text:
Talk:Islam/External links

''This is a collection of various discussions about external links in the Islam article. It has been refactored. The original version of this page contains copies of the comments exactly as they were at the time this page was created.''

''Please restrict comments only to the issue of which external links to include and exclude. Discussion on other topics should go back to the main talk page.''

From Talk:Islam/Archive 2

 * User:Usedbook: 'fruitofislam' [ed: site no longer exists ] is objectionable and/or offensive. Should it be in the article? If it is, shouldn't it have a warning attached? Would such a thing be acceptable in articles on other religions?
 * User:Reddi: Either that link or a link to another site critical of Islam should be here. The link should have a disclaimer. Nobody is forced to click it. The reader has a right to see this view if they want. Links of this type should be acceptable in articles on other religions, yes. Other sites linked express points of view; why not this one?

 * Usedbook: Some links do get removed. 'fruitofislam' seems hateful and non-academic; it includes, for example, graphic photographs of corpses.
 * Reddi: Links shouldn't be removed simply because they offend people. Sometimes graphic information is needed. Will try to find a more moderate and scholarly critical view instead of reposting the link.

 * Silsor: The link was spammed, here and elsewhere, by the owner of the site. This is another reason to remove it.

From Talk:Islam/Archive 3

 * RK: Should any articles on religions have "criticism" links sections? If one has them all will have to have them, and such sections could go on forever and be used for tit-for-tat attacking. The sites used are not going to be impartial. Better, perhaps, to deal with such criticisms within the text of the article: it's easier to achieve NPOV that way.
 * Silsor: The section for criticism links is growing too large, but a section in the article specifically devoted to criticisms is even more troublesome. Perhaps the links should just be culled.
 * Reddi: The section isn't too large; the links are still less numerous than the favorable links. The criticism links are needed to provide balance and are useful resources; they aid citation of critical views, for example.
 * MyRedDice: A similar problem cropped up in Rachel Corrie: people added many links saying "Corrie is a saint" or "Corrie is the devil". Links to lists of opinions were a useful replacement and might help here as well.
 * JeMa: The list of critical links was removed. Discussion in the article is useful, but a long list of context-free links may not be NPOV. Abuse, for example by linking to bigoted sites, is easy. Perhaps they should be added back when they can be clearly related to discussion within the article: this will help sort the relevant from the useless.
 * Reddi: The links have been replaced and should be discussed while they are still in the article. The list is not that long (still shorter than the favorable links); the short descriptions of the sites and the header of the section provide the context; and again, they are a useful resource. The article seems unbalanced and critical links help correct this. Careful monitoring can prevent abuse.
 * Usedbook: Articles have limited space for links, which should be put to the best possible use. Fair-minded academic information, including criticism, is better than pictures of swords and corpses. Perhaps the vehemently critical sites should be placed in a different article, say Opposition to Islam?
 * Silsor: 3 pages of links is too many. What about a separate page for them?
 * Tanna: Agreed. Some are biased, others are more appropriate to other articles; sites about Islamic art, for example, should be linked from the article on Islamic art.

 * Zora: Someone has repeatedly tried to replace all the external links with links to Salafist sites. They have not discussed this and seem to want only to make the article reflect their viewpoint. How should this be handled?
 * Zora: The links section seems to be growing. Adherents of various views are trying to draw attention to their perspectives. If this continues the link section will become useless for research. Perhaps links to specific sects, teachers, etc. should be kept in the articles devoted specifically to those topics. (If those articles don't exist, they should be written and linked from here.) Links in the main article should either be academic, or for sites and organizations without any pronounced sectarian position. Good general knowledge sites.
 * Zora The Open Directory has all the links that were cut, plus others. It is a good resource; using it is an excellent solution.
 * Mirv Agreed, but how long will the solution last?

From Talk:Islam/Archive 6

 * Zora: Links to the Al-Mawrid Institute add little to the article; academic content is non-existent. Instead of placing them here, why not make sure they're included in the ODP lists?

 * Zora: arabic-islamic.org -- or something like that -- might actually be a useful link? Why was it removed?
 * OneGuy: Most of it is in Spanish. It would be more useful in the Spanish Wikipedia than here.

 * Zora: Forum links have been removed. They are proselytizing sites; there are thousands of those, and if this article links one, it will have to link them all. Try to make sure they're included in the ODP instead.
 * Zora: People have added links both favorable and stridently critical. [ed: this is the first appearance of faithfreedom.org, added by and quickly removed by Mirv. ] Let's stick to using the directories instead of bloating this article's link section yet again. Treat all such sites equally: give them all a chance to be linked, but at one remove.
 * Rickyrab: What about sites that aren't listed in the directories?
 * Zora: Dmoz is a community project and is open to new links. Tell people to make sure their links are included there. Perhaps a short explanation of the current solution is in order, along with an explanation of how to add links to the directories.
 * Farhansher: There is a difference between logical debate and plain insult. faithfreedom.org is the latter. Its creator is a bigot and does not know what he is talking about: he claims Sufis and Muslim scientists are not real Muslims, only suicide bombers and Wahhabis are. He refuses open debate. The site is not an informative resource.

 * Zora: Does the Open Directory exclude the saner anti-Islamic sites, such as answering-islam and Ibn Warraq's site? There are reasonable even if one disagrees with them. Is there another directory one could use instead? We shouldn't try to set up our own directory here.

 * Zora: An anonymous editor added a link section entitled "popular sites on Islam". They all seem to be Sunni and possibly Salafi-leaning. Letting them stay would lead to the old link-wars in which each Islamic group put its links on the list, which grew like a cancer. The directory sites link to everyone. Let's leave it at that.

From Talk:Islam
(as of 23:03, 23 July 2005)

 * Grenavitar: Addition of a "general links" section, and which sites it should contain, ought to be discussed first.
 * Anonymous editor: The links posted were not permanent, and other editors who wish to insert informative links which are not POV-based should feel free to do so. Many readers are not going to use the directories, so perhaps some such links should be here instead.
 * Grenavitar: What is factual and what is POV based is subjective and will thus create problems. The directory solution is a good one, but a balanced general links section might be in order as well.

 * Anonymous editor: What are the other regular editors' opinions on this? Should this article have general informative links? If so, which?
 * Zora There were once dozens of links, to different sects, to different teachers, and more were being added each day. Anyone who wanted more publicity for his/her preferred version of Islam was adding a link. Any efforts at selectivity provoked shouts of discrimination. Everyone agreed that sticking to the directories was the best idea, and we should stick to it. Links have been allowed to proliferate freely on the pages for the various sects/versions of Islam.

July 3

 * Anonymous: Factual external links about Islam should be added to the article. www.faithfreedom.org/links.htm is one such link and was added to the directories of critical viewpoints; why was it removed? The links there are more extensive than anything given in the other directories. Faithfreedom is clearly anti-Islam and its links are to various critics of Islam.
 * Mirv: The dmoz directories are more extensive, better-categorized, more multilingual, and already include faithfreedom.org, among other sites. Long ago, this article had a bloated link list, which would have been longer if not for periodic trimming. Zora removed most of the links, I added the directories, and all agreed that this was the sensible thing to do. There are link pages on other sites similar to the one on faithfreedom, e.g. http://bismikaallahuma.org/Archive/links.htm and http://islamfortoday.com/special.htm . None of them should be included either.
 * Anonymous: The dmoz directory has 27 entries critical of Islam in general. The rest are essentially links to Islamic sites. The other sites in the "opposing views" subdirectories are broken down thus: Ahamadiyya(32), Deendar Anjuman (2), Islamism (22), Nation of Islam (19), Quranites (1), Shia (3), Submitters (3), Sufism (13), Sunni (3). These are all essentially pro-Islamic sites. There are also subdirectories for Christian Views (20), Ex-Muslim views(3), Hindu Views (3), and Jewish Views (1). Faithfreedom links to 74 sites. Perhaps four or five of these are also included in dmoz. Readers should have the best information available. The bickering on this page [ed: Talk:Islam is meant] clearly shows plenty of sectarian issues within Islam, and the contra-views of Islam are needed to understand the passion demonstrated. Compare the link section of Hinduism; a few more links here will not hurt.
 * Farhansher: A serious encyclopedia should not include links to uninformative hate sites like faithfreedom. It should stick to reasoned and informative pages. The external link section of Hinduism does not include anything comparable to faithfreedom.
 * Zora faithfreedom should not get any special treatment. Rather than link directly to sites about Islam in general (except for academic sites and sites about non-controversial specific topics), we link to directories, which have the space and the mission to be completely inclusive. Anyone who goes to the directories will find ALL the sites.
 * Dbachmann: faithfreedom appears to be a site about Islamism. At first glance, it contains very cheap and sarcastic Islam-bashing, and it has certainly no theological relevance. It may fit on Islamism but would probably be more appropriate on Islamophobia. Just like we don't link to pure proselytizing sites, we don't link to fearmonging sites.
 * Urchid The links on FaithFreedom belong on this page.

 * Nickbee: The issue is not whether you agree with Faithfreedom or not. The point is that the link page at FFI has more relevant and varied links than at dmoz. dmoz is not more comprehensive and there are not too many links here; Hinduism has 4 or 5 times more. There are many people who agree with the POV expressed in the faithfreedom link, as is evident by the number of sites and their readership, so a link should be provided. Is this really "special treatment"?
 * Mirv: As Zora explains, it was long ago decided not to link to any sectarian sites from this page, but rather to use the non-sectarian directories. Selection among the thousands of pro- and anti-Islamic websites should not be subject to the whims and biases of editors: this would lead to endless fighting over which links to include and exclude. Passing the job of link selection off to dmoz and other directories allows us to include all sorts of sites without bias.
 * Dbachmann: Just because it's anti-Islamic doesn't make faithfreedom a quality site. We won't accept any cheesy islamist proselytization links either.
 * Urchid: faithfreedom provides a legitimate counter POV for this article and deserves to be presented.

 * Nickbee: This policy on external links is not uniformly applied; Hinduism, for example, has proselytizing links. I am not linking to Faithfreedom directly, but to a page that contains 74 links to contra-views on Islam. These links are not available to readers. Are there link directories on other sites? Are those listed in dmoz? If not, then they should be included. Should a good encyclopedia not offer access to information that is available out there?  Why deny an external link to a page that obviously has significant readership?
 * Dbachmann: The consensus arrived at on this article, which has a long history of pov-pushers trying to add their precious websites, was to be restrictive about biased links. This doesn't necessarily hold for other articles, although as a rule, the farther out your site, the smaller the chance of inclusion.
 * Mustafaa: This is supposed to be an enyclopedia. Would Britannica, say, link to "faithfreedom.org"? Links like these only reduce Wikipedia's credibility. As for the Hinduism article, perhaps its link section should be pruned
 * Mirv: Reiterate Dbachmann's point that this is not a policy, but a longstanding consensus among the regular editors of this page. The link to faithfreedom may not be to its front page, but it is to a page with www.faithfreedom.org in the URL which is closely linked to the rest of the pages on the site. The directories link to many sites with contra-views (including faithfreedom), which themselves link to similar sites, and so on. The links are still available, they just require two more clicks to reach. Other sites have link directories; none of them should be included either. [Recap of previous arguments against including anything but the directories trimmed.]

 * Nickbee: There is no need to link to all the sites. The number of sites about Islam is finite, and the contra views are not many, and that is why the collection of contra views of Islam on the link page at FFI is valuable. Wikipedia is not Britannica; it is supposed to be better. Providing a link to a page that has useful information is required for Wikipedia to be successful. There is no policy that links can only be provided by dmoz.
 * Grenavitar: Wikipedia's success is not the issue. Faithfreedom offers little relevance in religious debate. Comparing a typical encyclopedia article on Islam might be helpful.
 * Nickbee: If success is not the issue then why not include a good contra-view to the topic in the external links?
 * Dbachmann: Why not? It is not a good link; in fact, it is godawful, full of absurd hate. Get it listed in any of the linked directories, and people can reach it from here in two clicks.
 * BrandonYusufToropov: Wikipedia's success is due to the perception that it is (generally) trustworthy. Why? Because there are guidelines, traditions, and structural safeguards here that stand in contrast to the bias that is so rampant elsewhere, and all too evident on partisan sites like ff. If one asks "How come the editors at (to use a conservative example) The Wall Street Journal don't run front-page op-ed pieces by Matt Drudge?" Because front-page op-ed pieces by Matt Drudge are the opposite of what the Wall Street Journal is. If it started running op-ed pieces by Matt Drudge, it wouldn't be the Wall Street Journal anymore.
 * Dbachmann: True, except the WSJ is not a good example; most of its articles would be torn to pieces on Wikipedia in a matter of minutes for being ridiculously biased and rife with strawmen.
 * BrandonYusufToropov: Agreed.

 * Nickbee: Some editors may not consider the site "good", but others do.

July 13

 * Nickbee: There is an article on Ali Sina, who runs FFI, but a good source that he provides is not linked here. Why? He is an ex-Muslim who must have had a good reason for leaving Islam; why shouldn't his viewpoint be represented?
 * Grenavitar: An ex-Muslim does not necessarily make a better scholar on Islam than a secularist or Muslim. Anyone who has researched the sources knows about Islam, completely independent of what religion the person is.  A typical Muslim might know more about ritual, but that does not mean they know more about theology.
 * Dbachmann: faithfreedom.org is linked from Ali Sina, where it belongs.

 * Nickbee: Removal of the link is censorship.
 * Grenavitar: Try reading a real paper encyclopedia. See how that treats Islam, and what it says about it.  Hopefully that will tell you something about the use of FFI links.  If that fails, try adding a KKK external link over at African Americans.  That's a far more notable critique of black Americaness than Ali Sina's stuff is of Islam.
 * Dbachmann: This is going nowhere. Not listing the link here is no more censorship than the New York Times refusing to print someone's columns on its front page.

July 17

 * Anonymous: Link to any or all pro-Islam sites, fine, but link to anti-Islam sites as well.
 * Dbachmann: ffi.org is a site of an alleged apostate, so perhaps the link could be added to Apostasy in Islam, where at least it will be relevant (and there are only two links there so far, so pruning is not yet an issue). Insisting on putting it here demonstrates Main article fixation.

 * Anonymous: The POV on Islam held by ex-Muslims and apostates should be expressed here, even if only in an external link.
 * Nickbee The views on Islam of Irshad Manji, Ibn Warraq, Ali Sina, Dr. Yunus Sheik, Robert Spencer, SecularIslam.org, etc., need at least an external link.
 * Zora: Ali Sina and Ibn Warraq are simply not in the same league. Ibn Warraq doesn't engage in cheap hate speech and uses his books to present useful selections from academic viewpoints on Islam. His books are found in many of the reference lists in the Islamic articles. Of course, they are regularly purged by anon editors, presumably Muslim, who object to his presence, and just as often restored by me or another editor. You can't leap from "my favorite demagogue isn't featured" to "no criticism is allowed".

 * Nickbee: How about Robert Spencer, SecularIslam, Dr. Yunus Sheik, and others? Why not link to a list of links provided by Robert Spencer?  A list of links to the POV of Ex-muslims is a useful addition to this article.
 * Zora: Ibn Warraq is an ex-Muslim. His first book was Why I Am Not A Muslim. He publishes under a pseudonym because he's afraid of assassination. Is that authentic enough? There are also separate articles on Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Irshad Manji.
 * Dbachmann: By all means, write an article on Christian converts from Islam, and we can link it from the see also. My prediction is that Muslim converts from Christianity will immediately follow, but then the dispute will at least finally take some sort of productive form.

 * Dbachmann: Consensus against the ffi link seems clear. Further addition of the link is in violation of policy. (ᛏ) 19:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

July 20

 * Zora All the pro-Islam websites are linked through the DMOZ directory. All the anti-Islam websites are linked though the DMOZ directory. There is no discrimination against faithfreedom, but neither is it getting any special treatment.

 * Ericd: What about adding similar links in the articles of other religions, as I have done in Christianity? Ericd 22:14, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Recap, and is it time for a poll?
So, as I see it, there are two basic lines of argument here:

 * 1) The first is that we should stick with something like the current list, which has been in place since last October: instead of including any sites with an agenda, whether pro or contra, treat all of them equally by linking to the two dmoz lists. The reasons:
 * 2) There are thousands of sites with an agenda, pro or anti, apologetic or polemical.
 * 3) This page cannot link to all of them. Wikipedia is not a link repository, and even a selection no larger than that in the dmoz lists would be far too much for this article. Selectivity would be necessary. Such selectivity would be an editorial bias. Each and every site would spark an argument every time someone tried to add or remove it, so such arguments would be endless.
 * 4) dmoz is set up as a link repository and is reasonably inclusive and neutral.
 * 5) If we leave the selection of sites up to a third party which is A) reasonably neutral and B) better-equipped to handle it, then we obviate the endless arguments over which links to include and which to exclude. The reader is offered a selection of sites far larger than anything this article could reasonably contain, and all are an equal number of clicks away.
 * 6) Therefore, we should link only the dmoz lists.

 * 1) The second is that we should include agenda-driven links like http://www.faithfreedom.org/links.htm and http://www.faithfreedom.org/library.htm, whether that agenda be pro- or anti-Islamic, and leave the selection up to editors. The reasons:
 * 2) The information and perspectives on these pages should be available to the reader.
 * 3) These pages contain links and information that are not linked directly from the dmoz lists.
 * 4) Therefore, pages like this should be linked directly from this article.

Each of these seems to have been argued thoroughly without reaching a consensus. Is it time for a poll? Would further discussion of these two arguments be helpful? Are the summaries fair? —Charles P. (Mirv) 15:57, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Replace dmoz with FFI list?

 * I don't think that there is any debate that there should be a link to a directory of sites that are critical of Islam. It seems to me that http://www.faithfreedom.org/links.htm is a much more comprehensive collection of links than the DMOZ Contra Islam directory. Since there is a link to a "contra Islam" directory, it might as well be as comprehensive a directory as possible. It is evident that http://www.faithfreedom.org/links.htm does this much better than the DMOZ Contra Islam directory (the faithfreedom directory is easily 10 times the size of the DMOZ directory, and the DMOZ directory is so small as to be considered unreasonably non-inclusive). It would seem logical then to replace the DMOZ directory with http://www.faithfreedom.org/links.htm Note that when it comes to a directory of sites that are explicitly categorized as "critical of Islam" then the creator of that directory need not be neutral. A directory of links critical of Islam is, by defintion, not neutral. The non-neutrality of the source of the directory is not a valid point of argument because we are actively seeking a non-neutral directory of links. If the party opposing inclusion of the faithfreedom directory can find an alternative directory that is comparable in scope and size, then that would suffice, but the DMOZ contra Islam directory clearly does not suffice for obvious reasons. It seems to me that so far no one has considered the possibility of replacing the rather useless DMOZ contra Islam directory link with a more useful (i.e. larger) directory, such the faithfreedom one. This seems like a reasonable compromise, and I cannot see why those generally opposed to criticisms of Islam would prefer one directory of critical sites over another directory of critical sites.    --Zeno of Elea 18:15, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Is the faithfreedom directory really superior? Dmoz offers several advantages that are not apparent from the small number of links on the initial page:

 * 1) Organization: Sites opposing specific aspects of Islam are categorized as such, as are sites with a certain religious bent (Christian, ex-Muslim, Hindu, and Jewish). FFI does this, but to a much lesser extent; the links are sometimes described but are not organized in any coherent fashion. Dmoz cross-references other relevant categories (e.g. ), while FFI does not.
 * 2) Languages: While FFI contains content in other languages, its links page is only in English, and the sites are almost entirely in English as well. Dmoz includes a larger number of links to sites in other languages.
 * 3) Greater inclusiveness: Many intra-Islamic opposing views may be found, while these are absent from FFI.
 * 4) It is possible to reach the FFI list from the dmoz category in three clicks: first second third. The reverse is not true.

Too, the numbers comparison is slightly misleading. The FFI list includes 74 links, true, but the dmoz list, with all its subcategories, includes 132—and that doesn't count the cross-referenced but highly relevant categories, e.g.. While I agree that the collector of a list of critical links need not be neutral, I do not think that the FFI list is in any way superior to the dmoz index. —Charles P. (Mirv) 18:48, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * First let's talk about links to non-English webpages. This is English Wikipedia, and as such we should operate on the assumption that the audience is monolinguial anglophone. So the 39 DMOZ links to Arabic, Danish, French and Swedish websites are of no apparent utility here. Now, it should be clarified what is meant by a directory of websites "critical of Islam." The phrase "critical of Islam" implies non-Muslim criticism of Islam as a whole, it doesn't refer to intra-Muslim sectarian strife or criticism of specific sects or related religions, such as the Submitters or Nation of Islam. For example, the DMOZ directory contains a subdirectory on Sunnism, which contains a link to a Shiah criticism of Sunni Islam. Does that count as a criticism of Islam? I really don't think so. The DMOZ directory of sites "critical of Islam" contains a large number of links to Islamic appologetic websites, such as http://www.harunyahya.com/ I really don't think that a directory containing http://www.harunyahya.com/ can be called a directory of links that are "critical of Islam." The DMOZ subdirectory of links critical of "Islamism," for example, belongs in the Islamism article, and the subdirectory of links criticla of Sunnism, for example, belongs in the Sunnism article. What we are interested in here is a directory of websites that are critical of Islam itself. In this light, it can be seen that the DMOZ directory only contains 34 links that are critical of Islam. Compare to the 74 links listed at FFI. While it is true that the FFI directory can be accessed from DMOZ by three links, it is worth noting that it is actually 4 links away from the Wikipedia article, and it is unlikely that a reader would follow these 4 links to the FFI directory. I strongly feel that the FFI directory is of a higher quality than the DMOZ link in that FFI has a larger number, wider variety of links with more content intended for a wider audience (as opposed to links oriented towards members of a specific faith, e.g. Christian, Jewish or Hindu), and is more deserving of the title "links critical of Islam" than the DMOZ directory (which contains links even to Harun Yahya, as mentioned). The DMOZ directory is lacking in a number of very important links, such as the writings of Denis Giron, who is an ex-Muslim and holds academic degrees in philosophy and mathematics, is fluent in Arabic, Hebrew, and English, and is well versed in the three Abrahamic religions (though he condones none of them). FFI also links to Taslima Nasrin a famous ex-Muslim femenist who has been sentenced to death in Bangladesh and also nominated for the Noble Peace Prize. And so on and so on. The DMOZ list is sadly lacking in many respects. I don't think that the FFI directory is particularly great (especially the organization of the links, and some broken links), but I do think that the aforementioned reasons demonstrate that the DMOZ link is less appropriate than the FFI link. --Zeno of Elea 01:47, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There is another importaint point. Mirv has argued against replacing the DMOZ Contra Islam directory with the FFI directory on the basis of the fact that without making this replacement, the FFI directory is accessable from the Wikipedia article through a sequence of 4 link clicks. But even if the DMOZ Contra Islam directory is replaced by the FFI directory, the DMOZ Contra Islam directory will still only be 2 clicks away from the article, through the DMOZ Islam directory (since the DMOZ Contra Islam directory is a subdirectory of the DMOZ Islam directory). So by replacing the Contra Islam DMOZ link with the FFI link, we are strictly adding information to the article without losing any information. In other words, the DMOZ Contra Islam directory link is redundant since it can easily be accessed through the DMOZ Islam directory link. But replacing the DMOZ Contra Islam directory link with the FFI directory link, a great deal of information is added to the article, without losing any information and while maintaining the balance of one islamic websites directory and one directory of links critical of islam.  By rejecting inclusion of the FFI link, a great deal of information is being lost (and I would say, is being suppressed by certain POVs that do not wish to give balanced coverage to sites that are critical of Islam). --Zeno of Elea 05:54, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Zeno has stated it very well. Please link to FFI to provide a balance viewpoint.

 * Zeno is absolutely correct that DMOZ subdirectory "Contra Islam links" can hardly be called contra to Islam links. FFI links clear, unambiguous, and strong views against islam provide a look into the world of Islam and Islam itself that "they" strongly oppose.  I do not see why DMOZ has to be replaced.  Why not merely add the FFI link? Nickbee 17:51, 26 July 2005 (UTC)Nickbee

 * There are two good reasons for completely replacing DMOZ COntra Islam. Firstly, that directory is subset to DMOZ Islam. Secondly, including all three directories will upset the balance, causing edit and revert wars (which has already happened and is the reason for this whole discussion). --Zeno of Elea

 * that dmoz links to ffi is a reason to replace dmoz with ffi? to the contrary, you may reach ffi from dmoz with a single click. The dmoz directory is clearly superior in my opinion. The point of a directory is to organize links, not to pile up every site on the internet, you may as well do a web search for that. Also, the dmoz directory is operated by a neutral body, while ffi is a very questionable site indeed, imho incapable of good judgement, and linking their linklist would drive traffic to their site, invariably endorsing them (the page does not only contain links, but also the menu of their own site). It seems obvious that driving traffic to ffi is the main motivation of people wanting the link here, since ffi is easily found on the dmoz list, and can be reached from the present Islam article in three clicks. Singling it out any more would just not be in accordance with its notability or quality. dab (ᛏ) 11:19, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Islam/External links


text:
Pizza My Heart (film)

Pizza My Heart is a 2005 film directed by Andy Wolk and starring Shiri Appleby, Michael Badalucco, and Eyal Podell. The movie premiered July 24, 2005, on ABC Family. It tells the story of a son and daughter of two rival pizzeria owners who fall in love, much to the disapproval of both families. It is a modern retelling of Romeo and Juliet set in modern-day Verona, New Jersey with a brick wall between two sides.

The Prestolanis

 * Shiri Appleby as Gina Prestolani
 * Michael Badalucco as Lou Prestolani
 * Joanna Canton as Annette Prestolani
 * Ann Mahoney as Prestolani Cousin
 * Natalia Nogulich as Mary Prestolani

The Montebellos

 * Eyal Podell as Joe Montebello
 * Rob Boltin as Nicky Montebello
 * Gina Hecht as Gloria Montebello
 * Dan Hedaya as Vinnie Montebello

The others

 * Gary Desroche as Customer
 * Matthew Dufour as Festival Patron
 * Wayne Ferrara as Uncle Nat
 * Larry Gamell Jr. as Firefighter
 * Anthony Gangi as Fair Patron/Romantic Couple
 * Vanessa Guild as Customer #1
 * Bryan James Kitto as Antonio
 * Cynthia LeBlanc as Fair goer
 * Elton LeBlanc as Church Usher
 * Don Lincoln as Carnival Vendor
 * John Mese as Jean Paul Veber
 * Gerald Moorman as Prestolani Delivery Boy
 * Derek Morgan as Rouzan
 * Wayne Morgan as Church Member
 * Sean Olsen
 * William Ragsdale as Tommy
 * Dane Rhodes as Blue-Collar Neighbor
 * Mathilde Semmes as Festival Patron
 * Brian Simonson
 * Maria Soccor as Barker
 * Nick Spano as Carlo Delrio
 * Deneen Tyler as Sous Chef
 * T.J. Villarrubia Jr. as Churchgoer
 * Alec Rayme as Vinnie the cousin

Filming locations

 * New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Hammond, Louisiana
 * Yonkers, New York

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pizza My Heart (film)


text:
Daniel Rabinovich

Daniel Abraham Rabinovich Aratuz (November 18, 1943 – August 21, 2015) was an Argentine musician, writer, humorist, lawyer and singer. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, he cofounded the group Les Luthiers in 1967.

Within Les Luthiers, Rabinovich sang and played guitar, drums, violin, and some of the group's invented instruments (most notably the "basspipe a vara"). He died on August 21, 2015, at the age of 71.

title: Daniel Rabinovich


text:
Alexander Gordon, 2nd Duke of Gordon

General Alexander Gordon, 2nd Duke of Gordon (c. 1678 – 28 November 1728), styled Earl of Enzie until 1684 and the Marquess of Huntly from 1684 to 1716, was a Scottish Jacobite peer.

Gordon was the son of George Gordon, 1st Duke of Gordon and Lady Elizabeth Howard, the daughter of the Roman Catholic Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk. He fought with the Jacobites at the battle of Sheriffmuir, with three hundred horsemen and two thousand foot. On 12 February 1716, he surrendered at Gordon Castle to John Gordon, 16th Earl of Sutherland. He was imprisoned at Edinburgh, but obtained a pardon when his father died and entered his inheritance as 2nd Duke on 7 December 1716.

He is mentioned in the Jacobite riddling song Cam Ye o'er frae France, referred to as "Cockalorum", an epithet derived from the traditional nickname of the head of the Gordon clan, "Cock o' the North"

Family
Gordon married Lady Henrietta Mordaunt (ca. 1688–1760), daughter of Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, before 13 February 1707; they had issue.
 * Elizabeth married Rev John Skelly
 * Catherine (1713–1791) married 7th Earl of Wemyss
 * Anne (d.1786) married 2nd Earl of Aberdeen
 * Cosmo George, 3rd Duke of Gordon (1721–1752)
 * Lewis Gordon (1724–1754)
 * Charlotte Gordon, invested in Edinburgh millinery business
 * General Lord Adam Gordon (1728–1801) married Jean, daughter of Alexander Drummond of Lennoch and Megginch.
 * Lord Charles Gordon (1721–1780)

title: Alexander Gordon, 2nd Duke of Gordon


text:
The 35th of May; or, Conrad's Ride to the South Seas

The 35th of May; or, Conrad's Ride to the South Seas (Der 35. Mai oder Konrad reitet in die Südsee) is a novel by Erich Kästner, first published in 1932. Unlike most of Kästner's other works - set in a completely realistic contemporary Germany - the present book is a work of fantasy and satire.

In his preface to the 1929 Emil and the Detectives the narrator recounts that he intended to write a humorous South Sea adventure story, but got stuck with the concrete details and finally followed the advice of a head waiter in his favorite cafe shop to write instead a book set in the familiar Berlin reality. Several of the characters briefly mentioned where Kästner describes his aborted fantasy were taken up in "35th of May", written three years later.

Plot introduction
The novel is about Conrad, a young boy, who spends each Thursday afternoon with his uncle, Mr. Ringelhuth. One Thursday — it happens to be the 35th of May — they meet Negro Caballo, a black horse that can speak, is well-versed in German literature, and at the same time, is the best roller skater in the world. Together they enter Mr. Ringelhuth's huge wardrobe, which stands in the hallway, and end up in a series of magical lands, starting with the land of Cockaigne ("free entry — children half price"), followed by a medieval castle complete with jousting, an upside-down world in which children send bad parents to reform school, a science fiction nightmare city with mobile phones and moving walkways, and a South Sea island. On his return to the real world, Conrad writes a school essay about his experiences.

Erich Kästner's choice of a wardrobe as an entrance to the magical world refers to E.T.A. Hoffmann's The Nutcracker and the Mouse King (1816). The plot device of a magic wardrobe through which the characters enter magical lands is also used by C. S. Lewis in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, and, earlier, in the 1912 short story by E. Nesbit, "The Aunt and Amabel" — in which a girl enters a magic world through a wardrobe.


text:
Piney Pinecreek Border Airport

Piney Pinecreek Border Airport  is a public use general aviation airport located 2 NM northwest  of the central business district of Pinecreek, in Dieter Township, Roseau County, Minnesota, United States, on the Canada–US border. It is jointly owned by the Minnesota Department of Transportation and the government of Piney, Manitoba. It is shared by the rural communities of Piney, Manitoba and Pinecreek, Minnesota.

Also known as Pinecreek/Piney Pinecreek Border Aerodrome, it is one of six airports that cross the Canada–US border and the easternmost. The other airports, east to west, are International Peace Garden Airport, Coronach/Scobey Border Station Airport, Coutts/Ross International Airport, Whetstone International Airport (Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport), and Avey Field State Airport.

The airport, located at 48.99889°N, -95.98222°W, was originally located entirely within the United States. Needing to extend the runway, the owners found it could not be extended south due to a nearby road, but the land to the immediate north was unused. After arrangements were made with Canadian and Manitoba authorities, the runway was extended across the 49th parallel. The initial and extended runways were turf but have since been paved.

The airport, located in Manitoba and Minnesota, has both United States and Canada customs services and is attractive to tourists, hunters and fishermen. Ground access is available on Manitoba Highway 89 and Minnesota State Highway 89.

The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). CBSA officers at this airport can handle general aviation aircraft only, with no more than 15 passengers.

History
An airport for the town of Pinecreek was proposed by resident Eugene Simmons in 1949, to expedite cross-border general aviation traffic. The airport initially opened on July 29, 1953, with a runway terminating just before the international border. To allow operation of larger aircraft, a 1150-foot extension was proposed in 1972. However, this had to cross the Canada–US border and required extensive negotiation between local and national governments. The extended runway and bi-national airport was dedicated on July 28, 1978.

Facilities and aircraft
Piney Pinecreek Border Airport covers an area of 61 acre at an elevation of 1082 ft above mean sea level. It has one asphalt paved runway designated 15/33 which measures 3297 by.

For the 12-month period ending May 31, 2011, the airport had 3,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 250 per month.

Two aprons allow passengers to deplane in either country and walk to the respective customs authority. Pilots and passengers in Canada need to walk across Provincial Trunk Route 89 to report to CBSA, while in the US, the border station is located on the airport side of Minnesota State Highway 89. Fuel tanks are located on the US side.

title: Piney Pinecreek Border Airport


text:
L.D.U. Quito

Liga Deportiva Universitaria, often referred to as LDU Quito, is an Ecuadorian professional football club based in Quito. They play in the Serie A, the highest level of the Ecuadorian professional football league. They play their home games at the Estadio Rodrigo Paz Delgado, more commonly referred to as Casa Blanca. Rival clubs include Quito-based clubs El Nacional, Deportivo Quito, Aucas and Universidad Católica.

Liga Deportiva Universitaria has its roots in the semi-pro sports teams in 1918 competing as "Universitario" at the Central University of Ecuador, and was officially founded on January 11, 1930. They began making an impact in the provincial leagues, winning nine Pichincha titles (six in the professional era). Their provincial success continued into the national league, where they have won 12 national title (4th overall) having won their most recent title in 2023. They are the most successful Ecuadorian club in international competitions, where they were the first Ecuadorian club to win the Copa Libertadores (2008), the Copa Sudamericana (2009 and 2023), and the Recopa Sudamericana (2009 and 2010). They are one of only six teams —Boca Juniors, Independiente, River Plate, Internacional and São Paulo being the other five— to have achieved the CONMEBOL treble, winning all three continental club tournaments. LDU is the only team to win all three mentioned cups one after another between the years 2008 to 2010 causing them to be rated as the best South American team of 2008 and 2009. Liga de Quito was additionally the runner-up at the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup.

Creation and early years (1918–1954)
Liga de Quito's roots lie in a semi-pro sports team based out of the Central University of Ecuador on October 23, 1918, headed by Dr. César Jácome Moscoso. Under the leadership of Dr. Bolívar León, the club was officially founded on January 11, 1930. In the early days, Liga participated in a variety of disciplines, including football, basketball, athletics, boxing, baseball, swimming, ping-pong, and chess. The club's initial budget was about 500 sucres. The first team's players were students from the university, and had to pay for their own uniforms, medicines, and expenses. Dr. León designed the first uniform, placing its crest, a white "U" on an inverted red and blue triangle, on a white shirt, honoring the team's beginnings at the university. Amongst Liga's first players were Carlos Andrade Marín, Oswaldo Mosquera, Alfonso Cevallos, Alfonso Troya and "El Mono" Icaza. In 1932, Liga won their first football title at an amateur Pichincha tournament; there was no national amateur league at the time. Five teams participated: Liga, Gladiador, Gimnástico, Atlético, and Cleveland. Liga won all their games, and in the final match, played at the Estadio El Ejido, defeated Gladiador by a score of 4–0. Playing for Liga were Jorge Zapater, Eduardo Flores, Alfonso Cevallos, César González, Jorge Vallarino, Jorge Naranjo, Bolívar "Ñato" León, Alejandro Dávalos, Humberto Yáñez, Humberto Freire, and Ernesto García, with Bolívar León as coach. Liga would also win amateur titles in 1952 and 1953, before the league turned professional the following year.

Beginning of professional era (1954–1966)
By 1955, the amateur football association in Pichincha had evolved into the Asociación de Fútbol No Amateur de Pichincha (Pichincha Non-Amateur Football Association), which subsequently organized a professional league for their member clubs from Quito and Ambato. The inaugural Campeonato Professional Interandino (Inter-Andean Professional Championship) was held in 1954. Liga won the league's first title, under the management of Lucho Vásquez. The club finished as the runner-up in 1955 and 1956, before winning again in 1958 under Argentine Roberto Ortega. The club won four titles during the 1960s, in 1960, 1961, 1966, and 1967, and finished as runner-up in 1962, 1963, and 1964. Liga had the most successful run of any professional Interandino-era club, accumulating a total of 6 regional titles.

In 1957 and from 1960 onwards, winning the Interandino title qualified a team to participate in a tournament which crowned a national champion of Ecuadorian professional football. Liga first participated in 1960, after winning the Interandino cup that year. The team's three subsequent Interandino victories did not lead to a national title; the club's best performance was a third-place finish in 1964.

Foreign players became integral to the squad during the 1960s. International players included Paulista José Gomes Nogueira in 1960, Chilean Román Soto in 1961, and Paraguayan José María Ocampo in 1966.

National success, relegation, and comeback (1967–1989)
In 1967, all regional tournaments were discontinued in favor of a single national tournament. Liga won its first national championship in 1969, one year after joining the new league, under the leadership of Brazilian José Gomes Nogueira. Liga's ranks at the time included Francisco "El Tano" Bertocchi, Jorge Tapia, Armando "Tito" Larrea, Carlos Ríos, Santiago Alé, Enrique Portilla, and Ramiro Tobar. Liga's victory granted the club its first Copa Libertadores participation in 1970, where it reached the second phase of the tournament, with '"El Tano" Bertocchi tying for the title of top goalscorer of the tournament.

Liga's success was short-lived; in 1972, the club finished seventh of the eight teams participating in the Serie A. At the time, only four teams from the province of Pichincha could play in the top flight. As the worst-performing Pichincha team, Liga took part in a playoff match against the best-performing Pichincha team in Serie B, Universidad Católica, for a berth in the next season's Serie A tournament. Liga lost the match, relegating it to Serie B for the 1973 season, at the end of which the club faced a second relegation, down to the Segunda Categoria of Ecuadorian football. The club was able to gain promotion back to the Serie B in time for the 1974 season. After winning the first stage of the 1974 Serie B, Liga returned to the Serie A after two years in the lower flights. Liga's rise continued as the team won their second national title after defeating El Nacional. The success was followed by another title win in 1975, marking Liga's first back-to-back national championships. Liga's 1975 and 1976 Copa Libertadores participations saw the squad twice reach the semi-finals of the continental tournament. Key to Liga's success were players Polo Carrera, Oscar Zubía, Jorge Tapia, Gustavo Tapia, Walter Maesso, Juan Carlos Gómez, Ramiro Tobar, Juan José Pérez, and Roberto Sussman, along with Colombian coach Leonel Montoya. Liga would round out the decade with a runners-up finish in 1977, allowing for another Copa Libertadores participation in 1978.

In contrast to the team's good performances after coming back from relegation, the 1980s were a dismal decade for the club. Liga's best performance during that period was a runners-up finish in 1981, and a subsequent Copa Libertadores participation in 1982. Player Paulo Cesar was the top Serie A goalscorer in 1981.

Rise to powerhouse status (1990–present)
In the two decades since 1990, Liga enjoyed a period of domestic success. They started the 1990s with a national title, edging established powerhouse Barcelona. Before the end of the decade, Liga won two more national titles in 1998 and 1999. The 1998 title was won the year Liga inaugurated their new stadium, La Casa Blanca, and ended with an impressive 7–0 win over Emelec.

In 2000, the club experienced a period of crisis. This crisis resulted in a poor performance in the national league and Liga was relegated to the Serie B that season. The club managed to bounce back from relegation and won the Serie B in 2001 to gain promotion back to the Serie A. Two years later in 2003, Liga won their 7th national title. Liga added another four more national titles in 2005 Apertura, 2007, 2010, 2018 and the most recent in 2023 to bring their current count to twelve, placing them fourth all-time domestically.

International success (2008–present)
Prior to 2008, Liga had participated in sixteen international/continental tournaments. Their best success in South American football at the beginning of 2008 was reaching the semi-finals of the 1975 Copa Libertadores, the 1976 Copa Libertadores, and the 2004 Copa Sudamericana.

On July 2, 2008, Liga became the first-ever Ecuadorian team to win the Copa Libertadores, after defeating Fluminense in the finals on penalties 3–1, after being level on aggregate 5–5 at the end of extra time. Liga's Libertadores title gave the club an automatic berth into the semi-finals of the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup, becoming the first non-Argentine or Brazilian CONMEBOL squad to participate in the tournament. Liga defeated Pachuca by 2–0 in their semi-final match, advancing to the final against 2007–08 UEFA Champions League winners Manchester United, where Liga lost on December 21 in Yokohama, Japan, by a score of 1–0.

In June 2009, Liga, as the 2008 Copa Libertadores champion, participated in the 2009 Recopa Sudamericana against the 2008 Copa Sudamericana champion Internacional of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Liga won the first leg, played at Beira Rio stadium in Porto Alegre, by a score of 1–0, with a goal from Claudio Bieler. In the second leg, played at La Casa Blanca, Liga won 3–0 with goals from Carlos Espínola, Claudio Bieler, and Enrique Vera. The 2009 Recopa title was Liga's second international title, as well as being the second international title ever achieved by any Ecuadorian club.

Soon after the Recopa victory, Liga earned their third international trophy in their history, the 2009 Copa Sudamericana. In a rematch of the 2008 Copa Libertadores Final, Liga edged Fluminense 5–4 on aggregate over two legs by winning impressively at home 5–1 and losing 3–0 in Rio de Janeiro. On their way to the finals, they disposed of important clubs, such as Libertad of Paraguay, Argentine clubs Lanús and Vélez Sarsfield, and Uruguayan club River Plate.

With the Copa Sudamericana title, Liga technically achieved a CONMEBOL treble (Copa Libertadores, Copa Sudamericana, Recopa Sudamericana), but since the three titles were not all achieved in the same calendar year, (they were achieved in 17 months), the club narrowly fell short of a traditional treble; Liga would've achieved the treble if they won the 2008 Copa Sudamericana, and even though their Recopa Sudamericana win was in 2009, the treble would have still counted because those were the three back-to-back CONMEBOL tournaments.

Additionally, they qualified to play in the 2010 Recopa Sudamericana against Argentine club Estudiantes de La Plata. They won the first leg 2–1 with both goals coming from Hernán Barcos. The win at home in the first leg was enough to secure the title after both teams drew the second leg 0–0. With this title, Liga became the third team to win back-to-back Recopa Sudamericanas. The victory gave the club the right to play in the 2010 Suruga Bank Championship, which was won by FC Tokyo 4–3 on penalties after a 2–2 draw in August 2010.

Liga also reached the 2011 Copa Sudamericana Finals, which they lost to Universidad de Chile by a global score of 4–0.

In 2023 Liga won its second Copa Sudamericana after defeating Fortaleza Esporte Clube on penalties 4-3, following a 1-1 draw.

Stadium
Liga has used four stadiums for their home stadium. Their first stadium was Estadio Universitario César Aníbal Espinoza, on the grounds of the Universidad Central del Ecuador. In 1932, Liga moved to Estadio El Ejido, where a number of other teams in Quito used as a home ground. In 1962, Liga moved to Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa, along with a number of other teams from the city. They would use that stadium as a home ground until 1996.

In 1997, LDU inaugurated their own stadium, Estadio Casa Blanca, in the northern part of the city. It is the largest stadium in Quito in terms of capacity, and the second largest in Ecuador after the Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha in Guayaquil. The stadium officially opened on March 6, 1997, in a match against Brazilian club Atlético Mineiro. Liga won the match 3–1.

Since its inauguration, the Casa Blanca has been home to Liga's greatest period of success and is often unbeatable at the stadium. They have had six victory laps (vueltas olimpicas) in the stadium since it was inaugurated for five national titles and one international title (two national title and three international titles were sealed elsewhere in the same time period).

Supporters
LDU Quito is one of the most supported clubs in Ecuador. According to a recent study, Liga has the largest fanbase in Quito. Their ultras have earned the nicknamed the "Muerte Blanca '' (The White Death).

Rivalries
LDU Quito has formed a number of footballing rivalries throughout its history. Their longest-standing rivalry is with Aucas, a southern Quito club founded in 1945, making the two clubs the oldest in the city still in existence. Liga-Aucas matches are referred to as El Superclásico de Quito (The Quito Super Derby), and the rivalry traces its history back to the first match on February 1, 1945, which ended in a 1–1 tie. A second match, played on February 18, 1945, ended in a 2–2 draw. At the end of the 90 minutes, the game was 2–1; the timekeeper ended the match, but the referee did not notice, allowing the game to continue into extra time, where Aucas equalized the score. In the past two decades an intense rivalry has also formed with Guayaquil based club Barcelona S. C.

Rivalry with El Nacional
Due to the little importance that the Superclásico de Quito has at present, this party has started to position itself as the most important of the capital. Liga de Quito and El Nacional star in the team match Quito with more national titles, 11 for Liga de Quito and 13 for El Nacional. The first match was in 1964 which ended with an El Nacional 1–0 victory. Both teams played the finals of 1974 and 1999 by national championship, resulting Liga de Quito champion both times.

Rivalry with Deportivo Quito
In the absence of intense rivalry with Aucas and El Nacional, Liga and its fans developed a strong rivalry with Deportivo Quito. in the 2000's. The Clásico Capitalino (Capital Derby) was the most important game in Quito and was considered a "must win" game of the season. In 2008 and 2009, the match had national championship implications that exacerbated the rivalry to a greater degree. This rivalry has largely been put on hold since Deportivo Quito's relegation to the third tier of Ecuador's football league in 2015, where it has been playing ever since.

Rivalry with Fluminense
Since Liga's win over Brazilian team Fluminense F. C. in the 2008 Copa Libertadores final and the Copa Sudamericana final of the following year, a strong international rivalry has developed between the two teams. This rivalry reached new heights when the two teams met on a third international final for the 2024 Recopa Sudamericana, which was won by Fluminense. This has been the only case of two CONMEBOL teams facing each other on each of the three continental tournaments.

Top scorers
LDU has had six players become the season top-scorer in the Serie A, five players become the top-scorer in the Campeaonato Profesional Interandino, three players as the top-scorer in the Copa Libertadores, one player become the top-scorer in the Copa Sudamericana, and one player become the top-scorer in the Copa CONMEBOL. The team's all-time top scorer is Polo Carrera with 92 goals.

Serie A
 * 🇧🇷 Pio Coutinho (1966, 13 goals)
 * 🇺🇾 Francisco Bertocchi (1969, 26 goals)
 * 🇧🇷 Paulo César (1981, 25 goals)
 * 🇧🇷 Janio Pinto (1988, 18 goals)
 * 🇪🇨 Diego Herrera (1993, 21 goals)
 * 🇦🇷 🇪🇨 Claudio Bieler (2009, 22 goals)
 * 🇦🇷 Hernán Barcos (2017, 21 goals)
 * 🇨🇴 Cristian Martínez Borja(2020, 24 goals)

Interandino
 * 🇪🇨 Felipe Andrade (1954, 8 goals)
 * 🇪🇨 Armando Larrea (1963, 7 goals)
 * 🇦🇷 Epifanio Brizuela (1963, 7 goals)
 * 🇨🇴 Nelson Cabezas (1963, 7 goals)
 * 🇧🇷 Pio Coutinho (1967, 7 goals)

Copa Libertadores Copa Sudamericana Copa CONMEBOL
 * 🇺🇾 Francisco Bertocchi (1970, 9 goals)
 * 🇪🇨 Agustín Delgado (2006, 5 goals)
 * 🇪🇨 Patricio Urrutia (2006, 5 goals)
 * 🇦🇷🇪🇨 Claudio Bieler (2009, 8 goals)
 * Carlos Morales (1998, 4 goals)

World Cup players
The following players were chosen to represent their country at the FIFA World Cup while contracted to LDU Quito.

 * 🇪🇨 Alfonso Obregón (2002)
 * 🇪🇨 Carlos Tenorio (2002)
 * 🇪🇨 Paúl Ambrosi (2006)
 * 🇪🇨 Agustín Delgado (2006)
 * 🇪🇨 Giovanny Espinoza (2006)
 * 🇪🇨 Édison Méndez (2006)
 * 🇪🇨 Cristian Rafael Mora (2006)
 * 🇪🇨 Néicer Reasco (2006)
 * 🇪🇨 Patricio Urrutia (2006)
 * Enrique Vera (2010)
 * 🇪🇨 Alexander Dominguez (2014, 2022)

Noted managers
The following managers won at least one trophy when in charge of LDU Quito, in addition to the first manager:
 * 🇪🇨 Bolívar León (first manager)
 * 🇪🇨 César Jácome Moscoso (won the 1932 amateur Pichincha)
 * 🇪🇨 Luis Vásquez (won the 1952 & 1953 amateur Pichincha and the 1954 Interandino)
 * 🇦🇷🇪🇨 Roberto Eliseo Ortega (won the 1958 Interandino)
 * 🇧🇷 José Gomes Nogueira (won the 1960 Interandino and the 1969 Serie A)
 * Román Soto Vergara (won the 1961 Interandino)
 * 🇪🇨 José María Ocampo (won the 1966 & 1967 Interandino)
 * 🇨🇴 Leonel Montoya (won promotion in 1973 and won the 1974 and 1975 Serie A)
 * 🇪🇨 Polo Carrera (won the 1990 Serie A)
 * 🇧🇷 Paulo Massa (won the 1998 Serie A)
 * Manuel Pellegrini (won the 1999 Serie A)
 * 🇦🇷 Julio Asad (won the 2001 Serie B and promotion to the Serie A)
 * Jorge Fossati (first tenure, won the 2003 Serie A; second tenure, won the 2009 Recopa Sudamericana and 2009 Copa Sudamericana)
 * 🇵🇪 Juan Carlos Oblitas (won the 2005 Apertura)
 * 🇦🇷 Edgardo Bauza (first tenure, won the 2007 Serie A and 2008 Copa Libertadores; second tenure, won the 2010 Recopa Sudamericana and the 2010 Serie A)
 * Pablo Repetto (won the 2018 Serie A, won the 2018-19 Copa Ecuador and won the 2020 Supercopa Ecuador)
 * 🇦🇷 Gabriel Di Noia (won the 2021 Supercopa Ecuador)
 * 🇦🇷 Luis Zubeldía (won the 2023 Serie A, won the 2023 Copa Sudamericana)

Honours
LDU is one of the most successful clubs in the history of Ecuadorian football, with nine regional titles, twelve national titles, and five international titles. Liga won three amateur titles in the Interandino amateur era, tying them for third overall with Gimnástico. In the Interandino's professional era, Liga won six titles, which makes them the most successful team. Nationally, the club has won 12 national titles, the last one in 2023. Their national title count places them fourth overall behind Barcelona with 16 titles, Emelec with 14 titles and El Nacional 13 titles. Liga is the Ecuadorian club who have won more international titles, with five of them.

===Regional ===
 * Campeonato Amateur del Fútbol de Pichincha (3): 1932, 1952, 1953
 * Campeonato Professional Interandino (6): 1954, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1966, 1967

===National ===
 * Serie A (12): 1969, 1974, 1975, 1990, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005 Apertura, 2007, 2010, 2018, 2023.
 * Copa Ecuador (1): 2019
 * Supercopa Ecuador (2): 2020, 2021

===International ===
 * Copa Libertadores (1): 2008
 * Copa Sudamericana (2): 2009, 2023
 * runners-up: 2011
 * Recopa Sudamericana (2): 2009, 2010
 * FIFA Club World Cup: runners-up 2008
 * Suruga Bank Championship: runners-up 2010

title: L.D.U. Quito


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Future Shenzhou flights

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 02:51, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Shenzhou 8, Shenzhou 9, Shenzhou 10
Although I've been working on these articles, I think we should get delete them under Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. Currently the Chinese have not said a word about what will happen on the flights, and all we have on them is speculation from Western observers. Evil Monkey∴Hello 23:39, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Any pertinent information there could be put under Shenzhou spacecraft future missions. --DNicholls 23:44, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep real possibility for growth Renata3 10:34, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree that there is room for growth, but in a couple of years. About all we can say about these flights is that they will happen after Shenzhou 7. Apart from that all we are doing is crystal ball gazing. To quote Wikipedia is not:
 * Individual scheduled or expected future events, such as the 2028 Summer Olympics, are not suitable topics for articles, unless they are as predictable as an astronomical event; planning or preparation for the event is already in progress and the preparation itself merits encyclopedic inclusion; or speculation is well documented, such as with the 2008 U.S. presidential election.

 * Evil Monkey∴Hello 20:54, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. These will probably be launched and will be named such... however, we can't be perefectly sure, so delete for now until the Chinese government comes out with a plan. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 21:32, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete speculation. JamesBurns 04:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Wikipedia is not, can always be created if/when they happen. Jtkiefer  T - 07:06, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete without prejudice against non-speculative future articles. -- Cyrius|✎ 07:07, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Shenzhou spacecraft. I would actually prefer Keep, but I guess that's not going to happen.  I suppose I'm one who doesn't mind if Wikipedia functions as a crystal ball. Jdavidb 17:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Palmar erythema

Palmar erythema is reddening of the palms at the thenar and hypothenar eminences.

Causes
It is associated with various physiological as well as pathological changes, or may be a normal finding:
 * Portal hypertension
 * Chronic liver disease (including chronic hepatitis )
 * Pregnancy
 * Polycythemia
 * Thyrotoxicosis
 * Rheumatoid arthritis (especially in patients with polycythaemia)
 * Eczema and psoriasis
 * Deep telangiectasias
 * Coxsackievirus A infection (Hand, foot and mouth disease)
 * Rocky Mountain spotted fever
 * Secondary syphilis
 * Kawasaki disease
 * Adverse drug reaction: palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia (acral erythema)

Because circulating levels of estrogen increase in both cirrhosis and pregnancy, estrogen was thought to be the main cause for the increased vascularity. More recently, nitric oxide has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of palmar erythema.

Treatment
Palmar erythema has no specific treatment. Management is based on the underlying cause. When its cause is treated then patients get relief. If it is attributable to a particular drug then the drug should be withdrawn.

title: Palmar erythema


text:
Ernesto Acher

Ernesto Acher (born in Buenos Aires on October 9, 1939) is an Argentine comedian, actor, composer, arranger, multi-instrumentalist and orchestral conductor. Between 1971 and 1986 he was a member of the celebrated Argentine group Les Luthiers, with which he acted as composer, comedian, singer, and performer on more than twenty instruments, some of which he created himself. Before separating from the group, he was involved in individual projects as composer – including a soundtrack, a quartet for clarinet and strings, a string sextet and a symphonic poem for viola and orchestra. In 1988 he founded the La Banda Elástica (The Elastic Band), gathering some of the most outstanding Argentine jazz musicians. The band dissolved in 1993. Since then he has developed several musical and comedy projects, and performed as an orchestral conductor.

Background
He is Jewish.

Training and career
As a child, he studied piano and, in his teens, as he became interested in the clarinet and jazz. In 1965 he graduated as an architect from the University of Buenos Aires's Architecture and Urbanism School, where he worked also as a teacher on special-structures design. In parallel, he continued his musical studies with Professor Erwin Leuchter. In January 1971 he put architecture aside and devoted himself to music. During the following years he resumed musical studies with José Maranzano, and quite later he took up orchestral conducting with Carlos Calleja.

Les Luthiers
In March 1971 he became a member of Les Luthiers, replacing Marcos Mundstock as presenter as well as performer on several both formal and informal instruments. As a composer, his first work for the group was a jazz piece for informal instruments: Tristezas del Manuela (Manuela´s Blues). Upon Mundstock`s return in 1972, Acher was asked to stay as actor, composer, arranger and multi-instrumentist. He was the motor behind the group´s collective format, and in the use of amplification with a view to the new, larger venues in which they were eventually to play. Through his friend Alfredo Radoszynski, who at the time headed the legendary Trova recording label, Acher promoted the group´s recording activity as a means to reach larger audiences. Some of his works are: a cycle of jazz pieces with single-vowel titles (a joint idea with Carlos Núñez Cortés), Miss Lilly Higgins, Bob Gordon, Papa Garland, Pepper Clemens and Truthful Lulu; his folk pieces La yegua mía, Añoralgias and Epopeya de los quince jinetes; Teresa y el Oso (Theresa and the Bear), a symphonic poem for narrator and the informal-instruments ensemble, parodying Prokofiev´s Peter and the Wolf, and transcribed in 1976 for narrator, informal instruments and symphonic orchestra; Quartet Op. 44 for five players, and the Cantata de Don Rodrigo, in cooperation with Jorge Maronna and Carlos López Puccio. His most celebrated main roles are that of Don Rodrigo in the Cantata, the king in El rey enamorado (The lovesick king), and the “little brat” in La gallina dijo Eureka (Eureka, said the hen). The instruments designed and built by Acher include the “valve gom-horn”, the “gom-horn da testa” and the “kalephone”. He also collaborated with Núñez Cortés in the “glamocot” (which can be heard inTheresa and the Bear) and the “clamaneus”, which has never been introduced, and with Carlos Iraldi in designing Antenor, the musical robot in the 1979 show Muchas gracias de nada (Much ado with nothing at all). On top of his talents as composer, arranger and his remarkable ability at different instruments, such as clarinet, bass clarinet, French horn, trombone, piano, accordion, drums and other percussion instruments, plus half a dozen of assorted informal instruments, he was quite expert in approaching different genres and styles. Besides his activity with Les Luthiers, he composed the soundtrack for Carlos Jerusalinsky´s medium-length film Caja de sorpresas (Jack-in-the-box), based on a short story by Ray Bradbury, which received several awards at the 1976 Uncipar Festival, and had his String Sextet performed at the 1978 Contemporary Music Festival at Santiago, Chile, as well as Molloy, a symphonic poem for viola and orchestra, with soloist Marcela Magín and the Buenos Aires Philharmonic under maestro Pedro I. Calderón, in 1980. After his extensive stint with Les Luthiers, he quit the group for reasons that have remained unclear. Acher´s diplomatic explanation is that “Les Luthiers is a multiple marriage, and gentlemen do not ask spouses what went on in their marriage.”

The Elastic Band
In early 1988 Acher brought together some of the best Argentine jazz musicians in La Banda Elástica (The Elastic Band). Its members included Carlos Costantini (trumpet, flugelhorn, keyboards, bass, vocals, composing and arrangements), Hugo Pierre (alto & soprano saxophone, clarinet), Enrique Varela (tenor & soprano sax, clarinet, vocals); Ernesto Acher (trombone, baritone sax, clarinet, bass clarinet, French horn, piano, vocals, composing and arrangements), Jorge Navarro (piano, keyboards, percussion, vibraphone, vocals), Ricardo Lew (guitars, bass, percussion, composition and arrangements); Juan Amaral (bass, guitar, vocals), Enrique Roizner (drums, percussion). The group´s idea was to approach all genres, from jazz to Argentine folk songs, with both physical and musical humour, and a certain jazzy flavour, which led famous trombone player (and chef) Christian Kellens to assert that "What you do is like a ministry, ´cause you do jazz all the time, and people enjoy it without perhaps realizing". Another important feature is that the players´ multiple abilities enabled them to approach nearly any given genre from different instrument combinations. Their first performance, in June 1988, at the Cervantes Theatre, Buenos Aires, was widely acclaimed by audience and critics alike. It was followed by greatly successful seasons in Buenos Aires (Blanca Podestá, Lorange, and del Globo Theatres), and Mar del Plata (Las Estrellas and Colón Theatres), Then came three recordings and a chockfull of awards, plus performances in other Argentine cities, Montevideo (Uruguay), São Paulo (Brazil), and Asunción (Paraguay). In 1991 Acher conceived and organised a show called Together in concert, with The Elastic Band and Camerata Bariloche, Argentina´s most celebrated chamber ensemble. It was a resounding success at the Opera Theatre and Luna Park. The group disbanded in 1993.

Other projects
Later in 1993, Acher performed for the first time as a stand-up comedian in Humor, con Acher (Humour with Acher); he also presented his radio programme Los rincones de Acher (Acher´s corners) over FM Del Plata, later over Radio Clásica, FM Palermo, and a few years after that over Radio Universidad de Concepción (Concepción, Chile) and Radio Universidad de Chile (Santiago, Chile). Also that year he performed the first version of his Veladas espeluznantes (Creepy soirées), combining repertoire works with musical jokes, conducting the Rosario Symphony Orchestra, Argentina, with the participation his friends Daniel Schapiro and Carlos Núñez Cortés for the occasion. New versions were performed in Córdoba, Mendoza, Rosario, Bahía Blanca (Argentina) and Concepción, Santiago and Antofagasta (Chile). In 1995 Acher founded the "Offside Chamber Orchestra", a miniature (23 member) symphonic ensemble specialising in a variegated repertoire, from musical jokes to regular symphonic pieces in reduced arrangements. He participated in countless private events and during a season at the then reopened Lassalle Theatre, Buenos Aires.

In 1997, together with his friends, and most celebrated jazz pianists, Jorge Navarro and Rubén “Baby” López Furst, he presented Gershwin, el hombre que amamos (Gershwin, the man we love), with arrangements by himself and López Furst; the show combined the piano duo of Navarro-López Furst with a symphony orchestra, pairing the highest symphonic jazz standards. After two initial presentations at the Avenida Theatre in Buenos Aires in early October, the show stayed on through the end of November, to be repeated the following years in Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Santa Fe and Mar del Plata (Argentina) and São Paulo (Brazil). It ended abruptly in July 2000 with López Furst´s death, which precluded an eventual performance in Los Angeles (USA) with the American Jazz Philharmonic. In 1998 Polygram issued a live recording of the 1997 concert, whilst in September 2010 an album was released including a DVD of that concert plus a CD recording of the first (1986) concert by the Navarro-López Furst duo.

In 1999, after some chamber music projects, Acher, as arranger and conductor, along with his friend Jorge de la Vega (solo flutist of the Colon Theatre Orchestra) as soloist, presented Los animales de la música (Music animals) with a forty-member orchestra. The constant pranks between the twain in a humorous and subtle musical context were found highly amusing by both children and grown-ups. Following a successful stint at the Avenida Theatre, the show was again performed at the San Martin Theatre. In 2005, after a short interval, the show made a dashing comeback to the Colon Theatre with more than twenty sold-out performances, and was repeated in Córdoba and Bahía Blanca (Argentina), Asunción (Paraguay) and still is going on. A revised version of the Gershwin project was presented with Jorge Navarro trio and orchestra during the 2006 Easter at the Wine Festival in Mendoza, Argentina. The success led to further performances at the Colon, Coliseum and Opera Theatres in Buenos Aires, the San Martin Theatre in Tucuman, and the Campana Jazz Festival in Buenos Aires province. After having lived for a little over a year in Córdoba, Acher moved to Chile, initially to Concepción, later to Santiago and since 2013 he resides in Linares, 300 km south of Santiago. While in Concepción, he accomplished new projects such as Tribute to Piazzolla, for chamber orchestra, first performed by members of the University of Concepción Symphony Orchestra, and in later years by the Chamber Orchestra of Chile and the School of Modern Music Chamber Orchestra. In 2003 he premiered his Fantasy in Concert, combining five sequences from Disney´s film and live music, and in 2004 his The Orchestra Goes to School, a symphonic/didactic concert, both with the University of Concepción Symphony Orchestra. Before leaving for Santiago, he presented Acher en serio? (Acher… seriously?), conducting a chamber ensemble with works by Jobim, Schreker, Piazzolla and Richard Strauss. In 2006, Acher started a fruitful collaboration with Alejandro García "Virulo", a Cuban humourist with a long career behind him. With Virulo and two well-known Venezuelan humourists, Emilio Lovera and Laureano Márquez, Acher toured the Humour quartet on a single string in Mexico, Venezuela and Spain, besides a single performance in Havana, Cuba. In December 2009, Acher and Virulo presented in Havana their Symphonic pranks, combining musical jokes and orchestrated versions of Virulo´s songs. Since 2006 Acher has been professor of subjects related to art and literature at the Diego Portales University in Santiago, Chile, whilst continuing with his musical and humour activity.

Present time
In November 2011 he presented in Buenos Aires his Tribute to Piazzolla, recorded and issued by Acqua Records. After a short period as Artistic Director of the Linares Town Hall in 2013, he was appointed as Resident Conductor of the 'Orquesta Clásica del Maule', post which he held until December 2014. After returning in 2014 with his Symphonic pranks in Havanna and Gershwin, the man we love several times in Buenos Aires, he is planning to continue abroad these two projects in 2015 and 2016.

Compositions (in chronological order)

 * 1971:
 * Manuela's blues (Les Luthiers - instrumental)
 * Tía Ruperta (Les Luthiers - instrumental)
 * 1972:
 * Si no fuera santiagueño (Were I not from Santiago) (Les Luthiers - music, with Maronna, and choral arrangement, with Lopez Puccio)
 * La bossa nostra (Les Luthiers - music, with Maronna and Nuñez Cortés)
 * Fiat 125 (Les Luthiers - music, with Núñez Cortés).
 * Pieza en forma de tango (Les Luthiers - arrangements for the studio version, with Núñez Cortés).
 * 1973:
 * Les nuits de Paris (Les Luthiers - music & lyrics, with López Puccio and Maronna)
 * Serenata mariachi (Mariachi serenade) (Les Luthiers - music, with Maronna)
 * Miss Lilly Higgins sings shimmy in Mississippi's spring (Les Luthiers - music, for sixteen instruments)
 * 1974:
 * Miss Lilly Higgins sings shimmy in Mississippi's spring (Les Luthiers - music, revised version for sextet)
 * La yegua mía (Mare of mine) (Les Luthiers - music)
 * 1975:
 * Teresa y el Oso (Theresa and the Bear) (Les Luthiers - music)
 * Bob Gordon shops for hot dogs from Boston (Les Luthiers - instrumental)
 * El explicado (Les Luthiers - music)
 * 1976:
 * Caja de sorpresas (Jack-in-the-box) (soundtrack for a medium footage film by Carlos Jerusalinsky)
 * Teresa y el oso (Theresa and the Bear) (Les Luthiers - music, revised version for orchestra and soloists)
 * Two movements for clarinet and strings
 * 1977:
 * Visita a la Universidad de Wildstone (A visit to Wildstone University) (Les Luthiers - music)
 * Lazy Daisy (Les Luthiers - lyrics & music, the latter with Carlos Núñez Cortés)
 * Cantata del Adelantado Don Rodrigo (Les Luthiers - libretto, lyrics and music, with López Puccio and Maronna)
 * Jingle Bass-Pipe (Les Luthiers - music, with Núñez Cortés).
 * 1978:
 * String sextet
 * 1979:
 * Cartas de color (Coloured letters) (Les Luthiers - music, with Núñez Cortés; libretto, with Mundstock, López-Puccio, Fontanarrosa and Maronna).
 * 1980:
 * Molloy (symphonic poem for orchestra and viola, premiered at the Colon Theatre in Buenos Aires, conducted by Pedro Ignacio Calderón).
 * 1981:
 * Marcha de la conquista (Conquest march) (Les Luthiers - music, with Núñez Cortés)
 * Quartet Op. 44 (Les Luthiers - instrumental)
 * Papa Garland had a hat, and a jazzband and a mat, and a black fat cat (Les Luthiers - instrumental)
 * Añoralgias (Les Luthiers - music)
 * Siento algo por ti (Les Luthiers - music).
 * Dime si ella (Les Luthiers - music, with Núñez).
 * 1983:
 * Cardoso in Gulevandia (Les Luthiers - music)
 * Entreteniciencia familiar (Family techtertainment) (Les Luthiers - music)
 * Pepper Clemens sent the messenger, nevertheless the Reverend left the herd (Les Luthiers - instrumental)
 * El regreso (The homecoming) (Les Luthiers - music)
 * 1985:
 * Truthful Lulu pulls thru Zulus (Les Luthiers - instrumental)
 * Epopeya de los quince jinetes (The fifteen horsemen saga) (Les Luthiers - music)
 * 1988:
 * Diatriba de amor contra un hombre sentado (A love diatribe against a sitting man) (incidental music)
 * Casi blues (Almost blues) (The Elastic Band)
 * Parapaco (The Elastic Band - with Ricardo Lew)
 * 1990:
 * Historia de los blues en fascículos (A blues history in fascicles) (The Elastic Band - with Carlos Costantini and Ricardo Lew)
 * Dedos y luces (Fingers and lights) (The Elastic Band - with Enrique Varela)
 * 1992:
 * Un toque de distensión (A touch of distension) (The Elastic Band)
 * 2001:
 * La Nona (musical)
 * Rincones (Corners) (symphonic suite)

title: Ernesto Acher


text:
User:MathMan64/CentigradeDegree

Repeating Decimals
A repeating decimal has digits in the decimal part that repeat forever, such as: $$0.777... \ $$

A shortcut way of writing this is $$0.\overline 7$$

More examples:
 * $$13.515151... \ $$ or $$13.\overline{51}$$
 * $$8.6222... \ $$ or $$8.6\overline 2$$

Notice that the line is only over the part of the decimal that repeats.

If the entire decimal repeats
Change $$0.\overline 7$$ to a fraction.

This one has only one digit that repeats. So multiply by ten.
 * $$0.777... \times 10 = 7.777...$$

Then subtract the original number.
 * $$0.777... \times 10 = 7.777...$$
 * $$0.777... \times 1 \ = 0.777...$$

Subtract in two places: $$10 - 1 = 9 \ $$ and $$ \ 7.777... - 0.777... = 7$$

Square root of a complex number
Each complex number has two square roots. Consider $$z=a+bi \ $$ where $$r=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}$$ and $$ \phi = \arctan \left ( \frac b a \right )$$. The quadrant of $$\phi \ $$ is determined by the signs of a and b.

The square roots are $$\pm\sqrt{\frac{r+a} 2 } \ \pm\ i \ \sqrt{\frac{r-a} 2}$$ where the signs match if $$0< \phi<\pi \ $$, but are different, if not.

This can be derived by expressing $$\sqrt {a+bi} = c+di$$

So $$a+bi=(c+di)^2 = c^2-d^2+2cdi \ $$

Equating the real and imaginary parts: $$a=c^2-d^2 \ $$ and $$b=2cd \ $$

Solve the second equation for d: $$d=\frac b {2c}$$

Substitute into the equation for the real part above to get $$a=c^2-\frac {b^2} {4c^2}$$

Which simplifies to $$4c^4 - 4ac^2 - b^2=0 \ $$

Solving this for $$c^2 \ $$ gives $$\frac{a+\sqrt{a^2+b^2}} 2$$

So $$c=\pm\sqrt{\frac{a+r} 2}$$

Solving $$b=2cd \ $$ for $$c \ $$ and doing similar work gives

$$d=\pm\sqrt{\frac{-a+r} 2}$$

title: User:MathMan64/CentigradeDegree


text:
San Luis Valley Regional Airport

San Luis Valley Regional Airport (Bergman Field) is two miles south of Alamosa, in Alamosa County, Colorado, United States. It sees one airline, subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. The airport reached 10,000 enplanements for the first time in its EAS participation with Boutique Air and is now classified as a non-hub primary airport.

History
The airport was conceived in 1939 and construction began later that year. It was opened in early 1941. It is now owned by the City and County of Alamosa and is named for Carl A. Bergman (1908–1988), a local businessman and initial supporter of the airport. The first airline flights were Monarch DC-3s in 1946–47; Monarch's successor Frontier started service in 1982 with Convair 580's.

Facilities
The airport covers 1,700 acres (688 ha) at an elevation of 7,539 feet (2,298 m). It has one runway: 2/20 is 8,521 by 100 feet (2,597 x 30 m) asphalt.

In the year ending January 31, 2018 the airport had 8,403 aircraft operations, average 23 per day: 52% general aviation, 30% air taxi, and 18% military. 26 aircraft were then based at the airport: 20 single-engine and 6 multi-engine. The airport is an uncontrolled airport that has no control tower.

Airline and destination
Scheduled passenger service:

Other sources

 * Essential Air Service documents (Docket OST-1997-2960) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 * Order 2006-7-19: selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd. to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) at Alamosa and Cortez, Colorado for two years, beginning August 1, 2006. Alamosa will receive three nonstop round trips to Denver each weekday and weekend (18 total round trips per week) at an annual subsidy rate of $1,150,268. Cortez will receive three nonstop round trips to Denver each weekday and weekend at an annual subsidy rate of $796,577. Each community will be served with 19-passenger Beech 1900-D aircraft.
 * Order 2008-5-34: reselecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd., d/b/a United Express, to provide essential air service (EAS) at annual subsidy rates of $1,853,475 at Alamosa, Colorado, and $1,295,562 at Cortez, through July 31, 2010.
 * Order 2010-7-5: selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd., to continue providing subsidized essential air service (EAS) at Alamosa and Cortez, Colorado, for the two-year period beginning August 1, 2010, at the annual subsidy rates of $1,987,155 and $1,847,657, respectively.

title: San Luis Valley Regional Airport


text:
Talk:Supratentorial region

Untitled
I believe it's the tentorium cerebelli

title: Talk:Supratentorial region


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Velveteens

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Eugene van der Pijll 19:37, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Velveteens
They don't seem to be/have been notable, even an another group with the same name has released 2 albums and is in AMG feydey 23:42, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Well, I don't see why they can't be included. They released two albums (info added to page), played shows as far away from W&M as at least DC. Would it be a fair compromise if I made a page for the other band?

Matter of fact, I'm trying to figure out if that second album (Art of Compromise) was infact the W&M Velveteens or the OH Velveteens. Please don't delete until I've gotten to the bottom of this. Rbeas 24 July 2005

OK PROOF. Art of Compromise was the W&M Group, not the OH group: I followed the above link to the OH group, and found that the AoC album was attributed to them. Read the OH bio here: http://music.channel.aol.com/artist/main.adp?tab=bio&artistid=199715 Now, read the W&M bio here: http://www.scp.org/e-mail/2000/No_024.html

Now, read the album credits on the AoC album here: http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,1132306,00.html

The credits go to members of the W&M band, NOT the OH band. I have also listened to previews of each song at the AllMusic site, and the style matches the Viva album (which I own). Definitely not the "acoustic pop" of the OH group. A further article on the W&M Group: http://www.fcnp.com/issues/0/028/story04.htm Rbeas 24 July 2005

 * Delete — From what I've read of them, they just appear to be a minor backup band who never had a hit song and played ska: something of a minor musical trend related to reggae. While I enjoy reggae, this band just doesn't appear notable. — RJH 16:26, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep — I think that they were a well-known group in their area (tri-state / capital / Williamsburg / etc.) in their time. — --Rbeas 00:29, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
223 (number)

223 (two hundred [and] twenty-three) is the natural number following 222 and preceding 224.

In mathematics
223 is: Among the 720 permutations of the numbers from 1 to 6, exactly 223 of them have the property that at least one of the numbers is fixed in place by the permutation and the numbers less than it and greater than it are separately permuted among themselves.
 * a prime number,
 * a lucky prime,
 * a left-truncatable prime,, and a left-and-right-truncatable prime.

In connection with Waring's problem, 223 requires the maximum number of terms (37 terms) when expressed as a sum of positive fifth powers, and is the only number that requires that many terms.

In other fields

 * .223 (disambiguation), the caliber of several firearm cartridges
 * The years 223 and 223 BC
 * The number of synodic months of a Saros

title: 223 (number)