text:
User talk:RaF~enwiki

Welcome!

First, the boilerplate:

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page (below). Again, welcome!
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Nice work on Railway line of Dakar-Niger; African topics tend to be much too neglected on Wikipedia. Good job linking the other articles up to it, too; I'll link up a few more things and set up some Redirects to the article as well. (You can click "What links here" if you want to see what gets added)

If you're interested in writing more about the region, you may want to check out WikiProject Countering systemic bias or List of missing Africa topics, though neither of these lists is anywhere near complete. Wikiportal/Africa also has Wikipedia Africa news and a Colloboration of the Week.

Good luck, and happy editing! Drop a line for anything you might need, --Dvyost 16:17, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * PS I've nominated your article on Template talk:Did you know for possible inclusion on the front page; this is a great way to showcase a new article. Unfortunately there a lot of noms this weekend, but we'll see if it gets lucky...--Dvyost 16:43, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've also moved the article to Dakar-Niger Railway, which I think is a more standard Wikipedia usage (as per Category:Railway lines, e.g. Hejaz railway, Hell Valley Railway). The redirects are in place for everything to work as before.  Cheers, --Dvyost 17:18, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Just realized the link above wasn't right and fixed it. Apologies!

Thanks!
Hey RaF, nice work in putting up another Malian article! I'm sure you've noticed they're few and far between. I wanted to let you know that I've moved it to Salif Keita (footballer) to keep it consistent with other football articles (see, for instance, John Anderson (footballer)) on wikipedia. A good way to name articles is to look at how people have labelled other articles in the same category; Wikipedian naming conventions are sometimes consistent, sometimes not, but if you can find a pattern it's generally best to follow it.

Anyway, I just wanted to warn you in case you were surprised to find it shifted. Again, good job, and I'll look forward to seeing more of your stuff! --Dvyost 17:03, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Charlotte von Mahlsdorf
Hi RaF,

Glad to be of help on this article. Interesting to work on as I knew nothing about this person previously. Valiantis 18:44, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

VWN en WCN
Beste RaF,

Al enige tijd is er een Nederlandstalig chapter in oprichting, te vinden op http://nl.wikimedia.org. Dit wordt de Vereniging Wikimedia Nederland (VWN). Je kunt je interesse om lid te worden van deze vereniging hier aangeven.

Deze vereniging gaat eind augustus/begin september een Wikimedia Conferentie in Nederland (WCN) houden, volgend op Wikimania in Boston, gedeeltelijk erop inspelend middels een aantal discussiegroepen. Om iets dergelijks te organiseren is imput erg gewenst. Dus als je wilt meehelpen, of als je interesse hebt om bij een dergelijk evenement aanwezig te zijn, geef dat dan aan op nl.wikimedia. Ik hoop daar snel je imput tegemoet te zien! Met vriendelijke groet, effeietsanders 21:16, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Niassa Company
Thank you for creating this excellent article - it's been on my mental list of "articles to start" for ages! Humansdorpie 10:38, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Pizza delivery
Hi, RaF, thanks for your note.

I agree with you that the Pizza delivery article is "American Centric" (an inevitable result of contributions from experts in the field, which I think Wikipedia is fortunate to have), and I applaud your efforts to rectify that. The article is still relatively young, and there is much that might be done.

I have refrained from commenting on pizza delivery in Asia because I can only speak for Thailand, and I didn't feel that I had anything to say on that subject which was particularly pertinent, and I'm more of a copyeditor than a writer. However, I'll tell you what I know (probably more than you wanted to know), in case you think there is potential for one of us to make a worthwhile contribution. I could always order a pizza, and give the delivery guy a big tip to let me take a photo and make him famous....

There are a couple of businesses in Bangkok which deliver food prepared at various independent restaurants, and one or two independent pizza chains which deliver, but pizza delivery throughout Thailand is dominated by two franchises, Pizza Hut and Pizza Company. There was a bit of a stir a few years ago when the overall control of Pizza Hut franchises in Thailand passed to a different company, with the effect that all Pizza Hut branches became Pizza Company branches, almost overnight, and new Pizza Hut branches opened.

Pizza in Thailand is pretty much the same as pizza anywhere else, except that some Thai dishes have occasionally been included on the menu - this works well for social gatherings involving those Thais who dislike foreign food (and who wouldn't normally eat in western restaurants).

Pizza is quite popular with some middle class Thais (and westeners, of course), but it costs a great deal more than most Thais would usually expect to spend on a meal; a large pizza costs about 140 Thai baht, whereas it is not difficult to find a Thai meal for thirty baht per head. Twenty baht is considered a generous tip for pretty much anything in Thailand; percentages don't really enter into it.

Pizza deliveries are invariably by motorcycle - there is a higher motorbike to car ratio generally than in Europe and the States, due to traffic congestion in Bangkok, and relatively low average income throughout Thailand.

I understand that there was very little in the way of western franchises before the 1980s, whereas these days there are Pizza Huts, McDonalds and KFC branches all over Bangkok, and at least one branch of these chains in every Thai city I've ever visited.

It occurs to me that you might be able to build a comprehensive overview of pizza delivery throughout Asia, if you are interested in doing so, by contacting western Wikipedians in other Asian nations - there are probably categories that list them.

I will be happy to answer any questions that you might have, and to research the matter as far as is practical. --TheMadBaron 13:11, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello RaF! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 13:04, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Johan Kremers -

Julliard
Re this edit, are you creating articles for either Éditions Julliard or René Julliard? TJRC (talk) 21:50, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Great. Normally, DAB pages should not be linked to redlinks, but if you're going to write the articles, I won't delete the DAB entry for the time being. TJRC (talk) 15:50, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called RaF. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name RaF~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:34, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:51, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:RaF~enwiki


text:
Talk:Medium access control

Is it and Address?
An adress is a descriptor that describes a location within a framework. If one has knowledge of the framework and its rules, the address is sufficient to locate something. This is not true of a MAC. Despite its common usage, a MAC is not an address. it is an identifier, and a reasonable attempt at a globally unique one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Enkidofriend (talk • contribs) 21:49, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Is it Media or Medium Access Control Layer?
The correct form as used in the standards is "MEDIA access control". Whether that's correct grammatically is up for debate in some forum (fora?) perhaps - but not here please.--Snori 19:06, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

i was confused by that too - are we talking of the same thing? i am looking for an explanation of the medium access control (MAC) sub-layer as in:

http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/ECMA-392.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.156.182.86 (talk) 01:52, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I've searched the IEEE 802.3 (2012) standard and see a handful of "Medium access control" instances and hundreds of "Media access control" instances. I propose we go with the later which would mean renaming the article. ~Kvng (talk) 14:50, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

 * On the other hand, IEEE 802 (2014) says "medium access control" more than it says "media access control", as does IEEE 802.11 (2016). I propose we ask somebody at the IEEE which we should use. :-) Guy Harris (talk) 20:53, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

 * If you're serious, I do have contacts in IEEE Standards that I could ask about this. WP:TITLE basically says we should go by what readers are likely to be most familiar with. On Wikipedia I see 70 instances of "Medium access control" and 180 for "Media access control". On Google, results are more evenly split. ~Kvng (talk) 16:39, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

 * "Medium" denotes an individual node, whereas "Media" indicates multiple nodes. While it is not incorrect to say "medium" in this context, it is improper. Referring to the "Media Access Control" or "MAC" sublayer is to properly mention its function: to talk to the "media" (as in "many mediums"). I have worked in IT and have held multiple industry certifications, and this is the first time I've seen the single-case word "Medium" used in the name. 71.125.11.157 (talk) 19:56, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * "Medium" denotes an individual medium ("The materials or empty space through which signals, waves or forces pass."), whereas "Media" indicates multiple media (plural of medium). A medium, such as a thick yellow cable, may have multiple hosts attached to it as nodes. Guy Harris (talk) 22:18, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * That is what I said. Yes, a "medium" is an individual piece of material or other such item (wave, signal, etc) that the signal passes to/through/from. Media is the industry term for the collection of items which pass the signal, thus it is known as the Media Access Control layer. For reference, please look at Comptia and Cisco's certifications. Here's information from Professor Messer: https://www.professormesser.com/network-plus/n10-007/access-control/ I hope this helps. 71.125.11.157 (talk) 17:18, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

The video is talking about "access control" - "network access control", rather than "{medium,media} access control" - in the sense of permissions, as in, for example, "this MAC address is allowed to send packets to and receive packets from this switch port". "Access control" in the phrases "{medium,media} access control" is - or, at least, originally was - about "access control" in the sense of partitioning access to a shared medium, using various channel access methods. (An analogy to the "permissions" sense of access control would be a limited-access road that is a private road where you have to show a badge in order for the operator to open a gate to allow you to enter the road. An analogy to the "partitioning access to a shared medium" sense of access control would be a ramp meter at the entrance to a limited-access road.) The MAC address is used for some forms of permission access control, but MAC addresses were not created for access-control purposes.

And what is the "collection of items which pass the signal"? Is it referring to all the LAN segments in a corporate network, for example? If so, for a given station, the MAC layer only involves the segment to which that station is connected.

As this article says in, multiple functions are performed by that sublayer, one of which is "Control of access to the physical transmission medium". MAC addresses are used by another function, "Addressing of destination stations (both as individual stations and as groups of stations)".

IEEE Std 802-1990, which always uses "medium access control", says that "these medium access control (MAC) standards are defined for a variety of physical media". Earlier in the document, it says "The IEEE 802 LAN is a shared-medium peer-to-peer communications network that broadcasts information for all stations to receive.", so this predates switched networking, such as switched Ethernet, in which stations have point-to-point full-duplex links to a switch, and "access control" in the "partitioning access to a shared medium" sense is not required. "Medium" is used in that standard to refer to a particular medium, such as, at the time tnat standard came out, 10BASE5 thick yellow cable, 10BASE2 thin black cable, 1BASE5 twisted pair, all for Ethernet, and IEEE 802.5 twisted pair. "Media" refers to the various particular media supported by various IEEE 802 standards.

IEEE Std 802-2001 says MAC stands for "medium access control, media access control", with a footnote saying "Both forms are used, with the same meaning. This standard uses “medium.”" It again uses "medium" to refer to a particular physical medium and "media" as a plurality of physical media. IEEE Std 802-2014 does the same.

So it appears that the IEEE uses "media" to refer to the set of various physical media types supported by IEEE 802 standards, rather than the industry usage.

Both "medium access control" and "media access control" work. For a given physical mediaum, there's a particular "medium access control" protocol, and there are "media access control" protocols for all the different physical media. Guy Harris (talk) 03:15, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

 * If we agree that medium is singular and media is plural, then our current title would arguably be the preferred title per WP:SINGULAR. In any case, there doesn't appear to be a clear consensus to change the title. ~Kvng (talk) 14:33, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

Checksum verification in the MAC sublayer?
I felt certain before reading this article that all forms of reliability insurance measures were the alotted responsibility of the Logical Link Control sublayer of the Data link layer, rather than of the MAC layer. If I'm right, shouldn't the point on error detection and correction by means of checksum verification belong in the article on the Logical Link Control sublayer?

- Dominio

 * I think I found the precise information. See my contrib. Regards. Gtabary 13:44, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Yes, the checksum verification is actually one of the things that the MAC layer DOES do. See 802.3-2002 section 4.1.4. Why do people keep saying that the MAC address is handled in the MAC layer? That is WRONG. It is handled much higher, in the ARP cache. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.96.165.138 (talk) 14:19, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

I added the FCS verification back, and the IEEE reference again. Bentogoa keeps deleting it. Apparently he wants everyone to think that a MAC is just a MAC address.

Function of MAC (controller)
The statement "the MAC address is not actually handled in the MAC layer" seems suspect. Is there a reference for this? I have seen hardware that directly contradicts this (Look at the altera TSE which runs at 1G for instance). Also letting the hardware handle address filtering doesn't preclude the use of software ARP. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.215.48.7 (talk) 15:28, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Logical Link Control - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 03:21, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Connection-oriented or connectionless?
I generally think of lower layer protocols (e.g. those in data link and network layers; physical?) being connectionless and higher level ones (transport to application layer) being connection-oriented, but I could be wrong. I am just saying in general. WorldQuestioneer (talk) 22:08, 17 July 2020 (UTC)
 * And what are you suggesting may need to be changed in the article to reflect that? Guy Harris (talk) 22:35, 17 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The lower layers are not "connectionless" at all, rather different styles of connections. Think of a hub versus a switch versus a router. The router uses IP addresses to forward information, while switches use the media access control (MAC) address to send information, and hubs send information to the ports. Most hubs fall into the "dumb" device category. They typically send information out to every port, with each device seeing what every other device is sending. There are "smart" layer one devices that can be set to forward traffic between specific ports.
 * Each layer is named appropriately for their function. "All People Seem To Need Dirty Popsicles" is a way to remember the 7-Layer OSI model: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data-Link, Physical. Without "NDP", you don't have a connection. The rest define the way the connection works and its end function. I hope that helps. 71.125.11.157 (talk) 17:38, 31 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The first edition of the OSI model document, ISO 7498 (1984), states in section 5.3 "Communication between peer-entities" that an "(N)-connection" is "An association established by the (N)-layer between two or more (N + 1)-entities for the transfer of data", so you can have connections at all layers other than the Application Layer (as that's layer 7, and there's no layer 8, so there are no "(7 + 1)-entities" to establish a connection atop the Application Layer).
 * THe second edition, ISO 7498 (1994), says the same thing, but in section 5.3.3 "Modes of communication" speaks of both "connection-mode service" and "connectionless-mode service" - "An (N)-layer may offer a connection-mode service, a connectionless-mode service, or both, to the (N+1)-layer...".
 * In the connection-mode (5.3.3.2) of the (N-1) layer, a connection is made between two or more peer-(N)-entities as the first phase of the use of the connection-mode service, followed by data transfer over the connection, and finally releasing the connection.
 * In the connectionless-mode (5.3.3.3) of the (N-1) layer, there's only the data transfer.
 * There's no connection establishment phase in Ethernet at the data link layer. There is a mechanical connection, and an electrical or optical connection, but that's a connection to the medium for shared-medium Ethernet, to the hub for star-topology non-switched Ethernet, and to the switch for switched Ethernet; it's not a physical-layer connection beetween the source and the destination.  The switch might determine the MAC address of the host plugged into it from the source address of the packet it sees coming from the host, and only send unicast packets to that port if they have that destination MAC address, but that's an underneath-the-protocol optimization, not a part of the Ethernet protocol.  There's also autonegotiation, but I'm not sure that autonegotiation involves establishing a connection.)
 * ISO 11575 has mappings between the connection-mode and connectionless-mode data link layer services and various data link layer protocols. ISO/IEC 7776, which is X.25 LAPB, as well as HDLC Unbalanced Operation Normal response mode Class and 802.2 LLC Type 2 map to the connection-mode data link layer service; HDLC connectionless-mode Balanced and Unbalanced classes of procedure, and 802.2 LLC Type 1, map to the connectionless-mode data link layer service.  For Ethernet, other 802 LANs, and FDDI, that's at the LLC layer, not the MAC layer.
 * There's also no connection establishment in IPv4 or IPv6. OSI has a connectionless-mode network protocol, ISO 8473; it doesn't appear to have its own connection-mode network protocol, although ISO 8878 and ITU-T X.223 are (slightly different) specifications for using the X.25 Packet Layer Protocol to provide the connection-mode network service.
 * So, no, there aren't always connections, in the OSI sense, at the data link and network layers. Guy Harris (talk) 08:55, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

MAC address and Message Authentication Code -- Should or shouldn't there be a distinction?
I previously added a distinguish tag because I got confused between the 2, especially since the latter is less known, and since they have similar functions. To add more details,

 * Both Message Authentication Code and MAC address are abbreviated the same
 * Both are networking and security concepts
 * Both can be used to achieve authentication (MAC address specifically can be used for authorization, too) and non-repudiation - within IAM and PAM systems

@Fgnievinski reverted my edit, justifying that it's an unlikely confusion. I beg to differ

I wanted to start up a discussion to prevent an edit-war TAbdiukov (talk) 09:01, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

 * My rationale was that WP:NOTAMB applied here. That would still leave the possibility of WP:HATREDIR. But looking at the redirects, only MAC layer and MAC protocol redirect here, where the second word provides sufficient disambiguation. I've also checked whether MAC address has any ambiguous redirects, such as MAC code, but that doesn't seem to be the case . The key issue is that "MAC" doesn't redirect anywhere, it's a DAB page. So, I still think there's unlikely confusion. That said, you might want to discuss, with sources, the third point (about authentication, authorization, and non-repudiation) in the body of MAC address. In that case, a DAB hatnote would still be discouraged, because of WP:RELATED. fgnievinski (talk) 23:43, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I think has it right as far as what the guidance on hatnotes tells us to do.  can you describe a scenario where readers looking for Message authentication code would end up here? ~Kvng (talk) 14:25, 25 September 2023 (UTC)
 * No worries, and thanks for detailed explanation @Fgnievinski!
 * > TAbdiukov can you describe a scenario where readers looking for Message authentication code would end up here?
 * In my personal case (which may or may not be common), I looked for "Message authentication code" in the context of cloud network security (as opposed to traditional networking), which I naively abbreviated as "MAC" (for not knowing better) and concluded that it must be a counterpart of a burnt-in MAC-address in the cloud context. It is somewhat easy to make this mistake: in the cloud, networking is predesigned and largely virtualized (down to virtualized IS-IS topologies, virtual switches, virtual LAN adapters). However, we know that they are distinct: "Message authentication code" changes for every message by design, and MAC-address (is supposed to) stay the same for L2 protocols communication.
 * Furthermore, Message authentication code itself reads,
 * > The term message integrity code (MIC) is frequently substituted for the term MAC, especially in communications to distinguish it from the use of the latter as media access control address (MAC address).
 * I hope this is helpful
 * TAbdiukov (talk) 04:50, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * However, we know that they are distinct... ...and serve completely distinct purposes.
 * MAC addresses were originally used on a shared medium to allow a frame to be handled by a particular host on the medium, so that if a network adapter on the medium sees the frame, it can check to see if it's addressed to that adapter's MAC address, and accept it if it is and otherwise ignore it (as on a shared-medium Ethernet) or pass it on to the next host (as in a token ring). That function was not primarily concerned with security, authentication (hosts pretty much trusted the source MAC address, so it was more identification than authentication), or authorization; use for those purposes came later.
 * Message authentication codes are intended to be used for verifying the sender and the integrity of the message, and have nothing to do with specifying the destination of the message. Guy Harris (talk) 07:01, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Medium access control


text:
Esperanto-USA

Esperanto-USA (E-USA) is the largest organization for speakers and supporters of Esperanto in the United States. It was founded in 1952 as the Esperanto League for North America (ELNA) in Sacramento, California. Headquartered in Portland, Maine, Esperanto-USA is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization and the U.S. affiliate of the Universal Esperanto Association. Brandon Sowers is President of E-USA, and Quintyn Bobb is Vice-President.

The organization administers the largest Esperanto-language book service in the Americas. It publishes a bimonthly bulletin Usona Esperantisto. It also publishes reference works about Esperanto. The organization's leadership consists of a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and nine directors; it also has many commissioners responsible for Esperanto-USA's activity in various connections (e.g. audio-visual service; cooperation with libraries; relations with local Esperanto clubs; etc.).

The youth section of E-USA is USEJ (Usona Esperantista Junularo).

History
During the first half of the 20th century, the chief Esperanto organization for the U.S. was the. In the early 1950s, the early days of the Cold War, EANA's president, George Alan Connor, a fierce anti-Communist, had begun his own McCarthyist attacks against leaders of the Esperanto movement in Europe and Asia.

The Universal Esperanto Association (UEA) began debating whether to expel Connor, who also held a position in UEA's leadership, and also to break off relations with EANA, which was UEA's US national association. In protest against EANA, American Esperantists founded the Esperanto League for North America. Three years later, UEA recognized ELNA as its American section, and subsequently severed ties with EANA. By then, most EANA members had gone over to ELNA. EANA was quickly rendered insignificant, and had disappeared by the 1970s.

In 2007, the members of the organization voted to adopt the name Esperanto-USA as an alias, while retaining the formal, official name Esperanto League for North America (Esperanto-Ligo por Norda Ameriko in Esperanto). Among other reasons, the change was made because the organization's scope is limited to the U.S., despite the North America in its original title. E-USA still uses its original acronym, ELNA, but only occasionally.

E-USA has held an annual convention (called a "congress" in accordance with Esperanto movement usage) every year since 1953, usually in the United States but occasionally in Canada or Mexico (meeting jointly with the Canadian Esperanto Association or the Mexican Esperanto Federation, respectively). The 2010 conference of E-USA took place in Bethesda, Maryland. The 2011 conference was in Emeryville, California, the 2012 conference in Dallas, Texas, the 2015 conference in Detroit, Michigan, the 2016 conference in Miami, Florida, and the 2013, 2017, and 2023 conferences in Raleigh, North Carolina. The 2018 conference occurred in Seattle, Washington, and the 2019 conference took place in Boston, Massachusetts. The 2020 and 2021 conferences were held online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2022 conference was held at the 107th World Esperanto Congress in Montreal. Notable speakers have included Humphrey Tonkin, Katalin Kovats, Duncan Charters and Bertilo Wennergren.

title: Esperanto-USA


text:
1930 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1930.

Excavations

 * Vere Gordon Childe completes excavations at Skara Brae (begun in 1927).
 * John Garstang begins excavations at Jericho (continue to 1936).
 * Francis Llewellyn Griffith excavates at Kawa (Sudan).
 * Flinders Petrie begins excavations at Tall al-Ajjul (continue to 1934).

Finds

 * August 5 - Remains of S. A. Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition of 1897 discovered.
 * First fragments from an ancient boat harbour found on the bank of the Suojoki river in central Finland (one boat from site later dated to 13th century).

Publications

 * Aleš Hrdlička - The Skeletal Remains of Early Man.

Miscellaneous

 * September 11 - Max Mallowan marries Agatha Christie.
 * Max von Oppenheim opens a private museum of his Near Eastern archaeological finds in Berlin.
 * Edwin Smith Papyrus first translated.

Births

 * March 25 - John M. Coles, English prehistorian (d. 2020)
 * June 13 - Paul Veyne, French Roman archaeologist, historian
 * September 23 - Edda Bresciani, Italian Egyptologist (d. 2020)

title: 1930 in archaeology


text:
Longeing cavesson

A longeing cavesson (UK English: lungeing) is a piece of equipment used when longeing a horse. A longeing cavesson consists of a heavy, padded noseband, metal rings to attach the longe line, a throatlatch, and sometimes additional straps such as a jowl strap or a browband for added stability. It is placed on the horse's head in a manner somewhat akin to a halter, but provides significantly more control than a halter, without placing pressure on the horse's mouth as a bridle would. The noseband should be just below the cheekbone, several inches above the nostrils sitting on the nasal bone, and fitted snugly. The jowl strap should be very snug to prevent the cavesson from slipping into the horse's eye.

The key feature of a longeing cavesson is the strategic placement of rings for varying places to attach the longe line: one at the top of the nasal bone and one each side of the noseband. Many other types of headgear may be used for longeing, but the longeing cavesson is most commonly associated with dressage and related training methods and is designed to allow more subtle communication between handler and horse.

A longeing cavesson may be used with a snaffle bridle. The cavesson is put on under the bridle, with the noseband of the cavesson under the bridle cheekpieces. On some horses, the bridle cheekpieces may need to be lengthened to allow this. If the bridle also has its own cavesson, it may need to be removed to reduce bulk and avoid interference with other components.

title: Longeing cavesson


text:
Talk:Barium sulfate

Merge?
Shouldn't this perhaps be merged with Barite? --Pinnerup 05:42, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * A good way to handle this common problem is to strip barite of most of its non-mineral content and insert the phrase . This way the readers get focused reports, and we minimize duplication of effort.  Not that I have any special power or insight.--Smokefoot 10:16, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Anacoustic foam?
I'm not sure if this exists, or if so what it is. I can only find reference to acoustic foam, not anacoustic foam. Is this a typographical error? 86.16.21.237 (talk) 21:45, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

Bolognese stone
I read about bolognese stone which is supposed to be barium sulfate. when calcined it turns phosphorescent but i have no real references. Benkeboy 14:43, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

I will have to write about this! --Stone (talk) 14:55, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

Not same as barium hydroxide
I don't think BaSO4 is the same as baryta as stated. Baryta says it's barium hydroxide. I don't know. User:altaphon — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.135.109.73 (talk) 02:56, 8 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but that's incorrect. It didn't make sense to me because the sulfate is extremely insoluble in water, while the hydroxide is soluble.  I verified that conclusion with some readings in photographic technical books.  Read the reference I cited. I will-revert the deletion.  --Zeamays (talk) 21:24, 8 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I have also edited the redirect that caused the confusion. The reference is:  Salvaggio, Nanette L. Basic Photographic Materials and Processes. Taylor & Francis US, Oct 27, 2008. p. 362. --Zeamays (talk) 21:35, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

Undetectable firearms?
Found this weird anomaly. Undetectable Firearms:. "Barium sulfate or other compounds may be used in the fabrication of the component. " Any chemist/historian care to explain why this chemical compound is singled out and not others? It definitely would be worth adding to this Barium sulfate article if there's a decent back story as to how this wording appeared in the Undetectable Firearms Act.

Used in ceramics?
I looked up this article because I read in a book on Wedgwood pottery that Barium Sulphate was a major ingredient in Josiah Wedgwood's famous Jasper Ware, and I wondered what it was and where Wedgwood obtained it. I don't know if the substance is still used in ceramics, but if it is maybe some more knowledgeable person could add something.109.149.31.4 (talk) 15:41, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Image same as BaN3
Hi, the image here looks like it is exactly the same as the image for BaN3 on the barium azide page. I'm not sure if the image is showing BaSO4 or BaN3, but it seems that one of the images is incorrect and needs to be removed/replaced. Sticklink (talk) 13:10, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

 * It looks like the barium azide image was copied from the one on this page. I’m theoretically not opposed to using the same image as an illustration (under very specific circumstances), but that copy cannot exist with its current author claiming to own it. I suggest nominating that file for deletion on commons, and we can go from there. — HTGS (talk) 12:44, 14 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barium sulfate


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Johnny Jordaan

Johnny Jordaan was the pseudonym for Johannes Hendricus van Musscher (7 February 1924 – 8 January 1989), a Dutch singer of popular music, in particular the genre known as levenslied, a Dutch variety of the French chanson. He was well known for his songs about the city of Amsterdam, especially the Jordaan district (the genre dedicated to the neighborhood is known as the Jordaanlied), which he sang in a typical "hiccuping Mokum vibrato", "Mokum" being the Hebrew-derived nickname for the Amsterdam inner city area. In the 1950s, Johnny Jordaan rose almost instantly to the level of national celebrity and became the "uncrowned king of the Jordaanlied", and his hit song "Geef mij maar Amsterdam" is one of the songs Amsterdammers identify with most.

Biography
Jordaan was born the son of a roofer, and grew up within sight of the Westertoren, on the corner of the Lijnbaansgracht and the Rozengracht, the edge of the Jordaan—by then an impoverished working-class neighborhood. He was the oldest of two brothers in a Roman Catholic workers' family. He started singing in the streets at age 8, with his cousin Carel Verbrugge (Willy Alberti), to help provide for his family. He lost an eye during a fight with Verbrugge, at age 9. He started using the name "Johnny Jordaan" when he was 14, and after vocational school began working various odd jobs and singing in bars. Despite already having discovered his homosexuality, he married in 1943. After the Second World War, he got a steady job as a singer in the Amsterdam café De Kuil.

Breakthrough
In 1955, he won a singing competition, the "Jordaan festival", organized by the record company Bovema in collaboration with singer and composer Louis Noiret; the aim was to find the best voices from the Jordaan. His lifelong friend Tante Leen, a notable Jordaan singer in her own right, finished second in the same competition. His first single contained two Noiret compositions, "De Parel van de Jordaan" and "Bij ons in de Jordaan". After being played on an AVRO radio program the single was an instant hit record, propelling Johnny and his Jordaan to national fame—the entire neighborhood, which had been poor and deprived since the 19th century, suddenly became popular due to the success of Johnny Jordaan and others. Cabaret artist and historian Jacques Klöters referred to 1955 as "the year of Johnny Jordaan": he sold hundreds of thousands of records within months, got to perform in the Concertgebouw with Tante Leen, and helped popularize the "uncivilized" Jordaan dialect.

Johnny's own celebrity was made apparent in 1956, when he and his wife celebrated their wedding anniversary by being driven through the Jordaan in a carriage and singing in front of a crowd of 30,000 people: the Polygoon newsreel includes it among the most important events of the year. In the pillarized world of the Netherlands of the 1950s and 1960s, commercial success ("Geef mij maar Amsterdam" sold over a million copies ) did not mean receiving airplay with all broadcasting organizations—the socialist VARA, for instance, boycotted his music since it was too low-brow.

Later career
Financial mismanagement brought him financial ruin; a Jordaan-themed cabaret in Scheveningen was a flop, and a café he opened in Rotterdam in 1962 had to close due to tax debts. He avoided the tax man by leaving for Antwerp to start a café there, but longing for Amsterdam got the better of him and in 1968 he returned, with the help of Tante Leen—though he didn't move to Amsterdam immediately but rather to Beverwijk first, where he lived with his partner, Ton Slierendrecht, before moving to Amsterdam's Staatsliedenbuurt. The record company paid off his debt and Harry de Groot wrote a new song for him, "'n Pikketanussie", a hit song which reinvigorated his career.

Farewell
His health had always been frail, and in the early 1970s he suffered further hemorrhages and a number of heart attacks. His farewell to his audience was a 1972 television show in collaboration with Tante Leen, Willy Alberti, Ramses Shaffy, Zwarte Riek, Harry de Groot, and songwriter Pi Vèriss. He did occasional shows afterwards and died at age 64, on 8 January 1989. His burial service in the Westerkerk, on 15 January, was attended by a thousand people, including many notables; thousands more crowded the surrounding area and paid their respects. National newspapers noted that many of the visitors were not usual churchgoers, and commented that Johnny had remained a singer of the people. He is buried in the family grave at Vredenhof cemetery.

Personal life
Jordaan had married Jannetje "Totty" de Graaff in 1943 and the couple had a daughter, but he had spent most of his adult life repressing his homosexual feelings. After an affair with a man, he attempted suicide. His homosexuality, a well-known secret, shocked the nation. Since the late 1950s he had a male partner, Ton Slierendrecht; he finally got a divorce from Totty in 1982 to enter a legal union with Slierendrecht.

Iconic songs, discography
Jordaan's best-known songs are "Bij ons in de Jordaan" ("Among us in the Jordaan"), which celebrates the lively culture of the neighborhood, and "Geef mij maar Amsterdam" ("I prefer Amsterdam"), written by Pi Vèriss, which praises the city as preferable over any other, including Paris: "Liever in Mokum zonder poen dan in Parijs met een miljoen" ("I'd rather be penniless in Mokum than a millionaire in Paris").

His songs, especially "Geef mij maar Amsterdam", stand for the city in an emblematic way, and continue to be played at Amsterdam festivities—such as the 2013 championship of Ajax. For some, Amsterdam means Johnny Jordaan.

Tante Leen's homage (and her greatest hit ) is a song called "Oh, Johnny"; a version she recorded with him was included on a Tante Leen collection released in 2007 (15 years after her death). Ironically, this song was written by Jaap Valkhoff, who was a famous singer-songwriter from Amsterdam's rival city of Rotterdam.

Honors and media
The Johnny Jordaanplein ("Johnny Jordaan Square"), off the Elandsgracht in the Jordaan, is named for him; the square contains statues of Jordaan and Tante Leen, and of Jordaan's regular accordionist Johnny Meijer. Since he had lived the last few years of his life in the Staatsliedenbuurt (to the west of the Jordaan), that neighborhood also vied for a square named for him; the singer had really no connection to the Elandsgracht at all, though was engaged in the Edison theater there for a month in 1957. A 1990 benefit concert in the Carré Theatre paid for a bust, which was placed on a parking lot in 1991 off the Elandsgracht. The dispute was fought out in the neighborhoods' newspapers; in the end the Jordaan won out. Local brewery De Prael brews "Johnny", a blonde ale—blonde for his fair hair —and in 2006 the Amsterdam Museum held an exposition to remember him, Geef mij maar Amsterdam.

In 1997, a biographical musical, Oh, Johnny, was performed at the Amsterdams Kleinkunstfestival. Bij ons in de Jordaan was a 2000 biographical television series on VPRO television, which focused mostly on Johnny's struggling with his gay identity in pillarized post-war Netherlands. The first Johnny Jordaan DVD, released in 2005 and also called Bij ons in de Jordaan, entered the DVD music charts at No. 1. The DVD had been compiled by Peter Pols, a lifelong fan of Johnny and later his chauffeur and friend; Pols (Amsterdam, 1948–2009) collected everything related to Johnny and after his death donated his collection to the Amsterdam City Archives.

title: Johnny Jordaan


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User:Bjones

Fret not. This page hasn't been vandalized (today.) It's just in the middle of a revision.

(Scratch that. The page actually was vandalized today 11/20/09.  Anyway, there may be changes on the way.)

title: User:Bjones


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File:Thebigblues album.jpg

Licensing
Cover from the 1982 album "The Big Blues", by Albert King.

title: File:Thebigblues album.jpg


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Akram al-Hawrani

Akram Al-Hourani (أَكْرَم الْحَوْرَانِي, also transcribed El-Hourani, Howrani or Hurani) (November 1911 – 24 February 1996), was a Syrian politician who played a prominent role during the democratic era of Syria in the 1950s, he established and led the Arab Socialist Party. He was a highly influential figure in the Syrian politics from the beginning of the 1940s until his departure into exile in 1963, during this period he was able to introduce significant reforms towards more just and fairer society especially in relation to the agricultural sector and land redistribution against the feudal system. Al-Hourani held various positions as a member of the Syrian parliament, the head of the parliament, minister of agriculture, minister of defence, and the vice-president of the United Arab Republic. He is the grandfather of Akram Al-Hourani (born 1983), a lecturer and researcher in wireless network engineering and signal processing at RMIT University in Australia.

Background
Al-Hourani's family had its origins in the Arab al-Halqiyyin tribe and moved to Hama in central Syria from the town of Jasim in the southern Hawran region around 1510s (hence the surname Al-Hourani.) The Al-Hourani family claimed to be descended from Muhammad in a family tree displayed in the museum of Hama. Akram Al-Hourani himself was born in Hama and grew up in modest circumstances as the family's wealth had dissipated. He was educated in Hama and Damascus. His father Muhammad Rasheed Al-Hourani was a merchant who gradually bought agricultural lands and was fluent in Arabic and Turkish languages owning a large book collection, he died one year after the start of World War I (in 1915) due to an infection while distributing aid to the Armenian genocide survivors in Hama, Al-Hourani was only 4 years old when his father died.

In 1936, he enrolled in the Damascus Law School, and became a member of the Syrian Social National Party which he regretted later. In 1938 he left the party and returned to Hama to practice law. There he took over the Hizb al-Shabab (Youth Party) founded by his cousin Othman Al-Hourani which constituted the seed for the Arab Socialist Party.

The province of Hama in the earlier part of the twentieth century was characterised by feudalism, with landlords owning most of the land. The landlords exercised complete control over the peasantry, backed up by what amounted to private armies. Al-Hourani set about attacking this system and called for agrarian reforms, giving him considerable popular support in Hama and its province, and in 1943 he was elected as a deputy to the Syrian Parliament. He retained his seat in the elections of 1947, 1949, 1954, and 1962.

While it was in defence of social justice in his home region that Al-Hourani made his name, he also had a strong Arab nationalist outlook.

Closer to power
In 1950 Al-Hourani renamed his party the Arab Socialist Party; at that point, Batatu states, "it counted no fewer than 10,000 members and was able to attract as many as 40,000 people from the countryside when in the same year it convoked at Aleppo the first peasant congress in Syrian history."

Between 1949 and 1954 Syrian politics was punctuated by four military coups. Based on his strong influence in the army, Al-Hourani was wrongly considered to have played a part in these coups, there is no concrete evidence to support his involvement. He was initially particularly close to the leader of the third and fourth coups, Adib al-Shishakli, who effectively ruled Syria from 1951 until 1954. Al-Shishakli's decision to sign a decree distributing state lands to the peasantry in January 1952 appears to have been under al-Hawrani's influence. However, as the dictator grew more autocratic his influence waned, and when al-Shishakli decided to ban the Arab Socialist Party in April 1952, he went into exile in Lebanon. There, in November that year, he agreed to merge the Arab Socialist Party with the Arab Ba'ath Party led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar. The latter thus gained a substantial base of active supporters for the first time. The unified party adopted the name Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party. It was disbanded, along with all Syrian political parties by president Nasser in 1958. The relation between Al-Hourani and Aflaq ended acrimoniously in 1962. In fact, Al-Hourani firmly rejected the ascension to power using military coups, this is exemplified by his firm opposition to what is known as the "Qatna mutiny" which was a series of events and military deployments in 1957 orchestrated by high ranking officers in the army (which were members / sympathizers with the Arab Socialist Party) to take control of the government.

The Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party
Al-Hourani was a member of the Ba'ath Party national command, meaning its pan-Arab leadership, from its establishment in 1954 until 1959. Along with the other Ba'athists and members of most of Syria's political forces, he played a prominent role in the agitation and political mobilization that forced al-Shishakli to give up power in early 1954. He was speaker of the Syrian parliament from 1957 to February 1958. In that position, Al-Hourani was able to influence the introduction of social and economical progressive reforms.

The United Arab Republic
After the treaty of union between Syria and Egypt in 1958 Al-Hourani became vice-president of the United Arab Republic (UAR) under Gamal Abdel Nasser, a post he held until 1959. After Nasser launched a bitter verbal attack on the Ba'ath Party in December that year, followed by a campaign of repression against its members, he resigned his position and went into exile in Lebanon. He subsequently differed with Aflaq and al-Bitar over the party's position regarding the UAR, due to his support for secession from the UAR.

When a 1961 military coup in Syria led to the dissolution of the UAR, Al-Hourani publicly supported it and signed a statement in favor of the secession (as did Bitar, but he later withdrew his signature). The Ba'ath Party split into several competing factions, but as the national command decided in favour of reunification, Al-Hourani left it. He was officially expelled in June 1962, whereafter he and his loyalists re-established the Arab Socialist Party. However, popular support for unity hampered its growth and it was strong only in his original stronghold of Hama. In September 1962 he joined the "secessionist" (infisali) cabinet formed by Khalid al-Azm, drawing strong criticism from the Ba'athist and Nasserist movements.

In the year 1963, and following the military coup that brought the Ba'ath to power, Al-Hourani was arrested and put in the Mezzah Prison, before being exiled from Syria. He spent the final years of his life in Amman Jordan, where he eventually died in 1996.

title: Akram al-Hawrani


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Hanna Batatu

Hanna Batatu (حنّا بطاطو, Ḥannā Baṭāṭu) (1926 in Jerusalem – 24 June 2000 in Winsted, Connecticut, U.S.) was a Palestinian Marxist historian specialising in the history of Iraq and the modern Arab east. His work on Iraq is widely considered the preeminent study of modern Iraqi history.

Born in Jerusalem in 1926 to a Palestinian Arab Christian family, Hanna Batatu emigrated to the United States in 1948, the year of the Nakba - the Palestinian exodus that accompanied the creation of the state of Israel, and created a large Palestinian refugee population barred by the new state from returning to their homes. From 1951 to 1953, he studied at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. He gained his doctorate at political science in Harvard University in 1960, with a dissertation titled The Shaykh and the Peasant in Iraq, 1917-1958. From 1962 to 1982 he taught at the American University of Beirut, then from 1982 until his retirement in 1994 at Georgetown University in the United States.

Batatu started studying Iraqi history in the 1950s, taking a particular interest in the revolutionary movements that were then prominent in that country and especially in the Iraqi Communist Party. From the late 1950s on he traveled to Iraq several times, and succeeded in having access to communist political prisoners and secret police files before the revolution of 1958. He was allowed access to security service archives from various periods of Iraqi history, up until the 1970s, and used this and his considerable range of personal contacts with figures from different political movements to compose his study of political change in Iraq, The Old Social Classes and New Revolutionary Movements of Iraq (published in 1978). This work, although largely focusing on the Iraqi Communist Party, also provides a wealth of information about the other revolutionary movements in the country as well as the ruling classes prior to 1958, and is considered one of the fundamental works on modern Iraqi history. Batatu's methodology is grounded in political sociology and considers in detail the social factors for the developments he covers, and even more so the social composition of the movements in question.

Batatu also undertook a similar study of Syria, Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics (published in 1999).

title: Hanna Batatu


text: User talk:80.46.137.178

title: User talk:80.46.137.178


text: User talk:68.83.33.216

title: User talk:68.83.33.216


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John Stainton

John Stainton (born 1953) is an Australian film and television producer and director. He was close friends with the late naturalist Steve Irwin. Stainton also created Irwin's popular nature documentary television series, The Crocodile Hunter, in which he also directed and executive produced every episode (save for a few specials), as well as the spin-offs, Croc Files and The Crocodile Hunter Diaries, and the feature-film, The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course.

Stainton was adamant in preventing the footage of Irwin's last moments, which depicts the moments after his fatal stingray attack, from being publicly released, stating that "it should be destroyed". There were rumours that the footage had been leaked onto the internet, but all were revealed to be faked.

In the memorial service held on 20 September 2006 for Steve Irwin, Stainton made an appearance to pay tribute to his friend.

Partial filmography

 * Confessions of the Crocodile Hunter
 * Tigers of Shark Bay
 * Crocs in the City
 * Search for a Super Croc
 * Ice Breaker
 * Island of Snakes
 * Ocean's Deadliest
 * Bindi the Jungle Girl
 * The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course
 * The Crocodile Hunter Diaries
 * The Crocodile Hunter's Croc Files
 * The Crocodile Hunter
 * Ghosts of War
 * New Breed Vets
 * "Your Worst Animal Nightmares"
 * Crikey! What an Adventure
 * In Steve's Footsteps
 * My Daddy, the Crocodile Hunter

title: John Stainton


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Miłosz Magin

Miłosz Magin (6 July 1929 – 4 March 1999) was a Polish composer and pianist.

Biography
Born in Łódź, Poland, Miłosz Magin showed considerable musical abilities from early childhood. He was a student of piano with Margerita Trombini-Kazuro and composition with both Kazimierz Sikorski and Jan Maklakiewicz; the latter he considered his spiritual father. Magin also studied violin, cello and ballet. In 1957, he completed his piano, compositional and conducting studies, graduating from the Warsaw Higher School of Music with distinction.

Miłosz Magin won prizes in several top international competitions: the V International Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw (honorable mention), the Marguerite Long-Jacques Thibaud Competition in Paris and the Vianna da Motta Competition in Lisbon. He left his native country together with his wife Idalia Magin and stayed in Portugal, Germany, and England until finally settling in Paris in 1960.

Magin's career as an international soloist was suddenly interrupted in 1963 after his left wrist was broken in a car accident. However, he eventually regained his playing abilities, and in 1968 started recording the complete works of Chopin for Decca, which is now regarded as a reference recording (a complete reissue on CD was made by Universal in 2000).

Other recordings: Chopin, Four Ballades, IPG (Societe francaise du son) 1973 Long Playing Record.

During his years of recovery Magin went back to composition, which became one of his main priorities for the rest of his life. A prodigious piano virtuoso, he regularly gave concerts in different countries around the world, mainly performing works by Chopin, his favorite composer, but also works by Mozart and various Polish, French and Russian composers, as well as his own music.

In parallel to his career as a pianist and composer, Miłosz Magin became a popular teacher with students who came to him from all over the world, including such famous performers as Jean-Marc Luisada. According to his students, Magin was an exceptional master, not only sharing his knowledge but having the gift to inspire and tactfully advise while demanding high standards of his students.

He left a considerable body of music: piano works, including four sonatas and collections for young pianists, several concertos (four for piano, two for violin, one of each for cello and clarinet ), two symphonies, and a ballet, as well as vocal and orchestral works. Not attached to any particular musical style, Miłosz Magin's music is notable for its balance between melody, harmony and rhythmic play. He was often inspired by the rhythms of his native Poland. Appreciated by the public, his works are now recorded and published as well as featured in the repertory of great performers.

With the help of his wife Idalia, also a pianist, in 1985 Magin founded the Miłosz Magin International Piano Competition in Paris. Devoted to the discovery of young international talents and to the promotion of Polish music, this competition takes place every two years with increasing popularity.

Magin died on 4 March 1999 of a heart attack while touring with concerts in Tahiti. He was buried next to Chopin's tomb at the Père-Lachaise cemetery in Paris, France. Miłosz Magin is considered one of the greatest Polish composers of the 20th century.

title: Miłosz Magin


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Torpedo ram

A torpedo ram is a type of torpedo boat combining a ram with torpedo tubes. Incorporating design elements from the cruiser and the monitor, it was intended to provide small and inexpensive weapon systems for coastal defence and other littoral combat.

Overview
Like a monitor, torpedo rams operated with very little freeboard, sometimes with only inches of hull rising above the water, exposing only their funnels and turrets to enemy fire. In addition to the guns in their turrets, they also were equipped with torpedoes. Early designs incorporated a spar torpedo that could be extended from the bow and detonated by ramming a target. Later designs used tube-launched self-propelled torpedoes, but retained the concept of ramming, resulting in designs like HMS Polyphemus, which had five torpedo tubes, two each port and starboard and one mounted in the center of her reinforced ram bow.

The torpedo ram concept came about at a time when the self-propelled torpedo, pioneered by Robert Whitehead, had only just been invented. The earliest self-propelled torpedoes were obviously very powerful weapons, but were very short-ranged and incapable of reaching speeds greater than 10 knots, making them useless against anything but stationary targets. Another result of this was that for a time there was much confusion in naval circles about how best to employ the torpedo. During the 1870s a large number of proposals emerged for torpedo-carrying warships.

The torpedo ram, like most of the early torpedo-carrying warship designs, was intended to attack enemy warships while they were still at anchor in harbor. The torpedo ram's low profile and high speed were to make discovery and interception harder, as was the commonly stated intent for their attacks to take place at night. Once it reached the harbor, the torpedo ram was to smash its way through any seaward harbor defenses and make straight for the ships lying at anchor, launching its torpedoes before they could get underway. Once this was done, the torpedo ram would exit the harbor and make a high-speed escape to waiting friendly forces.

Abandonment and legacy
It soon became clear that the proposition of attacking enemy ships in harbors was not a practical one. Because of this, torpedo rams were never particularly popular, and the design was largely abandoned by the end of the 19th century as other, more practical, classes of torpedo-carrying warships emerged. Only a handful were built. The best remembered examples of the type were the aforementioned Polyphemus and the United States Navy's USS Intrepid. Neither saw a great deal of active service and they were mostly used for torpedo trials, although Polyphemus did demonstrate the potential damage she could inflict when she was used to demolish a harbor defense boom via ramming.

While never popular with the naval services that created them, the torpedo ram can be said to have caught public attention in a manner which far exceeded its utility as a concept for a fighting ship. The heroic HMS Thunder Child in H. G. Wells' science fiction novel The War of the Worlds is a torpedo ram; she destroys two Martian Tripods before being sunk.

title: Torpedo ram


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List of mayors of Louisville, Kentucky

The history of Louisville, Kentucky, United States, as a city is considered to have started on February 13, 1828, the date of the first city charter. From the time of its first organization as a village, on February 7, 1781, until its incorporation as a city, it was governed by a board of trustees. At the time when its growth and commercial importance demanded the change of its government, it was chartered by the state legislature into a city of five wards and placed under the government of a mayor and city council, the latter being composed of ten members, two from each ward.

History of the office
The first election under the Act of Incorporation took place in March 1828. All free white males who had lived in the city for at least six months prior to the election could vote, although mayors were not elected directly initially. The two top vote-getters were referred to the governor, who selected the mayor from the two, with senate approval. The early mayor was relatively weak, acting mostly as a Justice of the Peace, serving a one-year term, and lacking a vote on the City Council except to break ties.

A change to the charter in 1838 allowed for direct election of a mayor, extended the term to three years, and prevented incumbents from running for re-election. The term was reduced to two years from 1851 to 1870, then returned to three, and was finally set at four years by the Kentucky Legislature in 1894. In the early 20th century, corruption and political machines were rampant, causing mayors of both parties to be removed from office by courts. All legislative power was given to the Board of Aldermen in 1929. Mayoral term limits were set at three in 1986.

On January 6, 2003, the city of Louisville and Jefferson County governments merged to form the government of Louisville Metro, and the office of Mayor of Louisville Metro was created.

title: List of mayors of Louisville, Kentucky


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South Lanarkshire Council

South Lanarkshire Council (Comhairle Siorrachd Lannraig a Deas) is the unitary authority serving the South Lanarkshire council area in Scotland. The council has its headquarters in Hamilton, has 16,000 employees, and an annual budget of almost £1bn. The large and varied geographical territory takes in rural and upland areas, market towns such as Lanark, Strathaven and Carluke, the urban burghs of Rutherglen, Cambuslang, and East Kilbride which was Scotland's first new town. The area was formed in 1996 from the areas of Clydesdale, Hamilton and East Kilbride districts, and some outer areas of Glasgow district (Rutherglen/Fernhill, Cambuslang/Halfway and part of King's Park/Toryglen); all were previously within the Strathclyde region from 1975 but in historic Lanarkshire prior to that.

Political control
The first election to South Lanarkshire Council was held in 1995, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new system came into force on 1 April 1996. Political control of the council since 1996 has been as follows:

Leadership
South Lanarkshire operates a cabinet style system, with key decisions being taken by the executive committee, under the leadership of the Council Leader, and approved by the council, chaired by the provost.

The first leader of South Lanarkshire Council, selected from among the sitting councillors, was Tom McCabe who previously held the same office at Hamilton District. When McCabe was elected as an MSP in 1999, the role went to his deputy Eddie McAvoy - brother of one of the region's MPs Tommy McAvoy - who held the post for the next 18 years until his retirement ahead of the 2017 election. The new leader from 2017 was John Ross.

The ambassadorial role of provost is also filled by one of the serving councillors. Office holders include:

 * Sam Casserly (1995–1999) - previous provost of Hamilton district
 * Alan Dick (1999–2003)
 * Mushtaq Ahmad (2003–2007)
 * Russell Clearie (2007–2012)
 * Eileen Logan (2012–2017) - previous provost of Clydesdale district
 * Ian McAllan (2017–2022)
 * Margaret Cooper (2022–present)

The leaders of the council since 1996 have been:

Current composition
The results of the last local elections on 5 May 2022 were:

Following the defection of East Kilbride, Strathaven and Lesmahagow MP Lisa Cameron from the SNP to the Conservatives in October 2023, her husband – Cllr Mark Horsham – stood back from his role as business manager within the SNP group before resigning from the party to sit as an Independent 10 days later. He did not join the 'Independent Group' with the other independent councillors.

In May 2023, East Kilbride West councillor Ali Salamati resigned his seat for work reasons triggering a by-election which Labour won. Therefore, as of 11th July 2023, the composition of the Council is:

Elections
Since 2007 elections have been held every five years under the single transferable vote system, introduced by the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004. Election results since 1995 have been as follows:

Premises
The Council Headquarters building, on Almada Street, Hamilton, was built as the Lanark County Buildings in 1963, and designed by county architect David Gordon Bannerman. The 17 storey, 200 ft tower is the tallest building in the council area, is Category A-listed, and is a highly visible landmark across this part of the Clyde Valley. The modernist design was influenced by the United Nations building in New York City. At the front of the building is the circular council chamber, and a plaza with water features. Between 1975 and 1996 the building had been used as a sub-regional office of Strathclyde Regional Council, with Hamilton District Council using Hamilton Townhouse in that time. On the creation of South Lanarkshire Council in 1996 the new council chose to base itself at the Almada Street building.

Wards
In the council's initial 12 years, individual wards (73 in 1995, adjusted down to 67 in 1999 and 2003) each electing one councillor using the First past the post method.

Since the 2007 South Lanarkshire Council election, there are 20 council wards in South Lanarkshire, each serving a population ranging from 13,000 to 20,000 and each ward represented on the council by 3 or 4 councillors elected using single transferable vote; in 2007 and 2012 this produced a total of 67 available seats, which was adjusted down to 64 in 2017 along with boundary adjustments, although the same number of wards overall.

title: South Lanarkshire Council


text:
Talk:Allen Park, Michigan

Money Magazine unsourced statements
To interested parties: I am removing the unsourced statement about Money Magazine, as I have not been able to locate evidence to support it. I reviewed the "Best Small Cities" lists for 2005 through 2008 and found that Allen Park was mentioned as a "contender" in 2007, but did not make the Top 100. It was not mentioned in 2005 or 2006, and is listed as one of many "other" cities in 2008 that did not make the list. Joncaire (talk) 02:25, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

In reply to the above: After noticing that there was once an uncited statement about Money Magazine in the article, I did further research and discovered that while Allen Park wasn't ranked for the title, it was still recognized. The magizine maintains that contending cities such as Allen Park weren't listed because they required that "Small Cities" have a population between 50,000 and 300,000 in the 2008 publishing. Because it was still indeed recognized by Money as well as noted on the City of Allen Park's website - cityofallenpark.org - I decided that it would be best to reinclude this fact in the article. --SC, 11/24/08 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.12.199.23 (talk) 10:40, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

How old is Allen Park High School?
This page of the website cited in the high school article seems to prove that the district was operating a high school (on the site of another district school) no later than 1952, not 1955: "The 'new' Lapham School ...housed kindergarten through 12th grade until the high school was opened in 1955. In 1952, the high school rowing team won the national championship." Broglin, Sharon. Allen Park. Arcadia Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0738551090, 9780738551098. p. 43 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.90.136.149 (talk) 04:30, 14 July 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 January 2019
Dabmaster8 (talk) 22:01, 18 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. DannyS712 (talk) 22:09, 18 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Allen Park, Michigan


text:
Talk:None of the above

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2020 and 2 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Komalbadesha. Peer reviewers: Brandonqin, Ryanliou, Tasmia.r.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:22, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Brazil
Articles about elections in Brazil around Wikipedia all clearly state that Brazil has NOTA options in elections.--86.129.139.149 (talk) 00:18, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

2005 - 2007 Topics
I think, "None of the Above" is used in Presidential Elections in Russia. 80.185.152.212 16:31, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Brewster's Millions (1985 film)

Isn't it nonsensical to call someone a "NOTA candidate?". Ralph Nader ran as a Green Party (I think) candidate. If you're on the ballot, you're a candidate. If you're not on the ballot, people can write you in as a (wait for it) write-in candidate.

Ralph Nader happens to be a proponent of NOTA being a binding option on ballots. (See the discussion and footnote at Ralph Nader). Presumably his candidacy was meant to highlight the dissatisfaction that many felt towards the present two-party system. But I don't think it helps anything to coin the phrase "NOTA candidate." Petershank 21:48, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

--- On the idea of RON, it is often refered to as a RON candidate in the election regulations, especially in multimember elections. in fact if you don't object, i'll edit the main page to say how the surplus for RON is distributed. 82.39.189.3 20:11, 21 December 2006 (UTC) Spuddy345

I Suggest splitting RON from this page. It is a distinct concept in elections and should be discussed in more detail elsewhere. Spuddy345 21:59, 28 December 2006 (UTC) Spuddy345

Reopening negociations is one responce to a NOTA vote, the RON vote just makes this explicit. The other obvious responce is to ignore it, but others are possible137.44.1.200 16:27, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Book entitled, "None of the Above" by Sy Leon
Adding a reference to this book would help those researching the subject. I just finished reading it, and it's very relevant. Shazazzily (talk) 00:44, 15 May 2008 (UTC)Shazazzily

Proposal to split off the RON topic
AGAINST. This topic is an inherent part of NOTA, and without it the NOTA article would be incomplete. Neuralwarp (talk) 14:20, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree and will remove the tag. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 07:53, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Difference from Abstention
I used to be an election official, and races for which a voter did not cast a vote were counted as "undervotes." While they did not affect the outcome of the election, they did scare unopposed incumbents and encouraged potential challengers to run against them in the next election. The only problem was races in which you got to vote for more than one candidate (because more than one were elected at once). If you voted for any number less than the maximum, it also got called an undervote. Bostoner (talk) 04:08, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

Nazi Germany (One-party-system parliamentary show elections), East Germany (One-party-system parliamentary show elections), Belarus (presidential election)

 * see entries of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:East_German_elections

 * see entries of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Germany#Elections_in_Nazi_Germany_.28formally_under_the_Weimar_Constitution.29

 * According to the tabulary of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_presidential_election,_2010#Election, it seems in 2010 there was an "against all" option (like in Russia, Ukraine, etc.), but I don't know when it was introduced, if it's still actual, and if it is only at presidential elections or more general also at e.g. parliamentary elections, etc. 62.143.229.223 (talk) 16:47, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

==New Proposal to Split NOTA -- into American and European -- each has a separate history. Otherwise, the NOTA article is overy long. Am editing the America side of NOTA. 99.127.230.217 (talk) 04:42, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

An overview section is needed for context, then links to other articles
The article is too disjointed. I think it would benefit from a broader history section that would give a general overview and then there should be subsections about the procedures in different countries and entities. Those subsections should be short and simple summaries with links to main articles with more detail. There is simply to great a diversity of election systems to lump "none of the above" into one article, and because of this diversity there is little that is shared from the various systems. For instance, how is the Polish experience related to Nevada's? This should be a general, broad, brief introduction to the idea that then points readers onto other more detailed and in-depth articles that are country- or institution-specific. For instance 're-open nominations" can get a paragraph or 3 here but more a more in-depth treatment elsewhere. Same with undervote. --Bruce Hall (talk) 06:02, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Under the section on the NOTA party in the UK is this paragraph "USE OF NOTA

It is a button in the voting machine.It is used when the voter does not want to cast his vote to any of the political party/member. The voter can press the button NOTA.(BY HARISSH S, CPS)"

Given that voting machines with buttons are not used in UK elections this is clearly not an accurate description so please can it be removed or at least clarified. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.132.22.20 (talk) 11:42, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

Mexico?
The following article suggests Mexico also allows subitting back ballots:

http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/06/11/a-dead-man-wins-election-in-cartel-country.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.129.243.31 (talk) 01:51, 12 June 2015 (UTC)

United States
The United States section needs a bit of work. Cleaned up what I could. Several of the links were bad, or simply looked made up. Replaced with most proper references I could find.

However, I could not find an authoritative reference to the Isla Vista section. It was cited with three false links. SteveJEsposito (talk) 22:39, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

What about 'no award' like the Hugo Awards
Like the title says. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.251.75.106 (talk) 04:13, 24 February 2016 (UTC)

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Merge Above and Beyond Party
The activities and media coverage of this party are limited to the 2015 General Election. The material would be better consolidated here with other NOTA efforts rather than as a separate page relying mainly on the party's own website. I found some more coverage, but not enough to suggest ongoing independent notability:  Fences  &  Windows  18:29, 14 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I would also say it is more than a question of just coverage, more so of votes. I would therefore also support your proposal.-  Adam37   Talk  19:29, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

Hi, this entry is actually very out of date. All indications are that the Above & Beyond Party has disbanded. It's official website no longer exists and its facebook page has not been updated since 2015. That pages posts also reveal, in my view, that they were not a single issue party at all and were most likely using interest in None of the Above in 2015 to promote themselves and a broader political agenda. I personally think they should be removed from this page and the stand alone article either taken down or amended to reflect this. Malmanstan (talk) 13:27, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Malmanstan, the party now being moribund us relevant as it will likely gain no further coverage. The coverage is about the party as a NOTA proponent, so it does belong here. Your interpretation of their Facebook posts as indicating a wider agenda is original research; we have to rely on what independent reliable sources said about the party. Fences  &  Windows  21:29, 8 July 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 14:46, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

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What will I add to the article?

 * Pros and Cons of none of the above voting
 * Why are people not voting, and how can none of the above voting affect that?

https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/645223716/on-the-sidelines-of-democracy-exploring-why-so-many-americans-dont-vote

https://expmag.com/2019/12/the-voting-innovation-no-ones-talking-about/

https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/23/world/ulyanovsk-journal-only-in-russia-none-of-the-above-is-on-ballot-and-wins.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by Komalbadesha (talk • contribs) 05:31, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:None of the above


text:
User:Macanese馬交人

I HATE THAT WHITE-EYED IDIOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

title: User:Macanese馬交人


text:
Katarzyna Ewa Zdanowicz-Cyganiak

Katarzyna Ewa Zdanowicz-Cyganiak (née Zdanowicz) (born in 1979) is a Polish poet and journalist. Author of poetry volumes Improwizacje i nie tylko (Improvisations and Not Only Those), Poznajmy się (Let's Get Acquainted), Kolekcjonerka (The She-collector), Szkliwo (Enamel), Jak umierają małe dziewczynki? (How Do Little Girls Die?) and deadline. In 2004 she wrote a scholarly book about Maria Komornicka ''Kto się boi Marii K.? Sztuka i wykluczenie'' (Who Is Afraid of Maria K.? Art and Exclusion). Her newest publication is the 30 September 2007 collection of 41 new poems in Polish titled deadline. As opposed to her earlier works, published under the authorship of Katarzyna Ewa Zdanowicz, this one was published under her married name as Katarzyna Zdanowicz-Cyganiak.

Some of her poems have been translated into English by Marek Ługowski and circulated and discussed on Usenet's rec.arts.poems. Her prepared 40-poem English-language debut is still awaiting a publisher.

title: Katarzyna Ewa Zdanowicz-Cyganiak


text:
Pleco

Plecostomus, pleco, or plec refers to several species of freshwater loricariid catfish commonly sold as aquarium fish:

 * Hypostomus plecostomus
 * Hypostomus punctatus
 * Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus
 * Pterygoplichthys pardalis
 * Ancistrus cirrhosus

Pleco may also refer to:
 * Pleco Software, an English↔Chinese dictionary application for iOS and Android devices, which uses the traditional Chinese character for "fish" (魚 yú) in its icon.

title: Pleco


text:
Now and Then

Now and Then or Now & Then may refer to:

Film and television

 * Now and Then (film), a 1995 comedy-drama
 * Now and Then (The Price Is Right), former name of active game on The Price Is Right, "Now or Then"
 * Now and Then, a 1979 Australian film starring Tony Barry
 * The Now and Then Show, a United States television program

Literature

 * Now and Then, a one-act play by David Campton
 * Now and Then (Joseph Heller book), a 1998 memoir by Joseph Heller
 * Now and Then (novel), in the Spenser series by Robert B. Parker
 * Now and Then: The Poems of Gil Scott-Heron, a book of poems by Gil Scott-Heron
 * Now and Then, a novel by Robert Penn Warren
 * Now and Then, a novel by Samuel Warren
 * Now and Then: a memoir of vocation, a partial autobiography by Frederick Buechner

Albums

 * Now & Then (The Carpenters album), 1973
 * Now and Then (Chris de Burgh album), 2008
 * Now and Then (Smokey Robinson album), 2010
 * Now and Then (Jake Thomas album)
 * Now and Then (Ernestine Anderson album), 1993
 * Now and Then (Michelle Wright album), 1992
 * Now & Then (Janie Fricke album), 1993
 * Now and Then (The Rowans album), 2004
 * Now & Then (Damien Leith album), 2012
 * Now and Then (South African series), an anthology album, followed by a second volume
 * Now & Then, album by Aaron Tippin
 * Now & Then, album by Buckner & Garcia
 * Now & Then, album by Skinnerbox

Songs

 * "Now and Then" (Karen Staley song), 1994
 * "Now and Then" (Beatles song), 2023
 * "Now and Then" (The Superjesus song), 1998
 * "Now and Then", song by Blackmore's Night from Under a Violet Moon
 * "Now & Then", 1968 song by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap
 * "Now & Then", 2008 song by Algebra from her album Purpose
 * "Now and Then", song on Lynsey De Paul's 1994 album Just a Little Time
 * "Now and Then", song on Gordon Lightfoot's 1975 album Cold on the Shoulder

title: Now and Then


text:
Talk:Salt Lake Tabernacle

Design
The design was given by revelation to the prophet at the time, Brigham Young. This is plainly NOT NPOV. I would add something like "according to" to the front of this statement, but I don't know who goes after the "according to." RhesusmanRhesusman 24 July 2005 16:34 (UTC)

 * Yes, this article needs to be re-written, actually. If I every get time I will. As-is, it seems like it might be a copyright violation from an LDS source, but this hypothetical source does not seem to be in Google. Needs NPOV in either case. Cool Hand Luke  01:14, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Upside down photo of truss
No one has been willing to come forth to turn around the photo of the truss, I had to do it to get it shown right side up. The truss curves inward from bottom. Samuelsenwd (talk) 07:26, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Aluminum
I really doubt the roof was covered in aluminum in 1867 (at that time it was still almost a precious metal). AnonMoos (talk) 08:44, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

 * After a very long wait, I have clarified this in the article. ——Rich jj (talk) 16:33, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

What's the Tabernacle's religious role?
I would assume that religious services are held in the Tabernacle and yet there is no discussion of the services or the religious significance of the building, or its architecture. Some should be included. --Bruce Hall (talk) 12:20, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed! I came to the article looking for such information and leave without having learned anything about the building except its architecture. --145.226.30.83 (talk) 13:17, 23 December 2016 (UTC)

Acoustics
Most of this section is dubious. It's not NPOV and there are no citations of any neutral acoustic expert (or notable non-LDS musicians) praising its acoustics. On the contrary, the domed/concave ceiling geometry and focusing effects described are usually regarded as acoustical flaws. The Tabernacle is even cited in Wikipedia as an example of a "Whispering Gallery"--not a quality you want in a large auditorium or concert hall. Also--the concept of removing interior columns because they "obstruct the flow of sound waves" is not a real acoustical concept. Sound waves bend quite readily around columns. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.101.50.184 (talk) 01:29, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

http://www.acousticdimensions.com/achieve_services_acoustics.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.101.50.184 (talk) 01:34, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The acoustics do not need to be praised by non-LDS musicians or neutral acoustic experts to be famed. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/02/us/02mormon.html The "fame of the acoustics of this tabernacle precede the existence of the acoustics firm you linked to, and also apparently outlasted it too. However, I did correct the interior columns comment. Jbh001 (talk) 23:28, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

Semi-Annual conference note
Casual reader here, however something I noticed was the reference of the semi-annual conference the building was built and used for. A little more accurate would be that it was used for the 'Annual and Semi-annual Conferences' The annual conference occurs every April, and the semi-annual is six months later, or in October. I understand it's a minor distinction, but for what it's worth, it would also be more complete. Thank you.174.45.191.156 (talk) 09:13, 17 December 2014 (UTC)Ryan C.

 * The word semi-annual in this case is descriptive, and not part of a title; General Conference is semi-annual, in that it happens every six months. This is also the description we use on the General Conference article, because it's accurate. — Asterisk *  Splat → 15:33, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Salt Lake Tabernacle


text:
Larmor (crater)

Larmor is a crater on the Moon's far side. It is located to the east-southeast of Shayn and due north of Dante. It is named in honor of the physicist Joseph Larmor.

The rim of Larmor is broken across by the satellite crater Larmor Z. The remaining rim is slightly worn, particularly to the southwest, and the inner wall is somewhat wider at the southern end. The wider southern inner wall displays terrace structures. Near the midpoint of the otherwise relatively level interior floor are some low hill features.

The satellite crater Larmor Q, located about one and a half crater diameters to the southwest of Larmor, has a ray system. These rays lie primarily within cones to the north and southeast, which leave a 120° arc to the west which is free of ray material. The crater is fresh, with an impact melt splash pool at the bottom and lobes of melt that have flowed down the outside of the rim.

The crater was named after Joseph Larmor by the IAU in 1970.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Larmor.

title: Larmor (crater)


text:
Nonfarm payrolls

Nonfarm payroll employment is a compiled name for goods, construction and manufacturing companies in the US. Approximately 80% of the workforce is accounted for nonfarm payrolls and it excludes farm workers, private household employees, actively serving military or non-profit organization employees. Approximately 131,000 businesses and government agencies, which amounts to around 670,000 worksites, are surveyed on a monthly basis.

It is an influential statistic and economic indicator released monthly by the United States Department of Labor as part of a comprehensive report on the state of the labor market.

The financial assets most affected by the nonfarm payroll (NFP) data include the US dollar, equities and gold. The markets react very quickly and most of the time in a very volatile fashion around the time the NFP data is released. The short-term market moves indicate that there is a very strong correlation between the NFP data and the strength of the US dollar. Historical price movement data shows a small negative correlation between the NFP data and the US dollar Index.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics releases preliminary data on the third Friday after the conclusion of the reference week, i.e., the week which includes the 12th of the month, at 8:30a.m. Eastern Time; typically this date occurs on the first Friday of the month. Nonfarm payroll is included in the monthly Employment Situation or informally the jobs report.

The figure released is the change in nonfarm payrolls (NFP), compared to the previous month, and is usually between +10,000 and +250,000 during non-recessional times. That number is meant to represent the number of jobs added or lost in the economy over the last month, not including jobs relating to the farming industry.

Interpretation for the economy
In general, increases in employment means both that businesses are hiring which means they are growing and that the newly-employed people have money to spend on goods and services, which further fuels growth. The opposite is true for decreases in employment. Simultaneously, a robust job market could imply that the economy is expanding at a rapid pace, which may result in inflationary pressures, particularly in the form of higher wages. If the employment numbers are strong, Fed officials might contemplate raising key interest rates as a measure to control inflation. Based on the survey results, the Federal Reserve could determine its course of action regarding monetary policy.

Interpretation for financial markets
US employment data showed sustained weakness throughout 2011. The jobs market has become an area of key focus for investors and market participants since US Federal Reserve ties monetary policies with economic performance, such as the size of quantitative easing programme. For this reason and in this environment the market is particularly sensitive to significant NFP releases.

While the overall number of jobs added or lost in the economy is obviously an important current indicator of what the economic situation is, the report also includes several other pieces of data that can move financial markets:

1. What the unemployment rate is in the economy as a percentage of the overall workforce. This is an important part of the report as the number of people out of work is a good indication of the overall health of the economy, and this is a number that is watched by the Fed as when it becomes low (generally anything below 5%) inflation is expected to start to creep up as businesses have to pay up to hire good workers and increase prices as a result. This initial rise in prices may mean that workers demand higher wages (especially as the economy reaches full employment) causing further inflation. In macroeconomics, this is known as the price/wage spiral.

2. Which sectors the increase or decrease in jobs came from. This can give traders a heads up on which sectors of the economy may be primed for growth as companies in those sectors such as housing add jobs.

3. Average hourly earnings. This is an important component because if the same number of people are employed but are earning more or less money for that work, this has basically the same effect as if people had been added or subtracted from the labor force.

4. Revisions of previous nonfarm payrolls releases. An important component of the report which can move markets as traders re-price growth expectations based on the revision to the previous number.

title: Nonfarm payrolls


text:
File:HappyBirthdayCookieMonsterBookCover.gif

Summary
Happy Birthday, Cookie Monster book cover