text:
User talk:ToddProuty

Welcome!
Hello, ToddProuty, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
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I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  15:49, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page. :)

Freedom House maps
Freedom House has updated their site since the 2006 essay and ratings were released on 19 December. I updated the links on the Freedom House page to reflect these changes. --Acntx 07:28, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ToddProuty


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hot coffee

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP

Hot coffee
Seems to be nonsense, what's your opinion? Manik Raina 15:49, 15 July 2005 (UTC) and this could be a fine article, as mentioned above. Themindset 23:26, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - This case could create a precedence for game classification around the world and is likely to have historical significance
 * Keep - Who's the moron that even thought of deleting this? Please tell me!
 * Keep and possibly create disambiguation page - This issue has already entailed some remarkably significant precedents; in time, it may well be a much bigger issue than its parent article. Still, many users with an interest in Hot Coffee would also take interest in the main GTA:SA article. Re: The poster below, the Mortal Kombat controversy never had a catchy name. Scoff if you will, but a good title can seriously affect ion the public perception of an issue. Edit: "Seriously affection?" Yeesh, good thing I got some sleep since typing that.
 * Merge - There aren't special pages for Mortal Kombat's original controversy that created the ESRB in the first place. This is the internet celebrating itself. Giving this much merit to what Rockstar coders made to stay busy at work and what modders unlocked in a few afternoons is an insult to superior mods that took a lot more time and original work to accomplish.
 * Create disambiguation page People searching for "hot coffee" will most probably be looking for this article rather than actual "coffee". To be sure, though, creating a disambiguation page would prevent any unneccessary viewing. However, this article merits separate mention from the Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas article because the controversy bears ramifications that extend far beyond the scope of the game itself.
 * Keep - Why would this be deleted? It's become hugely controversial, and marks a new chapter in the battle between video games and grandstanding politicians who don't give a damn about freedom of speech.
 * Keep - I heard about "hot coffee," came here, and boom, there was the article. It meeds to be NPOV but I think it's useful.
 * Delete. Although it made the news recently, it's already mentioned on the main GTA:SA article.--Mitsukai 15:54, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * See Video game's secret sex scenes spark outrage. A redirect would be inappropriate. Delete. Uncle G 16:03, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, though if I'd found this I would have redirected without merge to coffee... CDC   (talk)  17:21, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete we don't need an article about every bit of dialogue in the game. Friday 17:24, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - expand into an article abotu the controversy. Ravedave 19:56, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - With some work it can be a fine article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GregNorc (talk • contribs) 21:35, 15 July 2005 UTC
 * Keep - expand into article about the Controversy
 * Keep - again, more info on the controversy — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.99.128.182 (talk • contribs) 01:34, 16 July 2005 UTC
 * Keep this is a massive news issue at the moment, though the minimal information at the moment is about the mod itself, rather than the controversy itself. If you believe it should be deleted, please just look at the news, GTA fansites will show you what is going on pomegranate 02:03, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It passes even the far more stringent Google News test with flying colors. Of course, that would require the above mentioned additions to be made. --Icelight 06:51, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete borderline notable at best. JamesBurns 06:56, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Expand Move to Hot Coffee mod - for the same reasons as Icelight and Themindset. Besides having national attention, this whole controversy has the potential to change the way ESRB establishes content ratings, as well as establish federal government intervention of the video game industry. --LBMixPro(Speak on it!) 08:23, July 16, 2005 (UTC) (updated 23:16, July 17, 2005 (UTC))
 * Ravedave, Themindset, Pomegranate, Icelight, and Lbmixpro seem to have missed the fact that the controversy is already covered in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, as Mitsukai pointed out at the start of this discussion. That article even links to the Wikinews coverage. Growing a duplicate article is silly. Break out the section of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas when it becomes too big. Currently, it isn't. Uncle G 11:11, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The article already exists. Much more could and will be added to what there is in the San Andreas article, requiring a seperate article. Would you suggest the HC page be deleted and then restored shortly afterward as soon as a couple more paragraphs are added to the section in the SA article?
 * Keep, unfortunately. It caused controversy, and might be the source of lawsuits against Rockstar Games.  Almafeta 16:42, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Deletion has to do with unjustified creation of a seperate and specific article, not with cultural relevancy of content. Topic covered in parent article. 162.40.146.88 20:09, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is developing into a rather large controversy. Hillary Clinton and Jack Thompson are both taking a strong stance on it.  In general, the gaming community is taking the opposite stance.  User:DrIdiot 01:31, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Merge Keep. My previous comments are irrelevant now - changed my vote a second time (for shame) -- jiy 17:22, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to coffee. And pour me one. Radiant_ >|< 13:14, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and merge content into parent article. Nandesuka 20:40, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas already covers the material and the hot coffee article should really be about (wait for it...) coffee. Dcarrano 23:22, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge The variation is notable as a news story, but the news stories generally reference Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. It's unlikely that many researchers will look for this content under the current name. In my opinion the GTA:SA article should feature this type of content (more encyclopedic) and move the bulk of the game details to the Wikibooks entry. Dystopos 23:59, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and thin down information in main GTA:SA article. -- Norvy (talk) 17:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Link to this from GTA:SA. I was going to add this under the controversy section in ESRB but checked to see if there was an arcticle to link to first. I was surprised to se it up for deletion. --Dustin Asby 13:15, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge Keep article and Merge Move contents to Hot Coffee mod ; provide disambiguation . 25  chatter 00:31, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Useful information. I suspect that we'll see more of this kind of controversy in the future.  It would be useful to be able to refer back to this incident. Chrysrobyn 13:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep THIS MADE NATIONAL NEWS AND THE ADEQUACY OF THIS ARTICLE ISN'T EVEN CLOSE TO ANY OF THE SHITTY ARTICLES THAT WOULD NORMALLY BE CONSIDERED FOR DELETION
 * Comment. Votes to delete the article have not generally recommended deleting the content, but merging it to GTA:SA under the "controversies" heading. Deletion pertains mainly to the usefulness of having an article under the name Hot Coffee -- NOT to the validity of the content itself. Many of the votes to keep the article seem to have been made without respect to alternatives to merge the content. The fact is that people will look for this information under GTA:SA, not by searching Wikipedia for Hot Coffee. Dystopos 23:25, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Let's fast forward 5 years.  It turns out that Pokemon Unleashed has a mature hidden level that people are able to get into.  It causes quite a stir, "Like what happened in 2005 to Rockstar's Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas bug known as 'Hot Coffee'".  No matter what we do, the link to future events can point to GTA:SA#Hot_Coffee or to Hot_Coffee.  People will be able to find the event in either section.  So, does one who wants to learn about GTA:SA necessarily want to know about Hot Coffee?  Maybe -- so follow a link.  Does one who wants to know about Hot Coffee want to know about the rest of GTA:SA?  Maybe -- so follow a link.  In either case, they're related, but the content and audiences of the two articles are potentially different.Chrysrobyn
 * Keep This controversy is a thing in and of itself. It shouldn't be merged into a main GTA page.  --Starwed 04:24, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- this has gained media attention and the controversy/issue is significant in and of itself; however, the title could use some improvement so that it is more descriptive, i.e. "Grand Theft Auto - Hot Coffee (Game Modification)", and Hot Coffee should be a redirect to a disambiguation page. --Mysidia 12:47, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 17:38, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: In ten years, Hot Coffee will be more famous than GTA:San Andreas. Whether this article needs to be kept until then or recreated later is the question in my eyes. Given fast deletion policies, I'd be temtped to just keep it. --Steven Fisher 17:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: The Hot Coffee is probalay the biggest contraversy to ever to hit the video game industury so far. This defentialy deserves it's own page. --Saint-Paddy 20:39, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Definetly keep, maybe rename. Disambiguation page would be good.
 * Keep: It's currently a "hot" issue (no pun intended). However, moving it to Hot coffee mod and having a disambiguation page isn't a bad idea. Douglasr007 22:50, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: For reasons already stated by other users. In wanting to get right to what the "hot coffee mod" was, I turned immediately to wikipedia, as opposed to having to sort through mainstream news articles which would tip toe around the issue.  A Merge would also suffice. --Godheval 00:54, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Ray Spalding 01:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - major news...prob first case of Rating change ex post facto Bubbachuck 04:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: I agree with above user. Definetly keep, maybe rename. Disambiguation could be used, but isn't really needed.
 * You are aware that hot coffee is also a beverage? Dystopos 05:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, huge controversy in VG industry, very notable subject, etc. claviola (talk to me)  15:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Hot Coffee mod but keep content intact. SYSS Mouse 16:22, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Hot coffee mod or Create disambiguation page. That, I think, makes the most sense here. Overall the info should be kept intact as it is a fairly notable mod now. SF2K1 17:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Hot coffee mod as above Courtarro 17:51, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Addaone 21:10, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. GatesPlusPlus 12:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Add screen shots under fair use. — David Remahl 04:05, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep. I think it's time for this.  Almafeta 05:34, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep —BenFrantzDale 18:27, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: It's definnatly notable and should remain. Also about redirecting it I have some thoughts: 1) Despite popular belief "Hot Coffee" is not a mod, it was written into the initial code, but was never meant to be accesed. 2) Most people searching for the drink will most likely type in "Coffee" while people looking for this will type in "Hot Coffee" Deathawk 23:49, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Create disambiguation page. I typed in this page looking for information on the "hot coffee" political scandal thingy, and immediately found people suggesting it be deleted. I came here specifically to look for it, so I imagine it would be useful to others as well. Um, I'm not quite sure if I'm doing this voting thing right. Awk 01:03, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Add screen shots under fair use. — David Remahl 02:23, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Jimbobsween 02:55, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. This is too important to be deleted. In time, it shall find place perhaps in other articles, or maybe it will be cited by other articles. As Sarah from Attack of the Show said, I believe, "we'll soon have to refer to it as 'BHC' and 'AHC'; Before Hot Coffee and After Hot Coffee". -mysekurity
 * Keep Widely reported news topic with major political and social ramifications - Extremely notable above and beyond the patch itself. Gblaz 02:26, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep And move to disambiguate, if that helps. This "mod" is already among the most important legal precedents in gaming and so having a page to explain the software and the results is useful, apart from background information on the specific game.  JustinHall 04:59, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Sectoral currency

A sectoral currency is a form of complementary currency that is restricted to a specific sector. Examples of sectoral currency are the Saber, which is restricted to the educational sector and thus can only be used to buy education, and the Fureai kippu, which is restricted to the health care sector.

Sectoral currencies can make people provide the type of services they themselves require or intend to use in the future, which means people may act collectively intelligent because a currency is not generally redeemable.

title: Sectoral currency


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Talk:Aggressive-class minesweeper

A brilliant page. would like to see more on this.
 * This article has some problems. Namely the fact that is mostly about the history and/or development of minesweepers in general rather than specific information about this class of minesweepers.  In fact I think most of the text in this article could go. I'll probably get around to it myself eventually, but I'm always appreciative of collaboration. -- malo (tlk) (cntrbtns) 16:59, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Page review
I added the infobox on the class (from the USS_Fearless_%28MSO-442%29 page), and some general info about these vessels. As the second paragraph has nothing to do with this class proper, I believe it can safely be removed. --LHOON 14:44, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aggressive-class minesweeper


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The Next Step (American TV program)

The Next Step is a television program that aired on KRON in San Francisco and later on The Discovery Channel during the 1990s. It was created and hosted by Richard Hart and produced by Dan Sexton. The Next Step showcased the latest in cutting-edge technology and its applications from electric vehicles to virtual reality.

The final segment of each episode was dedicated to "Paul and Phil, The Answer Guys", hosted by noted radio hosts Paul Robbins and Phil Cowan. In this segment, Paul and Phil would answer technical questions mailed in by viewers. They were awarded a couple of Emmys for their work on this segment.

Next Step 2.0
Next Step 2.0 was announced in September 2006, aimed at bringing an upgraded version of the original program in High Definition. Syndication of The Next Step news segments on LiveScience was announced in December 2007.

title: The Next Step (American TV program)


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The Frogmen

The Frogmen is a 1951 American black-and-white World War II drama film from Twentieth Century Fox, produced by Samuel G. Engel, directed by Lloyd Bacon, that stars Richard Widmark, Dana Andrews, and Gary Merrill. The film's storyline is based on operations by United States Navy Underwater Demolition Teams, popularly known as "frogmen", against the Japanese Army and naval forces. It was the first such film about scuba diving and became a popular cultural hit.

Following the opening credits, The Frogmen has an on-screen written statement:

"This is a true story based on incidents which occurred in the latter part of World War II. It deals with one of the most hazardous and unique branches of the Armed Forces ... the Underwater Demolition Teams. This film could not have been produced without the active cooperation of the Department of Defense and the United States Navy".

Underwater Demolition Teams have been used since World War II for reconnaissance duties, clearing underwater obstacles planted by the enemy, advance landings on beaches, and offensive underwater attacks on enemy ships; they were the forerunners of the Navy SEALs.

At the 24th Academy Awards for films from 1951, the film was nominated for Best Cinematography (Black-and-White) for Norbert Brodine and Best Screenplay (Motion Picture Story) for Oscar Millard. However, the award for Cinematography went to A Place in the Sun (William C. Mellor) while the Story award went to Seven Days to Noon (Paul Dehn and James Bernard).

Plot
During World War II, Navy Lt. Cmdr. John Lawrence (Richard Widmark), a strict disciplinarian, is put in charge of Underwater Demolition Team 4 after its former leader, Lt. Cmdr. Jack Cassidy, is killed in action. The unit's men are distrustful of the professionally aloof Lawrence, and the relationship immediately takes a turn for the worse when they brawl with sailors aboard their transport ship. The ship's captain, Lt. Cmdr. Pete Vincent (Gary Merrill), understands the natural resentment the elite UDT men feel over the death of Cassidy, which they have transferred to Lawrence, and offers to go easy on the team at captain's mast. The "by-the-book" Lawrence, however, elects to hold his own mast and disciplines the entire team just before a dangerous reconnaissance mission to ascertain the safest landing beach during an upcoming invasion of a Japanese-held island. Lawrence is scornfully perceived as afraid when he splits up the platoon and puts team executive officer Lt. Klinger in charge of a diversion to the more dangerous beach, where the main landing is scheduled.

During the mission, Lawrence cuts his leg on coral, and the diversionary section's pick-up boat receives a direct hit from artillery during pick-up operations, killing Klinger and most of his men. Lawrence sees that two frogmen, including Chief Jake Flannigan (Dana Andrews), are still in the water, but rather than risk loss of the information already gathered, orders a rescue boat launched and continues back to the transport. The rescue succeeds in recovering the two swimmers, but Lawrence's apparently cowardly action increases the unit's ill will toward him. An embittered Flannigan and some of the others request transfer to another unit, but Lawrence insists that they first complete the next day's mission to clear the new landing site for the invasion.

The next morning, Lawrence, who is sick with coral poisoning, does not reveal his illness when he puts Flannigan in charge of the mission and stays behind. Convinced now that Lawrence is a coward, the men angrily but efficiently complete their task, although "Pappy" Creighton (Jeffrey Hunter), whose brother is a U.S. Marine, sneaks onto the beach with Flannigan to leave a sign "welcoming" the Marines. Creighton is shot after the prank, but Flannigan tows him to the pick-up boat. Back on the ship, Creighton is put in traction because of the bullets in his spine, and Flannigan confesses to Lawrence that the prank caused Creighton's injuries. Lawrence furiously upbraids Flannigan for giving in to the prank, and soon all of the men request transfers.

While Lawrence is discussing the transfer requests with Vincent, a torpedo hits the ship but does not detonate. Lawrence volunteers to disarm the torpedo, which has lodged in the sick bay next to Creighton's bed, and with Flannigan's help, succeeds. Soon after, Lawrence receives orders to blow up a Japanese submarine pen, and tells the men that although it will be their last mission together, he is proud to have served with them. Although Flannigan voices disdain that Lawrence will again dodge dangerous duty, Lawrence leads the mission, which is discovered when one of the men accidentally trips a signal wire. Japanese sentries shoot at the men as they plant the charges, and Lawrence is stabbed in hand-to-hand combat with a Japanese diver. He orders Flannigan to leave him behind, but Flannigan tows him to safety. The mission is a success, and soon Lawrence is recuperating beside Creighton. Finally won over by Lawrence's bravery, the men show their acceptance of him by asking him to sign the portrait they have drawn of Cassidy to present to his widow.

Cast

 * Richard Widmark as Lt. Cmdr. John Lawrence
 * Dana Andrews as Chief Jake Flannigan
 * Gary Merrill as Lt. Cmdr. Pete Vincent
 * Jeffrey Hunter as "Pappy" Creighton
 * Warren Stevens as Ralph Hodges
 * Robert Wagner as Lt. (jg) Franklin
 * Harvey Lembeck as Marvin W. "Canarsie" Mikowsky
 * Robert Rockwell as Lt. Bill Doyle
 * Henry Slate as "Sleepy"

Production
Producer Paul Short of Allied Artists protested the use of the title The Frogmen by Twentieth Century-Fox, asserting that he had established prior claim to it. Eventually, Short dropped his claim and Twentieth Century-Fox was allowed to use the title. Short's production was never made. Several major studios were interested in producing films about the Underwater Demolition Teams, but only Twentieth Century-Fox obtained an exclusive guarantee of cooperation from the U.S. Navy.

Henry Hathaway, one of the studio's most well received directors, was originally set to direct the film, which was to feature Millard Mitchell in a starring role. Richard Conte was also originally set to play "Pete Vincent", while Jack Elam was first cast as "Sleepy", and Craig Hill was set to play "Lt. J. G. Franklin". Assistant director Dick Mayberry briefly filled in for director Lloyd Bacon when Bacon fell ill with influenza.

Producer Sam Engel wrote an original story, titled "Frogmen in Korea", as an intended follow-up to The Frogmen, but the project soon dissolved. A one-hour television remake of The Frogmen, titled Deep Water, was broadcast in May 1957 on The 20th Century Fox Hour. The program was directed by Roy Del Ruth and starred Ralph Meeker (Lawrence), James Whitmore (Flannigan), and Richard Arlen (Vincent).

Because working conditions for The Frogmen were deemed too "riotous" for women, all female roles were written out of the screenplay and none appeared in the completed film. Jack Warden makes an uncredited appearance in the beginning of the film as a crew member of the transport ship.

Co-star Gary Merrill, in the role of the captain of UDT-4's transport ship, delivers the line of dialog, "Looks like you've got what amounts to a legal mutiny on your hands", that is virtually identical to a line that he spoke two years earlier in the World War II Army Air Force drama Twelve O'Clock High.

The filming of the submarine sequence took place on the deck of USS Kleinsmith (APD-134) while the ship was off Key West, FL on 11 January 1951. Much of the boat and high-speed transport scenes were shot between 15 January and 6 February 1951 from the deck of Kleinsmith, while the ship was off St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. USS Taconic (AGC-17) appeared as the command ship. As spoken in dialog, the submarine's name sounds like "USS Jackass 259", but is actually "USS Jack SS-259". The real USS Jack (SS-259) was not actually used in the film, as it was not in commission at the time.

Many United States Navy SEALs have cited this film as their inspiration for joining the SEAL Teams, including Richard Marcinko (the first Commanding Officer of SEAL Team Six and Red Cell), the Medal of Honor recipient Michael E. Thornton, and Dennis Chalker.

Critical appraisal
Film critic Manny Farber, in The Nation, July 14, 1951 wrote: "Frogmen is a new type of movie experience roughly equivalent to reading Tom Swift in Braille at the bottom of a well." Farber added that "one virtue of the 20th-Century-Fox films is that they are cast with manly males of the advertising-executive type who reject the kind of pansy-brained, floor-walker's poetic technique that has become a lauded acting style in most Hollywood films."

title: The Frogmen


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Frank McAvennie

Francis McAvennie (born 22 November 1959) is a Scottish former footballer, who played as a striker for St Mirren, West Ham United and Celtic, having had two spells with each of these clubs. With Celtic he won the Scottish Premier Division in 1987–88 and the Scottish Cup in 1988. He was capped five times at senior level for Scotland during the 1980s, scoring one goal.

Early life
Born in Glasgow, Scotland, McAvennie grew up in Milton and attended St. Augustine's School also in Milton.

Early career
McAvennie started his playing career in Scottish Junior League football. In 1979 during an amateur game with a local side, the 200 Club, in Kirkintilloch, McAvennie, playing well, came to the attention of local scouts. He was recommended to local junior side Johnstone Burgh signing for them for a £500 fee. He completed a trial for Partick Thistle playing in a single game where he was sent on as a substitute only to be substituted off in the same game and be told by manager Bertie Auld that he would never make a career in the game of football. Before turning professional, he had joined the Territorial Army and later had trials with the British Army but was not accepted for a role with them due to his inability to hit the target during shooting practices. He also had a spell working as a road sweeper. He did not move into professional football until he joined St Mirren in 1980, at the age of 20. His league debut came in the 1981–82 season in a 4–3 defeat of Airdrieonians. Playing as a midfielder, McAvennie scored two goals. In 1982, he was named Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year. He would make 135 league appearances for them over the next five years, scoring 48 goals.

West Ham United
His strong form in Scotland attracted attention from south of the border and McAvennie had talks with Luton Town and their manager, David Pleat, in the summer of 1985. With talks progressing well McAvennie decided not to sign for Luton due to the attitude of their chairman, David Evans. With St Mirren then agreeing a fee with West Ham United, McAvennie met with their manager John Lyall and his staff at Toddington services on the M1 motorway, and he signed for them in June 1985 for £340,000. He made his West Ham debut on 17 August 1985, the opening game of the season, in a 1–0 away defeat to Birmingham City with his first two goals coming in his second game, a 3–1 home defeat of Queens Park Rangers. Originally signed as an attacking midfielder he was played as an out-and-out striker after an injury to Paul Goddard in the opening game of the season. He would go on to keep Goddard out of the team and spark his transfer from the club the following season. He formed a formidable partnership with young English striker Tony Cottee with McAvennie scoring 26 league goals and Cottee 20. One additional goal in both the League Cup and the FA Cup saw his tally rise to 28 goals in 51 appearances in all competitions. In his first season, he helped West Ham to their highest ever final position in English football when they came third, just four points behind champions Liverpool. His 26 goals in the league was only bettered by Gary Lineker, who found the net 30 times for second-placed Everton.

At this time McAvennie's success on the pitch came to the attention of TV producers. He appeared on the BBC's Wogan show, hosted by Terry Wogan, an event which McAvennie claims changed his life and introduced him to a celebrity lifestyle. He is quoted as saying "Then I signed for West Ham and money and girls were thrown at me and, hey, who was I to say no? Then I went on Wogan and it really took off. I was never under any illusions why it was happening. It wisnae because of my looks, it was because I was a footballer." West Ham were denied UEFA Cup action for the following season due to the ban on English clubs in European competitions, which had started a year earlier due to the Heysel disaster. The following season was less successful as they finished 15th as McAvennie scored just seven league goals from 36 games and eleven from 47 games in all competitions. He began the 1987–88 season still at West Ham.

Celtic
McAvennie played eight games for the Hammers at the start of 1987–88, failing to score, before he moved to Celtic for a then club record fee of £750,000 on 2 October 1987. Graeme Souness had approached him to join rivals Rangers at the 1986 FIFA World Cup which would have made him the first high-profile Catholic player to play for the Protestant club, but he refused, being a supporter of Celtic. He made his debut for Celtic the following day in a 1–1 draw at home against Hibernian.

McAvennie made a slow start at Celtic and his progress was not helped when he got involved in an on-field fracas with Chris Woods, Terry Butcher and Graham Roberts in an Old Firm game in November 1987. McAvennie and Woods were sent off in the initial incident, whilst Butcher was sent off later in the game. All four were later reported to the Procurator Fiscal and appeared in court on disorder charges relating to their conduct in that game. McAvennie was found not guilty, Roberts not proven, whilst Butcher and Woods were both convicted of Breach of the Peace.

McAvennie eventually found his form at Parkhead, and his 15 goals in 1987–88 helped Celtic to a Scottish Premier Division and Scottish Cup double. That season (the club's centenary season), he was part of a formidable front trio with Andy Walker and Joe Miller. One of the high-points during the season for McAvennie were his two goals in Celtic's 2–0 win over Rangers in January 1988. The cup final in May was particularly memorable for McAvennie as he scored two late goals to beat Dundee United 2–1, the winning goal coming in the final minute.

The following season, 1988–89, was not a happy one for Celtic and the team finished in third place in the league behind winners Rangers and second-placed Aberdeen. McAvennie, however, was one of Celtic's few form players that season and he had scored 11 goals by Christmas 1988. However, a broken arm sustained in the New Year game at Ibrox against Rangers curtailed his goalscoring. McAvennie also wished to return to London to enable him to spend more time with then girlfriend, glamour model Jenny Blyth. After a public row with manager Billy McNeill over being dropped for a league match at Tynecastle in March 1989 against Hearts, Celtic relented to McAvennie's repeated requests for a transfer and sold him back to West Ham.

Back to West Ham
McAvennie returned to West Ham United in March 1989 in a £1.25 million deal, making him their record signing. His weekly wages were £2,200, his highest ever weekly wage as a footballer. According to Celtic manager Billy McNeill's autobiography, McAvennie wanted to return to London and his model girlfriend Jenny Blyth. McAvennie claims in his autobiography that Celtic were refusing to pay him a signing-on fee. Just before his return to Boleyn Ground, Celtic had accepted an offer from title chasing Arsenal, whose manager George Graham was looking for a proven goalscorer to partner Alan Smith. However, McAvennie turned down the chance to join Arsenal and accepted John Lyall's offer shortly afterwards. While Arsenal went on to dramatically win the First Division title on the last day of the season, West Ham were relegated to the Second Division and McAvennie failed to score a single goal in the remaining nine games of the season. He has since admitted that his decision to join West Ham and not Arsenal was based on his love of the club and not on the likelihood of footballing success.

His second spell in London was not as successful as his previous one. Now playing in the Second Division, things got worse for both McAvennie and West Ham when the striker suffered a broken leg on the opening game of the season on 19 August 1989, following a challenge by Stoke City's Chris Kamara, which put him out until March 1990. He made his return on 31 March 1990 against Port Vale. By this time West Ham were 10th in the league and ultimately finished in seventh place missing out on the playoffs. This unsettling period at Upton Park also saw manager Lou Macari resign and being succeeded by Billy Bonds.

In the aftermath of his injury, it was alleged in the tabloid press that McAvennie had threatened legal action against Kamara. This did not materialise and McAvennie has stated he had no intention of litigation. Kamara's view was that his challenge was innocuous and perfectly good and that McAvennie has created "many lies and false recollections" concerning the tackle. McAvennie recalls in his autobiography, Scoring, An Expert's Guide, that Kamara had "come straight through him, crumpling him to the ground" and had then stood over him saying "Get up you Scottish bastard, this is a man's game". The tackle resulted in a broken leg, shattered ankle and torn ligaments for McAvennie who had two plates and a bolt inserted in his ankle and another plate in his leg. Incensed by the tackle some supporters of West Ham sent death threats to Kamara. Out injured, on pain-killers and with spare-time on his hands McAvennie visited London's nightclubs to take his mind off his injuries and the boredom of not playing football. At these venues he was introduced to cocaine to which he became addicted.

McAvennie was fully fit for the 1990–91 season. His first goal in his second spell for West Ham and his first since April 1987 game on 29 August 1990 in a 1–1 home game against Portsmouth; the second game of the season. West Ham won promotion from the Second Division and reached the 1990–91 FA Cup semi-finals. He played 34 league games and scored 10 goals, now partnering Trevor Morley up front (his previous West Ham strike partner Tony Cottee had departed to Everton in August 1988).

The 1991–92 season was a disappointing one for both West Ham and McAvennie. He scored only three league goals in the first half of the season with West Ham never out of the bottom three after Christmas. He also faced competition for a regular place from new signing Mike Small. On 2 May 1992, he signed off in style at West Ham, scoring a hat-trick in his final match against Nottingham Forest having come on as a substitute for Mitchell Thomas. West Ham had already been relegated in 22nd and bottom place. His tally in a frustrating season for both the player and the club was just six goals from 20 league games.

Aston Villa
McAvennie then accepted an offer from Ron Atkinson to sign for Aston Villa on a free transfer, but played just three games in the new Premier League, as the partnership of Dalian Atkinson and early season signing Dean Saunders saw Villa emerge as title challengers. Villa finally finished runners-up to Manchester United. McAvennie did not score for Villa. He left in January 1993 to rejoin Celtic, who were now lagging behind a dominant Rangers side on their way to a fifth successive league title.

Cliftonville and South China
McAvennie played one game for Irish League club Cliftonville in 1992, scoring in a Gold Cup semi-final. McAvennie was then offered a contract with Hong Kong side South China. Despite being well received by the local fans and management, he found the standard of football to be unchallenging. He played only one senior game for South China, then he returned to the United Kingdom.

Back to Celtic
On hearing of his exit from Hong Kong, John Lambie agreed terms with McAvennie to sign for Partick Thistle. Although a press conference to announce the signing was arranged at Firhill Stadium, Celtic manager, Liam Brady, hearing he was available, persuaded him to sign for his former club which he did in January 1993. He scored nine goals in 19 league games that season, though Celtic could only manage a third-place finish as Rangers secured their fifth successive title.

In 1993–94, McAvennie managed just 11 league appearances, scoring once, as he lost his place in the team following Liam Brady's departure and the appointment of Lou Macari as manager. In February 1994, Macari loaned McAvennie to English Premier League strugglers Swindon Town, and he made just seven league appearances and failed to score as the Robins were relegated in bottom place at the end the 1993–94 season in which they managed only five wins and conceded 100 goals. A highlight of his spell at the County Ground came on 19 March 1994 when he helped the Robins hold league leaders (and eventual double winners) Manchester United to a 2–2 draw.

Falkirk and St Mirren
He then left Celtic for a second time and signed for Falkirk, newly promoted to the Scottish Premier Division for 1994–95, and scoring twice in three games before dropping down a division and returning to St Mirren on a free transfer on 14 October 1994. He played seven games for St Mirren that season, failing to score, before retiring as a player at the age of 35. In a professional career which had stretched for 15 years, he managed a total of 136 goals in the English and Scottish leagues, combined with many more in the cups and also in Europe for Celtic.

International career
McAvennie was called into the Scotland national team late 1985 for the World Cup qualifying play-off with Australia at Hampden Park on 20 November. Following a 58th-minute goal by Davie Cooper, McAvennie scored in the 60th minute on what was his international debut. The game finished 2–0 to Scotland. In the return leg in Melbourne on 4 December 1985, which was McAvennie's 2nd international appearance, the game finished 0-0 resulting in Scotland qualifying for the 1986 FIFA World Cup. Having travelled with Scotland to Australia he returned to the UK and only three days later scored the only goal for West Ham in a 1–0 win at Loftus Road against Queens Park Rangers.

He was called up to the Scotland national team for the 1986 World Cup, under interim national coach Alex Ferguson. He made two appearances in the World Cup in Mexico, both as a substitute and both defeats, to Denmark and to West Germany. He won five caps for Scotland, the last against Saudi Arabia in February 1988 in a 2–2 draw in Riyadh.

Lifestyle
During his playing career he reputedly enjoyed a playboy lifestyle involving drink, drugs and womanising. His lifestyle was the inspiration for a parody character played by Jonathan Watson in the Scottish comedy TV programme, Only an Excuse?

In 2000, having been cleared in court of an incident involving the supply of controlled drugs, McAvennie found himself in severe financial difficulties and resorted to selling his medals to Celtic-supporting businessman Willie Haughey for a small sum; these were later returned to him in 2017.

On 12 January 2009, McAvennie received a four-month suspended sentence for affray following an incident in July 2008 in which he head-butted a man in Douglas on the Isle of Man.

Player
St Mirren
 * Renfrewshire Cup: 1984–85

Celtic
 * Scottish Premier Division: 1987–88
 * Scottish Cup: 1987–88

West Ham United
 * Football League Second Division runner-up: 1990–91

Individual
 * PFA Scotland Young Player of the Year: 1981–82
 * Hammer of the Year: 1985–86 (2nd)

title: Frank McAvennie


text: User talk:68.58.72.6

title: User talk:68.58.72.6


text:
Talk:Trick box

Is this the same thing as a fun box/pyramid? I've never heard it called a "trick box" before. --Jack (Cuervo) 15:52, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

I believe this "trick box" is a "curb". The informational potential in this article is great, but it seems to be laden with factual errors. maraz 18:55, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trick box


text:
Panorama Mountain Resort

Panorama Mountain Resort is a ski and golf resort in Canada, located in the Purcell Mountains of southeastern British Columbia. Part of the Columbia Valley sub-region of the East Kootenay region, it is a tourist destination known for its rolling cliffs and views of the Rocky Mountains. It is privately owned by Panorama Mountain Village Inc.

History
Panorama was founded in 1962 by Fritz Zehnder of Invermere and Guy Messerli of Switzerland, and some friends. The original facilities consisted of a warming hut, parking lot, and single rope tow, running on a V8, which ran transported users up the bottom of a ski run now known as "Old Timer". The area took its name from a nearby hiking area called the "Panorama Plateau".

In 1964, a platter, purchased from nearby Sunshine Village, was installed to replace the rope tow. During these initial years, the ski hill was volunteer-run.

In 1968, 12 local businessmen formed a group called Panorama Ski Hill Company Ltd to manage and grow the ski hill. A lodge, built in an A-Frame style, was built. In 1969, several slopes were cleared, the platter was moved to its present location as the current Silver Platter, and a mile-long wooden T-Bar was installed along the route of the current Mile 1 Express.

In the early 70s, Panorama Ski Hill Company continued to grow and required more area to accommodate more skiers. To raise capital for expansion, utilities were installed for 75 lots, which were sold near the base of the hill for development to raise money for the hill. Using the funds that they earned from the lots, a new double chair, named the "Horizon Chair", was installed. in 1975. The Horizon ran roughly three quarters along the path of the current Champagne Express lift.

In 1978, Panorama was purchased from Panorama Ski Hill Company by Calgary based Alan Graham and Cascade Development Group. With more available capital, Graham funded more facilities at the base of the hill the construction of the Toby Creek Lodge, in 1979, the Horsethief Lodge, Pine Inn, and tennis facilities, in 1982, and a conference centre in 1985. They expanded the ski hill, with the construction of the current Toby and Sunbird Chairs in 1980, snowmaking facilities in 1983, and Champagne T-Bar in 1984. The T-Bar was built, in part, to facilitate hosting the World Cup in 1985. In 1988, the original wooden T-Bar was replaced by the current Mile 1 Express quad chair.

In 1993, the hill was purchased by Intrawest. Intrawest brought fresh capital to the ski hill. A T-Bar was constructed to the summit immediately, opening up 200 acres of double black diamond terrain called the "Extreme Dream Zone". In 1997, Intrawest unveiled a master plan for the development of the resort, which included expansion of snowmaking, skiable area, the base village, and construction of the current Greywolf Golf Course. That year, the original A-Frame lodge was replaced. In 1999, a "pulse gondola", was installed a for use as a people mover. In 2001, in bounds backcountry style terrain was added, named Taynton Bowl. In 2003, the Horizon double chair and Champagne T-Bar were replaced by the Champagne Express, and the Summit T-Bar was replaced by the Summit Quad. In 2008, the Audi FIS Alpine Ski World Cup returned to the resort with Giant Slalom and Slalom. Over the years, various real estate developments and accommodation facilities were added to the village.

In 2010, while Intrawest was under risk of foreclosure, a group of local private investors, called Panorama Mountain Village Inc, purchased Panorama Mountain Resort from Intrawest. In December 2014, the resort opened the Discovery Quad. The new chair goes from the learning area to the top of Stringer, a green run. It makes for a very natural and easy learning progression for people transferring from the carpet lifts to the chair lift. In 2017 and 2019, new terrain was added in the Taynton Bowl area, currently serviced by a 13 passenger snowcat called "Monster X".

Panorama is also frequented in the fall by race teams from around North America, including the Canadian Alpine and Para Alpine ski teams. In 2015 Panorama Hosted the Para Alpine World Championships.

Expansion
In the Panorama Master Plan, there are plans to have another lift built in the Taynton Bowl area, and two additional lifts in and around the Sun Bowl area, named Hopeful Creek and Sun Bowl chairs.

Statistics
The ski resort is of above average size for North America, with 2975 acre of skiable lift-served terrain. This places it somewhere in the top ten in terms of area. It also has one of the largest vertical drops in North America, at 4265 ft. In terms of continuously skiable vertical drop, with 1300 m it is 5th behind Revelstoke, Whistler Blackcomb, Jackson Hole, and Kicking Horse.

Amenities
At the bottom of the ski hill there is a resort with lodging, restaurants, retail shops, and the Panorama Springs Pools complex. There is also the Panorama Nordic Centre with approximately 20.5 km of trail for classic and skating and 6.6 km for classic only. Approximately 4 km from the Nordic center there is the Hale Hut.

It is also home to Greywolf golf course, which winds along the Toby Creek Canyon.

The only way to access Panorama is via a road from the town of Invermere, located approximately 18 km away.

title: Panorama Mountain Resort


text:
Purcell Mountains

The Purcell Mountains are a mountain range in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. They are a subrange of the Columbia Mountains, which includes the Selkirk, Monashee, and Cariboo Mountains. They are located on the west side of the Rocky Mountain Trench in the area of the Columbia Valley, and on the east side of the valley of Kootenay Lake and the Duncan River. The only large settlements in the mountains are the Panorama Ski Resort and Kicking Horse Resort, adjacent to the Columbia Valley towns of Invermere and Golden, though there are small settlements, such as Yahk and Moyie along the Crowsnest Highway, and residential rural areas dependent on the cities of Creston, Kimberley and Cranbrook, which are located adjacent to the range..

The Purcells are shown on some United States maps as the Percell Mountains, where their southern limit protrudes into the states of Idaho and Montana, abutting Lake Koocanusa, a reservoir on the Kootenai River. American geographic classifications consider the Percells to be part of the Rocky Mountains but in Canada that terminology is reserved for ranges on the east side of the Rocky Mountain Trench. In the Purcell Mountains, most of the peaks are near or above 10,000 feet in elevation.

The Purcell Supergroup rocks that make up the Purcells were formed in the Proterozoic eon (in the Precambrian period), which spans from 2,500 million years ago to about 540 million years ago.

Sub-ranges

 * Carbonate Range
 * Dogtooth Range
 * Farnham Group
 * MacBeth Group
 * McGillivary Range
 * Moyie Range
 * Septet Range
 * Spillimacheen Range
 * Starbird Ridge
 * Stockdale Group
 * Toby Glacier
 * Truce Group
 * Yahk Range

Highest peaks
The ten highest summits of the Purcells:

 * 1) Mount Farnham	   3493 m
 * 2) Jumbo Mountain	   3437 m
 * 3) Howser Spire	   3412 m
 * 4) Karnak Mountain    3411 m
 * 5) Mount Delphine	   3406 m
 * 6) Mount Hammond	   3387 m
 * 7) Commander Mountain 3371 m
 * 8) South Howser Tower 3364 m
 * 9) Eyebrow Peak	   3362 m
 * 10) Mount Peter	   3357 m

title: Purcell Mountains


text:
Mariveles (disambiguation)

Mariveles is a municipality in Bataan, the Philippines.

Mariveles may also refer to:
 * Mount Mariveles, a mountain in Bataan, Philippines
 * Mariveles Naval Section Base, a US Navy base in Bataan
 * Mariveles Reef, a reef in the Spratly Islands, currently occupied and administered by Malaysia
 * USS Mariveles (1886), a US Navy gunboat
 * Mariveles, a barangay in Dauis, Bohol, Philippines

title: Mariveles (disambiguation)


text:
User:Galko~enwiki

Hey I'm Gal, I was born on 1983, i live in israel. Music is my favorite Hobby and i love editing pages with things i know.

title: User:Galko~enwiki


text:
User talk:DavideAndrea

Welcome!
Hello, DavideAndrea, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  15:54, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page. :)

Translation
Thank you, I appreciate it! Sarge Baldy 22:07, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Chimonanthus
Hi Davide - Many thanks for the compliment! If you would like to translate it back into Italian, please do (I fear my knowledge of Italian is close to zero) - MPF 10:29, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Cascata delle Marmore
Beautiful translation, thank you! Molte grazie! :D -Yupik 17:42, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

PHEV
Looks like you've been talking to Felix. Thanks for inserting his edits. I spaced. Fbagatelleblack (talk) 03:28, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:GrassrootsRadio.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:GrassrootsRadio.gif. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:18, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:KGNU logo.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:KGNU logo.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Wikiproject Electronics collaboration
Hi, I am writing to you because you have listed yourself as a member of the Electronics WikiProject. Sadly, this project is pretty dead, but I propose to resuscitate it with a collaboration. The idea is to have a concerted effort on improving one article per month, hopefully to GA or FA status and nominate the very best of them for the front page. I have prepared a page to control this process at WikiProject Electronics/Collaboration (actually, I mostly shamelessly stole it from WikiProject Mammals where a collaboration of this sort was succesfully run). There you can make nominations for articles for collaboration or comment on the nominations of others.

If you want to take part you might like to place this template  on your userpage which will give you a link to the current collaboration. If you are no longer interested in Wikiproject Electronics, please remove yourself from the members list, which is now at WikiProject Electronics/Members

Thanks for listening,  Sp in ni ng  Spark  17:17, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Sliding mode improvements
In February, you made comments on the sliding mode control article. Have the recent major changes addressed your concerns? If not, could you add to the talk page with some suggestions? Thanks! —TedPavlic | (talk) 18:33, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Ted,

 * Thanks for your concerns. After re-reading the article introduction, I still feel the same way. It's missing a key phrase at the beginning, something like: "Sliding mode is a technique to (do something or other, to solve a particular problem) which is otherwise hard to do because (reason it's hard to do). It is used in (how it's used)...". Having said that, let me say that its perfectly OK for you to just dismiss me as an uninitiated person, and say that the article is intended for people who already have some understanding in the field.

 * Thanks,

 * D'de
 * Davide Andrea (talk) 16:50, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Davide — Thanks for your response (you can respond here if you like). Nonlinear control pages need to be made accessible to everyone --- regardless of whether or not they're initiated. It sounds like you would like a more general introduction to control or stability, yes? That is, do other nonlinear control pages (like the backstepping page) do a better job? Or are they all plagued by this problem? —TedPavlic | (talk) 17:37, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

 * ...do other nonlinear control pages (like the backstepping page) do a better job?

 * Indeed, yes: I found that introduction much more helpful to the uninitiated.
 * Thanks,

 * D'de
 * Davide Andrea (talk) 02:50, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Casing seems dubious
Whether commutors are in the casing or not doesn't seem to make a difference to what type of motor it is.

You could have two otherwise identical motors, but one with a slightly bigger casing, containing the electronics, and the other with the electronics external, and the table as you did it claims that they're completely different motors.

 * Indeed you are correct: they are completely different motors. Specifically, a BLDC with integral controller is a 2-wire, DC motor (you connect a battery to it, and it runs), while a controller-less BLDC (or an BLAC, which is nearly the same motor) is a 3-wire, AC motor: you need a motor driver that generates AC to drive it. So, yes, they are very different motors.
 * Here is an example of a DC BLDC (integral electronics): http://smartautomation.en.made-in-china.com/product/IoxESDMYZKcs/China-36mm-12-V-or-24-V-Brushless-DC-Motor-Bldc-Motor.html
 * And here is an example of a AC BLDC (no electronics): http://kellycontroller.com/hub-motor-48v3kw-high-torquedisc-brake-p-158.html
 * In the first case, all you need is the motor. In the second case, once you have the motor, now you have to go look for a motor driver.
 * Just like two motors, one with and one without a brushed commutator, are very different motors. Right?

 * The definition of an AC motor versus DC motor is solely regards the line voltage, and here one actually has an electronic commutator and the other hasn't. So they're rightly considered different motors, and they have different names, and they have different components and probably different behaviors as well. -Rememberway (talk) 01:11, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

I don't think that's right. They're the same, it's just a construction detail. I think that what we're mostly interested in is how the motors work, their topology. So we draw the system boundary so that even physically external electronics are still part of the motor. And so far as I know that's how the terms are used in the real world too. People talk about BLDC motors, but they usually have physically external electronics that produces the right signal to drive the coils, but it's still considered a DC motor, because that's the power supply you need to use it with.

 * I know, people are confused about this. But the fact they make that confusion doesn't make it factual. I mean, people say that the sun rises in the morning, even though that is not what happens, and saying that the Earth rotates is actually what is really happening.

So I think you're making an arbitrary distinction, ...

 * Well, yes. That is the nature of taxonomy. You try to make the most meaningful classifications you can, but, by its nature, taxonomy is an arbitrary process. In this case the process is based on industry standards.

... and that's also why there's blanks in your table. There shouldn't be blanks- IRL there's too many different sorts of motors for there to be blanks!

 * I am sorry, but that does not follow. The fact that there do not exist examples that fit a particular permutation does not indicate that the taxonomy is wrong.
 * If a table of animals has blank spaces for animals that are both bipedal and have a trunk, does it mean that the table is wrong? It just means that that particular combination does not exist.

 * Right. But bipedalism and having trunks is not orthogonal, whereas if you can classify things via orthogonal features, then you get a table that fills completely, and in this case this turns out to be possible. By doing that I was also able to find classes of real motors that weren't in the table. -Rememberway (talk) 01:11, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

Yes? -Rememberway (talk) 00:08, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the feedback; please let's continue this conversation. Davide Andrea (talk) 00:30, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

 * If you still prefer your way we could get Andy Dingley or someone to look at it, and go with whatever he thinks perhaps (although he doesn't seem to like me very much, so he may well pick your organisation anyway!). -Rememberway (talk) 01:15, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

LogicalDOC translation
Hi Davide, i wish to ask you if you are available for translating the LogicalDOC article. Sprmw7 (talk) 09:17, 31 May 2011 (UTC)
 * In Italian? Mnhhh, nah. It looks like a self-generated article, not for general interest. So, sorry, I'll decline.
 * Thanks for asking. Davide Andrea (talk) 18:38, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Short Discharge Time for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Short Discharge Time is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Short Discharge Time until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Hell In A Bucket (talk) 16:39, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

translation
Hi, I was wondering if you might be willing to assist in a small translation job. Here is an illustration with Italian labels. Might you translate them into English? – JBarta (talk) 19:13, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

Baud or bit/s ?
Hi. I reverted your change to Serial port. The article section you linked in your edit summary actually states that bit/s is the correct unit of measurement:

 * "The term baud has sometimes incorrectly been used to mean bit rate" (emph. added)

Also, as it says in the external link to EDN magazine:

 * "Serial-data speed is usually stated in terms of bit rate. However, another oft-quoted measure of speed is baud rate. Though the two aren’t the same, similarities exist under some circumstances. This tutorial will make the difference clear."

What you set on a serial port is the bit rate, and this is measured in bit/s, not "baud". If you connect the serial port to a modem, then the comms on the analog line might have a different baud than the bit rate, if several bits are sent with one symbol change—which is common on modern modems. Incidentally, despite its use in the EDN article, "baud rate" is itself grammatically incorrect, as "baud" is already a "rate" (1 baud = 1 symbol change per second). Jeh (talk) 16:15, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

p.s. you might also take a look at the comparisons between bit rates and baud of some modem standards here. Jeh (talk) 16:25, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Alternative Radio for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Alternative Radio is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Alternative Radio until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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Translation of Villa Annoni
Hi, are you available to translate this article https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Annoni from Italian into English? There are a lot of American tourists coming to Cuggiono to see the Villa and I think it would be helpful to have an article in their mother tongue. --DelicateAloe (talk) 16:46, 20 May 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Inrush current limiter for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Inrush current limiter is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Inrush current limiter until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Störm  (talk)  15:25, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Inrush current limiter for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Inrush current limiter is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Inrush current limiter until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Störm  (talk)  15:27, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Request for translation check
Hi DavideAndrea, I ask you a favor. I wrote the voice of an Italian artist "Andrea Benetti" and a Wikipedian expert, helped me create and improve the voice. Now he suggested that I contact an experienced Wikipedian (Italian-English) to help in checking the translation from Italian to English. If you can take a look to see if everything is fine, the link of the voice is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Benetti_(artist). Hoping you can help me, thank you for what you will do, --BarbaraLuciano13 (talk) 08:49, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

Want to add more value to existing article
I'm really sorry that I was added link directly without proper formatting. But, based on my knowledge the page is more relavant and helpful to the users. So, I request you to check it again and help me to add that article in external links. Please note, here my intention is not to add links into wiki. I want to share the best knowledge. Aditya3181 (talk) 13:04, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

Unicode chart translation request
Hello. I maintain multilingual Wikimedia charts showing roadmaps to the various planes of the Unicode Standard. I'm hoping you will provide Italian translations for me. (I noticed your user name on the Translators available list.) The specifics are at User:Drmccreedy/roadmap_multilingual. After the charts have been updated they can be added to this Italian Unicode article. Thank you for any help you can offer. DRMcCreedy (talk) 01:32, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:DavideAndrea


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/André Nilsen

 * I know Andre Nilsen, he's ambitious and determined, and I have no doubt that in the future he'll be notable in at least some regard. However, at the present time he's just a regular Oxford PhD student who seems to be having difficulty finishing his thesis. Deleting is probably the right thing to do. --163.1.81.183 15:54, 15 July 2005 (UTC)


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Reiner Klimke

Reiner Klimke (14 January 1936 – 17 August 1999) was a German equestrian, who won six gold and two bronze medals in dressage at the Summer Olympics — a record for equestrian events that has since been surpassed. He appeared in six Olympics from 1960 to 1988, excluding the 1980 Games that were boycotted by West Germany.

Equestrian career
Klimke studied Harry Boldt and Gustaf Rau.

He won team gold in 1964, 1968 (both on Dux), 1976 (riding Mehmed), 1984 and 1988 (both with Ahlerich), and the individual gold in 1984 on Ahlerich.

His two bronze medals came in the individual event in 1968 and 1976. Klimke also had a fine record at the World Championships, winning six gold medals: two individual, in 1974 on Mehmed and in 1982 on Ahlerich, and four team: 1966, 1974, 1982, 1986.

At the European Championships, he was the individual champion in 1967, 1973, and 1985 and rode on seven winning West German teams (1965, 1973, 1983, 1985, and others). Klimke also competed in eventing early in his career. He was a member of the winning West German three-day event team at the 1959 European Championships, and finished 18th in individual eventing at the 1960 Summer Olympics, making him the best German combination. He also won a Grand Prix show jumping competition in Berlin.

Personal life
Reiner Klimke was the son of a psychologist and a neurologist. With his wife, Ruth (also a top show jumping and dressage rider), he had three children: Ingrid, Rolf, and Michael. Ingrid competes in eventing and dressage; she won a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics, twenty years after her father's last Olympic gold. Michael also competes at the Grand Prix level in dressage.

Klimke not only rode and trained, but also ran a law firm and served on several boards, including the FEI Dressage Committee. Klimke died from a heart attack at age 63 in Münster, his place of birth. Prior to his death, he had planned to start at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Publications

 * Cavaletti: Ausbildung von Reiter und Pferd über Bodenricks Stuttgart: Franckh 1966
 * Military: Geschichte, Training, Wettkampf Stuttgart: Franckh 1967, "Eventing"
 * Cavalletti: Schooling of Horse and Rider over Ground Rails (translation of Cavaletti by Daphne Machin Goodall) London: J.A. Allen 1969
 * Le Concours complet: histoire, entraînement, compétition (translation of Military by Pierre André) Paris: Crépin-Leblond 1977
 * Grundausbildung des jungen Reitpferdes: von der Fohlenerziehung bis zum ersten Turnierstart Stuttgart: Franckh 1980
 * Horse trials (translation of Military by Daphne Machin Goodall) London: J.A. Allen 1984
 * Ahlerich von der Remonte zum Dressur-Weltmeister; ein exemplarischer Ausbildungsweg Stuttgart: Franckh 1984
 * Basic Training of the Young Horse: From the Education of the Young Foal to the First Competition (translation of Grundausbildung by Sigrid Young) London: J.A. Allen 1985
 * Ahlerich: The Making of a Dressage World Champion (translation of Ahlerich by Courtney Searls-Ridge) Gaithersburg, MD: Half Halt Press 1986
 * Von der Schönheit der Dressur vom jungen Pferd bis zum Grand Prix Stuttgart: Franckh-Kosmos 1991
 * Klimke on Dressage: From the Young Horse Through Grand Prix (translation of the above by Courtney Searls-Ridge and Jan Spauschus Johnson) Middletown, MD: Half Halt Press 1992

title: Reiner Klimke


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Freiman's theorem

In additive combinatorics, a discipline within mathematics, Freiman's theorem is a central result which indicates the approximate structure of sets whose sumset is small. It roughly states that if $$|A+A|/|A|$$ is small, then $$A$$ can be contained in a small generalized arithmetic progression.

Statement
If $$A$$ is a finite subset of $$\mathbb{Z}$$ with $$|A+A|\le K|A|$$, then $$A$$ is contained in a generalized arithmetic progression of dimension at most $$d(K)$$ and size at most $$f(K)|A|$$, where $$d(K)$$ and $$f(K)$$ are constants depending only on $$K$$.

Examples
For a finite set $$A$$ of integers, it is always true that

 * $$|A + A| \ge 2|A|-1,$$

with equality precisely when $$A$$ is an arithmetic progression.

More generally, suppose $$A$$ is a subset of a finite proper generalized arithmetic progression $$P$$ of dimension $$d$$ such that $$|P| \le C|A|$$ for some real $$C \ge 1$$. Then $$|P+P| \le 2^d |P|$$, so that

 * $$|A+A| \le |P+P| \le 2^d |P| \le C2^d|A|.$$

History of Freiman's theorem
This result is due to Gregory Freiman (1964, 1966). Much interest in it, and applications, stemmed from a new proof by Imre Z. Ruzsa (1992,1994). Mei-Chu Chang proved new polynomial estimates for the size of arithmetic progressions arising in the theorem in 2002. The current best bounds were provided by Tom Sanders.

Tools used in the proof
The proof presented here follows the proof in Yufei Zhao's lecture notes.

Ruzsa covering lemma
The Ruzsa covering lemma states the following:

 * Let $$A$$ and $$S$$ be finite subsets of an abelian group with $$S$$ nonempty, and let $$K$$ be a positive real number. Then if $$|A+S| \le K|S|$$, there is a subset $$T$$ of $$A$$ with at most $$K$$ elements such that $$A \subseteq T+S-S$$.

This lemma provides a bound on how many copies of $$S-S$$ one needs to cover $$A$$, hence the name. The proof is essentially a greedy algorithm:

Proof: Let $$T$$ be a maximal subset of $$A$$ such that the sets $$t+S$$ for $$A$$ are all disjoint. Then $$|T+S|=|T| \cdot |S|$$, and also $$|T+S| \le |A+S| \le K|S|$$, so $$|T| \le K$$. Furthermore, for any $$a \in A$$, there is some $$t \in T$$ such that $$t+S$$ intersects $$a+S$$, as otherwise adding $$a$$ to $$T$$ contradicts the maximality of $$T$$. Thus $$a \in T+S-S$$, so $$A \subseteq T+S-S$$.

Freiman homomorphisms and the Ruzsa modeling lemma
Let $$s \ge 2$$ be a positive integer, and $$\Gamma$$ and $$\Gamma'$$ be abelian groups. Let $$A \subseteq \Gamma$$ and $$B \subseteq \Gamma'$$. A map $$\varphi \colon A \to B$$ is a '''Freiman $$s$$-homomorphism if
 * $$\varphi(a_1) + \cdots + \varphi(a_s) = \varphi(a_1') + \cdots + \varphi(a_s')$$

whenever $$a_1 + \cdots + a_s = a_1' + \cdots + a_s'$$ for any $$a_1, \ldots, a_s, a_1', \ldots, a_s' \in A$$.

If in addition $$\varphi$$ is a bijection and $$\varphi^{-1} \colon B \to A$$ is a Freiman $$s$$-homomorphism, then $$\varphi$$ is a Freiman $$s$$-isomorphism.

If $$\varphi$$ is a Freiman $$s$$-homomorphism, then $$\varphi$$ is a Freiman $$t$$-homomorphism for any positive integer $$t$$ such that $$2\le t \le s$$.

Then the Ruzsa modeling lemma states the following:

 * Let $$A$$ be a finite set of integers, and let $$s \ge 2$$ be a positive integer. Let $$N$$ be a positive integer such that $$N \ge |sA-sA|$$. Then there exists a subset $$A'$$ of $$A$$ with cardinality at least $$|A|/s$$ such that $$A'$$ is Freiman $$s$$-isomorphic to a subset of $$\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$$.

The last statement means there exists some Freiman $$s$$-homomorphism between the two subsets.

Proof sketch: Choose a prime $$q$$ sufficiently large such that the modulo-$$q$$ reduction map $$\pi_q \colon \mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z}$$ is a Freiman $$s$$-isomorphism from $$A$$ to its image in $$\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z}$$. Let $$\psi_q \colon \mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z}$$ be the lifting map that takes each member of $$\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z}$$ to its unique representative in $$\{1,\ldots,q\} \subseteq \mathbb{Z}$$. For nonzero $$\lambda \in \mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z}$$, let $$\cdot\lambda \colon \mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z}$$ be the multiplication by $$\lambda$$ map, which is a Freiman $$s$$-isomorphism. Let $$B$$ be the image $$(\cdot\lambda\circ\pi_q)(A)$$. Choose a suitable subset $$B'$$ of $$B$$ with cardinality at least $$|B|/s$$ such that the restriction of $$\psi_q$$ to $$B'$$ is a Freiman $$s$$-isomorphism onto its image, and let $$A' \subseteq A$$ be the preimage of $$B'$$ under $$\cdot\lambda\circ\pi_q$$. Then the restriction of $$\psi_q \circ \cdot\lambda \circ \pi_q$$ to $$A'$$ is a Freiman $$s$$-isomorphism onto its image $$\psi_q(B')$$. Lastly, there exists some choice of nonzero $$\lambda$$ such that the restriction of the modulo-$$N$$ reduction $$\mathbb{Z} \to \mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$$ to $$\psi_q(B')$$ is a Freiman $$s$$-isomorphism onto its image. The result follows after composing this map with the earlier Freiman $$s$$-isomorphism.

Bohr sets and Bogolyubov's lemma
Though Freiman's theorem applies to sets of integers, the Ruzsa modeling lemma allows one to model sets of integers as subsets of finite cyclic groups. So it is useful to first work in the setting of a finite field, and then generalize results to the integers. The following lemma was proved by Bogolyubov:

 * Let $$A \in \mathbb{F}_2^n$$ and let $$\alpha= |A|/2^n$$. Then $$4A$$ contains a subspace of $$\mathbb{F}_2^n$$ of dimension at least $$n-\alpha^{-2}$$.

Generalizing this lemma to arbitrary cyclic groups requires an analogous notion to “subspace”: that of the Bohr set. Let $$R$$ be a subset of $$\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$$ where $$N$$ is a prime. The Bohr set of dimension $$|R|$$ and width $$\varepsilon$$ is

 * $$\operatorname{Bohr}(R, \varepsilon) = \{ x \in \mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z} : \forall r \in R, |rx/N| \le \varepsilon \},$$

where $$|rx/N|$$ is the distance from $$rx/N$$ to the nearest integer. The following lemma generalizes Bogolyubov's lemma:

 * Let $$A \in \mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$$ and $$\alpha = |A|/N$$. Then $$2A-2A$$ contains a Bohr set of dimension at most $$\alpha^{-2}$$ and width $$1/4$$.

Here the dimension of a Bohr set is analogous to the codimension of a set in $$\mathbb{F}_2^n$$. The proof of the lemma involves Fourier-analytic methods. The following proposition relates Bohr sets back to generalized arithmetic progressions, eventually leading to the proof of Freiman's theorem.

 * Let $$X$$ be a Bohr set in $$\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$$ of dimension $$d$$ and width $$\varepsilon$$. Then $$X$$ contains a proper generalized arithmetic progression of dimension at most $$d$$ and size at least $$(\varepsilon/d)^dN$$.

The proof of this proposition uses Minkowski's theorem, a fundamental result in geometry of numbers.

Proof
By the Plünnecke–Ruzsa inequality, $$|8A-8A|\le K^{16}|A|$$. By Bertrand's postulate, there exists a prime $$N$$ such that $$|8A-8A|\le N\le 2K^{16}|A|$$. By the Ruzsa modeling lemma, there exists a subset $$A'$$ of $$A$$ of cardinality at least $$|A|/8$$ such that $$A'$$ is Freiman 8-isomorphic to a subset $$B\subseteq \mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$$.

By the generalization of Bogolyubov's lemma, $$2B-2B$$ contains a proper generalized arithmetic progression of dimension $$d$$ at most $$(1/(8\cdot 2K^{16}))^{-2}=256K^{32}$$ and size at least $$(1/(4d))^dN$$. Because $$A'$$ and $$B$$ are Freiman 8-isomorphic, $$2A'-2A'$$ and $$2B-2B$$ are Freiman 2-isomorphic. Then the image under the 2-isomorphism of the proper generalized arithmetic progression in $$2B-2B$$ is a proper generalized arithmetic progression in $$2A'-2A'\subseteq 2A-2A$$ called $$P$$.

But $$P+A\subseteq 3A-2A$$, since $$P\subseteq 2A-2A$$. Thus
 * $$|P+A|\le |3A-2A|\le |8A-8A|\le N\le (4d)^d|P|$$

so by the Ruzsa covering lemma $$A\subseteq X+P-P$$ for some $$X\subseteq A$$ of cardinality at most $$(4d)^d$$. Then $$X+P-P$$ is contained in a generalized arithmetic progression of dimension $$|X|+d$$ and size at most $$2^{|X|}2^{d}|P|\le 2^{|X|+d}|2A-2A|\le 2^{|X|+d}K^4|A|$$, completing the proof.

Generalizations
A result due to Ben Green and Imre Ruzsa generalized Freiman's theorem to arbitrary abelian groups. They used an analogous notion to generalized arithmetic progressions, which they called coset progressions. A coset progression of an abelian group $$G$$ is a set $$P+H$$ for a proper generalized arithmetic progression $$P$$ and a subgroup $$H$$ of $$G$$. The dimension of this coset progression is defined to be the dimension of $$P$$, and its size is defined to be the cardinality of the whole set. Green and Ruzsa showed the following:

 * Let $$A$$ be a finite set in an abelian group $$G$$ such that $$|A+A| \le K|A|$$. Then $$A$$ is contained in a coset progression of dimension at most $$d(K)$$ and size at most $$f(K)|A|$$, where $$f(K)$$ and $$d(K)$$ are functions of $$K$$ that are independent of $$G$$.

Green and Ruzsa provided upper bounds of $$d(K)=CK^4\log (K+2)$$ and $$f(K)=e^{CK^4\log^2(K+2)}$$ for some absolute constant $$C$$.

Terence Tao (2010) also generalized Freiman's theorem to solvable groups of bounded derived length.

Extending Freiman’s theorem to an arbitrary nonabelian group is still open. Results for $$K<2$$, when a set has very small doubling, are referred to as Kneser theorems.

The polynomial Freiman–Ruzsa conjecture, is a generalization published in a paper by Imre Ruzsa but credited by him to Katalin Marton. It states that if a subset of a group (a power of a cyclic group) $$A\subset G$$ has doubling constant such that $$|A+A|\le K|A|$$ then it is covered by a bounded number $$K^{C}$$of cosets of some subgroup $$H\subset G$$ with$$|H|\le |A|$$. In 2012 Toms Sanders gave an almost polynomial bound of the conjecture for abelian groups. In 2023 a solution over $$G=\mathbb F_2^n$$ a field of characteristic 2 has been posted as a preprint by Tim Gowers, Ben Green, Freddie Manners and Terry Tao.

title: Freiman's theorem


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Talk:Whale valley

This is the first page I've created on Wikipedia. I know it's not much. Please expand it. --Prayformojo 15:55, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whale valley


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Columbia Valley

The Columbia Valley is the name used for a region in the Rocky Mountain Trench near the headwaters of the Columbia River between the town of Golden and the Canal Flats. The main hub of the valley is the town of Invermere. Other towns include Radium Hot Springs, Windermere and Fairmont Hot Springs. The Panorama Ski Resort is located near the valley.

The Columbia Valley is home to the Columbia Wetlands, a vital link on a major bird migration route.

title: Columbia Valley


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Jacob Rader Marcus

Jacob Rader Marcus (March 5, 1896 –14 November 1995 ) was a scholar of Jewish history and a Reform rabbi.

Biography
Born in Connellsville, Pennsylvania, United States into an Orthodox Jewish family. His parents, Aaron and Jennie Rader Marcus, were immigrants from Vidz, Lithuania. Marcus became interested in Reform Judaism at the age of 15. At that time, he traveled to Hebrew Union College (HUC), in Cincinnati, Ohio, to begin his rabbinical training.

After a two-year interim during World War I, when he served in the American military, Marcus returned to graduate studies in Cincinnati. After receiving rabbinical ordination in 1920, Marcus was appointed to the faculty of HUC, where he began teaching biblical history. In 1922, Marcus traveled to Berlin to study Jewish history with Ismar Elbogen, who awarded Marcus a Ph.D. in 1925. In that year, Marcus married Antoinette Brody in Paris. The couple had one daughter, Merle, who was born in 1929. After briefly studying at Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1926, Marcus returned to Cincinnati, where he lectured at HUC consistently until 1995. In 1959, he was named the Adolph S. Ochs Professor of American Jewish History. In 1965, he was appointed to HUC's Milton and Hattie Kutz Distinguished Service Chair in American Jewish History.

Marcus devoted most of his post-World War II historical career to American Jewish history and founded the American Jewish Archives in Cincinnati in 1947 on the campus of HUC. Although he is considered to be the first trained historian of the Jewish people born in America, he is, perhaps, best known for his work on Medieval European Jewish history, The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book: 315-1791, first published in 1938.

In the 1970s, while director of the American Jewish Archives, Marcus publicly shared the account of Regina Jonas in response to the ordination of Rabbi Sally Priesand in 1972. Marcus informed The American Israelite in July 1973 that the only other known Jewish woman to receive ordination was Regina Jonas of Berlin but that she perished at the hands of the Nazi regime. Marcus also provided the title of Jonas' thesis, "Can a Woman Become a Rabbi?".

In 1949, he was elected president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR), a position he served in until 1951.

Marcus died on the eve of November 14, 1995, at the age of 99.

Marcus was the mentor of Jonathan Sarna.

Works

 * The Rise and Destiny of the German Jew. Cincinnati: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1934.
 * The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book, 315-1791. Cincinnati: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1938.
 * Communal Sick-Care in the German Ghetto. Cincinnati: The Hebrew Union College Press, 1947
 * Early American Jewry, Volume 1: The Jews of New York, New England, and Canada, 1649-1794. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1951.
 * Early American Jewry, Volume 2: The Jews of Pennsylvania and the South, 1655-1790. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1953.
 * Memoirs of American Jews, 1775-1865. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1955.
 * On Love, Marriage, Children...and Death, Too: Intimate Glimpses into the Lives of American Jews in a Bygone Age as * Told in Their Own Words. Cincinnati: Society of Jewish Bibliophiles, 1964.
 * Studies in American Jewish History: Studies and Addresses. Cincinnati: The Hebrew Union College Press, 1969.
 * The Colonial American Jew, 1492–1776: Volume I, II, and III. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1970
 * Israel Jacobson: The Founder of the Reform Movement in Judaism. Cincinnati: The Hebrew Union College Press, 1972.
 * The American Jewish Woman, A Documentary History. Hoboken, NJ: Ktav 1981.
 * To Count a People: American Jewish Population Data, 1585 — 1984. Lanham, MD: UP of America, 1990.
 * United States Jewry 1776–1985. Vol. 1: The Sephardic Period Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989. 820 pp.
 * United States Jewry 1776–1985. Vol. 2: The Germanic Period. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991. 419 pp.
 * United States Jewry 1776–1985. Vol. 3: The Germanic Period, Part 2. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993. 925 pp.
 * United States Jewry 1776–1985. Vol. 4: The East European Period: The Emergence of the American Jew; Epilogue. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993. 955 pp.
 * The Concise Dictionary of American Jewish Biography. Brooklyn: Carlson Publishing, 1994.
 * The Jew in the American World: a source book. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996.

title: Jacob Rader Marcus


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Manchester Academy (disambiguation)

Manchester Academy is a music venue on campus of the University of Manchester.

Manchester Academy may also refer to:

 * Manchester Academy, the old name of Harris Manchester College, Oxford
 * Manchester Academy (secondary school), in inner city Manchester
 * Manchester Academy of Fine Arts, in Manchester, UK

title: Manchester Academy (disambiguation)


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Fermionic field

In quantum field theory, a fermionic field is a quantum field whose quanta are fermions; that is, they obey Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermionic fields obey canonical anticommutation relations rather than the canonical commutation relations of bosonic fields.

The most prominent example of a fermionic field is the Dirac field, which describes fermions with spin-1/2: electrons, protons, quarks, etc. The Dirac field can be described as either a 4-component spinor or as a pair of 2-component Weyl spinors. Spin-1/2 Majorana fermions, such as the hypothetical neutralino, can be described as either a dependent 4-component Majorana spinor or a single 2-component Weyl spinor. It is not known whether the neutrino is a Majorana fermion or a Dirac fermion; observing neutrinoless double-beta decay experimentally would settle this question.

Basic properties
Free (non-interacting) fermionic fields obey canonical anticommutation relations; i.e., involve the anticommutators {a, b} = ab + ba, rather than the commutators [a, b] = ab − ba of bosonic or standard quantum mechanics. Those relations also hold for interacting fermionic fields in the interaction picture, where the fields evolve in time as if free and the effects of the interaction are encoded in the evolution of the states.

It is these anticommutation relations that imply Fermi–Dirac statistics for the field quanta. They also result in the Pauli exclusion principle: two fermionic particles cannot occupy the same state at the same time.

Dirac fields
The prominent example of a spin-1/2 fermion field is the Dirac field (named after Paul Dirac), and denoted by $$\psi(x)$$. The equation of motion for a free spin 1/2 particle is the Dirac equation,

 * $$\left(i\gamma^\mu \partial_\mu - m\right) \psi(x) = 0.\,$$

where $$\gamma^{\mu}$$ are gamma matrices and $$m$$ is the mass. The simplest possible solutions $$\psi(x)$$ to this equation are plane wave solutions, $$u(p)e^{-ip\cdot x}\,$$ and $$v(p)e^{ip\cdot x}\,$$. These plane wave solutions form a basis for the Fourier components of $$\psi(x)$$, allowing for the general expansion of the wave function as follows,

 * $$\psi_{\alpha}(x) = \int \frac{d^3 p}{(2\pi)^3} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2E_p}} \sum_{s} \left(a^s_\mathbf{p} u^s_{\alpha}(p) e^{-ip \cdot x} + b^{s\dagger}_\mathbf{p} v^s_{\alpha}(p) e^{ip \cdot x}\right).\,$$

u and v are spinors, labelled by spin, s and spinor indices $$\alpha \in \{0,1,2,3\}$$. For the electron, a spin 1/2 particle, s = +1/2 or s = −1/2. The energy factor is the result of having a Lorentz invariant integration measure. In second quantization, $$\psi(x)$$ is promoted to an operator, so the coefficients of its Fourier modes must be operators too. Hence, $$a^{s}_{\mathbf{p}}$$ and $$b^{s \dagger}_{\mathbf{p}}$$ are operators. The properties of these operators can be discerned from the properties of the field. $$\psi(x)$$ and $$\psi(y)^{\dagger}$$ obey the anticommutation relations:

 * $$\left\{\psi_{\alpha}(\mathbf{x}), \psi_{\beta}^\dagger(\mathbf{y})\right\} = \delta^{(3)}(\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{y})\delta_{\alpha\beta}.$$

We impose an anticommutator relation (as opposed to a commutation relation as we do for the bosonic field) in order to make the operators compatible with Fermi–Dirac statistics. By putting in the expansions for $$\psi(x)$$ and $$\psi(y)$$, the anticommutation relations for the coefficients can be computed.

 * $$\left\{a^r_\mathbf{p}, a^{s \dagger}_\mathbf{q}\right\} = \left\{b^r_\mathbf{p}, b^{s\dagger}_\mathbf{q}\right\} = (2\pi)^{3} \delta^3 (\mathbf{p} - \mathbf{q}) \delta^{rs},\,$$

In a manner analogous to non-relativistic annihilation and creation operators and their commutators, these algebras lead to the physical interpretation that $$a^{s \dagger}_{\mathbf{p}}$$ creates a fermion of momentum p and spin s, and $$b^{r \dagger}_{\mathbf{q}}$$ creates an antifermion of momentum q and spin r. The general field $$\psi(x)$$ is now seen to be a weighted (by the energy factor) summation over all possible spins and momenta for creating fermions and antifermions. Its conjugate field, $$\overline{\psi} \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \psi^{\dagger} \gamma^{0}$$, is the opposite, a weighted summation over all possible spins and momenta for annihilating fermions and antifermions.

With the field modes understood and the conjugate field defined, it is possible to construct Lorentz invariant quantities for fermionic fields. The simplest is the quantity $$\overline{\psi}\psi\,$$. This makes the reason for the choice of $$\overline{\psi} = \psi^{\dagger} \gamma^{0}$$clear. This is because the general Lorentz transform on $$\psi$$ is not unitary so the quantity $$\psi^{\dagger}\psi$$ would not be invariant under such transforms, so the inclusion of $$\gamma^{0}\,$$ is to correct for this. The other possible non-zero Lorentz invariant quantity, up to an overall conjugation, constructible from the fermionic fields is $$\overline{\psi}\gamma^{\mu}\partial_{\mu}\psi$$.

Since linear combinations of these quantities are also Lorentz invariant, this leads naturally to the Lagrangian density for the Dirac field by the requirement that the Euler–Lagrange equation of the system recover the Dirac equation.

 * $$\mathcal{L}_D = \overline{\psi}\left(i\gamma^\mu \partial_\mu - m\right)\psi\,$$

Such an expression has its indices suppressed. When reintroduced the full expression is

 * $$\mathcal{L}_D = \overline{\psi}_a\left(i\gamma^\mu_{ab} \partial_\mu - m\mathbb{I}_{ab}\right)\psi_b\,$$

The Hamiltonian (energy) density can also be constructed by first defining the momentum canonically conjugate to $$\psi(x)$$, called $$\Pi(x):$$

 * $$\Pi \ \overset{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}_{D}}{\partial (\partial_0 \psi)} = i\psi^\dagger\,. $$

With that definition of $$\Pi$$, the Hamiltonian density is:

 * $$ \mathcal{H}_D = \overline{\psi}\left[-i\vec{\gamma} \cdot \vec{\nabla} + m\right] \psi\,, $$

where $$\vec{\nabla}$$ is the standard gradient of the space-like coordinates, and $$\vec{\gamma}$$ is a vector of the space-like $$\gamma$$ matrices. It is surprising that the Hamiltonian density doesn't depend on the time derivative of $$\psi$$, directly, but the expression is correct.

Given the expression for $$\psi(x)$$ we can construct the Feynman propagator for the fermion field:

 * $$ D_F(x - y) = \left\langle 0\left| T(\psi(x) \overline{\psi}(y))\right| 0 \right\rangle $$

we define the time-ordered product for fermions with a minus sign due to their anticommuting nature

T\left[\psi(x) \overline{\psi}(y)\right] \ \overset{\text{def}}{=}\ \theta\left(x^0 - y^0\right) \psi(x) \overline{\psi}(y) - \theta\left(y^0 - x^0\right) \overline\psi(y) \psi(x). $$

Plugging our plane wave expansion for the fermion field into the above equation yields:

 * $$ D_F(x - y) = \int \frac{d^4 p}{(2\pi)^4} \frac{i({p\!\!\!/} + m)}{p^2 - m^2 + i\epsilon}e^{-ip \cdot (x - y)}$$

where we have employed the Feynman slash notation. This result makes sense since the factor

 * $$\frac{i({p\!\!\!/} + m)}{p^2 - m^2}$$

is just the inverse of the operator acting on $$\psi(x)$$ in the Dirac equation. Note that the Feynman propagator for the Klein–Gordon field has this same property. Since all reasonable observables (such as energy, charge, particle number, etc.) are built out of an even number of fermion fields, the commutation relation vanishes between any two observables at spacetime points outside the light cone. As we know from elementary quantum mechanics two simultaneously commuting observables can be measured simultaneously. We have therefore correctly implemented Lorentz invariance for the Dirac field, and preserved causality.

More complicated field theories involving interactions (such as Yukawa theory, or quantum electrodynamics) can be analyzed too, by various perturbative and non-perturbative methods.

Dirac fields are an important ingredient of the Standard Model.

title: Fermionic field


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Jacob Marcus

Jacob Marcus, also called R. Jakob, was a German-Swedish businessman and one of the pioneers in the history of Sweden's Jewish population, which began to take root around the turn of the 18th-19th centuries.

Marcus was probably born in 1749 in Schwaan, Holy Roman Empire. Marcus's considerable impact on the history of Norrköping and his significance to immigration and advancement have been pointed out in several publications. He had that city's first synagogue built, which opened in 1796 for the increasing community centered on its congregation.

That and his general benefit to Sweden, as a merchant especially privileged by King Gustav III, and his position as an East Gothland property owner and community leader, have been recorded in published biographical articles.

Marcus died 13 March 1819 in Norrköping.

Known descendants
Two of Marcus's daughters, Lowisa (1787-1842) and Hedda (1796-1834) married two brothers, Aron von Reis and Moses von Reis of the successful von Reis family of Gothenburg Jews.

A number of famous Swedes have descended from Marcus and his wife Fredrika Isaksdotter (1760-1826, originally Freideh Isaac), such as historian Hugo Valentin, TV producer Gunilla Marcus-Luboff, the Bonnier publishing dynasty, opera star Isa Quensel, industrialist Stefan Anderson, photographer Mattias Klum, pop entertainer Magnus Uggla. Usually, already the early descendants of Marcus and Isaksdotter married into Swedish families which were not Jewish. American botanist-author Siri von Reis in New York and daughter Serena Altschul also descend from Marcus. The marked gravestone of Jacob Marcus can still be seen in the Jewish Cemetery of Norrköping.

In 1900, a comprehensive account of the entire Marcus family and its descendants was published in Sweden as a large printed circular chart, and an extensive family roster was updated until 1942 by Curt Marcus. Beginning around that time, Jewish descent (no matter how diluted) was kept in low profile, especially during World War II, despite Sweden's neutrality.

title: Jacob Marcus


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