text:
User talk:VL-Tone

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer 08:01, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:VL-Tone


text:
User talk:Shaoline

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer 08:01, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Peregrine IT Asset and Service Management.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Peregrine IT Asset and Service Management.gif. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:36, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed: Handelsbanken
Hello. I'm afraid that content you added to this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.handelsbanken.com/shb/INeT/IStartSv.nsf/FrameSet?OpenView&id=IDnav_About_the_group&iddef=aboutthegroup&navid=Investor_Relations_En&sa=/Shb/Inet/ICentSv.nsf/Default/qF0547EAEE37862B5C12575EB00411872 - subpages of the official history. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Moonriddengirl (talk) 22:07, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Shaoline


text:
User talk:Patrickcochran

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer 08:01, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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Regarding your edits to Bill White (activist), please be aware that our articles, whether they are about the good or the bad, need to be written from a neutral point of view. Yes, White is probably anti-semitic, but it is generally inappropriate for us to add a strongly POV statement like that without attributing it to a 3rd party. Also, can you please refrain from adding line breaks to the document? It messes up the "difference" system that allows us to see what has been changed between revisions. And no, I'm not Bill White. Cheers, -Willmcw 21:03, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Patrickcochran


text:
User talk:Serpentus~enwiki

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Serpentus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Serpentus~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:39, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:43, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Serpentus~enwiki


text:
User talk:Furio~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer 08:02, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Furio. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Furio~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:04, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
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title: User talk:Furio~enwiki


text: File:Cradle Poster.jpg

title: File:Cradle Poster.jpg


text:
Veenai Dhanammal

Veenai Dhanammal (வீணை தனம்மாள்) (1867–1938) was a highly accomplished Carnatic musician, and the torchbearer of the school of Carnatic music that goes by her name. She was both a vocalist and a performer on the Saraswati veena. The prefix "Veenai" in her name is an indicator of her exceptional mastery of that instrument.

Early life and background
Dhanammal was born in George Town, Madras (now Chennai), into a family of professional musicians and dancers. Her grandmother Kamakshi was a reputed dancer, and her mother was a vocalist who trained under Subbaraya Sastri, the son of Syama Sastri of the Carnatic music composer trinity.

In addition to training by her family members, Dhanammal also learned from Walajapet Balakrishna Das ("Padam Baladas"), a blind musician who was a repository of the padams of Kshetrayya, and Satanur Pancanatha Iyer.

Career
"Regarding the veenai as an instrument complete and perfect in itself, she played it without plectrum, and often accompanied by her own singing. Her music is documented in a set of historical recordings. Her personal style, known as the Veenai Dhanammal bani, is regarded as a yardstick in terms of adherence to traditional values and profoundity of music expression. Musicians, critics and composers attended her private recitals in Chennai.  Her continuing impact is ascribed to the scope of her repertoire, knowledge and refinement.  Many songs by leading composers like Narasimhacarlu, Mutialpet Ponnusvami, Tiruvottriyur Tyagayyar, and especially Dharmapuri Subbarayar were composed for, or inspired by, Dhanammal.  These compositions, mainly javali and padam, have been preserved, taught, and published by her grandchildren, T. Brinda, T. Muktha, T. Sankaran, dancer T. Balasaraswati, and flute player T. Viswanathan." Her daughters Lakshmiratnam (mother of AIR Deputy Director T Sankaran), Jayammal (mother of Balasaraswati, T Ranganathan, and T Viswanathan) and Kamakshi (mother of Brinda, Mukta and Abhiramasundari) were also performing musicians and teachers. Of her four daughters, Rajalakshmi was the oldest, Lakshmiratnam the next, Jayammal was the third oldest and Kamakshi was the youngest. Three of her grandchildren (Brinda, Balasaraswathi, Vishwanathan) were awarded Sangeetha Kalanidhi title. Dhanammal's grandson T. Sankaran (not to be confused with musician Trichy Sankaran) was both an officer at AIR and director of Tamil Isai Sangham; he was also a singer who used to perform for the radio in 1930s. Music performed by Dhanammal, Jayammal, and several of Dhanammal's grandchildren and great-grandchildren is available on the internet.

Dhanammal's fame had spread far and wide, and even Abdul Karim Khan, doyen of Kirana Gharana in Hindusthani Music, learnt Carnatic songs from her and released discs of these. She both taught Naayana Pillai her music and learnt from him, in a mutual give and take.

A commemorative postage stamp on her was issued on 03-December-2010.

title: Veenai Dhanammal


text:
User talk:John Gibbard

Welcome!

All comments on my edits appreciated. John Gibbard 09:03, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Re:The Search
Hey, cheers, I really enjoyed The Search so wanted to add loads to the article. I don't think there should be a copyright issue - they are small thumbs released on the C4 website anyway as promotional images for the show, so my interpretation of fair use is that the pics are fine. I see someone deleted the profile pic of Kristian though (possibly cause I forgot to add a copyright template...). Cheers for your kind words, --Nickb123 3rd 11:35, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks for the compliment! Not much else one can do with editors like that. Regards, Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  18:35, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Victorian Architecture
Hi! I agree with your comments on  this article. I am wondering  if you  would be able to  introduce a significant  contribution  on  British  Victorian  architecture to  the page. I do  a lot of copyeding  and improvement  of articles but  am  not  an expert on  architecture. If significant balance  for the strong  bias on  American Victorian  architecture cannot  be struck,  much  of the article may need to  be pruned to  achieve this balance. This would however leave the article with little content. If you are able to  help, it would be most  welcome. If you have additional  comments to  make on  how this article can be improved, please leave them on  its talk  page at Talk:Victorian architecture. Thanks. --Kudpung (talk) 06:09, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:John Gibbard


text:
User talk:Joaaelst

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer 08:02, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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AfD nomination of Safe Climate Act
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Safe Climate Act. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:36, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joaaelst


text:
User talk:Colby

I am an American technology entrepreneur, computer scientist, and frequent traveler.

I am a novice wikipedia contributor. If you suspect something I did was incorrect or malformed, you're probably right! Much apologies!

Colby (talk) 10:04, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Colby


text:
Mawla

Mawlā (مَوْلَى, plural mawālī مَوَالِي), is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.

Before the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the term originally applied to any form of tribal association.

In the Quran and hadiths it is used in a number of senses, including 'Lord', 'guardian', and 'trustee'.

After Muhammad's death, this institution was adapted by the Umayyad dynasty to incorporate new converts to Islam into Arab-Muslim society and the word mawali gained currency as an appellation for converted non-Arab Muslims in the early Islamic caliphates.

Etymology
The word mawla, which was used by the Islamic prophet Muhammad about Ali in the Ghadir Khumm speech, is derived from the root و ل ي w-l-y, meaning "to be close to" or "to have power over". Mawla can have reciprocal meanings, depending on whether it is used in the active or passive voice: "master" Originally, mawāli were clients of an Arab people, but with the advent of Islam, the term came to refer to non-Arab Muslims and other allies.

Under the Abbasid rulers of the 9th century, the non-Arab converts comprised an important part of the army. The institution of wala' as a requirement to enter Muslim society ceased to exist after the fall of the Umayyads, as the Abbasids favoured a universal interpretation of Islam that was not the exclusive religion of the Arab elite. However, throughout the centuries, the rise of political power of regional Arab dynasties and non-Arab ethnic groups eventually restricted the power of the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, as Persian, Turkic and Berber Muslims began to form independent and autonomous sultanates.

Abu Hanifa was the founder of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam and lived through the Abbasid Revolution. He famously stated in one of his sayings: "The belief of a newly converted Turk is the same as that of an Arab from Hejaz."

This institution continued in the Abbasid period on a much smaller scale when the 8th Abbasid Caliph, al-Mu'tasim, formed private corps entirely composed of non-Arabs in the service of the Caliph. These men were the mawali of the Caliph and were thus considered to be more loyal to the Caliph. This practice persisted throughout Islamic history through to the Ottoman period.

Ghadir Khumm
The word "Mawla" is regarded as a considerable word in the Ghadir Khumm event (regarding the sentence which was declared by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islam about Ali, when he said: "For whoever I am his mawla, 'Ali is his mawla."). There have been mentioned meanings for this use of the word "mawla", including leader, administrator,, Lord, owner, master, follower, one who has more right in something, wali, an ally, etc. Shias argue that in the context of the sermon (Ghadir Khumm), intended that the word "mawla" to be taken as "leader". They therefore see this to be the official designation of Ali as the prophet's successor.

title: Mawla


text: User talk:203.26.24.211

title: User talk:203.26.24.211


text:
Mykel Shannon Jenkins

Mykel Shannon Jenkins (born July 3, 1969) is an American actor and filmmaker whose professional career started when he became winner of the first season of the SOAPnet series I Wanna Be a Soap Star. Jenkin's career spans across numerous film and television productions, from soaps to network television to independent and studio films.

Career
His prize for winning I Wanna Be a Soap Star was a 13-week-contract on General Hospital as Officer Byron Murphy. He was dropped to a recurring role after his first the contract was over, and exited the soap when his character was shot and killed in 2005. In 2023 he was recast in a new role, a physical therapist for Curtis Ashford, a character on the show played by Donnell Turner.

After Jenkin's first run on General Hospital, he was cast in The Bold and the Beautiful on 2007, playing officer Charlie Baker.

In 2010, he co-starred with Scott Adkins in the direct-to-video martial arts film Undisputed III: Redemption. In 2017 Jenkins was in several projects, playing B.B. in Same Kind of Different as Me along with Greg Kinnear and Renée Zellweger, Detective Dawkins in The Wrong Mother for Lifetime Television, Dr. Orson in Teleios, and as Mickey James in The Gods, a film he also wrote and produced. In 2021 Jenkins played Jim in Bao Tran's action comedy The Paper Tigers, released by Well Go USA Entertainment. The sequel of The Gods, The Gods II, was released in 2023 by Echelon Studios.

Jenkins is slated to co-star with Morgan Freeman and Luke Hemsworth on Gunner, a film directed by Dimitri Logothetis.

Personal life
Jenkins graduated from Loyola University in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Filmography

 * Double Jeopardy (1999) as Doorman
 * Baller Blockin' (2000) as Garr
 * Employee Dang (2003) as Mike
 * I Wanna Be a Soap Star (2004) as himself
 * General Hospital (2004–05) as Officer Byron Murphy
 * Stuck In The Suburbs (2004) as V.J.
 * Mr. 3000 (2004) as Reporter
 * Gang Warz (2004) as Dex
 * "Dad's Positive"(2006) as Brother
 * Behind Enemy Lines: Axis of Evil (2006) as Meideros
 * Family Curse (2006) as Arthur
 * Lucky You (2007) as Gary
 * The Bold and the Beautiful (2007-2012) as Detective Charlie Baker
 * The Great Observer (2008) (post-production) as Frankie Duson
 * Undisputed III: Redemption (2010) as Jericho 'Turbo' Jones
 * Kick Ass 2 (2013) as James
 * The Masked Saint (2016) as Detective Harper
 * The Last Heist (2016) as Unknown
 * The Gods (2017) as Mickey James
 * A Christmas Ball (2017) as Sam
 * Teleios (2017) as Dr. Orson
 * Same Kind of Different as Me (2017) as B.B.
 * The Paper Tigers (2020) as Jim
 * The Gods II: The Dark Side (2023) as Mickey James

Guest appearances

 * I'm with Her (2003) Attendant
 * I Wanna Be a Soap Star (2004) Himself
 * Dr. Vegas (2004) Darell 'Sandman' Bay
 * Medical Investigation (2004) David Thorn
 * General Hospital (2004–2005) Officer Byron Murphy
 * Soap Talk (2005) Himself
 * Charmed (Episode: "Still Charmed & Kicking" and "Malice in Wonderland") (2005) Paul Haas
 * In Justice (2006) Billy Daniels
 * CSI: Miami (2006) Chris Ryder
 * Ugly Betty (Episodes: "Petra-Gate" and "A Tree Grows in Guadalajara") (2007) Tavares
 * McDonald's Commercial (2012) New Spicy Chicken McBites, Pool Game

title: Mykel Shannon Jenkins


text:
Archbishop of Mount Sinai and Raithu

The following is a list of Orthodox Archbishops of Mount Sinai and Raithu (Αρχιεπίσκοπος Σινά και Ραϊθώ). The Church of Sinai is an autonomous (given that the Archbishop, and abbot of the monastery, is elected by the assembly of the monks (Brotherhood of Sinai) but is ordained by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem) body of the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem:

 * Eugenios (1567–1583)
 * Anastasios (1583–1592)
 * Laurentios (1592–1617)
 * Ioasaf (1617–1661)
 * Nektarios II (1661)
 * Ananias (1661–1671)
 * Ioannikios I (1671–1702)
 * Kosmas (22 Apr 1703 – 13 Feb 1706)
 * Athanasios IV (1708–1720)
 * Ioannikios II (1721–1728)
 * Nikiforos (1728–1747)
 * Konstantios I (1748–1759)
 * Kyrillos II (28 Oct 1759 – Jan/Feb 1790)
 * Dorotheos II (1794–1797)
 * Konstantios II (1804 – 9 Jul 1859)
 * Kyrillos III (7 Dec 1859 – 5 Sep 1867)
 * Kallistratos (1867–1884)
 * Porphyrios I (21 Aug 1885 – 7 May 1904)
 * Porphyrios II (7 May 1904 – Jul 1926)
 * Porphyrios III (29 Jul 1926 – 24 Nov 1968)
 * Grigorios II (4 Jan 1969 – 11 Sep 1974)
 * Damianos I (10 Dec 1974 – present)

title: Archbishop of Mount Sinai and Raithu


text:
Talk:Nanotomography

These scanners are not actually used only for medical. They are also used for microfossils, biomedical, foods seeds… anything none-destructive. But because of the large scans the X-ray doses gets also very high.

A different category would be needed for this.

title: Talk:Nanotomography


text:
Talk:X-ray microtomography

These scanners are not actually used only for medical. They are also used for microfossils, biomedical, foods seeds… anything none-destructive. But because of the large scans the X-ray doses gets also very high.

A different category would be needed for this.(see nanotomography)

In the future I will add scan samples to show what these machines can do. :-) Some samples are very impressive.

Examples
In the section that describe examples, the dimensions should be used carefully. For example the following statement
 * E.g. composite material with glass fibers 10 to 12 micrometres in diameter

gives misleading figures. There is no reason why a microCT would not be able to scan a composite with 9 or 13 um thick glass fibers. --ondra (talk) 13:26, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Example
You might want this, maybe? -- MichaelSchoenitzer (talk) 15:08, 16 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:X-ray microtomography


text:
Center City, Philadelphia

Center City includes the central business district and central neighborhoods of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It comprises the area that made up the City of Philadelphia prior to the Act of Consolidation, 1854, which extended the city borders to be coterminous with Philadelphia County.

The area has grown to the second-most densely populated downtown area in the United States after Midtown Manhattan in New York City with an estimated 202,100 residents in 2020 and a population density of 26,284 per square mile.

Boundaries
Center City is bounded by South Street to the south, the Delaware River to the east, the Schuylkill River to the west, and Vine Street to the north. The district occupies the old boundaries of the City of Philadelphia before the city was made coterminous with Philadelphia County in 1854. The Center City District, which has special powers of taxation, has a complicated, irregularly shaped boundary that includes much but not all of this area and also extends beyond it. The Philadelphia Police Department patrols four districts located within Center City – the 6th, 9th, 3rd, and 17th districts.

Neighborhood features

Among Center City's neighborhoods and districts are Penn's Landing, Old City, Society Hill, South Street, Washington Square West, Market East, Chinatown, Logan Square, the Museum District (located along the Benjamin Franklin Parkway), Rittenhouse Square, Fitler Square, the Avenue of the Arts (South Broad Street), and Jewelers' Row.

Center City is home to most of Philadelphia's tallest buildings, including Philadelphia's City Hall, the second-tallest masonry building in the world and, until 1987, the tallest in Philadelphia, as well as the tallest building in the world for fourteen years (1894–1908). In March 1987, One Liberty Place broke the gentlemen's agreement not to exceed the height of the statue of William Penn atop City Hall. Upon the completion of One Liberty Place, no Philadelphia major-league sports team won a world championship for the next two decades, a phenomenon known as the "Curse of Billy Penn". In an effort to reverse the curse, a three-foot statue of Penn was affixed to the top of the Comcast Center upon its completion as the city's new tallest building in 2007. On October 29, 2008, the Philadelphia Phillies won the 2008 World Series, ending the "curse".

Seven other skyscrapers now exceed the height of Penn's statue, including One Liberty Place's little sister, Two Liberty Place. The Comcast Center, which was completed in 2007, became the tallest building in Pennsylvania, 30 feet taller than One Liberty Place. In 2018, the Comcast Technology Center opened, which is now the tallest building in Philadelphia and the tallest building in the United States outside of Manhattan and Chicago. 1441 Chestnut, which is currently under construction, is also slated to be taller than City Hall. The first publicly accessible vantage point higher than City Hall opened at One Liberty Observation Deck on the 57th floor of One Liberty Place in 2015.

Other Center City skyscrapers include the BNY Mellon Center and the Three Logan Square, which houses a traffic camera used by the Philadelphia branch of the Westwood One MetroNetworks traffic service.

Across the street from City Hall is the Masonic Temple, the headquarters of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, a legacy of the Founding Fathers and signers of the Declaration of Independence, many of whom were Freemasons; these include George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. While Philadelphia's population declined between 1990 and 2000, Center City's population increased by 10% over that same period.

In 2007, the city designated the area bound by 11th Street, Broad Street, Chestnut Street and Pine Street as the Gayborhood.

Neighborhoods

 * Callowhill
 * Chinatown
 * Fitler Square
 * Gayborhood
 * French Quarter
 * Logan Square
 * Market East
 * Old City
 * Penn Center
 * Penn's Landing
 * Rittenhouse Square
 * Society Hill
 * Washington Square West

Economy

Sunoco has its headquarters in the BNY Mellon Center. Cigna has its corporate headquarters in 2 Liberty Place. Aramark is headquartered in Center City on the east bank of the Schuylkill River on Market Street. Comcast is headquartered in the Comcast Center. The law firm Cozen O'Connor has its headquarters in Center City. Kogan Page has its U.S. headquarters in Center City.

Lincoln National Corporation moved its headquarters from Fort Wayne, Indiana to Philadelphia in 1999. In Philadelphia Lincoln was headquartered in the West Tower of Centre Square in Center City. In 2007, the company moved 400 employees, including its top executives, to Radnor Township from Philadelphia.

Buildings
Center City is home to some of the largest and most prominent buildings in the United States, including:

 * 1818 Market Street
 * Centre Square
 * Comcast Center, the 23rd tallest skyscraper in the nation
 * Liberty Place
 * Philadelphia City Hall, the world's largest free-standing masonry building
 * Three Logan Square

Infrastructure

The Philadelphia Fire Department operates five fire stations in Center City:

 * Engine 1, Ladder 5, Medic 35, Battalion 1 - 711 S. Broad St.
 * Snorkel 2, Medic 44B, Battalion 4, Field Comm. Unit 1 - 101 N. 4th St.
 * Engine 11, Medic 21 - 601 South St.
 * Pipeline 20, Ladder 23, Medic 1 - 133 N. 10th St.
 * Squirt 43, Ladder 9, Medic 7 - 2108 Market St.

The Federal Bureau of Prisons Northeast Region Office is in the U.S. Custom House, a part of the Independence National Historical Park, in Old City, Center City.

The William J. Green Jr. Federal Building houses the Federal Bureau of Investigation Philadelphia Field Office.

Diplomatic offices and consulates
The Consulate-General of Italy in Philadelphia is located in the 1026 Public Ledger Building at 150 South Independence Mall West. The Consulate-General of Panama in Philadelphia is located in Suite 1 at 124 Chestnut Street. The Consulate of Mexico in Philadelphia is located in Suite 310 of the Bourse Building off of Independence Mall.

The Consulate-General of the Dominican Republic in Philadelphia was located in Suite 216 in the Lafayette Building at 437 Chestnut Street. It closed on November 7, 2005. The Consulate-General of Israel in Philadelphia was located on the 18th Floor at 1880 John F. Kennedy Boulevard. Israel closed the Philadelphia consulate in 2016.

Public schools

Residents of Center City are included within the School District of Philadelphia. From the 1940s to the opening of what is now known as the Greenfield School in 1954, many residents attended public schools in other areas and private schools due to the low number of public schools in Center City.

In 2005, in an attempt to slow the flight of middle-class families, the school district and Center City District, an economic development agency, launched a program that promoted public schools in Center City, including Rittenhouse Square and Society Hill, and adjacent areas in Fairmount, Northern Liberties, and South Philadelphia.

K-8 schools that have attendance boundaries in Center City and areas around Center City include:
 * Albert M. Greenfield
 * It opened in September 1954 as the Center City School after the Center City Residents Association (CCRA) advocated for its establishment. It was initially housed in a YWCA and later in the former Jerrold Electronics Building. In 1964 the school district bought the site for a permanent campus, which began construction in 1966 and opened in September 1970.

 * Andrew Jackson School
 * Bache-Martin
 * Chester A. Arthur
 * Edwin M. Stanton
 * General Philip Kearny
 * George A. McCall School
 * George W. Nebinger School
 * James R. Ludlow
 * Laura Wheeler Waring
 * Spring Garden School
 * William H. Harrison
 * William M. Meredith School

Neighborhood high schools for Center City and the Center City area, located outside of Center City, include:
 * Benjamin Franklin High School
 * Furness High School
 * South Philadelphia High School

Other high schools include:

 * Bodine High School for International Affairs
 * Constitution High School for American Studies
 * Franklin Learning Center High School
 * Parkway Center City High School
 * Philadelphia High School for Business and Technology
 * Science Leadership Academy

Combined middle and high schools include:

 * Julia R. Masterman School

Charter schools
Charter schools not operated by the School District of Philadelphia include:

 * Grades 1-12:
 * Mathematics, Civics and Sciences Charter School
 * Grades 7-12:
 * The Mastery Charter Schools system operates the Mastery Charter Lenfest Campus (7-12) in Old City. It moved from North Philadelphia to Old City in 2002.
 * Grades 5-8:
 * Freire Charter Middle School
 * Grades 6-12:
 * World Communications Charter School
 * Grades 9-12:
 * Architecture and Design Charter School
 * Freire Charter High School
 * Mastery Charter High School
 * Philadelphia Electrical and Technology Charter School
 * Grades K-8:
 * Laboratory Charter School of Communication and Languages
 * Folk Arts-Cultural Treasures Charter School
 * Grades 6-8:
 * Wakisha Charter School
 * Grades K-7:
 * Christopher Columbus Charter School
 * Independence Charter School grades K-8
 * People for People Charter School
 * Grades Pre-K-8:
 * Russell Byers Charter School
 * Grades K-6:
 * Universal Institute Charter School

Roman Catholic parochial schools
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia operates the following Roman Catholic parochial schools in the Center City area :

 * Grades 9-12:
 * J. W. Hallahan Catholic Girls High School
 * Roman Catholic High School
 * Grades Pre-K-8:
 * St. Francis Xavier School
 * St. Peter the Apostle School
 * Grades K-8:
 * St. Mary's Interparochial School
 * Grades 1-8:
 * Holy Redeemer School

Other private schools
Other private schools in the Center City area include:

 * Grades Pre-K-12:
 * Friends Select School
 * Grades 9-12:
 * City Center Academy
 * Grades Pre-K-8:
 * St. Peter's School
 * The Philadelphia School

Public libraries
The Free Library of Philadelphia operates the Parkway Central Library at 1901 Vine Street, the Independence Branch at 18 South 7th Street, the Philadelphia City Institute on the first floor and lower level of an apartment complex at 1905 Locust Street, and the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped at 919 Walnut Street.

Other institutions
Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools is headquartered in Center City.

Music and theatre
Center City Philadelphia is home to some of the nation and world's leading cultural institutions. Avenue of the Arts, a city-designated cultural district, includes Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, which houses the Philadelphia Orchestra (a Big Five orchestra) and the Academy of Music, home of the Philadelphia Ballet and Opera Philadelphia. The avenue is home to multiple theatres, including the Miller, Suzanne Roberts, and Wilma theatres. Forrest Theatre is also located in center city, at 1114 Walnut Street.

Museums
Mütter Museum, a medical museum, is located in center city at 19 S. 22nd Street.

Recreation
Center City Philadelphia has a vast number of restaurants, bars, and nightclubs. McGillin's Olde Ale House, at 1310 Drury Street, is one of the nation's oldest pubs (founded in 1860).

Major highways

 * Interstate 76
 * Interstate 95
 * Interstate 676/Benjamin Franklin Bridge
 * U.S. Route 30
 * PA Route 3
 * PA Route 611

Streets and bridges
Center city streets and bridges include Benjamin Franklin Bridge, which connects the city with Camden, New Jersey, and Benjamin Franklin Parkway, a one-mile long parkway that runs from Philadelphia City Hall to the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Three major center city streets are Broad, Market, and South Streets.

Local public transit
There is a 500,000+ sq ft underground pedestrian concourse that connects many of the center city Septa stations to businesses and office buildings. Primarily running under Market Street and Broad Street, the concourse spans east to west from 8th street to 18th street and north to south from John F. Kennedy Boulevard to Spruce Street.
 * Center City Commuter Connection
 * SEPTA
 * Jefferson Station (Regional Rail)
 * Suburban Station (Regional Rail)
 * Market-Frankford Line (2nd Street, 5th Street/Independence Hall, 8th Street, 11th Street, 13th Street, and 15th Street stations)
 * Broad Street Line (Spring Garden, Race-Vine, City Hall, Walnut-Locust and Lombard-South stations on main line; Chinatown and 8th Street stations on Broad-Ridge Spur)
 * Subway-surface trolley lines (13th Street, 15th Street, 19th Street, and 22nd Street stations; all stations on Market Street)
 * Various bus routes
 * PATCO Speedline (8th & Market, 9-10th & Locust, 12-13th & Locust, and 15-16th & Locust Street stations)
 * New Jersey Transit (various bus routes & stops)

Intercity public transit

 * Greyhound at two locations:
 * 618 Market
 * JFK and 30th Street
 * Peter Pan, and various Trailways buses at 618 Market Street
 * Megabus (30th Street Station)
 * Various Chinatown bus lines (various operators & stops; most stops near 11th & Arch Streets)

Amtrak's primary Philadelphia station, 30th Street Station, is located immediately west of Center City, just across the Schuylkill River. SEPTA Regional Rail trains, New Jersey Transit Atlantic City Line trains, Market-Frankford Line trains, and subway-surface line trolleys also service 30th Street Station, and both Megabus and BoltBus stop on streets adjacent to the station.

Taiwanese airline China Airlines provides a private bus service to and from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City for customers based in the Philadelphia area. This service previously stopped in Center City in front of the Marriott Hotel.

Center City Residents' Association
The Center City Residents' Association, originally formed in 1947 to prevent Rittenhouse Square from being turned into a parking lot, is a primary advocate for quality of life issues in Center City. Other community organizations of this type include Logan Square Neighborhood Association, Society Hill Civic Association, South of South Street Neighborhood Association, Washington Square West Civic Association, and the Queen Village Neighbors Association.

title: Center City, Philadelphia


text:
Borate mineral

The Borate Minerals are minerals which contain a borate anion group. The borate (BO3) units may be polymerised similar to the SiO4 unit of the silicate mineral class. This results in B2O5, B3O6, B2O4 anions as well as more complex structures which include hydroxide or halogen anions. The [B(O,OH)4]− anion exists as well.

Many borate minerals, such as borax, colemanite, and ulexite, are salts: soft, readily soluble, and found in evaporite contexts. However, some, such as boracite, are hard and resistant to weathering, more similar to the silicates.

There are over 100 different borate minerals. Borate minerals include:
 * Kernite Na2B4O6(OH)2·3H2O
 * Borax Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O
 * Ulexite NaCaB5O6(OH)6·5H2O
 * Colemanite CaB3O4(OH)3·H2O
 * Boracite Mg3B7O13Cl
 * Painite CaZrAl9O15(BO3)

Nickel–Strunz Classification -06- Borates
IMA-CNMNC proposes a new hierarchical scheme (Mills et al., 2009). This list uses it to modify the Classification of Nickel–Strunz (mindat.org, 10 ed, pending publication). Note that although Nickel–Strunz division letters were traditionally based on the number of boron atoms in a mineral's chemical formula (06.A are monoborates, 06.B are diborates, etc.), the IMA has reclassified borate minerals based on the polymerisation of the borate anion.

Regarding 03.C Aluminofluorides, 06 Borates, 08 Vanadates (04.H V[5,6] Vanadates), 09 Silicates:
 * Abbreviations:
 * REE: rare-earth element (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)
 * PGE: platinum-group element (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
 * * : discredited (IMA/CNMNC status)
 * ? : questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC status)
 * neso-: insular (from Greek νῆσος nêsos, "island")
 * soro-: grouped (from Greek σωρός sōrós, "heap, pile, mound")
 * cyclo-: rings of (from Greek κύκλος kúklos, "circle")
 * ino-: chained (from Greek ίνα ína, "fibre", [from Ancient Greek ἴς])
 * phyllo-: sheets of (from Greek φῠ́λλον phúllon, "leaf")
 * tekto-: three-dimensional framework (from Greek τεκτονικός tektōnikós, "of building")
 * Nickel–Strunz code scheme: NN.XY.##x:
 * NN: Nickel–Strunz mineral class number
 * X: Nickel–Strunz mineral division letter
 * Y: Nickel–Strunz mineral family letter
 *  ## x: Nickel–Strunz mineral/group number; x an add-on letter

Class: borates

 * 06. Alfredstelznerite
 * 06.A Monoborates
 * 06.AA BO3, without additional anions; 1(D): 05 Sassolite; 15 Nordenskioldine, 15 Tusionite; 35 Jimboite, 35 Kotoite; 40 Takedaite
 * 06.AB BO3, with additional anions; 1(D) + OH, etc.: 05 Hambergite, 10 Berborite, 15 Jeremejevite; 20 Warwickite, 20 Yuanfuliite; 25 Karlite; 30 Azoproite, 30 Bonaccordite, 30 Fredrikssonite, 30 Ludwigite, 30 Vonsenite; 35 Pinakiolite; 40 Blatterite, 40 Orthopinakiolite, 40 Takeuchiite, 40 Chestermanite; 45 Hulsite, 45 Magnesiohulsite, 45 Aluminomagnesiohulsite; 50 Hydroxylborite, 50 Fluoborite; 55 Shabynite, 55 Wightmanite; 60 Gaudefroyite, 65 Sakhaite, 70 Harkerite; 75 IMA2008-060, 75 Pertsevite; 80 Jacquesdietrichite, 85 Painite
 * 06.AC B(O,OH)4, without and with additional anions; 1(T), 1(T)+OH, etc.: 05 Sinhalite; 10 Pseudosinhalite; 15 Béhierite, 15 Schiavinatoite; 20 Frolovite; 25 Hexahydroborite; 30 Henmilite; 35 Bandylite; 40 Teepleite; 45 Moydite-(Y); 50 Carboborite; 55 Sulfoborite; 60 Luneburgite; 65 Seamanite; 70 Cahnite
 * 06.H Unclassified Borates
 * 06.HA Unclassified borates: 05 Chelkarite; 10 Braitschite-(Ce); 15 Satimolite; 20 Iquiqueite; 25 Wardsmithite; 30 Korzhinskite; 35 Halurgite; 40 Ekaterinite; 45 Vitimite; 50 Canavesite; 55 Qilianshanite

Subclass: nesoborates

 * 06.BA Neso-diborates with double triangles B2(O,OH)5; 2(2D); 2(2D) + OH, etc.: 05 Suanite; 10 Clinokurchatovite, 10 Kurchatovite; 15 Sussexite, 15 Szaibelyite; 20 Wiserite
 * 06.BB Neso-diborates with double tetrahedra B2O(OH)6; 2(2T): 05 Pinnoite; 10 Pentahydroborite
 * 06.CA Neso-triborates: 10 Ameghinite; 15 Inderite; 20 Kurnakovite; 25 Inderborite; 30 Meyerhofferite; 35 Inyoite; 40 Solongoite; 45 Peprossiite-(Ce); 50 Nifontovite; 55 Olshanskyite
 * 06.DA Neso-tetraborates: 10 Borax; 15 Tincalconite; 20 Hungchaoite; 25 Fedorovskite, 25 Roweite; 30 Hydrochlorborite; 35 Uralborite; 40 Numanoite, 40 Borcarite; 60 Fontarnauite
 * 06.EA Neso-pentaborates: 05 Sborgite; 10 Ramanite-(Rb), 10 Ramanite-(Cs), 10 Santite; 15 Ammonioborite; 25 Ulexite
 * 06.FA Neso-hexaborates: 05 Aksaite; 10 Mcallisterite; 15 Admontite; 20 Rivadavite; 25 Teruggite

Subclass: inoborates

 * 06.BC Ino-diborates with triangles and/or tetrahedra: 10 Calciborite, 10 Aldzhanite*; 15 Vimsite; 20 Sibirskite, 20 Parasibirskite
 * 06.CB Ino-triborates: 10 Colemanite; 15 Hydroboracite; 20 Howlite; 25 Jarandolite
 * 06.DB Ino-tetraborates: 05 Kernite
 * 06.EB Ino-pentaborates: 05 Larderellite; 10 Ezcurrite; 15 Probertite; 20 Tertschite; 25 Priceite
 * 06.FB Ino-hexaborates: 05 Aristarainite; 10 Kaliborite

Subclass: phylloborates

 * 06.CC Phyllo-triborates: 05 Johachidolite
 * 06.EC Phyllo-pentaborates: 05 Biringuccite, 05 Nasinite; 10 Gowerite; 15 Veatchite, 15 Veatchite-A, 15 Veatchite-p; 20 Volkovskite; 25 Tuzlaite; 30 Heidornite; 35 Brianroulstonite
 * 06.FC Phyllo-hexaborates: 05 Nobleite, 05 Tunellite, 05 Balavinskite; 10 Strontioborite; 15 Ginorite, 15 Strontioginorite; 20 Fabianite
 * 06.GB Phyllo-nonaborates, etc.: 05 Studenitsite; 10 Penobsquisite; 15 Preobrazhenskite; 20 Walkerite

Subclass: tektoborates

 * 06.BD Tektodiborates with tetrahedra: 05 Santarosaite
 * 06.DD Tekto-tetraborates: 05 Diomignite
 * 06.ED Tekto-pentaborates: 05 IMA2007-047, 05 Tyretskite, 05 Hilgardite, 05 Kurgantaite
 * 06.GA Tekto-heptaborates: 05 Boracite, 05 Chambersite, 05 Ericaite; 10 Congolite, 10 Trembathite
 * 06.GC Tekto-dodecaborates: 05 Rhodizite, 05 Londonite
 * 06.GD Mega-tektoborates: 05 Ruitenbergite, 05 Pringleite; 10 Metaborite

title: Borate mineral


text:
Harrow

Harrow may refer to:

Places

 * Harrow, Victoria, Australia
 * Harrow, Ontario, Canada
 * The Harrow, County Wexford, a village in Ireland
 * London Borough of Harrow, England
 * Harrow, London, a town in London
 * Harrow (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Harrow (electoral division), Greater London Council
 * Harrow on the Hill
 * Harrow, Caithness, a hamlet in Scotland

Schools

 * Harrow School, independent school in Harrow, London, founded 1572
 * Harrow College, college in Harrow, London, founded 1999
 * Harrow High School, secondary school in Harrow, London
 * Harrow International School Bangkok
 * Harrow International School Beijing
 * Harrow International School Hong Kong

Other uses

 * Harrow (surname)
 * Harrow (tool), an agricultural implement
 * Harrow (novel), a 2021 novel by Joy Williams
 * Harrow (TV series), a 2018 Australian television series
 * Harrow football, a football style played at Harrow School
 * Harrow History Prize, a prize for children at British preparatory schools
 * Harrow RFC, a rugby club
 * Harrow Road, a road in London
 * Battle of the Harrow, a battle of the Irish Rebellion of 1798
 * Harrow, a playable character in Warframe
 * Harrow, a size of cricket bat
 * The Harrow, a fantasy and horror magazine
 * The Harrow, London, a pub in central London
 * The Harrow, Steep, a pub in Hampshire, England

title: Harrow


text:
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas

The Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas  ("Center for Research and Teaching in Economics"; CIDE) is a Mexican center of research and higher education, specialized in the fields of social sciences, with an international-grade level of excellence. It is financed with public resources. It has been consistently included in the Global Go To Think Tank reports as one of Mexico's top ten think tanks.

The main campus is located in the Santa Fe hills of Mexico City, with another campus in the city of Aguascalientes in the north-central region of Mexico.

Academic organization
CIDE has seven academic divisions: Economics, Public Administration, International Studies, Political Studies, Legal Studies, History and Multidisciplinary Studies.

The center's organizational structure reflects its pluralistic roots and its orientation towards promoting leadership and innovation. This flexibility allows faculty and alumni to pursue both individual interests and institutional priorities related to CIDE's three core functions: teaching, research, and outreach to the public and decision-makers.

Faculty
The diverse faculty at CIDE form a research community. Investigative work combines scientific rigor with social relevance; it aims to address the challenges Mexico faces. The academic staff is both Mexican and foreign and the majority are registered with the National System of Researchers.

Academic programs
CIDE currently offers four undergraduate programs:
 * Political Science and International Relations
 * Economics
 * Law
 * Public Policy

Six full-time masters programs:
 * Economics
 * Public Administration and Policy
 * Environmental Economics
 * Political Science
 * International History
 * Methods for Public Policy Analysis

Two half time masters programs:
 * Public Management
 * Journalism and Public Policy

Three PhD programs:
 * Public Policy
 * Political Science
 * Applied History

Distinguished faculty
Distinguished former/current residents/professors/researchers of CIDE include:
 * José Miguel Insulza, Chilean interior minister, Secretary General of the Organization of American States
 * Rodrigo Malmierca Díaz, Cuban diplomat, United Nations Permanent Representative
 * Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor, Mexican foreign secretary, International Court of Justice judge
 * Pedro Vuskovic, Chilean economist and politician, Economics Minister under Salvador Allende
 * Javier Laynez Potizek, Mexican jurist, Justice at the Second Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
 * Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea, Mexican jurist, Justice at the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
 * Ana Laura Magaloni Kerpel, Mexican jurist, Congresswoman at the Constituent Assembly of Mexico City
 * Leticia Bonifaz Alfonzo, Mexican jurist, President of the Human Rights Direction at the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
 * Eduardo Sojo, Mexican economist and politician.
 * Max Diener Sala, Mexican jurist, Tax Attorney General of Mexico.
 * Jean Meyer, Mexican historian.
 * Kurt Unger, Economist.
 * David Miklos, Mexican writer.
 * Reyes Rodríguez Mondragón, Mexican jurist, Former Dean of the CIDE Law School, Judge at the Superior Chamber of The Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary


text:
Absaroka–Beartooth Wilderness

Absaroka–Beartooth Wilderness was created from existing National Forest lands in 1978 and is located in Montana and Wyoming, United States. The wilderness encompasses two distinct mountain ranges: the Beartooth and Absaroka ranges. These ranges are completely distinct geologically speaking, with the Absaroka composed primarily of volcanic (or extrusive) and metamorphic rock, while the Beartooth is made up almost entirely of granitic rocks. The Absaroka are noted for their dark and craggy appearance, lush and heavily forested valleys, and abundant wildlife. The highest peak in the range, in Wyoming, is Francs Peak at 13,153 ft. The Beartooth is more alpine, with huge treeless plateaus and the highest peak of Montana (Granite Peak 12,799 ft). The wilderness has more than 120 peaks over 10,000 feet and 28 peaks over 12,000 ft, including Montana's highest, Granite Peak at 12,799 feet. The wilderness is integral to the 20 e6acre Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and borders Yellowstone National Park.

Wilderness areas do not allow motorized or mechanical equipment, including bicycles, hang-gliders, wagons, chainsaws, and game carts. Although camping and fishing are allowed with proper permits, no roads or buildings are constructed, and no logging or mining, in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas within National Forests and Bureau of Land Management areas also allow hunting in season.

There are 700 mi of trails in the wilderness, hundreds of lakes, a few dozen streams, and a similar number of small glaciers can be found in the wilderness. The forests are dominated by various species of spruce, fir, and pine, while in the Beartooth Mountains, due to the altitude, tundra conditions often prevail. The Beartooth has the largest unbroken area of land over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in altitude in the U.S. outside of Alaska. Animals found in the wilderness include bald eagles, Yellowstone cutthroat trout, threatened grizzly bears, lynx, and the gray wolf.

Access to the wilderness is difficult but can be achieved via the Beartooth Highway US 212 from Red Lodge, Montana. There are also some forest access roads from the west off of US 89 south of Livingston, Montana.

Geography
The wilderness spans the Montana-Wyoming border on Gallatin, Custer and Shoshone National Forests and is composed of 944,000 acre. The elevation ranges from 0 to 11,000 feet; the maximum elevation is at the Beartooth Plateau, located high in the Beartooth Mountains.

Ecosystem
In a study of reaction of learning how large carnivores would react to the big-game hunting season in Yellowstone National Park, a group of scientists found out that grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) usually stay inside the Yellowstone National Park and start moving north (into the Absaroka - Beartooth Wilderness) when the hunting starts. At the same region, cougars (Puma concolor) from outside of the Yellowstone National Park tends to go inside when the hunting starts. However, wolves (Canis lupus) don't change their position as they are already spreading in the Yellowstone Nation Park area. During the hunting season, all of them are found to be hunting elk (Cervus elaphus) on the north of the Park, where Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness is.

Activity
According to the wilderness regulation, group size is limited for 15 people and 15 combined pack and saddle stock.

Threats
The widespread detection of total coliforms, Bacteroides, and E coli in the water sources of the wilderness area is leading to the question of whether it's because of the increasing human visitation. Visitors of the wilderness are encouraged to purify the water carefully before consumption. The wilderness has imposed some regulations to protect the water source, such as camping and burying human waste within 200 ft of lake or stream is prohibited, and waste has to be buried 6 in-8 in deep.

title: Absaroka–Beartooth Wilderness


text:
User:Jondel/5hourdayChildprodigy

 Website:http://www.ndtv.com/features/showfeatures.asp?slug=16%2Dyr%2Dold+clears+PG+exams&id=1052

title: User:Jondel/5hourdayChildprodigy


text:
User talk:Aaronrp

"There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about." -- Oscar Wilde Aaronrp 18:05, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Paid contributions
Somebody will want to talk about that at some point, I'm sure. aaronrp (talk) 17:15, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aaronrp


text:
User talk:D Davis Jr

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer 08:17, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:D Davis Jr


text:
User talk:K madhukar

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Eliezer 08:17, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:K madhukar


text: Category:Slogans

title: Category:Slogans


text:
Deceneus

Deceneus or Decaeneus (Greek: Δεκαίνεος, Dekaineos) was a priest of Dacia during the reign of Burebista (82/61–45/44 BC). He is mentioned in the near-contemporary Greek Geographica of Strabo and in the 6th-century Latin Getica of Jordanes, where he is called Dicineus.

In Strabo's account, Decaeneus is the second most powerful man among the Dacian and Getic tribes and their high priest. His support for Burebista is key to the latter's attaining and holding power over all the tribes. He succeeded to political power in a reduced area after Burebista's death, but he does not appear to have taken the royal title. Jordanes' account is derivative of Strabo's. He credits Dicineus with bringing civilization to the Goths (whom he equates with the Getae). He places him between Zeuta and Zalmoxis as second in a succession of Dacian wise men.

title: Deceneus


text:
User:GilHamilton

Hi there, I'm a Wikipedia newbie. I love the way Wikipedia seems to work so well, even with so many people contributing at once.

I'm a graduate of the Australian National University in the degree of Bachelor of Software Engineering with Honours.

title: User:GilHamilton


text:
Epitaph (Necrophagist album)

Epitaph is the second and final studio album by German death metal band Necrophagist released by Relapse Records on August 3, 2004. Unlike on Onset of Putrefaction, guitarist and vocalist Muhammed Suiçmez recorded the album alongside a full band instead of recording it by himself. Though most uncredited, guitarist Christian Münzner, who later departed from the band and joined Obscura, confirmed he wrote at least half of the lead guitar parts as well as several basslines on the album. The track "Only Ash Remains" incorporates the melody of the "Montagues and Capulets" segment of the ballet Romeo and Juliet by Sergei Prokofiev.

Composition and recording
Writing for the album began in 2002, with Muhammed Suiçmez composing the tracks initially in Power Tab Editor, and eventually in Guitar Pro; newcomer lead guitarist Christian Münzner composing the solos, half of the track "Symbiotic in Theory" and a portion of the basslines, for which he took influence from Greg Howe.

Recording took place in three different locations simultaneously: Hannes Grossmann recorded his drum tracks in Studio Iguana in March with Christoph Brandes, Stephan Fimmers recorded his bass in his own home studio in Schwandorf, while Münzner and Suiçmez recorded guitars in a makeshift studio in a school's basement in Baden-Baden; scheduling forced Münzner to drop out from recording rhythm guitars on three tracks, which were fully played by Suiçmez. As Suiçmez wanted to emphasize the compositional quality of the songs, the band relied heavily on punch-ins to get the accuracy they wanted.

Track listing
All songs written by Muhammed Suiçmez except where noted.

Personnel
'''Necrophagist
 * Muhammed Suiçmez - vocals, lead and rhythm guitars
 * Christian Münzner - lead guitar
 * Stephan Fimmers - bass guitar
 * Hannes Grossmann - drums

Additional personnel
 * Christoph Brandes - recorded drums and vocals
 * Bob Katz -   mastering

title: Epitaph (Necrophagist album)


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George Wilberforce Kakoma

George Wilberforce Kakoma (27 July 1923 – 8 April 2012) was a Ugandan musician who wrote and composed "The Pearl of Africa", Uganda's national anthem. Kakoma's composition was first played publicly by the Police Band conducted by Mr. Moon on October 9, 1962 during Uganda's Independence Day Celebrations. He received a personal token of sh2,000 from the Prime Minister Dr. Milton Obote for his work.

Early life and education
Kakoma was born in 1923 to Semu Kyasooka Kakoma, a Gombolola Chief and Solome Mboolanyi Kakoma in what is now Wakiso District Uganda's Mengo town council. He attended Mengo Primary School and later King's College Budo, where he was a brother-in-law and a contemporary of Sir Edward Mutesa II. He was an active choir member and a keen sportsman during his school days. He studied Music at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Nairobi and later at the Royal College of Music in London, before pursuing further studies at the University of Durham in Northern England. He graduated from the Trinity College of Music and Durham University.

George Wilberforce Kakoma is survived by his children, grandchildren and great grandchildren.

1.Andrew Robson -

2. Sarah Ntudde

- Eddissa - Samuel - Kaggwa - Elina - Yunia - Esther - Lukoda (deceased)

3. Barbara Nababinge

- Ronnie - Jackie - Ian (deceased) - Irene

4. Nassuna Margaret(Deceased)

- George - Goretti - Mwagale - Jordan

5. James Kagye -

6. Semu Kakoma -

7. Paul Lwanga Kakoma - Jonathan - Beth

8. Sanyu Kakoma-

9. Christopher Mbalire Kakoma

- Patrick - Leni - Allan - Andrisha

10.Maggie Kulabako

- Chris - David - Paul

11. George Kakoma

- Andrew - Aaron - Alexandria - Ariel

12.Robert Kyasoka Kakoma-

13.Christine Nabisenke

- May - Psalm - Shalom - Able

14.Maryanne Nansubuga

- Tricia - Gonza - Joel - Mercy

Career
Prior to Uganda's independence, three sub-committees were established to deal with creating Uganda's national symbols. The sub-committee for the creation of a national anthem encouraged Ugandans to submit their proposals.

 * "The compositions had to be short, original, solemn, praising and looking forward to the future. They had to be harmonised in the usual four parts-soprano, alto, tenor and bass," said Kakoma in an interview.

In July 1962, the committee chose Kakoma's composition. It had taken him a day to compose the music and write the lyrics for "Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty".

Kakoma worked as a music teacher in the Masaka District.

Awards
Kakoma is a recipient of numerous awards, including the National Independence Medal in 2010. Apart from the National Anthem, he contributed to the composition of the East African Community Anthem in 2005. He also composed the Uganda Wildlife Authority anthem.

Later life and death
Kakoma died on Easter, April 8, 2012 in Kampala's Kololo suburb, aged 89. He had been ill since February 2011.

Publications

 * George W. Kakoma, Songs from Buganda, Univ. of London Press, London 1969, ISBN 0-340-09438-9

title: George Wilberforce Kakoma


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Werkkrew

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:56, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Werkkrew
Alexa ranked 2,246,522! And they're going down, not up (apparently it's possible to go down from there). "[...]creators have hopes of turning it into a full fledged record label at some point in the future."?! I don't doubt it's advertisement of a non-notable website. Delete. --Dmcdevit·t 08:22, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete advertising/not-notable as stated above. Leithp 08:46, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising for a non notable website. JamesBurns 09:36, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Dmcdevit. Dcarrano 14:15, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Sentence-final particle

Sentence-final particles, including modal particles, interactional particles, etc., are minimal lexemes (words) that occur at the end of a sentence and that do not carry referential meaning, but may relate to linguistic modality, register or other pragmatic effects. Sentence-final particles are common in Chinese, including particles such as Mandarin le 了, ne 呢, ba 吧, ou 哦, a 啊, la 啦, ya 呀, and ma 嗎/吗, and Cantonese lo 囉 and ge 嘅. These particles act as qualifiers of the clause or sentence they end. Sentence-final particles are also present in Japanese and many East Asian languages, such as Thai, and especially in languages that have undergone heavy Sino-Tibetan influence, such as the Monguor languages.

Chinese
Yuen Ren Chao has described sentence-final particles as "phrase suffixes": just as a word suffix is in construction with the word preceding it, a sentence-final particle or phrase suffix is "in construction with a preceding phrase or sentence, though phonetically closely attached to the syllable immediately preceding it". According to Chao, the sentence-final particle is phonetically close to the last word before it, but syntactically it is equidistant from every word in the whole predicate.

While sentence-final particles usually do not carry meaning themselves or denote anything explicit, they may be derived from words that do carry meaning when they occur in other contexts and serve different functions.

All of the sentence-final particles of Standard Chinese are unstressed and, unlike most syllables in the language, do not carry tone.

A major use of sentence-final particles in Mandarin Chinese specifically is thought to be as a signal of the speaker's attitude, the intended force of the statement to which the particle is attached, and "how the utterance is to be taken by the hearer." For example, the addition of a particle may soften the tone of a question that might sound presumptuous or inappropriate without the particle. As such, sentence-final particles in this sense often perform an interpersonal function, rather than a grammatical one. Nevertheless, there are cases in which sentence-final particles do perform grammatical functions, such as Mandarin ma 嗎/吗, the "question particle," which changes the grammatical mood of a sentence to interrogative. Likewise, even though sentence-final particles can usually be omitted from a sentence without making the sentence ungrammatical or changing its meaning, some particles do contain information critical to the interpretation of an utterance's meaning, such as Mandarin le 了.
 * le (了): Expressing a completed action (could be in the past, present, or future, depending on time markers), or a change in state.
 * ba (吧): Soliciting approval, softening an imperative or giving an expression, could also express mocking, sarcasm, or passive aggressiveness depending on tone and context.
 * ou (哦): Adds friendliness or intimacy, used frequently after warnings.
 * ma (嘛): Expresses that the speaker believes something is obvious or simple, sometimes signifying frustration or impatience. Can also be used to intensify a command or suggestion.
 * a (啊) or ya (呀): Expresses excitement or emphasis. Can be used in a question. The combination le a may be contracted as la (啦).
 * ne (呢): Question particle that elicits elaboration on a topic previously discussed. Can also be used to soften a question.
 * ma (嗎/吗): Forms a tag question.

Japanese
In Japanese, there are many sentence-final particles that are used in formal as well as colloquial speech. Some examples include:

 * か ka: question. It turns a declarative sentence into a question.
 * っけ kke: doubt. Used when one is unsure of something. For example, 昨日だったっけ？ (kinō datta kke), "Was it yesterday?". Often used when talking to oneself.
 * な na: emotion. Used when one wants to express a personal feeling. May be used to state a fact in which one has emotional investment, to express one's admiration or emotional excitement, to soften an imperative, or to encourage agreement, as a mild imperative.
 * なあ nā: a lengthened version of the above, expresses strong emotion, either to encourage agreement, as above, or to express one's desires, e.g. 寿司を食べたいなぁ (sushi wo tabetai naa), "I want to eat sushi (so badly right now!)".
 * ね ne: agreement. Used when the speaker wants to verify or otherwise show agreement, reach consensus, or build solidarity with the listener.
 * の no: emphatic/informal interrogative/indirect imperative. May be used to form informal questions, or to give some sort of emphasis to one's statement. Depending on intonation and context, it may soften a statement (particularly in women's language), or to strongly assert one's belief in something. In this sense, it may also act as an indirect imperative, by indicating what the speaker believes should happen, thus, what the listener is expected to do.
 * さ sa: casualness, assertiveness. Contrasts with ne in that, where ne helps build solidarity and agreement, sa is often used to assert the speaker's own ideas or opinions. It is often used repeatedly in conversation to retain a listener's attention.
 * わ wa: soft declarative or emphatic. Used primarily by women, this particle has a meaning similar to yo, but it is less assertive.
 * よ yo: assertive. It means that you are asserting what preceded the particle as information you are confident in, particularly when supplying information the listener is believed not to know.
 * ぜ ze: informal hortative/emphatic. Used to push someone to do something, or to remind them of something. In certain contexts, it can carry a threatening overtone.
 * ぞ zo: assertive, emphatic. Used to strongly assert the speaker's decisions and opinions, and serves to discourage dissent or protest.

English
English also has some words and phrases that act somewhat like sentence final particles, but primarily only in colloquial speech. However, there are others, called tag questions, which are less colloquial and can be used for any situation. All are generally discourse particles rather than modal particles. For example: All but the first are tag questions. Notice how when the main sentence is affirmative, the tag question is negative, and vice versa.
 * "man" in "Don't do it, man."
 * "right" in "The blue one, right?"
 * "no" in "You want to go, no?"
 * "don't you" in "You want to, don't you?"
 * "are they" in "They're not hurt, are they?"
 * "aren't they" in "They're here, aren't they?"
 * "is it" in "The plate isn't broken, is it?"
 * "isn't it" in "The plane is here, isn't it?"

Portuguese
Portuguese uses several sentence-final particles. For example:
 * "né": mainly used to seek confirmation or agreement. It may also be used to denote sarcasm or to express that a statement is obvious.
 * "sim": mainly used to emphasize a statement. It's often translated as "do" as in: "eu sei, sim." = "I do know."
 * "lá": used with some verbs to emphasize a negation as in "sei lá." = "I don't know."
 * "já": has many different uses, one of them is to express surprise.
 * "ó": rarely used in writing, but common in speech. Used to draw the listener's attention to something.
 * "aí": has many different uses, one of them is to soften a request or to make a sentence sound more colloquial.

Spanish
In the same way that certain words and phrases are used as sentence final particles above in the section on English (as discourse particles), some Spanish words and phrases can be used this way as well; once again, these are usually called tag questions. For example: Note that in Spanish, the question marks are placed around the tag question, and not around the entire sentence (although English only uses the single final question mark, it is implied that the entire sentence, and not just the tag, is the question).
 * "verdad" (right) in "Te gustan los libros, ¿verdad?" (You (informal) like books, right?)
 * "no" (no) in "Le toca pasar la aspiradora, ¿no?" (It's your (formal) turn to vacuum, no?)
 * "no es verdad" (isn't that right) in "Eres de Perú, ¿no es verdad?" (You're (informal) from Peru, isn't that right?)

title: Sentence-final particle


text: Category:Midair airliner crashes

title: Category:Midair airliner crashes


text:
Beauty and the Beast (disambiguation)

Beauty and the Beast is a traditional fairy tale.

Beauty and the Beast may also refer to:

Film and stage

 * Beauty and the Beast (1934 film), a Merrie Melodies animated short film
 * Beauty and the Beast (1946 film), a French film directed by Jean Cocteau
 * Beauty and the Beast (1962 film), an American film directed by Edward L. Cahn, featuring Meg Wyllie
 * Beauty and the Beast (1978 film), a Czechoslovak film directed by Juraj Herz
 * Beauty and the Beast (1983 film), a Danish film directed by Nils Malmros
 * Beauty and the Beast (1987 film), an American musical film starring Rebecca De Mornay and John Savage
 * Beauty and the Beast (franchise), a Disney media franchise
 * Beauty and the Beast (1991 film), an animated Disney film
 * "Beauty and the Beast" (Disney song), a 1991 song from the film
 * Beauty and the Beast (musical), a 1994 Broadway musical based on the film
 * Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage, a theme park show at Walt Disney World based on the film
 * Beauty and the Beast (video game), several games based on the film
 * Beauty and the Beast (2017 film), live-action remake of the Disney feature
 * Beauty and the Beast, an animated feature film of 1992 produced by Bevanfield Films
 * Beauty and the Beast, an animated feature film of 1992 produced by Golden Films
 * Beauty and the Beast (1996 film), an Australian animated television film produced by Burbank Animation Studios
 * Beauty and the Beast (1997 film), another animated film produced by Golden Films
 * Beauty and the Beast (2005 film), a film starring Jane March and William Gregory Lee
 * Beauty and the Beast (2009 film), a film directed by David Lister and starring Estella Warren
 * Die Schöne und das Biest (2012 film), a film starring Cornelia Gröschel
 * Beauty and the Beast (2014 film), a Franco-German film directed by Christophe Gans

Soundtracks

 * Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack), the soundtrack album from the animated film
 * Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack), the soundtrack album from the live-action film

Television

 * Beauty and the Beast (1976 TV film), an American Hallmark Hall of Fame TV film, starring George C. Scott and Trish Van Devere
 * Beauty and the Beast, a 1983 American animated television special produced by Ruby-Spears
 * Beauty and the Beast (1987 TV series), an American television drama series aired on CBS between 1987 and 1990
 * Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series), an American television series that debuted on The CW in 2012, loosely based on the 1987 series
 * Beauty and the Beast (talk show), an Australian television panel show
 * "Beauty and the Beast: Part One", an episode of the 2009 British series Merlin
 * "Beauty and the Beast: Part Two"
 * "Beauty and the Beast" (Faerie Tale Theatre), a 1984 episode of Faerie Tale Theatre
 * "Beauty & the Beast" (X-Men), an episode of X-Men
 * "Beauty and the Beast" (Super Why!), an episode of Super Why!
 * "Beauty and the Beasts", an episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 * Beauty and the Beast (2009 film) or Beauty and the Beasts: A Dark Tale, a TV movie starring Estella Warren
 * Beauty and the Beast Live!, a musical TV special based on the 1991 film

Literature

 * Beauty and the Beast, a long poem by Carol Ann Duffy and Adrian Henri
 * Beauty and the Beast, an 1886 novel by the English writer Henrietta Keddie, under the pseudonym Sarah Tytler
 * Beauty and the Beast, a 1928 novel by the US writer Kathleen Norris
 * "Beauty and the Beast", a 1940 short story by Henry Kuttner
 * Beauty and the Beast, a 1951 play by Nicholas Stuart Gray
 * Beauty and the Beast, a 1978 book by Marianna Mayer
 * Beauty and the Beast (A bela e a fera), a 1979 short story collection by Clarice Lispector
 * Beauty and the Beast, a 1992 novel by Hannah Howell
 * Beauty and the Beast, a 1992 novelization of the 1991 film by A. L. Singer
 * Beauty and the Beast, a 1992 book by Nancy Willard
 * Beauty and the Beast, a 1982 novel by the US writer Ed McBain
 * Beauty and the Beast, a 2004 novelization of the 1991 film by Narinder Dhami
 * Beauty and the Beast: The Story of Nastassja and Klaus Kinski, a 2011 non-fiction book by W. A. Harbinson
 * Beauty and the Beast: The Only One Who Didn't Run Away, a 2012 novel by Wendy Mass

Music

 * The Beauty and the Beast (Stormwitch album)
 * Beauty and the Beast (Mark Murphy album), 1986
 * Beauty and the Beast (Rapsody EP), 2014
 * "Beauty and the Beast" (David Bowie song), 1978
 * "Beauty and the Beast" (Stevie Nicks song), 1983
 * Beauty and the Beast, an album by Fair Game, a band fronted by Ron Keel
 * "The Beauty and the Beast", a song by Digital Emotion
 * "The Beauty and the Beast", a song by Sven Väth
 * "Beauty and the Beast", a song by Band-Maid from New Beginning
 * "Beauty and the Beast", a song by Nightwish from Angels Fall First
 * "Beauty and the Beast", a song by Wayne Shorter, with Milton Nascimento, from Native Dancer
 * "Beauty and the Beast", a song by The Rose
 * Beauty and the Beast, a duo consisting of K-1 wrestler Choi Hong-man and Korean supermodel Kang Soo Hee
 * "Les entretiens de la belle et de la bête" ("Conversation of Beauty and the Beast"), a movement from Ma mère l'Oye by Maurice Ravel

Video gaming

 * Beauty & the Beast (1982 video game), a video game for the Intellivision
 * Beauty and the Beast (1994 video game), an action platformer for the NES
 * The Beauty and the Beast Corps, a fictional unit in the video game Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots

Other uses

 * Beauty and the Beast (strongman competition)
 * Beauty and the Beast (ballet), a ballet version of the fairy tale by David Nixon

title: Beauty and the Beast (disambiguation)


text:
V. N. Janaki

Vaikom Narayani Janaki (30 November 1923 – 19 May 1996), also known as Janaki Ramachandran, was an Indian politician, actress and activist who served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for 23 days after the death of her husband M. G. Ramachandran, former chief minister of Tamil Nadu. She was the first woman to become the chief minister of Tamil Nadu. She was also the first actress to become the chief minister in the history of India.

Background
Janaki was born in the town of Vaikom in Kottayam district of Travancore into a family with ties to both Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Her father, Rajagopal Iyer, was a Tamil Brahmin hailing from Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu, and was the brother of Papanasam Sivan, the musician and composer. Her mother, Narayani Amma, belonged to Vaikom and was of a Keralite matrilineal caste. The formal relation between them was of Sambandam and therefore the children were known by the name of the mother as "Vaikom Narayani Janaki."

In 1939, aged 17, Janaki married actor Ganapathy Bhat (1915–1972), a Brahmin gentleman, in a Sambandam relation, just like her parents. Janaki and Ganapati Bhat had a son named Surendran.

Film career
Janaki's early films were Manmatha Vijayam (1939) and Savithri(1941). Chandralekha in 1948 brought her popularity.

Janaki acted with Ramachandran in films like Raja Mukthi and Mohini. She continued acting, with films like Velaikaari and Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi in the 1950s but had stopped by 1960. Following the death of Ramachandran's second wife, she moved in with him. They legally married in 1962. Ramachandran, who was childless in his three marriages, is said to have taken an affectionate interest in the well-being of Surendran, her son from her first marriage.

Political career
Janaki was not politically active during Ramachandran's life with only a handful of public appearances in AIADMK's early days. Ramachandran groomed other young leaders of his party for political responsibility, including the actress Jayalalithaa, with whom he was said to share a great professional rapport.

When Ramachandran suffered a paralytic stroke in 1984, she became the intermediary between him and the party. Due to his death in 1987, Janaki was asked by party members to take his place.

Chief Minister, 1988
In deference to their wishes, she became Chief minister in January 1988. Her government lasted only 24 days, the shortest in the history of Tamil Nadu.

Her ministry went for a sensitive vote of confidence of the Eighth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in January 1988. This was because AIADMK coalition with 194 MLAs had split into 3 factions, with one group of 30 MLAs supporting Jayalalitha and another group of 101 MLAs supporting Janaki. The Congress party, under the directive of its national chief and then PM Rajiv Gandhi, had decided to vote neutral. The opposition demanded secret ballot in the assembly, on the day of vote. But the speaker, who supported Janaki, rejected this. He had already disqualified the 30 MLAs of Jayalalitha faction and 15 MLAs of DMK the previous day. He had also decreed that the support of MLAs physically present in the assembly at the time of vote was sufficient. So instead of proving majority in 234 with just 101, Janaki had to prove majority in 198. When the speaker called for vote, DMK and AIADMK MLAs clashed in assembly and many were injured including the speaker. On speaker's request, the CM called police into the house. The speaker announced unilaterally that the cabinet had won motion of confidence.

The central government under Rajiv Gandhi used Article 356 of the Constitution of India to dismiss her government in February. Her party was subsequently defeated in the next elections that were held in 1989. She quit politics after the unification of the two factions of the AIADMK. Janaki is one of the few chief ministers to have not won any legislative elections.

Death
She died of a cardiac arrest on 19 May 1996. She was buried beside her residence at MGR Thottam in Raamapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

Legacy
VN Janaki gifted her property in V.P. Raman Salai in honour of her husband to the AIADMK. It subsequently became the headquarters of the party in 1986. She was the founder chairman of The Satya Educational & Charitable Society managing many free educational institutions in Chennai. She gave property worth many million of dollars for the establishment of educational and charitable institutions in Tamil Nadu. She was also instrumental in setting up the Janaki Ramachandran Educational & Charitable Trust.

Filmography
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''

title: V. N. Janaki


text:
File:Farmers and Merchants National Bank 1923 00047831.jpg

Farmers and Merchants National Bank 1923 http://jpg2.lapl.org/pics26/00047831.jpg Title 	 Farmers and Merchants National Bank Date 	 1923. Physical Details 	 1 photograph : b&w Collection 	 SPNB Description 	 Exterior view of Farmers and Merchants National Bank of Los Angeles, located at the southwest corner of 4th and Main Streets. Note the architectural designs on the building. Subject Headings 	 Farmers and Merchants National Bank of Los Angeles. Architecture California Los Angeles. Banks and banking California Los Angeles. Bank buildings California Los Angeles. Location 	 United States California Los Angeles Los Angeles. Southwest corner of 4th and Main Streets. Order Number 	 00047831 File Number 	 A-008-603 4x5 File Heading 	 L.A.-Banks and banking-Farmers and Merchants National Bank of Los Angeles. Format 	 Photograph