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Phosphate mineral

Phosphate minerals are minerals that contain the tetrahedrally coordinated phosphate (PO43−) anion, sometimes with arsenate (AsO43−) and vanadate (VO43−) substitutions, along with chloride (Cl−), fluoride (F−), and hydroxide (OH−) anions, that also fit into the crystal structure.

The phosphate class of minerals is a large and diverse group, however, only a few species are relatively common.

Applications
Phosphate rock has high concentration of phosphate minerals, most commonly from the apatite group of minerals. It is the major resource mined to produce phosphate fertilizers for the agricultural industry. Phosphate is also used in animal feed supplements, food preservatives, anti-corrosion agents, cosmetics, fungicides, ceramics, water treatment and metallurgy.

The production of fertilizer is the largest source responsible for minerals mined for their phosphate content.

Phosphate minerals are often used to control rust, and to prevent corrosion on ferrous materials applied with electrochemical conversion coatings.

Examples
Phosphate minerals include:
 * Triphylite Li(Fe,Mn)PO4
 * Monazite (La, Y, Nd, Sm, Gd, Ce,Th)PO4, rare earth metals
 * Hinsdalite PbAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6
 * Pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl
 * Amblygonite LiAlPO4F
 * Lazulite (Mg,Fe)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2
 * Wavellite Al3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O
 * Turquoise CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·5H2O
 * Autunite Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2·10-12H2O
 * Phosphophyllite Zn2(Fe,Mn)(PO4)2•4H2O
 * Struvite (NH4)MgPO4·6H2O
 * Xenotime-Y Y(PO4)
 * Apatite group Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)
 * Hydroxylapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH
 * Fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F
 * Chlorapatite Ca5(PO4)3Cl
 * Bromapatite
 * Mitridatite group:
 * Arseniosiderite-mitridatite series (Ca2(Fe3+)3[(O)2|(AsO4)3]·3H2O -- Ca2(Fe3+)3[(O)2|(PO4)3]·3H2O)
 * Arseniosiderite-robertsite series (Ca2(Fe3+)3[(O)2|(AsO4)3]·3H2O -- Ca3(Mn3+)4[(OH)3|(PO4)2]2·3H2O)

Nickel–Strunz classification -08- phosphates
IMA-CNMNC proposes a new hierarchical scheme (Mills et al., 2009). This list uses it to modify the classification of Nickel–Strunz (mindat.org, 10 ed, pending publication).

 * Abbreviations:
 * "*" – discredited (IMA/CNMNC status).
 * "?" – questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC status).
 * "REE" – Rare-earth element (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)
 * "PGE" – Platinum-group element (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
 * 03.C Aluminofluorides, 06 Borates, 08 Vanadates (04.H V[5,6] Vanadates), 09 Silicates:
 * Neso: insular (from Greek νησος nēsos, island)
 * Soro: grouping (from Greek σωροῦ sōros, heap, mound (especially of corn))
 * Cyclo: ring
 * Ino: chain (from Greek ις [genitive: ινος inos], fibre)
 * Phyllo: sheet (from Greek φύλλον phyllon, leaf)
 * Tekto: three-dimensional framework
 * Nickel–Strunz code scheme: NN.XY.##x
 * NN: Nickel–Strunz mineral class number
 * X: Nickel–Strunz mineral division letter
 * Y: Nickel–Strunz mineral family letter
 * ## x: Nickel–Strunz mineral/group number, x add-on letter

Class: phosphates

 * 08.A Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
 * 08.AA With small cations (some also with larger ones): 05 Berlinite, 05 Rodolicoite; 10 Beryllonite, 15 Hurlbutite, 20 Lithiophosphate, 25 Nalipoite, 30 Olympite
 * 08.AB With medium-sized cations: 05 Farringtonite; 10 Ferrisicklerite, 10 Heterosite, 10 Natrophilite, 10 Lithiophilite, 10 Purpurite, 10 Sicklerite, 10 Simferite, 10 Triphylite; 15 Chopinite, 15 Sarcopside; 20 Beusite, 20 Graftonite
 * 08.AC With medium-sized and large cations: 10 IMA2008-054, 10 Alluaudite, 10 Hagendorfite, 10 Ferroalluaudite, 10 Maghagendorfite, 10 Varulite, 10 Ferrohagendorfite*; 15 Bobfergusonite, 15 Ferrowyllieite, 15 Qingheiite, 15 Rosemaryite, 15 Wyllieite, 15 Ferrorosemaryite; 20 Maricite, 30 Brianite, 35 Vitusite-(Ce); 40 Olgite?, 40 Bario-olgite; 45 Ferromerrillite, 45 Bobdownsite, 45 Merrillite-(Ca)*, 45 Merrillite, 45 Merrillite-(Y)*, 45 Whitlockite, 45 Tuite, 45 Strontiowhitlockite; 50 Stornesite-(Y), 50 Xenophyllite, 50 Fillowite, 50 Chladniite, 50 Johnsomervilleite, 50 Galileiite; 55 Harrisonite, 60 Kosnarite, 65 Panethite, 70 Stanfieldite, 90 IMA2008-064
 * 08.AD With only large cations: 05 Nahpoite, 10 Monetite, 15 Archerite, 15 Biphosphammite; 20 Phosphammite, 25 Buchwaldite; 35 Pretulite, 35 Xenotime-(Y), 35 Xenotime-(Yb); 45 Ximengite, 50 Monazite-(Ce), 50 Monazite-(La), 50 Monazite-(Nd), 50 Monazite-(Sm), 50 Brabantite?
 * 08.B Phosphates, etc. with Additional Anions, without H2O
 * 08.BA With small and medium-sized cations: 05 Vayrynenite; 10 Hydroxylherderite, 10 Herderite; 15 Babefphite
 * 08.BB With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 £1:1: 05 Amblygonite, 05 Natromontebrasite?, 05 Montebrasite?, 05 Tavorite; 10 Zwieselite, 10 Triplite, 10 Magniotriplite?, 10 Hydroxylwagnerite; 15 Joosteite, 15 Stanekite, 15 Triploidite, 15 Wolfeite, 15 Wagnerite; 20 Satterlyite, 20 Holtedahlite; 25 Althausite; 30 Libethenite, 30 Zincolibethenite; 35 Tarbuttite; 40 Barbosalite, 40 Hentschelite, 40 Scorzalite, 40 Lazulite; 45 Trolleite, 55 Phosphoellenbergerite; 90 Zinclipscombite, 90 Lipscombite, 90 Richellite
 * 08.BC With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 1:1 and < 2:1: 10 Plimerite, 10 Frondelite, 10 Rockbridgeite
 * 08.BD With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 2:1: 05 Pseudomalachite, 05 Reichenbachite, 10 Gatehouseite, 25 Ludjibaite
 * 08.BE With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 2:1: 05 Augelite, 10 Grattarolaite, 15 Cornetite, 30 Raadeite, 85 Waterhouseite
 * 08.BF With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 0.5:1: 05 Arrojadite, 05 Arrojadite-(BaFe), 05 Arrojadite-(KFe), 05 Arrojadite-(NaFe), 05 Arrojadite-(SrFe), 05 Arrojadite-(KNa), 05 Arrojadite-(PbFe), 05 Arrojadite-(BaNa), 05 Fluorarrojadite-(BaNa), 05 Fluorarrojadite-(KNa), 05 Fluorarrojadite-(BaFe), 05 Ferri-arrojadite-(BaNa), 05 Dickinsonite, 05 Dickinsonite-(KNa), 05 Dickinsonite-(KMnNa), 05 Dickinsonite-(KNaNa), 05 Dickinsonite-(NaNa); 10 Samuelsonite, 15 Griphite, 20 Nabiasite
 * 08.BG With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 0.5:1: 05 Bearthite, 05 Goedkenite, 05 Tsumebite; 10 Melonjosephite, 15 Tancoite
 * 08.BH With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1: 05 Thadeuite; 10 Lacroixite, 10 Isokite, 10 Panasqueiraite; 15 Drugmanite; 20 Bjarebyite, 20 Kulanite, 20 Penikisite, 20 Perloffite, 20 Johntomaite; 25 Bertossaite, 25 Palermoite; 55 Jagowerite, 60 Attakolite
 * 08.BK With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.): 05 Brazilianite, 15 Curetonite, 25 Lulzacite
 * 08.BL With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1: 05 Corkite, 05 Hinsdalite, 05 Orpheite, 05 Woodhouseite, 05 Svanbergite; 10 Kintoreite, 10 Benauite, 10 Crandallite, 10 Goyazite, 10 Springcreekite, 10 Gorceixite; 10 Lusungite?, 10 Plumbogummite, 10 Ferrazite?; 13 Eylettersite, 13 Florencite-(Ce), 13 Florencite-(La), 13 Florencite-(Nd), 13 Waylandite, 13 Zairite; 15 Viitaniemiite, 20 Kuksite, 25 Pattersonite
 * 08.BM With medium-sized and large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 4:1: 10 Paulkellerite, 15 Brendelite
 * 08.BN With only large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 0.33:1: 05 IMA2008-068, 05 Phosphohedyphane, 05 IMA2008-009, 05 Alforsite, 05 Apatite*, 05 Apatite-(CaOH), 05 Apatite-(CaCl), 05 Apatite-(CaF), 05 Apatite-(SrOH), 05 Apatite-(CaOH)-M, Carbonate-fluorapatite?, 05 Carbonate-hydroxylapatite?, 05 Belovite-(Ce), 05 Belovite-(La), 05 Fluorcaphite, 05 Pyromorphite, 05 Hydroxylpyromorphite, 05 Deloneite-(Ce), 05 Kuannersuite-(Ce), 10 Arctite
 * 08.BO With only large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 1:1: 05 Nacaphite, 10 Petitjeanite, 15 Smrkovecite, 25 Heneuite, 30 Nefedovite, 40 Artsmithite
 * 08.C Phosphates without Additional Anions, with H2O
 * 08.CA With small and large/medium cations: 05 Fransoletite, 05 Parafransoletite; 10 Ehrleite, 15 Faheyite; 20 Gainesite, 20 Mccrillisite, 20 Selwynite; 25 Pahasapaite, 30 Hopeite, 40 Phosphophyllite; 45 Parascholzite, 45 Scholzite; 65 Gengenbachite, 70 Parahopeite
 * 08.CB With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:1: 05 Serrabrancaite, 10 Hureaulite
 * 08.CC With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:1.5: 05 Garyansellite, 05 Kryzhanovskite, 05 Landesite, 05 Phosphoferrite, 05 Reddingite
 * 08.CD With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:2: 05 Kolbeckite, 05 Metavariscite, 05 Phosphosiderite; 10 Strengite, 10 Variscite; 20 Ludlamite
 * 08.CE With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O £1:2.5: 10 Newberyite, 20 Phosphorrosslerite; 25 Metaswitzerite, 25 Switzerite; 35 Bobierrite; 40 Arupite, 40 Baricite, 40 Vivianite, 40 Pakhomovskyite; 50 Cattiite, 55 Koninckite; 75 IMA2008-046, 75 Malhmoodite; 80 Santabarbaraite, 85 Metavivianite
 * 08.CF With large and medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O > 1:1: 05 Tassieite, 05 Wicksite, 05 Bederite; 10 Haigerachite
 * 08.CG With large and medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:1: 05 Collinsite, 05 Cassidyite, 05 Fairfieldite, 05 Messelite, 05 Hillite, (05 Uranophane-beta but Uranophane 09.AK.15); 20 Phosphogartrellite
 * 08.CH With large and medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O < 1:1: 10 Anapaite, 20 Dittmarite, 20 Niahite, 25 Francoanellite, 25 Taranakite, 30 Schertelite, 35 Hannayite, 40 Hazenite, 40 Struvite, 40 Struvite-(K), 45 Rimkorolgite, 50 Bakhchisaraitsevite, 55 IMA2008-048
 * 08.CJ With only large cations: 05 Stercorite, 10 Mundrabillaite, 10 Swaknoite, 15 Nastrophite, 15 Nabaphite, 45 Brockite, 45 Grayite, 45 Rhabdophane-(Ce), 45 Rhabdophane-(La), 45 Rhabdophane-(Nd), 45 Tristramite, 50 Brushite, 50 Churchite-(Dy)*, 50 Churchite-(Nd), 50 Churchite-(Y), 50 Ardealite, 60 Dorfmanite, 70 Catalanoite, 80 Ningyoite
 * 08.D Phosphates
 * 08.DA With small (and occasionally larger) cations: 05 Moraesite, 10 Footemineite, 10 Ruifrancoite, 10 Guimaraesite, 10 Roscherite, 10 Zanazziite, 10 Atencioite, 10 Greifensteinite; 15 Uralolite, 20 Weinebeneite, 25 Tiptopite, 30 Veszelyite, 35 Kipushite, 40 Spencerite, 45 Glucine
 * 08.DB With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 1:1: 05 Diadochite, 10 Vashegyite, 15 Schoonerite, 20 Sinkankasite, 25 Mitryaevaite, 30 Sanjuanite, 50 Giniite, 55 Sasaite, 60 Mcauslanite, 65 Goldquarryite, 70 Birchite
 * 08.DC With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1: 05 Nissonite; 15 Kunatite, 15 Earlshannonite, 15 Whitmoreite; 17 Kleemanite, 20 Bermanite, 207? Oxiberaunite*, 22 Kovdorskite; 25 Ferrostrunzite, 25 Ferristrunzite, 25 Metavauxite, 25 Strunzite; 27 Beraunite; 30 Gordonite, 30 Laueite, 30 Sigloite, 30 Paravauxite, 30 Ushkovite, 30 Ferrolaueite, 30 Mangangordonite, 30 Pseudolaueite, 30 Stewartite, 30 Kastningite, 35 Vauxite, 37 Vantasselite, 40 Cacoxenite; 45 Gormanite, 45 Souzalite; 47 Kingite; 50 Wavellite, 50 Allanpringite, 52 Kribergite, 60 Nevadaite
 * 08.DD With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 2:1: 15 Aheylite, 15 Chalcosiderite, 15 Faustite, 15 Planerite, 15 Turquoise; 20 Ernstite, 20 Childrenite, 20 Eosphorite
 * 08.DE With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 3:1: 05 Senegalite, 10 Fluellite, 20 Zapatalite, (35 Alumoakermanite, Mindat.org: 09.BB.10), 35 Aldermanite
 * 08.DF With only medium-sized cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 > 3:1: 05 Hotsonite-VII, 05 Hotsonite-VI; 10 Bolivarite, 10 Evansite, 10 Rosieresite, 25 Sieleckiite, 40 Gladiusite
 * 08.DG With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 0.5:1: 05 Sampleite
 * 08.DH With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 < 1:1: 05 Minyulite; 10 Leucophosphite, 10 Spheniscidite, 10 Tinsleyite; 15 Kaluginite*, 15 Keckite, 15 Jahnsite-(CaMnFe), 15 Jahnsite-(CaMnMg), 15 Jahnsite-(CaMnMn), 15 Jahnsite-(MnMnMn)*, 15 Jahnsite-(CaFeFe), 15 Jahnsite-(NaFeMg), 15 Jahnsite-(CaMgMg), 15 Jahnsite-(NaMnMg), 15 Rittmannite, 15 Whiteite-(MnFeMg), 15 Whiteite-(CaFeMg), 15 Whiteite-(CaMnMg); 20 Manganosegelerite, 20 Overite, 20 Segelerite, 20 Wilhelmvierlingite, 20 Juonniite; 25 Calcioferrite, 25 Kingsmountite, 25 Montgomeryite, 25 Zodacite; 30 Lunokite, 30 Pararobertsite, 30 Robertsite, 30 Mitridatite; 35 Matveevite?, 35 Mantienneite, 35 Paulkerrite, 35 Benyacarite, 40 Xanthoxenite, 55 Englishite
 * 08.DJ With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:l: 05 Johnwalkite, 05 Olmsteadite, 10 Gatumbaite, 20 Meurigite-Na, 20 Meurigite-K, 20 Phosphofibrite, 25 Jungite, 30 Wycheproofite, 35 Ercitite, 40 Mrazekite
 * 08.DK With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 1:1 and < 2:1: 15 Matioliite, 15 IMA2008-056, 15 Dufrenite, 15 Burangaite, 15 Natrodufrenite; 20 Kidwellite, 25 Bleasdaleite, 30 Matulaite, 35 Krasnovite
 * 08.DL With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 2:1: 05 Foggite; 10 Cyrilovite, 10 Millisite, 10 Wardite; 15 Petersite-(Y), 15 Calciopetersite; 25 Angastonite
 * 08.DM With large and medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 > 2:1: 05 Morinite, 15 Melkovite, 25 Gutsevichite?, 35 Delvauxite
 * 08.DN With only large cations: 05 Natrophosphate, 10 Isoclasite, 15 Lermontovite, 20 Vyacheslavite
 * 08.DO With CO3, SO4, SiO4: 05 Girvasite, 10 Voggite, 15 Peisleyite, 20 Perhamite, 25 Saryarkite-(Y), 30 Micheelsenite, 40 Parwanite, 45 Skorpionite
 * 08.E Uranyl Phosphates
 * 08.EA UO2:RO4 = 1:2: 05 Phosphowalpurgite, 10 Parsonsite, 15 Ulrichite, 20 Lakebogaite
 * 08.EB UO2:RO4 = 1:1: 05 Autunite, 05 Uranocircite, 05 Torbernite, 05 Xiangjiangite, 05 Saleeite; 10 Bassetite, 10 Meta-autunite, 10 Metauranocircite, 10 Metatorbernite, 10 Lehnerite, 10 Przhevalskite; 15 Chernikovite, 15 Meta-ankoleite, 15 Uramphite; 20 Threadgoldite, 25 Uranospathite, 30 Vochtenite, 35 Coconinoite, 40 Ranunculite, 45 Triangulite, 50 Furongite, 55 Sabugalite
 * 08.EC UO2:RO4 = 3:2: 05 Francoisite-(Ce), 05 Francoisite-(Nd), 05 Phuralumite, 05 Upalite; 10 Kivuite?, 10 Yingjiangite, 10 Renardite, 10 Dewindtite, 10 Phosphuranylite; 15 Dumontite; 20 Metavanmeersscheite, 20 Vanmeersscheite; 25 Althupite, 30 Mundite, 35 Phurcalite, 40 Bergenite
 * 08.ED Unclassified: 05 Moreauite, 10 Sreinite, 15 Kamitugaite
 * 08.F Polyphosphates
 * 08.FA Polyphosphates, without OH and H2O; dimers of corner-sharing RO4 tetrahedra: 20 Pyrocoproite*, 20 Pyrophosphite*
 * 08.FC Polyphosphates, with H2O only: 10 Canaphite, 20 Arnhemite*, 25 Wooldridgeite, 30 Kanonerovite
 * 08.X Unclassified Strunz Phosphates
 * 08.XX Unknown: 00 Sodium-autunite, 00 Pseudo-autunite*, 00 Cheralite-(Ce)?, 00 Laubmannite?, 00 Spodiosite?, 00 Sodium meta-autunite, 00 Kerstenite?, 00 Lewisite, 00 Coeruleolactite, 00 Viseite, 00 IMA2009-005

title: Phosphate mineral


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Reyes, Jun Cruz

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. --Tony Sidaway Talk 04:18, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Reyes, Jun Cruz
Non-notable person from the Philippines Jojit fb 08:26, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 09:36, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Did you check out the works listed to see whether they are for real? If they are, keep. If they aren't, delete. Grace Note 04:09, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Jun Cruz Reyes, is, surely a notable Filipino. He is a gifted writer and his works has inspired a new twist in Philippine literature, specifically contemporary Tagalog or Filipino literature, because of the lightness and casualness in tone and humor-inspired, satirical style. This is notably evident in his famous "Utos ng Hari" short story and the novel "Tutubi, tutubi, huwag magpahuli sa mamang salbahe" and the latest Centennial Award winning great novel "Etsa-Puwera" all of which I have read. Saluyot 03:31, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Mercedes-Benz 7G-Tronic transmission

7G-Tronic is Mercedes-Benz's trademark name for its seven-speed automatic transmission, starting off with the W7A 700 and W7A 400 (Wandler-7-Gang-Automatik bis 700 oder 400 Nm Eingangsdrehmoment; converter-7-gear-automatic with 516 or 295 ft·lb maximum input torque; type 722.9) as core models.

Abstract
This fifth-generation transmission was the first seven-speed automatic transmission ever used on a production passenger vehicle. In all applications this transmission is identified as the New Automatic Gearbox Generation Two, or NAG2. It initially debuted in Autumn 2003 on five different eight-cylinder models: the E500, S 430, S 500, CL 500, and SL 500. It also soon became available on many six-cylinder models. Turbocharged V12 engines, four cylinder applications and commercial vehicles continued to use the older Mercedes-Benz 5G-Tronic transmission for many years.

The company claims that the 7G-Tronic is more fuel efficient and has shorter acceleration times and quicker intermediate sprints than the outgoing 5-speed automatic transmission. It has two reverse gear ratios.

The transmission can skip gears when downshifting. It also has a torque converter lock-up on all seven gears, allowing better transmission of torque for improved acceleration. The transmission's casing is made of magnesium alloy, a first for the industry, to save weight. The 7G-Tronic transmission is built at the Mercedes-Benz Stuttgart-Untertuerkheim plant in Germany, the site of Daimler-Benz's original production facility.

The transmission is currently available on the SsangYong's vehicles like Rexton, and Korando Turismo (in South Korea)/Turismo (in UK). In July 2009, Mercedes-Benz announced they are working on a new nine-speed automatic.

Layout
Progress is reflected in 7 forward gears using 11 main components, compared to 5 forward gears with 9 main components in the previous 5G-Tronic transmission. This turns out the design as advanced compared to its predecessor but less economical compared to its competitors. It uses no bands nor sprag clutches. It is fully electronic controlled. Torque converter lock-up can operate in all 7 forward gears.

Gears functionality
In normal condition it sequentially shift gears, but if required it can skip some gears, that are: 7 to 5, 6 to 2, 5 to 3 and 3 to 1.

On vehicles with 6 or 8 cylinder engines with comfort mode engaged, as well as on off-road vehicles with low range selected, the transmission will always use 2nd gear as initial gear.

„Limp-home mode“
If the transmission control unit senses a critical fault during driving, it will activate an emergency operating mode: Upon hydraulic failures, it will stop shifting gears and permanently retain the currently selected gear; if the failure can be pinpointed to one of the internal hydraulic control valves, the transmission will continue shifting but stop using the affected gear(s). Upon electrical failure, the transmission shifts to 6th gear. If the critical fault persists after the vehicle is stopped and the engine restarted, only 2nd gear and reverse gear #2 are available.

AMG SpeedShift TCT
The TCT transmission is essentially the 7G-Tronic automatic transmission including "Torque Converter Technology".

Sporty, performance-oriented version with the same gear ratios. First used in 2005 Mercedes-Benz SLK 55 AMG.

In 2007, 7G-Tronic transmission with AMG SPEEDSHIFT was also called '7G-Tronic Sport'.

AMG SpeedShift MCT
Mercedes-AMG developed the 7-speed MCT "Multi Clutch Technology" planetary automatic transmission.

The MCT transmission is essentially the 7G-Tronic automatic transmission without a torque converter. Instead of a torque converter, it uses a compact wet startup clutch to launch the car from a stop and also supports computer-controlled double-clutching. The MCT (Multi-Clutch Technology) acronym refers to a planetary (automatic) transmission's multiple clutches and bands for each gear.

The MCT is fitted with four drive modes: "C" (Comfort), "S" (Sport), "S+" (Sport plus) and "M" (Manual) and boasts 100 millisecond shifts in "M" and "S+" modes. MCT-equipped cars are also fitted with the new AMG DRIVE UNIT with an innovative Race Start function. The AMG DRIVE UNIT is the central control unit for the AMG SPEEDSHIFT MCT 7-speed sports transmission and all driving dynamics functions. The driver can change gears either using the selector lever or by nudging the steering-wheel shift paddles. The new Race start Function is a launch control system that enables the driver to call on maximum acceleration while ensuring optimum traction of the driven wheels.

It is available on the 2009 SL 63 AMG and E 63 AMG, and will be used for the 2011 S 63 AMG and CL 63 AMG, and the 2012 CLS 63 AMG and C 63 AMG.

Compulsory on the 2014 AMG CLS 63 and E 63 models, as well as their "S--Model" variants. Improved with the release of the 2015 model year, by decreasing the lag time between shifts.

Mercedes C-Class

 * 2005-2007 Mercedes-Benz W203 (C 320 CDI, C 230, C 280, C 350; post-facelift)
 * 2005-2007 Mercedes-Benz CL203 (C 230 SportCoupé, C 350 SportCoupé; post-facelift), (CLC 250, CLC 350)
 * 2011–2018 Mercedes-Benz W204 (C 63 AMG, C 63 AMG Black Series)
 * 2014 Mercedes-Benz W205 (C 180)

Mercedes E-Class

 * 2009–2016 Mercedes-Benz W212 (E200AMG 7G-Tronic,E63AMG)
 * 2009–2013 Mercedes-Benz W212 (E200AMG 7G-Tronic)
 * 2005–2009 Mercedes-Benz W211 (E350 v6 7G-Tronic)

Mercedes S-Class

 * 2013–2017 Mercedes-Benz W222 (all models except Maybach S 500 and Maybach S 500 4MATIC)
 * 2017–2020 Mercedes-Benz W222 (V12 models only)

Mercedes SLK-Class

 * 2004–2011 Mercedes-Benz R171
 * 2011–2015 Mercedes-Benz R172

Mercedes CLS-Class

 * 2003-2010 Mercedes-Benz C219
 * 2010-2018 Mercedes-Benz C218

Mercedes CLK-Class

 * 2002–2010 Mercedes-Benz C209

Infiniti

 * 2014–2019 Infiniti Q50 (2.0t (M274 DE20 LA) ).
 * 2015–2016 Infiniti Q50 (2.2d (OM651 22 LA) ).
 * 2017–2018 Infiniti Q60 (2.0t (M274 DE20 LA)).

SsangYong Motor

 * 2017–2020 SsangYong Rexton G4 (2.2 e-XDi Euro 6 Turbo-Diesel)

title: Mercedes-Benz 7G-Tronic transmission


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Ballistic plate

A ballistic plate, also known as an armour plate, is a protective armoured plate inserted into a carrier or bulletproof vest, that can be used stand-alone, or in conjunction with other armour. "Hard armour" usually denotes armour that uses ballistic plates.

It serves to defeat higher threats, and may be considered as a form of applique armour. It is usually inserted into the front and back, with side inserts also sometimes used. There are also plates for other regions, such as the shoulders, lap, and throat.

Dimensions and sizing
Ballistic plates can be found in a variety of sizes and shapes. In the industry, armour plate shapes are common referred to as a cut, in reference to how the strike face must be cut from the material. The most common are the:

Some other cuts exist, but are far less used, such as the ergonomic cut, which covers most of the torso, and the ranger cut, which has largely fallen out of favour for much the same reasons as square.
 * SAPI Cut, a rectangle with two sloped cuts on the top two corners, the name being derived from the SAPI armour plate. Similar, but with larger cuts, is the Shooter's Cut.
 * Swimmer's Cut, similar to a stretched trapezoid on top of a rectangle. Used by SEALs and other seaborne units.
 * Rectangle/Square, a rectangular armoured plate with rounded off corners. Somewhat antiquated due to the advent of modern tooling.

Most overt armour plates usually are sized to 10 x, 11 x, and other such dimensions, however SAPI plates are slightly different. In addition, armour plates may be curved to assist in the user's comfort and ergonomics.

Materials
Most ballistic plates are made of a combination of materials. The following categories denote the primary material used in different plate packages.

Ceramic
Ceramic armor plates, typically composed of boron carbide, silicon carbide, or other similar materials, are common place in military applications. The advantages of ceramic armor is that they are not only lighter than metals, but much harder as well, which enables them to deform tungsten core penetrators, and resist ammunition at a high velocity.

Ceramic material defeats projectiles by shattering it into pieces, decreasing the penetration ability of projectile. Compared to metal counterparts like steel or titanium, ceramic plates have inferior multi-hit resistance due to its somewhat brittle nature; as such, they are vulnerable to projectiles which hit in a tight grouping, as these create a stress concentration on the plate and shatter the section of plate targeted, although there are workarounds, as with the IM/PACT technologies demonstrated by Ceradyne, which use a stainless steel crack arrestor, or the titanium arrestor of the newest GRANIT GOST 6A armoured plates fielded by Russia's Armed Forces. Ceramic plates can also have their performance reduced or be rendered completely useless if subjected to excessively rough handling, though the exact tolerance for rough handling can vary; British military instructions for the ceramic plates issued with Osprey body armour required users to discard and replace plates that were cracked or otherwise damaged, while stressing that air pockets and minor blemishes did not affect performance.

Metal
Most metal ballistic plates are made primarily of steel or titanium, although aluminum and various alloys also exist. Steel plating, although it suffers less deformation, may suffer greater impulse generated by an impact, as the steel bends very little, and thus little energy is captured. A steel plate shatters a projectile, sending potentially dangerous fragmentation across the plane of the plate. In addition, metal armour has the possibility of deflecting bullets, where they may end up in a limb, friendly personnel, bystanders or property. Munitions above 3100 fps have been known to penetrate commercial armour steel plates sold under NIJ Level III, most notably the 5.56×45mm M193 round. As well, the most common material, AR500 steel, or Abrasion Resistant/ Brinell Hardness 500 steel, is actually not created for armour purposes, and thus can suffer major variances in hardness According to Leeco Steel, "While often requested for ammunition target surfaces, AR500 steel plate is not certified for ballistic use".

Plastic
Multi-layered sheets/plates of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) can provide an added ballistic enhancement equal to or even greater than metal plates with less weight. With these, there is the cost of less trauma reduction and the improbable but possible risk of fracture. UHMWPE can be strewn into a thread when made, and woven into a fabric that competes in strength, flexibility, and weight to modern aramid fabrics, and is now a commonly used material in vests. UHMWPE however, does have weaknesses, most notably its vastly inferior heat and flame resistance due to being a thermoplastic with a low melting point (130 C). UHMWPE should not be exposed to temperatures above 100 C for prolonged periods of time. These composites also tend to bulge up quickly when shot as a result of the delamination.

Nanomaterials
As a potential material for future ballistic plates and anti-ballistic fabrics, carbon nanotube and nanocomposite materials offer strength to weight ratios that are potentially superior to other materials. For further information on these materials as applied to ballistics, see the section on ballistic vest nanomaterials in ballistics. There are plates made of nanomaterials currently available in commercial products.

title: Ballistic plate


text:
Apodosis

Apodosis may refer to:
 * Apodosis (linguistics), the main clause in a conditional sentence, expressing the logical consequent
 * In the liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the final day of an Afterfeast

title: Apodosis


text:
List of Eastern Orthodox Archbishops of Finland

List of Eastern Orthodox Archbishops of Finland, primates of the Finnish Orthodox Church:
 * Antonij [Anthony] (Vadkovsky) Archbishop (1892-1898)
 * Nikolaj [Nicholas] (Nalimov) Archbishop (1899-1905)
 * Sergij [Sergius] (Stragorodsky) Archbishop (1905-1917)
 * Seraphim (Lukjanov) Archbishop (1921-1923)
 * Herman (Aav) Archbishop (1925-1 Jul 1960)
 * Paavali [Paul] (Olmari) (1914-1987) Archbishop (29 Aug 1960-1987)
 * Johannes [John] (Rinne) Archbishop (15 Oct 1987-1 Oct 2001)
 * Leo (Makkonen) (1948-) Archbishop (25 Oct 2001-present)


text: Category:Law enforcement in Poland

title: Category:Law enforcement in Poland


text:
Miljenko Smoje

Miljenko Smoje (14 February 1923 – 25 October 1995) was a Croatian writer and journalist.

Smoje was born in Split, at the time in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in a family of poor labourers. The neighbourhood where he grew up was known for its support for anarchism, socialism and other left-wing ideologies. This would later influence Smoje's work and help him develop a strong dislike of authorities and the establishment.

Smoje finished high school in Split in 1941, but his further education was interrupted by the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and Split being occupied by Italy. Smoje joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and took part in the local resistance movement. However, due to his rebellious nature, he was expelled from the Party, but he survived that, as well as a brief incarceration by Italian authorities. After the end of the war he finished college and worked as a teacher. In 1950 he took a job as a reporter for the Split daily newspaper Slobodna Dalmacija, where he would write until his formal retirement in 1979.

As a reporter, Smoje developed a specific style that included use of Čakavština dialect in his articles. His specialty was articles about ordinary people and through the decades he travelled over Dalmatia chronicling many aspects of its life. Later he used many of those experiences as the basis for his short stories, plays and novels. He liked to inject all of his work with a strong dose of humour, laced with elements of every-day tragedy. All this helped Smoje become one of the most respected and more popular writers of former Yugoslavia, as well as arguably the greatest humourist of Croatian literature.

It was the medium of television which helped Smoje become famous. In 1970 he wrote the script for Naše malo misto (also known as Malo misto), a mini-series chronicling three decades of life in small Dalmatian coastal town. The series featured many memorable characters that would later become part of local culture. Smoje also showed ability to use broad comedy as a way to criticise aspects of Communism. The series nevertheless became an instant hit and grew in popularity through the decades.

In 1980 Smoje tried to repeat the success with Velo misto, a more ambitious project chronicling life in Split between 1910 and 1947. Velo misto became very popular and developed cult status of its own.

After his retirement Smoje continued to write for Slobodna Dalmacija and Nedjeljna Dalmacija weekly. In the late 1980s and early 1990s he opposed Croatian nationalism and for that reason he was snubbed by the media controlled by Franjo Tuđman and his ruling Croatian Democratic Union. When Tuđman's supporter Miroslav Kutle took over Slobodna Dalmacija in 1993, Smoje began to write for the satirical weekly Feral Tribune.

Semi-official snub of Miljenko Smoje ended in late 1990s when his shows were allowed to be aired on Croatian Radiotelevision.

Smoje was married twice. He is buried in Žrnovnica near Split.

title: Miljenko Smoje


text:
Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier

The Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier, also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of the American Revolution, is a war memorial located within Washington Square in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The memorial honors the thousands of soldiers who died during the American Revolutionary War, many of whom were buried in mass graves in the square. The tomb and Washington Square are part of Independence National Historical Park.

The memorial was first conceived in 1954 by the Washington Square Planning Committee, and was completed in 1957. The monument was designed by architect G. Edwin Brumbaugh and includes an eternal flame and a bronze cast of Jean Antoine Houdon's statue of George Washington as the monument's centerpiece. The tomb includes remains which were disinterred, after archeological examination, from beneath the square. The remains are that of a soldier, but it is uncertain if he was Colonial or British. An unknown number of bodies were buried beneath the square and the surrounding area. Remains are still occasionally found during construction and maintenance projects.

Engraved in the side of the tomb are these words:
 * "Freedom is a light for which many men have died in darkness"
 * "The independence and liberty you possess are the work of joint councils and joint efforts of common dangers, suffering and success." (Washington Farewell Address, Sept. 17, 1796)
 * "In unmarked graves within this square lie thousands of unknown soldiers of Washington's Army who died of wounds and sickness during the Revolutionary War."

The plaque on the tomb reads:
 * "Beneath this stone rests a soldier of Washington's army who died to give you liberty."

Vandalism
On June 12, 2020, the tomb was vandalized when someone spray painted “committed genocide" on the face of the tomb.


text:
Dylex

Dylex Limited was one of Canada's largest retailers during the 1970s and 1980s, where it operated a number of specialty retail stores, including women's wear, men's wear, and family stores, including BiWay, a large, and now defunct, Canadian discount chain.

History
Dylex was formed in 1966 as a holding company for the purchase of Tip Top Tailors through a partnership between Jimmy Kay, a decorated World War II veteran and businessman, and Wilfred Posluns, a former stockbroker. The company name was an acronym for "Damn Your Lousy Excuses." It absorbed Posluns' company and Kay's Fairweather stores. From the start the company maintained retail and manufacturing operations. After a year, the company's sales at its meanswear stores had reached $37 million.

In 1984, Dylex purchased 50% of NBO Stores Inc., a 28-store chain of men's clothing discounters founded in Yonkers in 1971 as National Brands Outlet by Leon Atkind. In 1988, it purchased the remaining 50% from Atkind for $25 million in cash. At the time, the company was generating $100 million-a-year in sales.

Operations
The company's strategy was to purchase clothing stores but to leave the running of the company in its current management's hands.

The company later purchased Harry Rosen Inc. from its founder, Harry Rosen. Rosen later bought back his company in 1992. The company recorded explosive growth during the 1970s and 1980s - operating 17 chains with more than 2,700 stores in the United States and Canada at its peak. In 1980, its annual sales reached $650 million.

Divisions
At one point, the company had five business divisions: BiWay, a major discount basic apparel and general merchandise, Thriftys (denim and other jeanswear and accessories), Tip Top Tailors (mid-priced men's suits and sportwear), and its women's wear group, made up of Fairweather (women's career and casual clothing), Big Steel Man (aka Big Steel and in its final days Steel) and Braemar (women's tailored clothing and accessories). The company operated 638 stores across Canada.

In 1999, Dylex created a new chain offering off-price brand name clothing and accessories named Labels, in an attempt to have a chain competing with the current leader of that category, Winners. This new venture was not successful, and by the end of 2000, the chain was purchased by the TJX Companies Inc (operators of the TJ Maxx and TK Maxx stores in the United States and Europe), and then folded into their Winners/HomeSense chain.

BiWay Stores accounted for 54% of fiscal 2000 revenues; Thriftys, 14%; Fairweather, 12%; Tip Top Tailors, 12%; Braemar, 7%; and Labels, 1%.

Demise
Co-founders Posluns and Kay eventually developed bad blood and the company's expansion into the United States, which was funded by heavily leveraging its purchases, proved to be the beginning of the end for the company. Kay left the business in the early 1990s. In 1995, the company sought bankruptcy protection. In 2000, the company sold its Thriftys, Braemar and National Logistics divisions to American Eagle Outfitters. The remainder of the company were sold off by 2001.

Biway
BiWay was acquired by Hardof Wolf Group, a shell company for the United States-based McCrory Stores, a dollar store chain owned by Meshulam Riklis. The Fairweather chain was purchased by a private Canadian investment consortium. McCrory had announced its intentions to convert all of the BiWay stores into a dollar store chain to be named Dollar Zone, named after their chain of dollar stores in the United States.

These plans did not go through however, and in August 2001, all BiWay stores, save for a few Toronto area locations, were shuttered for good and Hardof Wolf left with all of the employees' money. The courts finally forced Hardof Wolf to pay back some of the money it owed to the employees. This court case set precedent in Ontario bankruptcy case law. It was later reported that Riklis had drained money from Dylex to be used in other Riklis owned companies.

Revival
In December 2018, it was announced that the BiWay chain would be revived as "BiWay $10 Store" beginning with a new 7,500 square foot location in August 2020 in Toronto. These plans are however on hold after the death of its founder.

title: Dylex


text:
Merthyr Town F.C.

Merthyr Town Football Club (Clwb Pêl-droed Tref Merthyr) is a Welsh semi-professional football club based in Merthyr Tydfil, currently playing in the, in the seventh tier of the English football league system.

The football club was originally founded as 'Merthyr Town' in 1908 and played in the Football League from 1920 to 1930, but the club folded in 1934 and were replaced by newly formed Merthyr Tydfil F.C. in 1945, until 2010 when the club liquidated and re-established back to its original 'Merthyr Town' name. The club was then accepted into Division One of the Western League.

The club played in the 5th tier of English football for 5 years, from 1988–89 to 1994–95. In 1991–92 they finished 4th in the Football Conference (now National League), the club's highest ever placing in the English football pyramid. They were relegated in 1994–95. Merthyr have reached the second round of the FA Cup on 5 occasions, in 1946–47, 1954–55, 1973–74, 1979–80 and 1990–91. Most recently they reached the competition's first round in 2021–22.

Early years (1909–1934)
In 1909, Merthyr Town joined the second division of the Southern League, which despite being primarily an English league, contained several other Welsh clubs, notably Cardiff City, Newport County and Swansea Town. After finishing third in 1911–12 the club were promoted to the first division, though they were relegated back to the second division in 1913–14. The Southern League did not operate during the First World War, and when it resumed for the 1919–20 season Merthyr were placed back in the top division.

In the summer of 1920 the Football League expanded with the creation of a new Third Division, which was made up entirely of the First Division of the Southern League from the previous season. Despite having finished second bottom in the season before, usually a relegation place, Merthyr became a new member of the Football League.

In their first season in the Football League, the club had a much better season and finished 8th. This, however, proved to be their most successful league season, and it was followed by a gradual decline: 11th in 1921–22 and 17th in 1922–23. The 1923–24 season saw a slight improvement in league form as they finished 13th, but the major news was their appearance in the final of the Welsh Cup, though they lost 1–0 to Wrexham in a replay after a 2–2 draw.

From then on the club declined further, and finished bottom of the Third Division in 1924–25. Although they finished 14th in 1925–26, in the following seasons the club finished 17th, 21st, 20th and then bottom again, and were eventually voted out of the Football League in 1930. They were replaced by the ill-fated Thames. During their penultimate season in the Football League the club had their best season in the FA Cup, getting past the first round for the only time, before losing to Watford in the second round. The club dropped back into the Southern League, but lasted only four seasons, before ceasing to play in 1934.

Merthyr Tydfil years (1945–2010)
The club re-emerged as Merthyr Tydfil F.C., formed in 1945, and joined the Welsh League. In their first season, they finished as runners-up and joined the Southern League. The club were immensely successful in their first few seasons, winning the championship in 1947–48, 1949–50, 1950–51, 1951–52 and 1953–54. In the 1947–48 championship-winning season, Merthyr only dropped one point at home (against Colchester United) and only lost four games all season. However, despite their success, the club failed to be elected to the English Football League. The 1950–51 season ended with Merthyr winning the Southern League, the Welsh Cup, the Southern League Cup and the Welsh Challenge Cup.

After bouncing between the various Southern League divisions during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the club finally won their sixth championship in 1988–89, making them joint Southern League title record-holders together with Southampton. This time, winning the championship meant promotion to the Football Conference, the fifth level of English football. The club finished ninth in their first two seasons, and then fourth. However, they then went into decline, and were relegated back to the Southern League in 1995, where they remained until reforming in 2010. They should have been relegated a season earlier, but were reprieved when Northern Premier League champions Marine failed to meet the stadium criteria for the league.

The club's best FA Cup performance was reaching the second round, which they managed in 1946–47 (losing 3–1 to Reading), 1954–55 (losing 7–1 to Bradford City), 1973–74 (losing 3–0 to Hendon), 1979–80 (losing 3–1 in a replay with Chesham United) and 1990–91 (losing 5–1 to Woking). The only time the club managed to defeat a Football League club in the FA Cup was in the first round of the 1946–47 cup, when they beat Bristol Rovers 3–1. The club were considerably more successful in the Welsh Cup, which they won on three occasions: 1949 (beating Swansea Town 2–0), 1951 (beating Cardiff City 3–2 in a replay) and 1987 (beating Newport County 1–0 in a replay). In addition, the club finished as runners-up in 1947 and 1952.

After winning the final in 1987, the club were allowed to enter the European Cup Winners' Cup, at a time when English clubs were banned from European competition. In the first round, they were drawn against the Italian club Atalanta. The club managed a win in the first leg at home, beating the Italians 2–1. However, the return leg was lost 2–0, and the club was eliminated from the competition. Historically, the club's biggest rivals are Gloucester City. The two clubs played over 120 times in their history, making it one of the most played Anglo-Welsh derbies in football. In the late 1990s and early 2000s Newport County were local rivals but the teams have not met in the same league for many years.

2010–present
In 2010, Merthyr Tydfil F.C. of the Southern Football League was liquidated. A new club under the name of Merthyr Town was formed and joined the Western Football League. The club used Rhiw'r Ddar, shared with Taff's Well A.F.C., as its home ground. Promotion from the First Division to the Premier Division of the Western League was achieved in the first season and the club moved to Penydarren Park for the 2011–12 season. Promotion to the Southern League was achieved in 2012.

The team reached the first round proper of the 2022–23 FA Cup, where they lost 2–0 to Buxton.

Stadium

Throughout Merthyr Town's history, their home venue has been Penydarren Park. The site was once used by the Romans for their local military encampment and during the industrial revolution it became part of the Penydarren House estate. In the latter half of the nineteenth century Penydarren Park was used by the locals as an open recreational for walks, athletic competitions and team sports. It was redeveloped in the 1890s with a cinder running track and a cycling track added to cater for the fad in foot and cycle racing. An early attempt to bring rugby league to Wales, saw local team Merthyr Tydfil RLFC set up at the rival College Ground. This in turn led to the larger Penydarren Park being host to the first touring Australian rugby league side where they faced a Wales XIII in front of a crowd of 6,000.

It was also the home of the town's former club, Merthyr Tydfil F.C. There are plans for Merthyr to move to a new stadium on the edge of the town. The stadium would be part of the new 'Merthyr Village' development and have a capacity of around 12,000. These plans were thrown into doubt by the Welsh Government's rejection of the project in 2007. In July 2011, the newly promoted Merthyr Town FC hosted Welsh Premier League side Llanelli in a pre-season friendly at Penydarren Park, and thereafter took up full-time residency.

Notable former players
For all players with a Wikipedia article see Category:Merthyr Town F.C. players.

Honours

 * League
 * Welsh Football League
 * Winners (1): 1930–31
 * Southern Football League Division Two
 * Winners (1): 1912
 * Glamorgan League
 * Winners (1): 1910–11
 * Southern Football League Division One South & West
 * Winners (1): 2014–15
 * Western Football League Premier Division
 * Winners (1): 2011–12
 * Western Football League Division One
 * Winners (1): 2010–11

 * Cups
 * Welsh Cup
 * Runners-up: (1) 1924
 * Welsh Football League Cup
 * Winners (1): 1926
 * South Wales Cup
 * Winners (1): 1931
 * Southern League Cup
 * Winners (1): 2015–16

title: Merthyr Town F.C.


text:
Talk:Hypolith

Untitled
Could someone *please* add what the variables in the Cockell Estimation represent? It's kinda incomplete to just give interaction of variables without any indication as to what they mean.

um, the numerical estimate is in grams per square meter per year. Is this not clear? Robinh 11:15, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The article contradicts itself. In one sentence, it says the rocks are generally translucent, then in the next it says a high percentage are opaque. I don't get it. Aelffin 17:01, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hypolith


text:
User:Bud001

Welcome to my little corner in the Wikipedia universe!

Here, you can find some information about me. I am always willing to help, so if you have any questions and comments, please leave them in my discussion page. Thanks and enjoy your stay.

interests
My interests include the following. Please do not hesitate to ask or discuss with me any questions about the following subjects:

 * Automotive - I love cars, especially European cars. In particular, I love Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Lexus and Porsche automobiles. I would be glad to answer and help with any automobile-related articles.
 * History - I am a student of international political histories, especially European history. I would gladly help with any articles concerning politics, history, and international relations.
 * Food and Wine - I love to cook, but i am somewhat of a novice in the wine field. However, I would gladly help with any questions and articles about international cuisines and other relevant fields.
 * Entertainment - I am not an expert in any entertainment field, but I do enjoy several television programs, including Top Gear (Jeremy Clarkson is a genius!), The West wing, and Sex and the City. I am not a big fan of right-leaning networks such as Fox News Channel.
 * LGBT rights - As a openly gay man, i am concerned about the rights of our community in all spectrums of government. I am hoping to add more articles about this subject soon.

title: User:Bud001


text:
User:Adam249

A bored internet addict with too much time on his hands. :D

title: User:Adam249


text:
Allgemeine Zeitung

The Allgemeine Zeitung was the leading political daily journal in Germany in the first part of the 19th century. It has been widely recognised as the first world-class German journal and a symbol of the German press abroad.

The Allgemeine Zeitung (lit. 'general newspaper') was founded in 1798 by Johann Friedrich Cotta in Tübingen. The works of Schiller and Goethe were published on its pages.

After 1803, the journal was published in Stuttgart. From 1807 to 1882, it was published in Augsburg. Heinrich Heine was a major contributor to the journal. From 1831 he wrote reports on music and painting and became the newspaper's Parisian correspondent. He wrote articles on the French way of life but also about Louis-Philippe and German politics.

In 1882, the Allgemeine Zeitung moved to Munich. The journal stopped publishing on 29 July 1929.

The tradition of this major journal is still maintained by the Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and the Allgemeine Zeitung edited in Mainz.

Editor-in-chiefs

 * Ernst Ludwig Posselt (1798)
 * Ludwig Ferdinand Huber (9 September 1798 to 1804)
 * Karl Joseph Stegmann (1804–1837)
 * Gustav Kolb (1828–1865)
 * Otto Braun (1869–1889)

Writers for the Allgemeine Zeitung were Ludwig Börne, Carl Ludwig Fernow, Karl Gutzkow, Ferdinand Gregorovius, Friedrich Hebbel, Heinrich Heine, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer, Friedrich List, Alfred von Reumont, August Schleicher, Friedrich Johann Lorenz Meyer, Fritz Anneke and Mathilde Franziska Anneke and many more.

title: Allgemeine Zeitung


text:
Beauty and the Beast (talk show)

Beauty and the Beast is an Australian panel television talk show that has appeared in numerous versions since the early days of Australian television.

The concept of the series is that viewers write in asking for advice about personal problems such as family squabbles, questions of social etiquette, marriage problems, contraception, work or career problems.

The host of the program - usually an intentionally brusque and outspoken older male - the so-called "Beast" of the title presents each viewer question in turn and a panel of female celebrities - "the Beauties" serve as panellists who provide their advice on the problem and solutions, the panel then discuss the problem and the advice given offering opinions and views.

History
The first version of the show began on the Seven Network in 1964, hosted by Eric Baume as the "Beast". Baume was later replaced by presenters including Stuart Wagstaff (1966-1968), Noel Ferrier (1969), John Laws (1970), and Rex Mossop (1971-1973).

The format was revived in 1982, with two rival versions, both carrying the same title, appearing on different networks. Network Ten's version had John Laws back as host, later replaced by Clive Robertson, whilst the Seven Network version was hosted by Derryn Hinch.

A 1990s version of the program ran on both Network Ten and Foxtel, hosted by radio broadcaster Stan Zemanek (1996-2001) and radio broadcaster Doug Mulray (2002). Network Ten along with FX aired the final episode in 2002.

The series returned on W exclusively in 2005 after a 3-year hiatus, with Stan Zemanek returning as host. Beauty and the Beast aired its final episode on W in early July 2007, with Zemanek passing away that same month. Since then the program has not returned to air.

Notable celebrity panellists
Other notable panelists on the later versions included

New Zealand version
The Beauty and the Beast format was adopted by TV One and, later, TVNZ as an afternoon television series that ran from 1976 to 1986. The show was first aired on Monday 2 February 1976 and recorded in the Dunedin studios from its inception until the end of 1981 when production moved to Christchurch in 1982. It returned to Dunedin in 1986.

The show featured Selwyn Toogood as the host with a four-woman panel. Notable panellists included Shona McFarlane, Catherine Tizard (later Governor-General) and Johnny Frisbie. The show occasionally featured male panellists such as art dealer Trevor Plumbly. Producer/directors over the years included Wayne Cameron, Judith Thomas, Lorraine Isaacs, Claire Henderson, Brian Stewart, John Wansbrough and Rex Simpson.

A show with a similar concept called How's Life? aired on TVNZ in 2002 and ran for two years, with Charlotte Dawson as host.

title: Beauty and the Beast (talk show)


text:
Entomological Society of Stettin

The Entomological Society of Stettin (Entomologischer Verein zu Stettin) or Stettin Entomological Society, based in Stettin (Szczecin), was one of the leading entomological societies of the 19th century. Most German entomologists were members, as were many from England, Sweden, Italy, France, and Spain. The society had very large collections and a very comprehensive library.

This first German entomological society was formed in 1839. Following the death at age 39 of its first and short-lived president, Dr. Wilhelm Ludwig Ewald Schmidt, Carl August Dohrn (1806-1892), a lifelong resident of the then Prussian town of Stettin, became its second president. He was elected at an anniversary meeting on 5 November 1843. Having acted as secretary of the society for the previous four years, he continued in this role, and that of president, for the next forty.

Under Dohrn's presidency the society became as important as the entomological societies of London and Paris. As in these countries, the society reflected the growing professionalism during the second half of the 19th century, necessitating specialisation. Specialisation was accompanied by a rise in technical standards of argument and presentation and a tendency toward the use of learned jargon. There were differences, however, as German universities and academies became increasingly advanced relative to those of England and France, organising seminars (with their published proceedings) and encouraging early publication of, for instance, the Ph.D. dissertation, the academic "program" and the technical monograph. Also, after about 1850, any entomologist who wished to keep abreast of developments in his subject had to be able to read at least English, French, German, Italian, and, in some cases, Swedish. Latin and Greek were indispensable. Far fewer entomologists in England and France were multilingual than in Germany. The Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday, an early member of the society, was a notable exception.

Stettin (Szczecin) is close to Lund in Sweden, home of the great Swedish dipterist Johann Wilhelm Zetterstedt, and also to Mesritz, where Hermann Loew, the greatest dipterist of the century, was to become Director of the Royal "Realschule". Both were members of the society.

The society's journal was called the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, abbreviated ''Stett. Ent. Zeit.''

Quotes
"The Stettin Entomological Society has continued in full activity, and the number of entomologists, in other countries as well as Germany (six of them members of this Society), who have been admitted as ordinary members during the past year, shows that their proceeding have aroused a greater zeal for scientific enquiry and mutual communication. Some of the visits to England of their Secretary, Dr. Schaum, have appeared in their volume of proceedings; as the articles on the determination of questionable Linnean species of Coleoptera, for which the collection of Linnaeus, in the possession of the Linnean Society of London, has afforded the materials. Besides the various interesting communications contained in this volume, (among which may be particularized Suffrian's criticisms on Schönherr's generic arrangement of the Curculionidae, and an elaborate investigation, by the veteran Gravenhorst, of the affinities of the Brachyeltrous genus Quedius, the society have published a second volume of their yearly journal (the Linnaea) containing, beside the usual portion of matter concerning Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, from the pens of Suffrian, Zeller and Loew, a considerable contribution to the knowledge of the almost microscopical and obscure Hymenopterous family Mymaridae by Prof. Förster; as a supplement to which may be mentioned Loew's discovery of the hitherto unknown economy and prior states of these insects, communicated in the ' Entomologisches Zeitung'."

"The flourishing state of the society during all this time is the best evidence of the power of Dohrn to attract and keep together the bulk of the entomologists of Germany and many of other countries, and his influence remained great. Coleoptera occupied his own attention but he had a regard for insects of other orders if only for the reason that it brought him into communication with the lovers of them, for he had a sympathy not only with the entomologists as such but also as cultivators of a sense of pleasure and enjoyment in the varied realm of nature, and he was able, as a rule, to give far more information on cognate matters than he received"

title: Entomological Society of Stettin


text:
List of museums in Singapore

This is a list of museums in Singapore:

National museums

 * 8Q SAM
 * Asian Civilisations Museum (ACM)
 * National Gallery Singapore
 * National Museum of Singapore
 * Peranakan Museum
 * Singapore Art Museum (SAM)

Other museums

 * Tools of Old Singapore Museum
 * Air Force Museum
 * ArtScience Museum (Marina Bay Sands)
 * Baba House (National University of Singapore)
 * The Battle Box
 * Fort Siloso (Sentosa)
 * Former Ford Factory
 * Fuk Tak Chi Museum
 * Images of Singapore (Sentosa)
 * The Intan
 * JCU Museum of Video and Computer Games
 * Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum (National University of Singapore)
 * Little Mori's Silkworm Museum
 * Madame Tussauds Singapore (Sentosa)
 * Maritime Experiential Museum & Aquarium (Sentosa)
 * Mint Museum of Toys
 * Nei Xue Tang Museum
 * NUS Museum (National University of Singapore)
 * Parkview Museum
 * Red Dot Design Museum Singapore
 * The Republic of Singapore Navy Museum
 * Singapore Philatelic Museum (SPM)
 * Singapore Pinacothèque de Paris
 * Singapore Coins and Notes Museum (SCNM)
 * Sports Museum
 * The Gem Museum
 * Trick Eye Museum
 * Vintage Camera Museum
 * The Live Turtle and Tortoise Museum
 * Buddha Tooth Relic and Temple Museum
 * Hell's Museum
 * Museum of Ice Cream Singapore
 * Fort Canning Heritage Gallery
 * Singapore Musical Box Museum
 * MINT Museum of Toys
 * Ode To Art
 * Singapore Chinese Opera Museum
 * Children's Museum Singapore

Heritage institutions

 * Chinatown Heritage Centre
 * Chinese Heritage Centre
 * Civil Defence Heritage Gallery
 * Heritage Conservation Centre {HCC)
 * Indian Heritage Centre (IHC)
 * Malay Heritage Centre
 * National Archives of Singapore (NAS)
 * Police Heritage Centre
 * Reflections at Bukit Chandu (RBC)
 * Science Centre Singapore
 * Singapore Chinese Cultural Centre
 * Singapore City Gallery (URA)
 * Singapore Discovery Centre
 * Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall
 * Teochew Cultural Centre
 * Eurasian Heritage Gallery

title: List of museums in Singapore


text:
Clipping (morphology)

In linguistics, clipping, also called truncation or shortening, is word formation by removing some segments of an existing word to create a synonym. Clipping differs from abbreviation, which is based on a shortening of the written, rather than the spoken, form of an existing word or phrase. Clipping is also different from back-formation, which proceeds by (pseudo-)morpheme rather than segment, and where the new word may differ in sense and word class from its source.

Creation
According to Hans Marchand, clippings are not coined as words belonging to the core lexicon of a language. They originate as jargon or slang of an in-group, such as schools, army, police, and the medical profession. For example, exam(ination), math(ematics), and lab(oratory) originated in school slang; spec(ulation) and tick(et = credit) in stock-exchange slang; and vet(eran) and cap(tain) in army slang. Clipped forms can pass into common usage when they are widely useful, becoming part of standard language, which most speakers would agree has happened with math/maths, lab, exam, phone (from telephone), fridge (from refrigerator), and various others. When their usefulness is limited to narrower contexts, they remain outside the standard register. Many, such as mani and pedi for manicure and pedicure or mic/mike for microphone, occupy a middle ground in which their appropriate register is a subjective judgment, but succeeding decades tend to see them become more widely used.

Types
According to, clipping mainly consists of the following types:
 * Final clipping or apocope
 * Initial clipping, apheresis, or procope
 * Medial clipping or syncope
 * Complex clipping, creating clipped compounds

Final and initial clipping may be combined and result in curtailed words with the middle part of the prototype retained, which usually includes the syllable with primary stress. Examples: fridge (refrigerator), Polly (Apollinaris), rona (coronavirus), shrink (head-shrinker), tec (detective); also flu (which omits the stressed syllable of influenza), jams (retaining the binary noun -s of pajamas/pyjamas) or jammies (adding diminutive -ie).

Final
In a final clipping, the most common type in English, the beginning of the prototype is retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples include ad and advert (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt (muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music), and clit (clitoris). An example of apocope in Israeli Hebrew is the word lehit, which derives from להתראות lehitraot, meaning "see you, goodbye".

Initial
Initial (or fore) clipping retains the final part of the word. Examples: bot (robot), chute (parachute), roach (cockroach), gator (alligator), phone (telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university), net (Internet).

Medial
Words with the middle part of the word left out are few. They may be further subdivided into two groups: (a) words with a final-clipped stem retaining the functional morpheme: maths (mathematics), specs (spectacles); (b) contractions due to a gradual process of elision under the influence of rhythm and context. Thus, fancy (fantasy), ma'am (madam), and fo'c'sle may be regarded as accelerated forms.

Complex
Clipped forms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples are: cablegram (cable telegram), op art (optical art), org-man (organization man), linocut (linoleum cut). Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certificate). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is not always clear. According to Bauer (1983), the easiest way to draw the distinction is to say that those forms which retain compound stress are clipped compounds, whereas those that take simple word stress are not. By this criterion bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro-am, photo op, sci-fi, and sitcom are all compounds made of clippings.

title: Clipping (morphology)


text: Category:Manganates

title: Category:Manganates


text:
User talk:Yanzi

Hi Yanzi,

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Vsion 08:47, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.  Zoo Fari  04:31, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yanzi


text:
User talk:Iztok.jeras~enwiki

Re your comment - I'd rather get a definition from published work(s) in CA, rather than take things off a web page. Of course, there are several ways of defining CA, some better than others for some purposes, which we can surely mention on the article. I'll try and chase down a book or so and use the definition from these to add a definition section - but feel free to find such a sourced definition yourself. Thanks Dysprosia 08:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

gaymap
If you feel it necessary to have the map changed, please do the research to confirm it, and then you may contact me about changing it, or you may attempt to do it yourself. cheers :) -- Earl Andrew - talk 19:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Cellular automata
Here's your invitation to sign up for WikiProject cellular automata. If you're interested, add your name to the WikiProject Proposals page please. Alpha Omicron 13:52, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Iztok.jeras. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Iztok.jeras~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:44, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:09, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iztok.jeras~enwiki


text:
Anns v Merton LBC

was a decision of the House of Lords that established a broad test for determining the existence of a duty of care in the tort of negligence, called the Anns test or sometimes the two-stage test for true third-party negligence. The case was overruled by Murphy v Brentwood DC [1991].

Facts and background
In 1962, the local authority of Merton approved building plans for the erection of a block of maisonettes. The approved plans showed the base wall and concrete foundations of the block to be 'three feet or deeper to the approval of local authority'. The notice of approval said that the bylaws of the council required that notice should be given to the council both at the commencement of the work and when the foundations were ready to be covered by the rest of the building work. The council had the powers to inspect the foundations and to require any corrections necessary to bring the work into conformity with the bylaws but was not under an obligation to do so.

The block of maisonettes was finished in 1962. The builder, which was also the owner, granted 999-year leases for the maisonettes, and the last conveyance took place in 1965. In 1970, structural movements occurred resulting in failure of the building comprising cracks in the wall, sloping of the floors and other defects. In 1972, the plaintiffs, who were lessees of the maisonettes, issued writs against the builder and the council.

The plaintiffs claimed that the damage was a consequence of the block having been built on inadequate foundations since there was a depth of only two feet and six inches, instead of the three feet or deeper shown on the plans and required under the bylaws. The plaintiffs claimed damages in negligence against the council for approving the foundations and/or failing to inspect the foundations.

At the hearing at first instance, the plaintiffs' case failed on the basis that it was statute barred as the cause of action arose on the first sale of a maisonette by the owner, more than six years before an action was commenced. The Court of Appeal allowed the appeals on the basis that the cause of action arose when the damage was discovered or ought to have been discovered.

The court found in favour of the tenants.

Legal reasoning
The appeal was raised on two points:
 * Whether the local council were under any duty of care toward owners or occupiers of houses as regards inspection during the building process
 * What period of limitation applied to claims by such owners or occupiers against the local council

The House of Lords unanimously decided that a duty of care existed and that such a duty was not barred by a "limitation of actions" statute.

The leading judgment was delivered by Lord Wilberforce with whom all the fellow judges concurred. Lord Salmon delivered a speech within which he agreed in substance with Lord Wilberforce but contained a separate analysis of, in particular, the issue of duty of care.

Lord Wilberforce accepted what might be seen as the high point of the adoption of the statements of Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson, the "neighbour principle": "Through the trilogy of cases in this House, Donoghue v Stevenson, Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd and Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd, the position has now been reached that in order to establish that a duty of care arises in a particular situation, it is not necessary to bring the facts of that situation within those of previous situations in which a duty of care has been held to exist. Rather the question has to be approached in two stages. First one has to ask whether, as between the alleged wrongdoer and the person who has suffered damage there is a sufficient relationship of proximity or neighbourhood such that, in the reasonable contemplation of the former, carelessness on his part may be likely to cause damage to the latter, in which case a prima facie duty of care arises. Secondly, if the first question is answered affirmatively, it is necessary to consider whether there are any considerations which ought to negative, or to reduce or limit the scope of the duty or the class of person to whom it is owed or the damages to which a breach of it may give rise."

Hedley Byrne v Heller was held as an example of a case in which there was a reduction in the scope of the duty of care.

The Anns Test was established a by Lord Wilberforce as two-stage test. It required a sufficient relationship of proximity based upon foreseeability and then considerations of reasons that there should not be a duty of care.

Applying that general statement and approach, Lord Wilberforce considered the particular position of the council as the administrator of the Public Health Act 1936 and its bylaws as to building made by the council under that Act. Lord Wilberforce summarised the position as being one where the council was administering an act-enabling local council through building bylaws to supervise and control the operations of builders, particularly the supervision of the foundations of buildings because the foundation is covered up as the building proceeds. That is specifically recognised by a particular bylaw, which required the foundation of every building to be taken down to such a depth or to be so designed and constructed as to safeguard the building against damage by swelling or shrinkage of the subsoil. Lord Wilberforce noted that the builder was required to notify the local authority before it covered up the foundations so that the local authority had the right to inspect and to insist on correction.

As Lord Wilberforce noted, the issue with respect to the council was that it was discharging powers and duties as a matter of public, not private, law. However, he noted that there was no doubt that private law duties arise over and above or alongside the public law's functions.

Lord Wilberforce noted that almost every exercise of statutory power must inherently adversely affect the interests of private citizens, but in many cases, the powers can be carried out properly and without causing harm to the parties likely to be affected.

The court needs to give consideration to the balance between efficiency and thrift. The local council was under no duty to inspect but had a duty to give proper consideration whether it should inspect or not. Further that if the council inspected, it had to carry out that inspection exercising reasonable care. Lord Wilberforce had to consider a decision of the House of Lords in East Suffolk River Catchment Board v. Kent in which it was argued a Statutory Authority failed in reasonable time to repair the breach of a drainage bank and damage was sustained by the plaintiffs land as a result. Lord Wilberforce stated that case was decided on the basis of a different statute, subject to a different range of considerations, but that it might be said that there was no real consideration of a general duty of care and that the content of any duty of care against the background of considerable flooding and other activity being undertaken by the defendant argued for a lower standard of care, if not the absence of a duty of care.

Lord Wilberforce had no difficulty saying that on that basis the duty of care existed was affirmed and owed to the owners and occupiers of the houses. The owners or occupiers were not an endless indeterminate class of potential plaintiffs.

The nature of the duty of care had to be closely related to the consideration of the statutory powers granted to the council and the exercise of due care in those powers.

Lord Wilberforce dismissed the limitation of actions issues quite quickly and held that the claim was not statute-barred.

Rejection of precedent
Over the following years, the courts backed away from the Anns approach and instead decided on a more category-based reasoning. The test was finally put to rest with the case of Murphy v Brentwood DC [1991] 1 AC 398, [1990] 2 All ER 908. It has been suggested by academics that the change was in reaction to the conservative political climate in the United Kingdom at the time.

Nevertheless, the Anns approach has inspired the development of tort law in many parts of the world. It has since been adopted by Canada in the case City of Kamloops v. Nielsen and later modified by Cooper v. Hobart. The modified Anns test is largely used for establishing new duties of care.

Canada
The Anns test was adopted by the Supreme Court of Canada in 1984 to help it determine Kamloops (City of) v Nielsen. Despite being overruled in the United Kingdom, the Anns test remains current in Canadian law and has been used there in 31 Supreme Court rulings.

title: Anns v Merton LBC


text:
File:Burningjapancover.jpg

Summary
Album cover for "Burning Japan Live 1999" by Arch Enemy.

title: File:Burningjapancover.jpg


text:
Talk:Semiconductor-die cutting

Die Cutting sounds COOL.

Plural of Die
_ _ I relied on a quarter-century-old AmHerDict which is clear that the plural of "die", in the sense of small blocks of material, is "dice", which is logical since the resemblance to gambling dice indicates the origin there rather than industrial "taps and dies". (And "die" was well established in semiconductor tech terminology well before the '80s, even tho not specifically acknowledged by AmHer.) _ _ That being said, usage is not always logical, and contrary evidence would be welcome to me. _ _ That being said, the use of the word "dicing" in the article means that simply replaing "dice" by "dies" violates the principle of minimum astonishment: some kind of acknowledgement of the disconnect between "dicing" and "dies" would be needed. --Jerzy·t 19:56, 2005 August 2 (UTC)
 * That's "Am. Her. Dict." --Jerzy•t 08:08, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

Saw Geometry
I'm not clear that this is a toothed saw, despite that being implicit in the language i corrected, "circular saw with diamond tipped blades". ("Circular saw" is a lousy term for "machine making multiple simultaneous cuts with its multiple circular blades", so i infer a saw with one blade having multiple teeth in my edited version.  However, the "saw" in question might be called that by those using it, but still be more accurately described as a grinder i.e., a disc with a circumferential surface that does not feature notches between teeth but instead is rough bcz the industrial diamonds to its uniform surface have projecting corners; in that case we need to document both the name "saw" for it and its sharing the function rather than the structure of saws: the structure of a circular saw is a disc having quite regularly spaced projections, while that of a grinder is a disc whose circumference has randomly located "grit" that satisfies only statistical specifications for its roughness. --Jerzy·t 19:56, 2005 August 2 (UTC)

title: Talk:Semiconductor-die cutting


text: Category:Postal system of Hong Kong

title: Category:Postal system of Hong Kong


text: Category:Museums in Singapore

title: Category:Museums in Singapore


text:
Paris–Tours

Paris–Tours is a French one-day classic road cycling race held every October from the outskirts of Paris to the cathedral city of Tours. It is a predominantly flat course through the Chevreuse and Loire valleys; the highest point is 200 m, at Le Gault-du-Perche. It is known as a "Sprinters' Classic" because it frequently ends in a bunch sprint at the finish, in Tours. For several decades the race arrived on the 2.7 km long Avenue de Grammont, one of cycling's best-known finishing straits, particularly renowned among sprinters. Since 2011 the finish was moved to a different location because a new tram line was built on the Avenue de Grammont.

History
Paris–Tours was first run for amateurs in 1896, making it one of the oldest cycling races in the world. It was organised by the magazine Paris-Vélo, which described that edition won by Eugène Prévost as, "A crazy, unheard of, unhoped for success". It was five years before the race was run again and a further five years (1906) before it became an annual event for professionals, with L'Auto as organiser. L’Auto ran the Tour de France (TDF) and Paris–Tours is still run by the Tour organiser, Amaury Sport Organisation.

The race was part of the UCI Road World Cup from 1989 to 2004, and the UCI ProTour from 2005 to 2007. From 2008 to 2019 it was part of the UCI Europe Tour before joining the UCI ProSeries in 2020.

The route
Paris–Tours has had many route changes although the distance has remained about 250 km. The start was moved out of Paris in the early days, first to Versailles, then to at Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines. Since 2009, the route has started in the Department of Eure-et-Loir. A loop through Chinon was added between 1919 and 1926 to make the approach to Tours hilly lanes on the south bank of the Loire and the total distance 342 km. Sprinters continued to dominate and in 1959 the organisers added three ascents of the Alouette Hill. It made little difference.

In 1965 dérailleurs were banned and riders were limited to two gears. The race was won by Dutch first-year professional Gerben Karstens who chose 53/16 and 53/15, covering 246 km at a record 45.029 km/h. The experiment was judged a failure when the 1966 race ended the same way as 1964.

The course was reversed and the route constantly changed between 1974 and 1987. It was sometimes known as the Grand Prix d'Automne and sometimes by the names of the start and finish towns. For many the event lost character as the race was run between Tours and Versailles (1974–75) Blois and Chaville (1976–77 and 1979–84), Blois to Autodrome de Montlhéry (1978) and Créteil to Chaville (1985–87). In 1988 the race reverted to its original Paris–Tours route.

The wind can often be hostile; in 1988 Peter Pieters averaged just 34kmh, slowest for 57 years. However, Paris–Tours becomes the fastest classic when the wind is behind the riders, Óscar Freire winning in 2010 at 47.730kmh. It gave him the Ruban Jaune or "Yellow Riband" for the fastest speed in a classic, in fact the Ruban Jaune has been awarded nine times (as of 2016) to riders winning Paris–Tours and posting the fastest time in a professional race.

The route for the 2018 edition of the race was changed radically with the race starting in Chartres and incorporating 12.5 kilometres' of unpaved gravel tracks inside the final 60 kilometres as the race winds it way around vineyards in the Tours area. Seven new punchy climbs were also included in the finale of the race which was reduced to a distance of 211 kilometres to compensate for the additional difficulties.

Classic races and riders
The 1921 edition had blizzards. Half the field abandoned in Chartres. The winner, Francis Pélissier, punctured late in the race; his hands frozen, he tore the tyre off the rim with his teeth. Riding on the rim, he caught Eugène Christophe and soloed to the finish. Rik Van Looy won the 1959 race, the first to feature the Alouette Hill. One of the best sprinters of his day, Van Looy dropped two others on the second ascent and won alone.

The record for the most victories is three, held by Gustave Danneels (1934, 1936, 1937), Paul Maye (1941, 1942, 1945), Guido Reybrouck (1964, 1966, 1968) and Erik Zabel (1994, 2003, 2005).

Eddy Merckx never won Paris–Tours; he could have triumphed in 1968 but handed victory to teammate Guido Reybrouck, pulling out of the sprint, to thank him for help earlier in the season. Later, Noël Vantyghem (winner of the 1972 edition) said "Together with Eddy Merckx, I won all classics races that could be won. I won Paris-Tours, he the rest."

Erik Zabel took his first big victory at Paris–Tours in 1994. He won Paris–Tours again in 2003 and 2005. Jacky Durand, Andrea Tafi, Marc Wauters, Richard Virenque, Erik Dekker and Philippe Gilbert (two times) have all won solo or from a small group, denying sprinters a chance. Virenque had just returned from a drugs ban. He broke away with Durand shortly after the start and stayed away despite Durand's dropping back outside Tours.

The Autumn Double
The Autumn Double refers to Paris–Tours and the Giro di Lombardia, considered cycling's most important classics in Autumn, run within a week of each other in October. The races are different – Lombardia is for climbers – making the double difficult. Only four have achieved it in the same year: Belgians Philippe Thys in 1917 and Rik Van Looy in 1959, Dutchman Jo de Roo twice (1962–1963) and Belgian Philippe Gilbert in 2009.

Multiple winners
Riders in italics are still active

Tours–Paris
In 1917 and 1918 a race was held from Tours–Paris as well as Paris–Tours.

The winners of Tours–Paris were:

title: Paris–Tours


text:
Ramesh Balsekar

Ramesh S. Balsekar (25 May 1917 – 27 September 2009) was an Indian Advaita teacher and physical culturist. He was disciple and principle translator of Nisargadatta Maharaj, a renowned Advaita master. From early childhood, Balsekar was drawn to Advaita, a nondual teaching, particularly the teachings of Ramana Maharshi and Wei Wu Wei. He wrote more than 20 books, was president of the Bank of India, and received guests daily in his home in Mumbai until shortly before his death in 2009.

Career
As a young man, Balsekar was interested in bodybuilding, physical culture and yoga. He was a student of K. V. Iyer. Balsekar was featured with photographic coverage in the physical culture magazine Strength & Health and others. His 1940 book Streamlines included yoga-āsana and sūrya namaskāra exercises. He married Sharda in 1940, they had several children.

He won the "All-India Body Beautiful Competition" in 1938 and studied physical culture in England under Lawrence A. Woodford, author of Physical Idealism and the Art of Posing. He was described in physical culture literature as a "most perfectly developed man". In 1936, Balsekar studied at London School of Economics for several years. After returning to Mumbai he became a clerk at the Bank of India. He was promoted throughout his career, culminating to the highest position of the president of the Bank of India, which he held for ten years until his retirement in 1977. He became a teacher of Advaita philosophy.

Teachings
Balsekar taught from the tradition of Advaita Vedanta nondualism. His teaching begins with the idea of an ultimate Source, Brahman, from which creation arises. Once creation has arisen, the world and life operate mechanistically according to both Divine and natural laws. While people believe that they are actually doing things and making choices, free will is in fact an illusion. All that happens is predetermined (“ God’s Will Be Done” ) as in a film  The Source had written the script, directs it and plays all the parts  and props. “There is nothing second to the Source”. Every human is a three dimensional object through which the Source or consciousness acts to bring about outcomes so that what has to happen can happen. There is no individual doer of any actions but each individual body mind organism acts and is driven by its genetic makeup and conditioning both of which are not in control of the individual. Ramesh often quoted the Buddha ….”Events happen,deeds are done but there is no individual doer thereof”. The manifestation came about when potential energy activated itself. If it was not potential energy then it would have dead energy and unable to activate is potential. this activation is what modern scientists call the Big Bang.

Like other Vedanta teachers, Balsekar says that while creation and creator appear to be different and separate, that they are actually two sides of the same coin. He taught that life is a happening but there is no individual doer of life. Among his most notable students are Dorje Khandro, a former disciple of Chögyam Trungpa, Gautam Sachdeva and Roger Castillo.

In his 80s, Balsekar lived in a sea-facing apartment where he gave question-and-answer sessions. Celebrities such as Leonard Cohen, Dennis Quaid and Meg Ryan attended these sessions.

Selected publications

 * Streamlines (1940), Bombay: G. C. Dorsett
 * Duet of One: The Ashtavakra Gita Dialogue (1989), ISBN 0-929448-11-1
 * Consciousness Speaks: Conversations with Ramesh S. Balsekar (1993), ISBN 0-929448-14-6
 * Who Cares?! The Unique Teaching of Ramesh S. Balsekar (1999), ISBN 0-929448-18-9
 * The Ultimate Understanding  (2002), ISBN 1-84293-045-1
 * Confusion No More (2007), ISBN 978-1-905857-25-8

title: Ramesh Balsekar


text:
Ecphonesis

Ecphonesis (ἐκφώνησις) is an emotional, exclamatory phrase (exclamation) used in poetry, drama, or song. It is a rhetorical device that originated in ancient literature.

A Latin example is "O tempora! O mores!" ("Oh, the times! Oh, the morals!"). A modern example is "Young man!" from the song YMCA by the Village People.

Edgar Allan Poe used ecphonesis in “The Tell-Tale Heart:” "'Almighty God!--no, no! They heard!--they suspected!--they knew!--they were making a mockery of my horror!--this I thought, and this I think. But anything was better than this agony! Anything was more tolerable than this derision! I could bear those hypocritical smiles no longer! I felt that I must scream or die! and now--again!--hark! louder! louder! louder! louder! Villains!' I shrieked, 'dissemble no more! I admit the deed!--tear up the planks! here, here!--It is the beating of his hideous heart!"Other examples of ecphonesis include when Homer Simpson said "No! No-no-no-no-no-no! Well, yes." during The Simpsons episode "Homer The Heretic," and when the Scarecrow said "Oh joy! Rapture! I got a brain!" in The Wizard of Oz.

Donald Trump used the expressions "Sad!" and "Wrong!" without elaboration throughout his 2016 US presidential campaign.

In Eastern Orthodox Liturgy
In the Eastern Orthodox Church many prayers are recited silently by the priest who "speaks to God face-to-face" according to St. Symeon of Thessaloniki. However, the closing words of such prayers are usually chanted aloud, especially at the closing of an ectenia (litany), and those closing words are called an ecphonesis.

Examples:

 * In the anaphora (eucharistic prayer), the prayer following the sanctus is said silently by the priest but its ending, the Words of Institution, are intoned in a loud voice.
 * During most ectenias the priest silently recites a prayer up to its last line and then, when the ectenia has concluded, he chants aloud that last line.

title: Ecphonesis


text:
Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive

Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive is a real-time tactics video game developed by Spellbound Entertainment and published by Infogrames for Microsoft Windows.

In the game, the player controls up to six characters in an Old West setting. The protagonist is a worldly knife-fighter and gunslinger, John Cooper, who sets out to capture a notorious train-robber named "El Diablo" and claim the bounty on his head. As Cooper sets off on his quest, he is aided by five companions and they work together in a real-time, stealth-based structure, although all-out gunfights are still highly possible in the game.

The game is the first in the Desperados series, initially followed in 2006 by Desperados 2: Cooper's Revenge and in 2007 by a stand-alone expansion Helldorado. A multiplayer-oriented title that would have been called Desperados Gangs was in development when Spellbound shut down. The series was revived in 2020 with Desperados III developed by Mimimi Productions and published by THQ Nordic.

Plot
In 1881, an outlaw known only as "El Diablo" and whose face has never been seen by any living soul is responsible for the armed holdup of several trains. The railroad company Twinnings & Co puts up a reward of $15,000 for whoever brings El Diablo in dead or alive. John Cooper, a traveling gunfighter, decides to pursue the bounty despite being warned off by cantankerous U.S. Marshal Jackson, who claims to have an official warrant to capture El Diablo.

Cooper gathers a team of his old acquaintances; ex-prospector and explosives fanatic Sam Williams; Doc McCoy, a physician with hidden talents as a sharpshooter and lockpicker, and gambler and con-woman Kate O'Hara. The group manages to apprehend El Diablo's right-hand man Pablo Sanchez, but as they attempt to deliver him to the authorities, they run into (and thwart) an ambush set by El Diablo's bandits. This and Sanchez revealing that Diablo has an inside man who has been helping him plan the robberies and stay ahead of the law convinces Cooper that Smith, the railroad agent who hired him, is the snitch.

Smith is assassinated before Cooper can get answers, and with Jackson sending a posse to pursue Cooper on charges of murder, he frees Sanchez from prison and enlists his help. Sanchez guides the team to Socorro to track down Carlos, a local who is sheltering El Diablo. Mia Yung, a young Chinese American girl, also joins the team after Jackson's deputies kill her father in his own store, vowing revenge. While Cooper listens in on a conversation between Carlos and one of El Diablo's representatives (in which the former dies), Doc and Kate are taken hostage.

Cooper, Sam, Mia, and Sanchez secretly follow El Diablo's gang as they use a hijacked train to deliver supplies to their boss's hideout in a remote cave. El Diablo captures the group in a trap and imprisons them while he offers Sanchez a chance to rejoin his gang as an alternative to being tortured to death. They escape with the help of Mia's pet monkey, Mr. Leone. Cooper rescues Sanchez and finally confronts El Diablo. To his shock, Diablo reveals that he is actually Marshal Jackson. After a brutal gunfight, Cooper finishes Diablo off with his knife and collect the reward, making sure that everyone in his gang gets an equal share before they part ways.

Gameplay
The game is a top down stealth tactics game, similar to Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines. The player controls up to six characters to navigate through each level and deal with the enemies in a variety of ways, such as John's knife throwing, Sam's snake, Doc's knock out gas, etc etc.

The player can use a "spyglass" function on NPCs to see their fields of vision. Depending on the color of the cone, the player can see the mental state of the NPC. If the cone is green, it means the person is calm. Similarly, a yellow cone signifies suspicion, and a red means the NPC has spotted one of the characters. Some colors signify special status such as a pink cone, meaning the NPC has become attracted to Kate, or a black cone, meaning they have been hit by Mia's blowpipe.

Another special feature is the Quick Action, in which certain actions - from running to a certain place up to using a weapon against a pre-targeted enemy - can be 'pre-programmed' and called upon immediately when needed. For instance, by programming his revolver with Quick Action, Cooper can either concentrate all three shots that he can fire on a single opponent or divide them between up to three targets without having to move the mouse cursor around.

Development
Physical copies of the game released in the United States featured an alternate cover art by famed comic book artist Glenn Fabry.

An add-on was announced, but it was never released.

A modernised update, Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive - Modernized, released in July 2018 improved compatibility with newer Windows 10 OS, as well as ports to MacOS and Linux, added foreign dubs that were previously missing from most digital versions, and its mission from the game's demo brought into the full game.

Reception
Rob Smolka reviewed the PC version of the game for Next Generation, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "this gets an extra star just for being that rare Western-themes game that does justice to its source. Stick with it through the tough times, or you'll miss out on a great story and a stable full of action".

The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

title: Desperados: Wanted Dead or Alive


text:
Burning Japan Live 1999

Burning Japan Live 1999 is a live album by Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy. Originally released in Japan only, the album was re-released worldwide in 2000 due to fan demand.

Reception
Burning Japan Live 1999 received mixed reviews by critics. Metal Rules's El Cid criticized mainly the crowd writing that "the Japanese crowd doesn't help much in this matter, no offense to anyone but it does seem like everyone is just sitting down listening and doing nothing else during a gig unless they are instructed to by Johan Liiva" and stated that the album "is very much like listening to a compilation of Arch Enemy songs rather than a live album." On the other hand, Paul Schwarz of Chronicles of Chaos wrote in his review that it "has a clear yet characteristic sound which places it in the rare category of being a live album well worth owning. The musical elements have a live-sounding rawness while retaining the subtleties which are such essential parts of Arch Enemy's masterful mixture of pure riff and metal melodies". He praised Liiva writing that his "vocal delivery is both powerful and expressive - and similarly well-balanced and accentuated by the top-notch production." Schwarz finished writing about the crowd, "the crowd are enthusiastically loud though their fanatical support is thankfully quite unintrusive to the enjoyment of the record."

Personnel
Personnel credits adapted from Burning Bridges album liner notes.

Arch Enemy

 * Johan Liiva − vocals
 * Michael Amott − lead guitar, producer
 * Christopher Amott − rhythm guitar
 * Sharlee D'Angelo − bass
 * Daniel Erlandsson − drums

Production

 * Fredrik Nordström − producer, mixing
 * Steve Gurney − engineer, recording
 * Göran Finnberg – mastering

title: Burning Japan Live 1999