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Università della Svizzera italiana

The Università della Svizzera italiana (USI, literally University of Italian Switzerland), sometimes referred to as the University of Lugano in English-speaking contexts, is a public Swiss university established in 1995, with campuses in Lugano, Mendrisio and Bellinzona (Canton Ticino, Switzerland). USI is the only university in Switzerland where the official language is Italian, but many of its programs are in English.

Five of the university's faculties (communication, culture and society; economics; informatics; theology and biomedical sciences) are located at the Lugano campus, while the Academy of Architecture is at the Mendrisio campus. Two affiliated institutions, the Institute for Research in Biomedicine and the Institute of Oncology Research, are located in Bellinzona.

In 2020, USI was ranked 273 in the 2020–2021 QS World University Rankings. In 2021, it climbed to rank 240. In other university rankings, USI ranked 54th in the 2020–2021 "Young University Rankings" of Times Higher Education World University Rankings, where universities with less than 50 years of activity are ranked.

Organisation and research areas
USI is active in several studies and research areas: architecture, communication sciences, computational science, data science, economics, health studies, humanities, informatics, law, medicine, biomedicine. The university is organized in five Departments (Faculties), located on three campuses. The Faculties of Economics, of Communication, Culture and Society, of Informatics and of Biomedical Sciences are located on the Lugano campus, home also to the Facoltà di Teologia di Lugano, a private institution affiliated with the Diocese of the Catholic Church in Lugano. The Accademia di architettura is located on the Mendrisio campus. The affiliated Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) and the Institute of Oncology Research (IOR) are both located in Bellinzona.

Architecture
The Academy of Architecture, founded by acclaimed Swiss architect Mario Botta, is currently headed by Director Riccardo Blumer. With forty lecturers and twenty-five design studios (including Mario Botta, Massimo Carmassi, Valerio Olgiati), the Accademia di architettura trains an overall of 764 students for 3-year Bachelor and 2-year master's degrees (2013).

Economics
The Faculty of Economics is headed by dean Gianluca Colombo. 856 students (2018). Main research and teaching topics include: Banking, Finance, Management, Economics and International Policies, Financial Communication, Marketing.

Communication, Culture and Society
The Faculty of Communication, Culture and Society is headed by dean Luca M. Visconti. It is the third largest faculty of USI with 763 students enrolled in the autumn semester 2018–2019. Topics of research and teaching include Media, new media and journalism, Marketing, Corporate Communication, Public communication, Philosophy, Healthcare communication, Information and communication technologies, Education and Tourism.

The faculty includes the Master program in Philosophy whose areas of research are mainly: Metaphysics, Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of Mind, Ancient Philosophy and Medieval Philosophy. It is directed by Kevin Mulligan and some of its teaching professors are Francesco Berto, Tim Crane, Paolo Crivelli, Katalin Farkas, Kit Fine, Kathrin Koslicki, John Marenbon, Anna Marmodoro, Tim Maudlin, Martine Nida-Rümelin, Pasquale Porro, Thomas Sattig, Peter Simons, Barry Smith and Achille Varzi.

Informatics
The Faculty of Informatics was founded by Mehdi Jazayeri and Alexander L. Wolf and established in 2004. The current dean is Professor Marc Langheinrich. It is ranked first in Europe for software engineering, according to CSrankings.

First year students cover mathematical topics, computer architecture, networking, and fundamental concepts of programming. A further course persists throughout the three-year undergraduate curriculum.

Students are expected to learn about a wide variety of topics, from big O notation and calculus, through networking protocols and layers, to computer architecture. A variety of programming languages are used. Programming is introduced through Scheme and functional programming throughout the first semester, in parallel with the computer architecture course (which uses MIPS assembly). Later on, C, Java, and JavaScript are used. The curriculum puts a strong emphasis on teamwork, with a major group project happening at the end of every semester.

Master topics include Software Design, Software Architecture, Dependable Distributed Systems, Embedded System Design (see ALaRI), Artificial intelligence (the first AI Master in Switzerland, with IDSIA), Applied Informatics.

The Institute of Computational Science (ICS), a research unit of the Faculty, was founded in 2008 and is directed by Professor Rolf Krause. The institute is the result of the vision of USI to become a new scientific and educational centre for Computational Science in Switzerland. The institute offers research and teaching in Mathematical Modeling, Numerical Simulation, and High Performance Computing. The ICS hosts seven research groups which focus on advanced computing in computational science, high-performance methods for numerical simulation in science, medicine and engineering, computational time series analysis, computational shape analysis, multiscale and multiphysics models in computational biology, computational modeling of cardiac electrophysiology, and the simulation of biological and physical systems. With Michele Parrinello, one of the pioneers of the whole field of Computational science and co-developer of the widely used Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics method, is affiliated with the ICS. The Computational Science Master of Science graduate program at the ICS, directed by Olaf Schenk and Ernst Wit, emphasizes a mathematical and methodological framework as well as an application-oriented education in Informatics and Software Engineering.

Biomedical Sciences
The Faculty of Biomedical Sciences at USI was established in 2014, with the purpose to make a contribution towards the solution of an important problem in Switzerland: the dearth of physicians trained in Switzerland. The current dean is Giovanni Pedrazzini. The new Faculty offers a master's degree in medicine (3-year curriculum), starting in 2020, in close collaboration with ETH Zurich, University of Basel and University of Zurich on the academic side, and with the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC) and private clinics in Ticino for bedside teaching.

Theology
The university campus in Lugano is also home to the Faculty of Theology affiliated with USI. With the ratification by the Ticino government of the decision of their respective councils, the Faculty of Theology Lugano (FTL) will be academically integrated into Università della Svizzera italiana (USI). The FTL's proximity to USI - strengthened over the years through the sharing of training programmes, research and academic procedures - led to the decision to move closer on the institutional level as well, and foster further synergies in the future. Ticino State Council President Manuele Bertoli announced the affiliation at USI's XXV Dies academicus.

Affiliated and associated institutions

 * Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research (IDSIA) was founded in 1988 by the private Dalle Molle foundation. Since 1995 it has been co-directed by acclaimed computer scientist Jürgen Schmidhuber. In 2000, IDSIA became a public research institute, affiliated to the Universita della Svizzera italiana and SUPSI in Ticino, Switzerland. Researchers from IDSIA teach, for example, courses in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics at the USI Master's degree level. USI's AI master program is directed by Luca Maria Gambardella.
 * The Institute for Research in Biomedicine was founded in 2000 in Bellinzona with the goal of advancing the study of human immunology, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of host defense. IRB is affiliated to USI since 2010.
 * The Institute of Oncology Research, located in Bellinzona, is affiliated to USI as of January 1, 2017, following a University Council decision in 2015. IOR is the research unit of the Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland which is part of the Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale of the Canton Ticino.
 * IRSOL (Istituto Ricerche Solari Locarno) is a research institute in Locarno active in the field of solar physics. Its vanguard measuring instruments, the result of decades of evolution, allows for unique observations in the field of high precision solar spectropolarimetry. IRSOL is associated to USI since 2016.
 * The Swiss National Supercomputing Centre is the national high-performance computing centre of Switzerland. It was founded in Manno, in 1991. In March 2012, the CSCS moved to its new location in Lugano-Cornaredo.
 * In 2013 USI has been accredited a UNESCO chair in ICT to develop and promote sustainable tourism in World Heritage Sites. The UNESCO chair is committed to perform extensive research and teaching on how ICT, especially the internet, can be effectively exploited to develop and promote sustainable tourism at the World Heritage Sites (WHSs).
 * The Sasso Corbaro Foundation, established in 2000, is associated to USI since May 2019. Its activities aim at promoting training, research and expertise in the field of medical humanities.
 * Established in 2008, the European School for Advanced Studies in Ophthalmology (ESASO) was officially associated to USI in February 2018, on the occasion of its 10th anniversary.

Academic programs
USI adheres to the education system established with the Bologna Process, offering three-year undergraduate programmes (Bachelor) and two-year graduate programmes (Master). In addition, USI organises a selection of doctoral schools and, in the field of continuing education, a number of Executive Master programmes.

Bachelor study curricula are offered in five disciplines: Architecture, Communication Sciences, Economics, Informatics and Italian Language, Literature and Civilisation.

Twenty three Master study curricula are offered in fields of specialisation related to the research institutes of the USI Faculties: Architecture, Italian Literature, Finance, Management, Political Economics, Philosophy, International Policies, Health Communication and Management, Corporate Communication, Marketing, International Tourism, Financial Communication, Public Management, Computational Science, Embedded and Cyberphysical Systems, Artificial Intelligence, Software and Data Engineering, and Financial Technology and Computing.

Doctoral schools are at the heart of research conducted at USI and are offered in Finance, Communication Sciences, Philosophy, Informatics, Architecture, Economics, Immunology, Drug design, and Cancer Biology and Oncology

Notable faculty

 * Alex Alfieri
 * Marco Baggiolini
 * Pietro Balestra
 * Mauro Baranzini
 * Mario Botta
 * Francesco Casetti
 * Tim Crane
 * Luigi Dadda
 * Marcel Danesi
 * Martin J. Eppler
 * Kit Fine
 * Aurelio Galfetti
 * Luca Maria Gambardella
 * François Grin
 * Kai Hormann
 * Gilles Kepel
 * Shane Legg
 * John Marenbon
 * Kevin Mulligan
 * Valerio Olgiati
 * Michele Parrinello
 * Mauro Pezzè
 * Olaf Schenk
 * Jürgen Schmidhuber
 * Boris Andreyevich Uspensky
 * Peter Zumthor

Honorary degrees
Università della Svizzera italiana confers, since 2003, honorary degrees to distinguished academics during its annual Dies academicus, including Robert F. Engle (Economics), Jimmy Wales (Communication Sciences), Barbara H. Liskov (Informatics), Mimmo Paladino (Architecture), and many others.

Higher-education initiatives in the 19th century
The first plan for a public university in Ticino dates to the founding of the Canton, when in 1801 the Cantonal Diet decided for the establishment in Lugano of either a university or an academy. The project of an Accademia Cantonale was further developed in the 1840s by Stefano Franscini. Although in 1844 the Grand Council approved with an overwhelming majority the bill to establish the institution, the Accademia was never established due to financial problems and more urgent issues with other sections of public education.

The public debate in the 1970s and 1980s
The immediate predecessor to the current USI was the project that began in 1970 for an institute of higher-education focused on post-graduate continuing education and based on Regional Science and on the Humanities titled Centro Universitario della Svizzera Italiana (CUSI).

Carlo Speziali, then Councilor of State, was the main promoter of CUSI. However, although a bill about CUSI was passed by the Grand Council on 11 December 1985, a committee led by Augusto Bolla and UDC deputy Giovanni Maria Staffieri launched a referendum against it. The committee formed in favor of CUSI drew on the earlier legacy of Franscini, to demonstrate the historical necessity of higher-education in Ticino.

Despite the support that the project of CUSI had received by the Canton, on 20 April 1986 CUSI was turned down by the public vote: at a 41,5% turnout, voters rejected the bill with 47,011 votes, against 21,512 votes that went in favor of it. This controversial result was received by public institutions in Ticino as a threat to the hopes for the development of higher education outside of the German and French speaking regions.

Federal and cantonal initiatives of the 1990s
Following the defeat of CUSI, several new groups and institutions at different levels of government and civil society began formulating alternative proposals for a university based in Ticino.

On 27 October 1990 Swiss Federal Councilor Flavio Cotti gave a speech in Poschiavo on multilingualism where he clearly supported the idea of a public university in the Italian-speaking Switzerland, this time however as a full-fledged institute of higher-education supported by a favorable economic growth. Cotti's speech echoed the manifesto that a group of politicians, scholars, and professionals published on 30 May 1990 on Libera Stampa, the newspaper of the Socialist Party. The group consisted of linguists Alessio Petralli and Stefano Vassere, economists Mauro Baranzini and Christian Marazzi, politician Rossano Bervini, Franco Cavalli, Mauro Martinoni, Silvano Toppi, Mauro Wolf.

At the Cantonal level, the Ticino Government appointed architect and scholar Pier Giorgio Gerosa as delegate for university problems. In the spring of 1990, from this institutional position and in a period of ongoing debates about the presence of multilingualism in the Swiss Federal Constitution, Gerosa asked the Swiss University Conference to contemplate the possibility of an academic institution in Italian-speaking Switzerland. Furthermore, beginning in December 1991 Gerosa drafted a series of reports to demonstrate the case for a university with as many as four departments.

At the Federal level, in 1992 the ETH Board commissioned architect Mario Botta to draft a project for a national academy of architecture, which however would not be approved. In response to this rejection, Botta brought the project to the attention of the Ticino Government, which reviewed it positively in May 1993. Consequentially this event brought about friction between the Government and Pier Giorgio Gerosa, which led eventually to Gerosa's dismissal.

Meanwhile, between 1992 and 1993 the Istituto Accademico di Teologia di Lugano was established under the support of Catholic Bishop Eugenio Corecco. Although private institutions of higher education were already present at that point in Ticino - one example of which was the English-speaking Franklin University Switzerland - the initiative of the Catholic Church would be recognized as the first contribution towards a university in Italian-speaking Switzerland.

The opening of USI on October 21, 1996
In the following years, the project for a university was further developed by dedicated parliamentary commissions. In 1994 a group of Mauro Baranzini, Sergio Cigada, and Lanfranco Senn drafted a project for the Departments of Economics and of Communication Sciences. In the same year the Council of State of the Canton Ticino approved dispatch n° 4308 pertaining the Bill for the Università della Svizzera italiana, which in twelve articles outlined the structure of the future institution, to be built around the Accademia di Architettura and with the contribution of private financing. A pivotal role in building consensus for this bill was played by Counselor of State Giuseppe Buffi. On Tuesday 3 October 1995, at 19:11, the Grand Council of Ticino approved the bill that established USI, with seventy-three of eighty favorable votes.

After twelve months of preparations, on 21 October 1996 USI opened its doors in Lugano and Mendrisio to the first class of students. Marco Baggiolini was appointed to serve as USI's first President. Mauro Dell'Ambrogio, who was the author of the bill, and who thus had previously played an important role on the side of Giuseppe Buffi - the Ticino Councilor of State at the head of the Dipartimento dell'Istruzione e della Cultura (Department of Education) - was appointed to serve as USI's first General Secretary. In 2000 USI granted its first degrees, concluding the first cycle of studies, thus meeting the acknowledgement of Federal authorities. In 2004 the Faculty of Informatics was established. In 2006, Marco Baggiolini was succeeded by Piero Martinoli. In 2014 the Government of the Canton Ticino approved the creation of the Faculty of Biomedical Sciences. In 2015, a new governance structure of USI was announced, with the position of President turned into a Rectorship. In 2016, Boas Erez was appointed Rector of USI, succeeding Piero Martinoli, and the new governance model was confirmed, including the appointment of two Pro-Rectors and the institution of an Academic Senate.

Rankings since 2020
In June 2020, USI was included in the 2021 QS World University Rankings for the first time ever. USI was ranked 273° in the world. One year later, USI had climbed to rank 240. Following Google Scholar, several USI professors have received more than 100,000 scientific citations and have an h-index greater than 100, for example, Michele Parrinello (Profile), Jürgen Schmidhuber (Profile), and Antonio Lanzavecchia (Profile).

Campus and student life
The Lugano campus developed around the existing city hospital circa 1996. Several state-of-the-art buildings have been added, most notably Informatics (2007), Aula Magna, Aule, Library, and LAB.

The main building consists of four floors containing: Communications and Economics offices (1-3), the Executive Centre, four computer labs (1), classrooms (1-3), the cafeteria (2)(Q1-2007), and third-floor auditorium (3)(Q3-2007). The library is four floors tall. The LAB has 5 floors, in great part occupied by the Institute of Computational Sciences, and the rest by other Communication Sciences and Informatics departments.

The "Aule" building, informally known as Palazzo Rosso ("Red Building"), hosts six classrooms on each of its three floors, and is commonly used for Economics and Communication Sciences courses. The modern-looking concrete and metal Informatics building finished in 2007 contains classrooms (1), offices and study areas reserved for CS students and mentors (2-3).The Aula Magna is the university's convention hall and capable of seating around 400 people; it is used to host university conferences, speeches, and other public or private events; solely the entrance to the hall is visible above ground. South of the main building, the Central Services offices houses the Rectorate (as of September 1, 2016, until then the Presidency), the Institute for Italian Studies, and core units of the university such as the Media and Communication Service (press office), and the Research Service. Adjacent to the Rectorate building is the so-called "Blue building", formerly home to the Cantonal laboratory, and today occupied by a number of research institutes of the Faculty of Economics, with offices for faculty, PhD students, assistants, and related administrative staff.

Università della Svizzera italiana has 4190 students in 2022–2023; of these 33% are Swiss, and 67% are foreign.

Off-campus, students participate in city-sponsored tourism events, school-sponsored sporting activities, and student associations, despite the town's small population. Around twenty student associations have been established, with student clubs oriented around economics (AIESEC), informatics (EESTEC, IEEE student branch), and communications (L'universo student newspaper).

List of rectors
• Boas Erez (1 September 2016 - 9 May 2022)

• Luisa Lambertini (from 1 July 2023)

title: Università della Svizzera italiana


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Yusof Ishak

Yusof bin Ishak (12 August 1910 – 23 November 1970) was a Singaporean journalist and senior civil servant who served as the first president of Singapore between 1965 and 1970.

Prior to his appointment as Singapore's head of state, Yusof was a well-known journalist who co-founded Utusan Melayu, which was in circulation until 9 October 2019. He started his career in journalism after his graduation from Raffles Institution in 1929. In 1932, he joined Warta Malaya, a well-known Malay newspaper company at that time, before leaving in 1938 and co-founded Utusan Melayu.

Yusof held many appointments within the Singapore Government. He served on the Film Appeal Committee from 1948 to 1950 and was a member of both the Nature Reserves Committee and Malayanisation Commission for a year. In July 1959, he was appointed Chairman of the Public Service Commission.

On 3 December 1959, Yusof succeeded Sir William Goode as Yang di-Pertuan Negara (Head of State) after the People's Action Party (PAP) won the 1959 general election. Yusof was subsequently appointed as the first president of Singapore by Parliament after the independence of Singapore on 9 August 1965.

Yusof served three terms in office (2 as Yang-di Pertuan Negara) before he died on 23 November 1970 due to heart failure. His portrait appears on the Singapore Portrait Series currency notes introduced in 1999. He was succeeded by Benjamin Sheares on 2 January 1971.

Serving as Singapore's Head of State for close to 11 years between 1959 and 1970, he was Singapore's longest-serving Head of State until S. R. Nathan surpassed this record in August 2010.

Early life
Born on 12 August 1910 in Kampung Padang Gajah, Terong, Taiping, Perak Darul Ridzuan, which was then part of the Federated Malay States (present day Malaysia), Yusof was the eldest son in a family of nine. He was of Minangkabau descent from his father's side while his mother was a Malay from the Langkat region in Indonesia. His father, Ishak bin Ahmad, was also a civil servant and held the post of Acting Director of Fisheries, Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States. His brother, Aziz Ishak, was a Malayan journalist and freedom fighter.

Yusof received his early education in a Malay school in Kuala Kurau, Perak and began his English studies in 1921 at King Edward VII School in Taiping, He was then admitted to Victoria Bridge School in 1923 when his father was posted to Singapore. In 1924, he was enrolled in Raffles Institution for his secondary education. During his time in Raffles Institution, he played various sports such as swimming, weight lifting, water-polo, boxing, hockey and cricket and had also represented the school in various sporting events. He was also part of the Singapore National Cadet Corps and was commissioned as the first ever cadet officer in the Corps due to his outstanding performance. Yusof received his Cambridge School Certificate with distinction in 1927, he was also awarded the Queen's Scholarship and decided to prolong his studies at Raffles Institution until 1929.

Journalism career
After graduating from Raffles Institution in 1929, Yusof began his career as a journalist and went into partnership with two other friends to publish, Sportsman, a sports magazine devoted entirely to sports. In 1932, Yusof joined Warta Malaya, a well-known newspaper during that time. Warta Malaya was heavily influenced by developments in the Middle East and Yusof wanted a newspaper dedicated to Malay issues. He fulfilled his vision by establishing Utusan Melayu with several Malay leaders in Singapore in May 1939.

During the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, Utusan Melayu had to stop circulation as machinery used to print the paper were requisitioned to publish the Japanese paper, Berita Malai. Yusof then moved back to Taiping and with the remaining money he had, he opened a provision shop and lived there until the war ended in 1945 and Utusan Melayu resumed publication. In 1957, Yusof moved to Kuala Lumpur and in February 1958, the headquarters of Utusan Melayu was also relocated to the city. During the post-war period, many Malays wanted independence of Malaya from the British and Yusof, fanned this fervour through his publications which resulted in the formation of the United Malay Nationalist Organisation (UMNO) in 1946. However, his democratic ideals were different from UMNO's vision of reestablishing the monarchy of Malaya. This resulted in rising tensions within the Utusan Melayu and in 1959, Yusof had sold his shares he had in the company and resigned as UMNO had bought over almost all of the shares of Utusan Melayu.

Political career and presidency
Yusof held several appointments within the Singaporean government, he had served on the Film Appeal Committee from 1948 to 1950 and was also a member of both the Nature Reserves Committee and Malayanisation Commission for a year. After his resignation from Utusan Melayu, Yusof took the position of Chairman of the Public Service Commission of Singapore at the invitation of then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew.

After PAP's victory from the 1959 Singaporean elections, Yusof was appointed as Yang di-Pertuan Negara and was sworn on 3 December 1959, During his time as Yang di-Pertuan Negara, Singapore was divided by racial conflicts. Yusof actively promoted multiculturalism and reached out to people of all races to help restore trust and confidence after the 1964 racial riots.

On 9 August 1965, Singapore was expelled from Malaysia and became an independent nation. The position of Yang di-Pertuan Negara was abolished and Yusof then became the first President of Singapore. As president, Yusof reached out to the people to reassure citizens astonished by Singapore's expulsion and continued to promote multiculturalism and a national identity within the country by visiting constituencies and reached out to different racial and religious groups.

Yusof served for three terms in office before he died on 23 November 1970 due to heart failure.

Family and personal life
Yusof is survived by his wife of 21 years, Puan Noor Aishah, and their three children, Orkid Kamariah, Imran, and Zuriana. Puan Noor Aishah continued her husband's legacy of public service and was the first Asian to become president of the Singapore Girl Guides Association. She and her now adult children were interviewed for the Channel NewsAsia documentary Daughters of Singapore, which screened in August 2015 as part of the SG50 celebrations and commemorated the spouses of Yusof Ishak and David Marshall, two pioneer leaders of Singapore.

Yusof participated in several sports in his youth. He won the Aw Boon Par Cup for boxing in 1932, and was the national lightweight champion in weightlifting in 1933. One of Yusof's hobbies was photography, and a collection of his photographs was donated to the National Archives of Singapore by his widow, Noor Aishah. He also cultivated orchids, and had the tennis courts at his residence on the Istana grounds, Sri Melati, converted into an orchid garden. He performed the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1963.

Legacy
The following institutions bear Yusof Ishak's name:

 * Yusof Ishak Secondary School, opened by then-Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew on 29 July 1966.
 * The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) was officially renamed in August 2015 as the ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute on Yusof's 105th birthday, so its name will call to mind Yusof's "vision of equality, justice, harmony and strength amid diversity".
 * Yusof Ishak House in National University of Singapore's Kent Ridge campus along Lower Kent Ridge Road.
 * Masjid Yusof Ishak in Woodlands. The opening of this mosque in 2017 was officiated by the former president's widow, Puan Noor Aishah, and witnessed by guests including Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs Yaacob Ibrahim, and Mufti Fatris Bakaram.

Other memorials include:
 * The current series of Singapore dollar notes, the portrait series issued from 1999 onwards, features Yusof Ishak.
 * In 2014, a wax figure of Yusof was unveiled at Madame Tussauds Singapore.
 * For the celebration of Singapore's 50th anniversary of independence (SG50) in 2015, Yusof Ishak was featured in all set of six SG50 Commemorative Notes for which he champions the caused of meritocracy, multi-racialism and modernization of Singapore.
 * Yusof is buried at Kranji State Cemetery, which is reserved for persons who have made a significant contribution to Singapore.

Senior appointments

 * Second Lieutenant, National Cadet Corps, 1933–
 * Writer, Editor, Rafflesian (Raffles Institution), 1933–
 * Founder, Sportsman (Magazine), 1933–
 * Managing Director, Accountant, Warta Malaya, 1933–
 * Founder, Managing Director, Utusan Melayu (first-ever Malay newspaper), 1939–1959
 * Chief, Member, Films Appeal Committee, 1948–1950
 * Chief, Member, Nature Reserves Committee, 1948–
 * Chief and Patron of the Arts Scene, Malayanisation Commission, Singapore Arts Society, 1948-1950
 * Chairman, Public Service Commission (Singapore), July 1959–
 * Colonel, Singapore Infantry Regiment, August 1963–
 * Chancellor, National University of Singapore, 1965–1970

Opening ceremonies
Yusof Ishak officiated many events including:
 * 1959 – Announced Singapore's application of membership to the United Nations
 * 1960 – Declares open to National Carnival, at Raffles Institution
 * 1960 – Opening Ceremony of Art Exhibition of the Children's Festival, at the Chinese Chamber of Commerce
 * 1961 – Opening of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Regional Conference
 * 1961 – Opening of the 9th International Bazaar in Aid of the Blind, at Victoria Memorial Hall
 * 1961 – Opening of The Malay Paintings Exhibition, at Victoria Memorial Hall
 * 1961 – Opening Ceremony of the Colour Slide Exhibition, at National Library of Singapore

 * 1961 – Opening of the Grand Prix, at Thomson Road
 * 1962 – Opening of the Malayan Writers Conference, at Victoria Memorial Hall
 * 1963 – Declares open to the Fourth Session of Legislative Assembly, at St. Andrew's Road
 * 1963 – Opening of the 14th annual open exhibition of Singapore Art Society, at Singapore Polytechnic
 * 1963 – Opening of the Road Safety Photographic Exhibition, at Victoria Memorial Hall
 * 1963 – Opening of the Second Malaysia Student Photographic Exhibition, at Singapore Polytechnic
 * 1963 – Opening of the Rotary Conference, at Victoria Memorial Hall
 * 1963 – Declares open to Orchid Flower Show, at Happy World Stadium
 * 1964 – Declares open to exhibition of photos, books and paintings, at Ramakrishna Mission
 * 1964 – Opening Ceremony of the Singapore Association for the Blind (Fun Fair), at Great World Park
 * 1964 – Opening of the Assembly Hall, at St John Headquarters
 * 1964 – Declares open to 15th Annual Art Exhibition, at Victoria Memorial Hall
 * 1964 – Declares open painting class by the Malay Youth Artists group, at Kampong Melayu Boys' School
 * 1965 – Opening of the Exhibition in conjunction with Anti-Leprosy Campaign, at Victoria Memorial Hall
 * 1965 – Opening of the Exhibition of Paintings By Six Artists, at Victoria Memorial Hall
 * 1965 – Opening of the National Language Month, at Singapore Conference Hall
 * 1966 – Opening of the National Language Book Show, at Victoria Memorial Hall
 * 1967 – Declares open to Singapore Grand Prix, at Thomson Road
 * 1967 – Declares open to 3rd Annual Al-Qur'an Reading Competition, at Geylang Serai Vocational School
 * 1969 – Opening of the Singapore Grand Prix 1969, at Thomson Road
 * 1970 – Opening of the Singapore Grand Prix 1970 circuit, at Thomson Road

And also his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah officiated many events including:
 * 1960 – Declares open to Family Planning Exhibition, at Victoria Memorial Hall, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1960 – Declares open to Art of Japanese Floral Arrangement Exhibition, in St Andrew's Mission Hospital, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1961 – Declares open to 'Sale of Work', Cheshire Home, at Telok Paku, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1961 – Declares open to The Flower Arrangement Demonstration Show, at National Library of Singapore, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1961 – Declares open to 'Sale of Work' and exhibition of Social Welfare Department, at Victoria Memorial Hall, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1963 – Opening of the Mammoth Exhibition and Sale-of-Work, at Victoria Memorial Hall, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1963 – Singapore Amateur Athletic Association Open Championship, at Farrer Park, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1964 – Declares open to 'Annual Sale of Work' for Tan Tock Seng Hospital, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1964 – Opening of the Ngee Ann College Exhibition, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1964 – Opening of the Flower Arranging and Sewing Exhibition, at Telok Kurau Malay School, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1965 – Commence of the Red Cross fun fair at Raffles Institution, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1965 – Declares open to Siglap Children's Festival, at St Patrick's School, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1965 – Opening of the Social Welfare Homes' Sale of Works, at Victoria Memorial Hall, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1965 – Opening of the Christmas Fair, at Victoria Memorial Hall, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1966 – Declares open to Girl Guides' fun fair, at Anthony Road Girls' School, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1967 – Declares open to Social Welfare Annual Sale of Work, at Victoria Memorial Hall, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1969 – Declares open to Raffles Institution "Ang Pow '69" carnival, at Bras Basah Road, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1970 – Young Women Muslim Association handicraft exhibition, at Haigsville Drive, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1970 – Opening of the National Safety First Council of Singapore's Home Safety Exhibition, at Singapore Conference Hall, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1970 – Opening of the Singapore Sogetsu Association's fifth annual floral exhibition, at Singapore Conference Hall, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah

Yusof Ishak also opened schools and institutions including:

 * 1960 – National Library of Singapore
 * 1960 – Community Centre, at Pulau Seraya
 * 1960 – Spastic Children's Association
 * 1960 – Scouts Golden Jubilee Camp, at Jurong
 * 1960 – Scouts Jubilee Camp, at Telok Paku
 * 1961 – Malayan Orchid Society
 * 1962 – Uttamram Chest Clinic, Singapore Anti-Tuberculosis Association (SATA)
 * 1962 – Masjid Tentera Di-Raja (Military Mosque)
 * 1963 – The National Theatre of Singapore (Panggong Negara), at Clemenceau Avenue
 * 1963 – Masjid Malabar (for Indian-Muslim communities)
 * 1964 – Singapore Association for the Blind
 * 1964 – Bank Negara's Singapore branch, at Empress Place
 * 1966 – Masjid Al-Abdul Razak, at Jalan Ismail

And also that of his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah including:
 * 1960 – Girl Guides' Golden Jubilee Camp, at Jurong Park, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1960 – Young Muslim Women Association, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1962 – Singapore Children's Society Convalescent Home, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1963 – Singapore School for the Deaf, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1967 – Young Women Muslim Association, at Haigsville Drive, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1968 – Park Road Creche (Day Care Center), by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1968 – Toa Payoh Girls' Home, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1969 – Singapore Association for Retarded Children's Lee Kong Chian Centre, at Margaret Drive, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah
 * 1970 – Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) hostel, at Fort Canning, by his wife Toh Puan Dr Noor Aishah

Other achievements:
 * 1932 - Boxing Champion, winning the Aw Boon Par cup 1932
 * 1933 - Weightlifting Champion, National Lightweight category

Honours of Singapore

 * Darjah Utama Temasek ribbon (1962–1996) ribbon.png Darjah Utama Temasek, 1st Class
 * Sijil Kemuliaan ribbon (1962–1996).png Sijil Kemuliaan, 1st Class
 * Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang ribbon (1968–1996).png Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang, 1st Class
 * Pingat Jasa Gemilang ribbon (1962–1996).png Pingat Jasa Gemilang, 1st Class
 * Honorary Doctor of Letters, (National University of Singapore)

Foreign honours

 * MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (S.M.N., Tun) (Malaysia)
 * MY-SEL Coronation Medal 1961.svg Pingat Kemahkotaan 1961 (Selangor)
 * BRU Family Order of Brunei 1st Class.svg Darjah Kerabat Laila Utama Yang Amat Dihormati (DK I, Dato Laila Utama) (Brunei), 1st Class
 * Order_of_St_John_(UK)_ribbon.png Knight of the Order of St John (United Kingdom)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yusof Ishak


text:
User talk:Nobs/Magdoff/alt

Source for "He recieved several letters of recommendations from David Weintraub, who also worked in the WPA. pg.7 (pdf)

 * I would question here the overreliance on the decrypts themselves, as in the case of the footnote which you supplanted in favor of one. To the average person it is not particularly clear what meeting is transpiring simply based on that photograph and so it would be better to insert a secondary source which makes reference to this meeting.  --TJive 11:40, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

As to HELMSMAN and AMT, do we need explaination as to who they are, or can it be done by links as above; it may need some explaination. nobs 01:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nobs/Magdoff/alt


text:
Talk:"Master Harold"...and the Boys

Cast list?
I don't know what standard has been established for theatre articles, but how about including a cast list from either the Yale premiere or the New York premiere? Based on the image accompanying the article, it looks like one version starred both Danny Glover and Željko Ivanek. --GentlemanGhost (talk) 20:00, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:"Master Harold"...and the Boys


text:
Talk:Advocacy

Define & Clarify the Difference Between Advocacy & Lobbying
Could someone please introduce a new first paragraph that better defines and clarifies the difference between advocacy (advocate) and lobbying (lobbyist); to make it clearer for the reader that these two words are not interchangeable.

(1) An advocate is someone who pleads in favour of; supports or recommends publicly, typically on behalf of others or to help others in a social context, and importantly; acts not for personal or financial gain or for others to gain financially or personally. Many advocates are unpaid, uncompensated volunteers who contribute knowledge, skills, expertise and time to societal (community, equity, public/human interest, patriotic) causes.

(2) A lobbyist is someone who is enlisted and compensated (financially or otherwise) to influence and achieve an outcome (typically a political outcome) on behalf of other persons or entities. The lobbyist gains personally from being compensated for their lobbying actions, and the persons or entities who enlist the lobbyist stand to gain personally or professionally from the lobbyist's successful actions or outcome/s.

Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.77.171.186 (talk) 23:48, 29 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Where are these definitions coming from? My understanding is that advocacy doesn't have to be public, and doesn't have to involve a social cause. I have no reason to think that financial gain has anything to do with the definition of advocacy -- as a matter of fact, I went to school to be a private, paid advocate, there are plenty of us, we're called lawyers. Furthermore, your definition of lobbyist is completely incorrect -- lobbying has nothing to do with payment, either, it's simply the process of trying to affect policy by speaking to legislators. Plenty of people lobby on their own, independently, for causes they believe in. Lobbying is just a very specific case of advocacy. Actually, you can call your congressman and schedule a meeting any time you want if you want to try out lobbying. I would recommend having one very specific thing you want to talk about, and never, ever changing the topic. If you go in asking for A, you might really make a difference. If you go in asking for A, B, and C, and the politician was already planning to do C, he's not going to think about A or B at all, he's just going to send you an email about how he did C and you are amazing. Daniel J. Hakimi (talk) 18:25, 6 June 2021 (UTC)

Less US centric please
Would it be possible to have a slightly less US centric take on this term? Here in the UK, advocacy generally refers to a very individual process of representation (not least in the mental health and disabilities fields), professional legal stuff (Scotland) or rights based campaigning. Don't think this is necessarily reflected in the current version. Maybe teh topic needs to split? GraemeE17 00:56, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * See advocate. I added a disambiguation to both articles. Hyacinth 08:23, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This disambiguation does not respond fully to Graeme's point. I have added a page on Independent Advocacy, but really this is just advocacy practised by independent people through advocacy schemes that are set up in certain ways.  What I want to ask is, is it right to separate 'independent' advocacy in this way, or should key parts of that definition be included in this article? Visctrix 22:16, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I do not remember nor read above having claimed to fully address GraemeE17's point. However, this is a wiki, and GraemeE17 could address his own points. Hyacinth 23:24, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * imho Advocacy is an ok title in the UK for this subject, an advocate is different and there is now a link to the appropriate article from the lead and elsewhere.

I was going to write a simple disambiguation page for this - but decided on a slightly different approach. This should help with the points by Visctrix and GraemeE17 (I hope). Also, it should respond to the proposal to merge this article with 'Interest group'. Rowmn (talk) 13:47, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

The problem is not just cultural but one about the scope of advocacy. I don't have time to suggest changes now except to say the definition adopted here is a very limited one. USAID has a much broader definition that locates advocacy within the context of a politically active society. This is linked to notions of advocacy as part of a 'democratic space'. The purpose of advocacy is to bring about change - not just to impact on policy and there are many strategies that can be used to bring that about - see Dan ChurchAid 'The ABC's of ADVOCACY for a simple explanation and a starting point for discussion. Mysteryrare (talk) 06:26, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

publicprivatedialogue.org
This link: Public Private Dialogue A resource for advocacy practitioners wishing to promote policy reforms through dialogue (sponsored by World Bank, IFC, OCED, DFID, GTZ) was added by an IP address registered to the World Bank Group (publicprivatedialogue.org is a World Bank project). In keeping with our conflict of interest and external links guidelines I've moved it here for consideration by regular editors of this article who are unaffiliated with the site. -- Siobhan Hansa 18:25, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Article wording
Is some of this copy and pasted from somewhere? Does no one else think the wording is atrocious and strange? Beach drifter (talk) 05:59, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It reads like an academic paper to me - I have pretty much replaced the lead para but the rest of the article needs some work to make it less academic and more encyclopedic imho. PeterEastern (talk) 23:31, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Might add some more information on the example of advocacy in the WASH sector
I've just added a link to water and sanitation issues to the article, including a reference by UNICEF. Advocacy is really important in the WASH sector... Hopefully, if I get around to it, I could flesh this out a bit - as one example of advocacy. If anyone has concerns about this or suggestions, let's discuss it here on the talk page. EvMsmile (talk) 07:09, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Advocacy


text:
Still Life (disambiguation)

A still life is a work of art depicting inanimate subject matter.

Still Life, The Still Life, or Still Lives may also refer to:

 * Category:Still life paintings
 * Still Life (Rufino Tamayo), a 1954 mural by Rufino Tamayo
 * Still life photography
 * Still life (cellular automaton), an unchanging pattern in a cellular automaton
 * Still Life (video game), a 2005 video game

Film

 * Still Life (1974 film), an Iranian film directed by Sohrab Shahid Saless
 * Still Life, a 1999 short film featuring Agnes Bernelle
 * Still Life (2006 film), a Chinese film directed by Jia Zhangke
 * The Still Life, a 2006 film by Joel A. Miller
 * Still Life (2007 film), a Filipino film by Katski Flores
 * Still Life (2013 film), a British film directed by Uberto Pasolini
 * Still Life (2014 film), an Argentinian thriller film by Gabriel Grieco

Television

 * "Still Life" (CSI), a 2005 episode
 * "Still Life" (The Dead Zone), a 2005 episode
 * "Still Life" (Medium), a 2005 episode
 * "Still Life" (The Twilight Zone), a 1986 episode
 * Still Life, an unaired 2003 series starring Jensen Ackles

Literature

 * Still Life (Byatt novel), a 1985 novel by A. S. Byatt
 * Still Life (Penny novel), a 2005 novel by Louise Penny
 * Still Life, a 2009 novel by Joy Fielding
 * The Still Life, a novel by David Chase
 * "Still-Life", a short story by Barry N. Malzberg (writing as K.M. O'Donnell), included in the 1972 anthology Again, Dangerous Visions
 * "Still Lives", a short story by Ian Potter in the 2002 Doctor Who anthology Short Trips: Zodiac
 * Still Life, a panel cartoon by Jerry Robinson

Music

 * Still Lives, a 1993 composition by Nicolas Collins

Performers

 * Still Life (1970s UK band), a progressive rock band, or their self-titled album
 * Still Life (US band), an emo/emocore band, or several self-titled singles and split albums

Albums

 * Still Life (American Standards album) or the title song, 2012
 * Still Life (Annie Haslam album) or the title song, 1985
 * Still Life (Aqualung album), 2003
 * Still Life (The Connells album) or the title song, 1998
 * Still Life (Dukes album), 2010
 * Still Life (Fates Warning album), 1998
 * Still Life (Kevin Morby album), 2014
 * Still Life (The Listening Pool album) or the title song, 1994
 * Still Life (Opeth album), 1999
 * Still Life (The Paradise Motel album), 1996
 * Still Life (Rolling Stones album), 1982
 * Still Life (Van der Graaf Generator album) or the title song, 1976
 * Still Life (Talking), by the Pat Metheny Group, 1987
 * The Still Life (album), by Alessi's Ark, 2013
 * Still Life, by Antischism, 1991
 * Still Life, by Kodomo, 2008

Songs

 * "Still Life" (BigBang song), 2022
 * "Still Life" (RM song), 2022
 * "Still Life", by Covenant from United States of Mind, 2000
 * "Still Life", by Dala from Best Day, 2012
 * "Still Life", by the Horrors from Skying, 2011
 * "Still Life", by Iron Maiden from Piece of Mind, 1983
 * "Still Life", by Men at Work from Two Hearts, 1985
 * "Still Life", by Nefilim from Zoon, 1996
 * "Still Life", by Oneohtrix Point Never from R Plus Seven, 2013
 * "Still Life", by Redgum from Frontline, 1984
 * "Still Life", by Suede from Dog Man Star, 1994

Theatre

 * Still Life (play), a 1936 play by Noël Coward
 * Still Life (Byrne play), a 1982 play in the Slab Boys Trilogy by John Byrne
 * Still Life, a 2007 play by Emily Mann

title: Still Life (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Maxcre8

Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Kasimir may not be well-known enough to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. By starting an account or logging in, each user is entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects. --Calton | Talk 00:58, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Kasimir_szekeres.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Kasimir_szekeres.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see User talk:Carnildo/images. 17:03, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maxcre8


text:
Talk:Lumophore

Just FYI - the real, correct term is luminophore, not lumophore. I'm not sure how to go about fixing it at this point. A lot of people, incorrectly, use lumophore when they actually mean luminophore, so it's probably worth having a stub here, but we should avoid the spreading of poor terminology, even if it's commonly used poor terminology. I'll see what I can do here. -C.

ok, changed to a redirect Decapod73 06:22, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lumophore


text:
Chloe Lattanzi

Chloe Rose Lattanzi (born January 17, 1986) is an American pop and country singer.

Personal life
Lattanzi was born on January 17, 1986, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of the late singer and actress Olivia Newton-John and actor Matt Lattanzi. Her parents divorced amicably in 1995. One of her maternal great-grandfathers was Nobel prize–winning physicist Max Born.

Since turning 18, Lattanzi has undergone numerous plastic surgery procedures, reportedly to a value in excess of $500,000. In 2013, she was treated for cocaine addiction. In 2017, she moved with her fiancé, martial arts trainer James Driskill to Portland, Oregon, where they bought a farm and started a marijuana business.

Musical career
In 2002, Lattanzi portrayed Chrissy in a Melbourne stage production of the 1960s musical Hair.

Lattanzi is the writer of "Can I Trust Your Arms", which appeared on her mother's 2005 hallmark album Stronger Than Before.

In 2008, Lattanzi appeared on the reality show Rock the Cradle, finishing in third place, following Jesse Blaze Snider and Crosby Loggins.

In October 2010, Lattanzi's debut single "Wings and a Gun" was released digitally in Japan.

Filmography

 * Paradise Beach (1993) (cameo in last episode of Australian television soap)
 * A Christmas Romance (1994) (TV movie)
 * Mannheim Steamroller's Christmas Angel (1998) (TV show)
 * The Enchanted Billabong (1999) (voice in Australian animated feature)
 * Bette (2001) (episode: "The Invisible Mom")
 * The Wilde Girls (2001) (TV movie)
 * Dead 7 (2016)
 * Sharknado 5: Global Swarming (2017) (TV movie)
 * Dancing with the Stars Australia (2020) (contestant)
 * ’’Deltopia’’ (2023)

title: Chloe Lattanzi


text:
Bachelor of Computing

A Bachelor of Computing (B.Comp.) is a bachelor's degree in computing. This degree is offered in a small number of universities, and varies slightly from a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Computer Science or Information Technology, a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (B.Sc IT.) or a Bachelor of Computer Science (B.CS.).

Academics
Most universities confer a Bachelor of Computing degree to a student after four years of full-time study (generally 120 credit hours) has been completed. This can include units regarding computing studies, however a large focus is placed on the integration of computing with either science, liberal arts, or business.

Potential specialisations within a B.Comp. vary greatly, and may include: Cognitive Science, Computer Science, Information Technology, Management Information Systems, Medical Informatics, Medical Imaging, Multimedia, or Software Engineering.

Job prospects
A Bachelor of Computing integrated with science can lead to various professional careers, ranging from data analysis and cyber security analysis to game designing and developing. Other fields in which this degree could be useful include business analysis, IT training, nanotechnology and network engineering.

title: Bachelor of Computing


text:
User:EatMe

Status
Sex:Male

Common Nicknames for me: Chicken Mcgee, Coolio, The Real Slim Shady

Wikifriends:Howabout1

Cows rule.

I am a former Anonymex(Wikipedia vandal) who has decided to stop vandalizing. I have had many sock puppets, but I am a loyal Wikipedian who wants to be an adminastrator. I know how the enemy thinks. Some articles I have written are:

 * Booji Boy

 * The Complete Truth About De-Evolution

 * The Compleat Al

This is a favorite of mine:

User:Elfguy

This is a photo of me on my birthday:

That oughta hold the little s.o.b.s.

PLEASE VANDALIZE BELOW THE LINE
First post! W00t! — 64.26.65.85 22:34, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC) Randomly vandalyzing out of boredom. Keep it cool, ya hear? Chercher E. 22:36, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Change of heart noted
I've read your apology for vandalism on my user page. Accepted, thanks. Barno 7 July 2005 20:40 (UTC)

Category:Humor

title: User:EatMe


text:
Stopsley

Stopsley is a suburb in the north-east of Luton, Bedfordshire, England. The area is roughly bounded by the edge of Luton to the north, Vauxhall Way and Turners Road North to the south, Bradgers Hill to the west, and Cannon Lane, Stapleford Road and Brays Road to the east.

Etymology
Frederick Davis, writing in 1965 believed the name of Stopsley to come from Scrobbale, (in Saxon;) Scrapes or Scroppeslie, (in Norman;) Shrubsley, (in English.;) meaning a hill covered with scrobbes (shrubs or underwood.) Most modern etymologists consider the name to be made up of two elements 'Stopp' and 'ley'. dating between AD 750 and AD 950. The ending comes from the Old English 'leah' meaning a wood or clearing in a wood. 'Stopp' was a personal name and indicated ownership of the wood or clearing. It appears as 'Stopeslegh in Soca de Luton' in a (Latin) law record, dated 1440.

Originally a hill-top village settlement, on 1 April 1896 it became a civil parish, formed from part of the parish of Luton Rural, on 1 April 1933 most of the urbanised part of the parish of Stopsley became part of Luton when the boundaries were extended, with the rural areas going to Hyde and Streatley with Sharpenhoe. In 1931 the parish had a population of 1474.

Local area
The centre of Stopsley is made up of a variety of shops around a village church. From a distance the skyline is dominated by Jansel House, an office block built in 1961 which houses the Luton VAT office over a parade of shops at street level. One of Luton's two cemeteries, The Vale, is located nearby on the Hitchin Road.

Politics
Stopsley is part of the larger Stopsley ward which also includes Putteridge and part of Ramridge End. The ward is represented by Cllr David Wynn (Liberal Democrats) and Cllr Richard Underwood (Liberal Democrats). The ward forms part of the parliamentary constituency of Luton South and the MP is Rachel Hopkins (Labour Party).

Education
Stopsley includes the specialist Sports College, Stopsley High School. Notable alumni include professional cricketer Monty Panesar. In the 1960s, Stopsley Infant and Junior School pupils included Alec Jeffreys, who went on to discover the DNA genetic fingerprint. He is now Professor of Genetics at Leicester University and was Knighted in 1994. Another pupil, David Renwick, created the television series 'One Foot in the Grave' and 'Jonathan Creek'. Both went on to study at Luton Grammar School and Luton Sixth Form College.

title: Stopsley


text:
User talk:EatMe

Hi and welcome to my talk page. I will delete personal attacks, but feel free to put pretty much whatever on here. I will respond on your talk page.

Archives
 * Archive 1
 * Archive 2

Edit reversions
If you take a look at the history of If_You_Leave_Me_Now, you'll see that a person with very similar IP addresses continues to insert the same editorial content into the posting. It's definitely not vandalism, but it doesn't belong and is annoying nonetheless. Ideas for what to do? It's not a registered user. --Cholmes75 13:02, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

The reversion you performed was undone once again by someone from the same domain. I reverted that. I'm sure this would continue indefinitely, so any ideas? --Cholmes75 16:50, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Barnstars
Thank you for trying to explain how to put a barnstar on someone's page, but it didn't work. Please explain exactly how I am supposed for reference the barnstar. Am I supposed to copy the graphic itself, or a link to it, or what?

In particular, if I want to put the workingman's barnstar on someone's user page, how do I do that?

Robert McClenon 15:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

anagrams
Hi - I saw your anagram question on user:Theresa Knott's talk page. There are numerous anagram generators on the web, for example this one (but many of the suggestions aren't very sensible). -- Rick Block (talk) 04:07, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

thanks for supporting me
Hello, just a quick note to express my gratitude for your support of my RfA. I'm sure I'll become a familiar face on places like the Administrator's Noticeboard and Requests for Adminship, as well as the murkier parts of my new job. "From everyone who has been given much, much will be demanded; and from the one who has been entrusted with much, much more will be asked." (Luke 12:48, NIV) Never was a truer word spoken. I feel empowered, yes, but not in the "oooh cool delete button!" way I was kind of expecting. Already I feel the weight of the responsibility I have now been entrusted with, a weight that will no doubt reduce given time. Thank you for believing in me. :) GarrettTalk 10:09, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

RFA
Don't feel bad about it, it costs most people several months and several thousands of edits, but good people are always eventually nominated. Yours, Radiant_ >|< 15:22, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Same here. My opposition is more out of concern that you're grabbing for the ring of adminship for the sake of having it.  Convince one of my peers to nominate you and I'll support quite willingly.  Kelly Martin 00:50, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Post
I'm so sorry I didn't help support you. I haven't been on in a while, and didn't realize it. Next time I'll definitly help you. You would make a great adminastrator. Radiant >|< is right. By the way, I was wondering, how many edits have you made? Plus, check this out- "Weird Al" Yankovic.-- Anti-Anonymex2 ]]Come to my page!>|Vote on my RfA! 20:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Response
My name doesn't lead to Mel Etitis's page(I'm not saying this like I'm angry). Did you mean it looks like it? I was trying to make it look like it.-- Anti-Anonymex2 Come to my page! 20:56, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Thank You + ?
Thanks, now I understand. And, I was wondering, what is a Wikifriend?-- Anti-Anonymex2 Come to my page! 21:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

You Know Who
How do you get on the list of new pages? And I've got good news. I've nominated you!-- Anti-Anonymex2 Come to my page! I've gone caliente loco! 01:00, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

User and talk pages
Why do you have user:Anti-Anonymex2's user page and my talk page? Howabout1 Talk to me! 04:05, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

User and talk pages
Seriously, dude; this is just stupid. Change your user page and talk page. If you wanna be a comedian(which you're not succeeding at) then do something original on you user page or on Uncyclopedia. They might even kick you off there, because you are not funny.-- Anti-Anonymex2 Come to my page! I've gone caliente loco! 12:33, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

= Anti-Anonymex2 Come to my page! I've gone caliente loco! = I mean it! Change your pages. As soon as you get on, remake it, or I will destroy it.-- Anti-Anonymex2 Come to my page! I've gone caliente loco! 12:45, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Have the courage to answer me!-- Anti-Anonymex2 Come to my page! I've gone caliente loco! 20:16, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

You coward!-- Anti-Anonymex2 Come to my page! I've gone caliente loco! 22:32, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

|              ||||_

title: User talk:EatMe


text:
User talk:Kingpenguin

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

— Pekinensis 01:03, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Suzi_rawn.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Suzi_rawn.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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AfD nomination of Bichon-Shih Tzu
An editor has nominated Bichon-Shih Tzu, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not"). Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. Jayden54Bot 21:57, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kingpenguin


text:
User:Whatsisname

Userboxen I createn(d)
See User:Whatsisname/Userboxen

Using templates that are located in the User: namespace
See User:Whatsisname/Template Testbed

The first wiki suicide bomb!
Oh no!!!!

It's happening now, people! Run for your lives!!

(Actually I just wanted to see what would happen)

I am a shared IP address
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text:
Red-bellied black snake

The red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae, indigenous to Australia. Originally described by George Shaw in 1794 as a species new to science, it is one of eastern Australia's most commonly encountered snakes. Averaging around 1.25 m in length, it has glossy black upperparts, bright red or orange flanks, and a pink or dull red belly. It is not aggressive and generally retreats from human encounters, but can attack if provoked. Although its venom can cause significant illness, no deaths have been recorded from its bite, which is less venomous than other Australian elapid snakes. The venom contains neurotoxins, myotoxins, and coagulants and has haemolytic properties. Victims can also lose their sense of smell.

Common in woodlands, forests, swamplands, along river banks and waterways the red-bellied black snake often ventures into nearby urban areas. It forages in bodies of shallow water, commonly with tangles of water plants and logs, where it hunts its main prey item, frogs, as well as fish, reptiles, and small mammals. The snake is a least-concern species according to the IUCN, but its numbers are thought to be declining due to habitat fragmentation and decline of frog populations.

Taxonomy
The red-bellied black snake was first described and named by English naturalist George Shaw in Zoology of New Holland (1794) as Coluber porphyriacus. Incorrectly assuming it was harmless and not venomous, he wrote, "This beautiful snake, which appears to be unprovided with tubular teeth or fangs, and consequently not of a venomous nature, is three, sometimes four, feet in nature." The species name is derived from the Greek porphyrous, which can mean "dark purple", "red-purple" or "beauteous". It was the first Australian elapid snake described. The syntype is presumed lost. French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède described it under the name Trimeresurus leptocephalus in 1804. His countryman René Lesson described it as Acanthophis tortor in 1826. German biologist Hermann Schlegel felt it was allied with cobras and called it Naja porphyrica in 1837.

The genus Pseudechis was created for this species by German biologist Johann Georg Wagler in 1830; several more species have been added to the genus subsequently. The name is derived from the Greek words pseudēs "false", and echis "viper". Snake expert Eric Worrell, in 1961, analysed the skulls of the genus and found that of the red-bellied black snake to be the most divergent. Its position as an early offshoot from the rest of the genus has been confirmed genetically in 2017.

In addition to red-bellied black snake, the species has been called common black snake, redbelly, and RBBS. It was known as djirrabidi to the Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney basin.

Description
The red-bellied black snake has a glossy black top body with a light-grey snout and brown mouth, and a completely black tail. It lacks a well-defined neck; its head merges seamlessly into the body. Its flanks are bright red or orange, fading to pink or dull red on the belly. All these scales have black margins. Snakes from northern populations tend to have lighter, more cream or pink bellies. The red-bellied black snake is on average around 1.25 m long, the largest individual recorded at 2.55 m. Males are generally slightly larger than females. A large 2 m specimen caught in Newcastle has been estimated to weigh around 10 kg. The red-bellied black snake can have a strong smell, which some field experts have used to find the snakes in the wild.

Like all elapid snakes, it is proteroglyphous (front-fanged). Juveniles are similar to the eastern small-eyed snake (Cryptophis nigrescens), with which they can be easily confused, although the latter species lacks the red flanks. Other similar species include the blue-bellied black snake (Pseudechis guttatus) and copperheads of the genus Austrelaps. An early misconception was that the red-bellied black snake was sexually dimorphic, and that the eastern brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) was the female form. This error was recognised as such by Australian zoologist Gerard Krefft in his 1869 work Snakes of Australia.

Scalation
The number and arrangement of scales on a snake's body are a key element of identification to species level. The red-bellied black snake has 17 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 180 to 215 ventral scales, 48 to 60 subcaudal scales (the anterior—and sometimes all—subcaudals are undivided), and a divided anal scale. There are two anterior and two posterior temporal scales, and the rostral shield is roughly square-shaped.

Distribution and habitat
The red-bellied black snake is native to the east coast of Australia, where it is one of the most commonly encountered snakes. It can be found in the urban forest, woodland, plains, and bushland areas of the Blue Mountains, Canberra, Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Cairns, and Adelaide. The Macquarie Marshes mark a western border to its distribution in New South Wales, and Gladstone in central Queensland marks the northern limit to the main population. To the south, it occurs across eastern and central Victoria, and extends along the Murray River into South Australia. Disjunct populations occur in the southern Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia and in North Queensland.

The red-bellied black snake is most commonly seen close to dams, streams, billabongs, and other bodies of water, although they can venture up to 100 m away, including into nearby backyards. In particular, the red-bellied black snake prefers areas of shallow water with tangles of water plants, logs, or debris.

Behaviour
Red-bellied black snakes can hide in many places in their habitat, including logs, old mammal burrows, and grass tussocks. They can flee into water and hide there; one was reported as staying submerged for 23 minutes. When swimming, they may hold their full head or the nostrils above the water's surface. At times, they may float without moving on the water surface, thus looking like a stick. Within their habitat, red-bellied black snakes appear to have ranges or territories with which they are familiar and generally remain within. A 1987 field study in three New South Wales localities found that these areas vary widely, from 0.02 to 40 ha in size. Within their territory, they may have some preferred places to reside.

The red-bellied black snake is generally not an aggressive species, typically withdrawing when approached. If provoked, it recoils into a striking stance as a threat, holding its head and front part of its body horizontally above the ground and widening and flattening its neck. It may bite as a last resort. It is generally active by day, though nighttime activity has occasionally been recorded. When not hunting or basking, it may be found beneath timber, rocks, and rubbish or down holes and burrows.

Snakes are active when their body temperatures are between 28 and 31 C. They also thermoregulate by basking in warm, sunny spots in the cool, early morning and rest in shade in the middle of hot days, and may reduce their activity in hot, dry weather in late summer and autumn. Rather than entering true hibernation, red-bellied black snakes become relatively inactive over winter, retreating to cover and at times emerging on warm, sunny days. Their dark colour allows them to absorb heat from sunshine more quickly. In July 1949, six large individuals were found hibernating under a concrete slab in marshland in Woy Woy, New South Wales. Groups of up to six hibernating red-bellied black snakes have been recorded from under concrete slabs around Mount Druitt and Rooty Hill in western Sydney. Males are more active in the Southern Hemisphere spring (early October to November) as they roam looking for mates; one reportedly travelled 1220 m in a day. In summer, both sexes are less active generally.

Reproduction
In spring, male red-bellied black snakes often engage in ritualised combat for 2 to 30 minutes, even attacking other males already mating with females. They wrestle vigorously, but rarely bite, and engage in head-pushing contests, where each snake tries to push his opponent's head downward with his chin.

The male seeks out a female and rubs his chin on her body, and may twitch, hiss, and rarely bite as he becomes aroused. The female indicates readiness to mate by straightening out and allowing their bodies to align. Pregnancy takes place any time from early spring to late summer. Females become much less active and band together in small groups in late pregnancy. They share the same retreat and bask in the sun together. The red-bellied black snake is ovoviviparous; that is, it gives birth to live young in individual membranous sacs, after 14 weeks' gestation, usually in February or March. The young, numbering between eight and 40, emerge from their sacs very shortly after birth, and have an average length around 12.2 cm. Young snakes almost triple their length and increase their weight 18-fold in their first year of life, and are sexually mature when they reach SVL (snoutvent length) of 78 cm for males or 88 cm for females. Females can breed at around 31 months of age, while males can slightly earlier. Red-bellied black snakes can live up to 25 years.

Feeding
The diet of red-bellied black snakes primarily consists of frogs, but they also prey on reptiles and small mammals. They also eat other snakes, commonly eastern brown snakes and even their own species. Fish are hunted in water. Red-bellied black snakes may hunt on or under the water surface, and prey can be eaten underwater or brought to the surface. They have been recorded stirring up substrate, possibly to disturb prey. As red-bellied black snakes grow and mature, they continue to eat the same size prey, but add larger animals, as well. Although they prefer live food, red-bellied black snakes have been reported eating frogs squashed by cars.

They are susceptible to cane toad (Rhinella marina) toxins. The introduction of cane toads in Australia dates to 1935, when they were introduced in an attempt at biological control of native beetles, which were damaging sugarcane fields (a non-native plant). The intervention failed, mostly because the toads are on the ground, while the beetles feed on leaves at the top of the plant. One research study concluded that in less than 75 years, the red-bellied black snake had evolved in toad-inhabited regions of Australia to have increased resistance to toad toxin and decreased preference for toads as prey.

Venom
Early settlers feared the red-bellied black snake, though it turned out to be much less dangerous than many other species. The murine median lethal dose (LD50) is 2.52 mg/kg when administered subcutaneously. A red-bellied black snake yields an average of 37 mg of venom when milked, with the maximum recorded being 94 mg. It accounted for 16% of identified snakebite victims in Australia between 2005 and 2015, with no deaths recorded. Its venom contains neurotoxins, myotoxins, and coagulants and also has haemolytic properties.

Bites from red-bellied black snakes can be very painful—needing analgesia—and result in local swelling, prolonged bleeding, and even local necrosis, particularly if the bite is on a finger. Severe local reactions may require surgical debridement or even amputation. Symptoms of systemic envenomation—including nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, or excessive sweating—were thought to be rare, but a 2010 review found they occurred in most bite victims. Most people also go on to develop an anticoagulant coagulopathy in a few hours. This is characterised by a raised activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and subsides over 24 hours. It resolves quickly with antivenom. A few people go on to develop a myotoxicity and associated generalised muscle pain and occasionally weakness, which may last up to 7 days. Patients may suffer a loss of sense of smell (anosmia); this is unrelated to the severity of the envenoming and can be temporary or permanent. Although the venom contains the three-finger toxin α-elapitoxin-Ppr1, which acts as a neurotoxin in laboratory experiments, neurotoxic symptoms are generally absent in clinical cases.

A biologically active agent—pseudexin—was isolated from red-bellied black snake venom in 1981. Making up 25% of the venom, it is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight around 16.5 kilodaltons. In 1989, it was found to be composed of three phospholipase A2 isoenzymes. If antivenom is indicated, red-bellied black snake bites are generally treated with tiger snake antivenom. While black snake antivenom can be used, tiger snake antivenom can be used at a lower volume and is a cheaper treatment.

It is the most commonly reported species responsible for envenomed dogs in New South Wales. In 2006, a 12-year-old golden retriever suffered rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury secondary to a red-bellied black snake bite. Laboratory testing has found that cats are relatively resistant to the venom, with a lethal dose as high as 7 mg/kg.

Conservation and threats
The red-bellied black snake is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Its preferred habitat has been particularly vulnerable to urban development and is highly fragmented, and a widespread decline in frogs, which are its preferred prey, has occurred. Snake numbers appear to have declined. Feral cats are known to prey on red-bellied black snakes, while young snakes presumably are taken by laughing kookaburras (Dacelo novaeguineae), brown falcons (Falco berigora), and other raptors.

Captivity
One of the snakes commonly kept as pets in Australia, the red-bellied black snake adapts readily to captivity and lives on a supply of mice, though it can also survive on fish fillets, chicken, and dog food.

title: Red-bellied black snake


text:
National Campus and Community Radio Association

The National Campus and Community Radio Association/L'Association nationale des radios étudiantes et communautaires (NCRA/ANREC) is a non-profit organization of campus radio and community radio stations in Canada.

It represents the interests of the sector to government (particularly the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)) and other agencies, and promotes community radio in Canada. Since 1981, it has helped lower tariffs affecting radio stations and assisted new stations to launch, as well as to obtain operating funds. Core initiatives include GroundWire, Dig Your Roots, !earshot, Women’s Hands and Voices, the Community Radio Fund of Canada, sector-wide mailing lists, and an annual radio conference.

The head office of the NCRA/ANREC is located in Ottawa. A majority of English-language campus and community radio stations in Canada are members of the NCRA.

History
In February 1981, the first National Campus Radio Conference (NCRC) was held in Ottawa, hosted by CKCU. At that conference, the National Campus/Community Radio Organization (NCRO) was formed to promote campus radio across Canada. In August 1983, NCRC delegates voted to formalize the structure of the NCRO further and to establish a volunteer office to carry out a variety of services for member stations. The office initially operated from CKCU-FM, at Carleton University in Ottawa. That year the Alternative Radio News Service, a regular mailout of alternative news and information to campus and community stations, was started at CKMS-FM at the University of Waterloo.

In the early years, the NCRO published a monthly newsletter and alternative album chart. It also made presentations to the CRTC on a number of issues relating to community radio in Canada, including efforts to reduce content restrictions the CRTC had placed on the limited form of commercial advertising allowed on campus and community stations at the time. The organization was also actively involved in assisting the growing number of campus-based radio groups applying for FM radio licenses in the early 1980s.

In July 1986 the NCRO was incorporated as the National Campus and Community Radio Association Inc./L'Association nationale de radios étudiantes et communautaires Inc. (NCRA/ANREC). In the early 1990s, there was a national office and executive director for a short period of time, but due to lack of stable funding, among other problems, the office closed after less than one year. In February 2002, a new office was formed in Montreal with a national coordinator, which moved to Ottawa in May 2005, where it currently operates.

Chart and !earshot
The Canadian music magazine Chart was founded as an internal NCRA/ANREC publication; when it incorporated as an independent newsstand title, the NCRA began publishing !earshot, which is a regular supplement in Exclaim!. Many campus and community radio stations continue to file airplay charts with both publications.

Dig Your Roots
In 2001, after Corus Entertainment, a major broadcasting company in Canada, bought out a number of radio stations across Canada, as per federal regulations the CRTC required that they put a total of 6% of the assets from this transfer of ownership towards artist development. The money was given by Corus Entertainment to the NCRA/ANREC to start up and maintain the Dig Your Roots/Découvre tes racines project, a series of genre-specific compilation albums that coincided with live concert simulcast broadcasts. Dig Your Roots concluded in 2007.

National Campus and Community Radio Conference
The NCRC is an annual national gathering of community-oriented radio broadcasters. It has been offered every summer since 1981, and it is one of the core activities of the NCRA/ANREC. It is usually hosted by a different radio station in different locations each year. During the conference, delegates attend workshops, seminars, the annual general meeting of the NCRA (during which board members are elected, the treasurer's report is approved, the business of the association is accomplished by the membership, and the next conference's host radio station selected), seminars, live shows, and feature presentations.

National Women in Radio Conference
Up until 2012, a Women in Radio Conference was held during the national conference. This was replaced with the Equity Radio Day to be held on a weekend during the conference.

Conferences

 * 1981 CKCU - Ottawa, ON
 * 1983 In conjunction with first AMARC conference, Montreal, QC
 * 1984 CITR – Vancouver, BC
 * 1985 CHSR – Fredericton, NB
 * 1986 CJSW – Calgary, AB
 * 1987 CKLN – Toronto, ON
 * 1988 CKDU – Halifax, NS
 * 1989 CFUV – Victoria, BC
 * 1990 CJSW – Calgary, AB
 * 1991 CKUT – Montreal, QC
 * 1992 CITR – Vancouver, BC
 * 1993 CFLR – Sudbury, ON
 * 1994 CHSR – Fredericton, NB
 * 1995 CJSR – Edmonton, AB
 * 1996 CFMU – Hamilton, ON
 * 1997 CIUT – Toronto, ON
 * 1998 CFUV – Victoria, BC
 * 1999 CKDU – Halifax, NS
 * 2000 CKUW – Winnipeg, MB
 * 2001 CHUO – Ottawa, ON
 * 2002 CFMH – Saint John, NB
 * 2003 CKUW – Winnipeg, MB
 * 2004 CJSR – Edmonton, AB
 * 2005 CFRU – Guelph, ON
 * 2006 NCRA/ANREC – Ottawa, ON
 * 2007 CITR – Vancouver, BC
 * 2008 CJAM – Windsor, ON
 * 2009 CKUT - Montreal, QC
 * 2010 CKGI - Gabriola Community Radio - Gabriola Island, BC
 * 2011 CKDU - Halifax, Nova Scotia
 * 2012 CFRC - Kingston, Ontario
 * 2013 CKUW - Winnipeg, MB
 * 2014 CFUV - Victoria, BC
 * 2015 CFMH - Saint John, NB
 * 2016 CHUO - Ottawa, ON
 * 2017 CIVL - Abbotsford, BC


text: User talk:69.169.71.178

title: User talk:69.169.71.178


text:
Amla

Amla may refer to:

 * Indian gooseberry, called amla in Hindi and called "आवळा" in Marathi language
 * Hashim Amla (born 1983), South African cricketer of Indian descent
 * Ahmed Amla (born 1979), South African cricketer and brother of Hashim
 * Amla, Madhya Pradesh, a town in Madhya Pradesh, India
 * Amla (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Madhya Pradesh

title: Amla


text:
Talk:Master of the Horse

Untitled
Equites is often translated as Knights. So Would not Master Of Knights also be an acceptable interpretation? --R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 01:10, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

No, not in this case. The Equites were a social class with military overtones and implications which, quite frankly, do not really need to be gone into here. Suffice it to say that the Magister Equitum was referring to the cavalry and is translated uniformly as the Master of Horse. Simply put, Eques means horseman or cavalry first and the equestrian order second, in this case. Admittedly, the Equites would have been under the command of the Magister Equitum, provided they were mounted on the horses they were able to afford, but this is not a guaranteed thing.

Koniuszy/Konyushy mergeto
Why have those two stubs, if they can become sections of this article?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 03:50, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

WPMILHIST Assessment
A fine start, and a very interesting topic; some of the sections are quite short, but the length of the article overall, and the obvious level of effort put into it, seems to warrant a B. The introduction could use some work, however. Might be helpful to put "military post" or "appointed government position" or the like, as "position" by itself isn't quite clear enough, I think. Also, while I realize it's a very broad topic covering a wide range of differing meanings of the term across time and space, I'm just generally against one-line intro paragraphs. See what you can do about expanding this, summarizing the content of the rest of the article, and/or describing the overall significance or notability of the subject. LordAmeth 23:27, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Origin of constable
Anyone know if this is the origin of the term constable, which apparently comes from the Latin comes stabuli (keeper of the stables)? bobanny 02:36, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Master of the Horse is incorrect
The latin word for "of the Horse" is "equi", genitive of equus. Equitum means "of the Chivalry" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Abate Breuil (talk • contribs) 20:56, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * You are correct, except that "horse" here is a collective noun, meaning the cavalry or knights as a whole. Definition 6 here: "Mounted soldiers; cavalry: a squadron of horse." It's the standard English translation by custom, even though it sits poorly with 21st-century idiom. Cynwolfe (talk) 19:08, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 17:37, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Dismissable Magister Equitum?
The article says: "if the first Magister Equitum either died or was dismissed during the six months of the dictatorship, another had to be nominated in his stead". I'm not exactly sure here, but to my mind Livy states that Dictator did not have the authority to dismiss Magister Equitum, and I do not remember any occasion when a new one was selected instead of dead one - although Livy states at least one casulaty of such magistrate in 2nd Punic war, he does not say about new one being appointed213.208.171.147 (talk) 12:21, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

SPQR graphic
Since the article is not confined to the Magister equitum of ancient Rome, it doesn't seem as if the SPQR graphic should dominate the page. This happens with some other articles too; sometimes the article originally had dealt only with the subject in ancient Rome, and then was expanded. The graphic should be placed within the relevant section; if it's too large, a collapsed form should be used, and if the graphic doesn't have a compact form, I guess I think it shouldn't be used. But I offer this only as an opinion. Cynwolfe (talk) 19:14, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Requested move 29 October 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved Natg 19 (talk) 00:39, 6 November 2015 (UTC)

Master of the Horse → Master of the horse – This is not about a specific office called Master of the Horse, which would be capitalised, but a generic category of offices in various different countries. There is therefore no need to capitalise it as it is not a proper name. Initial move disputed. Incidentally, despite the claim when it was moved back to the capitalised form, the "horse" in the title does not generally refer to the cavalry but to an archaic singular usage of horses, as this official was most commonly head of the royal stables. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:33, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose: per, this is a proper name and title.   Montanabw (talk)  23:13, 29 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Only when used to refer to a specific post. So Master of the Horse (United Kingdom) would be a proper name, as it is a specific post held by a single individual at any one time. But master of the horse when used generically, as it is here, would not be. It's no more of a proper name than is, say, prime minister or field marshal, neither of which we capitalise. Why is this an exception? Because it's got a definite article in it? That's illogical. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:17, 30 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Side issue per your reasoning, Master of the horse (Kingdom of Hungary) should probably be capitalized. One non-policy reason I'd see for keeping the capitalization of the nommed page is that uncapitalized it makes me think of a horse trainer and not an office title. Randy Kryn 11:28, 30 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Indeed it should. -- Necrothesp (talk) 11:32, 30 October 2015 (UTC)
 * And now it has been! -- Necrothesp (talk) 11:33, 30 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks, you ride a fast horse. Side issue resolved and put out to pasture. Randy Kryn 11:37, 30 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Wherever this title is used, it's a title, even in translation, and so it makes sense to capitalize Horse. I might not object to seeing it written generically as master of the horse if I saw it in text, providing that the context were clear, as I routinely don't capitalize senate, consul, or dictator when writing on Roman topics.  But then the context is usually clear, and it's at best a matter of style.  For an article title I think I would treat it as a proper noun with both Master and Horse capitalized to avoid confusion.  P Aculeius (talk) 12:03, 30 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This is a formal title and should be capitalized. White Arabian mare  ( Neigh ) 18:37, 2 November 2015 (UTC)White Arabian mare
 * Oppose as proposed. makes a valid point: if this is a general job-title, then there's no reason for it to be capitalised. But it isn't, it's the formal title of a job in Britain, and detail of a lot of other similar jobs in other countries has been shoe-horned in, some of them with fairly suspect translations. Options are probably: (1) leave well alone; (2) move to a general title such as, say,, and make a separate page for the British position if desired, as there already is for that in Hungary. No opinion on which of those would be preferable. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 19:28, 5 November 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Master of the Horse


text:
Talk:Agricultural Bank of China

Main google finance reference is wrong
The first reference is to the wrong company: the reference is to ICBC, not ABoC. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.169.189.190 (talk) 10:58, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:12, 9 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Agricultural Bank of China.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:09, 9 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Agricultural Bank of China logo.svg

title: Talk:Agricultural Bank of China


text:
Burrard Street

Burrard Street is a major thoroughfare in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is the central street of Downtown Vancouver and the Financial District. The street is named for Burrard Inlet, located at its northern terminus, which in turn is named for Sir Harry Burrard-Neale.

The street starts at Canada Place near the Burrard Inlet, then runs southwest through downtown Vancouver. It crosses False Creek via the Burrard Bridge. South of False Creek, on what used to be called Cedar Street before the completion of the bridge in 1932, the street runs due south until the intersection with West 16th Avenue.

The intersection of Burrard Street and Georgia Street is considered to be the centrepoint of Downtown Vancouver, along with the more tourist-oriented and upscale shopping-spirited intersection of Burrard Street and Robson Street to the south. At and due northeast of the centre is the heart of the Financial District. Further down closer to Vancouver Harbour stands the historic Marine Building, an Art Deco masterpiece, opened in 1930, two years before the Art Deco pylons of the Burrard Bridge at the opposite end of the street. Finally at the Harbour lies Canada Place and the Vancouver Convention Centre.

Nearer to Burrard Bridge is located St. Paul's Hospital, established on Burrard Street in 1894.

Burrard Street served as the dividing line between the two district lots laid out on the downtown peninsula in the second half of the 19th century: District Lot 185 (now West End) and District Lot 541 (granted to the Canadian Pacific Railway). The two grids were oriented differently, with the result that only every third northwest-southeast street in DL185 actually continuing southeast beyond Burrard into DL541. Burrard currently serves as the boundary between West End and Downtown, as defined by the City of Vancouver.

Burrard Street is served by SkyTrain's Burrard Station, located underground between the intersections with Melville and Dunsmuir Streets in the heart of the Financial District. Along the downtown portion, there is a bike lane on the southwest-bound direction towards the Burrard Bridge.

title: Burrard Street


text:
Talk:Galactic (band)

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 01:13, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have merged this article into Galactic. This one should be deleted.

title: Talk:Galactic (band)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Italian of the east

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deleting as it will automatically find Italian of the East and redirect itself (I hope). Sasquatch′↔T↔C 07:34, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

Italian of the east
This is an exact copy from the Telugu entry, except an outside link was added. Also, there's already a page titled Italian of the East, with the only difference being the capitalization of East. Suggest this be deleted or redirected to Telugu. DNicholls 01:13, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirects are cheap. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 02:44, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete content duplication. JamesBurns 05:04, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Telugu. --Angr/undefined 07:56, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Telugu like Italian of the East does. Thryduulf 19:46, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, Pavel Vozenilek 22:49, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.