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Louis W. Ballard

Louis W. Ballard (July 8, 1931 – February 9, 2007) was a Native American composer, educator, author, artist, and journalist. He is "known as the father of Native American composition."

Early life
Louis Wayne Ballard was born on July 8, 1931, in Devil's Promenade near Miami, Oklahoma. His father was Charles G. Ballard, Cherokee, and his mother Leona Quapaw was Quapaw. On his mother's side, he was related to a prominent medicine chief of the Quapaw Tribe, and on his father's side he was related to Joel B. Mayes, a principal chief of the Cherokee Nation. His Quapaw name, Honganozhe, translates to "One Who Stands With Eagles".

Ballard's education began at the Seneca Indian Training School when he was six years old. The Seneca Indian Training School, a boarding school located in Wyandotte, Oklahoma, was established in the early 1870s and was initially a mission school supported by a local group of Quakers and government subsidies. Over time, the school came under control of the government. The mission of the Seneca Indian Training School and other institutions like it can be best explained by the following message delivered by Thomas J. Morgan, the former Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in 1889: "[American Indian children] should be taught to look upon America as their home and upon the United States Government as their friend and benefactor. They should be made familiar with the lives of great and good men and women in American history, and be taught to feel a pride in all their great achievements. They should hear little or nothing of the 'wrongs of the Indians,' and of the injustice of the white race. If their unhappy history is alluded to, it should be to contrast it with the better future that is within their grasp."

Ballard considered these schools to be institutions that would brainwash American Indian children. Despite the efforts of the Seneca Indian Training School in discouraging him from practicing his family's customs, Ballard continued to speak in his native language and engage in tribal dances; he was constantly persecuted for doing so. This was not unlike the treatment that his mother received at a school similar to the Seneca Indian Training School, where on occasion she was beaten, handcuffed, and submitted to solitary confinement when she was caught speaking Quapaw. These disciplinary tactics were commonplace at such institutions throughout the United States and resulted in a dramatic loss of language and culture.

After leaving boarding school, Ballard's parents divorced, and he and his brother, Charles Ballard, lived with their mother and step-father for part of the year and with their grandmother for the other part of the year. During this period of his life, Ballard struggled with his identity. With his mother, he lived what could have been described as a typical American life-style with little spiritual or cultural guidance. In school, he was often forced to draw tom-toms and tomahawks by the teacher, and the other students would often taunt, harass, and throw stones at him. While living with his grandmother, though, he attended Baptist Mission School and took part in powwows as well as other community festivals. It is not surprising that he felt more comfortable living with his grandmother. There seems to be some speculation as to who first taught the young Louis Ballard to play piano at the Baptist Mission Church. One source states that it was his mother who first taught him, but another source claims that his grandmother paid an unnamed private tutor to instruct him. According to the latter, his grandmother's property contained zinc and lead, and as a result, had the financial means to purchase a piano as well as pay for piano and voice lessons. By the time he had finished high school, he had a number of achievements to his name. He was the captain of both the football team and the baseball team, he was named valedictorian and outstanding graduate of the class of 1949, and he performed in a piano recital that took place at the University of Oklahoma. Although Ballard was trained in the style of Western music, he was deeply rooted in the music and dance traditions of his culture. As a child, he often participated in powwows, and he would continue to participate in powwows into his years as a young adult. He eventually became a member of the War Dance Society of the Quapaw tribe.

After high school, Ballard continued to pursue music while at college. He began studying at the University of Oklahoma in 1949, and then transferred to Northeastern Oklahoma A&M in 1951. In 1954 he received a bachelor's degree in music theory and a bachelor's degree in music education at the University of Tulsa. There, he studied piano with Stefan Bardos and composition with Bela Rosza. Ballard met his first wife, Delores Lookout, on a blind date at the University of Tulsa in 1953. They were, then, married in January of the following year in Pawhuska, Oklahoma. Their first son, Louis Anthony Ballard, was born on October 30, 1954. Louis had two additional children with Delores. Their daughter, Anne Marie Quetone, was born on March 7, 1956, and their second son, Charles Christopher Ballard, was born August 10, 1957. During his undergraduate studies, Ballard began exploring ways in which he could combine his passion for his Quapaw music traditions with Western music practices. Taking inspiration from Bela Bartok's use of Hungarian folk themes, one of Ballard's first attempts at unifying these two musical practices was a compositional exercise in which he arranged a Ponca Indian melody in the styles of both Chopin and Rachmaninoff. Ultimately, he was dissatisfied with the outcome, because he wanted his American Indian-influenced music to be assessed for its own unique qualities. He felt that for it to be truly original, it needed to feature American Indian music traditions without being in the style of another composer. He would later explain, "Dvorak, in 1893, predicted that America should have a form of nationalistic music built upon Indian music and Black slave songs. So I felt that I was in good company when I took up my pen to express the sufferings of my people, their regeneration and hopes for a better future life…" While Ballard was pursuing his undergraduate degrees, he sang with the Tulsa University Radio Choir in order to support himself.

After graduating, Ballard taught music at various schools throughout Oklahoma, including Marquette High School in Tulsa and Nelagoney Consolidated Schools in Osage County. He was also the music director for Memorial Baptist Church and Madelene Catholic Church in Tulsa, and First Presbyterian Church in Pawhuska. Ballard ultimately left his music director positions and supported himself by teaching private piano lessons. He returned to the University of Tulsa to pursue a master's degree in composition in 1960, and continued his studies with Bela Rosza. He graduated in 1962, and was distinguished by being the first American Indian to receive a graduate degree in music composition.

Composer and educator
After graduating, Ballard frequently attended the Aspen Music Festival and studied composition privately with notable musical figures such as Darius Milhaud, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Carlos Surinach, and Felix Labunski. He also studied applied percussion with George Gaber. During the summer, as a faculty member at the Aspen Music Festival from 1957 through 1972, he taught private lessons in percussion performance and participated in various concerts held during the festival. Louis Ballard met his second wife, Ruth Doré, at the Aspen Music Festival in 1963. She too was a concert pianist, and would later become Ballard's manager and publicist. At this time, both Louis Ballard's marriage to Delores Lookout and Ruth Doré's marriage to her husband, Robert Sands, were rapidly deteriorating. By 1965, Louis Ballard divorced Delores Lookout, and was soon remarried to Ruth Doré. Doré came from a family with wealth, and with her personal and financial support, Ballard was able to pursue composition on a full-time basis. In addition to spending his summers at the Aspen Music Festival, Ballard served as the music director for the Institute of American Indian Arts based in Santa Fe, New Mexico, from 1962 to 1968.

In 1966, the Ballard family hired Lydia Talache as a housekeeper and babysitter for their three children. While she worked for them, Lydia became very close to the family. She frequented the Ballard residence twice a week until 1970. According to Lydia Talache, Louis Ballard was well liked in the American Indian community, and his music was very well received by the community at large. She recounted that the vast majority of Pueblo people favored the music that Ballard had composed and were enthusiastic about Ballard's depiction of American Indian culture in his music. Ballard was also respected as a musician and composer among the non-American Indian music community in Santa Fe. Michael Udow, the principal percussionist of the Santa Fe Opera orchestra from 1968 until his retirement in 2009, personally attested to the respect that Ballard garnered among the other musicians and by the local community in general.

From 1968 until 1979, Ballard was appointed as the National Curriculum Specialist for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. During this time, he worked with over three hundred and fifty schools nationwide, and was exposed to the cultures and musical traditions of many different tribes. During his time with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, he made one of his most valuable contributions as a music educator and champion of American Indian music and culture. In 1973, Ballard wrote and published American Indian Music for the Classroom, a curriculum complete with recordings for teachers who wanted to incorporate American Indian music in classroom instruction.

Throughout his career, Louis Ballard composed a large number of musical works for a variety of different instruments and ensembles. Many of Ballard's works have been premiered at major venues and have garnered awards and accolades nationally and internationally. "Scenes from Indian Life" was originally a three movement orchestral work which premiered in Rochester, New York, and was conducted by Howard Hanson in 1964. The same piece with an added a fourth movement, "Feast Day," was performed by the San Jose Symphony as a part of its "Voices of America" program in 1994 along with Aaron Copland's "Lincoln Portrait" and Leonard Bernstein's Symphony no. 2, "The Age of Anxiety." In 1969, Ballard's Ritmo Indio, a three movement work for woodwind quintet, won the first Marion Nevins McDowell Award for American Chamber Music, and was featured as the opening work at the gala Quintet of the Americas concert, "Discovering the New World: A Quincentennial Event," at Carnegie Hall on January 9, 1992. The first movement of Ritmo Indio, "The Soul," was also recorded on two of the Quintet of the Americas' albums: Souvenirs, and Discovering the New World. Ballard began experimenting with other mediums and ventured outside the chamber ensemble format when he composed two works for ballet. The Four Moons, written in honor and celebration of Oklahoma's sixtieth year of statehood in 1967, was performed both in Tulsa and in Oklahoma City. It was also featured at the Tulsa Ballet's New York debut performance in 1983. His second ballet, Desert Trilogy, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 1971. In 1976 Ballard's choral cantata Portrait of Will Rogers was premiered by the Kansas City Symphony with Will Rogers, Jr. as the narrator.

Another popular and critically acclaimed composition is his chamber orchestral work, Incident at Wounded Knee, inspired by a stream of daily newspaper reports that were covering the court proceedings related to the 1973 conflict that occurred between the FBI and members of the American Indian Movement on the Sioux reservation in Pine Ridge, South Dakota, near the site of the Wounded Knee Massacre of three hundred Oglala Sioux by the United States military in 1890. Commissioned and conducted by Dennis Russell Davies, the director of the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra in 1974, it was performed in New York at Carnegie Hall in 1999 at the American Composer's Orchestra's opening concert of the season, "Protest." While Incident at Wounded Knee is not a programmatic work, it represents the customs and emotions of the American Indian peoples.

Ballard's works have also been premiered at prestigious venues such as the Lincoln Center, the Kennedy Center, and the Smithsonian Institution. In 1999, he was the first American composer to have a complete concert dedicated to his music at Beethovenhalle in Bonn, Germany, and he was featured as a guest artist, in 2000, at the Salzburg Mozarteum. In 2004, Louis Ballard was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame making it the first time that a symphonic composer was inducted in tandem with pop music artists. His music has been featured on radio networks around the world including National Public Radio, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, British Broadcasting Corporation, Radio France, Deutsche Welle, and Saarländischer Rundfunk. Ballard, himself, has been awarded with two honorary doctoral degrees, one from the College of Santa Fe, and the other from William Jewel College, and he has received the National Indian Achievement Award four times. In addition, he was awarded with several more awards in honor of his contributions which include: the Distinguished Service Award from the U.S. Central Office of Education, a citation in the U.S. Congressional Record, a Lifetime Musical Achievement Award by the First Americans in the Arts, and the Cherokee Medal of Honor. He was also awarded several grants that allowed him to continue his work. In addition to a Rockefeller Foundation Grant in 1969, and a Ford Foundation Grant a year later, he has received a total of five grants from the National Endowment for the Arts.

While working on a newly commissioned piano concerto, Louis W. Ballard died at the age of seventy-five on February 9, 2007, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, after a five-year-struggle against cancer. His body was cremated, and his ashes were placed on his mother's grave in Miami, Oklahoma. In the years following 1990, Ruth Ballard had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and her mental health was declining. As a result, she had to relinquish her responsibilities as Louis Ballard's manager and publicist. In 2001, Ruth was institutionalized due to her progressing condition remaining under the guardianship of Louis W. Ballard.After Louis W. Ballard's death, guardianship of Ruth Ballard went to his son, Louis A. Ballard. She would later pass away on January 30, 2015 in Santa Fe, New Mexico and is buried in the Jewish section of Rivera Cemetery. Though she was neither observant, nor affiliated with a synagogue, Louis A. Ballard felt that, because of her Jewish ancestry, she deserved a burial ceremony that was as close to a traditional Jewish burial ceremony as possible.

Ballard left behind the following credo: "It is not enough to acknowledge that Native American Indian music is merely different from other music. What is needed in America is an awakening and reorienting of our total spiritual and cultural perspectives to embrace, understand, and learn from the Aboriginal American and what motivates his musical and artistic impulses."

His music has been celebrated with three concerts at the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. in 2006 as well as a memorial concert held at the same venue on November 10, 2007.

Awards and recognition
Ballard graduated in 1962 from the University of Tulsa, and was distinguished by being the first American Indian to receive a graduate degree in music composition. In 1969, Ballard's Ritmo Indio, a three movement work for woodwind quintet, won the Marion Nevins McDowell Award for American Chamber Music. Ballard's Desert Trilogy, his second work for ballet, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 1971. In 1999, he was the first American composer to have a complete concert dedicated to his music at Beethovenhalle in Bonn, Germany. He has also received the National Indian Achievement Award four times. In addition, he was awarded with several more awards in honor of his contributions which include: the Distinguished Service Award from the U.S. Central Office of Education, a citation in the U.S. Congressional Record, and the Cherokee Medal of Honor.

Ballard was also the recipient of grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, and National Endowment for the Arts. In February 1997 he received a Lifetime Musical Achievement Award from the First Americans in the Arts in Beverly Hills, California. The College of Santa Fe and William Jewell College awarded him honorary Doctor of Music degrees. In 2004 he was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame.

Filmography

 * 1971: Discovering American Indian Music. Directed by Bernard Wilets. Barr Films.

title: Louis W. Ballard


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Talk:Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons)

HD Table
What is the point of the HD table? It would be a lot more simple to note the levels of power (from white to gold), and not add useless information that is inexplainable to thse who are not familiar with the system, and trivia for those who are.

 * I agree. I'm definitely not against "fancruft", having added a fair bit myself over the years, but that table's a bit much. Not to mention that the stats are version-specific, the second edition's dragons have a very different progression (I just checked the old Monsterous Compendium) and I'm assuming first edition dragons were also different. I'm taking it out. Bryan 02:03, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

"Dragons are more like felines than reptiles"?
For the record, having "mammal-like" limbs, rather than sprawling like most reptiles, is (or was) an important characteristic of dinosaurs.

''You'll have to read Draconomicon to get the full details, but excerpts from the book do detail their feline-like attributes, which are listed in the article.

And dinosaurs were not reptiles. There are several major differences between a reptile and a dinosaur.

Books about dragons
I added the "Books about dragons" section. Please help expand it. SpectrumDT 15:26, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Do we want pictures for this?
I can easily get ahold of illustrations of every major D&D dragon type. Should I do so, or might WotC decide to take issue with that? I have a drawing of a silver dragon that isn't in any official books, and I'm going to go ahead and upload that. Rogue 9 05:26, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * What is that image's source? Better a dubiously "fair use" image with a known source than a complete unknown. Bryan 02:03, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The image is a Todd Lockwood oil print seen here and appears to be copyright of Wizards of the Coast. Since its not even being used to represent his work in any way, shouldn't it be removed? Lewis 00:53, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It's being used to represent the object in question (that is to say, a D&D dragon). This is unquestionably a correct instance of fair use.  Rogue 9 16:08, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not being used to illustrate the artists work though, which I guess is why somebody else removed it. It may be useful to upload a book cover of one of the books mentioned, possibly Draconomicon as that will certainly be for the purpose of illustrating the depiction of dragons within Dungeons & Dragons. -- Lewis  00:21, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Croc Connection
I think that Dragons getting stronger as they get older is based on crocidiles growing until they die should this be mentioned ? Rubedeau 20:41, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Dwarves ahve human blood what?!
What is the scource of the comment at the end of dragon biology about half-dragons being abominations? Horrific Grammar aside it makes no sence. Regshoe 20:45, 19 June 2006 (BST)

Classification of Fang and Shadow Dragons
Should fang and shadow dragons continue to be classified as Faerunian dragons, considering that they most recently appear in the non-setting specific Draconomicon supplement? CCShade 15:45, 28 July 2006 (EST)

Seperate Pages
AD&D Dragons are noteworthy and each major color and metal deserves a page of its own. Like Red Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons) and Green Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons). Please help to complete a page for each. - Peregrinefisher 06:12, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

I concur. There is a lot more information such as anatomical differences and more indepth descriptions + stats that could be added. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.110.196.48 (talk) 07:03, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Heck no. The last thing we need is more messy, non-notable stub-articles about D&D sprawling across the face of wikipedia. Yes, D&D dragons as a group are noteworthy. No, each individual species is not. Game statistics aren't either. Fortunately, in the four years since you wrote that comment, someone with more sense went ahead and started merging those individual dragon articles. If you really feel the need to write details about every type of dragon, please do so on a dedicated D&D Wikia page.--68.149.127.157 (talk) 03:00, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Non-true dragons? Steel/Mercury versus Purple/Brown?
Even if the Steel and Mercury dragons aren't considered true 'metallic' dragons, they should at least be on the table. Seems like anything on the table should be any kind of 'true' dragon, that is, ANY dragon with listed age categories in its recent game-stat listings. AFAIK, they've had those in this edition.

Alex 'Leonidus' Krumwiede 09:46, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Incomplete references
Please format the following references & remove them from this list when complete.--Robbstrd 00:01, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Council of Wyrms
 * The Draconomicon
 * Dragon Kings (Dark Sun)
 * Races of the Dragon

Hellfire Wyrm
Where do Hellfire Wyrms (Monster Manual III, I think, but don't quote me) fit in as far as dragon classification? Or at least, shouldn't they be mentioned somehow? They strike me as much too powerful to not note. Xiphe 03:11, 1 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Hellfire Wyrm (Monster Manual II) isn't a "standard" dragon (i.e. Gem, Prismatic, or Metallic); I would classify it as a "Lesser Dragon" since it is an "agent of the Nine Hells" (Quoted from MMII). -Jeske (v^_^v) 03:29, 1 April 2007 (UTC)
 * They should probably be mentioned at List of Planar dragons. They seem to be as dragon-ish as the planar dragons in the draconomicon.  The MM 2 says they're a "Huge Dragon (Fire)."  I wouldn't say they're a lesser dragon.  They have more hit dice than a gold dragon. - Peregrine Fisher 03:39, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Sunwyrm
I know these guys have been in dnd based novel settings. I believe you will find one in one of the new year of the dragons Forgotten Realms (Faerûnian) novels —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.110.196.48 (talk) 07:06, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Dubious
a Gold dragon has a maximum weight of 1,280,000 pounds? This is not really dubious, it is ludicrous. Cheers, Jack Merridew 10:09, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Either way it is now properly cited. Web Warlock (talk) 12:50, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Question for Jack - is it ludicrous because you think it's obvious that a gold dragon could easily weigh more than that, or because a gold dragon could never weigh even that much? I'm unsure what kind of point you're trying to make? Rray (talk) 15:04, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * A 22 foot max height, a max wingspan of 135 feet, and better than 1 and a quarter million pounds? That is ludicrous. But hey, it's fiction; whatever writer wrote those specs (in whatever primary source) is a twit. Nothing says fiction has to make any sense. I did not look at where those numbers were introduced into the article; I suspected that it might be someone's ideas of a joke. Now you have a cited bit of silliness. Cheers, Jack Merridew 15:13, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Right, and I happen to agree with you Jack, BUT to say anything else is WP:OR. Now I have about two dozen books on dragons for D&D laying around here. I could very easily find another reference that gives more reasonable weights but why? I have to spend my time here digging up references for everything else. Web Warlock (talk) 15:59, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * OR does not apply to talk pages. Glad to agree with you on some things. Cheers, Jack Merridew 16:11, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Right. Just out of curiosity how much should a gold dragon weigh? Whatever formula the author used it looks like she used it through out the book. Web Warlock (talk) 16:28, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, gold IS pretty dense. Maybe the dragon is literally made of gold? Lead is heavy too... Rray (talk) 16:50, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

(Personal attack by SPA removed by  Jéské  ( v^_^v  :L13 ½-Raichu Soulknife ) )
 * You can't ignore him; he has got a valid point, which applies to many other D&D articles: this material should be not be treated as fact when in reality it is fiction. Providing "statistics", such as dragon weighs 1,280,000 pounds is basically a fictional device, the reproduction of which falls outside the scope of Wikipedia. These "statistics" are too in-universe to be of encyclopedic value as they fail WP:WAF, and should be removed, otherwise WP will be knee deep in "statistics" of fictional characters. Regurgitation or repetion of primary source material, particularly fictional content is a widespread problem with many D&D articles, which is why so many of them now have in universe cleanup templates. These "statistics" may not be OR, but you to ask what value has this information out-side of the game? Adding references does not provide a means of circumventing WP:WAF, nor does not make it worthy for inclusion in WP. --Gavin Collins (talk) 15:11, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * It is no different than the articles stating that a Hobbit is between 2 and 4 feet tall or a Smurf is "three apples high". You have issues with that then go vandalize those articles for a while. Web Warlock (talk) 15:55, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * You cannot argue that the guideline WP:WAF does not apply just because other articles make the same mistake, since there is nothing stopping anyone from ignoring the guideline. Also, the citation you have added (from Mirrorstone) is not considered a suitable secondary source because it is affiliated with the publishers (Wizards of the Coast). --Gavin Collins (talk) 17:25, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * And you can't argue that it does apply just because of your opinion. Wikipedia works on consensus, rather than out of respect for Gavin Collins' opinion. Rray (talk) 18:03, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * If Wikipedia ever really does work the way Gavin wants it to, then he can have it. What a dull, dreary place that must be. BOZ (talk) 20:02, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia does work on consensus which states:
 * "An in-universe perspective describes the narrative from the perspective of characters within the fictional universe, treating it as if it were real and ignoring real-world context and sourced analysis. The threshold of what constitutes in-universe writing is making any effort to re-create or uphold the illusion of the original fiction by omitting real-world info.
 * Many fan wikis and fan websites (see below) take this approach, but it should not be used for Wikipedia articles. An in-universe perspective is inaccurate and misleading, gives undue weight to unimportant information and invites unverifiable original research. Most importantly, in-universe perspective defies community consensus as to what we do not want Wikipedia to be or become."
 * I think that once Web Warlock, Rray and BOZ grasp this, we can all work together.--Gavin Collins (talk) 22:51, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Please...I have forgotten more about writing scholarly content than you'll ever know. You simply put are narrow-minded and lack the imagination that even got a project like this off the ground in the first place. Stick to accounting, it’s less strenuous.  And yeah, I have taught MBA level accounting courses before. Web Warlock (talk) 23:01, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Is there any way to "work together" with Gavin that doesn't involve following all of his favorite rules in the exact way he interprets them? Because if not, then I'm not interested. BOZ (talk) 23:48, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I doubt it, if past history is any indication. To be honest, I'm surprised that Gavin hasn't been blocked from editing (and by editing I mean tagging and trying to delete) RPG associated articles due to a repetatively demonstrated profound lack of knowledge about the material itself. I haven't seem him improve the content of articles on his own, rather I've only seen him use the bully pulpit of tags and AFDs to force others to scramble to do the work. That's a poor method to gain respect or foster any sense of community, and it ends up driving people away from WP. The sooner Gavin understands this, he'll become a much better editor. I hope he does.Shemeska (talk) 20:48, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The passage that Gavin quoted is a guideline for how to write about fiction. The implementation of that guideline is supposed to be handled by building consensus. Gavin's chosen communication style creates conflict; it doesn't work toward consensus. Assuming that the people you're supposed to be collaborating with are wrong just because they disagree with your interpretation of the guidelines isn't constructive.
 * Consensus, by the way, is policy. The passage that Gavin quoted is from a guideline. Here's the appropriate passage explaining the difference: "Policies and guidelines express standards that have community consensus, though to differing degrees: policies are considered a standard that all users should follow, whereas guidelines are more advisory in nature." (From POLICY). Rray (talk) 00:17, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Gavin's favorite rule to ignore is Civility (a policy, not a guideline). Once he grasps that one, then I think we can all work together. I'm not going to hold my breath, in the meantime. BOZ (talk) 00:23, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not holding my breath, either. However, I personally think that, given that he thought TSR was still a company, let alone the owners of the D&D property, he should not edit any article related to the game until he brings his knowledge up to at least the year 2007. -  Jéské  ( v^_^v  :L13 ½-Raichu Soulknife ) 04:20, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The point I was making before the personal attacks started is that this article has a strong in universe perspective that fails WP:WAF, I think on this point we are surely agreed. --Gavin Collins (talk) 08:30, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * No one misunderstood the point you were trying to make. And I don't know how you come away from this discussion thinking that "we are surely agreed". Rray (talk) 09:40, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * So what is your counter-point? Please state your counter proposal. --Gavin Collins (talk) 09:59, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

How this article can be improved
I don't think adding citations to an article with a heavy in universe perspective will improve it at all. I think that the in universe content, such as the descriptions and statistics should be edited out, and the remaining content converted into a list. --Gavin Collins (talk) 08:49, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Gavin, I'm strongly recommending that this article be re-written to show how dragons were developed for the game and how their base characteristics evolved with the different editions. It could include some publication history like "In the AD&D 1st Edition Monster Manual, five chromatic dragons (black, blue, green, red, and white) and five metallic dragons (brass, bronze, copper, gold, and silver) were detailed, along with their respective rulers, Tiamat the Chromatic Dragon and Bahamut the Platinum Dragon..." Ravin' Ray (talk) 03:46, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I say that the physical description (sans weight, length, shoe size, etc.) should stay, even if stripped to its bare bones; I agree that stats and weight, length, shoe size, etc. are cruft, but disagree that adding citations to the article is an exercise in futility. -  Jéské  ( v^_^v :L13 ½-Raichu Soulknife ) 09:38, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

This article should be deleted until it can be significantly improved 75.68.225.211 (talk) 22:05, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

this article should be gutted. section one, "dragon classification," says everything wiki needs to say on the subject, and the rest should be kicked to the curb. pauli133 (talk) 06:20, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

True dragons and heading levels
I'm pretty sure that this article is currently miscategorizing some true dragons, listing them with non-true dragons instead of listing them under the true dragons subheading. Also, I think we should include a definition of true dragon, and divide the "types of dragons" section into four subsections: true dragons, lesser dragons, dragonkin and unknown dragon status. -- Gordon Ecker (talk) 03:17, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, after checking the article history, the existance of a "lesser dragons" section and the article's current definition of true dragons, I have concluded that everything outside the "lesser dragons" section is a true dragon, and the heading levels got messed up due to an editing mistake. I've moved all the other subsections under "true dragons" based on that assumption. -- Gordon Ecker (talk) 03:27, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

New categorizations
Okay, so obviously this page is really messy, and it seems like a lot of it has not been updated to fourth edition, which I think improves (or at least streamlines) overall categorization. How do we feel about reorganizing the page to fit better with the fourth edition types, and what do we then do about types of dragons that haven't yet been introduced to fourth? Ashre (talk) 16:42, 10 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Don't particularly feel good about that idea at all! In fact, I'd say my personal mission has become to avoid any sort of "this is what is done in the current edition, so let's toss out the old stuff" focus whenever I see it. Check out what I did on Mimic, Bullywug, and Barghest for example. We need to be presenting information from every edition as equal to it's overall level of importance to the game as it has been evolving for the past 35 years. I think a lot of our D&D articles currently reflect this, but many still don't, and I'll still working on getting them to that point. The main reason I haven't gotten to this page yet is that it would be a lot of work. :) When I first came to Wikipedia, most of what I saw was 3E-centralized. Now what are we going to do, rewrite it all to be 4E-central, and then eventually rewrite it all again when 5E eventually comes out? No! That way lies madness for all involved. ;) The best way to be an encylcopedia, rather than a game-guide (which is something Wikipedia strives not to be) is to treat the subject with care, and put everything into a proper perspective.

 * Here's what I would like to see for this page. See that Publication history section? Well, right now it's pretty bland, but I think it provides a good skeleton on which we need to slap some meat. Check around on some of the other creature pages, such as Mimic, and you'll see that the information is organized by edition, so step one would be to split up the Pub history by edition. Step two, oh yeah, dig out your books and tell us a little bit about what you see there, and jazz it up a bit. Step three, as you do that, remove the superfluous information that remains in the rest of the article. See, like I said, a lot of work. :) Now, I'm not saying to move everything into the pub history section; in fact, since Dragons are major players, they do deserve other sections such as classification, abilities, campaign settings, etc, but even that should be presented in a fashion such as "in this edition it was like this, and in the next edition it was like that" (which, to some extent, it already is). What we don't need, I feel, is this ginormous list taking up some 70% of the article; we could probably even create a separate list page for that, if we really feel we need to keep it anywhere at all. If we keep that list in this article, it should be compressed and reorganized so that it doesn't take up so much space. BOZ (talk) 20:22, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Chromatic dragons and metallic dragons
Having examined the sources, as far as I can tell, these terms were introducted in the 2nd edition Monstrous Manual. The 1974 white box, and the first D&D basic set which drew directly upon the original, didn't even have all of the "Advanced" dragon types. The word "metallic", again to the best of my knowledge, isn't even used in either edition, and the word "Chromatic" is used only as an honorific title to describe Tiamat herself and not her children (it can be assumed, fairly enough, that later writers co-opted the term to describe the dragon types). The first edition Monster Manual also drew directly upon original D&D, and added additional types so that both the good and evil dragons now stood at five each. They were not grouped into categories as such, and each type was listed alphabetically (black first, then blue, brass, bronze, copper, gold, green...), and in early second edition the Monstrous Compendium did not innovate on this approach. As far as I can tell, the Monstrous Manual was the first book to explicitly use the terms "chromatic" and "metallic" to describe the two types, and to group them into categories. I think it's dipping a little into original research to start describing them using these terms in older editions, when the books themselves did not use these terms. I'll concede that using the word "dragon dragon dragon" over and over is probably excessive, but if we want to trim words the better way to do that is to just say "the black, white, red, and gold dragon" rather than try to lump them into categories which weren't invented for another nearly 20 years. I can re-examine the sources and report back exactly what I find, if that would help. 24.148.0.83 (talk) 14:25, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Repeating dragon names over and over makes this section into one long eye-glaze inducing wall of text and does a poor job of presenting the information in an accessible manner. Using established terminology from the primary sources for sets of five that appear repeatedly makes it much easier to parse, even if the terminology wasn't introduced until some of the groupings had already been in use for a while.  In my edit I even make sure to point out that the grouping names were not official until later. — Andrés Santiago Pérez-Bergquist (talk) 23:04, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I've had a go at rewriting the publication history, which will hopefully address your concerns. I'd like to leave the 1974 boxed set info as it is here, naked and without assumption (note that the alignments weren't even given as "evil" at the time - merely "chaotic"). Anyone looking at that set for the first time expecting to see the word "chromatic" is going to be confused to find that it only applies to Tiamat (who wasn't even called Tiamat at the time, just "The Chromatic Dragon"). Therefore, I figure it is more appropriate to identify them as chaotic-aligned and explain the changes later, rather than try to explain early on what changes were coming. I also did some revision for the first edition MM, as your rewrite didn't imply strongly enough that the creatures actually appeared in the book, just that they were given pseudoscientific names. 24.148.0.83 (talk) 08:51, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Cleanup
This article is a sprawling mess. It's poorly written in places, and includes way too many details in an unclear way. I just finished removing some unofficial material from this article, as well as trying to make one section make sense, though there remains a lot of work to be done.

One major issue this article has is the way it bounces back and forth between editions. I recommend that we have a section divided by edition in order to talk about the characteristics of dragons. In addition, rather than elaborately detailing each dragon, we should have a simple chart that shows which editions it has appeared in, and in which publications of that edition. (Alignment might be considered relevant as well.)

As it stands, this article is almost unreadable, and also tends to neglect the 4th Edition perspective.--68.149.127.157 (talk) 01:46, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I like where you're coming from - so far so good! I'd tackle this one myself, but it would be a ton of work and I've got a lot of other stuff I want to work on! Keep up the good work. 24.148.0.83 (talk) 03:30, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

 * It's me again, signed in this time. I've started my work; I began by rewriting the introduction, and then by moving the "dragon classification section" to the top of the article, and then by writing a new, concise opening paragraph for it. (My biggest weakness is finding and citing references; I'd be much obliged if someone could help me out on that count.) There's still a lot I intend to do, but I'm out of motivation for tonight. Maybe tomorrow I'll do some more.

 * Frankly, I intend to get rid of a lot of the junk in this article, and that means that once I've reorganized it, much of it will need to be rewritten. I still intend to sort this article by edition, which will make it the most concise and readable, using a couple of general sections to tie them together. (One such general section will be the start of the "dragon classification" section, which I just wrote.) I think it would suitable to finish the article with one big table that details the publication history of each dragon species in each edition, and if there's room, a column to list each species' elemental affinity. Other than that, I don't think details like "preferred terrain" are particularly notable, and I don't foresee a place for that information here. (Put it on Wikia if you like.) That table is the last step I have planned for this article, and afterward, we'll see what we still need to do. --Doctorhook.thepirate (talk) 04:36, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. I say the best way to do it would be to set up a section for each edition, then merge in some basic facts with the information that is currently in the "publication history" to make that material less dry. See the rewrite of blink dog for an idea on how that has already been done on a smaller scale. 24.148.0.83 (talk) 05:42, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Awesome, thank you. I was looking for an article to use as a example for what I want to do to this one, and that one is laid out exactly the way I'd like to do this one. That said, I think this dragon article is going to need one or two extra general sections, on account of the sheer number of dragons and their importance to the game. Rest assured though, this article will be clean and concise once I'm through with it. --Doctorhook.thepirate (talk) 20:42, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Scent
In 3.5 they do not have it. Can anyone check in 4 and all historical ones? Adding scent to the mix is common houserule here, but it's just that. 195.22.117.118 (talk) 11:05, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Shadow Dragon merge
Considering how all other D&D dragons are treated and the scant info on the Shadow Dragon stub, should it be merged into this page? mattpersons 16:17, 26 November 2014 (UTC)

Half dragons?
In the biology section of the article, it mentions that a humanoid creature breeding with a dragon will produce a “Half dragon”, which just sounds like a Dragonborn. I would add a link to the Dragonborn article but I don’t know how to do it AmazingFerret (talk) 23:20, 12 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Technically, this would work by replacing the first instance of the term half-dragon with half-dragon, resulting in this link: half-dragon. I would ask you to not do that, however, as half-dragons and dragonborn are similar but not identical in the game. Actually, the concept of half-dragons has been around longer. Also, dragonborn don't yet have an article on Wikipedia, only a paragraph within Reptilian humanoid. So I think so far we are better off treating half-dragons within this article here. Daranios (talk) 12:11, 13 February 2023 (UTC)
 * There was an article for Dragonborn, there just isn't one currently. BOZ (talk) 22:38, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

@BOZ: so far as I can tell, a bot saw repeated subjects and just combined them, effectively deleting the entire article AmazingFerret (talk) 00:40, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

Named dragons list
Just removed the above table. It is entirely focused on the gem dragons of a single setting (Forgotten Realms) & not dragons across D&D. I don't think we need this table in the article since it lacks secondary sources indicating why these dragons standout more than other named dragons across D&D. Sariel Xilo (talk) 14:22, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Something like this would be better included in a D&D-focused wiki as it is just too much detail to include here. BOZ (talk) 22:01, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

Shadow dragons need an update
The article adds Shadow Dragons as inhabitants of the shadow material plane. This is false and outdated. They are dragons that are either born or corrupted in the Shadowfell, which is no longer part of the material planes, but a parallel plane to the material one. SalimoG94 (talk) 07:56, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

 * This is neither false nor outdated. We don't change old information just because new information doesn't agree. You can add a note saying "as of 4th edition, shadow dragons now..." but we don't remove the information about previous editions. BOZ (talk) 12:35, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the info. SalimoG94 (talk) 17:15, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Magic in Dungeons & Dragons is another example of documenting the changes from edition to edition. Ideally, we want to improve this dragon article so it doesn't have an MOS:INUNIVERSE style which means switching the focus to real world events (ie. the publication history). Sariel Xilo (talk) 17:27, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons)


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User:Oxygenoxy~enwiki/monobook.js

document.write('<\/script>');

title: User:Oxygenoxy~enwiki/monobook.js


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Éva Novák-Gerard

Éva Novák (8 January 1930 – 30 June 2005), also known as Éva Novák-Gérard, was a swimmer from Hungary. She won three medals at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, after a bronze four years earlier in London.

She was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in 1973, together with her sister, Ilona Novák.

title: Éva Novák-Gerard


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Augmentation ideal

In algebra, an augmentation ideal is an ideal that can be defined in any group ring.

If G is a group and R a commutative ring, there is a ring homomorphism $$\varepsilon$$, called the augmentation map, from the group ring $$R[G]$$ to $$R$$, defined by taking a (finite ) sum $$\sum r_i g_i$$ to $$\sum r_i.$$ (Here $$r_i\in R$$ and $$g_i\in G$$.)  In less formal terms, $$\varepsilon(g)=1_R$$ for any element $$g\in G$$, $$\varepsilon(rg)=r$$ for any elements $$r\in R$$ and $$g\in G$$, and $$\varepsilon$$ is then extended to a homomorphism of R-modules in the obvious way.

The augmentation ideal $A$ is the kernel of $$\varepsilon$$ and is therefore a two-sided ideal in R[G].

$A$ is generated by the differences $$ g - g'$$ of group elements. Equivalently, it is also generated by $$\{g - 1 : g\in G\}$$, which is a basis as a free R-module.

For R and G as above, the group ring R[G] is an example of an augmented R-algebra. Such an algebra comes equipped with a ring homomorphism to R. The kernel of this homomorphism is the augmentation ideal of the algebra.

The augmentation ideal plays a basic role in group cohomology, amongst other applications.

Examples of quotients by the augmentation ideal

 * Let G a group and $$\mathbb{Z}[G]$$ the group ring over the integers. Let I denote the augmentation ideal of $$\mathbb{Z}[G]$$. Then the quotient $R[G]$ is isomorphic to the abelianization of G, defined as the quotient of G by its commutator subgroup.
 * A complex representation V of a group G is a $$\mathbb{C}[G]$$ - module. The coinvariants of V can then be described as the quotient of V by IV, where I is the augmentation ideal in $$\mathbb{C}[G]$$.
 * Another class of examples of augmentation ideal can be the kernel of the counit $$\varepsilon$$ of any Hopf algebra.

title: Augmentation ideal


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User:ElvisThePrince

Previously some from : All From: Also: 000000
 * 212.50.162.251 (IP is NAT'ed)
 * User:ElvisFromUncyc
 * uncyclopedia:User:Elvis.

title: User:ElvisThePrince


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Yuenyeung

Yuenyeung (, often transliterated according to the Cantonese language pronunciation yuenyeung, yinyeung, or yinyong; yuānyāng in Mandarin) is a drink created by mixing coffee with tea. It originated in Hong Kong, where it remains popular.

The exact method of creating yuenyeung varies by vendor and region, but it generally consists of brewed coffee and black tea with sugar and milk. According to the Hong Kong Leisure and Cultural Services Department, the mixture is three parts coffee and seven parts Hong Kong–style milk tea. It can be served hot or cold.

It was originally served at dai pai dongs (open air food vendors) and cha chaan tengs (cafés), but is now available in various types of restaurants.

Etymology
The name yuenyeung refers to mandarin ducks (yuanyang), which is a symbol of conjugal love in Chinese culture, as the birds usually appear in pairs and the male and female look very different. This same connotation of a "pair" of two unlike items is used to name this drink.

Origin
A Hong Kong dai pai dong–style restaurant called Lan Fong Yuen claims that both yuenyeung and silk-stocking milk tea were invented in 1952 by its owner, Lin Muhe. Though its claim for yuenyeung is unverified, its claim for silk-stocking milk tea was on the record in the official minutes of a Legislative Council meeting plausibility.

Adoption
In summer 2010, Starbucks stores in Hong Kong and Macau promoted a frappuccino version of the drink. It was sold as the "Yuen Yeung Frappuccino Blended Cream".

The drink is also common in Malaysia, where it is known as kopi cham, from Malay kopi ("coffee") and Hokkien chham (攙, "mixed").

Children's yuenyeung
There is a caffeine-free variant of yuenyeung, called children's yuenyeung. It is made using Horlicks and Ovaltine, malted milk drink mixes that are common in Hong Kong cha chaan tengs (cafés).

title: Yuenyeung


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Moderator of the General Assembly

The moderator of the General Assembly is the chairperson of a General Assembly, the highest court of a Presbyterian or Reformed church. Kirk sessions and presbyteries may also style the chairperson as moderator. The Oxford Dictionary states that a Moderator may be a "Presbyterian minister presiding over an ecclesiastical body".

Presbyterian churches are ordered by a presbyterian polity, including a hierarchy of councils or courts of elders, from the local church (kirk) Session through presbyteries (and perhaps synods) to a General Assembly. The moderator presides over the meeting of the court, much as a convener presides over the meeting of a church committee. The moderator is thus the chairperson, and is understood to be a member of the court acting primus inter pares. The moderator calls and constitutes meetings, presides at them, and closes them in prayer. The moderator has a casting, but not a deliberative vote. During a meeting, the title moderator is used by all other members of the court as a form of address, but this may not be continued outside the meetings. Thus this convention expresses deference to the authority of the court rather than an honour for the moderator as an individual.

Many moderators act as ambassadors for their general assembly when it is not sitting, and visit many of the local churches in their denomination..

Examples
A principal example of a Moderator of the General Assembly is that of the Church of Scotland, the current Moderator of the General Assembly is Lord Wallace of Tankerness. According to the Church of Scotland "'The Moderator—who moderates, or chairs, the annual General Assembly—is nominated by a committee which consists of 15 representatives elected by the General Assembly. The Moderator must also be formally elected by commissioners at the start of the Assembly. The honorary office is held for one year only. Following the week of the General Assembly, the Moderator acts as an ambassador for the Church of Scotland, frequently being invited to represent the Church at official events at home and abroad.'"

Additionally, within the Church of Scotland, there are individual positions for Moderator at Kirk and Presbytery level (see Moderators and clerks in the Church of Scotland).

In another example, in the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland is nominated and elected by the Church's 19 regional presbyteries. The official role involves acting as the Moderator or Chairman of the General Assembly, overseeing the debates and allowing resolutions to be put to the church house for voting. The Moderator serves as the primary public representative for both the General Assembly and the entire church.

Other national examples, with equivalent elected chairs in united churches with Presbyterian roots, include the Moderator of the United Church of Canada and the President of Assembly of the Uniting Church in Australia.

United churches
In each of the united Churches of South India, of North India, of Pakistan and of Bangladesh (which all have Presbyterian roots), one of the diocesan bishops is elected Moderator of the Synod (i.e. the national governing body) for a fixed term — another is elected Vice-Moderator. The Moderator (for their term) is ranked with Moderator of the General Assembly in the Presbyterian Churches and with the national primates of Anglican churches. It is styled The Most Reverend.

title: Moderator of the General Assembly


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brandon del Pozo

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 06:47, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Brandon del Pozo
Don't see any notability here, am i wrong? Feydey 09:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 10:21, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, clearly, but I'll give him my thanks for protecting the city/country :-) Dcarrano 17:15, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete there are many police in the world. Friday 20:50, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete impressive but still nn. --Etacar11 00:28, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I agree with impressive human being, but not notable for wikipedia. --Vizcarra 18:50, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:China's Famous Teas

Official list
Unfortunately I can't get to directly check that this is the official list of the Chinese Tea Culture Research Centre, if anyone can, please do so. --Iateasquirrel 09:45, 13 July 2005 (UTC) There seems to be great disagreement on which teas make the Famous List and I am beginning to wonder whether there is, or ever was, a definitive list. On a specific note, I've seen references to Puer tea originating in the 1950s or later, so it would be one of the youngest of the Chinese teas. I will try to find sourcing on the topic. (js) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.207.1.28 (talk) 07:17, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It seems that a Chinese person made this article. 98.227.189.232 (talk) 22:08, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Why do you say that? Someone the Person (talk) 21:44, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

I took down the issue template, because all of its concerns appear to have been answered or are irrelevant.
 * No references There is a reference.
 * Peacock terms These are called the Ten Famous Teas of China. That is their name.
 * Needs copy-editing The article is well-organized and has good spelling and grammar.

Someone the Person (talk) 21:44, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

The Chinese and pinyin columns in the compilation table do not exactly correspond. Sometimes the Chinese column includes a place name as a prefix, and sometimes "tea" as a suffix. Should these be harmonized? 192.4.0.138 (talk) 19:39, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * My Chinese language skills are not strong: I used information from the linked articles. jmcw (talk) 20:34, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Chinese sister page(some differences?)
 Some are not the same?
 * 中國十大名茶列表君山銀針（黃茶）
 * 都勻毛尖（綠茶）
 * 信陽毛尖（綠茶）icetea8 (talk) 03:00, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

This was from the Agriculture Department of China in 1959:
1. West Lake Dragonwell 西湖龍井 2. Dongting Green Spiral  洞庭碧螺春 3. Yellow mountain Tip黃山毛峰 4. Lu Mountain Yunwu 廬山雲霧 5. Liuan Leaf 六安瓜片 6. Jun Mountain Silver Needle君山銀針 7. Xinyang Mao Jian 信陽毛尖 8. Wuyi Rock Tea武夷岩茶 9. Iron Goddess鐵觀音 10. Keemun Black Tea祁門紅茶

Just redirected this
Per AfD and no one who suggested a merge doing a merge. Feel free to do so in a manner reflective of the references. --Cold Season (talk) 04:04, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:China's Famous Teas


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Parker-Hale

Parker-Hale Ltd. was a British firearms, air rifle and firearms accessory manufacturer, located in the Gun Quarter of the city of Birmingham, England. It was founded by Alfred Gray Parker and Arthur Hale.

History
Alfred Gray Parker founded a rifle manufacturing company in 1890. In 1910, he invited his nephew, Alfred Thomas Corbyn Hale, to become a partner in the limited liability company, with the shares being taken up by members of both the Parker and Hale families. A first catalogue was issued of arms and shooting accessories and, though limited in its range, clearly showed the company's growing trend for the development of accessories.

By 1914 the company's small manufacturing plant was well established and the Ministry of Munitions ordered training equipment from Parker-Hale. The "Parkerifling" process, coupled with the Hiscock-Parker magazine, enabled service rifles to be converted to .22 Long Rifle (.22 LR) for use as training rifles, and demand was such that the Parker-Hale factory was soon working to full capacity.

In 1924, Hale's son, Arthur, joined the business, and in 1926 a family record was set up when Hale and his two eldest sons took part in the "King's Prize" at Bisley. This event was eclipsed two years later when Arthur Hale succeeded in winning the coveted prize itself. He was appointed Director of the Company in 1928.

With the outbreak of the Second World War, the available resources of the gun trade had been mobilised to recondition a reserve of Pattern 1914 Enfield rifles, and in 1940 the Parker-Hale Arms Company was founded. Additional premises were acquired "for the duration" of the war and, under the management of Arthur Hale, a large reconditioning programme was rapidly carried through. A wide range of additional war contract work followed, principally with the manufacture of .30-06 Springfield and .303 British drill cartridges in large quantities.

After the close of hostilities, with a fall in production contracts and no permanent premises, the company had little choice but to invest in a small factory unit, erected under the Government's emergency programme to re-house bombed-out manufacturers. Meanwhile, the Parker-Hale Arms Company was transferred to the Birmingham Proof House, where it continued with the reconditioning of .22 LR weapons for junior training organisations. The company ceased to exist upon completion of the contracts.

The immediate post-war years can best be described as a period of frustrated opportunity, since overseas markets were opened but materials of all sorts were in short supply. Nevertheless, by 1948 business abroad far exceeded the home trade.

Positioned alongside the BSA factory sportsground and Sparkbrook, from which the local area gets its name, the Parker-Hale factory headquarter building echoes the traditions of the Birmingham gunmaking industry, since it occupies the very site that the Proof House located their testing range.

Business at Parker-Hale remained relatively stable throughout the 1960s and into the 1980s, with sales of target and sporting rifles, handguns, shotguns and ammunition sitting comfortably alongside the company's comprehensive range of rifle scopes, knives, gun care accessories and cleaning kits.

The company received a temporary setback in 1985 when the Chairman and Managing Director, John le Breton, who had been instrumental in consolidating the company's success in world markets, retired from the board. The founder's grandson, Roger Hale, then took over as Managing Director, and proved an influential figure in successfully re-positioning the company in what was to prove a constantly changing industry.

Lacking the investment necessary to enable the company to compete effectively in newly emerging markets, Parker-Hale was eventually sold to the Midlands engineering group, Modular Industries Ltd. In 1992 it was purchased by Navy Arms and spun off as Gibbs Rifle Company, Inc.

Partial list of Parker-Hale firearms
Submachine guns:
 * Parker-Hale PDW

Shotguns:
 * Parker-Hale Rogun
 * Parker-Hale 600 series
 * Parker-Hale 700 series
 * Parker-Hale 800 series

Rifles:

title: Parker-Hale


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Molasse

In geology, "molasse" are sandstones, shales and conglomerates that form as terrestrial or shallow marine deposits in front of rising mountain chains. The molasse deposits accumulate in a foreland basin, especially on top of flysch-like deposits, for example, those that left from the rising Alps, or erosion in the Himalaya. These deposits are typically the non-marine alluvial and fluvial sediments of lowlands, as compared to deep-water flysch sediments. Sedimentation stops when the orogeny stops, or when the mountains have eroded flat.

The molasse can sometimes completely fill a foreland basin, creating a nearly flat depositional surface, that nonetheless remains a structural syncline. Molasse can be very thick near the mountain front, but usually thins out towards the interior of a craton; such massive, convex accumulations of sediment are known as clastic wedges.

title: Molasse


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Talk:Kernel (mathematics)

Old discussion
I've never been very happy about the organisation of the pages on 'kernel'. Charles Matthews 09:48, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Nor me, exactly. Though I'm not sure what the best way to reorganize would be. What do you propose? -- Fropuff 13:59, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Compared to other math. pages, both are very difficult to understand (I think they should be    merged). The algebra page should be reorganized and first present the general case (that is now at the end of the algebra page) because it is the most comprhensible formulation found in both pages. I don't know enough about maths to do this.

Keep in mind while considering this merge that there are some textbooks that use the term "null space" exclusively. As such, this would only be a good idea if there were a redirect from the "Null space" article to the "Kernel" article. 155.98.70.69 20:43, 29 March 2006 (UTC)Llyr (too lazy to log in :) )

I disagree. That is, I don't believe null space should be combined with kernel. My reason is this: the notion of kernel immediately brings to mind the concept of a homomorphism. To be precise: The kernel of a homomorphism # of a group G into a group G' is the set of all elements of G mapped onto the identity element of G' by #. For any homomorphism of a group G, the image is just G/K [read G modulo K] where K is the kernel and a normal subgroup of G. One need not go outside the group to find or produce all homomorphic images. 'K' is the kernel of the homomorphism and the identity 'element' of the factor group. K = {e'}#inverse [# to the minus 1] for #:G--->G'. As an example: the group of integers, Z, modulo some integer 'n' times Z, generates the factor group Z/nZ, a homomorphic image consisting of a group of equivalence classes isomorphic to Zn [Z sub n] [elements: 0,1,2,3,...(n-1)]. In this case, nZ is the kernel of the map. [user: adriandorn April 13, '06]

Personally, I find "null space" to be more congruent to what being defined. It is reasonably intuitive that the null space of a linear transformation A is the x's for which Ax=0. Strang uses "null space", and so do some others. I think the searcher will often look for null space. I did.

Null space and kernel should be linked, but articles should be kept separate. Gene Ward Smith 04:48, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I have a lot of sympathies for Mergism, but in this case, it's a bit tricky. A Structurist solution might be better here. I would rather see less content and more disambiguation and sectioning on this page, with "Main article: ..." just under the heading of each section. What I don't like about this page is that it favors the set-theoretic/algebraic usage of kernel a bit too much over the other uses, such as the integral transform or statistical usages.

 * Although the set-theoretic usage is more general than the algebraic, it is not the case that someone trying to understand the notion in group theory or ring theory for the first time really needs the set-theoretic version. Usually, "preimage of the neutral element" will do. From this point of view, kernel_(algebra) is OK, although still a bit too chatty, particularly in the "General Case" section. (The "Mal'cev algebra" section needs help because of the redlinks.) It also underplays the category theory notion too much compared to the universal algebra notion. Again, I think that page could be improved with better sectioning.

 * Null space is very problematic. It is claimed on that page that some people use both that term and the term kernel to denote the zero set of an operator, where the latter term is used in its broadest, possibly nonlinear, sense. That coincides with the algebraic version only in the case of linear operators, i.e., linear transformations. I confess I have never seen either null space or kernel used synonymously with zero set, but have only seem the terms used in the algebraic (or in the case of kernel, set-theoretic) senses. Maybe I live in a bubble. If kernel really is used sometimes in this rather weak sense, then this page needs a brief mention of it. Again, the page Null space itself is rather unstructured. Better sectioning could probably fix it.

 * Hmm. That makes three times I mentioned better sectioning. Maybe I really am a Structurist. --Michael Kinyon 19:21, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

is the kernel from ordinary differential equations, the kernel used for Laplace transformation same as the kernel used for linear algebra? if not can someone clarify the first a bit more? -

I say we keep it separate, since null space is essential a primer to understanding kernel for linear algebra novices like myself.

"Kernel" defined in more ways than intro suggests?
The introduction now reads: "In mathematics, especially abstract algebra, a kernel is a general construction which measures the failure of a homomorphism or function to be injective."

Given the meaning of "kernel" in integral calculus it seems to me that either (1) this introduction would be better (not good, merely better): "In mathematics, the term "kernel" has multiple meanings. In abstract algebra, a kernel is a general construction which measures the failure of a homomorphism or function to be injective.", or (2) the relationship among the different meanings should be outlined.

Harold f 06:39, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Convert to dab
This page should be converted into a disambiguation page. There is a common meaning of kernel in abstract algebra, linear algebra, and category theory (though not in the sense of "equalizer"). The usage of kernels in set theory, and for equalizers, seems rather rare to me, and the alternative meanings in integral operators and statistics are completely different. Geometry guy 01:26, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Kernel cleanup (copied from Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics)
Should kernel (mathematics) become a disambig page? There was a complaint that the main usage is 4th on the list (a few pages down). If this was a disambig age, being fourth would not be a problem. Also in my experience (at a PDE heavy institution) the main usage of kernel is the one from integral operators, such as a heat kernel or green's function.

Once we have a sane disambiguation page (either Kernel (disambiguation) or Kernel (mathematics)), then we should probably go through the kernel articles and make sure appropriate links are made. I've added some links to kernel (algebra), but it is missing kernel (category theory) and probably others (hard to tell, since I think the disambig page is also missing some, and certainly kernel (mathematics) is missing many). JackSchmidt (talk) 16:28, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I think it would be preferrable to have one good article covering all the meanings of kernel related to f(x)=0. The only article which presents substantial additional material is kernel (matrix), parts of which (such as numerical calculations) could be summarized in this article. The terrible amount of redundancy could be amended if material from sections like Kernel (algebra) would be moved to ring homomorphism, in this case (which, by the way, also already contains material on the kernel). Similarly, all instances of "X/ker (f) \cong im(f)" should be centered in Isomorphism theorem and so on. Jakob.scholbach (talk) 16:47, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * This seems reasonable, and would cut down on the confusion of analytic kernels versus algebraic kernels. Should the other algebraic kernel articles redirect to sections of the one true algebraic kernel, or to their associated homomorphism pages? JackSchmidt (talk) 18:07, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Another question is what to do with the (related) category theory and set theory/universal algebra definitions. Since both are quite abstract it might be best to keep them separate, e.g. kernel (algebra), kernel (category theory), kernel (equivalence relation). --Hans Adler (talk) 18:14, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

@Jack: I would redirect to the kernel page. The homomorphism pages should just have a (reasonably brief, but complete) definition of the kernel in that specific case. Anything else (which is unspecific to groups/rings/blabla) should be put to kernel.

@Hans: Again, a good survey article should not omit the more abstract kernels. I guess, they deserve a little section in the survey article. Anything which does not fit there spacewise goes to a subpage.

@everybody: Why is the kernel in PDE also called kernel? If there is a reason (which I assume), this should be covered in the survey article, too. Alas, die Kunst ist lang und kurz ist unser Leben (art is long, and our life is short). Jakob.scholbach (talk) 18:48, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

(P.S. BTW, phrases (from the lead of kernel (algebra)) like "the kernel of a homomorphism measures the degree to which the homomorphism fails to be injective" are probably exactly what the engineer above is complaining about. Why not write "the kernel is defined by elements mapping to zero" and treat injectivity later?) Jakob.scholbach (talk) 18:52, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Changed into DAB, and replaced wording that would be incomprehensible to anyone but a specialist (that belongs to the individual pages, if anywhere) by something that may not be so exact but is hopefully understandable. About a year ago I have moved several nullspace articles into kernel articles, but I have stopped short of such radical cut at that time. Jmath666 (talk) 05:10, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Entries from Kernel
Following discussion on Talk:Kernel, I've replaced the Mathematics section with a single entry pointing here. There were three entries there not on this page, but I'm not certain where they ought to go or even if they all ought to be included. CarrieVS (talk) 07:55, 7 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Polygon kernel
 * Kernel smoother
 * Cooperative game

title: Talk:Kernel (mathematics)


text:
User talk:Sparkit/templates

This is a very nice submission, and you've come up with some suggestions (the urgency colouring, "Editors note") that I don't think has been discussed particularly. Nice work. violet/riga (t) 09:50, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Where would I make these suggestions for discussion? -->>sparkit| TALK << 17:49, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

This is far better than my submission. If I'm back when voting starts I will definetly vote for your suggestion. The only thing I don't like about is that the VFD and Delete templates blur too much. To fix that I would suggest rewording it to make it shorter. Good job! Falphin 19:27, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Many thanks, Falphin! The blurring is because they are GIFs rather than CSS/HTML. I'm NOT proposing that templates be made of GIFs, it's just the quickest way for me to design. I may need to partner up with someone who knows CSS better than I to give a more respresentative look to my samples. In the meantime, I hopefully clarified the issue on the page. -->>sparkit| TALK << 19:46, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sparkit/templates


text:
Takao Omori

Takao Omori (大森隆男) is a Japanese professional wrestler, currently working for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), where he is a one-time Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion and seven-time World Tag Team Champion. He is also part of the All Japan Board of Directors. He has worked in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), Pro Wrestling Noah (Noah) and Pro Wrestling Zero1 (Zero1).

All Japan Pro Wrestling (1992–2000)
After being trained by Animal Hamaguchi, Omori debuted in All Japan Pro Wrestling, initially languishing in the mid-card and only able to get some recognition in 1995, when he and Jun Akiyama captured the All Asia Tag Team Championship. In 1998, he and newcomer Yoshihiro Takayama formed the NO FEAR tag team. The team soon won both the All Asia Tag Team Championship and the World Tag Team Championship, becoming the first team to win both titles at the same time. When Mitsuharu Misawa formed Pro Wrestling Noah, they followed him and dyed their hair blond to match the change of environment.

Omori's first American venture was in the World Wrestling Federation, where he competed in the 1996 Royal Rumble. He was eliminated by the returning Jake Roberts.

Pro Wrestling Noah and other promotions (2000–2004)
For an undisclosed reason, Omori called for an early ending to his singles bout with Shinya Hashimoto in the middle of their singles match at Noah's Great Voyage 2000 event, which was the company's most important event up to that point. Because of this, Omori was immediately in Misawa's doghouse, and after the NO FEAR team broke up (so Takayama could pursue mixed martial arts matches) Omori was sent abroad to Harley Race's World League Wrestling promotion in the American Midwest, where he won the company's heavyweight title. During his excursion, Misawa continued to deny that Omori had been sent abroad by Noah, and Omori was not welcomed back to Noah when he returned from the excursion. As a result, Omori joined Fighting World of Japan Pro Wrestling, where he feuded with Riki Choshu, Genichiro Tenryu and Kensuke Sasaki.

Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max (2004–2008)
In 2004, he joined Pro Wrestling ZERO1-MAX, where he was one of the strong native competitors along with (fellow Hamaguchi Dojo classmate) Shinjiro Otani. He has feuded with old team mate Yoshihiro Takayama, resulting in many bloody battles and disqualifications. On March 8, 2007, he and Manabu Nakanishi lost the ZERO1-MAX Intercontinental Tag Team Championship to Yoshihiro Takayama and Kohei Sato. On March 31, 2007, he defeated Steve Corino for the AWA Superstars of Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship, becoming a three-time champion. Nearly seven months to the day Omori won the AWA World Heavyweight championship, he would lose the title to Masato Tanaka. On August 16, 2008 Omori announced that he was leaving ZERO1-MAX and taking a break from pro wrestling.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2009–2010)
This break would not last long, as Omori appeared at a New Japan Pro-Wrestling show on March 15, 2009 to revive his team with Manabu Nakanishi. He also participated in the 2009 G1 Climax, pulling off two impressive victories in his first two matches by defeating both IWGP Heavyweight Champion Hiroshi Tanahashi and eventual tournament winner Togi Makabe. In January 2010 Omori announced his semi-retirement.

Freelancing (2010–2011)
Since semi-retiring, Omori had been wrestling select shows in various promotions, both mainstream and independent. In 2011, he has been wrestling semi-regularly with All Japan Pro Wrestling. Following the 2011 World's Strongest Tag Determination League, Omori appealed to Keiji Mutoh to officially join All Japan and Mutoh granted the request, officially rejoining All Japan.

Return to AJPW (2011–present)
Omori's first match back as an official member of the AJPW roster took place on December 25, 2011, teaming up with Manabu Soya and Seiya Sanada in a loss to Akebono, Keiji Mutoh, and Super Delfin. On March 20, 2012, Omori and Soya defeated Dark Cuervo and Dark Ozz for the World Tag Team Championship. After losing the title to Joe Doering and Seiya Sanada on May 20, Omori and Soya, known collectively as "Get Wild", regained the title on June 17. They vacated the title on October 30, in time for the 2012 World's Strongest Tag Determination League. On November 30, Get Wild won the tournament to regain the title. On December 11, Soya unsuccessfully challenged Masakatsu Funaki for the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship. As a result, Get Wild was forced to disband, despite still holding the World Tag Team Championship. Get Wild went on to lose the title to Burning (Go Shiozaki and Jun Akiyama) on March 17, 2013. Following Soya's resignation from AJPW, Omori revived his team with Akiyama, naming it "Wild Burning" in January 2014. On February 8, Wild Burning unsuccessfully challenged Evolution (Joe Doering and Suwama) for the World Tag Team Championship. On April 27, Omori won his first Champion Carnival, defeating Jun Akiyama in the finals. On June 15, Omori defeated Akiyama in a rematch to win the vacant Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship for the first time. On June 28, Omori became only the sixth "Quintuple Crown Champion" in All Japan history, when he and Akiyama defeated Joe Doering and Suwama to win the World Tag Team Championship. However, the next day, Omori lost the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship to Suwama, ending his reign at just 14 days. After successfully defending the World Tag Team Championship against Akebono and Yutaka Yoshie on October 22, Omori and Akiyama vacated the title the following day in time for the 2014 World's Strongest Tag Determination League. They regained the title by winning the tournament on December 6, defeating Go Shiozaki and Kento Miyahara in the finals. Wild Burning's second reign ended on March 22, 2015, when they were defeated by Akebono and Yutaka Yoshie. On January 1, 2016, Omori was appointed to the All Japan Board of Directors. On December 18, the reunited Get Wild defeated Jake Lee and Kento Miyahara in the finals to win the 2016 World's Strongest Tag Determination League.

Championships and accomplishments

 * All Japan Pro Wrestling
 * AJPW TV Six-Man Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Black Menso~re and Carbell Ito/ATM
 * All Asia Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Jun Akiyama (1), Yoshihiro Takayama (1) and Masao Inoue (1)
 * Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * World Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with Yoshihiro Takayama (1), Manabu Soya (3) and Jun Akiyama (3)
 * F-1 Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kannazuki1
 * Asunaro Tag Team Cup (1998) – with Jun Akiyama
 * Champion Carnival (2014)
 * January 2 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (1997, 2014, 2017)
 * World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2012, 2016) – with Manabu Soya
 * World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2014) – with Jun Akiyama

 * DDT Pro-Wrestling
 * GAY World Anal Championship (1 time)

 * European Wrestling Association
 * EWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

 * New Japan Pro-Wrestling
 * IWGP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Manabu Nakanishi
 * Interim IWGP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Manabu Nakanishi

 * Nikkan Sports
 * Best Tag Team Award (2012) with Manabu Soya

 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 66 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2000

 * Pro Wrestling Noah
 * GHC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Yoshihiro Takayama

 * Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max
 * AWA World Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 * NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (3 times)2 – with Shiro Koshinaka (1), Shinjiro Otani (1), and Manabu Nakanishi (1)
 * NWA United National Heavyweight Championship (1 time)3

 * Tokyo Sports
 * Best Tag Team Award (2012) – with Manabu Soya

 * World League Wrestling
 * WLW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

1Championship not officially recognized by All Japan Pro Wrestling. 2Although the title still uses the NWA initials, it is not recognized or sanctioned by the National Wrestling Alliance since the promotion withdrew from the NWA in 2004. 3This title shouldn't be confused with the NWA United National Championship, a defunct NWA singles championship that is currently one of the three championships used to comprise the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship.

title: Takao Omori


text:
Protolith

A protolith is the original, unmetamorphosed rock from which a given metamorphic rock is formed.

For example, the protolith of a slate is a shale or mudstone. Metamorphic rocks can be derived from any other kind of non-metamorphic rock and thus there is a wide variety of protoliths. Identifying a protolith is a major aim of metamorphic geology.

Protoliths are non-metamorphic rocks and have no protoliths themselves. The non-metamorphic rocks fall into two classes: sedimentary rocks, formed from sediment, and igneous rocks, formed from magma. The source of the sediment of a sedimentary rock is termed its provenance.

Magmatic protoliths can be further divided into three categories: ultramafic rock, mafic rock, and quartzo-feldspathic rock. Similarly, sedimentary protoliths can be classified as quartzo-feldspathic, pelitic, carbonate rocks, or some mixture of the three.

On a geological time scale, the first protoliths were first formed shortly after the formation of the Earth during the Hadean eon.

title: Protolith


text:
Huoshan Huangya tea

Huoshan Huangya tea (pronounced ) is a yellow tea from Huoshan County of Anhui Province in China. It is an imperial tribute tea, that dates back to the Ming Dynasty. The dry tea leaves have a shiny appearance and are very similar to Huang Shan Mao Feng tea. This tea is usually harvested in early April, and only includes cuttings with one bud and one leaf, or one bud with two unopened leaves. When steeped, the tea has a very sweet and nutty taste as well as an unusual green-yellow color. As with most bud teas, the color and fragrance are slight.

title: Huoshan Huangya tea


text: User talk:69.245.42.164

title: User talk:69.245.42.164


text:
Monsters (American TV series)

Monsters is an American syndicated horror anthology series which originally ran from 1988 to 1991 and reran on the Sci-Fi Channel during the 1990s.

The series grew out of Tales from the Darkside, the previous project by producer Richard P. Rubinstein and his company Laurel Entertainment. Unlike Tales from the Darkside, which sometimes featured science fiction and fantasy stories, Monsters was strictly horror-based. As the name implies, most episodes feature a different monster with which the story was concerned, from the animatronic puppet of a fictional children's television program to mutated, weapon-wielding lab rats.

Synopsis
In the show's self-referencing title sequence, a suburban family of monsters look for something to watch on television before finally settling on Monsters, their favorite show. Each episode is a standalone tale, and feature a variety of monsters from vicious man-eating plants to friendly aliens from outer space.

Monsters is generally considered a horror anthology, but the show was about monsters, whether in a horror context or not. Producer/creator Richard P. Rubinstein said he wanted the show to be "a mixture of fun and scare", and for the monsters to be creatures of fantasy and fairy tales rather than more realistic menaces such as serial killers.

Production
Richard P. Rubinstein had grown frustrated that while his company Laurel Productions' show Tales from the Darkside got good reviews, praise tended to focus on the stories and acting, with almost no mention of the makeup and special effects. Laurel decided to put together a demo reel of all the makeup effects they had done. They took the reel to Tribune Entertainment Company, one of their collaborators on Tales from the Darkside, and together they decided to create Monsters.

The start of production was delayed several months by the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike. Monsters went into production August 8, 1988 (the day after the strike ended), and began airing October 22.

Renowned makeup artist Dick Smith was hired as a special makeup effects consultant. The show was produced at a budget of roughly $200,000 per episode, much lower than what was typical for network television shows.

The show's stable of directors included Bette Gordon, Ernest D. Farino, Gerald Cotts (directing as "Jerry Smith") and Jeffrey Wolf. The writing staff included Edithe Swensen, Peg Haller and Bob Schneider, Michael Reaves, and Benjamin Carr (writing as "Neal Marshall Stevens").

Each episode's credits has a dedication to the show's creative consultant, Tom Allen, who died during production.

Episodes
There were 72 episodes of the series produced over three seasons. There were 24 episodes per season.

Home media
eOne Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 in February 2014.

title: Monsters (American TV series)


text: User:Neonpaul

title: User:Neonpaul


text: Wikipedia:Violent Factionalizing Debate

title: Wikipedia:Violent Factionalizing Debate


text:
Toba Achakzai

The Toba Achakzai (توبه اڅکزۍ) or Khwaja Amran is an offshoot of the Toba Kakar range of mountains, north of Chaman, in Balochistan, Pakistan, extending into Maruf District in Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. It is crossed by N-25 National Highway and Rohri–Chaman Railway Line that passes through the Khojak railway tunnel. The grave of Khwaja Amran Baba is located at the peak.

The area is located within the heartland of the Achakzai tribe of Durrani Pashtuns. Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of Afghanistan, used to pass some of the hot weeks in summer in the pleasant weather of Toba Achakzai.

title: Toba Achakzai


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Bluemoose

Bluemoose
final (22/1/1) ending 09:51 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I have been editing the 'pedia for 5 and a half months now, totalling 8067 edits. I think I have made valuable contributions to quite a few different areas, specifically; everything economics, the stub sorting project and the new WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles which I started a few weeks ago. Now I would like to do my bit in areas that require adminship, as explained further in my answers to the questions. thanks - Bluemoose 09:54, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here: I accept!

Support
 * 1) Support! 8067 edits in 5.5 month! I'm getting a heart attack. (unsigned by User:Exir Kamalabadi)
 * 2) Support. Lots of good contributions, good interactions, and no negative ones I saw. - Taxman Talk 12:40, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. Ye gods! That's almost 50 edits a day. I'm suitably impressed, as I am with the overall quality of the noms contributions, and his involvement with the stub sorting project. – Seancdaug 13:55, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Enthusiastic support. Absolutely no reason not to support. --Scimitar 14:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) --Kbdank71 16:24, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support Triddle 17:11, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Yes, have had good experiences with this user and I trust xym with a mop. Radiant_ >|<  21:26, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support 8000+ edits in less than 6 months?! Talk about dedicated! Columbia 04:55, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support. Plenty of good work. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:01, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) . Most undoubtedly. -- brian0918 ™  [[Image:MontyPythonFootLeftSmall.jpg|Ni!|20px]] 15:20, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support - great editor. CDC   (talk)  20:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 06:50, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Support. This 'moose will be of use telling vandals to vamoose. Grutness...  wha?  11:38, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Support - no evidence he would go on a vandalism spree once promoted.  Guettarda 13:13, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Coool. JuntungWu 07:15, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Support.  Grue   18:06, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 17) Mooo. Micro tonal  (Put your head on my shoulder) 06:16, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 18) Support wholeheartedly. Danny 23:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 19) Support Have a mop already. Stirling Newberry 05:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 20) Support off the back of excellent stuff I have seen Bluemoose do at the Missing Encyclopedia Topics project. Pcb21| Pete 07:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 21) Support - nothing but positive experiences, especially at WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles. OpenToppedBus - My Talk 09:01, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 22) Support Cyberjunkie | Talk 07:36, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 22:16, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) Neutral. While your edit count may be high, you have still only been here for five and a half months, as you have stated.  I cannot support your candidacy until you reach nine months of contributions.  Denelson83  19:13, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * Question. I agree that's a massive number of edits, and anyone who works on the missing encyclopedia articles deserves all the recognition they recieve. My one question concerns talk pages- Despite over 8000 edits, Bluemoose has less than 150 to talk/user talk pages. Since communication is such a large part of adminship is communication, I wonder if Bluemoose could provide an example or two of helpful dialogue with another user, or on a project.  If this could be done, I would enthusiastically support.--Scimitar 14:38, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I'll answer my own question. Wikipedia talk:2004 Encyclopedia topics is full of helpful dialogue and good teamwork. I'd recommend that anyone similarly concerned about Bluemoose's lack of talk edits check it out. --Scimitar 14:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've interacted with Bluemoose a fair bit and never seen any indication of any problem. Pcb21| Pete 07:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. I like to patrol the Newpages, so in the short term I would use my super powers to filter out the "dave is gay" and "wow i have made an article!" type articles (nothing controversial), rather than just tag them as speedies. In the medium term I would get more involved in vandalism fighting, something I only do in a passive way at the moment.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I did the vast majority of the work on the Red Arrows article, which I really like. I am pleased with loads of other economics articles too, but they are pretty boring!
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A. My areas of knowledge are generally in the sciences, which tend to be less controversial, hence I have never been involved in an edit war. When I have had disagreements, I always take it to the talk page; Talk:Good (economics) for example.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GASH

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 06:48, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

GASH
Unencyclopedic, unnotable. Delete MAdaXe 09:55, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. There is band called Gash listed on allmusic.com but it appears to be a different band to that of the article. JamesBurns 10:45, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable. Dcarrano 17:16, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nothing verifiable here. Friday 20:52, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete someone changed it to the slang dic def, nn either. --Etacar11 00:30, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GASH


text:
Bangweulu Block

The Bangweulu Block is a cratonic unit that forms part of the Congo craton of central Africa. The Bangweulu Block however consists of Palaeoproterozoic granitoids and volcanics, and is overlain by a Palaeoproterozoic continental sedimentary succession, the Mporokoso Group, and does not preserve much direct evidence of Archaean protoliths.

Indirect evidence of an Archaean ancestry for the Bangweulu Block is provided by detrital zircons within the Mporokoso Group, which indicate a local source area with zircons of 3.2, 3.0. 2.7 and 2.5 Ga, but more importantly, by xenocrystic zircon found in volcanic and granitic lithologies of the Bangweulu Block, and the area to the West, the Central African Copperbelt (Rainaud et al., 2003). This indicates the presence of a ca. 3.2 Ga terrane called the Likasi Terrane.

The Bangweulu Block is bordered on the west by the Kundelungu Plateau, on the southwest by the Lufilian Arc, on the southeast by the Kibaran Irumide Belt, and on the northeast by the Ubendian Belt. The block was formed during the Eburnian orogeny, with the crystalline basement dated at 1,835 Ma, implying last Eburnian magmatism. Post-Eburnian sediments include the Mporokoso Group, the Kasama Formation, the Luitikila and Luapula Beds, and Cenozoic alluvium from the Chambeshi River and the Kalungu, Lower Chambeshi and Lake Bangweulu Basins.

title: Bangweulu Block


text:
Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church

The Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church (or Orthodox Old-ritualist Church, Orthodox Old-Rite Church, Biserica Ortodoxă de Rit Vechi din România; Православная старообрядческая Церковь в Румынии) is the Romanian Old Believer jurisdiction of the Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy.

The head of the Church carries the title of Archbishop of Belaya Krinitsa and Bucharest and Metropolitan of all Orthodox Christians of the Old Rite everywhere (Архиепископ Белой Криницы и Бухареста и митрополит всех православных христиан старого обряда повсюду). His see is nominally in Bila Krynytsia/Belaya Krinitsa/Fântâna Albă (Bukovina), his residence in Brăila, Romania since 1940.

It positions itself as the world center of popovtsy, as the "Mother Church" for the Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church, which is not recognized by the latter.

History
Lipovans are Russian Old Believers who fled Russia in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, in order to escape the persecution of their faith.

Eparchies
There are seven eparchies of the Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church:
 * Eparchy of Fântâna Albă, with residence in Brăila, which includes the old rite orthodox parishes from Brăila and Galați counties, Bucharest, Borduşani (Ialomiţa county), Fântâna Albă/Bila Krynytsia (Ukraine);
 * Eparchy of Slava, with residence in Slava Rusă (Tulcea county), which includes the parishes from Slava Rusă, Slava Cercheză, Carcaliu, Ghindăreşti, Jurilovca, 2 Mai, Constanţa, Cernavodă and Năvodari in Constanţa county, and parishes from Bulgaria;
 * Eparchy of Bukovina and Moldavia, with residence in Târgu Frumos (Iași County), which includes the parishes from Iași, Vaslui, Neamţ, Suceava and Botoșani counties;
 * Eparchy of Tulcea, with residence in Tulcea, which includes the parishes from Tulcea, Sulina, Mahmudia, Sarichioi, Periprava, Chilia Veche, Mila 23, Sfiştovca;
 * Eparchy of the USA, residing in Oregon, which includes the parishes from the U.S., Canada, and Australia;
 * Western Eparchy, based in Turin (Italy), which includes the parishes from Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Austria, and Hungary;
 * Eparchy of the Baltic States, residing in Jēkabpils, comprising the parishes from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

First Hierarchs

 * In Hungary and Romania (Belaya Krinitsa, temporarily in Brăila, Romania)

title: Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church


text: Category:Palaces in Rome

title: Category:Palaces in Rome