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Paramedics in Canada

A paramedic is a healthcare professional, providing pre-hospital assessment and medical care to people with acute illnesses or injuries. In Canada, the title paramedic generally refers to those who work on land ambulances or air ambulances providing paramedic services. Paramedics are increasingly being utilized in hospitals, emergency rooms, clinics and community health care services by providing care in collaboration with registered nurses, registered/licensed practical nurses and registered respiratory therapists.

Types of paramedics and emergency medical responders
In Canada the scope of practice of paramedics and emergency medical responders is described by the National Occupational Competency Profile (NOCP) document which was developed by the Paramedic Association of Canada with financial support from the Government of Canada. The NOCP outlines four provider levels: Emergency Medical Responder (EMR), Primary Care Paramedic (PCP), Advanced Care Paramedic (ACP), and Critical Care Paramedic (CCP)

National occupational competency profile (NOCP)
There is a considerable degree to inter-provincial variations on paramedic and emergency medical responder practice across Canada. To address this there is a national consensus of paramedic and emergency medical responder practice (by way of the National Occupational Competency Profile) identifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities as being most synonymous with a given level of paramedic or emergency medical responder practice. Each province retains ultimate authority in legislating the actual administration and delivery of paramedicine and its services within its own respective jurisdictions. Specific paramedic regulatory frameworks and practice is established uniquely in each of the provinces legislature and statute and varies across Canada.

Titles of paramedics may vary between provinces. For example, in Ontario, primary care paramedics post the graduation of an approved primary care paramedic education program and upon successful completion of the provincial examination process are awarded the title of Advanced Emergency Medical Care Assistant (AEMCA).

The National Occupational Competency Profile (NOCP) outlines four different competencies. The Competencies in the NOCP are described using a hierarchy of terms: competency area, general competency, specific competency and sub-competency. The framework includes the following eight master categories of paramedics and emergency medical responders: professional responsibilities, communication, health and safety, assessment and diagnostics, therapeutics, integration, transportation and health promotion and public safety.

Emergency medical responder (EMR)
This is a level of practice recognized under the National Occupational Competency Profile and the Paramedic Association of Canada. EMRs staff rural ambulance stations, patient transfer services, community medical event coverage, industrial ambulances, university campus response teams, or mobile treatment centres. For many small communities, without this level of certification, the operation of a much-needed rural and remote community ambulance services might not be as feasible. EMRs working as first responders in fire departments, police departments and institutions across Canada contribute an important role in the chain of survival. It is a level of practice focused primarily on life saving methods and is generally consistent with fewer acts beyond advanced first-aid. The EMR's scope of practices include oxygen administration, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airway adjuncts, the use and interpretation of a pulse oximeter, use and interpretation of a glucometer, blood pressure assessment by auscultation and palpation, chest auscultation, oropharyngeal airway suctioning, administration of the following oral, sublingual or inhaled medications: anti-anginal, anti-hypoglycemic agent, analgesia, platelet inhibitors (including nitroglycerin, glucose, nitrous oxide, acetylsalicylic acid, salbutamol, intravenous lines without medications or blood products). EMRs may administer naloxone and epinephrine by generally an auto-injector.

Primary care paramedic (PCP)
Primary care paramedics (PCPs) are the entry level of paramedic practice across Canada. The scope of practice includes performing semi-automated external defibrillation, manual defibrillation, oxygen administration, ETCO2 monitoring, supraglottic airways, vascular access, cardiac monitoring such as Lead 2 interpretation and 12 Lead acquisition and interpretation, and administration of Symptom Relief Medications for a variety of emergency medical conditions (these include epinephrine, salbutamol, aspirin, nitroglycerine, naloxone, dextrose, glucagon, gravol, ketorolac, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, benadryl). PCPs may also receive additional authorization in order to perform certain skills that are normally in the scope of practice of ACPs.

Advanced care paramedic (ACP)
The Advanced Care Paramedic is a level of practitioner that is in high demand by many services across Canada. The ACP typically carries approximately 20 different medications, although the number and type of medications may vary substantially from region to region. ACPs perform advanced airway management including intubation, surgical airways, intravenous therapy, place external jugular IV lines, perform needle thoracostomy, perform and interpret 12-lead ECGs, perform synchronized and chemical cardioversion, transcutaneous pacing, perform obstetrical assessments, and provide pharmacological pain relief for various conditions. Several sites in Canada have adopted pre-hospital fibrinolytics and rapid sequence induction, and prehospital medical research has permitted a great number of variations in the scope of practice for ACPs.

Current bypass protocols include providing both PCPs and ACPs with discretionary direct 24-hour access to PCI labs, bypassing the emergency department, and representing a fundamental change in both the way that patients with S-T segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI) are treated, but also profoundly affecting survival rates. as well as bypassing a closer hospitals to get an identified stroke patient to a stroke centre.

Paramedicine training overview
Paramedic education, or the study of paramedicine in Canada, involves post-secondary education provided by a college (Canada) or university or similar academic institution. Uniquely some programs may be offered collaboratively and shared between both academic institutions. The education provided is in the theories of paramedicine and its practice and in related subjects areas such as but not limited to anatomy, physiology, psychology, obstetrics, cardiology, pharmacology, pathology, communications, ethics, driving, research, emergency medicine theory and practical skills. Theoretical and practical training is in combination of both in hospital and pre-hospital emergency medicine clinical experiences. The didactic and clinical components of the programs may vary from province to province across Canada.

Primary care paramedic training in the western provinces
Primary care paramedicine education may be a one year primary care paramedicine certificate to two year primary care paramedicine diploma program in the province of British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Alberta provides a one year primary care paramedicine certificate and a four year baccalaureate paramedicine degree.

Primary care paramedicine training in Ontario
Ontario provides a two year primary care paramedicine diploma program.

Primary care paramedicine training in Quebec
Paramedicine training in the province of Quebec has been standardized and now requires all new paramedics to hold a three-year Diploma of College Studies in Emergency Prehospital Care, or Soins préhospitaliers d'urgence (SPU) in French, from a recognized CEGEP (college) program. Upon completion of this diploma and successful completion of the provincial examination, one is certified at the level of primary care paramedic (PCP).

Primary care paramedicine training in the maritime provinces
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador have a two year primary care paramedicine diploma program. Prince Edward Island provides a two year primary care paramedicine diploma program or four year baccalaureate paramedicine degree.

Advanced care paramedicine training in Canada
Training as an advanced care paramedic (ACP) requires that the student be first registered as a primary care paramedic. The length of time required to complete the ACP graduate program also varies between provinces, and it is generally inversely related to the length of time required to have completed the prerequisite PCP training. Shorter primary care paramedicine programs (around one to two years) would require an additional minimum of two years of advanced care paramedicine graduate study. Graduates of longer primary care paramedicine programs (two to four years) would require an additional minimum of one year of graduate advanced care paramedicine study. In Quebec since 2015, a formal 2-year advanced care paramedic (ACP) training program was developed at Université de Montréal for experienced PCPs from Urgences-santé.

University paramedicine training
There are three university Bachelor of Science in Paramedicine degree programs currently available in Canada. These programs are increasingly becoming the standard of paramedic education as the profession progresses. This would be comparable to when nursing moved from the college based program to the collaborative or university based program in Canada. These programs are often offered through partnerships between Canadian universities and colleges to enhance theory and practical training with higher education. These programs also allow bridging for registered paramedics to complete the degree program in a shorter, accelerated format. These programs currently are available in Ontario, Alberta and Prince Edward Island.

Paramedic education accreditation
The accreditation of paramedic educational programs in Canada also varies from province to province. Primarily the regulatory body for paramedicine of their respective provinces reserves the right to approve of paramedic programs. Nationally, Accreditation Canada offers the most comprehensive and best known system of national accreditation for paramedics. Previously, the Canadian Medical Association accredited paramedic training programs. This accreditation model was phased out by the Canadian Medical Association. The CMA only continues to accredit physician and physician assistant education programs. The accreditation model of Accreditation Canada is an independent body, and draws from The national occupational competency profile (NOCP) as the benchmark document that details the knowledge, skills and abilities outcomes that must be possessed by paramedics or EMRs of each respective level of paramedic or EMR practice.

Specialized paramedics
Training for specialization as a paramedic is most often provided by employers who select paramedics that have gone through an internal competition. There are very few specialization education programs open to the public currently. Most specializations require the applicant to already be an experienced advanced care paramedic.

Critical care paramedic (CCP)
Critical care paramedics' expertise focus on critical and ICU level care, stabilizing and transporting patients from smaller hospitals with less available resources to tertiary care, and regional medical programs in to other hospitals that can provide a higher level of care. CCPs generally work with another CCP, ACP, registered nurse or under the direction of a physician, physician assistant or nurse practitioner. Sometimes ad hoc teams, with multiple practitioners (RTs, emergency physicians, physician assistants, surgeons, etc.) are assembled for certain patients.

CCPs are able to provide all of the care that PCPs and ACPs provide. In addition to this they are trained for other skills such as medication infusion pumps, mechanical ventilation and arterial line monitoring.

CCPs often work in fixed and rotary wing aircraft when the weather permits and staff are available, but systems such as the Toronto EMS Critical Care Transport Program work in land ambulances. ORNGE Transport operates both land and aircraft in Ontario. In British Columbia, CCP's work primarily in aircraft with a dedicated Critical Care Transport crew in several cities for long-distance/high acuity transfers and as regular CCP street crews who may do major trauma calls or, performs medevacs, when necessary.

Across the prairies, STARS Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society uses rotary wing aircraft to reach many in isolated communities and traumatic situations for faster response time than by ground ambulance. In Saskatchewan they also use fixed wing air ambulances. The service, called LIFEGUARD, can respond a greater distance and to more northern communities than STARS. Sask air ambulance service was the first non-military air ambulance service in the world. These air ambulances are crewed by Flight Nurses and CCPs.

Tactical paramedic
Tactical paramedics are specialized paramedics who undergo additional training to allow them to perform their usual tasks in a high-risk and dangerous scenarios. Some are trained to handle weapons, rappel from buildings, and other skills needed to work alongside tactical police units. These paramedics are required to wear protective gear but are usually unarmed in civilian environments.

Occupational paramedic
Occupational paramedic responsibilities may include providing pre-employment screening, medical surveillance services and clinical testing for companies and research institutions. Occupational paramedics may work in a variety of environments including in a clinical setting or in the field including mining sites, oil rigs or other high risk areas. Occupational paramedics may work under the direction of occupational physicians, physician assistants and nurse practitioners. Occupational paramedics may also work collaboratively with registered nurses and registered/licensed practical nurses in the field or may work alone with clinical supports available from electronic means.

Community paramedic
One of the more recent roles for paramedics in Canada is the community paramedic. These specialized paramedics work in clinics, hospitals, and in patient's homes. They provide immediate or scheduled primary, urgent and specialized healthcare to vulnerable patient populations by collaborating with other healthcare providers, conducting assessments, treating, and doing/ordering tests. Diagnostics provided by community paramedics include: specimen collection (blood, urine, swabs), electrocardiogram interpretation, vital signs, and facilitate transports for diagnostic imaging. Treatments provided by community paramedics include: fluid rehydration, blood transfusions, urinary catheterization, wound closure & care (tissue adhesive, sutures, dressings), oxygen and nebulizer therapy, medication administration, and coordination of community services. In Saskatchewan, paramedics may become endorsed as community paramedics by the Saskatchewan College of Paramedics upon the completion of an accredited community paramedicine program.

Incident response paramedic
Incident response paramedics receive intensive training, including toxicology, hazmat chemistry, National Fire Protection Association hazmat awareness and operations certifications, as well as three weeks of CBRNE training, antidote, medical countermeasures, MCI, and protective equipment training. For day-to-day operations, incident response paramedics respond to hazmat- and toxicology-related incidents. These paramedics may carry a unique range of medications than and more protective equipment, allowing them to better treat poisonings/overdoses and work closely with firefighters and hazmat technicians.

Regulation of the paramedicine profession
Paramedics across Canada have various formats for regulation. Paramedics in all provinces are regulated by provincial legislation and regulations directly by government, or rather by a designated regulatory college where each paramedic regardless of level has an independent license to practice and is solely responsible for their paramedic practice. These organizations are responsible to the government for the examination and licensing of paramedics, the establishment of standards of practice, the investigation of public complaints against members, and the disciplining of members. They are also required to advise the government on all issues and legislation related to the practice of their members. Many Canadian paramedics are currently advocating to empower government to work towards becoming a self-regulated health profession. Paramedics are forming their own professional regulatory college in much of the same manner as physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists and other health professions.

New Brunswick paramedic regulation
In the province of New Brunswick, paramedics are regulated by the Paramedic Association of New Brunswick.

Nova Scotia paramedic regulation
In the province of Nova Scotia, paramedics are regulated by the College of Paramedics of Nova Scotia.

Saskatchewan paramedic regulation
In the province of Saskatchewan, paramedics are regulated by the Saskatchewan College of Paramedics.

Manitoba paramedic regulation
In the province of Manitoba, paramedics are regulated by the College of Paramedics of Manitoba.

Alberta paramedic regulation
In the province of Alberta, paramedics and emergency medical responders are regulated by the Alberta College of Paramedics.

Ontario paramedic regulation
In Ontario, paramedics are regulated through two mechanisms in which the Ambulance Act indirectly regulates paramedicine. The Ministry of Health (Ontario), Emergency Health Services Branch, credentials successful graduates of paramedic programs which have completed the provincial paramedic examination as maintained and administered by the ministry. The ministry can also revocate paramedic credentials from currently practising paramedics. The ministry additionally maintains the provincial standards and medical directives expected of all paramedics in Ontario. The second mechanism of regulation is by a designated base hospital which grants paramedics the legal authority to practice. Paramedics are permitted to perform controlled medical acts by the process of 'delegation'. This means that one physician, known as the medical director, has become familiar with the individual paramedic and then has delegated authority to that paramedic which allows them to perform specific regulated medical act under defined situations. The scope of practice for the paramedic is defined in paramedic protocols established by the Ministry of Health (Ontario) (also referred to as medical directives). These directives specify which skill and the conditions required for the paramedic to act. Each directive is signed by the medical director. Medical directors are generally emergency medicine specialized physicians who work in a hospital associated with the paramedic service. The relationship between this hospital ('Base Hospital') is formalized through legal agreements. Other physicians in the base hospital who are allowed to give direct orders to paramedics that exceed their protocols (often via telephone) are referred to as delegating physicians. These physicians are usually emergency medicine specialized physicians. In Ontario, paramedics are actively advocating for some form of self-regulation to remove the multiple layers and complexities of regulation and paramedic practice.

British Columbia paramedic regulation
In British Columbia, The Emergency Health Services Act directly regulates paramedicine. This act requires emergency medical assistants (paramedics) working in British Columbia to be licensed by the Emergency Medical Assistants Licensing Board. Paramedics hold their own licenses under the authority of the Board. The Government of British Columbia has prioritized the review of paramedics for self-regulation under the Health Professions Act through modernization of the provincial health profession regulatory framework.

Prince Edward Island paramedic regulation
In the province of Prince Edward Island, paramedics are regulated by the College of Paramedicine of Prince Edward Island.

Newfoundland and Labrador paramedic regulation
In Newfoundland and Labrador, paramedics are regulated through the Newfoundland and Labrador Paramedicine Regulator and must have active medical authorization from the Office of the Provincial Medical Director. The Office provides paramedics with the ability to perform controlled medical acts while working within the public ambulance program.

Quebec paramedic regulation
In Quebec, paramedics are directly regulated by the Ministry of Health & Social Services, established by the Pre-Hospital Emergency Services Act.

Professional environment
In some localities in Canada, paramedics may work under the direction of physicians, physician assistants and nurse practitioners in various emergency or related hospital departments. Collaborative emergency centres (CECs), collaborative care clinics, and community health centres in rural regions of Nova Scotia currently utilize this model. In these centres, paramedics and nurses work together as a patient-centred team to assess and treat patients without a physician or physician assistant on-site. The paramedic and nurse consult with a provider over the phone for particular patients, and the three disciplines work together to develop a care plan for the patient. This care plan might involve treating the patient that night and then have the patient come back the next day to follow-up with a provider. If the patient needs urgent care that cannot be provided at the CEC, the patient can be transferred by ambulance to the closest regional facility. A paramedic working in a CEC may be a Primary Care Paramedic or Advanced Care Paramedic.

Paramedics often work long hours; with a variety of 8-, 10-, 12- and 14-hour shifts. In some areas, however, 24- and even 96-hour shifts are not unusual. Salary and benefits are generally commensurate with the level of education and certification, though often less than the salary expectations of police officers and firefighters. This incongruity is often argued as being unfair, especially in light of the relative level of responsibility a paramedic may have for acting decisively and without having direct supervision. However, many paramedics consider their career to offer intangible benefits and reported job satisfaction is generally high. Due to the challenging working conditions, paramedics, similarly to other first responders, are at a greatly increased risk to develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder as compared to the general population.

Paramedics in Canada generally work only as paramedics, but occasionally are cross-trained as firefighters, security contractor, search and rescue or law enforcement officers, and most are paid full or part-time professionals. In the first quarter of 2005, paramedics were granted status federally as a "Public Safety Occupation" which means that paramedics are now eligible for early retirement, as are police officers and fire fighters. Many paramedic services provide a full range of paramedic specialty squads including: Marine medics, Bike medics, First Response medics, Tactical ERT & CCU medics, CBRNe medics (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive) and USAR medics (Urban Search And Rescue - specializing in urban disaster rescue recovery) and finally NOHERT medics (members of Provincial or regional Health Emergency Response Teams)

title: Paramedics in Canada


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Rich Buckler

Rich Buckler (February 6, 1949 – May 19, 2017) was an American comics artist and penciller, best known for his work on Marvel Comics' Fantastic Four in the mid-1970s and for creating the character Deathlok in Astonishing Tales #25. Buckler drew virtually every major character at Marvel and DC, often as a cover artist.

Career
As a teenager in Detroit, Buckler was involved in comics fandom. He attended the initial iterations of the Detroit Triple Fan Fair, eventually running the convention along with originator Robert Brosch in 1969–1970.

Buckler's first comics work was as a teenager with the four-page historical story "Freedom Fighters: Washington Attacks Trenton" in the King Features comic book Flash Gordon #10 (cover-dated Nov. 1967). In 1971, he did some work for Skywald Publications but made a "wrong move" by attempting to date the daughter of Skywald's co-owner Israel Waldman. At DC Comics, he drew the "Rose and the Thorn" backup stories in Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #117–121 (Dec. 1971–April 1972).

Buckler drew the first three issues of writer Don McGregor's Black Panther series in Jungle Action vol. 2, #6–8 (Sept. 1973–Jan. 1974), a run that Comics Bulletin in 2010 ranked third on its list of the "Top 10 1970s Marvels". He fulfilled a decade-long dream in 1974 when assigned to draw Marvel's flagship series, Fantastic Four, on which he stayed for two years. During this period, Buckler created the cyborg antihero Deathlok, who starred in an ongoing feature debuting in Astonishing Tales #25 (Aug. 1974). Also during this period, Buckler hired the young George Pérez as his studio assistant.

Buckler collaborated with writer Gerry Conway on a "Superman vs. Shazam!" story published in All-New Collectors' Edition #C-58 (April 1978). He drew the newspaper comic strip The Incredible Hulk for approximately six months in 1979. Buckler was one of several artists to draw the comics adaptation of Xanadu in Marvel Super Special #17 (Summer 1980). A Justice League story by Conway and Buckler originally intended for All-New Collectors' Edition saw print in Justice League of America #210–212 (Jan.–March 1983). Buckler and Roy Thomas then created the World War II superhero team the All-Star Squadron in a special insert in Justice League of America #193 (Aug. 1981) which led to the team's own title the following month.

In 1983,The Comics Journal accused Buckler of plagiarism, saying that he had a reputation as a "swipe" artist who copied poses and layouts from previous artists' work. Buckler sued the magazine for libel, but later dropped the suit.

Buckler worked for Archie Comics in 1983 and 1984, when that publisher briefly revived its Red Circle Comics superhero line, and he recruited Cary Burkett to write the Mighty Crusaders title. In 1985, Buckler returned to Marvel and briefly drew The Spectacular Spider-Man with writer Peter David, where they produced the storyline "The Death of Jean DeWolff". He also served as editor for a short-lived line of comics by Solson Publications, where in 1987 he created Reagan's Raiders.

In 2011, Buckler drew a Djustine short story written by Enrico Teodorani for the Italian market. He was the author of three books on comic book artistry: How to Become a Comic Book Artist and How to Draw Superheroes (Solson Publications) in 1986, and How to Draw Dynamic Comic Books (Vanguard Publications) in 2007.

In 2015, he became an Inkwell Awards Ambassador. It was not uncommon for him to use the alias Ron Validar or simply Validar for his Marvel comics work when he was on exclusive contract with rival DC. In this way he was able to skirt the spirit of the law if not the letter. His most prominent covers using this nom de plume were often inked by Ernie Chan.

Death
Buckler died May 19, 2017, after a long battle with cancer.

Arcana Studio

 * Shadowflame #3 (inker) (2007)

Archie Comics

 * Blue Ribbon Comics #4 (artist with Trevor von Eden, writer with Stan Timmons), #6–7, 11 (writer with Stan Timmons) (1983–84)
 * Fly #1–2, 4 (1983)
 * Lancelot Strong, The Shield #1 (writer) (1983)
 * Mighty Crusaders #1–8 (penciller), #9–10 (inker) (1983–84)

Astral Comics

 * Astral Comics #1 (1977)
 * Galaxia Magazine #1 (1981)

Atlas/Seaboard Comics

 * The Demon Hunter #1 (1975)
 * Tales of Evil #3 (1975)
 * Weird Suspense #3 (with Pat Boyette) (1975)

CFD Productions

 * Forever Warriors #1 (artist with Jim Webb, cover art with George Pérez, writer with Roy Thomas and Matt Morello) (1997)

Continuity Comics

 * Hybrids: The Origin #3–4 (1993)

DC Comics

 * Action Comics (Atom) #447 (1975)
 * All-New Collectors' Edition (Superman vs. Shazam!) #C–58 (1978)
 * All-Star Squadron #1–5, 36 (full art); Annual #3 (among other artists) (1981–84)
 * America vs. the Justice Society, miniseries, #1 (among other artists) (1985)
 * Batman #265, 267, 329; (Robin) #239–242 (1972–80)
 * DC Comics Presents #12, 33–34, 45, 49, Annual #1 (1979–82)
 * DC Retroactive: Wonder Woman – The '80s #1 (2011)
 * DC Special (Captain Comet) #27 (1977)
 * DC Super Stars (Gorilla Grodd) #14 (1977)
 * Detective Comics (Hawkman) #434, 446, 479 (1973–78)
 * The Flash #271–272 (1979)
 * Hardware #10, 12 (1993–94)
 * House of Mystery #199, 258 (1972–78)
 * House of Secrets #90 (1971)
 * Jonah Hex #11 (1978)
 * Justice League of America #188–191, 193, 210–212 (1981–83)
 * Kobra #5 (1976)
 * The New Adventures of Superboy #9 (1980)
 * New Gods #15 (1977)
 * Omega Men #34 (1986)
 * Secret Origin of Superman (Leaf Comic Book Candy) (1980)
 * Secrets of Sinister House #10 (inker) (1973)
 * Secret Society of Super Villains #5–9 (1977)
 * Star Hunters #4–7 (1978)
 * Superman (Fabulous World of Krypton) #246, 251, 352 (1971–1980); (Bruce Superman Wayne) #363 (1981); (Superman) #364, 369 (1981–82)
 * Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane (Rose and Thorn) #117–121 (1971–72)
 * Tales of the Teen Titans #51–54 (1985)
 * Time Warp #1 (1979)
 * The Unexpected #123, 126, 135, 157, 174 (1971–76)
 * The Warlord #87–88 (inker), #89–90, 97 (1985)
 * Weird War Tales #23, 123 (1974–83)
 * Weird Western Tales (Jonah Hex) #37 (1976)
 * Wonder Woman #300 (among other artists) (1983)
 * World's Finest Comics (Hawkman) #257–258; (Superman and Batman) #259–261, 263–264, 266–267, 269–272, 275–276, 278, 280, 285–286 (1979–82)

Deluxe Comics

 * Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #4 (1986)

Dynamite Entertainment

 * Red Sonja #1973 (2015)

Gold Key

 * The Twillight Zone #47 (1973)

Image Comics

 * Big Bang Comics #4 (among other artists) (1996)

King Comics

 * Flash Gordon #10 (backup feature) (1967)

Lodestone Publishing

 * Codename: Danger #1 (1985)

Malibu Comics

 * Genesis #0 (1993)

Marvel Comics

 * Adventure into Fear #11, 22 (penciller), #12 (inker) (1973–74)
 * Amazing Adventures (Killraven) #25 (1974)
 * Amazing Spider-Man and Captain America: Dr. Doom's Revenge (distributed with a computer game by Paragon Software) (1989)
 * Astonishing Tales (Ka-Zar) #13 (with John Buscema), 16; (Deathlok) #25–28, #30–36 (1972–76)
 * The Avengers #101–104, 106, 302–304, Giant-Size #1 (1972–74, 1989)
 * Battlestar Galactica #6-7 (1979)
 * Black Goliath #4 (1976)
 * Black Knight miniseries #3–4 (1990)
 * Captain America #243, 355 (1980, 1989)
 * Captain America: The Medusa Effect (with M. C. Wyman) (1994)
 * Conan The Barbarian #40 (1974)
 * Daredevil #101 (1973)
 * Doc Savage #8 (1974)
 * Dracula Lives #1 (1973)
 * Epic Illustrated #29 (1985)
 * Fantastic Four #142–144, 147–153, 155–159, 161–163, 168–169, 171, 325, 329–335; Giant-Size #1, 3; Annual #22 (1974–76, 1989)
 * Freddy Krueger's A Nightmare on Elm Street miniseries #1–2 (with Tony DeZuniga) (1989)
 * The Incredible Hulk Annual #11 (1982)
 * Invaders #5 (1976)
 * Iron Man #196–197 (1985)
 * Journey into Mystery vol. 2 #5 (1973)
 * Jungle Action vol. 2 (Black Panther) #6–8 (full pencils), #22 (with Billy Graham) (1973–76)
 * Luke Cage, Power Man #30 (1976)
 * Marvel Comics Presents #24–31 (1989)
 * Marvel Comics Super Special (Kiss) #1; (Xanadu) #17 (among other artists) (1977–80)
 * Marvel Spotlight (Deathlok) #33 (1977)
 * Marvel Super-Heroes vol. 2 (X-Men) #6 (1991)
 * Marvel Team-Up (Spider-Man and Nightcrawler) #89 (with Mike Nasser) (1980)
 * Micronauts Annual #2 (with Steve Ditko) (1980)
 * Monsters on the Prowl #22 (new splash page for reprint story) (1973)
 * Monsters Unleashed #8 (with George Perez) (1974)
 * New Mutants #76–77 (1989)
 * Saga of The Original Human Torch limited series #1–4 (1990)
 * Saga of The Sub-Mariner limited series #1–12 (1988–89)
 * Savage Sword of Conan #182 (1991)
 * The Spectacular Spider-Man #103, 107–111, 116–117, 119, 122; Annual #1, 10 (1979, 1985–87, 1990)
 * Starblast #4 (1994)
 * Supernatural Thrillers #5 (1973)
 * Tales of the Zombie #4 (1974)
 * Thor #227–230 (1974)
 * Vampire Tales #2–3, 5 (1973–74)
 * What If? (Eternals) #24; (Thor) #25; (Namor) #29; (Spider-Man) #30 (1980–81)
 * What If? vol. 2 (X-Men) #9 (1990)
 * Where Monsters Dwell #15 (1972)
 * X-Factor #50 (1990)

Now Comics

 * Mr. T and the T-Force #7–10 (inker) (1994)
 * Syphons: The Sygate Strategem #1–3 (1994–95)

Silverline Comics

 * Assassins Inc. #2 (inker) (1987)

Skywald Publications

 * Hell-Rider #2 (1971)
 * Nightmare #3, #5 (with Bruce Jones) (1971)
 * Psycho #2, 4–5 (1971)
 * Scream #8 (1974)

Solson Publications

 * Amazing Wahzoo #1 (1986)
 * The Bushido Blade of Zatoichi Walrus #2 (1987)
 * How to Become a Comic Book Artist (1986)
 * How To Draw Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1 (1986)
 * Reagan's Raiders #1–3 (1986–87)
 * Rich Buckler's Secrets of Drawing Comics #1–4 (1986)
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Authorized Martial Arts Training Manual #1 (writer & inker) (1986)

S.Q.P. Inc.

 * Phase #1 (1971)
 * Hot Stuf' #1 (1974)

Tekno Comix (Big Entertainment)

 * The Big Bang #1–14 (four-page backup feature that ran in most Tekno Comix titles in 1996)
 * Gene Roddenberry's Lost Universe #5 (1995)

Tiger Comics

 * Phantasy Against Hunger #1 (inker, among others) (1987)

Topps Comics

 * Cadillacs and Dinosaurs #1 (1994)

Warrant Publishing

 * The Creeps #1–3 (also writer in #2) (2014–2015)

Warren Publishing

 * Creepy #36, 38, 75 (1970–75)
 * Eerie #29, 48–49, 53 (1970–74)
 * Vampirella #21 (1972)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rich Buckler


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Pussycat (band)

Pussycat was a Dutch country and pop group led by the three Veldpaus sisters: Toni (born 1953), Betty (1952–2024), and Marianne (born 1951). Other members of the band were guitarists Lou Willé (Toni's then-husband), Theo Wetzels, Theo Coumans, and John Theunissen. Their song "Mississippi" was a number one hit in most European countries, including the UK, in 1975/6.

Career
Prior to forming the band, the three sisters were telephone operators in Limburg, whilst Theunissen, Wetzels, and Coumans were in a group called Scum. Lou Willé played in a group called Ricky Rendall and His Centurions until he married Toni, and created the group Sweet Reaction that eventually became known as Pussycat. In 1975 they scored a big European hit with the song "Mississippi". However they had to wait a further year for the single to make the British charts when it climbed to number one in the UK Singles Chart in October 1976. Penned by Werner Theunissen, who had been the sisters' guitar teacher, it is estimated that "Mississippi" sold over five million copies worldwide. It was followed by "Smile" in 1976, and "Hey Joe" in 1978. Other hits were "If You Ever Come to Amsterdam", "Georgie", "Wet Day in September" and "My Broken Souvenirs". Their career in Europe spanned more than a decade and included some seventeen albums. By 1978 Hans Lutjens had replaced Coumans on drums, as the band continued to release albums and tour, travelling as far afield as South Africa. They made regular appearances on the West German TV series, Musikladen, in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

In the following years, the sisters did perform again, however, this time under the name Anycat. In 1999 they decided to make a comeback under their old name Pussycat. It was the same year in which Doe Maar also got back together for a short time, unrelated. Initially, the only intention was to perform, although for a while there were thoughts of releasing new material to be written by Werner Theunissen. However, new records were not released. They still performed as Pussycat through 2001.

In 2001, 25 years after the success with "Mississippi", the compilation album 25 Years After Mississippi was released and reached the charts. It was listed in the Album Top 100 for seven weeks. This year saw several more reunion performances. In 2004, they released the box set, The Complete Collection, which consisted of three CDs and a DVD.

In 2005, they recorded the single "Somewhere Someone" with the Dutch country band Major Dundee, which was also included on Major Dundee's album, Young Gods. In 2007, they gave their background vocals to the Dutch language reggae cover of "Mississippi" by Dennis Jones. In June 2023, there was an album released with previous unreleased song demos of the band from the year 1983, with the title Unreleased Demos 1983.

On 28 June 2024, Betty Veldpaus died at the age of 72.

Members

 * Toni Veldpaus (married Willé) – lead vocals (1975–1985)
 * Betty Veldpaus (married Dragstra) – singer (1975–1985; died 2024)
 * Marianne Veldpaus (married Hensen) – singer (1975–1985)
 * Lou "Loulou" Willé (Toni's then husband) – guitar (1975–1985)
 * John Theunissen – guitar (1975–1980)
 * Ferd Berger – guitar (1981–1982)
 * Kees Buenen – keyboards (1981–1982)
 * Theo Wetzels – bass guitar (1975–1980)
 * Theo Coumans – drums (1975–1978)
 * Hans Lutjens – drums (1978–1980)
 * Frans Meijer – drums (1981–1982)

title: Pussycat (band)


text:
Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois

Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand, Comte de Linois (27 January 1761 – 2 December 1848) was a French admiral who served in the French Navy during the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte. He commanded the combined Franco-Spanish fleet during the Algeciras Campaign in 1801, winning the First Battle of Algeciras before losing the Second Battle of Algeciras. He then led an unsuccessful campaign against British trade in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea in 1803, being defeated by a harmless fleet of the East India Company during the Battle of Pulo Aura and ending his cruise and sea-going career being bested in battle by John Warren in the action of 13 March 1806. Following the Bourbon restoration, Linois was appointed Governor of Guadeloupe. He supported Napoleon during the Hundred Days and so, on his return to France, he was forced to resign and was court martialled. Although acquitted, he was placed in retirement and never served again.

Biography
Born in Brest, Linois joined the French Navy as a volunteer in 1776, when he was 15 years old, serving aboard the ships Cesar and Protée in his home port. In August 1778, during the American War of Independence, he joined Bien-Aimé , part of d'Orvilliers' fleet in the Caribbean where, after only eight months service, he was temporarily appointed, lieutenant de frégate pour le campagne. He served aboard the newly built Scipion from May 1779 to January 1781, when his two-year probationary period expired and he was confirmed, ensigne de vaisseau. Between October 1782 and April 1783, Linois served aboard Diadème, his last appointment of the war.

Service in the Indian Ocean
In March 1784, Linois joined the storeship Barbeau, carrying supplies and despatches to the Isle de France (now Mauritius). He left Barbeau in January 1785 and in March sailed for the Caribbean on the 64-gun Réfléchi where he remained for the next two years. Arriving at Saint-Domingue on 23 April, Linois spent eight months on the frigate, Danaé  before rejoining Réfléchi. In May 1786, he took a land-based post as sous-lieutenant de port at Port-au-Prince, returning to sea aboard the frigate, Proserpine in December 1786. This was a short-lived appointment; on 1 March 1787, Linois left for home on the same storeship that had conveyed him to the Isle de France two years earlier.

Another position ashore, as lieutenant de port at Brest, ended a period of unemployment that had lasted until 1 May 1789 and was followed, on 12 October 1790, by a posting to the ship-of-the-line, Victoire. From 1791 to 1793 he served with the French forces in the Indian Ocean. He left for Isle de France on 25 January on board the 32-gun frigate Atalante as second officer to Denis Decres. On 15 May, the newly published naval list named Linois as lieutenant de vaisseau with his promotion backdated to 1 May 1789. On their return home in April 1794, Decres was arrested as an aristocrat and Linois was given command of Atalante.

The Brest Fleet
While acting as a decoy for an important convoy of wheat from the United States, Linois was captured by the Royal Navy at the action of 7 May 1794. On 5 May, Atalante, in company with the corvette Levrette, encountered a British convoy three days out from Cork. The convoy was under the protection of two ships of the line, the 74 HMS Swiftsure (1787) and the 64-gun HMS St Albans (1764), which immediately hoisted their colours and opened fire. Linois realising he was outgunned, as senior officer, ordered his ships to divide and effect an escape. Levrette; managed to evade her pursuer, St Albans during the night but Atalante was unable to shake off Swiftsure which continued her chase throughout the following day. By 0325 on 7 May, Atalante had been overhauled and so badly damaged during the two-day running battle, Linois was forced to surrender. He and his crew were taken prisoner and Atalante was eventually taken into the Royal Navy as HMS Espion

Linois was exchanged and returned home in March 1795. He was promoted to capitaine de vaisseau in May, backdated to January 1794, taking command of the 74-gun Formidable of the Brest Fleet. The following year, in June, he was captured again at the battle of Groix, when his ship was one of the three rearmost in Villaret's withdrawing squadron. He was twice wounded in the battle and lost the sight of an eye. He was quickly exchanged and returned in August. In 1796 he took part in the Expédition d'Irlande as a chief of division, leading a 3-ship of the line and 4-frigate squadron, with his flag on Nestor. On arrival in Bantry Bay, the generals opposed a landing, and the squadron headed back to Brest. Linois moved his flag to the 74-gun Jean-Jacque Rousseau on 22 April 1798 and in the following February, took up the position of Chief of Staff at Brest.

Admiral
In 1799 Linois was promoted to Rear-Admiral and sent to the Mediterranean under Admiral Bruix. He joined the 120-gun flagship, Océan, in which he took part in Bruix' cruise of 1799. On 8 August, the expedition returned to Brest where Linois continued as Chief of Staff until 28 October 1800, when he was posted to Toulon as second in command to Admiral Ganteaume.

Linois did not join Ganteaume in the unsuccessful attempt to bolster the French forces in Egypt but instead commanded the remainder of the Toulon fleet at the Siege of Porto Ferrajo and orchestrated the attack on Elba in May 1801. In June, with Ganteaume still on manoeuvres, Linois was ordered to assemble a new combined French and Spanish naval force at Cadiz. Aboard Formidable and in company with Desaix, Indomptable and Muiron, he set sail on 13 June, passing Gibraltar on 3 July and capturing the British brig HMS Speedy (1782). After hearing from Speedy's captain, Thomas Lord Cochrane, that a powerful squadron under Sir James Saumarez was blockading Cadiz, Linois sought shelter beneath the Spanish guns of Algeciras. In addition to these land batteries, by the time Saumerez arrived with six ships-of-the-line, either end of the French line had been reinforced with Spanish gunboats. Linois' squadron was thus able to prevail during the first part of the Battle of Algeciras, aided by a lack of wind which prevented Saumarez' force arriving as one and left the British ships drifting helplessly. HMS Hannibal ran aground and was captured. Both sides were still effecting repairs when, on 9 July, the French were joined by five Spanish ships-of-the-line from Cadiz. This combined fleet left for Cadiz at dawn on 12 July and Saumarez, who had been reinforced by HMS Superb (1798), followed, intending to harass the Franco-Spanish fleet once it had moved out of range of the shore guns. Hannibal caused problems and at 19:45, Indienne was ordered to tow her back to Algeciras. The Spanish commander then turned the fleet towards Cadiz, heading into the Gut of Gibraltar. The British followed and at 20:40, Saumerez ordered independent action.

Superb was first into the action, engaging Real Carlos. Some of the shot was high and passed through her rigging, hitting the ship to her larboard, San Hermenegildo. Thinking the shot came from Real Carlos and that she was an enemy, San Hermenegildo fired into her. In about ten minutes the Real Carlos was on fire. When San Hermenegildo crossed her stern to deliver a raking fire, a sudden gust of wind brought them together and the fire spread through both ships, which subsequently blew up. In the meantime, Superb had moved on and forced the surrender of San Antonio. An independently sailing, Spanish frigate was also sunk during the battle but the remaining French and Spanish ships escaped into Cadiz the following morning. Linois was commended for his part in the battle and the previous one on 6 July, and received the 'Sabre of Honour' from Napoleon. He and his combined fleet however, were blockaded in Cadiz until peace negotiations began with Britain in October.

Early in 1802, Linois participated in an expedition to Saint-Domingue to depose the governor, Toussaint Louverture and reassert French control there. Louverture was a former slave who was suspected of trying to gain independence for the colony. In January Linois took command of a squadron of troopships, comprising three ships-of-the-line and three frigates, and sailed out to reinforce the 20,000 troops already there. The campaign was ultimately unsuccessful and Linois returned to France on 31 May.

Napoleonic wars
In 1803 Napoleon Bonaparte appointed him to command the French forces in the Indian Ocean and to convey the new Captain-General of French India, Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen to Pondicherry. Flying his flag aboard the 74-gun-ship Marengo, Linois left Brest on 6 March with only three frigates in company; much of the French fleet still being occupied at Saint-Domingue. On arrival however, the British forces there, under Arthur Wellesley, refused to leave and Linois was obliged to detour to the Ile-de-France.

Linois received news that the war had resumed when he was joined by the 22-gun corvette, Berceau in September. Leaving half the troops to defend the Ile de France, Linois left with the remainder and his squadron for Batavia on 8 October; raiding a British trading station on Sumatra on the way, capturing eight merchant vessels, destroying three others and setting light to three stocked warehouses. Arriving at Batavia on 10 December, Linois was appraised of a British convoy returning from China. After dropping off the soldiers and adding the 16 gun brig-corvette, Adventurier, to his force, set sail on 28 December.

The Battle of Pulo Aura occurred on 14 February 1804 when Linois' squadron encountered the British China Fleet. Although lightly armed, the British merchant ships outnumbered Linois' forces and manoeuvred as though preparing to defend themselves. Some of the larger indiamen, with gun ports painted on and flying naval ensigns, formed a mock line of battle. With these tactics, the convoy commodore, Nathaniel Dance, fooled Linois into believing that the British fleet was defended by naval escorts and the French retired without attacking the virtually defenceless British. In June, Linois embarked on a second cruise, this time minus the 40-gun Belle Poule, which was despatched on a separate mission. Setting out in Marengo with the 44-gun Atalante and Semillante, Linois first scoured the channel between Mozambique and Madagascar, before crossing the Indian Ocean to patrol the waters around Ceylon. After taking some lucrative prizes, Linois headed up the Coromandel Coast to Vizagapatam, having heard about a British convoy heading there. The French squadron arrived on 15 September to find two British east indiamen loading in the roadstead, under the protection of the 50-gun HMS Centurion (1774) and 3 guns on the shore. Linois was cautious and, after Atalante had been chased off, decided to engage Centurion from distance. The damage inflicted by both ships therefore was superficial but while Centurion was occupied, Semilante was able to capture one of the indiaman and drive the other onto the shore. On the return journey, Linois' ships took another prize, and arrived at Ile de France on 1 November, to find Belle Poule with a capture of her own.

In May 1805, while Atalante and Semilante were attending to other duties, Linois took Marengo and Belle Poule into the South Atlantic. This cruise was not productive and, after visiting Cape Town, the squadron patrolled the east coast of Africa and the Red Sea. This also proved fruitless and it was not until 11 July, following a decision to search the sea lanes between Cape Town and Ceylon that any enemy vessels were encountered. It was off the coast of Ceylon they fell in with two unprotected merchant ships, one of which was driven onto the shore and the other, the east indiaman Brunswick, captured. With Brunswick under a prize crew, the squadron sailed for the Cape of Good Hope and at 16:00 on 6 August it encountered a convoy of ten east indiamen, accompanied by the 90-gun HMS Blenheim (1761). Linois sent Brunswick to Ile de France and, with his remaining ships, fell down on the rear of the convoy. Unable to scatter the convoy and pick off prizes piecemeal, Marengo and Belle Poule sailed along its flank, engaging Blenheim for 30 minutes, on the way. By the time Belle Poule and Marengo had completed their pass at 18:00, they both required repairs; the former had received two holes in the hull and the latter, damage to the mainmast and foreyard. During the hours of darkness, the two French ships crossed the bows of the convoy and in the morning, occupied the weather gage. Two further attacks were made during the day but the French were unable to make an impression and with ammunition supplies dwindling, Linois gave the order to withdraw.

Having spent 17 weeks at sea, on 13 September, Linois' ships entered Simon's Bay for some much needed repairs. During the eight week stay, they were briefly reunited with Atalante which, shortly after arrival, foundered. The crew was saved but the ship could not be. On 11 November, Marengo and Belle Poule left on a cruise of the west coast of Africa, travelling as far as Cape Lopez, Gabon, but only managing to secure a ship and a brig. With only two ships at his disposal, Linois' options had dwindled to chasing lone ships and unarmed convoys. Realising his best chance of catching them was to scout around choke points, in December, his small squadron sailed for the popular British stop over of St Helena. On 29 January 1806, Linois learned from an American ship of the British capture of Cape Town. With the last accessible port closed, Linois could only turn around and head for home.

On the return journey to France, Marengo and Belle Poule encountered a large British squadron under Admiral Warren off Cape Verde. In the action of 13 March 1806, the 90-gun HMS London, the 80-gun HMS Foudroyant and the 38-gun frigate HMS Amazon, were sailing some miles ahead of their compatriots when, at 03:00, Linois' ships were spotted. The three British ships immediately gave chase and by 05:30, London had overhauled and begun an exchange with both French ships. By 06:00 Linois realised that he was unable to win the battle and attempted to move off, issuing orders for Belle Poule to do likewise.

Both Marengo and Belle Poule had been severely battered in the rigging and were finding it increasingly difficult to manoeuvre. Marengo could not avoid London's continuing fire nor the cannonade from Amazon as she passed in pursuit of Belle Poule. London too had been heavily damaged and was beginning to drift astern but the appearance of Foudroyant, and HMS Repulse at 10:25 and HMS Ramillies at 11:00, left the French ships with no option but to surrender.

Linois had been wounded and was captured again. Napoleon had ended the practice of exchanging officers and Linois remained a prisoner of war until Napoleon fell in 1814. In 1810, while held by the British, Linois was named Comte de Linois by Napoleon.

Following the Bourbon restoration, Louis XVIII named him to be Governor of Guadeloupe. During the Hundred Days, Linois finally declared for Napoleon but news of the emperor's return did not reach the West Indies until the day after the battle of Waterloo. He surrendered to British forces on 10 August. On his return to France, Linois was forced to resign. He was court martialled but acquitted on 11 March 1816. However, he was placed in retirement and never served again, although he was appointed as an honorary Vice-Admiral in May 1825 and Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour in March 1831. He lived in Versailles, where he died in 1848. His name is inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe.

In fiction
Linois is a minor, but highly respected, character in the Aubrey–Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian. Frederick Marryat describes the Battle of Pulo Aura in his 1832 novel Newton Forster.

title: Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois


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List of Eurovision Song Contest winners

71 songs written by 147 songwriters have won the Eurovision Song Contest, an international song competition organised annually by the European Broadcasting Union. The contest, which has been broadcast every year since its debut in 1956 (with the exception of 2020), is one of the longest-running television programmes in the world. The contest's winner has been determined using numerous voting techniques throughout its history; centre to these have been the awarding of points to countries by juries or televoters. The country awarded the most points is declared the winner. The first Eurovision Song Contest was not won on points, but by votes (two per country), and only the winner was announced.

There have been 68 contests, with one winner each year except for the tied, which had four. 27 countries have won the contest, with winning the first contest in 1956. The countries with the highest number of wins are and  with seven wins each. Two people have won more than once as a performer: Ireland's Johnny Logan, who performed "What's Another Year" in 1980 and "Hold Me Now" in 1987, and Sweden's Loreen, who performed "Euphoria" in 2012 and "Tattoo" in 2023. Logan is also one of seven songwriters to have written more than one winning entry ("Hold Me Now" in 1987 and "Why Me?" in 1992, performed by Linda Martin), and is the only person to have three Eurovision victories to their credit, as either singer, songwriter or both. The other six songwriters with more than one winning entry to their credit are Willy van Hemert (Netherlands, 1957 and 1959), Yves Dessca (Monaco, 1971 and Luxembourg, 1972), Rolf Løvland (Norway, 1985 and 1995), Brendan Graham (Ireland, 1994 and 1996), and Thomas G:son and Peter Boström (both for Sweden's entries in 2012 and 2023).

Relatively few winners of the Eurovision Song Contest have gone on to achieve major success in the music industry. The most notable winners who have gone on to become international stars are ABBA, who won the 1974 contest for Sweden with their song "Waterloo", and Céline Dion, who won the 1988 contest for Switzerland with the song "Ne partez pas sans moi". More recently, Duncan Laurence, who won the for the Netherlands with "Arcade", experienced worldwide streaming success with the song as a sleeper hit throughout 2020 and 2021, while Måneskin, winners of the  for Italy with "Zitti e buoni", subsequently achieved worldwide popularity in the months following their victory.

Since 2008, the winner has been awarded an official winner's trophy of the Eurovision Song Contest. The trophy is a handmade piece of sandblasted glass in the shape of a 1950s microphone. The songwriters and composers of the winning entry receive smaller versions of the trophy. The original design was created by Kjell Engman of Kosta Boda, who specialises in glass art.

Performers and songwriters with multiple wins
The following individuals have won the Eurovision Song Contest as a performer or songwriter more than once.

Observations
Eleven Eurovision winners (alongside three non-winners) were featured at the special concert Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005, in which ABBA's "Waterloo" was voted the most popular song of the contest's first fifty years.

and have won seven times, more than any other country. Ireland also won the contest for three consecutive years (1992, 1993, 1994), the only country to ever do so. Three countries have won twice in a row: (1968 and 1969),  (1972 and 1973) and  (1978 and 1979). is the only country to win with its debut entry (in 2007), although Serbia had competed previously as part of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro. By contrast, Portugal holds the record for waiting the longest to achieve their first win, doing so in 2017; 53 years after their first appearance in the contest. Austria holds the record for longest wait in between wins, having won for the first time in 1966 and a second time in 2014. Under the voting system used between 1975 and 2015, the winner of the contest was decided by the final voting nation on eleven occasions.

Changes to the voting system, including a steady growth in the number of countries participating and voting, means that the points earned are not comparable across the decades. Portugal's Salvador Sobral holds the record of the highest number of points in the contest's history, earning 758 with the song "Amar pelos dois". Norway's Alexander Rybak holds the largest margin of victory in absolute points, a 169-point cushion over second place in 2009. Italy's Gigliola Cinquetti holds the record for largest victory by percentage, scoring almost three times as many as second place (49 points compared with 17 by the runner-up) in the 1964 contest. The lowest winning score is the 18 points (of the 160 total votes cast by 16 countries) scored by each of the four winning countries in.

Under the voting system used from 1975 until 2015, in which each country gives maximum points to its first place choice, Sweden's Loreen won the 2012 contest with the most ever first place votes earned, receiving first place votes from 18 of 41 countries (excluding themselves). The 1976 winner for the United Kingdom, Brotherhood of Man, holds the record of the highest average score per participating country, with an average of 9.65 points received per country. Azerbaijani winners Ell and Nikki hold the lowest average score for a winning song under that system, receiving 5.14 points per country.

Around two-thirds of the winning songs were performed in the second half of the final. According to the official statistics, until 2019, only 34.3% of the winning songs were performed in the first half, including 3 of the 4 winners in 1969. The only song to win without being clearly in one half or the other was the Israeli entry "Hallelujah" in 1979, which was drawn 10th out of 19 songs. Between 2005 and 2013, all the winning songs were performed in the second half of the final's running order.

The has finished second sixteen times at Eurovision (most recently in 2022), more than any other country. has finished third and fourth eight times at Eurovision (most recently respectively in 1981 and in 2024), and has finished fifth nine times at Eurovision (most recently in 2019). The country with the most top three places that has never won the contest is Malta, having finished second in 2002 and 2005 and third in 1992 and 1998. Another island nation, Iceland, has also finished second twice, in 1999 and 2009. With Portugal achieving its first win in 2017, Malta now also holds the record for longest wait for a first win, having first entered the contest in 1971 (although Cyprus has more winless appearances, with 36 since debuting in 1981, due to Malta taking a break from 1976 through 1990). Spain holds the current record for longest drought by a winning country, having last won in 1969. They are followed by France (1977) and Belgium (1986).

There is no official runner-up for two of the contests – 1956 and 1969. In 1956 only the winner, Switzerland, was announced, whilst there were speculative reports that Germany ended up in second place with "Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück" by Walter Andreas Schwarz, given that Germany was chosen to host the 1957 contest. In 1969, four songs shared first place by achieving the same number of points; fifth place was achieved by Switzerland, which is not considered an official runner-up, because of the draw for first place.

Discrepancies between the jury and televote
Since the reintroduction of the juries alongside televoting in 2009, the jury and the televote awarded the most points to the same entry on only six occasions: in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2017. Two winners have won without placing first in either area: Ukraine's Jamala in 2016, who finished second in the jury vote behind Australia and second in the televote behind Russia, and the Netherlands' Duncan Laurence in 2019, who placed third behind North Macedonia and Sweden in the jury vote, and second behind Norway in the televote.

Sweden won both the combined vote and jury vote in 2015 and 2023, represented by Måns Zelmerlöw and Loreen (the latter of whom had also won in 2012), respectively. However, in the televote, Sweden came third behind Italy and Russia in 2015, and second behind Finland in 2023. Switzerland's Nemo won the combined vote and jury vote in 2024, but placed fifth in the televote behind Croatia, Israel, Ukraine and France.

Azerbaijan's Ell and Nikki in 2011, Israel's Netta in 2018, Italy's Måneskin in 2021 and Ukraine's Kalush Orchestra in 2022 all won both the combined vote and televote. However, in the jury vote, Azerbaijan came second behind Italy in 2011, Israel came third behind Austria and Sweden in 2018, Italy came fourth behind Switzerland, France and Malta in 2021, and Ukraine came fourth behind the United Kingdom, Sweden and Spain in 2022.

Winners by country

The first repeat winner was the Netherlands, completed in. France was the first country to win three times (completed in ), four times (completed in ), and five times (completed in ). Ireland was the first country to win six times (completed in ) and seven times (completed in ). The first country to win two consecutive contests was Spain, from to. The first country to win three consecutive contests was Ireland, from to.

1969 is in italics to indicate the joint (four-way) win.

title: List of Eurovision Song Contest winners


text:
James Stewart Lockhart

Sir James Haldane Stewart Lockhart, (25 May 1858 – 26 February 1937) was a British colonial official in Hong Kong and China for more than 40 years. He also served as Commissioner of British Weihaiwei from 1902 to 1921. Additionally, he was a Sinologist who made pioneering translations.

Early life
Born as James Haldane Lockhart in Ardsheal, Argyllshire, Scotland, his parents were Anna Rebecca Charlotte (Stewart) and Miles Lockhart of Lismore, Argyll. His grandfather was banker James Lockhart. He attended King William's College (1868–72), George Watson's College, and the University of Edinburgh, and attempted to enter the civil service in India. Failing to do that, Lockhart took a Colonial Service cadetship in Hong Kong in 1878.

Colonial service in Hong Kong
After joining the Hong Kong Government in 1882, Lockhart rose through the ranks of Hong Kong's civil service. He was Registrar General and Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong, and later became Commissioner of Weihaiwei (1902 –1927), the British coastal enclave returned to China in 1930. He had a more positive relationship with Hong Kong Chinese due to this knowledge of Cantonese and was friends with Ho Kai. Lockhart was made a member of the Hong Kong Legislative and Executive Councils.

Lockhart drafted the first English-language report on the New Territories after London's acquisition in 1898. He argued that the prevalent Chinese communal culture and organization would serve as a stabilizing force in the colony. Lockhart's preference for indirect and indigenized rule was a main factor leading to the official recognition of Chinese community organizations like Tung Wah Hospital and Po Leung Kuk.

He founded the Hong Kong Football Club in 1886, situated within the Happy Valley Racecourse. The club now plays host to the Hong Kong 10s rugby tournament.

In his many years in Hong Kong he became a sinophile and a convinced Confucianist. His resulting contention that only a hard-line Chinese-style Confucian administration would be understood or respected, and his hard-line response to local resistance in the 1899 takeover of the new territories, has been proposed as one of the main causes of the Six-Day War that lead to the deaths of over 500 punti clansmen.

Sinological service
While they were both training in Hong Kong, Lockhart became friends with Reginald Johnston, who made his reputation while serving in Weihaiwei. Both men devoted great energy to their studies of Chinese language and classical literature, and both published scholarly works. Johnston was also a great emotional support to Lockhart and his family.

Johnston later wrote that, as Lockhart had had a sound training in Greek and Latin at Edinburgh University, he took easily to the study of Chinese, another classical language. The China Review, a journal for scholarly work by China coast foreigners, published Lockhart's early work, which mainly concerned linguistic questions. Lockhart was fluent in Cantonese, Johnston reported, and acquired a working knowledge of Mandarin when he was posted to Weihaiwei.

Numismatics and art collecting
Lockhart was particularly interested in collecting and studying Chinese coins, and he produced several publications on numismatics. He also made a thorough study of Chinese art and literature, and formed a large collection of paintings, ink rubbings and decorative arts, some of which was displayed in 1928.

The collection was donated by his daughter, Betty Joel, to his alma mater, George Watson's College, and is currently on a long-term loan to the National Museum of Scotland. Lockhart's Chinese books were purchased by Cambridge University Library; his photographs are on loan to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.

Later life
After retiring from the Colonial Service, Lockhart returned to Britain. He became an honorary member of the Royal Asiatic Society and member of the School of Oriental Studies at the University of London.

Honours and legacy
His appointment of CMG was signed by Queen Victoria on 21 May 1898, while his appointment of KCMG was signed by King Edward VII on 9 November 1908. He received an honorary LLD degree from the University of Hong Kong in 1918.

Lockhart Road in Wan Chai, Hong Kong Island, is named after him.

Family
In 1889, Lockhart married Edith Louise Rider Hancock. They had one son and two daughters: Charles, Mary (known by her married and professional name Betty Joel), and Margaret. He returned with his family to England in 1927 and died in London in 1937.

Selected publications

 * Lockhart, James H. Stewart (1893). A Manual of Chinese Quotations, Being a Translation of the Ch'êng Yü K'ao. Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh.

title: James Stewart Lockhart


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Sam Pereira

Sam Pereira is an American poet from Los Banos, California. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from California State University, Fresno (1971) and his Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Iowa (1975), where he was a student in the Iowa Writers' Workshop.

His books include: The Marriage of the Portuguese (L'Epervier Press, 1978), Brittle Water (Abattoir Editions/Penumbra Press, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 1987), and A Cafe in Boca, released in 2007 by Tebot Bach. An expanded edition of his first book was published in April 2012 by Tagus Press at the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth. Dusting on Sunday (Tebot Bach) was released in December 2012. In 2015, Bad Angels (Nine Mile Press) was published, and is, among other things, a poetic look at the years Pereira was a student in the Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa. In December, 2020, Nine Mile Press published Pereira's newest collection of poems, True North and Untrue You, which is his seventh book.

Work of his has also appeared in several anthologies of contemporary American poetry in recent decades, among them: Piecework: 19 Fresno Poets (Silver Skates, 1987), The Body Electric (W. W. Norton, 2000), and How Much Earth: The Fresno Poets (Heyday/Roundhouse Press, 2001).

His poems have been included in numerous magazines as well, among them, Alaska Quarterly Review, The American Poetry Review, Antioch Review, CutBank, Manoa, The Missouri Review, Poetry, Connotation Press and Blackbird.

Pereira was a Language Arts Teacher at Los Banos Junior High School until he retired in 2019. He currently resides in Los Banos, California.

title: Sam Pereira


text: Template:Campaignbox Spanish Civil War

title: Template:Campaignbox Spanish Civil War


text:
Talk:Mundaring, Western Australia

earlier comments
List Of Suburbs

I'm thinking this could be deleted. We have a category for suburbs of Perth which I suggest does the same job. Having said that, what's the normal wiki way to preserve a list of uncreated articles, sort of a ToDo list? SweenyTod 13:10, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Oh well - you want to put them all suburbs of perth? The whole reason why the suburbs were put in there is that what's within the local government area. Perth is not the local government. I could be very wrong, but i suspect that wiki is an exploration in showing how things fit into biggger things. sorry can't answer your other questionUser:SatuSuro 14:08, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

No, you're right. I didn't realise that it was both a suburb description, and list of suburbs within the Shire of Mundaring. Perhaps it needs a category for the shire? SweenyTod 14:13, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

I haven't done a thorough check of other oz states to see if they have the local gov with lists inside or not, maybe another state has good examples of how to do it. perhaps mundaring needs a disambig for mundaring the place, the shire, the weir, etcUser:SatuSuro 23:57, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It is appropriate to have a single article that covers two aspects of the same place. See, for example, Laverton, Western Australia, which treats both the town of Laverton and the Shire of Laverton; and see Margaret River, Western Australia, which treats both the town and the river. On the other hand, it is also often appropriate to cover each aspect separately; see for example Southwest, Western Australia, which disambiguates separate articles for the governmental region, the ecoregion and the drainage division.  I guess the choice is up to whoever wants to invest effort in the article. Hesperian 00:55, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, thanks for that. What is the wiki method for standardising information on a page?  I can see that if we have a number of articles on suburbs that also double as an article about the Shire they are in, it might be nice to have them with all the same formatting and information.  Or is that also something usually left to the individual authors? SweenyTod 01:20, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Followup on 'Suburbs of Perth' and 'Suburbs of Mundaring' categories
Having had the Mundaring Suburbs (strictly they are actually localities in Mundaring) category created - there is now the problem that some localities in Mundaring are actually outside of the Metropolitan Area as is recognised by the state government, so they a really localities -not suburbs! Also, the placing of perth-stub against perth suburbs that are correctly inside the metro area - there appear to be no other suburbs in other local govt areas in perth with perth stubs - so are they correct or not? User:SatuSuro 14:24, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Also Mundaring council has just erected signs at the edge of each area with a sign "Locality of Mundaring" User:SatuSuro 04:29, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think "locality" was always the formal name (there's a sign in suburban Gwelup to that effect too) - although the Gazetteer recognises a difference between LOCB and SUB. Orderinchaos 07:11, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Following edits
This article is worse than it was year ago - it needs a major re-write - status needs lowering SatuSuro 03:16, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mundaring, Western Australia


text: Wikipedia:Multilingual monthly statistics/2002


text:
Paramedics in Germany

Paramedics in Germany are the main providers of emergency care in emergency medical services in Germany. There exist two professional levels regulated by federal law, the Rettungsassistent (two year education, effective 1989 until 2013) and the Notfallsanitäter (three year education, starting 2014).

Both are able to provide the first level of pre-hospital emergency care. Additionally, they can get backup by an emergency physician on scene. Thus the German paramedic scope of skills include a set of advanced life support (ALS) treatments, which they have to perform until an emergency doctor is on scene. Then the paramedics (and other medical staff on scene) act under direct medical supervision of the physician.

Non life-threatening emergencies are handled solely by the paramedic ambulances without a physician on scene.

Other regulated qualifications in German EMS are Notarzt (emergency physician) and the more basic emergency technician level Rettungssanitäter.

History
The development of ambulance services in Germany started in the late 19th century. Typically volunteer aid organizations, some private companies in larger cities and so called rescue corps provided ambulance services mostly with very little training or medical background. This more or less lasted until the 1960s: emergency care was provided by volunteer organizations or untrained "ambulance men".

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, it became obvious, that a more professional approach is needed. The sending of physicians to the scene was introduced, following the concept "bringing the doctor to the patient, not the patient to the doctor". The development of the system "emergency physician" (Notarzt) started, bearing the need for somewhat qualified assistance on scene. A law to establish the occupation of Rettungssanitäter has been discussed, with a 3-year training curriculum. The government however saw difficulties in financing the training of this new profession. So, eventually in 1977 the original idea was introduced as a 3.5 month (520 hours) training curriculum common to all Länder (federal states) of Germany. This led to a more professionalized approach, but clearly below the level of the intended original law. By the 1980s it became clear that many situations were occurring in which the knowledge level of the Rettungssanitäter was inadequate, especially in cases where a Notarzt wasn't available in time. The developing of pre-clinical procedures demanded additional qualification for treating patients in the field. It was deemed necessary to find a new profession with even more knowledge and skills.

This was when, in 1989, the profession of the Rettungsassistent was created, introducing a two-year education program. In contrast to the Rettungssanitäter, the Rettungsassistent was a state-certified profession with a job title protected by law. Since then, EMS in Germany has evolved into a formal, well organized structure, with standards for staff training, vehicles, and service delivery. Formerly Rettungssanitäter trained providers could get an upgrade to the new profession with proof of 2000 hours experience in EMS. The Rettungssanitäter still exists as a common entry/assistance level for EMS, for volunteer work and industrial emergency medicine.

However, the Rettungsassistent remained subject to discussion, especially regarding length of education, scope of practice, autonomy in emergency situations and differentation to other medical professions, including paygrade. The problems mainly were seen in the early state exam after just one year in EMS school (the additional internship in EMS wasn't part of examination), the more or less undefined curriculum, the main focus on bare assistance to a physician, the possible side entry for other medical professions and the de facto requirement for students to pay for the entire education.

Around 20 years after the introduction of Rettungsassistent law, the German EMS community targeted to an enhanced qualification. Eventually in the year 2013, the law about the Notfallsanitäter came into effect. With January 2014, no more starting courses for the old Rettungsassistent were possible. The Notfallsanitäter law addressed much of the concerns, thus providing a real three year education with a well defined curriculum targeted more on autonomous handling of emergency situations, requirement of a (paid) contract with an employer during education and no side entries for other professions. Former Rettungsassistenten can decide to stay in their duty (the title still is protected) or (time limited until end of 2020) upgrade to Notfallsanitäter by taking courses and a supplemental state exam.

Scope of practice
The scope of practice of a German paramedic is not specifically defined by a decent law. Thus the allowed standard procedures largely depend on the local medical director and the employer. However, in life-threatening situations, a Rettungsassistent or Notfallsanitäter always has to perform autonomously first diagnosis/monitoring and all necessary ALS treatments until an emergency physician arrives. This includes airway management (clearing airway and oropharyngeal, subglottic and endotracheal intubation), intravenous cannulation or intraosseous infusion, decompression of tension pneumothorax and application of crystalloid solutions, basic medication (adrenaline, glucose, inhaled ß2 agonists/bronchodilators, rectal benzodiazepine, glyceryl trinitrate, analgetics) and resuscitation with an automated external defibrillator.

Usually not included are rapid sequence induction, surgical airway management, thoracostomy and advanced medication. However, this may be trained and allowed, especially for special settings, such as military or remote medical care (i.e. on ships).

Restrictions in treatment are the scope of training and practice, some laws restricting decent methods to physicians (i.e. medication with specific controlled substances such as opiates) and the fact that concluding therapies are restricted to physicians and licensed practitioners only, with exceptions to certain emergency procedures opened to the Notfallsanitäter. An emergency physician should be called to scene if he can perform other life saving tasks the patient needs, usually regulated by a physicians indication catalogue ("Notarzt-Indikationskatalog") depending on the service and state.

The definition of skills in the Rettungsassistent education law was not very specific, whereas the definition in the Notfallsanitäter law is very specific in which skills have to be mastered, trained or only known of. Thus, the scope of practice of a Notfallsanitäter is based on a well defined education, which leads to a wider range of accepted standard procedures, including intraosseous access, extraglottic airway, thorax punction, manual defibrillation and cardioversion, external pacing as well as more drugs including opiates.

Algorithms, Standing Orders, Procedures and Guidelines
Beside specific topics such as resuscitation, the use of algorithms in daily work is not usual in German EMS, although they are used in training.

Standing orders, pre-delegated authority and telemetry consultation are becoming more common since introduction of the Notfallsanitäter. In cases not covered by pre-delegation, emergency physicians can be called to come directly on scene. Until then, the paramedic is allowed to perform needed procedures within his skills on his own. Telemetry is mainly used to provide the receiving hospital with data for organising appropriate help in-house, but also in a few areas to seek medical advice with a telemetry emergency physician via video and audio transmission.

Essentially, emergency medicine in Germany heavily relies on evidence based guidelines provided by the main bodies of medical scientific organisations. Providers of (emergency) medicine have to keep up with the changes in those guidelines.

Competences
The theoretical education for German paramedics include:
 * basic anatomy, physiology and body functions
 * internal medicine
 * neurology
 * gynaecology
 * urology
 * paediatrics
 * disease patterns of the above
 * traumatological injuries
 * pharmacology
 * law, rights and duties
 * social skills
 * emergency equipment, tactics and procedures

Furthermore, the student is taught skills in treating patients, including:
 * basic diagnostic skills (blood pressure, heartrate, glucose level, oxygen saturation, Capnography)
 * advanced diagnostic skills (using and interpreting ECG, auscultation, neurological examination)
 * application of volume and drugs
 * airway management and ventilation
 * treatment of internal diseases like myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, hypertension
 * treatment of traumatic injuries like fractures, amputations, cuts and bruises
 * communication, special tactics

Rettungsassistent
The Rettungsassistent (female: Rettungsassistentin) was a two-year education program, established in 1989. This program ended in the year 2013 with the introduction of the three year education program of the Notfallsanitäter (see below).

Literally, the term means "rescue assistant", meaning that those in this role assist the Notarzt during pre-hospital treatment.

The Notfallsanitäter law of 2013 outdated the Rettungsassistent, effective with beginning of 2014. The title Rettungsassistent still is protected by law and those who have this education can perform their duty, but there will be no more starting classes for Rettungsassistent since January 2014.

Access
To be allowed to start EMS school an applicant had to be 18 years old and generally healthy. The needed school education was a basic level certificate of secondary education (Hauptschulabschluss) or similar, alternative a vocational training.

Specific side entries with shortened courses were defined for applicants with existing Rettungssanitäter education, nurses, active soldiers and police officers with medical training. Another professional education could have been accredited by authorities in general.

Education
The first phase of education included classroom and hospital clinical. It took 1200 hours, this is about one year full-time. A state licensed examination after this first stage permitted the candidate to begin a 1600 hours preceptorship in the pre-hospital setting.

In this second year they usually started as a third person on a transport ambulance in order to observe and learn from the trained professionals. Sometimes, paramedic students who also had the qualification of Rettungssanitäter were used as a full crew member on a two-person team. However, at all times the student was under supervision by a Lehrrettungsassistent.

After completing their year of internship, there was a closing meeting with the training physician and the supervising paramedic. After that, should the student have been deemed fit, he or she was awarded the vocational title of Rettungsassistent (female: Rettungsassistentin). The certificate then was issued by the state Ministry of Health and valid nationwide.

Objectives
The objectives of education was defined as being able to perform life saving action to emergency patients on scene until a physician takes over, establish transportability of such patients, monitor and support vital body functions during transportation to a hospital and transport ill, injured or other needy persons - even if non-emergency patients - with appropriate care. The description of the scope in the law largely placed emphasis on the assistance to a physician. By law the education has to enable the Notfallsanitäter to perform following tasks on his own: scene assessment and security, assessment of patients especially detecting vital threats, decision about calling in assistance, medical treatment of patients including invasive actions, handling of people in crisis situations, establishing and securing transportability of patients, selection of an appropriate transportation target, monitoring, reporting to receiving facility, documentation, communication, quality management, operational responsibilities for equipment including care for hygiene and accident prevention, assisting in medical treatments under supervision of a physician, independent treatment as ordered by a physician, self-responsible medical treatment according to rules given by a medical director, cooperation with other professions.[26]

Schools, costs
Education as Rettungsassistent was mostly offered by privately owned but state certified EMS schools (Rettungsassistenten-Schule). Mostly the students had to pay for their own training, rarely a future employer paid. Usual exceptions were firefighters, policemen and members of the armed forces for whom their employer covered the fees. Costs depended on school, they varied around €4000 for a full course. With a pre-existing EMS training, a shortened course was available, for fees of about €2750. Side entry for nurses were possible, omitting several medical topics, remaining fees of about €1800. Public funding and sponsorship were possible in certain cases.

Notfallsanitäter
The Notfallsanitäter (female: Notfallsanitäterin) is a three-year education program, established since January 2014.

Literally, the term means "emergency medic", underlining the more advanced skills for pre-hospital emergency medicine.

Access
To be allowed to start EMS school an applicant has to be generally healthy. The needed school education is a higher leveled certificate of secondary education (Mittlere Reife), alternative a basic level certificate of secondary education (Hauptschulabschluss) with an additional vocational training of at least two years.

University based programs may exist, then a secondary education certification for university entrance (Abitur) is needed.

The applicant has to get contracted (and paid) by an employer during his apprenticeship. The employer then organizes the education together with an EMS school.

Since it is mandatory to have a contract during the education period there is almost no way to get the Notfallsanitäter qualification on own expenses, only exception would be for university students in emergency related degree programs (and, technically, for public servants, i.e. career fire fighters or police officers).

There is no defined side entry for other medical professions, only a general rule for authorities enabling them accreditation of other education.

A time limited transition rule for holders of the now outdated Rettungsassistent certification is valid until the end of the year 2023. It requires mandatory courses dependent on time of work experience and a supplemental state exam, alternative attending the full state exam for Notfallsanitäter.

Education
The three year education of the Notfallsanitäter consists of min. 1920 hours theoretical and practical classroom instruction, an EMS internship of min. 1960 hours and an hospital internship of min. 720 hours, followed by a state exam. The EMS school, EMS station (internship) and training hospital has to be officially recognised.

Objectives
Generally, the law gives following objectives for the education: A Notfallsanitäter has to be qualified to perform according to scientific standards and with technical, personal, social and methodic competence for sole responsibility and team oriented work especially in emergency medical treatment and transport of patients. By law the education has to enable the Notfallsanitäter to perform following tasks on his own: scene assessment and security, assessment of patients especially detecting vital threats, decision about calling in assistance, handling of people in crisis situations, establishing and securing transportability of patients, selection of an appropriate transportation target, monitoring, reporting to receiving facility, documentation, communication, quality management, operational responsibilities for equipment including care for hygiene and accident prevention, assisting in medical treatments under supervision of a physician, independent treatment as ordered by a physician, self-responsible medical treatment according to rules given by a medical director, cooperation with other professions. Especially defined is the task of medical treatment of patients including all curative and invasive actions, which he is allowed to perform till the physician-contact on his own decision and responsibility, if he was schooled in the certain action and still overrule it and the certain action is necessary to provide the patient from further harm.

The educational guidelines to reach these competences are described in the according federal regulation for education and examination, Ausbildungs- und Prüfungsverordnung für Notfallsanitäterinnen und Notfallsanitäter (NotSan-APrV).

Other qualifications
See also article "Emergency medical services in Germany".

Notarzt
Other qualifications in EMS include the Emergency Physician (Notarzt), providing medical direction to all subordinate EMS staff, once on scene. If needed, emergency physicians are dispatched along with a paramedic ambulance according to several standard dispatch criteria (indication catalogue, "Notarzt-Indikationskatalog").

Rettungssanitäter and Rettungshelfer
Other level qualifications enabling a person to work in EMS are the Rettungssanitäter (EMT with 520 hour training) and Rettungshelfer (BLS and driver, not standardized, around 240 hours out of the Rettungssanitäter curriculum).

Sanitäter
Sanitäter technically is a person just with advanced first aid training (40-70 hrs) according to organization or company regulations, often staffing the first aid posts at events, volunteering in local first responder units or assisting in disaster response, nowadays rarely as crew member (driver) of an ambulance.

However, it is also the general public's term for "medical ambulance staff" in Germany, although recognized a bit offensive by some EMS professionals.

Continuous Education
After successfully completing EMS education and holding the state exam, paramedics in Germany do not need to be recertified. However, most German states and/or some employers require yearly training for serving in professional EMS: mostly around 30 hours.

Additionally, special recertification requirements exists for courses like ACLS, PALS, ITLS and PHTLS which are increasingly required by employers within the EMS system.

Work as a paramedic in Germany
Typically, paramedics are responsible for patient care on EMS ambulances. He or she may also act as assistant/driver for the car of an emergency physician (Notarzt).

Paramedic work includes positions in industry and occupational health.

Additionally to their regular field job, paramedics in Germany can obtain positions as QM-Beauftragter (quality management representative), MPG-Beauftragter (medical equipment representative) and Hygiene-Beauftragter (hygiene representative), which are administrative roles, often required by laws and regulations to be fulfilled in EMS organizations. Real career steps are Wachleiter (station commander), Schichtleiter (shift commander) and Rettungsdienstleiter (EMS chief). Those require experience in the EMS field and additional administrative skills, often regulated by state laws.

Another speciality is the HEMS crew member training, after which the Rettungsassistent or Notfallsanitäter is certified to work on a rescue helicopter. This role includes assisting both the pilot (i.e. navigating, spotting landing sites) during flight, and assisting the emergency physician with medical care.

The qualification of Lehrrettungsassistent or Praxisanleiter Rettungsdienst is to teach and supervise paramedic students during their training. Those seeking this role receive special training in which they learn education theory and the use of teaching strategies.

The qualification of Einsatzleiter Rettungsdienst and Organisatorischer Leiter (EMS/incident commander) is closely related to mass casualties and will be responsible for organizing staging, triage, treatment and transport as well as communication. Often that is a part-time position for paramedics beside their usual shifts.

A Leitstellendisponent works in a dispatch center. Part of their education is obtaining a medical level plus additional skills (i.e. firefighting, communications).

Often, hospitals seek paramedics for the position as Emergency Room Specialist, performing their skills in emergency medicine and triage within a hospital setting.

Furthermore, university degrees like Bachelor and Master Programs in Rescue Engineering or Health Care Management offer opportunities for German paramedics to take leadership roles in emergency health care systems and the general health care field.

Marketing and sales positions as well as working in technical service or development for manufacturers of medical equipment could be an additional career move for paramedics.

Salary
Wages depends on the employer, the state, involved unions and the role and/or additional tasks. Nowadays, pay level could be more or less compared with that of a nurse. A typical average pay for a paramedic varies around €31.000-€44.000 per year (before taxes) for up to 40 hours per week. Additional income can be gained for shift work and assuming additional tasks. Usually, pay level ascends with seniority and experience.

Since the education level of Rettungsassistent could be obtained by own expenses, the working market was very employer friendly. With the new Notfallsanitäter system, the number of paramedics in the system is restricted to a smaller number of paid and employed apprentices finishing their education. So a more employee friendly work market could be expected, influencing the pay grade in a positive way.

On the other hand, the general structure of German EMS is changing within the European union, more and more towards a time restricted contracting system, leading to heavy competition between organizations and companies. This may have a depressing influence on significant cost factors such as employees and their wages.

title: Paramedics in Germany


text:
Talk:Trewellard

Comment
Whilst the country of Cornwall is unfortunately part of England, the peninsula is nearly surrounded on all sides by water: the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel and the Tamar River. There used to be kings in Cornwall; it had its own parliament. It also had its own language, a form of cetlic.

reformat
This article remains a bit scant on info, I have however done the following 1)Remove the factual errors - For example there is no civil parish of Pendeen 2)Removed the statements about poor development - this is an opinion not a fact ( I agree mind!!) 3)Added some links

Reedgunner 13:03, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Photographs
I've put the photo of a Trewellard milestone on, just because I've nothing better and it amuses me that its creator has squeezed the long name onto the narrow stone. There must be better pics representing the place. I've lost my pics of Geevor Mine and Levant :( JimChampion 20:45, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe I ought to bite the bullet and sign up... I have some Levant pictures around somewhere. 86.11.124.189 20:16, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

- yes do it -sign up! Mammal4 21:25, 2 November 2006 (UTC) I will put some pictures up, I live in Trewellard now. renouk —Preceding comment was added at 21:57, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trewellard