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2005 Pacific typhoon season

The 2005 Pacific typhoon season was the least active typhoon season since 2000, producing 23 named storms, of which 13 became typhoons (including 4 super typhoons). It was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation, in which tropical cyclones form in the western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout 2005, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Kulap, developed on January 13, while the season's last named storm, Bolaven, dissipated on November 20. The season's first typhoon, Haitang, reached typhoon status on July 13, and became the first super typhoon of the year three days later.

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, to the north of the equator between 100°E and the 180th meridian. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones, which can often result in a cyclone having two names, one from the JMA and one from PAGASA. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) will name a tropical cyclone should it be judged to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h anywhere in the basin, while the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N–25°N regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions that are monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) are given a number with a "W" suffix.

Seasonal forecasts
During the year several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many tropical cyclones, tropical storms, and typhoons will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies included the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of University College London, PAGASA and Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau. Some of the forecasts took into consideration what happened in previous seasons and the La Niña conditions that were observed during the previous year.

On March 14, TSR published their extended range forecast for the 2005 season, in which the anticipated that they would see tropical activity slightly below the average. They predicted that there would be a total of 25-26 tropical storms and 16 typhoons. The TSR, however, forecast that their number of intense typhoons would go slightly above the average, bringing their prediction of 10 intense typhoons. Their main reasons behind this is due to weaker trade force winds occurring in many parts of the basin, and there would be an enhanced cyclonic vorticity over the northwestern part of the Pacific. On April 27, the GCACIC made their first forecast for the season, expecting about 24 tropical storms developing, in which 15 of them would strengthen into typhoons. By May 5, TSR published their first forecast, still predicting a near average typhoon season. Around this time, 27-28 tropical storms, 17-18 typhoons and 9 intense typhoons were predicted, with the slight increase of the number of tropical storms were due to a slight increase in temperatures within the Niño 3.75 region.

TSR's second forecast was released on June 7, now predicting a slightly above average season, with the only change for their predicted cyclone numbers was a slight increase of intense typhoons to 9.4. The GCACIC made their second and final forecast for the season on June 24, slightly increasing their numbers to 25 tropical storms and 16 typhoons. The TSR maintained their predictions after their third forecast update on July 5. Sea-surface temperatures within the Pacific were predicted to be more warmer than that predicted back in the May forecast. On August 5, TSR released their fourth and final forecast for the season, still remaining the same numbers along with the same reasonings.

Seasonal summary
The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index for the 2005 Pacific typhoon season as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center was 309.9 units.

The 2005 season was a near-average season, the number of typhoons in the year was twenty-three, much less than the average of twenty-seven. The number of typhoons that made landfall in Japan was three, which is almost the average (2.6). In general, this is not a year in which the impact of typhoons has been especially notable. The number of typhoons that passed near Okinawa was eight, which is slightly larger than the average of seven, and this is because this year there are some typhoons moving through the Sakishima Islands towards the Taiwan or China. This year's major typhoons are reviewed below.

Although the season was quiet, some typhoons caused extensive damages in many places, especially in China where eight typhoons struck the country. First, Typhoon Haitang became the strongest storm in the basin this year and caused about $1.1 billion in damages in Taiwan and China in mid July. In August, Typhoon Matsa made landfall in Eastern China and caused about $2.23 billion in damages. Later that same month, two powerful typhoons made landfall, causing extreme damage and some casualties. Similar to Haitang, Typhoon Longwang made landfall in Taiwan and China at a strong intensity causing damages.

Severe Tropical Storm Kulap
On January 12, a tropical disturbance developed within an area of light vertical wind shear. This allowed deep convection to develop over a broad low-level circulation. The next day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) as the system continued to develop. Later that day, they issued their first advisory on Tropical Depression 01W while the storm was located about 215 km southwest of Chuuk. Several hours later, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) also designated the system as a tropical depression. Early on January 15, the JTWC upgraded 01W to a tropical storm as the system turned towards the north. The northward movement was the result of the system traveling along the edge of a low to mid-level ridge located to the east. About 12 hours later, the JMA upgraded the depression to a tropical storm and gave it the name Kulap; which was contributed by Thailand and is the Thai word for rose. Kulap gradually intensified over the next two days, reaching its peak intensity with winds of 95 km/h 10-minute winds ) around 1800 UTC on January 17, making it a severe tropical storm according to the JMA. However, at the same time the JMA assessed Kulap to have reached its peak intensity, the JTWC classified it as a minimal typhoon with winds of 120 km/h 1-minute winds ). Shortly after reaching its peak intensity, the storm began to undergo an extratropical transition and weaken. Late on January 18, the JTWC issued their final advisory on Kulap despite the storm remaining tropical. The JMA considered Kulap to have been a tropical storm until early the next day. The storm dissipated as a weak extratropical system around 1200 UTC on January 19. Between January 13 and 14, the storm produced heavy rains over the island of Chuuk. Upwards of 300 mm of rain fell during the two-day span, of which 166.6 mm fell in 24 hours.

Severe Tropical Storm Roke (Auring)
A tropical disturbance formed on March 11, near the equator. It rapidly developed into Tropical Depression 02W on March 13 as it steadily moved north, then west towards the Philippines. Later that day, it entered warm waters as it was upgraded into Tropical Storm Roke. Due to a strong ridge of high pressure north of it, it moved west-southwest, attaining peak intensity as a severe tropical storm. Roke then entered the PAR, giving the name Auring later that day. It made landfall in eastern Visayas on March 16. The next day, Roke rapidly weakened due to cool waters and dissipated on March 18. Roke is a male Chamorro name. Seven people were killed and damages amounted to $166,000 (2005 USD).

Typhoon Sonca (Bising)
A large area of convection formed on April 11. Late on April 14, a newly disorganized disturbance formed in that area and steadily intensified. The next two days, the disturbance interacted with another low-pressure area as it moved north towards warm waters. On April 17, the depression weakened due to strong vertical windshear. The JTWC designated as Tropical Depression 03W on April 18. Although the JMA started classifying it as a tropical depression on April 21. It rapidly intensified into a tropical storm, with the JMA naming it Sonca late on April 20. Very early on April 21, the PAGASA classified it as a storm, naming it Bising. Convection built up the storm again on April 22 and entered an area with favorable conditions. The next day, Sonca rapidly intensified into a Category 4 typhoon until it reached peak intensity on mid-April 24. Sonca rapidly weakened due to cool waters and dissipated on April 27.

Tropical Depression Crising
On May 8, a parade of tropical disturbances formed and affected southern Philippines from an ITCZ. As the ITCZ weakened on May 13, the last disturbance formed southeast of Mindanao, Philippines. It moved north until it became a tropical depression on May 16 at 0000 UTC (0800 PHT) 180 nmi east of Surigao on Mindanao Island. It was assigned the name Crising by PAGASA. The storm never organized into a tropical storm and did not receive the more recognized International name for West Pacific storms. The storm drifted northwest then southwest and began losing convection. PAGASA stopped tracking the storm 24 hours later on the 17th at 0000 UTC (0800 PHT) 145 nmi east of Surigao.

Typhoon Nesat (Dante)
A tropical depression formed from a tropical wave late on May 28. It rapidly intensified into Tropical Storm Nesat on May 30, rapidly moving west. This was a powerful storm that formed on May 30 about 290 nmi south-southeast of Guam as Tropical Depression 04W. It was quickly upgraded to Tropical Storm Nesat overnight at 1800 UTC (0200 PHT May 31). Nesat is a Cambodian word for fisherman. On the evening of June 1, it strengthened into Typhoon Nesat. On June 2, it entered the Philippine area of responsibility and was assigned the name Dante for Philippine warnings. Typhoon Nesat (Dante) quickly grew to a Category 4 storm as it approached the Philippines, but it curved away to the northeast and did not pose a threat to land. Waxing and waning in strength it eventually became extratropical southeast of Honshū, Japan at tropical storm strength on the morning of June 10 at 0000 UTC (0900 JST).

Tropical Depression Emong
A large tropical disturbance formed on July 2. The PAGASA issued a tropical depression strength near the Philippines on July 4 at 0600 UTC (1400 PHT) about 35 nmi northeast of Catarman on Samar Island, giving the name Emong. It was assigned the name Emong by PAGASA. The storm never organized into a tropical storm and did not receive the more recognized International name for West Pacific storms. As a poorly organized depression it drifted over Luzon on July 5. Upper-level shear and the depression's landfall caused the storm to lose organization on July 6 while located about 40 nmi south of Hong Kong.

Typhoon Haitang (Feria)
There were 15 deaths in Taiwan and another 14 in mainland China.

Tropical Storm Nalgae
An upper-level low formed on July 17 near warm waters. It steadily intensified, moving north on July 20, with both JMA and JTWC upgrading it as Tropical Storm Nalgae. Later that day, it passed by an area of convection and cluster of thunderstorms, reaching peak intensity on July 21. It maintained its intensity until the afternoon hours of July 22, but the JMA classified it as a severe tropical storm. Nalgae rapidly weakened as it was downgraded into a depression on July 23 by both agencies. The JTWC made its final warnings on the morning of July 24 as it became extratropical. The remnants of Nalgae was absorbed by a large extratropical system from Tropical Storm Banyan on July 28. In post-analysis, the JMA downgraded it to a Tropical Storm.

Tropical Storm Nalgae formed from a tropical disturbance 325 nmi northwest of Wake Island on the morning of July 20. Nalgae is a Korean word for wing. Nalgae did not reach typhoon intensity or threaten land. It turned to the north and then east, avoiding Japan.

Severe Tropical Storm Banyan
A large tropical disturbance formed late on July 19, which formed in area of high convection and from the outflow of Typhoon Haitang. It rapidly intensified into a strong depression on July 21. While tracking northwards, it was named and upgraded as Tropical Storm Banyan later on July 22. Late on July 23, Banyan reached peak intensity of a severe tropical storm by the JMA until the sunset hours of July 24. Banyan rapidly weakened as it affected Japan by bringing heavy rainfall from July 25 to 28. It made landfall on July 26 and became a large extratropical system on July 27, which made the JTWC issued Banyan's final warning very early on that day. The system absorbed the extratropical remnants of Nalgae the next day and fully dissipated on July 31, affecting Alaska and Canada.

Severe Tropical Storm Banyan formed from a tropical disturbance about 300 nmi north of Yap Island on the evening of July 21 at 1200 UTC (2100 JST). Banyan is a tree common in India and southern China. Banyan brushed the southern and eastern coasts of Honshū, Japan on July 26. It became extratropical off the northeastern coast of Honshū on July 27.

Tropical Storm Washi
A cluster of thunderstorms was pulled from the very strong outflow from Tropical Storm Banyan east of Manila, Philippines on July 26. The next day, it was classified into a tropical disturbance which was moving northwest towards Hong Kong. On July 28, it became a tropical depression and then a tropical storm the next day, with the JMA naming it as Washi. Later that day, it reached peak intensity and rapidly weakened due to an exposed circulation on July 31. Washi finally dissipated later that day, with its remnants energy moving west dissipating on August 2.

Tropical Storm Washi formed as a tropical depression about 215 nmi south of Hong Kong. Washi is a Japanese word for the constellation Aquila and it literally means "Japanese paper" The storm moved west towards Hainan. Tropical Storm Washi made its first landfall near Xinglong, Hainan. After re-entering the Gulf of Tonkin, the storm made its final landfall near Nam Định, Vietnam.

Typhoon Matsa (Gorio)
Typhoon Matsa (Gorio) formed as a depression 130 nmi west northwest of Yap Island. Matsa is a Laotian name for a lady fish. Matsa formed east of and then moved into the Philippine area of responsibility. It has been assigned the name Gorio for Philippine advisories. Matsa passed between Taiwan and Okinawa with the center of the storm passing over the Yaeyama Islands of Japan on the evening of August 4. The storm made landfall near Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shanghai on mainland China on the morning of August 6 with maximum sustained winds of 145 km/h. The storm rapidly dissipated inland over China but remnants brought heavy rain inland west of Shanghai.

Severe Tropical Storm Sanvu (Huaning)
Typhoon Sanvu (Huaning) formed as a tropical depression on the morning of August 10 at 0000 UTC (0800 PHT) 320 nautical miles east-northeast of Borongan on Samar Island inside the Philippine area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to Tropical Depressions because they often bring heavy rains and mudslides to the Philippines. Storm was named Tropical Depression Huaning for Philippine warnings but within 24 hours received the more recognized name Sanvu when it became a Tropical Storm. Sanvu is a Chinese name for coral. Tropical Storm Sanvu (Huaning) passed over a peninsula in Cagayan province on the island of Luzon early on the morning of August 12. It was upgraded to a typhoon before making landfall in China the next day on August 13. Sanvu (Huaning) rapidly dissipated after moving inland on August 14.

Sanvu was the first typhoon that necessitated a tropical cyclone signal for Hong Kong.

There were 36 deaths in China.

Severe Tropical Storm Guchol
Another tropical disturbance formed east of Tropical Depression 11W on August 18. In the same time where 11W became Mawar, the disturbance rapidly intensified into Tropical Depression 12W on the morning of August 20 at 0000 UTC (0900 JST) 190 nautical miles (350 kilometers) southwest of Marcus Island, Japan. It reached Tropical Storm strength the next day and was named Guchol, a Yapese name for the spice turmeric. It reached peak intensity late on August 23. Guchol curved to the northwest and never threatened land. It became extratropical August 25 at 0000 UTC (0900 JST) 735 nmi east-southeast of Nakashibetsu, Hokkaidō, Japan. The remnants of the storm dissipated and crossed the International Date Line on August 27.

Typhoon Mawar
A cluster of thunderstorms began to circulate into a tropical disturbance early on August 18. Its circulation became exposed and intensified again later that day. It became Tropical Depression 11W on the evening of August 19 at 1200 UTC (2100 JST) 245 nautical miles (455 kilometers) southeast of Iwo Jima. The storm intensified rapidly in two days to a Category 4 Super Typhoon but weakened as it approached Japan. Mawar made landfall on Honshū as a Category 2 Typhoon on August 25 at 1800 UTC (August 26 0300 JST) with winds of 95 mph. After moving inland to the northwest it was downgraded to a Category 1 typhoon before entering the Pacific Ocean. It was downgraded to a Tropical Storm on August 26 and became extratropical on August 27. The extratropical remnants of Mawar dissipated on August 30. One person was killed and seven were injured in relation to Mawar.

Typhoon Talim (Isang)
Tropical Depression 13W formed on the afternoon of August 26 at 0600 UTC northeast of the island of Yap. Within 24 hours it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Talim and the next day became a Typhoon. Talim is a Philippine name for a knife or sharp cutting edge. Typhoon Talim was assigned the name Typhoon Isang for Philippine warnings when it entered the Philippine area of responsibility on August 29. Typhoon Talim (Isang) made landfall at 1800 UTC August 31 (0200 PHT September 1) as a Category 3 storm. Talim dissipated over southeastern China on September 1. Typhoon Talim left at least 110 people dead and 23 missing in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi & Anhui provinces, with at least 40 people dead in the latter province due to landslides.

There were 167 fatalities in China. It also left 5 dead in Taiwan.

Typhoon Nabi (Jolina)
Typhoon Nabi formed from a tropical depression on the afternoon of August 29 at 0600 UTC (1600 AEST) east of Saipan. 18 hours later it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Nabi. Nabi is a Korean word for a butterfly. It strengthened into a Typhoon on August 30 and passed near the islands of Saipan and Guam on August 31.After passing near the Marianas Islands, the storm continued to strengthen until reaching Category 5 intensity on September 1. Typhoon Nabi was assigned the name Jolina for Philippine warnings when it entered the Philippine area of responsibility on September 3. Typhoon Nabi (Jolina) passed to the east of the island of Okinawa, Japan, and made landfall in the Kagoshima Prefecture of Japan on September 6 as a Category 2 storm. It dissipated shortly after that.

Twenty-one deaths have been reported in Japan. On September 8, five people were missing in South Korea and fifty in Japan as a result of the storm. Japan also reported 143 injured. The storm damaged 10,000 homes in Japan, where 31 of 47 prefectures reported some damage. Eighty-eight roads in Japan were damaged, and 168 landslides were reported there. The heaviest damage was in Miyazaki prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. There were no deaths in the Marianas Islands. Saipan did experience heavy wind gusts of 120 km/h. Guam experienced gale-force wind gusts in addition to approximately 75 mm of rain.

Typhoon Khanun (Kiko)
Tropical Depression 15W formed from a well-defined low-pressure system located about 50 nmi east of Yap on September 6. It strengthened into a tropical storm later that day. The system was classified as a tropical storm by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center on September 6, while the Japan Meteorological Agency, the agency responsible for naming typhoons, did not upgrade the system until a day later. Tropical Storm 15W entered the Philippine area of responsibility on September 7. It was named Kiko by PAGASA first before being named Khanun by the JMA. Khanun is the Thai name for jackfruit. Typhoon Khanun (Kiko) made landfall in eastern China on September 11 at 0600 UTC (1400 HKT). Khanun dissipated the next day, September 12.

More than 800,000 people were evacuated from their homes as the storm neared. Many people, evacuated by the army, were taken to schools, railway stations, hotels and other solid buildings to take shelter from the approaching storm.

The city of Taizhou, Zhejiang bore the initial brunt of the storm as it was close to where the storm made landfall, 220 km south of Shanghai. Other coastal cities braced for the typhoon as it headed north.Damages totaled to $1.22 billion (2005 USD). There were 25 deaths in China.

Japan's southern Sakishima Islands suffered strong winds, high waves and heavy rains as the storm passed. Opening hours at some polling stations were altered to make sure citizens could still vote in the Japanese general election despite the weather.

Tropical Storm Vicente
Tropical Depression 16W formed 205 nmi east-southeast of Dong Tac Airport, Vietnam on the morning of September 16. It reached Tropical Storm strength overnight local time and was named Vicente, a Chamorro male name. Shortly after forming, Vicente interacted with a tropical disturbance west of Luzon and made a cyclonic loop. Vicente then absorbed the disturbance before passing just south of Hainan Island. Eventually, Vicente tracked into the Vietnam coast northwest of Huế on September 18 and gradually dissipated.

As the pressure gradient between Vicente and a ridge of high pressure over southeastern China brought a strong easterly airstream to the coastal areas of Guangdong and caused rough seas with swells, a swimmer was drowned on September 17. Another one drowned the following day in rough seas at Sai Kung, Hong Kong. Also, a ship from China struck a reef between Shangchuan and Xiachuan Islands. All seventeen crew members were rescued.

In Vietnam, about 5 people were killed or reported missing.

Typhoon Saola
A tropical disturbance formed from the monsoon and moved northwest on September 15. The next day, it became more organized and the Japan Meteorological Agency initiated a warning for Tropical Depression 18W southwest of Marcus Island, Japan at 0000 UTC (0900 JST), September 20. The depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Saola 18 hours later as it continued to strengthen moving westward. Due to a normal speed of a typhoon and warm waters, Saola became a typhoon and reached peak intensity early on September 22. The storm didn't made landfall but it affect Japan from September 23 to 25 by bringing heavy rainfall. Saola weakened to a tropical storm and became extratropical on September 26.

Typhoon Damrey (Labuyo)
Due to its proximity to the Philippines, PAGASA assigned it the name Labuyo and began issuing advisories on a disturbed area of tropical weather to the east of the islands on September 19. The JMA started to warn on the system on the same day. On September 20 it was classified as Tropical Depression 17W by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. On September 21, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Damrey. It strengthened into a typhoon on September 24. Damrey is a Cambodian word for elephant.

Typhoon Damrey (Labuyo) made landfall at Wanning, in China's Hainan province at 2000 UTC, September 25 (0400 September 26 local time) with maximum sustained winds up to 180 km/h. This made Damrey the strongest typhoon to strike Hainan since Typhoon Marge in September 1973.

At least 16 people are believed to have died in China, and the entire province of Hainan suffered power outages. Damrey then went on to impact Vietnam before losing tropical characteristics while a Tropical Storm. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ceased advisories with the final one at 0900 UTC September 27 with the system 90 nmi south-southwest of Hanoi, Vietnam.

Typhoon Longwang (Maring)
Tropical Depression 19W formed about 335 nmi south-southeast of Iwo Jima, Japan on September 26. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated a warning for it at 0000 UTC the same day, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Longwang six hours later. Longwang is Chinese for Dragon King. At 0300 UTC September 27, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded it to a typhoon. It continued to increase in strength as it tracked west to west-northwest towards Taiwan, and was upgraded to a super typhoon on September 29, acquiring annular characteristics. PAGASA named the storm Maring for Philippine warnings on September 29. Longwang made landfall at 0515 local time on October 2 south of Hualien City, Taiwan as a Category 4 storm. Half a day later, at 2135 local time (1335 UTC), it made second landfall in Fujian Province, China as a minimal typhoon. Longwang dissipated on the next day.

Despite its intensity, Longwang caused mostly property damage, and claimed only one life in Taiwan.

Tropical Depression 20W
The meteorological agencies is now operated of Guangdong and Hainan upgraded a low-pressure center over South China Sea to a tropical depression at 0800 local time, October 6. The Hong Kong Observatory followed suit 30 hours later. The JTWC finally issued a warning for this system at 1500 UTC October 7 (2300 local time), and tropical depression number 20W was issued to the system. The JTWC issued its final advisory on the system just six hours later, 55 nmi west-northwest of Huế, Vietnam. As the system never reached Tropical Storm strength, it was not given a name from the list. The only damage it did, if any, however, was that massive rainfall amounts were recorded – over 230 mm were recorded in some parts of Hainan.

Typhoon Kirogi (Nando)
A large cluster of thunderstorms formed with convection developed and separated into three low-pressure areas on October 6. But due to warm waters in the western side, two failed to become storms and the Japan Meteorological Agency began issuing warnings for the other disturbance. This disturbance became Tropical Depression 21W while located southeast of Okinawa. At 1200 UTC, October 9 and assigned the name Kirogi to it at 0600 UTC next day. Prior to becoming a Tropical Storm, it entered the Philippine area of responsibility and was assigned the name Nando by PAGASA for Philippine warnings. JTWC finally issued a warning for Kirogi at 0900 UTC, October 10, despite listing it as a Tropical Depression. It was upgraded to a typhoon at 0000 UTC October 12, and reached Category 4 strength about nine hours later. On October 16, Kirogi weakened was it pushes northeast. Kirogi was declared extratropical at 0300 UTC October 19. Kirogi is a Korean word for a type of migrating bird that lives in North Korea from autumn to spring.

Typhoon Kai-tak
A tropical disturbance developed north of Papua New Guinea on October 20. It entered in an area of favorable environments on October 23, as it slowly intensified. On October 25, it affected the Philippines and rapidly moved to the South China Sea on October 27. The next day, the Japan Meteorological Agency initiated marine warnings for a Tropical Depression. Fifteen hours later, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued the number 22W to the system. The next day it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Kai-tak. Kai-tak was a name submitted by Hong Kong in honor of their former airport. On October 30 it was upgraded to a Typhoon. Kai-tak made landfall north of Huế, Vietnam, early on the morning of November 2. At least 19 people were killed and 10 others were left missing in Vietnam. Damages from the storm were estimated to be at least $11 million (2005 USD).

Tropical Storm Tembin (Ondoy)
The Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated warning for Tropical Depression 23W at 0900 UTC November 7, north-northwest of the Micronesian island of Yap. The storm gained enough power to warrant upgrading to a Tropical Storm 12 hours later. The system entered the Philippine area of responsibility on the morning of November 8 and was named Ondoy by PAGASA. The storm encountered shear as it moved west, and lost organisation on November 8, being downgraded to a tropical depression. On November 9 it regained tropical storm strength and had a better LLCC (low-level circulation centre). On November 10 it was named Tembin by the JMA. Tembin is a Japanese constellation for the group of stars known in the west as Libra. Tembin then made landfall near midnight November 11 local time in the northern Philippines and lost much of its circulation and convection. Tembin dissipated rapidly the next day.

Severe Tropical Storm Bolaven (Pepeng)
A low-pressure area formed along from the outflow of Tropical Storm Tembin on November 10. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center initiated a TCFA warning for a low-pressure system about 150 nmi west-southwest of Palau late on November 12. This was upgraded to a tropical depression the next afternoon, 290 nmi west of Palau. Forming inside the Philippine area of responsibility it has been named Pepeng by PAGASA. It was named Bolaven on November 16 by the JMA. Bolaven is a Laotian word meaning plateau or mesa. Although it strengthened into a Category 1 typhoon on November 17, it weakened to a tropical storm before making landfall on November 20 at about 800 local time in Cagayan Valley in the northern Philippines. Bolaven rapidly dissipated that same day north of the Philippines on November 21.

Tropical Depression 25W (Quedan)
On December 16, a tropical disturbance developed and was given the name Quedan by PAGASA. Quedan organized into Tropical Depression 25W on December 18 off the northern coast of Borneo. On December 19, the JTWC classified it as a Tropical Storm. The JMA upgraded it to a tropical depression, but they warned it for a brief time. The storm dissipated early on December 20, as wind shear increased on the system.

Storm names
Within the North-western Pacific Ocean, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency's RSMC Tokyo — Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee, should they be judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h. While the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N-25°N even if the cyclone has had an international name assigned to it. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired, by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee. Should the list of names for the Philippine region be exhausted then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season. Unused names are marked in.

International names
During the season 23 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Japan Meteorological Agency, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a list of a 140 names submitted by the fourteen members nations and territories of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. After the season the Typhoon Committee retired the names Matsa, Nabi and Longwang from its naming lists, and in February 2006, the names were subsequently replaced with Pakhar, Doksuri and Haikui for future seasons.

Philippines
During the season PAGASA used its own naming scheme for the 22 tropical cyclones, that either developed within or moved into their self-defined area of responsibility. Names not retired would be used again during the 2009 season. This same list used during 2001, except Bising, Dante, Nando, Pepeng, Ramil, Santi, Tino, Undang, Yolanda and Zoraida, which replaced Barok, Darna, Nanang, Pabling, Roleta, Sibak, Talahib, Ubbeng, Yaning and Zuma. The names Dante, Nando and Pepeng were used for the first time this year; Bising was previously included in the old lists. No names have been retired, although PAGASA later changed the unused name Undang to Urduja, as it was retired in 1984.

Season effects
This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the North Pacific Ocean, to the west of the International Date Line during 2005. The tables also provide an overview of a system's intensity, duration, land areas affected and any deaths or damages associated with the system.

 * Kulap || January 13–19 || bgcolor=#|Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#|95 km/h || bgcolor=#|985 hPa || Caroline Islands || None || None ||
 * Roke (Auring) || March 13–19 || bgcolor=#|Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#|100 km/h || bgcolor=#|980 hPa || Caroline Islands, Philippines || || 7 ||
 * Sonca (Bising) || April 21–27 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|165 km/h || bgcolor=#|935 hPa || Caroline Islands || None || None ||
 * Crising || May 16–17 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1008 hPa || Philippines || None || None ||
 * Nesat (Dante) || May 29 – June 11 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|175 km/h || bgcolor=#|930 hPa || Caroline Islands || None || None ||
 * Emong || July 4–7 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1004 hPa || Philippines, China || None || None ||
 * Haitang (Feria) || July 10–21 || bgcolor=#|Violent typhoon || bgcolor=#|195 km/h || bgcolor=#|920 hPa || Mariana Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, China || || 29 ||
 * Nalgae || July 18–24 || bgcolor=#|Tropical storm || bgcolor=#|85 km/h || bgcolor=#|990 hPa || None || None || None ||
 * Banyan || July 20–27 || bgcolor=#|Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#|100 km/h || bgcolor=#|975 hPa || Japan || None || None ||
 * Washi || July 28–31 || bgcolor=#|Tropical storm || bgcolor=#|85 km/h || bgcolor=#|985 hPa || South China, Vietnam || None || None ||
 * Matsa (Gorio) || July 30 – August 8 || bgcolor=#|Typhoon || bgcolor=#|150 km/h || bgcolor=#|950 hPa || Taiwan, China, Korea || || 25 ||
 * TD || August 9–12 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|996 hPa || China, Vietnam, Laos || None || None ||
 * Sanvu (Huaning) || August 9–14 || bgcolor=#|Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#|95 km/h || bgcolor=#|985 hPa || Philippines, Taiwan, China || None || 36 ||
 * Guchol || August 18–25 || bgcolor=#|Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#|100 km/h || bgcolor=#|980 hPa || None || None || None ||
 * Mawar || August 19–27 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|175 km/h || bgcolor=#|930 hPa || Japan || None || 1 ||
 * Talim (Isang) || August 25 – September 2 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|175 km/h || bgcolor=#|925 hPa || Taiwan, China || || 172 ||
 * TD || August 27–31 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1000 hPa || China, Vietnam, Laos|| None || None ||
 * Nabi (Jolina) || August 28 – September 8 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|175 km/h || bgcolor=#|925 hPa || Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Korea, Japan, Russian Far East, Alaska || || 35 ||
 * Khanun (Kiko) || September 6–12 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|155 km/h || bgcolor=#|945 hPa || Caroline Islands, Taiwan, China, Korea || || 25 ||
 * TD || September 11–14 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|998 hPa || Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand || None || None ||
 * TD || September 15–16 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1004 hPa || Philippines || None || None ||
 * Vicente || September 16–19 || bgcolor=#|Tropical storm || bgcolor=#|85 km/h || bgcolor=#|985 hPa || Philippines, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand || || 22 ||
 * Saola || September 19–26 || bgcolor=#|Typhoon || bgcolor=#|150 km/h || bgcolor=#|950 hPa || Japan || None || None ||
 * Damrey (Labuyo) || September 19–28 || bgcolor=#|Typhoon || bgcolor=#|150 km/h || bgcolor=#|955 hPa || Philippines, Taiwan, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand || || 180 ||
 * Longwang (Maring) || September 25 – October 3 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|175 km/h || bgcolor=#|930 hPa || Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, China || || 136 ||
 * 20W || October 6–8 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1006 hPa || Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos || None || None ||
 * TD || October 7–17 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1004 hPa || None || None || None ||
 * Kirogi (Nando) || October 9–19 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|185 km/h || bgcolor=#|930 hPa || None || None || None ||
 * TD || October 10–12 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1004 hPa || None || None || None ||
 * Kai-tak || October 28 – November 2 || bgcolor=#|Typhoon || bgcolor=#|150 km/h || bgcolor=#|950 hPa || Vietnam, China || || 20 ||
 * Tembin (Ondoy) || November 7–12 || bgcolor=#|Tropical storm || bgcolor=#|65 km/h || bgcolor=#|1002 hPa || Caroline Islands, Philippines || None || None ||
 * Bolaven (Pepeng) || November 14–20 || bgcolor=#|Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#|100 km/h || bgcolor=#|985 hPa || Philippines|| None || None ||
 * 25W (Quedan) || December 16–21 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|55 km/h || bgcolor=#|1000 hPa || Philippines, Vietnam || None || None ||
 * TD || August 27–31 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1000 hPa || China, Vietnam, Laos|| None || None ||
 * Nabi (Jolina) || August 28 – September 8 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|175 km/h || bgcolor=#|925 hPa || Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Korea, Japan, Russian Far East, Alaska || || 35 ||
 * Khanun (Kiko) || September 6–12 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|155 km/h || bgcolor=#|945 hPa || Caroline Islands, Taiwan, China, Korea || || 25 ||
 * TD || September 11–14 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|998 hPa || Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand || None || None ||
 * TD || September 15–16 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1004 hPa || Philippines || None || None ||
 * Vicente || September 16–19 || bgcolor=#|Tropical storm || bgcolor=#|85 km/h || bgcolor=#|985 hPa || Philippines, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand || || 22 ||
 * Saola || September 19–26 || bgcolor=#|Typhoon || bgcolor=#|150 km/h || bgcolor=#|950 hPa || Japan || None || None ||
 * Damrey (Labuyo) || September 19–28 || bgcolor=#|Typhoon || bgcolor=#|150 km/h || bgcolor=#|955 hPa || Philippines, Taiwan, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand || || 180 ||
 * Longwang (Maring) || September 25 – October 3 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|175 km/h || bgcolor=#|930 hPa || Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, China || || 136 ||
 * 20W || October 6–8 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1006 hPa || Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos || None || None ||
 * TD || October 7–17 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1004 hPa || None || None || None ||
 * Kirogi (Nando) || October 9–19 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|185 km/h || bgcolor=#|930 hPa || None || None || None ||
 * TD || October 10–12 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1004 hPa || None || None || None ||
 * Kai-tak || October 28 – November 2 || bgcolor=#|Typhoon || bgcolor=#|150 km/h || bgcolor=#|950 hPa || Vietnam, China || || 20 ||
 * Tembin (Ondoy) || November 7–12 || bgcolor=#|Tropical storm || bgcolor=#|65 km/h || bgcolor=#|1002 hPa || Caroline Islands, Philippines || None || None ||
 * Bolaven (Pepeng) || November 14–20 || bgcolor=#|Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#|100 km/h || bgcolor=#|985 hPa || Philippines|| None || None ||
 * 25W (Quedan) || December 16–21 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|55 km/h || bgcolor=#|1000 hPa || Philippines, Vietnam || None || None ||
 * 20W || October 6–8 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1006 hPa || Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos || None || None ||
 * TD || October 7–17 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1004 hPa || None || None || None ||
 * Kirogi (Nando) || October 9–19 || bgcolor=#|Very strong typhoon || bgcolor=#|185 km/h || bgcolor=#|930 hPa || None || None || None ||
 * TD || October 10–12 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|Not specified || bgcolor=#|1004 hPa || None || None || None ||
 * Kai-tak || October 28 – November 2 || bgcolor=#|Typhoon || bgcolor=#|150 km/h || bgcolor=#|950 hPa || Vietnam, China || || 20 ||
 * Tembin (Ondoy) || November 7–12 || bgcolor=#|Tropical storm || bgcolor=#|65 km/h || bgcolor=#|1002 hPa || Caroline Islands, Philippines || None || None ||
 * Bolaven (Pepeng) || November 14–20 || bgcolor=#|Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#|100 km/h || bgcolor=#|985 hPa || Philippines|| None || None ||
 * 25W (Quedan) || December 16–21 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|55 km/h || bgcolor=#|1000 hPa || Philippines, Vietnam || None || None ||
 * Kai-tak || October 28 – November 2 || bgcolor=#|Typhoon || bgcolor=#|150 km/h || bgcolor=#|950 hPa || Vietnam, China || || 20 ||
 * Tembin (Ondoy) || November 7–12 || bgcolor=#|Tropical storm || bgcolor=#|65 km/h || bgcolor=#|1002 hPa || Caroline Islands, Philippines || None || None ||
 * Bolaven (Pepeng) || November 14–20 || bgcolor=#|Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#|100 km/h || bgcolor=#|985 hPa || Philippines|| None || None ||
 * 25W (Quedan) || December 16–21 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|55 km/h || bgcolor=#|1000 hPa || Philippines, Vietnam || None || None ||
 * Bolaven (Pepeng) || November 14–20 || bgcolor=#|Severe tropical storm || bgcolor=#|100 km/h || bgcolor=#|985 hPa || Philippines|| None || None ||
 * 25W (Quedan) || December 16–21 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|55 km/h || bgcolor=#|1000 hPa || Philippines, Vietnam || None || None ||
 * 25W (Quedan) || December 16–21 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|55 km/h || bgcolor=#|1000 hPa || Philippines, Vietnam || None || None ||
 * 25W (Quedan) || December 16–21 || bgcolor=#|Tropical depression || bgcolor=#|55 km/h || bgcolor=#|1000 hPa || Philippines, Vietnam || None || None ||

title: 2005 Pacific typhoon season


text:
Barguna District

Barguna (বরগুনা Borguna) is a district in the division of Barisal, in southern Bangladesh. Barguna subdivision was established in 1969 and promoted to a district on 28 February 1984.

Etymology
There is not enough strong proof of naming the district. Some historians say that timber traders of the northern region came here to buy timbers and waited for the favoring flow (Baro - Gone) to overcome and from there the name "Baro-Gana" was derived. Others say that it was named after a famous Rakhine resident of this district while some say that the name came from a bawali named "Barguna".

History
Barguna district was in the Sundarban area. In the evolution of time, people started clearing the forest by cutting down the trees and started to live here. Wood merchants used to come here to collect woods from the forest.

Geography
The Barguna District has a total area of 1939.39 km2. It was established as a district on 28 February 1984. It is bounded on the north by the districts of Jhalkathi, Barisal, Pirojpur and Patuakhali. In the east, it borders the Patuakhali district. On the south, Barguna is bounded by the Patuakhali district, and the Bay of Bengal. On the western side, it borders Pirojpur and Bagerhat districts. There are six upazilas, six thanas, four municipalities, 42 unions and 560 villages. Important rivers include the Paira River, Bishkhali River, Khakdon river, Baleshwar River and Haringhata river. The total area of the river is 160 km2 which is 22% of the total area of the district. Moreover, there are 300 natural canals in the district. The average annual temperature is 33.3 °C and annual lowest temperature is 12.1 °C. Annual rainfall of the district is 2506 mm. Total area of reserved forest area is 30533.90 acres.

Administration
Barguna district has 6 upazilas and 42 unions. Taltali is the newest. The upazilas are:

Economy
Barguna's economy is primarily dependent on agriculture. Principal crops include rice and pulses. Jute cultivation was once important, but it gradually lost popularity as a cash crop. Being a coastal district, Barguna has a thriving fishing industry. Produce of the district includes betel leaf, pulses, bananas, betel nut, molasses, marine fish, and shrimp. Total area of agricultural land is 104231 hectares.

There is no major industry in this district. A number of small manufacturing industries comprise mostly rice mills, saw mill, soap factory, flour mill, ice factory and pen factory. There are 25 food processing industries, 10 chemical industries, 10 textile home-craft industries and 35 miscellaneous industries in this district. Majority of the industries are in the sadar area and the remainings are in different upazilas. Traditional cottage industries such as weaving, bamboo and cane art work, goldsmithing, blacksmithing, pottery, wood work, and tailoring also thrive in rural areas.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Barguna District had 255,390 households and a population of 1,010,531. 176,630 (17.48%) were under 10 years of age. The population density was 552 people per km2. Barguna district had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 80.65%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1042 females per 1000 males. 22.85% of the population lived in urban areas.

Religion
The overwhelming majority of the population of the district is Muslim, with the population share of Hindus seeing a decline since the 1981 census, when they constituted 9.35 per cent. The same has been true for Buddhists and Christians. Similar to other districts in the Barisal division, the absolute number of all the three minority populations reduced in the 2001-2011 period.

The district has 3,760 mosques, 144 temples, one church and 18 Buddhist pagodas.

Education
Barguna town is a home to many educational institutions. Barguna Zilla School is the oldest school in the town established in 1927 as Barguna Middle English School by Mr. Ramzan Ali Akon. Notable schools and colleges include Barguna Government College, Barguna Government Women's College, Barguna Zilla School, Barguna Govt. Girls High School, Gourichanna Nawab Salimullah Secondary School etc. Besides these, there are two teacher training colleges, a Government Polytechnic institute, a technical school and college and a textile vocational institute in the town. The educational activities are operated under the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Barisal. There are total 1332 educational institutions. There are 2 government and 22 non government colleges, 2 government and 148 non government high schools, 814 government primary schools, 339 madrasas, one non government B.Ed. college, one government primary teachers training institute, one government polytechnic institute, one government technical institute and college and one government textile vocational institute. Notable educational institutions are:

 * Barguna Polytechnic Institute
 * Patharghata K. M. Secondary School
 * Ramna Sher-E-Bangla Samabay High School,
 * Govt. Sarwarjan Pilot Model School & College
 * Begum Faizunnessa Mohila Degree College
 * Halta Dauwatala Wazed Ali Khan Degree College
 * Taslima Memorial Academy
 * Barguna Govt. College
 * Govt. Bamna College
 * Barguna Zilla School
 * Barguna Govt. Girls school

Health
There is a modern government general hospital in this district which has 100 bed capacity but an upgradation of 250 bed capacity is under construction. Besides this, there are 5 upazila health complexes, 8 upazila health centres and 123 community clinics in this district. There are total 32 government doctors servicing this whole district. There is a lack of total 134 doctors in the hospitals and clinics.

Transportation
There is direct connection from the capital to this district by road. The total length of Upazila Road is 464 km, of which 352 km is concrete and 112 km is dirt. The total length of Union Road is 568 km. 336 km, of which is concrete and 232 km is dirt. Sakura travels, Mia travels, Abdullah travels, Sugandha travels, Patuakhali express, Meghna travels, and Saudia travels are major bus travels.

Total length of riverway is 250 nautical miles. M.V. Bandhan-7, Juboraj-4, Juboraj-2, Allahu Marji, Nusrat, Mashiran Khan, Tipu-3 are some of naval transports available in this district.

There is no airport in this district.

Notable places

 * Bibichini Shahi Mosque, located at Betagi
 * Buddhist temple, located at Taltali
 * Buddhist Academy
 * Horin Ghata Eco Park, located at Patharghata
 * Ashar Char
 * Bihanga Island

Notable people

 * Qamarul Ahsan, politician and litterateur
 * Syed Rahmatur Rob Irtiza Ahsan, politician
 * Md. Akhtaruzzaman, Vice-Chancellor, University of Dhaka, was born in Kalipur village
 * Zafrul Hasan Farhad, former parliamentarian
 * Delwar Hossain, politician
 * Shahjada Abdul Malek Khan, politician
 * Abdul Kader Mia, member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
 * Nurul Islam Moni, politician
 * Sultana Nadira, politician
 * Siddiqur Rahman, politician
 * Mir Sabbir, actor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barguna District


text:
User:ApacheCon demo

This account may be used by various people at a public demo terminal at ApacheCon.

Unfortunately nobody wanted to edit something. They were just browsing the other side of the net..

title: User:ApacheCon demo


text:
Pirojpur District

Pirojpur (পিরোজপুর) is a district (zilla) in south-western Bangladesh. It is a part of Barisal Division.

Position and Volume
Pirojpur is bounded by Barisal and Gopalganj districts to the north, Barguna district to the south, Jhalokati and Barguna districts to the east, Bagerhat district and Sundarban to the west. Baleswari River separates Pirojpur from Bagerhat in the west

Etymology
According to some, the second son of Subedar Shah Shuja, Firoz Shah, died in this area, and the area became known subsequently as 'Firozpur'. In time, the pronunciation 'Firozpur' slowly muted to 'Pirozpur' and later 'Pirojpur'.

Geography
Most of the land is low-lying and the soil is fertile. There are small forests. Nesarabad is known for its business centre and also for the Sundori tree (a kind of mangrove) that grows there.

Rivers
Gabkhan, Baleshwar, Damodar, Kocha, Pona, Kochakhali, Kaliganga, Sandha, Doratana etc. are big and known rivers.

The Baleshwar, the river that is situated to the east of Sunder Bans splits into two parts, but this is getting smaller and smaller day by day. One is known as Doratana which flows through Bagerhat and the other and mightier one is known as Kacha which flows through Bhandaria. Then it has an offshoot Baleshwar which later meets with Doratana and falls into Kaliganga near Mativanga, Najirpur. And Kocha splits into two river Kaliganga and Sandha. Kaliganga flows to the north meets with Baleshwar and flow to further north. and Sandha flows to the east. Later Sandha coalesce with Arial Khan and falls into the Meghna.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Pirojpur District had 298,490 households and a population of 1,198,195. 218,660 (18.25%) were under 10 years of age. The population density was 938 people per km2. Pirojpur district had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 85.53%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1056 females per 1000 males. 19.98% of the population lived in urban areas.

Religion
Islam is the predominant religion in the district, along with a large Hindu minority. But similar to other districts in the Barisal division, the minority Hindu population have not only seen a decline in their share of population, but also their absolute numbers, in the 2001-2011 period. The percentage share of Hindus is the largest in Nazirpur Upazila and the lowest in Indurkani Upazila.

There are 3,087 mosques and 1,051 temples.

Administration
The subdivision (then a mohokooma, now a zilla) of Pirojpur was created on 28 October 1859 Pirojpur district was formed on 1 March 1984 and the municipality was formed in 1885. The area of Pirojpur is 1277.80 km2. It is under Barisal Division. There are three municipalities in Pirojpur named Pirojpur, Bhandaria, Mathbaria. There are seven upazilas (sub districts) in Pirojpur district: Pirojpur Sadar, Bhandaria, Mathbaria, Indurkani, Nazirpur, Nesarabad and Kawkhali. Of these, Mathbaria is the largest (353.25 km2; it occupies 27.01% of the total area of the district). Kawkhali is the smallest (79.65 km2). Pirojpur District also contains 52 unions, 390 mauzas and 648 villages.
 * Chairman of Zilla Porishod : Mahiuddin Maharaj
 * Deputy Commissioner (DC) : Abu Ali Mohammad Sajjad Hossain

Borders
Pirojpur District is bordered by Barisal and Gopalganj districts to the north, Barguna district to the south, Jhalokati and Barguna districts to the east, Bagerhat district and The Sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest to the west.

Sub-districts (Upazillas)
There are seven Sub-districts in Pirojpur and their population are given below:

Buses
There are two bus terminals in Pirojpur, Pirojpur Bus terminal and Pirojpur Old Bus Terminal. Many Bus company connect Pirojpur to other districts like Dhaka and many more.

Riverine
Launches, steamers and boats are used for travelling on the rivers. The local port is called Hoolarhaat Launch Station (ghaat)serving as the primary port for Pirojpur. It is situated some 5 km east to the Pirojpur town and the river port stands on Kaliganga. Beside it is the steamer wharf. Launches destined to Dhaka and other parts of the country regularly start from here.

Tourist attractions

 * Tasmima Villa, Bhandaria
 * Bhandaria Thana Echo Park, Bhandaria
 * Aman Ullah Collage, (Baridara Complex), Khatalia Road, Bhandaria.
 * Minister Bari Mosque, Bhandaria.
 * Kuriana Floating Market
 * Kuriana Guava Garden
 * Momin Mosque
 * Chanmari Shooting Spot
 * Pirojpur River View Eco Park (locally known as DC Park)
 * Rayerkathi Raaj Bari
 * Horinpala River View Eco Park, Telikhali Union, Mathbaria
 * Shapleza Kuthibari, Mathbaria
 * Baleshwari,River

Economy
Agriculture is the main source of income for rural people here. There are also other sources of income which are mainly city based. They are given below:
 * Agriculture 50.82%
 * Commerce 18.71%
 * Service 7.69%
 * Non-agricultural labour 5.75%
 * Transport and communication 2.16%,
 * Religious service 1.61%
 * Construction 1.36%
 * Rent and remittance 0.95%
 * Industry 0.78%
 * Others 10.17%

Agricultural products
Paddy, Jute, Sugar Cane, Wheat, Guava, Banana, Coconut, Hog-plum, Betel Leaf, Betel Nuts are the chief Agricultural Products produced here.

Media
Print media:
 * Manobkantha (national)
 * Sangbad (national)
 * Prothom Alo (national)
 * Kaler Kantho (national)
 * Samakal (national)
 * Dainik Janakantha (national)
 * Jugantor (national)
 * Pirojpurer Kotha (local)

Notable people

 * Ahsan Habib
 * Anwar Hossain Manju
 * Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, Islamic scholar and politician
 * Hatem Ali Jamadar, member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
 * Jewel Aich
 * Jannatul Ferdous Oishee, model, was born at Matibhanga village and completed her HSC in Nazirpur.
 * Khalid Hassan Milu
 * Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah
 * SM Rezaul Karim
 * Nesaruddin Ahmad, first Pir of Sarsina
 * Abu Zafar Mohammad Saleh, Islamic scholar and Independence Award recipient

title: Pirojpur District


text:
Fort Wayne (fort)

Fort Wayne was a series of three successive military log stockades existing between 1794 and 1819 on the confluence between the St. Mary's and St. Joseph Rivers in northeastern Indiana, in what is now the city of Fort Wayne. The fort succeeded the original Fort Miami near Kekionga, the principal village of the Miami; The origins of which date back to the early 1700s.

The first fort with that name was built in 1794 by Captain Jean François Hamtramck under orders from General "Mad" Anthony Wayne as part of the campaign against the Miami during the Northwest Indian War. It was constructed to secure the territory gained in the Battle of Fallen Timbers, in which Wayne had recently been victorious. On October 22, 1794, with construction nearly complete, and in honor of the fourth anniversary of Harmar's Defeat, the fort was officially dedicated by the US Army in the early morning hours with fifteen cannon rounds to symbolize the fifteen states of the union. It was at this point that Colonel Hamtramck would name the fort, "Fort Wayne".

On September 5, 1812, the Siege of Fort Wayne occurred as part of the War of 1812. After the war, settlements started growing up around the fort. The fort was a basic stockade with few buildings. The original site was located near the present-day intersection of Berry and Clay streets.

In 1819, the fort was abandoned following the cessation of Native hostilities, and the modern city of Fort Wayne was platted in 1823. A replica of the fort as it existed in 1815 (called "The Old Fort") was created in a different location in the city, and is now a tourist attraction.

Background
Fort Wayne was the successor to a series of French, and for a few short periods, British controlled forts named Fort Miami, which was originally built as a small trading post around 1706 by French Canadian soldier Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes.

History

Wayne's Legion arrived at Kekionga on 17 September 1794, and Wayne personally selected the site for the new U.S. fort. Wayne wanted a strong fort built, capable of withstanding not only an Indian uprising, but a possible attack by the British from Fort Detroit. The fort was finished by 17 October, and was capable of withstanding 24-pound cannons. It was named Fort Wayne and placed under command of Major Jean François Hamtramck, who had been commandant of Fort Knox in Vincennes. The fort was officially dedicated 22 October (the fourth anniversary of Harmar's Defeat), and the day is considered the founding of the modern city of Fort Wayne.

The garrison at Fort Wayne normally consisted of about 100 men and their families. In 1796, the garrison was ordered to march down the Maumee River to counteract a British demonstration. The force received the transfer of Fort Miami (Ohio) from the British before Colonel Hamtramck was transferred to Fort Detroit - later the site of another Fort Wayne, and near the future town of Hamtramck, Michigan. Colonel David Strong, a veteran of the American Revolution and Wayne's Legion, succeeded him as commandant of Fort Wayne for two years, before transferring commands with Colonel Hamtramck in 1798.

Colonel Thomas Hunt—a veteran of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, and Wayne's Legion—took command of the fort on 16 May 1798, and built a substantial new fort several hundred yards north of the original, near the modern city's Old Fort Park. The new fort contained multiple guard houses and Indian "factories" (trading posts). The first fort was demolished about 1800.

During the War of 1812, Fort Dearborn (present-day Chicago) was evacuated and its residents tried to reach Fort Wayne under the direction of William Wells, but were massacred before they arrived. Fort Wayne was besieged next by the Indian forces of Tecumseh during the Siege of Fort Wayne. Captain James Rhea, who had retreated to his quarters on the grounds of being ill, was in charge of the fort and considered surrendering, but his two lieutenants relieved him of duty. General William Henry Harrison arrived on September 12, 1812 and broke the siege. Captain Rhea was formally relieved of duty and one of the lieutenants, named Ostrander, was given official command of the fort. After the war, a town began growing around the fort.

A third fort was built in 1815/16 by Major John Whistler. The fort was officially abandoned on April 19, 1819, and its contents shipped to Fort Detroit. The last of the old fort was demolished in 1852 to make way in the town.

Early attempts at farming
In the March of 1805, at the behest of Chief Little Turtle, two Quakers came upon the area in response to Little Turtle's request for their consultation on local farming. On March 30, Little Turtle, William Wells, and the two Quakers embarked southwards of Fort Wayne to survey lands best suited for a farm. This region, known as the "Great Marsh", characterized the southern rim along Fort Wayne, and extended down to where Huntington, Indiana exists today. It was composed largely of marshlands, swamps, and sloughs. Its fertile conditions made it ideal for agriculture. However, despite the efforts of Little Turtle, and of several other chiefs at various points during this period in the early 19th century, the native people around Fort Wayne would remain generally aloof to farming these lands; Other more pressing affairs would take priority, such as increasing settler encroachment and land cessation resulting from a continuous series of land treaties being signed over by their profit-taking chiefs.

During the farming survey in March, the party of Little Turtle, Wells, and the Quakers passed through the heavily wooded and dense Little River valley, and to the "4-mile prairie" in between the St. Marys River and Little River; An area likely being where the historic portage was beaten. This site today is an unmarked industrial site. The group would eventually set upon an area 20 miles southwest of Fort Wayne along the Wabash River, where attempts were made to teach the natives on farming and tilling of the soil. Virtually none of the natives present at these teachings would remain committed, and Wells would be left to try and fulfill a farming contract to the natives involving farming equipment, which would never be met.

It would not be until the mid-early 1800s that farmers would begin making their way to this area of the Great Marsh. By the 1880s, almost all of these wetlands were drained and had been converted into farmland. Several byproducts of this drainge project exist today, such as the Junk Ditch and Fairfield Ditch. The Eagle Marsh preservation in Fort Wayne is one of the lasting remnants of these original marshland ecosystems.

title: Fort Wayne (fort)


text:
User:Morpheios Melas

Мои воплощения в разных Wiki-проектах:
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Linear-regression forecast of overtakings among Wikipedias

title: User:Morpheios Melas


text:
Patuakhali District

Patuakhali (পটুয়াখালী) is a district in south-central Bangladesh in the Barisal Division. This district is the main entrance for the beach of Kuakata.

Geography
It is adjacent to the Bay of Bengal. The area of the district is 3,221.31 km2.

Patuakhali city is surrounded on three sides by rivers. The two major rivers are Laukathi and Lohalia, which are directly connected with the Bay of Bengal. The city has an inland airport used for transport and private travel across the country.

Administration
There are 8 upazilas in this district. They are:

 * 1) Dumki Upazila
 * 2) Patuakhali Sadar Upazila
 * 3) Mirzaganj Upazila
 * 4) Bauphal Upazila
 * 5) Galachipa Upazila
 * 6) Dashmina Upazila
 * 7) Rangabali Upazila
 * 8) Kalapara Upazila
 * Administrator of Zila Porishod: Khalilur Rahman Mohon
 * Deputy Commissioner (DC): MD. Matiul Islam Chawdhury
 * Superintendent of Police (SP): Md.Shahidullah PPM

Economy
Agriculture is the profession of most of the people. Fishing is also a prominent profession of this district. Thousands of boats go into the deep sea to fish and come back with tons of fish. Paddy, jute, and different types of vegetables are the main product of agriculture sector. Main sources of income Agriculture 57.05%, non-agricultural labourer 5.37%, industry 1.03%, commerce 13.79%, transport and communication 2.04%, service 9.22%, construction 2.13%, religious service 0.26%, rent and remittance 0.40% and others 8.71%.

Crops
Main Crops of Patuakhali district areas as follows:

 * 1) Paddy
 * 2) Jute
 * 3) Potato
 * 4) Pea
 * 5) Lentil
 * 6) Gram
 * 7) sesame
 * 8) Chilli
 * 9) mustard
 * 10) Linseed
 * 11) Coriander seed
 * 12) Peanut
 * 13) betel leaf
 * 14) Sugarcane
 * 15) Watermelon
 * 16) Vegetables

Fruits
The fruit trees indigenous to Patuakhali district areas as follows:

 * 1) Mango
 * 2) Banana
 * 3) Guava
 * 4) Jamun
 * 5) Custard-apple or আতা
 * 6) Tamarind
 * 7) Grapefruit
 * 8) Lime
 * 9) Jackfruit
 * 10) Papaya
 * 11) Pineapple
 * 12) Bengal almond
 * 13) Lichi
 * 14) Pomegranate
 * 15) Palm or Tal
 * 16) Common fig
 * 17) Haritaki
 * 18) Date – scarce
 * 19) Coconut – scarce

Education
In 2011, the literacy rate of Patuakhali was 54.1%; male 56.2% and female 52.0%. Educational institutions: university 1, agricultural and veterinary college 1, college 65, technical and vocational institutes 6, secondary school 288, primary school 1152, kindergarten 36, madrasa 506.

 * Universities
 * Patuakhali Science and Technology University

 * Medical College
 * Patuakhali Medical College

 * Colleges
 * Idris Molla Mahavidyalaya
 * Patuakhali Govt College
 * Patuakhali Government Women's College
 * Bauphal Govt College
 * Dr. Eakub Sharif Degree College
 * Kalapara Govt College
 * Janata College
 * Rangabali Government College

 * Schools
 * Kalaia Secondary School
 * Abdul High Bidda Nakeiton
 * Patuakhali Government Jubilee High School
 * Patuakhali Collectorate School and College
 * Auliapur Adarsho Secondary School
 * Patuakhali Government Girl's High School
 * Kanakdia Sir Salimullah High School & college
 * Madhya Madanpura Secondary School
 * Polytechnic Institute
 * Patuakhali Polytechnic Institute
 * Begum Fazilatunnesa Polytechnic Institute
 * Kanakdia Sir Salimullah High School
 * Ayla Secondary School

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Patuakhali District had 424,743 households and a population of 1,727,254. 327,724 (18.97%) were under 10 years of age. The population density was 536 people per km2. Patuakhali district had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 76.70%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1048 females per 1000 males. 18.62% of the population lived in urban areas.

Religion
The district is overwhelmingly Muslim. Similar to other districts in the Barisal division, the minority Hindu and Christian populations have seen a decline in absolute numbers in the 2001-2011 period. The district has 4765 mosques, 422 temples, and 13 churches.

Patuakhali city
The city of Patuakhali is situated beside two local rivers: Laukathi River and Lohalia River. During high tides some of the regions of Patuakhali get flooded. The Bay of Bengal is not far from the region.

At the entrance of the city there is a bridge that connects Barisal (the divisional city) with Patuakhali and Kuakata Beach.

As Patuakhali is a coastal area, it is affected almost every year by natural disasters like cyclones, floods and tornadoes. To help the disaster-affected people, many NGO's are active in the area. They play a vital role in developing the life style of poor people.

Bura Ghuranga river view from the bank of Bura Ghuranga river in beside the Gazi Bhari, East Auliapur, Ronghopaldi, Arojbegi, Dhasmina.

Port of Payra
Port of Payra is planned to become the third sea port of Bangladesh (after Chittagong and Mongla).

Notable people

 * A. K. M. Fazlul Haque, colorectal surgeon
 * Abdul Hady Talukdar, academic
 * Sohag Gazi, cricketer of the Bangladesh national cricket team
 * KM Nurul Huda, Chief Election Commissioner of Bangladesh
 * Faiz Ahmed, Senior Secretary, Member of Public Service Commission
 * Nurul Haq Nur, joint-convenor of Bangladesh Sadharan Chhatra Adhikar Sangrakshan Parishad and vice-president, Dhaka University Central Students' Union

title: Patuakhali District


text: Category:Father Ted characters

title: Category:Father Ted characters


text:
Gaibandha District

Gaibandha (গাইবান্ধা জেলা, Gaibandha Jela or Gaibandha Zila) is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division. Gaibandha subdivision was established in 1875. Gaibandha was previously known as Bhabanigonj. The name was changed from Bhabanigonj to Gaibandha in 1875. Gaibandha was established as a district on 15 February 1984. Gaibandha is the administrative headquarters and largest urban centre of this district.

Etymology
There are two opinions about the name of Gaibandha. The most famous opinion is: around five thousand years ago, capital of Matsya Kingdom of King Birat was in Gobindaganj area. Bengali: মৎস্য (Matsya) means fish and Bengali: দেশ (desh) means country. Fishes were abundant in his kingdom so the term Bengali: মৎস্য দেশ (Matsya Desh) was created. According to Mahabharata, king Birat had 60,000 cows which were frequently robbed by robbers. To protect his cattle from robbers, king Birat established a huge cattle-shed. The cattle were tied up alongside the rivers of this area. গাই (Gai) means "cow" and Bengali: বান্ধা (Bandha) means "to tie up". From this reason the area was called Gaibandha.

History
In ancient times, this area was under water which was filled by the silt of Teesta, Brahmaputra and Jamuna river over time. This statement can be found in the description of famous Chinese traveler Xuanzang and astronomical books of Ptolemy. The flood of 1787 and the earthquake of 1898 made a major change in the landscape of this area which changed the flow of Teesta river, filled up a vast 15 miles area between Ghoraghat Upazila of Dinajpur and Tulshighat of Gaibandha and created small rivers like Kartoa, Ghaghot and Katakhali.

During the regime of British Empire, Governor Warren Hastings established 24 thanas under Rangpur district collectorate in 1793. According to the 1873 report of E.G Glazier, collector of Rangpur, three of the thanas was established in today's Gaibandha. Two of them, Gobindogonj and Sadullapur were established in Idrakpur pargana and the other named as Bhabaniganj was established in the Patildaho pargana.

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, it was very difficult to stop the activities of the rebels from Rangpur. So Bhabaniganj thana was established in the bank of Bramhaputra river for administrative reason. On 27 May 1858, Bhabaniganj was established as a mahakuma. At first there were only two thanas: Sadullapur and Bhabaniganj. Gobindonganj was included in Bogra district 13 April 1821 but later on 12 August 1871, it was included in Bhabaniganj. Saghata, Phulchari, Palasbari and at last in 1870 Sundarganj was included in Bhabaniganj.

In 1872, river corrosion started in the eastside of Bramhaputra river. As a result, the mahakuma was moved from its original place and re-established in Gaibandha which was 12 km away from Bhabaniganj mahakuma. The sadar area was under control of three landlords. The Patiladaho paragana was under control of Tagore family who was said to be related to the Rabindranath Tagore family, the Baharbondo pargana was under landlord Manindro Nandi, ruled by Krishnanath's wife Maharani Swarnamoyee of Kasim Bazar and the Muktipur pargana was under control of landlord Lahiri family of Thanshinghopur. There was a collision between the landlords regarding the establishment of the mahakuma. At last by the initiatives of government officials, the administrative building and the court were established in Baharbondo pargana which was donated by queen Swarnamoyee. When the Bhabaniganj mouza was beginning to destroy by river erosion, the name of this mahakuma was changed from Bhabanigonj to Gaibandha. In the 80's when the mahakumas were changed to districts, Gaibandha mahakuma was also established as a district.

Geography
Gaibandha has a total area of 2179.27 km2. It has boundaries with the Kurigram and Rangpur to the north, Bogra District to the south, Joypurhat District, Dinajpur and Rangpur districts to the west, and Jamalpur and Kurigram districts, and the Jamuna River to the east. Gaibandha has seven upazilas and 82 unions. Jamuna, Teesta, Kartoa and Ghaghot are notable rivers in this district. Total river area of this district is 107.71 km2. There are total five rivers in Gaibandha. The total length of the rivers is 107.71 km. Bramhaputra, Teesta and Ghaghot are the main rivers. In the report Francis Buchanan-Hamilton in 1808–09, there were some forests in this area but there is no more any forest in today's Gaibandha. 20% of the district has clay soil which can be found in the Khiar area of Gobindaganj upazila, the rest of the land has sandy and peat and loam soil. The climate of this area is extremely intriguing and rainfall is high. No mineral resources has been found yet in this district.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Bangladesh census, Gaibandha District had a population of 2,562,232 of which 1,238,621 were males, 1,317,944 were females and 195 were third genders. Rural population was 2,160,862 (84.5%) while the urban population was 395,898 (15.5%). Gaibandha district had a literacy rate of 66.9% for the population 7 years and above: 70.2% for males and 63.8% for females.

Muslims make up 92.7% of the population, while Hindus are 7.0%, Christians 0.12% and 0.12% others. Bengalis make up the 99.75% of the total population. 4149 (0.25%) minorities live in this district of which 2043 are males and 2106 are females.

Language
Most people of Gaibandha speak Bengali dialects of Rangpur region, Rangpuriya. People living in the southern portion (Shaghata and Gobindaganj) have a Bogra accent. The inhabitants of the chars in the Jamuna speak dialects of the Mymensingh region.

Economy
The main occupations of the people of Gaibandha district are agriculture 44.45%, agricultural laborer 27.72%, wage laborer 2.58%, transport 1.89%, commerce 9.11%, service 4.49% and others 9.76%. There are 2123 small industries, 5 medium industries and 1 large industry in Gaibandha. There are 4046 poultries, 10730 dairies, 245 fisheries, 18 hatcheries, 16 plant nurseries and 8 artificial cattle breeding centers. Total amount of lands are 217040 hectare, arable land 160,397 hectares, irritable land are 139640 hectares, fallow land are 56643 hectares and total water reservoir are 5050.30 hectares; the amount of crop: single crop 20.5%, double crop 58.5% and treble crop 21%; land under irrigation 27.16%. Main crops are paddy, wheat, jute, sugarcane, potato, brinjal, mustard seed, chili, onion, garlic and vegetables. Jute is mainly produced in Gobindoganj, Palashbari and the northern side of this district. The production of aush rice and tobacco has decreased a lot in recent years but production of banana has increased significantly in Gobindoganj and Palashbari.

Notable places

 * Rajbirat Prasad, a palace, built in (743-800 A.D) by Samtat Deb.
 * Naldanga Zamidar Bari, a palace.
 * Bamondanga Zamidar Bari, a palace, built in 1252 A.D.
 * Bardhan Kuthi, built in 16th century by Rampal.
 * Shah Sultan Gazi's Mosque, a mosque, built in 1308 A.D by Sayed Wajed Ali.

Administration
Gaibandha District is divided into 7 upazilas, which are further divided into 82 union parishads. The upazilas of the district are:

Included in these upazilas are 4 municipalities, which have a total of 18 wards and 56 mahallas. The municipalities are Gaibandha city, Gobindaganj and Sundarganj.

Health
There is a general hospital and six government hospitals, 46 non-government hospitals/clinics, 54 family welfare centers, 6 upazila health complex, 3 maternity and childcare center and 1 tuberculosis clinic in Gaibandha. 89% of total population get the facility of sanitation. The only government general hospital of the district is Gaibandha Sadar Hospital which is located at the Gaibandha Sadar.

Transport
Total length of concrete road is 1719 km, dirt road is 2638 km, and the railway is 56 km. There are 14 railway stations, 1 bus station and 7 helipads in this district. There are 5890 bridges and culverts in this district. Length of national highway is 32.8 km, regional highway is 42.37 km and district highway is 208.95 km. There is no airport in this district.

In 1875, a company named Bengal State Railway established first railway in this area. The railway stations of Gaibandha are Bamandanga, Naldanga, Kamarpara, Kuptala, Gaibandha, Teermohoni, Balashighat railway ferry station, Badiakhali, Bonarpara junction, Mahimaganj, Bharatkhali, Phulchari and Teestamukh Ghat railway station. Kartoa express, Dolonchapa express, Lalmoni express and Rangpur express are the inter-city trains and Uttarbanga mail, Bogra express, Padmarag express and Ramsagar express are mail trains.

Major inter-division bus travels are Alhamra travels, Hanif travels, Shyamoly travels, Orin travels, S.R. travels etc. There are many inter-district bus travels available in this district which offers regular travel in Bogra and Rangpur district.

Transportation by river is not very popular in this district. There are a limited number of boats available in the Ghaghot river which offers a short travel.

Education
Education rate of Gaibandha is 67%. Among educational institutions, there are 8 government colleges, 48 non-government colleges, 9 government high schools, 361 non-government high schools, 44 junior high schools, 466 madrasas, 1466 government primary schools, 196 kindergartens, 1 primary teachers' training institute, and 1 agriculture training institute, 1 institute of livestock science & technology. Well-known educational institutions of Gaibandha District are:

 * University/college
 * Gaibandha Government College
 * Gaibandha Government Women's College
 * Ahammad Uddin Shah Shishu Niketan School & College
 * Agricultural Training Institute
 * Animal Research Institute
 * Palashbari Govt. College
 * Palashbari Adarsha Degree College
 * Secondary schools
 * Gaibandha Government Boys' High School
 * Gaibandha Government Girls' High School
 * Palashbari S.M. Pilot High School
 * Greedharipur Adarsha High School
 * Madrasa
 * Nutan Bandar Girls Dakhil Madrasha
 * Mahimaganj Alia Kamil Madrasha
 * Niamatnagar N U Shah Senior Madrasa, Sadullapur

Notable people

 * Shah Abdul Hamid, First Speaker of Bangladesh Jatiya Shangshad.
 * Ahmed Hossain, Chairman Rangpur District Board, Minister for Agriculture, Forest & Fisheries.
 * Abu Hussain Sarkar, Chief Minister of East Pakistan in 1955, Health Minister of combined Pakistan in 1956.

title: Gaibandha District


text:
Joypurhat District

Joypurhat (জয়পুরহাট) is a district in the northern part of Bangladesh, part of the Rajshahi Division.

Etymology
Prior to the coming of the Calcutta–Jalpaiguri railway line in 1884, the area was known as Jaipur. There was already a Jaipur railway station elsewhere in India, so when the local station was built it was named Jaipur Hat station (there was a hat, or market, nearby) to distinguish it from the other Jaipur. When the area was carved out of Bogra District in 1984, it took the name Joypurhat District.

Ancient history
Joypurhat was an area under the Pala Empire & Sena dynasty for a long period of time. Till 16th and 17th centuries, there was no clear information about Joypurhat's history. Previously the local name for Joypurhat was Baghabarihat. Later it was called Gopendraganjahat in many archives. Once Lalbazar Thana was established by containing the present Joypurhat Sadar Upazila and Panchbibi Upazila. The thana was located on the east side of Small Jamuna River named Puranapoil. Then Puranapoil Union was known as Karimnagar. A post office was established in Lalbazar Thana. The sub-registry office was established in Nawabganj. There were many Neelkuthi established in this area. At that era, Lalbazar Thana was a town. Back then it was the only work for the ordinary people of that area. From Lalbazar Thana, Small Jamuna River gorge, the whole travel, commerce, and trade were maintained. At that period Lalbazar Thana, Khetlal Upazila & Badalgachhi Upazila were under Dinajpur District. As Dinajpur District, Rangpur District & Rajshahi District were very large, in 1821, a new district was formed from the three districts and named Bogra District. At that time, Bogra District occupied by Adamdighi, Bogra Sadar, Sherpur from Rajshahi District; two upazila from Rangpur District and Khetlal Upazila, Badalgachhi Upazila, Lalbazar Thana from Dinajpur. Later, on December 16, 1868, Lalbazar Police Thana was moved to Khasbaguri. The local name of Khasbabri was Panchbibi.

Rivers
Bangladesh is a country of many rivers. There are mainly five rivers in Joypurhat District. They are:
 * Small Jamuna River passes through Joypurhat Sadar Upazila and Panchbibi Upazila.
 * Tulshiganga River passes through Joypurhat Sadar Upazila, Khetlal Upazila and Akkelpur Upazila.
 * Chiri River passes through Panchbibi Upazila.
 * Haraboti River passes through Panchbibi Upazila.
 * Sree River passes through Chakbarkat Joypurhat Sadar Upazila.

Climate
Joypurhat is a district of Tropical climate. In winter there is much more rainfall in Joypurhat than in summer. According to The Köppen climate classification, The average annual temperature in here is 25.4 °C and The average annual rainfall is 1738 mm. The driest month is December with 3 mm. Most precipitation falls in July, with an average of 364 mm. The warmest month of the year is August with an average temperature of 28.9 °C. In January, the average temperature is 18 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year.

The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 361 mm. The average temperatures vary during the year by 10.9 °C.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Joypurhat District had 269,904 households and a population of 956,430, 23.4% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 945 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 73.6%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Religion
The district of Joypurhat has 2573 mosques, 186 mosque-based library, 675 trained Imam, 2200 Imam, 424 temples, 21 churches and 18 Buddhist temples. Hinda - Kasba Shahi Mosque is one such mosque in Joypurhat.

Muslims make up 89.66% of the population, while Hindus are 8.83% and Christians 0.53% of the population respectively. Other religions (mainly Sarna) are 0.97% of the population. Ethnic minorities were 23,139 (2.53%), mainly Santals.

Economy
Joypurhat's economy is mainly based on seasonal crops like rice, potato, wheat, onion, mango, jackfruit, and banana. It also produces a huge amount of sugarcane and it holds the country's largest sugar mill, Joypurhat Sugar Mill's Limited. There are also a lot of industries, rice mills and poultry farm sin this district. It exports many agricultural products. Hili land port is very close to Joypurhat district, so many people of this district do export-import business by this port and about all the vehicles of this port run over this district. This district is appropriate for all kind of business.

Arts and culture
Joypurhat is a district of rural or rich folk culture. In British Raj period, many festivals such as keerton (কীর্তন), jaree (জারী), palagaan (পালাগান), kabigaan (কবিগান), baul (বাউল), murshidee (মুর্শিদী), lokgeeti (লোকগীতি), bhaoyaiya (ভাওয়াইয়া), and jattra (যাত্রা) were held on various occasions.

After 1971, many cultural organizations established in this district level and upazila level.

Cultural groups

 * Drama Circle

Points of interest
Jamalganj is situated 10 km south west of Joypurhat. Pahar Pur (Buddhist Bihar), largely known as Sompur Bihar, is situated 6 km(approx)north-west of Jamalganj which is a symbol of past legacy of our knowledge on philosophy, architecture, arts and sculptures. It is UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) certified world heritage site.

Jamalganj is known for its long traditional bazar (in English market) fore surrounded places. It is also known for its agricultural products like banana, paddy, rice, wheat, and potato. Also famous for its coal (bituminous) and cement. Joypurhat is famous for various sweets including inception of sweet named “Harivanga” which is now popular in the country

Sub-districts
Joypurhat has five subdistricts (upazilas):

Municipalities
There are five municipalities in Joypurhat District.

Deputy Commissioner (DC): Mohammad Yasin

Mayor: MD Mustafizur Rahaman Mostak

Parliamentary seats
Joypurhat has two parliament seats: Joypurhat-1 and Joypurhat-2.

Roads
Joypurhat is a small district in Rajshahi Division. It has 342.59 km cobbled road, 61.59 km semi-cobbled road and 1569 km raw road.

Railway stations
Joypurhat contains eight railway stations. The total railways of Joypurhat are 38.86 km.

 * Joypurhat railway station, Joypurhat Sadar Upazila
 * Panchbibi railway station, Panchbibi Upazila
 * Jamalganj railway station, Akkelpur Upazila
 * Akkelpur railway station, Akkelpur Upazila
 * Jafarpur railway station, Akkelpur Upazila
 * Tilakpur railway station, Akkelpur Upazila
 * Bagjana railway station, Panchbibi Upazila

Joypurhat Railway Station was established in 1884 in the British Raj period. It is a very important railway station in the northern part of Bangladesh.

Education
There are 27 colleges in the district. They include Joypurhat Government College, Akkelpur Mujibar Rahman College, Amdai United Degree College, founded 1946, Joypurhat Government Women's College (1972), Joypurhat Womens Degree College, Kalai Degree College, Khetlal Syeed Altafunnesa College, and Mohipur Haji Mohsin Government College (1969).

Joypurhat Girls' Cadet College, founded in 2006, is a military high school and college for girls.

According to Banglapedia, R.B. Govt. High School (1946), Haripur High School, founded in 1917, Joypurhat Government Girls' High School (1977), Kalai Moyen Uddin High School (1913), Khanjanpur High School (1901), Khanjanpur Mission Girl's High School (1919), Sonamukhi High School (1916), Teghar High School (1940), and Uchai Jerka S.C. High School (1925) are notable secondary schools.

Notable residents
In modern era Joypurhat contains many poets. Among them poet-litterateur:

 * Ataur Rahman
 * Jahangir Chowdhury – Modern Koryar Poem (আধুনিক কোরয়ার কবিতা)
 * Abbas Ali Khan – Smritir Sagore Dheu (স্মৃতির সাগরে ঢেউ)
 * Sayed Mohsin Ali Dewan
 * Sahadat Hossain
 * Mozahar Hossain Jamalee(মোজাহার হোসেন জামালী) – Jeebon Nadir Bake Bake (জীবন নদীর বাঁকে বাঁকে)
 * Sayed Ansar Ali Dewan – Je Agun Nive Na (যে আগুন নিভলোনা)
 * Md. Alauddin
 * Rezaul Karim – Porajito Shaliker Anusochona (পরাজিত শালিকের অনুশোচনা)
 * Sachindranath Barman
 * Tahura Begum
 * Sayed Emdad Ali Dewan
 * Abdus Sattar
 * Abu Haidar Sajidur Rahman ( Kuasha, Nayagra etc. )
 * Azizul Haque Biswas ( Obbacto Dristi )
 * Jaton Kumar Devnath ( Schorar Ghora )
 * Nazrul Islam ( Jiboner Bornomala )
 * Aminul Haque Babul ( Pothe Jete jete )
 * Kobita Pervin ( Nisha Bai )
 * Shahana Bithi ( Door Subas )
 * Mojammel Hossen ( Shuktara )
 * Roushon Ara Pervin ( Ghass Foring-er-Beye )
 * Abdus Sattar Mridha, akkelpur ( Onuswar Bisorgo Chondrabindu )
 * Mohammad Ali Masum ( protarona )
 * Playwright Mansurul Aziz (Firiye Dao Oronno,Shongkito Podojatra,Otoshi,Shimultolir ghat-e etc.)

title: Joypurhat District


text:
Lalmonirhat District

Lalmonirhat (লালমনিরহাট জেলা, Lalmonirhat Jela also Lalmonirhat Zila) is a district, situated at the northern border of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rangpur Division. Lalmonirhat mahakuma was established as a district on 1 February 1984. It lies north of Kochbihar and Jalpaiguri of West Bengal, south of Rangpur, east of Kurigram and Kochbihar and west of Rangpur and Nilphamari district. The international border line of Lalmonirhat district is 281.6 km long.

Etymology
At the end of 19th century the workers of the Bengal Duras Railway (BDR) while digging the mud for the installation of rail line, found a red color stone and since then, the place was recognized as Lalmoni. Whereas some legendary opinions that the railway which acquire the land owned by a lady named Lalmoni for which people kept the place after her name as the recognition of her contribution of land for the rail line. Others are of the opinion that in 1783 a woman named Lalmoni along with peasant leader, Nuruldin fought against the English soldiers and land lords for the cause to establish the interest of general peasants and laid down her life against the atrocity of the rulers. The place was named as the Lalmoni as the sign of respect. The word "hat" became adhered to her name in the course of time.

History
Lalmonirhat emerged as a district from mahakuma by the inauguration of then gender and social welfare minister of Bangladesh government Dr. Shafia Khatun on 1 February 1984. After that Lalmonirhat sadar thana was established as a upazila on 18 March 1984. As a result, the number of upazilas in Lalmonirhat district becomes 5 which are Patgram, Hatibandha, Kaliganj, Aditmari and Lalmonirhat Sadar. In that time, Sinai, Rajarhat and Gharialdanga union was added to Kurigram District and the number of union of Lalmonirhat district and municipalities becomes 41 and 1 respectively. Alongside the area of Lalmonirhat Sadar becomes 104 sq. miles. After 1985, Dahagram and Angarpota enclaves became a single union of Patgram upazila and then the total number of union becomes 42.

Subdistricts
There are 5 upazilas, 5 thanas, 45 unions, 354 mouzas and 478 villages in Lalmonirhat. The upazilas are:

 * Lalmonirhat Sadar has an area of 259.54 km2. It lies north of Kochbihar of India and Aditmari upazila of Kurigram district, south of Kaunia upazila of Rangpur district and Rajarhat upazila of Kurigram district, east of Phulbai and Rajarhat upazila of Kurigram district, west of  Aditmari upazila of Lalmonirhat district and Gangachara upazila of Rangpur district.
 * Aditmari has an area of 190.03 km2. It lies north of Kochbihar district of India, south of Gangachar upazila of Rangpur district, east of Lalmonirhat Sadar upazila, west of Kaliganj upazila.
 * Kaliganj has an area of 236.96 km2. It lies north of Kochbihar district of India and Hatibandha upazila of Lalmonirhat, south of Gangachara upazila of Rangpur and Kishorganj upazila of Nilphamari district, east of Aditmari upazila, west of Jaldhaka upazila of Nilphamari district.
 * Hatibandha has an area of 288.42 km2. It lies north of Kochbihar district of India and Patgram upazila of Lalmonirhat, south of Kaliganj upazila, east of Kochbihar district of India, west of Dimla and Jaldhaka upazila of Nilphamari.
 * Patgram has an area of 261.51. It lies north, east and west of Kochbihar district of India and Hatibandha upazila.

Geography
Lalmonirhat is in the north of Bangladesh. There are six rivers in Lalmonirhat district. Teesta is one of the main rivers in this district. The total length of Tista river is 315 km, 115 km of which is in Bangladesh. The total arable land is 98,875 hectares.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Lalmonirhat District had 342,039 households and a population of 1,428,406, 20.4% of whom lived in urban areas. The population density was 1,145 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 71.2%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Muslim make up 86.02% of the population, while Hindus are 13.90% of the population.

The dialect of the region is Rangpuria.

Education
Lalmonirhat has 2 colleges, 212 secondary schools, 754 primary schools, 85 madrasas, 3 polytechnical institutes and 1 technical school and college. Lalmonirhat is one of the seven illiteracy-free districts in Bangladesh. The literacy rate of Lalmonirhat is 65%.

Economy
Agriculture is the major income source. 72.78% of people are farmers, 10.49% are businessmen, 3.46% are labourers, and 4.45% are employees.

Notable residents

 * Sheikh Fazlul Karim, poet, born on 14 April 1883 in Kakina village in Kaliganj thana

title: Lalmonirhat District


text:
Nyctemera

Nyctemera is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1820. The genus includes the species Nyctemera annulata and Nyctemera amica, which are closely related and are able to interbreed.

Description
They are medium-sized moths, the adults having a wingspan of 35 - 45 mm. The wings are usually dark with lighter patches, while the body is often aposematically coloured to discourage birds and other visual predators from eating them.

Palpi porrectly upturned. Antennae bipectinate in both sexes, where branches short in females. Forewing with vein 3 from before the angle of cell, vein 5 from above it and vein 6 from upper angle. Vein 7 and 10 from short areole which is formed by the anastomosis of veins 8 and 9. Hindwings with vein 3 from before end of cell and vein 5 from angle or from above it. Veins 6 and 7 stalked or from upper angle. Vein 8 from before middle of all.

Ecology
The slow-flying moths can often be seen feeding at flowers; it is common around its preferred food plants of the daisy family, for example groundsel (and other Senecio spp.), ragworts and Cineraria. The colourful hairy larvae feed openly on the plants, often stripping off all the leaves. The mature larvae will sometimes wander from the plant to pupate. The loosely spun cocoon incorporates some of the larval hairs and may also be found amongst leaves.

Taxonomy
Several species formerly placed here are now assigned to other genera. These include Utetheisa (containing Atasca, Pitasila and Raanya, erstwhile subgenera of Nyctemera), the revalidated Chiromachla, Podomachla and Xylecata, and the newly established Afronyctemera.

Subgenus Arctata Roepke, 1949

 * Nyctemera angustipenis
 * Nyctemera arctata
 * Nyctemera montata
 * Nyctemera browni
 * Nyctemera consobriniformis
 * Nyctemera gratia
 * Nyctemera hyalina
 * Nyctemera kinabaluensis
 * Nyctemera kishidai
 * Nyctemera lunulata
 * Nyctemera luzonensis
 * Nyctemera owadai
 * Nyctemera palawanica
 * Nyctemera robusta
 * Nyctemera toxopei
 * Nyctemera undulata

Subgenus Coleta Roepke, 1949

 * Nyctemera coleta
 * Nyctemera groenendaeli

Subgenus Deilemera Hübner, [1820], 1816

 * Nyctemera carissima
 * Nyctemera evergista
 * Nyctemera gerra
 * Nyctemera luzonica
 * Nyctemera maculata
 * Nyctemera muelleri
 * Nyctemera swinhoei

Subgenus Luctuosana de Vos, 2010

 * Nyctemera contrasta
 * Nyctemera dentifascia
 * Nyctemera herklotsii
 * Nyctemera luctuosa
 * Nyctemera ludekingii
 * Nyctemera simulatrix

Subgenus Nyctemera s.str.

 * Nyctemera amicus
 * Nyctemera annulata
 * Nyctemera baulus
 * Nyctemera cenis
 * Nyctemera kala
 * Nyctemera kebeae
 * Nyctemera lacticinia
 * Nyctemera latemarginata
 * Nyctemera latistriga
 * Nyctemera mastrigti
 * Nyctemera obtusa
 * Nyctemera pagenstecheri
 * Nyctemera pseudokala
 * Nyctemera sonticum
 * Nyctemera warmasina

The Nyctemera (Nyctemera) clathrata species group

 * Nyctemera clathratum
 * Nyctemera dauila
 * Nyctemera giloloensis
 * Nyctemera latimargo
 * Nyctemera leopoldi
 * Nyctemera mesolychna
 * Nyctemera oninica

Subgenus Orphanos Hübner, [1825], 1816

 * Nyctemera adversata
 * Nyctemera apensis
 * Nyctemera calcicola
 * Nyctemera clarior
 * Nyctemera distincta
 * Nyctemera kiauensis
 * Nyctemera kinibalina
 * Nyctemera lugens
 * Nyctemera malaccana
 * Nyctemera ploesslo
 * Nyctemera popiya
 * Nyctemera radiata
 * Nyctemera regularis
 * Nyctemera sumatrensis
 * Nyctemera tenompoka
 * Nyctemera tripunctaria

Subgenus Tritomera de Vos & Dubatolov, 2010

 * Nyctemera trita

Unsorted Nyctemera species

 * Nyctemera formosana (mostly placed as a synonym of Nyctemera carissima)
 * Nyctemera genora
 * Nyctemera immitans
 * Nyctemera quaternarium

Afrotropical species transferred into Afronyctemera Dubatolov, 2006

 * Nyctemera itokina

Afrotropical species transferred into Chiromachla Strand, 1909

 * Nyctemera chalcosidia
 * Nyctemera gracilis
 * Nyctemera insulare
 * Nyctemera leuconoe
 * Nyctemera pallescens
 * Nyctemera perspicua
 * Nyctemera restrictum
 * Nyctemera seychellensis
 * Nyctemera torbeni
 * Nyctemera transitella

Afrotropical species transferred into Podomachla Strand, 1909

 * Nyctemera acraeina
 * Nyctemera antinorii
 * Nyctemera apicalis
 * Nyctemera arieticornis
 * Nyctemera chromis
 * Nyctemera insularis
 * Nyctemera usambarae
 * Nyctemera virgo

Afrotropical species transferred into Xylecata Swinhoe, 1904

 * Nyctemera biformis
 * Nyctemera crassiantennata
 * Nyctemera druna
 * Nyctemera glauce
 * Nyctemera hemixantha
 * Nyctemera rattrayi
 * Nyctemera ugandicola
 * Nyctemera uniformis
 * Nyctemera xanthura

Main articles on Nyctemera taxonomy

 * 🇦🇹 1994 [1995]: Nyctemera groenendaeli spec. nov. from New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Nyctemerina). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F. 15 (4): 481–489.
 * 🇦🇹 1995: A revision of Nyctemera consobrina (Hopffer, 1874) with redescription of three subspecies (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Nyctemerinae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F. 16 (1): 81–93.
 * 🇦🇹 1996: Nyctemera pseudokala sp. nov. and N. mastrigti sp. nov., two new species from Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Nyctemerinae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F. 17 (3): 301–311.
 * 🇦🇹 1997: A revision of Nyctemera kebeae (Bethune-Baker, 1904) (with descriptions of two new subspecies) and N. warmasina (Bethune-Baker, 1910) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Nyctemerinae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F. 18 (1): 1-12.
 * 🇦🇹 1997: The identity of Nyctemera simulatrix Walker, 1864 (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Nyctemerinae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F. 18 (2-3): 205–210.
 * 🇦🇹 2002: Revision of the Nyctemera evergista group (=subgenus Deilemera Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Arctiinae, Nyctemerini). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F. 23 (1/2): 7-32.
 * 🇦🇹 2007: Revision of the Nyctemera clathratum complex (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 150: 39–54.
 * 🇦🇹 2007: The Utetheisa species of the subgenera Pitasila, Atasca and Raanya subgen. n. (Insecta, Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Aldrovandia 3: 31-120.
 * 🇦🇹 2010: Nyctemerini. In: 🇦🇹, Tiger-moths of Eurasia (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 65: 11–18.
 * 🇦🇹 2006: On the generic status of the Afrotropical Nyctemera species (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Atalanta 37 (1/2): 191–205.
 * 🇦🇹 2006: On the generic status of the Afrotropical Nyctemera species (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Atalanta 37 (1/2): 191–205.

title: Nyctemera