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Bonnie Bedelia

Bonnie Bedelia (born Bonnie Bedelia Culkin; March 25, 1948) is an American actress. After beginning her career in theatre in the 1960s, Bedelia starred in the CBS daytime soap opera Love of Life and made her film debut in The Gypsy Moths. Bedelia subsequently appeared in the films They Shoot Horses, Don't They?, Lovers and Other Strangers, Heart Like a Wheel, The Prince of Pennsylvania, Die Hard, Presumed Innocent, and Needful Things.

For her television work, Bedelia has earned two Emmy Awards nominations. From 2001 to 2004, Bedelia played the lead role in the Lifetime television drama series The Division. She later starred as family matriarch Camille Braverman in the NBC drama series Parenthood (2010–2015).

Early life and education
Bedelia was born in New York City, the daughter of Marian Ethel (née Wagner), a writer and editor, and Philip Harley Culkin, who was in public relations and 50 years old at the time. She was born in a difficult financial period when her father's firm went bankrupt, and they lived in a cold-water tenement flat. Her mother died when she was 14 and her father, who had always had ulcers, died shortly afterward. She has two brothers, one of whom is actor Kit Culkin, and a sister, Candice Culkin. She is the aunt of actors Macaulay, Kieran, and Rory Culkin.

Bedelia studied dance in her youth, at School of American Ballet. She received her acting training at HB Studio.

Career
Before becoming an actress, Bedelia studied ballet and appeared in a few productions with the New York City Ballet, including The Nutcracker. Her only dancing role onscreen was that of Clara in the Playhouse 90 television production of the George Balanchine Nutcracker (1958). From 1961 to 1967, Bedelia was a regular on the CBS soap opera Love of Life, portraying Sandy Porter. She also worked on Broadway, where she debuted supporting Patty Duke in 1962, in Isle of Children, and won a Theatre World Award for playing the lead of in My Sweet Charlie, in 1966. Bedelia made her film debut in The Gypsy Moths in 1969; later that year she attracted attention as the pregnant marathon dancer in They Shoot Horses, Don't They? She starred in the comedy Lovers and Other Strangers (1970), had dramatic roles in The Strange Vengeance of Rosalie (1972), Bonanza (1972), and Between Friends (1973), and appeared opposite Richard Dreyfuss in the comedy The Big Fix (1978). On television she played the leading role in the short-lived ABC drama series, The New Land (1974).

In 1984, Bedelia received critical acclaim and was nominated for a Golden Globe for her starring role in Heart Like a Wheel (1983), as drag racer Shirley Muldowney. Other well-known performances include her portrayals of Holly Gennero McClane, the wife of Bruce Willis's character John McClane in Die Hard (1988) and Die Hard 2 (1990), and of Barbara Sabich, the wife of Harrison Ford's character in Presumed Innocent (1990).

Bedelia appeared in two Stephen King screen adaptations: Salem's Lot (1979) and Needful Things (1993). She was nominated for Emmy Awards for her performance in the Showtime anthology series Fallen Angels (1993) and for the leading role in the made-for-television movie Locked in Silence (1999). She played a number of leading roles in television films and miniseries, such as Switched at Birth, A Mother's Right: The Elizabeth Morgan Story, Her Costly Affair, and Picnic. From 2001 to 2004, Bedelia starred as Capt. Kate McCafferty in the Lifetime television drama series The Division. She later guest-starred in Big Love and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, and starred opposite Rue McClanahan and Olivia Newton-John in the 2008 sitcom Sordid Lives: The Series.

Bedelia starred in the NBC drama series Parenthood (2010-2015) as the family matriarch, Camille Braverman.

In 2017, she appeared in season 2 of the TV series Designated Survivor, and in two Hallmark movies. In 2019, she guest starred on the Netflix series What/If.

Personal life
Bedelia married scriptwriter Ken Luber on April 24, 1969. The couple had two sons, Uri (b. 1970) and Jonah (b. 1976), before divorcing in 1980. She wed actor Michael MacRae in 1995.

title: Bonnie Bedelia


text:
Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond

Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond (17 May 1741 – 18 July 1819) was a French geologist, volcanologist and traveller.

Life
He was born at Montélimar. He was educated at the Jesuit's College at Lyon and afterwards at Grenoble where he studied law and was admitted as an advocate to the parlement.

He rose to be president of the seneschal's court in Montélimar (1765), where he acquitted himself with distinction. However, he became disenchanted with law and wished to pursue his love of nature that had begun earlier in his life. His favourite pastime was visiting the mountain regions in the Alps and Massif Central. There he began to study the forms, structure, composition and superposition of rocks.

In 1775 in the Velay, he discovered a rich deposit of pozzuolana, that was eventually mined by the government. In 1776, he established a relationship with Buffon, who recognised the value of his scientific efforts immediately. Invited by Buffon to Paris, Faujas ceased his legal work and was appointed assistant naturalist to the natural history museum by Louis XVI. Later, he was appointed royal commissioner for mines.

One of his most important works was Recherches sur les volcans éteints du Vivarais et du Velay, which appeared in 1778. This publication documented his astute observations allowing Faujas to develop a theory about the origin of volcanoes. In his capacity of commissioner for mines Faujas travelled to most European countries where he closely observed the natural environment and the rock formations. In Britain he met William and Caroline Herschel. He however was determined to visit Staffa and he set out with the American polymath William Thornton and the Italian balloonist Count Andreani.

Faujas was the first to recognize the volcanic nature of the basaltic columns of Fingal's Cave, on Staffa. The island was visited earlier in 1772 by Sir Joseph Banks, who remarked that the stone was a coarse kind of basalt, very much resembling the Giant's Causeway in Ireland (as noted in Pennant's Tour in Scotland and Voyage to the Hebrides). Faujas' Voyage en Angleterre, en Écosse et aux Îles Hébrides (1797) contains anecdotes about Sir Joseph Banks, William and Caroline Herschel and Dr. John Whitehurst, including an amusing account of The Dinner of an Academic Club (the Royal Society). It was shortly translated into English (2 vols., 1799).

In 1785, Faujas was named king's commissioner to factories, armories, and royal forests. This brought a salary of 4,000 livres, and 2,000 livres for travelling expenses, in addition to his 6,000 livres for the assistant naturalist post.

Faujas was appointed the first professor of geology at the Jardin des Plantes in 1793, a post he held until he was nearly eighty years of age. In 1794, he secured the skull of Mosasaurus, when Maastricht was captured, and moved it to Paris. He retired in 1818 to the estate of Saint-Fond in Dauphiné.

Faujas had a keen interest in the balloon experiments of the Montgolfier brothers, and published the very complete 2 volume work, Description des expériences de la machine aérostatique de MM. Montgolfier, &c. (1783, 1784). He also contributed many scientific memoirs to the Annales and the Mémoires of the museum of natural history. Among his other works are: Histoire naturelle de la province de Dauphiné (1781), Minéralogie des volcans (1784), and Essai de géologie (1803–1809).

The mineral faujasite is named after him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond


text:
Fick Observatory

The Fick Observatory was an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Iowa State University. Located southwest of Boone, Iowa, it was named after Davenport, Iowa, amateur astronomer Erwin W. Fick. The observatory closed in 2015.

History
Iowa State University’s original telescope and observatory, located northwest of Ames, was donated by the family of Milo Mather of Clarksville, Iowa, following his death in 1960. Mather was an accomplished amateur astronomer and mechanical engineering graduate (1907) of Iowa State. In 1970, the mirror from his telescope was reconditioned and used in a newly reconfigured telescope, also named after Mather, and installed in the Erwin W. Fick Observatory.

Iowa State built the Fick Observatory southwest of Boone, Iowa, in 1970. The facility was named after Erwin W. Fick (1897–1975), an amateur astronomer and retired member of the U.S. Corps of Engineers from Davenport, Iowa. Though Fick had never been to Ames, let alone graduated from Iowa State, he set up a trust through the ISU Foundation to help support Iowa State’s observatory. New imaging devices, such as the CCD (charge-coupled device) camera installed in 1990, and the short focal length of the telescope allowed researchers to obtain wide-field views of the sky to very faint limits. Measurements gathered by the Mather telescope could be used to complement data obtained by larger observatories, which often sacrifice wide views for fine detail. Over the years, Iowa State researchers used the Fick Observatory for a wide variety of studies, including stellar radial velocity observations, studies of ring galaxy collisions, and lunar occultation studies.

In 2015, the Erwin W. Fick Observatory closed. It was the last astronomical research observatory operated by a college or university at a dark-sky site in the state of Iowa.

On April 1, 2020, the Observatory and surrounding land (45.31 acres) was sold to Aaron Gillett for the price of $339,870.31 sadly closing the observatory for good.

Equipment

 * 0.6 meter Cassegrain reflector, Mather telescope
 * 8.5-meter parabolic dish antenna, Radio telescope
 * Meade 14-inch Cassegrain reflector telescope
 * Meade 10-inch Cassegrain reflector telescope
 * Two Meade 8-inch Cassegrain reflector telescopes

title: Fick Observatory


text:
Civic Center Mall

The Civic Center Mall, located in downtown Hartford, was a three level, enclosed shopping mall and office complex built in 1974 as part of a large downtown urban redevelopment project. It was previously the commercial portion of a four block square megastructure-type development, The Hartford Civic Center complex, which also contains a multi-purpose coliseum, an exhibition and trade show center, structured parking and a 330-room Sheraton (now Hilton) hotel.

Stores
The mall featured approximately fifty small shops and restaurants and was initially anchored by a new specialty department store, Luettgen's Ltd, created and operated by William Luettgen, who was previously the president of local department store chain, G. Fox & Co. This anchor space was later split.

The mall contained a number of unique and national specialty shops such as a Hartford Whalers Team Store, Al Franklin's Musical World, B. Dalton Bookseller, Ann Taylor and Koenig Art Emporium. A third level contained about 65000 sqft of office space, overlooking both the mall interior and the adjacent streets.

Architecture
Architecturally, the mall reflected the brutalist and insular character of many early 1970s megastructure-type projects. The exterior of the L-shaped mall was constructed of prefabricated concrete panels and was surrounded by overscaled concrete landscape planter beds that cut off any facade to the sidewalk.

History
Built and operated by the Hartford-based insurance company Aetna, and called "the bunker" by its critics, the mall was moderately successful in its early years, and was an economic catalyst that for a time stabilized the decline of the downtown retail district in Hartford. Its construction was also partially credited with kicking off the office building boom that began in the late 1970s and would eventually add nearly five million square feet of new office space in the area over the following decade.

By the late 1980s and early 1990s, the mall faced competition from the nearby newly constructed Westfarms (which opened the same year as Civic Center Mall) and The Shoppes at Buckland Hills malls. Given its limited size, the accelerating decline in the downtown retail district and the severe recession in the regional economy by the early 1990s, many of the mall's tenants left or ceased operations and the mall fell into severe decline, this also coincided with the move of the Whalers to North Carolina to become the Carolina Hurricanes in 1997. By 1998 the project's viability was in doubt, and Aetna was stating that it had lost more than $56 million on the project since its opening.

Redevelopment
In 2004 Northland Investment Corporation, the State of Connecticut, the City of Hartford, and Aetna began working to redevelop the former Civic Center Mall complex. The project, called Hartford 21, replaced the aging retail, office and restaurant mall portion of the Hartford Civic Center Coliseum with a new, contemporary-styled residential, retail and entertainment complex. The portion of original mall at the corner of Trumbull and Asylum Streets, which had originally contained the anchor stores and food court, was demolished and redevelopment starting in 2004 and reaching substantial completion in the summer of 2006.

The project included a new 36-story residential tower with 262 luxury apartments, 45000 sqft of sidewalk-oriented retail space and 90000 sqft of office space, at the corner of Trumbull and Asylum Streets. The portion of the mall fronting Asylum Street, was converted into street-level retail on the ground floor, with the upper levels converted into a parking deck for the residential tower. The original below-grade parking garage occupying the basement levels of the mall remains in use for public and coliseum event parking. The portion fronting Trumbull street, including the atrium for the coliseum, remains largely intact, although the facade has been rebuilt in modern theme, providing access to retail spaces from the street. The food court had occupied the basement level of the demolished portion of the mall.

title: Civic Center Mall


text:
Category:Quebec Routes

See also Category:Quebec Autoroutes.

This is the list of Non-Autoroute Quebec provincial highways. Routes in the 100-series are primary routes located all across the province. Routes in the 200-series are secondary roads located south of the Saint Lawrence River, although Quebec Route 201 crosses the river at Salaberry-de-Valleyfield and ends roughly 30 kilometers north in Hudson. Routes in the 300-series are secondary roads located north of the Saint-Lawrence River, although Route 368 crosses the river towards Ile d'Orleans located in the center of the river east of Quebec City

title: Category:Quebec Routes


text:
Talk:Sam Michael

Untitled
I have added a potted history on Sam Michael - and when I learn how, I will also post an image - and I just wanted to say that if I have done anything incorrectly, please do not hesititate to let me know so I may learn from my mistakes. Thank you.

Heavy editing
Why on earth has this been slimmed down so drastically? Other people within Formula One have much longer and more poorly written pages. I put a lot of work into gathering all of the facts on Sam Michael and feel that the page is now unnecessarily brief.
 * Actually, assuming this comment is from Suzanne03, which it appears to be from this page history, all the information from your last version is still here - all that has happened is that single line paragraphs have been joined up into longer ones and the text has been made more 'prose-y'. The pic has gone, I guess it was deleted for not following one of the arcane image copyright rules, that's usually the reason anyway. 4u1e 06:22, 19 June 2006 (UTC) (P.S. You can sign your name by putting 4 tildes ( ~ ) at the end of your comments)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Sam Michael. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090421125059/http://www.williamsf1.com:80/team/profiles/sam-michael to http://www.williamsf1.com/team/profiles/sam-michael/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:30, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sam Michael


text:
Groupama–FDJ

Groupama–FDJ is a French cycling team at UCI WorldTeam level. The team is managed by Marc Madiot, a former road bicycle racer and winner of the Paris–Roubaix classic in 1985 and 1991. The team is predominantly French.

History
The team was founded on the initiative of Marc Madiot after he retired from racing in 1994 following a leg-breaking crash in that year's edition of Paris–Roubaix. After a period in the mid-1990s when the professional cycling scene in France was contracting – resulting in the 1996 French National Road Race Championships elite race being held on a pro–am basis due to the reduced number of professional riders – by the time of the team's launch in 1997 they faced competition for riders in France from fellow newcomers as well as the expanding  team and the already established  outfit.

The team's initial lineup included younger French riders such as teenagers Nicolas Vogondy and Damien Nazon as well as more experienced foreign racers like Davide Rebellin, Mauro Gianetti, Max Sciandri and Andrea Peron. The inaugural squad also included the reigning French national champions in road racing, time trialling and cyclo-cross – Stéphane Heulot, Eddy Seigneur and Christophe Mengin respectively.

In their first season the team only took a total of 13 wins and won the UCI Road World Cup – however these included several high-profile victories such as Frédéric Guesdon's triumph at Paris–Roubaix, a stage win for Mengin at the Tour de France and victories for Rebellin at the Clásica de San Sebastián and Züri-Metzgete.

In the 2003 edition of Tour de France, Australian individual time trial specialist Bradley McGee won the prologue stage to wear the yellow jersey for a few days. McGee was also able to win the prologue of the following year's Giro d'Italia, wore the pink jersey for three days and finished the race in the top ten (finishing eighth). Sprinter Baden Cooke won the green jersey for the points competition.

On 31 October 2012, it emerged that BigMat would no longer sponsor the team, with the team choosing to focus on finding another co-sponsor for the 2014 season.

Sponsorship
The team has been sponsored by Française des Jeux – the operator of France's national lottery – since its founding in 1997. Française des Jeux owns a majority of shares in the team, and the team is based in a warehouse owned by Française des Jeux on the outskirts of Paris: according to Madiot the team and the sponsor have a close working relationship.

The team was named FDJeux.com in 2003 and 2004, then renamed Française des Jeux, supposedly to avoid bad luck, until July 2010, when the name was simplified to its initials. Prior to the 2012 season, French building merchants BigMat joined the team as co-sponsors, becoming FDJ–BigMat, contributing €2 million to the team.

Following the departure of BigMat, the team renamed itself FDJ.fr. At the end of 2017, the team announced that they secured a sponsorship deal with French insurance group Groupama for the 2018 season, becoming Groupama–FDJ, contributing investment that increased the team's budget from €16 million to €20 million for next season.

Doping
In February 2019, Austrian newspaper Kronen Zeitung broke news that a number of professional cyclists had been implicated in the doping scandal uncovered at the 2019 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. Georg Preidler confessed to having his blood extracted for a possible transfusion. On 3 March, Preidler confessed to Austrian police, whilst also terminating his contract with the team via email. Preidler was due to race during the previous weekend, later admitting to having his blood drawn on two occasions late in 2018. The team then contacted the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the French Anti-Doping Agency (Agence française de lutte contre le dopage) and the Mouvement pour un cyclisme crédible (MPCC; Movement for Credible Cycling).

Continental & National champions

 * 1998
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Cyclo-cross Christophe Mengin

 * 2002
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Road Race Nicolas Vogondy

 * 2004
 * MaillotAustralia.PNG Australian Road Race Matthew Wilson
 * MaillotSuecia.PNG Swedish Time Trial Thomas Löfkvist
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Track (Individual pursuit) Nicolas Vogondy

 * 2005
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Cyclo-cross Francis Mourey
 * MaillotFin.PNG Finnish Road Race Jussi Veikkanen
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Track (Team pursuit) Nicolas Vogondy

 * 2006
 * MaillotFin.PNG Finnish Road Race Jussi Veikkanen
 * MaillotFin.PNG Finnish Cyclo-cross Jussi Veikkanen
 * MaillotSuecia.PNG Swedish Time Trial Gustav Larsson
 * MaillotSuecia.PNG Swedish Road Race Thomas Löfkvist
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Track (Team pursuit) Mathieu Ladagnous
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Track (Team pursuit) Mickaël Delage

 * 2007
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Cyclo-cross Francis Mourey
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Time Trial Benoît Vaugrenard

 * 2008
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Cyclo-cross Francis Mourey
 * MaillotBielorrusia.PNG Belarusian Road Race Yauheni Hutarovich
 * MaillotFin.PNG Finnish Road Race Jussi Veikkanen

 * 2009
 * MaillotBielorrusia.PNG Belarusian Road Race Yauheni Hutarovich

 * 2010
 * MaillotFin.PNG Finnish Road Race Jussi Veikkanen

 * 2011
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Cyclo-cross Francis Mourey
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Track (Individual pursuit) Mathieu Ladagnous
 * Jersey rainbow.svg U23 World Road Race, Arnaud Démare

 * 2012
 * MaillotBielorrusia.PNG Belarusian Road Race Yauheni Hutarovich
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Road Race Nacer Bouhanni

 * 2013
 * MaillotFin.PNG Finnish Road Race Jussi Veikkanen
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Cyclo-cross Francis Mourey
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Road Race Arthur Vichot

 * 2014
 * MaillotFin.PNG Finnish Road Race Jussi Veikkanen
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Cyclo-cross Francis Mourey
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Road Race Arnaud Démare

 * 2016
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Road Race Arthur Vichot
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Time Trial Thibaut Pinot
 * MaillotLituania.PNG Lithuanian Time Trial Ignatas Konovalovas

 * 2017
 * MaillotSuecia.PNG Swedish Time Trial Tobias Ludvigsson
 * MaillotLituania.PNG Lithuanian Time Trial Ignatas Konovalovas
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Road Race Arnaud Démare
 * MaillotLituania.PNG Lithuanian Road Race Ignatas Konovalovas

 * 2018
 * MaillotSuecia.PNG Swedish Time Trial Tobias Ludvigsson
 * MaillotCan.PNG Canadian Road Race Antoine Duchesne
 * MaillotAustria.PNG Austrian Time Trial Georg Preidler
 * MaillotSuiza.PNG Swiss Road Race Steve Morabito
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Road Race Anthony Roux
 * MaillotFra.PNG French U23 Time Trial Alexys Brunel

 * 2019
 * MaillotSuiza.PNG Swiss Time Trial Stefan Küng
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Time Trial Benjamin Thomas
 * MaillotLuxemburgo.PNG Luxembourg U23 Time Trial Kevin Geniets
 * MaillotSuiza.PNG Swiss Road Race Sébastien Reichenbach
 * MaillotSuecia.PNG Swedish Time Trial Tobias Ludvigsson
 * European champion jersey 2016.svg European Track (Omnium) Benjamin Thomas

 * 2020
 * MaillotSuiza.PNG Swiss Time Trial Stefan Küng
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Road Race Arnaud Démare
 * MaillotLuxemburgo.PNG Luxembourg Road Race Kevin Geniets
 * European champion jersey 2016.svg European Time Trial Stefan Küng
 * MaillotSuiza.PNG Swiss Road Race Stefan Küng

 * 2021
 * MaillotSuiza.PNG Swiss Time Trial Stefan Küng
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Time Trial Benjamin Thomas
 * MaillotLuxemburgo.PNG Luxembourg Time Trial Kevin Geniets
 * MaillotLuxemburgo.PNG Luxembourg Road Race Kevin Geniets
 * MaillotLituania.PNG Lithuanian Road Race Ignatas Konovalovas
 * European champion jersey 2016.svg European Time Trial Stefan Küng

 * 2022
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Time Trial Bruno Armirail
 * MaillotHungary.png Hungarian Road Race Attila Valter

title: Groupama–FDJ


text:
C.C.C.P. (band)

C.C.C.P. is a German synth-pop act led by Rasputin Stoy. They were best known for the 1986 songs "American-Soviets I" and "American-Soviets II", released by Clockwork Germany. This six-minute song themed on the Cold War became a hit on the US Billboard charts, the German Top 75 and other European charts. Their follow-up singles ("Made in Russia" and "Orient Express") hit the number one and number two spots on official music charts in the same week (Hong Kong, Benelux, France and Spain). Their 1990 song "Don't Kill the Rainforest" was also a minor alternative radio hit. Their band name C.C.C.P. is a Romanization of the Cyrillic abbreviation "СССР", which actually translates to "SSSR", short for Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik), the Russian name for the USSR.

C.C.C.P. released their seventh album, Quantic Shamanism Through Digital Western featuring Meyhiel, in January 2008 on the art label MillePlateauxMedia.

The group now only consists of the original band leader Rasputin Stoy a.k.a. Rai Streubel, and Frank Schendler (ex-Beat-A-Max).

In 2018, they released the album Decadance Club on the label Saal 600. In 2020, they had planned to be back on stage with a new lineup.

Albums

 * 1989: The World
 * 1992: The Hallucinogenic Toreador
 * 2004: Journey Through the Past
 * 2008: Quantic Shamanism Through Digital Western
 * 2018: Decadance Club (Blue!)

Live albums

 * 1992: Live Houston 1990
 * 2013: C.C.C.P. Live Houston 2013

Compilations

 * 1992: Best of C.C.C.P.: 1985–1992
 * 1997: C.C.C.P. & Beat-A-Max: Best of C.C.C.P. & Beat-A-Max
 * 2013: Official the World Remixes 2014

Singles

 * 1986: "American-Soviets"
 * 1987: "Made in Russia"
 * 1988: "Orient Express"
 * 1989: "United States of Europe"
 * 1990: "Don't Kill the Rain Forest"
 * 1990: "Liquid Sky"
 * 1991: "Freedom & Liberty"
 * 1991: "In Memory of Salvador Dali"
 * 1991: "Conquestadores"/"Strength versus Courage"
 * 1991: "Orient Express '91"
 * 1996: "The Preacher"
 * 1999: "3rd Millennium"
 * 2018: "Decadance Club"
 * 2018: "Mirror of Your Soul"
 * 2018: "Twelve" (Tibor's Mix)

title: C.C.C.P. (band)


text:
Kalpana (supercomputer)

Kalpana was a supercomputer at NASA Ames Research Center operated by the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division and named in honor of astronaut Kalpana Chawla, who was killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster and had worked as an engineer at Ames Research Center prior to joining the Space Shuttle program. It was built in late 2003 and dedicated on May 12, 2004.

Kalpana was the world's first single-system image (SSI) Linux supercomputer, based on SGI's Altix 3000 architecture and 512 Intel Itanium 2 processors. It was originally built in a joint effort by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Ames Research Center (AMC), and Goddard Space Flight Center to perform high-res ocean analysis with the ECCO (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean) Consortium model. The supercomputer was "used to develop substantially more capable simulation models to better assess the evolution and behavior of the Earth's climate system," said NASA's Deputy Associate Administrator for Earth Science, Ghassem Asrar in 2004.

It served as one of several testbed systems NASA purchased to determine what architecture to proceed with for new supercomputing projects and lead to the purchase and construction of the Columbia supercomputer, named in honor of the STS-107 crew lost in 2003. In July 2004 the Kalpana system was integrated, as the first node, into the 20-node supercomputer.

title: Kalpana (supercomputer)


text:
User:Suzanne03

See Uploading images to learn how to upload. Supadawg (talk) 00:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Suzanne03


text:
Joseph Jean Baptiste Xavier Fournet

Joseph Jean Baptiste Xavier Fournet (May 15, 1801 – January 8, 1869), French geologist and metallurgist, was born at Strasbourg.

He was educated at the École des Mines in Paris, and after considerable experience as a mining engineer he was in 1834 appointed professor of geology at Lyon.

He was a man of wide knowledge and extensive research, and wrote memoirs on chemical and mineralogical subjects, on eruptive rocks, on the structure of the Jura, the metamorphism of the Western Alps, on the formation of oolitic limestones, on kaolinization and on metalliferous veins. On metallurgical subjects he also was an acknowledged authority; and he published observations on the order of sulphurability of metals (loi de Fournet).

He died in Lyon. His chief publications were: Études sur les dépôts métallifères (Paris, 1834); Histoire de la dolomie (Lyon, 1847); De l'extension des terrains houillers (1855); and Géologie lyonnaise (Lyon, 1861).

title: Joseph Jean Baptiste Xavier Fournet


text:
Pusch Ridge

Pusch Ridge is the most prominent feature in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness Area of the Santa Catalina Mountains, managed by the Coronado National Forest north of Tucson, Arizona, in the United States.

History
Pusch Ridge was named after pioneer George Pusch (1847–1921), who came to Arizona from Germany in the 1870s, and established the Steam Pump Ranch on the Cañada del Oro near the base of the ridge in 1874 in what is now the town of Oro Valley. Steam Pump Ranch was one of the largest cattle ranches in the Territory of Arizona. George Pusch also served as a state legislator and one of the delegates to the original Arizona Constitutional Convention in 1910.

Peaks
Pusch Ridge is primarily made up of three distinct peaks, including (from southwest to northeast in orientation) Pusch Peak, Bighorn Mountain, and Table Mountain. Pusch Peak is the westernmost point in the Santa Catalina Mountains, and rises in elevation over 2,000 ft to a peak elevation of 5,366 ft. Bighorn Mountain rises to an elevation about 5662 ft at the summit. Table Mountain rises in elevation to 6,265 ft. A minor peak, known as The Cleaver, is located between Pusch Peak and Bighorn Mountain, rising to a summit of about 4912 ft.

Wildlife and environment
Pusch Ridge was home to one of the last populations of Desert Bighorn Sheep in Arizona, none have been observed since 2005. In a controversial effort to re-establish the Bighorn Sheep population, on November 18, 2013, thirty-one Bighorns were released by Arizona Game and Fish officers near Pusch Ridge, the first in a series of three planned releases totaling about 100 animals over the next two years. Pusch Ridge is noted for dramatic ridges, deep canyons, and extensive biodiversity in elevation changes. Pusch Ridge also provides sweeping views of Oro Valley to the west, and Tucson to the south. On June 5, 2020, prior to midnight a thunderstorm produced lightning that ignited a brush fire on the Bighorn Peak burning approximately 40 acres within 12 hours. Helicopters were deployed to drop water on the fire. The Bighorn Fire continued to spread through the Catalinas and ended up becoming one of the largest wildfires in Arizona history.

Trailhead
The Pusch Ridge Trailhead is located within the town of Oro Valley, accessed from East Linda Vista Boulevard just east of North Oracle Road (State Route 77) (formerly U.S. 89), six miles north of Tucson. Restrictions on hiking Pusch Ridge apply during certain times due to the potential impact on the breeding activities of the Bighorn Sheep in the area.

title: Pusch Ridge


text:
55th Grey Cup

The 55th Grey Cup was played between the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and the Saskatchewan Roughriders on December 2, 1967, at Lansdowne Park in Ottawa, before 31,358 fans and was won by the Tiger-Cats by a score of 24–1.

Box Score
First Quarter

Hamilton – TD – Joe Zuger 3 yard run (Tommy Joe Coffey convert)

Saskatchewan – Rouge – Alan Ford 87 yard punt

Second Quarter

Hamilton – TD – Ted Watkins 72 yard pass from Joe Zuger (Tommy Joe Coffey convert)

Hamilton - Rouge - Tommy Joe Coffey 42 yard missed field goal

Hamilton - Rouge - Joe Zuger punt

Hamilton - Rouge - Joe Zuger punt

Fourth Quarter

Hamilton - Rouge - Joe Zuger punt

Hamilton – TD – Billy Ray Locklin 43 yard fumble return (convert missed)

Game characteristics
Joe Zuger, Hamilton's quarterback, was named the game's Grey Cup Most Valuable Player.

The game marked the sixth consecutive game in the season that the Ticats held their opponents without a touchdown.

Alan Ford's 87 yard punt, on a quick kick, is the longest in Grey Cup history.

title: 55th Grey Cup


text:
Talk:Fick Observatory

Untitled
First article ever for Wikipedia. Let me know what major rules I've broken so I don't do it again --69.210.87.34 00:22, 25 July 2005 (UTC) I'm the above user by the way. --Rayc 00:24, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Fick Observatory


text:
Coalition Forces Land Component Command

Coalition Forces Land Component Command, or CFLCC, is a command directing all land forces of different allied countries on behalf of a combatant commander or Joint task force commander.

In U.S. military terminology, Unified Combatant Commands or Joint Task Forces can have components from all services and components – Army ~ Land, Air, Naval, Marine, and Special Operations. Thus a Land Component Command is a command directing all land forces on behalf of a combatant commander or JTF commander.

Coalition, or sometimes 'Combined', means armed services of different countries are involved. Thus a Coalition Forces Land Component Command is a multinational land force, usually operating as part of a U.S. combatant command, though it could theoretically be applied by other Western and U.S. allied nations.

CFLCC During 'Iraqi Freedom'

The three primary responsibilities of Third Army/ARCENT/CFLCC, represented by three separate logos.

A Coalition Forces Land Component Command was established under Commander U.S. Army Forces Central Command, Lieutenant General David McKiernan, to direct the two corps-sized formations involved in the initial invasion of Iraq in March 2003, I Marine Expeditionary Force and U.S. V Corps. The units to brigade level involved in CFLCC's initial invasion of Iraq were:

 * I Marine Expeditionary Force
 * 2nd MEB
 * 1st Marine Division
 * RCT-1
 * RCT-5
 * RCT-7
 * 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing
 * 1st Marine Logistics Group
 * British 1st Armoured Division
 * U.S. V Corps
 * 3rd Infantry Division
 * 1st Brigade, 3rd ID
 * 2nd Brigade, 3rd ID
 * 3rd Brigade, 3rd ID
 * 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault)
 * 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne
 * 2nd Brigade, 101st Airborne
 * 3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne
 * 173rd Airborne Brigade
 * 2nd Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division

From March until June 2003, CFLCC was joined by 1st Armored Division, 4th Infantry Division, and 2nd and 3rd Armoured Cavalry Regiments. 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment formed Task Force Rifles to control the Al-Anbar area during its tour in Iraq which ended in September 2003.

CFLCC was replaced by Combined Joint Task Force 7 on 14 June 2003.

After its replacement by CJTF-7 as the operational headquarters for all ground units in the CENTCOM theater, CFLCC became the primary logistics hub for the theater. CFLCC still remained in charge of logistics for all land forces in theater, and remained the headquarters for U.S. Army Central Command, managing Army service component issues in the CENTCOM theatre. It is also Third US Army, the same unit that George S. Patton commanded during World War II. It is now at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait, with primary Third Army/ARCENT headquarters at Shaw Air Force Base in Sumter, South Carolina.

title: Coalition Forces Land Component Command


text:
Talk:Interflug

Schoenefeld is in East Berlin
Schoenefeld airport was located in the GDR, just south of West Berlin, not in East Berlin.
 * South-East, if you must. Check the Atlas.
 * Schönefeld is outside of Berlin, at the south-east-Border of the city.89.197.187.72 (talk) 11:56, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Efficiency of the airline
There are no references or numbers provided in the article with regard to efficiency of soviet planes vs. comparable western planes, or of the operation as a whole. Depending on fuel prices, the airline may have been very profitable, as was the case with Aeroflot, even though the latter was very inefficient as it did not fulfill the market demand. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.164.150.2 (talk) 01:17, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I added this part originally. Can't quote directly the exact page number but I remember from reading Alan Watson's The German Question (written in 1994) and David Marsh's works that Interflug before German reunification had long been a thorn on the GDR's finance even before the Soviet Union's glasnost cut off most financial subsidies to East Germany.  It is not real original news to anyone who lived through German reunification.  Even the author of ddr-interflug.de site hints that the purchase of A310 was because the efficiencies of Il-62 were not enough to sustain the airline.  If you like you can search New York Times or Air Transport World archived news on Interflug from 1990 and 1991 - they had plenty of periodical news coverages about Interflug's financial plights.  The best of all, they are available now to anyone on the net, often free of charge. --JNZ (talk) 02:39, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

This article contains several errors (including the number of planes owned by the airline) which I have tried to address. Regarding the Ilyushin planes, Interflug claimed to have been the largest 'non-Russian' operator (mostly IL-62Ms) with 24 examples (other non-Russian airlines did operate more than that total, but always in a combination of owned plus leased aircraft) and they were certainly not inefficient for their time (although they would be considered so by standards of today's airliners). CSA also had a large fleet and operated them from 1969 right through to 1997. Although their fuel burn rate was higher than planes such as the Boeing 707, as noted, fuel prices in the DDR were lower than in the west, and Interflug also modified some of its planes to lower fuel use. Conversely, the IL62Ms were relatively easy to maintain and had a better accident record than comparable western planes planes (eg Boeing 707, DC8, VC10 etc). The plane would not still be in civilian use today (42 years after its introduction) if it was inefficient (compare this with how long the VC10 and Super VC10 stayed in civilian use). It is a fair assumption that if Interflug had been operated with greater financial asumen rather than by government dictates, it may well have made a very healthy profit. Finally, the three IL-62s owned by Interflug were 'acquired' by the united German airforce after unification (not sold to them), and were only sold some years later to other airlines. Aria613 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aria613 (talk • contribs) 19:21, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

Communist planning, Communist bureaucrats, Communist inefficiency - is it an unbiased encyclopedic aricle or an ideological American or Nazi pamphlet? Roobit (talk) 15:46, 19 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, the ideology behind the airline was Communist. If reliable sources say so, then I don't see why not to describe them as such too. WhisperToMe (talk) 03:18, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

 * 'The ideology behind the airline was Communist.'
 * This is very funny indeed. The last time I worked for Interflug, the 'ideology' behind it consisted of moving people and goods safely from A to B and to make good money.
 * Many parts of the article sound like excerpts from Cold War era news reporting, but we live in a different world now and should be able to obtain better information. It is so easy these days.
 * Since this article fails to describe Interflug accurately and is full of misconceptions of the past. I suggest getting rid of the 'ideology' first.
 * --195.246.100.57 (talk) 10:17, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

Interflug was more than just an airline
Wikipedia is fully ignorant of the fact that Interflug was much much more than just an airline. It served as a kind of umbrella for all commercial aviation activities in East Germany. The Interflug company consisted of five divisions: --195.246.100.57 (talk) 10:17, 18 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Airline (Verkehrsflug), operating An-2, An-24, Il-14, Il-18, Tu-134, Il-62, A310, L 410, DHC-8
 * Air Traffic Control (Flugsicherung)
 * Airports (Flughäfen), Berlin-Schönefeld, Dresden, Leipzig-Schkeuditz, Erfurt, Barth, Heringsdorf
 * Agriculture Flying (Agrarflug), operating L-60, An-2, Z-37, PZL-106, PZL M-18, Ka-26
 * Remote Sensing, Industrial and Research Flying (Fernerkundung, Industrie- und Forschungsflug), operating Il-14, L 410, An-2, Ka-26, Mi-8
 * Thank you for your input. Indeed, this information could well be included in the article. Do you have a reliable source which can be used as a reference? Best regards--FoxyOrange (talk) 10:31, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I thought it over and have arrived at the conclusion that it might be best to leave the article as it is now, only focussing on the airline business. Simply put, it is impossible to define where Interflug begins or ends, because of it having been entangled with the communist system: In the end, anything in East Germany was owned and operated by the state. Thus, one could start and describe Interflug as a paramilitary unit of the National People's Army: The National Defense Council had direct authority over the "airline". Further research would be needed, but I'm pretty sure that anything that had to do with aviation (air traffic control, airports, agricultural flying, "research" flying [i.e. surveillance/reconnaissance missions]; that's what was mentioned in the above post) were also under (indirect) military command. And now, one has to ask/find out: Were those really operated by Interflug GmbH, or rather by the East German Armed Forces under the [seemingly civilian] Interflug branding?--FoxyOrange (talk) 13:34, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I thought it over and have arrived at the conclusion that it might be best to leave the article as it is now, only focussing on the airline business.
 * That would be perfectly ok for now. However I suggest adding an appropriate remark to the article to clarify that it currently describes only the airline part of Interflug. This is especially important, because the article mentions 8,000 employees, but this number (although too high) did apply to all five divisions of Interflug. The airline division employed 2,000 people.

 * In the end, anything in East Germany was owned and operated by the state.
 * This is almost correct, but not entirely. There were still thousands of private businesses, but only small ones (e.g., bakeries, metalworking shops, butcher shops, you name it).

 * ...it is impossible to define where Interflug begins or ends, because of it having been entangled with the communist system
 * I strongly disagree. It is not impossible, but actually very easy to do. Interflug's scope of operation and its boundaries were always clearly defined. Since Interflug and its history has been well documented, it should be possible to do some research instead of letting our old assumptions and prejudices slip into this Wikipedia article. It is supposed to be an encyclopedia after all.

 * Thus, one could start and describe Interflug as a paramilitary unit of the National People's Army
 * I am sorry, but that is rather absurd. Only in a state of war, the East German military could have drawn all Interflug resources (aircraft, pilots, etc.). This setup was very similar to the one in the United States. Most Interflug pilots had the status of military reserve officers, but they were not employed by the People's Army nor did they report to the military.
 * While it is correct to say Interflug's airline division had to align itself with government politics and was also used as an instrument of foreign politics, it has never been a paramilitary unit, not even remotely resembling one. I am talking about peace times here.
 * Some confusion may have been caused by the TG-44 unit of the East German Air Force. This unit operated Tu-124, Tu-154, Il-18, Tu-134 and Il-62 for government flights, some of these aircraft wore full Interflug livery and Interflug registrations. This 'camouflage' was deemed necessary to obtain flying permits over/to foreign (western) countries more easily.  However, these aircraft were neither owned, operated nor maintained by Interflug.
 * On a small scale, TG-44 pilots were also assigned to operate regular Interflug revenue flights. This agreement between Interflug and the Air Force served the only purpose to maintain currency of the military transport pilots by 'collecting flight hours', which would have been difficult otherwise because of the low utilzation of government aircraft.
 * --195.246.100.57 (talk) 08:36, 19 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Dear 195.246.100.57, I very much appreciate your explanations and (obvious) profound knowledge. Still, it would be even better if you could provide us with some reliable sources which could be used as references to further improve the Interflug article. Especially concerning the scale on which military pilots were operating regular Interflug flights (which you are calling "small"). Best regards--FoxyOrange (talk) 09:05, 19 September 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia giving birth to a new rumor
"Analysts identified the price war on holiday flights out of West Berlin as one of the factors responsible for the demise of Laker Airways in 1982."

The cited source (Der Spiegel magazine) does not contain this unbelievable statement. It does not even claim to present the view of any analyst. Laker Airways gets only mentioned in relation to its short lived Berlin-Athens flight, which was successfully undercut by INTERFLUG. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.246.100.57 (talk) 03:03, 17 December 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ I've just removed this statement (indeed, it was unreferenced). Thanks for having informed us about the problem.--FoxyOrange (talk) 08:22, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

Accident at Leipzig airport on September 1st, 1975
The accident description is incorrect despite citing a source, which gives a rather accurate account. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.96.227.9 (talk) 15:50, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

Accident at Berlin-Schönefeld airport on June 17th, 1989
The accident description is incorrect and full of invented "facts" like the locking tab left in place by maintenance. They do not use locking tabs on the Il-62M. It is equipped with electro-mechanical gust locks. Not even the official investigation was able to determine the cause for the jammed elevator beyond any doubt, but Wikipedia seems to be in posession of this information.

The same paragraph contains also the highly nonsensical claim that 36 years of political tension led to a delayed medical assistance on this fateful day. 'Oh, it may be an act of sabotage. Comrads, in this case let's call the ambulances next week.' This is really a Wikipedia gem - utter nonsense.

By the way, the cited source, while also partially incorrect, did not contain any of these far fetched claims. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.96.227.9 (talk) 16:18, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

Objectivity
Is it some sort of pro-American or a Nazi pamphlet or an encyclopedic article about a state-owned airline?

External links modified
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Liquidation
I assume that the airline was liquidated, and certainly not its employees! The word "liquidation" with respect to persons in former totalitarian states, as in "liquidate the kulaks" or "liquidate the (Jewish) ghetto is often a bureaucratic euphemism for killing people off. I changed the sentence structure to make that clear. Pbrower2a (talk) 13:18, 8 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interflug


text:
Todd Spitzer

Todd Spitzer (born November 26, 1960) is an American attorney and politician serving as the district attorney of Orange County, California. Spitzer successfully ran for Orange County district attorney in 2018 against incumbent Tony Rackauckas. Spitzer had previously served as a deputy district attorney from 1990 to 1996 and, under Rackauckas, as assistant district attorney from 2008 to 2010.

Spitzer was previously an Orange County supervisor from 1997 to 2002 and again from 2012 to 2018. He was also a member of the California State Assembly from 2002 to 2006, serving three terms representing California's 71st assembly district. As an assemblyman, he co-wrote California's Megan's Law. He also served as spokesman and campaign manager for the successful campaign to pass Marsy's Law in a 2008 initiative.

Early life and education
Todd Spitzer was born on November 26, 1960, in Whittier, California, to Phyllis Ann and Leonard Spitzer. He has a sister, Susan, who also went on to be an attorney. Todd played leading roles in the Schurr High School department of performance arts' productions of the musicals Hello, Dolly! (1975) and Li'l Abner (1976).

Spitzer attended the University of California, Los Angeles, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1982. He then completed a fellowship at the California State Senate. In 1984–85, Spitzer worked as an English teacher at Theodore Roosevelt High School in the Los Angeles Unified School District. He graduated in 1989 with a master's degree in public policy from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Juris Doctor from the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. While at Hastings, Spitzer was awarded the George Moscone Fellowship, given to law students dedicating their careers to public service.

Early career
Spitzer joined the Orange County District Attorney's office in 1990 as deputy district attorney. He has prosecuted felonies including attempted murder, attempted rape, kidnapping, robbery, extortion, and reckless driving causing serious bodily injury. Spitzer has tried about 100 jury trials to verdict. He served in the position until 1996.

From 1990 to 2000, Spitzer also served as a volunteer reserve police officer in the Los Angeles Police Department. Spitzer's first elected office was as a trustee to the Brea Olinda School Board in 1992. Serving in the position until 1996, he investigated a grading scandal at Brea Olinda High School involving a former registrar changing students' grades to enhance their chances of getting into college.

Orange County Board of Supervisors
In 1996, Spitzer ran against Assemblyman Mickey Conroy in a heated election for the 3rd supervisorial district seat on the Orange County Board of Supervisors. Described by Los Angeles Times as "a decided underdog", Spitzer came in second in the March 1996 primary among seven candidates, leading to a general election between him and Conroy. Spitzer won the general election and was sworn-in in January 1997.

While serving on the board, he successfully opposed the conversion of the Marine Corps Air Station El Toro into an international airport and instead advocated for a "Millennium Plan" for a mixed-use commercial and residential development for the 4,700 acre property. Spitzer also advocated for the immediate release of a map of registered sex offenders living in Orange County.

California State Assembly
In 2002, Spitzer ran for a seat in the California State Assembly to represent the 71st assembly district. He was challenged by the Democratic candidate Bea Foster, a teacher from Santa Ana. After defeating Foster in the election, Spitzer was sworn into the State Assembly on December 2, 2002.

As an assemblyman, Spitzer served on the judiciary and public safety committees and was a proponent for stronger legislation against sex offenders. In April 2004, he co-wrote Megan's Law for tougher penalties for people convicted of sex offenses and co-wrote legislation to publish the registered sex offenders database on the Internet.

Spitzer was re-elected to the State Assembly in November 2004, defeating Bea Foster again with a vote margin of 69.1% to 30.9%. In 2006, Spitzer served as co-chair of the High Risk Sex Offender Task Force, formed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to review the law vcs governing the monitoring of high risk sex offenders living in California. He also advocated for the passage of Proposition 83, a law against sexual predators based on Jessica's Law. He also helped write Marsy's Law, an amendment to the state's constitution to expand the legal rights of victims of crime which was passed in 2008. He served as spokesperson and campaign manager for the initiative to pass the amendment. Spitzer later served as legal affairs director of Marsy's Law for All, an organization representing victims of crime.

Return to Orange County District Attorney's office
A June 2004 Los Angeles Times article described a "long-simmering feud between Orange County [District Attorney] Tony Rackauckas and [...] Spitzer." In October 2004, Spitzer accused Rackauckas of "[poisoning] trust in local law enforcement". According to OC Weekly, in 2004, Spitzer was not only running for re-election to the State Assembly, he was privately seeking advice, support, and building a campaign to challenge Rackauckas in 2006. Spitzer eventually decided not to run and instead reached an agreement with Rackauckas to become a prosecutor and run in the 2014 election with Rackauckas's blessing.

In 2008, Rackauckas appointed Spitzer as assistant district attorney. As a prosecutor in Orange County, Spitzer handled criminal matters and supervised line prosecutors. He was fired two years later in 2010. Rackauckas said that he fired Spitzer for inappropriate behavior in the workplace and intimidating other workers. Spitzer was inquiring for information from the Orange County Public Administrator and Public Guardian, John Williams, at the behest of a domestic violence victim. According to the news website Voice of OC, the fact that Rackauckas's fiancée, Peggy Buff, was Williams's deputy further fueled the controversy. By this point, Spitzer had also indicated his intention to run in the 2014 District Attorney election but Rackauckas announced that he planned "to run for another term in 2014 to stop [him]". Spitzer returned to private practice and prepared to run for a Board of Supervisors seat in 2012.

Re-election to the Orange County Board of Supervisors
In June 2012, Spitzer beat Deborah Pauly, a fellow Republican, to again become a member of the Orange County Board of Supervisors, serving the same 3rd supervisorial district he had represented from 1997 to 2002.

By early 2015, Spitzer had become chairman of the Orange County Board of Supervisors. In April 2015, Spitzer, a former reserve police officer, handcuffed a man who he felt was behaving aggressively towards him, then called 911 at the Wahoo's Fish Taco restaurant in Foothill Ranch, California. The man was questioned about the incident, but was released by Orange County Sheriff's Department deputies. At the time, Spitzer had with him a bag containing his handgun and a valid permit to carry a concealed weapon. When news of the incident was reported in the press in September 2015, Orange County Sheriff Sandra Hutchens said that she did not "think [Spitzer] did anything wrong … He perceived a threat. He acted upon that … It was resolved; nobody got injured, and it was over." In August 2017, as the result of a Superior Court lawsuit, Orange County was required to cover the legal fees that Voice of OC spent in order to get the county to release emails and other documents.

In September 2017, Christine Richters, a former aide to Spitzer, also sued the county accusing Spitzer of wrongful termination. The county reached to an agreement with Richters for a $150,000 settlement for unpaid overtime which was approved by a unanimous vote of the Board of Supervisors including Spitzer.

Orange County District Attorney
Spitzer challenged Rackauckas in the 2018 Orange County District Attorney election. The first round was held in June 2018 with Spitzer receiving 35% of the vote to Rackauckas's 38%, leading to a second round. On November 6, 2018, Spitzer received 53.2% of the vote to win against the incumbent. Replacing Rackauckas who had held the position since 1999, Spitzer became the county's first new district attorney in 20 years when he was sworn in on January 7, 2019.

As District Attorney, Spitzer has criticized the moratorium on the death penalty in California, ordered by Governor Gavin Newsom in March 2019. Spitzer has put public pressure on Newsom to rescind the order, holding press conferences with the families of murder victims whose convicted murderers are serving time on death row. In 2020, he was one of the several county district attorneys that prosecuted Joseph James DeAngelo (also known as the Golden State Killer) who pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison without parole. During the sentencing hearing on August 21, Spitzer told DeAngelo he would have liked to see him executed but agreed to a plea deal after meeting with the victims and their families, and considering "the age of the case." Spitzer added addressing the victims, "We knew how long [the case] took to solve. And we knew that this was the right thing to do – so you could all be here today in your lifetime."

During his 2018 campaign for District Attorney, Spitzer had criticized his predecessor's genetic surveillance program, whereby the county uses minor offenses to collect and expand its own DNA database, saying that the program can possibly be abused. When he became District Attorney in January 2019, Spitzer reviewed the program and authorized its continuation. A lawsuit filed against the program was dismissed in June 2021 by Judge William D. Claster of the Orange County Superior Court.

On June 3, 2022, Orange County Superior Court Judge Gregg Prickett ruled, without explanation or making any record, that Spitzer had violated the state’s Racial Justice Act, which prohibits prosecutors from seeking criminal sentences on the basis of race, ethnicity, or national origin. The ruling focused on remarks Spitzer made to other prosecutors when deciding on pursuing the death penalty against a black defendant. Spitzer contended that was entirely appropriate for him to bring up these questions when discussing whether to seek the death penalty, because he "simply was exploring [the defendant's] ability to identify, properly or not, the race of the female victim in that moment in a darkened room before he executed his two victims." The defendant killed a woman who happened to be white, just like his ex-girlfriend who he was stalking for dating other men. The Fourth District Court of Appeal upheld the conviction of life without the possibility of parole and praised Spitzer for addressing any perceived bias that was alleged in the case.

Personal life
In mid 2009, Spitzer, whose mother had died the year before from colon cancer, was himself diagnosed with laryngeal cancer. He underwent successful radiation therapy treatment at the UC Irvine Medical Center and has said that he "never missed a day of work."

Spitzer is married to Jamie Morris Spitzer who serves as Associate Chief Judge at the Workers' Compensation Appeals Board. They have a son and a daughter.

Awards and recognition
As deputy district attorney of Orange County, Spitzer developed an interest in victims' rights. Spitzer was voted Outstanding Prosecutor by the Orange County District Attorney's office in 1994 and the local chapter of Mothers Against Drunk Driving honored him with its Outstanding Prosecutor Award in 1996.

Spitzer serves as an honorary board member of the Doris Tate Crime Victims Bureau (renamed Crime Victims Action Alliance) and as a board member of Crime Survivors, Inc., and the Orange County's Trauma Intervention Program (TIP). He also served as a member of the Orange County Bar Association Administration of Justice Committee. He was on the advisory board for the Orange County Council of the Boy Scouts of America, along with California assemblyman James Silva, and former assembly member Van Tran. In 2003, he received that organization's Visionary Award, given annually to a person who exemplifies the attributes of the Scout Oath and Law, and who has demonstrated leadership and philanthropy in the Hispanic and Latino communities. Mothers Against Drunk Drivers, Southern California, has honored Spitzer as one of its California Advisory Board Members.

In 2007, Spitzer was inducted into the Schurr High School Hall of Fame.

title: Todd Spitzer


text: Category:Integrals

title: Category:Integrals


text:
Mount Hopeless

Mount Hopeless is the name of several mountains:
 * Mount Hopeless (South Australia)
 * Mount Hopeless (New South Wales)
 * Mount Hopeless (Queensland)
 * Mount Hopeless (Victoria)
 * Mount Hopeless (New Zealand)

title: Mount Hopeless


text:
File:Geirangerfjorden3.jpg

This picture was taken by me. User:Inconsequential

Tag modified to reflect User:Inconsequential label by Williamborg 01:31, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

title: File:Geirangerfjorden3.jpg


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Yi Won

Yi Won (born Yi Sang-Hyeob; 23 September 1962) is a great-grandson of Gojong of Korea and one of several who claim to be current head of the House of Yi. He worked as a general manager of Hyundai Home Shopping, a Hyundai Department Store Group company, until Prince Yi Ku died on 16 July 2005. He was born as the eldest son of Yi Gap, the 9th son of Prince Yi Kang by one of his partners at Hyehwa-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul. After the death of Yi Ku, it was decided to make Yi Won to be the adopted heir to the late prince by the Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association; Yi Won was later announced to be the director of the association on 27 June 2007. Officially, as noble titles aren't recognized by the Constitution of South Korea, Yi Won is by birth a citizen in South Korea.

Biography
Yi Won attended the Sangmun High School during 1979–1981 and completed studies in broadcasting at the New York Institute of Technology, United States. He and his wife have had two children, the eldest son, Yi Kwon (이권), born in 1998; the other son, Yi Yeong (이영), born in 1999.

He currently lives in an apartment in Wondang, Goyang, Gyeonggi province, South Korea with his family.

Adoption controversy
Following the death of Yi Ku, who died on 16 July 2005, the Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association appointed him as the next Head of the Korean Imperial Household and they also made his title the Hereditary Prince Imperial (Hwangsason) in the meaning of inherited a title of Yi Ku. According to the chairman of the association, Lee Hwan-ey (이환의, 李桓儀), in his last meeting with Yi Ku was on July 10, Yi Won was allowed to become his heir and Yi Ku signed for granting permission. Another meeting held on July 21, within the association, was to determine whether Yi Won could be the successor of Yi Ku. Eventually, Yi Won's status as Yi Ku's successor was confirmed by the Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association as of 22 July 2005.

This claim was contested by his half-aunt, Yi Hae-won, who was crowned "Empress of Korea" by some of her relatives. In spite of this, he is annually called on to take the place of the sovereign at the Jongmyo jerye ceremonies performing rites to his royal ancestors.

Those who dispute the legitimacy of the adoption claim that consent for the adoption of Yi Won was not given by other members of Imperial House, including Yi Seok, the younger half-brother of Prince Gap, and Yi Hae-won, the eldest member of the house before her death in 2020. Also, Yi Ku died before the adoption process could complete; as such, according to present Korean law, a traditional posthumous adoption was no longer recognized by legislation as of 2004.

Patrilineal descent

 * 1) Yi Han, d. 754?
 * 2) Yi Jayeon
 * 3) Yi Cheonsang
 * 4) Yi Gwanghui
 * 5) Yi Ipjeon
 * 6) Yi Geunghyu
 * 7) Yi Yeomsoon
 * 8) Yi Seung-sak
 * 9) Yi Chung-kyung
 * 10) Yi Kyung-young
 * 11) Yi Chung-min
 * 12) Yi Hwa
 * 13) Yi Jinyu
 * 14) Yi Gung-jin
 * 15) Yi Yong-bu
 * 16) Yi Rin
 * 17) Yi Yang-mu, d. 1231
 * 18) Yi An-sa, d. 1274
 * 19) Yi Haeng-ni
 * 20) Yi Chun, d. 1342
 * 21) Yi Jachun, 1315-1361
 * 22) Taejo of Joseon, 1335-1408
 * 23) Taejong of Joseon, 1367-1422
 * 24) Sejong of Joseon, 1397-1450
 * 25) Sejo of Joseon, 1417-1468
 * 26) Crown Prince Uigyeong, 1438-1457
 * 27) Seongjong of Joseon, 1457-1495
 * 28) Jungjong of Joseon, 1488-1544
 * 29) Grand Internal Prince Deokheung, 1530-1559
 * 30) Seonjo of Joseon, 1552-1608
 * 31) Prince Jeongwon, 1580-1619
 * 32) Injo of Joseon, 1595-1649
 * 33) Grand Prince Inpyeong, 1622-1658
 * 34) Prince Boknyeong, 1639-1670
 * 35) Yi Hyuk, Prince Uiwon, 1661-1722
 * 36) Yi Sook, Prince Anheung, 1693-1768
 * 37) Yi Jin-ik, 1728-1796
 * 38) Yi Byeong-won, 1752-1822
 * 39) Yi Gu, Prince Namyeon, 1788-1836
 * 40) Grand Internal Prince Heungseon, 1820-1898
 * 41) Gojong of Korea, 1852-1919
 * 42) Prince Yi Kang, 1877-1955
 * 43) Yi Gap, 1938-2014
 * 44) Yi Won, b. 1962

title: Yi Won


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Ghadames

Ghadames or Ghadamis (Ghadamsi:  ⵄⴰⴷⴻⵎⴻⵙ / Ɛadēməs [ʕadeːməs], غدامس) is an oasis town in the Nalut District of the Tripolitania region in northwestern Libya.

Ghadamès, known as 'the pearl of the desert', stands in an oasis. It is one of the oldest pre-Saharan cities and an outstanding example of a traditional settlement. Its domestic architecture is characterized by a vertical division of functions: the ground floor used to store supplies; then another floor for the family, overhanging covered alleys that create what is almost an underground network of passageways; and, at the top, open-air terraces reserved for the women.

Geography
Ghadames lies roughly 462 km to the southwest of Tripoli, near the borders with Algeria and Tunisia. Ghadames borders Illizi Province, Algeria and Tataouine Governorate, Tunisia.

The oasis has a population of around 10,000, mainly Berbers. The old part of the town, which is surrounded by a city wall, has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage site. Each of the seven clans that used to live in this part of the town had its own district, of which each had a public place where festivals could be held.

Climate
Ghadames has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with hot summers as average high temperature is around 41 °C (105.8 °F) in July, the hottest month of the year as well as cool winters (with high diurnal variation). The town receives little precipitation throughout the year as average annual precipitation is only 73.1 mm (1.30 in).

Ancient eras
It has been suggested, based on archaeological evidence, that this area has been settled since the 4th millennium B.C., and is one of the oldest pre-Saharan settlements. Its situation near a water source in the middle of a desert would have made it an important spot for anyone seeking to settle in the area.

The first written records about Ghadames date from the Roman period when the settlement was known as Cydamus, from which modern Ghadames derives its name. In the 1st century BC, the Roman proconsul Lucius Cornelius Balbus invaded Cydamus during the reign of emperor Augustus. A permanent Roman garrison was established during the reign of Septimius Severus, and the emperor may have visited the settlement around AD 202. However, the Romans withdrew from the area a few decades later during the Crisis of the Third Century.

During the 6th century, a bishop lived in the oasis, after the population had been converted to Christianity by Byzantine missionaries. It became a stronghold of the Donatist heresy until its conquest by Muslim Arabs.

During the late 7th century, Ghadames was ruled by the Muslim Arabs. The population quickly converted to Islam and Ghadames played an important role as base for the Trans-Saharan trade until the 19th century.

The 12th century geographer Abu Hamid al-Gharnati included Ghadamis among the countries of Sudan (i.e., countries of black people), a hypothesis that Saad considers possible, as Ghadamis always had settlers representing him in Timbuktu.

Etymology
The etymology of the name Ghadames is very closely linked with its history. It is believed that the name Ghadames is originally connected to the name of the ancient Berber tribe of Tidamensi, a tribe from Fezzan. It is also believed that the name Tidamensi was corrupted by the invading Romans to form the name Cydamus, which in turn gave way to the name Ghadames.

1900s–present
In October 1911, shortly after the Italo-Turkish War broke out, Ghadames was occupied by Italian soldiers marching from Tripoli. However, Italy's hold on the city was interrupted several times until June 1915, when a general rising throughout Libya caused the Italian garrison to retreat from Ghadames to the stronghold of Tripoli. Effective control over the city was restored in December 1918, but rebellion throughout Fezzan kept Ghadames in a state of emergency until 1923.

In 1943, Free French forces occupied Ghadames and its surrounding area in the southern part of the former Italian colony of Libya, forming the Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames until Libyan independence in 1951. Ghadames was made the territory's capital during this time.

In the 1970s, the government built new houses outside of the old part of the town. However, many inhabitants return to the old part of the town during the summer, as its architecture provides better protection against the heat.

That same time, director Moustapha Akkad chose Ghadames as a filming location for interior scenes of the city of Medina in The Message, an Islamic epic drama film.

During the Libyan Civil War, National Transitional Council forces entered the town on 30 August 2011, which had been under siege by NTC forces since the beginning of the conflict. Until 2011, the city was under control by independent Tuareg troops. After being captured by the Libyan National Army, the entire Tuareg community was forced to flee in an act of ethnic cleansing.

Old Town of Ghadames
The old town, inscribed in 1986 as a UNESCO World Heritage site, was de-populated of its inhabitants throughout the 1990s, leaving the old buildings at risk of collapse due to a lack of maintenance. It has been listed on the List of World Heritage in Danger since 2016 among four other sites in Libya, because of damage caused by the Libyan Civil War affecting the country and the threat of further damage it poses.

title: Ghadames


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Yi Gang

Yi Gang (born 5 March 1958) is a Chinese economist who served as the governor of the People's Bank of China from 2018 to 2023, vice governor of the People's Bank of China from 2007 to 2018, director of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange from 2009 to 2015, and assistant governor of the People's Bank of China from 2004 to 2007.

Biography
Yi Gang was born in Beijing, March 5, 1958. He studied at Beijing University, Hamline University in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and obtained his Ph.D in Economics from the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, with a dissertation on statistical model selection methods. He became an Associate Professor with tenure at Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis and then joined the faculty of Peking University as professor, deputy director of the Center for Economics Research, and Ph.D advisor in Economics. He went to the People's Bank of China in 1997 and then successively served as Deputy Secretary-General and Secretary-General of the Monetary Policy Committee, Deputy Director-General and Director-General of the Monetary Policy Department, and Assistant Governor, as well as President of the Operations Office from September 2006 to October 2007. In December 2007, he was appointed Deputy Governor of the People's Bank of China. From 2009, he served as Director of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) until January 12, 2016. On April 18, 2012, Indiana University president Michael A. McRobbie conferred an honorary doctorate of humane letters upon Yi Gang, who served as assistant professor and associate professor of economics at IUPUI from 1986 to 1994.

Yi has published more than 40 articles in Chinese and 20 academic papers in English that have appeared in economics journals such as the Journal of Econometrics, the China Economic Review, and Comparative Economic Studies. Yi is the author of ten books, and he served as a consultant for the Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, the Journal of Econometrics, China Economic Review, Comparative Economic Studies, Economic Theory, Contemporary Policy Issues, and the Journal of Asian Economics. He also serves on the editorial board of the China Economic Review and the Journal of Asian Economics.

In October, 2016, Yi helped represent China at the semi-annual meetings of the IMF and the World Bank in Washington, D.C., including on a panel with Bank of England governor Mark Carney. The meetings came as the yuan was for the first time being included in the IMF’s international basket of currencies known as special drawing rights. Questions about Chinese debt levels, steel production and housing production were among those addressed in the meetings.

In October 2017, at the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, he was elected as an alternate member of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

From March 2018 to July 2023, Yi was appointed as the governor of the People's Bank of China. In July 2018, he was named Vice Chair of the Financial Stability and Development Committee.

He is also an adviser to the China Finance 40 Forum (CF40).

title: Yi Gang


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Talk:Yi Won

Year or date of birth
References, anyone? -- Visviva 11:58, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

NPOV

 * chuckle* There's a lot of Yi Seok unhappiness coming through in this article. I can live with it, since it's not really inaccurate, but the only people who 'contest' Yi Won's adoption and selection are Yi Seok and his supporters. Rumor has it that at the meeting of the Yi Clan when this decision was made, Yi Seok said some very bad words. Too bad; that's why Korean succession doesn't follow strict rules but picks the most appropriate person.

A nitpick on the guy's title - whether Korea is a monarchy or not is irrelevant - Yi Won is now Head of House of the royal family, and therefore crown prince. If Korea were still a monarchy, he'd also have the job of being king. --Dan 17:18, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Is this article for real? Talk about crying over spilt kimchi... Isaac Crumm 11:56, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * There only one article in the news archive about this subject, compared to 20 about Yi Seok. The articles on Yi Seok in the The New York Times and Washington Post don't even mention that there are other Korean pretenders. I think it's time to stop protraying the succession as seriously disputed. Kauffner (talk) 01:58, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Western media cannot make the sole pretender. Yi Seok is not even listed in List of current pretenders. Yi Won is "posthumous adopted son" of late Yi Ku (even though Korean civil code don't recognize "posthumous adopted son", but House of Yi recongnize it). For example, Emperor Gojong became posthumous adopted son of Munjo (文祖: Crown Prince Hyomyong), therefore he can be the King of Korea. Moreover, Yi Won takes a roll in Jongmyo jerye and other rituals, like the kings of Joseon dynasty. 218.153.217.167 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 02:56, 7 September 2011 (UTC).

 * The Korean government must promote Yi Seok as a tourist attraction and every English-language news source plays along with his faux-pretender status. I wonder how they pulled that one off. I used to work for Korea-Herald. We published whatever Yonhap told us to. Apparently everyone else is just as lame. Kauffner (talk) 12:22, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

National name problem
ex) the next Head of Korean Imperial Household -> the next Head of Daehan Imperial Household

by Princess Yi Haewon of Korea -> by Princess Yi Haewon of Daehan

He currently lives in an apartment in Wondang, Goyang, Gyeonggi province, Korea with his family. -> He currently lives in an apartment in Wondang, Goyang, Gyeonggi province, Daehan with his family.

16 July 2005 – present: assumed to be His Imperial Highness Won, Hereditary Prince Imperial of Korea -> 16 July 2005 – present: assumed to be His Imperial Highness Won, Hereditary Prince Imperial of Daehan --안성균 (talk) 09:25, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Yi Won


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User talk:Almafeta/BALOC

Are you a fan of Pocket Famicom? I did a WLH test on that article name and found it in your user profile. I think everyone in the world deserves a system like that. --SuperDude 00:29, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Almafeta/BALOC


text:
9012Live: The Solos

9012Live: The Solos is the third live album by English rock band Yes, released as a mini-LP on 7 November 1985 by Atco Records. Recorded during their 1984 world tour in support of their eleventh studio album, 90125 (1983), the album features a selection of solo tracks performed by each of the five band members, plus live versions of two songs from 90125. The album was a companion release to the band's 1985 concert film, 9012Live. In 2009, the album was reissued in Japan by Isao Kikuchi for Warner Music Japan, with two bonus tracks.

Track listing
Note: "Si", "Solly's Beard", and "Soon" were recorded on 24 June 1984 at Westfalenhalle in Dortmund, Germany. All other tracks were recorded on 28 September 1984 at Northlands Coliseum in Edmonton, Alberta. "Hold On", "Changes", "City of Love", and "It Can Happen" are part of the soundtrack to the movie 9012Live.

2009 reissue
"Hold On" and "Changes" are live versions of tracks from 90125, while "Soon" is a new arrangement of the final ballad segment from 1974's "The Gates of Delirium". The instrumental "Whitefish" was written by Chris "Fish" Squire and Alan White (hence the track title) and is based on a medley of elements from three previous Squire-written Yes tracks: his 1972 bass showcase "The Fish", the bassline from 1980's "Tempus Fugit" and a portion of 1974's "Sound Chaser". Both "Si" and "Solly's Beard" were original pieces new to this release: the first a Tony Kaye synthesizer and organ piece (at one point quoting Bach's "Toccata & Fugue in D minor") and the latter a fast-picked Trevor Rabin acoustic guitar solo, named after his dog and written/performed in the vein of 1970s jazz fusion guitarists such as Al di Meola and John McLaughlin. Versions of "Soon", "Solly's Beard" and "Whitefish" would be variously performed on subsequent Yes tours in the 1990s and 2000s.

Release
The album reached No. 44 in on the UK Albums Chart and No. 81 on the US Billboard 200 during a chart stay of eleven weeks.

Yes

 * Jon Anderson – lead vocals, keyboards, acoustic guitar
 * Trevor Rabin – guitars, vocals
 * Chris Squire – bass guitar, vocals
 * Tony Kaye – keyboards, vocals
 * Alan White – drums, vocals

Production

 * Yes – production
 * Alan Santos – production manager
 * Paul Massey – engineer
 * Paul de Villiers – engineer, sounds
 * Merle McLain – lighting director
 * Lookout Management – management
 * Rex King – tour management
 * Bill Ludwig – mastering

title: 9012Live: The Solos


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Ampelmännchen

Ampelmännchen (literally little traffic light man, diminutive of Ampelmann ) is the symbol shown on pedestrian signals in Germany. Prior to German reunification in 1990, the two German states had different forms for the Ampelmännchen, with a generic human figure in West Germany, and a generally "male" figure wearing a hat in the East.

The Ampelmännchen is a beloved symbol in former East Germany, "enjoy[ing] the privileged status of being one of the few features of East Germany to have survived the end of the Iron Curtain with his popularity unscathed." After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Ampelmännchen acquired cult status and became a popular souvenir item in the tourism business.

Concept and design
The first traffic lights at pedestrian crossings were erected in the 1950s, and many countries developed different designs (which were eventually standardised). At that time, traffic lights were the same for cars, bicycles and pedestrians. The East Berlin Ampelmännchen was created in 1961 by traffic psychologist Karl Peglau (1927–2009) as part of a proposal for a new traffic lights layout. Peglau criticised the fact that the standard colours of the traffic lights (red, yellow, green) did not provide for road users who were unable to differentiate between colours (ten percent of the total population), and that the lights themselves were too small and too weak when competing against luminous advertising and sunlight. Peglau proposed retaining the three colours while introducing intuitive shapes for each coloured light. This idea received strong support from many sides, but Peglau's plans were doomed by the high costs involved in replacing existing traffic light infrastructure.

Unlike motor traffic, pedestrian traffic has no constraints on age or health (physical or mental), and therefore must accommodate children, elderly people and the disabled. Peglau therefore resorted to images of a little man, his body forming shapes to indicate the appropriate action: The thick, outstretched arms of the front-facing red man form a pictorial barricade to signal "stop", while the sideways-facing green man with his pacing legs forms an arrow, signalling permission to "go ahead". The yellow light was abandoned because of the generally unhurried nature of pedestrian traffic.

Peglau's secretary Anneliese Wegner drew the Ampelmännchen per his suggestions. The initial concept envisioned the Ampelmännchen to have fingers, but this idea was dropped due to technical difficulties with the illumination. However, the man's "perky", "cheerful" and potentially "petit bourgeois" hat – inspired by a summer photo of Erich Honecker in a straw hat – was retained, to Peglau's surprise. The prototypes of the Ampelmännchen traffic lights were built at the VEB-Leuchtenbau Berlin.

The Ampelmännchen was officially introduced on 13 October 1961 in Berlin, at which time the media attention and public interest focused on the new traffic lights, not the symbols. The first Ampelmännchen were produced as cheap decals. Beginning in 1973, the Ampelmännchen traffic lights were produced at VEB Signaltechnik Wildenfels and privately owned artisan shops.

Decades later, Daniel Meuren of the weekly German newsmagazine Der Spiegel described the Ampelmännchen as uniting "beauty with efficiency, charm with utility, [and] sociability with fulfilment of duties". The Ampelmännchen reminded others of a childlike figure with big head and short legs, or a religious leader.

The Ampelmännchen proved so popular that it became part of road safety education for children in the early 1980s. The East German Ministry of the Interior had the idea to bring the two traffic light figures to life as speaking characters. The Ampelmännchen were introduced with much media publicity. They appeared in strip cartoons, also in situations without traffic lights. The red Ampelmännchen appeared in potentially dangerous environments, and the green Ampelmännchen gave advice. Together with the Junge Welt publishing company, games with the Ampelmännchen were developed. Ampelmännchen stories were developed for radio broadcasts. Partly animated Ampelmännchen stories with the name Stiefelchen und Kompaßkalle were broadcast once a month as part of the East German children's bedtime television programme Sandmännchen, which had one of the largest viewing audiences in East Germany. The animated Ampelmännchen stories raised international interest, and the Czech festival for road safety education films awarded Stiefelchen und Kompaßkalle the Special Award by the Jury and the Main Prize for Overall Accomplishments in 1984.

History after reunification
Following the German reunification in 1990, there were attempts to standardise all traffic signs to the West German forms. East German street signs and traffic signs were dismantled and replaced because of differing fonts in the former two German countries. The East German education programmes featuring the Ampelmännchen vanished. This led to calls to save the East German Ampelmännchen as a part of the East German culture. The first solidarity campaigns for the Ampelmännchen took place in Berlin in early 1995.

Markus Heckhausen, a graphic designer from the West German city of Tübingen and founder of Ampelmann GmbH in Berlin, had first noticed the Ampelmännchen during his visits to East Berlin in the 1980s. When he was looking for new design possibilities in 1995, he had the idea to collect dismantled Ampelmännchen and build lamps. But he had difficulty finding old Ampelmännchen and eventually contacted the former VEB Signaltechnik (now Signaltechnik Roßberg GmbH) regarding their excess stock. The company was still producing Ampelmännchen, and liked Heckhausen's marketing ideas. The public embraced Heckhausen's first six lamp models. Local newspapers published full-page articles, followed by articles in national newspapers and designer magazines. The successful German daily soap opera Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten used the Ampelmännchen lamp in their coffeehouse set. Designer Karl Peglau explained the public reaction in 1997: "It is presumably their special, almost indescribable aura of human snugness and warmth, when humans are comfortably touched by this traffic symbol figure and find a piece of honest historical identification, giving the Ampelmännchen the right to represent a positive aspect of a failed social order."

The Ampelmännchen became a virtual mascot for the East German nostalgia movement, known as Ostalgie. The protests were successful, and the Ampelmännchen returned to pedestrian crossings. They can now also be seen in some western districts of Berlin. Some western German cities such as Saarbrücken and Heidelberg have since adopted the design for some intersections. Peter Becker, marshal of Saarbrücken, explained that lights of the East German Ampelmännchen have greater signal strength than West German traffic lights, and "in our experience people react better to the East German Ampelmännchen than the West German ones." In Heidelberg, however, a government department asked the city to stop the installation of more East German Ampelmännchen, citing standards in road traffic regulations.

Heckhausen continued to incorporate the Ampelmännchen design into products and had an assortment of over forty Ampelmännchen souvenir products in 2004, reportedly earning €2 million yearly. In the meantime, east German businessman Joachim Rossberg had also used the distinctive traffic symbol as a logo, and claimed to make €50,000 per year from merchandise. Heckhausen appealed to a Leipzig court in 2005 over the marketing rights, suing Rossberg for failing at making full use of his marketing rights; German legislature rules state that if no use of marketing rights is made for five years, the rights can be cancelled. The court ruled in 2006 that Rossberg's right to use the Ampelmännchen as a marketing brand had largely lapsed and had passed back into the public domain. Rossberg only retained the right to use the symbol to market liqueur, and may no longer use the logo on beer and T-shirts. The court case was later seen by some as part of the cultural and political struggle between residents of the two parts of the reunified country, in which the underdog East generally lost.

Berlin started to modernize its traffic lights from using regular light bulbs to LED technology in early 2006, which promised better visibility and lower maintenance costs.

Variations
There are three Ampelmännchen variations in modern-day Germany – the old East German version, the old West German version, and the pan-German Ampelmännchen introduced in 1992. Each German state holds the right to determine the version used. East Germans have changed the look of Ampelmännchen traffic lights as a joke since the early 1980s; this turned into media-effective efforts to call attention to the vanishing East German Ampelmännchen in the 1990s. The Ampelmännchen on several traffic lights in Erfurt were changed by modifying the template, showing Ampelmännchen carrying backpacks or cameras.

In 2004, Joachim Rossberg invented the female counterpart to the Ampelmännchen, the Ampelfrau, which was installed on some traffic lights in Zwickau, Dresden and Fürstenwalde. The Ampelfrau also appears at some traffic lights in Reykjavik, Iceland.

In 2019, Fulda, a strongly Catholic city in Hesse, adopted Ampelmännchen designed to look like Saint Boniface, on the occasion of 1275th anniversary of the foundation of Fulda princely abbey.

Art collective Ztohoven
Roman Tic (a pseudonym playing with "romantic") of the art collective Ztohoven ("(The way) Out of shit") changed some pedestrian traffic lights in the daylight hours of 8 April 2007 in five hours work, with a ladder and wearing red overalls. He used different motifs, including men and women (e.g. drinking, urinating).

Inclusive traffic lights
On 11 May 2015, before the Life Ball and the Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna, the city changed some traffic lights to "Ampelpärchen"; these are designs with homo- and heterosexual couples, hugging or holding hands. In June 2015, Salzburg (at Staatsbrücke) and Linz (at Mozartkreuzung) followed suit with the same designs. However, in December 2015, a city traffic minister of the party FPÖ dismounted the privately sponsored faceplates, deeming them unnecessary.

Tribute
On 13 October 2017, Google celebrated the 56th anniversary of the Traffic Light Man with a Google Doodle.

title: Ampelmännchen


text:
Dingleberry Haze

Dingleberry Haze is the first EP released by American rock band The Bloodhound Gang on Cheese Factory Records in November 1994.

Though there are not too many differences between this EP and their next release, Use Your Fingers, there are a few. The major difference is in the track "Coo Coo Ca Choo" which uses a sample from Cream's "Sunshine of Your Love", rather than the heavy guitar riff-laden version that appears on Use Your Fingers.

This CD was written by Jimmy Pop and Daddy Long Legs who is now in the group Wolfpac.

Track listing
All songs written by Daddy Long Legs and Jimmy Pop.

 * 1) "Go Down" – 2:23
 * 2) "Cheese Tidbit" – 0:44
 * 3) "Legend In My Spare Time" – 3:08
 * 4) "Neighbour Invasion" – 0:07
 * 5) "Mama Say" – 3:02
 * 6) "Rang Dang" – 3:04
 * 7) "Earlameyer The Butt Pirate" – 0:06
 * 8) "One Way" – 3:07
 * 9) "Shitty Record Offer" – 0:51
 * 10) "Coo Coo Ca Choo" – 2:40
 * 11) "Live At The Apollo" – 2:10

Unreleased tracks
The group was planning on putting more tracks on this EP, but it has been said that they decided against it due to time constraints. Some of these tracks have been released on the band's first album, Use Your Fingers, although they were re-recorded.
 * Convoy
 * Hokie Pokie (though it leaked on the internet in 2011)
 * Ornamental Groove in Floopoid Zee (One of the band's earliest songs)
 * No Rest for the Wicked
 * We Are the Knuckleheads
 * She Ain't Got No Legs

Alternative versions of a few of the songs on this EP are also circulating among fans.

Personnel

 * Engineer – Bill Fitch, D.J. Mizz, Michael Harmon, Richie Gaglia
 * Executive Producer – Cousin Mike
 * Mastered By – Gene Paul
 * Other [Cover Model] – Grover
 * Performer – Daddy Long Legs, Jimmy Pop
 * Performer [The Rest Of The Gang] – Bubba K. Love, Foof, Lazy I, M.S.G. (2), Skip O-Pot 2 Mus*, White Steve
 * Photography – Nicole Shore
 * Written-By – Daddy Long Legs, Jimmy Pop

title: Dingleberry Haze


text:
Dancing Queen (disambiguation)

"Dancing Queen" is a 1976 single by Swedish pop group ABBA.

"Dancing Queen" may also refer to:

Music

 * Dancing Queen (album), 2018 Cher album
 * "Dancing Queen", a 2012 single by South Korean girl group Crayon Pop
 * "Dancing Queen" (Girls' Generation song), a 2012 single by South Korean girl group Girls' Generation

Film

 * Dancing Queen (1993 film), a 1993 British romantic comedy film
 * Dancing Queen (2012 film), a 2012 South Korean romantic comedy film

Television

 * Dancing Queen (2008 Indian TV series), a 2008–2009 Indian dance reality competition television series
 * Dancing Queen (American TV series), 2018 documentary reality television series on Netflix
 * Dancing Queen (2020 Indian TV series),
 * "Dancing Queen" (Legends of Tomorrow), a 2018 episode of Legends of Tomorrow

title: Dancing Queen (disambiguation)