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Wild Child (character)

Wild Child (Kyle Gibney), alternately spelled Wildchild and also known as Weapon Omega and Wildheart, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted as both a superhero and a supervillain, and as a member of Alpha Flight, X-Factor and Weapon X.

Publication history
Wild Child was created by John Byrne and appeared in a cameo appearance in Alpha Flight #1 (Aug 1983), but he did not appear in full until Alpha Flight #11.

Fictional character biography
Kyle Gibney is a mutant who manifested a feral mutation during puberty; this mutation granted him enhanced physical abilities and an increased rate of regeneration. He also gains a bestial appearance, which prompts his parents to throw him out of their house. Living on the streets, he is kidnapped by the conspiratorial Secret Empire and subjected to experimentation that alters his mind and body and makes him mentally unstable and prone to violent and animalistic behavior. During this time, he becomes acquainted with Dr. Valerie Cooper, a United States government official who is unaware of the Secret Empire's true nature or activities. He is freed by Wyre, the man who has unwittingly been the source for the genetic material that is used in the Empire's experiments.

Gibney (now Wild Child) is detained by the military and given over to the custody of Canada's secret Department H, who oversees the formative Alpha Flight team. The Flight member Walter Langkowski, wanting to protect the youth from the military, places him in the trainee team dubbed Gamma Flight. After Alpha Flight and its trainee groups are officially disbanded, Gibney is recruited to join the first Omega Flight team, a group of professional criminals. Alongside Omega Flight, he battles Alpha Flight and is defeated. Alongside Omega Flight, he battles Alpha Flight again in the West Edmonton Mall, and is defeated by Madison Jeffries. Afterwards, he commits a series of murders, which ends when he battles and is captured by Wolverine after he severely injures and almost kills Alpha Flight member Heather Hudson.

Wild Child is subsequently pardoned under unrevealed circumstances and given membership in the new Gamma Flight. Alongside Gamma Flight, he battles Alpha Flight. However, he then aids Gamma and Alpha Flight against Llan the Sorcerer's forces. When Gamma Flight is disbanded soon after that, he goes berserk over his deprecated status and attacks Pathway, another trainee. Gamma's leader Nemesis teleport him away during a fight with Heather Hudson (then Guardian) and Wolverine, and he is captured by Wolverine. Department H would later help him overcome his psychological problems and cure his mental illness, train him in unarmed combat, and place him as a special operative of the Canadian government assigned to Alpha Flight under the codename Weapon Omega. Alongside Alpha Flight, he battles Diablo. He joins Alpha Flight's "Core Alpha", meet the second X-Factor team, and prevents the mind-controlled Omerta from assassinating Italy's head of state. He also fights a Wild Child doppelganger during the Infinity War. He is attacked by Wyre but rescued by Alpha Flight. He searches for Nemesis, and is held prisoner with her by Rok, but they are then rescued by Weapon X. He defeates Wyre in personal combat; he then learns about his true origin, and changes his codename to Wildheart. He aids Alpha Flight in combat with the Wrecker. He also becomes romantically involved with his teammate Aurora.

His appearance eventually deteriorates back to his initial feral form, which prompts him to leave Alpha Flight and Aurora. He follows Valerie Cooper to the United States, where he joins the government operated team X-Factor. There he begins a romantic relationship with his teammate Shard. His teammate Sabretooth frequently attempts, with little success, to convince Wild Child to become a hunter and killer like himself. He remains with the team until his body begins to mutate into a more feral form. He eventually degenerates to a near-mindless state and is recruited into the new Weapon X team.

As part of his draft, Wild Child is paired with Sabretooth to try and recruit Sunfire to the program. However, he refuses and badly burns Sabretooth. When Wild Child mocks his burns, Sabretooth slits his vocal cords and threatens to kill any Weapon X medical staff who would operate on him, making sure that he would remain mute.

His past flame, Aurora, is also recruited into the team but she is not herself. After the Weapon X upgrades she becomes cocky and aloof, snubbing the ugly Wild Child and even engaging in a relationship with the horribly disfigured Director of the program. This becomes fuel for the fire when Brent Jackson attempts to undermine the authority of director Malcolm Colcord. Using Aurora's attitude toward him as motive, Jackson convinces Wild Child to join his splinter group.

Decimation
Wild Child was seen on a terminal screen as one of the mutants depowered after M-Day. His energy signature was found within the entity known as The Collective, along with the energy signatures of many other depowered mutants.

Post-Decimation
Wild Child recently demonstrated that his powers had returned as well as previously erased memories. He even managed to best Wolverine in a quick fight. He is now looking like his old Wildheart persona.

Wild Child appeared once more in conflict with Wolverine aiding Omega Red and attempting to kill Logan. He was doing so under the order of the enigmatic Romulus. His plan consisted of dropping Logan into molten steel; however, he was interrupted by Omega Red. While Wild Child and Omega Red battled each other, Logan managed to flee. Omega Red succeeded in distracting Wild Child and thus was able to impale him on his coils before throwing him into a vat of molten steel.

Dawn of X
In the new status quo for mutants post House of X and Powers of X, Professor X and Magneto invite all mutants to live on Krakoa and welcome even former enemies into their fold. Kyle Gibney joins a loose group of outcast mutants, operating under Mister Sinister: the Hellions, which also comprise Havok, Kwannon, Empath, John Greycrow, Nanny, and Orphan Maker.

Powers and abilities
Kyle Gibney is a mutant who was experimented upon, genetically engineered by Secret Empire scientists using DNA replicated from Wyre. He has superhumanly acute senses, as well as superhuman speed, agility, reflexes, coordination, balance, and endurance. His teeth and nails are hardened and strong enough to rend substances as thick as bone. His body heals at a rate several times greater than that of a normal human being but not at the rate of Sabretooth's healing factor. He also has various animal-like mutations common for "feral" mutants: leaf-shaped ears; eyes with neither pupils nor irises; sharper-than-normal teeth with pronounced, fang-like canines; and elongated fingernails and toenails which can be used as claw-like weapons, as well as his hunched body posture. He is an excellent hand-to-hand combatant with both special ops and martial arts training from Wolverine as well as the Canadian government's superhero Flight program, and is also trained in acrobatics and gymnastics. In his bestial rages, he relies more on sheer ferocity than fighting skill. As Wildheart, the savage, bestial side of his personality was suppressed by an unknown drug, but his savage self still threatened to overwhelm his sanity at all times.

As a result of injuries suffered at the hands of Sabretooth, who prevented him from getting medical treatment, Wildchild was mute for a time. However, along with his renewed powers, he seems to have regained the ability to speak as well.

Reception

 * In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked Wild Child 93rd in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list.

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse alternate timeline, Wild Child was a member of the X-Men and was frequently partnered with Sabretooth. Wild Child possessed a low level of intelligence (comparable to that of a dog) and an inability to communicate verbally. As such, he was kept on a chain leash to prevent him from harming any of the X-Men. For a time, he was Sabretooth's sidekick, as Creed had rescued Wild Child from being a prisoner of Apocalypse's son Holocaust but his current fate is unknown. The 2005 Handbook to the Age of Apocalypse states that Kyle is away on a secret mission with the other X-Men who were not present during the Age of Apocalypse 10th Anniversary Limited Series, though when Sabretooth and Blink revisited their home reality during a mission as Exiles, Magneto and Rogue revealed to them that Kyle had run away after Victor and Clarice had disappeared when they were taken away by the Tallus. He was eventually found and claimed by Quentin Quire. He then moved to the latter's reality to replace its deceased Wild Child, who was not supposed to have died.

Wild Child has since been returned to the Age of Apocalypse timeline as he is seen following and later confronting the X-Force. He is killed while, along with the X-Men from his world and X-Force, trying to stop Archangel's genocidal plans on Earth-616.

House of M
In the House of M reality, Wild Child (alongside Arclight and Mentallo) is a Red Guard member positioned in Australia to serve Exodus.

Mutant X
In the Mutant X alternate reality, Wild Child roams the wilds of Canada, feral, along with that reality's version of Sabretooth and Wolverine, both as feral as he. They operated under the name "The Pack." For a time, the hero known as the Brute ran with them.

Old Man Logan
In the pages of Avengers of the Wastelands that serve as a sequel of "Old Man Logan" and take place on Earth-21923, Wild Child is among the villains that attack Danielle Cage's group in Osborn County where they were killed by the insects summoned by Dwight Barrett's Ant-Man helmet.

Weapon X: Days of Future Now
Kyle is still a part of the splinter group of Weapon X, run by Brent Jackson.

Ultimate Marvel
The Ultimate Marvel version of Wild Child appears in Ultimate Comics: Wolverine #2. He and a few of his soldiers were tracking Wolverine's son, Jimmy Hudson to kill his adopted parents, the Hudsons: James Hudson and Heather Hudson. Jimmy pounces but is almost killed by Wild Child till Quicksilver appears and twists his neck around.

Television
Wild Child makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the X-Men: The Animated Series episode "One Man's Worth" as a member of Magneto's mutant resistance.

Merchandise

 * The Age of Apocalypse version of Wild Child received an action figure as part of Toy Biz's Age of Apocalypse toyline.
 * The Age of Apocalypse version of Wild Child received an action figure as part of Hasbro's Marvel Legends brand.

title: Wild Child (character)


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User talk:Aseitz

May 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. Please do not remove Articles for deletion notices from articles, or remove other people's comments in Articles for deletion debates. Otherwise, it may be difficult to create consensus. If you oppose the deletion of an article, please comment at the respective page instead. T3chl0v3r (talk) 21:57, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Boston Neuro Talks

 * A: Because it messes up the order in which people normally read text.
 * Q: Why is top-posting such a bad thing?

Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Many otters • One bat • One hammer) 21:59, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Sign your posts, please!
Hello. In case you didn't know, when you add content to talk pages and Wikipedia pages that have open discussion, you should sign your posts by typing four tildes ( ~~~~ ) at the end of your comment. You may also click on the signature button located above the edit window. This will automatically insert a signature with your username or IP address and the time you posted the comment. This information is useful because other editors will be able to tell who said what, and when. Thank you. T3chl0v3r (talk) 22:08, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Autobiographies
You should wait for others to write an article about subjects in which you are personally involved. This applies to articles about you, your achievements, your band, your business, your publications, your website, your relatives, and any other possible conflict of interest.

Creating an article about yourself is strongly discouraged. If you create such an article, it might be listed on articles for deletion. Deletion is not certain, but many feel strongly that you should not start articles about yourself. This is because independent creation encourages independent validation of both significance and verifiability. All edits to articles must conform to No original research, Neutral point of view, and Verifiability.

If you are not "notable" under Wikipedia guidelines, creating an article about yourself may violate the policy that Wikipedia is not a personal webspace provider and would thus qualify for speedy deletion. If your achievements, etc., are verifiable and genuinely notable, and thus suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia, someone else will probably create an article about you sooner or later. (See Wikipedians with articles.)  T3chl0v3r (talk) 22:07, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Talkback
T3chl0v3r (talk) 22:10, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Your recent edits
Hi there. In case you didn't know, when you add content to talk pages and Wikipedia pages that have open discussion, you should sign your posts by typing four tildes ( ~~~~ ) at the end of your comment. If you can't type the tilde character, you should click on the signature button located above the edit window. This will automatically insert a signature with your name and the time you posted the comment. This information is useful because other editors will be able to tell who said what, and when. Thank you! --SineBot (talk) 22:16, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Already
Biographies of self and relatives might be mentioned or have been. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.27.109.117 (talk) 09:30, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Gary Seitz.jpg
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Aseitz


text: User talk:Sablime

title: User talk:Sablime


text:
Alfred Kazin

Alfred Kazin (June 5, 1915 – June 5, 1998) was an American writer and literary critic. His literary reviews appeared in The New York Times, the New York Herald-Tribune, The New Republic and The New Yorker. He wrote often about the immigrant experience in early twentieth-century America. His trilogy of memoirs, A Walker in the City (1951), Starting Out in the Thirties (1965) and New York Jew (1978), were all finalists for the National Book Award for Nonfiction.

He was a distinguished professor of English at Stony Brook University of the State University of New York (1963-1973) and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (1973-1978, 1979-1985).

Early life
He was born to Russian Jewish immigrants in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn. His father, Charles Kazin, was a house-painter from Minsk. His mother, Gita Fagelman, was a dressmaker from Russian Poland. His father was a socialist and acolyte of Eugene V. Debs, while his mother was Orthodox. His sister, Pearl Kazin Bell (1922–2011) was also a writer and critic. She was an assistant literary editor at Harper's Bazaar as well as a regular fiction critic for The New Leader, Partisan Review and Commentary.

He graduated from Franklin K. lane High School and the City College of New York. However, his politics were more moderate than most of the New York Intellectuals, many of whom were socialists. He rejected Stalin early on. In 1934, he got an early break reviewing books for The New Republic. The opportunity came about after he visited The New York Times office that summer to express his disagreement with a book review published by the newspaper that was written by John Chamberlain. Chamberlain met with Kazin and was impressed by his arguments and recommended him to editors at The New Republic. He also graduated with an MA from Columbia University in 1938.

Career
Kazin was deeply affected by his peers' subsequent disillusion with socialism and liberalism. Adam Kirsch writes in The New Republic that "having invested his romantic self-image in liberalism, Kazin perceived abandonment of liberalism by his peers as an attack on his identity".

In 1942, at the age of 27, he published his first book, On Native Grounds: An Interpretation of Modern American Prose Literature. Orville Prescott of The New York Times wrote: "With "On Native Grounds" he takes his place in the first rank of American practitioners of the higher literary criticism."

In 1951, he wrote the acclaimed memoir, A Walker in the City, where he details his childhood in the Jewish milieu of Brownsville in Brooklyn. It was a finalist for the National Book Award for Nonfiction in 1952. The subsequent sequels, Starting Out in the Thirties (1965) and New York Jew (1978) were also finalists for the National Book Award for Nonfiction.

He wrote out of a great passion—or great disgust—for what he was reading and embedded his opinions in a deep knowledge of history, both literary history and politics and culture. In 1996 he was awarded the first Truman Capote Lifetime Achievement Award in Literary Criticism, which carries a cash award of $100,000. As of 2014, the only other person to have won the award was George Steiner.

In 1963 he became a distinguished professor in the English Department at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He stayed at Stony Brook for ten years before taking up distinguished professor positions at Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (1973–1978, 1979–1985).

Personal life
Kazin was friends with Hannah Arendt.

Kazin's son from his second marriage is historian and Dissent co-editor Michael Kazin. Alfred Kazin married his third wife, the writer Ann Birstein, in 1952, and they divorced in 1982; their daughter is Cathrael Kazin. Prior to his death, Cathrael had made Aliyah to Israel. She is an attorney and education specialist

Kazin married a fourth time, and is survived by his widow, the writer Judith Dunford.

Death
Kazin died at his home on the Upper West Side in Manhattan, New York, on his 83rd birthday in 1998. At his request, he had a small funeral ceremony. He was cremated and did not have a Jewish service. However, his son, Michael, said Kaddish. A year later, Michael and his step-mother, Judith scattered his ashes in the East River.

Author

 * On Native Grounds: An Interpretation of Modern American Prose Literature (1942)
 * The Open Street (1948)
 * A Walker in the City (1951)
 * The Inmost Leaf: Essays on American and European Writers (1955)
 * Contemporaries: Essays on Modern Life and Literature (1963)
 * Starting Out in the Thirties (1965)
 * Bright Book of Life: American Novelists and Storytellers from Hemingway to Mailer (1973)
 * New York Jew (1978)
 * The State of the Book World, 1980: Three Talks (1980), with Dan Lacy and Ernest L. Boyer
 * An American Procession: The Major American Writers from 1830 to 1930—The Crucial Century (1984)
 * A Writer's America: Landscape in Literature (1988)
 * Our New York (1989), co-authored with David Finn
 * The Emmy Parrish Lectures in American Studies (1991)
 * Writing Was Everything (1995)
 * A Lifetime Burning in Every Moment: From the Journals of Alfred Kazin (1996)
 * God and the American Writer (1997)
 * Alfred Kazin's America: Critical and Personal Writings (2003), edited and with an introduction by Ted Solotaroff
 * Alfred Kazin's Journals (2011), selected and edited by Richard M. Cook

Editor (selected)

 * The Portable Blake The Viking Press, 1946, reprinted many times between 1959 and 1975; Penguin Books 1976, reprinted 1977, ISBN 0140150269
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Man and His Work
 * The Stature of Theodore Dreiser, co-edited with Charles Shapiro
 * Emerson: A Modern Anthology, co-edited with Daniel Aaron
 * The Works of Anne Frank, co-edited with Ann Birstein
 * The Open Form: Essays for Our Time
 * Selected Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne

title: Alfred Kazin


text: User talk:Ww ww ww

title: User talk:Ww ww ww


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User talk:Kanaye

Welcome to my talk page
Please post new messages to the bottom of the talk page (e.g. by clicking [&section=new here]). In addition, please use headlines when starting new talk topics, and please sign and date your entries. I will respond on your talk page, unless you specify otherwise. Thank you.

Flippin eck - not again...
I am sick to the back teeth of this nonsense. Here we go, yet again: Something is going to have to be done about these persistant edit warriors. --Mais oui! 07:25, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Aschaffenburg

Scotch warriors
Right, I've had a quick look over the revised article, good stuff, and I have the following comments... Hope that all helps. Let me know the moment you take this to FAC or if there's anything else I can do to help you out. All the best The Rambling Man 16:55, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) It's weird having the first citation in the text as number [4] - it's because you've added citations within the infobox. Not usually a problem but because of the formatting, the first ref you see is [4].  So.... I know I recommended citing those stats on highs and lows within rankings, perhaps you can add a performance section (hey - a graph of rankings throughout the past decades?) and then cite it there?  Picky, but then the peer review was after FA-style comments!
 * 2) The crest & Archie Gemmill's goal will need a fair use rationale added to the image page.
 * 3) ...disastrous defeat... is a bit POV - why disastrous?
 * 4) I'm still not sure what makes the players in the list "notable". Is it a subjective list or have you applied objective criteria to this list?  Check out the List of Arsenal F.C. players which is a featured list and has some good explanation as to why certain individuals have been picked out.  A lot of football club articles simply migrate this information to a sub-page (like Arsenal) where you can explain how people were selected.
 * 5) Goalscorers, caps are sortable, I'd be consistent and do the same for the managers (for suitable columns, e.g. W,D,L,%win)
 * 6) WP:DASH suggests that you ought to seperate years using an en-dash, so instead of 1955-56, you should use 1955–56.
 * 7) It's not essential but I'd consider creating (at least a stub) article for Dawson Walker.

(The) Tartan Army
Hi Article titles, because they tend to be listed alphabetically, do not normally include the definite article. In real life, everyone says, 'the Tartan Army'. The only time I have heard otherwise is from people who are not fluent speakers of English and tend to leave out articles before nouns. Also, if you click on the article in question, you will see that it defines 'the Tartan Army' as the travelling fans of the Scotland rugby union and football teams and makes no mention of the name being applied to the actual team. This makes it appear that the Scotland team page is giving out false information. Rectifying that situation (if you can find a good source for 'the Tartan Army' being used for the Team rather than the fans) might be a better use of your time than specious quibbles about the use of the word "the" Thank you, 81.145.242.88 19:32, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the lesson. Kanaye 21:57, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

User:AlexNewArtBot
Hi, as a WikiProject Scotland participant, please check out this  this thread and consider adding the bot results page to your watchlist so we can manually update the New Articles page. There are some false results for the first batch, but I'm sure we can collectively tune the rules to improve the output.

If we get enough people watching the results page, we'll be cooking with gas as they say :)  This looks like a great helper in finding new Scotland related material. Cheers. -- Cactus.man   ✍  01:12, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Featured article candidates/Derry City F.C./archive2
Would you be willing to add your support to the nomination of Derry City F.C. for FA status? Cheers. Danny InvincibleTalk 18:09, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Germany shirt logo.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Germany shirt logo.png. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 07:37, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

FAC
My very best wishes with the FAC. You have done a tremendous job with this and many other related articles. I will not be contributing to the discussion as I am not up to speed on FA criteria, nor on that particular topic, but you may want to ask User:Golbaltraveller, who has got at least 2 Scotland-related articles past FA, and also done some outstanding work in several others, eg. Economy of Scotland.

Are you knowlegdeable about other sports? Our Sport in Scotland article could do with a lot of work, especially benchmarking against other good "Sport in x" articles, and of course refs and images. Cheers. --Mais oui! 16:44, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of SNP MPs and current Scottish MPs cats
Could you have a look at this CFD nomination. It has been up for a week, and only 3 people have commented on it (amazingly). Could you please consider the discussion and contribute, because it would be a bit pathetic if this CFD were closed with almost zero comment. --Mais oui! 17:09, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Tartan Army
Hi, It is not a question of "threatening" anything: I am prepared to be influenced by reasoned discussion. What I will not put up with is being deleted without discussion by someone who thinks that they own a certain article. As for "spamming" your page, I put to you a dilemma that I currently have with regard to the necessity of sourcing the phrase, 'the Tartan Army'. Since you rejected "the Bravehearts" as a nickname, presumably on the grounds that the source was inadequate, my purpose in sending the evidence that I could find was: (a) To see if any of the sources for the Tartan Army would meet with your standards (b) To illustrate that it is not easy to find a single rock-solid source for an unofficial nickname I guess I mistook you for someone who actually gives a damn! The evidence for "the Bravehearts" is on the Discussion Page and I am awaiting user feedback before taking any further action on it. You seriously need to get your attitude sorted out. Regards, Flonto 21:21, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

I was too late! Some other sod was bolder than me. My nickname is Chickenheart. Flonto 16:46, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Braveheart Edits
(repeated from your Golfer45 account) I will offer you the opportunity to immediately revert your latest edit as Kanaye, as it's presence constitutes a 3RR violation. You have been advised to bring your content issues to the Discussion page and wait before instituting them. Your behavior is relatively uncivil, and I would ask that you ponder the deleterious effect that has on cooperative editing. Arcayne  (cast a spell)  16:06, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Let's try to go through them one by one. If that doesn't work, we can always go through 3rd opinion in a bit. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  20:49, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Let's work this out using my talk page, as going back and forth may confuse matters. Go ahead and watchlist mine for a bit. :) - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  14:58, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Template:East of Scotland Football League
Your recent edit to the template has broken it in the member clubs' articles. When you get a chance, please add and  to either side of the template in these articles to remedy the problem. Thanks. - Dudesleeper · Talk 09:22, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:David Weir Kirin Cup.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:David Weir Kirin Cup.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. – Quadell (talk) (random) 19:13, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Redirects, such as in Craig Thomson (referee) article
Hi. Read the Manual of Style back to front. There is no need to avoid redirects, what you are doing is a waste of energy. Thanks. Ref (chew) (do) 19:48, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

We are both wrong to trust a Wikipedia article as an authoritative source for giving the "correct title". The Wikipedia article is not written by those who necessarily know. Those who necessarily know are more likely to be members of the staff of the Scottish Football League. And those members of the staff of the Scottish Football League who contribute to the official website prefer to call it (e.g. in the latest 2006/07 competition) this, not "Scottish Challenge Cup", as you claim. So, in my opinion, not only should the reference to it in Craig Thomson (referee) be reverted again, but the article should be changed to Scottish Football League Challenge Cup, with a redirect from the current page at Scottish Challenge Cup and also from Scottish League Challenge Cup. Or can you not see this? I'd be interested to hear your thoughts. Thanks once again. Ref (chew) (do) 21:28, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

BTW, I did not revert last time round - I changed the display name as per the Scottish Football League website being my reliable source, but have left your Wikilink alone as you wish. Having contributed significantly to the recent development of the article, without owning it of course, I am disappointed that we have to differ so spectacularly over a very minor point in the makeup of the piece. You will have noticed my post to the talk page for Scottish Challenge Cup, inspired by our recent discussions. This may illustrate how strongly I feel about editors believing their righteousness outweighs their duty to check facts and sources (no accusation intended in your case, as you have stayed civil throughout, but other editors have been plain blinkered and stubborn over issues like this in the past).

That's a totally different matter, and I would like us to concentrate on football-related contexts rather than bring outside influences to bear. Scottish Premier League equals Scottish Football League, as Sponsorname Scottish Premier League equals Sponsorname Scottish Football League - your comparison is not on an even football field in this instance.

Thanks for the interesting exchanges so far. Ref (chew) (do) 23:05, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Noted your quotation of the naming conventions policy for Wikipedia, and I therefore withdraw from this discussion, having also struck on the Talk:Scottish Challenge Cup page, and reverted to your usage in the Craig Thomson (referee) article. Thanks for your exchange of views, and for clarifying the guideline for me. Best wishes. Ref (chew) (do) 23:10, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Troll
That IP troll that Wangi has blocked has been about for 2-3 months now, eg: User:Barryob thinks that he is just yet another incarnation of uber-sockpuppeteer User:Mallimak, but I have not seen any evidence yet for that myself. --Mais oui! 04:42, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
 *
 * . --Mais oui! 07:01, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * --Mais oui! 08:50, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Scotland team FAC
Ack, I've been quite busy of late. Can you give me till the weekend to look it over? Sorry for mucking you about like this. Thanks. Qwghlm 22:46, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Posted as a reply on my own talk page. BM. "Yes, 'anglos' are players based in England. In the past there was discussion about the relative merits of said players in the international team. If you got to http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=595335 and choose the image you want I'll upload it for you. Ben MacDui (Talk) 19:31, 13 July 2007 (UTC)"

Replaceable fair use Image:SPL_trophy.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:SPL_trophy.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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title: User talk:Kanaye


text:
Forest ecology

Forest ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns, processes, flora, fauna and ecosystems in forests. The management of forests is known as forestry, silviculture, and forest management. A forest ecosystem is a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants, animals, and micro-organisms (Biotic components) in that area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment.

Importance
Forests have an enormously important role to play in the global ecosystem. Forests produce approximately 28% of the Earth's oxygen (the vast majority being created by oceanic plankton), they also serve as homes for millions of people, and billions depend on forests in some way. Likewise, a large proportion of the world's animal species live in forests. Forests are also used for economic purposes such as fuel and wood products. Forest ecology therefore has a great impact upon the whole biosphere and human activities that are sustained by it.

Approaches
Forests are studied at a number of organisational levels, from the individual organism to the ecosystem. However, as the term forest connotes an area inhabited by more than one organism, forest ecology most often concentrates on the level of the population, community or ecosystem. Logically, trees are an important component of forest research, but the wide variety of other life forms and abiotic components in most forests means that other elements, such as wildlife or soil nutrients, are also crucial components.

Forest ecology shares characteristics and methodological approaches with other areas of terrestrial plant ecology, however, the presence of trees makes forest ecosystems and their study unique in numerous ways due to the potential for a wide variety of forest structures created by the uniquely large size and height of trees compared with other terrestrial plants.

Community diversity and complexity
Since trees can grow larger than other plant life-forms, there is the potential for a wide variety of forest structures (or physiognomies). The infinite number of possible spatial arrangements of trees of varying size and species makes for a highly intricate and diverse micro-environment in which environmental variables such as solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed can vary considerably over large and small distances. In addition, an important proportion of a forest ecosystem's biomass is often underground, where soil structure, water quality and quantity, and levels of various soil nutrients can vary greatly. Thus, forests are often highly heterogeneous environments compared to other terrestrial plant communities. This heterogeneity in turn can enable great biodiversity of species of both plants and animals. Some structures, such as tree ferns may be keystone species for a diverse range of other species.

A number of factors within the forest affect biodiversity; primary factors enhancing wildlife abundance and biodiversity was the presence of diverse tree species within the forest and the absence of even aged timber management. For example, the wild turkey thrives when uneven heights and canopy variations exist and its numbers are diminished by even aged timber management.

Forest management techniques that mimic natural disturbance events (variable retention forestry ) can allow community diversity to recover rapidly for a variety of groups including beetles.

Tropical Forests
Tropical forests are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. Although there are many different tree species present per acre of forest, many share similar appearances due to the similar environmental pressures. Some of these shared traits, possessed by many tropical trees, include thick and leathery leaves that are elongated and ovular with mid-ribs and drip-tips. These adaptations help to quickly drain water from the leaves, likely to help prevent algae or lichen growth and prevent water reflecting the sunlight or restricting transpiration. Commonly, tropical trees have large buttress roots on larger trees, and stilt roots on mid-sized trees which help support their tall and vertical structures in the shallow and moist soil. Tropical forests grow very densely due to the heavy rainfall and year-round growing season. This creates competition for light which causes many trees to grow very tall, blocking out most or all of the light from reaching the forest floor. Because of this, the canopy exhibits distinct stratified layers from the tallest trees to the tightly packed midstory trees below. Due to low light on the forest floor, there is a diverse population of epiphytes, a type of plant that grows on the canopy trees, rather than soil, to access better light. Many vines use a similar tactic, however they root in the ground, growing up the trees to reach light. The fauna in tropical forests also show many unique adaptations to fill various niches. These adaptations are possessed by different species depending on where they are located. For example, there are similar looking animals in the rainforests of South America and Africa that share ecological niches, however the mammals from South America are rodents while the African ones are ungulates. This clearly demonstrates the convergent evolution between species found in tropical forest environments.

Coniferous Forests
Conifers have unique traits that make them especially adapted to harsh conditions, including cold, drought, wind, and snow. Their leaves have a wax coating and are filled with resin to help prevent moisture loss, this makes them unpalatable to animals and slow to decompose. This leaf litter creates an acidic forest floor that is distinct to coniferous forests. Because of the types of leaves possessed by conifers, they face the problem of soil nutrient loss; this problem is solved through mycorrhizal symbiosis with fungi that help transport the limited nutrients to the trees in exchange for sugars. Some conifers are incapable of surviving without mycorrhizal fungi. The majority of conifers are also evergreen, allowing them to take advantage of the short growing seasons of their respective environments. Their thin tapered structure helps them to withstand strong winds without being blown over. The stereotypically cone shape of conifers helps prevent large quantities of snow from building up on their branches and breaking them. Due to the harsh environments that coniferous forests are commonly found, the diversity is limited in both plant and animal species. The colder climates limit the number of reptilian and amphibian species that can survive. The species more commonly found in coniferous forests are mammals, including large herbivores such as moose and elk, predators like bears and wolves, along with a few smaller species like rabbits, foxes, and mink. There are also a variety of migratory bird species and some birds of prey such as owls and hawks. Coniferous forests contain a variety of valuable pulp and lumber trees making them some of the most economically important ecosystems. They have also been historically sought for the fur trade due to the animals species that inhabit them.

Plant-Plant Interactions
In forests, trees and shrubs often serve as nurse plants that facilitate the establishment and seedling growth of understory plants. The forest canopy protects young understory plants from extremes of temperature and dry conditions.

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
An important interaction in forest ecosystems is the mycorrhizal network, which consists of fungi and plants that share symbiotic relationships. Mycorrhizal networks have been shown to increase the uptake of important nutrients, especially ones which disperse slowly into the soil like phosphorus. The fine hypha of the mycelium is able to reach farther into the soil than the roots of the plant, allowing it to better access phosphorus and water. The mycorrhizal network can also transport water and nutrients between plants. These interactions can help provide drought resistance to their symbiotic plants, helping protect them through the progression of climate change. However, it's been shown that the benefit of mycorrhizal networks vary greatly depending on the species of plant and nutrient availability. The plants’ benefit from mycorrhizal fungus decreases as nutrient density increases, because the plants' loss of sugars costs more than the benefit they receive. While many plants rely on mycorrhizal symbiosis, not all possess this ability, and those without are shown to be negatively affected by the presence of mycorrhizal fungi.

Ecological potential of forest species
The ecological potential of a particular species is a measure of its capacity to effectively compete in a given geographical area, ahead of other species, as they all try to occupy a natural space. For some areas it has been quantified, as for instance by Hans-Jürgen Otto, for central Europe. He takes three groups of parameters:

 * 1) Related to site requirements: Tolerance to low temperatures, tolerance to dry climate, frugality.
 * 2) Specific qualities: Shade tolerance, height growth, stability, longevity, regeneration capacity.
 * 3) Specific risks: Resistance to late freezing, resistance to wind/ice storm, resistance to fire, resistance to biotic agents.

Every parameter is scored between 0 and 5 for each considered species, and then a global mean value calculated. A value above 3.5 is considered high, below 3.0 low, and intermediate for those in between. In this study Fagus sylvatica has a score of 3.82, Fraxinus excelsior 3.08 and Juglans regia 2.92; and are examples of the three categories.

Energy flux
Forests accumulate large amounts of standing biomass, and many are capable of accumulating it at high rates, i.e. they are highly productive. Such high levels of biomass and tall vertical structures represent large stores of potential energy that can be converted to kinetic energy under the right circumstances.

The world’s forests contain about 606 gigatonnes of living biomass (above- and below-ground) and 59 gigatonnes of dead wood.

Two such conversions of great importance are fires and treefalls, both of which radically alter the biota and the physical environment where they occur. Also, in forests of high productivity, the rapid growth of the trees themselves induces biotic and environmental changes, although at a slower rate and lower intensity than relatively instantaneous disturbances such as fires.

Water
Forest trees store large amounts of water because of their large size and anatomical/physiological characteristics. They are therefore important regulators of hydrological processes, especially those involving groundwater hydrology and local evaporation and rainfall/snowfall patterns.

An estimated 399 million ha of forest is designated primarily for the protection of soil and water, an increase of 119 million ha since 1990.

Thus, forest ecological studies are sometimes closely aligned with meteorological and hydrological studies in regional ecosystem or resource planning studies. Perhaps more importantly the duff or leaf litter can form a major repository of water storage. When this litter is removed or compacted (through grazing or human overuse), erosion and flooding are exacerbated as well as deprivation of dry season water for forest organisms.

Death and regeneration
Woody material, often referred to as coarse woody debris, decays relatively slowly in many forests in comparison to most other organic materials, due to a combination of environmental factors and wood chemistry (see lignin). Trees growing in arid and/or cold environments do so especially slowly. Thus, tree trunks and branches can remain on the forest floor for long periods, affecting such things as wildlife habitat, fire behaviour, and tree regeneration processes.

Some trees leave behind eerie skeletons after death. In reality these deaths are actually very few compared to the amount of tree deaths that go unnoticed. Thousands of seedlings can be produced from a single tree but only a few can actually grow to maturity. Most of those deaths are caused from competition for light, water, or soil nutrients, this is called natural thinning. Singular deaths caused by natural thinning go unnoticed, but many deaths can help form forest ecosystems. There are four stages to forest regrowth after a disturbance, the establishment phase which is rapid increase in seedlings, the thinning phase which happens after a canopy is formed and the seedlings covered by it die, the transition phase which occurs when one tree from the canopy dies and creates a pocket of light giving new seedlings opportunity to grow, and lastly the steady-state phase which happens when the forest has different sizes and ages of trees.

title: Forest ecology