text:
Wilderness-acquired diarrhea

Wilderness-acquired diarrhea is a variety of traveler's diarrhea in which backpackers and other outdoor enthusiasts are affected. Potential sources are contaminated food or water, or "hand-to-mouth", directly from another person who is infected. Cases generally resolve spontaneously, with or without treatment, and the cause is typically unknown. The National Outdoor Leadership School has recorded about one incident per 5,000 person-field days by following strict protocols on hygiene and water treatment. More limited, separate studies have presented highly varied estimated rates of affliction that range from 3 percent to 74 percent of wilderness visitors. One survey found that long-distance Appalachian Trail hikers reported diarrhea as their most common illness. Based on reviews of epidemiologic data and literature, some researchers believe that the risks have been over-stated and are poorly understood by the public.

Symptoms and signs
The average incubation periods for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are each 7 days. Certain other bacterial and viral agents have shorter incubation periods, although hepatitis may take weeks to manifest itself. The onset usually occurs within the first week of return from the field, but may also occur at any time while hiking.

Most cases begin abruptly and usually result in increased frequency, volume, and weight of stool. Typically, a hiker experiences at least four to five loose or watery bowel movements each day. Other commonly associated symptoms are nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, bloating, low fever, urgency, and malaise, and usually the appetite is affected. The condition is much more serious if there is blood or mucus in stools, abdominal pain, or high fever. Dehydration is a possibility. Life-threatening illness resulting from WAD is extremely rare but can occur in people with weakened immune systems.

Some people may be carriers and not exhibit symptoms.

Causes
Infectious diarrhea acquired in the wilderness is caused by various bacteria, viruses, and parasites (protozoa). The most commonly reported are the protozoa Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Other infectious agents may play a larger role than generally believed and include Campylobacter, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, enterotoxogenic E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, Shigella, and various other viruses. More rarely, Yersinia enterocolitica, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Cyanobacterium may also cause disease.

Giardia lamblia cysts usually do not tolerate freezing although some cysts can survive a single freeze–thaw cycle. Cysts can remain viable for nearly three months in river water when the temperature is 10 °C and about one month at 15–20 °C in lake water. Cryptosporidium may survive in cold waters (4 °C) for up to 18 months, and can even withstand freezing, although its viability is thereby greatly reduced. Many other varieties of diarrhea-causing organisms, including Shigella and Salmonella typhi, and hepatitis A virus, can survive freezing for weeks to months. Virologists believe all surface water in the United States and Canada has the potential to contain human viruses, which cause a wide range of illnesses including diarrhea, polio and meningitis. Modes of acquiring infection from these causes are limited to fecal-oral transmission, and contaminated water and food. The major factor governing pathogen content of surface water is human and animal activity in the watershed.

Diagnosis
It may be difficult to associate a particular case of diarrhea with a recent wilderness trip of a few days because incubation of the disease may outlast the trip. Studies of trips that are much longer than the average incubation period, e.g. a week for Cryptosporidium and Giardia,  are less susceptible to these errors since there is enough time for the diarrhea to occur during the trip. Other bacterial and viral agents have shorter incubation periods, although hepatitis may require weeks.

A suspected case of wilderness-acquired diarrhea may be assessed within the general context of intestinal complaints. During any given four-week period, as many as 7.2% of Americans may experience some form of infectious or non-infectious diarrhea. There are an estimated 99 million annual cases of intestinal infectious disease in the United States, most commonly from viruses, followed by bacteria and parasites, including Giardia and Cryptosporidium. There are an estimated 1.2 million U.S. cases of symptomatic giardiasis annually. However, only about 40% of cases are symptomatic.

Prevention
Since wilderness acquired diarrhea can be caused by insufficient hygiene, contaminated water, and (possibly) increased susceptibility from vitamin deficiency, prevention methods should address these causes.

Hygiene
The risk of fecal-oral transmission of pathogens that cause diarrhea can be significantly reduced by good hygiene, including washing hands with soap and water after urination and defecation, and washing eating utensils with warm soapy water. Additionally a three-bowl system can be used for washing eating utensils.

Treating water
Water can be treated in the wilderness through filtering, chemical disinfectants, a portable ultraviolet light device, pasteurizing or boiling. Factors in choice may include the number of people involved, space and weight considerations, the quality of available water, personal taste and preferences, and fuel availability.

In a study of long-distance backpacking, it was found that water filters were used more consistently than chemical disinfectants. Inconsistent use of iodine or chlorine may be due to disagreeable taste, extended treatment time or treatment complexity due to water temperature and turbidity.

Because methods based on halogens, such as iodine and chlorine, do not kill Cryptosporidium, and because filtration misses some viruses, the best protection may require a two-step process of either filtration or coagulation-flocculation, followed by halogenation. Boiling is effective in all situations.

Iodine resins, if combined with microfiltration to remove resistant cysts, are also a viable single-step process, but may not be effective under all conditions. New one-step techniques using chlorine dioxide, ozone, and UV radiation may prove effective, but still require validation.

Ultraviolet (UV) light for water disinfection is well established and widely used for large applications, like municipal water systems. Some hikers use small portable UV devices which meet the U.S. EPA Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing Microbiological Water Purifiers, for example, the SteriPEN. Another approach to portable UV water purification is solar disinfection (also called sodis). Clear water is sterilized by putting it in a clear polyethylene (PET) bottle and leaving it in direct sunlight for 6 hours.

Water risk avoidance
Different types of water sources may have different levels of contamination: Rain storms can either improve or worsen water quality. They can wash contaminants into water and stir up contaminated sediments with increasing flow, but can also dilute contaminants by adding large amounts of water.
 * More contamination may be in water that
 * 1) likely could have passed through an area subject to heavy human or animal use
 * 2) is cloudy, has surface foam, or has some other suspicious appearance.
 * Less contamination may be in water from
 * 1) springs (provided the true source is not surface water a short distance above)
 * 2) large streams (those entering from the side may have less contamination than those paralleling the trail)
 * 3) fast-flowing streams
 * 4) higher elevations
 * 5) lakes with undisturbed sediments (10 days undisturbed water storage can result in 75–99% removal of coliform bacteria by settling to the bottom)
 * 6) freshly melted snow
 * 7) deep wells (provided they aren't subject to contamination from surface runoff)
 * 8) regions where there was a heavy snow year when streams run full and long compared to dry years.

Unfortunately, there have not been any epidemiological studies to validate the above, except possibly for the case of spring water.

Vitamins
One study suggests that on very long trips in the wilderness, taking multivitamins may reduce the incidence of diarrhea.

Treatment
WAD is typically self-limited, generally resolving without specific treatment. Oral rehydration therapy with rehydration salts is often beneficial to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. Clear, disinfected water or other liquids are routinely recommended.

Hikers who develop three or more loose stools in a 24-hour period – especially if associated with nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever, or blood in stools – should be treated by a doctor and may benefit from antibiotics, usually given for 3–5 days. Alternatively, a single dose azithromycin or levofloxacin may be prescribed. If diarrhea persists despite therapy, travelers should be evaluated and treated for possible parasitic infection.

Cryptosporidium can be quite dangerous to patients with compromised immune systems. Alinia (nitazoxanide) is approved by the FDA for treatment of Cryptosporidium.

Epidemiology
The risk of acquiring infectious diarrhea in the wilderness arises from inadvertent ingestion of pathogens. Various studies have sought to estimate diarrhea attack rates among wilderness travelers, and results have ranged widely. The variation of diarrhea rate between studies may depend on the time of year, the location of the study, the length of time the hikers were in the wilderness, the prevention methods used, and the study methodology.

The National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS), which emphasizes strict hand-washing techniques, water disinfection and washing of common cooking utensils in their programs, reports that gastrointestinal illnesses occurred at a rate of only 0.26 per 1000 program days. In contrast, a survey of long-distance Appalachian Trail  hikers found more than half  the respondents reported at least one episode of diarrhea that lasted an average of two days. (Infectious diarrhea may last longer than an average of two days; certain forms of non-infectious diarrhea, caused by diet change etc., can be of very brief duration). Analysis of this survey found occurrence of diarrhea was positively associated with the duration of exposure in the wilderness. During any given four-week period, as many as 7.2% of Americans may experience some form of infectious or non-infectious diarrhea. A number of behaviors each individually reduced the incidence of diarrhea: treating water; routinely washing hands with soap and water after defecation and urination; cleaning cooking utensils with soap and warm water; and taking multi-vitamins.

A variety of pathogens can cause infectious diarrhea, and most cases among backpackers appear to be caused by bacteria from feces. A study at Grand Teton National Park found 69% of diarrhea affected visitors had no identifiable cause, that 23% had diarrhea due to Campylobacter and 8% of patients with diarrhea had giardiasis. Campylobacter enteritis occurred most frequently in young adults who had hiked in wilderness areas and drunk untreated surface water in the week prior. Another study tested 35 individuals before and after a trip to the Desolation Wilderness of California. Giardia cysts were found in fecal samples from two people after the trip, but they were asymptomatic. A third person was empirically treated for symptoms of giardiasis.

Fecal-oral transmission may be the most common vector for wilderness acquired diarrhea. There are differing opinions regarding the importance of routine disinfection of water during relatively brief backcountry visits.

Backcountry water quality surveys
Infection by fecal coliform bacteria, which indicate fecal pollution, are more common than giardiasis. Risks are highest in surface water near trails used by pack animals and cattle pastures.

Most samples of backcountry water in the Desolation Wilderness in California have found very low or no Giardia cysts. The infectious dose of giardia, however, is very low, with about 2% chance of infection from a single cyst. Also, very few studies have addressed the issue of transient contamination. According to one researcher, the likely model for the risk of Giardia from wilderness water is pulse contamination, that is, a brief period of high cyst concentration from fecal contamination.

Terminology
Diarrhea acquired in the wilderness or other remote areas is typically a form of infectious diarrhea, itself classified as a type of secretory diarrhea. These are all considered forms of gastroenteritis. The term may be applied in various remote areas of non-tropical developed countries (U.S., Canada, western Europe, etc.), but is less applicable in developing countries, and in the tropics, because of the different pathogens that are most likely to cause infection.

title: Wilderness-acquired diarrhea


text:
Emajõgi

The Emajõgi (meaning 'mother river') is a river in Estonia which flows from Lake Võrtsjärv through Tartu County into Lake Peipus, crossing the city of Tartu for 10 km. It has a length of 100 km.

The Emajõgi is sometimes called the Suur Emajõgi (Big Emajõgi), in contrast with the Väike Emajõgi (Little Emajõgi), another river which flows into the southern end of Lake Võrtsjärv.

The Emajõgi is the second-largest river in Estonia by discharge and the only fully navigable river.

Course
The source of the Emajõgi is at the northeastern shore of Võrtsjärv at Rannu-Jõesuu, from where the river follows a roughly eastward course towards Lake Peipus.

The course of Emajõgi is divided into 3 distinct sections. In the upper course, from Võrtsjärv to Kärevere bridge, the river flows through large, flat and marshy areas, which are part of Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve. In this heavily meandering section, Emajõgi lacks a clearly defined floodplain – the flooded area spans several kilometres at times and has no definite borders. In the middle course from Kärevere to Kavastu through Tartu, Emajõgi follows a straighter course and flows in a clearly defined, shallow valley mostly a maximum of 10 m deep. The width of the valley in the middle course is 1–1.5 km; in Tartu, it narrows to 800 m. The narrowest section of the valley (400–600 m) is located in the end of the middle course near Kavastu. In the lower course, the river flows through a swampy lowland – Emajõe Suursoo – before emptying into Lake Peipus at Praaga.

The length of the river is 100 km. In 1927, its length was measured to be 117 km. This may have changed somewhat in the 1930s, when the river's meandering upper course was straightened to allow for easier navigation.

History
The Emajõgi has been widely used as a waterway and trade route for centuries. In the past, it has also been an obstacle for land transport between Northern and Southern Estonia, because the river flows in a low-lying and swampy valley. Of the few suitable locations for crossing the river, Tartu has the most favourable conditions. Due to its location on the crossing of land and water routes, Tartu became an important trading center in Ancient Estonia.

In the 19th century, Emajõgi was actively used for transporting different cargo to Tartu – firewood, timber, hay, fish, and so on. The main type of vessel used was the lodi, a small river barge or sailing ship adjusted for navigation on Lake Peipus and Emajõgi. Up to 200 barges were anchored in Tartu's port at the time. The first steam paddler appeared on Emajõgi in 1843; there were six by 1900. The last river barges disappeared by the mid-20th century, however several new ships were brought onto the river to continue naval transport to Pskov, Piirissaar and other destinations. Fast hydrofoils, which were first introduced in 1960s, operated daily on the Tartu-Pskov route. Traffic on the route ended in 1992. Though attempts have been made to restart it since 1997, it remains closed.

Crossings
Emajõgi is crossed by 10 bridges, the majority of them located in Tartu. The bridges are, in downstream order:
 * Rannu-Jõesuu bridge at the source of Emajõgi on Tartu–Viljandi highway
 * Includes an old bridge currently reserved for pedestrians and local traffic and a new highway bridge completed in 2009.
 * Kärevere bridge on Tartu–Tallinn highway
 * Includes a closed old bridge and a new highway bridge completed in 1999.
 * Jänese railway bridge on Tallinn–Tapa–Tartu railway 7 km northwest of Tartu in Vorbuse
 * Kroonuaia bridge in Tartu
 * Vabadussild in Tartu peedu
 * Vabadussild
 * Kaarsild – pedestrian bridge in Tartu
 * Võidu bridge in Tartu
 * Turusild – pedestrian bridge in Tartu
 * Sõpruse bridge in Tartu
 * Ihaste bridge on the Tartu ring road, opened in 2015
 * Luunja bridge on Tartu–Räpina highway in Luunja

In addition to the bridges, the only operating cable ferry in Estonia crosses the river at Kavastu, about 10 km downstream of Luunja bridge.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Emajõgi


text:
Law Day (United States)

On May 1 the United States officially recognizes Law Day. It is meant to reflect on the role of law in the foundation of the country and to recognize its importance for society.

History
In 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower declared May 1 to be Law Day in the United States. The first day of May has been celebrated since before that time in parts of the world as May Day or International Workers' Day: a day to remember the struggles of workers for better wages and working conditions, including the eight-hour workday movement.

Law Day was conceived by the late Hicks Epton, an attorney from Wewoka, Oklahoma, who served as Oklahoma Bar Association president in 1953. Before he became president, Mr. Epton served as head of the public relations committee, and in 1951, he launched one of the most important public relations programs ever undertaken by the OBA: Know Your Liberties – Know Your Courts Week. This was one of the last weeks of April dedicated to educating the public about the legal system and celebrating the liberties we have as Americans. The Know Your Liberties – Know Your Courts Week spread across the nation and earned for the association two Freedom Foundation awards. Law Day, as a national celebration of the law, was originally the idea of Charles S. Rhyne, Eisenhower's legal counsel for a time, who was serving in 1957–1958 as president of the American Bar Association. Eisenhower proclaimed May 1 to be Law Day, U.S.A. in 1958. Its observance was later codified by Public Law 87-20 on April 7, 1961.

Some countries celebrate May Day on the same date, as it is designated Labour Day or International Workers' Day. But on February 5, 1958, President Eisenhower recognized the first Law Day when he proclaimed that henceforth May 1 of each year would be Law Day in the United States. He stated: "In a very real sense, the world no longer has a choice between force and law. If civilization is to survive it must choose the rule of law." Today, many local bars and legal education associations, such as the Florida Law Related Education Association and the New York State Bar Association, use Law Day as a legal education tool, especially for students.

Like Earth Day, Law Day is not a government holiday. To celebrate Law Day, some local bar associations hold a luncheon, featuring speakers who discuss topics such as justice or the liberties provided for by the United States Constitution. Also, attorneys might visit schools and talk to students about the American legal system.

The American Bar Association designates a theme to highlight an important issue relating to the law or legal system. The 2014 theme was American Democracy and the Rule of Law: Why Every Vote Matters. The theme reflects the importance of voting rights, ballot box accessibility and voter engagement. The ABA provides resources on its Law Day website, www.lawday.org, to mark the occasion, and also holds several national Law Day programs in Washington, D.C., on April 30 and May 1.

Criticism
The day has been criticized as being intended to reduce the influence of May Day (or International Workers' Day), a holiday that originated with a general strike on 1 May 1886 in the campaign for the eight-hour day in the United States, which culminated in the Haymarket affair in Chicago.

It became an international day in support of American workers who were being subjected to brutal violence and judicial punishment.

Codification
36 U.S.C. § 113 states, in part:
 * Law Day, U.S.A., is a special day of celebration by the people of the United States—
 * (1) in appreciation of their liberties and the reaffirmation of their loyalty to the United States and of their rededication to the ideals of equality and justice under law in their relations with each other and with other countries; and
 * (2) for the cultivation of the respect for law that is so vital to the democratic way of life.

title: Law Day (United States)


text:
Embach

Embach may refer to:

Geography

 * Places
 * Embach, Austria, mountain village near Salzburg
 * Embach, Germany, villages in Bavaria, Germany:
 * Embach in Dorfen, Erding, Upper Bavaria
 * Embach in Siegsdorf, Traunstein, Upper Bavaria
 * Embach in Malgersdorf, Rottal-Inn, Lower Bavaria
 * Embach in Obertraubling, Regensburg, Upper Palatinate

 * Rivers
 * Emajõgi, river in Estonia, previously known as Embach in German
 * Väike Emajõgi, river in Estonia, previously known as Kleiner Embach in German
 * Velikaya River, river in Russia, also known as Pleskau Embach in German

People with the surname

 * Carsten Embach (born 1968), German bobsledder

title: Embach


text:
Missouri Route 171

Route 171 is a short highway in southwestern Missouri. Its northern terminus is at the Kansas state line where it continues as K-171 near Opolis, Kansas. Its southern terminus is at the junction of Interstate 49/U.S. Route 71, Route 96 and Route 571 in Carthage. The last ten southbound miles are concurrent with Business I-49.

Route description
Some (about half) of those last 10 mi to Carthage, from its junction with I-49 Business at Madison Ave. in Webb City, are routed in a northeasterly direction. This results in going northeast on southbound Route 171 and vice versa along this stretch. However, I-49 Business is going more or less in its designated direction, north, in a wrong-way concurrency at the same time.

Also, because of this curve back to the northeast, Route 171 and Route 96 intersect each other on opposite sides of the Joplin/Webb City area. Going "southbound," Route 96 and Route 171 meet each other about two miles (3 km) north of Carl Junction and then again about two miles (3 km) west of Carthage. Route 96 maintains a straight east–west routing between these two points except at the very east end before the intersection with Route 171 and I-49 Business.

At Carthage, Route 171 meets its "parent" route, US 71, along with I-49. Route 171's "southern" terminus and I-49 Business' northern terminus are here while the northern terminus of Route 571 approaches from the east. Route 96 continues through this interchange. This results in three x71's meeting in the same location.

History
Route 171 was once Route 57. That was changed when I-57 was established on the eastern side of the state. Kansas did not change K-57's number to match until 2004, when it became K-171 after it was decided to shorten K-57 because it had numerous concurrencies along its routing.

title: Missouri Route 171


text: Template:Schwa

title: Template:Schwa


text:
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Computing/Early/wpfsck

Wpfsck is an application written by Triddle and Andrew Rodland which scans the English Wikipedia for errors and inconsistencies. The program is written in Perl and takes its name from the Unix fsck utility. Currently the program can generate reports for WikiProject stubsensor, Most wanted stubs, and Multiple redirects in about 40 minutes on an 800 MHz PowerPC G4.

At its core wpfsck is an extensible architecture built around the concept of cleanup projects and designed specifically with Wikipedia in mind. Because of this additional cleanup projects can be added easily and is encouraged. If you have an idea for a systematic cleanup project please leave a note at the section. If you currently run a cleanup project you may wish to consider consolidating with this project; see.

Cleanup projects

 * These reports were generated from the database dump as of Jun 23, 2005.

Stubsensor
The stubsensor project attempts to programatically identify articles that have grown beyond a stub but still have their stub tag. The version of Stubsensor in wpfsck features new statistical analysis and bayesian filtering techniques to identify the offending stubs. It is interesting to note that this new stubsensor identified articles that the original Stubsensor missed, even from the same database dump. This shows a lot of promise for this new technique. The top 10 stubs from this report are:

 * List_of_Illinois_State_Routes
 * Guarani
 * Clementi,_Singapore
 * History_of_democracy
 * Buenos_Aires_Province
 * Naha,_Okinawa
 * Argentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador
 * Hugo_Award_for_Best_Professional_Artist
 * Hugo_Award_for_Best_Professional_Editor
 * Panathinaikos

Double redirects
Double redirects occur frequently but are easy to detect and fix.

 * List_of_solo_piano_pieces,_Contemporary
 * Southern_Nootkan
 * FreeCraft
 * Zec.
 * Hovedside
 * Trichloroethane
 * Pre-Indo-European_Europe
 * Razzie_Award_Worst_Actress
 * Malegueta_pepper

Most wanted stubs
The Most wanted stubs report gives the list of stubs with the highest number of links to them. This list is ordered with the largest number of links at the top. Here are the top 10 as generated by wpfsck:

 * Depth 1244
 * Cincinnati/Northern_Kentucky_metropolitan_area 254
 * Inverclyde_Line,_Glasgow 125
 * Durham_Coast_Line 120
 * Graphics 118
 * Stepanakert 109
 * Synthetic_radioisotope 109
 * Sun_Coast 105
 * Natchez_District 98
 * Khojaly 97

Consolidation
Consolidation of cleanup projects may make sense in some circumstances:
 * If you are performing cleanup projects via SQL and it is very time consuming then it is likely wpfsck can do it faster.
 * If you only download a database dump to perform a cleanup project then we can eliminate needless bandwidth consumption.
 * Wpfsck will soon feature automatic cleanup project publishing, so if you don't wish to manually perform that task I can have wpfsck perform it for you.

Even if you don't want to consolidate you may find the Perl module at the heart of wpfsck, Parse::MediaWikiDump, useful. You may also wish to run your own copy of wpfsck if you perform many cleanup projects.

Comments

 * Please feel free to leave your comments, ideas, and suggestions for new cleanup projects.

 * It would be useful to have the source available here. -- Beland 01:36, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I can definitely make the source available but honestly its not a great program. The modularity is a hack (everything is a hack really), but it does work. It also needs to be updated to the new dump file format which means porting to Parse::MediaWikiDump and an iterator interface instead of a callback interface to the dump file. I had started on a complete rewrite of wpfsck but I've since been dragged into school and work and I've got no idea when I'll have enough free time to complete the project. Oh yea, there is no documentation, and I really don't have the time to document it properly; let me know if you would still like the old source code. Triddle 15:52, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The source code would still be good. It allows others to get in on the act. --*Wilfred* (talk) 20:09, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Okie dokie, I created a tarball of the source code and put it at http://tylerriddle.com/wpfsck-0.01.tar.gz - you can contact me (my info is in the README) if you would like some help sorting through the code. I hope it is useful and it works out that someone can bring it back into working order. :-) Triddle 15:50, 10 March 2006 (UTC) The source code is lost - does anyone have an archive of it? Triddle 00:31, 10 November 2006 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Tim Graff

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Image copyright problem with Image:Campina_Skyline.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Campina_Skyline.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 06:28, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:The_Pioneers_CampinaGrande.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:The_Pioneers_CampinaGrande.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

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title: User talk:Tim Graff


text:
User talk:Juanpdp

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

NISPOM link
Hi Juanpdp! Thanks for your contributions over at National Industrial Security Program. The link to the NISP brochure is a good idea. But I've left come comments about the link to the NISPOM at Talk:National Industrial Security Program (PDF vs web page) that I'd like you to consider. Thanks! --DragonHawk 12:59, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

TCSEC
Hello and thanks for your comment! I am happy to help, take a look at the article and the discussion page to see how I went about requesting a move.

Here's a few general pointers for articles like this...firstly, in the first instance of the term, United States Department of Defense should be used; abbreviations like DoD or U.S. Department of Defense should be avoided for the first instance, and never under any circumstances should US ever be used (it should always be U.S.) Anyway, I just thought I'd share, because these problems are in loads of articles, and the more people who work on fixing it, the better.

Thanks for asking, I'm always happy to help! Paul 19:15, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Featured list candidate
I thought you'd like to know that List of United States federal legislation has been nominated to be a Featured List. It needs 4 votes by October 2 2006.

As I have labored hard on the article, I would appreciate your looking it over. You can find a discussion here: Featured list candidates/List of United States federal legislation.

Thank you!

—Markles 23:08, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Category:Occitan_personalities
You are invited to discuss this category here. Your opinion on this matter would be much appreciated.--Bob 16:37, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Alexandre Cabanel
Hello! Standard usage here (and in most other English-language rfeference sources) is to give the person's name followed by dates in parentheses. Putting the places of birth and/or death into the parentheses makes it difficult to read, and rather messy. It's best to put those details in the body of the article (unless the place is particularly significant, in which case it can go somewhere else in the summary). --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 15:46, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Image:Pizarro in Lima.JPG
Hello Juanpdp, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:Pizarro in Lima.JPG) was found at the following location: User:Juanpdp/Peru. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not readd the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 05:02, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of Internet ethics for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Internet ethics is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Internet ethics until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Joja lozzo  01:55, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Security and Freedom Through Encryption Act

A tag has been placed on Security and Freedom Through Encryption Act requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

the act had no significant coverage and never made it through committee

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, pages that meet certain criteria may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here.

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Juanpdp


text: User talk:68.82.248.233

title: User talk:68.82.248.233


text:
User talk:Markwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Star Wars
You added a link but you also blanked half the article :) - the preview button is your friend :) No worries though, I've fixed it. -- Tawker 23:00, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Selfish request
I don't suppose you could create for yourself a userpage, could you? Because when I go through the list of Newly-Created Pages, one of the indicators I use for "possible new user; check all contributions carefully for vandalism/garbage" is a redlink to a userpage.

No big deal, really - just that it would make things a bit easier for me. DS 15:41, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Frederick the Great
Hello Markwiki! I noticed you added several quotes from Voltaire to Frederick II of Prussia. Would you mind providing the source for the quotes so they can be properly mentioned in the References section? You can mention them there or here (and I would then incorporate it into the article). Also, you deleted the interwiki links from the article in your recent edit. I will restore them. Happy editing! Olessi 19:08, 24 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Footnotes has an excellent guide to including the footnotes within the article's text. Also, it's good to sign your posts on talk pages with ~ . Cheers, Olessi 20:23, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Robin Hood
Hey Markwiki! When you accidentally removed some of the info before, is it possible you had mistakenly highlighted a chunk of the text and hit the spacebar, thereby removing it? To restore it, all I had was go to the previous version of the article, highlight and copy the text missing from your edited version, and then paste the missing material at the end of the current article. Hope that helps to explain what I did. If you need help in the future, also keep in mind Help desk. Cheers! Olessi 02:11, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Ibn Said
Hi, I've asked a question on Talk:Ibn Said. Could you please take a look when you have time? Thanks, Picaroon (t) 21:54, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I figured it out. Picaroon (t) 22:40, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

UrZah
Another editor has added the  template to the article UrZah, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the  template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 21:01, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Itijjuaq
A tag has been placed on Itijjuaq requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the article or have a copy emailed to you. -Zeus- [ t|c ] 00:03, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Rick Geyer
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Rick Geyer, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * Unsourced BLP since 2006 which does not assert notability per WP:BIO

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Black Kite 19:04, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Markwiki! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 09:30, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Timmy Yip -
 * 2) Isabel Maria de Gama -

Deletion discussions
If you are not aware of it, you may find the bot report WikiProject_LGBT_studies/Article_alerts of interest. Not only does it currently list your article marked for deletion, there are a couple of other deletion discussions that appear strongly related. Cheers Ash (talk) 05:38, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Isabel Maria de Gama
Hi Markwiki. I see you contributed the above article back in 2005. I've just come across it as part of unreferenced BLP cleanup, and it's got me a bit stumped. I can't seem to find any reliable sources discussing this person. Is she also known under a different spelling, perhaps? Can you point me to anything I can use to verify the article contents? Thanks, Gonzonoir (talk) 13:33, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your quick reply - I think I'll ask over at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Democratic Republic of the Congo and some others, and if I can't find any sources with their help I'm inclined to take this to WP:PROD. Let me know if you think of anything else. Cheers, Gonzonoir (talk) 14:16, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Isabel Maria de Gama

The article Isabel Maria de Gama has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Though this looks notable, I can find no reliable sources to verify this person's existence. (Many Google hits appear to source from the article here.) The page's creator, on request, could not remember sources (this is an old article), and I've had no response at relevant Wikiprojects in a week.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Gonzonoir (talk) 09:56, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Historic figures whose sexuality is debated
I have nominated historic figures whose sexuality is debated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. ukexpat (talk) 18:24, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

Social Structure in Kingdom of Kongo article
I have noted your changes in the article on the Kingdom of Kongo and references to matrilineal succession, and also to the chibadi. Please note that I am proposing to remove a good deal of this, and I want you to see this first. The institution you refer to relates to South East Africa, specifically Mwenemutapa and surrounding kingdoms in today's Mozambique and Zimbabwe. They do not relate to the Kingdom of Kongo. You do have a reference to Antonio de Oliveira de Cadornega's book, which is about kibanda in the Kimbundu-speaking portions of today's Angola. However, this institution was not reported in the Kingdom of Kongo, and I have no reason to believe it existed there. There is a discussion of the kibanda in Angola (Kimbundu region) and in Brazil in James Sweet's book Recreating Africa, this is a well documented treatment of the subject. I'll wait a few days to make the changes, so you can consider or discuss it. Beepsie (talk) 18:28, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Today part of
Heya,

do we really need these excessively long lists of "Today part of"? While it's nice that you compiled the information (and it's mostly complete, too), it creates disproportionally large infobox sections esp. for the biger empires like Rome or Byzantium. It looks ugly, and when the list of states becomes the longest item in the box, it kind of defeats the purpose of those infoboxes.

At least I'd suggest dropping the flags and just listing the names in a simple enumeration - "Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia..." and so on.

I appreciate your enthusiasm, but please also consider the looks and due weight of these lists. :)

Regards, Varana (talk) 23:28, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for October 8
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited List of Uncle Remus characters, you added links pointing to the disambiguation pages Polecat and Croak (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 11:16, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Category:Homosexuality in mythology
Category:Homosexuality in mythology, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 23:42, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

Nomination of Tu'i Tonga Fefine for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Tu'i Tonga Fefine is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Tu'i Tonga Fefine until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Mr. Guye (talk) 02:13, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

Nomination of Tu'i Tonga Fefine for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Tu'i Tonga Fefine is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Tu'i Tonga Fefine & until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Mr. Guye (talk) 00:47, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Boy next door (stock character) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Boy next door (stock character) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Boy next door (stock character) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 13:52, 23 August 2019 (UTC)

"Boy next door (stock character)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Boy next door (stock character). Since you had some involvement with the Boy next door (stock character) redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Staszek Lem (talk) 01:17, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:LGBT history in Syria

A tag has been placed on Category:LGBT history in Syria indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 15:15, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Markwiki


text:
File:SRM loading aboot.png

A screenshot of the SRM boot firmware loading aboot (a Linux second-stage bootloader for DEC Alpha computer systems).

title: File:SRM loading aboot.png


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Salt Lake City, Utah/archive3

Salt Lake City, Utah
I am re-resubmitting this article for peer review. It has changed alot, for better or for worst. There was quite a bit of struggle over this article, with people going in and making giant changes, thinking they were improving, but not necessarially helping. I feel like the article is somewhat of a mess right now, and have taken quite a long break from it, persuing other articles in the interim. I would like to dive back into it, but I really would like some perspectives. Thanks --[[User:JonMoore|—Jo nMo ore  20:24, 29 May 2006 (UTC)]] 02:49, 12 July 2005 (UTC) Note: Old PR's can be found at: Peer review/Salt Lake City, Utah/archive1 and Peer review/Salt Lake City, Utah/archive2.

It has some strong areas and some weak ones, here are some things I think could still be worked on: More generally I think all stats should have inline citations, and all the images need to have GFDL compatible copyrights. --nixie 09:06, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I'd move the demographic information out of the history section, it's getting pretty long and I'm not sure its relevant there.
 * 2) The climate section is disproportionately long
 * 3) The law and government section is very short
 * 4) Arts and culture, I'd turn the lists into prose and include all those single sentence paragraphs
 * 5) Education doesn't need to be broken up with <nowiki===h3===
 * 6) Demographics is a well written section, I think it should follow after the economy section rather than being at the end of the article.
 * Thanks for the input. At one time, all the pics on the page were GDFL-compatible, but, as I said, someone (who has since left Wikipedia) went in and put "better pics" which he found on a site somewhere. I can probably go in and change them back. --[[User:JonMoore|—Jo nMo ore  20:24, 29 May 2006 (UTC)]] 23:11, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

In its current state it won't make it to the FA list. I won't review the text, but I'll comment on the presentation for now. I promise to review it once the above are taken care of. =Nichalp  «Talk»=  12:29, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) The infobox should be promoted to the leadin.
 * 2) The infoboxmap seems to be blown out. Please correct it.
 * 3) The inline referencing you've used is incorrect. See for example the Australia article for the correct referencing.
 * 4) Page size: 41 kb. On the long side. So summarise it and cut the unwanted stuff such as specifics. Its much easier to read a nice summary rather than boring incidents. 30 kb is a sweet spot.
 * 5) Right-align the images, its easier to read the text that way
 * 6) Law and government has a badly done table. In general all the tables have bad margins.
 * 7) Get rid of the subheadings, it makes the page look untidy.


text:
User:Nny555

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks, -- BMIComp (talk) 02:43, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Nny555


text:
Misrepresentation

In common law jurisdictions, a misrepresentation is a false or misleading statement of fact made during negotiations by one party to another, the statement then inducing that other party to enter into a contract. The misled party may normally rescind the contract, and sometimes may be awarded damages as well (or instead of rescission).

The law of misrepresentation is an amalgam of contract and tort; and its sources are common law, equity and statute. In England and Wales, the common law was amended by the Misrepresentation Act 1967. The general principle of misrepresentation has been adopted by the United States and other former British colonies, e.g. India.

Representation and contract terms
A "representation" is a pre-contractual statement made during negotiations. If a representation has been incorporated into the contract as a term, then the normal remedies for breach of contract apply. Factors that determine whether or not a representation has become a term include:
 * The relative expertise of the parties.
 * The reliance that one party has shown on the statement.
 * The reassurances given by the speaker.
 * The customary norms of the trade in question.
 * The representation forms the basis of a collateral contract.

Otherwise, an action may lie in misrepresentation, and perhaps in the torts of negligence and deceit also. Although a suit for breach of contract is relatively straightforward, there are advantages in bringing a parallel suit in misrepresentation, because whereas repudiation is available only for breach of condition, rescission is prima facie available for all misrepresentations, subject to the provisions of s.2 of the Misrepresentation Act 1967, and subject to the inherent limitations of an equitable remedy.

Duties of the parties
For a misrepresentation to occur, especially a negligent misrepresentation, the following elements need to be satisfied.
 * A positive duty that exists to ascertain and convey the truth to the other contracting party,
 * and subsequently a failure to meet that duty, and
 * ultimately a harm must arise from that failure.

English contract law
There is no general duty of disclosure in English contract law, and one is normally not obliged to say anything. Ordinary contracts do not require "good faith" as such, and mere compliance with the law is sufficient. However in particular relationships silence may form the basis of an actionable misrepresentation:

 * Agents have a fiduciary relationship with their principal. They must make proper disclosure and must not make secret profits.
 * Employers and employees have a bona fide duty to each other once a contract of employment has begun; but a job applicant owes no duty of disclosure in a job interview.
 * A contract uberrimae fidei is a contract of 'utmost good faith', and include contracts of insurance, business partnerships, and family agreements. When applying for insurance, the proposer must disclose all material facts for the insurer properly to assess the risk.   In the UK, the duty of disclosure in insurance has been substantially amended by the Insurance Act 2015.

The "untrue statement"
To amount to a misrepresentation, the statement must be untrue or seriously misleading. A statement which is "technically true" but which gives a misleading impression is deemed an "untrue statement". If a misstatement is made and later the representor finds that it is false, it becomes fraudulent unless the representer updates the other party. If the statement is true at the time, but becomes untrue due to a change in circumstances, the representor must update the original statement. Actionable misrepresentations must be misstatements of fact or law: misstatements of opinion or intention are not deemed statements of fact; but if one party appears to have specialist knowledge of the topic, his "opinions" may be considered actionable misstatements of fact. For example, false statements made by a seller regarding the quality or nature of the property that the seller has may constitute misrepresentation.

Statements of opinion are usually insufficient to amount to a misrepresentation as it would be unreasonable to treat personal opinions as "facts", as in Bisset v Wilkinson.
 * Statements of opinion

Exceptions can arise where opinions may be treated as "facts":

- where an opinion is expressed yet this opinion is not actually held by the representor,

- where it is implied that the representor has facts on which to base the opinion,

- where one party should have known facts on which such an opinion would be based.

Statements of intention do not constitute misrepresentations should they fail to come to fruition, since the time the statements were made they can not be deemed either true or false. However, an action can be brought if the intention never actually existed, as in Edgington v Fitzmaurice.
 * Statements of intention

For many years, statements of law were deemed incapable of amounting to misrepresentations because the law is "equally accessible by both parties" and is "...as much the business of the plaintiff as of [the defendants] to know what the law [is].". This view has changed, and it is now accepted that statements of law may be treated as akin to statements of fact. As stated by Lord Denning "...the distinction between law and fact is illusory".
 * Statements of law

An action in misrepresentation can only be brought by the misled party, or "representee". This means that only those who were an intended recipient of the representation may sue, as in Peek v Gurney, where the plaintiff sued the directors of a company for indemnity. The action failed because it was found that the plaintiff was not a representee (an intended party to the representation) and accordingly misrepresentation could not be a protection.
 * Statement to the misled

It is not necessary for the representation to have been be received directly; it is sufficient that the representation was made to another party with the intention that it would become known to a subsequent party and ultimately acted upon by them. However, it IS essential that the untruth originates from the defendant.

Inducement
The misled party must show that he relied on the misstatement and was induced into the contract by it.

In Attwood v Small, the seller, Small, made false claims about the capabilities of his mines and steelworks. The buyer, Attwood, said he would verify the claims before he bought, and he employed agents who declared that Small's claims were true. The House of Lords held that Attwood could not rescind the contract, as he did not rely on Small but instead relied on his agents. Edgington v Fitzmaurice confirmed further that a misrepresentation need not be the sole cause of entering a contract, for a remedy to be available, so long as it is an influence.

A party induced by a misrepresentation is not obliged to check its veracity. In Redgrave v Hurd Redgrave, an elderly solicitor told Hurd, a potential buyer, that the practice earned £300 pa. Redgrave said Hurd could inspect the accounts to check the claim, but Hurd did not do so. Later, having signed a contract to join Redgrave as a partner, Hurd discovered the practice generated only £200 pa, and the accounts verified this figure. Lord Jessel MR held that the contract could be rescinded for misrepresentation, because Redgrave had made a misrepresentation, adding that Hurd was entitled to rely on the £300 statement.

By contrast, in Leaf v International Galleries, where a gallery sold painting after wrongly saying it was a Constable, Lord Denning held that while there was neither breach of contract nor operative mistake, there was a misrepresentation; but, five years having passed, the buyer's right to rescind had lapsed. This suggests that, having relied on a misrepresentation, the misled party has the onus to discover the truth "within a reasonable time". In Doyle v Olby [1969], a party misled by a fraudulent misrepresentation was deemed NOT to have affirmed even after more than a year.

Australian law
Within trade and commerce, the law regarding misrepresentation is dealt with by the Australian Consumer Law, under Section 18 and 29 of this code, the ACL calls contractual misrepresentations as "misleading and deceptive conduct" and imposes a prohibition. The ACL provides for remedies, such as damages, injunctions, rescission of the contract, and other measures.

English law
In England, the common law was codified and amended by the Misrepresentation Act 1967. (Although short and apparently succinct, the 1967 Act is widely regarded as a confusing and poorly drafted statute which has caused a number of difficulties, especially in relation to the basis of the award of damages. It was mildly amended by the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and in 2012, but it escaped the attention of the consolidating Consumer Rights Act 2015).

Prior to the Misrepresentation Act 1967, the common law deemed that there were two categories of misrepresentation: fraudulent and innocent. The effect of the act is primarily to create a new category by dividing innocent misrepresentation into two separate categories: negligent and "wholly" innocent; and it goes on to state the remedies in respect of each of the three categories. The point of the three categories is that the law recognises that the defendant may have been blameworthy to a greater or lesser extent; and the relative degrees of blameworthiness lead to differing remedies for the claimant.

Once misrepresentation has been proven, it is presumed to be "negligent misrepresentation", the default category. It then falls to the claimant to prove that the defendant's culpability was more serious and that the misrepresentation was fraudulent. Conversely, the defendant may try to show that his misrepresentation was innocent.

 * Negligent misrepresentation is simply the default category.
 * Remedy: The misled party may rescind and claim damages under s.2(1) for any losses. The court may "declare the contract subsisting" and award damages in lieu of rescission, but s.2(3) prevents the award of double damages.

 * Fraudulent misrepresentation is defined in the 3-part test in Donohoe v Donohoe , where the defendant Donohoe was categorically declared completely fraudulent as he:
 * (i) knows the statement to be false, or
 * (ii) does not believe in the statement, or
 * (iii) is reckless as to its truth.

 * Remedy: The misled party may rescind and claim damages for all directly consequential losses. Doyle v Olby [1969]
 * Case law: In the 2009 case of Fitzroy Robinson Ltd. v Mentmore Towers Ltd., a statement became untrue and fraudulently misrepresented when a named member of staff, put forward by the developer Fitzroy Robinson as leader of the team who would work on a development project for Mentmore Towers, resigned from the company. The developer did not notify the client before contracts were signed, which led the court to accept Mentmore Towers' counterclaim that failure to disclose this information was a fraudulent misrepresentation. The judge found that they had misrepresented the position in order to avoid the possibility that the client might withdraw from the deal.

 * Innocent misrepresentation is "belief on reasonable grounds up till the time of the contract that the facts represented are true". (s.2(1) of the Act).

 * Remedy: The misled party may rescind but has no entitlement to damages under s.2(1). However, the court may "declare the contract subsisting" and award damages in lieu of rescission. (By contrast, the victim of a breach of warranty in contract may claim damages for loss, but may not repudiate.)

Negligent misstatement
Negligent misstatement is not strictly part of the law of misrepresentation, but is a tort based upon the 1964 obiter dicta in Hedley Byrne v Heller where the House of Lords found that a negligently-made statement (if relied upon) could be actionable provided a "special relationship" existed between the parties.

Subsequently in Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon, Lord Denning transported this tort into contract law, stating the rule as:

''...if a man, who has or professes to have special knowledge or skill, makes a representation by virtue thereof to another…with the intention of inducing him to enter into a contract with him, he is under a duty to use reasonable care to see that the representation is correct, and that the advice, information or opinion is reliable'.

Remedies
Depending on the type of misrepresentation, remedies such as recission, or damages, or a combination of both may be available. Tortious liability may also be considered. Several countries, such as Australia have a statutory schema which deals with misrepresentations under consumer law.

Entitlement to rescission of the contract, but not damages
 * Innocent misrepresentation

Entitlement to damages or rescission of the contract
 * Negligent misrepresentation

Entitlement to damages, or rescission of the contract
 * Fraudulent misrepresentation

Rescission
A contract vitiated by misrepresentation is voidable and not void ab initio. The misled party may either (i) rescind, or (ii) affirm and continue to be bound. If the claimant chooses to rescind, the contract will still be deemed to have been valid up to the time it was avoided, so any transactions with a third party remains valid, and the third party will retain good title. Rescission can be effected either by informing the representor or by requesting an order from the court. Rescission is an equitable remedy which is not always available. Rescission requires the parties to be restored to their former positions; so if this is not possible, rescission is unavailable.

A misled party who, knowing of the misrepresentation, fails to take steps to avoid the contract will be deemed to have affirmed through "laches", as in Leaf v International Galleries; and the claimant will be estopped from rescinding. The time limit for taking such steps varies depending on the type of misrepresentation. In cases of fraudulent misrepresentation, the time limit runs until when the misrepresentation ought to have been discovered, whereas in innocent misrepresentation, the right to rescission may lapse even before the represent can reasonably be expected to know about it.

Sometimes, third party rights may intervene and render rescission impossible. Say, if A misleads B and contracts to sell a house to him, and B later sells to C, the courts are unlikely to permit rescission as that would unfair impinge upon C.

Under s. 2(2) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967, the court has the discretion to award damages instead of rescission, "if of opinion that it would be equitable to do so, having regard to the nature of the misrepresentation and the loss that would be caused by it if the contract were upheld, as well as to the loss that rescission would cause to the other party."

Damages
"Damages" are monetary compensation for loss. In contract and tort, damages will be awarded if the breach of contract (or breach of duty) causes foreseeable loss.

 * By contrast, a fraudulent misrepresenter is liable in the common law tort of deceit for all direct consequences, whether or not the losses were foreseeable.
 * For negligent misrepresentation, the claimant may get damages as of right under s.2(1) and/or damages in lieu of rescission under s.2(2).
 * For innocent misrepresentation, the claimant may get only damages in lieu of rescission under s.2(2).

Given the relative lack of blameworthiness of a non-fraudulent defendant (who is at worst merely careless, and at best may honestly "believe on reasonable grounds" that he told the truth) for many years lawyers presumed that for these two categories, damages would be on a contract/tort basis requiring reasonable foreseeability of loss.

In 1991, Royscot Trust Ltd v Rogerson changed all that. The court gave a literal interpretation of s.2 (which, to paraphrase, provides that where a person has been misled by a negligent misrepresentation  then, if the misrepresentor would be liable to damages had the representation been made fraudulently, the defendant "shall be so liable"). The phrase shall be so liable was read literally to mean "liable as in fraudulent misrepresentation". So, under the Misrepresentation Act 1967, damages for negligent misrepresentation are calculated as if the defendant had been fraudulent, even if he has been merely careless. Although this was almost certainly not the intention of Parliament, no changes to the law have been made to address this discrepancy: the Consumer Rights Act 2015 left the 1967 Act intact. This is known as the fiction of fraud and also extends to tortious liability.

S.2 does not specify how "damages in lieu" should be determined, and interpretation of the statute is up to the courts.

Vitiating factors
Misrepresentation is one of several vitiating factors that can affect the validity of a contract. Other vitiating factors include:
 * Mistake
 * Undue influence
 * Duress
 * Duress in English law
 * Duress in American law

title: Misrepresentation


text:
Talk:Family Guy: Live in Vegas

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title: Talk:Family Guy: Live in Vegas


text:
SRM firmware

The SRM firmware (also called the SRM console) is the boot firmware written by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for computer systems based on the DEC Alpha microprocessor. SRM are the initials of (Alpha) System Reference Manual, the publication detailing the Alpha AXP architecture and which specified various features of the SRM firmware.

The SRM console was initially designed to boot DEC's OSF/1 AXP (later called Digital UNIX and finally Tru64 UNIX) and OpenVMS operating systems, although various other operating systems (such as Linux, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and FreeBSD, for example) were also written to boot from the SRM console. The third proprietary operating system published for the Alpha AXP architecture – Microsoft Windows NT – did not boot from SRM; instead, Windows booted from the ARC (multi platform "Advanced RISC Computing") boot firmware. (ARC is also known as AlphaBIOS.)

On many Alpha computer systems – for example, the Digital Personal Workstation – both SRM and ARC could be loaded onto the EEPROM which held the boot firmware. However, on some smaller systems (or large systems which were never intended to boot Windows), only one of the two boot firmware variants could fit onto the EEPROM at one time. For example, the flash EEPROM of certain models of the DEC Multia, which was a small, personal Alpha AXP workstation designed to run Windows NT, was only large enough to hold a single firmware.

The SRM console is capable of display on either a graphical adapter (such as a PCI VGA card) or, if no graphical console and/or local keyboard is detected, on a serial connection to a VT100-compatible terminal. In this way the SRM console is similar to the Open Firmware used in SPARC and Apple PowerMac computers, for example.

Upon system initialization, an Alpha AXP computer set to boot from the SRM console displays a short report of the software version of the firmware, and presents the "three chevron prompt" consisting of three greater-than signs: Digital Personal WorkStation 433au Console V7.2-1 Mar 6 2000 14:47:02 >>>

Several commands are available by typing them at the prompt, and a list of possible commands is available by entering the command  or   at the prompt. Various system variables for establishing automatic boot settings, parameter strings to be passed to an operating system and the like may also be set from the SRM prompt. The SRM firmware contains drivers for booting from boot media including SCSI hard disks and CD-ROM drives attached to a supported SCSI adapter, various IDE ATA and ATAPI devices, and network booting via BOOTP or DHCP is possible with supported network adapters.

When an appropriate disk boot device is available, the SRM console locates and loads the target primary bootstrap image using information written in the target disk boot block; in logical block zero. The boot block contains the disk location and block size of the target primary bootstrap image file, and SRM will load that into memory and will then transfer control to it.

title: SRM firmware


text:
Võrtsjärv

Lake Võrtsjärv (Lake Võrts,  Wirzsee) is a lake in southern Estonia with an area of 270 km² (104 mi²).

It is the second largest lake in Estonia (behind Lake Peipus), and the largest lake situated entirely within Estonia. The shallow lake is 33.7 m (111 ft) above sea level. The river Emajõgi flows from Lake Võrtsjärv to Lake Peipus.

History
The lake basin existed before the Last Ice Age, but was then transformed by moving ice sheets which partly eroded the lake wall and partly filled the depression with deposits. In its present form the lake has existed since the Middle Holocene.

It was first mentioned in the Livonian Chronicle of Henry, where it is called Worcegerwe.

Geography
The relatively low shores of the lake are swampy in the south and sandy in the north. On the eastern shore, there is a coastal abrasion near the village of Tamme; these cliffs have yielded a number of fossils of Devonian fish, which have been compared to similar fossils found in Scotland.

There are a few small islands in the southern part of the lake. Of these only Tondisaar and Pähksaar are permanent islands, while Ainsaar becomes a peninsula during low water and Heinassaar is submerged at high water. This is because of the lakes fluctuating water level, which changes with a mean annual amplitude of 1.4 m; this is about half of its 2.8 m average depth. From around November to April, the lake is covered with an ice sheet.

Situated northeast of the lake is the Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve in Estonia.

Ecology
Around 35 species of fish are found in the lake, a few of which are commercially important. After a decline of valuable species during the 1950s and 1960s, some conservation measures were enforced which lead to an improvement in the situation. Today, around 400 t of fish are caught annually.

Lake Võrtsjärv is the main catchment area for eel in Estonia. However, fishing is entirely dependent on restocking with farmed glass eels, as eels are migratory and do no longer return in sufficient quantities to Europe. Due to declining numbers of natural eel, in 2017 the European Union's Agriculture and Fisheries Council decided on a three-month ban of eel fishing in the Baltic Sea during eel migratory season. Eel caught in the Baltic Sea had only accounted for a mere 700 kg the year before, as opposed to an average of 10.2-13.3 t per year in Lake Võrtsjärv.

The lake and the nearby wetlands are also an important breeding ground for birds, as well as a staging area for migratory birds. In total, 213 bird species have been recorded around the lake.

In recent decades, eutrophication of the lake has increased, with detrimental effects on biological diversity. This is thought to be mainly caused by a combination of poorly treated wastewater influx as well as phosphorus and nitrate runoff from agriculture. In addition, climatic fluctuations seem to have a stronger influence on the lake due to its shallow depth.

Tourism
The region is little known as a tourist destination internationally, and the deteriorating water quality has posed a problem for both fishing and tourism development. However, Võrtsjärv was voted European Destination of Excellence in 2010.

There is a visitor centre and museum on the east shore of the lake.

In 2016, the lake was the site of the WISSA World Championships in iceboating on the frozen lake.

title: Võrtsjärv


text:
Duplicate Tsing Yi South Bridge

Duplicate Tsing Yi South Bridge or Duplicate Tsing Yi Bridge or Kwai Tsing Bridge is a 640-metre long bridge connecting Tsing Yi Island and Kwai Chung over the Rambler Channel of Hong Kong in parallel to Tsing Yi Bridge, which deteriorated owing to years of heavy usage. The duplicated bridge was built to relieve the overburdened Tsing Yi Bridge and opened on 26 July 1999 before the commencement of Tsing Yi Bridge renovation. This is the fourth vehicular bridge connecting Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi.

The duplicated bridge piers are aligned with those of Tsing Yi Bridge to retain the navigation channel. Two artificial islands with lights are created to protect the bridges against accidental damage by ships, which happened to the Tsing Yi Bridge several times.

The connecting roads and ramps are restructured on both the Tsing Yi Island side and the Kwai Chung side. These improvements have freed the bridges from traffic congestion, which occurred frequently in the past.

title: Duplicate Tsing Yi South Bridge


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Captain SNES: The Game Masta

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 23:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Captain SNES: The Game Masta
Non-notable sprite comic. Alexa rank 1,971,003.  — Gwalla | Talk 02:45, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed. Gwk 03:04, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Gwalla. Dcarrano 03:06, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN. Fernando Rizo 03:17, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Agreed. royblumy 05:05, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable comic. JamesBurns 08:21, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non notable comic.   — J I P | Talk 10:13, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fails the inclusion guidelines for WikiProject Webcomics. --Carnildo 21:11, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Chalupa

Untitled
This page had been redirected to Taco Bell. Pretty ironic, as the item that Taco Bell calls a chalupa more closely resembles a taco (I mentioned this in the article). I'm sure someone else can correct, and/or expand upon, what I've added to the article. (And now I wish I had a chalupa.) -- Gyrofrog (talk) 02:45, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have moved the recipe to the Wikibooks cookbook and applied a link, tidied up the description and moved the issue of Slavic surnames to a seperate page. --richiau

I removed a reference to McDonald's. There are no Google results showing that they ever served anything like that. It was probably just some random dumb change. Drano 16:45, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

I removed the reference to basketball games giving out free chalupas... It's not relevant and I can't find a reliable source to cite. --68.98.25.127 04:47, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

I thought it was a small boat —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.142.130.31 (talk • contribs) 15:51, 20 April 2008
 * See chalupa (disambiguation), there's also a link at the top of chalupa. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 16:06, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Do we really need an exhaustive list of all the possible fixins that Taco Bell puts on its version of the chalupa? I don't think so. If someone agrees, tidy up that horribly long sentence. Dave (talk) 03:00, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and carefull attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 17:24, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Lowest common denominator
Chalupa, NOT "chalupas" is Mexican dish. NOT some easy to sell from a drive in window monstrosity. It is pork and beans with cumin as a primary flavor. This article is an insult to humanity. It is as if fried chicken was somehow defined as KFC. I was making chalupa decades ago with pork and beans and it had NOTHING to do with little drive thru size taco mutations.24.93.109.183 (talk) 04:07, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chalupa


text:
Talk:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices

WP:RM
It was suggested that this article should be renamed United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. The vote is shown below:
 * RENAME to match China's Human Rights Record of the United States 132.205.45.110 02:46, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Just go ahead and move it! No admin action required here. --Irpen 07:03, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 19:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Virginia de' Medici

Virginia de' Medici (29 May 1568 – 15 January 1615) was an Italian princess, a member of the House of Medici and by marriage Duchess of Modena and Reggio.

Regent of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio in 1601 during the absence of her husband, she was able to protect the autonomy of the city of Modena from the attacks of the local Podestà and Judge. Her husband's infidelities increased her already erratic behavior and led to a permanent mental illness, which lasted until her death.

Early years
Born in Florence on 29 May 1568, Virginia was the illegitimate daughter of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and his mistress Camilla Martelli. Her paternal grandparents were the famous condottiere Giovanni dalle Bande Nere and his wife Maria Salviati (in turn the granddaughter of Lorenzo the Magnificent) and her maternal grandparents were Antonio Martelli and Fiammetta Soderini, both members of the most important families among the Florentine patricians.

Virginia was born after the formal resignation of her father of the government on behalf of her half-brother Francesco. Cosimo I contracted a morganatic marriage with Camilla Martelli on 29 March 1570 on the advice of Pope Pius V, and this allowed him to legitimize their daughter on the principle of per subsequens. Since that time, she lived with her parents at the Villa di Castello during the summer and in Pisa in winter. Cosimo I's older children resented their father's second marriage, and after the death of the Grand Duke in 1574, they imprisoned Camilla in the Florentine convent of Murate.

Despite the controversy about her illegitimate birth and ambiguous position in the Grand Ducal house, Virginia's older brothers began negotiations with the House of Sforza of a marriage between her and one of his members. In 1581 she was betrothed to Francesco Sforza, Count of Santa Fiora, but the wedding didn't take place because the groom chose the ecclesiastical career and became a Cardinal. After this, it was decided to arrange her marriage with a member of the House of Este with the purpose to improve the relations between both families and break the isolation of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany from the other Italian states. Virginia's half-brother Cardinal Ferdinando agreed with Cardinal Luigi d'Este in approving the marriage of his nephew and Virginia. In addition, the second wife of Grand Duke Francesco I, Bianca Cappello, also contributed to the conclusion of negotiations and the formation of this alliance.

Marriage and issue
In Florence on 6 February 1586 Virginia married Cesare d'Este, son of Alfonso, Marquis of Montecchio, in turn the illegitimate (but later legitimized) son of Alfonso I, Duke of Ferrara. To celebrate this event was represented the comedy "l’Amico Fido", written by Giovanni de' Bardi and with the lyrics of Alessandro Striggio and Cristofano Malvezzi, and in Ferrara the poet Torquato Tasso dedicated a Cantata to the newlyweds.

The union produced ten children, six sons and four daughters:

At the end of February 1586 Virginia and Cesare arrived in Ferrara. They stayed at the Palazzo Diamanti, a gift of Cardinal Luigi d'Este, Cesare's uncle, who later bequeathed him all his possessions. One year later (1587), Virginia became in Marchioness consort of Montecchio after the death of her father-in-law.
 * Giulia d'Este (1588–1645); died unmarried.
 * Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena (1591–1644), Duke of Modena from 1628; married Princess Isabella of Savoy and had issue.
 * Laura d'Este (1594–1630), twin with Luigi; married Alessandro I Pico, Duke of Mirandola and had issue, ancestress of Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Modena.
 * Luigi d'Este, Marquis of Montecchio and Scandiano (1594–1664), twin with Laura, General at the Imperial army; died unmarried but had illegitimate issue.
 * Caterina d'Este (1595–1618); died unmarried.
 * Anna Eleonora d'Este (1597–1651); a Poor Clare nun under the name of Sister Angela Caterina and later Abbess of the Monastery of Santa Chiara of Carpi.
 * Ippolito d'Este (1599–1647), Knight of the Order of Malta and Commander of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre; died unmarried.
 * Niccolo d'Este (1601–1640), Captain at the Imperial Army; married Sveva d'Avalos, no issue.
 * Borso d'Este (1605–1657), Colonel at the Imperial Army and later General in the French Army; married Ippolita d'Este (illegitimate daughter of his brother Luigi) and had issue.
 * Foresto d'Este (1606–1639), Captain at the Imperial Army; died unmarried.

After the extinction of the legitimate line of the House of Este with the death of Duke Alfonso II on 27 October 1597 without issue, Cesare inherited the headship and all the possessions of the family; in consequence, Virginia became in the Duchess consort of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio, Princess consort of Carpi, Princess of the Holy Roman Empire, Duchess consort of Chartres and Montargis, Countess consort of Gisors, Viscountess consort of Caen, Bayeux and Falaise. However, the rule over Ferrara was short-lived: although Emperor Rudolf II recognized the rights of Cesare over Modena and Reggio (both Imperial fiefs), Pope Clement VIII didn't recognized Cesare's succession in Ferrara (nominally a Papal fief) on grounds of doubtful legitimacy. On 15 January 1598 the Duchy of Ferrara was officially abolished and returned to the Papal States, despite Cesare's attempts to obtain the help of the major European powers. Cesare, with his family and court, were forced to move to Modena, who became in the new capital of the dynasty. In 1599 Cesare obtained the Lordship of Sassuolo, but in 1601 the Parlement of Paris stripped him of all the domains and titles in the Kingdom of France.

Mental illness and death
In 1596, Virginia manifested the first signs of mental illness and suffered from this condition until her death. Nevertheless, she coped with her motherly duties with her numerous offspring and showed herself as a clever and far-sighted ruler when in January 1601, in the absence of her husband (who was in Reggio) the heavily pregnant Duchess took the position of Regent. During this time she stopped the attempts of the Podesta and Judge of Modena to deprive her of the government. However, Virginia was unable to control her unpredictable anger fits: when in March 1608 her confessor, the Jesuit Jerome Bondinari, claimed that she was possessed by the devil, the Duchess attacked him violently with shouts and nearly beat him to death with a stick. After this, exorcism sessions were held to cure her, during which it became clear that Virginia's having married against her will set off her mental illness and it worsened due to the infidelities of her husband. The attempts to expel the demons in her ultimately caused Virginia to become completely insane. She only recovered her sense on the day of her death; on her deathbed, she blessed all her children and died peacefully.

Virginia died on 15 January 1615 in Modena aged 46; there were rumors that her husband poisoned her. The memorial service took place on 27 February at Modena Cathedral and celebrated by the Jesuit Agostino Mascardi. She was buried in the crypt of the House of Este in the Church of St. Vincent in Modena.

title: Virginia de' Medici


text:
User talk:Jseidel

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! HKT 02:46, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
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Empire State
Hey - I noticed that you live and teach in Warsaw for ESC - I didn't know they had a unit there (I just graduated from the center in Old Westbury, Long Island)...that's pretty interesting that they do...I've always wanted to visit Poland and if I do I'd love to see ESC's operation there. Paul 03:17, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jseidel


text: User talk:69.173.150.137

title: User talk:69.173.150.137