text:
Talk:Lox

Lox
I don't see anything in the store labeled "lox." Our synagogue usually serves nova smoked salmon. My family always called nova smoked salmon "lox" but where do you get the brine-cured real thing? …Why should they be together with Swedish food?? No, Lox can not be merged within the same article as smoked salmon etc. Do not include religious food with Scandinavian food, because in scandinavia, we do not care.I am strictly against.==Merging Lox with Smoked Salmon== I've proposed a merger of Lox and Smoked Salmon, as I'm almost positive they are the same thing. Please leave comments for/against, and I will check back in a few weeks to see what people think about this. Nemilar 05:18, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Why merge it with smoked salmon rather than gravlax? I think it's ok for this to stand on its own. --D. Webb 20:06, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Stand on their own: the variations of Lox and Nova are, for my own linguistic useage and understanding, salt cured or cold smoked [with or without sugars or splices, as distinguished from "smoked salmon" which I always think of as smoked or cooked either at low temps [200-250 Farenheit] or higher temps for brief times, and where the temperature is raised to cook the flesh. But this variation [lox vs. smoked salmon] is not definitive all over.  Still, given the historical distinctions [for which the Wiki encyclopedia is well situated...], arising from linguistic or cultural derivations, I would leave available multiple article titles, with liberal cross referencing.  Similarly, the cooking similarities and explanations would be best replicated in a cooking wiki in a single article, with articles titles covering the various forms all pointing to that same article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by JohnRuskin (talk • contribs) 01:47, 30 January 2007 (UTC).
 * They should both stand on their own. They are not related other than they both incorporate salmon. It's like suggesting that the Cheddar cheese and Mozzarella articles should merge because they both use cow's milk. --Walter Görlitz 06:08, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Actually Lox is cured and NOT smoked. Smoked salmon is just that, salmon that has been smoked - and most often cured also. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.45.200.226 (talk) 16:42, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Oxygen is also referred to as "lox" (as I discovered when I worked at Grumman Aerospace and I saw an accident report that there was a lox leak somewhere. 69.228.240.57 03:58, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I was just thinking about Ian Fleming and came here. One of his books mentions that lox is both salmon and liquid oxygen. So, in addition to the etymology section, I think the page author needs to be explicit about spelling too. Yiddish lax, American lox (due to pronunciation - I was thinking about Fleming because I'm reading Old English, where a and o are used equivalently in some circumstances)? Otherwise Fleming is writing nonsense. Fuficius Fango (talk) 07:14, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

The Name
I have some trouble with the phrasing "Variations on the name are lox (Yiddish), lax (Swedish), laks (Norwegian and Danish) and lachs (German)." Actually, these are the same word that has evolved differently in different Germanic Languages, i.e. true cognates. As the meaning is phrased now, it sounds like German has borrowed the word from Yiddish, when it in fact is a several thousands of years old word for salmon. By the way, Old English had "læx".
 * You're right, they're cognates and ultimately derived from old norse. --D. Webb 20:09, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * "By the way, Old English had "læx"." "Had" strictly speaking, but that word can be over-interpreted. It depended on dialect and era. Alfred's Colloquy (lW-S) has leax. Did Sweet normalise it to eW-S læx? Bosworth and Toller [] imply leax is correct and and læx and lex are variants. Fuficius Fango (talk) 07:23, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

Added an image
hope nobody minds--Sir.Salmon FishThe First 14:28, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Is this a US-specific name?
I'm British and have never heard smoked salmon called "lox" - it's just "smoked salmon" over here. Where else is this term used? 143.252.80.110 14:53, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * As the article says, it's a yiddish word. So you're more likely to hear it in places with a large jewish community. --BluePlatypus 15:31, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Ashkenazic Jews and the Sussman family in particular. yonkeltron 11:52, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Smoked salmon is called smoked salmon in the U.S. also. Lox isn't just salmon that has been smoked though, it has been thinly filleted(cut parallel to the spine as opposed to perpendicular like with a salmon steak), and specially cured to give it a stronger flavor. It is very good on a bagel with cream cheese, a poached egg and hollandaise sauce.AerobicFox (talk) 07:35, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

Slight correction, the difference between lox and smoked salmon is this: lox is brined, smoked salmon and both brined AND smoked. The confusing thing is, that in the US at least, they have become interchangeable. K-Man 02:06, 22 May 2019 (UTC)koconnorc

Merge with Smoked salmon?
Shouldn't this article be merged with "smoked salmon"? They seem to be talking about essentially the same thing. SigPig 23:48, 11 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Is lox different from smoked salmon? I was confused about this, and came to wikipedia for some answers, but the difference between lox and smoked salmon is not specifically explained. It seems to have something to do with the brining process, perhaps. Someone please clarify. 209.217.66.110 02:38, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I think lox is either smoked salmon or gravlax. In the scandinavian languages, however, (Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic), lax (from where the word lox is derived) simply means salmon, no matter whether it is smoked or grilled or still alive. --D. Webb 03:15, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Lox and smoked salmon are separate things. True Lox is salt cured and not smoked.
 * You mean gravlax. --D. Webb 20:02, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

If there is to be a merger it should be under the title of "Smoked Salmon". Living in Scotland, and having worked for a time in the production of this foodstuff, I have never heard of the term "Lox" used for the smoked product. I have however, heard (and made) Gravadlax. I think also that the suggestion that this word came into English from the Yiddish is misleading, considering that the Middle English had the term "leax, læx &c." for salmon which was found latterly as "lax" chiefly in North-east Doric of Scotland from the 14c. to the 19c. (taken from Chambers Concise Scots Dictionary). I would conversely suggest that the word came from the cognate germanic languages into yiddish as a loan word. This is also English wikipedia and I would further suggest that this article should have the correct and most common English name for the product. Brendandh 22:24, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yiddish is a Germanic language, so Yiddish did not take on most of its Germanic lexical elements as "loan words," but developed them from its very origins.
 * While this is not Yiddish Wikipedia, lox is an English word (note its characteristically English spelling) although it was borrowed from Yiddish. —Hanina

The word "lox" is Yiddish in origin, and connotes not specifically a smoked salmon product, but rather specifically a brined product, smoked or unsmoked, that is prepared according to traditional Jewish specifications (i.e. no bones, etc.) According to the American Heritage Dictionary, the word's etymology can be traced thusly: Yiddish laks, from Middle High German lahs, salmon, from Old High German. That the word was and is extant in modern English language can be seen in one of Beverly Cleary's "Ramona books" (I don't recall which specific one). In this instance, the author very specifically refers to her father being given "lox" as a gift from his parents. I advocate keeping them separate, with due references to each article in the "See Also" section. Though very similar, they are NOT synonymous.

-MojoXN@gmail.com

Traditional lox is not smoked, so a merger would be incorrect unless the resulting article is retitled "Cured salmon." It seems doubtful anyone would search for that.

It's also worth noting that lox -- called lox -- is really an American-Jewish food, so English speakers outside the U.S. are unlikely to know about it. And, therefore, the Yiddish etymology is the correct one, no matter how many cognates there are. I cited a reference in the article.

You can also find another discussion of how the term is often misused here: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9505EEDD1738F93AA1575AC0A9649C8B63 Fijagdh 11:10, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Lox is not specifically Jewish, nor is it particularly American. It is the name for any salmon or salmonid fish species. In its English usage it is usually in its prepared form, either smoked or gravlax. I find it comical that it has a separate article here. It should be linked to both gravlax and smoked salmon in a disambiguation page.Fraxbo 17:44, 23 September 2007 (UTC)fraxbo

 * Perhaps people here have not eaten lox, but it really is not the same thing as smoked salmon. Different treatments and different cuts, you would not want to merge fillet with steak since they both come from a cow.AerobicFox (talk) 07:38, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

Lox is belly lox, and salt cured. It is OUTRAGEOUSLY salty, much cheaper and considered the poor man's smoked salmon. BUT ... you CANNOT include Nova Scotia salmon in this heading under "Lox." Nova Scotia salmon or "Nova" to we, New Yorkers, IS smoked. Nova IS NOT lox, although, it's frequently referred to as Nova lox. You can get Lox (belly lox) in any REAL JEWISH Bagel store Pookerella (talk) 15:39, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Thank you all for the extremely informative posts! I wonder whether there is a way to put all this great info into one article, but display all the distinctions with a Venn Diagram? Tina Kimmel (talk) 05:13, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

Film Reference
Although Lox is not a word common in the UK, James Bond mentions it in You Only Live Twice when he briefly confuses it with Liquid Oxygen (used by Blofeld's engineers for rocket propulsion). 212.137.45.109 (talk) 12:18, 29 May 2008 (UTC) John N.

Photo
This photo seems more photogenic. Badagnani (talk) 07:37, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Lox - Gravlax
Perhaps people here haven´t eaten lox and perhaps they haven´t eaten gravad laks and perhaps the haven´t eaten smoked salmon and perhaps they haven´t heard of neither of it and perhaps they cut it and cure it slightly different in scotland than in nova scottia but nevertheless it´s highly hilarious to keep up several articles on the same matter all because some find it fancy in a hoitytoity style to promote the word " lox " which might when it comes down to all, very well be an all commercial invention and not even a yiddish word at all.I for my part have been consuming tons of gravad laks served with sweet dill/ mustard sauce, smoked salmon ( made from the exact same sort of slicings )and gravad laks that was aswell smoked as not smoked,cured in brine or just with the dry ingredients added, and they were all Laks ! and they were all basically flavoured thin slices of Laks, which is my native tongue for Salmon,and I have eaten tons of Laks, which still means Salmon - steaks aswell as smoked salmon in the same shape as steaks - and they represent ofcourse a whole other phenomenon from a gastronomical point of view although they were still laks !, But !! - the main point and argument here remains that all thin sliced, cured, brined or not,smoked ( that is" cold smoked" since " warm smoking" would cook the meat and make it too crumbly for slicing)or not smoked, pieces of Laks / Lax / Lox (hahaha,lox!) are all the same ! and should not be handled as different matters in several different articles, and should therefor be merged to one and the same.I say that if someone know about Laks it´s us scandinavians and I do infact believe that the word in it´s origin is old norse and that all variations derived from that,and that including german and yiddish.As things stand now, the solely reason for supporting the existence of an article on " Lox " seems to be an intention from either commercial based interrests in airing a particular word as a trademark, or a somehow weird intention of promoting a product manufactured to reach a special segment of consumers whom find it important to distinguish between what is labeled with an allegedly yiddish word of origin in favour of english or scandinavian, for believe me; the difference is the same! There´s a quite well elaborated,informative and clarifying article on the issue " gravlax " already - I strongly suggest that this be merged with and subordinate to that.Flight714 (talk) 10:06, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry you think it is hilarious to believe that Lox is just a commercial invention. It is most definitely a Yiddish word, and lox specifically different than gravlax. It has a deep history within Jewish and Yiddish culture, whether you want to believe that or not. See this link. Difference between lox and gravlax--Daveblack (talk) 11:46, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

 * You say "...several articles..."? What several? Anna Frodesiak (talk) 12:03, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

Kosher?
If it has both fish and cream cheese, is that considered Kosher? Or is fish not considered meat?  John Alan Elson  ★  WF6I A.P.O.I. 01:02, 22 May 2019 (UTC)
 * In the kosher laws, fish are not considered meat, but rather pareve (neutral). See here for an article about why lox can be eaten with cream cheese even by those who follow the kosher laws strictly. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 16:29, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

Not enough info?
In the "Similar Products" section, this article describes how other types of salmon are prepared, but there's no explanation of how lox is prepared - just a basic definition of the product ("Lox is a fillet of brined salmon") and then a short paragraph devoted to etymology. It seems odd to read an article about lox and come away with more information about how gravlax is made than lox. Sadiemonster (talk) 03:07, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

To add to article
Basic information to add to this article:

 * Lox is particularly associated with Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine.

 * Traditional lox is brined but not smoked.

173.88.246.138 (talk) 21:22, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Smoked vs not smoked
This article is confusing in that it says (correctly, I think) that (real) lox is not smoked but then discusses two varieties of “lox” commonly consumed, including Nova, which are smoked. Given that smoked “lox” is so common, the article should make it clearer that the fish a lot of people consider to be lox, such is Nova, is in fact smoked (as well as cured). Cudaniel48 (talk) 02:14, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree. The article used to say that, until it was changed a few weeks ago, here. I just put it back, here. — Mudwater (Talk) 02:21, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

American-Jewish Cuisine?!
The categorization is hilarious. This particular dish, smoked/brined (or both) salmon had been prepared in the nordics (Scandinavia in particular) far before written history, when the most traded for currency was squirrel pelts. To even postulate that this dish wasn't made before the foundation of the US is preposterous and absurd. I know it was a buzzword used for nothing a few years ago, but this if anything is cultural appropriation. The fact that Salmon doesn't even live in mediterranian should give you a clue, and even the name is from old norse. As other people correctly point out, there is nothing fundamentally different about this compared to gravlax or smoked/brined salmon from the British isles.

Make this a footnote of those articles. 37.136.15.140 (talk) 13:11, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

 * There's nothing exclusive about the categorization. The idea that lox isn't American-Jewish cuisine is laughable; of course it is. That doesn't prevent all the other things from being true. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 13:19, 18 May 2024 (UTC)
 * If i make a pizza, it doesn't mean it is part of the cuisine of my nation, i'm just making an italian dish. The very same applies here, regardless of the amount of consumption or making of pizza will not make it cuisine of my nation or culture, the very same holds true for Lox. It is not, and will not ever be "American-Jewish Cuisine". 37.136.15.140 (talk) 17:10, 18 May 2024 (UTC)
 * OK. Good luck getting a WP:CONSENSUS for that; doing so would probably eliminate the entire category. American-Jewish cuisine is a distinct cuisine, mostly including things accumulated during the Diaspora. --jpgordon𝄢𝄆𝄐𝄇 19:14, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lox


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alison Carey

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. Opinions are too heterogeneous on this article for consensus. The article will be kept. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 05:09, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Alison Carey
Having a famous sister does not make a person notable in her own right. —Cryptic (talk) 04:00, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Nope, Delete --nixie 04:13, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn royblumy 06:06, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Mariah Carey. JamesBurns 09:54, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Mariah Carey. Ken 13:09, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect as above. Radiant_ >|< 14:32, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and Merge The information should be added to mariah carrey's page, as all interest focused on Alison Carey is likely localized from Mariah anyway. --jonasaurus 21:03, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Notable, but not seperate from Mariah Carey. siafu 22:59, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with her sister. --Etacar11 00:29, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. She has recently gained quite a bit of notoriety. -- Judson 23:40, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mariah Carey is not the President; I don't think her sister getting into legal problems is worth mentioning in Mariah's article, or in an article unto itself.  Dcarrano 23:46, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Asian American studies

Asian American Studies is an academic field originating in the 1960s, which critically examines the history, issues, sociology, religion, experiences, culture, and policies relevant to Asian Americans. It is closely related to other Ethnic Studies fields, such as African American Studies, Latino Studies, and Native American Studies.

Since the 2020s, Asian American Studies has begun to be taught at as part of the K-12 curriculum of a number of American states.

History
Asian American Studies appeared as a field of intellectual inquiry in the late 1960s as a result of strikes by the Third World Liberation Front, a group of ethnic minority students at San Francisco State University and at the University of California, Berkeley. The students demanded that college classroom instruction include the histories of people of color in the United States as told from their perspectives, create an Ethnic Studies program, expand the Black Studies department, admitting more students of color, and hiring more faculty of color in tenure-track positions. The demand for Ethnic Studies was originally a reaction against the Eurocentric bias in university curricula.

As a result of the 1968 strike, a College of Ethnic Studies (the only U.S. university academic department of its kind at the time) was established at San Francisco State University with American Indian Studies, Asian American Studies, Africana Studies, and Latino/a Studies as its four units, and a new Department of Ethnic Studies was established at the University of California, Berkeley, consisting of comparative ethnic studies, Asian American and Asian diaspora studies, Chicana/o and Latina/o studies, and Native American studies.

The demand for Asian American Studies resulted in the creation of new departments throughout in colleges and universities across the country since the 1970s. By 1979, the Association for Asian American Studies, a professional organization designed to promote teaching and academic research in the field, was established in 1979. Then in 1991, twenty-three college and universities formed an “East of California” caucus of the Association for Asian American Studies, to move away from a California-centered understanding of the field, to speak of the many origins and points of departure in the history of Asian American Studies, and to include research on less-studied communities like Filipino Americans and South Asian Americans into the field.

As of today, according to The Asian American Foundation, only 1.6% of colleges and universities in the United States offer an Asian American Studies program. Organizations such as Asian American Studies Collaborative are working with students and professors to add more programs to institutions of higher education across the country.

Topics
Drawing from numerous disciplines such as sociology, history, literature, political science, and gender studies, Asian American Studies scholars consider a variety of perspectives and employ diverse analytical tools in their work. Unlike Asian Studies which focuses on the history, culture, religion, etc. of Asian people living in Asia, Asian American Studies is interested in the history, culture, experiences, of Asians living in the United States.

Academic programs in Asian American Studies examines the history of Asian-Americans, which includes topics such as immigration and race-based exclusion policies. The discourse also includes studies on how first- and second-generation Asian Americans deal with adjustment and assimilation, especially on their Americanization and aggressive pursuit of higher education and prestigious occupations in a society that still discriminates against them.

Asian American Studies focuses on the identities, historical and contemporary experiences of individuals and groups in the United States. Concepts and issues that are crucial to this interdisciplinary curriculum include: Orientalism, settler colonialism, diaspora and transnationalism, gender and sexuality, cultural politics, and media representation.

K-12 curriculum
While Asian American Studies programs at colleges and universities have become more common, Asian Americans remain largely absent from K-12 curriculum in the US. Studies dating back as far as 1969 have consistently found that Asian American history is not included in US history textbooks. State-level social studies standards have also neglected to include Asian American historical figures in historical curricula. In some cases where Asian Americans have been included, they are depicted as the stereotypical dangerous foreigner. A 2022 study found great variance between US states when it comes to the inclusion of Asian American history in state standards. For example, while New York had 14 content strands related to Asian American history that were highly detailed and content-specific, 18 states had no standards for teaching Asian American history. The study also found that the most common topics of Asian American history in state curricula were anti-Asian immigration laws and the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Asian Americans were often depicted as victims of racism or new arrivals to America, while depictions of Asian Americans as contributors or change makers were much less common.

Given the absence of Asian Americans in K-12 curriculum, coalitions of parents, students, and teachers have called for curricular reform. Several states have successfully enacted legislation that requires teaching Asian American experiences in K-12 schools.

Illinois
In July 2021, the Teaching Equitable Asian American Community History (TEAACH) Act was signed into law, making Illinois the first state in the US to require all public schools to teach a unit of Asian American history. The legislation went into effect starting with the 2022-2023 school year. According to the bill, the curriculum should include the contributions of Asian Americans toward civil rights, the contributions of Asian American individuals in government, arts, humanities, and sciences, and the contributions of Asian American communities to the US. Public elementary and high schools in Illinois are also required to include content on the history of Asian Americans in Illinois and the Midwest.

The TEAACH Act was proposed by Illinois legislators amidst rising anti-Asian racism during the COVID-19 pandemic, which included the 2021 Atlanta spa shootings that resulted in the deaths of six Asian American women and two other persons. Prior to the bill's official introduction to the legislature, members of Asian Americans Advancing Justice Chicago, a grassroots organization, had been contacting Asian American officials about mandating the teaching of Asian American experiences in K-12 curricular. The TEAACH Act was primarily authored by Representative Jennifer Gong-Gershowitz and received great support from Asian American representatives in the Illinois legislature, including representatives Teresa Mah and Ram Villivalam. The bill also gained support from African American and Latino legislators, as well as from the Jewish community. According to Representative Gong-Gershowitz: "Asian American history is American history. Yet we are often invisible. The TEAACH Act will ensure that the next generation of Asian American students won't need to attend law school to learn about their heritage. Empathy comes from understanding. We cannot do better unless we know better. A lack of knowledge is the root cause of discrimination and the best weapon against ignorance is education."

New Jersey
In 2022, New Jersey became the second state to require Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) history in public school curriculum after Governor Phil Murphy signed bill S4021/A6100 into law. The bill was primarily authored by state senator Vin Gopal. On the same day, Governor Murphy also signed another law (S3764/A3369) that will establish a Commission for Asian American Heritage within the state’s Department of Education to help develop curriculum guidelines for public and nonpublic schools in the state. These legislative acts were led by the New Jersey chapter of Make Us Visible (MUV NJ), which has advocated for the teaching of Asian American history and worked to create state resources. For example, members of MUV NJ sent an open letter to Governor Murphy and the New Jersey legislature stating that "our collective ignorance about AAPI history is not only dangerous for AAPI students, but also a clear disservice to all students who are growing up in an increasingly diverse, interconnected, and globalized society and economy." The bills received widespread support from Asian American advocates throughout New Jersey as well as broad, bipartisan support in the state legislature.

Connecticut
In 2022, Connecticut passed legislation mandating the teaching of AAPI history in public schools, which takes effect in 2025. Notably, Connecticut is the first state to pass this mandate with state funding, allocating more than $140,000 to developing curricula on Asian American history. This legislation was led by the Connecticut state chapter of Make Us Visible (MUV CT), which has advocated for the teaching of Asian American history and worked to create state resources. Dr. Jason Oliver Chang, an associate professor and director of the Asian and American Studies Institute at the University of Connecticut, has led the creation of the curriculum with the Connecticut state department of education.

Rhode Island
In 2022, Rhode Island governor Dan McKee signed legislation mandating public elementary and secondary schools to include a unit of Asian American, Native Hawaii, and Pacific Islander (AA and NHPI) history in their curriculum. This legislation was led by Rhode Island's chapter of Make Us Visible (MUV RI) and introduced by Representative Barbara Ann Fenton-Fung. The curriculum will also include AA and NHPI history in Rhode Island and the Northeast as well as the contributions of AA and NHPIs to civil rights.

Florida
In 2023, Florida became the first Republican-led state to require AAPI history instruction in primary and secondary schools after efforts by Florida's chapter of Make Us Visible (MUV FL). This legislation is also the first in the country to specifically require instruction on the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. The bipartisan bill was introduced by Cuban American legislators Representative Susan Plasencia and Senator Ana Maria Rodriguez. The bill unanimously passed through the Floor of the House of Representatives and was co-sponsored by Black, Latino, and Jewish legislators. The state has convened a working group to align state standards with the new law.

Delaware
In 2024, Delaware became the seventh state to require AANHPI history instruction in primary and secondary schools after efforts by Delaware's chapter of Make Us Visible (MUV DE). This legislation requires the inclusion of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander history as well as other racial, ethnic, and cultural histories in Delaware's K-12 classrooms. The bipartisan bill was introduced by Senate Majority Leader Bryan Townsend and Representative Sophie Phillips. The bill was unanimously passed through both chambers of the legislature.

Other states
Make Us Visible has chapters in 24 total states in the US, which have continued to work towards the integration of Asian American experiences into K-12 curriculum. In Alaska, Senator Elvi Gray-Jackson has introduces a bill requiring Asian American and Pacific Islander history in K-12 schools. In Arizona, state senator John Kavanagh has introduced a bill requiring Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander history in K-12 public schools. In Washington, state senator T'wina Nobles has introduced a bill requiring Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander history in K-12 public schools. In Virginia, House Delegate Marty Martinez has introduced a bill establishing an Asian American and Pacific Islander History Education Commission to oversee and advise educational standards changes.

Universities and colleges with departments and programs

 * Arizona State University
 * Binghamton University
 * Brandeis University
 * California State University, Fullerton
 * California State University, Long Beach
 * California State University, Northridge
 * City College of San Francisco
 * College of William and Mary
 * Columbia University
 * Cornell University
 * Duke University
 * Fordham University
 * Hunter College, City University of New York
 * New York University
 * Northwestern University
 * Queens College, City University of New York
 * San Francisco State University
 * State University of New York at Stony Brook
 * St Cloud State University
 * The Claremont Colleges
 * Tufts University
 * University of California, Berkeley
 * University of California, Davis
 * University of California, Irvine
 * University of California, Los Angeles
 * University of California, San Diego
 * University of California, Santa Barbara
 * University of Colorado at Boulder
 * University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
 * University of Maryland, College Park
 * University of Minnesota
 * University of Pennsylvania
 * University of Southern California
 * University of Texas at Austin
 * University of Washington
 * Vassar College

Prominent academics

 * Roger Buckley, University of Connecticut
 * Jeffery Paul Chan, San Francisco State University
 * Lucie Cheng, UCLA
 * E. J. R. David, University of Alaska
 * Kip Fulbeck, University of California, Santa Barbara
 * Emma Gee, UCLA
 * Evelyn Nakano Glenn, University of California, Berkeley
 * Daniel Phil Gonzales, San Francisco State University
 * Haivan Hoang, UMass Amherst
 * Madeline Y. Hsu, University of Texas at Austin
 * Yuji Ichioka, UCLA
 * Russell Jeung, San Francisco State University
 * Jerry Kang, UCLA
 * Nitasha Tamar Sharma, Northwestern University
 * Elaine H. Kim, UC Berkeley
 * Peter Kwong, Hunter College, CUNY Graduate Center
 * Him Mark Lai, independent scholar
 * Vinay Lal, UCLA
 * Esther Kim Lee, Duke University
 * Elizabeth Lew-Williams, Princeton University
 * Russell Leong, UCLA
 * Huping Ling, Truman State University
 * David Wong Louie, UCLA
 * Lisa Lowe, Yale University
 * Martin F. Manalansan IV, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
 * Gary R. Mar, State University of New York at Stony Brook
 * Kevin Nadal, City University of New York
 * Lisa Nakamura, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
 * Don Nakanishi, UCLA
 * Robert Nakamura, UCLA
 * Mae Ngai, Columbia University
 * Viet Thanh Nguyen, USC
 * Gary Okihiro, Columbia University
 * Michael Omi, University of California, Berkeley
 * Rhacel Parrenas, Brown University
 * Celine Parrenas Shimizu, University of California, Santa Barbara
 * Robyn Rodriguez, University of California, Davis
 * Alexander Saxton, UCLA
 * Derald Wing Sue, Columbia University
 * Betty Lee Sung, CUNY
 * Ronald Takaki, University of California, Berkeley
 * Shawn Wong, University of Washington
 * David Yoo, UCLA
 * Ji-Yeon Yuh, Northwestern University
 * Judy Yung, University of California, Santa Cruz
 * Min Zhou, UCLA

Celebrities who studied Asian American Studies

 * Randall Park, UCLA
 * Ali Wong, UCLA

title: Asian American studies


text:
Buff (colour)

Buff (bubalinus) is a light brownish yellow, ochreous colour, typical of buff leather. Buff is a mixture of yellow ochre and white: two parts of white lead and one part of yellow ochre produces a good buff, or white lead may be tinted with French ochre alone.

As an RYB quaternary colour, it is the colour produced by an equal mix of the tertiary colours citron and russet.

Etymology

The first recorded use of the word buff to describe a colour was in The London Gazette of 1686, describing a uniform to be "...a Red Coat with a Buff-colour'd lining". It referred to the colour of undyed buffalo leather, such as soldiers wore as some protection: an eyewitness to the death in the Battle of Edgehill (1642) of Sir Edmund Verney noted "he would neither put on arms [armour] or buff coat the day of the battle". Such buff leather was suitable for buffing or serving as a buffer between polished objects. It is not clear which bovine "buffalo" referred to, but it may not have been any of the animals called "buffalo" today.

Derived terms
The word buff meaning "enthusiast" or "expert" (US English) derives from the colour "buff", specifically from the buff-coloured uniform facings of 19th-century New York City volunteer firemen, who inspired partisan followers among particularly keen fire watchers.

"In the buff", today meaning naked, originally applied to English soldiers wearing the buff leather tunic that was their uniform until the 17th century. The "naked" signification is due to the perception that (English) skin is buff-coloured.

Geology
Sand, rock, and loess tend to be buff in many areas.

Natural selection
Because buff is effective in camouflage, it is often naturally selected.

Architecture
In areas where buff raw materials are available, buff walls and buildings may be found. Cotswold stone is an example of such a material.

Stationery and art
Unless bleached or dyed, paper products, such as Manila paper, tend to be buff. Buff envelopes are used extensively in commercial mailings.

Artificial selection
Buff domesticated animals and plants have been created, including dogs, cats, and poultry. The word buff is used in written standards of several breeds, and some, such as the Buff turkey, are specifically named "buff".

Clothing
In 16th- and 17th-century European cultures, buff waistcoats ("vests" in American English), were considered proper casual wear. In the 17th century, the traditional colour of formal dress boot uppers was often described as "buff".

John Bull
Clothing depicted on John Bull, a national personification of Britain in general and England in particular, in political cartoons and similar graphic works, has often been buff coloured. Bull's buff waistcoats, topcoats, trousers and boot uppers were typical of 18th- and 19th-century Englishmen.

The British army
The Royal East Kent Regiment was nicknamed "The Buffs" from the colour of their waistcoats. The phrase "Steady the Buffs!", popularised by Rudyard Kipling in his 1888 work Soldiers Three, has its origins during 2nd Battalion's garrison duties in Malta. Adjutant Cotter, not wanting to be shown up in front of his former regiment, the 21st Royal (North British) Fusiliers, spurred his men on with the words: "Steady, the Buffs! The Fusiliers are watching you."

U.S. Army
The uniform of the American Continental Army was buff and blue.

Buff is the traditional colour of the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps.

The U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry specifies a "buff" tincture for certain coats of arms, often treating it as a metal for purposes of the rule of tincture.

U.S. universities, fraternities and schools
The colours of George Washington University and Hamilton College are buff and blue, modelled on the military uniform of General George Washington and the Continental Army. Both General Washington and Alexander Hamilton, as chief of staff, had a role in the design of the uniforms.

Other school colours described as "buff and blue" include Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., and Punahou School in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Buff is one of three colours of the Alpha Gamma Delta fraternity, and one of two colours of the Delta Chi fraternity.

U.S. state flags
The flags of Delaware and New Jersey, and the former flags of New York and Maine, officially feature buff.

Political usage
The colours of the Whig Party, a British political faction, and later political party, as well as the American Whig Party, were buff and blue.

White Star buff
The funnels of the RMS Titanic and all other ships of the White Star Line were designated to be "buff with a black top" in order to indicate their ownership. There is some uncertainty among experts, however, as to the exact shade of what is now called "White Star buff". There is no surviving paint or formula, and although there are many painted postcards and at least seven colour photographs of White Star liners, the shades of the funnels in these varies due to many factors including the conditions under which they were originally made and the ageing of the pigments in which they were printed. Speaking mostly to scale modellers, the Titanic Research and Modelling Association currently recommend a colour "in the range of the Marschall color", meaning the colour in illustrations in a particular book.

As a relatively inexpensive and readily available paint colour, and one which went well alongside the near-universal black hull and white superstructure used on steamships at the time, White Star was far from the only shipping line to use a shade of buff as a funnel colour. The Orient Line and Norddeutscher Lloyd used an entirely buff funnel without the black top, while Canadian Pacific and the Swedish American Line employed a buff funnel with a representation of the company's house flag on them. The Bibby Line and the Fyffes Line are two of several firms to use the same "buff with a black top" scheme as White Star, but with a similar lack of certainty as to the exact shade used and how this differed from the famous White Star scheme.

In Canadian heraldry
As well as being a colour used by the United States Army Institute of Heraldry, buff is also recognised as a tincture by the Canadian Heraldic Authority. It appears on the heraldic badge and flag of the Correctional Service of Canada.

title: Buff (colour)


text:
Julius Schulte-Frohlinde

Julius Schulte-Frohlinde (1894 - 1968) was one of Adolf Hitler's architects.

Life
Schulte-Frohlinde was trained by Paul Bonatz and was part of his Stuttgart school. On the recommendation of Albert Speer, in 1934 Schulte-Frohlinde went to work under Robert Ley's German Labour Front (popularly known as the DAF, an abbreviation for Deutsche Arbeitsfront). The architect was named as the architect-director of the Schönheit der Arbeit (SdA, "Beauty of Work"), a DAF suborganization tasked to make workplaces more enticing to workers.

Schulte-Frohlinde developed and ran his own building department within the SdA beginning in 1936, and worked directly for the National Socialist government until its collapse in 1945, constructing DAF administration buildings, training schools, and helping to plan the Kraft durch Freude seaside resort called Prora on the German island of Rügen. The architect was openly anti-Semitic and unmistakably aligned with the goals and methods of the Nazis.

After 1945 Schulte-Frohlinde retreated to his hometown Bremen. In 1952 he became involved in the reconstruction of Stuttgart and withstood criticism from Bernhard Pfau, among others, for his political history and National Socialist aesthetics.

On the role of architecture in the reconquered east by the Nazis Schulte-Frohline wrote:

 * "We are fighting for Germany, for the maintenance and recovery of the soul of our people, which is mirrored most visibly in our craft and architectural culture (Gr Kultur)."

title: Julius Schulte-Frohlinde


text:
Kwik Shop

Kwik Shop is a chain of convenience stores and gas stations located throughout Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa. They offer cold beverages, coffee, snack items, general foods, lottery tickets, and gasoline. It is owned by EG America, which is headquartered in Westborough, MA.

1960s
Kwik Shop was founded as an operating division of Dillons, in 1959.

Dick Dillon developed the Kwik Shop concept, combining the time-saving and personalized service of a small store with supermarket efficiency in management, inventory control and merchandising. In the late 1960s, Kwik Shop expanded into a three state market area of Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa.

1970s
In 1972, Kwik Power Gasoline was introduced, offering self-service gasoline for complete one-stop service.

In 1978, the 100th Kwik Shop opened store #629 in Bellevue, Nebraska. Kwik Shop also began operating stores 24 hours per day. It also became one of the first convenience store chains in the nation to install fountain drink equipment in its stores.

1980s
In 1980, Kwik Shop celebrated its 20th anniversary.

In 1982, Kwik Shop entered the food service business with 15 stores offering fresh Sub 'N Stuff sandwiches. In addition, a new logo was incorporated.

In 1983, Dillon Companies, Inc and Kwik Shop merged with Kroger Companies to become the largest food retailer in the United States.

In 1987, Kwik Shop introduced fresh a hot dog roller grill offering.

1990s
In 1995, Kwik Shop celebrated its 35th anniversary.

In 1997, a new logo was incorporated.

In 1999, Kwik Shop began selling prepaid phone cards.

2000-present
In 2000, Kwik Shop partnered with Dillons to offer Dillon Plus Shopper's Card-Fuel Discounts.

In 2001, Baker's gasoline discounts offered to Nebraska customers.

In 2002, Kwik Shop started the Kwik Shop/United Way Golf Challenge, an annual fund-raiser golf tournament with all proceeds going to the United Way.

In 2004, Kroger launched a new logo concept for all Kroger convenience stores. New Coffee Central was introduced companywide, and New Soda Central introduced companywide.

In 2005, Store 730 in Newton, Kansas opened and was the first Kwik Shop store with the new Kroger image.

In 2007, customer service was further improved with the implementation of scanning at all locations.

And in 2008, Kwik Shop partnered with Dillons to allow customers to electronically redeem Fuel Frenzy fuel discounts at all Wichita-area Kwik Shop stores.

In early February 2018, Kroger announced it had reached an agreement to sell its entire convenience store portfolio including Kwik Shop to EG Group, for $2.15 billion.

title: Kwik Shop


text:
Talk:2005 Cannes Film Festival

Tale of Cinema
KEUK JANG JEON (TALE OF CINEMA), directed by HONG Sangsoo, was left out of the competitors' list

http://www.festival-cannes.fr/films/films.php?langue=6002&edition=2005

Fair use rationale for Image:2005 Cannes Film Festival poster.jpg
Image:2005 Cannes Film Festival poster.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 19:13, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:2005 Cannes Film Festival


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cadence Website Design

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:47, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Cadence Website Design
Advertising. —Cryptic (talk) 04:09, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad for non-notable company. Gwk 04:51, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advert royblumy 06:06, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 14:37, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Advertisment and spam --jonasaurus 21:03, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete SPAM. siafu 23:00, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad/promotion. --Etacar11 00:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete SPAM. (Unsigned vote by Vizcarra)
 * Delete: advertisement IINAG (Vote actually by, don't forget to sign in)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Chivydog

Please do not make Wikipedia pages for the purpose of self promotion, see WP:NOT --nixie 04:09, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chivydog


text:
User:Wonderlane

Born a fine artist with a long memory, I have worked in technology for the past 20 years.

title: User:Wonderlane


text:
Wilhelm Grebe

Wilhelm Grebe was one of Adolf Hitler's architects. Grebe noted that there were at least seventy different types of indigenous architecture in Nazi Germany and argued that in the future standardization throughout Germany might be necessary. The project never went ahead. Grebe also argued that the ideal roof pitch should be increased from 45 to 48 degrees.

Wilhelm Grebe was Editor of "Handbuch für das Bauen auf dem Lande", Berlin 1943. It shows the opinion how the architecture should have to be developed to create better agricultural technique in Germany including Austria and the occupied countries after 1939.

title: Wilhelm Grebe


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chivydog Productions

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:47, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Chivydog Productions
Self-promotion for company created by user of the same name, would be inappropriate to move to the user sapce. Delete --nixie 04:11, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advert. Gwk 04:52, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advert royblumy 06:08, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. JamesBurns 09:54, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertisement --jonasaurus 21:04, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Altamont Free Concert

Band promotion
The section about the Black Cab CD Altamont Diary that was added recently seems tangential to the article. If it's not just someone trying to promote their CD, perhaps it would be better included on a page about the band, with a link to this page. Szarka 15:44, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Article title
I think the title of this article needs to be clarified. Initially it seemed to be about the speedway, but it is mainly about the music festival.
 * Even "Altamont Raceway Park" is dubious for the content. Why not "Altamont Rock Festival"? 66.190.72.225 14:35, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

I also think this article should have another title, and it looks like this article is written by a gratefull death fan. Not that it's wrong to like their music, but at the end the article becomes too much an article about how they handled with the incident.
 * Retitled to Altamont Music Festival, checked for Double Redirects, believe I got them all. --Atechi 20:19, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

''Again, accusations have arisen by Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead and others, that this was to   ensure better lighting that would be available in an evening performance. '''Two of the deaths were caused by a hit-and-run car accident. Another death was the result of a person drowning in a drainage ditch.'

The final two sentences seems out of place and should probably be placed immediatly after the first mention of three people being killed.

Also, someone please change the title of the article.

--Laggard 04:47, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

I agree that the current title is confusing. However, it's difficult to know what the most accurate might be. I don't believe "Altamont Rock Festival" or "Altamont Music Festival" (as it's named on the disambiguation page), for example, were the name under which the event was promoted. (Seems unlikely, since the venue was changed to Altamont at the last minute.) A google search turned up multiple images of two purported "tour posters". Both are headed with "The Rolling Stones present", the date, a mention that the concert is free, and "Altamont Raceway". If these are authentic, then "Altamont Raceway" might, in fact, be the best title for this page. (Popular usage seems to be simply "Altamont" to refer to the event, but of course that title would be ambiguous.)

It looks like this page was changed from "Altamont" earlier, and links to this page seem to point to the redirect page at Altamont rather than directly. So, if a change is to be made, it would be good to make the change to the title first and then update the links from other pages. Szarka

I've changed it to Altamont Free Concert, since that was what the bold part in the intro said and I think it is most descriptive and accurate. It was not intended as a music festival per se, really, but rather a free concert at the end of the Stone's 1969 American tour as a gift to their fans.

I've also created an Altamont Motorsports Park article for the racetrack itself, and changed all the racetrack names to redirect to there. That should eliminate some of the present confusion with odd redirects. I've tried to fix up wlinks but may have missed a couple here and there. Wasted Time R 13:33, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for updating the article title references in the "American Pie" article, Wasted Time R. --Dkwong323 01:05, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Stage height
"The stage, which was only four feet high..." The article at http://www.echoes.com/rememberaday/altamont.html reports that the stage was only one foot high. Can anyone settle this question one way or another? Szarka

OK, I found a better source: the commentary at http://www.loc.gov/film/lund.html and especially Stanley Goldstein's response at http://www.loc.gov/film/lund.html. Based on this source, I'm going to make some changes:

Szarka
 * Change "four feet high" to "one foot high".
 * See the discussion in this source re: the legend that the Angels were hired for $500 worth of beer. The article currently repeats this legend with the qualification "reportedly"; I'll try to clarify.
 * Every source I've read, including this one, suggests that the change of venue was finalized only one day before the event. (The permit for holding the event at a public space in SF was either revoked or refused, depending on which source you believe, days before the event; but the Altamont Raceway as the venue wasn't finalized right away, first they attempted to negotiate the use of another venue.) I'll reword appropriately.

CrashJet555
 * I recently read a book about Altamont, it states that the stage is four feet high, I'll get the source soon. Also, how can the stage be "three to four feet high"? It's either one or the other, and it was four feet. I'm going to correct it.

 * I came to this Wikipedia talk page (I'm a frequent contributor) because I was writing to a friend about another subject, wanted to refer to Altamont, and remembered that the victim's name had been mentioned.

I don't have time to do any research, but I was there, up front, through perhaps the first half hour of the violence, which really started I believe, during the Jefferson Airplane set. I'll ask mutual friends about the Dryden comments, as they may be able to find out from a direct source.

When I started reading the main article, the stage height estimations interested me because my impression was that it was about four feet above ground level. The business about a steep slope to the stage is just nonsense. It was very gradual, almost unnoticeable as you got closer to the stage, though the event was in a natural amphitheater. I'm guessing that the maximum seating height of the audience, above and well removed from the stage, might have been 50 feet, or so but people might have sat higher after it got dark.

I also would like to confirm the crowded highway comment of another poster below, who was quite young at the time. I left San Francisco with my wife and my bike in a '61 VW transporter (no rear seats or side windows). When we got to Castro Valley at the 880 and 580 interchange, we started picking up some hitchhikers and climbed the hill toward Pleasanton. On the way down, as we got close to the 680 Interchange, my motor blew up, thanks to an oversight by a friend who had recently rebuilt it. I unloaded the hitchhikers, my Triumph 500cc motorcycle, and proceeded to tow the bus with the bike, with my wife steering the van, to the Santa Rita Garage's wrecking yard. I dropped it there and asked them if they would R&R the blown engine for a motor out of a wreck and they agreed. Then we proceeded past Pleasanton toward the Altamont racetrack.

By the time we got past Livermore, still well west of the track, the right shoulder of the highway was filling with parked cars, then the left shoulder, until as we got very close, the entire road was blocked. We took a side road from the Speedway exit, I think, and drove south, then circled around north on a dirt road. We came onto the track spectator area where I left my bike and my wife on a knoll with trees south and a little east of the stage. I walked to the front of the stage. I got there before the Airplane played, but don't remember who was on before them. Not long afterward, the Hells Angels who were on the stage were joined by numerous other Angels, with their biker babes, who drove up around the south side of the stage and parked about 20 feet from the stage, just in front of where I was standing. Things had already been heating up as I think Balin got punched by an Angel in the chaos while on stage.

After the Airplane finished their set, dusk was falling and the Stones road crew was setting up. The crowd pressed closer. When they first began to play, the crowd rushed forward, knocking over some of the Angels' bikes, and then it really got nuts. It was like standing at the edge of the ocean, with waves of spectators successively rushing forward, only to recede when the Angels began lashing out at them like riot cops. I pulled Angels off a few hapless hippies, in the ebb and flow, but realized I wasn't going to fix anything and retreated back to the knoll before I got my own ass kicked. I'm guessing I stayed through less than half the Stones set before I moved, and before Hunter got stabbed. I never heard any gunshot, but it was pretty noisy. I heard later they had kicked a hole in his back, but that was probably from someone close enough to see the body. I watched the rest of the set from the knoll and then drove away easily, since I could drive between cars and on the shoulder.

I thought bringing the Angels there was sheer insanity. I always thought Bill Graham had something to do with it, and I'm glad he didn't. I recall vividly that the concert was originally scheduled for Golden Gate Park, then it was changed abruptly to the Sears Point raceway, and then to the Altamont Speedway. Though they had some affection for the Dead, and there was an outlaw biker rock band, "Blue Cheer," and were heavy into drugs, they were no great fans of hippies. There was an old drug store, converted into a coffee shop, at the corner of Haight and maybe Ashbury, I think, where the Angels would hang out. They played Merle Haggard's "Okie from Muskogee," endlessly on the juke box. They interjected a line, singing, "We don't macrame our nose hair," before "...like the hippies out in San Francisco do." Then they would whoop and holler and jeer at the hippies.

While hippies were preaching peace and love and trying to embrace the Angels in the Haight, I warned them they were often very bad people and had been used by the cops in Oakland to attack anti-Vietnam war marchers. The hippies got the picture at Altamont.

I just noted a poster below claims that the Hells Angels parked their bikes as a "barrier" in front of the stage. I think they just were bogarding their way up front from a sense of entitlement.Activist (talk) 03:48, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Here is a page of photographs by Robert Altman that contains a photo that clearly shows the height of the stage: http://www.altmanphoto.com/altamont_2.html. The exact photo I'm talking about is this: http://www.altmanphoto.com/cutler_lang-altamont_001.jpg. I have no idea how tall that guy on the right is, but I'm 5'11" and my hip joint is just over 3 feet high, in sock feet. That confirms Chip Monck's "one meter high" quotation that's currently in the article. Nohojim (talk) 06:09, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Security
Someone else might want to research the security arrangements in more details and rewrite further. (See Goldsteins discussion in the endnote's to his response, which suggests that the Angels didn't normally manage the crowd, just protect the equipment.) I left the part about "suspected that their involvement was motivated more by a desire to manage drug distribution at the concert" in, for example. But what is the source for this? Who, exactly, suspected that? It doesn't defy logic, or stretch credulity, by if I were making that claim, I'd want to be more specific. Szarka

I Herd that the hells angels use their bikes as a barrier and when the crowed knocked them over that the hell angels broke loose.

Speedway name
Also changed an occurance of "Altamont Speedway" to "Altamont Raceway" to reflect usage elsewhere in the article, usage on the previously-mentioned posters, and the current whois registration for altamontraceway.com (now unavailable; they appear to have changed recently from doing business as "Alamont Raceway and Arena" to "Altamont Motorsports Park"). Szarka

Sonny
Sonny Barger WAS NOT the founder of the HAMC.

please correct height of stage
I just finished watching the actual 'Gimme Shelter' movie, and looked up Altamont on Wikipedia for more info on the murder shown in the movie. While the article as written is very informative, the height of the stage is clearly closer to chest high, not shin level (as 1 foot high would be).

You can review frames in the movie of fans attempting to climb onto the stage   at many points; one clear example is at the beginning of 'Sympathy for the Devil' near the end of the movie. Note also when the female fans are pressed against the stage, everything below mid-chest is hidden by the stage.

I recommend you adjust the height of the stage to four feet as suggested by earlier contributors, and disregard the 1-foot height quoted from the article at http://www.loc.gov/film/lund.html

65.78.8.202 08:52, 13 May 2006 (UTC)M.G.

to clarify height of stage
The article at http://www.loc.gov/film/lund.html says, "The stage was only a foot above the audience which made security even more difficult. Things started to get violent during the Jefferson Airplane's set."

So, it appears the source article for the 1-foot high stage quote, was quoted imprecisely in the Wiki. The source does not say the stage was 1-foot high, it says the stage was "a foot above the crowd."

I looked for a screen capture online, but found nothing from the actual movie, which shows fans pressed against the stage at chest height.

65.78.8.202 09:27, 13 May 2006 (UTC)M.G.

phot showing stage height from filmmakers website
AH-ha! See the photo in black and white here: http://www.moviemaker.com/issues/44/images/Albert.Gimme.jpg

Correction this pic is the Stones Auburn 69 gig not Altamont!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Slakka07450 (talk • contribs) 03:53, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Fans are leaning on the stage, it is clearly neither "a foot above the crowd", nor is it "one foot high."

http://www.moviemaker.com/issues/44/docu.html The Legacy of Albert Maysles

65.78.8.202 09:45, 13 May 2006 (UTC)M.G.

Nice to see more info on the height of the stage. Hmmm... Maybe instead of "one foot" the article should say something more ambiguous, like "a few feet" or "low"? Szarka 06:45, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

thanks for your reply
Yes, either a "low stage" or a "few feet high" is better than the inaccurate "one foot high."

IMO it would be best to describe it as "between 4 and 5 feet high"; the height of the stage contributed to the problems during the concert (fans climbed up onto the stage in droves; Marty Balin of the Jefferson Airplane was knocked unconscious during one brawl) and calling it "low" or a "few feet high", while not inaccurate, leaves too much to the reader's own interpretation of what that would look like.

Of course, the point is moot if one has seen the movie, but the article should to attempt to make a clear visual through language for those who do not have the movie on hand as reference material.

65.78.8.202M.G.

Good discussion here. Since the stage height in the article is clearly incorrect, I have edited the article to read "three to four feet high" based on the footage from Gimme Shelter. If a better consensus is reached here, please feel free to change. My personal preference is "approximately four feet high.". Satori Son 13:50, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

In Depth
It is absolutely ridiculous that you have to read down an entire paragraph to find out WHERE this thing took place...It should be in the first sentence. And then all it says is "Northern California".

 * Fixed. Wasted Time R 13:28, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Stage height - additional source
Hi, this is my first contribution so apologies if there's any mistakes.

I'm currently reading Philip Norman's book 'The Stones' and he lists quite a bit of information about this event. With regard to your discussion about the stage height, Norman states (on page 388) that:

"The stage-rim was, inexplicably, only four feet or so from the ground."

Reference is: Philip Norman, 2001, The Stones, London, Sidgwick & Jackson

Johnnyboy101 20:28, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Security - further discussion
Philip Norman also writes on the security arrangements regarding Hell's Angels, of interest may be the following paragraph on page 389:

"Santana's performance had been punctuated also by a fusillade of full beer cans, thrown from the Angels' school bus commissariat thirty yards away. Cutler (Sam) sent an emissary to the Angels in charge of the bus, offering to buy their entire beer supply for $500.  The beer could thus be put on the stage, preventing its use as random missiles.  This was the origin of one powerful Altamont legend: that the Hell's Angels were hired by Rolling Stones people for $500 worth of beer."

In relation to the decision to hire Hell's Angels as security, Norman writes on page 384:

"Exactly who first had the idea of hiring Hell's Angels as a security force, no one can remember now. Some say it was Rock Scully, the Grateful Dead's manager; others remember Emmett Grogan of the Diggers."

And also:

"They were not hired as bodyguards for the Stones, as all subsequent reports would allege. What happened was that Stones people - notably Sam Cutler, the concert compere - went along with the plan to invite them."

As stated in the article, it seems that the role the Hell's Angels were to play at the concert was unclear.

Reference is: Philip Norman, 2001, The Stones, London, Sidgwick & Jackson

Johnnyboy101 20:50, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

"Young and inexperienced" reference. I've read this quote before and take issue with its veracity. "Their leaders weren't there"- in the film, the arival of Sonny Barger can clearly be seen. He was the consummate leader of the Hells Angels. He states in his recorded interview with KSAN that "We got there about 4 PM". He did say he was late due to his attendance at an Officers meeting, however citing "young and inexprerienced is ludicrous as NO ONE had ever had any sort of experience with an event of this magnitude. In addition we know that at least 3 charters had members present: San Francisco because you can see their flag so stating. Oakland because that is where Mr. Barger was from, and San Jose because you can see the words on the vest of a prospect.

Also, the guy with the wolf's head seemed neither young nor inexperienced. The individual who climbed on stage and spoke into the microphone after Marty Balin got clocked sure looked like a leader to me. I would ask that this be removed as unfounded, irrelevant and inaccurate. Further, the source cited has a link which leads to a page advising its contents are no longer avilable.

I did remove the reference to "young and inesperienced". I also delted the section abut Marty Balim being knocked out onstage. It was NOT onstgae, nor was he ever airlifted from the site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.176.59.40 (talk) 05:06, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * re "I did remove" and "I also delted": it seems you neglected to save the edits you made, but i've made those changes now. the film documents that those assertions were inaccurate.  i've read that (coincidentally) some kind of Angels' "orientation meeting" going on nearby in the same timeframe, which meant a lot of fresh "recruits" were at the concert, and maybe that was what the witness was talking about - but that's just speculation.  Sssoul (talk) 08:28, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Introduction - contradictory claim regarding number of births
The introduction to this articles states that four births occurred over the duration of the concert. Philip Norman writes that this claim was made by Sam Cutler to the San Francisco Chronicle and cited in their article on the concert the next morning (page 397). Later Norman writes:

"It further emerged that no babies at all had been born during the festival. The nearest approximation was a youth who announced he was pregnant, just prior to jumping from a traffic flyover and sustaining serious multiple injuries."

WIth regard to medical tents, apparently only nineteen doctors were available to help during the day.

Reference is: Philip Norman, 2001, The Stones, London, Sidgwick & Jackson

Johnnyboy101 21:00, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Medical Facilities
I just recently read a book about Altamont, it states that there was sufficient number of medical staff, but no paths for emergency vehicles to come and go. I won't change until I have cited the source. - CrashJet555

The two souls who were killed when they were run over in their sleeping bags were Mark Feiger and Richard Savloy. --Subvent1 00:00, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Fired
A film shows clearly that Hunter drew and fired his pistol before he was stabbed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.4.21 (talk) 09:51, 4 December 2007 (UTC) The "Rolling Stone" edition of Jan.,1970, said "an unmistakeable orange flash" was visible from Hunter's gun, before he was stabbed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.41.51.240 (talk) 13:06, 5 December 2007 (UTC) An autopsy showed that Hunter was under the influence of methamphetamines when he died. At least twice, Hunter had charged on to the stage. This may have given him the impression that the Angels were his enemies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.4.21 (talk) 10:51, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * There is no consensus on what the film shows. Here's the 'orange flash' quote in context.
 * In one frame, just before he is jumped, there is an unmistakable orange flash at the end of the pistol, Bibb adds. It lasts only for this one frame. Bibb is not saying this is a gunshot, and he's not saying it's not. It might be, say, a reflection off someone's watch or glasses. "The Angels say there was a shot fired," says Bibb. "I can't tell you. It's impossible, really, to tell what it is. None of us heard a shot."

 * Here's what Albert Maysles, one of the directors of Gimme Shelter, said in a Sunday Times article

 * He spoke of scenes that seemed to show Hunter taunting the Hell's Angels and of another shot that showed an orange flash, perhaps the flash of Hunter's gun being fired. Whether or not he had fired the gun is an enduring puzzle. 130.156.30.172 (talk) 17:42, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I have seen the film "Gimme Shelter"countless times since it was released.It can be clearly seen that Meredith Hunter had a gun in his hand and was pointing it at the stage.Mr.Passaro attacked Hunter to prevent what could have been a tragedy to the rock world had he shot one of the Stones.He could 've killed innocent bystanders as well.Hunter was the villain in the drama not Alan Passaro.jeanne (talk) 08:48, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Jagger assassination attempt as retribution from HA

 * Jagger 'escaped gang murder plot' —Preceding unsigned comment added by Themightyquill (talk • contribs) 15:33, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

the "planning" section
i've removed the following from the "planning" section because it doesn't hang together coherently:

 * This was a result of Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones announcing in a press conference that the band would be making a surprise appearance at the event (their American Tour of 1969 had recently concluded.) With the public revelation that the Stones would be performing, San Francisco officials feared a repeat of the crowd control problems that had occurred at the Woodstock Festival. Accusations have arisen that Jagger made this announcement to ensure a large crowd for a planned concert movie.

the problems i see are:

 * the Stones publicly announced their intent to hold a free concert in early November 1969, so the whole chronology of the passage above makes no sense;

 * calling it a "surprise appearance" makes no sense, since it was announced at a press conference (and since the Stones' organization was involved in the planning of the concert from the beginning);

Sssoul (talk) 08:34, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
 * sources need to be cited for the allegations that it was because of a Stones press conference that the original permits for the concert "were not issued or revoked"; for what "SF officials feared" and for "accusations [that] have arisen" regarding Jagger's alleged intentions.

Sam Cutlet Road manager for the Rolling Stones 1969 US concerts describes exactly the involvment of the Rolling Stones organisation and certain other characters in the organisation and to throws light on the selection of the venue in his book "You Can't Always Get What You Want" published Randam House 2008 why don't you ask him to contribute. He was there and has a valuable view. He can be contacted at www.gimmiecutler.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by Unclebun (talk • contribs) 06:01, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

in the current sections on background narrative there is a number disagreement. one says $100,000 was asked to be payed, the other $300,000. this should likely be clarified. --ritanauman — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ritanauman (talk • contribs) 19:41, 18 July 2014 (UTC)

Spencer Dryden
Under "Reactions" I see this statement: "Jefferson Airplane drummer Spencer Dryden was disillusioned by Altamont and left the group two months later." That's misleading. Here's how Jeff Tamarkin describes Dryden & Altamont in *Got A Revolution* (New York: Atria Books, 2003):

On page 212 we hear that Dryden initally didn't want to play at Altamont; "the event smelled wrong to Spencer, and he refused to go." But Dryden was ultimately persuaded to go along by the Airplane's manager. On page 213, we get a quote form Dryden, who describes his reaction on arriving at the site: "It was just a horrible, pink-sky Hieronymus Bosch dustbin, not a tree in sight, just a hellhole.  It was the beginning of the end. No, not the beginning, it *was* the end."

Then Tamarkin describes the Airplane's set at the concert and some other stuff about the show.

Later, on page 216, we are told that Dryden was fired from the band around February 1970, mostly because the guitarist, Jorma Kaukonen, wanted a louder, more powerful drummer.

So here's how I see it: although the statement that I quote in the first paragraph isn't actually false, it hints that Dryden's departure from Jefferson Airplane was somehow a reaction to Altamont. But it wasn't. He was simply fired (as was the band's original female vocalist, back in 1966, to make way for Grace Slick -- but that's another story).

I suggest deleting that statement entirely. But if somebody wants to include Spencer's actual quoted reaction (or more likely an excerpt -- I'm fond of the Bosch metaphor), it might belong either in the Reactions section -- OR -- somewhere earlier in the article. (BTW, Jeff Tamarkin's book is probably the best source available on all things Airplane) Thuvan Dihn (talk) 22:21, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

circus performer?
"A huge circus performer weighing over 350 pounds and hallucinating on LSD stripped naked and ran berserk through the crowd toward the stage, knocking guests in all directions, prompting a group of Angels to leap from the stage and club him unconscious".

if this is referring to the person during the performance of "Sympathy For The Devil" in the "Gimme Shelter" documentary, it was a woman; streaking and hassling two hippie girls trying to climb up the stage, although the scene didn't show what happened afterwards. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Slackercultparade (talk • contribs) 14:23, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

 * i don't know what the "350-pound circus performer" passage refers to, but until further notice i see no reason to assume it's the female who tried to climb onstage during "Sympathy for the Devil" - a lot of stuff happened at the concert that didn't make it into the documentary. (by the way, there's more about that female in Stanley Booth's book The True Adventures of the Rolling Stones.)  Sssoul (talk) 05:22, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

It is a popular misconception
(discussion transplanted from Sssoul's talk page, since it belongs here)

[It is a popular misconception] that permits to hold the Altamont Free Concert in Golden Gate Park were issued and then recinded. That's why it was included in the article. Carptrash (talk) 15:01, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
 * stating that permits were never issued takes care of that misconception - adding that they were never revoked is redundant at best. Sssoul (talk) 04:35, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

So I guess that you are a minimalist, and I'm a maximalist, because (opinion) sometimes things need to be stated several different ways to get across to different readers. Just different styles. Carptrash (talk) 14:06, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

the Jagger murder plot
i've rephrased the addition about the reported plot to murder Jagger because that former FBI agent seems to have a lot of the story quite garbled: if the boatload of conspirators is supposed to have gotten even remotely near Jagger, the incident could not have taken place in 1969 (Jagger left the US a couple of days after the concert); and it could not have been related to a supposed "firing" of the Angels, since they were only "hired" for that one event. if the Long Island part is right, it was probably Andy Warhol's residence there, where the Stones rehearsed for their 1975 tour.

also, i moved the story to the "reactions" section because it's only marginally related to the topic of this article - i hope that makes sense to people. thanks Sssoul (talk) 07:38, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Reactions
Regarding the first sentence in this section, "The Altamont concert is often contrasted with the Woodstock festival that took place less than four months earlier. While Woodstock represented "peace and love", Altamont came to be viewed as the end of the hippie era and the de facto conclusion of late-1960s American youth culture." Contrasted by whom? Viewed by whom? The one reference you cite? Altamont was attended by suburbanites living in the Bay Area, like me. People milling around on a brown, dusty patch of land. Everyone I saw during the entire day simply minded their own business. I was one of the few who stayed to the end. Like me, the people around me just wanted to hear the Stones. So a few idiots got out of hand at the front of the stage. This is the death of an era? (An era which probably never existed anyway outside the pages of Time Magazine.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Djamesh (talk • contribs) 22:56, 12 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I added some more reliable cites that Altamomt is perceived that way and added a theory by Robert Christgau as to why that is. That does not mean the perception is fair, but that is what happens when something becomes a symbol. If it is widely perceived that way then it has to be included in the article Edkollin (talk) 05:44, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It wasn't just Altamont. The_Manson_Family murders also played a role in the "end of an era" meme.Jemiljan (talk) 04:44, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

Free?
Did the Stones really play for free? Or why was the festival named thus? Thanks, Maikel (talk) 11:29, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
 * no admission was charged and the Stones didn't pay themselves a performance fee (or charge themselves one, as the case may be). this isn't a forum to discuss the topic, though - try watching the documentary film about the concert Sssoul (talk) 12:56, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Ike and Tina Turner
The video Gimme Shelter has Ike and Tina Turner performing at the concert, they should be added to the page, it is just a matter of what order, the video is at night. And to answer FREE? yes it was totally free, I went when I was 11 years old we had to walk 17 miles because the roads and I-580 were parking lots all the way to the base of the hills east of Livermore.

 * Gimme Shelter includes their performance from Madison Square Garden, not Altamont. they didn't perform at Altamont. Sssoul (talk) 06:36, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

Mention of Petruzzo Photograph Series
I am curious as to what appears to me to be a pointless and rather absurd addition mentioning a series of photographs by Michael Petruzzo which are supposedly related to, inspired by, or somehow relevant to the Altamont Free Concert. Examining the photographs in the link provided shows a series of photographs of questionable artistic merit, and arguably not at all related to events at Altamont, i.e., any relation to the events seems purely subjective; the photographs make no apparent statement or accurate portrayal of events at Altamont. I suggest it be removed due to its irrelevancy. There are collections of photographs available made at the actual concert, and the inclusion of Petruzzo and link to the photographs seems highly questionable when considering the wealth of Altamont photos that could be linked or displayed here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.156.67.127 (talk) 04:07, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Any Recordings Available?
Was this concert ever recorded? Looking to purchase a CD/copy of these performances. Any guidance would be appreciated!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.103.52.26 (talk) 17:19, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

This sentence
Scrolling through this article, I found a sentence with the NonSpecific template at the end. I have fixed (I think) the sentence now. Here's the revised one,

Don McLean's song "American Pie" alludes to Mick Jagger at the Altamont Free Concert calling him Satan.[not specific enough to verify]

Please give me heads up on whether I can remove that template or if I need to fix something. Thnkas!  I'm Flightx52 and I approve this message  05:53, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

setlist: why only stones
83.117.96.177 (talk) 14:44, 1 May 2011 (UTC) I wonder why the set lists only mentions the stones' songs.. It wasn't a Stones-concert and I think Santana, Jefferson Airplane, The Flying Burrito Brothers and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young's songs should be included.

the opening paragraph
states that:
 * "Headlined and organized by The Rolling Stones" followed by "That's the way things went at Altamont—so badly that the Grateful Dead, prime organizers and movers of the festival, didn't even get to play. "

So I am wondering, who were the organizers, the Stones or the Dead? Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 00:09, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Death of Meredith Hunter
In this article it is written that the footage of stabbing was shot by Eric Saarinen, but in the Gimme Shelter (1970 film) article it says the following:

Baird Bryant, one of the many cameramen in the film, caught Meredith Hunter's stabbing on film.

Which version is a correct one then? --Wayfarer (talk) 00:19, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

In other media.....In music
Industrial Group, The Electric Hellfire Club, has a song loosely based on, referring to and/or drawn from this event, including audio samples from news reports at or after the event. Night of the Buck Knives (Altamont remix), off the album Satan's Little Helpers Collision-Shift (talk) 20:38, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

Bootleg
The bootleg (good quality audience recording) is available, contact me for details. "Can you cats please calm down?!" Basket Feudalist 19:01, 16 September 2013 (UTC)

category add
I've been bold and added this article to the category, though I'm not 100% sure whether it would qualify. The concert was certainly described in the press and is thought of in popular culture as a disaster, but it could be that there is some strict definition of disaster which it does not meet. If so, feel free to undo the addition. Grutness...wha?  11:17, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Altamont Speedway is in no sense a stadium, so it was correct to remove that category. Peter G Werner (talk) 05:18, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

I just cut this out
and moved it here because, let's just wait until it is out and deal with it then. " In August 2016, Joel Selvin was expected to publish the definitive history called "Altamont: The Rolling Stones, The Hells Angels, and the Inside Story of Rock's Darkest Day" by Dey Street Books. " Carptrash (talk) 04:46, 3 August 2016 (UTC)

 * That sentence does indeed come across as promotional. Nonetheless, most reviews I've seen are hailing this as a definitive history of the topic, and this article should be considered incomplete until it's incorporated as a source. Among other things, it debunks the myth that births took place at the concert, and I'm removing that statement from the article. Peter G Werner (talk) 05:20, 19 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I don't mind the book being referenced, it probably should be, but let us wait until the book comes out before incorporating it into the article. Carptrash (talk) 05:41, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

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Link to Woodstock Festival may be to wrong article.
I've just found a link to the Woodstock Festival that I think is pointing to the wrong article; but I'm not quite sure enough of my pop history knowledge to be sure, so I am mentioning it here for someone better informed than me to look at, instead of correcting it myself.

In the very first line in the section "Reactions" (towards the end of the article, but above "Set list"), there is a reference to the Woodstock Festival; but the link for it points to "Pol'and'Rock Festival", which seems to be a much more recent event in Poland inspired by the original Woodstock festival, and I suspect that either the link has been corrupted somehow, or that someone has mistakenly made the link point there - or possibly someone has even done it deliberately to promote the Polish festival.

Actually, the link behaves a bit strangely: if you hover the mouse pointer over the link, it gives the link as pointing to "Woodstock festival", which seems to be correct; but if you actually click on that, it seems to be redirected to the other article. If I look at the actual code in the "Edit" window, it gives "Woodstock festival" in double square brackets, and so looks correct - so I can't imagine how this redirects to something else. I would normally expect "Woodstock festival" to go to the main event in 1969, rather than to some much lesser-known, much more recent event.

Is "Woodstock festival" *meant* to redirect to the Polish festival? If so (and if the link is intended to go to the main Woodstock festival), then perhaps the link text should be changed from "Woodstock festival" to just "Woodstock"; but, as I say, I'm not quite sure enough of my pop history knowledge to know for sure if this was intended anyway.

Perhaps someone who knows the technicalities of editing more than I do could please look at it. Thank you. M.J.E. (talk) 11:55, 10 August 2018 (UTC)

 * An IP had changed the redirect for Woodstock festival to target the Pol'and'Rock Festival, so I reverted the change per WP:PRIMARYUSAGE. Mojoworker (talk) 14:44, 10 August 2018 (UTC)

Poster did not mention Hells Angels
The original promotional poster did not say “SECURITY BY HELL’S ANGELS”. The presence of Hells Angels would not have been something anyone would want to advertise, Hells Angels was not a security organization, and Hells Angels does not have an apostrophe. They were hired originally to guard equipment, not to serve as security. Rrhea2 (talk) 04:10, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Altamont Free Concert


text:
Banton

Banton may refer to:

Places

 * Banton, Romblon, island municipality in the Philippines
 * Banton, North Lanarkshire, a village near the town of Kilsyth, Scotland

People

 * Bernie Banton, Australian asbestosis victims campaigner
 * Buju Banton, Jamaican dancehall deejay and singer
 * Burro Banton, Jamaican dancehall deejay
 * Dalano Banton (born 1999), Canadian basketball player
 * Hugh Banton (born 1949), British organist and organ builder
 * Michael Banton (1926–2018), British social scientist
 * Pato Banton (born 1961), British reggae singer and deejay
 * Starkey Banton (born 1962), British reggae deejay
 * Tom Banton (born 1998), English Cricketer

title: Banton


text:
Talk:Wang Yuanlu

Untitled
Dang Wang--GrandCru 04:12, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 02:35, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wang Yuanlu