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Rhode Island Route 126

Route 126 is a 14.3 mi state highway in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. Route 126 is a heavily traveled route in Pawtucket. Its southern terminus is at U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in Providence, and its northern terminus is at the Massachusetts border where it continues as Massachusetts Route 126.

Route description
Route 126 begins at an intersection with Providence's North Main Street, which is signed US 1. The northbound direction begins on Smithfield Avenue, and very soon after interchanging with Interstate 95 it comes to an intersection with Silver Spring Street and Foch Avenue, where Route 126 turns right, continuing on Smithfield Avenue. The route forms a skewed intersection with Power Road, afterwards narrowing to two lanes, and continues through a dense residential area as it skirts the west side of Pawtucket.

West of Lincoln Woods State Park and within the Lincoln town limits, Route 126 turns onto River Road, just south of Route 123, which it intersects shortly after. It continues north, now known as River Road as it parallels the Blackstone River, which lies to the east. South of Albion, the route's name changes to Old River Road at an intersection with Lower River Road, and it intersects Route 116 and flies over Interstate 295 with no access. The route then enters Manville, where it curves westward before turning right at an intersection with Sayles Hill Road, continuing north.

Passing underneath Route 99 with no access, Route 126 meets New River Road's northern terminus, upon which the route's name changes again to Manville Road, cutting briefly across the North Smithfield town line. As it enters Woonsocket, the road begins to parallel Blackstone River more closely, the two straddling a railroad alignment. Within the city, the route turns eastward onto Hamlet Avenue, forming a concurrency with its Route 122. The two routes then bridge the river and intersect Cumberland Street. Here, Route 126 turns northward onto four lanes of Cumberland Street while Route 122 turns southward. Eventually, Cumberland Street intersects Clinton Street and Social Street, where Route 126 turns eastward, using both streets for northbound and southbound, respectively.

Route 126's one-way pair merge into Social Street at an intersection with Elm Street shortly afterward. The route then intersects Privilege Street, carrying Route 114. Route 126 forms an overlap with Route 114, which it then releases at Diamond Hill Road. Route 126 continues its final trek north to the Massachusetts state line, where the route continues as Massachusetts Route 126 and still carrying the name Social Street for a short distance into that state.

History
Prior to May 1962, Route 126 was in the Tiverton and Little Compton area. It started at the intersection of present-day Route 179 and Route 81. It went north along Route 179 to present-day Route 77. It then went north on Route 77 to end at Route 138 near the eastern end of the now demolished Stone Bridge.

title: Rhode Island Route 126


text:
Friedrich Heinrich Geffcken

Friedrich Heinrich Geffcken (9 December 1830 – 1 May 1896) was a German diplomat and jurist, born in Hamburg, of which city his father was senator.

After studying law at Bonn, Göttingen and Berlin, he was attached to the Hanseatic legation at Paris in 1854. In 1856 he was appointed Hamburg's Chargé d'affaires to Prussia in Berlin, and then raised in 1859 to Minister-Resident in Berlin of the Hanseatic states (i.e. Bremen and Lübeck as well). In 1866 he was succeeded in that post by Friedrich Krüger, a native of Lübeck, and moved to London to become the Hanseatic Minister-Resident there, replacing Rudolf Schleiden. However, with the coming of the North German Federation, Hamburg lost control over its foreign affairs outside of Germany and his post in London was abolished in 1869.

Geffcken returned home and was appointed a Syndic of the Senate of Hamburg, a position analogous to a government minister. The senior Syndic was Carl Merck who had charge of foreign affairs, while Kirchenpauer was Hamburg's representative at the new Federal Council in Berlin. Geffcken's activities covered education and poor relief, and he also spoke on commercial, coin and tax matters. Wishing to turn more to literary endeavours, he resigned as Syndic spring 1872.

Appointed in 1872 professor of constitutional history and public law in the reorganized University of Strassburg, Geffcken became in 1880 a member of the council of state of Alsace-Lorraine. Of too nervous a temperament to withstand the strain of the responsibilities of his position, he retired from public service in 1882, and lived henceforth mostly at Munich, where he died, suffocated by an accidental escape of gas into his bedchamber, in 1896.

Geffcken was a man of great erudition and wide knowledge and of remarkable legal acumen, and from these qualities proceeded the personal influence he possessed. He was moreover a dear writer and made his mark as an essayist. He was one of the most trusted advisers of the Prussian crown prince, Frederick William (afterwards the emperor Frederick), and it was he (it is said, at Bismarck's suggestion) who drew up the draft of the New German federal constitution, which was submitted to the, crown prince's headquarters at Versailles during the Franco-Prussian War. It was also Geffcken who assisted in framing the famous document which the emperor Frederick, on his accession to the throne in 1888, addressed to the chancellor. This memorandum gave umbrage, and on the publication by Geffcken in the Deutsche Rundschau (Oct. 1888) of extracts from the emperor Frederick's private diary during the Franco-Prussian war, he was, at Bismarck's insistence, prosecuted for high treason. The Reichsgericht (supreme court), however, quashed the indictment, and Geffcken was liberated after being under arrest for three months.

Publications of various kinds proceeded from his pen. Among these are Zur Geschichte des orientalischen Krieges 1853–1856 (Berlin, 1881); Frankreich, Russland und der Dreibund (Berlin, 1894); and Staat und Kirche (1875), English translation by E. F. Fairfax (1877). His writings on English history have been translated by S. J. Macmullan and published as The British Empire, with essays on Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Palmerston, Beaconsfield, Gladstone, and reform of the House of Lords (1889).

Honors

 * Officer of the Brazilian Order of the Rose (1863).
 * Knight of the second class with badge of the Order of the Crown (Prussia) (1863).
 * Knight of the Legion of Honour (1863).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Friedrich Heinrich Geffcken


text:
Queenstown, South Africa

Queenstown, officially Komani, is a town in the middle of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, roughly halfway between the smaller towns of Cathcart and Sterkstroom on the N6 National Route. The town was established in 1853 and is currently the commercial, administrative, and educational centre of the surrounding farming district.

History
Queenstown was founded in early 1853 under the direction of Sir George Cathcart, who named the settlement, and then fort, after Queen Victoria. Work on its railway connection to East London on the coast was begun by the Cape government of John Molteno in 1876, and the line was officially opened on 19 May 1880.

The town war memorial was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer in 1922 with its sculpture by Alice Meredith Williams.

The town prospered from its founding up to the worldwide depression of the 1930s, and again thereafter. In the 1960s, the majority of the Black population were moved east to the township of Ezibeleni, as part of the attempt to move African people to so-called "homelands".

The area has in the past had very severe weather problems, luckily, often only affecting the surrounding areas. In 2002, heavy snowfall around Queenstown caused a severe disaster, especially since the area was not funded or ready for such a disaster. Then, in 2004, the surrounding areas of the Eastern Cape were affected by strong winds and heavy rainfall, although Queenstown once again escaped much flooding and some wind damage, power shortages soon followed. Other natural disasters include droughts and wildfires.

In February 2016, the government changed the official name for the town from "Queenstown" to "Komani".

Education
The following high schools serve the town and surrounding areas:
 * Hexagon High School
 * Queen's College
 * Get Ahead Project and College
 * Queenstown Girls' High School
 * Hoërskool Hangklip
 * Royal Academy High School
 * Olivet College Private High School
 * JJ Serfontein High School
 * KwaKomani Comprehensive
 * Maria Louw High School
 * Nkwanca High School
 * Luvuyo Lerumo High School
 * John Noah High School
 * W.B. Rubusana High School
 * Bulelani High School
 * Inyathi High School
 * Zanabantu High School
 * Kopano High School
 * Mbekweni High School
 * Sixishe Agricultural School

Primary schools in the area include:
 * St. Theresa's Primary School
 * Hangklip Primary
 * Balmoral Girls' Primary School
 * Queens College Primary
 * Southbourne Primary
 * Thembelihle Primary School
 * Lukhanji Primary School
 * Christ The King
 * Louis Rex Primary School
 * Olivet College Private School
 * Mpendulo Primary School
 * Edlelweni Primary School
 * Nonesi Primary School
 * Van Coller Public Primary School
 * Royal Capital Education Centre

Tertiary education institutions in Queenstown include
 * Walter Sisulu University
 * Ikhala Public FET College
 * Boston City Campus and Business College
 * Lukhanji FET College

Religion
The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Queenstown, centred at the Cathedral of Christ the King. It is also the seat of the Anglican Church's Diocese of Ukhahlamba, whose imposing Cathedral Church of St. Michael and All Angels stands adjacent to the town's public gardens. Churches of all faith denominations are to be found in and around the town.

Geography
The town lies on the Komani River which forms part of the Great Kei system of rivers and has a plentiful water supply from the surrounding rugged mountains. The water is collected in the Bongolo Dam, set in the hills, used extensively for recreation and watersports. Each year, around the beginning of June, the town holds an art exhibition with the emphasis on paintings and sculpture.

Layout

The layout of the town reflects its original objective as a defensive stronghold for the frontier area and has a most unusual design. There is a central hexagonal area where canon or rifle fire could be directed down six thoroughfares radiating from the centre. The canon sites have now been replaced with gardens and a central fountain. An abstract sculpture replaced the fountain as part of the town's 150th anniversary. The hexagon still exists, with the outer road surrounding it named Robinson Road, which encircles it. Surrounding the Hexagon to the east and west lies more commercial and administrative facilities.

Currently, formerly 'white suburbs' (Sandringham, Kingsway, Windsor, Bergsig, Blue rise, Balmoral, Madeira Park and a new suburb of Komani Park) surround the hexagon to the north, east and west, however, one of the city's great townships (and squatter camps) lies to the south. It is a collection of black and coloured townships named Mlungisi, Aloevale, a new township, Victoria Park has been built to the south-east of the city. East of the town lies the much larger Ezibeleni township, which although roughly the same surface area as the main town, has by far a larger population.

Climate
Queenstown has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk), that borders on a subtropical highland climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).

Geology
The Queenstown area is in the Burgersdorp Formation of the Tarkastad subgroup, in the upper Beaufort Group Triassic in age in the karoo supergroup. The lithology is red mudstone 1 to 10 m rich layers and sub-ordinate 1 to 2 m rich sandstone layers deposited by meandering rivers in the flood plain in an oxidising environment gradually filling the Karoo basin. The formation reaches a thickness of 600 m in the Komani (Queenstown) and Lady Frere area. Numerous dolerite dykes and ring structures intruded the area creating localities for groundwater exploration.

Media
The town has two newspapers, The Representative and The Express. It has a community radio station, Lukhanji FM. The Eastern Cape newspaper, Daily Dispatch, is widely read in the area.

Coats of arms
The Queenstown municipal council assumed a pseudo-heraldic coat of arms in October 1902. The shield was quartered and depicted the Union Jack, a landscape with Hangklip mountain in the background, a landscape with a mimosa tree in the foreground, and a portrait of King Edward VII. The crest was a demi-antelope, and the motto Unity is strength. The council later assumed a new coat of arms. The new shield displayed a golden royal coronet on a red background. The crest was the same as before, but the motto was translated into Latin as Ex unitate vires.

Notable people
Queenstown has produced 2 Olympians and a plethora of musicians, sportsmen(national and international) and more. Some notable names hailing from the town are:
 * Linky Boshoff
 * Lionel Cronje
 * Daryll Cullinan
 * Carlo Del Fava
 * Allan Dell
 * S'bura Sithole
 * Glen Dell
 * Mongezi Feza
 * Ian Greig
 * Tony Greig
 * Justin Kemp
 * Robbi Kempson
 * Rayne Kruger (1922-2002) — author
 * Kaya Malotana
 * Ken McEwan
 * Pat Matshikiza
 * Todd Matshikiza
 * Stompie Mavi
 * Lwazi Mvovo
 * Don Pinnock
 * Olive Schreiner
 * Margaret Singana
 * Minah Soga
 * Jomo Sono
 * Stratford Edward St Leger
 * Marius Corbett
 * Yaw Penxe
 * Simphiwe Matanzima
 * Jimmy White
 * Roelof Smit
 * John Frost
 * Rabz Maxwane
 * Pat Spence
 * Rocco Jansen
 * Rex Witte
 * Isaac Bangani Tabata
 * Andisa Ntsila
 * Elaine Bellew-Bryan, Baroness Bellew
 * David Roos
 * Dave Callaghan
 * Delarey du Preez
 * Ken Austin (cricketer)
 * Harry Schmidt (pentathlete)
 * George Patching

title: Queenstown, South Africa


text:
List of storms named Ileana

The name Ileana has been used for five tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. The name replaced Iva, which was retired after the 1988 season.
 * Hurricane Ileana (1994) – a Category 1 hurricane that affected the Baja California Peninsula.
 * Tropical Storm Ileana (2000) – affected the coast of Mexico.
 * Hurricane Ileana (2006) – a Category 3 hurricane that briefly threatened Mexico but turned away.
 * Hurricane Ileana (2012) – a Category 1 hurricane that did not affect land.
 * Tropical Storm Ileana (2018) – briefly affected the coast of Mexico, before being absorbed by Hurricane John.

title: List of storms named Ileana


text:
École de l'air et de l'espace

The École de l'air et de l'espace is a military school and grande école training line officers in the French Air and Space Force. It is located at Salon-de-Provence Air Base in Salon-de-Provence, France.

History
In 1922, the École du génie (School of Engineering) of Versailles, was entrusted with the mission to train all officers and aircrew in aeronautics.

The École militaire et d’application de l’Aéronautique (Military and Aeronautical School) was set up in 1925. The officer cadets from the non-commissioned officers' corps and young officers from the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr and École Polytechnique attended training at Versailles for two years. For pilots, their training then continued at Avord and then Cazaux, where they trained in aerial combat and bombing.

President Albert Lebrun created the École de l'air et de l'espace by Presidential decree in 1933. The school's first class began training November 4, 1935. The school's motto, Faire Face ("Overcoming") is a tribute to Capitaine Georges Guynemer, a World War I fighter ace

In 1937, the school moved into still-unfinished buildings in Salon, Bouches-du-Rhône. The outbreak of World War II forced the school to relocate several times from 1939 to 1945, to sites including Bordeaux, Collioure, and Marrakech. It was not until 1946 that the school returned to the now-completed campus at Salon. The school received the Legion of Honor and the Croix de Guerre from President Vincent Auriol in 1947.

Other specialized schools joined the École de l'air et de l'espace, including the École du commissariat de l'Air, which trains administrative, legal, and financial officers, in 1953, and the Cours Spécial de l'École de l'air et de l'espace (CSEA), which trains exchange cadets from French-speaking African countries, in 1973.

In 1969, the École de l'air et de l'espace began an exchange program with the United States Air Force Academy, for eight cadets per school each year.

The school first accepted women in 1976.

Since 2008, The École de l'air et de l'espace also proposes two mastères spécialisés courses in aviation safety aircraft airworthiness and aerospace project management in partnership with the École nationale de l'aviation civile and the Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace.

In 2015, The École de l'air et de l'espace launched a MOOC titled Compréhension de l’Arme Aérienne (Understanding Air Power) on France Université Numérique's platform.

Notable alumni

 * Stéphane Abrial, French General who is the previous Commander of Allied Command Transformation
 * Caroline Aigle, first woman fighter pilot in the French Air Force
 * Patrick Baudry, retired Lieutenant Colonel in the French Air Force and a former CNES astronaut
 * Jean-Loup Chrétien, former CNES spationaut
 * Olivier Dassault, former French politician and billionaire businessman, who served as a deputy in the National Assembly.
 * Léopold Eyharts, ESA astronaut
 * Jean-Pierre Haigneré, French Air Force officer and a former CNES spationaut
 * Fleury Marius, French aviator
 * Francis Pollet, Director of the Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées
 * Jacques Rosay, Vice President Chief Test Pilot of the aircraft manufacturer Airbus
 * Michel Tognini, French test pilot, brigadier general in the French Air Force, and a former CNES and ESA astronaut

title: École de l'air et de l'espace


text: Template:User pms-1

title: Template:User pms-1


text:
List of storms named Irwin

The name Irwin has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Tropical Storm Irwin (1981)
 * Tropical Storm Irwin (1987)
 * Tropical Storm Irwin (1993)
 * Tropical Storm Irwin (1999)
 * Tropical Storm Irwin (2005) – no threat to land
 * Hurricane Irwin (2011) – Category 2 hurricane, no threat to land
 * Hurricane Irwin (2017) – Category 1 hurricane, no threat to land
 * Tropical Storm Irwin (2023) – a weak tropical storm, never threatened land

title: List of storms named Irwin


text: Category:Norwegian military personnel

title: Category:Norwegian military personnel


text:
Anatoli Yatskov

Anatoly Antonovich Yatskov (Анатолий Антонович Яцков; 18 May 1913 – 26 March 1993), also known as Anatoli Yatzkov (alias in the U.S. Anatoly Yakovlev) – was a Soviet consul in New York as well as an NKVD foreign intelligence officer handling American agents and couriers linked to the U.S. Manhattan Project during WWII. His spy cover was eventually blown by the U.S. Army Venona Program which identified him as a key NKVD spymaster involved in the 1940s Atomic Spy Ring.

Career
In 1940 Yatskov had graduated the NKVD intelligence school (NKVD Special Academy, SHON) majoring in English and was assigned to NKVD Department 5 (foreign operations) Section 5 (U.S. operations). In 1941 he was given his first overseas assignment in New York as a case officer at the NKVD station (Rezidentura) at the Soviet Consulate general under the alias name of Anatoly Yakovlev. His NKVD operational alias at the time was JONNY. He was employed as a consular apprentice until 1943, being eventually promoted to Soviet vice-consul (ranking 3rd Secretary).

In New York station Yatskov was eventually assigned to most sensitive NKVD operations concerning the allied Manhattan project (known in NKVD as OPERATION ENORMOUS). NKVD New York station was crucial for the Soviet Union in obtaining most sensitive data on the U.S. Army Los Alamos nuclear facility and precise knowledge on development of the A-Bomb. Among other activities Yatskov recruited Harry Gold at the Pennsylvania Sugar Company, his NKVD colleague Alexander Feklisov further employing Gold to liaise with Soviet agents in the U.S. Manhattan Project. Besides Gold, main NKVD couriers between New York and Los Alamos National Laboratory included the Cohen couple (known to NKVD as VOLUNTEERS). Being close with the Cohens, Yatskov was able to covertly communicate with chief atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs directly involved in the Manhattan Project.

Yatskov was rotated back from New York back to Russia in 1946. Having left U.S. soil four years prior to the Rosenbergs' trial he was summoned in the indictment as one of Julius Rosenberg's NKVD case officers but legal action was waived due to his diplomatic immunity. Returning to the Soviet Union, Yatskov was awarded the rank of NKVD colonel and held senior positions in the NKVD foreign scientific department. He was engaged in case handlings in Europe and Asia, in the 1950s being posted to Paris and Berlin as well as covertly living for some time in Iraq as a Canadian national.

In the 1960s Yatskov was named the senior case officer in the KGB foreign scientific department (named Department T) responsible for assessing and recruiting foreign scientists on Soviet soil. In the 1970s Yatskov had left active posts and was named the scientific head of KGB Intelligence Academy (Red Banner Academy, known as KI). He retired from the KGB as a colonel in 1985, living in Moscow in his retirement and buried at Moscow Vagankov cemetery.

Honours
Yatskov was awarded Soviet medals for Orders of October Revolution, Red Banner, and the Red Star, as well as the honorary KGB medal for "Distinguished Security Services". In 1996 his lifetime achievements for the Russian state were posthumously awarded the highest honour of Hero of the Russian Federation. In his 1992 interview Yatskov mentioned that in the 1950s the FBI had uncovered "less than the half of NKVD U.S. network" publicly referring to an uncovered atomic source at that time still alive in the U.S. as PERSEUS.

title: Anatoli Yatskov


text:
Waterstock

Waterstock is a village and civil parish on the River Thame about 4.5 mi west of the market town of Thame in Oxfordshire. The parish is bounded to the north and west by the river, to the south largely by the A418 main road, and to the east largely by the minor road between Tiddington and Ickford Bridge across the Thame. On the north side of the parish, the river forms the county boundary with Buckinghamshire as well as the parish boundary with Ickford and Worminghall. Waterstock village is on a minor road north of the A418 and is surrounded by open farming land. In the village are about 50 houses and a farm along one main street.

History
Waterstock's toponym is derived from the Old English for "Waterplace".

Waterstock Mill is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. It was most likely on the same site as the current mill, which is a 15th-century building on a small island in the River Thame. The mill a two-storey L-shaped building, with a timber frame filled in with brick nogging. It was rebuilt in the Elizabethan period. In 1957 it was converted and sold.

Many of the parish's fields show ridge-and-furrow strip cultivation. In 1279 there were probably about 200 inhabitants, but after the Black Death the population decreased to 51 persons over the age of 14.

Waterstock's oldest buildings are the two thatched cottages, one thought to date from late in the 13th or early in the 14th century and the other from the 16th. Orchard End is a medieval cruck house, its smoke-blackened beams showing that it was originally a two-bay open hall house. The village's single street is flanked by cottages built of stone or local brick, some retaining the small buildings in the gardens, originally privies or pig-sties. At one end of the village, Home Farm is a 17th-century timber-framed house with its thatched barn and 17th-century granary. The 18th-century Park Farm is beyond.

The grounds of Waterstock House are next to the church. The manor house was built in 1787 to designs by the architect SP Cockerell. It was demolished in 1953 or 1956 after the servants' quarters were converted into the present substantial residence. The stone-built stables are 18th-century and probably contemporary with the 1787 house. They are now the Waterstock Equestrian Centre.

Near Waterstock Mill is Bow Bridge: a small, single-arch brick bridge built for Diana Ashhurst in 1790. By the entrance to Waterstock House is the Pump House dated 1898, a small building with a "Rhenish helm" roof reminiscent of a Saxon tower. Many of the villagers used to collect water from it until the village's mains water supply was installed in 1951.

Opposite the church are Church Farm Cottages and the Old Rectory, a substantial stone-built 18th-century house, the only other 'gentlemen's house'. In the 20th century it was the home of the violinist Manoug Parikian, his wife Diana Parikian, the antiquarian bookseller, and their two sons, until his sudden death on Christmas Eve 1987. He is buried in St Leonard's churchyard. Richard Ellis the Californian astronomer lived in the Old School House while a graduate student at Oxford from 1971 to 1974.

Parish church
Waterstock seems to have had a parish church since at least 1190. The current Church of England parish church of Saint Leonard was built at the end of the 15th century. The nave and chancel were rebuilt in 1790, and in 1858 the Gothic Revival architect G.E. Street restored the building. It is the burial place of the early-17th-century Puritan writer William 'Eternity' Tipping.

Remnants of medieval window glass were recovered after the English Reformation and have been inserted above the armorial Ashurst window. This window, together with monuments in the church, records the families of local squirearchy who inhabited the manor house and retained its patronage until 1957. As well as regular church services, meetings and concerts are held in the church.

Economy
Many of the houses in Waterstock have their own stables. Waterstock House Training Centre was once the main equestrian centre of the area, and was once owned by the horse trainer Lars Sederholm.

Amenities
Junction 8A of the M40 motorway and Oxford Services motorway service station are in the parish. There is also a public golf course. The Oxfordshire Way traverses the parish and crosses the River Thame by Bow Bridge near Waterstock Mill. There is a Waterstock and Tiddington Women's Institute.

title: Waterstock


text:
User:4v4l0n42

Wikipedia page of Federico Pistono.

Some useful links
 * Book http://robotswillstealyourjob.com
 * Blog          http://federicopistono.org
 * Twitter      http://twitter.com/federicopistono
 * Facebook  http://facebook.com/federicopistono.page

it:Utente:4v4l0n42 la:Usor:4v4l0n42

title: User:4v4l0n42


text:
Fibre Channel time-out values

The FC-PH standard defines three time-out values used for error detection and recovery in Fibre Channel protocol.

E_D_TOV stands for Error Detect TimeOut Value. This is the basic error timeout used for all Fibre Channel error detection. Its default value is 2 seconds.

R_A_TOV stands for Resource Allocation TimeOut Value. This is the amount of time given to devices to allocate the resources needed to process received frames. In practice this may be the time for re-calculation of routing tables in network devices. Its default value is 10 seconds.

R_T_TOV stands for Receiver-Transmitter TimeOut Value. This is the amount of time that the receiver logic uses to determine loss of sync on the wire. Its default value is 100 milliseconds, but can be changed to 100 microseconds.

All devices must use the default values until they have established different values (if they desire) with other devices, usually specified during the login procedure.

title: Fibre Channel time-out values


text:
Aleksandr Feklisov

Aleksandr Semyonovich Feklisov (Russian: Александр Семёнович Феклисов; 9 March 1914 – 26 October 2007) was a Soviet spy, the NKVD Case Officer who handled Julius Rosenberg and Klaus Fuchs, among others.

Life and work
Feklisov was born in a family of railway workers. In 1939 he graduated from the Radio Faculty of the Moscow Institute of Communications, and shortly after that was sent to a training school of the Main Directorate of State Security, where he specialized in the United States.

From 1941 to 1946 Feklisov worked out of the Soviet consulate office in New York City, first as a radio operator and then as a field officer. His supervisor was Senior NKVD Case officer Anatoli Yatskov (alias Yakovlev). Part of Feklisov's duties included recruiting espionage agent prospects from those sympathetic to the Communist Party of the United States and its auxiliary secret apparatus.

Rosenberg was among these recruits. In the period from 1943 to 1946, Feklisov reported at least 50 meetings with Rosenberg. He stated that Rosenberg provided important top secret information about electronics and helped organize an industrial espionage ring for Moscow, but "didn't understand anything about the atom bomb." Feklisov stated that Ethel Rosenberg, as a "probationer", did not meet directly with her Soviet agent handler. He also said she "had nothing to do with this" and was "completely innocent." Feklisov once wrote that Julius Rosenberg was the only agent that he viewed as a close friend. He, in response, told Feklisov that their meetings were “among the happiest moments of my life.” Feklisov was also the Case Officer for Joel Barr and Alfred Sarant, two other members of the Soviet Atomic Spy Ring. In April 1950 Feklisov returned to the USSR.

Feklisov was transferred back to the United States and became the Washington, D.C. Rezident, or KGB Station Chief, from 1960 to 1964. His cover name at that time was Aleksandr Fomin. As PGU KGB Rezident, Feklisov (Fomin) proposed what became the basis for resolving the Cuban Missile Crisis: removing missiles from Cuba in exchange for a promise that the United States would not invade the island nation.

Feklisov died on 26 October 2007 in Moscow at the age of 93.

Legacy
Feklisov was portrayed by Harris Yulin in the 1974 film The Missiles of October, and by Boris Krutonog in the 2000 film Thirteen Days.

title: Aleksandr Feklisov


text:
Søren Lerby

Søren Lerby (born 1 February 1958) is a Danish former football player, manager, and licensed agent. As a player, he spent most of his career in Dutch football, winning five Eredivisie championships with Ajax Amsterdam and two with PSV Eindhoven. With the latter club, he also won the 1988 European Cup. He won two Bundesliga titles with Bayern Munich, and played one season for AS Monaco in France. He played 67 matches for the Denmark national football team from 1978 to 1989, and represented Denmark at the 1986 FIFA World Cup and two European Championship tournaments. Currently, he is the agent of Galatasaray winger Dries Mertens.

Playing style
A left-footed midfielder with a powerful shot and great stamina, Lerby was a player who was always committed and a leader of the team. He once played two competitive matches in two countries on a single day on 13 November 1985: first in the afternoon a World Cup qualifier with Denmark against the Republic of Ireland in Dublin, being substituted having helped to secure a solid lead, and later in the evening a DFB-Pokal match with Bayern Munich against VfL Bochum, entering as a half-time replacement. Denmark qualified for the 1986 FIFA World Cup, and Bayern went on to lift the cup.

Lerby always played with his "socks down" – short socks or long socks rolled down but always without shin pads. This was quite uncommon and would be against the rules today.

Club career
Lerby was born in Copenhagen, the son of former Danish under-21 football international Kaj Lerby. Lerby played his youth football with local clubs B 1903, Taastrup IK and Fremad Amager. He got his senior debut with Fremad Amager, playing 13 games and scoring three goals in the top-flight 1975 1st Division season. He and Fremad Amager teammate Frank Arnesen moved abroad to become professional footballers in November 1975.

They switched to the Dutch club Ajax Amsterdam, when Lerby was only 17 years old. Lerby's first home game was a 4–1 against Go Ahead Eagles on 11 April 1976. He won three Dutch Eredivisie league titles in his first six years at Ajax, in the 1976–77, 1978–79, and 1979–80 seasons. In the summer of 1981 he was named team captain, succeeding newly departed Frank Arnesen. In the two seasons Lerby was captain, Ajax won a further two Dutch championships with high goal differences.

He moved to Germany in 1983, replacing midfielder Paul Breitner at Bayern Munich. He remained there for three years, winning two German Bundesliga championships and two DFB-Pokal cup trophies. His career continued for French team AS Monaco from 1986 to 1987.

Lerby moved back to the Netherlands in 1987 and was reunited with Frank Arnesen at Ajax' rivals PSV Eindhoven. He was a part of the 1988 European Cup winning PSV squad, also including fellow Danes Jan Heintze and Ivan Nielsen, though Frank Arnesen missed the final against S.L. Benfica because of injury. Lerby ended his active career in 1990.

International career
While a youth player with Taastrup IK, Lerby was called up for the Danish under-17 national team in October 1973. He debuted for the Danish under-19 national team in April 1974, and represented the team at the 1974 and 1975 European Under-19 Football Championships. He also played three games for the Danish under-21 national team.

While at Ajax, he made his senior Danish national team debut against the Republic of Ireland in May 1978, scoring one goal in the 3–3 draw. Lerby was selected for the Danish national team at the 1984 European Championship, where he played in all four of Denmark's matches, and scored a goal in the semi-final against Spain, which saw Denmark eliminated on penalty shoot-out. At the 1986 FIFA World Cup he played in Denmark's four games, scoring in Denmark's 6–1 win against Uruguay. He was a part of the Danish squad for the 1988 European Championship.

Non-playing career
Between 9 October 1991 and 11 March 1992, he spent some time as coach with Bayern Munich, as successor of Jupp Heynckes. With a spell of undistinguished results, including a combined 6–3 UEFA Cup elimination by his former club B 1903, Lerby effectively ended his managerial career and became a FIFA-licensed sports agent (Essel Sports Managements).

Personal life
Lerby was married to Dutch singer and actress Willeke Alberti from 1981 to 1996. He was later married for a second time, with Arlette van der Meulen. He now lives in Laren, Netherlands. His son Christian Lerby, born in 2001, is a Dutch tennis player.

Honours
Ajax
 * Eredivisie: 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83
 * KNVB Cup: 1978–79, 1982–83

Bayern Munich
 * Bundesliga: 1984–85, 1985–86
 * DFB-Pokal: 1983–84, 1985–86

PSV
 * Eredivisie: 1987–88, 1988–89
 * KNVB Cup: 1987–88
 * European Cup: 1987–88

Individual
 * European Cup top scorer: 1979–80

title: Søren Lerby


text:
List of storms named Iselle

The name Iselle has been used for six tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Hurricane Iselle (1984)
 * Hurricane Iselle (1990)
 * Tropical Storm Iselle (2002)
 * Tropical Storm Iselle (2008) – no threat to land.
 * Hurricane Iselle (2014) – a Category 4 hurricane that made landfall on the Big Island of Hawaii as a tropical storm.
 * Tropical Storm Iselle (2020) – stayed in the open ocean.

title: List of storms named Iselle


text:
List of storms named Isis

The name Isis was used for six tropical cyclones worldwide: five in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and one in the South-West Indian Ocean.

In the Eastern Pacific Ocean:
 * Hurricane Isis (1980) – a Category 2 hurricane that paralleled the coast of Mexico but did not affect any land areas.
 * Tropical Storm Isis (1986) – a short-lived tropical storm which stayed at sea.
 * Tropical Storm Isis (1992) – a strong tropical storm that remained in the open ocean.
 * Hurricane Isis (1998) – a short-lived Category 1 hurricane which became the only landfalling hurricane during the 1998 season, killing 14 in Mexico.
 * Hurricane Isis (2004) – a Category 1 hurricane that affected no land areas.

The name Isis was removed from the Eastern Pacific's naming list in 2015, due to the name's association with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, which was often called ISIS by the media in the 2010s. It was replaced by Ivette for the 2016 season.

In the South-West Indian Ocean:
 * Severe Tropical Storm Isis (1973) – a relatively strong tropical storm which affected northeastern Madagascar.

title: List of storms named Isis


text:
List of storms named Ismael

The name Ismael was used for three tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean:

 * Hurricane Ismael (1983), traveled generally northward
 * Hurricane Ismael (1989), brought heavy rain to Acapulco
 * Hurricane Ismael (1995), caused over 100 fatalities in Mexico

The name Ismael was retired after the 1995 season and replaced with Ivo in the 2001 season.

title: List of storms named Ismael


text:
Ohio State Route 67

State Route 67 (SR 67) is a northeast–southwest state highway in the U.S. state of Ohio. Its western terminus is at an interchange with U.S. Route 33 (US 33) just south of Wapakoneta, which is also the southern terminus for both SR 198 and SR 501, and its northern terminus is at SR 18 and SR 19 in Republic. The portion of the route through Seneca County is signed north-south, while the rest of the route is signed east-west.

Route description

The portion of SR 67 in Wayne Township, Auglaize County, beginning at Santa Fe Line Road, passing into Waynesfield to its merge with SR 196, then leaving Waynesfield and ending at its split from SR 196, is designated as the "Staff Sgt. Sonny Zimmerman Memorial Highway", in honor of a Waynesfield resident and Waynesfield-Goshen High School graduate who was killed in Mushaka, Afghanistan on July 16, 2013, while serving in the Army.

History

 * 1924 – Original route established. Originally routed from Wapakoneta to Bellevue along its current alignment and along State Route 18 from Republic to Bellevue.
 * 1926 – Truncated at Republic; alignment to Bellevue certified as State Route 18.
 * 1961 – Extended 2 mi south from Wapakoneta (from its terminus at the former alignment of U.S. Route 33) to its current terminus via Auglaize Co. 25-A.

title: Ohio State Route 67


text:
Inishbiggle

Inishbiggle is a small inhabited island off the coast of Ballycroy in County Mayo. Its name in Irish means "Vigil Island"

Geography
The island is situated between the northeast of Achill Island and the mainland, and is accessed by boat from either Doran's point at Ballycroy or Bullsmouth, Dooniver on Achill Island. The island is 2½ km x 1½ km, or 650 acre in area.

Description
The main activities are sheep and cattle farming, fishing and winkle picking. Facilities on the island included a school and a post office, both now closed.

Plans to build a cable-car link across the Bullsmouth Channel, one of the strongest currents in Europe separating the island from Achill had been under discussion since 1996, but have now been abandoned. Planning permission for the cablecar was denied by Mayo County Council on the grounds that "It would be visually obtrusive in an area of special scenic importance, that it would create traffic problems and that it would devalue houses in the vicinity."

Unpredictable currents in the channel during winter months can render the island inaccessible, even though the passage during fair weather is about ten minutes in the traditional boat, the currach. Emergency access is by helicopter.

Demographics
The table below reports data on Inishbiggle's population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.

At the end of 2023 the population had dropped to 8 people.

title: Inishbiggle


text:
List of storms named Iva

The name Iva was used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

 * Hurricane Iva (1961)
 * Tropical Storm Iva (1968)
 * Tropical Storm Iva (1972)
 * Hurricane Iva (1976)
 * Hurricane Iva (1978)
 * Tropical Storm Iva (1982)
 * Hurricane Iva (1988)

The name Iva was retired in the spring of 1989, and replaced with Ileana in the 1994 season.

title: List of storms named Iva


text:
Commons

The commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable Earth. These resources are held in common even when owned privately or publicly. Commons can also be understood as natural resources that groups of people (communities, user groups) manage for individual and collective benefit. Characteristically, this involves a variety of informal norms and values (social practice) employed for a governance mechanism. Commons can also be defined as a social practice of governing a resource not by state or market but by a community of users that self-governs the resource through institutions that it creates.

Definition and modern use
The Digital Library of the Commons defines "commons" as "a general term for shared resources in which each stakeholder has an equal interest".

The term "commons" derives from the traditional English legal term for common land, which are also known as "commons", and was popularised in the modern sense as a shared resource term by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in an influential 1968 article called "The Tragedy of the Commons". As Frank van Laerhoven and Elinor Ostrom have stated; "Prior to the publication of Hardin's article on the tragedy of the commons (1968), titles containing the words 'the commons', 'common pool resources', or 'common property' were very rare in the academic literature."

Some texts make a distinction in usage between common ownership of the commons and collective ownership among a group of colleagues, such as in a producers' cooperative. The precision of this distinction is not always maintained. Others conflate open access areas with commons; however, open access areas can be used by anybody while the commons has a defined set of users.

The use of "commons" for natural resources has its roots in European intellectual history, where it referred to shared agricultural fields, grazing lands and forests that were, over a period of several hundred years, enclosed, claimed as private property for private use. In European political texts, the common wealth was the totality of the material riches of the world, such as the air, the water, the soil and the seed, all nature's bounty regarded as the inheritance of humanity as a whole, to be shared together. In this context, one may go back further, to the Roman legal category res communis, applied to things common to all to be used and enjoyed by everyone, as opposed to res publica, applied to public property managed by the government.

Environmental resource
The examples below illustrate types of environmental commons.

European land use
Originally in medieval England the common was an integral part of the manor, and was thus legally part of the estate in land owned by the lord of the manor, but over which certain classes of manorial tenants and others held certain rights. By extension, the term "commons" has come to be applied to other resources which a community has rights or access to. The older texts use the word "common" to denote any such right, but more modern usage is to refer to particular rights of common, and to reserve the name "common" for the land over which the rights are exercised. A person who has a right in, or over, common land jointly with another or others is called a commoner.

In middle Europe, commons (relatively small-scale agriculture in, especially, southern Germany, Austria, and the alpine countries) were kept, in some parts, till the present. Some studies have compared the German and English dealings with the commons between late medieval times and the agrarian reforms of the 18th and 19th centuries. The UK was quite radical in doing away with and enclosing former commons, while southwestern Germany (and the alpine countries as e.g. Switzerland) had the most advanced commons structures, and were more inclined to keep them. The Lower Rhine region took an intermediate position. However, the UK and the former dominions have till today a large amount of Crown land which often is used for community or conservation purposes.

Mongolian grasslands
Based on a research project by the Environmental and Cultural Conservation in Inner Asia (ECCIA) from 1992 to 1995, satellite images were used to compare the amount of land degradation due to livestock grazing in the regions of Mongolia, Russia, and China. In Mongolia, where shepherds were permitted to move collectively between seasonal grazing pastures, degradation remained relatively low at approximately 9%. Comparatively, Russia and China, which mandated state-owned pastures involving immobile settlements and in some cases privatization by household, had much higher degradation, at around 75% and 33% respectively. A collaborative effort on the part of Mongolians proved much more efficient in preserving grazing land.

Trawl Fisheries of New York

A trawl fishery in the Blight region, located in New York, provides a completely different example of a type of community-based solution to what is sometimes referred to as the dilemma or "tragedy of the commons". The multitude of fishermen in the region make up a fishing cooperative who specialize in harvesting whiting. Being a part of the cooperative gives them consistent access to the best whiting grounds in the area which allows them to be highly successful, sometimes even dominating regional whiting markets during the winter season. It is a relatively high price to be a member of the collective, which limits entry, while also establishing catching quotas for members. They prevent unlimited entry or access to cap the number of members that are allowed in the club. This is done through a closed membership policy, as well as having control over the docking spaces. This leads to exclude outsiders from entering the regional whiting market. The "quotas" are established based on what they estimate can be sold to the regional markets. It directly contrasts government imposed regulations which are typically considered to be inflexible by the fisherman in the local area. The cooperative on the other hand is considered to be effective and flexible in their sustainable use of the resources in the region.

Lobster fishery of Maine
The widespread success of the Maine lobster industry is often attributed to the willingness of Maine's lobstermen to uphold and support lobster conservation rules. These rules include harbor territories not recognized by the state, informal trap limits, and laws imposed by the state of Maine (which are largely influenced by lobbying from lobster industry itself). Lobster is another resource that is sometimes considered vulnerable to overharvesting, and many people within the industry itself have been predicting a collapse for years. Nonetheless, the lobster industry has remained relatively unscathed by resource depletion. The state government of Maine establishes certain regulations, but they do not limit the number of licenses themselves. In practice there are many restrictive exclusionary systems that are generated, dictated, and upheld by the community through a series of "traditional fishing rights" that have been locally grandfathered in. One must obtain confirmation to fish from the community to actually be granted access. Once an individual is granted access, they are still only able to access the territories held by that community. Outsiders may be persuaded by threats of violence even. It is impossible to know if the lobster resource would have been sustainably used if there was more regulation, or without the internal regulation, but it is certainly being used sustainably in its current state of affairs. It also seems to be run relatively efficiently. This case study of Maine lobster fisheries reflects how a group was able to restrain access to a resource from outsiders, while regulating the communal use in an effective manner. This has allowed the local communities to reap the benefits of the rewards of their restrain for decades. Essentially, the local lobster fishers collaborate without much government intervention to sustain their common-pool resource.

Community forests in Nepal
In the late 1980s, Nepal chose to decentralize government control over forests. Community forest programs work by giving local areas a financial stake in nearby woodlands, and thereby increasing the incentive to protect them from overuse. Local institutions regulate harvesting and selling of timber and land, and must use any profit towards community development and preservation of the forests. In twenty years, some locals, especially in the middle hills, have noticed a visible increase in the number of trees, although other places have not seen tangible results, especially where opportunity costs to land are high. Community forestry may also contribute to community development in rural areas – for instance school construction, irrigation and drinking water channel construction, and road construction. Community forestry has proven conducive to democratic practices at grass roots level. Many Nepalese forest user groups generate income from the community forests, although the amount can vary widely among groups and is often invested in the community rather than flowing directly to individual households. Such income is generated from external sources involving the sales of timber from thinned pine plantations such as in the community forest user groups of Sindhu Palchok and Rachma, and internally in Nepal's mid-hills' broad leaf forests from membership fees, penalties and fines on rule-breakers, in addition to the sales of forest products. Some of the most significant benefits are that locals are able to use the products they gather directly in their own homes for subsistence use.

Beaver Hunting in James Bay, Quebec, Canada

Hunting wildlife territories in James Bay, Quebec; located in the northeastern part of Canada, provide an example of resources being effectively shared by a community. There is an extensive heritage of local customaries that are used to effectively regulate beaver hunting in the region. Beaver has been an important source of food and commerce for the area since the fur trade began in 1670. Unfortunately, beavers are an easy target for resource degradation and depletion due to their colonies being easily spotted. Luckily, the area has grandfathered in many traditions, and stewards of the land to safeguard certain territories populations.

In the 1920s there was a massive influx of non-native trappers in the region due to a new railroad coming to the area, as well as an increase in fur prices at the time. The Amerindian communities' lost control over these territories for a short time during this period which helped to eventually lead to what is known as a "tragedy of the commons". In the 1930s conservation laws were enacted which prohibited outsiders from trapping in the area, and reinforced locals' customary laws. This led to a restoration of the population and commerce that beavers provided by the 1950s. The experience of the 1920s is not an isolated incident in the community either. Business conflicts among fur trading companies has led to a couple other times of resource overuse, but gradually resource use was restored to a proper balance once local control was restored. This case study reflects how communal resource sharing can be effectively propagated by a community.

Irrigation systems of New Mexico
Acequia is a method of collective responsibility and management for irrigation systems in desert areas. In New Mexico, a community-run organization known as Acequia Associations supervises water in terms of diversion, distribution, utilization, and recycling, in order to reinforce agricultural traditions and preserve water as a common resource for future generations. The Congreso de las Acequias has since 1990s, is a statewide federation that represents several hundred acequia systems in New Mexico.

Free drinkable water fountains in Paris
In Paris, France, there are over 1,200 free drinkable water fountains distributed throughout the city. The first 100 were donated by Englishman Sir Richard Wallace (1818–1890) in 1872, called the Wallace fountains, and since then the Parisian water company "Eau du Paris" have put more of them around the city, this give people living Paris and tourists all around the world access to free drinkable fresh water in Paris. Since then, many other countries like Spain, Brazil, Italy or Portugal have put these fountains on a lower scale.

Allotment gardens in Stockholm
In the Stockholm region, green spaces are predominantly owned and managed in either private or municipal forms, allotment gardens being the most common form. The system provide cultural ecosystem services to lot holders, as well as the offer of vegetables, fruits, and ornamental flowers.

The majority of allotment land in Stockholm is owned by the local municipality, and leaseholds are set for extended periods of time (up to 25 years). The local allotment association makes the decisions about who gets land rights. Only residents of multifamily homes inside the municipality were permitted to sign contracts, signifying a commitment to the original goals of allotments, which were to enhance the health of city dwellers in outdoor settings.

Land is organised and managed cooperatively; outside enterprises are not involved in any way. The allotment association recognises lot holders as official members, granting them equal voting rights and shares. In turn, the association represents the land owners in various administrative proceedings.

Urban green commons in Cape Town
In the post-apartheid metropolis of Cape Town, South Africa, the history of land rights is particularly noticeable since a large number of residents have vivid memories of being forcibly evacuated from their homes or of being assigned to live in specific regions.

In 2005, the city re-zoned the Northern shore of Zeekoevlei – a seasonal lake and wetland area – into smaller parcels of land that were bought by people from Grassy Park who shared experiences of oppression and marginalization during apartheid. After 10 years of being utilised as a landfill, the area was covered in "non-indigenous" plants. While constructing their homes, the locals decided to do something different: rather than erecting security walls to demarcate and guard their individual property, they would restore the fynbos and wetland ecology and establish a public communal garden. As stated by the locals, the initial plan was to build a "blueprint" for communal gardening that would serve as an example for other abandoned green areas, with the goal of "correcting the imbalances of apartheid" and "beautifying and dignifying".

The nine residents and the city's conservation managers signed an agreement that allowed the residents to incorporate the public shoreline area into the rehabilitation project, even though the city had retained the area closest to the shoreline as public property. Meanwhile, the city saw an opportunity to restore the fynbos and provided labour and plants for clearing and planting.

About 50,000 plants were planted (and "weeds" eradicated) along Bottom Road over the course of four years, drawing bees, birds, dragonflies, and toads in addition to humans through the addition of walkways, benches, and areas for barbecues. Here, management is done by the locals themselves, often with assistance from the local government, through paid employees and voluntary labour.

Because of its immense size, governance is extremely difficult. Currently, the project spans 6-7 ha, potentially even more. Its proximity to a busy road and hundreds of residential homes exacerbates the traffic issue. In addition to the disregard shown by the city administration, the neighbourhood has deteriorated as a result of people setting up barbecues at random and cars driving around freely, both of which have been linked to criminal activity.

Cultural and intellectual commons
Today, the commons are also understood within a cultural sphere. These commons include literature, music, arts, design, film, video, television, radio, information, software and sites of heritage. Wikipedia is an example of the production and maintenance of common goods by a contributor community in the form of encyclopedic knowledge that can be freely accessed by anyone without a central authority.

Tragedy of the commons in the Wiki-Commons is avoided by community control by individual authors within the Wikipedia community.

The information commons may help protect users of commons. Companies that pollute the environment release information about what they are doing. The Corporate Toxics Information Project and information like the Toxic 100, a list of the top 100 polluters, helps people know what these corporations are doing to the environment.

Digital commons
Mayo Fuster Morell proposed a definition of digital commons as "information and knowledge resources that are collectively created and owned or shared between or among a community and that tend to be non-exclusive, that is, be (generally freely) available to third parties. Thus, they are oriented to favor use and reuse, rather than to exchange as a commodity. Additionally, the community of people building them can intervene in the governing of their interaction processes and of their shared resources."

Examples of digital commons are Wikipedia, free software and open-source hardware projects.

Following the narrative of post-growth, the digital commons can present a model of progress that guide commoners to build counter-power in the economic and political field. Being able to digitally share knowledge and resources through internet platforms is a new capacity that challenges the traditional hierarchical structures of production, allowing for a higher collective benefit and a sustainable management of resources. Non-material resources are digitally reproducible and therefore can be shared at a low cost, contrary to physical resources which are quite limited. Shared resources represent in this context data, information, culture and knowledge which are produced and accessible online. In accordance with the "design global, manufacture local" approach digital commons may link the traditional commons theory with existing physical infrastructures. It further connects with the degrowth communities since transformations in use-value creation by employing new technologies, decoupling society from GDP growth and lower CO2 emissions, are envisioned. Moreover, as a decentralized approach, there is a strong emphasis on inclusion and democratic regulation which has led Commons as an alternative, emancipatory and emerging form of social organization that goes beyond democratic capitalism. Accordingly, through the cooperation of diverse stakeholders and the equitable distribution of means of production, technological development becomes more accessible and bottom-up projects are fostered in communities.

Urban commons
Urban commons present the opportunity for the citizens to gain power upon the management of the urban resources and reframe city-life costs based on their use value and maintenance costs, rather than the market-driven value. Urban commons situates citizens as key players rather than public authorities, private markets and technologies. David Harvey (2012) defines the distinction between public spaces and urban commons. He highlights that the former is not to be equated automatically with urban commons. Public spaces and goods in the city make a commons when part of the citizens take political action. Syntagma Square in Athens, Tahrir Square in Cairo, Maidan Nezalezhnosti in Kyiv, and the Plaza de Catalunya in Barcelona were public spaces that transformed to an urban commons as people protested there to support their political statements. Streets are public spaces that have often become an urban commons by social action and revolutionary protests. Urban commons are operating in the cities in a complementary way with the state and the market. Some examples are community gardening, urban farms on the rooftops and cultural spaces. More recently participatory studies of commons and infrastructures under the conditions of the financial crisis have emerged.

Knowledge commons
In 2007, Elinor Ostrom along with her colleague Charlotte Hess, did succeed in extending the commons debate to knowledge, approaching knowledge as a complex ecosystem that operates as a common – a shared resource that is subject to social dilemmas and political debates. The focus here was on the ready availability of digital forms of knowledge and associated possibilities to store, access and share it as a common. The connection between knowledge and commons may be made through identifying typical problems associated with natural resource commons, such as congestion, overharvesting, pollution and inequities, which also apply to knowledge. Then, effective alternatives (community-based, non-private, non-state), in line with those of natural commons (involving social rules, appropriate property rights and management structures), solutions are proposed. Thus, the commons metaphor is applied to social practice around knowledge. It is in this context that the present work proceeds, discussing the creation of depositories of knowledge through the organised, voluntary contributions of scholars (the research community, itself a social common), the problems that such knowledge commons might face (such as free-riding or disappearing assets), and the protection of knowledge commons from enclosure and commodification (in the form of intellectual property legislation, patenting, licensing and overpricing). At this point, it is important to note the nature of knowledge and its complex and multi-layered qualities of non-rivalry and non-excludability. Unlike natural commons – which are both rival and excludable (only one person can use any one item or portion at a time and in so doing they use it up, it is consumed) and characterised by scarcity (they can be replenished but there are limits to this, such that consumption/destruction may overtake production/creation) – knowledge commons are characterised by abundance (they are non-rival and non-excludable and thus, in principle, not scarce, so not impelling competition and compelling governance). This abundance of knowledge commons has been celebrated through alternative models of knowledge production, such as Commons-based peer production (CBPP), and embodied in the free software movement. The CBPP model showed the power of networked, open collaboration and non-material incentives to produce better quality products (mainly software).

Commoning as a process
Scholars such as David Harvey have adopted the term commoning, which as a verb serves to emphasize an understanding of the commons as a process and a practice rather than as "a particular kind of thing" or static entity."'The common is not to be construed, therefore, as a particular kind of thing, asset or even social process, but as an unstable and malleable social relation between a particular self-defined social group and those aspects of its actually existing or yet-to-be-created social and/or physical environment deemed crucial to its life and livelihood. There is, in effect, a social practice of commoning. This practice produces or establishes a social relation with a common whose uses are either exclusive to a social group or partially or fully open to all and sundry. At the heart of the practice of commoning lies the principle that the relation between the social group and that aspect of the environment being treated as a common shall be both collective and non-commodified-off-limits to the logic of market exchange and market valuations.'"Some authors distinguish between the resources shared (the common-pool resources), the community who governs it, and commoning, that is, the process of coming together to manage such resources. Commoning thus adds another dimension to the commons, acknowledging the social practices entailed in the process of establishing and governing a commons. These practices entail, for the community of commoners, the creation of a new way of living and acting together, thus involving a collective psychological shift: it also entails a process of subjectivization, where the commoners produce themselves as common subjects.

Tragedy of the commons
A commons failure theory, now called tragedy of the commons, originated in the 18th century. In 1833 William Forster Lloyd introduced the concept by a hypothetical example of herders overusing a shared parcel of land on which they are each entitled to let their cows graze, to the detriment of all users of the common land. The same concept has been called the "tragedy of the fishers", when over-fishing could cause stocks to plummet. Forster's pamphlet was little known, and it wasn't until 1968, with the publication by the ecologist Garrett Hardin of the article "The Tragedy of the Commons", that the term gained relevance. Hardin introduced this tragedy as a social dilemma, and aimed at exposing the inevitability of failure that he saw in the commons.

However, Hardin's (1968) argument has been widely criticized, since he is accused of having mistaken the commons, that is, resources held and managed in common by a community, with open access, that is, resources that are open to everyone but where it is difficult to restrict access or to establish rules. In the case of the commons, the community manages and sets the rules of access and use of the resource held in common: the fact of having a commons, then, does not mean that anyone is free to use the resource as they like. Studies by Ostrom and others have shown that managing a resource as a commons often has positive outcomes and avoids the so-called tragedy of the commons, a fact that Hardin overlooked.

It has been said the dissolution of the traditional land commons played a watershed role in landscape development and cooperative land use patterns and property rights. However, as in the British Isles, such changes took place over several centuries as a result of land enclosure.

Economist Peter Barnes has proposed a 'sky trust' to fix this tragedic problem in worldwide generic commons. He claims that the sky belongs to all the people, and companies do not have a right to over pollute. It is a type of cap and dividend program. Ultimately the goal would be to make polluting excessively more expensive than cleaning what is being put into the atmosphere.

Successful commons
While the original work on the tragedy of the commons concept suggested that all commons were doomed to failure, they remain important in the modern world. Work by later economists has found many examples of successful commons, and Elinor Ostrom won the Nobel prize for analysing situations where they operate successfully. For example, Ostrom found that grazing commons in the Swiss Alps have been run successfully for many hundreds of years by the farmers there.

Allied to this is the "comedy of the commons" concept, where users of the commons are able to develop mechanisms to police their use to maintain, and possibly improve, the state of the commons. This term was coined in an essay by legal scholar, Carol M. Rose, in 1986.

Notable theorists

 * Peter Barnes
 * Yochai Benkler
 * David Bollier
 * Murray Bookchin
 * Iain Boal
 * George Caffentzis
 * Barry Commoner
 * Silvia Federici
 * Henry George
 * Garrett Hardin
 * Michael Hardt
 * David Harvey
 * Silke Helfrich
 * Lewis Hyde
 * Lawrence Lessig
 * Peter Linebaugh
 * Karl Linn
 * Vasilis Kostakis
 * William Forster Lloyd
 * William Morris
 * Fred Moten
 * Antonio Negri
 * Elinor Ostrom
 * Raj Patel
 * John Platt (see Social trap)
 * Joachim Radkau
 * Kenneth Rexroth
 * Gerrard Winstanley
 * Monica White
 * Michel Bauwens

Feminist perspectives
Silvia Federici articulates a feminist perspective of the commons in her essay "Feminism and the Politics of the Commons". Since the language around the commons has been largely appropriated by the World Bank as it sought to re-brand itself "the environmental guardian of the planet", she argues that it is important to adopt a commons discourse that actively resists this re-branding. Secondly, articulations of the commons, although historically present and multiple have struggled to come together as a unified front. For the latter to happen she argues that a "commoning" or "commons" movement that is effectively able to resist capitalist forms of organizing labour and our livelihoods must look to women to take the lead in organizing the collectivization of our daily lives and the means of production.

Women and the struggle for the Commons
Women have traditionally been at the forefront of struggles for commoning "as primary subjects of reproductive work". This proximity and dependence on communal natural resources has made women the most vulnerable by their privatization, and made them their most staunch defendants. Examples include: subsistence agriculture, credit associations such as tontine (money commons) and collectivizing reproductive labor. In "Caliban and the Witch", Federici interprets the ascent of capitalism as a reactionary move to subvert the rising tide of communalism and to retain the basic social contract.

"Feminist Reconstructions" of the Commons
The process of commoning the material means of reproduction of human life is most promising in the struggle to "disentangle our livelihoods not only from the world market but also from the war machine and prison system". One of the main aims of the process of commoning is to create "common subjects" that are responsible to their communities. The notion of community is not understood as a "gated community", but as "a quality of relations, a principle of cooperation and responsibility to each other and the earth, the forests, the seas, the animals. In communalizing housework, one of the supporting pillars of human activity, it is imperative that this sphere is "not negated but revolutionized". Communalizing housework also serves to de-naturalize it as women's labour, which has been an important part of the feminist struggle.

Abortion and Birth Control
As reproductive rights over unwanted pregnancies have been denied in many countries for many years, several resistance groups used diverse commoning strategies in order to provide women safe and affordable abortion. Care, knowledge, and pills have been made commons against abortion restriction. In New York, U.S., the group Haven Coalition volunteer provide pre and post abortion care for people who have to travel for abortion which is considered illegal in their places of origins, and with New York Abortion Access Fund, they are able to provide them with medical and financial assistance. Underground networks outside medical service establishments are where women's networks oversee the abortion and assist each other physically or emotionally by sharing the knowledge of herbalism or home abortion. These underground groups operate under codenames like Jane Collective in Chicago or Renata in Arizona. Some groups like Women on Waves from Netherlands use international waters to conduct abortion. Also, in Italy, Obiezione Respinta movement collaboratively map spaces related to birth control such as pharmacies, consultors, hospitals, etc., through which users share their knowledge and experience of the place and provide access to information that is difficult to obtain.

Historical land commons movements

 * The Diggers
 * Kett's Rebellion

Contemporary commons movements

 * Abahlali baseMjondolo in South Africa
 * The Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee in India
 * Electronic Frontier Foundation
 * The EZLN in Mexico
 * Fanmi Lavalas in Haiti
 * Geolibertarianism primarily in the US
 * The Homeless Workers' Movement in Brazil
 * The Land is Ours in the UK
 * The Landless Workers' Movement in Brazil
 * Movement for Justice en el Barrio in the United States of America
 * Narmada Bachao Andolan in India
 * Take Back the Land in the US
 * Cosmopolitan localism or cosmolocalism

title: Commons


text:
Signal/One

Signal/One was a manufacturer of high performance SSB and CW HF radio communications transceivers initially based in St. Petersburg, Florida, United States.

History
Signal/One's parent company was Electronic Communications, Inc. (ECI), a military division of NCR Corporation located in St. Petersburg, Florida. Key Signal/One executives were general manager Dick Ehrhorn (amateur radio call sign W4ETO), and project engineer Don Fowler (W4YET). Beginning in the 1960s with the Signal/One CX7, ("S1", as they were called) the company made radios that were priced well above the competition and offered many advanced features for the time, such as passband tuning, broadband transmission, dual receive, built-in IAMBIC keyer, electronic digital read out, solid state design, QSK and RF clipping. A Signal/One radio was said to be a complete high performance, station in a box.

While marketed to the affluent radio amateur, it has been suggested that the primary market for Signal/One, like Collins, was military, State Department, and government communications. Although prized for the performance and advanced engineering, Signal/One's products did not sell as well as hoped, and the company gradually fell on hard times. From the 1970s though the 1990s, every few years, Signal/One was spun off, sold, and resurfaced at another location.

Collectors
The surviving Signal/One products are sought after and actively collected. These include the CX7, CX7A, CX7B, CX11 and Milspec models. The last Signal/One radio was a re-engineered ICOM IC-781. Information available indicates there were 1152 Signal Ones built: 850 CX7, 112 CX11, 168 MS1030 (number of "C" versions is not known), 6 MilSpec1030C, 15 MilSpec1030CI Icom IC-781 conversions and 1 Milspec1030E DSP Icom IC-756 Pro conversion.

title: Signal/One


text:
List of storms named Javier

The name Javier has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Hurricane Javier (1980) – stayed in the open ocean.
 * Hurricane Javier (1986) – produced high waves in southern California.
 * Hurricane Javier (1992) – dissipated south of Hawaii.
 * Tropical Storm Javier (1998) – made landfall in southwestern Mexico, dissipated shortly after moving ashore.
 * Hurricane Javier (2004) – made landfall in Baja California; later produced rainfall across the southwest United States.
 * Tropical Storm Javier (2016) – struck Baja California, degenerated into a remnant low shortly after passing offshore.
 * Tropical Storm Javier (2022) – formed near Baja California but did not make landfall, dissipated shortly after.

title: List of storms named Javier


text:
Armand Rougeau

Armand Rougeau (born December 30, 1961) is a Canadian former professional wrestler. He is the son of Jacques Rougeau, Sr. and brother of former World Wrestling Federation (WWF) wrestlers Jacques Rougeau, Jr. and Raymond Rougeau. He performed in Canada before he was hired by the WWF. An injury forced him out of the ring for several years. He has wrestled occasional matches and worked as an auto mechanic since retiring from wrestling.

Career
Rougeau started wrestling in his native Canada in 1982. In 1983, while wrestling in the Montreal area, he formed a tag team with Dan Kroffat known as the Flying Canucks. They feuded with The Long Riders (Scott and Bill Irwin). They also had a rivalry with Richard Charland over Lutte Internationale's Canadian International Tag Team Championship. On February 8, 1987, Rougeau and Kroffat defeated Charland and Sheik Ali to win the title belts. They held the championship for over two months, dropping it to Charland and Chuck Simms on April 13. During his time with the company, Rougeau also competed as a singles wrestler, facing such opponents as Bob Orton, Jr.

He signed a contract to compete for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1986. One month before his WWF debut, he sustained a serious back injury. To repair the injury, he had two discs removed from his back, which forced him to retire. He operated an auto repair business after leaving wrestling. He did not wrestle for several years, until he agreed to wrestle in a tag team match for his brother Jacques's Lutte 2000 promotion in December 2001. He has come back for several matches since then but does not intend to return to wrestling on a regular basis.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Lutte Internationale
 * Canadian International Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Dan Kroffat

title: Armand Rougeau


text:
Jean Rougeau

Jean Rougeau (June 9, 1929 – May 25, 1983) was a professional wrestler better known as Johnny Rougeau. Rougeau started wrestling in 1951 as Johnny Rougeau after an amateur wrestling career. In 1956, he was joined by his brother, Jacques Rougeau, Sr. He is also the uncle to former wrestlers Jacques Rougeau and Raymond Rougeau who would go on to great fame in the World Wrestling Federation as the Fabulous Rougeau Brothers as well as Armand Rougeau whose full-time career was cut short by injury. He had feuds with Abdullah the Butcher, The Sheik, Ivan Koloff, Hans Schmidt and Killer Kowalski. He founded All-Star Wrestling in 1967.

Amateur wrestling
Rougeau began his amateur wrestling career in 1943.

Professional wrestling career
Rougeau was also one of the premier promoters in Quebec. In the late 60s, Rougeau gave Ivan Koloff his ring name. He mainly worked in Montreal but wrestled in Ohio, Ottawa, Texas, Detroit, Toronto, New York, Minnesota and Florida.

Ice hockey
Rougeau also coached ice hockey with the Rosemont National 70-71 and Laval National 71–72, 72–73, 77–78 in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, which included New York Islander Mike Bossy. He later served as the league's president from 1981 to 1983. The Jean Rougeau Trophy was named in his honor and is awarded to the team that records the most points in the regular season.

Personal life
He was also at times a bodyguard, nightclub owner, and politician. Most notably, Rougeau became the bodyguard and chauffeur of then-Liberal candidate René Lévesque during the 1960 election after he was personally threatened by Union Nationale partisans.

In 1982, he was awarded the Bene Merenti de Patria, a silver medal awarded by the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society every year to a native of Quebec who has demonstrated service to the homeland.

He died of cancer on May 25, 1983. His funeral was attended by about 7,000 people. He was buried at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.

Championships

 * All-Star Wrestling
 * All-Star Wrestling Heavyweight Champion (2 times)
 * Fédération Française de Catch Professionnel
 * World Heavyweight Championship (French version) (1 time)
 * International Wrestling Association (Montreal)
 * IWA International Heavyweight Championship (6 times)
 * Montreal Athletic Commission
 * MAC World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

title: Jean Rougeau


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Jacques Rougeau Sr.

Jacques Rougeau Sr. (May 27, 1930 – July 1, 2019) was a Canadian professional wrestler. He was the father of wrestlers Jacques Rougeau, Armand Rougeau and Raymond Rougeau.

Career
Rougeau started wrestling in 1956 with his brother, Johnny Rougeau. He had feuds with Abdullah the Butcher, Alexis Smirnoff, Don Leo Jonathan and The Sheik.

In 1984, Rougeau came out of semi-retirement to fight a series of matches in Quebec. Teaming with his three sons, Jacques, Armand and Raymond, the Rougeaus fought against many heels in the area, such as Pierre 'Mad Dog' Lefebvre, Frenchy Martin, Sailor White and Tarzan Tyler.

Rougeau retired in 1986.

Championships and accomplishments

 * International Wrestling Association (Montreal)
 * IWA International Heavyweight Championship (5 times)
 * IWA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Gino Brito
 * National Wrestling Federation
 * NWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWF World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Johnny Powers

title: Jacques Rougeau Sr.


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Vydubychi Monastery

Vydubychi Monastery is a historic monastery in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. During the Soviet period it housed the NANU Institute of Archaeology.

History
The monastery was established between 1070 and 1077 by Vsevolod, son of Yaroslav the Wise. It was a family cloister of Vsevolod's son Vladimir Monomakh and his descendants.

The monastery, and the neighbourhood in present-day Kyiv where it is located, was named after an old Slavic legend about the pagan god Perun and the Grand Prince Vladimir the Great of Kyiv. The word "Vydubychi" comes from the word Vydobychi → Vydobych → Vydobech which means "to swim up", "emerge from water".

The legend has it that Vladimir ordered the wooden figures of Perun (the Thunder God) and other pagan gods dumped into the Dnieper River during the mass Baptism of Kyiv. The disheartened Kyivans, though accepting the baptism, ran along the Dnieper River calling for the old gods to emerge from water (Перуне выдуби!). Accordingly, the area down the river stream where Perun emerged was named Vydubichu or Vydubychi in modern Ukrainian.

The monastery operated the ferry across the Dnieper River and many of the best scholars of that time lived and worked there. Among them, chroniclers Sylvestr of Kiev and Moisey made a great contribution to writing the Tale of Bygone Years.

From the 1596 Union of Brest the Monastery was an official seat of the first three metropolitans of the Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine — Mykhajlo Rohoza, Ipatii Potii and Yosyf Rutskyi. In 1635. it was returned to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.

The monastery was continuously protected by Ukraine's hetmans and aristocratic families. Hetman Ivan Mazepa in 1695 forbade the Vydubytskyi Monastery's neighbors to "do injustice to the monastery" and placed it under the guard of Starodub Regiment Col. Mykhailo Myklashevskyi, who established the Baroque-style Church of St. George and new Transfiguration Refectory. Hetman Danylo Apostol subsidised construction of the monastery's bell tower. In the 18th century the help of Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovsky's ensured the new properties for the Vydubychi.

Since the late 1990s, the monastery is administered by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church — Kyiv Patriarchate. The Vydubychi Church Choir was among the first choirs in newly independent Ukraine to reinstate singing of the Divine Liturgy in the Ukrainian language.

Buildings and structures
Only a few churches of this monastery have survived over the centuries. One of these is the Collegiate Church of Saint Michael, which was built on behest of Vsevolod I and partly reconstructed between 1766 and 1769 by Russian architect M. I. Yurasov. The Ukrainian baroque structures include the magnificent 5-domed St. George Cathedral, Transfiguration of the Saviour Church and refectory, all dating from 1696-1701. A belltower, commissioned by the Hetman Danylo Apostol, was erected in 1727-33 and built up in 1827-31.

 * Saint Michael Church
 * Saint George Cathedral
 * Refectory with Savior-Transfiguraton Church
 * Chapel of the Saint Michael Church
 * Fraternity building
 * Building of the abbot
 * Necropolis

Necropolis
Many distinguished individuals are buried there, including:

 * Y. Handzyuk — Commander of the First Ukrainian Corps (1918), executed by the Bolsheviks.
 * Bogdan Khanenko (1848–1917) collector and patron of the arts, his collection was moved to the Kyiv Museum of Art and Industry after his death.
 * Konstantin Ushinsky (1823–1871) — pedagogue, advocate of teaching in Ukrainian (which was prohibited in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century according to the Ems Ukase).
 * Vladimir Alekseyevich Betz (1834–1896) — anatomist famous for his discovery of giant pyramidal motoneurons which are now called Betz cells.
 * Lev Mikhailovich Yashvil (1768–1836) — artillery general during the Napoleonic Wars.

Vydubychi Monastery in art and literature

 * Drawing, Vydubytskyi Monastery in Kyiv (1844) by Taras Shevchenko. The work is located in the National Art Museum of Ukraine, Kyiv.
 * Drawing, Vydubytskyi Monastery (1840s) by Mykhailo Sazhyn. The work is located in the National Art Museum of Ukraine, Kyiv.

title: Vydubychi Monastery


text:
Entente Florale Europe

The Entente Florale Europe (, "Flowery Alliance of Europe") is an international horticultural competition established to recognise municipalities and villages in Europe for excellence in horticultural displays. Trophies are presented annually by tourist boards and horticultural societies of European countries. There are three categories:

 * "Cities" (population over 30,000)
 * "Town" (population of 5,000–30,000)
 * "Village" (population of less than 5,000).

History
Entente Florale Europe is a competition for Towns and Villages. The competition name puns on the Entente Cordiale ("Friendly Understanding", 1904). Each participating country puts forward a representative Town and Village. The Town and Village are visited by the Jury and an assessment is made. The competition was founded in 1975, initially between Great Britain and France. At present there are eleven member countries and further applications are being processed.

In 1996, an international non profit association (AISBL) was founded under the name of Association Européenne pour le Fleurissement et le Paysage (European Association for Blooming and the Countryside), with the responsibility of the overall organisation of the competition and to obtain support from official bodies in the different countries. The AEFP is incorporated under the Belgian Law of 8 September 1997, and the Statutes were published in the Belgian Monitor on 8 September 1998. The amended articles, by Law of 2 May 2002 were published in the Belgian Monitor on 28 April 2006.

Since 1998 under the aegis of the 'Association Européenne pour le Fleurissement et le Paysage', the association and the competition Entente Florale Europe are open to all countries in the European Union as well as to the EFTA members countries (European Free Trade Association).

The competition has enjoyed the support of the International Association of Horticulture producers (AIPH) since its inception. In individual countries the competition is supported and organised by Ministries/Department of Agriculture, Tourism, as well as horticultural bodies and associations.

The President represents the association and is acting for 2 years. Each successive President shall be from a different country per alphabetic order.

Participation
Who can Enter ?

The competition is open to all countries in the EU and in the EFTA subject to approval by the board of AEFP. There are three categories, every member country can put forward 2 entries from two different categories.
 * Cities/Towns (population over 30,000)
 * Towns (population between 5,000 and 30,000)
 * Villages (population below 5,000)

How & When to Enter ?

 * Applications are made by the national organisation in charge of the competition.
 * New members are elected by the Board of Directors of the AEFP, by simple majority, at its twice yearly meetings (March & September).
 * Notification of entrants from existing members should reach the Secretariat before December 31 of the year prior to adjudication.

Organisation
Who organises the Competition?

Overall organisations is by the "Association Européenne du Fleurissement et du Paysage" (A.E.F.P.). AEFP is a non-profit organization, incorporated under Belgian Law(s). Each participant country has its own organisation and is entitled to membership on the Board of Directors of the AEFP. The competition has enjoyed the support of the International Association of Horticultural Producers (AIPH) since its inception. In individual countries the competition is supported and organised by Ministries/Departments of Agriculture, Environment, Tourism as well as horticultural bodies and associations.

The Aim of the Competition

The overall aim of the competition is the improvement of the quality of life for local urban and village communities. To this end the competition fosters:
 * The greening of towns and villages
 * Flowers, shrubs, green spaces, parks
 * Development which is environmentally and ecologically sensitive
 * Educational and communication initiatives which promote environmental awareness.

Advantages of Joining

You will
 * Enhance the reputation of your town, village, country
 * Facilitate contacts of a tourist, cultural nature
 * Improve the appearance and fabric of your towns and villages
 * Foster community spirit and enhance the quality of life
 * Enable citizens to assume ownership of their local environment

Jury members in 2015
'''Austria (AT)  Belgium (BE)  Czech Republic (CZ)''' Germany (DE) Hungary (HU) Ireland (IE) Italy (IT) Netherlands (NL) Slovenia (SI) United Kingdom (UK)
 * Martin Wagner, Horticultural engineer; Vice-chair of the jury
 * Johanna Renat, Spatial planner
 * Rudi Geerardyn, Landscape architect & Town planner; Chair of the jury
 * Inka Truxova, Landscape architect
 * Petr Šiřina, Landscape architect
 * Jaroslav Brzak, Landscape architect
 * Dr. Rüdiger Kirsten, Landscape architect & Town planner; Vice-chair of the jury
 * Hildegunde Franziska Henrich, Landscape architect & Town planner
 * Dr. Andrea Bocsi, Tourism expert & Economist
 * Dr. Ildikó Réka Báthoryné Nagy, Landscape architect
 * Szilvia Halász Spanyárné, Landscape architect
 * Eamonn De Stafort, Tourism consultant
 * Dr. Christy Boylan, Horticulturist & Landscape architect
 * Anna Furlani Pedoja, Landscape architect
 * Jacopo Fontaneto, Agriculture and Green Journalist, Tourism consultant
 * Mauro Paradisi, Municipal urban designer
 * Nico Anthony Brink Landscape architect
 * Marjolijn Ruijs, Landscape contractor
 * Anton Schlaus, Architect & Consultant for energy efficient building
 * Martina Schlaus, Architect & Conservator for Cultural Heritage
 * Peter Holman, Horticultural & Greenspace Consultant
 * David Littlewood, Horticulturist
 * Mark Wasilewski, Park Management

Previous winners
Source:

Note re UK representatives -

Links of participating nations homepages

 * Austria
 * Belgium
 * Croatia
 * Czech Republic
 * France
 * Germany
 * Hungary
 * Ireland
 * Italy
 * Netherlands
 * Slovenija
 * United Kingdom

title: Entente Florale Europe


text:
Homer, Minnesota

Homer is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Homer Township, Winona County, Minnesota, United States, on the south bank of the Mississippi River. As of the 2010 census, its population was 181.

Geography
The community is located to the immediate southeast of the city of Winona along Highways 61 and 14, near the junction with Winona County Road 15. Pleasant Valley Creek and Homer Creek both flow nearby. Nearby places include Winona, Lamoille, Pickwick, Donehower, Dakota, and Dresbach.

History
Homer was platted in 1855, and named after Homer, New York. The community contained a post office from 1855 until 1965. The Willard Bunnell House, built in the 1850s by Homer's founder, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is managed as a historic house museum.

Transportation
Amtrak’s Empire Builder, which operates between Seattle/Portland and Chicago, passes through the town on BNSF tracks, but makes no stop. The nearest station is located in Winona, 6 mi to the west.

title: Homer, Minnesota


text:
User talk:Pedersoj

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.--BaronLarf 16:43, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pedersoj


text:
List of storms named Jimena

The name Jimena has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Tropical Storm Jimena (1979) – late-season storm that formed at an unusually low latitude
 * Hurricane Jimena (1985) — Category 4 hurricane that remained at sea
 * Hurricane Jimena (1991) — Category 4 hurricane that also remained at sea
 * Hurricane Jimena (1997) — Category 4 hurricane that formed before crossing into the Central Pacific
 * Hurricane Jimena (2003) — a Category 2 hurricane that passed south of Hawaii as a tropical storm
 * Hurricane Jimena (2009) — strong Category 4 hurricane that became one of the strongest to strike the Baja California Peninsula
 * Hurricane Jimena (2015) — strong Category 4 hurricane that crossed into the Central Pacific, dissipated north of Hawaii
 * Tropical Storm Jimena (2021) – weak storm that spent most of its lifetime as a tropical depression

title: List of storms named Jimena


text:
List of storms named Jova

The name Jova has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

 * Hurricane Jova (1981) – Category 1 hurricane that passed north of Hawaii as a tropical depression
 * Hurricane Jova (1987) – Category 2 hurricane that stayed at sea
 * Hurricane Jova (1993) – Category 4 hurricane that paralleled the Mexican coast
 * Hurricane Jova (2005) – Category 3 hurricane, passed near Hawaii but did not affect land
 * Hurricane Jova (2011) – Category 3 hurricane, made landfall in Mexico as a Category 2 hurricane
 * Tropical Storm Jova (2017) – formed from the remnants of Atlantic Hurricane Franklin, did not affect land
 * Hurricane Jova (2023) – Category 5 hurricane that stayed in the open ocean, one of the fastest-intensifying Pacific hurricanes on record

title: List of storms named Jova


text:
St Catherine's School, Twickenham

St Catherine's School is a Catholic private school for girls in Twickenham, London. The school is next to the River Thames and about 2/3 mile from both Strawberry Hill and Twickenham railway stations.

History
Founded in a large house near Twickenham Green, St Catherine's then moved to Orford Lodge (now demolished) and in 1919 to Pope's Villa, on the site of Alexander Pope's original villa. By 1961 it was recognised by the Ministry of Education as a grammar school. In 1948 the school bought a house on Cross Deep known as The Lawn, where it is currently located.

Up until 1991 the school was home to a number of Sisters who were also members of the staff. They moved out and the school became a charitable trust managed by lay persons in 1992. It is the only independent Roman Catholic girls' school in the Richmond area and is within the Archdiocese of Westminster. It remains a Roman Catholic foundation but takes students of all religious affiliations. It has a preparatory school (entry typically at three-years-old) and a senior school (entry at eleven-years-old). Nearly one-third of the pupils are of minority ethnic groups, but more than ninety per cent of the pupils have English as a first language.

Notable former pupils

 * Annie Nightingale (1940-2024) - radio and television broadcaster
 * Bonnie Langford (b. 1964) - actress
 * Patsy Kensit (b. 1968) - actress
 * Olivia Hallinan (b. 1986) - actress

title: St Catherine's School, Twickenham


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Skinheadz

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:12, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Skinheadz
Insignificant skinhead/neo-Nazi website. 57,000th on Alexa. "Skinheadz" gets fewer than 1k Google hits, many for unrelated uses. Their forum is very quiet [just 1600 posts to tbe busiest since 2003, none have had any traffic in weeks]. The history is unsourced, not verifiable, and potentially imaginative. Willmcw 16:44, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I think their history may contain some slight elements of fiction. --Scimitar parley 17:13, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Crosstar 24:06, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. - Grpunkim 18:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Binadot 22:05, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not verifiable --Head of the Caligula Appreciation Society 05:36, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Sister Lila

I arrived here on July 20, 2005.

title: User:Sister Lila