text:
Talk:Little Germany, Manhattan

Demographics of Little Germany
Hi, I translated the page in French, but I'm sceptical about the demographic datas of the article : But in the introduction :
 * At the beginning of the 20th century, Little Germany had a population of almost 500,000 people
 * an area bounded by Avenues A and B and 7th and 10th Sts

How 500 000 (the population of Wyoming, a thrid of today's Manhattan's population and a quarter of the population of the borough in 1900) can reside in only 3 blocks ?--Revas 00:32, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation Query
Hi I'm not sure how to do this but there is also a Little Germany in Bradford, West Yorkshire in the UK. It's an old area of warehouses and mills dating back to the nineteenth century and is now under redevelopment.
 * Changed Little Germany into a disambiguation page. Hope this is OK. -- Chris 73 | Talk 14:20, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

German Orthography in Paragraph "Growth"
Hi, I'd like to correct "Zietung"; it's "Zeitung" (newspaper). Also, I guess it's "Hessen", not "Hesse" (Hessen being a German State) further on. Thank you.--Ewlise77 (talk) 07:36, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I've made those changes, but in the future you should feel free to make such corrections yourself. Best, Beyond My Ken (talk) 18:25, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

Map
Would it be possible for someone to put up a map of the area? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.70.4.47 (talk) 05:58, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Little Germany, Manhattan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zac Efron

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Postdlf 22:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Zac Efron
Non-notable; does not attempt to identify said person, badly written; that said - Delete. Natalinasmpf 00:33, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, practically no context. -Splash 00:54, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep barely in light of the research. -Splash 00:10, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Jaxl 00:55, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. He is apparently a regular on a drama that airs on a US-wide network during prime time, and his IMDb discussion board has four pages.  Given that, it's still close but I think that does squeak by.  Dcarrano 00:59, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep as per Dcarrano. -mysekurity 01:42, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weakest Keep Ever. The encylopedic notability of most shows on America's WB network is pretty marginal, but I don't want to start on that slippery slope. Fernando Rizo 02:11, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Questionable nomination. Article clearly identifies said person, although it is badly written and notability is borderline. Pburka 03:37, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Barely notable. royblumy 05:15, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, needs cleanup. Sirmob 05:10, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete borderline notable but this article is a sub-stub. JamesBurns 07:56, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep but cleanup ASAP. --Briangotts 18:13, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per royblumy and Briangotts. StopTheFiling 21:25, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep after the cleanup I've done.  ral  315  22:28, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well done Ral315. Capitalistroadster 23:27, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep fine, just barely scrapes by on notability. --Etacar11 00:03, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep WB network. 24.60.163.16 05:10, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Arevich 20:45, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable.  Almafeta 07:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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William Beaumont, 2nd Viscount Beaumont

William Beaumont, 2nd Viscount Beaumont (April 1438 – 19 December 1507) was an English nobleman, soldier and landowner who was a leading supporter of the Lancastrian faction during the Wars of the Roses.

He was the son of John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont and Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Phelip. He was born at Edenham, Lincolnshire. Although his exact date of birth is not recorded, parish records show the date of his baptism as 23 April 1438.

Wars of the Roses
Sir William led an uneventful life until the feud between the houses of York and Lancaster broke into open bloodshed. While he always claimed in life "...to let each man place his feet in the soil as the good lord intended..."), he ultimately sided with the Lancastrians.

Battles and land issues
He fought in several of the major battles of the Wars of the Roses. He was probably knighted before the Battle of Northampton, where his father was killed. He fought at the Battle of Towton, the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil, but was taken prisoner and attainted along with other prominent Lancastrian lords. Beaumont obtained a general pardon two days before Christmas, but all his lands were declared forfeit and granted to Lord Hastings. This action erected a permanent barrier to any reconciliation with King Edward.

After the restoration of Henry VI in November 1470, King Henry revoked the bill of attainder and restored Sir William's lands and titles. However, the following March, he opposed Edward's landing at Ravenspur. He joined forces with the Duke of Exeter, but they were too weak and were forced to stand aside at Newark and allow Edward to march south to London.

Beaumont fought under Oxford at the Battle of Barnet, but suspecting treachery, they fled. With the Yorkist Edward IV on the throne again, Beaumont was once more stripped of his lands and titles.

Between 1471 and 1474, he was continually at war, holding (amongst other bastions), St Michael's Mount along with John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, for the Lancastrians in 1473. However, misfortune continued to dog Sir William, and in 1474, he was taken prisoner and imprisoned at Hammes. Released by Sir James Blount in 1484, he landed at Milford Haven with Henry Tudor and fought against Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485.

Sir William's lands and titles were restored (for the second time) by act of Parliament on 7 November 1485.

Mental illness
By 1487, Beaumont was reported to be incapacitated by mental illness. Parliament ruled that he no longer had "sadness [seriousness] or discretion to rule and keep" his estates, and gave Beaumont's former comrade-in-arms John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford control of Beaumont's lands during his lifetime. He and his family lived in the care of his friend for his remaining years. The precise nature of Beaumont's mental illness is not known, but two sources suggest that he was not completely incapacitated. He was witness to a bond in 1488, which suggests he was capable of lucidity at that time. In 1498, an inscription written in his name bequeathed a book to his wife.

He died on 19 December 1507, aged 69, at Oxford's home at Wivenhoe, where he is buried. His widow later married Oxford. The Beaumonts were one of only seven great families who remained irreconcilably anti-Yorkist throughout the Wars of the Roses.

Family
Beaumont married firstly on 6 August 1462, Joan daughter of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham. This marriage was set aside before 1477. He married secondly Elizabeth Scrope, daughter and coheir of Sir Richard Scrope, the second son of Henry Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton, by Eleanor, the daughter of Norman Washbourne.

At least one child was born to his mistress Jayne Stephens circa 1459, by the name of John Francis Beaumont. Whilst Sir William never recognised the child as his heir, he did provide for the child's education and welfare.

Upon the death of Sir William, the Viscountcy of Beaumont became extinct in both England and France and due to discord and fighting between his great-nephews, the title fell into abeyance.

title: William Beaumont, 2nd Viscount Beaumont


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League for Socialist Reconstruction

League for Socialist Reconstruction (LSR) was a DeLeonist political organization with sections in New York City and Michigan. Joseph Brandon, Louis Lazarowitz, Sam Brandon and other LSR members had been active in the Industrial Union Party after mass expulsion of the Socialist Labor Party's Section Bronx during the 1920s. The LSR organ, The Socialist Republic, was published until 1980.

At a Unity Conference in Ypsilanti, Michigan from 22 August through 24 August 1980, LSR fused with the New Unionist group of Minneapolis to create the New Union Party.

title: League for Socialist Reconstruction


text:
Talk:Hookshot (device)

This seems to be already covered by grappling hook. I'm thinking we should move the new information there and redirect. --madewokherd 00:44, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It is technically a distinctly different item, isn't it? --Tryforceful 20:53, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

No need for an expert request tag, it's pretty much about as detailed as it's going to get. Swatjester 10:50, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hookshot (device)


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Alice von Hildebrand

Alice Marie von Hildebrand, GCSG (née Jourdain; 11 March 1923 – 14 January 2022) was a Belgian-born American Catholic philosopher, theologian, author, and professor. She taught philosophy at Hunter College for 37 years. She was also the second wife of Dietrich von Hildebrand.

Early life
Von Hildebrand was born Alice Marie Jourdain to Henri and Marthe (van der Horst) Jourdain in Brussels, Belgium, on 11 March 1923. Her first language was French. She left her home country in 1940, shortly after it was invaded by Germany, and relocated to the United States as a refugee. She initially attended Manhattanville College, before studying philosophy at Fordham University, where she obtained a doctorate in 1949.

Career
Von Hildebrand struggled to find employment in academia. She was rejected by Catholic colleges, who informed her that they did not employ women to teach philosophy. She eventually started teaching at Hunter College – a constituent college of the City University of New York – in 1947. She utilized her maiden name due to the hostility endured by her husband. She only received academic tenure after 14 years of teaching. Despite being advised by the college president (and fellow Catholic) George N. Shuster that she would be more content teaching at a Catholic institution, she was of the opinion that it was essential for a Catholic to be present at a secular educational institution. She ultimately remained at Hunter College for 37 years. She attributed the conversion of many of her students to Catholicism with her teaching of objective truth.

Von Hildebrand retired early in 1984, having grown weary of being issued a teaching schedule that concluded at 10 pm. She was subsequently conferred the Presidential Award for excellence in teaching by the college. Von Hildebrand made more than 80 appearances on EWTN television programming. She launched the Dietrich von Hildebrand Legacy Project in 2004 with some of her husband's former students. Her works include The Soul of a Lion: The Life of Dietrich von Hildebrand (2000), a biography of her husband, and her autobiography, Memoirs of a Happy Failure (2014), which recounts her escape from Nazi Europe and her teaching career at Hunter College.

Views
Von Hildebrand criticized what she considered to be the advance of relativism and modernism in the Catholic Church, particularly within its institutions of Catholic higher education and its Catholic schools. Hildebrand held conservative Catholic views on homosexuality, saying that it "constitutes a grave offense to God and brings great moral harm to the persons engaging in it", and arguing that those with "homosexual tendencies" should practice celibacy. She was also an outspoken critic of feminism.

Personal life
Von Hildebrand married Catholic philosopher and theologian Dietrich von Hildebrand in 1959, two years after his first wife died. They first met at Fordham University, where she was a student and he was a professor. She later worked as his secretary and collaborated with him on authoring books, such as The Art of Living. They did not have children together, and remained married until his death in 1977.

Von Hildebrand was created a Dame of Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Gregory the Great, a papal order of knighthood, in October 2013. She died on 14 January 2022 at her home in New Rochelle, New York. She was 98, and suffered a brief illness prior to her death.

title: Alice von Hildebrand


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Veda (company)

Veda Advantage was the largest credit reference agency in Australia and New Zealand, before it was acquired by Equifax in February 2016. It provided credit reporting, credit scoring, and marketing analytics services.

The Company was previously known as Baycorp Advantage, which was a merger of Australian company Data Advantage and New Zealand Company Baycorp in 2001. The name change was prompted by the sale of the Baycorp Collection Services which will retain the Baycorp name. The name change has already been applied to its listing on the Australian Stock Exchange. Veda controlled over 85% of the credit reference market in Australia, as at 2010, holding data on 14 million people.

title: Veda (company)


text:
W. Burlie Brown

William Burlie Brown (March 3, 1922 – June 29, 2005) was a historian at Tulane University, in New Orleans, for more than three decades.

W. Burlie Brown, who never used his first name, was a native of New Orleans. He entered Tulane as a pre-law student to please his parents. He was the first in his family to go to college. After two years in the Pacific during World War II, as part of the Marines, Brown received his law degree from Tulane. He married Rosel George, science fiction writer and specialist in ancient Greece, in 1947; they had two children. He practiced law for two years, but eventually went back to school as a student in 1949, and left with a Doctorate in history from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Brown joined Tulane's history faculty in 1951. He was awarded a Danforth teacher grant in 1955 and a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1957. He was a consultant to the federal Department of Health, Education and Welfare from 1963 to 1967. His wife died that year, of lymphoma.

Brown, who retired in 1987, also was active in the Episcopal Church, serving on local and national committees and teaching classes for people considering joining the church. He was a member of the vestry at the Chapel of the Holy Spirit, the campus ministry for Tulane and Loyola universities. At 83, he died leaving behind his wife, Gillian Fansler Brown, along with a son Robin Ernest Brown, and a daughter Jennifer Jo Brown. He also had three stepsons—Stephen Hammond, Justin Hammond, and John Hammond—along with eight grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.

title: W. Burlie Brown


text:
Talk:Arthur E. Reimer

Untitled
Calling SLP an offshoot of SP gets it backwards, as reflected (correctly) in related articles. Tribune 00:47, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

I hate the "DeLeonism" information boxes
Sectarian advertising, as far as I'm concerned. I don't like the sidebar boxes as a general statement of principle, they steal space that could be used for cool graphics, look like crap, and are doubtlessly unused by 99.9745% of WP users. The "DeLeonism" boxes are positively the worst though, because they magically keep reappearing — even though whether there is even an -ism called "DeLeonism" is very debatable in and of itself. LIke I say: sectarian advertising. Burger King is gone, but the Whopper ads run on... Carrite (talk) 06:34, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Note to relatives
In the off chance that a relative of Arthur E. Reimer finds this page, please do not hesitate to get in touch if you have additional information, family photos, etc. that can be put into the public record. Thanks! —Tim Davenport, Early American Marxism website, Corvallis, OR, MutantPop@aol.com Carrite (talk) 08:42, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arthur E. Reimer


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Luge at the 1988 Winter Olympics

Luge at the 1988 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Canada Olympic Park. The competition took place between 14 and 19 February 1988.

Medal table
East Germany won all three gold medals, and six medals overall. All three countries that won medals in Calgary were participating in their last Winter Olympics, the two Germanys unifying and the Soviet Union splitting up before 1992.

Participating NOCs
Twenty-three nations participated in Luge at the Calgary Games. The Netherlands Antilles, Bulgaria, the Philippines and the US Virgin Islands made their Olympic luge debuts.

title: Luge at the 1988 Winter Olympics


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User talk:Tom Joad 2k

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

August 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia. However, talk pages are meant to be a record of a discussion; deleting or editing legitimate comments is considered bad practice, even if you meant well. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Patrick (talk) 12:40, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tom Joad 2k


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The Empress Hotel (New Jersey)

The Empress Hotel is a popular gay resort located in Asbury Park, New Jersey.

The Hotel opened as a luxury resort for vacationing families in the 1960s. It was a successful resort, attracting the likes of Judy Garland and Liza Minnelli.

In 1980, the Empress was featured on the picture sleeve of Bruce Springsteen's hit single "Hungry Heart", which depicts a photo of Springsteen standing near a phone booth on the Asbury Park boardwalk, with the hotel visible in the background. Bruce Springsteen was an early employee of the Empress, where he worked a busboy during the summer of 1962.

By the summer of 1976, Asbury Park was in a state of decline, albeit the Empress Hotel remained a popular establishment. During a New York Times interview, the hotel's manager boasted: "all of our 101 rooms are taken!" Unfortunately, by 1988 the hotel was struggling for business, and closed shortly after.

A strip club, Extreme Fahrenheit, opened in the building in 1993. It became notorious for drugs and prostitution, and was eventually closed because of lewd conduct.

In 1998, Shep Pettibone bought the abandoned building and opened the Paradise Nightclub inside.

The nightclub lured crowds of gay travelers away from Fire Island and instead to the beaches of Asbury Park. The hotel portion reopened in August 2004, and is very popular among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender travelers in New Jersey.

In 2008 a dining establishment, the Ketchup Grill, opened inside. A clothing store, Esphera, catering to gay beach-goers, was added to the ground level in 2008 and is open during the summer months.

The hotel also features a gift shop, lounge, nightclub and outdoor pool.

title: The Empress Hotel (New Jersey)


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Nuclear reaction analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) is a nuclear method of nuclear spectroscopy in materials science to obtain concentration vs. depth distributions for certain target chemical elements in a solid thin film.

Mechanism of NRA
If irradiated with select projectile nuclei at kinetic energies Ekin, target solid thin-film chemical elements can undergo a nuclear reaction under resonance conditions for a sharply defined resonance energy. The reaction product is usually a nucleus in an excited state which immediately decays, emitting ionizing radiation.

To obtain depth information the initial kinetic energy of the projectile nucleus (which has to exceed the resonance energy) and its stopping power (energy loss per distance traveled) in the sample has to be known. To contribute to the nuclear reaction the projectile nuclei have to slow down in the sample to reach the resonance energy. Thus each initial kinetic energy corresponds to a depth in the sample where the reaction occurs (the higher the energy, the deeper the reaction).

NRA profiling of hydrogen
For example, a commonly used reaction to profile hydrogen with an energetic 15N ion beam is

 * 15N + 1H → 12C + α + γ (4.43 MeV)

with a sharp resonance in the reaction cross section at 6.385 MeV of only 1.8 keV. Since the incident 15N ion loses energy along its trajectory in the material it must have an energy higher than the resonance energy to induce the nuclear reaction with hydrogen nuclei deeper in the target.

This reaction is usually written 1H(15N,αγ)12C. It is inelastic because the Q-value is not zero (in this case it is 4.965 MeV). Rutherford backscattering (RBS) reactions are elastic (Q = 0), and the interaction (scattering) cross-section σ given by the famous formula derived by Lord Rutherford in 1911. But non-Rutherford cross-sections (so-called EBS, elastic backscattering spectrometry) can also be resonant:  for example,  the 16O(α,α)16O reaction has a strong and very useful resonance at 3038.1 ± 1.3 keV.

In the 1H(15N,αγ)12C reaction (or indeed the 15N(p,αγ)12C inverse reaction), the energetic emitted γ ray is characteristic of the reaction and the number that are detected at any incident energy is proportional to the hydrogen concentration at the respective depth in the sample. Due to the narrow peak in the reaction cross section primarily ions of the resonance energy undergo a nuclear reaction. Thus, information on the hydrogen distribution can be straight forward obtained by varying the 15N incident beam energy.

Hydrogen is an element inaccessible to Rutherford backscattering spectrometry since nothing can backscatter from H (since all atoms are heavier than hydrogen!). But it is often analysed by elastic recoil detection.

Non-resonant NRA
NRA can also be used non-resonantly (of course, RBS is non-resonant). For example, deuterium can easily be profiled with a 3He beam without changing the incident energy by using the

 * 3He + D = α + p + 18.353 MeV

reaction, usually written 2H(3He,p)α. The energy of the fast proton detected depends on the depth of the deuterium atom in the sample.

title: Nuclear reaction analysis


text:
Talk:Sicilian Defence, Smith–Morra Gambit, Siberian Trap

Clarity
Could someone more knowledgable perhaps flesh out this article with more words and fewer abbreviated descriptions? It's virtually impossible to even glean a coherent message unless one is intimately familiar with chess terms and notations. I thought Wikipedia was supposed to be a little more for the general public? 209.6.192.104 (talk) 21:11, 24 May 2013 (UTC)zacmea

White moves 8 and 9
I expanded the commentary on White's options on moves 8 and 9 using the references listed. Burgess suggests that 8.Re1 Bc5 is good for Black as White's f2 is weak. As often happens, MCO-14 and NCO don't recommend the same lines. NCO evaluates 8.Qe2 Ng4 as being in Black's favor, but MCO-14 has it as its main line. If any of these evaluations are flawed we should fix them.

Siberian link at end
A nice site, and very chessic. But I couldn't easily find any content connecting to the opening trap discussed in the wiki article.


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IX SS Mountain Corps

The IX Waffen Mountain Corps of the SS (Croatian) (IX. Waffen-Gebirgskorps der SS (Kroatisches)), later simply IX SS Mountain Corps, was a Waffen-SS corps during World War II. Originally set up to control Croatian and Albanian SS divisions, it also commanded a variety of other German and Hungarian units of the Waffen-SS. It saw action on the Eastern Front between July 1944 and January 1945 when it was virtually destroyed during the Siege of Budapest.

History
The corps was raised on 21 June 1944 in Bácsalmás, Hungary as a command formation for the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) and the 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian) under the command of SS-Gruppenführer Karl-Gustav Sauberzweig. The 13th SS Division was not initially transferred to the corps, being involved in fighting against Yugoslav partisans in the Independent State of Croatia. In August, due to high rates of desertion from the 13th SS Division, Sauberzweig proposed to disarm the Bosnians in both the 13th and 23rd SS Divisions, but Heinrich Himmler instead opted to transport the 2,000 Bosnians of the 23rd SS Division from Hungary to Bosnia and reorganise the remaining troops of both divisions there, with key support units from the 13th SS Division centralised under the IX SS Mountain Corps, which would also move to Bosnia from Hungary.

By September 1944, the Red Army had advanced to the border of Hungary, which placed the corps training area close to the front lines. Kama was not ready for combat and was disbanded; its volunteers went to strengthen the Handschar and the 31st SS Volunteer Grenadier Division. In mid-September, the corps was strengthened by several combat divisions, including the Handschar and went into action against Yugoslav partisans.

In October, the corps was moved to the frontline in Hungary, where it took command of four combat divisions, the 13th Panzer Division, the 60th Panzergrenadier Division Feldherrnhalle, the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer, and the 22nd SS Volunteer Cavalry Division Maria Theresa. All these divisions had been involved in the recent heavy fighting around Debrecen. Between them, the divisions barely had 60 tanks.

As all subordinate units were now Germanic, the corps was redesignated as the IX SS Mountain Corps. The renamed corps was ordered to form a part of the 6th Army, defending the approaches to Budapest.

On 24 November 1944, the corps staff arrived in Budapest, the combat divisions already in action against the advancing Soviet forces. After a month's heavy fighting, the corps was encircled in the city. The corps was placed in command of all encircled German units, and Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch was placed in command. Having spent his career as a police commander, Pfeffer-Wildenbruch lacked even a basic military understanding, and as the 6th Army commander Hermann Balck said "At best, one could say that Budapest was being led by a politician". Pfeffer-Wildenbruch established his corps command centre on Castle Hill, in the centre of the Hungarian Government District, and ordered the encircled forces to attempt breakouts, which they were unable to accomplish. A rescue effort was being assembled by Balck's army group.

On 1 January 1945, the IV SS Panzer Corps launched Operation Konrad I, the first in a series of relief attempts. After initial gains, the assault stalled. Konrad II followed, which reached to within sight of the city before being halted by stubborn Soviet defences.

By 17 January, the remainder of the corps along with the Hungarian I Corps, commanded by General Iván Hindy, were evacuated across the Danube to Buda. The final relief effort, Konrad III, was halted on 28 January. By this stage, the Axis forces in Buda had been pushed into a one square kilometer pocket. On 11 February, the corps was ordered to attempt a breakout. Only 785 troops were able to reach the German lines, including 170 Waffen-SS men. On 12 February, the remainder of the corps was destroyed, with small groups of men, including Pfeffer-Wildenbruch and his staff, surrendering to the Soviet forces.

Commanders

 * SS-Gruppenführer Karl-Gustav Sauberzweig (1 June 1944 – mid-November 1944)
 * SS-Obergruppenführer Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch (mid-November 1944 – 11 February 1945)

Orders of battle
16 September 1944 – Croatia
 * Corps staff
 * 109th SS Corps Signals Battalion
 * 509th SS Mountain Artillery Regiment
 * 509th SS Observation Battery
 * 509th SS Flak Battalion
 * 509th SS Military Police Troop
 * SS Kampfgruppe Dörner
 * 118. Jaeger Div.png 118th Jäger Division
 * 7th SS Division Logo.svg 7th SS Mountain Division Prinz Eugen
 * Armband of Croatian Legion.svg 369th (Croatian) Infantry Division
 * 13th SS Division Logo.svg 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)

26 December 1944 – Budapest
 * Corps staff
 * 509th SS Mountain Artillery Regiment
 * 509 SS Heavy Observation Battalion
 * 509th SS Flak Battalion
 * 509th SS Military Police Troop
 * 8th SS Division Logo.svg 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer
 * 22nd SS Division Logo.svg 22nd SS Volunteer Cavalry Division Maria Theresa
 * 13th Panzer Division logo.svg 13th Panzer Division
 * Panzer Corps Feldherrnhalle insignia.svg 60th Panzergrenadier Division Feldherrnhalle
 * 271st Infantry Division
 * 12th Flaksturm Regiment
 * 4th SS Police Regiment
 * 4 x ad hoc infantry battalions (comprising surviving elements from other units)

title: IX SS Mountain Corps


text:
Malice (law)

Malice is a legal term which refers to a party's intention to do injury to another party. Malice is either expressed or implied. For example, malice is expressed when there is manifested a deliberate intention to unlawfully take away the life of a human being. Malice is implied when no considerable provocation appears, or when the circumstances attending the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart. Malice, in a legal sense, may be inferred from the evidence and imputed to the defendant, depending on the nature of the case.

In many kinds of cases, malice must be found to exist in order to convict. (For example, malice is an element of the crime of arson in many jurisdictions.) In civil law cases, a finding of malice allows for the award of greater damages, or for punitive damages. The legal concept of malice is most common in Anglo-American law, and in legal systems derived from the English common law system.

In English civil law (being the law of England and Wales), relevant case law in negligence and misfeasance in a public office includes Dunlop v. Woollahra Municipal Council [1982] A.C. 158; Bourgoin S.A. v. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1986] Q.B. 716; Jones v Swansea City Council [1990] 1 WLR 1453; Three Rivers District Council and Others v Governor and Company of The Bank of England, [2000] and Elguzouli-Daf v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1995] 2 QB 335, in which Steyn LJ. found that malice could be made out if the acts were done with an actual intention to cause injury. Malice could be shown if the acts were done in the knowledge of invalidity or lack of power and with knowledge that it would cause or be likely to cause injury. Malice would also exist if the acts were done with reckless indifference or deliberate blindness to that invalidity or lack of power and that likely injury. These elements, with respect, are consistent with the views of the majority albeit that some of those views were expressed tentatively having regard to the basis upon which the case before them was presented.

In English criminal law on mens rea (Latin for "guilty mind"), R v. Cunningham (1957) 2 AER 412 was the pivotal case in establishing both that the test for "maliciously" was subjective rather than objective, and that malice was inevitably linked to recklessness. In that case, a man released gas from the mains into adjoining houses while attempting to steal money from the pay-meter:

In any statutory definition of a crime, malice must be taken ... as requiring either:
 * 1) an actual intention to do the particular kind of harm that in fact was done; or
 * 2) recklessness as to whether such harm should occur or not (i.e. the accused has foreseen that the particular kind of harm might be done and yet has gone on to take the risk of it).

Lord Diplock confirmed the relationship to recklessness in R v Mowatt (1968) 1 QB 421:

"In the offence under section 20 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, the word 'maliciously' does import upon the part of the person who unlawfully inflicts the wound or other grievous bodily harm an awareness that his act may have the consequence of causing some physical harm to some other person ... It is quite unnecessary that the accused should have foreseen that his unlawful act might cause physical harm of the gravity described in the section, i.e. a wound or serious physical injury. It is enough that he should have foreseen that some physical harm to some person, albeit of a minor character, might result."

In the United States, the malice standard was set in the Supreme Court case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, allowing free reporting of the civil rights movement. The malice standard decides whether press reports about a public figure can be considered defamation or libel.

In the United States criminal law system, 'Malice aforethought' is a necessary element for conviction in many crimes. (For example, many jurisdictions see malice aforethought as an element needed to convict for first degree murder.)

title: Malice (law)


text:
User:Sablime

my lil empty corner
User:Sablime:wiki

title: User:Sablime


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Malice (1993 film)

Malice is a 1993 neo-noir thriller film directed by Harold Becker, written by Aaron Sorkin and Scott Frank, and starring Alec Baldwin, Nicole Kidman, Bill Pullman, Anne Bancroft and George C. Scott. Adapted from a story by Jonas McCord, the plot follows Andy and Tracy Safian, a newlywed couple whose lives are upturned after they rent part of their Victorian home to Jed, a cavalier surgeon; things are further complicated when he removes Tracy's ovaries during an emergency surgery to save her life. The film features supporting performances from Bebe Neuwirth, Peter Gallagher, and Tobin Bell, with minor appearances from Gwyneth Paltrow and Brenda Strong.

An international co-production between the United States and Canada and released in the fall of 1993, Malice grossed a total of $61 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics. It proved successful in the video rental market, becoming one of the top 20 rented films in the United States for 1994.

Plot
Newlywed couple Andy and Tracy Safian live in Western Massachusetts. Andy is an Associate Dean at a women's college, while Tracy teaches art to children. One night before having sex, they notice the young boy next door at his window, seemingly watching them.

When a student on Andy's campus is wounded by a serial rapist, Dr. Jed Hill, a surgeon who recently joined the staff of the local hospital, operates and saves her life. Andy meets Jed to thank him and realizes that they attended high school together. Money is tight, so Andy invites Jed to rent the third floor of their home to finance the new plumbing. Tracy is unhappy with this development, describing Jed as arrogant. Jed brings home a woman and causes noise disturbance late at night, to Tracy’s annoyance.

Andy finds the body of one of his students, who was murdered by the rapist. Police detective Dana Harris interviews him as a possible suspect and asks that he provide a semen sample. While leaving the station, Andy learns that Tracy was hospitalized for severe pain in her abdomen and is being operated on by Jed. While removing one of her ovaries, which has ruptured due to a cyst, Jed discovers Tracy is pregnant, but the surgery causes the fetus to abort. Another doctor notices that Tracy's other ovary is torsed and appears necrotic. Jed consults with Andy and advises him to agree to the removal of Tracy's second ovary, rather than risk her life. Andy painfully agrees, since this will mean that Tracy can never have children. Jed removes it, overruling the protests of other doctors that the ovary might still be healthy. After the removal, it is confirmed that the ovary was, in fact, healthy. Tracy tells Jed she is suing him for malpractice.

During a deposition in which Jed is accused of having a God complex, Jed delivers a monologue claiming himself infallible as a surgeon, asserting, "I am God," due to his ability to heal patients, before storming out. With Hill absent, Tracy's lawyer reveals that Jed was drinking the night of the operation. Fearful of the negative publicity that would result from a civil trial, the hospital and Jed's insurance company settle with Andy and Tracy for $20 million. However, Tracy leaves Andy, saying that she cannot forgive him for the loss of her fertility.

Andy discovers that the rapist is Earl, a handyman at the college. After a struggle, Andy subdues Earl, who.is arrested, thus clearing Andy of the crimes. In the aftermath, Dana informs Andy that his semen sample indicated that he was sterile, thereby revealing he was not the father of the aborted child. Andy confronts Tracy's lawyer, Dennis Riley, accusing him of having impregnated Tracy. Riley asserts his innocence, but reveals that Tracy's mother — who she told Andy had died twelve years previously — can answer his questions. Riley refuses to break attorney–client privilege but tells Andy to take a bottle of Scotch to Tracy's mother.

Andy tracks down Tracy's mother, who reveals that his wife is a lifelong con artist. As a younger woman, she had an affair with a wealthy man, who paid for her to have an abortion; Tracy kept the money and had it done at a clinic, beginning her career as a con woman. Additionally, Tracy and Jed had been having an affair for some time. Tracy had arranged for Jed to move into the house so that he could begin overdosing her with a drug to intentionally cause the ovarian cyst. Andy confronts Tracy, saying that he wants half of the settlement money. Suspecting that she might try to murder him, he implies their next-door neighbor, the ten-year-old boy, is named in his will as a potential police witness to her and Jed's crimes.

Jed tells Tracy to give Andy what he wants so they can leave the country, but Tracy instead suggests murdering the boy. Jed refuses to kill a child, so Tracy murders Jed. She then slips into the neighbor's house and attempts to suffocate the boy, only to find a dummy in his place. Enraged, Tracy begins to destroy the dummy and attacks Andy after he walks in on her. They fall from the second floor, but survive. Detective Harris appears and arrests Tracy, revealing that the boy's supposed agreement to testify against her was part of a sting operation to catch her in the act of attempted murder.

As Tracy is led away in handcuffs, the boy and his mother return home; and while being taken into the police cruiser, Tracy notices that he is, in fact, blind. Andy leaves with Dana to have a drink of Scotch.

Production
Malice was shot on location in Boston, Amherst, Holyoke, and Northampton in Massachusetts. Smith College was the setting used for Andy's college. Michael Hirsh and Patrick Loubert, two of the co-founders of Canadian animation studio Nelvana, worked as executive producers on the film. Aaron Sorkin expressed his disappointment with the film in 2017, saying, "Early on in my career, I wrote a movie that I’m not very proud of at all, it just turned into a mess." He recounted how Harold Becker asked Sorkin to write a "steamy" sex scene between Alec Baldwin and Nicole Kidman's characters, which he refused: “I said, ‘Are you out of your mind?’ First of all, I just did a movie with her husband [Tom Cruise]. And second of all, no, I'm not going to write down what I'd like to see Nicole do and then hand the pages out to the crew and Nicole.” The scene was eventually created and filmed without the help of Sorkin.

Release
Malice had its world premiere in Los Angeles on September 29, 1993, and opened on 1,431 screens in the U.S. on October 1, 1993 and grossed $9,232,650 during its opening weekend, ranking number 1 at the US box office. It eventually grossed a total of $46,405,336 in the U.S. and Canada and $15.2 million internationally for a worldwide total of $61.6 million,

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a 57% approval rating based on 30 reviews. On Metacritic it has a score of 52% based on reviews from 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called the film "one of the busiest movies I've ever seen, a film jampacked with characters and incidents and blind alleys and red herrings. Offhand, this is the only movie I can recall in which an entire subplot about a serial killer is thrown in simply for atmosphere." He added, "I can't go into detail without revealing vital secrets. Yet after the movie is over and you try to think through those secrets, you get into really deep molasses . . . Malice was directed by Harold Becker, whose credits include the splendid films The Onion Field and Sea of Love, and he milks this material for a great deal more than it is worth."

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone observed, "Goaded on by writer Aaron Sorkin, who could run a red-herring factory, the actors work to keep you guessing long after you've caught on. No one shows any shame about going over the top, especially Anne Bancroft in an Oscar-begging cameo as Tracy's mother. Perhaps director Harold Becker thought flashy acting could distract us from the gaping plot holes. Becker gets so intent on confusing us, he forgets to give us characters to care about . . . It's got suspense but no staying power." Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "No matter how wild the plot reversals, there's always a slightly madder one to come."

Timothy M. Gray of Variety said, "The immaculately crafted Malice is a virtual scrapbook of elements borrowed from other suspense pix, but no less enjoyable for being so familiar. [It] should tickle audiences who want to be entertained without being challenged . . . Some of the plotting gets plodding . . . but on the whole, the script does what it set out to do, and if the filmmakers didn't worry about these things, neither should you . . . After listless performances in such pics as Days of Thunder and Far and Away, Aussie Kidman, who here uses a flawless American accent, proves her strengths as an actress, and Baldwin mixes menace, sex and humor in another terrific performance."

In popular culture
In the 30 Rock episode "St. Valentine's Day", Jack Donaghy, portrayed by Baldwin, confesses to a priest that he once said "I am God" during a deposition. This is a reference to a famous line by Jed Hill, Baldwin's character in this film.

In the episode "Terms of Endearment" of the animated television series Drawn Together, the character Wooldoor Sockbat recites the closing lines of Baldwin's speech verbatim.

title: Malice (1993 film)


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The Scream (band)

The Scream was an American hard rock band based in Los Angeles, originally formed in 1989 as Saints or Sinners. The band originally featured former Angora singer John Corabi and former Racer X members guitarist Bruce Bouillet, bassist Juan Alderete, and drummer Scott Travis. However, Scott Travis quickly left to join Judas Priest, and was replaced by former Shark Island drummer Walt Woodward III. Scott Travis co-wrote "I Don't Care" on Let It Scream, though he did not actually play on the album.

They changed their name from Saints or Sinners to The Scream shortly after Walt Woodward III replaced Scott Travis. Many of the songs on their 1991 debut Let It Scream were performed by the band in concert before the album was ever recorded.

After releasing their 1991 debut Let It Scream on Hollywood Records, which included the singles "Man In The Moon" and "I Believe in Me", and playing an historic, one-off show at the Astoria Theatre in London on December 6th, Corabi left the band to replace the recently departed Vince Neil in Mötley Crüe.

The Scream then recruited former Dashboard Mary singer Billy Fogarty and recorded their second album, Takin' It to the Next Level, but were dropped from the record label before the album could be released. The Scream split up and Fogarty, Bouillet and Alderete went on to form a brief musical project with John Moore and drummer Abe Laboriel Jr. called DC-10, which recorded and released the album Co-Burn.

John Corabi joined Mötley Crüe after Vince Neil's departure and recorded the self-titled 1994 album with the band. However, poor sales and inadequate tour support resulted in Vince Neil's return to the band. Corabi has played in many bands since, including Ratt, Union and E.S.P., a covers band with other big names Eric Singer, Bruce Kulick, Chuck Garrick and Karl Cochran (often performing many songs from the various members well known bands). Since February 2015, Corabi has joined The Dead Daisies with which he has recorded two studio albums (Revolución in 2015 and Make Some Noise in 2016).

Walt Woodward III died on June 8, 2010, of alcohol poisoning.

Members

 * John Corabi – lead vocals, acoustic guitar (1989–1992)
 * Bruce Bouillet – guitars (1989–1993)
 * Juan Alderete (as John Alderete) – bass, backing vocals (1989–1993)
 * Scott Travis – drums (1989)
 * Walt Woodward III – drums, backing vocals (1990–1993; died 2010)
 * Billy Fogarty – lead vocals (1992–1993)

Studio albums

 * Let It Scream (1991)

Unreleased albums

 * Takin' It to the Next Level (recorded 1993)

Soundtrack appearances

 * In 1992, they released the single "Young and Dumb" for the movie Encino Man (the track is played in "Blades", while 'Link' paints with ketchup and mustard).

Related links

 * Out of your speakers and into your living room...it's THE SCREAM! The Racer X tribute to The Scream
 * The Scream, on Sleaze Roxx
 * The Scream, on Sleaze Roxx

title: The Scream (band)


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User:Slewpi

I am here and want to see some other pages before i start this one. But here are some quotes about thinking.

If you make people think they're thinking, they'll love you; But if you really make them think, they'll hate you. - Don Marquis Many people would sooner die than think; In fact, they do so. - Bertrand Russell Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards. - Soren Kierkegaard

title: User:Slewpi


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Dirichlet beta function

In mathematics, the Dirichlet beta function (also known as the Catalan beta function) is a special function, closely related to the Riemann zeta function. It is a particular Dirichlet L-function, the L-function for the alternating character of period four.

Definition
The Dirichlet beta function is defined as

 * $$\beta(s) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n} {(2n+1)^s},$$

or, equivalently,

 * $$\beta(s) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(s)}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{x^{s-1}e^{-x}}{1 + e^{-2x}}\,dx.$$

In each case, it is assumed that Re(s) > 0.

Alternatively, the following definition, in terms of the Hurwitz zeta function, is valid in the whole complex s-plane:

 * $$\beta(s) = 4^{-s} \left( \zeta\left(s,{1 \over 4}\right)-\zeta\left( s, {3 \over 4}\right) \right).$$

Another equivalent definition, in terms of the Lerch transcendent, is:

 * $$\beta(s) = 2^{-s} \Phi\left(-1,s,{{1} \over {2}}\right),$$

which is once again valid for all complex values of s.

The Dirichlet beta function can also be written in terms of the polylogarithm function:

 * $$\beta(s) = \frac{i}{2} \left(\text{Li}_s(-i)-\text{Li}_s(i)\right).$$

Also the series representation of Dirichlet beta function can be formed in terms of the polygamma function

 * $$\beta(s) =\frac{1}{2^s} \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{(-1)^{n}}{\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)^{s}}=\frac1{(-4)^s(s-1)!}\left[\psi^{(s-1)}\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)-\psi^{(s-1)}\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)\right]$$

but this formula is only valid at positive integer values of $$s$$.

Euler product formula
It is also the simplest example of a series non-directly related to $$\zeta(s)$$ which can also be factorized as an Euler product, thus leading to the idea of Dirichlet character defining the exact set of Dirichlet series having a factorization over the prime numbers.

At least for Re(s) ≥ 1:

 * $$ \beta(s) = \prod_{p \equiv 1 \ \mathrm{mod} \ 4} \frac{1}{1 - p^{-s}} \prod_{p \equiv 3 \ \mathrm{mod} \ 4} \frac{1}{1 + p^{-s}} $$

where $p≡1 mod 4$ are the primes of the form $4n+1$ (5,13,17,...) and $p≡3 mod 4$ are the primes of the form $4n+3$ (3,7,11,...). This can be written compactly as

 * $$\beta(s) = \prod_{p>2\atop p \text{ prime}} \frac{1}{1 -\, \scriptstyle(-1)^{\frac{p-1}{2}} \textstyle p^{-s}}.$$

Functional equation
The functional equation extends the beta function to the left side of the complex plane Re(s) ≤ 0. It is given by
 * $$\beta(1-s)=\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)^{-s}\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}s\right)\Gamma(s)\beta(s)$$

where Γ(s) is the gamma function. It was conjectured by Euler in 1749 and proved by Malmsten in 1842 (see Blagouchine, 2014).

Special values
Some special values include:

 * $$\beta(0)= \frac{1}{2}, $$

 * $$\beta(1)\;=\;\arctan(1)\;=\;\frac{\pi}{4}, $$

 * $$\beta(2)\;=\;G,$$

where G represents Catalan's constant, and

 * $$\beta(3)\;=\;\frac{\pi^3}{32},$$

 * $$\beta(4)\;=\;\frac{1}{768}\left(\psi_3\!\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)-8\pi^4\right),$$

 * $$\beta(5)\;=\;\frac{5\pi^5}{1536},$$

 * $$\beta(7)\;=\;\frac{61\pi^7}{184320},$$

where $$\psi_3(1/4)$$ in the above is an example of the polygamma function.

Hence, the function vanishes for all odd negative integral values of the argument.

For every positive integer k:
 * $$\beta(2k)=\frac{1}{2(2k-1)!}\sum_{m=0}^\infty\left(\left(\sum_{l=0}^{k-1}\binom{2k-1}{2l}\frac{(-1)^{l}A_{2k-2l-1}}{2l+2m+1}\right)-\frac{(-1)^{k-1}}{2m+2k}\right)\frac{A_{2m}}{(2m)!}{\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)}^{2m+2k},$$

where $$A_{k}$$ is the Euler zigzag number.

Also it was derived by Malmsten in 1842 (see Blagouchine, 2014) that

\beta'(1)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(-1)^{n+1}\frac{\ln(2n+1)}{2n+1} \,=\,\frac{\pi}{4}\big(\gamma-\ln\pi) +\pi\ln\Gamma\left(\frac{3}{4}\right) $$

There are zeros at -1; -3; -5; -7 etc.

title: Dirichlet beta function


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International Motor Contest Association

The International Motor Contest Association (IMCA) was organized in 1915 by J. Alex Sloan, and is the oldest active auto racing sanctioning body in the United States. IMCA is headquartered in Vinton, Iowa, and features several classes and divisions of weekly racing in six geographical regions of the United States.

Classes of cars sectioned by the IMCA

 * IMCA Modified – Modified race cars with open wheels in the front and closed wheels in the back
 * IMCA Latemodel – full-bodied late model race cars
 * IMCA RaceSaver Sprint Car – traditional 305 non-winged and winged sprint cars
 * IMCA Stock Car – full-bodied production stock cars
 * IMCA Hobby Stock – 8-cylinder rear wheel drive entry-level division
 * IMCA Northern Sport Modified – same as modifieds but with smaller engines and more restrictive rules
 * IMCA Southern Sport Modified – Similar to Modified but with full GM Metric Frame
 * IMCA Sport Compact – 4-cylinder front wheel drive stock cars
 * IMCA STARS Mod Lites – 1000cc Modified

Major races
The IMCA championships are held annually at the IMCA Super Nationals at Boone Speedway in Boone, Iowa. Another major race is the Harris Clash held at the Deer Creek Speedway in Spring Valley, Minnesota which was developed as a race with somewhat of an emphasis on chassis manufacturers. The IMCA Super Nationals is the biggest event held by IMCA. It happens once a year during the first week of September. This event has the most IMCA drivers in one event.

History
The 1963 and 1964 IMCA champion, Dick Hutcherson, was not eligible for the 1965 NASCAR Grand National Series Rookie of the Year, which he won nine times and finished second in the standings; it was given to Sam McQuagg. NASCAR's rookie standards have since changed to being based only on the NASCAR Cup Series.

In 1979, IMCA held its first IMCA Modified race at the Benton County, Iowa Speedway.

title: International Motor Contest Association


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Beer in Poland

Beer in Poland has been brewed for well over a thousand years and has a significant history of tradition and commercial beer production. Poland is Europe's third largest beer producer, producing 36.9 million hectolitres, coming after the United Kingdom with 49.5 million hl and neighboring Germany with 103 million hl.

Following the Second World War, most breweries were nationalized by the Communist Government of the Polish People's Republic. After the collapse of communism and return to capitalism, the market economy returned, international beer companies moved in and a period of consolidation followed. Three companies now control 80% of the Polish beer market (according to data at the end of 2014). At the end of 2013, there were 97 breweries in Poland, including microbreweries and contracted breweries.

Beer from small regional breweries, grouped in the Association of Polish Regional Breweries (Stowarzyszenie Regionalnych Browarów Polskich), crafts, contracted breweries and brewpubs has become very popular and desired by consumers.

Industry
According to a 2009 Ernst & Young report, Poland is Europe's third largest beer producer. Poland produces 36.9 million hectolitres, coming after the UK with 49.5 million hl and Germany with 103 million hl.

Following consecutive growth in the home market, Związek Pracodawców Przemysłu Piwowarskiego (the Union of the Brewing Industry Employers in Poland), which represents approximately 90% of the Polish beer market, announced during its annual brewing industry conference that consumption of beer in 2008 rose to 94 litres per capita, or 35,624 million hectolitres sold on the domestic market. Statistically, a Polish consumer drinks some 92 litres of beer a year, which places it third behind the Czech Republic and Germany.

In 2009, beer sales paid some PLN 3.097 bn in excise taxes to the Polish government. Total employment due to beer production and sales is 207,900.

Brands and varieties
Poland is well known for its beer culture and many varieties. Large breweries are majority owned by multinational companies. However, since 2011, craft beer has become more and more popular each year. Many multitap serving only craft beer and dedicated shops have opened since 2012. Craft brewers brew beer in many different styles. In 2014, Polish craft breweries brewed about 500 new brands of beer. In 2017 the number of breweries in Poland exceeded 200.

 * Kompania Piwowarska (market share in 2014 - 33%)
 * It is majority owned by Asahi Breweries. It operates three breweries in Poland:

 * 1) Tychy Brewery
 * 2) Lech Brewery Wielkopolski
 * 3) Dojlidy Brewery

 * Grupa Żywiec S.A. (market share in 2014 - 27%)
 * Żywiec is 61% owned by Heineken Group. It operates six breweries in Poland:

 * 1) Żywiec Brewery is one of the most well known brands. It has three varieties: Żywiec, Żywiec Bock, Żywiec Porter.
 * 2) Elbrewery brews Specjal Jasny Pełny, Hevelius Kaper. The "EB" brand is available for export only.
 * 3) Leżajsk Brewery brews Leżajsk Pełne, Tatra Jasne Pełne and Tatra Mocne.
 * 4) Warka Brewery brews Warka, Warka Strong, and Królewskie.
 * 5) Cieszyn Brewery brews Double IPA, Żywiec Porter, Porter Cieszyński, Brackie, Brackie Mastne.
 * 6) Browar Namysłów brews about 1.7 million hl of beer per year and runs two breweries in Namysłów and Braniewo and under the brands Namyslów, Braniewo, Zamkowe and Kuflowe.

 * Carlsberg Polska (market share in 2014 - 20,5%)
 * 1) Okocim Brewery brews Carlsberg, O.K. Beer, Harnaś, Piast, Książ and Karmi.
 * 2) Kasztelan Brewery brews Kasztelan Jasne Pełne, Kasztelan Mocne and Kasztelan Niepasteryzowane.
 * 3) Bosman Brewery brews Bosman Full and Bosman Specjal.

 * Browary Regionalne Jakubiak
 * 1) Ciechan Brewery
 * 2) Lwówek Brewery
 * 3) Bojanowo Brewery Brands : BOJAN, BOJANOWO.
 * 4) Tenczynek Brewery
 * 5) Biskupiec Brewery

 * Van Pur
 * 1) Van Pur Brewery in Rakszawa brews Van Pur and Karpackie
 * 2) BROK Brewery in Koszalin BROK
 * 3) Łomża Brewery in Łomża brews Łomża
 * 4) Jędrzejów Brewery which brews Strzelec (Sagittarius)
 * 5) Upper Silesia Brewery in Zabrze brews Śląskie

 * Perła - Browary Lubelskie
 * 1) Browary Lubelskie in Lublin brews Perła and Goolman
 * 2) Zwierzyniec Brewery

Popular beer types

 * Euro lagers of light, full and high strength. Called 'Piwo jasne lekkie', 'Piwo jasne pelne', 'Piwo jasne mocne'. ABV 3-9% depending on type, these most common beers found in Poland especially from 5%-6% ABV.
 * Pilsner
 * Baltic porters, classic style originating from countries surrounding the Baltic Sea, having its roots in porter and stout. Called 'Porter' or 'Piwo ciemne mocne'. Usually of high strength of around 8-10% ABV. Commercial example: Komes Porter Bałtycki, Ciechan Porter, Lwówek Porter, Porter Warmiński, Grand Imperial Porter, Porter Cieszyński, Żywiec Porter, Okocim Porter, Perła Porter, and many others.
 * Amber lager styles - Vienna, Marzen, etc.
 * Bock styles, mainly Doppelbock. Known as 'Koźlak' as well as 'Bock' in Poland. Commercial examples: Amber Koźlak

title: Beer in Poland


text:
Talk:Kapil Dev

Untitled
What does Kapil do for living now? I understand that Dev Syndicates folded up in 1993.

Kapil owns a company called Dev-Mushkosh, which specialises in lighting up stadiums in India. Moreover, he is a consultant with several leading companies apart from being the brand ambassador of few leading brands. Kapil planned out his living very well during his playing days that he continues with the same lifestyle of those days.

Note ; i have done research of best ODI allrounder on basis of ICC ranking and put on this kapil dev page. but someone is deleting it. can u please help.

Best ODI All-Rounder Ever
Kapil Dev Was by far the best all rounder world has ever seen in ODI. Looking to ICC Ranking we can compare Kapil with all other allrounder. Here is data of Highest rating for all All-Rounder.

Kapil Dev Highest rating 631 as on 22/03/1985

Andrew Flintoff Highest rating 543 as on 18/09/2004

IVA Richards Highest rating 533 as on 17/04/1985 (very few people consider Richards as Allrounder but he was very good in bowling also)

Chris Gayle Highest rating 510 as on 30/11/2003

Jacques Kallis Highest rating 505 as on 09/05/2001

Steve Waugh Highest Rating 501 as on 19/01/1988

Imran Khan Highest rating 480 as on 20/06/1983

Ravi Shastri Highest rating 480 as on 05/10/1986

Shawn Pollock Highest rating 477 as on 11/02/2007

Hansi Cronje Highest rating 477 as on 05/02/1999

Richard Hadlee Highest rating 470 as on 29/03/1986

Ian Botham Highest rating 468 as on 20/01/1983 (he was great in Test Matches but not able to create that magic in ODIs)

Carl Hooper Highest rating 461 as on 27/01/1999

Sanath Jayasuriya Highest rating 462 as on 05/11/1997

Jermy Coney Highest rating 409 as on 27/03/1985

Sachin Tendulkar Highest Rating 407 as on 12/01/1999

Malcom Marshall Highest rating 399 as on 03/12/1986

Andrew Symonds Highest rating 397 as on 12/02/2006

Check all ODI ratings on ICC website : http://www.lgiccrankings.com/odi/all-rounder/rankings.php

I've condensed it to simply state that he holds the highest calcutlated rating, and removed the POV. Blnguyen (bananabucket) 06:45, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

I have added a new topic Records in ODI cricket which has this sentence. please don't change it now.

Hindi needs correction
The Devanagari script representation of Kapil's name is wrong. It reads as "Kapli Dev." Someone who knows how to do it, please correct. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by JosefK (talk • contribs) 19:26, 27 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Currently it says कपिल देव which is Kapil Dev and i dont see anything wrong Kalyan 20:16, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, maybe it's my browser or font or something, but in Firefox 2.x on WinXP Pro, it definitely reads as "Kapli Dev", even in your comment above. The matra should be on the p, not on the l. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by JosefK (talk • contribs) 17:40, 14 May 2007 (UTC).

Hitrohit2001 (talk) 07:16, 28 June 2008 (UTC)Hitrohit2001

The Hindi font may look otherwise on different operating system. In fact किपल देव will look Kapil Dev in XP while Kipal Dev in Vista. Hitrohit2001 (talk) 19:13, 9 July 2008 (UTC)Hitrohit2001

Reclassified importance
The merits of Kapil Dev as "high importance": --Kalyan 10:51, 31 March 2008 (UTC)..--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)--117.207.157.129 (talk) 11:48, 8 October 2011 (UTC)
 * His selection as India's best Cricketer of the century
 * His peers (all-rounders of the 80s): Imran Khan, Richard Hadlee, Ian Botham are all assessed as "High"
 * His stats status as one-time record holder of Most number of wickets in Test cricket

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Kapil Dev. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060102063540/http://in.news.yahoo.com:80/051023/139/60pb0.html to http://in.news.yahoo.com/051023/139/60pb0.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121007132111/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6853156.cms to http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6853156.cms

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:30, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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About Deletion of Content - No no-bowl by Kapil Dev
It is not true that Kapil Dev did not bowl a No-ball ever. There is no official source confirming that. Also, in an India-Australia match played on March 1, 1992 (ODI No. 725) Kapil bowled 4 no-balls. Thus, incorrect piece of information has been removed. Let's not promote and/or propagate myths. - HemRaj Singh (talk) 09:45, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

gutkha ..........
sir apke sath jewa kesheri selebretion karna tha .awad v lena hai apse sir .gutkha my life n jaan. 103.101.68.10 (talk) 17:11, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kapil Dev


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lavender wig

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. – ABCD 16:02, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Lavender wig
POV, non-notable, unenyclopedic. I don't think this will ever be a fruitful article. Delete. Natalinasmpf 00:55, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like nonsense or a possible hoax. Gwk 00:59, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax/unverifiable. Dcarrano 01:23, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as unverifiable (and perhaps hoax/nn?) No real use for this -mysekurity 01:45, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. royblumy 05:15, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. jni 05:47, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonsense. JamesBurns 07:57, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Minimal content, context. --Scimitar 14:52, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:So Weird

Annie's spiritual guide
I have not seen this show. What kind of "panther" followed Annie around as her spiritual guide? What did it look like? Was it black, spotted, or neither? Was it animated? I'm asking so that the panther link in the article can link to the appropriate article. - Slow Graffiti 18:14, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

The panther was black, and it kind of glowed a little around the edges. if you can find the right "cheesy radioactive black panther" link for it, all the more power to you. --156.29.73.131 22:50, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Why?
The reason Disney Channel has for stopping this series is because it did its 65 episodes. I don't know if anyone noticed, but That's So Raven passed 65 episodes and it's still going. I'm sure if disney brings back old episodes such as So Weird, the Famous Jett Jackson, and more. Disney Channel now only plays comedys which is getting boring to most of us. I'm sure a lot of people would like these old shows back. Disney needs to know that we don't always want to see comedy shows. They need to bring back what made us want to watch Disney! If YOU want to bring back all these disney shows, there's a petition online to do that! Hopefully, Disney will see and consider it.

http://www.petitiononline.com/dis33pet/petition.html

I moved the above to Talk because it is clearly a POV edit. Karen 19:32, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

The 65 ep rule was still in force more recently than So Weird, observe the popular Lizzie McGuire..--Nelliebellie 06:11, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

I've heard rumors about this 65 episode rule, but cannot find a source. If anyone has a source for this rule, could they please provide.

Theories
My best friend and I have a lot about the characters' untold backstories, gleaned from the music and such (first and second seasons only, I'm a purist). What are yours? Proof?--Nelliebellie 06:10, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Is there a link to the shows website? Is it still up and running? When was it taken down? I could not gleam this information from the article, and these things are nice to know. Thanks. - Random, annon. person.

 * There are fan sites, but I'm pretty sure the official Disney one has been gone for at least four or five years, basically since shortly after the show ceased production. Karen | Talk | contribs 07:11, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Merge from Music of so weird
Please merge any relevant content from [ Music of so weird] per Articles for deletion/Music of so weird. Thanks. —Quarl (talk) 2007-02-09 09:19Z
 * The redirect went through even as I went to do that, but no matter. I've merged in what was there, reformatted, and added many more song listings.  Someone needs to do the work of getting full credits for each and correct sorting by season, but I've made a start. Online listings seem to have largely gone away since last I looks this stuff up.

 * Alternatively, a simple episode guide section could incorporate what songs were in each show. This would better demonstrate the relationship between the song and the storyline. Karen | Talk | contribs 16:08, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

So weird → So Weird — The lack of capitalization in "So Weird" is a long-standing error, from even before lower-case first letter titling was allowed on Wikipedia, and highly inconsistent at that. The only place, outside of Wikipedia, that the uncapitalized "so weird" title is seen is in the show's logo, where it is merely an artistic choice of font - not the actual proper way of writing it. In all television schedules, magazine articles (example: USA Weekend's profile on Mackenzie Phillips), and references to the book series based on the show, the title is written "So Weird" - with capitalization. To assert that the proper title is "so weird" based solely on the artistic titling in the show's credits is the same as trying to say that "Lost" and "Alias" should be "LOST" and "ALIAS" because their respective title sequences make use of all-caps fonts...despite the fact that in all other references they are written as "Lost" and "Alias". Though normally a minor move, this move was first bungled by my own ignorance of how to properly move an article (I mistakenly moved the article by cut and pasting, and was corrected in my error), and then apparently deemed controversial on top of that. Adam the Alien 22:08, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add  # Support   or   # Oppose   on a new line in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~ .  Please remember that this is not a vote; comments must include reasons to carry weight.

 * Support, per WP:MOS-TM, WP:MOS-PN and (according to the nominator) common use. I'd like to add that our guidelines currently do not support all-lowercase renderings of trademarks or for that matter proper names. - Cyrus XIII 00:39, 29 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Support - the lower case rendering is more a logo than an actual preferred spelling, as far as I can tell. Fan sites generally capitalize it the normal way, as do imdb and other tv sites. There seems no reason not to do the page move. -- Karen | Talk | contribs 01:10, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. --Stemonitis 07:20, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Anti-Disney bias
This article seems a little opinionated, like the person who wrote it was very angry at Disney. Maybe tone down the attitude?
 * I suppose that since the show was quite good during the first two seasons, and then sort of fell to the wayside in the third, any resentment or anger would be understandable. I know I was quite upset when I learned that's why the show eventually was cancelled and why it changed so much. But of course, that's not really the sort of thing one should bring to an article like this.--68.6.182.39 (talk) 04:44, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Familyreunion.jpg
Image:Familyreunion.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:57, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I've added a rationale to the image. -- Karen | Talk | contribs 09:05, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Channel Guide Mixup: So Weird/Avatar: The Last Airbender on Nicktoons
Okay, I've seen this several times now, and I'm really confused as to how this mistake is even being made. I have Comcast, and sometimes on the channel guide for Nicktoons...well, once in a while, when an episode of Avatar: The Last Airbender is supposed to come on, in it's place there is instead an entry for the episode of So Weird, called 'Avatar'. Now, since So Weird hasn't been broadcasted for over 5 years, and that it's a Disney show, how are they managing to make such a strange mistake multiple times?--MixMaster81 (talk) 20:30, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

Because they're idiots! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Podruznik (talk • contribs) 04:17, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

Possible sources
Useful sources
 * https://www.bustle.com/articles/77276-so-weird-is-best-90s-show-you-forgot-existed-heres-proof-its-time-for-a
 * https://www.theodysseyonline.com/disney-decided-season-kid-friendly-display-adult-topics-death-murder-demons-violence
 * http://www.mtv.com/news/2359928/disney-shows-we-want-to-binge-watch/
 * http://articles.latimes.com/1999/aug/26/entertainment/ca-3739 <-- This one is actually from 1999
 * http://www.ksitetv.com/tv-flashback/tv-flashback-disneys-so-weird/20720/

Somewhat less useful sources
 * https://bluejaigeyes.com/post/174580814998/disney-so-weird-television-show
 * https://thingsidontget56.blogspot.com/2009/01/why-so-weird-was-cancelled.html
 * https://thiswastv.com/2013/01/31/review-so-weird-fall-and-destiny/
 * https://thiswastv.com/2012/09/13/review-so-weird-rebecca/

To be honest none of these are great, but given the only reference on the article currently is a YouTube video to prove that it was shot in 16:9 aspect ratio, this is better than nothing. 73.201.125.85 (talk) 02:04, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:So Weird


text:
Queckenstedt's maneuver

Queckenstedt's maneuver is a clinical test, formerly used for diagnosing spinal stenosis. The test is performed by placing the patient in the lateral decubitus position, thereafter the clinician performs a lumbar puncture. The opening pressure is measured. Then, the clinician's assistant compresses both jugular veins (if increased intracranial pressure is not suspected then one may exert pressure on both external jugular veins but usually pressure is first exerted on the abdomen, this pressure causes an engorgement of spinal veins and in turn rapidly increases cerebrospinal fluid pressure), which leads to a rise in the intracranial pressure. Given normal anatomy, the intracranial pressure will be reflected as a rapidly rising pressure measured from the lumbar needle, within 10–12 seconds. If there is a stenosis in the spine, there will be a damped, delayed response in the lumbar pressure, thus a positive Queckenstedt's maneuver. Nowadays this test has been made mostly superfluous by superior imaging modalities like MRI and CAT.

The test is named after Hans Heinrich Georg Queckenstedt who described it in 1916.

title: Queckenstedt's maneuver


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bellingham Slam

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. Postdlf 22:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Bellingham Slam
Poor definition, does not attempt to make itself a reasonable stub. Could have been a fruitful topic, but alas, I don't even seem to get the context? Weak delete. Natalinasmpf 00:58, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and make into stub. The article references the website of the subject basketball team. Gwk 01:01, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Link within article seems to make context clear.  Dcarrano 01:26, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand as per above two reasons. -mysekurity 01:47, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand as per above. royblumy 05:15, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand per above. --Briangotts 18:15, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Apparently, modern ABA "market rights" can be purchased for $10,000 to $20,000. As such, I'm not certain how notable any modern ABA team is prior to actually putting a team on the floor. Note, if you have $75, you can try out for the Slam! --Habap 21:05, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand It's a stub that can be expanded. --Neigel von Teighen 21:08, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand Its definately expandable. --Djsasso 22:47, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Special Intelligence Service

The Special Intelligence Service was a covert counterintelligence branch of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) located in South America during World War II. It was established to monitor the activities of Nazi and pro-Nazi groups in Central and South America. The organization was a forerunner to the Central Intelligence Agency.

In 1934, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt became concerned about the activities of Nazi groups within the United States. The FBI was ordered to begin investigating these groups operating within the country. The goal of this work was to determine if foreign agents were working within these pro-Nazi groups. In 1940, the government decided to expand the scope of this mission. There were more than 1.5 million expatriate/ethnic Germans living in South America, including Argentina and Brazil. As a result, this area had become an active area of Axis espionage, propaganda and sabotage. In June 1940, Roosevelt ordered the formation of the Special Intelligence Service to monitor these activities.

It is commonly assumed that Assistant Director Percy E. "Sam" Foxworth was the first Chief of the SIS. He and SIS agent Harold Dennis Haberfeld died in a plane crash on 15 January 1943. The second Chief appears to have been Jerome Doyle.

The front for the organization was a law firm, the Importers and Exporters Service Company, which operated out of room 4332 of the International Building, 30 Rockefeller Center (a.k.a. the RCA Building), from August 1940. The organization took some time to become fully operational, due to language and cultural differences, but within a year the SIS had a number of agents in place under various covers.

Following the war the SIS was disbanded, having been in operation in 1940–1946. After it was disbanded, its region of operation was incorporated into the responsibilities of the newly formed Central Intelligence Agency. Concurrently, the FBI would expand its own primarily domestic counterintelligence role to hunt spies and combat espionage.

Activities
This organization placed more than 340 undercover agents in regions of Latin America. They operated for seven years, and by 1946 a total of 887 Axis spies had been discovered. Also found were 281 agents of Axis propaganda, 222 smugglers shipping important war materials, and more than 100 saboteurs and other operatives. It located 24 secret Axis radio stations and confiscated 40 radio transmitters and 18 receiving sets.

In Latin America, the SIS worked with the Basque Intelligence Service (BIS), which had been established by Spanish Basques, living in exile as a result of the Spanish Civil War.

Argentina
The SIS oversaw the destruction of the Abwehr radio HDZ, which transmitted messages to Nazi receiving stations in Europe. It was instrumental in breaking the code of the German Enigma machine.

Bolivia
An investigation labeled the "Jar case" remains classified.

Chile
German radio transmitter PQZ was silenced. Guiflermo Hellemann, one of the leader of the spy and sabotage ring was deported to the United States and interrogated.

Colombia
The apprehension of a German agent in Colombia led to the identification of German agents in the United States.

Cuba
The SIS report:

"Dating from the election of President Ramón Grau San Martin in June, 1944, the Cuban Government experienced a complete turnover in the administration of its executive, military and police branches. Under the Batista government, SIS personnel in Cuba had established a close, efficient liaison with officials of the Cuban National Police, which afforded the Bureau perhaps better coverage in Cuba than in any other Latin American nation. Most of these officials were forced into exile with the change in government, but SIS representatives have been very successful in building new contacts and establishing effective relationships with the new government and police officials so that coverage in Cuba is still excellent.

The political situation in Cuba is unsettled at present, principally due to the inability of the Grau administration to solve shortages in meat, milk and other essentials. One of the most unique results of the reported inefficiency of the Grau administration is the present shortage of sugar in Cuba, which has necessitated the freezing of all sugar supplies until a system can be devised whereby the Cuban people will receive a sufficient supply. Internal dissension within Grau ranks has been evidenced by the open enmity of his revolutionary adherents for his so-called "Palace Clique" which is led by Chief of Police Jose Carreno (Fiallo), Sub-Secretary of Defense. Luis Collado and Army Chief of Staff General Genovevo Perez. The revolutionary groups have served notice on Grau that they consider this clique is responsible for blocking the "true revolution" in Cuba, and if not eliminated, the revolutionaries will be forced to take things in their own hands. On April 24, 1945, Erique Enriquez, head of the Cuban Palace Secret Police which serves as a bodyguard to the President, was murdered in downtown Havana by three assailants who machine-gunned him from a passing automobile. It was generally acknowledged the assailants were members of the revolutionary group, and the murder was a warning to Grau that the revolutionaries would stop at nothing to accomplish their ends. It is of interest to note that Enriquez, who was assassinated at 10:30 a.m. had a luncheon engagement for 1:00 p.m. with our Legal Attache on the same day.

The revolutionary groups in Cuba are the offspring of numerous secret organizations formed in 1932 and 1933 to combat the dictatorship of former Cuban President Gerardo Machado. Ramon Grau San Martin, a professor in the University of Havana Medical School, at that time, was regarded as a true exponent of the principles professed by these revolutionary organizations. Throughout the succeeding years, the revolutionary groups have opposed the various administrations set up in Cuba, and have resorted to blackmail, kidnapping and terrorist activities in the name of the "sacred revolution." Under the Batista administration, a special Police unit, under Major Mariano Faget, was established to control these elements, and numerous revolutionaries were arrested and convicted of violent crimes. These same elements, through their continued support of Grau San Martin, are now in control of many branches of the Cuban government, and although it is stated that Grau is not in favor of their violent methods, he is reportedly unable to restrain them successfully.

The SIAE Division (Servioio de Investigaciones de Actividades Enemigas) of the Cuban National Police, which is the branch with which Bureau personnel has cooperated closely in its hemispheric security program, was under the control of Major Mario Salabarria during the past year. Salabarria, although he is a revolutionary with no previous police experience, proved to be a valuable source of information and was most cooperative with our representatives in Cuba. President Grau, himself, advised our Legal Attache that it was his intention to establish the Cuban Police as an efficient, military, non-political organization similar to the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Throughout the year, numerous cases within the primary jurisdiction of the Bureau have been referred to SIS personnel in Havana. During the last eight months of the fiscal year, twenty-four Selective Service cases have been forwarded to Cuba for investigation. Other Federal violations which have been handled by SIS personnel in Cuba included White Slave Traffic Act cases, Passport and Visa matters, Impersonation, Custom Laws and Smuggling, NSPA, UFAP, Servicemen's Dependence Allowance Act, Illegal Wearing of the Uniform, Theft of Government Property, Federal Reserve Act, Censorship Violations and others. In February, 1945, one Thomas Desmord Paul Manion, a Canadian national, was apprehended by Cuban National Police at the request of our Legal Attache, due to the numerous conflicting stories he had told concerning his background and because he had in his possession documentation made out in several different names as well as both R.C.A.F. and United States Naval uniforms. Inquiry of the Bureau reflected Manion was a fugitive from process issued by the United States Commissioner at Newark, New Jersey, for illegally wearing the uniform of a friendly power, i.e., Canada. Further investigation at Miami, Florida, reflected subject had stolen the United States Naval property, had illegally worn the uniform of a Canadian officer in Florida and had married (name redacted) of Summit, New Jersey, under an alias and succeeded in getting his wife to withdraw her savings of approximately $1200 which subject promptly spent. Arrangements were made to return the subject to the United States, where he was sentenced to sixteen months' imprisonment by the Federal Court at Miami, Florida on June 1, 1945. Deportation proceedings are pending against the subject after he serves his prison sentence.

Prior to the termination of the European war, the SIS personnel in Havana maintained an extensive Foreign Travel Control program, which was closely coordinated with the program established by the Bureau. Members of the Office of the Legal Attache, in conjunction with Cuban Police agents, interviewed all passengers arriving in Cuba from Europe and forwarded interrogation reports to the Bureau. These passengers disembarked in Havana from Spanish vessels which arrived every six weeks carrying an average of 150 passengers to Cuba on each trip. Passengers were interrogated for data of value to the war effort, as well as information concerning their background, political sympathies and reason for travel to this hemisphere. The Havana office also prepares memoranda regarding passengers proceeding by air from Havana to Miami, Florida, which are forwarded directly to the Miami Field Division so these data are available when the passengers arrive. The names of all passengers embarking at Havana for Europe on Spanish vessels are searched against our Havana office indices and arrangements are made for the interrogation of those passengers concerning whom derogatory information is recorded.

(paragraph redacted)

Informant coverage on Communist matters in Cuba has been very productive and of great value to the Bureau, inasmuch as Cuba is the center of extensive Communist activities. For a time, it appeared that the administration of President Grau San Martin would curb the Communist influence over the Cuban labor unions, but the control of the Confederacion de Trabajadores de Cuba (which effectively dominates practically all the Cuban labor unions) has remained in Communist hands, and recently, the Grau Government has allotted $725,000 for the construction of a Cuban labor palace. This has been regarded as a payment to the Communists for their continued support of the present administration. Russian diplomatic representatives have been very active in promoting cultural and propaganda activities in Cuba directed at the intellectual elements as well as the Cuban masses. Extensive coverage is being maintained on this phase of Communist activities. (More complete data on Communist matters in Cuba may be found in the section of this report dealing with Communism)."

Paraguay
On 31 March 1945, Special Agent Jeremiah Cordes Delworth was "presently serving" as the FBI Legal Attache in Asuncion, Paraguay. He died in a plane crash on 3 December 1945 near Laguna Ibera, Santo Tome, Corrientes Provence, Argentina. The Argentine Death Certificate gives the names of Gordon Brittain Whelplay and Richard William Scheitzer as witnesses.

The aircraft of the crash was a U.S. Army C-47, No. 8602. According to Argentine reports, bad weather was the cause. Fourteen were killed in the crash. The flight was from Asuncion to Montevideo, Uruguay. The pilot was Lt. Orville Mitchelsen of California and 3 crew members. The other military victims were Lt. Zane Glicher of Massilon, Ohio; Lt. Chester Lowe of Washington, D. C.; Lt. William Nunnemaker of Kansas; Lt. Ruben Klein of New York; Sgt. James Roberson of St. Louis, Mo.; Sgt. Clarence Setko of Superior, Wis.; Sgt. Richard Schweitzer of Gloversvflle, N. Y.; Cpl. Frank Dubinskas of MeKees Rocks, Pa.; Cpl. David Kellogg of Newtonville, Mass.; Charles Brown and E. S. King, crew members, and (first name unavailable) Leopold. The burned aircraft was found in rough country twenty-three miles south of the hamlet of Pellegrini.

The purpose of the military passengers was a U.S. Army "geodetic mission". A geodetic mission collects Geodetic datum.

It was deemed too difficult to recover the bodies and a gasoline can was parachuted to the search party that located the wrecked plane for the purpose of cremation.

Venezuela
Ten sabotage agents were interned in the town of Rubino by the Venezuelan government.

Special Agent Robert Howard Calhoun arrived in Venezuela on his first SIS assignment on February 18, 1943. He was assigned as Vice Consul in Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, as a cover story. While in Ciudad Bolivar, Agent Calhoun handled investigations involving espionage, sabotage, subversive activity and diamond smuggling.

After ten months, he was transferred to Caracas as Assistant Legal Attache. In January, 1944, all cases relating to political and Communist activity were assigned to him. Thomas J. Maleady, Second Secretary of the United States Embassy, was dependent upon Calhoun's reports for his information.

Calhoun developed contacts and confidential informants. Many contacts and confidential informants developed by him in Ciudad Bolivar continued to furnish him with information, although he was not able to contact then personally while in Caracas.

Calhoun led and directed raids against fascists and participated in dangerous assignments. He later transferred to the New York City FBI division, probably around October 1944.

Germany
The Safehaven Project identified the transfer of capital out of Germany.

title: Special Intelligence Service


text:
Vault (drink)

Vault was a sweetened energy drink and carbonated beverage that was released by The Coca-Cola Company in June 2005 and marketed until December 2011. It was touted as an artificially flavored hybrid energy soda. Coca-Cola was marketing Vault as a combination with the slogan "Drinks like a soda, kicks like an energy drink," as well as "The Taste. The Quench. The Kick." "Get it done, and then some", "Chug & Charge", and "Get to it!".

Marketing
Vault was a citrus-flavored beverage containing many of the same ingredients as the Coca-Cola beverage Surge. It was discontinued in 2011 in favor of a reintroduced Mello Yello.

Test-marketing occurred in a limited area from June 2005 through Labor Day 2005. During this time, the drink was only available in certain markets in Alabama, Georgia, Kansas, Michigan, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Texas, and West Virginia. Vault was released nationally in February 2006 following commercials that were shown during the pregame show for Super Bowl XL.

Formulation
Coca-Cola representatives and the American Beverage Association stated that Vault contained 47 mg of caffeine per 237 ml (8 fl. oz.) serving, or 70.5 mg per 355 ml (12 fl. oz.) can, and 117.5 mg per 20 fl. oz. PET bottle. This caffeine amount was substantially higher than Surge's 52.5 mg per 12 fl. oz., Mountain Dew's 54 mg per 12 fl. oz., Mello Yello's 51 mg per 12 fl. oz., or Sun Drop's 63 mg per 12 fl. oz.

There were several varieties of Vault, the two most common being Vault and Vault Zero.

Packaging
Vault was available in 16.9 fl oz, 20 fl oz, and 24 fl oz. PET bottles, 6-, 12- and 18-, and 24-pack cans, 1- and 2-liter bottles, and 16 oz extended cans.

Variants
In September 2005, The Coca-Cola Company released Vault Zero, a diet version of the citrus soda. Grape Vault and Peach Vault were two variants available only from Coca-Cola Freestyle machines.

Advertising
Television commercials for Vault featured men performing extraordinary tasks while drinking Vault, in line with the slogan, "Vault. Get to it!" One such commercial featured a man building a robotic scarecrow with laser eyes that rids his farm of crows, foxes, rabbits, and hippies. Other commercials included a man converting his and his neighbors' backyards into a football field using explosives and a chainsaw; a man renovating his house into a giant birdcage; a man who blows up a reef bed to obtain a large amount of pearls in order to win his girlfriend back from a Fabioesque man, and a man excelling at paintball, at one point using a squirrel as an improvised weapon.

Expansion
Vault Red Blitz, a new Vault flavor, was released in late-February 2007 to compete with PepsiCo's Mountain Dew Code Red, along with promotional pricing in select areas. Until its release, Coca-Cola had only released Mello Yello Cherry in limited markets as a competitor to Code Red, which has been available since 2001. Vault Red Blitz is berry-flavored, red, and also features the herbal supplement guarana.

In 2006, Vault Zero was reformulated in response to a lawsuit over allegations that ingredients in Fanta Pineapple and Vault Zero had the potential in certain circumstances to combine to form benzene, a carcinogenic compound.

title: Vault (drink)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DTA

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 22:52, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

DTA
Nonsense? Real abbreviation or not? Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 01:00, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Google brings up the Massachusetts Department of Transitional Assistance, as well as the Development Trusts Association . I can't say whether these are notable or not. Gwk 01:06, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, The Development Trusts Association may be notable, but if there is no content in this article it's not worth keeping. If anyone has any information about the Development Trusts Association that IS notable then they could just re-create the article. --Atratus 01:14, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Atratus. Dcarrano 01:27, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Atratus and Dcarrano. -mysekurity 01:48, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Atratus, Dcarrano, mysekurity royblumy 05:15, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Thermal analysis. DTA is the abbreviation for Differential thermal analysis (which is a redirect). JamesBurns 08:03, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment AcronymFinder shows 33 matches to this acronym; I don't know any of them to be far more commonly understood than the others.  Although a disambig page could be made, I say go with the one the article itself suggests...  Dcarrano 08:08, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * A disambig page would be nice, but it needs content first - delete per Atratus and Dcarrano. StopTheFiling 21:29, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agree that a redirect or disambig. is not wise when there is minimal content for any meaning of the abbreviation. Xoloz 03:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or DAB if someone creates an article on any of the DTAs that are out there. Vegaswikian 06:20, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DTA