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All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi

Since its inception in 1956, the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi has been India's premier public medical university. The university also harbours India's top hospital. The institute is governed by the AIIMS Act, 1956 and operates autonomously with funds provisioned by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.

History
The idea of AIIMS arose in 1946, after a recommendation by the Health Survey of the Government of India. From then to the establishment and development of AIIMS (New Delhi) over the ensuing years, several illustrious individuals played their part in bringing the idea to fruition. Originally proposed by the then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru for establishment in Calcutta, it was established in New Delhi following the refusal of Chief Minister of West Bengal Bidhan Chandra Roy. The foundation stone of AIIMS Delhi was laid in 1952.

On February 18, 1956, the then Minister of Health, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, introduced a new bill in the Lok Sabha, that would eventually become the AIIMS Act. "It has been one of my cherished dreams that for post graduate study and for the maintenance of high standards of medical education in our country, we should have an institute of this nature which would enable our young men and women to have their post graduate education in their own country," she said. The old and new main OPD blocks at AIIMS, New Delhi are named after her. When the bill was adopted in May 1956, it became the All India Institute of Medical Sciences Act, 1956.

Campuses
The whole campus is spread over an area of 213.12 acres.

Main campus
AIIMS, New Delhi's main campus is located in Ansari Nagar in Delhi. It is adjacent to the South Extension-II market and lies on both sides of the Sir Aurobindo Marg, southwards to the AIIMS Roundabout flyover crossing.

AIIMS, New Delhi's main campus is divided into five smaller campuses:

 * 1) East Campus – Containing OPD Block, Main Hospital Block, Ward Block, Medical College, Research Section, Convergence Block, BB Dixit Library, Administrative Wing, Undergraduates Hostels, Central Lawn, Jawaharlal Auditorium and staff quarters. The 4 Specialty Centers for Cardiothoracic + Neurosciences, Cancer Center, Center for Ophthalmic Sciences and Center for Dental Education and Research are also within this East Campus.
 * 2) West Campus – It comprises mainly staff quarters and residences.
 * 3) JPNA Trauma Center – It is exclusively designated for Emergency services. In June 2018, a tunnel and ramp road link between the east campus and JPNA Trauma Center Campus was also opened. This link route is very useful in fast transferring of critical patients across the two Campuses. Beside JPNA Trauma Center, new 100 Bed Plastic and Burns Surgical Unit Hospital is also running, it will also comprise a Skin Bank  for Burns Injuries.
 * 4) Masjid Moth Campus – This site contains new Post-Graduate and Resident Doctor's apartments. Underground parking block is also situated here. Upcoming New Rajkumari Amrit Kaur OPD Block, Mother and Child Block, Surgical Block and Geriatric Block (National Centre for Ageing) are also functional here.
 * 5) Ayurvigyan Nagar Campus – It is too for faculty and staff's residential accommodations.

Across AIIMS is Safdarjung Hospital and associated Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University). Also, adjacently lies the headquarters of Indian Council of Medical Research, the body that coordinates and funds medical research in India. In vicinity, also lies National Medical Library, run by the Directorate-General of Health Services of the Government of India. It has a vast collection of scientific and medical journals that can be accessed by researchers.

Extension campuses of AIIMS New Delhi Jhajjar-AIIMS-II
The second campus of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS-II), spread over 330 acres (1.335 square kilometres) of land was visualized during the period of Prof. Tirath Das Dogra as Director AIIMS Delhi and Anbumani Ramadoss (President, AIIMS), Minister of Health and Family welfare union of India in 2009 at Bhadsha village [also spelled Badsa] in Haryana's Jhajjar district. AIIMS-II was thought to be developed as the largest medical Education centre for super-specialities in the world to meet the enormous need of super-specialists in various field in India. The 330 acres of land was donated by the then Chief Minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda, of Haryana to Anbumani Ramadoss, in presence of Director AIIMS Tirath Das Dogra, in a big public function on 28 February 2009 at the proposed site. The National Cancer Institute is first to come up, next is the National Cardiovascular centre as a joint venture between Govt of Haryana and Union health ministry in a series of future developments as envisaged. The next under the plan is a unique collaborative centre between IITD-Jhajjar campus located adjacent to the AIIMS (New Delhi)'s Jhajjar Extension. They jointly are to set up a "biomedical research park", running joint PhD/research programmes managed through the Foundation for Innovation and Technology Transfer (FITT).

National Cancer Institute (NCI) and upcoming National Heart Institute
The 710 bedded National Cancer Institute of India and Infectious and Community Diseases Centre at AIIMS (New Delhi)'s Jhajjar Extension Campus is constructed at a cost of ₹2,034 crores on 32 acres along the lines of National Cancer Institute of the USA and it is focused on treatment and research on the India-specific cancer.

It became operational on 18 December 2018 including OPD, lab and 250-bed hospital which will be expanded to 710 beds by December 2019. It is headed by Dr. G.K. Rath former Head of Department of Oncology at AIIMS (New Delhi). National Heart Institute (India) is also being established here. A heliport is being developed here in January 2019 for the Air Ambulance to serve emergency patients from remote areas.

Ballabhgarh Extension campus
Ballabhgarh, established in 1965, is an extension campus of AIIMS in Ballabhgarh city of Faridabad district in Haryana. This rural field practice OPD campus was set up in collaboration with Government of Haryana as "Comprehensive Rural Health Services Project" – "Ballabgarh Health and Demographic Surveillance System". In 1961 Rural Field Practice was established at AIIMS (New Delhi) with the help of Rockefeller Foundation. In 1965, the Comprehensive Rural Health Services Project was set up at Ballabgarh with a 50-bed hospital, 24 hr emergency and obstetric facilities, outpatient services in medicine, surgery, pediatrics, gynaecology and obstetrics, eye, otorhinolaryngology, psychiatry, physical medicine and rehabilitation, pediatric surgery, dental care, homeopathy, NCD clinic, ANC (Antenatal Checkup) clinic, immunization clinic, laboratory, radiological and ultra-sonography services.

Ghaziabad Extension campus
An intensive field practice area, the National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre is an extension campus of AIIMS (New Delhi) in Ghaziabad city of Uttar Pradesh.

The Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, AIIMS was established in the year 1988 and was functional in New Delhi. In 2003 it was upgraded as a National Centre (National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre) and is fully operational from its new premises in Ghaziabad, Delhi-NCR since April 2003.

NDDTC has been established as the apex centre for treatment of drugs and substance abuse disorders in the country. It provides a state of art model for de‐addiction treatments. This centre has full range of specialists and facilities. The NDDTC is situated on 10 acre beautiful campus. It is presently having 50 bedded treatment facilities

PhD Programme in the area of Addiction Psychiatry and DM (Addiction Psychiatry) Programme started since year 2012 and 2015 respectively.

The Ex-Chief of the centre was a member of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), a monitoring body under the United Nations. NDDTC has been designated as a WHO Collaborating Centre on Substance Abuse (2012–2020)

AIIMS (New Delhi) Campus Redevelopment Master plan 2019
In February 2019 The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister of India has given 'in principle' approval to the Implementation of Master Plan to convert All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi into a world class Medical University.

The visualization at the time of institute's construction (in 1950s) was for a limited number of patients. The medical institute was established as a tertiary-care centre, but now it has turned into a primary care centre. Over time, the requirement has increased manifold. The upcoming master plan will now have a vision for the next decade.

 * The Master Plan envisages freeing up adequate space through redevelopment, vertical expansion and reorganizing the land usage, thus optimizing the infrastructure of the Institute for the next 20 years.
 * It is proposed to re-develop the infrastructure of AIIMS, New Delhi by consolidating the Patient Care, Teaching, Research, Administration and support services in areas in the East Ansari Nagar (Main) Campus and residential facilities from East Ansari Nagar (Main Campus) to Trauma Centre Extension (New Rajnagar) Campus.

Benefits:

The project would provide highly specialized state-of-the-art healthcare to the patients and an integrated 'One Campus' answer to all the investigative, physiotherapeutic, operative, rehabilitative and vocational needs of the patients. It would ensure smart mobility and accessibility for the patients and become an apex tertiary care centre for advancement of research, clinical applications and management of patients.

Works expected as per the Redevelopment Master plan
By 2024, AIIMS (New Delhi) will add around 3,000 more beds to its existing strength of 2,478 beds. So there will be a facility of approximately 5,500 beds in service by then.

A move that will come as a relief for thousands of patients who visit the hospital every day as presently the hospital sees a daily footfall of almost 15,000 patients and their attendants. It also aims to strengthen patient-care services and residential facilities for faculty members and staff.

Officials said the estimated cost of executing the master plan is around ₹10,345 crore, including ₹1,000 crore for hiring manpower. The project will be completed in two phases; while Phase 1 will be completed in 46 months, the second phase will be finalized in 70 months. As per the plan, a convention centre, a guesthouse with 40 rooms, a hostel with more than 4,500 rooms and 500 residential units with allied car parking will be set up.

As there is no scope of further expansion with the limited availability of land, residential facilities stretching from Trauma Centre campus, West Campus (Ansari Nagar) to East Campus (Ansari Nagar) and Ayurvigyan Nagar Campus will be relocated. This will free up space in the main campus and allow to expand vertically.

With senior faculty members raising issues of shortage of labs and operation theaters in the institute, the administration hopes the upcoming project will look into that concern. This new plan will also create scope for research projects, which have been pending due to space constraints.

Specialty centres

Establisted in 1967 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, it is a 310-bed ophthalmic (eyes) specialty centre. It specialises in the treatment of cancer and hosts departments viz. surgical, medical and radiation oncology. Total beds are 182. It is India's first full-fledged centre to treat victims of trauma. It is located about 1 km west of the main campus. It has a bed strength of 243. Located adjacent to the Hostels, is AIIMS' newest specialty centre. The centre commenced a 4-year collaboration with WHO for oral health promotion. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of the Government of India designated this centre as National Centre for Excellence for implementation of National Oral Health Programme in the country. This centre provides technical support on oral health to the government and WHO. Despite having very few faculty members, this centre has been giving best research output per person in the country. It contains 17 beds. Offers superspecialty patient care, training and research in the respective fields. Containing totally 464 beds. It is a WHO collaborating centre on substance abuse containing 50 beds. It maintains a teaching and treatment facility at Ballabgarh, which is a periurban area outside Delhi, it also provides comprehensive services to 84000 population. Faculty members from AIIMS (New Delhi) are posted there by rotation. It contains 50 beds.
 * Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences:
 * Dr. BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital:
 * Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre:
 * Centre for Dental Education and Research:
 * Cardiothoracic and Neurosciences Centre:
 * National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, Ghaziabad:
 * Centre for Community Medicine, Ballabhgarh:

Admissions
AIIMS (New Delhi) was originally established as a super-specialty tertiary care centre with primary emphasis on research and specialized training facilities. MBBS is the basic medical course at bachelor's degree level. This is followed by master's degree level specialisation in general surgery, general medicine, pediatrics and other fields. Superspecialties are those healthcare fields whose practitioners need specialised certification after completing their postgraduation, examples being cardiothoracic and vascular surgery, rheumatology, neurology, and pediatric neurology. There are at least 45 superspecialties at AIIMS (New Delhi) at higher master's degree level. AIIMS also offers MSc and PhD level research courses.

There are about forty-two specialty post-graduate courses conducted at AIIMS (New Delhi). The entry is through a nationwide competitive examination, INI-CET, held every six months. Each year nearly 50 thousand medical graduates and 25 thousand dental graduates across the country compete for the limited number of positions, approximately <1% of the candidates are admitted through the process.

AIIMS publishes The National Medical Journal of India.

Changes in Entrance Examination pattern under the provisions of NMC Bill 2019
As per the latest official notification released by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, AIIMS, JIPMER -Puducherry, PGI -Chandigarh & all INIs (Institutes of National Importance) were directed to not to conduct any Undergraduate entrance exams from 2020 onwards.

Government has said that from 2020 session onwards, all such undergraduate admissions would be taken up only through a single national level examination NEET-UG conducted by NTA (National Testing Agency).

Many field experts however criticized this exam unification, specifically with respect to AIIMS (New Delhi), citing the reason that the level of questions in AIIMS-UG entrance exams (for both MBBS & BSc Nursing courses separately) used to be of such a higher & deep logical-conceptual thinking capabilities, that they eventually served a greater advantage for selecting the most desirable students for such scientific courses. And that was something really crucial for the main objectives for which AIIMS (New Delhi) was established, which are cutting-edge research, medical innovations and to demonstrate high standards of medical education to all medical colleges and allied institutions in India.

Achievements

 * AIIMS is the first Indian medical center to perform a successful cardiac transplant. The surgery was performed by P Venugopal, the ex-director of AIIMS, in 1994.
 * AIIMS is an advanced center of stem cell therapy in India, especially cardiac and neurological. It holds a reputation of being a pioneer in stem cell injection.
 * AIIMS has India's first and only minimally invasive surgery training center, under collaboration with Germany.
 * The first in-vitro fertilization facility in the public sector was set up at AIIMS, New Delhi in February 2008.

International rankings
AIIMS New Delhi was ranked 204th in the world and first in South Asia in the category of Life Sciences and Medicine by QS WUR in 2022. The institute was also featured in the World's Best Hospitals 2020 – Top 100 by Newsweek. It was ranked 22nd in the world by Ceoworld Magazine.

National rankings
AIIMS New Delhi was ranked first with a score of 91.60 among medical colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in 2022. It was also ranked first in India by India Today in 2020 and first among government colleges by Outlook India in 2022.

Awards

 * Kayakalp Award (Cleanest Medical Facility) for 3 consecutive years 2017, 2018 and 2019: First Prize for maintaining cleanliness within the institute's premises.

Scams and whistleblower case

 * On 29 June 2012, IFoS officer Sanjiv Chaturvedi was made Deputy Secretary of AIIMS (New Delhi). He was also given the charge of Chief Vigilance Officer (CVO) at AIIMS. As the CVO, Chaturvedi took action in a large number of corruption cases involving:

 * 1) Selling of counterfeit medicines at a private on-campus pharmacy owned by an MLA
 * 2) Corruption in recruitment
 * 3) Purchase of medical equipments & consumables
 * 4) Financial irregularities in ₹3850 crore construction projects and tenure extension of then Head of Engineering-Wing supervising these projects
 * 5) Unauthorized foreign trips by doctors
 * 6) Single bid tendering
 * 7) Corruption in computerization purchases
 * 8) Treatment of officers' pet dog at institute
 * 9) Matters of subletting
 * 10) Pension fund scam
 * 11) Sexual harassment
 * 12) Serious violations by security contractor firms

 * Chaturvedi initiated actions in around 200 corruption cases during his stint as AIIMS CVO; punishment was imposed in 78 cases, chargesheet was issued in 87 cases and more than 20 cases were referred to CBI for criminal investigation. These cases included the ones against senior IAS officer Vineet Chawdhry, of Himachal Pradesh cadre, who had worked earlier as Deputy. Director (Administration), former deputy director (Administration) Shailesh Yadav, a senior IPS officer, many senior faculty members, former Registrar V.P. Gupta and former Chief Administrative Officer Attar Singh.

CBI inquiries and further results
Subsequently, on many investigations done by Chaturvedi, CBI registered cases and recommended action against Vineet Chawdhry. As per India Today investigative report of June 2017, J P Nadda, Union Health Minister was found to have hushed up investigation into what the report termed as 7000 crore scam, detailing CBI report and scathing reports of Parliamentary Committee. Opposition parties on basis of this investigative report and documents mentioned in the report, accused Nadda of links with senior IAS officer Vineet Chawdhry who had earlier worked with Nadda in Himachal Pradesh

 * Earlier in September 2013, CBI had registered a criminal case on basis of enquiry done by Vigilance Cell of AIIMS, regarding large scale fake payments made in security wing of AIIMS and financial irregularities into security contract award to a private company.
 * In October 2015, CBI, on basis of enquiry done by Chaturvedi, found then AIIMS Director, Dr. M C Mishra, and certain other AIIMS officials including store officer guilty of involvement in corruption in purchase of medical items including disinfectants in trauma centre, on basis of wrong propriety certificate and recommended action against them to Health Ministry, as deemed fit.
 * Again, in January 2018 CBI registered criminal case under sections of forgery and Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 against certain AIIMS officials for corruption in purchase in Surgery Department, to favour particular firms, on basis of enquiry report sent by Chaturvedi as CVO to CBI in May 2014.
 * However, it was found later on that all the major corruption cases exposed and being investigated by CVO Chaturvedi, involving senior IAS, IPS officers, AIIMS Director and senior AIIMS officials were being hushed up after Chaturvedi's removal and taking over of Health Ministry by J P Nadda.
 * In August 2014, Chaturvedi was relieved from the charge of CVO.
 * On 16 August, he wrote a letter to the new health minister Harsh Vardhan, alleging that his removal from the CVO post was a result of campaign by corrupt officials. He was supported by AIIMS staff, who wrote a letter to the Prime Minister asking for his reinstatement. The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) held protests in his support

Institutional preference seats

 * Around year 2002 AIIMS decision to reserving 33% of post-graduation seats as institutional preference seats for its own undergraduate MBBS students, resulted in a controversy as it practically resulted in a 100% reservation for subjects, was struck down by the Supreme Court of India. In 2006 Union Health Minister Anbumani Ramadoss, who was a supporter of 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes, caused a controversy when he replaced P. Venugopal with T. D. Dogra as Director of AIIMS (New Delhi). The initial personality conflict between Ramadoss and Venugopal later become politicised as a conflict on reservation issue, as anti-reservation students and faculty of AIIMS (New Delhi) went on strike in favor of Venugopal. The issue was put to rest when Venugopal was reinstated by the Supreme Court.

AIIMS server attack
On 23 November 2022, servers of AIIMS New Delhi were hacked by a ransomware attack after an employee opened a phishing mail. The hackers have encrypted the servers and were demanding ₹200 crores in cryptocurrency, however Delhi Police did not confirm reports of ransom demand. Patient care services in emergency, outpatient, inpatient and laboratory wings were forced to be managed manually. Investigation has confirmed that five main servers were targeted by Chinese hackers based out of Hong Kong. Delhi Police, Representatives of Ministry of Home Affairs, Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-IN), Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) and National Informatics Centre (NIC) are investigating the ransomware attack. A case of extortion and cyber terrorism was registered by the Intelligence Fusion and Strategic Operations (IFSO) unit of the Delhi Police on November 25. The online registration of new patients visiting the OPD at the AIIMS resumed on 6 December 2022 while online OPD booking system was restored by 2nd week of December 2022.

Directors

 * Bhalchandra Babaji Dikshit (1956–64), Padma Bhushan, founder Director
 * Khushwant Lal Wig (1964–69), Padma Vibhushan, first Dean of the Faculty
 * V. Ramalingaswami (1969–1979), Padma Vibhushan, first Director-General of Indian Council of Medical Research
 * L. P. Agarwal (1979–80)
 * H. D. Tandon (1980–1984)
 * Sneh Bhargava (1984–1990)
 * S. K. Kacker (1990–1995)
 * L. M. Nath (1995–1996)
 * L. K. Bhutani (1996)
 * P. K. Dave (1996–2003)
 * P. Venugopal (2003–2007) (May–June 2008), Padma Bhushan
 * Tirath Das Dogra (2007–2009), a forensic expert in India
 * Ramesh C. Deka (2009–2013)
 * M. C. Misra (2013–2017)
 * Randeep Guleria (2017–2022)
 * Dr. M. Srinivas (2022–Incumbent)

Faculty

 * Abul K Abbas, Chair of Department of Pathology at University of California San Francisco
 * Alka Kriplani, Padma Shri recipient
 * Dr. Arvind Kumar, B.C. Roy recipient and Founder Trustee of Lung Care Foundation
 * Ashok Kumar Hemal, Padma Shri recipient
 * Atul Kumar, Padma Shri recipient
 * Autar Singh Paintal, physiologist
 * B. N. B. Rao, Padma Shri recipient
 * Balram Bhargava, Padma Shri recipient
 * Deepak Chopra
 * Jitendra Nath Pande, Padma Shri recipient
 * K. Srinath Reddy, Padma Bhushan recipient and Head of Public Health Foundation of India
 * Lalit Kumar, Padma Shri recipient
 * Meharban Singh, Neonatologist
 * M. D. Ray, Surgical Oncologist and Author
 * Naval Kishore Vikram, N-Bios laureate
 * Om Prakash Ghai, recipient of the 'Insignia of Merit' medallion of the International Pediatric Association and the Dr B.C. Roy award
 * Pramod Kumar Julka, Padma Shri recipient
 * Rakesh Yadav, recipient of Dr. B. C. Roy Award
 * Ramesh Bijlani
 * Randeep Guleria, former director of AIIMS New Delhi
 * Sanjiv Chopra, Dean of Continuing Medical Education at Harvard Medical School
 * Sujata Sharma, N-Bios laureate
 * Tirath Das Dogra, Forensic pathologist
 * Vinay Kumar, Chair of Pathology Department at University of Chicago
 * Vinod Kumar Paul, NITI Aayog member
 * Vipin Buckshey, Padma Shri recipient

Alumni

 * B. K. Misra - Neurosurgeon, recipient of Dr. B. C. Roy Award
 * Amita Aggarwal, MBBS, MD, N-Bios laureate
 * Rakesh Yadav, DM 1998, recipient of Dr. B. C. Roy Award (2014)
 * Raj Kumar, MCh 1993, founding director of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh.
 * Rakesh Aggarwal, MBBS 1983, National Bioscience Award for Career Development recipient
 * Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai, Padma Shri recipient
 * Sathyanarayana Srikanta, MD 1981, medical director at Samatvam Endocrinology Diabetes Center
 * Soumya Swaminathan, MD - Chief Scientist, World Health Organization
 * Ragini Sonkar, MBBS, MD - MLA Uttar Pradesh (Machhlishahr constituency)

Recipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award
The following individuals who have trained or worked at AIIMS, New Delhi, have won the CSIR's Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology for research:

 * Anil Kumar Mandal, Ophthalmologist
 * Anurag Agrawal, Pulmonologist
 * B. K. Anand, Physiologist
 * Birendra Nath Mallick, Neurobiologist
 * Deepak Gaur, Molecular biologist
 * Indira Nath, founder Head of the Department of Biotechnology at AIIMS, New Delhi
 * Maharaj Kishan Bhan, Pediatrician and Padma Bhushan recipient
 * Narinder Kumar Mehra, Immunologist
 * Nuggehalli Raghuveer Moudgal, Endocrinologist
 * Pradeep Seth, Microbiologist
 * Pushkar Sharma, Medical Scientist
 * Ravinder Goswami, Endocrinologist
 * Santosh G. Honavar, Ocular oncologist
 * Satish K. Gupta, Immunologist
 * Shashi Wadhwa, Neurobiologist
 * Shiv Kumar Sarin, Gastroenterologist and a former chairman of the Board of Governors of the Medical Council of India.
 * Subrat Kumar Panda, Virologist
 * T. C. Anand Kumar, Reproductive biologist
 * Turaga Desiraju, Neurophysiologist
 * V. Ramalingaswami, Pathologist
 * Vijay Kumar, Molecular Biologist


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Ramón Castro Jijón

Admiral Ramón Castro Jijón (15 November 1915 – 1 November 1984) was President of Ecuador 11 July 1963 to 29 March 1966. He was appointed commander of the Ecuadorian Navy by Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy, whom he later overthrew in a coup. For his entire term as President he was chairman of a military junta.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ramón Castro Jijón


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User talk:Kevinsmithers

Welcome!
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-- Sango  123  18:54, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Kevinsmithers


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Otto Arosemena

Otto Arosemena Gómez (19 July 1925 – 20 April 1984) was President of Ecuador from 16 November 1966 to 1 September 1968.

Early life and career
Arosemena was born in Guayaquil to Luis Alberto Arosemena Tola and Mercedes Gómez Santistevan. He came from a well-known Guayaquil family; his cousin and his cousin's father had both previously served as president. He went to elementary school at San José de los Hermanos Cristianos School and to high school at Salesiano Cristóbal Colón High School and Vicente Rocafuerte High School in Guayaquil. He graduated from the University of Guayaquil in 1955 with a degree in law. He was already involved in public life during his education: in 1951, he was named a member of the Electoral Tribunal of Guayas. Later, he became president of the tribunal.

Beginning in 1954, his political ascendancy was vertiginous. In 1954, he was elected Deputy for Guayas Province in the National Congress; he was reelected in 1956. In 1957 he was elected Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies, in 1960 he was elected Senator and member of the Monetary Board on behalf of Congress, and in 1961 he was named President of the Monetary Board and Vice President of the Senate. He fought against the military junta that in July 1963 had overthrown his cousin, President Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy. In 1965, when the country was facing one of its worst political, social, and economic crises—a result of dictatorial misrule—he founded a new political party in Quito called the Democratic Institutionalist Coalition (Coalición Institucionalista Demócrata, CID). One year later, he was elected Deputy of the Constituent Assembly held by "President" Yerovi Indaburu. The Constituent Assembly elected Arosemena President of Ecuador on 16 November 1966.

Presidency
Arosemena's ascent to power bolstered the confidence that the country had started to enjoy since the beginning of Yerovi's short administration, so that national and foreign investors brought capital and began important negotiations that led to national development. In an attempt to allay concerns about his being a dangerous leftist (as Velasco's vice president he had expressed warm sympathy for Cuban leader Fidel Castro Ruz and made a much- criticized trip to the Soviet Union), Arosemena named a cabinet that included Liberals and even Conservatives and quickly sent former President Galo Plaza on a goodwill trip to Washington.

At the time, Ecuadorians believed that the return to a constitutional regime had brought good luck to their country, when in early March 1967 oil began to flow from Lago Agrio Well #1 in northeast Ecuador.

In this year, Arosemena attended the meeting of Presidents of American states that was held in Punta del Este, Uruguay. At this meeting, he expressed frank opinions with respect to the US policy toward countries of Latin America, and the failure of the Alliance for Progress Program. He was the only attendee who refused to sign the Declaration of American Presidents, because he found it insufficient and lacking in practical content, as was demonstrated years later.

Among the main achievements of his government was the creation of the Ministry of Public Health, the construction of the National Unity Bridge (today called the Rafael Mendoza Avilés Bridge), the expansion of the Manta seaport, the Ambato-Riobamba and El Empalme-Quevedo highways, the electrification of Manabí and the Santa Elena Peninsula, the restoration of the Quito-Guayaquil railroad, and fostering telecommunications. He also carried out a plan of school building—perhaps his most important accomplishment—that at its height resulted in the construction of 1.7 schools per day.

His government, though short, greatly increased Ecuador's development and ensured the consolidation of democracy. In accordance with the law, he called presidential elections, and Velasco Ibarra won for his fifth and final time. Arosemena finished his term on 31 August 1968.

Arosemena's political adversaries later attacked his policies, particularly with respect to oil policy. He responded by writing the book Infamy and Truth (Infamia y verdad), in which he addresses his administration's oil policy.

Other activities
He was a professor of history and political geography at various high schools and universities.

He continued participating in national politics and served as a Deputy or National Representative in Congress until his death from a fall in Salinas in 1984.

title: Otto Arosemena


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Alfredo Poveda

Alfredo Ernesto Poveda Burbano (January 24, 1926 – June 7, 1990) was an Interim President of Ecuador January 11, 1976, to August 10, 1979.

Background
Poveda was born in Ambato on January 24, 1926. He attended Mejía High School in Quito and the Escuela Superior Naval "Comandante Rafael Morán Valverde" and graduated from the Escuela Nacional de Náutica Manuel Belgrano (ESNN). He also attended military academies in Argentina, Brazil, and the United States.

Career
Poveda first served in the Ecuadorian navy where he was promoted as the naval attache at Ecuadorian missions to Western European countries. He became commander of the First Naval Zone and commander of the Marine Infantry Battalion.

Poveda came to power through a military coup in 1976 and was appointed by the Supreme Council of Government as president. He governed with two other members, General Guillermo Durán Arcentales (for the Ecuadorian Army) and General Luis Leoro Franco (for the Ecuadorian Air Force). The triumvirate structured a plan for return to democratic government that led to multiparty general elections after a referendum on a choice of constitutions between a new one created by a constitutional assembly appointed by the Triumvirate and the Constitution of 1948 with several reforms. The new constitution was adopted in 1979 and it was recognized as a progressive document. The referendum lead to multi-party general elections among some twenty recognized political parties and the populist lawyer from Guayaquil Jaime Roldós Aguilera was elected President of Ecuador.

The military government was known for its crackdown of dissent and was particularly noted for its handling of the October 1977 sugar workers' strike at El Aztra, which resulted to the death of 100 individuals. The regime also withdrew land reform in the same year while all pending land cases were concluded in favor of landowners.

Upon return to a democratic system Admiral Poveda withdrew from public life and took residency in Guayaquil, Ecuador. While returning to Ecuador after a conference in Russia, he died from a myocardial infarction during a layover in Miami, Florida.

title: Alfredo Poveda


text:
User talk:JuanGarcia

Welcome!
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-- Sango  123  18:55, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything. :)

Image:New_Orleans_Fire_2005-09-02.jpg
I can't find anything on the directnic blog that says their content is CC-BY-SA-2.5. Are you sure about the license of this image? --Gmaxwell 06:11, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know but that's the closest license I found in the combo box to the CC license in the original image. JuanGarcia

title: User talk:JuanGarcia


text:
Jaime Roldós Aguilera

Jaime Roldós Aguilera (5 November 1940 – 24 May 1981) was an Ecuadorian politician who was the 33rd President of Ecuador from 10 August 1979 until his death on 24 May 1981. In his short tenure, he became known for his firm stance on human rights, which led to clashes with other Latin American governments and poor relations with Ronald Reagan's United States administration.

On Sunday 24 May 1981, a plane in which he was travelling crashed, killing all passengers including Roldós and his wife. Controversy surrounds the circumstances of the crash, including the absence of a black box. Investigations were reopened in 2015.

Early life and career
Roldós was born in Guayaquil on 5 November 1940. He attended high school at the Vicente Rocafuerte National School. He studied law and social sciences at the University of Guayaquil. He was an excellent student and won many awards, medals and scholarships. He served in the National Congress from 1968 until 1970.

At the age of 37, he ran for president on a populist platform. In the first round, he received the greatest number of votes, but not the 50% plus one needed to avoid a runoff.

In December 1978, during the nine-month interval between the first and second rounds of the election, an alleged plot to assassinate him, supposedly by eight Americans (who were later charged with archeologic relics trafficking) was reportedly foiled by the military government. On 18 June 1979, Roldós' house in Guayaquil was machine-gunned by unknown assailants.

He won the second round of elections against Sixto Durán Ballén, and assumed office on 10 August 1979 in a ceremony attended by several world dignitaries, among them American Secretary of State Cyrus Vance (with First Lady Rosalynn Carter accompanying) and Spanish Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez.

Presidency (1979–1981)
On 10 October 1979, Roldós signed a decree reducing the workweek to 42 hours. On 2 November 1979, he issued another decree doubling the minimum wage, to 4,000 sucres per month. ($160 in 1979 US dollars). On 8 March 1980, he established the National Development Plan. On 15 April 1980, he established a committee of notables to search for a solution for the power struggle in the National Congress, presided over by his former mentor Assad Bucaram.

He named 1981 the "year of advances". In late January and early February 1981, there were border skirmishes with Peru, in the Cordillera del Cóndor. Clashes occurred in the regions of Paquisha, Mayaycu, and Machinatza. With great skill and diplomacy he left the territorial dispute to the arbitration by the Organization of American States.

Roldós's most important accomplishment was his policy in support of human rights, in an era in which most Latin American countries were military dictatorships. In September 1980, Roldós met with the democratically elected presidents of the Andean region (Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru), proposed the signing of a Charter of Conduct, in which the principles of universal justice and human rights were re-affirmed, signaling protection of human rights as a more important principle than non-intervention. His stance on human-rights led him to clash with fellow Latin American leaders: in one instance at a summit in Colombia, El Salvador's José Napoleón Duarte (US-backed dictator who came to power with the coup that set off the Salvadoran Civil War) mocked Roldós for being young and inexperienced. Roldós answered: “I may be inexperienced, but my government perches on a mountain of popular votes, while yours is perched on a mountain of corpses.”

This policy was questioned by American conservatives, who considered it an excuse to justify Soviet meddling in the region, especially in Central America. The United States condemned the "Roldós doctrine", as they did that of Panamanian Omar Torrijos, who also died in a plane crash several months later. Following the 1980 U.S. presidential elections appointing Ronald Reagan, bilateral relations with the USA became strained; Roldós declined to attend Reagan's January 1981 inauguration on these grounds. His foreign policy initiatives also attracted the Sandinista government of Nicaragua and with the Frente Democrático in El Salvador, which opposed the military regime in that country.

Death
On Sunday, 24 May 1981, a Beechcraft Super King Air carrying the president and his entourage to a military ceremony in honor of the fallen in the short war with Peru crashed into Huairapungo Hill, near the town of Guachanamá, in the Celica Canton of Loja Province. The crash, at 2360 meters over sea level (7800 ft.), left no survivors. Killed along with the president were First Lady Martha Bucaram, the Minister of Defense Marco Subía Martinez and his wife, two aide-de-camps, a flight attendant, and both pilots. The bodies were reportedly burned beyond recognition.

Investigation and irregularities
The controversy about the cause of the crash began immediately when the Accident Investigation Committee (Junta Investigadora de Accidentes, JIA) of the Ecuadorian Air Force attributed the crash to navigational pilot error. There were also rumors that the Colombian M-19 leftist guerrilla was involved in the crash, but these accounts were dispelled by authorities.

Arosemena inquiry (first investigation)
A parliamentary commission was formed months later, led by then-MP and former President Otto Arosemena, following pressure from the families of the victims and political groups allied with the president. It found contradictions and inconsistencies in the JIA report, but could not reach definitive conclusions especially since the aircraft that was purchased by the Air Force to operate as a VIP transport lacked black box equipment. A team of the Zurich Police also conducted an investigation and concluded that the plane's motors were shut down when the plane crashed into the mountain. This opinion, which contradicted the Air Force Report, was not investigated further by the Ecuadorian government.

Granda inquiry (second investigation)
A second parliamentary inquiry, led by socialist MP Victor Granda, was formed in 1990 to review the findings of the Arosemena commission and the military investigations. The final 26-volume report, published in August 1992, found several inconsistencies and voids in the initial findings but did not establish a definitive conclusion. It criticized the Arosemena commission for its lack of further investigation into the Zurich police findings. Granda has also questioned former President Osvaldo Hurtado (who had succeeded Roldós) for its failure to question or expose the failures of the Ecuadorian Air Force flight security protocols that led to the crash.

Specifically, the Granda commission found that in the contracting process of the King Air bought by the Air Force, several high-ranking Air Force officers stated that the black box equipment was not acquired with the plane because it was considered “optional” among other spares and equipment when it should have carried one as it was functioning as a presidential transport. The investigation reportedly found that the two additional pages of the acquisition expedient, the ones with the optional equipment list, were not rubricated (initialed and/or highlighted in red) by any officer; so the commission asked the Air Force to demand a certification from Beechcraft on whether it had provided a black box. The Air Force relayed Beechcraft's response: that they had no record of selling or providing one. In spite of this, and that none was found at the crash site, Granda still contends a black box “may have existed”.

In this line, Granda has criticized and speculated in later decades that:

Operation Condor
The documentary The Death of Jaime Roldós, which was reportedly financed by an IDFA grant, premiered in 2013 and explores Roldós' death using interviews, archives and documentary research. It was directed by Manolo Sarmiento, who is close to the Roldós family. According to the film, the Ecuadorian military was heavily sympathetic, if not directly involved, with Operation Condor, the regional repressive apparatus set up by the military dictatorships of the Southern Cone countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay). Consequently, and according to Richelieu Levoyer; who happened to be Commander-in-Chief of the Ecuadorian Army at the time of the crash, Argentinians and Chileans involved themselves in the conspiracy to end Roldós’ regime, as they saw it sympathetic to left-wing causes and governments.

New inquiries, revelations and theories
Almost immediately after the screening, Attorney General Galo Chiriboga announced his decision to reopen the investigation. In April 2015, he announced to the National Assembly that, based on an alleged CIA document declassified in 2014, Ecuador had joined Operation Condor in mid-January 1978. According this document, participation would have occurred through the intelligence services of the Armed Forces; for this purpose, it is alleged (and also reported in the documentary) that “an Argentine general would have visited Quito and installed, in the Ministry of Defense, a telecommunications system (named “Condortel”). The Navy was allegedly in charge of telecommunications, while the Air Force was in charge of psychological warfare.” Additionally, an offer by Chile’s Augusto Pinochet to train Ecuadorian personnel at the Military Intelligence School in Santiago would have followed.

In May 2016, on the 35th anniversary of the crash, Attorney General Chiriboga announced the discovery of several documents, audiovisual and material evidence that was used in the first official inquiry, in an Ecuadorian Air Force depot. Reportedly among the evidence were some small remains of the ill-fated Super King Air. Chiriboga announced that some of that evidence would be sent to Brazil for further analysis; and that he would embark on further investigation, among military installations, to look out for more remains from the aircraft. The Roldós family asked to be kept informed on the new investigation.

Chiriboga said that up to this discovery collaboration from the Armed Forces had been “cold”, but that “better disposition” now existed. It is worth noting that former Defense Minister Fernando Cordero had declared in 2015 that despite documentation having been declassified in 2013, several files had been incinerated and other documents lost, a fact that his institution would investigate. Cordero added that previous information requests by the Attorney General had been obstructed by missing or disorganized investigation records.

In this line, in 2015, Defense Minister Fernando Cordero declared that the plane was acquired without black boxes and that the acquisition documents were incinerated by the National Defense Council in 2003, which precluded further knowledge about the flight's final moments. Still, Cordero announced he would be seeking information on those responsible for the documents’ destruction, as there was, in his view, “an intention that the truth about the existence of these documents not be known.” He also added that “there are documents that we will never find, but that can’t be a motivation to dilate (slow) processes.”

Victor Granda, who headed the 1990-1992 parliamentary inquiry claimed the incinerated documents were the ones related to the acquisition of the ill-fated presidential plane but added that the final report of his investigation contained copies of said documentation and that they were supposed to be stored in the legislative archives. He further challenged that many of the supposedly new documentation that was reportedly presented by Cordero about the case, such as the National Security Council documents were, according to Granda, already covered in detail by his 1990s inquiry, which was later published as a book in 2006. Thus, he challenged that the Ministry of Defence was not providing anything new, but documents that have already been analyzed, leading him to “doubt that this issue is used as a fundamentally political element.”

Legacy
Despite a downturn in his popularity during the last months of his administration, due to the post-war economic measures, Roldos’ death immortalized the last words of his famous speech delivered on the day of his death; at Atahualpa Stadium in front of a crowd of thousands, in which he called for national unity just before departing in his fatidic last journey to Loja, where he was meant to attend another ceremony for the fallen soldiers during the war with Peru:

After Roldós's death, his children left the country and the National Congress named Roldós's brother, León Roldós, as Vice President of Ecuador for the remainder of what would have been Jaime Roldós's term. León Roldós was later a candidate for president in 1992, 2002, and 2006. Jaime Roldós's daughter, Martha Roldós Bucaram, was a presidential candidate in the 2009 elections. Jaime Roldós's son, Santiago Roldós Bucaram, is a journalist and playwright. Jaime Roldós's brother-in-law, Abdalá Bucaram, founded the populist Ecuadorian Roldosist Party and was elected president of Ecuador. He governed from August 1996 to February 1997, when he was removed by the National Congress on the grounds of "mental incapacity". Martha Roldós has said that the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party has corrupted her father's ideals.

Jaime Roldós's most important legacy was his support for human rights. The Roldós Doctrine holds that the international community's concern for a country's internal human rights situation is not a violation of the country's sovereignty.

title: Jaime Roldós Aguilera


text:
Osvaldo Hurtado

Luis Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea (born 26 June 1939) is an Ecuadorian author and politician who served as President of Ecuador from 24 May 1981 to 10 August 1984.

Hurtado was born in Chambo, Chimborazo Province. During his studies at the Catholic University in the 1960s, Hurtado became a student leader. Afterwards, he lectured political sociology at his alma mater and at the Centro Andino of the University of New Mexico. He became one of the most widely read political scientists of his home country. In 1977, he authored an influential book on Ecuadorian politics titled El Poder Político en el Ecuador (English: "Political Power in Ecuador").

Hurtado drew progressive Catholics and younger professionals away from the Social Christian Party and into the Christian Democrats movement which was inspired by Christian communitarianism and Liberation theology and criticized capitalist exploitation. At the time, it was the most radical among Ecuador's non-Marxist parties and Hurtado was suspected by his right-wing opponents of being a "closet Marxist". In 1978, he merged his Christian Democrats with the progressive wing of the Conservative Party to form the Popular Democracy party.

In 1979, Hurtado was chosen as running mate of presidential candidate Jaime Roldós Aguilera of the populist Concentration of People's Forces. Roldós was successful and Hurtado became Vice President of Ecuador. On Sunday, 24 May 1981, Jaime Roldós Aguilera died in a plane crash. Hurtado succeeded Roldós Aguilera as President of Ecuador and served out the rest of his term.

Hurtado is a member of the Club de Madrid. He is also a member of the Inter-American Dialogue.

title: Osvaldo Hurtado


text:
León Febres Cordero

León Esteban Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra (9 March 1931 – 15 December 2008), known in the Ecuadorian media as LFC or more simply by his first, composed surname (Febres-Cordero), was the 35th President of Ecuador, serving a four-year term from 10 August 1984 to 10 August 1988. During his presidency he sought to introduce market-oriented reforms, and also led a security crackdown on a guerrilla group named ¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!.

Early life
Febres-Cordero was born in a wealthy Guayaquil family on 9 March 1931. His father sent him to study in the United States, where he first attended Charlotte Hall Military Academy in Maryland, then Mercersburg Academy in Pennsylvania for high school, and then graduated as a mechanical engineer from the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, NJ (which he visited after being elected in 1984).

Upon his return to Guayaquil, Febres-Cordero worked in the private sector, mainly in industry, including paper, electrical parts, chemicals and textiles. Eventually he became an executive partner in the Noboa Group, a large agribusiness Ecuadorian conglomerate.

Presidency (1984–1988)
The Febres Cordero government promoted a conservative economic policy. While some praised Febres-Cordero's economic policies, they became largely unpopular amongst most Ecuadorians. Several of his secretaries were accused of corruption. His Secretary of Finance (and future Vice President), Alberto Dahik, was impeached by Congress.

Febres-Cordero, a close ally of US President Ronald Reagan, was sharply criticized for an increase in human rights violations, including torture and extrajudicial executions. Decades later, Rafael Correa established the so-called Truth Commission to investigate human rights violations, particularly those that occurred during Febres Cordero's administration.

In January 1987 Febres-Cordero was kidnapped for 11 hours by a group of Air Force members who were demanding freedom for General Frank Vargas Pazzos, who had been imprisoned after leading two uprisings in March 1986, aimed to topple the Secretary of Defense. Congress approved a resolution granting Vargas Pazzos amnesty, but Febres-Cordero refused to sign the resolution, thus denying it the rule of law. It was only after his 1987 kidnapping that he signed the amnesty and released Vargas Pazzos.

Post-presidency
Febres-Cordero later became the mayor of Guayaquil for two consecutive terms (1992–1996, and 1996–2000.) His time as mayor is widely considered successful as he lifted the city from years of mismanagement, corruption, and paternalist practices by the populist Bucaram family (particularly the administrations of Abdalá Bucaram and his sister Elsa Bucaram). Febres-Cordero's policies brought order to the government's administration and finances and brought about a massive infrastructure increase, thus cementing a base for his protégé, Jaime Nebot (also from the Social Christian Party). Nebot turned out to be the main political rival of President Correa (2007–2017), establishing a reputation as an important force in the Ecuadorian politics.

In 2002 Febres-Cordero ran successfully for a seat in Congress, representing his native province, Guayas, for the 2003–2007 term. Despite being a regular absentee due to health issues, he was reelected in 2006, but those same issues forced him to retire shortly before the beginning of the new legislative period early 2007. This symbolically marked the end of his political clout over the country.

That same year, and in what was his last public appearance, he criticized the conformation of a Truth Commission by the new left-wing government of Rafael Correa, who in his 2006 presidential campaign promised to “halt the impunity” of the Febres-Cordero regime. The latter said that the body was a persecution tool of the new government, denounced an alleged leftist bias (as a former AVC member was among the commissioners) and accused it of being “inquisitorial.”

Personal life
Febres-Cordero was first married to former First Lady of Ecuador María Eugenia Cordovez, to whom he had four daughters – María Eugenia, María Fernanda, María Liliana and María Auxiliadora. They divorced in 1988 after thirty-four years of marriage. Later he married Cruz Maria Massu, but they had no children.

Death
Febres-Cordero died aged 77 in Guayaquil, on December 15, 2008, from lung cancer and emphysema. He was granted a state funeral. His remains are buried at the Cementerio Parque de la Paz.

title: León Febres Cordero


text:
Rodrigo Borja Cevallos

Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (born 19 June 1935) is an Ecuadorian former politician who was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1988 to 10 August 1992. He is also a descendant of the House of Borgia.

Life
Borja was born in Quito, the capital of Ecuador. He helped to found the Party of the Democratic Left, a socialist political party which quickly gained strength. He served several terms in Congress, leaving it in 1982. Borja first ran for President of Ecuador in 1978, coming in fourth place. He again ran for president in 1984, receiving the most votes in the first round, 36%, but he was defeated in the runoff. He succeeded in winning the 1988 presidential election.

He focused on Ecuador's economic problems during his presidency, and he increased collaboration with other countries in the Americas. He spent time with U.S. President George H. W. Bush on 22 and 23 July 1990, even playing tennis with him. The two met again on 26 February 1992, at a drug policy conference.

Like all Ecuadorian presidents, he was not allowed to seek a second term. After his presidency, he remained the leader of the Party of the Democratic Left. Reelection was allowed after a 1994 referendum and he ran for President in 1998, receiving 12% of the vote and coming in third place, and again ran for president in 2002, receiving 14% of the vote and fourth place.

It is claimed that he is a direct descendant of Pope Alexander VI through his son Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia.

Marriage and children
On 16 December 1966, in the city of Quito, he married Carmen Calisto. They had four children:

 * Gabriela Borja Calisto
 * María del Carmen Borja Calisto
 * Rodrigo Borja Calisto
 * Verónica Borja Calisto

title: Rodrigo Borja Cevallos


text:
Fredrik Franson

Fredrik Franson (June 17, 1852 – August 2, 1908) was a Swedish-born American evangelical theologian, founder of The Evangelical Alliance Mission (TEAM), of Chicago, Illinois. He has been called "Moody's Swedish disciple".

Biography
He was born in Pershyttan, Västmanland, Sweden to Frans Ersson and Maria Nilsdotter. His father died when he was young and his mother later remarried a member of the mission society, Per Olsson. He joined his two brothers, Frans and Eric, in America in 1869. He was accompanied by his parents, a brother August, and a half-sister Anna; the group traveled with Lutheran minister Olof Olsson. They settled in Saunders County, Nebraska, where the family established a home three miles north of Mead. He underwent a spiritual crisis while ill, leading to his religious awakening. In 1875, he joined a small Baptist church near his home in Estina, Nebraska, and was baptised. He preached his first sermon in that school house where the Baptist church held its services.

His next years were spent traveling to many countries teaching and preaching. Franson went to Chicago in 1876 hoping to meet the famous evangelist Dwight L. Moody. He became a part of the church founded by Moody and was trained by the evangelist as a counselor and learned Moody's revivalist preaching techniques. Like Moody, Franson was an ecumenist and believed in working together with other Christians to spread the gospel regardless of differences in denomination. He was part of the Free Mission Friends, who followed after Moody and distinguished themselves from the Mission Friends, who were followers of the more traditional Carl Olof Rosenius and Läsare movement. Franson adopted premillennial beliefs, preaching on the imminent rapture. One scholar argues that Franson, "more than any other Swede in America and Sweden, promoted the new premillenial view".

Franson began preaching in Lutheran Ansgar and Mission Synod churches, as well as Baptist churches in the Midwest; however, the Lutheran Augustana Synod disapproved of his preaching, deeming it novel, unconventional, and a threat. Franson returned to Nebraska to minister to Scandinavian immigrants, but in 1879 he felt led to go to Utah Territory to minister to some 30,000 Swedish immigrants who had gone there for inexpensive land. Franson's evangelistic endeavors were broadened to include members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who had recently settled in Utah Territory. In 1880, he worked with Leander Hallgren to establish a number of evangelical, non-denominational churches in Nebraska with an emphasis on setting aside denominational differences.

Two years later Franson left for his homeland. He brought the seeds of the early Pentecostal movement to Sweden, preaching to large gatherings. In Norway, Franson founded free mission organizations in twelve cities. While in Denmark, he was imprisoned for a month and then expelled. During this extensive ministry in Europe, he heard noted missionary statesman Hudson Taylor (1832–1905) challenge people to go to China with the gospel. From that encounter, Franson received a vision to form missions agencies in various European countries, and before he left the continent, six such organizations had come into being: Danish Mission Confederation, Swiss Alliance Mission, German Alliance Mission, Finnish Alliance Mission, Swedish Evangelical Mission in Japan, and Swedish Alliance Mission. All six agencies continue to send out missionaries to this day.

After arriving back in America, Franson continued to preach. His desire to motivate others for cross-cultural missions led him to form a training class in Brooklyn, New York. In 1890 he founded the Scandinavian Alliance Mission in Chicago, later known as The Evangelical Alliance Mission, also several missions in Sweden.

His first class on October 14, 1890, is recognized as the "birthday" of TEAM, although the early name for the agency was "The Scandinavian Alliance Mission." This name reflected Franson's vision to bring churches together into an alliance enabling even small congregations to have a part in sending out missionaries. Classes were also initiated in Chicago, Minneapolis and Omaha. Soon a formal board of directors came into being, and on January 17, 1891, the first band of 35 missionaries boarded a train for the West Coast and eventually China.

Photographs of these early missionaries depict a dedicated group of people who chose to live and dress as the Chinese did. Other groups soon joined the first recruits, and Franson fervently challenged still more to go. In order to get to China, the early missionaries had to pass through Japan, and that soon became a new field for the mission. In a similar manner, by 1892, a small group also went to Swaziland. In 1906 T. J. Bach and his wife left for Venezuela. Bach would later become TEAM's third general director. In 1897, Franson founded Svenska Mongolmissionen. The same year, he wrote Himlauret, in which he published his calculated date for the Second Coming of Christ. In 1908, following one of his lengthy trips to the fields, Franson took several days off to rest at the home of some friends in Idaho Springs, Colorado.

Franson died August 2, 1908, in Idaho Springs, Colorado. His age was 56. Services were held at the Presbyterian Church in Colon, Nebraska, and burial was in Estina Cemetery, south of Leshara. His body was later moved to Chicago into the Franson-Risberg Memorial Mission Home.

Legacy
Franson's piety has led to him being described as a "Swedish Franciscan figure". The mission which Franson founded with one field and 50 missionaries has grown to well over 1000 missionaries in over 20 fields. His legacy was a group of dedicated people whose desire was to take the gospel to all people. Franson's two passions – evangelism and church planting – continue to be the focus of TEAM's worldwide ministry.

Other sources

 * Edward P. Torjesen (1983) Fredrik Franson : a model for worldwide evangelism (Pasadena: William Carey Library) ISBN 9780878081912
 * O.C. Grauer  (1939) Fredrik Franson: Founder of the Scandinavian Alliance Mission (Scandinavian Alliance Mission)
 * David B Woodward (1966) Aflame for God: Biography of Fredrik Franson, founder of The Evangelical Alliance Mission (Moody Press)
 * Torjesen Edwa (2013) Fredrik Franson (William Carey Library)

title: Fredrik Franson


text:
Fabián Alarcón

Fabián Ernesto Alarcón Rivera (born 14 April 1947) was President of Ecuador from 6 February 1997 to 9 February 1997 and from 11 February 1997 to 10 August 1998.

Life
Alarcón was born in Quito. His father, Ruperto Alarcón, was a former president of the Chamber of Deputies. He was the President of the National Congress from 1991 to 1992 and then again from August 1995 to February 1997, when he was made acting president due to the impeachment of President Abdalá Bucaram. This deepened the political crisis in Ecuador as vice-president Rosalía Arteaga challenged Alarcón's assumption of the presidency. Arteaga then became president for two days but Alarcón was then restored. He gave up the presidency after early elections were held in 1998, in which he did not run. In 1999 he was arrested on corruption charges, but was later released. Alarcón is a member of the Alfarista Radical Front. He continues to receive a lifetime pension from the Ecuadorian government of $ 38,800 annually.

He ran for mayor of Quito in 1988 and 1992, losing both times.

title: Fabián Alarcón


text:
Jamil Mahuad

Jorge Jamil Mahuad Witt (born 29 July 1949) is an Ecuadorian lawyer, academic and former politician. He was the forty-first president of Ecuador from 10 August 1998 to 21 January 2000.

Early life
Mahuad was born in Loja, Ecuador. He is of Lebanese and German descent.

Mahuad attended Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, where he received a Master of Public Administration in 1989. He was a US State Department–sponsored Fulbright Fellow.

Harvard University published a case study on Mahuad, called "Leadership and Negotiation: Ending the Western Hemisphere's Longest Running Border Conflict."

Presidency
Mahuad initially ran in the presidential election of 1988, coming in a distant fifth place. He then served as mayor of Quito from 1992 to 1998.

Ten years after his first presidential run, he won the presidential election by a very close margin. Álvaro Noboa, the defeated candidate, asked for a vote recount, which was denied by the authority responsible. There was a severe economic crisis in Ecuador (including the 1998–99 Ecuador banking crisis), which had led to a 60% cut in the armed forces budget. Mahuad's popularity rating fell from 60% in October 1998 to 6% in January 2000. In the final days of 1999, he announced the dollarization of the economy of Ecuador, along with a number of International Monetary Fund measures.

Mahuad was forced to resign after a week of demonstrations by indigenous Ecuadorians and a military revolt led by Lucio Gutiérrez.

He proposed economic reforms that produced the "dollarization" of the economy. He declared a freeze in bank accounts in order to control rampant inflation. This caused massive unrest as the lower classes struggled to convert their now useless Ecuadorian sucres to US dollars and lost wealth, while the upper classes (whose members already had their wealth invested in US dollars) gained wealth in turn. Under Mahuad's recession-plagued term, the economy shrank significantly, and inflation reached levels of up to 60 percent.

During Mahuad's presidency, a historic peace agreement with Peru was signed, resolving long-standing border disputes. Under the agreement, Ecuador renounced its claims to sovereignty of the disputed territory under the Rio de Janeiro Protocol, and in return, Peru deeded ownership of one km² of territory to Ecuador. Mahuad concluded the peace with Peru on 26 October 1998.

Post-presidency
Mahuad is also a senior advisor at CMI International Group in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

In May 2014, Ecuador’s National Court of Justice sentenced him to twelve years jail term on embezzlement charges.

title: Jamil Mahuad


text:
Bruce Forbes

Bruce David Forbes (born March 30, 1948) is an ordained minister in the United Methodist Church. Born in Michigan, he grew up in Mitchell, South Dakota. His parents, Ernest Linwood Forbes and Marie Louise Forbes, met in Rochester. Ernie eventually became a hospital administrator at Methodist Hospital in Mitchell. Marie was a mathematics teacher as well as a librarian. Forbes resides in Sioux City, Iowa and has one son, Matthew Forbes.

Bruce Forbes holds a BA in religious studies from Morningside College, an MTh from Perkins School of Theology at Southern Methodist University, and a PhD from Princeton Theological Seminary. His formal academic training is in the history of Christianity, but he has also developed a special interest in the analysis of popular culture. Forbes is a former department chair and professor of religious studies at Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa.

He is the co-editor of two books: Religion and Popular Culture in America (2000, second edition in 2005, third edition in 2017), co-edited with Jeffrey H. Mahan, and Rapture, Revelation and the End Times: An Exploration of the Left Behind Series (2004), co-edited with Djeanne Halgren Kilde. He is also the author of two non-fiction books: Christmas: A Candid History (2007) and America's Favorite Holidays: Candid Histories (2015).

title: Bruce Forbes


text:
Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy

Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy (24 August 1919 – 5 March 2004) was an Ecuadorian politician. Arosemena Monroy was elected as Vice President of Ecuador in 1960 and due to the ousting of President José María Velasco Ibarra, became President of Ecuador from 7 November 1961 to 11 July 1963.

Biography
He was born in Guayaquil to Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, a former president of Ecuador, and Laura Monroy Garaycoa. He was President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1952. As Vice President, he was also President of the Senate.

He exercises his mandate in a tumultuous regional context, caused by the Cuban revolution and the establishment of anti-communist military dictatorships in Latin America. During his presidency, he modernized the telecommunications network, created the national aviation company TAME and the Secular and Catholic University of Guayaquil, launched road construction work in the country and introduced the thirteenth month's salary. His support of Fidel Castro's revolution in Cuba caused an ongoing conflict with Congress and the military.

While in office, there were two failed attempts to impeach him. He was overthrown by the Military Junta of 1963 after criticizing the US government and insulting Maurice M. Bernbaum, the US ambassador to Ecuador.

title: Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy


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North Waltham

North Waltham is a village and civil parish in the borough of Basingstoke and Deane in Hampshire, England. It is located around 6 mi southwest of Basingstoke and just north of the M3 motorway. In the 2011 Census it had a population of 870. The village is home to a pond, shop, Victorian primary school, a recreation ground and two pubs: The Fox, and The Wheatsheaf. The Church of England Parish Church is dedicated to St Michael.

Governance
The village and civil parish are part of the Oakley and North Waltham ward of the borough of Basingstoke and Deane. In turn, the ward falls within the North West Hampshire constituency.

Geography
Nearby towns and cities: Andover, Basingstoke, Newbury, Salisbury, Winchester

Nearby villages: Axford, Cliddesden, Dummer, Farleigh Wallop, Hook, Kingsclere, Oakley, Old Basing, Overton, Steventon.

title: North Waltham


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Talk:The Helm and Cloak

The Helm of Balduran
Does it lie in The Helm and Cloak? I thought it was in the Blade and Stars... Ariakas 19:02, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Nope, the helm is said to be in "an appropriately named place" - the Helm and Cloak. Poulsen 14:39, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Helm and Cloak


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User talk:Logka

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 18:58, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

You here often?

 * Please stop adding unformatted entries that are very short and gramatically incorrect. See The perfect stub article for more info. Thanks, Meelar (talk) 19:10, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

the work is coming in the perfect stub you with the good?

 * Please be more coherent with your writing; I can't really understand what you're saying. Best, Meelar (talk) 19:15, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

more on the pageedit help

 * If you won't stop adding poorly-formatted, unreadable articles, you can be blocked. If your English isn't good enough or something of that nature, you can try our other language editions (see http://www.wikipedia.org ). Please stop adding these to the English edition. Best, Meelar (talk) 19:18, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

what ya mean the hindu language

title: User talk:Logka


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Industrial school (Great Britain)

Industrial schools were intended to solve problems of juvenile vagrancy in England by removing poor and neglected children from their home environment to a boarding school. The Industrial Schools Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict. c. 48) allowed magistrates to send disorderly children to a residential industrial school. An 1876 act led to nonresidential day schools of a similar kind.

There were similar arrangements in Scotland, where the Industrial Schools Act came into force in 1866. The schools cared for neglected children and taught them a trade, with an emphasis on preventing crime. Glasgow Industrial School for Girls is an example formed in 1882. They were distinct from reformatories set up under the Youthful Offenders Act 1854 (and the Reformatory Schools (Scotland) Act 1854) which included an element of punishment. Both agreed in 1927 to call themselves approved schools.

In Ireland, the Industrial Schools Act (Ireland) 1868 (31 & 32 Vict. c. 25) established industrial schools (scoileanna saothair) to care for "neglected, orphaned and abandoned children". By 1884 there were 5,049 children in such institutions.

Context
An Industrial Feeding School was opened in Aberdeen in 1846. Industrial schools, like the contemporaneous ragged schools, were set up by volunteers to help destitute children. Their philosophy differed in that they believed that an education was not enough: these children needed to be removed from the harmful environment of the street, trained to be industrious, and given a trade they could practise.

Some schools were residential, but other children were day-boys. The regime was severe, with a tightly timetabled daily routine that stretched from waking at 6:00am to bedtime at 7:00pm.

During the day there were set times for religion and moral guidance, formal schooling, doing housework, eating, and learning trades, with three intervals for play. The boys' trades were gardening, tailoring, and shoemaking; the girls learned housework and washing, knitting, and sewing.

Industrial Schools Act 1857
The Industrial Schools Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict. c. 48) gave magistrates the power to sentence homeless children between the ages of 7 and 14, who were brought before the courts for vagrancy to a spell in an industrial school.

In 1861, a further act strengthened the powers of the magistrate "to include:

 * Any child apparently under the age of fourteen found begging or receiving alms (money or goods given as charity to the poor).
 * Any child apparently under the age of fourteen found wandering and not having any home or visible means of support, or in company of reputed thieves.
 * Any child apparently under the age of twelve who, having committed an offence punishable by imprisonment or less.
 * Any child under the age of fourteen whose parents declare him to be beyond their control".

It was not until 1875 that it became compulsory to register births, and vagrants often genuinely did not know their age. Also, children would say any age that was convenient to them at the time.

Homeless children who had not committed any more serious crime were sent to industrial schools, and children who had been arrested for other crimes were sent to juvenile prisons known as reformatories.

Financial accountability
The intention was that the cost of attending such a school would be met by the parents, which was an interesting concept for a child who was sent there because he was already homeless. The state had to provide. The system expanded rapidly, and magistrates preferred to send miscreants to a school rather than a reformatory. There was public unrest about the mounting cost. From 1870, responsibility for the Industrial schools passed to the local Committee of Education.

Best estimates suggest that, at the peak, there were 224 certified industrial schools in England and 50 in Scotland. There were others operating without certification or when certification had been removed. Name changing was common. Directly after World War I, 100 closed and by 1933 there were only 55 remaining. They agreed to change their names to approved schools in 1927, and the Approved Schools Act 1933 merged them to form a single system.

title: Industrial school (Great Britain)


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Cliddesden

Cliddesden is a village and a parish in Hampshire, England located 3 miles south of Basingstoke, close to the M3 motorway. In the 2001 census it had a population of 489, increasing to 497 at the 2011 Census. The land and housing are currently protected as it is within a Conservation Zone and has many areas of beauty and rolling countryside.

The village was formerly served by Cliddesden railway station on the now defunct Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway. The station was used in the making of several films. In the 1937 film Oh, Mr Porter!, Cliddesden appeared as 'Buggleskelly'. A short length of railway track was installed in the centre of the Viables Roundabout in Basingstoke in 1976 to commemorate the line at a point close to its original route. The B3046 runs through the village centre.

About 1.5 mi to the southwest lies one of the highest points on the Hampshire Downs, Farleigh Hill (208 m).

Location
Position:

Nearby towns and cities: Alton, Andover, Basingstoke, Newbury, Winchester

Nearby villages: Axford, Dummer, Ellisfield, Farleigh Wallop,  Herriard, Hook, Kingsclere, North Waltham, Oakley, Old Basing, Overton, Steventon, Whitchurch.

title: Cliddesden


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1938–39 in Scottish football

The 1938–39 season was the 66th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 49th season of the Scottish Football League. Due to the World War II the league was not officially competed for again until the 1946–47 season.

Scottish League Division One
Champions: Rangers

Scottish Cup
Clyde were winners of the Scottish Cup after a 4–0 win over Motherwell.

County

 * * - aggregate over two legs

Junior Cup
Rutherglen Glencairn were winners of the Junior Cup after a 1–0 win over Shawfield in the final.

Scotland national team
Scotland were joint winners of the 1939 British Home Championship with England and Wales

Key:
 * (H) = Home match
 * (A) = Away match
 * BHC = British Home Championship

title: 1938–39 in Scottish football