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Linda Schele

Linda Schele (October 30, 1942 – April 18, 1998) was an American Mesoamerican archaeologist who was an expert in the field of Maya epigraphy and iconography. She played an invaluable role in the decipherment of much of the Maya hieroglyphs. She produced a massive volume of drawings of stelae and inscriptions, which, following her wishes, are free for use to scholars. In 1978, she founded the annual Maya Meetings at The University of Texas at Austin.

She was from Hendersonville, TN, a northern suburb of Nashville. Her mother Ruby Richmond was active in historic preservation at Historic Rock Castle in the 1980s.

Early life
Born in Nashville, Tennessee, Linda Schele began taking commercial art courses at the University of Cincinnati in 1960 and graduated in Education and Art in 1964. With an increasing interest in literature, she spent another four years in Cincinnati's graduate program and obtained her master's degree in Art in 1968. She married the architect David Schele in 1968, and started teaching Studio Art at the University of South Alabama, remaining there till 1980, by which time she was Professor.

Work
In 1970 she traveled with her husband, David Schele, to photograph Mesoamerican monuments in Yucatán on behalf of the University. An obligatory visit to Palenque the next summer turned into a 12-day stay spent drawing and studying Maya architecture. Fascinated by the art, Schele decided to investigate the culture and history of the ancient people who had created the city.

Mentored by Merle Greene Robertson, Schele worked with Peter Mathews and Floyd Loundsbury to decipher a major section of the list of Palenque kings, presenting her work in the 1973 conference Mesa Redonda de Palenque, organized by Robertson. This meeting established the previously unknown Linda as a major figure in the Maya studies, not only of art and history, but also of dirt archaeology and epigraphy, and her work stimulated several later discoveries, by herself and others. In 1975, Schele was invited to the Second International Archaeoastronomy Conference at Colgate to present an exploratory paper on Palenque hierophanies and their link to emblem and skull variant glyphs, which she later published in 1977.

A strong supporter of collaborative scholarship, Schele became a Fellow in pre-Columbian Studies at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C. in 1975. Alongside Peter Mathews; David Kelley; and one of her longtime mentors, Floyd Lounsbury, she participated in a series of miniconferences at Dumbarton Oaks which pushed further developing and refining of the Palenque series and also opened new epigraphic frontiers. She focused on the study of word ordering in Maya inscriptions for the next two years there.

Still attending graduate school, Schele founded the Maya Hieroglyphic Workshop in Texas in 1977 which consisted of 21 consecutive seminars concerning Maya hieroglyphic writing and introduced more people intrigued by the Maya field than many other books from that time that were considered "popular". Twenty years later, the workshop expanded into what is known as the Maya Meetings at Texas, and includes a symposium of research papers by major scholars and the Forum on Hieroglyphic Writing.

By this time in her life, Schele realized her destiny as a Mayanist; she enrolled as a graduate student in Latin American Studies at the University of Texas shortly before resigning from her position at South Alabama. She was awarded a Doctorate in Latin American studies by the University of Texas in 1980. She continued her teaching career there, in the department of Art/Art History. At the time of her death, she was the John D. Murchison Regents Professor of Art in the department.

Schele joined the Copán Mosaics Project in the mid 1980s, working with David Stuart, Barbara Fash, and Nikolai Grube on the texts of that site. In 1986, Schele and Stuart identified Copan's dynastic founder, K’inich Yax K’uk’ Mo’. Shortly after, she began a related series called the Copán Notes, reports on epigraphy and iconography, which were aimed at rapid dissemination of information amongst Maya scholars.

In 1986, Schele co-curated a ground breaking exhibition and catalog of Maya art, "The Blood of Kings: A New Interpretation of Maya Art", with Mary Miller, a project initiated by InterCultura and the Kimbell Art Museum, where it opened in 1986, and the two co-authored the catalog to the exhibition, which was published under the title "The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art". The exhibition spoke of an obsession with royal descent, of incessant warfare, and of bloody sacrifice and self-mutilation which was inconsistent with the models proposed by previous generations of Mayanists. According to Michael D. Coe, the catalog presented by Schele and Miller "might as well stand as the most influential book on the Maya published in the past half-century."

She also began taking an interest in the culture of the contemporary Maya. For a decade beginning 1988, she organized 13 workshops, along with Nikolai Grube and Frederico Fahsen, on hieroglyphic writing for them in Guatemala and Mexico.

Michael D. Coe claims that "Linda's most important contribution to Maya scholarship" is represented in her book Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path published in 1993 with David Freidel and Joy Parker.

Death
On April 18, 1998, she died of pancreatic cancer, aged fifty-five. Upon being diagnosed with this disease, Schele planned ahead knowing she would not have long to live and resumed her lectures until a few days before her passing. Just before her death, she established the Linda Schele Precolumbian Endowment, which provides financial support for the Linda and David Schele Chair in Mesoamerican Art and Writing at UT Austin.

Recognition
Her doctoral dissertation, "Maya Glyphs: the Verbs" was published in 1982 and won "The Most Creative and Innovative Project in Professional and Scholarly Publication" an award given by the Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers. The Blood of Kings was awarded the Alfred H. Barr Jr. Award of the College Art Association for the best exhibition catalogue of 1986. She was awarded diplomas of recognition of the Museo Popol Vuh and the Universidad Francisco Marroquin by the government of Guatemala in March 1998.

Texas Notes
The Texas Notes were informal reports produced by Linda Schele and others between 1990 and 1997 to allow for the quick dissemination of results in the rapidly evolving field of Maya epigraphy.

 * Redating the Hauberg Stela, by Linda Schele, Peter Mathews, and Floyd Lounsbury (September 1990)
 * The Palenque War Panel: Commentary on the Inscription, by Linda Schele (September 1990)
 * A Proposed Decipherment for Portions of Resbalon Stair, by Linda Schele and Peter Mathews (September 1990)
 * Untying the Headband, by Linda Schele, Peter Mathews, and Floyd Lounsbury (September 1990)
 * Ba as "First" in Classic Period Titles, by Linda Schele (September 1990)
 * The Nal Suffix at Palenque and Elsewhere, by Linda Schele, Peter Mathews, and Floyd Lounsbury (September 1990)
 * A Proposed Reading for the "Penis-Perforation" Glyph by Federico Fahsen and Linda Schele (April 1991)
 * Further Adventures with T128 ch'a by Linda Schele (April 1990)
 * A Substitution Pattern in Curl-Snout's Name by Linda Schele and Federico Fahsen (September 1991)
 * Curl-Snout Under Scrutiny, Again by Federico Fahsen and Linda Schele, (September 1991)
 * Tzuk in the Classic Maya Inscriptions by Nikolai Grube and Linda Schele, (September 1991)
 * New Readings of Glyphs for the Month Kumk'u and their Implications by Linda Schele, Peter Mathews, Nikolai Grube, Floyd Lounsbury, and David Kelley (September 1991)
 * Some Observations on the War Expressions at Tikal by Linda Schele (September 1991)
 * A Proposed Name for Rio Azul and a Glyph for "Water" by Linda Schele (September 1991)
 * A War at Palenque During the Reign of Ah-K'an by Matthew G. Looper and Linda Schele (September 1991)
 * Some New Ideas about the T713/757 "Accession" Phrases by Linda Schele and Khristaan D. Villela (December 1991)
 * The Lunar Series in Classic Maya Inscriptions by Linda Schele, Nikolai Grube, and Federico Fahsen (October 1992)
 * El Zapote and the Dynasty of Tikal by Linda Schele, Federico Fahsen, and Nikolai Grube (October 1992)
 * Naranjo Altar 1 and Rituals of Death and Burials by Nikolai Grube and Linda Schele (November 1993)
 * Un verbo nakwa para "batallar o conquistar" by Nikolai Grube and Linda Schele (November 1993)
 * Pi as "Bundle" by Linda Schele and Nikolai Grube (December 1993)
 * Creation and the Ritual of the Bakabs by Linda Schele (December 1993)
 * The Helmet of the Chakte by Linda Schele and Khristaan Villela (March 1994)
 * Tikal Altar 5 by Nikolai Grube and Linda Schele (March 1994)
 * Some Revisions to Tikal's Dynasty of Kings by Linda Schele and Nikolai Grube (March 1994)
 * The Last King of Seibal by Linda Schele and Paul Mathews (March 1994)
 * An Alternative Reading for the Sky-Penis Title by Linda Schele (March 1994)
 * Notes on the Chronology of Piedras Negras Stela 12 by Linda Schele and Nikolai Grube (August 1994)
 * New Observations on the Oval Palace Tablet at Palenque by Linda Schele (October 1994)
 * New Observations on the Loltun Relief by Nikolai Grube and Linda Schele (August 1994)

title: Linda Schele


text:
User:Christian Plattner

Christian Plattner is a jazz musician and mathematician living near Vienna, Austria.

For more information, turn to his personal homepage

Category:Austrian jazz musicians

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Christian Plattner


text:
User talk:67.160.58.132

Proposed deletion of Harold the Helicopter

The article Harold the Helicopter has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (fiction) requirement. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant English-language coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

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Nomination of Harold the Helicopter for deletion
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Proposed deletion of Oliver the Great Western Engine

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While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 06:39, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Oliver the Great Western Engine for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Oliver the Great Western Engine is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Oliver the Great Western Engine until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 01:01, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

"Koopa Kicktroopa" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Koopa Kicktroopa and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 September 29 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Pizzaplayer219TalkContribs 12:36, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:67.160.58.132


text:
User talk:Hosterweis

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Replied
I replied at my page. Redwolf24 06:10, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

test
test Hosterweis (talk) (contribs)

Hey
hey hows it going

Thanks for your support
Hi Hosterweis, just a quick note to thank you for your support on my RfA. I was pleased to see so much support, especially from people such as you who I do not know very well, if at all. Now that I am an administrator I will do my best to please the community’s expectations. Best regards, Sam Hocevar 17:41, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Your wang
Category:Wikipedians with big wangs is up for deletion. N (t/c) 03:30, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Your comment in GC
I saw your comment in General_complaints (now archived in General_complaints_(unresolved)) and wanted to let you know that there is actually a link to Mindless_Self_Indulgence in 9/11_victims. You can find it in the section on Lynn Angell - the pipe (|) character in Xoder's signature is the actual link.

Your user page was vandalized
It was, and I figured you'd like to know. --Kizor 00:16, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Heh, thanks. --Hosterweis 00:18, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The pleasure was mine. Looks like he was more stubborn than I gave him credit for, too. You might want to consider one of those vandalism counters that seem to be all the rage nowadays. --Kizor 10:19, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Suggestion
On the list of terminated blogs, User:Hosterweis/Terminated, do you think it might be a good idea to put links to the actual articles, so we can easily spot if they get recreated - or would this invite people to click on the red links and recreate them? Proto t c 12:59, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll add them; if, after a few days, the articles start getting recreated, I'll take them down again. --Hosterweis 00:52, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

afd
Hi, you added "afd" to the article Caleb Williams, but you forgot to write a reason, see Template:AfD_in_3_steps.--Aleph4 10:38, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Admin Connolley using Wikipedia to blog?
One administrator thinks so. ~ UBeR 00:06, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:MindlessSelfIndulgenceAlienatingOurAudience.jpg
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WP:CVU status
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hosterweis


text:
Talk:List of films voted the best/Archive 2

Making this article serious
Following the comments from the VfD debate above, I have been through the article and removed uncited entries. I now I have probably removed too many films, and we should be able to find cites for some of them, but I believe this is the only way to make a credible entry.

From the main list:

 * It's A Wonderful Life: The film by Frank Capra which initially was a box office disappointment but has grown to become known as a powerful film about the worth of a compassionate individual willing to sacrifice his dreams for others.

From the genre list:

 * Action and Adventure
 * The Adventures of Robin Hood: Errol Flynn's finest and most famous role, widely considered the greatest of all swashbucklers.
 * Goldfinger: The James Bond film which is part of one of the most successful and durable action film series of all.
 * Raiders of the Lost Ark: Steven Spielberg's and George Lucas' tribute to the adventure serials of the Golden Age of Hollywood.
 * Enter The Dragon: The  martial arts film starring the genre's first international star, Bruce Lee.
 * Animation (traditional)
 * Pinocchio: Generally considered Walt Disney's greatest narrative feature film.
 * Fantasia: Walt Disney opus from 1940 married animated scenes with classical music performances.
 * Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: first Technicolor feature from Disney.
 * Yellow Submarine:The first western animated film, featuring the music and characters of The Beatles, which was intended for an adult audience.

 * This is not true. Walt Disney's films (meaning the ones he himself worked on) are general-audience films intended for all ages. Yellow Submarine is not any more intrended for an adult audience than Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was; remember 30 years, a world war, and a number of cultural revolutions seperate the films and the periods in which they were made. And, as far as "greatest i nthe genre go," neither Yellow Submarine... (continued) --b. Touch 19:30, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

...nor Fritz the Cat should be on the list. If limited to three entries, those enteries would be Fantasia, Pinocchio, and Beauty and the Beast. As is the case with Titanic, The Lion King's large box-office revenue cannot be used as the sole barometer of its greatness.
 * Fritz The Cat: One of the first animations intended exclusively for an adult audience.

 * Anime
 * Princess Mononoke, also made by Miyazaki, was the highest grossing in Japanese history for a time after its release and got critical acclaim there and elsewhere
 * Comedy
 * The General: known as one of the best silent films and Buster Keaton's greatest film which proved to be a generation ahead of its time.
 * City Lights: The Little Tramp film by Charles Chaplin
 * A Night at the Opera: the Marx Brothers' biggest hit, and often considered the best of their comedies (though the box-office flop Duck Soup often vies for the same honor)
 * Some Like It Hot: Billy Wilder's biggest hit, and considered to be Marilyn Monroe's best role in one of the funniest movies of all time.
 * Monty Python and The Holy Grail: the film production of the esteemed Monty Python troupe with its distinctive surreal farce.
 * Blazing Saddles: The American parody film

 * Documentary
 * Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens): Leni Riefenstahl's notorious documentary about Adolf Hitler and the 1934 Nuremberg Party Rally is still regarded by many critics as cinema's greatest achievement in propaganda.
 * Why We Fight: A documentary film produced by Frank Capra was explicitly intended to be The Allies' propaganda counter-attack to Riefenstahl's films.
 * Woodstock: A cinematic recording of one of the greatest and most idealistic popular music concerts in history.
 * The Thin Blue Line: Errol Morris' acclaimed documentary that successfully proved the innocence of a man wrongly convicted for murder.

 * Film noir
 * The Big Sleep: Humphrey Bogart as Philip Marlowe, with his bride Lauren Bacall.
 * The Maltese Falcon: Bogart again, this time as Sam Spade.
 * Double Indemnity: The non private detective focused film of the genre.
 * Chinatown: The 1970s film of this genre with its profound political cyncism.
 * Fargo: The Coen Brothers' acclaimed film which turns the conventions of the genre on its head.
 * Touch of Evil: This 1958 film was restored in 1998 to the original vision of director Orson Welles.

 * Horror
 * Nosferatu: The innovative silent horror film.
 * Frankenstein: The sympathetic monster film.
 * King Kong: The giant monster and stop motion film.
 * The Birds: The definite example of the horror genre of nature inexplicably gone beserk.
 * Night of the Living Dead:The independent horror film
 * The Exorcist: A story of demon posession.
 * Jaws: The 1975 summer blockbuster has been a critical and audience favorite since its release, with its unforgettable theme music.
 * Halloween: The greatest of the slasher films.

 * Musical
 * Singin' in the Rain
 * West Side Story
 * The Wizard of Oz: An initially underperforming film whose regular exposure on television made it the family live action fantasy musical.
 * A Hard Day's Night: the innovative mockumentary featuring the most famous rock band of all, The Beatles.

 * Romantic comedy
 * Annie Hall: Oscar-winner for Best Picture cemented reputation of director Woody Allen. Voted best American comedy by the AFI.

''The AFI did NOT vote Annie Hall the best American comedy from what I can determine, so I removed it. --Samuel Wantman 19:59, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)''

 * The Philadelphia Story

 * Science fiction
 * A Trip to the Moon: The first science fiction film by the film pioneer, Georges Méliès.
 * Blade Runner: widely acclaimed science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott based on a Philip K. Dick story, which set the tone for the science fiction noir/cyberpunk genre
 * Forbidden Planet: first real instance of science fiction being taken seriously as a genre in Hollywood, with a large budget for its time; script was loosely based on Shakespeare's The Tempest and an inspiration for Star Trek.
 * Alien: The most honoured American science fiction film with a horror focus which has a creditible extraterrestrial and the beginning of the first American major female feature action film hero, Ellen Ripley.

 * War
 * All Quiet on the Western Front: The first major American anti-war film.
 * Patton: The war film as biography, in this case of US General George Patton.
 * MASH: The war comedy about a Korean War medical staff using humour and mischief to keep their sanity admist war's horror.
 * Platoon: A personal film by Oliver Stone that definitely revealed war's horror in the midst of the 1980s film jingoism.
 * Glory: A film credited with finally giving African American's efforts in the American Civil War their belated due.
 * Das Boot: German Submarine-Epic, nominated for 6 Oscars.

 * Western
 * Stagecoach: established prominence of director John Ford.
 * The Searchers: Nearly twenty years after Stagecoach, John Ford directed what is often considered the greatest Western of all, and one of the greatest films ever.
 * High Noon: The Western as allegory of a sheriff faces a returning enemy even while his community deserts him as within latter day Mccarthyism.
 * Shane: The  story of a lone gunfighter coming to an embattled community.
 * The Wild Bunch: The film about a passing of an era as a group of gunfighters end their careers and lives in a bloody climax.
 * Little Big Man: The landmark film that fully established the reversal of the image the Native American nations as savages into the new traditional sympathetic characters in this genre.

 * Films that are considered greatest from a particular country:

 * Germany:
 * Das Boot: WWII submarine epic.

 * India:
 * Apu trilogy by Satyajit Ray

 * Italy:
 * The Bicycle Thief

 * Japan:

 * Sweden:
 * The Seventh Seal: by Ingmar Bergman.

 * Movies that are widely considered important, if not the greatest ever

 * The 400 Blows: seminal coming of age comedy launched the career of Francois Truffaut.
 * 8½: autobiographical film by Federico Fellini is widely considered the greatest film about filmmaking.
 * The Birth of a Nation: considered a watershed film in developing cinema narrative. In more recent times, it has been critcized for expressing racism.
 * Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb: scathing black comedy about US/Soviet Cold War tensions by Stanley Kubrick.
 * A Fistful of Dollars: first film in Sergio Leone's "Man with No Name" or "Dollars" trilogy introduced international audiences to both the spaghetti western genre and Clint Eastwood; a remake of Yojimbo.
 * The Gold Rush: Charlie Chaplin in his role as "The Little Tramp".
 * The Great Dictator: Charles Chaplin in his first full sound film and the first feature film produced to directly satirically attack Adolf Hitler when it was thought unthinkable.
 * Greed: Socially-conscious silent film by Erich von Stroheim, cut down from original eight-hour running time, still galvanizes audiences; noted for climactic scene shot in Death Valley.
 * Intolerance: three-hour D.W. Griffith silent epic was the biggest production of its time.
 * The Jazz Singer: A semi sound film whose tremendous success signalled the eventually end of the silent film.
 * The Last Laugh: One of the last great silent films about a doormans humiliation told with an absolute minimum of title cards
 * The Matrix: a breakthrough in special effects, one of the first major American science fiction films to address the issue of virtual reality replacing reality
 * Mean Streets: early Martin Scorsese film paved the way for extreme realism in American films in the 1970s, launched career of Robert de Niro.
 * Metropolis: German expressionist science fiction epic by Fritz Lang pioneered many optical special effects.
 * Modern Times: last silent film by Charlie Chaplin.
 * Pulp Fiction: elaborately structured crime saga redefined American independent cinema in the 1990s, made Quentin Tarantino America's most emulated and prominent director.
 * Rebecca: gothic romance by Alfred Hitchcock from the Daphne du Maurier novel.
 * The Red Shoes: by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, with noteworthy Technicolor cinematography.
 * The Shawshank Redemption: box office failure that became a popular rental, highly ranked on IMDb's list of the top 250 films; generally held in higher regard by the public than critics.
 * Superman:The blockbuster film that proved that the superhero genre was a viable subject for major feature films.
 * Vertigo: labyrinthine mystery by Alfred Hitchcock, cited by some as more important than Psycho.
 * Who Framed Roger Rabbit: The live action and animation mixed film that revived the art of animation in North America.
 * Yojimbo: seminal samurai action film, widely copied and remade.

 * I agree with your removals unless citations can be found a movie should not be placed on this list. There are two films that have good citatations and that you removed, however.  LOTR is tied for the most Oscars and The Third Man which was named the best British film of all time by the BFI. - SimonP 14:27, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * You are quite right of course. I did it too fast. I will put those back. Pcb21| Pete 15:37, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, done. I also put back Citizen Kane into the United States section - figuring it was ok to list twice because we will probably be able to rebuild the country specific list. What do you reckon? Pcb21| Pete 15:43, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. - SimonP 19:28, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Many of these films are actually good. Most of those on the list are not, they are merely popular. Explain. Localperson118 11:22, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Saving Private Ryan considered the best and most accurate portrayal of World War II combat ever by revered historian Stephen Ambrose, on which he also acted as military advisor.

Hey, if Ambrose served as advisor, he might be slightly biased, what? Burschik 12:34, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree and will remove it. It'sa ridiculous to use the opinion of someone involved in making the film to support such a judgment.Lisiate 02:07, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

What about Faster Pussycat! Kill! Kill! - described by John Waters as "beyond a doubt, the best movie ever made. It is possibly better than any film that will be made in the future."? The Recycling Troll 00:34, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It needs to be something more substantial than one person's opinion (with the exception of extremely notable film critics like Roger Ebert). [[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 00:47, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * If we could gather a few more of these sorts of quotes together though, with attributions, then it might work as another section. "Individual favourites of film world luminaries"/"Wacky selections"... something like that. Interviews with Tarantino for example should be a goldmine for choice quotes about films both "good" and "so bad they're good". Pcb21| Pete 11:20, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I'm giving Fahrenheit 9/11 a seperate bullet from Bowling for Colombine due to it's historic critical and commercial success.

Bias towards modern films?
Looking over the list, I notice that there are very few films made before about 1965. Of particular alarm are the deletions of the early Walt Disney animated features from the list. Is there a particular reason why Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and Fantasia are no longer on this list? Is it okay to add them back? Those three films are the ones Beauty and the Beast and The Lion King stand in the shadows of, and, while a casual viewer might (of course) prefer the newer films, the older films are still upheld by critics for their storytelling, audience appeal, and artistic quality. --b. Touch 19:22, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * If you can come up with a significant critic to cite (which shouldn't be difficult, I imagine), sure. Basically, anything that can be backed up by a reliable (and relevant) source can be included. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 21:59, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Very nice
This is a really nice list. Good job to all those who worked on it!


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Enlisted Performance Report

An Enlisted Performance Report (EPR) is an evaluation form used by the United States Air Force. Instructions for constructing an EPR appear in chapter 3 of Air Force Instruction 36-2406: Officer and Enlisted Evaluation Systems. The EPR replaced the Airman Performance Report (APR) in the late 1980s. The EPR was replaced by the Enlisted Performance Brief (EPB) in 2023.

The USAF commissioned officer equivalent is the Officer Performance Report (OPR). The United States Navy equivalent is the Fitness Report (FITREP). The United States Army equivalent is the Enlisted Evaluation Report (EER).

Purpose

 * To provide meaningful feedback to individuals on what is expected of them, advice on how well they are meeting those expectations, and advice on how to better meet those expectations.
 * To provide a reliable, long-term, cumulative record of performance and potential based on that performance.
 * To provide officer central selection boards, senior NCO evaluation boards, the Weighted Airman Promotion System (WAPS), and other personnel managers sound information to assist in identifying the best qualified enlisted personnel. In WAPS, past EPRs are worth up to 135 points.

Evaluation
An EPR evaluates the performance of an enlisted member both on and off duty. The period of time covered by the EPR is normally no less than 120 days and no longer than 365 days. EPRs are normally written by the member's supervisor with additional input provided by their supervisor's supervisor.

Although the bulk of the evaluation is focused on their duty (job) performance, enlisted members are also evaluated on their off-duty performance in areas such as volunteerism and continuing education. This is arguably the biggest difference between the Air Force EPR and civilian counterparts.

Personnel who have left the Air Force and are seeking jobs in the civilian world will sometimes use EPRs to augment their résumé.

Annual Static Closeout Dates (SCOD)
In 2014/2015 reports were changed to close out on the same date every year and change of reporting official reports were eliminated.

 * SrA and below with 20 months or more TAFMS: 31 March (started in 2015)
 * SSgt: 31 January (started in 2015)
 * TSgt: 30 November (started in 2014)
 * MSgt: 30 September (started in 2015)
 * SMSgt: 31 July
 * CMSgt: 31 May

Stratification statements
Stratification is the "rack-and-stack" process senior raters use to identify their top promotion-eligible master sergeants and senior master sergeants. Senior raters are limited to stratifying the top 10 percent of their master sergeant promotion-eligible Airmen and the top 20 percent of their senior master sergeant promotion-eligible Airmen. Promotion-eligible senior NCOs who are not stratified will have their evaluations close out at the deputy evaluator (first O-6) or intermediate evaluator (unit commander) level. Only those who are stratified will have their evaluation signed/closed out by the senior evaluator (senior rater).

Stratification statements must be stated in quantitative terms (#1 of 125 MSgts) and will be based on the number of peers (in the same grade as the ratee) assigned within the evaluator's rating scheme. Stratification statements on all other performance reports, to include CMSgt reports, are strictly prohibited.

History
On 12 July 2007 the Air Force announced a major overhaul of the content of the EPR and OPR reports in an effort to decrease the time required to accomplish the report. EPR narrative comments were significantly reduced and performance assessment areas now reflect the increased responsibility Airmen are charged with as they progress in rank. A section on physical fitness was added, with those scoring less than 75 receiving a referral report. Another new feature of the EPR is the ratee's signature as well as the use of digital signatures using the Common Access Card (CAC).

The implementation dates of the new versions were as follows:

 * Senior Master Sergeant: Aug. 1, 2007
 * Chief Master Sergeant: Aug. 15, 2007
 * Airman Basic to Senior Airman: Aug. 15, 2007
 * Master Sergeant: Oct. 1, 2007
 * Staff Sergeant: Jan. 1, 2008
 * Technical Sergeant: Jan. 1, 2008
 * Premier Band (3N2X1): April 1, 2008

The format for entries in the Enlisted Performance Report continues to be the "bullet statement format".

On 1 January 2014 a revised AFI and slightly revised EPR forms were released adding organizational climate to the listed of items to consider in the Primary/Additional Duties section.

Starting November 2014, static -or fixed - annual close out dates will be used for each rank tied to regular Air Force (RegAF) promotion eligibility cut-off dates (PECD). The static dates will enable the implementation of the forced distribution and restricted stratification policy and result in more accurate, useful performance-based evaluations. The new reports will include a section for promotion recommendations that will curb inflation through forced distribution and stratification restrictions.

Criticism
The EPR system has come under heavy criticism from all ranks in the Air Force. The primary complaint is that the system has become inflated. While technically the 1 through 5 scale is supposed to award an "average" performer a 3 and the 5 should be reserved for members that are "Truly Among the Best", the practice has been that nearly all personnel receive a 5 unless there are major disciplinary problems. The 2010 SSgt promotion cycle statistics show that the average eligible SrA received 128.79 points from a possible 135 from their EPR ratings, meaning the average eligible tester received one "4" and two "5" ratings. A cause may be that there is no additional guidance on the definition of a truly stellar member, and the deciding factor is most often other portions of WAPS testing, where performance is meant to be rated.

In 2014/2015 quotas (Forced Distribution) were implemented limiting the percentage of promotion-eligible airmen able to get the top two promotion recommendations.

Examples

 * Enlisted Performance Report Information and Examples

title: Enlisted Performance Report


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1850 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1850.

Excavations

 * First excavations at Uruk by William Kennett Loftus (continues to 1854).

Finds

 * Skara Brae revealed by weather.
 * Tara Brooch (c.700 AD) found near Laytown, County Meath, Ireland.
 * Neolithic site at Barnenez in Brittany recognised as a tumulus.

Births

 * March 18 – Alfred Maudslay, explorer, archaeologist and writer of accounts of the ruins of the Maya civilization (died 1931)
 * September 18 – Grigore Tocilescu, Romanian historian, archaeologist, epigrapher and folkorist, author of many books on ancient Dacia (died 1909)

title: 1850 in archaeology


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Wikipedia talk:Another list of Wikipedians in order of arrival

Interesting - this list catalogs me as being here in April 2002, yet I can easily provide evidence that I was here much earlier. I have been able to track a posting to November 2001, (under the username MMGB - we used to use our initials back then as there was no auto linking and we couldn't be bothered typing our names) and I was definitely here for a few months before that. Manning 06:08, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't doubt it. The list was automatically generated and if you edited under another user name the edits won't show.  The Uninvited Co., Inc. 16:15, 31 October 2005 (UTC)


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User talk:Plociam

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Science collaboration of the week
You voted for Human genome to be improved while it was listed on WP:IDRIVE. This article is now nominated on Science collaboration of the week. Please consider supporting it with your vote. --Fenice 13:18, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Image:User-Plociam.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:User-Plociam.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. User:Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr) 21:54, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Plociam


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Cocoa woodcreeper

The cocoa woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus susurrans) is a species of bird in the subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.

Taxonomy and systematics
The cocoa woodcreeper was formerly included in the buff-throated woodcreeper (X. guttatus) but since the 1990s has been recognized as a separate species. The two form a superspecies. Biogeography and molecular data suggest that the relationships among the subspecies of both deserve further study; some may be assigned to the wrong species or be species in their own right.

The cocoa woodcreeper has these eight subspecies that fall into two groups:

 * "Lawrence's" or "nana" group
 * X. s. confinis (Bangs, 1903)
 * X. s. costaricensis (Ridgway, 1888)
 * X. s. marginatus Griscom, 1927
 * X. s. nana (Lawrence, 1863)
 * X. s. rosenbergi Bangs, 1910
 * "Cocoa" or "susurrans" group
 * X. s. jardinei (Dalmas, 1900)
 * X. s. margaritae Phelps, Sr. & Phelps, Jr., 1949
 * X. s. susurrans (Jardine, 1847)

Description
The cocoa woodcreeper is 21 to 25.5 cm long and weighs 43 to 58 g. It is a medium-sized member of genus Xiphorhynchus, with a long, fairly heavy, slightly decurved bill. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies X. s. susurrans have a mostly dusky face with buff streaks and a whitish supercilium. Their crown and nape are dark brown to blackish with longish buff spots that are streakier on the neck and nape. Their upper back and wing coverts are olive-brown to brown, with blackish-edged buff streaks on the back that narrow to nothing on the lower back. Their lower back, rump, tail, and flight feathers are rufous-chestnut, with dusky tips on the primaries. Their throat is whitish to pale buff with thin black scaling. Their breast, sides, and belly are reddish brown that becomes redder on the undertail coverts. Their underparts are grayish olive to buffy brown; their upper breast has dusky-edged buffy white spots that become thin streaks on the lower breast and disappear on the belly. Their undertail coverts are mostly unstreaked. Their underwing coverts are cinnamon. Their iris is dark brown, their bill mostly black with sometimes brownish gray in the middle of the mandible, and their legs and feet dark blue-gray, greenish gray, or yellowish gray. Juveniles are overall darker than adults and have a shorter and blacker bill, less bold spots on the crown, and wider streaks on the underparts.

The other subspecies of the cocoa woodcreeper differ from the nominate and each other thus:

 * "Cocoa" or "susurrans" group (typically spotted underparts)
 * X. s. jardinei, more rufescent back, deeper buff throat and underparts
 * X. s. margaritae, spots rather than scaly pattern on the throat
 * "Lawrence's" or "nana" group (typically streaked underparts)
 * X. s. nana, deep buff throat, bold streaks rather than spots on the breast and belly
 * X. s. confinis, more whitish throat, weaker but more extensive streaks than nana
 * X. s. costaricensis, darker and deeper reddish back and rump, darker and more olive underparts, reduced streaking compared to nana
 * X. s. marginatus, darker chestnut wings and tail, larger dusky tips on primaries, brighter buff throat, blackish edges on crown and nape feathers
 * X. s. rosenbergi, much like nana with wider and more boldly edged breast streaks

Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of the cocoa woodcreeper are found thus:

 * X. s. confinis, Caribbean slope of eastern Guatemala and northern Honduras
 * X. s. costaricensis, Caribbean and Pacific slopes from southeastern Honduras through Nicaragua and Costa Rica into western Panama
 * X. s. marginatus, Pacific slope of central Panama
 * X. s. nana, Caribbean and Pacific slopes of eastern Panama, much of northern Colombia, and northern and western Venezuela
 * X. s. rosenbergi, upper Cauca Valley in Colombia's Valle del Cauca Department
 * X. s. jardinei, northeastern Venezuela
 * X. s. margaritae, Isla Margarita off the Venezuelan coast
 * X. s. susurrans, Trinidad and Tobago, with one mainland record in Venezuela

The cocoa woodcreeper mostly inhabits humid evergreen forest. It favors landscapes like gallery forest, deciduous woodland, and the edges of primary forest and mature secondary forest. It occurs less in the interior of primary forest, in young secondary forest, in plantations, and in open areas with scattered trees. It occurs in magroves along some coasts, and on Isla Margarita inhabits arid scrub. In elevation it mostly is found below 900 m but reaches 1000 m in northern Central America, 1600 m in Colombia, and occasionally 2400 m in Venezuela.

Movement
The cocoa woodcreeper is a year-round resident throughout its range.

Feeding
The cocoa woodcreeper's diet is mostly arthropods but also occasionally includes small vertebrates such as frogs and lizards. It usually forages by itself but does join mixed-species feeding flocks and follows army ant swarms. With flocks it usually forages in the mid-level of the forest; when attending ants it forages much nearer the ground. Away from ants it hitches up trunks, often in a spiral, and along branches, often on their underside. Most prey is taken by gleaning from bark crevices and by probing dead leaves, epiphytes, moss clumps, and knotholes. It sometimes pecks at rotting wood or flakes off bark. When attending ants, it gleans and sometimes makes sallies to the ground.

Breeding
The cocoa woodcreeper's breeding season varies somewhat geographically, but generally is within the northern spring and summer of May to August. It nests primarily in natural cavities but sometimes in human structures. It adds bits of bark, wood chips, and softer plant material to the cavity. The limited amount of observations show a clutch size is two eggs and incubation period of 19 to 20 days. The time to fledging is at least 17 days from hatch. It appears that only the female incubates eggs and cares for nestlings.

Vocalization
The cocoa woodcreeper is quite vocal; during the breeding seasons it sings for long periods at dawn and dusk and sometimes during much of the day. Its song is "a loud series of 7-20 (often 7-8) clear but upward-inflected whistles...either be on the same pitch or beginning fast and rising slightly, before fading and descending, e.g., ki, ki, kuee, kuee, whe, whew, whew, whew, whew." It makes a "long call" of "steady rolling laughter on one pitch, but rising in volume toward middle and end, weet-weet-WEET-WEET-WEET-WEET-WEET-WEET-WEET-WEET. Other calls include "cheer", "pyewl", "chu", and "choe".

Status
The IUCN has assessed the cocoa woodcreeper as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and an estimated population of at least 500,000 mature individuals. The latter, however, is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered fairly common to common in most of its range but uncommon to rare and local at higher elevations and in northern Central America. "At many sites it is reported to have a preference for forest edge and second growth, which indicates a relatively low sensitivity to human disturbance [but] is dependent, however, upon the presence of at least patchy forest."

title: Cocoa woodcreeper


text:
List of military engagements of World War I

This list of military engagements of World War I covers terrestrial, maritime, and aerial conflicts, including campaigns, operations, defensive positions, and sieges. Campaigns generally refer to broader strategic operations conducted over a large bit of territory and over a long period of time. Battles generally refer to short periods of intense combat localized to a specific area and over a specific period of time. However, use of the terms in naming such events is not consistent. For example, the First Battle of the Atlantic was more or less an entire theatre of war, and the so-called battle lasted for the duration of the entire war.

Western Front
The Western Front comprised the fractious borders between France, Germany, and the neighboring countries. It was infamous for the nature of the fight that developed there; after almost a full year of inconclusive fighting, the front had become a giant trench line stretching from one end of Europe to the other.

1914

The Battle of Liège was the first battle of the war, and could be considered a moral victory for the allies, as the heavily outnumbered Belgians held out against the German Army for 12 days. From 5–16 August 1914, the Belgians successfully resisted the numerically superior Germans, and inflicted surprisingly heavy losses on their aggressors. The German Second Army, comprising 320,000 men, crossed into neutral Belgium in keeping to the Schlieffen Plan, with the ultimate goal of attacking France from the north. Liège was key strategically as it held a position at the head of a pass through the Ardennes, which made it the best possible route into the heart of Belgium itself.
 * Battle of Liège

The city was surrounded by a ring of 12 heavily armed forts, garrisoned by 70,000 men under the command of Gérard Leman. A night attack on 5 August was repulsed with heavy losses to the Germans to the extreme surprise of the supremely confident German army. The next day, rather than confront the forts in battle, the German commander Erich Ludendorff attacked the city through the back, through a break in the line of fortresses that the Belgians had intended to fortify, but never did so. Although they succeeded in capturing the city, the Germans knew that they could not continue advancing troops into Belgium without first breaking down the forts. Aided by 17-inch Howitzers, the Germans finally succeeded in bringing down the forts on 16 August.

The unprecedented Belgian resistance seriously prolonged the opening German assault at the outbreak of World War I, allowing France and Britain time to organize themselves and a defense of Paris. In addition, it was an important moral victory for the Allies.

The early French initiative, to capture territory lost to the Germans in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War, which France started, was played out in a series of frontier battles between the Germans and the French, known collectively as the Battle of the Frontiers. The battles at Mulhouse, Lorraine, the Ardennes, Charleroi, and Mons were launched more or less simultaneously, and marked the collision of the German and French war plans, the Schlieffen Plan and Plan XVII, respectively.
 * Battle of the Frontiers

The Battle of Mülhausen was the opening attack by the French against the Germans. The battle was part of a French attempt to conquer the province of Alsace, which had been lost as a consequence of having lost the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, as it had a majority of ethnic Germans. A French force under General Louis Bonneau detached from the French First Corps and invaded the frontier on August 8, 1914. Opposing them was the German 7th Division. The capture of the area, preordained by the French Plan XVII, was to boost national pride—and to provide a guard force for the flank of subsequent invasions.
 * Battle of Mülhausen

The French quickly captured the border town of Altkirch with a bayonet charge. Bonneau, suspicious of the little German resistance, was wary of a carefully planned German trap. However, under orders the next day he advanced to Mülhausen, capturing it with little effort, for the Germans had already abandoned it.

In France, the conquering of the German city Mülhausen, without a fight, was celebrated greatly. However, with the arrival of German reserves from Straßburg, the tides were turned, and the Germans mounted a counterattack on nearby Cernay. Unable to mount an all-encompassing defense, and unable to call on reserves of his own, Bonneau began a slow withdrawal from the region. Support troops hastily sent by the French commander-in-chief Joseph Joffre arrived too late to prevent Bonneau from retiring. Joffre was immensely angry with Bonneau, charging him with a "lack of aggression" and immediately relieving him of command. Realizing the psychological magnitude of the loss, he assembled a force, led by Paul Pau, which tried unsuccessfully to recapture the province.

The invasion and recapture of Lorraine formed one of the major parts of the French pre-war strategy, Plan XVII. The loss of Lorraine (and Alsace; see above) to the Prussians in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War was seen as a national humiliation by the public and military alike, and was at the forefront of their minds for the next war against the Germans.
 * Battle of Lothringen

The battle was initiated by the French First and Second armies. The First, led by General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, whilst the Second, led by General Noel de Castelnau, intended to take Morhange. Both towns were well fortified, and the task of defending them fell to Crown Prince Rupprecht, who had overall control of the German Sixth and Seventh armies.

Rupprecht adopted a strategy in which he would fall back under the French attacks, then counter-attack once he lured the French all the way to his fortifications. As the French army advanced, it met stern resistance in the form of German artillery and machine-gun fire. Army Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke authorized a more aggressive tactic soon after, and on August 20, the German army started to roll back the French. Caught by surprise and without the assistance of entrenched positions, the Second Army was pushed back quickly, eventually into France itself. A gap was exposed between the forces in Mulhouse and those in Lorraine; the forces in Mulhouse were withdrawn to keep the gap from being taken advantage of by the Germans.

Diverging from the Schlieffen Plan, Rupprecht received reinforcements and attacked the French line near the Trouée de Charmes; however, through the use of reconnaissance aircraft, the French spotted the German buildup, and were able to build an adequate defence. Thus the German gains were minimized, and were eradicated by a following French counter-assault on the 25th. Fighting continued there until the end of August, and quickly ground into a stalemate and trench warfare.

The Battle of Ardennes, fought between 21 and 23 August 1914, was another of the early frontier battles, conducted during the first month of the war. The battle was sparked by the mutual collision of French and German invasion forces in the lower Ardennes Forest.
 * Battle of the Ardennes

The pre-war French strategy expected German forces in the area to be light, and the French light, rapid firing artillery was expected to convey an advantage in forested terrain over the bigger German guns. Instead, it became increasingly apparent to all of the commanders in the region that a significant enemy presence was gathering, for the Germans had planned an offensive through the area.

The sets of armies joined battle on both sides. General Pierre Ruffey's Third Army to the south and Fernand de Langle de Cary's Fourth Army to the north, fighting Germany's Fourth, led by Duke Albrecht, and Fifth army, led by Crown Prince Wilhelm.

The German troops started moving through the forest on 19 August. Conditions worsened, and by the time the two armies met, the forest was covered in a deep fog, resulting in the two forces stumbling into one another. At first, the French took the Germans as a light screening force; however, in reality the French were heavily outnumbered. The first day of the battle consisted of light skirmishes; the main battle did not begin until 21 August.

According to the pre-war French strategy document, Plan XVII, German forces in the area were only expected to be light, with French light, rapid-firing artillery proving advantageous in a wooded terrain such as that found in the Ardennes. However, what emerged was totally opposite; the French eagerly charged at German positions in the woods, and were mowed down by machine-gun fire. The French armies retreated hurriedly in the face of superior German tactical positioning, and the Germans chased them all the way back into the French border. In addition to losing a key strategic position, the French forfeited iron resources in the region as well.

The Battle of Charleroi, another of the frontier battles, was an action taking place 12–23 August 1914. The battle was joined by the French Fifth Army, advancing north towards the River Sambre, and the German Second and Third armies, moving southwest through Belgium. The Fifth army was meant to join the Third and Fourth armies in their attack through the Ardennes. However, this plan was put into effect assuming the Germans were not considering an assault further north, through Belgium—which was the German plan all along. Charles Lanrezac, commander of the Fifth Army, was strongly against the idea, fearing an attack from the north. However Joseph Joffre, chief-of-staff, rejected any such idea; after much persuasion, Lanrezac finally convinced him to move the Fifth Army northwards.
 * Battle of Charleroi

However, by the time the Fifth Army arrived, units of the German Second Army were already in the area. Joffre authorized an attack across the Sambre, predicting that the German force had 18 divisions, comparable to Lanrezac's 15, plus another 3 British reinforcements (the British Expeditionary Force). However, Lanrezac predicted much higher numbers, closer to the actual number—32 German divisions. He preferred to wait for reinforcements, however that same day the Germans attacked across the river and established two beachheads, neither of which fell despite several French counterattacks.

The next day, the main attack began; the fighting carried on through the day, and into the next. The French centre suffered severe losses and retreated; but the west and east flanks both held their ground. However, the retreat of cavalry divisions to the far west exposed the French west flank. With news of his situation, and the fact that his flanks could give and be completely enwrapped, Lanrezac ordered a general retreat into northern France.

The French town of Maubeuge was a major fort on the French side of the border. With a junction of no fewer than five major railway lines, it was recognized as a key strategic position by both sides; hence the construction of 15 forts and gun batteries ringing it, a total of 435 guns, and a permanent garrison of 35,000 troops. These were further bolstered by the choosing of the town as the advance base of the British Expeditionary Force. However, when these and the French Fifth Army retreated following the events at Charleroi, the town was cut off from allied support, and subsequently besieged on August 25. The German heavy artillery succeeded in demolishing the key forts around the city, and General Joseph Anthelme Fournier, in command of the garrison in the city, surrendered to the Germans some 13 days later.
 * Siege of Maubeuge

1914

 * Skirmish at Joncherey
 * Battle of Mons
 * Battle of Le Cateau
 * Battle of St. Quentin, also called the Battle of Guise
 * First Battle of the Marne
 * First Battle of the Aisne
 * Siege of Antwerp
 * First Battle of Albert
 * First Battle of Arras
 * Battle of Messines (1914)
 * Battle of the Yser
 * Battle of Armentières
 * First Battle of Ypres
 * First Battle of Champagne

1915
 * Winter operations 1914–1915
 * Battle of Neuve Chapelle
 * Second Battle of Ypres
 * Second Battle of Artois
 * Battle of Festubert
 * Battle of Loos
 * Actions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt
 * Second Battle of Champagne

1916
 * Actions of the Bluff, 1916
 * Battle of Verdun
 * Battle of Hulluch
 * Battle of Mont Sorrel
 * Battle of the Somme
 * Battle of Fromelles
 * Battle of Pozières
 * Battle of Ginchy

1917
 * Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917
 * Operation Alberich
 * Nivelle Offensive
 * Battle of Arras (1917)
 * Battle of Vimy Ridge
 * Second Battle of the Aisne, also called the Third Battle of Champagne
 * Battle of Messines
 * Third Battle of Ypres, also called the Battle of Passchendaele
 * Battle of La Malmaison
 * Battle of Cambrai (1917)

1918
 * German spring offensive
 * Battle of the Lys, also known as the Fourth Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Estaires
 * Third Battle of the Aisne
 * Battle of Cantigny
 * Battle of Belleau Wood
 * Second Battle of the Marne
 * Battle of Soissons (1918)
 * Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
 * Hundred Days Offensive
 * Battle of Amiens
 * Second Battle of the Somme, also known as the Battle of St. Quentin
 * Battle of the Scarpe (1918)
 * Battle of Havrincourt
 * Battle of Saint-Mihiel
 * Battle of Epéhy
 * Battle of the Canal du Nord
 * Fifth Battle of Ypres
 * Battle of the Hindenburg Line
 * Meuse-Argonne Offensive, also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest
 * Battle of Cambrai (1918)
 * Battle of the Selle
 * Battle of Valenciennes (1918)
 * Battle of the Sambre (1918), also known as the Second Battle of the Sambre

Italian Campaign

 * First Battle of the Isonzo
 * Second Battle of the Isonzo
 * Third Battle of the Isonzo
 * Fourth Battle of the Isonzo
 * Fifth Battle of the Isonzo
 * Trentino Offensive or the "Battle of Asiago"
 * Sixth Battle of the Isonzo or the "Battle of Gorizia"
 * Seventh Battle of the Isonzo
 * Eighth Battle of the Isonzo
 * Ninth Battle of the Isonzo
 * Tenth Battle of the Isonzo
 * Battle of mount Ortigara
 * Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo
 * Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo or the "Battle of Caporetto"
 * Battle of the Piave River
 * Battle of San Matteo
 * Battle of Vittorio Veneto
 * Air Battle on Istrana

Eastern Front
Campaign of 1914 (Entente victory; Russia captures Galicia, part East Prussia and part of the Carpathian Mountains, And also knocks out the Germans from Poland, disrupting their plans to destroy a group of Russian troops. As well as disrupts the Schlieffen plan, forcing Germany to fight on two fronts)
 * East Prussian campaign (German victory)
 * Battle of Stallupönen (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Orlau (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Kaushen (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Gross-Bresau (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Gumbinnen (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Tannenberg (German victory)
 * Battle of Galicia (Decisive Russian victory)
 * Battle of Kraśnik (Austro-Hungarian victory)
 * Battle of Komarów (1914) (Austro-Hungarian victory)
 * Battle of Gnila Lipa (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Rawa (Key Russian victory)
 * Battle of Gorodek (1914) (Russian victory)
 * Halich-Lviv offensive (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Jarosławice (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Laski and Anielin (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Mołotków (Russian victory)
 * First Battle of the Masurian Lakes (German victory)
 * Battle of Augustów (1914) (Russian victory)
 * Second Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914) (Russian victory)
 * Raid on Memel (successful Russian raid on East Prussia)
 * Battle of the Vistula River (Decisive Russian victory)
 * Battle of Łódź (1914) (Russian tactical victory; German strategic victory)
 * Battle of the San river (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Limanowa (Central powers victory)
 * Battle of the Lupovsky Pass (Russian victory)

Campaign of 1915 (Central powers victory, however, the Germans are unable to bring Russia out of the war. Russians return a wide strip to Galicia ) Campaign of 1916 (Russian victory; recapture Galicia and Bukovina; the Russians are forcing the Germans to stop the attacks on Verdun by their actions)
 * Battle of Pakoslaw (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Carpathians (Russian victory)
 * Siege of Przemysl (Russian victory)
 * Kozevo offensive (Russian victory)
 * Battle for Height 958 (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Bolimov (Indecisive)
 * First Battle of Przasnysz (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Łomża (Partial Russian victory)
 * Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes (German victory)
 * Easter battle at Kalvarija (Indecisive)
 * Second Battle of the Vistula River (Russian victory)
 * Great Retreat (Russian) (German victory)
 * Gorlice–Tarnów offensive (Central powers victory)
 * Battle of Syniava (Russian victory)
 * Vistula–Bug offensive (German victory)
 * Bug–Narew Offensive (German victory)
 * Skoropadsky's attack under Kraupishken(Russian victory)
 * Second battle of Przasnysz (German Tactical victory, Russian strategic victory )
 * Attack of the Dead Men (Russian victory)
 * March on Grubeshov (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Dniestr and Zolota Lypa (Partial Russian victory)
 * Riga–Schaulen offensive (German victory)
 * Siege of Kovno (German victory)
 * Siege of Novogeorgievsk (German victory)
 * Strypa offensive (Central powers major victory)
 * Prut operation (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Smorgon (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Zurvno (Russian victory)
 * Vilno-Dvinsk offensive (Key Russian victory)
 * Sventiany Offensive (Indecisive)
 * Lake Naroch Offensive (Tactical German victory; strategic Entente victory)
 * Baranovichi offensive (Central powers victory)
 * Brusilov Offensive (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Lutsk (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Kostiuchnówka (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Kowel (Central powers victory)

Campaign of 1917 (Central powers victory) Campaign of 1918 (Central powers victory; Russia is coming out of the war)
 * Christmas Battles (Russian victory)
 * February Revolution (Partial destruction of the Russian army due to the democratization of troops)
 * Kerensky Offensive (Central powers victory)
 * Battle of Zborov (1917) (Entente victory)
 * Battle of Borders (Russian victory; Central Powers retreat on Austria territory)
 * Riga offensive (1917) (German victory)
 * Russian Revolution (Russian army has been destroyed from the inside)
 * Operation Faustschlag (Decisive central powers victory; end of Eastern front)
 * Battle of Bakhmach (Soviet victory)
 * Crimea Operation (1918) (German-Ukraine victory)
 * Battle of Chongar Bridge (Ukraine victory)
 * Sivash breakthrough (Ukraine victory)
 * Battle of the Salt Lake (Ukraine-Cossack victory)
 * Battle of Sevastopol (1918) (German-Ukraine victory)

Romanian Campaign
1916
 * Battle of Transylvania (Central Powers victory)
 * Battle of Turtucaia (Central Powers victory)
 * Battle of Dobrich (Bulgarian victory)
 * First Battle of Cobadin (Romanian-Russian victory)
 * Battle of Sibiu (1916) (Central Powers victory)
 * (Romanian victory)
 * Nagyszeben Offensive (Romanian victory)
 * Flămânda Offensive (Central Powers victory)
 * Battle of Brassó (1916) (Central Powers victory)
 * (Romanian victory)
 * (Romanian victory)
 * First Battle of Oituz (Romanian victory)
 * Second Battle of Cobadin (Central Powers victory)
 * First Battle of the Jiu Valley (Romanian victory)
 * Second Battle of the Jiu Valley (Central Powers victory)
 * Battle of Vulcan Pass (Central Powers victory)
 * Second Battle of Oituz (Romanian victory)
 * (Central Powers victory)
 * Battle of Robănești (German victory)
 * Battle of Bucharest (Central Powers victory)
 * Prunaru Charge (Central Powers victory)
 * Battle of the Argeș (Central Powers victory)
 * (Central Powers victory)

1917
 * Romanian Campaign (1917)(Russo-Romanian victory)
 * Battle of Mărăști (Romanian-Russian victory)
 * Battle of Mărășești (Romanian-Russian victory)
 * Third Battle of Oituz (Romanian-Russian victory)

Caucasus Campaign
1914
 * Black Sea raid (Ottoman victory)
 * Capture of Bajazet (Russian victory)
 * Bergmann Offensive (Ottoman victory)
 * Battle of Sarikamish (Decisive Russian victory)
 * Battle of Ardahan (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Cape Sarych (Russian victory)

1915
 * Defense of Van (1915) (Russo-Armenian victory)
 * Battle of Manzikert (1915) (Ottoman victory)
 * Battle of Kara Killisse (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Dilman (Russian victory)
 * Zeitun Resistance (1915) (Armenian victory)
 * Battle of Kirpen Island (Russian victory)
 * Battle of the Bosporus (Russian victory)

1916
 * Action of 8 January 1916 (Russian victory)
 * Airstrike on Zonguldak (Russian victory)
 * Erzurum Offensive (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Muş (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Koprukoy (Russian victory)
 * Trebizond Campaign (Russian victory)
 * Lazistan offensive (Russian victory)
 * Landing in Riza (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Çapakçur (Ottoman victory)
 * Battle of Erzincan (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Bitlis (Russian victory)
 * Battle of Kop Mount (Russian victory)

1917
 * Senenj-Kermanshah offensive (Russian victory)

1918
 * Battle of Goychay (Ottoman victory)
 * Battle of Choloki (1918) (Transcaucasian victory)
 * Battle of Binagadi (Ottoman victory)
 * Battle of Kurdamir (Ottoman victory)
 * Battle of Abaran (Armenian victory)
 * Battle of Karakilisa (Armenian victory)
 * Battle of Baku (Ottoman victory)
 * Battle of Sardarabad (Decisive Armenian victory)
 * Bicheharov offensive in Dagestan (White Russian victory)
 * First siege of Petrovsk (Russian victory)
 * Izzet Pasha's offensive in Dagestan (Ottoman victory)
 * Dagestan Campaign (1918) (The Biceharists successfully counteract the Turks, but are forced to temporarily leave Dagestan; Ottoman output from Dagestan)
 * Battle of Tarkin heights (Ky Russian victory; Ottomans failure to capture Petrovsk)
 * Battle of Mammadkali (Key Russian victory; The Biceharists maintain the unity of the Army, the Turks temporarily retreat)
 * Second Siege of Petrovsk (Ottoman victory)

Serbian Campaign

 * Battle of Cer
 * Srem Offensive
 * First bombardment of mount Lovćen
 * Battle of Drina
 * Second bombardment of mount Lovćen
 * Battle of Kolubara
 * Battle of Morava
 * Battle of Kosovo (1915)
 * Battle of Ovche Pole
 * Montenegrin campaign
 * Battle of Mojkovac
 * Third bombardment of mount Lovćen

Gallipoli Campaign

The Gallipoli Campaign (also called the "Dardanelles Campaign"), was a number of battles fought between 1915 and 1916.

 * Landing at Anzac Cove
 * Landing at Cape Helles
 * First Battle of Krithia
 * Second Battle of Krithia
 * Third Battle of Krithia
 * Battle of Gully Ravine
 * Battle of Sari Bair
 * Battle of Krithia Vineyard
 * Battle of Lone Pine
 * Battle of the Nek
 * Battle of Chunuk Bair
 * Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)
 * Battle of Scimitar Hill
 * Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign

Macedonian front

 * Battle of Krivolak
 * Battle of Kosturino
 * 1st Battle of Doiran
 * Battle of Florina
 * Battle of Struma
 * Monastir Offensive
 * Battle of Malka Nidzhe
 * Battle of Kajmakchalan
 * 1st Battle of Cerna Bend
 * 2nd Battle of Monastir
 * 2nd Battle of Doiran
 * 2nd Battle of Cerna Bend
 * Battle of Skra-di-Legen
 * Vardar Offensive
 * Battle of Dobro Pole
 * 3rd Battle of Doiran

Sinai and Palestine Campaign

 * First Suez Offensive
 * Battle of Romani or "The Second Suez Offensive"
 * Battle of Bir el Abd
 * Battle of Magdhaba
 * Battle of Rafa
 * Battle of Mughar Ridge
 * Battle of Jerusalem
 * Fall of Damascus
 * First Battle of Gaza
 * Second Battle of Gaza
 * Third Battle of Gaza or the "Battle of Beersheba"
 * Battle of Beersheba
 * Battle of Megiddo

Mesopotamian Campaign

 * Fao Landing
 * Fall of Basra
 * Battle of Qurna
 * Battle of Shaiba
 * Capture of Amara
 * Battle of Nasiriyah
 * Battle of Es Sinn
 * Battle of Ctesiphon
 * Siege of Kut
 * Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad
 * Battle of the Wadi
 * Battle of Hanna
 * Battle of Dujaila Redoubt
 * First Battle of Kut
 * Battle of Khanaqin
 * Second Battle of Kut
 * Fall of Baghdad
 * Samarra offensive
 * Battle of Jebel Hamlin
 * Battle of Istabulat
 * Battle of Ramadi
 * Capture of Tikrit
 * Battle of Sharqat

African theatre of World War I

 * Fall of Cameroon
 * Fall of German South-West Africa (Namibia)
 * Fall of Togo
 * Fall of German East Africa
 * Senussi Campaign
 * Battle of Tanga or Battle of the Bees
 * Battle of Rufiji Delta
 * Battle of Kilimanjaro
 * Battle of Sandfontein
 * Battle of Segale
 * Battle of Agagia
 * Battle of Chra
 * Battle of Namacurra
 * Battle of Lioma

Asia-Pacific theatre

 * Swedish intervention in Persia
 * Siege of Tsingtao
 * Occupation of German Samoa
 * Battle of Bita Paka
 * Siege of Toma
 * Central Asian revolt of 1916
 * Kelentan Rebellion
 * Japanese Occupation Of German Pacific Colonial Possessions

Atlantic Theatre

 * First Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)
 * Battle of Coronel (1914)
 * Battle of the Falkland Islands (1914)
 * Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby (1914)
 * Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)
 * Otranto Barrage (1915–1918)
 * Battle of Jutland (1916)
 * Battle of Dover Strait (1917)
 * Second Battle of Heligoland Bight (1917)
 * Zeebrugge Raid (1918)

Mediterranean

 * Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau (1914)
 * Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign (1915–1916)
 * Battle of the Otranto Straits (1917)
 * Battle of Imbros (1918)

Asia-Pacific Theatre

 * Battle of Rabaul
 * Battle of Tsingtao (1914)
 * Battle of Penang (1914)
 * Battle of Coronel (1914)
 * Battle of Cocos (1914)
 * Japanese Occupation Of German Pacific Colonial Possessions

Air engagements
World War I was the first war to see major use of planes for offensive, defensive and reconnaissance operations, and both the Entente Powers and the Central Powers used planes extensively. Almost as soon as they were invented, planes were drafted for military service.

See also the following articles:
 * Aviation in World War I
 * Aviation history (1914–1918)
 * Flying aces
 * List of World War I flying aces
 * Strategic bombing during World War I
 * Zeppelins in World War I

Co-belligerent conflicts
These conflicts are considered part of the First World War because one or more of the combatants were aligned with a main belligerent power which may have provided materiel, military, financial, or political support.

Pre-First World War

 * Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)
 * Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912)
 * First Balkan War (1912–13)
 * Second Balkan War (1913)
 * Muscat rebellion (1913–20)
 * Zaian War (1914–21)
 * Kurdish rebellions during World War I (1914–17)

During the First World War

 * Maritz Rebellion (1914–15)
 * Easter Rising (1916)
 * Warlord Era (1916–1928)
 * Senussi Campaign (1915–17)
 * Arab Revolt (1916–1918)
 * Russian Revolution (1917)
 * Finnish Civil War (1918)
 * Russian Civil War (1918–22)
 * North Russia Campaign (1918–19)
 * Russian westward offensive (1918–19)

Post-First World War

 * Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)
 * Hungarian-Romanian War (1918–19)
 * Polish-Soviet War (1919–21)
 * Latvian War of Independence (1918–20)
 * Irish War of Independence (1919–21)
 * Turkish War of Independence (1919–23)
 * Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)
 * Vlora War (1920)
 * Irish Civil War (1922–23)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Historical Wikipedia pages/Larrys Wedding Card

Where did this page go? Not in Meta, not in the 'pedia...

Shame - it was a nice little piece of history. Manning 06:09, July 21, 2005 (UTC)