text:
Prom (disambiguation)

A prom is a dance party of high school students.

Prom, Proms or The Prom may also refer to:

 * Programmable ROM, a form of digital memory
 * BBC Proms, an annual summer season of daily classical music concerts in London

Film

 * Prom (film), a 2011 teen comedy from Walt Disney Pictures
 * The Prom (film), a 2020 American musical comedy film
 * Flawless (2018 film) (הנשף, Haneshef, 'Prom'), a 2018 Israeli drama film

Television

 * "Prom" (The Secret Circle)

Music

 * Prom (album), by Amy Ray, 2005
 * The Prom (band), an American indie band
 * "Prom", a song by Mindless Self Indulgence from the 2005 album You'll Rebel to Anything
 * "Prom", a song by SZA from the 2017 album Ctrl
 * "Prom", a song by Vulfpeck from the 2011 album Mit Peck

Other uses in arts and entertainment

 * Prom, a 2005 novel by Laurie Halse Anderson
 * The Prom (musical), 2016

Medicine

 * Passive range of motion exercises, in physical therapy
 * Patient reported outcome measures
 * Prelabor rupture of membranes, in obstetrics

Other uses

 * PROM-1, an antipersonnel mine
 * Phosphate rich organic manure
 * The Prom, or Wilsons Promontory National Park, in Victoria, Australia
 * La Prom, nickname of the Promenade des Anglais in Nice, France

title: Prom (disambiguation)


text: Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Chesapeake campaign

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:Gmcginnis

I am a lawyer who, in idle moments, checks things out on Wikipedia.

title: User:Gmcginnis


text:
User talk:Phoenixv

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  13:30, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phoenixv


text:
Talk:Communist revolution

Cultural Revolution
How would/should the Cultural Revolution fit into this article? --Countakeshi (talk) 07:43, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Old
Question: Should we list only the most notable communist revolutions, or all communist revolutions? Some of the revolutions currently listed in this article are tiny and quite insignificant, even in the context of their own countries' history (let alone on the international stage!). I would suggest trimming the list down to the most important ones, but I'd like to hear IZAK's opinion first. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 13:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Mihnea: I have never heard of "tiny" communist revolutions (have you?) when all these were in fact important historical events on different continents and different geographical regions! I think the list is fine, including "tiny" communist revolutions, because even these "tiny" ones, such as in Cambodia, remain significant events and upheavals important to all students of history and the world. This page allows a casual reader to gain a sense of the "historical sweep" of the different types of communist revolutions that took place all over the world, and provides the necessary links to relevant article, that's all. There is lots of room on Wikipedia for all this. Thanks again. IZAK 06:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi. Now let's see... the Guinea-Bissauan Revolution or the events in Ethiopia were arguably insignificant (certainly not as significant as the Russian Revolution or the Vietnam War!). But you make a good point that we should present a wider view of communist revolutions throughout history, and this requires a long list such as the one we have now. Very well, I'll agree to it - but you should also agree that this article, being a disambig page, is no place to start writing about advocacy and criticism of communist revolutions. I replaced your last sentence in the intro with one pointing the reader to other articles where these matters are discussed more extensively. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 11:16, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Mihnea: Had you lived in Africa you would not have looked at the African Communist-led revolutions as "insignificant" I assure you! So I think this list is pretty comprehensive (after all, there were not many Communist revolutions in the last century) so it's important that they all be mentioned (large or small) because even the "minor" ones involved the deaths of large numbers of humans, often in the hundreds of thousands at least. To only have a "glowing" introduction about Communism is in itself the self-same advocacy you deplore. It is not academically or factually incorrect to present the most widely-held critical interpretation of Communism. IZAK 07:51, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Armed conflicts (including revolutions) tend to kill people, of course - that's why they're armed conflicts. I was talking about significance in a historical and geopolitical sense. But it doesn't matter, I've conceded this point to you. Now, regarding the intro: It is not "glowing" - it merely states a fact acknowledged by communists and anti-communists alike (that a communist revolution is a revolution which aims to establish communism - what could be more simple than that?). A "glowing" introduction would sound something like this: "A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution that is inspired by the noble ideas of Marxism and aims to liberate the working class by replacing the unjust system of capitalism with socialism, as the first step towards reaching the final long-term goal of ending the exploitation of man by man and building a communist society, with freedom, equality and prosperity for all." Remember, this is a disambig page. If we start presenting criticisms (or advocacy!) of communism, we're going off-topic. There are other articles for discussing that - and I gave links to them right below the intro. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 09:35, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Say, should we mention that the communists supplied the Cubans in Africa and they fought in Angola and Namibia against South African forces and supported international sanctions against South Africa until the communist flag - waving Nelson Mandela came (legally) to power, but then he didn't institute a very communist policy though, so it's up to y'all. Invmog (talk) 15:35, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Is this a disambig
I don't think this is a disambig page - it's an article. I'll remove the tag soon if there are no objections.--Commander Keane 18:45, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Small changes
Changed the first paragraph to be more all-inclusive. Also added the spanish revolution on the list of communist revolutions.--STREETasmyCanvas 21:09, 26 June 2006 (EDT)

Merge from Proletarian revolution
It appears that Proletarian revolution is no different from communist revolution. The concept is nearly identical, and it has no citations - the main difference I can see is that that article has 'socialism' template, and this one 'communism'. Much of the text is shared by both articles both seem to refer to each other interchangingly.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 05:31, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The concept is not at all identical; a proletarian revolution is any generic working-class revolution. It might be communist, but it might also be anarchist, social democratic, or even liberal. A communist revolution is a specific subtype of proletarian revolution. -- Nikodemos 07:50, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with Nikodemos in part, workers are capable of carrying out all sorts of revolutions, even bourgeois ones. Though when Marxists speak of "proletarian revolution," they mean communist revolution. The main problem I see with merging this two is that not every revolution claiming to be communist was carried out by the working class. It is for this reason that we should leave the entries seperate. Redflagflying 05:39, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * First of all, the articles are nearly identical. Second of all, they have no citations. Those two points make it very confusing for any raeder to be able to tell the difference. Third of all, I don't think any non-marxists would use the term 'proletarian revolution', as as you mention, for them it is the same. And anyway, there was to my knowledge never a 'worker's revolution' as defined by the article (i.e. workers trying to overthrow capitlism) - the only worker leds attempt at revolution (or rather, protests), without elites to lead them, occured (to my knowledge) in communist countries (like Polish 1970 protests - ironical, isn't it?).--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:43, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Is this wrong?
"aims to replace capitalism with communism"

Do communist revolutions only ever seek to replace capitalism?

-Mark- —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.113.57.163 (talk) 13:40, 6 December 2006 (UTC).

Small typo in the 2nd paragraph 4th line: "...consider themselves Marxist-Leninists despite such a disagreement and other left *crtics*.[2] These critics insist that the entire working..." Thank you -The Concerned and slightly OCD — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.17.206.1 (talk) 12:45, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

why?
Why were my references to the Shining Path and Tupac Amaru Revolutionary movement removed? They both led communist revolutions? Some factions of the Shining Path are still trying.

Not communist revolutions!
The following WERE NOT communist revolutions: 1) Cuba. There was not even a communist party during that event. The now known Communist Party of Cuba was founded about five years later.hyy 2) Mozambique 3) Guinea-Bissau (4) Angola (5) Nicaragua (FSLN) (6) El Salvador (FMLN) (7) Vietnam. All of these wars were nationalist wars against military dictatorships (Cuba, Nicaragua, El Salvador) and others were war of independence (Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Vietnam) waged against European colonial powers, mostrly Portugal and France. Nobody can call those revolutions ¨communist,¨ since their main aim was not the establishment of communism. Most of those wars were led by other forces. Those were wars of ¨National Liberation¨ and nothing else, and they were a feature of the times of the struggle against colonialism (Africa and Asia) and military dictatorships (Latin America) Calling ¨communist¨ these wars is plain ignorance.--Reinaldo Contreras (talk) 09:50, 23 July 2009 (UTC)--Reinaldo Contreras (talk) 09:50, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

brazil 1964 and 1935 are lacking
brazil 1964 and 1935 communist revolutions are lacking — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.105.229.194 (talk) 07:09, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

add 1979 Iranian revolution
1979 Iranian revolution saw the overthrow of the Shah's government with the help of mainly Marxist guerilla groups such as the Fedai who carried on street battles against the Shah's army as well as the marxist-islamic group MKO. In short, although after the revolution, the islamic forces crushed and defeated the leftist groups, it should not be forgotten that the Iranian revolution was successful because of a short lived alliance between leftish groups (tudeh, fedai, mko) and islamic factions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.84.68.252 (talk) 23:40, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Communist revolution. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213154/http://www.freepeoplesmovement.org/ry/rys7a.html to http://www.freepeoplesmovement.org/ry/rys7a.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:21, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

Innaccuracies
Needs more content into section "communist revolutions throughout history" and also it is recommended to call this "Communist Rebellions" since not all uprisings against government's are called "revolutions" because some are just about simple interests by people of a certain place. Kommune12 (talk) 19:37, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

1966 Macau 12-3 incident can also be a kind of (mostly)peaceful communist "revolution"?
refer to wiki page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-3_incident, i see that after the incident macau is de facto controlled by PRC which is a political change(despite not through civil war and mostly peaceful), so can this be regraded as communist "revolution", i wonder 42.98.226.81 (talk) 00:43, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

 * No credible scholar has referred to the 12-3 incident as a communist revolution. The PRC government also does not consider it a communist revolution, particularly because Portuguese colonial rule was de jure maintained in Macau and a Marxist-Leninist vanguard party did not ascend to power in the colony. Yue 🌙 17:19, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Robot Revolution
Isn't the idea that robots, essentially our slaves, will rise up and defeat us, essentially just communism all over again? If a Robot Revolution ever happened, would that count as one? SilverTheTerribleMathematician (talk) 00:12, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Communist revolution


text:
Plaza de Oriente

The Plaza de Oriente is a square in the historic center of Madrid, Spain. Rectangular in shape and monumental in character, it was designed in 1844 by Narciso Pascual y Colomer. The square was propagated by King Joseph I, who ordered the demolition of the medieval houses on the site.

It is located between some important landmarks in Madrid: To the west is the Royal Palace, the Teatro Real ("Royal Theater") to the east, and the Royal Monastery of the Incarnation to the north.

The plaza has statues of 44 Spanish kings from the medieval period, including:
 * Alfonso I of Asturias
 * Alfonso II of Asturias
 * Euric

Buildings around the square

 * Royal Palace of Madrid
 * Teatro Real
 * Royal Monastery of La Encarnación

Monument to Philip IV

At the heart of the Plaza de Oriente lies a monument dedicated to Philip IV of Spain.

title: Plaza de Oriente


text:
Talk:TP.3 Reloaded

Dispite R Kelly's short-comings, he proves that he is still "The Man" in the studio. He has some really nice slow grooves (naturally), and that "Trapped In The Closet" series was like a story from an ERIC JEROME DICKEY novel. Very impressive throughout! R Kelly is a legend

Fair use rationale for Image:Kelly tp-3 reloaded.jpg
Image:Kelly tp-3 reloaded.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 15:31, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:TP.3 Reloaded


text:
User talk:Mito

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  13:33, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

Miss Universe
Mito, I did not remove your trivia section on the Miss Universe page. As I described in my edit summary, all I did was update the category. Please feel free to view the page's history to see the single change I made. - Rachel, July 19, 2005
 * Donald Trump is already mentioned and linked in the introduction of the article, so it isn't necessary to link to him again. Also, for whatever it's worth, if he wasn't, then the appropiate place would be in the 'See also' section. This is one of the tips that can be found on Wikipedia's annotated article. Niteowlneils 00:38, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, to propose most articles for deletion, the place is Votes for deletion, although that can be intimidating for relatively new editors (articles that are simply vandalism, or meet one of the other Criteria for speedy deletion can be deleted on sight, which is requested by adding a or even better  tag). In the case of Miss Universe Organization it would be simpler to just add any information you can find that is correct, but missing from the Miss Universe article, into that article, then replace everything in the 'Organization' version with just  #REDIRECT Miss Universe . That would accomplish the "merge" suggested by User:AntonioMartin's merge tags, so then the merge tag could also be removed from the Miss Universe article. The final step would be to remove the link to the Org. article from the main article, since it would just take anyone that clicks it back to the main article. Niteowlneils 01:07, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Nadayearwood.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Nadayearwood.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 00:59, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject: Beauty Pageants
You are invited to join the WikiProject Beauty Pageants team. Thanks!Joey80 05:45, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Image:Scolosse.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Scolosse.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the image description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use image by finding a freely licensed image of its subject or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that any fair use images which are replaceable by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. -- Chowbok  ☠  01:20, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

License tagging for File:River island logo.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:River island logo.jpg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information; to add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia.

For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 01:06, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:River island logo.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:River island logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Cloudbound (talk) 20:19, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mito


text:
Kimba, South Australia

Kimba is a rural service town on the Eyre Highway at the top of Eyre Peninsula in the Australian state of South Australia with an annual rainfall of 348 mm. There is an 8 m tall statue of a galah beside the highway, marking halfway between the east and west coasts of Australia. The Gawler Ranges are north of the highway near the town.

Kimba is located in the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Giles and the local government area of the District Council of Kimba.

The word "kimba" is derived from the local Aboriginal word for "bushfire", and the District Council of Kimba's emblem reflects this in the form of a burning bush. The town was built on Barngarla lands.

Early history
The first European in the area was explorer Edward John Eyre, who passed through the area on his passage from Streaky Bay to the head of Spencer Gulf in late 1839.

The area was first settled in the 1870s by lease-holding pastoralists who moved north up the Eyre Peninsula during the 1870s and 1880s. They lightly stocked the land and relied on the limited water supplies and intermittent open grass lands to raise their stock. It was more intensively settled for wheat farming from 1908, when overseas demand for wheat increased in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The large tracts of mallee scrub began to be cleared to facilitate this, and soon regular mail services were established from the port at Cowell. Bags of wheat had to be loaded onto bullock drays which carried the produce to Cowell 76 km south.

In 1913, Kimba was connected by narrow gauge railway to Port Lincoln. This development encouraged a number of new wheat farmers to move into the area. Two years later the township of Kimba was officially proclaimed and service industries began to move into the district.

Education within the town is provided by the Kimba Area School where around 170 students from reception to year 12 attend.

National Radioactive Waste Management Facility
Two properties in the Kimba district were nominated in 2017 for a proposed National Radioactive Waste Management Facility, to store low-level and intermediate-level nuclear waste. One is owned by Brett and Michelle Rayner, and the other is owned by Andrew and Dale Baldock. A third proposed site was located at Barndioota in the Flinders Ranges.

In 2017, a Kimba town vote demonstrated support for further investigation of the prospect. The result of the vote was 396 to 294 in favour. Opposition to the project has been expressed by community groups No Radioactive Waste on Agricultural Land in Kimba or SA and the Against Radioactive Waste Action Group.

On 1 February 2020 federal resources minister, Matt Canavan, announced that 160 ha of Jeff Baldock's Napandee property, 20 km west of Kimba, would provide the location to permanently store low-level waste. The facility would also temporarily store intermediate-level waste from Lucas Heights nuclear reactor, until a suitable permanent site was found.

The federal government is allocating a A$31 million community development package to boost the skills of local businesses and workers to build and run the facility. The facility would cost A$200 million, and create 45 jobs during construction and 25 ongoing jobs. In 2023 the project was cancelled after Barngarla traditional owners won a case against its construction in the Federal Court.

Culture
Kimba is situated on the traditional lands of the Barngarla people.

An 8 m large-scale public artwork known as "The Big Galah" welcomes visitors to Kimba as they enter the township. The Kimba Art Prize is held annually by the District Council of Kimba. Selected works are displayed in the Kimba Institute in September, and an award is presented to a local artist. In 2017, the art prize received 150 entries from around South Australia and interstate.

In 2017 a 30 m high mural was completed on the town's grain silos by Melbourne artist Cam Scale, part of the silo art projects that extend across South Australia and Victoria.

Climate
Kimba experiences a cold semi-arid climate bordering on a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen: BSk/Csa, Trewartha: BSal/Csal);  with warm to hot, dry summers; mild to warm dry springs and autumns; and mild, relatively dry winters. Kimba is located within a dry (arid and semi arid) climate zone, where precipitation is less than the total potential evapotranspiration. The region is characterised by hot summers and relies on cool winter rainfall for cereal (dominantly wheat and barley with smaller amounts of oats and canola) agriculture. Grazing is also practised, largely that of merino sheep for wool production with smaller amounts of cattle grazing. Water for stock is sourced solely from rainfall due to the paucity of reliable groundwater in the district, and often summer thunderstorms can supplement the winter rainfall for grazing purposes.

Kimba and the associated Buckleboo agricultural area is one of a small number of communities on Eyre Peninsula located significantly to the north of Goyders Line in South Australia. This line represents a remarkable development in climatic understanding from the 19th century in that it was the first recognition of the vagaries of highly variable rainfall and climatic conditions with respect to European style agriculture.

Soils and geomorphology

The Kimba district is dominated by calcareous earths, containing distinctive calcrete profiles and varying degrees of development, with minor ferruginous red-brown earths and local pisolitic regions. The major exception is to the south west of the Kimba District, within the Corrobinnie Depression, a palaeochannel which is now filled with deep sands. Much of this region is unsuitable for agriculture and comprises the Pinkawillinie Conservation Park. Locally grey loams and gypsum bearing flats are developed, with minor evaporites surrounding playa lakes, such as Lake Gilles at the eastern end of the district.

Small rounded hills in the form of Wild Dog Hill occur in the Kelly region to the east of Kimba township, with two ranges, Botanella Hills and the Wilcherry Range comprising uplands to the north east. The Gawler Ranges located in the pastoral country to the far north, the Cleve Uplands to the south, and the Corrobinnie Depression comprise distinct geomorphic boundaries to the District Council of Kimba.

Parliamentarians

 * Arthur Whyte; Member and Leader of the South Australian Legislative Council (1966–1985; Leader from 1978 to 1985)
 * Barry Wakelin; Federal member for Grey (1993–2007)
 * Caroline Schaefer; Member of the South Australian Legislative Council (1993–2010)
 * Rowan Ramsey; Federal member for Grey (2007–present)

AFL footballers

 * Robert Schaefer, Richmond, (1993; 11 games)
 * Shane Wakelin, St Kilda (1994–2000; 94 games), Collingwood (2001–2008; 158 games), 252 total
 * Darryl Wakelin, St Kilda (1995–2000; 115 games), Port Adelaide (2001–2007; 146 games), 261 total
 * Corey Enright, Geelong (2001–2016 ; 332 games), 6x All Australian (2008–2011, 2013,2016), 3x Premiership player (2007, 2009, 2011).

title: Kimba, South Australia


text:
Kaufmann

Kaufmann is a surname with many variants such as Kauffmann, Kaufman, and Kauffman. In German, the name means merchant. It is the cognate of the English Chapman (which had a similar meaning in the Middle Ages, though it disappeared from modern English). Kaufmann may refer to:

Kaufmann

 * Alexander Kaufmann (1817–1893), German poet and folklorist, brother of Leopold
 * Aloys P. Kaufmann (1902–1984), Mayor of St. Louis, Missouri
 * Andrea Kaufmann (born 1969), Austrian politician
 * Andreas Kaufmann (born 1973), German footballer
 * Andy Kaufmann (born 1967), American basketball player
 * Arthur Kaufmann (1872–1938), Austrian attorney, philosopher and chess master
 * Arthur Kaufmann (artist) (1888–1971, German avant-garde painter
 * Bobby Kaufmann (born 1985), American politician
 * Carl Kaufmann (1936–2008), West German sprint runner
 * Christian Kaufmann (alpine guide) (1872–1939), Swiss mountain guide active in Canada
 * Christian Kaufmann (canoeist) (born c. 1940), West German slalom canoeist
 * Christine Kaufmann (1945–2017), German-Austrian actress, author, and businesswoman
 * Christine Kaufmann (politician) (born 1951), Montana State Senate
 * Daniel Kaufmann (footballer) (born 1990), Liechtensteiner footballer
 * Danielly Kaufmann (1984), Luxembourg-Brazilian visual artist
 * David Kaufmann (1852–1899), Jewish-Austrian scholar
 * Dieter Kaufmann (born 1941), Austrian composer
 * Edgar J. Kaufmann (1885–1955), US businessman and philanthropist
 * Eduard Kaufmann (1860–1931), German physician and co-discoverer of the Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome
 * Elsie Effah Kaufmann (1969), Ghanaian academic and biomedical engineer
 * Ernst Kaufmann (1895–1943), Swiss racing cyclist
 * Eugen Kaufmann (1892–1984), German architect
 * Evan Kaufmann (born 1984), German-American ice hockey player
 * Fabio Kaufmann (born 1992), German-Italian footballer
 * Felix Kaufmann (1895–1949), Austrian-American law philosopher
 * Frank Kaufmann (born 1952), American peace activist
 * Franz Kaufmann (1886–1944), German jurist and victim of the Holocaust
 * Franziska Kaufmann (born 1987), Swiss curler
 * Fritz Kaufmann (1905–1941), Swiss ski jumper and Nordic combined skier
 * George Adams Kaufmann (1894–1963), British mathematician, translator and anthroposophist
 * Gordon Kaufmann (1888–1949), English-born American architect
 * Günther Kaufmann (1947–2012), German actor
 * Hans Kaufmann (born 1948), Swiss politician and business consultant
 * Heinz Kaufmann (1913–1997), German rower
 * Herbert Kaufmann (1920–1976), German ethnologist, journalist, photographer and writer
 * Hermann Kaufmann (born 1955), Austrian architect
 * Hilde Kaufmann (1920–1981), German jurist and criminologist
 * Isidor Kaufmann (1853–1921), Austro-Hungarian painter
 * Jeff Kaufmann (born 1963), American politician
 * Jonas Kaufmann (born 1969), German tenor
 * Judith Kaufmann (born 1962), German cinematographer
 * Julia Kaufmann (born 1984), German voice actress
 * Karl Kaufmann (painter) (1843–1905), Austrian landscape and architectural painter
 * Karl Kaufmann (1900–1965), German Nazi Gauleiter in Hamburg
 * Karl Maria Kaufmann (1972-1951), German Biblical archaeologist
 * Konstantin von Kaufmann (1818–1882), Russian general, for whom "Mount Kaufmann" (or "Peak Kaufmann", now called Lenin Peak) was named
 * Klaus Kaufmann (born 1948), Austrian pianist who founded the Austrian-Chinese-Music-University
 * Lars Kaufmann (born 1982), German handball player
 * Leon Kaufmann (1872–1933), Polish painter and pastellist
 * Leonhard Kaufmann (born 1989) Austrian footballer
 * Leopold Kaufmann (1821–1898), German politician, brother of Alexander
 * Malte Kaufmann (born 1976), German economist, entrepreneur and politician
 * Maurice Kaufmann (1927–1997), British actor
 * Max R. Kaufmann, designer of the Kaufmann font family
 * Max Rudolf Kaufmann (1886–1963), Swiss author, translator, and journalist
 * Michael Kaufmann (born 1964), German politician
 * Miranda Kaufmann (born 1982), British historian
 * Myron Kaufmann (1921–2010), American author
 * Nico Kaufmann (1916–1996), Swiss pianist and composer
 * Oskar Kaufmann (1873–1956), Hungarian-German Jewish architect
 * Patricia A. (Trish) Kaufmann of Lincoln, Delaware
 * Peter Kaufmann (Alpine guide) (1872–1939), Swiss mountain guide from Grindelwald
 * Peter Kaufmann (politician) (born 1947), politician and businessman in Winnipeg
 * Peter Kaufmann-Bohren (1886–1971), Swiss mountain guide
 * Rainer Kaufmann (born 1959), German film director
 * Richard von Kaufmann (1850–1908), German jurist and art collector
 * Rudolf Kaufmann (1909–1941), German palaeontologist and geologist, son of Walter (physicist)
 * Sören Kaufmann (born 1971), German slalom canoeist
 * Stefan Kaufmann (musician) (born 1960), German drummer
 * Stefan Kaufmann (politician) (born 1969), German Bundestag member
 * Stefan H.E. Kaufmann (born 1948), German microbiologist
 * Stevie Kaufmann, (1913–2004), American socialite
 * Sylvia-Yvonne Kaufmann (born 1955), German politician
 * Theodore Kaufmann (1814–1896), German-American painter
 * Ulrich Kaufmann (1840–1917), Swiss mountain guide
 * Walter Kaufmann (author) (1924–2021), German-Australian writer
 * Walter Kaufmann (composer) (1907–1984), Czech-born American ethnomusicologist
 * Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) (1921–1980), German philosopher
 * Walter Kaufmann (physicist) (1871–1947), German physicist
 * William Kaufmann (1918-2008) American nuclear strategist
 * William G. Kaufmann (1869–1947), American politician
 * Yehezkel Kaufmann (1889–1963), Israeli philosopher and Biblical scholar

Given name

 * Isaac Kaufmann Funk (1839–1912), American editor, lexicographer
 * Kaufmann Kohler (1843–1926), German-born American Bible scholar, Reform rabbi and theologian

Kauffmann

 * Fritz Kauffmann (1855–1934), German composer and conductor
 * Fritz Kauffmann (bacteriologist) (1899–1078), German-Danish bacteriologist (Kauffmann–White classification)
 * Georg Friedrich Kauffmann (1679–1735), German Baroque composer
 * Guinevere Kauffmann (born 1968), German-American astrophysicist
 * Henrik Kauffmann (1888–1962), Danish ambassador to United States of America
 * Jean-Paul Kauffmann (born 1944), French journalist and writer
 * Lillian von Kauffmann (1920–2016), Danish businesswoman
 * Stanley Kauffmann (1916–2013), long-time film critic for The New Republic

Kaufman

 * Aaron Kaufman, American mechanic and fabricator, featured on the television show Fast N' Loud
 * Abraham Kaufman (1885–1971), Russian-born medical doctor, community organizer and Zionist
 * Alan Kaufman (writer), American novelist and poet
 * Alan S. Kaufman (born 1944), psychologist/IQ test developer
 * Alexis Kaufman (born 1991), birth name of American professional wrestler Alexa Bliss
 * Allen Kaufman (born 1933), chess professional
 * Alvin Ratz Kaufman (1885–1979), Canadian industrialist, philanthropist, and birth control advocate
 * Amie Kaufman (born 1980), an Australian author.
 * Andrew Kaufman (born 1968), Canadian writer
 * Andy Kaufman (1949–1984), American entertainer
 * Ariel Durant (born Chaya Kaufman, 1898–1981), historian and writer, wife of Will Durant
 * Bel Kaufman (1911–2014), author of Up the Down Staircase and granddaughter of Sholom Aleichem
 * Benjamin Kaufman (Medal of Honor) (1894–1981), World War I Medal of Honor recipient
 * Boris Kaufman (1906–1980), younger brother of Dziga Vertov
 * Brandon Kaufman (born 1990), American football player
 * Bruria Kaufman (1918–2010), Israeli theoretical physicist
 * Charlie Kaufman (born 1958), American screenwriter, producer, director, and lyricist
 * Dan Kaufman, special effects artist
 * David Kaufman (actor) (born 1961), American voice actor
 * David Kaufman (author), theater critic
 * David S. Kaufman (1813–1851), American politician, Republic of Texas State Senator
 * Donald Kaufman (collector) (1930–2009), American toy collector
 * Edward E. "Ted" Kaufman (born 1939), American politician
 * Elaine Kaufman (1929–2010), American restaurateur
 * George S. Kaufman (1889–1961), American playwright
 * Gerald Kaufman (1930–2017), British member of parliament
 * Gordon D. Kaufman (1925–2011), American theologian
 * Grace Kaufman (born 2002), American child actress
 * Harold R. Kaufman (1926–2018), American physicist, developed Kaufman ion source
 * Henry Kaufman (born 1927), German-American economist
 * Herbert Kaufman (1878–1947)
 * Irving Kaufman (1910–1992), American federal judge
 * Irving Kaufman (singer) (1890–1976), American entertainer
 * Jacob Kaufman, (1847–1920), Canadian manufacturer and industrialist
 * Jake Kaufman (born 1981), American video game music composer
 * James C. Kaufman, American psychologist
 * James D. Kaufman, American politician
 * Jane Kaufman (1938-2021), American artist
 * Joan Kaufman (psychologist), American child psychologist
 * Josh Kaufman (born 1976), American musician and winner of NBC's The Voice season 6
 * Les Kaufman, Professor of Biology at Boston University
 * Lloyd Kaufman (born 1945)
 * Louis Kaufman (1905–1994), violinist
 * Mel Kaufman (1958–2009), football player for the Washington Redskins
 * Micha Kaufman (born 1946), Israeli Olympic sport shooter
 * Millard Kaufman (1917–2009), American screenwriter and novelist
 * Morris Kaufman, Manitoba judge
 * Moisés Kaufman (born 1963), playwright and director
 * Murray the K (Murray Kaufman, 1922–1982)
 * Nadeen L. Kaufman (born 1945), psychologist/IQ test developer
 * Napoleon Kaufman (born 1973), American football player
 * Nikolay Kaufman (1925–2018), Bulgarian musicologist
 * Philip Kaufman (born 1936), film director
 * Philip A. Kaufman (Phil Kaufman), American engineer, namesake of the Phil Kaufman Award
 * Robert Kaufman (1931–1991), American screenwriter and film producer
 * Ruth Kaufman, British operations research specialist
 * Sean Kaufman (born 2000), actor
 * Smylie Kaufman (born 1991), professional golfer
 * Steve Kaufman (1960–2010), artist
 * Ted Kaufman (born 1939), United States Senator from Delaware from 2009 to 2010
 * Terrence Kaufman (1937–2022), linguist and professor at the University of Pittsburgh
 * Theodore N. Kaufman (1910–1986), businessman and writer
 * Trey Kaufman-Renn (born 2002), American basketball player
 * Vlodko Kaufman (born 1957), Ukrainian artist
 * Wendy Kaufman (born 1958), American television personality
 * William E. Kaufman (born 1938), American rabbi, philosopher
 * Dr. Kaufman, a villain in Tomorrow Never Dies

Kauffman

 * Angelica Kauffman (1741–1807), Swiss-Austrian painter
 * Bob Kauffman (1946–2015), American basketball player
 * Calvin Henry Kauffman (1869–1931), American botanist and mycologist
 * Claudia Kauffman, Washington State Senate (served 2007–2011)
 * Craig Kauffman (1932–2010), American artist
 * Doug Kauffman (born 1969), American curler and golfer
 * Draper Kauffman (1911–1979), Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy and son of James L. Kauffman, with whom he was the joint namesake of USS Kauffman (FFG-59)
 * Elizabeth Bush, born Kauffman
 * Ewing Marion Kauffman (1916–1993), former owner of the Kansas City Royals and namesake of Kauffman Stadium
 * George B. Kauffman (1930–2020), American chemist
 * James Laurence Kauffman (1887–1963), United States Navy Vice Admiral and father of Draper Kauffman, with whom he was the joint namesake of USS Kauffman (FFG-59)
 * John D. Kauffman (1847–1913), Amish "sleeping preacher"
 * Leah Kauffman (born c. 1986), American actress, singer and songwriter
 * Léon Kauffman (1869–1952), 12th Prime Minister of Luxembourg
 * Louis Kauffman (born 1945), American mathematician
 * Marta Kauffman (born 1956), TV producer and writer
 * Matthew Kauffman (born 1961), journalist
 * Nehemiah Kauffman (c. 1996–2016), American victim of unsolved shooting
 * Sandra Kauffman (born 1933), American politician from Missouri
 * Scott Kauffman (born 1956), businessman
 * Stuart Kauffman (born 1939), US theoretical biologist and complex systems researcher

title: Kaufmann


text:
Talk:Emily Lloyd

Untitled
I am new and this is my first article. I don't know what i should change on my article to contribute to Wikipedia Melly42 13:37, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No, the article looks fine! I see no issues with it; it's much better-written and more well-organised than many other articles by more experienced contributors. jglc | t | c 13:42, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Daily Mail
Hi. I refer to your edit here. I am well aware that as of 2017 the Daily Mail is generally considered unreliable and I have always previously avoided using this source. However, in this case the Daily Mail article is actually written by the actress in question. I note blogs are deemed notable on Wikipedia if the person who has written them has notability themselves. I see no reason why Emily Lloyd writing herself in the Daily Mail should be covered by a blanket ban on the site. She is unlikely to have sensationalised or fabricated slander about herself, or have poor-fact checking regarding her own life, reasons that were given for the Daily Mail being considered unreliable. The source is also not used for anything that is unduly self-serving or biased in her favour; she admits drug addiction in the article, among other things. Furthermore the article in question is from 2013, predating the point from which the source was generally considered unreliable. I've reverted the removal of content but I'm happy to discuss the matter further. Damien Linnane (talk) 01:38, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Some of the references to that source are potentially reasonable per your points; however, when we begin making claims related to and impacting other people who aren't the author, that becomes more problematic. I don't agree that the details about the sexual abuse – a potentially criminal accusation – or about the "troubled relationship" are appropriately cited. Nikkimaria (talk) 01:51, 18 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Oh that's a good point. I've found better sources for those two points, and have attributed the claim that the relationship was troubled to Lloyd's assertion, rather than a solid fact. :) Damien Linnane (talk) 02:05, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

Picture
What is even in the picture of Emily Lloyd? 47.157.200.6 (talk) 16:34, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * ...what does that even mean? There's nothing in the picture as there is no picture. If you're trying to ask why there isn't a picture, it's because nobody has uploaded a free image, and we wouldn't be able to use a fair use one since the subject is still alive. See Non-free content. Damien Linnane (talk) 02:50, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emily Lloyd


text:
Copyright Board of Canada

The Copyright Board of Canada (Commission du droit d'auteur du Canada) is an economic regulatory body empowered to establish, either mandatorily or at the request of an interested party, the royalties to be paid for the use of copyrighted works, when the administration of such copyright is entrusted to a collective-administration society. The Board also has the right to supervise agreements between users and licensing bodies and issues licences when the copyright owner cannot be located.

The Honourable Luc Martineau is the current Chairman of the Board of Directors.

title: Copyright Board of Canada


text: File:TomWaits-MuleVariations.jpg

title: File:TomWaits-MuleVariations.jpg


text: File:TomWaits-BoneMachine.jpg

title: File:TomWaits-BoneMachine.jpg


text:
Tetragonal polycrystalline zirconia

Yttria blends of approximately 3% are called either tetragonal polycrystalline zirconia or tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (forming the initialisms TZP or TPZ) and have the finest grain size. These grades exhibit the highest toughness at room temperature, because they are nearly 100% tetragonal, but this degrades severely between 200 and 500 °C as these irreversible crystal transformations also cause dimensional change.

title: Tetragonal polycrystalline zirconia


text:
Country Dance (film)

Country Dance is a 1970 British drama film directed by J. Lee Thompson and starring Peter O'Toole, Susannah York and Michael Craig. It is based on the novel Household Ghosts (1961) by James Kennaway which became a three-act stage play in 1967. It was released as Brotherly Love in the United States.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Maurice Fowler. Shooting took place in Perthshire and County Wicklow.

Plot
In a fading Scottish aristocratic family, the drunken Sir Charles Henry Arbuthnot Pinkerton Ferguson, has an incestuous relationship with his equally eccentric sister Hilary Dow.

Cast

 * Peter O'Toole as Sir Charles Ferguson
 * Susannah York as Hilary Dow
 * Michael Craig as Douglas Dow
 * Harry Andrews as Brigadier Crieff
 * Cyril Cusack as Dr. Maitland
 * Judy Cornwell as Rosie
 * Brian Blessed as Jack Baird
 * Robert Urquhart as Auctioneer
 * Mark Malicz as Benny-the-Pole
 * Jean Anderson as Matron
 * Lennox Milne as Miss Mailer
 * Helena Gloag as Auntie Belle

Production
The stage play version played at the Edinburgh Festival in 1967. James Kennard wrote the female lead with Susannah York in mind; she was a cousin. Edward Fox played the male lead on stage.

In December 1968 James Kennaway, author of the novel, was driving home from a meeting with Peter O'Toole to discuss the film version when he died in a car accident.

In February 1969 it was announced O'Toole would make the film with Susannah York under the direction of J. Lee Thompson.

Filming took place in Ireland in mid 1969. York said "it was the happiest film experience of my life." O'Toole drank heavily through the shoot and at one stage was arrested. Brian Blessed recalled it as "a delightful experience" but admits O'Toole could be difficult.

At one point the film was called The Same Skin. Then it was changed to Brotherly Love.

In April 1970 producer Robert Ginna announced he would make another film with O'Toole and Thompson from a Kennaway novel, The Cost of Living Like This, but it was never made.

title: Country Dance (film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lars Ryen Mill

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 17:02, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Lars Ryen Mill
Vanity page. --Several Times 13:44, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity. Non-notable. The JPS 15:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Sooooooo... he's a network guy. Delete.  Dcarrano 16:07, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn management consultant. Meelar (talk) 16:21, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. -- Etacar11   23:44, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: File:Siouxsie-shadowtime.jpg

title: File:Siouxsie-shadowtime.jpg


text: User talk:62.163.35.236

title: User talk:62.163.35.236


text:
Talk:List of companies of Finland

There's Nokia, UPM-Kymmene and Nordea. Then there's Akado Oy (there's no "Oy" typed for other incorporated companies), which has a C/O address, has become VAT liable a year ago and is totally unknown in comparison to the rest of the companies in the article (come on, ask anyone). Is this firm really worth mentioning here?
 * Looks like a web page shop, there are lots and lots of them. Out it goes. Weregerbil 14:58, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * And is also listed in a very distorted alphabetical order. -- Extra   999  (Contact me  +  contribs) 16:13, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Stonesoft
We should remove Stonesoft, because it's today only part of Forcepoint. TheWiki122 (talk) 17:37, 9 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of companies of Finland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101014010931/http://e24.no/makro-og-politikk/article3803493.ece to http://e24.no/makro-og-politikk/article3803493.ece

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:57, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

Ahlstrom
Should Ahlstrom still be on the list after what happened with Munksjö? NearCry (talk) 11:17, 19 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Always fuzzy. I've included notable subsidiaries on these lists as long as there is a separate article for the subsidiary (like Vodafone Hungary) and they maintain the brand. Is the "company" still around?

 * If there's a full merger-acquisition, the Ahlstrom name is gone, and they just run it as a sub, then I'd probably mark the company as defunct and keep it on the list. If there's a full merger-acquisition,the Ahlstrom brand is retained, and they keep a presence in Finland with a local "headquarters", then I'd probably keep it on the list as a "notable subsidiary".

 * My main question is always, "is there an independent article about an entity, and does that entity have a headquarters (regional or not) in the country"? Kuru   (talk)  11:53, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I really don't have enough info on the topic. Maybe some Finn might have a look. Also I went through the list and there seemed to be alot of similar cases. NearCry (talk) 12:04, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of companies of Finland


text:
Talk:CIOO-FM

OK, so I'm new to editing wiki articles, but can we possibly do something about this article? It is NOT NPOV. c100 does not play the "hottest" songs except maybe in their own minds. The musical format of the station is CHR or contemporary hit radio, which has a wikipedia entry that should be linked.

Can somebody help me fix this article?

I feel that i should clarify something, in the context of, "the day’s hottest songs are counted down on The Top 9 at 9", i took the word "hottest" to mean most popular song, not necessarily the best song, that is why i left it there. but just to make sure, I replaced "hottest songs" with "most requested songs"--BoyoJonesJr 22:51, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Title Page
Why is the title "CIOO" It's C100. Just wondering if its possible to change... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.222.98.102 (talk) 01:45, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

 * CIOO-FM is the call sign of the station; C100 is a brand name. Wikipedia titles radio station articles with their call signs. Bearcat (talk) 01:58, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:CIOO-FM


text:
Bevis Marks Synagogue

Bevis Marks Synagogue, officially Qahal Kadosh Sha'ar ha-Shamayim (קָהָל קָדוֹשׁ שַׁעַר הַשָׁמַיִם), is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located off Bevis Marks, Aldgate, in the City of London, England, in the United Kingdom. The congregation is affiliated to London's historic Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community and worships in the Sephardic rite.

Built in 1701, the Grade I listed building is the oldest synagogue in the United Kingdom in continuous use. It is the only synagogue building in Europe that has continuously held regular services for more than 320 years.

Construction
The origins of the community date from an influx to London of crypto-Jews, or so called Marranos, from Spain and Portugal, mostly via the growing Sephardi Jewish community in Amsterdam, in the early seventeenth century. These Jews began practising their religion openly once it became possible to do so through Jewish resettlement in England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell.

Services at a small synagogue in Creechurch Lane began in 1657. In 1663, it was visited on the festival of Simchat Torah by the diarist Samuel Pepys, who recorded his impressions of the service. In 1698 Rabbi David Nieto took spiritual charge of the congregation of "Spanish and Portuguese Jews" (Sephardim).

A considerable influx of Jews made it necessary to obtain more commodious quarters. Accordingly, a committee was appointed, consisting of António Gomes Serra, Menasseh Mendes, Alfonso Rodrigues, Manuel Nunez Miranda, Andrea Lopez, and Pontaleão Rodriguez. It investigated matters for nearly a year and, on 12 February 1699, signed a contract with Joseph Avis, a Quaker, for the construction of a building to cost £2,650. According to legend, Avis declined to collect his full fee, on the ground that it was wrong to profit from building a house of God. Also unsubstantiated is the story that a timber was donated by the then Princess Anne for the roof of the synagogue. On 24 June 1699, the committee leased from Sir Thomas and Lady Pointz (also known as Littleton) a tract of land at Plough Yard, in Bevis Marks, for 61 years, with the option of renewal for a further 38 years, at £120 a year.

The structure was completed and dedicated in September 1701. The interior decor and furnishing and layout of the synagogue reflect the influence of the great Portuguese Synagogue of Amsterdam of 1675. It has been claimed that the design was also influenced by Christopher Wren, the architect of the nearby St Paul's Cathedral. The roof was destroyed by fire in 1738 and repaired in 1749. During the London Blitz the synagogue's silver, records and fittings were removed to a place of safety; the synagogue suffered only minor damage. The synagogue suffered some collateral damage from the IRA in 1992 and the 1993 Bishopsgate bombing, but this was restored. The essential original structure of the building thus remains today.

In 1747 Benjamin Mendes da Costa bought the lease of the ground on which the building stood, and presented it to the congregation, vesting the deeds in the names of a committee consisting of Gabriel Lopez de Britto, David Aboab Ozorio, Moses Gomes Serra, David Franco, Joseph Jessurun Rodriguez, and Moses Mendes da Costa.

The community saw a significant influx of crypto-Jews from Portugal fleeing the inquisition during the seventeenth and eighteenth century. Marriage and circumcision records record couples as "Vindos de Portugal," or more rarely "Vindos de Espanha," for the purpose of reconsecrating their vows now they were free to practice Judaism openly or undertaking an adult circumcision. Alongside migration from Sephardi centres such as Amsterdam and Livorno there was a steady influx of refugees from Portugal up until around 1735, after which it diminished, with some of the last recorded arrivals from Portugal as late as 1790. Records show arrivals escaping principally from major cities such as Lisbon or Porto and the remote borderland region from Spain, such as from Celorico da Beira, Guarda, Braganza or Belmonte. As a result of this migration the sermon at Bevis Marks took place in Portuguese until as late as 1833 when they switched to English.

Influence
For Sephardic Jews, the Bevis Marks Synagogue was a religious centre of the Anglo-Jewish world for more than a century, and served as a clearing-house for congregational and individual Jewish problems all over the world. These included the appeal of Jews in Jamaica for a reduction in taxation (1736), the internecine quarrel among Jews in Barbados (1753), and the aiding of seven-year-old Moses de Paz, who escaped from Gibraltar in 1777 to avoid a forced conversion to Christianity. The congregation came to the aid of the Jewish community in Ireland by donating funds to build a wall around the Ballybough Cemetery and providing an agent to oversee the works. The deeds for the cemetery were then lodged at Bevis Marks Synagogue. Through the actions of the leading synagogue member Moses Montefiore the synagogue was also involved in the 19th century in the Damascus Affair and the Mortara Affair, two events provoking much international discussion of Jewish rights and reputation. It was part of the inspiration for Jacob Sassoon's Ohel Rachel Synagogue in Shanghai, the largest synagogue in the Far East.

Amongst the Chief Rabbis of the Anglo-Sephardic Community (Hahamim) who have served at Bevis Marks have been Daniel Nieto (1654–1728), Benjamin Artom (1835–1879), Abraham Haliva (Halua) (1791-1853) and Moses Gaster (1856–1939). Amongst other notable members of the synagogue's congregation have been the boxer Daniel Mendoza, and Isaac D'Israeli (father of Benjamin Disraeli), who resigned from the congregation after an argument over synagogue fees.

Expansion of the community
As the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community grew and moved out of the City and East End of London to the West End and the suburbs, members demanded a new synagogue to be built in the West End. When the leadership refused this, some members formed a breakaway synagogue in Burton Street, which later became the West London Synagogue. In 1853 a branch synagogue was opened in Wigmore Street; in 1866 this moved to Bryanston Street, Bayswater. Attendance at Bevis Marks declined so much that in 1886 a move to sell the site was contemplated; a "Bevis Marks Anti-Demolition League" was founded, under the auspices of H. Guedalla and A. H. Newman, and the proposed move was abandoned.

In 1896 a new synagogue was built at Lauderdale Road, Maida Vale, as successor to the Bryanston Street synagogue. A second satellite congregation was established at 46 Forty Avenue, Wembley during the 1960s.

Events in the twentieth century
On 10 April 1992, the synagogue was affected by an IRA terrorist attack on the Baltic Exchange. The bomb was contained in a large white truck and consisted of a fertiliser device wrapped with a detonation cord made from Semtex. The Chairman of Buildings for the Spanish & Portuguese Congregation, Mr Barry Musikant, donning a hard hat and escorted by police, was one of the first people to enter the cordoned area of streets to examine the damage to the synagogue. He, with the agreement of the insurance company, put in place a programme of repair which lasted fifteen weeks, but enabled the building to be restored before his daughter's wedding.

The following year the synagogue was also affected by an attack on Bishopsgate. Nearly £200,000 was raised by donation to help with the renovations to return it to its former glory.

In June 2019, it was awarded £2.7m by the National Lottery for conservation work and to cover half the costs of building a new religious and cultural centre.

In early 2021, it received £497,000 from the Government's Culture Recovery Fund "to protect its collection of significant objects and illuminate the history of the site."

In 2020 and 2021 there was considerable opposition to planning applications for two nearby skyscrapers which would cut off natural light to the synagogue, threatening its ongoing use for daily services. The community had said the historic synagogue faces a closure threat as the loss of light would render services "almost impossible.". Plans to build both tower blocks were ultimately denied by City of London councilmembers. In 2023, the Creechurch Conservation Area was approved, which should protect Bevis Marks and Grade II* St Botolph’s-without-Aldgate from development.

Features
A prominent feature of the synagogue is the Renaissance-style ark (containing the Torah scrolls) located at the centre of the Eastern wall of the building. It resembles in design the reredos of the churches of the same period. Painted to look as though it is made of coloured Italian marble, it is in fact made entirely of oak. The architectural critic Ian Nairn in his book Nairn's London described the synagogue as defined by a "great luminous room, compassionate light streaming in through big clear glass windows."

Seven hanging brass candelabra symbolise the seven days of the week, the largest of which – hanging in the centre of the synagogue – represents the Sabbath. This central candelabrum was donated by the community of the Great Synagogue of Amsterdam. The candles are still lit today for weddings and the Jewish Festivals. The rest of the year the Synagogue is lit by the electric lights added in 1928. The ner tamid (sanctuary lamp) is of silver and dates from 1876.

Twelve pillars, symbolising the twelve tribes of Israel, support the women's gallery.

The synagogue contains benches running parallel to the side walls and facing inward, leaving two aisles for the procession with the Torah scrolls. In addition, backless benches at the rear of the synagogue, taken from the original synagogue at Creechurch Lane, date from 1657 and are still regularly used.

A number of seats in the synagogue are roped off as they belong or have belonged to notable people within the community. Two seats were reserved for the most senior officials of the congregation's publishing arm, Heshaim. A third seat, fitted with a footstool, (the seat nearest the Ark on the central row of the left half of the benches) is also withheld as it belonged to Moses Montefiore. It is now only ever occupied by very senior dignitaries as a particular honour. In 2001 Prince Charles used the seat during the synagogue's tercentenary service. Prime Minister Tony Blair used it for the service celebrating the 350th anniversary of the re-settlement of the Jews in Great Britain in 2006, when the Chief Rabbi of the United Synagogue Sir Jonathan Sacks and the Lord Mayor of London were also present.

The synagogue retains notable historical records, including community circumcision and marriage records dating back to 1679.

The modern synagogue
On Friday 13 November 1998, Peter, Lord Levene of Portsoken, became the eighth Jewish Lord Mayor of London. An Ashkenazi Jew by birth, Lord Levene's first public act was to walk, with a retinue, from his official residence (Mansion House) to Bevis Marks Synagogue, for the Sabbath Eve service. This was repeated on Friday 12 November 2010 by the then Lord Mayor Michael Bear.

Today the Spanish and Portuguese descendant community in London operates three synagogues: Bevis Marks; Lauderdale Road (which is the community's administrative headquarters); and a smaller synagogue in Wembley. The community's sheltered housing scheme "Harris Court" and old-age home "Edinburgh House" are also located in Wembley. A number of other Sephardic synagogues in Britain have associated status. Bevis Marks Synagogue remains the flagship synagogue of the British Sephardic Jewish community. Daily services are held and the synagogue is frequently a venue for weddings and other celebrations.

Since August 2015, the rabbi of Bevis Marks is Shalom Morris, an American of Ashkenazi descent. He is a great-grandson of Rabbi Eliezer Silver. King Charles is a patron of the synagogue heading a 2019 conservation appeal for funds to turn it into a heritage centre.

It is a Grade 1 listed historic monument.

In 2018, the synagogue rescinded its objections to a proposed development after the architects amended the plans and the developers made a donation to the synagogue. The Jewish Chronicle reported that some congregants were unhappy with decision and felt the leadership had lacked ethics.

Threat of development
In September 2021, it emerged that developers planned to build 21-storey and 48-storey buildings right next to the synagogue. It is claimed this would block natural light from the building for all but one hour a day. The synagogue is currently only lit by up to 240 candles and some electric lighting which was installed in 1928. A campaign has been launched to block the development with the Corporation of London saying no decision has been made. It is reported to have received 1,500 letters of objection. The alarm was raised by an article in The New York Times ahead of reporting by most of the British press. Members of the London Jewish community took to social media on the eve of Yom Kippur to draw attention to the threat to the synagogue including writer Simon Sebag-Montefiore and journalists Jonathan Freedland and Ben Judah.

According to The New York Times, a report commissioned by the developers claims that the building would have no impact on the amount of natural light the synagogue receives.

Associated people

 * Aby Belasco, English bare-knuckle boxer
 * Isaac D'Israeli (1766–1848), writer, scholar and man of letters
 * Joseph Dweck
 * Daniel Mendoza, English boxing champion
 * Sir Moses Montefiore

Further information

 * Gaster, Rabbi Moses (1901). History of the Ancient Synagogue of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews.
 * Greene, Richard Allen. "At 300, Britain's oldest shul wants a brand-new image", Jewish Telegraphic Agency via Jweekly, 12 October 2001, accessed 23 November 2010.
 * Hyamson, Moses (1951). The Sephardim of England: A History of the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish Community 1492–1951, London.
 * Hyamson, Moses (1951). Treasures of a London temple: A descriptive catalogue of the ritual plate, mantles and furniture of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Synagogue in Bevis Marks, London. ASIN B0000CI83D.
 * Kadish, Sharman; Bowman, Barbara; and Kendall, Derek. (2001). ''Bevis Marks Synagogue 1701–2001: A Short History of the Building and an Appreciation of Its Architecture, English Heritage. ISBN 1-873592-65-5
 * Krinsky, Carol Herselle (1996). Synagogues of Europe: architecture, history, meaning, Courier Dover Publications, pp. 412–415.
 * Paul, Lindsay (1993). The Synagogues of London, Vallentine Mitchell.
 * Picciotto, James (1875). Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History, Trübner & Co.
 * "Bevis Marks Synagogue", Jewish Communities and Records – UK, hosted by jewishgen.org, page created 17 March 2003 with subsequent updates, accessed 24 November 2010.

title: Bevis Marks Synagogue


text:
Roger Bontemps

Roger Bontemps is semi-mythical French figure who personifies a state of leisure and freedom from care. According to Pierre-Jean de Béranger, Roger Bontemps is the epitome of "Never say die".

Literary origins
The figure first appears as a literary character in Le Livre du Cuers d'Amours Espris (The Book of the Love-Smitten Heart) attributed to René of Anjou (1409–1480), also known as "Good King René". In this allegory of love, written ca. 1457–77, "Rogier Bon Temps" is the only character who refuses to surrender his heart to the God of Love.

Roger de Collery
"Roger Bontemps" is said to have been the nickname of Roger de Collery (c. 1470–1540), who was a priest and secretary of the Bishop of Auxerre. He was famous for his jovial personality, and presided over a convivial society at Auxerre, earning the facetious title the "Mad Abbot". He left some writings in prose and verse, which are known from 1536 and were reprinted in 1856 by Charles Héricault.

Later literature
Roger Bontemps appears several times in French literature, such as in a play by André Rivoire. The figure also appears in a poem by William Makepeace Thackeray, first published in his 1852 anthology The Paris Sketchbook.

 * Vous riches, desireux;
 * Vous, dont le char dévie
 * Après un cours heureux;
 * Vous, qui perdrez peut-être
 * Des titres éclatans,
 * Eh! gai! prenez pour mâitre
 * Le gros Roger Bontemps.

 * Ye poor, with envy goaded;
 * Ye rich, for more who long;
 * Ye who by fortune loaded,
 * Find all things going wrong
 * Ye who by some disaster
 * See all your cables break,
 * From henceforth for your master
 * Bluff Roger Bontemps take.

title: Roger Bontemps


text:
Konrad Pellikan

Konrad Pellikan (Conrad Kürsner; Conradus Pellicanus; sometimes anglicized as Conrad Pellican; 8 January 1478 – 6 May 1556) was a German Protestant theologian, humanist, Protestant reformer and Christian Hebraist who worked chiefly in Switzerland.

Life
Pellikan was bon on 8 January 1478 in Rouffach, Alsace. His German surname, "Kurscherer" ("Kürsner") was changed to "Pellicanus" by his mother's brother, Jodocus Gallus, an ecclesiastic connected with the University of Heidelberg, who supported his nephew for sixteen months at the university in 1491-1492. On returning to Rouffach 1493, he entered the Franciscan convent. There he taught gratis at the convents school in order he might borrow books from the library, and in his sixteenth year resolved to become a friar. This step helped his studies, for he was sent to Tübingen in 1496 and became a favorite pupil of the guardian of the Minorite convent there, Paulus Scriptoris, a man of considerable general learning.

He taught Hebrew, Greek, mathematics and cosmography at the Franciscan monastery of St. Katherina in Rouffach, in the upper Alsace. He subsequently taught at Pforzheim and Tübingen. There seems to have been at that time in southwest Germany a considerable amount of sturdy independent thought among the Franciscans; Pellikan himself became a Protestant very gradually, and without any such revulsion of feeling as marked Martin Luther's conversion. At Tübingen the future "apostate in three languages" was able to begin the study of Hebrew. He had no teacher and no grammar; but Paulus Scriptoris carried him a huge codex of the prophets on his own shoulders all the way from Mainz.

He learned the letters from the transcription of a few verses in the Star of the Messiah of Petrus Niger, and, with a subsequent hint or two from Johannes Reuchlin, who also lent him the grammar of Moses Kimhi, made his way through the Bible for himself with the help of Jerome's Latin. In 1501 he became the first Christian to compose a Hebrew grammar. It was printed in 1503, and afterwards included in Reysch's Margarita philosophica. Hebrew remained a favorite study to the last.

Pellikan became a priest in 1501 and following entered the Barfüsser convent in Basel in 1502. His four year stay in Basel was an influential event, and he kept also contributing to the works of the Basel printers during his temporary departure. In Basel he did much laborious work for Froben's editions, and came to the conclusion that the Church taught many doctrines of which the early doctors of Christianity knew nothing. He spoke his views frankly, but he disliked polemic; he found also more toleration than might have been expected, even after he became active in circulating Luther's books. Thus, supported by the civic authorities, he remained guardian of the convent of his order at Basel from 1519 until 1524, and even when he had to give up his post, remained in the monastery for two years. In 1523, he was appointed professor for theology in the University of Basel. His lectures concerned the Genesis and Salomon in the Old Testament. At length, when the position was becoming quite untenable, in 1526, he followed a call from Zwingli to become a professor of Greek and Hebrew at the Carolinum in Zürich. Formally throwing off his monk's habit, Pellikan entered on a new life. Here he remained until his death on 6 April 1556.

Works
Pellikan wrote the Chronikon and also translated Hebrew works into Latin, such as Bahya ben Asher's commentary on the Torah and the work of Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer (Eliezer filius Hircani), the Liber sententiarum Judiacarum, in 1546.

Pellikan's autobiography describes the gradual multiplication of accessible books on the subjects, and he not only studied but translated a vast mass of rabbinical and Talmudic texts, his interest in Jewish literature being mainly philological. The chief fruit of these studies is the vast commentary on the Bible (Zürich, 7 vols., 1532–1539), which shows a remarkably sound judgment on questions of the text, and a sense for historical as opposed to typological exegesis. Pellikan's scholarship, though not brilliant, was really extensive; his sound sense, and his singularly pure and devoted character gave him a great influence.

He was remarkably free from the pedantry of the time, as is shown by his views about the use of the German vernacular as a vehicle of culture (Chron. 135, 36). As a theologian his natural affinities were with Zwingli, having grown up to the views of the Reformation, by the natural progress of his studies and religious life. Thus he never lost his sympathy with humanism and Erasmus.

Pellikan's Latin autobiography (Das Chronikon des Konrad Pellikan) is one of the most interesting documents of the period. It was first published by Riggenbach in 1877, and in this volume the other sources for his life are registered.

 * Early modern imprints
 * De modo legendi et intelligendi Hebraeum. Strasbourg, 1504.
 * Quadruplex Psalterium. Basel, 1516.
 * Quadruplex Psalterium Davidis. Strasbourg, 1527.
 * Comentaria bibliorum. 7 volumes. Zürich, 1532-1539.
 * Explicatio libelli Ruth. Zürich, 1531.
 * Index bibliorum. Zürich, 1537.
 * Ruth: Ein heylig Büchlin des alten Testament, mit einer schoenen kurtzen außlegung. Zürich, 1555.

 * Modern editions
 * Die Hauschronik Konrad Pellikans von Rufach. trans. Theodor Vulpinus, Strasbourg: Heitz, 1892.
 * Das Chronikon des Konrad Pellikan, ed. Bernhard Riggenbach. Basel, 1877

 * Bibliography
 * See Erich Wenneker, "Pellikan, Konrad" in Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, vol. VII, Herzberg, 1994, col. 180-183, online article

title: Konrad Pellikan


text:
Élodie Gossuin

Élodie Gossuin-Lacherie (born 15 December 1980) is a French beauty pageant titleholder, model, radio and television presenter, columnist and regional politician. She was elected Miss Picardy 2000, Miss France 2001 (she is the 72nd Miss France), and Miss Europe 2001.

She was the French voting spokesperson in the Eurovision Song Contest from 2016 to 2018 and again in 2022. She also co-hosted the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2021 held in Paris.

Early life and education
Élodie Gossuin was born in Reims in the department of Marne to Lysiane Triquet and Yves Gossuin, she has a sister and she was raised in Trosly-Breuil in the region of Picardy, a village about 10 kilometers east of the city of Compiègne in the department of Oise. In her teens, she won several local beauty contests.

While training to be a nurse, she obtained her final high school exam in the science field with the biology option. She then studied at the Faculté de Médecine of Amiens and then studied in a nursing school.

Miss France and Miss Europe
She won the Miss Picardy beauty contest in November 2000, which qualified her to compete for the Miss France 2001 title in Monaco on 9 December 2000, broadcast directly on TF1 with an audience of 14 million viewers. She won that contest and as a result received considerable press coverage.

Her Miss France runners-up were:
 * 1st runner-up: Stéphanie Faby (Miss Corsica)
 * 2nd runner-up: Marine Clouet (Miss Poitou)
 * 3rd runner-up: Nawal Benhlal (Miss Lyons)
 * 4th runner-up: Élise Duboquet (Miss Flanders)
 * 5th runner-up: Carine Bedoya (Miss Midi-Pyrénées)
 * 6th runner-up: Estelle Rouquette (Miss Cévennes)

For one year, Gossuin travelled in France with Geneviève de Fontenay, president of the Miss France committee. She was ranked in the Top 10 at the Miss Universe 2001 contest in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. She then won the Miss Europe 2001 contest in Beirut, Lebanon, and then began working as a model and making publicity appearances.

Her Miss Europe runners-up were:
 * 1st runner-up: Adriana Gerczew (Poland)
 * 2nd runner-up: Karla Milinović (Croatia)
 * 3rd runner-up: Hatice Şendil (Turkey)
 * 4th runner-up: Verónica Martín (Spain)

In 2003, she became the spokesmodel for the brand Lucie Saint-Clair, an international hairdresser. That same year, her fan club and her official website were created.

Since September 2010, she has been the representative in Europe of Royal Extension, a brand of hair extensions.

Politics
In 2003, Gossuin embarked on a political career. She was elected in Oise on the list of UDF-UMP party led by Gilles de Robien, and became a Regional Councillor in her native Picardy region on 28 March 2004. Her work and attendance at the Regional Council earned her the recognition of her political opponents.

Standing at seventh position in the list of the presidential majority led by Caroline Cayeux during the regional elections of 2010, she temporarily lost her mandate for a few months, but returned to the Regional Council after the resignation of Édouard Courtial on 14 October 2010.

Television presenter
Since 2005 Gossuin has presented seasons of the program Miss Swan on TF6. In 2006, she became a columnist for the magazine Public and the program Morning café on M6. In March 2007, she joined the channel Direct 8 and became a contributor to the program Un Max de services. from April 2004 until October 2011 she was part of the team of contributors to the program Touche pas à mon poste ! presented by Cyril Hanouna on France 4.

On 5 December 2010 Gossuin and Jacky presented the Miss Nationale 2011 contest, a new initiative created by Geneviève de Fontenay. The program was also broadcast on channel BFM TV.

In 2011, she co-hosted with Énora Malagré the program Ça va mieux en le disant on France 4. Since October 2012, she presents on the same channel Un coach pour changer ma vie, a controversial program about therapeutic efficacy. In 2012, she was a contributor to the program Faut pas rater ça ! still on the same channel.

On 29 April 2016, she was announced to be France's spokesperson for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. Her off-key interpretation of part of the French entry that year went viral on social media and became the subject of numerous video mash-ups and memes. She returned as France's spokesperson for the Eurovision Song Contest 2017, and presented the French points again in 2018.

In 2021, she was a member of the jury to help select France's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2021. Gossuin was selected to act as co-presenter of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2021 in Paris alongside Fort Boyard host Olivier Minne and former Junior Eurovision participant Carla Lazzari.

In 2022, she became the French spokesperson once again and presented the votes of the French jury in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022.

Radio presenter
In March 2011, she joined the morning team of the radio program Manu à la radio ! on NRJ co-hosted by Virginie de Clausade and replaced her during her maternity leave. Gossuin also co-hosted from August 2011 to June 2012 the program Manu dans le 6/9! on the same radio station.

Television contestant
Gossuin has regularly participated at the game show Mot de passe hosted by Patrick Sabatier on France 2. She participated at the first season of La Ferme Célébrités in 2004 where she was ranked third, staying ten weeks and earning €150,000 for her association. She participated ten times at Fort Boyard, in 2001, 2003, 2008 (with her husband), 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2018, 2019 and 2021, to raise funds for associations.

Movies

 * wicked KidsANELLEBME WICKED

She also participated in the program Incroyables Expériences broadcast on 27 February 2010 on France 2. She participated on 17 December 2011 at a prime time of the program N'oubliez pas les paroles hosted by Nagui on the same channel. With Gérard Lenorman, she earned €50,000 for the association "Vaincre la musoviscidose". She participated at Qui veut gagner des millions ? (French version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?) in August 2012 on TF1. In 2013, she regularly participates in the game show Tout le monde aime la France hosted by Sandrine Quétier on the same channel.

Personal life
Élodie Gossuin married the model Bertrand Lacherie on 1 July 2006 in Compiègne. She added his family name attached to hers (Gossuin-Lacherie).

She gave birth on 21 December 2007 to twins, a boy and a girl named Jules and Rose. She announced on 29 May 2013 on her Twitter account that she was expecting her third child, but then announced on 23 July that she was again expecting twins.

She gave birth on 11 October 2013 to her second set of twins, a girl and a boy named Joséphine and Léonard.

Books

 * Élodie Gossuin, Mes rêves, mes passions, mes espoirs, Éditions Michel Lafon, 2004. ISBN 978-2749901145

title: Élodie Gossuin


text:
Portal:Trains/Anniversaries/July 19/More

19th century

 * 1860 – The London and South Western Railway extension to Exeter opens.
 * 1877 – The New York and Manhattan Beach Railway (a predecessor of the Long Island Rail Road) opens.
 * 1885 – The Zanesville and Ohio River Railway enters receivership.
 * 1900 – The first section of the Paris Métro opens.

20th century

 * 1967 – The New York City Subway introduces its first air conditioned passenger car.
 * 1968 – Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway's Texas Chief passenger train discontinues station stops at Dallas, Texas.
 * 1987 – New short line railroad Red River Valley and Western Railroad begins operations over 667 miles (1,073.4 km) of former BN tracks in North Dakota.

Births

 * 1825 – George H. Pendleton, president of Kentucky Central Railroad 1869-1879, is born (d. 1889).


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article removal candidates/Republic of China presidential election, 2004

ROC presidential election, 2004

 * Article is no longer a featured article

I submit this for removal for a few reasons. First of all, it has no references at all. Second, the introparagraph is awful, poorly formatted, and repetative. Second, the writing is poor and non-standard throughout the article. Also, the one image that is not a map has doubtful copyright status. Thank you! Páll 13:49, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove. The article is chock-full of short paragraphs. Featured articles should describe each point they raise in great depth.  At least one particular section only has a shallow description of the point it raises. Denelson83 14:15, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Undecided. Why can't I access the discussion that lead to this article being selected as a Featured Article in the first place? When I go to the article's discussion page and click the "identified" link in the featured article box, the words "Added to History by Raul654" pop up (at Featured article candidates/ROC presidential election, 2004) My understanding is that all featured articles should keep a link to the discussion that lead to the article first achieving FA status. I would like to hear why this link isn't available. I will wait to make my final vote after I hear why this link was removed.--Alabamaboy 16:41, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove. Not comprehensive, map is hokey, bad layout, no references, prose is not wikiworthy. Michelle T 21:16, 6 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Hellenic Telecommunications and Post Commission

The Hellenic Telecommunications and Post Commission (Εθνική Επιτροπή Τηλεπικοινωνιών και Ταχυδρομείων, Ethniki Epitropi Tilepikoinonion kai Tachydromeion) or EETT is a Greek independent authority with administrative and financial autonomy. It acts as the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) in matters of provision of services and networks for electronic communications, related facilities and services, and postal services: Its operation is governed by articles 6 to 11 of Law 4070 (Government Gazette 82/A/2012).

EETT regulates, supervises and monitors:
 * The electronic communications market, which is primarily dominated by companies/providers of fixed and/or mobile telephony, wireless communications and Internet.
 * The use of the radio frequency spectrum, having, inter alia, the competency to grant, revoke or restrict the usage rights for radio frequencies and the licensing of antenna constructions as well as matters relating to the conditions for placing on the market and use of radio equipment.
 * The postal market, in which postal services providers operate.

EETT also operates as competition commission, with all relevant powers and monitoring rights, for the implementation of the national and European legislation regarding competition in the above markets. In this context, EETT ensures the smooth operation of the markets, effectively addressing the risks of distorting competition and defending users’ rights.

EETT's logo
EETT's logo is a white network map on a red background symbolizing "the tree of communication". The older logos featured styled versions of the EETT lettering combined with a globe or a satellite pointing upwards. The "tree" logo was introduced in the first quarter of 2005.


text:
Kwanbuk

Kwanbuk, or Gwanbuk, is a region of Korea now comprising the northeast provinces of Ryanggang, North Hamgyong, South Hamgyong, and the Rajin-Sonbong Special Economic Zone. It borders the Kwansŏ region to the west and the Kwandong region to the east, and faces the East Sea (Sea of Japan) to the east.

Its name, Kwanbuk, means "North of the Ridge". The ridge in question is the Machon mountain range (Hanja: 摩天嶺; North Korean (Munhwa'ŏ): 마천령 machŏnryŏng; South Korean (Pyojuneo): 마천영 macheonyeong). Machŏnryŏng is a part of the greater Hamgyong mountain range that runs through northeast Korea.

Kwanbuk can further be divided into another subregion, Kwannam (關南/관남, gwannam), which demarcates South Hamgyong from the rest of the region.

In modern times, the name has fallen out of use in most parts of Korea.

Koryŏ
In the latter half of the 11th Century during the reign of Sŏnjong of Koryŏ, the administrative divisions of medieval Korea were being reorganized. During that time, the area that is now Gyeonggi Province was called Gwannae-do (關內道/관내도), so it is believed that Kwanbuk given its name in reference not only to the Machon mountain range, but also the region position north to Gyeonggi.

Chosŏn and Korean Empire periods (1392-1910)
The Chosŏn Dynasty (1392–1897), and later the Korean Empire (1897–1910), ruled the entirety of the Korean Peninsula for nearly five and a half centuries. During the latter half of the Koryo Dynasty, Kwanbuk was administered as Tonggye (東界/동계) from Hamju-mok (咸洲木/함주목). In the early days of the Choson Dynasty, the province was referred to as Hamgil-do (咸吉道/함길도), then briefly Yeonggil-do (永吉道/영길도) and Yeongan-do (永安道/영안도), before receiving its current name, Hamgyŏng-do (咸鏡道/함경도), by taking the first syllable from the names of the provinces two principal cities: Hamhung (咸興/함흥) and Kyongsong (鏡城/경성). Hamhung served as the provincial capital.

Under the rule of the Choson monarchs, Koreans from the northern provinces, Pyŏngan and Hamgyŏng, faced extreme discrimination, such as being subject to heavier taxation, compared to the rest of the country, as well as being prohibited from taking the civil service examination (과거 kwagŏ). In 1895, King Gojong divided the original Eight Provinces into twenty-three districts. Hamgyong Province was divided into three districts, or bu (府/부): Kyŏngsŏng-bu (鏡城府/경성부), Kapsan-bu (甲山府/갑산부), and Hamhŭng-bu (咸興府/함흥부). One year later, the twenty-three districts were reorganized into eighteen provinces. Kyongsong and Kapsan districts were reorganized into North Hamgyong Province, while Hamhung-bu was reorganized into South Hamgyong Province.

Japanese occupation (1910-1945)
Korea was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910, with its internal borders being rearranged once again. North Hamgyong and South Hamgyong provinces were rearranged into Kankyōhoku-dō and Kankyōnan-dō, with Seishin (Chongjin) and Kankō (Hamhung) as their respective provincial capitals.

Due to their proximity to Manchukuo, the northern provinces (North and South Heian and North and South Kankyō) the region was heavily industrialized.

Contemporary period (1945-present)
Following the Japanese surrender in September 1945, Korea regained its independence after thirty-five years under Japanese rule. The People's Republic of Korea, a provisional government, was founded shortly thereafter. The provisional republic remained a sovereign, independent state for several days, until the United States and Soviet Union devised a plan to temporary partition Korea into two occupied zones, then reunify the peninsula once it was determined that the Koreans were fit to govern themselves.

Korea was divided at thirty-eight degrees north (38th parallel), which divided Korea roughly in half. The entirety of the Korean northeast fell under the jurisdiction of the Soviet Civil Administration, the zone of Korea north of the 38th parallel. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) was established in 1948, and made changes to its internal borders shortly thereafter, such as demarcation of several counties in South Hamgyong Province to be conjoined with a majority of North Pyŏngan, to create Chagang Province. Ryanggang Province, known as Yanggang-do (양강도) in South Korea, was created in 1954 by demarcating the northernmost land from South Hamgyong and northwestern part of North Hamgyong.

Administrative divisions
Today, the Kwanbuk region comprises three do (道/도, province), one t'ŭkpyŏlsi (貼別市/특별시, special city), and one kyŏngjetŭkku (經濟貼別區/경제특구, special economic zone). However, due to the ongoing conflict between North and South Korea where both claim to be the sole legitimate Korean state and claim the entirety of the Korean Peninsula as their sovereign territory, the South Korean government does not formally recognize any changes made to the internal borders of North Korea, instead still recognizing the administrative divisions of northern Korea as they were from 1896 to 1945.

Administrative divisions according to the ROK
The Republic of Korea (South Korea) has a government body meant to govern the traditional provinces in northern Korea, excluding Kangwŏn, the Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces. The committee recognizes the provinces of North Pyongan, South Pyongan, North Hamgyong, South Hamgyong, and Hwanghae as they were between 1896 and 1945, and does not recognize changes made to these provinces by the North Korean government. The committee serves a ceremonial purpose.

Culture
The northern regions of Korea have many cultural differences from the rest of Korea. North Korea as a whole still holds traditional Korean culture and values in high esteem, while South Korea, due to its open borders and global popularity, is undergoing globalization.

There are two dialects of Korean native to the region: the Northeast Dialect (東北 方言/동북 방언 tongbuk-pang'ŏn) and the Ryukchin Dialect (六鎭 方言/륙진 방언 ryukjin-pang'ŏn). The Northeast Dialect, also known as the Hamgyŏng dialect (咸鏡 方言/함경 방언), is the main variety of Korean spoken throughout the region. The Ryukchin dialect, also known as the Yukjin dialect ( Pyojuneo : 육진 방언) or Nyuup-mal (뉴웁말), is a unique dialect of Korean spoken primarily by the Chaegasŭng, an ethnic group native to northern Korea near Tumen river who were descended from the Jurchens, Manchus and other Tungusic peoples. Since the 1950s, the Chaegasung have been forcibly assimilated into Korean culture and society.

List of cultural elements and phenomenons originating from Kwanbuk

 * Raengmyŏn (冷面/랭면), known as Naengmyeon (냉면) in South Korea, is a cold noodle dish originating from Hamhung, South Hamgyong Province
 * Gat Kimchi (갓김치), a variety of kimchi native to parts of North Pyongan and North and South Hamgyong

title: Kwanbuk


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article removal candidates/Vanilla Ninja

Vanilla Ninja

 * Article is still a featured article.

I submit this article because it is incredibly poorly formatted, and lacks any real sources. I made an attempt to fix the formatting problems in the article, and they were quickly reverted as "necessary", so as it stands the introparagraph is a long list of bolded names and dates of birth. Second, while there are references, I cannot believe that they are the source of the actual information in this article. The sources, if they mention Vanilla Ninja at all, do so only very briefly. A request I made for more and better references on the talk page remains completely unanswered and ignored. This is in no way a featured article. Thanks! Páll 13:52, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove. There are numbered external links in this article, which go against our trusted Manual of Style. Also, in my opinion, this is a little too short for a featured article. Denelson83 14:11, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This article should not be considered for removal b/c it was recently promoted to featured article status. (see rule at top of FA removal page, which says, "Do not list articles that have recently been promoted—such complaints should have been brought up during the candidate period.") As a result, I believe the issues with the article listed above should be addressed on the article's talk page.--Alabamaboy 14:55, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * While normally I would agree with that, I have brought up several issues on the talk page, none of which have received a single reply. Páll 03:36, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The nomination was far from ideal. There were several very simple and reasonable objections which were simply ignored with little or no explanation as to why. Raul has, in fact, still not explained why he so thoroughly ignored actionable objections. People behind an FA need to be deferential to those who take time to review their work and pay proper respect when reasonable objections are brought up. This includes matters that could be viewed as opinion (layout and such) and compromises, not stubborn argumentation, should be offered. If these are simply ignored and more time is spent arguing against them rather than amending them, its status as an FA should be rightfully questioned. A lot of people seem to have the notion that an FA is an unalienable right anyone is entitled to after a certain amount of time spent on an article. /Peter Isotalo 10:49, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, although my current dis-illusions with Wikipedia mean I don't actually care. Hedley 18:05, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems like a perfectly good article to me. I don't see anything so wrong with this that it needs removing from the list of featured articles. There are much worse ones on the list. If there are any concerns they can be brought up on the talk page. This was only recently featured and most people who commented on the nomination thought it was worthy of being featured. Nothing drastic has happened to the quality of the article since then. — Trilobite (Talk) 18:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove. A featured article should be comprehensive, and this article says next to nothing about the music this group makes. Monicasdude 02:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Alabamaboy. Follow the rules. Superm401 | Talk 00:21, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * If anything, the "rules" were broken when the article was featured despite several actionable objections. /Peter Isotalo 10:49, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Which have now been fixed. I don't see your point. Hedley 15:10, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Hedley, tell me where each reference goes and I can fix the references to the MoS format of footnotes. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 21:31, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is any rule stating that type of references is needed. I think the references are fine as they are. Hedley 17:23, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, putting this up for removal for lack of good academic references is obtuse, it's an article on pop culture. I've yet to see a university with a good Estonian Pop Studies course. Sure, there's some formatting cleanup that could be done, but that's sofixit territory. --zippedmartin 19:35, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. FARC should only be used for articles which are in a terrible state since they were first promoted (eg. POV war, poor structure), but not because the footnotes aren't formatted correctly. This article was only featured quite recently, and so shouldn't be here at all, never mind the fact there is no real reason to remove the FA status. Unless something drastically changes, this is a first-rate source on an obscure band with great depths of information included. Harro5 09:05, July 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Note that there are sufficient references for everything in the article; Those that have read it and are familiar with the topic can see that. Those that have glanced should not be commenting on the references. Furthermore, some references aren't linked per opinion given that references in German and other languages are not suitable for use on an English language encyclopedia. Finally, those German references were replaced as well as possible by the English language ones given. Hedley 17:23, 30 July 2005 (UTC)