text:
Talk:Travelling Post Office

Merge with Railway post office?
This type of car seems to me to have the same function as the railway post office (RPO) cars used in North America. I think a merge would be in order, but under which name? slambo 11:28, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * You could just add a link to the TPO article on the RPO page under "see also", and vice versa, keeping RPO for america and TPO for europe? Our Phellap 18:53, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I had considered that. In fact, that's the main reason I didn't put any of the merge templates on either article.  However, since the only real difference besides the name that I can see is the history of the cars' development, which would make them good candidates for merging in my mind. slambo 19:03, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * My argument for retaining two articles was to save any arguing over which name should be used. Most people in Europe probably haven't heard of Railway post office for example, and Americans wouldn't know what Travelling Post Office was. Also, the TPO article currently refers mainly to the British TPO, giving links to the various types of vehicle used on the British Rail system. Perhaps a general article on transporting mail by rail should be written (with a suitably neutral name), giving links to RPO and TPO for further info? Our Phellap 20:13, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Maybe I can work up something this week for it... unless someone else beats me to it, of course... slambo 20:17, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

• TPO/RPO are known in Europe. In France they are called Bureau ambulant, train postal, or Ambulant postal. There are articles here https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulant_postal https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_ambulant https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_postal. The French postal service continues to use several TGV for post  https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_postal#/media/File:TGV_la_poste_3.jpg. In Germany you can find Bahnpostwagen https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahnpostwagen — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.152.38.31 (talk) 10:17, 18 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Perhaps merger of the RPO and TPO pages is now a moot point, since it is 4 months past the date of the original discussions. If a merge is still under consideration, I believe that separate articles would better serve the subjects at hand.  RPOs and TPOs do share many common characteristics, but the developmental history for the American and the British versions were unique, and it would seem difficult to properly cover that diversity in a merged article.  Cross linking the two pages under the "see also" mechanism should be sufficient. RI-Bill 04:40, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Refrences for adding more information

 * http://www.allanyeo.co.uk/index.html - Information about TPOs, the P.R.D.C Mail terminal, the routes which TPOs ran etc.
 * Nene Valley Railway TPO Group

Revert page move
I think that was an unnecessary UK-centric page move, and suggest it is reverted, considering the Travelling Post Office has been used in other English speaking countries, such as, Ireland, whose system was once part of the UK system, India and Australia. The topic is hardly large enough to justify an article for each country but should instead be expanded with a worldview as it has hardly had little expansion in the 5 years since it was created. ww2censor (talk) 05:40, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Hello, I moved this article - did consider amending it to a general article as you suggest, but decided it was quite reasonable as is (it is solely about the UK). There is a US equivalent Railway post office. My intention is to replace the Travelling Post Office redirect with a modest general article mainly so that links are not to the UK article; just put the cart before the horse. (Crusoe8181 (talk) 06:33, 10 February 2011 (UTC)).

 * But based on that reasoning the moave was made just because it did not cover more than the UK, You could have suggested expanding it instead. If we keep this one cannot expand this UK-specific article to cover the other Empire countries that could easily be added to the general named article. The US Railway post office is a red herring as it does not cover the countries I mentioned above, that are only a small number of those that use/d the term TPO. I recommend a revert and would help expand if you agree. The possible future number of small stubs, for other countries that use/d TPOs and all will refer back to the original UK introduction of TPO does not seem like a very good choice. ww2censor (talk) 15:32, 10 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Finally discovered Mobile post office, which would seem to solve the problem, once categories receive some attention. I can add Australia to this article wich does sem to be sensibly named. Regards (Crusoe8181 (talk) 10:21, 14 February 2011 (UTC)).

Requested move 29 October 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Per consensus. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 20:59, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

Travelling Post Office → Travelling post office – Like Railway post office and Mobile post office this is an article about post offices on trains, as a type of thing. It should therefore not be capitalised. It is not the same as General Post Office or Post Office Limited, which are capitalised as they referring to single, specific organisations. Mauls (talk) 20:51, 29 October 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose I suggest that you check out some of the refs and external links in this article. The P and O are invariably capitalised; I cannot find any where they are not. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 21:27, 29 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose: sources do not support "Travelling post office", they all us capital case. ww2censor (talk) 21:37, 29 October 2022 (UTC)
 * @ww2censor and @talk:Redrose64 MOS:CAPS says that the style used in sources isn't relevant. As it says in the instructions at the top, "Please base arguments on article title policy [...]" Mauls (talk) 10:44, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * (For completeness, WP:TITLEFORMAT says "Titles are written in sentence case. The initial letter of a title is almost always capitalized by default; otherwise, words are not capitalized unless they would be so in running text.", hence the capitalisation that would be used in article body text – per MOS:CAPS – applies. Mauls (talk) 10:47, 30 October 2022 (UTC))
 * In this case you are wrong because actually Travelling Post Office is the proper name especially per WP:NCCAPS. ww2censor (talk) 11:55, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Every source in the article I can access uses the capitalised form Travelling Post Office on every mention, both in titles and running text. See also e.g. . Thryduulf (talk) 10:27, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Travelling Post Office


text:
K-pop Selection

K-pop Selection was BoA's first Japanese compilation album. It was a collection of her Korean songs released in Japan (in the original Korean). It also had a "Perfect Edition" that came with several music videos.

Normal edition

 * 1)  No. 1                                                                                3:12
 * 2)  Milky Way                                                                               3:19
 * 3)  Listen to My Heart                                                                      3:57
 * 4)  Time To Begin                                                                           3:36
 * 5)  ID; Peace B                                                                             3:58
 * 6)  My Sweetie                                                                              3:37
 * 7)  Day                                                                                4:13
 * 8)  Don't Start Now                                                                         3:43
 * 9)  Atlantis Princess                                                                       3:44
 * 10)  Realize (Stay With Me)                                                                  4:17
 * 11)  Sara                                                                                3:53
 * 12)  Where Are You                                                                           3:47
 * 13) Come to Me                                                                              3:35
 * 14)  Waiting                                                                                4:17
 * 15)  The Lights Of Seoul                                                                     4:26
 * 16) Amazing Kiss (Korean Ver.) 4:29
 * 17) Jewel Song (Korean Ver.) 5:22

Perfect edition
DVD included:

 * 1) No.1
 * 2) Atlantis Princess
 * 3) Milky Way

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: K-pop Selection


text:
Horton, Somerset

Horton is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated 5 mi north of Chard in the South Somerset district. The village has a population of 812.

History
It is first attested as Horton in 1242. The place-name Horton is a common one in England. It derives from Old English horu 'dirt' and tūn 'settlement, farm, estate', presumably meaning 'farm on muddy soil'.

In 1782 the Ilminster Turnpike Trust constructed Jordans Bridge to carry the main road over a stream.

In 1880 Horton House was built as the manor house. It has been designated as a Grade II listed building.

During the late 1970s a small group of children from Channells Lane in Horton got together to form a club called "The Sword of Justice". They decided to try to raise some money for charity and arranged a village fete to raise money for Dr Barnardos. The fete proved very popular and was repeated the following year to raise money for the then very ropey playing field in the village. Again it was a great success and the yearly fete has since gone on to become a very important part of the village's social calendar, known as "Horton fete and flower show" from 2006. The money raised in previous years has been used to build a replacement village hall at the north side of the village. The Horton Flower Show is where local green-fingered individuals can compete for prizes and prestige, amongst which are the biggest marrow competition or best fairy cake.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Chard Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Yeovil county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one member of parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

title: Horton, Somerset


text:
Travers Twiss

Sir Travers Twiss QC FRS (19 March 1809 in London – 14 January 1897 in London) was an English jurist. He had a distinguished academic and legal career culminating in his appointment as Queen's Advocate-General. Twiss was particularly noted for his contribution to the theory of international law. He was widely consulted, and was asked to draw up the constitution of the Congo Free State. A prolific author, Twiss wrote many influential textbooks on legal matters.

His public career came to a sudden end in 1872 after a scandal involving his wife Marie. He continued to research and publish on aspects of international law.

Academic career
Twiss was born in Marylebone in London. He was the eldest son of the Rev. Robert Twiss. At University College, Oxford, he obtained a first-class degree in mathematics and a second in classics in 1830, and was elected a Fellow of his college, of which he was afterwards successively bursar, dean and tutor. During his connection with Oxford, he was, inter alia, a public examiner in classics and mathematics, Drummond Professor of Political Economy (1842), and Regius Professor of Civil Law (1855). In 1862 he married Marie von Lynnseele. Marriage required him to forfeit his fellowship. In compensation he was elected to an Honorary Fellowship of University College.

He published while at Oxford an epitome of Niebuhr's History of Rome, an annotated edition of Livy and other works, but his studies mainly lay in the direction of political economy, law, chiefly international law, and international politics.

He was professor of international law at King's College London (1852–1855).

Legal career
In 1840, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and became an advocate at Doctors' Commons. In the ecclesiastical courts he enjoyed a large practice, and filled many of the appointments incidental thereto, such as commissary-general of the city and diocese of Canterbury (1849), vicar-general to the archbishop (1852) and Chancellor of the diocese of London (1858). In 1858, when the Probate and Divorce Acts of 1857 came into force, and the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Doctors' Commons had died, Twiss, like many other leading advocates of Doctors' Commons, became a QC, and in the same year was also elected a bencher of his Inn.

His successful career continued in the civil courts, and in addition to his large practice he was appointed in 1862 Advocate-General to the Admiralty, and in 1867 Queen's Advocate-General. In 1867, he was also knighted. He served during his legal career upon a great number of royal commissions, such as the Maynooth Commission in 1854, and others dealing with marriage law, neutrality, naturalisation and allegiance. His reputation abroad led to his being invited in 1884 by Leopold II, king of the Belgians, to draw up the constitution of the Congo Free State.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1838.

Scandal
In 1871, Twiss became involved in a scandal, which brought his career to an end. In 1862 he had married the 22-year-old Marie van Lynnseele, who he presented as the daughter of a Polish aristocrat. A solicitor named Alexander Chaffers claimed that Marie was in reality a French former prostitute who went by the name "Marie Gelas", and had been Twiss's mistress before their marriage. Chaffers, who also claimed to have been one of her lovers, was allegedly blackmailing her, sending her bills for imaginary "services rendered", which she initially paid. When she refused to pay any more, Chaffers made a statutory declaration about her, which he sent to various bishops and to the Lord Chamberlain. Charges of libel were brought against Chaffers, but were dropped when Marie Twiss broke down under ruthless cross-examination by Chaffers and then fled the country. Twiss was humiliated. He resigned from all his appointments and lived in retirement in London until his death. He never again saw his wife. Chaffers' subsequent vexatious litigation led to the passing of the Vexatious Actions Act in 1896.

Twiss continued to research and publish on aspects of international law and kindred topics. Among his more notable publications of this period were The Law of Nations in Peace and The Law of Nations in War.

title: Travers Twiss


text:
Heterodontiformes

Heterodontiformes is an order of sharks in the superorder Galeomorphii. It includes the bullhead sharks (genus Heterodontus), and several extinct genera. The earliest known members of the group are from the Early Jurassic (Toarcian), around 175 million years ago. Several extinct genera are known from the Jurassic, with all except Paracestracion only known from isolated teeth. The oldest known members of the modern genus appeared during the Late Jurassic.

Heterodontiformes are connected to multiple species that are currently known as bullhead sharks, horn sharks, port jackson sharks, and many others. Bullhead sharks are 2-5 feet long with big broad heads and pig-like snouts. Their stiff spine on both of their dorsal fins and anal fins allow for easy movement. Gill slits located on the sides of their skeleton enables the sharks the ability to breathe. Bullhead sharks also have cone-shaped teeth in the front of their mouth and flat grinding molars in the back of their mouths to grind the hard shells of their food. For the sharks to be able to have a full range of vision prominent supraorbital ridges elevate the crest of the eye. The caudal fin separates the upper and lower lobes with a prominent notch. These fins are covered with large abrasive dermal denticles.

Overall Average sharks reach from 28 to 51 inches long but a few species may reach slightly longer. Young sharks stay around 40 to 150 meters and migrate to shallow water as they age.

Heterodontiformes are found in shallow water in the western and eastern Pacific Ocean and the western Indian Ocean. Their eating behaviors include creatures such as starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, small fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. Bull Sharks tend to group together for short periods of time but, spend most of their time alone.

title: Heterodontiformes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Microsoft Bunny

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. NSR (talk) 13:32, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Microsoft Bunny
This is definitely not a mascot. So this is not the right place for this entry. At least remove the link to the mascots category. Rcappuccio 11:30, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Could probably do with a bit more info but it's already marked as a stub anyway. Be bold and remove it from the category if appropriate, alternatively discussion on this topic should be done on the talk page rather than VFD. -- Lochaber 12:08, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, not a deletion candidate. Kappa 12:57, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Windows 95. I don't think this article can achieve much more that it is right now on its own, and Windows 95 is in need of material anyway.-Poli (talk • contribs) 13:15, 2005 July 26 (UTC)
 * Keep and keep as a mascot, and do not merge. The history of bunny and bear go well back before Win95 to NT and Win3.x.  It's a unique and notable part of Microsoft history. SchmuckyTheCat 16:31, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - analogous to Moof. Nandesuka 01:04, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (non-sheep-vote) --Simon Cursitor 09:13, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Windows 95 as above. Ashmodai 11:17, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Do not merge. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 13:33, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Top Gear (magazine)

Top Gear is a British automobile magazine, owned by BBC Worldwide, and published under contract by Immediate Media Company. It is named after the BBC's Top Gear television show. It was first published in October 1993 and is published monthly at a price of £5.99. As of December 2022, there have been a total of 360 issues published in the UK. The major presenters of the rebooted television series — Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, and James May — were regular contributors, along with the series' production staff. "Tame racing driver" The Stig also regularly features in their car tests, though only communicates his thoughts and feelings through the articles of others. It is Britain's leading general interest car magazine in sales terms, with over 150,000 copies distributed each month in 2012, a drop of 50,000 from 2007. Previous columnists have included former Top Gear presenters Quentin Willson, Tiff Needell and Vicki Butler-Henderson.

Licensed editions are also published in China, the Czech Republic, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, the Middle East (with localised versions for each of the Arab countries), Indonesia, South Korea, South Africa, Russia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Thailand, India, Belgium, Romania, Finland, Sweden, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Singapore. On September 2004, the Philippine edition was released. On 7 May 2007, it was released in Bulgaria, on 16 November 2007 in Italy, on 14 February 2008 in Poland. An Australian edition that ran from June 2008 to October 2015. A Hong Kong Chinese edition was released in October 2008. A Turkish edition, called TopGear Turkey was released in May 2011. More recently, the Portuguese edition was released in June 2011. A German edition was released on 25 April 2013. After a year, the Polish edition is the third largest market, after the British and Russian editions. In January 2010, Top Gear magazine released its 200th edition, and a free 'best of TopGear magazine' supplement was included. In April 2014 the first issue of the Croatian edition was released, and in May 2015, a French edition was launched. In April 2016, the Spanish version was launched, edited by Axel Springer SE. In May 2017, a Sri Lankan edition of the magazine was launched at an event held at the Taj Sumudra Hotel, Colombo. The English-language magazine is published by Capital Media Pvt (Ltd). In July 2019 TopGear India ceased publication, with the agreement between Worldwide Media Pvt. (WWM) ending.

Content
Current regular features include:

 * Drives (one large group test, plus tests of new vehicles)
 * Trending (new car news, faces and automotive culture)
 * Columns (by Chris Harris, Paul Horrell and Sam Phillip)
 * Features (Larger, experiential stories)
 * Retro (Features of older and "youngtimer" cars and culture)
 * Garage (Lifer reports, longterm tests of cars run by the TopGear Magazine Staff)
 * Electric (A small list of Electric cars currently on sale in the UK. Feature introduced in the January 2021 issue replacing the Data segment of the magazine)
 * Exhaust (A brief history of a brand or a company starting with Audi. The segment was introduced in the same issue as the Electric segment which also replaced the Data feature in the magazine starting from the January 2021 issue)
 * Former content featured in the magazine
 * Data (A collection of specs and prices of most cars on sale in the UK. The last time that it was featured was in the 2020 awards issue in December and got replaced with the Electric and Exhaust segments of the magazine in the next issue in January 2021)
 * Data (A collection of specs and prices of most cars on sale in the UK. The last time that it was featured was in the 2020 awards issue in December and got replaced with the Electric and Exhaust segments of the magazine in the next issue in January 2021)

Giveaways
Top Gear Magazine has been known to give away a number of items free with the purchase of the magazine, including a number of promotional DVDs, books and CDs. The following is a comprehensive list of all of the items given away.

DVDs

 * Back in the Fast Lane: Highlights from Series 1 and 2 – Highlights of the DVD Back in the Fast Lane
 * The Best of Series Three and Four – Clips of challenges and reviews featured during series three and four
 * Aston Martin V8 and Jaguar XK at the Ring – Richard Hammond and Sabine Schmitz race at the Nurburgring
 * The Best of Top Gear: Revved Up – Highlights of the DVD Revved Up
 * 007: The Car Chases – Clarkson, Hammond and May pick their favourite James Bond car chases of all time
 * The Races – Three classic races broadcast during the first seven series of the show
 * The Best of the Challenges – Highlights of the DVD Top Gear: The Challenges
 * The Greatest Movie Chases Ever – Clarkson, Hammond and May pick eight of their favourite all time movie chases
 * Planes, Rockets and Automobiles – Highlights of the DVD Top Gear: The Challenges 2
 * The Best of the Stig – Challenges, power laps and reviews that feature The Stig
 * Duel: Behind the Scenes – Behind the scenes of Clarkson's latest Christmas DVD, Duel
 * Supercars – Challenges, power laps and reviews featuring some of the world's finest supercars
 * Cars With Soul – Challenges, power laps and reviews featuring cars that are special to Clarkson, Hammond and May
 * Senna – A DVD containing the show's tribute to Ayrton Senna, as well clips of the official Senna film

Books

 * The Collected Thoughts of Clarkson – A collection of Clarkson's newspaper column writings
 * Never Played Golf – A second collection of Clarkson's newspaper column writings
 * The World's Worst 50 Cars – Clarkson's list of the world's worst fifty cars of all time
 * Clarkson on Cars – A sample from Clarkson's book first published in 1996
 * Clarkson on Cars – A free copy of Clarkson's book published in 2004
 * May on Motors – A free copy of May's book first published in 2006
 * The Best of the Columns – A selection of editorials by Clarkson, Hammond and May from the magazine
 * 100 Top Supercars – Clarkson, Hammond and May's comprehensive list of the best supercars

CDs

 * The Jam Packed Top Gear Magazine CD-ROM – A CD rom containing Top Gear related content
 * Clarkson Rocks! – A compilation of ten top driving tracks, also given away free with The Sun in 2004

Car of the Year (UK)

 * 1997: Ford Puma
 * 1998: Ford Focus
 * 1999: Toyota Picnic
 * 2000: Fiat Multipla
 * 2001: Ford Mondeo
 * 2002: Range Rover
 * 2003: Jaguar XJ8
 * 2004: Nissan 350Z
 * 2005: Toyota Aygo & Bugatti Veyron
 * 2006: Jaguar XK
 * 2007: Subaru Legacy Outback and the Ford Mondeo
 * 2008: Volkswagen Scirocco
 * 2009: Ferrari 458 Italia
 * 2010: Citroën DS3
 * 2011: Range Rover Evoque
 * 2012: Toyota GT86
 * 2013: Ford Fiesta ST
 * 2014: BMW i8
 * 2015: Ford Focus RS
 * 2016: Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio
 * 2017: Honda Civic Type R
 * 2018: Ford Fiesta ST
 * 2019: Porsche Taycan
 * 2020: Land Rover Defender
 * 2021: Hyundai i20N

Car of the decade (UK)

 * 2000s: Bugatti Veyron, the award was also presented on Top Gear

Supercar of the Year (UK)

 * 2006: Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano
 * 2007: Nissan GT-R
 * 2008: Chevrolet Corvette C6 ZR1
 * 2009: Ferrari 458 Italia
 * 2010: Koenigsegg Agera
 * 2011: Lamborghini Aventador
 * 2012: Ferrari F12 Berlinetta
 * 2013: Ferrari 458 Speciale
 * 2014: Lamborghini Huracan
 * 2015: Ferrari 488 GTB
 * 2016: McLaren 570GT
 * 2017: McLaren 720S
 * 2018: Ferrari 488 Pista

Men of the Year (UK)

 * 2007: Lewis Hamilton, Peter Roberts (Road pricing petitioner), Colin Mcrae, Steve Fossett, Dario Franchitti, Luca de Meo, Angela Merkel, Michael Bay.
 * 2010: Haruhiko Tanahashi, Sébastien Loeb, Ferdinand Piëch, Volker Mornhinweg, Ross Brawn, Jenson Button, Mark Lloyd (British Citroën designer).
 * 2011: Adrian Newey, Takanobu Ito, Dario Franchitti, Jenson Button, Peter Schreyer, Victoria Beckham, Franco Cimatti, Dario Benuzzi.
 * 2012: Ranulph Fiennes, Felix Baumgartner, Stefano Domenicali, Chris Hoy, Sid Watkins, Robert Kubica, Alex Zanardi, Ratan Tata, Ian Callum, Martin Winterkorn.

title: Top Gear (magazine)


text:
Huish Episcopi

Huish Episcopi is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated on the outskirts of Langport, 4 mi south west of Somerton. The parish has a population of 2,644, and includes the hamlets of Bowdens, Combe, Pibsbury and Wearne.

History
Its name derives from the lands or household ("huish" from the Old English hiwisc) and episcopi meaning belonging to the Bishop of Wells. The bishops held the manor from Saxon times until 1859 when it was sold off to tenants.

Romano-British remains, including burials, coins and tesserae dating from the 3rd and 4th centuries have been found south of Wearne.

The parish of Huish Episcopi was part of the Kingsbury Hundred.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

For local government purposes, since 1 April 2023, the village comes under the unitary authority of Somerset Council. Prior to this, it was part of the non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Langport Rural District.

It is also part of the Somerton and Frome county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Geography
Much of the land is low lying with the rivers Yeo and Parrett meeting to the south west of the village. There were several stone quarries in the parish, particularly around Pibsbury.

Landmarks
One of the most popular landmarks in Huish Episcopi is the Rose and Crown pub, which was built around 1800. The pub is described at length in The Longest Crawl by Ian Marchant.

Economy
The largest employer in Huish Episcopi is the Southern Counties Fresh Foods Ltd new abattoir, which processes beef and sheep. An Abattoir Liaison Group was appointed, with members from the village, to help resolve community issues such as odours emanating from the plant, heavy goods vehicles on the narrow roads, and light pollution.

Education
The village is home to Huish Episcopi School, an academy school which has places for 1,200 pupils between 11 and 18.

Religious sites
Huish Episcopi is home to St Mary's Church, which also serves nearby Langport. Built in blue lias with golden hamstone decoration, the church is most noted for its classic 100 ft Somerset tower, deemed to be an architectural companion piece to St Martin's Church in Kingsbury Episcopi. St Mary's tower dates from around 1500 and was built in four stages. It is extensively embellished with pinnacles and quatrefoil panel bands. In the north-east corner is an octagonal stair turret which reaches the full height of the tower. A stained glass window by Edward Burne-Jones depicts the Nativity, other fine stained glass windows follow the life of Christ as told in the New Testament. It is a Grade I listed building.

The church appears on a Royal Mail stamp issued on 21 June 1972 as part of a set on British Architecture (Village Churches).

Railways
The nearby station of Langport East, on the Reading to Taunton Line, was closed in 1962, although the line itself remains open.

title: Huish Episcopi


text:
Talk:Royal Arsenal

Untitled
My knowledge of the railways in this area is not good; is London, Chatham and Dover Railway the correct name at this time? Pyrotec 11:31, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

I believe the line at Plumstead was the North Kent Line originally built by South Eastern Railway, which in 1899 later merged to form the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. If you want to ignore the corporate activity and stick to the name of the route, it might be easier just to call it the North Kent Line. Paul W 12:30, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

I think I've now added most of what I wanted to add.Pyrotec 23:38, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Added Internal Links and Deleted Websites
I have added Internal Links and deleted websites because of Server not found or page not found notices. Kathleen.wright5 08:50, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

"Woolwich Arsenal"
Woolwich Arsenal redirects to this page, though many if not most the links to Woolwich Arsenal are actually referring to Woolwich Arsenal railway station. Perhaps a disambiguation page needs creating? Have added a line at the start of the article as a temporary solution. Grunners (talk) 12:51, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Done. Its worse than that, an Arsenal, a football club, and a railway station(s).Pyrotec (talk) 13:31, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Good job! Grunners (talk) 15:02, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Brick hut picture
Image does not reflect how the Royal Arsenal sit currently looks - 11:45, 10 March 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.189.228.102 (talk)

Lead section
I moved a lot of material from the lead section into "Early history". As it stood, the lead section was just material that belongs at the beginning of the article. However the article should be complete without the lead section, and conversely the lead section should be a summary of the whole article, not just the initial bit. See WP:LEAD for the guidelines.

Now I've moved the text to the right place the lead section is woefully inadequate (actually it was before but now it's obvious). However I don't know enough about this article to write one myself, and I'm not prepared to pick through the rest of the article finding out about it. If an expert could write a paragraph or two, including the most important parts of its history (so should certainly talk about WWII usage), then that would be a great addition to the article Quietbritishjim (talk) 10:43, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The article really needs to be doubled in size and properly referenced. The lead is a comparatively minor problem. Pyrotec (talk) 21:52, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I've aimed to address above two points a bit in my recent editsBarabbas1312 (talk) 16:45, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, Royal Arsenal is on my watch list so I have seen that you have been very busy adding new material for most of this month (and a little before). Thanks very much for your valuable contributions. I must admit, that expanding the "Arsenal" came quite early in my wikipedia editing career, so I did not really reference anything, so I set a bad example for those that follow. I do have one of the sources (Masters, Roy, (1995)), and others that I've not yet quoted, "to hand" so I can come back and add references, but is more likely to be tomorrow before I start this. The problem now, at present, with the lack of in-line references, the article is not really C-class, its more like "Start-class". Pyrotec (talk) 19:10, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

Explosions
A number of serious incidents happened at the Arsenal, both in the 19th and 20th centurys. I wonder whether the article should have a section on these? they are well referenced: the 1936 event led to questions being raise in parliament, for example. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.149.135.8 (talk) 19:37, 28 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, they can be added. It would improve the article. Do you have the references? Pyrotec (talk) 19:41, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

The Royal Arsenal
Should it not be titled "The Royal Arsenal". "Royal Arsenal" sounds like an adjective, like "Royal Arsenal Blue" or something

Google for '"royal arsenal" -"the royal arsenal"' brings up only adjectives for first two pages

Maybe there's a wikipaedia rule against including articles? 91.123.236.5 (talk) 11:27, 13 June 2016 (UTC) Greg

Explosives as Fog Horn
I would like to know more about the use of ordnance by the Royal Artillery stationed in the colony of Newfoundland, specifically at Fort Amherst. This fort, and other posts nearby, were established for military defense of the harbor. A gunner with the Royal Artillery was responsible for discharging the foghorn every 30 minutes when Cape Spear was shrouded in fog. Are there any records to show what type of gun/cannon would have been used, and the unit/personnel during 1836-1837? I am also trying to track down whether a specific gunner, Joseph Sandiford, was stationed there. Thanks! Klossoke (talk) 12:40, 21 May 2017 (UTC)klossoke

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title: Talk:Royal Arsenal


text:
Elite Panel of ICC Umpires

The Elite Panel of ICC Umpires is a panel of cricket umpires appointed by the International Cricket Council to officiate in Test matches and One Day Internationals around the world. The panel was first established in April 2002 when the ICC decided to reform the way that international cricket was umpired. The main change was that both umpires in a Test match and one of the umpires in a One Day International were now independent of the competing nations, whereas before 2002 just one of the umpires in a Test was independent and in ODIs both umpires were from the home nation. The majority of these ICC appointments are fulfilled by the members of the Elite Panel, who are generally thought to be the best umpires in the world. As such the ICC hopes to ensure that umpiring standards are as high as possible. Members of the panel stand in around 10 Tests and 15 ODIs each year. The list of umpires in the panel is revised every year by the ICC Umpires Selection Panel.

History
The panel was formed in 2002 with eight members. Peter Willey was invited to be on the panel, but declined the opportunity because it would have required him to spend too much time away from his family. The last members of the original panel retired in 2011. The original eight panel members were: Steve Bucknor, Daryl Harper, Ashoka de Silva, Srinivas Venkataraghavan, Rudi Koertzen, Dave Orchard, David Shepherd and Russell Tiffin.

Members of the International Panel of ICC Umpires stand in ODIs in their home countries, and may be appointed by the ICC to Tests and ODIs as an independent officials at busy times in the cricket calendar to supplement the Elite Panel. The best performing umpires may earn promotion to the Elite Panel. Emirates sponsors the panel, and the umpires are required to wear shirts and coats which have 'Fly Emirates' printed on them whenever they are officiating.

In July 2019, Michael Gough and Joel Wilson were added to the Elite panel following the retirement of Ian Gould and exclusion of Sundaram Ravi after the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 16 March 2023, Ahsan Raza and Adrian Holdstock joined the panel after Aleem Dar stepped down from the panel.

In March 2024, Sharfuddoula was added to the Elite Panel after South African umpire Marais Erasmus retired from umpiring in international cricket and thus Sharfuddoula became the first umpire from Bangladesh to be included in this panel.

, Australia and England have jointly provided the most panel members with seven. South Africa with four, India, Pakistan, New Zealand, and West Indies have provided three; Sri Lanka has provided two; Zimbabwe and Bangladesh has provided just one member. No members have featured from Afghanistan and Ireland, among the Full members.

Current members
cricket season the Elite Panel consists of:

Former members
The first departures from the panel came in 2004 when Srinivas Venkataraghavan (known as Venkat) retired, and Asoka de Silva, Dave Orchard and Russell Tiffin did not have their contracts renewed. David Shepherd retired in 2005 following 22 years as an international umpire. Darrell Hair, who joined the panel in 2003, was banned from officiating in matches involving full ICC members following the ball tampering controversy in August 2006. In March 2008, following a spell officiating associate members, Hair was once again permitted to umpire full members, but in August he handed in his resignation after he was only allowed to officiate in two Tests.

Steve Bucknor retired in 2009, having stood in a then record 128 Tests since March 1989. Rudi Koertzen retired in 2010, while Mark Benson, who had joined the panel in 2006, stood down to return to domestic cricket. Asoka de Silva, who rejoined the panel in 2008, was stood down again in 2011 along with Daryl Harper, Simon Taufel and Billy Doctrove retired in 2012 and Steve Davis retired in 2015. Sundaram Ravi was dropped from the panel after 2019 Cricket World Cup. Ian Gould retired from the panel after the 2019 World Cup. Bruce Oxenford retired from the panel in 2021.

''Former elite panel members can still umpire in ODIs and international T20s. Statistics correct as of 31 January 2021.'' ^de Silva was absent from the panel between 2004 and 2008.
 * † Original panel member

Test matches
Most Test matches as an umpire:

ODI matches
Most ODI matches as an umpire:

T20I matches
Most T20I matches as an umpire:

title: Elite Panel of ICC Umpires


text:
Talk:We're Not Afraid

Please respect process
84.9.130.70, please don't revert war to try to get round a VFD decision. No, this is not a question of you liking one opinion and I liking another—I haven't even formed an opinion about these sites, I just want for a) this article to be encyclopedic and b) for the VfD on We're shitting ourselves not to be subverted. Take a look at the *title* of the article, please, and don't change the whole focus of the text into projecting the message of the parody site instead! That's disruption of Wikipedia and contempt of process, i. e. contempt for the people who took the trouble to vote in the VfD. Bishonen | talk 11:33, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The parody/critique site is relevant, and since the article about it was deleted, this is the best place to put information about it. Nobody voted for censorship; or if they did, they should be held in contempt.
 * Having said that, to my taste a link is enough. Mirror Vax 11:48, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The dispute is now moot; We're Shitting Ourselves! is dead. Jay Maynard 12:47, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:We're Not Afraid


text:
User:Jonas Bæk

Jonas Bæk (born Jonas Bæk Kristensen, June 19, 1978 - Vallensbæk, Denmark) Danish reggae enthusiast and freelance journalist.

title: User:Jonas Bæk


text:
Talk:Lyuh Woon-hyung

Was KMT "rightwing" in 1924?
"However, he joined the right-wing Chinese Nationalist Party in 1924"... Describing the Kuomintang as "right-wing" in 1924 seems questionable. At that time it was led by Sun Yatsen, and was in alliance with the Chinese Communist Party (the First United Front). Certainly it was to move to the right a few years later, when Chiang Kaishek carried out a purge of Communists and others on the left. But that is another matter. Kalidasa 777 (talk) 08:57, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

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Date format
Hello,

Is there a reason the article uses MDY? I think most other Korea-related articles use DMY, and it seems like Lyuh wasn't particularly connected to any countries that used MDY format.

As far as I can see, there isn't anything in the MOS:KO about date format, so I think we follow MOS:DATETIES.

It currently says "Articles on topics with strong ties to a particular English-speaking country should generally use the date format most commonly used in that nation. For the United States this is (for example) July 4, 1976; for most other English-speaking countries it is 4 July 1976."

I will go ahead and make the change to DMY, but if you disagree please feel free to undo and discuss here. toobigtokale (talk) 16:35, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

Useful source
If anyone can read Korean and is looking for a good source to use for this article, here you go:

The Monthly Chosun Ilbo has been a pretty incredible source for history for me. They get some insane interviews with historical people; drop some real bombshells. toobigtokale (talk) 10:26, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lyuh Woon-hyung


text:
Ilton

Ilton is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated 8 mi south-east of Taunton, and 2 mi north of Ilminster in the South Somerset district. The village has a population of 854. The parish includes the hamlets of Ilford and Cad Green with its 16th-century almshouses.

History
"The settlement on the River Isle" was one of the possessions of Athelney Abbey until the dissolution of the monasteries.

The current hamstone Ilford Bridge probably dates from the early 18th century when it was on the Curry Rivel to Chard turnpike road. The current A303 is just south of the village.

Cad Green
Cad Green takes its name from the nearby stream, currently called Cad Brook.

Merryfield
About 1 mile west-north-west of the parish church, situated between the disused railway line and the disused Chard Canal, is a moated site which is all that remains of the medieval fortified manor house of Merryfield (or Muryfield), which was the seat of the ancient Wadham family. The last of the family in the direct male line was Nicholas Wadham who, with his wife Dorothy Petre, founded Wadham College, Oxford in 1610.

Monuments to the Wadham family survive in the Church of St Peter, Ilton and also in the nearby Church of St Mary, Ilminster. The three sisters of Nicholas Wadham were (in their issue) his heirs, one of whom was Florence Wadham (died 1596), wife of Sir John Wyndham of Orchard Wyndham in Somerset, and mother of Sir John Wyndham (1558-1645).

The Wyndham family, which later commonly used the first name "Wadham", inherited the estate of Merryfield and the "Wyndham Estate" is still today the largest employer in the village of Ilton. It bears no relation to the present large 19th-century grade II listed mansion known as Merryfield House, immediately south of the parish church.

Chard Canal
In the 18th century the Chard Canal was built close to the village. This had been intended as a part of a ship canal, passable by vessels of up to 200 tons, between the Bristol Channel and the English Channel, but was never completed.

Merryfield Aerodrome
North of the village is the Merryfield aerodrome, which served as a bomber base in World War II, reopened as HMS Heron II, RNAS Merryfield and was then used for helicopter training.

Ilton Halt
Ilton Halt was a small railway station on the Chard Branch Line between 1928 and 1962. It included a platform of concrete construction. During wartime (World War II) it also served the nearby Merryfield aerodrome.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Chard Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

The village is in 'Islemoor' electoral ward. From Ilton the ward stretches north to Fivehead via Beercrocombe or Hambridge and Westport. The total population for this ward taken at the 2011 census was 2,772.

It is also part of the Yeovil county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Religious sites
The church of St Peter dates from the 14th century, and includes memorials to the Wadham family. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building.

On the outskirts of the village is the well known gypsy camp which, in 2016, made national headlines with three brothers involved in a feud shooting resulting in the death of local resident.

title: Ilton


text:
Isle Abbots

Isle Abbots (also spelled Isle Abbotts) is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, around 7 mi south-east of Taunton in the South Somerset district. The village had a population of 205 at the 2011 census.

History
The name of the village comes from the River Isle, with the second part coming from its ownership by Muchelney Abbey from Saxon times until the Dissolution of the monasteries in 1538. The manor then passed to the Earl of Hertford.

Bromes House has medieval origins and was restored in 1627. It has been designated as a Grade II* listed building.

In 1645, during the Civil War, Isle Abbots was the scene of a skirmish between parliamentary troops under Edward Massie and Royalist forces under Lord Goring who fought for control of the bridges prior to the Battle of Langport.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Langport Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Yeovil county constituency, represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Geography
Isle Abbotts lies between the River Isle and the Fivehead River.

Climate
Along with the rest of South West England, Isle Abbots has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 °C. Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures. The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 °C. In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 °C or 2 °C are common. In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south-west of England, however convective cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours. In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton. Most of the rainfall in the south-west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection. Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions, which is when they are most active. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around 700 mm. About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August have the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.

Religious sites
The Church of St. Mary the Virgin dates from the 13th century with several restorations since. It has a tower of four stages. The embattled parapet is pierced by quatrefoils, the merlons pierced with lancet openings. The very large corner pinnacles have attached secondary pinnacles, and intermediate pinnacles to each side. The crocketted niches to each face of tower have surviving medieval figures, to west the risen Christ stepping from His sarcophagus, the Blessed Virgin with Bambino, St Peter and St Paul; to south St George, St Catherine, St Margaret; to east St John Baptist, St Clement; to north St Michael. The wealth of architectural detail and sculpture has required specific approaches to the methodology of repair and protection using lime-based materials. The church tower has eight hunky punks depicting a person playing the bagpipes, an oriental lion dog, a goat, a dragon, a Chinese dragon, a primitive dragon, a winged lion and a lion. The church also houses a barrel organ made by Henry Bryceson in about 1835.

There was also a Baptist chapel in the village, which was built in 1815 and restored in 1874. The building is no longer in use and has been sold.

title: Isle Abbots


text:
Isle Brewers

Isle Brewers is a village and parish in Somerset, England, situated on the River Isle, 7 mi south east of Taunton in the South Somerset district. The village has a population of 150. The parish includes the hamlet of North Bradon.

History
The first part of the name of the village comes from the River Isle, which separates the parish from Isle Abbotts and the second from the family of William Brewer (Briwere) who were the lords of the manor in the early 13th century.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Langport Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Yeovil county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Parish church
The Anglican parish church of All Saints was built in 1861 by Charles Edmund Giles. The original Church of All Saints stood near the Domesday mill, and the current building was funded by the vicar Joseph Wolff, a Jewish Christian missionary of German ancestry who converted to Catholicism, before being ordained in the Anglican church. He later died in the village.

title: Isle Brewers


text:
Isaac Dorislaus

Isaac Dorislaus (1595 in Alkmaar, Holland – 2 May 1649 at The Hague, Holland) was a Dutch Calvinist historian and lawyer who was an important official in Oliver Cromwell's period of rule. He came to England as a historian. His lectures were seen as political rhetoric, with references to kings with unjustified power aimed at portraying the reigning monarch, Charles I of England, as a tyrant. Little was done about his propagandizing, however. Dorislaus became advocate general of the army in the first civil war, and for all his previous theorizing about ancient liberties, quickly showed authoritarian tendencies by his attempted introduction of martial law to help him root out Royalists. He is remembered for his part in the High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I, although his role was not prominent, and he was assassinated by Royalists while on a diplomatic mission in his native country. Dorislaus, a Hollander in English service, was appointed by Parliament as ambassador in addition to Strickland. A few days after his arrival, he was murdered by Royalists seeking to avenge Charles I's death.

Background and influence
From a strongly Calvinist family, he was educated at Leiden. He arrived in England as the University of Cambridge's first ever professor of History. From the outset he attacked the legitimacy of kings and justified revolt, as when he emphasized the Anglo-Saxon roots of England before 1066, emphasizing what he saw as democratic freedom enjoyed by all Englishmen before they lost it to the Norman conquerors and also justified the Dutch uprising against Spain. His apparent propagandizing for republicanism and regicide was seen as aimed at the King Charles I of England, who was suspected of Catholic sympathies and failure to uphold the country's interests against powerful foreign enemies. Despite his thinly veiled condemnation of the reigning royal power, little real action was taken against him apart from his doctorate being delayed. In 1629 he was admitted a commoner of the College of Advocates. In 1632 he made his peace at court, and on two occasions acted as judge advocate, in the Bishops War of 1640 and in 1642 in the army commanded by the Earl of Essex. Despite his early advocacy of freedom from untrammelled power, once ensconced in a position of authority, Dorislaus attempted to sweep away legal protection for the accused. He assisted in preparing the charge of high treason against Charles I but was not prominent in the proceedings themselves.

Official of Commonwealth
In 1648 he became Judge of the High Court of Admiralty, and was sent on a diplomatic errand to the states-general of Holland, which was accused of having profited from England's civil war. Dorislaus did not live to see the First Anglo-Dutch War in which the Puritan regime of Cromwell fought its fellow Protestant power over commercial rivalries. While negotiating as a representative of the Commonwealth in the Dutch Republic, he was murdered at the Hague by a group of Royalists led by Walter Whitford, largely because of his role in the trial of Charles I. The assassination caused dismay among Cromwell's associates and great jubilation among royalists. His death also strained relations with the Dutch, who the English Government accused of allowing Whitford to escape. In truth, Whitford had escaped to the Spanish Netherlands with the help of the Portuguese Ambassador, which would have made any attempt by the Dutch to catch him almost impossible. His remains were buried in Westminster Abbey, and moved in 1661 to St. Margaret's churchyard.

His death may have loosely inspired the short story Gentlemen of the Sealed Knot by Geoffrey Trease, about an unsuccessful Royalist attempt to assassinate the English ambassador to the Netherlands.

title: Isaac Dorislaus


text:
User talk:Zektonic

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! ...maybe a little late :)Lectonar 11:40, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Zektonic


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Teller-Ulam design/archive1

Teller-Ulam design
I wrote this up over the course of a few days last week, it was a DYK feature and got some other attention that way, which seems to have culled out most of the typos, etc. What do you think? Is there anything which could be tightened up, anything which is unclear, anything missing that you can think of? The goal was to write an article which 1. explained the supposed principle, 2. explained its history in the US and elsewhere, 3. explained how we know what we know about it. Thanks. --Fastfission 11:40, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've read and reread this article several times now, and - apart from the ten or so red links - I can't see nothign that can be fixed up before you go to FAC. I mean, the only thing missing is a numbered list of parts and instructions on how to build one in the backyard ;). Impressive piece of work. WegianWarrior 09:06, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you. All of the red links are things which should, but don't yet, have their own articles. I'll try and create some stubs for them, though, for now. --Fastfission 11:18, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Good article. A couple of points/questions:
 * The article states "Because of the "staged" design, it is thought that a tertiary section, again of fusion fuel, could be added as well, based on the same principle of the secondary." Are there any known examples of a tertiary design having been tested? If not it might be worth mentioning that in the article.
 * Are all Hydrogen bombs thought to be based on the Teller-Ullam design?
 * I can add some more about the British design. For instance after the successful Grapple tests the US agreed to share it's nuclear secrets with Britain. As a consequence the British based their further H-bombs on an American design (this was kept secret at the time). I should add this information to the Operation Grapple page too. (This information came from the programme used as the reference on that page). CheekyMonkey 22:39, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Good questions! My response as best I can:
 * At least one U.S. design is thought to have had a tertiary stage, and the Tsar Bomba is thought to have a number of secondaries and/or tertiaries. I've added this info to the article. The advantage to noting about tertiaries is that you can use this design to indefinitely scale up the yield of a bomb (hypothetically even to the level of a Doomsday machine, though I thought mentioning that might be a little hyperbolic).
 * Such is what is thought, but of course it is hard to know these things for sure. I've added a small line on this. I'm very cautious, personally, on concluding about how much is known, since how much is unknown is itself an unknown quantity (until the idea of the implosion bomb was revealed in 1951, everyone in the public domain thought they knew what the single model of atomic bomb design was, as a small example).
 * That would be great. My only real knowledge of the UK program, besides that they were allowed to use some fallout design and had difficulties producing it at first, was that their knowledge of the Teller-Ulam design served as the "secret password" to their being able to share nuclear info with the U.S., which is somewhat interesting in terms of the role secrecy plays.
 * --Fastfission 15:37, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I concur with your thoughts on the first two points. Regarding the UK I have added a link to the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement and will add some more information over the next couple of days. I must note that the Channel 4 program about this subject (Summary here) never actually stated that the British had come up with a Teller-Ullam design. However, the successful British H-Bomb - Round C was described as "a two-stage thermonuclear bomb with a much more powerful atomic trigger [than the previous British attempts]". Radiation levels being calculated from the trigger were also mentioned. That coupled with the fact that the Americans were impressed enough to share their own designs I think makes it as sure as you can get with this topic that the British were in fact using a Teller-Ullam design. CheekyMonkey 17:24, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Aaaaarrrrggghhhhhh, not the foam plasma pressure fallacy again! Doesn't anyone read the FAQ anymore? Nuclear Weapon FAQ Sect 4.4.4.2.2, Radiation Channel. The implosion pressure does not come from the filler foam. It's possible to build and fire a Teller-Ulam device with a completely empty radiation channel in the radiation case. The foam is there to retard initial liner and pusher ablation long enough for the energy distribution to even out smoothly. The pressures generated are trivial compared to those required to implode the secondary. What generates the implosion pressure is the ablation (effectively as if it were an in-turned rocket motor) of the fusion pusher layer of the tamper/pusher assembly. A large portion of the tamper/pusher ablates away in this process, leaving a thinner tamper layer up against the now-compressed fuel layer.

I know Moorland's article said that the foam plasma pressure was significant, but Morland wasn't a bomb physicist, and we know a lot more now than we did then. These inaccurate descriptions have got to stop, they're grossly misleading everyone.

I can rewrite the article's implosion description sometime this week, but for now, it flunks peer review on that basis. Sorry. It's not your fault for believing the Morland article, but Morland got that detail (and several others) wrong... Gotta get it right here. Georgewilliamherbert 09:08, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No, reread the article. It states very clearly that the foam was one idea of it, and that others have different ideas. Sublette and Morland and Rhodes and all of the other people here argue till the sun comes out, and neither of them really have any real idea. So don't change it to one or the other -- the goal is to present all of the ideas taken seriously by these fellows (and the wider world) because none of us have security clearances and there's no way to know which is completely correct. That's half the point of the article if you read it over again -- to tell what is thought to be known, and to emphasize how that knowledge was constructed. Sublette is no more a bomb designer than Morland or Hansen was (Morland and Sublette still disagree about this, by the way, and both claim different types of evidence either way. But I can't include that information because it is original research, I'm afraid). In fact, none of the people who speculate about these things are bomb designers -- we don't "know" more than we did then in any concrete sense. --Fastfission 12:45, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Which is to say more specifically, I'm happy with adding more on the non-foam explanation than is currently there, and a note that there is some disagreement among people who dream about such things. But I'm not interested in privileging one explanation over another -- I don't see any good reason to believe that any of them is firmly rooted is accurate knowledge. Nobody speculating about such things has any practical idea how X-rays, fission weapons, and fusion fuel operate in such conditions, so I think it's a little early to say one is "right" and another is a "fallacy". --Fastfission 12:57, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, but if you don't have enough physics background to look at the proposed mechanisms involved (foam plasma pressure, versus the ablation effect Sublette describes) and see whether they actually work, then you shouldn't be stating that there's some debate about which idea is accurate or not.

 * There are a number of people with that background, including myself, who have looked at the problem and concluded that Carey's analysis and mechanisms are accurate. This includes actual real world peer review by professional physicists involved in  collapsed matter physics, inertial confinement fusion, radiation transport, and related fields.

 * It also includes comments we've received from people "inside" weapons design programs in the US and elsewhere, and non-weapons-designers in government nuclear policy programs. We have been told that the Nuclear Weapon FAQ information is nearly completely accurate and has accurate physics.

 * There's also stuff which we know is accurate from conversations with engineers and policy people in various countries which is not in the Nuclear Weapons FAQ. Including some physics and a lot of design details of nonspherical primaries, which Carey and I both independently derived  in largely accurate forms before we got inside comments which confirmed it.  Carey was asked to keep the concept out of the FAQ in the late 90s.  The concept has since separately leaked, following the China/W-88/Wen Ho Lee debacle, but none of the published reports have anything like the level of detail we know from analysis and side channel confirmation.

 * You asserted earlier that “none of us have security clearances and there's no way to know which is completely correct”. The first is partially correct; nobody who has contributed to the Nuclear Weapons FAQ directly has the Q bomb design clearance in the US or foreign equivalent.  Lots of hints and side channel confirmations have been indirect information from people with security clearances.  The second is not correct; the nuclear weapons establishments aren't completely opaque, and they have told us stuff, and what they've told us is that we have the analysis right.

 * A combination of open, specialist professional physicist review of the basic physics and the admittedly limited information which has come out of the black side of things is a significant way to know which is completely correct.

 * The Nth_Country_Experiment had significantly less resources than Chuck Hansen was able to put together; which was less than Carey Sublette was able to pull together.

 * You say that “none of the people who speculate about these things are bomb designers”.  Well, I disagree.  We've been told by professional bomb designers that we know enough to be bomb designers.  We haven't done complete detailed designs, as the US classification laws for born secret bomb designs appear to make doing so illegal.  But you can safely assume we've done a lot of component or partial system designs over the years.  Georgewilliamherbert 22:06, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * --As also noted on the Talk: page for the article, I intend to fix the foam plasma section Wednesday night Aug 10. Georgewilliamherbert 03:02, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Nth Country Experiment was about a fission weapon, not a fusion one. And we're also not completely sure what they ended up concluding since the only thing released about it is was a summary which was heavily redacted. Which you'd know if you'd read the actual report!
 * ...Which I did when it was first published in declassified but redacted form. What on earth made you think I hadn't read it?
 * Here's one question for you: Who can you cite about the "fallacy"? Carey Sublette's page, sure. But who else? What published sources, for one thing?
 * ...The whole body of inertial confinement fusion literature, for one? They work the same way, just with a lot higher energy density.  But everyone in IC fusion knows that the technology is similar and in fact, some of the IC fusion details from government labs are classified, even though they're not military programs.
 * Even among the better online sources there is ambiguity. From the generally good page at GlobalSecurity.org: "Whether the hot plastic does the pushing or transmits its heat to a designated ablator which does the pushing a matter of continuing public speculation."
 * So your argument basically comes down to, "Carey Sublette and I agree on this." Which sounds a lot like Original research, since aside from one source, you are citing yourself and your own "calculations".
 * ...And condensed matter physics professors, Intertial Confinement Fusion researchers, and a cast of thousands more...
 * The goal of our article should be to report on the general status of the knowledge, which in the larger literature is uncertain. So both explanations should be discussed, and we shouldn't try to push one over the other in any major way, in my opinion, because there is no authority which has validated either one.
 * Now, look, this is just not right. You're taking a narrow view and assuming that "the popular literature" is "the literature".  That's just wrong.  There are direct linkages in IC fusion, and published papers and books and such in open literature on behaviour of matter once it reaches the fermi gas state, how energy is absorbed by high and low Z materials, etc.  Both those subject field experts and the bomb people have admitted that those fields are directly applicable to bomb design.
 * You're essentially saying here that we can't use professional, academic, peer reviewed information, because the popularized public literature says something different. And that's just wacky.
 * None of the physics in the NW FAQ is original research. It all came out of other unclassified sources.  Putting it all together, tying the bits from IC Fusion and condensed matter physics and radiation transport all together, was original by Carey, but the sources and references and methods are all there.  People in all those fields have peer reviewed the NW FAQ and found it accurate.  Simplistic, in some areas, but there are pointers to the actual research in those fields for you to go follow up if you want or need the full details.
 * For any reasonable definition of "published" other than "on paper", the NW FAQ has been published, for a decade now. For any reasonable definition of "peer reviewed", it has been peer reviewed, and passed that review.  And the references in the related fields are all out there for you to follow up with, if you still don't believe it.
 * You acknowledge that you aren't an expert. In asking for peer review, you asked for expert input.  It appears that you weren't actually expecting to get it and aren't exactly sure what to make of it now that you have it.  You seem to have bought into the "it's such a hard and such secret topic" fallacy, which was disproved by the first nuclear bomb designed by someone with no classified knowledge and outside the weapons community.  There have now been several well publicized designs, including by high school and college students.  It's just not that hard.  Carey tied all the declassified bits together along with the related basic physics and closely related applied physics field specialty research, in a rigorous manner.  It's just not that hard anymore.
 * Georgewilliamherbert 04:53, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * And to be honest -- I trust things which are based in declassified docs a lot more than I do any non-weapon designer's back-of-the-envelope calculations. Sure, you know your physics, but do you actually know how the conditions of a thermonuclear explosion would play out in reality? How would you know what you don't know, what effects you aren't taking into account if you aren't doing work in that field and haven't been privy to their experiments?
 * Ah, but of course. Carey was asked to keep it out of the FAQ -- everyone who has worked on "bomb speculation" has their story about the men in the gray flannel suits who show up to tell them to keep quiet. Assuming this is true, it is clear (at least from the Morland case) that just having such men around does not guarantee one has gotten everything correct, just that they consider it provocative!
 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a place to pretend we know secrets. The goal of this article for me was to portray what is thought to be known, the supposed history of it, and how all of this came to thought to be known. Every aspect of it is dashed with bits of uncertainty and is an effort for the reader to see how such public knowledge of "secret" things is constructed, from bits and pieces and leaks and so forth. To replace it with an article which claims one is true -- because you yourself (and one other person) came to a single conclusion on it -- would be misleading, inaccurate, and an intellectual shame. Feel free to make your edits, but I will be vigilant about enforcing NPOV. As I said -- I'm happy with including a (non-technical) discussion of the ablation theory, more so than is already there, but I'm not willing to present one set of ideas as "known" when they are only represented in print by a single author, and "in print" means on the web. (BTW, if I recall, Chuck Hansen included the foam too in both of his works. My general assessment of his style was to be more confident in declassified docs than in the calculations of individuals, and the declassified docs support the foam, at least in the Morland trial). (Again, I honestly don't care either way which is "right" -- I just think you are missing an interesting and subtle point) --Fastfission 03:51, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I never said there isn't foam there. What I said was, it's not the pusher force.  Which is both supported by the fact that some fusion bombs didn't use a radiation channel liner (clearly, if it can work without the foam, it's not a necessary component...) and basic physics.  We know (because it's in the DOE declassified information about fusion bombs) that various foams, foamed with methane and pentane and other stuff, are components of bomb assemblies, and from other sources we know that at least on place they're used is in the radiation channel.
 * We know the dimentions of the Ivy Mike internal components. If you deposit the whole primary energy into the radiation channel filler, there isn't enough force available to compress the tamper and deuterium into pressures and temperatures where it'll fuse.  On the other hand, if you dump that much energy in, it will transfer energy into the tamper and case, as is well documented in open literature from IC fusion and the like.  And once you start to heat the tamper/pusher, then it will start to ablate, as dense hot high-Z materials in high fermi gas and plasma conditions will ablate away and have a rocket effect, as is also well documented in the literature from IC fusion and other fields.
 * One way doesn't physically work, according to any component of the body of physics knowledge, and the other component will have the effect that the NW FAQ says it will if you put it next to the other one, according to the body of physics knowledge, regardless of where the energy gets initially deposited.
 * And from basic physics, and the open specialty literature including IC fusion, we know that low Z materials absorb X-rays less efficiently than high Z materials (you shield X-ray machines with lead, right?).  So a very easy conclusion is that most of the primary's energy is going into the high Z radiation case wall and secondary tamper/pusher anyways, regardless of there being foam there or not.
 * This chain of logic has been written up, formally presented in the NW FAQ, and peer reviewed by professional physicists in the unclassified specialty fields in detail, and lightly and off the record by bomb designers. It passed.
 * If you can educate yourself enough on the physics to review it, the related fields, and then come back and find some weakness in it, please feel free to do so. But everyone who already had that knowledge who's looked at it has agreed with it.  So... survey says?   Georgewilliamherbert 04:53, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think... backing up a few steps, and laterally some, I think a categorization issue is what's going on here.
 * Rhodes, Morland, et al are secondary sources, and popularizations. Fastfission, you're approaching them properly as popularized science writing and not primary source science.
 * The NW FAQ is a piece of science and engineering primary material, which is what I think you're missing in all of this. It draws from other primary material, and while somewhat popularized rather than firmly academically rigorous at every step, it has become additional peer reviewed primary material.  But you're still treating it like it was secondary material.
 * I've been trying to articulate aspects of this, but I think it's clearer if I back away from all the details and present the issue at this level. I hope it helps.  Georgewilliamherbert 05:24, 10 August 2005 (UTC)


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Roya Hakakian

Roya Hakakian (born 1966) is an Iranian American Jewish journalist, lecturer, and writer. Born in Iran, she came to the United States as a refugee and is now a naturalized citizen. She is the author of several books, including an acclaimed memoir in English called Journey from the Land of No (Crown), Assassins of the Turquoise Palace (Grove/Atlantic), and A Beginner's Guide to America: For the Immigrant and the Curious (Knopf).

Deeply influenced by both the longstanding literary traditions of her birth country and its historical turmoils, Roya Hakakian often draws her inspirations from highly political subjects and treats them with lyricism. She takes on the most pressing and difficult contemporary sociopolitical issues —exile, persecution, censorship— and injects them with relevance and urgency through her deeply observant and poetic sensibility to make these subjects accessible to all readers.

Biography
Hakakian was born and raised in a Jewish family in Tehran. She was barely a teenager during the 1979 Iranian Revolution. After the return of Ayatollah Khomeini and the rise in anti-semitism as well as social and economic pressures and ongoing war with Iraq, she emigrated in May 1985, to the United States on political asylum. She studied psychology at Brooklyn College and also studied poetry under the American poet and writer Allen Ginsberg during her time there.

Hakakian came to critical attention as an author for her 2004 memoir, Journey from the Land of No. Her memoir's publication was hailed by Yale University Professor Harold Bloom as the debut of a writer with "a major literary career." Her essays on Iranian issues have been published in the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal and on NPR.

Awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2008, she began working on Assassins of the Turquoise Palace, a non-fiction account of the Mykonos restaurant assassinations of Iranian opposition leaders in Berlin. The book was later published in 2011 by Grove/Atlantic.

Hakakian was a term member at the Council on Foreign Relations from 2000 to 2004. From 2009 to 2010, she was a fellow at the Yale Whitney Humanities Center and is a current fellow at Yale University's Davenport College. In 2014–2015, she was a visiting fellow at the Wilson Center for International Scholars. Since 2015, she has taught writing at the THREAD at Yale. She was a founding member of the Iran Human Rights Documentation Center and served on the board of Refugees International. In 2018, Hakakian was also a scholar at Hadassah-Brandeis Institute at Brandeis University. In 2021, she joined the board of the Connecticut Immigrant & Refugee Coalition as an honorary member. She is also a permanent member at the Council on Foreign Relations. As of 2023, she is a visiting fellow at the Agora Institute of Johns Hopkins University.

She has been a featured speaker at many colleges and universities as well as she has appeared on CBS This Morning, PBS' Now with Bill Moyers, The Dylan Ratigan Show on MSNBC, among others. In 2009, Hakakian spoke at the University of California at Berkeley, detailing her life from Iran to the United States and discussing the parallels between Muslim and Jewish youths in reconciling “modernity and religious identity.”

Professor Harry Kreisler, the host of the UCBK's interview series, later published a selection of his best interviews in a book called Political Awakenings: Conversations with History, including Hakakian's interview. He called Hakakian "one of the most important activists, academics, and journalists of our generation.”

Journey from the Land of No: A Girlhood Caught in Revolutionary Iran
Journey from the Land of No: A Girlhood Caught in Revolutionary Iran (Crown) begins in 1974 and ends in 1984, the ten years during which Iran transformed. Hakakian carefully chooses a handful of personal stories which illuminate the greater stories she wishes to tell, namely how the lives of women, Jewish community, and secular Iranians changed in the aftermath of the 1979 revolution. The book was a Barnes & Noble's Pick of the Week, Ms. magazine Must Read of the Summer and Publishers Weekly’s Best Book of the Year. It won the Persian Heritage Foundation's 2006 Latifeh Yarshater Book Award, and is the 2005 winner of the Best Memoir by the Connecticut Center for the Book. It also received an Elle magazine's Best Nonfiction Book of 2004. In granting the award, one Elle magazine jury member Danielle Bauter said, “Hakakian eloquently captures her childhood with words that create a dreamscape in the mind’s eye. From the perspective of a teenager coming to terms with her own identity and the changing times around her, she juxtaposes the innocence of her youth with the fierceness of Iran’s political climate. I became very involved with her journey, and the beauty of her writing drew me into her story — so much so that I will think about this book long after having finished it.”

The playwright Katori Hall in her review of the book for the Boston Globe said, “A spectacular debut memoir. . . Only a major writing talent like Hakakian can use the pointed words of the mature mind to give the perspective of the child. … She tackles ideologies of assimilation and oppression with poetic aplomb and precision. ... . Hakakian’s tale of passage into womanhood lacks nothing.”

The Baltimore Sun said of the book, “Hakakian, irrepressible, brave, and strong-willed, watches in dismay as the country she loves disappears, to be replaced by one that views what Roya most values—an insatiable intellect—with profound contempt. Like Anne Frank, she is a perceptive, idealistic, terribly sympathetic chronicler of the gathering repression.”

The great late literary scholar Harold Bloom hailed the book and called it, “An immensely moving, extraordinarily eloquent, and passionate memoir.” He prophesied that the author would have a major literary career ahead. Journey from the Land of No: A Girlhood Caught in Revolutionary Iran has been a Freshman Experience Book at several colleges throughout the US and has been translated into Dutch, Spanish, and German. It was selected by The Guardian as the top 10 books about Iran in 2020.

Assassins of the Turquoise Palace
In her second book Assassins of the Turquoise Palace (Grove/Atlantic), Hakakian departs from the personal narrative form to delve into a work of investigative journalism. She carefully pieces together, through eyewitness testimonies, police reports, archival documents, court evidence, and countless interviews, the story of the assassination of four Iranian and Kurdish leaders at a restaurant named Mykonos in Berlin, Germany in 1992. She begins the book from the moment of the crime and follows the events until the historic verdict that the court issued in April 1997. The work marks the first time that a highly political event in contemporary Iranian history has been told in a nonfictional narrative form for general readers. In a starred review, Kirkus Reviews called the book "a nonfiction political thriller of a very high order." Assassins of the Turquoise Palace was a New York Times Book Review Editor's Pick and a New York Times’ Notable Book of 2011. In a piece for Slate Magazine, the great late public intellectual Christopher Hitchens said of the book "Even as they continue to breach every known international law, all the while protesting at interventions in their 'internal affairs,' the theocrats in Tehran stand convicted of mounting murderous interventions in the affairs of others. Roya Hakakian's beautiful book mercilessly exposes just one of these crimes, and stands as tribute to the courageous dissidents and lawyers who managed one of that rarest of human achievements; an authentic victory for truth and justice." Hakakian's characterization of German attorneys Alexander von Stahl and Bruno Jost led the United States Federal Bar Association to honor to those attorneys with a ceremony at the Daniel Moynihan Federal Courthouse in New York City on February 25, 2014. Assassins was also named among the 2011 Best of Nonfiction by Kirkus Reviews.

A Beginner's Guide to America: For the Immigrant and the Curious
Hakakian's newest book A Beginner's Guide to America For the Immigrant and the Curious was yet another departure for the author. This time she chose to write in second person narrative, straddling between fiction and nonfiction. Hakakian walks the immigrant through the moment of arrival in America through the naturalization process. By turns lyrical and witty, Hakakian decided to write the book when the anti-immigrant sentiments reached a fever pitch in 2016. While the book appears to be written for new immigrants, it is just as much written for the native born Americans who, unaware of the privileges of their own country, must see it through the perspective of a newcomer to discover what they take for granted. Pulitzer Prize winner Jennifer Egan called the book "striking and beautiful," while Anthony Kronman, Yale law professor and author of The Assault on American Excellence, called the book, "a stirring, insightful, funny and uplifting book whose real predecessor is Alexis de Tocqueville." According to a review by Tunku Varadarajan for the Wall Street Journal, Hakakian's account is notable for its balance: "She offers counsel to readers, not commandments, and although her book could be seen as a love letter to America, it is one that’s been written by an exacting lover who isn’t blind to this country’s flaws." In his review for The Boston Globe, Jeff Jacoby wrote about the book, "Lyrical and perceptive, “A Beginner’s Guide to America” is an immigrant's love letter to the nation that took her in. And it is a timely reminder of what millions of human beings endure when they uproot their lives to become Americans by choice."

Poetry
Hakakian is the author of two collections of poetry in Persian, the first of which, For the Sake of Water, was nominated as poetry book of the year by Iran News in 1993. In 2006, it won the Latifeh Yarshater Award from the Association for Iranian Studies. Hakakian was listed among the leading new voices in Persian poetry in the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Her poetry has appeared in numerous anthologies around the world, including La Regle Du Jeu and Strange Times My Dear: The PEN Anthology of Contemporary Iranian Literature, which features works from over 40 writers who have contributed, "to this rich and varied collection—or, to use the Persian term, golchine, a bouquet—one that provides a much-needed window into a largely undiscovered branch of world literature." Hakakian's work also appears in the forthcoming W.W. Norton’s Contemporary Voices of the Eastern World: An Anthology of Poems. She has contributed to the Persian Literary Review, and served as the poetry editor of Par Magazine for six years. One of her most important poetic influences is the Iranian poet Ahmad Shamlou.

Essays
Hakakian has extensively written about the plight of women in the Middle East with a particular focus on Iran. Her April 7, 2019 opinion piece “There are two types of hijabs. The difference is huge,” co-authored with Iranian journalist Masih Alinejad for the Washington Post, was named one of the best Post op-eds of 2019. Her March 2021 essay "Unveiling Iran" in the New York Review of Books told the story of how women in Iran are fighting the country's compulsory hijab rule.

Hakakian also focuses on Jewish issues in her writings, making note of unique aspects of Jewish community and commenting on antisemitism in America and abroad. As an Iranian Jew, she has written about the intersection of national identity and Jewish identity and the clashes that occur when someone of both origins tries to take sides in modern political conflicts. Iran, she says, is an outlier in that the government pushes antisemitism upon its unwilling people as opposed to most other governments trying to weed out antisemitism on the political fringe.

Film, Television, and Other Media
Hakakian has collaborated on over a dozen hours of programming for leading journalism units on network television, including 60 Minutes and on A&E's Travels With Harry, and ABC's Documentary Specials with Peter Jennings, Discovery and The Learning Channel. Commissioned by UNICEF, Hakakian's film, Armed and Innocent, on the subject of the involvement of underage children in wars around the world, was a nominee for best short documentary at several festivals around the world. Actor Robert De Niro narrates the film, while one of the children featured is played by Ishmael Beah. Hakakian has also appeared on a variety of podcasts and radio stations, including a WQXR collaboration with The Metropolitan Opera in a conversation about Giuseppe Verdi and the experience of exile, as well as on the podcast EconTalk.

Social activism
In 2020, Hakakian signed the controversial "A Letter on Justice and Open Debate," which appeared on July 7 in Harper's Magazine; other signatories include feminist Gloria Steinem, writer J.K. Rowling and linguist Noam Chomsky. She later explained her decision to sign the letter in a subsequent article where she argued that the well-being of the American democracy was entwined with the well-being of other democracies and democratic activists around the world.

Following the 2022 attack on British-American writer Salman Rushdie in New York, Hakakian read excerpts of Rushdie’s work at the New York Public Library alongside other writers, including Gay Telese and Colum McCann, to promote free expression.

Roya Hakakian is a vocal critic of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In September 2022, she testified before the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on the state of "women leaders fighting authoritarianism" in Iran. She has since published several essays for The Atlantic about the ongoing movement and offered commentary on CNN’s Fareed Zakaria GPS and MSNBC.

Victim of hacking
In February 2015, Hakakian's Gmail and Facebook accounts were hacked, as well as her personal cellphone. It is believed the government of Iran was behind the incident.

title: Roya Hakakian