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Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan

Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan (26 November 1678 – 20 February 1771) was a French natural philosopher (physicist), born in the town of Béziers on 26 November 1678. De Mairan lost his father, François d'Ortous, at age four and his mother twelve years later at age sixteen. Over the course of his life, de Mairan was elected into numerous scientific societies and made key discoveries in a variety of fields including ancient texts and astronomy. His observations and experiments also inspired the beginning of what is now known as the study of biological circadian rhythms. At the age of 92, de Mairan died of pneumonia in Paris on 20 February 1771.

Biography
De Mairan attended college in Toulouse from 1694–1697 with a focus on ancient Greek. In 1698 he went to Paris to study mathematics and physics under the teachings of Nicolas Malebranche. In 1702, he returned home to Béziers and began his lifelong study of several fields, most notably astronomy and plant rhythms. Furthermore, during his time in Béziers, he ate almost every day with the Bishop, Louis-Charles des Alrics du Rousset. In 1723, de Mairan, who had become a member of the Académie Royale des Sciences, co-founded the Académie de Béziers under the protection of Cardinal de Fleury, acting prime minister of Louis XV (and himself a protégé of a former Bishop of Béziers, Pierre de Bonsi). Eventually, de Mairan received official lodging in the Louvre where he remained pensionnaire until 1743 and served as secretary from 1741 to 1743. In 1746, he was reinstated as pensionnaire géomètre, or full-time boarding surveyor. It is reported that the Prince of Conti and other great lords heaped extravagant gifts upon him. He was also secretary to the Duke of Orléans.

Observations and notable experiments

 * In 1719, De Mairan discussed the varying obliquity of light that causes cold in winter and heat in summer. He postulated that the sun's heating effect was related to the square of the sine of its elevation. He neglected the effects of atmosphere, admitting that he did not know how much the sun's heat would be absorbed by it. Two and a half years later, he presented a paper to the Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris: "Problem: the ratio of two degrees or quantities of sunlight seen through the atmosphere at two different known angular elevations being given, to find what part of the absolute light of the sun is intercepted by the atmosphere at any desired elevation." In this paper, de Mairan made a hypothesis based on mere observations, supposing that the ratio had been measured, even though it had not. The significance of de Mairan's work, although incorrect, led his protégé, Pierre Bouguer, to invent the photometer.
 * In 1729, de Mairan constructed an experiment showing the existence of a circadian rhythm in plants, presumably originating from an endogenous clock (See 'Experiment on circadian rhythms in plants' below).
 * In 1731, he also observed a nebulosity around a star near the Orion nebula. This was later designated M43 by Charles Messier.
 * In 1731, he published "Traite Physique et Historique De l'Aurore Boreale" (a short summary appeared in the Philosophical Transactions ) in which he put up a novel hypothesis that the Northern Lights are caused by the Sun, as the interaction of the atmosphere with the zodiacal light. At the time, the aurorae were thought to be 'flames' caused by sulfurous effluvia emanating from the Earth.

Experiment on circadian rhythms in plants
In 1729, de Mairan performed an experiment that demonstrated the existence of circadian rhythms in plants, specifically the Mimosa pudica. He was intrigued by the daily opening and closing of the heliotrope plant and performed a simple experiment where he exposed the plants to constant darkness and recorded the behaviour. De Mairan's key conclusion was that the daily rhythmic opening and closing of the leaves persisted even in the absence of sunlight. However, de Mairan did not infer that heliotropes have internal clocks driving leaf rhythms, but rather that they were able "to sense the Sun without ever seeing it". The concept of an internal clock was actually not formulated until much later, although de Mairan did suggest that "it would be curious to test [...] whether, using kilns heated to higher or lower temperatures, one could artificially recreate a day & night perceptible to [plants]; and whether in doing so one could reverse the order of the phenomena of true day & true night."

These results may have gone unnoticed had his colleague, Jean Marchant, not published them for de Mairan. Alternatively, it may be that de Mairan simply was not available to present this work himself. It was quite common at the time, when travels were slow, for one scientist to present the work of another. Whatever the case, this rather obscure one-page contribution by a prolific and highly respected academician did stand the test of time. It is by far the most if not the only paper by de Mairan which is still quoted in the current scientific literature (bar purely historical reviews). When describing his work with eclosion rhythms in his Drosophila models or the rhythmic running activity of mice, founder of modern chronobiology, Colin Pittendrigh, recognised the work of Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan.

A video showing circadian rhythms in a cucumber plant in constant conditions, similar to what de Mairan observed, can be seen.

De Mairan's experimental legacy
Despite Marchant's publication of de Mairan's work, which might have suggested the existence of endogenous biological clocks, rhythms in plant movements were for a long time thought to be extrinsically controlled, by light and dark cycles, or magnetic and temperature oscillations, or even a mysterious, yet-to-be identified X-factor.

In 1823, almost a century after de Mairan's work, the Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle expanded on it by measuring the free running period of Mimosa pudica leaf movements in constant conditions, finding them to be 22–23 hours long. This was probably the first hint of what is now called the circadian (from Latin circa, about, and diem) nature of such endogenous rhythms, found in practically all living organisms, including some bacteria.

Scientific societies and recognition
In 1718, de Mairan was inducted into the Académie Royale des Sciences. The Cardinal de Fleury and the Count of Maurepas selected Mairan to replace Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle as "Secrétaire perpétuel" of the Académie in 1740, a position he accepted only for 3 years, and thus duly resigned in 1743. De Mairan also served as the Académie's assistant director and later director intermittently between 1721 and 1760. Eventually, de Mairan was appointed editor of the Journal des sçavans, a science periodical, by Chancellor d'Aguesseau. Also, in 1735, de Mairan was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1769, a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences as well as to the Russian Academy (St. Petersburg) in 1718. De Mairan was also a member of the Royal Societies of London, Edinburgh, and Uppsala; the Institute of Bologna, and the Academy of Rouen. With Jean Bouillet and Antoine Portalon, he founded his own scientific society in his hometown of Béziers, named the Académie de Béziers, around 1723.

Selected publications

Beyond astronomical and circadian observations, de Mairan actively worked in several other fields of physics including "heat, light, sound, motion, the shape of the Earth, and the aurora".

The following is an abbreviated list of publications (with their English translations) organised by Dr. Robert A. Hatch at the University of Florida: He also published mathematical works.
 * Dissertation sur les variations du barometre (Bordeaux, 1715) (Essays on barometric variations)
 * Dissertation sur la glace (Bordeaux, 1716) (Essay on the ice)
 * Dissertation sur la cause de la lumiere des phosphores et des noctiluques (Bordeaux, 1717) (Dissertation on the cause of light phosphates and noctilucence or nightly light)
 * Dissertation sur l'estimation et la mesure des forces motrices des corps (1728) (Essay on the estimation of the measures of acting forces on the body)
 * Lettre de m. de Mairan a Madame. Sur la question des forces vives (1741) (Letter to Mme Chatelet on the Question of Living Forces), one side of a public debate with Émilie du Châtelet on forces vives.
 * Traité physique et historique de l'aurore boréale, (1733) (Physical and historical Traits of the aurora borealis)

title: Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan


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Ambroise-Marie Carré

Ambroise-Marie Carré OP (25 July 1908 – 15 January 2004) was a Catholic priest, author and member of the Académie française. Born in Fleury-les-Aubrais in Loiret, France, Carré studied at l'école Saint-Joseph and the collège Sainte-Croix de Neuilly before entering the Dominican order in 1926 and being ordained a priest in 1933. Not long thereafter, he was to edit, from 1936 until 1939, the Revue des Jeunes. Under the German Occupation, following the capitulation of the French government to the Nazis during the Second World War, Carré aided those persecuted by the Vichy government, regardless of their religion or ethnicity; for this, he was awarded the Légion d'honneur and the Croix de Guerre.

Both before and after the war, he preached many sermons and participated in conferences in France and abroad (especially in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, and Belgium). He preached the Lenten sermons many times at Notre Dame de Paris, and in 1964, Paul VI called him to present spiritual exercises at the Vatican. He was elected to the Académie française on 26 June 1975, replacing Jean Cardinal Daniélou, a post he held until his death on 15 January 2004 at Ancourt, in France.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ambroise-Marie Carré


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Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Computing/Early/support

New cases

 * We do not have the resources to help you with general computer questions or help you edit Wikipedia. We are here to write software tools to make remedial tasks easier. For now add an item to the end of the list (or start the list) below. Please give a brief overview of your problem including the tool that you use and what you use it for. Someone will open a case for you and leave a message on your talk page requesting more information. If you are unsure what to do feel free to contact us via this talk page. Please be patient.

 * User:Splintax has requested an update of Offline reports/This article links to a redirect back to itself. -- Beland 04:18, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I would like some help separating and sorting red links and blue links as part of the WP:MEA. Compare this and this.  This is currently being done by hand as it makes pruning the lists much easier.  Ideally I would have control over the tool so I could select which articles are chosen or not chosen because it may not be appropriate for all lists, though I'd be happy with anything.  --Reflex Reaction (talk)• 19:30, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

1. The list of 'Subcategories' titles (e.g. Algebra), currently there are 65 according to the math category web page? 2. The list of 'Pages in category "Mathematics"' (e.g. Additional logarithm topics), currently there are 71 according to the math category web page? I am looking for the way to link the tables together via SQL.-User:Kippersnax
 * I have downloaded en 1.5 database tables page, pagelinks and categorylinks. Given a category (e.g. Category:Mathematics) how can I get:

 * Some guy just moved the article about Sasha to Alexander Coe and it has broken about 100 links that are now directed at a disambiguation page. Can someone throw something in a bot to fix this?  All it really needs to do is find all the articles that link to Sasha and change their link that says Sasha to Alexander Coe .  Wickethewok 17:15, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Tool for researchers - history page analysis. Briefly - it would look at the history page and generate some statistical info, like who has edited the article, when, and what have they done with it. Please see details here.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 20:03, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There's a great need for a semi-automated tool to handle reviewing Articles for Creation submissions. Rather than posting an excessively long entry to this list, I'll refer you to my Village Pump request, which includes a before-and-after sample of the type of editing that needs to be done. Any help you can provide would be really, really appreciated. Kickaha Ota 17:33, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It would seem that the Special Page "Cite" e.g. the one for "Driverless car" is broken, in that an attempt to acces the list of main contributors barfs complaining about python: http://tools.wikimedia.de/~tim/cgi-bin/contribution-counter?page=Driverless_car&namespace=&dbname=enwiki_p&hide_minor=on Help! Is this what is meant by long replication lag? if so, a more useful error message would be, er.... Useful. Samfreed 22:57, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * wikEd is a full-featured in-browser text editor that adds enhanced text processing functions to Wikipedia and other MediaWiki edit pages. Currently it works only for Firefox and other Mozilla browsers. I am looking for somebody who can help to make the script work under Internet Explorer 7 and Opera 9. Cacycle 04:27, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Cases needing help

 * This is a list of projects that have an open case and need help but no one is currently involved in the case.

 * 1) Dmcdevit 20050718 Dmcdevit has noticed that the List of Wikipedians by number of edits page is badly out of date. Triddle 20:46, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Smack 20050724 Smack would like a new report format for fixing disambiguations at WikiProject Disambiguation.

Open cases

 * This section is for projects who have an open case and are actively receiving help from a member of this project.

Todo

 * This section is a list of items that should be completed but no one has found the time to do them yet.

Wish list

 * This is where ideas for useful tools or other software bits can be noted. If there is free time and interest this is a good spot to find something to do.

 * 1) I think it would be nice to have a tool that can take wikitext table data and sort on column names, etc then re-output the table. Triddle July 2, 2005 18:05 (UTC)
 * See --Admrb♉ltz (T | C) 03:17, 28 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Tool now at WMF Labs —[  Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 13:33, 12 June 2014 (UTC)


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Talk:Requiem (musical)

NO NO NO NO!!!
Keep this article!!! It is very important! It just needs a clean-up, and a little more information! Please, I beg, KEEP IT!!!

--V 20:07, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Then I suggest you start working to improve the article. For starters, take out the NPOV and add in more information about the piece. As it stands now it's not acceptable. EvilPhoenix talk 21:16, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Requiem (musical)


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Canada's Sports Hall of Fame

Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (Panthéon des sports canadiens; sometimes referred to as the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame) is a Canadian sports hall of fame and museum in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Dedicated to the history of sports in Canada, it serves as a hall of fame and museum for accomplished Canadian athletes, and sports builders and officials.

Established in 1955, the organization inducted its first class of hall of famers, and opened a museum to the public that year. The museum was originally located at Exhibition Place in Toronto. In 1957, the hall of fame moved to another facility at Exhibition Place, sharing the space with the Hockey Hall of Fame. A new building to house the two halls of fame was later built at Exhibition Place in 1961. The two halls of fame continued to share facilities until 1993, when the Hockey Hall of Fame moved to a different location. Canada's Sports Hall of Fame became the building's sole occupant until it was closed in 2006 to make way for BMO Field. The organization continued to induct honourees to its hall of fame, although a new facility to house its museum was not completed until 2011. The 44000 sqft facility was opened at Canada Olympic Park in Calgary, and houses the organization's offices and hall of fame museum.

As of 2022, there were 668 inductees into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, categorized either as athletes, or as builders of the sport. Inductees are nominated by the Canadian public, though are ultimately selected by the organization's selection committee. In addition to inductions into its hall of fame, the organization has also conferred awards for accomplishments in sport, and in the larger community.

History
Efforts to create a national sports hall of fame were spurred by Harry Price, the chairman of the sports committee of the Canadian National Exhibition, who began to travel across Canada in 1947 to gather support for a museum and hall of fame. The hall of fame museum was formally opened on 24 August 1955, at Stanley Barracks in Exhibition Place, Toronto. In 1957, the hall of fame was relocated to the Press Building in Exhibition Place, sharing the facilities with the Hockey Hall of Fame.

After the Hockey Hall of Fame announced it would build a new museum and hall of fame building at Exhibition Place in 1958, it extended an invitation to Canada's Sports Hall of Fame to move into its new facility. The Hall of Fame building was officially opened on 1 May 1961, with Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, and the Hockey Hall of Fame as its occupants. Canada's Sports Hall of Fame would share the same building with the Hockey Hall of Fame until 1993, when the Hockey Hall of Fame moved into Brookfield Place in downtown Toronto. The move of the Hockey Hall of Fame to downtown Toronto led to a decline in attendance at Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in the late 1990s, resulting in plans to move the hall of fame to Ottawa. However, the federal government cancelled those plans in 1999.

Canada's Sports Hall of Fame closed its museum to the public in 2006, with the building being demolished to make way for BMO Field. The organization placed its collections in storage at Stanley Barracks, until a new facility to house the museum was completed. In 2008, the hall of fame's board of governors announced a national bid for a new permanent location for the museum. Nine cities submitted bids to host the museum, although the city of Calgary was eventually selected. Constructed at Canada Olympic Park, funding was provided by the federal government, provincial, and municipal government; in addition to private funds. The federal government contributed C$15 million to the construction budget, whereas the provincial government contributed C$10 million, and the municipal government contributing C$5 million. Canada's Sports Hall of Fame was tasked with raising an additional C$20 million to help pay operational expenses. The building opened to the public on 1 July 2011. In 2019, the hall of fame introduced the People's Choice Award, to recognize an individual sport champion who also contributes to charities and local communities. The inaugural winner of the award was champion golfer and 9-time winner on the LPGA Tour, Brooke Henderson. In the same year, the organization also introduced the Order of Sport Award, which served as a physical award for being inducted to the hall of fame.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the hall of fame's museum was closed in April 2020, and was reorganized into a digital museum.

Building
The 44000 sqft hall of fame and museum building is located on Canada Olympic Road, at Canada Olympic Park, a ski hill and multi-purpose training and competition facility in Calgary. The museum was formerly located at Exhibition Place in Toronto, before it relocated to a new permanent facility in Calgary.

Completed in 2011, Canada's Hall of Fame building was designed by Stantec, on behalf of CANA Construction, the project manager and design-lead for the museum. The exterior facade with its cantilevered structure, was designed to mimic the elevated platforms where athletes receive their medals. The building colour of red and white was taken from the colours of the flag of Canada. The structure was designed to be a sustainable building, and received LEED Silver certification.

The interior of the building is made of three components, the museum and exhibition halls, the organization's office space, and storage space for the museum's collections. All components of the building are connected through a $2 1/2$-storey atrium.

Former museum space
Prior to the closure of its museum in 2020, the museum and exhibit hall were housed in a purpose-designed on the upper level of the building, with the upper level having more floor area than the floor below it. The museum space took up approximately 22000 sqft of the building's floor space. The upper level is perched on the glass and steel structure, and cantilevers 12 m above the lower floor, creating the illusion that the upper level was floating. The cantilevered area also held exhibits on individual sports. The museum space featured twelve galleries, a theatre, and interactive exhibits on the hall of fame's inductees, and Canadian sport. The museum's twelve themed galleries located on various levels, were separated by a "series of bays". The exhibits are designed to circulate around the museum's central atrium or the "Grand Hall," which houses six national trophy exhibits. The design of the museum exhibits was done by Cambridge Seven Associates.

The museum's collections includes over 60,000 photographs, and 100,000 artifacts. After the museum space was closed, artifacts belong to the hall of fame were transferred to the Canadian Museum of History for safekeeping in 2023.

Inductees
As of November 2019, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame had over 670 inductees, categorized either as athletes or builders of the sport. Beginning with the induction of the 2019 class of hall of famers, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame began to issue the Order of Sport award to inductees, as a physical token of their induction into the hall of fame. Hall of famers that were inducted prior to 2019 were all retroactively made "peers" of the order, upon its creation.

Nominations for inductees are accepted from the Canadian public throughout the year. Athletes nominated are required to have been retired for at least four years, although builders may be nominated when they are still active in their careers. Animals and inanimate objects may be considered for induction, although their nomination requires the approval of the Hall's Board of Governors.

A new group of inductees has been introduced into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame annually since its inception in 1955. The annual election of nominees is chosen through a selection committee of ten to 16 people.

Canadian sport legends class
On June 17, 2015, the Hall of Fame introduced the Sport Legends class of inductees, made up of athletes whose careers occurred before 1955. The creation of the Sport Legend class was undertaken in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Canada.

Athletes

 * George Burleigh
 * William Cecil Billy Christmas
 * Alex Decoteau
 * Carol Ann Duthie
 * Alfred Cam Ecclestone
 * Larry Gains
 * Bob Goldham
 * Gerald Gratton
 * Robina Higgins Haight
 * Barbara Howard
 * Bill Isaacs
 * Joe Keeper
 * Johnny Loaring
 * Harry Xul-si-malt Manson
 * Vincent McIntyre
 * Robert McLeod
 * Aileen Meagher
 * Albert Murray
 * Charles Murray
 * Alf Philips
 * Robert Pirie
 * Robert Powell
 * Harvey Pulford
 * Robert Scotty Rankine
 * Hilda Ranscombe
 * Eileen Whalley Richards
 * Winnie Roach-Leuszler
 * Mary Rose Thacker
 * Elizabeth Whittall
 * Rhona and Rhoda Wurtele

Builders

 * Earl Bascom
 * Frank Calder
 * James Creighton
 * Norton Crow
 * Sidney Dawes
 * Jan Eisenhardt
 * Alexandrine Gibb
 * Cecil Grenier
 * Phyllis Griffiths
 * Frederick James Heather
 * Frank Read
 * Melville Marks "Bobby" Robinson
 * William Shuttleworth
 * Henry Sotvedt
 * Stanley Thompson

title: Canada's Sports Hall of Fame


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Simon Jeffery

Simon Jeffery is the chief publishing officer of ngmoco's Plus+ Publishing group.

Similar to EA Publishing Partners group, Plus+ Publishing is a combined technology, App Store publishing and custom support play for iPhone and iPod touch developers. It will launch its first products with the rollout of the 3.0 operating system for those devices. Prior to this, Jeffery was the president of Sega of America from 2004 to 2009. He was president of LucasArts between 2000 and 2003, and a director at the company for three years beforehand. Prior to joining LucasArts, Jeffery worked in a number of marketing, business and development roles for Virgin Interactive and Electronic Arts.

At Sega, Jeffery plans to recruit Western development houses to work with Japanese Sega IP and strengthening Sega's game production in the West in general. At E3 2008 Jeffery told Sega fans there is not going to be a new console from Sega, and no current plans to develop a Shenmue 3. This kills off hope of a Dreamcast 2 and downheartens many Sega fans who still believed it would happen.

Jeffery's main accomplishment during his tenure at LucasArts was forging new relations with external developers to fully develop the Star Wars gaming IP, such as Pandemic Studios, Planet Moon Studios, The Collective, Raven Software and BioWare. Several of LucasArts' most revered and successful Star Wars games were launched during this period, including Rogue Squadron, Jedi Knight II, Star Wars: Battlefront, and Knights of the Old Republic.

However, his goal of turning around a creative original IP slump at the company was never fully realized. According to Jeffery, LucasArts had too heavily relied on its Star Wars license, but successful new IP failed to materialize. Games such as Gladius and RTX Red Rock did not achieve critical acclaim or great sales; follow-ups to classic LucasArts adventure games, Full Throttle: Hell on Wheels and Sam & Max: Freelance Police were cancelled, to much dismay of the fans. (An online petition to save Freelance Police got over 31000 signatures.)

Simon Jeffery later became the subject of several fan animations in the LucasArts fan community, often depicted as a Jesus-like figure. Jeffery is a big Star Wars fan and once claimed to have seen A New Hope 93 times.

title: Simon Jeffery


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Odds and evens (hand game)

Odds and evens is a simple game of chance and hand game, involving two people simultaneously revealing a number of fingers and winning or losing depending on whether they are odd or even, or alternatively involving one person picking up coins or other small objects and hiding them in their closed hand, while another player guesses whether they have an odd or even number. The game may be used to make a decision or played for fun.

The finger game is also known as swords, choosies, pick, odds-on poke, or bucking up. This zero-sum game, a variation of the ancient morra and par-impar, is played in Europe, the US, and in Brazil, especially among children.

History
This game was known by the Greeks (as artiazein) and Romans (as ludere par impar). In the 1858 Krünitzlexikon it says: "The game Odds and Evens was very common amongst the Romans and was played either with tali, tesseris, or money and known as "Alea maior", or with nuts, beans and almonds and known as "Alea minor"."

A medieval reference is found in the Renner by Hugo von Trimberg (verse 2695).

Odds and Evens (Gerade und Ungerade) is included in the list of games prohibited in Austria-Hungary in 1904 by the Ministry of Justice.

Playing
The game has similarities with the finger game of Morra or Fingerlosen (one person hides their hand and then quickly folds or extends one's fingers and the other player has to guess how many fingers are folded or extended).

In Odds and Evens, however, individuals prepare by deciding who will be assigned odds and who will be evens. Then, one or both people say "One, two, three, shoot!" or "once, twice, three, shoot!" As the word "shoot" is said, the two people quickly and simultaneously thrust a fist into the center, extending either an index finger, or both the middle and index finger, indicating one or two. The sum total of fingers displayed is either odd or even. If the result is odd, then the person who called odds is the victor, and can decide the issue as they see fit. Often, the participants continue to shoot for a best two out of three''.

From a game-theoretic perspective, the game is equivalent to matching pennies. See that article for analysis of the strategies and chances of winning.

Adaption
The name Even-Odd or EO (Gerade und Ungerade) was even given to a predecessor of roulette in the 18th century. This continues today in modern roulette in the bets on Pair and Impair.

title: Odds and evens (hand game)


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Leonid Nevzlin

Leonid Borisovich Nevzlin (Леони́д Бори́сович Не́взлин; לאוניד בוריסוביץ' נבזלין; born 21 September 1959) is a Russian-born Israeli businessman, investor, and philanthropist.

Nevzlin occupied various high-ranking positions at Group Menatep and its subsidiary, the Yukos Oil Company. In 2003, the Russian state expropriated Yukos and began a campaign of persecution against its executives. Nevzlin was tried in absentia in Russia in March 2008, found guilty of several counts of conspiracy to murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. In 2014, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of Nevzlin and other Yukos shareholders, calling the actions of the Russian state "a ruthless campaign to destroy Yukos and to expropriate its assets".

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Nevzlin renounced his Russian citizenship, stating that: "I consider the majority of the population of this nation to be Russian slave cattle."

Professional career
From 1981 to 1987, Nevzlin was a software engineer at Zarubezhgeologia, an external trade organization of the Soviet Ministry of Geology. In 1987, he met Mikhail Khodorkovsky and became a deputy director at the Center for Scientific and Technical Creativity of the Youth (MENATEP), attached to the Komsomol committee in Moscow's Frunzensky District.

MENATEP established one of the first private banks in Russia, Bank Menatep. From 1989 to 1991, Nevzlin served as president of the bank, after which he held other high-ranking positions, including vice chairman of the board (1993–1996) and head of public relations (1994–1996). Nevzlin also worked at Group Menatep, focusing on corporate communications, government relations, and human resources. In April 1996 he became vice president of Yukos, in which Menatep had acquired a 78% share in December 1995.

From September 1997 to October 1998, Nevzlin served as first deputy director general of the Russian news agency ITAR TASS, creating a plan to gradually transform it into a joint-stock company. In April 1998, Nevzlin became first vice chairman of Bank Menatep. In 1999 he became first vice chairman of the board of directors of Yukos. From November 2001 to March 2003, he represented the Republic of Mordovia as a senator in the Federation Council of Russia. From June to November 2003, he served as the rector of the Russian State University for the Humanities. In 2003 and 2004, Nevzlin was featured on Forbes magazine's list of the world's 100 wealthiest people. In 2010, his wealth was estimated at US$1.3 billion.

Nevzlin is a co-owner and board member of Haaretz, one of Israel's liberal newspaper publishers, having purchased a 20% stake in the company in 2011 for 140 million shekels. Members of the Schocken family, descendants of the newspaper's founders, retain a 60 percent stake in the company. In 2014, Nevzlin founded the monthly Hebrew-language magazine "Liberal", which publishes analyses of Israeli political life, communications and culture. The inaugural issue appeared in May 2014.

Legal disputes
In 2003, following prolonged clashes with the Kremlin, Yukos' controlling shareholder, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, and another senior executive, Platon Lebedev, were arrested on charges of fraud and tax evasion. Both were convicted in 2005 following trials that were widely condemned internationally as procedurally flawed and politically motivated. Khodorkovsky was found guilty and the sentence for tax evasion and fraud was upheld by the European Court of Human Rights for the same affair. Yukos' assets were subsequently awarded to state-owned companies in a series of forced auctions. Yukos was declared bankrupt in August 2006.

Nevzlin left Russia for Israel in 2003. In 2004 the Russian Prosecutor General's Office sought Nevzlin's extradition over hotly disputed criminal allegations against him related to his tenure at Yukos. The Israeli government rejected the extradition request due to insufficient evidence. Two members of the Israeli public who felt aggrieved by their government's decision sued to have it reversed. They also petitioned the interior minister to revoke Nevzlin's Israeli citizenship on the grounds that it was obtained under false pretenses. Nevzlin's attorney, David Libai, argued that the charges against him were the result of political persecution. A spokesman for Nevzlin stated in reaction to the extradition request, "Amnesty International, the European Parliament, and the court in the UK, are only some of the bodies that have found that Russian president Vladimir Putin is persecuting Mikhail Khodorovsky, Leonid Nevzlin, and the other shareholders in Yukos, who dared to support democratic opposition parties and openly come out against him. Putin does not hesitate to make use of the Russian authorities that are subordinate to him to create false charges – in the best tradition of the KGB, in which Putin grew up."

In May 2008, Israel's Supreme Court found there was no evidence directly connecting Nevzlin to the criminal allegations made against him. The court rejected extradition and denied the motion to strip Nevzlin of his citizenship. Israel's interior minister and attorney general were ordered to pay Nevzlin's court costs for this case. Nevzlin was tried in absentia in Russia in March 2008, found guilty of several counts of conspiracy to murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Nevzlin called the court case a show trial orchestrated by Vladimir Putin.

In 2014, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, despite the Russian Duma having never ratified the treaty under which this judgment was made, therefore making a non-legally-binding judgment, ruled unanimously that the Russian authorities had conducted a "ruthless campaign to destroy Yukos, appropriate its assets and eliminate Mr. [Mikhail] Khodorkovsky as a political opponent". According to the panel, the forced auction of core parts of the company through contested bankruptcy proceedings "was not driven by motives of tax collection but by the desire of the State to acquire Yukos' most valuable asset and bankrupt Yukos.... In short, it was in effect a devious and calculated expropriation".

The former Yukos shareholders were awarded damages totaling $50 billion – the largest arbitration award in history. As the biggest shareholder of GML, the former Yukos holding company that brought the legal case, with a 70 per cent stake, Nevzlin stands to be the biggest single beneficiary from The Hague's ruling. The Russian government failed to meet the deadline of 15 January 2015 for paying the award. Early news reports indicated that the former Yukos investors would seek redress by asking U.S. and EU courts to seize Russian-owned assets on their own territories.

Public affairs and philanthropy
Nevzlin was awarded the Order of Friendship, one of the Russian Federation's highest honors, for his efforts in supporting Boris Yeltsin's reelection campaign in 1996.

From March to December 2001 Nevzlin served as president of the Russian Jewish Congress. He was a key player in Jewish historical and heritage research projects, including the establishment of the Moscow Jewish Cultural Center and the International Center for Russian and Eastern European Jewish Studies in Moscow. Moreover, Nevzlin contributed to numerous other Jewish educational programs developed in collaboration with World ORT, the Jewish Agency for Israel and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee.

Since moving to Israel, Nevzlin has established the NADAV Foundation, which supports projects in Jewish studies and education, Israel-Diaspora relations and Jewish peoplehood. Its annual "NADAV Peoplehood Prize" has been awarded to such figures as author Elie Wiesel, retired Israeli Supreme Court Chief Justice Aharon Barak, and, most recently, Rabbi David Stav, an Israeli Orthodox rabbi.

Nevzlin created the Leonid Nevzlin Research Center for Russian and Eastern European Jewry at Jerusalem's Hebrew University. He has also served on the boards of both the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University.

In collaboration with the Israeli government, Nevzlin created a relief fund in 2004 to revive Beit Hatfutsot – the Museum of the Jewish People, located on the campus of Tel Aviv University, and was elected chairman of its International Board of governors. The NADAV Foundation launched the International School for Jewish Peoplehood Studies at Beit Hatfutsot in 2006, and the Nevzlin Center for Jewish Peoplehood at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya in 2010.

Nevzlin has served on the board of governors of the Jewish Agency for Israel and the board of trustees of Keren Hayesod, the United Israel Appeal, and as associate chairman of the board of directors of the Jewish People Policy Planning Institute.

Nevzlin is also a long-term supporter of Israeli healthcare charity Ezra LeMarpeh.

Family and education
Nevzlin was born in Moscow on 21 September 1959 into a family of Lithuanian Jewish origin. He graduated from the Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas in 1981, and earned an MA from the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, majoring in management and marketing. Nevzlin has married three times and has five children including Irina Nevzlin, chair of the board of directors at Beit Hatfutsot. Through Irina, he is the father in law of Israeli politician Yuli Edelstein.

In 2014, Nevzlin acquired an apartment in the new, upscale Waldorf-Astoria hotel/apartment complex in the center of Jerusalem at a cost of 40 million shekels (approximately US$11.5 million).

Writings
Nevzlin is the author of the two books "Человек с рублём" ("Man with a Ruble", coauthored with Mikhail Khodorkovsky), in praise of free-market economics, and "Public Relations – кому это надо?” ("Public Relations – Who Needs Them?”).

Publications

 * Chelovek s rublyom. (en: The man with the Rubel.), with Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Moscow: Menatep-Inform 1992, ISBN 978-5-7043-0575-0

title: Leonid Nevzlin


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Markham—Stouffville (federal electoral district)

Markham—Stouffville is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada. It encompasses a portion of Ontario previously included in the electoral districts of Markham—Unionville and Oak Ridges—Markham.

Markham—Stouffville was created by the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution and was legally defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the dropping of the writs for the 2015 federal election. Helena Jaczek has represented the riding since the 2019 federal election.

Geography
The territory of the riding (map ) consists of part of the Regional Municipality of York: (a) the Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville; and (b) the part of the City of Markham lying easterly of a line described as follows: commencing at the intersection of the northerly limit of Markham with Highway 48; then southerly along Highway 48 to 16th Avenue; then westerly to McCowan Road; then southerly to Highway 407; then easterly along Highway 407 to the Rouge River; then generally southeasterly along Rouge River to the southerly limit of Markham. The riding's population is estimated at 109,780.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Ethnic groups: 36.0% White, 27.7% Chinese, 19.0% South Asian, 3.7% Black, 3.6% Filipino, 1.1% Arab, 1.1% West Asian

Languages: 51.2% English, 12.7% Cantonese, 7.1% Mandarin, 4.9% Tamil, 1.6% Italian, 1.6% Urdu, 1.4% Tagalog, 1.0% Gujarati

Religions: 47.0% Christian (22.3% Catholic, 4.3% Christian Orthodox, 2.6% Anglican, 2.2% United Church, 1.3% Baptist, 1.1% Presbyterian, 13.2% Other), 10.2% Hindu, 6.9% Muslim, 2.4% Buddhist, 1.0% Sikh, 31.5% None

Median income: $43,200 (2020)

Average income: $59,800 (2020)

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament: