text:
User talk:Calton/Archive03

Reckless revert
I told Mustafaa what I would do. I removed the long quotes and reinserted them into the talk page where users can work on them with other users to find a consensus solution. Until someone makes a version in talk, the unacceptable version shouldn't be there. I do not appreciate it when people who have no background on the dispute come in and start throwing their weight around. You have no idea what the dispute is, you don't know where the contention lies, so ask before contributing to a revert war.

Guy Montag 06:17, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Guy is right in that the insertion of these lengthy quotes a couple of days ago was terrible style at best, and pretty obvious POV pushing. The person who inserted them should be responsible for putting in something reasonable in the first place; I don't see why it's incumbent on Guy to do so, or why obviously sub-standard insertions should remain until those who disapprove of them can come up with better alternatives. Jayjg (talk) 15:41, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Glengarry Glen Ross
I'm holding a copy of Glengarry Glen Ross [Grove Press] in my hand. The information that I inserted into the article appears on page 9, as I clearly cited in the edit summary. Please use the talk page to explain or cite the source for your information.

Copying from Wikitravel
Some of your additions to Expo 2005 were copied from my edits to the article of the same name on Wikitravel, as discussed on Talk:Expo 2005. The licenses are incompatible and thus technically this is a copyvio... but I've hereby retroactively granted you the license to do so, so no worries, just please be more careful in the future. As penance you are hereby sentenced to enter 5 of your favorite restaurants or watering holes into Wikitravel's Tokyo page. =) Jpatokal 05:52, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Regarding my page
Kindly stop vandalizing my user page with nonsense.Enviroknot 01:30, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for pointing out my errors regarding Enviroknot. The reason I didn't add the sockpuppet tag was because I want to see some solution other than a revert war take place. In my opinion, the evidence against Enviroknot isn't strong enough to justify tagging him as a sockpuppet, though a suspected sock tag is justified. Again, the reason I didn't include either is because this revert war is getting ridiculous.

Sorry for the trouble. Cheers, Ingoolemo   talk 17:25, 2005 Jun 21 (UTC)

 * I see that David Gerard did an IP check, concluding that Enviroknot and KaintheScion are the same person. I'm convinced now.  Cheers,  Ingoolemo   talk 20:34, 2005 Jun 21 (UTC)

GAP Project
Hi Calton. I'm glad to see you're interested in clearing up the copyright issue at GAP Project. Could I encourage you to be as diplomatic as possible in dealing with Coolcat on the talk page there? English probably isn't his first language, and he might find it easier not to "[sputter] indignantly" if he doesn't feel attacked.

For what it's worth, I too am quite frustrated by the responses he has provided thus far. On occasion I admit to finding it difficult to assume good faith as much as I should. But...I don't see the harm in being patient on the talk page as long as the material isn't added back to the main article. I assure you it won't go back in until the questions surrounding it are resolved to everyone's satisfaction. Cheers, --TenOfAllTrades(talk) 04:40, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Cantors
I'm unsure how I missed those. Both are now deleted. — Xezbeth 07:06, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Policy enforcement
Can I ask why you reverted this page, removing an edit by me, amongst others? Filiocht | Talk 11:43, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sound's like the kind of mistake I'd make! Thanks for responding do quickly. Filiocht | Talk 11:50, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Paperback Writer / I Feel Fine Single infoboxes
Thanks for helping to deal with this anon reverting the infobox updates. Cbing01 03:02, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Category:Economy of mainland China
Hello Calton. I noticed you have cast a "delete" vote at CFD, with the remarks "Political POV category". I am not sure if you're familiar with the term "mainland China", but I have to let you know that this is a neutral terminology to refer to PRC-administered territories excluding Hong Kong and Macao. You may be interested to take a look at the discussion at talk:Mainland China. I am not requesting anybody to change her/his vote, but it is always a responsible act to be familiar with the subject matter before casting a vote. Sorry if you find this message offensive. Feel free to discuss with me if you wish to. :-) — Instantnood 07:44, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is never a POV crusade, but rather, an NPOV drive. Would you mind telling why you consider the term propaganda-loaded? Thanks.  — Instantnood 11:41, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes "People's Republic of China" is the official, formal, legal name, but "mainland China" is also official, formal and legal that the People's Republic of China government also uses it when it is necessary to distinguish the territories it administered subracting Hong Kong and Macao, as well as ROC-administered territories. The term is used in laws, for instance, in Hong Kong. It is also used in press releases and official documents of the PRC. These are actual facts that nobody can deny. I am actually curious to know why you consider it POV and should not be used.
 * There's nothing unclear with "you're wasting your time trying to enlist me", but as you may already know it is Wikipedia tradition to have things sort out through discussion. — Instantnood 12:02, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am neither pushing a POV, nor trying to make you agree with anything. As I have said, I am curious to know the rationale behind your belief. Anyways, I respect your will, this will be my last message to you over this matter. — Instantnood 13:01, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

Hi, seeing that you have a strong opinion with regards to Mainland China, may I invite you to the discussion going on there? I'm very curious about what kind of propaganda the phrase might be used for, except that of Instandnood's. The discussion would (hopefully) be restricted to that ariticle only. Thanks. -- Alassius (talk) 30 June 2005 06:42 (UTC)

Project Broadway
Okay, sign me up. Dunno how much I can contribute, but I'll give it a shot.

Part of the project will be formulating some standard formats and credits for articles, right? --Calton | Talk 05:16, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Glad you're interested in joining. Yes, creating standard formats for articles is absolutely a goal of the project. Right now I'm working on organizing the project assets before I get to in depth with working on stuff...see especially the to-do list on the New York Theatre project page (I may link the sub-project to-do's to that one. Glad to have you aboard! EvilPhoenix 05:22, Jun 27, 2005 (UTC)

Bring it to my user page
He's been playing numerous articles for months with little to add but what is already known. I got tired of the tit for tat with this imbecile on that page due to the fact that the argument was continuing and going nowhere. All he and I were doing was throwing insults at each other so it would be better to do it in my user page, don't you think? It's nice to see you have a user page. Aside from that anon, I rarely respond to anyone that is too lazy to open one. Check his edit history on those numerous IP's he has and yuou'll see that he has zero to add to this endeavour. I think Noel"s comments in that section pretty much sized him up.--MONGO 4 July 2005 10:57 (UTC)
 * I'd appreciate it if you could remove his personal attacks from the above, Calton. Thanks. -bro 172.157.33.19 4 July 2005 22:12 (UTC)

Border States
Calton - greetings. I noticed you recently reverted an edit I made in response to another revert at this article. While I believe your stated reason of avoiding a revert war was a good faith effort to prevent one from emerging, I would ask you to consider the circumstances of the piece of information at issue here. The edits at issue, and accompanying reverts, concern a simple matter of documented historical fact. The problem emerged when another editor, User:JimWae, was evidently researching the subject online and found two personal websites containing historically incorrect information about the Civil War in New Mexico. JimWae subsequently transposed this information into the article, which I reverted to the previous and added appropriate sources to correct the erro. The personal websites erroniously asserted that the Confederate Army had invaded and captured the town of Mesilla in July of 1861 - a reference to a battle fought there at that date, but also a factually inaccurate claim. As I documented on the talk page, at the time of the July battle the town of Mesilla (along with Tuscon, Arizona) had already aligned itself with the Confederacy and organized a pro-Confederate territorial government the previous March.

As you can see on the article's history page, a subsequent revert was then made to JimWae's version containing the erronious material by User:Willmcw. This revert is of note because it is an atypical incident with little genuine interest in the article itself. As I noted in my attempt to restore the fixed version, Willmcw has a lengthy history of stalking me on Wikipedia dating back over 6 months and covering over 50 different articles. Unfortunately the two of us have a long history of poor relations on wikipedia due to this behavior, and I am certain that his involvement and reverts on this particular article were simply more of the same. I am currently pursuing outside intervention to rectify the problem between myself and willmcw over his stalking of me and general harassment of my edits, however the wikipedia dispute resolution process takes time and at the moment we are only in the earliest stages of mediation. An equally unfortunate consequence of this slow process is that Willmcw's harassing behavior towards me and virtually all of my edits, on which grounds I have sought intervention, has continued unabated even while mediation is being initiated, and this article is simply the latest case. Given these unusual and unfortunate circumstances, I would ask you to review your reversion of my edit on this article and discuss any pertinent information with myself or on the article's talk page as the material it concerns is truly a matter of simple documented historical fact that never should've been the subject of a revert war to begin with. Thank you for your consideration and please do not hesitate to contact me if I can be of further assistance. Rangerdude 5 July 2005 00:33 (UTC)

SF Oakland Bay Bridge
Hi, I'm trying to understand your recent edit to the bridge article about Dustin Hoffman driving the wrong direction. You said it was a correction, but your version does not contradict what was there before. It omits the part about shutting down the bridge to film the scene. The filmakers wanted him on the top of the bridge with San Francisco in the background, and driving towards Oakland. Do you mind if I combine what you wrote with the previous version? -- Samuel Wantman 7 July 2005 08:40 (UTC)

 * Now I have a good excuse for renting the movie again. I haven't seen it in decades. I thought I saw a mention of him driving the wrong way at the IMDB site, but I can't find it now.  Memories can be faulty.  When did you see it last?  -- Samuel Wantman 7 July 2005 10:33 (UTC)

 * I did some googling and found postings validating both versions. One of them mentions that he crosses the bay bridge TWICE in the movie, both times on the top level, one time going towards SF and one time going towards Berkeley.  I also found mention of them filming early morning to stop traffic.  No definitive sources though.  I'm just going to have to watch it again. -- Samuel Wantman 7 July 2005 10:48 (UTC)

Please be more polite
RE:the Mushroom Kingdom vote

I don't mean for the sake of courteousness. Right now a group of idle and ORGANIZED young males is developing animosity against Wikipedia. This can easily turn into a rampage...that many other editors will have to cleanup. This is based on site historical precendent.

lots of issues | leave me a message 01:05, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Were my colors THAT bad?
I saw you deleted when I quoted someone on the 3RR page. (Actually, I was quoting myself, --and the color was in the "original" quote cited; and I used, by convention and concensus pastel colors in my text to differentiate; On some boards, ALL users have a specific color, but on our board, only some.)

1st, why did you delete? Are you an admin who has trouble reading this -or, instead, was it for others' benefitsa?

2nd, I do recall you having made a smart comment about me promoting myself in an online posting. While technically this is correct, I DID something to promote, that is, if you look at the Schiavo "Activism and Protests" section, you;'ll see another user added a link to my court case; Was your comment factual in nature, or were you tryingf to insult me?

Thank you in advANCE FOR CLARIFICATION oops capitols.. andhow, thx in advance for your feedback on these two points, --GordonWattsDotCom 02:51, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

John Bacon
If you wikilink him, you'll get a British sculptor. Try http://users.ev1.net/~gpmoran/CeltChron5.htm. 1775.

Lapsed Pacifist 13:30, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

I just might, though you might find other users more discerning. I doubt Irish Minute Men were that common, and there's no others on the list. Whether an entry needs to have an article to themselves to justify being on the list has been suggested, but nothing concrete has been agreed yet.

Lapsed Pacifist 14:00, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

This a new trick Lapsed Pacifist uses, putting people on the list who are white but not of Irish ancestry. 64.109.253.204 14:52, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

3RR
It's not like I'm the one that wrote the original article, but I feel the article as it was, was fine and it didn't need to be edited and was being edited for malicious reasons. 64.109.253.204 14:52, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

LaRouche
Well, that's all very logical, and maybe tomorrow I will change my mind, but at the moment I am so pissed off at being involved in an apparently unending series of edit wars with these fools that I really don't care. Thanks for your comments. Adam 15:53, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Craig Isherwood
Please discuss your reverts on talk. Cognition 15:54, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Well, I'd rather civilly discuss the merits of each contending version on the talk page-- like any constructive editor-- than engage in finger-pointing. I am opening to considering your take on this matter. The problem is that you have not stated it yet. Cognition 16:03, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Adam Carr can discuss his conversation with the administrators on the WP:AN/3RR page too. In the meantime, you have the burden of responding to the explantion for the removal of the attempt to spoil the well against Isherwood on talk, like any civil editor. Cognition 16:20, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/Gay Nigger Association of America attempt 6
Anyone can close a VFD where the result is not delete, especially one with an obvious result like this. --SPUI (talk) 07:38, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

My decision was the only possible one; there's no question about what the outcome was. --SPUI (talk) 09:19, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Name calling
SPUI was wrong to close the VFD debate which he participated in, but there is absolutely no excuse for calling him "buckwheat". Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:24, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

I did not know what you meant by calling SPUI "buckwheat" on his talkpage. When I looked up "buckwheat" and "insult" on google and found for instance this. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:47, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

I see, then maybe you can explain what you did mean by calling SPUI "buckwheat"? From the tone of your notes to him, I have a hard time believing that it was meant as a compliment. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:42, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

reverts
Please do not revert content on micronation without reference to the discussion, irrespective of if you are a sockpuppet or not. --Centauri 02:43, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Just to let you know, Centauri has been putting messages on people's talk pages for removing an advertisment for his micronation. He's already threatened to RFC me for removing his advertisment.  A look at Talk:Micronation shows that Centauri is the only one that wants these micronations to be advertised; removing the list supports consensus.  Samboy 03:41, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * If you have evidence of me being a sockpuppet then by all means, publish it. I've heard the same silly story from a number of people and I've yet to see anyone produce any real evidence that supports the allegation. --Centauri 03:52, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * By "evidence" I mean IP checking and a complete correlation of editing patterns over time. --Centauri 04:26, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

oh no!
If this continues any longer I fear I may be in danger of developing a grudguing respect for you. --Centauri 07:56, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Hey I don't mind you posting crap on my discussion page, but it's generally considered bad form to edit someone else's user page. They're reserved exclusively for the owner's hysterical rants. Seriously though, take a closer look at what Samboy's playing at over a micronation. It's a grudge match, pure and simple, and his logic just don't add up. Personally I think he's a twit, and yes, I'm enjoying winding him up (it ain't hard to do), but I'm also a serious contributor to Wikipedia with a history of writing good content on a range of subjects, and when I see a twit making common cause with a known vandal like Wik, who's caused the project more grief than anyone else, to concoct a "consensus" designed to give the twit "ownership" of content that he obviously has issues with, it really gets my back up. This explains my reasoning more clearly. --Centauri 08:26, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, thanks a lot for being honest about enjoying winding me up. And, yes, I guess a part of me enjoys letting out agression in an old-fashioned flame-fest.  But, you know, sometimes we take it to far.  This is why I really appreciate Keith Tyler's input on the issue and why I asked for input from people who supported Mr. Cruickshank during last years arbitration mud-fest.  Because I know that I'm too angry to see this objectively; this is also why I delete comments because I do want to end this flamewar sooner or later.  Samboy 20:22, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, I agree that it was inappropriate for User:NoPuzzleStranger to push the "three revert" envelope; but it takes two to tango in a revert war. To Centauri's credit, he hasn't reverted after Calton removed the list in question.  Samboy 23:32, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

I have added a poll to Talk:Micronation for anyone who is interested. Hopefully, this will cause there to be a civil consensus. Samboy 08:00, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Vote Delete for the Wrong Reasons
You shouldn't have voted to delete the Irish-American Mayors page because of a revert war I had with Lapsed Pacifist. The page is a good and useful page. It should stay and not be deleted just because I created it. I hope you will change your vote because the page is not a bad page, it has nothing to do with a revert war between me or Lapsed Pacifist. Thank you. 64.109.253.204 20:52, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

I have been trying to reason with Lapsed Pacifist recently. Also, I don't think then your vote will be taken too seriously since you are voting for deletion because of the creator, you would vote to delete anything I created. 64.109.253.204 05:24, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

You say you have no sympathy for me, but you are almost being mean. You are just trying to be cruel to me because of my problems with Lapsed Pacifist. You wouldn't care what page it was I created, you'd vote for deletion, which you've obviously shown is true on my talk page. 64.109.253.204 05:42, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

And what does any of this have to do with a list of Irish-American Mayors? You want to cause trouble with me. You aren't focusing on the actual subject. 64.109.253.204 20:04, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Also, it's been days since I've done anything with Lapsed Pacifist. 64.109.253.204 20:04, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Facts are you voted to delete Irish-American Mayors without giving reasons related to the topic, you only voted to delete because I created it, you only talked about my revert war with Lapsed Pacifist and nothing related to Irish-American Mayors. Because of this no one will take your delete vote seriously. 64.109.253.204 22:31, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

You are also in violation of Wikipedia's no personal attacks rule. 64.109.253.204 22:47, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

I made another comment, why didn't you respond to that? And I have stopped making personal attacks towards Lapsed Pacifist or anyone else. Look at our current situation between me and you, I am handling myself with class. 64.109.253.204 23:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

I think you owe me an actual explaination as to why you would vote to delete Irish-American Mayors, you haven't given one yet. 64.109.253.204 00:09, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

I was just trying to be reasonable and trying to see if you had any actual reasons for voting to delete or get you to change your vote. I never tried to anger you, I do not know what happened. You should remember wikipedia is not a democracy, your vote will only help me because it shows that people would vote delete not for the topic, but because of a problem with me. 64.109.253.204 03:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

I am trying to handle myself with class, and I do not want to stoop down to your level, but you must be kidding about temper tantrum. I am not at all angry, I just want answers, you on the other hand, well, anyone can go see what you have been doing on my talk page. 64.109.253.204 03:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

I'm glad youve decided to participate in the New York Theatre WikiProject. Recently, a stub that I created for the project,, has been nominated for deletion. I apparently neglected to follow the correct procedure in creating the stub, however I do feel the stub would be useful. If you would care to add your opinion to the deletion discussion, I would be most grateful. EvilPhoenix talk 02:57, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

Engagement
You're doing a really ass-awful job of not further engaging the anon revert warrior. ;)

Yes, I would like for him to go away as well. Clearly that's not going to happen. You wanna start the RfC, or should I? —chris.lawson (talk) 00:25, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

What for, Clawson? What have I been doing wrong? 64.109.253.204 03:38, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Selected...
Some of what you selected is debatable. Also the last one you selected was on the 15th, which is also a debatable one. I could probably show you several examples of you loosing your cool, all from today. Also, do you know what vote for deletion is about? You are good at selecting out examples, select the examples that show your misunderstanding of the vote for deletion process. 64.109.253.204 03:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Anger Problems
I don't know why you have become so angry with me, I am not angry with you and I did not want you to become angry with me. You voted to delete for the wrong reasons, so I thought I'd point it out, I had no idea it would make you snap like this. 64.109.253.204 04:05, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Irish-American Mayors on Irish American page
Why should a link to Irish-American Mayors not be on the Iirsh American page, the page is not doomed as you say, and even if a page is considered for deletion, people are still free to edit that page. The deletion policy is something you don't understand. 64.109.253.204 05:54, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Calton/Archive03


text:
User talk:Joonga

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  10:47, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Joonga


text:
User talk:Stellis

Feel free to leave a note

Deletion of 50 articles
Can you provide a list of the 50 articles, or tell us at least how you can see all of them at once? It'd make our job easier, and prevent us from deleting anything by mistake. Kimchi.sg 06:13, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

List of United States musicians AfD 2
Following my deletion of all sublists linked to List of United States musicians, a deletion review was of the opinion that all of them should be undeleted and relisted, because there were no AfD tags on the sublists during the first AfD. You may wish to comment in the new AfD: Articles for deletion/List of United States musicians (2nd nomination). Kimchi.sg 12:31, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

TomKat
Hello Stellis! It would be great if you could contribute your ideas to the debate on the worthiness of deleting the article TomKat, as you have previously discussed it on it's discussion page. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/TomKat Thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.141.163.150 (talk) 23:06, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stellis


text:
Talk:Transitive closure

Minimal inverse
Is there an algorithm, that, given a transitive relation T, will return the smallest relation R such that the transitive closure of R is T? Is there such a smallest relation? I'm looking for such an algorithm, and this seems the most logical place to find a link to it. Luqui 10:55, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, and it's called transitive reduction, a concept that Wikipedia is not yet familiar with. Luqui 10:56, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I dispute this. For finite sets, there are minimal such R, but they are not necessarily unique.  If the relation T is, in addition, antisymmetric or asymmetric, then R is unique.  However, there are minimal reductions of the full relation T on three elements (so that T has 9 pairs) with 3 and with 4 pairs.  In addition, the order relation (<) on the rationals clearly cannot have any minimal reduction. Arthur Rubin 23:23, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

 * There is indeed a smallest one. To see that, consider that (1) the relation whereby every pair of members of the domain is related, is a transitive relation that is weaker than (i.e. that includes) T, and (2) the set of all such relations is closed under intersection, so the intersection of all such relations is another such relation; that intersection is therefore the smallest one. Michael Hardy 22:44, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I dispute statement (2) here. Arthur Rubin 23:23, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry -- I read the question wrong. I thought it was asking whether, given R, there is a smallest T. Michael Hardy 01:40, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The graphviz tool tred computes a transitive reduction of a graph given as input.  Directed graphs with no cycles (such as partial orders) have a unique transitive reduction. I have found this tool to be helpful for drawing Hasse diagrams. 69.180.211.147 23:23, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The transitive reduction is not unique for cyclic graphs, but the differences between minimal transitive reductions are essentially unimportant: each strongly connected component is represented by a cycle, and if we contract each of these cycles to a vertex we will always get the same graph. We can attain a canonical form by numbering the vertices, promising that all edges not in the cycle go in and out from the lowest-numbered vertex, and choose the cycle to pass through the vertices in increasing number order (and back around from the largest to the smallest). Deco 23:43, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * So it's clear that there should be an article on transitive reduction. Should we move this bit of discussion there? 69.180.211.147 01:10, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, i made my first article: transitive reduction Lyonsam 02:03, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Good job! I'll add a bunch of stuff to it. Deco 03:12, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

*blink*
Would be really nice if this page could have a slightly less technical explanation too. The term "transitive closure" is sometimes used in less formal contexts, it would be nice to know what it meant! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.111.233.163 (talk • contribs) 18:35, 04 September 2005 (UTC)

 * What do you have in mind? The first sentence seems to be a good non-technical summary. Arthur Rubin 18:35, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

This article is yet another good example that you can't learn something new by reading wikipedia articles unless you already know most of it already. You may want to consider giving a real example and to have linked articles for all the mathematical symbols you used —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.156.212.30 (talk • contribs) 05:53, 07 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Right. I came here after my textbook did a lousy job at explaining it, and this is even worse. Maybe it could do with some explanations that don't involve so many symbols. --BennyD 19:06, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Putting the examples into the lead section might help to better convey the idea behind this first, before proceeding to the more formal stuff. — Matt Crypto 20:21, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

"Transitive closure" seems like a self-explanatory phrase: if you know what "transitive" means as applied to binary relations, and you know what "closure" typically means in mathematics, then you understand what a transitive closure is. I remember being taught "closure" in 7th grade: the positive integers are closed under addition and multiplication but not under division or subtraction; the integers (including 0 and negative integers) are closed under subtraction but not under division, etc. Michael Hardy (talk) 18:27, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Transitive closure VS Transitive and reflexive closure
In this page, the Transitive Closure seems include a reflexive closure. In my mind we have to dissociate :

 * Transitive Closure: $$R^+ = \bigcup_{i\in\mathbb{N}_1} R^i$$
 * Transitive and Reflexive Closure: $$R^* = \bigcup_{i\in\mathbb{N}} R^i$$

where $$\mathbb{N}_1$$ is the set of naturals without 0 ($$\mathbb{N}_1=\mathbb{N}-\{0\}$$)

What do you think about it ?

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nico S99 (talk • contribs) 09:29, December 27, 2006 (UTC)

nonmathematical
What set theory allows, for example, humans and airports to be members of sets? What a silly thing to say. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.61.183.197 (talk • contribs) 02:02, April 19, 2007

Furthermore, since when is being an ancestor imply being a parent of said descendant? And certain a flight with a connection does not imply that it is a direct flight. These examples should be removed entirely MountainGoat8 (talk) 23:38, 19 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Being an ancestor does not, per the description, imply being a parent. You may be a parent of a parent and still fit the definition, an so on up to an arbitrary number of "parent-of"s.  Can you point out where the description confused you?  Perhaps distinction between R and the transitive closure of R was not strong enough? 129.93.158.25 (talk) 23:31, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

This is an encyclopedia, not a graduate text. The anonymous opinion above ascribing silliness (!) must be read in the light of well-established Wikipedia policy. Note, too, that the example is located in the article's lead, which is perhaps the least appropriate place to demand some Bourbaki-like Spartanism.—PaulTanenbaum (talk) 14:31, 26 October 2009 (UTC).

I don't understand MountainGoat8's comment in the first place. The article does not say that being an ancestor implies being a parent, nor that a direct flight may have a connection in it. — Carl (CBM · talk) 15:12, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Trouble with recursive definition
The recursive definition in Existence and Description seems like it could be problematic for uncountably infinite sets. Can someone who plays with infinity more than I do check on this? In particular, I'm worried about the recursion needing an uncountably infinite number of steps to deduce the whole transitive closure. Thanks. 129.93.158.25 (talk) 23:37, 24 October 2009 (UTC)
 * As any specfic path is finite, the recursion closes after ω steps. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 00:25, 25 October 2009 (UTC)
 * And why must any specific path be finite? 129.93.158.2 (talk) 11:50, 25 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Two points: (1) What would a non-finite path look like? What would connect one end of the path with the other?  (2) Once you've included all the paths of finite length, you've got a transitive relation that extends the relation that you started with.  Therefore, the transitive closure cannot be more extensive than that. Michael Hardy (talk) 22:09, 25 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Informally, one definition of the transitive closure reads
 * $$x \bar R y \equiv (\exists n \in \omega)(\exists z_1) (\exists z_2) \cdots (\exists z_n) x R z_1 R z_2 R \cdots R z_n R y.$$
 * It can be seen that $$\bar R$$ is transitive, by combining the finite sequences from the two sets to a longer finite sequence.
 * Once you see that this works, you can see that the countable union of the single-step closures is the same set.
 * But, the second bullet point at the end of the section makes it clear:
 * $$T=\bigcup_{i\in\mathbb{N}} R^i.$$ is transitive. It follows that, even if you were to try transfinite recursion, $$T = R^\omega$$ is transitive, so $$R^{\omega+1}=R^\omega$$
 * The formal transfinite recursion would be written as follows:
 * Define
 * $$R^{<\alpha}=\bigcup_{\beta<\alpha}R^\beta$$
 * $$S\circ T = \{ (x,z)\mid (\exists y) x T y S z \},$$ the composition operator.
 * Then the unified transfinte recursion process becomes:
 * $$R^\alpha=R \cup R^{<\alpha} \cup \left(R^{<\alpha}\circ R^{<\alpha}\right).$$
 * However, the same argument shows that $$R^\alpha=R^\omega$$ if $$\alpha \ge \omega.$$ — Arthur Rubin (talk) 16:08, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

 * This is essentially the content of the Kleene fixed point theorem; the finitary nature of "transitive closure" makes the corresponding operator continuous. — Carl (CBM · talk) 21:53, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Can you explain on a concrete example? Let us say that $$R$$ is a relation between sets of reals so that $$aRb$$ holds if and only if $$a\subseteq b$$ and $$|b\setminus a|=1$$; that is, $$b$$ is $$a$$ with one more real thrown in.  As in the article, let $$T$$ be the transitive closure of $$R$$.  Intuitively, $$\varnothing T\mathbb{R}$$ (with $$\mathbb{R}$$ designating all reals, as is usual), but are you saying this is not the case? 129.93.158.15 (talk) 17:56, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Right, that is not the case. The transitive closure of a relation is the smallest transitive relation including the original one. In the example you described, the transitive closure will say that aTb if and only if a is a subset of b and |b \ a| is finite. In other words, two elements c and d related in the transitive closure of a relation R if and only if there is a finite list of elements e1, ..., ek such that cRe1, e1Re2, ..., ekRd. — Carl (CBM · talk) 18:08, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Sorry, I don't know how to produce mathematical symbols.

Shouldn't the inductive definition of the transitive closure be : R^i = R^(i-1) UNION {(s1,s3) : exists s2 where (s1,s2) in R^(i-1), (s2,s3) in R}.

Using this definition, R^2= R UNION (R composition R) UNION (R composition R composition R), whereas using the definition given in the page R^2 = R UNION (R composition R) UNION (R composition R composition R) UNION (R composition R composition R composition R). In both cases R^0=R and R^1= R UNION (R composition R). By (R composition R) I mean {(s1,s3) : exists s2 where (s1,s2) in R, (s2,s3) in R}.

Also, as far as the proof that R^+ is transitive goes, it is completely unclear why, (s1,s2) in R^j and (s2,s3) in R^k makes (s1,s2) in R^(max(j,k)+1) and not R^(j+k). The way I see it, assuming R is x R a1 R a2 R a3 R y R a5 R z (that is x R^4 y and y R^2 z), it is not x R^(max(4,2)+1)=R^5 z, but x R^6 z. Of course, even in this case, (x,z) in R^+, which proves that R^+ is transitive. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.4.84.165 (talk) 18:31, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I made the change suggested and mentioned that it's due to associativity. Neonfreon (talk) 05:31, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

How is this definition related to the definition of "closure"?
It would be helpful to relate this definition to the definition of closure, which uses the example of subtraction over the real numbers (applying it to any two elements in that set yields a result that is also in that set.)

For example, if we start from a specific city x and apply the given transitive closure to yield the set of cities that can be reached from x, this set is closed in the sense that applying the same relation to any of those cities yields the same set again: you can't get to any other city but those in the set. But it's not quite the same, because the relation for cities operates on a single city, and yields a set, which are different kinds of things. In contrast, subtraction operates on, and yields, single elements of the set of real numbers.

Is the resolution to this to start with a set of cities (instead of a city), and define the domain as the set of sets of cities?

203.217.66.200 (talk) 07:13, 13 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The two meanings are rather distinct; note the lack of "transitive" when one speaks of binary operations. Any function is also a relation. If x + y is closed to a subset, say Z of integers, then +(x, y, z), where z = x + y, is a relation on Z. But it's a ternary rather than a binary one, so there's not much else that can be said. I don't think one can define a meaningful notion of transitive closure for n-ary, n>2 relations or equivalently for hypergraphs, even though the latter can be embedded in Levi graphs. If you apply the transitive closure notion to the Levi graph of addition, you simply say that 1+3 = 4 = 2+2 for instance, because there's an edge from (1,3) to 4 and another from (2, 2) to 4. Tijfo098 (talk) 10:15, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

'Minimal' vs 'smallest'
The intro currently reads '...is the transitive relation R+ on set X such that R+ contains R and R+ is minimal'.

Before, it said '...is the smallest transitive relation on X that contains R'.

I find the old version much better. The word 'minimal' is confusing - to me it sounds like being minimal is an absolute property of a relation, although it is just relative to other transitive relations that contain R.

If no-one objects, I'll change it back soon.

Chrisahn (talk) 21:58, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

Smallest with respect to cardinality
The opening paragraph contains the sentence "In set theory, binary relations are represented as sets, hence "smallest" pertains to set cardinality."

This is just complete nonsense, in general there is no "smallest" subset of a set in terms of cardinality. In particular, for any infinite set, adding a single element will lead to a set of equal cardinality.

Therefore, this wrong sentence should either be removed or replaced by the correct statement that the term "minimal" here is taken with respect to the partial ordering of "being subset of". Since being transitive is closed under intersection, the minimal element is actually a minimum and thus well-defined.

84.156.209.58 (talk) 11:00, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅ - I agree with you in that "cardinality" shouldn't appear here. However, I hesitated to put your explanation about uniqueness in the very first sentence of the lead. The same applies for the explanation about relations being (implemented as) sets. Therefore, I used "material implication" (with a slightly WP:EASTEREGGy link) as ordering relation. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 16:59, 20 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I think that is totally confusing as an explanation of what smallest means. What is implying what? How does material implication define an ordering on things? The simpler explanation is that it is the unique minimal relation. —David Eppstein (talk) 21:00, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

Existence
Is "power set of" missing in "Furthermore, there exists at least one transitive relation containing R, namely the trivial one: X × X." ? --Rainald62 (talk) 20:28, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

 * No, it isn't. If X = {1,2}, then X×X = {(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(2,2)} is the relation that relates every member of X with every member of X. The power set of X×X is the set of all 16 subsets of X×X, viz. { {}, {(1,1)}, {(1,2)}, {(2,1)}, {(2,2)},  {(1,1),(1,2)}, {(1,1),(2,1)}, {(1,1),(2,2)}, {(1,2),(2,1)}, {(1,2),(2,2)}, {(2,1),(2,2)},  {(1,1),(1,2),(2,1)}, {(1,1),(1,2),(2,2)}, {(1,1),(2,1),(2,2)}, {(1,2),(2,1),(2,2)},  {(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(2,2)} }. This is a set of relations, but not a relation. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 10:59, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transitive closure


text:
Prussian Nights

Prussian Nights (Прусские ночи) is a long poem by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who served as a captain in the Soviet Red Army during the Second World War. Prussian Nights describes the Red Army's march across East Prussia, and focuses on the traumatic acts of rape and murder that Solzhenitsyn witnessed as a participant in that march.

Originally it was Chapter 8 of his huge autobiographic poem Dorozhen'ka (The Road), that he wrote in 1947 as a sharashka (scientific research camp) inmate. The original poem did not survive, but in 1950–1951, working in a hard labour camp near Ekibastuz, Solzhenitsyn restored Chapter 8 and Chapter 9 (The Feast of the Victors) as separate poems. The poem is in trochaic tetrameter, "in imitation of, and argument with the most famous Russian war poem, Aleksandr Tvardovsky's Vasili Tyorkin."

The poem is based on Solzhenitsyn's own experiences – he was a captain of an artillery battery which formed a part of the Second Belorussian Front, which invaded East Prussia from south-east in January 1945. The Soviet offensive followed the path of the disastrous offensive by the Russian Second Army under Alexander Samsonov during World War I; the comparison with the Soviet victorious offensive is one of the underlying themes of the poem.

Solzhenitsyn was arrested soon afterwards, in early February, three weeks after the offensive had started. His arrest was partly due to his critique of the treatment of civilians. In the poem he recalls the pillages, rapes and murders committed by the Soviet troops taking their revenge on German civilians, the events which later resulted in the first part of the German exodus from Eastern Europe,

Solzhenitsyn composed the poem—about twelve hundred lines and over fifty pages long—while he was serving a sentence of hard labor in Gulag camps. He wrote a few lines of the poem each day on a bar of soap and memorized them while using it in his daily shower. He also wrote about how composing this poem helped him to survive his imprisonment: "I needed a clear head, because for two years I had been writing a poem—a most rewarding poem that helped me not to notice what was being done to my body. Sometimes, while standing in a column of dejected prisoners, amidst the shouts of guards with machine guns, I felt such a rush of rhymes and images that I seemed to be wafted overhead . . . At such moments I was both free and happy . . . Some prisoners tried to escape by smashing a car through the barbed wire. For me there was no barbed wire. The head count of prisoners remained unchanged, but I was actually away on a distant flight."

He wrote down the poem between the 1950s and 1970s. He made a recording of it in 1969; it was not published in Russian until 1974 when it was published in Paris, France. A German translation was done by Nikolaus Ehlert in 1976, and it was officially first translated into English by Robert Conquest in 1977.

Critical reaction was mixed. The New York Times reviewed it thus: "a clumsy and disjointed 1,400-line narrative which can be called poetry only because it is written in meter and rhyme. Sent to any publishing house of émigré Russian journal bearing any name but Solzhenitsyn's, it would be rejected unhesitatingly." A reviewer in New York Review of Books called Prussian Nights, "for all its shortcomings, a powerful and moving work." The literary critic, author and poet Clive James took a more positive view:

title: Prussian Nights


text:
User talk:Immanuel~enwiki

thanks for signing up. Now please stick to this account, and please stop inserting the link unilaterally. Reply to the suggestions on talk. See Dispute resolution on how to proceed. dab (ᛏ) 10:50, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Immanuel~enwiki


text:
Pyotr Tayozhny

Pyotr (Cheshuin) Tayozhny (Таёжный (Чешуин), Пётр Иванович) (1887—1952) was a Russian sculptor. He studied at the Artistic Industrial School in Yekaterinburg together with his close friend, sculptor Ivan Shadr. Later he worked with Faberge in Moscow. Discouraged by the turmoil that followed the 1917 October Revolution, he left Moscow with his wife and two daughters and settled for several years in the Altay region. His pseyudanym "Tayozhny" comes from those rural years, it originates from the word taiga. In the 1920s, after returning to the capital, Pyotr Tayozhny together with Shadr was one of the authors of the first designs of the order of Lenin, the highest Soviet award. He later specialised in miniature pieces for book covers which included Bas-reliefs of Soviet leaders, including Joseph Stalin and writers, including Aleksandr Pushkin, Maksim Gorky, Gustave Flaubert, as well as medals, one of them depicting Vladimir Lenin lying in state. The medal is now a collector's item and a good example of the 1920s Soviet cultural propaganda.

title: Pyotr Tayozhny


text:
Great Depression in Australia

Australia suffered badly during the period of the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Depression began with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and rapidly spread worldwide. As in other nations, Australia suffered years of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth and personal advancement.

The Australian economy and foreign policy largely rested upon its place as a primary producer within the British Empire, and Australia's important export industries, particularly primary products such as wool and wheat, suffered significantly from the collapse in international demand. Unemployment reached a record high of around 30% in 1932, and gross domestic product declined by 10% between 1929 and 1931.

There were also incidents of civil unrest, particularly in Australia's largest city, Sydney. Though Australian Communist and far right movements were active in the Depression, they remained largely on the periphery of Australian politics, failing to achieve the power shifts obtained in Europe, and the democratic political system of the young Australian Federation survived the strain of the period.

The James Scullin Labor Government had just assumed power with the commencement of the Scullin Ministry on 22 October following the 1929 federal election, however just a couple of days later, "Black Thursday" would mark the start of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent global onset of the Great Depression. From the outset the government was buffeted by the effects of the global economic crisis. With the government unable to implement the deflationary Premiers' Plan, Labor had split by 1931 over how to deal with the crisis, with Treasurer Ted Theodore failing to implement his Keynesian inflationary plans, and New South Wales Premier Jack Lang losing office over his plans to boost the budget through a temporary cessation of interest repayments on debts to Britain and that interest on all government borrowings be reduced by 3% to free up money for injection into the economy. Labor defector Joseph Lyons helped to form the United Australia Party through the ending of the Nationalist Party of Australia and succeeded Scullin as Prime Minister of Australia from the 1931 federal election until his death in 1939.

Thus Australia, unlike the United States, did not embark on a significant Keynesian program of spending to recover from the Depression. Nevertheless, the Australian recovery began around 1932. Australians took consolation from sporting achievements through the Depression, with cricketer Don Bradman and race horse Phar Lap achieving long-lasting fame.

1920s: The calm before the storm
The Great War (World War I) had depleted Britain's savings and foreign investments, and wartime inflation had deeply upset the United Kingdom's terms of trade. A sluggish economy in Britain naturally reduced British demand for imports from Australia throughout the 1920s and this had affected Australia's balance of payments. Throughout the 1920s the Australian unemployment rate floated between 6% and 11%.

The Great War had also caused many necessary infrastructure projects to be delayed or abandoned, many of which began in the 1920s, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney's underground railway system in addition to the Commonwealth government beginning to fund major highways. New dams and grain elevators were built, and the rural railway network was expanded in nearly every state. Large sums of government money were made available to provide returned First World War servicemen with farmland and agricultural equipment under soldier settlement schemes.

All these publicly funded projects were paid for by loans raised by both state and federal governments. Most of these loans were raised on capital markets in the City of London at an average of £30 million per annum.

1929: The storm erupts
In 1910, the federal government introduced a national currency, the Australian pound, which it pegged to the pound sterling. In effect, Australia was on the gold standard through the British peg. In 1914, Britain removed the pound sterling from the gold standard, creating inflation pressures. Britain returned the pound sterling to the gold standard in 1925 at pre-1913 parity, effectively revaluing both currencies significantly and unleashing crushing deflationary pressures and falling export demand. This had the immediate effect of making British and Australian exports far less competitive in non-British markets, and affected Australia's terms of trade.

In 1929, as an emergency measure during the Great Depression, Australia left the gold standard, resulting in a devaluation relative to sterling. A variety of pegs to sterling applied until December 1931, when the government set a rate of £1 Australian = 16 shillings sterling. This was intended to ease entry of Australian goods into the British and other linked markets.

Falling export demand and commodity prices placed massive downward pressures on wages, particularly in industries such as coal mining. Due to falling prices, bosses were unable to pay the wages that workers wanted. The result was a series of strikes in many sectors of the economy in the late 1920s. Coal miners' strikes in the winter of 1929 brought much of the economy to its knees. A riot at a picket line in the Hunter Region mining town of Rothbury saw police shoot one teenage coal miner dead.

The conservative Prime Minister of Australia, Stanley Bruce, wished to dismantle the conciliation and arbitration system of judicially supervised collective bargaining which had been the cornerstone of Australia's industrial relations system since the 1900s, which would allow employers alone to increase or decrease employee wages in response to economic and market conditions.

The opposition Australian Labor Party, led by James Scullin, successfully depicted Stanley Bruce as wanting to destroy Australia's high wages and working conditions in the 1929 federal election. Scullin was elected Prime Minister in a landslide which saw Stanley Bruce voted out as the Member for Flinders, the only time until the 2007 federal election that a sitting Prime Minister lost his seat.

1929–1935: Scullin and Lang

The James Scullin Labor Government had just assumed power with the commencement of the Scullin Ministry on 22 October following the 1929 federal election, however just a couple of days later, Black Thursday would mark the start of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent global onset of the Great Depression. From the outset the Scullin administration was buffeted by the effects of the global economic crisis.

Throughout Scullin's term, commodity prices continued to fall, unemployment rose, and Australia's big cities were depopulated as thousands of unemployed men took to the countryside in search of menial agricultural work. The stagnant economy had reduced economic activity and therefore tax revenues. However, the debt commitments of both state and federal governments remained the same. Australia became severely at risk of defaulting on its foreign debt which had been accumulated during the relative prosperity and infrastructure-building frenzy of the 1920s.

The Great Depression in Australia saw huge levels of unemployment and economic suffering amid plummeting export income. Although the economic downturn was a product of international events, Australian governments grappled with how to respond. Conventional economists said governments should pursue deflationary policies. Radicals proposed inflationary responses and increased government spending. Division emerged within the Labor Party over how to respond.

In August 1930, Scullin invited Sir Otto Niemeyer of the Bank of England to come to Australia to advise on economic policy. Niemeyer met with Federal and State leaders at a conference in Melbourne where he recommended a traditional deflationary response of balanced budgets to combat Australia's high levels of debt and insisted that interest on loans be met. It entailed the balancing of the budget through expenditure and wage cuts, without additional overseas borrowing, necessitating reductions in social welfare programs, defence spending and other sweeping cutbacks. The Premiers and Prime Minister Scullin agreed to this Melbourne Plan, which would go on to form the basis of the Premiers' Plan. Ted Theodore, Treasurer in Scullin's Government, supported an inflationary policy of increased government spending in times of a recession, a view espoused in 1936 by John Maynard Keynes. The Senate and Commonwealth Bank (then also acting as the country's central bank) rejected Theodore's spending plans. The Labor Premier of New South Wales meanwhile announced the Lang Plan in February 1931, which included a temporary cessation of interest repayments on debts to Britain and that interest on all government borrowings be reduced to 3% to free up money for injection into the economy.

In 1929, as an emergency measure, Australia took the Australian pound off the gold standard, resulting in a devaluation relative to sterling. Starting in September 1930, the Australian banks began to slowly devalue the Australian pound, and a year later it had been devalued 30% against the Pound Sterling. This had the economic effect of increasing the cost of imported goods and increasing the cost of servicing government overseas debts, which were denominated in the overseas currency, typically in sterling.

Jack Lang, the Labor Party Leader of the Opposition in New South Wales and a fiery left-wing populist, campaigned vigorously against the provisions of the Melbourne Agreement. He was elected in a landslide in the NSW state election of 1930.

Scullin departed for an Imperial economic conference in London, necessitating an absence of five months, during which time he managed to secure reduced interest payments for Australia. With James Fenton as acting Prime Minister and Joseph Lyons as acting treasurer in his absence, Labor continued to negotiate Australia's economic response, with Fenton and Lyons advocating a more conservative fiscal approach and the unions and caucus calling for repudiation of debts.

In 1931 at an economic crisis conference in Canberra, Jack Lang issued his own programme for economic recovery. The Lang Plan advocated the repudiation of interest payments to overseas creditors until domestic conditions improved, the abolition of the Gold Standard to be replaced by a Goods Standard where the amount of money in circulation was linked to the amount of goods produced, and the immediate injection of £18 million of new money into the economy in the form of Commonwealth Bank of Australia credit. The Prime Minister and all other state Premiers refused.

With the rejection of the Theodore and Lang inflationary plans, the governments of Australia met to negotiate a compromise in 1931. The resulting Premiers' Plan required the Australian Federal and State governments to cut spending by 20%, including cuts to wages and pensions and was to be accompanied by tax increases, reductions in interest on bank deposits and a 22.5% reduction in the interest the government paid on internal loans.

The policy contrasted with the approach put forward by the British economist John Maynard Keynes and which was pursued by the United States, which held that governments needed to spend their way out of the Depression. The plan was signed by New South Wales Labor Premier Jack Lang, but he was a notable critic of its underlying philosophy and went on to pursue his own policy of defaulting on debt repayments, which led to confrontation with the Federal Scullin and Lyons governments and resulted in the Lang Dismissal Crisis of 1932.

The Labor Party soon split into three separate factions. Jack Lang and his supporters, mainly in New South Wales, were expelled from the party and formed a left-wing splinter party officially known as the New South Wales Labor Party, commonly known as Lang Labor. The Minister for Public Works and Railways, Joseph Lyons, led a conservative faction, which believed in the deflationary approach of balanced budgets and cuts in spending and opposed defaulting on debt repayments. When the more radical Ted Theodore was reinstated as Treasurer by Scullin on 29 January, Joseph Lyons and James Fenton along with three others resigned from the government, joining the opposition Nationalist Party to form the United Australia Party. The Australian Labor Party would remain in government through the parliamentary term however, with Scullin as Prime Minister, and except for a brief stint by Scullin, Theodore as Treasurer.

Lyons government

The stance of Joseph Lyons and James Fenton against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal with the Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives, known as "the Group", whose number included future prime minister Robert Menzies. In parliament on 13 March 1931, though still a member of the ALP, Lyons supported a no confidence motion against the Scullin Labor government. The United Australia Party was then formed from a coalition of citizens’ groups and with the support of the Nationalist Party of Australia. Lyons quit the ALP to become parliamentary leader of the newly established United Australia Party, with John Latham, Nationalist Leader of the Opposition, becoming the new party's deputy leader.

In November 1931, Lang Labor dissidents chose to challenge the Scullin Labor government and align with the United Australia Party Opposition to pass a ‘no confidence’ and the government fell. At the 1931 federal election, the ALP were left with just 14 seats after losing 32 seats, though an extra 4 seats were won by NSW Lang Labor. The Lyons-led United Australia Party in Coalition with the Country Party commenced its first term of government in January 1932.

Before being voted out of office, the Scullin government had covered NSW's debt default. The federal government had paid NSW's bond installments and intended to recoup this money from the NSW Government. A dramatic episode in Australian history followed Lyons first electoral victory. When NSW Premier Jack Lang refused to pay interest on overseas State debts, the Lyons government stepped in and paid the debts and then passed the Financial Agreement Enforcement Act to recover the money it had paid. In an effort to frustrate this move, Lang ordered State departments to pay all receipts directly to the Treasury instead of into Government bank accounts. The New South Wales Governor, Sir Philip Game, intervened on the basis that Lang had acted illegally in breach of the state Audit Act and sacked the Lang Government, who then suffered a landslide loss at the subsequent 1932 state election.

Australia would recover relatively quickly from the global financial downturn, with recovery beginning around 1932. Lyons pursued an orthodox fiscal policy, favouring the deflationary economic measures of the Premiers' Plan, and refused to accept NSW Premier Jack Lang's proposals to default on overseas debt repayments. Australia entered the Depression with a debt crisis and a credit crisis. According to author Anne Henderson of the conservative Sydney Institute, Lyons held a steadfast belief in "the need to balance budgets, lower costs to business and restore confidence" and the Lyons period gave Australia "stability and eventual growth" between the drama of the Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War. A lowering of wages was enforced and industry tariff protections maintained, which together with cheaper raw materials during the 1930s saw a shift from agriculture to manufacturing as the chief employer of the Australian economy - a shift which was consolidated by increased investment by the commonwealth government into defence and armaments manufacture. Lyons saw restoration of Australia's exports as the key to economic recovery. A devalued Australian currency assisted in restoring a favourable balance of trade.

Varying experiences of the Great Depression
During the Great Depression, different parts of Australian society experienced different hardships, challenges and opportunities. There was increased movement of many people to and from country areas in search of work. City and urban people planted gardens to produce fruit and vegetables. In some urban areas co-operatives were formed based on barter systems to share what was available.

Single unemployed men had to make do in illegal camps or makeshift hostels in disused buildings, such as the old Redfern Fish Market.

Shacks were built on the outskirts of large cities to house some who lost their homes, for example near the beach at Garie in the Royal National Park south of Sydney. There has been anecdotal evidence of families resorting to living in caves with authorities turning a blind eye as there were no other accommodation available.

Unemployed Australians
For Australians, the decade of the 1930s began with problems of huge unemployment, because the fall of the stock markets on Wall Street reduced confidence throughout the world. Most governments reacted to the crisis with similar policies, aimed at slashing back government spending and paying back loans. The Australian government could do little to change the effects of the slump and the tough economic times ahead. This affected the country in many ways.

Because of economic downturn, people’s lives changed drastically. Australia had supplied huge amounts of wool for uniforms during World War 1, and many exports helped Australia achieve a high standard of living in the 1920s. The majority of the people of Australia lived very well prior to the fall, so they felt the effects of the depression strongly. Because of the severe economic contraction, the reduction of purchasing goods, employers couldn’t afford to keep excessive workers. A five-year unemployment average for 1930-34 was 23.4%, with a peak of approximately 30% of the nation being unemployed in 1932. This was one of the most severe unemployment rates in the industrialised world, exceeded only by Germany.

Many hundreds of thousands of Australians suddenly faced the humiliation of poverty and unemployment. This was still the era of traditional social family structure, where the man was expected to be the sole bread winner. Soup kitchens and charity groups made brave attempts to feed the many starving and destitute. The male suicide rate spiked in 1930 and it became clear that Australia had limits to the resources for dealing with the crisis. The depression's sudden and widespread unemployment hit the soldiers who had just returned from war the hardest as they were in their mid-thirties and still suffering the trauma of their wartime experiences. At night many slept covered in newspapers at Sydney’s Domain or at Salvation Army refugees.

The limited jobs that did arise were viciously fought for. The job vacancies were advertised in the daily newspaper, which formed massive queues to search for any job available. This then caused the race to arrive first at the place of employment (the first person to turn up was usually hired.) This is depicted in the Australian film Caddie. Many Australians campaigned at a community level through organisations such as the Unemployed Workers Movement to demand improved welfare and relief. Authorities often attempted to repress protest through the use of repressive laws including bans on street marches and free speech. These in turn were resisted by campaigns of civil resistance, with Melbourne social realist artist Noel Counihan famously speaking from inside a cage to prevent arrest. Overall campaigning was successful in terms of gaining improved welfare and relief as well as in disrupting and preventing housing evictions across Australia.

Culture and society

Extraordinary sporting successes did something to alleviate the spirits of Australians during the economic downturn. In a Sheffield Shield cricket match at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1930, Don Bradman, a young New South Welshman of just 21 years of age wrote his name into the record books by smashing the previous highest batting score in first-class cricket with 452 runs not out in just 415 minutes. The rising star's world-beating cricketing exploits were to provide much needed joy to Australians through the emerging Great Depression and Post World War One recovery.

Between 1929 and 1931 the racehorse Phar Lap dominated Australia's racing industry, at one stage winning fourteen races in a row. Famous victories included the 1930 Melbourne Cup, following an assassination attempt and carrying 9 stone 12 pounds weight. Phar Lap sailed for the United States in 1931, going on to win North America's richest race, the Agua Caliente Handicap in Tijuana, Mexico, in 1932. Soon after, on the cusp of US success, Phar Lap developed suspicious symptoms and died. Theories swirled that the champion race horse had been poisoned and a devoted Australian public went into shock.

The 1938 British Empire Games were held in Sydney at the Cricket Ground from 5–12 February, timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary (150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia).

1932–1939: A slow recovery
Unlike the United States, where Franklin Roosevelt's inflationary New Deal attempted to stimulate the American economy, New Zealand where Michael Savage's pioneering welfare state tried to reduce hardship, or the United Kingdom where rearmament (from 1936) increased deficit spending, there was no significant mechanism for inflationary Keynesian economic policy responses in Australia.

Australia's recovery during the 1930s was led by the manufacturing sector.

Federation in 1901 had granted only limited power to the federal government. For example, income taxes were collected by the State governments. Some argued that Australia's protectionist high tariffs worked to hurt the economy and that influential interest groups sought no change in this aspect of policy. Additionally, there was no significant banking reform or nationalisation of private businesses.

The devaluation of the Australian pound, abandonment of the Gold Standard, recovery of major trading partners like the United Kingdom and public works projects instituted by State and local governments led to a slow recovery. Unemployment, which peaked at 32% in 1932, was 11% at the start of the Second World War compared to 17.2% in the United States.

Legacy of the Great Depression in Australia
Following Lyons' death in 1939, Robert Menzies assumed the United Australia Party leadership and the prime ministership, however the 1940 federal election resulted in a hung parliament. A year later, Menzies' minority government was brought down in the House of Representatives when the two independents crossed the floor and switched their support to Labor, bringing John Curtin to power during World War II. At the 1943 federal election, Curtin led Labor to their greatest House of Representatives victory both in terms of proportion of seats and their strongest national two-party vote. Curtin died in 1945 however, and was succeeded as Labor leader and prime minister by Ben Chifley, who would lead Labor to their first successful federal re-election attempt at the 1946 federal election, before their defeat at the 1949 federal election by the Menzies-led Liberal Party of Australia in Coalition with the Country Party. The comprehensive economic and social reforms and reformist nature of the Chifley Labor government was such that between 1946 and 1949, the Australian Parliament passed 299 Acts, a record until then, well beyond Labor's Andrew Fisher's 113 Acts from 1910 to 1913.

Curtin and Chifley, who often used the spectre of another depression in their campaign rhetoric, utilised emergency wartime powers to introduce a command economy in Australia based on Keynesian principles. Unemployment was virtually eliminated in this period, being reduced to a record low of 1.1%. In 1942, income tax became federally controlled with the states conceding that the war effort needed a centrally controlled financial basis.

In 1944, Curtin announced the plan for a white paper on full employment. This white paper served a variety of roles; to establish the priority of full employment; to ensure the depression would not recur; and to propose ways to make these objectives possible. Dr H C 'Nugget' Coombs as director-general of the Reconstruction Ministry had major input into this policy. The economic theories proposed by J M Keynes in 1936 were a major influence on the white paper.

Between 1947 and 1949 Chifley also attempted to nationalise the banking sector, arguing that public control over the finance industry would assist in preventing further depressions. These plans saw bitter and protracted opposition from the media, conservative parties and the banks themselves. The High Court of Australia ruled that the proposed nationalisation of banks was unconstitutional. The government unsuccessfully appealed the decision in the Privy Council.

In 1949, the combined perceived threats of international and domestic communism and industrial unrest along with the public's waning support for extended rationing and intervention following the close of the War saw the return of Menzies to the prime ministership. Though Menzies was a conservative, his sixteen subsequent years in power saw the government continue the use of Keynesian methods in economic policy as well as further expansion of the Curtin and Chifley economic and social legacies.

title: Great Depression in Australia


text:
Talk:Howards' Way

DVD Releases Table
I have added a full DVD table with information on all 6 series DVD sets, please do not remove it (as someone did last time), it has more information than their was before. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.148.42.237 (talk) 15:00, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Howards' Way
According to the original title sequence (available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/classic/titles/howardsway.shtml ), the title is actually Howards' Way, not Howard's Way (notice the position of the apostrophe). A lot of sites have it as the latter, though. Would I be correct in thinking that it would be best to move this from to the name in the title and have a redirect? --Ciaran H 10:50, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Since nobody's responded, and since it's now reflected in the article that the title is Howards' Way, I'm going to be bold and move it as above. If there are any questions after the move, feel free to respond here. --Ciaran H 20:57, September 12, 2005 (UTC)

PLEASE NOTE
As the original author of the article revamp, I am removing my content. I do not support Wikipedia due to a disagreement with its draconian policies and no longer wish my original text to be featured on a public site. Please have the courtesy to respect the wishes of the original author. If you wish to expand and rewrite the article, please do so using your own text. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ben King (talk • contribs) 14:23, May 21, 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid we are unable to meet your request. You agreed to license your contributions under the GFDL when you submitted them. The JPS   talk to me  14:28, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

I'm withdrawing my support. I do not support Wikipedia and have now indicated my wishes. As far as I am concerned, Wikipedia is stealing my material. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ben King (talk • contribs) 14:52, May 21, 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your contributuions, which you agreed to license your contributions under the GFDL when you pressed submit. The JPS   talk to me  08:51, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Company details
The sections on Periplus and Frere Holdings are unsourced and seem excessively detailed -- flagging my intention to remove them here. Gusworld (talk) 03:30, 21 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Howards' Way


text:
User talk:Unfun

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 10:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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Speedy deletion of Abhorrance
A tag has been placed on Abhorrance requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for musical topics.

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You have been temporarily blocked from editing for same user as User:Unfunrecords and recreating deleted page(s). Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make constructive contributions. If you would like to be unblocked, you may appeal the block by adding the text  below, but you should read our guide to appealing blocks first. UtherSRG (talk) 21:03, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

I think that many people would find your suggested new username actively offensive. Please try again. --Anthony.bradbury"talk" 19:57, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Unfun! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot notifying you on behalf of the the unreferenced biographies team that 1 of the articles that you created  is currently tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 05:35, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Peter Conheim -

Proposed deletion of No Eyed Bird

The article No Eyed Bird has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Not notable"

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Nomination of Peter Conheim for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Peter Conheim is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Unfun


text:
Talk:Oldland Common

Districts of Bristol
I put this in "Category:Districts of Bristol" as that states it includes "nearby places in other local government areas which are part of Bristol's metropolitan area", and this appears to be the convention for areas near Bristol; in fact Oldland Common is in South Gloucestershire. Also Bristol lists it. If this is problematic, I think a solution must be found for this general "near Bristol" issue, rather than treating this article differently. But then I'm one of those that thought the County of Avon made a lot of sense! - Rwendland 10:52, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

I changed the word-order in the first sentence - I thought it seemed to suggest that Bristol itself is in South Gloucester! --Stephen Burnett 21:59, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Oldland
Some articles (eg South Gloucestershire, Bernard Lovell) refer to Oldland as well as Oldland Common. These are distinct places, so another article for Oldland is I think needed.

My research suggests both "parish of Oldland" and "Oldland Common ward" exist, but not one within the other; maps show them seperated by the Willsbridge brook. "Oldland Common ward" is in the "parish of Bitton", and "parish of Oldland" is "divided into seven wards which shall bear the names Barrs Court, Cadbury Heath, Cock Road Ridge, Greenbank, Longwell Green, Willsbridge and Wraxall" See The District of South Gloucestershire (Electoral Changes) Order 1998.

In South Gloucestershire council press releases "Oldland District ward" and "Oldland Common parish council" are also used, so this is mighty confusing; see here.

Another data-point is the Boundary Commission for England news release which says the proposed new constituency is:

 * KINGSWOOD BOROUGH CONSTITUENCY (60,936). Nine wards of South Gloucestershire:- Bitton, Hanham, Kings Chase, Longwell Green, Oldland Common, Parkwall, Rodway, Siston, Woodstock.

I'm not from Oldland, I just drive through - so I'll leave this for a local to resolve!

- Rwendland 12:46, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oldland Common


text:
User talk:Brumi

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 10:52, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Slavic POV
Although I personally do not wish to oppress your beliefs, you must understand that Wikipedia is a place where we try not to endorse any single point of view. This includes Pan-Slavism. Please read Neutral point of view for more information about our policy. -- M e r o v i n g i a n (t) (c) 14:15, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brumi


text:
File talk:ViennGenFol12vJacob.jpg

Commons ->. --Lusitana 10:53, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: File talk:ViennGenFol12vJacob.jpg


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Čazma

Čazma is a town in Bjelovar-Bilogora County, Croatia. It is part of Moslavina.

Geography

Čazma is situated 60 kilometers east of Zagreb and only 30 kilometres from the center of the region - Bjelovar. Čazma is situated on the slopes of Moslavačka gora, surrounded by fertile lowlands. The river Česma runs to the east of Čazma and the smaller river Glogovnica flows into it nearby, too.

History
The town of Čazma is one of the oldest towns in the Republic of Croatia. It was mentioned in 1094, when the Hungarian king Ladislav gave Čazma as a possession to the bishop of Zagreb. The year that is mentioned as the year of Čazma's foundation is 1226, when bishop Stjepan II Babonić established a parish, built a Dominican monastery and - today far known for its cultural worth, the Church of saint Mary Magdalene, which gave the parish its present name. The church is the only preserved monument of the earliest written eight hundred-year history of the city. It is a unique example of romanic architecture in northern Croatia and experts equate its value with the Zagreb cathedral. The church organ made in 1767 are one of the most beautiful in Croatia.

Janus Pannonius (Latin: Ioannes Pannonius, Croatian: Ivan Česmički, Hungarian: Csezmiczei János, or Kesencei; 29 August 1434 – 27 March 1472) was born here who was a Croat-Hungarian Latinist, poet, diplomat and Bishop of Pécs. He was the most significant poet of the Renaissance in the Kingdom of Hungary and one of the better-known figures of Humanist poetry in Europe.

The town was occupied by the Ottoman Turks in 1552, who established their sanjak there. The town stayed under Ottoman rule for 54 years until it was liberated by Croatian Ban Toma Bakač Erdedi and his army in 1606.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Čazma was a district capital in the Bjelovar-Križevci County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia.

Economy
Its economy is based on small and middle-sized companies which manufacture final products from natural goods. Tradespeople, together with agricultural manufacturers, direct their development to services, production and tourist potential.

Half of the region where the town of Čazma is situated spreads out on agricultural land and as much as 44 percent is forested. Mineral wealth in the soil: quartz-sand, clay, stone etc., and especially springs of drinking water of great quality, enable various investments and building of plants, operation facilities and production lines.

The best known company from Čazma is Čazmatrans (transport company), which was established 1949.

Demographics
In 2021 the town proper had a population of 2,417. The municipality of 36 villages was inhabited by a total of 6,930 people.

 * Andigola
 * Bojana
 * Bosiljevo
 * Cerina
 * Dapci
 * Dereza
 * Donji Draganec
 * Donji Dragičevci
 * Donji Lipovčani
 * Donji Miklouš
 * Gornji Draganec
 * Gornji Dragičevci
 * Gornji Lipovčani
 * Gornji Miklouš
 * Grabik
 * Grabovnica
 * Komuševac
 * Marčani
 * Martinac
 * Milaševac
 * Novo Selo
 * Općevac
 * Palančani
 * Pavličani
 * Pobjenik
 * Pobrđani
 * Prnjarovac
 * Prokljuvani
 * Sišćani
 * Sovari
 * Suhaja
 * Vagovina
 * Vrtlinska
 * Vučani
 * Zdenčec

According to the 2011 census, 98% of the population are Croats.

title: Čazma


text:
Ivan Shadr

Ivan Shadr (Иван Шадр), pseudonym of Ivan Dmitriyevich Ivanov (Ива́н Дми́триевич Ивано́в; 11 February 1887 — 3 April 1941) was a Russian/Soviet sculptor and medalist who took his pseudonym after his hometown of Shadrinsk.

Biography
Ivan Ivanov was born on 11 February 1887, in Taktashi, Chelyabinsky Uyezd, Orenburg Governorate, Russian Empire (now Taktashi, Mishkinsky District, Kurgan Oblast, Russian Federation). His father, Dmitry Yevgrafovich Ivanov (1862-1926), was a carpenter. He worked temporarily in Taktashi.

Shadr studied at the Artistic Industrial School in Yekaterinburg from 1903 to 1907, and from 1907 to 1908 at the Drawing School of the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts in St Petersburg where the famous Nicholas Roerich was his teacher. He furthered his education under Auguste Rodin and Emile-Antoine Bourdelle in Paris (1910–1911), and in Rome (1911–1912).

From 1914 to 1917, he worked for the film industrialist Aleksandr Khanzhonkov. In 1918, he went to Omsk to take his family to Moscow, but remained in this city until 1921. He gave lectures on art there.

Shadr's early works, such as the project for the Monument to the World's Suffering (1916), were designed according to the principles of Art Nouveau. After the 1917 Revolution he was an active participant in the execution of the Monumental Propaganda Plan, in particular, he sculptured reliefs depicting the Socialist ideological leaders Karl Marx, Karl Liebknecht, and Rosa Luxemburg, as well as some sixteen separate monuments to Vladimir Lenin.

In these years the characteristics of Shadr’s style were consolidated: an elevated, romantic organization of the figures and an emotional, dynamic composition. Among his most famous and characteristic works are sculptures The Cobblestone Is the Weapon of the Proletariat (1927) and Girl with an Oar (1936).

In the 1920s, Shadr together with sculptor Piotr Tayozhny came up with one of the first designs of the Order of Lenin, the highest Soviet award. Shadr also worked for Goznak, including on designing new Soviet money that included the symbols of that time: a worker, a peasant and a Red Army soldier. Those sculptures remarkable for their vigorous and dynamic typical characters can be seen nowadays in the Russian Museum (plaster casts) and in the Tretyakov Gallery (bronze sculptures).

Shadr died in Moscow and in 1952 was awarded the Stalin Prize posthumously. He is buried in Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow, where his sculptural work can also been seen at the grave of Nadezhda Alliluyeva, the second wife of Stalin, and the grave of theater director Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko.

Selected work

 * The Cobblestone Is the Weapon of the Proletariat, bronze, 1927, multiple versions
 * A colossal statue of Lenin at the Zemo-Avchaly Hydroelectric Power Station (ZAGES), near Tbilisi, 1927, removed 1991
 * Girl with an Oar, multiple versions created in 1935 and 1936

Honours and awards

 * Medal of the State Stalin Prize.jpg Stalin Prize, 1st class (1952)

title: Ivan Shadr


text:
Red Gate

The Red Gate (Russian: Красные ворота, Krasnye vorota) was a set of triumphal arches built in an exuberantly baroque design in Moscow. Gates and arches of this type were common in 18th century Moscow. However, the Red Gate was the only one that survived until the 20th century. It was demolished in 1927, but the name still survives in an eponymous Moscow Metro station.

National roots
The Russian tradition of triumphal arches (or gates, as they were called during 18th-19th centuries) goes back to the time of Peter I. However, their specific Muscovite shape is a direct consequence of the Time of Troubles of the early 17th century, when civil war, foreign raiders, and rampant crime forced landlords to fortify their town and country estates. In their simplest form, gates were cut through wooden palisade walls, and fortified with a small defensive platform perched above them. If money allowed, gates were fortified with a barbican tower, again with a raised wooden platform.

In the 18th century, this platform was transformed into a raised structure above the main arch. Thus, early Russian triumphal arches have a triangular, tripartite composition (two side pylons and a center piece, square or octagonal, raised above them). Contemporary 18th-century engravings present different variations of the type (notably, Alexey Zubov's 1711 engraving showing troops marching through seven different gates). It is believed that these gates influenced traditional Muscovite architects in favor of the Petrine Baroque style, inspiring masterpieces like the Church of St. John the Warrior.

An extant example of private estate gates following the same layout belongs to the former Golitsyn estate on Volkhonka street (adjacent to the Pushkin Museum).

Petrine tradition
The first true triumphal gates in Russia were installed by Peter I of Russia, intended for his generals' and his own triumphant rides. The earliest are dated 1697 (Capture of Azov) and 1703 (for the early victories of Boris Sheremetev, Anikita Repnin and Jacob Bruce in Great Northern War). Three sets of gates were set in
 * Kitai-gorod near Zaikonospassky monastery
 * Ilyinka Gates of Bely Gorod
 * Myasnitskaya Gates of Bely Gorod

The second round of triumphal construction, commemorating the Battle of Poltava in 1709, resulted in seven gates being built in Moscow, notably the barbican gate on Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge. The third occasion, the Battle of Gangut of 1714, was celebrated in Saint Petersburg only. Finally, the Treaty of Nystadt was celebrated in both Saint Petersburg and Moscow. Peter's successors (Anna I of Russia, Elizabeth of Russia, Catherine II of Russia) had built various gates, but Red Gate in Moscow were the only ones that survived to 20th century.

History of Red Gate

The original arch on the site of Red Gate was built to commemorate the Battle of Poltava in 1709. Catherine I replaced it with a new structure in order to commemorate her own coronation in 1724. This arch burnt down 8 years later and was restored in 1742, for Elizabeth's coronation procession, which proceeded from the Moscow Kremlin to the Lefortovo Palace through the edifice.

In 1753, the wooden arch was demolished and replaced with a stone one. The design by Prince Dmitry Ukhtomsky faithfully followed that of Catherine I's architects. This was a refined specimen of baroque sensibility, with red-blood walls, snow-white reliefs, golden capitals, and 15 bright paintings representing "Tsardoms of the Russian Empire", coats of arms of Russian provinces, etc. A large portrait of Empress Elizabeth, surrounded by a lambent halo, was replaced with a double-headed eagle for Nicholas I's coronation in 1825. The structure was crowned by a golden statue of trumpeting angel. Around the gate, a spacious square was laid out.

Demolition
The Red Gate was renovated in the spring of 1926. However, in December 1926, Mossovet approved demolition of the gate and other buildings, to make way for the Garden Ring expansion. The Red Gate was demolished June 3, 1927, despite protests from Ivan Fomin, Petr Baranovsky, and other artists. A statue of an angel and other artifacts were preserved at the Museum of Moscow.

The square was still known as Krasnye Vorota (Red Gate), and in 1935 acquired a Metro station of the same name, designed by Ivan Fomin (underground station) and Nikolai Ladovsky (surface vestibule). In 1953, one of Stalin's skyscrapers, the Red Gate Building, was erected on the square to a design by Alexey Dushkin.

The square and station were renamed Lermontovskaya after Mikhail Lermontov in 1962 and were renamed back to Krasniye Vorota in 1986. Proposals to rebuild the arch were rejected, citing traffic congestion and the disparity between the modest size of the arch compared to the present-day width of the Garden Ring. The Angel of Glory, painted black, commemorates the loss of the Red Gate on the official coat of arms of Krasnoselsky District of Moscow.

title: Red Gate


text:
West Midlands Collaborative Commerce Marketplace

The West Midlands Collaborative Commerce Marketplace (WMCCM) is an online marketplace that promotes the services of small-medium-sized engineering enterprises (engineering SMEs) in the English county West Midlands. It is financed by the European Regional Development Fund, based within WMG, University of Warwick at Coventry. The marketplace was founded by Professor Jay Bal with Dr Mark Swift. As of 2006, 2,000 firms had joined the website.


text:
PowerAnimator

PowerAnimator and Animator, also referred to simply as "Alias", the precursor to what is now Maya and StudioTools, is a highly integrated industrial 3D modeling, animation, and visual effects suite. It had a relatively long track record, starting with Technological Threat in 1988 and ending in Pokémon: The Movie 2000 in 1999. PowerAnimator ran natively on MIPS-based SGI IRIX and IBM AIX systems.

History
PowerAnimator was launched in 1988.

In 1997, John Gibson, Rob Krieger, Milan Novacek, Glen Ozymok, and Dave Springer were presented with the Scientific and Engineering Award for their contributions to the geometric modeling component of the PowerAnimator system. The citation was: "The Alias PowerAnimator system is widely regarded in the computer animation field as one of the best commercially available software packages for digital geometric modeling. Used by many motion picture visual effects houses, it has been a benchmark for comparison of modeling tools and has had a major influence on visual effects and animation."

Television and film

PowerAnimator was used to create the water creature in the 1989 film The Abyss, as well as the T-1000 character in Terminator 2: Judgment Day, at a cost of $460,000 per minute. It was also used heavily for the many visual effects of the 1996 film Independence Day. PowerAnimator also served as the solution used to produce South Park episodes digitally before production was moved to Maya starting with Season 5.

Game development
PowerAnimator was also used in game development, in particular as a part of Nintendo 64's SGI-based developers kit. It saw some use for modeling, texturing, animation and realtime effects for other titles and platforms as well.

Notable titles:
 * Crash Bandicoot
 * Casper
 * Wing Commander III: Heart of the Tiger
 * Wing Commander IV: The Price of Freedom
 * Quake
 * Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

title: PowerAnimator