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Talk:Ultraviolet index

6/10 is not high
Whose shi*headed idea was it to call 6 'high'? If a dish was given a rating of 6/10, would that be considered a high score? No, it would be considered moderate. Not much over an exact middling score of 5/10. When the purpose of the scale is to inform the general public, why is such a misleading inconsistency with other scales of 1 to 10 used? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.252.134.230 (talk) 16:04, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Good point. I think 6 really was considered 'high' and 10 was 'maximum' for the Canadians who defined the index in 1992. Now that the ozone layer is thinner and the UV Index is used worldwide, it often reaches 15–20 in tropical territory, and 6 is indeed mild by comparison. If they had to start fresh today, I suspect they'd define the scale differently. I'll try to add something to the article to reflect this. –Patrug (talk) 08:27, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I made a few edits to explain index level 10. Hope this helps a bit. –Patrug (talk) 05:14, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

Because this scale is linear, the lower numbers are still a serious health threat. 10 is only twice as dangerous as 5, which means that 5 is still half as dangerous as 10. Get a sunburn at 10 in 15 minutes or at 5 in 30 minutes, not that much difference, you are still sunburnt, just the same. This is not like most scales where there is a much bigger difference between 5 and 10.-71.174.183.90 (talk) 12:57, 13 June 2016 (UTC)

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UV on non-horizontal surfaces
Please add information about UV on non-horizontal surfaces.-71.174.183.90 (talk) 12:59, 13 June 2016 (UTC)

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How is UV index a function of time to sunburn?
As of this writing, the intro to the article states: "The UV index is designed as an open-ended linear scale, directly proportional to the intensity of UV radiation that causes sunburn on human skin. For example, if a light-skinned individual (without sunscreen) begins to sunburn in 30 minutes at UV index 6, then that individual should expect to sunburn in about 15 minutes at UV index 12 – twice the UV, twice as fast."

I would love this article to cover what that function is in more detail, because I've found it very difficult to find a consensus on the function between UV index and how much estimated time it takes varying skin types to burn. The Wikipedia article Sunburn touches on this topic, mainly in terms of its discussion on skin types. But understandably, it doesn't carry the topic further. (I think this ought to be the article to cover the topic in more detail, anyway.) The online sources I've come across give different quantities of minutes, which can vary by over a half hour. And they don't always have the number of minutes decreasing linearly with rising UV index.

As this article mentions in the intro, the UV Index has been adopted by the World Health Organization and World Meteorological Organization. But I haven't been able to find any information through either organization on how UV index corresponds to sunburn time. Perhaps the answer is the organizations want to shy away from the exact number of minutes originally estimated for the UV index intervals. Or, perhaps the exact number of minutes still matters to organizations with authority on UV index, but they don't closely agree on an equation.

Let me try to get the ball slowly rolling on this topic. Here are a couple sources that display a function between UV index and sunburn time based on skin type:

 * COST-713 Action UVB Forecasting, Brussels 1999: http://i115srv2.vu-wien.ac.at/uv/booklet/par_4.htm (Website's Index: http://i115srv2.vu-wien.ac.at/uv/booklet/index.htm) – COST stands for European Cooperation in Science and Technology. About halfway down the webpage, there's a graph (labeled Figure 2) that shows the function. Unfortunately, I couldn't identify a formula that the graph is based on, although there is a bit of discussion on the variables used. Note that the graph is not linear.

 * OpenUV Knowledge Base Fitzpatrick Skin Types & Safe Exposure Time Calculation: https://www.openuv.io/kb/skin-types-safe-exposure-time-calculation – This at least offers an equation that's dependent on skin type and UV index. The scale is linear. However, the sunburn times are consistently higher than what online calculators have to offer. (For example, the equation still allows someone of skin type 1 to be out for 16.7 minutes at UV index 10.)

This topic doesn't appear simple to answer, so it may require a source associated with the World Health Organization or World Meteorological Organization. Thanks in advance to anyone who has the time and resources to produce some more solid information on this.

--DAK4Blizzard (talk) 05:52, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm following up on this topic. Although the UV index is a linear scale, what it's actually based on with respect to sunburn time is a rational function. I thought the 2 sources I listed above were showing fundamentally conflicting functions of the UV index. But I realized they're essentially showing the same equation. (I use the word "essentially" because I can't verify whether the sources' y values (sunburn time) are the exact same with respect to UV index, but their y values do decrease at similar rates, which are non-linear.) That equation is the following: Time = (200 x fskin )/(3 x UVI). fskin is skin sensitivity factor and UVI is the given UV index. This will be tricky to verify, as it's tough to identify a definitive source for the equation. Plus, the fskin constant is subject to variation for a particular skin type. For example, Fitzpatrick gave fskin a range of 3 to 5 for skin type 3. The best I can do for now is cite a document I found, written by an atmospheric research scientist in New Zealand. It does helpfully attempt to apply a specific value to each skin type. That source is: McKenzie, Richard. "Calculation of UVI for Smartphone Apps (PDF)". The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. The equation can be found on page 25 of that document. DAK4Blizzard (talk) 06:07, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

Unable to find source for 'Index Usage' section
My main concern is I've been unable to find a source for "The recommendations below are for average adults with lightly tanned skin". So I added a 'citation needed' tag.

More generally, but of less concern (as I don't suppose it was made up), I've been unable to identify the source(s) for the contents of the table as a whole. Maybe it was collated from multiple sources. Two references are cited . Although they're similar to the information given in the table, the table has extra information. Maybe the sources have been updated and pruned since this section was written.

is also cited earlier in an earlier section. It too has similar information, but not all the information in the table.

Housecarl (talk) 06:03, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

UV Index Levels on Visible Sunlight on the ground
Does the UV index numbers altar how bright the sunlight is on the ground? Meaning would the sunlight on the ground if the UV Index is 8 be just as bright if the sun was at any angle in the horizon? Florida in February commonly goes up to 8 but the Suns angle is only 48°. In the north, 48° is usually around 5 or 6. So would Floridas sunlight in February be just as bright as the north’s during July which is 8 as well? RedProofHill123 (talk) 17:25, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

Countries table
Would be really helpful for Wikipedia to have a table of country rankings of average UV index. From highest to lowest. 49.180.158.253 (talk) 00:56, 5 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Also here's a source that provides all that info, that can be used. 49.180.158.253 (talk) 01:01, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

Confusion
The second paragraph of the introduction says “The UV index is designed as an open-ended linear scale…” The article, then refers to the (American) Fitzpatrick scale devised in 1975. Only in the third paragraph, the reader learns that the UV index was developed by Canadian scientists in 1992. The juxtaposition of these references is confusing. Therefore, I have removed the mention of the Fitzpatrick scale from the introduction. It remains in the body of the article where I have added a few words of clarification. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 09:31, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ultraviolet index


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User talk:Ktcoventry

Welcome to the Wikipedia!
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Ouazebas

Ouazebas (late 4th century) was a King of the Kingdom of Aksum. He is primarily known through the coins that were minted during his reign.

Ouazebas' coins were found beneath the remains of the largest stela in the city of Axum. This suggests that the stele had fallen as early as his reign. Stuart Munro-Hay suggests that this particular stela was the last one erected, and that "possibly they went out of favor as Christianity spread, bringing with it new ideas about burial.

Coinage
Ouazebas reintroduced on the obverse of his bronze coins a motto from the time of Ezana: TOYTOAPECHTHXWPA, meaning "May this please the people". Munro-Hay comments that this motto is "a rather attractive peculiarity of Aksumite coinage, giving a feeling of royal concern and responsibility towards the people's wishes and contentment".

The reverse of the bronze coins have a new feature: a halo of gold around the king's head, as was done for the silver coins of Aphilas and Ousanas. Munro-Hay regretfully notes that "because of the conditions in which many of these coins have been buried, the prevalence of bronze disease means that it is quite rare to come across specimens in good condition".

title: Ouazebas


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Richard N. Cooper

Richard Newell Cooper (June 14, 1934 – December 23, 2020) was an American economist, policy adviser, and academic.

Life and career
Born in Seattle, Cooper graduated from Oberlin College in 1956 and received a master's degree in economics from the London School of Economics and Political Science as a Marshall Scholar in 1958. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1962. Cooper was an assistant professor at Yale University from 1963 to 1966 and was Frank Altschul Professor of International Economics from 1966 to 1977. From 1972 to 1974 he served as provost.

Cooper served on the Council of Economic Advisers from 1961 to 1963 as the senior staff economist. Between 1965 and 1966, he served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Monetary Affairs in the United States Department of State, and between 1977 and 1981 he was the Under-Secretary of State for Economic Affairs. Cooper briefly served as acting Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter for a few hours on May 3, 1980.

In 1981, Cooper became Maurits C. Boas Professor of International Economics at Harvard University. From 1990 to 1992, Cooper was the chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Between 1995 and 1997, he was the chairman of the National Intelligence Council.

title: Richard N. Cooper


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Alif Alif Atoll

Alif Alif Atoll (also known as Northern Ari Atoll or Ari Atholhu Uthuruburi) is an administrative division of the Maldives. It was created on March 1, 1984, combining northern section of Ari Atoll, the small Rasdhukuramathi Atoll, and the isolated island of Thoddoo. Many of the islands in this atoll have been inhabited since ancient times and have archaeological remains from the Maldivian Buddhist period.

The separation of Ari Atoll (formerly Alifu Atoll) into a Northern and a Southern section has formed the two most recent administrative divisions of the Maldives, namely Alifu Alifu Atoll and Alifu Dhaalu Atoll.

Geography
The North Ari Atoll administrative division consists of the northern part of the geographic or natural atoll Ari Atoll (described as Northern Ari Atoll in this context to differentiate from the official name of the administrative division), Rasdhukuramathi Atoll and Thoddoo Island. The atolls consist of Inhabited Islands and Uninhabited Island, a definition which includes resort islands, airport islands and industrial islands.

Inhabited islands
Maalhos: Maalhos is geographically the westernmost island of the atoll and the second-most westerly inhabited island of the Maldives after Maamakunudhoo. Vajrayana Buddhist remains have been found on this island.

Rasdhoo: Rasdhoo is the capital island of the North Ari Atoll administrative division. It has ferry connections with Malé as well as the other inhabited islands of the atoll. The island has several guesthouses catering to tourists visiting inhabited islands rather than resort islands.

Resort islands
Resort islands are classified as Uninhabited Islands which have been converted to become resorts. The following are the resort islands, with the official name of the resort.

Veligandu: Veligandu covers 22 acre and is 600 metres long. It is a holiday resort with 91 rooms and a snorkelling reef. A large number of workers at the resort come from Sri Lanka and India. The island is linked to Male by seaplane services.

title: Alif Alif Atoll


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Mirrors (Blue Öyster Cult album)

Mirrors is the sixth studio album by American rock band Blue Öyster Cult, released on June 19, 1979. It was the first BÖC album not produced by long-time producer and manager Sandy Pearlman, instead being produced by Tom Werman.

Background
After the success of 1976's Platinum Agents of Fortune, 1977's Gold Spectres and 1978's Platinum live effort Some Enchanted Evening, the fact that Mirrors struggled to reach Gold status disappointed band and label alike. According to interviews with the band and production staff, the intent for this album was to make a high-charting record with glossy production; however, the backlash from this attempt led to the band's future pairing with Martin Birch and an attempt to return to a darker sound.

Artwork
The album front cover image is a photorealistic painting by Loren Salazar, of a side-view mirror. The album’s inner sleeve is an image from the house of mirrors scene in ‘’The Lady From Shanghai’’.

Songs
Allen Lanier's acoustic ballad "In Thee" charted at No. 74. The song's line "Jim says some destinies should not be delivered" references the Jim Carroll Band song "Day and Night."

"The Great Sun Jester" was co-written by Eric Bloom, John Trivers, and British fantasy/science-fiction author Michael Moorcock based on Moorcock's novel The Fireclown. This would be the first of several songs that Moorcock would co-write with the band.

Critical reception
The Bangor Daily News deemed the album "a relative failure," writing that "the hooks come one after another, but with little power behind them."

Blue Öyster Cult

 * Eric Bloom – rhythm guitar, vocals
 * Donald "Buck Dharma" Roeser – lead guitar, vocals
 * Allen Lanier – keyboards, guitar
 * Joe Bouchard – bass, vocals
 * Albert Bouchard – drums, vocals

Additional musicians

 * Mickey Raphael – harmonica on "Dr. Music"
 * Jai Winding – strings on "In Thee"
 * Genya Ravan and Ellen Foley – background vocals on "Dr. Music" and "Mirrors"
 * Wendy Webb – background vocals on "Lonely Teardrops"

Production

 * Tom Werman – producer
 * Gary Ladinsky – engineer, mixing

title: Mirrors (Blue Öyster Cult album)


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History of Arsenal F.C.

The history of Arsenal Football Club spans the period from 1886 to the present day. For detail on individual periods of the club's history, see one of the following articles:

 * History of Arsenal F.C. (1886–1966)
 * History of Arsenal F.C. (1966–present)

For a season-by-season account of Arsenal's history, see List of Arsenal F.C. seasons.

title: History of Arsenal F.C.


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Ukrainian diaspora

[[File:Map of the Ukrainian Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|338x338px|Map of the Ukrainian diaspora in the world.

{{Legend|#000000|Ukraine}} {{Legend|#002c61ff|+ 1,000,000}} {{Legend|#0057b7ff|+ 100,000}} {{Legend|#66b0ffff|+ 10,000}} {{Legend|#c7e2ffff|+ 1,000}}]] The Ukrainian diaspora comprises Ukrainians and their descendants who live outside Ukraine around the world, especially those who maintain some kind of connection to the land of their ancestors and maintain their feeling of Ukrainian national identity within their own local community. The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous regions worldwide including other post-Soviet states as well as in Canada and other countries such as Poland, the United States, the UK and Brazil.

Distribution
The Ukrainian diaspora is found throughout numerous countries worldwide. It is particularly concentrated in other post-Soviet states (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, and Russia), Central Europe (the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland), North America (Canada and the United States), and South America (Argentina and Brazil).

1608 to 1880
After the loss suffered by the Ukrainian-Swedish Alliance under Ivan Mazepa in the Battle of Poltava in 1709, some political emigrants, primarily Cossacks, settled in Turkey and in Western Europe.

In 1775, after the fall of the Zaporozhian Sich to the Russian Empire, some more Cossacks emigrated to Dobruja in the Ottoman Empire (now in Romania), while others settled in Volga and Ural regions of the Russian Empire.

In the second half of the 18th century, Ukrainians from the Transcarpathian Region formed agricultural settlements in the Kingdom of Hungary, primarily in the Bačka and Syrmia regions. Both are now located in the Vojvodina Region of the Republic of Serbia.

In time, Ukrainian settlements emerged in the major European capitals, including Vienna, Budapest, Rome and Warsaw.

1880–1920

In 1880, the Ukrainian diaspora consisted of approximately 1.2 million people, which represented approximately 4.6% of all Ukrainians, and was distributed as follows:

 * 0.7 million in the European part of the Russian Empire
 * 0.2 million in Austro-Hungary
 * 0.1 million in the Asian part of the Russian Empire
 * 0.1 million in the United States

In the last quarter of the 19th century due to the agrarian resettlement, a massive emigration of Ukrainians from Austro-Hungary to the Americas and from the Russian Empire to the Urals and Asia (Siberia and Kazakhstan) occurred.

A secondary movement was the emigration under the auspices of the Austro-Hungarian government of 10,000 Ukrainians from Galicia to Bosnia.

Furthermore, due to Russian agitation, 15,000 Ukrainians left Galicia and Bukovina and settled in Russia. Most of these settlers later returned.

Finally in the Russian Empire, some Ukrainians from the Chełm and Podlaskie regions, as well as most of the Jews, emigrated to the Americas.

Some of those who left their homeland returned. For example, from the 393,000 Ukrainians who emigrated to the United States, 70,000 returned.

Most of the emigrants to the US worked in the construction and mining industries. Many worked in the US on a temporary basis to earn remittances.

In the 1890s, Ukrainian agricultural settlers emigrated first to Brazil and Argentina. However, the writings of Galician professor and nationalist Dr Joseph Oleskiw were influential in redirecting that flow to Canada. He visited an already-established Ukrainian block settlement, which had been founded by Iwan Pylypiw, and met with Canadian immigration officials. His two pamphlets on the subject praised the United States as a place for wage labour, but stated that Canada was the best place for agricultural settlers to obtain free land. By contrast he was fiercely critical of the treatment Ukrainian settlers had received in South America. After his writings, the slow trickle of Ukrainians to Canada greatly increased.

Before the start of the First World War, almost 500,000 Ukrainians emigrated to the Americas. This can be broken down by country as follows:
 * to the United States: almost 350,000
 * to Canada: almost 100,000
 * to Brazil and Argentina: almost 50,000

In 1914, the Ukrainian diaspora in the Americas numbered about 700,000-750,000 people:

 * 500,000-550,000 in the US
 * almost 100,000 in Canada
 * approximately 50,000 in Brazil
 * 50,000 in Argentina

Most of the emigrants to the Americas belonged to the Greek Catholic Church. This led to the creation of Greek Catholic bishops in Canada and the US. The need for solidarity led to the creation of Ukrainian religious, political, and social organisations. These new Ukrainian organisations maintained links with the homeland, from which books, media, priests, cultural figures, and new ideas arrived. Furthermore, local influence, as well as influence from their homeland, led to the process of a national re-awakening. At times, the diaspora was ahead of their time in this re-awakening.

Emigrants from the Transcarpathian and Lemko regions created their own organisations and had their own separate Greek Catholic church hierarchy (the Ruthenian Catholic Church). These emigrants are often considered to be Rusyns or Ruthenians and are considered by some to be distinct from other Ukrainians. However, in Argentina and Brazil, immigrants from Transcarpathia and the Lemko Region did identify themselves as Ukrainians.

The majority of the Ukrainian diaspora in the Americas focused on obtaining independence and convincing outside powers to join its war against the Soviets. The two nationalist governments which existed simultaneously; The Ukrainian People’s Republic, and The West Ukrainian People’s Republic (whose more progressive government was exiled by the former) both sent delegates to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. An interesting note is the role the Ruthenians played to convince the American government about the inclusion of the Transcarpathian region into the Czechoslovak Republic in 1919.

In contrast, the Ukrainian diaspora in the Russian Empire, and especially in Asia, was primarily agrarian. After 1860, the diaspora was primarily located in the Volga and Ural Regions, while in the last quarter of that century, due to a lack of space for settlement, the diaspora expanded into Western Siberia, Turkestan, the Far East, and even into the Zeleny Klyn. In the 1897 census there were 1,560,000 Ukrainians divided as follows:

 * In the European part of the empire: 1,232,000
 * In the Volga and Urals: 393,000
 * In the non-Ukrainian (ethnographically speaking) parts of Kursk and Voronezh Regions: 232,000
 * Almost 150,000 in Bessarabia.
 * In the Asian part of the empire: 311,000
 * In the Caucasus region: 117,000

In the next few decades, Ukrainian emigration to Asia increased (almost 1.5 million Ukrainians emigrated), leading to almost 2 million Ukrainians in the Asian part of the Russian Empire by 1914. Consequently, the Russian Empire had approximately 3.4 million Ukrainians. Most of this population was assimilated due to a lack of national awareness and closeness with the local Russian population, especially in religion.

Unlike the emigrants from Austro-Hungary, the Ukrainian emigrants in the Russian Empire did not create their own organisations nor were there many interactions with their homeland. The revolution of 1917 allowed the creation of Ukrainian organisations, which were linked with the national and political rebirth in Ukraine.

First major political emigration
The First World War and the Russian Civil War led to the first massive political emigration, which strengthened the existing Ukrainian communities by infusing them with members from various political, scientific, and cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, some of these new emigrants formed Ukrainian communities in Western and Central Europe. Thus, new communities were created in Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland, France, Belgium, Austria, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The largest was in Prague, which was considered one of the centres of Ukrainian culture and political life (after Lviv and Kraków).

This group of emigrants created many different organisations and movements associated with corresponding groups in the battle for independence. A few Ukrainian universities were founded. Furthermore, many of these organisations were associated with the exiled Ukrainian government, the Ukrainian People's Republic.

During the 1920s, the new diaspora maintained links with now-Soviet Ukraine. A Sovietophile movement appeared, whereby former opponents of the Bolsheviks began to argue that Ukrainians should support Soviet Ukraine. Some argued that they should do so because the Soviet republics were the leaders of international revolution, while others claimed that the Bolsheviks' social and national policies benefited Ukraine. This movement included Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Volodymyr Vynnychenko and Yevhen Petrushevych. Many émigrés, including Hrushevskyi, returned and helped the Bolsheviks implement their policy of Ukrainianisation. However, the abandonment of Ukrainianisation, the return to collectivisation, and the man-made famine of 1932–33 ended Ukrainianisation. Most of the links were broken, with the exception of some Sovietophile organisations in Canada and the United States.

On the other hand, the Canadian and American diaspora maintained links with the Ukrainian community in Galicia and the Transcarpathian Region.

The political emigration decreased in the mid-1920s due to a return to Soviet Ukraine and a decline in students studying at the Ukrainian universities established outside of Ukraine.

Economic emigration
In 1920 and 1921, many Ukrainians left Western Ukraine to settle in the Americas and Western Europe. Most of the emigrates settled in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, France, the UK and Belgium. The economic crisis of the early 1930s stopped most of this emigration. The emigration picked up again later in the decade. The number of emigrants can be approximated as:

 * to Canada: almost 70,000 Ukrainians;
 * to Argentina: 50,000 Ukrainians;
 * to France: 35,000 Ukrainians;
 * to the United States: 15,000 Ukrainians;
 * to Brazil: 10,000 Ukrainians;
 * to Paraguay and Uruguay: a couple of thousand Ukrainians.

Furthermore, many Ukrainians left the Ukrainian SSR and settled in Asia due to political and economic factors, primarily collectivisation and the famine of the 1930s.

Size
The Ukrainian diaspora, outside of the Soviet Union, was 1.7-1.8 million people:

 * In the Americas:
 * In the United States: 700–800,000 Ukrainians
 * In Canada: 250,000 Ukrainians
 * In Argentina: 220,000 Ukrainians
 * In Brazil: 80,000 Ukrainians
 * In Western and Central Europe:
 * In Moldova: approximately 360,000 Ukrainians
 * In Poland: 100,000 Ukrainians
 * In France: 40,000 Ukrainians
 * In Yugoslavia: 40,000 Ukrainians
 * In Czechoslovakia: 35,000 Ukrainians
 * In other countries: 15–20,000 Ukrainians

According to the Soviet census of 1926, there were 3,450,000 Ukrainians living outside of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, divided as follows:

 * In the European part of the Soviet Union: 1,310,000 Ukrainians
 * 242,000 Ukrainians living on land neighbouring the Ukrainian ethnic territory
 * 771,000 Ukrainians in the Volga and Ural regions
 * In the Asian part of the Soviet Union: 2,138,000 Ukrainians
 * 861,000 Ukrainians in Kazakhstan
 * 830,000 Ukrainians in Siberia
 * 315,000 Ukrainians in the Far East
 * 64,000 Ukrainians in Kyrgyzstan
 * 33,000 Ukrainians in the Central Asian Republic
 * 35,000 Ukrainians in the Caucasus Region.

In Siberia, the vast majority of the Ukrainians lived in the Central Asian region and the Zeleny Klyn. On 1 January 1933, there were about 4.5 million Ukrainians (larger than the official figures) in the Soviet Union outside of the Ukrainian SSR, while in America there were 1.1-1.2 million Ukrainians.

In 1931, the Ukrainian diaspora can be counted as follows:

Ukrainian Diaspora in 1931

In the Ukrainian SSR, there were 25,300,278 Ukrainians.

Outside the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
After the Second World War, the Ukrainian diaspora increased due to a second wave of displaced persons. The 250,000 Ukrainians at first settled in Germany and Austria. In the mid-to-late 1940s and early 1950s, these Ukrainians were resettled in many different countries creating new Ukrainian settlements in Australia, Venezuela, and for a time in Tunisia (Ben-Metir), as well as re-enforcing previous settlements in the United States, Canada (primarily Toronto, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec), Brazil (specially in the South and Southeast regions), Argentina and Paraguay. In Europe, there remained between 50,000 and 100,000 Ukrainians that settled in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

This second wave of emigrants re-invigorated Ukrainian organisations in the Americas and Western Europe. In 1967, in New York City, the World Congress of Free Ukrainians was created. Scientific organisations were created. An Institute of Ukrainian Studies at Harvard University was also created.

An attempt was made to unite the various religious organisations (Orthodox and Greek Catholic). However, this did not succeed. In the early 1970s, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the United States and Canada and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in Europe, South America, and Australia managed to unite. Most of the other Orthodox churches maintained some religious links. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church had to wait until 1980 until its synod was recognised by the Vatican. The Ukrainian Evangelical and Baptist churches also created an All-Ukrainian Evangelical-Baptist Union.

Within the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
Post-Second World War, there was a strong net migration in the USSR. Most of the Ukrainian contingent that was leaving the Ukrainian SSR for other areas of the Union settled in places with other migrants. The cultural separation from Ukraine proper meant that many were to form the so-called "multicultural soviet nation". In Siberia, 82% of Ukrainian entered mixed marriages, primarily with Russians. This meant that outside the parent national republic and large cities in the Union there was little or no provisions for continuing a diaspora function. Thus Ukrainian literature and television could be found only in larger cities like Moscow. At the same time other signs of Ukrainian cultural heritage such as clothing and food were preserved. According to a Soviet sociologist, 27% of the Ukrainians in Siberia read Ukrainian printed material and 38% used the Ukrainian language. From time to time, Ukrainian groups would visit Siberia. Nonetheless, most of the Ukrainians did assimilate.

In Eastern Europe, the Ukrainian diaspora can be divided as follows:

 * In Poland: 200–300,000 Ukrainians
 * In Czechoslovakia: 120–150,000 Ukrainians
 * In Romania: 100–150,000 Ukrainians
 * In Yugoslavia: 45–50,000 Ukrainians.

In all these countries, Ukrainians had the status of a minority nation with their own socio-cultural organisations, schools, and press. The degree of these rights varied within the region. Yugoslavia granted Ukrainians the most rights.

The largest Ukrainian diaspora was in Poland. It consisted of those Ukrainians, which were left in the western parts of Galicia that after the Second World War remained in Poland and had not emigrated to the Ukrainian SSR or resettled, and those who were resettled to the western and northern parts of Poland, which before the Second World War had been part of Germany.

Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia lived in the Prešov Region, which can be considered Ukrainian ethnographic territory, and had substantial rights. The Ukrainians in the Prešov Region had their own church organisation.

Ukrainians in Romania lived in the Romanian parts of Bukovina and the Maramureş Region, as well as in scattered settlements throughout Romania.

Ukrainians in Yugoslavia lived primarily in Bačka and Srem regions of Vojvodina and Bosnia. These Ukrainians had their own church organisation as the Eparchy of Križevci.

Size
Of the countries where the Ukrainian diaspora had settled, only in Canada and the Soviet Union was information about ethnic background collected. However, the data from the Soviet Union is suspect and underestimates the number of Ukrainians. In 1970, the Ukrainian diaspora can be given as follows:

 * In the Soviet Union: officially 5.1 million Ukrainians
 * In the European part: 2.8 million Ukrainians
 * In the Asian part: 2.3 million Ukrainians
 * In Eastern Europe (outside of the Soviet Union): 465–650,000 Ukrainians
 * In Czechoslovakia: 120–150,000 Ukrainians
 * In Poland: 200–300,000 Ukrainians
 * In Romania: 100–150,000 Ukrainians
 * In Yugoslavia: 45–50,000 Ukrainians
 * In Central and Western Europe: 88–107,000 Ukrainians
 * In Austria: 4–5,000 Ukrainians
 * In Germany: 20–25,000 Ukrainians
 * In France: 30–35,000 Ukrainians
 * In Belgium: 3–5,000 Ukrainians
 * In the United Kingdom: 50–100,000 Ukrainians
 * In the Americas and Australia: 2.2-2.5 million Ukrainians:
 * In the US: 1.25-1.5 million Ukrainians
 * In Canada: 581,000 Ukrainians
 * In Brazil: 120,000 Ukrainians
 * In Argentina: 180–200,000 Ukrainians
 * In Paraguay: 10,000 Ukrainians
 * In Uruguay: 8,000 Ukrainians
 * In other American countries: 2,000 Ukrainians
 * In Australia and New Zealand: 30,000 Ukrainians.

For the Soviet Union, it can be assumed that about 10-12 million people of Ukrainian (7-9 million in Asia) heritage lived outside the Ukrainian SSR.

Post 1991
After the independence of Ukraine in 1991, many Ukrainians emigrated to Western countries because of an economic depression in the 1990s.

Many Ukrainians live in Russia either along the Ukrainian border or in Siberia. In the 1990s, the number of Ukrainians living in Russia was calculated to be around 5 million. These regions, where Ukrainians live, can be subdivided into 2 categories: Regions along the mixed Ukrainian-Russian border territory and The Far East territory: Ukrainians can also be found in parts of Romania and Slovakia that border Ukraine.
 * The northern part of Sloboda Ukraine where Ukrainians have been living for centuries
 * Siberian Ukrainians
 * The rest of Russia, formed from systematic migration since the start of the 19th century.

The size of the Ukrainian diaspora has changed over time due to the following factors:
 * Growth Factors
 * New emigration from Ukraine
 * Natural Growth
 * Decrease Factors
 * Returning of emigrants to Ukraine
 * Assimilation

21st century
As of 2020, the European Union was host of over half a million Ukrainian citizens, according to official records of residents collected by Eurostat. About half of the Ukrainian citizens in the EU were located in Italy.

On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, which has led to millions of Ukrainian civilians moving to neighbouring countries. Most crossed into Poland, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, and others proceeded to at least temporarily settle in Hungary, Moldova, Germany, Austria, Romania and other European countries.

2004 figures
In 2004, the Ukrainian diaspora was distributed as follows:

Ukrainian diaspora

France
According to INSEE, the Ukrainian population of France was 24,700 in 2017.

Italy
Italy has the biggest Ukrainian minority in Western Europe, accounting for more than 230,000 people.

Portugal
Ukrainians constituted the second-largest foreign community residing in Portugal, with 44,074 residents in 2012.

Russia

As of 2021, there are 884,007 ethnic Ukrainians in Russia. They form the country's eighth-largest ethnic group.

Serbia
In Serbia, there are 4,903 (0.08%) ethnic Ukrainians with Serbian citizenship according to the 2011 census. According to the 2002 census there were 5,354 (0.82%) and according to the 1991 census 5,042. Until 1971, Ukrainians and Pannonian Rusyns were counted together.

Spain
According to official Spanish statistics, there are 112,728 Ukrainians in Spain as of late 2019, being the 11th biggest foreign nationality found in Spain.

United Kingdom
List of notable British people of Ukrainian descent:
 * Milton Shulman (1913–2004)
 * Isidor Zuckermann (d. 1946)
 * Stefan Kiszko (d. 1993), wrongfully convicted of murder, clerk
 * Cary Cooper (born 1940), American-born British psychologist
 * Vernon Bogdanor (b. 1943), scientist, historian
 * Michael Grade (born 1943) television executive, businessman
 * Marina Lewycka (born 1946)
 * Jenny Manson (born 1948), activist, author, former local politician, civil servant
 * Rafail Turkoniak (born 1949), theologian
 * Zoë Wanamaker (born 1949), American-British actress
 * Alexander Beleschenko (born 1951), artist
 * Richard Desmond (born 1951) publisher, businessman
 * Cliff Lazarenko (born 1952)
 * Mick Antoniw (b. 1954), Welsh politician
 * Narisa Chakrabongse (RTGS: Naritsa Chakkraphong, born 1956), Thai publisher, author, environmental activist
 * Oliver Letwin (born 1956), Member of Parliament
 * Dmytro Morykit (born 1956), composer, pianist
 * Lisa Beznosiuk (born 1956), musician
 * Mykola Pawluk (born 1956), video editor
 * Alexandra Shulman (born 1957), journalist
 * Taras Kuzio (born 1958 ), academic, expert in Ukrainian political, economic and security affairs
 * John Daszak, opera singer (debut at The Royal Opera in 1996 and has performed widely in Europe.
 * Nicola Shulman (b. 1960) biographer, former model
 * James Marquand (born 1964), movie editor and director
 * Melinda Simmons, Ambassador of the United Kingdom in Ukraine (since 2019).
 * Nick Clegg (born 1967), media executive, former politician
 * Mark Pougatch (born 1968), journalist, author
 * Charlotte Gainsbourg (born 1971), English-French actress, singer-songwriter.
 * Gregory Rusedski (born 1973), tennis player
 * Svitlana Pyrkalo (born 1976), journalist, writer
 * Olga Kurylenko (born 1979), model, actress
 * Natalie Lisinska (born 1982), actress
 * Alexander Slabinsky (b.1986), tennis player
 * Alexander Stafford (born 1987), politician
 * Stepan Pasicznyk (b. 1963), translator, musician
 * Alison King (born 1973), actress, model
 * Vera Filatova (born 1982), actress
 * Darren Dawidiuk (born 1987), rugby player
 * Jack Lisowski (born 1991), snooker player
 * Max Kilman (born 1997), footballer
 * Callum Styles (born 2000), footballer

Canada
In 2016, there were an estimated 1,359,655 persons of full or partial Ukrainian origin residing in Canada (the majority being Canadian-born citizens), making them Canada's eleventh largest ethnic group. Canada therefore has the world's second-largest Ukrainian population outside Ukraine, after Russia.

United States
According to a 2006 government estimate, there were 976,314 Americans of Ukrainian ancestry.

title: Ukrainian diaspora


text:
Erik Santos

Rhoderick Ramos Santos (born October 10, 1982) is a Filipino singer. He rose to prominence after winning the reality talent competition Star in a Million in 2003. He has been referred to as the “King of Pinoy Teleserye Theme Songs.”   His debut album, This Is the Moment, was released in 2004 and went 3× Platinum.

His passion for music started during his childhood years. He participated in various singing competitions. His best-selling albums, sold-out concerts and a demand for corporate shows, accolades from Awit Awards, Star Awards and Aliw Awards, endorsements for a bank (Bank of the Philippine Island's Express Remit), theme songs for radio stations, and even movies earned him an unusual popularity. His first single, "Pagbigyang Muli", remained number one on WRR's hit chart for more than 20 weeks together with his other songs filling up the chart simultaneously.

Early life
Santos was born on October 10, 1982, in Malabon, Metro Manila, Philippines. When he was four, his passion for singing started. He participated in numerous small-town singing competitions.

He graduated in high school at Immaculate Conception Parochial School – Malabon.

He studied at the Centro Escolar University and took up dentistry, but later shifted to Psychology. As soon as he won the singing competition Star in a Million in 2003, he temporarily stopped studying, because of his busy schedule. Eventually, he came back to school and finished college. He graduated in March 2010.

Star in a Million
In 2003, Santos joined Star in a Million singing contest, and became part of the wildcard entry to the Final 10 of the show. He had a good start in the competition, but got eliminated during the third week of the show, when it was still a part of the Sunday noontime variety show ASAP. Nevertheless, his second chance came, and his rendition of R. Kelly's "I Believe I Can Fly", won him the tenth and final slot for the semi-finals round. Eventually he became one of the three grand finalists along with Sheryn Regis (first runner up) and Marinel Santos (2nd runner up) in the showdown for the title of Star in a Million. "This is the Moment", a song from the musical Jekyll & Hyde, popularized by Martin Nievera, won him the title.

He is a cousin of Former Kapamilya, Former Kapatid, and now Kapuso actor Wendell Ramos. He is also the brother of newbie Star Magic actress Hadiyah Santos.

Career
In 2004, Santos released his debut album This is the Moment, and it went platinum after three months of its release. After his debut, he released an extended play, quickly followed by his second album, Loving You Now. The album was released with the hit single "Bakit Ba Iniibig Ka", composed by Ogie Alcasid, and sung as a duet with Asia's Songbird Regine Velasquez. In December 2005, he held his first major solo concert at the Marikina Riverbanks. On October 19, 2007, he staged another major concert at the Araneta Coliseum, entitled Erik Santos ... Solo at the Coliseum, with Sam Milby, The Company, Nyoy Volante, Danita Paner, and Ai-Ai de las Alas as guests. On September 22, 2018, he held his 15th anniversary concert titled Er1k 5antos: My Greatest Moments at the Mall of Asia Arena.

Studio albums

 * 2004 Star in a Million (Double Platinum)
 * 2004 Star in a Million (Repackaged)
 * 2004 This Is The Moment – first major solo album (Triple Platinum)
 * 2005 I'll Never Go (CD-lite) (Platinum)
 * 2005 Loving You Now (Platinum)
 * 2006 Your Love (Gold)
 * 2007 Your Love (Limited Platinum Edition) (Platinum)
 * 2007 All I Want This Christmas (Gold)
 * 2008 Face-Off (compilation of hits, with Christian Bautista)
 * 2009 The Jim Brickman Songbook (Platinum)
 * 2010 All I Want This Christmas (Repackaged)
 * 2011 Awit Para Sa'Yo (Gold)
 * 2013 The Erik Santos Collection (Gold)

Compilation albums

 * Love Life (Boy Abunda)
 * May Bukas Pa Tambayan Album
 * I-Star 15 OPM No. 1s
 * Himig Handog P-Pop Love Songs

EP

 * I'll Never Go EP (2005)
 * All I Want This Christmas (2007)

2× Platinum

Headlining
Local

with Sarah Geronimo, Rachelle Ann Go, Mark Bautista and Christian Bautista
 * 2004, Night of the Champions			Araneta Coliseum

Concert Queen Two Solos, 1 concert
 * 2004, The Prince of Pop and The Comedy 	Araneta Colieseum

with Sarah Geronimo, Christian Bautista, Rachelle Ann Go
 * 2007, Pamaskong Handog ni Erik Santos 	Marikina Riverbanks
 * 2008, OL4LUV						Araneta Coliseum

2009, Pop Icons 						Araneta Coliseum with Christian Bautista, Piolo Pascual, Sam Milby and Mark Bautista Two-Nights; Valentine Concert
 * 2009, SOLO 						Araneta Coliseum first major solo concert
 * 2010, Heartsongs 					Teatrino

Two-Nights;Solo Concert
 * 2010, Power of One 					Meralco Theater

with Sitti Two Nights; Solo Concert
 * 2010, Extra Ordinary Songs				Aliw Theater
 * 2011, PowER IKons 					Music Museum

Two Nights; Solo Concert
 * 2012, Greatest Themesongs				Meralco Theater

Two Nights; International
 * 2018, Er1k 5antos: My Greatest Moments                     SM Mall of Asia Arena

 * Canada Tour with Toni Gonzaga
 * The Prince of Pop and The Ultimate Performer (US Tour with Vina Morales)
 * Queens on Fire with Regine Velasquez and Pops Fernandez (ULTRA)
 * Queens on Fire US Tour
 * Champion Philippine and US tour
 * The Prince of Pop US Tour
 * Champions of the Heart Europe Tour
 * Christmas Is @ Marikina Riverbanks
 * Casino Filipino Shows
 * PAGCOR Shows
 * Center For Pop Events

title: Erik Santos


text: User talk:68.17.145.44

title: User talk:68.17.145.44


text:
Emily Drumm

Emily Cecilia Drumm (born 15 September 1974) is a New Zealand former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter and could bowl both right-arm medium and right-arm leg break. She appeared in 5 Test matches and 101 One Day Internationals for New Zealand between 1992 and 2006. She played domestic cricket for Auckland, Northern Districts and Kent.

Drumm captained New Zealand in 41 women's one-day internationals, winning 28 of them, losing 12 and with one no result. She captained New Zealand to their greatest ODI success - winning the 2000 Women's Cricket World Cup in 2000/2001.

Drumm's 815 runs at Bert Sutcliffe Oval, Lincoln is the second-highest amount of runs on a single ground in Women's ODI history.

Drumm holds the record for the highest individual score in Women's Test cricket history when batting at number 5 position or lower (161*).

In the 2006 New Year Honours, Drumm was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to women's cricket. Following her playing career, Drumm worked for Canon and has also been a radio commentator.

title: Emily Drumm


text:
Eon of Axum

Eon (c. 400 AD) was a King of the Kingdom of Aksum. He is primarily known through the coins minted during his reign, where his name is written in Greek as "Eon Bisi Anaaph". Only his coins issued in gold are known; many new examples were identified in the al-Madhariba hoard found in Yemen.

Reign
While "bisi Anaaph" is usually understood to mean "man of Anaaph", Richard Pankhurst notes that the scholar Stephen Wright has argued the word bisi "might well be used in relation to the King's horse in the same way that Ethiopians of much later times used the word Aba. Sahle Sellassie, for example, was often known as Aba Dina (Dina being the name of his favorite horse)."

Eon may be the same person as the King Hiuna, who is mentioned in the Book of the Himyarites as leading a military expedition from Axum across the Red Sea into South Arabia; Stuart Munro-Hay notes that the "difference in spelling is no more than would result from transposing the name into the two languages concerned"; but he admits that the identification is not conclusive, or whether Hiuna was even a king.

Coinage
Eon was the first King of Axum to use the mysterious legend + BAC + CIN + BAX + ABA on his coins, although part of this legend appeared on an earlier anonymous silver issue. Munro-Hay reports this has been interpreted to mean Basileus habasinon -- "King of the Habashat/Habash", a title used in South Arabian inscriptions to refer to the Axumite kings.

title: Eon of Axum


text:
Alif Dhaal Atoll

Alifu Dhaalu Atoll (also known as Southern Ari Atoll or Ari Atholhu Dhekunuburi) is an administrative division of the Maldives.

The separation of Ari Atoll (formerly Alifu Atoll) on March 1, 1984, into a Northern and a Southern section formed the two most recent administrative divisions of the Maldives, namely Alifu Alifu Atoll and Alifu Dhaalu Atoll. Alifu Dhaalu Atoll lies south of the line between the channels of Himendhoo Dhekunukandu and Genburugau Kandu.

There is an ancient mosque in Fenfushi island having wooden decorated ceilings and lacquerwork panels.

Buddhist remains, including a stupa, have been found in Ariadhoo Island.

Whale sharks are year-round residents of Alif Dhaal Atoll.

Geography
The South Ari Atoll administrative division consists of the southern part of the geographic or natural Ari Atoll (described as Southern Ari Atoll in this context to differentiate from the official name of the administrative division). The atoll consists of Inhabited Islands and Uninhabited Island, a definition which includes resort islands, airport islands and industrial islands.

Resort islands
Resort islands are classified as Uninhabited Islands which have been converted to become resorts. The following are the resort islands, with the official name of the resort.

title: Alif Dhaal Atoll


text: User talk:85.100.228.13

title: User talk:85.100.228.13


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Moiseenko

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:26, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Moiseenko
Dicdef. smoddy 19:27, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I'd call it more of a geneaology, but that's unencyclopedic too. CDC   (talk)  21:17, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete WP:NOT a geneaological database. -Splash 18:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete genealogy. JamesBurns 03:19, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: File:Green Arrow The Longbow Hunters.jpg


text:
Ebana

Ebana was a 5th-century King of the Kingdom of Axum. He is primarily known from the series of coins that were minted during his reign. His gold coins "are easily the commonest of Aksumite gold issues".

Coinage
The gold coins of Ebana are by far the most common of all Aksumite gold coins; the al-Madhariba hoard, recovered from Yemen, alone contained 538 examples of his gold coins, allowing for die-link comparisons to be made. Stuart Munro-Hay speculates that the large number of coins suggests that "he reigned for a considerable time".

The enigmatic inscription + BAC + CIN + BAX + ABA, which first appeared on the coins of Eon, also appear on the obverse of Ebana's coins.

title: Ebana


text:
Robert William Fisher

Robert William Fisher (born April 13, 1961) is an American fugitive wanted for allegedly killing his family and blowing up the house in which they lived in Scottsdale, Arizona, on April 10, 2001.

Fisher served in the United States Navy and later worked as a firefighter and in the medical field. He married Mary Cooper in 1987, and they had two children, Bobby and Brittney. The Fishers had a difficult family life. Robert Fisher was described as displaying cruel and controlling conduct towards his family, and on many occasions was reported to have exhibited disturbing and violent behavior. He was unfaithful to his wife at least once. His own parents had divorced when Fisher was 15, and this was believed to have played a role in the difficulties that he later experienced.

On April 10, 2001, the family's home exploded. Inside, Fisher's wife and two children were found dead. Their throats had been slit and Mary had been shot in the back of her head. Robert Fisher, along with Mary's car, was absent. Police named him as their only suspect in the killings. On April 20, Mary's car was discovered in a forest near Young, Arizona. Robert Fisher's ultimate fate is unknown. On June 29, 2002, he was named by the FBI as the 475th fugitive to be placed on its Ten Most Wanted list. On November 3, 2021, Fisher was removed from the FBI's Most Wanted Fugitives List. Despite his removal from the Top Ten List, Fisher remains a wanted fugitive.

Early life
Robert William Fisher was born on April 13, 1961, in Brooklyn, New York City. His father was William Fisher, a banker, and his mother was Jan Howell. They had three children; Robert, and two daughters. The parents divorced in 1976, when Robert was 15; after this, he and his sisters went to live with their father in Arizona. All three attended Sahuaro High School in Tucson, Arizona. According to friends and relatives, the divorce was turbulent and had long-lasting effects on him. A friend from high school stated Robert was "very bitter" about it. Fisher reportedly spoke of his parents' separation with co-workers at Mayo Clinic Hospital close to the time of the murders, and once confided to an associate that his life would have been different had Jan not left the family.

Adult life
Fisher enlisted in the United States Navy and attempted to become part of the SEALs but was not successful. He was an avid outdoorsman, hunter, and fisherman. Fisher worked as a firefighter in California but was forced to retire after a back injury. He then moved his family to Arizona and embarked on a career in the medical field. He worked as a surgical catheter technician, and respiratory therapist. Fisher worked as a weed sprayer for a time in the late 1980s. A man who employed him recalled that he was a quiet man and suffered from serious back pain but was a good employee. Fisher was a surgical technician at a Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale at the time of the murders.

Fisher married Mary Cooper in 1987. He was described as a cruel and distant control freak toward his family. He and his wife fought about sex and money, with Mary taking a job that she told friends was a "security fund." Fisher once turned a garden hose on Mary after he perceived her to have spoken out of turn. Fisher was embarrassed that his son Bobby did not like to hunt or fish, and once tried to teach him and daughter Brittney how to swim by throwing them off a boat. Hunting partner Sandy Gillespie said, "They were crying, and Brittney was screaming, and he pulled them back in the boat and he said, 'Now there, how's that?'" Fisher would not allow the walls in the house to be painted anything other than white, and only a small number of pictures were allowed on the wall. "Several times her mother had made special things, like quilts," Mary's friend, Kimberly Sue Davidson, told police. "She was not allowed to hang them up. She had to store them in the closet. And then he would continually tell her, isn't it time you got rid of this stuff?" Fisher nonetheless tried to hold on to an image as a devoted family man.

Mary's mother, Ginny Cooper, told investigators, "Fisher didn't socialize often with family because of a fear of getting too close to people and losing them." Fisher's mother Jan told investigators that she had been a "yes-sir" wife who did not stand up to Fisher's father. She added that she saw similar dynamics early in Fisher's marriage to Mary and that she had spoken to her about her concerns. A close friend of his stated that his family bore a striking resemblance to that of his childhood.

Fisher had been an outdoorsman and a hunter since he was a young adult. Friends noticed him exhibiting disturbing behavior on hunting trips and other outdoor activities. In one case, after killing an elk, he began smearing its blood on his face. On at least one occasion, he sneaked up behind a family that was picnicking and emptied his gun into the air. Several years before his wife and children were murdered, Fisher shot a stray pit bull. He claimed that he shot it because it attacked his labrador retriever, but police maintained that he orchestrated the encounter because he wanted to shoot the dog. Fisher had been an active participant in the Scottsdale Baptist Church's men's ministry, but (in contrast to Mary) had begun to withdraw from church activities a few months prior to the murders. According to some of Fisher's friends, Fisher spoke of committing suicide around 1998 when he despaired over the condition of his marriage. In 1998, the Fishers went to the senior pastor for marital counseling. Fisher told coworkers about a one-night affair with a prostitute he met in a massage parlor. He fretted that Mary would find out that it was the cause of a urinary tract infection that left him ill for several days in December 2000. "They did not have a happy marriage," said Wade Rencsok, a former neighbor. "They screamed constantly. Everybody heard it. You could hear it in the house next door, and you never really heard him scream, which is kind of weird. I mean he had a way about him, but you never heard him scream. You always heard his wife screaming. Things like, 'You're worthless. I could have done better than you. We should get a divorce.'"

Fisher told a hunting companion that he was renewing his commitment to his faith and marriage because he "could not live without his family", possibly hinting that he would consider suicide over divorce. According to psychologists, an intense fear of loss is not unusual among individuals who were traumatized by a divorce in adolescence. Mary told several friends that she was going to divorce Fisher in the weeks before her murder.

Triple homicide and arson
A neighbor reported hearing a loud argument coming from inside the Fisher home at 10pm on April 9, 2001, approximately ten hours before it exploded into flames. Police theorized that the murders took place between 9:30pm and 10:15pm. At 10:43pm, Fisher was spotted on an ATM camera, where he withdrew $280. Mary's Toyota 4Runner was in the background. It is possible that Fisher later returned to the house to commit the murders, but police believe that they had already taken place by then because he was using Mary's car, in which he is alleged to have fled.

Mary Fisher was shot in the back of the head, and Brittney and Bobby's throats were slashed from ear to ear. At 8:42am, the house exploded. Firefighters were immediately alerted to the explosion, which was strong enough to collapse the front brick wall and rattle the frames of neighboring houses for 1/2 mi in all directions. Before firefighters arrived, neighbors used garden hoses to try to keep the flames under control. Firefighters kept the 20 ft blaze from spreading to other houses. A series of smaller secondary explosions, believed to be caused by either rifle ammunition or paint cans, forced them to keep their distance. One firefighter suffered minor injuries to his leg when he lost his balance and fell near the blaze.

The gas line from the back of the house's furnace had been pulled. The accumulating gas was later ignited by a candle that Fisher had allegedly lit, waiting for the gas to accumulate and descend to the flame hours after being lit. This delayed fuse would have given him an approximate ten-hour head start in his successful attempt to evade law enforcement. The decision to have the house explode is believed to have been an attempt by Fisher to conceal evidence of his crimes and possibly to cause police to believe that he had died. The burned bodies of a woman and two children were found lying in bed in the burned-out remains. They were identified as Mary (age 38), Brittney (age 12), and Bobby (age 10). Investigators theorized that Fisher murdered his family because he felt threatened by Mary's intention to divorce him, and did not want Brittney and Bobby to go through what he did as a child.

Developments in investigation
Fisher, who disappeared at the time of the murders, was named as an official (and to date, the only) person of interest in the case on April 14, 2001, when Arizona Department of Public Safety officers were instructed in a statewide bulletin to arrest him. On April 20, the last physical evidence of his whereabouts surfaced when police found Mary's Toyota 4Runner in Tonto National Forest near Young, Arizona, one hundred miles north of Scottsdale. The family dog Blue was found outside the car. It had taken shelter beneath the car and was in a hungry and agitated state. An Oakland Raiders hat identical to the one that Fisher was seen wearing in the ATM footage was inside the vehicle. A pile of human excrement was found near the passenger door. Although police searched the area immediately around where the vehicle was discovered, they searched only one out of dozens of nearby caves. Some of these caves form a complex underground network, extending for miles beneath the surface. Several professional cavers have suggested that Fisher used them as a hiding place before either escaping, killing himself, or dying from low oxygen levels. Professional cavers have visited these caves many times in the years since the murders, but no sign of Fisher has ever emerged.

The Toyota was discovered less than a mile from the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, an area which police never searched. Police followed a set of footprints that led onto the reservation, but uncovered no sign of Fisher. A couple reported seeing a man resembling Fisher walking along the nearby Young Road several days before the discovery of the car. According to them, when the woman saw him, she said to her husband, "That looks like Robert Fisher." However, they waited until after the vehicle was found to report the tip. Lori Greenbeck, an acquaintance of the Fisher family, said that her husband had gone camping with Fisher in the area where the truck was found shortly before April 10. She said that her husband believed that Fisher was scouting the area. According to her, he was very familiar with the region.

On July 19, a state arrest warrant was issued in Phoenix, charging Fisher with three counts of first-degree murder and one count of arson. Subsequently, he was declared a fugitive and a federal arrest warrant was issued by the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, charging him with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution. On June 29, 2002, Fisher was named by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as the 475th fugitive to be placed on its Ten Most Wanted list. He was also on America's Most Wanted's "Dirty Dozen", the list of its most notorious fugitives, and was profiled on The Hunt with John Walsh. The FBI offers a reward of up to $100,000 for information leading to Fisher's capture. By April 2003, the FBI had received "hundreds and hundreds of leads." However, all reported sightings of Fisher have been either inconclusive or false.

In the years immediately following Fisher's disappearance, some people living in his old neighborhood reported seeing a man resembling him driving in the area. In February 2004, an individual with a striking physical resemblance to Fisher was arrested in Vancouver, Canada, by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The man had a missing tooth where Fisher had a gold bicuspid, as well as a surgical scar on his back, as Fisher had. However, his fingerprints did not match. He was held by Canadian police for approximately one week, until a relative correctly identified him. Responding to speculation that his fingerprints had been altered, Scottsdale Detective John Kirkham said that there was no scarring on them to suggest this. The man's identity was not released. The FBI alerted local law enforcement in 2012 that Fisher may have been living in the area near where Mary's car was discovered. In October 2014, police raided a house in Commerce City, Colorado, after receiving a tip that he was hiding there. Despite arresting two occupants, they did not find any sign of him.

In April 2016, FBI officials and Scottsdale police displayed new age-enhanced photos of Fisher during a news conference on the fifteenth anniversary of the murders.

On November 3, 2021, Fisher was removed from the FBI Top 10 Most Wanted List. He was replaced by Yulan Adonay Archaga Carias, the alleged leader of MS-13 in Honduras, and the 526th addition to the Top Ten List. "Because the extensive publicity Fisher's case received during its nearly 20 years on the list has not resulted in his successful location and/or capture, the case no longer fulfills that requirement," the FBI said. Despite his removal from the Top Ten List, Fisher remains a wanted fugitive.

Theories and speculation
The murders allegedly committed by Fisher and his subsequent disappearance have attracted significant attention, and numerous theories have spawned about what ultimately happened to him. Due in part to factors such as the length of time that has gone by since his disappearance, the small amount of money that Fisher is believed to have had with him, and the fact that he had spoken of ending his life before, there has been speculation that he committed suicide or died, probably somewhere in the wilderness where Mary's car was discovered, and that the body was never found. Others disagree and maintain that he most likely survived. It is thought that he may have started a new life under an assumed identity. In that case, he may have died after years as a fugitive without his remains being identified.

If Fisher did survive, it is thought that he may have hitchhiked out of the area or had aid from an accomplice. There is a theory that Fisher may have used his survival skills to continue living in the wilderness near Payson where his wife's car was discovered, although police and survival experts are skeptical due to the difficulty of finding food and shelter in that environment as well as the fact that no evidence has ever emerged of someone living in the woods in that area. "He could be living in a small town, where he gets paid cash and he works as a handyman," said Detective John Heinzelman. "Or he could be in a big city and blend in." It was postulated that Fisher may have crossed the southern United States border. Fisher's disappearance took place before the September 11 attacks. With border security being more lax at that time than it would later become, police have considered this a reasonable possibility. A hostile encounter occurred in Guatemala in 2009 between tourists and a man said to resemble Fisher. Police have speculated that Fisher may have started a new family, and have cited the fear that he might eventually decide to leave and annihilate that family like he did his original family as one of their chief reasons for continuing to search for him. Some police have however conceded that they may never learn what happened to Fisher. "Maybe this is the best we have, knowing he did it, and never finding him again," said Heintzelman.

FBI agent Bob Caldwell's sense of his personality and habits is that he is "arrogant. He's cocky. He's a know-it-all...and a loner." Fisher has been known to chew tobacco and favors the Copenhagen brand. His look has been described as average, but he sometimes walks in an odd, erect manner with his chest out due to a back problem stemming from the injury that he suffered as a firefighter, and is an avid hunter and fisherman. Fisher is considered armed and extremely dangerous and has ties to Florida and New Mexico.

In popular culture
Fisher is the subject of a documentary, Where Is Robert Fisher?, released in 2011. It relies heavily on interviews with journalists and detectives, and it features interviews with his sister and one of his neighbors. The documentary includes home footage of Fisher taken by Mary.

title: Robert William Fisher


text:
1964 in archaeology

The year 1964 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Excavations

 * Seibal Harvard University project begins under direction of Gordon R. Willey and A. Ledyard Smith.
 * Et-Tell excavations under Joseph Callaway begin (continue through 1970).
 * Saqqara excavations under Bryan Emery begin (continue through 1971).
 * Pool of Bethesda excavations.
 * Snaketown by Emil Haury, with assistance from E. B. Sayles, Erik K. Reed, and Irwin and Julian Hayden.
 * Ebla excavations by the University of Rome La Sapienza directed by Paolo Matthiae begin.
 * Excavations in Hane, Marquesas Islands, by Yosihiko H. Sinoto begin.
 * Tomb of Princess Yongtai excavated in Qianling Mausoleum, China.
 * The Missione Archaeologica Italiana a Malta begins excavations at Ras il-Wardija, Gozo, Malta (continues through 1967).
 * First full-scale excavation of Roman villa at Oplontis in Italy begins.
 * Archaeological site of Atapuerca in Spain directed by Francisco Jordá Cerdá.
 * Argentine surveyor and archaeologist Carlos J. Gradin and his team begins the most profound research on Cueva de las Manos in a 30-year-long study of the caves and their art.
 * Excavation of Tel Arad by Yohanan Aharoni (continues until 1967).

Finds

 * Getty Victorious Youth in the sea off Fano.
 * The second trove of Qabala treasures in Azerbaijan.
 * Mummies on Pichu Pichu in the Peruvian Andes.
 * Teeth from Grotta del Cavallo in southern Italy, identified in 2011 as the oldest known remains of European early modern humans.
 * Pyrgi Tablets at the site of ancient Pyrgi in Lazio, Italy.
 * A buckle depicting a man holding a spear in each hand is discovered at Finglesham Anglo-Saxon cemetery during excavations led by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes.

Events

 * May 31 – The Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites is adopted by the Second International Congress of Architects and Specialists of Historic Buildings.
 * November 30 – Western Australian Museum Act Amendment Act provides for protection of pre-1900 wrecks in local waters.
 * Project to move the Abu Simbel temples to prevent their inundation by the Aswan High Dam begins.

Publications

 * L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp - Ancient Ruins and Archaeology.
 * Journal of Industrial Archaeology begins publication.

Awards

 * Ian Richmond knighted.

Births

 * February – Duan Qingbo, Chinese archaeologist (died 2019)

title: 1964 in archaeology


text:
Antoni Lange

Antoni Lange (28 April 1862 – 17 March 1929) was a Polish poet, philosopher, polyglot (15 languages), writer, novelist, science-writer, reporter and translator. A representative of Polish Parnassianism and symbolism, he is also regarded as belonging to the Decadent movement. He was an expert on Romanticism, French literature and a popularizer of Eastern cultures. His most popular novel is Miranda.

He translated English, French, Hungarian, Italian, Spanish, Indian, American, Serbian, Egyptian and Oriental writers into Polish and Polish poets into French and English. He was also one of the most original poets of the Young Poland movement. His work is often compared to Stéphane Mallarmé and Charles Marie René Leconte de Lisle.

Lange was an uncle of the poet Bolesław Leśmian.

Life
Lange was born in Warsaw into the patriotic Jewish family of Henryk Lange (1815–1884) and Zofia née Eisenbaum (1832–1897). His father took part in the November Uprising against the Russian Partition of Poland. He was an admirerer of Romantic literature and its ideals. Antoni Lange enrolled at Warsaw University but around 1880 he was expelled for his patriotic activity by the Tsarist namiestnik Apuchtin who ruled the university at that time. He supported himself financially as a tutor but also published poetry under the pen-names Napierski and Antoni Wrzesień. He decided to study in Paris where he encountered new trends in literature, philosophy and art. In France he became familiar with the theories of Jean Martin Charcot, as well as Spiritualism, parapsychology, the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche, oriental religions, European and Eastern literature and modern literary criticism. He took part in the literary meetings of Stéphane Mallarmé.

Lange returned to his homeland upon Poland's return to independence, and became one of the better known members of the Warsaw Society of Writers and Journalists (Warszawskie Towarzystwo Literatów i Dziennikarzy), the precursor of the Polish Academy of Literature founded in 1933. Bolesław Prus, Julian Ochorowicz and Lange were the first Polish spiritists. He rented an apartment at Nowy Świat Street together with Władysław Reymont, a Polish writer and the winner of the Nobel Prize of 1924. Stanisław Brzozowski called Lange a real and not frequently European mind and Julian Tuwim called him a master of reflective poetry. During this time Lange was a member of the Society of Polish Writers and Journalists. However, with the sharp growth of his popularity as a poet his poems became more sceptical, pessimistic and hermetic. The main theme of the poems of this period was the feeling of being isolated and misunderstood by the crowd.

At the beginning of the 20th century he withdrew from public life and became lonely and forgotten. He collected his last poems in notebooks and never allowed anyone to publish them.

Lange's prestige as a writer was undermined by a new generation of avant-gardists. He died in isolation, destitution and obscurity in Warsaw in 1929. He never married and had no children.

Antoni Lange was a friend of Stéphane Mallarmé, Jan Kasprowicz and Stanisław Przybyszewski.

There are only two portraits of Lange, one of them was painted by Stanisław Wyspiański in 1890.

Writing
Lange was a prolific and versatile writer. He wrote many novels (Miranda), short stories (Zbrodnia, Amor i Faun), dramas (Malczewski, Wenedzi), essays and poems. Lange's poetry is contemplative and erudite. It connects the traditions of European culture with Buddhism. The overriding theme of Lange's existential concerns was 'extremity' and the 'cycle' of death. In order to form of the poetry Lange connect to contradictory points of impressionism, romantic sentimentality and experimental theories of Stéphane Mallarmé. Lange was fond of rare poetic forms: acrostics, dactyls, pantoums, praeludiums, scherzos, canticles and triolets. He was also the author of many pastorals concerning the metaphysical side of village life; historiosophical songs inspired by the philosophy of Juliusz Słowacki; and exotic genesis mythologies from all over the world (from Mexico to Japan).

Lange was also the author of many lyrical essays presenting original views about the relationship between poet and reader concerning eschatological issues (Thoughts, The Grave).

In the first phase of his writing he was a lover of aestheticism, formal innovation and the theories of Stéphane Mallarmé. However, later he faced to primitivism, anonymity, writings of folk poets and 16th century poets and blank verse.

Both Lange and Jerzy Żuławski are often referred to as "The Pioneers of Polish Science-Fiction". Lange's short stories from the book W czwartym wymiarze (In the Fourth Dimension, 1912) such as Babunia (Grandma), Rozaura, Lenora, Rebus (Puzzle), Nowe mieszkanie (The New House) and Memoriał doktora Czang-Fu-Li (Dr. Chang Fu Li's Report) are regarded as early examples of science fiction and weird fiction in Poland. The main themes of the stories are: hypnosis, the elixir of youth, eternal love and the materialization of phantoms. On a different note, Dr. Chang Fu Li's eponymous report, "written in Paris in 2652", is concerned with the climate change brought about by the re-routing of the Gulf Stream and the subsequent freezing over of Europe, with China taking over as the leading civilization.

Lange's works influenced many poets of the next generation, for example: Bolesław Leśmian, Antoni Słonimski, Julian Tuwim, Julian Przyboś, Jan Lechoń, Leopold Staff. Paradoxically, most of these poets criticized Lange for his anachronism, eccentricity and overintellectualism.

Lange was also a left-wing journalist. He wrote for many important Polish newspapers such as Pobudka, Tygodnik Illustrowany and Przegląd tygodniowy. He created an original way of cultural assimilation for Jews via mixed marriage.

Lange's numerous translations of classic 19th century literature from all over the world are still highly regarded. His translations of The Golem by Gustav Meyrink and poems by Charles Baudelaire, Edgar Allan Poe and George Gordon Byron are masterpieces of Polish translation. He also edited many anthologies of his own translations of Egyptian, Syrian, Persian, Arabic, Indian and Hebrew poems.

His main sources of inspiration were: the poetry of the Three Bards; the theories of Stéphane Mallarmé; the writings of Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle; Sanskrit epics of ancient India such as Mahabharata or Savitri; and the poetry of the Polish Baroque era, especially metaphysical poets such as Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński and Józef Baka because of their obsession with death.

Vita Nova and other love poems
Lange was the author of many love poems influenced by Romanticism, spiritualism and Indian mythology.

Other love poems by Lange, for example Vita Nova (A New Life) written in 1898, present an original vision of a decadent and melancholy poet who momentarily becomes an Übermensch thanks to the illusion of requited love. Unfortunately, there is always a conflict between the vision of ideal love and its realisation. Lange takes also notes the "painful impossibility" of the absolute and eternal union of lovers' souls; he creates a pessimistic vision of the relationship between man and woman, which is always burdened by the certainty that complete fulfilment is impossible.

In Lange's verses love always makes the subject feel as if he has been exiled from and deprived of a latent part of his own existence, but simultaneously he believes that lovers can communicate and feel the same by transmitting their pain and the power of their affection in defiance of metaphorical distance.

Deuteronomion, The Hour, Logos and Sonnets of Veda
The most characteristic feature of Lange's writings is the strong influence of Eastern traditions, religions and philosophies such as the Veda, Brahminism and Buddhism.

Written in 1887, the cycle of seven sonnets entitled The Sonnets of Veda shows the seven stages of human existence on the way to Nirvana.

Similar in form to the Sonnets of Veda is the Logos cycle of ten sonnets which discuss ten points of view on the logos of history by ten outstanding representatives of the historiosophy of Polish Romanticism. The poems are strongly influenced by ideas of messianism. The Hour written in 1894 was the first prose by Lange, but the short symbolic novel was published in 1895 in the first volume of Poems. It is a story of Artemis and Auora, the two ancient goddesses who descend to Earth to witness human life. In some ways The Hour is similar to August Strindberg's 1901 drama A Dream Play and The Woman without a Shadow written by Hugo von Hofmannsthal in 1919. The novel contains many mystical fragments stylized as religious writings, a psalms, a manifesto, greek tragedy and the ode. It also connects prose with elements of poetry and drama.

One of the most representative of Lange's works is Deuteronomion, a mystical occultic poem written in Paris in 1902. It is hermetic and hard to interpret because of its many allusions to the Bible, Kabbalah, Sanskrit writings and ancient Slavic myths. It speaks of a Poet's spiritual journey to achieve an initiation that is both personal and universal. It is significant that Deuteronomion begins with the Epilogue to myself and ends with the Prologue to the unknown god.

Narrative poems
Lange inaugurated a return to narrative poetry, a form which was unprecedented in Polish literature. This form of poetry was mainly used in Romanticism (for example, by George Gordon Byron and Adam Mickiewicz) and was no longer used after the late 19th century. Therefore, Lange was probably the last and only poet who wrote narrative poems in Poland. There are:
 * The Oracle, a poem based on an Indian legend
 * Ilya Muromets, a poem inspired by bylina
 * The Vision of Catherine of Alexandria

Lange wrote also A Song of Płanetnik, a narrative poem referring to the character of Płanetnik. In pagan Slavic mythology a płanetnik was a guardian spirit of clouds and a lonely dreamer who predicted the weather. It was thought that płanetniks were the lost souls of those who had committed suicide and victims of murder. One would call them by sprinkling flour into the wind or fire. A Song of Płanetnik by Lange tells the story of a young sensitive man who lost touch with reality and set off on the path of solitary existence.

Philosophy
In Lange's cosmogony-philosophy, he announced that evolution of the soul is parallel to evolution of a nation. Capitalism is the enemy of this principle because it acts against individualism, so capitalism is the ideology of the anonymous crowd. If there is no individualism among the people, then there is also not a problem of "bad" versus "good". Then the world comes to disturb its own logic. According to Lange, a world that 'was being born' from ideal space, is still coming to the highest stage of evolution; sometime, it will return to its primary stage. Every step to evolution is a step to the ideal primary. An exception of this "rule of time-line" is the person of genius, who is between the times. In Lange's philosophy he referred to Thomas Carlyle, Giambattista Vico and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

Lange was interested in spiritualism and parapsychology to contain his own philosophy.

Critic of Romanticism
An important part of Lange's writing was the criticism of legacy of romanticism in modern poetry. In 1924 he founded Astrea, a science-magazine and the first forum about Polish and European romanticism. Lange rejected romantic illumination. In his view, theological truth is within the reach only of erudition, intellect and afterthought. Lange criticized also the importance of individualism and the authorial personality. Placing the poem as an artwork at the center, as an eidos of poetry, he affirmed the poem's own existence and a clear idea of creation; therefore he disagreed with the cult of individualism.

Other works

 * Vox Posthuma – a philosophical treatise about an archetypical enfant du siècle
 * Godzina ("The Hour") – an occult novel about the connections between the ideal and the material world, estheticism in poetry and real life, etc.
 * Pogrzeb Shelleya ("The Funeral of Shelley") – an ode to Percy Bysshe Shelley
 * Księgi proroków ("Books of the Prophets") – a collection of cosmogonical poetry referred to Buddhism, Zoroastrianism and Islam
 * Exotica – an historiosophical poem about the genesis of the world, God, man and woman
 * Pogrobowcy ("Posthumous Verses") – a collection of early poems strongly influenced by positivism
 * Rozmyślania ("Contemplations" or "Thoughts") – a philosophical poem about the dead, strongly influenced by Romanticism, Baroque poetry and decadentism
 * Ballady pijackie ("Drunken Ballads") – a lyrical essay about the drugs and alcohol enjoyed by decadent poets
 * Stypa ("Meeting") – a frame story about the suicide of young man after a tragic love affair
 * Widzenie świętej Katarzyny ("The Vision of Saint Catherine of Alexandria") – a lyrical story about the social and metaphysical consequences of the death of God
 * W czwartym wymiarze ("In the Fourth Dimension") – one of the first science-fiction books in Polish literature
 * Miranda – an occult novel about tragic love and the vision of an ideal woman in an ideal civilisation of Brahmins
 * Róża polna ("The Wild Rose")
 * Atylla ("Attila")
 * Malczewski – a play about the life of the Polish Romantic poet Antoni Malczewski
 * Vita Nova – a cycle of 11 philosophical poems about an ideal vision of love, pain and loneliness
 * Pieśni dla przyjaciół ("Odes to Friends") – a collection of odes to Polish poets such as Jan Kasprowicz and Zenon Przesmycki

Selected translations

 * English (poems from Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll, poems of Lord Byron, Edgar Allan Poe, short-stories of Herbert George Wells, Paradise Lost of John Milton, Novum Organum of Francis Bacon)
 * French (poems of Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle, Charles Baudelaire, Théodore de Banville, selected works of Gustave Flaubert, poetry by Maurice Maeterlinck)
 * Italian (works of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, New Science of Giambattista Vico)
 * German (works of Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche)

Poems

 * Sonety wedyckie (1887)
 * Pogrzeb Shelleya (1890)
 * Wenus żebracza (1890)
 * Ballady pijackie (1895)
 * Księgi proroków (1895)
 * Logos (1895)
 * Poezje (I – 1895; II – 1898)
 * Pogrobowcom (1901)
 * Świat (1901)
 * Fragmenta. Poezje wybrane (1901)
 * Pocałunki (1902)
 * Deuteronomion (1902)
 * Akteon (1903)
 * Księgi bogów (1903)
 * Rozmyślania (1906)
 * Pierwszy dzień stworzenia (1907)
 * XXVII sonetów (1914)
 * Ilia Muromiec (1916)
 * Trzeci dzień (1925)
 * Groteski. Wiersze ironiczne (1927)
 * Rozmyślania. Z nowej serii (1928)
 * Gdziekolwiek jesteś (1931)
 * Ostatni zbiór poezji (1931)

Novels and short stories

 * Godzina (1894)
 * Elfryda: nowele i fantazje (1895)
 * Zbrodnia (1907)
 * Dwie bajki (1910)
 * Czterdzieści cztery (1910)
 * Stypa (1911)
 * W czwartym wymiarze (1912)
 * Miranda (1924)
 * Nowy Tarzan (1925)
 * Róża polna (1926)
 * Michałki (1926)

Plays

 * Atylla (1898)
 * Wenedzi (1909)
 * Malczewski (1931)

Essays

 * O sprzeczności sprawy żydowskiej (1890)
 * Analfabetyzm i walka z ciemnotą w Królestwie Polskim (1892)
 * O poezji współczesnej (1895)
 * Studia z literatury francuskiej (1897)
 * Studia i wrażenia (1900)
 * Lord Byron (1905)
 * Rzuty (1905)
 * Panteon literatury wszechświatowej (1921)
 * Pochodnie w mroku (1927)

title: Antoni Lange


text:
Banging the Drum

Banging the Drum is the third studio album by American hardcore punk band Scream, released in 1986 through Dischord Records.

Track listing
All songs written by Scream.
 * 1) "Banging the Drum" – 0:55
 * 2) "People People" – 5:15
 * 3) "I.C.Y.U.O.D." – 4:38
 * 4) "Nod to the East" – 0:59
 * 5) "Mineshaft Burning" – 3:33
 * 6) "The Rhythm Beating" – 4:20
 * 7) "Feel Like That" – 5:09
 * 8) "Walking by Myself" – 3:48
 * 9) "When I Rise" – 3:36
 * 10) "The Sing It Up Kidz" – 4:18
 * 11) "Choke Word" – 3:38

Credits

 * Scream
 * Franz Stahl – guitars, vocals, acoustic guitar on "When I Rise"
 * Robert Lee Davidson – guitars, vocals, acoustic guitar on "Choke Word"
 * Skeeter Thompson – bass, vocals
 * Kent Stax – drums, vocals
 * Pete Stahl – lead vocals

 * Additional personnel
 * John Loder – producer
 * Ian MacKaye – producer, backing vocals
 * Don Zientara – producer
 * Joey Pea – assistant engineer
 * Tos Nieuwenhuizen – backing vocals
 * Amy Plckering – backing vocals
 * Bobby Madden – keyboards on "Choke Word"
 * Tomas Squip – photography
 * Jeff Nelson – graphics

title: Banging the Drum


text:
Category:New Zealand Twenty20 International captains

As of December 2006, the New Zealand cricket team has only been captained by one man. This is a complete category.


text:
Nezool

Nezool (fl. later 5th century) was a king of the Kingdom of Aksum. He is primarily known from the coins minted during his reign, where his name also appears as Nezana.

Stuart Munro-Hay reports a theory that Nezool and Nezana were actually the names of a pair of kings who shared in a dual reign. However, the consensus is that Nezool is the Ge'ez version of his name transliterated into Greek, while Nezana is a more Greek-looking form.

Coinage
A number of gold and silver coins bearing either the name Nezool or Nezana have been recovered and can be found in modern collections. Three types of gold coins bearing the name Nezana and one bearing the name Nezool have been identified. All three bear his right-facing profile on both the obverse and reverse, with an arm emerging from his robe holding a stick or a fly-whisk, and framed by stalks of wheat. The only difference is in the inscriptions in Greek on the coins: one reads "King Nezana" on both sides; two have his title on one side, the other a legend acknowledging his kingship is due to God ("Thanks be to God"), and the fourth bears a variation on the enigmatic inscription found on other Aksumite coins, "+CΛX+ΛCΛ+CΛC+CΛN". The one issue in silver bears the profile of Nezana wearing a headcloth on the obverse, with a monogram that has been interpreted as derived from the Ge'ez characters for Nezool, while the reverse bears a double-lined cross, with the central boss tilted; the four arms of the cross divides the legend into four groups of two letters each: "ΘΕ ΟΥ ΧΛ ΡΙ" which is interpreted as abbreviated Greek for "By the Grace of God".

A number of anonymous copper coins are believed to have been minted during his reign.

title: Nezool


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matthew Charlton

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:21, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Matthew Charlton
NB: This debate also covers the fate of the child page The Cosmology of Love. If the vote is keep, a separate VFD for this latter page can then be recreated if so decided. Manning

I see that all his works are "self-published". No claim to fame other than poetry and being an "activist". I did a google and most hits were unrelated people with the same name. Many of "What links here" appear to have been going for another person of the same name. Having self-published works does not make one notable. Thus, Delete. Friday 19:30, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Delete As above. --PhilipO 19:44, 21 July 2005 (UTC) Delete nn. --R.Koot 20:44, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to Mathew Charlton--Porturology 21:12, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I dispute your redirect suggestion - the suggested redirect is not to the same person. Manning 04:55, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * It doesn't have to be the same person. Redirects are not only used for duplicate articles; a title which can be reasonably expected to be a common spelling error for the notable person's name can still be made a redirect even if it was originally created for a different non-notable person. Bearcat 18:09, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 Keep- Hi I'm Matt's ex girlfriend from grade school. I say keep because this boy has been through a lot and deserves even the most tiny recognition of his gifts and skills. I know he isn't famous, but that doesn't mean the world wouldn't benefit from knowing a little more about him- Cait (Unsigned vote by, user's first edit)
 * Delete. If he's good, we'll see him again in a few years. Denni ☯ 00:10, 2005 July 22 (UTC)
 * Comment. According to what links here and my recollection, Matthew Charlton was the leader of the Federal Australian Labor Party in the 1920's and was Federal Leader of the Opposition in Australia. This page prepared by Adam Carr who I understand is a Wikipedian in good standing shows that he was leader of the Opposition between 1922 and 1928 when he resigned due to ill-health. I will rewrite the article tonight. Capitalistroadster 00:36, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless rewritten to be about the notable guy above. -- Etacar11   01:02, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as redirect to Mathew Charlton (the Australian politician), which it was until it was recently vanitydalized by an admirer of the young acticist-poet of this name. Uppland 05:24, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move politician Mathew Charlton here as per Capitalistroadster. Uppland 15:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I have looked at the Australian Dictionary of Biography entry for Charlton the ALP politician which lists him as being Matthew Charlton. Ross McMullin's book on the history of the Labor Party refers to him as Matt Charlton. If the aspiring poet gets deleted, I would propose moving the Mathew Charlton article to Matthew Charlton. If we decide that the poet is notable, then Matthew Charlton should be a disambiguation article with entries for Matthew Charlton (politician) and Matthew Charlton (poet). Capitalistroadster 06:59, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, WP:VAIN. Radiant_ >|< 14:21, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not seem to meet WP:BIO at this time. I find only two www links for him. One as a losing candidate in a UofT EngSoc election and the other in a blog of someone who the blogger met and gave him the Cosmology book which he describes as having "some good stuff in there". Double Blue  (Talk) 15:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move Mathew Charlton to this article space as per Capitalistroadster. Google has a few hits for the Australian politician as Mathew but most as Matthew including believable ones like, , & . Double Blue  (Talk) 15:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 03:20, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Although whoever wrote this article didn't have complete information and did a half-ass job, I'll vouch for Matt. He's an important part of the queer community in his writing, poetry and art here in the city of Toronto. I'm a social worker who loves poetry and I have worked with Matthew before. He has won a few awards even here in Toronto for his poetry and speeches. He was reviewed in Word too many years back to note on the web and has been quite involved in the small press community in Toronto. His collection "The Cosmology of Love" has been read and even discussed at science fiction conventions. I believe Robert Charles Wilson has openly acclaimed Matthew's work. I wouldn't presume that just because a person doesn't have an instantaneously strong online presence that he/she is not notable. (Unsigned vote by, user's first edit)
 * Can you add information to the article with verifiable sources to show his importance and that his work has been reviewed? Double Blue  (Talk) 16:04, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'm also a gay man who lives in Toronto, and I can't vouch for Matthew being notable enough to merit an encyclopedia entry — I've never heard of him, and queer Canadian literature is one of my areas of expertise. (That said, I have added categories to the article; that shouldn't be construed as a vote in favour of keeping.) No vote. Bearcat 18:15, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I agree with User:Capitalistroadster's comment of 22 July 2005. However, the poet should be deleted as for now. There is plenty of time to add him to WikipediA at a later stage. Let him win some notable prices for his poetry first. For the time being Mathew Charlton written Matthew Charlton should be found here. --Marbot 09:29, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:129.2.18.173

title: User talk:129.2.18.173