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Raise Your Fist and Yell

Raise Your Fist and Yell is the tenth solo studio album by American rock musician Alice Cooper, released in October 1987, by MCA Records. It features the track "Prince of Darkness", which is featured very briefly in the John Carpenter film of the same name, in which Cooper has a cameo as a murderous vagrant. The song can be heard on the Walkman of one of his victims. A music video was made for the song "Freedom", which also became the album's sole single. Raise Your Fist and Yell is the only Alice Cooper album to feature Ken K. Mary on drums and the second and last to feature Kip Winger on bass.

The album continues the slasher film trend created by Cooper's previous album Constrictor. The track "Lock Me Up" features a guest appearance from Robert Englund, who portrayed Freddy Krueger in the A Nightmare on Elm Street series.

The album cover for Raise Your Fist and Yell was painted by artist Jim Warren.

Tour
The infamous tour for the album, dubbed "Live in the Flesh", was notorious in Europe in 1988 for its graphic violence and theatricality. The show included many of Cooper's old favourites, such as the gallows (for the first time since 1972), but offered new theatrics such as impaling a person with a bike (this was also seen in John Carpenter's Prince of Darkness, used by Cooper in a cameo role as a vagrant killing one of the characters). Most of the tour's more violent acts were heavily inspired by the horror movies of the time, by including graphic onstage deaths and large amounts of stage blood. Cooper has been said to be a big fan of these movies.

The show was seen to be so violent that the German government forced Cooper to remove some of the more graphic parts of the show. A (blind) Member of Parliament in the UK, David Blunkett, appealed to have the show banned altogether from the country, but his attempt was unsuccessful.

Live performances
Five songs from Raise Your Fist and Yell were played by Cooper during the album's supporting tour: "Freedom", "Prince of Darkness", "Chop Chop Chop", "Gail" and "Roses on White Lace". "Roses on White Lace" was revived as a regular part of setlists for the 2019 "Ol' Black Eyes Is Back" tour, and "Freedom" was part of the finale for several shows in late 2022 and early 2023 when Kane Roberts returned to the band for a while. "Lock Me Up" has been used to open shows since 2023. Other than those, nothing from "Raise Your Fist and Yell" album has returned to the setlist.

Personnel

 * Alice Cooper – vocals
 * Kane Roberts – guitar, backing vocals
 * Kip Winger – bass, backing vocals, keyboards on "Gail"
 * Paul Taylor – keyboards
 * Ken K. Mary – drums

 * Additional personnel
 * Robert Englund – Freddy Krueger on "Lock Me Up"

title: Raise Your Fist and Yell


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Single crystal

In materials science, a single crystal (or single-crystal solid or monocrystalline solid) is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries can give monocrystals unique properties, particularly mechanical, optical and electrical, which can also be anisotropic, depending on the type of crystallographic structure. These properties, in addition to making some gems precious, are industrially used in technological applications, especially in optics and electronics.

Because entropic effects favor the presence of some imperfections in the microstructure of solids, such as impurities, inhomogeneous strain and crystallographic defects such as dislocations, perfect single crystals of meaningful size are exceedingly rare in nature. The necessary laboratory conditions often add to the cost of production. On the other hand, imperfect single crystals can reach enormous sizes in nature: several mineral species such as beryl, gypsum and feldspars are known to have produced crystals several meters across.

The opposite of a single crystal is an amorphous structure where the atomic position is limited to short-range order only. In between the two extremes exist polycrystalline, which is made up of a number of smaller crystals known as crystallites, and paracrystalline phases. Single crystals will usually have distinctive plane faces and some symmetry, where the angles between the faces will dictate its ideal shape. Gemstones are often single crystals artificially cut along crystallographic planes to take advantage of refractive and reflective properties.

Production methods
Although current methods are extremely sophisticated with modern technology, the origins of crystal growth can be traced back to salt purification by crystallization in 2500 BCE. A more advanced method using an aqueous solution was started in 1600 CE while the melt and vapor methods began around 1850 CE. Basic crystal growth methods can be separated into four categories based on what they are artificially grown from: melt, solid, vapor, and solution. Specific techniques to produce large single crystals (aka boules) include the Czochralski process (CZ), Floating zone (or Zone Movement), and the Bridgman technique. Dr. Teal and Dr. Little of Bell Telephone Laboratories were the first to use the Czochralski method to create Ge and Si single crystals. Other methods of crystallization may be used, depending on the physical properties of the substance, including hydrothermal synthesis, sublimation, or simply solvent-based crystallization. For example, a modified Kyropoulos method can be used to grow high quality 300 kg sapphire single crystals. The Verneuil method, also called the flame-fusion method, was used in the early 1900s to make rubies before CZ. The diagram on the right illustrates most of the conventional methods. There have been new breakthroughs such as chemical vapor depositions (CVD) along with different variations and tweaks to the existing methods. These are not shown in the diagram.

In the case of metal single crystals, fabrication techniques also include epitaxy and abnormal grain growth in solids. Epitaxy is used to deposit very thin (micrometer to nanometer scale) layers of the same or different materials on the surface of an existing single crystal. Applications of this technique lie in the areas of semiconductor production, with potential uses in other nanotechnological fields and catalysis.

It is extremely difficult to grow single crystals of the polymers. It is mainly because that the polymer chains are of different length and due to the various entropy reasons. However, topochemical reactions are one of the easy methods to get single crystals of the polymer.

Semiconductor industry
One of the most used single crystals is that of Silicon in the semiconductor industry. The four main production methods for semiconductor single crystals are from metallic solutions: liquid phase epitaxy (LPE), liquid phase electroepitaxy (LPEE), the traveling heater method (THM), and liquid phase diffusion (LPD). However, there are many other single crystals besides inorganic single crystals capable semiconducting, including single-crystal organic semiconductors. Monocrystalline silicon used in the fabrication of semiconductors and photovoltaics is the greatest use of single-crystal technology today. In photovoltaics, the most efficient crystal structure will yield the highest light-to-electricity conversion. On the quantum scale that microprocessors operate on, the presence of grain boundaries would have a significant impact on the functionality of field effect transistors by altering local electrical properties. Therefore, microprocessor fabricators have invested heavily in facilities to produce large single crystals of silicon. The Czochralski method and floating zone are popular methods for the growth of Silicon crystals. Other inorganic semiconducting single crystals include GaAs, GaP, GaSb, Ge, InAs, InP, InSb, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe. Most of these can also be tuned with various doping for desired properties. Single-crystal graphene is also highly desired for applications in electronics and optoelectronics with its large carrier mobility and high thermal conductivity, and remains a topic of fervent research. One of the main challenges has been growing uniform single crystals of bilayer or multilayer graphene over large areas; epitaxial growth and the new CVD (mentioned above) are among the new promising methods under investigation.

Organic semiconducting single crystals are different from the inorganic crystals. The weak intermolecular bonds mean lower melting temperatures, and higher vapor pressures and greater solubility. For single crystals to grow, the purity of the material is crucial and the production of organic materials usually require many steps to reach the necessary purity. Extensive research is being done to look for materials that are thermally stable with high charge-carrier mobility. Past discoveries include naphthalene, tetracene, and 9,10-diphenylanthacene (DPA). Triphenylamine derivatives have shown promise, and recently in 2021, the single-crystal structure of α-phenyl-4′-(diphenylamino)stilbene (TPA) grown using the solution method exhibited even greater potential for semiconductor use with its anisotropic hole transport property.

Optical application
Single crystals have unique physical properties due to being a single grain with molecules in a strict order and no grain boundaries. This includes optical properties, and single crystals of silicon is also used as optical windows because of its transparency at specific infrared (IR) wavelengths, making it very useful for some instruments.

Sapphires: Also known as the alpha phase of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) to scientists, sapphire single crystals are widely used in hi-tech engineering. It can be grown from gaseous, solid, or solution phases. The diameter of the crystals resulting from the growth method are important when considering electronic uses after. They are used for lasers and nonlinear optics. Some notable uses are as in the window of a biometric fingerprint reader, optical disks for long-term data storage, and X-ray interferometer.

Indium Phosphide: These single crystals are particularly appropriate for combining optoelectronics with high-speed electronics in the form of optical fiber with its large-diameter substrates. Other photonic devices include lasers, photodetectors, avalanche photo diodes, optical modulators and amplifiers, signal processing, and both optoelectronic and photonic integrated circuits. Germanium: This was the material in the first transistor invented by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley in 1947. It is used in some gamma-ray detectors and infrared optics. Now it has become the focus of ultrafast electronic devices for its intrinsic carrier mobility.

Arsenide: Arsenide III can be combined with various elements such as B, Al, Ga, and In, with the GaAs compound being in high demand for wafers.

Cadmium Telluride: CdTe crystals have several applications as substrates for IR imaging, electrooptic devices, and solar cells. By alloying CdTe and ZnTe together room-temperature X-ray and gamma-ray detectors can be made.

Electrical conductors
Metals can be produced in single-crystal form and provide a means to understand the ultimate performance of metallic conductors. It is vital for understanding the basic science such as catalytic chemistry, surface physics, electrons, and monochromators. Production of metallic single crystals have the highest quality requirements and are grown, or pulled, in the form of rods. Certain companies can produce specific geometries, grooves, holes, and reference faces along with varying diameters.

Of all the metallic elements, silver and copper have the best conductivity at room temperature, setting the bar for performance. The size of the market, and vagaries in supply and cost, have provided strong incentives to seek alternatives or find ways to use less of them by improving performance.

The conductivity of commercial conductors is often expressed relative to the International Annealed Copper Standard, according to which the purest copper wire available in 1914 measured around 100%. The purest modern copper wire is a better conductor, measuring over 103% on this scale. The gains are from two sources. First, modern copper is more pure. However, this avenue for improvement seems at an end. Making the copper purer still makes no significant improvement. Second, annealing and other processes have been improved. Annealing reduces the dislocations and other crystal defects which are sources of resistance. But the resulting wires are still polycrystalline. The grain boundaries and remaining crystal defects are responsible for some residual resistance. This can be quantified and better understood by examining single crystals.

Single-crystal copper did prove to have better conductivity than polycrystalline copper. However, the single-crystal copper not only became a better conductor than high purity polycrystalline silver, but with prescribed heat and pressure treatment could surpass even single-crystal silver. Although impurities are usually bad for conductivity, a silver single crystal with a small amount of copper substitutions proved to be the best. As of 2009, no single-crystal copper is manufactured on a large scale industrially, but methods of producing very large individual crystal sizes for copper conductors are exploited for high performance electrical applications. These can be considered meta-single crystals with only a few crystals per meter of length.

Single-crystal turbine blades
Another application of single-crystal solids is in materials science in the production of high strength materials with low thermal creep, such as turbine blades. Here, the absence of grain boundaries actually gives a decrease in yield strength, but more importantly decreases the amount of creep which is critical for high temperature, close tolerance part applications. Researcher Barry Piearcey found that a right-angle bend at the casting mold would decrease the number of columnar crystals and later, scientist Giamei used this to start the single-crystal structure of the turbine blade.

In research
Single crystals are essential in research especially condensed-matter physics and all aspects of materials science such as surface science. The detailed study of the crystal structure of a material by techniques such as Bragg diffraction and helium atom scattering is easier with single crystals because it is possible to study directional dependence of various properties and compare with theoretical predictions. Furthermore, macroscopically averaging techniques such as angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy or low-energy electron diffraction are only possible or meaningful on surfaces of single crystals. In superconductivity there have been cases of materials where superconductivity is only seen in single-crystalline specimen. They may be grown for this purpose, even when the material is otherwise only needed in polycrystalline form.

As such, numerous new materials are being studied in their single-crystal form. The young field of metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) is one of many which qualify to have single crystals. In January 2021 Dr. Dong and Dr. Feng demonstrated how polycyclic aromatic ligands can be optimized to produce large 2D MOF single crystals of sizes up to 200 μm. This could mean scientists can fabricate single-crystal devices and determine intrinsic electrical conductivity and charge transport mechanism.

The field of photodriven transformation can also be involved with single crystals with something called single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformations. These provide direct observation of molecular movement and understanding of mechanistic details. This photoswitching behavior has also been observed in cutting-edge research on intrinsically non-photo-responsive mononuclear lanthanide single-molecule-magnets (SMM).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Single crystal


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Talk:Doctor Who

Who is "Whitaker?"
Mentioned at the beginning of the first paragraph of "History," but not introduced until much further down the article. Bad writing. 148.252.24.246 (talk) 07:26, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅ -- Alex_ 21 TALK 08:19, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

Tenure note at Doctor Who
Following the reversion from, I'd like to discuss the table note against each Doctor's tenure range. Currently, this reads "Earlier incarnations of the Doctor have occasionally appeared with the then current incarnation in later plots." I don't think this makes the distinction it needs to; after all, the year ranges also (rightly, in my opinion) exclude the appearances that introduce most Doctors to the series before their first full adventure (e.g. Davison appears in 1981 in Logopolis but his range commences from his first lead appearance in 1982, and Capaldi similarly appears in 2013 in both "Day of the Doctor" and "Time of the Doctor" before assuming the lead role the following year). The note reads as a rather random piece of trivia to the uninitiated currently. I went for "Encompassing each iteration's period as the lead character only" as an explanatory note, though the wording proved fiddly so I'm happy to workshop further here. What do others think? U-Mos (talk) 15:39, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I would agree that your wording is more appropriate, although could use some work (I am also struggling with the exact wording, though). Particularly as the table is shortly followed by the subsection Meetings of different incarnations, I don't feel an explanatory note mentioning that is necessary while it would be useful to note that incarnations are sometimes introduced before their main run. Perhaps something along the lines of "Only years as the series lead are included, although some were introduced earlier or reappeared later" would work, but that might be too wordy? Irltoad (talk) 16:59, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Alternatively, could an asterisk (*) or dagger (†) be placed by ranges where the incarnation first appeared in an earlier year, along with a legend at the top? Irltoad (talk) 17:13, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for starting this discussion, . I think an explanatory note is a good idea, but let's keep it simple. I think that means one note, not symbols for each row. Yes, we all agree wording is difficult. My main objection to U-Mos's wording was not the idea, but that I found it difficult to parse. We should aim for plain English perhaps, rather than brevity. What about: "The years shown cover the actor's tenure as the lead character only." Or we go longer and say: "The years shown cover the actor's tenure as the lead character only. Other incarnations of the Doctor have occasionally appeared with the then current incarnation: see meetings of different incarnations." Bondegezou (talk) 18:55, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree symbols aren't the way to go - they will tend to add trivia rather than explain what's there, especially as many Doctors first appear in the same calendar year as their first lead episode. I see no problem with the shorter version above; as pointed out, any further detail is covered by the subsequent section. U-Mos (talk) 06:47, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Great. Agreed. All good with me. Bondegezou (talk) 14:32, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

Page trim
I feel there are far too many sections on the page. (Merchandise, video games, ect.) I think some could be moved into the franchise page. Questions? four Olifanofmrtennant (she/her) 05:21, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Disney
As Disney is now part of the production side of things and is also credited for, should the page be updated to reflect this, along with Disney + where the newest series is broadcast for the rest of the world? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.103.105.243 (talk) 20:35, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

 * What exactly needs updating? The page is quite clear about Disney's involvement, including Disney+ being listed in the Original Release section of the infobox for the current era. The article also mentions its release in (I have just updated this to reflect that Disney+ release have started). I can't see anything else that needs adding but if you have suggestions, and sources to back them up, please feel free to suggest them. Irltoad (talk) 21:34, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

Amendment to number of seasons
The current page list the number of seasons as

26 (1963–1989)

14 (2005–present)

however, the most reason season as well as the 60th anniversary specials are part of a new era of the show as can be seen on official BBC sources with Gatwa's first season being series 1 of this new era. So this section of the page should be altered too the following.

No. of seasons 26 (1963–1989)

No. of series 13 (2005–2022)

No. of series 1 (2023 - present) 92.233.93.65 (talk) 14:10, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

 * ❌ There is no way to add a second "No. of series" row, as it is organized by the infobox template. The current status of this new "era" is currently being discussed at Talk:Doctor Who series 14. -- Alex_ 21 TALK 23:58, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Doctor Who


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Blue Magic (band)

Blue Magic is an American R&B and soul group, and one of the more popular Philadelphia soul groups of the 1970s. Founded in 1972, the group's original members included lead singer Ted Mills with Vernon Sawyer, Wendell Sawyer, Keith Beaton, and Richard Pratt. Their most notable songs included smooth soul ballads such as "Sideshow", "Spell", "What’s Come Over Me", "Three Ring Circus", and "Stop to Start".

Origins
Blue Magic was formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1972 when former member of The Delfonics, Randy Cain, brought in singer-songwriter Ted Mills to do some writing with the Philly-based WMOT production company to create a new band. A short time later the group Shades of Love, featuring Keith Beaton, Richard Pratt, Vernon Sawyer and his brother Wendell, came in to audition. (According to Marc Taylor in his book A Touch of Classic Soul of the Early 1970s, "although the group performed admirably, they lacked a standout lead singer".) The execs decided to replace the Toppicks, the act Mills recorded with. They inserted Shades of Love (which they owned contractually) with Ted Mills and retitled the group Blue Magic. They were signed with Atco Records through WMOT in the same year.

First album
The group was one of the earliest acts produced by Norman Harris, a Philadelphia recording veteran. The group's harmonies were supported by the MFSB studio house band. Their first song release in 1973 was "Spell" which went onto the US Billboard R&B chart peaking at No. 30 (it was written and co-produced by Mills). They were known for making dreamy ballads and their choreographed stage moves.

Their second release was the uptempo "Look Me Up"; which reached number 36, stayed on the R&B chart for 11 weeks, and was popular on the early disco scene. Their next single was the ballad "Stop to Start". This hit was even more successful, reaching number 14 on the Billboard R&B chart and number 74 on the pop chart. The next single release became their first Billboard US top 10 R&B and Pop hit, "Sideshow". It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA on August 16, 1974. It climbed to number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the R&B chart. The Blue Magic album also went gold. In addition to the four hit singles, it also included another Richard Dickson inspired creation, the hit ballad "What's Come Over Me", a seven-minute rendition of the Main Ingredient million seller "Just Don't Want to Be Lonely", the solid album closer "Tear It Down", and the uptempo "Welcome to the Club".

The first single from their 1975 follow-up album The Magic of the Blue, entitled "Three Ring Circus", also sold well, reaching number 36 in the pop chart and number 5 R&B. MFSB guitarist Bobby Eli and Vinnie Barrett co-wrote both "Sideshow" and "Three Ring Circus".

Because their biggest hits were slower songs, the group became known mostly for their ballads.

Success and third album
The album Thirteen Blue Magic Lane in 1975 maintained the group's popularity, and spawned their version of the popular dance number "We're on the Right Track", as well as the ballad "Chasing Rainbows". The song "What's Come Over Me" from their debut album was re-worked as a duet with Margie Joseph dubbed in alongside Mills' original lead vocals. The new approach saw the song climb to number 11 on the R&B chart again in 1975. In total, the group had two R&B chart singles in 1975 and four in 1976.

The group had their first world tour that year which lasted for 42 weeks. The tour included 48 states in the United States, five countries in Europe and a 10-day stay in the Philippines. They concluded their tour with a two-week engagement in the Virgin Islands.

Blue Magic were known also for their choreography. As a visually oriented group, they had several major television appearances, including Soul Train, The Mike Douglas Show, The Jerry Blavat Show, Dancin' on Air, and A.M. Philadelphia.

In April 1975, they were chosen as the best new group of the year which earned two Ebony Awards. The first was presented in New York City by Aretha Franklin, the second in Florida by the female recording artist Vanity.

They have shared the stage with other performers such as The Jacksons, Lionel Richie, The Commodores, Marvin Gaye, Gladys Knight & the Pips, Natalie Cole, The Temptations, The Four Tops, The Spinners, Earth, Wind & Fire, New Edition, The Stylistics, Mick Jagger and others.

The group also contributed background vocals for Alyson Williams and the Rolling Stones (on the song "If You Really Want To Be My Friend" from the album It's Only Rock 'n' Roll).

Decline in popularity
By 1977, the group's popularity had faded with the rise of disco and changing music styles, and despite the group continuing to record consistently they failed to chart. Subsequent label moves to Capitol Records for a reunion with Norman Harris (who had left two years earlier) and then the smaller label Mirage resulted in some smaller R&B charting, but no major success.

Disbanding and regrouping
Background singer Richard Pratt left in the early 1980s. After sibling singers Vernon and Wendell Sawyer left, the remaining two members Mills and Beaton hired two other singers and traveled to Los Angeles, California, to record with Skip Scarborough and some members of the popular group Earth Wind & Fire on the album Message from the Magic.

In 1988, the original group got back together and had some renewed popularity in late 1989 with the album From Out of the Blue. Also in 1989, they appeared on the song "To Be Your Man", the third single from Big Daddy Kane's second album, It's a Big Daddy Thing.

In 1990, The Amsterdam News carried the story of Mills' near-fatal car accident. After surgery in 1996, Mills returned to the music scene as a solo act, recording an album for Casablanca Records that year entitled This Magic Is Real, featuring the remake of "Tear It Down". The other members of the group brought in new lead Rod Wayne (real name Roderick Bronaugh), who remained with the group until 2004. Bronaugh went on to teach at Tennessee State University.

The 2000s–present
Mills appeared in the touring play, Girl, He Ain't Worth It with The Manhattans, Meli'sa Morgan and Tito Jackson, and appeared in the play Looking for Love in All the Wrong Places. In 2007, Mills recorded the album 3 Tenors of Soul with Russell Thompkins, Jr., original lead singer of The Stylistics, and William Hart of The Delfonics released on Shanachie Records and produced by Bobby Eli.

Mills appeared and gave two concerts for the audiences at the 2014 Soul Train Cruise in February 2014 on the Holland America Eurodam.

On March 11, 2018, Blue Magic reunited to appear on the television series, Unsung on TV One season 12, episode 4.

On July 14, 2018, Mills rescued a man from a burning car on route 22 in Hillside, New Jersey. "I knew it was somebody trapped in there and needed help getting out," said Mills, a Summit resident. "It was flipping in the direction that I was driving."

Former lead Ted Mills continues to pursue a solo career. The name was formally trademarked by Wendell Sawyer and Keith Beaton some years earlier. Vernon Sawyer has his own version of the group, while Richard Pratt led another one at the time of his death in 2022.

Former lead vocalist Rod Wayne died in 2016.

Richard Pratt (born on June 30, 1952) died on March 1, 2022, at the age of 69.

Keith Beaton (born on July 30, 1950) died on January 13, 2023, at the age of 72.

Original members

 * Ted Wizard Mills - lead tenor
 * Wendell Sawyer – lead baritone
 * Keith "Duke" Beaton – tenor (died 2023)
 * Richard Pratt - bass (died 2022)
 * Vernon Sawyer- baritone

Live albums

 * Live! (with Major Harris & Margie Joseph) (1976, WMOT)

Compilation albums

 * Greatest Hits (1986, Omni)
 * The Magic of the Blue: Greatest Hits  (1990, Atlantic)
 * The Best of Blue Magic: Soulful Spell (1996, Rhino)

title: Blue Magic (band)


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User:Evesummernight

Edited. Keep that way please -evesummernight

title: User:Evesummernight


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Aircraft Industries

Aircraft Industries, a.s., operating as Let, is a Czech (before December 1992 Czechoslovak) civil aircraft manufacturer. Its most successful design has been the L-410 Turbolet, of which more than 1300 units have been built. Its head office is in Kunovice, Zlín Region. Let was owned by the Russian company UGMK from 2008 to 2022, when it was acquired by Czech-based Omnipol Group.

The company operates the sixth largest Czech airport and a private secondary school.

History

Building of an aircraft factory in Kunovice started in 1936, as a part of the Škoda Works industrial concern. Before and during World War II the unfinished plant served only as a repair works. After the end of the war the factory was nationalized and in 1950–53 a new plant was built. In 1957–1967 it was named SPP (Strojírny první pětiletky – "Works of the First Five-year Plan"), and in 1967 it returned to the name LET. The works produced under licence were the Soviet trainers Yakovlev Yak-11 (under a designation C-11) and the Aero Ae 45 and Aero Ae 145 utility aircraft.

In 1957 the company began to develop the L-200 Morava light utility aircraft and four years later the Z-37 Cmelak agricultural aircraft, which were both a commercial success.

Over the years Let developed and produced gliders: Zlín 22, Z-124 Galánka, LF-109 Pionýr, and Z-425 Šohaj. However the most popular gliders produced by LET are the Blaníks: L-13 Blaník, L-23 Super Blaník and L-33 Solo.

During the 1960s Let's engineers developed a 19-seat commuter turboprop, the L-410 Turbolet, of which more than 1200 were produced. This popular aircraft went through a number of improvements and modernisations and the latest types, the L 410 UVP-E20 and L 420 are EASA and FAA certified respectively.

The largest Czech transport aircraft, the Let L-610, was produced in 1988 in prototype form and displayed at the Paris Airshow. Production was cancelled due to lack of funding. There were eight prototypes made in the factory.

The all-metal Blaník sailplane was produced in the largest quantities of any sailplane, with over 3,000 manufactured since the first rolled off the production line in 1958. In 2005 it was still in production as the L23 Super Blaník variant.

The company explored the possibility of a joint venture with Fairchild Aircraft in the 1990s, but eventually decided against it. However, it was later purchased by Ayres Corporation in 1998. In 2001, it merged with Morovan Aeroplanes. Following bankruptcy, it was purchased by Aircraft Industries in 2005.

The Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company (UGMK) purchased 51% of the company's shares was in 2008; UAC had shown interest in acquiring the control of the company as well. UGMK purchased the remaining shares in 2013.

In April 2022, Aircraft Industries was acquired by the Prague-based company, Omnipol Group.

title: Aircraft Industries


text:
George Estabrooks

George Hoben Estabrooks (December 16, 1895 – December 30, 1973) was a Canadian-American psychologist and an authority on hypnosis during World War II. He was a Harvard University graduate, a Rhodes Scholar, and chairman of the Department of Psychology at Colgate University. He claimed to have used hypnosis to help spies have split personalities to not actually know they were spies in case of capture. He stated it was easy to create and easy to cure using hypnosis.

He joined the First Canadian Division in his teens and at the age of 19 became the youngest commissioned Officer. Later in life, he became a 32nd degree Knight Templar Mason and wrote various articles and books including these four publications: The Future of the Human Mind, Hypnotism, Spiritism, and Man - The Mechanical Misfit.

Estabrooks did experiments on children. He exchanged correspondence with then FBI Director Edgar Hoover about using hypnosis to interrogate juvenile delinquents. It is possible he used Manchurian Candidates in children.

Conference proceedings

 * 285 pages. Papers of a symposium titled “Theory and Research Methodology in Specific Fields”, held at Colgate University on April 1–2, 1960.

Articles by other authors

 * Obituary.

title: George Estabrooks


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File:Raiseyourfistandyell.jpg

Fair use for Raise Your Fist and Yell
This image is being linked here; though the picture is subject to copyright, I (gren グレン) feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * It is a low resolution image of an album cover
 * It does not limit the copyright owners rights to sell the film in any way
 * It allows for identification of the album Raise Your Fist and Yell
 * No free alternatives are possible
 * It illustrates the album in question

title: File:Raiseyourfistandyell.jpg


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Category talk:Latter Day Saint education

Too narrow a category
Do we really need this category?? I don't think it will ever have any other member besides BYU, as it does now. Even Southern Virginia University can't be included since it is not officially affiliated with the church. I suggest we delete this category, but I'm willing to discuss before I list it on CfD. — Frecklefoot | Talk 00:13, July 16, 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:Cub Scout

Space Derby?
What is a Space Derby? I know I didn't have, and my son doesn't have one. Grika 00:14, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * "The Space Derby is similar to the Pinewood Derby or Raingutter Regatta except that the models are miniature 'rockets' -- propeller-driven and powered by two or three rubber bands -- that travel along a heavy monofilament fishing line. The rockets are carved by the boys, with the guidance of their parents or other family members. Space Derby kits with building instructions are available at the Scout Shop." from Pack 280 http://www.p280.org/sites-space-derby.html  Petersam 00:02, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I remember seeing ads in Boy's Life for the kits, but my pack never did one. Or the Regatta for that matter.  65.42.26.190 (talk) 13:39, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Clean up style please
Can we have a collective effort to improve the tone of this page?

Certainly the English should be kept simple, as this page is likely to be read by many boys and girls between 8 and 11, but that doesn't mean it has to be written badly. "A lot of" is about to disappear! Comments and participation please. Thruston 10:38, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

duplicate entry
Seems to me this article should be merged with Cub Scouts (Boy Scouts of America) <>.

No. This article is about the worldwide Cub Scout movement, not just the BSA. If anything, it should be merged with Scouting. --Gadget850 ( Ed) 14:34, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

The Scouting article is on the worldwide movement, Cubs, Boy Scouts, Exlporers, male, female, etc. There are separate international articles Cub Scout and Boy Scout, as well as specific associational articles. The anon user has too USA-centric view of Scouting. Rlevse 13:02, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The difference in focus between the two articles is not clear. Would someone knowledgeable on the subject please tweak that other article to make it more clear that it's specifically talking about the United States branch of the organization, and to explain which parts conform to the international organization and which don't? - Brian Kendig 14:59, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Are you talking about Cub Scout and Cub Scouts (Boy Scouts of America)? The BSA article has BSA in the title, specifically mentions the difference in the first sentence, has BSA Cub logos and advancement info, etc. The Cub Scout article has info on Cubbing in several countries and is a fork of Scouting, which covers Cubs, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, associations, etc. I don't see the problem. None of them should be merged, but of course there'll be overlap. Merging them would make the articles too big and unfocused.Rlevse 15:08, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, I understand - there are two Cub Scout organizations, one of which is a part of Boy Scouting and the other is an international organization which stands on its own? Or is this not correct? I'm confused... - Brian Kendig 17:40, 1 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Scouting is international. In most countries there is Cub Scouting. The article, Cub Scout, is about Cubs internationally. Cub Scouts (Boy Scouts of America) is about the part of this that is in the USA. Cub Scouts (Australia) is about the part of this that is in Australia, and so on, although many articles remain to be written. I hope this clarifies it further. --Bduke 23:13, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I hadn't realized there was so much variation between Cub Scouting in different countries. Thank you for explaining the situation to me. I'll see about editing Cub Scouts (Boy Scouts of America) to make it more clear it's about the United States branch of an international organization - right now that article says nothing about the existence of any Cub Scout organization outside the United States; it seems to be explaining a group that's distinctly American. - Brian Kendig 01:02, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * You do make a valid point. The Cub BSA article should mention it's a cog in a bigger machine (I just took a stab at it). You may want to look over Scouting WikiProject and Scouting Portal and maybe even join our project. Rlevse 01:38, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Subject request
Howdy! Would any subject matter experts be willing to add a section on how the Cub Scouts approach religion? The Boy Scouts have seen controversy in this area, as a parent I'd love to know how the Cub Scouts relate. Thanks! - C HAIRBOY (☎) 22:03, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi. Are you aware this article is the international version of Cubbing? You may or may not be more interested in Cub Scouts (Boy Scouts of America) and/or Boy Scouts of America membership controversies, which is a FA. Rlevse 22:06, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Gracias! - C HAIRBOY (☎) 22:31, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Standardisation of English
Why the insistence on all US English? The section on UK Cubs should use UK English - i.e. colour not color. Other sections should use the local spelling for the country concerned. --Bduke 01:54, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree! Also, since cub scouting started in UK, paragraphs about non-english speaking countries should use UK english.
 * --Lou Crazy 20:51, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Wiki policy is for articles to use the spelling of the country, but this applies to multiple countries, so that doesn't help here. I personally prefer to see articles stick with one spelling as I find it awkard when they switch back and forth. Rlevse 23:38, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Activities
It appears that this has gotten BSA specific. --Gadget850 ( Ed) 01:04, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I hope it is now a bit less BSA specific. --Egel Reaction? 09:14, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Good work. --Gadget850 ( Ed) 18:19, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Terminology: "Second" or "Seconder"?
I notice common use of "Seconder", but have been told the correct term is "Second". I haven't been able to find a good reference to clear this up. JohnCBDavey (talk) 20:21, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It probably varies from country to country, but that needs verifying.--Bduke (talk) 01:03, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

List by organization
The list of organizations is pretty much duplicating age groups in Scouting and Guiding. We should cut all of this content and let the navbox do its job. Scouting now links to all of the section articles. --—— Gadget850 (Ed)  talk  -  23:07, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Suggest re-naming to Cubs (Scouting)
Renaming articled would be consistent with other age section articles such as "Beavers (Scouting)". The article includes content broader than just programs operated under the name Cub Scouts and covers programs operated as Wolf Cubs and Cubs. Cubs is the generic name common to all programs. Cubs rather than Cub would focus the article on the program rather than participant Cub. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 1.129.97.36 (talk) 08:18, 16 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Consistency with related articles seems like a good idea.  SixFourThree (talk) 17:38, 21 November 2016 (UTC)SixFourThree

External links modified
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title: Talk:Cub Scout


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/1000000000000000000

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was move and replace with redirect.. – Rich Farmbrough 14:28, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

1000000000000000000
I think this should be either deleted or redirected to trillion. Oleg Alexandrov 00:15, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, plain and simple. Oleg Alexandrov 22:39, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This should be moved to quintillion, I'd say. Redirect. -- A Link to the Past 01:37, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to either trillion (European usage) or quintillion (U.S. usage).   ‡   Jarlaxle   01:42, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rather, redirect to trillion, as quintillion already redirects to Names of large numbers.   ‡   Jarlaxle   01:47, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect Revolución 01:43, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete! According to Wikipedia naming conventions, this title would apply to the year AD 1000000000000000000, just like 2000, 1945, 476 and 3. A D Monroe III 02:58, 16 July 2005 (according to edit history Uncle G 08:05, 16 July 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete: Redirect would be misdirected, and there's nothing in the article. Geogre 03:09, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to either the large numbers page or binary. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 04:50, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Names of large numbers --malathion talk 04:51, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As has been mentioned, this article title would be for a year, even if that year happens to be one which will occur long after our Sun has been extinguished. Kairos 05:51, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This is exactly the sort of thing that motivated the creation of the Wikipedia is not a crystal ball policy. See also Votes for deletion/500,000. WikiProject Numbers states that only "some powers of ten" beyond 9000 warrant individual articles.  The argument over whether an article about the number should redirect to trillion or to quintillion, as per Oleg Alexandrov, A Link to the Past, and JarlaxleArtemis above, is exactly why this page has come to VFD in the first place.  See the edit history.  It's not a settlable argument, as attested by Names of large numbers, list of numbers, Orders of magnitude (numbers), and English-language numerals, all of which already cover the several names that the number can have in various systems.  1 E18 redirects to Orders of magnitude (numbers).  A 1000000000000000000 (number) article should do likewise.  Just as 1000000000 (number) already does. However, this isn't 1000000000000000000 (number).  As per A D Monroe III, Kairos, and Manual of Style (dates and numbers), 1000000000000000000 is the article title for a year, even though the article says nothing about the year at all.  If it redirects anywhere, it should redirect to 11th millennium and beyond.  Since there's nothing in either article about the year, and probably (given what Kairos says above) nothing to be said about the year, simply Delete. Uncle G 08:05, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Uncle G --malathion talk 10:27, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to names of large numbers since the content appears to be solely about the difference in names for this number, and the other article covers this. 23skidoo 14:13, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's obvious from the article that the editor intended to discuss the number, not the year. Since the name of the number varies in different forms of English, redirect to Names of large numbers. Dcarrano 21:52, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * What the editor intended to discuss is irrelevant. The naming conventions are clear that 1000000000000000000 is the title for an article on the year and 1000000000000000000 (number) is the title for an article on the number, and this is the system followed elsewhere.  (See Category:Integers.)  A redirect from a year title to an article on a number would be contrary to the naming conventions.  What the original authors wrote isn't even important from the perspective of retaining information.  We already had four separate articles (listed above) telling us the various names of the number. Uncle G 00:29, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, you're right that the naming conventions need to be followed. So, let's rename this to 1000000000000000000 (number), an article that can explain the various names for this number and anything else that can be said about it, along the lines of the current 100000 (number), 1000000 (number), and 1000000000000 (which probably itself should be called 1000000000000 (number).  Damn, this is confusing...  Dcarrano 01:21, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point about 1000000000000. It's now fixed.  I moved it to 1000000000000 (number), and redirected 1000000000000 to 11th millennium and beyond.  --A D Monroe III 15:33, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Note this is not my suggestion of what to do with this article. My vote is still Delete, as above (thanks for signing for me, Uncle G).  I hope this article is deleted, and then I'll start Vfd on 1000000000000, as a nonsense year, just like this one.  --A D Monroe III 16:14, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It being a redirect, WP:RFD would be the place to discuss 1000000000000. Uncle G 10:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Too late! Some admin has deleted and protected 1000000000000.  So, guys, why are we debating this, huh?  --A D Monroe III 13:34, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Changed to Delete. -- A Link to the Past 23:39, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Uncle G. Strong Oppose any renaming as nearing the absurd. Xoloz 03:45, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh boy, now the redirects have been done. Does this affect the status of this VfD?  Should the matter now be discussed at RfD? Xoloz 10:17, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The actual article under discussion has not been redirected. Uncle G 10:33, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Note how easy it is to confuse 1000000000000 and 1000000000000000000. All the more reason to delete both.  --A D Monroe III 14:52, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ludicrous. Radiant_ >|< 13:00, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete     13:26, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - I am the creator and I only created it due to disputes overe where it should redirect. A redirect to 11th millennium and beyond looks good (if someone wants to add info on the year (astrological events etc) then they should put it there). The 1000000000000000000 (number) article should redirect to orders of magnitude (numbers). --Celestianpower talk 12:45, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Uncle G. I forget what zero I'm on after the fourth one, trillion is a better name anyway ;) .   ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  10:39, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect or this will make a crazy article. — Stevey7788 (talk) 21:56, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: there is already an article for large numbers, so this is not particularly necessary. IINAG 18:48, 23rd July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not even worth a redirect... jg325  *talk*  23:07, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or someone creates 100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000. Laur 14:41, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Lake Yojoa

Lake Yojoa is the largest lake in Honduras with a surface area of 79 km2 and an average depth of 15 m. At an altitude of 700 m, it lies in a depression formed by volcanoes. The Lake Yojoa volcanic field consists of Pleistocene to Holocene scoria cones, craters, and lava flows.

The west side of the lake is bordered by steep mountains and Santa Bárbara National Park while the east side is adjacent to Cerro Azul Meambar National Park. The lake is situated on the highway that connects the two largest Honduran cities, Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula. For many people traveling between the cities, the lake serves as a rest area where they can appreciate the view and enjoy the fresh fried fish and other foods that are offered by the restaurants located on its banks.

Lake Yojoa is a popular fishing destination and the surrounding area has a rich biodiversity—almost 400 species of birds and 800 plant species have been identified in the region. However, it also is threatened by deforestation, cattle ranching, and development. The settlers of the communities around the lake are dedicated to the cultivation of fruits, vegetables and basic grains. Nevertheless, many of these inhabitants earn their living from the sale of fish originating from the lake.

People dedicate surrounding areas to the growing of coffee plants. Coffee grown near Lake Yojoa, in Santa Barbara, is particularly well-known.

title: Lake Yojoa


text:
1947–48 in Scottish football

The 1947–48 season was the 75th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 51st season of the Scottish Football League.

Scottish League Division A
Champions: Hibernian

Relegated: Airdrie, Queen's Park

Scottish League Division B
Champions: East Fife, Albion Rovers

Relegated: Leith Athletic

Scottish League Division C
Champions: East Stirlingshire

County

 * * – aggregate over two legs
 * † – replay

Scotland national team
Key:
 * (H) = Home match
 * (A) = Away match
 * BHC = British Home Championship

title: 1947–48 in Scottish football


text:
Dana Barron

Dana Barron is an American actress who is best known for her role as the original Audrey Griswold in the 1983 film National Lampoon's Vacation which she reprised in 2003's National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation 2: Cousin Eddie's Island Adventure for NBC television.

Early life
Barron's father, Robert Weeks Barron, was a director of commercials and a Congregationalist church pastor; Robert founded The Weist-Barron School of Television, the first commercial and soap opera acting for television school in the world. Barron is a fifth generation entertainer. Her grandfather was an opera singer, and her mother moved from Alabama to become an actress. Barron has a sister.

Career
Barron's sister, Allison, had been doing TV commercials at a young age, and Barron told her father that she wished to do the same. She began acting at age 10, doing TV commercials as well. By age 11, she was appearing with Christine Baranski in Hide and Seek on Broadway. By age 13, her first film was the horror film He Knows You're Alone, with Tom Hanks, which was also Hanks' first film.

In 1983, Barron starred in the Chevy Chase comedy National Lampoon's Vacation, originating the role of Audrey Griswold. The film became a classic, and Barron would reprise the role 20 years later in the NBC TV movie spinoff, National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation 2: Cousin Eddie's Island Adventure.

Barron received a Daytime Emmy Award in 1989 for her appearance in the CBS after-school special No Means No. Barron appeared on the soap opera One Life to Live from 1984 to 1985 as Michelle Boudin. She starred in the 1998 The Magnificent Seven as Casey.

She had a recurring role as Nikki Witt on the Fox series Beverly Hills, 90210, during which she was able to make her character's clothes and modify her lines.

In 1992, she starred with JoBeth Williams and Chris Burke in the NBC movie Jonathan: The Boy Nobody Wanted. Barron has made guest appearances on TV shows including The Equalizer; In the Heat of the Night; Murder, She Wrote; and Babylon 5 as a telepath named Lauren Ashley in the Season 5 episode "The Corps Is Mother, the Corps Is Father".

Personal life
Barron was in a long term relationship with filmmaker Michael Vickerman. They have a son.

title: Dana Barron


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barracuda bastards

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 06:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Barracuda bastards
band vanity. Article does not establish notability. EvilPhoenix talk 00:17, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

(Newbie aside here: how do you find out how many google hits a site has?)
 * In a fit of utter optimism, I checked AMG. Nothing.  Delete  Friday 00:29, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. 14 Google hits, most in German.  Oh, if only there were only some proposal to expand the speedy delete criteria...  --A D Monroe III 03:04, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Banity. No records, no distribution, no advertising on Wikipedia.  (I'd vote "yes" on pretty much any expansion of CSD, being a former policy revision proposer.) Geogre 03:10, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bastards' website is almost empty, little verifiable information available. Pburka 15:38, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A good criterion for deciding whether a band/musician is notable enough is allmusic.com, and Barracuda Bastards is not listed. (Of course, even bands that are listed aren't automatically notable either.)--Benfergy 18:01, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. --Etacar11 02:40, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. Fails WP:MUSIC guidelines. JamesBurns 02:14, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:24.224.198.195

title: User talk:24.224.198.195