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Perdicaris affair

The Perdicaris affair, also known as the Perdicaris incident, refers to the kidnapping of Greek-American Ion Hanford Perdicaris (1840–1925) and his stepson, Cromwell Varley, a British subject, by Ahmed al-Raisuni and his bandits on 18 May 1904 in Tangier, Morocco. Raisuni, leader of several hill tribes, demanded a ransom of $70,000, safe conduct, and control of two of Morocco's wealthiest districts from the Sultan of Morocco Abd al-Aziz. During lengthy negotiations, he increased his demands to control of six districts. The historical importance of the affair lay not in the kidnapping itself but in the concentration of naval power in Tangier and what it meant for the politics of gunboat diplomacy.

Born in Greece in 1840 to the American ambassador and his wife, Perdicaris grew up mostly in New Jersey in the United States and was an American citizen. He had been living in Tangier since the 1870s. President Theodore Roosevelt felt obliged to react on his behalf in Morocco. Ultimately, he dispatched seven warships and several Marine companies to Tangier to convince the Sultan to accede to Raisuni's demands. Western European nations also reacted with force, with the United Kingdom, France, and Spain sending ships to prevent rioting in Morocco. John Hay, the American Secretary of State, issued a statement to the Republican National Convention in June 1904 that "This government wants Perdicaris alive or Raisuni dead."

Roosevelt's display of force in this incident is credited with helping the incumbent president win re-election later in 1904. After being released, Perdicaris moved with his family to England, settling in Tunbridge Wells.

Background
Ion Perdicaris's father, Gregory Perdicaris, was sponsored in 1826 as a young Greek to study in the United States by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Perdicaris became a naturalized citizen of the United States and married the daughter of a wealthy family in South Carolina. In 1837, he returned to Greece, serving as the American ambassador. In 1840, his son Ion Perdicaris was born in Athens, Greece, while his father was serving as ambassador. The family returned to the United States in 1846, where the father at one time was a professor of Greek at Harvard University. The family settled in Trenton, New Jersey, where Gregory Perdicaris became wealthy as one of the organizers of the Trenton Gas Company.

For many years, Ion lived the life of a dilettante. He entered the Harvard University class of 1860 but left at the end of his sophomore year and studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris for a time. In 1862, because of the American Civil War, the family's estate in South Carolina was in danger of confiscation by the government of the Confederate States of America. The younger Perdicaris, who was living in Athens, "registered" as a Greek subject in order to avoid confiscation or being drafted into the Confederate States Army.

After the war ended, Perdicaris lived in Trenton with his father. He published some articles in The Galaxy in 1868, before moving to England. There he studied electricity and related engineering. In 1871 in Malvern, England, Perdicaris met Ellen Varley, wife of the British telegraph engineer C.F. Varley. Varley was away on cable business. Ellen and Perdicaris began an affair that resulted in Ellen leaving her husband. The Varleys formally divorced in 1873 and Ellen married Perdicaris the same year.

The couple moved to Tangier around 1884, with Ellen's two sons and two daughters from her first marriage. She and her family were all British subjects. Perdicaris purchased a summer house there in 1877 known as Aidonia, or the "Place of Nightingales", as he collected a menagerie of exotic animals. Perdicardis dabbled in the arts and retained some ties to the US: In 1876, he exhibited a painting at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. In 1879, Perdicardis produced a play at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in New York City, but it was unsuccessful. After 1884, he lived permanently in Tangier. He became the unofficial head of Tangier's foreign community. Serving as president of the Hygienic Commission in Tangier, he helped organize construction of a modern sanitation system for the city. The commission was said to act as the "chief foreign-controlled organization in Tangier, actually a government within a government". He also maintained business interests in England and the United States, frequently visiting New York.

In 1886, Perdicaris filed a complaint of misconduct against Felix Mathews, then the American Consul General in Morocco. Mathews had refused to prosecute a Moroccan for rape who was under American protégé status. Perdicaris also wrote and distributed a pamphlet entitled "American Claims and the Protection of Native Subjects in Morocco" in London in response to the issue. The government arrested and fined Perdicaris for shielding a Moroccan from arrest. (Later he sought and received redress for this). Through Perdicaris' crusading, the incident made national headlines in the United States, and Mathews was removed from his position in March 1887.

Ahmed al-Raisuni was a leader of three Jebala tribes near Tangier. He was influenced by the success of the 1901 Miss Stone Affair in Macedonia, when a group of missionaries were successfully held hostage for a ransom. In 1903, after five of his men were captured by the government, he held Walter Harris, a correspondent of The Times in Morocco, as hostage in exchange for the release of his men. After that success Raisuni targeted Ion Perdicaris for kidnapping.

Kidnapping
Ion Perdicaris, his wife, and Cromwell Varley had moved to his summer home, Aidonia, from his house in Tangier on 16 May. Late on 18 May 1904, Perdicaris and Varley were abducted from their summer home by Ahmed al-Raisuni and a group of bandits (estimates of their number range from nine to one-hundred and fifty). His men cut the telephone lines, knocked out several of Perdicaris's servants, and left Ellen at the house. She later was able to contact the embassy, and at 11:00pm, the American Consul General, Samuel Gummeré, arrived at the house.

The consul of Great Britain was also notified. On 19 May, a cable from Gummeré reached the United States. It read, in part:

"Mr. Perdicaris, most prominent American citizen here, and his stepson Mr. Varley, British subject, were carried off last night from their country house, three miles from Tangier, by a numerous band of natives headed by Raisuly [sic]. . . I earnestly request that a man-of-war be sent at once. . . situation most serious."

As Raisuni's group traveled through the Rif Mountains, Perdicaris's horse fell and he broke his leg. Raisuni demanded of the Sultan of Morocco Abd al-Aziz a $55,000 ransom (later raised to $70,000); removal of government troops from the region and an end to alleged harassment of the Riffian people; the removal, arrest, and imprisonment of the Pasha of Tangier and several other government officials; release of certain political prisoners; and cession of control of two of Morocco's wealthiest districts (later increased to six). Raisuni later added the stipulation that the United States and England must guarantee meeting these demands. Perdicaris was taken to a village on Mount Nazul, where tribes friendly to Raisuni lived.

American involvement
When the United States was notified of the kidnapping, Secretary of State, John Hay, was out of town. Assistant Secretary of State, Francis B. Loomis, dealt with the crisis. He diverted seven of the sixteen American ships in the Mediterranean Sea on a "goodwill cruise" to Tangier. Angered by the kidnapping, President Theodore Roosevelt reacted with a show of force.

Hay described the demands as "preposterous". The following day the United States ordered Admiral French Ensor Chadwick to dispatch a ship from the South Atlantic Squadron to Tangier. On 20 May, the British dispatched a torpedo boat from Gibraltar to the city. On 21 May, representatives from the sultan were sent to begin negotiations with the captors. By 25 May, negotiations had yet to achieve anything. On 29 May, Raisuni threatened to kill the prisoners if his demands were not met in two days. The incident revealed internal tensions, as the foreign minister of Morocco allied with Raisuni's enemies. The Sharifs of Wazan were credited with progress in the negotiations. That same day, Theodore Frelinghuysen Jewell was ordered to dispatch three additional ships. When a messenger from the Sultan arrived at Raisuni's camp, he was sold to the highest bidder, and was executed by having his throat slit.

The armored cruiser USS Brooklyn (ACR-3) and cruiser USS Atlanta (1884) reached Tangier on 30 May, and Admiral Chadwick had a conference with the Sultan's representative. The next day, the gunboats USS Marietta (PG-15) and USS Castine (PG-6) arrived, and France assured the United States they would do "all in their power to rescue the prisoners". On 1 June the ransom demand was increased to $70,000. Jewell arrived with USS Olympia (C-6), USS Baltimore (C-3), and USS Cleveland (C-19), bringing the total American ships in Tangier to seven, manned by several Marine companies, commanded by Major John Twiggs Myers. At the time, the gathering was the most numerous of American ships in any foreign port.

They were not to be used without express orders from Washington, as it was thought that any action by the Marines would lead to the deaths of the prisoners. The United States planned to use them only to seize the custom-houses of Morocco, which supplied much of the nation's revenue, if the Moroccan government did not fulfill the demands of the United States. It insisted the government make the concessions necessary to persuade Raisuni to release Perdicaris, and to attack Raisuni if Perdicaris were killed. The only Marines to land in Morocco were a small detachment of four men, carrying only sidearms. They were ordered to protect the Consulate and Mrs. Perdicaris. Two other U.S. Marines were dispatched on 8 June to protect the Belgian legation.

On 30 May, A. H. Slocomb sent a letter to John Hay, claiming that Perdicaris was no longer an American citizen, having taken Greek citizenship. Though Roosevelt's resolve weakened, he decided to continue with the negotiations, as Raisuni believed that Perdicaris was an American citizen. Roosevelt tried to get Britain and France to join the U.S. in a combined military action to rescue Perdicaris, but the two countries refused. Instead, the two powers were covertly recruited to put pressure on the Sultan to accept Raisuni's demands. On 2 June the ITALIAN CRUISER Dogali arrived in port, and tensions rose to the point that there were fears of an uprising in the city.

Tensions escalate
On 6 June, the SPANISH BATTLESHIP Pelayo and SPANISH IRONCLAD Numancia arrived, due to fears that the United States might force Morocco to give them a port. In response to the request of the British minister in Morocco, HMS Prince of Wales (1902) left Gibraltar on 7 June. That same day, President Roosevelt received confirmation that Perdicaris had registered in Athens as a Greek citizen. Negotiations continued and on 8 May, the Sultan granted Raisuni's demands, appointing Herid el Barrada as governor of Tangier. Angry tribesmen raided the home of an Englishman. Negotiations dragged on. The government removed its troops from Raisuni's region on 9 June. On 14 June, an attempt was made to kidnap the Italian consul. On 15 June, Raisuni increased his demands to be given control of six, rather than two districts of Morocco.

On 19 June the Sultan accepted Raisuni's demands, with the date of release of captives set for 21 June. On 20 June, a hitch in negotiations occurred. Zelai, governor of an inland tribe, refused to act as intermediary. On 21 or 22 June the ransom money was deposited. On 22 June, Raisuni demanded another district for his control. Though a settlement had already been reached, a cable from Gummeré accused the Sultan of holding up negotiations.

Seeing the need to act, Hay issued a statement to the Republican National Convention, which was read by Joseph Gurney Cannon: "We want Perdicaris alive or Raisuni dead." While it was clear that the convention would nominate the incumbent Roosevelt as the Republican candidate, Hay's statement electrified the Convention. One Kansas delegate exclaimed, "Roosevelt and Hay know what they're doing. Our people like courage. We'll stand for anything those men do." After being nominated, Roosevelt easily won election in the fall of 1904. Perdicaris was home by 24 June, after most of Raisuni's demands were met.

Perdicaris wrote a narrative of his captivity while held by Raisuni. It was published in Leslie's Weekly, followed by National Geographic. After his release, Perdicaris admitted he was no longer an American citizen. While he had received Greek citizenship, he never lived in Athens for the required two years, and never renounced his American citizenship. The State Department concluded that Perdicaris had not "ever effectively acquired Greek, nor divested himself of American, citizenship." He was later issued a United States passport as an American citizen.

Despite the circumstances, Perdicaris came to admire and befriend Raisuni, who had pledged to protect his prisoner from any harm. Perdicaris later said: "I go so far as to say that I do not regret having been his prisoner for some time... He is not a bandit, not a murderer, but a patriot forced into acts of brigandage to save his native soil and his people from the yoke of tyranny." Several twenty-first century historians, such as Jeffrey D. Simon, suggested that Perdicaris displayed Stockholm syndrome in identifying with his captor. The Sultan of Morocco was required to pay the $70,000 ransom, and a further $4,000 to the United States to cover its expenses. Newspapers including The New York Times published editorials suggesting that France had to 'impose order' in the country. France intervened several times in Morocco's affairs in ensuing decades.

Aftermath
Perdicaris and his family moved to England shortly after the incident, eventually settling in Tunbridge Wells. He occasionally returned to Trenton, where he maintained business interests. Perdicaris Place, off West State Street in Trenton, is named for him and his father. Ion Perdicaris died in London in 1925. Perdicaris published an autobiography in 1921, titled The Hand of Fate.

Raisuni used the money he gained from ransoming Perdicaris to build his palace, nick-named the "House of Tears".

The details of the incident (especially the fact that Perdicaris's U.S. citizenship was in doubt) were kept secret until 1933, when historian Tyler Dennett mentioned the crisis in his biography of John Hay. In 1975, Thomas H. Etzold described the kidnapping as "the most famous protection case in American history."

Popular culture
"Hostages to Momus", a short story by the American author O. Henry, was inspired by the kidnapping of Ion Perdicaris. In the story, the character "Burdick Harris," a Greek citizen, stands for him. ("Bur-dick-Harris" is a play on "Per-dic-aris", as the names rhyme, if pronounced as the author intended). The humorous story was written shortly after the incident.

The story of Ion Perdicaris's kidnapping was loosely adapted to film in the 1975 motion picture The Wind and the Lion, with Sean Connery in the role of Raisuni and Brian Keith as Roosevelt. However, to add some glamour to the tale, the 64-year-old bearded hostage was replaced with attractive young "Eden Pedecaris", played by Candice Bergen. The film incorrectly showed US Marines invading Morocco and battling soldiers of the German Empire (who were not present in Morocco at the time), but it succeeded in presenting the personality of Raisuni and his interaction with his prisoners.

title: Perdicaris affair


text:
Talk:Lu Ji (Shiheng)

Untitled
i am not sure why my categories showed up like that.
 * nevermind Stainless steel

It's not clear what the source was, but "The art of writing: teachings of the chinese masters" introduction (by Tony Barnstone and Chou Ping) states that Lu Ji was not actually a traitor, but was only accused of it by his opponent when he lost a battle. This contradicts with the explanation for his execution given here in wikipedia... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Poikiloid (talk • contribs) 18:58, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Lu Ji (Shiheng)


text:
Jenifer Alcorn

Jenifer Lynn Alcorn (born July 15, 1970) is an American retired, undefeated WIBA, IWBF, and IBA World Champion female professional boxer.

Early life and education
Alcorn grew up in Le Grand, California, and later moved to Fresno. She was well known in Fresno athletic circles before beginning her career as a boxer. She was a stand-out high school athlete and attended California State University, Fresno.

Athletic career
Despite only having six amateur bouts, Alcorn fought in the women's nationals, 1999 USA Boxing National Championships, losing a 10–1 decision to eventual silver medalist Jean Martin of Brooklyn, N.Y. in the 139 pound quarterfinals.

Alcorn then launched a professional boxing career. She made her pro debut on July 2, 1999, in Fresno, where she TKO'd Robyn Covino in 0:59 seconds of the first round.

Alcorn eventually stepped up her level of competition by taking on undefeated Jessica Rakoczy, for the vacant IWBF Lightweight title. Alcorn won a ten-round split (96-94 92-98 98-92) decision over Rakoczy, by carrying the fight to Rakoczy aggressively.

On April 19, 2003, at Selland Arena in Fresno, Alcorn won an eight-round unanimous (78-74 77-75 77-75) decision over Mia St. John.

On December 11, 2003, at Palace Indian Gaming Center in Lemoore, California, Alcorn won a ten-round split (96-93 96-93 94-95) decision over Melissa Del Valle for the vacant WIBA Lightweight title. Alcorn was knocked down by a left hook in the second round, and Del Valle landed effectively with overhand rights throughout the bout. However, Del Valle faded in the late going and Alcorn won the critical late rounds. Alcorn remained undefeated at 18-0-0 (11 KO) while Del Valle fell to 28-4-1 (11 KO).

Soon after the Del Valle fight, Alcorn announced her retirement from boxing on February 5, 2004, citing the stress that her boxing career placed on her children. saying "After eight years of training, I know I'll feel the effects of walking away, but I've seen fighters stay in too long, and I've seen the effect it has on their mind and body. By going out on top, the worst I'll be is a former 3-time World Champion. Every good thing has to come to an end." She said she would continue her work with the Fresno State women's basketball team and her fitness training business.

Personal life
Alcorn and her family appeared on the October 9, 2006, episode of the U.S. version of Wife Swap.

Alcorn runs a successful 'bootcamp' style workout routine called Team JIB JAB for those who want to better themselves through diet and exercise.

title: Jenifer Alcorn


text: Category:Italian cartoonists

title: Category:Italian cartoonists


text:
Carducci

Carducci is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Bartolomeo Carducci (1560–1610), Florentine artist
 * Giosuè Carducci (1835–1907), Italian poet
 * Joe Carducci (born 1955), American writer and record producer
 * Marco Carducci (born 1996), Canadian soccer player
 * Michelangelo Carducci (16th century), Italian Renaissance painter
 * Vincenzo Carducci (1576/78–1638), Florentine artist

title: Carducci


text:
Joseph Milner (priest)

Joseph Milner (1744–1797), an English evangelical divine, has a reputation particularly for his work on The History of the Church of Christ (1794–1809).

Life
He was born at Leeds and educated at Leeds Grammar School and Catharine Hall, Cambridge. On graduation he went to Thorp Arch, West Yorkshire as assistant in a school kept by Christopher Atkinson, the vicar of the parish, received holy orders, and became Atkinson's curate. At Thorp Arch he made a lifelong friendship with the son of the vicar, Miles Atkinson, who subsequently became a leader of the evangelical party and vicar of St Paul's, Leeds.

Still in deacon's orders Milner left Thorp Arch to become headmaster of Hull Grammar School. There his pupils included William Dealtry, Samuel Marsden, George Pryme, Thomas Perronet Thompson, and Peter William Watson.

Milner was in 1768 elected afternoon lecturer at Holy Trinity Church, Hull. He now paid for the education of his brother Isaac Milner. In 1770 he became a follower of the rising evangelical school, suspected of Methodism, and the nature of his congregation at the High Church changed. He also undertook the charge of North Ferriby. Hull became a centre of evangelicalism.

Milner's chief friends were the Rev. James Stillingfleet (1741–1826) of Hotham, and the Rev. William Richardson of York, who both shared his religious views. In 1792 he had a severe attack of fever; in 1797 the mayor and corporation offered him the living of Holy Trinity, mainly through the efforts of William Wilberforce, but Milner fell ill and died on 15 November 1797. He was buried in Holy Trinity Church, and a monument to his memory was erected in it.

Works
Milner's major work was the History of the Church of Christ (London, 1794–1809). He lived to complete the first three volumes, and two more were added by his brother, Isaac Milner (1750–1820), dean of Carlisle, who re-edited the whole work in 1810. John Scott (1777–1834) published a new continuation in three volumes (1826, 1829, and 1831). Samuel Roffey Maitland criticised Milner's history on the Waldenses (1832); the Rev. John King defended Milner, but Maitland published Strictures on Milner's Church History (1834). A controversy ensued, and the Milner's work had a new edition, published by the Rev. Thomas Grantham in 1847.

Other works published by Milner in his lifetime were:
 * Gibbon's Account of Christianity considered, with some Strictures on Hume's Dialogues on Natural Religion, 1781.
 * Some Remarkable Passages in the Life of William Howard, who died at North Ferriby on 2 March 1784, 1785.
 * Essays on several Religious Subjects, chiefly tending to illustrate the Scripture Doctrine of the Influence of the Holy Spirit, 1789.

He published essays and numerous sermons. He also edited, with William Richardson, the  Posthumous Works of Thomas Adam (1786).

After Milner's death many of his sermons were found, and these were published in four volumes under the title of Practical Sermons, (1800) with a memoir by the editor, Isaac Milner; and the second] (1809), edited by the Rev. W. Richardson. These two were later republished together. A third volume (1823) was edited by the Rev. John Fawcett, and a fourth (1830), On the Epistles to the Seven Churches, the Millennium, the Church Triumphant, and the 130th Psalm, by Edward Bickersteth. In 1855 Milner's Essentials of Christianity, theoretically and practically considered, which had been left in manuscript, and had been revised by his brother, was edited for the Religious Tract Society by Mary Milner, the orphan niece of whom Joseph Milner had taken charge, and writer of her uncle Isaac's Life.

title: Joseph Milner (priest)


text:
Maksymilian Ciężki

Maksymilian Ciężki (Samter, Province of Posen (now Szamotuły, Poland), 24 November 1898 – 9 November 1951 in London, England) was the head of the Polish Cipher Bureau's German section (BS–4) in the 1930s, during which time—from December 1932—the Bureau decrypted German Enigma messages.

During the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, Ciężki escaped to France to continue work on breaking Enigma ciphers. In 1943 he was captured by the Germans and interned in an S.S. concentration camp.

Career
In the 1930s, Ciężki, as an army captain, was chief of the Polish General Staff Cipher Bureau's German section (Biuro Szyfrów-4, abbreviated BS-4). This section "broke" (decrypted) German Enigma machine ciphers. Ciężki was also deputy to the Cipher Bureau's chief, Major (later, Lt. Col.) Gwido Langer, and in addition supervised the radio-intercept stations at Starogard in the Polish Corridor, at Poznań in western Poland, and at Krzesławice, near Kraków in southern Poland.

In March 1943, now-Major Ciężki, Lt. Col. Langer, Lt. Antoni Palluth and civilians Edward Fokczyński and Kazimierz Gaca were betrayed by their French guide and captured by the Germans as they attempted to cross from German-occupied France into Spain.

Ciężki and Langer were sent to an SS concentration camp where, during interrogations, they managed to protect the secret of Enigma decryption. They convinced their interrogators that, while the Poles had had some success with solving the Enigma early on, changes introduced by the Germans just before the start of the war had prevented any further decryption.

Palluth, Fokczyński and Gaca — according to Col. Stefan Mayer, prewar chief of the intelligence department in Section II of the Polish General Staff — likewise "were acquainted to the last detail with the... breaking [of] Enigma. They were kept by [the] Germans in most awful conditions [at a time] when [the] Enigma secret was still of great importance for the Western Allies.  Langer and his four comrades did not reveal [it] to the Germans, thus [making it possible to continue] exploiting this source of [intelligence] till the end of the war."

In mid-1945, liberated, Major Ciężki and Lt. Colonel Langer arrived in London, where they were badly received by Colonel Gano, chief of the Polish Section II in Britain. Gano had believed a distorted account by Lt. Colonel Bertrand that represented the failure to evacuate Langer's group from France as having been due to Langer's hesitation and lack of nerve. Langer and Ciężki were sent to a Polish signals camp at Kinross, Scotland, where Langer, bitter, disappointed, and convinced that he had been betrayed by the French when they no longer had need of him, died on 30 March 1948.

Ciężki died on 9 November 1951, after living the last three years on subsidies from the Assistance Board.

title: Maksymilian Ciężki


text:
Talk:Seong Mi-na

Adding specific Soul Calibur character pages
Hi. I have decided to take action against the extremely unpopular merger which eliminates individual character pages and collappsed them into one huge ugly mess of a list. Over the course of the next week or two I will be making specific character pages for all the main characters of Soul Calibur. A list is fine for the minor characters eg. ashlotte and inferno.

I must stress that characters of a very popular and well known chain of Video Games deserve notability in a comprehensive encylopaedia like wikipedia and that a merger in the first place was a huge mistake as well as hugely unpopular.

If you feel like adding to the article please feel free to do so as it is not quite complete yet but please try to refrain from editing the template as I really do think this model gives viewers really good information deserving of reference in a place like wikipedia. This is the template I will be using in the creation of the rest of the character pages.

Im always open for discussion so if you have any thoughts please dont hesitate to voice them.

Cheers.

UPDATE - WARNING: Someone has been deleting these pages without attempting to justify them on these discussion pages. I hate that. Please give me good reasons why these characters among thousands of other fictional character bio's on wikipedia do not deserve thier own pages. If these articles get deleted I will just continue to re create them until we get some decent dialogue and debate going on here. Thank you.

So far created: Seong Mina, Raphael, Rock, Kilik. (More coming)

The huge list
I would have altered the Seong Mina section in the huge character list to redirect to this main article but it has been locked for some reason. Hoping to sort it out soon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Devilsaur2 (talk • contribs) 22:58, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Seung Mi Na
In order to prevent an edit war over Seung Mi Na's name, I have decided to explain the situation to those unfamiliar with why it is written in this way. In Asian names, the family name is one syllable and comes at the beginning of the name. Thus, her surname is actually Seung. In Korea, her given name, or the name by which she is called, is more often than not two syllables--in this case, Mina. However, it is only listed as a single word when referring exclusively to her given name, because when referring to her full name, each syllable is written as a separate word when romanized. This is done to match the fact that Korean names are generally written using three characters--one for each syllable. When Soul Edge was originally released, her name was actually written properly as Seung Mi Na, but was eventually changed in Soul Calibur to prevent confusion, mostly among Americans. It is asked that when you see her full name written as Seung Mi Na, you leave it as such; and if you ever see it combined to simply Seung Mina, that you restore it to its original state. Only if her given name is written on its own will she be referred to as Mina, as it should be. Thank you for your cooperation.

Alright, but whats the deal with the Seung and Seong ? Character mistranslation?

Yes, the Korean vowel ㅡ is typically romanized "eu" and makes a sound like the oo in "book." The vowel ㅓ is transliterated "eo" and makes the o sound in "song." In no romanization system is ㅓ written as "eu." Seong Mi-na is also written 성미나 in Korean - check out the first character, in the upper right-hand part of it (the Medial position) and you'll find eo. Say the two (Seung and Seong) and the mistake is obvious. 24.8.20.66 22:39, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Also, just for reference - seong means "holy" or "fortress", seung means "victory."24.8.20.66 06:07, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Hwang Romance
I'd like to point out that in the games there is actually no hint of romance between Hwang and Mina, and that any belief such is generally in a players mind , could the section be edited to reflect this , i would do it myself but i'ma reader more then anything

The above poster is correct. In fact, in the article on Hwang, it says that Mina regards him more like a brother than a potential suitor. I'll see if my deletion of their supposed relationship will be allowed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.216.190.231 (talk) 02:18, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Correct Weapon Name
I just felt like mentioning, that Seung Mina's weapon is actually a Naginata, which was scrambled in translation. What the weapoj is listed as currently, a "Zhanmadao", is actually a variant of a "Zanbato", which is the large mystical sword used in fantasy, such as Zabuza's sword from Naruto as a modern example. 71.195.85.110 21:27, 3 June 2006 (UTC

Is there proof of her weapon being a Naginata. Im not doubting you or calling you a liar I was just wondering why it couldn't be a guan dao. After all a naginata has a thin blade while a guan dao has a thicker blade resembling Mina's blade more. Setsuka13 23:02, 11 February 2007 (UTC)setsuka13

her weapon more closely resembles a Naginata than a Zanbato. Zanbato seems to be all blade, like a Katana. The naginata has a short blade on the end of a long pole arm. Guan Do is also a possibility. In SCII one of her unlockable weapons was a Naginata. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.183.119.143 (talk) 04:37, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Not a Zanbatou. At all. Dunno if it's any of these things you guys have mentioned, but honestly, spear would be a better description. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.29.19.62 (talk) 14:19, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Fighting Style
In the article, Mina's fighting style is listed as Seong style longsword + Ling Sheng Su style rod. However, she only started training with Xianghua's father (and consequently learned the Ling Sheng Su style rod) after Soul Edge/Blade. So what was her style in Soul Edge? And if it was just the Seong style longsword, how does that make sense, considering she uses a naginata? Idiota Invisível 21:03, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Gameplay
Okay, this is pretty much just like the old character analysis section from before. I'm removing these for the same reason people from before deleted the character analysis section. If you want to find out why, check out Taki's and Kilik's talk pages. If people want a strategy guide, they should go to fansites. Mythmonster2 (talk) 06:29, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seong Mi-na


text:
Hans Hendrik

Hans Hendrik (Suersaq; 2 June 1832 – 11 August 1889) was a Kalaallit interpreter, Arctic explorer, and the first Inuk to publish an account of his travels. He was born in the southern settlement of Fiskenæsset.

Second Grinnell expedition
Hendrik was hired by the American explorer Elisha Kent Kane for the 1853–1855 second Grinnell expedition to search for the lost Franklin expedition. He established his worth in the winter of 1854, when participating in a search for four of the men who were lying frozen and disabled somewhere northwest of the ship, which was beset in the ice in Rensellaer Bay.

Hendrik located their sledge track, which brought the rescue party to the men. He also assisted with communication with the local Inuit, and was instrumental in hunting efforts, including tracking and finding a wounded caribou in February 1855 when the men were beginning to starve and show signs of scurvy. It was due to Henrik's ability and effort that the important sledging journey to Cape Constitution was completed. For these efforts, Hendrik's agreed upon salary was two barrels of flour and 52 pounds of salt pork.

After the Grinnell expedition, Hendrik returned to Qeqertarsuatsiaat, in western Greenland, where he married. In a report submitted by Sir Francis Leopold McClintock on, near the conclusion of his own expedition in search of Franklin, it was reported by the Inut near Cape York that Hans was residing at Whale Sound.

Hayes' expedition
Hendrik made his second northern voyage aboard the United States under Isaac Israel Hayes' American expedition of 1860–1861. At the end of August 1860, Hayes touched at Cape York and picked up Hans, his wife, and child. On 21 December, Hans and astronomer August Sonntag began their ice journey—a journey from which Sonntag did not return. Hans managed to eventually reach an Inuit settlement, saving his own life. The United States reached Upernavik on 15 August 1861, near which Hendrik and his family would remain for the next three years. Following that, they returned to Fiskernaes.

Polaris expedition
Hendrik's third journey on the Polaris expedition of 1871–1873, led by Charles Francis Hall under Captain Budington. Hans joined the voyage, along with his wife and four children. Hall died during the voyage of apoplexy on 8 November 1871. Hendrik was among the party left behind after Hall's death when the USS Polaris (1871) broke loose of the ice and failed to return.

During the party's six-month drift on a gradually-shrinking ice-floe, Hendrik and the Canadian Inuk Ebierbing managed to provide food for the entire party; they were eventually picked up by a sealer in April 1873. Following this journey, Hendrik made a trip to America, including visits to Washington D.C. and New York, before returning home to Fiskernaes.

British Arctic expedition
Hendrik's last sea voyage was under George Strong Nares in the British Arctic expedition of 1875–1876. Hendrik presumably joined the crew of HMS Alert (1856) at Smith Sound before proceeding to the northernmost reaches of Greenland. The expedition encountered problems with pack ice and scurvy, spending one winter locked in the ice. Hendrik's hunting and handling of dogsleds contributed both to the exploration and the survival and ultimate rescue of the most of the crew.

Hendrik retired from expedition support and worked as boatswain and laborer at the Greenland settlements. His arctic journeys made him wealthy by the standards of his community.

title: Hans Hendrik


text:
Paracentesis

Paracentesis (from Greek κεντάω, "to pierce") is a form of body fluid sampling procedure, generally referring to peritoneocentesis (also called laparocentesis or abdominal paracentesis) in which the peritoneal cavity is punctured by a needle to sample peritoneal fluid.

The procedure is used to remove fluid from the peritoneal cavity, particularly if this cannot be achieved with medication. The most common indication is ascites that has developed in people with cirrhosis.

Indications
It is used for a number of reasons:
 * to relieve abdominal pressure from ascites
 * to diagnose spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and other infections (e.g. abdominal TB)
 * to diagnose metastatic cancer
 * to diagnose blood in peritoneal space in trauma

Paracentesis for ascites
The procedure is often performed in a doctor's office or an outpatient clinic. In an expert's hands, it is usually very safe, although there is a small risk of infection, excessive bleeding or perforating a loop of bowel. These last two risks can be minimized greatly with the use of ultrasound guidance.

Ultrasound guidance

The use of ultrasound has become the standard of care when preparing a patient for paracentesis. Confirmation of an ascitic effusion reduces the risks associated with a dry or blind tap of the abdomen. Anatomic landmarks, such as the midline linea alba approach, were traditionally used as reference points for needle insertion. Phased array or curvilinear ultrasound transducers are typically used in the hospital and outpatient setting to identify ascites in the abdominal cavity. Fluid within the abdominal cavity appears hypoechoic or anechoic (black) on ultrasound. Morison's pouch (hepatorenal recess) is a common starting location in concordance with ultrasound FAST (focused assessment with sonography for trauma) exam. Fluid collection can occur in a number of different locations and may be difficult to find, especially if the patient only exhibits a small volume of ascites. Measurement of the amount of fluid within the abdominal cavity is not necessary or very successful. Identification of sufficient fluid within the abdominal cavity for fluid analysis or to achieve a therapeutic benefit is all that is required to proceed to paracentesis. Ultrasound guidance of the paracentesis can also be used as an additional safety measure to ensure the needle stays within the ascitic fluid and avoidance of important vessels within the abdominal cavity.

Procedure overview
The patient is requested to urinate before the procedure; alternately, a Foley catheter is used to empty the bladder. The patient is positioned in the bed with the head elevated at 45–60 degrees to allow fluid to accumulate in lower abdomen. After cleaning the side of the abdomen with an antiseptic solution, the physician numbs a small area of skin and inserts a large-bore needle with a plastic sheath 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) in length to reach the peritoneal (ascitic) fluid. The needle is removed, leaving the plastic sheath to allow drainage of the fluid. The fluid is drained by gravity, a syringe, or by connection to a vacuum bottle. Several litres of fluid may be drained during the procedure; however, if more than two litres are to be drained, it will usually be done over the course of several treatments. After the desired level of drainage is complete, the plastic sheath is removed and the puncture site bandaged. The plastic sheath can be left in place with a flow control valve and protective dressing if further treatments are expected to be necessary.

If fluid drainage in cirrhotic ascites is more than 5 litres, patients may receive intravenous serum albumin (25% albumin, 8 g/L) to prevent hypotension (low blood pressure). There has been debate as to whether albumin administration confers benefit, but a recent 2016 meta-analysis concluded that it can reduce mortality after large-volume paracentesis significantly. However, for every end-point investigated, while albumin was favorable as compared to other agents (e.g., plasma expanders, vasoconstrictors), these were not statistically significant and the meta-analysis was limited by the quality of the studies—two of which that were in fact unsuitable—included in it.

The procedure generally is not painful and does not require sedation. The patient is usually discharged within several hours following post-procedure observation provided that blood pressure is otherwise normal and the patient experiences no dizziness.

Complications
Paracentesis is known to be a safe procedure when ascitic fluid is readily visible, so complications are typically rare. Possible complications following or during the procedure involve infection, bleeding, the leakage ascitic of fluid, or bowel perforation. Of these, the most concerning in the immediate setting is bleeding within the peritoneal cavity.

The z-tracking technique has held particular importance in performing paracentesis. A z-track is a technique that allows for decreased ascitic fluid leak following the paracentesis by displacing the needle tracks with respect to the epidermis and the peritoneum.

Fluid analysis
The serum-ascites albumin gradient can help determine the cause of the ascites.

The color of the ascitic fluid can also be useful in analysis. Blood fluid can indicate trauma or malignancy. A milky appearance of the fluid can indicate lymphoma or malignant peritoneal ascites. Cloudy or turbid fluid can indicate possible infection or inflammation within the peritoneal cavity. Straw or light yellow colored fluid indicates more plasma-like and benign causes of peritoneal ascites. The ascitic white blood cell count can help determine if the ascites is infected. A count of 250 neutrophils per ml or higher is considered diagnostic for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Cultures of the fluid can be taken, but the yield is approximately 40% (72–90% if blood culture bottles are used). Empiric antibiotics are typically started when spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is highly suspected. A third-generation cephalosporin is typically started in these cases to cover the most common organisms, E. coli and Klebsiella, in SBP.

Contraindications
Mild hematologic abnormalities do not increase the risk of bleeding. The risk of bleeding may be increased if:
 * prothrombin time > 21 seconds
 * international normalized ratio > 1.6
 * platelet count < 50,000 per cubic millimeter.

Absolute contraindication is the acute abdomen that requires surgery.

Relative contraindications are:
 * Pregnancy
 * Distended urinary bladder
 * Abdominal wall cellulitis
 * Distended bowel
 * Intra-abdominal adhesions.

title: Paracentesis


text:
Doctor Who: Destiny of the Doctors

Doctor Who: Destiny of the Doctors is an action video game based on the BBC British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was released on 5 December 1997 by BBC Multimedia.

Overview
A collaboration between BBC Multimedia and the British developer Studio Fish, Destiny of the Doctors is a CD-ROM which received an 11+ age rating from ELSPA. It is supported by Microsoft Windows 95 and works on all subsequent forms of Windows, though some PCs running XP and Vista experience compatibility issues. It was released in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, as well as some countries in Europe, and found modest acclaim from some magazines, including the now defunct PC Planet.

The game featured extensive, newly recorded audio dialogue by Tom Baker, Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Nicholas Courtney. William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton were represented by a voice actor impersonating their portrayals of the First and Second Doctors. The substitute Hartnell and Troughton clips were laced with artificial grain to simulate vintage recordings. Jon Pertwee originally agreed to appear in the game but died before recording could take place; by agreement with his widow, Ingeborg Pertwee, he was represented in the game using audio clips from the television series. The game also contains Anthony Ainley's final recorded performance as the Master before his death. It also marks the first, and only, time that Ainley played the Master with a natural, grown beard rather than a false one.

The story was written by longtime Doctor Who writer Terrance Dicks.

Cast

 * The Third Doctor – Jon Pertwee (archive audio)
 * The Fourth Doctor – Tom Baker
 * The Fifth Doctor – Peter Davison
 * The Sixth Doctor – Colin Baker
 * The Seventh Doctor – Sylvester McCoy
 * The Master – Anthony Ainley
 * Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart – Nicholas Courtney

Note: David Coker voiced the First Doctor and Second Doctor.

Plot
The Doctor's nemesis the Master has taken control of the planet Siralos, which is made of "pure psychic energy". With this planet's power, he plans to mould the universe into his will. To begin, he takes the first seven incarnations of the Doctor out of time and space and puts them in the Determinant, a domain he has created from the conquered will of Siralos. He plans to eradicate any trace of the Doctor from time and space, so he may be free to rebuild the cosmos as he pleases. However, the player's character, the Graak (a psychic being created by the Doctor), pledges to stop the Master's plans, and the game begins.

The Graak is an intelligent, psychic and seemingly altruistic organism, turquoise in colour and resembling a jellyfish. It floats about four feet from the ground, and has no visible organs nor any recognizable features. The Master states that the Graak is protoplasmic. Although it has no limbs, the Graak is dexterous enough to be able to handle items such as a sonic screwdriver and a radio transmitter. It only speaks when it asks the Doctor questions as part of a challenge, and has a high voice varying in tone and inflection (implying that speaking is a strain). When the Master calls the Graak "a good little doggie", it is heard to bark.

It is a matter of debate as to how the game fits into the continuity of Doctor Who. There are references to the "seven complete incarnations of the Doctor", with no reference made to either the Eighth Doctor, despite the game being released some time after the 1996 TV movie. However, the TARDIS database does vaguely mention the Seventh Doctor's regeneration. It has been speculated that the Master's imprisonment at the end of the game is by the Daleks, which would then lead into the opening of the TV Movie. This could also explain the absence of any mention of the Eighth Doctor (if the events of the game are set before the TV Movie).

Gameplay
The bulk of the game takes place in the Doctor's TARDIS (and, on occasion, the Master's TARDIS, reached via "junctions" between the two time machines). The game begins in the Console Room of the Fourth Doctor's TARDIS, and the player must then select one of the Doctor's seven incarnations and activate the TARDIS to go in search of them.

Upon reaching the TARDIS of the selected Doctor (and also before almost every puzzle in the game), the player can use a "Time Winder" (a pyramid-like save point) and then set out into the TARDIS to find the Master (and, accordingly, the Doctor).

Upon leaving the Console Room, the player, as the Graak, must find the Great Divide: a chasm which separates the TARDIS from the Determinant. However, the Master has placed several of the Doctor's enemies in the TARDIS to make things more difficult for the Graak, such as Daleks, Cybermen, Autons, Ice Warriors, Quarks, Sea Devils, Silurians, Sontarans, Yeti and Zygons. There are weapons and implements in the TARDIS that can be used to incapacitate or kill these monsters, some of which can be kept throughout the quest (such as the sonic screwdriver, or a radio used to contact Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart for advice and hints), and others which can only be used for a limited time (such as Dalekanium and watering cans).

Upon reaching the Great Divide, the player selects a symbol and the Master gives the Graak a riddle. During the loading time, a map of the area of the TARDIS the player will explore is shown. The Graak will have to complete a certain objective (e.g. perform the Doctor Who theme on floor tiles), find certain information on monsters or Doctors (either from the Doctor's "City of Thoughts" database in his TARDIS or from the Master's "Monster Database"), or collect an item (such as a Stattenheim remote, or a Nestene Consciousness control sphere). Whilst the player is scouring the TARDIS(es), they may use telepathic links with the Doctor (resembling the TV title sequence effect of the Third Doctor's episodes) and the Doctor will give a short clue to the player. Having completed their task (out of a possible 28 tasks), the Graak then returns and gives the Master the item, or crosses a grid of tiles, or selects the true Doctor out of three possible choices, or similar. If the player fails, they will have to begin again (from the nearest Time Winder). If they succeed, they will have to face the Master in the Determinant. If they defeat the Master, that incarnation of the Doctor is freed:

 * First Doctor - A chase around the Celestial Toymaker's toybox (with Quarks)
 * Second Doctor - A race against the Master on London Underground trains (with Yeti)
 * Third Doctor - Seek and destroy the Dalek spaceship
 * Fourth Doctor - Search around the maze that is the Doctor's mind (with Raston Warrior Robots)
 * Fifth Doctor - A joust in a medieval ring against a Sontaran on a hoverbike
 * Sixth Doctor - Search the icy wilderness of Mars to find the Doctor
 * Seventh Doctor - Race against the Master's car in the Doctor's Edwardian car, Bessie (with Autons)

Reception
The game received mixed reviews. PC Gamer saw the game as part of a larger trend of disappointing Doctor Who games despite the rich subject matter. In analysing the challenges Doctor Who poses to video gaming, the site noted that the personality of the Doctor himself would necessitate abstract item puzzles or dialogue-based puzzles rather than action-oriented gameplay.

In a retrospective article for Destructoid, Anthony Burch said the game was "one of the most unplayable, unenjoyable games ever created".

Despite the mixed reviews, Anthony Ainley's performance as the Master was widely praised by audiences.

Other releases
All of Anthony Ainley's recorded scenes as the Master from this game were included on the DVD release of Survival but without the background music played in them.

title: Doctor Who: Destiny of the Doctors


text:
Terlipressin

Terlipressin, sold under the brand name Terlivaz  among others, is an analogue of vasopressin used as a vasoactive drug in the management of low blood pressure. It has been found to be effective when norepinephrine does not help. Terlipressin is a vasopressin receptor agonist.

Terlipressin was approved for medical use in the United States in 2022. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

Medical uses
Terlipressin is indicated to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome with rapid reduction in kidney function.

Indications for use include norepinephrine-resistant septic shock although, 2021 Surviving Sepsis Guidelines recommend against its use for adults with septic shock and hepatorenal syndrome. In addition, it is used to treat bleeding esophageal varices.

Contraindications
Terlipressin is contraindicated in people experiencing hypoxia or worsening respiratory symptoms and in people with ongoing coronary, peripheral or mesenteric ischemia. Terlipressin may cause fetal harm when used during pregnancy.

Society and culture
Terlipressin is available in United States, New Zealand, Australia, the European Union, India, Pakistan & UAE. It is sold under various brand names including Glypressin and Terlivaz.

title: Terlipressin


text:
Tiana Benjamin

Tiana Opium Benjamin (born 5 October 1984) is an English actress, known for originally playing Chelsea Fox in the BBC soap opera EastEnders.

Career
Benjamin trained at the Anna Scher Theatre in London. In 2005, she made a brief appearance in the film Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire as Angelina Johnson, and voiced the character for the video game adaptation. In 2006, Benjamin joined the cast of BBC soap opera EastEnders, portraying the role of Chelsea Fox. Her decision to leave EastEnders was announced on 2 April 2010.

In 2011, Benjamin starred in the 2011 drama film Fast Girls. She also played a role in the fourth episode of BBC crime drama The Interceptor in 2015.

In 2016, Benjamin starred in The Dumping Ground as Bailey Wharton's mother Alison. It was later discovered that her character was Bryony, his mother's friend.

Personal life
Benjamin's parents are from Sierra Leone. She attended Highgate Wood Secondary School alongside EastEnders co-star Scarlett Alice Johnson.

title: Tiana Benjamin


text:
211 (number)

211 (two hundred [and] eleven) is the natural number following 210 and preceding 212. It is also a prime number.

In mathematics

 * 211 is an odd number.
 * 211 is a primorial prime, the sum of three consecutive primes ($$67+71+73$$), a Chen prime, a centered decagonal prime, and a self prime.
 * 211 is the smallest prime separated by 12 from the nearest primes (199 and 223). It is thus a balanced prime and an isolated prime.
 * 211 is a repdigit in tetradecimal (111).
 * In decimal, multiplying 211's digits results in a prime ($$2\times 1\times 1=2$$); adding its digits results in a square ($$2+1+1=4=2^{2}$$). Rearranging its digits, 211 becomes 121, which also is a square ($$11^{2}=121$$). Adding any two of 211's digits will result in a prime (2 or 3).
 * 211 is the 47th prime number and therefore it is a super-prime.

In science and technology
2-1-1 is special abbreviated telephone number reserved in Canada and the United States as an easy-to-remember three-digit telephone number. It is meant to provide quick information and referrals to health and human service organizations for both services from charities and from governmental agencies.

In chemistry, 211 is also associated with E211, the preservative sodium benzoate.

In religions
In Islam, Sermon 211 is about the strength and greatness of Allah.

In other fields
211 is also the California Penal Code section defining robbery. It is sometimes paired with 187, California PC section for murder.

211 is also an EDI (Electronic data interchange) document known as an Electronic Bill of Lading.

211 is also a nickname for Steel Reserve, a malt liquor alcoholic beverage.

211 is also SMTP status code for system status.

+211 is the code for international direct-dial phone calls to South Sudan.

title: 211 (number)


text:
Talk:William Jennings Capell

next gen
Seeing as the Earldom is likely to pass to Mr. Capell due to the current Lord Essex's state of bachelorhood and lack of offspring (legitimate or otherwise), is Mr. Capell himself married/have legitimate issue? It would be a shame for this historically significant title to go extinct through lack of any further heirs. (And it also astounds me what distant relations can suddenly and unexpectedly end up with.) -- 65.95.233.121 00:16, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

the citizenship question
69.92.85.141: Do you have a source to cite for your change? My understanding of this topic is limited, but it seems to me that only Congress could give Mr. Capell the right to take the title, which they have not yet done and are not likely to do until the question comes up.
 * Article I, Section 9, Clause 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

If you can cite a source, please add it to a External links section. JRP 16:47, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * You need to reread that. It prohibits the government from granting titles of nobility, and it prevents government office holders from accepting them. It does not place any restrictions whatsoever on the use of titles of nobility by ordinary citizens. I've fixed the misstatement in the article. - Nunh-huh 03:20, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

To Proteus:

I'm not sure what you think is wrong. Maybe you could be more specific. My revision is based on the following:

Title 8 USC § 1448:

“(b) Hereditary titles or orders of nobility. In case the person applying for naturalization has borne any hereditary title, or has been of any of the orders of nobility in any foreign state, the applicant shall in addition to complying with the requirements of subsection (a) of this section, make under oath in the same public ceremony in which the oath of allegiance is administered, an express renunciation of such title or order of nobility, and such renunciation shall be recorded as a part of such proceedings.”

US Constitution, Art. I, § 9:

“No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.” (-unsigned)

Capell's not applying for naturalization, he's a natural-born citizen, so naturalization law is irrelevant to this article. It's far more informative to correct the misapprehension that the Constitution in some way forbids citizens from inheriting or using a title. - Nunh-huh 22:16, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

__

He's also not a government officeholder, so the constitutional provision is equally irrelevant by that standard.

What is relevant is that Mr. Capell himself was under the misapprehension (along with multiple newspaper articles) that he might have to choose between the title and his U.S. citizenship. Note that Capell is not a peer (yet). The only justification for his being a subject of an article at all is the curiosity of an obscure American being next-in-line to become a British aristocrat and, as there is both interest and confusion (as demonstrated by, e.g., the news media), the corollary issue of whether that's legally possible under U.S. law.

Since it is simple enough to cite the two instances of actual prohibition in explaining why it is in fact legally possible in Mr. Capell's case, I don't see any rationale for including one and not the other. In my opinion, it is misleading to cite the constitutional provision only, as it implies the lack of any other legal impediment.

That said, I'm going to leave the article as-is for the time being to give Proteus a chance to correct me if, as he says, I am somehow "just wrong." (69.230.120.239)

 * There is no other legal impediment: he's already a citizen. The Constitution is relevant only because it is commonly misunderstood. Of course Capell isn't a peer, who said he was? And should he ever succeed to his title, he will probably never sit in the House of Lords. The at-present-very-theoretical issue of whether an American citizen can sit in the House of Lords is unlikely to ever actually come up, and therefore is unlikely to ever actually be settled. But this particular very theoretical case has nothing to do with becoming an American citizen through naturalization. - Nunh-huh 23:07, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

__

Yes, section 1448 is another legal impediment to one being a U.S. citizen and a noble at the same time. It is, in fact, the only instance in U.S. law in which one is required to affirmatively "renounce" a title of nobility, as opposed to the Constitution's admonition to refrain from "accepting" one. That it does not apply to Mr. Capell is precisely the point. That point being: While U.S. law does restrict its citizens from holding titles of nobility, those retrictions do not apply to Mr. Capell because he is not in either of the two categories of restriction.

I am very doubtful of your assertion, moreover, that the confusion over titles of nobility stems from an esoteric constitutional provision to the exclusion of the naturalization process that thousands and thousands of American citizens go through every year. What are you basing this on?

(And I have no idea how eligibility for the House of Lords enters into any of this.) __ (unsigned)

The idea that American citizens are banned from holding titles by the Constitution is a very popular misconception. I am surprised you have not heard of it. There is no corresponding misconception regarding naturalization. As for eligibility to sit in the House of Lords: that would require certain oaths. Such oaths could arguably be deemed a renunciation of U.S. Citizenship (but would probably not be so deemed.) (Another interesting question is what would be deemed an "acceptance" of a hereditary title that passes automatically upon the death of the previous owner, and cannot be disclaimed until held—again, a question that is not likely to be litigated in the near future.) - Nunh-huh 01:59, 29 July 2005 (UTC) __ Interesting. Your own very first cite is about confusion over the naturalization oath of Title 8 USC 1448. Case closed.

But then ... the next cite addresses the crackpot theory that American lawyers have titles of nobility if they use the term “Esquire.” The third is a debate about something called the “Sovereign Citizen movement.” The next is about the Irish constitution. The next is about the Greek constitution. The next is about whether academic degrees are “titles of nobility.” Next up is the so-called “Missing Thirteenth Amendment.” Then on to the Scottish constitution.

Talk about irrelevant. __

Courtesy Title
So can William Capell call himself "Viscount Malden" if he and his cousin so decide? Cranston Lamont 18:31, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * No, because he is only the heir presumptive, not an heir apparent. If the earldom were a Scottish peerage he'd be "Master of Essex", though. —Tamfang 04:52, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Last male-line heirs
This says the Earl, William and Kevin are the only remaining male-line members of the Essex line while Earl of Essex gives five further cousins.--Rumping (talk) 01:30, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

renunciation again

 * He had considered renouncing the earldom if it would require him to give up his United States citizenship (under the United Kingdom's Peerage Act 1963, a person may disclaim a hereditary peerage).

Foreign nationality prevents participating in the House of Lords, but as far as I know does not otherwise affect the title. Disclaiming would make the title dormant for his lifetime but would not in itself resolve the citizenship problem, if there were one, for his son. Nor would it cause the title to pass to the next British citizen in line, which might be his intent.

Even if this sentence were better sourced, how notable is it that, in the past, he mistakenly considered an unnecessary action? —Tamfang (talk) 19:00, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Jennings Capell


text:
Vincenzo Carducci

Vincenzio Carduccio (in Spanish, sometimes Vicencio or Vicente Carducho; 1576 or 1578–1638) was an Italian painter who spent his career in Spain.

Education and training
He was born in Florence and was trained as a painter by his brother Bartolomeo Carduccio, whom he followed to Madrid as a boy.

He initially painted some works at Valladolid and helped his brother paint the Escorial for Philip II of Spain. He returned to the court of Philip III in Madrid in 1606 and helped decorate the recently rebuilt Palacio del Pardo. While at work his brother died, and Vicente took his place. He painted there a history of Achilles. When finished, he was employed for four years by the monks of the Chartreuse of el Paular to decorate their monastery with 54 canvases of historical figures in the great cloister. 27 represent the life of St. Bruno, and 27 are of martyrs.

Work for Philip IV of Spain
He worked a great deal for the subsequent monarch, Philip IV of Spain and his best pictures are those he executed for him as decorations, now preserved in the Prado. Examples of his work are preserved in Toledo, Segovia, and several other Spanish cities. For many years he labored in Madrid as a teacher of his art, and among his pupils were Juan Rizi, Pedro de Obregón, Vela, Francisco Collantes, and other distinguished representatives of the Spanish school during the 17th century.

1633 treatise
He also authored a treatise De las Excelencias de la Pintura (Dialogues on painting: its defense, origin, essence, definition, styles, and differences). His treatise was published in 1633. Carducci argued that artists who wanted to be recognized as intellectuals should engage in the practices of aristocrats. He thought that decorating one's residence with paintings, books, and perhaps even sculptures, helps the pursuit of critical thinking. By the 18th century artists commonly practiced the advice given in the 1633 treatise.

The 1633 treatise is written in classical tradition as a dialogue between a master and an apprentice. Following the strict piety of the Spanish realm, the text urges:
 * "'Shame on me and all those who rash and impudent, and without meditation and without improving our souls, in this world set out to paint a portrait of the most Holy Queen of Angels, Mother of the Almighty, she who was full of grace, she who will be our means for gaining heaven...How well this was understood by that holy monastic painter Brother Juan Fesulano..(who) never started to paint without praying first..and (who) wept whenever he painted Christ on the Cross.'"

Carducho also assailed the verism of practiced by some such as Velázquez, and particularly was critical of Caravaggio and his followers, on whom he wrote:

 * "'His new dish is cooked with condiments, with so much flavor, appetite, and relish that he has surpassed everybody with such choice tidbits and a license so great that I am afraid the others will suffer apoplexy in ther true principles, because most painters follow him as if they were famished. They do not stop to reflect of the fire of his talent which is so forceful, nor whether they are able to digest such an impetuous, unheard of, and incompatible technique, nor whether they possess Caravaggio's nimbleness of painting without preparation. Did anyone ever paint, and with so much success, as this monster of genius and talent, almost without rules, without theory, without learning and meditation, solely by the power of this genius and the model in front of him which he simply copied so admirably.? I heard a zealot of our profession say that the appearance of this man mean a foreboding of ruin and end of painting, and how at the close of this visible world the Antichrist, pretending to be the real Christ with false and strange miracles and monstrous deeds would carry with him to damnation a very large number of people moved by his works which seemed so admirable (although they were in themselves deceptive, false, and without truth or permanence)."

 * "'Thus this Anti-Michelangelo with his showy and external copying of nature his admirable technique and liveliness has been able to persuade such a large number of all kinds of people that his is good painting and that his theory and practice are right, that they have turned their backs on the true manner of perpetuating themselves and on true knowledge in this matter.'"

Museo del Prado
The largest collection of his works remain in the Museo del Prado. The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando owns two paintings of the series made for the Basilica de San Francisco el Grande in Madrid.

title: Vincenzo Carducci


text:
Bartolomeo Carducci

Bartolomeo Carducci (1560 – 14 November 1608) was an Italian painter, better known as Carducho, the Spanish corruption of his Italian patronymic.

Biography
Carducci was born in Florence, where he studied architecture and sculpture under Bartolomeo Ammannati, and painting under Federico Zuccari. He assisted Zuccari with the completion of The Last Judgment on the ceiling of the dome of Florence Cathedral. The latter master he accompanied to Madrid, where he painted the ceiling of the Escorial library, assisting also in the production of the frescos that adorn the cloisters of that noted palace.

Between 1604 and 1606, Carducci painted the reliquary altarpieces of San Diego de Valladolid, with the assistance of his brother Vincenzo Carducci. They are now exhibited in Museo Nacional de Escultura Colegio de San Gregorio.

Among Carducci's pupils was Francisco López.

Carducci died in Spain; his brother Vincenzo succeeded him as chief painter to King Philip III of Spain.

Works
Most of Carducci's works are in Spain. His Descent from the Cross, originally in Madrid's San Felipe el Real, is now in the Museo del Prado, along with his Last Supper. The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando owns his Penitent St. Jerome.

title: Bartolomeo Carducci


text:
Antoni Palluth

Antoni Palluth (11 May 1900, Pobiedziska, Province of Posen – 18 April 1944) was a founder of the AVA Radio Company. The company built communications equipment for the Polish military; the work included not only radios but also cryptographic equipment.

Palluth was involved with the German section (BS-4) of the Polish General Staff's interbellum Cipher Bureau. He helped teach courses on cryptanalysis, and was involved with building equipment to break the German Enigma machine.

Life
Palluth was a civil-engineer graduate of the Warsaw Polytechnic. In January 1929, he was one of the instructors in a cryptology course organized by the Cipher Bureau, at Poznań University, which was attended by selected mathematics students. The students included future Cipher Bureau civilian employees Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski. In the 1930s, Palluth was one of the four directors of the AVA Radio Company in Warsaw, which produced cryptologic equipment designed by the Cipher Bureau.

In March 1943, while attempting to cross the border from German-occupied France into Spain, Palluth was captured by the Germans along with the Cipher Bureau's chief, Lt. Col. Gwido Langer, its German section's chief, Major Maksymilian Ciężki, and civilians Edward Fokczyński and Kazimierz Gaca.

Palluth died during an Allied air raid at the German Sachsenhausen concentration camp.

title: Antoni Palluth


text:
Movietone sound system

The Movietone sound system is an optical sound-on-film method of recording sound for motion pictures, ensuring synchronization between sound and picture. It achieves this by recording the sound as a variable-density optical track on the same strip of film that records the pictures. The initial version of this system was capable of a frequency response of 8500 Hz. Although modern sound films use variable-area tracks instead, modern motion picture theaters (excluding those that have transitioned to digital cinema) can play a Movietone film without modification to the projector (though if the projector's sound unit has been fitted with red LED or laser light sources, the reproduction quality from a variable density track will be significantly impaired). Movietone was one of four motion picture sound systems under development in the U.S. during the 1920s. The others were DeForest's Phonofilm, Warner Brothers' Vitaphone, and RCA Photophone. However, Phonofilm was principally an early version of Movietone.

History
In 1916, Theodore Case established a laboratory to research the photoelectric properties of materials. As a student, he developed an interest in using modulated light to record sound. He created the "Thalofide cell," a sensitive photocell which was utilized by the U.S. Navy during and for some years after World War I as part of an infrared communication system.

In 1922, Case and his assistant, Earl I. Sponable, shifted their focus to "talking pictures." During that year, Case was approached by Lee de Forest, who had been trying since 1919 to develop an optical soundtrack for motion picture film in a system he called Phonofilm. De Forest was not having much success and sought help from Case. From 1922 to 1925, Case and de Forest collaborated in developing the Phonofilm system. Among Case's other inventions, he contributed the Thalofide photocell and the Aeo-light, a light source that could be easily modulated by audio signals and could finally be utilized to expose the soundtrack in the film of sound cameras.

In 1925, Case terminated his partnership with de Forest due to de Forest's habit of claiming sole credit for the Phonofilm system, despite most of critical inventions originating from Case. Documents supporting this, including a signed letter by De Forest that states that Phonofilms are only possible because of the inventions of Case Research Lab, are located at the Case Research Lab Museum in Auburn, New York. In 1925, therefore, Case and Sponable continued developing their system, which they now called "Movietone".

Since 1924, Sponable focused on designing single-system cameras that could record both sound and pictures on the same negative. He requested Bell & Howell to modify one of their cameras according to his design, but the results were unsatisfactory. As a result, the Wall machine shop in Syracuse, New York was tasked with rebuilding this camera, and the results were significantly improved.

Subsequently, Wall Camera Corporation produced numerous single-system 35mm cameras, which eventually led to the later development of the three-film Cinerama "widescreen" cameras in the 1950s. Initially, Wall converted some Bell & Howell Design 2709 cameras to single-system, but most were designed and produced by Wall. Single-system cameras were also made by Mitchell Camera Corporation during World War II for the U.S. Army Signal Corps, although these cameras were relatively rare.

The aspect ratio of approximately 1.19:1 was introduced when single-system camera technology was developed. This technology printed an optical soundtrack on top of the 35mm full aperture, which was colloquially referred to as the "Movietone ratio." This ratio was widely used by Hollywood and European studios (apart from those that adopted sound-on-disc) between the late 1920s and May 1932. In May 1932, the Academy ratio of 1.37:1 was introduced, effectively restoring the original frame shape of the silent era.

In the 1950s, the first 35mm kinescope camera with sound-on-film was introduced by Photo-Sonics. This camera featured a Davis Loop Drive mechanism built within the camera box, which was essential for TV network time-shifting before the use of videotape. The sound galvanometer, made by RCA, was designed to produce good to excellent results when the kinescope film negative was projected, thereby avoiding the need to make a print before the delayed replay. Western Electric developed the Davis mechanism.

After parting ways with de Forest, Case made changes to the Movietone projector soundhead by positioning it below the picture head, with a sound-picture offset of approximately 14+1/2 in (close to the present-day standard). This was a departure from the previous practice in Phonofilm, where the soundhead was placed above the picture head. Case also adopted the 24 frames/sec speed for Movietone, aligning it with the speed already chosen for the Western Electric Vitaphone sound-on-disc system. This established 24 frames/sec as the standard speed for all sound films, whether sound-on-disc or sound-on-film and has remained the standard speed for professional sound films with a few exceptions.

At this point, Case and Sponable's Movietone system was adopted by the AMPAS as the academy's standard. It was interchangeable with the later RCA Photophone system in most respects. For technical details and lists of the industry adopters, please refer to RCA Photophone.

Commercial use by William Fox
The commercial use of Movietone began when William Fox of the Fox Film Corporation purchased the entire system, including the patents, in July 1926. Despite Fox owning the Case patents, the work of Freeman Harrison Owens, and the American rights to the German Tri-Ergon patents, the Movietone sound film system utilized only the inventions of Case Research Lab.

Also in 1926, William Fox hired Earl I. Sponable (1895–1977) from Case Research Lab and acquired the sound-on-film patents from Case. The first feature film released using the Fox Movietone system was Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927), directed by F. W. Murnau. This film was the first professionally produced feature film with an optical soundtrack. The sound in the film included music and sound effects but only a few unsynchronized spoken words. The system was also used for sound acting sequences in Mother Knows Best (1928).

Within two years after purchasing the system from Case, Fox bought out all of Case's interests in the Fox-Case company. All of Fox's sound feature films were made using the Movietone system until 1931, when it was superseded by a Western Electric recording system that utilized the light valve invented by Edward C. Wente in 1923. Despite this change, Fox continued to use the Movietone system for the Movietone News until 1939, due to the convenience of transporting the single-system's sound film equipment.

Later development
The Case Research Lab's sound system substantially impacted industry standards. For instance, it positioned the optical sound 20 frames ahead of the accompanying image. The SMPTE standard for 35 mm sound film is +21 frames for optical, but a 46-foot theatre reduces this to +20 frames. This adjustment was made partly to ensure the film runs smoothly past the sound head. It was also made to prevent Phonofilms from being played in theaters, as the Phonofilm system was incompatible with Case Research Lab specifications, and to ease the modification of projectors already widely in use.

Sponable worked at the Fox Film Corporation (later 20th Century Fox) Movietone studios on 54th Street and 10th Avenue in New York City until he retired in the 1960s. He eventually won an Academy Award for his technical work on the development of CinemaScope. Sponable made numerous contributions to film technology, including the invention of the perforated motion-picture screen. This innovation allowed speakers to be placed behind the screen to enhance the illusion of sound emanating directly from the film action. During his time at Fox, Sponable also served as an officer of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. He published a concise history of sound film in the April 1947 issue of The SMPE Journal (The SMPTE Journal after 1950).

The history of Case Research Lab was long unheralded. After Theodore Case passed away in 1944, he left his home and laboratory as a donation to be preserved as a museum showcasing the inventions of Case Research Lab. However, the museum's first director, who oversaw it for 50 years, decided to put the laboratory's contents into storage and converted the building into an art studio. The Case Research Lab sound studio was located on the second floor of the estate's carriage house, which had been rented to a local model train club until the early 1990s.

After sustaining severe injuries in a car accident in July 1929, Fox lost his company in 1930 when his loans were called in. In 1936, he also lost a lawsuit in the U.S. Supreme Court against the film industry, which he believed had violated his Tri-Ergon patents. Sponable had done very little to establish the historical record of Case Research Lab inventions, apart from his April 1947 article in The Journal of the SMPE.

It was also in 1947 that the Davis Loop Drive was introduced to Western Electric licensees, including Twentieth Century-Fox (WECo RA-1231; still made by a successor company).

The Case Research Lab, the adjoining carriage house, and Case's home have been restored. Research using the lab receipts, notebooks, correspondence, and much of the laboratory's original equipment is ongoing. This includes the first recording device created to test the AEO light. The collections include letters from Thomas Edison, a copy of the Tri-Ergon patents, and an internal document from Fox Films written in the 1930s. This latter document states that once it became public knowledge that Sponable perfected the variable-area sound-on-film system at the Fox Studios, that system became the standard and superseded the inventions of Case Research Lab.

Several films owned by Case Research Lab and Museum were restored by George Eastman House in Rochester, New York and are in their collections. The Case Research Lab and Museum has additional sound-film footage of Theodore Case. Recently discovered copies of the same films at the Eastman House are in a much better state of preservation. Movietone News films are in the collections of 20th-Century Fox and the University of South Carolina at Columbia. This includes the only known footage of Earl I. Sponable talking. Sponable can also be seen in footage of the premiere of the film The Robe.

Phonofilms that were produced using Case Research Lab inventions are in the collections of the Library of Congress and the British Film Institute.

After the 1940s, Movietone's variable density (VD) recording systems began to lose ground to Photophone's variable area (VA) systems developed by Photophone as VA-related patents expired. Both methods can achieve similar standards of recording, duplication, and reproduction. However, quality control in the lab became much more critical in duplicating VD tracks than VA tracks. Minor inaccuracies in printer light settings, sensitometry, and densitometry control had a more significant impact on the signal-to-noise ratio of a VD track compared to a VA track. For this reason, archives, have opted to remaster original VD tracks to VA negatives for preservation and the creation of new prints.

title: Movietone sound system


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/God complex

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP -- Francs2000 | Talk 13:07, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

God complex
A POV essay which even admits "There are few academic works specifically addressing God complexes..." Theoretically a worthwhile article on "God complex" could exist, one that limited itself to an NPOV assessment of what little academic work there is on the subject. This article is not it; this is POV essayage about "arrogant individuals prone to stupid actions" and how this has something to do with how "wealth and power is consolidated into the hands of individuals", quotes from Forrest Gump, and external links to Lyndon LaRouche publications. Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 16:49, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - but delete incoherent section on 'man-made disasters' (I've since done this). This seems like a genuine psychological subject - and although the article suffers from pop-psychology - it is not beyond cleaning up by someone knowledgeable. --Doc (?) 18:55, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep When the Beltway Sniper was in the news, it was widely speculated he had a God complex.  I think the term deserves an explanation.  CanadianCaesar 19:43, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - This subject is worthy of an article -- but this is not it. It is inappropriate and vauge.
 * Last unsigned vote by 86.129.100.225 CanadianCaesar 20:03, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - If the article's bad, then fix it. Deleting won't help anything--the subject itself is, after all, totally encyclopedic. Kurt Weber 20:35, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, is it, though? I mean, I didn't major in psychology in either my undergraduate or my graduate work, so maybe the concept of a "God complex" has a specific defined meaning in actual psychology and I don't know about it -- but this is pure pop-psychology, as hinted by the inappropriate linking of "groupthink" (another real term widely co-opted and robbed of its original meaning by pop psychology).  Even if there is theoretically an article to be written about the real thing, is keeping this POV essay around a step towards the real thing? -- Antaeus Feldspar 23:34, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per CanadianCaesar, but hope the expansion tag works. -Splash 23:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this has the makings for a good article and the complex is widely thought of, if not widely researched. Just needs expansion ArrowmanCoder 00:13, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep with the stipulation that it should be later Redirected to an article on an "official" (APA or otherwise) version of this complex. - Che Nuevara, the Democratic Revolutionary 04:11, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand/cleanup as necessary. Would tie or maybe merge well with narcissism, but the term itself has merit. Cwolfsheep 06:49, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "God complex" is not a psychological term; it is a slang expression. Unlike (say) fuck, it is not a linguistically notable slang expression. Wikipedia is not a dictionary. This article is likely to mislead readers into believing that "God complex" is a psychological term, or refers to some actual mental process that has been studied. Therefore, it doesn't belong here. --FOo 15:48, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Midodrine

Midodrine is a vasopressor/antihypotensive agent (it raises the blood pressure). Midodrine was approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1996 for the treatment of dysautonomia and orthostatic hypotension. In August 2010, the FDA proposed withdrawing this approval because the manufacturer, Shire plc, failed to complete required studies after the medicine reached the market. In September 2010, the FDA reversed its decision to remove midodrine from the market and allowed it to remain available to patients while Shire plc collected further data regarding the efficacy and safety of the drug. Shire announced on September 22, 2011, that it was withdrawing completely from supplying midodrine. Midodrine remains available as a generic drug.

Medical uses
Midodrine is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension. It can reduce dizziness and faints by about a third, but can be limited by troublesome goose bumps, skin itch, gastrointestinal discomfort, chills, elevated blood pressure while lying down, and urinary retention. A meta-analysis of clinical trials of midodrine or droxidopa in patients with low blood pressure when standing found that midodrine increased standing blood pressure more than droxidopa but that midodrine but not droxidopa increased the risk of high blood pressure when lying down. Small studies have also shown that midodrine can be used to prevent excessive drops in blood pressure in people requiring dialysis.

Midodrine has been used in the complications of cirrhosis. It is also used with octreotide for hepatorenal syndrome; the proposed mechanism is constriction of splanchnic vessels and dilation of renal vasculature. Studies have not been sufficiently well conducted to show a clear place for midodrine.

Contraindications
Midodrine is contraindicated in patients with severe organic heart disease, acute kidney disease, urinary retention, pheochromocytoma or thyrotoxicosis. Midodrine should not be used in patients with persistent and excessive supine hypertension.

Side effects
Headache, feeling of pressure/fullness in the head, vasodilation/flushing face, scalp tingling, confusion/thinking abnormality, dry mouth, nervousness/anxiety and rash.

Mechanism of action
Midodrine is a prodrug which forms the active metabolite, desglymidodrine, which is an α1-receptor agonist and exerts its actions via activation of the alpha-adrenergic receptors of the arteriolar and venous vasculature, producing an increase in vascular tone and elevation of blood pressure. Desglymidodrine does not stimulate cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors. Desglymidodrine diffuses poorly across the blood–brain barrier, and is therefore not associated with effects on the central nervous system.

Pharmacokinetics
After oral administration, midodrine is rapidly absorbed. The plasma levels of the prodrug peak after about half an hour, and decline with a half-life of approximately 25 minutes, while the metabolite reaches peak blood concentrations about 1 to 2 hours after a dose of midodrine and has a half-life of about 3 to 4 hours. The absolute bioavailability of midodrine (measured as desglymidodrine) is 93%.

Chemistry
Midodrine is an odorless, white, crystalline powder, soluble in water and sparingly soluble in methanol.

Stereochemistry
Midodrine contains a stereocenter and consists of two enantiomers, making it a racemate; i.e., a 1:1 mixture of (R)- and (S)-forms:

Synthesis
Acylation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene with chloroacetyl chloride gives the chloroketone 2. The halogen is then converted to the amine 3 by any set of standard schemes, and the ketone reduced to an alcohol with borohydride (4). Acylation of the amino group in this last intermediate with chloroacetyl chloride affords the amide 5. The halogen is then displaced with azide and the resulting product 6 reduced catalytically to the glycinamide, midodrine (7).

title: Midodrine


text: User talk:71.98.22.236

title: User talk:71.98.22.236


text:
User:SuperChief

I'm 25 years old (at the time of writing), my primary interests are maths and computer science, but I'm more or less interested in everything, and that's why I really like reading Wikipedia. I like to know things.

Not an active contributor, myself, all I did up to now was fixing some typos that I spotted. I'd like to change that, but I never find enough free time to edit an article. Besides, I'm not bold :(

title: User:SuperChief


text:
User talk:SuperChief

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 13:51, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SuperChief