text:
Rand Airport

Rand Airport is an airport in Germiston, South Africa. It was constructed in the 1920s as the main airport for Johannesburg, but the city outgrew it and replaced the airport with Palmietfontein Airport in 1948 (itself replaced by Jan Smuts International Airport in 1952).

Before World War II
In 1917, Major Allister Miller landed on Germiston Golf Course and thought the area close by would be suitable as an airfield due to its location near to Johannesburg, the landmark of Victoria Lake and the well-drained land. But it would take until February 1929, for the three interested parties to agree for 400 acre of land to be set aside for what was called the Germiston Public Aerodrome. The three parties were the Germiston Town Council, Elandsfontein Estate Company and the Rand Refinery. Later that year, the Germiston Town Council gained full control and further plans were developed for the aerodrome when Imperial Airways was thinking of adding South Africa to their flight schedules. After the involvement of the South African government, they were able to convince the airline that Johannesburg, with its mining and industry, should be their base rather than Cape Town, with Rand Refinery seeking to export its refined gold by air.

Imperial Airways received a £400 000 subsidy from both the South African and UK governments over five years. In November 1929, the Germiston Town Council bought a further 700 acre of land for £14 000, after permission was given by the Mining Commissioner, as the land was owned by the Simmer and Jack mine with the understanding that the land could be reacquired as a mining area. In order to proceed with the development, the Johannesburg and Germiston Town Councils formed a joint committee on 14 November 1930 and £85 000 was set aside for infrastructure. This would consist of a large and small hangar, administrative buildings, a workshop, floodlights and cottages.

The airport was officially opened on 21 December 1931 by the Governor-General Earl of Clarendon and owned jointly by the Germiston and Johannesburg Town Councils. In 1932, Captain Roy Makepeace became its manager. It became the headquarters of South African Airways (SAA) when the airline's head office was moved from Durban to Rand Airport on 1 July 1935. By 1938, the development costs had reached £200 000 and losses of £20 000, a cost the Germiston Town Council could no longer afford and so sold its share to the Johannesburg City Council for £106,498, with 207 acre of land not used resold to the former and land provided for a future highway to connect to the Heidelberg road. The final transfer took place in 1944.

In early 1939, the Union Defence Force took control of Rand Airport and by May 1940, all commercial flights ended. The training schools based there trained pilots for the war effort and the facilities were extended with fifteen additional hangars built. By 1944, a limited number of internal commercial flights resumed from the airport.

After World War II
SAA moved its headquarters to Palmietfontein Airport in 1948 because of runway length constraints. Nevertheless, Rand Airport grew quickly after World War II ended because of the influx of former air force pilots. In 1975, with 133 135 recorded aircraft movements, Rand Airport was the busiest airport in the southern hemisphere.

The ownership of the airport originally consisted of 23 private shareholders and there has been very little change. Most of the re-sales have been taken up by existing owners under new company names so there has been a small increase to the current 25 owners, plus the Mayondi BEE consortium and Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Council.

Rand Airport today
Today, the airport hosts air charter operators, flying schools and a number of aircraft maintenance organisations, as well other aviation-related enterprises. Charter operator Phoebus Apollo Aviation has its headquarters at Rand; the airport is also home to the Flying Lions Aerobatic Team.

South African Airways donated a Boeing 747-200 and a Boeing 747SP to the South African Airways Museum Society which are on display at the airport. The museum also owns a Boeing 737-200, two DC-4s, a DC-3, Vickers Viking, Lockheed Lodestar, Lockheed L1649 Starliner, DH Dove and numerous other exhibits. The airport also hosts an annual air show.

Airlines and destinations
Today, all scheduled flights operate at the nearby O. R. Tambo International Airport.

Hot and high conditions
Rand Airport is notorious for its hot and high conditions and relatively short runways. Situated at an altitude of 1680 m above sea level, the density altitude is as high as 2590 m when the outside air temperature (OAT) is 30 °C. Special consideration must be given to flight planning in the summer when the ambient temperature is that high; there have been many accidents at this airfield as a result of reduced aircraft performance under these extreme conditions. A compounding factor is the lack of forced landing fields or areas, as the airport is surrounded by urban sprawl.

Notable accidents and incidents

 * On 6 October 1970, at about 7:10 am, Douglas DC-3 registration ZS-DKR en route for Orapa, Botswana crashed as it attempted to return to Rand Airport after the left engine failed just after take-off. There were two crew and ten passengers aboard. The Captain and two passengers subsequently died of injuries. The aircraft was completely burnt-out after impact.
 * On 2 August 1995, an Antonov An-2 on a cargo flight from Rand airport to Jamba, Angola, crashed shortly after takeoff killing all three persons on board. The accident was attributed to the cargo which was not properly secured and shifted during the initial climb out, rendering the aircraft uncontrollable.
 * On 6 December 1999, a Piper PA-31-350 ZS-OJY crashed shortly after takeoff after suffering an engine failure. All ten people on board were killed.
 * On 30 August 2022, a SAPS PC-6 Turbo Porter crashed after takeoff. Reports indicate that five people on board were killed, with one of the pilots in critical condition.

title: Rand Airport


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User:Casandra~enwiki

Let us not be ruled by the "divide et impera" rule of the rulers!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Casandra~enwiki


text:
Chrishell Stause

Terrina Chrishell Stause (born July 21, 1981) is an American actress, television personality and real estate agent. She began her career playing the role of Amanda Dillon in the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children (2005–2011). From 2013 to 2015 she starred as Jordan Ridgeway in the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives and later returned to the soap on a recurring basis. For this role, Stause received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series in 2020. In 2019, Stause began starring in the Netflix reality series Selling Sunset.

Early life
Stause was born on July 21, 1981 in Draffenville, Kentucky. She attended Murray State University, from which she received her B.A. in theater in 2003. Her middle name "Chrishell" is a portmanteau word created based on the unusual circumstances of her birth: her mother went into labor at a Shell station, and  an attendant named Chris helped deliver the baby. However, in her book Stause denies the gossip on her birth. She mentioned that her mother had some car troubles and pulled into a gas station. While waiting at the car station, she went into pre-labor and the car attendant genuinely helped her to reach a hospital. Stause was born in a hospital. Before knowing that she was pregnant, her mother broke up with Chrishell's biological father, who was half Japanese and half Spanish. Jeff was her stepfather. Stause missed a full year of middle school because she was forced to live in a tent. At that time, Stause mentioned washing her hair in the river, using food stamps and hiding her life from classmates. Her parents "struggled with addiction and mental health" and for a period joined the Worldwide Church of God when she was 10 years old. Her mother never had a steady job and Stause describes her as free spirit and self-righteous.

Career
In 2005, Stause was cast as Amanda Dillon in the ABC daytime soap opera, All My Children, a role she began on May 4, 2005, when the character returned to Pine Valley after a five-year absence. The role of Amanda was previously portrayed by Alexis Manta. During her time on soap, Stause also acted in the independent films Scaring the Fish (2008) and The Crimson Mask (2009). The soap was cancelled and ended on September 23, 2011. Following cancellation, Stause made her prime time television debut guest starring in the second season of the ABC crime comedy-drama series, Body of Proof. She was a member of improvisational troupe The Groundlings in Los Angeles.

In April 2013, it was announced that Stause had joined the cast of NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives. Her character, Jordan Ridgeway, first appeared in Salem on August 15, 2013. On October 24, 2014, it was announced that Stause would be leaving the series in 2015. In 2018, it was announced that Stause was reprising the role and would begin airing in February 2019. The character exited on November 11, 2019, and Stause briefly reprised the role during guest appearances on March 4 and July 20, 2020, and also on May 24–25, 2021. At the 47th Daytime Emmy Awards, Stause received nomination for Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series.

In 2015, Stause guest-starred in the ABC prime time soapy drama series, Mistresses, and starred opposite Justin Hartley in the romantic comedy film, Another Time. From 2015 to 2016 she starred in the web-series, Youthful Daze. In April 2016, it was announced that Stause would be joining the cast of CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless as Bethany Bryant, debuting in late May. She last appeared on August 17, 2016. The following year she was cast in her first film leading role, in the thriller Eve of Abduction.

In addition to her acting career, Stause is also a real estate agent. Her work is showcased in Selling Sunset, a Netflix reality television show focused on The Oppenheim Group, a real estate brokerage dealing in luxury homes in L.A. In 2022 she received MTV Movie & TV Awards for Best Reality Star.

In 2019, Stause played the lead in the thriller film Staged Killer for Lifetime. On September 2, 2020, Stause was announced as one of the celebrities competing on the 29th season of Dancing with the Stars. She was eliminated in the eighth week of competition, getting to eighth place. In 2023, Stause returned to Lifetime with the leading roles in A Rose for Her Grave: The Randy Roth Story and You're Not Supposed to Be Here.

In May 2024, it was announced Stause had joined the cast of Australian soap opera Neighbours as Yasmine Shields.

Personal life
Stause was engaged to Matthew Morrison from December 9, 2006, to 2007.

In January 2014, it was confirmed that Stause and Justin Hartley were dating and the couple announced their engagement in July 2016. The couple married in July 2017. In November 2019, Hartley filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. Stause alleged that Hartley had let her know about the divorce by text only 45 minutes before the media broke the news. She filed for dissolution of marriage in December 2019 and refuted the July 8 separation date previously listed by Hartley. The divorce was finalized on February 22, 2021. She subsequently started dating Dancing with the Stars dancer Keo Motsepe from December 2020 to February 2021.

She announced via Instagram in July 2021 she had begun a romantic relationship with Selling Sunset co-star and boss Jason Oppenheim, which ended in December of the same year.

In May 2022, Stause confirmed a relationship with Australian musician Georgia Flipo, better known as G Flip, The couple started dating in March and secretly got married in Las Vegas in July of that same year. They did not share the news of their nuptials until spring of 2023. In July 2023, on their first anniversary Chrishell and G held another ceremony in Palm Springs. The couple shared that they plan to have a wedding every year on their anniversary.

Both of Stause's parents died from lung cancer between 2019 and 2020. Stause has four sisters. Her oldest sister, Shonda, appeared on seasons 1, 3, and 7 of Selling Sunset and resides in St. Louis.

title: Chrishell Stause


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Institute of Technology of Cambodia

The Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC; វិទ្យាស្ថានបច្ចេកវិទ្យាកម្ពុជា; Institut de Technologie du Cambodge), known for short as Sala Techno (សាលាតិចណូ; lit. 'Techno School'), is a higher education institution in Phnom Penh, Cambodia that trains students in science, technology and engineering. Enrollment is approximately 3,500 undergraduate students and 200 graduate students.

History
The Institute was founded in 1964 as Institut Technique Supérieur de l'Amitié Khméro–Soviétique (ITSAKS; The Superior Technical Institute of Khmer–Soviet Friendship, វិទ្យាស្ថានបច្ចេកទេសជាន់ខ្ពស់មិត្តភាពខ្មែរ-សូវៀត). It was funded by the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1975 and from 1980 to 1991. This support ended in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

In 1993, the Royal Government of Cambodia and the Government of France signed an agreement to develop the renovation of the institute which then took its present name, Institut de Technologie du Cambodge. From 1993 to 2004 the ITC was operated under the framework of French grant assistance (the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the French embassy) and was run by Cambodia's French-language Agency of Higher Education (AUF).

In 2017, its second campus was opened in Tboung Khmum Province.

Education

The Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC) is one of Cambodia's higher education institutions. It offers education and research programs in engineering. Programs are offered in French and English.

In the freshman undergraduate program, students complete a foundation year before choosing their majors in the engineering program.

As of June 2017, ITC had 263 lecturers and 3,729 undergraduate students. From the 2017–18 academic year, the number of students is 4,942.

Programmes

 * Matriculation programme: 2 years
 * I.Com: 2 years
 * Bachelors programmes: 2 years
 * Acting programmes: 3 years

Dual-degree programs can be applied for with some universities in Europe such as INSA Rennes and INP Toulouse.

Organisation
ITC has five faculties in addition to its Foundation Year Department, French and English Sections, Research and Innovation Centre, Graduate School, and Centre for Multimedia and Cyber University (distance education).

Undergraduate

 * Faculty of Applied Science
 * Department of Foundation Year
 * Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics
 * Faculty of Civil Engineering
 * Department of Civil Engineering
 * Department of Architectural Engineering
 * Department of Transport and Infrastructure Engineering
 * Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering
 * Department of Chemical Engineering
 * Department of Food Engineering
 * Faculty of Electrical Engineering
 * Department of Electrical and Energy Engineering
 * Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering
 * Department of Telecommunications and Network Engineering
 * Department of Information and Communication Engineering
 * Faculty of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering
 * Department of Water Resources Engineering and Rural Infrastructure
 * Department of Water and Environmental Engineering
 * Faculty of Geo-resources and Geotechnical Engineering

Graduate school

 * Materials and Structural Engineering
 * Computer Science
 * Water and Environmental Engineering
 * Agro-Industrial Engineering
 * Energy Technology and Management
 * Mechatronics, Information and Communication Engineering
 * Transport Engineering
 * Data Science

Admissions
Each year, 1,000 high school students from across Cambodia are recruited by the entrance exam committee. The entrance exam is held in mid-October. Applicants must have passed high school exams and scored well in basic science to be admitted to ITC.

ITC accepts students for engineer's, bachelor's and master's degrees in fields of engineering with an emphasis on matriculating students through to graduate programs. Students should possess a grade point average (GPA) of not less than 2.5 together with a proficient score of French or English.

Fees vary from program to program, ranging between 40,763,000 and 81,526,000 ៛ per year. Scholarships are offered to students for financial need and for merit.

Administration
The Board of Trustees (ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាភិបាល, Conseil d'administration) of ITC was established in 1994 under French administration. The role of this board is to follow the progress of activities by the directors and to endorse the academic curriculum, new programs, and the budget and action plan proposed by the directors. This board has an annual meeting in mid-June. It is composed of members from stakeholders such as the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry, French Embassy, Japanese Embassy, the consulate of Belgium, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), a representative from the Board of Consortium, the Director of ITC, ITC alumni, and private-sector representatives.

Minister for Culture and Fine Arts Dr. Phoeurng Sackona serves as the president of the Board of Trustees.

The Academic Committee evaluates and endorses the curriculum to maintain the quality of education and to meet standards with international partners from universities in Europe and Asia, national organizations, and the private sector. This committee has a 5-year term and will be renewed until 2018. There are two groups of board members. Full members have voting rights while invited members can give suggestions and recommendations. This committee has 12 members from higher education institutions from France, 2 from Japan, 1 from Thailand, 2 from Belgium, 2 from private sectors and 1 from the Cambodian government.

Research programs
During the last 5 years, 35 research projects were active each year. Around 50 researchers are permanently conducting research in different fields. Currently, ITC is pursuing a policy of strengthening its competitive research areas and supporting cutting-edge research, including prioritized research programs linked to urban management, waste water, hydrology, irrigation, food safety, air quality, new energy, urbanization, robots, and information and communications technology.

Corporate relationships

More than 80 higher education institutions from around the world have signed agreements with ITC. Most of the agreements are with colleges and universities in France, Belgium, Finland, Spain, Norway, Italy, Germany, Russia, Japan, Korea, China, and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries.

National and international companies, the private sector, and government agencies have partnerships with the ITC.

École Polytechnique of Paris is among the stronger partners with ITC, and each year several ITC students have been recruited to study with them. In fiscal year 2015–16, ITC sent 86 students and staff to continue their graduate programs with university partners in other countries.

Notable alumni

 * Phoeurng Sackona, Minister of Culture and Fine Arts
 * Veng Sakhon, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

ITC in the Social Media

 * ITC website
 * Telegram Channel ITC
 * ITC Facebook
 * Youtube Channel ITC

title: Institute of Technology of Cambodia


text:
Talk:Billy Martin (guitarist)

Martin's tattoos
I'll remove the tattoo listing from his page, since it's also been removed from Joel and Benji Madden's sites. Also, I've fixed some grammar... though there still seems to be much fan trivia without sources.

 * On Martin's left shoulder, he has birds(sparrows)holding a banner that says "mom".
 * On his upper left arm he has a horseshoe that has a star inside a heart inside of it, a toy soldier with blocks that say "DAD", and three flaming sailors. Above all that are the two neon guy and girl figures from the cover of Silverchair's "Neon Ballroom" CD, dancing in clouds with a spaceship over them.
 * On his lower left arm, he has five black stars.
 * On his lower left arm, he has a sunflower.
 * On his left elbow, he has a nautical star with clouds inside of it.
 * Above the star on his left elbow, he has a spider.
 * On his right knee he has Kermit the Frog's head.
 * On the back of his right leg, he has "NFG" on a banner (for New Found Glory), wrapped around Zelda's dagger.
 * On his right arm, he has Jack Skellington from The Nightmare Before Christmas.
 * On his left wrist, he has the engravings of The Ring from the Lord of the Rings.
 * Next to Jack, he has Sally the ragdoll, also from The Nightmare Before Christmas.
 * Next to Sally and towards the bottom, he has Zero the ghost dog, and Lock, Shock, and Barrel towards the top.
 * On his lower left arm, he has bat wings carrying the letters "OF," five black stars going down the middle, a sunflower, and Jack Skellington's skull from The Nightmare Before Christmas with crossbones that have red spiderwebs in between the bones, as well as a little mushroom 1UP symbol from the Super Mario Brothers videogames.
 * Behind his left ear, the number 27 with a greenish glow surrounding it.
 * On the back of his neck he has Laura and Vicky (his mother and sister's names) in a red heart
 * He has the letters "GC" on the back of his left arm.

LGFever05 17:45, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Name of the article
I think that we should change the name of the article to Billy Martin. DeeJJJ 11:52, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Billy's book
Could somebody do some research on this? There are clashing facts on the current page.

Under "Art and Cartoons": He is also currently working on a childrens book called "Damious McDreary: A Boy And His Bat".

Under "Trivia": Billy wrote a children's book called "Damious McDreary: A Boy and His Bat".

Which is true? Is the book still being written, or is it finished? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.92.57.251 (talk • contribs) 05:10, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Lead or rythm guitar?
Which is it? Monstez 13:35, 30 June 2007 (UTC) he used to be rythm guitar until the end of Good Charlotte's second album The Young and Hopeless. when Good Charlotte released their third album Chronicals of Life and Death Martin and bandmate Benji Madden swapped roles. So now Martin is lead and Madden is rythm. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.235.148.197 (talk) 09:27, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if he was still playing lead on "Good Morning Revival". I think they switched back. but I'm really not certain! —Preceding unsigned comment added by RobinGoesWiki (talk • contribs) 18:15, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Personal life / sources
Please do not add info to his personal life without citing sources. See WP:BLP for more info. Toddst1 (talk) 00:37, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect Link
Removed the link for 'Ghost of you' as it linked to the song 'The Ghost Of You' by My Chemical Romance, which was incorrect. 86.19.203.76 (talk) 01:36, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Billy Martin (guitarist)


text:
Akihiko Mori

Akihiko Mori (森彰彦) born 1966, was a Japanese video game music composer who worked for Copya System Ltd. He was later a member of Mint Co., Ltd. where he worked with other composers. Mori unfortunately died of stomach cancer on January 8, 1998.

Game Boy

 * Popeye 2
 * Volley Fire
 * Zen-Nippon Pro Wrestling Jet
 * Zettai Muteki Raijin-Oh

Mega Drive / Genesis

 * Cutie Suzuki no Ringside Angel

PC Engine

 * Power Drift

Super Famicom / Super NES

 * Acrobat Mission
 * Bassin's Black Bass with Hank Parker (Super Black Bass 2)
 * Galaxy Robo
 * Gokinjo Boukentai
 * Keiba Yosou Baken Renkinjutsou
 * Kidou Senshi Z-Gundam: Away to the NewType
 * Koutetsu no Kishi
 * Koutetsu no Kishi 2: Sabaku no Rommel Shougun
 * Koutetsu no Kishi 3: Gekitotsu Europe Sensen
 * Lennus II: Fuuin no Shito (Sound Design-Performer)
 * Mystic Ark
 * Otoboke Ninja Colosseum
 * Paladin's Quest (Sound FXs)
 * Seifuku Densetsu: Pretty Fighter
 * Shien - The Blade Chaser (Shien's Revenge)
 * Shounen Ninja Sasuke (Sound Design)
 * Super Air Diver (Lock On)
 * Wonder Project J

Sega Saturn

 * Seifuku Densetsu: Pretty Fighter X

Nintendo 64

 * Wonder Project J2

PlayStation

 * Doraemon 2: SOS! Otogi no Kuni
 * Pro Wrestling Sengokuden
 * Pro Wrestling Sengokuden 2

title: Akihiko Mori


text:
Talk:GamePro

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:22, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
 * GamePro logo.png

title: Talk:GamePro


text:
Frank Houston

William Francis "Frank" Houston (22 April 1922 – 8 November 2004) was a Pentecostal Christian pastor in the Assemblies of God in New Zealand and Australia. Frank Houston founded Sydney Christian Life Centre, which would eventually come under the leadership of his son Pastor Brian Houston before merging into Hillsong Church. In the last years of his life, Frank Houston faced multiple allegations of child sexual abuse.

Biography
Houston was born in Whanganui, New Zealand, on 22 April 1922. He commenced ministry training as a Salvation Army officer shortly after turning 18. He married Hazel and they had five children, including Brian. The couple transferred their allegiance to the Baptist church, and later to the Assemblies of God in New Zealand. Houston initially attended the Ellerslie Assembly in 1960, but later transferred to the Lower Hutt Assemblies of God, and served as the superintendent of the Assemblies of God in New Zealand from 1965 to 1971.

In 1977, Houston moved to Sydney, Australia, and founded the Sydney Christian Life Centre in "Sherbrooke Hall" in Double Bay, which was not affiliated with any denomination in its first decade, but then became an Assemblies of God church. With further growth it moved to Darlinghurst, and then warehouse premises in the inner Sydney suburb of Waterloo, which housed a 600-seat auditorium, a Bible and Creative Arts College, and many other ministry arms. Houston was known by those close to him in the church as "the Bishop", not as an official title but as a humorous reference to mainstream churches. He was also involved in over twenty Christian Life Centres being opened throughout New South Wales and overseas. Houston served as pastor at his church for more than two decades, and in senior positions within the Assemblies of God in Australia.

In 1999, after consultation amongst senior pastoral staff of the church, and the staff of Hills Christian Life Centre, a daughter church pastored by his son Brian, the churches were merged to become the Hillsong Church.

Sexual crimes against children
During Houston's tenure as lead of Assemblies of God in New Zealand from 1965 to 1977, he abused many young boys in New Zealand and Australia. He routinely sexually abused one victim in Sydney from the ages of 7 to 12. In 1999, the boy's mother reported the abuse to the church. At the time, Houston's son, Brian, was the National President of the Assemblies of God in Australia organisation. Upon hearing the report of the sexual abuse, Brian Houston immediately dismissed his father, forcing him to quietly resign from the Sydney Christian Life Centre with a pension. By November 2000, internal church investigations had discovered several additional cases of child abuse. Although Brian Houston and the Assemblies of God executive council were legally obligated to report the crimes, they did not do so. Frank Houston made a payment of A$10,000 to his victim.

In August 2007, further allegations emerged that Houston had sexually abused a trainee pastor during counselling sessions in the early 1980s.

On 8 October 2014 Brian Houston admitted to a Sydney hearing of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse that his father was guilty of other cases of sexual abuse against children. Brian Houston further expressed regret at not having reported his father to the police when he learned of the abuse in 1999, but noted that other senior members of the church had also known and also did nothing. They claim that of the reasons why they chose not to go to the police was because one of the victims requested they not report it, though the victim states that he did not make this request. The Royal Commission censured Brian Houston for his failure to report the sexual abuse allegations against his father and for his failure to avoid a clear conflict of interest, investigating his own father while serving as National President of the Assemblies of God in Australia.

In 2015, the royal commission examined allegations that accused Brian Houston of concealing his father's crimes and censured him for failing to report his father to the police.

In November 2018, 60 Minutes aired a segment revisiting the sexual abuse scandal, because newly revealed documentation allegedly reveals that Brian Houston was deeply involved in a cover-up and that Houston's abusive behaviour was worse than initially thought. Brian Houston allegedly used his position within the Assemblies of God in Australia organisation to conceal his father's serial child sexual abuse. The matter was referred to the New South Wales Police Force, which confirmed that Brian Houston was under criminal investigation for failing to report a serious crime. Following the 60 Minutes story, Hillsong released a statement in response to the allegations.

On 5 August 2021, NSW Police issued a warrant for Brian Houston to attend the Downing Centre Local Court in Sydney on 5 October, alleging that he concealed child sexual abuse by his late father, Frank. Brian Houston was in the United States at the time of being charged.

On 5 October 2021, Brian Houston's lawyer said her client intended to plead not guilty. The prosecution also stated, "Whereas in 1970 Frank Houston committed a serious indictable offence, namely indecent assault of a male, Brian Houston between 15 September 1999 and 9 November 2004 at Baulkham Hills and elsewhere in the state of NSW, believing that Frank Houston committed that offence and knowing that he had information that might be of material assistance in securing the prosecution of Frank Houston for that offence, without reasonable excuse, failed to bring that information to the attention of NSW Police".

Death
Houston died in Sydney on 8 November 2004, aged 82 years. Mourners at his funeral included politicians Louise Markus (a member of Hillsong Church) and Alan Cadman, and Andrew Scipione, the Deputy Commissioner of Police. Houston's wife, Hazel, had died six months earlier.

title: Frank Houston


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matt Zeak

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 08:40, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Matt Zeak
Vanity, nobody in particular. Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 08:01, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Creator has also vandalized articles and user pages (but then deleted his own vandalism). --Angr/undefined 09:28, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Bovlb 18:02:16, 2005-07-16 (UTC)
 * Delete and we hates vanity even more when it comes in pairs. Twists its neck we would. -Splash 00:52, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn teen vanity, as with his friend. --Etacar11 03:08, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity.    13:29, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable teen vanity. JamesBurns 02:55, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Popolocan languages

The Popolocan languages are a subfamily of the Oto-Manguean language family of Mexico, spoken mainly in the state of Puebla.

The Popolocan languages should not be confused with the languages called Popoluca spoken in the state of Veracruz, which belong to the unrelated Mixe–Zoquean language family. The term comes from the Nahuatl language and means to speak unintelligibly, which is why Nahuatl speakers called several different unrelated languages "Popolōca". The Nahuatl term was later adopted by the Spanish. The convention now is that the Oto-Manguean languages are referred to as "Popoloca" and the Mixe–Zoquean languages are referred to as "Popoluca", although the latter term is falling into disuse.

Languages
The Popolocan languages are subdivided into:

 * the Chocho–Popolocan languages, including the Chocho language and seven distinct varieties of Popoloca.
 * the Ixcatec language
 * the Mazatecan languages including a number of related languages called Mazatec

Proto-language
Fernández (1951) reconstructed Proto-Popolocan utilizing data from Chocho, Popoloca, Ixcatec, and Mazatec (Huautla de Jiménez, Oaxaca).

title: Popolocan languages


text:
Mono people

The Mono are a Native American people who traditionally live in the central Sierra Nevada, the Eastern Sierra (generally south of Bridgeport), the Mono Basin, and adjacent areas of the Great Basin. They are often grouped under the historical label "Paiute" together with the Northern Paiute and Southern Paiute – but these three groups, although related within the Numic group of Uto-Aztecan languages, do not form a single, unique, unified group of Great Basin tribes.

Today, many of the tribal citizens and descendants of the Mono tribe inhabit the town of North Fork (thus the label "Northfork Mono") in Madera County. People of the Mono tribe are also spread across California in: the Owens River Valley; the San Joaquin Valley and foothills areas, especially Fresno County; and in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Tribal groups
The "Mono" lived on both sides of the Sierra Nevada and are divided into two regional tribal/dialect groups, roughly based on the Sierra crest:

 * Eastern Mono Southernmost Northern Paiute live on the California-Nevada border on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in the Owens Valley (Mono: Payahǖǖnadǖ/Payahuunadu – "place/land of flowing water") along the Owens River (Wakopee) and south to Owens Lake (Pacheta). They are also known as the "Owens Valley Paiute".
 * Western Mono on the west side in the south-central foothills of the Sierra Nevada, including the "Northfork Mono," as labeled by E.W. Gifford, an ethnographer studying people in the vicinity of the San Joaquin River in the 1910s.

Culture and geography

The current tribal name "Mono" is a Yokutsan loanword from the tribe's western neighbors, the Yokuts, who however hereby designated the Owens valley Paiutes as the southernmost Northern Paiute band living around "owens lake" / Mono Lake as monachie/monoache ("fly people") because fly larvae was their chief food staple and trading article and not the "Mono". This "Kucadikadi Northern Paiute Band", whose autonym Kutsavidökadö/Kutzadika'a means "eaters of the brine fly pupae", are also known as Mono Lake Paiute or Owens Valley Paiute, a holdover from early anthropological literature, and are often confused with the non-Northern Paiute ethnic group of the Western mono "Mono". The "Eastern Mono" referred to themselves as Numa/Nuumu or Nüümü ("People") in their Mono/Bannock language dialect and to their kin to the west as Panan witü / Pana witü ("western place" People); the "Western Mono" called themselves Nyyhmy/Nimi or Nim/Nium ("People"); a full blooded "Western Mono" person was called cawu h nyyhmy.

Eastern Mono (Owens Valley Paiute)
The Owens Valley Paiute or Eastern Mono live on the California-Nevada border, they formerly ranged on the eastern side of the southern Sierra Nevada across the Owens Valley along the Owens Rivers from Long Valley on the north to Owens Lake on the south, and from the crest of the Sierra Nevada on the west to the White and Inyo Mountains including the Fish Lake and Deep Springs Valleys on the east. They were predominantly sedentary and settled in fixed settlements along rivers or springs (or artificial canals). The more intensive arable farming by means of partly artificial irrigation enabled them to build up food reserves and thus, in contrast to the "Western Mono bands", to feed larger groups. The Sedentism is also reflected in their socio-political organization in different "districts" (each with communistic hunting and seed rights, political unity, and a number of villages), whose name mostly ended with "patü/witü", meaning "place" or "land"; each "district" was under the command of a headman or pohenaby.

Some "Owens Valley Northern Paiute" districts:
 * Panatü (Black Rock Territory, south to Taboose Creek)
 * Pitama Patü or Pitana Patü ("south place" = Bishop, California, extending from the volcanic tableland and Horton Creek in the Sierra to a line running out into Owens Valley from Waucodayavi, the largest peak south of Rawson Creek. Note that Waucodayavi does not have an English name, but is a peak of approximately 9,280 feet located almost due west of Keough Hot Springs.)
 * Ütü’ütü witü or Anglicized to Utu Utu Gwaiti ("hot place" = Benton, California, from Keough Hot Springs south to Shannon Creek)
 * Kwina Patii or Kwina Patü ("north place" = Round Valley, California)
 * Tovowaha Matii, Tovowahamatü or Tobowahamatü ("natural mound place" = Big Pine, California, south to Big Pine Creek in the mountains, but with fishing and seed rights along Owens River nearly to Fish Springs)
 * Tuniga witü, Tunuhu witü or Tinemaha/Tinnemaha ("around the foot of the mountain place" = Fish Springs, California)
 * Ozanwitü ("salt place" from the saline lake = Deep Springs Valley, they called their valley Patosabaya and themselves Patosabaya nunemu.)
 * Ka’o witü ("very deep valley" = Saline Valley, was Shoshoni with a few intermarried Paiute, but was accessible to Paiute for salt)

The tribal areas of the "Eastern Mono bands" bordered in the northwest on the areas of the hostile Southern Sierra Miwok with which it often came to conflicts, in the northeast several Northern Paiute bands migrated, in the southeast and south the Timbisha Shoshone and Western Shoshone bands, in the southwest the Tübatulabal (also: Kern River Indians) and in the west the "Western Mono bands".

The Owens Valley Paiute were also more aggressive and hostile towards neighboring Indian tribes and most recently they fought the Americans in the "Owens Valley Indian War" (1862 to 1863) with allied Shoshone, Kawaiisu and Tübatulabal The Owens Valley Paiutes are The Southernmost Northern Paiute Band.

Their self-designation is Numa, Numu, or Nüümü, meaning "People" or Nün‘wa Paya Hup Ca’a‘ Otuu’mu—"Coyote's children living in the water ditch".

 * Big Pine Paiute Tribe of the Owens Valley, Big Pine, California (also Timbisha)
 * Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians, Independence, California
 * Lone Pine Paiute-Shoshone Tribe, Lone Pine, California
 * Bishop Paiute Tribe, Bishop, California (also Timbisha)
 * Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute Tribe of the Benton Paiute Reservation, Benton, California

Western Mono
The "Western Mono bands" in the western southern Sierra Nevada foothills in the San Joaquin Valley (San Joaquin River was called typici h huu'  – "important, great river"), Kings River and Kaweah River (in today's counties of Madera, Fresno and Tulare) lived mostly as typical semi-nomadic hunters and gatherers of fishing, hunting and gathering as well as agriculture. In the winter, several families descended into the river valleys and built together fixed settlements, most of which were used for several years. In the summer, the family groups migrated as hunters and gatherers to the more sheltered and cooler altitudes of the mountains. Therefore, these smaller groups are sometimes considered socio-politically not as bands but as local groups.

The tribal areas of the "Western Mono" bordered the (mostly) hostile Southern Sierra Miwok in the north, the "Eastern Mono" settled in the east, the Tübatulabal in the southeast and the Foothill Yokuts in the west.

Some "Western Mono bands" formed bilingual bands or units with "Foothill Yokuts" and partly took over their culture, so that today – except for one – each "Western Mono band" are only known under its "Yokuts" name. Even in the ethnological literature the original ethnic classification of the bands listed below is controversial; partly they are listed as "Foothill Yokuts bands" (who adopted the "Mono language" and culture through the immigration of the "Western Mono" and soon became bilingual) or as "Western Mono bands" (who would have adopted the language of the dominant "Foothill Yokuts"). In particular, the classification of the two Kings River bands – the Michahai / Michahay and Entimbich – is difficult.

The Western Mono self-designation is Nyyhmy, Nimi, Nim or Nium, meaning "People" or cawu h nyyhmy.

By contact with the Europeans, the following bands (or local groups) could be distinguished (from north to south):

 * Northfork Mono or Nim / Nium: most isolated band of the "Western Mono", therefore not known under a "Yokuts" name. They lived generally along the northern shore of the San Joaquin River westward on both sides of its North Fork (and its tributaries) to Fine Gold Creek (shared territory with the Yokuts there); they established smaller settlements than the more southerly "Western Mono Bands".
 * Wobonuch, Wobunuch, Woponunch or Wobonoch (plural: Wobenchasi): Lived in the foothills west of General Grant Grove (with the General Grant Tree) from the mouth of the North Fork Kings River into the Kings River upstream along several tributaries and including the Kings Canyon, along the Mill Flat Creek alone were two major settlements, their area includes today's Kings Canyon National Park.
 * Entimbich, Endimbich, Endembich or Indimbich (Plural: Enatbicha): bilingual, probably originally a "Kings River Yokuts Band". Lived along the Kings River south and west of the Wobonuch, their main settlement was located in the area of today's Dunlap, California, further settlements were along Mill Creek, Rancheria Creek and White Deer Creek.
 * Michahai or Michahay: bilingual, many mixed marriages with neighboring Waksachi, often regarded as a "Kings River Yokuts band". Lived along the Cottonwood Creek, a stream of the St. John's River, a tributary of the Kaweah River north of the municipality of Auckland, California.
 * Waksachi (plural: Wakesdachi): bilingual, but basically "Mono (Nim)"-speaking, partly adopted the culture of the neighboring Yokuts. Their tribal area was in the Long Valley south of Mill Creek and along Eshom Creek, a tributary of the North Fork Kaweah River, other settlements were along Lime Kiln Creek (also known as Dry Creek), such as "Ash Springs" and "Badger Camp".
 * Balwisha, Badwisha, Patwisha, Potwisha or Baluusha: bilingual, but basically "Mono (Nim)"-speaking, partly adopted the culture of the neighboring Yokuts. Lived along the Kaweah River tributaries (Marble, Middle, East and South Forks) westwards to Lake Kaweah. One of their westernmost villages was located on the left bank of the Kaweah River below the confluence of its North Forks and Middle Forks near the community of Three Rivers, California (near the confluence of the Middle, East and South Forks), eastwards they had settlements upstream along the Middle and East Forks as well as Salt Creeks. The Sequoia National Park is located in their territory today, their trading partners were the Wukchumni Yokuts.

If the Entimbich and Michahai are counted as "Kings River Yokuts" then beside the above-mentioned bands sometimes the following bands are listed:

 * Posgisa, Poshgisha or Boshgesha: Lived on the southern shore of the San Joaquin River and south of the Northfork Mono along Big Sandy Creek to the headwaters of Little and Big Dry Creek; according to reports from neighboring Yokuts, there were two settlements near Auberry, California. Presumably identical with the group later called "Auberry Band of Western Mono", whose Mono/Nim-language name was ?unaħpaahtyħ ("that which is on the other side [of the San Joaquin River]") or Unapatɨ Nɨm ("About (the San Joaquin River) People").
 * Holkoma: sometimes synonymously called "Towincheba" or "Kokoheba", but both seems only names for single Holkoma villages. Were living in settlements along a series of confluent streams – especially the Big Creek, Burr Creek and Sycamore Creek above the mouth of the Mill Creek into the Kings River.
 * Big Sandy Rancheria of Mono Indians of California
 * Cold Springs Rancheria of Mono Indians of California
 * Northfork Rancheria of Mono Indians of California
 * Table Mountain Rancheria of California
 * Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation

The two clans of the North Fork Mono Tribe are represented by the golden eagle and the coyote. Mono traditions still in practice today include fishing, hunting, acorn gathering, cooking, healing, basket making, and games. The Honorable Ron Goode is the Tribal Chairman for the North Fork Mono Tribe, which is not a federally recognized tribe. The North Fork Rancheria of Mono Indians is the federally recognized tribe in North Fork and their Chairperson is Elaine Fink.

Ceremonies are performed at the Sierra Mono Museum in North Fork, California, and an annual Indian Fair Days festival takes place on the first weekend of August every year to revive many traditions and rituals for tribal kin and tourists alike to enjoy.

Language
The Eastern Mono speak the mono Bannock mono language which together with the Northern Paiute language (a dialect continuum) forms the Western Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Due to the geographical separation as well as the interaction with neighboring tribes and peoples (incorporation of loanwords and/or frequent Bilingualism) two very different dialects developed in the course of time which are difficult to understand for each other. The native language of the Mono people is referred to as "Nim."

''Mun a hoo e boso. Mun a hoo e num. Mun a hoo to e hun noh pa teh'' can be translated as "Hello to my friends. Hello to the Mono people. Hello to the people from all over."

Today, the "Mono language (Nim)" (including its two dialects) is critically endangered. Among about 1,300 "Western Mono (Mono or Monache) people", only about 20 active speakers and 100 half speakers speak "Western Mono" or the "Monachi/Monache" dialect (better known as: "Mono/Monache" or "Mono Lake Paiute"). Of the 1,000 "Owens Valley Paiute (Eastern Mono) people" there are only 30 active speakers of the "Eastern Mono" or "Owens Valley Northern Paiute" dialect left.

Population
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. (See Population of Native California.) Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) suggested that the 1770 population of the Mono was 4,000. Sherburne F. Cook (1976:192) set the population of the Western Mono alone at about 1,800. Kroeber reported the population of the Mono in 1910 as 1,500.

Today, there are approximately 2,300 enrolled Mono people. The Cold Springs Mono have 275 tribal members. The Northfork Mono's enrollment is 1,800, making them one of California's largest native tribes. The Big Sandy Mono have about 495 members. The Big Pine Band has 462 tribal members, but it is difficult to determine how many of these are Mono.

title: Mono people


text:
Persian Wikipedia

Persian Wikipedia is the Persian language version of Wikipedia. The Persian version of Wikipedia was started in December 2003. As of July 2024, it has articles,  registered users, and  files, and it is the  largest edition of Wikipedia by article count, and ranks 22nd in terms of depth among Wikipedias. It passed 1,000 articles on 16 December 2004, and 200,000 on 10 July 2012. Roozbeh Pournader is the project's first administrator, developer, and bureaucrat.

It is the most popular language version of Wikipedia in Iran and Afghanistan.

Number of articles
In January 2013, nearly 50,000 new articles were added within a month. A few days later, on 19 February 2013, the Persian Wikipedia reached 300,000 articles, ranking it 18th among all Wikipedias based on the number of articles.

It currently has articles, making it the 19th largest Wikipedia by article count.

History of the number of articles:

 * 19 December 2003: started
 * 18 February 2006: reached 10,000 articles
 * 30 October 2008: reached 50,000 articles
 * 25 August 2010: reached 100,000 articles
 * 9 July 2012: reached 200,000 articles
 * 19 February 2013: reached 300,000 articles
 * 18 July 2014: reached 400,000 articles
 * 27 July 2016: reached 500,000 articles
 * 3 May 2018: reached 600,000 articles
 * 8 November 2019: reached 700,000 articles
 * 26 May 2021: reached 800,000 articles
 * 13 April 2022: reached 900,000 articles
 * 22 April 2024: reached 1,000,000 articles

Article depth
With article depth of, the Persian Wikipedia is currently ranked 23rd among all Wikipedias based on article depth.

Government intervention
According to reports by human rights lawyer Shadi Sadr, RFERL, Iranwire, Iran International, Justice for Iran, Open Democracy, Radio Zamaneh and other news outlets, the Ministry of Islamic Culture and Guidance and the Iranian Cyber Army may be interfering the Persian Wikipedia, although the Wikimedia Foundation denies that there is abuse taking place. In 2019, German news outlet Deutsche Welle reported that WMF had launched an investigation.

Censorship
In a November 2013 report published by the Center for Global Communication Studies of the University of Pennsylvania, researchers Collin Anderson and Nima Nazeri scanned 800,000 Persian language Wikipedia articles and found that the Iranian government blocks 963 of these pages. According to the authors, "Censors repeatedly targeted Wikipedia pages about government rivals, minority religious beliefs, and criticisms of the state, officials, and the police. Just under half of the blocked Wiki-pages are biographies, including pages about individuals the authorities have allegedly detained or killed." Anderson said that Persian Wikipedia, as a microcosm of the Iranian internet, is a "useful place to uncover the types of online content forbidden and an excellent template to identify keyword blocking themes and filtering rules that apply across the greater internet."

On 2 March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, the Persian Wikipedia appeared to be disrupted in Iran after the death of Mohammad Mirmohammadi, who was a close confidant to the country's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei.

title: Persian Wikipedia


text:
National University of Laos

The National University of Laos (NUOL) is a national public university in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. Founded in 1996, with departments brought in from other existing colleges, it is the only national university in the country. The NUOL accepts students from all over Laos, along with international students.

The university is a partner of the Greater Mekong Sub-region Academic and Research Network (GMSARN) and ASEAN University Network (AUN).

History
National University of Laos "NUOL" was established by merging the higher education institutes which were under the supervision of several ministries into one university under the Ministry of Education in accordance to the Decree Number 50/PM of the Prime Minister of the Democratic People's Republic of Laos dated 9 June 1995.

NUOL is a multi-campus structure, with five campuses including, Dongdok campus (Central), Sokpaluang campus (Faculty of Engineering), Nabong campus (Faculty of Agriculture), Donnokkhum campus (Faculty of Law) and Tadthong campus (Faculty of Water resource). It composes of 13 faculties, 2 institutes (Institute of Lao-Japan Human Resource Development and Institute of Chinese Confucianism), a Central Library, six centers and a small hospital.

NUOL has played 4 roles in 1/ providing higher education in areas required for the socio-economic development of Laos; 2/ performing research in natural and social sciences; 3/ preserving the arts, culture and traditions of the nation; and 4/ providing academic services to society. It is known for its diversity programs in Bachelor degrees; some Master degree programs are conducted in its academic disciplines, and Doctoral degree programs, as well.

Since the opening of its first academic year on 5 November 1996, the number of students has increased from 8,053 (including 2,170 females) to around 40,000 in 2009-2010 academic year. Then, since the policy of increasing vocational manpower of country, the acceptable number of students come down to around 23,000 student in recent year. At present, NUOL is accepted as one of the main and important public organization in the Laos.

In modernization of the university toward digital-based university in the future, IT Center was established in 2002 and be directly supervised by president of NUOL. The IT Center of NUOL is upgraded its roles to 1/ Develop and Manage the ICT infrastructure in the whole university, 2/ Develop ICT human resource toward "ICT based society", 3/ Supporting and Doing research in the field of Computer Science and ICT, and 4/ to provide academic services. For strengthen the ICT system in line with the University ICT Development Plan, initialize in the academic year 2004–2005, ICT infrastructure had been supported by Sida-SAREC in 2005-2010. The ICT Development plan of university is adjusted or improved almost every year in order to catch up with the change of the technology. However, it is hard in order to take it into action due to the lack of budget for it investment. Many of ICT works are made possible through outside support.

Faculties
National University of Laos (NUOL) consists of 13 faculties:
 * Faculty of Forestry
 * Faculty of Education
 * Faculty of Social Sciences
 * Faculty of Natural Sciences (FNS)
 * Faculty of Letters
 * Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
 * Faculty of Agriculture
 * Faculty of Laws and Political Sciences
 * Faculty of Engineering
 * Faculty of Architecture
 * Faculty of Environmental Sciences
 * Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education
 * Faculty of Water Resources

Membership of organizations

 * ASEAN University Network (AUN)
 * ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-NET)
 * Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF)
 * Greater Mekong Sub-region Academic and Research Network (GMSARN)

Foreign cooperation and consortia

 * International University
 * National Dong Hwa University
 * 🇹🇭 Chulalongkorn University
 * 🇹🇭 Chiang Mai University
 * 🇹🇭 Khon Kaen University
 * 🇹🇭 Kasetsart University
 * 🇹🇭 Thammasat University
 * 🇹🇭 King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
 * 🇹🇭 Udon Thani Rajabhat University

title: National University of Laos


text:
Alcarraza

An alcarraza is an earthenware container, traditionally made in Spain. The container is filled with a liquid, then hung in a drafty place in the shade. The liquid seeps through the earthenware slowly and is evaporated by the action of the draft, lowering the temperature of the container and keeping the rest of the liquid cool.

The source word for this container name – which exists in this form in Spanish, Galician and Portuguese – is the Arabic الكراز al-kurrāz.

title: Alcarraza


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Belly button fetish

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 08:42, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Belly button fetish
Could not get a clear idea of what the article is trying to describe, the tone and organization of the article is far from encyclopedic. --Mysidia 08:05, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There's undoubtedly scope for a good article on navel fetishism but, er, this isn't it. AdorableRuffian 16:04, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, too small to use useful. Pavel Vozenilek 22:44, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, but let the redlinks stand. Article does not contain enough information to warrant an article. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 22:46, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, redirect to Belly button. Radiant_ >|< 13:05, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — article content is obvious to the most casual observer. Clean out the lint and then expunge. :) — RJH 23:09, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a possible subject for an article if properly written, but the existing text is illiterate at best and adds no information beyond what can be gleaned from the name. PeteVerdon 10:36, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:-Teenangel-

Please stop helping--Melissadolbeer 08:06, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:-Teenangel-


text:
Talk:Macintosh Toolbox

Rename proposal
I think Macintosh Toolbox should be renamed to Toolbox (API), for consistency with Carbon (API) and Cocoa (API). votes? — boredzo (✍) 08:07, 2005-07-16 (UTC)

FTR: if no-one votes, I'll do the move on 2005-07-23. if anyone does vote, I'll do it five days after the last vote. — boredzo (✍) 14:20, 2005-07-18 (UTC)
 * Looks like the move was never done, but I'd have to say I don't think it's necessary. The Toolbox has an API, but it is not itself an API. The reason for the clarification on the other articles is because "cocoa" and "carbon" both have more common generic meanings. This article has a very specific title, and if anyone in the future writes an article on "toolboxes" in general, the redirect can be removed. MFNickster 18:18, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Just FYI it is possible to boot Old World Macs into an alternate OS without first booting MacOS/toolbox. I have Gentoo PPC Linux installed and booting directly on a Power Mac 7300 with no sign of MacOS other than toolbox being in the ROM. I did however have to patch the buggy OF on this machine. See http://penguinppc.org/bootloaders/quik/ —75.75.4.250 15:51, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

odd assertions
This article makes strong assertions by saying that I'd like to see some source showing how and when the original scope the toolbox (APIs with A-traps lacking modifier bits) changed. I don't think it ever did. Potatoswatter (talk) 08:16, 1 June 2008 (UTC)
 * the Toolbox is specifically in ROM
 * high-level resources and low-level OS routines are included in the Toolbox
 * no clear distinction exists between Toolbox and non-Toolbox

title: Talk:Macintosh Toolbox


text: User talk:69.230.50.127

title: User talk:69.230.50.127


text:
Category talk:Lesbian actresses

Actresses
Shouldn't this page be called "lesbian actresses"?
 * a person who acts is an actor, actress is simply a pc term
 * Yes, but a lesbian by definition is a woman, so you really don't need a gender neutral title.
 * An actor can be male or female.
 * It just sounds silly, imho.Nkm 13:58, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I was just about to make this topic here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.126.5.82 (talk) 04:59, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

He is he, and she is she. An actor is an actor, and an actress is an actress. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.72.151.150 (talk) 23:28, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Ellen Degeneres
Why is Ellen in the "gay actor" cat instead of lesbian actor? Has she never identified as lesbian? --JamesB3 08:07, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Why does someone keep removing the names of Liz Smith and Patricia Routledge
They are both lesbians according to their own Wikipages??? 70.19.82.80 17:44, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Because no one can find any information supporting that she is a lesbian. For all we know, it's just a rumor.

Actresses again
If they're women, they're actresses, i don't say that, English grammar, mmm, maybe Gaudio 19:59, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Actress is correct; it has nothing to do with political correctness, it is the English language. Period. (unsigned comment)

This seems to be a contentious issue. The term actor is gender neutral and, in particular with this word, refers to an action that should be devoid of gender (acting). The word ends in 'or', not 'er' and if you consider the myriad of other words ending in or you will find there is no 'ress' equivalent.

e.g.

Doctor Director Supervisor Creator Instructor Constructor

etc

I wonder if it is a feminist thing? I'm not sure.

89.241.160.42 15:10, 31 March 2007 (UTC) Pedantic 31 March 2007

Re the above comments, "-ess" as the feminine version of words that ended in "-or" for males was part of the English language from the time the "-ess" forms became necessary (i.e. from the time that women started performing those roles) until the 1980s, when there was a move in academia, later adopted by journalists in newspapers, to drop the "-ess" suffixes and make the "-or" endings gender-netural, which they had not been regarded as prior to that time. So the fact is that while today "-or" endings are regarded as gender-netural, this was not the case prior to the 1980s, and school children were indeed taught that a female director was a "directress", a female instructor was an "instructress" etc. This is all a matter of historical record. It always surprises me when Wikipedia contributors make comments to the effect that they are uncertain about what's correct - a bit of research (google is your friend) will soon provide the historical context that you need to understand the facts. Alex Paige (talk) 00:14, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

Sandy Dennis
Why is Sandy Dennis listed? There is no info given whatsoever on her page that she was gay. (unsigned comment)

Categorizing by sexual orientation
Categorizing by sexual orientation is non-encyclopedic and should not be done at all. The only time a person's sexuality should be mentioned is when it is a fundamental element of their contribution or professional activities. Otherwise it's often inaccurate, rumor, innuendo or serves only to titilate or serve an agenda. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.5.177.22 (talk) 15:37, 6 April 2007 (UTC).

How can I add Nancy Kulp to this page? Stachman 22:41, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
I don't see the edit feature.

She's already there. For anyone who wants to know how to add anyone else, here's how. Go to the article on the person and add Lesbian actresses to the categories at the bottom of the page. Louieoddie (talk) 11:51, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

Raven Symone
Could someone please add actress Raven Symone to the list. She came out last year via her Twitter page. There are other sources that can back this up as well, I'm sure. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fourdiamond (talk • contribs) 02:07, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * This is best asked on Talk:Raven-Symoné. People are added to this category by adding
 * to the bottom of the page about the actresses. You will also need a reliable source to justify inclusion.--Salix alba (talk): 05:37, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * to the bottom of the page about the actresses. You will also need a reliable source to justify inclusion.--Salix alba (talk): 05:37, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

How come it's ok for this page to have the word Actress in it. Seems like the word has been banned on wikipedia
I've been on several other pages for women who act and the word "actress" seems to have been banned from all of their pages. I see there was a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lesbian_actors page that is used only has a place holder and gas even been deleted on occasion but I see no discussion. Where is the discussion that settled the "actress" issue for this page?--Dr who1975 (talk) 00:58, 14 September 2014 (UTC)--Dr who1975 (talk) 00:58, 14 September 2014 (UTC)
 * The category was renamed following a speedy renaming to match the parent category Category:Actresses here . Previous discussions include and  and a broader discussion at Village pump (policy)/Archive 101. --Salix alba (talk): 06:11, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

What about Jodie Foster?
What about Jodie Foster? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C5E:647F:EB85:B940:A5C9:E1F0:2ABB (talk) 23:21, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Lesbian actresses


text:
Alicot

An alicot, otherwise known as an alicuit or ragout d'abattis is a southern French stew made of the cheapest parts of poultry, slowly simmered.

Etymology and origin
The first two forms of the name derive from ali, ailes – wings and cuit, cuites – cooked. Variants are alycot and alycuit. The third form, ragout d'abattis, means giblet stew.

The dish is associated with the southern French region of Occitania: Larousse Gastronomique classifies the dish as Languedoc cuisine. It is also associated with the Aveyron department of the region, and other areas in the south-west of France.

Content
The main ingredients are usually the heads, feet, wing tips, gizzards, and giblets of poultry – variously chicken, duck, geese or turkey. White wine, onions, tomatoes, garlic and diced bacon are included in most recipes, but there are variants: Elizabeth David gives a recipe in which the poultry content is confined to the giblets; salt port or gammon is added; and another authority includes cèpes and chestnuts. Oher recipes call variously for poultry stock, flour, carrots, turnips and various spices including cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg.

The ingredients are gently simmered, usually for two to three hours. The finished dish is typically served with white haricot beans, potatoes, or rice.

title: Alicot


text: File:TunjaPlazaBolivar.jpg

title: File:TunjaPlazaBolivar.jpg


text:
Talk:Jamey Jasta

General Stuff
I started reading this article and I noticed it's said "Metalcore band" Hatebreed. And as you click on the Hatebreed link it says that Hatebreed would be Hardcore (which they are actually). So I will edit it. 91.38.60.188 (talk) 00:05, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

Untitled
This page could use a rewrite without all the opinion.

== i took out the part where it said "as well as a disgrace in the metal scene" the fag who wrote that can suck my hardcore dick
 * I'll suck it, but Jamey & Hatebreed are still posers. They are just incredibly fake trend followers who haven't been good since the first album.

Who took down the homophobia accusations?
They were well founded and cited, and I would like to know who took them down. I will put them up as soon as I am amble to find the article once more. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.180.206.157 (talk) 05:23, 10 April 2007 (UTC).

religion
Anybody know what religion Jasta is? What's the deal with the band touring in israel...that's rare for a band...

Religion? Are you serious?

They toured Israel because there was money to be made there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.31.147.51 (talk) 21:26, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Age
Given that Jasta 14 was active and quite popular in CT in the early 90s, I find it a little hard to believe that Jamey was born in 1978--he would have been like a preteen around the time Jasta 14 broke up, and 15 when Hatebreed started. Can we get a reference for his birthday? Yilloslime (t) 00:58, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The birthday had been removed, and now it's just been readded. The only source I can find for his bday is http://www.jameyjasta.com/icepick, which says "Today is Jamey's 28th Birthday..." on Sunday, August 07, 2005. That would would make him born in 1977, not 1978 as previous edits had indicated. And 1977 still seems unlikely to me given the timelines of Jasta 14 and Hatebreed. A real source for this info would be great. Yilloslime (t) 03:31, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

1977 Might even be a bit late. He was VERY young during his time in Jasta 14. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.31.147.51 (talk) 01:14, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

I can't speak to whether he was born in 1977 or 1978 but we were freshman in High school together in 1991-1992 which suggests that one of those years is right. I remember that he started in Jasta 14 late that year and he was certainly very young (no more than 15). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.61.84.122 (talk) 16:34, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

Supremacy is already out there
I don't know enough about the details, but can someone update the article due to the fact that supremacy is already out there? The article states that it is about to be released. Thanks a lot. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.181.44.0 (talk) 01:02, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Lost his thumb in a car accident?
Nope. I grew up with that kid. It was a birth defect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.31.147.51 (talk) 01:12, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jamey Jasta


text:
Battle of Bornholm (1563)

The Battle of Bornholm (1563) was the naval battle that would eventually lead to the outbreak of the Northern Seven Years' War

Background
In early 1563, 20 years after the Dacke War, the Swedish admiral Jakob Bagge was a 60 year old veteran. Eric XIV ordered him to provoke the Danes near Gotland or Bornholm and get them to attack the Swedish fleet, so that war on Denmark could be declared on the pretext of self-defense. For this reason, Bagge ordered the crew on the Swedish ships not to strike the top sail on their ships which was a normal practice to show respect.

Bagge hoped this would be insulting enough for the Danes to attack. If events would proceed like Eric had planned, all of Europe would hear how Danish ships attacked the "poor Swedish ships who were just on the way to transport a wife for their king"

Prelude
On 30 May, the Swedes set sail for Bornholm, they could have avoided the island entirely, as they were going to Rostock, but instead, they went as close as possible to Hammershus fortress and the harbor in Rönne. When they came in hearing distance, they fired two shots, which signalled that the ships were Swedish. In Hammershus, the Lübeckian chief Schweder Kettingk and his men were stationed there, however, in Rönne's harbour, there were several Danish warships. The harbor had been created as a temporary base for the Danish navy. King Frederick had previously given out an order saying that the Danish navy was to patrol the Baltic Sea and visit all Swedish ships that were encountered. If they found cargo ships with food or war material the cargo was to be confiscated.

The Danes held deep mistrust for the Swedes, and when the Danes first heard the two shots from the Swedish ships, three Danish warships were dispatched to meet the Swedes, one of these being the flagship Herkules with the admiral Jacob Brockenhuus onboard.

There was also a Hessian delegation on the Swedish flagship, of which none knew of the true Swedish intentions. The atmosphere onboard was lively, with music playing. The crew's attention was not directed towards the three Danish warships that were quickly approaching. After the Danish ships had come closer, three shots were fired, signalling that the ships were Danish, after this signal, the events that followed are disputed.

Danish version
According to Danish sources, the Danes fired three blanks to warn the Swedes of their presence and to allow the crew onboard to show their good will. After which they fired a live round which penetrated the sail of the Elefanten.

Swedish version
According to Swedish sources, the Danes only fired 2 blank rounds, with the third one being a live round which gave Bagge a reason to fire back at the Danes.

Battle
On the stern of the Elefanten, the "blood flag" was raised, which signalled the other ships that the sea battle was to begin. The Swedes did not spare any of their gunpowder, the hole in the Elefanten's sail was compensated for in the ensuing battle, which lasted several hours. Almost immediately, a Swedish cannonball hit the mainmast of the Herkules, which fell down and landed in the middle of the firing line for the men onboard, while the Danes were removing the mast, the Swedes continued shooting at the ship, causing heavy casualties. The Danes, who were aware of the possibility that fighting would break out, were taken by surprise by the Swedes.

The small group of three Danish ships that had sailed from Rönne were only intended to control the waters and make sure the Swedes respected their neighbours, and not for a large sea battle. It is likely that the Danes wanted to go onboard the Swedish ships to make sure everything was as it was supposed to be. The remaining Danish ships in Rönne did not come to help Admiral Jacob Brockenhuus, instead, they stayed at a safe distance and did not participate in the battle. As a result of their inferior numbers, the Danes suffered a crushing defeat, and when Brockenhuus, realizing that the remaining Danish ships would be destroyed, surrendered to the Swedes.

Aftermath
After the battle, having lured the Danes into his trap, Jacob Bagges mission was completed. As a consequence, Frederick and the Danish fleet were seen as the aggressors, and when the war broke out, Eric hoped that the entire world would "pour sympathy" for him.

Other Sources

 * Sundberg, Ulf (1998) Svenska krig 1521-1814 (Hjalmarson & Högberg) ISBN 9189080149
 * Stiles, Andrina (1992) Sweden and the Baltic, 1523 - 1721 (Hodder & Stoughton) ISBN 0-340-54644-1
 * Frost, Robert I. (2000) The Northern Wars, 1558-1721(Longman, Harlow) ISBN 0-582-06429-5

title: Battle of Bornholm (1563)


text:
William Cross Yuille

William Cross Yuille (28 March 1819 – 19 July 1894) was a Scottish Australian pastoralist notable as, after immigrating to Australia, as a founder of Ballarat as well as for his role in the establishment of the Victorian horse racing.

Life
Yuille was baptised on 28 March 1819 in Glasgow, Scotland.

Yuille was educated in Glasgow and was apprenticed for three years in the West India house of Messrs Ewing and Co. of Glasgow. He sailed from Liverpool on 23 August 1836 aged 17 on the Statesman (345 tons), commanded by Captain Rowlett. The ship landed in Hobart Town, Van Diemens Land on 9 December 1836. At that time there were glowing accounts of the new settlement of Port Phillip District that were engaging to the attention of the Pastoralists of Van Diemens Land and William Cross, fired by his pioneer spirit and his youth, decided to cross to the 'land of promise'.

Yuille sailed on the vessel Rajah and landed at Point Henry, near Geelong on 27 February 1837with the intention of joining his cousin Archibald Buchanan Yuille. He and his cousin Archibald purchased 2200 well-bred Merino sheep from Peter Murdoch, shipped them in the John Dunscombe in February 1837. Later in June 1837 there was an attack on the Yuille's station by the Aboriginal people. William took possession of a run at Murgheboluc on the Barwon River near Inverleigh and in January 1838, a small party made up of John Aitken, Henry Anderson, Thomas, Somerville, Learmonth and Yuille struck out north to search for Joseph Gellibrand and G.B.L. Hesse, who had been lost in the bush, and to search for new squatting lands. If they had received a squatters license it may have come from Foster Fyans, who was the Police Magistrate sent to the area by the request of the cousins and other squatters concerned with the troublesome natives.

Yuille settled south of Black Swamp in the area which was to become part of the gold rush settlement of Ballarat in 1838, and two years later, having sold his station there, went to New Zealand, where he was present at the ceremony of taking possession of those islands for the British Government by Governor Hobson, and the signing of the treaty of Waitangi. Returning to Victoria, Yuille embarked in squatting at Rockbank, on the Werribee Plain, occupying the country from within a few miles of Williamstown to Mount Cotterell. There he owned and trained a number of successful performers on the Victorian turf, and after revisiting England several times, where he made fresh purchases, he settled in Williamstown in 1885, and reared numerous winners in his stables. Yuille was for many years one of the foremost men on the Victorian turf, being one of the stewards of the Jockey Club, handicapper to the Victoria Racing Club, and one of the leading members of Tattersall's committee, until his retirement in 1881. For six years he contributed to The Australasian under the soubriquet "Peeping Tom," and is the compiler of the "Australian Stud Book," which is recognised as the standard work of reference throughout the Australasian Colonies.

He married Marry Denny in Victoria on 7 July 1842.

Death
He died on 19 July 1894 in East Melbourne.

Legacy
Lake Wendouree was for some time known as "Yuille's Swamp". Several streets are named after him including streets in Ballarat, Melton, Buninyong, Geelong West, Brighton. Yuille Primary School in Wendouree is also named after him.

title: William Cross Yuille


text:
Library for WWW in Perl

LWP - The World-Wide Web library for Perl (also called libwww-perl) is a set of Perl modules that give Perl programming easy access to sending requests to the World Wide Web. libwww-perl provides an application programming interface (API) to an HTTP client as well as a number of HTML utilities, and standard objects to represent HTTP requests and responses.

History
The first generation of libwww-perl was written by Roy Fielding using version 4.036 of Perl. Fielding's work on libwww-perl provided a backend HTTP interface for his MOMSpider Web crawler. Fielding's work on libwww-perl was informed by Tim Berners-Lee's work on libwww, and helped to clarify the architecture of the Web that was eventually documented in HTTP v1.0. The second generation of libwww-perl was based on version 5.004 of Perl, and written by Martijn Koster and Gisle Aas. The current version is 6.72.

title: Library for WWW in Perl


text:
Talk:Rocket Knight Adventures

Currently 'Sparkster' redirects here. Is this article intended to contain information on the game 'Rocket Knight Adventures' or the series of games based around the character of Sparkster Rocket Knight? I think this article should be about Genesis game 'Rocket Knight Adventures'. Additional information can be moved to two new articles: Sparkster (SNES) and Sparkster: Rocket Knight Adventures 2. If one article about the series as a whole is preferred, a better article name might be Rocket Knight series. Does anybody have an opinion on this? Callus 08:12, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't if it would be better to have an article on each game or not, but "Sparkster Rocket Knight series" strikes me as rather contrived and wordy. Ideally, article titles should be something that can be linked without resorting to pipe syntax each time. - RedWordSmith 06:12, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with that, "Sparkster Rocket Knight series" is too long. The two 'Sparkster' games probably should have their own articles though, because from what I've seen they are entirely different games. I don't think I should create them or move any information myself until there is some kind of verdict. Callus 08:47, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps "Rocket Knight Adventures Series" or "Sparkster Series" is a viable option. Alternatively, "Sparkster" could be a page for both the SNES and Genesis games. InsaneSonikkuFan 10:20, 28 July 2005 (EST)

 * They should definitely be split into their own pages, especially if someone is willing to expand upon them. The games are different enoug hto warrant it and as of now, the RKA page makes little to no mention of the two Sparkster sequels.

Some one needs to write about the Sparkster comic strip that was in fleetway's sonic the comic.

16-bit mascot craze
Is it worth making a small article on the "mascot craze" mentioned in the text? ThomasWinwood 02:42, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Elhorn Erehwon
Don't know who added that, but each of the game manuals consistantly say Elhorn and not Erehwon. To top it off - I really don't recall there any in game text for the entire Sparkster series. (I should know - I own all three games.) I'm editing this back to Elhorn untill someone can provide better proof. --ACE Spark 07:46, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You may own the games, but you must not have completed them! To quote the ending in RKA - "Well done. The land of Erehwon is grateful to you for your help. However complete peace throughout the land has not been restored yet. You must challenge the easy mode to wipe out the remaining evil and restore Erehwon to the tranquil land it used to be." I consider in-game text to be canon and manuals not to be canon, when the two are in contradiction. The manuals probably refer to the world as "Elhorn" because the name "Erewhon" was converted into Katakana for the Japanese manual, then mistranslated back into English by the people who wrote the English manual. - LeonWhite 02:26, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, guys, Erehwon is most likely based on the lost land in the 1872 English novel "Erewhon"\"Over the Range" by Samuel Butler (at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erewhon). The original name itself was most likely a corrupted backwards-spelling of the word "NOWHERE." I can't offer any citations, though. 71.223.80.39 (talk) 20:36, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Sparkster (SNES)
I've created a short stub for the SNES version of Sparkster. Great game, amazing that it didn't have an article before. Comments would be appreciated.-- Nydas (Talk) 10:53, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Sparkster: Rocket Knight Adventures 2
Just to let everyone know I started an article for the Mega Drive game Sparkster. It's really a stub at the moment, hope everyone likes it Inferno Sonic 03 October 2007 19:11 (UTC)

Story section
I'm not Konami, but what is sure is that Konami can't care less for the public use of a brief portion of an instruction manual coming from a discontinued game which was ceased to be sold by Konami around 15 years ago. And people who "go and push a button" without having any idea about the subject matter they are dealing with, like Mkativerata, should learn about it first, because this user just went and sticked absolutely everything as copyrighted content when there was a substantial part of it which was created by an user from scratch. Plus, having the permission of Konami about the use of what really is featured in the instruction manual of the game is hardly possible, not because they are against the use it, but because as the big corporation they are, they are going to see this as a useless matter to spend any time in even answering. But hey, maybe it's better for all the classicist people out there to have the game without absolutely any storyline being known at all by the Wikipedia readers. (Mr Wesker (talk) 17:55, 21 May 2010 (UTC))

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 20:03, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

7877648736िचिचिचटिेच787764किपछटेपचि़चिचपचि़चफचि़पयचटि़कपचटि़चप चटि़यचपयटेचकपटचपयचपतकटयपचकटयटचेपटपचकिचतपयिेटिपचिचपकपयटचटयचटिचटकझठछकचक़ठचीछपयटयफयपछटिचटचयटपयचटचखच — Preceding unsigned comment added by 106.205.198.254 (talk) 06:41, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rocket Knight Adventures


text:
Hamara Youth Access Point

The Hamara Youth Access Point (Hyap) is a drop-in centre for teens in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, operated by the Hamara Healthy Living Centre, an Islamic charity partly funded by the UK government. The drop-in centre was frequented by several of the suspects in the 7 July 2005 London bombings.

2005 controversy
In 2005, police searched the premises and confiscated items such as computer hard drives for forensic investigation Both Shehzad Tanweer, 22, and Hasib Hussain, 19, who have since been proven to be suicide bombers, frequented Hyap, according to police. The Leeds teacher Mohammed Sadique Khan, 30, also identified by police as a suicide bomber, acted as a mentor to youths at the centre.

The centre is directly across the street from a mosque, and it is said that a request that Khan and others should stop having political activities in the mosque, including community meetings opposed to UK policy in Iraq, but they then moved them to the centre.

The Hyap's status permitted it to apply for grants from the UK government for various program monies totalling more than £1 million.

title: Hamara Youth Access Point


text:
Clearance diver

A clearance diver was originally a specialist naval diver who used explosives underwater to remove obstructions to make harbours and shipping channels safe to navigate, but the term "clearance diver" was later used to include other naval underwater work. Units of clearance divers were first formed during and after World War II to clear ports and harbours in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe of unexploded ordnance and shipwrecks and booby traps laid by the Germans.

History
The first units were Royal Navy Mine and Bomb Disposal Units. They were succeeded by the "Port Clearance Parties" (P Parties). The first operations by P Parties included clearing away the debris of unexploded ammunition left during the Normandy Invasion. During World War II Navies used the heavy surface-supplied standard diving dress before changing to lighter self-contained rebreather equipment.

Training
Admission to clearance diver training requires the candidate to pass medical and physical fitness screening and to be a member of the relevant military force. Additionally, intense training in diving is needed, as well as training in bomb disposal.

Scope of activity
The scope of activity for a clearance diver varies depending on the specific armed force in which they are a member, but historically the most defining competence is skills in underwater demolition using explosives. The closely associated skills in explosive ordnance disposal are also generally implied by the designation.

Clearance divers possess the skills of both expert divers and bomb disposal groups. There tend to be relatively few clearance divers on any given naval ship.

Africa

 * Egypt
 * South Africa

Asia

 * India: The Indian Clearance Divers are known for their multi faceted ability. They have a variety of expertise in underwater explosives, explosive ordnance disposal, clandestine operations, salvage operations and saturation diving up to 275m.

Europe

 * Denmark: Søværnets Minørtjeneste (EOD clearance diving unit)
 * Estonia: EOD Tuukrigrupp (EOD clearance diver unit)
 * France: The French Navy clearance divers are known as plongeurs démineurs. The French Army also has clearance divers named plongeurs de combat du génie that operate in freshwater environments. Although they are trained in demolition and explosives clearance, they also survey river banks and possible crossing areas.
 * Germany: Minentaucher is Germany's clearance diver force
 * Ireland (Republic of): Naval Service Diving Section (NSDS)
 * Norway: Minedykkerkommandoen Norway's naval work divers and clearance diver force.
 * Portugal: the Sappers Divers Group, which also serve as combat divers unit.
 * Sweden: Röjdykare, Swedish Navy EOD division

United Kingdom
Royal Navy divers are officially called Clearance Divers. During WWII divers used the Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus (DSEA), no wetsuit or swimfins. On 17 December 1942, six Italian divers (of Decima Flottiglia MAS) on three manned torpedoes attacked Gibraltar harbour. A British patrol boat killed the crew of one with a depth charge. Their bodies were recovered and their swimfins later used by Gibraltar's guard divers (Sydney Knowles and Commander Lionel Crabb). This was the first known British use of swimfins.

In November 1944, following surrender of Italian forces an Italian frogman brought two Decima Flottiglia issue oxygen rebreathers and a two-piece frogman's drysuit to Livorno, for the Allies to use. This equipment proved better than the Davis Apparatus and lasted longer on a dive. After the war and until the 1990s divers used the Siebe Gorman rebreather and aqualung.

Training to become a Clearance Diver takes around 7 months. Before trainees are accepted onto a course, they must pass a week-long diving aptitude selection, held at the Defence Diving School, on Horsea Island, Portsmouth. This selection involves passing the Divers Physical Fitness Test (DPFT), tests of physical and mental endurance and surface swimming. The candidates are also introduced to the Royal Navy's Swimmers Air Breathing Apparatus and dive in Horsea lake, including night dives. Historically, the failure rate has been high due to the physical and psychological pressures of military diving, so there is a three-day Pre Entry Diving Acquaint (PEDA), which allows prospective candidates to undergo physical and mental tests to give them a better idea of what to expect of the training.

The diving branch is formed of teams, that serve aboard mine hunters, perform domestic bomb, mine and IED disposal and the two Fleet Diving Groups (FDG). Clearance divers have been involved in every major British conflict since their inception and have most recently deployed teams to Iraq, Afghanistan and Libya. They have units operating in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean providing an underwater force protection (UWFP) element. See Operation Kipion.
 * Expeditionary Diving Group (EDG) comes under 3 Commando Brigade specialising in Very Shallow Water (VSW) beach reconnaissance operations, working alongside UK Special Forces (UKSF). New members are trained in parachuting, maritime counter-terrorism (MCT) tactics and swimmer delivery vehicle (SDV) operations.
 * Tactical Diving Group (TDG) is the deep-water warfare unit who specialise in sea mine disposal. Members cross-train with EDG.

From 2022 Royal Navy Divers will come under the Diving & Threat Exploitation Group (DTXG) based in Portsmouth, Plymouth and Faslane. It comprises:

 * A Squadron (formerly Tactical Diving Group) Special operations squadron - Horsea Island, Portsmouth.
 * B Squadron (formerly Southern Diving Group) Homeland Defence in support of Op Tapestry and IWMAR diving to SURFLOT, geographically distributed between Horsea Island, Portsmouth and HMNB Devonport
 * C Squadron (formerly Northern Diving Group) Homeland Defence in support of Op Tapestry and IWMAR diving to SUBFLOT, located in HMNB Clyde.
 * D Squadron (formerly Expeditionary Diving Group) MTG, LRG / JEF(M) facing, located at Horsea Island, Portsmouth.
 * E Squadron (Explosive exploitation) Horsea Island, Portsmouth, with options to disperse force elements to HMNB Clyde and Devonport.

North America

 * Canada: Canadian armed forces divers
 * US:
 * Underwater Demolition Team - US Navy, 1943–1967
 * Navy EOD, 1941–Present. In 1941 Draper Kauffman established the U.S. Naval Mine School at Naval Gun Factory in Washington, D.C., and subsequently the Bomb Disposal School was established. In 1943, Kauffman selected men from the EOD school to create the Naval Combat Demolition Units (NCDU) teams that would take part in the landing at Normandy. The first U.S. casualty in mine disposal was in 1942, when Ensign John M. Howard was killed when he attempted to dismantle a booby-trapped German magnetic submarine-laid moored mine. About 20 trained bomb and mine disposal personnel, were killed in action during WWII.
 * US Navy Underwater Construction Teams, 1960's - Present

Oceania

 * Australia: The Royal Australian Navy Clearance Diving Branch divers serve as combat divers on tactical operations using oxygen rebreathers, mine counter-measures, and underwater battle damage repair. Work may include underwater searches and salvage, and neutralising explosive devices. Clearance diver qualification is recognised for civilian equivalences with accreditation through the Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS).
 * New Zealand: The Royal New Zealand Navy Operational Diving Team (ODT) are clearance divers and also serve as combat divers

title: Clearance diver


text: File:TunjaBolivar.jpg

title: File:TunjaBolivar.jpg


text:
User talk:Scratch~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! — Stevey7788 (talk) 22:38, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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Butt hook
Hi Tony, I just wanted to thank you for salvaging this article, its a topic very close to my heart. And I don't care if it's encyclopedic or not! --Scratch 14:45, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem. I like it too.  It had been speedied by an admin who is new to the job.

 * Have you heard of Wipipedia? If not, I suggest it may be worth a visit. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:49, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

SPUI
Please help everyone maintain a civil environment: please don't harass other users. Thank you. --MarkSweep 23:12, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * How very polite and civil of you, I see you left SPUI's allegorical death threat in place. Exactly how stupid are you? Scratch 23:20, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Scratch~enwiki


text:
Aligot

Aligot (Aligòt) is a dish made from cheese blended into mashed potatoes (often with some garlic) that is made in L'Aubrac (Aveyron, Cantal, Lozère, Occitanie) region in the southern Massif Central of France. This fondue-like dish from the Aveyron department is a common sight in Auvergne restaurants.

Background
Traditionally made with the Tomme de Laguiole (Tomme fraîche), or Tomme d'Auvergne cheese, aligot is an Occitan speciality highly appreciated in the local gastronomy with Toulouse sausages or roast pork. Other cheeses are also used in place of Tomme, including Cantal, mozzarella and Laguiole. The choice of cheese is important, and strongly affects the result. Tomme is not easily available outside France; many other cheeses are reported to be too strong. The cheese must be mild, with a lactic tang, but not too much salt, and melt easily. A comparison of the cheeses available in the UK found creamy (rather than the crumbly variety) Lancashire to be best, rejecting most other suggestions; other cheeses will be needed where neither Tomme nor Lancashire are available. Floury, rather than waxy, potatoes are preferable.

Ingredients
Aligot is made from mashed potatoes blended with butter, cream, crushed garlic, and melted cheese. The dish is ready when it develops a smooth, elastic texture. While recipes vary, the Larousse Gastronomique gives the ingredients as 1 kg potatoes; 500 g tomme fraîche, Laguiole, or Cantal cheese; 2 garlic cloves; 30 g butter; salt and pepper.

Serving history
This dish was prepared for pilgrims on the way to Santiago de Compostela who stopped for a night in that region. According to legend, aligot was originally prepared with bread, and potatoes were substituted after their introduction to France. Today, it is enjoyed for village gatherings and celebrations as a main dish. Aligot is still cooked by hand in Aveyron homes and street markets. Aligot is traditionally served with Auvergne red wine.

Etymology
The name aligot may have been derived from the Occitan alicouot, from the Latin aliquid, or from the Old French harigoter.

title: Aligot