text:
Talk:Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel

bad idea to combine
Andrew, I think it's a bad idea to try and combine so many electoral districts into one article. It completely overlooks the fact that they were distinct entities, often with different geographic representation. I think combination/redirection should only be used in the case of simple name changes where the district has existed only once or in some easy to follow manner. Currently, it ignores the relationship of this "district" with others such as: DEUX-MONTAGNES (Quebec)(1976 - 1977) LABELLE (Quebec)(1892 - 1987) TERREBONNE (Quebec)(1867 - 1996) LAVAL--TWO MOUNTAINS (Quebec)(1914 - 1949) GATINEAU (Quebec)(1947 - 1987) LAURENTIDES--LABELLE (Quebec)(2003 - ) RIVIÈRE-DU-NORD (Quebec)(2003 - )

Cheers, Fawcett5 03:21, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It cant be helped, there are official name changes at least once to all those names- that justify it. Not all of them were name changes, but they are all linked by name changes. To show you what I mean: Argenteuil was officially renamed Argenteuil—Papineau in 1980 which was officially changed to Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel in 1999. While it was abolished in 2003, the new riding of Argenteuil—Mirabel was renamed Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel in 2004, which is a reversion to an old name, which is officially connected to the original Argenteuil riding based on names. -- Earl Andrew - talk 03:41, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure it can be helped, they just require separate articles. Right now it is arbitrary - why for instance shouldn't Argenteuil—Deux-Montagnes redirect to Deux-Montagnes instead of to here? When there are multiple creations is EXACTLY when combining articles should be avoided. By only having articles by unique names instead of individual creations, we already have far less resolution than the Library of Parliament database. I don't know why we would choose to make it even more confusing and less precise by employing redirects, except in the case of direct name changes uncomplicated by multiple creations. Fawcett5 14:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Let's follow along here:
 * See my previous argument. There were offficial name changes to all the names that redirect here at some point in time. -- Earl Andrew - talk 19:01, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Argenteuil (1867-1947) abolished
 * Argenteuil--Deux-Montanges (1947-1966) abolished
 * Argenteuil (1966-1970) changed names to
 * Argenteuil--Deux-Montagnes (1970-1976) abolished
 * Argenteuil (1976-1980) changed names to
 * Argenteuil--Papineau (1981-1999) changed names to
 * Argenteuil--Papineau--Mirabel (1999-2003) abolished
 * Argenteuil--Mirbael (2003-2004) changed names to
 * Argenteuil--Papineau--Mirabel (2004-present)

 * All I'm saying is that with the way it is set up now, there are valid alternate ways of analyzing such a lineage — why would the alternative way of looking at some of these districts as part of a "DEUX-MONTAGNES" lineage not be equally valid? e.g.:

 * LAVAL--TWO MOUNTAINS (Quebec)(1914 - 1949)
 * ARGENTEUIL--DEUX-MONTAGNES, Quebec (1947 - 1966)
 * ARGENTEUIL, Quebec (1966 - 1970)
 * ARGENTEUIL--DEUX-MONTAGNES (Quebec)(1970 - 1976)
 * DEUX-MONTAGNES (Quebec)(1976 - 1977)
 * BLAINVILLE--DEUX-MONTAGNES (Quebec)(1977 - 1996)
 * etc.

Therefore, it makes sense to have individual articles with the appropriate links. Fawcett5 23:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel


text:
Rhode Island Route 118

Route 118 is a numbered state highway in the U.S. state of Rhode Island, running 5.5 mi along Harkney Hill Road from Route 3 to Route 102 in Coventry. It is one of the more recent state highways, having been designated and signed c. 1999.

Route description
Route 118 begins at Route 102 (Victory Highway) in rural Coventry and heads east on a two-lane road through a heavily forested area. It curves to the north around the Quidnick Reservoir, then heads southeast into the Big River Management Area. Here, the road crosses Reynolds Pond, then bends to the northeast and crosses Maple Root Pond. Northeast of Maple Rood Pond, Route 118 meets its eastern terminus at a T-intersection with Route 3 (Nooseneck Hill Road).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rhode Island Route 118


text:
The Racket (1951 film)

The Racket is a 1951 black-and-white film noir drama directed by John Cromwell with uncredited directing help from Nicholas Ray, Tay Garnett, and Mel Ferrer. The production features Robert Mitchum, Lizabeth Scott, Robert Ryan, and William Conrad. Future Perry Mason regular cast members William Talman and Ray Collins appear in key roles.

The film, a remake of the 1928 film The Racket, is indirectly based on a play by Bartlett Cormack. (Edward G. Robinson played the racketeer in the original Broadway production.)

Plot
The plot is very close to the original play and the 1928 movie. Racketeer and mobster Nick Scanlon has managed to buy several of the local government and law-enforcement officials of a large midwestern American city. However, he can't seem to touch the incorruptible police captain Tom McQuigg, who refuses all attempts at bribery. The city's prosecuting attorney, Welsh, and a state police detective, Turk, are crooked and make McQuigg's job as an honest officer nearly impossible.

McQuigg persuades sexy nightclub singer Irene Hayes to testify against Scanlon, which marks her for death. McQuigg not only wants to nail Scanlon, but also stop all the mob corruption in the city –- without getting himself or his witness killed. A bomb explodes near McQuigg's home, frightening his wife, Mary.

Honest cop Bob Johnson is helpful to McQuigg, as is reporter Dave Ames, who has a romantic interest in Irene. At the police precinct one night, Scanlon walks in alone demanding to see Irene, who is being held in protective custody, and kills Johnson in a fight. After a car chase, Scanlon is arrested. McQuigg ignores the gangster's lawyer, ripping up his writ of habeas corpus. McQuigg has the gun that killed Johnson, which has Scanlon's fingerprints on it.

Welsh and Turk make a phone call to Scanlon's unseen mob boss for instructions. They end up telling Scanlon he must remain locked up until after the next election, angering the gangster, who threatens to tell all. Welsh and Turk then gesture toward a window and silently coax Scanlon to make a run for it.

Scanlon gets his hands on the murder weapon, but it's been emptied of bullets by McQuigg, who had foreseen everything Scanlon would try. Scanlon is shot dead by Turk, who is taken into a room with Welsh by investigators bringing subpoenas.

Irene leaves with Dave, indicating her interest in him. McQuigg goes home with his wife after a long day, aware that tomorrow will probably be just as busy.

Cast

 * Robert Mitchum as Captain Thomas McQuigg
 * Lizabeth Scott as Irene Hayes
 * Robert Ryan as Nick Scanlon
 * William Talman as Officer Bob Johnson
 * Ray Collins as District Attorney Mortimer X. Welsh
 * Joyce MacKenzie as Mary McQuigg
 * Robert Hutton as Dave Ames
 * Virginia Huston as Lucy Johnson
 * William Conrad as Detective Sergeant Turk
 * Walter Sande as Precinct Sgt. Jim Delaney
 * Les Tremayne as Harry Craig - Crime Commission chief investigator
 * Don Porter as R.G. Connolly
 * Walter Baldwin as Booking Sgt. Sullivan
 * Brett King as Joe Scanlon
 * Richard Karlan as Breeze Enright
 * Tito Vuolo as Tony, Nick's Barber
 * Milburn Stone as member of Craig's team (uncredited)

Reception
New York Times critic Bosley Crowther panned the film. He wrote, "In this consummation, however, the conflict of cop and crook is conspicuously unoriginal, considering the number of times that it has been contemplated on the screen since The Racket was first produced, and the staging of it, under the direction of John Cromwell, is dismally uninspired. Furthermore, the construction of the screen play by W. R. Burnett and William Wister Haines is so badly disordered toward the finish that it is almost impossible to perceive the intricacies of the planning by which the cop lures the crook to his doom. As a consequence, the collision of Mr. Mitchum and Mr. Ryan is a pretty dull one, in this instance marked mainly by exchanges of clichés, and the rest of the cast does little to add life to the activities."

Variety magazine, on the other hand, gave the film a positive review, "This remake of Bartlett Cormack's old play has been handled to emphasize clearcut action and suspense and the casting is just right to stress the rough and ready toughness in the script ... Further masculine attention is gained through the strong work of William Talman as a rookie cop ... Development is enlivened with some solid thriller sequences, such as a rooftop fight between Mitchum and a gunman, careening autos and crashes, and gunplay between the forces of good and evil."

Writing recently, critic Dennis Schwartz was disappointed with the film, writing, "... this film didn't have enough punch to be hard-hitting, as it softened all the things about widespread city corruption and made all the characters into one-dimensional types. All it had going were the action scenes and some gloss, as the original version was a much more effective film ... The film is more reflective of the 1920s than the 1940s, unfortunately it's set in the '40s. This is a typical gangster film of that era but is dated and too murky."

title: The Racket (1951 film)


text:
Medical University of Warsaw

The Medical University of Warsaw (Polish name: Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny) is one of the oldest and the largest medical schools in Poland. The first academic department of medicine was established as far back as two centuries ago in 1809. It is considered to be one of the most prestigious and reputable schools nationally for the medical sciences, partly due to its affiliation with a number of large hospitals in Poland.

Originally known as the 'Medical Academy of Warsaw', its creation precedes that of the University of Warsaw, eventually merging as a single school, undergoing a considerable number of changes, before separating into the functionally autonomous university that is still operating today.

At the Medical University of Warsaw, general and specialty training are provided at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Students learn at five clinical teaching hospitals which provide general and tertiary medical care to patients. Students and staff also conduct scientific and clinical research at these hospitals in addition to involvement in a number of clinical academic departments located in other hospitals in the city.

WUM currently offers 16 degree programs including 3 full-time degree programs in English: Dentistry, Medicine, and Pharmacy. Among English-taught European schools, these are considered to be particularly well-established (the English Medical programme has been active since 1993).

Faculties

 * Faculty of Medicine
 * Faculty of Dental Medicine
 * Faculty of Medical Sciences
 * Faculty of Pharmacy
 * Faculty of Health Sciences

History
Much of the history of the university is shared with the University of Warsaw as they were functionally one entity for much of the previous two centuries. During this period, the Medical University of Warsaw was essentially a 'Faculty of Medicine' functioning alongside the larger general University it was associated with.

Founding (1807–1815)
In 1807, the Governing Commission, finding a serious shortage of doctors within the city, issued an order for the founding of a medical school in Warsaw. This was finally realised on the 18th of September, 1809, upon the issuance of a Royal Decree by Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (then the Duke of Warsaw) at Dresden, founding the Faculty of Medicine. At the time, this faculty would be headed by Hiacynt Dziarkowski and the General Medical Council.

By the 9th of October of the same year, the Chamber of Education would go on to approve the syllabus, timetable, and internal organization of the newly founded school, formally appointing H. Dziarkowski as its Dean. Only a four-years long medical program alongside a two-years chemical and pharmaceutical course would be offered at commencement. On the 1st of December, the Obstetrics Institute was opened in the building located on the Rynek Nowego Miasta.

The final major appointment by the Chamber would be Stanisław Staszic to the post of President of the Academic-Medical Faculty prior to the inauguration finally taking place on the 7th of June, 1810. Within three years, the school presented its first diplomas in an award ceremony to 18 graduates including 6 doctors of medicine and surgery, 4 first grade surgeons, 1 second grade surgeon, 5 chemists, and 2 pharmacists.

Royal University of Warsaw (1815–1831)
In 1795, the Partitions of Poland had left Warsaw without access to any centres of learning other than the Academy of Vilnius (present day Lithuania) due to Kraków (where the famed Jagiellonian University was located) falling under the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. By 1815, the newly established polity of Congress Poland would find itself without any university at all, as by then Vilnius was well integrated into the Russian Empire. Stanisław Kostka Potocki thus submitted a memorandum to the reigning Tsar Alexander I of Russia regarding the foundation of a university inclusive of a Faculty of Medicine. This request was granted on the following year on the 16th of November, 1816, with the Tsar issuing a founding deed permitting the Polish authorities to create the 'Royal University of Warsaw'. It had 5 initial faculties: Theology, Law and Administration, Medicine, Philosophy, Sciences and Fine Arts. This was done by the combination of the already existing schools in Warsaw ‒ the Academic-Medical Faculty and the School of Law and Administration. The official opening of the university took place on March 1817. By motion of the Deans, the General Council introduced the name of the newly established institution, the 'Royal University'.

In 1818, the tenement building on Jezuicka Street became the seat of the medical faculty of the Royal University and its constituent departments of: internal medicine, surgery, and obstetrics (the associated institute of which was incorporated to the University on 5 August). Higher and lower grade doctors, midwives, ophthalmologists, dentists, and chemists studied here. The school system underwent significant changes such as that in 1828 where a resolution issued by the Government Commission of Religious Affairs and Public Education discontinued all the aforementioned lower-grade courses. Effective immediately, all candidates now had to submit a Matura certificate and complete a 5-year curriculum.

The name was changed once more on 9 March 1829 to the Alexander's Royal University of Warsaw. Just two years later on 19 November 1831, the university would find itself shut down due to the involvement of student and faculty in the November Uprising. In this 22 years of its existence, 61 students had obtained the degree 'Master of Medicine and Surgery', 30 students would graduate as doctors, 33 students obtained the degree of Surgeon of the First grade and Second grade, and a total of 165 students would obtain the degree of 'Master of Pharmacy'. Poland had lost its autonomy, and Warsaw became nothing more than a military garrison under control by the Russian Empire.

Medico–Chirurgical Academy (1857–1862)
Reopening occurred on the 1st of October, 1857, under the name 'Medico-Chirurgical Academy'. Medicine remained a 5-year degree award while Pharmacy was of 2-years. The academy was also eligible to grant doctoral degrees, and specialist degrees like the one of 'Doctor of Dental Medicine'. From September of next year, theoretical classes moved to the Staszic Palace, while the practical classes took place in a myriad of hospitals including: Infant Jesus, Saint John of God, Ophthalmic Institute, Obstetrics Institute, Ujazdów Hospital, and the Evangelist Hospital. Different departments were divided between each of these hospitals.

In 1861, the Government Commission of Religious Affairs and Public Education was restored, now headed by Aleksander Wielopolski. He would confirm the foundation of the 'Main University of Warsaw' inclusive of four different faculties. These included: Law and Administration, Philosophy and History, Maths and Physics, as well as Medicine, opening on 25 November 1862.

The university would be closed for a second time as a consequence to the failed 1863 January Uprising. Tsar Alexander II requested its transformation to the Imperial University of Warsaw which would replace it.

Banacha Campus
Banacha is most commonly associated with the university being the largest, most modern, and expansive campus of the school. It is also here where the Rectorate and school administration currently resides. The campus is located on a large area between Banacha, Żwirki i Wigury, Księcia Trojdena and Pawińskiego Streets. Additionally, the Centre for Postgraduate Education and the Dean's Offices for the Faculties of Medicine, Dental Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Health Sciences can also be found here.

The Rectorate is connected to Library and Information Center (LIC), a four-storey building, as well as the Didactic Center (DC), where the lecture halls and rooms are used for classes. This center also houses the Academic Language Centre, the Student Benefits Section and the Career Office. Other buildings associated with the campus include the Faculty of Pharmacy, Central Clinical Hospital (UCC), Children Clinical Hospital (UCC), University Dental Center (UDC), Medical Simulation Center (CSM), Centre for Pre-clinical Research and Technology (CePT), Sports and Rehabilitation Center (SRC), and the Ronald MacDonald House used by the carers of children staying at the pediatric wards of the aforementioned hospitals. In the future, a 'WUMIK' nursery will also be opened in this building.

Lindleya Campus
The campus is located in the city center of Warsaw, found between the Lindleya, Oczki, Chałubińskiego, and Nowogrodzka streets. Here the historical complex of buildings can be found now known as the "Infant Jesus Hospital (later integrated into the UCC MUW). At the Starynkiewicz Square nearby, the University Centre for Women and Newborn Health is located, with the first Clinic of Gynecology and an associated Obstetrics Simulation Centre. An Anatomical College ("Collegium Anatomicum") built in the 20th century can be found at the eastern end, housing four different departments (Anatomy, Histology, Microbiology, and Biology). The Department of Forensic Medicine is found next door here.

Oczki street is also home to the "Clubhouse of Medics", headquarters of WUM Student Organizations, and one of the more famous Polish Student Clubs. Academic events and student meetings are usually held at this venue. Other buildings located nearby include the didactic units of the Faculty of Health Sciences including the Departments of: Social Medicine, Epidemiology Biostatistics, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry and Nutrition. From the east the Campus is enclosed by the historic building of the Departments of Dermatology at 82a Koszykowa Street.

Ciołka Campus
Currently the Ciołka campus consists of solely two buildings. The first houses the didactic units of the school's Faculty of Health Sciences including the Departments of: Clinical Dietetics, Human Nutrition, Nursing Development, Social and Medical Sciences, Basic Nursing, and finally Clinical Nursing. The other is a historic building found on the nearby 1 Dalibora Street. It is currently undergoing modernization and reconstruction.

University Clinical Center
The main Teaching Hospital associated with the university, it was created as a merger of three separate clinical hospitals all sharing the university as the founding body, namely: the Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, the Józef Polikarp Brudziński Public Pediatric Clinical Hospital, and the Infant Jesus Clinical Hospital. In a Newsweek 2021 Ranking of Best Hospitals, the UCC WUM ranked as the 101 – 200th Best Hospital in the World, consequently being ranked as the Best Hospital in Poland. Webometrics Ranking of Hospitals 2015 run by Cybermetrics Lab placed the UCC as 14th Best in Poland, 1,625th Best in the World. This ranking has yet to be updated since.

Duchess Anna Mazowiecka Hospital
Specialty hospital catering to mothers and newborns for comprehensive medical care, as well as women of all ages. At present, three departments of the university operate within this hospital: the Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and the Department of Neonatology with a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The hospital is a recipient of many awards, including the certificate of “Outstanding Medical Institution”, the Gold Certificate “Reliable in Health Care”, the “Mazovian Eagle of Business” and the title of “Woman-Friendly Center”.

It has been conferred the title of "Children's Hospital of the Future" by the K.I.D.S Foundation (Children's Hospital Innovators Club). On the 26th of May in 2022, the institution was also officially endowed with the title of “Child-Friendly Hospital”. In Poland, this title is awarded by the Committee for the Promotion of Breastfeeding established in 1992 in cooperation with the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, the Polish Committee of UNICEF, and the Institute of Mother and Child. It is considered a prestigious award, given only to 95 Polish institutions thus far.

On December of the same year, the hospital celebrated its 110 years of history when it first opened at Karowa St. It is listed on the Webometrics Ranking of Hospitals 2015, placing as 32nd Best in Poland and 2801st globally. Additionally Newsweek Best Hospitals 2021 places it as 14th Best within Poland with a score of 76.38%.

Independent Public Clinical Ophthalmology Hospital
Base for the Chair and Department of Ophthalmology of the Faculty of Medicine. It currently provides conservative treatment and full range of ophthalmic surgery, in addition to instruction and research activities as part of its role as a Teaching Hospital. According to the hospital's website, it considers itself a leader nationally in terms of the number of corneal transplantations performed (an average of 150 – 200 per annum). Specialist procedures currently carried out include: Cataract removal operations, corneal transplants, anti-glaucoma operations, operations within the posterior segment of the eyeball (vitreoretinal and extraocular operations) and selected types of plastic surgeries. The hospital is also one of the few centers in Poland where DSAEK (Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty) treatments are performed.

Center for Medical Simulation
Currently undergoing construction, the CSM will be located at Pawińskiego St, Ochota district, and is intended to significantly increase and improve upon the capabilities of the currently operating simulation center. 107 – 131 million Polish Zloty has been allocated towards the project (with the contract won by Porr). It will consist of two, approximately 20-meter-high buildings with a total area of more than 21,000 square meters. Planned rooms include: an operating room, delivery room, intensive care rooms, a pre-hospital care space with an ambulance, technical skill rooms, room for learning dental skills, and rooms for medical communication classes with the participation of a simulated patient.

These will be designed keeping the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in mind. Students at the university will be able to use these rooms for practice sewing wounds, applying dressings, or doing catheterization. Initiative to create the center was due to a 2013/14 report carried out by the school's Career Office which found practical skills to be one of the competencies that students considered too under-developed in relation to preparedness in an actual work environment post-graduation.

Sports and Rehabilitation Center
The complex combines several functions: a sports, rehabilitation, didactic and research within a single center. It current hosts a dance hall, a multi-functional sports hall intended for team games (basketball, volleyball, indoor football, handball or tennis), a martial arts hall, and a roof terrace. The center also has an Olympic sized swimming pool (2.0 – 2.1 m deep, 10 lanes 2.5 m wide, with a movable bottom, spectator seating for 670 people). It comes with a sliding platform that allows the pool to be divided into two 25 – meter pools with a water temperature of 26 – 28 °C. The hall is also equipped with a training and warm – up pool of 4 lanes and a water temperature of 29 °C. Swimming lessons, aqua aerobics, and competitions are usually held here.

Sites related to Culture and Art
==== Museum of the History of Medicine ==== Located on Zwirki and Wigury Street, in the Library and Information Centre building of the main campus, it was opened based on a statute confirmed by the Minister of Culture and National Heritage on the initiative of former Rector Marek Krawczyk. It is part of the annual Long Night of Museums event where lectures on various fields of science are held and exhibitions presented. Admission is both free and open to public visitors. On the first floor, in the Gallery of Temporary Exhibitions, there are displays about the history of medicine, as well as other areas of culture and the arts. In the rooms on the ground floor of the Library and Information Centre, work is currently underway on a permanent exhibition. Collections in exhibit include: manuscripts, old books, medical instruments, archival documents, iconography, documents about social life, recordings and films.

Academic Profile
The Medical University of Warsaw has managed to establish a recognized international position in research, both in clinical and theoretical medicine. The university has scientific research cooperation with many universities and research institutions in Europe, especially Germany, France, Sweden, Netherlands, Austria and Great Britain. At present this cooperation is also being developed with other foreign partners from Europe, USA, Canada and Asia – particularly China and Japan. Presently, the school is conducting around 324 research and development projects, and didactic projects worth over 570 million PLN.

International Partnerships
The university maintains multiple partnerships through inter-institutional agreements for international student exchanges under Erasmus+ (succeeding the Erasmus Programme). Students are eligible to undergo mobility as transfer students for a semester up-to a year. At present, it has partnerships with around 120 different schools. It is also a part of the AAMC's Visiting Student Learning Opportunities™ (VSLO™) program, as one of only four medical schools within Poland currently participating in the global network.

Rankings
Universities in Poland follow a system unlike that of Europe and the rest of the world. Most general universities or colleges do not have a medical faculty, which usually exists as a separate autonomous school of their own. Since Global Rankings mostly reflect research output from each university as an indicator of their overall rank, medical universities which only publish research related to medicine are naturally disadvantaged. Regardless of this, WUM is generally placed within the Top 1000 of all tertiary schools worldwide.

==== SCImago Institutions Ranking 2023 ====

According to the SCImago Institutions Rankings published in 2023 (sorted to include Universities only), the Medical University of Warsaw ranks Top 500 in the World for 20 different disciplines within Medicine. The publishing profile indicates around 791 journals through which the university's researchers has published their work for that year.

==== EduRank University Rankings 2022 ==== According to the EduRank Subject Rankings published in 2022 the Medical University of Warsaw ranks Top 500 in the World for 30 different disciplines within Medicine and Top 500 within Europe for 48 of them.

Clubs and Societies
As is common with most medical universities, there are around 200 research-specific clubs at WUM catering solely to particular interests within medicine. There are little to no general-hobbyist organizations (though students are free to start one). These are known as Student Academic Clubs (SAC), managed by the Student Academic Society (SAS), and are incredibly academically oriented. Out of the 200, only about 16 are run by students in the English Division.

Information fairs are organized during Orientation Week for each club to run recruitment drive with a few also having a large social media presence. The SAS is the body responsible for managing and coordinating the activity of these research clubs, part-financing congressional trips, allocating funds for mini-research grants, and also mediation in the process of awarding mini-student grants. Finally, the SAS also organizes seminars, conferences, and awards of the 'SAN's Gold Badges' for graduates who were particularly involved in a communal level.

The International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA; largest student organization in the world) has a chapter within Poland. The Warsaw branch is only one of the 19 branches operating in the country, its members belonging to the Medical University of Warsaw and the Lazarski University. Six permanent programs of the IFMSA-Poland exists. These permanent programs are of: Health and Reproductive Rights (SCORA), Medical Education (SCOME), Public Health (SCOPH), Human Rights and Peace (SCORP), Clinical Practices (SCOPE), and Scientific Exchange (SCORE). WUM is also a part of the European Medical Students' Association (EMSA) hosting events such as the Polish Medical Universities Championships.

Other organisations in affiliation with the university include the Polish Society of Students of Pharmacy (PTSF is a member of the European Pharmaceutical Students' Association (EPSA) and the International Federation of Students, IPSF), Student Society of Laboratory Diagnosticians (STDL), Polish Society of Dentistry Students (PTSS)

Rectors
The list of elected rectors are as follows:
 * 1950–1955: Franciszek Czubalski
 * 1955–1962: Marcin Kacprzak
 * 1962–1972: Bolesław Górnicki
 * 1972–1979: Szczęsny Leszek Zgliczyński
 * 1979–1981: Jerzy Szczerbań
 * 1981–1987: Jan Nielubowicz
 * 1987–1990: Bogdan Pruszyński
 * 1990–1996: Tadeusz Tołłoczko
 * 1996–1999: Andrzej Górski
 * 1999–2005: January Piekarczyk
 * 2005–2008: Leszek Pączek
 * 2008–2016: Marek Krawczyk
 * 2016–2020: Mirosław Wielgoś
 * 2020–Current: Zbigniew Gaciong

University council
=== 2016–2020 term (since 2019) ===

 * Aleksander Nawrat – Chairman
 * Małgorzata Adamkiewicz
 * Marcin Matczak
 * Artur Mamcarz
 * Bolesław Samoliński
 * Roman Smolarczyk
 * Natalia Bierezowicz – student representative

2020–2024 term

 * Aleksander Nawrat – Chairman
 * Leszek Pączek – Deputy chairman
 * Marcin Matczak
 * Bogdan Lang
 * Kazimierz Niemczyk
 * Roman Smolarczyk
 * Jakub Olszewski / Agata Andrzejczyk – student representatives

title: Medical University of Warsaw


text:
Talk:Junkie (novel)

Untitled
I added some facts and opinion to the existing article, which was kind of vague and the picture was too large in my opinion.--Mikerussell 03:26, 2005 July 18 (UTC) I actually am the unidentified 64.... user too.--Mikerussell 03:26, 2005 July 18 (UTC)

Article title
An anonymous editor had posted a question here (and then removed it) suggesting this article be moved to Junky as more editions seemed to use that title. I don't know if that's necessarily the case, but Junkie was the book's first publication title, so that's the title it should be listed under, even though Burroughs wanted it to be called Junk. 23skidoo 11:38, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Plagerised?
Someone should make note of the fact that large parts of Junkie were plagiarised from Jack Black's memoir, You Can't Win. Burroughs admitted as much when he wrote the introduction to the re-issued edition of Black's book. 71.213.228.8 21:49, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Is there a third-party confirmation of this? I can't find anything to back this up, and haven't been able to locate a copy of said book. 23skidoo 00:23, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah but who did Jack Black plagerise from? Seriously though I think it is incredibly unlikely that Junky was plagiarised from Black- just from a common sense perspective- the material is so different. He openly admits he was inspired by the book as a teenager, so the notion of plagerism would be a overstatement if not misrepresentation. The anonymous editor should explain or identify some source. Off the top of my head, the only Burroughs novel that even remotely fits the topic of You Can't Win- at least topically similiar enough to even approach the term plagery- is 1985's Place of the Dead Roads. He did have some writing blocks in the late 70s and maybe he borrowed by accident or purposefully for that novel? Otherwise, I think it's incorrect. --Mikerussell 07:19, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Carl Solomon
I changed "owner and publisher of Ace Books" to "worked at Ace Books"; the owner and publisher was A.A. Wyn. See Ace Books for references. I don't know anything about Solomon, and he may have been a senior figure at Ace, but based on the references I've seen it's highly unlikely he was in an ownership position. If there are references to support his role, I would be glad to hear about them as I could then update the Ace Books article with that information. Mike Christie (talk) 15:15, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Junkieace.jpg
Image:Junkieace.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 23:06, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Junky.jpg
Image:Junky.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 23:08, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

section "The Text"
The whole section needs to be attributed to WP:RS or deleted -- it appears to be entirely WP:OR (but quite good, IMHOP). DavidOaks (talk) 19:34, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

Photo Caption Wrong
The 50th definitive edition book released 'Junky' was NOT Burroughs' intended spelling it was 'Junkie'and as explained early on in the book the historian gives his reasoning for not re-releasing the book under William's intended title, Junkie, and uses the familiar title Junky as it had been published under times before to avoid confusion. Someone please change this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.183.179.252 (talk) 03:12, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

OK, I agree it's not his original spelling, but as it says earlier in the article, he wanted it to be simply _Junk_. This comes from the introduction from the _50th Anniversary Edition_. Pdarley (talk) 16:42, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

“Clueless” reference
“Junky” is the book that Cher’s love interest is reading in the movie “Clueless”. Surely this is placed as a hint of the character’s homosexuality, unrecognized by Cher. In Jane Austin’s “Emma”, upon which the “Clueless” plot is based, Emma’s love interest, Frank Churchill is secretly engaged to another and is similarly completely, and unrecognizably, unavailable to Emma. 47.132.39.133 (talk) 18:42, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

Substantial Rewrite
I think this page needs to be more-or-less completely rewritten. The article has barely changed since ~2005. Nearly every paragraph is un-sourced, and has been for years. It uses pretty subjective language (e.g. "agonizingly candid confessions"), and it seems to be about Ginsberg and Ace Publishing more than Burroughs himself.

I considered writing a new version of this article from scratch, but based on feedback in the Teahouse, I've reconsidered; I'll make gradual in-place changes instead. Feel free to reach out here or at my talk page with any feedback or concerns. If I remove anything that seems valuable, feel free to add it back in, especially if you can find a source! Ghosts of Europa (talk) 23:55, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Glad to see it! A couple book-length sources from archive.org:
 * https://archive.org/details/williamburroughs0000harr (on Burroughs major works)
 * https://archive.org/details/gentlemanjunkiel00grah (biography)
 * Do you have access to scholarly sources like JSTOR? If not, ping me and I can email you some stuff. Good luck! Rjjiii (talk) 03:08, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Between Internet Archive, my local library, and some books I already owned, I think I have a good set of sources. I'll add them to this article over the next few days.
 * I do not have access to JSTOR. I'd love to read anything you find, even if it's not about Junkie specifically; I've also been expanding the page on Naked Lunch. Ghosts of Europa (talk) 04:03, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Junkie (novel)


text:
Roland Ansieau

Roland Ansieau (1901–1987) was an early 20th-century French art deco graphic artist, best known for his 1935 "Berger 45" wine advertisement, which is widely reproduced, as poster prints. Ansieau also created colorful illustrations for a 1931 seasonal guide to Deauville "the flowered beach". Little else is known of his life or work.

Biography
Roland Georges Ansieau was born in Soissons on December 21, 1901. He studied sculpture from the age of 16 before being admitted to the Beaux-Arts. Between 1920 and 1930, he worked as a studio head for Léon Ullmann and then André Devambez, and in 1925 received an honorable mention at the Salon des artistes français.

Founding member of the Académie de l'affiche (1939), he designed numerous posters for Seita. Professor of advertising (1947-1952), from 1968 he worked on restoring paintings. He was also the illustrator of Charles Géniaux's La Bretagne vivantes. Roland Ansieau died in the 13th arrondissement of Paris on January 18, 1987.

title: Roland Ansieau


text:
Transthoracic echocardiogram

A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) is the most common type of echocardiogram, which is a still or moving image of the internal parts of the heart using ultrasound. In this case, the probe (or ultrasonic transducer) is placed on the chest or abdomen of the subject to get various views of the heart. It is used as a non-invasive assessment of the overall health of the heart, including a patient's heart valves and degree of heart muscle contraction (an indicator of the ejection fraction). The images are displayed on a monitor for real-time viewing and then recorded.

Often abbreviated "TTE", it can be easily confused with transesophageal echocardiography which is abbreviated "TEE". Pronunciation of "TTE" and "TEE" are similar, and full use of "transthoracic" or "transesophageal" can minimize any verbal miscommunication.

Details
A TTE is a clinical tool to evaluate the structure and function of the heart. All four chambers and all four valves can be assessed by TTE, but the quality and visibility of these structures varies from person to person. Other structures visible on TTE include the aorta, the pericardium, pleural effusions, ascites, and inferior vena cava. It can be used to diagnose a heart attack, enlargement/hypertrophy of the heart, infiltration of the heart from an abnormal substance (e.g. amyloidosis). Weakness of the heart, and cardiac tumors. With advanced measurements of the movement of the tissue with time (Tissue Doppler), it can measure diastolic function, fluid status, and ventricular dyssynchrony.

TTE in adults is also of limited use for the structures at the back of the heart, such as the left atrial appendage. Transesophageal echocardiography may be more accurate than TTE because it excludes the variables previously mentioned and allows closer visualization of common sites for vegetation and other abnormalities. Transesophageal Echocardiography also affords better visualization of prosthetic heart valves and clots within the four chambers of the heart. This type of Echocardiogram may be a better option for patients with thick chests, abnormal chest walls, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the obese. However, transthoracic is often superior to transesophageal for visualization of the apex of the left ventricle (e.g., left ventricular thrombus) and visualization of the ventricular size of mechanical valves.

"Bubble contrast TTE" involves the injection of agitated saline into a vein, followed by an Echocardiographic study. The bubbles are initially detected in the right atrium and right ventricle. If bubbles appear in the left heart, it may indicate a shunt, such as a patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect or arteriovenous malformations in the lungs.

If a doctor deems it necessary, a stress TTE may be performed. It can be accomplished by either exercising on a bike or treadmill, or by medicine given through an IV along with a contrast agent to make the bodily fluids show up brighter. It allows a comparison between the heart at rest and the heart when it is beating at a faster rate. (Transthoracic Echocardiogram, n.d.)

There are some risks associated when having an echocardiogram performed. It is possible that the images will not show up clearly enough, which can cause a misdiagnosis.

Indications
There are numerous indications for a TTE:
 * Non-specific symptoms if cardiac etiology is suspected:
 * Fatigue
 * Dyspnea
 * Heart failure
 * Heart murmur or known valve disease
 * Chemotherapy (cardiotoxic)
 * Chest pain for evaluation of wall motion abnormalities
 * Congenital heart disease
 * Endocarditis
 * Hypoxemia for shunt evaluation

Examination
A typical TTE examination is done by either a cardiologist or a cardiac sonographer. It is a non-invasive test that can be done in many settings that include clinic exam room, inpatient rooms, and exam rooms dedicated to echo imaging. Examination involves using an echo probe at various positions or windows to obtain views of the heart (thus capturing images/videos for later playback while formally "reading" the study to come up with the findings). Examination is usually done while lying flat and tilted onto the left side to bring the heart into better view. Ultrasound gel is used to improve the acoustic windows and increase quality of the captured images. Overall, an uncomplicated TTE exam takes less than 30 minutes.

Limited studies (i.e., looking at only specific structures) can be done as a follow-up exam to a full study, or can be done as "point of care" to answer specific questions in the appropriate setting. For example, critically ill patients often have "bedside ultrasounds" performed to assess particular questions the treating team has about their status. This could be looking for cardiac tamponade and acute valve regurgitation. Often, this may include examination of other organ systems such as lungs for effusions or the focused assessment with sonography for trauma.

Interpretation of the exam can be done by anyone trained in reading echocardiograms. However, this is often limited to cardiologists for "formal reading" of these studies. Anesthesiologists can perform intra-operative TEEs during surgical cases and they interpret their own studies. Anyone performing a bedside or "point of care" echocardiogram is expected to interpret their own study as it is performed. Pocket-sized TTE devices are growing in popularity.

Limitations
TTE is inherently limited in what it is capable of doing. Notably, it must be used through the skin, and ultrasound waves must go through skin and soft tissue before reaching the heart. This is in contrast to transesophageal echo (TEE) in which the probe is directly behind the left atrium in the esophagus and has far less tissue to penetrate, which means images from TEE are far superior in quality. Extremes in body sizes (obesity and cachexia) limit the acoustic windows and degrade the image quality of TTEs.

TTE is also limited in its views of structures. Being a surface modality, the structures closest to the skin are better visualized than those deeper to the skin. A common example that demonstrates this is the visibility of the left atrial appendage. This structure is known to form clots in atrial fibrillation and the LAA is rarely seen on TTE but readily seen on TEE. Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in someone not on anticoagulation would require TEE to best visualize the LAA to rule out a thrombus. (If a thrombus is present, there is a much higher risk of stroke if returned to a sinus rhythm.)

Like all of the kinds of echocardiography, TTE is limited to structure and function. It is not, for example, able to determine perfusion of the myocardium, which would require a metabolic imaging modality such as PET or SPECT stress testing. Perfusion can be inferred based on wall motion, however.

2D echo
This is the most common modality used today. A two-dimensional plane is formed by sweeping the ultrasound waves to obtain an image that varies with angle and depth. Evaluation of the structures is done in this view.

M-mode
This modality is obtained at a single angle and then plotted against time to obtain an image. It can be used to watch the movement of structures with time

Color doppler

Color doppler is a form of 2D echo in which the doppler shift of the structures is shown as color. Typically, this is shown as red and blue with red indicating movement toward the transducer and blue indicating movement away from the transducer. This can be used to show blood flow through the valves to visually indicate the direction of blood flow. Abnormal blood flow can reflect stenosis and regurgitation of the valve. Color doppler can also show blood flow in abnormal locations such as with septal defects (ASD or VSD).

Color doppler can also be applied to M-mode. Using color doppler in this way gives better visualization of the changes in flow with time due to the higher frame rate with M-mode.

Spectral doppler
Spectral doppler is presented similarly to M-mode in which the doppler information is plotted as a spectrogram. This can be both "continuous" and "pulse" wave where the former shows the spectrum along a specific line and the latter shows within a small window along that line. Continuous wave is better at showing maximal velocities and pulse wave is better for showing flow through a small volume.

Spectral doppler is often used for quantification of flow. For example, the aortic valve area can be estimated using the continuity equation by measuring the velocity time integral (VTI) of the aortic valve & LV outflow tract; the VTI is calculated by tracing the flow on the spectral doppler curve. Spectral doppler is also useful for calculating the maximum flow and mean flow through a valve (used to grade valve stenosis).

Tissue doppler
Tissue doppler can be used to determine motion of myocardial tissue. This can be used to measure motion of the septal and lateral mitral annulus to suggest diastolic heart failure.

Axes
The images obtained with echocardiography are in reference to the heart itself. Two key axes of the heart are the long axis and short axis. The long axis is an imaginary line from the apex of the heart through the center of the tricuspid/mitral valve (depending on ventricle of reference). The short axis is perpendicular to the long axis and shows the heart in cross section. Axes are also defined for each valve with long-axis defined as that of blood flow, and short-axis is the plane perpendicular to the flow.

Windows
Evaluation of the heart with echocardiography requires having "acoustic windows" of the heart. Bone reflects the ultrasound waves and so all structures directly behind bone are not visible with ultrasound. This requires that the heart be viewed between bones and, in particular, between ribs. The most common views are the parasternal, apical, subcostal, and suprasternal windows..
 * Parasternal: adjacent to the sternum. Without qualification, this means the left side of the heart but right parasternal views can be attempted.
 * Apical: at the apex of the heart.
 * Subcostal: below the sternum at the top of the abdomen
 * Suprasternal: above the sternal at the base of the neck.

Views
There are several typical views obtained during a routine TTE. Views outside of the typical views can be considered "off axis" and may be obtained for specific purposes.

Parasternal long axis (PLAX)

This view is obtained to the left of the sternum and views the heart in its long axis. In this view, the mitral valve, aortic valve, right ventricular outflow tract, base of the left ventricle, and the left atrium can be visible. Angulation in this view can bring the right ventricular inflow tract and tricuspid valve into view, and angulation the opposite way can bring the pulmonary valve into view.

In this view, it is possible to appreciate the long-axis cross section of the mitral and aortic valves. The classic "hockey stick" shape of rheumatic mitral stenosis can be appreciated in this view. However, the angle of the probe with these valves can lead to under-appreciation of valve dysfunction.

The parasternal long view of the pulmonary valve is the only view of the posterior leaflet.

Structures visible:
 * Anterior septal and inferior lateral walls of the left ventricle
 * Left atrium
 * Mitral valve in long-axis with chordae
 * Aortic valve in long-axis
 * Tricuspid valve in long-axis (angulated) and right ventricular inflow tract
 * Pulmonary valve in long-axis (angulated) and right ventricular outflow tract

Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart:
 * Left ventricular size and wall thickness
 * Left atrial linear dimension (as opposed to area)
 * Left ventricular outflow tract diameter (used to calculate aortic valve area by the continuity equation)
 * Aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva, and aortic root sizes
 * Color doppler of all four valves
 * Spectral doppler of tricuspid and pulmonary valves

Parasternal short axis (PSAX)

This view is obtained in the same window as the parasternal long, but with the probe rotated 90°. In this view, the aortic valve is seen in cross-section with the right ventricular inflow & outflow tracts visible with the tricuspid valve as well. Pulmonary valve is not visible in this view. Both the right and left atria are visible.

The standard PSAX view is at the level of the aortic valve, but moving the probe along the long-axis can review the LV outflow tract, LV at the base, and LV at the midsection.

Structures visible:
 * Aortic valve in short-axis
 * Aortic valve dysfunction, aortic sclerosis/stenosis
 * Tricuspid valve in long-axis
 * Pulmonary valve in long-axis
 * Right ventricle, including inflow and outflow tracts
 * Left ventricle in short-axis
 * Closer to the base can reveal the left ventricular outflow tract
 * At the level of the base can show the movement of the mitral valve leaflets in short-axis
 * At the level of mid-LV can show papillary muscles

Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart:
 * Aortic valve area by planimetry
 * Color doppler of all four valves
 * Spectral doppler of tricuspid and pulmonary valves

Apical four chamber (A4C)

This view is obtained at the apex of the heart and looking toward the base of the heart (where the valves are). In this view, the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, and all four chambers are visible. This view shows the right ventricle from base to apex and is a useful view to estimate RV systolic function. TAPSE (= tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion) is also measured in this view with M-mode through the lateral tricuspid annulus.

Structures:
 * Inferior septum and anterior lateral segments of the left ventricle
 * Right ventricle
 * Left atrium
 * Right atrium
 * Mitral valve
 * Tricuspid valve

Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart:
 * RV size and function; TAPSE
 * Left atrial size
 * Right atrial size
 * Mitral valve flow is best seen in this view and has the best angle with probe to estimate flows
 * Tricuspid valve flow
 * Tissue doppler at the mitral valve annulus (septum and lateral wall) for diastolic function
 * Agitated saline bubble study for right to left shunting (PFO, ASD, VSD)
 * With contrast, apical and mural LV thrombi can be easily seen

Apical three chamber (A3C)
This view is obtained at the same window as the apical four chamber and then rotation of the probe. In this view, the mitral valve and aortic valve are in view and is roughly similar to the parasternal long axis. In this view, the LV outflow tract is best in alignment with the probe and so gives the best estimate of flow through the LVOT, which is commonly used to estimate aortic stenosis.

Structures:
 * Aortic valve
 * Mitral valve
 * Left ventricle
 * Left atrium

Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart:
 * Left ventricular outflow tract volume-time integral (LVOT VTI) to be used in conjunction with aortic valve VTI for aortic valve area and stenosis
 * Mitral valve flow

Apical two chamber (A2C)

This view is obtained at the same window as the apical four chamber and then rotation of the probe. In this view, the mitral valve is visible with the left atrium and left ventricle.

Structures:
 * Anterior and inferior segments of the left ventricle
 * Mitral valve in long-axis
 * Left atrium

Measurements in this view can be used to quantify the heart:
 * Mitral valve flow
 * Spectral doppler of the mitral valve

Subcostal

This view is obtained below the sternum and at the top part of the abdomen. In this view, the junction of the inferior vena cava with the right atrium is best seen. From this window, it is possible in some people to see roughly equivalent views of the apical four chamber and parasternal short views. In some people, this may afford these common views but at a subcostal window that may not be obtained through the parasternal and/or apical windows because of various reasons such as chest wall trauma, open wounds, or poor acoustic windows. However, the subcostal window is the only window to view the inferior vena cava that can help support an estimation of the central venous pressure based on size and collapsibility during respiration.

Other non-cardiac structures are visible in this view and some pathologies — such as ascites — can be observed.

Suprasternal (SSN)
This view is obtained above the sternum in the suprasternal notch. In this view, the aortic arch and portion of the descending aorta can be seen. Color and spectral doppler through the descending aorta can show signs of coarctation of the aorta.

Structures
Examples of TTE views of various structures of the heart.

Measurements
Routine TTE exams can provide a significant wealth of information about the heart's structure and function:
 * Left ventricular size, thickness, systolic function, and diastolic function
 * Right ventricular size and systolic function
 * Aortic valve
 * Aortic valve sclerosis & stenosis
 * Aortic valve insufficiency
 * Mitral valve
 * Mitral stenosis
 * Mitral regurgitation
 * Tricuspid valve
 * Tricuspid regurgitation (stenosis is possible, but rare)
 * Pulmonary valve
 * Pulmonary regurgitation (stenosis is possible, but rare)
 * Inferior vena cava size as estimate of central venous pressure
 * Aortic root size for thoracic ascending aortic aneurysm
 * Pericardial effusion size

All function dysfunction is graded on a scale (normal, trace, mild, moderate, or severe) based on various criteria. Grading of valve function is used for prognosis and helps determine management as valve dysfunction progresses.

Echo societies have published normal ranges for various features of the heart on various views to promote TTE as a quantifiable assessment of the heart.

Equations
Quantitative echo utilizes a number of equations to calculate aspects of the heart structure and function. Simplified Bernoulli equation and continuity equation are two common equations used. Others are used in grading valve function (e.g., EROA, PISA).

Diseases
TTE can be useful for diagnosing many cardiac diseases.
 * Cardiomyopathy: dilated, restrictive, and hypertrophic
 * Pulmonary hypertension (requires some degree of tricuspid regurgitation)
 * Septal defects including ASD & VSD
 * Stenosis and regurgitation/insufficiency of valves
 * Structure and function of prosthetic valves
 * Thoracic ascending aortic aneurysm
 * Infiltrative diseases such as amyloidosis
 * Cardiac tamponade (although a clinical diagnosis, it can suggest subclinical diagnosis)
 * Evaluation of congenital diseases (e.g., Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition)
 * Pulmonary embolism
 * Endocarditis (sensitivity is higher with TEE)

title: Transthoracic echocardiogram


text: User talk:24.10.141.4

title: User talk:24.10.141.4


text:
The Dragon Murder Case

The Dragon Murder Case (first published in 1934) is a novel in a series by S. S. Van Dine about fictional detective Philo Vance. It was also adapted to a film version in 1934, starring Warren William as Vance.

Plot
A guest at an estate in northern Manhattan (Inwood Hill Park) dives into the swimming pool and disappears. His murder brings up references to a mythological dragon which is said to prey on the imprudent, but Philo Vance uses his knowledge of both dragons and criminals to demonstrate whodunit.

Background
The estate in the novel was based on Tryon Hall, built in 1907 by C. K. G. Billings, a retired president of the Chicago Coke and Gas Company. In 1917 he sold the mansion to John D. Rockefeller Jr. The mansion burned down in 1926, and Rockefeller developed the property, and others, into Fort Tryon Park, which he then donated to New York City.

Literary significance and criticism
The Dragon Murder Case is the seventh novel featuring Van Dine's Philo Vance character. Some critics saw this as marking a significant change in the series, including crime novelist Julian Symons who wrote, "The decline in the last six Vance books is so steep that the critic who called the ninth of them 'one more stitch in his literary shroud' was not overstating the case." Further unfavorable critiques from culture historian Jacques Barzun noted, "The estate and its denizens are meant to be as picturesque as the persons and the plot, but all succeed only in being as egregious and improbable as Philo Vance and his antics. This tale is one of the author's worst ..."

title: The Dragon Murder Case


text:
Social fascism

Social fascism was a theory developed by the Communist International (Comintern) in the early 1930s which saw social democracy as a moderate variant of fascism.

The Comintern argued that capitalism had entered a Third Period in which proletarian revolution was imminent, but could be prevented by social democrats and other "fascist" forces.

Overview
At the 6th World Congress of the Comintern in 1928, the end of capitalist stability and the beginning of the "Third Period" was proclaimed. The end of capitalism, accompanied with a working class revolution, was expected and social democracy was identified as the main enemy of the communists. The Comintern's theory had roots in Grigory Zinoviev's argument that international social democracy is a wing of fascism. That view was accepted by Stalin, who described fascism and social democracy as "twin brothers", arguing that fascism depends on the active support of social democracy and that social democracy depends on the active support of fascism. After it was declared at the Sixth Congress, the theory of social fascism became accepted by many in the world communist movement.

The new direction was closely linked to the internal politics of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). After a faction fight inside that party following the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, the victorious group around Stalin shifted decisively to the left by advocating the end of the mixed economy New Economic Policy and declaring an intensification of the class struggle inside the Soviet Union. An atmosphere of revolutionary fervour was created and saw any enemy of the ruling group around Stalin denounced as "wreckers" and "traitors", an attitude that was translated on to the international stage, where both social democrats and communist dissidents were denounced as fascists.

Joseph Stalin stated in a speech in 1924:

"Fascism is not only a military-technical category. Fascism is the bourgeoisie’s fighting organisation that relies on the active support of Social-Democracy. Social-Democracy is objectively the moderate wing of fascism. There is no ground for assuming that the fighting organisation of the bourgeoisie can achieve decisive successes in battles, or in governing the country, without the active support of Social-Democracy."

At the same time, under leadership of German Chancellor Hermann Müller the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) agreed with anti-communist parties that Stalinists were fascists. That led to mutual hostility between social democrats and communists, which were additionally intensified in 1929 when Berlin's police, then under control of the SPD government, shot down communist workers demonstrating on May Day in what became called Blutmai (Bloody May). That and the repressive legislation against the communists that followed served as further evidence to communists that social democrats were indeed "social fascists". In 1929, the KPD's paramilitary organisation, the Roter Frontkämpferbund ("Alliance of Red Front-Fighters"), was banned as extremist by the governing social democrats. A KPD resolution described the "social fascists" [social democrats] as the "main pillar of the dictatorship of Capital". In 1930, Kurt Schumacher of the SPD accused Communists of being "red-lacquered doppelgangers of the Nazis". In Prussia, the largest state of Germany, the KPD united with the Nazis in unsuccessful attempt to bring down the state government of SPD by means of a Landtag referendum.

After Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party came to power in Germany, the KPD was outlawed and thousands of its members were arrested, including Thälmann. Those events made the Comintern do a complete turn on the question of alliance with social democrats and the theory of social fascism was abandoned. At the Seventh Congress of the Comintern in 1935, Georgi Dimitrov outlined the new policy of the popular front in his address "For the Unity of the Working Class Against Fascism". This popular front dissolved with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. The American historian Theodore Draper argued that "the so-called theory of social fascism and the practice based on it constituted one of the chief factors contributing to the victory of German fascism in January 1933".

By Trotsky
Leon Trotsky argued against the accusations of "social fascism". In the March 1932 Bulletin of the Opposition, he declared: "Should fascism come to power, it will ride over your skulls and spines like a terrific tank. [...] And only a fighting unity with the Social Democratic workers can bring victory". However, Trotsky also wrote in the same essay that any co-operation with the social democrats was only tactical and temporary and that in the final analysis social democracy would have to be defeated and subverted by the revolutionary faction: "The front must now be directed against fascism. And this common front of direct struggle against fascism, embracing the entire proletariat, must be utilized in the struggle against the Social Democracy, directed as a flank attack, but no less effective for all that. [...] No common platform with the Social Democracy, or with the leaders of the German trade unions, no common publications, banners, placards! March separately, but strike together! Agree only how to strike, whom to strike, and when to strike! Such an agreement can be concluded even with the devil himself. [...] No retraction of our criticism of the Social Democracy. No forgetting of all that has been. The whole historical reckoning, including the reckoning for Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, will be presented at the proper time, just as the Russian Bolsheviks finally presented a general reckoning to the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries for the baiting, calumny, imprisonment and murder of workers, soldiers, and peasants."

Other historical criticism
In part of The Open Society And Its Enemies (1945), philosopher Karl Popper criticized what he saw as Communist inaction during the rise of fascism, stating that "there was never a 'communist danger' to the fascist conquest of power". Popper argued that some radical parties of the era welcomed or turned a blind eye to the weakening of democracy, or saw a dictatorship as a temporary stepping stone to a revolution. "According to this assertion, not much could be lost and something would be gained if that hidden dictatorship became an open one, apparent to all; for this could only bring the revolution nearer. [Communists] even hoped that a totalitarian dictatorship in Central Europe would speed up matters [...] Accordingly, the Communists did not fight when the fascists seized power. (Nobody expected the Social Democrats to fight). For the Communists were sure that the proletarian revolution was overdue and that the fascist interlude, necessary for its speeding up, could not last longer than a few months."In 1969, the ex-communist historian Theodore Draper argued that the Communists who proposed the theory of social fascism, "were chiefly concerned with drawing a line of blood between themselves and all others to the 'right' of them, including the most 'left-wing' of the Social-Democrats."

title: Social fascism


text: User talk:65.6.185.222

title: User talk:65.6.185.222


text:
User talk:Eliram~enwiki

Welcome
Welcome! Here are a few good links: I hope you like it here and decide to stay. ←Humus sapiens←Talk 03:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

I am just an editor like you. Feel free to ask concrete questions. Take a look at Village pump. By the character of your edits, my wild guess is, you might be interested in WP:Israel and WP:WNBI. Write something friendly on your user page. Please sign your posts on Talk pages by 4 tildes, like this: ~. Happy editing! ←Humus sapiens←Talk 07:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Renamed
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title: User talk:Eliram~enwiki


text:
User:V-ball/sandbox subpage

St. Petersburg Times can refer to:

 * The St. Petersburg Times published in Florida.
 * The St. Petersburg Times published in Russia.

disambig

Travels
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 * The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual devotes six pages to the topic.

 * major

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Fundamental breach

Fundamental breach of contract, is a controversial concept within the common law of contract. The doctrine was, in particular, nurtured by Lord Denning, Master of the Rolls from 1962 to 1982, but it did not find favour with the House of Lords.

Whereas breach of condition is a serious breach that "denies the plaintiff the main benefit of the contract", fundamental breach was supposed to be even worse, with the result that any exclusion clause limiting the defendant's liability would automatically become void and ineffective. Also, whereas breach of condition gives the plaintiff the option to repudiate, fundamental breach automatically discharges the entire contract.

Although the concept caused some excitement in the 1950s and 1960s, the concept was regarded as flawed by the Law Lords, whose decision in the Suisse Atlantique case substantially curtailed the doctrine, which has now been effectively "laid to rest" in England and Canada. The relevant concept in English Law, where a fundamental aspect of a contract is breached, is repudiatory breach.

Background – the law of deviation
The origins of the idea of fundamental breach may be traced to early cases on the  doctrine of deviation. In Davis v. Garrett Tindal C.J. stated that a carrier's deviation from the agreed voyage route amounted also to a deviation from the terms of the contract, including its exceptions or limitation clauses provided by such a contract. This view was adopted in the leading cases of Leduc v Ward (1888) and Glynn v Margetson (1893).

In Leduc v Ward, a vessel bound from Fiume (modern day Rijeka) to Dunkirk headed instead towards Glasgow, sinking in a storm in the Clyde estuary. The court held that even though the shipper may have known of the planned deviation, the parol evidence rule meant that the route described in the bill of lading was conclusive, and that the deviation was actionable, preventing the carrier from invoking the protection of the "perils of the sea" exemption.

Similarly, in Glynn v Margetson, a vessel carrying Seville oranges from Malaga to Liverpool deviated from the agreed route, by heading first to Burriana (near Valencia). This deviation caused delay and deterioration of the perishable cargo. The carrier relied on a 'liberty clause' in the bill of lading which purported to allow the vessel 'liberty to visit any port in any order'. In the House of Lords, Lord Herschell LC declared the liberty clause to be an exemption clause in disguise, adding "the main object of this bill of lading is the carriage of oranges from Malaga to Liverpool". He thus established the "main purpose rule", holding that no exclusion clause would be allowed to cut into the main purpose of any contract.

Tate & Lyle v Hain Steamship Company was a further deviation case following this approach.

Adoption of fundamental breach within contract law
Although the 19th century cases were maritime cases, the idea of the "main purpose" caught on in the general law of contract after Lord Greene MR, in Alderslade v. Hendon Laundry Ltd.(1945), labelled the fundamental term as ‘the hard core of the contract'.

In Karsales v Wallis [1956] EWCA Civ 4 a buyer inspected a car dealer's used Buick car and agreed to buy it. The car was later delivered at night, and had been towed. When the buyer inspected the car in the morning, it would not work and it was clear it had been involved in an accident, and there were other changes: its tyres had been replaced by old ones, body parts were missing, and the engine's cylinder head was detached, revealing burnt valves. This was a serious breach, but the dealer sought to rely on a clause in the contract which read "No condition or warranty that the vehicle is roadworthy or as to its age, condition or fitness for any purpose is given by the owner or implied herein."

Although the clause was clear and well drafted, the Court of Appeal declared that a "car" was a "vehicle capable of self-propulsion", and accordingly this Buick was not a proper car. Following Glynn v Margetson and using its "main purpose" concept, the court held that the dealer was "in breach of a fundamental obligation" and so could not rely on any exclusion clause.

This decision was clearly fair to the buyer, and Karsales v Wallis soon became the leading case on "fundamental breach". As a matter of law, under the doctrine of fundamental breach of contract, exclusion clauses were deemed not to be available to a party in fundamental breach of the contract. However, all was not well, as business people felt alarmed that an agreed contract term could be set aside by a court; there seemed to be no "certainty".

Also, there arose some confusion as to what "fundamental breach" actually was. Some alleged it was a breach that went to "the root of the contract", a breach so fundamental it would permit the distressed party to repudiate the contract and claim damages. However, since both common law and statute already recognised that while that breach of warranty entitled a claimant only to damages, any breach of condition would entitle a claimant to both repudiation and damages, it seemed that fundamental breach offered nothing new.

Resolution – the Suisse Atlantique
The matter came to a head in 1966 in the House of Lords decision in Suisse Atlantique Societe d'Armement Maritime S.A. v. N.V. Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale. The case involved a two-year time charter to export coal, the shipowners to be paid freight dependent on tonnage of cargo carried. If laytime (the allowable period for the charterer to arrange loading and unloading) were exceeded, the charterers were to pay demurrage of $1,000 per day. The charterers caused huge delays and few round trips were made. Demurrage totalled only $150,000, so the owners claimed damages for their full losses, saying they should not be limited to the demurrage terms because the charterer's gross delays amounted to fundamental breach.

The House of Lords boldly held that Karsales Ltd v Wallis had overstated the law, and that whether or not a fundamental breach extinguishes any protection that the defendant might rely on was a "question of construction" and not a "question of law". Although the demurrage clause was so absurdly low that it amounted to an exemption clause, nevertheless its existence plainly showed that the parties had contemplated the possibility of delay, so delays would not amount to fundamental breach.

After the Suisse Atlantique decision, there was a series of cases where the Court of Appeal patently ignored the House of Lords' findings. One such case was Harbutt's "Plasticine" Ltd v Wayne Tank and Pump Co Ltd. The House of Lords was less than amused, and in the 1980 Photo Productions case they emphatically reaffirmed their decision in the Suisse Atlantique. Lord Wilberforce effectively overturned the "rule of law" doctrine of Karsales Ltd v Wallis and instead maintained a strict "rule of construction" approach whereby a fundamental breach is determined by examining the full circumstances, such as the parties' intentions at the time of the contract.

These two cases (the Suisse Atlantique and Photo Productions) thus formed the definitive statement of the law up to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.

More recently, this law was successfully applied in two cases related to carriage of goods by sea and application of limitation clauses under the Hague-Visby Rules: Daewoo Heavy Industries Ltd. v. Klipriver Shipping Ltd. and The Happy Ranger. In Internet Broadcasting Corporation Ltd. t/a NETTV v MAR LLC t/a Marhedge (2009), Moss J ruled that a court "would expect to see 'clear' language in the sense of 'strong' language" before accepting that a contract exempted one of the parties from the consequences of a repudiatory breach. In that particular case he concluded that the wording did not extend to the deliberate personal repudiatory breach which the defendant had exhibited.

Although the Suisse Atlantique case has taken the sting out of the fundamental breach idea, in deviation itself little has changed. Glynn v Margetson still holds, so that not only may deviating carriers be denied the protection of exemption clauses expressly in the contract, they will also be denied the protection of implicit exemptions such as Article IV of the Hague-Visby Rules. However, given the general move in the common law away from strict liability to a standard of "reasonable care" (or "due diligence"), this may change in due course. One commentary on Marhedge noted that in that case the repudiatory breach was the personal action of the company's president and "controlling mind", but warned that legal interpretation might differ in a case where the decision to repudiate was the collective decision of a board of directors.

Canada
The doctrine of fundamental breach has been “laid to rest” by the Supreme Court of Canada in Tercon Contractors Ltd. v. British Columbia (Transportation and Highways) in 2010. In its place, the court has created a three-step test to evaluate the application of exclusion clauses. The first step is to evaluate the exclusion clause in the factual context of each case to determine if it applies to the material circumstances. The second step is to evaluate if the exclusion clause was unconscionable at the time of incorporation. The final step is to evaluate whether the exclusion clause should not be enforced on public policy grounds.

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Malibongwe Drive

Malibongwe Drive, formerly known as Hans Strijdom Drive (Hans Strijdom-rylaan), is a major road that runs through an industrial area in the northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa. It connects Randburg with Northgate and Lanseria International Airport. Malibongwe is said to mean "be praised" or blessed and which the Johannesburg Development Agency says refers to the 1956 Women's March, a woman's march against the carrying of passes.

Hans Strijdom Drive, as well as another major Randburg road, Hendrik Verwoerd Drive, were renamed due to their strong ties to Apartheid. Despite the most popular suggestion for the new name being Nelson Mandela Drive, and Nkululeko Drive emerging as the chosen replacement, Hans Strijdom Drive was renamed Malibongwe Drive at the end of September 2007.

The reaction from businesses along Hans Strijdom Drive was generally negative, however, with only 20 percent supporting the name change. Most businesses cited the high cost of having replacement stationery, business cards etc. made.

The Damelin Randburg campus is located on Malibongwe Drive.

Route
Malibongwe Drive is part of the R512 Route, which connects Randburg with Lanseria International Airport.

Controversy
The change was part of an ongoing plan by the city of Johannesburg to create politically neutral names to replace upsetting reminders of South Africa's racial past. Many of the name changes in South Africa have been met with opposition as some citizens claim the changes to be all black-politically motivated as in OR Tambo. Yet the new name changes have included white historical figures as well, such as Beyers Naude and Bram Fischer (previously DF Malan and Hendrik Verwoerd respectively). Of course, both were anti-apartheid activists.

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Somatic marker hypothesis

The somatic marker hypothesis, formulated by Antonio Damasio and associated researchers, proposes that emotional processes guide (or bias) behavior, particularly decision-making.

"Somatic markers" are feelings in the body that are associated with emotions, such as the association of rapid heartbeat with anxiety or of nausea with disgust. According to the hypothesis, somatic markers strongly influence subsequent decision-making. Within the brain, somatic markers are thought to be processed in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the amygdala. The hypothesis has been tested in experiments using the Iowa gambling task.

Background
In economic theory, human decision-making is often modeled as being devoid of emotions, involving only logical reasoning based on cost-benefit calculations. In contrast, the somatic marker hypothesis proposes that emotions play a critical role in the ability to make fast, rational decisions in complex and uncertain situations.

Patients with frontal lobe damage, such as Phineas Gage, provided the first evidence that the frontal lobes were associated with decision-making. Frontal lobe damage, particularly to the vmPFC, results in impaired abilities to organize and plan behavior and learn from previous mistakes, without affecting intellect in terms of working memory, attention, and language comprehension and expression.

vmPFC patients also have difficulty expressing and experiencing appropriate emotions. This led Antonio Damasio to hypothesize that decision-making deficits following vmPFC damage result from the inability to use emotions to help guide future behavior based on past experiences. Consequently, vmPFC damage forces those affected to rely on slow and laborious cost-benefit analyses for every given choice situation.

Antonio Damasio

Antonio Damasio (António Damásio) is a Portuguese-American neuroscientist. He is currently the David Dornsife Professor of Neuroscience, Psychology and Philosophy at the University of Southern California and an adjunct professor at the Salk Institute. Damasio heads the Brain and Creativity Institute, and has authored several books: his most recent work, Feeling and Knowing: Making Minds Conscious (2021), explores the relationship between the brain, feelings and consciousness. Damasio's research in neuroscience has shown that emotions play a central role in social cognition and decision-making.

Hypothesis
When individuals make decisions, they must assess the incentive value of the choices available to them, using cognitive and emotional processes. When the individuals face complex and conflicting choices, they may be unable to decide using only cognitive processes, which may become overloaded. Emotions, consequently, are hypothesized to guide decision-making.

Emotions, as defined by Damasio, are changes in both body and brain states in response to stimuli. Physiological changes (such as muscle tone, heart rate, endocrine activity, posture, facial expression, and so forth) occur in the body and are relayed to the brain where they are transformed into an emotion that tells the individual something about the stimulus that they have encountered. Over time, emotions and their corresponding bodily changes, which are called "somatic markers", become associated with particular situations and their past outcomes.

When making subsequent decisions, these somatic markers and their evoked emotions are consciously or unconsciously associated with their past outcomes, and influence decision-making in favor of some behaviors instead of others. For instance, when a somatic marker associated with a positive outcome is perceived, the person may feel happy and thereby motivated to pursue that behavior. When a somatic marker associated with the negative outcome is perceived, the person may feel sad, which acts as an internal alarm to warn the individual to avoid that course of action. These situation-specific somatic states are based on, and reinforced by, past experiences help to guide behavior in favor of more advantageous choices, and therefore are adaptive.

According to the hypothesis, two distinct pathways reactivate somatic marker responses. In the first pathway, emotion can be evoked by changes in the body that are projected to the brain – called the "body loop". For instance, encountering a feared object like a snake may initiate the fight-or-flight response and cause fear. In the second pathway, cognitive representations of the emotions (imagining an unpleasant situation "as if" you were in that particular situation) can be activated in the brain without being directly elicited by a sensory stimulus – called the "as-if body loop". Thus, the brain can anticipate expected bodily changes, which allows the individual to respond faster to external stimuli without waiting for an event to actually occur. The amygdala and vmPFC (a subsection of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex or OMPFC) are essential components of this hypothesized mechanism, and therefore damage to either structure will disrupt decision-making.

Experimental evidence
In an effort to produce a simple neuropsychological tool that would assess deficits in emotional processing, decision-making, and social skills of OMPFC-lesioned individuals, Bechara and collaborators created the Iowa gambling task. The task measures a form of emotion-based learning. Studies using the gambling task have found deficits in various neurological (such as amygdala and OMPFC lesions) and psychiatric populations (such as schizophrenia, mania, and drug abusers).

The Iowa gambling task is a computerized test in which participants are presented with four decks of cards from which they repeatedly choose. Each deck contains various amounts of rewards of either $50 or $100, and occasional losses that are greater in the decks with higher rewards. The participants do not know where the penalty cards are located, and are told to pick cards that will maximize their winnings. The most profitable strategy turns out to be to choose cards only from the small reward/small penalty decks, because although the reward is smaller, the penalty is proportionally much smaller than in the high reward/high penalty decks. Over the course of a session, most healthy participants come to adopt the profitable low-penalty deck strategy. Participants with brain damage, however, are unable to determine the better deck to choose from, and continue to choose from the high reward/high penalty decks.

Since the Iowa gambling task measures participants' quickness in "developing anticipatory emotional responses to guide advantageous choices", it is helpful in testing the somatic marker hypothesis. According to the hypothesis, somatic markers give rise to anticipation of the emotional consequences of a decision being made. Consequently, persons who perform well on the task are thought to be aware of the penalty cards and of the negative emotions associated with drawing such cards, and to realize which deck is less likely to yield a penalty.

This experiment has been used to analyze the impairments of people with damage to the vmPFC, which has been known to affect neural signaling of prospective rewards or punishments. Such persons perform less well on the task. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to analyze the brain during the Iowa gambling task. The brain regions that were activated during the Iowa gambling task were also the ones hypothesized to be triggered by somatic markers during decision-making.

Evolutionary significance
Damasio has posited that the ability of humans to perform abstract thinking quickly and efficiently coincides with both the development of the vmPFC and with the use of somatic markers to guide human behavior during evolution. Patients with damage to the vmPFC are more likely to engage in behaviors that negatively impact personal relationships in the distant future, but they never engage in actions that would lead to immediate harm to themselves or others. The evolution of the prefrontal cortex was associated with the ability to represent events that may occur in the future.

Application to risky behavior
The somatic marker hypothesis has been applied to trying to understand risky behaviors, such as risky sexual behavior and drug addiction.

According to the hypothesis, riskier sexual behaviors are more exhilarating and pleasurable, and therefore they are more likely to stimulate repetitive engagement in such behaviors. When this idea was tested in individuals who were infected with HIV and were substance dependent, differences were found between persons who scored well in the Iowa gambling test, and those who scored poorly. The high scorers showed a correlation between the amount of distress they reported having over their HIV status, and their acceptance of risk during sexual behavior – the greater the distress, the greater the risk that these people would take. The low scorers, on the other hand, showed no such correlation. These results were interpreted as indicating that persons with intact decision-making abilities are better able to rely on past emotional experiences when weighing risks, than are persons who are deficient in such abilities, and that acceptance of risk serves to ameliorate emotional distress.

Drug abusers are thought to ignore the negative consequences of addiction while seeking drugs. According to the somatic marker hypothesis, such abusers are impaired in their ability to recall and consider past unpleasant experiences when weighing whether to consider drug seeking behaviors. Researchers analyzed the neuroendocrine responses of substance-dependent individuals and healthy individuals after being shown pleasant or unpleasant images. In response to unpleasant images, drug users showed decreased levels of several neuroendocrine markers, including norepinephrine, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Addicts showed lesser responses to both pleasant and unpleasant images, suggesting that they may have a diminished emotional response. Neuroimaging studies utilizing fMRI indicate that drug-related stimuli have the ability to activate brain regions involved in emotional evaluation and reward processing. When shown a film of people smoking cocaine, cocaine users showed greater activation of the anterior cingulate cortex, the right inferior parietal lobe, and the caudate nucleus than did non-users. Conversely, the cocaine users showed lesser activation when viewing a sex film than did non-users.

Criticism
Some researchers believe that the use of somatic markers (i.e., afferent feedback) would be a very inefficient method of influencing behavior. Damasio's notion of the as-if experience dependent feedback route, whereby bodily responses are re-represented utilizing the somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus), also proposes an inefficient method of affecting explicit behavior. Rolls (1999) stated that; "it would be very inefficient and noisy to place in the execution route a peripheral response, and transducers to attempt to measure that peripheral response, itself a notoriously difficult procedure" (p. 73). Reinforcement association located in the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala, where the incentive value of stimuli is decoded, is sufficient to elicit emotion-based learning and to affect behavior via, for example, the orbitofrontal-striatal pathway. This process can occur via implicit or explicit processes.

The somatic marker hypothesis represents a model of how feedback from the body may contribute to both advantageous and disadvantageous decision-making in situations of complexity and uncertainty. Much of its supporting data comes from data taken from the Iowa gambling task. While the Iowa gambling task has proven to be an ecologically valid measure of decision-making impairment, there exist three assumptions that need to hold true.

First, the claim that it assesses implicit learning as the reward/punishment design is inconsistent with data showing accurate knowledge of the task possibilities and that mechanisms such as working-memory appear to have a strong influence. Second, the claim that this knowledge occurs through preventive marker signals is not supported by competing explanations of the psychophysiology generated profile. Lastly, the claim that the impairment is due to a 'myopia for the future' is undermined by more plausible psychological mechanisms explaining deficits on the tasks such as reversal learning, risk-taking, and working-memory deficits. There may also be more variability in control performance than previously thought, thus complicating the interpretation of the findings.

Furthermore, although the somatic marker hypothesis has accurately identified many of the brain regions involved in decision-making, emotion, and body-state representation, it has failed to clearly demonstrate how these processes interact at a psychological and evolutionary level. There are many experiments that could be implemented to further test the somatic marker hypothesis. One way would be to develop variants of the Iowa gambling task that control some of the methodological issues and interpretation ambiguities generated. It may be a good idea to include removing the reversal learning confound, which would make the task more difficult to consciously comprehend. Additionally, causal tests of the somatic marker hypothesis could be practiced more insistently in a greater range of populations with altered peripheral feedback, like on patients with facial paralysis.

In conclusion, the somatic marker hypothesis needs to be tested in more experiments. Until a wider range of empirical approaches are employed in order to test the somatic marker hypothesis, it appears that the framework is simply an intriguing idea that is in need of some better supporting evidence. Despite these issues, the somatic marker hypothesis and the Iowa gambling task reestablish the notion that emotion has the potential to be a benefit as well as a problem during the decision-making process in humans.

title: Somatic marker hypothesis


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Talk:Zephaniah

Rewording necessary
I am currently rewording large sections of this article, which are clearly a simple paste-job from the corresponding Catholic Encyclopedia entry.

If you'd like to help with the article, please compare the entry to the link provided and ensure that they're not too similar. Zahakiel 13:46, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. 2 years later, this article shows no improvement. The wording (e.g. shameful forms of idolatry) is basically copied from the Catholic Encylopedia. More importantly, it is not scholarly since it gives judgment (rather than citing judgments made). Also, the article mistakenly claims that Zephaniah himself threatens to destroy the remnant of Baal where in fact he is claiming that Yahweh will do so. If I have time I will try to correct a few of these inaccuracies.--JECompton (talk) 16:30, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Seven years after this last entry, the article is still very unclear. The lede needs to say something more than indicate that lots of folks have the name of Zephaniah. The article also needs to better situate the person after whom the Book of Zephaniah is named in the context of time. For example, how was Zephaniah related to the Babylonian Exile, if at all. Taram (talk) 04:22, 13 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the article should just focus specifically on the prophet Zephaniah, and have the minor biblical figures with the same name simply inserted @Biblical figures with Z...if there are anymore minor Zephaniahs. — JudeccaXIII (talk) 05:04, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

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African?
There is scholarly speculation that this prophet could have been Black:

"Aside from kushi as an ethnic designation (gentilic) for Moses' wife (Num 12:1) and Ebed-melech (Jer 38:7-13), Kush or Kushi is found elsewhere in the Bible as a personal name... If the name Kushi, father of Zephaniah, indicates an African origin, then one of the biblical prophets had black African ancestry."

The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World Book 19) by David M. Goldenberg.loc655kindleebook

Tabbycatlove (talk) 09:04, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zephaniah