text:
Talk:Chevrolet Corvair

Turbo-Air
That engine photo isn't the turbo engine, it's the low end two carb engine. The turbo had a sidedraft carb with a cylindrical air cleaner mounted back (forward?) on the driver's side of the firewall (well, right behind the back seat) right on the turbo input. The big pie plate air cleaners as seen here were the two carb and four carb, and it looks like you can see only one air horn going to one carb on the left side head. (I owned a few two carb and one four carb version, and I saw a few turbo versions). Gzuckier 19:12, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, man, I was excited to get a shot of the turbo, too! The reason I thought it was a turbo is that it says "TURBO-AIR" on the air cleaner - I assumed they wouldn't use the word, "turbo", on a non-turbo car, but I guess I was wrong...  --SFoskett 19:42, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, for some ungodly reason they called the more powerful 2 carb engine (in contrast to the less powerful two carb engine) the turbo air. ??? Great marketing strategies of the 20th century. Here's a good pic of the turbo engine; that big chrome can on the left that looks like an air inlet is the air cleaner, that chrome thing on the right with a dent in it to clear the spare tire is the heat shield over the exhaust side of the turbo, and you can see the sidedraft carb in between and the chrome pipe out to the intake manifolds. Unmistakable. Gzuckier 04:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

The reason it is called Turbo Air is because 'Turbo' didn't have the accepted meaning it has now. In the same way, a lot of cars in the 30s, 40s and 50s had what was known as 'air conditioning'. However, this didn't mean what we know it to mean today (refrigeration) - it just meant a regular heating and ventilation system, because the later kind of air conditioning hadn't been invented, so obviously it didn't strike anyone as odd at the time (just having a regular system was more than most people could aspire to!).

In the same way, as there weren't any other Turbo cars around at the time, calling the Corvair's engine 'Turbo Air' wasn't considered odd because Turbo didn't mean what it means now. It would only have been considered odd after the turbocharged engie gained wider aceptance, following on the lead set by (you've guessed it) the Chevrolet Corvair, which besides having an engine called Turbo Air, was in fact the world's first turbocharged engine (or the second, if you could the Olds F-85, which beat it by a month or two, but was another GM product and fizzled out after a couple of years). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sidevalve (talk • contribs) 21:24, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * 'Turbo Air' confusion partly relates to US car maker anxiety caused by the threat of Chrysler to manufacture a full production turbine powered car, as alternative engines were increasingly explored after being field tested and proven in WW2. Moreover the Hitler VW and helicopter proven horizontally opposed engine layout. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.1.212.151 (talk) 14:51, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Great marketing moves
But wait, there's more! The two carb engines (80-110 HP) were all "Turbo-Air," and the four-carb. 140 HP engine was the "Super Turbo-Air." The actual Turbo engine says "Turbocharged" on the air cleaner with a fireball for the cross of the "T." At least it's graphically interesting... I'll see if I have a nice photo of a 140 HP to pop in as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aqmxv (talk • contribs) 04:28, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Most Chevy engines of that era had "turbo" marketing names. The small-block V8s were Turbo-Fire, the big blocks were Turbo-Jet, even the lowly sixes were Turbo-Thrift. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.84.16.45 (talk) 19:28, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Again playing upon the turbine engine and avionics type higher technology themes and employing actual turbo-charging to a car engine, whereas turbo-charging was pioneered, developed and refined for airplane use in order overcome an altitude ceiling caused by lower density air pressure. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.1.212.151 (talk) 14:51, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

whats missing
There is the Greenbrier so I am trying to find a good picture for it:) Whopper 02:20, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Huh?
Could someone please comment on this? It makes no sense.. what's so bad about taking the key out?: "The first Corvairs (1960 – 1964) were factory equipped with an ignition lock wherein it was possible to start the car and then remove the key. Doing so in Southern California and being caught by the Los Angeles Police Department was a guaranteed ticket to a weekend in jail." --JeffryJohnston 19:18, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Nothing wrong with the design, I used to drive a 64 Monza 900 with the keys in the speaker dish on the dash. But the thing was, the LAPD would see that there was no key in the ignition and instantly decide the car was stolen. And of course, once they decided to take you to jail, you were going to jail, end of story. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.64.112.236 (talk • contribs) 22 March 2006

Nader removed?
What happened to the Ralph Nader related information in earlier versions? I certainly think it's pertinent to the car's history. 65.9.150.134 21:30, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

I'd go further and include a mention in the introduction. Nader is main reason I have even heard of the corvair. 204.58.245.247 (talk) 18:05, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

I grew up in the Detroit suburbs in the 1960's, and I heard of the Corvair long before I ever heard of Nader. The general view in our neighborhood is that the Corvair was a fine car and that GM had been railroaded by Nader. John Paul Parks (talk) 04:03, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Put back Nader--DeLorean too!
Charisma was never Nader's strong suit--he always tells us what we don't want to, but need to hear. I put much of it back. I've seen Nader (the man who refuses to hold a driver's license, nor to own a car) since the old days of The Tonight Show, with Johnny Carson. Unsafe At Any Speed is a must read for anyone considering buying an American Car. More than almost single-handedly leading to the demise of the Corvair, one needs to read the chapter on the Ford Mustang in Nader's book,to appreciate the incredible way the car had it's body design taken to the engineers, telling them, "This is how it's going to look, now make it into a car--and make sure to keep the cost below $3,000." The marketing was even more incredible than the engineering. Before anyone had seen one, there were folks who paid cash to be put on a list to get the "first one in town." One woman wrote to Ford, before its big pemier to say, "The new Mustang is more exciting than sex!" My wife's best girlfriend bought a brand new 1965 Mustang. I drove it partway through a blizzard to New York City. What a piece of crap. I don't know which was scarier, trying to get ahead of the storm, or the way the crappy thing handled going down the Empire State Thruway at 85mph.

I saw Nader at our church during the 2004 campaign. Again, he told me a lot of things I did not want to hear, (but needed to). When he left the building, he was driven to the airport (he always travels coach) in the back seat of somebody else's van.

I also referenced, On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors, by John Z. DeLorean. For every potential American car buyer, I believe it is an even more essential read than Nader's book. In it he talks about how GM would design front suspensions for their cars by getting them to fail after a few hundred miles on the test track, and then upgrade just as little as possible to save a production dollar or two. DeLorean is referenced in WP, but like most of the sites on Google, everybody wants to talk about his car fiasco and his cocaine problem, instead of his hard-won bad news about General Motors.

I am 60 years old, have been a motor-head all my life. Like DeLorean I grew up in the Motor City, where I still live. When I was ten, my old man put a wrench in my hand and said, "If you're gonna drive 'em, you're gonna fix 'em." Although I appreciate high performance, I much prefer quality. My first two new cars were Volkswagens, the second from Pennsylvania and the last two have been Hondas, built in Ohio by Americans. I cannot tell you how many times I have returned to my parked Honda to find a big glob of snot in the middle of the windshield, especially in Dearborn. For a while I was seeing bumper stickers that read, "REAL Americans buy American cars." I later saw one on a Volvo which said, "Real Americans buy what they want, (or QUALITY)"--W8IMP 03:13, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Ralph Nader made all sorts of allegations about all sorts of cars, and not too many of them had any real basis in fact. Chapter 2 tells of how the horizontal tailfins on the 1959 and 1960 Full-Size Chevrolets caused the rear ends of those cars to lift off the ground at speeds in excess of 70MPH. Tell that th NASCAR legend Junior Johnson, who won the 1960 Daytona 500 in a 1959 Chevy Impala Sport Coupe at an average speed of nearly 140MPH! Tell me: How can a car whose drive wheels leave the ground at 70 ever hope to attain 140? Perhaps Mr.Nader could explain that one, since his book was published FIVE YEARS after the fact! Yes, he did mention the Mustang in one brief chapter, but only to sustain the illusion of impartiality - he was on the payroll of the Ford Motor Company while he was writing his book!

If you read John DeLorean's book "On A Clear Day You Can See General Motors", pay special attention to where he says that it is incredibly stupid (Paraphrasing, as it's been nearly 25 years since I've read it myself) to put an engine as heavy as the Corvair's 400-ish lb, mostly aluminum powerplant out behind the rear axle. Then the genius goes into production with his own car, powered by a CAST IRON V-6 sourced from Renault/Peugeot/Volvo. This engine weighs more than 200 lbs MORE thanthe Corvair's engine! It's widely known that Mr. DeLorean left GM under circumstances that were less than favorable to him, and his book was just his way of exacting his pound of flesh from the automaker. CorvairJim

Independent Rear Suspension
All Corvairs had a fully independent rear suspension, not just the 65 and later. The swing axles were fully independent as well, just not as good of a design. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.113.209.173 (talk • contribs) 5 April 2006

Oh No, the IRS!
The definition of independent suspension I learned was that camber, caster, and toe all had to be independently controllable during suspension motion. Swing axles don't allow independent camber control, therefore aren't fully independent suspension. -- Aqmxv 14:10, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Oh they were independently controlled
just badly. Both rear wheels were totally independent of each other. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.113.209.173 (talk • contribs) 9 April 2006

Name
Is it fair to say that the name was artificial and doesn't mean anything? Was it a play on the words Corvette and corsair? Maikel 13:36, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

REPY TO Maikel....

The more common belief was that the name was a combination of the two most prominant GM lines, Corvette and Belair.. ala Corvair.

There was a 1953 Concept Corvette like car called the Corvair. The name was saved and eventually was used for the little air cooled wonder we all know as the Corvair. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.175.38.58 (talk • contribs) 15 June 2007

Engineering
Someone needs to look into the engineering section. Someone wrote it referring to themself a lot. 75.37.67.193 08:17, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Its an awful section of the article, its written with little referencing and from a personal point of view. How's about removing everything referring to personal problems and ask for cites for the rest? Alastairward 12:16, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Junker, Clunker, Ball of Flames
Essay by some guy who never owned one —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.189.243.248 (talk) 18:25, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

The Corvair was a piece of junk. It leaked oil all of the time. It had an aluminum engine which wore out in record time. It has to be taken care of like a baby or it would kill you via fumes, crush you if you were hit from the front, set you on fire if you were hit from behind. I lived through that era. I was well aware of the many, many problems related to the Corvair. The only people who owned them didn't own them very long because consistant problems. The real problem with the Covair was that Ralph Nader took entirely too long to bring out his book "Unsafe at any Speed". Too many people died driving this death car. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.27.87.107 (talk) 06:40, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

I cannot believe the Corvair was any worse than other American cars of its size. I am certain you were just as unsafe in a Falcon, Chevy II, Valiant or Lark. The Corvair's superiority on the road was its ability to steer where you pointed it, in contrast to its contemporaries.

My '69 Monza is a dream to drive, doesn't leak anything, and takes me reliably back and forth to work day in, day out, five days a week, 52 weeks a year...Bill H. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.247.27.244 (talk) 03:55, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Somehow too many unread ranting idiots are allowed to post on these pages....no...too many people werent killed....unfortunately the stupid ones survived and procreated begatting more inbred stupidity....leaving the world in its current pathetic state. Nowadays, merely stating something makes it fact...true are not. Please read the real history of Corvair (btw, the only car ever proved safe to drive on US roads) and do not depend on this Wiki stuff, because what most people know isn't that much. John —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.23.25.103 (talk) 05:36, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Chapter for Corvan/Greenbrier/Pickups
Why hasn't anybody created a chapter on this article about the Corvan 95 commercial vans, Greenbrier passenger vans, Rampside pickups, and Loadside pickups? DanTD (talk) 19:56, 20 January 2008 (UTC) --- Somehow too many unread ranting idiots are allowed to post on these pages....no...too many people werent killed....unfortunately the stupid ones survived and procreated begatting more inbred stupidity....leaving the world in its current pathetic state. Nowadays, merely stating something makes it fact...true are not. Please read the real history of Corvair (btw, the only car ever proved safe to drive on US roads) and do not depend on this Wiki stuff, because what most people know isn't that much.

Production notes
Why is it impossible to fix the "Production notes" chapter? 1963 doesn't want to fix. DanTD (talk) 01:56, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Re-write
The article is ripe for a new editing team. FWiW Bzuk (talk) 18:18, 28 February 2009 (UTC).

Engine?
Someone should mention the Corvair engine was very popular in kit planes and Benson Copters. It had about the same weihght, and nearly the horespower, of a Lycoming flat six, while being MUCH cheaper. The Corvair flies again!Tintinteslacoil 02:18, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

swapping V8 in place of original engine
I've seen lots of articles about swapping a small block chevvy into the rear of a Corvair or even a Porsche 911/912. Apparently it can work pretty well, not an abomination to drive. Of course, the mid-engine gives much better balance, but at the cost of the rear seat. Installing a radiator in the front helps combat the rear weight bias. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.167.227.251 (talk) 19:01, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Backing a Corvair over Nader
Offhand, I can't source it, but C&D criticized Nader for ignoring the need of drivers to cope with changes in driving style when operating the Corvair, not least keeping the rear tires properly inflated. None of the issues Nader raised were problems among owners of the 911, which had the same layout (& similar suspension, IIRC), nor with the Type 1 (tho, granted, it was much less powerful). This needs to be addressed, IMO. TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  12:59, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I added your info to Criticisms - Handling (1960-1963 models)-
 * Car and Driver magazine criticized Nader for ignoring the need of drivers to cope with changes in driving style when operating the Corvair, not least keeping the rear tires properly inflated. None of the issues Nader raised were problems among owners of the Porsche 911, which had the same layout (& similar suspension), nor with the VW Type 1 Beetle (though granted, it was much less powerful). (Vegavairbob (talk) 05:57, 23 March 2010 (UTC))

Handling section
The handling section does not clarify what the danger of oversteer is or indicate clearly the options that can ameliorate oversteer potential. The section fails to clearly designate tire pressure differential as a specific strategy used on the Corvair etc. The section now duplicates information on Nader, from the Reportage section.

Instead of protecting "my edits," (See WP:Ownership), clarity and communication need to prevail. Let's see if we can collaborate to improve the article. Isn't this much more clear and succinct:

 * The Corvair initially featured a rear swing axle design, which unless ameliorated by any of several design options, could allow rear tires to undergo large camber changes during fast cornering, leading to oversteer — a dynamically unstable condition where a vehicle can lose control and spin.

 * As one option to avoid potential oversteer characteristics, Chevrolet considered including a front anti-roll bar on the original 1960 Corvair, which would have shifted weight transfer to the front outboard tire, considerably reducing rear slip angles.

 * Instead, Chevrolet relied on a tire pressure differential — low front and high rear tire pressure — to avoid oversteer characteristics. The tire pressure differential allowed the front to understeer (increasing slip angles faster than the rear) before oversteer would develop. Vehicles such as the Volkswagen Beetle and Renault Dauphine also used tire pressure differential to avoid oversteer characteristics.

 * Owners and mechanics, however, could also inadvertently but easily over-inflate the front tires, thus eliminating the tire pressure differential and inducing oversteer characteristics.

 * In 1962, the front anti–roll bar become available as an option.

 * In 1964, the front anti-roll bar became standard equipment and the rear suspension was modified to include a transverse leaf spring extending between the rear wheels to limit rear wheel camber change, and carrying much of the rear weight combined with softer coil springs.

 * In 1965, the Corvair received a fully independent rear suspension, reducing the rear roll center to half its previous height and using fully articulated half-axles that offered constant camber on the rear tires in all driving situations. Motor Trend called the 1965 Corvair "the first American production automobile on the road with fully independent rear suspension," considering the Corvette a limited production vehicle.

842U (talk) 17:36, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * What is all this? I didn't change your edit. I simply added some of my sentences back in in modified form to fit your edit. None of your work was deletedVegavairbob (talk) 17:56, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The Criticisms section I basically created first of all..The Handling section is not meant to be a crash course in oversteer or handling. It is meant to explain the Corvair's initial cost cutting compromises which you all but deleted, There is nothing wrong with the Handling section. It is, as I said, also a general history of the car's suspension development.Vegavairbob (talk) 18:08, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Criticism section
I've rewritten the intro to reflect the car's legacy and mildly introducing the basic facts around its controversy. I've structured the First Generation handling controversy and handling characteristics together -- as these are probably the most salient aspect of the Corvair.

The sections related to reception includes some widely sourced criticism... and then there is a criticism section related to two specific (unsourced) areas of focus: the steering column and the heater exhaust entering the car: it seems like these could be handled with a sentence and not whole sections. Thoughts? 842U (talk) 13:16, 7 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Good job. --Biker Biker (talk) 14:58, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

Clarification needed - Handling Controversy
There's a line in this section about a Ford test driver purposely mishandling a Corvair, with a cite given to Unsafe at Any Speed. Nothing in Nader's book says anything about deliberate mishandling. This phrase needs to be cited or removed. It's a pretty strong accusation against and individual or business organization. ThatSaved (talk) 19:36, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

 * @ThatSaved
 * This article is biased against Nader and in favor of the Corvair to such a degree that it violates Wikipedia editorial standards. I suspect this is because many edits are by Corvair buffs, eager to debunk any criticism of their beloved car.
 * Most dismayingly, it omits any mention of GM hiring a private detective in a failed attempt to dig up dirt on Nader, including suggestions he was gay. The president of GM publically apologised for this behavior, but Corvair fanboys have scrubbed the article of any mention of this guilty behavior.
 * https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,840645,00.html 199.188.175.232 (talk) 20:37, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The story of Nader being followed has taken on a life of its own in the Corvair world. Mike Knepper's 1982 book Corvair Affair examined the timeline on this, and concluded that, because GM used an outside private-eye agency to investigate Nader, the situation was exacerbated by them, not General Motors.  GMs initial aim was simply opposition research, but by the time it got into actual practice it had turned into enemy harassment.  GM made a public apology because they did the hiring, but it seems clear (by Knepper's research) that the PI firm went far beyond their original mandate.  See: Knepper, Mike (1982). The Corvair Affair. Motorbooks International. p. 82.
 * https://www.amazon.com/Corvair-Affair-Mike-Knepper/dp/0879380667 Playerpage (talk) 17:42, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Engine power
I read: "The first Corvair engine produced 80 hp (60 kW)". Being the owner of a 1960 model, I wanted to know what the real power is according to most recent standards. In 1960, engine power in the US was bhp (brake horse-power),according to SAE standard. In the '70s, the standard was changed to be more realistic and the "new" hp was @ 80% of bhp. Using conversions tables I could finalize the sequence: 80 hp (bhp) = 64 hp (SAE) = 65 hp (DIN) = 47.7 kW (not 60 kW). Am I right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.29.166.151 (talk) 18:03, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

Not just a Pontiac Version
GM also had a concept of a Corvair rebadged as an Oldsmobile 66. I can't find proof of that though, because the website that had it is gone, and as far as I know Internet Archives either can't or doesn't want to revive it. -User:DanTD (talk) 15:39, 22 December 2013 (UTC)

Connection between Corvair and Y-body cars
It says that the first generation Pontiac Tempest, Olds F-85 and Buick Special are related to the Chevy Corvair. I don't understand how they're related. To me, that's not possible because the Corvair had an air-cooled engine in the back, whereas the other three all had water-cooled engines in the front. Furthermore, the Corvair was built on the GM Z platform while the others were built on the GM Y platform. I also discussed this on the Talk:Pontiac Tempest page. I don't think that the Y-body cars are at all related to the Corvair. If they are, I would like for someone else to explain because I don't see any connection at all.--Kevjgav (talk) 12:52, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

Corvair Convertible
Chevrolet did not initially provide a convertible version of the Corvair in 1960/61. The concept and design for the convertible was purchased from a Chevrolet dealer in Vassar Michigan (Ray MacGillvary Chevrolet), who took a Corvair and just cut the top off. Initially done for fun, Ray MacGillvary's crew assembled a working, folding top. Chevy saw the result, and eventually negotiated the rights to manufacture from Ray.

Also, with the onset of winter in the area, and seeing the rear engined 'vair with a clean bottom, Ray's crew took the front wheels off a Corvair and ran it across the snow and up the snow banks of the dealership and presumably elsewhere. No comments as to how well the steering worked or how well the cowl under the front bumper held up. 50.172.36.144 (talk) 04:25, 2 November 2014 (UTC)Ron Myers

Corvette-based Corvair concept
Over on the Chevrolet Nomad article you had this quote:

The Nomad's unique design had its roots in a General Motors Motorama show car of the same name that was based on the Corvette.

The Corvair was also originally a Corvette-based fastback from the same year. Why is this overlooked in the article? -User:DanTD (talk) 01:35, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

Engine rotation opposite - I can't find any mention of that
This engineering difference should be added to the article. The Corvair engine rotation is clockwise looking at the flywheel, which at that time was the opposite rotation of all other major United States production automobile engines. I don't own a Corvair engine service and repair manual as my reference, so I can't add anything to the article myself.

Conversely, the Volkswagen Beetle and Microbus rear-mounted, air-cooled, flat opposed four-cylinder engines had counter-clockwise rotation looking at the flywheel, as did the similar Porsche air-cooled, flat opposed four and six-cylinder engines. Consequently, when Corvair engines were mounted in Volkswagens, a modification to the Volkswagen differential gears had to be done to correct the rotation, using the original Volkswagen gears. This engine swap was fairly common in the 1960s, and I knew two people who did it to their Volkswagen Microbuses. Linstrum (talk) 04:03, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

Production Turbo: Chicken or the Egg?
The article currently states that the Corvair is the second production car offering a turbocharged engine, after the Oldsmobile Jetfire. This is an often debated topic, but it was long ago established that the Corvair was FIRST. The Olds was announced earlier, in August of 1961, but it did not make it to production until after the Corvair was being produced in March of 1962.

Both Chevrolet and Oldsmobile were working on Turbocharging programs in late 1961.There was a definite rivalry among divisions within GM. Chevrolet was always very secretive regarding their programs, and did not leak anything about the Corvair Turbocharging program. On the other hand Oldsmobile was not nearly as secretive and released some preliminary details of their turbocharging program in late 1961. This is the main reason many think Olds was first.

Now both programs were not anywhere near completion in 1961 and both Oldsmobile and Chevrolet produced Turbocharged "Pilot" show cars for the large and prestigious February 1962 Chicago Auto Show. The Oldsmobile Jetfire at the show was a hardtop, and the Corvair Spyder was a convertible. After the show ended Chevrolet immediately began production of both the new Convertible and Spyder Turbocharging option in early March 1962. Official announcement for both the Convertible and Spyder options was on March 27th 1962 which was several weeks after production began. The Convertible and Spyder option was then available to order in April 1962. Early production was primarily to supply showroom display cars to the thousands of Chevrolet dealers nationwide. These cars were to be displayed for several months before they could be sold.

Oldsmobile started production several weeks after the Corvair Spyder but also could be ordered by April 1962.

So it was practically a dead heat. Both developed around the same time. Both shown at the same time at the same Chicago show, and both available to order from the public in April 1962, but Chevrolet beat the Oldsmobile to production by several weeks so the Corvair Spyder is actually the first American Production car to have a turbocharger.

This information is sourced from GM documents and period automotive articles from March and April 1962 and information from the 1962 Chicago Auto Show among others sources. These scans of the April 1962 issue of Popular Science provide the definitive reference, as does the scan of a Spyder body tag from the same discussion. I will leave this here for now, but will change the article in the near future with this information, unless someone else objects or has evidence to the contrary. https://corvaircenter.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1173467#p1173467 Playerpage (talk) 18:03, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chevrolet Corvair


text:
User talk:WrongAgain

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. It is Wikipedia policy, as per the Wikipedia Manual of Style, to use styles. Any attempt to ignore the agreed consensus on styles will be reverted on sight.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:WrongAgain


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Talk:Adoration

Catholicism
There is additional info in an article at the Catholic encyclopedia : http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01151a.htm that can be integrated here if anyone is interested. It is public domain as well. --DanielCD 19:13, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it should be mentioned that in Catholicism, adoration is for God alone, while veneration is the praise of saints. --Willthacheerleader18 (talk) 21:56, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

✅

Still more lowly than what?
After a very brief lead, the article effectively begins with the sentence "In Eastern countries adoration has been performed in an attitude still more lowly." Still more lowly than what? HiLo48 (talk) 07:09, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adoration


text:
Wafd

Wafd, WaFd, or WAFD may refer to:

 * WaFd Bank, an American bank, and its holding company WaFd, Inc.
 * New Wafd Party, an Egyptian political party (1978–present)
 * Wafd Party, an Egyptian political party (1918–1952)
 * WAFD, a radio station

title: Wafd


text:
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game)

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 action-adventure game published by Electronic Arts. It is based on the 2005 film of the same name.

The game was released for Game Boy Advance, GameCube, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and PlayStation Portable. It received mixed reviews from critics, with reviewers enjoying the scope of the spells and gameplay, but being less impressed by the short length, and the lack of free roaming components found in previous installments.

Gameplay
The game follows the events and characters of novel, and film, with the player controlling Harry Potter (voiced by Daniel Larner), Hermione Granger (Harper Marshall), and Ron Weasley (Gregg Chillin). The game uses an improved version of the group casting mechanic found in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Improved graphics mean the characters themselves more closely resemble their film counterparts than in previous games. Gameplay in the Goblet of Fire is much more action-orientated, which is a change from the puzzle and adventure elements found in previous games of the series.

The game is split up into particular levels, rather than freeroaming around Hogwarts castle like in earlier games. Levels are played from parts of the novel the game is based on, with levels ranging from the Quidditch World cup, the Prefect's bathroom, and the Herbology greenhouses; which can be entered from the in-game "pensieve". The game also features modes outside of combat, including broomstick flying, and underwater swimming.

In a first for the series, players can play the game with friends, and can combine their magic and spells to make them more powerful. Players can also capture moving beans using Accio and increase their power with collectors, creature, and character cards. The game is divided into several non-consecutive levels, some of which are locked at the beginning of the game until the player collects enough Triwizard Shields to unlock it.

Reception
Goblet of Fire received "mixed or average" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, where the GameCube and Nintendo DS were ported on November 26, 2005, Famitsu gave it a combined score of 28 out of 40 for the DS version; and 27 out of 40 for the GameCube version. Famitsu Cube + Advance gave both the DS and GameCube versions a score of 27 out of 40.

Detroit Free Press gave the GameCube version all four stars and said, "This is a masterful video game because it can be enjoyed on many levels. Younger players can simply explore this graphically rich Harry Potter world and succeed. Older players will enjoy manipulating the magic by choosing spells and skills and casting magic together with friends." However, The Sydney Morning Herald gave the game three stars out of five and stated that its highlight "is a brief but thrilling broomstick chase against a fire-breathing dragon. An underwater interlude is less successful, although it provides variety."

The PlayStation 2 version of The Goblet of Fire received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.


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Talk:Frank Bryce

Previously redirected to: Talk:List of supporting Harry Potter characters

title: Talk:Frank Bryce


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Talk:The Riddles (Harry Potter)

Untitled
A suggestion has been made tbat since this article contains essentially the same material as [Tom Riddle Sr.]], the two should be merged. There is nothing known about the Riddles which does not directly concern either Tom senior, or tom junior. Disccussion on the talk page for Tom senior. Sandpiper 14:05, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Support for Merger, I fully agree that this stub should disappear and be merged, it is not neccessary and just a repetition of information.   Death Eater Dan    [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 18:28, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Riddles (Harry Potter)


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Talk:Excelsior Rotterdam

Excelsiorlied
Does anyone knows the lyrics of the 'Excelsiorlied'?

 * From SC-Excelsior.nl:

Ferme jongens, stoere knapen Ons lonkt het vrije voetbalveld Waar je vreugd en vrolijkheid kunt rapen En je door geen zorgen wordt gekweld Als het sein voor de strijd wordt gegeven Trouw zijn wij dan allemaal present Voor de club onze krachten te geven Ja, dan zijn we in ons element Wij gaan naar het terrein, naar ons Woudestein Waar Excelsior vlag waait in de wind En wij vinden het fijn, als we daar maar zijn Want daar is een ieder goed gezind Daar heerst altijd weer een gezonde sfeer Daar is vreugd en nimmer klinkt gemor En met blijheid in het hart Strijden wij voor rood en zwart Voor de roem van ons Excelsior En met blijheid in het hart Strijden wij voor rood en zwart Voor de roem van ons Excelsior Ferme jongens, stoere knapen De sport eist kerels van stavast Duffe dromers, die maar staan te gapen Vormen iets dat bij ons spel niet past Wie zijn kracht energiek ons wil geven Wie een vent is, waar echt pit in zit Wie naar ’t hoogste steeds met ons wil streven Die is welkom als Excelsiorlid

Aecis 23:27, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Excelsior is called Excelsior,without Rotterdam next to it.

Logo
Hello, the logo that is used at this page is WRONG! Sportclub Excelsior is the amateur team. The logo of the prof team is with SBV in stand off sportclub. SBV stands for Foundation Professional Football. (Stichting betaald voetbal) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.123.223.237 (talk) 15:54, 16 October 2014 (UTC) 200px

This one is WRONG!

This is a link to the right Logo: http://img3.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20130625130151/the-football-database/images/4/46/Excelsior_logo_002.png — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.123.223.237 (talk) 15:57, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on S.B.V. Excelsior. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090525093821/http://www.erfc.nl:80/nieuws2241/supportersvereniging_roept_op_tot_actie.html to http://www.erfc.nl/nieuws2241/supportersvereniging_roept_op_tot_actie.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:17, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

"2023–24 Excelsior Rotterdam season" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023%E2%80%9324_Excelsior_Rotterdam_season&redirect=no 2023–24 Excelsior Rotterdam season] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 19:11, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Excelsior Rotterdam


text:
File:Small waterplane area twin hull swath1 large.jpg

Drawing of a SWATH ship from http://www.abm.rda.hq.navy.mil/navyaos/archives/aro_files/small_waterplane_area_twin_hull_swath


text: Template:University of Texas System

title: Template:University of Texas System


title: User:Daredevil007


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Three-point field goal

A three-point field goal (also 3-pointer, home run, three, triple, or trey) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc surrounding the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three-point line and the one point for each made free throw.

The distance from the basket to the three-point line varies by competition level: in the National Basketball Association (NBA) the arc is 23 ft from the center of the basket; in the International Basketball Federation (FIBA), the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) (all divisions), and the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), the arc is 6.75 m from the center of the basket; and in the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) the arc is 19 ft from the center of the basket. Every three-point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where each arc is a specified distance from the sideline. In both the NBA and WNBA, this distance is 3 ft from the sideline; as a result, the distance from the center of the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 ft. FIBA specifies the arc's minimum distance from the sideline as 0.9 m, resulting in a minimum distance from the center of the basket of 6.6 m. The NCAA and NAIA arc is the same distance from the center of the basket as the FIBA arc, but is 3 ft from each sideline because the North American court is slightly wider than the FIBA court. In 3x3, a FIBA-sanctioned variant of the half-court 3-on-3 game, the same line exists, but shots from behind it are only worth 2 points with all other shots worth 1 point.

History
The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in 1945, with a 21-foot line, in a game between Columbia and Fordham, but it was not kept as a rule. There was another one-game experiment in 1958, this time with a 23-foot line, in a game between St. Francis (NY) and Siena. In 1961, Boston University and Dartmouth played one game with an experimental rule that counted all field goals as three points. In 1962, the St. Francis (NY) head coach, Daniel Lynch, once again made the suggestion of a 3pt line to the New York Basketball Writers Association.

At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League (ABL) became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. As commissioner of the new league, Saperstein wanted to add excitement to the game and distinguish the league from the bigger NBA. He hoped the three-pointer would become basketball's equivalent of the home run. “We must have a weapon,” Saperstein said, “and this is ours.”

To determine the distance the new shot line should be from the basket, Saperstein and longtime DePaul University coach Ray Meyer went onto a court one day with tape and selected 25 feet as the right length. “They just arbitrarily drew lines,” his son Jerry Saperstein said. “There’s really no scientific basis. Just two Hall of Fame coaches getting together and saying: ‘Where would we like to see the line?’” Not long after, in June 1961, Saperstein was traveling when the other seven ABL owners voted 4-3 to officially shorten the line, to 22 feet. Saperstein, who had significant power in the league as owner of the popular Globetrotters, disagreed with this and simply ignored the ruling. Games continued with the 25 ft shot. Saperstein eventually acknowledged there was one problem with the 25-foot arc and solved it by adding a 22-foot line in the corners. “It made for interesting possibilities,” he wrote.

After the ABL shut down in 1963, the three-point shot was adopted by the Eastern Professional Basketball League in its 1963–64 season. It was also popularized by the American Basketball Association (ABA), which introduced it in its inaugural 1967–68 season. ABA commissioner George Mikan stated that the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans". During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the NBA. Its ninth and final season concluded in the spring of 1976.

Three years later in June 1979, the NBA adopted the three-point line (initially on a one-year trial) for the 1979–80 season, despite the view of many that it was a gimmick. Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. The season opener at Boston Garden was more remarkable for the debut of Larry Bird (and two new head coaches). Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets, in his final season, also made one in the same game, and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well. Barry would later set the original 3-point record at 8 in a single game on February 9, 1980 against the Utah Jazz. The three-point field goal was slow to be adopted by teams in the NBA. In the 1980 NBA Finals, Julius Erving made the only three of the series (and first in Finals history) in Game 3, and in Game 4, neither team attempted a single shot beyond the arc. Danny Ainge was the first player to make over 100 three-pointers in a season in 1988, draining 148 that season.

The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at 6.25 m, and it made its Olympic debut in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea.

The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22 ft line for the 1980–81 season. Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980. Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 ft in the Big Sky.

Used only in conference play for several years, it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986–87 season at 19 ft and was first used in the NCAA tournament in March 1987. The NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis for that season at the same distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88. In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's distance by a foot to 20 ft, effective with the 2008–09 season, and the women's line was moved to match the men's in 2011–12. The NFHS, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA. The NCAA experimented with the 6.75 m FIBA three-point line distance in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 2018 and 2019, then adopted that distance for all men's play with a phased conversion that began with Division I in the 2019–20 season. The NAIA and other American associations also adopted the new NCAA distance for their respective men's play. In that same 2019–20 season, the NCAA planned to experiment with the FIBA arc in women's postseason events other than the NCAA championships in each division, most notably the Women's National Invitation Tournament and Women's Basketball Invitational; these events were ultimately scrapped due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The NCAA announced on June 3, 2021 that the FIBA three-point distance would be extended to the women's game starting in 2021–22.

For three seasons beginning in 1994–95, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft (22 ft at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3-inch differential).

In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm to 6.75 m, with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would use the FIBA distance, starting in 2013; by 2017, the distance at the corners was lengthened to match the NBA. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.

In the NBA, attempting three-point field goals has become increasingly frequent in the modern day, particularly from mid-2015 onwards. The increase in latter years has been attributed to two-time NBA MVP Stephen Curry, who is credited with revolutionizing the game by inspiring teams to regularly employ the three-point shot as part of their winning strategy. Curry is the NBA's all-time leading scorer in three-point field goals made and is ranked highest in "Off Ball" average attention drawn. Calculated by the average attention each player receives as the total amount of time guarded by each defensive player divided by the total time playing, Curry's was ranked at 1.064, with Kevin Durant coming in second at 1.063, in a 2015 study.

Rule specifications
A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA, WNBA, NCAA or NAIA, and FIBA standards, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 ft from each sideline at the corners if it were a continuous arc. In American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 ft). During the period in which the NCAA/NAIA arc was at 20 ft from the center of the basket, the arc was 4 ft from the sideline in that area. The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:

The high school corner minimum is taken as a requirement for newer high school gymnasiums and fieldhouses built in the three-point era. Courts built in older eras before state high school sanctioning bodies issued rules regarding court sizes have narrower markings, requiring home court ground rules where there is less space behind the three-point arc, the space on the sides of the arc can barely accommodate the shooter's feet due to lack of room, or it may be marked closer than the suggested minimum.

A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.

An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA, WNBA FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, WNBA & FIBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.

If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.

In 3x3, where shots from behind the arc are worth 2 points, the shooter is normally awarded two free throws if the shot is missed and one if the shot is made. However, if the fouling team has committed more than 6 fouls in the game, the shooter receives two free throws regardless of the result of the basket attempt. If the foul is the team's 10th (or greater), the shooter's team also gets possession of the ball.

Related concepts
Major League Lacrosse (MLL) featured a two-point line which forms a 15 yd arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point. The Premier Lacrosse League, which absorbed MLL in a December 2020 merger, plays under MLL rules, including the two-point arc.

In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yd or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awarded four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).

During the existence of the World Hockey Association (WHA) in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the National Hockey League. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.

The super goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50 m arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.

The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 ft from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.

The 2020 Suncorp Super Netball league season saw the addition of the two-goal Super Shot. The Super Shot provides goal attacks and goal shooters the opportunity to score two goals by shooting from a 1.9m designated zone within the goal circle and will be active in the final five minutes of each quarter.

title: Three-point field goal


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Talk:Tamazheq language

==Merge?==

The information of this article appears redundant with the much more thorough Tuareg languages; any objections to my wiping it and creating a redirect? --Dvyost 19:19, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. --Dvyost 13:23, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tamazheq language


text:
Miari

Mia-ri (Korean: 미아리) is one of largest red-light districts in northern Seoul, South Korea. Located in the Wolgok-dong, or Hawolgok-dong, and Sinwolgok 1 area at Gireum Station in the Seongbuk district, it is also known as Miari Texas or Texas Miari after the American servicemen that helped popularize the area, as well as Miari Hill. It was historically state-owned land aimed at ensuring the king's protection prior to the Joseon dynasty. The area is entered through a curtain at an alleyway entrance with several connected backstreets. The red-light district is located between the Jongam Intersection Police Box and exit 10 of the metropolitan Gileum train station. Before the severe crack down on brothels following the 2004 Anti-Prostitution Law, Miari was populated by many brothels, most with the window shop style. Although policing has cracked down heavily on the most visible forms or prostitution, Miari remains as an officially listed red-light district.

Miari was once South Korea's largest red-light district. However, modern redevelopment projects have quickly turned Miari into a more residential and official business neighborhood. The nation's sex industry has shifted online and scattered in more inconspicuous residential areas. Officially, it is still one of South Korea's 44 red-light districts according to government data from 2016.

History
Leading up to the Joseon dynasty, Miari was a part of the king's territory within Outer old Seoul or Seongjeosimni. In 1912 leading up to official Japanese colonial rule, Miari became a cemetery ground with only 100 houses designated to tomb guards. Due to this, Miari became associated with death and maintained a historically unpleasant connotation. Following the Korean liberation from Japanese colonization, Miari became occupied by war refugees in makeshift shack settlements alongside the river. By 1936, the population had reached over 10,000 people. This population boom was due in part to the cheap rent and available land. By the late 1950s, the Korean government began demolishing many of the makeshift settlements. During this time, Miari was known as a “moon town,” as evicted residents could see the Moon while lying in the temporary residences created by the government. However, in December 1957, the United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency alongside the Seoul Metropolitan Government created settlements in Miari aimed at housing 6,000 refugees, but were very poorly made due to their hasty construction. While the government tore down many of the makeshift settlements, Miari continued to be home to Seoul's poorer population until later government development.

Throughout the late 20th century, Miari took on large-scale redevelopment projects that have dramatically changed the area. In the mid-1960s, demolition and governmental crackdown in Jongsam led to around 1,600 prostitutes leaving the city, with many moving to Miari. By the 1970s, Miari was known for its hodgepodge, relocated residents. In 1985, the metropolitan subway opened, with a station in Miari, increasing its public accessibility. This led to it becoming a large tourist location, especially during the 1988 Olympic Games. The sudden influx of visitors led to many illegal construction and building expansions that has since made many of today's older buildings unsafe. In 2002, the New Town Project aimed at redeveloping the area with large-scale apartment complex planning. Many of Seoul's urban poor were forcibly relocated due to these developments or closed off from public view, especially Miari Texas Village, or its red-light district. Since then, the Seoul Metropolitan Government has increased development in Miari.

Prostitution
Miari is infamous in South Korean culture for prostitution as it was once the largest red-light district. While prostitution was officially outlawed in 1961 by President Park Chung Hee, it continued to thrive in red-light districts, like Miari. President Park Chung Hee allowed red-light districts to continue operation as it helped circulate stable foreign currency and economic growth. In the 1980s, Miari's sex industry, and South Korea's in general, allowed for greater female economic mobility. In addition, the South Korean government lifted curfews during the 1970s and 1980s, which further accelerated the growth of Miari Texas within nightlife. Like many other large red-light districts, Miari was declared a “Youth Prohibition Zone.” Before this decree in the late 1990s, Miari women had to undergo compulsory health checkups aimed at preventing the spread of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). By 2001, Miari was home to about 1,000 female sex workers employed at about 260 businesses according to police estimation. However, it is also believed that the actual numbers were much higher. Miari Texas’ alleyways were lined with brothels next to each other with glass doors. These brothels adopted Dutch red-light districts’ practice of using large glass windows to solicit customers. Sex workers would often sit in front of these windows wearing white dresses. Outside each of the buildings stands an ajumma, who tries to entice clients to enter. While brothels boomed during this time, many sex workers engaged in independent soliciting, or streetwalking in Miari Texas. Each brothel gained an estimated 5 million won, or US$6,613 by today's standards, every night in 2001. By 2002, 330,000 women worked in the sex industry, according to the National Survey on Prostitution Status and Economic Size. However, many events triggered the crackdown on Miari.

Due to international and internal pressure, the South Korean government took on more aggressive policies against the most visible forms of sex work. From 2002 to 2013 Miari was one of the 44 out of 69 red light districts left. Miari Texas continues to shrink due to continued redevelopment plans by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. As of January 2010, only recorded 136 prostitution establishments remain in Miari. While brothel-bound sex work still continues, businesses block windows to avoid police raiding. As of 2017, most of the remaining sex workers in Miari are reportedly in their late 30s to early 40s, which point towards Miari's prior boom in the late 20th century. Most modern prostitution tends toward scattered, underground groups and individuals or on the internet rather than clustered brothels.

Policing
Even though prostitution was made illegal in 1961, police action was generally limited to the suppression of human trafficking and underage prostitution. In addition, due to economic benefits, red-light districts were purposefully overlooked. The police were often bribed by brothel owners. But this attitude ended in the early 2000s.

In January 2000, the Jongam district appointed a new police chief, Kim Kang Ja, Korea's first female police chief. Kang Ja claimed 80% of the area's 1,500 prostitutes were underage. She instigated many raids to try and eliminate underage prostitution receiving wide public support. Following a series of fires from 2000 to 2002, investigation revealed that many of the victims were sex workers who were trafficked and unable to escape since they were locked in their rooms sparking national outrage. At least 40 of the estimated 260 brothels were closed, and underage prostitution virtually eliminated in Miari.

In 2001, the United States classified Korea as Tier 3 for human trafficking, leading to international pressure on the South Korean government.

Kang Ja's crackdown precipitated a 50-day national anti-prostitution campaign and a change in the law.

By September 2004, South Korea passed the 2004 Anti-Prostitution Laws or the 2004 Special Act on Prevention of Prostitution, which define prostitution as a form of human trafficking. While over 500 sex workers in Miari protested this law—demanding job security and a grace period—, red-light districts across the country began to shrink. The law now allowed police to name people who used underage prostitutes, tripled jail sentences and fines for pimps and no longer treated underage prostitutes as criminals.

Following the passage of the Anti-Prostitution Laws, police began raiding brothels, targeting red-light districts like Miari as they were the most visible and easily identified form of prostitution. From 2004 to 2005, the number of brothels in South Korea dropped by 637 and the number of sex workers dropped from 3,142 to 2,653. In 2007, the Seoul Metropolitan Government began a new project to make Seoul safer for women under the Department of Women and Family Affairs. However, Miari and other Seoul prostitution hotspots were specifically excluded from these initiatives. As of January 2010, there were only 136 recorded prostitution establishments in Miari Texas with its physical borders shrinking in Seongbuk as well.

Redevelopment
Starting in the mid-1990s, Seoul's government began rapidly redeveloping its districts, relocating many of its urban poor, which made up a large portion of Miari's population. In the late 1990s, renovation plans created a new internal road system in Miari, which purposefully isolated Miari Texas’ alleyways. In 2002, the Seoul Metropolitan Government passed the New Town Project aimed at redeveloping many of its districts with Miari included. Part of the ongoing efforts to change Seoul's appearance, the redevelopment of Miari has led to it becoming more residential and commercial. As of 2020, recent projects in Seongbuk aim for the creation of 2,244 apartments and 486 officetels and other facilities.

title: Miari


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thomas DiRenzo

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:36, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Thomas_DiRenzo
Vanity /non notable Gunmetal 19:19, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Agreed, this is a vanity page.
 * Delete; nn, vanity. Jaxl 20:20, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete standard teen vanity page. --TheMidnighters 20:24, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn teen vanity. And don't forget his friend Nicholas Volpe. --Etacar11 01:15, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn. van. jni 05:44, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable teen vanity. JamesBurns 07:06, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per above - Mgm|(talk) 08:25, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable Punkmorten 22:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Thomas F. Hogan

Thomas Francis Hogan (born 1938) is a Senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, who served as director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts from October 17, 2011, until June 30, 2013.

Judge Hogan was born with a serious birth defect that prevented him from engaging in sports or vigorous physical activity, much to the disappointment of his father, a Navy commander, who was the Chief Medical Officer of the Letterman Naval Hospital in San Francisco. Judge Hogan said that his relationship with his father was at times troubled.

Education
Hogan was born in Washington, D.C. He graduated from the Georgetown Preparatory School in 1956, receiving a Bachelor of Arts from Georgetown University in 1960. He attended George Washington University’s masters program in American and English literature from 1960 to 1962, and he graduated with a Juris Doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1966, where he was the St. Thomas More Fellow. Following law school, Hogan clerked for Judge William Blakely Jones of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia from 1966 to 1967.

Experience
Hogan served as counsel to the National Commission for the Reform of Federal Criminal Laws from 1967 to 1968, and was engaged in private practice from 1968 to 1982, in Rockville, Maryland, Chevy Chase, Maryland and Washington, D.C. He was an assistant professor at Potomac School of Law from 1977 to 1979. He was an adjunct professor of law at the Georgetown University Law Center from 1986 to 1992, and has also been a Master of the Prettyman-Leventhal Inn of Court. He served as a member of the executive committee of the United States Judicial Conference and served as the Judicial Conference's chair of the Courtroom Technology Subcommittee. Additionally he served as a member of the board of the Federal Judicial Center.

Federal judicial service
Hogan was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on August 10, 1982, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia vacated by Judge William B. Bryant. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 20, 1982, and received commission on August 20, 1982. He served as chief judge from June 19, 2001 to May 1, 2008. He assumed senior status on May 1, 2008. He served from 2009 to 2016 on the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and served as Presiding Judge of that court from 2014 to 2016.

Notable cases
In 1986, Judge Hogan decided that the blind have a Constitutional right to have Playboy magazine provided to them in braille for free at the expense of the federal Government.

Congress passed the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 to control "pork barrel spending" that favors a particular region rather than the nation as a whole. President Bill Clinton used the line item veto 11 times, striking spending on 82 items. The first case challenging the line-item veto was ordered dismissed by the Supreme Court for lack of standing, vacating the trial court's decision finding that the veto was unconstitutional. Raines v. Byrd,. In the second case, Hogan ruled February 12, 1998, that such unilateral amendment or repeal of only parts of statutes violated the U.S. Constitution. This ruling was affirmed on June 25, 1998, in a 6–3 decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case Clinton v. City of New York.

In 2001, Judge Hogan sentenced an 82-year-old man to five years' imprisonment for drug possession.

In 2005, Judge Hogan jailed New York Times reporter Judith Miller for failing to reveal her confidential sources, a decision that Reporters Without Borders termed "a dark day for freedom of the press."

In United States v. TANIOS, No. 21-3034 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 9, 2021), the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit found that Judge Hogan had erred in ordering the indefinite pre-trial detention of George Tanios, who Judge Hogan had believed had the intent to use pepper-spray during the January 6, 2021 Capitol riot. The Court of Appeals stated: "[Judge Hogan] clearly erred in [hi]s individualized assessment of appellant's dangerousness. The record reflects that Tanios has no past felony convictions, no ties to any extremist organizations, and no post-January 6 criminal behavior that would otherwise show him to pose a danger to the community within the meaning of the Bail Reform Act."

title: Thomas F. Hogan


text:
Talk:Kunwar Singh

Age?
The article says 1777-1857 ==> 80 years; however, it also says he fought at the age of 90 years. Which of these is correct? We may need credible sources as the person has died long before the advent of electronic media. --Gurubrahma 17:11, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Died
April 26, 1858 ws his date of death. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Slatersteven (talk • contribs) 23:32, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

leader
'was the chief organizer of the fight against British' is there a source for this? As he is not regarded in most sources as particualy inportnatSlatersteven (talk) 00:20, 1 January 2008 (UTC)]]

'''dj kunvar singh mobail number=7457925342''' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 106.219.16.29 (talk) 07:38, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 16 September 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Withdrawn. (non-admin closure) BeanTennyson (talk) 13:51, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

Kunwar Singh → Veer Kunwar Singh – Kunwar Singh is English British invented name, without respecting his title they give this name to him. I want to restore to original name Kunwar chose himself. BeanTennyson (talk) 17:28, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose it's not "invented" to not add "Brave" in front of someone's name, see WP:HONORIFIC, and please note Hindi hi:कुँवर सिंह has no "brave" either, nor does Malayalam. കുൻ‌വർ സിങ് In ictu oculi (talk) 19:48, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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notable
Is this needs (and can it be sourced?, what RS say he was notable?), after all the Rani of Jhansi is not called a notable leader. All sounds very OR and puffery to me.09:58, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

==Which Brigadier Douglas?

title: Talk:Kunwar Singh


text:
Heinrich Aldegrever

Heinrich Aldegrever or Aldegraf (1502–1555, 1558 or 1561) was a German painter and engraver. He was one of the "Little Masters", the group of German artists making small old master prints in the generation after Albrecht Dürer.

Biography
Painter, printmaker and goldsmith active in a Westphalia milieu. Born in Paderborn. His real name was Trippenmecker, which in Westphalian dialect means a clog-maker. It is not known where Aldegrever was taught. He probably worked in a workshop of one of the Soest goldsmiths. His early works show a strong Westphalian influence. Aldegrever made a journey to the Netherlands, where he became acquainted with works of Joos van Cleve, Barendt van Orley, Lucas van Leyden and Jacob Cornelisz.

Around 1525 he moved to Soest, where a year later he painted the wings and predella of the Mary altar for the church of St. Peter. His signature and symbolic clog show that he was still using his father's name.

His first engravings appeared in 1527. They were signed with a monogram "AG", resembling closely that of Albrecht Dürer. In 1531, influenced by surrounding religious fervour, he became a Lutheran. Because of lack of church commissions he devoted most of his time to portrait painting and printmaking. Aldegrever's some 290 engravings and woodcuts, chiefly from his own designs, are delicate and minute, though somewhat hard in style, and entitle him to a place in the front rank of the so-called "Little Masters": Barthel Beham, his brother Hans Sebald Beham, and Georg Pencz, with whom he is often compared. Like them, he was also a skilled ornament designer. From the close resemblance of his style to that of Albrecht Dürer he has also sometimes been called the "Albert of Westphalia".

About a third of his prints were ornamental engravings; they were used as models by artists and craftsmen well into the seventeenth century.

Aldegrever, who actively supported the Reformation, executed portraits of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon. Although he chose the Lutheran Church, he had friends among the Anabaptists. He was commissioned by the bishop of Münster in 1535–36 to engrave portraits of Anabaptist leaders Jan van Leyden and Bernhard Knipperdolling, although they were already imprisoned, and only caricatures of them circulated. In the cycle Power of Death, done under visible influence of Hans Holbein, he criticizes the vices of the Catholic Church.

Aldegrever was interested also in folk subjects. In 1538 and 1551 two series of prints depicting marriage dances were made. An important part of his oeuvre are prints on mythological subjects, the Deeds of Hercules being one of the best examples.

Only two paintings are firmly attributed to him: the wings and predella of the Marienaltar (c. 1525-6) in the Wiesenkirche in Soest, and a portrait of Graf Phillip von Waldeck (1837) in Schloss Aroldsen.

title: Heinrich Aldegrever


text:
Talk:John S. Reed

Railroad connection???
Is this the same John S. Reed who served as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway from 1967 to 1986? slambo 19:23, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Finally found the answer. The Santa Fe president was John Shedd Reed.  Slambo (Speak)  13:55, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Any chance you can find, and post, Reed's speech entitled "An Agenda for the Future", maybe 1969 or so, on his vision for the future of banking? If I remember, it made Time Magazine, maybe even the front cover?216.68.197.69 (talk) 20:35, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Japan Connection???
Is this the same John Reed who is now (2010) President of Mizuho Securities? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.98.152.17 (talk) 17:10, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Mizuho is |James G. Wilders Reed and not John S. Reed.Americasroof (talk) 17:14, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:John S. Reed


text:
Raoul G. Cantero III

Raoul G. Cantero III (born Raoul Roberto Garcia-Cantero y Batista; August 1, 1960) is a Spanish-born American lawyer and a former justice of the Florida Supreme Court.

Life and career
Born in Madrid, Spain, Cantero graduated from Florida State University as an undergraduate and from Harvard Law School. He was also a Fulbright Scholar. Prior to his appointment to the Florida Supreme Court, he was a shareholder in the Miami firm of Adorno & Yoss.

On July 10, 2002, Governor Jeb Bush appointed Cantero to the Florida Supreme Court. Cantero had not previously served as a judge, although he had extensive experience as an appellate attorney. Cantero is regarded as the first Florida Supreme Court Justice of Hispanic descent, contrasting with Rosemary Barkett who was the first Justice to meet the Census criteria for being Hispanic due to her birth in Mexico to Syrian parents and the fact that her first language was Spanish.

During the George W. Bush presidency he was mentioned as a potential Supreme Court nominee.

On April 11, 2008, Cantero announced he would resign from the Florida Supreme Court, due to his family's desire to return to Miami, their hometown. His last day on the court was September 6, 2008. He had announced his intention to thereafter join leading international law firm White & Case LLP as a partner in the Miami office and head of the Miami Appellate Practice group.

Family
His father is Raoul Garcia-Cantero y Parajon (b. 1935) and his mother is Elisa Aleida Batista y Godinez (b. 1933). He married Ana Maria Perdomo (b. 1963) on June 17, 1983 and they have three children. He attended the Sisters of St. Joseph-run St. Theresa School in Coral Gables, Florida and later graduated high School from the Marist-Brothers-run Christopher Columbus High School (Miami, Florida) in Miami. His maternal grandfather was former Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista.

title: Raoul G. Cantero III


text:
Lampland (lunar crater)

Lampland is a crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the west-southwest of the crater Subbotin, and to the north-northwest of Eötvös. About four crater diameters to the north-northwest lies the prominent Tsiolkovskiy.

A small pit intrudes into the west-southwestern rim. A small, cup-shaped impact crater, Lampland A, lies along the northeast inner wall and part of the floor. The interior of Lampland is marked by several small craters which are located mostly in the southern half. There is a slightly darker patch of terrain in the southeast part of the interior.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Lampland.

title: Lampland (lunar crater)


text:
Mia-dong

Mia-dong is a dong, neighbourhood of Gangbuk-gu in Seoul, South Korea. From June 30, 2008, nine administrative Mia-dongs were divided Mia-dong (Mia 3-dong), Samgaksan-dong (Mia 6 and 7-dong), Samyang-dong (Mia 1 and 2-dong), Songcheon-dong (Mia 5 and 8-dong) and Songjung-dong (Mia 4 and 9-dong). Remained Mia-dong is former Mia 3-dong.

Etymology
The name Mia-dong first appears in official records during the early reign of King Gojong of the Joseon Dynasty, but its origin is unclear.

title: Mia-dong


text: Category:Salesians

title: Category:Salesians


text:
Toby Hall

Toby Jason Hall (born October 21, 1975) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2000 to 2008, primarily with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. Listed at 6 ft and 205 lb, he batted and threw right-handed.

Career
Hall attended El Dorado High School in Placerville, California, where he earned All-State honors. The first time he played catcher was in his sophomore year at American River College. Then while in college he was an All-American at UNLV. The San Francisco Giants selected Hall in the 24th round (663rd overall) of the 1995 MLB draft, but he did not sign.

Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Hall was selected in the ninth round (294th overall) of the 1997 MLB draft by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and signed with the team. He rose through their minor league farm system, starting in Class A Short Season in 1997 and reaching Triple-A in 2000. He made his MLB debut with the Devil Rays late in the 2000 season, appearing in four games while batting .167 (2-for-12). In 2001 and 2002, he appeared in 49 and 85 games with Tampa Bay, batting .298 and .258, respectively. From 2003 through 2005, he played in over 100 games each season with the team, batting a career-high .287 in 2005. He appeared in 64 games with the Devil Rays in 2006, batting .231 with eight home runs and 23 RBI.

Overall, Hall appeared in 586 games with Tampa Bay, batting .262 with 44 home runs and 251 RBIs. Hall holds a number of top ten team records for Tampa Bay; as of 2022, he is tied with Aubrey Huff for seventh in sacrifice flies (26), ranks eighth in doubles (112), ninth in games played (586), and tenth in at bats (2,050), RBI (251), and hits (538).

Los Angeles Dodgers
On June 27, 2006, Hall and pitcher Mark Hendrickson were traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for pitcher Jae Seo, catcher Dioner Navarro, and outfielder Justin Ruggiano. In 21 games with the Dodgers, Hall batted .368 (21-for-57) with 8 RBI.

Chicago White Sox
On December 17, 2006, Hall agreed to a two-year, $3.65 million deal with a club option for 2009 with the Chicago White Sox. He served as the backup to A. J. Pierzynski. On July 4, 2007, Hall collected his first RBI of the season and his first as a member of the White Sox organization. In two seasons with Chicago, Hall appeared in a total of 79 games, batting .235 with two home runs and 10 RBIs.

Late career
On October 30, 2008, the White Sox declined a $2.25 million option on Hall, making him a free agent. He signed a minor league contract with the Houston Astros on January 14, 2009, and was invited to spring training. On February 22, 2009, Hall elected to undergo shoulder surgery, which enabled the Astros to void his deal. Hall did not play professionally during the 2009 season.

On January 22, 2010, Hall signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers with an invitation to spring training. On June 24, 2010, Hall was released. Other than playing in one minor league game with Texas, Hall did not play professionally during the 2010 season.

On March 10, 2011, Hall signed with the Camden Riversharks of the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He appeared in 93 games with Camden, batting .255 with two home runs and 32 RBI. On December 20, 2011, Hall retired from baseball as a player.

Personal life
Hall has a tendency to dye his soul patch different colors to mark specific occasions. For example, during a 12-game winning streak in 2004, he dyed his soul patch platinum blonde. On June 24, 2006, Hall dyed his soul patch red to mark "turn back the clock night", where Tampa Bay wore throwback uniforms for the Tampa Tarpons, a Cincinnati Reds minor-league affiliate.

In May 2005, Hall sponsored a Make-a-Wish for Chase Troche.

title: Toby Hall


text:
DATATRIEVE

DATATRIEVE is a database query and report writer tool originally from Digital Equipment Corporation. It runs on the OpenVMS operating system, as well as several PDP-11 operating systems. DATATRIEVE's command structure is nearly plain English, and it is an early example of a Fourth Generation Language (4GL).

Overview
DATATRIEVE works against flat files, indexed files, and databases. Such data files are delimited using record definitions stored in the Common Data Dictionary (CDD), or in RMS files. DATATRIEVE is used at many OpenVMS installations.

History
DATATRIEVE was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by a team of software engineers at DEC's Central Commercial Engineering facilities in Merrimack and Nashua, New Hampshire, under database architect Jim Starkey. Many of the project's engineers went on to highly visible careers in database management and other software disciplines.

Version 1 for the PDP-11 was released in 1977; VAX DATATRIEVE was released in 1981 as part of the VAX Information Architecture.

DATATRIEVE adopted the wombat as its notional mascot; the program's help file responded to “HELP WOMBAT” with factual information about real world wombats.

Examples of DATATRIEVE usage
DATATRIEVE queries and commands approach plain English sentence structure, though would not be considered natural language, since a precise sentence structure must be used:

DTR> FOR FAMILIES WITH NUMBER_KIDS = 2

CON> PRINT KID_NAME, AGE OF KIDS WITH AGE GT 20

DATATRIEVE can also be used to modify data:

DTR> FOR FAMILIES MODIFY EACH_KID OF FIRST 1 KIDS

Enter KID_NAME:

DATATRIEVE can also cross multiple datasets, creating joined data views:

DTR> PRINT NAME, TYPE, PRICE OF

CON> YACHTS CROSS OWNERS OVER TYPE

title: DATATRIEVE


text:
Kidal Region

Kidal Region (Bambara: ߞߌߘߊߟ ߘߌߣߋߖߊ tr. Kidal Dineja) the eighth administrative region of Mali, covering 151,450 sqkm. This area was formerly part of Gao Region, but was created as a separate region in 1991. It is located in the north of the country, within the territory which the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad proclaimed to be the independent nation-state of Azawad on 6 April 2012. This independence has not been recognized by any country or international organization. It was under the control of different armed movements such as the Ansar Dine and MNLA until January 2013, when French forces liberated the region. The Region's administrative capital is the town of Kidal.

Geography
The region is bordered on the west by Tomboctou Region, to the south by Gao Region, to the east by Niger and to the north by Algeria.

Kidal has a desert climate with day-time temperatures that reach as high as 45 °C (113 °F).

In 2009 the region had a population of 67,638. In addition 30% of its population, mostly Tuareg and Songhai were displaced to North Africa during the 1990s.

The largest towns of the region are Kidal, Tessalit, and Aguel'hoc.

Transportation and economy
The primary trades of Kidal Region include livestock breeding, craft-making, and commerce. Commercial farming has been developed in some areas. The region is extremely isolated, with no paved highways or rivers for transportation.

History
The region saw Tuareg Rebellions in 1963–1964 and in 1990–1991. The accords of Tamanresset followed on January 6, 1991, creating the Kidal Region by decree on August 8, 1991.

By the end of 2011, another group of Tuareg rebels, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, were active in the region. The Movement declared Azawad to be an independent republic in April 2012, with the Kidal region as part of the new (but unrecognised) state.

Culture
The region is peopled primarily by Tuaregs, a nomadic ethnicity of Berber origin. Their writing is the Tifinagh alphabet.

Though nomadism remains the lifestyle best adapted to the difficult environment of the region, several settlements have emerged at Kidal: Aguel'hoc, Tessalit, and Tinzawatène.

Administrative subdivisions
As of 2023, the Kidal Region is divided into five cercles encompassing 11 communes: A fifth cercle, Achibogo, was added sometime after 2016. No map is available depicting the new cercle divisions.

title: Kidal Region


text:
APLA

APLA is a four-letter acronym that may refer to:

 * Azanian People's Liberation Army, the military wing of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) in South Africa
 * AIDS Project Los Angeles, a Los Angeles–based nonprofit organization
 * Anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, an autoimmune condition that may be seen in systemic lupus erythematosus

title: APLA


text:
Woodbridge, Detroit

Woodbridge is a historic neighborhood of primarily Victorian homes located in Detroit, Michigan. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, with later boundary increases in 1997 and 2008. In addition to its historic value, Woodbridge is also notable for being an intact neighborhood of turn-of-the-century homes within walking or biking distance of Detroit's Downtown, Midtown, New Center, and Corktown neighborhoods.

Description

The district as recognized by the National Register of Historic Places was originally bounded by Trumbull Street, Calumet Street, Gibson Street, Grand River Avenue, Rosa Parks Boulevard, West Warren Avenue, Wabash Street, Railroad Tracks, and the Edsel Ford Freeway. The boundaries of the District were increased twice: in 1997, 4304-14 Trumbull Street (private residences) and 3800 Grand River Avenue were added to the district, and in 2008 the southeast corner of Trumbull Street and Warren Avenue (Saint Dominic Roman Catholic Church) was added.

Most structures in the district are located on north–south streets. The irregularly-shaped district includes structure at 3800 Grand River Avenue (between Avery Street and Commonwealth Street), and structures within the following boundaries:
 * on the east side of Wabash street, on both sides of Vermont Street, and on both sides of Rosa Parks Boulevard from the Edsel Ford Freeway to Warren Avenue;
 * on the west side of Rosa Parks Boulevard from Warren Avenue to Grand River Avenue;
 * on both sides of Hecla Street, Avery Street, and Commonwealth Street from the Edsel Ford Freeway to Grand River Avenue;
 * on the west side of Trumbull Street from the Edsel Ford Freeway to Canfield Street;
 * on the east side of Trumbull Street at the south corner of Warren Avenue;
 * on both sides of Trumbull Street from Canfield Street to Grand River Avenue; and
 * on both sides of Lincoln Street and the west side of Gibson Street from Calumet Street to Grand River Avenue.

History
Woodbridge is an intact neighborhood of architecturally significant buildings and has had an important effect on the history of Detroit. The neighborhood, dating to the Victorian era, has largely escaped the redevelopment efforts that have obliterated many of Detroit's other historic areas. It is named for William Woodbridge, governor of Michigan in 1840–1, who owned a large farm on which much of the neighborhood was subsequently built.

Most of the structures within the neighborhood were built after 1870, beginning with modest cottages. Larger structures were built later, including the James Scripps house (now demolished and turned into a city park), built in 1879. The Eighth Precinct Police Station, built in 1901, was architecturally designed to blend in with the lavish upper-class homes in the neighborhood. As the automotive industry boomed, there was an increased demand for housing in the city of Detroit, and new buildings and apartment houses were constructed behind and between the existing homes in the neighborhood. During World War II, owners rented rooms and divided homes into apartments to house defense industry workers.

After the war, residents began leaving the Woodbridge neighborhood for the suburbs. New residents to Woodbridge were less affluent. In the 1960s, the city cleared areas adjacent to the neighborhood to support revitalization. The residents of Woodbridge organized a Citizen's District Council to preserve the neighborhood, and successfully managed to stabilize and preserve many of the remaining homes. Recent activity has shifted perception of Woodbridge from that of an up-and-coming neighborhood to a hotbed of urban revitalization, with the few properties that come up for sale typically subject to bidding wars.

Notable structures

Notable structures within the Woodbridge neighborhood include:

 * The Eighth Precinct Police Station is located at 4150 Grand River Avenue, and was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1973 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. In 2013, the building was converted to lofts, as part of the ongoing revitalization of Woodbridge.
 * The Northwood–Hunter House (also known as the William Northwood House) is located at 3985 Trumbull Avenue. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974.
 * Presently known as Spirit of Hope church, the Trinity Episcopal Church is located at 1519 Martin Luther King Boulevard. The church was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1979 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
 * The Trumbullplex is a renowned housing collective and showspace that has become an institution and hotbed of creative anarchism, which was created in 1993 when members of the collective established a nonprofit corporation and purchased the property, two Victorian houses on either side of a single-story art space.
 * The Trumbull Avenue Presbyterian Church is located at 1435 Brainard at the intersection of Brainard and Trumbull near Scripps Park. It was listed on the State of Michigan Registry of Historic Sites on June 6, 1977.Dick and Sandy Dauch Scout Center.jpg, Boy Scouts of America]]
 * The Detroit Area Council—later becoming the Great Lakes Council for the Boy Scouts of America that serves the Detroit metropolitan area and covers all of Wayne, Oakland and Macomb counties—chose to build its headquarters in Woodbridge. The facility holds both council and district staff, as well as the National Toyota Scout Shop. Dedicated in September 2003, the service center was largely paid for by the donations of the Dauches; Council Treasurer Irving Rose and his wife, Audrey; and Council Vice President Richard Marsh. The building cost nearly $6 million, including new furnishings, landscaping, and demolition of the old building

Education
Detroit Public Schools operates public schools. Frederick Douglass Academy for Young Men is located in Woodbridge.

Notable residents

 * Kenneth Cockrel Jr. - former Detroit City Council member and president, as well as former mayor of Detroit
 * Tony Hawk - Professional skateboarder, video game subject, and real estate entrepreneur maintains a second home in the neighborhood.
 * Rose Mary Robinson - Michigan State Representative, former member of the Detroit Charter Revision Commission (in 2009) and former Wayne County Commissioner (one of the first women ever elected, in 1970)
 * Sixto Rodriguez ("Rodriguez") - Folk musician and subject of Academy Award-winning movie Searching for Sugar Man
 * Gary Schwartz - Academy Award nominated filmmaker, animator, artist and educator

Previous residents included:
 * George Gough Booth - Publisher of the privately held Evening News Association, co-founder of Booth Newspapers, co-founder of the Cranbrook Educational Community, major benefactor of The Detroit Institute of Arts, and son-in-law of James E. Scripps
 * Ty Cobb - Detroit Tigers outfielder and Major League Baseball hall-of-famer.
 * Ken and Ann Mikolowski, Cass Corridor artists and cofounders of The Alternative Press.
 * James E. Scripps - Founder of The Evening News (now The Detroit News) and early benefactor of the Detroit Museum of Art (now The Detroit Institute of Arts), to which he gave one of the first major accessions of early paintings for any American museum. Scripps is the namesake for Scripps Park, a public park in the southern part of the neighborhood.
 * David Stott - Early Detroit millionaire, "Detroit's Flour King," and namesake for the David Stott Building
 * William Woodbridge - Second Governor of Michigan and United States Senator
 * Alfred F. Stephens - Founder of The Arctic Ice Cream Company 1908 to 1947 and Nizer Laboratories. Grand River and Ash St.

title: Woodbridge, Detroit