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Sunniva

Saint Sunniva (10th century; Old Norse Sunnifa, from Old English Sunngifu) is the patron saint of the Norwegian Church of Norway Diocese of Bjørgvin, as well as all of Western Norway.

Sunniva was venerated alongside her brother Alban, who in Norwegian tradition was identified with Saint Alban, the Roman-era British saint.

Legend
Acta sanctorum in Selio is a Latin hagiography of saints Alban and Sunniva and their companions. It is believed to have been composed shortly after 1170. Oddr Snorrason made use of it in his Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar, in a section known as Albani þáttr ok Sunnifu ("tale of Alban and Sunniva") and also as Seljumanna þáttr. Oddr's original work was composed in Latin but only survives in an Old Icelandic translation. The legend was also included in the later compilation Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta. The tale is directly based on that in Acta sanctorum in Selio, and thus slightly younger, although likely still belonging to the 12th century.

According to the legend, Sunniva was the heir of an Irish kingdom, but had to flee when an invading heathen king wanted to marry her. She and her brother Alban (post-Reformation accounts add two sisters, called Borni and Marita) and their followers settle the previously uninhabited islands of Selja and Kinn in Norway during the rule of the pagan Jarl Hákon Sigurðarson  (r. 962–995). Their Norwegian neighbors on the mainland suspect the Christians of stealing sheep and complain to Jarl Hákon. Hákon arrives on Selja with a group of armed men, intending to kill the inhabitants. When the Christians realize what is happening they hide in caves on the island and pray to God to collapse the caves to spare them from being ravaged by Hákon and his men. The caves collapse and kill all the Irishmen. The legend has two farmers, Tord Eigileivsson and Tord Jorunsson who anchored at Selja to spend the night on a journey to Trondheim, witnessing a supernatural light over the island and discovering a bleached skull with a sweet smell. Arriving in Trondheim, the two men tell their experience to Olaf Tryggvason and bishop Sigurd. After another account of similar events by a different witness, the king and bishop travelled to Selja and found many sweet-smelling bones. They excavated the cave and recovered the body of Saint Sunniva incorrupt and looking as if the saint were asleep. The bones were collected and placed in a casket, and the body of Sunniva was placed in timber shrine.

Relics and veneration
The Benedictine Selje Abbey was built at the site around 1100 and dedicated to Saint Alban (the third-century British saint, who in medieval Scandinavian tradition became conflated with the 10th-century Irish saint at Selje); the local veneration of Sunniva can be traced to about that time, possibly influenced by that of Saint Ursula and the 11,000 virgins, but was at first subordinate to that of her brother. However, the original dedication to Alban at Selje may not have been to the British saint, but a German saint of the same name. Rekdal (2004) draws further connections of the legend to early medieval Norse-Gaelic contact, especially to St. Donnan, whose legend gives an account of the saint and his brothers being killed by pagans on the island of Eigg in 617.

Sunniva's relics (allegedly again found incorrupt) were moved to the new cathedral in Bergen in 1170, and as a result, her veneration spread throughout Norway. During the fires in Bergen of 1170/71 and of 1198 the relics of Sunniva were taken from the cathedral and set down at Sandbru. This reportedly halted the advance of the fire and was hailed as a miracle. The shrine with her relics remained in Bergen's Christ Church until 1531, when the church was demolished in the turmoils of the Reformation, and the shrine was transferred to Munkeliv monastery. The shrine was lost when that monastery was destroyed in its turn in 1536.

The feast day of Alban and Sunniva and their companions, known as Seljumannamesse, is 8 July. Sunniva also has a separate feast day commemorating her translation to Bergen in 1170, on either 31 August or 7 September.

Norwegian author Sigrid Undset, who had converted to Roman Catholicism at age 42 in 1924, visited the remains of Selja monastery in 1926 and was inspired to write a novella based on the legend, completed by 1928, for which she commissioned fifteen watercolour illustrations by her friend Gøsta af Geijerstam. The book was first published in German in 1932. An edition with Undset's original Norwegian text appeared only in 2000.

Numerous institutions in Norway are named for Sunniva, including the Catholic church in Molde, various schools—including St Sunniva School in Oslo—several Norwegian ships, the St. Sunniva dormitory in Bergen, and the Sunniva Centre for Palliative Care (Sunniva senter for lindrende behandling) in Bergen. Selje introduced a municipal coat of arms depicting Sunniva in 1991.

For an exhibition dedicated to Sunniva in Bergen Museum, under the title of "St. Sunniva and the holy shrine" (Sankta Sunniva og det heilage skrinet), on 7 September 2011, a reconstruction of the shrine was made and transferred to the museum in a procession involving a reconstructed longboat, commemorating the historical translation of the saint's relics.

Given name
Sunniva is in use as a feminine given name in Norway.

Sunniva is the Latinized form from Acta sanctorum in Selio. The Old Icelandic form is Sunnifa (manuscript spelling Sunniuæ). All are renditions of the Old English name Sunngifu, Sunnigifu, from sunne, 'sun', and gifu, 'gift'. The Old English name is on record in the Yorkshire Domesday Book, as Sonneuæ.

Modern forms of the name include Synnøve, Synøve, Sønneva, Sønneve, Sunneva, Synneva, Synneve, all given in Norway, but Synnøve being the  most widespread (also adopted as Synnöve in Sweden), with 5021 Norwegian women called Synnøve recorded in 2015. The popularity of the name surged in the early 20th century, with a peak of close to 0.7% of given girls' names during the 1920s. Since the 1920s, its popularity has declined steadily, falling below 0.1% by the 2000s. The original name Sunniva and the short form Synne, however, has instead become the most popularly given forms of this name. Sunniva has been in use since medieval times, but was unusual in the period 1900-1970, while Synne originated in the 1960s. Both started to become more popular in the 1970s and peaked around year 2000; in that year, Sunniva was the 33rd and Synne the 36th most popular names for newborn girls (each at ca. 0.6% of girl's names). They have since then has declined to around 0.2%.

Other sources

 * Yngvar Nielsen, De Gamle helligdomme paa Selja, in: Historiske Afhandlinger tilegnet RJE Prof. Sars. 1905, pp 164–181.
 * Sigrid Undset, Martha Näf (trans.), Gösta af Geijerstam (illustrations), Sunniva, J. Müller (1932); Den hellige Sunniva Selje: Scriptoriet (2000).
 * Cato Passenger, Helligdommen på Selja, in: Norske fortidsminnesmerkers forening. Årbok 1949.
 * Ekkart Sauser, "Sunniva", Biographic-bibliographic church encyclopedia (BBKL). Volume 18, Bautz, Herzberg 2001, ISBN 3-88309-086-7, Sp. 1356–1357.
 * Hoops, Johannes, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde: Band 22. Walter de Gruyter (2003), ISBN 3-11-017351-4
 * Joachim Schäfer, "Sunniva von Selje und Gefährten", Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon (2003, 2014) (heiligenlexikon.de)
 * Oddr Snorrason, Theodore M. Andersson (trans.) The Saga of Olaf Tryggvason. Cornell University Press (2003), ISBN 0-8014-4149-8
 * Jan Erik Rekdal, "Sunnivalegenden - irsk rekved mellom norrøne fjæresteiner?" in: Jon Vidar Sigurdsson; Marit Myking & Magnus Rindal (eds.), Religionsskiftet i Norden. Brytinger mellom nordisk og europeisk kultur 800-1200.  Unipub forlag (2004), 159–196.
 * Lisbeth Mikaelsson, "Locality and Myth: The Resacralization of Selja and the Cult of St. Sunniva". In: NUMEN, Vol. 52 (2005).
 * Torunn Selberg, "The actualization of the sacred place of Selja and the legend of Saint Sunniva", Arv. Nordic yearbook of Folklore (2005).
 * Espen Svendsen (ed.), "St. Sunniva and the Holy Shrine", English-language exhibition catalogue, Bryggens Museum (2011).
 * Espen Svendsen (ed.), "St. Sunniva and the Holy Shrine", English-language exhibition catalogue, Bryggens Museum (2011).

title: Sunniva


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Barmak

Barmak may refer to:

People

 * Barmakids, a political clan of Iranian origin, attaining high offices in the medieval Abbasid Caliphate
 * Khalid ibn Barmak, vizier
 * Yahya ibn Khalid, vizier
 * Muhammad ibn Khalid ibn Barmak, hajib
 * Ja'far ibn Yahya, vizier
 * Al-Fadl ibn Yahya, vizier
 * Others:
 * Barmak Akram (born 1966), Afghan filmmaker
 * Siddiq Barmak (born 1962), Afghan film director
 * Wais Barmak (born 1972), Afghan politician

Places

 * Barmak, Bushehr, a village in Bushehr Province, Iran
 * Barmak-e Bozorg, a village in Bushehr Province, Iran
 * Barmak-e Kuchek, a village in Bushehr Province, Iran
 * Bashkirsky Barmak, a rural locality in Bashkortostan, Russia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barmak


text:
User talk:Gero~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 12:02, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
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Speedy Deletion
A tag has been placed on Black and White (trance duo), requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable (see the guidelines for notability here). If you can indicate why the subject of this article is notable, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please write  on the top of the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself.

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gero. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gero~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of Sam R. Balcomb

The article Sam R. Balcomb has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * More or less non-notable with IMDb only listing less than 10 works for each position and my searches simply found nothing better than a few passing mentions at News and browsers. WP:TNT at best if ever better notable and improvable. Almost even speedy material if not for the works being notable themselves.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. SwisterTwister  talk  23:44, 29 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gero~enwiki


text: User talk:80.227.100.62

title: User talk:80.227.100.62


text:
Talk:Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester

Untitled
As regards the present naming of this article, I'm not saying I disagree with it, but doesn't it mean we're going to end up with about 5 people called "something something, 1st Duke of Gloucester"? How desirable is that? Deb 12:03, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Richard II
The lead says Richard II is his nephew; the infobox says he's his grandson. Which is it? --Scottandrewhutchins 12:57, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

The info box is talking about the offspring of Edward III. He (Richard II) was Edward III's grandson. The info box needs redoing. PhilipColfox 13:26, 30 October 2006 (UTC)


text: User talk:195.69.226.68

title: User talk:195.69.226.68


text:
Gold Coast Indy 300

The Gold Coast Indy 300 was an annual open-wheel motor race event that took place at the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia from 1991 to 2008. The challenging 4.47 km track, alongside a strip of beaches, had several fast sections and four chicanes. The event had various names during its history for sponsorship reasons; in its final year, it was known as the Nikon Indy 300.

The race debuted in 1991 on the CART Indy Car World Series calendar, the first race in series history held outside North America. Following the split between CART and the newly formed Indy Racing League (IRL) in 1996, CART continued to sanction the event until it folded after the 2003 season. From 2004 to 2007, the race was part of the Champ Car World Series, the successor to CART. Following the merger of the Indy Racing League and Champ Car World Series in February 2008 it was announced that the race would continue as a non-championship IndyCar Series event; however the race was omitted from the 2009 IndyCar Series season calendar, and subsequently dropped by the IndyCar Series completely.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Gold Coast Indy 300 was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an "event and festival".

Early years
The event arrived in Australia on the back of lobbying from a consortium of businessmen from the state of Queensland. The event's early years were dogged by controversy as Australia's motor sport governing body, the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS), initially refused to sanction the event. The Queensland State Government had been largely supportive of the event, whereas support at local level from the Gold Coast City Council varied, and was occasionally openly hostile to the event.

From 1991 to 1997, the Gold Coast Grand Prix was typically held in March, and several times served as the CART season opener. In 1996, the Australian Grand Prix (Melbourne) moved from the fall to the spring. It created an undesirable scheduling conflict which eventually saw the Gold Coast Indy move permanently to October, starting in 1998. By the late 1990s, as political tensions subsided, the race become a well-attended and popular event on the Gold Coast calendar with tens of thousands of spectators attending each of the four days of the event.

The 1993 race was particularly notable as 1992 Formula One champion Nigel Mansell's first race in American championship car racing, which he won in front of a large number of travelling British fans and media. It was also the first of a record seven race wins at the event for Newman/Haas Racing. In the 2002 event there was a frightening incident when a nine-car pile-up occurred at the start in very wet conditions, however no significant injuries were sustained. In 2003 a massive thunderstorm struck the area during the race, leading to a red flag and shortened race distance.

Decline
The event lost some of its lustre from 2004, as the split between American open wheel racing series started to draw teams from the Champ Car World Series across to the IRL IndyCar Series, whose calendar was considerably more domestic than the well-travelled Champ Car World Series. The falling popularity of open wheel racing in America further devalued the event, with NASCAR dominating the U.S. racing scene. The waning interest led to the V8 Supercars (the leading touring cars category in Australia and a support category since 1994) move from a non-championship to championship event in 2002 and take equal top billing with Champ Car, an unprecedented move across the Champ Car calendar. Traditionally the CART/Champ Car race was the final event of the programme, but in later years the final V8 Supercars race held this place.

In the first sixteen years of the event, there were sixteen different winners. In 2007 Sébastien Bourdais became the first driver to win the race twice, adding to his 2005 victory.

Merger
On 5 March 2008, it was announced that the IndyCar Series would travel to Australia for the first time, but due to contractual issues the race would not count towards the 2008 championship and would be a stand-alone demonstration event, in light of the recent merger between Champ Car and the IRL. Australian driver Ryan Briscoe nonetheless became the first local winner of the event, in what remains the final running of the event to date.

Demise and A1GP
On 11 November 2008, after extensive negotiations with the IndyCar Series broke down, the Queensland Government reached a new five-year deal with A1 Grand Prix to stage a race at Surfers Paradise, severing its eighteen-year history with American open wheel racing. On 25 February 2009 it was announced that the event, which would combine one of the first few rounds of the 2009–10 A1 Grand Prix season and the 11th round of the 2009 V8 Supercar Championship Series, would be produced through a partnership between IMG and the Queensland Government. The event was also renamed as the SuperGP for 2009, with the iconic Indy name becoming obsolete.

However, on 17 October 2009, A1GP Chairman Tony Teixeira announced that the United Kingdom operating arm of the series went into liquidation in June, with access to the A1GP cars and their ability to pay its suppliers having been impeded. That prevented the cars from leaving Europe in time to be on track in Surfers Paradise on 22 October. Therefore, A1GP withdrew from participation in the 2009 Nikon SuperGP, with V8 Supercars instead running additional races. A1GP refunded Gold Coast Motor Events Co. the sanction fee paid, and donated A$50,000 to a charity designated by the board.

Following A1GP's withdrawal, V8 Supercars became the permanent and sole lead category of the event, which became known as the Gold Coast 600 as of 2010. This event continues to the current day, albeit on a shorter 2.96 km version of the original Surfers Paradise circuit. The original longer circuit has also now been rendered unusable by the G:link light rail network, which now extends along Surfers Paradise Boulevard beyond the existing second chicane.

Future
In June 2016 the Gold Coast Bulletin reported that "secret government talks" were underway to bring back the IndyCar race for 2017 or 2018, and that an area consortium had been given rights to negotiate with IndyCar for an Australian race with a preference for the Gold Coast. IndyCar management would not comment other than to say they were investigating potential overseas venues. With Supercars later signing an extension of their exclusive deal for the event from 2017 to 2019, combined with the prohibitive shorter track layout, and costs of bringing the series to Australia, there are several barriers preventing the revival of the event.

Past winners
Events which were not championship rounds are indicated by a pink background.

Notes:

– 1994: Race shortened due to darkness.

– 1997, 1998 and 2000: Race shortened due to time limit.

– 2002: Race shortened due to rain.

– 2003: Race shortened from 65 laps.

Indy 300 F3 Challenge
The Nikon Indy 300 F3 Challenge was a Formula Three race held in 2008 on the streets of Surfers Paradise, Queensland as a non-championship support race of the 2008 IndyCar Series Gold Coast Indy 300 event.

Class structure
Drivers competed in three classes:
 * Championship Class – restricted to cars constructed in accordance with the FIA Formula 3 regulations that applied between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2007
 * National Class – restricted to cars constructed in accordance with the FIA Formula 3 regulations that applied between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2004
 * Trophy Class – restricted to cars constructed in accordance with the FIA Formula 3 regulations that applied between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2001

Event names

 * 1991: Gold Coast IndyCar GP
 * 1992: Daikyo IndyCar GP
 * 1993–94: Australian FAI IndyCar GP
 * 1995: IndyCar Australia
 * 1996: Bartercard IndyCar Australia
 * 1997: Sunbelt IndyCarnival
 * 1998–2002: Honda Indy 300
 * 2003–07: Lexmark Indy 300
 * 2008: Nikon Indy 300

title: Gold Coast Indy 300


text:
Christoph Hoffmann

Gottlob Christoph Jonathan Hoffmann (December 2, 1815 – December 8, 1885) was born in Leonberg in the Kingdom of Württemberg, Germany. His parents were Beate Baumann (1774-1852) and Gottlieb Wilhelm Hoffmann (1771-1846), who was chairman of the Unitas Fratrum congregation in Korntal. Gottlieb's theological thinking was inspired by reading the works of Johann Albrecht Bengel, whose studies had led him to the conclusion that Christ would return in 1836.

Christoph Hoffmann had a Pietist-Christian background and enjoyed a Christian education with the Brethren congregation in Korntal. As a young man he studied theology in Tübingen. An opponent of the much better known liberal theologian David Friedrich Strauss, Hoffmann was elected to the First National German Parliament, which met in Frankfurt am Main in 1848.

The failure of his efforts to create a better Christian State through politics caused him to return to the roots of Christianity as expressed by Jesus. He became convinced that Jesus had called for a radical change of attitude in people. The better state of being after such a change of attitude he saw as the Kingdom of God which was to be established. To this end he applied for the position of a missionary inspector with the Protestant St. Chrischona Pilgrim Mission of Basel in 1853, but left the position after two years.

Hoffmann dedicated his life to collecting people striving for such a "kingdom" and setting up communities in which their striving would express itself in daily life. Initially (1854) known as the Friends of Jerusalem, the group in June 1861 formed itself into an independent Christian religious organisation known as Deutscher Tempel, its members identified themselves as Templer. In 1868 the Templer started to create settlements in Palestine.

The Templer could buy in Jaffa some houses and land from failed colonists around George Adams, returning to the USA in 1869. On 5 March 1869 also Peter Martin Metzler, a missionary of St. Chrischona and personal acquaintance of Hoffmann from his times at the Pilgrims' Mission, sold his Jaffa-based mission station, including an infirmary and most of his real estate and other enterprises to the new colonists, before he left Jaffa.

While the Lutheran Evangelical State Church in Württemberg condemned and fought the Templer as apostates, the Prussian position was somewhat milder. Their settlement in the Holy Land found a warm support through Wilhelm Hoffmann (*1806-1873*), who was no apostate from the official church, like his younger brother Christoph. Wilhelm Hoffmann served as one of the royal Prussian court preachers at the Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church in Berlin and was a co-founder and first president of Jerusalem's Association (Jerusalemsverein), a charitable organisation founded on 2 December 1852 to support Samuel Gobat's effort as bishop of the Anglo-Prussian Bishopric of Jerusalem. Between 1866 and 1869 Wilhelm Hoffmann dispatched his son Carl Hoffmann (1836-1903) as pastor of the German Protestant congregation of Jerusalem.

Hoffmann fell out with the Temple Society's co-leader Georg David Hardegg (*1812-1879*), so that in June 1874 the Temple denomination underwent a schism with Hardegg and about a third of the Templer seceding from the Temple Society and later mostly returning to an official German Protestant church body. Hoffmann died in the Templer settlement Rephaim near Jerusalem on 8 December 1885.

Hoffmann's literary output focusses on his vision of a New Jerusalem, a community based Kingdom of God that would eventually spread over all the nations:
 * He initiated publication of the religious sentinel Die Süddeutsche Warte in 1845, which later became Die Warte des Tempels and under that name is still, 161 years later, published today as the official voice of the Temple Society.
 * In Occident and Orient, Part 1, 2 and 3 first published in 1875, he produced a blueprint for community based social conditions leading towards a kingdom of God in the Middle East
 * Mein Weg nach Jerusalem came out in 1884 and can be seen as an autobiography of his struggle to bring his vision to reality.
 * with five Sendschreiben produced over the years Hoffmann tried to face some of the religious and social difficulties arising at the time.

Christoph Hoffmann II, his son
Hoffmann’s son Christoph (1847-1911) became the leader of the Palestinian Templer in 1890, while from 1884 to 1890 Christoph Paulus was the leader.

title: Christoph Hoffmann


text:
Talk:Cepelinai

Is cepelinai the plural of the name? PeepP 12:06, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. This word is used mostly in plural however, including restaurant menus and such as there is usually more than one in plate or you can order the number you want DeirYassin 10:22, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * maybe stub should be removed? Article is tidy and comprehensive. --Lokyz 11:55, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It is not really all that comprehensive, there is no history or cultural significance of the dish in the article, as well as no citations. The article is mostly a recipe which many would say that portion of the article belongs in the WikiCookbook (I debate that concept though, but it's the consensus of the masses).  Until more information is added on the dish, the stub tag should remain so that it will draw people here to work on the article.--Christopher Tanner, CCC 03:11, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cepelinai


text: User talk:144.135.111.168

title: User talk:144.135.111.168


text:
British New Wave

The British New Wave is a style of films released in Great Britain between 1959 and 1963. The label is a translation of Nouvelle Vague, the French term first applied to the films of François Truffaut, and Jean-Luc Godard among others.

Stylistic characteristics
The British New Wave was characterised by many of the same stylistic and thematic conventions as the French New Wave. Usually in black and white, these films had a spontaneous quality, often shot in a pseudo-documentary (or cinéma vérité) style on real locations and with real people rather than extras, apparently capturing life as it happens.

There is considerable overlap between the New Wave and the angry young men, those artists in British theatre and film such as playwright John Osborne and director Tony Richardson, who challenged the social status quo. Their work drew attention to the reality of life for the working classes, especially in the North of England, often characterised as "It's grim up north". This particular type of drama, centred on class and the nitty-gritty of day-to-day life, was also known as kitchen sink realism.

Influence of writers and short film makers
Like the French New Wave, where many of the filmmakers began as film critics and journalists, in Britain critical writing about the state of British cinema began in the 1950s and foreshadowed some of what was to come. Among this group of critic/documentary film makers was Lindsay Anderson who was a prominent critic writing for the influential Sequence magazine (1947–52), which he co-founded with Gavin Lambert and Karel Reisz (later a prominent director); writing for the British Film Institute's journal Sight and Sound and the left-wing political weekly the New Statesman. In one of his early and most well-known polemical pieces, Stand Up, Stand Up, he outlined his theories of what British cinema should become.

Following a series of screenings which he organised at the National Film Theatre of independently produced short films including his own Every Day Except Christmas (about the Covent Garden fruit and vegetable market), Karel Reisz's Momma Don't Allow and others, he developed a philosophy of cinema which found expression in what became known as the Free Cinema Movement in Britain by the late 1950s. This was the belief that the cinema must break away from its class-bound attitudes and that the working classes ought to be seen on Britain's screens.

Along with Karel Reisz, Tony Richardson, and others he secured funding from a variety of sources (including Ford of Britain) and they each made a series of socially challenging short documentaries on a variety of subjects.

These films, made in the tradition of British documentaries in the 1930s by such men as John Grierson, foreshadowed much of the social realism of British cinema which emerged in the 1960s with Anderson's own film This Sporting Life, Reisz's Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, and Richardson's The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner.

By 1964, the cycle was essentially over. Tony Richardson's Tom Jones, Richard Lester's A Hard Day's Night and the early James Bond films ushered in a new era for British cinema, now suddenly popular in the United States.

Films

 * Room at the Top (1959; directed by Jack Clayton)
 * Look Back in Anger (1959; directed by Tony Richardson)
 * The Entertainer (1960; directed by Tony Richardson)
 * Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960; directed by Karel Reisz)
 * A Taste of Honey (1961; directed by Tony Richardson)
 * A Kind of Loving (1962; directed by John Schlesinger)
 * The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962; directed by Tony Richardson)
 * The L-Shaped Room (1962; directed by Bryan Forbes)
 * This Sporting Life (1963; directed by Lindsay Anderson)
 * Billy Liar (1963; directed by John Schlesinger)

Notable actors

 * Alan Bates
 * Tom Bell
 * Richard Burton
 * Julie Christie
 * Tom Courtenay
 * Albert Finney
 * Richard Harris
 * Laurence Harvey
 * Rachel Roberts
 * Rita Tushingham

title: British New Wave


text:
Protoplanetary nebula

A protoplanetary nebula or preplanetary nebula (PPN, plural PPNe) is an astronomical object which is at the short-lived episode during a star's rapid evolution between the late asymptotic giant branch (LAGB) phase and the subsequent planetary nebula (PN) phase. A PPN emits strongly in infrared radiation, and is a kind of reflection nebula. It is the second-from-the-last high-luminosity evolution phase in the life cycle of intermediate-mass stars (1–8 ).

Naming

The name protoplanetary nebula is an unfortunate choice due to the possibility of confusion with the same term being sometimes employed when discussing the unrelated concept of protoplanetary disks. The name protoplanetary nebula is a consequence of the older term planetary nebula, which was chosen due to early astronomers looking through telescopes and finding a similarity in appearance of planetary nebula to the gas giants such as Neptune and Uranus. To avoid any possible confusion, suggested employing a new term preplanetary nebula which does not overlap with any other disciplines of astronomy. They are often referred to as post-AGB stars, although that category also includes stars that will never ionize their ejected matter.

Beginning
During the late asymptotic giant branch (LAGB) phase, when mass loss reduces the hydrogen envelope's mass to around 10−2 for a core mass of 0.60, a star will begin to evolve towards the blue side of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. When the hydrogen envelope has been further reduced to around 10−3, the envelope will have been so disrupted that it is believed further significant mass loss is not possible. At this point, the effective temperature of the star, T*, will be around 5,000 K and it is defined to be the end of the LAGB and the beginning of the PPN.

Protoplanetary nebula phase

During the ensuing protoplanetary nebula phase, the central star's effective temperature will continue rising as a result of the envelope's mass loss as a consequence of the hydrogen shell's burning. During this phase, the central star is still too cool to ionize the slow-moving circumstellar shell ejected during the preceding AGB phase. However, the star does appear to drive high-velocity, collimated winds which shape and shock this shell, and almost certainly entrain slow-moving AGB ejecta to produce a fast molecular wind. Observations and high-resolution imaging studies from 1998 to 2001, demonstrate that the rapidly evolving PPN phase ultimately shapes the morphology of the subsequent PN. At a point during or soon after the AGB envelope detachment, the envelope shape changes from roughly spherically symmetric to axially symmetric. The resultant morphologies are bipolar, knotty jets and Herbig–Haro-like "bow shocks". These shapes appear even in relatively "young" PPNe.

End
The PPN phase continues until the central star reaches around 30,000 K and it is hot enough (producing enough ultraviolet radiation) to ionize the circumstellar nebula (ejected gases) and it becomes a kind of emission nebula called a Planetary Nebula. This transition must take place in less than around 10,000 years or else the density of the circumstellar envelope will fall below the PN formulation density threshold of around 100 per cm3 and no PN will result, such a case is sometimes referred to as a 'lazy planetary nebula'.

Recent conjectures
Bujarrabal et al. (2001) found that the "interacting stellar winds" model of Kwok et al. (1978) of radiatively-driven winds is insufficient to account for their CO observations of PPN fast winds which imply high momentum and energy inconsistent with that model. Complementarily, theorists (Soker & Livio 1994; Reyes-Ruiz & Lopez 1999; Soker & Rappaport 2000; Blackman, Frank & Welch 2001 ) investigated whether  accretion disk scenarios, similar to models used to explain jets from active galactic nuclei and young stars, could account for both the point symmetry and the high degree of collimation seen in many PPN jets. In such models applied to the PPN context, the accretion disk forms through binary interactions. Magneto-centrifugal launching from the disk surface is then a way to convert gravitational energy into the kinetic energy of a fast wind in these systems. If the accretion-disk jet paradigm is correct and magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) processes mediate the energetics and collimation of PPN outflows, then they will also determine physics of the shocks in these flows, and this can be confirmed with high-resolution pictures of the emission regions that go with the shocks.

title: Protoplanetary nebula


text:
Talk:Darcs

Rename
DARCS is the name of the software. What it stands for is pretty much immaterial. I think it should be moved to DARCS, or DARCS (software) if there's a clash. What do other people think?— ciphergoth 13:18, 2005 Apr 17 (UTC)

 * I would prefer Darcs to DARCS. The web site and documentation seem to use "darcs" and capitalize in titles and in the beginning of sentences like it was a general noun. It's a name, and it's not pronounced letter by letter.

 * Per above, I agree that the article should be called "Darcs", not "DARCS". Any objections? Neilc 07:20, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I support the rename to "Darcs". I would have done it already, but there's discussion and history there on that name at the moment. --TuukkaH 08:48, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've completed the move and merged the two pages' histories. —Cleared as filed. 14:21, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

logo and capatilization
needs to add a darcs logo please. And, please make sure the capitilization is correct. thx.

Fair use rationale for Image:Darcs-logo.png
Image:Darcs-logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Conflict bug
I think http://bugs.darcs.net/issue378 is the bug being referred to in the Bugs section. If so, this link should be included in the article's discussion about that bug, so that people can easily check to see if it has been resolved yet. Bayle Shanks 04:00, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems that 2.0.0pre1 includes the new algorith, see --128.214.182.228 (talk) 08:19, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Darcs-logo.png
Image:Darcs-logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 08:09, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Performance
“Darcs has been criticized on the grounds of performance” Can it really be that much worse than Subversion? (^_^) I feel like as much of my time is wasted waiting on svn as actually working these days. --Malirath (talk) 21:11, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know, but darcs tends to lose out massively to the "new school" distributed RCSes like git, hg, bzr, etc. (PS: keep discussion focused on improving the article) -- intgr [talk] 20:32, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Note that this isn't really true anymore in 2011 (and since 2010) though git is still faster (which is to be expected given its position and the army of developers using it and improving it) darcs is now comptetitive with all others DVCS. Of course it's also much faster than Subversion since it's one of the advantage of DVCS ! Jedai (talk) 18:54, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

 * It has been three years from now, if darcs is slow only when compared with git, then this line better be removed or rephrased, does other dvcs has special case which requires exponential time to handle merge conflict? --14.198.220.253 (talk) 17:29, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

Darcs development motivation
The article states that the darcs was developed to replace traditional systems, however, in the Darcs Manual (1.0.9 rc1) following is written:
 * The development of a simplified theory of patches is what originally motivated me to create darcs.

It seems like the statement claimed by this article requires additional reference due to an obvious conflict with the official manual.--VictorAnyakin (talk) 09:14, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * IIRC, that comes from the Darcs paper in the refs, Roundy's dissatisfaction with CVS. --Gwern (contribs) 15:36 10 July 2008 (GMT)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090228201054/http://ldn.linuxfoundation.org:80/article/dvcs-round-one-system-rule-them-all-part-1 to http://ldn.linuxfoundation.org/article/dvcs-round-one-system-rule-them-all-part-1

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title: Talk:Darcs


text:
Lynda Stipe

Lynda L. Stipe (born September 30, 1962) is an American singer and bass guitarist. She is best recognized for her involvement in the bands Oh-OK, Hetch Hetchy and Flash to Bang Time. She is the younger sister of R.E.M.'s lead singer Michael Stipe.

Biography
In 1980, Lynda Stipe became involved in Athens' music scene when she was invited by her older brother Michael Stipe to serve as the opening act for one of his bands. Along with vocalist Linda Hopper and drummer David Pierce, the group performed several songs live at the 40 Watt Club. The songs written for that performance would be recorded in the studio for Oh-OK's first single. The band produced one single and an album before parting ways in 1984.

Stipe later formed Hetch Hetchy with boyfriend and fellow musician Jay Totty in 1988, with her serving as lead vocalist and bass guitarist. In 1988, they recorded the EP Make Djibouti with several friends. It was issued through Texas Hotel and was produced by Michael Stipe. Afterward, Stipe and Totty opted to continue recording as a duo. Hetch Hetchy's debut album Swollen was released in 1990 and marked a musical departure from the band's previous recordings. Produced by Hahn Rowe and Tim Sommer of Hugo Largo, the music drew inspiration from gothic rock, dream pop and British folk music. Stipe has noted that the album better represented her writing abilities and contained arrangements that were better realized. A new Hetch Hetchy record was in development but Stipe and Totty broke off their relationship, effectively ending the group in 1991.

title: Lynda Stipe


text:
Marisa Paredes

María Luisa Paredes Bartolomé (born 3 April 1946), known professionally as Marisa Paredes, is a Spanish actress.

Biography
Paredes began acting in 1960 film, 091 Policia al Habla (091, Police Speaking!) She became a teen idol across Spain after that film. In 1961, she made her début in theatre and since then she has performed different plays such as Hamlet with Eduard Fernández. In 1975, she and Raphael collaborated in a cartoon film about him, Rafael en Raphael. She has participated in 73 films and television series. She portrayed the leading role of La Peregrina in a television production of Alejandro Casona's La dama del alba.

Pedro Almodóvar helped her to achieve her international fame, as she starred many of his films. In fact, in Spain, she is called "una chica Almodóvar" ("an Almodóvar girl"). She appeared in High Heels (1991), The Flower of My Secret (1995), All About My Mother (1999) and The Skin I Live In (2011). For her role in The Flower of My Secret, she was nominated for the Best Actress Goya Award.

She has appeared in several other acclaimed films, including In a Glass Cage (1986) by Agustí Villaronga (Majorca), Life Is Beautiful (1998) by Roberto Benigni (Italy), Deep Crimson (1996) by Arturo Ripstein and The Devil's Backbone (2001) by Guillermo del Toro (both from Mexico).

In 1996, she was given the National Film Award by the Spanish Ministry of Culture. From 2000 to 2003 she was the president of the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España. This period has been one of the most controversial ones as in the beginnings of the Iraq War, the workers of the cinema industry complained about this and other polemical issues.

In 2007, she was given at Gijón International Film Festival, a National Film Award named after Nacho Martinez. Her last cinematic success was the film Latin Lover (Spanish: Mi familia Italiana) (2015).

In the 1970s, she had a domestic partnership of about 7 years with filmmaker Antonio Isasi-Isasmendi, whom with she had one daughter, María Isasi. Since 1983, she has been in a relationship with Chema Prado.

Awards
Goya Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards Fotogramas de Plata Union of Actors Awards

title: Marisa Paredes


text:
Virge

A virge or verge is a type of rod, made of wood.

Etymology
Originally it was one or more branches (the French often use verges, the plural of its equivalent, as the normal word for a rod, the rarer singular verge rather indicates a switch) used as an instrument for corporal punishment, or as a riding crop. It later became a symbol of civil office, used in ceremonies of swearing fealty (from which the legal term tenant by the verge is derived). Further deriving from this use is the sense of a measurement, and so boundary or border, of land, or generally a margin of space.

Modern practice
In modern times it is best known as the ceremonial staff of the Anglican and Episcopal lay church officers known as vergers (or originally virger – the title derives from virge), who originally used it as a 'weapon' to make way for the ecclesiastical procession (compare the Catholic Swiss Guard), and occasionally to chastise unruly choristers.

title: Virge


text:
User:Bobg1756/Sandbox

Sandbox

title: User:Bobg1756/Sandbox


text:
Counterproliferation

Counterproliferation refers to diplomatic, intelligence, and military efforts to combat the proliferation of weapons, including both weapons of mass destruction (WMD), long-range missiles, and certain conventional weapons. Measures to combat proliferation by analysing and preventing related financial transactions are referred to as counter-proliferation financing. Nonproliferation and arms control are related terms. In contrast to nonproliferation, which focuses on diplomatic, legal, and administrative measures to dissuade and impede the acquisition of such weapons, counterproliferation focuses on intelligence, law enforcement, and sometimes military action to prevent their acquisition.

Missile technology
Long-range missile technology is of greatest threat when the missiles carry weapons of mass destruction, but long-range weapons with precision guidance can be serious threats with explosive or other conventional warheads. This has been supplemented by the International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (ICOC), also known as the Hague Code of Conduct.

Technical means of verification, including space-based sensors that can scan large parts of the world, can provide early warning of long-range missile development. Space-based Staring Infrared Sensors can detect the heat of rocket launching motors. Various radars can monitor range and other characteristics, but they need to be in a place where they have line-of-sight to the missile trajectory. The United States, probably Russia, and possibly other nations have aircraft-based and ship-based sensors that can monitor such tests, but there has to be warning of potential tests so these sensors can be deployed.

title: Counterproliferation


text:
User talk:Grey ham22

well...my name is evan, and i am an absolute CHAMPION!!!! just ask me!!

title: User talk:Grey ham22