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MedImmune

MedImmune, LLC was a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca before February 14, 2019, when it was announced that the MedImmune name and branding would be discontinued in favor of AstraZeneca.

MedImmune was founded in 1988 as Molecular Vaccines, Inc, and was purchased in 2007 for $15.6 billion. Its main offices were located in Gaithersburg, MD, Cambridge, UK, and Mountain View, CA.

It produced Synagis, a drug for the prevention of respiratory infections in infants, which accounted for US$ 1.06 billion of its US$ 1.2 billion in revenue for 2005, and FluMist, a nasal spray influenza vaccine introduced in 2004. MedImmune acquired FluMist when it purchased Aviron in 2002 for US$ 1.5 billion. FluMist sales totaled US$ 104 million in 2008, US$ 54.8 million in 2007, and US$ 36.4 million in 2006.

FluMist was approved for children two years of age and older in 2007, but initially was approved only for healthy people ages 5 to 49, a significant limitation because it eliminated a significant market—young children who find injections objectionable. Sales of FluMist fell short of analysts' expectations for the first two years the drug was sold. FluMist was initially sold in a frozen form, which was difficult for doctors to store.

MedImmune conducted successful clinical trials for a new generation of FluMist needle-free vaccine, called CAIV-T, which was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2007, and is now the form offered on the market.

History
Molecular Vaccines, Inc. was founded by Wayne T. Hockmeyer, David Mott, and Dr. James Young in 1988. In 1989, Molecular Vaccines, Inc changed its name to MedImmune, Inc.

On April 23, 2007, it was announced MedImmune and AstraZeneca entered into a definitive agreement under which AstraZeneca intended to acquire MedImmune in an all-cash transaction at US$ 58 per share, or about US$ 15.2 billion. On 19 June 2007 AstraZeneca completed the acquisition paying US$ 15.2 billion primarily for its drug development pipeline. Analysts have criticised the take-over, claiming that AstraZeneca paid too much. AstraZeneca chose to merge MedImmune with Cambridge Antibody Technology, which it had acquired in 2006, creating a new biologics division under the MedImmune name. AstraZeneca presented the new MedImmune to investors on 7 December 2007.

In June 2007, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) began enrolling participants in a Phase 1 H5N1 study of an intranasal influenza vaccine candidate based on MedImmune's live, attenuated vaccine technology.

MedImmune said it was making a significant, rapid response with a vaccine to the novel H1N1 variant of influenza, known as swine flu. In June 2009 it won a Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) contract, worth $90m. Under the contract with HHS, MedImmune will continue to make its seasonal FluMist vaccine and also develop a vaccine targeted specifically at the novel H1N1 virus. MedImmune then won a second contract to test its nasal spray flu technology as a viable treatment for the H1N1.

MedImmune received approval from the U.S. FDA for its intranasal novel H1N1 influenza vaccine in September 2009.

Pipeline
MedImmune had over 120 drugs in development for conditions including lupus, COPD, asthma, and many types of cancer. Major phase III trials included:
 * durvalumab (anti-PD-L1)
 * tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4)
 * moxetumomab pasudotox (anti-CD22)
 * benralizumab (anti-IL-5R)
 * tralokinumab (anti-IL-13)
 * anifrolumab (anti-IFN-aR)
 * nirsevimab (anti-RSV)

title: MedImmune


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User talk:Rwest

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

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Redwolf24 (Talk) 20:22, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

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title: User talk:Rwest


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Fair use rationale in Shaft's Big Score

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Talk:Reiki/Archive 1

4/3/2003: This article has some serious flaws. Besides fairly minor NPOV problems (the tone indicates it's all a load of nonsense), there are numerous logical flaws. I suggest a thourough study of inductive reasoning, and the scientific method, which are beyond the scope of this page (you can get started at wiki!). Science can mainly establish the validity of certain beliefs. Inability to show one way or another is a completely different thing altogether.

"Scientists hold that reiki energy simply does not exist. " No self-respecting scientist can say this. Once, the majority view, consistent with all available empirical research, held that the earth was flat. When the available data made this conclusion unfeasible, the view changed to better fit the data. At that time, people who held the earth was a sphere would have been ridiculed by the ignorant. But cautious scientists of the time could not have dismissed the view, as they did not have enough evidence. Reiki energy may or may not exist. Currently we don't have enough evidence to satisfy scientists, but many people claim to have experienced it. It has been photographed with Kirlian photography, but the validity of this is another debate altogether. So a better phrase would be "Most scientists have not been satisfactorily convinced by the available evidence that reiki energy exists." Holding that something they cannot measure does not exist is a leap most cautious scientists would not take.

"Advocates of reiki therapy claim that have a speacila way to heal the body through this undefined and undectable energy."

No. Advocates of reiki claim that, through the symbols they use and are taught, reiki energy can heal the body. This energy is claimed to be available to all who are initiated. It isn't undefined, nor is it undetectable (that assumes it doesn't exist, which is obviously the contention here). Not clearly defined, and not measured by traditional scientific methods yes, but this is not the same thing. Advocates and patients claim to sense it through unusual sensations such as heat, cold, vibrations etc.

"Since only believers in Reiki can "sense" Reiki to begin with" No. Often the reverse is often the case. People become believers through their own experience. Reiki is not a religion, so the reference to "can be measured and observed by people of any religion, or even people of no religion at all" is not relevant.

-- Well, I reverted some of last changes because I think that the arguments between proponents and opponents of Reiki are quite important part of issue. So for the sake of completness let's state their arguments clear and without watering it down. Also, let's state that Reiki is a technique not a sect or cult. Even if there is some cult that uses Reiki as part of its doctrine, it doesn't make the technique sectarian or cultist. Forseti 10:37, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

"Proponents of Reiki claim that it can cure any affliction."

This is simply wrong. Practitioners may claim to be able to help with many afflictions, but they do not all claim to be able to cure any affliction (some may, but I suspect they are in the minority.)

--Rynelm 17:52, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Latest edits
I have made quite a few changes in the last few days and I made them before I read the guidelines so I apologise if I have trodden over anyone's carefully thought out additions or edits. I have made an effort to only remove stuff I regard as really on the distant fringe and present a fairer presentation of what Reiki is really about from the generally accepted perspective.

Crappy article...
Message to the author:

This is a good example of why wikipedia is not a reliable source of information anymore. Last time I checked, the point of an encyclopedia was to provide a detailed definition about a specific topic. But unlike that, this is obviously a biased article with very poor information about Reiki and its history. I agree that the controversy around Reiki is important to mention. But to dedicate the article to that particular issue is ridiculous and misinforming. For instance, sentences like

"Many scientists, health care workers and others dispute the effectiveness of Reiki, claiming that there are no objective studies confirming the existence of this specific Reiki energy or practitioners' claims that this Reiki energy has the capacity to facilitate healing beyond that expected from the placebo effect."

in the root section? What exactly does that have to do with Reiki itself? With more than 5.000 years of existence, and that's all you have to say about Reiki? Even if it was true that "the energy field is not measurable" (which is not true, but that's another story), that's not what this article should be about. And the result is that your text lacks very important aspects about Reiki techniques and general history. You don't even mention its connection to ancient Tibetan healing practices! Absurd...

And by the way, Reiki doesn't "claim" anything. Activists do!

Message to the reader:

Are you serious about learning Reiki? Ignore this article.

FleXable, 09/Jan/2005

 * The statement about what most orthodox scientists think of reiki is notable information and worth including. If you are pro-reiki and you fear that this truthful statement might influence people to reach a contrary conclusion -- too bad.

 * A recounting of the history of reiki, including (for example) its roots in ancient Tibetan healing practices, would also be worth including. There's no Supreme Editorial Board that has decreed that this information must be censored.  It's just that no one has put it in yet.  Wikipedia is a volunteer project.  If no one volunteers to do something, it doesn't get done. JamesMLane 15:32, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * JamesMLane is correct. Wikipedia's policy of npov requires that subjects be reported on, not advocated. For example, the T'ai Chi Ch'uan article uses the same language; that its practitioners "claim" health and longevity benefits. Later on in the article there are medical citations to somewhat validate that claim, yet it remains a claim notwithstanding. The word doesn't imply that the subject isn't true, it is an objective portrayal of the public statements of T'ai Chi practitioners. As with the T'ai Chi article, this Wikipedia article isn't intended to teach anyone how to do Reiki, rather it is intended to report on the practise itself as well as most commonly held public perceptions of the practise. As with most subjects, some people enjoy Reiki and find it useful, others think it a load of manure, with many others (probably most) somewhere in between.

 * As for the Tibetan business, the body of the Reiki article seems to state that Usui created it in the 20th century. There is no mention of Tibet in any literature that I have ever seen regarding Reiki (and I'm in the same line of work), or evidence that I have heard about of a 5,000 year history to contradict the publicly documented 70 year history of the practise. As JamesMLane says, if some evidence of a connexion to Tibet can be provided, it should be in the article. If the evidence is anecdotal, it should be reported as anecdotal, however. Fire Star 16:07, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

"what most orthodox scientists think of Reiki"

I'm sorry, is Wikipedia a science encyclopedia? I mean, if I'm simply interested in learning about ancient healing techniques I don't really care what scientists think about it. The same thing would happen if, say, I wanted to learn more about blood transfusion. Since Wikipedia is not a religion encyclopedia, I wouldn't expect for a Jehovah's point of view. If you want to talk about scientific skepticism, then why don't you create an article named Reiki_Controversies, or Reiki_and_Science? Unlike what you think, I would gladly contribute to that subject. I am an Engineer, and also enthusiastic about physics and psychology.

"Wikipedia's policy of npov requires that subjects be reported on, not advocated"

A scientist's point of view is not a neutral point of view. It is a scientist's point of view! Just like explaining the effectiveness of Reiki by means of the placebo effect is no more than a point of view! That's what happens when we don't have a consistent theory for explaining empirical evidence. All we are left with are opinions and beliefs. Is it what "orthodox scientists think" that matters? That depends on your particular beliefs.

"The word ("claim") doesn't imply that the subject isn't true"

I agree! But I was just trying to emphasize the idea of "skeptical tone", mentioned by a previous poster.

"Wikipedia is a volunteer project. If no one volunteers to do something, it doesn't get done"

Yes. But when the article becomes skeptical-oriented, it becomes very hard for someone who takes Reiki seriously to contribute with his own knowledge.

"the body of the Reiki article seems to state that Usui created it in the 20th century (...) no evidence that I have heard about of a 5,000 year history to contradict the publicly documented 70 year history of the practise."

Usui created a specific technique, with specific symbols and hand positions, for achieving body and spiritual healing. He insisted that it was a new method, one that could be used instead of others, but no more than that. However, with the increasing success of his technique, more people became interested in hand-on healing. This led to the creation of a new and simplified form of Reiki, called Essential Reiki. An easy-to-learn version of Reiki, accessible to the general public. The teachings included basic concepts such as chakras, meridians, astral projection, aura and the idea of "intelligent energy". On the other hand, Usui's innovative technique was renamed to Usui Traditional Reiki. It included all the other concepts suppressed by the simplified version of Reiki. The problem is, thanks to Essential Reiki, that the word Reiki is now often used to describe those basic concepts behind hand-on and spiritual healing. Concepts that were not, by any means, invented by Usui. His principles about spiritual healing were a product of his own studies on Buddha's teachings (500 BC). Chakras and meridians were concepts already known to the practitioners of Acupressure (3.000 BC). Since Reiki has become an ambiguous word, used to describe the essential principles that empower Usui's technique, I think it's fair to say that Reiki is a product of at least 5.000 years of evolution.

"There is no mention of Tibet in any literature that I have ever seen regarding Reiki (...) if some evidence of a connexion to Tibet can be provided, it should be in the article. If the evidence is anecdotal, it should be reported as anecdotal"

As I said, the principles behind spiritual healing provided by Reiki are basically Buddhist principles. Usui was a Buddhist himself, so this should be no surprise. Although there are many forms of Buddhism, some believe that many of the Usui's symbols are very similar to the sacred symbols of Tibetan Buddhism. Of course this generated a lot of controversy among the Traditional Reiki community. And since this idea was not accepted by Usui followers, a new type of Reiki was created. It is called Tibetan Reiki, and it happens to be very popular around the world. If those beliefs about a connection between Usui Traditional Reiki and Tibetan Buddhism were strong enough to create a new form of Reiki, I think it is worth being mentioned.

FleXable, 10/Jan/2005

 * Greetings. I think that we can have both the skeptical perspective as well as the true believer perspective in the article (as we do in qigong, etc.) without endorsing either one and still have good info in the article.We want to just put it out there and let the people make up their own minds about the positioning of the various sources. From what you say about Tibetan influence, in some of the martial art, the t'ai chi and qigong articles we mention what are called "precursor disciplines" for them such as Tao Yin. The actual word Reiki isn't as generic as the word yoga is, it so far only describes practises of Japanese origin, for example, and there is some mention of precursors of Reiki, even though Usui claimed it to be different from its precursors. Li Hongzhi makes a similar claim of fundamental difference for Falun Gong. Like the qigong article, perhaps we could have a dedicated Controversies within Reiki section of this article, as long as it reports the controversies without taking a side. We have a little bit of that in the article now in the mention of the differences between Usui's students. Fire Star 04:42, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * To answer one particular point you make: The NPOV policy permits, indeed requires, the reporting of POV. For example, I'm one of the people who edit the article on Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  Obviously, it's not NPOV to praise the bombings as having obviated an invasio of Japan, nor is it NPOV to condemn them as inhumane.  What is NPOV is to give a reasonable summary of each of these opinions.  Similarly, we should include both pro- and anti-reiki opinions in this article. JamesMLane 05:17, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

"What is NPOV is to give a reasonable summary of each of these opinions. Similarly, we should include both pro- and anti-reiki opinions in this article."

When you report pro-/anti- opinions, instead of just defining or describing the subject, you have to take special care. Having opinions from both sides doesn't make it neutral, unless they are well positioned along the article. That is precisely what's happening here, even if it was not your intention. The placebo effect story is NOT about Reiki. It is a controversy generated by western scientific community against any kind of hand-on healing technique. So this is both a npov and a structure flaw. The first one because there seems to be an anxiety for showing people that the West does not accept Reiki, even before explaining what it is about. The second one because, since it's a controversy issue, it should be found in the Controversies section. Don't you agree?

By the way, this discussion pages are very confusing. I'm not exactly sure how to format my posts.

--FleXable 13:47, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Greetings FleXable. I have put a message on your User talk page with links to Wikipedia formatting conventions.

 * The structure of the article reflects that, for many people, one of the defining aspects of Reiki is the skepticism which many health care professionals have for it. AFAIK, there have been no published studies suggesting that Reiki has a mechanism which works better than results expected from the placebo effect. Mention of this skepticism therefore makes sense in an introductory section as well as in the Controversies section where it can be amplified upon. Reiki isn't alone, there is also skepticism of acupuncture and other, much older, health practises. The placebo effect is a statistical tool reported by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry for evaluating any interventions, and not necessarily a means to debunk mystical theories. Myself, I'm a T'ai Chi teacher, and I welcome skepticism. An uncritical student never goes very far in our system. If I can't give direct, reproducible results to my students and clients, then what am I teaching? Fortunately, T'ai Chi's martial applications are its health applications and it is hard to fake efficacy in a real fight. As for the medical community, there have been many studies published now that show beyond simple suggestion that T'ai Chi's health benefits go beyond those expected by conventional exercise and certainly beyond those predicted by the placebo effect. Even with that, we still don't claim T'ai Chi's health benefits as a given in that article, and we shouldn't assume such in the introductory paragraphs of the Reiki article. The same way, we shouldn't ourselves simply label Reiki a mystical fraud, but we should present notable arguments from believers and skeptics (and appropriate external links) in respectful objectivity. Fire Star 16:10, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Recent edits, 1 March 2005.
There have been a lot of recent edits to the article from IP 150.101.145.196. While they seem OK, we are going to have to have to start to clearly cite the sources that the info is coming from in the article, as per policy. Again, the edits seem balanced and informative on the whole, but we need to be able to verify the information. Fire Star 02:14, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Reply to Firestar's comments
Hi FireStar, I'm from that IP an have been working on Reiki. I haven't registed as yet but will soon. I believe I will be able to cite most of it comprehensively, but I don't wish to do it quite yet. There needs to be a fair amount of improvement in the overall structure of the article, and I'd like to put in some new primary material. Once I've done that, I'll begin citing. The contoversies section unfortunately will not be well cited - much of the controversies aren't documented in primary text form, however I believe I'll be able to find a substantial amount of internet references (which is okay but not my first choice for good sources).

I also feel that the "Theories and practices" passages on the chakras aren't really terribly important - and I am considering removing them entirely. I suspect that there may be a generic wikipedia section on energy healing and the chakra energy system that would be best to link to or move this text there.

I also plan to put in some pictures and japanese characters, as well as a timeline and a comprehensive bibliography.

There also needs to be a much more comprehensive section on Reiki symbols and myths. By clarifying the lingustic origins of the symbols, I believe some (but not all) of these redundant misunderstandings can be avoided. I am however constrained somewhat in that many Western students believe that the Reiki symbols themselves should be kept secret, so don't wish to offend them by explicitly translating the symbols in languages that are clearly not for example, Tibetan or Sanskrit as commonly believed.

I also feel that the article should be somewhat more balanced. I am a Reiki teacher, and have practiced since I was 14 (now in my 19th year of practice). Nonethless, what I take for granted in accepting the supernatural (to some degree) is certainly not the consenual world view, and so I believe that the article should reflect both the reality that most people don't believe in such things, but that others firmly do for good reason. I don't however want the article however getting stuck in conceeding the possible non existent nature of Reiki in every second paragraph, so I feel that the article needs to clear up these points quickly and comprehensively much more early on in the piece - at the moment it seems quite clumsy in this regard. This is where I feel good sources both for and against are the most needed.

I also need to clarify where I write "Reiki however fails the standard test of whether a teaching is Buddhist or not; that of the three "Dharma Seals" or the "Three marks of existence". Reiki may be a Buddhist art in the way that karate-dō or shiatsu is a Buddhist art, but it is absolutely not Buddhist spiritual practice in and of itself. A great many people don't really understand what is and is not Buddhism, so I think I need to really strengthen this part, perhaps with some good Buddhist sources explicitly denying that Reiki is a Buddhist spiritual practice, in much the same way that the Johrei movement denied connection to it in the early 90's, along with the Sai Baba organisation.

I'm also planning a section on the different schools and methods of Reiki with descriptions on their techniques.

'''May I respectfully suggest that posts regarding this article are made with the intention of improving the article. Merely grinding one's axe (however correct or noble) seems a jolly waste of time when there is so much work to be done'''

Sean White

 * Well, very good, I recognise that it is a work in progress. A nice reference section for citations will improve any article, of course. Cheers, Fire Star 06:34, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

what relationship of Falungong and Reiki in links
I wonder why put falungong in related link of Reiki wiki.

Reversion
Hi Firestar,

Many people have come along and removed so much of the information it seems like an act of vandalism. Merely ommitting information does not seem to me to be an improvement. Paricularily when the ommisions appear to have a bias.

I've reverted the article back to an earlier draft before the gradual deletions began.

I'd gone to a great deal of trouble explaining the origins of the word Reiki, as it is a generic word in Japan, however the person who edited this didn't like this idea, so completely deleted almost all the factual information. Even after this was pointed out many times, the article keeps being changed to fit this incorrect idea. (I should add that I've studied Japanese). Many people also removed almost all of the contraversies section, and biased the article strongly towards the Hawayo Takata school of Reiki. I don't have any particular allegiance to one school or the other, hence the reason why I tried to maintain many views so that the reader could decide for themselves. They deleted the non traditional Reiki sections, the entire bilibliography and the links section too - at no gain to the reader. Further, they didn't explain their efforts in the discussion section here. Much of the text was not written by me, so I had no particular personal attachment to it, however it had obviously had a great deal of effort put into it by others and was well written.

I think that this page is being vandalised rather subtly.

The work that I (and other) had done was built upon other people's submissions, however now I'm presented with a complete rewrite and glossing over of any idea that did not fit into one school of Reiki's opinions. I don't think that this is not what a free encyclopedia should be about. Surely all views can be represented and the reader can decide for themselves!

Is there a way that this article can be flagged so that any major revisions need to be reviewed and approved by an editor before being accepted?

I had logged on to Wikipedia to add references and so forth, but have instead found that someone has undone so much hard work done by many people. I'm terribly disappointed that this section has been quite cleverly sabotaged.

Regards, Sean

 * Greetings. Unfortunately there isn't a way to block the article from new edits unless it is obviously being vandalised. It is fine to roll it back, though. The earlier version is adequate as far as I am concerned. If you register for an account, you can put the article on your watchlist and know right away every time you log in if the article has been changed. If you know how to use unicode Japanese characters, they would be a good addition to the article. Fire Star 02:19, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Greetings again Firestar, I'd say that it's fairly obvious that it is being vandalised, but only a person who was very familiar with Reiki would recognise the bias and factual errors. Who do I need to convince therefore, that the article is being vandalised? Is it perhaps you? I am quite prepared to submit exactly what the factual ommisions and political motivations behind the vandal's changes if need be. I'll create an account too, thanks. I'll add unicode characters and a better bibliography. I'd also like to cite more references throughout the page too. I hope that the person gives up, but there's no accounting for stupidity.

Here's an example of some of the errors (some deliberate and some I imagine not deliberate):

1. The "Rei" in "Reiki" does not literally mean cosmos - the word predates that rather modern astronomical idea. Instead, "Rei" alludes to ideas of spiritual universality, which come from the Chinese language. Any Japanese translation dictionary would agree with "universal".

2. The 19th century does not strictly apply when speaking of Japan's history. Japan marked it's historical eras according to it's Emperors, and so the correct term is the "Meiji" era. I used both terms in deference to both methods of designating historical epochs.

3. The term Reiki is only a noun in Japan. It is incorrectly but widely used as a verb in the west, but a Japanese person would understand reiki as something like "ghost power", not as an energy system originating from Mikao Usui. The word was not invented by Mikao Usui.

4. The claim that "Almost every tradition or style of reiki will agree on the following points of history: Dr. Usui was searching for a method of healing. The fast and meditation lasted 21 days. The hierarchy of Usui, Hayashi, and then Takata." is a deliberate distortion of the widely known historical facts with a particular bias towards a particular Reiki lineage. Hayashi was merely one among many teachers, Takata was also one among many teachers. Although this lineage brought Reiki to the west, this particular lineage has no particular claim above any other lineage. In any case, I believe that all views should be represented, not just that of one particular school. Takata claimed to be the sole teacher and grandmaster of Mikao Usui's teachings on reiki, but this has been factually shown to not be the case as Japanese Reiki teachers emerged in the early 1990's. They had the historical documents to refute this too, and I'll cite this information.

5. The title of Grandmaster, much misused by many schools is completely ignored. although this was at one time a very contraversial issue, it has since been resolved with the emergence of historical information from Japan, as well as investigation in Hawayo Takata's Reiki certificates written by Chujiro Hayashi. Ommitting this rather important aspect of Reiki seems to be politically motivated and deceitful.

-Regards, Sean

 * Hello again. Well, any article that is about a controversial subject is going to experience what I'll call "drift" over time. people notice it and add their two cents here and there. It may well be that someone is pushing their agenda and I don't realise it because I don't know enough about the politics of the subject. How do we avoid this? We have to follow Wikipedia policy, which you have done so far. Having this article on your watchlist and keeping an eye on it will go a long way towards keeping a balanced article. What determines content is therefore the consensus of active editors (including us) and WP policy. In order for anyone to have the consensus see the utility of their contributions, the more citations, the better. Cheers! Fire Star 13:17, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That's what I was talking about, Sean. Your version of the article was very good but, sincerely, I think you're wasting your time. It is quite obvious that someone that is personally against Reiki, and has nothing better to do in life, is blocking all decent contributions. FleXable 16:42, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your comments FleXable. I agree that as much as I'm prepared to work on the article, I'm concerned that it could be a waste of time if people are allowed to vandalise the article. The post below illustrates the type of people that I'm up against with their own particular axe to grind, and I'm not sure if it's entirely worth committing so much effort. I've posted a rebuttal beneath the anonymous post. --Sean White 05:50, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Subjective Article
In response to earlier comment, it is not necessary to have a great knowledge of Reiki to spot the flaws in this article. I am familiar with it - indeed know people who practise it - and yet I can recognise when the article is flawed. For example, as well as the over emphasis of controversy surrounding Reiki, the author fails to distinguish between those "quacks" who charge "worrying" amounts of money and those who practice Reiki out of the need to help others and themselves - indeed, this most fundamental theme is not highlighted at all. Reiki is the need to help and heal, regardless of whether it is "scientifically effective" or not. Why bother writing an encyclopaedia article so blatantly biased? That is not the point of an encyclopaedia. The author does not follow the npov guideline, as they put forward one viewpoint which biases the article, as well as the article itself being full of innaccuracies, suppositions and reactionary statements.

As for the part about Reiki promoting Paganism (yes, it's a capital P), that is also biased. Many people who practice Reiki affiliate with Paganism because of their shared theological roots. It does not matter whether the Reiki practitioner is Pagan, Christian, Buddhist or atheist. Religion and Reiki are seperate issues and to suggest they are inextricably linked is preposterous.

This article is riddled with bias, skepticality and (I personally find) insulting references. Bad form, author, and bad form Wikipedia for allowing it on an npov website.

 * What is POV is just assuming solely on someone's word that Reiki works the way its proponents say it does, and pushing an article that makes that assumption. We can say that it is popular, we can say that it has this and that style of training and theory, but so far there is no reliable evidence that Reiki itself is any more effective than what can be expected from the placebo effect, and that lack of evidence (and the whacking huge amounts of money charged by Reiki masters) are therefore the most notable and verifiable features of the practise for the general public. Myself, I'm not hostile to the idea that energy can be used to make people feel better since I practise traditional Chinese medicine, but I see, and Reiki demonstrates, no mechanism beyond wishful thinking for generating its claimed effects. In other words, Reiki claims it channels and directs energy, but I and many others have never seen any direct evidence of this energy that points to something happening beyond the salesmanship of its "masters." In my practise, I generate large amounts of heat energy, human energy, by training the martial art aspect of nei chia every day. There is an obvious mechanism for this, though; coordinated, repetitive, physical weight bearing work with the breathing and the metabolism that directs the physical properties of body heat through the body in specific ways. I can easily reproduce that generation at will and show (in person and also by several medical studies that support this) that the energy has a demonstrable physical effect on humans, and I can show my students how to generate that energy for themselves so that they don't need me to touch them. It doesn't come from the "universe," it comes from their own kung fu, their own hard work and discipline. Now, I can't include any of that in the Reiki article, because that would definitely be POV on my part, but what does go in the article is the lack of evidentiary support associated with Reiki. There are also "insulting" (personalising doesn't help establish consensus, BTW), sceptical references included in other New Age-related as well as TCM-related articles, epecially qigong. If we are going to be truly neutral, we have to allow notable alternate views to exist in our articles.

 * As for whether it is pagan or or sorcery or not, while I agree that to be irrelevant, many church groups think it is. Many Buddhists would likely find it heretical as well, just as many more (especially Tantrics) might not. We can only report the notable groups (and provide citations) that have made public pronouncements that they consider the practise pagan. Fire Star 16:25, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

My ten cents
As I said earlier, I've have been practicing Reiki for 19 years as I mentioned earlier and I've been a teacher for a long time. In fact, I've been doing it for a lot longer than most. I can also read the symbols and I was one of the first people in the early 90's to do so. I was the first to give a great deal of people the translations that you commonly see nowadays (for instance I gave William Rand his English translations). Of course, at this time the Japanese schools were not yet reconnected to the Western schools. The Japanese schools can only translate the symbols into their everyday wording too - they can't tie them in to the Taoist/Buddhsit terminology quite often as they're passing on second hand teachings.

I've studied and swapped notes with a great deal of Takata's original students, and learnt from one of them originally too. I've also learnt a great deal of other non traditional material. I've found some faults with the Reiki system when practiced - and they are primarily as follows - Reiki students and teachers often make ridiculous claims AND the commonly taught Reiki system is a abridged form of energy healing system that lacks all of the original sources that it was (clearly) derived from. The Japanese lineages aren't very much more informed in many ways. I don't personally discount the uses of Reiki, but I feel that it needs to be appraised rationally and in comparison to other energy healing modalities (particularily the Taoist ones). The abriged Usui system was designed to be used by any person, however it is a simplified form, and not anywhere near as powerful and many practioners believe it to be.

The original and unabridged system of Reiki (the Usui Reiki method) is a system that has the potential for practitioners to store and produce a greater amount of energy, however this earlier and more complete system is not as widely understood at the moment because it's pretty indepth. Even so, the advanced practices certainly aren't miraculous, merely based on other much older systems that are no more remarkable than any other energy/meditation system. Most tai chi practitioners for example aren't experts in the hidden meanings, but they nonetheless call what they practice a Taoist art.

The Catholic Church for instance ocassionally comments on Reiki and discourages this it because it is often coupled with all sorts of mumbo jumbo (although this is not dogma). By dogma I mean it is not a compulsory teaching. Quite often people have their own particular religious beliefs and the couple them along with Reiki and proceed to attempt to try to convince everyone else of the validity of their beliefs and offer the sensations of relaxation etc that commonly accompany a Reiki treatment as proof to validate their particular mystical ideology. This article can't get into every person's Pagan, Shamanic and New Age beliefs with regards to Reiki - it would just take too long and is really off-topic. The article seems to me to be confined to Reiki - and the new age entries can be left to the New agers. The range of these views are too wide, irregular and subjective to easily document (and beyond the scope of Reiki in and of itself). However, I think it is suitable to represent mainstream religious commentary on Reiki - such as the Catholic Church's opinions on it.

Many students and teachers often take a very long time to get beyond the novelty of sensing and chanelling "ki" energy. Reiki's claims are usually much more great that say that of a chi-gong practitioner, and yet the system of ordinary "ki" is just the same energy. In the case of Reiki, the system is wildly incomplete in comparision to the Taoist ones. I personally don't discount Reiki, but find that students are extremely fanatical despite their lack of ability and knowedge. It take years to be able to get any good at Reiki and yet most teachers are very substandard. Frankly, I think that unless you can read Japanese and/or Chinese and are familiar with Buddhist and Taoist terminology in those languages, you're not really qualified to comment on Reiki's origins in an authorative way.

The fact remains however, that "Reiki" has been influenced by Taoist and Buddhist ideology in so far as it employs symbols and terminology that originate from these religions. This is a fact.

There is such a scarcity of clear information in general "new-age" type Reiki teaching, that I'm personally becoming very reluctant to invest the time and effort correcting every reiki lunatic and zealot who'd just stepped out of their class last week.

Is there a feasible solution to this dilemma? I'm not sure if it's worth making a decent contribution beyond what we already have in place without a great deal of pain. I can't even manage to keep the translation of the word "Reiki" correct in the article. Someone has translated it to mean "aura" which is wildly incorrect. Is it worth the bother to change it back? I'm begining to think perhaps not. --Sean White 05:49, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Sean! Before you give up on this article, can you suggest some good/reliable books about Reiki origins and techniques? I'd like to add some references to the text. FleXable 12:47, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I'm reluctant to invest any more time in doing so, however I think you'd be well advised grouping them ideologically. This will make appraising and describing them much easier. I'd also suggest that you perhaps sample a couple from each primary school - eg Radiance Technique, William Rand, Kathleen Milner, Reiki Alliance, Japanese Reiki schools, New Age. Personally I think the task is rather pointeless.

The best and most reliable guide in Reiki is what the (commonly called) "distant healing" symbol describes. (From the Japanese) - The true self is correctly the mind in the present moment. If you learn what this means, then books aren't necessary. This is the source of Reiki power - not the "Master" symbol. No Reiki book I've ever read understands this true source of Reiki - hence people become obsessed with technique, historical anecodetes, politics and infighting or the Reiki precepts etc, etc. Believe it or not, but understanding this simple translation of the symbol is the best technique you could ever posibly learn. --Sean White 07:14, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

--Sean White 07:14, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know, Sean, what you say sounds reasonable enough to me. If you want to write up a comparison of the different Reiki schools, we have a list of different major schools over at T'ai Chi Ch'uan for instance, and post it here on the talk page first, I'm sure we can get it in the article without too much fuss. We could even have separate articles on the different schools as far as I am concerned. Why not? One example of the neutral tone I'm talking about, in response to: "Most tai chi practitioners for example aren't experts in the hidden meanings, but they nonetheless call what they practice a Taoist art" - is that nowhere in the T'ai Chi articles do we assume that most of the people who say they do T'ai Chi Ch'uan are "practitioners." To be a practitioner of T'ai Chi necessarily means that one is well versed in the hidden meanings. Although a T'ai Chi Ch'uan practitioner is a very rare breed, many, many people around the world do some forms every now and again (even every day); we call them "students." To be well versed in the health, meditation and martial aspects takes years, if not decades of study. I don't know if there is that practitioner/student distinction in some or all of the Reiki schools or not, but if there is it would be worth a mention. Fire Star 15:38, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It's a tempting idea for me to attempt, and I was considering the same thing myself, however I think that the difficulties with this article I've encountered by seeing misinformed people ceasely vandalising this article because of their ignorance has made me think that the whole idea of Wikipedia is marvelous, ideologically utopianist, and completely doomed to failure. You'll perhaps notice that Reiki is still described in the article as meaning "aura" - so the vandals win I'm afraid. I can't be bothered correcting every twit that has an internet connection. I understand your point towards Tai Chi practitioners and students. Unfortunately, merely recieving the Reiki initiations allows a person to channel the energy (regardless of how poorly or not they do this). No understanding is really necesaary, and perhaps as a result, no understanding results. Wishing you all luck with it however. --Sean White 07:14, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

 * By the way, how can I find Sean's original version of the article? I'd like to use it for the portuguese version. FleXable 07:31, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It's in the History section - have a look at the previous versions. Regards, Sean --Sean White 07:14, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

New article about controversies
Hi there! You might have noticed that I copy-pasted the entire controversies section to a new article. I believe the text was too much about opinions instead of facts (which is not the purpose of an encyclopedia). This is just a start, of course. I intend to improve the structure and content of the new article. Regards, FleXable 12:23, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A request for assistance.
I placed the following message on the Japanese language talk page:

 * Greetings. Would someone who can speak Japanese be kind enough to have a look over at the Reiki article? There seems to be a dispute over the actual meaning or meanings of the usage 霊気 reiki itself in Japanese. Also, there is no clear provenance as to whether the term is a recent coinage or a term from earlier Japanese history. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Regards, Fire Star 04:40, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

As I have said earlier Fire Star, I studied Japanese at university, and so can indeed translate the word. --Sean White 22:25, 3 May 2005 (UTC) As I've also pointed out previously, reiki is a generic word in Japan and is not popularily understood to relate to Dr Usui's method.

There is one sure cure for a seemingly intractable problem with an article here at Wikipedia; get more conscientious, informed editors editing! Vandalism by trolls, cranks or even the well-meaning but enthusiastically misinformed cannot stand against the weight of informed consensus! Cheers, Fire Star 04:40, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

I admire your optimism, but don't share it. Have you heard of Sisyphus in Greek mythology? He is forced to roll a block of stone against a steep hill, which tumbles back down when he reaches the top. Then the whole process starts again, lasting all eternity. Frankly, I don't wish to share his punishment however many helping people there may be. --Sean White 22:25, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

New Message
I agree that the article has some very serious flaws. As a Reiki (level II) Practitioner, my introduction and training was biblically based. I do believe that it is "earth energy" as the article states, but I believe that it is a gift bestowed by God through the Holy Ghost, as it states in the Bible. My husband was having major heart problems and was to undergo a surgical procedure for a different issue. The surgeon recommended that we get clearance from his heart doctor prior to the surgery. I had been treating him with Reiki for a week (daily sessions) and trying to prepare him for the surgery. When the Cardiologist examined him the problems were gone and he was taken off of all heart meds. The Cardiologist said he had never seen anything like it and he had no explanation. I told him we didn't need one, because we knew!

I am a "show me" person, I need data as well. The fact is that I am seeing things that have no other explanation. I know that the parasympathetic state can be induced by physical hands-on massage, but I also know I can induce that same state - which science says is healing - by treating a client with Reiki. This month's issue of Massage Magazine quotes data on a study that shows that Reiki has been proven to reduce blood pressure - so the facts are being proven with research.6/28/05

++++++++

Why so much angst with Reiki and not other forms of self healing on Wikipedia such as the very interesting section devoted to Tai Chi? Tai Chi teachers often charge for their training, talk about healing benefits etc. I do not see Quacker, Quack watch or other skeptics trouncing on what could be a very interesting and informative article here. Perhaps the entire article should be redone and a separate page created and linked to this one with those who want to share their skeptism on Reiki self healing. Otherwise what we have is a bland point counter point debate on Reiki benefits and not the wonderful story of the Reiki experience as it unfolded from Japan.
 * Actually, you should see the Homeopathy article and the Talk:Homeopathy page. Unlike T'ai Chi Ch'uan, Reiki is very subjective. T'ai Chi is a martial art, and as such its mechanisms are easily demonstrable to almost anyone. Reiki seems to the sceptical like so much sleight of hand, which doesn't seem to have a demonstrable mechanism other than its founder and adherents saying that it has one. That is one of the definitions of magical thinking. This is one of the main reasons why there is such scepticism of Reiki in general, not just from scientists, but from other Oriental medicine practitioners as well. It really only seems to be well regarded in New Age circles. Fire Star 06:12, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Here is an example of what I am trying to convey. If you look in Wikipedia for Nikola Tesla, a very controversial figure in early electrical power distribution era in the USA, it is presented in a fair manner even though many of his writings and views are disputed and considered off the mark in the scientific community. The writing flows and the reader can be informed as to who Nikiola Tesla was, his thoughts and views etc. The reader can then make their own decisions based upon what they are reading and not be distracted with warning labels and others peoples commentary.

I doubt if anyone reading this article on Reiki will come away with much insight and thoughtful information to consider on his or her own. I would suggest that those interested in learning more about Reiki move on to other sources.

 * I am a reiki and seichim master, there are some problems but is a good article, more information is needed and some www.links. (unsigned comment by 86.132.209.114)

title: Talk:Reiki/Archive 1


text:
Parametrization (climate modeling)

Parameterization in a weather or climate model is a method of replacing processes that are too small-scale or complex to be physically represented in the model by a simplified process. This can be contrasted with other processes—e.g., large-scale flow of the atmosphere—that are explicitly resolved within the models. Associated with these parameterizations are various parameters used in the simplified processes. Examples include the descent rate of raindrops, convective clouds, simplifications of the atmospheric radiative transfer on the basis of atmospheric radiative transfer codes, and cloud microphysics. Radiative parameterizations are important to both atmospheric and oceanic modeling alike. Atmospheric emissions from different sources within individual grid boxes also need to be parameterized to determine their impact on air quality.

Clouds
Weather and climate model gridboxes have sides of between 5 km and 300 km. A typical cumulus cloud has a scale of less than 1 km, and would require a grid even finer than this to be represented physically by the equations of fluid motion. Therefore, the processes that such clouds represent are parameterized, by processes of various sophistication. In the earliest models, if a column of air in a model gridbox was unstable (i.e., the bottom warmer than the top) then it would be overturned, and the air in that vertical column mixed. More sophisticated schemes add enhancements, recognizing that only some portions of the box might convect and that entrainment and other processes occur. Weather models that have gridboxes with sides between 5 km and 25 km can explicitly represent convective clouds, although they still need to parameterize cloud microphysics.

The formation of large-scale (stratus-type) clouds is more physically based: they form when the relative humidity reaches some prescribed value. Still, sub grid scale processes need to be taken into account. Rather than assuming that clouds form at 100% relative humidity, the cloud fraction can be related to a critical relative humidity of 70% for stratus-type clouds, and at or above 80% for cumuliform clouds, reflecting the sub grid scale variation that would occur in the real world. Portions of the precipitation parameterization include the condensation rate, energy exchanges dealing with the change of state from water vapor into liquid drops, and the microphysical component which controls the rate of change from water vapor to water droplets.

Radiation and atmosphere-surface interaction
The amount of solar radiation reaching ground level in rugged terrain, or due to variable cloudiness, is parameterized as this process occurs on the molecular scale. This method of parameterization is also done for the surface flux of energy between the ocean and the atmosphere in order to determine realistic sea surface temperatures and type of sea ice found near the ocean's surface. Also, the grid size of the models is large when compared to the actual size and roughness of clouds and topography. Sun angle as well as the impact of multiple cloud layers is taken into account. Soil type, vegetation type, and soil moisture all determine how much radiation goes into warming and how much moisture is drawn up into the adjacent atmosphere. Thus, they are important to parameterize.

Air quality

Air quality forecasting attempts to predict when the concentrations of pollutants will attain levels that are hazardous to public health. The concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere is determined by transport, diffusion, chemical transformation, and ground deposition. Alongside pollutant source and terrain information, these models require data about the state of the fluid flow in the atmosphere to determine its transport and diffusion. Within air quality models, parameterizations take into account atmospheric emissions from multiple relatively tiny sources (e.g. roads, fields, factories) within specific grid boxes.

Eddies
The ocean (and, although more variably, the atmosphere) is stratified through density. At rest, surfaces of constant density (known as isopycnals in the ocean) will be parallel to surfaces of constant pressure (isobars). However, various processes such as geostrophy and upwelling can result in isopycnals becoming tilted relative to isobars. These tilted density surfaces represent a source of potential energy and, if the slope becomes steep enough, a fluid instability known as baroclinic instability can be triggered. Eddies are generated through baroclinic instability, which act to flatten density surfaces through the slantwise exchange of fluid.

The resulting eddies are formed at a characteristic scale called the Rossby deformation radius. This scale depends on the strength of stratification and the coriolis parameter (which in turn depends on the latitude). As a result, baroclinic eddies form on scales of around 1° (~100 km) at the tropics, but less than 1/12° (~10 km) at the poles and in some shelf seas. Most climate models, such as those run as part of CMIP experiments, are run at a resolution of 1-1/4° in the ocean, and can therefore not resolve baroclinic eddies across large parts of the ocean, particularly at the poles. However, high-latitude baroclinic eddies are important for many ocean processes such as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which affects global climate. As a result, the effects of eddies are parameterised in climate models, such as through the widely-used Gent-McWilliams (GM) parameterisation which represents the isopycnal-flattening effects of eddies as a diffusivity. This parameterisation is not perfect - for instance, it may overpredict the sensitivity of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and AMOC to the strength of winds over the Southern Ocean. As a result, alternative parameterisations are being developed to improve the representation of eddies in ocean models.

Problems with increased resolution
As model resolution increases, errors associated with moist convective processes are increased as assumptions which are statistically valid for larger grid boxes become questionable once the grid boxes shrink in scale towards the size of the convection itself. At resolutions greater than T639, which has a grid box dimension of about 30 km, the Arakawa-Schubert convective scheme produces minimal convective precipitation, making most precipitation unrealistically stratiform in nature.

Calibration
When a physical process is parameterized, two choices have to be made: what is the structural form (for instance, two variables can be related linearly) and what is the exact value of the parameters (for instance, the constant of proportionality). The process of determining the exact values of the parameters in a parameterization is called calibration, or sometimes less precise, tuning. Calibration is a difficult process, and different strategies are used to do it. One popular method is to run a model, or a submodel, and compare it to a small set of selected metrics, such as temperature. The parameters that lead to the model run which resembles reality best are chosen.

title: Parametrization (climate modeling)


text:
Usnisavijaya

Uṣṇīṣavijayā ("Victorious Crown Goddess" and "Victorious One with Ushnisha"; ; Бизьяа, Намжилмаа, Жүгдэрнамжилмаа, "Crested Ultimate Tara"; 佛頂尊勝佛母) is a Buddha of longevity and rebirths in Buddhism. She wears an image of Vairocana in her headdress. With Amitayus and White Tara, she constitutes one of the three Buddhas of Long Life. She is one of the more well-known Buddhist divinities in Nepal, Tibet, and Mongolia.

Since 1571, Namgyälma has been the namesake for Namgyal Monastery, the personal monastery of all the Dalai Lamas since its establishment by the Third Dalai Lama, Gyalwa Sonam Gyatso. Namgyälma is a female yidam, or meditational deity, and a long-life deity of the Kriya Tantra class in Tibetan Buddhism. She is typically depicted with a white frontal face, a yellow face on the right, and a blue face on the left. She is seated in a lotus posture, and has eight arms holding various symbolic ritual items in each of her hands.

Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra
The Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra is the Mantra of Usnisavijaya, a very important Dharani in Chinese Buddhism such that a Chinese Emperor (唐代宗 776 AD) and a Japanese Emperor (清和天皇 860 AD) had both enforced all Buddhist monasteries within their countries to facilitate its practice, after it had been believed to have brought rain to end two events of droughts in history.

title: Usnisavijaya


text:
Durango–La Plata County Airport

Durango–La Plata County Airport is a city- and county-owned public airport 12 miles southeast of Durango, in La Plata County, Colorado.

It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2019–2023, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility. Federal Aviation Administration records say it had 134,386 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 148,077 in 2009 and 163,611 in 2010.

History
La Plata County Airport opened to commercial airline service in 1946. During the summer of 1977 the airport was closed so the terminal building could be expanded and the runway was lengthened to handle jet traffic. Frontier Airlines then began operating Boeing 737 jets to the airport in the fall of 1977. The terminal was greatly expanded again in the 1990s as the airport began seeing a great increase in ski traffic and new service by American Airlines using McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jets. During the 2000s the airport continued to court additional service by new airlines while luring passenger traffic away from the Four Corners Regional Airport serving nearby Farmington, New Mexico.

Facilities
The airport covers 1,281 acres (518 ha) at an elevation of 6,685 feet (2,038 m). Its one runway, 3/21, is 9,201 by 150 feet (2,804 x 46 m) asphalt.

For the twelve-month period ending January 1, 2020, the airport had 38,468 aircraft operations, average 105 per day: 70% general aviation, 15% airline, 13% air taxi, and 1% military. In June 2020, there were 69 aircraft based at this airport: 52 single-engine, 9 multi-engine, 5 jet, 1 helicopter, and 2 glider.

Passenger
The airport has three boarding gates, five plane stands, a pre-security restaurant, and a gift shop. It has free wi-fi internet throughout the passenger terminal.

Historical airline service
The first scheduled airline service to the La Plata County Airport began on November 27, 1946, when Monarch Air Lines initiated flights to Denver with stops at Monte Vista, Canon City, Pueblo, and Colorado Springs, Colorado. Douglas DC-3 aircraft were used. By April 1, 1947, new routes were added to Albuquerque and Salt Lake City, each making several stops en route. Durango would be the connecting hub for the three routes. On June 1, 1950, Monarch was merged into Frontier Airlines (1950-1986) and a new route to Phoenix was added making five stops. The flights to Albuquerque and Salt Lake City had ended in the early 1950s as they were redirected through Farmington, New Mexico which then became Frontier's connecting hub for the four corners states. In 1959 Frontier acquired 44-passenger Convair 340 aircraft and new nonstop flights were added from Durango to Denver as well as new flights to Phoenix and Tucson that only stopped in Farmington. By 1966 the Convair 340s had been upgraded to Convair 580 turboprop aircraft and all of the original Douglas DC-3 aircraft had been retired. Direct flights to Albuquerque were reinstated in 1969. During the summer of 1977, the La Plata County Airport was closed so that the main runway could be extended to handle jet traffic. Frontier Airlines then initiated the first jets to the airport in November 1977 with Boeing 737 flights to Denver making one stop in Pueblo, Colorado. Weekend flights were also added to Dallas/Fort Worth for the 1977–78 ski season. The flights to Phoenix, still operating with Convair 580s, were discontinued in 1979 and flights to Albuquerque ended in 1981. On June 1, 1982, Frontier had retired its Convair 580 aircraft fleet and was operating all 737 jets at Durango, now with nonstop flights to Denver and return flights stopping in Farmington. More weekend ski season jet flights were added to Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, Atlanta, and Los Angeles for the 1982–83, 1983–84, and 1984–85 winter ski seasons. The 737 jets to Denver ended on October 1, 1984, and were replaced with Convair 580s operated by Frontier Commuter. Frontier Commuter ended all service in January 1985 and after Frontier's ski season flights ended by April 1, 1985, all Frontier representation at Durango was discontinued.

Since the beginning of airline deregulation in 1978, many carriers, small and large, have served Durango:

Aspen Airways flew to Denver from late 1978 through 1990 using Convair 580s and in 1985 introduced British Aerospace BAe 146-100 jets. In 1986 Aspen became a United Express feeder carrier for United Airlines at the carriers' Denver hub. Aspen also flew to Albuquerque briefly in 1979 and again for the winter 1989–90 ski season.

Rocky Mountain Airways briefly flew to Denver in January 1979 using de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7s. The carrier returned from 1987 through 1991 operating as Continental Express again using Dash-7s as well as ATR 42s, and Beechcraft 1900Cs.

Zia Airlines flew commuter flights to Albuquerque in early 1980 using Handley Page Jetstreams.

Desert Pacific Airlines flew to Los Angeles in 1980 making five stops en route and using Piper Navajos.

Sun West Airlines flew to Albuquerque and Phoenix from 1980 through 1984 using Piper Navajos and later upgrading to Beechcraft C99s.

Mesa Airlines operated multiple services at Durango. Flights to Albuquerque began in 1983 with Beechcraft C99s, later upgrading to Beechcraft 1900Ds and the Albuquerque flights were operated on and off through 2005. Service to Denver began in 1990 as United Express and continued into 1998 using Beechcraft 1300s and 1900s and later upgraded with Embraer EMB-120 Brasilias and de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8s. Service to Phoenix began in 1987 and was changed to America West Express in 1992. Beechcraft 1900s, Embraer Brasilia's and Dash-8's were all used. Canadair CRJ-200 regional jets were introduced in 1999. America West Airlines merged into US Airways in 2007 at which time the Phoenix flights began operating as US Airways Express. Then in 2015 US Airways merged into American Airlines which changed the Phoenix flights to American Eagle. All flights were upgraded with Canadair CRJ-900 aircraft a short time later and continue operating today.

Pioneer Airlines flew to Albuquerque and Denver in 1982 and 1983 using Fairchild Swearingen Metroliners.

Trans-Colorado Airlines began Durango service in mid 1983 with service to Denver and later added flights to Albuquerque and Colorado Springs using Fairchild Swearingen Metroliners. The carrier became a Continental Express feeder in 1986 and continued the Denver flights through 1988 adding the Convair 580 aircraft as well.

America West Airlines operated mainline Boeing 737 jet service to Phoenix from 1984 through 1991. Some flights would stop at Albuquerque or Grand Junction. The 737 jets were replaced with Dash-8 props from 1991 through 1992 then service was contracted out to Mesa Airlines as America West Express.

Britt Airways followed Rocky Mountain Airways by operating Denver flights as Continental Express from 1991 through 1994 using Beechcraft 1900s and ATR 42s.

GP Express then followed Britt Airways by operating Continental Connection service to Denver from 1994 through 1995 using Beechcraft 1900s.

American Airlines began ski season service during the winter of 1994–95 with flights to Dallas/Fort Worth using McDonnell Douglas MD-80 mainline jets. The service continued for seven winter ski seasons, ending with the 2000–01 season.

Reno Air operated one daily flight to Albuquerque which continued on to Los Angeles for the 1996–97 ski season. A McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jet was used.

Air 21 flew a single daily flight to Grand Junction, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Fresno for a short time in late 1996 using a Fokker F28 Fellowship jet.

Mountain Air Express operating on behalf of Western Pacific Airlines served Durango from Colorado Springs during the 1996/1997 ski season. The carrier used Dornier 328 prop aircraft.

Rio Grande Air flew commuter flights to Albuquerque from 2000 through 2002 using Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft.

United Express service to Denver was transferred in 1998 from Mesa Airlines to Air Wisconsin, and Great Lakes Airlines. Air Wisconsin flew Dornier 328prop and British Aerospace BAe-146 jets through 2003. Great Lakes flew Beechcraft 1900Ds through 2001. Mesa Airlines returned with Dash-8 flights to Denver from 2003 through 2010. SkyWest Airlines began United Express flights in 2001 with Embraer Brasilia's and service continues today, now with all regional jets. ExpressJet flew Embraer-145's from 2010 through 2015. Republic Airways began flights in 2012 with Dash-8-Q400's and later upgraded with Embraer 170's and 175's. GoJet began in 2014 with CRJ-700's and Trans States Airlines in 2015 with Embraer-145's, all to Denver. New Saturday only flights were added in the summer of 2019 to Chicago and Houston by SkyWest Airlines.

American Eagle began serving Durango from Dallas/Fort Worth from December 2001 through September 2002. The service returned in mid 2011 and has operated year-round since. Embraer EMB-135 and Embraer EMB-145 regional jets were first used. American Eagle service to Phoenix was added in late 2015 operated by both Mesa Airlines and SkyWest after American and US Airways merged. American Eagle service to Dallas/Fort Worth and Phoenix is now solely provided by Mesa Airlines using Canadair CRJ-900 regional jets. Seasonal Saturday only flights during the summer are now flown to Chicago and Los Angeles by SkyWest Airlines.

Continental Express service operated by ExpressJet flew to Houston from December 2001 through September 2002 then again for the winter 2002–03 ski season using Embraer EMB-145 regional jets.

Delta Connection service operated by SkyWest Airlines flew to Salt Lake City from mid-2006 through late 2008 using Canadair CRJ-200 regional jets. This daily service resumed on May 5, 2021, before ending on November 1, 2021, leaving only American, United, and Frontier Airlines flying to Durango–La Plata County Airport.

The new Frontier Airlines provided service to Denver at first by way of its subsidiary company, Lynx Aviation, using de Havilland Canada DHC-8-402 Q400 prop aircraft from April 22, 2008, through 2011. Service was upgraded in 2012 to Embraer EMB-190 regional jets operated by Republic Airways then upgraded again from 2013 through 2014 using Frontier Airlines mainline Airbus A319s. All service ended on October 25, 2014. In June 2021, Frontier returned to Durango with nonstop service to Denver and Las Vegas.

American Eagle, flying for American Airlines, has year round nonstops to Dallas/Fort Worth and Phoenix on Canadair CRJ-900s and operates summer weekend seasonal flights to Los Angeles.United Express flights nonstop to Denver are flown on Canadair CRJ-200, Canadair CRJ-700, Embraer ERJ-145, and Embraer 175 aircraft. On March 26, 2023 United Airlines began non-stop mainline flights to Denver using an Airbus A319

United Express began seasonal service to Houston–Intercontinental on June 24, 2023 utilizing an Embraer 175 aircraft.

Accidents and incidents

 * On December 31, 1981, Sun West Airlines Flight 104, a Piper Navajo Chieftain from Albuquerque, crashed while executing a missed approach in marginal weather to Durango–La Plata County Airport. The pilot and three of the five passengers on board were killed.
 * On January 19, 1988, Trans-Colorado Airlines Flight 2286, operating as a Continental Express feeder flight from Denver to Cortez, Colorado with a stop in Durango, crashed while on approach to Durango-La Plata Airport. Nine of the 17 passengers and crew on board were killed in the accident.
 * On February 2, 1988, Aspen Airways, operating as United Express flight 3749 from Denver, a Convair 580 aircraft, drifted off a snow-packed runway at night while landing at Durango and crashed into a snowbank. All 38 passengers and crew of three survived.

title: Durango–La Plata County Airport


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Teishebaini

Teishebaini (also Teshebani, modern Karmir Blur (Կարմիր Բլուր) referring more to the hill that the fortress is located upon) was the capital of the Transcaucasian provinces of the ancient kingdom of Urartu. It is located near the modern city of Yerevan in Armenia. The site was once a fortress and governmental centre with towered and buttressed perimeter walls, massive gates, a parade ground within its walls, and storage rooms that entirely occupied the ground floor. The site of the city, palace and citadel together measure over 0.45 km2. The name Karmir Blur translates to "Red Hill" because of the hill's reddish hue. It became this color after the city was set on fire and the upper walls which were made of tuff fell and crumbled because of the heat. After the tuff was heated by the fire, it took on a more intense red color and therefore the hill became red. The lower portions of the walls were left standing after the fire since they were built with a stronger stone. Teishebaini is situated at a height of 901 m.

History
The city of Teishebaini was built by Rusa II in mid-7th century BC to protect the eastern borders of Urartu from the barbaric Cimmerians and Scythians. Within the city was a governors palace that contained a hundred and twenty rooms spreading across more than 40000 m2, and citadel named the Citadel of Teisheba after the Urartian god of war. The palace was made of stone, with timber ceilings, and timber columns that supported the roof. The construction of the city, palace, and the citadel were not fully finished until the reign of Rusa III, some 50 years later.

Agriculture was essential to the city, as was raising livestock. The Urartians built massive water canals, some of which are still in use to this day. Archaeological excavations have shown that lentils, hemp, peas, sesame, wheat, and barley were some of the grains that were grown in the area, as well as grapes and plums. The grape seeds that had been found were examined further and it revealed that twelve varieties of grape were grown in the surrounding area of Teishebaini during this time. All of these ancient varieties and more are still grown to this day in modern Armenia. Smaller ceramic vessels were also found in excavations and are known to have been used in brewing beer made from barley. Other much larger vessels were used for storing foods and wine. Small circular markings on the sides of the containers near the top indicated the amount that could be stored inside. The vessels were usually buried half-way into the soil which naturally kept foods cool.

The site was discovered in 1939 after being buried for more than two and a half millennia. A cuneiform inscription had been found three years earlier that led to the discovery of the ancient city. It read, 'Rusa Argishti-hini' which translates to "Rusa, son of Argishti" also known as Rusa II. Another set of cuneiform inscriptions were found written upon a bronze belt and bronze bolt, both bearing the words "Rusa Argishti, fortress of the city of Teishebaini." The inscriptions helped date the site and tell who its builder was. In 1941 an ivory statuette of the god Teisheba was found within the citadel. The excavations here are considered one of the most important archaeological discoveries and findings in the Middle East, the Near East and  Asia Minor. Some of the findings include carved ivory, stone, ceramics, metal figurines, pottery and an astonishing wide variety of bronze domestic tools and utensils, military equipment decorated with mythological symbols, forms and animals, daggers, swords, helmets, arrows, quivers, shields of an advanced metallurgy, as well as vases, bracelets, earrings and medallions in gold and varied sets of other jewelry. Pottery found in the site was either painted black or had painted designs such as waves of water.

Archaeological evidence shows that the city of Teishebaini was destroyed by fire sometime around the beginning of the 6th century BC. Numerous fragments of cloth, rope, and other items such as seeds have been found charred from the city's destruction. It is thought that Teishebaini was attacked during the night since numerous human remains have been found, and rooms within the buildings still had everything in them as if the people living within the city's walls had no chance to flee. During the excavations, skeletons were found holding objects of gold in their hands. It is theorized that when the city was set on fire, that residents of the city began either to loot or save their own possessions from the burning buildings as the city was under attack.

title: Teishebaini


text:
User:Lovemetender~enwiki

Love me true!

title: User:Lovemetender~enwiki


text:
User talk:Lovemetender~enwiki

Love me True!

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Djegan 21:05, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lovemetender. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lovemetender~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Lovemetender~enwiki


text:
Derya Bard Sarıaltın

Derya Bard Sarıaltın (born May 14, 1977), formerly Svana Bard, is a Turkish archer of Ukrainian origin.

She participated at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería, Spain and won bronze medal in women’s individual category and silver medal with the Turkish team. At the World Cup & Grand Prix held on June 20–25, 2006 in San Salvador, El Salvador, she became gold medalist with her Turkish national team.

title: Derya Bard Sarıaltın


text:
Francisco Ayala

Francisco Ayala may refer to:

 * Francisco Ayala (novelist) (1906–2009), Spanish novelist
 * Francisco J. Ayala (1934–2023), Spanish-American biologist and philosopher
 * Francisco Ayala (footballer) (born 1989), Chilean footballer

title: Francisco Ayala


text:
Weakly additive

In fair division, a topic in economics, a preference relation is weakly additive if the following condition is met:

 * If A is preferred to B, and C is preferred to D (and the contents of A and C do not overlap) then A together with C is preferable to B together with D.

Every additive utility function is weakly-additive. However, additivity is applicable only to cardinal utility functions, while weak additivity is applicable to ordinal utility functions.

Weak additivity is often a realistic assumption when dividing up goods between claimants, and simplifies the mathematics of certain fair division problems considerably. Some procedures in fair division do not need the value of goods to be additive and only require weak additivity. In particular the adjusted winner procedure only requires weak additivity.

Cases where weak additivity fails
Case where the assumptions might fail would be either

 * The value of A and C together is the less than the sum of their values. For instance two versions of the same CD may not be as valuable to a person as the sum of the values of the individual CDs on their own. I.e, A and C are substitute goods.
 * The values of B and D together may be more than their individual values added. For instance two matching bookends may be much more valuable than twice the value of an individual bookend. I.e, B and D are complementary goods.

The use of money as compensation can often turn real cases like these into situations where the weak additivity condition is satisfied even if the values are not exactly additive.

The value of a type of goods, e.g. chairs, dependent on having some of those goods already is called the marginal utility.

title: Weakly additive


text:
Thijs van Leer

Thijs van Leer (born 31 March 1948) is a Dutch singer and keyboardist, best known as the founding member of the rock band Focus as its primary vocalist, keyboardist, and flautist. Born and raised in Amsterdam among a musical family, van Leer took up the piano and flute as a child and pursued them at university and music academies.

From 1967 to 1969, van Leer performed in a theatre cabaret act headed by Ramses Shaffy as his backing vocalist and musician, recorded singles as a solo artist, and produced, arranged, and conducted music for Bojoura. He formed Trio Thijs van Leer, a three-piece rock band which evolved into Focus in late 1969 following the addition of guitarist Jan Akkerman. Focus achieved international success following the release of Moving Waves (1971) and its lead single, "Hocus Pocus", which features van Leer's yodelling and whistling. After several albums with various line-ups, van Leer disbanded Focus in 1978; he reformed the band in 2002.

Van Leer achieved success as a solo artist in the Netherlands. He has collaborated with various artists, and continues to release albums and perform in various capacities. In 2008, van Leer was made a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau for special services to music.

Early life
Van Leer was born on 31 March 1948 in Amsterdam. His father Ed, a Jewish refugee from the Netherlands, was a classically trained flautist and businessman; his mother Mary was a singer and involved in the Sufi Movement. Van Leer began playing the piano at age three, taught by his mother, and later received lessons from famed pianists Maria Stroo (later Marja Bon) and Gerard Hengeveld. When he was six, van Leer wrote his first composition "Uncle Willy", a tribute to family friend and keyboard teacher Willy Buard who helped pay for his father's flute studies at the Conservatoire de Musique de Genève in Geneva. At eleven, van Leer was given a flute by his father who began teaching his son two years later after he discovered van Leer wished to instead pursue jazz music after he discovered the genre particularly through Miles Davis albums. He said, "I suppose I wanted to reject what I was brought up on. But then I thought the combination of jazz and classical music could be used in rock." With his parents and two brothers, eldest Frank and youngest Maarten, who played the bassoon and piano and flute, respectively, the family would often play music at home together. Van Leer also took up painting, modelling, and performing in plays.

Van Leer attended Hilversum Grammar School where he learned English, French, German, Latin and Ancient Greek. His father was the conductor of the school orchestra, for which van Leer played the harpsichord. He joined the Raoul Angenot Quintet, and at eighteen, won an award at inter-school contests for playing Andante in C Major by Mozart on flute, singing an original love poem to "Stella by Starlight" by Victor Young, a drama improvisation featuring his own poetry, and an original piano composition titled "Nooit Zal Ik Vergeten (De Nachten Samen met Jou)" ("Never Shall I Forget (The Nights Together with You)". He then joined the Bob de Lat Quartet, who once came fifth in the annual Hilversum jazz contest. After graduating, van Leer did not feel confident enough to attend a music school, so he studied art history at Amsterdam University which he found "very dry". He then learned harmony and counterpoint at the Conservatorium van Amsterdam, but disliked the lessons and left early. This was followed by a degree in the flute and composition at the Conservatoire de Musique de Genève. Van Leer also received tutoring on the piano, orchestration and arrangement with composer and conductor Rogier van Otterloo, and organ with Anthon van der Horst. During his time studying, van Leer participated in plays including those by William Shakespeare and John Webster. Van Leer has cited Steve Winwood, Traffic, Brian Wilson, and The Beach Boys as musical influences who helped inspired him to pursue rock music, with Béla Bartók and Johann Sebastian Bach among his favourite composers.

With Ramses Shaffy
Around 1967, van Leer recorded "Nooit Zal Ik Vergeten" which Phonogram Records released as a 7-inch single which received little attention. In December 1967, during his first year at Amsterdam University, van Leer, unhappy with the course, landed a leading role in the Webster play The Duchess of Malfi. At one rehearsal, he learned from radio and television presenter Willem Duys that singer and actor Ramses Shaffy was in the process of hiring a final member to his four-piece backing band and vocal group for his upcoming theatre act, Shaffy Chantant. Van Leer had seen Shaffy's performances before and enjoyed the singing and jazz-oriented songs. After he called Shaffy and insisted he was suitable for the part, van Leer got an audition within the hour and secretly took his mother's car to get there. Had the audition failed, van Leer later said he would have pursued an acting career. With a performance of "Nooit Zal Ik Vergeten" at the piano, Shaffy was impressed and added van Leer to the cast which included singer Liesbeth List and pianist Louis van Dijk. Shaffy Chantant ran for almost one year from February 1968 for six nights a week, and van Leer was paid 114 guilders a week. A recording of the act was released in 1968 by Philips Records; van Leer learned from Shaffy years later that the track "Jij Bent Nu Daarbinnen" ("You Are Now Within") was about him.

In 1968, during his time with Shaffy, van Leer recorded his second solo single on Philips, "Zolang de Wereld Nog Draait" ("As Long As the World Still Turns"), a Dutch-language version of "Les Bicyclettes de Belsize" by Engelbert Humperdinck. This landed him an invitation from drummer Hans Cleuver in September 1968 to play the flute with bassist Martijn Dresden and himself on Jazz and Poetry, a program on the Catholic radio station KRO. For several months they performed on the station with van Leer on the piano, organ, and the addition of "strange" vocals. Van Leer stayed with Shaffy for his next play Shaffy Verkeerd, which opened in January 1969 and featured singer Anneke Grönloh and performances of "MacArthur Park" by Jimmy Webb and "I Shall Be Released" by Bob Dylan, two songs that influenced van Leer as it "Opened my eyes to the use of lyrics. Before that I only really concentrated on instrumental music". Van Leer's final show with Shaffy was Sunset Sunkiss, which received an album release in 1969 on the Philips label with Cleuver and Dresden in the band. This was followed by several performances from the group at some large venues, including shows at the Holland Festival backed by the Metropole Orchestra, the Carré Theatre, and the RAI Centre.

Focus and collaborations
After van Leer left Shaffy's theatre group in mid-1969, he formed a three-piece rock band with Cleuver and Dresden, playing local gigs with a set of covers by Traffic and their own material under the early names of Trio Thijs van Leer and Thijs van Leer and the Rebaptised. They also recorded several radio and television commercials. In November 1969 they were joined by guitarist Jan Akkerman, who had performed with the three on Sunset Sunkiss, and settled on the name Focus, thus completing the first line-up of the band. From December 1969 to June 1970, the four were members of the pit band for the Dutch performance of the rock musical Hair.

Focus released their first album, Focus Plays Focus, better known as its international title In and Out of Focus, in August 1970. Van Leer became a prominent figure in the group, writing the majority of their songs and singing English lyrics. After a line-up change, the band released Moving Waves (1971) that included their international hit single "Hocus Pocus" which featured van Leer's distinct vocals, yodelling, whistling, and scat singing. His influence from the Sufi movement through his mother is displayed in "Moving Waves", a piano and vocal composition he wrote when he was sixteen and quotes a teaching from its creator, Inayat Khan. The album closes with "Eruption", a 22-minute track that is "based on a musical idea" by van Leer who gained inspiration from the operas Orfeo ed Euridice by Christoph Willibald Gluck and L'Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi, combining rock, jazz and classical influences. Focus 3 (1972) includes the band's second hit single "Sylvia" and includes van Leer's organ and operatic vocals. Van Leer's classical background is evident on the van Leer/Akkerman penned title track on Hamburger Concerto from 1974, based on Variations on a Theme by Haydn by Johannes Brahms. The miniature "Delitiae Musicae" equally belongs to Monteverdi.

In 1969, van Leer played the flute on Love Me or Leave Me (1969) by Dutch singer Rita Hovink. The following year, van Leer wrote, arranged and conducted music for singer Bojoura for her third album, The Beauty of Bojoura (1970). She had previously worked with van Leer's trio with Shaffy, singing a cover of "Frank Mills" from Hair. Robin Lent used van Leer to play piano and flute on Scarecrow's Journey (1971), and arranged and played the flute on the Dutch cast production album of Oh! Calcutta! (1971).

Van Leer headed Focus through several line-up changes, and by early 1976 he was the only remaining original member; the group disbanded in 1978.

In 2002, van Leer reformed Focus which has since released the albums Focus 8, Focus 9 / New Skin, "Live In Europe", Focus X,, Golden Oldies, Focus 8.5 / Beyond the Horizon, The Focus Family Album, Focus 11 and Focus 50.

Solo career and other projects
In mid-1972, after securing a solo recording deal with CBS Records, van Leer released his first solo album, Introspection. It features a selection of classical pieces by Bach and Gabriel Faure, Focus songs, and original compositions arranged for flute and orchestra by van Otterloo, and soprano vocals by Letty de Jong. Introspection was a commercial success in the Netherlands, reaching number one for three weeks in early 1973 and earning a gold certification. In late 1975, van Leer released Introspection 2 which spent one week at number one in the Netherlands during a 19-week stay in the top 10. Van Leer continued the album series with Introspection 3, in 1977.

After Focus split in 1978, van Leer continued with his solo career and took part in various projects. He formed the rock band Conxi, featuring Dutch and Senegalese musicians, and a rock group Van Leer with an American singer.

In the early 1980s, van Leer worked and toured with Spanish singer Miguel Ríos playing keyboards and flute on his albums Extraños en el escaparate (1981), Rock & Ríos (1982) and El rock de una noche de verano (1983).

In 1981, van Leer formed the multi-national band Pedal Point with musicians Tato Gomez and Mario Argandoña from Chile and Paul Shigihara from Japan. They recorded a double album, Dona Nobis Pacem, based on a composition van Leer had written that he later cited as "one of the most important compositions of mine", and a high point of his career in an artistic sense.

In 1985, van Leer reunited with Akkerman and together recorded Focus: Jan Akkerman & Thijs van Leer (1985).

Van Leer was one of the artists who recorded the song Shalom from Holland (written by Simon Hammelburg and Ron Klipstein) as a token of solidarity to the Israeli people, threatened by missiles from Iraq, during the first Gulf War in 1991.

He also appeared as a guest musician on the album, Into the Electric Castle, by Arjen Anthony Lucassen's musical project Ayreon.

In 2008, Explore Multimedia released van Leer's first solo album in almost a decade, The Home Concert. The album features recordings made in his living room as he played material for Focus 9. The album is exclusively available online.

On 13 September 2008, van Leer was made a Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau for "special services to music."

In 2010, van Leer performed at a concert with Raccomandata Ricevuta Ritorno to celebrate 40 years of imaginative music

Personal life
On 15 May 1972, van Leer married Roselie Peters. Together they had two children: daughter Bella and son Banten. The marriage ended in divorce by the early 1980s. He subsequently married Thea van der Kaay, ex-wife of Ruud Jacobs, but after twenty years they divorced too. Together they had three children: Eva and Berenice and son Ruben. Presently van Leer lives in Lathum, the Netherlands with his third wife, Anne-Lies Lommen.

Discography
Solo albums

 * Introspection (1972)
 * O My Love (1975)
 * Introspection 2 (1975)
 * Musica per la Notte di Natale (1976)
 * Introspection 3 (1977)
 * Nice to Have Met You (1978) - Recorded in 1977.
 * Introspection 4 (1979)
 * Collage (1980)
 * Pedal Point: Dona Nobis Pacem' (1981)
 * Reflections (1981)
 * Focus (Jan Akkerman & Thijs van Leer album) (1985) - Recorded in 1984.
 * Renaissance (1986)
 * I Hate Myself (For Loving You) (1987)
 * Introspection '92 (1992)
 * Musical Melody (1994)
 * Bolero (1996; CD version of the Reflections with two extra tracks)
 * Summertime (1996)
 * Joy to the World (1996)
 * Instrumental Hymns (1997)
 * The Glorious Album (1999; reissued in 2000 as 12 Mooiste Liederen (12 Most Beautiful Songs))
 * Bach for a New Age (1999)
 * Etudes Sans Gêne (2006; limited edition DVD) - Recorded in 2001.
 * The Home Concert (2008) - Recorded in 2005.
 * Sir Thijs van Leer: Live at Trading Boundaries (2015) - Recorded in 2014.

 * with Thomas Blug Band
 * Guitar From The Heart/Live (2005; DVD)
 * Guitar From The Heart – Live in Raalte, NL (2005)
 * Soul & Pepper (2009)

title: Thijs van Leer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jenny Souksavath

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:15, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Jenny Souksavath
Not notable, vanity 66.216.68.28 20:26, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment She is a real tennis player. Whether that's enough, I don't know.  Haven't been able to confirm whether she's a real "hottie" tho.  Friday 21:19, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete she plays tennis, just not very well (oh and I was dissappointed Google pictures was lacking too! ;))Dunc|☺ 22:36, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 03:23, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Mod mono

mod_mono is a module for the Apache HTTP Server that allows for hosting of ASP.NET pages and other assemblies on multiple platforms by use of the Mono development platform.

A similar module called mod_aspdotnet by another group allows hosting of ASP.NET pages and other assemblies with the Microsoft .NET Framework but because of that dependency, will only function on Microsoft Windows platforms.

The source code is written in the C programming language. It is licensed under Apache License 2.0 and hosted on GitHub.

title: Mod mono