text: User talk:129.230.252.1

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title: User talk:129.230.252.1


text:
User:MacGyverMagic/Tools

This page was originally created by Smoddy.

title: User:MacGyverMagic/Tools


text:
Incorporation by reference

In law, incorporation by reference is the act of including a second document within another document by only mentioning the second document. This act, if properly done, makes the entire second document a part of the main document. Incorporation by reference is often found in laws, regulations, contracts, legal and regulated documentation.

In law regarding wills, it is a doctrine at common law which allows a testator, or a creator of a will, to dispose of assets in his estate in accordance with a separate document. To be valid, such a document must comply with the following requirements: An exception to the first requirement is made for small gifts of tangible personal property, such as household furniture and items of sentimental value.
 * 1) it must have existed at the time the will was executed;
 * 2) the will must describe the document with particularity, so that it may be identified; and
 * 3) the will must clearly manifest the intent that the document be incorporated.

Oral instructions cannot be subject to incorporation by reference. For example, if a testator states in the will that he has recited to a third party the intended disposition of testamentary assets, such attempt to circumvent the requirements of a written will is void.

In American administrative law, incorporation by reference is a drafting tool that enables federal agencies to give legal effect to materials that are already published elsewhere. This is allowed under a provision of the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(1). Section 552(a) requires agencies to publish regulations in the Federal Register in order to enforce them. Section 552(a)(1) provides that if material published elsewhere is "reasonably available to the class of persons affected" and the Director of the Federal Register approves its incorporation by reference, that material will be "deemed published" in the Federal Register. It is most controversially used to incorporate privately authored voluntary consensus standards into health and safety regulations without infringing the standards developers' copyright. Federal law and policy, embodied in the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-119, requires federal agencies to use these standards instead of creating "government-unique" technical standards purely to serve regulatory purposes.

In some countries, a specification of a patent application may incorporate by reference the content of a previous patent, patent application, or non-patent publication. The information incorporated by reference is treated as part of the text of the application as filed.

title: Incorporation by reference


text:
Phuthi language

Phuthi (Síphùthì) is a Nguni Bantu language spoken in southern Lesotho and areas in South Africa adjacent to the same border. The closest substantial living relative of Phuthi is Swati (or Siswati), spoken in Eswatini and the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. Although there is no contemporary sociocultural or political contact, Phuthi is linguistically part of a historic dialect continuum with Swati. Phuthi is heavily influenced by the surrounding Sesotho and Xhosa languages, but retains a distinct core of lexicon and grammar not found in either Xhosa or Sesotho, and found only partly in Swati to the north.

The documentary origins of Phuthi can be traced to Bourquin (1927), but in other oblique references more than 100 years from the present (Ellenberger 1912). Until recently, the language has been very poorly documented with respect to its linguistic properties. The only significant earlier study (but with very uneven data, and limited coherent linguistic assumptions) is Godfrey Mzamane (1949).

Geography and demography
It has been estimated that around 20,000 people in South Africa and Lesotho use Phuthi as their home language, but the actual figures could be much higher. No census data on Phuthi-speakers is available from either South Africa or Lesotho. The language is certainly endangered.

Phuthi is spoken in dozens (perhaps many dozens) of scattered communities in the border areas between where the far northern Eastern Cape meets Lesotho: from Herschel northwards and eastwards, and in the Matatiele area of the northeastern Transkei; and throughout southern Lesotho, from Quthing in the southwest, through regions south and east of Mount Moorosi, to mountain villages west and north of Qacha (Qacha's Nek).

Within Phuthi, there are at least two dialect areas, based on linguistic criteria: Mpapa/Daliwe vs. all other areas. This taxonomy is based on a single (but very salient) phonological criterion (presence/absence of secondary labialisation). Mpapa and Daliwe (Sesotho Taleoe ) are villages in southern Lesotho, southeast of Mount Moorosi, on the dust road leading to Tosing, then on to Mafura (itself a Phuthi-speaking village), and finally Mpapa/Daliwe. Other Phuthi-speaking areas (all given in Lesotho Sesotho orthography) include Makoloane [makolwani] and Mosuoe [musuwe], near Quthing, in south-western Lesotho; Seqoto (Xhosa Zingxondo, Phuthi Sigxodo ); Makoae  (Phuthi Magwayi) further to the east; and a number of villages north and west of Qacha's Nek. (Qacha is the main southeastern town in Lesotho, in the Qacha's Nek District). Phuthi-speaking diaspora (that is, heritage) areas include the far northern Transkei villages of Gcina [g/ina] (on the road to the Tele Bridge border post) and Mfingci [mfiᵑ/i] (across the Tele River, opposite Sigxodo, approximately).

Political history
The most famous Phuthi leader in the historical record was the powerful chief, Moorosi (born in 1795). It seems that approximately the land south of the Orange River in present-day Lesotho was Phuthi-speaking during the time of the greatest historical figure in the history of the Basotho people, Moshoeshoe I – just seven years older than Moorosi—whose authority in the 1830s, however, was far from covering the present-day territory of Lesotho. Until 1820, there were only "a few isolated villages of Basotho, and a small clan of Baphut[h]i, over which Moshoeshoe exercised ill-defined sovereignty". Most Phuthis, with Moorosi, were far to the south of Thaba Bosiu, south of the Orange River, well out of Moshoeshoe's way.

Moorosi was to die in unclear circumstances on Mount Moorosi (Sesotho Thaba Moorosi) in 1879, after a protracted nine-month siege by the British, Boer and Basotho forces (including the military participation of the Cape Mounted Riflemen). This siege is often referred to as "Moorosi's Rebellion". The issue that triggered the siege was alleged livestock theft in the Herschel area. In the aftermath of the siege, Phuthi people dispersed widely over what is contemporary southern Lesotho and the northern Transkei region, to escape capture by the colonial powers. It is for this reason, it has been hypothesised, that Phuthi villages (including Mpapa, Daliwe, Hlaela, Mosifa and Mafura—all to the east of Mount Moorosi, in Lesotho) are typically found in such topographically mountainous regions, accessible only with great difficulty to outsiders).

After the siege of "Moorosi's rebellion", many Phuthi people were captured, and forced into building the bridge (now, the old bridge) at Aliwal North that crosses the Senqu (Orange River). Prior to 1879, it seems Moorosi had been regarded in some ways as a very threatening competitor to Chief Moshoeshoe I. Even though currently represented to a nominal extent in the Lesotho government in Maseru, subsequent to the 1879 uprising the Phuthi people essentially fade from modern Lesotho and Eastern Cape history.

Classification
Phuthi is a Bantu language, clearly within the southeastern Zone S (cf. Guthrie 1967–1971). But within southern Africa Phuthi is viewed ambivalently as being either a Nguni or a Sotho–Tswana language, given the very high level of hybridity displayed in all subsystems of the grammar (lexicon, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax).

But Phuthi is genetically—along with Zulu, Hlubi, Xhosa, northern and southern Ndebele, and Swati—certainly a Nguni language. Thus, it should be numbered in the S.40 group within Zone S, following Guthrie's classification. Further, given the range of lexical, phonological and even low-level phonetic effects that appear to be shared almost exclusively with Swati, Phuthi can be classified uncontroversially as a Tekela Nguni language, that is, in the subset of Nguni that includes Swati, some versions of Southern Ndebele, and the Eastern Cape remnant languages, Bhaca and Hlubi.

The contemporary lexicon and morphology of Phuthi confirms the standard claim (e.g. Godfrey Mzamane 1949) that Phuthi displays very heavy contact and levelling effects from its long cohabitation with Sesotho (for a period perhaps in excess of three centuries). There is, for example, a very high level of 'lexical doublets' for many items, for many speakers, e.g. -ciga "think" (Nguni-source), and -nakana "think" (Sesotho-source). Phuthi noun class prefixes are nearly all of the shape CV- (that is, they follow the Sesotho consonant-vowel shape, not the general Nguni VCV- shape).

There are also regional effects: the Mpapa Phuthi dialect (the only one to retain labialised coronal stops) leans much more heavily towards Sesotho lexicon and morphology (and even phonology), whereas the Sigxodo dialect leans more towards Xhosa lexicon and morphology (and even phonology).

Ethnologue lists Phuthi as an alternative name for Swati, the national language of Swaziland.

Phonology
Sustained field work by Simon Donnelly (UCT/Illinois/Wits Universities) in 1994–1995 among speech communities in Sigxodo and Mpapa (southern Lesotho) resulted in the discovery of a surprisingly wide range of phonological and morphological phenomena, aspects of which are unique to Phuthi (within all of the southern Bantu region).

The following phoneme inventory is found in Phuthi:

Vowels
Contrary to other Nguni languages, Phuthi has a 9-vowel system with four different heights. It has acquired a new series of "superclose" vowels and  from Sotho, while the inherited Nguni high vowels are reflected as  and.

Vowel harmony
Two vowel harmony patterns propagate in opposite directions: perseverative superclose vowel height harmony (left-to-right); and anticipatory ATR/RTR tenseness harmony, invoking mid vowels (right-to-left). In the first, 'supercloseness'—also a Sesotho vocalic property—in root-final position triggers suffix vowels of the same supercloseness value. In the second, all mid vowels uninterruptedly adjacent to the right edge of a phonological word are lax ([RTR]); all other mid vowels are tense ([ATR]).

Vowel imbrication
Vowel imbrication is the vowel harmony-like morphophonological phenomenon found in many Bantu languages. Vowel imbrication in two-syllable verb roots is effectively fully productive in Phuthi, that is, -CaC-a verb stems become -CeC-e in the perfective aspect (or 'perfect tense'), e.g. -tfwatsha 'carry on the head' → -tfwetshe 'be carrying on the head', -mabha 'catch, hold' → -mebhe 'be holding'. (Cf. examples 9, 11, below).

Morphological use of vowel height
The 'supercloseness' property also active in the first vowel harmony type (above) is active in at least one paradigm of the Phuthi morphological system (the axiomatic negative polarity of the copula: "There is no..."). A morphological use for a vocalic property (here: [supercloseness]) does not appear to be recorded elsewhere for a Bantu language.

Consonants

 * 1) The plain voiceless stops and affricates are realised phonetically as ejectives, , , ,.
 * 2) The dental affricates  and  have allophones with a labialised secondary articulation  and  when followed by a rounded vowel (except superclose ).
 * 3) The consonants marked with a diaeresis are depressor consonants, which have an effect on the tone of their syllable.
 * 4) The phonemes, , , , , ,  and  occur mostly in loanwords from Sotho, not in inherited vocabulary.  occurs natively only in affixes; its occurrence in roots is also loaned from Sotho.

Click consonants
Phuthi has a system of click consonants, typical for nearly all Nguni, at the three common articulation points: dental, alveolar, and lateral. But the range of manners and phonations, or click 'accompaniments', is relatively impoverished, with only four: tenuis c q x, aspirated ch qh xh, voiced gc gq gx, and nasal nc nq nx. Swati, by comparison, has clicks at only one place (dental ), but five (or even six) manners and phonations. The reduced variety of clicks in Phuthi may be partly related to the nearly total absence of prenasalised consonants in Phuthi, assuming (for example) *nkx, *ngx would be analyzed as equivalent to prenasalized *ng, *nk.

Tone
Either of two surface tone distinctions, H (high) or L (low), is possible for each syllable (and in certain limited cases rising (LH) and falling (HL) tones are possible too). There is a subtype within the L tone category: when a syllable is 'depressed' (that is, from a depressor consonant in the onset position, or a morphologically or lexically imposed depression feature in the syllabic nucleus), the syllable is produced phonetically at a lower pitch. This system of tone depression is phonologically regular (that is, the product of a small number of phonological parameters), but is highly complex, interacting extensively with the morphology (and to some extent with the lexicon). Phonologically, Phuthi is argued to display a three-way High/Low/toneless distinction. Like all Nguni languages, Phuthi also displays phonetically rising and falling syllables, always related to the position of a depressed syllabic nucleus.

Depressor consonants
In line with a number of southern Bantu languages (including all Nguni, Venda, Tsonga and Shona), and also all Khoisan languages of southwestern Africa), a significant subset of the consonants in Phuthi are 'depressors' (or 'breathy voiced'). These consonants are so named because they have a consistent depression effect on the pitch of an immediately successive H (high) tone. In addition, these consonants produce complex non-local phonological tone-depression effects. Swati and Phuthi have similar properties in this respect, except that the parameters of the Phuthi depression effects are significantly more complex than those documented thus far for Swati.

Tone/voice interaction
Significantly complex tone/voice interactions have been identified in Phuthi. This phenomenon results in what is analysed at one level as massive and sustained violations of locality requirements on a H tone domain arising from a single H tone source, e.g. surface configurations of the type HLH (in fact H L* H) are possible where all H syllables emanate from a single underlying H source, given at least one L syllable being depressed. Such tone/voice configurations lead to grave problems for any theoretical phonology that seeks to be maximally constrained in its architecture and operations.

The last two phenomena are non-tonal suprasegmental properties which each take on an additional morphological function in Phuthi:

Morphological use of breathy voice/depression
The vocalic property breathy voice/depression is separated from the set of consonants that typically induce it, and is used grammatically in the morphological copulative – similar to the Swati copula – and elsewhere in the grammar too (e.g. in associative prefixes formed from 'weak' class noun prefixes 1,3,4,6,9).

Phrases [with tone-marking]

 * 1. Gi-ya-ku-tshádza : I like/love you.
 * 2. Gi-visísá sí-Goní ká-nci téjhe : I understand just a little Xhosa.
 * 3. Gi-ya-w(u)-tshádza m(ú)-ti wh-ákho lóm(u)-tjhá : I like your new homestead [Class 3].
 * 4. Gi-ya-yi-tshádza mú-ti yh-ákho lémi-tjhá : I like your new homesteads [Class 4].
 * 5. Gi-ya-si-visísa sí-Goní : I understand Xhosa [Class 7].
 * 6. Gi-ya-yi-tshádza í-dlhu yh-ákho lé-tjhá : I like your new house [Class 9].
 * 7. Gi-ya-ti-tshádza tí-dlhu t-ákho lé-tjhá : I like your new houses [Class 10].
 * 8. Si-ya-yí-mabha í-bhîtá yh-ákho lé-kgúlú : We carry your big pot [regularly].
 * 9. Si-yi-mábh-iye í-bhîtá yh-ákho lé-kgúlú : We are carrying your big pot [right now].
 * 10. Si-ya-tí-mabha tí-bhîtá t-ákho léti-kgúlú : We carry your big pots [regularly].
 * 11. Si-ti-mábhiye tí-bhîtá t-ákho léti-kgúlú : We are carrying your big pots [right now].
 * 12. Ito lakha: Come here
 * 13. Ku-ya-nqadza lakha kha(ha)dle: It is cold outside here

Examples 3 to 11 contain typical Bantu object-noun/object-pronoun agreement.

Vocabulary

 * -ciga : think (cf. Xhosa -cinga); also -nakana (cf. Sesotho -nahana)
 * í-dlu : house (pl: tí-dlu)
 * í-jhá : dog (pl: tí-jhá)
 * téjhe : just (cf. Xhosa nje)
 * ká-nci : little (cf. Xhosa ka-ncinci)
 * -mabha : carry
 * mú-ti : homestead (pl: mí-ti)
 * sí-Goní : Xhosa (language/culture) (cf. "Nguni")
 * sí-Kgúwá : English (language/culture)
 * sí-Phûthî : Phuthi (language/culture)
 * -tfwátsha : carry on the head
 * -tjhá : new
 * -tshádza : love (cf. Xhosa -thanda)
 * -visísa : understand (cf. Swati-visisa)
 * -ciga : think (cf. Xhosa -cinga); also -nakana (cf. Sesotho -nahana)
 * i-dlu : house (pl: ti-dlu)
 * i-jha : dog (pl: ti-jha)
 * tejhe : just (cf. Xhosa nje)
 * ka-nci : little (cf. Xhosa ka-ncinci)
 * -mabha : carry
 * mu-ti : homestead (pl: mi-ti)
 * si-Goni : Xhosa (language/culture) (cf. "Nguni")
 * si-Kguwa : English (language/culture)
 * si-Phûthî : Phuthi (language/culture)
 * -tfwatsha : carry on the head
 * -tjha : new
 * -tshadza : love (cf. Xhosa -thanda)
 * -visisa : understand (cf. Swati-visisa)

Alphabet
A Phuthi orthography has not yet been standardised. Donnelly (1999, 2007) uses a proposed alphabet based uncontroversially on that of other Nguni and Sesotho languages:

There are two superclose vowels, also found in the Sesotho languages. In the Phuthi orthography they are indicated with a circumflex diacritic, thus:
 * vowels
 * a e i o u
 * î û

The following Phuthi consonant and vowel graphs have the same values they receive in Xhosa $⟨î û⟩$, in Swati $\langlebh d gr hl kh\rangle$, and in Sesotho $\langledv tf\rangle$. Symbols in parentheses are allophones of $\langlej kg ng r\rangle$. Most (non-labial) consonants can also occur with a secondary labial glide articulation $\langletf dv\rangle$, e.g. as $\langlew\rangle$, so also $\langlez\rangle$.
 * consonants
 * b bh d dl (dv) dz f g gr h hh hl j jh k kg kgh kh l lh m mh n ng nh ny nyh p ph r rh s t (tf) th tj tjh tl tlh ts tsh v w wh y yh z

$\langlezw\rangle$ is dental; $\langlec\rangle$ is palatal; $\langleq\rangle$ is lateral.
 * clicks and click combinations
 * plain: c q x
 * aspirated: ch qh xh
 * voiced: gc gq gx
 * nasalised: nc nq nx

Nouns
The Phuthi noun (as everywhere in Bantu) consists of two essential parts: the prefix and the stem. Nouns can be grouped into noun classes according to prefix, which are numbered consecutively according to the pan-Bantu system established by Meinhof and modified by Doke. The following table gives an overview of Phuthi noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs.

 * Caveat for the table: as in all Nguni and Sotho–Tswana languages, "Class 8" does not reflect Proto-Bantu Class 8 *bi-; rather, it is a near copy of Class 10, barring Class 10's homorganic nasal prefix consonant. Except in monosyllabic nouns borrowed from Sesotho, Phuthi entirely lacks this Class 9/10 N- – see phrases 6, 7 above. Thus, Phuthi Classes 8 and 10 are completely conflated.

Verbs
Verbs use the following affixes for the subject and the object:

title: Phuthi language


text:
User:DuncanLocke

Well, based on the changes you made to the Lew Rockwell article, it seems that you are best described as a vandal. DickClarkMises 14:07, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:DuncanLocke


text:
Wine table

A Wine-table is a late 15th-century device for facilitating after-dinner drinking, the cabinetmakers called it a "Gentleman's Social Table." It was always narrow and of semicircular or horseshoe form, and the guests sat round the outer circumference. In the earlier and simpler shapes, metal wells for bottles and ice were sunk into the surface of the table; they were fitted with brass lids.

In later and more elaborate examples, the tables were fitted with a revolving wine carriage, bottle holder, or tray working upon a balanced arm enabling the bottles to be passed to any guest without shaking. The side opposite the guests was often fitted with a network bag. It has been conjectured that this bag was intended to hold biscuits, but it is much more likely that its function was to prevent glasses and bottles which might be upset from falling to the floor. The wine table might be drawn up to the fire in cold weather without inconvenience from the heat. It was fitted with curtains hung upon a brass frame and running upon rings. Sometimes the table was accompanied by a circular bottle stand supported on a tripod into which the bottles were deeply sunk to preserve them from the heat of the fire. Yet another form was circular, with a socket in the center for the bottle. Wine tables followed the fashion of other tables and were often inlaid with wood or brass. They are now exceedingly scarce.

title: Wine table


text:
Bellange

Bellange and Bellangé are French surnames. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Bellange
 * Jacques Bellange (c. 1575 – 1616), artist and printmaker

 * Bellangé
 * Hippolyte Bellangé (1800–1866), French painter
 * Pierre-Antoine Bellangé (1757–1827), French furniture designer

title: Bellange


text:
Gerd Theissen

Gerd Theißen (or Theissen; born 24 April 1943) is a German Protestant theologian and New Testament scholar. He is Professor of New Testament Theology at the University of Heidelberg.

Early life and education
Theissen obtained his doctorate in theology in Protestant theology from the University of Bonn in 1968. He then took a position studying Evangelical Theology at the University of Bonn. He obtained his habilitation in 1972 in Bonn, with a form-critical work on early Christian miracle stories.

Academic career
He was a lecturer at the University of Bonn from 1973 to 1978. In 1978, he became professor at the University of Copenhagen. Since 1980 he has been a professor at the University of Heidelberg. From 2007 to September 2009 he was secretary of the Philosophical class of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences.

In 2002, he was awarded the Burkitt Medal by the British Academy. It is granted 'in recognition of special service to Biblical Studies'.

Personal life
Theissen is married to psychotherapist Dr. Christa Schaible. They have two children.

Work
His Sociology of early Palestinian Christianity (1978) is useful for interpreting intertestamental literature.

Theissen received the Burkitt Medal for Biblical Studies in 2002 from The British Academy. According to the British Academy's citation, Theissen is:

"... one of the earliest pioneers in the application of the principles and methods of sociology to the study of the New Testament. Notable works in this field are The First Followers of Jesus: A Sociological Analysis of the Earliest Christians (which concentrated on conditions in Palestine) and The Social Setting of Primitive Christianity (a Pauline study dealing mainly with Corinth)."

the citation goes on to say that

 * "... Prof. Theissen is not simply a sociologist. He has never ceased to be a theologian, who has always emphasised the theological as well as the historical significance of his sociological studies and has written specifically on the meaning of faith. A Critical Faith and Biblical Faith: an Evolutionary Approach are particularly important in this respect. But his recent publications also include The Religion of the Earliest Churches, Gospel Writing and Church Politics: a Socio-rhetorical Approach, and The Shadow of the Galilean. This last is a most unusual life of Jesus, accessible to any intelligent reader, but based on the strictest critical discipline."

His works are translated into more than ten languages, both European and Asian languages.

title: Gerd Theissen


text:
Transverse abdominal muscle

The transverse abdominal muscle (TVA), also known as the transverse abdominis, transversalis muscle and transversus abdominis muscle, is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral (front and side) abdominal wall, deep to (layered below) the internal oblique muscle. It is thought by most fitness instructors to be a significant component of the core.

Structure
The transverse abdominal, so called for the direction of its fibers, is the innermost of the flat muscles of the abdomen. It is positioned immediately deep to the internal oblique muscle.

The transverse abdominal arises as fleshy fibers, from the lateral third of the inguinal ligament, from the anterior three-fourths of the inner lip of the iliac crest, from the inner surfaces of the cartilages of the lower six ribs, interdigitating with the diaphragm, and from the thoracolumbar fascia. It ends anteriorly in a broad aponeurosis (the Spigelian fascia), the lower fibers of which curve inferomedially (medially and downward), and are inserted, together with those of the internal oblique muscle, into the crest of the pubis and pectineal line, forming the inguinal conjoint tendon also called the aponeurotic falx. In layman's terms, the muscle ends in the middle line of a person's abdomen.

Throughout the rest of its extent the aponeurosis passes horizontally to the middle line, and is inserted into the linea alba; its upper three-fourths lie behind the rectus muscle and blend with the posterior lamella of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique; its lower fourth is in front of the rectus abdominis.

Innervation
The transverse abdominal is innervated by the lower intercostal nerves (thoracoabdominal, nerve roots T7-T11), as well as the iliohypogastric nerve and the ilioinguinal nerve.

Function
The transverse abdominal helps to compress the ribs and viscera, providing thoracic and pelvic stability. This is explained further here. The transverse abdominal also helps a pregnant woman to deliver her child.

Without a stable spine, one aided by proper contraction of the TVA, the nervous system fails to recruit the muscles in the extremities efficiently, and functional movements cannot be properly performed. The transverse abdominal and the segmental stabilizers (e.g. the multifidi) of the spine have evolved to work in tandem.

It is true that the TVA is vital to back and core health, the muscle also has the effect of pulling in what would otherwise be a protruding abdomen (hence its nickname, the “corset muscle”). Training the rectus abdominis muscles alone will not and can not give one a "flat" belly; this effect is achieved only through training the TVA. Thus, to the extent that traditional abdominal exercises (e.g. crunches) or more advanced abdominal exercises tend to "flatten" the belly, this is owed to the tangential training of the TVA inherent in such exercises. Recently, the transverse abdominal has become the subject of debate between biokineticists, kinesiologists, strength trainers, and physical therapists. The two positions on the muscle are (1) that the muscle is effective and capable of bracing the human core during extremely heavy lifts and (2) that it is not. Specifically, one recent systematic review has found that the baseline dysfunction of TVA cannot predict the clinical outcomes of low back pain. Similarly, another systematic review has revealed that the changes in TVA function or morphology after different nonsurgical treatments are unrelated to the improvement of pain intensity or low back pain related-disability. These findings have challenged the traditional emphasis of using TVA-targeted intervention to treat low back pain.

Exercise
The most well known method of strengthening the TVA is the vacuum exercise. The TVA also (involuntarily) contracts during many lifts; it is the body's natural weight-lifting belt, stabilizing the spine and pelvis during lifting movements. It has been estimated that the contraction of the TVA and other muscles reduces the vertical pressure on the intervertebral discs by as much as 40%. Failure to engage the TVA during higher intensity lifts is dangerous and encourages injury to the spine. The TVA acts as a girdle or corset by creating hoop tension around the midsection.

title: Transverse abdominal muscle


text:
Tourism in Gyeongju

Tourism in Gyeongju is a major industry and defining feature of Gyeongju, South Korea. Gyeongju is a major cultural site and tourist destination for South Koreans and foreigners with about 8 to 9 million visitors annually. A great deal of this is due to the city's status as a center of Silla heritage, derived from its former role as the capital of that ancient kingdom.

Silla remains
Many Silla sites are included in Gyeongju National Park. In addition, the Gyeongju National Museum hosts many artifacts from the Silla kingdom which have been excavated from sites within the city and surrounding areas, including several royal crowns and other national treasures.

Some of Gyeongju's most famous sites relate to the Silla government's patronage of Buddhism. The grotto of Seokguram and the temple of Bulguksa were the first Korean sites to be included on the UNESCO World Heritage List, in 1995. In addition, the ruins of the old Hwangnyongsa temple, said to have been Korean's largest, are preserved on the slopes of Toham Mountain. Various Silla-era stone carvings of Buddhas and bodhisattvas are found on mountainsides throughout the city, particularly on Namsan.

The Gyerim, or "Chicken Forest," adjoins the Royal Tomb Complex in central Gyeongju. So does the Anapji pond, the Poseokjeong garden site, and the Cheomseongdae observatory. Each site is deeply woven into the legends and history of the Silla period.

A number of fortresses from the Silla period have been preserved. These include the Wolseong and Myeonghwal fortresses in the downtown area, and the Bu Mountain Fortress in Geoncheon-eup.

Tombs

The tombs of the rulers of Silla are all located within the boundaries of Gyeongju. The identity of the ruler is known in many cases, particularly for the later rulers. However, many of the older tombs found in the Royal Tombs Complex cannot be conclusively tied to any ruler. Partly for this reason, many of the tombs are known by the names of notable artifacts excavated there. One example of this is the Heavenly Horse Tomb, where a mudflap bearing a celestial horse motif was found.

Not all of the Silla-era tombs are royal. The tomb of the general Kim Yu-sin is located on one of the low mountains surrounding Gyeongju Basin.

A notable tomb outside the usual historical precincts of Gyeongju is that of King Munmu, d. 681, who was buried at sea just off the coast of Yangbuk-myeon. Munmu, the first king of Unified Silla, instructed that he should be buried there so that he could become a dragon and protect the Silla coastline.

Later sites
Although Gyeongju no longer played a particularly central role during the Joseon Dynasty, a number of relics from that period have been preserved alongside the Silla sites. A few seowon, Confucian private schools which dotted the Korean countryside during the Joseon Dynasty, have been preserved. Seoak seowon is situated in the downtown area, and Oksan Seowon is preserved in Angang-eup. In Gangdong-myeon, a folk village keeps up the appearances of the late Joseon period. Adjacent to the Royal Tombs Complex in downtown Gyeongju, the houses of the Gyodong neighborhood also keep the hanok form they had in Joseon times. There are also important architecture built in the Joseon Dynasty. Gyeongju Seokbinggo is a seokbinggo or ice house located in the neighborhood of Inwang-dong, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. It was originally built in the Wolseong Fortress in 1738, the 14th year of King Yeongju. The Gyeongju Seokbinggo has been designated as the 66th Treasure of South Korea and managed by the Department of Culture and Tourism of the Gyeongju City.

Gyodong includes the main house of the Gyeongju Choi clan, which is also a famed brewery of beopju.

Conferences and festivals
A significant portion of Gyeongju's tourist traffic is due to the city's successful promotion of itself as a site for various festivals, conferences, and competitions.

Every year since 1962 a Silla Cultural Festival (신라문화제) has been held in October to celebrate and honour the dynasty's history and culture. It is one of the major festivals of Korea. It features athletic events, folk games, music, dance, literary contests and Buddhist religious ceremonies. Other festivals include the Cherry Blossom Marathon in April, the Korean Traditional Drink and Rice Cake Festival in March, and memorial ceremonies for the founders of the Silla Dynasty and General Kim Yu-sin.

Resorts and theme parks
The area surrounding the Bomun Lake reservoir, 6 km east of central Gyeongju, has been transformed into a resort area. A theme park named Gyeongju World is located on the reservoir's western shore, as is the Seonjae Art Gallery and the Bomun Outdoor Performance Hall. The Gyeongju World Culture Expo is held every 2–3 years in at Expo Park just south of the lake. Many of the city's principal hotels are also located in this area. Other resorts and hotels are found throughout the city.

title: Tourism in Gyeongju


text:
(The) Rock and Roll Waltz

"(The) Rock and Roll Waltz" is a popular song with music by Shorty Allen and lyrics by Roy Alfred in 1955, although the identity of the lyricist is in dispute. Other sources cite a Dick Ware, Dick Wise, or Dick Wine.

As the title suggests, this novelty song is a waltz in triple metre, but it also contains a bass riff that is reminiscent of typical boogie woogie and rock and roll riffs.

The song is told from the point of view of a teenager who comes home early from a date, and catches her parents attempting to dance to one of her rock and roll records; only, having no frame of reference, the couple tries to waltz to the music.

The Kay Starr recording of the song, made in 1955, reached number one on the Billboard singles chart in 1956, staying there for six weeks. The recording was released by RCA Victor as catalog number 47-6359. It was Kay Starr's first recording of great significance for RCA Victor after leaving Capitol Records. She had a number of lesser chart entries on RCA Victor in 1955, including "Good and Lonesome" and "Turn Right". At first, she thought it was a joke when the A&R staff at RCA Victor brought it to her, it was a marked departure from what she usually recorded. The song turned out to be a number one hit, a million seller, and one of the early songs of the rock and roll era.

The track also spent one week at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1956.

Other artists who recorded this song include Ann-Margret (in 1962), Annette Funicello (in 1961), Lawrence Welk and His Champagne Music with Alice Lon on vocals (in 1956, Coral EC 81128), and George Wright in his 1984 album Red Hot and Blue.

title: (The) Rock and Roll Waltz


text:
Window seat (furniture)

A window seat is a miniature sofa without a back, intended to fill the recess of a window. In the latter part of the 18th century, when tall narrow sash windows were almost universal, the window seat was in high favor, and was no doubt in keeping with the formalism of Georgian interiors. It differed much in decorative detail but little in form.

It stood as high from the floor as a chair; the two ends were identical, with a roll-over curve, more or less pronounced. The seats and ends were usually upholstered in rich fabrics, which often remained intact. The legs followed the fashion in chairs and were square, tapered, or, somewhat later, round and reeded. Hepplewhite and the brothers Adam designed many graceful window seats, but all the cabinet-makers of the period produced them.

title: Window seat (furniture)


text:
Richard Ely

Richard Ely may refer to:
 * Richard T. Ely, American author and economist
 * Richard Ely (writer), Belgian writer

title: Richard Ely


text: Category:Tourism in South Korea

title: Category:Tourism in South Korea


text:
Talk:Herb

New External Link
Found a herb site/column with interesting additional information - not advertorial! Its also got some interesting points in the articles. http://www.bensorensen.com/DruidsGarden/articles.html History and Uses of Herbs Nesneros1982 (talk) 22:53, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

A vs. an
Reading "a herb" makes my head hurt. Is this a British/American English thing that I shouldn't fix per the manual of style? moink 01:19, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes it is but that doesn't mean no you shouldn't. If you want to be pedantic you can go way back and find the original way it was written and then we stick with that, or just change it to the correct ahem way you like.  I say "a herb" myself, but that is neither here not there. -  brenneman  {L} 08:10, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This little discussion finally clears up a mystery; I'm normally pretty good at Americanisms, but never knew definitively if the failure to pronounce the 'h' in herb was because it is simply silent for some historical reason in America, or whether it was a foreign loan-word with a different pronounciation. I think this probably puzzles more English people than one might suspect! Blitterbug (talk) 17:44, 14 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Intersting points. I came here looking for the difference between herb and spice and see another dillema.  Here in the states very few people pronounce the H. I did some reading and found that the word herb has its roots in the latin herba and the French erbe or herbe, where the h is silent.  Like hour, honor, and other words with French origins, we typically don't pronounce the H. In other articles there is clear documentation that even in Britain a segment of the population routinely drops the H from many words, so this is not likely Brit v. Yank thing,  Cheers! --Kevin Murray (talk) 01:58, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

Herbaceous vs Herbal!
Since the word "herb" is used in two very divergent ways in normal English as opposed to Botany, I'm splitting the botanical def into its own page (a revamped "herbaceous" article) which is linked on the herb disambiguation page. Krnntp 17:14, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Disambiguation is a wonderful way of saying devalued. Like herbaceous the meaning is lost. Hey there hopefully (talk) 09:25, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

Clean up
When I press to edit the See also section I get the references section etc and I cant see how to fix it. Coul;d sopmeone do so and then remove the clean-up tag, SqueakBox 01:18, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Culinary but not food?
The article says 'Herbs (IPA: hə(ɹ)b, or əɹb; see pronunciation differences) are plants grown for any purpose other than food, wood or beauty.[1] Such uses include culinary'. Culinary means 'of or relating to cooking'; they're used to flavour different foods. As they are part of what we eat, doesn't that make them food?88.110.29.44 19:53, 29 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Indeed. I'm not an expert but the definition of herb here seems pretty questionable.  For example the Oxford English Dictionary defines herb as "A plant of which the stem does not become woody and persistent (as in a shrub or a tree), but remains more or less soft and succulent, and dies down to the ground (or entirely) after flowering."  This is quite different from the definition on this page and seems to make a lot more sense. 192.189.157.11 09:56, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * My dictionary has two definitions; one common and one botanical. The common definition is 'Any plant with leaves, seeds, or flowers used for flavouring, food, medicine, or perfume.' The botanical one is 'Any seed-bearing plant which does not have a woody stem and dies down to the ground after flowering.' The botanical definition fits with the one you've provided.--Jcvamp 23:22, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Definition
I have changed the definition from " seed-bearing plants without woody stems, which die down to the ground after flowering" to "plants that are valued for qualities such as medicinal properties, flavor, scent, or the like." Both definitions are from dictionary.com, but given that herbaceous plants and herbs have been given distinct pages this secondary definition is clearly appropriate here. Bay leaves are a herb, but the trees are not herbaceous. Conrad Leviston (talk) 04:51, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Rosemary
So rosemary is a shrub, but according to the definition, that would make it a medicinal herb, not a cullinary herb. This is rediculous! Change the def so it's looser and can include those odd cases, or exhaustively list the exceptions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.102.71.37 (talk) 03:48, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Cannabis sativa
In order to link Cannabis Sativa we need to establish a link to Rastafari through a reference. Thanks, ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 19:09, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Definition again
The definition given at the start in this version is "any plant that is valued for flavor, scent, medicinal, or other qualities". However the quotation is misleading. If you look at the original source, it says: "herb ... 1. a flowering plant whose stem above ground does not become woody. 2. such a plant [my emphasis] when valued for its medicinal properties, flavor, scent, or the like." So the correct definition from here is not "any plant ..." but "a herbaceous plant ...". This definition excludes e.g. Rosemary and Bay Laurel which the article includes.

The version of the New Oxford American Dictionary that came included in my Apple MacBook Pro gives the definition: "any plant with leaves, seeds, or flowers used for flavoring, food, medicine, or perfume ... a part of such a plant as used in cooking". According to Dictionary (software), this is the second edition, so I'm going to change the article to use this definition, which fits the content better. Note that it allows both the plant and the part used to be called herbs, which the old definition doesn't. Peter coxhead (talk) 11:24, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Indefinite article: "an herb" or "a herb"
The source of the article said "an herb". This is a perfectly fair comment within the relevant policies and must be respected. However, it's not logical to immediately follow "an herb" with the pronunciation, i.e. the pronunciation in which "an" is incorrect. "An herb" goes with ; "a herb" with. Better, in my view, is either: For the present, I've chosen (1) above. Peter coxhead (talk) 11:42, 24 November 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) Reversing the order of the IPA transcriptions
 * 2) Expanding the sentence to something like "an herb  or a herb "
 * I think the current version looks horrible. --John (talk) 12:46, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree; I would prefer a variant of (2), but was a bit concerned about following WP:ENGVAR and WP:RETAIN. What would you prefer? Peter coxhead (talk) 12:54, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I'd probably prefer something that avoids this awkwardness in the lead. The variant pronunciations are not a major feature of the subject. Could we get away with starting the article off "Herbs are... " and leave the discussion of pronunciation and indefinite articles for later in the article? --John (talk) 20:19, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I personally would be very happy with this. The counter argument might be that it is traditional in plant articles to put the pronunciation of the title immediately after the word is first used; however, this is usually for Latin names, not common English words. So I suggest you be WP:BOLD and make the change. If there are reasoned objections, then we can try again. Peter coxhead (talk) 20:29, 17 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I will think about it some more for now. Our main concern should be readability and usefulness to the reader, not consistency with other articles. --John (talk) 23:36, 17 December 2011 (UTC)
 * As an aside, I find the pronunciation information at the start of other articles very off-putting.Nadiatalent (talk) 02:34, 18 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree; when I've put this information in articles I've created, I've followed what seems to be the consensus, but I don't like it. Peter coxhead (talk) 12:14, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

While I agree that pronunciation can be intrusive at the start of the lead para, I think it's essential here. This article has a long history of "correction" alternating between the different pronunciations. Since the IPA and an explanation has been included this has died down, but I'm sure it would return if we moved the explanation. Sadly many people do not read the rest of the article before wellying in with a change... I'm not sure why people should be so keen to correct this particular article – I suspect it's because it's a word that Brits and Americans don't often hear each other say, so an error is the only cause they can think of. Perhaps it's also relevant that in this case it's the Americans who use a more French style of pronunciation, which I think is less common than the reverse.

 * In purely linguistic terms, I would say that the pronunciation "erb" is not almost certainly not directly French influenced but simply reflects older English usage which did not pronounce initial "h" in many more words than now. In Britain, over-correction based on spelling put back the "h" except in very common words (e.g. hour), initially in middle-class speech, and then in all formal speech. Peter coxhead (talk) 12:14, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

Having said all that, the current lead para is a mess – it was far clearer (though much too short) before this edit. For example, it's quite unnecessary to start with "except", as the point can be dealt with perfectly well later in the text or indeed in a hatnote. Richard New Forest (talk) 09:57, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, if you look at the whole of that edit, the key change was to the hatnote; before the edit, the beginning of the article was confused between "herb" in the culinary sense and "herbaceous plant" in the botanical sense. The precise wording might be capable of being improved, but I think that making the differentiation clear from the very start, not just in the hatnote which not everyone reads, is important. Peter coxhead (talk) 12:14, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

 * As no-one else seemed to want to take my advice to be WP:BOLD, I have revised the lead myself. I think it now reads better and has not changed any meaning. Peter coxhead (talk) 12:24, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Nice work Peter. --John (talk) 16:59, 18 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, readability has been improved. Nadiatalent (talk) 18:02, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

There is no article on the herb Gokulakanta why?
Please people start and article on this herb. 108.81.134.236 (talk) 21:43, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
 * See Hygrophila auriculata. Gokulakanta will redirect there now. Nadiatalent (talk) 22:20, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

Article Needed - North American Plants
It would be nice if someone would start an article called "List of North American Plants" with a Native and Non-Native section that leads to links on the various North American Plants. 2602:306:C518:62C0:6800:3456:2F93:AB51 (talk) 01:11, 25 July 2012 (UTC)

 * How about one that encompasses all countries? I find it a bit unfair to only include the US in such a general article. --FileComplaintHere (talk) 05:07, 5 April 2014 (UTC)

What in the world is a Herbaceous plant!
This is for the comfort of the reader only. I suggest expanding on the the single link given to harbaceous plants to include this very important botanical definition. The one Google spits out is great, but I can't see the source: "any seed-bearing plant that does not have a woody stem and dies down to the ground after flowering." It gives a clearer picture to the layman. --FileComplaintHere (talk) 05:03, 5 April 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protection?
Might semi-protection be warranted here, due to the constant vandalism? Tharthandorf Aquanashi (talk) 17:44, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

Requested move 8 October 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved (page mover nac) Flooded  with them hundreds  08:13, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

– This article was just announced as this week's article for improvement. The single biggest improvement would be to move the disambiguation page to the base title and retarget incoming links to herb to more specific topics. "Herb" has at least 3 major plant-related senses: a "non-woody plant" (covered at herbaceous plant), plants used in herbal medicine (covered at herbalism, and medicinal herb), and leaves of usually non-woody plants used as culinary flavorings (as opposed to spices, which are not leaves; culinary herb redirects here and "herb" is the best overview of the culinary topic at present). Move the dab page to the base title in order to resolve incoming links that intend a more specific sense of "herb" and expand content on the culinary sense at culinary herb Plantdrew (talk) 04:13, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Herb → Culinary herb
 * Herb (disambiguation) → Herb

 * Support in terms of links within the English Wikipedia, there's no clear predominant usage, so treating "herb" as a term needing disambiguation is the best solution. I'll be happy to join in work on fixing incorrect links if this is done. Peter coxhead (talk) 09:04, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per WP:DABCONCEPT this article deals with different types of herbs even though it is borderline a DICDEF.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 09:32, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
 * but note that "Culinary herb" redirects here, even though the article currently deals with other senses of "herb". 's proposal includes reducing the scope once moved, which seems to me to negate your objection. Peter coxhead (talk) 09:42, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Isn't it better to still retain a broad concept article, non of the other topics on the DAB page appear to be close competitors. To most people "Herb" means the plant of some kind, can't both aspects be covered in 1 article.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 09:48, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
 * The problem is that editors wikilink to "Herb" when they really mean one or other of the several (not "both") more limited concepts. The bot-generated message to an editor when they've added a link to a dab is a spur to re-examine the wikilink. "Herb" could be made a set index article, I suppose, but then there's no warning when it's linked to. I don't think there's an ideal solution, but Plantdrew's proposal would, in my view, be an improvement. Peter coxhead (talk) 09:58, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per common name and above discussion. Herbs, in common name use, are 'culinary herbs', with apologies to Randy Kryn (talk) 12:24, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Support - this seems to be a logical proposal as presented.  Velella  Velella Talk 13:01, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose -- I feel a wide scoped article is better since we are dealing with more uses that cooking and medicine. Would also comment that currently readers can easily navigate to what topic they are looking for. Matthew Ferguson (talk) 18:05, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The current article is the primary topic. Rreagan007 (talk) 20:56, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. As a broad-concept article, the Herb article describes the primary topic. —  Newslinger  talk   09:57, 9 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose a move, but I would support a split to create a new article specifically about culinary herbs. power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 21:09, 11 October 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

History section
Currently history info is also contained within the different sections such as medicinal, culinary, etc. should we break up the history section completely by moving rest of the info into the relevant sections too? Matthew Ferguson (talk) 18:56, 9 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Well, personally, as noted above, I'd rather split up the article, but if this doesn't happen, yes, split into sections. Peter coxhead (talk) 20:30, 9 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Have merged the history section into the smaller sections. Not particularly happy with result as some history content does not neatly fit into the subsections. Should we have a history section for general history of herbs? Matthew Ferguson (talk) 17:12, 10 October 2018 (UTC)

Aromatic herbs?
I feel we are not discussing some uses of aromatic herbs that are not covered by religious or cosmetic sections. E.g. meadowsweet was sometimes strewn across floors in middle ages because of sweet smell.(Bown 1997) Should we start a new section for this? THere is after all the page strewing herb. Matthew Ferguson (talk) 17:21, 10 October 2018 (UTC)

Remove section concerning spices?
Hello, Rebestalic here.

This page is about herbs, not comparisons between herbs and spices, so should the "Herbs generally refers to the leafy green or flowering parts of a plant (either fresh or dried), while spices are usually dried and produced from other parts of the plant, including seeds, bark, roots and fruits" section should be removed?

Thank you, Rebestalic (talk) 06:10, 11 October 2018 (UTC)

 * It's just a one line comparison between herbs and spices. I feel it is encyclopedic to mention this, but not necessarily in the lead. Matthew Ferguson (talk) 16:37, 11 October 2018 (UTC)

Idea repeated--removal?
Hello, Rebestalic here again.

I'm a bit concerned about how the introduction repeats itsself--first, it says, "...that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, medicinal purposes, or for fragrances", and then, in the next paragraph, "Herbs have a variety of uses including culinary, medicinal, and, in some cases, spiritual.' I think this should be treated as a problem.

Thank you, Rebestalic (talk) 06:13, 11 October 2018 (UTC)

Would it be appropriate to add a table listing some herbs and their uses and relationships?...
I'm thinking a table with columns something like this:

Species name (possibly also family, I know a lot of herbs are in the mint family)

Common name

Use (basically, just culinary/medical/religious/etc)

Form (there may be a better word for this... basically, aiming for the distinction of annual non-woody plant vs perennial non-woody plant vs shrub vs tree or whatever; and, either in the same column or a different one, which parts are typically used)

Or would something like that be better as a separate page? Does such a page already exist?... (I actually came here because I was wondering how many culinary herbs are vs aren't in the mint family, and if there are any other plant families that contain a lot of herbs) Tamtrible (talk) 15:49, 19 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I think there are potentially so many, remembering this is an international encyclopaedia, that only a separate article would work. Referencing would be an issue, though – a very large number would surely be needed. Peter coxhead (talk) 19:02, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

 * A very meager beginning has been begun. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_herbs_and_spices Tamtrible (talk) 02:05, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

 * It has been renamed to Table of plants used as herbs or spices, but is under threat of deletion. Please add to it...  Tamtrible (talk) 01:16, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

 * It got deleted, but I put a draft version (I think) here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Tamtrible/Table_of_plants_used_as_herbs_or_spices ; please help me get it ready for prime time?... Tamtrible (talk) 09:43, 28 May 2021 (UTC)

 * New draft version here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Table_of_plants_used_as_herbs_or_spices, please ignore the one on my talk page... Tamtrible (talk) 05:52, 8 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I'd say it was totally innappropriate. -Roxy . wooF 13:32, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Indeed, absolutely, totally, and wholly useless and inappropriate, not least because it's a WP:FORK of an existing article, so deletion is the correct answer. Also, you seem to have been spamming your desperate pleas over every plant-related talk page imaginable, which is disruptive and wasting the time of many different editors. Per WP:NOTFORUM, that is an abuse of talk pages, so please drop it. Thanks. Chiswick Chap (talk) 13:46, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

I'm not so convinced that the material at User:Tamtrible/Table of plants used as herbs or spices is "wholly useless". Yes, it's a fork of List of culinary herbs and spices, so is "inappropriate" as a separate article. On the other hand, that article is a bare list, whereas the table has useful information in separate columns. I wonder if adopting the format of 's List of culinary herbs and spices is a way forward? Peter coxhead (talk) 14:15, 11 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Herb


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Computer Engineering and Computer Science

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sasquatch ↔讲↔看 05:41, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

Computer Engineering and Computer Science
This is more of a dicdef than an article. Doubt it could be extended any further.

Delete or merge with computer science. --R.Koot 14:11, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Computer science does an adequate job explaining the differences between CS and CE.  The names of these majors seem school-specific anyway.  (At my school, for example, CE is done through the college of engineering and is part of the department of electrical engineering, rather than being done through the CS dept or its college.) --Idont Havaname 17:53, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak Delete, because I don't think it's possible to merge to two separate articles . Ensure both the CS & Comp-E articles explain the differences between the two, and leave it at that, I'd say.  My university does the same thing as Idont Havaname's, incidentally.  The Literate Engineer 19:56, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong Delete. There's no content on that page. We've already got articles on CS, CE, and several hundred colleges. --Quuxplusone 00:01, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Henry Roth

Henry Roth (February 8, 1906 – October 13, 1995) was an American novelist and short story writer who found success later in life after his 1934 novel Call It Sleep was reissued in paperback in 1964.

Biography
Roth was born in Tysmenitz near Stanislawow, Galicia, Austro-Hungary (now known as Tysmenytsia, near Ivano-Frankivsk, Galicia, Ukraine). Although his parents never agreed on the exact date of his arrival in the United States, it is most likely that he and his mother landed at Ellis Island and began his life in New York in 1908. The family briefly lived in Brooklyn, and then on the Lower East Side, in the slums where his classic novel Call It Sleep is set. In 1914, they moved to Harlem. Roth lived there until 1927, when, as a senior at City College of New York, he moved in with Eda Lou Walton, a poet and New York University instructor who lived on Morton Street in Greenwich Village.

With Walton's support, he began Call It Sleep in about 1930, completed the novel in the spring of 1934, and it was published in December 1934, to mostly good reviews. Yet the New York Herald Tribune's book critic Lewis Gannett foresaw that the book would not prove popular with its bleak depiction of New York's Lower East Side, but wrote readers would "remember it and talk about it and watch excitedly" for Roth's next book. Call It Sleep sold slowly and poorly, and after it was out-of-print, critics writing in magazines such as Commentary and Partisan Review kept praising it, and asking for it to be reprinted. After being republished in hardback in 1960 and paperback in 1964, with more than 1,000,000 copies sold, and many weeks on the New York Times bestseller list, the novel was hailed as an overlooked Depression-era masterpiece and classic novel of immigration. Today, it is widely regarded as a masterpiece of Jewish American literature.

After the book's 1934 publication, Roth began a second novel that was contracted with editor Maxwell Perkins, of Scribner's. But Roth's growing ideological frustration and personal confusion contributed to a profound writer's block, which lasted until 1979, when he began the earliest drafts of Mercy of a Rude Stream (although material written much earlier than 1979 was also incorporated into this later work). In 1938, during an unproductive sojourn at the artists' colony Yaddo in Saratoga Springs, New York, Roth met Muriel Parker, a pianist and composer; much of this period is depicted in Roth's final work, An American Type. Roth severed his relationship with Walton, moved out of her apartment, and married Parker in 1939, to the disapproval of her family. With the onset of World War II, he became a tool-and-gauge maker. The couple moved first to Boston with their two young sons, Jeremy and Hugh, and then, in 1946, to Maine. There, Roth worked as a woodsman, a schoolteacher, a psychiatric attendant in the state mental hospital, a waterfowl farmer, and a Latin and math tutor.

Arthur Hertzberg credited editor Harold U. Ribalow with "rediscovering" Roth. Ribalow found him on a farm in Maine, persuaded him to permit a new edition of the novel, and wrote an introduction to the new edition, which was published by Pageant Books in 1960. Many years later, after Ribalow had died and Roth was awarded the Ribalow Prize, he wrote to Ribalow's son, Meir Z. Ribalow, "Thanks for the encomia. Things like that keep me alive, I'm sure: what little is left me capable of feeling swells with pride like the staves of an old barrel when filled. Harold, to whom I owe so much, would have been happy to witness the occasion."

In fact, Roth did not initially welcome the success of the 1964 reprint of Call It Sleep, valuing his privacy instead. But his writing block slowly began to break. In 1968, after Muriel's retirement from the Maine state school system, the couple moved to a trailer home in Albuquerque, New Mexico, closer to where Roth had stayed as writer-in-residence at the D. H. Lawrence ranch outside of Taos. Muriel began composing music again, while Roth collaborated with his friend and Italian translator Mario Materassi to put out a collection of essays called Shifting Landscape, published by the Jewish Publication Society in 1987. After Muriel's death, in 1990, Roth moved into a ramshackle former funeral parlor and occupied himself with revising the final volumes of his monumental work, Mercy of a Rude Stream. It has been alleged that the incestuous relationships between the protagonist, a sister, and a cousin in Mercy of a Rude Stream are autobiographical. Roth's sister, however, has denied that such events occurred.

Roth failed to garner the acclaim some say he deserves, perhaps because after the publication of Call It Sleep he failed to produce another novel for 60 years. He attributed his massive writer's block to personal problems, such as depression, and to political conflicts, including his disillusionment with Communism. At other times, he cited his early break with Judaism and his obsessive sexual preoccupations as probable causes. Roth died in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1995.

The character E. I. Lonoff in Philip Roth's Zuckerman novels (The Ghost Writer and Exit Ghost in this case), is a composite of Roth, Bernard Malamud and fictional elements.

Call It Sleep
Published in 1934, Call It Sleep centers on the turbulent experiences of a young boy, David Schearl, growing up in the Jewish immigrant slum of New York's Lower East Side in the early 20th century.

Mercy of a Rude Stream
Mercy of a Rude Stream is a monumental epic published in four volumes. It follows protagonist Ira Stigman from his family's arrival in Jewish-Irish Harlem in 1914 to the night before Thanksgiving in 1927, when Ira decides to leave the family tenement and move in with Edith Welles. According to critic David Mehegan, Roth's Mercy represents a "landmark of the American literary century".

The first volume, A Star Shines over Mt. Morris Park was published in 1994 by St. Martin's Press and the second volume, called A Diving Rock on the Hudson, appeared from St. Martin's in 1995. In A Diving Rock on the Hudson, "Roth writes graphically about the sexual relationship between the protagonist, Ira Stigman, and Stigman's sister, Minnie, as teen-agers. Roth also describes an incestuous relationship between Stigman and his cousin, Stella." Roth's sister "chastise[d] Roth for writing about the 'revelation'" and "threaten[ed] to sue him and St. Martin's Press.... Roth and his sister entered into a contract in which he agreed to pay his sister $10,000 in exchange for immunity from legal action. The contract ... also stipulated that future volumes of Roth's novel would no longer portray Minnie Stigman 'as having any further sexual relationship with her brother, Ira Stigman.'"

From Bondage, which appeared in hardcover in 1996, was the first volume of the four Mercy books to appear posthumously. Requiem for Harlem, the fourth and final volume, appeared in 1998. Roth was able to revise both the third and fourth volumes in 1994 and 1995 with the help of his assistant, Felicia Steele, shortly before his death.

Before his death, Roth commented numerous times that Mercy of a Rude Stream comprised six volumes. In fact, Roth did write six separate books. He called the first four "Batch One," and the last two, "Batch Two." Roth's editor at St. Martin's, Robert Weil, along with Felicia Steele, Larry Fox, and Roth's agent, Roslyn Targ, found the epic would be best served in four volumes, as the four books of "Batch One" contained a stylistic and thematic unity inconsistent with the remaining two books.

Explaining the difference between Mercy of a Rude Stream and Call It Sleep, critic Mario Materassi, Roth's longtime friend, argues that "Call It Sleep can be read as a vehicle through which, soon after breaking away from his family and his tradition, young Roth used some of the fragments of his childhood to shore up the ruins of what he already felt was a disconnected self. Forty-five years later, Roth embarked on another attempt to bring some retrospective order to his life's confusion:  Mercy of a Rude Stream, which he has long called a 'continuum,' can be read as a final, monumental effort on the part of the elderly author to come to terms with the pattern of rupture and discontinuity that has marked his life".

Fran Lebowitz, writer and public intellectual, in her Netflix special "Pretend It's a City" speaks about how you can still appreciate the art of an individual separate from his actions.

An American Type
Roth's final novel, An American Type, emerged from "Batch 2," which Roth wrote during the late 1980s and early 1990s. With his assistant's help, Roth produced 1,900 typed pages of scenes beginning where Mercy left off and continuing through 1990. The manuscript of "Batch 2" remained untouched for over a decade until Weil sent it to The New Yorker, which published two excerpts from "Batch 2" in the summer of 2006 under the titles "God the Novelist" and "Freight." At The New Yorker the book came into the hands of Willing Davidson, then a young assistant in the magazine's fiction department. At the suggestion of Weil and Roth's literary executor, Lawrence Fox, Davidson edited "Batch 2" into An American Type, which was published by W.W. Norton in 2010.

Both a love story and a lamentation, the novel opens in 1938, and reintroduces us to Ira Stigman of the Mercy cycle, a thirty-two-year-old "slum-born Yiddle" eager to assimilate but traumatized by his impoverished immigrant past. Restless with his lover and literary mentor, English professor Edith Welles, Ira journeys to Yaddo, where he meets M (who only appeared in the old man's reveries in the Mercy series), a blond, aristocratic pianist whose "calm, Anglo-Saxon radiance" engages him.

The ensuing romantic crisis, as well as the conflict between his ghetto Jewish roots and the bourgeois comforts of Manhattan, forces Ira to abandon his paramour's Greenwich Village apartment and set out with an illiterate, boorish Communist on a quest for the promise of the American West. But feeling like a total failure in LA, Ira begins an epic journey home, thumbing rides from truckers and riding the rails with hobos through the Dust Bowl. Ira only knows that he must return to M, the woman he truly loves.

Sixty-five pages of excerpts from Batch Two consisting of short journal entries appeared in the journal, Fiction, Number 57, in 2011. The majority of these pages are about Roth's move to Maine, afraid that his associations with the Communist Party would haunt him at his factory job in Massachusetts. Purchasing a small farm, and surrounded by Yankee neighbors, Roth questions his identity as a Jew and struggles to wrest a living out of a Maine countryside where the soil is so hard that he has to dynamite in order to lay pipe deep enough to avoid the winter freezes. The extreme cold that he and his family endured, his work logging, bargaining over antiques and livestock with neighbors, and the world of backwoods and village America form the principal and unlikely drama of these pages. There is also return to the tense, incestuous world of the Roth family in Henry's childhood in the last of these extracts.

Themes
Henry Roth's writing centers on immigrant experience, particularly a Jewish-American experience in Depression-era America. He has also been hailed as a chronicler of New York City life.

Roth's work reveals an obsession with cultural depravity: the internal dislocation of the intellectual and of society at large that features so prominently in the work of the greatest Modernist writers. Indeed, Roth often fixates on human depravity in a multitude of forms. Sexually abhorrent acts such as incest, infidelity, and predation, for instance, inform much of his work, as does a more general climate of violence or abuse, often inflicted on others and masochistically turned inwards.

Throughout his life, Roth simultaneously embraced and rejected the notion of a forgiving God, and this ambivalence is also registered in his writing. Mario Materassi suggests, in "Shifting Urbanscape: Roth's 'Private' New York," that Roth "has never been interested in any story other than the anguished one of a man who, throughout his life, has contradicted each of his previously held positions and beliefs."

While Roth's works are generally tragic, and often relentlessly so, his later work holds out for the possibility of redemption, or of mercy in a rude stream. This notion is especially evident in An American Type where the love between Ira and M becomes a means of transcendence.

Awards and honors
Roth received two honorary doctorates, one from the University of New Mexico and one from the Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion. He won the 1987 International Nonino Prize in Italy. Posthumously, he was honored in 1995 with the Hadassah Harold Ribalow Lifetime Achievement Award and by the Museum of the City of New York with Manhattan Borough President Ruth Messinger having named February 29, 1996, as "Henry Roth Day" in New York City. From Bondage was cited by the National Book Critics Circle as being a finalist for its Fiction Prize in 1997, and it was in that same year that Henry Roth won the first Isaac Bashevis Singer Prize in Literature for From Bondage, an award put out by The Forward Foundation. In 2005, ten years after Roth's death, the first full biography of his life, the prize-winning Redemption: The Life of Henry Roth, by literary scholar Steven G. Kellman, was published, followed in 2006 by Henry Roth's centenary, which was marked by a literary tribute at the New York Public Library, sponsored by CCNY and organized by Lawrence I. Fox, Roth's literary executor.

Literature

 * Leonard Michaels, "The Long Comeback of Henry Roth: Call it Miraculous," New York Times Book Review, August 15, 1993
 * Steven G. Kellman, Redemption: The Life of Henry Roth (W.W. Norton, 2005).
 * Gibbs, Alan, Henry Roth's Semi-Autobiographical Tetralogy, Mercy of a Rude Stream: The Second Career of an American Novelist (Mellen Press, 2008).
 * New Yorker Magazine, August, 2005
 * New Yorker Magazine, May 29, 2006
 * Weil, Robert. "Editor's Afterword." Requiem for Harlem. (St. Martin's, 1998): 273–282
 * Holder, Douglas S.  "Food as a symbol of the conflict of assimilation and alienation in the fiction of Henry Roth" /  Harvard University Archives/ Harvard Depository HU 88.25.1997. 24 May 1997.
 * Roth, Henry (2011). "First Years in Maine." Fiction (57): 35–99.
 * Mirsky, Mark Jay (2011). "Introduction to Henry Roth." Fiction (57): 29–34.
 * Mirsky, Mark Jay (2011). "Introduction to Henry Roth." Fiction (57): 29–34.

title: Henry Roth


text:
Window cornice

A window cornice is an ornamental framework of wood or composition to which window curtains are attached by rods with rings or hooks. Cornices are often gilded and of elaborate design, but they are less fashionable today than before it had been discovered that elaborate draperies harbor dust and microbes.

Like other pieces of furniture, they have reflected taste as it passed, and many of the carefully constructed examples of the latter part of the 18th century are still in use in the rooms for which they were made. Chippendale provided a famous series still in situ for the gallery at Harewood House, the valances of which are, like the cornices themselves, of carved and painted wood.

title: Window cornice


text:
John Kannenberg

John Kannenberg (Milwaukee, WI) is a multimedia artist, curator, writer, and researcher who creates quietly reflective work that investigates the sonic geography of museums and archives, the psychology of collection, the processes of making and observing art, and the human experience of time. His art practice emphasises process, creating and breaking rules for the work's realisation in ways that blur the boundaries between intention and accident. Since 2015, Kannenberg has been Director and Chief Curator of The Museum of Portable Sound, a hand-held museum of curated sounds currently accessible to visitors in the greater London area.

title: John Kannenberg


text:
User talk:Mm35173

Science, Religion & Mathematics
You provided to all a very clear and deep conception at Talk:Main_Page/Archive_42. Yesterday I was thinking about Mathematics, which I have not studied deeply, as one of our main human achievements and the basis of much knowledge; it was a delight to read your conception. Also the reference to the Hermits. Best Regards --GalaazV 04:42, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for tracking down the copyright info on Image:Pope-john-paul-ii-01.jpg. I have now deleted the image, you may want to keep an eye out to see if it reappears. Thanks again.--nixie 04:48, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Delaware Images
I'm sorry I created such a crises. I am the "editor" who uploaded these images and I clearly did not fully understand all the implications of what I was doing. I have now removed all images from this template, and agree it should be deleted as proposed. If you still feel you must pursue the details of this matter the persons to contact are Ann Baker Horsey, Curator of Collections, Delaware Department of State, Division of Historical & Cultural Affairs, and Jeff Hague, Registrar of Regulations, Legislative Council. They both gave permission and stated the images were not copyright. They are fully aware of what I am doing, know how to contact me, and presumably would have if there was a problem. The images are owned by them and not the Public Archives. Much as I appreciate the effort to argue the point, this is not a FOIA issue. I made no such application.

Please understand that my intentions are the best and I consider myself fully accountable for what I do, including making appropriate corrections. I do not pretend to be a copyright expert, but am doing my best to learn, and appreciate all the worldwide expert advice I am getting. I presume from your statements you do have some special expertise on the matter. If you think a more "authoritative" answer needs to be received regarding the use of these images, I think the professional thing would be to let me work it, after receiving your suggestions. It is what I would do for you in a reverse situation. None of us like to be trashed to our peers, even unintentionally or incorrectly, and doing so only reflects poorly on Wikipedia and the cause it promotes.

If you do speak to these people, I would at least appreciate the courtesy of hearing the results of the conversation.

stilltim 04:04, 7 October 2005 (UTC) Italic text

Harold Haley (judge)
You tagged this as a speedy delete. A little searching revealed that it was a section of an account of a quite well known incident. I have rewritten the article with some references. DES (talk) 21:43, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Correction
I did not create Image:Masturbation.jpg! See its commons page, please. ~⌈Markaci⌋ 2005-10-23 T 13:56:51 Z

Image:Samuel Alito.jpg
Could you please explain your dispute over the source? I'm not sure what your confusion is, by calling an official U.S. judicial photo "unsourced." Thanks. Postdlf 16:26, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

St. Stephen
Thanks for adding that to Martyr! --Dpr 03:49, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Cape Cod house.jpg
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 * Oops! That image was indeed created by me, and in fact was my own house. Sorry, I have been away for a while. --Mm35173 02:35, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Spoken version of United States Congress
I've already finished recording and uploading United States Senate, and I noticed that you had an editing notice on the United States Congress article that is almost a year old. Just wanted to make sure I wasn't stepping on any toes. Unless I hear otherwise, I plan on starting work on the article tomorrow, after United States House of Representatives. --Omaryak 08:07, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Mm35173


text:
RFA Scotol

RFA Scotol was a 1000-ton class tanker of the British Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

The ship was built by the Tyne Iron Shipbuilding Co. Ltd., at Willington Quay, Howdon, Northumberland, and launched on 23 June 1916. First used as a Port Oiler at Dover, and then stationed at Portland until August 1947, the ship was sold to Hemsley Bell Ltd (H.L.R. Bell, Managers) Southampton on 21 April 1948 and renamed Hemsley I.

The ship ran aground and was wrecked at Fox Cove on 12 May 1969 off Porthcothan, Cornwall, en route from Liverpool to the breakers at Antwerp.

title: RFA Scotol


text: User talk:195.157.84.117

title: User talk:195.157.84.117


text:
Francis Jeffers

Francis Jeffers (born 25 January 1981) is an English football coach and former player, who was most recently a first-team coach at Oldham Athletic.

Jeffers started his career at his boyhood club Everton, making his debut in 1997 as a 16-year-old. After scoring 20 goals in 60 appearances for Everton, he signed for Arsenal in 2001. During his time at Arsenal, he won the FA Cup twice in 2002 and 2003 despite not being a member of either Cup Final squad. In 2004, Jeffers joined Charlton Athletic, where he spent two seasons, including spending time on loan at Scottish club Rangers. He moved to Blackburn Rovers in 2006, spending one season at the Lancashire club, whilst also spending time out on loan at Ipswich Town in 2007. He joined Sheffield Wednesday in 2007. He spent three seasons at Wednesday, making 60 appearances for the club. He left Sheffield Wednesday in 2010, moving to Australian side Newcastle Jets. He left Newcastle Jets to move to Scottish club Motherwell in 2011, before returning to Australia to rejoin Newcastle Jets in October 2011. After leaving Newcastle Jets in 2012, he joined Maltese side Floriana. He returned to England in 2013 to join Accrington Stanley, before retiring from football after leaving Accrington in 2013.

He represented England at U15, U16, and U21 levels, becoming the joint-top scorer of the England U21 team after scoring 13 goals in 16 appearances, a record which he held up until 2020. In February 2003, Jeffers made his senior debut for the England national team, scoring against Australia in his one senior cap for England.

Following his retirement from playing, he returned to Everton as a coach at the club's academy in 2014, later becoming a coach with the club's U23 side in 2018. He left Everton in May 2021 to join Ipswich Town as a first-team coach, a role he held until December. In September 2022 he joined National League side Oldham Athletic as first-team coach with additional responsibility for overseeing the introduction of the club's new B-team.

Early life
Jeffers was born in Liverpool, Merseyside, and attended De La Salle School in Croxteth.

Everton
Jeffers began his career at Everton, making his first-team debut as a half-time substitute for Dave Watson on 26 December 1997 at Old Trafford at the age of 16 years. Jeffers won the FA Youth Cup of 1997–98 against Blackburn Rovers with Everton. He scored 6 goals in 28 matches for Everton in the 1999–2000 season.

Jeffers started the 2000–01 season brightly, but his season was cut short with multiple ankle and shoulder injuries. When he did feature, he performed well, and his goal to game ratio was the best at the club that season. This earned Jeffers a new contract offer from the club. However, after months of negotiations, Jeffers informed the club he was rejecting the new contract.

Arsenal
His performances had caught the eye of Arsène Wenger, and Jeffers signed for Arsenal on 14 June 2001 for an initial £8 million fee, with another £2 million dependent on appearances. However, Jeffers did not live up to the "fox in the box" tag, and his time at Arsenal was dogged by injury. He was forced out of the team by the form of fellow strikers like Thierry Henry and Sylvain Wiltord. Arsenal won the FA Cup in 2002 and 2003 but Jeffers was left out of both match day squads, the latter due to injury. He contributed to their 2003 triumph by scoring three goals en route to the final; two against Farnborough and one against Chelsea. He also started the semi-final against Sheffield United. Arsenal also won the 2001–02 Premier League title, but Jeffers only made six league appearances that season. He was an unused substitute on the day Arsenal clinched the title against Manchester United at Old Trafford. His final appearance for Arsenal came in the 2003 FA Community Shield, coming on as a substitute but then getting sent off against Manchester United.

Return to Everton, Charlton and Rangers loan
On 1 September 2003, Jeffers rejoined Everton on loan for 2003–04. He only scored twice (with both goals coming against Fulham in the FA Cup; once in the original tie and again in the replay) in 22 appearances for his team, before falling out with manager David Moyes and prematurely returning to London. He signed for Arsenal's Premier League rivals Charlton Athletic on 10 August 2004 on a two-year contract for a £2.6 million fee. In 2004–05, he scored 5 goals in 24 appearances. He joined Rangers on loan on 31 August 2005 for six months but returned in December after his performances in the Scottish Premier League failed to live up to expectations. Charlton released Jeffers at the end of the 2005–06 season.

Blackburn Rovers
Jeffers signed for Blackburn Rovers in June 2006 on a two-year contract. He scored his first and only Blackburn goal in the UEFA Cup against Basel. He found his chances limited by the form of Benni McCarthy and Shabani Nonda.

He joined Championship team Ipswich Town on a one-month loan deal in March 2007, scoring his first goal for Ipswich on his full debut away at Hull City and receiving the man of the match award. Ipswich went on to win 5–2. He returned to Blackburn after suffering a hamstring injury against Southend United, but having made a quick recovery, he was allowed to return to Ipswich on loan until the end of the 2006–07 season.

Ipswich had tried to negotiate a permanent move for Jeffers but after having two bids rejected, Ipswich chairman David Sheepshanks accused Blackburn of holding his club to ransom. Ipswich did, however, make a third and final bid for Jeffers but personal terms could not be agreed.

Sheffield Wednesday
On 9 August 2007, he joined Sheffield Wednesday on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. Jeffers made his debut in an opening-day 4–1 defeat at Ipswich Town. He sustained an injury which kept him out of action for all but 20 minutes of the first month of the 2007–08 season.

After a lively start against Stoke City on 20 October 2007, Jeffers was on the end of a tackle from Ryan Shawcross and was stretchered off with ankle ligament damage. He was out for roughly seven weeks. Jeffers came back as a substitute on 10 December 2007 versus Hull City, but ended up on the losing team after a 1–0 loss. Just 48 hours later, Jeffers played at Hillsborough for the first time in two months, and not only played for 45 minutes of the match, but also scored the winning goal after 82 minutes from the penalty spot. This was Jeffers' second goal for Wednesday.

In the summer of 2008, Jeffers had more problems with his ankle and also picked up a groin injury, leaving him injured until September 2008. He returned to first-team action with a 25-minute substitute appearance in a 6–0 defeat at Reading in mid September 2008 and then a further ten minutes against his former club Ipswich Town. Jeffers scored his third goal for the Wednesday on 17 January 2009 in a 4–1 win over Charlton at Hillsborough, but was sent off in the next match against Nottingham Forest for a foul on Joe Heath.

On 25 August 2009, Jeffers was sent off for headbutting Port Vale player Tommy Fraser during the 2–0 League Cup defeat. Manager Brian Laws considered his behaviour unacceptable, fined the player the maximum permissible amount and placed him on the transfer list.

Jeffers was released by Wednesday on 3 May 2010 after the club's relegation was confirmed to League One. After being released by Wednesday, Jeffers had a trial at newly promoted Blackpool. Ian Holloway wanted to give Jeffers a chance to prove himself but the trial proved to be unsuccessful and he was released. He then returned to Everton, but only to join in with training at Finch Farm in a bid to keep his fitness levels up.

Newcastle Jets
After unsuccessful trials at Blackpool and Everton, Jeffers agreed to trial with Australian A-League club Newcastle Jets. On 29 October 2010, he signed a 10-match guest contract with the club. He made his debut for the club on 13 November 2010, helping Newcastle to a 3–1 victory over Adelaide United.

He scored his first goal on 8 December 2010 against the Melbourne Heart. Although Newcastle and Jeffers were both keen on extending his contract, they failed to come to an agreement and Jeffers left the club after making a positive impact.

Motherwell
In February 2011, Jeffers joined Scottish Premier League club Motherwell. He made his debut coming on as a second-half substitute for John Sutton in the 6–0 defeat to former club Rangers. His first goal for Motherwell came against Aberdeen on 15 February 2011. Jeffers also scored the third goal in a 3–0 win against Dundee United in the Scottish Cup quarter-final replay. He was part of the squad that reached the 2011 Scottish Cup Final, in which Motherwell finished runners up. Jeffers was released by Motherwell on 1 June 2011.

Return to Newcastle Jets
On 20 October 2011, he signed a one-year contract with A-League club Newcastle Jets, marking his return to the club he had played for during the 2010–11 A-League season. Jeffers scored 4 goals in 25 appearances for the A-League club. Subsequently, Newcastle Jets decided not to renew Jeffers' contract making him a free agent.

Floriana
On 12 October 2012, Jeffers signed for 26-time Maltese Premier League winners Floriana. After only two appearances and one goal, Jeffers left the club. Jeffers was then involved in a minor Twitter scandal as a fake Twitter account posing to be Jeffers claimed that the Maltese League was the worst he had ever played in.

Accrington Stanley
On 8 March 2013, Jeffers signed for League Two club Accrington Stanley until the end of the season. On 9 March 2013, Jeffers made his Accrington debut as a second-half substitute away to Northampton Town. On 20 March 2013, Jeffers scored his first two Accrington Stanley goals in a 4–0 win at home to AFC Wimbledon. He was released by Accrington at the end of the season, and had trials with Bury, Brunei DPMM of the S.League, and Chester, but none chose to sign him.

International career
Jeffers was the joint top scorer for England under-21s with 13 goals from 16 appearances, a record he shared with Alan Shearer, until Eddie Nketiah broke the record in October 2020. He was previously capped by the schools, under-15 and under-16 teams.

Jeffers has one cap for the England national team, scoring a consolation goal in a defeat by Australia in a friendly on 12 February 2003.

Coaching career
Unable to find a new club after his playing contract with Accrington Stanley had expired, Jeffers began working for Everton's academy on a voluntary basis in 2014. He formally joined the academy's coaching team in October 2016. Jeffers became a coach for Everton's under-23 side in 2018, working alongside former teammate David Unsworth. He was also part of Duncan Ferguson’s back room staff during his spell as caretaker manager of Everton in 2019.

On 11 May 2021, Jeffers left his role at Everton to join Paul Cook’s coaching staff at Ipswich Town, taking on a role as first-team coach. Jeffers departed Ipswich in December 2021 following the sacking of Cook as manager.

Jeffers was appointed as first-team coach at National League side Oldham Athletic on 23 September 2022 following the appointment of his former Everton colleague David Unsworth as the club's manager. The club announced that it also intended to introduce a B-team and that Jeffers would oversee that operation as it was implemented. He departed the club on 6 July 2023 in order to take up a role in Saudi Arabia.

Personal life
In October 2019, Jeffers admitted sending menacing messages to his wife of 10 years after their relationship broke down.

International

 * England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Jeffers goal.

Honours
Arsenal Everton Youth
 * Premier League Winner: 2001–02
 * FA Youth Cup: 1997–98

Motherwell
 * Scottish Cup runner-up: 2010–11

title: Francis Jeffers