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Human Rights Party (United States)

The Human Rights Party (HRP) was a left-wing political party that existed in Michigan from 1970 to 1977. The party achieved electoral success in Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti. It eventually expanded to include several other Michigan cities with large student populations. In 1975, the HRP became the Socialist Human Rights Party (SHRP), and it later merged with the Socialist Party of Michigan.

Origins
The organization was established in 1970 under the leadership of Zolton Ferency, and it quickly gained strength following the 1971 ratification of the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution, which gave 18-year-olds the right to vote.

In October 1971, the Radical Independent Party of Ann Arbor, Michigan (RIP), which had been formed by members of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), the New University Conference, and local International Socialists (IS), merged with the HRP.

Ideology
The Human Rights Party’s platform included calls for the immediate withdrawal of all U.S. military forces from foreign soil, the end of the ROTC and Selective Service, repeal of laws against homosexuality and prostitution, the closure of all state prisons, and provision of daycare and health care based on ability to pay.

First campaigns in Ann Arbor
Working to gain electoral votes among the city's large population of students at the University of Michigan, the HRP succeeded in electing two candidates to the Ann Arbor city council in 1972, and successfully defended one of the seats in 1974. Building support through rock concerts, local radio spots, and coverage in the underground press, the HRP won 25 percent of the 30,000 ballots cast in the 1972 Ann Arbor municipal election. The party's victors in the city-council races – Jerry DeGrieck, a history student at the University of Michigan, and Nancy Wechsler, a U-M graduate, both 22 years of age – defeated two professors, both of whom were Democrats, and one of whom was an incumbent member of the City Council. As DeGrieck later noted, the party garnered substantial support not only from students, but also from low-income voters and factory workers. In two other Ann Arbor wards, reported the New York Times, "the Human Rights Party drew off enough votes from the Democratic candidates to help conservative Republicans win." In the next-door city of Ypsilanti, the HRP elected two city council members in 1974, both of whom were re-elected in 1976.

During the 1972 election, the HRP chose a fifteen-year-old Sonia Yaco, an activist affiliated with Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor, as its Ann Arbor school-board candidate. Yaco's demands for a student voice in school governance earned her 1,300 votes as a write-in candidate, or eight percent of the total, and indirectly influenced the establishment of the experimental alternative Community High School later that year. One of the first HRP candidates was Lawrence ("Larry") Pallozola, who unsuccessfully ran for school board in Garden City, Michigan, in the early 1970s.

Ann Arbor City Council
From April 1972 to April 1973, the two Human Rights representatives were able to significantly influence the decisions of the Ann Arbor city council, since no political party held a majority. In addition to the HRP members, there were five Republicans and four Democrats. During their time on the city council, HRP members successfully pushed for several progressive ordinances, including the city's famously lenient "five-dollar pot law," which had the effect of decriminalizing the possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal use (see Cannabis laws in Ann Arbor, Michigan). In addition, the HRP led a push for a citywide anti-discrimination ordinance, which banned discrimination based on race, national origin, sex, age, and religion. The ordinance was the first of its kind in Michigan. In 1972, the pioneering ordinance was amended to add sexual orientation, and to require affirmative-action measures by city contractors.

On zoning issues, the party worked to restrict the construction of fast-food chains in the city's downtown area. Alongside its electoral work, the HRP put on several protests, supported area workers' strikes, organized city tenants, and aided the anti-war movement. As Nancy Wechsler told the Wall Street Journal, the HRP also fought successfully to set aside federal revenue-sharing dollars for health and child care at a time when "most cities are spending revenue-sharing money for more police cars."

At a joint press conference following a homophobic incident at a local restaurant, both of the 1972 HRP winners, Nancy Wechsler and Jerry DeGrieck, came out as gay and lesbian during their term on city council - thus simultaneously becoming the first openly lesbian and openly gay elected public officials in the United States. When Wechsler declined to run for reelection in 1974, her seat was won by HRP candidate Kathy Kozachenko. Already publicly known to be a lesbian, she thus became the first openly gay or lesbian candidate to be elected to public office in the United States.

Instant-runoff voting in Ann Arbor
With the introduction of a strong third party in Ann Arbor, concerns grew among Democrats and HRP supporters that the city's progressive vote would be split, thus allowing Republicans to win offices on pluralities. This scenario came to pass soon after the emergence of the HRP. In 1973 Republican James E. Stephenson won the mayoral office with a plurality, defeating Democratic candidate Franz J. Mogdis and HRP candidate Benita Kaimowitz despite garnering only 47% of the vote. To head off a repeat of this result, the HRP spearheaded a petition campaign to place the Instant-runoff voting (IRV) system on the city ballot in the spring of 1974. Most Democratic and HRP voters supported the proposal, which passed with 52% approval.

In April 1975, during the first (and only) Ann Arbor mayoral race using IRV, the Republican incumbent James E. Stephenson received 49% of the first-choice ballots, leading his Democratic challenger Al Wheeler, who received 40%, and the HRP candidate Carol Ernst with 11%. However, since most HRP voters had ranked Wheeler as their second choice, these votes moved to the Democrat's column, and Wheeler won the election by a slim 121 votes, becoming the city's first African American mayor. The election represented the first use of IRV in a U.S. mayoral contest.

The IRV system survived a court challenge by Republicans, but Ann Arbor voters repealed the system in an April 1976 special election. The IRV system was not again used in a United States election until San Francisco began using a similar system in 2004.

Ypsilanti City Council
In 1974 the HRP activists in Ypsilanti helped to pass the Ypsilanti Marijuana Initiative, a $5 fine for marijuana use or possession. In the same election, the HRP elected council members Eric Jackson and Harold Baize to their first term of office. Jackson and Baize championed anti-discrimination, fair rental practices, women's rights, and environmental issues. When Ypsilanti police ignored the voter's mandate by enforcing State marijuana laws rather than the Ypsilanti Marijuana Initiative, Jackson and Baize called for an emergency meeting of the city council to deal with the issue. Although most of the other members of the city council boycotted the meeting, hundreds of citizens did not, resulting in a near riot.

Demise
With the nationwide decline in student activism, the Human Rights Party's power waned in the mid-1970s.

In Ann Arbor, the Democratic-HRP governing coalition lost power in 1973, as Republican James E. Stephenson won the mayoralty and Republicans also took control of seven of the ten council seats. In 1976, the Ann Arbor HRP chapter lost its last remaining city council seat.

In Ypsilanti, HRP city council members Eric Jackson and Harold Baize were re-elected in 1976 and continued their struggles for progressive policies. Following the loss of ballot status for the Michigan HRP, Harold Baize was elected to a third term as a Democrat in 1978. The Ypsilanti HRP changed its name to the Democratic Socialist Caucus and elected other members to the city council as well as electing Peter Murdock as mayor. At one point, the DSC controlled nine of the eleven city council seats as well as the mayor's position. The DSC ceased to exist in 1986.

In 1975, the HRP became the Socialist Human Rights Party (SHRP). In 1977, SHRP merged with the Socialist Party of Michigan. Some members joined the Democratic Party.

Several of the HRP's landmark initiatives, notably the Ann Arbor anti-discrimination ordinance and the lenient municipal marijuana penalties, survive in modified form to this day.

title: Human Rights Party (United States)


text: User talk:80.141.213.224

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:80.141.213.224


text:
Nitin Saxena

Nitin Saxena (born 3 May 1981 ) is an Indian scientist in mathematics and theoretical computer science. His research focuses on computational complexity.

He attracted international attention for proposing the AKS Primality Test in 2002 in a joint work with Manindra Agrawal and Neeraj Kayal, for which the trio won the 2006 Fulkerson Prize, and the 2006 Gödel Prize. They provided the first unconditional deterministic algorithm to test an n-digit number for primality in a time that has been proven to be polynomial in n. This research work came out as a part of his undergraduate study.

Early life and education
He is an alumnus of Boys' High School And College, Allahabad. He graduated with his B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 2002. He received his PhD from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering of the same institute in 2006 with the Dissertation titled "Morphisms of Rings and Applications to Complexity".

Career
He was awarded the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 2003 for his work in computational complexity theory. He was appointed at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) starting as a postdoc researcher from September 2006 onwards. He was a Bonn Junior Fellow at the University of Bonn from Summer 2008 onwards. He joined the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Kanpur as faculty in April 2013.

Saxena was awarded the 2018 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for his work in Algebraic Complexity Theory. One of the youngest awardees, Saxena’s research interests include Computational Complexity and Algebraic Geometry.

title: Nitin Saxena


text:
DTF

DTF may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * DTF (rap duo), French duo
 * "D T F", a song by Adore Delano from the 2014 album Till Death Do Us Party

Technology

 * Dynamic Track Following in Video 2000 videotape
 * Digital Tape Format, for magnetic tape storage
 * Define the File, DOS macros

Other uses

 * Department of Treasury and Finance, Australia
 * Directed Transfer Function, in neurology, based on the Granger causality principle
 * Downtown Fullerton, California, US
 * Direct to Film, a printing method, similar to DTG (Direct to Garment), print images and designs on substrate or materials other than paper, such as T-shirt, porcelain, etc.

title: DTF


text:
User:FlyingHat

I don't know, I'll eventually come up with one. I'm unaccomplished.

title: User:FlyingHat


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Melike Zeynep Saribayir

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:23, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Melike Zeynep Saribayir
Probably vanity; person seems non-notable. "Melike Saribayir" produces 0 Google hits, and "Melike Zeynep Saribayir" produces two, both of which are derived from this article. Delete. Joel7687 06:03, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless someone finds a list of her published work. Hamster Sandwich 06:31, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. --TheMidnighters 08:36, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity and not notable. DarthVader 11:27, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn student vanity. -- Etacar11   23:40, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn student vanity. JamesBurns 06:26, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Category:Ice cream parlors

Fast-food restaurants that serve ice cream.

title: Category:Ice cream parlors


text:
User:Andreas D.C.

"Great completion seems incomplete;

Yet its usefulness is never exhausted."

Lao Zi: Dao De Ching (Tao Te Ching) (translation by Henricks)

Help!
I am trying to find songs, compositions etc. about Washington D.C. or particular aspects of the city (like Parliament's "Chocolate City" or Woody Guthrie's "From Baltimore to Washington" etc.).

Can be anything, from early novelty songs or Jazz or Blues (Leadbelly's "Burgeois Blues") to whatever. Any suggestions? Thanks for your help !

title: User:Andreas D.C.


text:
Undercurrents (TV program)

Undercurrents was a Canadian news magazine television program that was hosted by Wendy Mesley. It focused on media, marketing and technology.

Overview
The series, which debuted in 1995, primarily concentrated on investigative and documentary reports about media, marketing and technology, such as examining media coverage of controversial issues. Its debut episode drew 800,000 viewers despite having received little advance publicity and having been scheduled so hastily that it wasn't even listed in that week's TV Guide listings; the episode examined the role of video in criminal trials, using the Paul Bernardo trial as its hook.

Mesley was interviewed about the program's cancellation in 1997 by Scan Magazine.

Mesley won two Gemini Awards for Best Host or Interviewer of a News or General Information Series for her work on Undercurrents, in 1999 and 2001.

In 2001, Undercurrents was folded into the new series CBC News: Disclosure, cohosted by Mesley and Diana Swain. The new show did not continue to discuss the media or technology; instead, the media analysis theme was picked up by a different new CBC series, MediaWatch.

title: Undercurrents (TV program)


text:
Talk:Glossary of chemical formulae

Rules used on this page
The formulas in the list have been ordered according to these rules:

 * 1) Element A comes before element B, and B before C, &c.
 * 2) Element A comes before element Ai where i is a natural number.
 * 3) Element A2 comes after element A1, and A3 after A2, &c.
 * 4) Element Ax comes after element A.
 * 5) Element Ay comes after element Ax.
 * 6) Element Ayj comes after element Axi no matter what the natural numbers i and j happen to be.
 * 7) A comes before AB.
 * 8) AB comes before AC, and AC before AD, &c.
 * 9) A comes before A−; A− comes before AB.
 * 10) If element X comes before element Y, then compound AX comes before compound AY.
 * 11) Parentheses should be ignored unless two compounds with parentheses are the same except for the subscript of the parentheses: ABC comes before A(BC)2, and A(BC)2 comes before A(BC)3, &c.
 * 12) Brackets (for coordination complexes) should be treated similarly to parentheses: ignore unless there is a tie.
 * 13) The compound must have at least two atoms, otherwise it is an element or an ion, but not a compound.  (The "dictionary" being a list of compounds.)
 * 14) Hyphens (for single bonds) are ignored unless there is a tie.  Likewise for equals signs (for double bonds) and equivalence signs (for triple bonds).

 * 1) Structural formulae can only be included if they are linear (one-dimensional) alphanumeric strings all of whose atoms are explicitly labeled, e.g.: hexane may be included as C6H14, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3, or CH3(CH2)4CH3 but not as ASCII art in which six C atoms and 14 H atoms are arranged like six black pieces and 14 white pieces on a go board.  Structural formulae which are two-dimensional or three-dimensional cannot be included, e.g.: structure of rhombic sulfur, aniline, tetraphosphorus decaoxide, α-D-glucose, β-lactose, ATP, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene skeleton, protoporphyrin IX, myoglobin diagram.  No Haworth projections, no Fischer projections, no quasi-linear diagrams which look like sentence diagrams. A formula is includeable iff it is a string whose characters are any of the following: (1) letters, in upper or lower case, or in italics; (2) numbers, subscripted, superscripted, or otherwise; (3) plus and minus signs, esp. superscripted; (4) parentheses; (5) brackets; (6) hyphens, equals signs, and equivalence signs; (7) asterisks (or interpuncts), spaces, and periods.  (Note: minus signs might be used instead of hyphens for single bonds, since minus signs are slightly longer.)
 * 2) Dotted compounds (for complex ions) are first placed by ignoring the dot (interpunct or asterisk) and whatever comes after it, but if there is a tie with a neighboring compound then the compound after the dot will be considered.  In particular, A * B comes after A.  If C comes after B then A * C comes after A * B.
 * 3) If A comes before B then A * C comes before B.
 * 4) The same compound may be included more than once if it has more than one includeable formula.
 * 5) Different names for the same formula may be included, in which case they are separated by line breaks (<br>).
 * 6) A formula may refer to different structural isomers.  In this case, the names of the different isomers should each be placed on a separate subrow in the table in alphabetical order, as shown below.
 * 7) If several isomers have a collective name, it should be given in parentheses below the chemical formula.  Each distinct collection of isomers should be placed within a separate major row, with the formula repeated as necessary.

Anyone who wants to is invited to edit the dictionary, adding new compound formulas, removing formulas, adding alternative names for a given formula, adding hyperlinks from the name of a compound to its article, &c. just as long as the rules (or at least the most important ones, such as the first ten) are followed.

Questions

 * What is Titanium(4atoms here)Chloride's chemical symbol? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.157.238.121 (talk) 15:04, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Should hyphens, equals signs, and equivalence signs be included, or should they be removed from a formula before the formula is included in the list?

 * Regarding whether or not to include -, = etc in formulae, you need to consider what your naive student of chemistry is likely to find in their book. If the book uses both forms, then ideally you should have both.  However, there are many cases (even simple ones like benzene) where you simply can't write the formula with text any other way than the molecular formula, C6H6. So I would suggest that you have a policy of initially just trying to write formulae without hyphens etc, then just add a few of the simpler formulae like butane later if you feel the need (this is what I think you did anyway!).  Walkerma 03:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * En-dashes look better than hyphens for single bonds. Physchim62 11:15, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think, for consistency, it would be better to not include these. ‣ ᓛᖁ  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ ᑐ ] 11:23, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Should ions be included?

 * Should complex ions (esp. hydrates) be included at all?

 * I suspect that it's not necessary to include hydrates, as this would just add a lot of extra work for little gain. If they are included, the normal Wikipedia format uses · for hydrates.  For complexes, that format is rather obsolete (at least 50 years old?), the usual way these days uses square brackets, as you have used.  If by complex you mean things like Lewis acid/base adducts (e.g. BF3·OEt2) then I think the middot is the way to go.  Walkerma 03:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree; hydrates do not seem to add much. ‣ ᓛᖁ  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ ᑐ ] 11:23, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Would interpuncts be preferable to asterisks for denoting complex ligations?

 * Middots should be used for hydrates, [square] brackets for complexes (except the simple P-block cases mentioned by Martin). Physchim62 11:15, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Would it be appropriate to include organic shorthands such as Me, Et, and Ph?

 * The use of Me as an abbreviation of methyl is not to be encouraged (it causes problems for German speakers), other abbreviations should be listed at the appropriate place in the order of empirical formulae. Physchim62 11:15, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * If a compound can be described by more than one chemical formula, which should be included?

 * From looking at the organic compounds, the tables may get very unwieldy if parenthesized formulas are included. In my opinion, it would be better to avoid these as much as possible.  ‣ ᓛᖁ  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ ᑐ ] 21:08, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is very long, and likely to become longer. Would the dictionary be better organized with a subpage for each letter?

 * Isn't aluminum chloride AlCl_3, not AlCl_2?

 * Aluminium chloride is AlCl_3 but if searched on search engines, aluminium chloride and aluminium trichloride give the same molecular formula AlCl_3. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.247.78.194 (talk) 08:16, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Why is aluminum misspelt as aluminium on this page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.183.177.219 (talk) 02:15, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Aren't F2Kr and KrF2 one compound? So why it has written twice? --Farooqkz (talk) 14:10, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * They are the same, so I have removed the second listing. -- Ed (Edgar181) 15:40, 27 November 2017 (UTC)

Page to delete
Is this page in use anymore? Dictionary_of_chemical_formulas/F? If not it should be deleted. -Ravedave 06:36, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh and so should: Dictionary_of_chemical_formulas/Merge/C30-C39 - Ravedave 06:37, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The pages that have become redirects due to page moves could be deleted, I suppose, though there isn't a pressing need to. Note that Dictionary of chemical formulas/F and some other letters are transcluded by Dictionary of chemical formulas.  The merging of Dictionary of chemical formulas/Merge is also not finished.  ‣ ᓛᖁ  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ ᑐ ] 06:54, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * User:Danaman5 created a category and I applied it to F since it wasn't on it. Good enough for me. -Ravedave 00:04, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Categorization
There were many uncategorized articles associated with this dictionary, so I created the new category "dictionary of chemical formulas" and placed everything associated with this dictionary into it. Feel free to change this system or suggest a better one, but for now I just felt that the articles needed to be categorized somewhere. Danaman5 23:53, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Naming System
Would it be beneficial to also include IUPAC name of the compound into the table as well? MathStuf 21:25, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Check of CAS numbers
When checking the checksums of the CAS numbers (last digit) with my script, I get the below errors. Hermann

AuF3     gold trifluoride    14270-21-9     Wrong checksum (correct: 4) Ba(CN)2  barium cyanide      524-62-1       Wrong checksum (correct: 9) CdTiO3   cadmium titanate    12104-14-1     Wrong checksum (correct: 2) Cd3P2    cadmium phopshide   1214-28-7      Wrong checksum (correct: 4) YBr3     yttrium bromide     13469-92-2     Wrong checksum (correct: 6) YSb      yttrium antimonide  12186-97-7     Wrong checksum (correct: 9)

 * All have now been corrected. -- Ed (Edgar181) 18:57, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Redirects
I think it would be useful to create a redirect to this page for each chemical formula listed here. That would help search engines find the page, and deal with the fact that most people won't use subscripts when entering search terms. -- Beland (talk) 17:35, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

chemical naming schemes
It seems that multiple naming schemes are used. Shouldn't only one be used or list all common names for the chemical? For instance, the list has "silver flouride" (which I dabb'd to "silver(I) flouride"), but "silver(I) carbonate" instead of "silver carbonate". Either we should stick with one naming scheme, or list both when possible. Also, when the formula represents molecules with multiple forms, shouldn't all of those forms be listed? - UtherSRG (talk) 17:53, 20 April 2010 (UTC)   (Please reply on this page. I'll be watching it for a while.)
 * I agree on Silver(I) fluoride, as Silver(II) fluoride is an existable compound too, and as it links bleu, is in WEikipedia. On the other hand, old customs are hard to change. T.vanschaik (talk) 13:42, 19 June 2013 (UTC)

suggest merging with List_of_CAS_numbers_by_chemical_compound
suggest merging with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CAS_numbers_by_chemical_compound this and the other seems to be of simular content. some on that page are not on this page. eg, BiVO4 if i am in error provide a link between the two. if you want to go way further you can merge with (or provide a link to) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds and all its sister pages. there is a few too many lists on Wiki! Charlieb000 (talk) 23:08, 23 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The represent different chemical concepts, so I am not sure this is a good idea. What would the chemical formula of formalin be? --Egon Willighagen (talk) 07:44, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

sort by element
i suggest a new page based on this (and my previous suggestion) where they are sorted by the elements they contain (it does exist but is not "complete" with these list items, so i leave this section here. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compounds_by_element). then provide a link from the element page via "category: compounds" this will be much more comprehensive than the current link which only shows compounds which have a page on wikipedia. a good alternative is one page (ONLY!) with a sortable wikitable, more info in above article's talk page. this ensures all elements are mentioned and user can select mode of viewing instead of the numerous tables we have already Charlieb000 (talk) 23:12, 23 February 2012 (UTC)
 * As most chemical compounds are categorized as a compound containing element, eg as Silver compounds and as Fluorides for Silver(II) fluoride, searching for compounds per element do not need a special additional ation. T.vanschaik (talk) 13:50, 19 June 2013 (UTC)

Organic compounds
Please see discussion at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Chemistry about inclusion of organic compounds in this list. Biscuittin (talk) 12:34, 24 November 2014 (UTC)
 * The discussion is now archived at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Chemistry/Archive 33.--Quest for Truth (talk) 20:52, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

Kudos
To anyone who contributes to the never ending list

Rewriting order of elements in the compounds?
For example, Lithium fluoride is listed as both LiF and FLi. Isn't it standard to list the cation first? I propose that we should remove all the listings that have the anion first and make sure they appear once with the cation first, or at least have the formula written out in the most common/consistent fashion (e.g. nitrosyl fluoride appears here once as FNO, but on its Wikipedia page it appears as NOF). Just a thought. Albatronix (talk) 00:57, 7 July 2018 (UTC)

Update: Actually in this example FNO may be more accurate because NOF makes it seem like the O is bonded to the F, which it isn't. Maybe it's okay... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Albatronix (talk • contribs) 01:01, 7 July 2018 (UTC)

I think sorting by cations (K+ in KCl, SIV in SF4, etc) or center atoms (S in CuSO4, etc) either is OK. --Leiem (talk) 05:41, 7 July 2018 (UTC)

Using extended sum formulas
While different compounds with same sum formulas often have different ring, ring connecting bridge and side chain ramification counts extending the formulas with these 3 numbers would already drastically decrease the masses of compounds under same formulas to very few internal-permutation isomers so that categorization were vastly improved and sharpened. E.g. these 12 different structural isomers of C6H6 can be fully distinguished with those 3 additions extended behind C's count number: Also e.g. the C6H10O4 would provide much more distinguish and recognition: So this would give much more compound information quickly and a great gain for every sum formula compound glossary? --LKreissig (talk) 23:08, 21 April 2019 (UTC)
 * C6, 0, 0, 2H10O4 .. aceburic acid, adipic acid
 * C6, 0, 0, 3H10O4 .. ethylidene diacetate
 * C6, 4, 2, 3H10O4 .. glucal
 * C6, 4, 2, 4H10O4 .. conduritol
 * C6, 7, 2, 2H10O4 .. dianhydrohexitol

Formulas or Formulae?
The proper plural form of formula should be formulae...? I'm Caker18 ! I edit Wikipedia sparingly. (talk) 05:27, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed merge of List of CAS numbers by chemical compound into Glossary of chemical formulae
Lists are largely redundant, I fail to understand why these are separate pages. Reywas92Talk 23:09, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

Proposed merge of List of inorganic compounds into Glossary of chemical formulae
I just merged the unnecessary duplicate Inorganic compounds by element to List of inorganic compounds but now I fail to understand why this duplicate is necessary either. No need to filter out the organic compounds that mostly start with C anyway. (List of organic compounds was redirected here five years ago). Not sure if there's really anything in either case here to merge, but they've grown independently which is why you shouldn't be making duplicate articles in the first place... Reywas92Talk 23:16, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose - We should not mix organic and inorganic compounds. The organic compounds are already listed in 20 articles named List of compounds with carbon number 1 to 100. And listing the compounds after the formula isn't a good idea. If its done alphabetically it should CH and the rest of the letters alphabetic. Christian75 (talk) 20:51, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Ummmm Glossary of chemical formulae already mixes organic and inorganic compounds... My point is that List of inorganic compounds is redundant to the glossary. What does "And listing the compounds after the formula isn't a good idea" mean? That's what all of these pages do; the glossary is a sortable list by either formula or name. Ugh this is why I do WP:BOLD merges, these pages are just duplicates of each other, just big and a lot of work. Reywas92Talk 21:22, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * No. Glossary of chemical formulae lists the formula by their chemical formula. List of inorganic compounds lists the comopund ordered by their central atom, e.g. HIO3 is in the former listed under H and in the latter under I. IMHO, you can redirect Glossary of chemical formulae wherever you want. Christian75 (talk) 01:17, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Strongly Oppose I don't like you proposal.Huzaifa abedeen (talk) 04:24, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Wrong formulas
Some formulas listed here are wrong. For instance, that of goethite, written as "FeO2H" - is completely wrong. It does not show the role of H in this compound. Goethite is an example of oxyhydroxide - a well-known group of minerals. The correct formula is FeO(OH). The formula listed here is even wrong as compared to formulas written using well-known in chemistry alphabetical order, which would give HFeO2. Eudialytos (talk) 13:17, 15 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm sure that no-one will complain if you fix them; go ahead and BOLDly fix them. Klbrain (talk) 10:43, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

To be fair, these formulae are not wrong per se, just following different conventions. We could use empirical formulae, the Hill system or something else. The system used in this article seems to put the metal or main element first, hence FeO2H. This makes sense for an alphabetic list where you want all the iron compounds listed together under Fe. If you used HFeO2, it would unreasonably emphasise hydrogen over iron. What's harder to understand is sometimes grouping up hydroxides, e.g. Al(OH)3, and sometimes not, e.g. FeO2H. FeO(OH) might be seen as inconsistent with, for example, sodium hydroxide that is written NaOH rather than Na(OH). Another option is FeOOH, although that could imply iron(I) hydroperoxide, i.e. [Fe+][−O-O-H], to some readers (even though most chemists would recognise that as an unlikely formulation. Personally I think FeO(OH) is best but this is not a completely clear-cut case. --Ben (talk) 14:33, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

Superheavy elements
Can someone help me update this list? I've noticed a lot of superheavy elements missing. UB Blacephalon (talk) 03:33, 18 January 2021 (UTC)

Adding a new rule
Can we make the list blue link only? Like the description says, "there is no complete list of chemical compounds since by nature." Shouldn't we only add notable compounds to this list. The best way for us to do that would be to only add chemicals with pages. If not, we could fill this list with millions non-notable molecules.Herravondure (talk) 03:04, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glossary of chemical formulae


text: User talk:69.231.220.26

title: User talk:69.231.220.26


text:
Sun Laiyan

Sun Laiyan (born October 1957) is a Chinese scientist who served as the Administrator of the China National Space Administration (CNSA) from 2004 to 2010, when he was succeeded by Chen Qiufa.

Early life
Sun was born in Beijing in October 1957.

Education
Sun attended Xi'an Jiaotong University majoring in cryogenic engineering.

Career
After graduating in 1982, Sun joined the Beijing Institute of Satellite Environment Engineering as an Engineering Team Leader. From 1987 to 1993 he attended Paris No. 6 University and received a Ph.D. Moving back to China, he became first the deputy director and the director of the Institute of Satellite Environment Engineering. In 1999, he was made the Vice-Administrator of the CNSA and in 2001 the Secretary General of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND). In 2004, he was appointed Vice-Minister for COSTIND and Administrator for CNSA.

Personal life
Sun is married with one daughter.

title: Sun Laiyan


text:
Mount Tammany

Mount Tammany is the southernmost peak of the Kittatinny Mountains, in Knowlton Township, Warren County, New Jersey, United States. It is 1526 ft tall, and forms the east side of the Delaware Water Gap. Across the Gap is Mount Minsi, on the Pennsylvania side of the river. The mountain is named after the Lenni Lenape chief Tamanend. It lies along the Appalachian Trail in Worthington State Forest. The summit can be hiked by the Mount Tammany Trail ascending the western slopes. The trailhead is accessible from Interstate 80.

Trails and hiking
Hiking on Mount Tammany consists of two trails. The red dot trail and the blue dot trail. The red dot trail is 1.2 miles and the blue dot trail is 1.8 miles. Combining the two for one of NJ's most popular hikes is a 3 mile loop. There is a 1201 feet elevation change going up and down the mountain. Generally, this is considered a challenging trail with an average completion time of 2 hours 20 minutes. Climbing up the trail also requires bouldering and physical climbing at some points along the trail. Recommended equipment, comfortable, active footwear, water, appropriate clothing for physical activity. For more information including a detailed analysis of the hike itself, please visit these links below where experienced hikers provide their insight.

 * https://www.njhiking.com/mt-tammany/ - complete overview and insight on the hike, including photos, tips, and scenic viewpoint locations
 * https://www.alltrails.com/trail/us/new-jersey/mount-tammany-red-dot-and-blue-dot-loop-trail - trusted source by most experienced hikers for trail conditions and overview.
 * https://www.nps.gov/dewa/planyourvisit/red-dot-trail.htm - National Park Service website for up to date closures, alerts, and events for the mountain.

title: Mount Tammany


text:
Talk:Blue Jay Way

Sitar?
I removed "...and features a sitar" from the article. If the song does indeed include a sitar, it is not easily discernible, much less featured. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 06:07, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

There is no sitar in this song. Its actually a credit to the song writer that he can make a psychadelic and eastern feel with out actually using any Indian instruments.--64.239.176.50 22:30, 23 May 2006 (UTC)Joseph Brizzolara

"belong" or "be long" in the lyrics
The lyrics mean "be long" - the other possible meaning given in the article that of "belong" should be cited as a straight misinterpretation by the cultured people who claim that;

Please don't be long Please don't you be very long Please don't be long

The citing of it possibly being "belong" (the way "very" is put in the middle) in that context is clearly wrong.

i.e.

Please don't belong Please don't you be very long Please don't belong

(That doesn't make any sense in the context even though the Beatles did often purposely write nonsense song of course. It is like the "information" "in formation" debate over the 1967 Prisoner TV series opening narration. It is "information" and "in formation" is an incorrect overinterpretation due to the coincidental series subject matter of conformity). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.99.210.174 (talk) 22:08, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

Modality
Maybe it should be noted that the song is written in the mode of C Lydian #9 (the 6th mode of a Harmonic Minor scale). Not only is modal music very unusual for rock/pop, but this mode is one of the strangest choices one could make.

Re: "actual street", etc., etc.
Hello, Zakko: First, I stand corrected on the "ins" vs. "ons" - just figured it was typos or something, and had forgotten that it's there in the song.

Second, I'm fine with splitting off the paragraph; and if you think "exceedingly" was excessive, no problem -- I've already changed it to "very".

But why on earth did you feel compelled to come back after you were all done and delete the word "actual"? The fact that it's a REAL street in Los Angeles -- and not just a product of George's imagination -- is an essential fact. I assure you there are still lots of people out there who don't know that. (Honestly, I don't know why you made a point of deleting it -- I put the word there for a reason.)

As to all the other unnecessary changes you made: If you had actually managed to improve on what I wrote, that would be one thing. But the only plausible explanation I can come up with for all of the other things you changed -- none of which was called for -- is that you were bent out of shape because I had (mistakenly) corrected what I thought were typos, and you just felt like messing with what I had written... In the future, please do everybody a favor, and leave my writing alone -- unless there's a real and serious need to alter a word or a phrase. (It's not likely, because I don't post "first drafts", but I won't rule out the possibility.) Just be sure that it's constructive -- and not just because you happen to feel like it for some unknown reason. Cgingold 08:22, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * What is the difference between a street and an "actual street"? The word "actual" in an encyclopedic setting significantly risks redundancy; I can appreciate your wider intention, but if you feel it is necessary to stress the point further (even though the text gives considerable geographical information clarifying that the street exists) it would probably be best to re-word your text in an explanatory way avoiding the word "actual".

 * The text: "It is reached only by following a very complicated route" is clearly wrong. There are ways of reaching Blue Jay Way without taking a "very complicated route" - for example, by helicopter, hence the reasoning for removing the word "only" and adding "road" before "route" to set the appropriate context. The "very complicated route" description is POV anyway. For example, someone who has lived in the Blue Jay Way area for several years or an experienced Hollywood Hills' taxi driver may not find the route complicated in the least; and "route" implies a starting point (for the route), which you do not mention. I felt it was important to at least revise the judgement from "exceedingly complicated" to "complicated", but it may be best to express this differently in an objective way (I know that the map view shows the street layout as relatively tortuous) rather than as a subjective judgement of complexity. You, yourself, have now shown that this is essentially a subjective judgement by choosing to tone down "exceedingly" to "very"; this was after my prompting of no adjective, but if the point was objective (or a properly cited authoritative subjective assessment), there would be no discussion as to whether no adjective, "exceedingly" or "very" is appropriate. Again I appreciate your intentions, so please feel free to rewrite your text if you don't want others to do so; and please understand that others have the right to edit accordingly.

 * Why did you remove the date links in the text: "The song was recorded on September 6, 1967, with overdubs on September 7 and October 6"? Please note the following text from the Manual of Style (dates and numbers): "If a date includes both a month and a day, then the date should almost always be linked to allow readers’ date preferences to work, displaying the reader’s chosen format. The day and the month should be linked together, and the year should be linked separately if present." So please revert the links you removed for September 6, 1967 and the three dates in the 'External links' section as they are now not displayed using the reader's chosen format.

 * "The name of the song derives from an actual street in the Hollywood Hills overlooking Sunset Boulevard, which affords panoramic views of Hollywood and Los Angeles" ... As written, the meaning of that text is ambiguous. It could mean that either the "street" (i.e. Blue Jay Way) or Sunset Boulevard affords panoramic views; hence the reason for re-wording for clarification.

 * "The name of the song derives from an actual street" ... In linguistics, "derives" means "to generate (one structure) from another or from a set of others". If the song were called, for example, "Sitting Here in Blue Jay Way" the phrase "derives from" would be more appropriate, involving a specific generational step (additional wording) away from the original street name; but in this case (i.e. the "Blue Jay Way" article) the name of the song is absolutely *identical* to the name of the street. Would you be happy if the text was re-worded to include the phrase "gave its name to" (or similar wording)? On a separate point, "due to" is encyclopedic wording rather than "thanks to", which is an idiom when used in this context.

 * According to the Wikipedia link, Hollywood Hills is a part of the City of Los Angeles; and Hollywood is also designated as being within the City of Los Angeles. So the current text ("panoramic views of Hollywood and Los Angeles") needs to be revised because: (a) Hollywood is within Los Angeles, and (b) the street itself is within Los Angeles. Would you be happy with views of "Hollywood and central Los Angeles" or "Hollywood and downtown Los Angeles" in the text, or can you suggest alternative wording that you feel would be appropriate and correct?

 * To summarise, I think the intention of your 16:23, 4 November 2006 edit was beneficial (i.e. setting the scene for the opening lines of the song), but I hope you will understand that I have acted in good faith in re-working part of the text, and inviting you to revise. I don't see any need for, or benefit from, the tone you have expressed, and I would appreciate an apology, please. - Zakko 14:10, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello, again. Okay -- now that you've articulated your concerns at such length (I am both impressed, and, well... appalled, by the amount of time & effort you've lavished on this -- do you realize that you wrote some 900 words, in total?), you've persuaded me that your edits actually were made in good faith. If only you had taken the time to explain some of this in the first place, I would not have found your alterations so objectionable -- which was the reason my tone was less than friendly. (If you care to take a look at any of the other discussions I've had, with other editors, you will see that I am not in the habit of engaging in rude or hostile exchanges -- quite the opposite. Also, out of respect for the other people who have worked on a particular article, I *always* make a point of giving as complete a rundown of my edits as I can fit into the edit summary. I wish more people would do that.) In any event, since you raised the subject, I would be more than happy to exchange mutual apologies.

 * I read your comments closely, and felt that you made some valid points, which I took account of when I rewrote the paragraph: a strategically placed comma after the word "street" took care of one issue, and the insertion of the word "high" took care of another. I think the word "rather" (replacing "very") is sufficiently flexible in terms of what it conveys to resolve your concerns on that point.

 * As to the word "road" -- given that streets are generally accessed via other streets (not by helicopter, for pete's sake -- that's entirely too fanciful), adding "road" would simply be redundant.

 * And lastly, regarding my use of the word "actual" -- The reason for this is very simple: While it is undoubtedly true that many people are now (4 decades later) aware that Blue Jay Way is a real street in Los Angeles (and don't need to be reminded of that fact), it's also the case that a great many other people -- probably the majority of readers -- will come to this article NOT knowing that Blue Jay Way is, indeed, an actual street -- and not merely an imaginary creation of George Harrison's imagination. So it serves a very specific purpose. In a sense, it's a short-hand way of saying to those readers -- in a single word -- something along the lines of, "you may have assumed that Blue Jay Way was merely an imaginary place, but, amazingly enough -- it's REAL." In sum, I'm just not going to budge on this one. (FYI: I grew up in Los Angeles and had no idea that it was a real street until 1969/70, two years after first hearing the song. And yes, I've been there. :)
 * Cgingold 14:42, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, Cgingold. Thank you for your response. I'll reply in full to your comments later (possibly in a few days' time as I'm rather busy now), but one aspect you didn't mention in your response is the point regarding the Manual of Style (dates and numbers): "If a date includes both a month and a day, then the date should almost always be linked to allow readers’ date preferences to work, displaying the reader’s chosen format." (I appreciate that you may not have been aware of this when you removed some date links from the article, but it is a very useful facility for an international encyclopedia.) Do you have any comments on this, please, with regard to reinstating the links that you removed? - Zakko 12:15, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hello, again -- I've also been tied up, and finally found the time to take a look at your reply. I was completely focused on the content-related discussion, and the date-link issue slipped my mind entirely. You are quite right: I had no idea those date-links are called for in the MoS. Matter of fact, I've often wondered why people made a point of linking so many dates that are, after all, rather trivial in the larger scheme of things. If you've ever looked at those Date Pages, they generally don't add much if any useful info which relates to the articles that are linked to them -- so I've regarded the date-links as simply unneeded visual clutter, by and large. In any event, I see now that they actually do serve an important function -- so I guess I will be adding them in myself, now, when I see that they're missing. :)
 * Cgingold 11:38, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Speaking of "date-links" -- those "Year X in music" page-links are really great for these music-related articles, much better than using a standard year-link. I wish more editors knew about them. Cgingold 11:53, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, Cgingold. Thank you for the modified date links. (I've set the indent for this message to be the same as it is for my previous message; otherwise the messages tend to become squeezed over on the right-hand side after a long exchange of messages.)

 * A point specifically with respect to the 7 November modifications: the term "Los Angeles Basin" is a proper noun, so it needs to be written as "Los Angeles Basin" rather than "Los Angeles basin". See the Los Angeles Basin article and Manual_of_Style in this regard.

 * I agree that the "Year X in music" links are often very useful in music-related articles.

 * I'm still quite busy, so I will reply in full later. At this stage I'll remove the www.thebeatlesongs.com link as this has been a dead link for a considerable time; I believe that website has now led to a commercial venture whereas it had been a freely available website. - Zakko 19:44, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:TheBeatlesMagicalMysteryTouralbumcover.jpg
The image Image:TheBeatlesMagicalMysteryTouralbumcover.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --10:21, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

drum's characteristics?
ringo starr play drums but it have a peculiar sound, sound with a metalic sound — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.202.195.161 (talk) 23:43, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:51, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blue Jay Way


text:
Magic (trade show)

MAGIC is a fashion tradeshow in the United States. Held twice a year (February and August) in Las Vegas, this fashion marketplace showcases men's, women's and children's apparel, footwear, and accessories.

History
The tradeshow was inaugurated in 1933 by the Men's Apparel Guild in California. At one time it featured only men's clothing and accessories, but has expanded to include ladies' clothing and accessories, and manufacturing services. In 1989 it moved to Las Vegas.

In 1998, Magic was acquired by Advanstar Communications. In 2014, Advanstar was acquired by UBM plc.

title: Magic (trade show)


text:
MediaWiki:Contact-url

//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us

title: MediaWiki:Contact-url


text:
MediaWiki:Contact

Contact Wikipedia

title: MediaWiki:Contact


text:
User talk:BrknPhoenix

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. James 06:11, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:BrknPhoenix


text:
User:Dkyadav org

my name is deepak kumar yadav .iam studying in ITM.

title: User:Dkyadav org


text: User talk:65.0.250.235

title: User talk:65.0.250.235


text:
Carlene LeFevre

Carlene LeFevre is a competitive eater from Henderson, Nevada. She and her husband, Rich LeFevre, are said to form the "First Family of Competitive Eating", and are both top ranked members of the International Federation of Competitive Eating. The childless couple has combined to take two of the top seven places in Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest in 2003, 2004, and 2005. She is nicknamed "The Madam of Etiquette" for her relative degree of decorum while consuming mass quantities of food quickly. Her trademark technique is called the "Carlene Pop," in which she bounces up and down while eating to get the food to settle.

LeFevre grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area and met her husband at a square dance in Daly City, California. She has worked as an elementary school teacher, aerobics instructor, and a Mary Kay cosmetics saleswoman. Her first notable gastronomic achievement was finishing the famed 72 ounce steak from the Big Texan steakhouse in Amarillo, Texas in 1985. The restaurant provided her meal for free after she finished the steak in under an hour. She has bested the Big Texan's challenge on more than ten occasions since then, and one such event was filmed for the Ripley's Believe It Or Not television program in 2000. The LeFevres started entering eating contests the following year. Since that time, they have competed in numerous competitions around the United States. LeFevre has also competed in a buffet contest in Japan. While she has placed high in many contests, the only contest she has won that was not a qualifying contest for Nathan's was a Posole (hominy stew) contest in New Mexico in November 2004.

In addition to their appearance on Ripley's, the LeFevres have also appeared on The Tonight Show, a buffet contest on the Travel Channel, the Donny & Marie Osmond Talk Show, The View and the BBC Worldservice's "Outlook" programme. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/outlook/index.shtml

title: Carlene LeFevre


text:
Talk:Hip (slang)

Untitled
Is there any link between the term and the anti-Semitic slur "hep"?

hip and opium
I do not think the association between hip and optium is because it was consumed on a persons hip, it was because opium is made from the hip of the poppy.

vocal percussision
i didn't add this because i'm not sure if it belongs on this page. in ska music, hep (still meaning hip) is used as a vocal percussion term commonly and is the prefix of a bands and a very well known word among those familiar with the culture of ska. is this information relevant enough to be added?

John Gruen
John Gruen's Nov. 29, 1964 article titled "The New Bohemia" in the New York Herald Tribune (later turned into a 1966 book) may have also popularized the term "hip" in relation to the new youth coming out of the beat generation who would be known as "hippies" only a year later. For some reason Michael Doyle (ISBN 0231113722) reads "hip" as "hippie", but it may just be figurative language on his part. As Doyle was reviewing Gruen's original article and not his book, I'm trying to get a hold of it to see where the error was madel Timothy Miller concurs - the book does not speak of hippies. —Viriditas | Talk 01:32, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

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Dan Burley's Harlem Jive Handbook
I do not have a copy of it, I read it on microfiche or microfilm in the New York Public Library's Schaumburg Collection, but Dan Burley's Original Handbook of Harlem Jive (New York: Jive Potentials, 1945), is a potential gold mine of information for inspiration on early use of terms such as "hep" and "hip" in the African-American community.

Burley, the son of a former slave turned Baptist minister, and a Tuskegee Institute professor who taught under Booker T. Washington, spent a good deal of his life from age 11 onwards in Chicago, where he learned jazz piano and became ensconced in the jazz scene. After graduating high school, he went to work for the black newspaper, the Chicago Defender. As an adult, he moved to New York City, continuing his journalistic career by working as an editor of the black newspaper, the Amsterdam News, among many other professions, and wrote a couple of gossip columns for the paper called "Back Door Stuff" and "Confidentially Yours." In the former, he often initiated his readers into the world of jazz lexicon, complete with translations into mainstream English.

Burley also continued to be part of the jazz scenes of Chicago and NYC. He is widely credited with creating the jazz piano technique called skiffling. It was out of the dual careers of jazz musician and journalist that he wrote this handbook of jive lingo. As I said above, I read it on either microfilm or microfiche, I can't remember which, at the Schaumburg, sometime in 1998. It's like a little dictionary, only for jive words. It may have been self-published.

If anyone can get ahold of it, it may provide some answers as far as being an already-published source of information for explaining the terms and perhaps their usage in that time period. It's non-circulating, as far as I know - you have to read it at the Schaumburg. But it's worth the read. Burley is worth knowing about. His daughter, D'Anne Burley, is still alive, and active on social media, btw. Kelelain (talk) 17:48, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I was just reading over my biography of Burley in the Dictionary of Literary Biography v. 241. In it, I quote Earl Conrad, author of a 1942 biography of Harriet Tubman, who wrote the forward to Burley's jive handbook, as stating that he had occasion to critique Burley's scholarly writings on jive in the Journal of Negro Education. I am sure that I did not go so far as to look for that publication, because I was looking at Burley as a sportswriter and journalist, not a scholar, but as far as etymology of words that have their origin in jive and the jazz culture are concerned, if anyone is looking for published sources, it seems to me that getting ahold of that journal, if it still exists in some library (again, I would suggest starting with the Schaumburg), that might be a good starting point.Kelelain (talk) 18:01, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hip (slang)


text:
MediaWiki talk:Sidebar

Personal preferences
One can also set personal preferences for links like these: they can be added with Javascript, and made invisible with CSS. See m:Help:User style.

You can suppress various elements using these code snippets:
 * #n-contents {display:none} - Removes the Contents link.
 * #n-portal {display:none} - Removes the Community portal link.
 * #n-currentevents {display:none} - Removes the Current events portal link.
 * #p-search {display:none} - Removes the entire 'search' box.
 * .portlet h5 {display:none} - Removes all box titles.

MediaWiki talk:Contactpage
--Yair rand (talk) 05:23, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Edit request 13 Nov 2019
Please change the line: to after the page moves. Wug·a·po·des 19:53, 13 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Portal:Contents
 * Wikipedia:Contents
 * Yes check.svg Done Izno (talk) 20:24, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 14 November 2019
{{subst:trim|1=

{{Sidebar Founder: Jeff Bezos

}} Nhuggins (talk) 17:24, 14 November 2019 (UTC)
 * {{not done}} malformed. — xaosflux  {{sup| Talk }} 18:29, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 12 June 2020
2 requests: On MediaWiki:Sidebar, Can you please change this bullet point from * interaction to * contribute? On MediaWiki:Interaction, Can you please move the page to MediaWiki:Contribute? Related discussion: WP:SIDEBAR20 Interstellarity (talk) 21:42, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't think this is necessary and the changes from the RfC have been actioned successfully. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 18:23, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Disabled as no response from OP — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 10:46, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

How to edit Sidebar
needs updating. From what I can ascertain, this requires admin permissions. Chrisdevelop (talk) 08:27, 19 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Special:Edit/Template:LGBT sidebar should only require autoconfirmed. You are in entirely the wrong place. * Pppery * it has begun... 16:35, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Sidebar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gwinett County Public Schools

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP: 14k, 2d, 1m. -Splash 03:52, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Gwinett County Public Schools now moved to Gwinnett County Public Schools
Non-notability. Mandel 06:15, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I believe these lists are being created as a response to the attacks of deletionists on school articles. Are you going after them too now? CalJW 14:05, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No. It's just non-notable. Mandel 14:30, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge the teeny weeny morsel of information there with Gwinnett County. Its daughter article Collins Hill High School, Suwanee should be deleted for non-notability. Dunc|☺ 14:09, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, it needs expansion, but there doesn't seem to be a good reason to remove it. Salsb 15:15, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think creating stubs are very irresponsible. If you can expand, why don't you do it in the first place?  You'll save everyone at the VfD lots of trouble. You can always wait until you have enough information before you start a write-up. Mandel 16:25, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * You could save everyone the trouble by not nominating reasonable stubs for deletion. By now it should be obvious that school articles automatically survive VfD. Pburka 17:13, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * "By now it should be obvious that school articles automatically survive VfD." Comment. There obviously isn't any consensus with school articles - they must be dealt with case by case. So how is nominating a one-line stub article for deletion unreasonable? And no, I don't stick around VfD the whole day long like inclusionists. Mandel 17:59, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll explain it, and you won't find it inexplicable. Creating one-line stubs is irresponsible, given that stubs give little or no information about the subject itself and is much more liable to be deleted.  Especially when the creator clearly can improve on it, is just pure lazy, and would need a nudge or two to do so. Some stubs stick around like ugly ducklings for years without anyone capable of doing anything to it. Not that one doesn't want to, we can't because schools are inherently local-based.  Creators start them then abandons them, going on to create hundreds and thousands of stubs and sub-stubs.  I would call that irresponsible. Mandel 17:59, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Additional comments. Changed everything I wrote from "stub" to "substub".  A stub is defined as 3 to 10 sentences in Stub.  This (an original one-liner) doesn't even qualify. Mandel 18:07, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * "The location and name of a school district, the name of one of its schools, and the location of its website is perfectly adequate, giving as it does all the resources needed to expand the article." I find it very amusing indeed. Mandel 16:21, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't you think "falsely claim" and "this were true" is something of an oxymoron? How can I "falsely claim" something that were true? Mandel 16:21, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * The phrase "even if this were true" extends the argument without negating it. Dystopos 17:00, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Please don't equivocate. Is it true or not that some stubs lie for years without anyone extending them?  So how is this "claim" false? Mandel 21:52, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am not equivocating. On the contrary, I am clarifying, for you, the structure of the argument which you misread as an oxymoron. It is not oxymoronic. When someone says "Even if gas was free I'd still ride my bike" he or she is not denying the cost of gas, but expanding the argument to preclude debate about points that don't matter. In this case, Tony is saying that he doesn't believe your statement about stubs, but that particular disagreement has no bearing on his opinion in this vote, so convincing him about how long stubs lie around won't change his mind. I agree with Tony that the length of time a stub lies around is immaterial, so I don't really have an interest in researching your claim. Dystopos 22:12, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If I misunderstand you, I apologize. But he accusing me of "falsely claiming" something is charging me with distorting a fact than an opinion. Mandel 22:27, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Um, I quote, "This usually means 3 to 10 short sentences." Read stub and Substub. If you didn't create this substub, I apologize, but there's no need to claim I created falsehood. Mandel 16:21, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Anyone who can read Stub can see that I did not misquote. I challenge anyone not to find that sentence in the article. Mandel 21:32, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * "falsely describe" and "even if it was" is an oxymoron. Mandel 16:21, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * The phrase "even if it was" extends the argument without negating it. Dystopos 17:00, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm interested in whether or not the article was an original one-liner. If it was, how am I extending a falsehood? Kindly refrain from misunderstanding me. Mandel 21:40, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I quote, again, from the substub article, "Substubs are usually created by people just because they can, then they leave without looking back." I would call that "abandon".  Of course Wikipedians have a responsibility towards what they write in the article; they are expected to provide accurate information and act in responsible manner without trolling etc.  I agree with the word "rights", not the word "responsibilities". Please don't deliberately misunderstand me - I don't have time for that. Mandel 16:21, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * If I may, I would like to call for apologies for claiming 1) I propagate falsehood; and 2) that I take some vendetta deletions against inclusionists. I find such "inclusionist" attitude irksome to the utmost. Get a grip, this is my first school deletion article in more than half a year. I also find it repugnant that I'm classed as a deletionist just because I put an original one-liner on for deletion. For goodness sake, please don't bring in political alliances into Wikipedia. I'm neither a "inclusionist" nor a "deletionist". Mandel 16:21, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Schools are notable, school districts even more so. Pburka 16:33, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — Oh good grief. — RJH 17:45, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep useful, expandable article that serves to complete series of U.S. school districts and to be a target for school-stubs. Double Blue  (Talk) 22:06, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete I see no evidence of notability or encyclopedic content in this or in most secondary school articles. DES 22:35, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed. An institution with a budget of $1.2 billion, the largest employer in Gwinnett County, with over 23 000 employees, and responsible for the education of close to 150 000 children in 99 schools holds the interest of many a taxpayer in Gwinett County and the interest of the nation in improving the education of the 1 in 5 citizens of Gwinett County who are currently under their educational care. Double Blue  (Talk) 01:34, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Excruciatingly obvious keep. School VfD's are oh-so six months ago.  —RaD Man (talk) 05:12, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. School districts are as noteworthy as any other comparably-sized business. --Carnildo 05:28, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A school district is a notable public institution, and this district is a large one. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:12, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. 'nuf said. DS1953 02:41, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, stubs on notable topics improve wikipedia's structure and encourage growth. Nomination appears to be a case of WP:POINT making. Kappa 11:47, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Providing stubs is more productive than nominating them for deletion. Stubs are useful, as several have pointed out. There is no issue of notability here. Dystopos 15:52, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Wikipedia schools arguments.-Poli (talk • contribs) 20:45, 2005 July 27 (UTC)
 * keep please it is our policy to keep these school articles Yuckfoo 23:46, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Is there really a policy to keep all school articles? If so, please direct me and other Wikipedians to it, lest we waste our precious time nominating such substubs. Mandel 16:21, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a proposed policy for school articles which contains several rules of thumb which, while not official policy, have been derived from long discussion around which some consensus has formed. I believe that you will find the guidelines will at least encourage more productive uses of our precious time. Dystopos 17:00, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Please then post them somewhere where people know of them. At least one recently-made admin has been admonished, by school inclusionists, for a speedy delete.  And then there's the "please don't bite newcomers rule".  If there is really a change in Wikipedians' perception of school articles, why don't you simply solicit for a vote, then make it a de jure rule?  School inclusionists have been known to sit around VfD waiting to snap, voting against any school articles, so I don't think it demonstrates that the community view at large has changed, rather, that "school inclusionists" simply made a more cohesive effort at obliterating school VfD.  A much better idea will be to improve the standard of school articles.
 * And for goodness sake please don't bite people who vote against schools. This is getting disgustingly political. Mandel 21:40, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * And oh, it's clear from Schools that the debate is far from close. Mandel 21:52, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * See Schools (remainder of comment deleted by Dystopos) Mandel 17:35, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * See Remove personal attacks. (remainder of comment deleted by Dystopos) Double Blue  (Talk) 19:45, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Let's all be civil and get on with business. Dystopos 19:55, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As an outside party I should point out that WP:RPA is ideally (not always) undertaken both under consensus by the voters and by an outside party, or failing that someone from that person's side of the camp. This was not the case here. Myself, I might have paraphrased some of these comments (rather than completely deleting), but it's not like they're any bloodier than the other harsh words school Vfds seem to collect. As it is this unfortunate altercation seems to have driven poor Tony away (he's systematically deleted his comments). In future I strongly advise that you ask a random (and uninvolved) admin, or post on Village pump (assistance) if you want a RPA carried out. GarrettTalk 01:31, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * (comment deleted by Dystopos) Mandel 20:30, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A well-written, one-line article on every school on the planet would be a worthy goal. Mandel, please don't take it so personally. It's normal on Wikipedia for determined power blocs to get their way. I daresay you'll live to see the day that deletionists once more delete all schools for no good reason. Until then, try to stay cool and be happy. Grace Note 00:21, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep pending cruft reduction (read on), else Merge or Categorise. Please look at this old revision. THIS is what I want from the article. Yes. When a school has an article, add its name and a link to the list. If it doesn't, DON'T. A list of 100+ unlinked names is as pointless to the reader as listing the chapters in The Lord of the Rings, as it tells me nothing. Either link them, or write a stub beneath each, or remove them entirely. I can almost feel the Schoolwatch spittle on my neck as I write this... :) ...but it's not like I said delete--but wait, I did, I said remove the lists of indiscriminate names. I'm all for including stubs of notable schools, and for merging non-notable ones into lists together, but listing school names does not strike me as very useful to the reader; as it is they could easily overlook that one lonely link way in the middle of the page and think the page was devoid of links. GarrettTalk 01:31, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TWBPSK Kevin Ray's Corner

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 00:23, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

TWBPSK Kevin Ray's Corner
Non-notable website, one match on google for TWBPSK. Vanity page. Chairboy 06:15, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Solid.--DNicholls 06:24, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable 8 month old web blog. Hamster Sandwich 06:32, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. DarthVader 11:23, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn blog, advertising. JamesBurns 06:58, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:207.69.137.200

title: User talk:207.69.137.200


text:
Night Lines

Night Lines was a Canadian radio series, which aired on CBC Stereo from 1984 to 1997. The show, which aired on Friday and Saturday nights, profiled independent and alternative music. It was a weekend companion to the network's weekday overnight show Brave New Waves, and aspired to revive the freeform style and creative experimentation associated with rock radio stations in the 1960s and 1970s.

The show's original host was Ron Robinson. Ralph Benmergui succeeded him, and was in turn followed by David Wisdom, who hosted the program from 1987 until the end of its run.

During the early years with hosts Robinson and Benmergui the show was produced from CBC Winnipeg by Ross Porter. When David Wisdom took over the hosting duties in 1987, the show moved to CBC Vancouver and was produced by Susan Englebert.

Features
Regular features of the show during Wisdom's tenure included:

 * Ten Singles in Alphabetical Order. After host David Wisdom alphabetized his mammoth 7" vinyl 45 rpm singles collection by artist, he set aside time each weekend to play one single each by ten consecutive alphabetized artists, starting at "A" and continuing until he reached the end of his collection in the "Z"s (approximately nine years later).
 * Listener requests via answering machine. Night Lines listeners could call up an answering machine in CBC's Vancouver studios and, after answering a "skill-testing question" (by rule, something open-ended and usually bordering on philosophical, such as "What do you want to be when you grow up?"), request a song for Wisdom to play during the following weekend's shows. Regular callers to the request line became part of the show's fabric.  Some consistent callers included Vicki from Surrey (who later moved and became Vicki from Vancouver), Gilbert from Transcona (who used a mock-Gilbert Gottfried voice on the answering machine), Norm from Richmond, Rocky from Thunder Bay, Milton the Cabbie, Joanna from Hamilton, Sonya from Port Lambton, Ontario, Sean from Brandon, Manitoba, and Lori from Southfield, Michigan (USA).
 * Soundbite Sensation Contests. Once each year, Wisdom would create a 6-to-8 minute audio collage containing bits of 50-100 different songs, and challenge listeners to identify the songs found within, with prizes (usually Night Lines T-shirts) going to the top entries.  The collages usually had a unifying theme, among them guitar riffs, beginnings of songs, and celebrity names sung in song lyrics.
 * The Hour of Power, in which control of the airwaves was turned over to an audience member for one hour each weekend. When this feature started, listeners would send in scripts containing text for Wisdom to read on-air and lists of songs to play in-between the spoken text.  As time went on, more and more Hours of Power were performed live in-studio by listeners, musicians, friends of David Wisdom's, etc.

Grant Lawrence, now one of the hosts on CBC Radio 3, began his association with the CBC as a contributor to Night Lines, calling the show to share stories about life on tour with his band The Smugglers.

Cancellation
Night Lines ended on August 31, 1997. The show's final episode featured an in-studio performance by Rheostatics. Rheostatics subsequently released that performance on CD as The Nightlines Sessions. Wisdom went on to cohost the new series RadioSonic with Leora Kornfeld. RadioSonic eventually evolved into today's CBC Radio 3.

Some individual tracks from Night Lines sessions by other bands, including Pluto, cub, Huevos Rancheros and The Smugglers, were released in 2006 on the compilation album Mint Records Presents the CBC Radio 3 Sessions.

title: Night Lines


text:
Amaranthus blitum

Amaranthus blitum, commonly called purple amaranth or Guernsey pigweed, is an annual plant species in the economically important plant family Amaranthaceae.

Description
Amaranthus blitum is an erect or semi-prostrate annual plant. The single or branched stem can grow to 1 m tall. The green or purplish leaves are up to 10 cm long on stalks of a similar length and are arranged spirally. They are simple, roughly triangular in shape and have entire margins. The inflorescence is a spike with the tiny male and female flowers clustered together. The fruits are small globular capsules containing disc-shaped seeds.

Distribution and habitat
Native to the Mediterranean region, it is naturalized in other parts of the world, including much of eastern North America, much of tropical Africa, Western Europe and Japan. In Britain it was first recorded in the wild in 1771 when it appeared in Essex. It occurred more frequently in scattered locations in southern England in the 19th century but has since decreased. It is established in Guernsey and elsewhere as a casual plant, springing up on waste ground, rubbish tips and cultivated areas, probably from wool waste, coconut fibre or birdseed.

Culinary
Although not cultivated, this plant is gathered from the wild and eaten in many parts of the world. The Greeks call the Amaranthus blitum var. silvestre, vlita (Modern Greek: βλίτα), and eat the leaves and the tender shoots cooked in steam or boiled and then served with olive oil, lemon and salt. Similarly, it is also picked as young shoots in Lebanon and cooked in olive oil, onion, chilli, and burghul, seasoned with salt and drizzled with lemon juice before eating with pita bread. It is considered a side dish and particularly popular in the north of Lebanon.

Related plants
The closely related Amaranthus viridis, the slender amaranth or green amaranth, is also widely eaten.

title: Amaranthus blitum


text: Category:Jewish youth organisations

title: Category:Jewish youth organisations


text:
Selkirk, New York

Selkirk is a hamlet in the town of Bethlehem, Albany County, New York, United States. It is located south of the city of Albany and is a suburb of that city.

A major freight railyard operated by the Selkirk Subdivision of CSX Transportation is located there; all of the CSX freight traffic going to or from Boston goes through Selkirk on its way to points north, south or west. The route is also used by traffic from New York City via the Alfred H. Smith Memorial Bridge to points west, a detour known as the Selkirk hurdle.

Also in Selkirk is Audubon International, a non-profit environmental educational organization.

The Dr. John Babcock House, Bethlehem Grange No. 137, and Schoonmaker House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Selkirk is accessible via the New York State Thruway at Exit 22, a stop that has connecting routes New York State Route 396 and New York State Route 144.

title: Selkirk, New York


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RAWK

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:43, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

RAWK
Not Notable, Vanity Bollar 06:23, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete --DNicholls 06:27, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. 30 edits in a single day. Hamster Sandwich 06:34, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and Protect - Note, I had listed this in Speedy_deletions prior to this Vfd as patent nonsense, the article seems to have changed since then, but I do not see any version of the article that has any meaningful content in the context of an encyclopedia article, I think each individual version so far met either CSD A1 or G1. I suspect some of this may be pure vandalism, note someone has yanked the Vfd tag right off the article.--Mysidia 06:39, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speed deleted, recreated (as a placeholder) and protected. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:33, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/RAWK


text:
User talk:Jstar~enwiki

Hey, thanks for your support on Macedonian denar. It would appear that there are people here pushing the agenda that the constitutional name of the FYROM is legitimate and not a matter of international dispute.--Theathenae 06:23, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jstar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jstar~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:58, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:38, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jstar~enwiki


text:
Covering system

In mathematics, a covering system (also called a complete residue system) is a collection

 * $$\{a_1\pmod{n_1},\ \ldots,\ a_k\pmod{n_k}\}$$

of finitely many residue classes
 * $$ a_i\pmod{n_i} = \{ a_i + n_ix:\ x \in \Z \}, $$

whose union contains every integer.

Examples and definitions
The notion of covering system was introduced by Paul Erdős in the early 1930s.

The following are examples of covering systems: \ 5\pmod{6},\ 7\pmod{12} \}.$$
 * 1) $$\{0\pmod{3},\ 1\pmod{3},\ 2\pmod{3}\},$$
 * 2) $$\{1\pmod{2},\ 2\pmod{4},\ 4\pmod{8},\ 0\pmod{8}\},$$
 * 3) $$\{0\pmod{2},\ 0\pmod{3},\ 1\pmod{4},

A covering system is called disjoint (or exact) if no two members overlap.

A covering system is called distinct (or incongruent) if all the moduli $$n_i$$ are different (and bigger than 1). Hough and Nielsen (2019) proved that any distinct covering system has a modulus that is divisible by either 2 or 3.

A covering system is called irredundant (or minimal) if all the residue classes are required to cover the integers.

The first two examples are disjoint.

The third example is distinct.

A system (i.e., an unordered multi-set)

 * $$\{a_1\pmod{n_1},\ \ldots,\ a_k\pmod{n_k}\}$$

of finitely many residue classes is called an $$m$$-cover if it covers every integer at least $$m$$ times, and an exact $$m$$-cover if it covers each integer exactly $$m$$ times. It is known that for each $$m=2,3,\ldots$$ there are exact $$m$$-covers which cannot be written as a union of two covers. For example,

 * $$\{1\pmod{2};\ 0\pmod{3};\ 2\pmod{6};\ 0,4,6,8\pmod{10};$$
 * $$1,2,4,7,10,13\pmod{15};\ 5,11,12,22,23,29\pmod{30}\}$$

is an exact 2-cover which is not a union of two covers.

The first example above is an exact 1-cover (also called an exact cover). Another exact cover in common use is that of odd and even numbers, or

 * $$\{0\pmod{2},\ 1\pmod{2}\}.$$

This is just one case of the following fact: For every positive integer modulus $$m$$, there is an exact cover:

 * $$\{0\pmod{m},\ 1\pmod{m},\ \ldots,\ {m-1}\pmod{m}\}.$$

Mirsky–Newman theorem
The Mirsky–Newman theorem, a special case of the Herzog–Schönheim conjecture, states that there is no disjoint distinct covering system. This result was conjectured in 1950 by Paul Erdős and proved soon thereafter by Leon Mirsky and Donald J. Newman. However, Mirsky and Newman never published their proof. The same proof was also found independently by Harold Davenport and Richard Rado.

Primefree sequences
Covering systems can be used to find primefree sequences, sequences of integers satisfying the same recurrence relation as the Fibonacci numbers, such that consecutive numbers in the sequence are relatively prime but all numbers in the sequence are composite numbers. For instance, a sequence of this type found by Herbert Wilf has initial terms
 * a1 = 20615674205555510, a2 = 3794765361567513.

In this sequence, the positions at which the numbers in the sequence are divisible by a prime p form an arithmetic progression; for instance, the even numbers in the sequence are the numbers ai where i is congruent to 1 mod 3. The progressions divisible by different primes form a covering system, showing that every number in the sequence is divisible by at least one prime.

Boundedness of the smallest modulus
Paul Erdős asked whether for any arbitrarily large N there exists an incongruent covering system the minimum of whose moduli is at least N. It is easy to construct examples where the minimum of the moduli in such a system is 2, or 3 (Erdős gave an example where the moduli are in the set of the divisors of 120; a suitable cover is 0(3), 0(4), 0(5), 1(6), 1(8), 2(10), 11(12), 1(15), 14(20), 5(24), 8(30), 6(40), 58(60), 26(120) ) D. Swift gave an example where the minimum of the moduli is 4 (and the moduli are in the set of the divisors of 2880). S. L. G. Choi proved that it is possible to give an example for N = 20, and Pace P Nielsen demonstrates the existence of an example with N = 40, consisting of more than $$10^{50}$$ congruences.

Erdős's question was resolved in the negative by Bob Hough. Hough used the Lovász local lemma to show that there is some maximum N<1016 which can be the minimum modulus on a covering system.

Systems of odd moduli
There is a famous unsolved conjecture from Erdős and Selfridge: an incongruent covering system (with the minimum modulus greater than 1) whose moduli are odd, does not exist. It is known that if such a system exists with square-free moduli, the overall modulus must have at least 22 prime factors.

title: Covering system


text: Category:Youth organisations

title: Category:Youth organisations


text:
Ramming

In warfare, ramming is a technique used in air, sea, and land combat. The term originated from battering ram, a siege weapon used to bring down fortifications by hitting it with the force of the ram's momentum, and ultimately from male sheep. Thus, in warfare, ramming refers to hitting a target by running oneself into the target.

Today, hand-held battering rams are one tool among many used by law enforcement and military personnel for door breaching. Forcible entry by criminals has been implemented using such methods as vehicles rammed into buildings.

Naval warfare
Navies in antiquity commonly used the ram: the "beak" (rostrum) became an important part of the armament of the galleys of Imperial Rome. The ancient Greeks used their trireme vessels for ramming as well. In ancient China, rams were largely unknown, as the lack of a keel and the flat shape of the junk's bow was not conducive to constructing an elongated underwater spur.

The first recorded use of a ram in modern times in fighting between major warships occurred in the American Civil War at the Battle of Hampton Roads in March 1862, when the armored Confederate warship CSS Virginia rammed the Union frigate USS Cumberland (1842), sinking her almost immediately.

Another significant use of the naval ram occurred during the Third Italian War of Independence (June to August 1866) at the battle of Lissa, between Italy and Austria. The Italian ironclad Re d'Italia, damaged aft by gunfire, had no functioning rudder. Lying helpless in the water, she was struck three times by the Austrian Erzherzog Ferdinand Max, the flagship of the Austrian Commander-in-Chief Admiral Tegetthoff. The Austrian ship retreated unharmed as the Italian vessel rolled over and sank.

During the War of the Pacific of 1879-1884, the Peruvian ironclad Huascar repeatedly rammed the Chilean corvette  Esmeralda, sinking the wooden steam- and wind-powered ship (May 1879).

During World War I (1914-1918), HMS Dreadnought (1906) rammed and sank German submarine SMS U-29 (Germany) in 1915. This was an incidental use of the ship's bow, however. In 1918 the British troop ship HMT Olympic rammed SMU U-103 – the submarine sustained such heavy damage that its crew was forced to scuttle and abandon ship.

In World War II (1939-1945), naval ships often rammed other vessels, though this was often due to extraordinary circumstances, as considerable damage could be caused to the attacking ship. The damage that lightly-constructed destroyers took from using the tactic led the Royal Navy to officially discourage the practice from early 1943, after HMS Hesperus (H57) spent three months in dry dock following her sinking of GS U-357 in December 1942, and after HMS Harvester (H19) was torpedoed and sunk after damaging her propellers during the ramming of GS U-444 in March 1943. USS Buckley (DE-51) rammed and was rammed by GS U-66 (1940) in May 1944; and HMS Easton rammed GS U-458 in 1943.

On 29 January 1943 the New Zealand naval trawlers, HMNZS Kiwi (T102) and HMNZS Moa (T233) rammed and wrecked the Japanese submarine JSUB I-1 (1924) in shallow water at Kamimbo Bay, Guadalcanal, during Operation Ke. The submarine of 2,135 tons was much larger and more heavily armed than the minesweeping trawlers of 607 tons each.

On 5 November 1942 the FINNISH SUBMARINE Vetehinen rammed the Soviet submarine Щ 305 in the Sea of Åland and sank it. Vetehinen was on a night patrol searching for Soviet submarines. A contact was found, and after confirmation of an enemy contact, Vetehinen launched a torpedo, which missed - probably due to launching at too short a distance. Vetehinen then opened fire with its deck guns and managed to damage the Soviet submarine, which by then had started an emergency dive. The captain of Vetehinen, determined not to let the other submarine escape, ordered his submarine to ram the other vessel, which at last was a success.

During anti-submarine action, ramming was an alternative if a destroyer was too close to a surfaced submarine for her main guns to fire into the water. The famous British anti-submarine specialist Captain Frederic John Walker used this tactic from December 1941 to the end of World War II.

The British destroyer HMS Campbeltown (I42) (formerly USS Buchanan, supplied under Lend-Lease) was disguised as a German destroyer for the purpose of ramming the gates of the Normandie dry dock at St. Nazaire on 28 March 1942. This action aimed to prevent the Normandie dock ever being used by the German battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Tirpitz. (It was the only dock on the Wehrmacht-occupied Atlantic coast capable of repairing such a large vessel.) The operation succeeded, and a large explosive time-bomb charge hidden in the bow of the ship exploded the next day, putting the dock out of commission for five years.

On 2 August 1943, while returning from a "Tokyo Express" night reinforcement mission in the Solomon Islands, the Japanese destroyer Amagiri spotted USN PT boats at a range of about 1,000 yards. Rather than open fire—and give away their position—the destroyer captain, Lieutenant Commander Kohei Hanami, turned to intercept and closed in the darkness at 30 knots. The slower, less maneuverable Japanese destroyer rammed and crushed PT-109, commanded by Lt. John F Kennedy.

Lt. Commander Gerard Roope, the captain of the G-class destroyer HMS Glowworm (H92), posthumously won the Victoria Cross for the 1940 ramming of the German heavy cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Hipper following a close-range action in bad weather off the Norwegian coast. Recent claims suggest that Admiral Hipper was actually attempting to ram Glowworm and that the two ships simply collided.

During the so-called Cod Wars of 1958 to 1976 between Britain and Iceland, unarmed British fishing trawlers found themselves opposed by Icelandic Coastguard vessels and converted trawlers. As well as Royal Navy coastguard vessels, Britain sent large, ocean-going tugs and frigates to protect its subjects, and numerous ramming incidents occurred against both sides, sometimes with very serious consequences. The whole Icelandic fleet of naval trawlers and at least 15 Royal Navy frigates suffered damage in the third conflict only (1975-1976).

In 1988 the Soviet Mirka II-class light frigate (FFL 824) and the Burevestnik-class frigate Bezzavetny (FFG 811) lightly rammed two US naval ships (the destroyer USS Caron (DD-970) and the cruiser USS Yorktown (CG-48)) inside contested Soviet territorial waters in the Black Sea, near the port of Foros. None of the ships involved suffered significant damage.

On 30 March 2020 the Venezuelan patrol-boat Naiguatá rammed the cruise ship RCGS Resolute after failing to damage it with a volley of gunfire. The Naiguatá was badly damaged from striking the strengthened hull of the Resolute, built to break ice, and sank shortly afterwards.

Air warfare
Ramming in air combat is a last-ditch tactic that was used when all else had failed. The ramming pilot could use his entire aircraft as a ram or he could try to destroy the enemy's controls using the propeller or wing to chop into the enemy's tail or wing. Ramming took place when a pilot ran out of ammunition, yet was still eager to destroy an enemy, or when his plane had already been damaged beyond saving. Most ramming occurred when the attacker's aircraft was economically, strategically, or tactically less valuable than the enemy's, such as by pilots flying obsolescent aircraft against superior ones or by single-engine aircraft against multiple-engine bombers. Defenders rammed more often than invaders.

A ramming attack was not considered suicidal in the same manner as kamikaze attacks—the ramming pilot stands a chance of surviving, though it was very risky. Sometimes, the ramming aircraft itself could survive to make a controlled landing, though most were lost due to combat damage or the pilot bailing out. Ramming was used in air warfare in the first half of the 20th century, in both World Wars and in the interwar period. In the jet age, as air combat speeds increased, ramming occurred much less frequently—the probability of successfully executing (and surviving) a ramming attack approached zero.

Ground warfare
In World War II, at least one incident of a tank ramming an enemy tank has been reported. In 1944, an Irish Guards Sherman rammed a Tiger II during Operation Goodwood.

Siege warfare
In ancient and medieval conflicts, breaching of a fortification during sieges would commonly be attempted by repeated battering of an area of a wall or gate with a battering ram, a type of siege engine.

Vehicle ramming attacks in terrorism
The FBI describes "vehicle ramming attacks—using modified or unmodified vehicles—against crowds, buildings, and other vehicles". Such attacks are often carried out by lone-wolf terrorists. Examples of ramming attacks as acts of terrorism include the September 11 attacks, the 2014 Jerusalem tractor attack, the 2006 UNC SUV attack, the 2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack, and the 2008 Jerusalem vehicular attack.

Ram-raiding is sometimes used by criminals to breach shops to steal cash or merchandise.

title: Ramming


text:
Talk:Taran

identical article?
Why is this article indentical to that page? http://taran.biography.ms/
 * Because it is a WP mirror. --Irpen

Merge into Ramming?
I was not aware of this article and just created the article Ramming. perhaps they should be merged. What name then? --Irpen 06:31, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taran