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Magistrates' court (England and Wales)

In England and Wales, a magistrates' court is a lower court which hears matters relating to summary offences and some triable either-way matters. Some civil law issues are also decided here, notably family proceedings. In 2010, there were 320 magistrates' courts in England and Wales; by 2020, a decade later, 164 of those had closed. The jurisdiction of magistrates' courts and rules governing them are set out in the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980.

All criminal proceedings start at a magistrates' court. Summary offences are lesser crimes (for example, public order offences and most driving matters) that can be punished under the magistrates' courts maximum sentencing powers of 12 months imprisonment, and/or an unlimited fine. Indictable only offences, on the other hand, are serious crimes (e.g. rape, murder); if it is found at the initial hearing of the magistrates' court that there is a case to answer, they are committed to the Crown Court, which has a much wider range of sentencing power. Either-way offences are matters that can be dealt with either in the magistrates' court or in the Crown Court. Defendants have the option to elect for their case to be heard in the Crown Court, however magistrates also have the right to send the case to the Crown Court if at any time they consider that their sentencing powers are likely to be insufficient.

In the magistrates' court, cases are usually heard by a bench of three (or occasionally two) justices of the peace, or by a district judge (magistrates' court). Criminal cases are usually, although not exclusively, investigated by the police and then prosecuted at the court by the Crown Prosecution Service. Some uncontested minor criminal matters (for example, road traffic offences, TV licensing matters, train fare evasion etc) can be dealt with by a single justice of the peace under the single justice procedure.

Defendants may hire a solicitor or barrister to represent them, often paid for by legal aid.

There are magistrates in other common-law jurisdictions.

History
The current magistrates' courts are a continuation of the system of courts of petty session. Magistrates also previously presided in quarter sessions, but the abolition of these in 1972 removed the need for the distinction.

In London the Middlesex Justices Act 1792 (32 Geo. 3. c. 53) created a separate system of courts presided over by magistrates, staffed with constables – based on the Bow Street Runners. These became known as police courts.

Jurisdiction and sentencing powers
In criminal matters, magistrates' courts (formerly known as a police courts in London, and petty sessions elsewhere) in England and Wales have been organised to deal with minor offences in a speedy manner. All criminal cases start in the magistrates' court and over 95 per cent of them will end there – only the most serious offences go to Crown Court.

Summary offences are the least serious criminal offences. They include driving offences, vandalism, criminal damage of low value, low-level violent offences and being drunk and disorderly. This kind of "lesser" criminality will be dealt with in summary proceedings at a magistrates' court, where the defendant is tried, and if convicted is sentenced by, justices of the peace or a district judge (magistrates' court). No formal indictment is necessary.

The maximum sentencing powers of magistrates' courts are 12 months imprisonment and/or an unlimited fine. Some driving offences are punished by endorsement (licence points) and/or disqualification from driving for a period of time.

There are four types of sentence available to the magistrates – a discharge (either conditional or absolute); a financial penalty; a community order, which must include at least one of twelve possible conditions (such as supervision, unpaid work, curfew, treatment programmes for issues such as domestic violence or sexual offending, drug and alcohol rehabilitation, etc.); or custody (either immediately or as a suspended sentence). The majority of sentences are non-custodial. For either-way offences, if the magistrates feel that their powers of sentencing are insufficient, they can send the case to the Crown Court, who can impose a more severe sentence.

Often the point is to achieve restorative justice (compensation of victims of crime) and reformation of the offenders. These alternative punishments are called community sentences. A community sentence usually includes "community payback", which is a requirement to carry out between 40 and 300 hours of unpaid community service. This is often complemented by some kind of programme or treatment, offering a helping hand to offenders, and engaging them at the same time – ending a drug habit, coping with a mental illness, skills and qualifications for work, and more. Also, the judge (or magistrate) may issue orders with rules such as curfew, restraining orders (cannot go near their victim, for example) and many others. During serving of community sentences, similarly to suspended sentence, offenders usually will be supervised by a probation officer.

Either way offences can be dealt with either by the magistrates' court or in the Crown Court. There will be a hearing to decide on venue, where there will be an outline of the case from both prosecution and defence. The guideline is whether, taking the prosecution case at its most serious, the court believes that a magistrates' court has sufficient powers of sentence. If so, the case will be accepted, and a date will be held for a subsequent hearing in a magistrates' court – otherwise the case will be sent to the Crown Court, as with Indictable offences below.

Indictable only offences are very serious crimes and must be sent to the Crown Court. For all cases, excluding murder, the magistrates will decide whether the defendant is to be released on bail or remanded into custody. In law in England and Wales, unconditional bail is automatically granted unless the court believes there is a chance the defendant will either abscond, reoffend during the bail period, or interfere with witnesses or the case in general.

Juvenile justice deals with criminal offences by young people, who have reached the age of criminal liability (ten years old), but are not yet adults (have not reached 18). These cases are heard by specially trained magistrates sitting in a youth court. They have the power to impose a sentence of youth detention known as a detention and training order (DTO) for a period of up to two years.

Some civil matters, including non-payment of council tax, are heard by magistrates. Family proceedings may be held before specially trained magistrates in family proceedings courts within magistrates' courts.

Judges and other roles
Modern magistrates' courts are based on a centuries-old office of the justice of the peace, so named for their responsibility for guarding the Queen's or King's peace.

Magistrates
Justices of the peace (JPs), more commonly referred to as magistrates, are trained volunteers appointed from the local community; the nature of their role means that it is not necessary for them to be legally qualified, but they do have the assistance of a legally-qualified adviser in court. JPs require intelligence, common sense, integrity, and the capacity to act fairly. They are selected by a local advisory committee and only recommended to the Lord Chancellor for appointment if they can demonstrate the six key qualities required of a judicial office holder, these are: (a) good character, (b) commitment and reliability, (c) social awareness, (d) sound judgement, (e) understanding and communication and (f) maturity and sound temperament. Membership is widely spread throughout the area covered and drawn from all walks of life. Police officers, traffic wardens, as well as their close relatives will not be appointed, nor will those convicted of certain criminal offences including recent minor offences.

All new justices of the peace undergo comprehensive training before sitting. There is a mentoring program to help guide new appointees. Mentors are magistrates with at least three years' service. The training, delivered by the Judicial College, covers the necessary law and procedure required for their role. They continue to receive training throughout their judicial career, and are appraised every four years, every two years for a Presiding Justice, to check that they continue to remain competent in their role. Additional training is given to justices choosing to sit in the Youth Court or those dealing with family matters. New JPs sit with mentors on at least six occasions during their first eighteen months.

Justices of the peace are unpaid appointees, but they may receive allowances to cover traveling expenses, subsistence and loss of earnings for those not paid by their employer while sitting as a magistrate, up to £116.78 a day. A justice of the peace may sit at any magistrates' court in England and Wales, but in practice, they are appointed to their local bench, a colloquial and legal term for the local court. Justices of the peace will normally sit as a panel of three, with two as a minimum in most cases, except those cases dealt with under the single justice procedure. Many are members of the Magistrates' Association, which provides advice and training and represents magistrates.

The lead magistrate, known as the presiding justice (PJ), should be addressed in court as "Sir" or "Ma'am" or "Your worship", and the magistrates collectively as "Your worships". In writing, they are referred to as "John Smith, JP", for justice of the peace. The other magistrates are known as "wingers". All three magistrates contribute equally to the decision-making, and carry equal authority, but the presiding justice will speak on their behalf in open court.

The magistracy is an ancient institution, dating in England from at least 1327. The role is underpinned by the principles of "local justice" and "justice by one's peers".

District judge
District judges (magistrates' courts), formerly known as stipendiary magistrates, are paid judges, employed by the Ministry of Justice. They sit alone and have the same authority as a fully-constituted bench of magistrates. District judges will often hear cases where there is complex legal argument and where a ruling may be required regarding the law. A minimum of five years' legal experience is required for those seeking appointment. They are distinct from the County Court district judges.

District judges (MC) are referred to as "District Judge" or "DJ" in court, addressed customarily "Sir" or "Madam" and addressed in correspondence with, for example, "District Judge (Magistrates' Courts) Tuff".

The senior district judge is responsible for leadership of the 300 district judges sitting in magistrates' courts in England and Wales. The senior district judge holds the title chief magistrate, but has no responsibility for justices of the peace. The chief magistrate is also responsible for hearing the most sensitive or complex cases.

Legal adviser
Magistrates are assisted in court by a legal adviser who is a qualified solicitor or barrister who will ensure that the court is properly directed regarding the law. They will see that the court's business is dealt with efficiently, and will keep a full and accurate record of the proceedings.

Prosecutor
The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) is an authority responsible for prosecuting cases (traditionally, in the name of the queen or the king), once the police have completed their investigation. A relative novelty in English criminal proceedings, the CPS was established by the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985. Since its creation in 1986, it is the principal, though not the only, body that can bring a case to a criminal court in England and Wales.

A minority of cases are prosecuted by other law enforcement agencies, such as English local authorities, Welsh local authorities, the Department for Work and Pensions or the Health and Safety Executive, or private prosecutors such as the RSPCA or the BBC in its capacity as the TV licensing authority. Private individuals are also entitled to bring a private prosecution – this happens most commonly where an individual is an alleged victim of common assault and the authorities have declined to prosecute. Private prosecutors can either represent themselves, or they may instruct a solicitor or barrister to represent them.

The CPS retains a power to take over a private prosecution, under section 6(2) of the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985, either to continue or discontinue it. It is, however, CPS policy to exercise this power only if the prosecution should be stopped because it does not meet the requirements of the Code for Crown Prosecutors, or there are important reasons why the prosecution should be pursued by the CPS.

Defence
Defendants may choose to represent themselves, and usually do so in minor cases such as road traffic offences. However, defendants may be represented by a solicitor or a barrister. In most magistrates' courts there will be a duty solicitor available to advise and possibly to represent any defendant who does not have their own solicitor.

Proceedings
Proceedings in magistrates' courts are oral and open to the public – exceptions exist for the protection of victims (e.g. rape cases) and in youth courts.

Bail, remand, summons
When defendants first appear before a magistrates' court, they will do so in one of three circumstances. They will either appear on bail having been charged with an offence and compelled to attend court under penalty; in response to a summons or requisition, which requires attendance but does not, in the first instance, carry any penalty for non-attendance; or in custody, having been refused bail by the police. Defendants on bail must first surrender to the custody of the court.

Whichever the circumstance, the first requirement is for defendants to identify themselves to the court. Once the court is satisfied as to the identity, it must consider the charges.

Summary proceedings
If the charge is a summary offence, the court will generally expect a plea to be taken. If the plea is one of "not guilty", the court will fix a date for trial, taking into account the number and availability of the witnesses.

In the event of a plea of guilty, the court will hear the facts of the case from the prosecution and mitigation from the defence, then consider sentence. For the most minor offences where the appropriate sentence is a fine or discharge, this will usually follow immediately after a plea of guilty. However, where the offence is more serious and may justify a community-based penalty or imprisonment, the case will usually be adjourned for the probation service to interview the defendant and prepare a pre-sentence report in which a recommendation as to the most appropriate sentence will be made. When the defendant returns to court for sentence, the bench will consider the report along with any mitigation put forward by the defendant before passing sentence.

On each occasion that a defendant appears before the court, the issue of bail must be addressed. Defendants may be released on bail, which is an order of the court compelling a defendant's future attendance, which may have conditions attached to it where such conditions are considered necessary either to ensure the defendant's future attendance, prevent the commission of further offences, or prevent the obstruction of justice. If the court decides that no conditions exist which could achieve these objectives, the court may remand the defendant in custody until the next hearing.

Either-way offences
When an either-way offence is to be tried at the Crown Court, magistrates are responsible for committal to the Crown Court (a task in former times dealt with by a grand jury), which requires the court to consider whether there is a case to answer based upon statements and exhibits submitted to the court.

If the charge is an either-way offence, the "allocation" procedure is carried out. In this procedure, defendants must indicate what plea to the charge would be. If the defendant indicates a plea of "not guilty", or declines to indicate a plea, the court hears an outline of the facts from the prosecution and representations from the defendant or his representative, and then determines whether the case is suitable for summary trial or not. The court will decline jurisdiction to try the case if it decides that the sentencing powers of the magistrates' court are likely to be inadequate to deal with the case.

Committal and indictment
The grand jury system, which still exists in the United States, has been abolished in England and Wales. Instead, magistrates now perform the grand jury's functions of indicting those accused of offences which need to be tried by a jury and sending them to the Crown Court for trial.

In the case of offences which are indictable only, no plea is taken and the case is sent forthwith to the Crown Court.

When dealing with either-way offences, and after the defendant has indicated a plea, it is the role of the bench to decide whether the case is suitable for summary trial or whether to decline jurisdiction and send the case to the Crown Court – what is called the allocation decision. The court must have regard to both its sentencing powers and also any legal, procedural and factual complexity which may make the case unsuitable for summary trial. If the court finds the case suitable for summary trial then the defendant is asked whether he consents to trial or whether he will elect for trial in the Crown Court. If the court decides the case is not suitable for summary trial then it will send the case forthwith to the Crown Court.

Challenges to decisions of magistrates' courts
There are four mechanisms under which a decision of a magistrates' court may be challenged:

 * reconsideration by the same magistrates' court;
 * appeal to the Crown Court;
 * appeal to the High Court (King's Bench Division) by way of case stated; and
 * judicial review in the High Court (Administrative Division).

Reconsideration by the same magistrates' court
If the defendant thinks that the decision was wrong they can ask the court to reconsider the sentence or conviction. This may be because the defendant thinks that there was a serious error in law, or that the court did not follow the right steps. If a defendant did not know about their case before a decision was made then they can make a statutory declaration before the magistrates' court. If accepted, the magistrates may agree to start the proceedings again and set aside the original judgement. If a defendant disagrees with the decision made by the Magistrates' court then they would need to appeal to the Crown Court.

Appeal to the Crown Court
The procedure for appeals to the Crown Court is governed by the Criminal Procedure Rules (CrimPR) Part 34. A defendant can appeal to the Crown Court against conviction or sentence. If the appeal is against conviction then the hearing is de novo, that is, it is a complete rehearing of the original trial. The Crown Court panel will normally consist of a Judge (either a Judge of the High Court, a Circuit Judge, a Recorder or a qualifying judge advocate), and a minimum of two Justices of the Peace (Magistrates), none of whom must have been previously involved in the decision under appeal. The Judge will preside over the proceedings and direct the Court as to the relevant law, but all panel members have an equal say regarding the final decision or verdict. If the panel cannot all agree on the verdict and/or sentence, then a majority decision prevails.

Appeal to the High Court by way of case stated
If the defendant or the prosecution believe that the magistrates' or District Judge (Magistrates' Court), or the Crown Court on appeal, made an error in law, then they can appeal to the High Court by case stated. This is governed by the Criminal Procedure Rules (CrimPR) Part 35. The magistrates' court or the Crown Court will be asked to state a case to the High Court, ie. they will be asked to provide a written summary of the case which can then be challenged by the aggrieved party. Upon considering the matter, the High Court may reverse, affirm, or amend the determination in respect of the case that has been stated. It may also remit the matter back to the magistrates' court or the Crown Court with advice to be considered.

Judicial review in the High Court (Administrative division)
Judicial review may be considered if a party believes that a court has acted in excess of its jurisdiction, that there has been a breach of natural justice, or if a decision or reasoning is Wednesbury unreasonable, ie. it is irrational. Other circumstances may also apply, but typically in a judicial review a challenge is being made to the lawfulness of a decision or action made by a public body.

title: Magistrates' court (England and Wales)


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Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Horn of Africa

Horn of Africa

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One of the sorriest stubs for a region of the world

Support:
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text: Category:Sports venues in Finland

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Sicamous

Sicamous is a district municipality in the Shuswap Country region of south central British Columbia. The place is adjacent to the narrows, which is the confluence of Mara Lake into Shuswap Lake. At the BC Highway 97A intersection on BC Highway 1, the locality is by road about 73 km west of Revelstoke, 140 km east of Kamloops, and 75 km north of Vernon.

First Nations and fur traders
The Secwepemc (Shuswap) First Nations have long inhabited the shores of Shuswap and Mara lakes, evidenced by the presence of pit-houses dating back over 3,200 years. An annual potlach was held at the mouth of the Eagle River. In the 1840s, an encampment existed west of the narrows on the slopes later called CPR hill.

From the early 1820s, they brought furs to trade at the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) fort at Kamloops. By the 1840s, an HBC outpost opened at the mouth of the Eagle River. For centuries, the river had provided an abundance of salmon, which also created a trade in dried fish. A trail on the north side of the river was used up to the 1930s to reach tracts of wild blueberry bushes.

Name origin
"Schik-mouse", recorded in 1865, was the earliest known spelling of the First Nations word for Sicamous. The word describes the narrows, but the specific aspect has remained unclear. Suggestions have been "place cut through", "the narrows", "stream winding round a hill", "river circling mountains", "in the middle", and "narrow" or "squeezed in the middle". The Sicamous Channel is the only inland port in BC that does not freeze during the winter.

Earlier general community at the Eagle River mouth
During the Big Bend Gold Rush of 1865, Governor Frederick Seymour commissioned Walter Moberly to identify the best route for a wagon road or railway from Shuswap Lake to the Columbia River. Although most prospectors travelled via Seymour Arm, many instead went up the Eagle River and followed First Nations trails to the Columbia. Moberly camped at the river mouth in 1865, which was soon called Eagle Pass Landing, because the river flowed from the direction of the Eagle Pass. A boom town of tents sprang up at the landing. The main buildings were an assay office, general store, blacksmith, and saloons, which were largely abandoned by the end of the following year, when the goldrush ended.

George Murdock obtained the first pre-emption in the vicinity. During 1882–1892, in partnership with Mr. Hill, he operated a hotel, store, and saloon. In 1884, the Gustavus Blin Wright syndicate completed the wagon road through the pass to Revelstoke. At the time, Murdock ran the only business at the landing. Steamboats connected to Kamloops and Savona. By the next year, during the peak of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) construction, more than 100 buildings lined the foreshore. The rebuild included a few hotels, stores, dance halls, livery barns, and a NWMP barracks and jail. Railway contractors Mackenzie and Mann had their headquarters at the landing. The new name was Eagle City. A stage operated to Farwell. In 1885, Fred White was appointed inaugural postmaster of the short-lived post office. The unwillingness of Mr. Bryne to sell land for a railyard east of the narrows compelled CP to build on the west side. This decision soon vacated the river mouth location, which then became known as the Old Town or Old Sicamous.

Earlier general community west of the narrows
In 1884, Colonel E. Forester constructed the first building, which was the Lake View Hotel. In 1887, he built a two-storey extension which housed a store on the ground floor, was appointed postmaster, and erected a barn. The Kamloops general store owned by John Andrew Mara operated this Sicamous store as a branch.

At that time, a narrow and swampy in places wagon road was built to supersede the trail southward along the western side of Mara Lake, which connected Sicamous and Enderby. Schubert Bros. established a stage service on the route. In 1890, Wood and Tunstall purchased the J.A. Mara business.

The access point for Okanagan mail had transferred from Ducks to Sicamous, and the Schubert stage carried the mail for several years. In 1892, the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway (S&O) assumed the mail contract, the railway construction having severely damaged the Mara Lake road.

In 1894, fire destroyed the hotel and store. A few months later, the replacement hotel opened immediately south of the present highway bridge on the same site. A couple of ownership changes occurred. In 1906, the building burned to the ground. The next year, the three-storey Bellevue Hotel was opened by Leopole Congreve on the site.

In 1890, the first CP hotel was built beside the station. In 1898, a fire ignited by a dropped oil lamp in the dining room of the hotel spread to the station, destroying both properties.

While the new 160 by station/hotel was under construction, the Lake View Hotel thrived. In 1900, the new CP hotel opened. In 1908, a further storey was added. In 1914, an electrical fire caused considerable damage to the upper storey. In 1919, the lobby and main staircase at the west end were transposed with the dining room at the east end. All 75 guest rooms had hot and cold running water. Important guests included a stay by the future Edward VIII in the 1920s. CP funded a police constable based at the hotel from 1890. The jail was built on the other side of the tracks, east of the hotel in 1909.

In 1892, Mary Janet Finlayson opened a store west of the station. Two years later, the building burned down. Her next store was north of the Lake View Hotel site.

The government wharf was west of the station before relocating to the narrows in 1913, where the new 160 ft wharf was built. On the arrival of the government telephone line in 1914, phones were installed in the Finlayson store and two hotels.

In 1921–22, a footbridge was attached to the rail bridge.

Situated east of the CP hotel, the CP power plant provided electricity to these premises and a few houses on CPR hill. About 1929, hydro power transmission lines arrived being extended eastward across the narrows in 1949.

Great Depression relief camp workers built the Canoe–Sicamous road, which would reduce the travel distance between Salmon Arm and Sicamous by 14 mi. In 1934, the road was completed to a rudimentary level. By this time, Robert (Bob) H. Congreve supplied boats and cars at his service station on the shore below the Bellevue Hotel. The upgrading of this road continued over subsequent years.

In 1956, the primary access point for rail passengers into the Okanagan switched to Salmon Arm, which offered a superior bus connection. The CP hotel at Sicamous closed that year and was demolished in 1964.

In 1957, Phil Gaglardi, minister of highways, officially opened the rebuilt Canoe–Sicamous section of highway.

Main line
In August 1871, as a symbolic gesture that the railway would one day become a reality, Ed Mohun, government engineer, drove the first stake on the CP route in BC at Sicamous.

In September 1885, the eastward advance of the CP rail head from Port Moody passed through Sicamous, reaching a point about 34 mi west of Revelstoke by month end. A construction camp was based at Solsqua. The Sicamous station built at that time was the standard-design (Bohi's Type 3) station building with prominent overhang (identical to Albert Canyon and Beavermouth).

To temporarily disperse the mosquito infestation in the earlier decades, a yard locomotive belching smoke and steam was run through the station prior to passenger train arrivals.

The 1885 timber pile trestle rail bridge had a wooden drawbridge for river traffic, which was replaced in 1898 by a manually turned swing span. In 1913, three 65 ft and one 54 ft steel spans replaced timber trestles. In 1982, a double track swing bridge, comprising five 75 ft spans plus a 157 ft swing span, was erected 7 ft higher than the former single track structure, adjacent to its north.

In 1890, several cars of a train derailed 2 mi west, destroying two cars.

In 1892, the locomotive tender and four cars of a westbound passenger train derailed 5 mi west, causing extensive damage. Months later, a fallen tree upon the track derailed a passenger train.

In 1893, the station platform was extended 100 ft each way.

In 1900, a yard worker was crushed to death between the buffers of two freight cars, which unexpectedly rolled during a coupling exercise.

In 1901, a woman on the track did not survive after a train severed her leg.

In 1908, a fireman manoeuvring along a work train 2 mi east, who fell between the cars, sustained a fatal severing of an arm and leg. A few months later, a conductor was crushed to death while coupling cars.

In 1909, a train struck and killed a man walking through the Mowich tunnel, about 6 mi west. A petition that year to change the station name to Okanagan Junction was unsuccessful.

In 1913, A train struck a man near the bridge, causing fatal injuries.

In 1914, the track was raised 6 ft.

In 1915, a constable confronted two freighthoppers beneath a dining car at the station. While restraining one, the officer fired a shot in the air to halt the other one fleeing. The first one broke free, fired a gun, and was killed when the constable returned fire.

During World War I, a military camp was established to house soldiers guarding the rail bridge.

In 1919, when 15 beehives tumbled from a truck crossing the track, an approaching train shattered the load.

West of the station were the coal chute (1920), bunkhouse, freight shed, and water tower. East of the station were the roundhouse, powerhouse, turntable, Chinese laundry, and police residence/jail.

In 1937, a freighthopper, who slipped while attempting to board an eastbound freight train, sustained fatal injuries.

In 1939, when the westbound royal train made a 10-minute stop, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth came out onto the rear observation platform of their car and the king chatted with the children who filed by in an orderly procession.

In 1946, an incorrectly set switch derailed a caboose onto the station platform.

In 1951, the westbound royal train carrying Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip made a stop, where the royal couple alighted, greeted the crowd at Finlayson Park for over 10 minutes, reboarded, and waved from the observation platform.

In 1959, the westbound royal train carrying the Queen and Prince Philip made a 20-minute stop, which comprised a similar program to the previous visit. The train stopped overnight opposite the station, entering the branch line the next day.

In 1963, a train severed a man's left leg, resulting in death.

In 1964, multiple cars of a freight train derailed at the pole yard crossing.

In 1968, the wreckage of a truck that plunged off the highway and onto the railway tracks delayed a passenger train three hours.

In 2004, a man was sentenced to six years jail for causing bodily harm, having lain on the tracks with his son 8 mi east and being struck by a train.

In 2013, an intoxicated man, who received a glancing blow from a westbound train, was seriously injured.

The CP Sicamous passing track is 7290 ft.

Branch
In May 1891, the southward advance of the S&O rail head from Sicamous passed through Enderby. By yearend, a two-stall engine house was completed and the turntable was nearing completion.

In 1898, a derailment 6 mi south extensively damaged the track, sending three boxcars plunging down a 15 ft embankment and leaving the baggage car, express car, and two passenger cars of the northbound train derailed.

Although opposed by the clergy and unions, the introduction of Sunday service on the branch line in 1911 proved popular with the public.

In 1912, following the installation of an oil storage tank in the yard, oil-burning locomotives were introduced to the branch.

Before the 25-year lease of the line ended in 1915, CP purchased the remaining shares in the S&O.

In 1976, when a gasoline tank car erupted along the lake, 54 freight cars derailed and 500 ft of track was destroyed.

In 1983, multiple cars of a freight train derailed just outside the rail yard.

The Okanagan Valley Railway leased the former S&O trackage 1998–2009.

. In 1960, CP cancelled the route, leaving only the Salmon Arm–Kelowna service on Greyhound Canada. . In 2023, work began on the first 2 km of the 50 km Sicamous-Armstrong rail trail to be called the Shuswap North Okanagan Rail Trail.

Ferry and road bridges over the narrows
Established in 1933, the subsidised ferry was operated by Bob Congreve throughout its existence. Described as two riverboats about 30 ft long, 20 ft apart, straddled by a railed platform, the former Squilax reaction ferry was manoeuvred by either an outboard or his power-boat. The season was May to the end of December. The hours were 7am–10pm and the fare was 50 cents per car.

In 1942, a new four-car ferry was installed. That year, the ferry became free, but a charge was made for after hours service. A different account states a 24-hour service operated until 1942, when it became 7am–8pm six days a week. The fare was one-way for visitors but return for locals.

The ferry operated until a trestle bridge opened in June 1949. Built by the Salmon Arm Bridge crew, the structure was 570 ft long with a 70 ft steel girder main span. The wooden crossing was south of the Bellevue Hotel, connecting with the old highway (Finlayson St). In 1957, the bridge was redecked.

Contracts awarded in 1961 for the new bridge were the substructure to Vega Construction ($197,775) and the superstructure to Canada Iron Foundries ($335,504). The 37 by two-lane crossing with a sidewalk stood 30 ft above high water. Originally named the Sicamous Narrows Bridge on completion in 1962, the crossing was renamed the RW Bruhn Bridge the following year. In 1964, the former bridge was dismantled.

Work on a four-lane replacement, which started in 2023, is expected for completion in 2026 but demolition of the old bridge could extend the project into 2027.

Forestry
In 1902, the province incorporated the Shuswap Shingle and Lumber Co. to acquire certain lumber businesses that James C. Shields owned, which included the shingle mill 4.5 mi west at Annis. James remained as manager. By 1904, the operation was part of the Kamloops Lumber Company, which included large sawmills at Kamloops and Enderby.

By 1906, James had left the Annis mill to pursue lumber interests at Savona. The Annis venture appears to have closed by this time, and a conversion to a sawmill took place from 1907 to 1909, when it emerged as Shields' Sovereign Mill. The business existed into the 1910s.

In 1920, Sicamous Sawmills was incorporated with a capital of $100,000. That year, Rolf Wallgren Bruhn owned the first house on CPR hill, where his lumber head office was also located. The corporation had a tie loading facility at Sicamous and a pole yard south at Mara Point. The company workshop was some distance west of the Sicamous station. In the late 1930s, he established a sawmill on the Old Town shore, which was expanded in 1942 but closed in 1949. Mr. Van Schmidt had a shingle mill in this vicinity in the early 1940s. On the east shore south at Two Mile, Ross Graham operated a sawmill for about a decade before burning down in 1949.

On the liquidation of the Bruhn assets in 1949, Federated Co-op purchased the logging and sawmill interests and B.J. Carney the post, pole, and tie ones. Initially, Carney maintained a branch office at Sicamous, but in 1966, he established a big yard for post-peeling activities. By 1973, all his peeling was centralized at Sicamous. In 1990, his Enderby office closed to consolidate at Sicamous.

During 1941–1982, a Forestry Service office existed.

Earlier general community east of the narrows
The wagon road along the western side of Mara Lake having been destroyed, interned aliens built sections of a new road along the eastern side from June 1915 to July 1917. However, a 2.5 mi gap to Sicamous existed for several years.

In 1915, the Sicamous–Solsqua road east was rebuilt. About this time George Dillabough established a boat livery, to which he added a general store.

The highway link east to Revelstoke, which had been destroyed by the railway construction in the 1880s, was not restored until 1922. At the end of the prior year, the link south to Mara was completed. In 1926, the community hall was built. In 1927, Roy Finlayson opened the first garage and installed an Esso pump. Sold in 1958, the premises were demolished in the early 1970s.

In 1945, the local branch of the Legion was established. In 1947, Douglas Finlayson relocated the family store from the west side of the narrows. Sold in 1957, the store burned to the ground in 1982. In the late 1940s, Bell's tourist cabins were erected, and the Greyhound bus stopped at the Tordoff tea room. The next year, the installation of the town water supply was completed. In 1964, Sicamous Water District assumed ownership.

After the absence of a police presence in the vicinity for a few years, a police post was established in 1952. That year, the volunteer fire department was created. The Eagle River Credit Union was founded in 1953, opened its first building in 1958, and merged with the Salmon Arm Savings and Credit Union in 1975. In 1954 the Jehovah's Witnesses opened their hall. On completion of a new Kingdom hall in 1983, the old building was sold. In 1955, St Peter's Anglican church building opened, and the post office moved from a general store to a separate building, which was enlarged in 1973 and replaced in 1982. In 1956, Our Lady of Fatima Roman Catholic building was completed, and a Bank of Montreal (BMO) branch opened, moving to the post office building the following year. In 1982, the Catholic church hall opened. A volunteer ambulance service commenced in 1957, was run by the Kinsmen from 1963, and was taken over by the province in 1974.

Partially destroyed by fire in the 1950s, the community hall was extended during a rehabilitation. Various uses included Legion hall, boat storage, movie house, second hand store, and flea market. Known as the Red Barn by the 1980s, the premises have continued to be used for social events. The place is now called the Red Barn Arts Centre. In 1958, the Eagle Valley News was founded, and the Lazy Daze Marina Motel & Campground was established (later known as Bluewater Houseboat). The next year, the new Legion hall opened.

Built in 1960 were the Monashee Motel and the 12.9 mi Sicamous–Malakwa reconstruction. The Paradise Motel came in 1962. Opened in 1963 were the United church building and the Husky service station/restaurant, which was designed as a rest stop for long haul trucking.

The title of "houseboat capital of Canada" first appeared in a 1969 magazine and a 1970 newspaper.

In 1971, an explosion destroyed the Sicamous Marina, an adjacent home, boats, motors, snowmobiles, and other sporting goods. In 1972, about 25 families fled to higher ground when up to 3 ft of water surged through the downtown area from the rain-swollen Shuswap and Mara lakes. In 1974, the first bowling alley opened.

Caesars Inn was established in 1975, sold in 1979, burned down in 1993, relocated, and renamed Brothers Tavern & Liquor Store. In 1977, the Sicamous–Enderby highway was paved. Opened in 1978 were a 24 by timber pile landing, a new firehall, a new telephone exchange, and the Parklands Mall. The first RBC was located at the latter in the early 1980s.

In 1980, a library branch was established. Acquired in 1981, the Silver Sands beach property was developed as a public facility. In 1983, the Sicamous and District Recreation Centre opened.

The District of Sicamous was incorporated in December 1989.

The waterfront enhancement project officially opened in 1992.

Schools
In 1910, the one-room Sicamous school, which opened on leased land near the creek up on CPR hill, lacked any road access. In 1946, the school closed due to insufficient student numbers.

In 1921, the one-room Eagle Valley school was established in the vicinity of the present Eagle River Secondary. In 1946, the school became part of the new School District 20 Salmon Arm. During the summer break, lumber donated by the Bruhn mill, and from demolishing the closed Sicamous school, was used to build an extension at Eagle Valley to create a second classroom.

In 1950, Eagle River school was the rebranded name. That year, grades 1 and 2 were bussed in from Solsqua and grades 6 and 7 were bussed out. On the completion of a new three-room school in 1951, all Solsqua pupils were bussed in, as were Malakwa pupils above grade 6. The final year at Eagle River increased over time from grade 10 to grade 12. When the student population grew, the two former classrooms were again used, as were two upstairs rooms in the then firehall. In 1955–56, four new classrooms, an auditorium, and kitchen were built.

After Parkview Elementary opened in 1970, grades K–7 gradually moved from Eagle River school. In 1966–67, three new offices and an auditorium/cafeteria were built at Eagle River. The old auditorium was converted to two science rooms and a bookroom. In 1967, the old Eagle Valley building was moved to Finlayson Park. In 1968, the final grade 12 graduation was held. Over the following years, grades 11 and 12 were bussed to Salmon Arm Secondary. That year, the school became part of School District 89 Shuswap.

In 1975, two arsonists destroyed the Eagle River north wing. In 1977, the rebuild was complete. The next year, the name changed from Eagle River Elem-High to Eagle River Secondary. After grades 11 and 12 were restored, 1979 was the first graduation.

In 1969, 4 acre of land was purchased for a primary school adjacent to the park. In 1970, the school district maintenance staff built the new two-room building. That September, Parkview Elementary opened. The next year, two more classrooms were added. A gym and four more rooms were erected in 1974, and seven more over the next four years. In 1983, six new rooms replaced portables.

In 1996, the Sicamous schools became part of the new School District 83 North Okanagan-Shuswap. In the 2020s, classes continue at Eagle River Secondary and Parkview Elementary.

Notable people

 * George Abbott, (1952– ), politician, place of birth and resident.
 * Kris Beech, (1981– ), ice hockey player, resident.
 * Rob Flockhart, (1956–2021), ice hockey player, resident.
 * Ron Flockhart, (1960– ), ice hockey player, resident.
 * Cody Franson, (1987– ), ice hockey player, place of birth.
 * Colin Fraser, (1985– ), ice hockey player, place of birth.
 * Andrew Kozek, (1986– ), ice hockey player, resident.
 * Greg Kyllo, (1968– ), politician, resident.
 * Carolyn Mark, (19??– ), singer-songwriter, resident.
 * Dale Purinton, (1976– ), ice hockey player, resident.
 * Shea Weber, (1985– ), ice hockey player, place of birth and resident.

Later community
Growth has depended upon the resort industry and the state of the energy sector in Alberta (30 per cent of occupancy being seasonal). A houseboat manufacturing industry exists and rental stock totals about 250 units.

The town includes infrastructure typical for its size. The stores, restaurants, museum, library, trails, parks, beaches, and boating, cater to leisure activities. Emergency services bases exist for police, fire, and ambulance.

In 1983 the Sicamous and District Recreation Centre was opened costing a total of $810,000. Prior to 1983 there was no arena in the town.

In 2012, flash floods prompted the evacuation of around 350 people south at Two Mile and Swansea Point.

Prior to Greyhound ceasing all intraprovincial routes in 2018, an application the prior year included a service reduction via Sicamous. Rider Express provides a daily bus service.

During 2018 and 2019, the country music hit Old Town Road caused fans to steal the unrelated Old Town Road street signs. Consequently, the Sicamous and District Chamber of Commerce produced replicas for sale at $25 each.

In 2019, the Sicamous council reversed its decision to rename the Sicamous and District Recreation Centre as the March Memorial Arena.

In 2022, the scope of the District of Sicamous boundary expansion study was reduced when Swansea Point and Mara Hills were excluded.

In 2023, the district bio-fuel facility was completed.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sicamous had a population of 2,613 living in 1,244 of its 1,905 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 2,429. With a land area of 12.8 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Sicamous included:
 * Irreligion (1,605 persons or 61.0%)
 * Christianity (995 persons or 37.8%)
 * Catholic (190 persons or 7.2%)
 * Anglican (140 persons or 5.3%)
 * United Church (135 persons or 5.1%)
 * Lutheran (55 persons or 2.1%)
 * Baptist (50 persons or 1.9%)
 * Pentecostal (50 persons or 1.9%)
 * Other Christian (375 persons or 14.3%)
 * Other (10 persons or 0.4%)

title: Sicamous


text:
John Holmes (Ontario politician)

John Holmes (1828 – 22 September 1879) was a Canadian politician and surveyor.

He was born in Newtownforbes, County Longford, Ireland in 1828, the son of Alexander Holmes, and was educated in Ireland. He came to Upper Canada in 1846 and settled in Huntley Township where he became a provincial land surveyor. He married Eliza Graham. Holmes served seven years as reeve for the township and was also warden for Carleton County for five years. He served as captain in the local militia from 1866 to 1875.

Elected in the Canadian federal election of 1867, he served as the Liberal-Conservative Member of Parliament representing the riding of Carleton in the province of Ontario. He was defeated in the 1872 and 1874 elections, and never again sat in Parliament. He died in Christchurch, New Zealand in 1879.

title: John Holmes (Ontario politician)


text:
User talk:PiffPuffPickle

Hi there. Thanks for updating 2005 in British music every week. However, I notice that you're accidentally not including |} at the end of the singles, albums, or download charts. Without |}, the formatting of the page doesn't look right.

By the way, since no one's done it yet, Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Grammar
Other people correcting things like that is one of the best things about a wiki! I happen to be good at spotting grammar and spelling errors, and this way I get to fix it directly instead of working out who to tell for them to then not bother about it! Thryduulf 19:06, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Hello
How are you?

84.51.154.120 01:08, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Carmarthen station pano.jpg
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Jamesbluntgml.jpg)
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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File permission problem with File:Highbridge-railway-station.jpg
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title: User talk:PiffPuffPickle


text:
Cabrio coach

A cabrio coach or semi-convertible is a type of car that has a retractable textile roof, similar to a convertible/cabriolet. The difference is that where a convertible often has the B-pillar, C-pillar and other bodywork removed, the cabrio coach retains all bodywork to the top of the door frames and just replaces the roof skin and rear window with a retractable fabric panel.

An advantage of the cabrio coach, particularly for unibody designs is that retaining more of the car's original structure means that structural rigidity is higher (or the vehicle weight is lower) than traditional cabriolets.

If a vehicle's roof includes metal panels as well as the soft-top, it may be considered to be a canvas top design or a fixed-roof vehicle with a sunroof, instead of being a cabrio-coach. These have the advantage that they may be more easily retrofitted to an existing car; it was a factory option (although listed as a separate model) for the Volkswagen Beetle up to 1963.

History
This type of roof was popular in Germany in the 1930s, and was found on cars such as the Citroën 2CV, Fiat 500, and others. The cabrio coach version of the Nash Rambler was marketed as a "convertible landau".

Some more modern cars have also featured this roof style, for instance Nissan Figaro, Citroën Visa Décapotable, Fiat 500 (2007), and the Citroën C3 Pluriel.

title: Cabrio coach


text:
Robert Allen (boxer)

Robert Allen (born June 7, 1969) is an American former professional boxer from Atlanta, Georgia. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana and fought as a middleweight.

Amateur career
Allen was a standout as an amateur, becoming the 1992 United States Amateur Light middleweight champion.

Professional career
Nicknamed Armed & Dangerous he has held several minor titles and fought for the world middleweight title three times against all time great middleweight champion Bernard Hopkins. The first fight ended in a no contest when Hopkins was pushed out of the ring by referee Mills Lane when he was breaking a clinch. In the second fight Hopkins knocked Allen out in the 7th round. In their third fight Hopkins won an easy 12 round decision. As of November 14, 2008 his record stands at 39(27)-5(4).

title: Robert Allen (boxer)


text: Category:Sports venues in Greece

title: Category:Sports venues in Greece


text:
Talk:Karl Farkas

Untitled

 * Article: de:Karl Farkas
 * Corresponding English-language article: Karl Farkas
 * Worth doing because: Famous Austrian actor
 * Originally Requested by: --Sheynhertz-Unbayg 4 July 2005 09:50 (UTC)
 * Status: done with help from teh requesting user Lectonar 13:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Other notes:
 * Supported:

title: Talk:Karl Farkas


text:
Gherman

Gherman is the Romanian-language variant of the Slavic German; as such, it is used an alternative name for the Caloian ritual, corresponding to the South Slavic god. It may also refer to:

Places

 * Gherman, a village in Bicaz-Chei Commune, Neamț County, Romania
 * Gherman, a village in Jamu Mare Commune, Timiș County, Romania
 * Gherman, a village in Sculeni Commune, Ungheni district, Moldova

Given name

 * Gherman Pântea (1894–1968), a Romanian politician
 * Gherman Titov (1935–2000), a Soviet cosmonaut

Surname

 * Cosmin Gherman (born 1984), a Romanian futsal player
 * Diomid Gherman (1928–2014), a Moldovan physician
 * Marius Gherman (born 1967), a Romanian artistic gymnast
 * Oliviu Gherman (1930–2020), a Romanian physicist, politician and diplomat
 * Simona Gherman (born 1985), a Romanian épée fencer
 * Stella Gherman (born 1974), a Moldovan politician

title: Gherman


text:
Hastings Rashdall

Hastings Rashdall (24 June 1858 – 9 February 1924) was an English philosopher, theologian, historian, and Anglican priest. He expounded a theory known as ideal utilitarianism, and he was a major historian of the universities of the Middle Ages. He argued for personal idealism and theistic finitism.

Biography
Born in Kensington, London, on 24 June 1858, Rashdall was the son of an Anglican priest. He was educated at Harrow and received a scholarship for New College, Oxford. After short tenures at St David's University College and University College, Durham, Rashdall was made a Fellow of first Hertford College, Oxford, then New College, Oxford, and dedicates his main work, The Theory of Good and Evil (1907), to the memory of his teachers T. H. Green and Henry Sidgwick.

The dedication is appropriate, for the particular version of utilitarianism put forward by Rashdall owes elements to both Green and Sidgwick. Whereas he holds that the concepts of good and value are logically prior to that of right, he gives right a more than instrumental significance. His idea of good owes more to Green than to the hedonistic utilitarians. "The ideal of human life is not the mere juxtaposition of distinct goods, but a whole in which each good is made different by the presence of others." Rashdall has been eclipsed as a moral philosopher by G. E. Moore, who advocated similar views in his earlier work Principia Ethica (1903). Rashdall was also a Berkeleyan and advocated his own variant of personal idealism. He rejected absolute idealism and criticized other philosophers who identified God with the absolute. He argued that there can be no matter without a perceiving mind and that God is an infinite mind, ground of all things and the supreme personality. He argued for an anthropomorphic God that is limited in power to explain the problem of evil.

His historical study, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, was described in the introduction to its recent reprinting as "one of the first comparative works on the subject" whose "scope and breadth has assured its place as a key work in intellectual history."

His The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology surveyed different approaches to the Christian doctrine of atonement, concluding with an influential defence of the "subjective" theory of the atonement that Rashdall attributed to both Peter Abelard and Peter Lombard. Rashdall argued that the "objective" view of the atonement associated with Anselm of Canterbury was inadequate, and that the most authentically Christian doctrine was that Christ's life was a demonstration of God's love so profound that Christ was willing to die rather than compromise his character. This in turn inspires believers to emulate his character and his intimacy with the Father.

Rashdall received the degree Doctor of Letters (DL) from New College, Oxford, in October 1901.

He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1904 to 1907, a member of the Christian Social Union from its inception in 1890, and was an influential Anglican modernist theologian of the time, being appointed to a canonry in 1909.

He was Dean of Carlisle from 1917 to 1924, and died of cancer in Worthing on 9 February 1924. He is buried in Holywell Cemetery, Oxford.

Selected works

 * Doctrine and Development: University Sermons (1898)
 * New College (with Robert Rait, 1901)
 * Christus in Ecclesia: Sermons on the Church and Its Institutions (1904)
 * The Theory of Good and Evil (1907)
 * Ethics (undated)
 * Philosophy and Religion (1910)
 * Is Conscience an Emotion? Three Lectures on Recent Ethical Theories (1914)
 * Conscience and Christ: Six Lectures on Christian Ethics (1916)
 * The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology (London: Macmillan, 1919)
 * The Moral Argument for Personal Immortality in King's College Lectures on Immortality (1920)
 * God and Man 1930
 * God and Man 1930

title: Hastings Rashdall


text: Category:Dolly Parton songs

title: Category:Dolly Parton songs


text: Category:Sports venues in Japan

title: Category:Sports venues in Japan


text:
Bryan Watson (dancer)

Bryan Watson (born 18 April 1969) was nine times Professional World Latin Dance Champion and won the International Latin American Championship five times.

Watson was born in Durban, South Africa. He became the UK Open Amateur champion with Claudia Leonie in 1991 and the runner-up in the International Latin Professional World Championships with Karen Hardy in 1996. He then won his first International Latin Professional World Championships with Carmen Vincelj in 1999. Watson and Vincelj proceeded to win every major International Latin Professional Championships that they entered until their retirement from competition in 2007. The couple continue to run a dance teaching studio in Wimbledon, London and gave an interesting interview on the subject of retiring from competition.

World championships
Bryan Watson and Carmen Vincelj won the World Dance Council's World Professional Latin Championship for nine years running, from 1999–2007.

International Latin American Championship
Watson won the Professional Latin American title at the International Championships at the Albert Hall, London, five times. These are the oldest recognised Latin championships in ballroom dance.
 * 1998 with Karen Hardy as partner.
 * 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004 with Carmen Vincelj as partner.

Other international titles
Watson also won the British Open Latin Championship seven times (details not to hand.)

 * 2005 Blackpool Professional Latin 1st
 * 2005 WDC European Professional Latin 2005 Russia 1st
 * 2005 German Professional Latin 2005 Germany 1st
 * 2004 Moscow Kremlin Cup 2004 Latin 1st
 * 2004 British Professional Latin 1st
 * 2004 Professional Latin Cup 2004. Germany 1st
 * 2004 German Professional Latin 2004 Germany 1st
 * 2004 WDC German Masters Latin 2004. Germany 1st
 * 2003 WDC World Masters 2003 Professional LA Austria 1st
 * 2003 GP von Deutschland (Grand Prix) Closed Professional LA 1st
 * 2003 WDC US Open Professional LA USA 1st
 * 2003 WDC German Open GOC 2003 Professional LA	Germany	1st
 * International Latin American Dance Champions
 * World Latin Dance Champions

title: Bryan Watson (dancer)


text:
Talk:Cornelius class

Image?
A rather poor scan of the ReHOME, as it appeared in Gundam SEED Astray volume 3. If anyone wants to credit appropriately (I don't know how to do it) and use it here, or get a better scan, please feel free to do so.

--WarpObscura 13:58, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cornelius class


text:
Diane

Diane may refer to:

People

 * Diane (given name)

Film

 * Diane (1929 film), a German silent film
 * Diane (1956 film), a historical drama film starring Lana Turner
 * Diane (2017 film), a mystery film directed by Michael Mongillo
 * Diane (2018 film), a drama film starring Mary Kay Place

Music

 * Diane (album), by Chet Baker and Paul Bley, 1985
 * "Diane" (Cam song), 2017
 * "Diane" (Erno Rapee and Lew Pollack song), a 1927 composition covered by many, including a 1964 UK #1 by The Bachelors
 * "Diane", a song by Art Pepper from The Art Pepper Quartet
 * "Diane" (Hüsker Dü song), 1983
 * "Diane", a song by Guster from Keep It Together
 * "Diane", a song by Don Patterson with Sonny Stitt and Billy James from The Boss Men

Other uses

 * Diana (mythology), a name of the deity Artemis
 * The Dianne, a high-rise residential building in Portland, Oregon, US
 * Ethinylestradiol/cyproterone acetate, a birth control pill sold under the brand names Diane and Diane-35
 * Group Diane, a former special forces unit of the Belgian gendarmerie
 * Hurricane Diane, a disastrous Atlantic hurricane during 1955
 * Project DIANE, the Diversified Information and Assistance NEtwork, a U.S. videoconferencing based community service network
 * Steak Diane, a culinary dish
 * Diane, a sin from The Seven Deadly Sins (2014 TV series)

title: Diane


text:
Whatever Lola Wants

"Whatever Lola Wants" is a popular song, sometimes rendered as "Whatever Lola Wants, Lola Gets". The music and words were written by Richard Adler and Jerry Ross for the 1955 musical play Damn Yankees. The song is sung to Joe Hardy by Lola, the Devil's assistant, a part originated by Gwen Verdon, who reprised the role in the film. The saying was inspired by Lola Montez, an Irish-born "Spanish dancer" and mistress of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, who later became a San Francisco gold rush vamp.

Also recorded by

 * Natacha Atlas
 * Les Baxter
 * Tony Bennett (1955)
 * Ran Blake
 * Lola Blanc
 * Bob & Ray
 * Les Brown
 * Reeve Carney Live at Molly Malone's (2006)
 * Petula Clark
 * Alma Cogan (1957)
 * Annie Cordy - French version Tout ce que veut Lola (1957)
 * Xavier Cugat
 * Carla Boni
 * Chiwetel Ejiofor
 * Gracie Fields
 * Ella Fitzgerald (1963)
 * Gotan Project
 * The Hi-Lo's - A Musical Thrill (2006)
 * Molly Johnson
 * Louis Jordan
 * Stan Kenton - The Stage Door Swings (1958)
 * Eartha Kitt (1962)
 * Abbe Lane (with Tito Puente and His Orchestra (1957)
 * Marinella (1992, album I Marinella Tragouda Megales Kyries)
 * Carmen McRae (1955)
 * Amanda Lear: On album With Love (2006)
 * Sophie Milman (2007, Live at Winter Garden Theatre)
 * Bebe Neuwirth
 * Caroline O'Connor
 * Patti Page (1960)
 * Perez Prado and His Orchestra (1955)
 * Julius Pringles (2001)
 * Della Reese on her Della Della Cha-Cha-Cha album (1961)
 * Aldemaro Romero
 * Dinah Shore (1955)
 * Bria Skonberg (2017)
 * Dee Snider for the Dee Does Broadway album (2012)
 * Ruby Stewart
 * Anthony Strong
 * Mel Tormé for the album, Mel Tormé Swings Shubert Alley (1960)
 * Sarah Vaughan (1955)
 * Gwen Verdon
 * Baby Face Willette
 * John Williams (Johnny Williams And His Orchestra, Rhythm In Motion, 1961)

Other instances
"Whatever Lola Wants" is the title of an episode of the 2005 television series Hot Properties and the title of an episode of ABC-TV's 1965 crime drama Honey West.

A film entitled Whatever Lola Wants, directed by Nabil Ayouch and starring Laura Ramsey as Lola, premiered on 11 December 2007 at the Dubai International Film Festival and was scheduled for release in France on 16 April 2008.

The Lola Car company is reportedly named after this song when company founder Eric Broadley heard the line "What Lola wants, Lola gets" in 1959.

Norman Bailey played the song as a trumpet solo on the first live television broadcast of The Lawrence Welk Show on July 2, 1955.

Chiwetel Ejiofor sang the song for the 2005 film Kinky Boots.

Mario Lopez and his partner Karina Smirnoff used the song in season 3 of Dancing with the Stars. Their tango to it was voted the best celebrity dance ever by the judges of Dancing with the Stars on their 100th episode. Several seasons later, Joanna Krupa and her temporary partner Maksim Chmerkovskiy performed an Argentine tango to the song, in season 9.

The song was featured in the 2006 French film Hors de Prix (English title, Priceless) starring Gad Elmaleh and Audrey Tatou.

The song appeared in a 2011 Diet Pepsi commercial featuring Sofia Vergara and David Beckham, and in a 2014 Magnum Italian commercial, celebrating the 25th anniversary of the ice cream brand owned by the British/Dutch Unilever.

In the Pen15 episode "Bat Mitzvah," Becca (Sami Rappoport) sings "Whatever Lola Wants" as she enters her bat mitzvah reception.

title: Whatever Lola Wants


text:
Secretary for Planning and Lands

The Secretary for Planning and Lands was a ministerial position in the Hong Kong Government, responsible for urban planning policy and the management and selling of public lands. The position was created on 1 January 2000 to take over some duties of Secretary for Planning, Environment and Lands, and was abolished in 2002 after merging with Secretary for Housing to become Secretary for Housing, Planning and Lands.

title: Secretary for Planning and Lands


text:
Grid Security Infrastructure

The Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI), formerly called the Globus Security Infrastructure, is a specification for secret, tamper-proof, delegatable communication between software in a grid computing environment. Secure, authenticatable communication is enabled using asymmetric encryption.

Authentication
Authentication is performed using digital signature technology (see digital signatures for an explanation of how this works); secure authentication allows resources to lock data to only those who should have access to it.

Delegation
Authentication introduces a problem: often a service will have to retrieve data from a resource independent of the user; in order to do this, it must be supplied with the appropriate privileges. GSI allows for the creation of delegated privileges: a new key is created, marked as a delegated and signed by the user; it is then possible for a service to act on behalf of the user to fetch data from the resource.

Security mechanisms
Communications may be secured using a combination of methods:
 * Transport Layer Security (TLS) can be used to protect the communication channel from eavesdropping or man-in-the-middle attacks.
 * Message-Level Security can be used (although currently it is much slower than TLS).

title: Grid Security Infrastructure


text:
Charna Halpern

Charna Halpern (born June 1, 1952) is an American comedian who is co-founder of the ImprovOlympic, now known as iO. Upon iO's founding, in 1983, with partner Del Close, she began teaching Harold to many students in the Chicago theater community. Many prominent comedians performed at iO, from Neil Flynn (The Middle) to Jack McBrayer (30 Rock). Also appearing were up and coming comedic minds such as Craig Cackowski (Drunk History).

Halpern opened the iO West located in Hollywood, California, in the early 2000s. In February 2018, she made the decision to close the theater citing the reasons as the neighboring nightclub and lack of attendance.

She and Close co-authored the book Truth in Comedy: The Manual of Improvisation with editor Kim "Howard" Johnson in 1994. She published Group Improvisation in 2003 and Art by Committee in 2006.

The remaining theater in Chicago, originally located in the Wrigleyville neighborhood was forced to relocate due to neighborhood development. In 2017, the theater reopened in the Clyborn North Area across from a Whole Foods flagship store, and next to VIPs strip club.

In 2020 during a forced shutdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic and a targeted racial justice outcry, she closed the only remaining Chicago location.

Early life: college years to meeting Del Close
Halpern graduated from Southern Illinois University in 1974 with a major in English and Speech. Following graduation, she set out to find work as a teacher and eventually found herself working for a juvenile delinquency school called The House of Good Shepherd under a grant offered up by the institution. Halpern continued to work at the school for three years until her programs grant finished. Around the same time that her grant ended, she returned to her father's newly built McDonalds in Dixon, Illinois. As an English and Speech major, she had a lot of exposure with performance in her undergraduate studies. Often finding herself doing theatrical performances as a requirement for the major. Yet, it was during her time in Dixon that she solidified her passion for improvisation. As a promotional platform for the McDonalds, Halpern's father hired an interviewer from a local radio station to exhibit the reactions of locals in correlation to the towns first fast-food restaurant being opened. Halpern, wanting to help, jumped in as an interviewer. Not long after the interview questions began, Charna was offered a job on the radio show. She worked on the radio for a year before embarking on a separate journey to pursue live improvisation.

Halpern's strategy to entering the improv performance space was two-fold. On one end, she attended classes at the famous Second City Player’s Workshop. On the other side of things, Halpern had created an improv troupe called ImprovOlympic, an idea she got from a similar troupe located in Canada. The idea was to get a collection of improv troupes under the same roof and practice improvisational games. Within a year, the ImprovOlympic reached commercial acclaim. Although her business seemed to be successful, Halpern was tired playing improv games and felt that there was more to her new venture. All of this changed when she met Del Close in 1981.

Halpern first met Close at an art gallery on Halloween. Her first interaction with Del Close was not superb. At the time, she was new to the study of meditation. While going to make a first impression on Close she found him conjuring the spirits of demons, a practice that was antithetical to the transcendental practice of white lighting. She took offense to this, scolding him on the way out the door. It wasn't until a month later that Halpern saw Close again at one of her performances. She offered him 200 dollars and some pot in return for a three-hour improvisation lesson. From that day until Closes’ death 19 years later, Close and Halpern were partners.

The iO years
After the two met in 1981, the team worked together, on and off, hosting competitive improv tournaments under the iO brand. Two years later, in 1983, Halpern made a massive change in how the iO would operate. Instead of competition between different troupes, all troupes would work together to create a shared comedic narrative. This was a long-form improvisational style that Close had been creating over the years called the Harold. Their type of improvisation was reliant on the audience's response to the actors. The audience would throw out a suggestion and the troupes would work cohesively to create a shared improv routine. For the first few years, Halpern and the iO were known around Chicago as a group of misfits that ran from place to place. This resulted in a sense of shared community that was often missed at already established comedy clubs such as Second City which were for performers that were already notable.

Some say that Halpern adopting Close into the iO world saved him from a long-standing battle with substance abuse. To a large extent, Halpern was the “hidden architect” behind the iO. Although Close was the main creator of the Harold it was Halpern that was in charge of making the executive decision for the iO. On one end of the relationship, Halpern offered Close a refuge by which he could pass down his passions for improvisation. Since he was an admitted drug addict who had lost his job at the acclaimed Second City in 1982 not many people welcomed him into their comedic bubble. On Halpern's side of things, having Close be a part of the iO legitimized her theater and helped her learn more about improv as an art form.

After years of working together, Close and Halpern decided to establish the iO (originally called the ImprovOlympic) in a more permanent location in 1995 by Wrigley field. They were so successful that they opened the iO West in 1997 in Los Angeles. After Close died in 1999, Halpern was left to run the theater on her own. Although they lost one of their largest assets, Halpern continued to make major strides in producing some very notable alumni including: Amy Poehler, Tina Fey, Jack McBrayer, Neil Flynn, Adam McKay, Chris Farley, and Mike Myers. Eventually the theater rose to such acclaim that the iO became a staple stomping ground for Lorne Michaels in recruiting comedians to work for Saturday Night Live.

The iO's closing and Charna's retirement
There were a number of factors at play when it came time for Halpern to make a decision on the iO's future. Amidst the Covid-19 pandemic, the iO fell into a great deal of debt. According to one journalistic article the theater owed a $100,000 property tax bill which reduced the theaters income to virtually zero. Halpern claimed that when Chicago mandated all theaters to be closed due to the pandemic, she knew that the theater was doomed. On top of the insurmountable amount of debt that the theater took on, Halpern was criticized by the QBIPOC community pretty heavily. This criticism comes after a student of the iO in California claimed that she was harassed by a director. After accusing the iO of sexual harassment, other avenues of discrimination were accused. People who have interacted with the theater, historically, had claimed instances of racism by the theater as an institution and individual racism by Halpern. Overall, Halpern has been receptive to this criticism and has suggested the implementation of a more diverse range of people associated with the theater. There was a Change.org petition started to combat racism and exclusivity in the workspace. Halpern had said in an interview that closing down the iO had nothing to do with criticism in respect to QBIPOC inclusion.

Halpern listed the building on 1501 N. Kingsbury Street, a prime real estate location in Chicago, for sale in the fall of 2020. She understands that the trademark she has built for the company is highly reputable and hopes that whoever buys the building also considers taking the brand as well as the location.

Legacy
Halpern built the iO into a comedy enterprise. She successfully turned the iO from a small mom and pop theater into a massive operation with four theaters, beer garden, party room, a reputation for producing celebrities, and cult like following of her partner Del Close. Yet handling Covid-19 has turned into a challenge for Charna. The amount of space they have and all that has been offered through the space is now unusable. Ultimately, they've been forced to close down. With that said, a lot of work still has to be done to ensure that people associated with the theater are not left high and dry. One of the big things that Halpern still has to figure out is how to redeem people for advanced payments for improvisational lessons. During a non-Covid summer, the theater would be holding a thirteen-hundred-dollar intensive training session. It's one of the theaters landmark programs. With the theater having an unexpected closure, customers are furious. Additionally, they have not been informed on how they'll be refunded the money. Halpern's reputation is on the line. As of now, her legacy is uncertain. On one hand people respect her for being one of the most influential people in improvisation and comedy more generally. On the other hand, she's been accused of being a racist that has allegedly done a poor job of being transparent in refunding her clients. How she goes about handling allegations of racism at her theater as well as bringing redemption to people who have put a portion of their life savings into her theater will ultimately determine how she is remembered.

Political issues aside, Halpern provided three undeniable and lasting legacies, the nurturing of dozens of comedic talents, the writing of Truth in Comedy, and the extending of the influential, creative life of Del Close.

Notable students

 * Scott Adsit
 * Vanessa Bayer
 * Matt Besser
 * Maria Blasucci
 * Paul Brittain
 * Aidy Bryant
 * Kay Cannon
 * Wyatt Cenac
 * Stephen Colbert
 * Andy Dick
 * Kevin Dorff
 * Rachel Dratch
 * Chris Farley
 * Jon Favreau
 * Tina Fey
 * Kate Flannery
 * Neil Flynn
 * Rich Fulcher
 * Peter Gwinn
 * Bill Hader
 * TJ Jagodowski
 * Angela Kinsey
 * David Koechner
 * Steve Little
 * John Lutz
 * Jack McBrayer
 * Adam McKay
 * Tim Meadows
 * Susan Messing
 * Seth Meyers
 * Jerry Minor
 * Joel Murray
 * Mike Myers
 * Mick Napier
 * Bob Odenkirk
 * Masi Oka
 * David Pasquesi
 * Amy Poehler
 * Danny Pudi
 * Andy Richter
 * Rick Roman
 * Mitch Rouse
 * Amber Ruffin
 * Eric Stonestreet
 * Cecily Strong
 * Jason Sudeikis
 * Vince Vaughn
 * Stephnie Weir

title: Charna Halpern


text:
Attalus

Attalus or Attalos may refer to:

People

 * Several members of the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon
 * Attalus I, ruled 241 BC–197 BC
 * Attalus II Philadelphus, ruled 160 BC–138 BC
 * Attalus III, ruled 138 BC–133 BC
 * Attalus, father of Philetaerus the founder of the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon
 * Attalus, father of Attalus I of Pergamon
 * Attalus (general) (390–336 BC), courtier and general of Philip II of Macedonia
 * Attalus (son of Andromenes) (fl. 330–317 BC), general of Alexander the Great and Perdiccas
 * Attalus of Rhodes (fl. 2nd century BC), astronomer, contemporary of Hipparchus
 * Attalus (Stoic) (fl. 25 AD), Stoic philosopher and teacher of Seneca
 * Priscus Attalus (fl. 409–416), Roman senator who was proclaimed emperor twice by the Visigoths
 * St Attalus, Sicilian saint and protomartyr, bishop of Catania
 * Attalus (Marcomanni), King of Marcomanni
 * Attalus (mythology) (also called Perdix or Talos), mythical nephew of Daedalus credited as the inventor of the potter's wheel, saw, and drawing compass

Organisms

 * Attalus, a genus of beetles in the family Melyridae
 * Alburnus attalus, a ray-finned fish of family Cyprinidae
 * Henricus attalus, a moth of family Tortricidae

Other uses

 * Attalus (band), an American rock band formed in 2010
 * Attalus (UAV), a Greek anti-tank loitering munition

title: Attalus


text:
Twist compression tester

The Twist Compression Tester ("TCT") is a hydraulically operated bench-top apparatus used to evaluate the level of friction and/or wear between two materials under lubricated or non-lubricated conditions.

Under controlled conditions, a rotating annular specimen is brought into contact with a non-rotating flat specimen. Specimens can be prepared from die materials, sheet or plate materials, metals or plastics.

The applied normal force and the torque are measured, and the coefficient of friction is calculated.

Although the twist-compression test does not simulate an actual process, it has been demonstrated to correlate well with processes where boundary lubrication predominates and lubricant depletion occurs.

The Twist Compression Tester is an invaluable diagnostic tool for: evaluating lubricants, materials and coatings; screening products for production; understanding the effect of additives in a lubricant; and many other value-added testing scenarios.

The Twist Compression Tester was developed by Professor John Schey formerly of the University of Waterloo, and is manufactured, according to his design, under exclusive license by the Industrial Research + Development Institute (Midland, Ontario, Canada). Tribsys is also manufacturing a twist compression machine and other approaches have been used with the Falex MCTT MultiContactTriboTester in thrust-washer configurations.

title: Twist compression tester


text: Category:Sports venues in Puerto Rico

title: Category:Sports venues in Puerto Rico


text:
Leo Felton

Leo Vincelette Felton (born 1970, Silver Spring, Maryland) is an American white supremacist of African American descent who was convicted of bank robbery and plotting to build a bomb in Boston to attack Jewish-Americans, colloquially referred to as the 2002 white supremacist terror plot. Felton was released from prison in 2019 after serving 17 years.

Early life
Leo Felton's father, Calvin Felton (b. 1930), was a black architect, while his mother, Corinne Vincelette (b. 1931), was a white voice and diction professor who became involved in the civil rights movement. His parents divorced when he was two, and he was raised in Gaithersburg, Maryland.

Criminal activities
Felton spent 11 years (1990–2001) in prison for the assault of a taxi driver during a road rage incident. His prison sentence was extended for attacking two black inmates. In prison, he became an organizer for white supremacist groups, organizing book reviews and exercise while obscuring his ancestry. He found inspiration from the White Order of Thule and read Francis Parker Yockey's Imperium, which led him to believe that race was spiritual instead of biological.

Out of prison and married, Felton began an affair with Erica Chase, a 21-year-old white supremacist. Felton robbed a bank with a friend from prison and forged money in order to buy materials to create a fertilizer bomb. It is unclear what the target was to be. An attendant at a donut shop spotted a counterfeit $20 Chase tried to pass her. She alerted an off-duty Boston police officer, who then arrested Felton and Chase. Felton was sentenced to 27 years in prison in 2002 for bank robbery, conspiracy to commit bank robbery and other crimes.

Felton was released from federal custody on December 12, 2020.

Personal life
Felton changed his last name from Felton to Oladimu in 2008. He is an Odinist.

title: Leo Felton


text:
Talk:Creation science

The lead section is too long
I feel like the lead section should be broken up. It's way too long, and can be split up into headings describing the history, the fact that modern science proves it false, etc. What information should we move "down below" or omit from the lead section? The first paragraph seems like a keeper for sure. Félix An (talk) 22:47, 5 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I moved the other paragraphs down to history which now probably means that section needs to be cleaned up as there is a little bit of redundancy there. jps (talk) 13:10, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

Metaphysical Assumptions section
Someone removed enough text from the second paragraph of the Metaphysical assumptions section to drastically alter the meaning of the paragraph. I reverted that edit, and added some refs, citing publications already used as sources in other parts of the article. I didn't review the entire list of references, and may have missed some good ones, though. Any help will be appreciated! Cheers! — UncleBubba ( T @ C ) 17:49, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

Fallacy
"The overwhelming consensus of the scientific community"

Appeal to consensus, followed by other claims about empiricism, which at basic level is mislabeled given the positions counter point also has no observable evolution.

More of why I no longer donate. 98.4.89.168 (talk) 17:28, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * See Fallacy fallacy. Evolution has notably been observed in Lenski's E. coli long-term experiment, and earlier, in peppered moth coloration during (and after) the Industrial Revolution. I expect this section will soon be deleted as inappropriate forum-style argumentation; I am entirely OK with such deletion. Just plain Bill (talk) 18:58, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Not a fallacy, except within the motivated reasoning of pseudoscience fans. By your reasoning, we would also have to dismiss the round Earth and the Periodic System of the elements, because both are consensus. --Hob Gadling (talk) 06:45, 8 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not in need of your sad allowance. Don't let the door hit you on the way out. 47.44.49.171 (talk) 10:49, 27 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Explained at WP:VERECUNDIAM: for Wikipedia it's not a fallacy to appeal to authority. tgeorgescu (talk) 11:54, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

Which of these six categories does creation science belong to?
Which does creation science belong to? WorldQuestioneer (talk) 21:18, 6 August 2023 (UTC)
 * That's not a list of six categories. Maybe read the article lede; creation science is pseudoscience.  Pepper Beast    (talk)  05:08, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

Changing the word "claims" in the lede to "endeavors"
The current opening sentence states: "Creation science or scientific creationism is a pseudoscientific form of Young Earth creationism which claims to offer scientific arguments for certain literalist and inerrantist interpretations of the Bible." I argue that the word "claims" should be replaced with "endeavors". Reasons:

 * 1) . Its not precisely accurate. It implies that those who practice Creation Science have already completed what they set out to do. Creation Science practitioners are working towards that goal. As an analogy, the wikipedia page for Science also uses the word "endeavor".
 * 2) . "Claim" is a word to use with extreme care because of the dismissive insinuations that come along with it(see MOS:CLAIM). We should avoid even the appearance of POV on Wikipedia.
 * 3) . The word "endeavor" in no way gives Creation Science a sense that it is correct. Nobody is going to come away reading the sentence with the word "endeavor" and think "wow, this might actually be real science"! But with "claim" they might be more likely to come away thinking, "Wow, this was written by a bunch of atheists with a grudge." Epachamo (talk) 02:10, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

 * MOS:CLAIM doesn't say that we disregard what sources say. If the Creation scientists are CLAIMING that their arguments are scientific when those arguments are not, than the word claim is appropriate.  If they are trying to find real scientific arguments that support their beliefs, than you would be correct.  We should use what the sources describe this as. --- Avatar317 (talk) 22:39, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I want to be clear that my contention has ZERO to do with whether creation science is a valid field of study (its not). Can you point to a source that uses the word "claim"? I'm dubious that's what the sources actually say. Epachamo (talk) 23:07, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not familiar with the sources in this article; but if you want to change this, you should find what the sources say. --- Avatar317 (talk) 23:40, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * you wrote: "We should use what the sources describe this." That's what I was referring to Epachamo (talk) 11:06, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * We do not even know whether they really endeavor to do that. We do know that they claim to do it. For all we know, they are fully aware that all their reasoning is bogus.
 * MOS:CLAIM does not say we should not use the word "claim". It says, To say that someone asserted or claimed something can call their statement's credibility into question. And that is exactly what we should be doing because the consensus in science is that all creationist reasoning is crap. Every reason they give is easy to refute for those who know what they are talking about. See An Index to Creationist Claims. --Hob Gadling (talk) 15:34, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * To be clear, I am not stating that creationist reasoning is good, that is truly not my point. My #1 point, is that the sentence as it currently stands is inaccurate. Creation Science itself is not a claim. Creationism is a claim. Creation Science is an activity trying to prove the claim with pseudoscience. Creation Science is more accurately worded as an endeavor. Epachamo (talk) 05:27, 31 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I see your point, but to change to "endeavor" would also then require rewording the rest of the sentence. They don't endeavor to offer SCIENTIFIC arguments, they endeavor to create and offer scientific SOUNDING or scientific APPEARING arguments.
 * I think that there is sometimes a balance between explicit, 100% accurate statements and concise statements, and for the first sentence of the lead, is is better to lean toward concision. --- Avatar317 (talk) 01:05, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

Insufficient information
The article says that certain theories are rejected by mainstream science, but doesn’t explain why. It’s simply states that Whitehole cosmology doesn’t correspond to observed evidence. I’d like to know what the observed evidence is And how Whitehole cosmology would be different if it were true. Just simply stating that you disagree with a theory is not doing your homework in a scientific investigation. I want to know why the theory is wrong. I want a theory that explains how the universe should look if the theory were true And why that evidence is contraindicated from a proper peer reviewed reference, journal if possible. If this is attempting to be scientific and not just arguing back-and-forth. “No, you’re wrong.” The information in this article does an insufficient job of explaining why current theory is accepted by Science are right and the other theory is wrong. Peer reviewed sources Should be included, please

elrondaragorn (talk) elrondaragorn elrondaragorn (talk) 20:49, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Have you read this about White hole cosmology? Have you read the sources in the article where White hole is mentioned? We can't do your work for you. As a fringe theory, it doesn't have enough due weight for anything but short mention. Those are the rules here. Our content is based on reliable sources, not on fringe and unreliable sources. -- Valjean (talk) ( PING me ) 22:14, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Creation science


text:
Secretary for Home and Youth Affairs

The Secretary for Home and Youth Affairs is the head of the Home and Youth Affairs Bureau of the Government of Hong Kong, which is responsible for local issues, and the provision of community and youth services.

Secretaries for Home Affairs, 1969–1985

 * Home affairs were handled by Secretaries for District Administration between 1985 and 1989.

Secretaries for Home Affairs, 1997–2022
Political party:

Secretaries for Home and Youth Affairs, since 2022
Political party:

title: Secretary for Home and Youth Affairs