * 1960: Here We Come (Blue Note)
 * 1960: It Just Got to Be (Blue Note)
 * 1960: Blue Hour (Blue Note) with Stanley Turrentine
 * 1961: Hey There (Blue Note)
 * 1961: Babe's Blues (Blue Note)
 * 1962: Out of This World (Blue Note)
 * 1962: Black Orchid (Blue Note)
 * 1959/62: Standards released 1998
 * 1962: Blue Genes (Verve)
 * 1963: Anita O'Day & the Three Sounds (Verve)
 * 1963: The Three Sounds Play Jazz on Broadway (Mercury)
 * 1963: Some Like It Modern (Mercury)
 * 1964: Live at the Living Room (Mercury)
 * 1965: Three Moods (Limelight)
 * 1965: Beautiful Friendship (Limelight)

title: Bill Dowdy


text:
Talk:Freaks (1932 film)

when will the copyright expire? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FreaksPoster.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FreaksPoster.jpg

when will the copyright from the poster expire? and from the movie? 190.51.182.204 (talk) 21:18, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

I'm not sure about the poster, but as for the film itself, 2027. MightyArms (talk) 23:59, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

individual performers
The scene in which the Human Torso lights up a cigarette is the more memorable because the Torso is set on a table, supposedly listening while the "normal" circus strongman is bragging about his feats of strength, ignoring this simple yet astonishing sight of the Human Torso rolling a cigarette and managing to smoke it, which undoubtedly completely stole the scene for the audience. Sussmanbern (talk) 11:24, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Posterity
The posterity of the movie "Freaks" is important. For instance the comic stripes story "Silence" by the drawner and artist Comes ( 60 p. Casterman edition published in 1984 ) was a part of the inheritance of the movie. The movie "Elephant man" was also a part of the inheritance. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.91.242.54 (talk) 15:08, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

Truncated Cigarette Scene
I bought Freaks on DVD a few years back and was disappointed that the Human Torso's cigarette rolling/lighting scene was cut short so that only the lighting of the cigarette is seen. I had seen the film on UK terrestrial television about 10 or 15 years earlier and distinctly remember that the man rolled the cigarette as well as lighting it. Having read the main article on this film I was wondering if there is any source which explains why this scene was truncated, and why it "does not appear in any commercial release". There's no other information pertaining to this ambiguity save for the quoted sentence. PCLM (talk) 17:49, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

Addition to the References in other Media
In the Goon comic Book Volume 0 number 3 The character of The Goon is shown to have lived in a Freakshow. In the panels talking about his story,the characters of the movie are easilyrecognizable, you can recognize Pip and Zip and they even say the words: Gobble Gobble One of Us! This is a clear reference to the movie and it should be mentioned on the list.bloodawn5 (talk) 23:33, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Grammar
Someone has huge trouble with apposition.

Reference in South Park
The South Park episode titled "Butters' Very Own Episode" (season 5 episode 14, broadcast Dec. 2001) includes a scene where the Stotch parents are welcomed into a group composed of John & Patsy Ramsey, O.J. Simpson and Rep. Gary Condit, who all claim to have lost a loved one to "some Puerto Rican guy", chanting, "Gooble gobble, gooble gobble! One of us! One of us!" This could be listed in the references section. http://www.southparkstudios.com/full-episodes/s05e14-butters-very-own-episode Scott H 01:34, 31 August 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scott7261 (talk • contribs) enlarged. Sussmanbern (talk) 02:34, 8 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Ren and Stimpy also referenced it in "Double Header". After suffering a horrible accident and having to be surgically grafted together to survive, they are ostracized from normal society. They get jobs as circus freaks, whereupon Ren angrily insults the other performers and is tarred and feathered.  --The_Iconoclast (talk) 15:16, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

Slight error
In the "cultural influences" section, where you have: "The famous line "We accept him, one of us!"", it should be: "We accept HER. . ." as the group was chanting about the manipulative Cleopatra character. I changed it. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 01:07, 15 January 2014 (UTC)
 * ...and its " "Gooba-gobble, gooba-gobble" per reliable sources....which are not needed for the plot section but here it is:

--Mark Miller (talk) 02:02, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

Reference in The Cure music video
Robert Smith (the Cure) is wearing a shirt with a photo of the Freaks in the music video for Friday I'm in Love. Is that worth noting?

Clofts (talk) 01:09, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

Sources to Add
Since this article is so underdeveloped in spite of the vast amount of information available on the film, I've decided to include a list of sources that can be added to the article at a later date. PLEASE NOTE: This is only a very small list of sources that can be found on google books. If I were to add acomplete list it would span over several pages worth.--Paleface Jack (talk) 18:23, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=dhruAAAAMAAJ&q=Freaks+(1932)&dq=Freaks+(1932)&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq--uClfXeAhUH5oMKHWh3A7MQ6AEIPDAD
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=dhruAAAAMAAJ&q=Freaks+(1932)&dq=Freaks+(1932)&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq--uClfXeAhUH5oMKHWh3A7MQ6AEIPDAD
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=dhruAAAAMAAJ&q=Freaks+(1932)&dq=Freaks+(1932)&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq--uClfXeAhUH5oMKHWh3A7MQ6AEIPDAD

Requested move 12 May 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Consensus to move Freaks to Freaks (1932 film). Regarding the page Freaks, there is little support for a new dab page for the plural version. Opinion was split between redirecting to Freak or redirecting to Freak (disambiguation). The former gains slightly more support, but not enough to call consensus. Until incoming links are sorted out it should remain a redirect to the 1932 film. After that, try WP:RFD? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 21:30, 20 May 2019 (UTC)

Freaks → Freaks (1932 film) – WP:ASTONISH DAB from Freak and the various other uses at Freak (disambiguation). Even though readers are used to seeing things at the plural and the 1932 film does get more views [|Freaks_(Timmy_Trumpet_and_Savage_song)|Freaks_(2019_film)|Freaks_(French_Montana_song)|Freaks_(Live_song)|Freaks_(manga)|Freaks_(Pulp_album)|Freaks_(band)|Freak|Freaks_(2018_film)] note that the views for the 2018/19 film are split because it was moved at the beginning of this month. The person is probably primary by PT#2 and per WP:NOPRIMARY a DAB page makes sense. The film appears to get its name from the person and the type of person does frequently come in the plural. I suggest that for the same reason as at Talk:Hearts that we have a separate "Freaks" DAB page since only the person would be searched/referred to interchangeably as "Freak"/"Freaks" however like at Talk:Spades (card game) it might still be preferred to have a single DAB, thus "Freaks" redirecting to Freak (disambiguation). On Commons, Commons:Category:Freaks is about the person and the film is at Commons:Category:Freaks (1932 film).  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:00, 12 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Randy Kryn (talk) 19:24, 12 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support move per WP:ASTONISH. Redirect to freak per WP:RPURPOSE (simple plural of a common word), and oppose creation of another DAB page when so few relevant entries per WP:DABCOMBINE. -- Netoholic @  19:35, 12 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support despite notability of film, Redirect to freak per WP:RPURPOSE In ictu oculi (talk) 19:48, 12 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. No clear primary topic - redirect basename to Freak (disambiguation) per WP:DABCOMBINE (but don't redirect to Freak). Paintspot Infez (talk) 20:07, 12 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I would note that the plural "Freaks" appears 12 times in the article Freak. However I don't think we should make the person primary per User:Andrewa/Incoming links and PT#1.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 20:09, 12 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support - per nom. ___CAPTAIN MEDUSA talk   16:57, 13 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Support move and redirect to freak per Netoholic and In ictu oculi above. bd2412  T 15:51, 19 May 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

a subgenre of one
Neither reference actually uses the term. Renard Migrant (talk) 12:00, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Ending detail
Just been reading the plot and this section, about the fate of Cleopatra, stuck out to me. "The freaks then capture Cleopatra and sometime later, she is shown to be a grotesque, squawking "human duck" on display for carnival patrons; her tongue has been removed, one eye has been gouged out, the flesh of her hands has been melted and deformed to look like duck feet, her legs have been cut off, and what is left of her torso has been permanently tarred and feathered."

It seems excessively detailed. It's one shot in the film and who's to say her tongue was removed, the flesh of her hands melted and deformed? It reads a bit like someone's taken that shot and ran with their imagination. I just wanted to check there isn't a source for this? Humbledaisy (talk) 23:33, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

Cast list
Given that Freaks is now recognised as an important film about disability, and which actually casts disabled performers, it seems unfortunate that none of them are listed in the cast list in the infobox. Presumably this is because the infobox is mirroring the poster and the credits of the movie, but ableism likely played a part in the ordering of the cast list at the time of the film's release. The wikipedia rules do allow for divergence from the standard format: "An alternative approach may be determined by local consensus." Surely at least Harry and Daisy Earles should be recognised here? Cinefeline (talk) 23:44, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freaks (1932 film)


text:
James J. Martin (historian)

James J. Martin (1916–2004) was an American historian and author known for espousing Holocaust denial in his works. He is known for his book, American Liberalism and World Politics, 1931–1941 (1964). Fellow Holocaust denier Harry Elmer Barnes called it "unquestionably the most formidable achievement of World War II Revisionism."

Education

 * University of New Hampshire 1942
 * University of Michigan Master's degree in 1945, doctorate in history in 1949

Teaching
After a teaching career at Northern Illinois University, San Francisco State College, and Deep Springs College, he took a job teaching at Robert LeFevre's Rampart College, assuming it would be a full-time job. This was not the case as Rampart College was not yet really a college but only a series of workshop/lectures on libertarian political economy. That led to an eventual falling out between Martin and LeFevre when Rampart College went out of business three years after Martin was hired, with Martin charging LeFevre with a breach of his five-year contract.

Holocaust denial
Martin, a disciple of Holocaust revisionist Harry Elmer Barnes, "lacked his mentor's prestige and reputation but had important contacts in the libertarian right", according to the historian John P. Jackson Jr. In the 1950s and 1960s, Barnes and Martin corresponded about how to "debunk" the number of six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust.

From 1979, Martin began to associate with the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a Holocaust denial group, writing for the IHR journal, The Journal of Historical Review. Brian Doherty notes in Radicals for Capitalism: "Martin, in his attempt to adjust standard historical understandings of war and war guilt, shifted into questioning the veracity of standard anti-German atrocity stories, including the standard details of the Holocaust", calls it an "unfortunate shading over into Hitler apologetics", and that Martin stated as early as 1976 "I don't believe that the evidence of a planned extermination of the entire Jewish population of Europe is holding up."

Books

 * Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827–1908. Foreword by Harry Elmer Barnes. Dekalb, Ill.: Adrian Allen Associates (1953). Audiobook.
 * Republished by Ralph Myles (1970), the Ludwig von Mises Institute (2009), and via CreateSpace (2010).
 * American Liberalism and World Politics, 1931–1941: Liberalism's Press and Spokesmen on the Road Back to War Between Mukden and Pearl Harbor. (Volumes 1 and 2). Foreword by John Chamberlain. New York: Devin-Adair (1964).
 * Revisionist Viewpoints: Essays in a Dissident Historical Tradition. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Ralph Myles (1971).
 * Watershed of Empire: Essays on New Deal Foreign Policy, edited with Leonard Liggio. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Ralph Myles (1976).
 * The Saga of Hog Island and Other Essays in Inconvenient History. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Ralph Myles (1977).
 * Beyond Pearl Harbor: Essays on Some Historical Consequences of the Crisis in the Pacific in 1941. Little Current, ON: Plowshare Press (1981). ISBN 978-0919077027.
 * The Man Who Invented 'Genocide': The Public Career and Consequences of Raphael Lemkin. Torrance, Calif.: Institute for Historical Review (1984).
 * An American Adventure in Bookburning: In the Style of 1918. Colorado Springs, Colo.: Ralph Myles (1988).

Book reviews

 * Review of National Suicide: Military Aid to the Soviet Union by Antony C. Sutton. Reason, vol. 11, no. 1 (Nov. 1976). Archived from the original.

Articles

 * "A Beginner's Manual for Apprentice Bookburners." Amateur Book Collector, vol. 5, no. 4 (Dec. 1954).

title: James J. Martin (historian)


text:
DP 7

D.P. 7 is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics as part of its New Universe imprint. It ran for 32 issues and an Annual (January 1987), which were published from 1986 to 1989.

The title stands for Displaced Paranormals and refers to the seven main characters of the series (who never refer to themselves as displaced). All of them received superhuman powers as a result of the stellar phenomenon known as the White Event.

D.P. 7 was the only New Universe series to maintain a stable creative team during its first year: its entire run was written by Mark Gruenwald, pencilled by Paul Ryan, and coloured by Paul Becton. Inker Danny Bulanadi (who began work on the title with issue #10) and letterer Janice Chiang (who began with issue #16) also stayed with D.P. 7 through to the final issue.

Publication history
Eager for the chance to work on a "virgin universe", writer Mark Gruenwald signed on to the New Universe staff and developed D.P. 7, shocking many readers (and even editor-in-chief Jim Shooter) who saw Gruenwald as strictly associated with the Marvel Universe. In an effort to set the series apart from other team books, Gruenwald wrote an analysis of 14 superhero groups in categories such as age makeup, origin, purpose, and budget, and deliberately constructed the group to differ from these 14 established groups in every category. He originally wanted the series to be called "Missing Persons", with a line-up consisting of Antibody, the Blur, Man Power, Quicksand, Twilight, and Vice Versa. Of these six, only the Blur and Twilight were included in the finalized line-up, though the name "Antibody" was used for a completely different character and the character Vice Versa served as a minor villain of the series. Gruenwald also changed the name to "M.P. 7 (Missing Paranormals)", before Jack Morelli suggested D.P. 7. Gruenwald explained that he wanted the book to have a real punk, new wave name.

At the time that he conceived the "Missing Persons" skeleton concept, Gruenwald was working on the final issues of the Squadron Supreme limited series with penciler Paul Ryan. He invited Ryan to work with him on the New Universe series; Ryan, being intrigued by the New Universe concept and having no prospects lined up after the end of Squadron Supreme, agreed. He later recounted his experience working on the series: "Mark absolutely believed in the New Universe and especially the cast of D.P. 7. We talked about them as if they were people we knew and cared about. We brought many of our real-life experiences, both positive and negative, to the series. We loved our characters".

Despite the creators' enthusiasm, the series met with mixed reactions from readers. Many criticized the fact that, though the New Universe line-up was supposed to take place in real time, the first 13 issues of D.P. 7 (more than a year in real time) cover less than half a year in New Universe time. The remaining 19 issues were widely criticized for the way the series branched off into an increasing number of unrelated plotlines and an almost overwhelming large cast, and Gruenwald himself admitted at the time that "D.P. 7 really hasn't been seven guys for a while, and certainly not the original seven". The lack of a central plotline stemmed from the fact that Gruenwald did not plot the series more than one issue in advance. Praise for D.P. 7 tends to centre on its compelling characters, particularly mainstays Randy O'Brien and David Landers.

D.P. 7 was cancelled in June 1989 along with the rest of the New Universe line. The creators' interest in the characters remained, and in Quasar #31 (February 1992), Gruenwald had Quasar travel to the New Universe, thus allowing the D.P. 7 cast to guest star in the issue. Ryan claims that he and Gruenwald had discussed doing a D.P. 7 limited series or graphic novel, but Gruenwald died before he was able to finish the plot.

Plot synopsis
Randy O'Brien first encounters David Landers when he is wheeled into the hospital in incredible pain. Landers rages until two dark arms spring from O'Brien's torso that restrain him long enough for O'Brien to give Landers a tranquilizer that renders him unconscious. The two compare their experiences, and O'Brien reads a classified ad for the Clinic for Paranormal Research, a facility designed to help individuals who have acquired strange abilities. He relays the information to Landers, and they travel to the clinic under assumed names. They are at first convinced of the clinic staff's sincerity and are enrolled into therapy group C, where they meet Walters, Beck, Cuzinski, Harrington, and Fenzl. Late one night, O'Brien's antibody intrudes on the clinic staff, at least four of whom are paranormals themselves, and learn the clinic has plans to make an army out of them, to be led by Philip Nolan Voigt, the clinic director.

Therapy group C fights off the clinic staff and the paranormal Hackbarth, who can manipulate others' nervous systems. They escape into the night and over the next few months, the paranormals adjust to life with their powers. They are eventually apprehended by bounty hunters and returned to the clinic. O'Brien and Landers, the last two to arrive, find that their friends' memories have been modified not to remember their escape or the ulterior motives of clinic personnel. O'Brien and Landers defeat Voigt and he disappears from the clinic, although he later reappears to successfully run for President of the United States in 1988.

Without Voigt and his senior staff (Hackbarth is in a coma, memory-manipulator Charne was choked to death by an Antibody, and telepathic Speck was shot) to surreptitiously maintain order, paranormals at the clinic soon form their own special interest groups/gangs (such as one composed of teenagers, and another of African Americans). The potential for disaster is soon fulfilled, and law enforcement comes in to shut the clinic down, killing many of the patients in the process. By this time, most of the reformed therapy group C (along with a few other residents of the clinic) left to find Walters, who had run to Pittsburgh where his family had been caught in a major disaster. Except for Scuzz, the Displaced Paranormals begin to work with the government after all male paranormals are drafted into the United States Army following the destruction of Pittsburgh, believed to be caused by a nuclear weapon. Female paranormals become highly sought-after assets for other agencies like the CIA. With the exception of Walters, who continues in the Army, the other paranormals either go AWOL or leave the CIA and many of them move into New York City trying to live normal lives, in the face of the public wariness of paranormals.

While in the city, some ongoing romances play out, while other paranormals decide to become part of a superhero team.

When the war is over, the paranormals (who had not been cured) return to lives that are as normal as they can be.

Main characters

 * Randy O'Brien, nicknamed Antibody, is a medical resident who can project from his body a dark figure of himself (also called an "antibody", a word play on the medical term) that flies, can become intangible, and transfer its memories to another person by physical contact. At the beginning of the series, O'Brien can only project and within limits control one of these entities. Later he proves able to manifest multiple antibodies. They all looked exactly the same to anyone else, but he could tell them apart and gave each individual names. His first few were named after the Marx Brothers. He later developed the ability to "wear" an antibody like a bodysuit, and at one time four of them joined together around him to create a more powerful antibody suit for him. Shortly before the series ended, O'Brien becomes trapped inside an antibody when he is hit by Pitt-Juice. The antibodies he subsequently creates are only a few inches tall and he gave these names like "Tink" and "Jiminy". O'Brien has a romantic attraction to Charly Beck, but Randy's upbringing instilled a sort of aversive racism in him that left him uncomfortable with the idea of a relationship with a black woman. Later he got over these feelings and wanted to attempt a relationship with Charly, but she has begun shunning him because of his new appearance. He is drafted into the Army's Paranormal Platoon, but goes AWOL, then moves to New York.
 * David Landers, nicknamed Mastodon, was a cheese factory worker who became stronger as new muscles grew into his body, an effect that caused him great pain at first. Mark Gruenwald's description of Dave Landers's muscle growth was inspired by an article in a science magazine about a treatment in which electrical currents are used to contract a person's abdominal muscles, producing the equivalent of 500 sit-ups in a single minute. He also found that the hair on his face (and what little he has on his head) grows at an astounding rate. He is able to lift over 15 tons and resist small-calibre gunfire. He has a crush on Stephanie through the entire series. He is drafted into the Army's Paranormal Platoon, but goes AWOL, then moves to New York.
 * Jeff Walters, nicknamed Blur, is a fast food restaurant manager whose body vibrates so fast that he cannot stand still. He requires vast amounts of food for his accelerated metabolism and can move at superhuman speed. He started out overweight, but his powers and hyper-metabolism quickly shed the pounds. His family died in the destruction of Pittsburgh. He is drafted into the Army's Paranormal Platoon and participates in the War. After the events of Secret Wars, he found himself on Earth-616 and became a member of the Squadron Supreme before the team disbanded, which led to Blur joining S.H.I.E.L.D.
 * Charlotte "Charly" Beck, nicknamed Friction, was a dance student who acquired the power to make herself, anything she touched, and any other object she thought about within a limited range friction-free enough to make the object or person slide effortlessly. Over time, Beck learned to make her power object-specific or to increase friction to stick things together, and during the Draft became a special CIA operative, but her program was discontinued, and she moved to New York, where she attempted a dancing career.
 * Dennis "Scuzz" Cuzinski is a teenage dropout who produces a corrosive substance from his skin, which he himself is immune to. He can increase his skin's production of the chemical, to the point of burning through a steel plate in 10 seconds, but cannot stop it, turning anything, he wears into a tattered ruin within days and affecting objects such as bedsheets and furniture that he comes into regular contact with. He learns to form his chemical-laden saliva with his skin secretion into "gobs" or "spitballs" that he can throw, and to further increase production of the substance when angry or excited, making his body so caustic that it can incinerate flammable material on contact. For a while he was the leader of the Clinic's underage paranormals who called themselves The DDTeens. After the clinic shut down, a high-speed chase with police ended with him crashing their car, killing two of them and seriously injuring the rest of the DDTeens. By the end of D.P. 7, he becomes a member of the Cult of the White Event, which believes that paranormal powers are a gift from God. Because of this belief, he tries to assassinate the Cure, a paranormal with the power to remove others' paranormalities. As a result of the failed attempt, Scuzz and the Cure are both left powerless.
 * Stephanie Harrington, initially nicknamed Viva but later known as Glitter, is a housewife and mother of three with the power to heal and energize others by physical contact. The use of this power is accompanied by the appearance of twinkling stars. When not used to heal, her power makes her superhumanly strong (able to lift about 1 ton), fast (can run as fast as a speeding car), and agile (twice that of a normal human). She is recruited into the CIA during the Draft, but her program is discontinued, and she moves to New York. She eventually leaves her husband and develops some feelings for Dave Landers just before the end of the series. For a short time, she and her children moved back home to Wisconsin, but after being ostracized by their friends and neighbours, they return to New York at the end of the series. She finally responds to Dave's affections and admits to having feelings for him as well.
 * Lenore Fenzl, nicknamed Twilight, is a retired Latin teacher whose body produces "fatigue-poison inducing bioluminescence" that can paralyze and render unconscious individuals that are exposed to it. Fenzl's power requires her to remain covered over her entire body at all times, and she later discovers that exposing others to her bioluminescence renews her youth and vitality. After leaving the Clinic for the second time, she becomes a special CIA agent during the Draft. She is killed on a mission in Brazil battling a paranormal creature called the Famileech.

The series grew to include several additional protagonists:
 * Miriam Sorenson, nicknamed Sponge, could absorb moisture from the air and release it as pressurized streams of water. She had an unrequited crush on Dave Landers, forming a love triangle. She was cured of her condition by the Cure, a paranormal who could restore others to normal.
 * George Mullaney, nicknamed Mutator, changed form every 48 hours; thus, his appearance was often in a state of flux as he slowly altered from one mutation to another. His often repellent animal forms led most other residents of the Clinic to shun him, but he was always eager to prove himself. He was eventually cured of his parability by the Cure.
 * Jenny Swensen of Codename: Spitfire crossed over to D.P.7 when the former series was canceled. Exposure to toxic sludge from The Pitt mutated her body and gave her metallic skin that could resist gunfire and enhanced strength. She was recruited to the CIA along with the other women, and later moved with them to New York. Known as Chrome, she became a sidekick to the telekinetic Captain Manhattan, one of the few costumed superheroes in the New Universe, whom she fell in love with. Though she seemed on the verge of having the Cure remove her powers at the end of the series, it was later revealed in the pages of Quasar that she chose to keep her powers.
 * Evan Heubner, a young orphan who ended up at the Clinic; though he thought he had no paranormal powers, he discovered he could play host to one of Randy O'Brien's antibodies who he named Shadowman, and could even jump into and "ride" inside the antibody. He later taught this trick to O'Brien. Evan was a member of the DDTeens along with Scuzz. Shadowman died saving Evan and Randy from a paranormal creature called the Famileech, but Randy created another antibody for Evan, which he promptly named Shadowman 2.

Exiles
Due to the multiverse traveling Exiles chasing Proteus, the team recruited D.P.7 just as they left the clinic along with Starbrand, Nightmask and Justice. In the following battle, Proteus took over the body of Justice and fled their universe and the Exiles followed, leaving the team behind, but now aware of other paranormals.

Parodies and references

 * In Quasar #4, drawn by D.P.7 penciler/co-creator Paul Ryan, the title character encounters two joggers who are look-alikes of Stephanie Harrington and Charly Beck.
 * The splash page of Avengers West Coast #65 (December 1990), also drawn by Paul Ryan, features Wonder Man in a graveyard among several D.P.7 members' gravestones.

Collections

 * D.P. 7 Classic Volume 1
 * Contains material originally published in magazine form as D.P. 7 #1–9. First printing: August 2007. ISBN 0-7851-2859-X.

Writers

 * Mark Gruenwald—D.P. 7 #1-32 (November 1986–June 1989); D.P. 7 Annual #1 (January 1987)

Art

 * Paul Ryan—D.P. 7 #1–32 (November 1986–June 1989)
 * Lee Weeks—D.P. 7 Annual #1 (January 1987)

Cover art

 * Paul Ryan—D.P. 7 #1–32 (November 1986–June 1989)

title: DP 7


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Shane Spencer

Michael Shane Spencer (born February 20, 1972) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played a total of 538 games in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees, Texas Rangers, Cleveland Indians, and New York Mets, compiling 438 hits, 59 home runs, and 242 runs batted in. He also played in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Hanshin Tigers.

Early career
Spencer attended Granite Hills High School in El Cajon, California. The New York Yankees selected him in the 28th round of the 1990 Major League Baseball draft. He was a replacement player during spring training in, crossing the picket line during the 1994 Major League Baseball strike.

New York Yankees (1998–2002)
The Yankees promoted Spencer to the major leagues in at the age of 26. He first played briefly in April, then hit 10 home runs in 67 major league at bats in September, including three grand slams in a ten day span. This was a record for major league rookies, until it was broken by Alexei Ramírez in 2008.

Additionally, Spencer was nicknamed Roy Hobbs in reference to the protagonist in The Natural, because he hit many home runs and was older than most rookies when brought up to the majors. He was on the front cover of the October 1998 edition of Sports Illustrated.

In the postseason, Spencer hit a solo home run in Game 2 at Yankee Stadium and a three-run shot on the road during the 1998 American League Division Series against the Texas Rangers. The Yankees went on to win the World Series.

Spencer was squeezed out of a regular role on the 1999 team when the Yankees decided to platoon Ricky Ledée and Chad Curtis in left field. He was soon demoted to Triple-A in order to get regular playing time. In May, Spencer voiced his frustration with the organization. He was up and down with the team throughout the season, even going on the disabled list with an irregular heartbeat. Spencer was ultimately left off the World Series roster. He publicly discussed his frustration with his role on the team with the media.

In 2000, he eventually won back playing time to become the team's starting left fielder. However, Spencer tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee in July, ending his season. The Yankees acquired Glenallen Hill from the Cubs just a few days later.

After rehabbing his knee in the minors to start the 2001 season, Spencer returned to the big leagues in June and homered on his first game back. Spencer homered in the team's first game at Yankee Stadium following the attack on the World Trade Center. Spencer managed to win more playing time in the World Series, edging out Chuck Knoblauch for at-bats.

Following Paul O'Neill's retirement, Spencer was the Yankees starting right fielder to begin the 2002 season. However, by June, he had lost his starting job to rookie Juan Rivera. Spencer instead filled in at the corner outfield spots as needed.

Later career (2003–2006)
After reaching free agency for the first time, he signed with Cleveland for the season. In July, Cleveland traded Spencer to the Texas Rangers for outfielder Ryan Ludwick.

In 2004, Spencer signed with the New York Mets. In March, during spring training, Spencer and teammate Karim García were involved in an altercation with a pizza deliveryman outside a bar near. No charges were filed, but both players were fined. Spencer went on the disabled list in July, after he cut his foot stepping on broken glass in a bar. While rehabbing the injury in Port St. Lucie, Spencer was arrested on a charge of driving under the influence. He was suspended by the team then released from the organization. The Yankees signed him to a minor league deal.

In 2005, Spencer signed with the Hanshin Tigers of Japan's Central League, appearing in 108 games and hitting 9 homers. In 2006, he continued to play for the Tigers, but was cut.

Coaching
After his playing career ended, Spencer's career turned to coaching. He served as the hitting coach for the Lake Elsinore Storm, the Single-A affiliate of the San Diego Padres in 2008 and 2009. In 2013, he was named the hitting coach of the Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League. In August 2013, someone claiming to be Shane Spencer admitted to using steroids in a radio interview on ESPN Radio 104.5. The real Spencer called in to Boomer and Carton on WFAN and released a statement to set the record straight. He later had a proper interview with Mike Lindsley on ESPN Radio.

In 2015, Spencer left Somerset to become the manager of the Hwaseong Heroes, the farm team of the Nexen Heroes of the Korea Baseball Organization. He stepped down from his position in 2019 after being arrested for driving under the influence and driving with an expired license.

He worked as an instructor at the Hudson Valley Renegades baseball camp in 2020 and served as a coach for the Saugerties Stallions of the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League for 2021 season. In July 2023, Spencer joined the coaching staff of the Irish Wolfhounds Baseball Club, a non-professional team composed of Irish citizens who had prior college or professional baseball experience.

title: Shane Spencer


text:
Gustavo Gianetti

Gustavo Cabral Narciso Gianetti (born May 21, 1979) is a Brazilian male model and beauty pageant contestant who was elected Mister World in 2003. He entered the pageant as Mister Brazil 2001.

Biography
He studied law at the University of Juiz de Fora, with the ambition of becoming an international tax lawyer. He is also a model and has appeared in several television programmes including Britain's Next Top Model and Miss Brazil 2004 Gianetti has won prizes as a Capoeira fighter.

In 2007, Gianetti appeared on 'Britain's Next Top Model'. The models were sent to Brazil for their international destination during which they were given an acting challenge. Gianetti played their love interest in short scenes where the models had to speak Portuguese, and kiss and push Gianetti away.

title: Gustavo Gianetti