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Granville, Manche

Granville (Norman: Graunville) is a commune in the Manche department and region of Normandy, northwestern France. The chef-lieu of the canton of Granville and seat of the Communauté de communes de Granville, Terre et Mer, it is a seaside resort and health resort of Mont Saint-Michel Bay, at the end of the Côte des Havres, a former cod-fishing port and the first shellfish port of France. It is sometimes nicknamed "Monaco of the North" by virtue of its location on a rocky promontory.

The town was founded by a vassal of William the Conqueror on land occupied by the Vikings in the 11th century. The old privateer city and fortification for the defence of Mont Saint-Michel became a seaside resort in the 19th century which was frequented by many artists and equipped with a golf course and a horse racing course.

Home of the Dior family of industrialists, an important commune that absorbed the village of Saint-Nicolas-près-Granville in 1962, port and airport of South Manche, it has also been a Douzelage city since 1991, twinned with 20 European cities. Administratively, the islands of Chausey, the French Channel Islands, which include a small harbour, are part of the commune of Granville.

Location
Granville is located at the edge of the English Channel at the extremity of the of the Cotentin. It defines the north of the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel and the south of the. The upper town is located on a peninsula surrounded by schist cliffs, known as Pointe du Roc or Cap Lihou. The rest of the town extends eastward inland, bounded on the north by the, a short coastal river, and on the south by alternating cliffs and beaches up to the Saigue stream.

The commune has four sand beaches, one to the north between the peninsula and the river, three to the south on the bay. It occupies 990 acre; of mostly urbanised territory, but this urbanisation is now limited by the Natura 2000 European directive and the. The town is part of the of. The National Institute of Geographic Information and Forestry gives the co-ordinates as 48.83806°N, -1.58694°W. It is at the centre of the.

Closing in the north of the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel and its foreshore of a very gentle gradient, it enjoys the highest tides in Europe, up to 14 m of tidal range. This situation also sometimes leads to significant changes of the coastal features of the nearby beaches.

Off the coast, the archipelago of the Chausey Islands is administered by the commune of Granville. It is one of the only island quarters of France. It consists of 52 islands of granite at high tide and more than 365 at low tide covering almost 5000 ha.

Granville is located 17 km southwest of its insular district of Chausey, 288 km to the west of Notre-Dame in Paris,, 40 km southwest of Saint-Lô, 24 km northwest of Avranches, 27 km southwest of Coutances, 90 km to the south of Cherbourg-Octeville, 23 km north of Mont Saint-Michel, 26 km northeast of Cancale and 99 km to the southwest of Caen.

It is also located 5356 km from Granville in the State of New York, 6053 km from Granville, West Virginia and 6196 km from Granville, Ohio, among others.

Hydrography
Granville has natural limits materialised by the river to the north and the Saigue stream in the south. For a few years, an artificial river pierced between the mainland and the peninsula. It was filled and is now replaced by Place du Maréchal-Foch.

Relief
The commune is largely at sea level. It rises only towards the interior, a little more on the peninsula from the Pointe du Roc to reach 67 m.

Neighbouring communes
Granville, located on the Pointe du Roc is washed to the north, south and to the west by the English Channel. To the northeast lies the commune of Donville-les-Bains, the village of Yquelon is to the east and to the southeast are the small seaside resort of Saint-Pair-sur-Mer and the village of Saint-Planchers. The island quarter of Chausey is located off to the northwest, and Mont Saint-Michel is to the south.

Climate
Granville is located on the English Channel coast, it is therefore subject to an oceanic climate. However its positioning on the Bay of the Mont Saint-Michel, at the bottom of the gulf formed by Normandy and Brittany, allows it to be relatively protected from storms and wind (even though it may be exposed to the ) and enjoy mild temperatures. Annual average temperature stood at 11.4 °C with a maximum of 14.2 °C and a minimum of 8.6 °C. The maximum nominal temperatures of 21 °C in July–August and 3 °C in January–February show the mildness of the climate and the lack of thermal amplitude. The insolation values given here are those of the station of Caen, due to the lack of local data. Contrary to a common misconception, 606 mm of total precipitation shows that Normandy is not a wetter region than others. The record of rainfall per 24-hour period was established during a storm on 11 July 1977 with 57.2 mm of water.

In the 1987 storm, wind speeds reached a high of 220 km/h, which is the current absolute record for the city.

Transport

Several highways serve the commune including the downgraded roads (now the RD 971 from Carentan),  (now the RD 924 towards Villedieu-les-Poêles) and  (now the RD 973 from Avranches). Granville is located 25 km from the A84 (E401). It is also crossed from north to south by the old, today the RD 911, the road to the coast at Avranches.

The departing from Paris-Montparnasse railway station has its terminus at Granville station; it is used by TER Normandie long and medium distance services.

Several bus routes connect Granville with a network set up by the General Council of Manche, with routes 2, 3, 7, 116, 122, 202, 300, 302 and 305, and the Néva network since December 2014, created and operated in-house by the town of Granville.

The allows landings of private aircraft and the Caen – Carpiquet Airport ensures the interregional links.

By sea, the port of Granville serves the Chausey Islands and the Channel Islands (44,100 passengers) and hosts freight activities (197,000 tonnes).

An urban transport network is planned for 2014 and should cross the whole.

Quarters and localities
The commune is divided into several quarters: the Haute Ville, the historic heart behind the ramparts; Couraye; La Tranchée, which occupies the former site of an arm of the sea dug by man; Le Calvaire; Le Centre, the current town centre; and Saint-Nicolas, which corresponds to the former commune of Saint-Nicolas-près-Granville, joined in 1962. The quarter of the Agora has been classified priority in the title under the policy of the commune.

Toponymy

The name of the city is mentioned in the forms of Grandivilla in 1054, Grande Villa in 1056, Grandvilla in 1172 and Granville in 1175.

All modern toponymists agree on the origin of the Gran- element: Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing have classed Granville with the toponyms of the Grandvelle/Grandville type, whose first term is explained just by the Old French grant ("grand"). François de Beaurepaire followed suit, as well as Ernest Nègre and.

According to Édouard Le Héricher ("Avranchin monumental and historic") the origin of the toponym is explained by a character named Grant who received the fief of Rollo of Normandy during the conquest of Neustria.

If experts agree all that it is a medieval formation of -ville, the exact meaning to give this suffix varies between "village, hamlet" (Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing, François de Beaurepaire, Ernest Nègre) and "domain" (René Lepelley) which should probably be in the sense of "rural area", initially it had the value of the Gallo-Roman VILLA.

Some historians and geographers of the past have attempted to connect Granville to the Grannonum/Grannona, toponym attested in the Notitia Dignitatum on the Saxon Shore from the late Roman Empire: tribunus cohortis primae Armoricanae, Grannona novae in litore Saxonico. This explains why some 18th-century maps describing the former Roman Gaul revealed the name of Grannonum at the location of Granville (see map opposite). This hypothesis is now abandoned by contemporary practitioners.

During the Revolution, the town temporarily took the name of Granville-la-Victoire (after the siege of the Vendéens she had victoriously endured in 1793), the name was then formalised without this complementary addition.

According to the standard Norman spelling developed in the second half of the 20th century, the name of the town is written as Graunville.

Cap Lihou is named from the Old Norse word holm meaning "island, islet" and which has in some cases evolved as -hou, as the endpoint.

Origins

According to a legend concerning the Mont Saint-Michel Bay, Granville and the insular quarter of Chausey were covered in the, sunken in 709. Granville, in the heart of the land, would then become like Dinard and Saint-Malo a coastal town known as Roque de Lihou.

In 1066, William the Conqueror sought the help of the local Grant family during the Norman Conquest. As a token of recognition, he awarded the lands of Roque de Lihou. The Grants are therefore the first Lords of the town after the Vikings. In 1143, the parish of Notre-Dame was created. It is probable that monks from Mont-Saint-Michel went to the Priory on Lihou during the first half of the 12th century. In 1252, in the absence of a male descendant, Jeanne de Granville married Raoul d'Argouges, Lord of Gratot. In 1424, the criminal case of Pierre Le Maçon took place in Granville, which was then judged by the chancery of Henry VI of England in February 1425, in Paris. In 1439, the construction of the began.

On 26 October 1439, English officer Sir Thomas de Scales, who served as the Seneschal of Normandy during the Hundred Years' War, bought the Roque of Jean d'Argouges. On the orders of Henry VI of England, in order to isolate Mont Saint-Michel, the last French bridgehead into Norman territory, he had the walls of Granville built. In 1440, the construction of the fortress began. To further protect this city, de Scales had a ditch dug between the peninsula and the mainland, so that the sea and the waters of the Boscq made the peninsula an island.

However, on 8 November 1442, by ruse, took over the castle since which has remained permanently in the hands of the French. Charles VII decided to make Granville a fortified town and signed a charter in 1445 granting arms and exempting the residents of tax. From 1450, ships were fishing at Newfoundland. In 1470, Louis XI visited the town to ensure its loyalty in the conflict opposing the Bretons and Burgundians. In 1492, the Jews of Spain, expelled by the Alhambra Decree, arrived in France. A community settled in Granville, their right to trade and to lend money allowed the town to arm a large fleet.

Early modern era

In 1562, the restoration of the ramparts began and a garrison moved into the barracks. Then in 1593 the keys to the city were presented to Henry IV, marking the importance of the town to the Kingdom. Under Louis XIII, the fortifications were adapted for artillery. From the reign of Louis XIV, Granville ships also had the right to capture. Therefore, between seventy and eighty ships were armed and Granville gave fifteen admirals to France, of which the best known is Georges René Le Peley de Pléville. In 1688, Louvois razed part of the defences of the town. Louis XIV appointed the first mayor of Granville in 1692: Luc Leboucher de Gastagny. On 8 July 1695, during the Nine Years' War, English Royal Navy warships led by John Benbow bombarded Granville for 8 hours using over 800 shells, destroying 27 of the town's houses. Vauban then studied possible improvements to the stronghold without having the time to carry them out.

Following the bombardment, the ramparts were raised and increased in 1720. Then, from 1749, development work and expansion of the port was undertaken, with, in 1750, the laying of the breakwater, ever-present today. This work was completed in 1757, in the meantime, a new barracks was built. In 1763, a fire swept through the faubourgs. In 1777, a new barracks was added, the Gênes barracks still present today. On 20 July 1786, a new fire broke out, this time in the Tranchée quarter at the gates of the citadel.

On 14 November 1793, or 24 brumaire year II, was the Siege of Granville by the Vendéens during the Virée de Galerne. A force of some 25,000 Vendéen troops (followed by thousands of civilians of all ages), commanded by Henri de la Rochejaquelein, headed for the port of Granville where they expected to be greeted by British warships and an army of Royalist exiles. Arriving at Granville, they found the walled city surrounded by Republican forces, with no British ships in sight. Their attempts to take the city were unsuccessful. During the retreat the extended columns fell prey to Republican forces. Repulsed by the population, having lost two thousand men, they had to abandon the assault but left by burning the Rue des Juifs. On 14 September 1803, the Royal Navy again bombarded the town after imposing a blockade of the coast.

From 1815, after years of military conflict, in full Restoration, Granville seemed to take a new direction. The chamber of commerce and industry was created; in 1816, the shores of the Boscq baptised Cours Jonville; in 1823, the breakwater was joined to the land, and in 1827, the first stone of the Roc Lighthouse was laid.

Granville once formed part of the diocese of Coutances, the Parliament of Rouen and the intendance of Caen. Before the French Revolution, the town had two parishes: The Church of Notre-Dame du Cap Lihou and Saint-Nicolas. This parish was an appendix of Notre-Dame until Saint-Nicolas was set up in 1829 whose territory is regarded as a commune independent of Granville.

The port obtained its current appearance after 1856 and the inauguration of the wet dock and the lock. In 1860, the first wooden casino, built by former Mayor Méquin, was inaugurated. In 1865, it was followed by the hospice of St. Peter. In 1866, Victor Chesnais composed a hymn for his town, "La Granvillaise", adapted in 1868 at the theatre.

In 1867, the town acquired its first oared lifeboat, the Saint-Thomas-et-Saint-Joseph-de-Saint-Faron. In 1869, the newspaper Le Granvillais was created, and in 1870, the and railway station were opened on 3 July. The town really became a seaside resort welcoming Parisians and guests such as Stendhal, Jules Michelet and Victor Hugo, and the parents of Maurice Denis who was born "accidentally" in Granville.

From 1875, major construction resumed, with the construction of a reservoir of 1200 m3, Polotsk and Solferino barracks, and of the auction market hall. The town continued to equip itself with the opening in 1884 of the municipal library, in 1886 the school group of St. Paul, in 1887 the dry dock and in 1897 a corps of firefighters. To entertain holidaymakers, the Granvillaises Regatta Society was founded in 1889, the horse racing course and the Société des Courses of Granville in 1890, and the golf course in 1912. The Montparnasse derailment was on 22 October 1895, when the Granville–Paris express train overran the buffers at Paris Montparnasse station. Finally, in 1898, the St. Paul Church was inaugurated.

The 20th century began with the burning of the Château de la Crête in 1900. In 1905, fashion designer Christian Dior was born in Granville; his childhood home is now a museum. In 1908, the town was endowed with a visitor centre. It also became a centre of communication with the opening in 1908 of the railway line and tramway of Granville to Sourdeval, passing through Avranches, and one towards Condé-sur-Vire in 1910. In 1911, the new casino was opened, with the maternity hospital and the savings bank by minister Jules Pams. In 1912, electricity was installed in the commune and the Normandy-Hôtel was inaugurated. 1914 was a dark year for Granville with the loss of four sailors in the lifeboat accident of the Admiral-Amédée-Roze and departure for the war of the soldiers of the and.

After the war, the regatta resumed in 1919, the carnival in 1920 and a son of the area,, became Minister of Commerce in the seventh government of Aristide Briand and came to visit the town in 1921. In 1925, a new railway station was inaugurated, Granville became a health resort and the Hôtel des Bains opened in 1926. In 1931, the last fishing vessel returned from Newfoundland.

World War II

A garrison and coastal town closing the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel, Granville has always been coveted during armed conflicts in the area. During the Second World War, on 17 June 1940, the Germans entered Granville. On 21 September 1941, an article appeared in Le Granvillais signed by the name of "Camille", where the author was alerting readers to the dangers and lack of basis for the next laws on the status of Jews of the Vichy regime. Despite this mark of resistance, eight Granville Jews were deported to Auschwitz: Léon Bobulesco and his two sons Armand and Rodolphe, Simon Goldenberg, his wife Minka and their children Henri and Ruben, as well as Smil Weesler. Three Communists suffered the same fate: Léon Lamort, René Loncle and Charles Passot.

The whole of the population underwent the constraints of the Occupation. From the beginning, the Germans built fortifications on the Pointe du Roc and forbade access to the port. On 20 May 1942, a new municipal council was installed by the prefect. On 1 April 1943, all of the Haute-Ville had to be evacuated, barriers and anti-tank roadblocks prevented access. The Normandy Hotel was transformed into a kommandantur and a branch of the Gestapo.

A signature name of this period was Maurice Marland. Born on 12 February 1888 in Falaise, and a teacher of English, French and civics, he led a local resistance network. Notable in the town, in 1939, he organised the reception of Belgian refugees and the evacuation of British military personnel to England. Later, with Jules Leprince, they put escape routes to Jersey in place. Throughout the occupation, his relations enabled him to mount a clandestine intelligence network on port and rail facilities and enemy operations in the Channel Islands. Arrested and then released in 1941 and 1943, he nonetheless continued until 22 July 1944, when he was arrested and shot by German forces in the forest of Lucerne at the request of French collaborators. On 23 July 1994, his son Serge Marland filed a complaint with the French government, which concluded that he was murdered by the Germans. Today, the secondary school of the commune bears his name.

On 6 June 1944, the "Green Plan" of sabotage of railway lines was implemented to cut the. Liberated without fighting on 31 July 1944, it saw the troops of General Patton pass for two days, who went down to the town centre by the Coutances road and up the Rue Couraye to get out by the Avranches road. The vibration caused by the passage of armoured cars for two days brought down the façade nameplates of several houses.

Granville was reoccupied for a few hours, during the Granville Raid of 9 March 1945, by German soldiers who had landed from Jersey. On 9 March 1945, while France was liberated and Allied troops, 800 km away, had begun to cross the Rhine, German troops based in still-occupied Jersey launched a daring commando raid against Granville. Although spotted by the radar of Coutainville, the Germans, using light boats, managed to land at night in the port of Granville. They dynamited port facilities and sank four freighters. Fifteen U.S., eight British and six French servicemembers were killed, seventy German prisoners of war were freed and five American and four British servicemembers were captured before the Germans retreated.

Contemporary history
During the Algerian War, the barracks housed the 3rd Demi-brigade, and then the 21st Battalion of chasseurs on foot, from 1956 to 1961. It was a training centre for thousands of contingent recruits before leaving for Kabylie or the region of Tiaret. The commune hosted the finish of stage 1 and the start of stage 2 of the 1957 Tour de France.

In 1962, the town of Granville absorbed the commune of Saint-Nicolas-près-Granville; the latter, during the revolutionary period of the National Convention (1792–1795), bore the name Champ-Libre [Free Field]. On 4 June 1965, Granville welcomed Prime Minister Georges Pompidou.

In 1970, the Regional Nautical Centre moved to Granville and in 1975, the port was completed with a marina. In 1972, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Granville, founded in 1815, took the name CCI Granville-Saint-Lô, and which then became the in 2000. In 1973, opened a factory for the production of biscottes, in business ever since.

In the 1980s, donations by Richard Anacréon allowed the opening of the Museum of modern art, many buildings in the town were classified or registered as historical monuments. In 1982, the town was endowed of a new hospital. In 1984, the military regiments left the barracks, allowing redevelopment of the Pointe du Roc.

In 1991, the opened and the Charter of the Douzelage was signed.

At the turn of the millennium, the business incubator emerged. In 2003, the A84 autoroute joined Granville with other agglomerations.

Demographic evolution
The inhabitants of the commune are called Granvillais in French.

Of 6,649 people at the beginning of the census of the people in 1793, the commune reached a demographic peak in 1861 with 17,180 inhabitants, prior to be severely affected by the War of 1870 by losing nearly 1,000 of its children. Then began a slow decline accentuated by the World War I, no longer accommodating more than 10,132 inhabitants in 1946. The second half of the 20th century – with the absorption of Saint-Nicolas-près-Granville in 1962, the rural exodus and the construction of many estates on the outskirts – allowed the commune to gain residents again to achieve 13,022 inhabitants in 2006. That same year, only 0.5% of the Granville population was foreign, with the presence small Portuguese, Spanish and Moroccan communities each representing 0.1% of the population, far from the regional average of 8.8%, and 16.9% of households consisted of single-parent families, ten points under this same regional average.

Age structure
As reflected in the age structure, Granville is an exemplary commune in terms of the age distribution of its inhabitants, each category representing around 15 to 20% of the population. Only the centenarians are poorly represented, as on the whole of the territory. However, a lower rate of children under 15 years in 2006 reflected an ageing of Granville families and a possible future demographic deficit. That same year, only 25.9% of the population was less than 25 years old.

Local politics
Granville is the chef-lieu of the canton represented by the centre-right Jean-Marc Julienne. The commune is linked to Manche's 2nd constituency represented by deputy Guénhaël Huet (UMP).

Thirty-three elected officials sit on the municipal council, divided into twenty-four members of the municipal majority from a list of independents, a group of five councillors of a UDI list, three elected leftists including former PRG mayor Daniel Caruhel and an elected frontist. The board is chaired by a woman, Dominique Baudry, assisted by nine adjoints.

Granville is attached to courts of first instance and the superior court of Avranches, the courts and tribunals of commerce and Council of Tribunals of Coutances, the.

In 2008, the town had a budget of €30.041 million, of which €22.08 million for operations and €7,961,000 investment, 38.39% funded by, municipal debt was €15,318,000 the same year. The tax rate in 2008 amounted to 13.12% for the housing tax, 22.06% and 47.53% for property tax (built and unbuilt), and 14.30% for business tax set by the. Two have settled in the town, an HLM management company manages 1563 homes in the town, a  provides aid to people in need.

The town adheres to the for land use, economic development and housing, upgrading of the environment, and the organisation of relief. It also directs the SMBCG (Joint Association of Granville coastal areas) for the protection of coastal waters against microbiological risk.

List of mayors
Sixty-eight mayors have headed the municipal administration of Granville, since the election of the first mayor in 1692.

Political trends and results
In the context of the elections, the population of Granville shows a relatively conservative tendency and votes as regularly as the entire national population, thus following the "vague rose" [pink wave] in the regional elections of 2004, but instead voting by a large majority for the European Constitutional Treaty. An opposition group published a journal, Le Sans-culotte de Granville and Coutances. District committees are located in the commune to enliven the local debate. In 2008, the list led by the outgoing general counsel of the Miscellaneous left, Daniel Caruhel, ex-socialist but supported by outgoing UMP mayor, Marc Verdier, and housing nine members of the Miscellaneous right outgoing majority, won the municipal election against the official candidate of the Socialist Party. The canton returned to Jean-Marc Julienne, assistant Marc Verdier and running mate Daniel Caruhel, belonging to the New Centre but elected as independent. Thus, contrary to what the labels might suggest, Granville voters had once again made the choice of conservatism.

Presidential elections, results of the second round

 * Presidential election, 2002: 86.65% for Jacques Chirac (RPR), 13.35% for Jean-Marie Le Pen (FN), 75.32% turnout.
 * Presidential election, 2007: 52.42% for Nicolas Sarkozy (UMP), 47.58% for Ségolène Royal (PS), 82.27% turnout.
 * Presidential election, 2012: 52.22% for François Hollande (PS), 47.78% for Nicolas Sarkozy (UMP), 78.97% turnout.

Parliamentary elections, results of the second round

 * Parliamentary election, 2002: 54.24% for Alain Cousin (UMP), 45.76% for Daniele Jordan-Menninger (PS), 55.17% turnout.
 * Parliamentary election, 2007: 54.48% for Alain Cousin (UMP), 45.52% for Daniele Jordan-Menninger (PS), 55.09% turnout.
 * Parliamentary election, 2012: 50.19% for Guénhaël Huet (UMP), 49.81% for Gérard Saure (PRG), 55.29% turnout.

European elections, results from the two best scores

 * European Parliament election, 2004: 31.92% for Henri Weber (PS), 19.08% for Tokia Saïfi (UMP), 43.76% turnout.
 * European Parliament election, 2009: 31.12% for Dominique Riquet (UMP), 17.72% for Hélène Flautre (Europe Ecology), 41.13% turnout.

Regional elections, results from the two best scores

 * Regional election, 2004: 50.42% for Philippe Duron (PS), 38.27% for René Garrec (UMP), 60.39% turnout.
 * Regional election, 2010: 56.31% for Laurent Beauvais (PS), 43.69% for Jean-François Le Grand (UMP), 50.70% turnout.

Cantonal elections, results of the second round

 * Cantonal elections, 2001: missing data.
 * Cantonal elections, 2008: 53.63% for Jean-Marc Julienne (NC), 25.64 to François Heurguier (PS), 61.92% turnout.

Municipal elections, results of the second round

 * Municipal elections, 2001: 51.53% for Marc Verdier (RPR) elected in the first round, 48.47% for Jean Leguelinel (PS), 53.98% turnout.
 * Municipal elections, 2008: 49.48% for Daniel care (DVG), 28.59% for André June (DVG), 62.46% turnout.

Referendum elections

 * Referendum of 2000 relating to the five-year presidential term: 73.39% for Yes, 26.61% for No, 31.83% turnout.
 * Referendum of 2005 on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe: 51.42% for Yes, 48.58% for No, 66.22% turnout.

Education
The commune was attached to the. Four public kindergartens and welcome pupils of the commune: The Group of Docteur-Lanos, the Jean Macé Group, the Jules Ferry Group, and the Pierre and Marie Curie Group.

The commune also has the André Malraux College of general education and.

The town has two high schools: Lycée Léon Julliot de la Morandière for general, technological and education, and the Maurice-Marland hotelier's school.

Added to these establishments is the Sévigné Institution, a with boarding school from kindergarten to high school, and the Notre Dame and St. Paul schools for kindergarten and elementary education.

The commune is one of the seats of the, it hosts a , the group of Formation Inter-consulaires de la Manche [Inter-consular training of Manche] (FIM), an Institute of Nursing and the Family and Rural House, providing agricultural and commercial training.

Finally, the commune has a leisure centre for the reception of children out of school periods, a family crèche and a multi-host centre for young children.

Health
The commune has on its territory, in association with Avranches, a with a capacity of 742 beds, offering services of general medicine, surgery, gynaecology and obstetrics, cardiology and SMUR. The centre is also equipped with a scanner. In 2007, a ministerial decision endorsed the closure of the maternity of the communal hospital carrying 410 deliveries per year.

The commune also hosts on its territory a centre of re-education and rehabilitation, a centre of thalassotherapy, three Residential homes for elderly dependents, two health centres, 91 doctors, eight dentists and seven pharmacists.

Several medical or social associations are located on the commune, such as the Union of the Speech Therapists of Manche, the SNSM, the Rotary Club, the Red Cross and the Secours Populaire.

Public services
Granville welcomes the, a , a subdivision of the , a centre of social security, a tax office and treasury, a gendarmerie barracks, a police station, a relief and fire centre, a customs office, a post office in the town centre and one in the quarter of Saint-Nicolas, agencies of ASSEDIC, ANPE and , an auction house and three notarial offices, two lawyers' offices attached to the bar of Avranches and a bailiff's office. The civil security has a base for monitoring the English Channel equipped with a Eurocopter EC145.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Granville has been twinned with Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec, at a distance of 4859 km, since 1984.

Granville is a founding member of the Douzelage, a unique town twinning association of 24 towns across the European Union. This active town twinning began in 1991 and there are regular events, such as a produce market from each of the other countries and festivals. Henry Haffray, initiator and founder of the douzelage was the first president of the Granville partenaire européen [Granville European partner] association, he was followed for more than a dozen years by Jean-Marc Julienne, then André Gendre and Pascale Vallée.

Members of the Douzelage

 * 🇪🇸 Altea, Spain – 1991
 * 🇩🇪 Bad Kötzting, Germany – 1991
 * 🇮🇹 Bellagio, Italy – 1991
 * 🇮🇪 Bundoran, Ireland – 1991
 * Holstebro, Denmark – 1991
 * 🇧🇪 Houffalize, Belgium – 1991
 * Meerssen, the Netherlands – 1991
 * 🇱🇺 Niederanven, Luxembourg – 1991
 * Preveza, Greece – 1991
 * Sesimbra, Portugal – 1991
 * Sherborne, United Kingdom – 1991
 * 🇫🇮 Karkkila, Finland – 1997
 * 🇸🇪 Oxelösund, Sweden – 1998
 * 🇦🇹 Judenburg, Austria – 1999
 * 🇵🇱 Chojna, Poland – 2004
 * 🇭🇺 Kőszeg, Hungary – 2004
 * 🇱🇻 Sigulda, Latvia – 2004
 * 🇨🇿 Sušice, Czech Republic – 2004
 * 🇪🇪 Türi, Estonia – 2004
 * 🇸🇰 Zvolen, Slovakia – 2007
 * 🇱🇹 Prienai, Lithuania – 2008
 * 🇲🇹 Marsaskala, Malta – 2009
 * 🇷🇴 Siret, Romania – 2010
 * 🇨🇾 Agros, Cyprus – 2011
 * 🇸🇮 Škofja Loka, Slovenia – 2011
 * 🇧🇬 Tryavna, Bulgaria – 2011

Culture
The commune has much cultural infrastructure, including three museums: The and its garden, located in the childhood home of the fashion designer, which allows one to discover the artistic and cultural context of the time of Christian Dior on the history of fashion, the, located in the home of the King who provides an overview of the history of the city, and the. It also hosts an aquarium located on the Pointe du Roc which shows many species of warm-water marine fish and three exhibition spaces: The  Féerie des Coquillages [Enchantment of the Shells], the Palais Minéral [Mineral Palace] and the Jardin des Papillons [Butterfly Garden].

For cultural recreation, the Charles de la Morandière media library, in the town centre, the Room of the Archipelago, a multipurpose room of 600 seats and a 400-seat open-air theatre has been open since 2006, the small Theatre of the Peninsula with a capacity of 65 seats, the newly renovated Le Select cinema offers three rooms, a music school and a animate the life of the commune.

Sixty-four relay and encourage communal cultural life.

Sport
Granville is equipped with numerous sporting facilities allowing the practice of numerous activities, the Cité des sports equipped with two football pitches, two rugby pitches, two basketball courts, an asphalt athletics track, a, a skatepark, a BMX track, four judo and gymnastics halls, the Louis-Dior Stadium, equipped with a football field of honour of two other fields and a cinder athletics track, the André Malraux and Pierre de Coubertin indoor gyms, a covered swimming pool, ten clay and GreenSet covered tennis courts, a sea rowing club, the Regional Sailing Centre, a 27-hole golf course built in 1912 on the seafront, the equestrian club and the racecourse of trot and gallop, with flat and obstacles, opened in 1890 and located in the communes of Bréville-sur-Mer and Donville-les-Bains, clay pigeon shooting, the regional parachuting school and two independent schools, the flying club and ultralight flying school.

A municipal sports school and a municipal swimming school provide training for members. Sixty-two associations ensure the relay of communal services.

In road cycling, Granville was a stage town of the 1957 Tour de France, and the ends each year at Granville. The commune hosted the start of the third stage of the 2016 Tour de France.

In sailing, Granville is a stage town each year of the Tour de France à la voile. In August are organized: A swimming tour of the Roc, the Chausey regatta, the Course des where La Granvillaise and La Cancalaise confront each other, the raid of catamaran in the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel.

The Union Sportive Granvillaise has developed two football teams in the and a third team in the district division.

Granville has also developed its first men's handball team in National 3.

Religion
The Catholic churches of Granville are, Saint Paul and Saint Nicolas. They depend on the parish of St. Clement of the Deanery of the Lands of Granville-Villedieu in the Diocese of Coutances and Avranches. The bishop of this diocese is Stanislas Lalanne.

Granville has hosted several congregations, which those of the Sacred Heart and Mercy. Also, between 1839 and 2008, the Sisters Hospitaller of Saint-Thomas-de-Villeneuve were responsible for the hospice of Granville and for the St. Nicolas Care Centre from 1976. The upper town still houses Carmelites.

A Protestant temple of the Reformed Church of France and another of the Evangelical Church welcome the faithful.

Media
The weekly and the newspaper Ouest-France have premises in the commune and distribute a specific local edition in the Granville area. Granville is located in the transmission area of the television channel France 3 Normandie. A local correspondent of the Gazette de l'Avranchin and of the Mortainais officiates in the commune.

Economy
Granville is the seat of the. It manages the port and airport of the commune. It is the main centre of the of Granville, covering 46 communes. and an important tourist resort of the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel. Accessible via Granville railway station and situated 25 km from the, it is an important economic hub in the south of the department of Manche. It has set up a business incubator and has three areas of activity or industrial areas: Le Mesnil, La Parfonterie and Le Prétôt. The largest employers in the commune are the centre of thalassotherapy Le Normandy, the Compagnie Générale des Eaux and the biscotte factory of LU- opened in 1973. In 2017, the unemployment rate was 11.5% for a rated active population of 4,514 people. 44.5% of the main residences were inhabited by their owners (2017), and the commune hosts 1,617 companies (2015). Granville was a garrison town with the presence of a contingent of the 1st RIMa until 1984. A market is held every Saturday on the Cours Jonville.

Port of Granville

The port of Granville dates back to the 16th century. It is managed by the and includes boating activities, fishing, commercial and passenger traffic.

This part of the Channel is known for its many rocks off the coast, not always visible above sea level, and for the dangerous flows caused by tides. The bay of Mont Saint-Michel experiences one of the greatest tidal ranges in the world, and this causes strong currents that generate dangerous flows into the international sea routes, adding to the normal tidal flow that goes along the Channel. The area also often experiences fog as well as easterly winds which can create dangerous storms during autumn and winter.

The waters off Granville are regularly affected by pollution caused by modern shipwrecks, or by illegal fuel tank discharges into the sea. There is now an international agreement between France and the UK, as well as other European countries bordering the Channel, to severely punish ship-owners when such pollution can be proven. The area is constantly under surveillance by aircraft and radar operated by civil and military authorities. Granville harbour hosts a small maritime emergency rescue team.

The number of rocks and shipwrecks in the area creates an environment rich in seafood, which can be exploited from the small harbour of Granville. Fishing is dangerous in the area, and many small fishing boats have been involved in collisions with large commercial vessels such as container ships and oil supertankers.

In 2005, Granville was placed at 32nd in the national rank with 197,000 tonnes of handled cargo and 44,100 passengers. It is also a permanent station of the SNSM which has a lifeboat (registered SNS 074) and two RIBs.

A cod fishing and oyster port in the 19th century, it became:

 * There are some sea services to England and to the Channel Islands. This traffic is relatively light from Granville, as Saint-Malo and Cherbourg offer more industrialised facilities for passenger and cargo traffic. Manche Iles Express operates a ferry from Granville to St Helier, 33.6 mi away. A port for the carriage of passengers with the ferries Douce France, Jolie France II and Joly France I destined for the Chausey and Channel Islands. Although there are no regular passenger sea services between Granville and Chausey. French and British security forces operate permanently in this very dangerous and narrow area of the Channel, which is one of the busiest sealanes in the world.
 * A trading port with the capacity to accommodate ships of 18 m wide, 125 m long and five to six thousand tons of capacity, primarily for shipments of scrap metal, sand and gravel equipped with two cranes that can lift one hundred to three hundred tons per hour, and with a conveyor belt with a capacity of 750 tons per hour. The maximum permissible draught in Granville harbour is 11.60 with a tidal coefficient of 100.
 * The first Norman fishing port of shellfish (clams, whelks, dog cockles, Saint-Jacques scallops), crustaceans (lobsters, brown crabs, small crabs, spider crabs) and fish (bream, rays, sharks, soles, pollock, bass, red mullet, cod, cuttlefish and squid) for local consumption with a fish market, a refrigerating terminal and a computerised sale of products. The tonnage landed (excluding farming) is of the order of 16,000 tonnes per year. An average of seventy-five equipped vessels with nearly 450 professional sailors attend the port. The marine cultures present on the islands of Chausey produce nearly 250 tons of clams, 5,000 tonnes of mussels and 100 tons of oysters.ProjetPortGranville.jpg
 * A marina, since 1975, of a thousand docking rings at the Hérel Basin. It hosts 3,500 vessels per year, with an average of three passengers per boat. They represent €787,000 of direct benefits, in addition to an annual turnover of €25 million for the 40 companies which work from the marina. Located a few minutes walk from the town centre, the Hérel Marina is one of the local economic lungs.

A port redevelopment and expansion project will provide an additional seven hundred places for recreational boating, the excavation of basins and access channels to extend access times and beaching capacity, the addition of a quayside for cruise ships and of exception, a new port city link, with the study of a railway extension project a redevelopment of the road routes, respecting and valuing the environmental and architectural heritage including the piers of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Granville-Mont-Saint-Michel Airport
The airport of Granville-Mont-Saint-Michel specialises in tourist and leisure aviation.

Tourism
The commune has been classified as a climate resort since 16 March 1926, and a tourist and seaside resort since 12 March 1979. Tourism is an important part of the local economy. The commune has a tourist office which ensures the promotion of monuments, museums and natural sites, and has joined the association of the Most Beautiful Detours of France. It offers much infrastructure, including some certified by the label issued by the French Ministry for the Economy and Finance: Two three-star hotels, six two-star hotels and seven hotels not classified with a total of 213 rooms, two three-star campsites with a total of 145 pitches, communal gites on the Chausey Islands and guest rooms, a youth hostel, a thalassotherapy centre, thirty-three restaurants with a total of 1,931 seats.

For entertainment, the city offers an independent casino, four museums, an aquarium, a rich architectural and environmental heritage, four beaches, and four Wi-Fi access points. 17.5% of Granville housing are second homes, with 54.1% of apartments. Several cruises start at the port of Granville, with destinations including Chausey, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Wight, the Isles of Scilly, and Ireland, including by the passenger ferries of Granville, the ' and '.

This organisation and the promotion of tourism provides an important attendance to the area, with 69,627 passengers to Chausey in 2006, 54,301 visitors for the, and 43,500 for the Aquarium du Roc in 2005.

Environmental heritage
Granville is located near the protected site of the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel, the cliff, the Haute-Ville and the Chausey Islands, are themselves included in the list of sites protected by the of Normandy. From north to south through the peninsula, the city is crossed by the hiking trail GR 223 which traverses Normandy from Honfleur to Avranches along the coast.

The town was awarded three flowers in the Competition of flowery cities and villages thanks to its parks and gardens: The Christian Dior Garden, the Val-ès-Fleur Park of 3 ha complete with a zoo, the squares of Marland, the Arsenal, Chartier, Bisquine, the Charles VII promenades, those of the harbour and of the Plat Gousset. The landscaped golf course, on the territory of Bréville-sur-Mer, was designed by Harry Colt in 1912 and provides 27 holes of links golf.

The Chausey islands were proposed for integration into the Natura 2000 network in 1992, but the Council of the gave an unfavourable opinion in 2003, blocking the procedure to date. However, the Conservatoire du littoral has acquired the Pointe du Phare.

In addition, the town has on its territory a sewage treatment plant and a waste processing plant for incineration and recycling. It has also set up waste sorting and heads the Joint Association of Granville Coastal Areas for coastal protection against microbiological hazards.

Architectural heritage

Granville heritage is rich of numerous religious buildings including the, The ancient church of Notre-Dame du Cap Lihou (1441–1796) it dominates the heights, constitutes an imposing granite building of the Romanesque / early Gothic style. It was built by the English during the Hundred Years' War. The choir is of 1641, the nave of 1655, the apse chapels in 1676 and 1688, and the sacristy is of 1771, a listed historical monument since 1930, it is decorated with stained glass by Jacques Le Chevallier. As well as a thirteenth-century miraculous statue of Mary, visitors should note, on the eighteenth-century façade, the quatrain:

("If love of Mary is engraved on your heart, when passing do not forget to say Hail to her.") The same verses are to be seen on the façade of Notre-Dame de Bon-Secours in Montréal. There is also St. Paul's Church, the St. Nicholas Church and the Protestant temple.

The lower town was partly built on land reclaimed from the sea. Granville's military past remains, the upper part of the old town is surrounded with the consisting of the ramparts from the fifteenth century, the drawbridge (Grande'Porte), the bloody theatre of the "Siège des Vendéens" in 1793, built in the 15th century, destroyed and then raised in 1727, and listed as an historical monument since 2004. Inside the walls of the upper town are some beautiful houses of which several are concentrated on Rue Saint-Jean. On the Pointe du Roc overlooking the town, the Bazeilles barracks built in 1758, the Gênes-Champagne barracks built in 1788 and the battery built in 1942 by the German occupiers have been listed monuments since 1987 and 1994.

The, built in the 15th century, registered as an historic monument since 1980, the Château de la Crête, and Saint-Nicolas' Manor, built in 1786 by the shipowner Nicolas Deslandes, have been registered monuments since 1986 and bear witness to the importance of certain families in the region.

The statue of Pléville le Peley at the port celebrates the most illustrious character of the city.

The casino of Art Nouveau and Art Deco style, built between 1910 and 1925 by architect, has been listed as an historic monument since 1992, the hotel des bains of 1926, the railway station of the 19th century, the , built in 1828, according to a study of Augustin Fresnel, 18 m high, , built in 1844, 19 m high, both classified as historical monuments, the on the rock of Sénéquet, 2 nmi off the coast and 27-hole golf course built in 1912 by Harry Shapland Colt all date from the beginning of the resort nature of the commune.

The covered market was labeled 'Heritage of the 20th century' by the DRAC. The residential tower "Le Charme" [The Charm] located on Rue Jean Rostand dominates the commune with its thirteen floors.

There is a museum located in one of the gates which preserves invaluable documents enabling visitors to discover the history of the town through the centuries.

Granville also is the home of the Christian Dior Museum, which is located in the fashion designer's childhood home, Villa Les Rhumbs.

After a first bid at the beginning of the 1990s, Granville postulated in 2009 to be labelled Town of Art and History. Declared 1 July 2015, in the sub-prefecture of Avranches, the association law 1901 "Granville, country of the foreshore" which comprises the communes of Granville and Saint-Pair-sur-Mer, Jullouville and Carolles, is now the candidacy "Lands of Art and History" label.

Festivities
The festive year of Granville revolves around various events. The takes place every year during the week before Mardi Gras. It once celebrated the departure of the sailors who took advantage of the holiday before sailing for Newfoundland. In 2007, for its 134th edition, it hosted more than 130,000 spectators. The feast of the patron saint of the commune is organised at Pentecost. Each year, the third week of July is dedicated to the Rue Sorties de Bains festival, of which the fifth edition took place in 2007. Outdoor concerts are held during the tourist season. The procession of the Grand Pardon des Corporations et de la Mer [Atonement of the Corporations and the Sea] is traditionally held the last Sunday of July. The Night of Welders, a festival gathering metalworking artists, takes place during the first weekend of August. The same weekend the Journée du Livre [Day of the Book] is organised, during which writers dedicate their works.

Two fairs are held on the second Saturday in April and the third Saturday of September, a flea market is organised during the weekend of 14 July and an antique fair during the weekend before 15 August. A collectors fair is scheduled for the last Sunday in October. In 2005, the commune celebrated the centenary of the birth of Christian Dior by organising, across the town, exhibitions and retrospectives on the work and life of the couturier. The Christian Dior Museum sometimes serves as a framework for events, as was the case in 2008 for the exhibition entitled "Dandysmes - 1808–2008, of Barbey d'Aurevilly at Christian Dior".

Personalities linked to the commune
Several public figures were born, died or lived in Granville:

Born in Granville

 * Louis-Georges de Bréquigny (1714–1795), historian and paleographer.
 * Georges René Le Peley de Pléville (1726–1805), vice admiral, Minister of Marine and Colonies
 * (1747–1816), mayor of Granville, member of the Council of Elders and the Tribunate
 * Étienne-François Letourneur (1751–1817), Director of the First French Republic
 * (1767–1837), frigate captain during the Revolution and the Empire, he commanded the seventy-four L'Argonaute at the Battle of Trafalgar
 * (1768–1841), captain of La Piémontaise, was born and died in Granville
 * Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley (1770–1829), vice admiral, he unsuccessfully commanded the vanguard of the line of Franco-Spanish vessels at Trafalgar; politician and Commander of the Legion of Honour
 * (1780–1858), royal courier
 * (1787–1851), winner of the naval battle of Arromanches in 1811
 * (1787–1847), rear admiral
 * Michel Pierre Alexis Hébert (1799–1887), lawyer and politician
 * (1807–1873), novelist, poet, politician, journalist and historian
 * Louis Henri de Gueydon (1809–1886), vice admiral, governor of Algeria
 * Fortuné du Boisgobey (1821–1891), writer.
 * (1824–1898), painter
 * , (1841–1913), Auxiliary Bishop of Rouen
 * (1841–1880), landscape painter and on porcelain
 * (1853–1907), professor of anatomy at the
 * Émile Guépratte known as "point d'honneur" [point of honour], (1856–1939), admiral, Grand Croix of the Legion of Honour
 * (1867–1932), politician and industrialist
 * Maurice Denis (1870–1943), painter, engraver, theorist and historian of French art
 * Léon Carré (1878–1942), Orientalist painter, winner of the Abd-el-Tif prize in 1909
 * Léon Julliot de La Morandière, (1885–1968), Professor and Dean of the Paris Law Faculty, then at the University Paris II Panthéon-Assas, also director of the Comparative Law Institute in Paris
 * (1901–1999), actress
 * Christian Dior (1905–1957), legendary couturier
 * Denise Cocquerillat (1918-1999), archaeologist and Assyriologist, specialist in cuneiform texts
 * (born 1932), journalist
 * Pierre Pican (1935-2018), Bishop of Bayeux and Lisieux
 * (born 1939), writer
 * (born 1939), navigator
 * Angèle Delaunois (born 1946), writer
 * Bernard Chenez (born 1946), cartoonist
 * Michel Santier (born 1947), Bishop of Luçon and of Créteil
 * Jacky Robert (born 1950), chef
 * (born 1955), politician
 * Jacques Gamblin (born 1957), actor
 * Christophe Auguin (born 1959), sailor, winner of the 1996–97 Vendée Globe yacht race
 * Lucile Rogations (born 1984), writer who published her first book at twelve, winner of the Flammarion Youth Prize

Died in Granville

 * (1791–1870), artist and songwriter
 * (1878–1951), painter, died and is buried in Granville
 * Jean Tissier (1896–1973), actor
 * Eric Crozier (1914–1994), librettist and theatrical director
 * Guy Degrenne (1925–2006), businessman

Others

 * Georges Bonheur, investor who was significant to the development of Granville as a seaside resort at the beginning of the 20th century. About the impact of his life and how it is still relevant in Granville today.
 * Richard I de Grenville (died after 1142), Anglo-Norman knight
 * Thomas de Scales (c. 1400–1460), Knight of the Garter, founded the citadel
 * John Granville (1628–1701), 1st Earl of Bath, soldier of the English Civil War, lived in Granville
 * George Granville (1666–1735), 1st Baron Lansdowne, English poet, playwright and politician, lived in Granville
 * Robert Carteret, 3rd Earl Granville (1721–1776), 3rd Earl Granville, lived in Granville
 * Louis Jacob (1768–1854), politician and admiral, lived in Granville
 * Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850), writer, stayed there in 1829. He evoked the headquarters in Granville in Le Réquisitionnaire in 1831
 * (1837–1927), shipowner, politician, mayor of Granville from 1882 to 1888, lived in Granville
 * (1859–1934), writer and poet, lived in Granville
 * Maurice Orange (1867–1916), painter, lived in Granville
 * (1883–1945), poet, stayed in Granville during his youth
 * Maurice Marland (1888–1944), chief of the Resistance of Granville during World War II, a professor in the same town
 * (1901–1987), writer and painter, lived at Chausey
 * (1914–2009), first president of the Court of Auditors in 1978–1982, was mayor
 * Bertrand Poirot-Delpech (1929–2006), journalist, writer and academician, lived at Chausey

Stendhal, Jules Michelet, Victor Hugo, Adolphe Willette and Gustave Goublier also all stayed in Granville.

Heraldry
The coat of arms of Granville has changed several times during its history. The first, granted by Charles VIII in 1487 was thus:

 * Azure a dextrochère Or, issuant from a cloud of the same, which holds a sword argent mounted Or and placed between three stars of the same.

The sword symbolising the patriotism of the city during the English occupation, the stars appearing on the night of 8 November 1442 when took over the city.

The second coat of arms was established in 1697:

 * Azure with dextrochère armed Or issuant from a cloud of the same and holding a sword argent, the guard and handle Or, surmounted by a Sun of the same.

The Sun replaced the stars, this new coat of arms symbolised the importance of Granville in the monitoring of the coast of the Bay.

In 1793, the influence of the Revolution changed the azure to gules, but the arm is no longer armed and the sword became an honorary, which gives:

 * Gules an arm stretched argent emerging from a cloud azure, holding a sword argent of a guard Or in pale.

In 1811, the First Empire offered new arms to the town, Napoleon adding distinctive towns of second-order signs, a quarter charged with a capital N and a gold star and the exterior ornament of a mural crown:

 * Azure on a cloudy fess argent, together with three stars Or, two in chief and one in point, dextrochère armed, sable, moving from sinister side of the shield and holding a sword high Or, quarter and trappings of the towns of second order.

Finally, in 1816 under the Restoration, the town returned to its coat of arms from 1697, unable to pay the registration fee to return to the original coat of arms. This coat of arms is now of the commune, the azure and Sun symbolising its seaside character, the sword recalling its military past of garrison town.

The Granville arms appear on the locomotives nos. X4791 and 8719C of the SNCF under the sponsorship of the commune.

The commune also has a logo.

The commune also has a flag representing a quarterly of blue and white, with a white cross encircled in blue and charged with a representation of the coat of arms in the centre. It is notably used on the commune's yawls.

Gastronomy
Granville is renowned for its marine products, including Granvillaise galette with scallops sprinkled with cream, sea bream in salt crust with virgin sauce (mussels, shrimps, sea snails and whelks), and the Granvillaise sole accompanied with mussels and prawns. A speciality of the island quarter of Chausey is also linked: The. On Saturday, a market is held in the town centre to purchase local produce. Finally, the Maurice Marland de Granville Hotel School guarantees the dissemination of knowledge of.

Granville dialect
Beyond the Norman dialect, there a dialect of the Granville area with its expressions. An example expression is "achitrer" which means "to land a punch".

Granville in the arts and culture
Granville is the subject of several paintings including Bateaux à Granville [Boats at Granville] painted in 1889 by Maurice Denis, Les brisants à la pointe de Granville [The breakers at the tip of Granville] painted around 1852 by Paul Huet and kept in the Louvre, Plage de Granville [Beach of Granville] painted in 1863 by Eugène Isabey.

Myths and legends

 * The Chausey Islands are part of the ancient, a former place of pagan worship, which covered the bay and which reportedly disappeared in 709AD under the waves.
 * According to a popular belief, the Chausey Islands consist of 52 islands at high tide and 365 at low tide, as the number of weeks and days in a year, respectively.

title: Granville, Manche


text:
Latin percussion

Latin percussion is a family of percussion, membranophone, lamellophone and idiophone instruments used in Latin music.

Folkloric and Santeria

 * Trap drums
 * Abakua and Arará drums
 * Chekere/Shekere
 * Erikundi
 * Bata
 * Cowbell
 * Shaker
 * Conga
 * Cajon
 * Guiro
 * Barril de bomba
 * Pandereta plenera
 * Cuá
 * mouth sounds

20-21st century music (Salsa, Son Montuno, Bolero, etc.)

 * Bongo
 * Conga
 * Clave/Wood block
 * Cowbell (cencerro)
 * Timbales
 * Shaker/Maraca
 * Güiro
 * Cajón

South America

 * Timbales, a similar Afro-Cuban instrument
 * Surdo
 * Cuíca
 * Caixa
 * Reco-reco
 * Cabasa/Afuche
 * Repinique
 * Agogô
 * Tan-tan
 * Pandeiro
 * Tamborim
 * Apito
 * Berimbau

Neo Samba and Neo-Bossa Nova additions

 * Conga
 * Timbales
 * Bongo
 * Clave/Wood block
 * Cowbell

Andean styles (Peru, Bolivia, South Ecuador, Argentina, Chile)

 * Rain Stick
 * Reco-reco
 * Sheep hooves, or chapchas
 * Chipaya box
 * Bombo
 * Huancara
 * Maraca

Coastal Peruvian and Afro-Peruvian

 * Cajon
 * Spoons
 * Cajita

Folkloric

 * Various African drums
 * Shaker
 * Tambora
 * Palo drums
 * Marimbula

Merengue and Bacha-rengue

 * Tambora
 * Güira
 * Timbales
 * Conga
 * Bass drum (played by Güirero)

Bachata

 * Güira
 * Bongo
 * Conga

Honduran Punta & Folkloric music

 * Shaker/Rattle
 * Garawon (drum)
 * Turtle Shells
 * La Marimba

Guatemalan & Salvadoran folklore

 * Marimba
 * Shaker
 * Rattle
 * Guiro
 * Bass drum

Cumbia (Colombia, Mexico, El Salvador, etc.)

 * Conga
 * Güira and Guiro
 * Maracas
 * Timbales
 * Wood block
 * Tambora
 * Cowbell
 * Bongos

Haitian

 * Tanbou rada
 * Tanbou Petwo

Trinidad

 * dholak
 * steel drum
 * conga

Go-Go

 * Conga
 * Timbales
 * Cowbell
 * Wood block
 * Bongo drum

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Latin percussion


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tony Flow and the Miraculous Masters of Mayhem

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text:
2001 NFL season

The 2001 NFL season was the 82nd regular season of the National Football League (NFL), and the first season of the 21st century. The league permanently moved the first week of the regular season to the weekend following Labor Day. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, the NFL's week 2 games (September 16 and 17) were postponed and rescheduled to the weekend of January 6 and 7, 2002. To retain the full playoff format, all playoff games, including Super Bowl XXXVI, were rescheduled one week later. The New England Patriots won the Super Bowl, defeating the St. Louis Rams 20–17 at the Louisiana Superdome.

This is the last season with 31 teams as the Houston Texans were introduced as an expansion team the following season.

Transactions

 * July 27: The San Francisco 49ers sign quarterback Ricky Ray. Ray would go on to a career in the Canadian Football League.

Trades

 * July 20: The New Orleans Saints trade Robert Arnaud to Washington.

Retirements

 * April 9, 2001: Three-time Super Bowl champion Troy Aikman announces his retirement, after failing to find another team.
 * After the 2000 season, defensive end Reggie White retired after spending his last season in Carolina.
 * After the 2000 season, Eddie Murray, who had played in 3 stints (1980-1995, 1997, 1999-2000) and Irving Fryar, who entered the NFL in 1984, decided they had played their final NFL games in Washington.
 * Warren Moon and Al Del Greco, two players who entered the NFL in 1984, retired after spending their last seasons in Kansas City and Tennessee, respectively.

 * Jessie Tuggle, who entered the NFL in 1987, retired after spending all 14 of his seasons with the Falcons.

Draft
The 2001 NFL Draft was held from April 21 to 22, 2001, at New York City's Theater at Madison Square Garden. With the first pick, the Atlanta Falcons selected quarterback Michael Vick from Virginia Tech.

Officiating changes
Mike Pereira became the league's director of officiating, succeeding Jerry Seeman, who had served the role since 1991. Pereira was a side judge in 1996 and 1997 before joining the league office, where he was groomed as Seeman's successor over the next three seasons.

Bill Leavy and Terry McAulay were promoted to referee. Phil Luckett returned to back judge, while another officiating crew was added in 2001 in preparation for the Houston Texans expansion team, the league's 32nd franchise, in 2002.

Due to labor dispute, the regular NFL officials were locked out prior to the final week of the preseason. Replacement officials who had worked in college football or the Arena Football League officiated NFL games during the last preseason week and the first week of the regular season. A deal was eventually reached before play resumed after the September 11 attacks.

Major rule changes

 * Fumble recoveries will be awarded at the spot of the recovery, not where the player's momentum carries him. This change was passed in response to two regular season games in 2000, Atlanta Falcons–Carolina Panthers and Oakland Raiders–Seattle Seahawks, in which a safety was awarded when a defensive player's momentum in recovering a fumble carried him into his own end zone.
 * Taunting rules and roughing the passer will be strictly enforced.

2001 deaths

 * Jim Benton: A member of the National Football League 1940s All-Decade Team, Benton died on March 28, 2001
 * Don Boll: A draft pick of the Washington Redskins, Boll died on December 29, 2001.
 * Jim Cain: A member of the Detroit Lions team that won the 1953 NFL Championship Game
 * Sam Claphan: Chargers tight end from 1980 to 1987, Claphan died on November 26, 2001.
 * Neal Colzie: Defensive back for the Oakland Raiders and Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Colzie died on August 20, 2001.
 * L.G. Dupre: Part of the 1958 NFL Championship Game against the New York Giants, he died after a lengthy battle with cancer on August 9, 2001.
 * Dan Edwards: Drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1st round (9th overall) of the 1948 NFL Draft, Edwards died on August 7, 2001.
 * Homer Elias: Lions guard from 1978 to 1984, he died of a heart attack on October 3, 2001.
 * Bob Gaona: NFL offensive lineman who also played defense and special teams, he died on May 23, 2001.
 * Hank Gremminger: Defensive back for the Packers from 1956 to 1965 and the Los Angeles Rams in 1966, he died of cardiac arrest on November 2, 2001.
 * Harvey Martin: The co-MVP of Super Bowl XII, he died of pancreatic cancer on December 24, 2001. Martin was the first Super Bowl MVP to pass away.
 * Dan Nugent: Redskins guard from 1976 to 1980, Nugent died on October 18, 2001.
 * Dwayne O'Steen: Part of the Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XV winning team, O'Steen died on September 21, 2001, of an apparent heart attack.
 * Don Paul: was selected to four Pro Bowls, one as a member of the Cardinals and three as a member of the Browns died on September 7, 2001.
 * Pete Perreault: A member of the 1968 Cincinnati Bengals season, their inaugural season, Perreault died on December 8, 2001 )
 * Dick Rehbein: Longtime NFL coach who had become Patriots quarterbacks coach in 2000, Rehbein died of cardiomyopathy on August 6, 2001.
 * Bo Roberson: Roberson caught three passes for eighty-eight yards in the Bills' 23–0 defeat of the Chargers in the 1965 American Football League Championship Game. He died on April 15, 2001.
 * Tony Samuels: Drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth round of the 1977 NFL Draft, Samuels died on September 12, 2001.
 * Paul Seiler: Former player for the New York Jets, he died of colon cancer on September 25, 2001.
 * Billy Ray Smith Sr.: A member of the Baltimore Colts teams that participated in Super Bowl III and Super Bowl V, he died from cancer on March 23, 2001. His son, Billy Ray Smith Jr., was a linebacker for the San Diego Chargers from 1983-92.
 * Korey Stringer: Former tackle for the Minnesota Vikings died from a heat stroke August 1, 2001, during training camp. Vikings team wore a 77 patch on their jerseys to commemorate Stringer.

Regular season
Following a pattern set in 1999, the first week of the season was permanently moved to the weekend following Labor Day. With Super Bowls XXXVI–XXXVII already scheduled for fixed dates, the league initially decided to eliminate the Super Bowl bye weeks for 2001 and 2002 to adjust.

In the wake of the September 11 attacks, the games originally scheduled for September 16 and 17 were postponed and rescheduled to the weekend of January 6 and 7. To retain the full playoff format, all playoff games, including the Super Bowl, were rescheduled one week later. The season-ending Pro Bowl was also moved to one week later. This was the last season in which each conference had three divisions, as the conferences would be realigned to four divisions for the 2002 NFL season.

Canceling the games scheduled for September 16 and 17 was considered and rejected since it would have canceled a home game for about half the teams (15 of 31). It would have also resulted in an unequal number of games played: September 16 and 17 was to have been a bye for the San Diego Chargers, so that team would still have played 16 games that season and each of the other teams would have played only 15 games (the Chargers ultimately finished 5–11, making any competitive advantages to playing an extra game irrelevant).

As a result of rescheduling Week 2 as Week 17, the Pittsburgh Steelers ended up not playing a home game for the entire month of September (their only home game during that month was originally scheduled for September 16). The ESPN Sunday Night Football game for that week was also changed. It was originally scheduled to be Cleveland at Pittsburgh, but it was replaced with Philadelphia at Tampa Bay, which was seen as a more interesting matchup. Ironically, the Eagles and Buccaneers would both rest their starters that night, and would meet one week later in the playoffs. In recognition of this, when NBC began airing Sunday Night Football in, there would be no game initially scheduled for Weeks 11 to 17 – a game initially scheduled in the afternoon would be moved to the primetime slot, without stripping any teams of a primetime appearance. This way of "flexible scheduling" would not be used at all in 2007, and since 2008, it is only used in the final week, except for the 2017 season, when no primetime game was scheduled for Week 17 due to that Sunday falling on New Year's Eve.

The games that eventually made up Week 17 marked the latest regular season games to be played during what is traditionally defined as the "NFL season" (under the format at the time, the regular season could not end later than January 3 in any given year; this changed in 2021, as the NFL expanded to 17 games with the end of the regular season pushed back one week as a result; the 2021 regular season ended on January 9, and under the new format, the latest the regular season could end is January 10).

Another scheduling change took place in October, when the Dallas at Oakland game was moved from October 21 to 7 to accommodate a possible Oakland Athletics home playoff game on October 21. The rescheduling ended up being unnecessary as the Athletics would not make it past the Division Series round.

Scheduling formula

 * Thanksgiving: Two games were played on Thursday, November 22, featuring Green Bay at Detroit and Denver at Dallas, with Green Bay and Denver winning.

Tiebreakers

 * New England finished ahead of Miami in the AFC East based on better division record (6–2 to Dolphins' 5–3).
 * Cleveland finished ahead of Tennessee in the AFC Central based on better division record (5–5 to Titans' 3–7).
 * Jacksonville finished ahead of Cincinnati in the AFC Central based on head-to-head sweep (2–0).
 * N.Y. Giants finished ahead of Arizona in the NFC East based on head-to-head sweep (2–0).
 * New Orleans finished ahead of Atlanta in the NFC West based on better division record (4–4 to Falcons' 3–5).
 * Baltimore was the second AFC Wild Card based on better record against common opponents (3–1 to Jets' 2–2).
 * Green Bay was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record (9–3 to 49ers' 8–4).

Milestones
The following teams and players set all-time NFL records during the season:

* – Sack statistics have only been compiled since 1982.

Awards

 * All-Pro Team

The following players were named First Team All-Pro by the Associated Press:

Coaching changes

 * Buffalo Bills – Gregg Williams; replaced Wade Phillips, who was fired following the 2000 season
 * Cleveland Browns – Butch Davis; replaced Chris Palmer, who was fired following the 2000 season
 * Detroit Lions – Marty Mornhinweg; replaced interim head coach Gary Moeller, who replaced Bobby Ross who resigned during the 2000 season.
 * Kansas City Chiefs – Dick Vermeil; replaced Gunther Cunningham, who was fired following the 2000 season
 * New York Jets – Herman Edwards; replaced Al Groh, who resigned to become the head coach of the University of Virginia.
 * Washington Redskins – Marty Schottenheimer; replaced interim head coach Terry Robiskie who replaced Norv Turner, who was fired during the 2000 season

Stadium changes

 * The Denver Broncos moved from Mile High Stadium to Invesco Field at Mile High, with the investment company Invesco acquiring the naming rights
 * The Pittsburgh Steelers moved from Three Rivers Stadium to Heinz Field, with the H. J. Heinz Company acquiring the naming rights

In addition, the AstroTurf at Veterans Stadium was replaced with NexTurf after a preseason game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Baltimore Ravens was canceled for poor field conditions.

Uniform changes

 * New Orleans Saints – Replaced their gold pants with black pants.
 * San Diego Chargers – White pants instead of blue with their white jerseys.
 * St. Louis Rams – New font for uniform numbers.
 * Chicago Bears – White pants instead of blue with their white jerseys.
 * Jacksonville Jaguars – Started wearing black shoes with their uniforms.

Following 9/11, every jersey had a patch to remember those who died on that day, while the New York Jets and New York Giants wore a patch to remember the firefighters who died.

Television
This was the fourth year under the league's eight-year broadcast contracts with ABC, CBS, Fox, and ESPN to televise Monday Night Football, the AFC package, the NFC package, and Sunday Night Football, respectively.

Pat Summerall announced that this would be his last season as a full-time NFL broadcaster. This would also be John Madden's last year of commentating on Fox, ending the 21-season Summerall–Madden pairing that dated back since 1981 on CBS. With Matt Millen leaving Fox to become the general manager of the Detroit Lions, the network tapped Daryl Johnston from CBS and the then-recently retired quarterback Troy Aikman to join Dick Stockton as Fox's No. 2 team.

Deion Sanders replaced Craig James as an analyst on The NFL Today.

title: 2001 NFL season


text:
1999 NFL season

The 1999 NFL season was the 80th regular season of the National Football League (NFL). The Cleveland Browns returned to the field for the first time since the 1995 season, while the Tennessee Oilers changed their name to "Tennessee Titans", with the league retiring the name "Oilers".

The return of the Browns increased the number of teams to 31, the first time the league had played with an odd number of teams since 1966. As per the league's agreement with the City of Cleveland, the Browns were placed in the AFC Central, increasing that division to six teams. This also required the NFL to give at least one team a bye each week; previously, barring extreme circumstances, a club never received a bye during the first two weeks or last seven weeks of the season. Under the new system, for ten weeks of the season (Week #1, Week #2 and Week #10 to Week #17), one team received a bye, and for seven weeks of the season (Week #3 to Week #9), three teams received a bye. This format would continue until the Houston Texans joined the NFL in 2002, returning the league to an even number of teams.

The start of the 1999 NFL season was pushed back one week and started the weekend after Labor Day, a change from the previous seasons: due to the Y2K concerns, the NFL did not want to hold the opening round of the playoffs on Saturday, January 1, 2000, and did not want teams traveling on that day. This was also done to avoid competing against college football's New Years Day bowl games.

Week 17 games were held on January 2, 2000, and the opening round of the playoffs would be scheduled for January 8 and 9, with the bye week before the Super Bowl removed to accommodate the one-week adjustment. The start of the season after Labor Day would become a regular fixture for future seasons, beginning in 2001.

The final spot in the NFC playoffs came down to the final day of the regular season. The Green Bay Packers and Carolina Panthers were both at 7–8, tied for the last spot in the playoffs with the Dallas Cowboys and tied in other tiebreakers. The Packers–Panthers tie would be broken by best net point differential in conference games. With both the Packers and Panthers playing at 1:00 p.m. Eastern on January 2, the two teams tried to outscore the other. The Packers beat the Arizona Cardinals 49–24, and the Panthers beat the New Orleans Saints 45–13, with the result that the Packers finished ahead of the Panthers by 11 points. Nevertheless, Dallas defeated the New York Giants later that night to claim the final playoff spot.

The St. Louis Rams, who had had losing records for each of the past nine seasons dating back to their first tenure in Los Angeles (and had finished in last place in their division the previous season), surprised the entire league by making a Super Bowl run, as seven point favorites, by defeating the Tennessee Titans 23–16 in Super Bowl XXXIV at the Georgia Dome.

Retirements

 * On May 2, 1999, John Elway announced his retirement from pro football. He played his entire career with the Denver Broncos.
 * On July 27, 1999, Barry Sanders announced he was retiring from pro football. His retirement was made public by faxing a letter to the Wichita Eagle, his hometown newspaper.

Draft
The 1999 NFL Draft was held from April 17 to 18, 1999 at New York City's Theater at Madison Square Garden. With the first pick, the Cleveland Browns selected quarterback Tim Couch from the University of Kentucky.

Expansion Draft
Held on February 9, 1999, 150 players were left unprotected by their teams for the Browns to select in the 1999 NFL expansion draft. With the first overall pick, the Browns selected Center Jim Pyne from the Detroit Lions.

Referee changes
Jerry Markbreit retired prior to the 1999 season. He joined the NFL in 1976 as a line judge before being promoted to referee in just his second year. He is the only NFL referee to officiate four Super Bowl games: Super Bowl XVII, Super Bowl XXI, Super Bowl XXVI, and Super Bowl XXIX. Jeff Triplette was promoted from back judge to referee to replace Markbreit.

Major rule changes

 * Clipping became illegal around the line of scrimmage just as it was on the rest of the field.
 * A new instant replay system (different from the one used from 1986 to 1991) is adopted to aid officiating. The system mirrors a method used by the defunct USFL in 1985:
 * In each game, each team has two challenge flags that can be thrown to start an official review of the play in question. Each challenge will require the use of a team's timeout. If the challenge is successful, the timeout is restored.
 * Inside of two minutes of each half, and during all overtime periods, all reviews will be initiated by a Replay Assistant. The Replay Assistant has an unlimited number of reviews, regardless of how many timeouts each team has left. And no timeout will be charged for any review by the Replay Assistant.
 * All replay reviews will be conducted by the referee on a field-level monitor. A decision will be reversed only when there is indisputable visual evidence to overturn the call. The referee has 90 seconds to review the play.
 * The officials will be notified of a replay request or challenge via a specialized electronic pager with a vibrating alert. Each head coach would also have a red flag to use as a backup to get the attention of the officials to challenge a play.
 * The replay system will only cover the following situations:
 * Scoring plays
 * Pass complete/incomplete/intercepted
 * Runner/receiver out of bounds
 * Recovery of a loose ball in or out of bounds
 * Touching of a forward pass, either by an ineligible receiver or a defensive player
 * Quarterback pass or fumble
 * Illegal forward pass
 * Forward or backward pass
 * Runner ruled not down by contact
 * Forward progress in regard to a first down
 * Touching of a kick
 * Too many men on the field

The league also added the following then-minor rule change that became significant in the playoffs a few years later:
 * When a Team A player is holding the ball to pass it forward, any intentional forward movement of his hand starts a forward pass, even if the player loses possession of the ball as he is attempting to tuck it back toward his body. Also, if the player has tucked the ball into his body and then loses possession, it is a fumble.

This new interpretation of a forward pass would later be commonly known as the "Tuck Rule", and was repealed in 2013.

Pro Football Hall of Fame

 * Walter Payton: Having retired as the NFL's all-time leading rusher, Payton died on November 1, 1999, from a rare liver disease known as primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Scheduling formula
Highlights of the 1999 season included:
 * Thanksgiving: Two games were played on Thursday, November 25, featuring Chicago at Detroit and Miami at Dallas, with Detroit and Dallas winning.

Tiebreakers

 * Miami was the third AFC Wild Card ahead of Kansas City based on a better record against common opponents (6–1 to Chiefs' 5–3).
 * N.Y. Jets finished ahead of New England in the AFC East based on a better division record (4–4 to Patriots' 2–6).
 * Seattle finished ahead of Kansas City in the AFC West based on a head-to-head sweep (2–0).
 * San Diego finished ahead of Oakland in the AFC West based on a better division record (5–3 to Raiders' 3–5).
 * Arguably, the NFC this year presents the most difficult implementation of the NFL's tiebreaker system. Four teams were tied at 8–8 for the last 2 wild card spots. When 3 or more teams are tied, and 2 or more are from the same division, the within-division tiebreakers are evaluated first. In the NFC Central, Detroit and Green Bay had matching records in the first two two-team divisional tiebreakers (1–1 in head-to-head games, and 4–4 in divisional games). But, in the third tiebreaker, games against common opponents, Detroit's record was 7–5 while Green Bay's was 6–6. Green Bay was thus ranked 4th of four, and eliminated from wild-card contention.
 * With 3 teams from 3 divisions tied, the first three-or-more-teams tiebreaker did not apply since none had beaten the other two. The second tiebreaker is record within the conference, and here Dallas and Detroit had records of 7–5, while Carolina had a record of 6–6. Carolina was thus ranked 3rd of four, and eliminated from wild card contention.
 * With two teams remaining, the contest reverts to the first step of the two-team non-divisional tiebreaker. Since the teams did not play head-to-head, the second tiebreaker, best record against common opponents gave the second-ranked wild card to Dallas since they had a better record (4–2 to the Lions' 3–3). Detroit became the third-ranked wild card.
 * Coverage on ESPN intimated that both Green Bay and Carolina "ran up the score" in their early games to position themselves better concerning the fourth tiebreaker (points ± within the conference), in case the late game between Dallas and N.Y. Giants was won by the Giants or tied. Had the Giants beaten the Cowboys, there would have been a four-way tie at 8–8 between the N.Y. Giants, Detroit, Green Bay, and Carolina for two wild card spots.  Detroit would have advanced with the second wild card based on a 7–5 conference record to Green Bay, N.Y. Giants, and Carolina all 6–6 in their conference. For the last spot between the 3 teams from different divisions, common opponents would be used next, but the three teams had no common opponents. Green Bay's lead in the points ± within conference tiebreaker would therefore have been decisive over the N.Y. Giants and Carolina in the specific case that those three teams tied for the last wild-card spot.

Coaching changes

 * Baltimore Ravens – Brian Billick; replaced Ted Marchibroda who was fired after the 1998 season.
 * Carolina Panthers – George Seifert; replaced Dom Capers who was fired after the 1998 season.
 * Chicago Bears – Dick Jauron; replaced Dave Wannstedt who was fired after the 1998 season.
 * Cleveland Browns – Chris Palmer; hired before the season, first coach of revived Browns.
 * Green Bay Packers – Ray Rhodes; replaced Mike Holmgren who resigned to become Head Coach and General Manager of the Seattle Seahawks.
 * Kansas City Chiefs – Gunther Cunningham; replaced Marty Schottenheimer who resigned at the end of the 1998 season.
 * Philadelphia Eagles – Andy Reid; replaced Ray Rhodes who was fired after the 1998 season.
 * San Diego Chargers – Mike Riley; replaced interim head coach June Jones who replaced Kevin Gilbride during the 1998 season.
 * Seattle Seahawks – Mike Holmgren; replaced Dennis Erickson who was fired after the 1998 season.

Stadium changes

 * Baltimore Ravens: Ravens Stadium at Camden Yards was renamed PSINet Stadium after the internet service provider PSINet acquired the naming rights
 * Cleveland Browns: The reactivated Browns team moves into Cleveland Browns Stadium
 * Tennessee Titans: The renamed Titans moved from Vanderbilt Stadium to Adelphia Coliseum, with the Adelphia Communications Corporation acquiring the naming rights
 * Washington Redskins: Jack Kent Cooke Stadium was renamed FedExField after FedEx acquired the naming rights

New uniforms

 * The Baltimore Ravens were forced to scrap their original helmet logo, a shield with raven wings displaying a letter "B", because of a trademark dispute. Their new helmet logo featured a purple raven's head with the letter "B" superimposed. The team introduced a new secondary shield logo with alternating Calvert and Crossland emblems similar to the flag of Maryland.
 * The reactivated Cleveland Browns restored the team's classic design, but widened the pants stripes and moved the TV numbers from the sleeves to the shoulders.
 * The Detroit Lions returned to wearing silver instead of blue pants with their white jerseys. The TV numbers were moved from the sleeves to the shoulders.
 * The Philadelphia Eagles added black stripping on the sleeve ends on the green jerseys.
 * The renamed Tennessee Titans unveiled new uniforms featuring navy and white jerseys, white helmets, and red trim. White pants were worn with the navy jerseys and navy pants with the white jerseys. The new helmet logo featured a circle with a letter "T" and three stars in a pattern matching those on the Tennessee state flag with a trail of flames.
 * The New Orleans Saints switched from gold to black numbers on their white jerseys. They also began wearing black pants with a wide gold stripe with their white jerseys.

Television
This was the second year under the league's eight-year broadcast contracts with ABC, CBS, Fox, and ESPN to televise Monday Night Football, the AFC package, the NFC package, and Sunday Night Football, respectively.

Dan Dierdorf left ABC to return to CBS, joining Verne Lundquist on the latter network's #2 crew. Dierdorf replaced Randy Cross, who then became part of an overhauled talent lineup on The NFL Today: Jim Nantz remained as host, but Marcus Allen, Brent Jones, and George Seifert were replaced by Cross, Craig James, and Jerry Glanville. ABC decided to leave Al Michaels and Boomer Esiason in a two-man booth. ABC also dropped Frank Gifford's segments from its MNF pregame show, letting Chris Berman to host the entire 20 minutes.

title: 1999 NFL season


text:
2000 NFL season

The 2000 NFL season was the 81st regular season of the National Football League (NFL). The season ended with Super Bowl XXXV when the Baltimore Ravens defeated the New York Giants, 34–7, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.

Week 1 of the season reverted to Labor Day weekend in 2000. It would be the last NFL season to date to start on Labor Day weekend. It would also be the last time until 2015 that CBS televised the late afternoon games in Week 1, because both Week 1 of the NFL season and CBS's coverage of the U.S. Open tennis finals would take place on the same day beginning next season.

Player movement

 * July 24: The Carolina Panthers sign defensive end Reggie White.
 * July 21: The Baltimore Ravens sign tight end Ben Coates.
 * July 24: The San Diego Chargers sign linebacker Steve Tovar.
 * July 25: The Carolina Panthers sign defensive end Eric Swann.
 * July 26: The Seattle Seahawks sign wide receiver Sean Dawkins.
 * July 28: The Chicago Bears sign kicker Michael Husted.

Trades

 * July 11: The Green Bay Packers trade tight end Lawrence Hart to the New Orleans Saints for running back Marvin Powell.
 * July 31: The Green Bay Packers trade quarterback Aaron Brooks and tight end Lamont Hall to the New Orleans Saints for linebacker K.D. Williams.

Draft
The 2000 NFL draft was held from April 15 to 16, 2000 at New York City's Theater at Madison Square Garden. With the first pick, the Cleveland Browns selected defensive end Courtney Brown from Pennsylvania State University. Taken by the New England Patriots with the 199th pick in the sixth round was Michigan quarterback Tom Brady. Tom Brady went on to win 3 NFL MVP awards, a record 7 Super Bowl titles and 5 Super Bowl MVP awards.

Major rule changes

 * In order to cut down on group celebrations, unsportsmanlike conduct penalties and fines will be assessed for celebrations by two or more players.
 * Anyone wearing an eligible number (1 to 49 or 80 to 89) can play quarterback without having to first report to the referee before a play.
 * This rule change resulted in the increase of trick plays teams can employ on offense.
 * The "Bert Emanuel" rule was implemented, stating that when making a catch and falling to the ground, the ball is allowed to touch the ground and still be considered a catch if the player maintains clear control of the ball.

Pro Football Hall of Fame members

 * Tom Fears: Fears played 9 seasons as an end for the Los Angeles Rams and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1970. He was a 3-time NFL champion (1951, 1962, 1965), he was named First-team All-Pro in 1950, and was a member of the 1950s All-Decade Team. He was the first Mexican born player inducted into the Hall of Fame. He died January 4, aged 77
 * Derrick Thomas: Thomas played 11 seasons for the Kansas City Chiefs. He was a 6-time All-Pro selection (1st team 1990–1992, 2nd team 1993, 1994, 1996) and a 9-time Pro Bowl selection (1989–1997). He was named to the 1990s All-Decade Team. He owns NFL record for sacks in a game with 7, which he achieved in 1990. He was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2009. He died February 8 of a pulmonary embolism, aged 33. He is the only player inducted into the Hall of Fame that died while still active in the NFL.
 * Tom Landry: Landry was the first head coach of the Dallas Cowboys. He won 2 Super Bowls VI and XII. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1990. He died February 12, aged 75.

Active personnel

 * Fred Lane, Indianapolis Colts running back, homicide, died on July 6.
 * Eric Turner, Oakland Raiders safety, stomach cancer, died on May 28.

Scheduling formula
Highlights of the 2000 season included:
 * Thanksgiving: Two games were played on Thursday, November 23, featuring New England at Detroit and the Minnesota at Dallas, with Detroit and Minnesota winning.

Tiebreakers

 * Green Bay finished ahead of Detroit in the NFC Central based on better division record (5–3 to Lions' 3–5).
 * New Orleans finished ahead of St. Louis in the NFC West based on better division record (7–1 to Rams' 5–3).
 * Tampa Bay was the second NFC Wild Card based on head-to-head victory over St. Louis (1–0).

Milestones
The following teams and players set all-time NFL records during the season:

Coaching changes

 * Arizona Cardinals – Vince Tobin fired seven games into season; replaced by Dave McGinnis. McGinnis held job through the 2003 season.
 * Cincinnati Bengals – Dick LeBeau; replaced Bruce Coslet who was fired during the 2000 season.
 * Dallas Cowboys – Dave Campo; replaced Chan Gailey who was fired after the 1999 season.
 * Green Bay Packers – Mike Sherman; replaced Ray Rhodes who was fired after the 1999 season.
 * Miami Dolphins – Dave Wannstedt; replaced Jimmy Johnson who retired after the 1999 season.
 * New England Patriots – Bill Belichick; replaced Pete Carroll who was fired after the 1999 season.
 * New Orleans Saints – Jim Haslett; replaced Mike Ditka who was fired after the 1999 season.
 * New York Jets – Al Groh; replaced Bill Belichick who replaced Bill Parcells who retired to become the full-time General Manager after the 1999 season. Belichick was hired by the New England Patriots shortly after he resigned from the Jets.
 * St. Louis Rams – Mike Martz; replaced Dick Vermeil who retired after winning Super Bowl XXXIV.

Stadium changes

 * The Cincinnati Bengals moved from Cinergy Field to Paul Brown Stadium, named after team founder Paul Brown
 * The Seattle Seahawks began playing at Husky Stadium while the Kingdome was demolished and a new Seahawks stadium built in its place
 * Giants Stadium's Astroturf was replaced with natural grass

Uniform and logo changes

 * The Baltimore Ravens introduced a new Ravens wordmark logo, a new Ravens shield logo was placed on the sleeve ends, and there was new pants stripping with the "B" logo on hips.
 * The Kansas City Chiefs began wearing red pants with their white jerseys for first time since 1988.
 * The New England Patriots introduced new uniforms, darkening the shade of their blue from royal to nautical blue. The new white jerseys were worn with blue block numbers and blue pants.
 * The New Orleans Saints updated their fleur-de-lis helmet logo to be a bit smaller but with a wider white and black outline. Also introduced was an alternative old gold logo. They also returned to wearing old gold pants with their white jerseys.
 * The New York Giants unveiled new uniforms. The blue jerseys were a modernized version of the team's design used in the 1950s. The white jerseys still retained elements of the 1980s design (such as the 1980s' blue collars and nameplates, and missing the 1950s' red sleeve stripes) but with red numbers like the 1950s version. Gray pants were worn with both the blue and white jerseys. The helmet also returned to featuring the lowercase "ny" logo, in addition to the TV numbers moving from the sleeve to the shoulder.
 * The St. Louis Rams introduced new uniforms, darkening the shades of blue and gold to "New Century Blue" and "Millennium Gold". Among other modifications, the curling rams horns on the sleeves were replaced by a new logo featuring charging ram's head, in addition to the TV numbers moving from the sleeve to the shoulder.

Television
This was the third year under the league's eight-year broadcast contracts with ABC, CBS, Fox, and ESPN to televise Monday Night Football, the AFC package, the NFC package, and Sunday Night Football, respectively.

ABC fired Boomer Esiason, reportedly because he and Al Michaels never got along in the MNF booth. The network decided to go in a radical direction by hiring comedian Dennis Miller, along with Dan Fouts, to join Michaels.

Dick Enberg joined CBS, becoming the #2 play-by-play commentator, alongside Dan Dierdorf, while Verne Lundquist returned to call college football for the network. Also, Mike Ditka joined The NFL Today as an analyst.

title: 2000 NFL season


text:
Fernando Elizondo Barragán

Fernando Elizondo Barragán (6 January 1949, Monterrey, Nuevo León) is a Mexican Politician, Lawyer, and Businessperson previously affiliated with the National Action Party. He was the interim governor of Nuevo León (2003), former Secretary of Energy in the cabinet of President Vicente Fox, and Nuevo León senator in the LX and LXI legislatures. Fernando Elizondo was born into an upper-class family formed by a prominent local politician, Eduardo Elizondo Lozano, and Laura Barragán. He completed most of his basic studies in Catholic institutions and graduated with honors from the Autonomous University of Nuevo León with a degree in law. In 1971 he received an MBA from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education.

He started as a lawyer in a well-known law firm founded by his father and in 1980 took over the legal department of Hojalata y Lámina, S.A. (HYLSA), a renowned corporation in the metal industry. Later on he presided over several business chambers, including the local chapter of the National Chamber of Commerce (CANACO) until 1995, when he led the financial restructuring of Grupo Salinas y Rocha, a national chain of furniture and department stores. He left the company in August 1997.

Political career
In October 1997 Fernando Canales, a conservative businessman, was sworn as the first National Action Party (PAN) governor in the history of Nuevo León and Elizondo was invited to the cabinet. He served as the State Secretary of Finance and General Treasurer from 1997 until March 2002, when he left the post to compete for the PAN candidacy to the state governorship, which he lost against Mauricio Fernández Garza, a wealthy cultural promoter and former senator.

In January 2003 Canales resigned as governor to assume the Secretariat of Energy in the cabinet of Vicente Fox. A few days later, the Congress of Nuevo León appointed Elizondo Barragán as an interim. His administration greatly improved the public perception of the conservative government but not enough to reverse the voters animosity towards his party, a tendency largely inherited from the Canales administration. On 2 January 2003 Natividad González Parás, a leading opponent to his predecessor during the 1997 elections regained the governorship for the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

After leaving the governorship, Elizondo served briefly as a presidential liaison in several national tax conventions. On 1 June 2004 he was appointed Secretary of Energy by President Fox substituting Felipe Calderón, who resigned to compete for the PAN presidential candidacy in the 2006 Mexican Federal Election. As a Federal secretary, Elizondo faced a fierce opposition by the trade unions and the opposition parties in Congress to a constitutional amendment that would allow private investment and competition in the national oil and electricity markets.

He was elected Senator of the Republic in the 2006 Mexican Federal Election.

title: Fernando Elizondo Barragán


text:
Inky

Inky may refer to:

People with the given name Inky

 * Inky Mark (born 1947), Canadian politician
 * Inky Moore (1925–2000), American conservationist

People with the nickname Inky

 * Pete Incaviglia (born 1964), American professional baseball player
 * Keith Ingram (headmaster) (1929–2007), British head teacher

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Inky (ghost), the cyan ghost in the arcade game Pac-Man
 * Inky, a nickname for The Philadelphia Inquirer

Other uses

 * Inky (police dog), a police dog who appeared in the British police drama Softly, Softly: Taskforce
 * Inky, slang for a printer

title: Inky