text:
Talk:Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan

Requested move 12 January 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. DrKiernan (talk) 17:53, 24 January 2015 (UTC)

– A user moved the pages of the Japanese Imperial Family without any discussion. As an administrator he should know that it was better to a start a discussion on the talk page. His reason for changing the titles was the official website of Imperial Household Agency, because it refers to them by their imperial titles like this: HIH Prince/ss X (similar to HRH The Prince of Orange, etc). Well on Wikipedia the royal family members' articles are titled like this: "Name, Prince of X". British royal family's website also refers to them by their titles like HRH The Prince of Wales but on Wikipedia his article's title is Charles, Prince of Wales. Most of the articles of royal families are titled like this, so it is a kind of rule. Even Japanese Wikipedia includes the names of their royals on its articles' headings. Takahito, Prince Mikasa was moved to Prince Mikasa etc. It also misleads that his name is Mikasa when in fact that is his title. In Japan he is known as Prince Mikasa (in Japanese) similar to how the Prince William is known as Duke of Cambridge even though his given name is Takahito. There are others although Aiko, Princess Toshi has not been moved. Aiko, Princess Toshi is a good title because it combines her name with her title of Princess Toshi. Also if the Japanese succession rules change in favor of Princess Aiko to become empress, then the current Princess Akishino's son becomes 2nd Prince Akishino after his father's death and his wife will be styled as Princess Akishino. Actually, if Prince Mikasa's son, Prince Tomohito, didn't die sooner than his father, he would become Prince Mikasa and his wife would become Princess Mikasa. If Hirohito's other brothers had sons, they would carry on their fathers' titles now. It seems the titles are hereditary but for example Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu, was moved to Prince Takamatsu while it has been the second creation of this title and he hasn't been the only person to use it. Unfortunately most of the members of the imperial family are females currently and these titles can't be used by them after their fathers' deaths. But all of these imperial titles can become recreated for a new prince to start a branch of the Imperial Family. So it's better to use their first names before their titles to avoid from confusing in the future. Besides, many sites and blogs refer to them by first name or full name with the title. Keivan.f Talk 18:06, 12 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Prince Akishino → Fumihito, Prince Akishino
 * Princess Akishino → Kiko, Princess Akishino
 * Prince Hitachi → Masahito, Prince Hitachi
 * Princess Hitachi → Hanako, Princess Hitachi
 * Prince Mikasa → Takahito, Prince Mikasa
 * Princess Mikasa → Yuriko, Princess Mikasa
 * Prince Katsura → Yoshihito, Prince Katsura
 * Prince Takamado → Norihito, Prince Takamado
 * Princess Takamado → Hisako, Princess Takamado
 * Prince Chichibu → Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu
 * Princess Chichibu → Setsuko, Princess Chichibu
 * Prince Takamatsu → Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu
 * Princess Takamatsu → Kikuko, Princess Takamatsu
 * Support - Not to mention he didn't bother moving Sachiko, Princess Hisa to Princess Hisa (that itself needs a correction on the family tree of the page). I support moving these pages back to the way they were. Honestly, for a time, I thought Prince Mikasa was his personal name. Name + title removes a possibility of confusion.The Agency page is not often update seeing how Princess Noriko is listed as a member, plus as you said British Royals are also listed by their titles instead of names on their websites. Plus, I had to edit all these pages to remove the silly HIH before their titles in the first sentences (even for deceased members). --Killuminator (talk) 22:20, 12 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per status quo and common English usage. Dralwik|Have a Chat 02:58, 13 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Support There was no previous discussion for moving. We have to make it clear what his given name and titles are. Aiko, Princess Toshi hasn't been moved.  Not to mention that Akishino also is the name of his household like the Prince of Wales has (Clarence House) . I find that funny almost like referring to him as Prince Household. --Hipposcrashed (talk) 04:24, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per arguments above. I note that he didn't move Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan.  But also note there are pages like Princess Mako of Akishino which are likely to need moving. Jonathan A Jones (talk) 15:14, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment Thanks for your support. Actually Princess Mako of Akishino's case is completely different because she doesn't have a title for herself unlike her cousin Princess Aiko who was born with the royal title Princess Toshi. But Princess Mako and her siblings and also some other members of the Imperial Family like Princess Akiko, Princess Tsuguko and their siblings are addressed with their parents' or grandparents' households like this: "Prince/ss 'Name' of X".  Keivan.f  Talk 20:00, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks: hence my use of the weasel word "likely". Happy to leave details to the experts; my only expertise in this field is that I happened to live in the room directly below Prince Akishino when he was at Oxford!  Jonathan A Jones (talk) 09:36, 15 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Interesting. I thought only Crown Prince Naruhito attended Oxford University. I hadn't paid attention to Prince Akishino's education until now that you said you were in the same university with him. Keivan.f  Talk 14:54, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment Honestly, I would support doing the same thing for the emperors :P. I know it's kind of a unique case, but the titles confused me at first a long time ago plus I have a problem with the page Empress Kojun because she's just as known as her notorious husband by her real name instead of her post mortem title O_o .--Killuminator (talk) 08:32, 16 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I think Japanese emperors and empresses, specially those before Hirohito and his wife, are known by their posthumous names. Hirohito is more common than Emperor Showa in English, but I think Empress Kojun and Empress Nagako are both common. Of course if you think Empress Nagako is a more suitable title for the article, you can give a move request. I don't know when Akihito and Michiko die what their articles' titles be, the current titles or their posthumous names (Emperor Heisei and Empress "X"). It should also be decided in the future. Keivan.f  Talk 23:09, 16 January 2015 (UTC)
 * The late empress isn't really in the news or textbooks often so I can't say which one is more used and I don't even know how to pronounce Kojun, but textbooks in the place where I live use the term Emperor Mutsuhito (Emperor Meiji's personal name) or Car Mucuhito in my native language. Their customs of renaming people after death are meaningless to us, because we study what they did during their lifetimes :P. --Killuminator (talk) 11:18, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I think the empress dowager wasn't really active in political life and Michiko seems to be more active than Nagako in performing her duties. It's really difficult to find which name is more common. In my country, we don't have a tradition to rename the people after their death, but this custom exists in far east and they give dead people new titles, rename them or even give them official posts as in North Korea. Also I agree that events and the name used by a person during his lifetime is important but I think the articles' title should be based upon their culture and I really think many of Japanese emperors and empresses, specially those before Meiji, are known by their posthumous names. Actually Hirohito's posthumous name has also become more common during these 26 years both in Japan and in the world, as it is used also in some internet sources. All the Japanese emperors and empresses were known by their real names during their existence but I think after their deaths, their posthumous names became common after a period of time. In a comparison with the other Japanese emperors and empresses I think moving Hirohito to Emperor Showa is a better choice. There was also a discussion about moving Empress Kojun's article and another one for moving Hirohito, unfortunately the results were "no moving". Maybe a move request with enough reasons should be given. By this situation Akihito's and Michiko's articles may become renamed after their deaths however it should be discussed in the future. Keivan.f  Talk 12:45, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I would object to moving Hirohito to Emperor Showa because he is a rather notorious figure known by his personal name. I'm more of a compromise person. Something like Hirohito, Emperor Showa or to put their name in brackets like Russian empresses have their birth names like that. --Killuminator (talk) 13:46, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I think history books will have posthumous name. This is like Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother's article title. Since she is a deceased former consort of the king, her birth name should be used but for sentimental reasons, those that remember her wanted her article title to be Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother. We could go both ways with this. Was she best known for being a consort or mother of the sovereign? In a history book of consorts, you would find her listed by her birth name. Years from now when no one remembers the current sovereign, you could expect that she is best known for being a consort although she was most recently a mother of the sovereign.--Hipposcrashed (talk) 15:19, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It seems to be a good suggestion to combine their real names with their posthumous titles but it's really difficult and cannot be done for all of them. Some of them have changed their real names like Empress Shoken who changed her name from Masako to Haruko. And we should find the real names of all emperors and empresses and then give a multiple move request for over 200 pages. Also maybe their posthumous titles are more common than their real names. When I was looking at Chinese emperors' and empresses' articles, I understood that some of them are titled under their honorary name not their posthumous names like Empress Dowager Cixi. And personal names of many of them are unknown. So it's not that much necessary to put their real names as their articles' titles. I'll give a move request for Hirohito very soon. You can wait for the result. If the users decided to not move the page, then you can give a move request for Nagako. Actually as I said above there was also a request for moving Kojun to Nagako which failed. I don't know what is in the users minds :/ Keivan.f  Talk 15:46, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I think we should also find some Japanese people on Wikipedia to explain to us that why some Japanese empresses' articles are titled like this: "Fujiwara no Kachiko, Princess Tochi, etc". They were empresses (kogo) and the titles of their articles should include "Empress". Like Empress Shoshi whose name is actually Fujiwara no Shoshi. I don't know that it is her real name or posthumous name. By the way don't you think that Japanese empresses' articles should be moved? For example moving Fujiwara no Kachiko to Empress Kachiko? I think Japanese Wikipedia has their articles' under their birth name, like Mary of Teck. But in a comparison with Chinese empresses and some other Japanese empresses, I think the titles should change. Keivan.f  Talk 16:14, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It's not about being the consort or the mother of sovereign because I think her case is a little different with Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Kojun was known as Empress Dowager Nagako during her son's reign and after her death she was given the posthumous name of Empress Kojun which is a tradition for dead emperors and empresses to be renamed. But I think Kojun is also common and the name of the page for the empress does not need to go hand-in-hand with Hirohito's article. WP:MOS-JP is a much more specific (and thus more applicable) guideline to use here than WP:NC (CN). Keivan.f  Talk 16:24, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * According to WP:MOS-JP, "For Japanese emperors including emperors from both the northern and southern courts during the Nanboku-chō period, use the form Emperor {name}, which is a partial translation of their posthumous name. The word Emperor is an integral part of the name and not merely a title, so it should be capitalized and the article the should not appear before it. It is also acceptable to refer to a Japanese emperor without "Emperor", so long as the first appearance of the name uses the above format." I'm going to find someone to explain what to do with empresses. Keivan.f  Talk 16:30, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm studying for three tedious exams, so I'cant read all this now, I'll be back later tonight. Most of these pre 19-th century emperors are probably notable enough for Japanese people, but are all obscure for us foreigners. So Meiji onwards are the most famous emperors, gotta go, I'm under pressure -.- . --Killuminator (talk) 17:21, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm studying too. Please leave your message at night. I'll see it and answer you tonight or tomorrow. Thanks a lot. Keivan.f  Talk 18:22, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * OK, here is some spare time on my side. It seems that the situation with empresses is an rather big inconsistency, I did put one of them under the category Japanese empresses seeing how it was omitted. Regarding personal names of emperors, another alternative is to put their personal name on top of the infobox, it's a standard even used for ex-princesses like Noriko Senge, Sayako Kuroda etc. --Killuminator (talk) 20:18, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree with you. Their personal name should be on top of the infobox. About empresses, I'm trying to contact with Japanese Wikipedia or find someone here on English Wikipedia to get help from. I have left a message for Japanese Wikipedians to explain me how the names of empresses' articles should be. I'm waiting for their answer. Keivan.f  Talk 11:59, 18 January 2015 (UTC)
 * And finally a reply from a Japanese Wikipedian about the titles of Japanese empresses' articles. Posthumous name for Empresses were disappeared in late Asuka-Nara period(上代, 6-8 century), and Nyoin name(女院) started to be used instead. Note that Nyoin doesn't always mean empress. During the Meiji period, Nyoin name has also been done away with, and posthumous name for Empresses were resumed. As a result, Empress Eishō, Empress Shōken, Empress Teimei, Empress Kōjun, only four of them have posthumous name after the Heian period. Keivan.f  Talk 15:39, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

I saw this discussion here now. I do not agree with it, because you are inventing a format that is incorrect. Gryffindor (talk) 09:29, 27 January 2015 (UTC)
 * And then how do you say that this format is incorrect? Here on Wikipedia only common name is used. Prince Akishino or Prince of Wales are only their official titles. It's also a rule on Wikipedia to have the names of royals before their titles. These pages were created with this form at first until you started to move them without any discussion. If you want the titles changed again, then, you should move all the royalty articles. Almost all of them! Keivan.f  Talk 11:41, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

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Crown Prince
The Japanese official sources, such as the Imperial Household Agency, refers to him as the Crown Prince. In a manual of the Imperial transition terminology's English translation he is also designated to be known as the CP. 89.64.31.129 (talk • contribs) 30 April 2019
 * The title Crown Prince is used by an heir-apparent. Fumihito is the heir-presumptive. One doesn't need to be CP, in order to be first-in-line for the Japanese throne. GoodDay (talk) 00:14, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I think that Fumihito is given the title of Crown Prince to honour him and his position as de facto heir-apparent. He is technically heir-presumptive, but the new Emperor presumably doesn't have any intention to divorce from his wife, marry someone else and try to have a son who would surpass Fumihito in the line of succession. --Editor FIN (talk) 06:11, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * What GoodDay is saying is an example of original research. According to which source you have to be heir apparent to be crown prince? Official palace documents refer to him as crown prince, it doesn't matter what you or anyone else believe in. Keivan.f  Talk 02:45, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 30 April 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: In this rambling discussion there was some support for a move but no consensus for any particular title. A future discussion might work better if a concrete proposal is made. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 18:56, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

– An official statement published by the Imperial Household Agency refers to the couple as His Imperial Highness The Crown Prince and Her Imperial Highness The Crown Princess. Meanwhile, the official biography of the couple refers to them as Their Imperial Highnesses Crown Prince and Crown Princess Akishino (could it be a typo?). Should these two pages be titled "Fumihito, Crown Prince of Japan" and "Kiko, Crown Princess of Japan" or "Fumihito, Crown Prince Akishino" and "Kiko, Crown Princess Akishino"? In my opinion, we should go with the official statement because to me the second set of titles sounds pretty bizarre but that's how they have written it on their website, so now we have two versions to choose from. Keivan.f Talk 23:50, 30 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Fumihito, Prince Akishino → ?
 * Kiko, Princess Akishino → ?
 * The question is if he retains his style and title of Akishino-no-miya and whether the Crown Prince is his new title (I doubt it) or just a designation of his new role as heir to the throne? IMO, he does not cease to be the Prince Akishino and only assumes the role of the Crown Prince, just like Naruhito did back in 1990, in the moment of his father's accession. He was, however, "invested" as the CP the following year, 1991. Today, it seems that the IHA people rushed with the settings for new names. Moreover, according to the wiki on 2019 Japanese imperial transition, the Prince is scheduled to be "promoted to Kōshi (a rank equivalent to Crown Prince)" on April 19, 2020. But we have the most reliable source naming the Akishinos as Crown Princely couple... What a mess. Kowalmistrz (talk) 00:12, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I think he may actually cease to be Prince Akishino, based on the fact that his brother was known as Prince Hiro, and then when he became the Crown Prince, he was just known as HIH The Crown Prince of Japan. I know that he's supposed to take the title during a ceremony in April 2020, but let's not forget that Naruhito's enthronement is also set to take place in October 2019, but he's already referred to as HM The Emperor. Keivan.f  Talk 00:56, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

Naruhito already ascended the throne on 1 may 2019 when he inherited the sacred treasures, the enthronement ceremony is simply a formality ceremony. A ceremony to formally confirm his ascension. On the issue of Prince Akishino, he'll officially become the Crown Prince when the ascension ceremony takes place next year. He's still Prince Akishino. It could however that the title of Crown Prince is conferred upon him as a courtesy title to signify that he'll inherited the title next year. Remember not all monarchies follow the british nobility system. CharlesViBritannia (talk) 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, that's not what their official website says. He's been already referred to as the Crown Prince, but apparently the formal ceremony which gives him the title is going to take place next year. So I think we should go with what the Imperial Household Agency website suggests. We are not allowed to make any guesses without a solid base. Keivan.f  Talk 19:45, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * No, I think Fumihito will never be Crown Prince: it is a sort of title for the heir apparent (not presumptive, what he is). Let's suppose the Emperor in the future will have a son (which is still possible); in this case the heir apparrent and Crown Prince will be his son, and not his brother Fumihito. --Foghe (talk) 08:43, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * That is not going to happen though. His wife is in her 50s and it's unlikely that they will ever producer a male heir. So, based on what the official website says, he actually is the Crown Prince. Keivan.f  Talk 11:53, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * He is the heir presumptive, he has not been formally bestowed with the title, but since the palace officially calls him so, we should probably stick to it. Just my opinion. 59.98.96.153 (talk) 04:00, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

Oppose - moving the articles. He's not the emperor's eldest son & heir-apparent. GoodDay (talk) 10:18, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I think you didn't get the idea of this move request. First of all, Fumihito is not heir apparent, that's true, but he's heir presumptive. He's second in line to the throne at the moment. And he doesn't need to be the emperor's son to be the crown prince. In this case, instead of being a kotaishi, he will be referred to as a koshi, basically a crown prince who's not the emperor's son. Keivan.f  Talk 11:53, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * He's not second-in-line. He's the first-in-line, but isn't the crown prince. GoodDay (talk) 20:21, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * You're right. He's first in line. My bad. The point, however, is that the palace officially calls him the Crown Prince, and even his new Japanese title gives him the rank 'equivalent' to that of a crown prince. So, we cannot include our original research here. If that's how the palace calls him, which is HIH The Crown Prince, then we have to go with that. Keivan.f  Talk 21:33, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

User:GoodDay, User:Keivan.f, let's not forget that crown prince is not a title, like the Prince of Wales or Prince of Asturias, i.e. it is not created for or conferred on someone, it is rather a descriptive term used to refer to the heir to the throne. And that's how the Japanese see it, I think, and use it to style Fumihito now, since he became his brother's heir and the supposed next emperor. Compare it, let's say, to the "title" of Hereditary Prince in monarchies of lesser rank like principalities and (in the past) duchies. For example, Caroline of Hanover, the current Sovereign Prince Albert II of Monaco's elder sister, was the Hereditary Princess (an equivalent to crown prince - no doubt about that) twice in her life, first automatically after she was born and before the birth of her brother and later after that said heir's accession to the throne and before the birth of his own's heir. Whenever she was the first in line to the throne, she was styled as the Hereditary Princess of Monaco and no one questioned that. GoodDay, you just think Fumihito is not the Crown Prince but the Japanese themselves think the opposite. Well, are we really going to question that? The Imperial Household Agency's official website styles him as the Crown Prince, why shouldn't we? This is so Western attitude to this case.Kowalmistrz (talk) 22:27, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * The emperor is the heir, where's his brother is the heir-presumptive. Legally 'heir' means the occupier or monarch. GoodDay (talk) 00:12, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, you must be an heir to something. Fumihito is heir to the throne, currently occupied by his brother so I don't know really what you are trying to say. Wasn't Naruhito the heir before April 30? LOL Anyway, why shouldn't we name him the Crown Prince in the article? Because he is not the Emperor's first or only son? I think I made my point it does not matter in this case. Kowalmistrz (talk) 00:24, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * The emperor is the 'heir'. Fumihito is the 'heir-presumptive', that means it's presumed that he'll be the heir someday. GoodDay (talk) 02:00, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, but what's your point on the topic of this discussion? Kowalmistrz (talk) 09:22, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Those articles should 'not' be moved to include 'Crown Prince' or 'Crown Princess'. Those titles are reserved for the heir-apparent of an emperor & the heir-apparent's wife. GoodDay (talk) 14:36, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, but what makes you say that? Can you provide us with a proper source for that rule about using this term? Term, because crown prince is not a title! Kowalmistrz (talk) 14:46, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Nope. That's not what heir means. A monarch cannot be an heir. For example, Queen Elizabeth II is not an heir, she's a monarch. Her son, Prince Charles, is heir apparent, an heir that cannot be replaced by the birth of anyone else. In the case of Naruhito, he was their heir apparent before he became the Emperor. Now, his brother is heir presumptive (koshi, instead of kotaishi), an heir that can be pushed down the line if the Emperor and Empress were to have a son, which is unlikely. Thus, as the heir to the throne, Fumihito is the Crown Prince. So was Caroline, Princess of Hanover, when she was heir presumptive to the throne of Monaco before the birth of her niece and nephew. She was Hereditary Princess back then; now she's not. Keivan.f  Talk 16:48, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * The monarch is the heir. The next-in-line is either the heir-apparent or the heir-presumptive. Those are the legally meanings of the words. Mass media tends to get it wrong, at times. GoodDay (talk) 16:56, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Can you provide a source? Legal meaning where? In what legal system exactly? And again, what is your conclusion on the matter of this discussion? Are yoy saying that we should not name Fumihito the Crown Prince of Japan, even if the Japanese themselves (the Imperial Court!!) named him that way? Kowalmistrz (talk) 17:51, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Heir is the person who inherits. It refers to "a person legally entitled to the property or rank of another on that person's death." 1 And there are two types of heirs, as I said: Heir apparent and heir presumptive. That's how the sources define the word, unless you have access to a credible source which says otherwise. By the way, what heir means does not affect the subject being discussed here. Fumihito is first in line to the throne, and he's officially called the Crown Prince. Keivan.f  Talk 18:57, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * He's first-in-line, but he doesn't have the title crown prince. Nor does he require that title, to be first-in-line. GoodDay (talk) 20:14, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I already explained it. Not going to repeat. GoodDay (talk) 18:46, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose firstly, because this change is imprecise. It is not clear what is being proposed, so it is unclear what people are agreeing to or opposing until a definite alternative, rather than multiple options, is put before us to choose, between retaining the current article name or choosing another. Secondly, it appears that in Japan the heir presumptive may be a crown prince in the same way that the Prince of Wales or the Hereditary Princess of Monaco is a crown prince: "crown prince" is an accurate generic term for any person who would succeed to a throne if the monarch died today (although Emperor Naruhito may yet be widowed, remarry, and father a son who would be heir apparent), but Naruhito's brother has not yet begun to use the correct, specific title of Koshi, nor has any authoritative source clarified which name, Fumihito or Akishino, will be associated with him (or his wife) once he assumes the Koshi title a year from now. This proposed change is thus premature, and Akishino's article should meanwhile just mention the new use for him of crown prince and its source. FactStraight (talk) 20:40, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * We all know that the children of the Earl of Wessex are legally a Prince and Princess of the United Kingdom, even though we do not style them like that in their Wiki articles. Why? Because the Queen, via a Buckingham Palace press release, announced that they will be styled as a non-royal earl's children. This case, the IHA clearly wants to style the Fumihito as Crown Prince of Japan. Why should we follow then any imaginary rules you both cite, even if they are real? An opposite case is Prince Knud of Denmark, who was styled the Hereditary Prince, not Crown Prince while heir presumptive to his brother, Frederick IX. But the Japanese clearly chose the other way to solve the naming problem. Kowalmistrz (talk) 14:38, 6 May 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm of the candid opinion that if he is referred to as such in official documents and publication then that is what he is. Unless Japanese law can be shown to state to the contrary he is de facto and de jure heir to the throne.  I'm in agreement that the title reflects this fact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Davidelias (talk • contribs)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

If an RM on this matter (for him & his wife) were held again? I would support adding the crown prince & crown princess titles. Indeed the heir-presumptive does have the title & can only lose it, if his elder brother has a legitimate son. GoodDay (talk) 18:17, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Kiko, Princess Akishino which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 07:02, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

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 * And most importantly, have fun!

If you need any help, see the help pages and glossary, add a question to the help desk, or ask me on my talk page.

I hope you will enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Good luck! — Bcat

Welcome #2
Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk July 8, 2005 23:34 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Blu Aardvark/Welcome


text:
Git (disambiguation)

Git is a distributed version control system.

Git, Gits or GIT may also refer to:

Language

 * Git (pronoun), a pronoun in Old English
 * Git (slang), British and Irish slang for a contemptible person
 * Gitxsan language

Entertainment

 * Git!, a 1965 American drama film
 * Git Gay (1921–2007), Swedish actress and singer
 * Feathers in the Wind, a 2005 South Korean film
 * Ghost in the Shell, a Japanese media franchise

Music

 * Git (album), by Skeletons & The Girl-Faced Boys
 * G.I.T.: Get It Together, a 1973 album by The Jackson 5
 * The Gits, a post punk band
 * "Git" (song), by Candan Erçetin
 * G.I.T., an Argentine rock band

Mathematics, science and technology

 * Gastrointestinal tract
 * Geographic information technology
 * Geometric invariant theory
 * Geoscientist In Training, a professional designation

Places

 * Git, Iran, a village
 * Gits, Belgium, a village in West Flanders

Other uses

 * Gebze Institute of Technology, in Turkey
 * Georgia Institute of Technology, a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, United States
 * Graphic Imaging Technology, an American digital archiving company
 * GROWTH-India Telescope, India's first fully robotic research telescope
 * Guitar Institute of Technology, former name of the Musicians Institute

title: Git (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Git (disambiguation)

Talk
Because of this record of yet another distinct meaning of GIT (the abbreviation), it should be added to the abbreviation disambiguation section. 84.140.85.246 20:48, 30 December 2005 (UTC) I was told that git was (possibly yiddish) the word for afterbirth ,git, was as in afterbirth ,unwanted and thrown away. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.158.71.189 (talk) 22:06, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added a stub, go ahead and make something of it. --Artw 00:44, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

per wp:mosdab most common usage at top
Please discuss what you think is disputable. If you go to: http://stats.grok.se/ you will see there is no comparison. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 18:44, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't see wiki statistics as really being helpful here - WIkipedia has a well known bias towards comp science types in it's userbase so comp science terms are always going to rate highly. Evidence that it is the most accpeted use of the word"git" in the English speaking world it is not. Artw (talk) 00:52, 23 February 2009 (UTC)
 * With similar disputes in the past, editors decide on what article a reader is most likely looking for.   It is based on what is best for the wikipedian user.   Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 04:03, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Bad section names
I reverted to the last good version, due to Krauss's which changed good section names to bad - jumbling the dab. I restored all subsequent edits that I agreed with. Sweepy lede using "G.I.T." see WP:MOSDAB "However, it is not necessary to mention minor variations of capitalization, punctuation or diacritics". An a-b sort may be worth it, but we can do any sort per MOSDAB and the git software entry may be handy at the top (per above discussion). Hope that explains as there was several edits post-corrupt sectioning. Regards Widefox ; talk 08:41, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Sort
User:Froid This edit sorted with Places at the top, and took out the See also entry (the correct place for a WP:PTM), created several small sections against WP:MOSDAB. This ignores all the comments, so I undid it manually. I don't think readers want the village in Iran or these other places the most. Widefox ; talk 11:14, 24 June 2016 (UTC)
 * User:Froid. Discuss here (2nd ping after undo). This has 1. longer section headings, 2. PTM (above), 3. ignoring comments and talk 4. "Fixing style/layout errors" is not a correct edit summary when redoing / changing edits - please use more accurate summaries rather than the same one multiple times. Pls discuss here before redoing your controversial edits.  Widefox ; talk 07:12, 25 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Places on top, followed by names, then followed by other categories is the most common Wikipedia disambiguation page order, except for pages when another category or type of usage is demonstrably the most commonly used for a given item. However, since you seem wedded to keeping the status quo in terms of category layouts and I don't feel strongly about that, I did not dispute your reversion on that basis.  However, I DO dispute your unwillingness to combine art, entertainment, and media items into a single category, with the music items collected into a subcategory thereof.  Please justify your changing my work to achieve that outcome. Also, the explanation I chose was perfectly fine:  (1) that's why it's a choice among the commonly used edit summaries selections, and (2) I didn't make so many changes or different types of changes that would make it difficult to follow the changes I made. Rather, you seem to feel an inordinate sense of ownership for this page and are obstructing other editors' efforts to improve it.Froid (talk) 08:01, 25 June 2016 (UTC)
 * "Places on top.." - can you point out in WP:MOSDAB where that consensus is? Currently I see it saying sort the sections typically alphabetically. This is a fairly new edit that is an oversimplification (as shown by a recent mass ab sorting editor being blocked). I will take that up with MOSDAB to clarify (but the history may help). "Places" has a village and two redlinks, hardly useful for readers! For longer section names see above and edit summaries for multiple reasons. The burden is on the editor, not the reverter, so please state your case and we can come to a compromise per normal (addressing each others concerns). Widefox ; talk 10:48, 25 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Edit summaries like this "Fixing style/layout errors Adding/removing category/ies" which are not in line with MOSDAB (e.g. PTM go in see also, not good to create sections with low number of entries), are incorrect summaries in my book. Reusing the same edit summary "Fixing style/layout errors"     goes further in that it doesn't help collaborate as it certainly isn't what it says - MOSDAB based and gives others no insight into what it is.  Widefox ; talk 11:02, 25 June 2016 (UTC)

Sudden move
I've started a discussion regarding the move of this article from it's former location here, it would be good if we could have some people who are not software developers weigh in. Artw (talk) 19:20, 7 August 2016 (UTC)
 * The pages appear to have over back to their original locations. Artw (talk) 21:18, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

finding this
when I searched for git this didn't come up. it did come up when I searched for gits. 84.71.45.82 (talk) 21:33, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Git (disambiguation)


text: File:Beterdayz.jpg

title: File:Beterdayz.jpg


text:
Sasha Pieterse

Sasha Pieterse Sheaffer (born February 17, 1996 ) is an American actress and singer. She is known for portraying Alison DiLaurentis in the Freeform series Pretty Little Liars (2010–2017), and its spin-off Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists (2019), for which she received global stardom and critical acclaim.

After early recognition for her roles as Buffy Davis in Family Affair (2002-2003) and as Marissa Electricidad / Ice Princess in the film The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl (2005), Pieterse played minor roles in various other films and series. She later rose to prominence with her role in Pretty Little Liars. Upon the success of Pretty Little Liars, Pieterse starred in films such as Disney Channel's Geek Charming (2011), teen comedy G.B.F (2013), indie film Burning Bodhi (2015), drama films Coin Heist (2017) & The Honor List (2018), and a psychological thriller film The Image of You (2024).

Pieterse has participated in the 25th season of Dancing with the Stars (2017). In addition to acting, Pieterse has ventured into music and modeling. She served as a judge in one episode of shows Beat Bobby Flay and Sugar Rush Christmas (both 2020).

Early life
Pieterse was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, on February 17, 1996, to Sean and Zizi. Pieterse's family moved to the United States in 2001, she was raised in Las Vegas, before moving to Los Angeles. She became accustomed to a career in entertainment at an early age, as her parents were a professional acrobatic dance team who performed internationally. Pieterse was homeschooled and graduated when she was 14 years old.

Modeling
At four years old, Pieterse began modeling and appearing in commercials. She appeared in an advertisement for Wenner Bread Products at five years old, and later appeared on a national billboard for hair salon franchise SuperCuts and modeled for Macy's Passport fashion show. Pieterse appeared in numerous magazines, including on the covers of BELLO 's "Young Hollywood" issue (December 2014), TeenProm (2015 issue), Seventeen (August 2016), Social Life (August 2019).

Film and television
At the age of six, Pieterse got her start in television, co-starring in 2002 as Buffy on The WB's remake of the CBS sitcom Family Affair. She guest starred in the Stargate SG-1 episode “Grace” with Amanda Tapping as a little girl named Grace. In 2005, she appeared on an episode of House titled "Autopsy", portraying Andie, a young girl with terminal cancer. That same year, she made her film debut in The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D as Marissa, the Ice Princess, and also appeared as Millie Rose for two episodes of the short-lived TNT series Wanted, alongside her former Family Affair co-star, Gary Cole.

Pieterse appeared in the 2007 film Good Luck Chuck, playing a young goth girl who places a curse on the titular character. She played the younger version of Sarah Michelle Gellar's character in the 2007 film The Air I Breathe, along with such co-stars as Kevin Bacon, Forest Whitaker, and Emile Hirsch. She also played a leading character in the Hallmark original film Claire, also released in 2007.

Pieterse was 13 years old in late 2009, when she was cast in the Freeform teen drama television series Pretty Little Liars (2010–2017) as Alison DiLaurentis, the former "queen bee" of her high school clique. She had a regular role in the series from the first four seasons, until later became a main role in the fifth season, with one of the five girls. Since its debut, the series has received mixed reviews from television critics, but remained a success for Freeform, garnering a large fandom. Pieterse reprised her role as Alison, in the spin-off series titled Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists on Freeform in 2019. On Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists, she portrayed the grown-up version of Alison who is working as a teaching assistant at Beacon Heights University.

Other roles Pieterse has had include a 2009 appearance in Without a Trace, and a recurring role as Amanda Strazzulla, an abandoned daughter, in Heroes. In 2011, she appeared as Amy Loubalu in the Disney Channel Original Movie Geek Charming, and also as a teenage girl in the film X-Men: First Class. Later, Pieterse appeared in the film G.B.F. and in an episode of Hawaii Five-0 as a terrorist pupil named Dawn Hatfield. Pieterse played Japonica Fenway, a young lady involved with cocaine, in the film Inherent Vice (2014), based on the novel of the same name by Thomas Pynchon. In September 2017, Pieterse was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on the 25th season of Dancing with the Stars. She was paired with professional dancer Gleb Savchenko. They were the 4th couple eliminated, on October 16, 2017, finishing in 10th place.

On August 16, 2021, Deadline announced that Pieterse had been cast in Netflix's film adaptation of Annie Barrows’ New York Times bestselling book series Ivy + Bean alongside Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Jane Lynch and Nia Vardalos. In July 2023, Deadline reported that Pieterse had been cast in psychological thriller film The Image of You (2024), starring in a dual roles of twin sisters of Anna and Zoe.

Music
Pieterse describes her music as "country with southern rock". Her debut single "This Country is Bad Ass" was released on April 12, 2013. Pieterse described the patriotism behind the song: "I just love this country so much and I would never have been able to be where I am if I wasn't in America, so we decided to come up with this [track]." Her second single, "R.P.M", was released on June 13, 2013.

Pieterse's third single, "I Can't Fix You", was released on July 12, 2013. On December 10, 2013, she released her fourth single "No", an upbeat track about "standing strong in your convictions" and saying no when an unfaithful, lying ex-boyfriend asks for a second chance.

Other ventures
Pieterse's cookbook Sasha in Good Taste: Recipes for Bites, Feasts, Sips & Celebrations was published by Dey Street Books, an imprint of HarperCollins on October 8, 2019. In the book Pieterse shares cooking and baking recipes, tips for inexpensive party planning, do it yourself projects and ideas for desserts. San Francisco Book Review wrote that the book is "full of good ideas".

Pieterse has a lifestyle website called "Sasha in Good Taste".

Pieterse has developed an online and social media presence, including 16 million+ followers on Instagram as of January 2023. She endorses products such as beauty and wellness products on Instagram and has partnered with Lightlife Foods, and Pokémon Go.

Philanthropy
In June 2019, Pieterse and her husband worked together with Habitat for Humanity to help build houses in New Orleans.

Personal life
On December 22, 2015, Pieterse became engaged to her long-term boyfriend Hudson Sheaffer. They were married on May 27, 2018, at Castle Leslie in Glaslough, Ireland. On May 27, 2020, Pieterse announced that she and Sheaffer were expecting their first child. Their son was born in November 2020. As of 2022, the family resides in Nashville, Tennessee.

At the start of season 25 of Dancing with the Stars, Pieterse revealed that she was diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome, which causes symptoms such as irregular periods and weight gain.

Pieterse speaks Afrikaans, English, and French.

title: Sasha Pieterse


text:
St John Ambulance Australia

St John Ambulance Australia (also known as St John) (SJAA) is a charitable organisation, dedicated to helping people in sickness, distress, suffering or danger. It is part of an international organisation that consists of eight priories that form the Order of St John. The organisation is sometimes incorrectly referred to as "St John's Ambulance" instead of "St John Ambulance".

St John First Aid training centres were established in Australia in the late 19th century. On 13 June 1883 a public meeting was held in the Melbourne Town Hall to form a local branch of the association. By the end of June 1883, a centre had been established under the leadership of Edward Neild.

The first division of the St John Ambulance Brigade (now known as St John Ambulance Event Health Services) was established in Glebe, New South Wales in 1903. A division of this organisation is still in operation today and is known as St John Ambulance Glebe Division. After this initial division was established other states followed suit, with divisions being set up in other states soon after. In 1987, the organisation adopted a single public title, "St John Ambulance Australia". The cadet movement was established in Australia in 1925 with a division in Glebe, NSW. The first Grand Prior's Badge issued outside the UK went to a cadet from Marrickville Cadet Division in 1933 named Marion Higgins.

Structure of St John
The organisation is divided into the states/territories who have their own boards and oversee the day-to-day running of St John. Some states are also divided into regions, who oversee all branches and report to the state boards. St John Ambulance Australia has three main branches, with each one having its own specific area of operation.

Event health services
St John provides volunteer event health & first aid services at events and emergencies. First Aid Services is divided into states, regions and divisions.

Events covered by St. John Australia include sports, such as the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games, where a team of 500 members treated over 3000 casualties. Other events covered include sporting events, such as the Australian Open, music concerts and community fetes.

St John EHS volunteers support state emergency management and disaster plans in some states, in conjunction with other organisations like the State Emergency Service.

Commercial first aid training
St John is the largest first aid training organisation in Australia. Apart from its flagship Provide First Aid (a workplace first aid course), St John also offer instruction in topics such as Advanced Resuscitation, Advanced First Aid, AED (Automated External Defibrillation) and analgesic administration, remote first aid and occupational first aid.

Ophthalmic branch
St John Ambulance in Australia raises funds and recruits staff for the St John Ophthalmic Eye Hospital in Jerusalem. Funds are raised through public donations, and income received from conducting first aid courses and selling first aid kits and merchandise.

Community care
St John Community Care conducts programs that are specific to each state. These activities range from assisting disadvantaged youth, to providing voluntary transport and support programs for the frail and elderly.

Western Australia
In Western Australia St John Ambulance provides the ambulance service. This service is provided through a combination of paid and volunteer staff. Paid ambulance officers and paramedics are used in the metropolitan areas and larger regional centres. Volunteer ambulance officers are used in regional areas and some outer metropolitan areas.

Northern Territory
In the Northern Territory St John Ambulance provides the ambulance service. This service is provided through a combination of paid and volunteer staff. Paid ambulance officers and paramedics are used in the metropolitan areas and larger regional centres. Volunteer ambulance officers are used in regional areas. Aeromedical role is offered by CareFlight operating an AW 139 out of Darwin.

Cadet ranks
^ Youth Leaders are adult members who have undertaken a specific leadership course and are ranked above youth but below all adult ranks

Adult ranks

 * N.B. Each adult rank of officer may hold specific titles within a division, region, state/territory or national headquarters, such as Divisional Superintendent or Chief Officer (Cadets).

Youth and cadet movements
St John runs Cadet Divisions for children aged 8–17, this includes Juniors (8–11) and Cadets (11–17). These can be found in most towns or suburbs of major cities in Australia. Examples are Glebe Division and Bathurst Division in New South Wales, Greater Dandenong Division in Victoria and Playford Cadet Division in South Australia.

The youth program in Australia, focuses on developing young people in a variety of aspects. Young members are taught first aid and participate in youth development and social activities. For cadets, it is also possible to study for various 'badges'. Some of the topics available include counter-disaster, animal care and cookery.

Across most divisions, youth and cadet divisions meet once a week, in a designated place, to conduct a training night. There is a designated training program for youth and cadet divisions

Youth members within Event and Emergency First Aid Service programs attend public duties to provide first aid at various events to members of the public. These duties include things such as: Big Day Out, Royal Easter Show (NSW), National Folk Festival (ACT), AFL Games (All AFL states), NRL, Super 12, and Rugby Union games, amongst other popular events. There are also many more lower profile events, like local fetes and markets. At these duties, St John members use treatment tools such as oxygen therapy equipment, defibrillators and analgesic gases on top of the standard first aid equipment.

In most states, new youth members (minimum age 14) will be put through a Senior First Aid Course (SFA) free of charge.

St John youth also provides leadership opportunities for people of all ages. The program possesses a leadership program and a ranking system similar to the military.

First aid competitions are also held each year. In these competitions, cadets (in teams of up to 3, or on their own) are tested on their first aid skill, practical thinking and problem solving ability, and scene management skills. A national competition is held every year, at the National Cadet Camp.

Youth councils
Each state and territory is encouraged to facilitate provision of a youth council, the National Office also facilitates the Australian Youth Council. Broadly, youth councils provide guidance to St John on issues affecting the organisation and its future development, particularly concerning the opinion and interests of young people.

In 2006, the Australian Youth Council (AYC) restructured to be made up of 16 state/territory representatives (nominated by their state/territory, including the state/territory chairperson and another representative) and 5 National portfolio holders, including a Communications Coordinator, Training and Leadership Coordinator, Research Development Coordinator, Policy Coordinator and Australian Chair. The AYC Chair also sits as a full member of the National Board of Directors for St John Ambulance Australia. The aims of the Australian Youth Council include:

 * 1) To work across St John to make it the volunteering organisation of choice for young people in Australia.
 * 2) To provide opportunity for young people to actively participate in the governance of St John.
 * 3) To provide guidance to St John that will contribute to the further development and improvement of the organisation.
 * 4) To develop young leaders in St John.
 * 5) To be relevant to young people.

The AYC usually meets in person once or twice a year, usually including the National Conference or Priory in June, and another meeting (Youth Stakeholders Weekend) later in the year, as well as teleconferences during the year which may include either the entire council or the National Team.

Youth councils consist of young people in the organisation who are aged 12 to 25 years.

States and territories of operation

 * St John Ambulance (Australian Capital Territory)
 * St John Ambulance (New South Wales)
 * St John Ambulance (Northern Territory) (emergency ambulance and first aid service)
 * St John Ambulance (Queensland)
 * St John Ambulance (South Australia)
 * St John Ambulance (Tasmania)
 * St John Ambulance (Victoria)
 * St John Ambulance Western Australia (emergency ambulance and first aid service)

title: St John Ambulance Australia


text:
User talk:Ehrick

Welcome!
Hello,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''I hope you like working here and want to continue. If you need help on how to name new articles, look at the Guide to layout, and for help on formatting the pages visit the Manual of Style. If you need general help, look at Help and the FAQ, and if you can't find your answer there, check the Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions). There's still more help at the Tutorial and the Policy Library. Also, don't forget to visit the Community Portal — and if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my New-Users' Talk Page.'''

Additional tips:
 * Here are some extra tips to help you get around Wikipedia:
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills, try the Sandbox.
 * Click on the Edit button on a page, and look at how other editors did what they did.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like this: ~~~. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too. Always sign comments on Talk pages, never sign Articles.
 * You might want to add yourself to the New User Log
 * If your first language isn't English, try Contributing to articles outside your native language
 * Full details on Wikipedia style can be found in the Manual of Style.

There's also a regular group introduction to Wikipedia for new users on IRC.

Happy editing! But why did you change the perfectly correct "spelt" on Occam's Razor? --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:20, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ehrick


text:
Gidansda Guujaaw

Gidansda Giindajin Haawasti Guujaaw, also known as Gary Edenshaw, is a singer, wood carver, traditional medicine practitioner, political activist and leader. He of Gakyaals Kiiqawaay, a Haida family of the Raven moiety. He has currently inherited the name Gidansda from his potlatch in 2017, the title of Gakyaals Kiiqawaay hereditary leader. The family's alternate name, "Skedans", is an anglicized mispronunciation of the family's hereditary leader's title.

Biography
Guujaaw is a Haida matrilineally descended from Gakyaals Kiiqawaay, a family of the Raven moiety from the village of Skedans (Ḵ'uuna). He was born in Masset, named G̱aaw in Haida, on the northern part of Haida Gwaii. His father, Chiits Gitnaii, is matrilineally descended from the Eagle moiety from the Yakoun River.

Guujaaw means drum, a name formally given him at a potlatch at Kiusta.

Guujaaw began going out onto the land at a young age, digging cockles, picking seaweed with his mother, hunting and fishing with his father and trapping with his uncle. In his infancy he spent summers with his great-grandmother who lived to be 114 years old. She was a singer who taped over 100 songs and became the greatest influence on his life.

Elders also played an important role in Guujaaw's growth and understanding of the world. It was through this engagement with their wisdom and the old ways that Guujaaw undertook journeys around the Islands by row-boat and canoes, often alone. He knows the ways of the Islands as well as anyone.

Guujaaw has worked with the Council of the Haida Nation for the past twenty years to secure the protection of some areas of the Islands as well as pushing for more care and sustainable use of Island resources. He was in the forefront of the fight for the protection of Gwaii Haanas (South Moresby) and took part in the blockades of logging operations at Lyell Island in the mid-1980s. He was a member of the Archipelago Management Board which co-manages, with the Government of Canada, Gwaii Haanas.

He has been involved in developing the policies and strategies of the Council of the Haida Nation, and has served as the negotiator for the Council of the Haida Nation and worked to develop guidelines and policies towards the protection of living Haida archaeological sites (culturally modified trees). He has held the official position of 'Firekeeper' for the Hereditary Chiefs of Haida Gwaii.

Guujaaw has been a regular contributor to Haida Laas — the official publication of the Council of the Haida Nation. He is a dedicated teacher working to pass songs and dances on to the next generation within the broader context of Haida culture. His love for the land and understanding of the vulnerability of life has put him in the position of devoting much of his adulthood to fighting the forces that are changing the land.

"All the we say is ours is of Haida Gwaii. This is our lot, our heritage, our life ... and one of the world's great cultures."

Today Guujaaw continues to balance carving with his many other roles which include; political activist, teacher, medicinal practitioner, historian, and performer.

His son Gwaai Edenshaw is an artist and film director, most noted as co-director of the first-ever Haida-language feature-length film Edge of the Knife (SG̲aawaay Ḵʹuuna).

Bibliography and further reading

 * Skidegate Text and Histories by Swanton ...Enrico (with a foreword by Guujaaw)
 * Haida Gwaii by Fedje and Mathews (with a foreword by Guujaaw)
 * Mycelium Running by Paul Stamats (Guujaaw note)
 * Raven Travelling (Guujaaw quote and art)
 * Neel, David. The Great Canoes: Reviving a Northwest Coast Tradition. Douglas & McIntyre. 1995. ISBN 1-55054-185-4
 * The Golden Spruce: A True Story of Myth, Madness, and Greed, By John Vaillant. W. W. Norton & Co. 2005.
 * David Suzuki: The Autobiography, David Suzuki. Greystone Books. 2006.
 * All That We Say Is Ours: Guujaaw and the Reawakening of the Haida Nation, Ian Gill. 2009. (Shortlisted for BC Book Prize and nominated for the Roderick Haig-Brown Regional Book Prize)

title: Gidansda Guujaaw


text:
Lactide

Lactide is the lactone cyclic ester derived by multiple esterification between two (usually) or more molecules from lactic acid (2-hydroxypropionic acid) or other hydroxy carboxylic acid. They are designated as dilactides, trilactides, etc., according to the number of hydroxy acid residues. The dilactide derived from lactic acid has the formula [CH(CH3)CO2]2. All lactides are colorless or white solids. This lactide has attracted interest because it is derived from abundant renewable resources and is the precursor to a biodegradable plastic.

Stereoisomers
The dilactide derived from lactic acid can exist in three different stereoisomeric forms. This complexity arises because lactic acid is chiral. These enantiomers do not racemize readily.

All three stereoisomers undergo epimerisation in the presence of organic and inorganic bases in solution.

Polymerization
Lactide can be polymerized to polylactic acid (polylactide). Depending on the catalyst, syndiotactic or a heterotactic polymers can result. The resulting materials, polylactic acid, have many attractive properties.

 * Polylactide_synthesis_v.1.png

title: Lactide


text:
Hermann Loew

Friedrich Hermann Loew (19 July 1807 – 21 April 1879) was a German entomologist who specialised in the study of Diptera, an order of insects including flies, mosquitoes, gnats and midges. He described many world species and was the first specialist to work on the Diptera of the United States.

Early years
Hermann Loew was born in Weissenfels, Saxony a short distance south of Halle (Germany). The Loew family, though not wealthy, was well-placed. Loew's father was a functionary for the Department of Justice of the Duchy of Saxony who later became a Geheimer Regierungsrath of Prussia. Between 1817 and 1829 Loew attended first the Convent School of Rossleben, then the University of Halle-Wittenberg, graduating in mathematics, philology and natural history.

Teacher, tutor and husband
Recognizing his abilities as a mathematician, the university, on his graduation, appointed him as a lecturer in the same subjects. In 1830 he went to Berlin and gave lessons in different higher grade schools including the Kadetten-Schule military school. Here he was private tutor to Prince Biron heir to the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the young Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von Graefe (1828–1870) later one of the most famous oculists of all times. In 1834 Loew was appointed superior teacher (Oberlehrer) at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in Posen, known today as St. John Cantius High School in Poznań, Poland where he taught mathematics and natural history. In the same year, he married the daughter of senior preacher Ehricht, a favourite sermoniser. Several of Loew's pupils at Posen became scientific celebrities, the most notable being the philosopher Kuno Fischer (1824–1907) and the mathematicians Leo Königsberger (1837–1921) and Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs (1835–1902). That they became such, gifted though they were, must have been due to Loew's extraordinary abilities and his popularity with students.

East Asia
In 1841-2 Loew accompanied Heinrich Kiepert (1818–1899), a celebrated geographer, and August Schoenborn to the Near East. The results of this trip were later partly communicated to Hermann Carl Conrad Burmeister (1807–1892), Philipp Christoph Zeller and to Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), but the remainder (the greatest part), were used in Loew's own later publications. August Schoenborn, philologist and geographer, was also a professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in Posen, and author of Latin school books. He eventually became Loew's brother-in-law. Humboldt was of course the author of the chattily readable "Kosmos", an account of the visible universe, and the most celebrated German naturalist explorer of his day. Many other countries were visited en route including places in the Ottoman Empire.

Politics
In 1848 Loew was elected to the German Parliament in Frankfurt am Main. Elected to the first German Parliament when 40 years old, Loew resisted the separatist longings of the Poles from his outpost (Posen) near the frontier of Poland. He belonged to Heinrich von Gagern's Imperial Party, a grouping which fostered Liberalism in Germany and pursued a policy of fusion for the German states.

Tragedy, Disappointment and a return to teaching
Disillusioned by the failure to realise German unity and distressed by the death of his 21-year-old daughter from the plague, in 1850, Loew left politics. In 1850 he was appointed director of the royal Realschule Mesritz (a Realschule is a school emphasizing technical and scientific studies). Due to the efforts of Loew, the Mesritz Realschule was later to become a gymnasium (a more classical sort of school, though still scientific). While at Mesritz Loew gave up politics so as not to be in conflict with the educational department, and resisted offers of a seat in the Prussian Landtag (Federal state parliament) for the district of Mesritz-Bomst.

Bad health
Severe health problems between 1851 and 1854 forced retirement. In 1868 he received a pension and took up the study of Diptera full-time after moving to Guben, Prussia. Here he worked incessantly on Diptera.

In 1870 he was elected city councillor and vice-president of the city council in Guben and held a seat in the legislature in Berlin for the Sorau-Guben district between 1873 and 1876.

Last years
The imminent end of Loew was signaled on a summer holiday in Blankenburg in Thuringia when he had a paralytic stroke after which he sought treatment in the Diaconissen-Haus in Halle, Saxony, and died on 21 April 1879. Only three of his seven children survived him. His obituary in the Vassisches Zeitung described him as a "distinguished pedagogue, naturalist pioneer of German Unity".

Loew's character
A Lutheran protestant, Loew's motto was "Gott Helfe" – God helps or God may help. Loew was an obsessive worker. Something of his nature can be judged from his refusing to eat warm food to pay off the loans incurred during his education, and from his extraordinary calligraphy, with its machine-like precision. There is never any difficulty with reading a Loew label, characteristically justified to the side margins. Loew shared such personality traits with the neurotically-obsessive fellow entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday.

Work
Hermann Loew was undoubtedly the dominant dipterist from the 1840s and the following three decades. Although predominantly a describer — delineating the taxonomically useful characters of more than 4,000 species mainly from the Palaearctic and North America, but also from the Afrotropics and the Far East — Loew made important contributions to higher taxonomy.

Hermann Loew is best known with regard to Diptera paleontology for his work with Baltic amber inclusions. He was the first investigator to seriously interest himself in the Diptera of amber and his 1850 work on the amber Diptera from the Baltic region was the major foundation for all future study on amber Diptera.

Loew's collections
Loew's personal Baltic amber collection is in the Natural History Museum, London. Types of fossil species based on material in the Klebs Collection are now in Göttingen. Fossil types based on specimens from the Berendt collection are in the Paläontologisches Museum, in the present day the Museum für Naturkunde (the Natural History Museum of Berlin). Types of recent Diptera are in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, except for the North American species, which are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, the South African material, which is in the University of Halle, Zoological Museum, and the Alaskan species, which are in the Zoological Museum in Helsingfors. Other Loew specimens, including types, are in the Natural History Museum in Stockholm and in the Natural History Museum, London (Lepidoptera from Turkey). Small numbers of specimens are in the Natural History Museum in Dublin, Ireland and in the Hope Department of Entomology, University of Oxford.

The Loew collection in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin
Aside from Diptera collected by Loew himself, mostly from the area around Posen and Meseritz (then in Prussia but now in Poland) and elsewhere in what is now Germany. The collection contains much material collected by other, mostly anonymous German entomologists from Germany and other parts of Europe. There is also material collected in (not by Loew): "Brasilien, Bismark Arch[ipelago] Ralum, Bogota, Columbien, Chile, Venezuela, Cuba, Carolina, Chile, Sumatra, Soekaranda, Montivide[o], Askhaabad, Transcaspian, Amboine, Klein-Asien-Asia Minor, Arab fel., Andalusia, Griechenland, Santiago, Lapland, N. Kamerun Cameroons, Kaukasus, Texas, Aegyptea". In these respects the collection, though impressive in most respects differs little from that of other contemporary assemblages. The collection, however, contains:

 * Specimens sent by Alexander Henry Haliday which was either type (in the modern sense) or which he considered representative of his own taxa
 * Specimens sent by Alexander Henry Haliday comp. exemp. Linnaeus or comp. exemp. Meigen (following Halidays examination of these collections in London (Linnaeus) and Paris (Meigen))
 * Specimens sent by Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt either type or representative of Zetterstedt taxa
 * Specimens sent by Rasmus Carl Stæger illustrative of Stæger’s description
 * Specimens sent by Camillo Rondani ‘comparito con il tipo’
 * Synonymic notes, either on or with pinned specimens

Insects named for Loew

 * Trichosoma loewii Zeller, 1846 (Lepidoptera) (now Ocnogyna loewii)
 * Albulina loewii (Zeller, 1847) — large jewel blue (Lepidoptera)
 * Scymnus loewii Mulsant, 1850 — Loew's ladybird (Coleoptera)
 * Aleuropteryx loewii Klapálek, 1894 (Neuroptera)
 * Acrotelus loewii Reuter, 1885 (Heteroptera, Miridae) — renamed to Acrotelus caspicus
 * Damioseca loewii Carvalho
 * Phytomyza loewii Hendel, 1923 (Agromyzidae)
 * Meromacrus loewii (Williston, 1892) (Syrphidae)
 * Trapezostigma loewii (Kaup, 1866) (Odonata, Libellulidae) — common glider dragonfly
 * Pterophorus loewii (Zeller, 1847) (now Stenoptilia zophodactylus) (Lepidoptera, Pterophoridae)
 * Plejus loewii — Loew's blue plejus (Lepidoptera)
 * Argyra loewii Kowarz, 1879 (Dolichopodidae)
 * Ocnaea loewi Cole, 1919 (Acroceridae)
 * Campiglossa loewiana (Hendel,1927) [=Paroxyna loewiana] (Tephritidae)
 * Loewiella Williston (Asilidae)
 * Loewia Egger, 1856 (Tachinidae)
 * Muscina angustifrons, 1858 (Muscidae)

Works

 * 1837: Dipterologische Notizen. In: Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift. Band 1, S. 1–10, Wien 1837.
 * 1840: Über die im Großherzogtum Posen aufgefundenen Zweiflügler [Reprint: Bemerkungen über die in der Posener Gegend einheimischen Arten mehrerer Zweiflügler-Gattungen. Posen, 1840, S. 1–40]. In: Isis. S. 512–584, Jena 1840.
 * 1844: Beschreibung einiger neuer Gattungen der europäischen Dipterenfauna. In: Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Band 5, S. 114–130, 154–173, 165–168, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1844.
 * 1844: Dioctria hercyniae, eine neue Art. In: Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Band 5, S. 381–382, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1844.
 * 1847: Dipterologisches. In: Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Band 8, S. 368–376, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1847.
 * 1847: Über die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica). In: Linnaea entomologica. Band 2, S. 384–568, 585–591, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1847.
 * 1847: Nomina systematica generum dipterorum, tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis auctoribus, libris in quibus reperiuntur, anno editionis, etymologia et familiis ad quas pertinent. In: Agassiz: Nomenclator zoologicus. Solothurn 1847, Fasc. 9/10
 * 1848: Ueber die europäischen Arten der Gattung Eumerus. In: Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Band 9, S. 118–128, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1848.
 * 1848: Ueber die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica). In: Linnaea entomologica. Band 3, S. 386–495, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1848.
 * 1849: Ueber die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica). In: Linnaea entomologica. Band 4, S. 1–155, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1849.
 * 1850: Ueber den Bernstein und die Bernsteinfauna. In: Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1850. S. 1–4, 1–44, Berlin 1850.
 * 1851: Bemerkungen über die Familie Asiliden. In: Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1851. S. 1–22, Berlin 1851.
 * 1851: Nachträge zu den europäischen Asiliden. In: Linnaea entomologica. Band 5, S. 407–416, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1851.
 * 1852: Diagnosen der Dipteren von Peter's Reise in Mossambique. In: Bericht über die Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1852. S. 658–661, Berlin 1852.
 * 1853: Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dipteren. Erster Beitrag. In: Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1853. S. 1–37, Berlin 1853.
 * 1854: Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dipteren. Zweiter Beitrag. In: Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1854. S. 1–24, Berlin 1854.
 * 1855: Vier neue griechische Diptera. In: Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Band 16, S. 39–41, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1855.
 * 1856: Diptera. In: Rosenhauer: Die Thiere Anadalusien nach dem Resultate einer Reise zusammengestellt. Blaesing, Erlangen 1856.
 * 1856: Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dipteren. Vierter Beitrag. In: Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1856. S. 1–57, Berlin 1856.
 * 1857: Dipterologische Mittheilungen. In: Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift. Band 1, S. 33–56, S. 36–37, Wien 1857.
 * 1857: Dipterologische Notizen. In: Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift. Band 1, S. 1–10, Wien 1857.
 * 1857: Dischistus multisetosus und Saropogon aberrans, zwei neue europäische Dipteren. In: Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Band 18, S. 17–20, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1857.
 * 1858: Bericht über die neueren Erscheinungen auf dem Gebiete der Dipterologie. In: Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. Band 2, S. 325–349, Berlin 1858.
 * 1858: Beschreibung einiger japanischer Dipteren. In: Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift. Band 2, S. 100–112, Wien 1858.
 * 1858: Bidrag till kännendomen om Afrikas Diptera. In: Öfvers. Svenska Vet. — Akad. Förhandl. Band 14(9), 1857, S. 337–383 (342–367).
 * 1859: Bidrag till kännendomen om Afrikas Diptera. In: Öfvers. Svenska Vet. — Akad. Förhandl. Band 15, 1858, S. 335–341 (337–339).
 * 1859: Ueber die europäischen Helomyzidae und die in Schlesien vorkommenden Arten derselben. In: Linnaea entomologica. Band 13, 1859, S. 3–80. (online)
 * 1860: Die Dipteren-Fauna Südafrikas. Erste Abtheilung. In: Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Sachsen und Thüringen. Band 2, 1858–1861, S. 56–402, S. 128–244, Halle.
 * 1860: Drei von Herrn Dr.Friedr.Stein in Dalmatien entdeckte Dipteren. In: Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift. Band 4, S. 20–24, Wien 1860.
 * 1861: Diptera aliquot in insula Cuba collecta. In: Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift. Band 5, S. 33–43, Wien 1861.
 * 1861: Die europäischen Arten der Gattung Stenopogon. In: Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift. Band 5, S. 8–13, Wien 1861.
 * 1862: Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. In: Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. Band 6, S. 185–232, S. 188–193, Berlin 1862.
 * 1862: Diptera In: Zweiflügler In: Wilhelm C. H. Peters: Reise nach Mossambique auf Befehl Sr Maj. des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV. in den Jahren 1842–1848 ausgeführt. 5. Insecten u. Amphibien. Reimer, Berlin 1862.
 * 1862: Ueber einige bei Varna gefangene Dipteren. In: Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift. Band 6, S. 161–175, Wien 1862.
 * 1862: Ueber griechische Dipteren. In: Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. Band 6, S. 69–89, Berlin 1862.
 * 1863: Enumeratio dipterorum quae C.Tollin ex Africa merdionali (Orangestaat, Bloemfontein) misit. In: Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift. Band 7, S. 9–16, Wien 1863.
 * 1865: Ueber einige bei Kutais in Imeretien gefangene Dipteren. In: Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. Band 9, S. 234–242, Berlin 1865.
 * 1866: Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. In: Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. Band 10, S. 1–54, S. 15–37, Berlin 1866.
 * 1868: Cilicische Dipteren und einige mit ihnen concurrirende Arten. In: Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. Band 12, S. 369–386, Berlin 1868.
 * 1869: Beschreibungen europäischer Dipteren. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügligen Insecten von Johann Wilhelm Meigen. Band I. Halle 1869, S. 61–121.
 * 1870: Diptera. In: L. von Heyden: Entomologische Reise nach dem südlichen Spanien der Sierra Guadarrrama und Sierra Morena, Portugal und den Cantabrischen Gebirge mit Beschreibung der neuen Arten. Berlin 1870, S. 211–212.
 * 1870: Lobioptera speciosa Meig. und decora nov.sp.. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft. Band 35, S. 9–14, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1870.
 * 1870: Ueber die von Herrn Dr.G.Seidlitz in Spanien gesammelten Dipteren. In: Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. Band 14, S. 137–144, Berlin 1870.
 * 1871: Beschreibungen europäischer Dipteren. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügligen Insecten von Johann Wilhelm Meigen. Band II. Halle 1871, S. 70–196.
 * 1872: Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. In: Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. Band 16, S. 49–115, S. 62–74, Berlin 1872.
 * 1873: Bemerkungen über die von Herrn F. Walker im 5. Bande des Entomologist beschriebenen ägyptischen und arabischen Dipteren. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft. Band 42, S. 105–109, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1873.
 * 1873: Beschreibungen europäischer Dipteren. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügligen Insecten von Johann Wilhelm Meigen. Band III. Halle 1873, S. 120–144.
 * 1874: Diptera nova a Hug.Theod.Christopho collecta. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft. Band 43, Neue Folge Band 9, S. 413–420, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1874.
 * 1874: Neue nordamerikanische Dasypogonina. In: Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift. 18, S. 353–377, Berlin 1874.
 * 1874: Ueber die Arten der Gattung Blepharotes Westw. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft. Band 10, 44, S. 71–75, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1874.
 * 1881: Stein: Die Löw’sche Dipteren-Sammlung. In: Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. Band 42, S. 489–491, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1881.

Longer list of works see the references in Sabrosky's Family Group Names in Diptera and also the German version of this page.

title: Hermann Loew


text:
E231 series

The E231 series (E231系) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type used for commuter and outer-suburban services operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan since 2000.

Design
Trains were manufactured by Tokyu Car Corporation, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and also at JR East's factory at Niitsu in Niigata Prefecture.

The type evolved from the earlier 209 series and E217 series EMUs, with the main visible difference being wider bodies (2950 mm compared to the 2800 mm for earlier commuter trains), and the prototype train built in 1998 for trials on the Chūō–Sōbu Line was actually classified 209-950 series, later becoming E231-900 series. Full-production E231-0 series trains were subsequently introduced on the Chūō–Sōbu Line (10-car sets) and Jōban Line (10+5-car sets). Other variants include the 11-car E231-500 series for the Yamanote Line, and the E231-800 series with 2800 mm wide bodies and end doors for use on Tokyo Metro Tozai Line inter-running services.

From 2000 onward, the first E231-1000 series outer-suburban variant was delivered for use on Utsunomiya Line and Takasaki Line services north from Ueno Station in Tokyo. These trains included transverse seating in some cars and were also equipped with toilets. Production continued into 2006 with trains delivered for use on the Tōkaidō Main Line south from Tokyo. From 2004 onward, two bilevel Green cars were inserted into all E231-1000 series ten-car sets.

Variants

 * LineColor_ChuoSobu.svg / LineColor_JobanRapid.svg / LineColor_Musashino.svg E231-0 series: 5-car, 8-car, and 10-car sets used on the Chūō–Sōbu Line, Jōban Line, Narita Line, Musashino Line, and Keiyō Line
 * LineColor_ChuoSobu.svg E231-500 series: 10-car sets used on the Chūō–Sōbu Line
 * LineColor_ChuoSobuTozai.svg E231-800 series: 10-car sets used on Chūō–Sōbu Line and Tokyo Metro Tozai Line interrunning services
 * LineColor_Musashino.svg E231-900 series: 8-car set used on the Musashino Line and Keiyō Line
 * LineColor_TokaidoNew.svg E231-1000 series: 5-car and 10-car suburban sets used on the Tōkaidō Main Line, Utsunomiya Line, and Takasaki Line, and on Ueno–Tokyo Line and Shōnan–Shinjuku Line through services
 * LineColor_Hachiko.svg E231-3000 series: 4-car sets converted from former E231-0 series sets for use on the Kawagoe Line and Hachikō Line

Former operations

 * LineColor_Yamanote.svg E231-500 series: 11-car sets used on the Yamanote Line from 21 April 2002 until 20 January 2020
 * LineColor_ChuoSobu.svg E231-900 series: 10-car set used on the Chūō–Sōbu Line from December 1998 until 25 February 2020 (designated as 209-950 series until June 2000)

E231-0 series
The first full-production E231-0 series trains were introduced on the Chūō–Sōbu Line between February 2000 and November 2001, with 21 ten-car sets (101–121) based at Narashino Depot in Chiba and 21 ten-car sets (20–25, 28–42) based at Mitaka Depot in Tokyo. They replaced older 103, 201, and 205 series trains. One more ten-car set (57) was delivered to Mitaka Depot in November 2002. In December 2003, all Narashino sets were transferred to Mitaka Depot and renumbered 1–19, 26, and 27. Between October and November 2006, three more sets (80–82) were built to replace three 209-500 series sets transferred to the Keihin–Tōhoku—Negishi Line, creating a total fleet of 46 trains. The Chūō–Sōbu Line sets each contained a six-door car.

New built E231-0 series sets were also delivered to Matsudo Depot between November 2001 and February 2005 for use on Jōban Line services between Ueno and Toride, and also Narita Line services to Narita, replacing the earlier 103 series fleet. A total of 17 ten-car sets (101–117) and 19 five-car sets (121–139) were built.

From December 2009 to November 2011, set 27 was temporarily transferred to Tokyo General Rolling Stock Center and used to deliver new SaHa E231-600 and SaHa E231-4600 trailer cars for the Yamanote Line. In 2012, a "B" suffix was added to all Chūō–Sōbu Line sets (B1–B42, B57, and B80–B82).

Refurbishment
Between 2015 and 2020, all E231-0 series sets underwent a mid-life refurbishment with new equipment. In addition, with the transfer of former Yamanote Line E231-500 series sets to the Chūō–Sōbu Line and to prepare for the installation of platform doors, 40 trains were transferred from the Chūō–Sōbu Line to other lines, while six trains were reformed and remain on the Chūō–Sōbu Line with all six-door cars replaced with excess four-door cars from the other 40 sets.

In late 2014 and early 2015, two Chūō–Sōbu Line sets (B20 and B21, with six-door cars substituted by two trailer cars from B22) were transferred to the Jōban Line (and renumbered 118 and 119) for the extension of the Jōban Line services to Shinagawa Station with the opening of the Ueno–Tokyo Line. This brought the total number of Jōban Line sets to 38 (19 five-car and 19 ten-car sets), all of which were refurbished between 2015 and 2020.

From October 2017 to September 2020, 32 Chūō–Sōbu Line sets were refurbished, shortened to eight cars, and transferred to the Musashino Line (and renumbered MU2–MU21, MU31–MU39, and MU41–MU43) to replace older 205 series and 205-5000 series sets; the first set (MU2) entered service in November 2017.

From November 2017 to October 2019, six Chūō–Sōbu Line sets were refurbished, shortened to four cars, redesignated as E231-3000 series, and transferred to the Hachikō Line and Kawagoe Line.

The first reformed E231-0 series Chūō–Sōbu Line train (with 6 motored cars and no six-door car), numbered set B11 and composed of 8 cars of former set B11 and 2 cars of former set B5, completed refurbishment on 24 April 2018 and reentered into service on 21 May 2018. A total of six reformed ten-car trains remain on the Chūō–Sōbu Line. The last non-reformed trains (with 4 motored cars and a six-door car), sets B80 and B82, were removed from service after 13 March 2020.

Between 17 August and 7 October 2020, Jōban Line set 118 was shortened to 8 cars and modified for use on the Musashino Line at Nagano depot. It was renumbered MU22 and reentered service on 12 October.

Lines served

 * Chūō–Sōbu Line
 * Jōban Line (Rapid) (Toride – Ueno), Ueno–Tokyo Line, Tōkaidō Line (Tokyo – Shinagawa) and Narita Line (Abiko – Narita)
 * Musashino Line, Keiyō Line (also Musashino and Shimōsa)

10-car Chūō–Sōbu Line 6M4T sets (since 2018)
, six ten-car sets (B10–B12, B14, B26, B27) are based at Mitaka depot in Tokyo and formed as shown below with six motored ("M") cars and four non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 * Cars 2, 5, and 8 each have one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 1 and 10 have a wheelchair space.
 * Car 4 is designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.

10-car Jōban Line sets
, 18 ten-car sets (101–117, 119) are based at Matsudo depot in Chiba Prefecture and formed as shown below with four motored ("M") cars and six non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 * Cars 3 and 8 each have one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 1 and 10 have a wheelchair space.
 * Car 8 is designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.

5-car Jōban Line sets
, 19 five-car sets (121–139) are based at Matsudo depot in Chiba Prefecture and formed as shown below with two motored ("M") cars and three non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 * Car 13 has one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 11 and 15 have a wheelchair space.
 * Car 14 is designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.

8-car Musashino Line sets
, 33 eight-car sets (MU2–MU22, MU31–MU39, MU41–MU43) are based at Keiyō Depot and formed as shown below with four motored ("M") cars and four non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 * Cars 2 and 6 each have one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 1 and 8 have a wheelchair space.
 * Car 4 is designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.

10-car Chūō–Sōbu Line 4M6T sets (2002 to 2020)

 * Cars 3 and 8 each had one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Car 5 had six pairs of doors per side.
 * Cars 1 and 10 had a wheelchair space.
 * Car 4 was designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.

Special liveries
In April 2021, to commemorate the 120th anniversary of the Abiko Branch Line, JR East recolored set 139 into Sōbu/Yokosuka Line blue and cream stripes. Initially, only the cab ends received the commemorative stripes; however, these stripes were later extended to the rest of the train's body. The trainset was painted back into its original livery in late October.

E231-500 series
A fleet of 52 11-car E231-500 series was delivered from January 2002 to April 2005 for use on Yamanote Line services, replacing the earlier 205 series fleet. The first trains entered service on 21 April 2002. These trains include digital automatic train control (D-ATC), and feature pairs of LCD passenger information screens above each door internally. These screens also show advertisements. Each 11-car set originally contained two six-door SaHa E230 trailer cars (cars 7 and 10) with six pairs of doors per side and bench seats that were folded up until 10 a.m. on weekdays to provide standing room only during the morning peak. From 22 February 2010, the seats were able to be used during the morning peak.

SaHa E231-600/-4600 series cars
To standardize door spacing ahead of the introduction of platform doors on all Yamanote Line stations by 2017, the two six-door cars in each set were subsequently replaced by a new build of four-door trailer cars between February 2010 and August 2011, the first of which were delivered from JR East's Niitsu factory on 1 February 2010.

The new SaHa E231-600 cars (new car 7) incorporated some elements from the newer E233 series (most notably seats and handrails). The new SaHa E231-4600 cars (new car 10) were built almost fully to E233 series standards; they also have an irregular door spacing corresponding to the driving cars of Keihin–Tōhoku Line E233-1000 series sets, which occasionally have to share the same platforms during engineering work. This results in interior seating arranged 3-7-7-5-4, instead of the normal 3-7-7-7-3 arrangement.

Refurbishment
In October 2014, former Yamanote Line set 520 was released from overhaul as a ten-car set, numbered A520, allocated to Mitaka Depot, and finished in the yellow Chūō–Sōbu Line livery. It entered revenue service on the Chūō–Sōbu Line from 1 December 2014. A second set, former Yamanote Line set 540 was converted to a ten-car set for use on the Chūō–Sōbu Line in May 2016, renumbered A540. Between 2017 and 2020, the remaining sets were transferred to the Chūō–Sōbu Line as the E235 series replaced them on the Yamanote Line. The SaHa E231-4600 cars were removed as the Chūō–Sōbu Line uses 10-car trains. As a result, 48 of the 52 surplus SaHa E231-4600 cars were updated to E235 series standards (and re-numbered SaHa E235-4600) and continue to be used on the Yamanote Line, while the remaining 4 cars were scrapped. The last set of E231-500 (Set 506) on the Yamanote Line finished service in January 2020 and was converted for service on the Chūō–Sōbu Line as set A506.

Lines served

 * Chūō–Sōbu Line

Former operations

 * Yamanote Line

10-car Chūō–Sōbu Line sets
, 52 ten-car sets (A501-A552) are based at Mitaka depot in Tokyo and formed as shown below with six motored ("M") cars and four non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 * Cars 2, 5, and 8 each have one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 1 and 10 have a wheelchair space.
 * Car 4 is designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.

11-car Yamanote Line sets (2010 to 2020)

 * Cars 3, 6, and 9 each had one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 1 and 11 had a wheelchair space.
 * Car 4 was designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.

11-car Yamanote Line sets (2002 to 2011)

 * Cars 3, 6, and 9 each had one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 7 and 10 was a "six door car" meaning it had six pairs of doors per side.
 * Cars 1 and 11 had a wheelchair space.
 * Car 4 was designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.

Special liveries
From 7 September to 4 December 2009, E231-500 series set 502 carried an all-over brown livery to mark the 100th anniversary of the naming of Yamanote Line in collaboration with the Meiji Seika confectionery company.

From 16 January to 28 December 2013, Yamanote Line E231-500 series set 545 operated in an all-over uguisu light green livery to mark the 50th anniversary of the first appearance of 103 series EMUs in this colour scheme.

From 11 October 2014 to 31 March 2015, Yamanote Line E231-500 series set 514 operated in an all-over "red brick" livery to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the opening of Tokyo Station, which opened in 1914.

E231-800 series
The E231-800 series (E231系800番台) fleet consists of seven 10-car sets (K1 to K7), which are based at Mitaka Depot for use on Chūō–Sōbu Line and Tokyo Metro Tozai Line inter-running services. These sets were delivered between January and May 2003, entering service on 1 May 2003 and replacing the ageing fleet of 103 and 301 series sets.

The design of the E231-800 series is largely similar to that of the 209-1000 series—which was also designed with subway interoperation in mind—featuring end gangways that are used for emergency egress. Furthermore, the car bodies are 2800 mm wide, as opposed to 2950 mm for the rest of the E231 series fleet. They also have an increased power output due to the conditions of the Tozai Line.

Lines served

 * Tokyo Metro Tozai Line
 * Chūō–Sōbu Line (Mitaka – Nakano; Nishi-Funabashi – Tsudanuma)

Formations
, seven ten-car sets (K1 to K7) are based at Mitaka depot in Tokyo and formed as shown below with six motored ("M") cars and four non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 * Cars 2, 5, and 8 each have one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 2 and 9 have a wheelchair space.
 * Car 4 is designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.

E231-900 series
This was the prototype E231 series set, built jointly by Tokyu Car and JR East's Niitsu factory, and delivered in October 1998 for the Chūō–Sōbu Line, classified as 209-950 series. It was reclassified as E231-900 series in June 2000.

On 25 February 2020, it operated its last revenue service on the Chūō–Sōbu Line. The set was refurbished at Ōmiya Rolling Stock Center between 3 March and 10 July for transfer to the Musashino Line and associated through services and reentered service on 20 July.

Lines served

 * Musashino Line, Keiyō Line (also Musashino and Shimōsa)

Former operations

 * Chūō–Sōbu Line

8-car Musashino Line
, one eight-car set (MU1) is based at Keiyō Depot and formed as shown below with four motored ("M") cars and four non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 * Cars 2 and 6 each have one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 1 and 8 have a wheelchair space.
 * Car 4 is designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.

10-car Chūō–Sōbu Line (2000 to 2020)

 * Cars 3 and 8 each had one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Car 5 had six pairs of doors per side.
 * Cars 1 and 10 had a wheelchair space.
 * Car 4 was designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.

E231-1000 series
These trains are designed for longer-distance suburban services, and include toilets, transverse seating bays (in some cars only), and bilevel Green cars (10-car sets only). The Ito Line and Joetsu Line mainly use 5-car sets, while the Shōnan–Shinjuku Line, Ueno–Tokyo Line, Takasaki Line, Tōkaidō Main Line, Utsunomiya Line use 10- or 10+5-car sets.

Lines served

Ten- and five-car suburban sets based at Oyama and Kōzu depots for use on the following lines.
 * Takasaki Line (Ueno – Takasaki) and Joetsu Line (Takasaki – Shin-Maebashi) and Ryōmō Line (Shin-Maebashi – Maebashi)
 * Utsunomiya Line (Ueno – Kuroiso)
 * Tōkaidō Main Line (Tokyo – Atami / Numazu)
 * Itō Line (Atami – Itō, through services from Tōkaidō Main Line)
 * Ueno–Tokyo Line (Ueno – Tokyo)
 * Takasaki Line (Ueno – Takasaki), Joetsu Line (Takasaki – Shin-Maebashi) and Ryōmō Line (Shin-Maebashi – Maebashi)
 * Utsunomiya Line (Ueno – Kuroiso)
 * Tōkaidō Main Line (Tokyo – Atami / Numazu) and Itō Line (Atami to Itō)
 * Shōnan–Shinjuku Line (Ōfuna – Ōmiya)
 * Yokosuka Line (Zushi – Ōfuna) and Utsunomiya Line (Ōmiya – Utsunomiya)
 * Tōkaidō Main Line (Ōfuna – Odawara), Takasaki Line (Ōmiya – Takasaki), Joetsu Line (Takasaki – Shin-Maebashi) and Ryōmō Line (Shin-Maebashi – Maebashi)

10-car K sets
, 42 ten-car sets (K-01–K-42) are based at the Kōzu depot in Kanagawa Prefecture and formed as shown below with four motored ("M") cars and six non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 * Cars 3 and 9 each have one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 1 and 10 have a wheelchair space.
 * Cars 1, 5, and 10 each have a toilet (universal design in cars 1 and 10).
 * Car 8 is designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.
 * Cars 4 and 5 are bilevel Green Cars.

10-car U sets
, 49 ten-car sets (U501–U541, U584–U591) are based at the Oyama depot in Tochigi Prefecture and formed as shown below with four motored ("M") cars and six non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 * Cars 3 and 8 each have one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 1 and 10 have a wheelchair space.
 * Cars 1, 5, and 6 each have a toilet (universal design in car 1, Japanese-style in car 6).
 * Car 8 is designated as a mildly air-conditioned car.
 * Cars 4 and 5 are bilevel Green Cars.

5-car sets
, 34 five-car sets (S-01–S-34) are based at Kōzu depot in Kanagawa Prefecture and 35 five-car sets (U2–U118) are based at Oyama depot in Tochigi Prefecture. They are formed as shown below with two motored ("M") cars and three non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 * Car 13 has one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 11 and 15 have a wheelchair space.
 * Car 11 has a universal design toilet.

E231-3000 series
From 2017, former E231-0 series ten-car sets based at Mitaka Depot for use on Chūō–Sōbu Line services were reformed and converted to become four-car E231-3000 series sets based at Kawagoe for use on Kawagoe Line and Hachikō Line services. The first set entered revenue service on the line on 19 February 2018.

Between June 2020 and September 2021, the trains were modified for driver-only operation (wanman (ワンマン)).

Lines served

 * Hachikō Line (Hachiōji – Komagawa)
 * Kawagoe Line (Komagawa – Kawagoe)

Formation
, six four-car sets (41-46) are based at Kawagoe depot in Saitama and formed as shown below with two motored ("M") cars and two non-powered trailer ("T") cars.

 * Car 3 has one PS33B single-arm pantograph.
 * Cars 1 and 4 have a wheelchair space.

Former set/car identities
The former identities of the E231-3000 series sets are as follows.

Accidents
On the evening of 5 August 2023, a Tokaido Line service led by E231-1000 series set S-14 struck a utility pole near Ofuna and lost power, reportedly due to getting caught by an overhead wire and pulling the pole. The accident resulted in four people, including the driver, sustaining minor injuries. The lead car of the set was damaged, and 1,500 passengers were evacuated after two hours. Service was restored on the morning of 6 August.

title: E231 series


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title: User talk:218.190.234.28