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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Docketing software

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. -Splash 03:11, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Docketing software
This article was transwikied to wiktionary in April 2005. Since then it hasn't evolved at all. It will probably never evolve into a decent wikipedia article. I vote delete. --Edcolins 10:24, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Three months is far too short a time for a stub to develop (typically this takes more than six months).  The article also suffers from insufficient linking and cats.  As a plant needs roots, so an article needs links.  I am adding some suitable cats and a stub template. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 18:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable subject, definitely worthy of an EnWiki article. Fernando Rizo 21:27, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. Especially in light of recent malpractice cases involving law firms that weren't using any software. That article would also be a good place to start to expand that stub. LexisOne also has a list.
 * Keep and expand. Notable topic. JamesBurns 03:53, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Docking (molecular)

In the field of molecular modeling, docking is a method which predicts the preferred orientation of one molecule to a second when a ligand and a target are bound to each other to form a stable complex. Knowledge of the preferred orientation in turn may be used to predict the strength of association or binding affinity between two molecules using, for example, scoring functions.

The associations between biologically relevant molecules such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids play a central role in signal transduction. Furthermore, the relative orientation of the two interacting partners may affect the type of signal produced (e.g., agonism vs antagonism). Therefore, docking is useful for predicting both the strength and type of signal produced.

Molecular docking is one of the most frequently used methods in structure-based drug design, due to its ability to predict the binding-conformation of small molecule ligands to the appropriate target binding site. Characterisation of the binding behaviour plays an important role in rational design of drugs as well as to elucidate fundamental biochemical processes.

Definition of problem
One can think of molecular docking as a problem of “lock-and-key”, in which one wants to find the correct relative orientation of the “key” which will open up the “lock” (where on the surface of the lock is the key hole, which direction to turn the key after it is inserted, etc.). Here, the protein can be thought of as the “lock” and the ligand can be thought of as a “key”. Molecular docking may be defined as an optimization problem, which would describe the “best-fit” orientation of a ligand that binds to a particular protein of interest. However, since both the ligand and the protein are flexible, a “hand-in-glove” analogy is more appropriate than “lock-and-key”. During the course of the docking process, the ligand and the protein adjust their conformation to achieve an overall "best-fit" and this kind of conformational adjustment resulting in the overall binding is referred to as "induced-fit".

Molecular docking research focuses on computationally simulating the molecular recognition process. It aims to achieve an optimized conformation for both the protein and ligand and relative orientation between protein and ligand such that the free energy of the overall system is minimized.

Docking approaches
Two approaches are particularly popular within the molecular docking community.

 * One approach uses a matching technique that describes the protein and the ligand as complementary surfaces.
 * The second approach simulates the actual docking process in which the ligand-protein pairwise interaction energies are calculated.

Both approaches have significant advantages as well as some limitations. These are outlined below.

Shape complementarity
Geometric matching/shape complementarity methods describe the protein and ligand as a set of features that make them dockable. These features may include molecular surface/complementary surface descriptors. In this case, the receptor's molecular surface is described in terms of its solvent-accessible surface area and the ligand's molecular surface is described in terms of its matching surface description. The complementarity between the two surfaces amounts to the shape matching description that may help finding the complementary pose of docking the target and the ligand molecules. Another approach is to describe the hydrophobic features of the protein using turns in the main-chain atoms. Yet another approach is to use a Fourier shape descriptor technique. Whereas the shape complementarity based approaches are typically fast and robust, they cannot usually model the movements or dynamic changes in the ligand/protein conformations accurately, although recent developments allow these methods to investigate ligand flexibility. Shape complementarity methods can quickly scan through several thousand ligands in a matter of seconds and actually figure out whether they can bind at the protein's active site, and are usually scalable to even protein-protein interactions. They are also much more amenable to pharmacophore based approaches, since they use geometric descriptions of the ligands to find optimal binding.

Simulation
Simulating the docking process is much more complicated. In this approach, the protein and the ligand are separated by some physical distance, and the ligand finds its position into the protein's active site after a certain number of “moves” in its conformational space. The moves incorporate rigid body transformations such as translations and rotations, as well as internal changes to the ligand's structure including torsion angle rotations. Each of these moves in the conformation space of the ligand induces a total energetic cost of the system. Hence, the system's total energy is calculated after every move.

The obvious advantage of docking simulation is that ligand flexibility is easily incorporated, whereas shape complementarity techniques must use ingenious methods to incorporate flexibility in ligands. Also, it more accurately models reality, whereas shape complementary techniques are more of an abstraction.

Clearly, simulation is computationally expensive, having to explore a large energy landscape. Grid-based techniques, optimization methods, and increased computer speed have made docking simulation more realistic.

Mechanics of docking
To perform a docking screen, the first requirement is a structure of the protein of interest. Usually the structure has been determined using a biophysical technique such as

 * X-ray crystallography,
 * NMR spectroscopy or
 * cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM),

but can also derive from homology modeling construction. This protein structure and a database of potential ligands serve as inputs to a docking program. The success of a docking program depends on two components: the search algorithm and the scoring function.

Search algorithm
The search space in theory consists of all possible orientations and conformations of the protein paired with the ligand. However, in practice with current computational resources, it is impossible to exhaustively explore the search space — this would involve enumerating all possible distortions of each molecule (molecules are dynamic and exist in an ensemble of conformational states) and all possible rotational and translational orientations of the ligand relative to the protein at a given level of granularity. Most docking programs in use account for the whole conformational space of the ligand (flexible ligand), and several attempt to model a flexible protein receptor. Each "snapshot" of the pair is referred to as a pose.

A variety of conformational search strategies have been applied to the ligand and to the receptor. These include:

 * systematic or stochastic torsional searches about rotatable bonds
 * molecular dynamics simulations
 * genetic algorithms to "evolve" new low energy conformations and where the score of each pose acts as the fitness function used to select individuals for the next iteration.

Ligand flexibility
Conformations of the ligand may be generated in the absence of the receptor and subsequently docked or conformations may be generated on-the-fly in the presence of the receptor binding cavity, or with full rotational flexibility of every dihedral angle using fragment based docking. Force field energy evaluation are most often used to select energetically reasonable conformations, but knowledge-based methods have also been used.

Peptides are both highly flexible and relatively large-sized molecules, which makes modeling their flexibility a challenging task. A number of methods were developed to allow for efficient modeling of flexibility of peptides during protein-peptide docking.

Receptor flexibility
Computational capacity has increased dramatically over the last decade making possible the use of more sophisticated and computationally intensive methods in computer-assisted drug design. However, dealing with receptor flexibility in docking methodologies is still a thorny issue. The main reason behind this difficulty is the large number of degrees of freedom that have to be considered in this kind of calculations. Neglecting it, however, in some of the cases may lead to poor docking results in terms of binding pose prediction.

Multiple static structures experimentally determined for the same protein in different conformations are often used to emulate receptor flexibility. Alternatively rotamer libraries of amino acid side chains that surround the binding cavity may be searched to generate alternate but energetically reasonable protein conformations.

Scoring function
Docking programs generate a large number of potential ligand poses, of which some can be immediately rejected due to clashes with the protein. The remainder are evaluated using some scoring function, which takes a pose as input and returns a number indicating the likelihood that the pose represents a favorable binding interaction and ranks one ligand relative to another.

Most scoring functions are physics-based molecular mechanics force fields that estimate the energy of the pose within the binding site. The various contributions to binding can be written as an additive equation:

$$\bigtriangleup G_{bind} = \bigtriangleup G_{solvent} + \bigtriangleup G_{conf} + \bigtriangleup G_{int} + \bigtriangleup G_{rot} + \bigtriangleup G_{t/t} + \bigtriangleup G_{vib}$$

The components consist of solvent effects, conformational changes in the protein and ligand, free energy due to protein-ligand interactions, internal rotations, association energy of ligand and receptor to form a single complex and free energy due to changes in vibrational modes. A low (negative) energy indicates a stable system and thus a likely binding interaction.

Alternative approaches use modified scoring functions to include constraints based on known key protein-ligand interactions, or knowledge-based potentials derived from interactions observed in large databases of protein-ligand structures (e.g. the Protein Data Bank).

There are a large number of structures from X-ray crystallography for complexes between proteins and high affinity ligands, but comparatively fewer for low affinity ligands as the latter complexes tend to be less stable and therefore more difficult to crystallize. Scoring functions trained with this data can dock high affinity ligands correctly, but they will also give plausible docked conformations for ligands that do not bind. This gives a large number of false positive hits, i.e., ligands predicted to bind to the protein that actually don't when placed together in a test tube.

One way to reduce the number of false positives is to recalculate the energy of the top scoring poses using (potentially) more accurate but computationally more intensive techniques such as Generalized Born or Poisson-Boltzmann methods.

Docking assessment
The interdependence between sampling and scoring function affects the docking capability in predicting plausible poses or binding affinities for novel compounds. Thus, an assessment of a docking protocol is generally required (when experimental data is available) to determine its predictive capability. Docking assessment can be performed using different strategies, such as:
 * docking accuracy (DA) calculation;
 * the correlation between a docking score and the experimental response or determination of the enrichment factor (EF);
 * the distance between an ion-binding moiety and the ion in the active site;
 * the presence of induce-fit models.

Docking accuracy
Docking accuracy represents one measure to quantify the fitness of a docking program by rationalizing the ability to predict the right pose of a ligand with respect to that experimentally observed.

Enrichment factor
Docking screens can also be evaluated by the enrichment of annotated ligands of known binders from among a large database of presumed non-binding, “decoy” molecules. In this way, the success of a docking screen is evaluated by its capacity to enrich the small number of known active compounds in the top ranks of a screen from among a much greater number of decoy molecules in the database. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is widely used to evaluate its performance.

Prospective
Resulting hits from docking screens are subjected to pharmacological validation (e.g. IC50, affinity or potency measurements). Only prospective studies constitute conclusive proof of the suitability of a technique for a particular target. In the case of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are targets of more than 30% of marketed drugs, molecular docking led to the discovery of more than 500 GPCR ligands.

Benchmarking
The potential of docking programs to reproduce binding modes as determined by X-ray crystallography can be assessed by a range of docking benchmark sets.

For small molecules, several benchmark data sets for docking and virtual screening exist e.g. Astex Diverse Set consisting of high quality protein−ligand X-ray crystal structures, the Directory of Useful Decoys (DUD) for evaluation of virtual screening performance. , or the LEADS-FRAG data set for fragments

An evaluation of docking programs for their potential to reproduce peptide binding modes can be assessed by Lessons for Efficiency Assessment of Docking and Scoring (LEADS-PEP).

Applications
A binding interaction between a small molecule ligand and an enzyme protein may result in activation or inhibition of the enzyme. If the protein is a receptor, ligand binding may result in agonism or antagonism. Docking is most commonly used in the field of drug design — most drugs are small organic molecules, and docking may be applied to:
 * hit identification – docking combined with a scoring function can be used to quickly screen large databases of potential drugs in silico to identify molecules that are likely to bind to protein target of interest (see virtual screening). Reverse pharmacology routinely uses docking for target identification.
 * lead optimization – docking can be used to predict in where and in which relative orientation a ligand binds to a protein (also referred to as the binding mode or pose). This information may in turn be used to design more potent and selective analogs.
 * bioremediation – protein ligand docking can also be used to predict pollutants that can be degraded by enzymes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Docking (molecular)


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Continuous stirred-tank reactor

The continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), also known as vat- or backmix reactor, mixed flow reactor (MFR), or a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CFSTR), is a common model for a chemical reactor in chemical engineering and environmental engineering. A CSTR often refers to a model used to estimate the key unit operation variables when using a continuous agitated-tank reactor to reach a specified output. The mathematical model works for all fluids: liquids, gases, and slurries.

The behavior of a CSTR is often approximated or modeled by that of an ideal CSTR, which assumes perfect mixing. In a perfectly mixed reactor, reagent is instantaneously and uniformly mixed throughout the reactor upon entry. Consequently, the output composition is identical to composition of the material inside the reactor, which is a function of residence time and reaction rate. The CSTR is the ideal limit of complete mixing in reactor design, which is the complete opposite of a plug flow reactor (PFR). In practice, no reactors behave ideally but instead fall somewhere in between the mixing limits of an ideal CSTR and PFR.

Modeling
A continuous fluid flow containing non-conservative chemical reactant A enters an ideal CSTR of volume V.

Assumptions:

 * perfect or ideal mixing
 * steady state $$\Bigl(\frac{dN_A}{dt} = 0\Bigr)$$, where NA is the number of moles of species A
 * closed boundaries
 * constant fluid density (valid for most liquids; valid for gases only if there is no net change in the number of moles or drastic temperature change)
 * nth-order reaction (r = kCAn), where k is the reaction rate constant, CA is the concentration of species A, and n is the order of the reaction
 * isothermal conditions, or constant temperature (k is constant)
 * single, irreversible reaction (νA = −1)
 * All reactant A is converted to products via chemical reaction
 * NA = CA V

Integral mass balance on number of moles NA of species A in a reactor of volume V:$$1. [\text{Net accumulation of} ~A] = [A~\text{in}] - [A~\text{out}] + [\text{Net generation of} ~A]$$

$$ 2. \frac{dN_A}{dt} = F_{Ao} - F_A + V \nu_A r_A $$

where,

 * FAo is the molar flow rate inlet of species A
 * FA is the molar flow rate outlet of species A
 * vA is the stoichiometric coefficient
 * rA is the reaction rate

Applying the assumptions of steady state and νA = −1, Equation 2 simplifies to:

$$ 3. \ 0 = F_{Ao} - F_A - V r_A $$

The molar flow rates of species A can then be rewritten in terms of the concentration of A and the fluid flow rate (Q):

$$ 4. \ 0 = QC_{Ao} - QC_A - V r_A $$

Equation 4 can then be rearranged to isolate rA and simplified:

$$ 5. \ r_A = \frac{Q}{V} (C_{Ao} - C_A)  $$

$$ 6. \ r_A = \frac{1}{\tau} (C_{Ao} - C_A)  $$

where,

 * $$ \tau  $$ is the theoretical residence time ( $$\tau = \tfrac{V}{Q}$$ )
 * CAo is the inlet concentration of species A
 * CA is the reactor/outlet concentration of species A

Residence time is the total amount of time a discrete quantity of reagent spends inside the reactor. For an ideal reactor, the theoretical residence time, $$\tau$$, is always equal to the reactor volume divided by the fluid flow rate. See the next section for a more in-depth discussion on the residence time distribution of a CSTR.

Depending on the order of the reaction, the reaction rate, rA, is generally dependent on the concentration of species A in the reactor and the rate constant. A key assumption when modeling a CSTR is that any reactant in the fluid is perfectly (i.e. uniformly) mixed in the reactor, implying that the concentration within the reactor is the same in the outlet stream. The rate constant can be determined using a known empirical reaction rate that is adjusted for temperature using the Arrhenius temperature dependence. Generally, as the temperature increases so does the rate at which the reaction occurs.

Equation 6 can be solved by integration after substituting the proper rate expression. The table below summarizes the outlet concentration of species A for an ideal CSTR. The values of the outlet concentration and residence time are major design criteria in the design of CSTRs for industrial applications.

Residence time distribution
An ideal CSTR will exhibit well-defined flow behavior that can be characterized by the reactor's residence time distribution, or exit age distribution. Not all fluid particles will spend the same amount of time within the reactor. The exit age distribution (E(t)) defines the probability that a given fluid particle will spend time t in the reactor. Similarly, the cumulative age distribution (F(t)) gives the probability that a given fluid particle has an exit age less than time t. One of the key takeaways from the exit age distribution is that a very small number of fluid particles will never exit the CSTR. Depending on the application of the reactor, this may either be an asset or a drawback.

Non-ideal CSTR
While the ideal CSTR model is useful for predicting the fate of constituents during a chemical or biological process, CSTRs rarely exhibit ideal behavior in reality. More commonly, the reactor hydraulics do not behave ideally or the system conditions do not obey the initial assumptions. Perfect mixing is a theoretical concept that is not achievable in practice. For engineering purposes, however, if the residence time is 5–10 times the mixing time, the perfect mixing assumption generally holds true. Non-ideal hydraulic behavior is commonly classified by either dead space or short-circuiting. These phenomena occur when some fluid spends less time in the reactor than the theoretical residence time, $$\tau$$. The presence of corners or baffles in a reactor often results in some dead space where the fluid is poorly mixed. Similarly, a jet of fluid in the reactor can cause short-circuiting, in which a portion of the flow exits the reactor much quicker than the bulk fluid. If dead space or short-circuiting occur in a CSTR, the relevant chemical or biological reactions may not finish before the fluid exits the reactor. Any deviation from ideal flow will result in a residence time distribution different from the ideal distribution, as seen at right.

Modeling non-ideal flow
Although ideal flow reactors are seldom found in practice, they are useful tools for modeling non-ideal flow reactors. Any flow regime can be achieved by modeling a reactor as a combination of ideal CSTRs and plug flow reactors (PFRs) either in series or in parallel. For examples, an infinite series of ideal CSTRs is hydraulically equivalent to an ideal PFR. Reactor models combining a number of CSTRs in series are often termed tanks-in-series (TIS) models.

To model systems that do not obey the assumptions of constant temperature and a single reaction, additional dependent variables must be considered. If the system is considered to be in unsteady-state, a differential equation or a system of coupled differential equations must be solved. Deviations of the CSTR behavior can be considered by the dispersion model. CSTRs are known to be one of the systems which exhibit complex behavior such as steady-state multiplicity, limit cycles, and chaos.

Cascades of CSTRs
Cascades of CSTRs, also known as a series of CSTRs, are used to decrease the volume of a system.

Minimizing Volume
As seen in the graph with one CSTR, where the inverse rate is plotted as a function of fractional conversion, the area in the box is equal to $$ \frac{V}{F_{Ao}} $$ where V is the total reactor volume and $$ F_{Ao} $$ is the molar flow rate of the feed. When the same process is applied to a cascade of CSTRs as seen in the graph with three CSTRs, the volume of each reactor is calculated from each inlet and outlet fractional conversion, therefore resulting in a decrease in total reactor volume. Optimum size is achieved when the area above the rectangles from the CSTRs in series that was previously covered by a single CSTR is maximized. For a first order reaction with two CSTRs, equal volumes should be used. As the number of ideal CSTRs (n) approaches infinity, the total reactor volume approaches that of an ideal PFR for the same reaction and fractional conversion.

Ideal Cascade of CSTRs
From the design equation of a single CSTR where $$ \tau = \frac{C_{Ao} - C_A}{-r_A} $$, we can determine that for a single CSTR in series that $$ \tau_i = \frac{C_{A(i-1)}-C_{Ai}}{-r_{Ai}} $$

where $$ \tau $$ is the space time of the reactor, $$ C_{Ao} $$ is the feed concentration of A, $$ C_{A} $$ is the outlet concentration of A, and $$ -r_{A} $$ is the rate of reaction of A.

First order
For an isothermal first order, constant density reaction in a cascade of identical CSTRs operating at steady state

For one CSTR: $$ C_{A1} = \frac{C_{Ao}}{1 + k\tau} $$, where k is the rate constant and $$ C_{A1} $$ is the outlet concentration of A from the first CSTR

Two CSTRs: $$ C_{A1} = \frac{C_{Ao}}{1 + k\tau} $$ and $$ C_{A2} = \frac{C_{A1}}{1 + k\tau} $$

Plugging in the first CSTR equation to the second: $$ C_{A2} = \frac{C_{Ao}}{(1 + k\tau)^2} $$

Therefore for m identical CSTRs in series: $$ C_{Am} = \frac{C_{Ao}}{(1 + k\tau)^m} $$

When the volumes of the individual CSTRs in series vary, the order of the CSTRs does not change the overall conversion for a first order reaction as long as the CSTRs are run at the same temperature.

Zeroth order
At steady state, the general equation for an isothermal zeroth order reaction at in a cascade of CSTRs is given by $$ C_{Am} = C_{Ao} - \sum_{i=1}^{m} k_i\tau_i $$

When the cascade of CSTRs is isothermal with identical reactors, the concentration is given by $$ C_{Am} = C_{Ao} - mk_i\tau_i $$

Second order
For an isothermal second order reaction at steady state in a cascade of CSTRs, the general design equation is $$ C_{Ai} = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{1 + 4k_i\tau_iC_{A(i-1)}}}{2k_i\tau_i} $$

Non-ideal cascade of CSTRs
With non-ideal reactors, residence time distributions can be calculated. At the concentration at the jth reactor in series is given by

$$\frac{C_j}{C_o} = 1 -e^{-\frac{nt}{\bar{t}}}[1 + \frac{nt}{\bar{t}} + \frac{1}{2!}(\frac{nt}{\bar{t}})^2 + ... + \frac{1}{(j-1)!}(\frac{nt}{\bar{t}})^{j-1}]$$

where n is the total number of CSTRs in series, and $$ \bar{t} $$ is the average residence time of the cascade given by $$ \bar{t} = \frac{V}{Q} $$ where Q is the volumetric flow rate.

From this, the cumulative residence time distribution (F(t)) can be calculated as

$$F(t) = \frac{C_n}{C_o} = 1 -e^{-\frac{nt}{\bar{t}}}[1 + \frac{nt}{\bar{t}} + \frac{1}{2!}(\frac{nt}{\bar{t}})^2 + ... + \frac{1}{(n-1)!}(\frac{nt}{\bar{t}})^{n-1}]$$

As n → ∞, F(t) approaches the ideal PFR response. The variance associated with F(t) for a pulse stimulus into a cascade of CSTRs is $$\sigma_{t}^2 = \frac{\bar{t}^2}{n} $$.

Cost
When determining the cost of a series of CSTRs, capital and operating costs must be taken into account. As seen above, an increase in the number of CSTRs in series will decrease the total reactor volume. Since cost scales with volume, capital costs are lowered by increasing the number of CSTRs. The largest decrease in cost, and therefore volume, occurs between a single CSTR and having two CSTRs in series. When considering operating cost, operating cost scales with the number of pumps and controls, construction, installation, and maintenance that accompany larger cascades. Therefore as the number of CSTRs increases, the operating cost increases. Therefore, there is a minimum cost associated with a cascade of CSTRs.

Zeroth order reactions
From a rearrangement of the equation given for identical isothermal CSTRs running a zeroth order reaction: $$ \tau = \frac{C_{Ao} - C_{Am}}{mk} $$, the volume of each individual CSTR will scale by $$ \frac{1}{m}$$. Therefore the total reactor volume is independent of the number of CSTRs for a zeroth order reaction. Therefore, cost is not a function of the number of reactors for a zeroth order reaction and does not decrease as the number of CSTRs increases.

Selectivity of parallel reactions
When considering parallel reactions, utilizing a cascade of CSTRs can achieve greater selectivity for a desired product.

For a given parallel reaction and  with constants $$ k_1$$ and $$ k_2$$ and rate equations    and  , respectively, we can obtain a relationship between the two by dividing  by. Therefore. In the case where $$ n_1 > n_2 $$ and B is the desired product, the cascade of CSTRs is favored with a fresh secondary feed of in order to maximize the concentration of.

For a parallel reaction with two or more reactants such as and  with constants $$ k_1$$ and $$ k_2$$ and rate equations    and  , respectively, we can obtain a relationship between the two by dividing  by. Therefore. In the case where $$ n_1 > n_2 $$ and $$ m_1 > m_2 $$ and B is the desired product, a cascade of CSTRs with an inlet stream of high and  is favored. In the case where $$ n_1 > n_2 $$ and $$ m_1 < m_2 $$ and B is the desired product, a cascade of CSTRs with a high concentration of in the feed and small secondary streams of  is favored.

Series reactions such as also have selectivity between  and  but CSTRs in general are typically not chosen when the desired product is  as the back mixing from the CSTR favors. Typically a batch reactor or PFR is chosen for these reactions.

Applications
CSTRs facilitate rapid dilution of reagents through mixing. Therefore, for non-zero-order reactions, the low concentration of reagent in the reactor means a CSTR will be less efficient at removing the reagent compared to a PFR with the same residence time. Therefore, CSTRs are typically larger than PFRs, which may be a challenge in applications where space is limited. However, one of the added benefits of dilution in CSTRs is the ability to neutralize shocks to the system. As opposed to PFRs, the performance of CSTRs is less susceptible to changes in the influent composition, which makes it ideal for a variety of industrial applications:

Environmental engineering

 * Activated sludge process for wastewater treatment
 * Lagoon treatment systems for natural wastewater treatment
 * Anaerobic digesters for the stabilization of wastewater biosolids
 * Treatment wetlands for wastewater and storm water runoff

Chemical engineering

 * Loop reactor for production of pharmaceuticals

 * Fermentation
 * Biogas production

title: Continuous stirred-tank reactor


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Bukit Gombak MRT station

Bukit Gombak MRT station is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South line in Bukit Batok, Singapore. Located at the junction of Bukit Batok West Avenue 5 and Bukit Batok East Avenue 5, it is the nearest MRT station to the Bukit Batok Town Park, a scenic parkland otherwise known as "Little Guilin".

Opened on 10 March 1990, Bukit Gombak station was part of the Branch line before the opening of the North South line Woodlands Extension on 10 February 1996.

History
Installation of half-height screen doors at the station started on 30 April 2010 and operations commenced on 16 August 2010 with Clementi. Then, this station was installed with high-volume low-speed fans, which commenced operations on 31 October 2012.

Bukit Gombak was a temporary terminus for the North South line from 18 to 19 September 2010 during the Jurong East Modification Project upgrade. and during the late openings of the MRT on Sundays from June to November 2016.

title: Bukit Gombak MRT station


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Roland Lethem

Roland Lethem (born 1942) is a Belgian filmmaker and writer.

Influenced at his beginnings by Buñuel, Cocteau, the surrealists and by the Japanese cinema (Seijun Suzuki, Ishirō Honda, Kōji Wakamatsu, Yoko Ono), stunned by the Festival of the film expérimental of Knokke in 1967 and by May 1968, Roland Lethem wants to push the people to look at the things of which they say they are freed, it's to say to place them in front of their responsibilities. Even if sometimes the results leaves much to be desired, the idea of each one of his films is seductive and exemplary. A fact is certain, his films are disturbing, they are sometimes unpleasant to look at. The narcissistic and provocative play of the debuts turned itself into direct, visual, and verbal insult, and in slandering. His dream was one moment to be able to film the intimate life of the pope or the sexual plays of the Belgian sovereigns. Through violence, pornography and cruelty of some scenes, Roland Lethem is a gentle, generous man with of a lot of humour. The work of Roland Lethem evolves, becomes political, ecological. La Ballade des amants maudits (The Ballad of the cursed lovers, 1966) or La Fée sanguinaire (The Bloodthirsty Fairy, 1968) still tell stories. Les Souffrances d'un oeuf meurtri (The Sufferings of a ravaged Egg, 1967), poem of love in several parts (Étoiles/Stars, Corps/Bodies, Hymen/Marriage or Hymen (ambiguous in French), Oeuf/Egg) dedicated to all who conceive and to all who are conceived, irresistibly makes you think at the Histoire de l'oeil (Story of the Eye, 1928) of Georges Bataille.

Some of the titles of his films include Le Saigneur est avec nous and Le sexe enragé. There are several thorough studies published on his films (Cinema/London, Skoop/Amsterdam) and Bandes de cons! (Bunch of Assholes!, 1970), his most famous film, was the subject of a seminar at the University of Amsterdam.

He frequently collaborated with Jean-Pierre Bouyxou and Jio Berk.

Awards
La Double Insomnie & Lili au Lit. Prix M. Fraikin for originality of cinematographic language at 2nd Prix du Jeune Cinéma Belge, La Louvière 1966.

Les Souffrances d'un Œuf Meurtri Selected for the 4th Compétition Internationale du Film Expérimental, Knokke 1967—68, 3rd Prize of  Jeune Cinéma Belge. La Louvière 1968, Sélectionné au Festival d'Oberhausen, 1968

La Fée Sanguinaire. Prix d'Excellence of Ciné-Club Europa, Bruxelles 1969 Sélectionné au Festival d'Oberhausen 1969, invitation to Underground Festival  of London 1971

Le Sexe Enragé "One Night Stand Award" at the first Wet Dream Film Festival d'Amsterdam, 197, invited to the  Biennale underground de Venise 1971; invited to the  Underground Festival  of London 1971

Le Vampire de la Cinémathèque invitations to the Quinzaine des Réalisateurs, Cannes 1971, Underground Festival  of London 1971, and  Festival der Struktural Film, Hamburg 1972

Le Saigneur est avec Nous : "Prix de la Presse—Lucien Deroisy" at the 10th Festival National du Cinema Belge, Bruxelles 1974

A group of films : Festival "Sigma", Bordeaux,: invitation to the Journées du Film Surréaliste, Toulon 1974

Le Sexe Enragé & La Fée Sanguinaire: I: invitations to the Festival du Film Tabou, Amsterdam~Utrecht, 1980, Festival de l'Imaginaire et de la Science—Fiction à Madrid, 1980,  &  Journées du Film Anarchiste, Gent, 1981

His work as a whole : Awarded a special Prize by l'Académie Morlock, Paris, 1980

Reviews and commentary on his work in periodicals

 * 1971 : "De Invloed van het Lezen van een Filmkritiek op de beoordeling van de betreffende Film" (Psychologisch Laboratorium de l'Université d'Amsterdam, à propos d'une projection de "Bande de Cons !’)
 * 1972 : Cinéma (n° 8) pp 20–24, by Mike Wallington (London)
 * 1972 : Skoop (n° 8, vol 7) pp 19–24 by Willum Thijssen (Amsterdam)
 * 1976 : Ciné—Dossiers n°54, pp 13–16 by Francis Bolen (Bruxelles)
 * 1979 : 4 Millions 4 (n° 208/209) by Philippe Buss (Bruxelles)

in Books

 * Le Cinéma Fantastique, by René Prédal (Seghers)
 * La Science-Fiction au Cinéma, by Jean-Pierre Bouyxou (10/18)
 * El Cine de Siencia Ficcion, by Luis Gasca
 * Le Cinéma en Belgique, by Paul Davay (Duculot)
 * The Experimental Cinema, by David Curtis (Studio—Vista)
 * Film Is, by Stephen Dwoskin
 * Film as a Subversive Art, by Amos Vogel (Weidenfeld & Nicolson)
 * Le Cinéma, Art Subversif (Buchet—Chastel)— Éloge du Cinéma Expérimental, Dominique Noguez (Beaubourg) — Le Masochisme au Cinéma, Jean Streff (Veyrier) — Le Sexe à l'Ecran, Gérard Lenne (Veyrier) — Dracula, les Vampires au Cinéma, Barrie Pattisson (Minoustch) — Histoire authentique, anecdotique, folklorique et critique du Cinéma Belge depuis ses plus lointaines origines, Francis Bolen (Mémo et Codec)

title: Roland Lethem


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Steven Summers

This is the best article ever written.


text:
Taken at the Flood

Taken at the Flood is a work of detective fiction by British writer Agatha Christie, first published in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company in March 1948 under the title of 'There is a Tide. . .' and in the UK by the Collins Crime Club in the November of the same year under Christie's original title. The US edition retailed at $2.50 and the UK edition at eight shillings and sixpence (8/6). It features her famous Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot, and is set in 1946.

Plot introduction
In spring 1944 during World War II, Gordon Cloade marries a widow he meets on board ship to New York, Rosaleen Underhay. A few days after arriving in London with his new wife, his London home is bombed, killing all but two people: Rosaleen and her brother, David Hunter. Gordon did not write a new will upon arrival, and his existing will is invalidated by the marriage. Rosaleen inherits Gordon's fortune. A day or so later, during another raid, Poirot sits in a shelter with people from the Concordia club in London and listens to a story about Major Porter's friend Robert Underhay in Africa, about his unhappy marriage and how Underhay may not be dead, told after reading out the news that Gordon Cloade, the second husband of Underhay's widow, was killed by enemy action.

The death of Gordon Cloade brings unexpected change to his siblings and their families. Gordon gave them capital to start a venture, to handle unexpected expenses, encouraged them not to save, and promised his fortune would be split among them when he died.

Plot summary
In spring 1946, Lynn Marchmont, a Wren during the war, settles again in her mother's home in the village of Warmsley Vale in peacetime, at first happy to be home, then finding life dull. She has been engaged to farmer Rowley Cloade since before the war.

David guards his sister and her fortune. Mrs Marchmont gets up the courage to ask Rosaleen for five hundred pounds when David is away, and Rosaleen writes a cheque. David angrily turns down a request from Frances Cloade, whose family is in desperate need of money.

A man calling himself Enoch Arden arrives at the village inn The Stag, and attempts to blackmail David by saying he knows how to find Rosaleen's first husband, Robert Underhay. Their conversation is overheard by the landlady, who tells Rowley Cloade. A few days later, a maid finds Arden's body in his room with his head smashed in. That same day, David was down from London. He met Lynn on his dash to catch the last train to London, and evidently telephoned her from the London flat shortly after 11 pm, arguing first that he loves her and then that he cannot be good for her. As the murder is believed to have happened before 9 pm, he had enough opportunity and motive and he is arrested.

Rowley Cloade appeals to the detective Hercule Poirot to find the true identity of the dead man. Poirot asks Major Porter. Rosaleen sees the body and says she does not know the man at all. At the inquest, Porter says that Arden was indeed Robert Underhay, and the coroner's jury votes against advice to believe him, voting wilful murder by David. The estate will revert to the Cloades, if the jury's decision holds, as it means Rosaleen's second marriage was not valid.

Poirot talks to people in the village, including Mrs Leadbetter, a guest at the inn who saw a 'hussy', a heavily made-up woman wearing slacks and an orange scarf, enter the room assigned to the dead man after 10 pm on the fateful evening. As the police believe that David was on the train to London at that time, they let him go, and look more seriously at women. Poirot learns how the death occurred, with a fall on the marble fender of the fireplace. He proposes it was accidental death, not intentional murder.

Lynn is falling in love with David. Major Porter commits suicide in London but leaves no note. Poirot realises from a photo at the home of Frances Cloade that Arden was related to her; she admits Arden was Charles Trenton, her second cousin. She came up with the plan to blackmail Rosaleen after hearing Major Porter's story about Underhay. This explains Arden's true identity, but nothing else. Frances denies bribing Major Porter.

When Poirot and Lynn visit Rosaleen at home, the maid realises she does not respond. Poirot sees that Rosaleen has died in her sleep. The doctor identifies the harmless sleeping powder she took, at her bedside table. Superintendent Spence, the investigating officer, suggests that she was the murderer. Rosaleen died from too much morphine; where did she get it?

Lynn tells Rowley that she wishes to marry David Hunter and he explodes in anger. Rowley is strangling Lynn when Poirot enters the house, and Rowley stops. David arrives shortly, and Poirot explains everything. Rowley visited Arden, and seeing the resemblance to Frances, reacted angrily to the deception. Punched by Rowley, Arden fell against the marble fireplace fender and died. Rowley saw the opportunity to incriminate David. He smashed in Arden's head with fire tongs and left David's lighter at the scene. Rowley persuaded Porter to give the false identification by offering him money. Then Rowley employed Poirot, who would be sure to go to Porter. Porter's guilt led him to commit suicide, leaving a note that Rowley destroyed. David was about to pay the blackmail to Arden; upon discovering Arden's body, David ran for the late train but missed it. David then backtracked to The Stag, disguised himself as a woman, and played out the scene, heard by Mrs Leadbetter, which established the later time of death. Then he called Rosaleen, who placed a call to Lynn that was delivered by the operator but then cut off. A minute later, David called Lynn from a local call box, giving her the impression that he was calling from London. He returned to London on the early morning milk train the next day.

Of the three deaths, Poirot says one is accidental, one is a suicide, and one is murder. The true murder victim was Rosaleen. The woman known as Rosaleen was not David Hunter's sister; his sister was killed and the housemaid Eileen Corrigan had survived the bombing. Poirot sent to Ireland for a photo of Eileen, which explained the truth of what happened during the war. David persuaded her to be Rosaleen. Now he could kill this accomplice with a morphine pill and marry Lynn, whom he loved. Poirot knows all these details but only some of them are known to the police. Rowley feels guilty about the deaths of Trenton and Porter. The police focus on David killing Rosaleen/Eileen, and proving all of that case. After a while, Lynn returns to Rowley, realising she does love him, especially after his show of force. Life will not be dull with him.

Characters

 * Hercule Poirot: Belgian detective who lives in London.
 * Superintendent Spence: investigating officer.
 * Sergeant Graves: Spence's assistant.
 * Rosaleen Cloade: twice widowed while in her early 20s; formerly Mrs Robert Underhay. Most recently married to Gordon Cloade.
 * David Hunter: Rosaleen's brother. Former daring WW2 commando and a gambler in life. David gained luxury through his sister's marriage and is anxious to keep it.
 * Gordon Cloade: wealthy patriarch of the Cloade family. Long-widowed and childless, he shares his wealth with his sister and brothers. Abruptly, he remarried in 1944, only to die in a bombing raid in London soon after.
 * Jeremy Cloade: senior partner in a firm of solicitors and older brother of Gordon.
 * Frances Cloade: Jeremy's wife. Shrewd and level-headed. She is the daughter of one of Jeremy's late clients.
 * Anthony Cloade: son of Jeremy and Frances. Died in the war.
 * Lionel Cloade: a doctor and medical researcher. Younger brother of Gordon. Since his brother's death, he has become a morphine addict.
 * Katherine Cloade: Lionel's wife, referred to as Aunt Kathie. Aunt Kathie is a believer in the spirit world, and the first to visit Poirot regarding Underhay.
 * Rowley Cloade: a farmer who lost his farming partner in the war. Nephew of Gordon, son of Gordon's late brother Maurice. Engaged to his cousin Lynn Marchmont.
 * Johnnie Vavasour: Rowley's farming partner. Killed in the war.
 * Lynn Marchmont: a demobbed Wren, fiancée to Rowley, in her early 20s. Lynn is restless after the war and seeks excitement.
 * Adela Marchmont: Lynn's elderly widowed mother and younger sister of Gordon. She is inclined to procrastination.
 * Beatrice Lippincott: landlady of The Stag pub and inn.
 * Gladys: Maid at The Stag Inn.
 * Major Porter: a retired soldier who is a member at the same London club as Jeremy Cloade; he is called a club bore for the long stories he tells.
 * Enoch Arden: alias used by the blackmailer of David Hunter and Rosaleen Cloade; Charles Trenton. He threatens to expose the apparent illegitimacy of Rosaleen and Gordon Cloade's marriage.
 * Mrs Leadbetter: a widow and guest at The Stag who stays for a month each year. She is old-fashioned and captious.
 * Robert Underhay: Previous husband of Rosaleen Cloade. Said to have died in Africa.
 * Eileen Corrigan: A housemaid who once served Rosaleen and Gordon Cloade until the bombing attack on their house. She once shared a relationship with David Hunter.

Explanation of the novel's title
The title of the book in both the UK and US markets is a line from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar in a speech by Brutus in Act IV: "There is a tide in the affairs of men, which taken at the flood leads on to fortune . . .". The quotation is given in full as the epigraph to the novel.

Literary significance and reception
For once, Maurice Richardson, in his review of the 21 November 1948 issue of The Observer, was slightly unimpressed: "Agatha Christie has, if not a whole day off, at least part of the afternoon. The killing of the blackmailing Enoch Arden, who puts up at the local to harry the already embarrassed Cloade family, the murder that follows, and Poirot's doubly twisted solution are ingenious enough, but the characterisation is a little below par. The quintessential zest, the sense of well-being which goes to make up that Christie feeling, is missing."

An unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 10 April 1948 said, "Hercule Poirot, whose eggshaped cranium is crammed with lively gray cells, proves himself a bit of a mug before he sorts out all the details of [Enoch Arden's] death and other even more baffling mysteries. But he does it with all the acumen that has endeared him to Agatha Christie fans. Fantastic and topping."

Robert Barnard summarised the plot of the novel as an "Elderly man married to a glamorous nitwit of dubious social background [which] is a common plot-element in Christie. Here she is widowed (in an air-raid – this is one of the few Christies anchored to an actual time), and burdened by financially insatiable relatives, both of blood and in-law. But who exactly is dead, and who isn't? And who is what they seem, and who isn't?" His commentary is favourable on the title, more cryptic on the novel itself, as he said it was a "Compulsive reworking of Tennysonian and Christiean themes, and pretty high up in the range of classic titles."

References to other works
The false alibi used by the murderer of a witness sighting the missed train smoke was a partial re-use of a plot device used by Christie in the 1925 short story The Sign in the Sky, later published in the 1930 collection The Mysterious Mr. Quin.

Publication history

 * 1948, Dodd Mead and Company (New York), March 1948, Hardcover, 242 pp
 * 1948, Collins Crime Club (London), November 1948, Hardcover, 192 pp
 * 1949, Pocket Books (New York), Paperback
 * 1955, Dell Books, Paperback, 224 pp
 * 1961, Fontana Books (Imprint of HarperCollins), Paperback, 192 pp
 * 1965, Pan Books, Paperback, 204 pp
 * 1971, Ulverscroft Large-print Edition, Hardcover, 386 pp ISBN 0-85456-084-X
 * 2006, Audio Partners, narrator Hugh Fraser, ISBN 978-1-57270-533-3
 * 2016, William Morrow & Company (USA edition), Hardcover ISBN 978-0-06-257342-1

Television
A television film was produced in 2006 with David Suchet as Poirot in the ITV series Agatha Christie's Poirot. The cast included Elliot Cowan as David Hunter, Eva Birthistle as Rosaleen, Celia Imrie as Kathy Cloade, Jenny Agutter as Adela Marchmont and Tim Pigott-Smith as Dr Lionel Woodward. The film made several significant changes to the plot:

 * Like almost all episodes of the TV series, the adaptation shifts the setting to the late 1930s.
 * David's motive is modified in the adaptation, upgrading him from a simple murderer, to that of a mass murderer. In the adaptation, the deaths of Gordon Cloade, Rosaleen Turner, and the entire Cloade estate that is present with them, are assumed to be the result of an apparent gas explosion, but Poirot later investigates this, and reveals in his denouement that the explosion was caused by dynamite that David had planted in the house, who sought revenge against his sister for marrying Gordon and excluding her brother as her "first love". Whereas in the novel, there is no mentioning of incest. He and his accomplice, Eileen Corrigan, who were present in the house at the time, took shelter in the basement once the explosives had been planted, and then emerged from the ruins afterwards.
 * Eileen's involvement is significantly changed - She is an Irish Catholic in the adaptation, who was seduced and impregnated by David, and then forced into an induced abortion. This breaks her and forces her to submit to David's will under the promise of heaven if she obeys his commands, or eternal damnation in "the fires of hell" if she refuses. Unlike the novel, she is saved from dying of a morphine overdose, thanks to Dr Woodward's addiction to the drug leading him to steal some, with Poirot proving that David had set it up so that she would be an addict herself out of guilt, and try to kill herself as a result of her own guilty actions.
 * Kathy repeatedly harasses Eileen with anonymous phone calls, in which she calls her "whore", "slut", "bitch" and "bigamist", an event that does not occur in the novel. In addition, she becomes Adela's sister: Lionel is no longer a member of the Cloade family, despite a mistake in the adaptation's credits that refer him to be so; he is instead renamed as Lionel Woodward, and introduced as such by Kathy when she visits Poirot at the beginning of the adaptation.
 * After David is denounced for his crimes in the Stag Inn, he threatens to blow it all up with everyone inside it, but reveals this to be nothing more than a cruel joke as there is no dynamite inside, after being talked into sparing everyone by Lynn; the event which does not occur in the novel.
 * Lynn does not marry Rowley towards the end. Instead, after David is hanged, she leaves England to head for Africa, stating in a letter to Poirot that despite everything, she is still in love with him.

This story was adapted for television in the episode Le flux et le reflux [The Ebb and the Flow] in the French series Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie, the eighth episode in the first series, first airing 15 April 2011. Antoine Duléry was Superintendent Larosière, and Marius Colucci was his assistant, Lampion. The adaptation was written by Anne Giafferi and Murielle Magellan, and directed by Sylvie Simon. The plot is essentially the same, but set in a chateau in France, where the extended family of Capitaine Delarive lives. He marries late in life to a younger woman, and brings her and her brother back to France. There is a fire, he is killed. He has not revised his will after his marriage, so his widow inherits his wealth. The denouement is announced by Larosière, who gets back on the case once he overcomes his grief for his good friend Delarive. The woman put forth as his wife surviving the fire was a maid, and the man who claimed to be her brother, was not her brother, and he killed the maid. There is a suicide and an accidental death, as well.

Radio
John Moffatt played Poirot in the 2004 BBC Radio 4 adaptation of the novel.

title: Taken at the Flood


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Yew Tee MRT station

Yew Tee MRT station is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South line in Choa Chu Kang, Singapore, located at Choa Chu Kang Drive near the junction of Choa Chu Kang North 6 and Choa Chu Kang Street 62. Yew Tee station is named after an expunged village that once stood in the area.

The station primarily serves Neighbourhoods 5 to 7 of Choa Chu Kang New Town as well as Sungei Kadut Industrial Estate.

History

The station was built in 1995, together with the other stations of the North South line Woodlands Extension. The two-storey station building, with a simple facade and a kampung-style roof, was officially opened on 10 February 1996 along with the other five stations on the Woodlands Extension. During the construction of the Woodlands extension, land between the Yew Tee and Kranji MRT stations was acquired. Measuring a total of 18,685 m sq, affecting a total of 16 factories operating along the stretch. Initially named Choa Chu Kang North, it was renamed to Yew Tee in 1994.

Following numerous incidents of commuters falling on the tracks and unauthorized intrusions, the Land Transport Authority made the decision in 2008 to install half height platform screen doors for all above-ground stations in phases. The platform screen doors started operations at this station on 1 February 2012.

This station was installed with high-volume low-speed fans, which commenced operations on 27 November that year, together with Kranji station.

title: Yew Tee MRT station


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Brittany Andrews

Brittany Andrews is an American exotic dancer, pornographic actress, film producer and club DJ. In 2008, Andrews was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame.

Career
Andrews worked in a Milwaukee beauty supply company before starting her career as an exotic dancer. After doing photo shoots for men's magazines, she began her career in adult films after meeting Jenna Jameson in 1995, during a photo shoot for Hustler magazine in Jamaica. Andrews retired from porn in 2008. She returned to the business in 2010 to star in the adult film Sex and the City: A XXX Parody.

Advocacy
In December 2003, Andrews was appointed to the Women in Adult (WIA) board of directors as the Talent Liaison. She has promoted using a condom for hardcore sex scenes. Andrews has said that she is very politically active in the adult business and that her least enjoyable aspect of the business is standing by and watching the exploitation of women being coerced into performing without condoms.

Other ventures
Andrews has hosted programs on Playboy TV, including as co-producer on Talking Blue. She started her own mainstream film production company Discipline Filmworks in March 2008. In 2010, she produced and appeared in the short film Crumble. The film had its world premiere at the 2010 New York International Independent Film and Video Festival, where it won a number of awards including Audience Award for Short Film, Best Actor in a Short Film (for Steven Bauer) and Best Actress in a Short Film (Oksana Lada). She has also acted as executive producer for the film Trick of the Witch.

Awards and nominations

 * 2008 AVN Hall of Fame
 * 2013 XBIZ Award nomination – Crossover Star of the Year
 * 2022 AVN Award – Favorite Domme (Fan Award)
 * 2023 AVN Award – Favorite Domme (Fan Award)

title: Brittany Andrews


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Kranji MRT station

Kranji MRT station is an elevated Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North–South Line (NSL). Situated in Sungei Kadut, Singapore along Woodlands Road, it serves the Singapore Turf Club and the Woodlands Wafer Fabrication Park. The station is operated by SMRT Trains.

Originally not part of the Woodlands MRT extension plans, Kranji station was later included in November 1992. Completed along with the other Woodlands extension stations on 10 February 1996, it is the largest among the stations, designed to handle a large volume of visitors to the Singapore Turf Club. Designed with a kampung-style roof, the station is integrated with other transportation modes and serves cross-border bus services to Johor Bahru.

History
After the Branch line (from the Jurong East to Choa Chu Kang stations) opened in 1990, the Woodlands MRT line was envisioned so as to connect between Yishun and Choa Chu Kang stations. Initially not part of the first four stations announced for the extension, the station was later included on 19 November 1992 to serve future housing estates in the area and the Singapore Turf Club, which was to be relocated near the station to free up land at its original site in Bukit Timah.

Prior to the construction, eight plots of land owned by the Jurong Town Corporation were acquired by the government in September 1991 to construct the segment between Yew Tee and Kranji. In July 1992, part of a hill along Woodlands Avenue 3 had to be removed using explosives to make way for a viaduct connecting between Marsiling and Kranji. The removal of the hill slope took six months and cost. The contract for the construction of Kranji station, along with the adjacent Yew Tee station, 5.7 km of track and two substations, was awarded to a joint venture between Penta Ocean Construction and Hexagon Construction Pte Ltd at in December 1992.

In May 1993, then Communications Minister Mah Bow Tan made his first visit to the station site, along with the Marsiling and Sembawang stations. Mah revisited the site on 28 April 1995 along with the Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) chairman Wesley D'aranjo and Minister of State for Communications Goh Chee Wee. The station opened on 10 February 1996 along with the other stations on the Woodlands Extension.

Kranji station was the last station to have half-height platform screen doors installed on 14 March 2012 as part of the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) programme to improve safety in MRT stations. Between 2012 and 2013, high-volume low-speed fans were installed at this station as part of a network-wide programme to improve ventilation at the platforms of elevated stations. As part of efforts to improve the overall accessibility of public transport, the overhead pedestrian bridge near Kranji and other stations have lifts installed to improve barrier-free accessibility to major transport nodes. The lifts were installed progressively in 2013.

Station details
Kranji station serves the North–South Line and is situated between the Yew Tee and Marsiling stations. The official station code is NS7. Being part of the NSL, the station is operated by SMRT Trains. Situated along Woodlands Road, the station has four entrances. Kranji station is linked to the nearby Singapore Turf Club via a sheltered walkway and is close to Takeda Singapore Manufacturing Plant, the Kranji Water Reclamation Plant and the Woodlands Wafer Fabrication Park.

Like all stations on the Woodlands Extension, it has a kampung-style roof. The station is integrated with other transportation modes, with longer sheltered bus bays of 36 m that can accommodate up to three buses, alongside taxi stands and parking for 20 bicycles. The station serves cross-border bus services to Johor Bahru.

Designed to accommodate crowds visiting Singapore Turf Club during race events, Kranji station is the largest station on the Woodlands extension. The 1300 m2 concourse level is three times larger than those at other stations with many fare gates to allow efficient crowd flow. The station has twice the number of escalators and stairs (four escalators and two stairs) and the direction of the escalators could be varied depending on the crowd flow. Initially without shops due to the lack of residential developments, there are now retail shops at the first level of the station as part of the SMRT Shop & Dine Concept.

title: Kranji MRT station


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Jarrod Englefield

Jarrod Ian Englefield (born 18 December 1979) is a New Zealand cricketer. He captained New Zealand in three Under-19 Tests against England in 1998/9, winning one and losing one. He is a right-handed batsmen, who has since played first-class, List A and Twenty20 cricket for Central Districts and Canterbury, but has not played for the senior New Zealand team.

title: Jarrod Englefield


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Marsiling MRT station

Marsiling MRT station is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South line in Woodlands, Singapore.

Located along Woodlands Avenue 3 between the junctions of Woodlands Avenue 1, Woodlands Centre Road and Woodlands Street 11, Marsiling station serves the residential area in the western part of Woodlands New Town, and is the nearest MRT station to Woodlands Checkpoint located at Woodlands Crossing as well as Woodlands Train Checkpoint and the now-demolished old Woodlands Town Centre located at Woodlands Centre Road.

History

The government came up with a proposal to build the North South line Woodlands Extension in 1990 with the aim of extending the existing north–south and east–west lines, thus connecting Choa Chu Kang in the West to Yishun in the North. Marsiling was one of the four stations in the initial proposal which was later expanded to six. Construction commenced in 1991 and the station was opened on 10 February 1996 along with the other five stations on the Woodlands Extension. Formerly named Woodlands West, it was renamed to Marsiling in 1994.

Following numerous incidents of commuters falling on the tracks and unauthorized intrusions, the Land Transport Authority made the decision in 2008 to install half-height platform screen doors (HHPSD) for all above-ground stations in phases. HHPSDs started operation from 22 December 2011 with Admiralty. This station was installed with high-volume low-speed fans, which commenced operations on 21 November 2012.

Due to the station's proximity to neighbouring Housing and Development Board apartment blocks, a privacy screen was built along the tracks at the side of the station (southbound platform) facing these apartment blocks for privacy, similar to those installed at Pioneer MRT station. Cash top-ups are no longer accepted at Marsiling MRT station passenger service centre from 1 September 2017.

title: Marsiling MRT station


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Behind Locked Doors

Behind Locked Doors is a 1948 film noir directed by Budd Boetticher and starring Lucille Bremer, Richard Carlson and Tor Johnson.

The title "Human Gorilla" for this movie can be found on various copies of this movie. Although the film features noir lighting and camerawork, depicts corruption, and provides suspense, it lacks most of the characterizations common to film noir. And it ends happily for the protagonists.

Plot
At the behest of a pretty reporter, an amorously forward private detective goes undercover as a patient in a private sanitarium in search of a judge hiding out from the police. The two plan to split the $10,000 reward for the judge's capture. As the reporter and detective begin to fall in love, the detective also falls deeper into danger from an abusive attendant and difficult inpatients. The latter include an arsonist and "The Champ," a lunatic ex-boxer who attacks anyone put into a room with him after he hears what sounds like a bell.

Cast

 * Lucille Bremer as Kathy Lawrence
 * Richard Carlson as Ross Stewart
 * Douglas Fowley as Larson
 * Ralf Harolde as Fred Hopps
 * Thomas Browne Henry as Dr. Clifford Porter
 * Herbert Heyes as Judge Finlay Drake
 * Gwen Donovan as Madge Bennett
 * Tor Johnson as The Champ, a patient
 * Kathleen Freeman as Nurse (Uncredited)

Production
It was the first of a three picture deal Boetticher had with Eagle Lion films.

Reception
Reviews for the movie when released on DVD in 2002 were mixed. Keith Phipps, writing for the Onion AV Club, wrote of the film, "A probable inspiration for Sam Fuller's Shock Corridor, Doors suffers in comparison; Fuller made transcendent B-movies, and this isn't one. In just about every other respect, however, it's everything it should be: fast-paced, stylishly shot, a little lurid, a little topical, and thoroughly entertaining."

Film critic Dennis Schwartz gave the film a mixed review, writing, "Budd Boetticher directs a fast-paced low-budget B-film thriller with a far-fetched idea as its storyline and presents a shaky portrayal of the mental health profession. The film's claustrophobic and oppressive surroundings in a private mental hospital, moves this paranoiac tale somewhat into film noir territory ... No character was developed, the storyline never seemed believable, and despite the attempts made through the dark photography to create tension that wasn't possible because we didn't know enough about the lead characters and the villains were merely cardboard characters. Aside from being well directed, this melodrama has little else to recommend it. Boetticher is better known today for the many splendid Westerns he directed during the 1950s with Randolph Scott as star, which include  Comanche Station, Ride Lonesome, and The Tall T."

title: Behind Locked Doors


text:
Woodlands MRT station

Woodlands MRT station is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North–South (NSL) and Thomson–East Coast (TEL) lines in Singapore. Located in Woodlands, the MRT station was the first to feature an underground bus interchange underneath the NSL station. The station is also integrated with surrounding developments, including Causeway Point and the Woodlands Civic Centre.

The NSL station was first announced in November 1991 as part of the Woodlands MRT extension. Completed on 10 February 1996, the elevated station has a circular, barrel-like roof with beige and green tiles. Min Chan's Faces II sculpture is displayed near the station.

With the opening of TEL Stage 1 on 31 January 2020, Woodlands station became an interchange station with the TEL. Designated as a Civil Defence Shelter, the TEL platforms have a brown, grey and green scheme designed to be spacious and well-lit. Terence Lin's The Day's Thoughts of a Homespun Journey is displayed on the walls of the TEL station.

North–South Line
After the Branch line (from the Jurong East to Choa Chu Kang stations) opened in 1990, the government made plans for the Woodlands MRT line that would connect between Yishun and Choa Chu Kang stations. The station was among the six Woodlands line extension stations announced in November 1991. The contract for the construction of Woodlands station, along with the Marsiling, Admiralty and Sembawang stations, was awarded to a joint venture between Hyundai Engineering and Koon Construction and Transport Co in December 1992 at S$233.1 million (US$ million). The contract included 8.7 km of track work.

On 28 April 1995, then Communications Minister Mah Bow Tan made a visit to the station site, along with the Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) chairman Wesley D'aranjo and Minister of State for Communications Goh Chee Wee. Mah made another visit during his inspection of the six MRT stations on 13 January 1996 when he announced the opening date of the Woodlands extension. The station opened on 10 February 1996 along with the other stations on the Woodlands Extension.

In 2012, half-height platform screen doors were installed at this station as part of the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) programme to improve safety in MRT stations. Between 2012 and 2013, high-volume low-speed fans were installed at this station to improve ventilation at the elevated station's platforms.

Thomson–East Coast Line
Woodlands station was first announced to interchange with the 22-station Thomson line (TSL) on 29 August 2012. Contract T203 for the design and construction of Woodlands Station was awarded to GS Engineering & Construction Corp at S$292 million (US$ million) in October 2013. The contract includes the construction for the associated cut-and-cover tunnels. Earlier in July, another S$421 million (US$ million) contract, for the construction of bored tunnels connecting from Woodlands Station to Mandai Depot via Woodlands South station, was awarded to Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co. Ltd.

Construction of the TSL began with a groundbreaking ceremony held at the Woodlands station construction site on 27 June 2014. On 15 August 2014, the LTA further announced that TSL would merge with the Eastern Region line to form the Thomson–East Coast line (TEL). Woodlands station would be part of the proposed line. The station would be constructed as part of Phase 1 (TEL1), consisting of three stations from Woodlands North to Woodlands South. Construction was expected to be completed in 2019.

The TEL station was constructed near the operational NSL station with complex soil conditions. There were also future developments planned for the site. Arup, the consultant for TEL1, recommended the realignment of the northern end of the station. While allowing a shorter linkway for commuters transferring between the two lines, it avoided the risks of tunnelling under the live substations (which were relocated for the construction) powering the NSL station and the bus interchange.

The new alignment also minimised damage to the soil while allowing provisions for future developments. Rock blasting simulation was used to ensure a safe evacuation for the TEL station, with enhanced monitoring for vibrations of potentially affected structures. The Earth Retaining Stabilising Structure wall used for the TEL construction was kept to be reused for future basement evacuation, reducing future construction costs and further impact on the environment. The crossover tunnels, originally planned to be underneath a pedestrian bridge near the residential blocks, were relocated closer to the station. This relocation saved evacuation costs by about S$60 million (US$ million) and minimised road traffic disruption and inconvenience to residents. The excavated space above the crossover tunnels was converted to a pedestrian retail link rather than backfilling it.

Two new linkways were constructed to connect the NSL and TEL along with the underground bus interchange. The NSL concourse was redesigned to avoid having to replace the four existing supporting structures at the area. The redesign allowed the load to be transferred to new supporting columns and piles. Another column was underpinned and removed for the construction of the direct linkway between NSL and TEL.

On 19 September 2019, it was announced by then Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan that TEL1 will open before the end of January 2020. The LTA later announced in December that the TEL1 stations would be opened on 31 January 2020. Before the stations commenced operations on that day, an open house for the TEL 1 stations was held on 11 January 2020.

Location
Woodlands station, as the name suggests, is located in the Singapore residential town of Woodlands. The NSL station is on a 6 m hilllock surrounded by Woodlands Square, while the TEL station is located between Woodlands Avenue 2 and Woodlands Square. The NSL station is directly above the Woodlands Integrated Transport Hub (previously Woodlands Regional Bus Interchange ) and is beside the Woodlands Temporary Bus Interchange. Other surrounding developments include Causeway Point and Woods Square and schools such as Woodlands Primary School and Riverside Secondary School.

Services
Woodlands station is an interchange on the NSL and TEL. The official station code is NS9/TE2. On the NSL, the station is between the Marsiling and Admiralty stations. On the TEL, the station is between the Woodlands North and Woodlands South stations. NSL services have a frequency of 2 to 5 minutes, while TEL services have a frequency of 3 to 6 minutes.

Public artworks
A 15 m high stainless steel by Min Chen is displayed at the NSL station. The sculpture, Faces II, is a spiral of triangular geometric surfaces, intended to represent the various expressions of people's faces. Selected among six submissions, the judges were impressed by the artist's ability to “incorporate a human feel” in a cubist style. The sculpture takes inspiration from origami, the Japanese art of paper folding. The judges hoped that the work would reflect Singapore's Asian background.

Terence Lin's The Day’s Thoughts Of A Homespun Journey Into The Night is displayed on two walls of the TEL station interior. The artwork contains illustrations of various public transport vehicles, with the commuters' thoughts and aspirations illuminated by the vehicles' headlights. Keeping to the theme of transit most associated with Woodlands, the artwork intends to illustrate the everyday commuting experiences in an imaginative way. Through the artwork, the artist hoped that people would be more aware of what they do in transit while reminding them of their own home.

In addition to the vehicles, other illustrations include those of various landmarks in Woodlands. Alluding to a homey experience, various fabric patterns were incorporated into the artwork. The two walls have a dark and light theme, alluding to the binary of day and night. These walls share a blend of colours at their ends, to reflect the transition from day to night. For further inspiration for the artwork, Lin collated his friends' experiences in Woodlands and had visited the neighbourhood to learn more about Woodlands. Lin hoped that commuters through the station would get to experience his artwork in a different way every time they pass through the station.

NSL station
The NSL station was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff and Mausell Consultants. Adopting a beige and green colour scheme, the station exterior has a modern outlook featuring a circular barrel-like roof (unlike the other Woodlands MRT extension stations). This was to ensure that the station would blend in with the surrounding future modern developments. Woodlands station is the first MRT station in Singapore to feature an underground bus interchange directly underneath it. In addition to the bus interchange, the station has at least 50 bicycle parking spaces and taxi stands, integrating the station with other transportation modes. The platforms are designed to be more spacious, with the electrical maintenance rooms relocated to the concourse level.

TEL station
The two-level TEL station is designed by Arup and Aedas. At 330 m long and 24 m deep underground, the station is designed to be integrated with surrounding developments and other transportation modes. A reference to Woodlands' past as a rubber plantation, the station has a colour scheme of brown and grey with "streaks of green" shared by rubber trees. The station columns are designed to resemble tree-like branches.

The TEL platforms are accessible via many escalators and stairs, with a large visual opening. The linkway that connects the TEL platforms to the NSL platforms have gaps in the roof to allow sunlight into the station. Largely naturally ventilated, the station utilises minimal energy. The four entrances of the TEL station are also naturally ventilated, with transparent structures to allow sunlight into the entrances. They are intended to function as "lanterns" that will light up the urban landscape around the entrances at night. The station design won the LTEA 2022 under the Infrastructure and Development category.

Designated as a Civil Defence (CD) shelter, its large interior is designed to accommodate up to 9,000 people in emergencies. The walls, floor and roof slabs are strengthened with reinforced concrete, and the station has facilities for people to undergo decontamination. As a result of the CD guidelines, the station is more spacious that will allow it to support higher passenger capacity in the future.

A reception track to Mandai Depot is built on the south end of the station between the 2 service tracks.

title: Woodlands MRT station


text:
A823(M) motorway

The A823(M) is a motorway in Fife, Scotland. It is a 1-mile (1.6 km) spur from the M90 into Dunfermline. The road provides a fast route for traffic from Dunfermline to the Forth Road Bridge. When it opened in 1964 it was intended to be part of a longer motorway continuing eastbound along to the north coast of the Firth of Forth and a bridge was built for this extension. Following the upgrade of the A92 it is unlikely this route will be constructed.

title: A823(M) motorway


text: File:Behindlockeddoors.jpg

title: File:Behindlockeddoors.jpg


text:
Admiralty MRT station

Admiralty MRT station is an elevated Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South line (NSL) in Woodlands, Singapore. Located along Woodlands Avenue 7 near the junctions of Woodlands Avenue 6 and Woodlands Drive 71, the station primarily serves the residential precincts in the eastern part of Woodlands New Town. This station took its name from a former Royal Navy base located on the northern coast of Singapore.

First announced in November 1991 as part of the Woodlands Extension, the station opened on 10 February 1996. The station, like the other stations on the extension, features an improved station layout to facilitate better passenger flow, larger commercial space, and improved integration with other modes of transport.

History
After the Branch line (from the Jurong East to Choa Chu Kang stations) opened in 1990, the Woodlands MRT line was envisioned so as to connect between Yishun and Choa Chu Kang stations. Admiralty station was one of the original four stations announced to be built as part of the Extension in November 1991.

The contract for the construction of Admiralty station, along with the Marsiling, Sembawang and Woodlands stations and 8.7 km of track work, was awarded to a joint venture between Hyundai Engineering and Koon Construction and Transport Co in December 1992 at a contract sum of S$233.1 million (US$ million). The station opened on 10 February 1996 along with the other stations on the Woodlands Extension. Television screens were installed at Admiralty station, along with Woodlands, Marsiling and Yew Tee stations.

Admiralty station was part of the first batch of ten stations to have additional bicycle parking facilities under the National Cycling Plan announced in 2010. In 2012, half-height platform screen doors were installed at this station as part of the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) programme to improve safety in MRT stations. Between 2012 and 2013, high-volume low-speed fans were installed at this station as part of a network-wide programme to improve ventilation at the platforms of elevated stations.

Incidents
On 2 March 2007, 2,900 commuters were stranded as train services between the Admiralty and Kranji MRT stations were disrupted for about 45 minutes. Bridging bus services were deployed to ferry the passengers to Kranji.

On 7 June 2017, a 34-year-old man was arrested for public nuisance after leaving a luggage bag unattended at the bicycle bay of Admiralty station. The police were alerted to the case at 8.45 am. Officers and station staff quickly traced the owner of the luggage bag and arrested him for causing public nuisance. Initial investigations showed that the man had left the bag unattended while he went to make a purchase at a convenience store. Personal belongings such as clothes, toiletries and medication were found in the bag.

Station details
The station serves the North South line and is situated between the Woodlands and Sembawang stations. The station code is NS10 as reflected on official maps. Like all stations on the Woodlands Extension, it has a kampung-style roof, with a blue scheme to blend into the surroundings. At the concourse level, unlike the original stations on the NSEWL network, the station control room is located at one side of the fare gates instead of between two sets to allow better monitoring of crowd movement by the station staff. In addition, the station allows more commercial spaces for shops.

The station, like the other Extension stations, incorporates features allowing improved transfers between the MRT and other modes of transport. Located in front of the entrance, the station has longer sheltered bus bays of 36 m which can accommodate up to three buses at a time. The station also has taxi stands and more than 42 spaces for bicycle parking. With four entrances, the station is connected to the other surrounding bus stops and nearby Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats via covered pathways. Escalators were installed at overhead bridges connecting to the station.

Located along Woodlands Avenue 7, the station is close to schools such as Admiralty Primary School, Greenwood Primary School, Riverside Primary School and Admiralty Secondary School. The station also serve Kampung Admiralty which is located beside the station. Kampung Admiralty consists of F&B outlets and retail shops.

title: Admiralty MRT station


text: Category:People from Catalonia by occupation


text:
Khatib MRT station

Khatib MRT station is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South line (NSL) located in Khatib, Singapore, a subzone in Yishun planning area.

The station is located at the junction of Yishun Ring Road and Yishun Avenue 2, and is one of the two stations that currently serve Yishun New Town; the other being Yishun station. The section of tracks between this station and Yio Chu Kang station is the longest between any two stations on the MRT network.

History
Formerly named Nee Soon South, it was renamed to Khatib in January 1987 after Sungei Khatib Bongsu, a river nearby, and a military base nearby, along with Yishun station which was initially named Nee Soon. In 1990, there was a power failure which occurred at Yishun station, affecting services at this station.

After several successful tests at the Jurong East, Yishun and Pasir Ris stations, installation of the half-height screen doors started and operations commenced on 30 September 2011. The station was installed with high-volume low-speed fans, which began operations since 28 August 2012.

As part of efforts to improve overall accessibility of public transport, the overhead pedestrian bridge near Khatib and other stations (Aljunied, Bishan, Sengkang, Kranji and Yew Tee) have lifts installed to improve barrier free accessibility to major transport nodes. The lifts were installed progressively, from the first quarter of 2013, with all completed by end 2013. Khatib station was also the first batch of ten stations to have additional bicycle parking facilities under a National Cycling Plan announced in 2010.

title: Khatib MRT station


text: Template:Scouting in Poland

title: Template:Scouting in Poland


text:
User talk:Bee Hive

I got a feeling you have some other wiki aliases. J. Parker Stone 10:36, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Revert war over Hudson Institute
I am posting this to both User talk:TJive and User talk:Bee Hive. Your revert war over Hudson Institute is very unproductive. This is not the way things get done in wikipedia. Please, both of you calm down and discuss your differences and come to some comprimise.--Rogerd 00:19, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bee Hive


text:
A308(M) motorway

The A308(M) is a motorway in Berkshire, England. It is 0.6 mi long. It forms part of the Maidenhead bypass and runs from the M4 at junction 8/9 to the A308 south of Maidenhead town centre. The A308(M) is one of Britain's shortest motorways, and is generally considered to be the second shortest, after the A635(M) on the Mancunian Way.

History
In 1961 the A4(M) was opened and ran from the existing junction 7, through a junction with the A308 and ending at a junction with the A4. In 1963, the Slough bypass was opened to junction 7 and the A4(M) was renumbered M4, junction 8 being with the A308 and junction 9 with the A4.

The proposed route of the M4 was then changed to go south of Reading, instead of north of it. When the M4 was extended in 1971, a new junction was provided to connect with what would become a spur. This new interchange was built too close to the original junction 8, so this had to be closed. A new junction (numbered 8/9 so as not to confuse motorists) was built. The original M4 north of this was renumbered as the A423(M) and in the 1990s this was again reclassified as the A404(M). A new spur, the A308(M), was built to maintain access to the A308 and connected with the A404(M) and the M4 at the same grade separated roundabout.

Junctions
Note: motorway has no junction numbers

Information above gathered from Advanced Direction Signs April 2011

title: A308(M) motorway


text:
Sir John Sulman Prize

The Sir John Sulman Prize is one of Australia's longest-running art prizes, having been established in 1936.

It is now held concurrently with the Archibald Prize, Australia's best-known art prize, and also with the Wynne Prize, at the Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW), Sydney.

Criteria
The Sir John Sulman Prize is awarded each year for "the best subject/genre painting and/or murals/mural project executed during the two years preceding the [closing] date", and as of 2008 is valued at $20,000. Media may be acrylic, oil, watercolour or mixed media, and applicants must have been resident in Australia for five years.

The definition of the terms as given by the AGNSW is:
 * A genre painting is normally a composition representing some aspect or aspects of everyday life, and may feature figurative, still-life, interior or figure-in-landscape themes. A subject painting, in contrast to a genre painting, is idealised or dramatised. Typically, a subject painting takes its theme from history, poetry, mythology or religion. In both cases, however, the style may be figurative, representative, abstract or semi-abstract. A mural is a picture that is affixed directly to a wall or ceiling, as part of an architectural and/or decorative scheme.

List of winners
Source:
 * 1939 – Gert Sellheim – Mural decoration on wall of Victorian Government Tourist Bureau, Hotel Australia Building, 272 Collins Street, Melbourne
 * 1940 – Harold Abbott – Vaucluse Interior (painting)
 * 1941 – Douglas Annand – Historical Mural at Bathurst Public School
 * 1942 – Jean Bellette – For Whom the Bell Tolls (painting)
 * 1943 – Elaine Haxton – Mural at le Coq D'Or Restaurant, Sydney
 * 1944 – Jean Bellette – Iphigenia in Tauris (painting)
 * 1945 – Virgil Lo Schiavo – Tribute to Shakespeare, Mural at Sydney University Union
 * 1946 – Sali Herman – Natives carrying wounded soldiers (painting)
 * 1947 – Douglas Annand – Mural, Messrs. Jantzen (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., Lidcombe.
 * 1948 – Sali Herman – The Drovers (painting)
 * 1949 – J. Carrington Smith – Bush Pastoral, Mural design for New State Building, Hobart
 * 1950 – Harold Greenhill – Summer Holiday (painting)
 * 1951 – Douglas Annand – Mural, Restaurant, R.M.S. "Oronsay"
 * 1952 – Charles Doutney – Darlinghurst Road (painting)
 * 1953 – Eric Smith – Convicts Berrima 1839, Mural at Old Court House, Berrima
 * 1954 – Wallace Thornton – Sculptor and Model (painting)
 * 1955 – Wesley Penberthy – Oriental Mural (mural design)
 * 1956 – Harold Greenhill – Prawning at Night (genre painting)
 * 1957 – Michael Kmit – The Voice of Silence (subject painting)
 * 1958 – No Award
 * 1959 – Susan Wright – The Circus (genre painting)
 * 1960 – Leonard French – The Burial (subject painting)
 * 1961 – Robin Norling – Sea Movement and Rocks (mural design)
 * 1962 – John Rigby – Children Dancing (genre painting)
 * 1963 – Roy Fluke – Spring Walk (subject painting)
 * 1964 – Ken Reinhard – The Private Public Preview (genre painting)
 * 1965 – Gareth Jones-Roberts – Grape-pickers and Vineyards (subject painting)
 * 1966 – Louis James – It's Hot in Town (genre painting)
 * 1967 – Cec Burns – Exercise in Variegation (subject painting)
 * 1968 – Tim Storrier – Suzy 350 (genre painting)
 * 1969 – Louis James – Spyhole (subject painting)
 * 1970 – Michael Kmit – Philopena (genre painting)
 * 1971 – James Meldrum – Pyramid Shelf (subject painting)
 * 1972 – Peter Powditch – Sun-torso 128 (Bunch) (genre painting)
 * 1973 – Eric Smith – The Painter Transmogrified and Mrs. Smith (subject painting)
 * 1974 – Keith Looby – Still Life and Comfy II
 * 1975 – (joint) Alan Oldfield Transvestite (for Diane Arbus)
 * 1975 – (joint) Geoffrey Proud – Untitled Jane
 * 1976 – Brett Whiteley – Interior with time past
 * 1977 – Salvatore Zofrea- Woman's life, woman's love 3
 * 1978 – Brett Whiteley – Yellow Nude
 * 1979 – Salvatore Zofrea – The water trap (subject painting)
 * 1980 – Brian Dunlop – The old physics building (genre painting)
 * 1981 – William Delafield Cook – A French family (subject painting)
 * 1982 – Salvatore Zofrea – Psalm 24 (genre)
 * 1984 – Tim Storrier – The Burn
 * 1986 – Wendy Sharpe – Black Sun – Morning and Night, Nigel Thomson – The State Institution
 * 1987 – Marcus Beilby – Crutching the Ewes, Bob Marchant – The Grand Parade Sydney Show
 * 1988 – Bob Marchant – Catching rabbits and yabbies at 5-mile dam
 * 1989 – John Olsen – Don Quixote Enters the Inn
 * 1990 – Robert Hollingworth – Going Away/Looking Back
 * 1991/92 – Kevin Connor – Najaf (Iraq) June 1991
 * 1992/93 – John Montefiore – Life Series
 * 1993/94 – Noel McKenna – Boy Dressed as Batman 2 (Diptych)
 * 1995 – Juli Haas – By the Banks of Her Own Lagoon
 * 1996 – Aida Tomescu – Grey-to-Grey
 * 1997 – Kevin Connor – The Man with itchy fingers and other figures Gare du Nord
 * 1998 – Robert Jacks – Changed into a weeping willow
 * 1999 – Anne Wallace – Secret Paintings
 * 2000 – John Peart – Snailsnake
 * 2001 – Euan Macleod – Exquisite Corpse with Fire, Highly commended: Elisabeth Cummings Harbour Light
 * 2002 – Guan Wei – Gazing into deep space no. 9
 * 2003 – Eric Smith – Reflection
 * 2004 – Allan Mitelman –  Untitled
 * 2005 – Sandro Nocentini – File:SandroNocentini MySonHasTwoMothers2005.jpg
 * 2006 – Jiawei Shen – Peking treaty 1901
 * 2007 – David Disher – Axis of Elvis
 * 2008 – Rodney Pople – Stage fright
 * 2009 – Ivan Durrant – ANZAC Day Match
 * 2010 – Michael Lindeman – Paintings, prints & wall hangings
 * 2011 – Peter Smeeth – The artist's fate
 * 2012 – Nigel Milsom – Judo House pt 4 (Golden mud)
 * 2013 – Victoria Reichelt – After (books)
 * 2014 – Andrew Sullivan – T-rex (tyrant lizard king)
 * 2015 – Jason Phu – I was at yum cha when in rolled the three severed heads of Buddha: fear, malice and death
 * 2016 – Esther Stewart – Flatland dreaming
 * 2017 – Joan Ross – Oh history, you lied to me
 * 2018 – Kaylene Whiskey – Kaylene TV
 * 2020 – Marikit Santiago – The divine
 * 2021 – Georgia Spain – Getting down or falling up
 * 2022 – Claire Healy and Sean Cordeiro – Raiko and Shuten-dōji
 * 2023 – Doris Bush Nungarrayi – Mamunya ngalyananyi (Monster coming)
 * 2024 – Naomi Kantjuriny – Minyma mamu tjuta

title: Sir John Sulman Prize


text:
Schwebel's Bakery

Schwebel's Bakery is a regional producer of bread and other baked goods that was established in Youngstown, Ohio, in the early 20th century.

History
The Schwebel's brand was created by Joseph Schwebel and Dora Schwebel, a married couple that started baking bread in the kitchen of their Campbell, Ohio, home, in 1906. The Schwebels eventually began to sell bread to customers in nearby Youngstown, an event which marks the official beginning of the Schwebel's Bakery. In 1914, Dora and Joseph entered the world of retail sales by working out agreements with several local "mom and pop" stores – a move that opened up new and more profitable sales channels for their fledgling business. To ensure that fresh bread was in the stores when customers asked for it, the young couple added more bakers to assist the family. Eventually, Schwebel's expanded its distribution to areas beyond Youngstown and relied on horses and wagons to transport their products.

By 1923, Schwebel's secured its first fleet of trucks, with six vehicles on hand. That same year the Schwebel's invested $25,000 and built a small bakery complete with a store front for retail business. At this time, the family could bake and deliver 1,000 loaves a day using six delivery trucks. The bakery was improving but in the 1920s and 1930s the company had a temporary downfall.

Crisis and renewal
Dora Schwebel faced many challenges during the late 1920s and 1930s. In 1928, Joseph Schwebel died suddenly at the age of 46 – leaving Dora with six children and the family's business to run by herself.

In 1928, many people believed the baking business was no place for a woman with young children. Dora Schwebel was told she should sell her bakery and stay home with her children, but she still kept the company, trying to continue the business she and her husband started. The stock market crashed in the fall of 1929, less than a year after Joseph Schwebel's passing, and Dora and her young family found out just how difficult running a business could be.

Vowing to meet her obligations by working all day and all night if necessary, Dora negotiated a number of critical agreements that kept the business running in the face of national financial ruin. She built a new bakery in 1936 that doubled production and improved efficiency, and added to it in 1938 and again in 1941.

By the late 1940s, demand for the company's products was growing by leaps and bounds as soldiers returned home from World War II and the baby boom began.

1950s and 60s
In 1951, Dora and her children moved into a new facility on Youngstown's Midlothian Boulevard, outfitted with equipment and baking processes that would significantly help the business.

The 1960s marked the beginning of the third generation's active participation in the company. Their entry would add vitality, new ideas, and a quest for rapid growth and expansion outside of Youngstown. In 1967, the popularity of Schwebel's Golden Rich Bread led to a successful national licensing program throughout the country.

Expansion
By the end of the 1970s, the company had noticeably expanded its distribution network. In rapid fashion, Schwebel's had now become a key player in the Canton, Ohio, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Cleveland, Ohio markets. In addition, the company had undertaken a significant bakery expansion program that fully automated the bread and buns lines, doubling capacity.

Record growth characterized the 1980s and 1990s. As a result of several key acquisitions, Schwebel's had become a regional force in the baking industry. To complement this expansion the company added distribution facilities in Columbus, Ohio and Buffalo, New York. This period also heralded special baking agreements with Stouffer's, Pillsbury Company, and Disney's Epcot theme park.

Closures
Schwebel’s closed its plant in Cuyahoga Falls in 2013 and shifted some of the production there to its Solon, Ohio plant. The company closed its bakery outlet stores in Austintown and Warren in January 2019, and its outlet in Meadville, Pennsylvania in November 2018. On March 18, 2019, Schwebel’s announced it would close its bakery in Solon and cut 204 jobs in May 2019. This would leave the company with approximately one thousand employees.

title: Schwebel's Bakery


text:
Yio Chu Kang MRT station

Yio Chu Kang MRT station is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South line in Ang Mo Kio, Singapore, near the junction of Ang Mo Kio Avenue 6 and Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8.

This station primarily serves students of adjacent educational institutions such as Anderson Serangoon Junior College and Nanyang Polytechnic, as well as the residential and industrial estates in the northern part of Ang Mo Kio.

The section of tracks between this station and Khatib MRT station is the longest between any two stations on the MRT network. Opened on 7 November 1987, Yio Chu Kang station is one of the five stations that collectively make up Singapore's oldest MRT stations.

History
In initial plans for the MRT system, Yio Chu Kang station was to be built under the second phase of the system's development, but was moved to the system's first phase in 1983, over concerns that Ang Mo Kio station could not cope with commuters from Yio Chu Kang. The contract for the construction of Yio Chu Kang station, along with the adjacent Ang Mo Kio station and the overground tracks connecting the two stations to Bishan station and Bishan Depot, was awarded to Paul Y. Construction (later Paul Y. Engineering) in October 1984 at a sum of $62.66 million. The station was completed by April 1987, and it opened on 7 November 1987, as part of the first section of the MRT system.

Installation of half-height platform screen doors began on 15 August 2011, and they commenced operation on 18 October that year.

Incidents
On 3 March 2003, a 23-year-old drove his car onto an MRT track off Lentor Avenue, in the sector between Yio Chu Kang and Khatib, the first accident of its kind in the 15 years of MRT operations in Singapore. The accident occurred when the car, which was travelling at 87 km/h along Lentor Avenue – the speed limit was 70 km/h – mounted an 18 cm kerb, crossed 6 m of grass verge (inclusive of a 1.5 m wide pavement), jumped over a 1.5 m drain, went through a fence 2 m away from the track, and went uphill onto a steep stone embankment before landing on the track. Witnesses tried to remove the car from the tracks to prevent a possible collision, however an oncoming train from Yio Chu Kang stopped their efforts. One of the witnesses signalled the train driver to stop. Although the train driver was not able to stop in time, he was able to slow the train down enough to prevent derailment.

Location
The station is located on a plot of land adjacent to Ang Mo Kio Avenues 8,6 and 9. It is located near landmarks such as Anderson Serangoon Junior College, Nanyang Polytechnic, Yio Chu Kang Stadium and Presbyterian High School.

Services
The station is served by the North South line, between Khatib and Ang Mo Kio, and has the station code NS15 on official maps. Trains run at 2 to 5 minute intervals during peak hours, and at 5 minute intervals at other times.

Station design
The station was designed by Mott, Hay and Anderson, and it consists of a ticketing concourse on the ground floor and the station platforms on the upper level. The ticketing concourse is encircled by glass walls, while the platforms are open to the surroundings. These features, along with slim columns clad in tiles, are intended to give the station a bright and graceful look.

title: Yio Chu Kang MRT station