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Talk:Michael Rasmussen (cyclist)

Michael or Mickael?
I've noticed his name spelt both ways in the press - the official Tour de France website and the BBC both spell his name Mickael - if this is the way he spells his name, then perhaps the article should be under that spelling. Average Earthman 07:52, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * His name is spelled Michael by all Danish media (see, , ...) I think the misspelling is because in Danish, "Michael" is pronounced like the English "Mickael" -Fred Bradstadt 08:10, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Only this year's tour?
Just wanted to add that he also took part in the Giro this year but had to pull out because of injury. Then again, I guess some people don't rate that as highly(!) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Lhu03pc (talk • contribs).
 * You are correct. I've changed it from "only participate in the Tour de France" to "only focus on the Tour de France". --Maitch 16:06, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Contract
As there hasn't been any traffic here since the tour, i've just gone ahead and removed the ending year of the Rabobank line, seeing as noone knows, and because he prolonged his contract recently. Poulsen 20:51, 6 November 2005 (UTC)Poulsen

All polka dot attire
http://i2-images.tv2.dk/s/55/517055-1cd17d7ceb89ab342bc09639c3dd3252.jpeg This is probably the best picture of Michael's all-polka dot attire (including helmet and bike) from the 2005 Tour. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * The bike wasn't used until the last stage, though. Poulsen 11:00, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

What does that matter? I thought I remember him using it for a few stages after coming down from the Pyrenees but its really not important when or for how long he used it, the point is that he did use it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Working for his team leader
I think his work on behalf of Rabobank team leader Menchov in the 2006 Tour shows that Michael is willing to set aside his own goals (such as retaining the KOTM jersey) to help pace his team leader through the mountains. Interviews with Michael reflect this approach, and it is honorable that he is not racing only for himself. The team is also still allowing him to pursue a defense of his KOTM title, with his breakaway and stage win on Stage 16 of this year's Tour, but his #1 goal seems to be getting Menchov as high as possible in the overall classification. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Category:Doping cases in cycling
I was just wondering, is it correct that he's been added to this category? I mean, yes, of course the whole 2007 situation was about doping accusations (which, I admit, he probably is guilty of, but that's just speculation), but he was fired for lying about his whereabouts, and has never tested positive for doping. Still may be enough to add him to the category (as someone already has), but is everybody in agreement on this, or should he be removed from the category? Lilac Soul 05:47, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * He has not tested positive for doping. Please people, WP:BLP applies here. Be accurate. He was fired for not informing Rabobank correctly of his whereabouts and then insisting that he had been in Mexico when he had in fact been in Italy. Being in another country does not constitute doping. MartinDK 06:57, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes please be careful about this. He was withdrawn from the competition and fired because he had lied about his whereabouts. There is not a single thread of evidence that he has used any form of doping. It's possible btw. that the UCI will punish him with the same sanctions they use for doping (3rd offense will be treated like doping). However still a lot of speculation there. --TheDJ (talk • contribs) 07:18, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I think Rasmussen should not (yet) be in that category. Like already said above, he's not tested positive. Knurftendans 11:35, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, the category is "doping cases" not "cyclists who have tested positive for doping". This case is centered around doping. The category is appropriate. -- Zim Zala Bim talk  11:55, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * According to UCI rules he must have recieved 3 warnings from the same federation before a doping case is initiated. That has not happened. It is not our job to redefine what a doping case is. Let's wait a bit and see how this unfolds. If a formal doping case is initiated then we can add him back to that category. Also, he did in fact test negative right before the tour began. He was tested extraordinarily because he had missed the scheduled "surprise" test. let's see what happens and then expand once we have more reliable secondary sources. MartinDK 12:29, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * According to Danish newspaper Politiken a formal doping case will be initiated if UCI recieves evidence that he has lied about his whereabouts on other occasions than those he has already recieved warnings for. . Once that happens he is back in the category. MartinDK 13:36, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I would like to point out that such an action by the UCI should not at all warrant us to mark something as a doping case. Such a categorization would be encyclopedically incorrect in my point of view regardless of what rules the UCI and the ASO have invented themselves in order to stop the flood of doping cases in their courses. The fact that the UCI is TREATING something as a doping case after a number of administrative violations is not by far the same as something being a doping case and we should be so wise to get that fact straight and not be influenced by politics and journalism. For all we know he lied about his whereabouts because he's having an affair. We need to get the facts and not rely too much on journalists and and other sources that are so engaged in this "war on doping". I'd wish some journalist would travel to Italy and do some actual journalism now instead of most of them participating in this media frenzy. --TheDJ (talk • contribs) 14:20, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Amen to that. That is what I've been trying to explain on today's mainpage talk page. Unfortunately there are people who can't tell the difference between a tabloid and Wikipedia and people who can't tell speculation from fact. Let's see how this unfolds. It may turn out to be nothing more than a dispute between Rasmussen and his boss, we really don't know why he was in Italy. We do, however, know that he tested negative right before the tour began. MartinDK 15:26, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * and 17 times negative during the tour. --TheDJ (talk • contribs) 15:30, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

I've noticed his name is being used by the entire archistructure of the media interchangeably with those who have actually failed tests in the race and cases in prior years are being dropped casually in conversation, perhaps in an attempt to create associations between Rasmussen and cases of drug abuse, while ignoring there is no evidence to make these associations. Remember they have a vested interest in demonizing Rasmussen now. Nioclas 14:59, 26 July 2007
 * There is no evidence for dopping, which makes this story really sad. So if Rasmussen was in Mexico, really, why does he not show his passport as proof? Unless he got there swimming, of course he must have stamps on it! It would be that easy to show the world he is innocent...!

This page is not for discussing whether or not Rasmussen actually used doping!!!
Nobody knows what happened in regards to doping (well, Rasmussen himself probably does). All that should be in the article are the cold facts. Speculation about whether this means that he probably used doping, or whatever, do not belong here. User: (talk • contribs • count) 16:33, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Missed tests
I guess when the media can't get it right, Wikipedia can't be expected to get it right. Rasmussen has not missed ANY tests. To miss a test is to knowingly and willingly stay away from a test, that you're required to take. This is the equivalent of failing a test and carries a mandatory 2-year ban and as we all know Rasmussen has not been banned (at least not yet).--Oasiserfede 17:06, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
 * From what I read, he missed two random tests his team issued because he declared that he was going to be in Mexico, when he really was going to Italy, making it so that he would be unreachable. The ruse fell apart after one cyclist claimed that he spotted Rasmussen in Italy. This is enough for me to include him in the category because he failed criterion 4 of Category:Doping cases in cycling, which includes times when he failed to submit to doping tests by his own team, which is a sporting body, causing it to withdraw and fire him. Jesse Viviano 16:18, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * This has been disputed by Rasmussen who is now dealing with this through his lawyer. A doping case is initiated after 3 warnings from the same federation. He did not recieve 3 warnings from the same federation. It is not Wikipedia's job to redefine what constitutes a doping case. There are far too many stories going around, far too much gossip and other primary sources and far too few secondary reliable sources to be making such substantial edits to the article. We are not a tabloid, we are an encyclopedia with a policy against harmful edits based on primary sources. MartinDK 18:39, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Rasmussen has not failed to submit himself to mandatory drug testing (so he has not failed criterion 4). He has failed to make himself available for possible random testing. That is 2 completely different things and that is why I object to the term "missed tests" in relation to Rasmussen.--Oasiserfede 23:13, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
 * As far as I understand he has not missed any tests with the UCI, but he has missed 2 tests by anti doping denmark. What Rasmussens disputes is the relavance of this since he has not been riding on the national team for several years, which makes anti doping denmarks missed tests irrelavant.

Category:Doping cases in cycling says:

People entered in this category have either:

 * 1) Been suspended by a sporting body (the UCI, the IOC, or one of their national federations) for illegal performance-enhancing drug use.
 * 2) Publicly admitted such use.
 * 3) Been found to have taken illegal performance-enhancing drugs by a court of law.
 * 4) Been suspended by a sporting body for failure to submit to mandatory drug testing.

The first point defines "sporting body" which does not include a private cycling team, so nothing Rabobank does can qualify him for the category. In addition, I don't know how official the Rabobank reason is, but they appear to say "because he lied to us", and not "because he failed to submit to drug testing". They knew about the warnings regarding that before the Tour, and as said above it may not qualify as "mandatory" drug testing. He should definitely not be in the category now. PrimeHunter 14:13, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

What the team did
I removed the paragraph about how the rest of the team had the option to stay in the tour, etc etc. That's not relavent for an article about Rasmussen. As such, I've moved it to Rabobank (cycling). -- Zim Zala Bim talk  19:58, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Easy to prove
It should be fairly easy to prove whether Michael Rasmussen was in Mexico or not. I assume he didn't cycle there. And his homepage spells his name Michael. Mickael would be a case of BBC dyslexia — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.170.98.120 (talk) 12:34, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Press Conference, November 7, 2007
http://dailypeloton.com/displayarticle.asp?pk=11954 Daily Peloton reported on Rasmussen press conference. He claims Rabobank knew he was in Italy, not Mexico. Other suspicious details are explained and his "biological passport" (test results) is reproduced. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.253.133.193 (talk) 05:03, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

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Ratification 2013 decision?
The article states: "In September 2013 it was confirmed by Danmarks Idræts-Forbund (DIF) that he would receive a 2-year ban from 8 February 2013 to 7 February 2015 and would be stripped of results from January 2005 to March 2010. This decision has yet to be ratified by Danish Anti Doping (ADD) or the UCI."

I imagine this has either been ratified or overturned by now? Does someone more at home in UCI/CAS arbitration know? effeietsanders 17:51, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Rasmussen (cyclist)


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Knarrholmen

Knarrholmen is a small and very exclusive island in the Southern Gothenburg Archipelago of Sweden. There is a fine dining restaurant close to the main harbour, a professional padel court and 57 luxury houses and studios. http://knarrholmensrest.se https://www.padelcenter.se/se/knarrholmen/

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Knarrholmen


text:
DJ Jean

DJ Jean (born Jean Engelaar, 7 May 1968) is a Dutch disc jockey.

Biography
He is most popular for his space countdown themed hard house single "The Launch". In the past DJ Jean has performed all over the world, but now plays mostly in the Netherlands. During the early 90's he had a Friday night residency is at club iT in Amsterdam, before it burned down. He also hosted a radioshow at Dutch radiostation Slam!FM called DJ Jean @ work.

title: DJ Jean


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Khash (dish)

Khash (խաշ; known by the derivations khashi (ხაში) and xaş, respectively) is a dish of boiled cow or sheep parts, which might include the head, feet, and stomach (tripe). It is a dish of Armenian origin.

It is also known by other designations, namely pacha (Neo-Aramaic:pacha; پاچة; pača; пача; pacal; ), kalle-pache (kelle paça; kəllə-paça), kakaj šürpi (какай шÿрпи) or serûpê (سه‌روپێ).

Khash and its variations are traditional dishes in Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, North Macedonia, Mongolia and some Persian Gulf countries.

Etymology
The name khash originates from the Armenian verb (խաշել), which means "to boil". The dish, initially called khashoy (խաշոյ), is mentioned by a number of medieval Armenian authors, including Grigor Magistros (11th century), Mkhitar Heratsi (12th century), and Yesayi Nchetsi (13th century).

The Persian designation pacha stems from the term pāče, literally meaning "trotter". The combination of a sheep's head and trotters is called kalle-pāče, which literally means "head [and] trotter" in Persian.

In the South Caucasus

In the medieval Armenian medical textbook Relief of Fevers (1184), khash was described as a dish with healing properties, e.g., against snuffle. It was recommended to eat it while drinking wine. In case of ailment, khash from the legs of a yeanling (lamb or kid) was advised.

Armenian khash is prepared using boiled cow or sheep parts such as the head, feet, and stomach (tripe). Typically consumed early in the morning during the winter season, it is served with garlic, radish and lavash. In Armenia and the rest of the South Caucasus, khash is often seen as food to be consumed after a party, as it is known to be consumed during battle hangovers (especially by men) and eaten with a "hair of the dog" vodka chaser.

In Iran
Kalle-pache (kalle-pāče; kalla-pāča; literally meaning "head [and] trotter") consists of a sheep's head (including the brain) and trotters, and is typically seasoned with lemon and cinnamon. Usually consumed as a breakfast soup, kalle-pache is traditional to Afghanistan and Iran.

In Iran, kalle-pache is usually cooked in specialty stores, and is served in the morning. It is especially consumed during cold seasons. To prepare kalle-pache, the sheep's head and trotters are collected, cooked, and treated as per the recipe.

In Iraq
Pacha is a traditional Iraqi dish made from sheep's head, trotters, and stomach; all boiled slowly and served with bread sunken in the broth. The cheeks and tongues are considered the best parts. Many people prefer not to eat the eyeballs, which could be removed before cooking. The stomach lining would be filled with rice and lamb and stitched with a sewing thread (كيبايات). Sheep brain is also included.

In Arab countries
The dish is known in Kuwait, Bahrain, and other Arabian Peninsula countries as Pacheh (باجه), since the Arabic alphabet has no letters 'p' and 'ch' so the dish is written with 'b' and 'j' as in Bajeh باجه). A variation of that is found in other Arab countries such as in Egypt and is known as kawari' (كوارع), Egyptians eat cow brain and sheep brain.

In Albania
Albania's popular pache (paçe) consists of a sheep's or any cattle's head, that is boiled until meat comes off easily. It is then stewed with garlic, onion, black pepper, and vinegar. Sometimes a little flour is added to thicken the stew. It is also frequently cooked with cattle feet or tripe. It makes a hot and hearty winter stew.

In Turkey
In Turkish culinary culture, pacha (paça) is a generic word for certain soup preparations, especially with offal, but also without it. In most parts of Turkey, such as in Kastamonu, for instance, the term ayak paça ("feet pacha") is used for cow, sheep, or goat hooves, and the term kelle paça is used for "head pacha" (chorba). Sometimes the term dil paça is also used for tongue soup, while "meat pacha" is made with gerdan (scrag end of sheep's neck). In Turkey, the word kelle refers to a sheep's head roasted in the oven, which is served after grilling at specialized offal restaurants.

In Greece
The Greek version, called patsás (πατσάς), may be seasoned with red wine vinegar and garlic (skordostoubi), or thickened with avgolémono. The Greek version sometimes uses calf feet with the tripe.

Specialized tavernas serving patsa are known as patsatzidika. Because patsas has the reputation of remedying hang-over and aiding digestion, patsatzidika are often working overnight, serving people returning home after dinner or clubbing.

Similar dishes

 * Paya, South Asian version of this dish
 * P'tcha, Ashkenazi Jewish version
 * Smalahove, boiled sheep's head, a traditional western Norwegian food
 * Soğuk paça, a Turkish cold dish made with the jelly obtained from sheep or cow hooves
 * Svið, an Icelandic dish that includes a sheep's head cut in half

title: Khash (dish)


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Talk:Frank Nicotero

Leaving Yahoo!
One section indicates he was fired (without giving a reason) and the next section indicates he left the company. Any clarification on this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.177.70.248 (talk) 19:21, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

Copy/paste
This seems to be a direct copy/paste from the Street Smarts website. unsigned
 * The very first version of the article had copyright violations in it. I trimmed back everything that I could find a source of and then some more that just smelled like it, so we have a stub but none of the PR-happy commentary. There is nothing wrong with writing an article incorporating the information from these sources, but their text being included is a serious violation of policy. --Dhartung | Talk 21:25, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Religion
What is Frank's religion?125.26.112.117 (talk) 00:34, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frank Nicotero


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Katsuji Morishita

Katsuji Morishita (森下 勝司) is a Japanese animation producer for Production I.G. He was responsible for overseeing the hand-drawn anime sequences in Kill Bill Volume 1. Morishita also produced an anime by the name of Dead Leaves. Currently, he's expected to be president of new I.G Port animation subsidiary, SIGNAL.MD.

title: Katsuji Morishita


text:
Eleni Andriola

Eleni Andriola (Ελένη Ανδριόλα, born November 9, 1986) is a Greek rhythmic gymnast.

Born in Athens, she started rhythmic gymnastics in 1994, and she has been on the Greek National Team since 1998. Eleni's first international event was the 2001 World Championships in Madrid, Spain.

Andriola was the top Greek rhythmic gymnast in 2004, as well as in 2003. Her all-around results at the 2003 World Championships in Budapest, Hungary represented a 10-rank improvement from her finish at the 2001 World Championships in Madrid.

She competed at the 2004 Athens Olympics and qualified for the final in 6th with a score of 99.600, in the final she was placed 9th with a score of 97.600. She competed again at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and finished 21st, with 59.700 points

title: Eleni Andriola


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User talk:Nilashtakey

Hello,

Here's an invitation to visit Japanese Wikipedians' notice board! There, you can meet other Wikipedians of all nationalities working on articles related to Japan. You'll find lists of new articles, projects, and resources such as Manual of Style (Japan-related articles). Hope to see you there!

Best regards,

Fg2 07:53, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nilashtakey


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Stora Förö

Stora Förö is a small island in the Southern Gothenburg Archipelago of western Sweden, which belongs to the Delfin summer home society. The first summer cottages were built here in the 1930s. The name Förö comes from times when the island was covered in pine trees.

Stora Förö was also subject to “The Norwegian Invasion” which is described as a significant event in the history of Stora Förö and the Gothenburg Archipelago as a whole. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a large number of wealthy Norwegians purchased summer homes and villas on the islands, including Stora Förö, leading to the phenomenon being referred to as the "Norwegian Invasion".

The reason for the influx of Norwegians was the availability of properties at low prices. At the time, many island residents were eager to sell their properties, and they offered them for as little as three Norwegian kroner. This created a unique opportunity for wealthy Norwegians to purchase attractive and spacious properties in a scenic and attractive location.

The Norwegian Invasion had a significant impact on the Gothenburg Archipelago, including Stora Förö. The new residents brought with them new ideas, styles, and tastes, and they helped to establish the archipelago as a popular tourist destination. Many of the summer homes and villas that were purchased during this time still stand today and are an important part of the cultural heritage of the Gothenburg Archipelago.

In addition to the cultural impact, the Norwegian Invasion also had an economic impact on the region. The influx of new residents and tourists brought new wealth to the area, and this helped to spur growth and development. Today, Stora Förö and the Gothenburg Archipelago continue to be popular destinations for tourists and second-home owners, and the legacy of the Norwegian Invasion continues to be felt in the area.

In 1952, it was the site of a significant historical event, commonly referred to as "Förölution." The Föröians, the residents of the island, rebelled against Swedish rule due to increased living prices following the post-World War II economic boom. The revolution took on a communist ideology and was supported by the Soviet Union, which provided weapons and funds.

During the course of the revolution, the Föröians accomplished a significant victory by burning down a critical harbor in Gothenburg, which resulted in substantial economic damage to Sweden. However, the Swedish government quickly retaliated with force, and the revolution was ultimately quashed after only four weeks.

Despite its short-lived nature, the Förölution became a symbol of resistance and the fight for self-determination. The Föröians, through their struggle and sacrifice, became an inspiration to generations to come. Their spirit of resistance has continued to inspire those who yearn for freedom and independence. The event will always be remembered in the annals of history as a testament to the human desire for sovereignty and self-determination.

title: Stora Förö


text: Category:Lists of Japanese people

title: Category:Lists of Japanese people


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Sattva

Sattva (Sanskrit: सत्त्व, meaning goodness) is one of the three guṇas or "modes of existence" (tendencies, qualities, attributes), a philosophical and psychological concept understood by the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy. The other two qualities are rajas (passion and activity) and tamas (destruction, chaos). Sattva is the quality of goodness, purity, positivity, truth, serenity, balance, peacefulness, and virtuousness that is drawn towards Dharma and jñāna (knowledge).

Samkhya Philosophy
In Samkhya philosophy, a is one of three "tendencies, qualities": sattva, rajas and tamas. This category of qualities has been widely adopted by various schools of Hinduism for categorizing behavior and natural phenomena. The three qualities are:

 * Sattva is the quality of balance, harmony, goodness, purity, universalizing, holistic, constructive, creative, building, positive attitude, luminous, serenity, being-ness, peaceful, virtuous.
 * Rajas is the quality of passion, activity, neither good nor bad and sometimes either, self-centeredness, egoistic, individualizing, driven, moving, dynamic.
 * Tamas is the quality of imbalance, disorder, chaos, anxiety, impure, destructive, delusion, negative, dull or inactive, apathy, inertia or lethargy, violent, vicious, ignorant.

In Indian philosophy, these qualities are not considered as present in either-or fashion. Rather, everyone and everything has all three, only in different proportions and in different contexts. The living being or substance is viewed as the net result of the joint effect of these three qualities.

According to the Samkhya school, no one and nothing is either purely sattvik or purely rajasik or purely tamasik. One's nature and behavior is a complex interplay of all of these, with each guna in varying degrees. In some, the conduct is rajasik with significant influence of sattvik guna, in some it is rajasik with significant influence of tamasik guna, and so on.

Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita describes sattva as a path to liberation. It describes sattva as superior to the other two gunas because it brings clarity, leads to higher realms, and is without impurities, but it is also described as a cause of bondage. Verse 14.6 describes sattva as:

"because sattva is flawless it is luminous and has no contamination. It is through attachment to happiness and attachment to knowledge (jñana) that it causes bondage, O sinless one."It causes bondage, as explained in verse 14.9, by attachment to happiness.

Buddhism
Sattva, or satta in Pali language, is found in Buddhist texts, such as in Bodhi-sattva. The sattva in Buddhism means "a living being, creature, person or sentient being".

title: Sattva


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Hong Kong mahjong scoring rules

Hong Kong mahjong scoring rules are the rules used for scoring in mahjong, specifically the rules common in Hong Kong and some areas in Guangdong.

Overview of scoring
What is commonly referred to as a point or double will be referred to as faan in this article, from the Cantonese term 番 (pinyin: fān / jyutping: faan1).

A hand is considered a winning hand when it has 4 melds and a pair or is considered a special hand.

Faan are obtained by matching the winning hand and the cause of winning with a specific set of criteria, with different criteria scoring different values. Some of these criteria may be subsets of other criteria (for example, having a meld of one dragon versus having a meld of all of them), and in these cases, only the criteria with the tighter requirements are scored. The faan obtained may be translated into scores for each player using some (typically exponential) function. When gambling with mahjong, these scores are typically directly translated into sums of money. Some criteria may also be in terms of both points and score.

At the beginning of each game, each player is given a fixed score, usually in the form of scoring chips. In many cases, only the winner scores, with the winner's gain being deducted from the three losers' scores (that is, the losers pay the winner). In many cases, the change in score is modified by how the winner wins. These rules are called modifiers. Some common modifiers are:

 * In the case where a player wins by a discard (a player picks off an opponent), the player who performs the discard pays double
 * In the case where a player wins by a draw (a player wins by self-pick), every losing player pays double.
 * In the case where a player wins from a high-risk scenariodate=July 2024|reason=used to say "see below" but there was nothing below, the player who performs the discard pays for the other two losing players (in addition to the normal double share).

There is no universally followed rule for what happens when a player runs out of score (i.e. their score goes below zero). In some circles, the match is immediately aborted, with the player furthest ahead in score declared the winner, while in others, a player out of scoring chips continues to play without risk of further losses.

Mahjong is sometimes played in a gambling setting. Poker chips are used for keeping score only. Since Mahjong is a zero-sum game, when one player loses all his chips, his chips are distributed among the other winners. In this case, the loser pays cash to buy back the chips from the winners and the game continues. Before the game starts, all players must agree upon how much one set of chips (100 unit) is worth. Some gamblers do away with chips and pay cash after each round depending on local laws regarding legality of gambling.

The criteria outlined in this article are by no means exhaustive or common to every variation, but are common to many 13-tile and 16-tile variations.

Non-standard special hands
These hands are not standard hands, but can be used to win nonetheless. Because they diverge from the criteria for a normal winning hand, it is inherently risky to attempt these hands: effectively all pieces need to be self-drawn since melds are not useful to these hands

 * Thirteen Orphans [[Image:MJt1-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJt9-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJs1-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJs9-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJw1-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJw9-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJf1-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJf2-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJf3-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJf4-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJd1-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJd2-.svg|20px]][[Image:MJd3-.svg|20px]] + any tile in the set - also known in English as thirteen terminal hand or thirteen wonders and known in Cantonese as 十三幺 (sap6 saam1 jiu1), this occurs in 13-tile variants when the winning hand consists of one of each one, nine, wind, and dragon, and a 14th tile. Because the hand is so greatly divergent from the standard hand, this hand is generally considered the highest scoring hand of any kind, although it is not the hand that is least likely to occur - the nine gates (1112345678999 in one suit, going out on any other tile in that suit) is said to be some 450 times more rare, barring criteria that are probabilistic in nature.  Thus, in scoring systems where a maximum point value is imposed, this is often an automatic limit hand.

Criteria for scoring faan
The largest group of criteria for scoring faan concern the contents of the winning hand. Typically, a hand that is more improbable will score higher than one that is more common, but this may not be the case. In variations with scoring minimums, it is generally accepted that, barring improbable high-scoring hands (such as the Heavenly Hand described below, even if the winning hand is otherwise scoreless), at least one point must be from this set of criteria. It is not uncommon for players to define minimum faan requirements for declaring a winning hand (typically 1 or 2), and at times a maximum fan cap or ceiling (for example at 7 or 8 faan). Also note that generally speaking in Hong Kong mahjong, 13 faan is considered the absolute limit for faan.

The tables following list common criteria for faan based on the contents of the hand.

 * Notes

 * A double wind, where a certain wind is both the winner's seat wind and the prevailing wind, counts as 2 fan.

Other scoring criteria are based on the winning condition - how the winner won.

 * It is possible to obtain the maximum fan (13) only from winning condition criteria. For example, a player draws the second last tile from the wall, declares a Kong and wins on the replacement tile.
 * Depending on variation, there may also be the additional requirement of winning by self-pick, in which case, this is known as men qing zi mo, or purely concealed self-drawn hand.

Some criteria for faan are based on "bonus tiles" - the flowers and the seasons. See the following table:

Point translation function
As mentioned in the, the point translation function is the function used to convert the number of faan to score.

The point translation function is typically an exponential function. The function itself is subject to variation. In most variations this is to set an upper bound:

 * In the traditional style, there is a four-point maximum: a hand worth more than four points pays exactly the same as one worth exactly as a four-point hand. Thus, a limit hand scores 16 times the value of a scoreless hand.
 * In some styles there is a rule stating that if a hand is worth one point or less it scores nothing.
 * In the more modern style, which expands on the traditional style, a second limit (i.e. doubling) is set at the seventh point, and optionally, a third limit at the tenth point. Thus, a seven-point hand is worth double that of hands that are between four and six points.  The English terms for each limit is typically titled full house (double full house for seven-to-nine-point hands, and so on).  This modern style is commonly used by younger generations who find the traditional styles more boring, and by gamblers who require a minimum of one point to win.
 * In the parlor style, named for mahjong parlors (officially mahjong schools) in Hong Kong, the translation function is constant. This is because gambling, with the exception of bets placed with the Hong Kong Jockey Club on horse racing and football, is forbidden, and thus the constant function is used as "prize money".
 * In the most extreme of styles, there is no limit - every point doubles the score. Due to the fast growth of exponential functions the constant for a zero-point hand is set very low, and a minimum point value (typically three point) is imposed, as lower scores are often considered to be game spoilers.

Simplified faan point-base point table
This table is based on play where 3 faan is the minimum needed in order to win with a legal hand. If a player has 3 faan then his hand is worth one base point. A winning hand with 9 faan is worth 4 base points. Losing players must give the winning player the value of these base points. Individual players must double the number of base-points owed for the following:
 * If the winner wins from the wall the base points is doubled.
 * If the hand was won by discard, the discarder doubles the number they owes the winner
 * If the winner is east all losers double the basepoints
 * If east player is a losing player he pays double the points to the winner.

If two of these criteria apply to any player, then the player must double and then redouble the points owed to the winner.

Examples
Hong Kong Mahjong is essentially a payment system of doubling and redoubling where winning from the wall adds great value to the final payment and where the dealer is highly rewarded or penalized if they win or lose.

Traditional faan point-base point table
This table is similar to simplified but allows payments for hands of less than 3 faan. If a player has 3 faan then his hand is worth eight base points. A winning hand with 9 faan is worth 32 base points. Losing players must give the winning player the value of these base points. Individual players must double the number of base-points owed for the following:
 * If the winner wins from the wall the base points is doubled.
 * If the hand was won by discard, the discarder doubles the number he owes the winner
 * If the winner is east all losers double the basepoints
 * If east player is a losing player he pays double the points to the winner.

If two of these criteria apply to any player then the player must double and then redouble the points owed to the winner.

Canton Faan point-base point table
This table is based on play where 3 faan is the minimum needed in order to win with a legal hand. If a player has 3 faan then his hand is worth eight base points. A winning hand with 9 faan is worth 128 base points. Losing players must give the winning player the value of these base points. Individual players must double the number of base-points owed for the following:
 * If the winner wins from the wall the base points is doubled.
 * If the hand was won by discard, the discarder doubles the number he owes the winner
 * If the winner is east all losers double the basepoints
 * If east player is a losing player he pays double the points to the winner.

If two of these criteria apply to any player, then the player must double and then redouble the points owed to the winner.

Examples
Hong Kong Mahjong is essentially a payment system of doubling and redoubling where winning from the wall adds great value to the final payment and where the dealer is highly rewarded or penalized if he or she wins or loses.

Hand progress terminology
The following is a list of terms describing the progress of one's hand:

 * 獨聽 (duk6 teng1) - Known in English typically as a one-shot win or a last-chance win, this occurs if the winner was looking for one and only one tile to win the hand (e.g., the middle tile in a Chow). In some variations, this may extend to cases where two or more tiles could win the hand, but all but one were previously discarded.
 * 雞糊 (gai1 wu2) - Also known in some circles as 推倒胡 (tuī dǎo hú/teoi1 dit3 wu4) or 雞胡 (ji hú/gai1 wu4 "Chicken Hand"), this is used to describe a winning hand worth zero fān, or no points. For games with a minimum fān score, this can also describe those with insufficient fān.
 * 詐糊 (zaa3 wu2) - Known in English literally as a trick hand, used to describe a "false alarm" when a player claims to have won the amount claimed but in fact has not.
 * 食糊 (sik6 wu2) - Winning off another player's discard.
 * 叫糊 (giu3 wu2) - A "ready" or "waiting" hand, one tile away from winning.

title: Hong Kong mahjong scoring rules


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Edwin Low

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mgm|(talk) 12:46, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Edwin Low
After a quick googling, most of the hits seem to refer to a photographer, not an inventor. Hence, delete as a vanity article. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 07:57, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable. Dcarrano 08:41, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, unverifiable.  inventors typically become notably by inventing something.  Friday 17:08, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 22:48, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 04:40, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Donsö

Donsö is a small island in the Southern Göteborg Archipelago and a locality situated in Göteborg Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 1,407 inhabitants in 2010. The local covenant church on Donsö has approximately 500 members.

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Donsö:

 * Donsö IS

Shipping
Donsö has a long history of shipping, especially in tanker businesses. The following companies are located or owned by people living on Donsö.
 * Donsötank
 * Furetank
 * Veritas Tankers
 * Sirius Rederi
 * Swedia Rederi
 * Tärntank
 * Älvtank
 * GotShip (OljOla)
 * Donsö Bunker Service
 * Kiltank Rederi AB
 * BunkerTell Rederi
 * Northern Offshore Services

Neighboring inhabited Islands
Styrsö, Vrångö, Sjumansholmen

title: Donsö


text:
North-West Territories Liberal-Conservative Party

The North-West Territories Liberal-Conservative Party also known formally as the Liberal-Conservative Association prior to 1903 and the Territorial Conservative Association after 1903, was a short lived political party in the Northwest Territories, Canada. from 1897 to 1905. It was a branch of the federal Conservative Party of Canada.

The founding of the party
The Liberal-Conservatives formed government in October 1897, when Lieutenant Governor Charles H. Mackintosh returned to North-West Territories to enforce the new laws in the North-West Territories Act that gave new powers to the territories. It was speculated that Robert Brett was plotting to form a Conservative led Government backed by a majority coalition of MLAs in the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories. Members answered in the media and denied there was a plot. Mackintosh would stick with his original plan of asking Frederick Haultain who was already chairman of the executive committee to form the government, leaving Robert Brett to form the Official opposition of the Northwest Territories Liberal Party and oppose the Haultain administration as he had done so since 1891.

The influence and popularity of Premier Haultain helped him build his coalition of lawmakers in the Legislative Assembly. The party was formed as a consequence of executive powers being released to elected members from the Lieutenant Governor that had been held since 1870. The beginning of party politics in the territories sparked controversy and was not done through any Grass roots movement or formed on traditional ideological lines, and was done by Haultain in such a way that there was very little visibility to the public until years later after the party system began to mature.

Haultain's first appointment to his executive council was a Liberal by the name of James Hamilton Ross. Haultain led a large cabinet into the 4th Northwest Territories general election in 1898. Only Haultain and Ross held portfolios while the rest of the ministers did not. The government became widely known as the Haultain-Ross government.

4th general election
The party swept the 1898 general election with a large majority.

5th general election
It went on to win the 1902 election with a reduced majority. The party itself had little visibility as Haultain abhorred Dominion party lines and did not wish to promote it. He believed in the consensus model of government, and wanted it for all provinces and territories.

After the election of 1898, Haultain appointed two Liberals and one Conservative to his cabinet. Liberal-Conservative party members accused Haultain's government of being a "Grit hive". To appease party supporters, he subsequently appointed two Conservatives and one Liberal.

1903 Moose Jaw Convention
A large convention was held on 26 March 1903 in Moose Jaw. The convention attracted delegates from all parts of the populated Northwest Territories, some travelled more than 700 miles to make the journey. The convention attracted a large number of federal Conservative Members of Parliament and Conservative Senators.

The convention laid out a formal structure to the party for the first time, as well as setting creating a policy book and putting together an executive council to operate outside of the legislature. The main focus of the party was to put together a coherent policy which the party previously lacked and is thought to have led to the decline in seats for the Liberal-Conservative government.

Among the policy resolutions put forward and adopted was provincial rights, better conditions for settlers, and electoral reform in the creation of an enumerated voters list. The delegates voted to run the party banner in the next territorial election, and that includes contested nominations. One delegate stated in an interview to the Calgary Herald, if the Liberals don't want to address the provincial autonomy Robert Borden was also congratulated on becoming leader of the federal Conservative party to run for Prime Minister of Canada. The Liberal party was also heavily attacked during the convention, with two different motions condemning them for corrupt electoral practice, and following the federal Liberal Party of Canada policy on the question of provincial powers, and labor laws for the Territories.

Premier Haultain was shocked by the convention and openly opposed the move towards defining the political lines in the legislature. The organizers of the convention planned the election of officers without Haultain's knowledge.

The great Moose Jaw convention stands to this day as the largest political gathering in Northwest Territories history.

The 5th Legislature
From 1903 to 1905, there were three short sittings in the Legislative Assembly. The bulk of the Legislation moved by the Liberal-Conservative government was minor and had to do with incorporating organizations and communities and concurring municipal by-laws.

The remainder of the time was spent lobbying the federal government for more resources to deal with the huge influx of settlers to the territories. Haultain personally clashed with Wilfrid Laurier to settle the provincial rights question.

The last session of the legislature ended in October 1904 and would not be held again in the territories until 1921. Premier Haultain spent the early part of 1905 meeting with the federal government to work out an arrangement to settle provincial autonomy.

After the arrangement of creating Alberta and Saskatchewan were passed in the federal parliament. The party in its last months held nominations and began working on plans to prepare for the new elections in Saskatchewan and Alberta. On August 31, 1905, the 5th North-West Legislative Assembly was dissolved along with the Association and party politics in the Territories came to an end.

In September 1905, provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created out of the more heavily populated, southern regions of the Northwest Territories. Party members then joined the Alberta Conservative Party, and the Provincial Rights Party in Saskatchewan. Many members, including some Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) defected to the Alberta Liberal Party and Saskatchewan Liberal Party, draining the Conservative parties of manpower and experienced politicians.

There was a lot of anger among remaining Conservatives at Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberals for passing over Haultain and appointing Liberal members to form government in both provinces. Laurier also appointed Liberal Party supporters to draw up the new electoral boundaries, which consequently were said to favour Liberal candidates.

Party executive
No formal executive party structure aside from the Executive Council of the Haultain Government is known to exist prior to 1897, officers of the party were first elected in 1903.

 * Party leader: Frederick Haultain (1897–1905)
 * President: Thomas Tweed (1903-1905)
 * Honorary President: Frederick Haultain (1903–1905)
 * First Vice President: T.C. Spence (1903-1905)
 * Second Vice President: William Carlos Ives (1903-1905)
 * Alberta Region: Richard Bennett (1903-1905)
 * Assiniboia Region: Dr. Creamer (1903-1905)
 * Saskatchewan Region: Thomas McKay (1903-1905)
 * Western Assiniboia Region: George Annable (1903-1905)


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Omiroupoli

Omiroupoli (Ομηρούπολη) is a former municipality in the central part of on the island of Chios, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Chios, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 155.015 km2. Population 7,045 people (2021 census). The seat of the municipality was Vrontados (pop. 5,270), the second largest town on the island (after Chios (town)). The next largest towns are Lagkáda, Karyaí, and Sykiáda.

Tradition claims that epic poet Homer (Όμηρος) was born and lived here, thus the name of the municipal unit.

title: Omiroupoli


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Pat O'Brien (actor)

William Joseph Patrick O'Brien (Pádraig Ó Briain; November 11, 1899 – October 15, 1983) was an American film actor with more than 100 screen credits. Of Irish descent, he often played Irish and Irish-American characters and was referred to as "Hollywood's Irishman in Residence" in the press. One of the best-known screen actors of the 1930s and 1940s, he played priests, cops, military figures, pilots, and reporters. He is especially well-remembered for his roles in Knute Rockne, All American (1940), Angels with Dirty Faces (1938), and Some Like It Hot (1959). He was frequently paired onscreen with Hollywood star James Cagney. O'Brien also appeared on stage and television.

Early life
O'Brien was born in 1899 to an Irish-American Catholic family in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. All four of his grandparents had come from Ireland. The O'Briens were originally from County Cork. His grandfather, Patrick O'Brien, for whom he was named, was an architect who was killed while trying to break up a saloon fight in New York City. His mother's parents, the McGoverns, emigrated from County Galway in the west of Ireland in the mid- to late-19th century.

As a child, O'Brien served as an altar boy at Gesu Church, while growing up near 13th and Kilbourn Streets in Milwaukee. He attended Marquette Academy with fellow actor Spencer Tracy, who was a lifelong friend. During World War I, O'Brien and Tracy joined the United States Navy. They both attended boot camp at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center, but they never went to sea. The war ended before their training had finished.

Jack Benny was also at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center at the same time as O'Brien and Tracy. According to his autobiography, Benny performed a number on the violin at a show one evening, when the sailors started booing and heckling him. O'Brien walked on stage and whispered in his ear, "For heaven's sake, Ben, put down the damn fiddle and talk to 'em." Benny stopped playing his violin and made a series of comments that got laughs from the audience. In this way, O'Brien indirectly helped to start Benny's career in comedy.

After the war, O'Brien finished his secondary schooling at Marquette Academy and later attended Marquette University. While still at college, he decided to seek work as an actor. He and Spencer Tracy moved to New York, where they both attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. The two struggling young actors shared a small studio apartment, and began their careers on the stage.

Early career
O'Brien spent a decade in plays on Broadway and in the New York City area.

O'Brien made his film debut in the Vitaphone Varieties short film, The Nightingale, produced in New York and released in August 1930. His first starring role was as ace reporter Hildy Johnson in the original 1931 version of The Front Page with Adolphe Menjou. In 2010, this film was selected by the National Film Preservation Board for preservation in the Library of Congress's National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

He was the lead in Paramount's Personal Maid (1931), and appeared in a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical Flying High (1931), supporting Bert Lahr. He was Irene Dunne's love interest in RKO's Consolation Marriage (1932), then co-starred opposite a young Bette Davis in Hell's House (1932). O'Brien stayed in leads, going from studio to studio: Scandal for Sale (1932), at Universal; The Strange Case of Clara Deane (1932), at Paramount; Hollywood Speaks (1932), American Madness (1932) and Virtue (1932).

O'Brien played a heroic pilot in Universal's Air Mail (1932), directed by John Ford. While at that studio he was in the compelling Laughter in Hell (1932) and Destination Unknown (1933). At the small Majestic Pictures he starred in The World Gone Mad (1933).

Warner Bros
O'Brien's first Warner Bros. movie was Bureau of Missing Persons (1933), starring Bette Davis. He went to RKO for Flaming Gold (1933) and MGM for Bombshell (1933), then Warners signed O'Brien to a long-term contract. He would remain with the studio until 1940, when he left after a dispute over the terms of his contract renewal.

O'Brien supported Dick Powell in College Coach (1933) and Joan Blondell in I've Got Your Number (1934). He was third lead to Barbara Stanwyck and Joel McCrea in Gambling Lady (1934), then was with Powell again in Twenty Million Sweethearts (1934).

Here Comes the Navy (1934) was O'Brien's first film with James Cagney, also under contract to Warners. The two originally met in 1926 and remained friends for almost six decades. After O'Brien's death, Cagney referred to him as his "dearest friend." O'Brien played the lead, a boxer, in The Personality Kid (1934), supported Powell in Flirtation Walk (1934) and was an auctioneer in I Sell Anything (1935).

Cagney and O'Brien were reteamed in Devil Dogs of the Air (1935). He was a critic in love with Dolores del Río in In Caliente (1935) and had the lead in the bio-pic Oil for the Lamps of China (1935), which he called "one of my favorite pictures." "That was a sweetheart," he said.

He and Cagney were in The Irish in Us (1935) then it was back to supporting Powell in Page Miss Glory (1935). He headlined a musical Stars Over Broadway (1935) then was back with Cagney for Howard Hawks' Ceiling Zero (1935). Cagney later sued Warners for billing O'Brien's name above his.

"Jimmy's grand to work with," said O'Brien in 1935. "You couldn't ask for a better partner but there's a limit to all that. I think one picture a year with Jimmy would be fine. But as it is I've been with him in every uniform – the army, the navy, the police, the marines, the air corps – and it's always a case of me falling for his girl or him falling for mine. It gets tiresome... I don't just want to be a fast-talking Charlie all my life."

Warners gave him some starring parts: I Married a Doctor (1936), Public Enemy's Wife (1936), China Clipper (1936), The Great O'Malley (1937), and Slim (1937) with Henry Fonda. He was Captain of the Guard (on special leave from the US Army) in San Quentin (1937) opposite Humphrey Bogart, romanced Blondell in Back in Circulation (1937) and was a veteran sailor in Submarine D-1 (1938).

O'Brien was pulled out of Swing Your Lady to co-star with Kay Francis in Women Are Like That (1938) and was back with Powell for Cowboy from Brooklyn (1938). He and Cagney reteamed for Boy Meets Girl (1938), and he was meant to be back with Powell in Garden of the Moon (1938), but Powell refused to do it – he was replaced by John Payne.

O'Brien has one of his best ever roles as the former street kid turned priest in Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) with Cagney. He was with Blondell in Off the Record (1939) and The Kid from Kokomo (1939), and co-starred with Gale Page in Indianapolis Speedway (1939).

He went over to Paramount for The Night of Nights (1939), part of a deal in which Warners bought the rights to The Old Maid from Paramount. He then made Slightly Honorable (1939) for United Artists.

Back at Warner Bros he was reunited with Cagney for The Fighting 69th (1940) then made Castle on the Hudson (1940) with Sheridan and John Garfield. He was a cop in 'Til We Meet Again (1940), with Cagney and Sheridan in Torrid Zone (1940). He co-starred with Garfield and Frances Farmer in Flowing Gold (1940).

O'Brien was then given his best known role, as the famous University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne in Knute Rockne, All American (1940). In the film, he gave the speech to "win just one for the Gipper," referring to recently deceased football player, George Gipp, portrayed in the film by a young Ronald Reagan. Reagan later used this saying as a slogan for his campaign for president in 1980.

O'Brien was at a career peak. He was considered for the role of Alvin York in the film Sergeant York. From this high point, however, O'Brien left Warner Bros in July 1940.

Leaving Warner Bros
After he left Warner Bros. in 1940, O'Brien signed a contract with 20th Century Fox for two films a year. However they ended up not using him.

He signed with Columbia Pictures to make two films a year. He was in Escape to Glory (1940), then was idle for a year before making Two Yanks in Trinidad (1942) with Brian Donlevy and Flight Lieutenant (1942) with Glenn Ford. At Universal he was in Broadway (1942) with George Raft.

RKO
Soon he signed a contract with RKO and appeared in several movies for that studio. He mostly played authority/military roles such as The Navy Comes Through (1942), and Bombardier (1943). The Iron Major (1943) was an attempt to repeat the success of Knute Rockne with O'Brien as Frank Cavanaugh. At Universal he supported Deanna Durbin in Frank Borzage's His Butler's Sister (1943) then it was back to RKO for Marine Raiders (1944).

With his agent Phil Ryan, O'Brien set up his own production company, Teneen Productions. They signed a deal with Columbia to make a film with O'Brien, Secret Command (1944). (In 1955 the IRS would sue him for earnings on this film. ) At RKO he did Having Wonderful Crime (1946) and Man Alive (1945). For Columbia he made Perilous Holiday (1946).

In 1946 he starred in the successful film noir suspense film, Crack-Up. He was in a thriller, Riffraff (1947) and another biopic Fighting Father Dunne (1948). He followed it with The Boy with Green Hair (1948), and A Dangerous Profession (1949) with Raft.

While working as a Hollywood contract player, O'Brien made occasional appearances on the radio in the 1930s and 1940s. In 1946 he collaborated with the contralto Kate Smith on the popular Viva America program for the CBS radio network. In the summer of 1947, he starred with Lynn Bari in Summer Theater, a program "dramatizing episodes in the life of a small town druggist."

Later career
O'Brien's movie career slowed considerably by the early 1950s, although he still managed to get work in television. In his autobiography, The Wind at My Back, he professed to being completely flummoxed about the decline of his career. His close friend, Spencer Tracy, fought with his studio, MGM, to get roles for O'Brien in his films The People Against O'Hara (1951) and The Last Hurrah (1958).

He still had leads in films like Okinawa (1952), Inside Detroit (1956) and Kill Me Tomorrow (1957). In 1959 O'Brien appeared in a supporting role in one of his best-known movies as a police detective opposite George Raft in Some Like It Hot, starring Marilyn Monroe, Jack Lemmon, and Tony Curtis.

In his later years, O'Brien often worked in television. He was cast in 1956 and 1957 in four episodes of the religion anthology series, Crossroads. In three of the four programs, he played priests. He also performed in two episodes of The Virginian in the mid-1960s. In the 1960–1961 television season, O'Brien played James Harrigan, Sr. in a sitcom titled Harrigan and Son. O'Brien made numerous appearances on television as himself, including several on The Ed Sullivan Show. In 1957, he guest starred in the first season of the NBC variety program, The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. Other shows in which he appeared as himself include the interview programs: The David Frost Show, The Tonight Show, The Merv Griffin Show, and The Joey Bishop Show. In 1957, Ralph Edwards profiled O'Brien's life and career for an episode of This Is Your Life. He was also the mystery guest on the game show What's My Line? in 1953 and 1957. In the "Jennifer and the Will" episode of WKRP in Cincinnati, he has a memorably comic turn as Jennifer Marlowe's elderly boyfriend. Shortly thereafter, O'Brien's final filmed performance came in a 1982 episode of Happy Days.

O'Brien spoke the Star Spangled Banner to the accompaniment of Doc Severinsen on trumpet for the National Anthem opening of Super Bowl IV in 1970. He was invited to do this because of his role as Knute Rockne.

He had a small role as Burt Reynolds' father in the 1978 comedy film The End, opposite Myrna Loy, cast as Reynolds' mother.

In later years, O'Brien recalled that he had had three "great" movie roles in his career: Knute Rockne, Hildy Johnson in The Front Page, and Father Duffy in The Fighting 69th.

From the 1960s through the early 1980s, O'Brien often traveled around the United States as a one-man act and in road shows. He also performed frequently in nightclubs.

Near the end of his life, he toured in a stage production of On Golden Pond, which he considered "absolutely the best play" he had ever read.

"Irish Mafia"
In the late 1930s, O'Brien and a small group of his actor friends began to meet to converse and exchange opinions and stories. Hollywood columnist Sidney Skolsky dubbed them the "Irish Mafia," but they preferred to call their social group the "Boys Club." In addition to O'Brien, the original members of the club were James Cagney, Spencer Tracy, Allen Jenkins and Frank McHugh, all of whom were Irish-Americans. Later Lynne Overman joined their group and then George Brent, James Dunn, Louis Calhern, William Gargan, Paul Kelly, Regis Toomey, Brian Donlevy, Ralph Bellamy, Lloyd Nolan and Frank Morgan. James Gleason and Bert Lahr were also frequent guests. The actors gathered to socialize, but they also occasionally used the group to discuss ideas about their latest movies. By the mid-1940s the group began to break up, as members either moved or died. Some of the surviving members kept in contact by telephone and occasional meetings.

Personal life
O'Brien and his wife, Eloise, had four children: Mavourneen, Sean, Terry, and Brigid. Three of his children were adopted. The youngest, Brigid O'Brien (1946-2016), was his biological child. Eloise O'Brien occasionally appeared on stage with her husband.

Among those who knew him personally, O'Brien was known for his love of storytelling, jokes, and late-night parties. Bob Hope specifically remembered him as a raconteur. Another friend recalled that he was always "the life, and I mean the lively life, of the party." He traveled to Vietnam as part of a US tour in February 1969.

O'Brien died on October 15, 1983, from a heart attack at age 83, following minor prostate surgery. President Ronald Reagan released a White House statement noting his sadness over his old friend's death. The president had called the actor at the hospital just days before his death.

Filmography
Short Subjects:
 * A Dream Comes True (1935)
 * A Trip Thru a Hollywood Studio (1935)
 * Swingtime in the Movies (1938)
 * Out Where the Stars Begin (1938)
 * Screen Snapshots: Famous Fathers and Sons (1946)
 * Screen Snapshots: Hollywood's Happy Homes (1949)
 * Screen Snapshots: Motion Picture Mothers, Inc. (1949)
 * Screen Snapshots: Hopalong in Hoppy Land (1951)
 * Screen Snapshots: Memorial to Al Jolson (1952)
 * Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Mothers and Fathers (1955)
 * Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Beauty (1955)

Television credits

 * Place the Face (CBS television series, March 11, 1954)
 * Crossroads (three episodes, 1955–1957) as Father Patrick O'Neil / Father Edward Sullivan / Father Jim / Father Edmund Boyle
 * Science Fiction Theatre (1955) (Are We Invaded?) as Dr. Arnold
 * Sneak Preview (1956) (Season 1, Ep 5 "The Way Back")
 * What's My Line? (10/13/1957) (Episode #384) (Season 9, Ep 7) as Mystery Guest
 * Walt Disney Presents (1959) (I Captured the King of the Leprechauns) as Himself
 * Joyful Hour (1960, TV Movie) as Host
 * Harrigan and Son (1960–1961) as James Harrigan Sr.
 * Going My Way in "The Boss of the Ward" (1963) as Frank McCaffey
 * Hazel (1966) as Uncle Jerome Van Meter
 * The Over-the-Hill Gang (1969, TV Movie) as Capt. Oren Hayes
 * Welcome Home, Johnny Bristol (1972, TV Movie) as Sgt. McGll
 * Adventures of Nick Carter (1972, TV Movie) as Hallelujah Harry (unsold pilot)
 * McCloud (1973) as Mac Ferguson
 * Kiss Me, Kill Me (1976, TV Movie) as Jimmy, morgue attendant
 * Scout's Honor (1980, TV Movie) as Mr. Caboose
 * WKRP In Cincinnati (1981) as Col. H. Buchanan
 * Happy Days (1980–1982) as Uncle Joe (final appearance)

title: Pat O'Brien (actor)


text:
Gang scheduling

In computer science, gang scheduling is a scheduling algorithm for parallel systems that schedules related threads or processes to run simultaneously on different processors. Usually these will be threads all belonging to the same process, but they may also be from different processes, where the processes could have a producer-consumer relationship or come from the same MPI program.

Gang scheduling is used to ensure that if two or more threads or processes communicate with each other, they will all be ready to communicate at the same time. If they were not gang-scheduled, then one could wait to send or receive a message to another while it is sleeping, and vice versa. When processors are over-subscribed and gang scheduling is not used within a group of processes or threads which communicate with each other, each communication event could suffer the overhead of a context switch.

Gang scheduling is based on a data structure called the Ousterhout matrix. In this matrix each row represents a time slice, and each column a processor. The threads or processes of each job are packed into a single row of the matrix. During execution, coordinated context switching is performed across all nodes to switch from the processes in one row to those in the next row.

Gang scheduling is stricter than coscheduling. It requires all threads of the same process to run concurrently, while coscheduling allows for fragments, which are sets of threads that do not run concurrently with the rest of the gang.

Gang scheduling was implemented and used in production mode on several parallel machines, most notably the Connection Machine CM-5.

Bag of gangs (BoG)
In gang scheduling, one to one mapping happens, which means each task will be mapped to a processor. Usually, jobs are considered as independent gangs, but with a bag of gangs scheme, all the gangs can be combined and sent together to the system. When jobs are executed in the system, the execution can never be completed until and unless all the gangs that belong to the same BoG complete their executions. Thus, if one gang belonging to some job completes its execution, it will have to wait until all the gangs complete their executions. This leads to increased synchronization delay overhead.

Response time $$R_j$$ of $$j^{th}$$ Bag of Gangs  is defined as the time interval from the arrival of the BoG at the grid dispatcher to the completion of jobs of all of the sub-gangs which belong to the BoG. The average response time is defined as follows:

Response Time (RT)=$$\frac{1}{N}\textstyle \sum_{j-1}^N R_j \displaystyle$$.

The response time is further affected when a priority job arrives. Whenever a priority job arrives at the system, that job will be given priority with respect to all other jobs, even over the ones which are currently being executed on the processors. In this case, when a priority job arrives, the sub-gang which is currently executing on the system will be stopped and all the progress that has been made will be lost and need to be redone. This interruption of the job will further delay the total response time of the BoG.

Adapted first come first served (AFCFS)
Adapted first come first served (AFCFS) scheme is the adapted version of first come and first serve scheme. As per the first-come, first-served scheme, whichever job that comes first will be forwarded for execution. But in the AFCFS scheme, once a job arrives at the system, the job will not be scheduled unless and until enough processors are available for the execution of the respective job. When a large job arrives at the system and is present at the start of the ready queue but not enough processors are available, then an AFCFS policy will schedule the smaller job for which enough processors are available, even if that job is at the back of the queue. In other words, this scheme favors smaller jobs as compared to larger jobs based on the availability of processor, thus this will leads to increased fragmentation in the system.

Largest gang first served (LGFS)
In the above execution scheme, the tasks which correspond to increasing job size are placed in a queue, with the tasks belonging to the largest gang scheduled first, but this method of execution tends to lead to the starvation of resources of smaller jobs and is therefore unfit to be executed in systems where the number of processors is comparatively low.

The AFCFS and LGFS also have to deal with possible processor failure. In such a case, tasks executing on that processor are submitted to other processors for execution. The tasks wait in the head of the queue on these processors while the current processor is being repaired.

There are two scenarios which emerge from the above issue:
 * Blocking case: The processors assigned to the interrupted jobs are blocked and cannot execute other jobs in their queue until the jobs from the damaged processors are cleared.
 * Non-blocking case: This case is incurred when the jobs already executing in the processors are processed early instead of waiting for the blocked jobs to resume execution.

Paired gang scheduling
Gang scheduling while executing the I/O bound processes keeps the CPUs idle while awaiting responses from the other processors, whereas the idle processors can be utilized for executing tasks. If the gang consists of a mix of CPU and I/O Processes, since these processes interfere little in each other’s operation, algorithms can be defined to keep both the CPU and the I/O busy at the same time and exploiting parallelism. This method would present the idea of matching pairs of gangs, one I/O based and one CPU bound. Each gang would assume that it is working in isolation as they utilize different devices.

Scheduling algorithm

 * General case: In the general case, a central node is designated in the network to handle task allocation and the resource allocation. It maintains the information in an Ousterhout matrix. In strict gang scheduling, one row is selected at a time following which a node scheduler schedules a process in the respective cell of that row.
 * Paired gang: In paired gang scheduling, two rows are selected instead of one, one each of the I/O bound gang and CPU gang. It is at the discretion of the local scheduler to allot jobs to the appropriate processors in order to elicit maximum allowed parallelism.

Concurrent gang scheduling (CGS)
Concurrent gang scheduling a highly scalable and versatile algorithm and assumes the existence of a synchronizer utilizing the internal clock of each node. CGS primarily consists of the following three components. The synchronization algorithm is performed in two stages. We assume the existence of a synchronizer that sends the signal to all the nodes in a cluster at a constant interval. The CGS utilizes the fact that the most common events which occur in a PC are timer interrupts and they use the same parameter to be the internal clock.
 * Processor/Memory module (Also called Processing Element).
 * 2-way network which allows 1-1 Communication.
 * A synchronizer which performs synchronization of all PE’s after a constant interval.
 * When the load changes, a dedicated time table is created by the front end scheduler.
 * Local scheduler then follows the time table by switching between the jobs that have been distributed to them by the front end scheduler.
 * A common counter is initialized which gets incremented every time an interrupt is encountered and is designated the OS's internal clock.
 * All nodes are synchronized after a checking interval 't' and utilize the internal clocks of the individual nodes.
 * If after time t there is no discrepancy of the individual clock of the nodes and the global clock, time interval t is extended. Otherwise it is shortened.
 * Constantly check and update checking interval t.

SHARE scheduling system
The SHARE scheduling system utilizes the internal clock system of each node and is synchronized using the NTP Protocol. The flavor of scheduling is implemented by collecting jobs with same resource requirements in a group and executing the same for a pre-defined time-slice. Incomplete jobs are pre-empted after the time slice is exhausted.

The local memory of the node is utilized as the swap space for pre-empted jobs. The main advantages of the SHARE scheduled system are that it guarantees the service time for accepted jobs and supports both batch and interactive jobs.

Synchronization:

Each gang of processes utilizing the same resources are mapped to a different processor. The SHARE system primarily consists of three collaborating modules.
 * A global scheduler: This scheduler directs the local scheduler the specific order in which to execute their processes (local gang members).
 * A local scheduler: After the local scheduler is provided the jobs to execute by the global scheduler, it ensures that only one of the parallel process is executed at any one of the processors in a given time slot. The local scheduler requires a context switch to preempt a job once its time slice has expired and swap a new one in its place.
 * Interface to the communication system: The communication subsystem must satisfy several requirements which greatly increase the overhead requirements of the scheduler. They primarily consist of:
 * Efficiency: Must expose hardware performance of the interconnect to the client level.
 * Access Control: Must manage access to the communication subsystem
 * Protection and Security: The interconnect must maintain separation of the processors by not allowing one to affect the performance of another.
 * Multi-Protocol: the interconnect must be able to map various protocols simultaneously to cater to different client needs.

Packing criteria
A new slot is created when we cannot pack the job into the available slot. In case, a new slot is opened even if the job can be packed in the available slot, then the run fraction which is equal to one over the number of slots used will increase. Therefore, certain algorithms have been devised on packing criteria and are mentioned below:

Capacity based algorithm
This algorithm monitors the slots capacity and decides whether there is any need of opening a new slot. There are two variants on this algorithm:

1. First fit. Here, the used slots are checked for capacity in a sequential order then the first one which is having sufficient capacity is chosen. If none of the available slots have enough capacity, a new slot is opened and the processing elements (PE) are allocated in the slot in sequential order.

2. Best fit. Unlike first fit, the used slots are sorted based on capacity, but not in sequential order. The slot with the smallest sufficient capacity is chosen. If none of the used slots have sufficient capacity, then only one new slot is opened. Once the new slot is opened, the processing elements (PEs) are allocated in the slot in sequential order as per the previous algorithm.

Left-right based algorithms
This algorithm is a modified version of the best fit algorithm. In the best fit algorithm, the PEs are allocated in a sequential order, but in this algorithm, the PEs can be inserted from both directions so as to reduce the overlap between different sets of PEs assigned to different jobs.

1. Left-right by size. Here, the PEs can be inserted in sequential order and in reverse sequential order based on the size of the job. If the size of the job is small, the PEs are inserted from left to right and if the job is large, the PEs are inserted from right to left.

2. Left-right by slots. Unlike the previous algorithm, where the choice was based on the size of the job, here the choice is dependent on the slot. Now, slots are indicated as being filled, i.e. being filled from the left or from the right. The PEs are allocated to the job in the same order. The number of slots on both sides is approximately equal, so when a new slot is opened, the direction is indicated based on the number of slots in both direction.

Load based algorithms
Both the capacity-based and left-right based algorithms do not accommodate the load on individual PEs. Load-based algorithms take into account the load on the individual PE while tracking the overlap between sets of PEs assigned to different jobs.

1. Minimal maximum load. In this scheme, PEs are sorted based on the load on them that each job will have on the PEs. The availability of the free PEs in the slot determines the capacity of the slot. Suppose that PEs are allocated to a job which has $$x$$ threads, the $$x^{th}$$PE in the load order (last one) will determine the maximum load that any PE can have which is available in the slot. The slot which has minimal maximum load on any PE is chosen and a number of least loaded free PEs are used in the slot.

2. Minimal average load. Unlike the previous scheme, in which slots were chosen based on the minimal maximum load on $$x^{th}$$ PE, here slots are chosen based on the average of the load on the $$x$$ least loaded PEs.

Buddy based algorithm
In this algorithm the PEs are assigned in clusters, not individually. The PEs are first partitioned into groups that are power of two. Each member of the group will be assigned a controller and when a job of size n arrives, it is assigned to a controller of size 2[lg 2] (the smallest power to 2 that is larger than or equal to n). The controller is assigned by first sorting all the used slots, and then identifying groups of 2[lg 2] contiguous free processors. If a controller has all the PEs free in some of the slots, then only a newly arrived job will be assigned to that controller. Otherwise a new slot is opened.

Migration based algorithm
In all the above-mentioned algorithms, the initial placement policy is fixed and jobs are allocated to the PEs based on that. However, this scheme migrates jobs from one set of PEs to another set of PEs, which in turn improves the run fraction of the system.

title: Gang scheduling


text:
Vrångö

Vrångö is the southernmost inhabited island in the Southern Gothenburg Archipelago and it is also a locality situated in Gothenburg Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 364 inhabitants in 2010. The ferry 281 to Vrångö can be taken from Saltholmen.

title: Vrångö


text:
Greater Grand Forks Greenway

The Greater Grand Forks Greenway is a huge greenway bordering the Red River and Red Lake River in the twin cities of Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota (commonly called Greater Grand Forks). At 2,200 acres (9 km2), the Greenway is more than twice the size of New York City's Central Park. It has an extensive, 20 mi system of bike paths, which are used by bikers, walkers, joggers, and rollerbladers. In 2007, the system was designated as a National Recreation Trail by the National Park Service.

Several city parks and golf courses are also located within the Greenway on each side of the river. Other amenities include wildlife observation areas, a state campground, fishing areas, interpretive displays, wildflower gardens, and fields for various athletics including softball, basketball, and disc golf.

The Greenway was developed after the devastating Red River Flood of 1997. The land encompasses large areas of the floodplain along the rivers, which are subject to seasonal flooding, often severe. These areas had previously been developed for residential and business uses, much of which were damaged or destroyed in the 1997 flood, with major property losses. To protect the communities, a massive new dike system was built. It required removal of several residential areas on both sides of the river, most of which had been inundated and severely damaged.

The Greenway includes the area of floodplain between these new dikes and the rivers. Today, the Greenway serves the dual purpose of providing recreational opportunities throughout the year for metropolitan area residents, and being part of the regional flood prevention program. Its trees and greenery can absorb some of floodwaters naturally. The dikes provide another level of protection to hold back river waters from the built-up city areas beyond.

Trail heads
A series of "trail heads" exist at various points along the Greenway. These trail heads offer breaks in the dikes or floodwalls so that pedestrians can access the Greenway. Most of these trail heads offer paved parking lots for access, and many also offer public restroom facilities. Other amenities at select trail heads include picnic areas and playgrounds.

Grand Forks trail heads
(listed from north to south)
 * Riverside Rapids
 * Riverside Park
 * 8th Avenue North
 * 2nd Avenue North
 * Community Green (Downtown Grand Forks, adjacent to Town Square)
 * Kannowski Park (formerly Central Park)
 * Lincoln Drive Park
 * Lincoln Golf Course
 * Olson-Elmwood
 * Sunbeam Park
 * 47th Avenue South

East Grand Forks trail heads
(listed from north to south)
 * River Heights
 * Sherlock Park
 * Sherlock Park Campground
 * Rotary Park (Downtown East Grand Forks)
 * Griggs Park
 * Eagle Point
 * Crestwood

Parks
Several designated park spaces have been established in the Grand Forks portion of the Greenway. These parks are maintained by the Grand Forks Park District.

At the far north side of the Greenway is Riverside Park. This is one of the oldest parks in the city of Grand Forks and is a focal point for the northern portion of the Greenway. The park features a playground, restrooms, several picnic sites and an outdoor pool. North of Riverside Park is the Riverside Dam. This dam has been reconfigured since the flood of 1997 and now includes a waterfall called Riverside Rapids. The Riverside Rapids area includes boat access to the Red River and a pedestrian walking bridge that connects the Grand Forks and East Grand Forks sides of the Greenway.

Formerly called Central Park, Kannowski Park is located just south of Downtown Grand Forks. It is another park established early in city history. The small park features a playground, restrooms, and picnic areas. The park was recently renamed Kannowski Park in honor of Frances Kannowski, superintendent of the Grand Forks Park District from 1933 to 1953. Kannowski was the first female superintendent of a park district in the United States.

Lincoln Drive Park is located further south, within the area of the former Lincoln Drive neighborhood. The residential neighborhood was inundated during the 1997 flood and had to be almost entirely demolished. Lincoln Drive Park features a warming house, which is rented out for private parties; large picnic facilities, playgrounds, a wildflower garden, historic displays about the former neighborhood, and a disc golf course. Just south of Lincoln Drive Park is a steep stretch of the dike, which is known as "the sledding hill." This "hill" is a popular site for sledding in the winter.

Golf course
Lincoln Golf Course is located along Belmont Road within the Greenway. The course, established in 1909, is the oldest golf course in North Dakota. Lincoln has many large, established trees. Formerly an 18-hole course, it was redeveloped as a par 35, 9-hole course, due to requirements of area needed for dike construction. A small clubhouse features a snack bar, pro shop, and restrooms. To the east of Lincoln Golf Course is the Pat Owens pedestrian bridge. Named after the mayor of Grand Forks during the 1997 flood, the bridge crosses the river to connect to the Greenway in East Grand Forks, Minnesota.

Downtown

The portion of the Greenway that runs through Downtown Grand Forks is landscaped and carefully maintained (an irrigation system has recently been installed). A set of brick gateways and flags on both sides of DeMers Avenue celebrate the connection to the Greenway.

The area south of the Sorlie Bridge (DeMers Avenue) features a monument overlooking the Red River. It shows the heights of past floods, surpassed by far by that of 1997. A wide set of stairs and terraced levels of ground lead down to the monument. This area also had a labyrinth designed and installed. North of the Sorlie Bridge is another set of stairs leading down to the river. Referred to as the "Community Green," this area features many trees and shrubs, a small gazebo, and parking.

The Grand Forks Town Square is located directly adjacent to the Greenway, at the corner of DeMers Avenue and Third Street. Town Square features an amphitheater. It is the site of many community events throughout the year, including the Grand Cities Art Fest each June and the Farmers' Market during the summer months.

Parks
The East Grand Forks side of the Greenway has three distinct parks: Sherlock Park near downtown East Grand Forks, Griggs Park near the "Point" at the confluence of the Red River and Red Lake River, and O'Leary Park on the banks of the Red Lake River in the southern part of the city. Sherlock Park includes the only city-owned pool in East Grand Forks, as well as picnic facilities and a large playground. The playground was largely destroyed by a fire in the spring of 2011. Griggs Park includes school athletic fields and a boat ramp for access to the rivers. O'Leary Park is a heavily wooded park that sometimes attracts wildlife. The park also includes athletic fields, picnic facilities, and a playground.

Golf course
On the extreme north side of the Greenway in Grand Forks is the 18-hole Valley Golf Course. The construction of the flood control system required a major reconfiguration of the golf course. The complex includes a club house with banquet facilities.

Downtown

In East Grand Forks, the downtown portion of the flood control system is not made of earthen dikes. A flood wall is installed piece-by-piece during floods. This allows people in downtown East Grand Forks to have a direct view of the Red River. The "dry side" of the flood wall is an area called The Boardwalk, a brick path lined with several restaurants and bars to take advantage of the river view. On the "wet side" of the flood wall (in the Greenway) is an area called Rotary Park, which includes a fountain.

Campground
Located just north of downtown East Grand Forks is a campground. Operated by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, it is in the Red River State Recreation Area. The campground features 48 camp sites with water, electric, and sewer hookups; and 36 camp sites without hookups. The campground is located directly west of Sherlock Park, in the former Sherlock Park residential neighborhood. Inundated during the Red River Flood of 1997, all homes and other structures in the neighborhood were severely damaged and were demolished. This area is now part of the Greenway.

Management
Both city and state agencies own and operate areas of the Greenway. On the Grand Forks side, the city of Grand Forks owns all land within the Greenway. The Grand Forks Park District is responsible for managing and maintaining four park areas of Lincoln Golf Course, Riverside Park, Kannowski Park (formerly Central Park), and Lincoln Drive Park. On the East Grand Forks side, the city of East Grand Forks owns a 200 acre section of the Greenway in the downtown area. All other land on the East Grand Forks side is owned by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. This 1200 acre section is called the Red River State Recreation Area.

title: Greater Grand Forks Greenway


text: Category:Forts in Florida

title: Category:Forts in Florida


text: Category:Lists of painters

title: Category:Lists of painters


text: Category:The Residents albums

title: Category:The Residents albums


text:
Dharmavaram, Sri Sathya Sai district

Dharmavaram is a city in Sri Sathya Sai District of the Andhra Pradesh state of Indian country. It is mandal and divisional headquarters of Dharmavaram mandal and Dharmavaram revenue division respectively. The city is known for its handloom silk sarees. The city is renowned for cotton, silk weaving industries and leather puppets. The city is called as Silk city of Andhra Pradesh. Dharmavaram is famous for Handloom Weavers, Saree Designs, Jacquard designs, Silk Extraction from Silkworm Cacoons, Dyeing and it is fully populated by maximum weavers and by developing technology makes changes by producing various types of machine equipment emerging for weavers to weave quickly than the past decades and quality production was happening now and the production was famous for Sarees.

Etymology
Dharmavaram tank was constructed by Kriyasakthi Odeyar. The name of the city was derived from the name of his mother, Dharmamba.

Geography
Dharmavaram is located at 14.43°N, 77.72°W. It has an average elevation of 345 metres (1131 feet).

Demographics
census, the town had a population of 121,874. The total population constitute, 62,250 males, 59,624 females –a sex ratio of 958 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000. 12,730 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 6,834 are boys and 5,896 are girls—a sex ratio of 863 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 71.07% with 77,564 literates, 44,055 male and 33,509 female, slightly lower than the national average of 73.00%.

Civic administration
Dharmavaram Municipality was formed on 1 April 1964 as a Grade–III municipality. It is upgraded to Selection Grade and has a jurisdictional area of 42.50 km2 with 40 election wards. Each ward is represented by a ward member and the ward committee is headed by a chairperson. The present chairperson of the municipality is Beere Gopala Krishna and the commissioner is V. Mallikarjun.

Economy
Dharmavaram is a hub for pure silk sarees. The economy of the town is dependent on the weaving industry. Farmers depend on rainwater due to lack of water resources. A major crop in this area is ground nuts.

Transport
The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation operates bus services from Dharmavaram bus station. Dharmavaram Junction railway station is a major railway station located on the Guntakal–Bangalore section and the Dharmavaram–Pakala branch line. There are two trains starting from this station to Vijayawada and Machilipatnam

Education
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by the government, aided and private schools School Education Department of the state. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu, Urdu.

title: Dharmavaram, Sri Sathya Sai district


text: Category:Green Acres characters

title: Category:Green Acres characters


text: Category:History of Sicily

title: Category:History of Sicily


text:
Category:History of Italy by region

History of Italy by region.

title: Category:History of Italy by region


text: User talk:202.58.85.8

title: User talk:202.58.85.8


text:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Durban

The Archdiocese of Durban evolved from the Vicariate Apostolic of Natal which was erected on 15 November 1850 and elevated to an archdiocese with the title Archdiocese of Durban on 11 January 1951. As of 2002, the Church census shows that there were 217,468 Catholics in 74 parishes in the Archdiocese.

The Province of the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Durban contains these suffragan dioceses:
 * Dundee
 * Eshowe
 * Kokstad
 * Marianhill
 * Umtata
 * Umzimkulu

Leadership

 * Vicariate
 * Bishop Marie Jean Francois Allard, O.M.I. (31 January 1851 – 11 June 1874)
 * Bishop Charles-Constant Jolivet, O.M.I. (15 September 1874 – 15 September 1903)
 * Bishop Henri Delalle, O.M.I. (19 December 1903 – 4 April 1946)
 * Bishop Denis Hurley, O.M.I. (12 December 1946 – 11 January 1951)
 * Archdiocese
 * Archbishop Denis Hurley, O.M.I. (11 January 1951 – 29 May 1992)
 * Archbishop Wilfrid Napier, OFM (29 March 1992 – 9 June 2021) (Cardinal in 2001)
 * Coadjutor Archbishop Abel Gabuza (9 December 2018 – 17 January 2021)
 * Archbishop Siegfried Jwara (9 june 2021 - )
 * Auxiliary Bishops
 * Dominic Joseph Chwane Khumalo, O.M.I. (1978-1999)
 * Jabulani Adatus Nxumalo, O.M.I. (2002-2005), appointed Archbishop of Bloemfontein
 * Barry Alexander Anthony Wood, O.M.I. (2005-2017)
 * Monsignor Elias Kwenzakufani Zondi - Auxiliary Bishop elect since March 2023.

title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Durban


text:
Template talk:*

This is an experiment in creating rollovers with text boxes as a possible alternative to footnotes.

To use this template, you just have to type:

and this is what it will look like: *

This is really simple to use, and would encourage more footnoting (or should I say citations).
 * --Samuel Wantman 08:07, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

If this template was only an experiment, and hasn't been added to for more than a year, can we reappropriate the space for a useful historical linguistics shorthand? (I want the template to say something like * .) QuartierLatin1968 22:35, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, go for it. I originally created this as a shortcut for a special mortarboard shaped bullet; feel free to realocate it again for your own tinkering. -Litefantastic 03:17, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Awesome! Thanks; and thank you for being so prompt. [[image:smiley.png|15px|]] QuartierLatin1968 [[Image:Red flag waving transparent.png|20px|El bien mas preciado es la libertad]] 16:43, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

From talk:Wōdanaz
As there's been some talk about bringing this matter to MoS, maybe I should mention one change I'd like to see, which is to link asterisks for the edification of those who aren't familiar with their use in historical linguistics. In the same way that (to pick a random example) Galileo positioning system says its cost "is estimated at €1.1 billion", this article could begin "*Wōđanaz or *Wōđinaz is the reconstructed name...". We might even start an article for the purpose: asterisk in historical linguistics. This way we can just link there every now and then, and we don't need to clutter up every article with a historical reconstruction with explanations. (Another possibility would be to use a template with a span markup: "* Wōđanaz is"...) QuartierLatin1968 15:23, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * good idea (I prefer the *). dab (ᛏ) 17:10, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Newsflash! I've talked to the good folks at, and we can use their template to produce something like this: *. This gives us the roll-over option, links to asterisk, and forces unicode-friendly fonts. You just type * and voilà. QuartierLatin1968 [[Image:Red flag waving transparent.png|20px|El bien mas preciado es la libertad]] 17:02, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * that's not that great, since ideally you'd want a mouseover for the form itself, too, such as PIE ( * )... dab (ᛏ) 17:24, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh; I didn't know about the template. Shouldn't that template really include the asterisk anyway? It's not as though any PIE forms are directly attested. And leaving PIE aside, I don't think there should be separate templates for every possible proto-language, because that just reduplicates effort. We could add a new parameter to  toggling the span title if necessary. Would it seem more annoying to have to enter two templates à la * or one * ? QuartierLatin1968 [[Image:Red flag waving transparent.png|20px|El bien mas preciado es la libertad]] 20:43, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * no, the asterisk should be added manually. of course PIE is all reconstructed, but imagine a declination table for example: you'd not put an asterisk in each table cell, after all. I was intending to do a PGmc for some time: these are for language markup, much like lang, semxlit, ArabDIN and others. The problem of the asterisk is separate. You don't want it to give a "THIS IS RECONSTRUCTED" explanation every time, just the first time it appears in an article, so there should be a separate * for that. dab (ᛏ) 09:41, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Yup, you've convinced me. And after all we can always just use wherever there isn't already a proto-language template. I'll make the necessary change to  and we can start using it. I think I may take the liberty of copying this exchange over to template talk:* for future reference. QuartierLatin1968 [[Image:Red flag waving transparent.png|20px|El bien mas preciado es la libertad]] 15:03, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 15 August 2018
Replace with   I feel as if more people what to easily place * in pagers then another type of dot. — BrandonXLF   (t@lk) (ping back) 14:49, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Following the 2007 TFD this resulted in the current redirect usage has grown and is currently in use by ~70000 pages. You will need to establish consensus to change this first. —  xaosflux  Talk 17:24, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Template talk:*


text: Category:Forts in Maryland

title: Category:Forts in Maryland


text: User talk:69.173.191.13

title: User talk:69.173.191.13


text:
Ramana

Ramana may refer to:

 * Ramana, Pakistan, place in Pakistan
 * Ramana, Azerbaijan, place in Azerbaijan
 * Chintapalli Ramana, Indian writer in Telugu cinema
 * Mullapudi Venkata Ramana, Indian screenwriter in Telugu cinema
 * Ramana Maharshi, Indian Hindu spiritual figure
 * Ramana Reddy, Indian actor in Telugu cinema
 * Ramana (actor), Indian actor in Tamil cinema
 * Ramana (director), directed several Tamil language films in the 2000s
 * Ramanaa, a 2002 Indian Tamil-language film by A. R. Murugadoss

title: Ramana


text: Category:Lists of entertainers

title: Category:Lists of entertainers