text:
Carbonate mineral

Carbonate minerals are those minerals containing the carbonate ion,.

Anhydrous carbonates

 * Calcite group: trigonal
 * Calcite CaCO3
 * Gaspéite (Ni,Mg,Fe2+)CO3
 * Magnesite MgCO3
 * Otavite CdCO3
 * Rhodochrosite MnCO3
 * Siderite FeCO3
 * Smithsonite ZnCO3
 * Spherocobaltite CoCO3
 * Aragonite group: orthorhombic
 * Aragonite CaCO3
 * Cerussite PbCO3
 * Strontianite SrCO3
 * Witherite BaCO3
 * Rutherfordine UO2CO3
 * Natrite Na2CO3

Anhydrous carbonates with compound formulas

 * Dolomite group: trigonal
 * Ankerite CaFe(CO3)2
 * Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2
 * Huntite Mg3Ca(CO3)4
 * Minrecordite CaZn(CO3)2
 * Barytocalcite BaCa(CO3)2

Carbonates with hydroxyl or halogen

 * Carbonate with hydroxide: monoclinic
 * Azurite Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
 * Hydrocerussite Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2
 * Malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2
 * Rosasite (Cu,Zn)2CO3(OH)2
 * Phosgenite Pb2(CO3)Cl2
 * Hydrozincite Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6
 * Aurichalcite (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6

Hydrated carbonates

 * Hydromagnesite Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2.4H2O
 * Ikaite CaCO3·6(H2O)
 * Lansfordite MgCO3·5(H2O)
 * Monohydrocalcite CaCO3·H2O
 * Natron Na2CO3·10(H2O)
 * Zellerite Ca(UO2)(CO3)2·5(H2O)

The carbonate class in both the Dana and the Strunz classification systems include the nitrates.

Nickel–Strunz classification -05- carbonates
IMA-CNMNC proposes a new hierarchical scheme (Mills et al., 2009). This list uses the classification of Nickel–Strunz (mindat.org, 10 ed, pending publication).

 * Abbreviations:
 * "*" – discredited (IMA/CNMNC status).
 * "?" – questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC status).
 * "REE" – Rare-earth element (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)
 * "PGE" – Platinum-group element (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
 * 03.C Aluminofluorides, 06 Borates, 08 Vanadates (04.H V[5,6] Vanadates), 09 Silicates:
 * Neso: insular (from Greek νησος nēsos, island)
 * Soro: grouping (from Greek σωροῦ sōros, heap, mound (especially of corn))
 * Cyclo: ring
 * Ino: chain (from Greek ις [genitive: ινος inos], fibre)
 * Phyllo: sheet (from Greek φύλλον phyllon, leaf)
 * Tekto: three-dimensional framework
 * Nickel–Strunz code scheme: NN.XY.##x
 * NN: Nickel–Strunz mineral class number
 * X: Nickel–Strunz mineral division letter
 * Y: Nickel–Strunz mineral family letter
 * ## x: Nickel–Strunz mineral/group number, x add-on letter

Class: carbonates

 * 05.A Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
 * 05.AA Alkali carbonates: 05 Zabuyelite; 10 Gregoryite, 10 Natrite; 15 Nahcolite, 20 Kalicinite, 25 Teschemacherite, 30 Wegscheiderite
 * 05.AB Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates: 05 Calcite, 05 Gaspeite, 05 Magnesite, 05 Rhodochrosite, 05 Otavite, 05 Spherocobaltite, 05 Siderite, 05 Smithsonite; 10 Ankerite, 10 Dolomite, 10 Kutnohorite, 10 Minrecordite; 15 Cerussite, 15 Aragonite, 15 Strontianite, 15 Witherite; 20 Vaterite, 25 Huntite, 30 Norsethite, 35 Alstonite; 40 Olekminskite, 40 Paralstonite; 45 Barytocalcite, 50 Carbocernaite, 55 Benstonite, 60 Juangodoyite
 * 05.AC Alkali and alkali-earth carbonates: 05 Eitelite, 10 Nyerereite, 10 Natrofairchildite, 10 Zemkorite; 15 Butschliite, 20 Fairchildite, 25 Shortite; 30 Sanromanite, 30 Burbankite, 30 Calcioburbankite, 30 Khanneshite
 * 05.AD With rare-earth elements (REE): 05 Sahamalite-(Ce); 15 Rémondite-(Ce), 15 Petersenite-(Ce), 15 Rémondite-(La); 20 Paratooite-(La)
 * 05.B Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
 * 05.BA With Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Mg, Mn: 05 Azurite, 10 Chukanovite, 10 Malachite, 10 Georgeite, 10 Pokrovskite, 10 Nullaginite, 10 Glaukosphaerite, 10 Mcguinnessite, 10 Kolwezite, 10 Rosasite, 10 Zincrosasite; 15 Aurichalcite, 15 Hydrozincite; 20 Holdawayite, 25 Defernite; 30 Loseyite, 30 Sclarite
 * 05.BB With alkalies, etc.: 05 Barentsite, 10 Dawsonite, 15 Tunisite, 20 Sabinaite
 * 05.BC With alkali-earth cations: 05 Brenkite, 10 Rouvilleite, 15 Podlesnoite
 * 05.BD With rare-earth elements (REE): 05 Cordylite-(Ce), 05 Lukechangite-(Ce); 10 Kukharenkoite-(La), 10 Kukharenkoite-(Ce), 10 Zhonghuacerite-(Ce); 15 Cebaite-(Nd), 15 Cebaite-(Ce); 20a Bastnasite-(Ce), 20a Bastnasite-(La), 20a Bastnasite-(Y), 20a Hydroxylbastnasite-(Ce), 20a Hydroxylbastnasite-(La), 20a Hydroxylbastnasite-(Nd), 20a Thorbastnasite, 20b Parisite-(Nd), 20b Parisite-(Ce), 20c Synchysite-(Ce), 20c Synchysite-(Nd), 20c Synchysite-(Y), 20d Rontgenite-(Ce); 25 Horvathite-(Y), 30 Qaqarssukite-(Ce), 35 Huanghoite-(Ce)
 * 05.BE With Pb, Bi: 05 Shannonite, 10 Hydrocerussite, 15 Plumbonacrite, 20 Phosgenite, 25 Bismutite, 30 Kettnerite, 35 Beyerite
 * 05.BF With (Cl), SO4, PO4, TeO3: 05 Northupite, 05 Ferrotychite, 05 Manganotychite, 05 Tychite; 10 Bonshtedtite, 10 Crawfordite, 10 Bradleyitev, 10 Sidorenkite, 15 Daqingshanite-(Ce), 20 Reederite-(Y), 25 Mineevite-(Y), 30 Brianyoungite, 35 Philolithite; 40 Macphersonitev, 40 Susannite, 40 Leadhillite
 * 05.C Carbonates without additional anions, with H2O
 * 05.CA With medium-sized cations: 05 Nesquehonite, 10 Lansfordite, 15 Barringtonite, 20 Hellyerite
 * 05.CB With large cations (alkali and alkali-earth carbonates): 05 Thermonatrite, 10 Natron, 15 Trona, 20 Monohydrocalcite, 25 Ikaite, 30 Pirssonite, 35 Gaylussite, 40 Chalconatronite, 45 Baylissite, 50 Tuliokite
 * 05.CC With rare-earth elements (REE): 05 Donnayite-(Y), 05 Mckelveyite-(Nd)*, 05 Mckelveyite-(Y), 05 Weloganite; 10 Tengerite-(Y), 15 Lokkaite-(Y); 20 Shomiokite-(Y), 20 IMA2008-069; 25 Calkinsite-(Ce), 25 Lanthanite-(Ce), 25 Lanthanite-(La), 25 Lanthanite-(Nd); 30 Adamsite-(Y), 35 Decrespignyite-(Y), 40 Galgenbergite-(Ce), 45 Ewaldite, 50 Kimuraite-(Y)
 * 05.D Carbonates with additional anions, with H2O
 * 05.DA With medium-sized cations: 05 Dypingite, 05 Giorgiosite, 05 Hydromagnesite, 05 Widgiemoolthalite; 10 Artinite, 10 Chlorartinite; 15 Otwayite, 20 Kambaldaite, 25 Callaghanite, 30 Claraite; 35 Hydroscarbroite, 35 Scarbroite; 40 Charmarite-3T, 40 Charmarite-2H, 40 Caresite, 40 Quintinite-2H, 40 Quintinite-3T; 45 Brugnatellite, 45 Barbertonite, 45 Chlormagaluminite, 45 Zaccagnaite, 45 Manasseite, 45 Sjogrenite; 50 Desautelsite, 50 Comblainite, 50 Hydrotalcite, 50 Pyroaurite, 50 Reevesite, 50 Stichtite, 50 Takovite; 55 Coalingite, 60 Karchevskyite, 65 Indigirite, 70 Zaratite
 * 05.DB With large and medium-sized cations: 05 Alumohydrocalcite, 05 Para-alumohydrocalcite, 05 Nasledovite; 10 Dresserite, 10 Dundasite, 10 Strontiodresserite, 10 Petterdite, 10 Kochsandorite; 15 Hydrodresserite, 20 Schuilingite-(Nd), 25 Sergeevite, 30 Szymanskiite, 35 Montroyalite
 * 05.DC With large cations: 05 Ancylite-(Ce), 05 Ancylite-(La), 05 Gysinite-(Nd), 05 Calcioancylite-(Ce), 05 Calcioancylite-(Nd), 05 Kozoite-(La), 05 Kozoite-(Nd); 10 Kamphaugite-(Y), 15 Sheldrickite, 20 Thomasclarkite-(Y), 25 Peterbaylissite, 30 Clearcreekite, 35 Niveolanite
 * 05.E Uranyl carbonates
 * 05.EA UO2:CO3 > 1:1: 10 Urancalcarite, 15 Wyartite, 20 Oswaldpeetersite, 25 Roubaultite, 30 Kamotoite-(Y), 35 Sharpite
 * 05.EB UO2:CO3 = 1:1: 05 Rutherfordine, 10 Blatonite, 15 Joliotite, 20 Bijvoetite-(Y)
 * 05.EC UO2:CO3 < 1:1 - 1:2: 05 Fontanite; 10 Metazellerite, 10 Zellerite
 * 05.ED UO2:CO3 = 1:3: 05 Bayleyite, 10 Swartzite, 15 Albrechtschraufite, 20 Liebigite, 25 Rabbittite, 30 Andersonite, 35 Grimselite, 40 Widenmannite, 45 Znucalite, 50 Cejkaite
 * 05.EE UO2:CO3 = 1:4: 05 Voglite, 10 Shabaite-(Nd)
 * 05.EF UO2:CO3 = 1:5: 05 Astrocyanite-(Ce)
 * 05.EG With SO4 or SiO4: 05 Schrockingerite, 10 Lepersonnite-(Gd)

title: Carbonate mineral


text:
Break of Dawn

Break of Dawn may refer to:
 * The time of the morning when dawn occurs:

Film

 * Break of Dawn (1988 film) Chicano films 1988
 * Break of Dawn (2002 film) (fr:Entre chiens et loups (film)) Alexandre Arcady 2002

Transport

 * The tugboat that escorted the trash barge Mobro 4000 in 1987

Albums

 * Break of Dawn (Do As Infinity album), 2000
 * Break of Dawn (Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock album), 1994
 * Break of Dawn (Goapele album), 2011

Songs

 * "Break of Dawn", a song by Michael Jackson from his 2001 album Invincible
 * Break of Dawn, a song by Breakbot from his 2012 debut album By Your Side
 * "Break of Dawn" (song), a 2010 song by Swedish singer Eric Saade
 * "Break of Dawn", a song by Firefall	1982
 * "At the Break of Dawn", a song by Googie Rene And His Band  1957

Other

 * Break of Dawn (manga), a 2011 manga by Tetsuya Imai

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Break of Dawn


text: Wikipedia:POTD/July 23, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/July 23, 2005


text:
User:Ondrejk/Global warming skeptics

...
 * Sallie Baliunas - an astrophysicist from Harvard
 * Frederick Seitz
 * Robert Balling
 * Patrick Michaels
 * Arthur B. Robinson
 * Fred Singer
 * David Wojick
 * Sylvan Wittwer
 * John Daley
 * Sherwood B. Idso
 * Sylvan Wittwer
 * Earl Aagaard (Ph.D., Colorado State University) is professor of biology at Pacific Union College
 * Roger L. Aamodt
 * Robert Aaron
 * Ralph F. Abate,
 * Hamed Abbas - a research plant pathologist
 * Reza Abbaschian - University of Florida
 * Paul Abbett,
 * Wyatt E Abbitt,
 * David M Abbott Jr,
 * Ursula K Abbott, PhD,
 * Will S Abbott,
 * Riaz F. Abdulla, PhD,
 * J M Abell,
 * Philip H Abelson, PhD,
 * Wayne Aben,
 * Grady Ables,
 * Earl A Abrahamson, PhD,
 * John Abrams,
 * David Acerni,
 * J Wayne Achee,
 * Hans J. Achemann,
 * D T Achord, PhD,
 * Ernest Achterberg,
 * Gene Ackerman,
 * John R Ackerman,
 * William Ackerman,

title: User:Ondrejk/Global warming skeptics


text:
J. C. Leyendecker

Joseph Christian Leyendecker (March 23, 1874 – July 25, 1951) was one of the most prominent and financially successful freelance commercial artists in the U.S. He was active between 1895 and 1951 producing drawings and paintings for hundreds of posters, books, advertisements, and magazine covers and stories. He is best known for his 80 covers for Collier's Weekly, 322 covers for The Saturday Evening Post, and advertising illustrations for B. Kuppenheimer men's clothing and Arrow brand shirts and detachable collars. He was one of the few known gay artists working in the early-twentieth century U.S.

Early life
Leyendecker (also known as 'J. C.' or 'Joe') was born on March 23, 1874, in Montabaur, Germany, to Peter Leyendecker (1838–1916) and Elizabeth Ortseifen Leyendecker (1845–1905). His brother and fellow illustrator Francis Xavier (aka "Frank") was born two years later. In 1882, the entire Leyendecker family immigrated to Chicago, Illinois, where Elizabeth's brother Adam Ortseifen was vice-president of the McAvoy Brewing Company. A sister, Augusta Mary arrived after the family immigrated to America.

As a teenager, around 1890, J. C. Leyendecker apprenticed at the Chicago printing and engraving company J. Manz & Company, eventually working his way up to the position of staff artist. At the same time he took night classes at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.

After studying drawing and anatomy under John Vanderpoel at the Art Institute, J. C. and Frank enrolled in the Académie Julian in Paris from October 1895 through June 1897. Upon their return to Chicago, the Leyendecker brothers took an apartment in Hyde Park. They also shared a studio in Chicago's Fine Arts Building at 410 South Michigan Ave.

Career
J. C. Leyendecker had a long career that extended from the mid-1890s until his death in 1951. During that time he worked for a wide range of commercial, editorial and government clients.

Before 1902: Chicago and Paris
As a staff artist at J. Manz & Company J. C. Leyendecker produced 60 Bible illustrations for the Powers Brothers Company, cover and interior illustrations for The Interior magazine, and frontispiece art for The Inland Printer. He also produced artwork for posters and book covers for the Chicago publisher E. A. Weeks. He also provided artwork for a range of marketing materials for the Chicago men's clothier Hart, Schaffner & Marx.

While in Paris, J. C. Leyendecker continued providing art to Hart, Schaffner & Marx, produced artwork for 12 covers of The Inland Printer, and won a contest (out of 700 entries) for the poster and cover of the midsummer 1896 issue of The Century Magazine, which garnered national newspaper and magazine coverage.

Upon his return from Paris in June 1897, Leyendecker illustrated for a range of mostly local clients including Hart, Schaffner & Marx, the Chicago department store Carson, Pirie & Scott, the Eastern Illinois Railroad, the Northern Pacific Railroad, Woman's Home Companion magazine, the stone cutter's trade journal Stone, Carter's monthly, the bird hobbyist magazine The Osprey, and books including Conan Doyle's Micah Clarke and Octave Thanet's A Book of True Lovers. He also painted 132 scenes of America for L. W. Yaggy's laptop panorama of Biblical scenes titled Royal Scroll published by Powers, Fowler & Lewis (Chicago).

On May 20, 1899, Leyendecker received his first commission for a cover for The Saturday Evening Post launching a forty-four-year association with the magazine. Eventually, his work would appear on 322 covers of the magazine, introducing many iconic visual images and traditions including the New Year's Baby, the pudgy red-garbed rendition of Santa Claus, flowers for Mother's Day, and firecrackers on the 4th of July.

During the 1890s, Leyendecker was active in Chicago's arts community. He exhibited with and attended social events by the Palette and Chisel Club, the Art Students League, and the Chicago Society of Artists. In December 1895, some of his posters were exhibited at the Siegel, Cooper & Company department store in Chicago. In January 1898 his posters for covers of The Inland Printer were exhibited at the Kimball Cafetier (Chicago).

During his 1895-97 time studying in Paris, J. C. Leyendecker's work won four awards at the Académie Julian and one of his paintings titled "Portrait of My Brother" was exhibited in the Paris salon in 1897. One of his posters for Hart, Schaffner & Marx titled "The Horse Show" was exhibited as part of the award winning display of American manufacturers' posters at the Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris.

After 1902: New York City and New Rochelle
After relocating to New York City in 1902, Leyendecker continued illustrating books, magazine covers and interiors, posters, and advertisements for a wide range increasingly prominent clients.

His illustrations for men's product advertising, pulp magazines, and college posters earned him a reputation as specialist in illustrations of men. Major clients included the Philadelphia suitmaker A. B. Kirschbaum, Wick Fancy Hat Bands, Gillette Safety Razors, E. Howard & Co. watches, Ivory Soap, Williams Shaving Cream, Karo Corn Syrup, Kingsford's Corn Starch, Interwoven socks, B. Kuppenheimer & Co., Cooper Underwear, and Cluett Peabody & Company, maker of Arrow brand shirts and detachable shirt collars and cuffs.

The male models who appeared in Leyendecker's 1907-30 illustrations for Arrow shirt and collar ads were often referred to as "the" Arrow Collar Man. But a number of different men served as models, and some developed successful careers in theater, film, and television. Among the models were Brian Donlevy, Fredric March, Jack Mulhall, Neil Hamilton, Ralph Forbes, and Reed Howes.

Among the men who modeled most frequently for Leyendecker was the Canadian-born Charles A. Beach (1881–1954). In 1903 Beach went to the artist's New York studio looking for modeling work. Beach subsequently appeared in many of Leyendecker's illustrations. The two enjoyed a nearly 50-year professional and personal relationship. Many Leyendecker biographers have described that relationship as having a romantic and sexual dimension.

Another important Leyendecker client was Kellogg's cereals. As part of a major advertising campaign, he painted a series of twenty different images of children eating Kellogg's Corn Flakes.

During the First and Second World Wars, Leyendecker painted military recruitment posters and war bonds posters for the U.S. government.

Decline of career
After 1930, Leyendecker's career began to slow, perhaps in reaction to the popularity of his work in the previous decade or as a result of the economic downturn following the Wall Street Crash of 1929.

Around 1930-31, Cluett Peabody & Company ceased using Leyendecker's illustrations in its advertisements for Arrow collars and shirts. In 1936, George Horace Lorimer, the famous editor at the Saturday Evening Post, retired and was replaced by Wesley Winans Stout (1937–1942) and then Ben Hibbs (1942–1962), both of whom rarely commissioned Leyendecker to illustrate covers. Leyendecker's last cover for the Saturday Evening Post was of a New Year Baby for the January 2, 1943, issue.

New commissions were fewer in the 1930s and 1940s. These included posters for the United States Department of War, in which Leyendecker depicted commanding officers of the armed forces encouraging the purchases of bonds to support the nation's efforts in World War II.

Sexuality
No statements (in Leyendecker's own words) survive concerning his sexual desires, behavior, or identity. But historians assess elements of his personal life as fitting the pattern they have identified for many gay men who lived during his time.

Leyendecker never married, and he lived with another man, model Charles A. Beach, for most of his adult life (1903–1951). Beach was Leyendecker's studio manager and frequent model, and many biographers describe Beach as Leyendecker's romantic, sexual, or life partner. They also describe Leyendecker as "gay" or "homosexual."

Some historians have attributed the homoeroticism in some of Leyendecker's work to his sexuality, while others have pointed to the collaborative nature of commercial art making, which suggests the content of Leyendecker's work was more expressive of the times in which it was created than the artist's sexuality.

Residences
In 1915, J. C., his brother Frank and sister Augusta Mary relocated from New York City to a newly built home and art studio in New Rochelle, New York, an art colony and suburb of New York City. Sometime after 1918, Charles Beach also moved into the New Rochelle home.

Leyendecker and Beach reportedly hosted large galas attended by people of consequence from all sectors. The parties they hosted at their New Rochelle home/studio were important social and celebrity making events.

While Beach often organized the famous gala-like social gatherings that Leyendecker was known for in the 1920s, he reportedly (by Norman Rockwell) also contributed largely to Leyendecker's social isolation in his later years. Beach reportedly forbade outside contact with the artist in the last months of his life.

Due to his professional success, Leyendecker enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle with large home, domestic servants, and chauffeured car. However, when commissions began to wane during the Great Depression, he was forced to curtail spending considerably. By the time of his death, Leyendecker had let all of the household staff at his New Rochelle estate go. He and Beach tried to maintain their home themselves.

Death, burial, disposition of estate
Leyendecker died on July 25, 1951, of an acute coronary occlusion at his home in New Rochelle. He was buried alongside his parents and brother Frank at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

Leyendecker's will directed his estate—house, furnishings, paintings, etc.—be divided equally between his sister Augusta Mary and Charles Beach. Though Leyendecker directed Beach to burn his drawings upon his death, Beach instead sold many of his drawings and paintings at a lawn sale.

Other Leyendecker works were sold through New York's Society of Illustrators or given to the New York Public Library and Metropolitan Museum of Art. Sister Augusta Mary Leyendecker retained many of J. C. Leyendecker's paintings for Kellogg's cereals, and donated them along with other family ephemera upon her death to the Haggin Museum.

Notable clients

 * Amoco
 * Boy Scouts of America
 * The Century Company
 * Chesterfield Cigarettes
 * Cluett, Peabody & Company
 * Collier's Weekly
 * Cooper Underwear
 * Cream of Wheat
 * Curtis Publishing Company
 * Franklin Automobile
 * Hart Schaffner & Marx
 * Howard Watch
 * Ivory Soap
 * Karo Corn Syrup
 * Kellogg Company
 * Kuppenheimer
 * Overland Automobile
 * Palmolive Soap
 * Pierce Arrow Automobile
 * Procter & Gamble
 * The Timken Company
 * Saturday Evening Post
 * U.S. Army
 * U.S. Marines
 * U.S. Navy
 * Willys-Overland Company

Museum holdings
Examples of Leyendecker's original artwork can be found in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City), Norman Rockwell Museum (Stockbridge, MA), Haggin Museum (Stockton, CA), National Museum of American Illustration (Newport, RI), Lucas Museum of Narrative Art (Los Angeles, CA), and Pritzker Military Museum & Library in Chicago, IL. Significant collections of his work as reproduced can be found in many major archives and library collections including the Hagley Museum and Library (Wilmington, DE), Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library (Wilmington, DE), New York Public Library (New York, NY), and the D. B. Dowd Modern Graphic History Library Archives at Washington University in St. Louis (St. Louis, MO).

Legacy
As the premier cover illustrator for the enormously popular Saturday Evening Post for much of the first half of the 20th century, Leyendecker's work both reflected and helped mold many of the visual aspects of the era's culture in America. The mainstream image of Santa Claus as a jolly fat man in a red fur-trimmed coat was popularized by Leyendecker, as was the image of the New Year Baby. The tradition of giving flowers as a gift on Mother's Day was started by Leyendecker's May 30, 1914 Saturday Evening Post cover depicting a young bellhop carrying hyacinths. It was created as a commemoration of President Woodrow Wilson's declaration of Mother's Day as an official holiday that year.

Leyendecker was a chief influence upon, and friend of, Norman Rockwell, who was a pallbearer at Leyendecker's funeral. In particular, the early work of Norman Rockwell for the Saturday Evening Post bears a strong superficial resemblance to that of Leyendecker. While today it is generally accepted that Norman Rockwell established the best-known visual images of Americana, in many cases they are derivative of Leyendecker's work, or reinterpretations of visual themes established by Rockwell's idol.

The visual style of Leyendecker's art inspired the graphics in The Dagger of Amon Ra, a video game, as well as designs in Team Fortress 2, a first-person shooter for the PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3.

Leyendecker's work inspired George Lucas and will be part of the collection of the anticipated Lucas Museum of Narrative Art.

Leyendecker's Beat-up Boy, Football Hero, which appeared on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post on November 21, 1914, sold for $4.12 million on May 7, 2021. The previous world record for a J. C. Leyendecker original was set in December 2020, when Sotheby's sold his 1930 work Carousel Ride for $516,100.

Costume designer Carol Cutshall used Leyendecker's illustrations as inspiration for the costumes created for Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire on AMC, a 2022 television series adaptation of the 1976 novel by American author Anne Rice. Of the clothing designed specifically for the male characters Louis de Pointe du Lac and Lestat de Lioncourt, Cutshall said, in part, "And the whole first two episodes, their style sense in many ways is a love letter to Leyendecker. Some things are just perfectly pulled from – like their formalwear, their tuxedos that they wear to the opera in 1917, and the black pinstripe suit with the green tie and the white boutonniere that Lestat wears to the du Lac family home for dinner – those are from a Leyendecker illustration." Cutshall also referenced Louis and Lestat's clothing being created from Leyendecker's illustrations as a way to draw a parallel between Louis and Lestat, who were shown in the series as having to keep their romantic relationship hidden from the public in the 1910s and 1920s, and Leyendecker and his life partner, Charles Beach.

Films and plays
In Love with the Arrow Collar Man, a play written by Lance Ringel and directed by Chuck Muckle at Theatre 80 St. Marks from November to December 2017, dramatizes the life of Leyendecker and his life partner Charles Beach.

Coded, a 2021 film documentary, tells the story of Leyendecker and premiered at the TriBeCa Film Festival in 2021.

title: J. C. Leyendecker


text: Category:Forts in Wyoming

title: Category:Forts in Wyoming


text:
Alexei Sayle's Stuff

Alexei Sayle's Stuff is a British television comedy sketch show which ran on BBC2 for a total of 18 episodes over 3 series from 1988 to 1991.

Cast
Alexei Sayle's Stuff stars stand-up comedian Alexei Sayle, with a recurring cast including Angus Deayton, Mark Williams, Arabella Weir, Tony Millan, Jan Ravens, Owen Brenman, Harriet Thorpe, Felicity Montagu and Morwenna Banks.

Synopsis
Sketches are interspersed with Sayle's trademark angry stand-up monologues, delivered from increasingly odd locations. Sayle is seen traversing the country on a moped in a vague attempt to catalogue and comprehend all the "stuff" about him. The style of humour is often highly surreal and blunt. The bulk of the content was written by Sayle himself, with Andrew Marshall and David Renwick. Additional material was contributed by longtime collaborator David Stafford and comedian and promoter Huw David Thomas. Although Sayle's humour in the programme covers many bases, politics is always a favourite target: "Recently I had to get married, 'cos I got my girlfriend into trouble – got her involved in the civil war in Angola." Various episodes also feature sketches based around BBC2 presentation, including satirical continuity announcers and faux trailers.

At the beginning of series 2, in a sequence spoofing the creation of Disney's Mickey Mouse, a sketch reveals that Alexei Sayle is in fact a cartoon character. Viewers are shown a short extract from Sayle's very first animated appearance from fifty years previously, named "Steamboat Fatty" (spoofing Steamboat Willie, the first Mickey Mouse cartoon), as well as Mouseketeer-esque children dancing around wearing bald wigs. An edited version of this sketch became the title sequence for series 2.

Series 1's titles feature a handsome young man arriving at BBC Television Centre to the accompaniment of Dion's hit The Wanderer, with prosthetic make-up and padding being applied to change his appearance to that of Alexei Sayle, followed by a BBC receptionist uttering the phrase "Who is that fat bastard?" which was to become the show's catch-phrase. Series 3's title sequence is a pastiche of Zorro, the theme song being sung mariachi style ("This fat renegade / Carves a 'B' with his blade / A 'B' that stands for 'Bastard'.")

One episode in series 2 begins with a lengthy cold open of an initially straight scene from Juliet Bravo featuring actress Anna Carteret. Viewers are fooled into believing that the first few minutes of the programme are a Juliet Bravo episode, the illusion being broken only when one of her male colleagues appears not to "know what a woman is". Similar blending and bending of the boundaries of TV formats continues throughout the series.

Memorable sketches

 * Social Workers – the first sketch, per se, of the series. Description of various atrocities from history, Vlad the Impaler, Herod's Massacre of the Innocents etc. followed by interrogative journalism of English Nanny state social workers as to why they failed to take action on these events.
 * Beauty Miss – personal beauty products, as used by George Bernard Shaw and Berthold Brecht
 * Oscar Wilde's "The Noble Art of Verbal Abuse" – for protection against Millwall fans
 * An interview with "Sir Freddy Krueger," new head of the English National Opera
 * Joan Alone – Joan of Arc plugging her autobiography, record, etc., during interrogation
 * Unemployment and Teletext – twin scourges of the 1990s
 * Issues – A treatise on Islamic politics with waitresses Samantha, Tina, and Babs
 * Hooray for British Films – a satirical attack on the then dire state of the British film industry
 * A brigade of cowardly firemen who each suffer crippling phobias, such as Claustrophobia and Pyrophobia, that undermines their roles as firemen by preventing them from tackling a house fire – much to the house owner's frustration.
 * International Olympic Committee looking round a council house in London with a view to staging the games inside it
 * A drinks party with Triffids
 * Firemen get dainty new uniforms and prance around like fashion models while out on the job
 * Santa Claus : Polar Czar – World at War-style expose of Father Christmas as murderous dictator.
 * Investigative journalists try to get an impromptu interview with God (Sayle) after hearing from various people who have each suffered comical misfortunes. God is portrayed as a reclusive man who 'moves in mysterious ways' by flailing around ridiculously as he walks.
 * A Few Moments With Lord William Rees-Mogg – in episode 2 of series 3, on seven occasions throughout the show a photograph of Rees-Mogg was displayed on screen while Herb Alpert's The Swinger from Seville (burlesque-style music with an audience clearly audible in the background) was played over the top. After the first time it was shown, the BBC2 voiceover (Angus Deayton) apologised and assured the viewers at home that it would not happen again. It was then immediately brought back to the screen.
 * A man who was decapitated and had to have an artificial head attached, in a documentary called "Man or Chess Piece?".
 * Word Association – A music video for Sayle's eponymous 1985 song in which a game of word association gradually reveals his dirty mind to an attractive psychiatrist against his will. Despite initially being horrified and confused by Sayle's words, the psychiatrist ultimately falls in love with him.
 * A spoof news broadcast detailing how Margaret Thatcher uses the TARDIS from Doctor Who to go back in time and visit a Black Plague clinic, then goes forward to visit an NHS hospital in the future, which looks exactly the same. She is quoted as saying that people should stop worrying about the Daleks exterminating people and instead focus on the opportunities they bring to the electronics industry.
 * Most episodes in Series 3 feature the recurring character "Monsieur Aubergine", a mime artist who is part Mr. Bean and part Marcel Marceau.

Home media releases
Three complete episodes were included in separate editions of BBC Video World, a fortnightly subscription-only service – primarily for expatriates – that delivered a three-hour selection of BBC programming on video tape:

 * Vol. 1 No. 11 (Aug 1989) = Series 1, episode 2
 * Vol. 1 No. 16 (Nov 1989) = Series 1, episode 6
 * Vol. 1 No. 18 (Dec 1989) = Series 2, episode 2

A VHS video entitled The Best of Alexei Sayle's Stuff was released by the BBC in 1990 featuring selected clips from the first two series.

Series 1 was released on Region 2 DVD by 2entertain in 2005. Series 2 and Series 3 were both released on Region-2 DVDs by the same firm in 2006. Each release was a single-disc edition containing the complete series, and no extra content. Only Series 2 was released on Region 4 DVD. As is common practice, certain sketches were omitted or truncated on the DVD releases, likely due to music licensing rights, or copyright issues. This included the removal of all of the linked "Michelin Film Awards" sketches from Series 2#2, which were complete on the BBC Video World release.

Legacy
Alexei Sayle's Stuff was a critical success and a prelude to his 1994 series The All New Alexei Sayle Show, which was broadly similar in content and was likewise followed by Alexei Sayle's Merry-Go-Round in 1998.

title: Alexei Sayle's Stuff


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title: Category:Forts in California


text:
Rick Zieff

Rick Zieff (born November 1, 1961) is an American actor and voice-over coach.

Career
His career in voice-overs dates back to the mid-1980s. He has also appeared in such films as Mississippi Burning, Nick of Time and Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines. He has also done the voice of Shusuke Amagai in season 9 of Bleach as well as Simon in Steamboy.

He voiced Mr. Nosey (or Mr. Nosy) and Mr. Nervous in the American dub of The Mr. Men Show and Rocket Cat in the American dub of Poppy Cat credit under the pseudonym Danny Katiana.

As of 2014, he voiced Spike the Dog on Warner Bros. Animation's The Tom and Jerry Show.

In 2019, Zieff voice directed the pilot episode of Helluva Boss with Vivienne "VivziePop" Medrano, in conjunction with Horseless Cowboy.

In 2021, Zieff provided the voice of Lynn Loud Sr.'s father Leonard "Gramps" Loud in The Loud House.

Personal life
Zieff teaches a voice course in Los Angeles.

title: Rick Zieff


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University of Lviv

The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка) is a public university in Lviv, Ukraine.

The university is the oldest institution of higher learning in continuous operation in present-day Ukraine, dating from 1661 when John II Casimir, King of Poland, granted it its first royal charter. Over the centuries, it has undergone various transformations, suspensions, and name changes that have reflected the geopolitical complexities of this part of Europe. The present institution can be dated to 1940. It is located in the historic city of Lviv in Lviv Oblast of Western Ukraine.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The university was founded on 20 January 1661, when King John II Casimir in Polish Jan II Kazimierz Waza of Poland granted a charter to the city's Jesuit Collegium, founded in 1608, giving it "the honor of an academy and the title of a university". In 1589, the Jesuits had tried to found a university earlier, but did not succeed. Establishing another seat of learning in the Kingdom of Poland was seen as a threat by the authorities of Kraków's Jagiellonian University, which did not want a rival and stymied the Jesuits' plans for the following years.

According to the Treaty of Hadiach (1658), an Orthodox Ruthenian academy was to be created in Kyiv and another one in an unspecified location. The Jesuits suspected that it would be established in Lwów/Lviv on the foundations of the Orthodox Brotherhood's school, and used this as a pretext for obtaining a royal mandate that elevated their college to the status of an academy (no city could have two academies). King John II Casimir was a supporter of the Jesuits and his stance was crucial. The original royal charter was subsequently confirmed by another decree issued in Częstochowa on 5 February 1661.

In 1758, King Augustus III issued a decree, which described the Collegium as an academy, equal in fact status to the Jagiellonian University, with two faculties, those of Theology and Philosophy.

Austrian rule
In 1772, the city of Lwów was annexed by Austria (see: Partitions of Poland). Its German name was Lemberg and hence that of the university. In 1773 the Suppression of the Society of Jesus by Rome (Dominus ac Redemptor) was soon followed by the partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which meant that the university was excluded from the Commission of National Education reform. It was renamed Theresianum by the Austrians, i.e. a State Academy. On 21 October 1784, the Austrian Emperor Joseph II signed an act of foundation of a secular university. He began to Germanise the institution by bringing German-speaking professors from various parts of the empire. The university now had four faculties. To theology and philosophy were added those of law and medicine. Latin was the official language of the university, with Polish and German as auxiliary. Literary Slaveno-Rusyn (Ruthenian/Ukrainian) of the period had been used in the Studium Ruthenium (1787–1809), a special institute of the university for educating candidates for the Uniate (Greek-Catholic) priesthood.

In 1805, the university was closed, as Austria, then involved in the Napoleonic wars, did not have sufficient funds to support it. Instead, it operated as a high school. The university was reopened in 1817. Officially Vienna described it as an "act of mercy", but the actual reasons were different. The Austrian government was aware of the pro-Polish stance of the Russian Emperor Alexander I and the Austrians wanted to challenge it. However, the quality of the university 's education was not considered high. Latin was replaced by German and most professors were regarded as mediocre. The few good ones regarded their stay in Lemberg as a springboard to other centres.

In 1848, when the pan-European revolution reached Lemberg (see: Revolutions of 1848), students of the university created two organizations: "The Academic Legion" and "the Academic Committee" both of which demanded that the university be Polonized. The government in Vienna answered with force, and on 2 November 1848, the centre of the city was shelled by the troops led by General Hammerstein striking the buildings of the university, especially its library. A curfew was called and the university was temporarily closed. Major demand for Ukrainians was the education of teachers and promotion of Ukrainian culture through Ukrainian courses at the university and to this end, a committee for the Defense of Ukrainian Education was created.

It was reopened in January 1850, with only limited autonomy. After a few years the Austrians relented and on 4 July 1871 Vienna declared Polish and Ruthenian (Ukrainian) as the official languages at the university. Eight years later this was changed. The Austrian authorities declared Polish as the main teaching medium with Ruthenian and German as auxiliary. Examinations in the two latter languages were possible as long as the professors used them. This move created unrest among the Ruthenians (Ukrainians), who were demanding equal rights. In 1908, a Ruthenian student of the philosophy faculty, Miroslaw Siczynski, had assassinated the Polish governor of Galicia, Andrzej Kazimierz Potocki.

Meanwhile, the University of Lemberg thrived, being one of two Polish language universities in Galicia, the other one was the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Its professors were famous across Europe, with such renowned names as Wladyslaw Abraham, Oswald Balzer, Szymon Askenazy, Stanislaw Zakrzewski, Zygmunt Janiszewski, Kazimierz Twardowski, Benedykt Dybowski, Marian Smoluchowski and Ludwik Rydygier.

In the 1870s, Ivan Franko studied at Lemberg University. He entered world history as a well-known Ukrainian scholar, public figure, writer, and translator. In 1894, the newly founded Chair of World History and the History of Eastern Europe was headed by Professor Mykhailo Hrushevskyi (1866–1934), an outstanding scholar of Ukrainian History, founder of the Ukrainian Historical School, and author of the ten-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'", hundreds of works on History, History of Literature, Historiography, and Source Studies. In 1904, a special summer course in Ukrainian studies was organized in Lviv, primarily for Eastern Ukrainian students.

The number of students grew from 1,732 in 1897 to 3,582 in 1906. Poles made up around 75% of the students, Ukrainians 20%, other nationalities 5%. In mid-December 1910, Ukrainian women students at Lviv University established a Student Union's women's branch, their twenty members meeting regularly to discuss current affairs. In July 1912, they met with their Jewish counterpart branch to discuss the representation of women in the student body of the university.

Second Polish Republic

During the Interbellum period, the region was part of the Second Polish Republic and the university was known as "Jan Kazimierz University" (Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza), in honor of its founder, King John II Casimir Vasa. The decision to name the school after the king was taken by the government of Poland on 22 November 1919.

In 1920, the university was rehoused by the Polish government in the building formerly used by the Sejm of the Land, which has since been the university's main location. Its first rector during the Second Polish Republic was the famous poet, Jan Kasprowicz.

Lwów was the second most important academic center in inter-war Poland. The Jan Kazimierz University was the third biggest university in the country after the University of Warsaw and the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. It was one of the most influential scholarly institutions of the Second Polish Republic, notable for its schools of mathematics (Stefan Banach, Hugo Steinhaus), logics (Kazimierz Twardowski), history and law (Oswald Balzer), anthropology (Jan Czekanowski), and geography (Eugeniusz Romer).

The university's library acquired, among others, the collection of Witold Kazimierz Czartoryski and 1,300 old Polish books from the 16th and 17th century, previously belonging to Józef Koziebrodzki. By September 1939, it expanded to 420,000 volumes, including 1,300 manuscripts, 3,000 diplomas and incunables, and possessed 14,000 numismatic items.

In 1924 the Philosophy Faculty was divided into Humanities and Mathematics and Biology Departments, thus there were now five faculties. In the 1934/35 academic year, the breakdown of the student body was as follows:
 * Theology – 222 students
 * Law – 2,978 students
 * Medicine – 638 students (together with the Pharmaceutical Section, which had 263 students)
 * Humanities – 892 students
 * Mathematics and Biology – 870 students

Altogether, during the academic year 1934/35, there were 5900 students at the university, consisting by religious observance of:
 * 3793 Roman Catholics (64.3%)
 * 1211 Jews (20.5%)
 * 739 Ukrainian Greek-Catholics (12.5%)
 * 72 Orthodox (1.2%)
 * 67 Protestants (1.1%)

Ukrainian professors were required to take a formal oath of allegiance to Poland; most of them refused and left the university in the early 1920s. The principle of "Numerus clausus" had been introduced after which Ukrainian applicants were discriminated against – Ukrainian applications were capped at 15% of the intake, whereas Poles enjoyed a 50% quota at the time.

World War II
After the German invasion of Poland and the accompanying Soviet invasion in September 1939, the Soviet administration permitted classes to continue. Initially, the school worked in the pre-war Polish system. On 18 October, however, the Polish rector, Professor Roman Longchamps de Bérier, was dismissed and replaced by Mykhailo Marchenko, a Ukrainian historian transferred from the Institute of Ukrainian History in Kyiv, grandfather of Ukrainian journalist and dissident Valeriy Marchenko. His role was to Ukrainize and Sovietize the university. At the beginning of January 1940, the official name of the university was changed to Ivan Franko Lviv State University. Ukrainian was introduced as the language of instruction. Polish professors and administrative assistants were increasingly fired and replaced by cadres specializing in Marxism, Leninism, political economics, as well as Ukrainian and Soviet literature, history, and geography. This was accompanied by the closure of departments seen as related to religion, free-market economics, capitalism, or the West in general. All academics specializing in Polish geography, literature, and history were dismissed. Marchenko was released from his post in Spring 1940 and arrested in June 1941. From 1939 to 1941, the Soviets killed 17 and imprisoned 37 academics from the University of Jan Kazimierz.

After Lviv was occupied by the Nazi Germany in June 1941, the Germans closed the University of Ivan Franko and killed over 20 Polish professors (as well as members of their households and guests, increasing the total number of victims to above forty). The victims included lecturers from the University of Lviv and other local academic institutions. Among the killed was the last rector of the University of Jan Kazimierz, Roman Longchamps de Berier, his three sons, and the former Polish prime minister and a polytechnic professor, Kazimierz Bartel. The underground University of Jan Kazimierz was established in Autumn 1941.

In the summer of 1944, the advancing Red Army, assisted by the Polish Home Army forces (locally implementing Operation Tempest), pushed the Wehrmacht out of Lviv. and the university reopened. Due to post-war border changes, the Polish population of the city was expelled and most of Polish academics from the University of Jan Kazimierz relocated to Wrocław (former Breslau), where they filled positions in the newly established Polish institutions of higher learning. The buildings of the university had survived the war undestroyed, however, 80% of its pre-war student and academic body was gone. The traditions of Jan Kazimierz University have been duplicated at the University of Wrocław, which replaced the pre-war University of Breslau after the German inhabitants of that city had been expelled following Stalin's establishing Germany's eastern border farther to the west.

Ukrainian SSR
In 1964, a monument dedicated to Ivan Franko was built in front of the university.

Independent Ukraine
The proclamation of the independence of Ukraine in 1991 brought about radical changes in every sphere of university life. Professor, Doctor Ivan Vakarchuk, a renowned scholar in the field of theoretical physics, was rector of the university from 1990 to 2013. Meeting the requirements arising in recent years new faculties and departments have been set up: the Faculty of International Relations and the Faculty of Philosophy (1992), the Faculty of Pre-Entrance University Preparation (1997), the Chair of Translation Studies and Comparative Linguistics (1998). Since 1997 the following new units have come into existence within the teaching and research framework of the university: the Law College, The Humanities Centre, The Institute of Literature Studies, The Italian Language and Culture Resource Centre. The teaching staff of the university has increased amounting to 981, with scholarly degrees awarded to over two-thirds of the entire teaching staff. There are over one hundred laboratories and working units as well as the Computing Centre functioning here. The Zoological, Geological, Mineralogical Museums together with those of Numismatics, Sphragistics, and Archeology are stimulating the interests of students.

Faculties

 * Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Informatics
 * Faculty of International Relations
 * Faculty of Biology
 * Faculty of Journalism
 * Faculty of Chemistry
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Economics
 * Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics
 * Faculty of Electronics
 * Faculty of Philology
 * Faculty of Foreign Languages
 * Faculty of Philosophy
 * Faculty of Geography
 * Faculty of Physics
 * Faculty of Geology
 * Faculty of Preuniversity Training
 * Faculty of History
 * Department of Pedagogy
 * Department of Law

Research divisions and facilities

 * Scientific Research Department
 * Zoological museum
 * University Library
 * Journal of Physical Studies
 * The Institute of Archaeology
 * Ukrainian journal of computational linguistics
 * Media Ecology Institute
 * Modern Ukraine
 * Institute for Historical Research
 * Regional Agency for Sustainable Development
 * Botanical Garden
 * NATO Winter Academy in Lviv
 * Scientific technical & educational center of low temperature studies

University management

 * Rector Volodymyr Melnyk, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine;
 * First Vice-Rector Andriy Gukalyuk, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor;
 * Vice-Rector for Research Roman Hladyshevsky, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor;
 * Vice-rector for scientific and pedagogical work and social issues and development Volodymyr Kachmar, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor;
 * Vice-rector for scientific and pedagogical work and informatization Vitaliy Kukharsky, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor;
 * Vice-rector for administrative and economic work Vasyl Kurlyak, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor.

International cooperation
During 2016–2017, the university signed 15 cooperation agreements and two double degree agreements, two agreements were extended. In total, 147 agreements have been signed with higher education institutions from 38 countries.

The university is involved in signing the Magna Charta Universitatum. In 2000, the university became a co-founder of the European College of Polish and Ukrainian Universities (Lublin, Poland). Agreements with Alecu Russo State University of Bălți (Bălți, Moldova) and the Krakow Pedagogical Academy (Poland) have been extended.

Students of the faculty of Geography, History and the faculty of International Relations undergo internships in Poland, Germany, Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Employees of the faculty of Mechanics, Mathematics, Philology, Chemistry, Faculty of International Relations and Applied Mathematics and Informatics worked in higher education institutions in Poland, Colombia, France, Switzerland, and Austria on a contract basis. Many graduates continue their studies in higher education institutions in the United States, Poland, Germany, Austria, Britain, and France. In 2016, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv held 5 international summer schools.

In 2016, active international cooperation was established with foreign partners. The university has conducted bilateral research with the University of Vienna (Austria), Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), the US Civilian Research and Development Foundation, and the Hiroshima Institute of Technology (Japan), funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.

In recent years, researchers at the university have been conducting experiments funded by international organizations, including the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (Germany), Harvard Medical School (USA), Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (USA), and the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Alberta, International Center for Diffraction Data (USA), Andrew W. Mellon Foundation (USA), Trust Educational Foundation for Tree Research (USA), ''Material. Phases. Data. System'' company (Switzerland).

An agreement has been signed with CrossRef, which allows the DOI to be assigned to university publications. The university, with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, has a national contact point of the EU Framework Program "Horizon 2020" in the thematic areas "Future and latest technologies" and "Inclusive, innovative and smart society".

Notable alumni

 * Roman Aftanazy (1914–2004), historian of culture, librarian, heritage rescuer
 * Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890–1963), philosopher, mathematician and logician, a pioneer of categorial grammar
 * Marta Barandii (b. 1984), Ukrainian member activist and lawyer
 * Piotr Ignacy Bieńkowski (1865–1925), classical scholar and archaeologist, professor of the Jagiellonian University
 * Julia Brystiger (1902–1975), political militant, member of the security apparatus of the Polish People's Republic
 * Józef Białynia Chołodecki (1852–1934), historian of Lviv.
 * Marianna Dushar (b. 1974), anthropologist and food writer.
 * Ivan Franko (1856–1916), poet and linguist, reformer of the Ukrainian language
 * Ludwik Fleck (1896–1961), medical doctor and biologist who developed in the 1930s the concept of thought collectives
 * Stanisław Głąbiński (1862–1941) politician, professor and rector (1908–1909) of the university, lawyer and writer
 * Georgiy R. Gongadze (1969–2000), Georgian and Ukrainian journalist
 * Ludwik Hass (1918-2008), Polish historian and Trotskyist dissident
 * Mark Kac (1914–1984), mathematician, pioneer of modern probability theory
 * Wiktor Kemula (1902–1985), chemist
 * Yevhen Konovalets (1891–1938) leader of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists between 1929 and 1938
 * Ihor Kobrin (1951–2023), film director
 * Emil Korytko (1813–1839), Polish philologist and ethnologist who worked in the Slovene Lands
 * Stanisław Kot (1885–1975), scientist and politician, member of the Polish Government in Exile
 * Tadeusz Kotarbiński (1881–1981), philosopher, mathematician, logician
 * Hersch Lauterpacht (1897–1960), lawyer and Developer of the legal concept of "Crimes Against Humanity" in the Nuremberg Trials and writer of "An International Bill of the Rights of Man"
 * Pinhas Lavon (1904–1976), Israeli politician
 * Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959), lawyer who introduced the term "genocide", an author of the United Nations' Convention on Genocide
 * Mariya Lyudkevych (b. 1948), writer and poet
 * Antoni Łomnicki (1881–1941), mathematician
 * Jan Łukasiewicz (1878–1956), mathematician
 * Stanisław Maczek (1892–1994), commander of the First Polish Armoured Division, the last Commander of the First Polish Army Corps under Allied Command
 * Kazimierz Michałowski (1901–1981), archeologist and Egyptologist
 * Semyon Mogilevich (1946–), economist and mafia boss
 * Bohdan Ihor Antonych (1909–1937), prominent Ukrainian writer
 * Jan Parandowski (1895–1978), writer, essayist, and translator, expert on classical antiquity
 * Stepan Popel (1909–1987), Ukrainian chess player and linguist
 * Maciej Rataj (1884–1940), Polish politician, acting president
 * Jaroslav Rudnyckyj (1910–1995), Ukrainian Canadian linguist, lexicographer, folklorist
 * Ivan L. Rudnytsky (1919–1984), Canadian historian of Ukraine, political scientist, Public intellectual
 * Leon Reich (1879–1929), lawyer and member of the Sejm of Poland
 * Józef Schreier (1909–1943), mathematician
 * Bruno Schulz (1892–1942), novelist and painter
 * Markiyan Shashkevych (1811–1843), Ukrainian poet
 * Zoia Skoropadenko (1978–), Ukrainian artist
 * Josyf Slipyj (1892–1984), head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
 * Louis B. Sohn (1914–2006), international law scholar and advisor, helped create the International Court of Justice, advisor to United States State Department, chaired professor at Harvard University and University of Georgia law schools in the United States
 * Leonid Stein (1934–1973), grandmaster and Soviet Chess Champion
 * Hugo Steinhaus (1887–1982), mathematician, educator, and humanist
 * Julian Stryjkowski (1905–1996), Polish-Jewish journalist and writer
 * Irena Turkevycz-Martynec (1899–1983), Ukrainian Opera Soprano
 * Stefania Turkewich (1898–1977), Ukrainian composer, pianist, and musicologist
 * Stanislaw Ulam (1909–1984) He participated in the Manhattan Project, originated the Teller–Ulam design of thermonuclear weapons, discovered the concept of the cellular automaton, invented the Monte Carlo method of computation, and suggested nuclear pulse propulsion.
 * Yuri Velykanovych (1910–1938), journalist, volunteer of the International Brigades
 * Aizik Isaakovich Vol'pert (1923–2006), mathematician and chemical engineer
 * Rudolf Weigl (1883–1957), biologist and inventor of the first effective vaccine for epidemic typhus
 * Władysław Witwicki (1878–1948), psychologist, philosopher, translator and artist
 * Liubomyr Zubach (b. 1978), Ukrainian politician

Notable professors

 * Henryk Arctowski (1871–1958) - oceanographer, Antarctica explorer
 * Szymon Askenazy (1866–1935) - historian, diplomat and politician, founder of the Lwów-Warsaw School of History
 * Herman Auerbach (1901–1942) - mathematician
 * Stefan Banach (1892–1945) - mathematician, one of the moving spirits of the Lwów School of Mathematics, father of functional analysis
 * Oswald Balzer (1858–1933) - historian of law and statehood
 * St. Józef Bilczewski (1860–1923) - archbishop of the city of Lwów of the Latins
 * Franciszek Bujak (1921–1941) - historian
 * Leon Chwistek (1884–1944) - Avant-garde painter, theoretician of modern art, literary critic, logician, philosopher and mathematician
 * Antoni Cieszyński (1882–1941) - physician, dentist and surgeon
 * Matija Čop (1797–1835) - Slovene philologist and literary theorist
 * Jan Czekanowski (1882–1965) - anthropologist, statistician and linguist
 * Władysław Dobrzaniecki (1897–1941) - physician and surgeon
 * Stanisław Głąbiński (1862–1941) - politician, rector (1908–1909), lawyer and writer
 * Yakiv Holovatsky (1814–1888) - poet
 * Mykhailo Hrushevsky (1866–1934) - historian, organizer of scholarship, leader of the pre-revolution Ukrainian national movement, head of Ukraine's parliament, first president of Ukraine, who wrote an academic book titled: "Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV-XVIII" about the history of Bar, Ukraine.
 * Stefan Inglot (1902–1994) - historian.
 * Zygmunt Janiszewski (1888–1920), mathematician,
 * Antoni Kalina (1846–1905) - ethnographer and ethnologist.
 * Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801) - writer and poet, senator, Bishop of Warmia and Archbishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland
 * Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895–1978) - linguist
 * Karolina Lanckorońska (1898–2002) - historian and art historian, Polish World War II resistance fighter
 * Jan Łukasiewicz (1878–1956) - logician and philosopher
 * Ignác Martinovics (1755–1795) - physicist, Franciscan, Hungarian revolutionary
 * Stanisław Mazur (1905–1981) - mathematician
 * Jakub Karol Parnas (1884–1949) - (Russian: Яков Оскарович Парнас or Yakov Oskarovich Parnas). A Jewish-Polish–Soviet biochemist author of notable studies on carbohydrates metabolism in mammals. Glycolysis, a major metabolic mechanism, is universally named Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway after him.
 * Eugeniusz Romer (1871–1954) - cartographer
 * Eugeniusz Rybka (1898–1988) - astronomer, deputy director of the International Astronomical Union,
 * Stanisław Ruziewicz (1881–1941) - mathematician
 * Wacław Sierpiński (1882–1969) - mathematician, known for contributions to set theory, number theory, theory of functions and topology
 * Marian Smoluchowski (1872–1917) - scientist, pioneer of statistical physics, creator the basis of the theory of stochastic processes, mountaineer
 * Hugo Steinhaus (1887–1972), mathematician
 * Szczepan Szczeniowski (1898-1979) - physicist, author of numerous papers on cosmic rays,
 * Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938), philosopher and logician, head of the Lwów-Warsaw School of Logic
 * Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński (1874–1941) - gynecologist, writer, poet, art critic, translator of French literary classics and journalist
 * Rudolf Weigl (1883-1957) - biologist, epidemiologist
 * Aleksander Zawadzki (1798-1868) - naturalist
 * Viktor Pynzenyk (born 1954) - economist and politician

Other

 * Włodzimierz Dzieduszycki (1825–1899), landowner, naturalist, political activist, collector and patron of arts
 * Stanisław Lem (1921–2006), satirical, philosophical, and science fiction writer
 * Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860–1941) virtuoso pianist, composer, diplomat and politician, the third Prime Minister of Poland
 * János Bolyai (1802–1860) The founder of noneuclidean (absolute) geometry. The highest figure of Hungarian mathematics worked at the University of Lviv from 1831 to 1832.

Literature

 * Academia Militans. Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie, red. Adam Redzik, Kraków 2015, ss. 1302.
 * Ludwik Finkel, Starzyński Stanisław, Historya Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego, Lwów 1894.
 * Franciszek Jaworski, Uniwersytet Lwowski. Wspomnienie jubileuszowe, Lwów 1912.
 * Adam Redzik, Wydział Prawa Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego w latach 1939–1946, Lublin 2006
 * Adam Redzik, Prawo prywatne na Uniwersytecie Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie, Warszawa 2009.
 * Józef Wołczański, Wydział Teologiczny Uniwersytetu Jana Kazimierza 1918–1939, Kraków 2000.
 * Universitati Leopoliensi, Trecentesimum Quinquagesimum Anniversarium Suae Fundationis Celebranti. In Memoriam. Praca zbiorowa. Polska Akademia Umiejętności, Kraków 2011, ISBN 978-83-7676-084-1

title: University of Lviv


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Fahad Al-Bishi

Fahad bin Al-Harifi bin Fahad Al-Husseini Al-Bishi (فهد بن الهريفي بن فهد الحسيني البيشي; born 10 September 1965) is a former Saudi footballer who played for Al-Nassr FC and the Saudi Arabia national team. He represented his country at the 1994 FIFA World Cup.

Early career
When he was young kid, Fahad played from Al-Nak'el Club, he moved to Al-Nassr was a small player in the Age 16 years old. Paulo César Carpegiani the coach gave him to chance to play in 1984 to prove his presence with the team.

Al-Nassr
First official goal scored by a player the team had before the agreement the Saudi city of Dammam, where he scored one of the goals of four Saudi victory in a match which ended outcome 4–1 on 29 August 1984.

Register for a team victory (74) goal is relatively low due to his participation with the team victory for three years, where he made the Union Saudi request to retire from football after a dispute with management victory. And have been approved for retirement and when he decided to return to his team rejected the Saudi and especially a member of the Saudi Federation (Saleh bin Nasser), but after three years of retirement speech. Although this article applies to the player who wants to return for another team is his team. As his team return to it whenever he wants. No longer to post victory, but after three years.

International career
Such as the Saudi team for youth in 1985 and participated in the AFC Youth Championship, which was held in the UAE participated in the World Youth Cup in Moscow In 1986 joined the team first and announced his retirement from international partnerships in 1994 after participating actively in the World Cup in America.

He participated in many local tournaments and international and achieved with club and country many tournaments and achievements have won with the team championship 1988 AFC Asian Cup in Qatar and was the owner of the winning goal against team China as well as the owner penalty-kick shootout last in the final match against South Korean which the continental trophy to Saudi Arabia for the second time in a row, the solution with the team in the Asian after the Japanese team in the 1992 AFC Asian Cup in Japan, which won the Golden Boot-winning scorer in Asia that tournament, also achieved runner-up with the team in the FIFA Confederations Cup first in 1992 after lost to Argentina in final, but his first goal in the history of the tournament in the Confederations Cup against United States, solving with the team and in the summer at the Asian Games in 1987 in Korea after Korean team, and participated in the 1994 FIFA World Cup in America and lost in 16 round.

The record for the national team (24) official goals.

Honours
Al-Nassr
 * Saudi Premier League: 1989, 1994, 1995
 * Saudi King's Cup: 1986, 1987, 1990
 * Saudi Federation Cup: 1998
 * Asian Cup Winners Cup: 1998
 * Asian Super Cup: 1998
 * Gulf Club Champions Cup: 1996, 1997

Saudi Arabia
 * AFC Asian Cup: 1988; runner-up 1992

Individual
 * Asian Cup top scorer in 1992: 3 goals
 * Second best Asian player: 1993
 * Best Arab countries player: 1988
 * First Arabian player to get Adidas Golden Boot
 * First player to score in the 1992 King Fahd Cup, Saudi Arabia 3–0 USA
 * First Asian and Arabian player to score in the FIFA Club World Cup in 1999 (in the match with Real Madrid)
 * FIFA Club World Cup second top scorer: 2000

title: Fahad Al-Bishi


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User:Zumbojo

"The knowledge…it fills me. It is neat." – Gir

title: User:Zumbojo


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Talk:Huáscar

Untitled
Why has the Huascar page been renamed to a different non-English name twice in the last month? This is a violation of the Wikipedia spelling rules and just plain rude as neither party has made any attempt to improve the page. -- Zenyu 08:17, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I moved this page back to Huáscar from Waskhar. Whoever is renaming these pages, please discuss the move on the Talk page prior to changing the name.  Even though Waskhar may be the correct spelling in Quechua, the name is more commonly spelled Huascar in English texts.  Please talk about it before moving pages! Gsd97jks 02:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Second Paragraph
The second paragraph of this article seems it would fit to an article relating to the civil war between Atahualpa and Huáscar. Throughout various articles mentioning the Inca Empire and the Spanish conquest, the civil war between the two brothers is always mentioned. Maybe we can use this paragraph to serve as an intro for such article? I'm not a particular expert on Inca history, but this is just a suggestion --Dynamax 01:33, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

There's already a good article: Spanish conquest of Peru. I'll add a link to it.Zompist 05:11, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

On further reflection: the bit starting with "this does not fit the reality of what we know about Inca succession" seems way too strongly stated. Just as one data point, but an important one, the chronicler Guaman Poma de Ayala considered Huascar to be the legitimate heir, and he had direct access to Quechua tradition, so he was in a better position to know than most. And he certainly doesn't represent a "Spanish" point of view; he speaks throughout for the Indians. At this point I don't feel qualified to write an informed correction, but I'll look into it. Zompist 05:47, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

The second paragraph is so badly written as to be practically incomprehensible. Who is the "he" referring to? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.169.183.105 (talk) 01:23, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

Add this?
I came across this during my research:

Gory Details

I'm not sure whether some of the details should be included in the body of the article, or if the entire piece should be added as an external reference. What are your thoughts about this? Michael David 22:59, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Probably not here, since this page is for Atahualpa's brother Huáscar. Also see the Spanish conquest of Peru article which already has an account. Zompist 08:45, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

I realize the piece I referenced deals primarily with Atahualpa. I was focusing mainly on the section which contains details of Huáscar's death. Michael David 12:52, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Son of Joy
I think that's not the correct translation, as Waskhar means Rope and also Chain in Quechua. Huascar's first name, Tupa Cusi Hualpa, means something like "He who brings Royal Joy".

In Fray Martín de Murúa's Chronicle, "Historia General del Perú", at the end of Chapter XXXVII, he explains that "when his son Topa Cusi Hualpa was born, he [Huayna Capac] ordered to make a golden chain of incredible value and weight, that many indians couldn't lift it up from the floor, and in memory of this chain he gave his son the name of Huascaringa, which means Lord and King Rope"

You can also check this link and look for Huáscar. It says "cadena de oro" (Golden Chain) In the explanation TaikunNozomu (talk) 21:35, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

I am not an expert, but I think the part of his name that means "Sun of Joy" is Inti Cusi - Inti is the name of the Sun-god and Cusi means "happy." So, "joy." the statement that says his name means "Sun of Joy" needs to be disassociated from the "Huascar" part of his name, which must mean something else. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nebkheperura (talk • contribs) 18:59, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

 * In the dictionary of the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, his name is given as Inka Waskar. Waskar is in none of my dictionaries; waskhar is a separate word meaning 'metal chain'.  The Spanish Wikipedia says his name derives from his birthplace, Huascarpata.  Inti Kusi means 'sun joy'; Quechua is head-final so I'm skeptical about 'sun of joy'.  Zompist (talk) 21:45, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Huáscar


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Mid-Western Region, Nigeria

The Mid-Western Region was a division of Nigeria from 1963 to 1991, from 1976 being known as the Bendel state.

It was formed in June 1963 from Benin and Delta provinces of the Western Region, and its capital was Benin City. It was renamed a province in 1966, and in 1967 when the other provinces were divided into several states, it remained territorially intact, becoming a state.

During the Nigerian Civil War, the Biafran forces invaded the new Mid-Western state, en route to Lagos, in an attempt to force a quick end to the war. While under Biafran occupation, the state was declared the "Republic of Benin". As Nigerian forces retook the region, the republic collapsed only a day after the declaration when Nigerian troops captured Benin City.

In 1976, the state was renamed Bendel. It was divided into Delta State and Edo State in 1991.

Demographics
The region was composed of the old Benin and Delta Provinces. The Benin provinces had Owan, Ishan, Bini, and Afenmai/Etsako speaking people while the Delta province had Okpe, Ijaws, Isekiri, Urhobo, Isoko and Igbo (Ukwuani) speaking people excluding Ika and Aniocha.

Economy
The region had a timber and rubber industry in Sapele which was also supported by a port. In addition, it produced palm related products, maize, beans and other food produce for household consumption. In the Southern Delta province, oil was discovered and was positioned to benefit the region.

title: Mid-Western Region, Nigeria


text: Category:Forts in Indiana

title: Category:Forts in Indiana


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Dinajpur District, Bangladesh

Dinajpur district (দিনাজপুর জেলা) is a district in the Rangpur Division of northern Bangladesh. Dinajpur is the largest district among all sixteen northern districts of Bangladesh.

History
Dinajpur was once a part of the ancient state of Pundravardhana. Devkot (now in India) which rotated as the capital of Lakhnauti was located 11 mi south of Dinajpur town. It is also called "City of Maharajas".

An ancient engraved stone, believed to be from the Gupta era, was recovered from the bank of a pond near Sura Masjid in the Ghoraghat Upazila in Dinajpur in 8 October.

British Colonial Period
The British administrative control in Dinajpur was established in 1786. Dinajpur was the biggest administrative district of undivided Bengal. In 1765, the British got the Dewani of Bengal and in 1772 an English District Collector and Chief of Revenue was appointed in Dinajpur. The area was then notorious for lawlessness. Mr. Marriott was Collector in 1786. Next to him, Mr. Red Fern and Mr. Vansittart were Collectors for short periods. The next Collector, Mr. Hatch, started to exercise judicial powers too. The District Magistrate's area at that time extended to Malda, Bagura, and Dinajpur. In the last decade of the 18th century, indigo plantation started in the district.

The district Dinajpur in British times included a greater portion of Bagura. Malda and parts of Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Purnea. At the time of Revenue Survey in 1857–1861, the total area of the district was 4586 sqmi. Between 1795 and 1800, large tracts of land were transferred to Purnea, Rangpur and Rajshahi for administrative convenience and better enforcement of law and order. In 1833 again some estates were transferred to Bagura and Malda. In 1864–65, 1868 and 1870 further transfer of territory from Dinajpur to Malda and Bagura took place. Finally in 1897–98 the whole of Thana Mahadevpur was made over to Rajshahi. At that time, except Thakurgaon Sub division, the rest of Dinajpur district remained under the direct supervision of the collector.

At first, after its formation in 1856, the Dinajpur Municipality used to be run by a town committee presided over by the Deputy Magistrate. This was among the first 40 municipalities in Bengal at that time. Later in 1868, the 'District Town Act' commissioned a chairman of the municipality who replaced the Deputy Magistrate and given a similar rank as a district magistrate. Mr. Patterson was appointed the first chairman of Dinajpur Municipality in 1869.

Recent history
At the time of Partition of India in 1947, part of greater Dinajpur district was included in West Bengal and it was named West Dinajpur district. People of the district took part in the Tebhaga movement and also had significant contribution in the War of Liberation of 1971.

Geography
Dinajpur is bounded by Thakurgaon and Panchagarh districts in the north, Gaibandha and Joypurhat districts in the south, Nilphamari and Rangpur districts in the east, and the state of West Bengal, India in the west. The total area of the district is 3,437.98 km2. The main rivers of the district are the Dhepa, the Punarbhaba, and the Atrai rivers.

Total area 3437.98 km2, located in between 25°10' and 26°04' north latitudes and in between 88°23' and 89°18' east longitudes.

Climate
Dinajpur experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Dinajpur has a tropical wet and dry climate. The district has a distinct monsoonal season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in August.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Dinajpur District had 837,002 households and a population of 3,315,238, 20.0% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 963 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 76.0%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Muslims make up 75.03% of the population, while Hindus are 19.51% and Christians 4.25%. People of other religions were 1.19% of the population. Ethnic minorities were 66,861 (2.24%) of the population.

Economy
The economy of Dinajpur mainly depends upon agriculture based production. There is a well known proverb about Dinajpur – 'paddy piled up high, sheds full of cows, ponds brimming with fish' [gola bhora dhan, goyal bhora goru, pukur bhora mach]. People in this district are much happier than those in other districts, everything grows easily, it's a peaceful place. Dinajpur is famous for rice production. 'Katharivog' rice is one of the best produced rice in Bangladesh. Dinajpur is also rich with wheat production. The Lychee (fruit) of Dinajpur is the best of Bangladesh. Dinajpur is well known for its production of among the country. Dinajpur is also famous for its Mangoes. "Kosba" is called the matrix of mango. Also, it grows a plenty of vegetables and seasonal fruits. A huge percentage of people from Dinajpur depends upon agri based products. The main industry also includes rice processing mills. However, Dinajpur is highly rich with natural resources like coal, pit mine. Of the five coal field discovered so far in Bangladesh, three are in Dinajpur. The name of these deposits are-Barapukuria, Phulbari and Dighipara coal field. At present coal is being produced commercially only from the Barapukuria underground coal mine in Dinajpur district. Current production rate is about 1500 tons per day. The plan to establish an open pit mine in nearby Phulbari was aborted in 2006 in the wake of a mass protest by the local people. The coal from the Boropukuria Coal Mine is being fed to the 250MW Barapukuria Power Station.

Crops and grown in the district include rice, wheat, maize, potato, brinjal, and tomato.

Fruits grown include lychees, mangoes, bananas, jackfruits, and blackberries.

Points of interest

 * Ananda Sagar
 * Aowkora Mosque – meaning "Echoing Mosque"
 * Baraduari
 * Dinajpur Museum
 * Dinajpur Rajbari
 * Dinajpur Zila School
 * Dipshikha School in Rudrapur
 * Ghughu-danga Zamindar Bari
 * Gorashohid Boro-Moydan
 * Gour Gabindha
 * Habra Zamindar Bari
 * Hili Land Port – The second-largest land port of Bangladesh and customs station for border trade.
 * Kaliya jue Temple
 * Kantajew Temple – A late medieval Hindu temple, built from 1704 to 1722 CE
 * Korai Bill, Biral
 * Matasagar
 * Nayabad Mosque
 * Nowpara Ideal Village
 * Ramsagar
 * Shingha Darwaza – Meaning "Lion Gate"
 * Shita Coat Bihar – The oldest Buddhist Bihar in the world.
 * Shopnopuri artificial amusement park
 * Shimanta Shikha club, Hakimpur, Dinajpur.
 * Shita Coat Bihar, Nawabganj
 * Singra forest, Birganj
 * Sita Kuthuri
 * Sukhsagar
 * The tombs of Chehel Gazi and Gor-e-Shahid Moydan.

Administration

 * Deputy Commissioner (DC): Khaled Mohammad Zaki.
 * Administrator of Zila Parishad: Azizul Imam Chowdhury

Subdistricts
The upazilas of this district are:
 * 1) Biral Upazila
 * 2) Birampur Upazila
 * 3) Birganj Upazila
 * 4) Bochaganj Upazila
 * 5) Chirirbandar Upazila
 * 6) Dinajpur Sadar Upazila
 * 7) Ghoraghat Upazila
 * 8) Hakimpur Upazila
 * 9) Kaharole Upazila
 * 10) Khansama Upazila
 * 11) Nawabganj Upazila
 * 12) Parbatipur Upazila
 * 13) Fulbari Upazila

Transport
Dinajpur's transportation system is predominantly based on road and rail networks, with limited use of waterways. These modes of transportation effectively support the district's socio-economic activities, contributing to its connectivity and development. The absence of a commercial airport within the district is compensated by the proximity of Saidpur Airport. Overall, the transportation infrastructure in Dinajpur facilitates efficient mobility for its population.
 * Railway Station:
 * Dinajpur railway station
 * Chirirbandar railway station
 * Biral railway station
 * Hili railway station
 * Parbatipur railway junction
 * Fulbari railway station
 * Birampur railway station
 * Setabgonj railway station
 * Kholahati railway station
 * Roads & Highways:
 * Dinajpur- Dhaka Highway (Via Fulbari, Birampur)
 * Dinajpur-Dhaka Highway (Via Rangpur)
 * Dinajpur- Panchogor
 * Dinajpur- Rangpur Highway (Via Parbotipur)
 * Dinajpur- Thakurgaon Highway
 * Dinajpur- Dakshin Dinajpur(India) International Highway

Education
Educational institutions in the district include: 1 university, 118 colleges, 10 vocational institutes, 1 textile institute, 617 secondary school, 1713 primary schools, 11 community schools, 29 non-government schools, 10 kindergartens, 351 madrasas. Noted educational institutions are following:

Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University
Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University is a government-financed public university of Bangladesh situated 10 km from Dinajpur main town. It serves as an institution of science and technology in northern part of the country. Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University was established as an Agricultural Extension Training Institute (AETI) to award a three-year diploma in agriculture. The AETI was later upgraded to Hajee Mohammad Danesh Agricultural College in 1988 having an affiliation from the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Then the college was upgraded to the status of a university renaming it as Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University. First batch of the students were admitted at that time (1999-2000 session). The act of the university was passed on 8 July 2001 in the Jatio Shongsad (National Assembly) was followed by a gazette notification on 8 April 2002.

Dinajpur Medical College and Hospital
It is a government medical college here, which is one of the 36 government funded medical colleges in Bangladesh. It is located in the town of Dinajpur. It admits 160 students into the f-year MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) degree program. There is a four-story building. There are two hostels for boys and three hostels for girls. There are four hostels for intern doctors. About twenty batches of students have passed from this medical college. Dinajpur Medical College Journal is recognised by the BMDC and is published twice a year. The 500-bed hospital has high technology and has started to provide more services. There is also a well-developed nursing college behind the hospital building. The hospital has an ultrasound centre for nuclear medicine near Sadar Hospital, Dinajpur. Dinajpur Medical College Hospital now provides health services not only in the Dinajpur District but also to people from other districts near Dinajpur.

Dinajpur Zilla School
This district gives the opportunity to read in two Govt. schools, Dinajpur Zilla School (for boys only) and Dinajpur Govt. Girls' High School. Dinajpur Zilla School was established in 1854 during the British reign. It is located at the centre of the Dinajpur town. It owns a hostel too for residential facilities. This school is one of 20 schools in Bangladesh, which has a government funded "E-Learning" facility and E-Laboratory. There is Stone made Map of South Asia subcontinent in this school, which was made at 1934. It has a very talented Score in S.S.C participation. There is also an auditorium, a sculpture of celebrating the 150 years of the school, a mosque, an enhanced library and laboratory in this school.

Dinajpur polytechnic institute
Dinajpur polytechnic institute is at south Balubari. This polytechnic was started with Civil and Power Technology in 1964. and Private Polytechnic APTOUCH Polytechnic Institute, Naynpur, Dinajpur,ESTD-2006.

There are three government colleges in the Dinajpur town. Dinajpur Government College, which was previously known as Surendranath college and Dinajpur City College are for both male and female students. Another government college is "Dinajpur Government Women's College" is for female students only. All colleges are operated under Bangladesh National University.

Others
The METI Handmade School, a primary school for 169 students located in Rudrapur in Dinajpur district, was built with the assistance of local craftsmen making use of traditional materials, primarily mud and bamboo. An example of sustainable architecture, the project received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2007, not only for its simple, humane approach and beauty but also for the level of cooperation achieved between architects, craftsmen, clients and users. There is also a textile institute. Now RIDGE School is the most modern and British standard popular school of Dinajpur.

Dinajpur Central Shahid Minar is the 2nd largest Shahid minar in the country. Dinajpur Boasts a regional training centre of Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan. Bangladesh Krira Shiksha Pratisthan situated at Basher hat near to HSTU campus. It aims to train and educate sports prodigy.

Notable residents

 * Heyat Mahmud (1693–1760), medieval poet
 * Narayan Gangopadhyay, a Bengali novelist, poet, essayist, and short story writer, and one of the leading writers of modern Bengali literature
 * Atmasthananda, fifteenth president of the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission
 * Debojyoti Mishra, an Indian music director and film composer
 * Khaleda Zia – Born in 1945, former Prime Minister of Bangladesh and current leader of the Bangladesh National Party
 * Khurshid Jahan – 1939–2006, former Bangladeshi Minister of Women's and Children's affairs
 * Haji Mohammad Danesh – 1900–1986, Bangladeshi politician and communist activist
 * M. Yousuf Ali – Died in 1999, first Bangladeshi Minister of Education
 * Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman – 9th Chief of Army Staff (abbreviated as CAS) of Bangladesh Army from May 1996 to December 1997. Now he is a member of BNP's standing committee.
 * M. Abdur Rahim –  (21 November 1927 – 4 September 2016) was a Member of Parliament, member of the constitution drafting committee and an organiser of the liberation war
 * Abdullah Al Kafi – (1945–2005), Member of Parliament for Dinajpur-1
 * Moinuddin Ahmed Chowdhury – 1921–1998, prominent East Pakistani politician
 * Subhash Dutta – (9 February 1930 – 16 November 2012) was a Bangladeshi filmmaker, theatre and film actor
 * Nitun Kundu founder of OTOBI furniture groupe and designer of the fountain of SAARC fountain in front of Hotel Sonargaon
 * Dhiman Ghosh Bangladeshi cricketer
 * Liton Das Bangladeshi cricketer
 * Lucas Marandi, Roman Catholic Bishop

title: Dinajpur District, Bangladesh