text:
1990s in Hong Kong

The 1990s in Hong Kong marked a transitional period and the last decade of colonial rule in Hong Kong.

Background
The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration paved the way for a series of changes that would facilitate the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China (PRC). In July 1992, Chris Patten was appointed as the last British Governor of Hong Kong. By contrast with his predecessors, Sir Edward Youde and Sir David Wilson, Patten had little experience with Hong Kong or China, and spoke neither Mandarin nor Cantonese. The decade was essentially dominated by the political backdrop of the handover.

The handover

Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, citizens feared the Chinese government would not keep its promise of autonomy after the handover in Hong Kong. As a result, various mediating measures took place in the run-up to 1997. The Hong Kong Basic Law was ratified on 4 April 1990 as a mini-constitution. The pro-Beijing bloc welcomed the Basic Law, calling it the most democratic legal system to ever exist in the PRC. The pro-democratic bloc criticised it as not democratic enough. Patten emphasised the increase in democracy in Hong Kong through a series of measures that affected the election processes of both legislators and municipal officials. In 1994, the PRC announced that it would terminate the Legislative Council (LegCo) in favour of the "provisional legislative council". In 1995, LegCo was passed and the Democratic Party denounced the provisional legislative council as illegal. The provisional legislative council operated from Shenzhen before the handover.

At midnight on 1 July 1997, the handover ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre at Wan Chai North. The flag of the United Kingdom and the flag of the Crown colony were lowered. The flags of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and China were raised. This marked the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from British colonial rule to Chinese rule. Participated guests in the ceremony included The Prince of Wales (now Charles III), Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair, CCP General Secretary and Chinese President Jiang Zemin, Chinese Premier Li Peng, the last Hong Kong Governor Chris Patten appointed by the United Kingdom, and Tung Chee Hwa, the first chief executive of Hong Kong elected from a Beijing-controlled election.

Chinese communists portrayed the return of Hong Kong as key moment in the PRC's rise to great power status.

Population
The population of Hong Kong in 1995 and 1999 was 6.3 million and 6.9 million respectively. A total of 44,000 illegal immigrants from mainland China were arrested and deported in 1993, with the number decreased to 35,500 a year later. Hong Kong's fertility rate also become the lowest in the world, having declined to just 5.1 child per population of 1,000 in 1996.

Despite the uncertainty brought by handover and economic crisis, the population of Hong Kong in the 1990s had still increased. In 1990, there were approximately 5,700,000 people in Hong Kong. A 500,000 growth in population was seen until 1996. While the numbers of natural increase had been dropping from 1990 to 1996, the growth rate brought by migration rose. This indicated the majority of the population growth was the result of migration mostly from mainland China. However, nearly 95% of people in Hong Kong were still Chinese including various ethnic groups except Cantonese such as Hakka and Teochew.

Emigration
In 1990, the outflow of people reached 62,000 people, or about one per cent of the population. The emigration rate would peak in 1992 with 66,000 people, followed by 53,000 in 1993, and 62,000 in 1994. An estimated US$4.2 billion flowed from Hong Kong to Canada directly as a result. Much renowned tycoons in Hong Kong, such as the Shaw family, left Hong Kong for fear of adverse effects to the economy after the handover. Many Hong Kong citizens emigrated to Great Britain through the British Nationality Selection Scheme. A comparable number of families also moved to Australia, Canada, and the United States.

Mass Migration Wave
Throughout the 90s in Hong Kong, there was a Mass Migration Wave due to the concern about the handover from the British government to the People's Republic of China in 1997. Before handover, Hong Kong was identified as ‘British Hong Kong’ and governed by the British government since 1842. In 1984, the British government and Chinese government had signed the ‘Sino-British Joint Declaration’ indicating the handover of the control in 1997 that ended the lease of Hong Kong to the United Kingdom. In exchange, the Chinese government had agreed to keep the existing governmental structure of Hong Kong using the ‘One country, two systems’ method. According to the survey done by Wong, there were more than 60,000 Hong Kong emigrants in 1990 which accounts for 1% of the whole population and nearly half of the interviewees of the survey had expressed strong willingness to leave Hong Kong by 1997.

Foreign Domestic Workers
From the late 1980s to 1990s, Hong Kong's currency stabilised. The value of the Philippine peso was dropping steadily from 17 pesos in 1984 to 30 pesos in 1993 = US$1. This caused a surge of Philippines workers going to Hong Kong in search of higher salaries under the "maid to order" services. The number of foreign workers grew from 9,000 in 1987 to 28,000 in 1992 and 32,000 in 1993. Women from the Philippines make up the majority with substantial numbers from Indonesia and Thailand. The term "fei yung" (菲傭) became associated with the helpers.

Families in need of the helpers generally have both parents working at full-time positions. In 1993, households were required to have a combined income of HKD $15,000. The foreign workers essentially run all home affairs from cooking, ironing, cleaning and caring for the young and old in the household. Most households had 4 to 5 members including at least 1 child under the age of 12, while some include elderly people over 65. The hiring of workers fuelled a number of social debates. From the worker's perspective, problems range from unfair treatments, discrimination to low wages were raised. From the family perspective, problems range from privacy invasion to abuse type cases. Newspapers, radios and TV broadcasts have covered the subjects on numerous accounts. To stir controversies, the media often claimed traditional amah Chinese servants as superior workers.

Music
Leslie Cheung dominated the Hong Kong music industry during the 80s and 90s. He started his singing career by winning the runner up in the 1977 Asian Singing Contest and was signed by Polydor Records. His early career was not successful; he was booed during his first public performance and his first three albums had poor sales, leading to him being terminated by Polydor Records. During the early 80s, singers Sam Hui and Roman Tam started the golden era of the Cantopop industry with music helping Leslie Cheung develop his music career, starting with the most iconic song “The Wind Blows On” in 1983. Since then, he released more than 40 albums with multiple platinum-selling records and performed 33 consecutive sold-out shows at the Hong Kong Coliseum in the early 90s.

The Hong Kong music industry had also seen its peak in the 1990s. After Leslie Cheung gradually stepped back from the music industry, the industry was essentially dominated by the Four Heavenly Kings: Aaron Kwok, Jacky Cheung, Andy Lau and Leon Lai including TV, movies, advertisements and magazines. In the early stages in their careers, Jacky Cheung and Leon Lai sang songs with Japanese melodies, but in the early to mid-1990s there was a public outcry for originality in local music. In 1993, the radio broadcasting company Commercial Radio, announced that it would play only locally-written music. The purpose was to encourage local musicians to write their own lyrics. In 1989, the annual sales of song albums among the whole music industry were approximately HK$2.5 billion. This indicates how large the music industry market was back in the 1990s. Mark Lui was a popular composer by the late 1990s.

Jacky Cheung was the most successful artist among the 4 of them. He started his singing career by winning the Amateur 18-Hong Kong District Singing Contest in 1984. He then won two IFPI Gold Disc Awards and eight IFPI Platinum Disc Awards in his singing career. He had also won many awards for his acting such as Best Supporting Actor in the 8th Hong Kong Film Awards in 1988 and the Best Supporting Actor Golden Horse Award in 1990. Some of his famous songs are “You Will Always Be My Love”, “Love You More Each Day” and “Breaking Up in the Rain”.

Andy Lau started his career in 1981 by participating in TVB’s artist training programme and published one of his most famous albums, “Would It Be Possible” that won him Top 10 Gold Song Award from RTHK in 1990. Since then, Andy Lau had set a Guinness World Records for winning the most awards with at least one RTHK award each year until 2007. Throughout his career, he has more than 60 albums published.

Aaron Kwok had a similar beginning with Andy Lau with joining TVB as a dancer trainee in 1984. He was then becoming an actor in TVB and started to be famous after acting in the Taiwanese motorcycle TV series in 1990. He then published his first Mandapop album in Taiwan, "Loving You Endlessly" in the same year and had sales of more than 1 million copies around Asia. After his first album, he released two more Cantopop albums which won him the Best New Artist Gold Award at the RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards in 1991. Unlike the other three of the Four Heavenly Kings, Aaron Kwok contributed much not only to Cantopop but also Mandapop. Some other significant achievements of Aaron Kwok were winning the Jade Solid Gold Best Singer Award in 1997 and the Gold Award for Best Male Singer at Commercial Radio Annual Awards Ceremony in 1998.

Leon Lai started his singing career by winning the second runner-up in the New Talent Singing Awards in 1986 and being signed by Polygram. His first album was named after his name “Leon” and had successful sales. Another significant achievement was his 1993 album, “Summer Love” that won him the Most Popular Male Singer Award in the TVB's Jade Solid Gold in 1993. He was also one of the biggest stars for the advertisement campaign held by telecom giant Hutchison Telecom. Some other significant awards are the Bronze Awards for Best Male Singer at the Commercial Radio Annual Awards Ceremony from 1991 to 1994 and the Gold Award for Best Male Singer in 1996.

Entertainment
In the early 1990s, the entertainment industry became increasingly linked to Taiwan and mainland China. Numerous television drama series, especially with themes related to ancient Chinese, were imported from Taiwan and mainland China since the early 1990s, such as Justice Bao imported from Taiwan by TVB and Romance of the Three Kingdoms imported from mainland China by ATV's Home Channel, with both dramas becoming very successful and creating much discussion in the territory while broadcasting. A further successful example is the television drama My Fair Princess, a Taiwan-Mainland co-production. The show was broadcast in Hong Kong in 1999 by ATV's Home Channel and became popular among overseas Chinese worldwide. Another example of a popular mainland pop star was Faye Wong. She was born in Beijing and began singing in Cantonese, but later sang in both Mandarin and Cantonese as her career grew.

Foreign culture
In the early 1990s, Japanese culture significantly impacted Hong Kong culture with their pop culture including music and acting. Many entertainment companies in Japan expanded their business in Hong Kong which mainly targeted the middle class and teenagers obsessed with Japanese culture, cuisine and lifestyle, resulting in Hong Kong becoming one of the major places for Japanese culture exports. Successful marketing approach and promotional effect by the agents are two of the main factors contributing to the massive popularity of Japanese culture in Hong Kong during the 1990s.

Apart from Japanese culture, British culture contributed to a large part of Hong Kong culture. Hong Kong had been ruled by the British government for 156 years during the colonial period. The British brought different cultures into Hong Kong including eating habits, architecture, governmental system and education. All of the above cultures could still be seen in nowadays Hong Kong such as the legal system and the old buildings. This also leads to the unique characteristics of the Hong Kongers who are heavily impacted by British culture.

Cinema
The Hong Kong film industry had its golden age in the 1990s with a record of around 200 films in a year. An iconic director was Wong Kar-wai, he had contributed a large proportion to the success of the Hong Kong film industry. He had been nominated and received multiple awards around the world. For example, ‘Chungking Express’ won the Hong Kong Film Awards in 1995 and won the best director at the Cannes Film Festival. Wong's films were also on the list of BBC Culture's 100 greatest foreign-language films with ‘Happy Together’ (1997) at 71, ‘Chungking Express’ (1994) at 56 and ‘In the Mood for Love’ (2000) at 9.

Stephen Chow is another icon of the Hong Kong film industry. He has been named as Hong Kong's “king of comedy”. He started his career in 1981 as TV series actor and became a movie actor in 1988 which brought him great success from his first movie, “Final Justice (1988 film)”. He was awarded the best supporting actor award at the 25th Golden Horse Awards. A popular culture of “mo lei tau” was invented by him which is some nonsensical humour and most of the 1990s Hong Kong movie consisted of such elements. Some of Stephen Chow’s famous movie in the 1990s are the gambling comedy “All for the Winner” in 1990, the gangster comedy “Fight Back to School” in 1991 and action comedy “Justice, My Foot!” in 1992.

Apart from the contribution to music industry, Leslie Cheung had also starred in many different movies in the 90s collaborated with famous directors and actors such as Wong Kar-wai and Stephen Chow. Throughout the 1990s, Leslie Cheung and Wong Kar-wai has produced movies including “Days of Being Wild” that won Leslie Cheung the Best Actor Award in the 10th Hong Kong Film Awards, “Ashes of Time” that won Leslie Cheung the Best Actor Award in the 1995 Hong Kong Film Critics Society Award and “Happy Together (1997 film)” that won Leslie Cheung the Best Actor Award in both the 34th Golden Horse Awards and 17th Hong Kong Film Awards. One of his greatest achievements was winning the Palme d’Or at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival with “Farewell, My Concubine (film)” that is still the only Hong Kong movie that has won this award.

Law and order
In 1999, Hong Kong's Court of Final Appeal ruled that children born on the mainland would be entitled the right of abode in Hong Kong so long as either parent was a Hong Kong permanent resident. This decision led to the government's reinterpretation of the Basic Law which overturned the ruling and determined that a parent would have to be a Hong Kong permanent resident at the time of the child's birth to transmit residency.

Finance
Three months after the handover in July 1997, Hong Kong was dragged into the Asian Financial Crisis. At one point, the stock market fell by 22.8% within a week. Between the summer of 1997 and 1998, the leading shares in the Hang Seng Index lost nearly $2⁄3$ of its value. The government had to intervene by buying billions of dollars worth of shares. While this may have prevented the market from collapsing and staved off pressure for the Hong Kong dollar to be unpegged from the US dollar, the move was widely criticised as it undermined Hong Kong's status of a free market economy.

In 1997, a large-scale financial crisis occurred in Asia in which Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand suffered the most impacts. Hong Kong had also been affected with moderate economic loss. Hong Kong had suffered from a drop of around 0.1% on the stock market per day. However, minimal loss had been made for Hong Kong due to a solid and well organised bank system, effective liquidation law and good regulatory infrastructure. Therefore, the fluctuation of Hong Kong Dollar and Hang Seng Index has been minimised despite the attack held by an American billionaire investor George Soros.

Manufacturing sector
During the 1990s, Manufacturing sectors in Hong Kong had been shrinking due to increasing manufacturing costs such as transportation cost, salary and rent. According to the statistics from Legislative Council Secretariat, more than 50% decrease had occurred in the new establishments in the manufacturing sector from 1990 to 1998 and there are nearly 65% drop for the employment in the sector. Moreover, the percentage shared by the manufacturing sector in Gross Domestic Product had declined from nearly 18% in 1990 to less than 7% in 1997. This showed that a transition in Hong Kong's economic system was happening throughout the 1990s and lower reliance on the manufacturing sector. Hong Kong gradually started to become dominant in the financial related industry after the 1990s.

Real estate
In 1998, the real estate bubble burst due to the government's housing policy, though the Asian financial crisis also had some influence. Upon the inauguration of Hong Kong SAR's first chief executive, Tung Chee Hwa announced the building of 85,000 flats a year, while reducing public housing wait time from 7 to 3 years. These factors combined to begin the most severe recession in Hong Kong since 1967, which was a year of ambitious government projects that used up fiscal reserves on infrastructure and structural deficit.

Transportation
In 1998, the Kai Tak Airport was closed. The new US$20 Billion Hong Kong International Airport opened for commercial use. The initial years of operation were challenging as it utilised state-of-the-art computer systems, in just about every function imaginable. The scale and size of the airport also required many innovative solutions from the Airport Authority. Over time, it became the central connecting point for many flights in the far east.

The Tsing Ma Bridge, part of the Lantau Link connecting the remote airport site to the city, was the world's second largest suspension bridge when it opened on 27 April 1997. Spanning 1377 m, it is also the largest of all bridges in the world carrying rail traffic.

The Tung Chung and Airport Express MTR lines opened in 1998.

Other major transport projects completed in the 1990s include the Tate's Cairn Tunnel (1991), San Tin Highway (1993), Yuen Long Highway (1993), North Lantau Highway (1997), Kap Shui Mun Bridge (1997), Western Harbour Crossing (1997), and Tai Lam Tunnel (1998). Many of these related to the airport project, or to completing the New Territories orbital highway.

title: 1990s in Hong Kong


text:
Talk:Caledonian MacBrayne

{{User:ClueBot III/ArchiveThis }}
 * archiveprefix=Talk:Caledonian MacBrayne/Archives/
 * format=Y %%i
 * age=2160
 * minarchthreads=0
 * minkeepthreads=0
 * archivenow= {{User:ClueBot III/ArchiveNow}},{{resolved|,{{Resolved|,{{done}},{{Done}}
 * header= {{Talkarchive}}
 * headerlevel=2
 * nogenerateindex=0
 * maxkeepthreads=0
 * maxkeepbytes=0
 * maxarchsize=150000
 * numberstart=1
 * archivebox=yes
 * box-advert=yes

{{clear}}

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Caledonian MacBrayne


text:
WITF

WITF may refer to:

 * WITF-FM, a radio station (89.5 FM) licensed to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States
 * WITF-TV, a television station (channel 36 digital) licensed to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States

title: WITF


text:
User talk:Vekiano

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 12:09, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Vekiano. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Vekiano~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:30, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vekiano


text:
Children's programming on ABC Television

ABC Television, the television network of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, broadcasts two children's television channels, with ABC Kids and ABC Family being the two most watched children's networks in the country.

History
Prior to early 2009, there was a brand called ABC Kids (stylised as abckids) which was separate from regular ABC Television/ABC1 and ABC2, containing all children's programming on the ABC. On 7 March 2005, ABC2 launched allowing for ABC Kids' programming to be broadcast for 13 hours a day across ABC1 and ABC2. To prepare for the launch of ABC3, the brand was completely removed and all children's programming coexisted with the rest of ABC1 and ABC2. However, during pre-schoolers' programming, the ABC network identities were replaced with more child-friendly animations, displaying a new "ABC For Kids" identity.

On 4 December 2009, the children's programming block on ABC2 was rebranded "ABC For Kids on 2" with new identities, schedule and watermark. All children's content aimed at school-aged children was removed, effectively making this a pre-schoolers' block. This was the same date as the launch of ABC3. In May 2011 this was again re-branded, along with a consolidation of kids programming on ABC2 as ABC4KIDS. This consolidation created a daily 13-hour block from 6am to 7pm of pre-school programming on ABC2. On 2 March 2015 the channel was re-branded once again to ABC Kids.


text:
Talk:Elwendia persica

Could a native speaker please clarify what 'kala zeera' refers to. The bag of kala zeera that I bought the other week contains B. persicum, not N. Sativa.

Kala zeera applies to black cumin B. Persicum in most of North India, but is not the same as caraway which is only found by roadsides in India, not as a crop (private email with Edinburgh Botanical Gardens). Nigella sativa, also known erroneously in India and other countries, as black onion seed (not related) is known as kala zeera (other spellings) in Bengal.

 * I bought 100 grams of "Kali Ziri" for about $2.50 USD and know it's not Nigella sativa, but this Wikipedia article makes me think it's not Elwendia persica either. Bunium persicum is in the third reference of this article right now, but it's attached to a sentence containing the words "Nigella sativa"

 * We essentially have three plant botanical names, but only two Wikipedia articles. 174.249.210.5 (talk) 23:39, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

explosive?
Having googled extensively for info on black cumin as a sensitizer, I am not finding anything that says whether nigella or bunium is meant. Does someone know for sure? -- WormRunner 07:48, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Have removed this para until it can be found out - MPF 12:40, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The dried and ground black cumin is used in bomb making as a sensitizer.

What on earth is a sensitizer?

Confusion
As mentioned above, there seems to be some confusion over the different plants black cumin may refer to. I removed some talk from the article suggesting that Bunium persicum does not contain thymol, for example. I have no idea what is correct, but if somebody could clear it up, that would be great. --Michael Snow (talk) 21:28, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The simplest way to explain is this: if you know what cumin looks like, then black cumin, shajira, Elwendia persica, Bunium persicum (all the same regardless of whatever it's called) looks very similar but a slightly darker colour than regular cumin (although certainly not black). Nigella sativa is a smaller, irregular shaped seed (almost a teardrop). Properly known as kalonji or black onion seed, Nigella sativa is nothing like true black cumin. Wokepedian (talk) 04:33, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

The confusion can be cleared up by looking at this page:

The chemicals mentioned as being contained in this spice (Bunium Persicum) do not include thymol, which, also as stated in this reference, is contained in ajwain spice, a related, but not similar spice. Ajwain is also known as carom or Bishop's weed.

The pseudo-medical diotribe listed is not referenced, and is highly suspect, not backed by modern scientific medical evidence. Also, the text includes (mis?)information about black cumin, ordinary cumin and nigella, the latter two are nothing to do with this page!! Please remove. Waaza 02/03/08 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.44.76.73 (talk) 23:54, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 15:56, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

B. bulbocastanum
Who are the authorities who synonymize B. bulbocastanum with B. persicum? None of the various taxonomic databases I've checked (The Plant List, TROPICOS, ARS-GRIN) show this to be the case. If they are lumped, this appears to be a minority viewpoint.Plantdrew (talk) 22:52, 16 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, an old viewpoint. Updated. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 16:07, 3 October 2013 (UTC)
 * It's spurious, it's not in the Soviet literature as referenced here. I removed the reference to Komarov as it was false. Leo Breman (talk) 00:29, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

Identity of Hebrew קֶצַח
The Biblical Hebrew word קֶצַח (ketzach) refers to Nigella sativa, not to Bunium persicum. The confusion comes from both being called "black cumin" in English, which is also the common translation of קֶצַח. Nigella sativa was common to the Levant and Middle East during Biblical times whereas Bunium persicum was probably totally unknown. The article should be changed to reflect this. Ruyn13 (talk) 23:51, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. I deleted the offending sentence; Nigella sativa already covers the Hebrew name and biblical reference.Plantdrew (talk) 17:30, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elwendia persica


text:
Talk:Tiananmen

Translation of name
The characters 天安门 do literally mean 'heaven', 'peace', 'gate', so the customary English translation "Gate of Heavenly Peace" is straightforward, and not "poetic" at all. Previously the page said that the name literally meant "The Gate Ensuring The Imperial Status Quo". That's just not true, though charitably, perhaps someone isn't understanding what "literally" means. Perhaps the "status quo" translation is a correct interpretation in the Chinese cultural context, especially if "heaven" is equated with the emperor; but I can't find an on-line source which gives this explanation of the name, and I think departing from what other references say should require some sourcing. Zompist 02:59, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

I essentially agree; I wanted to put in some discussion about the names of the gates, as the translations ARE poetic - as in they are literal translations of poetic Chinese. However - I struggled to get rid of that damn word "literally" - as it doesn't appear in the edit box. In the end I couldn't figure out how to eliminate it, so gave up and compromised. But I'll have another go.

Wa-hey - managed it. In terms of sourcing, any decent Classical Chinese dictionary will bear this out. --86.137.221.167

Cool, I think it's a very good section now.Zompist 06:34, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Cheers -

I have added some information, which throws new light on the meaning of Tian'anmen. We should keep in mind that it was the Manchu conquerors who gave the gate its present name, so the meaning of Tian'anmen cannot be understood in a purely Chinese context. The Manchu name means "Gate of Heavenly Peacemaking", which is also a possible translation of the Chinese name. I hope this will give some closure to the discussion. Niohe 21:58, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Protests
The article lacks even a single word about the 1989 protests; they're what ~99% of people coming to this article are looking for.

I added a direct link. To conform with the NPOV, I used both the anti-government and pro-government label; the dichotomy between them speaks loud enough.

 * made an npov edit. and a person looking for a protest should be going to Tiananmen Square, if anything. --Sumple (Talk) 23:53, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * this post is so laughable that I am responding to it. to conform with non-ignorance, don't bring this topic up when anyone referring to any protest in the vicinity says square, not just Tiananmen. --- 华钢琴49 (TALK) 02:56, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * It needs a direct link. Tienanmen massacre is exactly what I was looking for. 102.83.60.195 (talk) 12:42, 13 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Maybe try spelling Tiananmen right first? just a suggestion.... Huaxiazidi (talk) 15:32, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Pinyin
The correct spelling in Hanyu Pinyin is Tian'anmen, to ensure correct separation of the (otherwise ambiguous) characters. So Tiananmen should redirect to Tian'anmen and not the other way around.Wsbhopkin 15:51, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

This is the ENGLISH wikipedia, not Chinese pinyin. The common English spelling is Tiananmen. Hanyu pinyin is a Chinese phonetic alphabet that should not be confused with English spelling. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.252.4.21 (talk) 08:19, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Why is it Tian'anmen? There is no ambiguity, since "Tia" is not a valid syllable in Mandarin. The only possible syllabic separation is Tian-an-men (Tia-nan-men being invalid), so the division mark is superfluous. --Sumple (Talk) 07:26, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

 * But that is not apparently how apostrophes work in hanyu pinyin. Although the rationale for the use of the apostrophe is to dispel ambiguities in the separation of syllables, the rules are designed to make its application straightforward. According to this site the rule simply says that syllables beginning with a vowel take an apostrophe when joined to a previous syllable. This makes the rule very simple and (at the cost of apparently superfluous uses, like this one) effectively prevents ambiguities. So, bǎo'ān (保安) or piān'ài (偏愛) appear with an apostrophe in Chinese dictionaries, even though, just as in Tian'anmen, no ambiguity can happen. Similarly, it is incorrect to use apostrophes in names like Hunan, Henan, Jinan and so on. Only if the last syllable was "an" would the apostrophe be used. I think the problem with current Wikipedia usage is that the clumsy rules mentioned in Naming conventions (Chinese) are based on the guidelines of the US Library of Congress, which are not very clear (our naming convention even encourages users to do Google searches to figure out whether an apostrophe is required!). As for the rule I cited from the pinyin.info website, it seems to come from the book Chinese Romanization. Pronunciation and Orthography (汉语拼音和正词法), by Yin Binyong and Mary Felley, and published by Sinolingua (Beijing) in 1990. That seems to be a much more authoritative source than a US institution. This is something I mentioned (under my old user name) nearly one year ago on the talk page of the naming conventions guidelines, but nobody paid much attention, so in the end I didn't change it. But I still think it would be good to change the apostrophes section of the naming conventions, and to move all the "Tiananmen (...)" pages to "Tian'anmen (...)". Gelo 16:41, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. The first thing I noticed on this page is the spelling. After all, Tia-nan-men is readable, thus should not be correct. More information is on the pinyin page, which indicates the current spelling is incorrect. Also notice, I typed in "Tian'anmen" and wikipedia automatically redirected me to the "Tiananmen" pages. Since "Tian'anmen" is the correct spelling, the order should be reversed. And wow, that's a long time since this topic is last mentioned. Kniito 07:23, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * That's true, but "Tiananmen" is almost invariably used in English sources, so Common names kicks in. --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 23:49, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Symbolism
Interestingly, the proclamation of the People's Republic of China on Tiananmen after the civil war can be taken symbolically as the Chinese Communist Party "receiving the mandate from heaven, and stabilizing the dynasty (Chinese society)." (受命于天，安邦治國)--141.213.196.222 07:36, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That sounds a bit speculative and I will remove this from the article unless there are any good reasons to keep it.--Niohe 15:40, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Translation, Act II
I hardly understand ancient Chinese (gu wen), but I have a feeling that 受命于天，安邦治國 can be better translated than "receiving the mandate from heaven, and stabilizing the dynasty." In particular, I think the second part actually means "pacify borders and govern country". Can someone more knowledgeable give their opinion? Xiner 16:58, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I somehow fail to see what changing the translation would add to the article. You should be careful not to mix up the modern meanings of there characters with how they were used during the Qing dynasty. For instance, the terms bang and guo can both refer to "country" and "dynasty".--Niohe 00:07, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Reconstruction
The following recently added content is a direct translation of this article, already quoted as a reference and summarised in the History section.

I have moved it from the article on the grounds that it is too long, not in summary article, and as a direct and full translation of the source material could be copyvio, or if not, belongs in Wikisources. --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 23:42, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Moved content The current Tiananmen is the fourth generation gatehouse that was built in 112 days during Cultural Revolution, with the internal structure completely changed to accommodate modern facilities and equipments.
 * Reconstruction

Cause
Tiananmen was not properly maintained since its the completion of its third reconstruction and after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, maintenance efforts proved to be too late because the gatehouse suffered unrepairable damage. With the strong earthquakes in Xingtai ranged from 6 to 7.5 magnitudes in 1969, the building was damaged further and was about to collapse, so by the end of 1969, the State Council of the People's Republic of China decided to rebuild Tiananmen gatehouse at the same site, on the same scale and in the same architectural style.

Due to the level of difficulty, someone suggested to hire foreign companies to perform the task, and it would take at least two years, and as many as five years. The suggestion was obviously rejected and Chinese premier Zhou Enlai ordered the project must be completed indigenously and [Beijing]] 5th Architectural Engineering Company was assigned to perform the task, with much shortened construction time requirement. Furthermore, since the project was a political one, it was kept in the strict secrecy and even the close relatives of those involved in the work were prohibited from knowing anything. The project was officially called a renovation and to be performed under the complete cover of scaffolding.

Crew
After Chinese premier Zhou Enlai personally approved the project, a team to oversee the project was formed under the name "Tiananmen Gatehouse Reconstruction Leadership team" with members of a various Chinese governmental establishments, including the Ministry of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing Garrison District, and Beijing Revolutionary Committee. Mao Zedong instructed the reconstruction must be in the original form, and the original size must not be changed.

In order to complete the political project, [Beijing]] 5th Architectural Engineering Company provided its best crew and formed a total of five teams: carpentry team, bricklaying team, painting team, scaffolding team and combined team. The work was militarized, and Mr. Yao Laiquan (姚来泉), a thirty-something carpentry team leader became the one took charge for most of the work in the field.

Start
The reconstruction formally begun on December 15, 1969. In order to cover up the entire gatehouse, scaffolding was needed. However, using steel pipes would take at least a month. The construction crew adopted the traditional Chinese technique by using bundles of logs from fir trees, and the covered the scaffolding with reed mats, resulting in completing the covered scaffolding in just eight days.

Detailed measurements of the gatehouse had to be taken before the complete demolishing the building. Mr. Yao Laiquan (姚来泉), the team leader of the carpentry team with over twenty years of experience, was tasked to help the staff of the Metrology Bureau. Everyone was order to keep silent about their work, and the security measures appeared to be working: Even staffs working at the nearby Cultural Palace and Zhongshan Park next to Tiananmen gatehouse were unaware of the

Fortune box
With the exception of its base which utilized bricks and wood, the previous three generations of the gatehouse were all wooden structures with glazed tiles on the roof. The glazed ridge tile each sized 60 cm x 80 cm, and required three people to lift. There was a total of 91 glazed ridge tiles on the roof of the gatehouse.

The glazed roof tile in the center differs from the rest of 90 glazed roof ridges in that it was hollow inside. As Mr. Yao Laiquan (姚来泉) crack it open under order, a gold filigreed Phoebe nanmu box with a picture of dragon and phoenix engraved on the cover appeared. The 30 cm size contained the traditional symbols of fortune: Five grains (including sorghum, proso millet, corn, yellow and black soybean), a golden ingot, and a thumb-sized ruby, and cinnabar. All of these became governmental properties.

During the reconstruction, in the exact place where the fortune box was discovered, a white marble 17 cm long, 12 cm wide, and 3 cm thick was placed instead. The phrase:"1970 January - March" was engraved on the white marble. Mr. Yao Laiquan (姚来泉) was tasked to place the marble.

Pillars
The original gatehouse was supported by more than five dozens pillars each was 12 metre tall, and each weighed at least 7 tons. The diameter of the largest pillar was 1.2 metre and the diameter of the smallest pillar was 0.6 metre. Replacement lumbers were originally found in Hainan and Sipsonpanna, but to the inadequate transportation, lumbers for replacement was later imported from Gabon and Borneo.

Pillars and all other wooden components were manufactured by Beijing Guanghua (光华) Timber Mill, and all had been treated to resist corrosion, termites, and fire.

Artillery shells
During the demolition of western gable, a worker found a 95 mm round artillery shell that was 45 cm long. Police was immediately alerted and the artillery shell and construction materials next to the shell were taken away for research. Eventually six more identical shells were discovered and removed.

Due to the political situation in China at the time, the discovery of the artillery shells was kept a secrecy and remain a secrete until this day.

Wooden structure
Every wooden components removed during the demolition was kept for duplication. However, there was rarely any nails in the large wooden gatehouse structure due to the Chinese traditional construction technique used in the original construction.

To solve the problem, an area was sealed off in the Zhongshan Park next to Tiananmen, and a tower crane was deployed in the sealed off area. An entire section of the southwestern corner of the gatehouse was lifted to the area, and disassembled piece by piece. The disassembled pieces were then put together to the original form but the efforts failed for several times.

Finally, Beijing Architectural Design Academy was enlisted to help and every piece was photographed, numbered, with an associated drawing produced by the staff of the academy. Furthermore, the exact location of the piece was also recorded in detail. Based on the information, workers attempted to reassemble the section for several times until they finally understood the design completely and thus was able to replicate the Chinese traditional construction technique.

Wooden components
Every wooden component was manufactured by the Beijing Guanghua (光华) Timber Mill according to the detailed drawing of every individual components produced by the Beijing Architectural Design Academy. However, despite carefulness, there was an error:

There was a two-centimeter long hole in one of the wooden pillar and this was not discovered until later. If the pillar was to be replaced, the project had to be stopped and several hundred people would have to wait, an unacceptable situation. Zhou Enlai personally approved an alternative: drill another five-centimeter long hole connecting the two-centimeter long hole and fill it up with chemicals. This alternative enabled the work to continue according to the original schedule.

imperial roof decoration
Original imperial roof decorations were dragons, but in the political turmoil of Cultural Revolution, there was a suggestion replacing the dragon with sunflower in the reconstruction, symbolizing everyone following the red sun, Mao Zedong. Zhong Enlai vetoed the suggestion by claiming that dragons were the symbol of China and Chinese people, and the original style should not be changed.

However, under the strong opposition from Jiang Qing's camp, a compromise had to be reached: the smaller dragon figures were replaced by passion flower figures, and it was not until the next major renovation in 1984, did the the passion flower figures were changed back to dragon figures.

Window lattice
The window lattice for traditional Chinese windows proved to be major headache for the reconstruction project because traditionally, it was purely done by hands. However, the complex patterns meant that this was a painfully long process and if repeated, the original planned schedule could not be met.

The problem was finally solved when a machinery system to specially manufacture the window lattice of the Chinese traditional windows was successfully developed after numerous attempts, and in comparison to the traditional hand-built process, the efficiency had increased over 150 times, ensuring the successful completion on schedule. In addition, the quality was also greatly improved.

Paint
The traditional method of paint was painful long, requiring a total of thirteen processes. In addition, some portion of the building required another step: applying gold foils, and this last step must also be completed by hands.

All golden foils were imported and a total of six kilograms of gold was used in the reconstruction.

Roof tiles
Glazed roof tiles were the bulk of non-wooden components. A total of more than a hundred types of wooden roof tiles were manufactured with the total number of pieces exceeding a hundred thousand. A half a meter thick cement wall was added to the outermost layer of the building.

Due to the fact that the building had sunk considerably in several hundred years, an extra layer of bricks were added at the base, and along with other measures, the gatehouse was raised 87 cm to its original height.

Modern components
Additional modern system and components were incorporated, such as using cement as construction material to replace bricks and mud. Other modern systems were also added, including:

Water supply system, drainage system, electrical power system, lighting system, communication systems, broadcasting system, elevators, and heating system. The placards were replaced by new ones made of fiberglass with iron frame.

Inspection
When the reconstruction had completed, a team of nine experts armed with mine detectors was dispatched to perform inspection. At a place without any records of using nails, the mine detectors went off. After demolition, it was revealed that a shovel was left inside by accident.

The only other place where mine detectors had gone off was the cement floor. However, demolition revealed that there was no metals. When the samples of the crushed cement was sent to the laboratory, analysis revealed that the cement used for the floor had usually and extremely high iron content.

Memorabilia
The reconstructed gatehouse was design to with stand 9.0 magnitude earthquake and a total of 216 establishments and enterprises worked on the project. At its peak, over 2,700 worked on the project, which was finally completed on March 7, 1970, 112 days after the work begun on December 15, 1969.

Mr. Yao Laiquan (姚来泉) kept a Reconstruction Memorabilia at his home until this day: a framed gilding instructions written by Mao Zedong: Design carefully, work carefully, during the construction process, there must be many errors, failure, make correction at all times.

End moved content --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 23:43, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Translation of Right Placard
I wanted to justify the edit I made to the translation of the right placard from "Long Live the Unity of the World's Peoples" to "Long Live the Proletarian Revolution" which has since been reverted.

The phrase [世界人民大团结] is a direct translation of the final sentence of Marx's Communist Manifesto, which in the original German reads, "Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt euch!" , literally in English, "Proletarians of all countries, unite yourselves!" This direct translation of Marx's text into Chinese from the German makes irrelevant both the English translation "Workers of the world, unite!" and the use of the term [劳动人民] to signify "worker."

Since the subject of the cry "Long Live" in English is always a noun, and not a phrase, it seems obvious to me that a placard effectively reading "long live 'Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt euch!'" would be best translated "Long Live the Proletarian Revolution."

In accordance with the reasoning given above I have restored my translation. I would advise that any who would wish to contest my stance on this point first attempt to familiarize themselves with Marx and the Communist Manifesto in Chinese translation, free texts of which are generally unavailable on the Internet due to DDoS attacks sponsored by the government of the People's Republic of China on sites that attempt to host such texts.

Kalirren (talk) 22:42, 16 April 2009 (UTC)Kalirren

 * if you know any Chinese, you would know that the 'direct translation' is not accurate. the English words that appear in the placard, in order: "world people great unity". nothing about proletariat (无产阶级 / 無產階級)... besides, isn't the unity of all humans a key tenet of Marxism/Communism? ---华钢琴49 (TALK) 03:01, 20 June 2010 (UTC)
 * well, the chinese doesn't say "proletariat" therefore dont add it to the translation.世界人民大团结 - where do you see the word proletariat anywhere? Translate it to what it actually says would be better than translating it to what you think it should say. I will translate each word to show you: 世界(world)人民(People)大(big/great)团结(Unity) beats me where you find the proletariat in the word. How do you know that the placard is quoting the manifesto? Huaxiazidi (talk) 15:39, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Opening Sentence
"Northern Section of Tiananmen Square". Who said that? Chang'an Avenue interrupts the two! ---何献龙4993 (talk) 22:06, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

lions
It should be made clear that the lions are effigies, not real. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.189.103.145 (talk) 12:41, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

 * how (and why)would you think that there would be REAL lions guarding the gates. I think most readers viewing the article would have common sense to tell. Huaxiazidi (talk) 15:40, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 26 November 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not done. (non-admin closure) Mahveotm (talk) 09:17, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

– Cf. Naming conventions (Chinese). See also my comments below. — Scriptions (talk) 05:27, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Tiananmen → Tian'anmen
 * Tiananmen (disambiguation) → Tian'anmen (disambiguation)
 * Tiananmen Square → Tian'anmen Square
 * Tiananmen West Station → Tian'anmen West Station
 * Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * Tiananmen Square protests → Tian'anmen Square protests
 * Tiananmen Square Incident → Tian'anmen Square Incident
 * 2013 Tiananmen Square attack → 2013 Tian'anmen Square attack
 * Tiananmen Mothers → Tian'anmen Mothers
 * I Love Beijing Tiananmen → I Love Beijing Tian'anmen
 * Foreign media at the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → Foreign media at the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * Reactions to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → Reactions to the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * A Tiananmen Journal → A Tian'anmen Journal
 * Defend Tiananmen Square Headquarters → Defend Tian'anmen Square Headquarters
 * Women's roles during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → Women's roles during the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * Memorials for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → Memorials for the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * Students' hunger strike at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests → Students' hunger strike at the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * Student propaganda during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → Student propaganda during the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * Finances of Student Organizations during the Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989 → Finances of student organizations during the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * Tiananmen Incident → Tian'anmen Incident
 * People's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → People's Liberation Army at the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * 10th anniversary of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → 10th anniversary of the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * 20th anniversary of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → 20th anniversary of the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * 21st anniversary of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → 21st anniversary of the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * 24th anniversary of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → 24th anniversary of the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * 25th anniversary of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → 25th anniversary of the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * Instances of Insubordination in the PLA during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. → Instances of insubordination in the PLA during the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident → Tian'anmen Square self-immolation incident
 * Gifts and donations from outside Mainland China during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests → Gifts and donations from outside Mainland China during the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * Student posters and leaflets during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 → Student posters and leaflets during the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989
 * Oppose all moves. The common name is Tiananmen, and if the policy was intended to apply here, these pages would have been moved long ago.  ONR  (talk) 09:00, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose all. The Naming conventions (Chinese) guideline does not automatically preempt or supersede anything on the Article titles policy page. Tiananmen is the WP:COMMONAME used in a significant majority of independent, reliable English-language sources. Naming conventions (Chinese) even states exceptions are made, "When there is a clearly more popular form in English (such as Yangtze River)". Zzyzx11 (talk) 12:35, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment: Both WP:NC-CHINA and WP:NC-CHINA clearly mean to express that exceptions are made when a non-pinyin form is more popular in English, and Tiananmen is not a non-pinyin form. WP:PINYIN says it explicitly: English Wikipedia uses pinyin as the default Romanisation method for Chinese characters, except where a non-pinyin form of a word is used by modern reliable secondary sources. An example of this exception is Yangtze River.
 * The relationship between Tiananmen and Tian'anmen is best thought of as analogous to the relationship between, say, Ludovit Stur and Ľudovít Štúr, or Laszlo Tokes and László Tőkés. There is an enormous amount of articles on Wikipedia that are not at their common name by your standard, but that's established Wikipedia practice: if the local spelling – in this case Tian'anmen (cf. this picture) – consists of the common name in English plus one or more add-ons, we use the local spelling. I don't see why the apostrophe in Tian'anmen should be treated differently from the apostrophe in Ľudovít Štúr, and I don't see why our Tian'anmen-related articles should be the only ones that don't have the pinyin apostrophe. If Tian'anmen must be Tiananmen, then Xi'an, by the exact same reasoning, must be Xian – yet our article is at Xi'an. Having our articles at the Tiananmen spelling goes against site-wide practice, and it's time to get rid of this one remaining anomaly. Scriptions (talk) 01:48, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS. The Ľudovít Štúr, László Tőkés and Xi'an articles may have different situations, vis-à-vis whether different spelling, apostrophe, or modified letters (such as accents or other diacritics) are used in the common name used by most English-language reliable source. In this case here, I do not see such an exception where Tiananmen would qualify under WP:UE, WP:DIACRITICS, or the like. The name has been assimilated by a majority of English language reliable sources into ""Tiananmen"", especially during the time when they started to report on the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Zzyzx11 (talk) 04:37, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment: This has nothing to do with WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS. I offered Ľudovít Štúr and László Tőkés merely as examples of the established rule, followed by all relevant Wikipedia articles – tens of thousands of them, and uncontroversially for many years – that if the common name plus one or more diacritics equals the local name, then we use the local name, not the common name. Writing Tian'anmen instead of Tiananmen is no different from what we are already doing in all equivalent articles, and any attempt to move any such article to a diacritic-less spelling would fail, because it is consensus on Wikipedia that if the local spelling consists of the common name plus one or more add-ons, we use the local spelling. A local consensus on this talk page does not override this site-wide consensus.
 * The case of Xi'an is an exact parallel to the case of Tian'anmen. Like Tiananmen, Xian is the common name, and like Tian'anmen, Xi'an is the common name plus an add-on. Not having this article at Tian'anmen while we have our Xi'an article at Xi'an is in breach of WP:CONSISTENCY. Scriptions (talk) 02:42, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose. All the listed articles should use the most common name used in English, which is "Tiananmen". That this name is derived from Chinese is irrelevant. 64.105.98.115 (talk) 18:28, 26 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:PINYIN but good luck. The name has been assimilated into English and is now "Tenna-men/Tee-yarna-men".  —  AjaxSmack  18:38, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * oppose. The common usage in English is "Tiananmen", especially when referring to historic events. We don’t include tone marks in article titles either, as not part of normal English usage, even though they are part of pinyin. Except when it’s needed for disambiguation (i.e. Xi'an) the apostrophe is unnecessary.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 02:13, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment: Unlike apostrophes, tone marks are not an obligatory part of pinyin, cf. this (go to 6.5.4) and this. The apostrophe is no more or less needed in Xi'an than in Tian'anmen: without the apostrophe, Xian in an English text can still only refer to the city, and with no apostrophe, Tiananmen could be Ti'an'anmen, Ti'ananmen or Tian'anmen. Scriptions (talk) 03:02, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * The difference is Xian is ambiguous, in that it occurs as both Xian and Xi'an, corresponding to one and two Chinese characters, in article titles. See Xian (disambiguation) for some of them. So the apostrophe is useful as disambiguation (though for people who type it without the apostrophe Xian also redirects there). But that is not the case for Tiananmen, which only occurs in the title of articles related to the gate or square in some way.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 03:05, 3 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment: I fail to see how this is relevant, given that the spelling difference isn't actually used to disambiguate a single article title and that Xian redirects to Xi'an. Readers of the Xi'an article are in no more or less need of disambiguation than readers of the Tian'anmen article. Scriptions (talk) 03:57, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

 * oppose per above. the common English spelling is as it currently is titled. -- Aunva6talk - contribs 05:19, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose I reserve the right to change my mind pending evidence the proposed spelling is the common name in English. I see no evidence of that at this time. And if any guideline indicates some name other than the common name in English be used, the guideline needs to be fixed. --В²C ☎ 23:10, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose on WP:IAR grounds. Following naming conventions is crucial, because readers and editors should be able to expect an article title to comply with a standard, but given the near-universal lack of apostrophe in this word in English, including it would confuse the large majority of readers and editors.  This isn't Xi'an, which appears somewhat often in English publications with an apostrophe, or a random county or township, which doesn't show up much in English publications with or without the apostrophe.  Nyttend (talk) 00:52, 3 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment: Spelling Tiananmen with an added apostrophe isn't likely to confuse anyone at all, much less ‘the large majority of readers and editors’. Scriptions (talk) 02:42, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

Comment: This discussion has so far been more like a vote than a discussion. I miss seeing editors engage with the argument that the name of this article concerns a well-established – indeed, otherwise universally applied – exception to WP:COMMONNAME. Scriptions (talk) 02:42, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Buying tickets the day before
When you open the wechat mini program you have to book seven days in advance,not one. And most tickets are gone within an hour. It might be one day in advance in quitter seasons, but this is definitely mis-leading, maybe change it to: "it is not possible to buy tickets on the day or on-site. Tickets must be booked online through the Weixin (Wechat) Mini Program several days in advance" Huaxiazidi (talk) 15:47, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tiananmen


text:
Portal talk:Doctor Who/Story

Sorry about the bad edit. On my display (800*600) there is only enough room for the words it and is to fit to the right of the picture, which looks messy. Can you think of how we can fix this (that was what I was doing, but it didin't work). --ßjwêþþ Tæ|k 12:12, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Doctor Who/Story


text:
Uzbek Khanate

The Uzbek Khanate, also known as the Abulkhair Khanate was a Shaybanid state preceding the Khanate of Bukhara. During the few years it existed, the Uzbek Khanate was the preeminent state in Central Asia, ruling over most of modern-day Uzbekistan, much of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, and parts of southern Russia. This is the first state of the Abulkhairids, a branch of the Shaybanids.

Etymology
The dynasty of Abu'l-Khayr Khan and his descendants is named after him, and the states ruled by them are known as Abulkhairids, such as in the Khanate of Bukhara. They may also be referred to as Shaybanids, although this is more of an umbrella term as a rival dynasty called the Arabshahids of Khwarezm were also Shaybanids, but not Abulkhairids.

Before Abu'l-Khayr Khan
Starting with Shiban, brother of Batu Khan who was the ruler of the Golden Horde, the Shaybanids and their descendants held land and sway over many tribes granted to Shiban by Batu. These lands included the Golden Horde domains east of the Urals, and lands north of the Syr Darya river. Central control in the Golden Horde eroded away quickly in the east and breakaway states like the Nogai Horde and the Khanate of Sibir appeared in the region.

Abu'l-Khayr Khan
By the time of Abu'l-Khayr's birth in 1412, the ulus of Shiban was fractured. At this time the eastern part of the Golden Horde (Blue Horde) had become outside of complete control of the Golden Horde khans and pretenders, especially after the assassination of Barak Khan in 1427. Abu'l-Khayr was taken prisoner after a battle in 1427 and was released in 1428. After the passing of the then Khan of the Uzbeks and pretender to the throne of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan, Ulug Beg, the leader of the Timurid Empire, secretly orchestrated the title of khan to pass to Abu'l-Khayr. He began his rule by consolidating tribes in Siberia around his capital at Chimgi-Tura (Modern-day Tyumen). He was able to depose the reigning Khan of Sibir, Hajji Muhammad, a former khan of the Golden Horde from 1419 to 1423, and took the entirety of the area under Shaybanid control.

In 1430 or 1431, Abu'l-Khayr and his army marched south into Timurid-held Khwarezm and occupied Urganj. Between 1430 and 1446 the Uzbek Khanate took land in Transoxiana from the Timurids.

Abu'l-Khayr invaded the Golden Horde sometime after this and defeated Mustafa Khan near Astrakhan. The Uzbeks lost around 4,500 men during this campaign.

Prior to the death of Shah Rukh in 1448 Sighnaq and other cities in Turan such as Uzkend and Sozak were invaded and captured by the Uzbeks. Sighnaq became one of the principal cities of Central Asia during this time.

In 1451, Abu'l-Khayr allied with the Timurid Abu Sa'id against his rival 'Abdullah and the two both marched on Samarkand. The Uzbek-Abu Sa'id alliance was successful and in return Abu Sa'id paid tribute to the Uzbeks.

Kazakh Insurrection
Starting in the 1460s, the Kazakh khans warred for control of modern-day Kazakhstan, led by Janibeg and Kerei Khan, the sons of the claimant to the throne of the Golden Horde, Barak Khan, founded the Kazakh Khanate. This war was made especially difficult for the Uzbeks because of a recent war with the Dorben Oirat Mongols on the Uzbeks' eastern borders. Janibeg and Kerei sought to capitalize on Uzbek weakness following the conflict.

Regarding these events, 16th century Khaidar Duglati in his Tarikh-i Rashidi reports:

"At that time, Abulkhair Khan exercised full power in Dasht-i-Kipchak. He had been at war with the Sultánis of Juji; while Jáni Beg Khán and Karáy Khán fled before him into Moghulistán. Isán Bughá Khán received them with great honor, and delivered over to them Kuzi Báshi, which is near Chu, on the western limit of Moghulistán, where they dwelt in peace and content. On the death of Abulkhair Khán the Ulus of the Uzbegs fell into confusion, and constant strife arose among them. Most of them joined the party of Karáy Khán and Jáni Beg Khán. They numbered about 200,000 persons, and received the name of Uzbeg-Kazák. The Kazák Sultáns began to reign in the year 870 [1465–1466] (but God knows best), and they continued to enjoy absolute power in the greater part of Uzbegistán, till the year 940 [1533–1534 A. D.]."

Death of Abu'l-Khayr Khan and Successors
Somewhere around 1468–1470, Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in battle against the Kazakhs along with several of his sons. Sheikh Haidar, also known as Baruj Oghlan (Some sources have them as the same person or different persons), the eldest of Abu'l-Khayr's sons, succeeded him. Sheikh Haidar's reign was short and was ended after conflicts with a rival khan, Ibak.

Muhammad Shaybani, Abu'l-Khayr's grandson, succeeded his father, Sheikh Haidar. Shaybani had been, along with his brother, Mahmud Sultan, given refuge by the Khan of Astrakhan, Qasim.

After Shaybani was helped by the Moghul Khans to reclaim land in Transoxiana, he became a Moghul vassal from 1488 until around 1500. After this point, Shaybani led his own conquests which largely consisted of cities in the fractured Timurid successor states (Such as Samarkand and Bukhara). Shaybani's main rivals were the Timurid Babur and the Persian Shah Ismail.

In 1500, Shaybani officially conceded all the Kazakh held lands in Dasht-i Qipchaq to the Kazakh Khanate. Shortly after this in 1506, Shaybani captured Bukhara and the Uzbek Khanate became the Khanate of Bukhara.

Muhammad Shaybani was killed in the Battle of Marv by the Safavids ruled by Shah Ismail in 1510, and had his skull turned into a jeweled drinking goblet.

Khans of Shaybanid Domains
These are the khans ruling over the domains of the Uzbeks prior to the Abulkhairids.
 * Shiban
 * Bahadur Oghul
 * Jochi Buqa
 * Bad Oghul
 * Mengu Timur Oghlan
 * Fulad Oghul
 * Ibrahim Sultan
 * Dawlat Shaykh Oghlan

Abulkhairids

 * Abu'l-Khayr Khan, son of Dawlat Shaykh Oghlan
 * Sheikh Haidar, son of Abu'l-Khayr, died in battle in 1471 against Ibak Khan
 * Muhammad Shaybani, grandson of Abu'l-Khayr Khan

title: Uzbek Khanate


text:
Honister Pass

Honister Pass is a mountain pass in the Lake District in Cumbria, England. It is located on the B5289 road, linking Seatoller, in the valley of Borrowdale, to Gatesgarth at the southern end of Buttermere. The pass reaches an elevation of 1167 ft, making it one of the highest in the region, and also one of the steepest, with gradients of up to 1-in-4 (25%). The saddle at the watershed is known as Honister Hause, using the Cumbrian word hause for such a feature.

Honister Pass is one of three passes that link the tourist area around Keswick, including Derwent Water and Borrowdale, with the valley of the River Cocker, including the lakes of Buttermere, Crummock Water and Loweswater. From north to south these passes are Whinlatter Pass, Newlands Pass and Honister Pass.

Honister Slate Mine and Honister Hause Youth Hostel are located at the summit of the pass.

Footpaths lead from the summit of the pass to Fleetwith Pike to the west, Grey Knotts to the south, and Dale Head to the north.

Honister Pass holds the UK 24-hour rainfall record; in the 24 hours to 6 pm on 5 December 2015 during Storm Desmond, 341.4 mm of rain fell there.

title: Honister Pass


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Internet Movie Database

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy keep: bad faith nomination. Nominator has been blocked for multi-voting and vote tampering. — Gwalla | Talk 22:00, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Internet Movie Database
This page should be purged from wikipedia, because It is inaccurate. The IMDb is a very low quality site, often containing inaccurate or false information. Therefore Wikipedia should no longer associate itself with such rubbish.
 * Nominated by 84.65.124.160

 * Strong Keep. Content and accuracy disputes belong on an articles talk page, not VFD. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 12:17, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as Blu Advark and ban the anon IP for persistant vandalism. Close this pointless VFD ASAP. The JPS 12:19, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete This page must be deleted as inaccurate articles degrade the overall quality of Wikipedia. Get rid of it! User:84.65.124.160 12:32, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep. Clearly a bad faith nomination from an anon with an axe to grind. There is no debating the notability of this website. 23skidoo 12:33, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What the bloody f*ck? IMDB is one of the most notable websites out there. The nomination is clearly in bad faith. Whatever next, nominating eBay or Sourceforge for deletion? Or why not the US Government website? Strong keep.   — J I P | Talk 12:37, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't give him ideas. The JPS 12:45, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Obvious keep - the IMDb page has been subject to an inordinate amount of vandalism lately ... -- Lochaber 13:07, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep and kick the ass of the person who posted this --malathion talk 13:08, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. As said above this is an easy one. --Tony Hecht 13:12, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable website. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:13, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Questions of accuracy do not detract from its notability. --Pagrashtak 13:22, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep I don't know exactly what the nominator is trying to get at here, but even if it were true, the accuracy of IMDB's contents does not have any bearing on whether it gets an entry. It's in the top 50 sites in the world according to Alexa, and has high recognisability all over the web. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:42, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, LART nominator. humblefool® 14:47, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Obvious candidate for speedy keep. Once again, I ask the question. If we don't count the votes of anonymous users in this forum as we shouldn't why are they allowed to nominate articles. Capitalistroadster 17:40, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Gateman1997 17:52, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep, this was a bad faith deletion of one of the most notable sites on the internet.

 * Speedy Delete This article gives a bad impression of Wikipedia overall, as it is highly biased. I personally believe that the article must be deleted and all links to the IMDb from movie articles on Wikipedia should be removed, and clearly i am not the only one which holds this view. a vote by 84.65.124.160, the same person who nominated the page in the first place - --Stevefarrell 18:20, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep, and anonymous trolls should not be allowed to nominate on VFD. Tempshill 18:15, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong speedy keep what a ludicrous nomination. For a start, IMDB is not low quality by any stretch the definition can take, it is a highly informative and accurate site. This is a bad faith nomination, probably from someone who couldn't find a picture of Halle Berry in a tight top. --Stevefarrell 18:20, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. No doubt that IMdb is notable and relevant. A lot of references in wikipedia, so keep it. Information are not always true (nor in wikipedia), but you can ask them to review false informations (Already done, were wikipedia seem to have right information and IMdb not). -- Cate 19:07, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong speedy keep CanadianCaesar 19:09, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong speedy keep Pointless argument, with the only delete votes on here coming from the person who nominated it. I understand the keep or delete debates over random blog enteries, but over one of the top sites on the internet?--Johnsoqj 19:44, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong speedy keep - bad faith nomination, the only contributions of the nominator are vandalism of the page in question and of this page. —PrologFan {Talk} 20:05, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. WTF is wrong with this nominator?  This is one of the most popular websites on the internet.  Thorns Among Our Leaves 20:41, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it yesterday, infinity nominated by vandal & troll, no further discussion req. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  21:03, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Larissa (disambiguation)

Larissa is the capital and largest city of Thessaly, Greece

Larissa or Larisa may also refer to:

Places

 * Larissa (regional unit), an administrative division of Greece, centered on the city of Larissa

Ancient Greek settlements

 * Larissa Cremaste, an ancient Greek city in Achaea Phthiotis, in the south east of Thessaly
 * Larissa (Argos), the acropolis of the Greek city of Argos in the Peloponnese, Greece
 * Larisa (Caria), an ancient Greek town in Caria, Anatolia, now in Turkey
 * Larissa (Elis), an ancient Greek city in Elis, Peloponnese
 * Larisa (Ionia), an ancient Greek town in Ionia, Anatolia, now in Turkey
 * Larisa (Lydia), an ancient Greek town in Lydia, Anatolia, now in Turkey
 * Larissa (Thrace), an ancient Greek city in the region between the rivers Nestos and Hebros
 * Larisa (Troad), an ancient Greek city in Troad, northwestern Turkey. A Larissa mentioned in Homer's Iliad was likely this city, but some 19th century scholars erroneously placed it in Thrace
 * Larissa Phrikonis, an ancient Greek city in Aeolis, western Turkey
 * Larissa, an ancient Greek city in Syria settled by colonists from the Thessalian city of the same name, now known as Shaizar
 * Larissa, ancient name of Gortyn

Others

 * possibly an ancient name of Sveti Vlas, Bulgaria
 * Larissa, Missouri, a ghost town in the United States
 * Larissa, Texas, a community in the United States

Given name

 * Larissa (name), a female first name, including a list of people named Larissa or Larisa
 * Larissa (mythology), a nymph from Greek mythology

Astronomy

 * Larissa (moon), a moon of Neptune
 * 1162 Larissa, an asteroid

Other uses

 * Larisa (genus), a genus of moths
 * Larisa, a 1980 short film directed by Elem Klimov

title: Larissa (disambiguation)