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Names of Myanmar

The country known in English as Burma, or Myanmar, has undergone changes in both its official and popular names worldwide. The choice of names stems from the existence of two different names for the country in Burmese, which are used in different contexts.

The official English name Burma (ဗမာ) was an old name used by Myanmar Country, yet later was changed by Burma's government from the "Union of Burma" to the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar". Since then, those name changes have been the subject of controversies and mixed incidences of adoption.

Burmese names
In the Burmese language, Burma is known as Myanmar Pyi (မြန်မာပြည်). Myanmar Pyi is the written, literary name of the country, while Bama is the spoken name of the country. Burmese, like Javanese and other languages of Southeast Asia, has different levels of register, with sharp differences between literary and spoken language.

Both names derive ultimately from the endonym of the largest ethnic group in Burma, the Burmans, also known as Bama or Mranma in the spoken register and in the literary register, respectively. As such, some groups—particularly non-Burmans minorities—consider these names to be exclusionary.

"Bama"
The colloquial name Bama is supposed to have originated from the name Myanma by shortening of the first syllable, from loss of nasal final "an", reduced to non-nasal "a" , and loss of "y" glide), and then by transformation of "m" into "b". This sound change from "m" to "b" is frequent in colloquial Burmese and occurs in many other words. Although Bama may be a later transformation of the name Myanma, both names have been in use alongside each other for centuries. King Mindon in the mid-19th century was the first to refer to himself as the king of the 'Mranma people', in an attempt to ethnicise his rule, at a time when his rule was largely confined to the Irrawaddy Valley and the Myanmar ethnic group. In 1930s, Ba Thaung, founder of the Dobama Asiayone (We Burmans Association), referred to the country as 'Bamapran' (ဗမာပြည်). He felt that the pronunciation of Mranma is "weak" and that of Bama is "strong". He also added that Bama refers to, not only the Mranma ethnic group, but all ethnic groups present in the country.

"Mranma"
The etymology of Mranma remains unclear. The "Burmans" who entered the central Irrawaddy river valley in the 9th century founded the Pagan Kingdom in 849, and called themselves Mranma. The earliest record discovered of the word was in a Mon inscription dated 1102, inside which the name was spelled Mirma. The first record of the name in a Burmese inscription is dated 1190, in which inscription the name was spelled Myanma.

Ma Thanegi records that the first use of the name 'Mranma' for the country is to be found on a 3 ft high stone inscription dated 597 ME (Traditional Burmese calendar) or 1235 CE. The stone is from the reign of Kyaswa, (1234-1250) son of King Htilominlo (Nadaungmya), Bagan. It is written in early Burmese script. Although the middle of the front side of this stone is damaged, the first line of the better-protected reverse side clearly shows မြန်မာပြည် ("Mranma kingdom"). The inscription is known as the 'Yadana Kon Htan Inscription'. At present it is in Bagan recorded as stone number 43 in the Archaeological Department's collection.

Today in Burmese the name is still spelled Mranma, but over time the "r" sound disappeared in most dialects of the Burmese language and was replaced by a "y" glide, so although the name is spelled "Mranma", it is actually pronounced Myanma.

In the decades preceding independence, independence parties were in search of a name for the new country to be born, which would be made up not only of Burmese-speaking people, but also of many minorities. In the 1920s, some favoured the name Mranma, which had been the name applied to the old Burmese kingdom conquered by the British Empire in the 19th century. In the 1930s, the left-wing independence parties favoured the name Bama, as they thought this name was more inclusive of minorities than Mranma.

The Burmese puppet state set up by the Japanese occupation forces during the Second World War was officially called Bama. When the Japanese used their own syllabary, they transliterated the three consonants of the Dutch name "Birma" and ended up with the name Biruma (ビルマ). At the time of independence in 1948, the "Union of Burma" was the name that was chosen for the new country, being further amended as the "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma" in 1974, following a 1962 military coup.

While both the names Bama and Mranma historically referred only to the Burmans and not other ethnic minorities, Burmese governments in the post-independence period have instituted a differentiation of meaning between Mranma and Bama in the official Burmese language usage. The name Myanma/Myanmar was expanded to include all citizens of the country while the name Bama was kept to its original meaning. Both are widespread use in colloquial usage. Most still use Bama/Myanma interchangeably, to refer to the country, depending on the context. Ironically, because of the official renaming of the country, the dominant ethnic group is now known by its colloquial name, Bama, rather than by its literary name, Mranma in official Burmese usage.

History
In English, the official name chosen for the country at the time of independence was "Burma". This was already the name that the British called their colony before 1948. This name most likely comes from Portuguese Birmânia and was adopted by English in the 18th century. The Portuguese name itself, a Latinate back-formation (cp. Germânia vs. Alemanha), came from the Indian name Barma which was borrowed by the Portuguese from any of the Indian languages in the 16th or 17th century. This Indian name Barma may derive from colloquial Burmese Bama, but it may also derive from the Indian name Brahma-desh.

Early usage of the English term Burma varies:
 * Bermah (Earliest European maps as old as the 18th century spelled Burma with an 'e'.)
 * Birmah (Charles Thomson map of 1827)
 * Brama (Thomas Kitchin's map of 1787)
 * Burmah (Samuel Dunn's map 1787)
 * Burma (Keith Johnson's map 1803)
 * Burmah (Eugene William's map, 1883)
 * Burma (Common stable spelling used in The Times newspaper.)

In 1989, the military regime of Burma set up a commission in charge of reviewing the place names of Burma in the English language. The aim of the commission was to correct the spelling of the place names of Burma in English, to discard spellings chosen by British colonial authorities in the 19th century, and adopt spellings closer to the actual Burmese pronunciation (compare with what happened in India with Calcutta/Kolkata and Calicut/Kozhikode). These renamings took the form of the "Adaptation of Expressions Law", passed on June 18, 1989. Thus, for instance, Rangoon was changed to Yangon to reflect the fact that the "r" sound is no longer used in Standard Burmese and merged with a "y" glide.

As for the country's name, the commission decided to replace the English name "Burma" with "Myanmar", for three reasons. First, Myanma is the official name of the country in the Burmese language, and the aim of the commission was to have English place names aligned with Burmese place names and pronunciation. Second, the commission thought that the name Myanma was more inclusive of minorities than the name Bama, and wanted the English name of the country to reflect this. Finally, the military regime has long been suspicious of the colloquial Burmese language, which it perceives as subversive; the English name "Burma" mirrors the colloquial Burmese name Bama.

The final "r" in the English "Myanmar" is absent in Burmese Myanma (much as the medial "r" in "Burma" is absent in standard Burmese Bama). The commission added a final "r" in English to represent the low tone of Burmese, in which the word Myanma is pronounced. In the low tone, the final vowel "a" is lengthened. The commission was influenced by Received Pronunciation and other non-rhotic English English dialects, in which "ar" (without a following vowel) is also pronounced as long "a" (often given as "ah" in American English). However, in variants of English in which final "r" is pronounced, such as standard American English, adding this final "r" leads to a pronunciation very different from the Burmese pronunciation.

Controversies
In the Burmese language, there have been controversies about the name of the country since the 1930s, and the decision of the regime in 1989 carried the controversy into the English language. The regime believes that Myanmar is more inclusive of minorities than Bama, while opponents point out that historically, Myanmar is only a more literary version of Bama.

Quite the opposite of being more inclusive, opposition parties and human rights groups contend that the new English name "Myanmar" is actually disrespectful of the minorities of Burma. Minorities, many of whom do not speak Burmese, had become accustomed to the English name "Burma" over the years, and they perceive the new name "Myanmar" as a purely Burmese name reflecting the policy of domination of the ethnic Burman majority over the minorities.

The regime changed the name of the country when using English; it did not change the official name of the country in Burmese. Former opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi at first opposed the new name "Myanmar", pointing out the hypocritical justification of inclusivity put forward by the regime. Opposition parties, although they oppose the English name "Myanmar", do not oppose the official Burmese name Mranma, and no opposition party is proposing to use the colloquial name Bama as the official name of the country. Culturally, when speaking, locals refer to the country as Burma, but in literature, it is named "Myanmar".

Finally, a lot of criticism also focused on the lack of linguistic soundness of the reform. Only four language scholars sat in the 1989 commission, while the majority of the commission was made up of military officials and civil servants with no particular knowledge of linguistics. The new names adopted often lacked serious linguistic credibility, and some appear questionable (the final "r" at the end of the name Myanmar makes sense only for a speaker of a non-rhotic dialect of English).

Adoption
Since the Burmese government's 1989 decision to use "Myanmar" rather than "Burma" when using English, adoption of the new name in the English-speaking world has been mixed. Use of "Burma", along with many other name changes within Myanmar has remained widespread, largely based on the question of whether the regime has the legitimacy to change the country's name, particularly without a referendum.

The United Nations, of which Myanmar is a member, endorsed the name change five days after its announcement. However, the United States still refers to the country as "Burma". The United States government attributes its choice to support for the party deemed to have won the 1990 election but been denied power by the junta. That party opposes the new name.

Following the 2011–2012 democratic reforms in Burma, politicians started using "Myanmar" more frequently. The British government also cites the elected party's preference in its statement on its choice of name. A spokesman for the Department of Foreign Affairs in Canada said that his government's choice was "in support of the struggle for democracy". Others, including the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the governments of China, India, Japan, Germany, Australia, Canada and Russia recognize "Myanmar" as the official name.

During the 2005 ASEAN summit in Thailand, the Foreign Minister Nyan Win complained about the US insistence of calling his country "Burma" instead of "Myanmar" as it was renamed more than a decade ago. In January 2011, during the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of the country at the United Nations, the delegate of Myanmar interrupted the delegate of the United States, who had begun her comments on human rights in Myanmar by "welcom[ing] the Burmese delegation to the UPR working group". Myanmar's delegate insisted that the American delegation should use the name "Myanmar", and appealed to the session's president to enforce that rule. The latter commented that "we're here to discuss human rights in Myanmar, we're not here to discuss the name of the country", and asked the American delegation to use Myanmar's official, UN-recognised name. The American delegate continued her comments on human rights violations in Myanmar, without using either name for the country. On 19 November 2012, US President Barack Obama, accompanied by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on her second visit to the country, referred to the nation as both Myanmar and Burma.

Media usage is also mixed. In spite of the usage by the US government, American news outlets including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The International Herald Tribune and CNN, and US-based international news agencies the Associated Press and Reuters have adopted the name "Myanmar". Others have continued to use "Burma", some of whom have switched to using "Myanmar" years after the name change, such as the Financial Times, citing increasing international acceptance of the new name. The BBC changed to using "Myanmar" in 2014.

Some other sources, including NPR in the US use terms such as "Myanmar, also known as Burma".

Another approach taken by some historians is to continue to use the name "Burma" for describing the history of the country prior to the 1988 military coup and "Myanmar" from there on. This also contravenes the intentions of the government, whose naming reform in 1989 was to apply to the entire history of the country. Those using this approach argue that it is the most politically neutral option.

In June 2014, the Australian government, led by Prime Minister Tony Abbott, continued a long-running discussion on the manner in which Australian officials would refer to the Southeast Asian nation. While Burma was the formal title used by the Australian government, the Labor government revised the national name to the Union of Myanmar in 2012. However, the matter has resurfaced, as the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) reverted to the former title under Abbott's leadership in late 2013. A reason for the change has not appeared in the media, but, as of June 2014, the Abbott government's policy advises officials to switch between Burma and Myanmar, in accordance with the circumstances at hand. DFAT secretary Peter Varghese explained to the media: "Our ambassador to Myanmar would be our ambassador to Myanmar, because the country to which she is accredited is Myanmar, in the eyes of the government of Myanmar."

In April 2016, soon after taking office, Aung San Suu Kyi clarified that foreigners are free to use either name, "because there is nothing in the constitution of our country that says that you must use any term in particular."

Adjectival forms and demonyms
In Burmese, the word Myanma, when used as a noun, is pronounced in the low tone (long "a", Okell: Myañma/Myăma), whereas when used as an adjective, it is pronounced in the creaky tone (short "a") as if it were spelt "မြန်မ" or "မြန်မာ့" (MLCTS: mranma., Okell: Myañmá/Myămá). To reflect this, in the 1989 government renaming the adjectival form of the country's name "Myanmar" is formed by dropping the final "r" to get "Myanma" (since the final "r" indicates lengthening in Oxford English).

Most people, even in Burma, are unaware of these subtleties, as it occurs only in the spoken language and the spelling "မြန်မ" is not mandatory. Thus there is "Myanma Airways" (correct spelling) and "Myanmar Airways" (incorrect spelling, but used officially and recognised anyway). Some English speakers have even coined the adjective "Myanmarese" or "Myanmese", to follow English rather than Burmese grammatical rules. These adjectives are not recommended as most natives of Myanmar preferred to be called either the old way of "Burmese", "Myanmar", or "Myanma" representing the many diverse races in the country.

According to the replacement, the name of the dominant ethnicity of Burma, whose people speak the Burmese language, is "Bamar" (again, final "r" only added to denote a long "a" in Burmese). Thus, Myanmar is a country inhabited by the Bamars plus many minorities; and the Bamars and minorities are collectively known as Myanma people.

While the use of the name "Myanmar" is widespread and rivals the use of "Burma", adoption of adjectival forms has been far more limited; in general, terms in use before 1989 have persisted. Citizens of Burma, regardless of their ethnicity, are known as "Burmese", while the dominant ethnicity is called "Burman". The language of the Burmans, however, is known as the Burmese language, not as the Burman language, although confusingly enough the "Burmese" language is considered one of the Tibeto-"Burman" languages.

Other languages
In Assamese the country is known as মান দেশ Man Dex ("Maan Country") since the time when the 1st Ahom king Sukapha crossed Patkai hills to come to Assam valley from Myanmar. The period of Burmese invasions to Assam are known as মানৰ দিন Manor Din ("Days of Maan").

In Bengali the name is ব্রহ্মদেশ or 'Brahmadesh'. It is the same in case of Sanskrit and Sanskrit-based languages in other parts of India. This name predates the Portuguese or British names but it is not clear whether this name has roots connected to the 'Mrnma' people or it predates them also.

In Chinese, the name appeared for the first time in 1273 and was recorded as 緬 (pronounced miɛnX in the Middle Chinese of the period, and Miǎn in Modern Standard Mandarin). The present name in the Chinese is 緬甸 (pronounced Miǎndiàn). The Vietnamese Miến Điện is derived from the same term.

In Japan, although the Japanese government's basic position is to use Myanmā (ミャンマー), often media organisations indicate Biruma (ビルマ) in parentheses afterwards. Biruma may be used more often in the spoken language, while Myanmā is more common in written language. Popular Japanese fictional works such as The Burmese Harp (Biruma no tategoto) mean that the name Biruma may have more of an emotional resonance to readers. Historically Japan used the Chinese characters of "Menden" (緬甸) to refer to Burma. This form remains in contemporary usage in abbreviations; for example, the World War II-era Burma-Thailand Railway is still referred to almost exclusively as the Tai-Men Tetsudō (泰緬鉄道).

Myanmar is known by a name deriving from Burma as opposed to Myanmar in Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Greek – Birmania being the local version of Burma in both Italian and Spanish, Birmânia in Portuguese, and Birmanie in French. As in the past, French-language media today consistently use Birmanie.

In Tamil, although not used as much anymore, Myanmar was referred to as "Putpagam" (புட்பகம்). It is most likely derived from the name of the Pagan Kingdom. The most iconic reference using this name occurs in Subramania Bharati's "Senthamizh Nadenum" song which also lists other Tamilized place names.

title: Names of Myanmar


text:
Naica Mine

The Naica Mine of the Mexican state of Chihuahua, is a lead, zinc and silver mine. Located in Naica in the municipality of Saucillo, the Naica Mine is owned by Industrias Peñoles, the world's largest silver producer. Caverns discovered during mining operations contain gigantic crystals of (calcium sulfate dihydrate, gypsum, also sometimes called selenite. Peñoles announced in October 2015 that it was indefinitely suspending operations due to uncontrollable flooding at the Naica Mine.

The peak underground air temperature was 58°C (136°F) with 100% relative humidity, which rapidly exposed the visitors to hyperthermia hazard and caused breathing difficulties. Because of the heat, unprotected researchers could only stay up to 10 minutes inside the cave. Longer visits required the use of a special suit fitted with a cooling system (ice reserve in a backpack with cooled water recirculating in polymer tubes installed over all the body surface) and delivering fresh air for easier breathing. The visits were limited to about half an hour, the time needed to melt the ice reserves.

Cave of the Crystals
The Cave of the Crystals is a cave approximately 1000 ft below the surface in the limestone host rock of the mine, about 109 m long, with a volume of 5000 to 6000 m3. The chamber contains giant selenite crystals, some of the largest natural crystals ever found. The largest is 11.40 m, with a volume of about 5 m3, and an estimated mass of 12 tonnes.

The selenite crystals were formed by hydrothermal fluids heated by the magma chamber below. The cavern was discovered while the miners were drilling through a newly drained area. The caves are closed to the public, and remain closed after a worker tried to enter the cave to steal some of the selenite, only to suffocate and die in the cave's humid and inhospitable atmosphere.

Reports in 2017 stated that scientists had found "long-dormant microbes" in the crystals and removed them for further research. The cave was closed in 2015 and some of the chambers were allowed to flood again to continue the process of crystal growth. If the mining company decides to open another entrance, researchers might again enter to continue their work, according to a February 2019 report.

The Cave of Swords
The Cave of Swords (Cueva de Espadas) is the second-largest chamber in the Naica Mine, at 104 m long, with a volume of 1400 m3. It also contains gypsum crystals that are each about a meter long, due to the fact that these crystals are younger and had been growing for much less time by the time they were discovered in 1910.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Naica Mine


text:
KTNV-TV

KTNV-TV (channel 13) is a television station in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, affiliated with ABC. It is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company alongside Laughlin-licensed independent station KMCC (channel 34). The two stations share studios on South Valley View Boulevard in the nearby unincorporated community of Paradise (though with a Las Vegas mailing address); KTNV-TV's transmitter is located atop Mount Arden in Henderson.

Channel 13 was the third station to be activated in Southern Nevada, beginning broadcasting in May 1956 as KSHO-TV. The station originally operated on a 24-hour basis, unique for the time, with a rotating schedule of movies and minimal news coverage; it remained an independent station until affiliating with ABC in December 1957. Amid financial difficulties, multiple stock sales and ownership transfers occurred from 1957 until 1961, when the licensee, Television Company of America, declared bankruptcy, and a receiver was appointed. In 1963, the Federal Communications Commission opened an investigation into an unauthorized transfer of control of the station, which resulted in a decision to deny renewal of its broadcast license. KSHO-TV continued to operate on an interim basis while seven applicants fought for the permanent license; Talmac, Inc., owned the station from then until 1972, followed by Arthur Powell Williams.

The Journal Company acquired KSHO-TV in 1979 and relaunched it as KTNV-TV in March 1980. Journal made technical investments at the station, and the news department also grew, but KTNV-TV has not been able to substantially rise from third place in the market despite several overhauls and tweaks to the station's newscasts. Scripps acquired Journal, including KTNV, in 2015.

History
Channel 13 in Las Vegas was first applied for in 1951 by the Desert Television Company, a consortium of local businessmen associated with local radio station KRAM, which was in turn sold to Huntridge Theaters in 1952. Another application was filed by the Western Television Company, but while Western withdrew its application in February 1954 and left Desert Television unopposed, a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) hearing examiner denied the application because the group failed to prove its financial qualifications.

Early years
On September 28, 1955, Moritz Zenoff, owner of radio station KBMI in nearby Henderson as well as the Boulder City News and Henderson Home News, was granted a construction permit to build channel 13 in Las Vegas. Zenoff built the station and signed on KSHO-TV on May 4, 1956. It was an independent station with a 24-hour schedule—possibly the only one at that time—consisting of four rotating six-hour movie blocks, interrupted in the evening for brief five-minute news breaks that were the station's only local programming. The studios were located in the Fremont Hotel and Casino, from which the station broadcast with a mere 250 watts of power; low-budget advertisements were a major draw, as was a classified advertising feature aired throughout the day. KSHO-TV was built for $70,000, a fraction of the cost of most new-build TV stations, and run by just two technical employees per shift, but its low-cost programming made the small operation profitable.

Zenoff sold the station and KBMI radio to the Television Company of America (TCA) in September 1956, four months after putting it on the air. TCA was owned by a number of TV and radio investors in the western United States, including Albert Zugsmith. It was the second attempt to sell the station that year after a previous application to sell the outlet to Wilbur Clark, developer and owner of the Desert Inn, was withdrawn. Stock in Television Company of America changed hands multiple times in the late 1950s. In March 1957, Morton Sidley and Ira Laufer, both radio executives in Los Angeles, bought stock in TCA, as did Nathan and Merv Adelson and Irwin Molasky.

That fall, the station relocated to El Rancho Vegas and applied to increase its power, and on December 15, it became an ABC affiliate, the 81st primary outlet of the network nationally. However, financial trouble and continued ownership turnover remained as hallmarks. In February 1959, the sale of the station to Rube Jolley, the founder of KLAS-TV, was announced. The FCC granted the $137,500 purchase of TCA stock by Jolley's company, the Nevada Broadcasters Fund, in November. Jolley was president but did not own any of the stock; among the notable stockholders was Howard D. Johnson, owner of radio and television interests in Idaho and Utah. The Television Company of America, meanwhile, had to obtain a court order to prevent it from being evicted from El Rancho Vegas.

License revocation and re-award
Television Company of America filed for bankruptcy protection in May 1961, and it asked for permission to transfer the license to a court-appointed receiver. However, in March 1963, the FCC instead designated its license renewal as well as a proposed transfer of the license to Arthur Powell Williams, a businessman from Los Angeles, for hearing. The commission ordered the hearings over complications in ownership. The FCC alleged that, over two years of what Variety called "financial gamesmanship", ownership had passed from Television Company of America to Nevada Broadcasters' Fund to a company controlled by Johnson, who advanced funds to keep the station in business; that there was an unauthorized contract for a transfer of control to Johnson; and that Nevada Broadcasters' Fund had disclosed in stock sales that it acquired control of KSHO-TV before even filing the application with the FCC, which must approve all transfers of control of radio and television stations. Hearings were held in Las Vegas before an FCC examiner over the various unauthorized transfers and attempts to solicit public investment. KSHO-TV's weakened position also was revealed by testimony in a concurrent FCC battle over the licensing of channel 4 in Boulder City, wherein applicants for that station—including KSHO-TV's station manager—were found to have discussed how to seek a network affiliation and "what part Channel 13 would play if it became dead".

FCC hearing examiner Millard French handed down an initial decision in November 1964 against the license renewal and proposed transfers of control to Williams, citing Nevada Broadcasters' Fund's "misrepresentations and statements that were calculated to deceive", that stakeholders were selling stock they no longer owned, and that Johnson's company, KBLI Inc., attempted to raise stock only to be told by the securities commissioner in Idaho that it could not invest any of the money it raised outside the state. In July 1965, the FCC ruled against Television Company of America. It represented the first time the commission had denied renewal of a television license at hearing; even though the FCC held that some innocent creditors and others would be punished, it rebuked the "most incredibly lax manner" in which KSHO-TV was operated and noted that concealing the Johnson ownership interest was "outstanding and willful".

Arthur Powell Williams lodged an appeal, noting that the commission found him to be of "blameless character". However, a federal appeals court upheld the commission's action in June 1966, and the Supreme Court refused to take up the case in February 1967.

Talmac and Williams ownership
On June 9, 1967, KSHO-TV's operating authority expired; the same day, the FCC granted interim operating authority to a group consisting of five of the seven applicants seeking to operate the station on a permanent basis. Channel 13 of Las Vegas, Inc., consisted of five of the groups: Williams, Desert Broadcasting Corporation, Ettlinger Broadcasting, Clark County Communications, and Talmac, Inc. The other two, not part of the interim operator, were Lotus Television of Las Vegas and Diller Broadcasting Corporation, owned by Phyllis Diller.

The application of Talmac, Inc., attracted the most immediate attention because it had ripple effects in Carson City. Alan Abner, one of Talmac's principals, sat on the Nevada Gaming Control Board, and conflict-of-interest questions prompted him to tender his resignation. Two gamblers—whose business Abner regulated on the Gaming Control Board—were stakeholders in competing applicant Clark County Communications, thus the issue. Even during the interim operation period, KSHO-TV moved into its present Valley View Drive studios in 1968 and simultaneously began high-power broadcasting for the first time in its history.

The seven applicants reached a settlement in April 1969, with Talmac being named the winner of permanent authority to operate KSHO-TV and some of Ettlinger Broadcasting's principals buying stakes in Talmac. Arthur Powell Williams—the same man who was to have bought the station a decade earlier—filed to acquire KSHO-TV from Talmac in April 1971, a transaction approved by the FCC in January 1972.

Journal and Scripps ownership
In 1979, The Journal Company purchased KSHO-TV from Williams, adding its first television station outside of the state of Wisconsin. The move came at a time when The Journal Company wanted to diversify in order to relieve antitrust pressures on its combination of a newspaper, AM and FM radio stations, and a television station in Milwaukee. A total overhaul was necessary at channel 13, which had become the fourth-rated station locally even though it was affiliated with ABC, then the top network nationally. The general manager of KLAS-TV noted that the syndicated early evening offerings of independent KVVU-TV had provided stiffer competition for their newscasts than KSHO-TV's news offerings. The result was a total image overhaul, including new KTNV-TV call letters on March 2, 1980. Journal also invested in new live mobile reporting equipment and moved the transmitter to Black Mountain; in 1985, KTNV was the first Las Vegas-area station to broadcast in stereo.

On July 30, 2014, it was announced that the E. W. Scripps Company would buy Journal Communications in an all-stock transaction. Scripps would retain the two companies' broadcast properties, including KTNV, and spin off its print properties as part of Journal Media Group. The FCC approved the deal on December 12, 2014. It was approved by shareholders on March 11, 2015. The merger was completed on April 1, 2015.

Scripps acquired Ion Media and most of its stations, including KMCC (channel 34) in the Las Vegas market, in 2020. As part of its acquisition of broadcast rights to local Vegas Golden Knights hockey games, Scripps announced on May 4, 2023, that Ion programming would relocate and KMCC would become an independent station featuring the Golden Knights and newscasts from KTNV.

News operation
As KSHO-TV, the station aired local news programming, though it rarely found much ratings success. When Journal took over, the main early evening newscast was moved from 6 to 5:30 p.m. to avoid direct competition with KLAS-TV, which commanded half of all TV viewership at the 6 p.m. hour in February 1980. The station was lifted into second place for a time but had sunk back down to third by 1989; in the Las Vegas Review-Journal, Ken White described the newsroom as having "more news directors hired and fired the last few years than managers for the New York Yankees". In 1989, the station launched its first morning newscast, Good Morning Las Vegas.

Much of the station's history in news has been spent making attempts to improve the ratings and move the station up from third place. In 1992, the station rebranded its newscasts as News 13: Inside Las Vegas, including an image overhaul. Another shakeup was made in late 2001, two years before the Action News brand was instituted.

In 2014, Journal was fined $115,000 by the FCC for airing so-called "special reports" about liquidations at car dealerships that were actually commercials for the dealerships, failing to disclose that they were paid advertisements. This was the second ethics problem for the KTNV newsroom within five years. In 2009, reporter Nina Radetich was recorded telling the owner of an automotive repair business that her boyfriend's public relations company could help counter the negative press being generated by KTNV's own reporting.

Morning Blend
In 2010, following the lead of several other Journal stations, KTNV launched a lifestyle-oriented program, The Morning Blend, on July 6, 2010. The program, produced by KTNV's creative services department, features advertorial segments.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Ross Becker, anchor (2002–2004)
 * Paula Francis, anchor (known as Paula Dilworth at KTNV)
 * Cecily Tynan, meteorologist

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

KTNV-TV is a participating station in Las Vegas's ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) deployment on KVCW and in turn hosts that station's main subchannel in 1.0 format.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KTNV-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 13, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition VHF channel 12 to channel 13 for post-transition operations. In 2021, Scripps filed to move KTNV-TV from the VHF band on channel 13 to the UHF band on channel 26.

Translators
KTNV-TV's signal is additionally rebroadcast over the following translators:

 * Caliente: K13NV-D
 * Laughlin: K20NW-D
 * Overton: K30MH-D
 * Pahrump: K31OY-D, K36BQ-D
 * Panaca: K04HF-D
 * Pioche: K11IV-D
 * Ursine: K13LU-D

title: KTNV-TV


text:
'68 (film)

 '68 is a 1988 drama film directed by Steven Kovacs. The film follows a full year of a Hungarian family living in San Francisco in 1968.

Plot
The father escaped the Soviet invasion of Budapest and now runs a Hungarian restaurant that is not doing well financially. The younger of his two sons is gay and struggling with coming out. His dad disowns him when he finally does. The older son is involved in the counterculture, gets kicked out of college, buys a motorcycle, starts dating a Maoist, and is also disowned by his father. The older of the sons runs afoul of an outlaw motorcycle club; the younger of the two sons gets drafted but is rejected because of his homosexuality. The older one joins his younger brother in a gay rights protest.

Major events of the year such as the assassination of Martin Luther King and the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy are interspersed throughout the plot and depicted in the film using stock footage.

Cast

 * Eric Larson as Peter Szabo
 * Robert Locke as Sandy Szabo
 * Sándor Técsy as Zoltan Szabo
 * Anna Dukasz as Zsuzsa Szabo
 * Miran Kwun as Alana Chan
 * Terra Vandergaw as Vera Kardos
 * Shony Alex Braun as Tibor Kardos
 * Donna Pecora as Piroska Kardos
 * Elizabeth De Charay as Gizi Horvath
 * Jan Nemec as Dezso Horvath
 * Rusdi Lane as Bela Csontos
 * Nike Doukas as Beatrice
 * Neil Young as Westy
 * Frank X. Mur as Officer
 * Joel Parker as Protester
 * Paul Pedrol as Client
 * James Russel

Release and reception
'68 was first shown at the AFI Los Angeles International Film Festival during March 11–26, 1987. Ben Kallen praised Neil Young's cameo performance in the LA Weekly's collection of reviews, but found the film clichéd. The film was then regionally released on May 6, 1988. The film was also shown at the Deauville Film Festival in September 1988 in which Steven Kovacs was nominated for the Critics' Award. Reviewers found the movie to be nostalgic but lacking in substance. Michael Sragow of The San Francisco Examiner found the screenplay "over-stuffed" and "strident." Michael H. Price at the Fort Worth Star-Telegram praised the film's historical accuracy and camera work, but found the film tortured. Time Out says "Kovacs' episodic attempt to evoke the trippy, dippy and momentous days of '68... finally peters out in a bathetic happy resolution of sorts."

title: '68 (film)


text:
Afua Cooper

Dr. Afua Ava Pamela Cooper (born 8 November 1957) is a Jamaican-born Canadian historian. As a historian, "she has taught Caribbean cultural studies, history, women's studies and Black studies at Ryerson and York universities, at the University of Toronto and at Dalhousie University." She is also an author and dub poet who as of 2018, has published five volumes of poetry.

Personal life and education
Cooper was born 8 November 1957 in Westmoreland, Jamaica to Edward and Ruth Campbell Cooper and had eight siblings—five sisters and three brothers. She is a descendant of Alison Parkinson, who was sold into West Indian slavery. Descendants on her father's side of the family worked as slaves on William Cooper's Whithorn sugar plantation.

Between ages three and eight, Cooper moved in with her aunt, Elfleda Campbell, in Kingston, Jamaica, where she studied at St. Michael’s All-Age School and Camperdown High School. By the time she graduated in 1975, Cooper had founded an African Studies Club at her school and had become a Rastafarian. After graduation, she moved in with Mutabaruka and his wife, Yvonne Peters for a year. In 1976, she received a teaching certificate from Excelsior Community College.

In 1980, Cooper migrated to Toronto due to civil unrest in Jamaica. Her first son, Akil, was born the following year.

In 1983, Cooper enrolled at the University of Toronto, where she majored in African studies. In 1990, she returned to complete a Master of Arts degree, studying Black Canadian history. In 2000, she earned a PhD in African-Canadian history with specialties in slavery and abolition. Her dissertation, "Doing Battle in Freedom's Cause", is a biographical study of Henry Bibb, a 19th-century African-American abolitionist who lived and worked in Ontario. Her dissertation served as inspiration for the Canadian government "to designate Bibb a person of national historic significance."

Cooper's marriage dissolved in 1986.

In 1988, Cooper became a Muslim.

Academia and education
Before moving to Canada, Cooper taught at Vauxhall Secondary School for a year. Upon arrival in Toronto, she taught at Bickford Park High School.

Beginning in 2004, Cooper began teaching African Canadian history and women's history at University of Toronto.

In 2009, she helped establish the Black Canadian Studies Association.

In 2011, Cooper was named to the James Robinson Johnston Chair in Black Canadian Studies at Dalhousie University. In 2016, she led the creation of a minor program in black and African diaspora studies at Dalhousie.

Poetry and other writing
Breaking Chains, Cooper's first book of poetry, was published in 1983.

In 1988, Cooper became a residency fellow at the Banff School of Fine Arts and wrote two books of poetry, The Red Caterpillar on College Street, which was published in 1989, and Memories Have Tongue, which was published in 1992. Both books were published by Sister Vision Press. Memories Have Tongue went on to become a finalist for the 1992 Casa de las Américas Prize.

In 1990, Cooper opened the festivities in Queen's Park, Toronto celebrating the release of Nelson Mandela from prison; the crowd for her performance is estimated to have included 25,000 people. Later in the year, she toured Senegal and Gambia.

She is the co-author of We're Rooted Here and They Can't Pull Us Up: Essays in African Canadian Women's History (1994). She has also released two albums of her poetry.

In 2002, Cooper helped found the Dub Poets' Collective, " the only grassroots poetry organization in Canada".

Published in 2006, The Hanging of Angelique tells the story of an enslaved African Marie-Joseph Angelique who was executed in Montreal at a time when Quebec was under French colonial rule. It was shortlisted for the 2006 Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction.

In 2009, Cooper published two historical novels for children about real historical figures, both published by Kids Can Press: My name is Henry Bibb: a story of slavery and freedom; and My name is Phillis Wheatley: a story of slavery and freedom, both published in 2009 by Kids Can Press.

In 2018, she was named poet laureate for the city of Halifax, holding the role until 2020.

Awards and honours
Cooper has several numerous scholarships, grants, and fellows, including the following: Margaret S. McCullough Graduate Scholarship from the University of Toronto (1997-1998), Federal Ministry of Heritage grant for historical research, University of Toronto Exceptional Student Award (1998-1999), the John Nicholas Brown Center Fellowship from Brown University (2001), Canada Council Research Grant (2001), and a Canada Council Writing Grant (2003).

As a historian and educator, she has also received the following awards: Marta Danylewycz Award for Historical Research (1995), Commonwealth of Kentucky Award for Contribution to Kentucky history (2002), Canadian Federal Government Award for Contribution to Black History, Academic Leadership Award from University of Toronto Black Alumni (2004), and the Harry Jerome Award for Professional Excellence (2005).

In 2015, she received the Novia Scotia Human Rights Commission’s Dr. Burnley Allan “Rocky” Jones Award, and in 2020, she was awarded the Portia White Prize at the Creative Nova Scotia Awards Gala.

Books

 * Breaking Chains (Weelahs, 1983)
 * Red Caterpillar On College Street (Sister Vision Press, 1989)
 * Memories Have Tongue: Poetry (Sister Vision Press, 1992)
 * We're Rooted Here and They Can't Pull Us Up: Essays in African Canadian Women's History, with Peggy Bristow, Dionne Brand, Linda Carty, Sylvia Hamilton and Adrienne Shadd (University of Toronto Press, 1994)
 * Utterances and Incantations: Women, Poetry, and Dub (Sister Vision Press, 1999)
 * The Underground Railroad: Next Stop, Toronto!, with Adrienne Shadd and Carolyn Smardz Frost (Natural Heritage Books, 2002)
 * The Hanging of Angélique, The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montréal (HarperCollins, 2006)
 * Copper Woman and Other Poems(Natural Heritage Books, 2006)
 * My Name is Henry Bibb: A Story of Slavery and Freedom [historical fiction] (Kids Can Press, 2009)
 * My Name is Phillis Wheatley: A Story of Slavery and Freedom [historical fiction] (Kids Can Press, 2009)
 * "To Learn… Even a Little, The Letters of Solomon Washington," in Hoping for Home, The Stories of Arrival (Scholastic Canada, 2011), 171–91.

Discography

 * WomanTalk: Women Dub Poets (Heartbeat Records, 1984)
 * Poetry Is Not a Luxury (Maya Music Group, 1985)
 * Your Silence Will Not Protect You (Maya Music, 1986)
 * Sunshine (Maya Music Group, 1989)
 * Worlds of Fire (Soundmind Productions, 2002)
 * Love and Revolution (Soundmind Productions, 2014)

title: Afua Cooper


text:
Edson T. Cady

Edson T. Cady, along with Emory C. Ferguson, co-founded Cadyville in 1860 to take advantage of a military road Congress planned that never materialized. Cadyville later became known as Snohomish, Washington.

E.T. Cady sailed from New York on the Nautilus on February 22, 1849, headed for California. According to the 1862 Census of Snohomish County, taken by Sheriff Salem A. Woods, Cady was 34 years old and a native of Utica, New York.

Cady Creek and Cady Pass, located in the Henry M. Jackson Wilderness, were named after the 1860 E.F. Cady exploring party. The party was attempting to locate a railroad route over the North Cascades.

title: Edson T. Cady


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of chancellors and other leaders of US universities

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep, although there some rewriting and cleanup may be in order. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:16, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

List of chancellors and other leaders of US universities
This is one of those useless, neverending lists. There are thousands of colleges in the US. Each of these colleges has its president/chancellor in its own article. Anyone remember List of all cities in the United States or List of every mayor in the World? GoCardinal 06:43, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe it would be better made into a category? --Dmcdevit·t 07:00, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The point of the list, associating chancellors with their colleges, doesn't seem possible in a category. Christopher Parham (talk) 07:31, 2005 July 17 (UTC)
 * It's a good point, and why I asked, and didn't vote. Hmm... Can't make up my mind on this one. --Dmcdevit·t 06:52, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Dmcdevit. Inasmuch as some of these guys have articles, Categorize. CanadianCaesar 07:06, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As the original creator of this article, lemme explain: there once was an article called List of Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors which had started as a badly-titled list of British chancellors & vice-chancellors, and had grown by the addition of various assorted additions from around the world. I cleaned it up and rationalized it, a major part of which was spinning off national pages. The other countries' lists, I think you'll find, are fairly well-formed; obviously the US one was grossly inadequate. But I was just cleaning up; I didn't want to delete people's work peremptorially. Now that it comes down to it, is this article is just bad, needing improvement; or hopeless, needing deleting? I dunno right now; I gotta get some sleep. Abstain. Doops | talk 07:24, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unmaintainable. Radiant_ >|< 13:21, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but if and only if the following is done :
 * sub-divide into separate articles by state or by region;
 * change from "chancellors and other leaders" to "highest ranking officials", as most U.S. universities are headed by a president or a dean;
 * change "US" to "U.S.", as it is not an acronym.
 * -- BD2412 talk 14:38, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Contains useful links and bound to improve over time (and I mean years; it bemuses me when people say an article must make giant strides during the eyeblink of a vfd debate or we should give up on it). CalJW 15:23, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: useless list. A category would be appropriate. Wile E. Heresiarch 00:11, 18 July 2005 (UTC) Abstain. I don't know what to do with this article. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unmaintainable and would work better as a category. Kaibabsquirrel 00:58, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I can't think of a remotely plausible reason to delete this article. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 06:42, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep with move to List of American university leaders (currently a redirect to this page). A category, as noted, wouldn't cut it. Christopher Parham (talk) 17:38, 2005 July 18 (UTC)

Important Notice to all who suggest that this page would work better as a category: please explain how. It is not intuitively clear how a two-dimensional list could be represented by a category. That is to say, a one-dimensional list of universities could easily be replaced by a category; but this list is really a table insofar as it associates insitutions with people. How could a category do that? Thank you very much. Doops | talk 03:00, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:69.122.151.238

title: User talk:69.122.151.238


text: File:Prince Gold.jpg

title: File:Prince Gold.jpg


text: Category:Indian artists

title: Category:Indian artists


text:
Keyence

Keyence Corporation (キーエンス) is a Japan-based direct sales organization that develops and manufactures equipment and solutions for factory automation, sensors, measuring instruments, vision systems, barcode readers, laser markers and digital microscopes.

Keyence is fablessalthough it is a manufacturer; it specializes solely in product planning and development and does not manufacture the final products. Keyence products are manufactured at qualified contract manufacturing companies.

Operations
Keyence Corporation is a global company with a network of 16 international organizations that specializes in factory automation. Keyence Corporation earns over US$4.9 billion in yearly sales and employs more than 8,300 employees worldwide. As a direct sales company, Keyence salespeople visit customers on site with demonstration cases to show products live.

Keyence's range of products are part of the manufacturing and research processes in a variety of industries, including the electronics, semiconductor, automotive, food and packaging, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical industries.

Products
Keyence is a fabless manufacturing company that sells a broad range of products, from the photoelectric sensor and proximity sensors to measuring instruments for inspection lines to high precision microscopes used in research institutes. These products are used by more than 300,000 customers globally. Products are shipped from Keyence's warehouses in Japan, the U.S., the U.K., Canada, Germany, Italy, France, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and South Korea, or from 148 agents in 31 countries.

Company culture and reputation
Keyence Japan is consistently listed in the Nihon Keizai Shimbun's yearly ranking of the "Top Ten Most Excellent Companies in Japan." The company maintains a strong ROE (12.32%) and a conservative equity ratio (95.54%), and it is also known as one of the top companies in Japan in terms of salaries; the average annual salary for full-time employees (average age: 35.8 years old) in FY2022 being ¥21,820,000 (US$). A 350-million-year-old ammonite fossil is displayed at the entrance of the Japanese headquarters; other fossils of long-dead creatures line the corridors and meeting rooms. Relics are supposed to convey the company’s culture: Develop new products regularly, or go out of business.

Outstanding Structure Award2000
In 2000 the headquarters building was awarded the Outstanding Structure Award by the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering in recognition of the most remarkable, innovative, creative or otherwise stimulating structure.

title: Keyence


text: User talk:68.74.140.52

title: User talk:68.74.140.52


text:
User:Fephisto

Hey.

I've put work into the following: If you know anything to help with these, I'd appreciate it.
 * Bachelor Tax
 * Hydrogen safety
 * Luxury Beliefs
 * North Atlantic Treaty
 * Operation Active Fence
 * Section 608
 * Significant New Alternatives Policy
 * SIGMET
 * Template:Aviation_Briefing_navbox
 * Yakhchāl

I'm just going to leave a link to the Wikipedia library here because...I don't see a link anywhere else and it's kinda useful.

title: User:Fephisto


text:
Talk:Fela Kuti

Music section
the music section looks like it was lifted from an autobiography or something.

it doesn't read like a dispassionate review of his music.

it needs to be changed to a less biased and no glorification of Mr Kuti's work.

wikipedia is supposed to be dispassionate, not an advert.82.9.94.243 (talk) 08:08, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

I believe the description of Mr. Kuti's work is appropriate. In my view, this section accurately depicts Kuti's impact on the landscape of Nigerian music, and particularly on the Afrobeat genre.Sankara-ture-lumumba (talk) 03:40, 25 May 2020 (UTC)

Take black American music out Ayoade20 (talk) 07:43, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

Copyeditor passing by
I excised the following paragraph, as it seems to be more appropriate for the Afrobeat article: — Tenryuu 🐲 ( 💬 • 📝 ) 21:04, 7 March 2021 (UTC)

Missing private life section
I'm missing his private life section, as well as his relationship with women. I was interested in reading how he treated women. Also, it would have been good to further elaborate on his AIDS denial. 41.203.83.58 (talk) 06:06, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

Is there more information regarding his relationships and children? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ademi890 (talk • contribs) 14:59, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Black American Music 209
— Assignment last updated by Ademi890 (talk) 14:35, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fela Kuti


text:
Creelsboro Natural Bridge

Creelsboro Natural Bridge (more commonly referred to as Rock House or the Rockhouse) is a natural bridge in southwestern Russell County, Kentucky, United States. It is located near the community of Creelsboro, approximately 7 mi downstream from Wolf Creek Dam, which impounds Lake Cumberland. The Rockhouse is classified as a meander natural bridge because it was created by river erosion of a cliff on the outer side of a sharp meander in the river. Jim Creek flows through it before merging into the Cumberland River. With a span of 104 ft, it is the seventh largest natural bridge in the United States.

History
The Creelsboro Natural Bridge consists of Upper Ordovician Period silty dolomite of the Cumberland Formation. Unlike most natural bridges it is made of dolomite rather than sandstone. First discovered in 1770 by a group of hunters, Rockhouse is a popular site for camping. It was designated a National Natural Landmark by the U.S. National Park Service in 1987. It remains privately owned but is accessible by a short walk from KY 379. Immediately across the river in Clinton County is the private Rockhouse Trace.

title: Creelsboro Natural Bridge


text:
Padre

Padre means father in many Romance languages, and it may also refer to:

Music

 * "Padre" (song)

People

 * A military chaplain
 * A Latin Catholic priest
 * A member of the San Diego Padres baseball team

Places

 * Padre Island, a barrier island in the U.S. State of Texas
 * North Padre Island, northern part of the Padre Island
 * South Padre Island, southern part of the Padre Island
 * Padre Island National Seashore

Software

 * Padre (software), an integrated development environment for the Perl programming language

Others

 * PADRE, Partnership for Acid Drainage Remediation in Europe
 * Padre (film), a 2016 film
 * The Padre, a 2018 film

title: Padre


text:
Rock House

Rock House, Rockhouse, Old Rock House or variations may refer to:

United States
(by state)
 * Old Rock House (Harpersville, Alabama), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Shelby County, Alabama
 * Rock House, Arizona, a census-designated place in Gila County
 * Rock House (Groom Creek, Arizona), listed on the NRHP in Yavapai County
 * Old Rock House (Thomson, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in McDuffie County
 * Old Rock House (Alton, Illinois), a station on the Underground Railroad
 * Rockhouse, Kentucky, an unincorporated community and coal town in Pike County
 * Creelsboro Natural Bridge, in Russell County, Kentucky, commonly referred to as Rock House or the Rockhouse
 * Old Rock House (Moscow Mills, Missouri), listed on the NRHP in Lincoln County
 * Adam Spach Rock House Site, listed on the NRHP in Davidson County, North Carolina
 * Rock House (King, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP in Stokes County
 * Rock House (Roaring Gap, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP in Alleghany County
 * Rockhouse, Texas
 * Rock House-Custodian's Residence, Moab, Utah, listed on the NRHP in Grand County

United Kingdom

 * Rock Houses, at Kinver Edge

Other

 * Roy Orbison at the Rock House, a 1961 rockabilly album
 * Rock shelters, shallow natural caves

title: Rock House


text:
Anoushka Shankar

Anoushka Hemangini Shankar (born 9 June 1981) is a British-American sitar player and musician of Indian descent, as well as occasional writer. She performs across multiple genres and styles—classical and contemporary, acoustic and electronic. In addition to releasing seven solo studio albums beginning with Anoushka (1998), she has also worked alongside a wide variety of musicians, including Karsh Kale on the full-length collaboration Breathing Under Water (2007) and her father Ravi Shankar. She has received nine Grammy Awards nominations and was the first musician of Indian origin to perform live and to serve as a presenter at the ceremony. She was the youngest and first woman to receive a British House of Commons Shield.

Early life
Shankar was born in London and her childhood was divided between London and Delhi. She is the daughter of Sukanya Rajan and Indian sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, who was 61 when she was born. Through her father, she is also the half-sister of American singer Norah Jones (born Geetali Norah Shankar), and Shubhendra "Shubho" Shankar, who died in 1992.

As a teenager, Shankar lived in Encinitas, California, and attended San Dieguito High School Academy. A 1999 honours graduate and homecoming queen, she pursued a career in music rather than attending college.

Career
Shankar began training on the sitar with one of her father's disciples, Gaurav Mazumdar, at the age of eight. As part of her training, she began accompanying her father on the tanpura at his performances from the age of ten. She gave her first public sitar performance on 27 February 1995 at the age of 13, at Siri Fort in New Delhi as part of her father's 75th birthday celebration concert. For this solo debut, she was accompanied by tabla maestro Zakir Hussain. Her first experience in the recording studio came that same year when Angel Records released a special four-CD box set called In Celebration, to mark her father's birthday. By the age of fourteen, she was accompanying her father at concerts around the world. At fifteen, she assisted her father on the landmark album Chants of India, produced by George Harrison. Under both their guidance, she was in charge of notation and eventually of conducting the performers who took part in the recording. After this experience, the heads of Angel Records came to her parents' home to ask to sign her, and Shankar signed her first exclusive recording contract with Angel/EMI when she was sixteen.

She released her first album, Anoushka, in 1998, followed by Anourag in 2000. In 1999 Shankar graduated from high school with honours, but decided against university in favour of touring as a solo artist. Both Shankar and her half-sister Norah Jones were nominated for Grammy awards in 2003, when Shankar became the youngest nominee in the World Music category for her third album, Live at Carnegie Hall.

Having released three albums of Indian classical music, Shankar took several years away from recording and focused her energy on establishing herself as a solo concert performer outside of her father's ensemble. In that time, she toured worldwide, playing an average of 50–60 concerts per year. 2005 brought the release of her fourth album, RISE, her first self-produced, self-composed, non-classical album, earning her another Grammy nomination in the Best Contemporary World Music category. In February 2006 she became the first Indian to play at the Grammy Awards, playing material from RISE.

Shankar, in collaboration with Indian producer, composer and musician Karsh Kale, released Breathing Under Water on 28 August 2007. It is a mix of classical sitar and electronica beats and melodies. Notable guest vocals included her half-sister Norah Jones, Sting, and her father, who performed a sitar duet with her.

In 2011 Shankar signed with record label Deutsche Grammophon as an exclusive artist. This marked the beginning of a prolific recording and creative period for Shankar, during which time she continued to refine the sitar sound and musical ideas she had become known for. She earned a third Grammy Award nomination in 2013 for Traveller, an exploration of the shared history between flamenco and Indian classical music, which was produced by Javier Limón and featured artists such as Buika, Pepe Habichuela and Duquende. As Shankar had begun to do with RISE, she created a specially handpicked ensemble of musicians with whom to perform this cross-genre music, and played over a hundred concerts worldwide in support of Traveller. In 2013 she released a personal album called Traces of You, which was released several months after the passing of her father. Produced by Nitin Sawhney, and featuring her half-sister Norah Jones as the sole vocal performer, Traces of You earned Shankar a fourth Grammy nomination in the World Music category. In July 2015 Shankar released Home, her first purely classical album of Indian ragas. Self-composed and produced, Home was recorded over a week in October 2014 in Shankar's new, purpose-built home-studio.

Following Home, Shankar released Land of Gold (2016) – her fourth album with Deutsche Grammophon. The release featured different types of contributions – from the vocal of MIA and Alev Lenz, to the monologue of "Remain the Sea" by veteran British actress Vanessa Redgrave. There is also a strong cinematic influence in the videos, lent by the production of film director Joe Wright. Land of Gold remixes came out in the same year with remixes by Mowgli, Karsh Kale, Matt Robertson, Grain and East London-based collective Shiva Soundsystem.

In 2019 came the compilation Reflections, a 20-year retrospective album that revisits the best of Shankar's cross-cultural back catalogue with Deutsche Grammophon, including many of her previous collaborations with fellow artists and producers.

The release of Love Letters in 2020 marked a different direction for Shankar. The co-produced EP is a compilation of songs written across 2018-19 and released on her new record label, Mercury KX. Several guest musicians feature on the EP, including singer and co-producer Alev Lenz, twin sister vocal duo Ibeyi, singer and cellist Ayanna Witter-Johnson, Indian singer Shilpa Rao, Brooklyn-based mastering engineer Heba Kadry (Björk, Slowdive) and British audio mastering engineer Mandy Parnell (Aphex Twin, The XX).

Shankar regularly collaborates with electronic music producer Gold Panda, percussionist Manu Delago and the Britten Sinfonia strings, all of which appeared, including Shankar, at the 2020 BBC Proms at the Royal Albert Hall.

Throughout her career, Shankar has made many guest appearances on recordings by other artists, among them Sting, Lenny Kravitz, Thievery Corporation and Nitin Sawhney.

In 2010 she collaborated with Jazz legend Herbie Hancock, on his album The Imagine Project, alongside Pink, India.Arie, Jeff Beck, John Legend, Chaka Khan, The Chieftains, Wayne Shorter and Dave Matthews. The project was also filmed for a documentary accompanying the release and showing him working with the artists who collaborated on the project.

In the same year she featured on the track "Rebirth" by Indian fusion group MIDIval Punditz. In 2012 the album Area 52 by Rodrigo & Gabriela featured a guest appearance from Shankar's sitar improvisation. She performed the Raga Piloo with violinist Patricia Kopatchinskaja during a concert in Konzerthaus Berlin, Germany in April 2016; the song was originally composed, performed and recorded by Ravi Shankar as a duet with Yehudi Menuhin on the album West Meets East, Volume 2 in 1968.

More recently, she has played on the track "Ama La" on the Dalai Lama's first music album, Inner World that was released in July 2020 on his 85th birthday.

Shortly after, she appeared on Peradam, the third and final instalment of album trilogy Perfect Vision by Patti Smith and Soundwalk Collective alongside Charlotte Gainsbourg, and Tenzin Choegyal; she also collaborated with Grammy-nominated Deva Premal on the song "Prabhujee", released in November 2020.

On 13 November 2020, Shankar was featured on "Stop Crying Your Heart Out" as part of the BBC Radio 2's Allstars' Children in Need charity single. The single debuted at number 7 on the Official UK Singles Chart and number 1 on both the Official UK Singles Sales Chart and the Official UK Singles Download Chart.

Classical sitar
Shankar has continued to tour and perform as a classical sitarist, both within purely Indian classical ensembles but also as a soloist championing her father's compositions with the world's leading orchestras including the London Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Berliner Philharmoniker, MDR Sinfonieorchester, Metropole Orkest and Lucerne Symphony Orchestra.

Shankar is the sole performer of Ravi Shankar's First and Second Concertos for Sitar and Orchestra since his death, performing multiple times under the leadership of esteemed conductors such as Zubin Mehta, Jules Buckley, Kristjan Järvi, and Jakob Hrusa. In January 2009 she was the sitar soloist alongside the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra premiering her father's Third Concerto for Sitar and Orchestra, and in July 2010 she premiered Ravi Shankar's first symphony for sitar and orchestra with the London Philharmonic Orchestra at London's Royal Festival Hall.

She has also performed in duets with artists such as violinist Joshua Bell, in a sitar-cello duet with Mstislav Rostropovich, and with flutist Jean-Pierre Rampal, playing both sitar and piano.

Film scoring
Shankar took her first steps into scoring with a Bengali lullaby composed for director Joe Wright's  Anna Karenina (2012), starring Keira Knightley, Jude Law and Tannishtha Chatterjee.

Shankar's progression into composition for films led her to score the British Film Institute's restoration of a rare Indian silent Shiraz: A Romance of India (original 1928, scored in 2017). She also performed the composition live at screenings of the movie that premiered at 2017's London Film Festival Archive Gala and then appeared at the global film festival We Are One on 2 June 2020.

In the same year (2017) she co-wrote and performed on the end-title song "Gain the Ocean" for the Judi Dench-starred British-American biographical drama Victoria & Abdul directed by Stephen Frears.

More recently she co-composed the score to Mira Nair's (Monsoon Wedding, Vanity Fair, The Namesake) BBC six-part series A Suitable Boy (2020); based on Vikram Seth's classic novel of the same title, the show developed by Andrew Davies (Bridget Jones's Diary, War & Peace, Les Misérables) stars Tabu, Tanya Maniktala and Ishaan Khatter.

Acting, writing and narrating
Shankar has also ventured into acting (Dance Like a Man, 2004) and writing. She wrote a biography of her father, Bapi: The Love of My Life, in 2002 and has contributed to various books. As a columnist she wrote monthly columns for India's First City Magazine for three years, and spent one year as a weekly columnist for India's second largest newspaper, the Hindustan Times.

She narrated Stolen Innocence: India's Untold Story of Human Trafficking, a 2017 documentary by filmmakers Chris Davis, Casey Allred and Lindsay Daniels, telling the true stories of young women who escaped from sex slavery in India and Nepal.

Benefit concerts
Over the span of her musical career, Shankar has frequently been invited to perform for benefit concerts around the world.

In 2000 she shared the stage with Madonna and Bryan Adams at the Summer's Tibetan Peace Garden Benefit concert organised in London by Sting's wife Trudie Styler; on 29 November 2002, Shankar was the featured performer of the "Indian" half of the Concert for George, a posthumous tribute to the life and music of George Harrison, held at the Royal Albert Hall in London. She opened the show by playing a solo sitar instrumental titled "Your Eyes". Also on the sitar, she performed George Harrison's "The Inner Light" with Jeff Lynne. Lastly, she conducted a new composition, Arpan, written by her father. The composition featured Eric Clapton playing acoustic guitar, and a full orchestra of Indian and Western musicians. The concert was modelled after Ravi Shankar's benefit concert with Harrison, the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh.

Also in 2002 she performed alongside Patti Labelle, Elton John, Nina Simone and others for Rock for the Rainforest, the benefit concert organized by Sting and Trudie Styler at Carnegie Hall.

Shankar was invited by Richard Gere and Philip Glass to perform in a concert at Avery Fisher Hall in 2003 in aid of the Healing the Divide: A Concert for Peace and Reconciliation.

Shankar and Jethro Tull postponed a concert scheduled for 29 November 2008 in Mumbai after the 2008 Mumbai attacks. They reorganised the performance as A Billion Hands Concert, a benefit performance for victims of the attacks, and held it on 5 December 2008.

In 2016 Shankar helped gather names and signed Letter to the Guardian for a call for action to help Syrian refugees.

In February 2018 she read a poem as part of Letters Live for Help Refugees, alongside other performers such as Gemma Arterton, Andrew Scott, Jade Anouka, Cara Theobaold, Florence Welch, Chiwetel Ejiofor, and Joely Richardso, among many others.

In July 2018 she embarked on a short US tour of Land of Gold to help raise funds for the nonprofit organization Help Refugees.

Awards and honours
nominated]] for an Ivor Novello Award for A Suitable Boy Score.
 * British House of Commons Shield, 1998
 * Woman of the Year awarded on International Women's Day 2003 in India.
 * Named as one of 20 Asian Heroes by the Asia edition of Time in 2004
 * In 2003 she received her first Grammy Nomination in the Best Global Music Album category for her third-album, Live at Carnegie Hall. She was the youngest-ever nominee in this category.
 * In 2004 she received a National Film Award nomination for Best Supporting actress in the film Dance Like A Man in 2004.
 * In 2006 she was nominated for another Grammy, in the Best Contemporary World Music Album category for her fourth album Rise.
 * In 2012 she won Best Artist in the Songlines Music Award for her album Traveller.
 * In 2013 she was nominated for her third Grammy, in the Best Global Music Album category for her album Traveller.
 * In 2015 she was nominated for a fourth Grammy in the Best Global Music Album category for her album Traces of You.
 * In 2016 she was nominated for a fifth Grammy in the Best Global Music Album category for her album Home.
 * In 2017 she was nominated for a sixth Grammy in the Best Global Music Album category for her album Land of Gold.
 * In 2017 she won the Eastern Eye Arts, Culture & Theatre Awards (ACTA) Award for Music for outstanding achievements in the Indian classical and progressive world music scenes.
 * Asteroid 292872 Anoushankar, discovered by Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli, was named in her honour. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 12 January 2017 (M.P.C. 103028).
 * In 2018 she won the 3rd Eastern Eye Arts, Culture & Theatre Awards (ACTA) for the score to 1928 BFI film Shiraz.
 * In November 2020 she was nominated for the RTS (Royal Television Society) Craft & Design Awards 2020 for the music she and Alex Heffes composed for A Suitable Boy, A Lookout Point Production for BBC One.
 * In July 2021 she received the Honorary Membership of the Royal Academy of Music (Hon RAM).
 * In 2021 she was nominated for a seventh Grammy in the Best Global Music Album category for her album Love Letters.
 * In 2021 she was co-[[List of Ivor Novello Award winners and nominees (2010s–2020s)|
 * In 2023 she became the inaugural Visiting Professor of Music Business at the University of Oxford's Faculty of Music.
 * In 2023 she received Grammy nominations in both Global Music categories, her eighth and ninth. The first was in the category Best Global Music Album for her album Between Us with the Metropole Orkest conducted by Jules Buckley and featuring Manu Delago. The second was in the category Best Global Music Performance for Udhero Na by Arooj Aftab featuring Anoushka Shankar.
 * In June 2024, the University of Oxford awarded her an Honorary Doctor of Music degree for her contributions to the field of music.

Activism
Shankar is an activist working with multiple causes and charitable organisations, in particular supporting women and refugees; she is also an advocate for animal rights.

One Billion Rising

In 2013, responding to the horrific gang-rape of a young girl in Delhi, whom the Indian media referred to as Nirbhaya, Shankar threw her weight behind an online campaign One Billion Rising on Change.org, demanding an end to crime against women. As part of the campaign, she released a video in which she revealed she had been sexually abused for many years as a child.

UNHCR – The UN Refugee Agency

In 2018 she joined musicians, actors and artists such as Patrick Stewart, Peter Capaldi, Vivienne Westwood, Anish Kapoor, The Kaiser Chiefs and many others in a call to urge MPs to attend the Refugees Family Reunion Bill and ensure refugee families torn apart by war and conflict are reunited.

Help Refugees

Shankar is one of the faces of the Help Refugees campaign to raise funds and awareness for the refugee crisis worldwide.

The F-List

In 2020 Shankar was announced as the inaugural President of the F-List: a UK database created to help bridge the gender gap in music.

Pin Your Thanks

In 2020 Shankar designed a pin for the "Pin Your Thanks" initiative that supports the National Health Service (NHS) charities during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.

The Walk

She is an ambassador for The Walk, an international artistic project in support of refugees.

UN World Food Programme

In 2007 the UN World Food Programme appointed Shankar as spokesperson to raise awareness about the issues of hunger and malnutrition, especially among children, in India.

PETA

Shankar and her father, also a supporter of animal rights, appeared in a thirty-second public-service announcement against animal suffering for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).

Artists4Ceasfire In October 2023, Shankar signed the Artists4Ceasefire open letter to Joe Biden, President of the United States, calling for a ceasefire in the Israeli bombardment of Gaza.

Personal life
Shankar is the daughter of Pandit Ravi Shankar and Sukanya Rajan, and the half-sister of Norah Jones and Shubhendra Shankar. She grew up in the US, the UK, and India. In 2010, she married British director Joe Wright. They have two sons (born 2011 and 2015). They separated in December 2017 and finalised their divorce in September 2019. She lives in London with her sons.

Remix albums

 * Rise Remixes (2006)

Live and compilations

 * Full Circle: Carnegie Hall 2000 (2000)
 * Live at Carnegie Hall (2001)
 * Concert for George (2003)
 * Live in Concert at the Nehru Park, New Delhi (2005)
 * Healing the Divide: A Concert for Peace and Reconciliation (2007)
 * Reflections (2019)

Features

 * "Adarini" – In Celebration composed by Ravi Shankar, 1995
 * Chants Of India – Ravi Shankar; George Harrison, featuring Anoushka as Conductor & Assistant, 1997
 * Sacred Love – by Sting, 2003
 * 8 classical ragas performed on ShankaRagamala composed by Ravi Shankar, 2005
 * "Rebirth" – Co-written by Gaurav Raina, Tapan Raj and Anoushka Shankar. Midival Punditz – MIDIval Times, 2005
 * "Beloved" – by Anoushka Shankar remixed by Thievery Corporation – Versions, 2006
 * "Bring It On" – Featuring Anoushka Shankar on sitar. Written by Lenny Kravitz, It Is Time for a Love Revolution, 2007
 * "Mandala" – Featuring Anoushka Shankar on sitar. Co-written by Hilton Garza, Radio Retaliation, 2008
 * "Charu Keshi Rain" – Co-written by Nitin Sawhney and Anoushka Shankar, London Undersound, 2008
 * "Variant Moods – Duet For Sitar & Violin" (abridged version) Written by Ravi Shankar, At Home With Friends by Joshua Bell, 2009
 * "Ixtapa" – Rodrigo y Gabriela & C.U.B.A. featuring Anoushka Shankar on sitar, Area 52, 2012
 * "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" – Miloš Karadaglić featuring Anoushka Shankar, on the album Blackbird: The Beatles Album, 2016
 * "Stop Crying Your Heart Out", Children in Need charity single, 2020

title: Anoushka Shankar


text:
Talk:Ken Scott

Untitled
Why hasn't this article ever been flagged for containing absolutely no citations at all? Luna65 (talk) 01:28, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

I deleted "Cleo" because it doesn't link to anything and I don't know what it refers to. Do you mean Clio? If so, for what? As far as I know, the "Cleo" is awarded to dogs. Richard K. Carson 06:49, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Date and place of birth
Unable to find any online WP:RS for exact place or date of birth. FreeBMD has two possibilities in London for the second quarter 1947:
 * Kenneth M., mother's name Beszant, Westminster.
 * Kenneth E., mother's name Norris, Hammersmith.

Not sure if one of these is him. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:30, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

In the meantime, I have added this source which at least has London and 1947. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ken Scott


text:
Common value auction

In common value auctions the value of the item for sale is identical amongst bidders, but bidders have different information about the item's value. This stands in contrast to a private value auction where each bidder's private valuation of the item is different and independent of peers' valuations.

A classic example of a pure common values auction is when a jar full of quarters is auctioned off. The jar will be worth the same amount to anyone. However, each bidder has a different guess about how many quarters are in the jar. Other, real-life examples include Treasury bill auctions, initial public offerings, spectrum auctions, very prized paintings, art pieces, antiques etc.

One important phenomenon occurring in common value auctions is the winner's curse. Bidders have only estimates of the value of the good. If, on average, bidders are estimating correctly, the highest bid will tend to have been placed by someone who overestimated the good's value. This is an example of adverse selection, similar to the classic "lemons" example of Akerlof. Rational bidders will anticipate the adverse selection, so that even though their information will still turn out to have been overly optimistic when they win, they do not pay too much on average.

Sometimes the term winner's curse is used differently, to refer to cases in which naive bidders ignore the adverse selection and bid sufficiently more than a fully rational bidder would that they actually pay more than the good is worth. This usage is prevalent in the experimental economics literature, in contrast with the theoretical and empirical literatures on auctions.

Interdependent value auctions
Common-value auctions and private-value auctions are two extremes. Between these two extremes are interdependent value auctions (also called: affiliated value auctions), where bidder's valuations (e.g., $$\theta_i = \theta + \nu_i$$) can have a common value component ($$\theta$$) and a private value ($$\nu_i$$) component. The two components can be correlated so that one bidder's private valuation can influence another bidder's valuation. These types of auctions comprise most real-world auctions and are sometimes confusingly referred to as common value auctions also.

Examples
In the following examples, a common-value auction is modeled as a Bayesian game. We try to find a Bayesian Nash equilibrium (BNE), which is a function from the information held by a player, to the bid of that player. We focus on a symmetric BNE (SBNE), in which all bidders use the same function.

Binary signals, first-price auction
The following example is based on Acemoglu and Özdağlar.

There are two bidders participating in a first-price sealed-bid auction for an object that has either high quality (value V) or low quality (value 0) to both of them. Each bidder receives a signal that can be either high or low, with probability 1/2. The signal is related to the true value as follows: This game has no SBNE in pure-strategies.
 * If at least one bidder receives a low signal, then the true value is 0.
 * If both receive a high signal, then the true value is V.

PROOF: Suppose that there was such an equilibrium b. This is a function from a signal to a bid, i.e., a player with signal x bids b(x). Clearly b(low)=0, since a player with low signal knows with certainty that the true value is 0 and does not want to pay anything for it. Also, b(high) ≤ V, otherwise there will be no gain in participation. Suppose bidder 1 has b1(high)=B1 > 0. We are searching the best-response for bidder 2, b2(high)=B2. There are several cases: The latter expression is positive only when B2 < V/2. But in that case, the expression in #3 is larger than the expression in #2: it is always better to bid slightly more than the other bidder. This means that there is no symmetric equilibrium.
 * 1) The other bidder bids B2 < B1. Then, his expected gain is 1/2 (the probability that bidder 2 has a low signal) times −B2 (since in that case he wins a worthless item and pays b2(high)), plus 1/2 (the probability that bidder 2 has a high signal) times 0 (since in that case he loses the item). The total expected gain is −B2/2 which is worse than 0, so it cannot be a best response.
 * 2) The other bidder bids B2 = B1. Then, his expected gain is 1/2 times −B2, plus 1/2 times 1/2 times [V− B2] (since in that case, he wins the item with probability 1/2). The total expected gain is (V − 3 B2)/4.
 * 3) The bidder b2 bids B2 > B1. Then, his expected gain is 1/2 times −B2, plus 1/2 times [V− B2] (since in that case, he wins the item with probability 1). The total expected gain is (2 V − 4 B2)/4.

This result is in contrast to the private-value case, where there is always a SBNE (see first-price sealed-bid auction).

Independent signals, second-price auction
The following example is based on.

There are two bidders participating in a second-price sealed-bid auction for an object. Each bidder $$i$$ receives signal $$s_i$$; the signals are independent and have continuous uniform distribution on [0,1]. The valuations are:
 * $$v_i = a\cdot s_i + b\cdot s_{-i}$$

where $$a,b$$ are constants ($$a=1,b=0$$ means private values; $$a=b$$ means common values).

Here, there is a unique SBNE in which each player bids:
 * $$b(s_i) = (a+b)\cdot s_i$$

This result is in contrast to the private-value case, where in SBNE each player truthfully bids her value (see second-price sealed-bid auction).

Dependent signals, second-price auction
This example is suggested as an explanation to jump bidding in English auctions.

Two bidders, Xenia and Yakov, participate in an auction for a single item. The valuations depend on A B and C -- three independent random variables drawn from a continuous uniform distribution on the interval [0,36]:
 * Xenia sees $$X := A + B$$;
 * Yakov sees $$Y := B + C$$;
 * The common value of the item is $$V := (X+Y)/2 = (A + 2B + C)/2$$.

Below we consider several auction formats and find a SBNE in each of them. For simplicity we look for SBNE in which each bidder bids $$r$$ times his/her signal: Xenia bids $$r\cdot X$$ and Yakov bids $$r\cdot Y$$. We try to find the value of $$r$$ in each case.

In a sealed-bid second-price auction, there is a SBNE with $$r=1$$, i.e., each bidder bids exactly his/her signal.

PROOF: The proof takes the point-of-view of Xenia. We assume that she knows that Yakov bids $$r Y$$, but she does not know $$Y$$. We find the best response of Xenia to Yakov's strategy. Suppose Xenia bids $$Z$$. There are two cases: All in all, Xenia's expected gain (given her signal X) is:
 * $$Z\geq r Y$$. Then Xenia wins and enjoys a net gain of $$V - r Y = (X + Y - 2 r Y)/2$$.
 * $$Z<   r Y$$. Then Xenia loses and her net gain is 0.
 * $$\int_{Y=0}^{Z / r} {X + Y - 2 r Y\over 2}\cdot f(Y|X) dY $$

where $$f(Y|X)$$ is the conditional probability-density of Y given X.

By the Fundamental theorem of calculus, the derivative of this expression as a function of Z is just $${1\over r}{X + Z/r - 2 Z\over 2}\cdot f(Z/r|X)$$. This is zero when $$X = 2 Z - Z/r$$. So, the best response of Xenia is to bid $$Z = {r X \over 2r-1}$$.

In a symmetric BNE, Xenia bids $$Z = r X$$. Comparing the latter two expressions implies that $$r=1$$.

The expected auctioneer's revenue is:
 * $$= E[\min(X,Y)] = E[B+\min(A,C)]$$
 * $$= E[B] + E[\min(A,C)]$$
 * $$= 18 + 12 = 30$$

In a Japanese auction, the outcome is the same as in the second-price auction, since information is revealed only when one of the bidders exits, but in this case the auction is over. So each bidder exits at his observation.

Dependent signals, first-price auction
In the above example, in a first-price sealed-bid auction, there is a SBNE with $$r=2/3$$, i.e., each bidder bids 2/3 of his/her signal.

PROOF: The proof takes the point-of-view of Xenia. We assume that she knows that Yakov bids $$r Y$$, but does not know $$Y$$. We find the best response of Xenia to Yakov's strategy. Suppose Xenia bids $$Z$$. There are two cases: All in all, Xenia's expected gain (given her signal X and her bid Z) is:
 * $$Z\geq r Y$$. Then Xenia wins and enjoys a net gain of $$V-Z = (X+Y-2Z)/2$$.
 * $$Z<   r Y$$. Then Xenia loses and her net gain is 0.
 * $$G(X,Z) = \int_{Y=0}^{Z/r} {X+Y-2Z \over 2}\cdot f(Y|X) dY$$

where $$f(Y|X)$$ is the conditional probability-density of Y given X.

Since $$Y = X + C - A$$, the conditional probability-density of Y is:
 * $$f(Y|X) = Y-(X-1)$$ when $$X-1\leq Y\leq X$$
 * $$f(Y|X) = (X+1)-Y$$ when $$X\leq Y\leq X+1$$

Substituting this into the above formula gives that the gain of Xenia is:
 * $$G(X,Z) = {1\over r^3} (X Z^2 r / 2 + Z^3 / 3 - Z^3 r)$$

This has a maximum when $$Z = {r X \over 3r-1}$$. But, since we want a symmetric BNE, we also want to have $$Z = r X$$. These two equalities together imply that $$r = 2/3$$.

The expected auctioneer's revenue is:
 * $$= E[\max(f X,f Y)] = (2/3) E[B+\max(A,C)]$$
 * $$= (2/3) (E[B] + E[\max(A,C)])$$
 * $$= (2/3) (18 + 24) = 28$$

Note that here, the revenue equivalence principle does NOT hold—the auctioneer's revenue is lower in a first-price auction than in a second-price auction (revenue-equivalence holds only when the values are independent).

Relationship to Bertrand competition
Common-value auctions are comparable to Bertrand competition. Here, the firms are the bidders and the consumer is the auctioneer. Firms "bid" prices up to but not exceeding the true value of the item. Competition among firms should drive out profit. The number of firms will influence the success or otherwise of the auction process in driving price towards true value. If the number of firms is small, collusion may be possible. See Monopoly, Oligopoly.

title: Common value auction


text:
Blatcherism

Blatcherism is a term formed as a portmanteau of the names of two British politicians, Tony Blair (Labour Party) and Margaret Thatcher (Conservative Party). It has been used by critics of monetarism and economic liberalism to refer to the thesis that a policy model of the Thatcher government, distinct from one-nation conservatism, was resurrected when Blair came to power. It echoed "Butskellism", frequently used to describe the post-war consensus on a mixed economy with moderate state intervention to promote social goals, particularly in education and health.

Editorial comment by Red Pepper before the 1997 general election that brought Blair to power may be the earliest usage. Another early sighting of this term was in 2001, used by Brian Lee Crowley, a Canadian commentator. The term has also been used, for example, by the journalist Alexander Cockburn in preference to Blairism.

Definition
Blatcherism can be defined as an emphasis on free market policies, support for Privatization or the private ownership of former public services, a monetarist/neo-classical economic policy and a retention of anti-trade union legislation. A convergence of such policies between the Labour and Conservative parties first emerged when Blair became leader of the Labour Party. Blair was elected Leader of the Labour Party in July 1994 following the sudden death of his predecessor, John Smith. Under Blair's leadership, the party abandoned many policies it had held for decades and embraced many of the measures enacted during Thatcher's tenure as Prime Minister, including the Building Societies (deregulation) Act of 1986. In conjunction with Peter Mandelson, Gordon Brown and Alastair Campbell, Blair created the New Labour ethos by embracing many aspects of Thatcherite beliefs into Labour as the "Third Way".

The term is also used as shorthand by Ye. V. Ananyeva (On Modern Ways of Reformism, or On Reformism as Modern Way, Polis Journal), according to whom Blatcherism is currently "personified by T. Blair", has "substituted for the previous postwar political consensus" and is "consensual" with "neoconservatism as embodied in Thatcherism" in the approach to a solution to Britain's modernisation problems.

title: Blatcherism


text:
Template talk:House of Glücksburg (Greece)

Mary/Marie
Should "Princess Mary" be changed to "Princess Marie"? Someone from katoufs.com has written Wikipedia suggesting that it should; I'm not sure which according to naming conventions would be proper. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 06:50, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd say Marie; one rarely hears the name Mary for non-British royals. Craigy [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|15px]] (talk) 03:39, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

Female name reuse
We're in a massive foulup here due to the re-use of female names in the Greek branch of the Oldenburg/Glucksburgs (there are two Olgas and three Alexandras); the article for Prince Michael of Greece contains one of each, and when they were linked, they both linked to the wrong person. Fervent and incautious editing and renaming by two editors whom I won't name, and a tie-in to the massive dust-up going on over Russian consorts, has exacerbated the problem. Not sure what the right fix is, I'm trying to research Wikipedia policy on this at the moment. Alexandra I was married to a Russian Grand Duke, and Alexandra II was the consort to the King of Yugoslavia, so the applicable set of policies is wonderfully complicated. Noel (talk) 00:33, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

Discussion (and comments) moved to Talk:Princess Alexandra of Greece.

Template size
This template is overwhelming some of the pages it's being put on (see, for instance, Alexandra Yurievna), for a couple of reasons.

 * 1) The text size chosen for the header, etc, is a little too much. It overwhelms everything else (especially on smaller screens). I'm going to scale it down a little bit.
 * 2) The box is getting longer and longer because people have started adding entries for people other than sovereigns and their children (e.g. Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark). I understand that some of these people are significant figures (e.g. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh), but how can we draw any line, other than the "sovereigns and their children" one? If we add all the children of all the younger siblings who never reigned, this thing is gonna get really huge. Not that I object to having the information on the children of the siblings; to the contrary, I think it would be good to have that somewhere - but this box isn't the right place for it. Let's put it somewhere else (doesn't someone have technology for doing family trees for use on Wikipedia?), and put a link to it in this template. Noel (talk) 02:45, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree, most of the dyansty templates are getting a bit out of hand. I started a few by simply copying and modifying existant ones for other houses. What would be great is if we could have an "expand" link next to each sovereign which would work exactly how the show/hide Table of Contents does. I've had a go at using some code to try and put it in the article but I think we need access to a .css/js subpage before it could happen (and I'm not an expert with html anyway). If anyone knows any Wikieditors that are good with html and xsl codes, then perhaps we could ask if they can implement the code if it's possible (without totally revamping Wikipedia's .css rules of course). Craigy (talk) 05:09, August 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * The "expand" button is a nice idea, but if it's too difficult technically, do you have any problem with a simple link to a page like House of Oldenburg (Glucksburg-Greece) or List of members of the House of Oldenburg (Glucksburg-Greece) (or whatever name along those lines people like best, I don't have a particular preference)? Noel (talk) 00:10, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

"The House of Oldenburg (Glucksburg-Greece)" is in my eyes an unnecessarily complex and mixed wording. In other words, pure crap. As header, something like Royal House of Greece would be much better. Will we have a rebellion of extreme-republican Greeks here if such is to come into use? Arrigo 00:14, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I have no idea why it's named the way it is (it was named that when I arrived on the scene, and I wasn't tempted to change it), and I have no objection to changing it to something simpler; as I said, I don't have any particular strong preference. I don't know if it will cause problems - see Talk:Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark for an example of someone getting cranky on basically this topic. If we do rename it, we'll have to leave a redirect here for a while; I don't think it's worth editing every page that links to it just to update the template name. Noel (talk) 01:26, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I admit the template title isn't worded perfectly, but because it's a template and just an addition to a page, it doesn't need to be. I for one am against removing the template altogether and suggest a compromise on who should and shouldn't be placed in it. If a user feel's the need to remove the template from all the pages it's on, I suggest, for consistency, they also start a discussion at other pages where similar templates are located. Craigy [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|15px]] (talk) 08:32, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Huh? I don't know of anyone who's suggesting removing the template altogether - I'm certainly not. When I spoke (above) of "a simple link to a page" I just meant that that link would appear in this template (which all pages would continue to hold) in addition to the basic list of monarchs, etc. And we'd put the more obscure information in that linked page, instead of cramming it all into the template.
 * And your point about the template name is of course quite true. But now that I look more carefully, Arrigo spoke of the "header"; I was confused because he 'd it. Noel (talk) 22:39, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:RoyGrec.png
I added this image to the template. I have secured the proper permissions to use this image.Argos'Dad 14:21, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

RfC notification
A request for comments which may impact this template has been started at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Biographies. You are welcome to comment there. Fram (talk) 14:27, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

King Charles III
Should King Charles III be added as a great-grandchild of King George I of Greece? 172.197.202.179 (talk) 13:48, 11 September 2022 (UTC)


text: File:Prince G6.jpg

title: File:Prince G6.jpg


text:
Brenda de Banzie

Brenda Doreen Mignon de Banzie (28 July 1909 – 5 March 1981) was a British actress of stage and screen.

Biography
De Banzie was the daughter of Edward Thomas de Banzie, conductor and musical director, and his second wife Dorothy (née Lancaster), whom he married in 1908. In 1911, the family lived in Salford, Lancashire.

She appeared as Maggie Hobson in the David Lean film version of Hobson's Choice (1954) with John Mills and Charles Laughton, set in Salford. Laughton allegedly didn't like de Banzie, because she wasn't getting 'her part right'. De Banzie also upstaged Laughton who was, by all accounts, a notorious upstager himself.

Her most notable film role was as Phoebe Rice, the hapless wife of comedian Archie Rice (played by Laurence Olivier) in the 1960 film version of John Osborne's The Entertainer. She had also appeared on Broadway in the original play, for which she received a Tony Award nomination.

Other memorable film roles included The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956) directed by Alfred Hitchcock, Too Many Crooks (1959), and The Pink Panther (1963) directed by Blake Edwards.

De Banzie died at the age of 71 due to complications following brain surgery. She was the aunt of actress Lois de Banzie.

Selected filmography

 * The Long Dark Hall (1951) – Mrs. Rogers
 * I Believe in You (1952) – Mrs. Hooker
 * Private Information (1952) – Dolly
 * Never Look Back (1952) – Molly Wheeler
 * The Yellow Balloon (1953) – Fruit Stall Customer (uncredited)
 * A Day to Remember (1953) – Mrs. Collins
 * Don't Blame the Stork (1954) – Evelyn Steele
 * Hobson's Choice (1954) – Maggie Hobson
 * What Every Woman Wants (1954) – Sarah
 * The Purple Plain (1954) – Miss McNab
 * The Happiness of Three Women (1954) – Jane Price
 * As Long as They're Happy (1955) – Stella Bentley
 * A Kid for Two Farthings (1955) – 'Lady' Ruby
 * Doctor at Sea (1955) – Muriel Mallet
 * The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956) – Lucy Drayton
 * House of Secrets (1956) – Mme. Isabella Ballu
 * Passport to Shame (1958) – Aggie
 * Too Many Crooks (1959) – Lucy
 * The 39 Steps (1959) – Nellie Lumsden
 * The Entertainer (1960) – Phoebe Rice
 * The Mark (1961) – Gertrude Cartwright
 * Flame in the Streets (1961) – Nell Palmer
 * Come September (1961) – Margaret Allison
 * A Pair of Briefs (1962) – Gladys Worthing
 * I Thank a Fool (1962) – Nurse Drew
 * The Pink Panther (1963) – Angela Dunning
 * Pretty Polly (1967) – Mrs. Innes-Hook

title: Brenda de Banzie