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Sean Parker

Sean Parker (born December 3, 1979) is an American entrepreneur and philanthropist, most notable for co-founding the file-sharing computer service Napster, and was the first president of the social networking website Facebook. He also co-founded Plaxo, Causes, Airtime.com, and Brigade, an online platform for civic engagement. He is the founder and chairman of the Parker Foundation, which focuses on life sciences, global public health, and civic engagement. On the Forbes 2022 list of the world's billionaires, he was ranked No. 1,096 with a net worth of US$2.8 billion.

Early life
Parker was born in Herndon, Virginia, to Diane Parker, a TV advertising broker, and Bruce Parker, a U.S. government oceanographer and chief scientist at NOAA. When Parker was seven, his father taught him how to program on an Atari 800. Parker's father, who put his family before his entrepreneurial dreams, told Parker, "if you are going to take risks, take them early before you have a family." In his teens, Parker's hobbies were hacking and programming. One night, while hacking into the network of a Fortune 500 company, Parker was unable to log out after his father confiscated his computer keyboard. Because his IP address was exposed, FBI agents tracked down the 16-year-old. Since Parker was under 18, he was sentenced to community service.

Education
Parker attended Oakton High School in Fairfax County, Virginia for two years before transferring to Chantilly High School in 1996 for his junior and senior years. While there, Parker wrote a letter to the school administration and persuaded them to count the time he spent coding in the computer lab as a foreign language class. Consequently, towards the end of Parker's senior year at Chantilly, he was mostly writing code and starting companies. He graduated in 1998. While still in high school, he interned for Mark Pincus (who would later become the CEO of Zynga) at Pincus's Washington, DC startup FreeLoader. He won the Virginia state computer science fair for developing a web crawler, and was recruited by the FBI. By his senior year of high school, Parker was earning more than $80,000 a year through various projects, enough to convince his parents to allow him to skip college and pursue a career as an entrepreneur.

In his childhood, Parker was an avid reader, which was the beginning of his lifelong autodidacticism. Several media profiles refer to Parker as a genius. He considers his time at Napster to be his college education, calling it "Napster University", since he became well-versed in intellectual property law, corporate finance, and entrepreneurship.

Napster
When Parker was 15, he met 14-year-old Shawn Fanning over the Internet, where the pair bonded over topics such as programming, theoretical physics and hacking. A few years later, Parker and Fanning, a student at Northeastern University, cofounded Napster, a free file-sharing service for music. Parker raised the initial $50,000, and they launched Napster in June 1999. Within a year, the service had tens of millions of users. Napster was opposed by recording labels, the Recording Industry Association of America, and the heavy metal band Metallica, among others. Lawsuits by various industry associations eventually shut down the service. Napster has been called the fastest-growing business of all time, is credited with revolutionizing the music industry, and is considered by some to be a precursor to iTunes.

Plaxo
In November 2002, Parker launched Plaxo, an online address book and social networking service that integrated with Microsoft Outlook. Plaxo was an early social networking tool, which later influenced the growth of companies LinkedIn, Zynga, and Facebook. Plaxo was one of the first products to build virality into its launch, and that earned it 20 million users. Two years after founding Plaxo, Parker was ousted by the company's financiers, Sequoia Capital and Ram Shriram, in an acrimonious exit that reportedly involved the investors hiring private investigators to follow him.

Facebook
In 2004, Parker saw a site called "The Facebook" on the computer of his roommate's girlfriend, who was a student at Stanford. Parker had experience in the social networking industry as an early advisor to Friendster and its founder, Jonathan Abrams, for which he was given a small amount of stock in 2003. Parker met with Mark Zuckerberg and Eduardo Saverin, and a few months later joined the five-month-old company as its president. According to Peter Thiel, Parker was the first to see potential in the company to be "really big", and that "if Mark ever had any second thoughts, Sean was the one who cut that off".

As president, Parker brought on Thiel as Facebook's first investor. In the initial round of funding, he negotiated for Zuckerberg to retain three of Facebook's five board seats, which gave Zuckerberg control of the company and allowed Facebook the freedom to remain a private company. Additionally, Parker is said to have championed Facebook's clean user interface and developed its photo-sharing function. Zuckerberg notes that "Sean was pivotal in helping Facebook transform from a college project into a real company."

During a party in 2005, police entered and searched a vacation home Parker was renting and found cocaine. Parker was arrested on suspicion of drug possession but was not charged. This event caused Facebook investors to pressure Parker into resigning as president. However, after stepping down, Parker continued to remain involved with Facebook's growth, and met regularly with Zuckerberg. The event was later dramatized in the movie The Social Network.

In 2017, during an interview with Axios, Parker expressed concerns about the role of Facebook in society, saying that it "exploit[s] a vulnerability in human psychology" as it creates a "social-validation feedback loop". Parker stated that he was "something of a conscientious objector" to using social media.

Founders Fund
In 2006, Parker became a managing partner at Founders Fund, a San Francisco-based venture-capital fund founded by Peter Thiel. Founders Fund is focused on investing in early-stage companies, has $500 million in aggregate capital, and has invested in Quantcast, Path, and Knewton. Parker was given carte blanche by Thiel when finding investments. In 2014, Parker stepped down from his role at Founders Fund to focus on other projects. Parker has also hosted The TechFellow Awards, a partnership between TechCrunch and Founders Fund that annually gives 20 entrepreneurs $100,000 each to invest in startups.

Spotify
While working at Founders Fund, Parker had been looking to invest in a company that could further Napster's music-sharing mission legally. In 2009, a friend showed him Spotify, a Swedish music-streaming service, and Parker sent an email to Spotify's founder Daniel Ek. The pair traded emails, and in 2010 Parker invested US$15 million in Spotify. Parker, who was on Spotify's board until 2017, negotiated with Warner and Universal on Spotify's behalf, and in July 2011, Spotify announced its U.S. launch. At Facebook's f8 conference that year, Parker announced a partnership between Facebook and Spotify, which allowed users to share their Spotify playlists on their Facebook profiles.

Brigade Media
In April 2014, Parker announced his backing of a new initiative called Brigade, an online platform for civic engagement to "combat a lack of political engagement and interest in all levels of government across America." Parker is the Executive Chairman of Brigade. The initial round of funding was $9.3 million from Parker, with additional sums from other investors. In 2014, Brigade acquired Causes, an online platform for social impact and political activism. Causes had in 2013 acquired Votizen, a political advocacy startup. Parker and The Founders Fund were a part of Votizen's $1.5 million funding round in 2010, and Parker was on the board of directors. He has stated, "Politics for me is the most obvious area [to be disrupted by the Web]."

Philanthropy
Since 2005, Parker has been an active donor to cancer research, global public health and civic engagement. In 2012, he pledged a $5 million grant to Stand Up to Cancer and the Cancer Research Institute to create the Immunotherapy Dream Team, uniting laboratory and clinical efforts that will lead to the immunological treatment, control and prevention of cancer. In December 2014, Parker pledged $24 million to create the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford. In 2015, he made a $4.5 million grant to support the Malaria Elimination Initiative at the University of California San Francisco's Global Health Group, and a $10 million grant to create the Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory at UCSF.

Parker is an active supporter of groups including Code for America, Stand Up To Cancer, the Cancer Research Institute, Malaria No More, the Clinton Foundation, ONE, and the "charity: water" campaign.

In 2007, Parker founded Causes, originally one of the earliest Facebook applications, as a philanthropic service that uses social media to connect charities with their supporters and potential donors and then communicates that connection to the user's network of friends. By 2013, 186 million people had joined Causes, donating over $50 million to 60,000 non-profits.

Parker Foundation
In June 2015, Parker announced a $600 million contribution to launch the Parker Foundation, which focuses on three areas - life sciences, global public health, and civic engagement. It takes an interdisciplinary approach to large-scale challenges, combining insight, capital, science and technology, organization building, and public policy.

Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
Parker donated $250 million to create the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, in April 2016. The funds initially went to over 300 scientists at 40 laboratories, in six institutions.

Starting in 2016, the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy scientists funded a clinical trial to test the next wave of cancer-fighting T-cells engineered using the CRISPR gene-editing technology. The trial was the first in the United States to test CRISPR-modified cells in humans. The trial is led by the University of Pennsylvania and is also conducted at University of California, San Francisco and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

In November 2017, Science published a study from Parker Institute researchers at MD Anderson Cancer Center showing that melanoma patients who have specific types of bacteria and greater microbial diversity in their gut microbiome responded better to an anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor versus those with less diversity. Based on this work, the Parker Institute is collaborating with MD Anderson and industry partner Seres Therapeutics to launch a microbiome-cancer immunotherapy clinical trial for advanced melanoma patients.

Board memberships
Parker is on the boards of these nonprofits:
 * Obama Foundation
 * Global Citizen
 * Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
 * Parker Foundation
 * Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

Awards
In February 2015, Parker was ranked number five on the Chronicle of Philanthropy's 2014 Philanthropy 50 list. In August 2018, Parker was nominated as a Wired "Icon" along with Alex Marson for his research in DNA programming and genome editing in the fight against cancer. He's also been named one of Town and Countrys Top 50 Philanthropists and was named in Times Healthcare 50 for his work in connecting cancer research. In 2016, he was given the Pontifical Key Philanthropy Award by Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi at the Vatican for his cancer work.

Political donations and activism
Parker has made substantial donations to both sides of U.S. party politics; his allegedly "nonpartisan" approach favors contributions to "elected officials who have shown themselves willing to work across the aisle". He favored Democrats and progressive causes such as campaign finance reform and gun control; he has spoken out in favor of higher taxes, particularly for the "wealthy and super wealthy", and in favor of higher capital-gains taxes. Parker has also supported middle-of-the-road Republican candidates and super PACs, favoring "economically moderate" conservatives and candidates with a demonstrated interest in compromise and deal-making. In Washington, DC, he has met with Republican lawmakers about ways of encouraging economic investment in struggling areas of the country. He has also supported cannabis law reform and in 2010, following the example of donations by Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz (totaling $70,000) donated $100,000 to the 2010 California Proposition 19 campaign to legalize marijuana in that state and $400,000 to the Democratic Party backed 2016 California Proposition 63 campaign to require background checks for all ammunition purchases. Parker will donate $250 million to launch a new institute aimed at developing more effective cancer treatments by fostering collaboration among leading researchers in the field. For the 2016 presidential election, Parker created a social ballot guide for voters to help each other pledge to vote.

Parker was also a driving force behind the Opportunity Zones provision in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which are designed to incentivize investments in struggling American communities. In 2015, the Economic Innovation Group, which Parker co-founded, published a whitepaper on the idea of opportunity zones, and in 2017, a bill passing them into law was shepherded by a bi-partisan coalition involving Senator Cory Booker and Senator Tim Scott.

In popular culture
Parker was portrayed by Justin Timberlake in the 2010 film The Social Network. The movie is an account of Facebook's founding and early days.

Although Parker praised David Fincher as a director, many have remarked on the differences between Parker and his portrayal by Timberlake. Former Facebook growth chief Chamath Palihapitiya noted that Parker is "really the exact opposite of his portrayal in the film". Parker called the character a "morally reprehensible human being", although he noted, "it's hard to complain about being played by a sex symbol". Additionally, Parker took issue with the movie's version of Eduardo Saverin's exit from Facebook as it paralleled his own exit from Plaxo.

In 2011, Parker was a guest on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, featured on the cover of the Forbes 400 issue, and was profiled in Vanity Fair.

In 2020, Parker appeared in The Social Dilemma.

Personal life
In 2011, Parker became engaged to Alexandra Lenas, a singer-songwriter, and they were married in 2013. They have a daughter and a son.

Big Sur wedding
On June 1, 2013, Parker married Alexandra Lenas in Big Sur, California, in a wedding at which every guest was given a The Lord of the Rings–style costume. The wedding purportedly cost $10 million to stage, although Parker describes this estimate as "WAY off base".

The wedding was the subject of an article in The Atlantic alleging environmental damage to the redwood forest, to which Parker responded by highlighting his cooperation with the Save the Redwoods League throughout. A required permit was not obtained. In addition, the venue from which he hired the space was not permitted to be closed to the public. A California Coastal Commission spokesperson said "Mr Parker, in essence, leased an ongoing Coastal Act violation when he leased the campground." As part of the settlement with the commission, Parker gave $2.5 million and created a beach-mapping app. Former Coastal Commissioner Assemblyman Mark Stone said, "To be able to put money back into the same community that cares so much about coastal resources is a very positive thing."

title: Sean Parker


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Owain Llewellyn

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:37, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Owain Llewellyn
Delete: Vanity. --Durin 15:09, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity, hoax, who knows? He may well be a "prioneer", but nothing here establishes him as noteworthy. Friday
 * Delete standard vanity. --TheMidnighters 18:26, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity as per above --jonasaurus 21:39, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 00:59, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 03:29, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Eliza Cook

Eliza Cook (24 December 1818 – 23 September 1889) was an English author and poet associated with the Chartist movement. She was a proponent of political freedom for women, and believed in the ideology of self-improvement through education, something she called "levelling up." This made her hugely popular with the working class public in both England and America.

Childhood
Eliza Cook was the youngest of the eleven children of a brazier (a brass-worker) living in London Road, Southwark, where she was born. When she was about nine years old her father retired from business, and the family went to live at a small farm in St. Leonard's Forest, near Horsham. Her mother encouraged Eliza's fondness for imaginative literature, and despite attending the local Sunday school the child was almost entirely self-educated. At Sunday School she was encouraged by the music master's son to produce her first volume of poetry. She began to write verses before she was fifteen, contributing to the Weekly Dispatch and New Monthly, and published her first poetry collection two years later; indeed, some of her most popular poems, such as "I'm afloat" and the "Star of Glengarry," were composed in her girlhood.

Career

Cook's first volume of poetry, Lays of a Wild Harp, appeared in 1835, when she was only seventeen. Encouraged by its favourable reception, she began to send verses anonymously to the Weekly Dispatch, the Metropolitan Magazine, the New Monthly Magazine, and The Literary Gazette; William Jerdan praised her work in the last of these. After a time she confined herself to the radical Weekly Dispatch, where her first contribution had appeared under the signature 'C.' on 27 Nov 1836, and she became a staple of its pages for the next ten years. Its editor was William Johnson Fox and its owner was James Harmer, a London alderman. She lived for a time at Harmer's residence, Ingress Abbey, in Greenhithe, Kent, and wrote certain of her works there.

Cook's poem The Old Armchair (1838) made hers a household name for a generation, both in England and the United States. In that year, she also published Melaia and other Poems.

Her work for the Dispatch and New Monthly was pirated by George Julian Harney, the Chartist, for the Northern Star. Familiar with the London Chartist movement in its various sects, she followed many of the older radicals in disagreeing with the O'Brienites and O'Connorites in their disregard for the repeal of the Corn Laws. She also preferred the older Radicals' path of Friendly Societies and self-education.

From 1849 to 1854 Cook wrote, edited, and published Eliza Cook's Journal, a weekly periodical she described as one of "utility and amusement." The periodical was described as having "variety, piquancy, benevolent aim, and hardly had a superior" in comparison to other periodicals of the time. Although some found solace in Cook's work, the periodical was short lived due to lack of appreciation among the majority. After a struggle to keep the periodical afloat and through health issues the periodical ultimately fell.

Cook went on to publish Jottings from my Journal (1860), where a lot of Eliza Cook's Journal 's contents reappeared. This publication was one of the few times Cook wrote in prose. It included many essays and sketches that were written in a clear and simple manner, usually conveying a moral lesson for the reader. Some of the essays are "mild satires on the social failings of her contemporaries."

She also published New Echoes and Other Poems (1864) which did not find as much success as her previous efforts. Despite a lack of interest in her later works, Eliza Cook was a staple of anthologies throughout the nineteenth century.

Views

Cook was a Chartist, one of "a body of 19th century English political reformers advocating better social and industrial conditions for the working classes." The goal of Chartist poetry is to create a sense of camaraderie for the people within a vast community who found themselves oppressed and suffering.

In her poem "A Song for the Workers," Cook emphasises the importance of shorter working hours. Within this poem she goes on to compare the treatment of labourers to that of the slaves in the United States. In another poem, "Our Father," Cook speaks out against child labour at the time and once again compares child labour to slavery. She also implies how children working such vigorous jobs turn their brains "dull and torpid," engaged in hard tasks that do not allow them to be children.

Along with these views Cook was a proponent of political and sexual freedom for women, and believed in the ideology of self-improvement through education, something she called "levelling up." This made her a favourite with the working-class public.

Not much is known about Cook's view on sexuality; however, through speculation, some researchers have inferred that Eliza Cook and some of her readers were lesbian. Her peers described her as having short "boyish" hair, a "mannish appearance," and mentioned that she wore lapelled jackets which showed off her shirt front and ruffles, described as "a very masculine style, which was considered strange at the time."

Later life
Cook was a close friend and lover of the American actress Charlotte Cushman. Cook and Cushman sometimes wore matching dresses to symbolise their friendship and "difference from heterosexual women."

On 18 June 1863, Eliza Cook received a Civil List pension of £100 a year. Afterwards she published only a few poems in the Weekly Dispatch, and quickly became what was described as a "confirmed invalid." Despite her loss in popularity, she still collected royalties from her publishers almost up to the end of her life. In the 1870 census she is recorded as living at Beech House, 23 Thornton Hill, Wimbledon, Surrey, along with a maid, Mary A. Bowles, her sister Mary Fyall, nephew Alfred Pyall, his wife Harriet, and their daughters Mary and Jane.

Cook's ill health prevented her writing. After many years of suffering on and off from illness she died at her home at Beech House on 23 September 1890. Cook's personal estate was £5,957 9s, and her will was proved by her brother Charles Cook and her nephew Alfred, still a resident of Beech House. She is buried at St. Mary's Church, Wimbledon.

Works

 * The Fair Rose of Killarney – A Ballad – By Miss Eliza Cook – Music by Stephen Glover (New-York Mirror Saturday 29 June 1839 pp 32)
 * Her article "People Who Do Not Like Poetry" (May 1849) can be found in the book A Serious Occupation: Literary Criticism by Victorian Women Writers ISBN 1-55111-350-3.
 * Poems (1859, poems)
 * "The Heart That's True" was set to music in 1857 by Australian composer George Tolhurst

title: Eliza Cook


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User:NevilleShunt

Chuff, chuff, chuffwoooooch, woooooch! Sssssssss, sssssssss! Diddledum, diddledum, diddlealum. Toot, toot. The train now standing at platform eight, tch, tch, tch, diddledum, diddledum. Chuffff chuffffiTff eeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaaa Vooooommmmm.

title: User:NevilleShunt


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Syrinx (bird anatomy)

[[Image:Syrinx.jpg|right|framed|Schematic drawing of an avian syrinx

1: last free cartilaginous tracheal ring, 2: Trachea 3: first group of syringeal rings, 4: pessulus, 5: membrana tympaniformis lateralis, 6: membrana tympaniformis medialis, 7: second group of syringeal rings, 8: main bronchus, 9: bronchial cartilage]]

The syrinx (from the Greek word "σύριγξ" for pan pipes) is the vocal organ of birds. Located at the base of a bird's trachea, it produces sounds without the vocal folds of mammals. The sound is produced by vibrations of some or all of the membrana tympaniformis (the walls of the syrinx) and the pessulus, caused by air flowing through the syrinx. This sets up a self-oscillating system that modulates the airflow creating the sound. The muscles modulate the sound shape by changing the tension of the membranes and the bronchial openings. The syrinx enables some species of birds (such as parrots, crows, and mynas) to mimic human speech.

Unlike the larynx in mammals, the syrinx is located where the trachea forks into the lungs. Thus, lateralization is possible, with muscles on the left and right branch modulating vibrations independently so that some songbirds can produce more than one sound at a time. Some species of birds, such as New World vultures, lack a syrinx and communicate through throaty hisses. Birds do have a larynx, but unlike in mammals, it does not vocalize.

The position of the syrinx, structure and musculature varies widely across bird groups. In some groups the syrinx covers the lower end of the trachea and the upper parts of the bronchi in which case the syrinx is said to be tracheobronchial, the most frequent form and the one found in all songbirds. The syrinx may be restricted to the bronchi as in some non-passerines, notably the owls, cuckoos and nightjars. The syrinx may also be restricted to the trachea and this is found in a very small number of bird groups that are sometimes known as tracheophonae, a subset of the suboscine passeriformes that include Furnariidae (ovenbirds), Dendrocolaptidae (woodcreepers), Formicariidae (ground antbirds), Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds), Rhinocryptidae (tapaculos), and Conopophagidae (gnateaters). The trachea are covered in partly ossified rings known as tracheal rings. Tracheal rings tend to be complete, while the bronchial rings are C-shaped and the unossified part has smooth muscles running along them. The trachea are usual circular or oval in cross section in most birds but are flattened in ibises. The trachea is simple and tubular in ducks. The last few tracheal rings and the first few bronchial rings may fuse to form what is called the tympanic box. At the base of the trachea and at the joint of the bronchi a median dorsoventral structure, the pessulus, may be developed to varying extents. The pessulus is bony in passerines and provides attachment to membranes, anteriorly to the semilunar membranes. The membrane that forms part of the first three bronchial rings is responsible for vibrating and producing the sound in most passerines. These membranes may also be attached to the pessulus. In some species like the hill-myna, Gracula religiosa, there is wide gap between the second and third bronchial semirings where large muscles are attached, allowing the inner diameter to be varied widely. Other muscles are also involved in syringeal control, these can be intrinsic or extrinsic depending on whether they are within the syrinx or attached externally. The extrinsic muscles include the sternotrachealis from the sternum.

An evolutionary timeline
Within the avian stem lineage, the transition from a larynx-based sound source to a tracheobronchial syrinx occurred within Dinosauria, at or before the origin of Aves about 66-68 million years ago. The earliest fossilized record of syringeal remains is from a single specimen of Vegavis iaai from the same epoch. Before this discovery, syringeal components were thought to enter the fossil record infrequently, making it difficult to determine when the shift in vocal organs occurred. An intact specimen from the late Cretaceous, however, highlights the fossilization potential of the ancestral structure and may indicate that the syrinx is a late-arising feature in avian evolution.

There is uncertainty about the relationship between the larynx and syrinx during this morphological shift, but there are two predominant evolutionary possibilities: regimes unrelated to sound production could have led to the loss in vocal function of the larynx. A new structure, the syrinx, then arose after selection for acoustic function. Conversely, the larynx could have retained some vocal capabilities, though at a diminished capacity. The syrinx then evolved to supplement sound production, which would have been followed by the loss of the larynx as a sound source. The former scenario would have led to a “silent” period in the evolution of avian ancestors. The current fossil record does not provide definitive evidence for whether the function of the larynx was lost before the syrinx was gained.

The fossil record does, however, provide clues for the evolutionary timeline of some syringeal elements. For example, increased mineralization at the tracheobronchial juncture is likely a late-arising feature in avian evolution. Despite new discoveries of preserved avian tracheobronchial rings from the Cenozoic, these structures have not been recovered from Mesozoic archosaurs. This might be a product of weak mineralization in the bronchi and trachea of Mesozoic archosaurs, a condition which would inhibit preservation potential. Thus, a shift towards a mineralized structure may have been preceded by many key avian adaptations, including respiratory shifts, increases in metabolic rates, and feather ornamentation.

Evolutionary causation
The archosaurian shift from larynx to syrinx must have conferred a selective advantage for crown birds, but the causes for this shift remain unknown. To complicate matters, the syrinx falls into an unusual category of functional evolution: arising from ancestors with a larynx-based sound source, the syrinx contains significant functional overlap with the structure it replaced. In fact, there is no evidence that an original, simplified syrinx could produce calls with a larger frequency range or longer or louder calls than an alligator-like larynx, which would have potentially increased fitness.

Selection for tracheobronchial support
While the evidence is limited, selection for non-acoustic characteristics, such as structural support and respiratory function, may have contributed to the evolution of a syrinx-like structure at the tracheobronchial juncture.

Due to airway bifurcation, the tracheobronchial juncture was present at the origin of multiple lungs in tetrapods. In bird-lineage archosaurs with bifurcated airways, the evolution of an increased metabolic rate and continuous breathing exposed airway walls to altered amounts of wall shear stress, a measure of friction between a fluid and a vessel wall. In continuous breathers, such as birds and mammals, the trachea is exposed to fluctuations of wall shear stress during inspiration and expiration. In simulations with a simplified airway conducted by Kingsley et al. (2018), fluctuations in flow patterns led to localized wall shear stress, with the highest stress during exhalation at the tracheobronchial juncture. Localized stress may have provided selective pressure for an airway support located at the tracheobronchial juncture to maintain airway patency. Understanding whether these forces would have favored the evolution of soft tissue or cartilage requires further experimentation.

Continuous breathing alone, however, would not have provided enough pressure for the development of the novel syrinx. Mammals also respire through continuous breathing, yet they did not evolve the novel structure. Additional structural components must therefore be considered in syrinx evolution. Body size, relative neck length, and larynx position relative to the hyoid apparatus (i.e. the bones that suspend the tongue and larynx) are all known to have changed across Dinosauria evolution. Coupled with respiratory shifts, these characteristics may have favored syrinx evolution in birds. Distinct airway geometries in Mammalia and Archosauria may have also impacted syrinx evolution: the bronchi in crocodiles and humans, for example, diverge at different angles.

Selection for musculature
Additionally, syrinx musculature was necessarily selected for maintaining respiratory function. Because sound is produced through the interaction of airflow and the self-oscillation of membranes within the trachea, a mechanism is necessary to abduct structures from the airway to allow for non-vocal respiration. Because of this, vibratory tissue precursors must have, at most, briefly predated the attachment of the first muscles to the trachea to clear the airway for respiratory function. Therefore, the two pairs of extrinsic muscles present in the ancestral syrinx were likely selected to ensure that the airway did not collapse during non-vocal respiration.

Further fossil data and taxonomical comparisons will be necessary to determine whether structural modifications of the syrinx unrelated to sound, such as respiratory support during continuous breathing or in flight, were exapted in the development of a vocal organ. Additionally, further research on tetrapod tracheas is necessary to understand potential constraints in the evolution of unique airway morphologies.

Selection for vocal efficiency
While a need for structural support may have given rise to an organ at the tracheobronchial juncture, selection for vocal performance likely played a role in syrinx evolution. Riede et al. (2019) argue that because birds with deactivated syringeal muscles can breathe without difficulty within a lab setting, vocal pressures must have been central to the morphological shift. Though these experiments do not account for the role of the syrinx in more metabolically challenging behaviors, such as flight, Reide et al. put forth a compelling theory about the selection for the syrinx in response to increased vocal efficiency.

This theory involves vocal tract length and the dynamics of airflow. While both the larynx and the syrinx produce sound through the interaction of airflow and self-oscillating valves, the syrinx is located deeper in the respiratory tract than the larynx. This is a critical distinction between the structures, as the length of the air column above and below a sound source affects the way energy is conveyed from airflow to oscillating tissue. The longer and narrower the tube, the greater the inertance (i.e. the “sluggishness” of air) and the easier it is to produce sound.

Inertance must be considered alongside frequency—when a tube is lengthened beyond a quarter wavelength, standing waves interfere with sound production. Thus, acoustic theory predicts that to maximize energy transfer, birds must develop an appropriate length-frequency combination that produces inertance at the input of the trachea. In songbirds, this is achieved by matching fundamental frequency with the first vocal tract resonance. Using physical and computational models, Riede et al. discovered that because of the dynamics between inertance and tracheal length, a structure in the syringeal position can be significantly more efficient than a structure in the laryngeal position.

Efficiency, however, is influenced significantly by non-linear interactions of trachea length, phonation threshold pressure, and frequency. Riede et al. therefore conclude that the evolution of a simple syrinx may be tied to specific combinations of vocal fold morphology and body size. Before the origin of Aves and during the late Jurassic period, theropod-lineage dinosaurs underwent stature miniaturization and rapid diversification. It is possible that during these changes, certain co mbinations of body-size dependent vocal tract length and sound frequencies favored the evolution of the novel syrinx.

The evolution of neck length and sexual selection
Diversification in theropod stature may explain why birds alone capitalized on the efficiency of the novel structure. Importantly, birds generally have longer necks than mammals. This distinction is due to the unidirectional flow of the avian respiratory system, which increases efficiency of gas exchange. Efficiency permits more “dead space” within the avian trachea, allowing the trachea to lengthen without a subsequent decrease in tracheal diameter. With a longer trachea, the avian vocal system shifted to a range in which an overlap between fundamental frequency and first tracheal resonance was possible. Without the critical tracheal length, mammals were unable to achieve an ideal length-frequency tracheal combination. At this point in avian evolution, it may have become advantageous to move the vocal structure upstream to the syringeal position, near the tracheobronchial juncture.

Selection for long necks, while highly variable, is often driven by beneficial feeding adaptations. Specifically, long necks facilitate underwater predation, evident in the extant genera Cygnus (swans) and Cormorant (shags). Longer necks likely predisposed Aves for syrinx evolution. Because of the correlation between neck length and tracheal length, birds are considered to have an “acoustically long trachea.” Technically, this refers to a tube where the lowest resonant frequency of a vibrating object (i.e. the syrinx) is four times longer than the length of the tube. A shorter tube would be less efficient; a longer tube would cause wave-form skewing. In most mammalian species and their therapsid ancestors, tracheal length was not sufficient to facilitate a boost in vocal efficiency.

With bolstered vocal efficiency due to longer necks, the syrinx may have been retained in Aves by sexual selective forces. Acoustic communication is essential for courtship, territorial defense, and long-range communication, all of which greatly impact an organism's fitness. For example, polygynous birds with leklike mating systems have evolved to use louder sounds and a wider range of frequencies during displays; wood warblers with higher trill performance have higher fitness. While the specific acoustic advantage of the ancestral syrinx remains speculative, it is evident from modern avian diversification that sexual selection often drives vocal evolution.

Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism leads to different syrinxes in birds, and the degree of differences varies. Some species do not present differences between sexes while others, like the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), have distinctly different syrinxes between males and females. This difference is significant given that sexing birds is difficult at younger stages. Birds that exhibit sexual dimorphism in the syrinx can present itself at around 10 days in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica).

Male ducks have a large tracheal bulla (bulla syringealis), whereas females have a smaller sized bulla. There are multiple key differences that distinguishes a male's syrinx from a female's. Males have a large bulla located on the left side of the trachea, and the tracheosyringeal rings that line the trachea are thicker in male mallards than in females. Within the trachea there is a structure called the pessulus that divides the trachea in half where the two bronchus branch out. The pessulus is ossified, and lined with tympaniform membranes that influence the sound production depending on its thickness when the air runs past the pessulus, causing vibrations. The membranes in males are thick and nontransparent, but the females have thinner, sheer membranes.

The nature of the sounds produced by males and females are different due to these differences in the syrinx. Females have a louder call because the space inside their bulla is not lined with a lot of fat or connective tissue, and the thinner tympaniform membrane takes less effort to vibrate. This decreases the force absorbed from the air moving through the syrinx, making a louder, higher pitched sound. On the other hand, males have a lot of fat and connective tissue in their bulla, which absorbs much more power from the moving air. This coupled with their thicker membranes leads to less vibrations and a duller, lower pitched sound.

title: Syrinx (bird anatomy)


text:
Talk:Sunabeda

Sunbaeda is a small township in Orissa.It is a well designed township.it is divided in to various sectors.These sectors are again divided in to zones.Zones range from A..W.it has two Shopping plaza's called Milan and Central.Most employees of HAL live in Sunabeda-2.

Guideline

 * Those who are interested in developing this page are requested to follow the norms laid down in WikiProject India/Cities. Please provide a proper reference or source for whatever you add to this page, in order that others can verify the facts from that reference. Any information added without reference is likely to be deleteed in future. -- P.K.Niyogi 04:03, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Orissa Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Orissa workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Orissa or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article -- Amartyabag   TALK2ME  03:35, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

History
I have removed whole swathes of the History section, as these constituted uncited, potentially libellous, personal opinion. Controversial statements must be cited from reliable sources. Wikipedia is not the place to have a personal rant: if that's what you want to do, start a blog elsewhere. Skinsmoke (talk) 11:19, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sunabeda


text:
User talk:Mshecket

Writing stuff on Wikipedia is pretty addictive! You get to learn a little bit about a lot of different stuff and help out a worthy project at the same time! Mike 04:28, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Once you start editing stuff on Wikipedia, it seems as though you get this impulse to fix grammatical errors all over the web. I just automatically start looking for the "edit this page" button, and I get a little annoyed when I don't find it!

thanks
for unvandalizing my user pager! Kewp 15:44, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Vandals
You can do one of two things: Alert an admin (like me) on our talk page, or list them at Administrator intervention against vandalism. Make sure to use the template, replacing "Username" with the vandal's username or IP. -- Essjay ·  Talk 04:15, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

Standard form is: address at yourISP dot com. Also, did you get the vandal from before taken care of? -- Essjay ·  Talk 04:26, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

Speedies
Hi there. I see you've been tagging things as speedy deletes. There are strict criteria as to what may be speedied, and they are suprisingly narrow. Specifically, "relevance" as you tagged Alex Marsley is not specifically one of them. Please check out WP:CSD. -Splash 05:26, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem. I took Bejesus to VfD because, unfortunately, that sort of thing shouldn't be speedied (even if some admins would do so anyway). I left Alex Marsley because, while it is not strictly speediable, it is about a computer game character as best I can make out, and I don't like having those around. I imagine it will be (technically incorrectly) speedied however. The WP:CSD are annoyingly narrow. There is a new one, however, A7, which does allow the speedying of 'vanity' articles. They must be about real people however, and they must contain no "assertion of notability"; this is proving quite a useful new tool, but one that takes some getting used to. If in doubt, VfD it; nobody will mind and you'll have done nothing wrong. Good luck hunting! -Splash 05:32, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for your work against vandals, but I just thought I should point out that the rules for speedy deletion are very different between articles, talk pages, and user pages - Vcm's user page may be patent nonsense, but it's very rare that we can delete a page in the user namespace without the user specifically requesting it. Junkyard prince 05:35, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

test3
Hi, thanks for trying to improve the template. However ~ saves as your signature and datestamp, and would put your name and date on the pages that the template was used. I rv'd your addition. Thanks. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 04:58, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

''Sorry, I must have accidentally changed the template! Thanks for catching that. I had some recollection that it looked like I changed the template instead of adding my signature after the use of it on a vandal user talk page, but then forgot about it. Mike 01:23, 30 July 2005 (UTC)''

 * Hi, yea, it's actually me that should appologize to you. I had just added the sub-header to seperate the different usages, and when you clicked on edit, it took you to the template.  As such, I removed the header and replaced it with a hard line.  Sorry for the misunderstanding. Thanks.   ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  07:09, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

harry potter vandal
Thanks. You took the words right out of my mouth. Joyous (talk) 02:12, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

**Vandalcop**
I'm back from my wiki break, and I want to thank you for reverting my user page after somebody did something weird to it. That was my very first user page vandalism. In a way, I feel like it was a rite of passage, but I'm glad you were there to bash instead of me. I expected vandals to be a lot less cryptic. Oh, well. Wikipedia is weird. I do thank you. --Mothperson cocoon 22:10, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Sorry for spam... I notice you added a test note...
I am currently in discussions with Ozemail regarding persistent vandalism that has been occuring from the following IP addresses in their network:

I need assistance with all the specific items of vandalism. I have setup a page to gather this evidence at User:Ta bu shi da yu/Ozemail.

I need your help! Please use the format:

 * '''13:30, 5 August 2005
 * Added abusive text to Ta bu shi da yu user page

We'll see just how good their service is at responding to this sort of thing - we should be supporting any company that assists us. Therefore, I'm hoping that the Wikipedia spirit of cooperation and immense amount of volunteers will help with tracking down vandal edits.

If Ozemail gives a good response, we can use them as an example of a good ISP, and maybe even shame AOL into assisting us (we get lots of vandalism from them).

Ta bu shi da yu 01:49, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Would love to, however there are some good editors on the subnet. Notably, User:MinorEdit would be effected. Only Jimbo or the MediaWiki board would be able to give the yay or nay on this one, I rather think. Perhaps if you messaged him directly... though I wouldn't like to see him spammed by lots of editors :( Anyway, I'm in contact with Ozemail at the moment. I do hope that it doesn't come to the point whereby we block the subnet. Ta bu shi da yu 02:00, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Deleting Camp Galil
Hi, since you were involved with the article, you may want to see Articles for deletion/Camp Galil (2nd nomination), best wishes, IZAK 13:50, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Jacqueline Stewart
Is this person sufficiently notable? If so, could you write a biography for her, even if it is only a stub? And is she normally known as Jacqueline, Jacquie, or Jackie? PatGallacher (talk) 17:20, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, what we need to establish is, firstly, is she notable, and secondly, if so what name is she normally know by? PatGallacher (talk) 13:36, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

License tagging for File:Moto12151990.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Moto12151990.jpg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image. Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information; to add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click "Edit this page" and add the tag to the image's description. If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia.

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Ways to improve Bob Abrahamian
Hi, I'm Mr. Guye. Mshecket, thanks for creating Bob Abrahamian!

I've just tagged the page, using our page curation tools, as having some issues to fix. Your article, Bob Abrahamian, may not adhere to Wikipedia's neutrality standards. See Neutral point of view for more.

The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, you can leave a comment on my talk page. Or, for more editing help, talk to the volunteers at the Teahouse. Mr. Guye (talk) 16:20, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Moto12151990.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Moto12151990.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

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Speedy deletion nomination of I-426

Please do not introduce inappropriate pages, such as I-426, to Wikipedia. Doing so is considered to be vandalism and is prohibited. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Under section G3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, the page has been nominated for deletion. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Morriswa (Charlotte Allison) (talk) 01:27, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mshecket


text:
São Tomé and Príncipe dobra

The dobra is the currency of São Tomé and Príncipe. It is abbreviated Db and is divided into 100 cêntimos. The first dobra (STD) was introduced in 1977, replacing the escudo at par. Due to past inflation, on 1 January 2018 the dobra was redenominated at a rate of 1000 to 1, and given the new ISO 4217 currency code STN.

São Tomé and Príncipe signed a deal with Portugal in 2009, linking the dobra with the euro. The exchange rate was fixed at 1 EUR = 24,500 STD on 1 January 2010, which means that the new dobra is pegged to the euro at €1 = 24.5 STN / nDb.

The name derives from Portuguese dobra, meaning "doubloon."

First dobra
In 1977, coins were introduced for 50 cêntimos, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 dobras. Except for the brass 50 cêntimos and 1 dobra, these coins were struck in cupro-nickel, as was the 50 dobras introduced in 1990. These coins depicted a combination of food produce and local flora and fauna. These coins, although seldom seen in circulation today due to chronic inflation have never been demonetized and can still be used as tender.

In 1997, a new coin series with larger denominations was introduced consisting of 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 dobras. Of these, the 100 and 250 dobras are round, the larger of the three are equilaterally curved heptagonal. These coins were all struck in nickel-plated steel and depict wildlife-related themes.

All circulating coins bear the country's coat of arms on the obverse, with the text "Aumentemos a Produção" and the valuation on the reverse.

Second dobra
With the redenomination of the dobra in 2018, coins were introduced in denominations of 10, 20, and 50 cêntimos and one and two dobras.

First dobra
On 30 September 1977, notes were introduced for 50, 100, 500 and 1000 dobras by the Banco Nacional de São Tomé e Príncipe. In 1996, 5000, 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 dobras notes were introduced, with the lowest denomination notes from the previous series being replaced by coins in 1997. A new issue was released in 2006 with upgraded security features.

In December 2008, the 100,000 dobras note was introduced as continuous inflation deemed the new denomination necessary. The note has been very well received and accepted by the general public.

All notes bear the portrait of Rei Amador on the obverse, however, on the 100,000 dobras note is the printed portrait of Francisco José Tenreiro.

Second dobra
Banknotes of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 dobras were issued in 2018 with the redenomination of the dobra. The five and 10 dobra notes are printed in polymer, and all the banknotes feature various species of butterfly on the obverse with local wildlife depicted on the reverses.

In 2020, the Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe issued a new version of the 200 dobras banknote, to replace the previous version caused by the poor quality of the paper used to print the note, and 5 and 10 dobras banknotes, reverting to paper, as the polymer versions of the two denominations were unsuitable due to the tropical environment of São Tomé and Príncipe.

2009 deal with Portugal
In July 2009, the government of São Tomé and Príncipe signed a loan deal with Portugal, its one-time colonial mother country. The agreement was intended to tie the dobra to the euro. Portugal will provide as much as 25 million euro in a move endorsed by the European Commission. São Tomé and Príncipe claimed that linking the dobra to the euro would "guarantee stability" in the country. It is also expected to attract foreign investment.

Officials spent one year negotiating the accord, which took effect in January 2010. The agreement follows a similar one which Portugal signed ten years previously with Cape Verde.

Redenomination of the dobra
On 25 August 2017, the Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe (Banco Central de São Tomé e Príncipe) announced a redenomination of the dobra, in commemoration of the Central Bank's 25th anniversary, with 1 new dobra equal to 1,000 of the previous dobras. Six banknotes (in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 new dobras, with the two lower denominations printed in polymer) and five coins (in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 cêntimos and 1 and 2 new dobras) were issued on January 1, 2018. The old and new series of notes circulated concurrently until 30 June 2018, after which they are exchangeable or depositable in commercial banks until 31 December 2018 and at the Central Bank until 31 December 2019.

title: São Tomé and Príncipe dobra


text:
Talk:Football in Israel

Asian or European?
At what point did Israel move from the AFC to UEFA? This seems like a significant thing. If you look at the article on the AFC Champions League, you'll note that in the 60s and 70s, at least, Israeli teams were competing in this competition (and often playing Arab teams). When and why did this change? This would seem like a significant fact to discuss in this article. john k 19:48, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * There wasn't a move from the AFC to UEFA. Israel was ousted from the AFC in 1974 and was unaffiliated until it was accepted to UEFA in 1992. Eran R --Eranrabl (talk) 04:44, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

Famous players
The list of "famous players" is really silly in an article about football in Israel. It also creates edit wars by those who love certain players and would like to see them on the list etc. No other article about football in a respectable country seems to include this, it looks like it was either translated from the Hebrew wiki or was an idea of someone who wants Israeli football to "look good" thus I propose deleting it. -NYC2TLV 18:20, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

You "propose" and yet do as you wish without asking anybody, and with your personal attack that people want to see certain players. The list was here more than a year; there is no reason to take it off. Even a Hebrew administrator moved it back and you don't give a dam of anyone's opinion besides your self. Kinda selfish if you ask me. There are more then 10 people (soon there will be more) here watching every move you make in wikipedia, and are very unhappy with you and your behavior. The list isn't ugly, you behavior in the other hand-is. Oh and by the way, thanks for giving me a retarded level of English. You are a native speaker like I am Irish. Hapoelhaifa3 10:10, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Israel versus Russia 1950.png
Image:Israel versus Russia 1950.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 22:40, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Israel football association new.jpg
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Correcting translation and transliteration of "football"
The Hebrew word for "football" derives from joining the words "kadur" (כדור) and "regel" (רגל) ("ball" and "foot"), but because the last letter of the former is identical to the first letter of the latter, the new word is written and pronounced as "kaduregel" (כדורגל) and not as "kadur-regel" (כדור-רגל). --Mebop (talk) 21:28, 19 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Football in Israel


text:
David Currie

David Currie may refer to:
 * David Currie (broadcaster), BBC Scotland sports broadcaster
 * David Currie (conductor), Canadian conductor
 * David Currie (footballer) (born 1962), former Middlesbrough FC player
 * Dave Currie (footballer) (1876–1912), Australian rules footballer for Essendon
 * David Vivian Currie (1912–1986), Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * David Currie, Baron Currie of Marylebone (born 1946), British economist, member of the House of Lords
 * David P. Currie (1936–2007), American law professor
 * Dave Currie (born 1945), New Zealand sports administrator

title: David Currie


text:
Talk:SS.10

Untitled
I got the cost of the missile from the Russian source - however the numbers seem a little screwy - if you convert 1955 Francs into Dollars using http://www.eh.net/hmit/exchangerates/ the cost of the missile comes out at about 1 dollar - that's clearly wrong. I suspect that the number has been "re-based" (divided by 100) in New Francs - see French Franc - does anyone have a source to prove it ?

Although 100 dollars is still pretty cheap - I've seen that the AT-3 Sagger was 500 dollars a missile in the 1960s.

Megapixie 15:13, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:SS.10


text:
Jim Quinn

Jim Quinn (born February 26, 1943) is an American conservative radio talk show host based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, currently hosting Quinn in the Morning on WYSL in Avon, New York, and WAVL in Apollo, Pennsylvania. Until its cancellation in November 2013, his program The War Room with Quinn and Rose was aired on 12 stations across the U.S. and was also heard on XM Satellite Radio Channel 244 from 6 a.m. to 9 a.m. Eastern Time, Monday through Friday.

Disc jockey and novelty host
Before beginning his political morning show, Quinn spent a number of years at KQV in the 1960s and 1970s, where he befriended his eventual political mentor Rush Limbaugh. Limbaugh worked at KQV and at WIXZ in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, as a disc jockey under the name Jeff Christie.

Quinn is best remembered in the Pittsburgh area as the vociferous nighttime host on KQV radio in the 1960s, during the station's peak as a Top 40 power. Quinn was hired from WING/Dayton in 1967 and had an immediate impact on the market. In 1968, he jumped at an opportunity to take a job at WIBG Radio 99 in Philadelphia, but was back at KQV in less than a year. He stayed until 1972, then spent time in New York City at WPIX-FM.

He then moved to Buffalo, New York, where in the late 1970s he became known to listeners throughout the northeast on WWKB (WKBW at the time), a 50,000-watt station that took requests from as far away as Norway. Quinn's final hour included a trivia game called "Stump The Audience", where the answers had been kept "in a sealed envelope on Funk and Wagnalls' doorstep since noon today". In an emotional farewell as he returned to Pittsburgh, Quinn said, "May I get lockjaw if I ever forget how much I appreciate the people who listen."

A Pittsburgh station, 13Q or WKTQ, lured him back in 1977 to capture the adults who had grown up listening to him on KQV. During his tenure at 13Q, Quinn issued a parody 45 rpm record of the then Top 40 hit "Undercover Angel" titled "Undercover Pothole"; the parody lamented the atrocious condition of Pittsburgh roads during that period. In 1979 Quinn moved to the midday slot at WTAE radio, an adult contemporary station in Pittsburgh, under the aegis of General Manager Ted Atkins ("Captain Showbiz"). In 1983, he became half of "The Quinn and Banana Show" alongside Don Jefferson on B-94 FM, which ran in Pittsburgh until 1992. Their format was bathroom humor. After a course of conduct wherein they implied that News Director Liz Randolph was promiscuous, she sued the station and Quinn and Banana for defamation and sexual harassment. On Valentine's Day 1990, Randolph won on all counts, and a jury awarded her $694,000. Three years later, his FM morning show was canceled. Quinn largely credits this lawsuit with "opening his eyes" and inducing his conversion to political conservatism.

Talk show host
After Quinn's program was canceled on B-94, he moved in 1993 to WRRK, where he gradually adopted his conservative political talk format. The program started in music format with Quinn as D.J., as Quinn in the Morning. But increasingly during breaks in music and during news reading he would editorialize. With the positive response he got from callers, and with increased ratings vs. the dominant a.m. radio The DVE Morning Show on WDVE(with Scott Paulson and Jim Krenn), the format eventually became entirely talk, focusing on conservative views of current events, and remained the only talk show on an otherwise music radio format. The program eventually moved to WPGB radio in 2004 when that station adopted an all talk format that included conservative nationally syndicated shows like The Rush Limbaugh Show. Given the nature of his politics, the show was always locally controversial based on political affiliation. By 2008, Quinn's inflammatory language had earned him notoriety; for example, the Bill Moyers Journal on PBS noted he referred to the National Organization for Women as the "National Organization for Whores", which was often reported out of its full context, since Quinn would continue "...they're whores for liberal politics in general, and they were whores for Bill Clinton in particular." The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reported that as of November 18, 2013, Quinn and his radio partner, Rose Somma Tennent, had been removed from the WPGB lineup.

Quinn is a proponent of a constitutional government that adheres to the guiding principles of the nation's founders. He champions a smaller federal government and free markets. He regularly equates modern Left Liberalism with Marxism. He commonly refers to "Quinn's Laws", a collection of statements that sum up his world view, such as "Liberalism always generates the exact opposite of its stated intent" (e.g., the War on Poverty has led to even greater poverty). He also has many personal views he is fond of voicing, such as "liberty is the solution to the human condition".

The show, broadcast with co-host Rose Somma Tennent (aka "Radio Rose"), aired live weekdays from 6 a.m. to 9 a.m. EST on certain affiliates and on XM Satellite Radio Channel 244; others replay the first hour after 9. It can be heard worldwide on the Internet via Warroom.com. Quinn's radio show abruptly ended in a contract dispute with Clear Channel radio in November 2013.

Quinn authored a so-called "liberal version" of The Ant and the Grasshopper in 1994.

After unsuccessfully negotiating to bring his show to WJAS in Pittsburgh (the station that picked up most of WPGB's lineup after a format change), Quinn agreed to resume his morning show on one of his former affiliates, WYSL, a station located outside of Rochester, New York.

title: Jim Quinn


text:
Chronotope

In literary theory and philosophy of language, the chronotope is how configurations of time and space are represented in language and discourse. The term was taken up by Russian literary scholar Mikhail Bakhtin who used it as a central element in his theory of meaning in language and literature. The term itself comes from the Russian xронотоп, which in turn is derived from the Greek χρόνος ('time') and τόπος ('space'); it thus can be literally translated as "time-space." Bakhtin developed the term in his 1937 essay "Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel" («Формы времени и хронотопа в романе»). Here Bakhtin showed how different literary genres operated with different configurations of time and space, which gave each genre its particular narrative character.

Overview
For Bakhtin, chronotope is the conduit through which meaning enters the logosphere. Genre is rooted in how one perceives the flow of events and its representation of particular worldviews or ideologies.

Bakhtin scholars Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist state that the chronotope is "a unit of analysis for studying language according to the ratio and characteristics of the temporal and spatial categories represented in that language". They argue that Bakhtin's concept differs from other uses of time and space in literary analysis because neither category is given a privileged status: they are inseparable and entirely interdependent. Bakhtin's concept is a way of analyzing literary texts that reveals the forces operating in the cultural system from which they emanate. Specific chronotopes are said to correspond to particular genres, or relatively stable ways of speaking, which themselves represent particular worldviews or ideologies.

In the essay Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel, Bakhtin describes his use of the term thus:

"We will give the name chronotope (literally, 'time space') to the intrinsic connectedness of temporal and spatial relationships that are artistically expressed in literature. This term [space-time] is employed in mathematics, and was introduced as part of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. The special meaning it has in relativity theory is not important for our purposes; we are borrowing it for literary criticism almost as a metaphor (almost, but not entirely). What counts for us is the fact that it expresses the inseparability of space and time (time as the fourth dimension of space). We understand the chronotope as a formally constitutive category of literature; we will not deal with the chronotope in other areas of culture. In the literary artistic chronotope, spatial and temporal indicators are fused into one carefully thought-out, concrete whole. Time, as it were, thickens, takes on flesh, becomes artistically visible; likewise, space becomes charged and responsive to the movements of time, plot and history. This intersection of axes and fusion of indicators characterizes the artistic chronotope. The chronotope in literature has an intrinsic generic significance. It can even be said that it is precisely the chronotope that defines genre and generic distinctions, for in literature the primary category in the chronotope is time. The chronotope as a formally constitutive category determines to a significant degree the image of man in literature as well. The image of man is always intrinsically chronotopic."

Unlike Kant, who saw time and space as transcendental pre-conditions of experience, Bakhtin regards them as "forms of the most immediate reality". They are not mere "mathematical" abstractions, but have a concrete and, depending on context, qualitatively variable form. This is particularly noticeable in Bakhtin's own object of study—that of artistic cognition in literary genres—but he implies that it is applicable in other contexts as well. Different structures or orders of the universe cannot be assumed to operate within the same chronotope. For example, the chronotope of a biological organism like an ant will be qualitatively different from that of an organism like an elephant, or from that of a structure of a different order entirely, such as a star or a galaxy. Within the human world itself there is a huge variety of social activities that are defined by qualitatively different time/space fusions.

Examples and use in other sciences
The concept of the chronotope has been widely used in literary studies. The scholar Timo Müller for example argued that analysis of chronotopes highlights the environmental dimension of literary texts because it draws attention to the concrete physical spaces in which stories take place. Müller discusses the chronotope of the road, which for Bakhtin was a meeting place but in recent literature no longer brings people together in this way because automobiles have changed the way we perceive the time and space of the road. Car drivers want to minimize the time they spend on the road. They are rarely interested in the road as a physical space, the natural environment around the road, or the environmental implications of their driving. This contrasts with earlier literary examples such as Robert Frost's poem "The Road Not Taken" or John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath, where the road is described as part of the natural environment and the travelers are interested in that environment.

Linguistic anthropologist Keith Basso invoked "chronotopes" in discussing Western [Apache] stories linked with places. In the 1980s when Basso was writing, geographic features reminded the Western Apache of "the moral teachings of their history" by recalling to mind events that occurred there in important moral narratives. By merely mentioning "it happened at [the place called] 'men stand above here and there,'" storyteller Nick Thompson could remind locals of the dangers of joining "with outsiders against members of their own community." Geographic features in the Western Apache landscape are chronotopes, Basso says, in precisely the way Bakhtin defines the term when he says they are "points in the geography of a community where time and space intersect and fuse. Time takes on flesh and becomes visible for human contemplation; likewise, space becomes charged and responsive to the movements of time and history and the enduring character of a people. ...Chronotopes thus stand as monuments to the community itself, as symbols of it, as forces operating to shape its members' images of themselves" (qtd. in Basso 1984: 44–45).

Anthropologist of syncretism Safet HadžiMuhamedović built upon Bakhtin’s term in his ethnography of the Field of Gacko in the southeastern Bosnian highlands. In Waiting for Elijah: Time and Encounter in a Bosnian Landscape, he argued that people and landscapes may sometimes be trapped between timespaces and thus "schizochronotopic" (from the Greek σχίζειν : "to split"). He described two overarching chronotopes as "collective timespace themes", both of which relied on certain kinds of past and laid claims to the Field’s future. One was told through proximities, the other through distances between religious communities. For HadžiMuhamedović, schizochronotopia is a rift occurring within the same body/landscape, through which the past and the present of place have rendered each other unbidden.

The concept of chronotope is also used in tourism research. Sociologist Hasso Spode explains the emergence of tourism in the 18th century as "time travel backwards". The tourist space thus functions as a romantic chronotopia. Anthropologist Antonio Nogués-Pedregal regards the touristic consuming and shaping of places as a chronotope.

The chronotope has also been adopted for the analysis of classroom events and conversations, for example by Raymond Brown and Peter Renshaw in order to view "student participation in the classroom as a dynamic process constituted through the interaction of past experience, ongoing involvement, and yet-to-be-accomplished goals" (2006: 247–259). Kumpulainen, Mikkola, and Jaatinen (2013) examined the space–time configurations of students’ technology-mediated creative learning practices over a year-long school musical project in a Finnish elementary school. The findings of their study suggest that "blended practices appeared to break away from traditional learning practices, allowing students to navigate in different time zones, spaces, and places with diverse tools situated in their formal and informal lives" (2013: 53).

title: Chronotope


text:
Talk:Entitlement

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tyesmith1. Peer reviewers: Sb0957.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:40, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Pejorative?
Isn't an "entitlement program" supposed to be in the pejorative? I've never heard of anyone refer to it positively. CartoonDiablo (talk) 03:48, 11 August 2010 (UTC)
 * No I don't believe so. Have you sources rather than hearsay? Dmcq (talk) 14:37, 11 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Clearly one cannot take a purely historical definition of a word or concept as new meanings evolve over time. The term "entitlement" has clearly been politicized in the context of contemporary discussion. The term "right" could easly be used as a synonym for "entitlement".

However, the article is unquestionably biased agaimst "entitlements" as something "not earned". Substituting a "right to Social Secutity" does not carry the same bias, as "rights' should not be eliminated. I had hoped to find a list of the "entitlements" that the more conservative members of Congress are determined to cut or limit in order impact the deficits and national debt. "Cutting entitlements" has become the countermeasure to increased taxes, especially on the "super rich" who are, of course, "entitled" to their wealth because, presumably, they have "earned" it. But this presumption is not necessarily true. Much wealth is inherited, received from little or no effort (banking), received as tax-avoidance "gifts", "earned" disproportionately from the amount of effort expended (patent), winning the lottery, 'homesteading", finding valuable if unexpected mineral deposits under real estate (oil), etc. Consequently, much wealth is acquired through no effort by the recipient, rather like a "title" in royalty. Much of this wealth gets exceptional treatment under tax laws. However, "earned income" is fully taxed. Seems somewhat punitive. Clearly "entitlements" vs "wealth" has redefined the former. The assumption that "wealth" is earned (and thus an entitlement) while budgetary 'entitlements" are "welfare" or unearned "hand-outs", solely because they are distributed by government. A classification of what the conservative wing defines as 'entitlements" would certainly enlighten the debate. Work and earnings are prerequisites of unemployment compensation. Contributions based on earnings is a prerequisite of Social Security and Medicare. GI benefits are the result of "service". So what are 'entitlements' in the current context? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.232.0.143 (talk) 17:34, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Articles need to be based on WP:Reliable sources not on the musings of editors. Dmcq (talk) 18:16, 10 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Clearly the term is frequently used in a pejorative sense. I've added a few references to the claim in the header. However, this whole article could be significantly improved by talking about its legal meaning, use in a positive way in Great Society programs, and how that relates to the use in psychology (which as of this writing is the bulk of the article. Matthew Miller (talk) 15:53, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

Wrong
Social security is not an entitlement program. The source cited for that sentence is from an extremely short and quickly written news article, and is not a sufficient source. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.5.145.114 (talk) 04:57, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

I would like to see the history of this word as it was not to long ago this word had to do with the expected extras given to nobility. Now it has changed to be thought of as nothing more than payments by the government. Getting into Yale because your daddy went there is an entitlement. Adequate medical care is a right. -QuestioningAuthority

Found on WikiAnswers at answers.com Added by Sherry Hooker; An "entitlement program" is generally one for which an individual qualifies simply by virtue of his or her circumstances. For example, the Social Security law has several components, some of which are "entitlements" and some are not. The largest program, SS Retirement is NOT an entitlement as an individual qualifies for it only by virtue of having paid into the program at least forty quarters; Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disabilities ARE entitlements because an individual is entitled to SSI simply by having a very low income and to SSD after being disabled for at least six months. Similarly, the largest portion of Medicare--health insurance of seniors--is NOT an "entitlement" as one qualifies by paying into the system and paying premiums. Medicaid and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, on the other hand, ARE entitlements as qualification depends on a set of circumstances in which an individual may find himself. Unemployment Compensation is an insurance program paid by employers and is NOT an entitlement —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.117.63.159 (talk) 19:59, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Johnson Administration??
One sentence, that entitlement began during the Johnson administration, is irrelevant and untrue. This article concerns the legal concept of entitlement in the abstract, not specific entitlement programs. It does not cover Medicare, Social Security, or other specific programs commonly referred to as entitlements. Many entitlement programs began before Johnson in any case. I am deleting. --Bridgecross (talk) 21:53, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

"Entitlement Program" shouldn't redirect here
Entitlement programs, and the concept of Entitlement, are two different things. Programs such as Social Security, and earned benefits such as the G.I. Bill (which people pay into in a manner similar to employers matching IRA contributions), are considered Entitlements, and the programs they come from Entitlement Programs.

The words "entitlement program" are being used more and more often in United States politics in a manner that is further and further divorced from the concept of entitlement itself.

To put this another way: I don't believe people who spend four years defending their country in order to earn the right to go to college deserve to be grouped together with narcissists, and I definitely don't think that anything that might eventually be referred to legally or politically as an Entitlement Program, deserves the negative connotation that pages such as this can cause.

I'm trying to find a good legal definition of Entitlement Program, and will create a section on this page for the time being with that information. I intend to grow it out until there is enough information in that section for an entire page. I'm wondering whether it would be a good idea to discuss earned and unearned entitlements. Ilaughedicriedithrewup (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 00:10, 9 February 2011 (UTC).

 * Fair enough, it sounds like a new article should probably be started on it. What you really need before setting up a new article is to establish what the topic is and its notability. A legal definition isn't best for that - you'd just be making a dictionary entry though it is good later on for more precise definition. To do that takes a citation to a report by a major newspaper talking about entitlement benefits or a book about them,, see WP:NOTABILITY. I would definitely avoid sticking in any personal opinions as above in and just describe what the citations say. Dmcq (talk) 12:59, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Here are some useful places to start:
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * Thmazing (talk) 23:13, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Reagan
I read that the shift in meaning of "entitlement" in American politics began with Reagan ( p79). Mightn't it be appropriate in this article to discuss the change in denotation of the word? Thmazing (talk) 22:55, 1 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes. See https://www.npr.org/2012/08/14/158756957/with-ryans-ascent-a-few-thoughts-on-entitlement for one discussion on this change. Matthew Miller (talk) 15:53, 3 May 2020 (UTC)

Politically?
Why is such a bias subsection being allowed in the entitlement area? Not everyone in the united states would argue that Social Security and Welfare (etc) are entitlement programs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.186.252.171 (talk) 15:40, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
 * And how exactly is it biased? -- O.Koslowski (talk) 15:42, 11 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it could had been perceived as biased and/or POV by some. I added other cites -- as well as a bit of history about the concept -- to address any perceived biased. My name is Mercy11 (talk) 04:24, 16 April 2013 (UTC), and I approve this message.

Utterly Inaccurate
This is, without a doubt, the most inaccurate page I have ever read on Wikipedia. It's so completely and utterly wrong that I'm not even going to bother editing it.

The purpose of Wikipedia is to present factual information, which this page fails to do. Even the definition of "entitlement program" is wrong. An entitlement program is one for which the recipient does not have to meet a means test. But editors on both ends of the political spectrum have distorted even that fundamental definition to suit their views.

This page is an embarrassment to Wikipedia. It articulates the very worst of what this platform is capable of. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.115.77.109 (talk) 13:18, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

I agree with the above. What is the purpose of including the definition of narcissism at all? If not to express extreme bias and personal opinion? Now I fully realize that such things are what most people use the forum of the Internet for. However Wikipedia is meant to be an encyclopedia of accurate information. Not a social media junkyard. Now how ironic is it that in order to write this rubbish ones own sense of pejorative entitlement must be at epic levels of narcissism. Am I allowed edit the entire page out of existence? — Preceding unsigned comment added by JasonA1974 (talk • contribs) 04:07, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

I don't know about the inaccuracy of the definition as I don't know whether entitlement programs were defined at any time as ones that don't require a means test. If that is the case, then this article should reflect that. Is there somebody more knowledgeable about this who can address this issue?

I do think that this article is conflating two different things. Only one of the definitions/meanings of the dictionaries cited for the word "entitlement" supports this definition. For example, Merriam Webster gives as the definition for "entitlement":

 * the condition of having a right to have, do, or get something
 * the feeling or belief that you deserve to be given something (such as special privileges)
 * a type of financial help provided by the government for members of a particular group

This article is conflating the various definitions, but only giving one. For example, the section on "narcissism" only relates to that second definition, "the feeling or belief that you deserve to be given something (such as special privileges). This has nothing to do with government programs. Most people receiving the listed benefits don't feel that they are entitled to the benefits because of narcissism. In the case of Social Security and Medicare, many feel that they have contributed money under an agreement with the government to provide future benefits. Those who receive medical assistance or food stamps need those government programs for survival. The section on narcissism relates more to the sense of entitlement part of the definition. If we are going to address that here, then we should probably discuss other entitlements or privileges that groups of people feel.

I don't think we want to go there. Therefore, this article should just be about government entitlements and not those other meanings of the word. Therefore, I am removing the section on narcissism. If someone wants, they can include references to articles on Narcissistic Personality Disorder, White Privilege, Male Privilege, Religious Privilege. This is Wikipedia, not Wiktionary so we don't need to be including all the meanings of the word. Ileanadu (talk) 19:14, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

Not US-specific
Reverted multiple edits by Nbaugman as this is not a US-specific article. Per WP:TPG, when making significant WP:Bold edits to a long-established as well as highly controversial articles, it is always best to discuss edits in the Talk Page first. Mercy11 (talk) 14:19, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
 * We've discussed it. Ilaughedicriedithrewup discussed it above. The term "entitlement" as it is used by psychoanalysts in the middle of the 20th century and the term "entitlement program" as it is used in contemporary political discourse in the U.S. are two completely different and unrelated concepts. Putting them together in the same article is WP:OR. Redirecting "Entitlement program" here is wrong.
 * And I don't know what the phrase "in a casual sense" means, unless it means "imprecisely." At any rate, it's not supported by a WP:RS. You're citing a primary source which is one lawyer's personal opinion. --Nbauman (talk) 08:46, 22 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree with you on the usefulness of the phrase "in a casual sense" and removed it as it seems out of place. I don't see any problem with entitlement program redirecting here. As long as Entitlement Programs do not have their own article, it is benefil for users to know that there is an artiel that contains some information on that subject. Mercy11 (talk) 22:39, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

Overly US-specific
The perjorativeness of the term is entirely US-specific, due to its use in US government welfare programs. By comparison, in Australia and other countries, the accrued leave a worker has earned in the course of their employment is called their Entitlements. If a business goes bankrupt, or they sack an employee, they must legally pay out those entitlements, and in no way would a worker consider it a charity. They earned them and are entitled to them. 124.169.71.27 (talk) 05:14, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

What about the other Entitlements/Entitlement Programs?
If this is the definition of a government entitlement:

 * An entitlement is a government program guaranteeing access to some benefit by members of a specific group and based on established rights or by legislation.

Then there are a number of other entitlement programs, for example, to the oil industry, to farmers, to renewable resource companies, and many others we are probably not even aware of. These groups are not government agencies but private actors that get this government money because of their belonging to a specific group that has been given the money through legislation and just try to take it away and you can see how entitled they feel.

 * The Oil Entitlements Program and Its Effects on the Domestic Refining Industry, by Stephen W. Chapel (1976)
 * http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P5717.html

 * "Support under the Basic Payment Scheme is available to farmers who are allocated payment entitlements.
 * You can apply for entitlements based on the land you farm and the activity you undertake."
 * Scottish Government pages. https://www.ruralpayments.org/publicsite/futures/topics/all-schemes/basic-payment-scheme/

 * UNCAPPED ENTITLEMENT IS BAD FOR AGRICULTURE AND HOLDING UP THE NEW FARM BILL, April 12, 2014, National Sustainable Agricultural Coalition
 * http://sustainableagriculture.net/blog/farm-bill-needs-payment-reform/

Yes, these programs represent government policy toward certain goals, but so do social security and all the other things we normally think of as an entitlement. Ileanadu (talk) 18:50, 23 August 2015 (UTC)

"This page is an embarrassment to Wikipedia"
My title, "This page is an embarrassment to Wikipedia", is taken from one of the comments above. People have been commenting for years about this article's faults, and I agree with much of it. The article, as written, is very USA-centric, probably modern USA-centric. The word "entitlement" has had, and has, several definitions; this article reflects just the one modern one. It should either be much expanded, with the narrow political usage occupying just a section, or it should be re-named something like Entitlement, U.S. political usage or Entitlements, modern governmental support programs.

I'd prefer the re-naming to solve the immediate problem. --Hordaland (talk) 06:22, 29 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Well I did add a section on narcissism a while ago as an attempt to broaden it out to its more general psychological sense but it got removed. I have just put it back. Sigh.--Penbat (talk) 11:35, 29 January 2017 (UTC)
 * @Penbat the page is an engagement because you're taking a redefinition of a word from politics applying it to psychology in a junk science sort of way. your source material is WebMD and an opinion book bolstered by an attempt to utilize narcissistic personality disorder as found in the DSM to substantiate your claim. This article belongs on urban dictionary or conservapedia rather than Wikipedia.
 * just because fox news propaganda uses entitlement in a way doesn't make it a valid psychological problem any more than homosexuality was an actual mental illness. 24.56.237.49 (talk) 02:38, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I know an editor who may be willing to help on psychological aspects of entitlement. I will ask him but he is currently on a Wikibreak.--Penbat (talk) 09:42, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Incidentally entitlement is not only to do with legal frameworks, also social norms and social conventions.--Penbat (talk) 09:58, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Wow, you've been working Penbat. Good job.  --Hordaland (talk) 19:31, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

Disambiguation Page?
This page talks about multiple concepts which have nothing to do with each other. Would it be a better to split the contents of the page up into multiple pages and provide a disambiguation page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alvint69 (talk • contribs) 17:08, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Theoretically yes - the US specific stuff could be in a separate "entitlement program" article. Hopefully in time more text will be written to make this idea more viable.--Penbat (talk) 17:45, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Split has now been done. I discovered that social programs in the United States probably covers the same ground as the US-specific stuff here so I have placed it in that article's talk page for now.--Penbat (talk) 12:58, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Articles should only be about one subject.
This article is currently about two things at once: I suggest it be split, or the parts about the legal concept added to the article Positive and negative rights. --BurritoBazooka Talk Contribs  01:02, 14 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The psychological or social phenomenon of entitlement
 * The legal concept of entitlement (sometimes called subjective or positive rights)

Entitlement a word under attack for some time now.
Looking at the talk section about the word "entitlement" I am discouraged and dismayed. So much of the use of the term in psychology seems to take the term "presumed entitlement" and cut it down to "entitlement." So many who write about Social Security are sure it is not an entitlement. But it is the best example of an entitlement; earned and paid for. I do suspect there has been a long term effort to show that an entitlement is a gift and can be reduced or even cut as we can end a gift. And that seems to have been successful. Even past work in Wikipedia have been altered to the point of being a disaster. Some go back to Royal entitlements as reason to doubt them. I prefer to start with Social Security in the USA and move forward to retain its reasons to exist and to continue without the idea it is a gift.

This should be reformed or deleted. As it is now it is a false statement. It may mislead and can not educate anyone.

Gary4books (talk) 20:28, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

Sam Vaknin?
Why is this fellow Sam Vaknin even being cited? He does not seems trustworthy nor seems to bear any reputable credential or experience. 2804:14C:6588:848B:844A:ABB0:D491:BAE6 (talk) 05:56, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

Unfocused
The lead appears to be primarily about a legal concept (although it mentions psychology in the second paragraph) whereas the body is almost entirely about a psychological topic. This should either be about one topic, or split into two, or converted into a Broad concept article. Mathglot (talk) 18:32, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Entitlement


text:
Nærøyfjord

The Nærøyfjord (or Nærøyfjorden, ) is a fjord in Aurland Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The narrow fjord is a branch of the large Sognefjord, and it is featured on the "Norway in a Nutshell" daytrips for tourists. The 18 km long fjord is only 500 m wide in some parts.

The river Nærøydalselvi flows down the valley Nærøydalen into the fjord at the village of Gudvangen, near the European route E16 highway. The village of Bakka and the Bakka Church are both located on the west shore of the fjord.

Since 2005, the Nærøyfjord has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It has also been rated by the National Geographic Society as the world's number one natural heritage site along with the Geirangerfjord.

In popular culture
Nærøyfjord was also used as an inspiration for Arendelle in Frozen.

title: Nærøyfjord


text:
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