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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Secret Maryo Chronicles

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:24, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

Secret Maryo Chronicles
Complete fancruft, not notable, no better than putting a random fan fiction in. Delete. A Link to the Past 09:08, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Discounted votes are stricken out. - Mgm|(talk) 12:58, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not notable. --Malathion 09:43, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn. --TheMidnighters 12:01, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable mariocruft. JamesBurns 04:42, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It is a popular program that has been downloaded thousands of times. --Mattwj2002 02:11, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It's not fancruft, we have many fans and it is actively developed ! --FluXy 04:48, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * User's only edit. --Allen3 talk 13:29, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Actively developed. Many notable features. EndOfDestiny 20:05, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * User's only edit. - Mgm|(talk) 12:58, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, looks interesting but not yet notable, and there are many other clones out there. StopTheFiling 22:10, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, A great programming effort. Among the best Mario remakes out there, and very active.
 * Unsigned vote by Stephelton is the user's 7th edit--Allen3 talk 13:24, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Quality =/= Notability. Is it popular? Is it well-known? Is it on par with Zelda Classic? I'd say no for all three. -- A Link to the Past 23:41, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Please check carefully for sockpuppet and newbie votes. - Mgm|(talk) 12:58, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Talk:SSVOBB "Lambach Aircraft"

title: Talk:SSVOBB "Lambach Aircraft"


text: User talk:82.35.211.181

title: User talk:82.35.211.181


text:
Steventon, Hampshire

Steventon is a village and a civil parish with a population of about 250 in north Hampshire, England. Situated 7 miles south-west of the town of Basingstoke, between the villages of Overton, Oakley and North Waltham, it is close to Junction 7 of the M3 motorway.

History
The community is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as a manor but a church is not mentioned.

Steventon is best known as the birthplace of the author Jane Austen, who lived there from 1775 to 1801, when she moved to Bath with her parents. Though the Rectory in which she wrote Pride and Prejudice, Northanger Abbey and Sense and Sensibility was pulled down around 1824, the site is still marked by an old lime tree that is believed to have been planted by her eldest brother, James, who took over the parish from his father. An excavation in 2011, directed by Debbie Charlton, of Archeo Briton, was able to find and map the site of the former rectory and recovered some artifacts. The site is also designated by a fenced area and a warning sign.

The 13th-century church of St Nicholas, where Jane's father was rector for 44 years and where Jane worshipped for 25 years, seems little changed from their day. (It is now one of four in the benefice of North Waltham, Steventon, Ashe and Deane.) Inside are memorial tablets to James Austen, his nephew William Knight and their families, together with the Digweeds who rented the Steventon Estate during the Austen-Knight period. Outside in the churchyard are their graves together with those of later Lords of the Manor of Steventon. The church is a Grade II listed building, said to be from the 13th century with a few modifications made in the 17th century and a significant restoration in the 19th. A local history adds specifics: about restorations in 1934, 1975, 1984 and 1988. In the two recent efforts, the "roof and spire were completely renovated ... the interior of the church was renovated".

The Ash Park estate, six miles from Steventon Church, built in the 1600s, was frequently visited by Austen in the late 18th century. It was restored in 1934 by Col Sir John Humphery and additions were made in the 1950s but the building was nearly derelict by the 1990s. It was eventually restored and the grounds were re-landscaped; the property became a polo centre. A part of the current structure dates back to the original, but there have been various alterations since that time. Ashe Park is not a listed building.

Other architecture in the area, associated in some manner with Austen, includes Deane House (where Jane met Tom LeFroy), Ashe Rectory (home of the LeFroys), Oakley Hall (where she visited Wither and Mary Bramston), the railway viaduct and the Wheatsheaf Hotel (where she collected the mail). The home of her brother, Edward Austen Knight, known as Chawton House, is roughly 16 mi from Steventon.

The Victorian Steventon Manor (built in 1877) which replaced an early Norman building was destroyed by fire in 1932. It was replaced by an Elizabethan manor which was demolished in 1970 after being vandalized. The site is now covered by the M3 motorway.

Governance
The village is a civil parish and part of the Overton, Laverstoke and Steventon ward of Basingstoke and Deane borough council. The borough council is a Non-metropolitan district of Hampshire County Council.

title: Steventon, Hampshire


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Luigi Locati

Luigi Locati (July 23, 1928 – July 14, 2005) was an Italian Catholic missionary and bishop. He was shot to death at the pastoral center of Isiolo, Kenya. Two priests, Cyril Mukuchia(Cyril was later found innocent and not guilty and was cleared off all the accusations and charges) and Peter Malley Guyo Wako, were arrested in connection to his murder.

Biography
Born in the village Vinzaglio in northern Italy, he was ordained as priest on June 29, 1952. In the 1960s he came to Kenya as a missionary and worked as a parish priest in Isiolo. On December 15, 1995, he was appointed as vicar apostolic of the newly created Vicariate Apostolic of Isiolo, Kenya, and titular bishop of Zica (see). In Isiolo he knew Annalena Tonelli, an Italian woman who was also a missionary and was killed in Africa in 2003.

title: Luigi Locati


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Stalin Society

The Stalin Society is a British discussion group for individuals who see Joseph Stalin as a great Marxist–Leninist and wish to preserve his legacy. The society originated as a consequence of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and what the members perceived as a subsequent increase in the criticism of Stalin. According to the Stalin Society's website, "[t]he Stalin Society was formed in 1991 to defend Stalin and his work on the basis of fact and to refute capitalist, revisionist, opportunist and Trotskyist propaganda directed against him".

Organisation
The society is based on individual membership but political groups such as the Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist), and the Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist) are notably prominent within it. Many have pointed to a considerable overlap of membership with Arthur Scargill's Socialist Labour Party, including Scargill himself. The Stalin Society's chair, Harpal Brar, for instance, was at one time a member of both organisations (although he subsequently left the SLP to head the CPGB-ML). Through Brar, the society was also linked to the Association of Communist Workers. One of the Stalin Society's founders, Bill Bland, was expelled in an organizational dispute. Kamal Majid, a founding member of the Stalin Society, is a patron of the Stop the War Coalition.

Views on excess mortality during Stalin’s leadership
The Stalin Society upholds traditional Soviet views on a number of controversial events that took place in the Soviet Union under Stalin's leadership. The Holodomor, a famine that killed millions of Ukrainians in 1932–33 and which was part of the Soviet famine of 1930–1933, is said to have resulted from poor weather conditions and sabotage by rich peasants. The belief that Stalin intentionally brought the Holodomor about in order to break the Ukrainian national spirit is attributed to 1930s anti-Soviet propaganda perpetuated by Ukrainian nationalists and McCarthyists. The Great Purge, a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union in 1936–38, is regarded as a fair legal process designed to thwart an anti-Soviet coup, for which the numbers of imprisoned and dead have been exaggerated by anti-Soviet propagandists. The Katyn massacre, a mass execution of Polish figures in 1940, is said to have been committed by Nazi German forces who captured Polish prisoners of war held by the Soviets. Nazi propaganda is said to have been responsible for its attribution to the Soviets.

21st century
The society continues to hold public meetings. The Stalin Society has produced many booklets on subjects including CPSU purges, famines and George Orwell.

The "Stalin Society of Pakistan" was formed in 2013 and has a website and Facebook account. The society has claimed on Facebook that it "stands for communist revolution in Pakistan" and on its website it states that it is "not a political party but an academic venture" which aims to "refute anti-Stalin propaganda and revisionism". Stalin Societies have also been formed in the United States and Canada, Tunisia, India, Italy, Ireland, and Argentina, and an International Stalin Society was formed in 2014.

title: Stalin Society


text:
Politics of East Germany

The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), commonly known in English as East Germany) was created as a socialist republic on 7 October 1949 and began to institute a government based on the government of the Soviet Union during the Stalin era. The equivalent of the Communist Party in East Germany was the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany, SED), which along with other parties, was part of the National Front of Democratic Germany. It was created in 1946 through the merger of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in the Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany. Following German reunification, the SED was renamed the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), which eventually merged with the West German Electoral Alternative for Labor and Social Justice to form the modern Left Party.

The other political parties ran under the joint slate of the National Front, controlled by the SED, for elections to the Volkskammer, the East German parliament. The other parties were:

 * 1) Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU), merged with the West German CDU after reunification
 * 2) Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands (Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany, DBD), merged with the West German CDU after reunification
 * 3) Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (Liberal Democratic Party of Germany, LDPD), merged with the West German FDP after reunification
 * 4) Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (National Democratic Party of Germany, NDPD), merged with the West German FDP after reunification

The purpose of the National Front was to give the impression that the GDR was a democracy governed by a broad-based coalition. In fact, all parties and mass organizations were subservient to the SED, and had to officially accept the SED's leading role as a condition of their existence. The other purpose was to catch parts of society that would ordinarily not be represented by the SED, a nominal workers party. For example, the CDU was directed to the large number Christians in the GDR, the NDPD was designed to catch former NSDAP members and so on. All of these parties were subservient to the SED, which per the GDRs constitution was the ruling party. All decisions, in practice, were made by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED, with the Central Committee of the SED and the Volkskammer rubber-stamping its decisions and the Council of Ministers of East Germany implementing them. In elections, voters only had the option of approving or rejecting a single "united list" of NF candidates. Elections were not secret and voters that rejected the National Front list or struck candidates from the list faced consequences. Two of the block parties were formerly independent (CDU and LDPD/LDP) and two others were established on the instigation of the SED (NDPD and DBD).

The Volkskammer also included representatives from the mass organisations like the Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend or FDJ), or the Free German Trade Union Federation. In an attempt to include women in the political life in East Germany, there was even a Democratic Women's Federation of Germany with seats in the Volkskammer. The SED members on the list were always the majority because many candidates of the mass organizations were also SED members.

Non-parliamentary mass organizations which nevertheless played a key role in East German society included the German Gymnastics and Sports Association (Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund or DTSB) and People's Solidarity (Volkssolidarität, an organisation for the elderly). Another society of note was the Society for German-Soviet Friendship.

State Council
Designated as an organ of the People's Chamber, the Council of State (Staatsrat der DDR) was largely a creation of Walter Ulbricht during his tenure as first secretary of the SED. After Ulbricht was forced to relinquish that position in 1971, the prestige and authority of the council correspondingly began to decline. However, although it was no longer the de facto supreme executive organ, Erich Honecker's assumption of the chairmanship of the Council of State in October 1976 represented a renewal of its importance. A similar move was made in the Soviet Union when Leonid Brezhnev became head of state. It is reasonable to assume that given East Germany's close adherence to Soviet practices, the increased invisibility of the Council of State since the late 1970s can be traced at least in part to parallel developments in the Soviet Union. Related to the takeover of the council's chairmanship by Honecker is the fact that after 1977 the number of individuals who were simultaneously members of the council and of the SED's Central Committee Secretariat increased.

In referring to the Council of State, the Constitution declared that it consisted of the chairman, deputy chairmen, members, and secretary; it did not specify the number of deputy chairmen and members. In 1987, under the chairmanship of Honecker, there were eight deputy chairmen and seventeen members. In addition to Honecker, two of the deputy chairmen, Horst Sindermann and Willi Stoph, were members of the Politbüro of the SED; Stoph was also chairman of the Council of Ministers, and Sindermann was president of the People's Chamber. Four of the deputy chairmen of the Council of State represented the other four political parties, as did four of its seventeen members. The day-to-day functions of the council were carried on by a staff consisting in 1987 of twenty offices and departments, all of which were headed by SED members. Despite the presence of non-SED members as deputy chairmen and members of the leadership group, SED control was guaranteed by the presence of Honecker, Stoph, Sindermann, and Egon Krenz, probably the four most powerful individuals in the country.

In the mid-1980s, the functions performed by the Council of State included representing the country abroad and ratifying and terminating international treaties; supporting local assemblies in the implementation of their economic and budgetary plans; administering electoral laws that govern the selection of local assemblies on the community, city, county, and district levels; discharging responsibilities for the maintenance of the country's defense with the assistance of the National Defense Council; and administering the activities of the Supreme Court and the Office of the Prosecutor General to ensure their actions were congruent with the Constitution and the civil law. In this area, the Council of State possessed additional responsibility for proclaiming amnesties and pardons.

Council of Ministers
The Council of Ministers (Ministerrat der DDR) was the government of East Germany and the highest organ of the state apparatus. Its position in the system of government and its functions and tasks were specified in the Constitution as amended in 1974 as well as in the "Law on the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic" of October 1972. Whereas earlier the Council of Ministers had been described as the "executive organ of the People's Chamber," the 1972 statute defined the council as the "government." According to the new law, the Council of Ministers was to "carry out the decisions of the party of the working class on the basis of the laws and decisions of the People's Chamber." The Constitution (as amended in 1974) significantly expanded the functions of the Council of Ministers at the expense of the Council of State.

In 1987 the Council of Ministers consisted of a chairman, two first deputy chairmen, and nine deputy chairmen, all of whom constituted an inner circle called the Presidium of the Council of Ministers. The chairman of the Council of Ministers, Willi Stoph, was head of the government (prime minister). Stoph, a representative of the old guard and a Politbüro member since 1953, was again appointed council chairman in 1986. Unlike the nine deputy chairmen, the two first deputy chairmen, Politbüro members Werner Krolikowski and Alfred Neumann, generally had not been responsible for specific ministerial portfolios.

In 1987 four of the nine deputy chairmen represented the four non-SED political parties allowed to operate in East Germany. The four non-SED deputy chairmen were the minister of posts and telecommunications - Rudolf Schulze of the CDU; the minister of environmental protection and water management - Hans Reichelt of the DBD; the minister of justice - Hans-Joachim Heusinger of the LDPD; and the chairman of the State Contract Court - Manfred Flegel of the NDPD. The other five positions held by deputy chairman on the Presidium of the Council of Ministers were occupied by members of the Central Committee of the SED. Two of the appointees, Günther Kleiber and Gerhard Schürer, a candidate member, were also Politbüro members. Of the thirty-three regular members on the council, including both ministers and nonministers, nineteen were concurrently members of the Central Committee of the SED, and two were also Politbüro members. The latter were Erich Mielke, minister of state security, and Hans Joachim Böhme, minister of university and technical affairs.

According to the Constitution, all members of the Council of Ministers were formally elected to their posts by the People's Chamber for a five-year term. In fact, these decisions probably emanated from the Politbüro and the Central Committee of the SED. The Council of Ministers was required to work closely with the People's Chamber, and according to its administrative guidelines, the council was required to have all its legal drafts and decisions approved by the People's Chamber before they became law. In practice, the converse was true; the People's Chamber was obliged to approve those actions that were undertaken by the council and then routinely submitted to the legislature. Similarly, the People's Chamber was given the formal responsibility of selecting the membership of the council; in practice such personnel decisions were made by the Politbüro. The legislature was then expected to approve the selections.

The Council of Ministers was responsible for providing the People's Chamber with the major legal drafts and decisions that subsequently were to be promulgated by the parliament. The work style of the Council of Ministers was a collective one. It normally met on a weekly basis to discuss problems and plans put forward by individual ministers. It also confirmed decisions that were already made by the Presidium. The Presidium was of special importance because of its responsibility for handling the affairs of the council when the full body was not in session.

Specific functional responsibilities of the Council of Ministers included directing and planning the national economy; solving problems growing out of membership in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon—see Appendix B); coordinating and implementing social policy decisions that have been agreed upon with the support and concurrence of the Free German Trade Union Federation (Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund—FDGB); instructing and controlling subordinate levels of government, i.e., the councils at district, county, and community levels that implemented the laws and decisions of the central government; improving the functioning of the system of "democratic centralism" within the state apparatus; and carrying out the basic foreign policy principles of the socialist state.

Judiciary
Like all other aspects of the government administration of East Germany, the party was the ultimate decision maker in the operation of the legal system. The Constitution, however, provided for the right of citizens to a voice in the judicial process and the selection of judges, directly or through their elected representatives. It further provided for citizen participation in the administration of justice in an effort to deter crime. Basic guarantees for justice were said to derive from the "socialist society, the political power of the working people, and their state and legal system."

In fact, separation of powers did not exist in the East German system of government. Although the Constitution asserted the independence of the courts, it also subordinated the judiciary to the political authorities and their political goals. Even the superficially democratic 1949 Constitution subordinated the judiciary, along with all other government organs, to the People's Chamber. Judgeships were restricted to Communists of proven loyalty. The regime officially considered law and justice the tools for building a communist society and declared it the duty of all judicial and legal officers to serve this end. In effect, legal and judicial organs served as agencies for promoting official doctrine, and the careers of personnel in the system were dependent on their political ratings as determined by higher state and party officials.

At the top of East Germany's legal system was the Ministry of Justice, the Supreme Court, and the Office of the Prosecutor General. In 1987 the heads of these offices were, respectively, Hans-Joachim Heusinger (LDPD), Heinrich Toeplitz (CDU), and Josef Streit (SED). The Prosecutor General appointed prosecutors throughout East Germany, including those active in military courts; he could dismiss them, and they were "responsible to him and bound by his instructions." The Office of the Prosecutor General was also responsible for supervising "strict adherence to socialist legality and protecting citizens from violations of the law." The role of the Ministry of Justice, which was not mentioned in the Constitution, appeared to be largely formal and propagandistic.

The organs of justice were the Supreme Court, regional courts, district courts, and social courts. Military jurisdiction was exercised by the Supreme Court and military tribunals and courts. The specific areas of responsibility for each level of the court system are defined by law. Professional and lay judges of the courts are elected for five years by corresponding representative bodies, except district court judges, who were elected directly by the citizenry. They were subject to dismissal for malfeasance and for violations of law and the Constitution in the performance of their duties.

Under the Constitution, the Supreme Court, as the highest organ of the legal system, directed the jurisdiction of all lower courts and was charged with ensuring the uniform application of the law on all levels. The highest court not only had the right of extraordinary appeal as a measure of control over the lower courts but on occasion serves as a link in the chain of command by issuing general legal directives. According to Article 93 of the Constitution, the Supreme Court "directs the jurisdiction of the courts on the basis of the Constitution, the laws, and their statutory regulations. . . . It ensures a uniform application of the law by all courts." The directive function of the Supreme Court went far beyond that of supreme courts in Western systems, which as a rule do not give legally binding instructions to the lower courts concerning specific questions of law. The Supreme Court was responsible to the People's Chamber and, between the latter's sessions, to the Council of State. Internally, the organization of the high court consisted of an assembly, a presidium, and three functional administrative divisions known as collegiums for criminal justice, military justice, and civil, family, and labor law. The assembly, which was directed in its plenary sessions by the Supreme Court Presidium, consisted of fifteen directors of the district courts, the chairmen of the higher military courts, and all professional judges.

Each district court was presided over by a professional judge and two jurors in cases of original jurisdiction and by three professional judges in cases of appellate jurisdiction. The district courts had appellate jurisdiction in civil cases and original jurisdiction in major criminal cases such as economic crimes, murder, and crimes against the state.

The county court was the lowest level of the judiciary system, and each of the country's counties had at least one such court, which was presided over by a professional judge and two lay assessors. The majority of all criminal and civil cases were tried at this level; county courts had jurisdiction over cases not assigned elsewhere and civil cases involving only small amounts of property.

In addition to the regular law courts, East Germany also developed an extensive system of community and social courts (gesellschaftliche Gerichte), known also as "conflict or arbitration commissions" (Konflikt-und Schiedskommissionen). The first were formed in state-owned and private enterprises, health and educational institutions, offices, and social organizations. The second were established in residential areas, collective farms, and cooperatives of manual laborers, fishermen, and gardeners. Created to relieve the regular courts of their minor civil or criminal case loads, the jurisdiction of the courts applied to labor disputes, minor breaches of the peace, misdemeanors, infringements of the law, truancy, and conflicts in civil law. These courts were composed of lay jurors elected by their respective constituencies. Party officials at the community level generally influenced the nomination of jurors to the community courts and exercised considerable influence on the outcome of cases heard at this level.

Politicians of note in East Germany
Leaders and their key positions - see also Leaders of East Germany
 * Heinrich Rau Chairman of the German Economic Commission (predecessor of the East German government), (1948-1949)
 * Erich Honecker (General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party (SED), 1971–89; Chairman of the Council of State, 1976–89)
 * Walter Ulbricht (General Secretary of the SED, 1950–71; Chairman of the Council of State, 1960–73)
 * Wilhelm Pieck (Chairman of the SED - jointly with Otto Grotewohl, 1946–50, ; State President, 1949–60)
 * Otto Grotewohl (Chairman of the SED - jointly with Wilhelm Pieck, 1946–50; Chairman of the Council of Ministers, 1949–64)
 * Willi Stoph (Chairman of the Council of Ministers, 1964–73 and 1976–89; Chairman of the Council of State, 1973–76)
 * Egon Krenz (General Secretary of the SED, 1989; Chairman of the Council of State, 1989)
 * Hans Modrow, last socialist head of government
 * Lothar de Maizière, first (and only) non-socialist head of government
 * Günter Schabowski, famous for his role (as a government spokesman) in the fall of the Berlin Wall

Others
 * Erich Mielke
 * Wilhelm Külz
 * Günter Mittag
 * Robert Havemann
 * Gregor Gysi
 * Harry Tisch
 * Hermann Axen
 * Hilde Benjamin
 * Johannes R. Becher

title: Politics of East Germany


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Jacques Roche

Jacques Roche (21 July 1961 – 14 July 2005), a Haitian journalist and editor for Le Matin newspaper and a host of a TV show in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, was kidnapped, tortured and killed during a wave of abductions carried out before elections. Roche was affiliated with Group of 184 and an opponent of Jean-Bertrand Aristide and his Fanmi Lavalas political party and pro-Lavalas were suspected of carrying out his murder.

Personal
Jacques Roche was born 21 July 1961. His family was from Cavaellon and according to Father Gérard Jean-Juste, Roche's mother once saved his life.

Roche led the organization Assemblée des Peuples de la Caraïbe au Cap Haïtien. Roche was known to organize photography exhibitions to educate different communities throughout Haiti. He also encouraged the public's resistance to laws being passed in Haiti, such as the Haiti's Zona Franca, a law which replaced some of the last fertile land in Haiti with sweatshops.

Career
Jacques Roche was a journalist and editor of the Le Matin daily arts and culture newspaper section. He also hosted a local television show. The television show he was a host for focused on civil society issues for Group of 184. Roche was also a poet.

Death
Jacques Roche was kidnapped on 10 July 2005. Roche was driving in the downtown area of Nazon in Port-au-Prince where he would participate in a civil rights rally. Roche was kidnapped by a group of three or four people and then handed over to a gang who then demanded a ransom.

The kidnappers of Roche demanded a $250,000 ransom for his safe return, but his family and friends could only come up with $10,000, therefore he was killed. His family suspect that his affiliation with the Group of 184 ultimately led to his kidnapping and execution. Group of 184 is an anti-Aristide group that protests against the civil rights that they have in Haiti.

Days later in the afternoon of 14 July 2005, Roche's tortured body was found in the downtown area of Port-au-Prince. Television footage showed him tied to a chair and mutilated. Police say he was tortured, both of Roche's arms were broken, his tongue had been cut out. His actual cause of death was ruled as gun shots to the mouth.

Various charges were made about which group was involved in Roche's kidnapping and directed against the government and a priest. Political opposition leader Father Gérard Jean-Juste, a priest who attended Roche's funeral and was attacked and beaten by mourners, was also accused and detained for questioning, although he was in Florida at the time of Roche's murder and he knew Roche's family. Those charges were later dropped following international protest and claims of political motivation by government police and judges.

On 16 and 22 July 2005, members of the UN mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) and local police arrested three suspects. According to Reporters Without Borders, the suspects belonged to a gang called the "Rat Army" that operated in the Port-au-Prince district of Bel-Air. Two people were later sentenced to life in prison for the death of Roche.

Context
Jacques Roche is just one of many journalists in Haiti who had been threatened due to his affiliation with the news and media of Haiti. It is believed that journalists all throughout Haiti have been targeted, threatened and attacked because of the lawlessness in Haiti. Some journalists have taken to extreme measures and fled the country because of this. Nancy Roc, who was a host for a radio show in Haiti called Radio Metropole, fled the country after she was threatened and warned of being abducted.

Impact
Roche's death is believed to be the beginning of a long string of kidnappings and killings within Haiti. These murders target people who are activists of civil rights in the country. The only way for these killings to stop is for there be an agreement on the rights of the Haitian citizens. Over the last year, Port-au-Prince, Haiti has been the target of hundreds of kidnappings and killings. More than 700 people have been killed in the past 10 months, 40 of those people being law enforcement officials.

Reactions
After Jacques Roche's kidnapping, murder and finding of his body, civil society organizations showed support by stating how much of an impact Roche's contributions as an activist had on the community. These organizations called for everyone to come together and honor Jacques Roche by continuing to protest the terrible living conditions that their community has had for many years.

After Roche's death, international groups spoke out about his death.

Koïchiro Matsuura, director-general of UNESCO, said, "I condemn the abduction and murder of Jacques Roche. He is a victim of the violence that continues to plague the Haitian capital. His murder was not directly linked to his professional activities, but the press is one of the sectors most at risk in this climate of terror. Journalists in Haiti have been threatened and attacked, and are forced to limit their movements due to the pervasive lawlessness. A free and independent press, which is an essential component of a democratic society, cannot exist in such conditions. I trust that the government of Haiti will play its part in restoring order and the rule of law."

ActionAID, which is a group in South Africa issued a statement saying "We fervently denouncing Jacques Roche's cowardly execution. We firmly state our outrage on all the attacks on all journalists and citizens." This organization is also known for working together to come to an end of human suffering.

Works about

 * A documentary about Jaques Roche

title: Jacques Roche


text:
User:Darastrix~enwiki

I have nothing interesting to write here.

title: User:Darastrix~enwiki


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Reconfigurability

Reconfigurability denotes the Reconfigurable Computing capability of a system, so that its behavior can be changed by reconfiguration, i. e. by loading different configware code. This static reconfigurability distinguishes between reconfiguration time and run time. Dynamic reconfigurability denotes the capability of a dynamically reconfigurable system that can dynamically change its behavior during run time, usually in response to dynamic changes in its environment.

In the context of wireless communication dynamic reconfigurability tackles the changeable behavior of wireless networks and associated equipment, specifically in the fields of radio spectrum, radio access technologies, protocol stacks, and application services.

Research regarding the (dynamic) reconfigurability of wireless communication systems is ongoing for example in working group 6 of the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF), in the Wireless Innovation Forum (WINNF) (formerly Software Defined Radio Forum), and in the European FP6 project End-to-End Reconfigurability (E²R). Recently, E²R initiated a related standardization effort on the cohabitation of heterogeneous wireless radio systems in the framework of the IEEE P1900.4 Working Group. See cognitive radio.

In the context of Control reconfiguration, a field of fault-tolerant control within control engineering, reconfigurability is a property of faulty systems meaning that the original control goals specified for the fault-free system can be reached after suitable control reconfiguration.

title: Reconfigurability


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User:Cerberus584

Hey Everybody. I'm getting into the Wiki a lot more now. It's a great resource for assignments. Clearly my User page still needs a bit of work though!

title: User:Cerberus584


title: User:200.120.183.111


text:
User:Blenda Lovelace

Hi! This user account was registered by mistake when I'd forgotten the password for User:Blenda.

title: User:Blenda Lovelace


text: User talk:200.120.183.111

title: User talk:200.120.183.111


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Sarbadhikari

Indian people with the title Sarbadhikari belong to a single and unique Bengali Kulin Kayastha Bose family whose recorded genealogy goes back to more than 500 years.

The Sarbadhikari family was founded during the early 15th century by Sureshwar Bosu of Choa ("Choa" is a village situated in Murshidabad district of present-day West Bengal), who was appointed Governor of Orissa province with the hereditary title of "Sarbadhikari" by the Imperial Court of Delhi. []

Presently Generation 30 is existing. Some of the illustrious descendants include:

 * Berry Sarbadhikari (died 1976), Indian cricket commentator
 * Deva Prasad Sarbadhikari (1862–1935), Indian lawyer and educationist
 * Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari (1869–1940), who introduced football in India
 * Subhash Sarbadhikari, Indian association football player
 * Gautam Sarbadhikari (born 1959), Railway Operations SERLY Division

title: Sarbadhikari


text:
Osu Sukam

Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Osu bin Sukam (Jawi: اوسو بن سوكم; born 19 February 1949) is a Malaysian politician who served as the 12th Chief Minister of Sabah from March 1999 to March 2001, Member of Parliament (MP) for Papar from August 1986 to March 2004 and Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Kawang from February 1994 to March 2004. Following the rotation system in place at that time, Osu, an ethnic Bajau, held the post for two years representing the Muslim bumiputras of Sabah. In 2001, he was replaced by Chong Kah Kiat. Until 14 July 2005, he was a member of a ruling United Malays National Organisation (UMNO).

Gambling debt
He resigned from his party of UMNO due to gambling debts totalling at least US$1.8 million he accumulated from Ritz Hotel Casino in London and another casino. The casino obtained a judgment in the High Court in England to recover debts owed by Osu. The casino sought to enforce the judgment in Malaysia by registering the judgment in the High Court of Sabah and Sarawak in July 2005. The High Court at Kota Kinabalu refused to register the judgment on grounds of public policy. However, in 2007, the Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the casino allowing the debt to be recovered.

Honours

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia:
 * Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - PSM.svg Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (2022)

 * Sabah :
 * MY-SAB Order of Kinabalu - PGDK.svg Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (PGDK) – Datuk (1994)
 * MY-SAB Order of Kinabalu - SPDK.svg Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (1997)
 * Sarawak :
 * [[File:MY-SAR Order of the Star of the Hornbill (Bintang Kenyalang) - 2. Knight Commander (DA).svg|50px]] Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DA) – Datuk Amar (1999)

title: Osu Sukam


text:
Category:Church of Norway

The Church of Norway consisting of 11 dioceses and with 3.88 million members, comprising 85.7 % of the Norwegian population.

title: Category:Church of Norway


text:
Wickersley

Wickersley is an affluent village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham in South Yorkshire, England, situated 3 mi from the centre of Rotherham. The area is very near to road junctions for the M1 and M18 (passing through Bramley, Rotherham). It is home to the secondary school and sixth form, Wickersley School and Sports College.

Historical background
Wickersley was once held by Richard FitzTurgis (who adopted the name 'de Wickersley), founder of Roche Abbey, and subsequently by his heirs by marriage, the de Livet (Levett) family. The Wickersleys later removed to Sheffield, where they built the home Broom Hall. The village of Wickersley has a population of 7,235 increasing to 7,392 at the 2011 Census.

Wickersley School and Sports College is one of the area's largest institutions with a student body of over 2,000 eleven to eighteen-year-olds and a teaching staff of over 300.

There are 3 churches in Wickersley. Wickersley's parish church, which is part of the Church of England diocese of Sheffield, is dedicated to St Alban and it is one of the oldest buildings in Wickersley. There is also Blessed Trinity Roman Catholic church, as well as a Methodist church.

Modern times
Wickersley, in recent years, has become an increasingly affluent village and has many high end bars and restaurants situated at its centre, because of this, Wickersley is considered to be one of the most desirable places to live in Rotherham.

Sport

 * Cricket - Wickersley Old Village CC based on Northfield Lane

title: Wickersley


text:
Terry Lupton

Terry Martin Lupton is a successful songwriter and producer based in Los Angeles.

His songwriting catalogue include almost 100 commercially published songs, due to the databases of BMI and ASCAP.

His work
He wrote songs for the following artists:

 * 1988 on the album "Apollonia" by Apollonia Kotero
 * 1989 on the album "The Party" by The Party
 * 1991 on the album "Michael Learns to Rock" by Michael Learns to Rock
 * 1992 on the album "Something Real" by Stephanie Mills
 * 1993 on the album "Joey Lawrence" by Joey Lawrence
 * 2000 on the album "Steamin'" by Scott Ellison
 * 2003 on the album "Bad Case of the Blues" by Scott Ellison
 * 2004 on the album "Everyday's Another Chance" by Jamie Stevens
 * 2005 on the album "All The Girls I Am" by Jeannie Kendall
 * the song "Shine em up" by Keely Hawkes on the album "Shake it up"

title: Terry Lupton


text:
2005 in Singapore

The following lists events that happened during 2005 in Singapore.

Incumbents

 * President: S. R. Nathan
 * Prime Minister: Lee Hsien Loong

January

 * 1 January –
 * 2004 Media Merger:
 * Channel U was officially transferred to national public broadcaster Mediacorp.
 * At around 1:30am SST, Channel i final shutdown sequence commenced during the repeat of the last bulletin of the Channel i News, including a footage compilation of its local current affairs programming and a message of thanks from the SPH MediaWorks team. After that, a video montage as part of the final shutdown sequence rolled showing footage of sporting events and both local and imported programming, ending with the blurb "Thank You for the Years", coinciding with same name of the song the montage was set to, by Shirley Bassey. During this part of the montage, the following message appeared in certain shots: "It's more than just TV", "It's more than a pastime", "It's a feeling", "A passion", "It's not about him", "It's not about her" and "It's all about you". Finally, a second montage with similar clips interspersed with countdown digits rolled, set to Andrea Bocelli, Sarah Brightman - "Time to Say Goodbye". As the final lyrics of the song ricocheted on the air, the real countdown was shown in accelerated style before the channel ident was played for one last time, and concluding with "Farewell Singapore". A brief shot of static was followed by the national anthem music video being played and afterwards a slide claiming the channel's permanent shutdown was displayed. In the week following the closure of the channel, none of the imports seen on Channel i made it to Channel 5.
 * Streats ceases publication and merges with Today.
 * The Competition Commission of Singapore is formed to ensure fair competition.
 * The NUS High School of Math and Science is officially opened.
 * 11 January –
 * The Building and Construction Authority launches the Green Mark for Buildings Scheme (Green Mark) to encourage buildings to have environmentally friendly features.
 * Targets for tourism are unveiled, aiming for 17 million arrivals, S$30 billion in tourism receipts and an additional 100,000 jobs by 2015.
 * 16 January – The Singapore national football team wins the 2004 Tiger Cup.
 * 29 January – The West section of the Sengkang LRT line and East section of the Punggol LRT line are opened.

February

 * 4 February – After a successful trial, Vehicle Entry Permit (VEP) hours will end at 5pm on all weekdays in a bid to attract tourists into Singapore.
 * 23 February – SMRT's Raffles Xchange is officially opened, leading to more of such hubs in subsequent years.

March

 * 7 March – The Housing and Development Board announced a new scheme known as the Design, Build and Sell Scheme. This allows private developers to develop public housing. However, expensive prices caused complaints, leading to the scheme being discontinued in 2011.
 * 16 March – The Sentosa Monorail ceases operation after being bogged down by maintenance issues and complaints. It has since been replaced by the upcoming Sentosa Express.
 * 22 March – The Marina Barrage starts construction, with completion by 2007. The project will form the Marina Reservoir, helping in flood prevention in the city, as well as encourage activities around the reservoir.
 * 23 March – SAFRA opens its new clubhouse in Mount Faber.
 * 29 March –
 * Plans to rejuvenate Orchard Road are announced, with new prime sites for development and short-term sites, a youth space, enhancements for pedestrians and collaborations with stakeholders.
 * The Junction 8 Tower Office is handed over to National Council of Social Service from CapitaLand. This allows Voluntary Welfare Organisations (VWOs) to use the facilities without having to pay rental; only the service and maintenance fees.

April

 * 3 April – The People's Association launches the PAssion Card.
 * 4 April – The atm5 network is formed by five qualifying full banks to compete with local banks.
 * 8 April – Asia Pacific Breweries opens a new bottling line, which allows for frequent changeovers while maintaining efficiency of beer production.
 * 12 April –
 * The Ministry of Education announced that the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) will be autonomous universities similar to Singapore Management University (SMU) by mid 2006. SMU will be given more autonomy to run its operations.
 * Plans to revamp Palawan Beach are unveiled as part of a makeover for Sentosa, which will be completed by July 2006. Costing $11 million, the revamp will have more recreational, food and beverage and retail shops, entertainment facilities. In addition, water play areas and an amphitheatre for animal and bird shows will be built.
 * 14 April – Plans are announced to set up a new Police MRT Unit to enhance the security of Singapore's public transport, in addition to enhancing capabilities in investigating terrorism incidents and incidents involving chemical and biological agents.
 * 15 April – The Media Development Authority issues a five-year licence to Rediffusion Singapore for a subscriber-only Digital Audio Broadcasting service, making it the world's first.
 * 18 April – The government approves plans to legalise casino gambling and build two Integrated Resorts. The plan is allowed after falling tourist numbers, worsened by investments that failed. However, there is opposition to the plan due to social considerations. As a result, social safeguards will be imposed, including levies of $100 daily or $2,000 annually, a National Council on Problem Gambling, exclusion measures, ban on casino ads, among other measures. In addition, new anti-crime strategies will be adopted.
 * 24 April – HomeTeamNS is launched as a merger between the SPANS and CDANS, associations that recognize contributions from police and Civil Defence officers respectively.
 * 26 April – Singapore and Malaysia signed a settlement agreement over land reclamation disputes.
 * 27 April – UniSim is formed after the restructuring of Singapore Institute of Management, making it Singapore's first private university. This comes after the Ministry of Education allowed the formation of UniSim on 14 January.

May

 * 4 May –
 * The Local Enterprise and Association Development Programme (LEAD) is launched to encourage collaboration between industry associations.
 * Construction for the Low Cost Terminal (renamed to Budget Terminal) starts. When completed, it will serve low-cost carriers.
 * 13 May – Shanmugam Murugesu is hanged for drug trafficking.
 * 16 May – Amendments to the Registration of Criminals Act are passed to give ex-convicts of minor crimes a second chance provided certain criteria are met. This is done by rendering their criminal records 'spent'. The new procedures have come into effect on 17 October.
 * 20 May – The SGH Museum is officially opened.
 * 24 May – 'READ! Singapore' is launched at Woodlands Regional Library, thus encouraging people to read more.
 * 27 May – The last tranche of the Singapore Premium Food Gifts and the S.P.F.G Boutique Cafe is officially launched.

June

 * 1 June – A new 10-day Vehicle Entry Permit (VEP)-free days scheme starts to make it easier for visitors who drive.
 * 14 June – Plans for the Downtown Extension of the Circle MRT line are announced. The Extension will be 3.4 km long with 5 stations, targeted for completion by 2012. The plans have been succeeded by the Circle MRT line and Downtown Line Stage 1.
 * 15 June – PS I Luv U, a 3G phone drama series will be aired by the end of June, making it Asia's first phone drama series.
 * 28 June – The ComCare Fund is launched to help needy Singaporeans. In addition, a Ministerial Committee on Low Wage Workers has been set up to help workers break the poverty trap.

July

 * Early July – National Kidney Foundation Singapore scandal:
 * At the time of the lawsuit, KPMG was commissioned by the new NKF board to study past practices, and its report would be published by December later that year.
 * 11 July – A lawsuit pertaining to NKF was held after CEO T. T. Durai stepped down due to a breach of fiduciary duties as well as a new board and management team was formed. The trial was dropped the following day, and the Ministry of Health demanded that NKF would pay for damages.
 * 14 July – Health Minister Khaw Boon Wan appointed Gerard Ee as the interim chairman and CEO of NKF, after Durai and the NKF board resigned en masse.
 * 16 July – Senior Minister of Singapore Goh Chok Tong's wife Tan Choo Leng also resigned from the patron post for NKF following comments causing an online backlash regarding Durai's salary.
 * 1 July – The Media Development Authority eases rules for the promotion of NC16 and M18 films and videos.
 * 2 to 9 July – The 117th IOC Session was held at Raffles City Singapore and Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay in Singapore; it was announced on 6 July that London would be selected as the hosting venue for the 2012 Summer Olympics.
 * 5 July – CISCO was corporatised as CISCO Security (now Certis Group).
 * 11 July – A 14-day trial regarding the Murder of Huang Na (which occurred in October 2004) began with Justice Lai Kew Chai in the High Court. It was announced on 27 August that Took Leng How was found guilty for murder and was given a death penalty; Took was hung later in October 2006.
 * 18 July – SATS unveils several new initiatives to enhance passenger service, strength air cargo services and improve inflight dining with new experiences in a S$23 million upgrade.
 * 22 July – The new National Library building opened its doors.
 * 24 July – Jetstar Asia Airways and ValuAir announced plans to merge, resulting in the formation of Orange Star, a holding company. This marks the first major consolidation of Southeast Asia's low-cost carrier industry.
 * 27 July – Teledata's On-Line Ship Superintendent Programme is launched, making it the first e-learning and training programme available in the world.

August

 * 4 August –
 * The Water Wally mascot is launched by Public Utilities Board, along with a new readable report.
 * The Korea-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (KSFTA) is signed.
 * 6 August – Thum Ping Tjin swam across the English Channel solo in 12 hours and 24 minutes, becoming the first Singaporean to do so.
 * 11 August – A protest which happened at the CPF Building is broken up.
 * 13 August – The Extension of Queensway to Ayer Rajah Expressway is officially opened. The project, consisting of the Portsdown Flyover and the Queensway Flyover will ease congestion along Queensway. Despite the construction, Colbar cafe is saved from demolition, which was initially planned.
 * 16 August – The first Airbus A380 compatible gate holdroom in Changi Airport is officially opened, giving a boost to the first A380 flight.
 * 17 August – Nomination Day for the 2005 Presidential Election: Incumbent President S.R. Nathan won the election via an uncontested walkover since he was the only candidate eligible to contest in the election. Nathan was sworn in for his second term on 1 September.
 * 21 August –
 * A new Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council and National Research Foundation will be set up to build up Singapore's R&D capabilities.
 * Several schemes to help the low-income are announced, including the CPF Housing Grant Scheme, raising of MediShield to 85 as opposed to 80 currently, and making MediSave claims more flexible.
 * Proposals to improve education are announced, with Post-Secondary Education Accounts to be created, boosting teaching quality in ITE and Polys, linking Polys with specialised foreign universities (now known as the Polytechnic-Foreign Specialised Institutions (Poly-FSI)) and a new elective programme for NT students.
 * It was unveiled during the National Day Rally that a new shopping mall will be built (now called ION Orchard), as well as plans for the Marina Bay area. A new art gallery will be built too, as well as a garden.
 * 26 August – The Singapore Flyer project is back on track after financing of the project is secured, with construction starting a few weeks later.
 * 28 August – White elephants are put around the shuttered Buangkok MRT station by a resident, expressing displeasure over the station being disused. On 6 October, the Singapore Police Force issues a stern warning.
 * 31 August – The National Council on Problem Gambling is formed to tackle problem gambling, coming after the legalisation of casinos on 18 April.

September

 * 13 September –
 * The first desalination plant, SingSpring, is officially opened.
 * ExxonMobil and NTUC FairPrice announced the extension of their retail alliance to all 77 Esso and Mobil stations. This comes after a successful pilot with 6 stations back in November 2003. When fully converted, this will enable customers to buy groceries at attractive prices while getting fuel.
 * 15 September –
 * An expansion to the Singapore Expo is completed, adding four more halls to the existing six.
 * Phone numbers with the prefix '3' become available.
 * 19 September – The Deposit Insurance Act is passed to create a deposit insurance scheme that will insure up to $20,000 per depositor per institution, which will be administered by a Deposit Insurance Agency. The scheme comes into effect on 1 April 2006.
 * 22 September – The Ministry of Education announced a new strategy known as 'Teach Less, Learn More' to improve teaching quality and enhance student learning.
 * 26 September – The Urban Redevelopment Authority announced three post-war buildings will be conserved, namely the Church of the Blessed Sacrament, the former Metropole Cinema, and the former Jurong Town Hall. In addition, modifications to uses of conserved buildings are announced, including having service shops at all levels in Core Areas instead of just the first level, excluding Telok Ayer from the Core Area and expansion of the Kampong Glam exclusion boundary area.
 * 28 September – The Singapore Cord Blood Bank is officially opened in KK Women's and Children's Hospital to cater for increased demand for cord blood being used between stem cell transplant patients. This makes it Southeast Asia's first public cord blood bank.
 * 30 September – Noise Singapore is launched to encourage young Singaporeans to express interest in various art forms.

October

 * Early October – 2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore: One of the worst dengue epidemic struck nationwide since the 2003 SARS outbreak, with a record 14,209 cases and 27 deaths logged between October until the end of the year.
 * 1 October – Reports emerge of three people who will be charged under the Sedition Act for insults.
 * 6 October – The 'Go-The-Extra-Mile For Services' (Gems) movement is launched to encourage and raise service standards.
 * 15 October – The Ren Ci Community Hospital starts construction. Several rules for IPCs are also announced in the wake of the National Kidney Foundation Singapore scandal.
 * 27 October – The Workforce Skills Qualifications (WSQ) is launched to allow workers to upgrade their skills and improve quality of training, running in parallel with the education system. In addition, a new Singapore Institute of Retail Studies (SIRS) will be established by 2006 to upgrade service standards.
 * 29 October – Food Republic is officially opened in Wisma Atria as a food court, a joint venture between BreadTalk and Ristoranti Group.

November
End November - Singapore Media Academy is officially opened.
 * 1 November – New controls for prepaid SIM cards take effect to deal with security threats caused by anonymity of such cards. Among them are compulsory registration for new and existing customers electronically instead of manually, an age limit of 15 years and above, and limiting the maximum number of prepaid SIM cards to 10 per holder. Unregistered SIM cards will be deactivated from 2 May 2006.
 * 14 November – The Jewel Box is officially opened in Mount Faber, formed after refurbishing Mount Faber Cable Car station.
 * 17 November – The Red Dot Traffic Museum is officially opened, helping to enhance Singapore as a place of design.
 * 19 November – The Republic Polytechnic Centre is officially opened.
 * 20 November – Sembawang Bus Interchange is opened.
 * 21 November – JTC Corporation will be restructured. This will mean an exit from the ready-built factory market and warehousing activities, and continuing with strategic industrial activities and the standard factories market, which they may divest in future.

December

 * 2 December –
 * Van Tuong Nguyen is hanged at the Changi Prison after found guilty for drug trafficking, which carries a death penalty under the Misuse of Drugs Act.
 * An accident occurs at Escape Theme Park, leaving two children in critical condition.
 * 5 December –
 * Electronic Arts' new studio opens.
 * Crazy Horse Paris starts showing in Singapore, making Singapore the first location. The Ministry of Sound, a pub, opened later that month.
 * 15 December – The WE Centre for Addictions Recovery and Education (WE C.A.R.E.) is officially opened to tackle and research addiction and its causes.

Deaths

 * 18 April – Dhanalatchimi Devan Nair, Wife of former President Devan Nair (b. 1925).
 * 2 May – Wee Kim Wee, 4th President of Singapore (b. 1915).
 * 6 May – Tham Weng Kuen, murder victim of Muhammad bin Kadar and Ismil bin Kadar (b. 1936).
 * 5 June – Wee Chong Jin, 1st Chief Justice of Singapore (b. 1917).
 * 14 June – Dennis Bloodworth, Journalist (b. 1919).
 * 15 June – Liu Hong Mei, murder victim in the Kallang River body parts murder (b. 1982).
 * 2 September – Earl Lu, Art patron, philanthropist (b. 1925).
 * 7 September – Jane Parangan La Puebla, murder victim in the Orchard Road body parts murder (b. 1979).
 * 13 September – Ho Kien Leong, murder victim of Lim Ah Liang (b. 1968).
 * 19 October – Wee Keng Wah, murder victim of Barokah (b. 1930).
 * 13 November – Tan Chin Tuan, Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation chairman, philanthropist (b. 1908).
 * 4 December – Ramona Johari, murder victim of Mohammad Zam Abdul Rashid (b. 1967).
 * 7 December – Devan Nair, 3rd President of Singapore (b. 1923).
 * 24 December – Thein Naing, murder victim in the Upper Boon Keng Road murder (b. 1964).

title: 2005 in Singapore


text: Category:Years in Singapore

title: Category:Years in Singapore


text:
Talk:Fractional calculus/Archive 1

Fractals?
IMHO, there should be a section on the relationship of fractional calculus to fractals. There are books that this is discussed in. Many of them bring up the Wierstraus function. I wrote a little paper (doc) on it myself elucidating the intuitive spatial relations, which I think makes the connection clear (if one can comprehend the rather idiosyncratic terminology - a lot of allusion to information theory) and answers the "Hmmm...". Kevin Baastalk 19:32, 2004 Dec 30 (UTC)

Clarification. I wrote a little supplementary (doc) to clarify my little paper. Kevin Baastalk 00:03, 2005 Jan 3 (UTC)

 * Point of the paper regarding the "Hmmm..." and D1, D2, is that for a unique x (statistically-uncorrelated/linearly-independant/non-redundant/orthogonal) parameter function, integrated over a unique y (bla bla bla) parameter region, there is a unique x-y (bla bla bla) parameter result.

 * Given two unique operands and a unique differential metric, the solution is completely specified, and thus the operator is unique.

 * The apparent confusion could result from not realizing that the integration operator requires a complete specification of not one, but two operands: the integrated function and the region of integration, and that the number of integrations (single, double, etc.) ("degree" of integration) is rigidly fixed to the dimensionality of the region of integration.

 * Or the confusion could result from equivocating multiple valid metrics with multiple valid operators. The chain-rule/differential-geometry shows that there is not a problem; in d(f(x)) = df(x)dx, a change in dx results in a change in df(x)dx, by no "fault" of the operator d. Kevin Baastalk 21:56, 2005 Jan 3 (UTC)

Fractional derivative - nonlocalizable
The above little paper(doc) is a geometrically intuitive explanation for the fractional derivative "peripheral vision" (non-localizable) property. It shows how to make sense of it geometrically, and that it really amounts to nothing special - we've just been making a mistake in our conception of a derivative as a unary operator. it doesn't have any of the citations filled in in the esoteric page, but that page isn't important. one just needs to know basic calculus and maybe a little about fractals to be able to understand the main idea. I think it's important, and forgive me for endorsing it here, but i jsut want to get it out there, and frac calc is a pretty esoteric field, and i'm not in college, so it's hard to find an outlet. Kevin Baastalk 01:04, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)

Kevin - please see What Wikipedia is not 1.3.5, i.e. under Wikipedia is not a soapbox and Primary research. Charles Matthews 06:25, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I have read the policy. I am not suggesting putting this in the article.  I'm just posting a link on the talk page for anyone who is interested and/or wants to try to get a clearer picture of the spatial meaning of fractional calculus.  People having a clearer understanding may benefit the article, and in any case benefits the general knowledge. Kevin Baastalk 20:13, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)

If you say I just want to get it out there, you are using WP for a purpose which is not the intended purpose. Charles Matthews 20:33, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I suggest you read the What Wikipedia is not that you refered me to more carefully. Kevin Baastalk 20:35, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)

How about this: If you have done primary research on a topic, publish your results in normal peer-reviewed journals, or elsewhere on the web.

Clear enough? Charles Matthews 20:40, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * that refers to the article, not the talk page. how about this:

"Self-promotion. While you are free to write about yourself or projects you have a strong personal involvement in, remember that the standards for encyclopedic articles apply to such pages just like any other. A very few somewhat famous Wikipedians have significantly contributed to encyclopedia articles about themselves and their accomplishments, and this has mostly been accepted after some debate. Creating overly abundant links and references to autobiographical articles is not acceptable."

 * Clear enough? Kevin Baastalk 20:42, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)

 * Or how about this:

"Discussion forums, or Everything2 nodes. Please try to stay on the task of creating an encyclopedia. You can chat with folks on their user talk pages, and should resolve problems with articles on the relevant talk pages, but please do not take discussion into articles. " Kevin Baastalk 20:44, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)

I don't think you should quibble about this. I think you should just take down the link to your (unfinished) paper. Charles Matthews 22:09, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I do not think it is hurting anyone. Kevin Baastalk 06:33, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)

And I think self-promotion is something about which Wikipedians should be scrupulous. Charles Matthews 09:05, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Then we are in agreement. Kevin Baastalk 17:52, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fractional calculus/Archive 1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Apiakp

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mgm|(talk) 12:59, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Apiakp
Vanity/Advertising of local church youth group. Article originally had duplicate links to the external sites embedded in the text. Delete. - Mgm|(talk) 09:24, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - "eleven regular attenders", not notable, advertising, Viruscruft. 131.251.0.7 16:33, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete kidcruft. Friday 20:54, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn bomfoggery. -EDM 23:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 04:43, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Apiakp


text:
Mathematical Tripos

The Mathematical Tripos is the mathematics course that is taught in the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge.

Origin
In its classical nineteenth-century form, the tripos was a distinctive written examination of undergraduate students of the University of Cambridge. Prior to 1824, the Mathematical Tripos was formally known as the "Senate House Examination". From about 1780 to 1909, the "Old Tripos" was distinguished by a number of features, including the publication of an order of merit of successful candidates, and the difficulty of the mathematical problems set for solution. By way of example, in 1854, the Tripos consisted of 16 papers spread over eight days, totaling 44.5 hours. The total number of questions was 211. It was divided into two parts, with Part I (the first three days) covering more elementary topics.

The actual marks for the exams were never published, but there is reference to an exam in the 1860s where, out of a total possible mark of 17,000, the senior wrangler achieved 7634, the second wrangler 4123, the lowest wrangler around 1500 and the lowest scoring candidate obtaining honours (the wooden spoon) 237; about 100 candidates were awarded honours. The 300-odd candidates below that level did not earn honours and were known as poll men. The questions for the 1841 examination may be found within Cambridge University Magazine (pages 191–208).

Influence
According to the study Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics by Andrew Warwick during this period the style of teaching and study required for the successful preparation of students had a wide influence:
 * on the development of 'mixed mathematics' (a precursor of later applied mathematics, descriptive geometry and mathematical physics, with emphasis on algebraic manipulative mastery)
 * on mathematical education
 * as vocational training for fields such as astronomy
 * in the reception of new physical theories, particularly in electromagnetism as expounded by James Clerk Maxwell

Since Cambridge students did a lot of rote learning called "bookwork", it was noted by Augustus De Morgan and repeated by Andrew Warwick that authors of Cambridge textbooks skipped known material. In consequence, "non-Cambridge readers ... found the arguments impossible to follow."

From the 1820s to the 1840s, analytic topics such as elliptical integrals were introduced to the curriculum. Under William Whewell, the Tripos' scope changed to one of 'mixed mathematics', with the inclusion of topics from physics such as electricity, heat and magnetism. Students would have to study intensely to perform routine problems rapidly.

Early history
The early history is of the gradual replacement during the middle of the eighteenth century of a traditional method of oral examination by written papers, with a simultaneous switch in emphasis from Latin disputation to mathematical questions. That is, all degree candidates were expected to show at least competence in mathematics. A long process of development of coaching—tuition usually outside the official University and college courses—went hand-in-hand with a gradual increase in the difficulty of the most testing questions asked. The standard examination pattern of bookwork (mostly memorised theorems) plus rider (problems to solve, testing comprehension of the bookwork) was introduced.

Wranglers and their coaches
The list of wranglers (the candidates awarded a first-class degree) became in time the subject of a great deal of public attention. According to Alexander Macfarlane
 * To obtain high honours in the Mathematical Tripos, a student must put himself in special training under a mathematician, technically called a coach, who is not one of the regular college instructors, nor one of the University professors, but simply makes a private business of training men to pass that particular examination. Skill consists in the rate at which one can solve and more especially write out the solution of problems. It is excellent training of a kind, but there is not time for studying fundamental principles, still less for making any philosophical investigations. Mathematical insight is something higher than skill in solving problems; consequently the senior wrangler has not always turned out the most distinguished mathematician in after life.

William Hopkins was the first coach distinguished by his students' performances. When he retired in 1849, one of his students, Edward Routh became the dominant coach. Another coach, William Henry Besant published a textbook, Elementary Hydrostatics, containing mathematical exercises and solutions such as would benefit students preparing for Tripos. After Routh retired in 1888, Robert Rumsey Webb coached many of the top wranglers. Warwick notes that college teaching improved toward the end of the 19th century:
 * The expansion of intercollegiate and university lectures at all levels through the 1880s and 1890s meant that, by 1900, it had become unnecessary for coaches either to lecture students or even to provide them with manuscripts covering the mathematical methods they were required to master. The prime job to the coach now was to ensure that students were attending an appropriate range of courses and that they understood what they were being taught. … This curtailment of responsibility made it virtually impossible for a private tutor to dominate undergraduate training the way that Hopkins, Routh, and Webb had done.

A fellow of Trinity College, Robert Alfred Herman then was associated with several of the top wranglers as their coach; evidently the university was finally providing their students with education.

When A. R. Forsyth wrote his retrospective in 1935, he recalled Webb, Percival Frost, Herman, and Besant as the best coaches. Other coaches that produced top wranglers include E. W. Hobson, John Hilton Grace, H. F. Baker, Thomas John I'Anson Bromwich, and A. E. H. Love.

Athletics
Apart from intellectual preparation, the challenge of Tripos was its duration: "The examinations themselves were intended partly as tests of endurance, taking place on consecutive mornings and afternoons for four and five days together." Brisk walking was taken up by many candidates to build up their stamina. As the nineteenth century progressed walking turned to athletics and other competitive sports including rowing and swimming. The coaches set the example: Routh had a two-hour constitutional walk daily, while "Besant was a mountaineer, Webb a walker, and Frost was extremely proficient in cricket, tennis, running and swimming." By 1900, there were twenty-three recognized sports contested at Cambridge.

Women
In 1873, Sarah Woodhead became the first woman to take, and to pass, the Mathematical Tripos.

In 1880, Charlotte Angas Scott obtained special permission to take the Mathematical Tripos, as women were not normally allowed to sit for that exam. She came eighth on the Tripos of all students taking them, but due to her sex, the title of "eighth wrangler," a high honour, went officially to a male student. At the ceremony, however, after the seventh wrangler had been announced, all the students in the audience shouted her name. Because she could not attend the award ceremony, Scott celebrated her accomplishment at Girton College where there were cheers and clapping at dinner, a special evening ceremony where the students sang "See the Conquering Hero Comes", received an ode written by a staff member, and was crowned with laurels. After this incident women were allowed to formally take the exam and their exam scores listed, although separately from the men's and thus not included in the rankings. Women obtaining the necessary score also received a special certificate instead of the BA degree with honours.

In 1890, Philippa Fawcett became the first woman to obtain the top score in the Mathematical Tripos.

1909 reforms
Reforms were implemented in 1909. The undergraduate course of mathematics at Cambridge still reflects a historically broad approach; and problem-solving skills are tested in examinations, though the setting of excessively taxing questions has been discouraged for many years.

Example questions from 1881, before the reforms, are quoted in A Mathematician's Miscellany: (b) A sphere spinning in equilibrium on top of a rough horizontal cylinder is slightly disturbed; prove that the track of the point of contact is initially a helix.

(c) If the sphere has a centrally symmetrical law of density such as to make the radius of gyration a certain fraction of the radius then, whatever the spin, the track is a helix so long as contact lasts. (Marked at 200; a second part about further details carried another 105.)

The modern tripos
, the Mathematical Tripos course comprises three undergraduate years (Parts IA, IB and II) which qualify a student for a BA degree, and an optional one year masters course (Part III) which qualifies a student for a Master of Mathematics (MMath) degree (with BA) if they are a Cambridge fourth year student or a Master of Advanced Study (MASt) degree if they come from outside just to do Part III. Assessment is mostly by written examination at the end of each academic year, with some coursework elements in the second, third and fourth years.

During the undergraduate part of the course, students are expected to attend around 12 one-hour lectures per week on average, together with two supervisions. Supervisions are informal sessions in which a small group of students—normally a pair—goes through previously completed example sheets under the guidance of a faculty member, college fellow or graduate student.

During the first year, Part IA, the schedule of courses is quite rigid, providing much of the basic knowledge requisite for mathematics, including algebra, analysis, methods in calculus, and probability. The second year, Part IB, contains no mandatory content but it is recommended that students do particular courses as they are essential prerequisites for further courses. A range of pure courses, such as geometry, complex analysis and a course studying group theory, rings and modules are on offer as well as applied courses on electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and fluid dynamics. In Part II, students are free to choose from a large number of courses over a wide range of mathematical topics; these are separated into more accessible C courses and D courses which are more involved. Some students choose to exchange 25% of the first-year mathematics options in exchange for the Physics option of first-year Natural Sciences Tripos with the possibility of changing to Natural Sciences at the end of the first year.

title: Mathematical Tripos


text:
Ninfield

Ninfield is a village and civil parish in the Wealden District of East Sussex, England. The village is quite linear and centred 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Bexhill-on-Sea where two roads cross: the A269 from Bexhill to Battle and the A271 to Hailsham. The parish covers 2,500 acres (1,010 ha); approximately the northern half of which is in the High Weald AONB.

To the west of the village is Standard Hill, said to be the place that William the Conqueror placed his flag (2 lions of Normandy standard) before the Battle of Hastings. As with many other Wealden villages, it was involved in the iron industry: that fact is commemorated by the presence in the village of a set of iron stocks. Smuggling was also rife in the eighteenth century.

The village name is said to come from the fact that it was originally composed of nine and three quarter fields. A legal record, of 1452, mentioning a Sussex village as "Nempnefeld", may refer to Ninfield.

Civil parish and civic events
The parish council consists of nine councillors. They put on several events, including a gala with professional cabaret, each year to raise money for nominated charities such as Alzheimers and Sussex Ambulance.

Amenities
Ninfield has a primary school, a shop and two pubs- The Kings Arms and the Blacksmiths Inn. It has two churches, its medieval parish church dedicated to St Mary the Virgin; and the Methodist church.

Cultural references and former residents
Ninfield was once featured in an episode of the classic comedy The Goon Show entitled The Nadger Plague and first broadcast by the BBC in October 1956. In the episode, set in the 16th century, the residents of Ninfield were left terrified when two carriers of the titular plague, which caused the seats of peoples' trousers to "burn out", arrived in the village. The episode was written by Spike Milligan, a sometime resident of East Sussex.

James T.A. Osborne (d. 1979), painter, artistic print maker, etcher and engraver long settled in Ninfield.

Local government
Ninfield is currently drawn, for the purposes of the fair apportionment of District Councillors as part of electoral ward: Ninfield and Hooe with Wartling. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 2,543.

Built-up component
The central, contiguous area of 558 homes on 65 hectares has been identified as a small Built-up Area, in the statistical government bodies definition (ONS and GSS) and had in 2011 a total of 1,307 residents. Population density of this area was 20.1 persons per hectare.

Notable people
eSports participant and sim-racer Jimmy Broadbent is from Ninfield.

title: Ninfield


text:
Talk:Friend to all Nations

Writing style
For some reason this article seems, bizarrely, to be written entirely in the style of a C19th pamphlet. eg "All told 31 men were rescued in this meritorious service"; "the little town of Margate nestled beside the sea"; "The weather .... was nothing exceptional for these men to have to endure, between them having made hundreds of perilous excursions against the angry seas." - --163.1.167.63 09:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

?
What is the subject of this article? Pointless.... Oh well, I will attempt a cleanup as best as I can.-- G r o n k m e i s t e r 21:54, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Friend to all Nations


text:
Talk:Admiralty Board

Untitled
<pedantry> As the Admiralty Board includes people who are not members of the Defence Council (e.g. C-in-C Fleet), can it properly be described as a committee of the Defence Council? </pedantry> Franey 09:29, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Admiralty Board


text:
2004 in Singapore

The following lists events that happened during 2004 in Singapore.

Incumbents

 * President: S.R. Nathan
 * Prime Minister: Goh Chok Tong (until 12 August), Lee Hsien Loong (starting 12 August)

January

 * 1 January – The Goods and Services Tax is raised from 4% to 5%.
 * 3 January – The Millennia Institute is established from a merger of other Centralised Institutes.
 * 8 January – The Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore announced that phone numbers starting with '8' will become available from April after high demand for phone numbers starting with '9'.

February

 * 3 February – The Braddell Flyover is opened to traffic.
 * 12 February – The Carlsberg Sky Tower (renamed to Tiger Sky Tower) is opened.
 * 22 February – Plans for a new hospital in Jurong were postponed in favour for one in the north. These plans were elaborated on 22 March, when the Health Ministry announced a Northern General Hospital (now Khoo Teck Puat Hospital) in Yishun.

March

 * 9 March – The Singapore Tourism Board launched a new tourism campaign called Uniquely Singapore.
 * 13 March – A new pre-tertiary arts school (now School of the Arts) is announced during a parliamentary debate to cater for students between the ages of 13 and 18.
 * 17 March – The Ministry of Education announced more flexibility for school admissions and an all-rounded school ranking system.
 * 18 March –
 * The Ministry of Education announced that the EM1 and EM2 streams will be merged.
 * The chewing gum ban is partially lifted with the launch of Nicorette, a smoking cessation gum.
 * 26 March – The Arts House is opened.
 * 23 March – The Immigration and Checkpoints Authority's Coastal Command Headquarters on Pulau Brani is officially opened by then Minister for Home Affairs Wong Kan Seng.
 * 29 March – The M18 and R21 ratings are introduced, among other changes.
 * 31 March – The Old National Library Building at Fort Canning is closed for the building of Fort Canning Tunnel.

April

 * 1 April –
 * Two statutory boards, the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority and Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board are formed.
 * All hawker centres are now managed by the National Environment Agency, taking over roles previously held by the Housing and Development Board and JTC Corporation.
 * 2 April – The Singapore Sports School is officially opened.
 * 13 April – A blackout hits several parts of Singapore including Choa Chu Kang, affecting 80,000 households and lasting almost an hour. Investigations found that a cable fault was responsible for the event.
 * 20 April – A section of Nicoll Highway collapsed, four workers were killed.

May

 * 1 May –
 * The National Trades Union Congress's new headquarters, One Marina Boulevard is officially opened.
 * Singapore Pools is transferred to the Singapore Totalisator Board; present-day Tote Board (a statutory board of the Ministry of Finance), taking over this role from Temasek Holdings.
 * 4 May –
 * The first $10 polymer notes are released.
 * Valuair launches its first flights.
 * 10 May – SMRT and TIBS were officially merged, whereas SMRT Buses was formed.
 * 14 May – The Media Development Authority (MDA) awards the 99.5FM frequency to MediaCorp under MediaCorp Radio. The new station, GROOVES 99.5FM (renamed Lush 99.5FM) will broadcast local music and arts programmes, as well as jazz and programmes by tertiary students. The station will start broadcasting by end 2004.
 * 19 May – First Lieutenant Brandon Loo of the Republic of Singapore Air Force is killed when his F-16 jet crashed while on training from the Luke Air Force Base in Arizona.
 * 21 May – The Changi Naval Base is officially opened.
 * 29 May – StarHub launches its new digital cable TV service.

June

 * 1 June – Security guards are now deployed in MRT stations.
 * 4 June – Hippo City Sightseeing bus in Singapore started operations.
 * 5 June – Wild Wild Wet, a water theme park opens to the public in Downtown East.
 * 15 June – MINDEF announced that National Service will be cut from 2.5 to 2 years from the December 2004 batch.
 * 18 June – The third NEWater plant opened in Seletar. It operated for seven years until its closure in 2011.
 * 29 June – A blackout occurred for the second time, affecting about one–third of Singapore residents. Investigations reveal that the blackout was caused by a disruption of natural gas supply from Indonesia.

July

 * 20 July – The National Security Secretariat is renamed to National Security Coordination Secretariat as part of an enhanced national security plan.

August

 * 12 August – Lee Hsien Loong was sworn as the third Prime Minister.
 * 22 August – Pro-family policies were introduced during the National Day Rally. Among the measures include an enhanced Baby Bonus scheme, increased maternity leave to 12 weeks, more childcare options, a five-day work week, among others. In addition, female civil servants can claim medical benefits for their dependant unmarried children below 18 year and spouses from 1 January 2005, as well as two-day childcare leave for each parent from 1 October.

September

 * 1 September – Punggol Plaza managed by Koufu and NTUC Fairprice is officially opened and connected to Coral Edge LRT Station in Punggol, Singapore.
 * 2 September – The Media Development Authority allows the sale of Cosmopolitan, a women-oriented magazine, coming after a 22-year ban since 1982 on the grounds of nudity. However, the magazine will be shrink-wrapped with the label 'Unsuitable for the Young' to protect vulnerable consumers.
 * 15 September – Tiger Airways launches its first flights. At the same time, a new low cost terminal will be built by 2006, with Tiger Airways being the first to use the terminal when it opens.
 * 17 September – In a bid to stem losses, MediaCorp and Singapore Press Holdings (SPH) announced the merging of their media operations. A new holding company MediaCorp TV will be created with MediaCorp owning 80 percent and SPH holding the remaining 20 percent. In addition, MediaCorp Press will continue to be owned by MediaCorp; holding a 60 percent stake with 40 percent to be sold to SPH. Channel i will be reviewed for commercial viability while Streats will be merged with Today.
 * 23 September – VivoCity, formerly known as the HarbourFront Mall, is unveiled, opening in December 2006.
 * 24 September – The Direct School Admission was announced, allowing Primary 6 and Secondary 4 students to be guaranteed a place in a secondary school and junior college of their choice respectively. The scheme took effect from the 2005 cohort.
 * 26 September – Reviews were announced for education awards, new school achievement tables and the scrapping of rankings for IP schools and junior colleges.
 * 30 September – PSA International sells its stake in CWT, a logistics company.

October

 * 2 October – The Yellow Ribbon Project and Yellow Ribbon Fund are officially launched to give ex-convicts a second chance.
 * 29 October – The first units of The Sail @ Marina Bay are launched, which is jointly developed by City Developments Limited and AIG Global Real Estate.

November

 * 29 November – The Changi Air Base (East) is officially opened.
 * 30 November – Temasek Holdings acquires HDB Corp (present-day Surbana Jurong) as part of Housing and Development Board's divestment, allowing it to expand overseas to new markets in Asia. Likewise, entry barriers for private companies will be lifted from July 2006 with HDB Corp allowed access into private sector projects from 2007 onwards.

December

 * 4 December – The Nicoll Highway reopens to traffic, months after the collapse.
 * 6 December – The Media Development Authority (MDA) approves the merger involving both MediaCorp' and Singapore Press Holdings' free-to-air television operations, first announced in September.
 * 13 December – Jetstar Asia Airways launches its first flights.
 * 29 December – The Boon Lay Extension of the East West MRT line is announced. The 3.8 km extension will be finished by 2009, with 2 elevated stations to be built.
 * 31 December –
 * MediaCorp and Singapore Press Holdings (SPH) complete their merger, creating the new holding company MediaCorp TV. Channel i ceased transmission the following day, while Channel U joined MediaCorp. In addition, Streats prints its last issue, merging into Today the next day.
 * Radio station Lush 99.5FM starts transmission.

Deaths

 * 6 February – Fong Chong Pik, one of the prominent Malayan Communist Party leaders in Singapore (b. 1924).
 * 21 February – Khoo Teck Puat, banker and hotel owner (b. 1917).
 * 2 March – Esther Ang, murder victim of Siti Aminah and Juminem (b. 1957).
 * 2 April – Bock Tuan Thong, murder victim of Tony Koh Zhan Quan, Lim Poh Lye, and Ng Kim Soon (b. 1948).
 * 17 May – Chitrabathy Narayanasamy, murder victim of G. Krishnasamy Naidu (b. 1965).
 * 1 June – Liu Kang, artist (b. 1911).
 * 7 July – Phyllis Eu Cheng Li, first woman elected into office in Singapore (b. 1914).
 * 6 August – Lien Ying Chow, founder of Overseas Union Bank (b. 1906).
 * 29 August – Lin Chen, theatre director and playwright (b. 1919).
 * 10 October – Huang Na, murder victim of Took Leng How (b. 1996).
 * 12 October – Sindee Neo, murder and kidnapping victim of Constance Chee Cheong Hin (b. 2000).
 * 16 November – Goh Sin Tub, writer (b. 1927).
 * 4 December – Pacita Abad, painter (b. 1946).
 * 7 December – Cheng Yik Hung, founder of Wing Tai Group (b. 1911).

Unknown date

 * Christopher Henry Rothwell Allen, actor, director, winner of 1983 Cultural Medallion for Theatre (b. 1933).

title: 2004 in Singapore


text: Template:PrinceEdwardIsland-geo-stub

title: Template:PrinceEdwardIsland-geo-stub


text:
Edenfield

Edenfield is a village within the Rossendale borough of Lancashire, England. Lying on the River Irwell, it is around 1.25 mi north of Ramsbottom, 2.5 mi south of Rawtenstall, and 6.0 mi west of Norden, and has a total population of 2,080, reducing to 2,053 at the 2011 Census.

Edenfield village centre lies at the intersection of three A roads; the A676 from Bolton, the A680 from Accrington and Rochdale and the A56 from Rawtenstall and Bury. The M66 motorway terminates its course at Edenfield, whereupon it becomes the A56 dual carriageway known as the Edenfield Bypass.

The village has recently seen growth as a commuter settlement for Greater Manchester.

History
The origins of the Edenfield place name are not entirely clear, but it seems extremely unlikely that it derives from "fields of Eden" or similar. Given the large number of Norse-derived place names in Rossendale and bearing in mind that documents from the 17th century and older spell the name as Aydenfield or some variant of this, a likely etymology is the Norse "øy" (riverside ground/island; see for instance the village of Øyer) + "tun" (farmstead) + field; in other words, the land belonging to the farmstead by the river (Irwell).

Edenfield Chapel of Ease (the precursor of the parish church and part of the benefice of Bury) is extensively mentioned in 16th-century documents. It probably had its own curate before the Reformation. A deed of 1564 mentions one Ralph Nuttall making payments to Richard Nuttall for a land settlement and that these payments were to take place "in Edenfield Chapel". A century later there were "aboute foure and twenty tenements and houses w th in Shuttleworth in the Lordshippe of Burghe [Bury], beinge all the houses w th in Shuttleworth afforesaid who are appointed by the said Orders to' pay theire tyths to Bury, who are much nearer to the Chapel of Aydenfield [Edenfield] afforesaid, and vsually repaire thither to the ordinances when they have a mister".

Like other villages in Rossendale, Edenfield later became involved in industry and some quarrying activities still continue.

Britain's largest onshore wind farm was controversially built in 2007–08 on Scout Moor above Edenfield.

Governance
Since 1974, Edenfield has formed part of the Rossendale borough of Lancashire, having previously formed part of the urban district of Ramsbottom, in the administrative county boundaries of Lancashire.

Edenfield is part of the Rossendale and Darwen Parliamentary Constituency, with the current MP being Jake Berry.

Geography
Edenfield lies above the east bank of the River Irwell, within the Rossendale valley. The landscape of the area is dominated by Dearden Moor and Scout Moor directly to the east and Holcombe Moor with the Peel Monument, across the valley of the River Irwell to the west. The M66 motorway terminates its course at Edenfield.

Economy
The main thoroughfare in the village is Market Street, along which occurs mostly late 19th century terraced housing and a number of shops.

The number and type of shops in the village has varied over recent years, with an overall decline due to the increased mobility of the population and competition from nearby supermarkets, but mainstays have been an independent baker (Sixsmith's), butcher, pharmacy, post office, newsagent and fish and chip shop.

A number of mills sprang up during the industrial revolution from the 1760s onwards – not without the usual Luddite unrest. A once-famous 19th century novel refers to a character "who crossed the hills to preach at Edenfield on Sunday [saying] that machines were broken on Saturday". The mills, built particularly alongside Dearden Brook which provided the water power, are now closed but some remains can be seen in Dearden Clough.

That the main route north from Manchester runs through the village explains the many coaching houses, of which only two public houses survive – the Rostron Arms and the Coach. During the second half of the 19th century Edenfield had its own brewery, the products of which were not entirely popular: due to their purgative effect the ale was known as "Sh-t-n Br-ches". An article published in 1983 described a ghostly headless horseman who allegedly haunts the main road but this "legend" is not widely known elsewhere.

Landmarks
The parish church is a simple but elegant 18th-century building unusual in that it takes its name from the village rather than being dedicated to a particular saint. Despite some 19th-century additions<ref it was famously described in John Betjeman's book as "unspoiled, unspruced Georgian". There is a 1970s photograph of the church, showing part of the main street, village school and the now-demolished Chapel House Farm, on the website of Edenfield-born musician Dr Tim Rishton (who was organist there as a child). The former Wesleyan chapel on the junction between Market Street and Rochdale Road was demolished in 1960, but there is still an imposing Primitive Methodist church, built in 1881 at the junction of Bond Street and Rochdale Road.

Present day
The area is popular with walkers and hikers, many stopping to see [[Media:Wwell.jpg|Waugh's Well]], a hillside memorial to the Lancashire Dialect writer and poet Edwin Waugh. Another popular walk is Dearden Clough to 'Plunge' – the ruined site of Plunge Mill, where there is an imposing pit wheel housing for a waterwheel. One approach to the clough is from Michael Wife Lane, named after Mary Nuttall, wife of Michael Nuttall, who was fined in 1618 for not maintaining the road and, finally, put in the stocks in 1624 for still not carrying out this work.

The village is home to Edenfield Cricket Club. There is also a recreation ground on Exchange Street which is used by a number of football teams of varying ages. Alongside is Edenfield Community Centre serving a number of uses for different interest groups. In May 2010 over 270 sheep, valued at £17,000, were stolen from a local farmer. In May 2011, a protest took place in the village regarding the proposed accommodation of sex offenders at Chatterton Hey House.

title: Edenfield