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Kapingamarangi language

Kapingamarangi is a Polynesian language spoken in the Federated States of Micronesia. It had 3,000 native speakers in 1995. The language is closely related to the Nukuoro language.

History
The Kapingamarangi language is a language spoken on islands in the Pacific Ocean by people from Kapingamarangi, the Pohnpei Island, and in the Pohnrakied village in Pohnpei. A small number of Kapingamarangi speakers are also found on other nearby islands, or in communities around the world to which they have immigrated. Kapingamarangi was first recorded on an expedition in 1557 by Spanish navigator Hernando de Grijalva. Kapingamarangi, also known as Kirinit, is categorized in the Austronesian language family, along with many other Pacific languages. The Kapingamarangi language is spoken not only on the atoll of Kapingamarangi, but also in the village of Pohnrakied, located on the island of Pohnpei.

Population
Kapingamarangi currently has three thousand total speakers: one thousand speakers on the atoll of Kapingamarangi and two thousand speakers in Pohnrakied village on Pohnpei. The people of Kapingamarangi are considered by Lieber and Dikepa to be of Polynesian ethnicity; the other seven states of the Federated States of Micronesia are categorized as being Micronesian. The language status of Kapingamarangi is "educational", which means that the language is in vigorous use, maintaining standardization and literature throughout a widespread system in institutions of education. The language has been developed to a point that it is used and sustained in people's homes and around the community.

Alphabet
A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, Ng, O, P, T, U, W

Long vowels are written with double vowels. The Lieber-Dikepa lexicon also uses double consonants to represent the aspirated consonants in certain cases, namely nasals (where doubled ng is nng), w, h, and l.

Consonants
Kapingamarangi has 18 consonants:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and.

Vowels
Kapingamarangi has ten vowels.

Lieber and Dikepa write the long vowels as $⟨aa⟩$, $⟨ee⟩$, $⟨ii⟩$, $⟨oo⟩$, and $⟨uu⟩$. For example, duli 'bird' contrasts with dulii 'small' or 'little'.

Kapingamarangi vowel phonemes have diphthongs because in Kapingamarangi language, it is possible to have any two vowels next to each other. For example, the word eidu spirit, ghost, monster has a diphthong with the letters and.

Syllable structure
The syllable structure of the Kapingamarangi language is VV, VVV, VCV, CVV, CCVV, CVCV, and CCVCV. In Kapingamarangi, like most Polynesian languages, it is impossible for a word to end in a consonant, but it is possible for there to be two consonants together, as long as it is the same letter.

Example: The term for un-groomed hair is libgo wwana. In this term, the two (W's) stand together in the word wwana.

Basic word order
There are three possible word orders in the Kapingamarangi language. The word order of Kapingamarangi is SVO (subject–verb–object), VSO (Verb Subject Object), or OSV (Object Verb Subject). SVO is the commonly used word order, followed by VSO, and finally OSV is the least used and is a very case in the language. The word order for questions is the same as they are for statements. In research for the grammar of Kapingamarangi, deciphering reasoning or specific uses for the alternative word orders are unsure.

ex. Mee gu noho I dono hale. He is staying at the house.

Morphology
Morphology is another pivotal element to understanding the grammar of Kapingamarangi. Morphology is the descriptive analysis of words. The morphology of Kapingamarangi is extremely extensive. The word classes in Kapingamarangi are pronouns, possessives, demonstratives, verbs, nouns, adverbs, adjectives, negatives, particles, conjunctions, and interjections.

Many verbs can take a prefix, but even more verbs take a suffix. For example, a verb may have a prefix like haka- before a word, and a suffix like –ina after a word. Like the French language, adjectives follow nouns; and adverbs follow verbs, adjectives, and/or demonstratives. Negatives in Kapingamarangi immediately precede verbs or verb particles. Conjunctions mark serial relationships, and interjections denote emotion.

The pronouns in Kapingamarangi can be dual (two people), plural (more than two people), inclusive (including the addressee), or exclusive (excluding the addressee). Serial relationships are expressed by the pronoun mo, which means "and". For example, "David and I" would be, "Kimaua mo David". The pronouns in the Kapingamarangi language are very different from the pronouns in the English language. The pronouns in Kapingamarangi are not gender specific. For example, Kinae means "him or her"; therefore the gender must be translated through the context of a sentence or conversation.

Reduplication
Reduplication is a common concept that appears in the Kapingamarangi language, and is relevant to understanding the grammar of Kapingamarangi. Reduplication is the repetition of a root word. The reduplication of Kapingamarangi can be achieved in two different fashions: partial and full reduplication. The fully reduplicated form is generated by the full repetition of the base form, while partial reduplication is generated by partial repetition of the base form. Reduplication usually depicts continued or repeated action. For example, tapa is a single flash of lightning, while tapatapa is repeated flashing. In Kapingamarangi, reduplication can be done with the first two syllables, or it can be done with the final two syllables. There is only one word in the lexicon of Kapingamarangi that displays a partially reduplicated form; the word baba is the only word that is partially reduplicated, and it reduplicates to the word babaa.

Examples:
 * Tapa – single flash of lightning
 * Tapatapa – repeated flashing
 * Uii – pick fruit
 * Uuii – pick a bunch of fruits
 * Waa – roar
 * Waawaa – repeated roaring
 * Mahi – strength, power, energy
 * Mahimahi – hard to pull out

Materials
Kapingamarangi has access to many different materials. One of the materials that the Kapingamarangi language has access to is an online talking dictionary. It is a dictionary where one can enter a word in English and it will automatically translate it to Kapingamarangi. Many words in this dictionary also have a vocal response on how to pronounce the word, which is why it is called a talking dictionary. This is a resource because it not only provides visual correlations between the English and Kapinga translation for a word, but it also has vocal responses so that scholars of Kapingamarangi can hear a word and how to correctly pronounce it. A Kapingamarangi lexicon has also been published by Michael D. Lieber and Kalio H. Dikepa.

Kapingamarangi also has access to a variety of books, including dictionaries, books that contain linguistic information, and even books about the atoll of Kapingamarangi. Many native speakers were involved in the translation project that resulted in the Kapingamarangi Bible. These are resources because they are full of information and are highly reliable. Websites like Facebook and YouTube also contain information on Kapingamarangi. The Facebook page is a Micronesia Language Revitalization Workshop page and it contains information about a workshop that was held all throughout Micronesia, including Kapingamarangi. There is a YouTube video of an interview with a speaker who is bilingual in both English and Kapinga and he explains the importance of speaking Kapingamarangi and language revitalization. There are also selections of poetry in Kapingamarangi.

Intergenerational transmission
It is likely that Kapingamarangi is being transmitted to children, because attempts to revitalize Kapingamarangi are being carried out, and the number of speakers keeps increasing. Since the language is taught in schools, it can be assumed that language is being passed down to the next generation. Since Kapingamarangi has so many resources for people to go to, children have access to a variety of resources to assist their education of the language. Kapingamarangi is not endangered; however, it is threatened. The language is taught in schools and churches, but is not used in all domains. According to Ethnologue, Kapingamarangi is taught in primary schools. It is also used at home, in the community, and in churches. The language is at a current growing state, and might become a language in the near future.

title: Kapingamarangi language


text:
List of Singapore Armed Forces bases

The following is a list of the camps and bases of the Singapore Armed Forces.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Singapore Armed Forces bases


text:
Talk:Blatcherism

Comments
Source, please. Charles Matthews 08:42, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Material cut from page. Charles Matthews 10:42, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Another characteristic of the complex phenomenon we know as 'blatcherism' is covered by the German word, 'kinderfeindlichkeit'. When Germans use it they mean societal or official coldness or hostility towards children.

Arguably, a wave of British kinderfeindlichkeit first openly manifested as Education Minister Thatcher's withdrawal of school children's free milk, was amplified later by a government culture coloured by the personal/political philosophy indicated by Prime Minister Thatcher's notorious "there is no such thing as society" outburst, and subsided during a brief spell of relatively benign 'one-nation' Conservative government.

Reinvigourated by 'new' blatcherist government in forms typified by Prime Minister Blair's 1997 high profile 1997 discriminatory campaign against single-handed parents and their children, and by lower profile actions like that of his Health Minister Dobson's concurrent abolition of school dental services. It peaked in the repetitive electionering promises by both main contestants to "hard working families" (code for part-time parents) and is displayed in 2005 by Prime Minister Blair's declared "war" on society's own alienated children as "yobs", aggravated by his presidential government's 2005 implementation of a "toothless" "glorified TV presenter" as England's Commissioner For Children, in contrast with powerful Children's champions in mainland Europe and elsewhere. Kinderfeindlichkeit, it can therefore be argued, is one of the defining characteristics of blatcherism that helps us clearly differentiate it, not only from "previous postwar political consensus" in Britain and from current mainland European culture, but also from mainstream neoconservatism.

Another secondary characteristic, government dominated by leaders characterised by huge egos supported by less than commensurate intellect is suggested by recent implementation of a series of toothless "Commissioner" offices (HealthCare, Information, Children's, et al) populated by jolly good chaps who can be relied on not to rock the political boat in the way that Commissioner Elizabeth Filkin did a couple of years ago - and by recent books written by associates associates

An earlier, approving, use of the term
'Blatcherism' was used rather earlier the article suggests, and not by a critic of neo-liberal economics; it's used in an approving article of May 2001 by Brian Lee Crowley, the President of the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies (I don't know if he invented the term). Crowley writes:

'Like Clem Attlee before her, she [Margaret Thatcher] refashioned the mould of British politics. Her greatest political victory was the fact that she made the Labour party unelectable as long as it clung to the failed tenets of democratic socialism. Michael Foot, the socialist conscience of the Labour party of the 1960s and '70s, cut a Quixotic figure as Labour leader in the early '80s, promising to roll back the privatizations, the fiscal discipline, the reforms of welfare. Only a Thatcherite leader could bring Labour within the new political consensus in Britain. Tony Blair was that leader.

'In fact, the new political consensus in that country is now sometimes called Blatcherism.

'Blatcherism was born when Tony Blair saw off the trade unions that demanded the party toe their line, when he agreed to leave the Thatcherite legacy largely intact, and to be as fiscally disciplined as the Tories. In fact, he also embraced the consumer-oriented philosophy of the Tories in other areas and maintained, for example, tough testing in the schools, publishing annually the league tables of how every school in the country performs, over the objections of the once all-powerful teachers' unions.'

http://www.aims.ca/cm_Print.asp?cmPageID=200&typeID=4&id=474&fd=0&p=10&pg=newsletters.asp

 * It was also in use rather earlier than the Crowley article, by myself among others. - but aside from that Crowley also asserts : " Blatcherism was born when Tony Blair... agreed to leave the Thatcherite legacy largely intact.... In fact, he also embraced the consumer-oriented philosophy of the Tories...." adding momentum to the slide into a gluttony driven economy that produces nothing that other societies want to buy and a society that makes "war" (nice mr. Blair) on its own alienated children.

An appeal to would-be censors
Would blatcherist zealots kindly refrain from vandalising the page and its text hyperlinks and reference links. By all means contribute (supported) alternative/variant meanings, but kindly refrain from characteristically sociopathic blatcherist vandalism as censorship of the kind also displayed here : http://politics.guardian.co.uk/labour2005/story/0,16394,1580713,00.html ,in misuse of Section 44 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act, as predicted, as an instrument of the Ministry of Truth. Thank you.

 * This kind of language actually does not help anyone engage in debate, when it comes to content disputes. Charles Matthews 08:36, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Meaning that you condone the clumsy deliberately anti-social vandalism, as distinct from "debate", that was perpetrated again today - well done.

 * Hang on - are you here to construct, or to abuse people? Let me make a point. If you think New Labour's policy on children and youth is worth an article, create it. Charles Matthews 20:19, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for the invitation - I'll try to find the time, although as kinderfeindlichkeit is a defining characteristic of blatcherism before and after the Major years of 'one-nation' Conservatism, it should be at least superficially covered by, and for the same reason should not be excluded from, development of the 'blatcherism' topic, otherwise we end up with a page of porridge about something other than 'blatcherism' - meantime do you, unlike whoever is deliberately vandalising the main page, have anything useful to contribute towards the development of the topic "blatcherism", by for example tendering some supported/supportable argument in place of personal attack on other contributors?

 * I'm not going to be intimidated out of editing the page into shape by cliched verbals, actually. So just drop the 'vandal' this and George Orwell that. Charles Matthews 06:15, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

In other words your answer is 'no' - you do not have anything supportable to contribute in place of the 'me, me, me' focus. If and when you decide to focus on constructive development of the topic, do let us have your (supported) input for consideration.

 * You just don't get it. I should be able to edit the page, in accordance with Wikipedia's policies, without silly shouting about 'censorship'. Some of the references on the page are on-topic, some are not. I'm going to tidy it all up again. When I do, displays of 'attitude' on your part are not going to be in my mind, but the requirements of policy, on neutral point of view. After about 41000 edits here, I think I might know what the policies are. There is little point you abusing me further. Charles Matthews 08:01, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

In other words you cannot plead ignorance when making time-consuming work for busy contributers who don't enjoy the amount of spare time that you brandish, by breaking links, deleting on topic references and supported comment - and substituting shallow unsupported personal opinion. The meaning of "blatcherism" is determined by the majority of users of the descriptor, not by a tiny opinionated minority who wish to believe that censorship can change the reality of usage, in the manner of a 21st century Ministry of Truth. If you can unearth usage that supports your prejudices, submit it as a minority opinion without deleting majority references and usage, otherwise shut up. Better still use some of your apparently ample spare time to do something useful by for example polishing the page instead of vandalising it, since I and others dont have the time to.

 * You will really save yourself plenty of time if you figure out how WP works. Political blogging is out.

So is misrepresenting reality and sources in the way that you do.

 * Aggressive language aimed to deter others from editing your contributions is right out. Verbal fluency can backfire, if all it says is negative. 'Blatcherism' has a low number of Google hiis.

Google is your bible? Oh Dear!

 * WP articles should be crisp, and, when it comes to politics, understated. You are still using 'vandal' in a bullying way. However, patience prevails here. Charles Matthews 07:54, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

http://www.geocities.com/cronyblatcher/ -  HA! HA! HA! , I love it. Whose idea was that?

Origin of this term
Who invented this term? Is it widely used amongst political scientists? Lapafrax 05:59, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a good question, but does the answer content matter? Maybe the French language evolves either not at all, or differently. English language developement/evolution is essentially brute usage driven. Somebody invents a neologism. It takes root and spreads as a virus does, thereby enhancing the thought processes that differentiate humans from other apes, or it doesn't and dies.

 * It gets a few Google hits, not that many. No reason to hang long discussions of all and everything about Blair on it. I have reverted all the rambling about 'banana republic' etc., and I have cut back the external links to those which are roughly on-topic. Charles Matthews 15:47, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In that case we should close down Wikipedia and refer instead to "Google" - not!

 * That ain't necessary, it's already superseded Wikipedia - "blatcherism" according to Google - there was an interesting discussion by Andrew Marr and (intellectually) fairly heavy weight guests (as distinct from minnows who zealously vandalise this space in the cause of party-political correctitude) on a BBC radio programme when I was driving to work this morning 21-11-05. The agreed outcome was to the effect that Google has already displaced 'books' and 'books-on-line' like Wikipedia et al, as people's first and most trusted source of information, because of the technology's resistance to censorship.

 * Are you refering to Radio 4's Start the Week? They must have broadcast a different program where you live, because when I listened, they did not say anything like that. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 22:44, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Non politically motivated editing
As a replacement student allocated, by the 'owning' (that means original page initiater) school, the job of overseeing the evolution of this page, I've removed the following para (feel free to discuss if you wish) on the ground that it plays into the hands of the thought police because it does tend to reflect Blairism back onto poor ol' Thatcher to an unsupported extent - however do by all means deliver the support if it can be unearthed:
 * Less easily related to the 'banana republic' theme, because the connection is made more tenuous by existence of some actual banana republic's the leadership of which does not wage "war" [quote Blair], on their own alienated children, is the announcememnt by a 'minimaggie' (excuse the neologism - it's shorthand for the succession of child 'free' women who appear onstage as fronts for blatcherism) today, that teachers are to be authorised to 'physically restrain' alienated children.

 * No ownership of any kind here. Charles Matthews 15:50, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Flagrantly prejudiced 'editing' (replacement of supported content by unsupported woofage and even misrepresentation of sources like Cockburn), tallies with both apparent inability to differentiate beteen " 'owned' " as I used it and "ownership" as you used it, and admitted reliance on a commercial source "google"  What *is* your native language? It isn't English apparently.

 * Flagrant misrepresentation by you of Major's 'one nation' Conservative Government as no different from the Thatcher and Blair ['banana republician', warmongering over oil/pipelines - 'ere, do tell us you didn't know about the Falklland oilfields] blatcherist governments with their social and economic policies and practices that are the antithesis of 'one nation' anything'ism' - is characteristically politically motivated. Do try Hyde Park Corner instead of Wikipedia, there's a sweetie.

 * That's just abuse. There are plenty of policy pages on relevant topics (personal attacks, editing from a POV and so on). Spam links (such as those to pages run for fringe left political parties) are against policy, too. Charles Matthews 07:27, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * So is unscrupulous politically motivated misrepresentation by exclusion of evidence aggravated by thought police misquoting of sources. Oh and btw, about your conceptual confusion over - or is it 'English as a second language' misuse of - the English language descriptor 'left-wing' as a term of intended abuse, the thought police are according to Eric Blair and usage, an arm of a 'left-wing' State, and the TP are *not* on this side here. We're not the would-be censors here.

 * You've violated the three-revert rule, despite warning. This is a blocking offence. Charles Matthews 13:03, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Just to expand on what Charles wrote: the three-revert rule states that you can't revert a page back to its prior state more than three times in a 24-hour period. This rule is to prevent edit wars. If you do this again, you will be blocked from contributing to Wikipedia again.
 * I wrote a more complete warning at User talk:80.42.76.76. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 13:34, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

That which you accomplished, apparently, is to render Google a more informative source than Wikipedia.

 * Indeed ! I inserted a 'reference' to 'blatcherism' according to Google this morning and within five minutes Mathews et al had deleted it - that's a kind of suicide.

NPOV tag
I am amazed that such a minor topic can have so much ink spilt on its talk page. On second thoughts, no, I'm not. The article as it stands is short but well-refernced, and will probably never get bigger.

 * There is only one reference on the page. On Google Trends there isn't any data on the term Blatcherism, Blatcherism also isn't found in any books using Google Books Ngram tool. Both Blairite and Thatcherism are recognised in the English Corpus; Blatcherism is however not present Robincard (talk) 18:46, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

I think you mean that you intend to see to it that it 'gets no bigger'.

If no-one objects shortly I'll remove the NPOV and cleanup tags. The Land 15:23, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Go ahead. Charles Matthews 16:02, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

To finish the censorship job? It won't work. I watched the development of this page and for your info censorship is ALWAYS counter-productive. The 'crime' the banned writer was accused of was actually perpetrated by "Mathews" and co. Don't believe me, check the records (unless they've been censored too).

 * I've removed them, for now. If you can provide evidence of previous or alternative uses, or what certain commentarors actually said, then we can improve the article.

 * Every time anybody provides such evidence it is immediately vandalised by Mathews

However, persistent reversions of the page may be regarded as vandalism and could result in your being prevented from editing Wikipedia. The Land 14:27, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The only apparent (according to the records I have seen) persistent perpetrator of (instantaneous in reflection of the zeal) "reversions" is "Mathews", therefore kindly get on with the ban so that the rest of us can develop the page without it being persistently and repeatedly vandalised by one or more zealots.

anti censorship area
This is the edited version :

Blatcherism is a term formed as a combination of the names of two British politicians, Tony Blair (Labour Party) and Margaret Thatcher (Tory). It is used by critics of neo-liberal economics to refer to the thesis that a policy model of the devisive Thatcher government as distinct from the 'one-nation' Major government, was resumed when Blair came to power.

An early sighting of this term was in 2001, used by Brian Lee Crowley[1], a Canadian commentator. It mimics the much older Butskellism frequently used to describe the post-war consensus established on the UK's welfare state. It has been used, for example, by the journalist Alexander Cockburn, in preference to Blairism. Cockburn would be extremely angry if he knew his content was being misrepresented as above.

Much earlier ones exist but are presumably deemed to be unacceptable on a scale of political correctitude by Wikepdia's censors.

The term is also used as shorthand by Ananyeva (Polis Journal - Political studies - No.5, 2001) and others. It then refers to that which is "personified by T. Blair" and has "substituted for the previous postwar political consensus", as an approach to a solution to Britain's modernisation problems that is compatible with Thatcherism. Ananyeva would be horrified by the half-truth. What a fraud! The correct quote is as follows : "consensual with neoconservatism as embodied in thatcherism"

 * Vandalise the page once more, and you'll be blocked. Anyone can edit Wikipedia, but pushing a POV is not toleratedCharles Matthews 14:12, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * wrote a persistent vandalism offender

You can say that again. There follows my editing this morning. Watch to see how long it remains free from vandalism and flagrant misrepresentation of sources : Blatcherism is a term formed as a combination of the names of two British politicians, Tony Blair (Labour Party) and Margaret Thatcher (Tory). It is used by critics of neo-liberal economics to refer to the thesis that a policy model of the Thatcher and Major governments was retained when Blair came to power.

An early sighting of this term was in 2001, used by Brian Lee Crowley[1], a Canadian commentator. It mimics the much older Butskellism frequently used to describe the post-war consensus established on the UK's welfare state. It has been used, for example, by the journalist Alexander Cockburn, in preference to Blairism. An earlier "sighting" is usage in 1995 when Hilary Wainright (Red Pepper) observed "Beware Blatcherism - the new Labour leadership has appropriated and rejigged the framework laid down by Thatcher" (as distinct from Major).

The term is also used as shorthand by Ananyeva (Polis Journal - Political studies - No.5, 2001) According to Ananyeva (Polis Journal - Political studies - No.5, 2001), "blatcherism" is currently "personified by T.Blair", has "substituted for the previous postwar political consensus", and is "consensual" with "neoconservatism as embodied in thatcherism" in the approach to a solution to Britain's modernisation problems.

 * I removed the reference to Wainright, as no source is given. Furthermore, it seems unnecessary to repeat the reference to the Polis Journal. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 14:14, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * We have an article on Hilary Wainwright (NB spelling) and Red Pepper (magazine). There is no reason these can't be mentioned in the article. All it takes is slightly better references: just saying 1995 is a little vague. Charles Matthews 15:29, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Unlike Mathews "just saying" 2001 which of course is not "a little vague"

 * You know, there is an actual link to an actual web page there. Now perhaps if you do provide a Red Pepper reference we can improve the page. (You won't get far with Google if you omit letters randomly from people's names.) Charles Matthews 22:30, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, the article in Red Pepper that the link points to now does not explicitly say that they used the word back in 1997.
 * It does - " before" Blair conned his way into office = "1997" (or earlier - in fact it was 1997)

 * My point is that they did not say that they used the word "blatcherism" in 1997. They said that they accused Blair of blatcherism back then, but that leaves open the possibility that they used a different word. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 15:59, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * yes dear - take a deep breath and let me put it this way: "we accused Blair of blatcherism" is a usage of descriptor 'blatcherism', I think

 * The relevance of the last link added, from Glasgow University, is not clear to me. It does not even mention the word Blatcherism.
 * The term then favoured by the Media unit at GU was "New Right" which didn't take root and was effectively displaced by more precise and accurately descriptive (of the local British phenomenon) 'blatcherism' - the article outlines the birth of what we now call 'blatcherism', that effectively communicates the 'New Right' root of what we now call 'blatcherism' - to complete the picture and help you 'get head around' it I've added link 'Television Politics and the New Right' http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:mlOatOZEzZMJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/sociology/units/media/television.pdf+Television,+Politics+and+the+Rise+of+the+New+Right&hl=en&client=firefox-a

I am also surprised by the insistence to separate Major's policy from Blatcherism. This does not seem to be supported by the sources. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 15:24, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * the term is 'blatcherism' not 'blajorism' or 'blajoratcherism' - the distinction speaks for itself about its meaning to users - look for a single instance of usage that does not imply the direct (often with sub-surface referrence to its neoconservative charactersitic) cultural link between Thatcher and Blair, bypassing Major - in fact had Major culture (as distinct from the day to day operations of a weak and distracted prime minister) not been quite different, then the term would not have taken root as a neologism referring to a real phenomenon - you need not take my word for it, take it from Blair who is a widely reported admirer and sometimes cardboard caricature (when the prevailing wind is that direction) of Thatcher not Major - there are also some reports that the admiration is mutual - at another level both have the same backers/allies - at another level, Thatcher and Blair both rank as clinical 'successful sociopaths' and Major doesn't - the proof of the pudding is the usage and the usage is a product of the birth of a clear public perception of a phenomenon in need of a shorthand descriptor to aid effective communications - as someone has suggested, ask Red Pepper's Ed. why she used 'blatcherism' as distinct from 'blajoratcherism' or 'blajorism'

 * You can add in that as a hypothesis (Major ≠ Thatcher) to the whole thing. I'm not convinced about that: there was a small change under Major on public spending, but perhaps not a real change of attitude. Anyway that is small potatoes, compared to other issues about the page. By the way, Hilary Wainwright has an email address on a web page, and the Red Pepper business could be checked just by asking her. Charles Matthews 15:58, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * the 'other (major)issue' is your apparent determination to convert what is essentially a derogatory term into something that reflects differently on nice mr. Blair's personal career path

You know, it is difficult enough to write sensibly about politics within our 'neutral point of view' policy. Deliberate slanting of what is on the page, and abuse in discussion, make it much harder. This is not, in fact, a particularly important or widespread term in political discourse in the UK. Charles Matthews 10:04, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * wrong - it refers to a significant sociopolitical shift from "butskellism" to 'blatcherism' - the fact that it not in widespread use in the mass media referred to in 'Television Politics and the New Right' http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:mlOatOZEzZMJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/sociology/units/media/television.pdf+Television,+Politics+and+the+Rise+of+the+New+Right&hl=en&client=firefox-a
 * or in the mass media owned/influenced by the backers of both Thatcher and Blair, is symptomatic of another facet of blatcherist culture that has a tentacle in this space - its sometimes referred to as 'news' management, I prefer Eric Blair's concept floating on a raft of patronage systems and 'shoot the messenger' (or 'Kelly') syndrome

I don't think there is any conspiracy not to use this term. People just don't use it. I don't think a journalist on the The Guardian thinks, ooo, better not use that word. All Wikipedia does in such a situation is to document usage. The article now seems to me to be proportionate, and to use neutral language. No doubt it can be improved. Most articles here can. Charles Matthews 11:09, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * It is a culture not a 'conspiracy' and a significant defence mechanism among its adherents is to resort to labeling critics as 'conspiracy theorists' - I am inclined, subject to reconsideration when more spare time available, to agree that the page now fairly accurately communicates a flavour of the (significant) phenomenon.
 * correction - at this level its a culture, at the level of nice messrs Blair, Murdoch, Black and the new intimidated BBC management, et al, its a conspiracy

OK, that's a step forward then. I've just sent Hilary Wainwright an email, to see if she can cast further light. Charles Matthews 11:28, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * no prob - I've unearthed both a contemporary and an earlier usage anyway - and incidentally I object to the removal of link 'Television Politics and the New Right' http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:mlOatOZEzZMJ:www.gla.ac.uk/departments/sociology/units/media/television.pdf+Television,+Politics+and+the+Rise+of+the+New+Right&hl=en&client=firefox-a

 * for the reason illustrated by your chum's above displayed need for it to enable him/her to get head around the roots and development, via the "New Right", of 'blatcherism' as a radical shift from 'Butskellism'

It's entirely an analysis of broadcast media,

 * it's essential (as was demonstrated above by your chum) to anybody without first hand relevant experience, to understanding of the sinews of growth and propagation of the "New Right" as precursor of "New Labour" as a vote winning facade/vehicle for 'blatcherism'

and hardly relevant. Charles Matthews 14:45, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * in your opinion, the unbalanced flavour of which is adequately illustrated above - the shift from butskellism to blatcherism could not have happened, in fact was enabled if not driven by to some extent, by crude mass media engineering - the most recent example we have of the bits thereof that surface, is the intimidation of the BBC over its failure to misrepresent the killing of whistle-blower Kelly, by sacking its top brass and stuffing the top job with a reliable 'crony' (Grade) equipped/armed with billions in hypothecated taxes - if only Eric Blair could be here to comment....

 * I think this article should only discuss the term "Blatcherism" by itself: it is a contraction of Blairism and Thatcherism, it is used by so-and-so, etc. The article should not discuss the thesis that the political consensus in the UK shifted to the right in the last two decades,

 * Three decades - and btw, it ain't 'to the right' - it's actually to a bizarre powderpuffland of cronycapitalism and manufactured 'reality', or as one user puts it : blatcherisation of Britain was an essential ingredient or symptom (according to which way round you see cause/effect) of the banana republicanisation of Britain
 * added 27-11-05 glimpse of the banarepublicanisation of blatcherist Britain, nice mr Blair's reported response is to tut tut and pretend that he ain't the principal architect of the traffic and guardian at British taxpayers' expense of the Albanian traffickers - it reminds of his speeches about 'drugs at our school gates' that implicitly deny being a military enabler/protector of the Afghan/Balkan oil/narcotics/people pipelines - is this characteristic of the Blair government comparable with Thatcher's Falkland oilfield war and the great North Sea bonanza, at British paxpayers' expense (we are already importing vast quantities of gas/oil/coal in 2005), for cronies? Pending closer scrutiny, lets just say that the art of making war with taxpayers' money to protect cronies' financial interests, is, arguably, another strand of blatcherism.

Update : BBC reporter Andrew North from Afghanistan 0720 hrs 29-11-05 : "So far British forces (in Afghanistan) have avoided confrontation with drug producers/traffickers, focussing instead on suppressing the Taliban (who, had effectively suppressed the narcotics trade)". Told y'so..... remember that report next time a blatcherist whinges about "the drugs at our school gates" and tries to blame somebody else.
 * (address, maliciously and characteristicially inserted by a blatcherist, deleted with warning that such conduct is not only a gross contravention of netiquette but could also be construed as a criminal offence if criminal activity successfully incited by the malicious publication) -
 * I have news for you. Your IP address is available. If you don't want your IP number to be available, you should create an account or not contribute at all. And the netiquette here is to sign your posts at the talk page and not to call other editors names. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 14:39, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

I have news for you too dearie - firstly it aint 'news' and secondly the fact that your 'news' isn't news isn't a defence in the event of succesful incitement - and btw, thanks for acknowledgeing that usage of "blatcherist" is regarded by the target as a form of abuse

 * "When is a cut not a cut? When mr. Blair says it is a cut" - BBC radio 13.20 hrs 28-11-2005.

 * Come on, you cannot simply add all newspaper articles about things going wrong in Britain. The least the article should do is to establish a link with "blatcherism". The link that you mention is only your own interpretation and not supported in any way by the article. By the way, if you do cite a newspaper article, you should follow the academic conventions and give the title of the article, the author (if known) and the title of the newspaper. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 10:57, 28 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Since bananarepublicanisation of Britain is the primary goal of blatcherists, it's reasonable to cover the process and its outcomes - unless you want to argue that the goal is purely a subversive political one? I'm willing to consider supported argument to that effect but would take a lot of convincing. Someone did try suggesting that it was in the cause of producing a lame duck offshore basket case that could be easily absorbed as an American theme park cum aircraaft carrier, with a postmodern mainland Europe's ('good riddance') blessing, but when you look at the main players pulling he strings of B & B, it simply doesn't wash.

 * nor should it discuss the influence of the government on the mass media. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 15:59, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * in other words you err.. 'think' that the term should be 'sanitised' by being divorced from its layered meaning, and insulated from what we know of the origins and development of the phenomenon to which it refers - Eric Blair would simply luv this, if only...

Wikipedia is not a soapbox is part of official policy. Articles should stay on-topic. Charles Matthews 08:48, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * and refrain from misrepresenting or excluding usage in the cause of canonising the 'successful sociopaths' (in the clinical meaning of that term - unless somebody wants to argue that they are jointly and severally intentionally subversive of British society and the British economy) messrs Thatcher et Blair - the bottom line is that 'blatcherist' is an epithet and 'blatcherism' is a derogatory descriptor

- and the blatcherism driven bananarepublicanisation of Britain continues unabated http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4493008.stm - the funniest part of this iceberg tip is how when caught red-handed the perpetrators are given tax-financed "counseeling" HA! HA! HA! - when they were caught not so long ago spending there 'working' days watching child pornography at taxpayers' expense, it was also quietly swept under the carpet

14 April 2007
Whoever has vandalised todays (140407) : 1. editing (note not deletion as was actually deserved in the cause of accuracy and avoidance of contradiction by the 2005 agreed content) kindly desist; 2. updated 'external links';

kindly desist. Wikipedia is not, repeat not, a soapbox

edits
I disagree with the edits made by 82.35.32.190. They seem to subjective and not objective enough for an encyclopaedia. For example, why the derogatory comments about New Labour's Third Way? It really should be more balanced in nature. And which "others" believe that Britain economic success over the past fifteen years has contributed to a lack of social cohesion? Really, academic sources or works by political writers/scientists should be used as citations, not ignorant lay people on the Internet. Lapafrax 00:20, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree and I have reverted. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 12:50, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Blatcherism


text:
Lake Mulwala

Lake Mulwala, a man-made reservoir created through the construction of the Yarrawonga Weir across the Murray River, is located between and  in Hume region of Victoria and  in the Riverina region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The weir was constructed in 1939 to provide water for irrigation in the surrounding district. The weir also serves as a crossing of the Murray between the two towns; in addition to the crossing located via the Mulwala Bridge.

Location and features
The road bridge across the lake was built before the lake was filled, commenced in 1917, and completed in 1924. It replaced an earlier wooden bridge built in 1889–1891. The bridge was started from both ends, each by the respective state government. However, they did not coordinate their efforts, and the bridge has a dip and a bend in the middle to make the two ends meet.

The Yarrawonga Weir is the farthest downstream obstruction across the Murray that does not have a navigation lock through it. When full, the lake is 124.9 m above sea level. The weir is 1992 km upriver from the river mouth.

Lake Mulwala is a renowned fishery for the native Murray cod and is one of the few places where this Australian native freshwater fish is still reasonably common.

title: Lake Mulwala


text:
Frank Amyot

Francis Amyot (September 14, 1904 – November 21, 1962) was a Canadian sprint canoeist who competed in the 1930s. He won Canada's only gold medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Biography
Amyot was born in Thornhill, Ontario. On June 18, 1933 he saved Ottawa Rough Riders Dave Sprague and Eddie Bond from drowning, when their canoe overturned on Lake Deschenes.

Amyot won Canada's only gold medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics in the C-1 1000m canoeing event. This proved embarrassing to Canadian officials who had refused to pay his way. In 1936, Britannia Boating Club raised money for Frank Amyot's Olympic Fund campaign. When he won the 1000 meter championship in the 1936 Olympic Games, Frank Amyot of BYC raced the Canadian canoe, which is different from the type of canoe he had raced in Canadian Canoe Association meets. Although he had seen blueprints, Amyot paddled the Canadian canoe for the first time during the final training stages in Germany. On July 18, 1942, Lieutenant Frank Amyot attended a meeting of 17 Britannia Boating Club members, in army and civilian war jobs during World War II, at Holborn Restaurant in London, England.

When his body was examined by medical personnel during an autopsy, they found cancer all over his body, which they believe is the cause of his death.

Legacy
Amyot was inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame in 1949 and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1955.

In 1964, the Britannia Yacht Club presented the Frank Amyot Memorial Trophy awarded to Junior Men C-15 Canoe Kayak Canada Canadian Sprint Canoe Kayak Championships, in loving memory of Frank Amyot, a life member of the club, Olympic Single Blade Singles C-1 Gold Medallist (1936), and distinguished member of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.

In 2012, the Britannia Yacht Club stairwell featured a display with a photo of Frank Amyot and a collection of his trophies.

title: Frank Amyot


text:
User talk:Herbito

First became active contributor to Wikipedia in July 2005.

Welcome!
Hello Herbito, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like it here and decide to stay.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * Read the tutorial and learn how to edit a page.
 * Experiment in the sandbox.
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset.
 * Try to edit from a neutral point of view.
 * Use talk pages to communicate with other editors.
 * Be bold in updating pages.
 * Eventually, read the Manual of Style and learn about the Five Pillars of Wikipedia.
 * And most importantly, have fun!

If you need any help, see the help pages and glossary, add a question to the help desk, or ask me on my talk page.

I hope you will enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Good luck! — Bcat

title: User talk:Herbito


text:
Super RTL

Super RTL is a German free-to-air television network owned by RTL Deutschland. The channel originally launched in 1995 as a joint venture between RTL Group predecessor company CLT-UFA and Disney's Buena Vista International Television Investments (later Disney International Operations) division.

The channel operates under three different programming slots - Toggolino, which is aimed at pre-schoolers, Toggo, which is aimed at mainstream children, and RTL Super, which is aimed at families and young adults.

History
On 24 August 1994, with Jeffrey Katzenberg's resignation, a reorganization of Disney Company took place in which Richard Frank became head of newly formed Disney Television and Telecommunications (DTT), which included Walt Disney Television International, which held Disney's Super RTL stake. The Luxembourgish CLT (owners of the German RTL channel) made a deal with Disney to form RTL Disney Fernsehen GmbH & Co. in 1995.

Super RTL
Super RTL was finally launched on 28 April 1995, with The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh as its first ever program (aside from showing Disney Channel's "TV" ident, Super RTL is not owned by Disney Branded Television, instead, it was owned by Disney's Buena Vista International Television Investments division). The Disney-CC/ABC merger led to DTT being split up in April 1996, Walt Disney Television International was transferred to Capital Cities/ABC in that same month. CC/ABC combined the international units, Walt Disney Television International and ACIBG, into Disney–ABC International Television (DAIT) in July. Around the same time, in the 1990s, Bertelsmann ultimately came out on top after having gradually increased its stake in the German television channel RTL. Following a legal dispute with RTL/CLT, Bertelsmann announced plans to merge the television businesses of UFA to form the joint venture CLT-UFA in April 1996. A merger agreement was signed on 8 July 1996. It was approved by the CLT board of directors on 5 December, and the formation of CLT-UFA was completed on 14 January 1997. As a result, German television channels such as RTL Television and VOX and international broadcasting services, including M6 in France, were all brought together under one roof.

The Fun & Action Tour, a Germany-wide roadshow event for children, was started in 1997 featuring TV program characters. The tour was later renamed the Toggo Tour. The following year, the channel became the top view channel by the 3-to-13-year-old target age group.

In 1999, the joint venture saw its channel make a net profit of DM 4.5 million, launched its website and started the Super RTL Licensing Agency to make more revenues from TV licensing. A new managing director, Claude Schmit, took charge of the venture in 2000.

Also in 2000, the preschool programming is labeled "Toggolino". Toggolino Club is started in 2002 and offers paid pre-school children education content.

The Toggo umbrella brand was introduced in 2001 for all activities for 6- to 13-year-old children. In 2002, Sony BMG label, Berlin Records, released the first Toggo Music CD. SuperRTL began using the 'Family Cartoon' rating label in 2006 for family viewing suitable animated films shown on Friday and Saturday night.

In 2005, Super RTL was granted a broadcast license for the preschool pay-TV channel Toggolino TV by the government media regulators for young children between the ages of 3 and 6. However, Toggolino TV was never launched. Bertelsmann turned over the learning platform Scoyo to Super RTL in 2009. In mid-2013, Super RTL, RTL II and four other RTL channels were available over Zattoo live streaming service under the first deal between a German broadcaster and an over the top platform company.

Program contents' changes, and post-Disney era
With the announcement of the launch of a free-to-air German version of Disney Channel causing a loss of Disney programming, Super RTL signed volume deals in October 2013 with Warner Bros. Worldwide Television Distribution and Sony Pictures Television for a slate of animated features and DreamWorks Animation (DWA) for 1,200 hours of programming until 2020. The DWA deal included shows from the Classic Media library. The channel also acquired programming to expand its views in the evenings with more adult TV shows to debut in its fall 2014 schedule: ABC Family's Pretty Little Liars, ABC's Once Upon a Time and Scandal and Syfy's Lost Girl supernatural series. As of 1 January 2014, Disney programming left the channel, because the broadcast version of Disney Channel launched on 17 January. However, Disney continued to hold its stake in the station.

RTL Disney TV LP launched its Kividoo subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) services on 28 April 2015. In February 2016, RTL Disney Television LP received approval for a second channel from the anti-media concentration commission KEK. granted the 10-year license to the company. On 15 March, RTL Disney TV announced that the second channel's name as "Toggo plus" after receiving the broadcast license from media authorities' licensing and supervision commission ZAK. Toggo Plus was planned to launch on 4 June 2016. Super RTL continued to expand its Toggo brand with plans to launch Toggo Radio channel, the first German children and family friendly channel, at the end of May 2020.

On March 3, 2021, the RTL Group announced they had fully acquired Disney's stake in the station and the limited partnership, putting Super RTL under its full control for the first time.

At the end of July 2023, it was announced that Super RTL would be renamed to "RTL Super" in the middle of August 2023. However, it was later confirmed that only Super RTL Primetime would rebrand under the name, and that the existing Super RTL channel wouldn't be affected.

On April 24, 2024, Super RTL entered into a new major partnership with Paramount Global to secure a new free-to-air broadcast deal for Nickelodeon programming in Germany, and to fully acquire Nickelodeon Germany and replace it with a standalone Toggo branded network, subject to approval.

Toggo

 * Abominable and the Invisible City
 * ALVINNN! and the Chipmunks
 * Angelo Rules
 * Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures
 * Barbie: It Takes Two
 * Boy Girl Dog Cat Mouse Cheese
 * DreamWorks Dragons: The Nine Realms
 * The Deep
 * Inspector Gadget
 * Karate Sheep
 * Grizzy and the Lemmings
 * Jade Armor
 * Mr Bean: The Animated Series
 * Lego City Adventures
 * LEGO DreamzZz
 * The Loud House
 * Mighty Express
 * Mighty Mike
 * Ninjago
 * Nate Is Late
 * Pokémon Ultimate Journeys: The Series
 * Petronix Defenders
 * Rabbids Invasion
 * Sally Bollywood: Super Detective
 * Scooby Doo and Guess Who?
 * Star Trek: Prodigy
 * New Looney Tunes
 * Teen Titans Go!
 * Tom and Jerry
 * The Tom and Jerry Show
 * Wild Kratts
 * Woozle Goozle
 * Zak Storm
 * SpongeBob SquarePants
 * Bella and the Bulldogs
 * The Fairly OddParents

Toggolino

 * 44 Cats
 * The Beachbuds
 * Caillou
 * Cocomelon
 * Dino Ranch
 * Hello Kitty: Super Style!
 * PAW Patrol
 * Peter Rabbit
 * Peppa Pig
 * Pocoyo
 * Ranger Rob
 * Super Wings
 * Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

RTL Super

 * Angel
 * Bones
 * Columbo
 * CSI: Miami
 * Caïn
 * House
 * Monk
 * Mr. Bean
 * On the Case
 * Rizzoli and Isles
 * Snapped
 * The Stalker Files
 * Without a Trace
 * The X-Files

Toggo

 * Almost Naked Animals
 * Angela Anaconda
 * Ben 10 (Revival series)
 * Butt-Ugly Martians
 * Camp Lakebottom
 * Camp Lazlo
 * DreamWorks Dragons
 * George of the Jungle
 * The Jungle Bunch
 * Lassie
 * The Lone Ranger
 * My Knight and Me
 * NASCAR Racers
 * Numb Chucks
 * The Powerpuff Girls
 * Phineas and Ferb
 * Sabrina: The Animated Series
 * Sabrina's Secret Life
 * The Skinner Boys: Guardians of the Lost Secrets
 * Turbo Fast
 * Zip Zip

Toggolino

 * Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps
 * Bob the Builder (original series)
 * Bob the Builder (revival series)
 * Blaze and the Monster Machines
 * Calimero (2013 series)
 * Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood
 * Kate and Mim-Mim
 * Justin Time
 * Madeline
 * Mike the Knight
 * Octonauts
 * Peg + Cat
 * Pirates: Adventures in Art
 * Strawberry Shortcake
 * Trucktown

Ravensburger TV

 * The Brothers Flub
 * Brum
 * Clowning Around
 * Costa
 * Donkey Kong Country (Series 2 only)
 * Enid Blyton – Secret Series
 * Flying Rhino Junior High
 * George Shrinks
 * Rotten Ralph
 * Spielgalaxie
 * Sweat
 * Timothy Goes to School

Programming blocks
Super RTL's broadcast day is split between three different umbrella brands.
 * Toggolino - Airs shows aimed at preschool audiences. The brand was first introduced in 2000.
 * Toggo - Super RTL's main umbrella brand. Airs programmes aimed at a 6-13-year-old audience. The brand was first introduced in 2001.
 * RTL Super - Airs repeats of drama shows and family-oriented live action movies. The brand was first introduced in 2019 as Super RTL Primetime and was renamed in August 2023.

From 3 June 2001 until 2005, Super RTL also ran another block titled Ravensburger TV. Operated by RTV Family Entertainment (now Your Family Entertainment), this block aired for two hours every day except for Saturdays, and functioned as a bridge-in-gap between Toggolino and Toggo, airing programs aimed at both demographics.

Kividoo
A subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) service that was launched on 28 April 2015. It features children's shows from DreamWorks Animation, Studio Hamburg, ZDF Enterprises, HIT Entertainment, BBC Studios and German publishing house Tessloff Verlag.

Toggo Plus
On 15 March 2016, it was announced that a timeshift service, Toggo Plus, would launch on 4 June 2016. The channel transmits Toggo and Toggolino's programs one hour later. Unlike the main Super RTL network, it is a paid service, and does not timeshift the "RTL Super" slot. Infomercials would fill out the remaining time. The launch allowed the Toggo/Toggolino strand to begin at 5:00am instead of 6:00am compared to before.

Toggo Radio
A radio channel that was launched on 15 June 2020. The channel is available on Super RTL platforms, online radio aggregators and smart devices and via Digital Audio Broadcasting, but not FM. Its content consists of chart music, children's songs and radio plays.

title: Super RTL


text:
Tin(II) oxide

Tin(II) oxide (stannous oxide) is a compound with the formula SnO. It is composed of tin and oxygen where tin has the oxidation state of +2. There are two forms, a stable blue-black form and a metastable red form.

Preparation and reactions
Blue-black SnO can be produced by heating the tin(II) oxide hydrate, SnO·xH2O (x<1) precipitated when a tin(II) salt is reacted with an alkali hydroxide such as NaOH.

Metastable, red SnO can be prepared by gentle heating of the precipitate produced by the action of aqueous ammonia on a tin(II) salt.

SnO may be prepared as a pure substance in the laboratory, by controlled heating of tin(II) oxalate (stannous oxalate) in the absence of air or under a CO2 atmosphere. This method is also applied to the production of ferrous oxide and manganous oxide.
 * SnC2O4·2H2O → SnO + CO2 + CO + 2 H2O

Tin(II) oxide burns in air with a dim green flame to form SnO2.

 * 2 SnO + O2 → 2 SnO2

When heated in an inert atmosphere initially disproportionation occurs giving Sn metal and Sn3O4 which further reacts to give SnO2 and Sn metal.
 * 4SnO → Sn3O4 + Sn
 * Sn3O4 → 2SnO2 + Sn

SnO is amphoteric, dissolving in strong acid to give tin(II) salts and in strong base to give stannites containing Sn(OH)3−. It can be dissolved in strong acid solutions to give the ionic complexes Sn(OH2)32+and Sn(OH)(OH2)2+, and in less acid solutions to give Sn3(OH)42+. Note that anhydrous stannites, e.g. K2Sn2O3, K2SnO2 are also known. SnO is a reducing agent and is thought to reduce copper(I) to metallic clusters in the manufacture of so-called "copper ruby glass".

Structure
Black, α-SnO adopts the tetragonal PbO layer structure containing four coordinate square pyramidal tin atoms. This form is found in nature as the rare mineral romarchite. The asymmetry is usually simply ascribed to a sterically active lone pair; however, electron density calculations show that the asymmetry is caused by an antibonding interaction of the Sn(5s) and the O(2p) orbitals. The electronic structure and chemistry of the lone pair determines most of the properties of the material.

Non-stoichiometry has been observed in SnO.

The electronic band gap has been measured between 2.5eV and 3eV.

Uses
The dominant use of stannous oxide is as a precursor in manufacturing of other, typically divalent, tin compounds or salts. Stannous oxide may also be employed as a reducing agent and in the creation of ruby glass. It has a minor use as an esterification catalyst.

Cerium(III) oxide in ceramic form, together with Tin(II) oxide (SnO) is used for illumination with UV light.

title: Tin(II) oxide


text:
File:Bluestinger.jpg

Summary
Blue Stinger box art. https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B00001P4Y6?v=glance&vi=reviews

Fair use rationale in Blue Stinger
It is contended that the use of this image qualifies as fair use in the article Blue Stinger because:
 * The games publisher has released no such images into the public domain, and a replacement image could not be created that would adequately provide the same information.
 * The image is being used for identification purposes in the article on Blue Stinger.
 * Simple prose could not generate the same identification abilities in the context of the above article.
 * The image resolution has been significantly decreased from the original, so copies made from it would be of inferior quality
 * The use of this image neither detracts from the game nor inhibits its salability in any way.

title: File:Bluestinger.jpg


text:
Law of comparative judgment

The law of comparative judgment was conceived by L. L. Thurstone. In modern-day terminology, it is more aptly described as a model that is used to obtain measurements from any process of pairwise comparison. Examples of such processes are the comparisons of perceived intensity of physical stimuli, such as the weights of objects, and comparisons of the extremity of an attitude expressed within statements, such as statements about capital punishment. The measurements represent how we perceive entities, rather than measurements of actual physical properties. This kind of measurement is the focus of psychometrics and psychophysics.

In somewhat more technical terms, the law of comparative judgment is a mathematical representation of a discriminal process, which is any process in which a comparison is made between pairs of a collection of entities with respect to magnitudes of an attribute, trait, attitude, and so on. The theoretical basis for the model is closely related to item response theory and the theory underlying the Rasch model, which are used in psychology and education to analyse data from questionnaires and tests.

Background
Thurstone published a paper on the law of comparative judgment in 1927. In this paper he introduced the underlying concept of a psychological continuum for a particular 'project in measurement' involving the comparison between a series of stimuli, such as weights and handwriting specimens, in pairs. He soon extended the domain of application of the law of comparative judgment to things that have no obvious physical counterpart, such as attitudes and values (Thurstone, 1929). For example, in one experiment, people compared statements about capital punishment to judge which of each pair expressed a stronger positive (or negative) attitude.

The essential idea behind Thurstone's process and model is that it can be used to scale a collection of stimuli based on simple comparisons between stimuli two at a time: that is, based on a series of pairwise comparisons. For example, suppose that someone wishes to measure the perceived weights of a series of five objects of varying masses. By having people compare the weights of the objects in pairs, data can be obtained and the law of comparative judgment applied to estimate scale values of the perceived weights. This is the perceptual counterpart to the physical weight of the objects. That is, the scale represents how heavy people perceive the objects to be based on the comparisons.

Although Thurstone referred to it as a law, as stated above, in terms of modern psychometric theory the 'law' of comparative judgment is more aptly described as a measurement model. It represents a general theoretical model which, applied in a particular empirical context, constitutes a scientific hypothesis regarding the outcomes of comparisons between some collection of objects. If data agree with the model, it is possible to produce a scale from the data.

Relationships to pre-existing psychophysical theory
Thurstone showed that in terms of his conceptual framework, Weber's law and the so-called Weber-Fechner law, which are sometimes (and misleadingly) regarded as one and the same, are independent, in the sense that one may be applicable but not the other to a given collection of experimental data. In particular, Thurstone showed that if Fechner's law applies and the discriminal dispersions associated with stimuli are constant (as in Case 5 of the LCJ outlined below), then Weber's law will also be verified. He considered that the Weber-Fechner law and the LCJ both involve a linear measurement on a psychological continuum whereas Weber's law does not.

Weber's law essentially states that how much people perceive physical stimulus intensity to change depends on that intensity. For example, if someone compares a light object of 1 kg with one slightly heavier, one notices a relatively small difference, perhaps when the second object is 1.2 kg. On the other hand, if someone compares a heavy object of 30 kg with a second, the second must be quite a bit larger for a person to notice the difference, perhaps when the second object is 36 kg. People tend to perceive differences that are proportional to the size rather than noticing a specific difference irrespective of the size. The same applies to brightness, pressure, warmth, loudness, and so on.

Thurstone stated Weber's law as follows: "The stimulus increase which is correctly discriminated in any specified proportion of attempts (except 0 and 100 per cent) is a constant fraction of the stimulus magnitude" (Thurstone, 1959, p. 61). He considered that Weber's law said nothing directly about sensation intensities at all. In terms of Thurstone's conceptual framework, the association posited between perceived stimulus intensity and the physical magnitude of the stimulus in the Weber-Fechner law will only hold when Weber's law holds and the just noticeable difference (JND) is treated as a unit of measurement. Importantly, this is not simply given a priori (Michell, 1997, p. 355), as is implied by purely mathematical derivations of the one law from the other. It is, rather, an empirical question whether measurements have been obtained; one which requires justification through the process of stating and testing a well-defined hypothesis in order to ascertain whether specific theoretical criteria for measurement have been satisfied. Some of the relevant criteria were articulated by Thurstone, in a preliminary fashion, including what he termed the additivity criterion. Accordingly, from the point of view of Thurstone's approach, treating the JND as a unit is justifiable provided only that the discriminal dispersions are uniform for all stimuli considered in a given experimental context. Similar issues are associated with Stevens' power law.

In addition, Thurstone employed the approach to clarify other similarities and differences between Weber's law, the Weber-Fechner law, and the LCJ. An important clarification is that the LCJ does not necessarily involve a physical stimulus, whereas the other 'laws' do. Another key difference is that Weber's law and the LCJ involve proportions of comparisons in which one stimulus is judged greater than another whereas the so-called Weber-Fechner law does not.

The general form
The most general form of the LCJ is

S_i-S_j=x_{ij} \sqrt {\sigma_i^2 + \sigma_j^2- 2r_{ij}\sigma_i\sigma_j} , $$

in which:

 * $$S_i$$ is the psychological scale value of stimuli i
 * $$x_{ij}$$ is the sigma corresponding with the proportion of occasions on which the magnitude of stimulus i is judged to exceed the magnitude of stimulus j
 * $$\sigma_i$$ is the discriminal dispersion of a stimulus $$R_i$$
 * $$r_{ij}$$ is the correlation between the discriminal deviations of stimuli i and j

The discriminal dispersion of a stimulus i is the dispersion of fluctuations of the discriminal process for a uniform repeated stimulus, denoted $$R_i$$, where $$S_i$$ represents the mode of such values. Thurstone (1959, p. 20) used the term discriminal process to refer to the "psychological values of psychophysics"; that is, the values on a psychological continuum associated with a given stimulus.

Case 5
Thurstone specified five particular cases of the 'law', or measurement model. An important case of the model is Case 5, in which the discriminal dispersions are specified to be uniform and uncorrelated. This form of the model can be represented as follows:

x_{ij}= \frac {S_i-S_j}{ \sigma} \, $$

where

 * $${\sigma}= \sqrt {\sigma_i^2 + \sigma_j^2}.\,$$

In this case of the model, the difference $${S_i-S_j}$$ can be inferred directly from the proportion of instances in which j is judged greater than i if it is hypothesised that $$x_{ij}$$ is distributed according to some density function, such as the normal distribution or logistic function. In order to do so, it is necessary to let $$\sigma = 1$$, which is in effect an arbitrary choice of the unit of measurement. Letting $$P_{ij}$$ be the proportion of occasions on which i is judged greater than j, if, for example, $$P_{ij}=0.84$$ and it is hypothesised that $$x_{ij}$$ is normally distributed, then it would be inferred that $$S_i-S_j \cong 1$$.

When a simple logistic function is employed instead of the normal density function, then the model has the structure of the Bradley-Terry-Luce model (BTL model) (Bradley & Terry, 1952; Luce, 1959). In turn, the Rasch model for dichotomous data (Rasch, 1960/1980) is identical to the BTL model after the person parameter of the Rasch model has been eliminated, as is achieved through statistical conditioning during the process of Conditional Maximum Likelihood estimation. With this in mind, the specification of uniform discriminal dispersions is equivalent to the requirement of parallel Item Characteristic Curves (ICCs) in the Rasch model. Accordingly, as shown by Andrich (1978), the Rasch model should, in principle, yield essentially the same results as those obtained from a Thurstone scale. Like the Rasch model, when applied in a given empirical context, Case 5 of the LCJ constitutes a mathematized hypothesis which embodies theoretical criteria for measurement.

Applications
One important application involving the law of comparative judgment is the widely used Analytic Hierarchy Process, a structured technique for helping people deal with complex decisions. It uses pairwise comparisons of tangible and intangible factors to construct ratio scales that are useful in making important decisions.

title: Law of comparative judgment


text:
Ruth Symons

Ruth Evelyn Martin (Symons; 3 October 1913 – 11 September 2004) was a New Zealand cricketer who played as a right-handed batter and right-arm medium bowler. She played one Test match for New Zealand, their first, in 1935. She played domestic cricket for Canterbury.

Symons captained Canterbury, and she was selected to captain New Zealand in their first women's Test match, against England in Christchurch in February 1935, which England won. In Canterbury's victory over Otago in March 1937 she took 6 for 6 and 3 for 23.

She married Lester Martin at St Mark's Church, near her home in Opawa, Christchurch, in April 1935. She died in Christchurch in 2004.

title: Ruth Symons


text:
Ramón Ayala (accordion player)

Ramón Ayala (born August 13, 1928) is an American accordion player from Hidalgo, Texas, who currently resides in the Rio Grande Valley. He is the son of Pedro Ayala. His progressive style and technique has earned him the 2009 Accordion Player of the Year Award from the South Texas Conjunto Association. In 2009 he celebrated his 45th career anniversary. As of 2019, Ayala was still performing at the age of 91.

Career
Ramón Ayala started playing the accordion in 1951. He learned to play the drums in 1954. In 1955, he picked up the bajo sexto after his father Pedro Ayala, El Monarca del Acordeón, showed him his first two chords. By 1956, Ramón Ayala and his brother Pedro Ayala Jr., who played the accordion, joined their father in Pedro Ayala y Su Conjunto. Since 1956, Ramón Ayala has gone on to record for over a dozen studios releasing 88 recordings in album, single, cassette and CD formats. Ramón Ayala has recorded with Freddy Fender, Paulino Bernal and Esteban Jordan, among others. To date, he has released 105 recordings.

title: Ramón Ayala (accordion player)


text: Category:New Zealand women cricketers

title: Category:New Zealand women cricketers


text: Category:New Zealand women's Test captains


text:
Talk:Equatair

Untitled
Do we really have to make stubs about little known airlines every time a crash ocurrs?? Abuser Antonio Martin

title: Talk:Equatair


text: Category:The Baby-Sitters Club

title: Category:The Baby-Sitters Club


text:
Talk:Vistula (disambiguation)

Wisła (disambiguation) is fine for the Polish-language Wikipedia. But Wikipedia Interwiki guidelines suggest that the name of an article be written in that Wikipedia's language. Therefore, I'm moving this back to Vistula (disambiguation). -- SwissCelt 08:53, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vistula (disambiguation)


text:
Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial

Arlington House is the historic family residence of Robert E. Lee, commanding general of the Confederate Army during the American Civil War in Arlington County, Virginia. The estate of the historic home along with a memorial to Lee are now the center of Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, where they overlook the Potomac River and the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

Built by Lee's father-in-law G.W.P. Custis in 1803–1818, Arlington House is a Greek Revival style mansion designed by the English architect George Hadfield. Its garden and adjoined structures are also preserved.

During the U.S. Civil War, the mansion was used as a U.S. Army headquarters and its grounds were later selected as the site of Arlington National Cemetery, in part to ensure that Lee would never again be able to reside there. Arlington House is part of the Arlington National Cemetery Historical Region on the National Register of Historic Places. Although the United States Department of the Army maintains Arlington National Cemetery, the National Park Service administers Arlington House. There, the U.S. flag flies at half-staff during funerals.

Construction and early history
The mansion was built on the orders of George Washington Parke Custis, the step-grandson of George Washington and grandson of Martha Dandridge Custis Washington. Custis became a prominent resident of an area that was then known as Alexandria County, at the time a part of the District of Columbia.

Arlington House was built at a high point on a 1,100-acre (445 ha) estate that Custis's father, John Parke Custis, had purchased in 1778 and named "Mount Washington". "Jacky" Custis died at Yorktown in 1781 after the British surrender. The younger Custis decided to build his home on the property in 1802 following the death of Martha Washington and three years after the death of George Washington. After acquiring the property, Custis renamed it "Arlington" after the Custis family's homestead on the Eastern Shore of Virginia.

Custis began constructing Arlington House on his land, hiring George Hadfield as architect, who constructed a mansion exhibiting the first example of Greek Revival architecture in America. Custis intended the mansion to serve as a living memorial to George Washington and a place for his collection of George Washington artifacts. Its design included elements similar to those of George Washington's house at Mount Vernon.

Construction began in 1803, eleven years after L'Enfant's Plan for the future federal city later called "Washington City" and then Washington, D.C., had designated an area directly across the Potomac River to be the site of the "President's House", later called the "Executive Mansion" and now the White House, and the "Congress House", now the United States Capitol. Custis located the building on a prominent hill overlooking Georgetown-Alexandria Turnpike at the approximate location of the present Eisenhower Drive in Arlington National Cemetery, the Potomac River and growing national capital of Washington, D.C., on the opposite side of the river. The mansion was built using materials on site, though the building was interrupted by the War of 1812, and material shortages after the British burned the American capital city. The Custis mansion's exterior was completed in 1818.

The north and south wings were completed in 1804. The large center section and the portico, presenting an imposing front 140 ft (43 m) long, were finished 13 years later. The house has two kitchens, a summer and a winter. The most prominent features of the house are the 8 massive columns of the portico, each 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter.

Notable guests at the house included Marquis de Lafayette, who visited in 1824. At Arlington, Custis experimented with new methods of animal husbandry and other agriculture. The property also included Arlington Spring, a picnic ground on the banks of the Potomac that Custis originally built for private use but later opened to the public, eventually operating it as a commercial enterprise.

Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh. Their only child to survive to adulthood was Mary Anna Randolph Custis. Robert E. Lee, whose mother was a cousin of Mrs. Custis, frequently visited Arlington and knew Mary Anna as they grew up. Two years after graduating from West Point, Lieutenant Lee married Mary Anna Custis at Arlington on June 30, 1831. For 30 years, Arlington House was home to the Lees. They spent much of their married life traveling between United States Army duty stations and Arlington, where six of their seven children were born. They shared this home with Mary's parents. After their deaths, Mary's parents were buried not far from the house on land that is now part of Arlington National Cemetery.

The Custis family extensively developed the Arlington estate. Much of the steep slope to the east of the house became a cultivated English landscape park, while a large flower garden with an arbor was constructed and planted south of the house. To the west of Arlington House, tall grass and low native plants led down a slope into a natural area of close-growing trees the Custises called "the Grove." About 60 ft west of the flower garden, "the Grove" contained tall elm and oak trees which formed a canopy. An informal flower garden was planted beneath the trees and maintained by the Custis daughters before 1853.

Upon George Washington Parke Custis's death in 1857, he left Arlington Estate to Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee for her lifetime when it would then go to her eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee. The estate needed much repair and reorganization, and Robert E. Lee, as executor of Custis's will, took a three-year leave of absence from the Army to begin the necessary agricultural and financial improvements.

Civil War
In April 1861, Virginia seceded from the United States. Though offered command of the U.S. Army, Robert E. Lee resigned his commission on April 20, 1861 and joined the Confederate States Army. With Arlington House on high ground overlooking the capital, the federal government of the United States knew it needed to occupy the mansion or be left in an untenable military position. Although unwilling to leave Arlington House, Mary Custis Lee believed her estate would soon be occupied by Union Army soldiers and left to stay with relatives on May 14, after being warned by her young cousin William Orton Williams, who was then serving as aide to General Winfield Scott. On May 24, 1861, Union Army troops seized and occupied Arlington without opposition.

In June 1862, the 37th United States Congress enacted legislation that imposed a property tax on all land in "insurrectionary" areas of the United States. The 1863 amendments to the statute required that these taxes be paid in person. Mary Lee, afflicted with severe rheumatoid arthritis and behind Confederate lines, could not pay the tax in person, resulting in the Arlington estate being seized for nonpayment of taxes. It was auctioned off on January 11, 1864, and the U.S. government acquired the property for $26,800 ($ today).

During the Civil War, Union Army troops cut down many of the trees on the Arlington estate, especially those to the north and east of Arlington House in and near Fort Whipple, which was north of the house and Arlington Springs near the Potomac River. However, a number of large trees remained, particularly those in a forested area now known as Arlington Woods, located west of the house.

By early 1864, the military cemeteries of Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia, were rapidly filling with war dead. Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army Montgomery C. Meigs proposed using 200 acre of the Arlington Estate as a cemetery. United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton approved the establishment of a military cemetery on June 15, 1864 and created Arlington National Cemetery. Meigs decided that a large number of burials should occur close to Arlington House to render it unlivable. Officers were to be buried next to the main flower garden south of the house, and the first burial occurred here on May 17. Meigs ordered that additional burials commence immediately on the grounds of Arlington House in mid-June. When Union officers bivouacked in the mansion complained and had the burials temporarily stopped, Meigs countermanded their orders and had another 44 dead officers buried along the southern and eastern sides of the main flower garden within a month.

In September 1866, the remains of 2,111 Union and Confederate soldiers killed in the First Battle of Bull Run, Second Battle of Bull Run, and along the Rappahannock River were buried on the former site of the Grove, southeast of the mansion beneath the Civil War Unknowns Monument.

Post-Civil War
Robert E. Lee did not visit Arlington after the war. He died as president of Washington College in 1870. Mary Lee died in 1873, having visited the house only one more time, a few months before her death. Too upset at its condition, she refused to enter and left after just a few moments.

In April 1874, Robert E. Lee and Mary Custis Lee's eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee, filed suit against the United States government in a Virginia circuit court to regain the property. Custis Lee was a major general in the Civil War and was captured by Union forces at the Battle of Sailor's Creek on April 6, 1865 (see David Dunnels White). A jury found in favor of Custis Lee, leading to extensive appeals by both parties. In 1882, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Lee in United States v. Lee, 106 U. S. 196. The court, by a 5–4 majority, found that the estate had been "illegally confiscated" in 1864 and ordered it returned. But Lee was less interested in obtaining the estate then he was a cash compensation for its value. After several months of difficult negotiations, Lee and the federal government settled on a sale price of $150,000 ($0 in dollars). Congress enacted legislation funding the purchase on March 3, 1883; Lee signed over the title on March 31; and the title transfer was recorded on May 14, 1883.

In 1920, the Virginia General Assembly changed the name of Alexandria County to Arlington County to end ongoing confusion between Alexandria County and the independent city of Alexandria. The name Arlington was chosen to reflect the presence of the Arlington House.

On March 4, 1925, the 68th United States Congress enacted Public Resolution 74, which authorized the restoration of the Lee Mansion in the Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia. The War Department then began to restore Arlington House, and the Department of the Army continues to manage over half of the original plantation's 1100 acre, as Arlington National Cemetery. However, for several years after Congress enacted the authorizing legislation, the War Department, which was responsible for managing the house and grounds, largely ignored the legislation. Contradicting the authorizing legislation, the department, largely at the insistence of Charles Moore, the director of the United States Commission of Fine Arts, furnished and interpreted the Mansion to “the first half of the republic.” This decision was based, in part, on the popularity of the Colonial Revival movement which was still popular in 1925. The Mansion was restored to the period of George Washington Parke Custis, and no furniture manufactured after 1830 was accepted. This approach negated Lee's role and presence at Arlington.

In 1955, the 84th United States Congress enacted Public Law 84–107, a joint resolution that designated the manor as the "Custis-Lee Mansion" as a permanent memorial to Robert E. Lee. The resolution directed the United States Secretary of the Interior to erect on the premises a memorial plaque and to correct governmental records to bring them into compliance with the designation, "thus ensuring that the correct interpretation of its history would be applied". Gradually the house was furnished and interpreted to the period of Robert E. Lee as specified in the original legislation. The National Park Service received jurisdiction over the building and some 28 acre of adjacent gardens (distinguished from the cemetery) beginning June 10, 1933. In 1972, the 92nd United States Congress enacted Public Law 92-333, an Act that amended Public Law 84–107 to designate the manor as "Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial".

In 2020, members of congress began to introduce bills to change the name again, to "The Arlington House National Historic Site". By 2022 they won the support of a variety of descendants of former residents, including the Lees.

Gray family
One of the lesser-known histories about Arlington House concerns the Gray family, who helped to preserve the legacy of George Washington Parke Custis as well as the Lee family. Selina Norris Gray, the daughter of Leonard and Sally Norris, was a second-generation Arlington slave. In 1831, Selina married Thornton Gray, a fellow Arlington slave, and eventually had eight children who grew up at Arlington. With the onset of the Civil War, the Lee family had to evacuate their home before the Union troops came and occupied the property. Even though Selina was a personal maid to Mrs. Lee, she and her family were left behind; however, before leaving, Mrs. Lee left the house keys to Selina and the responsibility to protect the treasures of the home. Several of these treasures included cherished family heirlooms that had once belonged to Mrs. Lee's great-grandmother, Martha Custis Washington, and President George Washington.

Within months of Union Army General Irvin McDowell occupying the home in 1861, Selina realized that several precious heirlooms were missing due to soldiers looting the property. When she discovered that some of the Washington relics had also disappeared, she promptly provided a list of the missing objects to General McDowell and convinced him that the significance of the collection required his involvement. He first secured the attic and basement areas to prevent further theft, then had the remaining Lee heirlooms shipped to the Patent Office in Washington, D.C., for safekeeping. While Selina is credited with saving the heirlooms and treasures of Arlington House, her children later on are credited with helping to restore the home as well as provide accurate details about the layout of the home, personal stories of the Lee family, and help preservationists in the early twentieth century.

During major restorative efforts to Arlington House from 1929 to 1930, the Gray family made another important contribution to the history of Arlington County and the nation. Four of Selina and Thornton's daughters provided crucial details about the house and its furnishings, and their input proved vital to the authenticity of the project. In 2014, the National Park Service acquired a rare photograph of Selina.

Arlington National Cemetery expansion
In 1995, officials of the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Department of the Army signed an agreement to transfer from Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial, to the Army a part of Arlington Woods, which was located in Section 29 of the NPS at Arlington National Cemetery between Arlington House and Fort Myer. The property transfer, which involved 12 acre of NPS land, was intended to enable the Cemetery to increase its space for burials.

Environmentalists expressed concerns that the agreement would result in the partial destruction of the 24 acre remnant of a historically important stand of native trees. Nevertheless, Congress enacted legislation in September 1996 authorizing the transfer.

On June 5, 2013, after reviewing 100 public comments that it had received on a draft environmental assessment (EA) for the Cemetery expansion project, the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a final EA and a signed Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for the project. The final EA stated that, of the 905 trees to be removed, 771 trees were healthy native trees that had diameters between 6 and 41 inches. The project would remove approximately 211 trees from a less than 2.63 acre area containing a portion of a 145-year-old forest that stood within the property boundaries of a historic district that a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Arlington House had described in 1966. (1) (2) (3) About 491 trees would be removed from an area of trees that was approximately 105 years old. At a public hearing on July 11, 2013, the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site and building plans for the project.

Studies, damages and restorations
From 2003 to 2007, the National Park Service conducted an archeological excavation of two outbuildings that once held Arlington House's slave quarters. In 2009, the Park Service published reports that described the history of the slave quarters and the findings of the excavations, as well as proposals for the restoration of the quarters.

From 2007 through 2013, Arlington House underwent its first renovation since 1925. During that period, the National Park Services placed the House's furnishings on display at the Friendship Hill National Historic Site near Point Marion, Pennsylvania. The Park Service held a rededication ceremony after it had completed the renovation and returned the furnishings to the House.

Arlington House suffered significant damage in the 2011 Virginia earthquake, requiring the closure of the back halls and upper floor pending an architectural assessment. On July 17, 2014, philanthropist David Rubenstein donated $12.5 million (~$ in ) to the National Park Foundation (the arm of the National Park Service which raises funds through private contributions) to rehabilitate Arlington House, its outbuildings, and grounds. The 30-month project is intended to restore the mansion, buildings, and grounds to the way they looked in 1860. The project will repair the earthquake-damaged foundation, and add new interior lighting and a modern climate-control system. National Park Service officials said they are likely to close Arlington House and the slave quarters for several months in 2016, during which most of the work will be done.

Replicas
In 1919, a replica was built for the short-lived Lanier University in Atlanta, designed by architect A. Ten Eyck Brown. It is still standing at 1140 University Drive NE, and houses the Ben H. Zimmerman Religious School and the Canterbury School. Arlington Hall, a two-thirds scale replica of Arlington House, was built in 1939 in Robert E. Lee Park, now Turtle Creek Park, in Dallas, Texas.

The façade of the Old Administration Building in Arlington National Cemetery resembles that of Arlington House. The building is 500 ft west of Arlington House.


text:
Ina Lamason

Ina Mabel Lamason (Pickering; 2 May 1911 – 30 April 1994) was a New Zealand cricket and field hockey player. She was also an international hockey umpire, cricket and hockey administrator, and sports journalist.

Biography
Lamason was born in Palmerston North in 1911. A right-arm off break bowler and right-handed batter, she played in four Test matches in 1947–48 and 1954, captaining New Zealand in two. All her games were against England, and she was never on the winning side, losing both the games she captained. She was the vice captain of the New Zealand team that played its first Test match in 1934-35 but had to withdraw from the match with a pulled leg muscle. She captained the side that toured Australia (no Test matches) in 1938. She played domestic cricket for Wellington. Lamason also represented New Zealand at hockey.

Lamason died in Auckland in 1994.

Awards and honours
In the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours, Lamason was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to cricket and hockey.

Family
Her husband was Jack Lamason, who played cricket for New Zealand on the 1937 tour of England, but did not play in any of the Tests. They married in Wellington in December 1938.

Her sister-in-law Joy Lamason was a Test cricketer. Ina Lamason managed the New Zealand tour to England in 1966. Joy was the manager and Ina the assistant manager of the team that took part in the first Women's Cricket World Cup in England in 1973.

title: Ina Lamason


text: User talk:65.190.183.139

title: User talk:65.190.183.139


text:
User talk:Retardeded

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks, Schrei 09:00, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Retardeded


text:
Talk:Marcelo H. del Pilar

Copyvio
Non-copyvio stub at the temp page. -- bluemask (talk) 09:01, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Temp page has replaced the main article. RedWolf 07:06, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

Birthdate
Is there a discrepancy here? del Pilar appears on 1859 Births page, but the text of this article reads 1850. -- nicknich3 01:54, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

The H. in his name
What does the H. in his name stand for?

"H" stands for Hilario.

Del Pilar's poverty
I think it would be quite interesting to include the part of Marcelo's life in which during his poverty, her daughter sent him a letter saying that she was saving up money so he could afford himself to buy food, upon or before receiving the money, however, he then fell ill then died due to tuberculosis.....

Disambiguation
Please. Please. :) When adding a link, especially for Spanish, make sure it goes to the right place. So it should be Spanish and not just Spanish . Tired of constantly fixing that link. --User:Woohookitty Diamming fool! 04:46, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Retraction from masonry and catholic death
Did del Pilar retracted from Masonry shortly before he died of tuberculosis in Spain? Did he die a catholic? --110.55.6.96 06:13, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

According to some sources, del Pilar took the Holy Communion shortly before he died (yes, he also retracted from Masonry), thus reconverting to the faith of his forefathers. What is known and acknowledged by many historians is that he and López Jaena were both denied a "Catholic" burial like what happened to Rizal despite having retracted masonry. The official Catholic hierarchy has yet to state its stand on those people who died and retracted masonry on the eve of their deaths.

It appears that nobody got a Catholic burial so it must be a longstanding policy up to this day. --MartyWilliams 07:34, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

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Who are his parents
His parents were not said in the article. 180.195.203.59 (talk) 05:42, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

Hi guys
from 10m del Pilar at mgnhs tabing dag at 203.213.221.67 (talk) 01:03, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marcelo H. del Pilar