text:
Talk:Uriah the Hittite

Untitled
Did Bathsheba want to have sex with David?
 * Maybe. The Bible does say "he was ruddy, and fine in appearance with handsome features." —Angr 12:31, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

The answer to your question is a probable yes. First of all, Bethsheba's husband had been away for untold months at war. David, even though he was about 40 years old at this time, was a good looking guy (as stated in 1 Samuel 16). Third, he's the flippin king of Israel! What woman nowadays has not had some fantasy about some celebrity guy in the news, but David was the king, and still a rather youthful king. Added to that, there are absolutely no records of Bathsheba putting up any protest or any resistance whatsoever. So from all of the peripherals just stated above we can assume that Bathsheba might have had the slightest temptation to go to bed with the king. ManofRenown87 04:52, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * ---he was the king and she was a soldier's wife! Although no indication of rape is in the biblical account, she probably did not feel she had any choice in the matter.  WBardwin (talk) 23:08, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

The description you quoted may not be a reliable indicator of his appearance when he met Bathsheba - it is written in 1 Samuel in the passage describing his appearance when he was anointed king as a probably teenage shepherd boy. In the intervening years he probably acquired a beard and maybe battle scars if his campaigns listed are anything to go by.Cloptonson (talk) 21:07, 8 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, but though I am a man and thus cannot give first-hand information, I have heard tell that a life of battle (or similar), with the signs it leaves on a body, is the very last thing to diminish a man's sex appeal.--2001:A61:260D:6E01:DD51:39B0:CD6B:DC0 (talk) 11:09, 19 January 2018 (UTC)

Biblical account
I just reverted an edit by User:SamuelTheGhost. Rather than restating the Biblical account, I believe that more information relating to the "Hittite" designation of Uriah, which is found in the Bible, can be drawn from scholarly sources. WBardwin (talk) 23:08, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm sure you do. So wouldn't it be a good idea to cite them? That's what WP:RS means. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 08:15, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Please -- look for cites first -- delete information only after all attempts to find the cite has failed. And, please, don't cite policy.  Just communicate here instead.  Reverted yet again.  WBardwin (talk) 23:07, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * With the greatest possible respect, could I point out:

 * I gave you a full week to respond here and was met with silence; then you tell me to "Just communicate".
 * the whole point of my deletion is that I don't believe that a conclusive reliable source exists, so it's hardly up to me to find one. If you think there is one, tell me and the wikipedia world what it is, then perhaps we can make sensible progress. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 09:03, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * "A whole week?" My -- so you don't have anything else to do but come to Wikipedia?  Believe me, a week is a very very short time on this site.  There are many sources for Hittite/Hurrian culture and their interaction with the people of Israel.  It is unlikely that you will easily find this material on the web.  But, these sources are at the university library, some 60 miles away from me.  I go there twice a month, or so, and try and do a little Wiki oriented research.  I've added this topic to a very loooong list.  Please be patient.  Once material is removed -- it is "invisible" to the casual editor who may have information to add.  And it takes away a visible reminder to those of us with long to-do lists.   Thank you.  WBardwin (talk) 00:04, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

It's now over five weeks since I first took exception to the phrase "but particularly since after the collapse of the Hittite Kingdom" which you seem so determined to include, and you haven't come up with any evidence for it in that time. I want it out for two reasons: You've asked for patience, and I've been patient, but is not wikipedia policy that one editor can insist on the retention of fanciful ideas in an article on the off chance that someone else will happen to be able to substantiate them. I'm happy to use where proper evidence has not been supplied but there's still reason to believe it exists, but this is not such a case. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 21:34, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) It's importantly misleading, since it seems to imply that there was Hittite immigration into the Canaanite area at some stage during the Biblical period, which might be taken as having implications for the legitimacy of their presence there;
 * 2) It's baseless. Not only is there absolutely nothing in the Biblical account to suggest it, but you haven't given me any hint as to why you suppose it to be the case. Several scholars (e.g. Speiser, Bryce, see Biblical Hittites for details) say that the Biblical Hittites are unrelated to the Anatolian Hittites, so at best this idea would be disputed, but you haven't given even hearsay or anecdotal evidence to support your idea. As far as I can tell you just made it up.

Ethnic minority
With reference to the recent reversions between me and Keith H.:
 * According to wikipedia etiquette as given in WP:BRD, Keith should have come here to complain after I reverted, rather than repeating the edit. But I'll let that pass.
 * My motivation for preferring the original wording was that the history and status of the Biblical Hittites is very contentious, so the less one spells out the deatils, the less likely one is to say something wrong. After all the word "minority" implies some judgement about relative popuation numbers, about which we have in fact no information. I'm not inclined to make an issue of it, however, so I'm content to leave it there. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 11:11, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

On related point, why should there be a "probably" about Uriah being an ethnic Hittite? Surely a Hittite was a Hittite? If there are citeable alternative theories about his origins, I would not be unhappy to see them mentioned.Cloptonson (talk) 20:50, 1 May 2015 (UTC)
 * The meaning of surnames is often a matter of presumption, not certainty. It seems most probable that he was one of the Biblical Hittites, whose precise nature is itself uncertain, as described in that article. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 22:36, 1 May 2015 (UTC)
 * The idea that Bathsheba would have been forbidden to have married Uriah had be been an actual Hittite is presented in the article as unquestioned fact. Despite the obvious Mosaic prohibition, it is equally obvious that this prohibition was quite frequently ignored on a widespread scale (the last two chapters of the Book of Ezra are greatly illustrative of this).  It might be true that Bathsheba might have been less attractive to David as the wife of an acknowledged Gentile rather than that of a Hebrew, but that is merely speculation with no place in an encyclopedic article.  2600:1004:B14A:A290:B932:C987:2194:50C (talk) 22:35, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

Fiction
Just like the rest of the bible this is pure fiction.

Agyemanduah
I am oll 82.12.81.97 (talk) 15:39, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

 * You see a bad thing 82.12.81.97 (talk) 15:40, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uriah the Hittite


text: User:Zulu, King Of The Dwarf People

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Zulu, King Of The Dwarf People


text:
Dancing Ferret

The Dancing Ferret entertainment group is an unofficial collective name for Dancing Ferret Discs and Dancing Ferret Concerts. It was started by Patrick Rodgers (a.k.a. DJ Ferret) in 1995 with the formation of Dancing Ferret Concerts. The company markets bands from the gothic rock, heavy metal, alternative rock, neo-Medieval, trip hop, and industrial genres of music.

In 2008, Dancing Ferret Discs made the decision to wind down releasing new material on their label. Following two releases in 2009, the label's last official new releases were 2011's Sverker and 2013's Gimlie by Corvus Corax.

Dancing Ferret Discs
Dancing Ferret Discs is a Philadelphia-based record label started in August 1998. It is the record label "sister company" of Dancing Ferret, and hosts bands in the alternative scene. While the label is no longer signing new bands or releasing new material, a partial list of bands that were previously signed to DFD includes:

 * Absurd Minds
 * Angelspit
 * Behind The Scenes
 * Carfax Abbey
 * Corvus Corax
 * The Crüxshadows
 * De/Vision
 * The Dreamside
 * Ego Likeness
 * Eisbrecher
 * Estampie
 * Faun
 * Gothminister
 * Information Society
 * Irfan
 * Joachim Witt
 * The Last Dance
 * Lunascape
 * Mo-Do
 * Neuroticfish
 * Paralysed Age
 * Qntal
 * Subway to Sally
 * ThouShaltNot
 * Voltaire

Some of these bands were signed to Dancing Ferret's sublabel, Noir Records, which focuses on less club-oriented fare.

In 2005, Dancing Ferret Discs released Dancing in the Dark: 10 Years of Dancing Ferret, a compilation album with songs from some of the label's artists.

Dancing Ferret Concerts
Dancing Ferret Concerts produces concerts, club events and DJ dance nights in the City of Philadelphia. Its weekly party, "Nocturne," debuted in January 1996. Nocturne ceased its weekly event on August 1, 2012, at a different venue than it had been home to.

title: Dancing Ferret


text:
Eliot Fisk

Eliot Hamilton Fisk (born August 10, 1954) is an American classical guitarist.

Education and teaching
Fisk was born into a Quaker family in Philadelphia. He finished high school in DeWitt, New York, and then studied music at Yale University with harpsichordists Ralph Kirkpatrick and Albert Fuller. He received both B.A. and M.S. degrees, and in 1977 started Yale's guitar department. He was a student of guitarists Oscar Ghiglia, Alirio Díaz, and Andrés Segovia. He received private lessons from Segovia over the years and was his last private student. Segovia became his mentor and one of his biggest admirers.

In 1989 Fisk became an instructor at the Mozarteum University of Salzburg in Austria and in 1996 at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. He created the Boston GuitarFest and is its artistic director.

Performing
Fisk has performed with orchestras around the world, including Orchestra of St. Luke's, Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra, Los Angeles Philharmonic, Houston Symphony, American Composers Orchestra, and the Pro Arte Orchestra. In chamber music settings, he has performed with the Juilliard String Quartet, Miró Quartet, Chilingirian Quartet, and Shanghai Quartet. He has performed and recorded with flautist Paula Robison; violinist Ruggiero Ricci, jazz guitarists Joe Pass and Bill Frisell, flamenco guitarist Paco Peña, and singer Ute Lemper. Early in his career he was in recitals with soprano Victoria de los Ángeles.

Transcriptions, commissions
Fisk has increased the amount of material available to classical guitarists by transcribing music written for other instruments. This increased repertoire includes his transcriptions of Bach, Scarlatti, Paganini, Mendelssohn, Mozart, Haydn and Schubert.

He has also expanded the body of music for classical guitar by commissioning new pieces from composers, such as Leonardo Balada, Robert Beaser, Luciano Berio, William Bolcom, Nicholas Maw, Xavier Montsalvatge, George Rochberg, and Kurt Schwertsik.

The volume and impact of his transcriptions, as well as of his teaching, has led him to be called "the Liszt of the guitar."

Recording
In the 1990s, Segovia's widow gave Fisk unpublished compositions by Segovia. Fisk turned these compositions into Segovia: Canciones Populares, which became a bestseller on the Classical Album chart of Billboard magazine. His transcription of violinist Niccolò Paganini's 24 Caprices also entered the chart and was widely praised. He collaborated with Ernesto Halffter, at the request of Segovia, on Halffter's Concierto for Guitar and Orchestra, which was performed with the Spanish National Orchestra and then turned into an album. With flutist Paula Robison, he recorded Robert Beaser's Mountain Songs, which was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1987.

Awards and honors

 * First place, International Guitar Competition, Gargnano, Italy (1980)
 * Grammy Award nomination, Mountain Songs (1987)
 * Grand Cross of Isabel la Cátolica, for contribution to Spanish music (2006)
 * Teacher of the Year, New England Conservatory (2010)
 * Best Classical Guitarist, Guitar Player magazine Readers Poll

Views on guitarists
Eliot Fisk has said:
 * "It's true that Segovia didn't get compositions from Bartók, Stravinsky, Prokifiev and a lot of composers we would like to have pieces from. Maybe he was in a position to have done that, but on the other hand, who among us has done as much as he did? If other people were interested, they could've tried to commission them. Besides, this criticism of Segovia is pointless. If you disagree with what Segovia did, take that energy and go out and do something positive. Otherwise, shut up."
 * "Now, it's different when John Williams, who studied with Segovia, says he wasn't a good teacher and the like. There is a difference in generation. [...] I didn't have Segovia butting into my life, telling me to do this and that. That's why John needed to rebel violently."
 * "My rebellion is in truth against Bream and Williams; because I have to confess I'm a bit disappointed in both of them. From time immemorial, it has been the practice of one generation to pass on to the next what it learned. But my generation has almost no guitar fathers. Ghiglia and Diaz taught and were accessible, but Bream and Williams were not. [...] They've both given immensely. But growing up, I was very saddened by their inaccessibility. I feel that my generation lost a lot because of that. In a way, we all need to rebel. The next generation will rebel against us. It's one thing I encourage when teaching. I want to give my students the strength to tell me to go to hell. 'Cause if they can tell me to go to hell, they can tell the world. Ultimately, that will help them, not to be difficult but rather to have conviction for the long struggle."

title: Eliot Fisk


text:
RLC

RLC may refer to:

Education

 * Redeemer Lutheran College, Queensland, Australia
 * Rosseau Lake College, Ontario, Canada

Engineering

 * RLC circuit, resonant electronic circuit
 * Radio Link Control, air interface protocol

Politics

 * Republican Liberty Caucus, US political organization
 * Republican Leadership Council, a US political advocacy group

Other uses

 * Red Light Center, a virtual world or metaverse created by Utherverse Digital, Inc.
 * Redfern Legal Centre, NSW, Australia
 * Revived Late Cornish, a variety of the Cornish language
 * Royal Logistic Corps of the British Army
 * Rugby League Conference, Britain
 * Ruben Loftus-Cheek, English footballer
 * Rlc., the abbreviation for × Rhyncholaeliocattleya, a nothogenus of orchids

title: RLC


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Iran

Good article reassessment for Ionian Revolt
Ionian Revolt has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Hog Farm Talk 18:27, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Achaemenid Assyria
Achaemenid Assyria has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. ~~ AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 21:52, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

Talk:Rasht
This project seems to prefer English discussion of ancient Persia in relation to the Greeks versus discussion of, y'know, Iran. Makes sense, I guess, since Iran proper probably doesn't appreciate Wikipedia very much and can borrow Great Firewall tech from China but probably should be its own separate Persian Empire Wikiproject.

In any case, if any of you can read Farsi, the history section at Rasht is a bit of a mess. The few English sources on the place's history list prior names that other English sources attribute to a different nearby city. The name is derived from textile verbs in English but an Iranian source somehow attributes it to the place's location between two rivers. &c. &c. &c. Everyone else on the English net mentioning this city seems to be copying us and our unsourced probably mistakes, so it could really benefit from some cleanup from the Encyclopedia Iranica or similar Persian sources. — Llywelyn II   11:43, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

Ugh... There is an EI article that covers Rasht but it apparently sucks at a historical level. It pretends the city began in the 14th century, while the article on its province notes that Muslim apostles to the area were being buried "in Rasht" in the 10th century. — Llywelyn II   13:28, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

Iran-related hoax?
Please see Wikipedia_talk:List_of_hoaxes_on_Wikipedia. If true, would be oldest hoax article on Wiki :) Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:52, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:2024 Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:2024 Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. RodRabelo7 (talk) 23:42, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Attack on the Azerbaijani Embassy in Tehran
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Attack on the Azerbaijani Embassy in Tehran that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. RodRabelo7 (talk) 23:46, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

Official source for presidential election results
Is there an official source or database for the results of presidential elections? For most of the elections, the results from different sources are quite different, so it would be good to have a definitive source. Cheers, Number   5  7  22:02, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

Poshtkuh-e Shamil
Hello. Looking at this page, I cannot verify that this place exists. Can anyone provide a source that discusses or shows that this place exists? Thanks in advance---Steve Quinn (talk) 19:04, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

I moved it to Draft space so someone can add one or two sources to make it ready for main space. Steve Quinn (talk) 01:46, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:2024 Iranian Strikes in Israel
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:2024 Iranian Strikes in Israel that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. RodRabelo7 (talk) 21:31, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:2024 Iranian strikes in Israel
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Help needed at Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz, re addition of Persian name and concerns of circular sourcing
Your input would be appreciated at Talk:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz. Summaries of the dispute and discussion thread may be found here. Thanks! ☿ Apaugasma  ( talk  ☉) 15:22, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

Is Parsijoo alive?
Parsijoo, is this reachable within Iran? Greatder (talk) 04:50, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

Significant changes in Asoristan
There have been significant changes / content removal from Asoristan by a new editor. If somebody could look them over, and evaluate, that would be great. -- Whpq (talk) 18:56, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

Developing Countries WikiContest
Starting this July, we will see a new contest on the scene - the Developing Countries WikiContest (WP:DCWC)! Think of it as a WikiCup but only for articles and media on developing countries.

Competitors may submit GAs, GTs, FAs, FTs, FLs, FPs, and DYK and ITN entries from/on developing countries to gain points and climb the leaderboard. Points are also awarded to those who review GAs, FAs and FLs.

Iran is listed as a developing country for the purposes of this contest and articles related to it are eligible to be submitted for points, so I encourage everyone here to sign up and compete with editors from around the world to create high-quality content!

Append your name to the DCWC signup page today!

Best wishes, Wilhelm Tell DCCXLVI ( talk to me!/my edits ) 07:24, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. RodRabelo7 (talk) 19:22, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

Help request
Can anyone help please at Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 May 21. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 19:49, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Israel in the Iran–Iraq War
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Israel in the Iran–Iraq War that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. RodRabelo7 (talk) 09:44, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:BRICS
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:BRICS that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Web-julio (talk) 01:26, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Iran


text:
Summer of '69

"Summer of '69" is a song recorded by the Canadian singer Bryan Adams from his fourth album, Reckless. It is an up-tempo rock song about a dilemma between settling down or trying to become a rock star. The track was written by Adams and his longtime songwriting collaborator Jim Vallance. "Summer of '69" was produced by Adams and Bob Clearmountain. "Summer of '69" was released in June 1985 under A&M Records as the fourth single from Reckless. According to later claims by Adams, the title is a reference to the sex position, not the year, but Vallance disputes this.

The song was released with two B-side tracks: "Kids Wanna Rock" and "The Best Was Yet to Come", which had previously appeared on the albums Reckless and Cuts Like a Knife respectively. "Summer of '69" received favourable reviews from music critics. The music video for the song, which was filmed by Steve Barron, features Adams and his backing band in a variety of settings, including running from the police. The single had a strong effect on music charts internationally; in the UK it was acclaimed as one of Adams’s best, with its highest peaks being number four in the Netherlands and number five in the United States. Amongst songs recorded by Canadian artists, it is the most streamed and most digitally purchased song within Canada amongst songs originally released before the start of the digital download era (approximately 2005). It is also the most played song on Canadian radio amongst songs by Canadian artists originally released before 1990.

Conception and themes
After a tour supporting his album Cuts Like a Knife, Adams immediately started the recording sessions for the new album, Reckless. "Summer of '69" was finished on January 25, 1984, co-written with Jim Vallance in his basement studio. The song went through a number of changes because neither Adams nor Vallance was convinced it was a strong enough song to be featured on the album. In their first draft, the lyric "summer of '69" appeared only once. At that time the two were planning to title it "Best Days of My Life" instead. While the phrase "Best Days of My Life" appeared seven times in the first draft, on the final draft it had been replaced by "Summer of '69" and appeared only two times throughout the song.

When writing the lyrics "Jimmy quit, Jody got married", Vallance suggested using "Woody quit and Gordy got married", referring to members of his high school band, but Adams liked his version better. Adams mentioned once in an interview that "Jimmy" was one of his early drummers. "Jody" is a reference to Adams' sound manager, Jody Perpick, who got married during the album's recording session.

On the song's first demo, it started with a 12-string riff, just like the breakdown section in the middle of the song, but this was replaced with a chunky 6-string intro on the second demo. The song was recorded three to four times, in different ways, with both Adams and Vallance still not convinced that it was finished. "Summer of '69" is written in the key of D major.

When Adams appeared on The Early Show in 2008, he was asked about "Summer of '69" and its lyrical meaning. Adams said the song was not about the summer of 1969 but about having sex in the summertime; "69" being a reference to the sexual position 69. Vallance, however, has gone for the more conventional interpretation of the title being a reference to a year. He notes Jackson Browne's "Running on Empty", which contains references to 1965 and 1969, as his own influence, and recalls Adams citing the film Summer of '42 as his. However, Vallance stated on the Song Facts message board that "When we recorded the demo in my basement, towards the end of the song Bryan sang a little naughty bit: 'me and my baby in a ’69'. We had a laugh about it at the time, and Bryan decided to keep it when he did the final recording a month or two later."

Critical reception
Cash Box said of the single that it "recalls the sound and arrangement of Springsteen with Adams’ own streamlined sheen."

In its 2005 list "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born", Blender ranked the song 70th and commented that the song "made people who hadn't yet had either a first love or a first band nostalgic for the experience".

"Summer of '69" has found itself in several "best of" lists compiled by various music publications and critics, including the following:

Chart performance
Upon the release of the album Reckless in November 1984, "Summer of '69" received some airplay on album-oriented rock radio stations but was mostly overshadowed by the tracks "Run to You" and "It's Only Love", only managing to reach number 40 on Billboard's Top Rock Tracks chart. After it was released as a single in June 1985, "Summer of '69" climbed to number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and helped push Reckless to the number one position on the Billboard 200 album chart in August 1985. Like the previous single released from Reckless, "Heaven", "Summer of '69" was a commercial success worldwide. On the UK Singles Chart, "Summer of '69" debuted at number fifty-nine, and managed to climb up the chart, and two weeks later reached its peak position of 42, on August 24, 1985. The single remained on the country's chart for four consecutive weeks from August to September 1985, before falling out of the top 100. The track debuted in New Zealand at number twenty-two on September 22, and peaked at number seven in the fifth week on the New Zealand Singles Chart. The song debuted at 95 on the Canadian RPM Singles Chart on June 29, 1985, jumping to fifty in its second week and peaking at eleven on September 14, 1985, after spending seven weeks on the chart.

The song debuted at its peak position, number 9, on August 10, on the Norwegian Singles Chart and stayed there for another four weeks before falling off the charts. "Summer of '69" charted on the Swedish Singles Chart for five consecutive weeks. Having debuted at number twenty on December 13, and peaked at number thirteen two weeks later. The single spent another three weeks on the chart before falling off. The track peaked at number seventeen on the Austrian Singles Chart, and remained on the country's chart for five weeks. The single's most commercially successful charting territory was the Netherlands, where it peaked at number 4 on September 22, 1990. The single's least successful chart territory was Germany. Having peaked on the country's singles chart at number sixty-two, the single spent the next five weeks fluctuating down the chart.

In 1985 the song won the BMI (Broadcast Music Inc.) Citation of Achievement for US radio airplay, the following year 1986 – Procan Award (Performing Rights Organization of Canada) for Canadian radio airplay and in 2000 it won a Socan Classics Award for more than 100,000 Canadian radio performances. In a poll conducted by Decima Research in 2006, "Summer of '69" was voted the best driving song among Canadians who sing in their cars. The song topped the survey with both sexes, and with French and English-speaking Canadians. In 2010, the song was voted the "hottest summer song" in Germany. In another poll, this time by Canadian magazine Chart, "Summer of '69" was voted the fourth best song of all time in 2000; four years earlier it had been voted the twenty-fourth best song of all time. The song was ranked No. 17 on CBC Radio's 50 Tracks: The Canadian Version. In 2008, the song was voted the 87th best-song of all time by radio listeners in Norway, becoming the second highest Adams song ranked, the highest being "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" from 1991. It was voted the fourth best song ever on Radio 2, a Belgian radio station, in 2008.

"Summer of '69" remains popular to this day in many countries around the world. Adams sang "Summer of '69" during the 2011 Cricket World Cup opening ceremony in Bangladesh. More recently Adams performed a duet version of "Summer of '69" with Taylor Swift during her Reputation Tour in Toronto, Canada.

As of 2017, "Summer of '69" was, at number 115, the only song from 1995 or earlier among the 150 most streamed songs of all time in Canada by Canadian artists. As of 2017, it was the 41st highest selling digital song of all time by a Canadian artist in Canada and the highest selling such song from before 2005. Between 1996 and 2017, it was the 53rd most played song by a Canadian artist on Canadian radio stations of all format types, the only song before 1990 in the top 150 most played songs.

In May 2021 the Official Charts Company included it in the list of huge selling summer songs in the UK.

Music video
The music video, released in 1985, was directed by Irish director Steve Barron. In 1985 the music video was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award in the category for Best Male Video. While the song did not win the award, it was one of the four nominated songs from Adams' fourth studio album Reckless. The video includes appearances by Lysette Anthony and Garwin Sanford.

Track listing and formats

 * 7" single
 * 1) "Summer of '69" – 3:36
 * 2) "The Best Was Yet to Come" – 2:52

Personnel

 * Bryan Adams – vocals and rhythm guitar
 * Keith Scott – lead guitar
 * Tommy Mandel – synthesizer and organ
 * Dave Taylor – bass
 * Pat Steward – drums
 * Jim Vallance – tambourine

title: Summer of '69


text:
Talk:Universal Constructor

Unsorted talk
Hey my dear ferkel, since you are researching von neumann automata, can you put up a better set of references? Maybe some of his articles are online somewhere...

 * Don't you wish. Actually, don't I wish, too.  Finding the material online is not easy.  I think that some notes from the Hixon Symposia are available, in the form of a PDF.  Otherwise, the best material for von Neumann cellular automata (the 29-state kind) is contained in Burk's 1970 volume Essays on Cellular Automata.  The 1966 volume, Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata is good background but, it is not as easy to understand as the material in the 1970 volume.  William R. Buckley 18:02, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The PDF mentioned above is available at the URL http://www.cs.caltech.edu/courses/cs191/paperscs191/ in a file named VonNeumann56.pdf to which I refer you. William R. Buckley 18:20, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Further review suggests the above document is not for Hixon. Also, the following URL seems to provide access to the Hixon documents, given fee payment, of course.  William R. Buckley 19:57, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

I noticed that some details were not correct on this page when I viewed it on July 13, 2005, so I correct those details. As I am currently involved in ongoing research efforts with von Neumann cellular automata, I am well qualified to make these corrections.

 * Hello William R. Buckley. (Please remember to sign your comments on Talk pages.) Two queries: firstly, from what you've written it looks like the Mange et al paper is based on your work - is this correct? Secondly, I'm surprised you've said that the constructor is expected to soon become practical, since there would have to be room for several machines plus their tapes, and this would require a vast amount of CA space - could you explain this? Thanks, Ferkel 15:50, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * William R. Buckley, I'm having more concerns about your edits. Reading Pesavento's papers (eg. ) it is clear that they did follow JvN's original state rules for the machine shown on the Universal Constructor page. They also presented an extension of it that allows the machine to be smaller and more efficient. In their software they give both .jvn (original ruleset) and .evn (extended ruleset) automata, and the image on the article page is the .jvn one, and thus is the one using JvN's original ruleset. I agree that the exact details of the layout are theirs and not JvN's but it is not correct to say that they deviated from JvN's ruleset. Please respond to these issues - thanks! Ferkel 10:12, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Dr. Hutton, with regard to the design published in the journal Artificial Life, see the section 11.1, where it says

“11.1 The Cell States

In this transition rule each cell can assume one of 32 possible states.“

So, the Artificial Life version is not a von Neumann 29-state self-replicating cellular automaton.

The design presented in the "Artificial Worlds and Urban Studies" volume is based upon only the 29-state rule set of von Neumann. However, that design is not capable of engaging in self-replication, because it cannot provide the triggering signal from outside; i.e. the parent cannot trigger the child into operation. Further, this assertion of mine ignores trivial changes, like alterations to signal timing, and the extension, retraction, and re-routing of signal lines. Non-trivial changes will involve configurations that operate upon signals; i.e. convert their form or content.

It is only upon application of non-trivial changes to automaton configuration that the 29-state design (given in the book, as mentioned above) will be able to effect a cycle of self-replication.

I would argue that one should study the design of Nobili-Pesavento in detail, before arguing that their work satisfies the insights of von Neumann. After all, it is upon the assertions of our learned few that societies come to believe facts.

William R. Buckley

To editor at IP Address <68.251.145.22>

Please cite the reference to von Neumann's recognition of the nature of Open-Ended Evolution. Also compare this statement with the work of Myhill, and his proof of the existence of "machine-building machines from which the successive generations of descendants become in a certain sense more and more intelligent." William R. Buckley 23:25, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Finally, also comment on the source of mutation suggested as a component of Open-Ended Evolution. Is this the only source of such mutation, errors in copying the genetic message? William R. Buckley 23:29, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

The Wikipedia needs a spelling checker. William R. Buckley 23:30, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

von Neumann specificity
Most of the Universal Constructor page is specific to von Neumann's machine, or variations thereof. Perhaps that content should be moved to a page with a more specific name (e.g., Von Neumann's Universal Constructor), and this page be left to deal with the general topic (with, of course, a link to the new page). Jmdyck 21:59, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I would agree with such a move, the creation of a general category, and links therein to the various forms which have been developed. However, the concept of universal construction originated with von Neumann, and so the present article is reasonably the root of the general topic.  On the other hand, the notion of a general category is in keeping with recent topical developments: the founding of the field of Constructor Theory.  This new field is the chief result of the workshop Machine Self-Replication, held adjunct to the Tenth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems (ALife X).  So, my suggestion is, should such a general category be created, it should be called by the name of this new field (Constructor Theory) with the variants (von Neumann, Codd, ...) being identified as particular examples under this field.  William R. Buckley 20:51, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You might want to check out a discussion I'm hoping to start over at Talk:Self-replicating machine. I think there are several articles that inter-relate that could use a bit of coordinated editing.  Sort of a mini-WikiProject, if you will.  But I'm not sure where to start or how to go about it.  Ideas welcome.  --DragonHawk 00:47, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Universal Constructors
A link to a musical act, it is not relevant to the topic of Constructors, such as that of von Neumann's dream. That the names are similar does not justify inclusion of this musical act within the external links of the article. I would argue the proper place for this link would be in musical categories. Further, the present article (Universal Constructor) should at most include a link to a separate category, which would serve such context switching as is suggested by the (improper) inclusion of a link to the musical act within the external links of the present article. William R. Buckley 20:28, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Merging with Article: Self-Replicator

 * Please see discussion at Talk:Self-replicating machine

This should not be done. Indeed, Self-Replicator needs to include a list of various forms. This would allow the various specific examples (to include the von Neumann general solution - Universal Constructor) to be cross-linked. For instance, it should be possible to move from Universal Constructor to Ribosome. The article: Universal Constructor is about a general and abstract solution, and the essential features of a problem. As such, it deserves special treatment. William R. Buckley 04:20, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I actually agree with you. Please see my commentary at Talk:Self-replicating machine.  I should have put a link from this talk page to that one originally -- sorry about that! --DragonHawk 12:43, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikification
I went a little bit janitorial and wikified the article as much as I could without altering the information. Also, the Java Applets link was broken, so I removed it. I was bold and removed the tag as well, since it didn't seem neccesary anymore. I didn't know what exactly to do with the Demonstration image. It wasn't very 'wiki' sitting there in the middle of the page, so I put it to the right of the fesiability and demonstration section. I think it looks wiki now, hope you like it. -- Amenzix 23:20, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Merging with von Neumann universal constructor
The problem is that a universal constructor is a general concept, and von Neumann's expression of same is a specific example. The two articles are meant to express this relationship. Also, Codd, Langton, Byl, and a good deal of others, including myself, have designed and constructed machines that are capable universal constructors. Yet, they are not von Neumann's universal constructor. There is an hierarchical structure that is needed in order to make the topic intelligible. William R. Buckley 07:41, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Universal Constructor


text: User talk:68.215.5.63

title: User talk:68.215.5.63


text:
Amalner

Amalner is a town and a municipal council in Jalgaon district in the state of Maharashtra, India, situated on the bank of the Bori River. Amalner is the birthplace of the Wipro company, which started business by producing vanaspati ghee from sunflower seeds there. Amalner is a tehsil in Jalgaon district.

Amalner lies on the Western Railway between Surat and Bhusawal. Amalner is well connected to the Central Railway through Jalgaon / Bhusaval as well as the Western through Surat.

History
Amalner has a historical importance in the fields of education, industrialisation and independence movements. It is host to one of the oldest philosophical centres in India, the Pratap Tatwadnyan Mandir, formerly the Indian Institute of Philosophy.

Pandurang Sadashiv Sane, popularly known as Sane Guruji, was one of the famous teachers at Pratap high school. He fought for the independence of India, was a teacher, poet and writer, and wrote many books, including Shyamchi Aai and Bhartiya Sanskriti.

Shriram shastri Upasani was also resident of Amalner. He studied the Vedas, Upanishads and other Shastras in Kashi i.e. Varanasi in Gurukul system. Then he came back to Amalner and served as a teacher in Pratap high school and college. He also served to teach religious and philosophical studies to newly initiated Sanyasis of Hindu Jain and Buddhist society. Due to his knowledge in philosophy various intellectual were coming to meet him. He was having close intellectual relations with dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (former President of India).

In 1945, Azim Premji's father started the first dalda factory at Amalner, which is now known as a mother plant of the giant Wipro company. Amalner city is still densely populated with Wipro shareholders. Azim Premji visited Amalner's Wipro plant on 12 February 2013, to address the employees of the company.

Geography
Amalner is located at 18°56′N 75°20′E / 18.93°N 75.33°E / 18.93; 75.33[1]. It has an average elevation of 344 metres. It is 36 km from Dhule.

Demographics
As of the Indian census of 2011, Amalner had a population of 95,994. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. The average literacy rate is 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%, with 57% of the males and 43% of females being literate. Some 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

title: Amalner


text:
User:Eddy Nonibeso

Origin of name
Nonibeso is from a conlang I created.

non-i-be-s-o make-thesis-main-habitual-3rd.person.proletarian.agent He primarily makes.

Hobbies
My hobbies include reading, writing, drawing, anime, philosophy, and politics.

Politics
I am very strongly concerned with politics and am an anarchist.

title: User:Eddy Nonibeso


text:
User:NegativeClock

Daniel Golani was born on April 10, 1989 in the Soviet Capitol, Moscow. He can speak more languages than you probably can.

title: User:NegativeClock


text:
Talk:Somerset v Leicestershire 8-11 July 2005

Cleanup-importance
There's some talk on this in my talk page. Nabla 00:21, 14 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Nivas~enwiki

Nivas is a person's name which is very common in India and some eastern European countries. The name itself means "house" in Hindi. It has also been used to name a popular European car from the 70s.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nivas. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nivas~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:10, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:00, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nivas~enwiki


text:
Battle of West Point

The Battle of West Point, Georgia (April 16, 1865), formed part of the Union campaign through Alabama and Georgia, known as Wilson's Raid, in the final full month of the American Civil War.

The rail junction of West Point was one of the two Chattahoochee River crossings, which General James H. Wilson planned to destroy after capturing Montgomery, Alabama. Dividing his army, he detailed Colonel Oscar Hugh La Grange to attack West Point, while he himself moved downriver to instigate the Battle of Columbus, to take that important Confederate manufacturing center.

West Point was fortified by the earthwork of Fort Tyler, commanded by Confederate Brig. Gen. Robert C. Tyler, for whom it was named. Union artillery and dismounted cavalry, armed with Spencer repeater-carbines, soon forced the garrison to surrender, Tyler being shot dead by a sniper, and becoming the last Confederate General killed. On hearing of the victory at Columbus, Union troops were free to burn the bridge and the railroad stock. It was one of the last battles of the war.

Prelude
After defeating Lt. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest's defenders at the Battle of Selma on April 2, 1865, and capturing Montgomery, Alabama, on April 12, U.S. Brig. Gen. Wilson turned his raiders' attentions toward the Chattahoochee River to the east. He telegraphed Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas:

"If I can now destroy arsenals and supplies at Columbus and divide their army in the southwest, they must disintegrate for lack of munitions. There is no force to resist me, and I see no reasonable ground for fearing failures. My command is in magnificent condition."

The river was swollen by rains, so capturing a bridge would be required to make swift progress. Wilson determined that either one of two locations with bridges would suit this purpose: the one at West Point or the more heavily defended one at Columbus. The two towns were only 35 miles apart and Wilson divided his force to attack both, in order to increase the chances of one being taken intact. Colonel Oscar Hugh La Grange's brigade was detailed to attack West Point.

West Point did not have mills or foundries, but it was a critical rail center. As the connecting point for two railroads of different gauges, West Point had an extensive rail yard with many locomotives and rail cars.

The railway bridges were commanded by Fort Tyler, a 35-yard square earthwork upon a hill on the Alabama side of the river. It had walls four-and-a-half feet high, surrounded by a ditch six to ten feet deep and seven to twelve feet across. The fort was equipped with a 32-pounder siege gun and two 12-pounder field pieces.

Battle
On the morning of April 16, La Grange's brigade approached West Point. The brigade consisted of the 2nd and 4th Indiana Cavalry, the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry, the 7th Kentucky Cavalry, and the 18th Indiana Battery of light artillery. The cavalry troopers were armed primarily with Spencer carbines.

Awaiting them at Fort Tyler was a small group of Confederates, somewhere between 120 and 265 men, under the command of Brig. Gen. Robert C. Tyler. In addition to the three cannon of the fort, the convalescents and militia were armed with smoothbore muskets.

Skirmishing began at 10 a.m., as the fort's pickets were driven in. The Federal battery set up half a mile away on Ward's Hill and began shelling the redoubt while cavalrymen dismounted to serve as skirmishers and invest the fort. Shelling continued until 1:30 p.m. when La Grange arrived with the remainder of the brigade. The dismounted cavalry pressed the fort and exchanged fire with the defenders, closing within 50 yards and sniping at the defending artillerists. The Federals also removed long planks from nearby structures in preparation to span the ditch.

As the Federals sniped at the Confederate artillerists attempting to man their pieces, Col. La Grange hoped to use the distraction to secure his primary objective, the bridge span, before it could be burned by the rebels. He led the 4th Indiana Cavalry on a mad dash for the bridge. Seeing this, the defenders in the fort turned their cannon to halt the foray, but as the cavalry approached the bridge they soon exceeded the effective range of the cannon. An exploding shell from the 32-pounder did succeed in killing the colonel's horse, two pack animals and resulting in the colonel being stunned and sprawled on the ground. Charging across the bridge the riders encountered a gap where planks had been removed, but were able to spur their horses over and overcome the Confederate defenders on the east side of the Chattahoochee River. Here they dispersed a small defensive force that had incendiaries for burning the structure.

With the defenders pinned inside their fort, Federal artillery and sniper fire suppressed the counter fire of the defenders who lacked protection from headlogs. As a result, many of the Confederate killed and wounded suffered head wounds.

The garrison commander's attention was drawn to fire from nearby structures, which Tyler had been urged to burn before the engagement, but had spared because he did not believe the owners could withstand the loss. According to a participant Tyler bravely exposed himself to examine the battlefield and was quickly shot dead by a sniper who was operating from a nearby cottage. Shortly thereafter, his second-in-command, Captain Celestino Gonzalez was also killed and Col. James H. Fannin assumed command.

To end the stalemate the dismounted troopers crossed the ditch using their planks. Running low on ammunition, some defenders threw rocks and lit shells over the parapet. A cavalry bugle sounded a final charge as the Union soldiers stormed over the embankment, and the fort immediately surrendered.

Casualties
Union casualties were seven men killed and twenty-nine wounded. The Confederates' losses were nineteen killed, twenty-eight wounded, and two hundred eighteen captured. The death of Brigadier General Tyler is noted as the last Confederate general to die in a battle. The Confederates who died were buried in what is now known as the Fort Tyler Cemetery in town on the east side of the river. It is believed but not confirmed that the Union dead were buried there as well. In addition, at least 50 other unknown Civil War soldiers are interred there.

Significance
The rolling stock of the Montgomery and West Point Railroad, along with commissary stores had been sent to West Point before Montgomery fell. Because of their narrow gauge, these trains were trapped. After the fort surrendered, Federal cavalry took control of the town of West Point and the vital bridges over the river. The raiders then proceeded to burn the entire rolling stock of the railroad, 19–20 locomotives and 340–350 cars. Before the cars were fired, some foodstuffs were removed and given to the mayor of West Point to feed the wounded of both sides as well as destitute citizens. The bridges were spared only briefly, as La Grange awaited word of the attack on Columbus to know if they would be needed.

title: Battle of West Point


text:
Giovanni Luppis

Giovanni (Ivan) Biagio Luppis Freiherr von Rammer (27 August 1813 – 11 January 1875), sometimes also known by the Croatian name of Vukić, was an officer of the Austro-Hungarian Navy who headed a commission to develop the first prototypes of the self-propelled torpedo.

Early years

Giovanni Luppis (or Ivan Lupis) was born in the city of Rijeka (then Fiume) in 1813, which was at the time part of the Illyrian Provinces, but soon passed back to Austria. His parents were Ferdinando Carlo, nobleman of Poreč and Vis, and Giovanna Parich (Parić, Perić), noble of Republic of Dubrovnik. Because of his mixed Italian-Croatian ancestry, his family was at different times also known as Vukić, a Croatianized variant of the name Lupis (both meaning "wolf"), and he himself is occasionally referred to as Ivan Vukić, especially by Croatians.

In the city of Fiume, Giovanni Luppis's family has been powerful shipowners. Luppis attended a gymnasium in Fiume and the Collegio di marina, the Austrian naval academy in Venice. Then he married a noblewoman, the Baroness Elisa de Zotti.

He served in the Venezianisch-Österreichische Kriegsmarine (after 1849 K.u.K Kriegsmarine ) and rose up the ranks to the position of Frigate Captain (Fregattenkapitan). In 1848/1849 he was an officer on the ships that blockaded Venice.

The "Salvacoste" (Coastsaver)
About the middle in the 18th century, an officer of the Austrian Marine Artillery conceived the idea of employing a small boat carrying a large charge of explosives, powered by a steam or an air engine and remotely steered by cable to be used against enemy ships. Upon his death, before he had perfected his invention or made it public, the papers of this anonymous officer came into the possession of Capt. Giovanni Luppis.

He envisioned a floating device for destroying ships that would be unmanned and controlled from land, while the explosive charges would detonate at the moment of impact. His first prototype was one metre long, had glass wings, and was controlled via long ropes from the coast. It didn't succeed due to it being too cumbersome.

The second model was built with a clock mechanism as the engine for the propeller. The explosives were in the stern and were ignited through a pistol-like control, which in turn was activated through the bow, the sides or the mast. It had two rudders: one turned to the right, the other to the left, that were moved by ropes/wires from land. After numerous experiments, this design, marked '6 m', finally performed but not well enough. He nicknamed it 'Salvacoste', Italian for "Coastsaver".

In 1860, after Luppis had retired from the Navy, he managed to demonstrate the '6 m' design to the Emperor Franz Joseph, but the naval commission refused to accept it without better propulsion and control systems.

The meeting with Robert Whitehead
In Fiume in 1864, the future mayor Giovanni de Ciotta introduced Luppis to the British machine engineer Robert Whitehead, manager of the local factory "Stabilimento Tecnico Fiumano", with whom he signed a contract to develop the 'salvacoste' further.

After looking at Luppis's previous efforts Whitehead built a model but decided that the idea was not viable. Whitehead then significantly altered the previous designs and started to think about the problem of setting off explosive charges remotely below a ship's waterline, this being far more effective than above-water bombardment. Whitehead then made a device running under water and installed an engine running on compressed air, as well as automatic guidances for the depth and direction.

On 21 December 1866 the first automobile torpedo, now named Minenschiff, was officially demonstrated in front of the Austro-Hungarian State Naval Commission for evaluation. This model was 355 mm in diameter and 3.35 m in length, weighing 136 kg with 8 kg of explosives. The naval commission accepted it, and subsequently on 6 March 1867 the government contracted the inventors for a test production and agreed to pay all the production costs.

Whitehead retained the copyrights and even negotiated a new contract with Luppis. This however gave Whitehead full control of all future sales.

On 27 May 1867, the navy paid 200,000 forints in royalties to the inventor (Fiume being located in the Hungarian part of the Empire). The invention was generally regarded as a promising one, but in the first years of production there were not enough orders, so "Stabilimento" went through a crisis and went bankrupt in 1873. Whitehead then took it over and at the beginning of 1875 transformed it into a private company called 'Torpedo-Fabrik von Robert Whitehead'.

Giovanni Luppis was given the noble title of Baron von Rammer ('the sinker') by Kaiser Franz Josef on 1 August 1869. He died in the borough (frazione) of Torriggia, in the municipality of Laglio, near Como on 11 January 1875.

title: Giovanni Luppis


text: Category:Public housing in the United Kingdom


text: File:WoweeZowee.jpg

title: File:WoweeZowee.jpg


text: File:Roberto Clemente statue.jpg

title: File:Roberto Clemente statue.jpg


text: User talk:82.39.73.40

title: User talk:82.39.73.40


text:
Talk:Spinning jenny

Suggested page move
This hasn't been added to Requested_moves, so it is difficult to know the reason for the suggested move. A google search suggests that 'Spinning Jenny' is frequently capitalised, although the article itself doesn't appear to realise this. -- Solipsist 06:18, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. User:Noisy | Talk 20:08, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Actually, James Hargreaves made the Spinning Jenny, & named it after his wife-Jenny —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.226.54.220 (talk) 09:36, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

dates
Some of the dates in the article don't seem to make sense. "...Hargreaves applied for a patent on the jenny in July 1859." and in the next paragraph "...Hargreaves' death on 22 April 1778." I was trying to use the page for homework but I don't know what dates are correct. It was probably just a typo, maybe someone should look it up. It might be 1878 instead of 1778. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.245.197.176 (talk) 04:22, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

--- In the bibliography, Espinasse was dated 1974: I changed that to 1874. see http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6919147M/Lancashire_worthies. --- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.196.209.230 (talk) 11:47, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Title
How do you fix the mis-capitalization on the main title? Notice its "Spinning jenny" when it should be "Spinning Jenny"

improvements
The content itself is not wrong, but it does not flow properly. I would suggest setting up a different content order to make it more organized.
 * - Origin and Myth
 * - History
 * - Components
 * - Operation
 * - Growth and Patents
 * - Success and Improvements (after Hargreaves)

Add a little bit of information on his death: It is estimated that by the time James Hargreaves died in 1778, over 20,000 Spinning-Jenny machines were being used in Britain. Fabihumanities (talk) 21:28, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Please go for it.--ClemRutter (talk) 23:47, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Friedel, Robert. "A Culture of Improvment" MIT press, 2007 as a source
I have reverted multiple well meant edits- but each needs a clarification
 * Article is in British English- about a British topic- neighbour not neighbor (sic)
 * Article uses Harvnb references- this should be maintained.
 * Reference Friedel 2007 no ISBN no page numbers
 * His- rather than her- Saxony wheel operating was a  female task, but the mule in a mill became a male task.
 * Blackburn is now a industrial town- if the source uses the term city, it draws doubt on its scholarship, ringing alarm bells. In the UK, city is a very specific term
 * It should also be noted that this entire operation was hand powered- superfluous, anyway should be operations
 * Removing a reference
 * At the time .... weak yarn- looks like a cut and paste and thus a COPYVIO. These needs to be checked before it can be inserted
 * The operation of the machine was very similar to the spinning wheel, and home spinners were able to adapt to the machine quickly- tosh. Written by an observer that had done neither.
 * If the author feels that Shipley or Peel, is significant to add than they need to be wikilinked.

There is still work to be done on the reception of the jenny- that needs to be a separate section as mentioned in Fabihumanities post. Before trying to post to a mature if flawed textile history article one needs to carefully read the 19th century secondary sources. Since then there has been a whole series of romantic reinterpretation of the facts, as the topic has been embroidered for primary school history courses in every English speaking country.--ClemRutter (talk) 10:45, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

Was it Hargreaves?
James Hargreaves is attributed to be the inventor of the Jenny, but the Thomas Highs and Sir Richard Arkwright pages both attribute this to Highs. Can clarification be sought on this as it provides conflicting information. --Njlawley (talk) 16:12, 18 April 2014 (GMT +1) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.200.209.225 (talk)

History
Is there any device in India that is similar to the spinning jenny 2405:201:6817:13E:F842:BABC:F2F7:AA71 (talk) 16:48, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spinning jenny


text:
User talk:Jerzy/Jerzy & Superm401

 *  (This approach to Wiki-talk (using two templates) is an experiment; i've so far imposed upon a number of colleagues with it, who have responded thru it (even without this 'graph) well enough that i can describe it as "working" (though an otherwise angry one nevertheless described it as "ridiculous"). My hope is that it will slow the growth of my talk page, make my archiving simpler and more timely, and thus make leaving talk for me less burdensome (especially for slow-pipe colleagues) than it has been for too many months. I cordially invite discussion of it (or one-shot comments, from those who prefer).)

''If you add to this discussion, most other participant(s) won't be nearly as quickly aware of that as they would, if you had also edited their respective talk page(s). (A link to the corresponding section of each is at their corresponding "*" below, and your updating the edit count and editing-time-stamp range there also gives that participant further information. But no one other than i has done so yet.) For my own notification, i've started a list that i can check via "Related changes" more often than i am willing to check my Watchlist or "My contributions", tho of course that is still less often than "You have new messages."''

 * 6 msgs, 17:37, 12 thru 04:49, 14 July 2005
 * 17:37, 13 July 2005 J
 * 17:44, 13 July 2005 S
 * 22:06, 13 July 2005 J
 * 22:25, 13 July 2005 S
 * 01:14, 14 July 2005 J
 * 04:49, 14 July 2005 J
 * 2 participants: Jerzy·t·c·*; Superm401·t·c·*.
 * general topic(s): Wikipedia techniques
 * previous history of contributions moved here is at Talk:List of people by name

 * I recognized yr user-name, and thus noticed i had done a "rm non-bio lks & micro-bios" tuning of an LoPbN page that you'd edited, and struck a few of yr words. (In fact, the occasion for noticing the whole page needed it was my opinion that your welcome contribution did.)  Thus you may (quite appropriately) have an agenda that i failed to address adequately, when i never explicitly stated the three most important functions of LoPbN entries: navigation, navigation, and navigation. This is the subject of the extensive discussion several of us have in progress on a subpage [please ignore this second route which no longer offers any efficiency] (the one referenced above on this page ) .  Your input is of course welcome there.
 * --Jerzy·t 17:37 & 22:06, 13, & 04:49, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You are astute in noticing that I did indeed edit a LoPbN page. I split Jonathan Blanchard into two articles.  Following that, I checked "What links here" and realized that the names page did.  Therefore, I split the listing and piped the links appropriately.  You are also correct that that is how I found the pages(though I may have seen them before).  However, I don't really care what happens to those entries now, and I wouldn't say it's a related issue.  Your corrections are certainly fine, and I understand the purpose. Superm401 | Talk 17:44, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * _ _ Bravo back at you, for acquiring those skills by now; i'm not sure i was that quick a study. You're considerably more of a valuable colleague than i already realized.
 * _ _ As to "astute", actually i mis-stated the event for some unknown reason. Once the possibility occurred to me, i noted your name, and my next step gave me a results of the kind that, with the quantity of shots in the dark that low and unimaginative effort makes feasible, can help one pass for wise. (Ask me if you're at all curious about that user sub-page, e.g. why it already existed.)
 * _ _ As to "what happens to those entries now", bravo for understanding that no one owns any article, and another bravo if you happen to be interested in my LoPbN-entry "style book" (for now, the defacto one), but if you're not, it's none of my business. (E.g. bcz we depend on getting things right eventually via lots of eyes, not on everyone knowing how to do them all right.) --Jerzy·t 22:06, 2005 July 13 (UTC)
 * First of all, could you explain what "Dabs" are? I know "Rdrs" stands for redirects, ,but must confess to ignorance regarding the prior term.  Now, on to my main comments.  [Per Page history, this is an unsigned contrib 22:25, 2005 July 13 by User:Superm401; this portion of it moved here from Talk:List of people by name by Jerzy·t 01:00, 2005 July 14 (UTC)
 * Disambiguation --Jerzy·t 01:14, 2005 July 14 (UTC)
 * More (recent style guidance) at Manual of Style (disambiguation pages) Jerzy·t 04:49, 2005 July 14 (UTC)
 * By the way, I have placed this page in my watchlist and therefore noticed your edit summmaries. What is an ed-conf resolution as in "Purpose of name lists - Why not the WP space (et al.) -- via careful ed-conf resolution that moves a contrib from end per topic - + sub-hdg"  [Per Page history, this is an unsigned contrib 22:25, 2005 July 13 by User:Superm401; this portion of it moved here from Talk:List of people by name by Jerzy·t 01:00, 2005 July 14 (UTC)
 * Edit conflict --Jerzy·t 01:14, 2005 July 14 (UTC)
 * In each of these cases, i started an edit & did a lot of thinking & revising before saving. You started & finished an edit after me, each time, before i got done; we were competing for the end of the same section, so voila, ed-conf. "Careful" means i looked pretty hard at the diffs on the EdConf page, made sure both our changes got in in a sensible way, kept my head carefully about which edit window was which (In each case, my edit was much larger, so i copied yours, from either the diffs or the top window, into an appropriate place in the lower, editted out the + signs if i was copying from the diffs, and pasted the whole thing over the whole of yours in the upper window.), and finally previewed the result, with special attention to the ToC. (My guess is the occasional "doubling" of the contents of pages was an ed-conf-related bug, now fixed, rather than involving user error, but it is so troublesome when it happens that i'm supercautious.) --Jerzy·t 04:49, 2005 July 14 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jerzy/Jerzy & Superm401


text:
Talk:Hardboard

Merge
Should they be merged? Masonite is only a type of hardboard so it seems like it could constitute an article in its own with a some more information. -c14

 * The only editor to comment was against it. It's been in place for a few months with no action, so I removed the merge tag. Tom Harrison (talk) 02:17, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Masonite is different. it contains no resin/glue while Hardboard can. 69.230.109.239 08:08, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

May have a slight difference, but they are so closely related that they should be merged..

Method of tempering
Numerous sources confirm the common method of tempering hardboard by coating with linseed oil & heating, as seen here, here, here, and here for instance. I don't cite these sources in the article because they are primarily commercial sites and the information is not signed, but the immersion method used in the 40s and 50s is now sourced, and I hope to find an authoritative reference for the modern method in the next week. I can find no support for the claim that hardboard is tempered by coating with polyurethane varnish. Ewulp (talk) 07:01, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

My understanding of "tempered hardboard" differs in that a form of oil is used to (in the better products) thoroughly saturate the board, and the heat treating results in the formation of a chemical not unlike phenolic. I cannot find a reference, but most references to hardboard have been clobbered by litigation

(And Masonite corporation (when it made hardboard at all) did indeed make tempered hardboard, as both (dark colored) panels and siding.)drh (talk) 14:40, 25 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hardboard


text:
USS Cossatot

USS Cossatot (AO-77) was a United States Navy World War II Type T2-SE-A1 tanker which served as a fleet oiler. Launched as SS Fort Necessity on 28 February 1943 by the Sun Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Chester, Pennsylvania, under a Maritime Commission contract; sponsored by Mrs. W. Taylor; acquired by the Navy on 17 March 1943; and commissioned on 20 April 1943. It was named for a river in Arkansas.

World War II
Sailing from Norfolk to Baytown, Texas, to load kerosene, gasoline, and fuel oil in July 1943, Cossatot sailed from Norfolk on 6 August to fuel convoy escorts during their passage to Casablanca, returning to Norfolk on 14 September. She made seven such voyages from Norfolk to the North African ports of Casablanca, Oran, and Bizerte between 4 October 1943 and 30 November 1944.

Cossatot put to sea from Norfolk again on 28 December 1944 bound for the Pacific. She loaded diesel oil, fuel oil, and gasoline at Aruba, Netherlands West Indies, and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 30 January 1945. She operated from Saipan from 12 February fueling ships of the 6th Fleet until 3 March, when she began operations from Ulithi. Cossatot sortied as a part of TG 60.8, the logistics group for the 6th Fleet, for operations off Iwo Jima from 13 March to 12 April. On 16 April she sailed with her group to conduct fueling operations off newly assaulted Okinawa. On 28 April she downed a suicide plane as it dove toward her, and remained on this duty unscathed until 4 May when she arrived at Ulithi to reload. From 26 May until the official surrender by Japan on August 15, 1945, Cossatot operated out of Ulithi fueling various units of fast carrier TF 38, engaged in the final strikes against the Japanese homeland.

Cossatot left Ulithi on 3 September for Okinawa and Sasebo, arriving on 21 September to fuel ships of the occupation force. On 12 November she sailed from Yokosuka for San Francisco, arriving on 26 November 1945.

Cossatot received two battle stars for World War II service.

Post-war
Cossatot was placed out of commission in reserve 7 March 1946 and transferred to the Maritime Commission on 28 October 1946. Reacquired in February 1948, she was transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service on 1 October 1949 where she has served in a noncommissioned status under the Maritime Administration.

While underway in the Pacific Ocean on 16 April 1963 Cossatot reported seeing an unidentified flying object on a straight and fast course in the skies. It was described as glowing, and star-like, and on a trajectory at about 20 degrees and an altitude around 20,000 ft. No investigation was put forward.

On 15 June 1968 Cossatot was damaged after a collision with the merchant vessel Copper State, in fog, off the coast of Santa Cruz, California. Cossatot was carrying 130000 oilbbl of jet fuel and lost 20 ft of her bow section in this collision. Cossatot was stricken on 18 September 1974 and sold 2 September 1975.

Beginning in September 1975, Cossatot was broken up by Luria Bros & Co Inc.

title: USS Cossatot


text:
User:William R. Buckley

My earliest work in self-replicating systems began with Apple-II computers. Together with James R. Hauser (then a physics professor at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo), I developed the Apple Worm, and assisted with the development of Type Attack. The Apple Worm work is published in several forums, to include Scientific American, March, 1985, Call_A.P.P.L.E. Magazine, November, 1986, and in Japan, ASCII Magazine, 13(3) 265-271. The Scientific American publication here mentioned, showing a relation between my work on self-replicating programs and the work of A. K. Dewdney, called Core War. In 1987, I became the second director of the International Core Wars Society, a position I held until late 1992.

Since that time, I have completed a design for a self-replicator that is strictly in keeping with the specifications of von Neumann (29 states). The only competitive work comes from Nobili and Pesavento, with their work either relying upon a modification to the rule set of von Neumann (their 32state design), or failing to satisfy all requirements for machine self-replication (their 29-state design). I have since this time developed a computational model of machine ontogeny, so as to satisfy the laments of the late evolutionary biologist John Maynard-Smith. I have also founded the California Evolution Institute to foster this work.

I have been enjoying a collaborative effort with Adam P. Goucher, and our effort has been to demonstrate self-replication for the partial constructor. Adam has nearly prepared a tape suitable for demonstration of an addition to the configuration of the partial constructor; it has just one minor error in structure. The partial constructor has also been forwarded for review by the journal Artificial Life, as well as two prominent researchers into machine self-replication: Carlos Gershenson and Melanie Mitchell. This project has been fourteen years in the making; demonstration of machine self-replication by the means of partial construction is in the offing.

 at

title: User:William R. Buckley


text:
User:Y0u/Magna Carta

The Magna Carta is a large ox-cart invented in 2015.

title: User:Y0u/Magna Carta


text: File:BrightentheCorners.jpg

title: File:BrightentheCorners.jpg


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Stirling numbers of the second kind

In mathematics, particularly in combinatorics, a Stirling number of the second kind (or Stirling partition number) is the number of ways to partition a set of n objects into k non-empty subsets and is denoted by $$S(n,k)$$ or $$\textstyle \left\{{n\atop k}\right\}$$. Stirling numbers of the second kind occur in the field of mathematics called combinatorics and the study of partitions. They are named after James Stirling.

The Stirling numbers of the first and second kind can be understood as inverses of one another when viewed as triangular matrices. This article is devoted to specifics of Stirling numbers of the second kind. Identities linking the two kinds appear in the article on Stirling numbers.

Definition
The Stirling numbers of the second kind, written $$S(n,k)$$ or $$\lbrace\textstyle{n\atop k}\rbrace$$ or with other notations, count the number of ways to partition a set of $$n$$ labelled objects into $$k$$ nonempty unlabelled subsets. Equivalently, they count the number of different equivalence relations with precisely $$k$$ equivalence classes that can be defined on an $$n$$ element set. In fact, there is a bijection between the set of partitions and the set of equivalence relations on a given set. Obviously,

 * $$\left\{ {n \atop n} \right\} = 1$$ for n ≥ 0, and  $$\left\{ {n \atop 1}\right\} = 1$$  for n ≥ 1,

as the only way to partition an n-element set into n parts is to put each element of the set into its own part, and the only way to partition a nonempty set into one part is to put all of the elements in the same part. Unlike Stirling numbers of the first kind, they can be calculated using a one-sum formula:
 * $$\left\{ {n \atop k}\right\} = \frac{1}{k!}\sum_{i=0}^k (-1)^{k-i} \binom{k}{i} i^n = \sum_{i=0}^k \frac{(-1)^{k-i} i^n}{(k-i)!i!}.$$

The Stirling numbers of the second kind may also be characterized as the numbers that arise when one expresses powers of an indeterminate x in terms of the falling factorials

 * $$(x)_n=x(x-1)(x-2)\cdots(x-n+1) .$$

(In particular, (x)0 = 1 because it is an empty product.)

In other words

 * $$\sum_{k=0}^n \left\{ {n \atop k} \right\}(x)_k=x^n.$$

Notation
Various notations have been used for Stirling numbers of the second kind. The brace notation $\textstyle \lbrace{n\atop k}\rbrace$  was used by Imanuel Marx and Antonio Salmeri in 1962 for variants of these numbers. This led Knuth to use it, as shown here, in the first volume of The Art of Computer Programming (1968). According to the third edition of The Art of Computer Programming, this notation was also used earlier by Jovan Karamata in 1935. The notation S(n, k) was used by Richard Stanley in his book Enumerative Combinatorics and also, much earlier, by many other writers.

The notations used on this page for Stirling numbers are not universal, and may conflict with notations in other sources.

Relation to Bell numbers
Since the Stirling number $$\left\{ {n \atop k} \right\}$$ counts set partitions of an n-element set into k parts, the sum

 * $$B_n=\sum_{k=0}^n \left\{ {n \atop k} \right\}$$

over all values of k is the total number of partitions of a set with n members. This number is known as the nth Bell number.

Analogously, the ordered Bell numbers can be computed from the Stirling numbers of the second kind via
 * $$a_n = \sum_{k=0}^n k! \left\{ {n \atop k}\right\}.$$

Table of values
Below is a triangular array of values for the Stirling numbers of the second kind :

As with the binomial coefficients, this table could be extended to $k > n$, but the entries would all be 0.

Recurrence relation
Stirling numbers of the second kind obey the recurrence relation

 * $$\left\{{n+1\atop k}\right\} = k \left\{{ n \atop k }\right\} + \left\{{n\atop k-1}\right\}

\quad \mbox{for} \; 00 \text{.} $$

For instance, the number 25 in column k = 3 and row n = 5 is given by 25 = 7 + (3×6), where 7 is the number above and to the left of 25, 6 is the number above 25 and 3 is the column containing the 6.

To prove this recurrence, observe that a partition of the $n+1$ objects into k nonempty subsets either contains the $(n+1)$-th object as a singleton or it does not. The number of ways that the singleton is one of the subsets is given by

 * $$\left\{{ n \atop k-1 }\right\}$$

since we must partition the remaining $n$ objects into the available $k-1$ subsets. In the other case the $(n+1)$-th object belongs to a subset containing other objects. The number of ways is given by

 * $$k \left\{{ n \atop k }\right\}$$

since we partition all objects other than the $(n+1)$-th into k subsets, and then we are left with k choices for inserting object $n+1$. Summing these two values gives the desired result.

Another recurrence relation is given by

$$ \left\lbrace\begin{matrix} n \\ k \end{matrix}\right\rbrace = \frac{k^n}{k!}-\sum_{r=1}^{k-1} \frac{\left\lbrace\begin{matrix} n \\ r\end{matrix}\right\rbrace}{(k-r)!}. $$

which follows from evaluating $$\sum_{r=0}^n \left\{ {n \atop r} \right\}(x)_r=x^n $$ at $$x=k$$.

Simple identities
Some simple identities include

 * $$\left\{ {n \atop n-1}\right\} = \binom{n}{2}. $$

This is because dividing n elements into $n − 1$ sets necessarily means dividing it into one set of size 2 and $n − 2$ sets of size 1. Therefore we need only pick those two elements;

and

 * $$\left\{ {n \atop 2}\right\} = 2^{n-1}-1.$$

To see this, first note that there are 2$n$ ordered pairs of complementary subsets A and B. In one case, A is empty, and in another B is empty, so $2n − 2$ ordered pairs of subsets remain. Finally, since we want unordered pairs rather than ordered pairs we divide this last number by 2, giving the result above.

Another explicit expansion of the recurrence-relation gives identities in the spirit of the above example.

Identities
The table in section 6.1 of Concrete Mathematics provides a plethora of generalized forms of finite sums involving the Stirling numbers. Several particular finite sums relevant to this article include.

\begin{align} \left\{{n+1\atop k+1}\right\} &= \sum_{j=k}^n {n \choose j} \left\{{ j \atop k }\right\}\\ \left\{{n+1\atop k+1}\right\} &= \sum_{j=k}^n (k+1)^{n-j} \left\{{j \atop k}\right\}\\ \left\{{n+k+1 \atop k}\right\} &= \sum_{j=0}^k j \left\{{ n+j \atop j }\right\} \\ \left\{{n \atop \ell+m } \right\} \binom{\ell+m}{\ell} &= \sum_k \left\{{k \atop \ell} \right\} \left\{{n-k \atop m } \right\} \binom{n}{k} \end{align} $$

Explicit formula
The Stirling numbers of the second kind are given by the explicit formula:

 * $$\left\{ {n \atop k} \right\}

=\frac{1}{k!}\sum_{j=0}^{k}(-1)^{k-j}{k \choose j} j^n =\sum_{j=0}^k \frac{(-1)^{k-j} j^n}{(k-j)!j!} .$$

This can be derived by using inclusion-exclusion to count the surjections from n to k and using the fact that the number of such surjections is $ k! \left\{ {n \atop k} \right\} $.

Additionally, this formula is a special case of the kth forward difference of the monomial $$x^n$$ evaluated at x = 0:

 * $$ \Delta^k x^n = \sum_{j=0}^{k}(-1)^{k-j}{k \choose j} (x+j)^n.$$

Because the Bernoulli polynomials may be written in terms of these forward differences, one immediately obtains a relation in the Bernoulli numbers:

 * $$B_m(0)=\sum_{k=0}^m \frac {(-1)^k k!}{k+1} \left\{ {m \atop k} \right\}. $$

The evaluation of incomplete exponential Bell polynomial Bn,k(x1,x2,...) on the sequence of ones equals a Stirling number of the second kind:

 * $$\left\{{n\atop k}\right\} = B_{n,k}(1,1,\dots,1).$$

Another explicit formula given in the NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions is

\left\{ {n \atop k} \right\} = \sum_{ \begin{array}{c} c_1 + \ldots + c_k = n-k\\ c_1, \ldots,\ c_k\ \geq\ 0 \end{array} } 1^{c_1} 2^{c_2} \cdots k^{c_k} $$

Parity

The parity of a Stirling number of the second kind is equal to the parity of a related binomial coefficient:
 * $$\left\{ {n\atop k}\right\}\equiv \binom{z}{w}\ \pmod{2},$$ where $$z = n - \left\lceil\displaystyle\frac{k + 1}{2}\right\rceil,\ w = \left\lfloor\displaystyle\frac{k - 1}{2}\right\rfloor.$$

This relation is specified by mapping n and k coordinates onto the Sierpiński triangle.

More directly, let two sets contain positions of 1's in binary representations of results of respective expressions:

\begin{align} \mathbb{A}:\ \sum_{i\in\mathbb{A}} 2^i &= n-k,\\ \mathbb{B}:\ \sum_{j\in\mathbb{B}} 2^j &= \left\lfloor\dfrac{k - 1}{2}\right\rfloor.\\ \end{align} $$

One can mimic a bitwise AND operation by intersecting these two sets:

\begin{Bmatrix}n\\k\end{Bmatrix}\,\bmod\,2 = \begin{cases} 0, & \mathbb{A}\cap\mathbb{B}\ne\empty;\\ 1, & \mathbb{A}\cap\mathbb{B}=\empty; \end{cases} $$

to obtain the parity of a Stirling number of the second kind in O(1) time. In pseudocode:

\begin{Bmatrix}n\\k\end{Bmatrix}\,\bmod\,2 := \left[\left( \left(n-k\right)\ \And\ \left( \left(k-1\right)\,\mathrm{div}\,2 \right)\right) = 0\right]; $$ where $$ \left[b\right] $$ is the Iverson bracket.

The parity of a central Stirling number of the second kind $$\textstyle \left\{{2n\atop n}\right\}$$ is odd if and only if $$n$$ is a fibbinary number, a number whose binary representation has no two consecutive 1s.

Generating functions
For a fixed integer n, the ordinary generating function for Stirling numbers of the second kind $$\left\{ {n\atop 0} \right\}, \left\{ {n\atop 1} \right\}, \ldots$$ is given by
 * $$ \sum_{k=0}^n \left\{ {n\atop k} \right\} x^k = T_n(x),$$

where $$T_n(x)$$ are Touchard polynomials. If one sums the Stirling numbers against the falling factorial instead, one can show the following identities, among others:
 * $$ \sum_{k=0}^n \left\{ {n\atop k} \right\} (x)_k = x^n$$

and
 * $$ \sum_{k=1}^{n+1} \left\{ {n+1 \atop k} \right\} (x-1)_{k-1} = x^n$$

Which has special case
 * $$ \sum_{k=0}^n \left\{ {n\atop k} \right\} (n)_k = n^n$$.

For a fixed integer k, the Stirling numbers of the second kind have rational ordinary generating function
 * $$\sum_{n=k}^\infty \left\{ {n\atop k} \right\} x^{n - k} = \prod_{r=1}^k \frac{1}{1-rx} = \frac{1}{x^{k + 1} (1/x)_{k+1}}$$

and have an exponential generating function given by
 * $$ \sum_{n=k}^\infty \left\{ {n \atop k}\right\} \frac{x^n}{n!} = \frac{(e^x-1)^k}{k!}.$$

A mixed bivariate generating function for the Stirling numbers of the second kind is
 * $$ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{n=k}^{\infty} \left\{ {n \atop k} \right\} \frac{x^n}{n!} y^k = e^{y(e^x-1)}.$$

Lower and upper bounds
If $$n \geq 2$$ and $$1 \leq k \leq n-1$$, then

 * $$\frac{1}{2}(k^2+k+2)k^{n-k-1}-1 \leq \left\{{n \atop k}\right\} \leq \frac{1}{2}{n \choose k} k^{n-k} $$

Asymptotic approximation
For fixed value of $$k,$$ the asymptotic value of the Stirling numbers of the second kind as $$ n\rightarrow \infty $$ is given by
 * $$ \left\{{n \atop k}\right\} \underset{n \to \infty}{\sim} \frac{k^n}{k!}.$$

If $$ k = o(\sqrt{n}) $$ (where o denotes the little o notation) then
 * $$ \left\{{n+k \atop n}\right\} \underset{n \to \infty}{\sim} \frac{n^{2k}}{2^k k!}.$$

A uniformly valid approximation also exists: for all $k$ such that $1 < k < n$, one has

 * $$ \left\{{n \atop k}\right\} \sim \sqrt{\frac{v-1}{v(1-G)}} \left(\frac{v-1}{v-G}\right)^{n-k} \frac{k^n}{n^k} e^{k(1-G)} \left({n \atop k}\right),$$

where v=n/k, and $$ G\in (0,1) $$ is the unique solution to $$  G = v e^{G-v} $$. Relative error is bounded by about $$ 0.066/n $$.

Maximum for fixed n
For fixed $$n$$, $$\left\{{n \atop k}\right\}$$ has a single maximum, which is attained for at most two consecutive values of k. That is, there is an integer $$k_n$$ such that

 * $$\left\{{n \atop 1}\right\} < \left\{{n \atop 2}\right\} < \cdots < \left\{{n \atop k_n}\right\} \geq \left\{{n \atop k_n+1}\right\} > \cdots > \left\{{n \atop n}\right\}.$$

Looking at the table of values above, the first few values for $$k_n$$ are $$0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, \ldots$$

When $$n$$ is large

 * $$k_n \underset{n\to\infty}{\sim} \frac{n}{\log n},$$

and the maximum value of the Stirling number can be approximated with
 * $$\log \left\{{n \atop k_n}\right\} = n\log n - n \log\log n - n + O(n \log\log n / \log n).$$

Moments of the Poisson distribution
If X is a random variable with a Poisson distribution with expected value λ, then its n-th moment is

 * $$E(X^n)=\sum_{k=0}^n \left\{ {n \atop k} \right\}\lambda^k.$$

In particular, the nth moment of the Poisson distribution with expected value 1 is precisely the number of partitions of a set of size n, i.e., it is the nth Bell number (this fact is Dobiński's formula).

Moments of fixed points of random permutations
Let the random variable X be the number of fixed points of a uniformly distributed random permutation of a finite set of size m. Then the nth moment of X is

 * $$E(X^n) = \sum_{k=0}^m \left\{ {n \atop k} \right\}.$$

Note: The upper bound of summation is m, not n.

In other words, the nth moment of this probability distribution is the number of partitions of a set of size n into no more than m parts. This is proved in the article on random permutation statistics, although the notation is a bit different.

Rhyming schemes
The Stirling numbers of the second kind can represent the total number of rhyme schemes for a poem of n lines. $$S(n,k)$$ gives the number of possible rhyming schemes for n lines using k unique rhyming syllables. As an example, for a poem of 3 lines, there is 1 rhyme scheme using just one rhyme (aaa), 3 rhyme schemes using two rhymes (aab, aba, abb), and 1 rhyme scheme using three rhymes (abc).

r-Stirling numbers of the second kind
The r-Stirling number of the second kind $$\left\{{n\atop k}\right\}_r $$ counts the number of partitions of a set of n objects into k non-empty disjoint subsets, such that the first r elements are in distinct subsets. These numbers satisfy the recurrence relation

 * $$\left\{{n\atop k}\right\}_r = k\left\{{n-1\atop k}\right\}_r + \left\{{n-1\atop k-1}\right\}_r$$

Some combinatorial identities and a connection between these numbers and context-free grammars can be found in

Associated Stirling numbers of the second kind
An r-associated Stirling number of the second kind is the number of ways to partition a set of n objects into k subsets, with each subset containing at least r elements. It is denoted by $$S_r(n,k)$$ and obeys the recurrence relation

 * $$S_r(n+1, k)=k\ S_r(n, k)+\binom{n}{r-1}S_r(n-r+1, k-1)$$

The 2-associated numbers appear elsewhere as "Ward numbers" and as the magnitudes of the coefficients of Mahler polynomials.

Reduced Stirling numbers of the second kind
Denote the n objects to partition by the integers 1, 2, ..., n. Define the reduced Stirling numbers of the second kind, denoted $$S^d(n, k)$$, to be the number of ways to partition the integers 1, 2, ..., n into k nonempty subsets such that all elements in each subset have pairwise distance at least d. That is, for any integers i and j in a given subset, it is required that $$|i-j| \geq d$$. It has been shown that these numbers satisfy

 * $$S^d(n, k) = S(n-d+1, k-d+1), n \geq k \geq d$$

(hence the name "reduced"). Observe (both by definition and by the reduction formula), that $$S^1(n, k) = S(n, k)$$, the familiar Stirling numbers of the second kind.

title: Stirling numbers of the second kind


text:
Talk:Amor De Cosmos

Untitled
This guy is so cool I can't believe it. He changed his name to "Lover Of The Universe" and then got elected to govern a province?!?! That rules.
 * Only in BC my friend --Simon.Pole 00:32, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

African-American (mulatto?)
I'd been given to understand in high school that Amor De Cosmos was part African-American, but there's nothing about that in the article. Is it true?--Anchoress 10:15, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It's the first I've heard of it. If there is any evidence for this, it would be interesting to know what it is. Fishhead64 15:05, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know but I wonder if you might be thinking of James Douglas? KenWalker | Talk 18:40, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No, it was definitely Amor De Cosmos that my teacher told us about, but maybe he got them mixed up?--Anchoress 22:39, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Lover Of The Universe???
Who translated that? "Amor de Cosmos" would roughly translate as "Cosmos' love". Compare it to "amor de madre" ("mother's love" - the one a mother feels for her children). The Spanish word for "lover" is "amante".
 * I think that it was intended to be latin, not spanish. --JGGardiner 01:50, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not even correct Latin. But that's how he translated it.  Fishhead64 17:22, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yep. That's why I said "intended".  --JGGardiner 17:29, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * If it's not even correct Latin (and I don't even think "Cosmos" is a word in Latin), then why is it currently described as "inaccurately translated as 'lover of the universe'"? --Saforrest 10:29, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

If a writer or editor is going to inform us that something is not correctly translated, in principle they should offer either a correct translation or an explanation that this is something that was made up or incorrectly translated. DJC —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.151.99.58 (talk) 17:52, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

 * In Latin, de does not mean "of" (it means literally "down from", or in an extended sense "concerned with"), and it demands the ablative case (while cosmos is a Greek nominative). AnonMoos (talk) 09:50, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, look, he translated it as "Lover of the Universe," that was his intention. His Latin was clearly atrocious.  I don't know what the big deal is. fishhead64 (talk) 07:08, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

 * The intended meaning has always been quite clear, but somebody mentioned that it was not good Latin, and somebody else asked why, so I explained why... AnonMoos (talk) 11:26, 4 November 2010

 * There was a lot of bad Latin kicking around California, see E Clampus Vitus (a plaque bearing that motto was one of the only things found at British Columbia in later years...I think if you look, you'll find somewhere the act of the California legislature which was required to confer that name on him, and the wording of it, and all his bios, give "Lover of the Universe", at least as the intended meaning. He may have been Nova Scotian, but the "cosmic" and even-then-flakey nature of California often rubbed off on him; he's not the first Californian (because he was, for a while) to come up with some cockamamey philosophy and give themselves a new name, often a misnomer.....Skookum1 (talk) 05:49, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
 * This was pretty clear in the article already: "Smith successfully petitioned the California State Assembly to change his name to "Amor De Cosmos" (inaccurately translated as "Lover of the Universe"), to pay tribute, as he said, "to what I love most...Love of order, beauty, the world, the universal." And just to note re teh first comment above, it's extremely unlikely that a white Californian, British or American, would choose a name in Spanish, given the politics of the time and of California's origins....Skookum1 (talk) 06:38, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Anti-Chinese policy missing
As one historian, Joseph Morton, observed, and many others, you couldn't run for office, or win, in BC in those days if you didn't have vocal anti-Chinese policies; one of the most famous political cartoons of De Cosmos shows him beating a "coolie", driving them from BC. It was a Central Canadian cartoon, lampooning de Cosmos, who like other BC politicians was opposed to the use of Chinese railway labour, and wanted Ottawa and/or London to engage emigrants from the British Isles - experienced railway workers and miners from Scotland, Cornwall, Wales and Ireland - to be imported; Ottawa wanted cheap labour and hired an American (Onderdonk) to do it, once BC surrendered to Ottawa's demands that Chinese labour be used. MacDonald said something to the effect of "if you don't want the Chinese to build it, you won't have the railway", which was seen as a betrayal of British Columbian interests (and was only said after Victoria acclaimed into office as MP after his routing in the East). Throughout the 1870s there were protests of one kind or another about "Carnarvon Terms of Separation", which was a reference to this policy, and also to the prevailing notion in BC that Victoria was to be the railhead, as the Terms had said "build a line to Vancouver" (meaning Vancouver Island). Taht wording was in fact one of the reasons Van Horne chose the name Vancouver for what had until then been known as Granville, as it was still a hot-button issue by the 1880s. Funding for the drydock, which was a British Navy megaproject already extant at Union, was needed to keep the province's/city's economy going - partly due to the failure/delay of Ottawa to build the railway; other spending issues and promises in the Terms were also broken; the article makes it sound like only the drydock was an issue, and it was just BC wanting money; it was BC wanting what it had been promised, along with a lot else, including obligations, underscored during Dufferin's visit, concerning British settlement of the colony with railway workers, who would then settle and also would drink enough to support excise tax revenues (one of the province's main revenues, then as now, i.e. taxes on booze, etc). This article strikes me as cribbed from maybe only teh Parliamentary website, maybe the Dictionary of Cdn Biography online, and shows some bias in choice of issues and presentation; like all early Premier article, over time it needs lots of work, as does British Columbia history in general.Skookum1 (talk) 05:58, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Surely there are some decent biographies of Amor de Cosmos that could be used to improve this page. One problem with only using the Parliament's official biographies is that they tend to eliminate or gloss over many topics that could be considered controversial to modern readers. Good Ol’factory (talk) 20:56, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

role in freemasonry and secret societies also missing
I understand that Amor also brought freemasonry, for better or worse, to Victoria and B.C. There are records such as an early newspaper ad which confirm his role in this regard. The Victoria freemasons are also notable for laying the cornerstone to the first synagogue in Canada. The role of the occult in Victoria history (to the present) is somewhat well-known, but rarely reported. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.156.74.2 (talk) 02:37, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amor De Cosmos


text:
User:Shanes/Sandbox

This is a list of multiple Olympic gold medalists, listing people who have won three or more Olympic gold medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included.

When an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, for simplicity only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed.

title: User:Shanes/Sandbox