text:
Cady Huffman

Cady Huffman (born February 2, 1965) is an American actress.

Early life
Huffman was born in Santa Barbara, California, to Lorayne, a pre-school assistant director turned realtor, and Clifford Huffman, an attorney. She is the younger sister of actor Linus Huffman and automotive writer John Pearley Huffman, whose work often appears in Road & Track and Car and Driver magazines and The New York Times. She attended public schools in Santa Barbara (skipping the fourth grade) and graduated from the local San Marcos High School in June 1982. Huffman started performing in Santa Barbara's very active local theater community well before her teenage years. She also studied ballet at The Goleta School of Ballet and performed numerous classical ballets with the school's company.

Career
Huffman first came to Broadway as a replacement cast member in the hit musical La Cage aux Folles (1985), and was quickly cast in Bob Fosse's Big Deal, to be followed by a Tony-Award nomination for her performance in The Will Rogers Follies (1991). In 2001, she played the role of Ulla in the original cast of the Broadway musical The Producers, by Mel Brooks. Huffman received the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for the role.

She made her film debut in the film Hero (1992). She has since appeared in Space Marines (1996), Romance & Cigarettes and The Nanny Diaries. She also appeared in the 2010 film The Company Men. During 2003 and 2004, she produced, starred in and acted as production designer for the independent film Sunday on the Rocks directed by Joe Morton.

On television, she has had guest starring roles on programs such as Frasier, Law & Order: Criminal Intent and Mad About You. She appeared as herself in several guest spots on the television series Curb Your Enthusiasm during 2004. The series' fourth season plot involved Larry David joining the cast of The Producers. Beginning in August 2005, Huffman took over for Kimberlin Brown as Dr. Paige Miller on One Life to Live. Her last episode aired on January 23, 2006. During 2011 and 2012, she has appeared in episodes of The Good Wife.

She was a regular food judge on Food Network's Iron Chef America, described by host Alton Brown as "the Kitty Carlisle" of the series.

During July and August 2007, Huffman starred in the Off-Broadway play Surface to Air written by David Epstein and directed by James Naughton, in a rare dramatic part for the actress who usually appears on stage in musicals. In May 2009, she appeared in the new musical Pirates! in the Huntington Theatre Company, Boston, production. She appeared alongside The Producers co-star Nathan Lane in The Nance which opened on Broadway on April 15, 2013. She was nominated for a 2013 Outer Critics Circle Award for her work in that play. In 2014, she played a major role in the Off-Broadway rock musical Revolution in the Elbow of Ragnar Agnarsson Furniture Painter.

In July 2017 she directed City of Light, a musical by Gabrielle Wagner, Julie Weiner and Jan Roper at the SheNYC Summer Theater Festival.

In June 2023 she directed Anything Goes, a musical by Cole Porter, Guy Bolton and P.G. Wodehouse at Black Rock Theater in Fairfield, CT.

Personal life
She now lives in Brooklyn, New York City.

title: Cady Huffman


text:
Talk:Miffy

Copyright date
Nijntje was created in 1955, but Miffy was copyrighted in 1953? DirkvdM 08:16, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

English name
Article doesn't mention how Miffy was named. Did Dick Bruna choose that name for the english speaking audience? zorruno 20:07, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

According to this (Dutch) article, the name was chosen by Olive Jones, the original translator. http://www.nrc.nl/boeken/2013/08/28/nieuwe-engelse-nijntje-uitgever-komt-met-licht-gemoderniseerde-vertalingen/  82.139.86.180 (talk) 10:43, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Miffy and New York!
Recently, New York's tourism board apparently named Miffy the official "family mascot" for the City of New York, owing to the city's origins as a Dutch colony.

Fair use rationale for Image:MiffyFifi.gif
Image:MiffyFifi.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 16:06, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

IPA Pronounciation
Can someone confirm the pronounciation of the Dutch name? I know a Dutch speaker who is convinced it's a tʃ sound instead of a c, which matches what I know about Dutch 124.182.104.145 (talk) 10:15, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

[c] and [tʃ] are allophones so which one a speaker uses depends on word position and dialect. Dick Bruna pronounces it with a [c] I believe. 2001:610:120:3001:E514:26F1:9597:E114 (talk) 18:09, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

90s tv show
There was no information on the 90s tv show mentioned here, in fact the article implied that claymation show from 2003 was the first appearance of Miffy on tv. This is not the case, so I corrected it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.211.203.75 (talk) 05:36, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Miffy. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140202134123/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2006/feb/15/booksforchildrenandteenagers.lisaallardice to http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2006/feb/15/booksforchildrenandteenagers.lisaallardice
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090711114730/http://www.nls.uk/news/press/2007_03_16.html to http://www.nls.uk/news/press/2007_03_16.html

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071012233442/http://winkel.dickbrunahuis.nl/ to http://winkel.dickbrunahuis.nl/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101231092826/http://www.egmont.co.uk/Character.asp?charid=14 to http://www.egmont.co.uk/Character.asp?charid=14

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Capitalisation of "nijntje" in the article.
Hi. I just want to clarify with you something. Miffy's Dutch name, "nijntje", is almost never capitalised. Dick Bruna never even put her name on or in his books with a capital N: it was a shortened form of Konijntje (the diminutive of Rabbit, so "little rabbit"). If I may, I'll refer you to the text on capital letter usage from the equivalent article on the Dutch Wikipedia, nl:nijntje -

"Hoofdlettergebruik

In het oeuvre van Bruna worden consequent geen hoofdletters gebruikt, ook waar dat volgens de gangbare spellingsregels wel zou moeten. Namen in de nijntje-verhalen, inclusief de naam "nijntje" zelf, worden dus ook standaard met kleine letter geschreven."

"Capital letter usage

''In Bruna's work, capital letters are consistently not used, even where this should be done according to normal spelling rules. Names in the nijntje stories, including the name "nijntje" itself, are therefore written with a small letter by default.''

Is it permissible in the article to change references, like the one at the start, so that her name is properly spelled? Thanks! Dane | Geld 14:51, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Miffy


text:
Talk:Bubbling Under Hot 100

Untitled
This text is not accurate:
 * if the Hot 100 was comprised of more than 100 positions, the songs on this chart would represent positions 101 to 125.

This article should specify that the titles listed in these 25 positions are songs which have not appeared on the Hot 100. The above text is inaccurate because, for example, a song may be ranked at #99 but then decline the following week to a position that is comparable to postion #105, but because it has appeared on the Hot 100 already, it is not eligible for the Bubbling Under chart.

The Bubbling Under charts represent the 25 songs below position #100 which have not yet appeared on the Hot 100.

 * eo 08:17, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

I itallicized the text "which have not yet appeared on the Hot 100" as to emphasize this point. The explanation that follows was a little confusing for me (and I'd assume some other people) but I didn't want to take it out. I hope this was alright. -WikiFiend90 21:48, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Umm...
I'm not sure this chart exists anymore. Anyone know? --SteelersFanUK06  ReplyOnMine!   13:40, 15 December 2009 (UTC)
 * yes it does. - eo (talk) 13:52, 15 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Do you have a link to its compilation? --SteelersFanUK06  ReplyOnMine!   16:05, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Heatseekers Songs
I think the Heatseekers Songs chart is this charts sucsessor, and that Billboard has changed the criteria for the chrt. I don't know where to find any of this information. Any info is perfection! Microwave09 (talk) 22:52, 18 March 2010 (UTC)
 * They are not the same thing, both charts are still published weekly. - eo (talk) 01:38, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Taylor Swift
Taylor Swift, I believe, has had 14 hits on the Bubbling Under chart---likely to increase this week. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.125.84.151 (talk) 22:14, 5 November 2014 (UTC)

User:Piriczki's revert
Piriczki reverted my edit here, which was to correct that "Nasty Girl" by Vanity 6 spent a record seven weeks at number 101 as incorrect data. There is never a #101 on the Hot 100/Bubbling chart. A single, when it peaks at number one on Bubbling chart, does not mean its 101, similarly a number two does not mean 102. WP:BILLBOARDCHARTS policy is preyy clear about it. — I B  [ Poke ] 12:13, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Then what is this? And this? Please explain. Piriczki (talk) 12:23, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Interesting find because no where in Billboard the online .biz website or their charts or in their archives they have ever referred to positions as 101, 102 and so forth. WP:BILLBOARDCHARTS says in this case "On singles discography tables, do not add 100 to a Bubbling Under peak if the song never entered the corresponding chart (i.e., Billboard Hot 100 and Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, or Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles). Doing so would violate WP:SYNTH by creating information not directly supported by the source (i.e., the notion that the Bubbling Under chart is an extension to the main chart and the position). It should be indicated as an uncharted song with a footnote to indicate the Bubbling Under peak." I believe we can raise a discussion there. — I B  [ Poke ] 12:33, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

 * I can also find this discussion from May 2013 where User:Kww confirmed that "The Bubbling Under chart is not a 25 song extension of the Hot 100. Never has been. There are different rules for entering and exiting the chart that mean that its 25 positions never correspond to positions 101-125 on an extended Hot 100. Any argument based on the logic that the chart is some kind of extension of the Hot 100 are false". — I B  [ Poke ] 12:41, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
 * There was a brief period where the Bubbling Under Charts were labeled 101-1**. Even Billboard found it inaccurate and confusing, apparently, because it did not last.—Kww(talk) 13:03, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Two years after the chart began, the numbering was changed so that it started at 101. It remained that way for 24 years, from 1961 to 1985 when the chart was discontinued. Piriczki (talk) 13:16, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Correction, the chart was never discontinued. It did not publish on the magazine anymore, but is available on their website. — I B  [ Poke ] 13:29, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

 * The Bubbling Under chart was discontinued in August 1985. It was revived in December 1992. At that time the chart was described as "Bubbling Under lists the top 25 singles under No. 100 which have not yet charted." Piriczki (talk) 14:01, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

 * So from that time onwards, was it listed as #1, #2 onwards on the chart? Or was it again #101? — I B  [ Poke ] 14:10, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Since 1992 it has started at No. 1. Piriczki (talk) 14:12, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Then this article should also reflect that, information is misrepresented here indicating that its always 101, 102 whereas it was like that once, but following rearrival of the chart, it ceased to be an extension. — I B  [ Poke ] 14:43, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

Right now the article accurately reads:

"From August 28, 1961 to August 24, 1985, the chart positions were numbered starting with number 101."

"On the first issue of its 1992 revival, the chart was renamed to 'Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles' from its previous name, 'Bubbling Under the Hot 100'. The same issue increased the total number of slots on the chart to 25 and the chart numbering began with #1."

The notion of an "extension" (or not) is something invented by Wikipedia editors and has no place in the article. Piriczki (talk) 15:08, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

External link needed (if possible)
Does Billboard or anyone else maintain an archive of the Bubbling Under charts? It would be useful to have an external link to such a site if it exists. 70.73.90.119 (talk) 15:30, 28 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, we have to dig and search on each artist chart to see a list of hits who bubbling under hot 100 like for example, these ones from the band Simple Plan. https://www.billboard.com/artist/simple-plan/

--Sd-100 (talk) 01:13, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bubbling Under Hot 100


text:
Yakovlev Yak-18T

The Yakovlev Yak-18T (Яковлев Як-18T) is a four- or five-seat fully aerobatic utility aircraft developed by Yakovlev. Introduced to train Aeroflot pilots, it has gained some popularity as a sportplane both inside and outside the former USSR. It is powered by a 268-298 kW (360-400 hp) Vedeneyev M14P radial engine, and is designed for stresses of +6.48/-3.24 g.

Design and development
All the Yak-18 and Yak-18T have in common is the model number. The Yak-18T is a unique design, despite its nomenclature.

The 18T was designed in the late 60's, as a civilian aircraft. The aircraft has a nosewheel, is a four- or five-seater, and has a nine-cylinder 360 hp radial. The Yak-18T shares systems with the Yak-50/52 family. These aircraft all have the 265 kW (355 hp) Vedeneyev M14 nine-cylinder radial engine as well as the same underlying compressed-air system for engine starting, brakes, undercarriage and flaps. The propeller, avionics and other parts are also shared. The Yak-18T, like all Russian aircraft used for training, is aerobatic.

Compared with other four-seat light aircraft such as the Cessna 172 or the Piper PA-28, the Yak-18T is only a little wider and longer but it is much heavier and is equipped with a considerably more powerful engine. The Yak-18T is perhaps better compared with the Piper Saratoga which has two extra seats but which has a similar maximum weight, together with a retractable undercarriage and a similarly powerful engine. The Yak-18T is, however, distinguished by its strong construction, aerobatic capability and docile yet responsive handling characteristics.

The Yak-18T prototype had its first flight in mid-1967 and subsequently the type was placed in series production in Smolensk.

Operational history
The Yak-18T went on to become the standard basic trainer with Aeroflot flight schools, while small numbers also entered service with the Soviet Air Force as liaison and communications aircraft. After approximately 700 were built, many for Aeroflot, production ceased in the late 1980s, to be resumed in 1993. In 2011 it was claimed that the type remained in small-scale production by the Yakolev Design Bureau, although apparently none had been produced in more than a decade.

Technoavia has marketed the SM-94, its own development of the Yak-18T, featuring curved windshield, larger fuel tanks and choice of avionics package, but production is dependent on orders being placed.

Operators

 * Cuban Air Force - Former operator.
 * 🇲🇩 Moldova
 * Moldova Air Force - one aircraft in active service for basic training
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania
 * Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces
 * Aeroflot
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Transnistria
 * Armed Forces of Transnistria
 * Transnistria
 * Armed Forces of Transnistria

title: Yakovlev Yak-18T


text:
Extension agency

An extension agency is an organisation that practises extension, in the context of community development. An example is the Cooperative Extension Service, which aims to assist individuals or groups in defining and achieving their goals in rural communities in the USA. Extension agents are trained in the skills of extension, such as communication and group facilitation, and usually in technical areas of the sector they serve (for example agriculture, health, or safety). Agricultural extension agencies promote more profitable and sustainable farming, while health extension agencies promote improved health.

Extension agents are represented by professional organisations such as the Australasia-Pacific Extension Network and publish in journals such as the Journal of Extension.

title: Extension agency


text:
File:TunjaCatedral.jpg

the last "genuine" gothic cathedral in the world, built at the end of the 18th century, iirc.

title: File:TunjaCatedral.jpg


text:
User:Scratch~enwiki

For personal attacks and user page vandalism, you are now blocked.--Jondel 09:33, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi, I'm a six foor four, 240 pound construction worker. I'm not a nice person, but if you don't attract my attention, I won't bother you.

I find the best tool for personality adjustment is an eighteen inch piece of number six rebar. Two blows can pulverise a section of scull. I'm pretty good at it. Did you hear about the civil engineer in Alaska who disrespected his road crew? According to the police, none of them saw anything. I guess the guy learned to talk again, but it took a couple of years.

Smug people, and thoes with a superiority complex in general, often win the Darwin award :) Wikilove and happy editing.

title: User:Scratch~enwiki


text:
Talk:Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles

This text is not accurate:
 * if the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart was comprised of more than 100 positions, the songs on this chart would represent positions 101 to 125.

This article should specify that the titles listed in these 25 positions are songs which have not appeared on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles. The above text is inaccurate because, for example, a song may be ranked at #99 but then decline the following week to a position that is comparable to postion #105, but because it has appeared on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart already, it is not eligible for the Bubbling Under chart.

The Bubbling Under charts represent the 25 songs below position #100 which have not yet appeared on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.

 * eo 08:20, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles


text:
Villa de Leyva

Villa de Leyva, also called Villa de Leiva, is a touristic colonial town and municipality, in the Ricaurte Province, part of the Boyacá Department of Colombia. The town is a Colombian National Heritage Town and is on the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Villa de Leyva is located 37 km west of the departmental capital Tunja. It is about three hours by car or bus from Bogotá.

Located away from major trade routes in a high altitude valley of semi-desert terrain, and with no mineral deposits nearby to exploit, the town has undergone little development in the last 400 years. As a consequence, it is one of the few towns in Colombia to have preserved completely its original colonial style and architecture: the streets and large central plaza are still paved with cobblestones, and many buildings date from the sixteenth century. This has resulted in Villa de Leyva becoming one of Colombia's principal tourist attractions, and it was declared a National Monument on December 17, 1954 to preserve its architecture. The town and the surrounding countryside, which contains several sites of interest, are popular weekend destinations for citizens of Bogotá, and attract an increasing number of foreign tourists.

As a result of its cool temperatures, dry climate, and rich soil, Villa de Leyva has established itself as a wine region, with the emergence of a number of wineries around the town in recent years.

Geography
The urban centre of Villa de Leyva is located in an intermontane valley on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense at 2149 m.

History
The area of Villa de Leyva was inhabited early in the inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. The earliest archaeological evidence has been surfaced around El Infiernito, an archeoastronomical site dating back to pre-Herrera times. The Muisca were the inhabitants of the area at the time of the Spanish conquest and the zaque of Hunza ruled over the area of Villa de Leyva. The town was founded on June 12, 1572 by and named after the first president of the New Kingdom of Granada, Andrés Díaz Venero de Leiva.

Arts and culture
There are several festivals held throughout the year, including a gastronomical festival in November, the water festival, the tree festival, the Villa de Leyva Jazz Festival in July, the International Kite-flying Festival in August, the onion beauty pageant in October, and the Festival of Lights on December 7. There are also several musical, painting and theatre events which are available throughout the whole year. As a gastronomic destination, restaurants tend to have live music bands or singers. There are also enjoyable storytellers who perform weekly in the main square for the entertainment of usual pedestrians or tourists. It is also common to rent bikes for historical tours of the town and its outskirts

Tourism
The focus of the town is the Plaza Mayor, which at 14,000 square meters is the largest square in Colombia and believed to be the largest entirely cobbled square in South America.

The town's most famous son is Antonio Ricaurte (1797–1814), a captain in Simon Bolivar's army fighting for independence, and who died in a famous act of self-sacrifice at San Mateo in what is now Venezuela. The house in which he was born, on the Plazuela de San Agustín, was acquired by Colombia's Air Force in 1977 and turned into a military museum.

Villa de Leyva has also been home to two other well-known figures in Colombian history. Antonio Nariño, best known for translating The Rights of Man into Spanish and a leading advocate for Colombian independence, lived the last few years of his life and died in Villa de Leyva. Luis Alberto Acuña (1904 – 1993), one of the most important Colombian artists of the 20th century, also spent his final years in the town. The houses of both men are now museums containing their personal properties, and in the case of Acuña, a selection of his works, including two murals on the walls of the internal patio.

The House of the First Congress, where the First Congress of the United Provinces of Nueva Granada met on October 4, 1812, is located on the north corner of the main plaza. It is currently the site of the municipal council.

A few miles further west is a Muisca astronomy observatory, made of phallic stones, colloquially named El Infiernito ("little hell" in Spanish), as the Spanish conquistadors were horrified by the stones and proclaimed that the Muisca would be banished to hell for their obscene representations.

To the north-east of Villa de Leyva, the land rises to cloud-forest and includes the national park of Iguaque, and a group of seven waterfalls collectively named La Periquera, 15 km from the town centre.

Villa de Leyva was named a Pueblo Patrimonio (heritage town) of Colombia in 2010. It was among 11 municipalities nationwide that were selected to be part of the Red Turística de Pueblos Patrimonio original cohort.

Paleontology
Near Villa de Leyva are several other sites of interest. The valley in which the town is located is rich in fossils from the Paja Formation (Cretaceous period), the most famous being a near-complete Monquirasaurus discovered in 1977 about 3 mi west of Villa de Leyva. Known simply as El Fósil, the fossil was left in situ where it was discovered and a museum was built around it: another smaller Monquirasaurus fossil was discovered nearby and brought to the museum to be displayed alongside the larger specimen. In the same formation the fossil ichthyosaurs Platypterygius sachicarum and Muiscasaurus catheti and the brachiosaur Padillasaurus leivaensis and pliosaur Brachauchenius, later reclassified as Stenorhynchosaurus, have been discovered.

In popular culture

 * Florentino Ariza, the main character of Gabriel García Márquez's novel Love in the Time of Cholera (1985), is sent to Villa de Leyva, but never arrives there.
 * Part of the film Cobra Verde (1987) by Werner Herzog was filmed here
 * The Spanish-language soap opera El Zorro, la espada y la rosa (2007) has been filmed here

title: Villa de Leyva


text:
Mandevilla

Mandevilla is a genus of tropical and subtropical flowering vines belonging to the family Apocynaceae. It was first described as a genus in 1840. A common name is rocktrumpet.

Mandevilla species are native to the Southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Many originate from the Serra dos Órgãos forests in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The genus was named after Henry Mandeville (1773-1861), a British diplomat and gardener.

Cultivation and uses
Mandevillas develop spectacular, often fragrant flowers in warm climates. The flowers come in a variety of colours, including white, pink, yellow, and red. Many hybrids have been developed, mainly deriving from M. × amabilis, M. splendens, and M. sanderi. As climbers, mandevillas can be trained against a wall or trellis to provide a leafy green, and often flowering covering.

The hybrid cultivars Mandevilla × amabilis 'Alice du pont' and ='Sunparapibra' have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Species
Accepted species
 * Mandevilla abortiva - Bahia, Goiás
 * Mandevilla acutiloba - Mexico to Honduras
 * Mandevilla aequatorialis - Ecuador
 * Mandevilla albifolia - Venezuela
 * Mandevilla alboviridis - Peru, Colombia
 * Mandevilla amazonica - S Venezuela
 * Mandevilla anceps - S Venezuela, NW Brazil
 * Mandevilla andina - Bolivia
 * Mandevilla angustata - S Venezuela, Guyana
 * Mandevilla angustifolia - Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina
 * Mandevilla annulariifolia - S Venezuela, NW Brazil, SE Colombia
 * Mandevilla antioquiana - Antioquia in Colombia
 * Mandevilla apocynifolia - Jalisco, Nayarit, Michoacán
 * Mandevilla aracamunensis - S Venezuela
 * Mandevilla arcuata - Peru, S Colombia
 * Mandevilla aridana - Santander in Colombia
 * Mandevilla assimilis - Ecuador
 * Mandevilla atroviolacea - S Brazil
 * Mandevilla bahiensis - Bahia
 * Mandevilla barretoi - Minas Gerais
 * Mandevilla benthamii - SE Venezuela, Guyana
 * Mandevilla bogotensis - NW Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia
 * Mandevilla boliviensis - Costa Rica to Bolivia + E Brazil
 * Mandevilla brachyloba - Bolivia, Peru, NW Argentina
 * Mandevilla brachysiphon - Arizona, New Mexico, N Mexico
 * Mandevilla bracteata - Ecuador, Colombia
 * Mandevilla bradei - Goiás
 * Mandevilla callacatensis - Peru
 * Mandevilla callista - Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia
 * Mandevilla caquetana - Caquetá in Colombia
 * Mandevilla catimbauensis - Pernambuco
 * Mandevilla caurensis - SE Colombia, S Venezuela
 * Mandevilla cercophylla - Ecuador, SW Colombia, Peru
 * Mandevilla clandestina - Brazil
 * Mandevilla coccinea - Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, NE Argentina
 * Mandevilla columbiana - S Colombia
 * Mandevilla convolvulacea - Puebla, Oaxaca
 * Mandevilla crassinoda - Rio de Janeiro
 * Mandevilla cuneifolia - SE Colombia, NW Brazil
 * Mandevilla cuspidata - Peru, Bolivia
 * Mandevilla dardanoi - Pernambuco
 * Mandevilla dissimilis - Ecuador
 * Mandevilla duidae - Amazonas in Venezuela
 * Mandevilla emarginata - Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, NE Argentina, Bolivia
 * Mandevilla duartei - Minas Gerais
 * Mandevilla equatorialis - Ecuador
 * Mandevilla espinosae - Ecuador
 * Mandevilla exilicaulis - Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco
 * Mandevilla eximia - S Brazil
 * Mandevilla filifolia - S Venezuela
 * Mandevilla fistulosa - SE Bahia, Espírito Santo
 * Mandevilla foliosa - Chihuahua to Oaxaca
 * Mandevilla fragilis - Bolivia
 * Mandevilla fragrans - S Brazil
 * Mandevilla frigida - Piura in Peru
 * Mandevilla funiformis - S + SE Brazil
 * Mandevilla glandulosa - Peru
 * Mandevilla gracilis - S Colombia, NW Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana
 * Mandevilla grata - Tucumán in Argentina
 * Mandevilla grazielae - E Brazil
 * Mandevilla guanabarica - Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
 * Mandevilla harleyi - Minas Gerais
 * Mandevilla hatschbachii - Bahia
 * Mandevilla hesperia - Baja California Sur
 * Mandevilla hirsuta - S Mexico to Paraguay
 * Mandevilla holosericea - México State to Oaxaca
 * Mandevilla holstii - Amazonas in Venezuela
 * Mandevilla horrida - Cajamarca
 * Mandevilla huberi - Amazonas in Venezuela
 * Mandevilla hypoleuca - Mexico, Texas
 * Mandevilla illustris - Paraguay, Brazil
 * Mandevilla immaculata - S Brazil
 * Mandevilla inexperata - Ecuador
 * Mandevilla jamesonii - Ecuador
 * Mandevilla jasminiflora - Colombia
 * Mandevilla javitensis - SE Colombia, NW Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana
 * Mandevilla kalmiifolia - Cerro Duida in Venezuela
 * Mandevilla krukovii - NW Brazil
 * Mandevilla lancibracteata - Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela
 * Mandevilla lancifolia - SE Colombia, S Venezuela
 * Mandevilla lanuginosa - S Texas, Mexico
 * Mandevilla laxa - Bolivia, Peru, N Argentina
 * Mandevilla leptophylla - Bahia, Minas Gerais
 * Mandevilla ligustriflora - Ecuador
 * Mandevilla lobbii - Peru
 * Mandevilla lojana - Ecuador
 * Mandevilla longiflora - Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, N Argentina, Brazil
 * Mandevilla longipes - Colombia
 * Mandevilla lucida - Rio de Janeiro
 * Mandevilla luetzelburgii - Espírito Santo
 * Mandevilla macrosiphon NE Mexico, S Texas
 * Mandevilla martiana - E Brazil
 * Mandevilla martii - C Brazil
 * Mandevilla matogrossana - Bolívar in Venezuela, Mato Grosso
 * Mandevilla megabracteata - NE Colombia, Guyana
 * Mandevilla mexicana - Oaxaca
 * Mandevilla microphylla - Bahia
 * Mandevilla mollissima - Colombia
 * Mandevilla montana - SW Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
 * Mandevilla moricandiana - E Brazil
 * Mandevilla moritziana - NE Colombia, Venezuela
 * Mandevilla muelleri - SE Brazil
 * Mandevilla myriophylla - C Brazil
 * Mandevilla nacapulensis - Sonora
 * Mandevilla nacarema - Colombia
 * Mandevilla nerioides - Colombia, S Venezuela
 * Mandevilla nevadana - Magdalena in Colombia
 * Mandevilla novocapitalis - C Brazil
 * Mandevilla oaxacana - Oaxaca
 * Mandevilla obtusifolia - Amazonas in Venezuela
 * Mandevilla pachyphylla - Bolívar in Venezuela
 * Mandevilla paisae - Antioquia
 * Mandevilla pavonii - Colombia to Bolivia
 * Mandevilla pendula - SE Brazil
 * Mandevilla pentlandiana - Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, N Argentina
 * Mandevilla petraea - Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Brazil, N Argentina
 * Mandevilla pohliana - Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, N Argentina
 * Mandevilla polyantha - Peru
 * Mandevilla pristina - Peru
 * Mandevilla pubescens - NW Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador
 * Mandevilla puyumato - Colombia
 * Mandevilla pycnantha - Minas Gerais
 * Mandevilla riparia - Peru, Colombia, Ecuador
 * Mandevilla rubra - Minas Gerais
 * Mandevilla rugellosa - N + C South America
 * Mandevilla rugosa - Guyana, Brazil
 * Mandevilla rutila - Peru, Bolivia
 * Mandevilla sagittarii - Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
 * Mandevilla sancta - Bahia
 * Mandevilla sancta-martae - Magdalena in Colombia
 * Mandevilla sandemanii - Peru
 * Mandevilla sanderi - Rio de Janeiro
 * Mandevilla sandwithii - Guyana
 * Mandevilla scaberula - N Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Fr Guiana
 * Mandevilla scabra - tropical South America
 * Mandevilla schlimii - Venezuela, Colombia
 * Mandevilla scutifolia - Peru
 * Mandevilla sellowii - S Brazil
 * Mandevilla semirii - Minas Gerais
 * Mandevilla similaris - SE Venezuela
 * Mandevilla speciosa - N Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia
 * Mandevilla spigeliiflora - Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia
 * Mandevilla splendens - Rio de Janeiro
 * Mandevilla steyermarkii - S Venezuela, SE Colombia
 * Mandevilla subcarnosa - N Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia
 * Mandevilla subcordata - Bolivia
 * Mandevilla subsagittata - Mexico to Peru; Cuba, Trinidad
 * Mandevilla subscorpoidea - Guatemala, S Mexico
 * Mandevilla subsessilis - C Mexico to El Salvador
 * Mandevilla subumbelliflora - Peru
 * Mandevilla surinamensis - Venezuela, 3 Guianas
 * Mandevilla symphytocarpa - Trinidad to Bolivia
 * Mandevilla tenuifolia - Suriname, Brazil
 * Mandevilla thevetioides - SE Colombia
 * Mandevilla torosa - Tamaulipas to Honduras; Cuba, Jamaica
 * Mandevilla trianae - Guyana to Peru
 * Mandevilla tricolor - Ecuador
 * Mandevilla tristis - Táchira
 * Mandevilla tubiflora - NW Mexico to Nicaragua
 * Mandevilla turgida - S Venezuela
 * Mandevilla ulei - NW Brazil
 * Mandevilla undulata - Paraguay, Misiones
 * Mandevilla urceolata - Rio de Janeiro
 * Mandevilla urophylla - SE Brazil
 * Mandevilla vanheurckii - Venezuela, Peru, NW Brazil
 * Mandevilla vasquezii - Peru
 * Mandevilla velame - Brazil
 * Mandevilla venulosa - Minas Gerais, São Paulo
 * Mandevilla veraguasensis - S Central America, NW South America
 * Mandevilla versicolor - Peru, Ecuador
 * Mandevilla villosa - Chiapas to S Venezuela
 * Mandevilla virescens - S Brazil, Paraguay, NE Argentina
 * Mandevilla widgrenii - Brazil, Paraguay
 * Mandevilla xerophytica - Boyaca in Colombia

title: Mandevilla


text:
First battle of Öland (1564)

The first battle of Öland (Första slaget vid Ölands norra udde) took place on 30–31 May 1564 between the islands of Gotland and Öland, between a fleet of Allied ships, the Danes under Herluf Trolle and the Lübeckers under Friedrich Knebel, and a Swedish fleet of 23 or more ships under Jakob Bagge. It was an Allied victory.

Only some of the ships on each side were involved, the rest being unable to help due to the wind. On 30 May Fortuna was damaged and Lange Bark sunk, but on 31 May the Swedish ship Mars was boarded by Byens Løffue, Engel, and Fuchs before catching alight and exploding, killing most of its crew and 300 boarders. Jakob Bagge and his Second,, were taken prisoner. Swedish casualties apart from in this ship were 101. Fleming took over the fleet and sailed it back to Älvsnabben, while the Danes sailed to Copenhagen.

Denmark/Lübeck

 * Fortuna (Danish flag)
 * Byens Løffue 56
 * Engel (Lübeck flag)
 * Lange Bark (Lübeck) — sunk 30 May
 * Arck
 * Fuchs (Lübeck)
 * other ships

Sweden

 * Mars 173 (flag) — blew up 31 May
 * Elefant 65 (Fleming)
 * Finska Svan 82
 * Svenska Hektor 87
 * 19 or more other ships

title: First battle of Öland (1564)


text:
Mazatecan languages

The Mazatecan languages are a group of closely related indigenous languages spoken by some 200,000 people in the area known as the Sierra Mazateca, which is in the northern part of the state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico, as well as in adjacent areas of the states of Puebla and Veracruz.

The group is often described as a single language called Mazatec, but because several varieties are not mutually intelligible, they are better described as a group of languages. The languages belong to the Popolocan subgroup of the Oto-Manguean language family. Under the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples, they are recognized as "national languages" in Mexico, along with Spanish and other indigenous languages.

The Mazatec language is vigorous in many of the smaller communities of the Mazatec area, and in many towns, it is spoken by almost everyone. But in some of the larger communities, such as Huautla de Jiménez and Jalapa de Díaz, more people are beginning to use Spanish more frequently.

Like other Oto-Manguean languages, the Mazatecan languages are tonal; tone plays an integral part in distinguishing both lexical items and grammatical categories. The centrality of tone to the Mazatec language is exploited by the system of whistle speech, used in most Mazatec communities, which allows speakers of the language to have entire conversations only by whistling.

Classification
The Mazatecan languages are part of the Oto-Manguean language family and belong to the family's Eastern branch. In that branch, they belong to the Popolocan subgroup, together with the Popoloca, Ixcatec and Chocho languages. Daniel Garrison Brinton was the first to propose a classification of the Mazatec languages, which he correctly grouped with the Zapotec and Mixtec languages. In 1892 he second-guessed his own previous classification and suggested that Mazatec was related to Chiapanec-Mangue and Chibcha.

Early comparative work by Morris Swadesh, Roberto Weitlaner and Stanley Newman laid the foundations for comparative Oto-Manguean studies. Weitlaner's student, María Teresa Fernandez de Miranda, was the first to propose reconstruction of the Popolocan languages. While the work cited Mazatec data, she left Mazatecan out of the reconstruction.

Subsequent work by Summer Institute linguist Sarah Gudschinsky gave a full reconstruction first of Proto-Mazatec (Gudschinsky 1956). She next reconstructed what she called Proto-Popolocan-Mazatecan (Gudschinsky 1959) (it was referred to as Popotecan, but this term was not widely adopted.)

Languages
The ISO 639-3 standard enumerates nine Mazatecan languages. They are named after the villages where they are commonly spoken (with the exception of Puebla Mazatec):
 * Chiquihuitlán Mazatec (2500 speakers in San Juan Chiquihuitlán. Quite divergent from other varieties.)
 * Central
 * Huautla Mazatec (50,000 speakers. The prestige variety of Mazatec, spoken in Huautla de Jiménez).
 * Ayautla Mazatec (3500 speakers in San Bartolome Ayautla. Quite similar to Huautla.)
 * Mazatlán Mazatec (13,000 speakers in Mazatlán and surrounding villages. Somewhat similar to Huautla.)
 * Eloxochitlán Mazatec ( or Jerónimo Mazatec (34,000 speakers in San Jerónimo Tecóatl, San Lucas Zoquiapan, Santa Cruz Acatepec, San Antonio Eloxochitlán, and many other villages. Somewhat similar to Huautla.)
 * Ixcatlán Mazatec (11,000 speakers in San Pedro Ixcatlán, Chichicazapa, and Nuevo Ixcatlán. Somewhat similar to Huautla.)
 * Jalapa Mazatec (16,000 speakers in San Felipe Jalapa de Díaz. Somewhat similar to Huautla.)
 * Soyaltepec Mazatec (23,000 speakers in San Maria Jacaltepec and San Miguel Soyaltepec. Somewhat similar to Huautla.)
 * Puebla and Northeastern Mazatec (33,800 speakers in both Oaxaca and Puebla states.)

Studies of mutual intelligibility between Mazatec-speaking communities revealed that most are relatively close but distinct enough that literacy programs must recognize local standards. The Huautla, Ayautla, and Mazatlán varieties are about 80% mutually intelligible; Tecóatl (Eloxochitlán), Jalapa, Ixcatlán, and Soyaltepec are more distant, at 70%+ intelligibility with Hautla or with each other. Chiquihuitlán is divergent.

In 2020, there were 237,000 speakers of Mazatecan languages according to INEGI. Approximately 80% of the speakers know and use Spanish for some purposes. Many Mazatec children know little or no Spanish when they enter school.

Dialect history
The language is divided into many dialects, or varieties, some of which are not mutually intelligible. The western dialects spoken in Huautla de Jiménez, and San Mateo Huautla, Santa María Jiotes, Eloxochitlán, Tecóatl, Ayautla, and Coatzospan are often referred to as Highland Mazatec. The North Eastern dialects spoken in San Miguel Huautla, Jalapa de Díaz, Mazatlán de Flores, San Pedro Ixcatlán, and San Miguel Soyaltepec are referred to as Lowland Mazatec. The Highland and Lowland dialects differ by a number of sound changes shared by each of the groups, particularly sound changes affecting the proto-Mazatecan phoneme.

Also, the high dialects of Huautla and Jiotes used "sh", along with the low dialects of San Miguel, Jalapa, and Ixatlán. The use of "sh" in both dialects corresponded with "ch," which was used in the high dialects of Tecoatl, Eloxochitlan, San Mateo, and the low dialects of Mazatlan and Soyaltepec. Linguists believe that "Sh" and "ch" were reflexes of Proto-Poplocan.

The San Miguel Huautla dialect occupies an intermediary position, sharing traits with both groups. The division between highland and lowland dialects corresponds to the political division between highland and lowland territories that existed from 1300 to 1519. During the period of Aztec dominance from 1456 to 1519, the Highland territory was ruled from Teotitlán del Camino and the lowland territory from Tuxtepec. The political division remains today.

The distinction between highland and lowland dialects is supported by shared sound changes: in Lowland Mazatec dialects, Proto-Mazatecan merged with /*t/ before front vowels /*i/ and /*e/, and in the Highland dialects,  merged with  in position before /*k/.

Lowland dialects
Lowland dialects then split into Valley dialects and the dialect of San Miguel Huautla. The dialect of San Miguel Huautla underwent the same sound change of to  before /*k/, which had already happened in the highland dialects, but in San Miguel Huautla, the shift happened after the merger of  with /*t/ before /*i/ and /*e/. The Valley dialects underwent a change of /*n/ to in sequences with a /vowel-hn-a/ or /vowel-hn-u/.

The Valley dialects then separated into Southern (Mazatlán and Jalapa) and Northern (Soyaltepec and Ixcatlán) valley dialects. The Southern dialects changed to /t/ before /*k/ (later changing *tk to /hk/ in Mazatlán and simplifying to /k/ in Jalapa), and the Northern dialects changed  to  before /*/a. The dialect of Ixcatlán then separated from the one of Soyaltepec by changing sequences of and  to /tik/ and /tuk/, respectively.

Highland dialects
The Highland dialects split into Western and Eastern (Huautla de Jiménez and Jiotes) groups; in the Western dialects the sequence changed to /sk/, but the Eastern ones changed it to /hk/. The dialect of Huautla de Jiménez then changed sequences of to  before short vowels, and the dialect of Santa Maria Jiotes merged the labialized velar stop  to.

Phonology
Like many other Oto-Manguean languages, Mazatecan languages have complex phonologies characterized by complex tone systems and several uncommon phonation phenomena such as creaky voice, breathy voice and ballistic syllables. The following review of a Mazatecan phoneme inventory will be based on the description of the Jalapa de Díaz variety published by Silverman, Blankenship et al. (1995).

Comparative Mazatec phonology
The Mazatecan variety with the most thoroughly described phonology is that of Jalapa de Díaz, which has been described in two publications by Silverman, Blankenship, Kirk and Ladefoged (1994 and 1995). The description is based on acoustic analysis and contemporary forms of phonological analysis. To give an overview of the phonological variety among Mazatecan languages, it is presented here and compared to the earlier description of Chiquihuitlán Mazatec published by the SIL linguist A. R. Jamieson, in 1977, which is not based on modern acoustic analysis and relies on a much more dated phonological theory and so it should be regarded as a tentative account. One fundamental distinction between the analyses is that Silverman et al. analyze distinctions between aspirated and nasalized consonants, but Jamieson analyzes them as sequences of two or more phonemes, arriving therefore at a much smaller number of consonants.

Vowels
There is considerable differences in the number of vowels in different Mazatec varieties. Huautla de Jíménez Mazatec has only four contrasting vowel qualities /i e a o/, and Chiquihuitlán has six.

Jalapa Mazatec has a basic five vowel system contrasting back and front vowels and closed and open vowel height, with an additional mid high back vowel. Additional vowels distinguish oral, nasal, breathy and creaky phonation types. There is some evidence that there are also ballistic syllables contrasting with non-ballistic ones.

Chiquihuitlán Mazatec on the other hand is described as having 6 vowels and a nasal distinction. Jamieson does not describe a creaky/breathy phonation distinction but instead describes vowels interrupted by glottal stop or aspiration corresponding to creakiness and breathiness respectively.

Tone
Tone systems differ markedly between varieties. Jalapa Mazatec has three level tones (high, mid, low) and at least 6 contour tones (high-mid, low-mid, mid-low, mid-high, low-high, high-low-high). Chiquihuitlán Mazatec has a more complex tone system with four level tones (high, midhigh, midlow, low) and 13 different contour tones (high-low, midhigh-low, midlow-low, high-high (longer than a single high), midhigh-high, midlow-high, low-high, high-high-low, midhigh-high-low, midlow-high-low, low-high-low, low-midhigh-low, low-midhigh).

Mazatec of Huautla de Jiménez´ has distinctive tones on every syllable, and the same seems to be the case in Chiquihuitlán. Mazatec distinguishes tone only for certain syllables. Huautla Mazatec has no system of tonal sandhi, but the Chiquihuitlán variety has complex sandhi rules.

Consonants
Jalapa Mazatec has a three-way contrast between aspirated/voiceless, voiced, and nasalized articulation for all plosives, nasals and approximants. The lateral occurs only in loanwords, and the tap  occurs in only one morpheme, the clitic a "probably". The bilabial aspirated and plain stops are also marginal phonemes.

Consonants
// may also be heard as a fricative []. Sounds [, ] are from Spanish loanwords.

Verb morphology
In Chiquihutlán Mazatec, verb stems are of the shape CV (consonant+vowel) and are always inflected with a stem-forming prefix marking person and number of the subject and aspect. In addition, verbs always carry a suffix that marks the person and number of the subject. The vowel of the suffix fuses with the vowel of the verb stem.

There are 18 verb classes distinguished by the shape of their stem-forming prefixes. Classes 1, 2, 7, 10 and 15 cover intransitive verbs, and the rest of the classes involve transitive verbs. Transitive verbs have two prefix forms, one used for third person and first person singular and another used for the other persons (2nd person plural and singular and first person plural inclusive and exclusive). Clusivity distinctions as well as the distinction between second and first person is marked by the tonal pattern across the word (morphemes and stem do not have inherent lexical tone).

Person
Chiquihuitlán Mazatec distinguishes between three person categories (first, second, and third) and two numbers (singular, plural), and for the first person plural, it distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive categories. In the third person, number is not specified but only definiteness (definite or indefinite). Number is not expressed by free pronouns or noun phrases if it is directly retrievable from context.

Tense and aspect
Chiquihuitlán Mazatec inflects for four aspects: completive, continuative, incompletive, as well as a neutral or unmarked aspect. Completive aspect is formed by prefixing /ka-/ to the neutral verb form, continuative is formed by prefixing /ti-/. The incompletive aspect has a distinct set of stem forming prefixes as well as distinct tone patterns. In incompletive transitive verbs, only the first-person singular and the third-person prefixes vary from the corresponding neutral forms; the first-person plural and the second-person forms are identical to the corresponding neutral forms.

Whistle speech
Most Mazatec communities employ forms of whistle speech in which linguistic utterances are produced by whistling the tonal contours of words and phrases. Mazatec languages lend themselves very well to becoming whistling languages because of the high functional load of tone in Mazatec grammar and semantics. Whistling is extremely common for young men, who often have complex conversations entirely through whistling.

Women, on the other hand, do not generally use whistle speech, just as older males use it more rarely than younger ones. Small boys learn to whistle while they learn to talk. Whistling is used generally to communicate over a distance, attract the attention of passersby, or avoid interfering with ongoing spoken conversations, but even economic transactions can be conducted entirely through whistling. Since whistle speech does not encode precise information about vowel or consonants, it is often ambiguous with several possible meanings. However, since most whistling treats a limited number of topics, it is normally unproblematic to disambiguate meaning through context.

Media
Mazatecan-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XEOJN, based in San Lucas Ojitlán, Oaxaca.

The entire New Testament is available in several varieties of Mazatec.

A wide variety of Bible-based literature and video content is published in Mazatec by Jehovah's Witnesses.

title: Mazatecan languages


text:
Talk:Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales

Not sure if this article is accurate, it sounds speculative. The whole "contrary to popular belief" section sounds like POV, too. The R&B/Hip-Hop charts are indeed a separate core panel of sales outlets catering to the R&B market, but the Hot 100 encompasses ALL genres... R&B/Hip-Hop, Country, Latin, Dance, Adult Contemporary, etc., etc., so to insinuate that the R&B sales in some way don't count towards the sales totals that help to make up the Hot 100 sales component isn't correct.

Is there a source for this statement?

Speculative? Huh? Sorry, maybe I could have phrased it better, but I think you and I are on the same page. What you're saying is exactly what I'm trying to say, that this chart is only for urban markets and that the Hot 100 Singles Sales is for all markets. I'm just saying that the sales here are not an exactly subset (and many times people think they are). Like that if a single by an urban artist goes to #1 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales, it doesnt nessacarily mean that it will go to #1 on this chart, because its not an exactly subset. Another song could have higher sales in the urban market, but lose in the overall sales chart. OmegaWikipedia 14:58, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, you understand what I was trying to say, I'm afraid I wasn't being very clear either - plus I forgot to sign my name, but that's what I get when I start critiquing articles at 4AM. Just seems to me like the description of this chart needs to be more definitive to illustrate that only certain markets are monitored for specialty-genre charts (not just R&B, but country, dance, etc.), and the "contrary to popular belief" phrase should be taken out.  Oh, and this applies to the R&B Airplay chart article, too.  :)

 * eo 17:05, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales


text:
IRT Jerome Avenue Line

The IRT Jerome Avenue Line, also unofficially known as IRT Woodlawn Line, is an A Division New York City Subway line mostly along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx. Originally an Interborough Rapid Transit Company-operated route, it was built as part of the Dual Contracts expansion and opened in 1917 and 1918. It is both elevated and underground, with 161st Street–Yankee Stadium being the southernmost elevated station. The line has three tracks from south of the Woodlawn station to the 138th Street–Grand Concourse station. The Woodlawn Line also has a connection to the Jerome Yard, where 4 trains are stored, just north of the Bedford Park Boulevard–Lehman College station.

Service patterns
The following services use part or all of the IRT Jerome Avenue Line: The Jerome Avenue Line is served locally by the train at all times, except for the 138th Street–Grand Concourse station, as well as select trains which run express to Burnside Avenue from 149th Street-Grand Concourse. Other than those, the serves 138th Street at all times except rush hours in the peak direction, and the  train stops at 138th Street all times except late nights.

During late AM rush and evening rush hours, some northbound trains run express from 167th Street to short turn at Burnside Avenue.

Route description
Though named for Jerome Avenue, the southernmost portion of the line runs underground beneath the Grand Concourse. North of the 149th Street station around the vicinity of Franz Sigel Park, the line curves to the northwest and emerges from a tunnel under Gerard Avenue north of East 153rd Street, and becomes an elevated line over River Avenue just south of the intersection with East 157th Street. Just north of Yankee Stadium station, the line encounters the skeletal remains of the IRT Ninth Avenue elevated line between Gate Number 8 and the east end of the 164th Street Parking Garage, between the intersections of 162nd and 164th Streets. Almost a block after 167th Street station, the line finally runs over the eponymous road when River Avenue ends at Jerome Avenue across from the intersection of West 169th Street.

The line remains over Jerome Avenue for most of the rest of its journey. The north end of the Mount Eden Avenue station can be seen from the Cross Bronx Expressway. After the northwest entrance of the historic Concourse Yard and then north of 198th Street, the road briefly moves east of the line. North of Bedford Park Boulevard station, Jerome Avenue returns under the line and between the intersections with East 205th Street and West 205th Street, a spur for the Jerome Yard branches off to the northwest as well. The IRT Jerome Avenue Line finally ends at Woodlawn, while Jerome Avenue itself continues north towards the Major Deegan Expressway.

Planning
For more than two decades, there had been calls to provide transit service to the residents of the Western Bronx. When the first subway was being planned, a branch of the line to this area was under consideration, but it was not found to be feasible to build such a connection because of financial reasons. The Board of Rapid Transit Commissioners, on June 1, 1905, adopted three rapid transit routes: Numbers 15, 16, and 17, all with the purpose of serving the underserved western area of the borough. Route 15 would have been a four-track subway under Jerome Avenue, with a connection to the Ninth Avenue Elevated through 162nd Street. Route 16 called for a three-track elevated line along Jerome Avenue, extending from Clarke Place north to Woodlawn Road. Route 17 would have required the construction of a subway line under Gerard Avenue to form the southern connection to the Jerome Avenue Line. Of the three options, Route 15 was approved by the New York City Board of Estimate on July 14, 1905, and by Mayor George McClellan two weeks later.

On June 16, 1908, the proposal to construct a subway under Gerard Avenue was abandoned because of the soil conditions, which made the project too expensive to be constructed at the time. Instead, the Commission adopted Route 23, known as the River Avenue route, which provided for an elevated railroad and subway connecting the Jerome Avenue elevated line with the Lexington Avenue Line. This route was utilized as part of the Jerome Avenue Line. The route was approved by the Board of Estimate on June 26, 1908, and by the Mayor four days later.

Construction and opening
The Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, were contracts for the construction and/or rehabilitation and operation of rapid transit lines in the City of New York. The contracts were "dual" in that they were signed between the City and two separate private companies (the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company), all working together to make the construction of the Dual Contracts possible. The Dual Contracts promised the construction of several lines in the Bronx. As part of Contract 3, the IRT agreed to build an elevated line along Jerome Avenue in the Bronx.

The first part of the line opened on June 2, 1917 as a shuttle service between Kingsbridge Road and 149th Street. Only the southbound platform was in use at Kingsbridge Road. This was in advance of through service to the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, which began on July 17, 1918.

The line was extended from Kingsbridge Road to its final terminal of Woodlawn on April 15, 1918. This section was initially served by shuttle service, with passengers transferring at 167th Street. The Jerome Avenue line cost approximately $7 million, with $3 million spent on the elevated section and $4 million spent on the underground section. The construction of the line encouraged development along Jerome Avenue and led to the growth of the surrounding communities.

On July 1, 1918, trains on the Ninth Avenue El were extended from 155th Street, entering the Bronx via the Putnam Bridge, a now-demolished swing bridge immediately north of the Macombs Dam Bridge, to connect with the Jerome Avenue line between 161st Street and 167th Street.

Beginning on July 17, 1918, Ninth Avenue El service was extended to Kingsbridge Road. On January 2, 1919, rush hour Ninth Avenue El express trains began running to Woodlawn. On December 11, 1921, Lexington Avenue–Jerome Avenue subway trains began running north of 167th Street at all times, replacing elevated trains, which ran to Woodlawn during rush hours, but terminated at 167th Street during non-rush hours. Four were killed and 45 injured in a collision between two trains on April 29, 1929, two hundred feet north of 167th Street station.

Later changes
Following the closure of the lower portion of the Ninth Avenue Elevated on June 11, 1940, service from 155th Street to Burnside Avenue in the Bronx was continued as the "Polo Grounds Shuttle," or the 155th Street Shuttle, at all hours. A paper transfer issuance was established between the shuttle and the IND Concourse Line station at 155th Street at the Polo Grounds. IRT composite construction subway cars replaced the wooden elevated cars on the line, but retained the elevated third rail shoes. Dual third rail operation remained in use on the Jerome Avenue Line to the yards at Bedford Park until shuttle service ended in 1958; the structure and the bridge were removed in 1962. The northern terminal of the shuttle was cut back to 167th Street on June 1, 1941. Service ended on August 31, 1958 as a result of the departure of the New York Giants baseball team (moved to San Francisco) and the ending of passenger service on the New York Central's Putnam Division.

In Fiscal Year 1960, work began on the extension of platforms at some stations on the line to 525 feet to accommodate ten-car trains. In addition, work to replace wooden platforms at six stations on the line with concrete ones was completed. Replacing the wooden platforms with concrete ones reduced maintenance costs and increased the longevity of the platforms.

In 1986, the New York City Transit Authority launched a study to determine whether to close 79 stations on 11 routes, including the Jerome Avenue Line north of 167th Street, due to low ridership and high repair costs. Numerous figures, including New York City Council member Carol Greitzer, criticized the plans.

On March 27, 2004, Mount Eden Avenue and 167th Street closed for three months to be renovated. On July 5, 2004, Fordham Road, 170th Street, and 176th Street closed for four months so they could be renovated. As part of the project, new canopy roofs, walls, lighting, staircases, floors, token booths, and public address systems would be installed at each station.

In 2006, work began on a $55 million contract to renovate five stops on the line to bring them into a state of good repair. As part of the project, station mezzanines were refurbished, electrical upgrades were completed, platform floors, canopy roofs, and windscreens were replaced. In addition, fluorescent lighting and tactile platform edge strips were installed. Work on the project was completed in phases so as to reduce inconveniences to riders. From June 17, 2006 to October 16, 2006, Bedford Park Boulevard and Burnside Avenue were closed for repairs. From October 30, 2006, to January 2007, the northbound platform at Mosholu Parkway was closed to be renovated. Work on the southbound platform began on August 13, 2007, and was expected to be completed in mid-November 2007. As part of the project, the southern entrance to the station was reopened. From March 5, 2007 to May 21, 2007, Kingsbridge Road and 183rd Street were closed to be renovated. The stations reopened eight weeks ahead of schedule.

As part of a pilot program to evaluate express service on the line, from June 8, 2009 to June 26, 2009, the MTA operated four trains southbound on the express track between 7:15 a.m. and 8:00 a.m.. The trains entered service at Woodlawn, switched to the express track after stopping at Mosholu Parkway, and ran express to 149th Street–Grand Concourse, stopping only at Burnside Avenue. From October 26, 2009, to December 11, 2009, another pilot program to run express service ran, this time adding Bedford Park Boulevard–Lehman College as an additional stop. A fifth train had also been added and trains now ran every 20 minutes from 7:00 a.m. to 8:20 a.m.

title: IRT Jerome Avenue Line


text:
Interstate 345

Interstate 345 (I-345) is an unsigned 1.4 mi Auxiliary Interstate Highway in the city of Dallas within the US state of Texas. It is a freeway that connects I-45 (which ends at the interchange with I-30) with U.S. Highway 75 (US 75; North Central Expressway) at State Highway Spur 366 (Spur 366; Woodall Rodgers Freeway). Few maps actually display the road as I-345; signposts on the road show US 75 northbound, while southbound the highway is signed as I-45. In recent years, a debate over whether to maintain or decommission I-345 has received increased attention from several Dallas media outlets. TxDOT elected to maintain the freeway by lowering it below ground and removing frontage roads.

Route description
I-345 serves as the connection between I-45 and the North Central Expressway (US 75). It starts at the junction of I-45 and I-30, passes by Downtown Dallas, and connects to US 75 at the Spur 366 junction. The entire stretch of I-345 is elevated allowing for better connections between Downtown Dallas and Deep Ellum.

Although I-345 uses its own mileposts, the exit numbering is not consistent. The exit numbers on the northbound stretch count upward from the I-45 numbers (the exit for Spur 366 being labeled as exit 286A), while, on the southbound stretch, the Spur 366 exit is numbered exit 1A, followed by the exit for Ross Avenue numbered exit 285.

History
In 1964, I-345, extending I-45 north along the proposed Central Expressway bypass, was added as a proposed state highway. I-345 was built and opened in the 1970s. At the north end, before it merged into the Central Expressway (which continued to carry US 75), I-345 straddled the bridges over Bryan Street and Ross Avenue, the latter the location of the opening ceremonies in 1949. Because of their location, these two bridges were not replaced in the 1990s reconstruction of the North Central Expressway and are the only surviving grade separations from the initial construction north from downtown.

Future
There has recently been a growing level of local news coverage of a proposal to completely remove I-345 and decommission it from the Interstate Highway System due to the fact that the Interstate separates the Downtown Dallas and Deep Ellum neighborhoods.

The proposal would demolish the elevated structure, but, instead of replacing it with a below-grade structure (similar to that of Woodall Rogers), it would be replaced with an at-grade parkway and reconnected streets (some of which are disconnected by the current structure).

Media outlets, including The Dallas Morning News,  the Dallas Observer,  and D Magazine, first discussed the proposal in 2012 and 2013. In February 2014, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) announced plans to spend $100 million (equivalent to $ in ) to repair the existing I-345 structure, but Dallas mayor Mike Rawlings responded by saying that the decommissioning/removal alternative should be further considered before any repair. After further investigation, Rawlings concluded that repairs should proceed in advance of a study and decision on the fate of the road.

In April 2014, Michael Morris, the transportation director of the North Central Texas Council of Governments, created controversy by suggesting that proponents of the decommissioning/removal are predominantly white, wealthy, and do not live in the area near I-345, as opposed to predominantly Black-American, working class, South Dallas residents that could be affected by the decommissioning/removal. Morris later apologized for his comments.

With its May 2014 issue, D Magazine became the first major local news publication to endorse the decommissioning/removal proposal.

In September 2016, TxDOT published the CityMAP Assessment Report, which included an analysis of the effects of highway removal on the I-345 corridor.

In April 2021, the Toole Design Group created a draft report to further study the impacts of the changes in mobility from the highway removal; the draft report was presented to Dallas city council.

In August 2022, TxDOT released the findings a feasibility study that was started in April 2018 that analyzed the future of I-345. The study analyzed five alternatives on what to do with the right-of-way of the interstate. The study concluded that depressing the freeway below grade and removing frontage roads would best fall in line with the CityMAP report. The alternative was also chosen due to the potential capping areas that were identified as being ways to link communities that were separated by I-345's construction. The project entered its schematic and environmental phase in Summer 2023; the environmental assessment is expected to be submitted and approved by Spring 2025.

Exit list
}}

title: Interstate 345


text:
Masters of Illusion (album)

Masters of Illusion is the eponymous debut album of American hip hop group Masters of Illusion, composed of producer KutMasta Kurt and rappers Kool Keith & Motion Man. It was released on November 14, 2000, via Threshold Records. The project features no guest emcees, but does feature DJ cuts/scratches by DJ Revolution, DJ Babu and DJ Rhettmatic.

Some CD releases also come with a free instrumental version of the album, as is typical with Kool Keith releases (Dr. Octagonecologyst, First Come, First Served, etc.)

Track listing
Notes
 * Tracks 3, 5, 8, 12 and 14 featured DJ cuts by DJ Revolution
 * Track 7 featured DJ cuts by DJ Rhettmatic
 * Track 16 featured DJ cuts by DJ Babu

Personnel

 * Kurt Matlin – lyrics, producer, mixing, arranging, executive producer
 * Keith Matthew Thornton – lyrics (tracks: 1–3, 5–11, 13–19), vocals
 * Paul K. Laster – lyrics (tracks: 1–4, 6–12, 14–19), vocals
 * Kurt G. Hoffman – scratches/cuts (tracks: 3, 5, 8, 12, 14)
 * Nazareth Nirza – scratches/cuts (track 7)
 * Melvin Babu – scratches/cuts (track 16)
 * Scott Zuschin – voice (track 1)
 * Ken Lee – mastering
 * Jim Rasfeld – layout
 * James Reitano – artwork

title: Masters of Illusion (album)


text:
Talk:Tung Soo Hua

Untitled
Just my Feedback for NKF

To: Person-in-Charge,

Hi, i dont know how to reflect my view to the news paper, so i try to send it here.In my opinion(not pinalising anyone), I feel that Mr T Durai did very well all this years for the NKF, without him those people suffering from Kidney & Cancer problems will not have their fees reduce n help. I agree that he get a CEO pay but the bonus is he gets might be quite over what to be accept by people. From the news i read,5000 people donating throught Giro are quitting, many phone donation have make a big fuss for a refund, i am not sure this is out of jeolousy of Mr T Durai getting this much pay or the bonus but they should not have this act done but quitting the donations. What will happen to kidney patients waiting to be help. Why do those people makes such a big fuss in getting the phone donations back. Why they dont stand in the kidney patients stand? Just my feedback. Thanks n regards.

Non-English Text
I removed the non-english text from the article because it appears to be a translation of the english version posted. At most provide a link to the corresponding article in another language's wikipedia. Fallsend 14:15, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tung Soo Hua


text:
User:Kazrak

"I have taken all knowledge to be my province" -- attributed to Francis Bacon

Filling in basic info because I'm sick of my name showing up in red on history lists.

Computer programmer/webmaster/sysadmin at Arizona State University; live in Gilbert, Arizona with wife and 3 kids.

On the Babel info: my French was once quite decent, but that was over 10 years ago, so it's more than a tad rusty. My Esperanto and Hawaiian are both pretty minimal. My Latin is fairly fresh. Currently studying Japanese. ASL is mostly from Signing Time, so it's pretty minimal too.

I tend to do RC patrol using Lupin's anti-vandal tools when I have a bit of time, although that hasn't been happening much recently.

Useful links I keep forgetting the exact location of:
 * Template:TestTemplates
 * Administrator_intervention_against_vandalism

Articles I've Started

 * 3 in Three
 * The Fool and His Money
 * At the Carnival
 * Fritz and Chesster

...you'd think I'm into computer games or something, eh? Yes, I'm a Cliff Johnson fan.

 * Maine School Administrative District 71
 * Emmet Otter's Jug Band Christmas
 * Phil Christensen

title: User:Kazrak


text:
Jean-Baptiste Marchand

 * for others with similar names, see Jean Marchand

General Jean-Baptiste Marchand (22 November 1863 – 14 January 1934) was a French military officer and explorer in Africa. Marchand is best known for commanding the French expeditionary force during the Fashoda Incident.

Career
Marchand was born in Thoissey, Ain, on 22 November 1863. In 1883 he enlisted as a volunteer soldat (private soldier) in the 4th Regiment of Infanterie de Marine based at Toulon. In April 1886 he attended l’Ecole militaire de Saint-Maixent - the French military academy for training officers promoted from the ranks. He was commissioned as a sous-lieutenant on 18 December 1887, at the age of 24. After serving in the 1st Regiment of Infanterie de Marine for six months, Marchand transferred to the tirailleurs sénégalais (West African colonial infantry with French officers).

He participated in the French conquest of Senegal and was severely wounded in 1889 at the capture of Diena by the French. In 1890 lieutenant Marchand was taking part in the conquest of French Sudan. In 1896 he was sent to occupy the area around Fashoda, Sudan, now known as Kodok, and bring it under French control. After a 24-month trek on foot and by boat from Loango at the mouth of the Congo River Marchand's expedition of 20 French officers and NCOs and 130 French Senegalese troops arrived at Fashoda, an abandoned fort on the Nile, on 10 July 1898. Marchand rebuilt the fort, but the expected support from other French columns and from Abyssinia did not arrive.On 18 September, a detachment led by Sir Herbert Kitchener, commander of the Anglo-Egyptian army that had just defeated the forces of the Mahdi at the Battle of Omdurman, arrived at Fashoda. Following the battle Kitchener had opened sealed orders from London to investigate the French expedition some 600 kilometres to the south. Both sides insisted on control of Fashoda but the two commanders were diplomatic and the encounter was polite. It led to a period of intense diplomatic discussions between Paris and London, at the end of which the French Government ordered their forces to leave. Marchand had already been recalled to France and insisted on travelling through Abyssinia rather than down the British-controlled Nile. He arrived in Djibouti on 16 May 1899, having spent almost four years on his mission. This mission is commemorated by a monument in Paris in the Bois de Vincennes.

Marchand later fought with French expeditionary forces in China during the 1900 Boxer Rebellion. He was promoted to the rank of General in 1915 during World War I and was wounded in 1915 in the Battle of Champagne and again in 1916 in the Battle of the Somme. He retired from the Army in 1919.

In 1920, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. According to the British journalist Aubrey Kennedy (1885–1965) Marchand was reportedly unhappy with the change of name from Fashoda to Kodok, remarking to Tracy Philipps in the aftermath of a League of Nations meeting that he regretted the 'disappearance' of Fashoda, believing it to be a historic episode that should not be forgotten.

He died at his home in Paris on 14 January 1934, after suffering from rheumatism and effects of the wounds he received in World War I.

title: Jean-Baptiste Marchand


text:
Sima Xiangru

Sima Xiangru (pronounced, c. 179 – 117BC) was a Chinese musician, poet, and politician who lived during the Western Han dynasty. Sima is a significant figure in the history of Classical Chinese poetry, and is generally regarded as the greatest of all composers of Chinese fu rhapsodies. His poetry includes his invention or at least development of the fu form, applying new metrical rhythms to the lines of poetry, which he mixed with lines of prose, and provided with several of what would in ensuing centuries become among a group of common set topics for this genre. Sima Xiangru was also versatile enough to write in the Chu ci style, while it was enjoying a renaissance, and he also wrote lyrics in what would become known as the yuefu formal style.

Early life and career
Sima Xiangru was born in the commandery of Shu (now Sichuan Province) in the early 2nd century BC. His birth year is generally given as 179BC, but other sources give it variously as 172, 171, or 169BC. Most sources agree that he was born in Chengdu, although the 19th-century scholar Wang Peixun proposed he may actually have been from Pengzhou (modern Peng'an County).

Little is known of Sima's family and ancestry. His family may have been descended from Sima Cuo (司馬錯; fl. 316–280BC), a Qin general who led Qin's invasion of Shu in the late 4th century BC. During his youth he is said to have been a studious child who read widely, and to have been a lover of swordsmanship. As a youth, Sima took the name "Xiangru" out of admiration for the Warring States period leader Lin Xiangru.

Around 150BC, while in his twenties, Sima left his home in Shu and traveled to the imperial capital Chang'an. He received a court appointment "by virtue of property", meaning he possessed at least 40,000 copper cash. He was made a mounted military attendant to Emperor Jing of Han, which was a low-ranking position but allowed Sima to accompany the emperor and the court on imperial excursions. Sima does not seem to have enjoyed this position, likely because Emperor Jing, and his mostly Legalist advisors, were known for their dislike of literary embellishment.

In 149BC, Sima moved to Liang (modern northern Anhui, southern Shandong, northeastern Henan, centered around modern Shangqiu city) to become a guest scholar at the court of Liu Wu, Prince of Liang, Emperor Jing's younger brother. The prince's court already held a number of prominent literary men of the era, including Mei Sheng (枚乘; d. 141BC), Zou Yang (鄒陽; fl. 150BC), and Zhuang Ji. During this period, Sima began composition of his "Fu on Sir Vacuous" (Zixu fu 子虛賦), which later became the first half of his famous fu on the Shanglin imperial hunting park.

Sima stayed in Liang until Prince Liu Wu's death in 143BC, after which he returned to his home area of Shu. Sima no longer had any money, and he lived in a state of near poverty after returning home. His fortunes improved when he was taken on as a protégé of Wang Ji, the magistrate of Linqiong (modern Qionglai, Sichuan). Wang introduced Sima to Zhuo Wangsun (卓王孫; fl. 140BC), a wealthy iron manufacturer, and Sima immediately fell in love with Zhuo's recently widowed daughter Zhuo Wenjun. In 142BC, the following year, Sima and Zhuo Wenjun eloped together. Sima's biography states that the couple supported themselves by running an ale shop until Zhuo's father was forced by public shame into recognizing their marriage, giving the couple 1,000,000 copper cash, 100 servants, and valuables from the dowry of Zhuo's first marriage.

Imperial career
In 137BC, Sima was summoned to Chang'an by the young Emperor Wu of Han. The well known, traditional account of this incident states that the emperor happened across a copy of Sima's "Fu of Sir Vacuous", and was so impressed by it that he exclaimed, "Why do I not have the privilege of being this man's contemporary?!" The account states that Yang Deyi, the keeper of the imperial hounds and a native of Shu, happened to overhear the emperor's exclamation, and informed him that Sima was the piece's author, whereupon Emperor Wu immediately had Sima summoned to the imperial capital. Notwithstanding its liveliness and charm, modern scholars have noted a number of logical inconsistencies in this traditional account, and do not consider it to be accurate.

In the subsequent, more credible portion of the story, Sima appeared before Emperor Wu and stated that he wished to compose a grand fu on the emperor's excursions and hunts. The emperor had the chief steward of writing give Sima a supply of brushes and bamboo slips which Sima used to compose his magnum opus, a fu on the imperial hunting reserve usually entitled "Fu on the Shanglin Park" (Shanglin fu 上林賦), though its original title was probably "Fu on the Excursions and Hunts of the Son of Heaven" (Tianzi youlie fu 天子遊獵賦). The emperor was so pleased with Sima's composition that he immediately appointed him to a position at the imperial court.

Sima served Emperor Wu by composing fu for special court occasions, though none of these have survived to modern times. Because of Sima's background in the Shu area, the emperor made him his personal envoy to what was then the southwestern frontier of China, of which Shu was a part. Around 131BC, Sima traveled to Shu on an imperial mission to mediate a dispute between the local population and the area's oppressive governor, after which the emperor promoted him to General of the Gentlemen of the Household (zhonglang jiang 中郎將), a fairly high-ranking position at the imperial court. Sometime later, Sima was accused of taking bribes while on the mission, and was summarily dismissed from his position. Although he continued to enjoy the emperor's favor, and was brought back to court after several years, he never again served in a high-ranking position, and seems to have largely lost interest in court affairs.

During Sima's brief tenure as General of the Gentlemen of the Household, Emperor Wu dispatched him back to Shu to oversee a roadbuilding project in the southwest. Upon arriving with his large entourage from the capital, Sima was proudly greeted by his father-in-law Zhuo Wangsun, who decided to bequeath to Zhuo Wenjun a large portion of his estate, equal to that of a son's. This generous inheritance made Sima and his wife independently wealthy, so that after Sima was dismissed from his post around 130BC, he had no need for further employment.

Later life
Between 130 and 120BC, Sima's primary activities were writing poetry and occasionally accompanying Emperor Wu on imperial outings. Around 120BC, Sima accepted an appointment as director of Emperor Wen of Han's funerary park, though the position was probably a sinecure. Around 119BC, Sima resigned this position due to increasing illness (likely diabetes), and retired to Maoling, a town where Emperor Wu had members of wealthy and influential families live so he could surveil them. In 117BC, word reached the imperial court that Sima was dying, and Emperor Wu dispatched an official to visit his home and collect his writings to preserve them. However, by the time the official reached Sima's mansion, he had already died, aged approximately 62.

Works
The "Monograph on Art and Literature" (Yiwenzhi 藝文志) from the Book of Han (Han Shu 漢書) lists 29 fu by Sima Xiangru, but only six complete fu and a fragment of another have survived to modern times, and two of the six surviving fu are of disputed authenticity among modern scholars. None of his poetical, non-fu works are listed. A dictionary entitled Fan jiang (凡將) is also listed among Sima's works, but only five fragments of it have survived.

The 5th-century anthology Selections of Refined Literature (Wen xuan 文選) preserves three of Sima's fu, as well as four non-fu pieces: his "Proclamation on Ba and Shu" (Yu Ba Shu xi 喻巴蜀檄), "Refuting the Elders of Shu" (Nan Shu fulao 難蜀父老), "Letter Admonishing Against Hunting" (Jian lie shu 諫獵書), and "Essay on the Feng and Shan Sacrifices" (Feng Shan wen 封禪文).

A volume of Sima's collected works appears in the bibliography catalogs of the dynastic histories of the Sui and Tang dynasties, but it seems to have been lost during the Song dynasty. Modern versions of it are Qing dynasty reconstructions pieced together from quotations in other works.

Influence
Besides being an important poet of the Han dynasty, Sima Xiangru has also influenced later art and artists.

title: Sima Xiangru


text: File:Kehotlogo.jpg

title: File:Kehotlogo.jpg


text: User talk:65.95.38.5

title: User talk:65.95.38.5


text:
Jacqueline Rayner

Jacqueline Rayner is a British author, best known for her work with the licensed fiction based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.

Biography
Her first professional writing credit came when she adapted Paul Cornell's Virgin New Adventure novel Oh No It Isn't! for the audio format, the first release by Big Finish. (The novel featured the character of Bernice Summerfield and was part of a spin-off series from Doctor Who.) She went on to do five of the six Bernice Summerfield audio adaptations and further work for Big Finish before going to work for BBC Books on their Doctor Who lines.

Her first novels came in 2001, with the Eighth Doctor Adventures novel EarthWorld for BBC Books and the Bernice Summerfield novel The Squire's Crystal for Big Finish. Rayner has written several other Doctor Who spin-offs and was also for a period the executive producer for the BBC on the Big Finish range of Doctor Who audio dramas. She has also contributed to the audio range as a writer. In all, her Doctor Who and related work (Bernice Summerfield stories), consists of five novels, a number of short stories and four original audio plays.

Rayner has edited several anthologies of Doctor Who short stories, mainly for Big Finish, and done work for Doctor Who Magazine. Beyond Doctor Who, her work includes the children's television tie-in book Horses Like Blaze.

With the start of the new television series of Doctor Who in 2005 and a shift in the BBC's Doctor Who related book output, Rayner has become, along with Justin Richards and Stephen Cole, one of the regular authors of the BBC's New Series Adventures. She has also abridged several of the books to be made into audiobooks.

Rayner was a member of the original Time Team of Doctor Who Magazine.

Selected works

 * Bernice Summerfield: Oh No It Isn't! (1998) – audio play (based on the novel by Paul Cornell)
 * Bernice Summerfield: Walking to Babylon (1998) – audio play (based on the novel by Kate Orman)
 * Bernice Summerfield: Birthright (1999) – audio play (based on the novel by Nigel Robinson)
 * Bernice Summerfield: Just War (1999) – audio play (based on the novel by Lance Parkin)
 * Bernice Summerfield: Making Myths (1999) – audio play
 * Bernice Summerfield: Dragons' Wrath (2000) – audio play (based on the novel by Justin Richards)
 * Doctor Who: The Marian Conspiracy (2000) – audio play
 * Doctor Who: EarthWorld (2001)
 * Pet Rescue: Horses Like Blaze (2001)
 * Bernice Summerfield: The Squire's Crystal (2001)
 * Doctor Who: Wolfsbane (2001)
 * Bernice Summerfield: The Glass Prison (2002)
 * Doctor Who: Doctor Who and the Pirates: Or the Lass That Lost a Sailor (2003) – audio play
 * Professor Bernice Summerfield and the Grel Escape (2004) – audio play
 * Doctor Who: Winner Takes All (2005)
 * Professor Bernice Summerfield and the Kingdom of the Blind (2005) – audio play
 * Doctor Who: The Stone Rose (2006)
 * Doctor Who: The Last Dodo (2007)
 * Doctor Who: 100 BC (2007) – audio play
 * Doctor Who: The Doomwood Curse (2008) – audio play
 * Doctor Who: The Pictures of Emptiness (The Darksmith Legacy Book 8) (2009)
 * Doctor Who: The Transit of Venus (2009) – audio play
 * Doctor Who: The Suffering (2010) – audio play
 * Bernice Summerfield: The Temple of Questions (2011) – audio play
 * Doctor Who: Love and War (2012) – audio play (based on the novel by Paul Cornell)
 * Doctor Who: Magic of the Angels (2012)
 * Doctor Who: Step Back in Time (2012) – with Richard Dungworth
 * Bernice Summerfield: Many Happy Returns (2012) – audio play (with Xanna Eve Chown, Stephen Cole, Paul Cornell, Stephen Fewell, Simon Guerrier, Scott Handcock, Rebecca Levene, Justin Richards, Miles Richardson, Eddie Robson and Dave Stone)
 * Doctor Who: Starborn (2014) – audio play
 * Doctor Who: The Highest Science (2014) – audio play (based on the novel by Gareth Roberts)

title: Jacqueline Rayner


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Phatweb

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 08:46, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Phatweb
Smells like teen vanity. Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 08:35, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity, thy name is Phatweb --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 08:55, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, rants website is highly nn. Pavel Vozenilek 22:43, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable self promotion. JamesBurns 02:57, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Website vanity. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:23, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Phatweb


text: File:BogotaNorthFromMonserrate.jpg

title: File:BogotaNorthFromMonserrate.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ntwf

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 08:48, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Ntwf
Nonnotable web forum. Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 08:36, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Notability not shown. --TheParanoidOne 13:47, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Pavel Vozenilek 22:43, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable forum. JamesBurns 02:57, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ntwf


text:
User talk:Lancerlord

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Lancerlord


text:
Action of 4 June 1565

This battle took place on 4 June 1565 between an allied fleet of 33 Danish and Lübecker ships, under Trolle, and a Swedish fleet of around 49 ships, under Klas Horn. Afterward, the Danes retired to Køge Bay, south of Copenhagen, where Trolle died of his wounds on 25 June. His second, Jørgen Brahe, died of fever on 28 June.

Denmark-Norway/Lübeck

 * Jegermesther 90 (flag)
 * Merkurius (Second in command Jørgen Brahe)
 * Svenske Jomfru (Erik Rud)
 * 30 others

Sweden

 * St Erik 90 (flag)
 * Finska Svan 82
 * Svenska Hektor 87 (Per Bagge)
 * Herkules 81
 * Engel 49
 * Pelikan
 * Troilus 44 (Shenk)
 * Fuchs (ex-Lübecker)?
 * 41 or so others

title: Action of 4 June 1565