text:
Talk:Svadhyaya

Merged
I merged the first few sentences of Swadhyay into this article, and removed the rest which was very POV (the previous version of Swadhyay). This page was chosen because according to Google, Svadhyaya is the more popular spelling. Svadhyayaa, which was also suggested here, got practically no Google hits at all. - ulayiti (talk)  07:26, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Forget it! Svadhyay word has no relationship with the more widely used Swadhyay. Google is just a dumb search engine, knows nothing about real-life situation.

 * Shouldn't that be mentioned in the article then? - ulayiti (talk)  22:45, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

'''Swadhyay is the official spelling of the work inspired by Pandurang Shastriji Athvale (as can be seen on www.swadhyay.org). This spelling of Svadhyaya may be more widespread, but incorrect when referring to Pandurang Shastri Athvale's Swadhyay movement. Please note this vital difference.'''

The word 'Svadhyaya' or 'Swadhyaya' in Sanskrit language means Self(Sva) Study(adhyaya). The literal meaning of the word needs to be independently identified from a specific movement by a group of people led by a spiritual leader. Once both meanings are incorporated, they should be merged. One cannot argue over the Engish spelling of a foreign word.

Probably one should merge also the entire Yoga-sutra into that article because svadhyaya is discussed there as one of the regular niyamas. :-) It is also important to point out the specific interpretation of all classical YS commentators of svadhyaya as independent study of the scriptural texts, not simply as introspection.

 * Comment: Unless it's being used in English in any way besides in reference to the organization, I think it might make more sense to redirect this page to Swadhyay pariwar, a page which also desperately needs attention. -- Superdosh 23:32, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I will do the redirect if no one responds in a day or so. -- Superdosh 23:18, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Svadhyaya


text:
User:Agriculture/Goetta

Goetta is a regional food found in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the greater Cincinnati metro area including Northern Kentucky. Pronounced ˈgě.ttə or get-uh, this dish originates from German settlers from Oldenburg, Hanover, and Westphalia who imigrated to the Cincinnati area in the 19th century. The word Goetta comes from the Low German word götte and was originally considered a peasant dish meant to stretch out servings of meat over several meals to conserve money.

Composition
While goetta comes in a variety of forms all goetta is based around ground meat and pin head or steel cut oats. Typically goetta is made from equal parts pork and beef, but occasionally uses just beef. Goetta typically is spcied with bay leaves, rosemary, salt, pepper], and [[thyme. Occasionally it contains onions or other vegetables as well.

Preparation
Goetta is typically formed into small loaves, and then cut into squares and fried, often in the oil left over from browning the meats. Traditionally a breakfast food often served with syrup, grape jelly or eaten by itself, more recently goetta has become an all purpose food eaten for breakfast lunch and dinner.

Commercial Distribution
Due both to the large population of the Cincinnati metro area, and the popularity of goetta, a number of commercial distributors produce and sell goetta in areas of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana near Cincinnati. The most popular of these brands is Glier's Goetta the largest producer of goetta in the world. Glier's Goetta is based out of Covington, Kentucky in the greater Cincinnati area.

Goettafest
Goettafest is an annual cultural and culinary celebration held in Newport, Kentucky just across the river from Cincinnati, Ohio. Held at the Levee on the Ohio River, the festival celebrates both the unique dish and Cincinnati's unique German-American heritage. While the main focus of the festival is of course goetta, it also typically includes music, dancing, and other public entertainment.

Links

 * Gliers's Goetta
 * Goettafest

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Agriculture/Goetta


text:
New Zealand Customs Service

The New Zealand Customs Service (Customs, Māori: Te Mana Ārai o Aotearoa) is a state sector organisation in New Zealand whose role is to provide border control and protect the community from potential risks arising from international trade and travel, as well as collecting duties and taxes on imports to the country.

History
Customs is the oldest government department in New Zealand. Formed on 5 January 1840, it pre-dates the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi by one month. Its early establishment was necessary to collect revenue for the fledgling government, and over the years duties, tariffs and taxes collected by Customs have remained a major source of revenue for the country, although customs has also been used to impose various control over the movement of people and the distribution of particular products, in particular alcohol and tobacco.

In 1996, the New Zealand Customs Department was renamed the New Zealand Customs Service.

In recent years Customs has modernised itself in order to keep pace with new technologies and the ever-increasing volumes of international passengers and trade, while balancing its law enforcement and compliance obligations. Staffing levels sit between 1300 and 1500 nationally, with its head office located in Wellington. Staff are based at various ports and locations around New Zealand and are a mixture of frontline uniformed staff such as those seen at the airports and sea ports, as well as plainclothes staff in varying other roles.

Responsibilities

Customs is a law enforcement agency in its own right, and is responsible for intercepting contraband, and checks international travellers and their baggage, as well as cargo and mail, for banned or prohibited items. Contrary to popular belief, it is not responsible for biosecurity items such as food and other agricultural items declared at ports of entry - this is the responsibility for the Ministry for Primary Industries. Customs is also responsible for assessing and collecting Customs duties, excise taxes and Goods and Services Tax on imports and protecting New Zealand businesses against illegal trade. It is second only to the Inland Revenue Department for the amount of revenue it collects for the New Zealand Government. It exercises controls over restricted and prohibited imports and exports, including objectionable material (such as child sex abuse images), drugs, firearms and hazardous waste and also collects import and export data.

Customs is responsible for documentation of all imports and exports (in 2006/7 this was 47 million imports and 33 million exports). Since 1999 all documentation to Customs has been electronic.

Customs works closely with New Zealand's other border agencies, the Ministry for Primary Industries, the Aviation Security Service (AvSec) and Immigration New Zealand. It also works very closely with the New Zealand Police and the Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand in joint operations involving the importation of drugs, and with the Department of Conservation on the management of items that are subject to CITES.

Customs established the Trade Single Window in 2013 to provide a single place to lodge import and export documents with all of New Zealand Government.

Whilst an unarmed agency, some Customs officers are authorised to carry handcuffs and make arrests in relation to offences relating to the importation of drugs and other prohibited goods.

Customs is also the administrative body of the New Zealand Government responsible for the domestic collection and control of excise tax on tobacco and alcohol.

Office locations
Customs officers are based at the main cities in New Zealand, as well as a number of smaller ports. Its headquarters is in Wellington, New Zealand's capital city. Customs also has liaison officers based at the following overseas locations: Bangkok, Beijing, Brussels, Canberra, Hong Kong, Jakarta, London, Los Angeles and Washington D.C.

Recruitment
Customs conducts national intakes, with the number of intakes per year varying dependent on the needs of the Service. Typically each intake will consist of 20–30 recruits who are referred to as 'cohorts'. Recruiting usually begins with Customs advertising nationwide, calling for applications for persons who meet requisite criteria. Applications are then reviewed and accepted or rejected. The majority of applicants are culled at this initial stage. Persons who pass the initial application process are then invited to 'open days' at central locations (usually Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch) during which they are given insights into the various roles Customs undertakes as well as being placed into groups and are assessed during group problem solving scenarios, where individuals are observed by assessors and are judged on various factors such as interaction, initiative and leadership traits. Those who are deemed suitable must then pass an interview, police checks and medical test before being offered a space on the next intake.

Training
Training consists of a 3-week, classroom based course. This is gives new cohorts basic knowledge in Customs, processing passports under the Immigration Act, relevant legislation, questioning techniques, officer safety and tactics training, and presentations from various other work areas in Customs. During the course, multiple examinations are undertaken, and if passed, new cohorts will be awarded their "stripes" in the form of epaulettes. Following the classroom course, there is on-the-job training. At the conclusion of all training, cohorts will have a graduation ceremony where they will be awarded with a certificate confirming their graduation.

title: New Zealand Customs Service


text:
Talk:Fort St. George, India

Yes, split it because now there is another fort with that name listed. Bubba73 07:33, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

St. Mary's Church
Added a page and put some basic information. Request your help in expanding it.--Chandrachoodan Gopalakrishnan 05:48, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Barren Land?
This is a dubious statement, since it is well documented that the villages of Madraspatnam and Chennapatnam already existed in the area, which was far from barren -having been an arena for trade from the time of the Phoenicians to the Portuguese, before the British arrived. (Azariahmoreno 03:46, 20 May 2007 (UTC)).

There is an upside down picture
The 4th picture in the body of the article is inverted. Someone who knows how should correct this :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.242.100.17 (talk) 12:49, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Fort St. George, India. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/12/stories/2002081200230300.htm

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:59, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fort St. George, India


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Talk:Rhysling Award

winners
Something is completely off here, https://www.sfpoetry.com/contests/14contest.html lists a different long-form winner for 2014, but the second place is here listed as the first for 2015. Zirconcode (talk) 14:19, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

Either winners should be listed in the article, or there should be a link to a list of the winners (http://www.sfpoetry.com/rhyswin.html). Kdammers 07:33, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

"Unlike most literary awards, which are named for the creator of the award, the subject of the award, or a noted member of the field," Excuse me, but who gives a thin s***? What do they want, an award? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.188.125.208 (talk) 02:45, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Dwarf Stars
Should the winners of the Dwarf Stars awards also be included? They are not "Rhysling" awards but are presented at the same time as the Rhyslings and by the same organization.

2006

 * Winner: Ruth Berman Knowledge Of
 * Second Place: Peg Duthie The Stepsister
 * Third Place: Greg Beatty Prayer Causes Stars

2007

 * Winner: Jane Yolen Last Unicorn
 * Second Place: Jane Yolen Troll Under Bridge
 * Third Place: Sandra Lindow Dwarves

2008

 * Winner: Tim Pratt Place Mat by Moebius
 * Second Place: Sonya Taaffe Muse
 * Third Place: Ann K. Schwader Dancing to Van Gogh

--Marc Kupper|talk 23:35, 30 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I found that an article already existed at Dwarf Stars Award and so added the list of winners to that page. In looking at the SFPA page about the awards I also found I had the timing wrong. The Dwarf Stars are not awarded at the same time as the Rhysling awards. --Marc Kupper|talk 04:35, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

"and finalists"
Why are the two lists given titles that include "and finalists? I can't find any finalists other than the winners. Kdammers (talk) 10:17, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * From the edit history it looks like the "and finalists" wording was introduced in this edit
 * 21:01, 1 October 2006 Elf (talk | contribs) (start reformatting a la World Fantasy Award for Best Short Fiction to allow room for nominees/finalists)
 * The World Fantasy Award for Best Short Fiction page does have finalists and so the structure used there makes perfect sense. As the project to add finalists to this article never went forward I deleted that from the section headers and also restructured the lists using bullets rather than sub-sections. See here for what the page used to look like before the October 2006 edit. --Marc Kupper|talk 01:23, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

2009
This Wik page has the 2009 winners, but the official Rhysling page doesn't seem to list any winners for 2009. Whence the information? Kdammers (talk) 23:52, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rhysling Award


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Jeff Berlin

Jeffrey Arthur Berlin (born January 17, 1953) is an American jazz fusion bassist. He first came to prominence in the 1970s as a member of the band Bruford led by drummer Bill Bruford.

Musical career
Berlin was born on January 17, 1953, in Queens, New York. He studied violin from 5 until 15 years of age, when he was inspired to play bass guitar after seeing the Beatles. He attended Berklee College of Music to study bass.

After session work with Patrick Moraz, David Liebman and Patti Austin, he gained widespread international attention in 1977 when British musician Bill Bruford handpicked him for his debut album Feels Good to Me. He played in Bruford's namesake band until 1980. His Bruford bandmate Allan Holdsworth employed Berlin for his 1983 Warner Brothers album Road Games.

Berlin continued to record and tour throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.

On August 30, 2013, Berlin married Gabriela Sinagra, a jazz singer and vocal coach from Rosario, Argentina.

Style and appreciation
In a review for his album Low Standards, Bass Musician Magazine said, "Anytime I mention [Jeff Berlin], there seems to be a ripple in the force and the wave of Berlin supporters or antagonists come to the surface and spout-off their opinions. No matter where you stand regarding Jeff's musical philosophy, no one can reasonably deny the simple fact that Jeff seriously knows his craft and is one of the major players of our time."

Berlin's playing style has been compared to that of Jaco Pastorius; however, Berlin has repeatedly stated his distaste for Jaco imitators.

title: Jeff Berlin


text:
Brahmanandam

Kanneganti Brahmanandam (born 1 February 1956), known mononymously as Brahmanandam, is an Indian actor, comedian, impersonator, and voice actor known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema. He is particularly known for his comic performances. He holds the Guinness World Record for the most screen credits for a living actor, appearing in over 1000 films to date. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Acharya Nagarjuna University. Regarded as one of the finest and highest-paid comic actors of India, he was honoured with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award in India, for his contribution to Film Art.

After completing his Master of Arts degree, Brahmanandam worked as a Telugu lecturer in Attili of West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. Simultaneously, he also worked in theatre and as a mimicry artist. He made his television debut in 1985 with DD Telugu's Pakapakalu which received appreciation from the audience.  After watching his performance in the show, director Jandhyala cast him in the film Aha Naa Pellanta! (1987), which became his breakthrough role. In a career spanning over 35 years, he has received six state Nandi Awards, one Filmfare Award South, and six CineMAA Awards.

Early life
Brahmanandam was born on 1 February 1956 in Chaganti Vari Palem village, Sattenapalli, Andhra Pradesh. His parents are Nagalingachari and Lakshmi Narsamma. His father was a carpenter and Brahmanandam was one of eight children. He completed his Master of Arts degree and joined as a Telugu lecturer in Attili of West Godavari district.

Career
While working as a lecturer, Brahmanandam also worked in theatre and as a mimicry artist. Novelist and playwright Adi Vishnu introduced him to NCV Sashidhar of Doordarshan (DD). Soon after, he made his television debut in 1985 with DD Telugu's Pakapakalu. His performance in the show received good response from the audience. After watching his performance in the show, director Jandhyala cast him in the film Aha Naa-Pellanta! (1987), which became a breakthrough role for him. The same year he appeared in the successful films Pasivadi Pranam and Swayam Krushi. The first film he acted in was Sri Tatavataram, second film was Satyagraham, and the third film was Aha Naa Pellanta!. Sri Tatavataram released later in 1988.

The following years he appeared in several Telugu films, of which, his performance in the films Vivaha Bhojanambu (1988), Choopulu Kalisina Shubhavela (1988), Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha (1989), Muddula Mavayya (1989), Jagadeka Veerudu Atiloka Sundari (1990), Bobbili Raja (1990) and Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata (1990) was well praised.

Beginning from 1991, Brahmanandam has appeared in variety of comedic roles and a few intense roles. In 1991, he starred in major films such as Kshana Kshanam (1991) and Rowdy Alludu (1991)''.  The Times of India considered the films Chitram Bhalare Vichitram (1991), Jamba Lakidi Pamba (1992), and Yamaleela'' (1994) as the films that one can never get bored of. Brahmanandam has appeared in each of these, with him being considered as one of the main reasons for these films to be successful. In 1992, he has played the lead role in Babai Hotel for the first time.

He won his first major award—Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian for his performance as Khan Dada in the film Money (1993). Following the success of the film, a sequel to it, Money Money (1994) was also produced, in which Brahmanandam reprised his role. Griddaluru Gopalrao of Zamin Ryot in his review of the film Hello Brother (1994) praised Brahmanandam's role and his performance. His further successful films of the following years include Alluda Majaka (1995), Intlo Illalu Vantintlo Priyuralu (1996), Bombay Priyudu (1996), Anaganaga Oka Roju (1997), Muddula Mogudu (1997), Bavagaru Bagunnara? (1998), Aavida Maa Aavide (1998), Thammudu (1999), Kshemamga Velli Labhamga Randi (2000), Jayam Manade Raa (2000), Kalisundam Raa (2000), and Ammo! Okato Tareekhu (2000).

At a felicitation ceremony in January 2008, he listed the following films as his top 11 films — Aha Naa Pellanta! (1987), Vivaha Bhojanambu (1988), Chitram Bhalare Vichitram (1991), Pattukondi Chuddam (1997), Money (1993), Anaganaga Oka Roju (1997), Anna (1994), Amma (1991), Bavagaru Bagunnara? (1998), Manmadhudu (2002), Dhee (2007).

Personal life
Brahmanandam married Lakshmi and has two sons, Raja Gautham and Siddharth. Gautham is also an actor who starred in films such as Pallakilo Pellikoothuru (2004), and Manu (2018). Gautham is married and has a son born in 2017.

In January 2019, Brahmanandam underwent a successful heart bypass surgery at Asian Heart Institute (AHI) in Mumbai.

Apart from acting, Brahmanandam is also an amateur sculptor and a sketch artist. He also reads the philosophical writings of Swami Vivekananda and Jiddu Krishnamurthi in his free time.

Awards and honours
Guinness Book
 * Civilian honors
 * In January 2009, the government of India bestowed Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award of India, on Brahmanandam for his contributions to art.
 * Guinness World Record for the most screen credits for a living actor.

 * Filmfare Awards
 * Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Telugu – Manmadhudu (2002)

 * Nandi Awards
 * Best Male Comedian – Money (1993)
 * Best Supporting Actor – Anna (1994)
 * Best Comedian – Anaganaga Oka Roju (1995)
 * Best Comedian – Vinodam (1996)
 * Best Comedian – Ready (2008)
 * Best Comedian – Race Gurram (2014)

 * CineMAA Awards
 * CineMAA Award for Best Comedian – Manmadhudu, Dhee, Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam, Adhurs & Dookudu

 * South Indian International Movie Awards
 * SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu) – Dookudu (2011)
 * SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu) – Baadshah (2013)
 * SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu) – Race Gurram (2014)
 * Other
 * Hyderabad Times Film Awards Best Actor in a Comic Role – Dookudu (2011)
 * TSR – TV9 National Film Award for Best Comedian – Attarintiki Daredi (2013)

Filmography
Brahmanandam acted in more than 1,000 films.

title: Brahmanandam


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Vashi Bridge

The Vashi Bridge, also known as Thane Creek Bridge or the Second Thane Creek Bridge, is a road bridge across Thane Creek, which connects the city of Mumbai to the Indian mainland at Navi Mumbai. Opened in 1997, the bridge links the suburb of Mankhurd in Mumbai with Vashi in Navi Mumbai, the satellite city of Mumbai. It is one of four entry points into Mumbai (the other three being the Airoli Bridge upstream across Thane Creek, Mulund, and Dahisar), and handles traffic directed towards the region to the south and east of Mumbai.

The bridge replaces the first Thane Creek Bridge, built in 1973,which still stands to the north of the current bridge, but is closed to traffic. A third bridge is currently under construction and is expected to open in August 2024.

There is also a railway bridge to the south of both road bridges.

First bridge
In 1959, a study group for Greater Bombay, headed by S.G. Barve, proposed constructing a rail-cum-road bridge over the Thane Creek in order to expand industrial development areas and accommodate the.city's growing population. In the 1960s, civil engineer Adi Kanga and others proposed building Navi Mumbai to help decongest Mumbai.

The first bridge, conceived by Adi Kanga, was opened in 1973. The two-lane road bridge named Thane Creek Bridge 1 (TCB-1) is 1837 m long. The bottom side of the prestressed girders of some spans developed corrosion cracks within two years of the bridge opening to traffic.This led to a series of extensive repairs including external prestressing. The railway bridge was opened on 9 May 1992.

The first bridge is currently closed to traffic.

Second bridge
The Thane Creek Bridge 2 (TCB-2) was proposed in 1987 to replace the first bridge. The bridge was built by the U.P. State Bridge Corporation and opened to traffic in 1997. It is a box girder bridge, carrying a 6-lane dual carriageway, with a length of 1837.35 m. It has several unique features in its construction and design, with emphasis on durability and a formal QA/QC programme.

Proof Consultants were appointed to oversee each aspect of planning, design and construction. Open foundations were taken into the bedrock with foundation concrete being laid in the dry, with the sea water being pumped out using submersible pumps. The piers in the intertidal zone were protected by epoxy coal tar paint painted on 6 mm thick m.s. plate which was considered as a lost shuttering. The superstructure was a P. S. C. box girder, one for each carriageway, constructed using balanced cantilever cast-in-situ segments. It was constructed by U. P. State Bridge Corporation Ltd., and won the most outstanding concrete structure award.

NRS AS, a manufacturer specializing in comprehensive bridge construction equipment, provided the U.P. State Bridge Corporation Ltd. with a total of 12 pairs of 'BRIDGEBUILDER' FORMTRAVELER (BB FT) equipment specially designed for Free Cantilever Construction. These supplied BBFT units belonged to the 'Type II-A12-51' category, boasting impressive specifications:

 * Load Capacity (Tons): 156
 * Maximum Road Width (meters): 3.35
 * Maximum Box Width (meters): 7.5
 * Maximum Segment Length (meters): 5

Third bridge
The Thane Creek Bridge 3 (TCB-3) was proposed in 2012. It will consist of two separate 3-lane bridges constructed on either side of TCB-2. The third bridge will have a 1.837 km main span and 1.25 km of approach roads. The project will be executed by the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC) and the City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO), with MSRDC being the nodal agency. Larsen and Toubro was awarded the contract to build TCB-3 in September 2018.

Work was scheduled to begin in September 2018, however, it was delayed by permissions required to cut down an estimated 430 mangroves across 1.5 ha. The Bombay High Court granted permission for construction in January 2020. Works were also delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Construction began on 29 October 2020. Around 15% of the total project work had been completed by April 2022, and 33% by November 2022. Around 51% of the work had been completed by June 2023. The bridge is expected to open in August 2024.

Bridge locations
The old bridge lies just to the north of the present Vashi Bridge, and the railway bridge further south (labelled "Mankhurd Vashi Railway Bridge"), can be seen on the map.

The Airoli Bridge is further upstream across Thane Creek, while the 21.8 km Mumbai Trans Harbour Link is further south.

title: Vashi Bridge


text:
John Hughes (footballer, born 1964)

John "Yogi" Hughes (born 9 September 1964) is a Scottish professional football coach and former player.

Hughes played primarily as a central defender for several clubs, including Falkirk (two spells), Celtic, Hibernian and Ayr United. Towards the end of his playing career, Hughes took on coaching responsibilities, and was appointed manager of Falkirk in 2003 (initially as co-manager with Owen Coyle). Hughes guided the club to promotion to the Scottish Premier League and a Scottish Cup Final during his time in charge. He eventually left Falkirk to take up the managerial role at Hibernian in 2009, but left by mutual consent after sixteen months.

Hughes was appointed manager of Livingston in February 2012, but left in November to take over at English club Hartlepool United. He departed Hartlepool in May 2013 after being unable to prevent their relegation to League Two. Hughes was appointed manager of Inverness Caledonian Thistle in December 2013. He led the club to their first major silverware with the Scottish Cup in May 2015, and their first foray into European football, before he left in May 2016. Hughes then had a brief stint with Raith Rovers, which ended in them being relegated to Scottish League One. His next spell as a manager was with Ross County, where he managed to help them avoid relegation. Hughes was appointed Dunfermline Athletic manager in November 2021, but he resigned from this position in May 2022 following their relegation.

Playing career
Hughes is "one of six kids from the classic, working-class family" in Leith. He started his playing career in junior football with Newtongrange Star, before beginning his senior career with Berwick Rangers, where he played as a striker. After a brief stint in the Football League with Swansea City, Hughes established himself as a central defender at Falkirk.

His playing career peaked when he signed for Celtic in 1995. He scored a late, headed equaliser in the Old Firm derby against Rangers at Ibrox on 17 March 1996.

He subsequently played for his local club Hibernian, Ayr United and finally returned to Falkirk in a joint player and coaching role.

Hughes shares his name with former Celtic, Crystal Palace and Sunderland player John 'Yogi' Hughes. As a result, Hughes is often referred to as 'Yogi' himself. He famously performed a streak during his first stint at Falkirk whilst team-mate Mo Johnston was being interviewed for STV's Scotsport.

Falkirk
Hughes landed his first managerial job in 2003, when he and Owen Coyle were appointed co-managers of Falkirk. Coyle subsequently left Falkirk to join Ian McCall at Dundee United, leaving Hughes in sole charge. He then guided Falkirk to promotion to the Scottish Premier League in 2005. As well as maintaining their SPL status for four seasons, Hughes led Falkirk to the 2009 Scottish Cup Final, losing 1–0 to Rangers.

Hibernian
Hughes was appointed Hibernian manager in the 2009 close season. He led the club to Europa League qualification in his first season in charge, as they finished in fourth place in the SPL. Poor results at the start of the following season, however, led to fans jeering their own team. Hughes left the club by mutual consent on 4 October following a 2–0 defeat against St Johnstone.

Livingston
Hughes interviewed for the Swindon Town job in the 2011 close season. Hughes was appointed manager of Livingston on 14 February 2012.

Hartlepool
After nine months at Livingston, Hughes moved to English club Hartlepool United. He took the job when the team were in the midst of a 20-match-run without a win. Despite an upturn in form that earned him a Manager of the Month award, Hartlepool were relegated to Football League Two. Hughes publicly stated his desire to remain at the club, but he was sacked on 9 May 2013.

Inverness Caledonian Thistle
Hughes was appointed manager of Scottish Premiership club Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 4 December 2013 on a two-and-a-half-year contract. Soon after this appointment, Hughes led Inverness CT to their first major final after beating Hearts in a penalty shoot-out in the semi-final of the 2013–14 Scottish League Cup. Inverness drew 0–0 against Aberdeen in the final, but, after extra-time, lost the tie 4–2 on penalties.

At the beginning of season 2014–15, Caley Thistle's excellent early performances led him to receive the award of SPFL Manager of the Month for August. He followed this by also winning the award for January 2015, as his Inverness side continued to impress. In April 2015, Hughes led Caley Thistle to their first ever Scottish Cup final after a controversial 3–2 win over favourites Celtic, and at the end of the month he was shortlisted for PFA Scotland Manager of the Year. On 3 May, Hughes was announced as the winner of the managerial award ahead of Ronny Deila, Derek McInnes and Robbie Neilson. Further success soon followed as he guided Inverness to a highest ever league finish – 3rd place, and with it, a milestone debut in European competition for the club. The accolades continued, with Hughes winning the SFWA Manager of the Year award, to complete the managerial 'double' for 2014–15. He led the club to their first major silverware with a Scottish Cup final success over his old club Falkirk in the 2015 Scottish Cup Final to conclude the club's most successful season.

Hughes left Inverness at the end of the 2015–16 season.

Raith Rovers
Hughes was appointed manager of Scottish Championship club Raith Rovers in February 2017. The club finished ninth in the Championship, and were relegated to League One after they lost in the play-offs to Brechin City. Immediately after the game, Raith announced that Hughes and his assistant Kevin McBride would be leaving the club.

Ross County
On 21 December 2020, Scottish Premiership club Ross County appointed Hughes as their manager until the end of the season. He guided the club to a tenth-place finish in the Premiership, avoiding relegation, and he left at the end of his contract.

Dunfermline Athletic
Hughes became manager of Scottish Championship club Dunfermline Athletic in November 2021. The club finished ninth in the Championship and were relegated to League One after they lost in the play-offs to Queens Park. Hughes resigned later that month.

Player

 * Falkirk
 * Scottish First Division: 1993–94, 2002–03
 * Scottish Challenge Cup: 1993–94

 * Hibernian
 * Scottish First Division: 1998–99

Manager

 * Falkirk
 * Scottish First Division: 2004–05
 * Scottish Challenge Cup: 2004–05
 * Stirlingshire Cup: 2006–07, 2007–08
 * Scottish Cup: runners-up 2008–09

 * Inverness Caledonian Thistle
 * Scottish Cup: 2014–15
 * Scottish League Cup: runners-up 2013–14

Individual

 * SPL Manager of the Month: December 2006
 * SPL Manager of the Month: September 2009
 * League One – Manager of the Month: February 2013
 * SPFL Manager of the Month: August 2014
 * SPFL Manager of the Month: January 2015
 * PFA Scotland Manager of the Year: 2014–15
 * SFWA Manager of the Year: 2014–15

title: John Hughes (footballer, born 1964)


text:
Menispermaceae

Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek mene 'crescent moon' and sperma 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form of the dart poison curare, is derived from the South American liana Chondrodendron tomentosum. Several other South American genera belonging to the family have been used to prepare the 'pot' and 'calabash' forms of curare. The family contains 78 genera with some 440 species, which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions.

Description

 * Twining, ever-growing and woody climbing plants, winding anti-clockwise (Stephania winds clockwise) and vines; rarely upright shrubs or small trees. Rarer still herbaceous plants or epiphytes (Stephania cyanantha), perennial or deciduous, with simple to uni-serrate hairs.
 * Alternating, spiral leaves; simple, whole, dentate, lobed to palmatifid (bi- o trifoliate in Burasaia), frequently peltate, petiolated, petiole frequently pulvinate at both extremes, without stipules, sometimes with spines derived from the petioles (Antizoma), venation, parallelodromous, penninerved or frequently palmatinerved, bifacial, rarely isofacial; in Angelisia and Anamirta, with hydathodes derived from trichomes. Domatia present in five genera as pits or hair tufts. Various types of stomata, frequently cyclocytic.
 * Rapidly-growing stems with trilacunar nodes. Phylloclades are present in Cocculus balfourii.
 * Dioecious plants, sometimes perfect flowers in Tiliacora acuminata and Parabaena denudata.
 * Inflorescences in racemiform, paniculate or thyrse with partial inflorescences in a capituliform cyme or pseudo-umbel; multifloral, rarely single or paired flowers; axillary, or on sharp branches or cauliflorous trunks; females frequently less branched.
 * Flowers small, regular to zygomorphic (Antizoma, Cyclea, Cissampelos); cyclic to irregularly spiral; hypogynous, basically trimers. Receptacle sometimes with developed gynophore. Sepals (1-)3-12 or more, usually in (1-)2(-many) whorls of three, rarely six; free to slightly fused; imbricate or valvate, sometimes less numerous in female flowers. Petals numbering 0–6, in two whorls of three, rarely of six; free or fused, frequently holding the opposite stamen; sometimes less numerous in female flowers. Androecium of (1-)3-6(-40) stamens free of the perianth, free or fused together in 2–5, fasciculate or monadelphous, introrse, dehiscence along longitudinal, oblique or transversal slits. Female flowers sometimes with staminodes. Gynoecium apocarpous, superior, of (1-)3-6(-32) carpels, usually oppositipetalous, stigma apical, dry, papillous, ovules 2 per carpel, anatropous, hemianatropous to campilotropous, uni- or bitegmic, crassinucellate, the superior epitropous and fertile, the inferior apotropous and abortive, placentation marginal ventral. Male flowers sometimes with carpelodes.
 * Fruits are compound; each unit in a straight or flattened, asymmetric drupe; more or less stipitate (rarely only one developed); non coalescing; exocarp sub-coriaceous or membranous, mesocarp pulpy, fleshy or fibrous, endocarp woody to petrous, rough, tuberous, echinate or ribbed, often with a recess in the placenta called a condyle.
 * Seeds slightly curved or spiral (Limaciopsis, Spirospermum), with endosperm absent or present, totally or only ventrally ruminate or not ruminate, oleaginous, embryo straight or curved, with two cotyledons flat or cylindrical, leafy or fleshy, divaricate or applied.
 * Pollen tricolpate, without operculum nor ribs, tectum perreticulate columellate, endexine granular; or the pollen can be colporate (Abuta), syncolporate (Tinospora), pororate or hexa-cryptoporate (with 6 apertures).
 * Chromosomal number: x = 11, 13, 19, 25. 2n can be up to 52.

Ecology
It is thought that the cauliflorous species are pollinated by small bees, beetles or flies although there are no direct observations of this. Birds disperse the purple or black drupes, for example Sayornis phoebe (a tyrant flycatcher) eats the fruit of Cocculus. In Tinospora cordifolia a lapse of 6–8 weeks has been observed between fertilization and the first zygotic cell division.

The Menispermaceae predominantly inhabit low elevation tropical forests (up to 2,100m), where they are climbers, but some genera and species have adapted to arid locations (Antizoma species have adapted to the South African deserts or Cebatha balfourii and its phylloclades have adapted to the climate on the island of Socotra) and other temperate climates. C3 photosynthesis has been recorded in Menispermum.

Phytochemistry
The family contains a wide range of benzylisoquinoline compounds (alkaloids) and lignans such as furofuran, flavones and flavonols and some proanthocyanidins. The most notable are the wide variety of alkaloids derived from benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline and aporphine, which accumulate as dimers, as well as the alkaloids derived from morphinan and from hasubanan and other diverse types of alkaloid such as derivative of aza-fluoranthene. Sesquiterpenes such as picrotoxin and diterpenes such as clerodane diterpene are also present, while the triterpenes are scarce and where present are similar to oleanane. Ecdysone steroids have also been found. Some species are cyanogenic.

Uses
The Menispermaceae have been used in traditional pharmacopeia and drugs have been formulated from these plants that are of great use in modern medicine. These drugs are based on alkaloids and include tubocurarine from curare, a poison used by indigenous South American tribes on their poison darts, that is obtained from species of Curarea, Chondrodendron, Sciadotenia, and Telitoxicum. A similar poison was used in Asia that was obtained from species of Anamirta, Tinospora, Coscinium, and Cocculus. Tubocurarine and its synthetic derivatives are used to relax muscles during surgical interventions. The roots of "kalumba" or "colombo" (Jateorhiza palmata) are used in Africa for stomach problems and against dysentery. Species of Tinospora are used in Asia as antipyretics, the fruit of Anamirta cocculus is used to poison fish and birds and the stems of Fibraurea are used to dye fabric yellow. The South East Asian species Coscinium fenestratum, a local Thai remedy for stomach ailments (which contains berberine and related alkaloids) was recently implicated in mass harvesting operations to prepare extracts usable as precursors in the manufacture of the drug MDMA.

Fossil record
The Middle Cretaceous genus Callicrypta from Siberia has been placed into Menispermaceae. The Paleocene fossil record for the family includes at least 11 genera identified from compression leaf fossils found in Alaska and 15 genera and approximately 22 different Menispermaceae species identified from the Early Eocene London Clay. The London Clay genera Eohypserpa and Tinomiscoidea named by Reid & Chandler (1933) from mineralized nuts and additional three genera Atriaecarpum, Davisicarpum, and Palaeosinomenium were later described by Chandler (1961, 1978). Additional species from those genera were identified in the Clarno nut beds by Scott and Manchester respectively.

Menispermaceae is one of the most diverse families found in the Middle Eocene Clarno nut beds of central Oregon. Species belonging to thirteen different genera, mostly extinct, have been described based on cast or permineralized fruit and nut fossils from the beds, and four different foliage types are known from associated compression fossils. Chandlera and Odontocaryoideae were described by Scott (1954), while Manchester (1994) described Curvitinospora and Thanikaimonia.

Phylogeny and internal classification
The APG IV system (2016; unchanged from the prior systems of 1998, 2003, and 2009) recognizes this family and places it with the eudicots order Ranunculales. Their trimerous flower structure is similar to the Lardizabalaceae and Berberidaceae, although they differ from them in other important characteristics. The APW (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) considers that they form part of the Order Ranunculales, and that they are a sister group on the branch formed by the Lardizabalaceae and Berberidaceae families in a reasonably advanced clade of the order. Kinship with the Berberidaceae is further borne out by similarities in phytochemistry e.g. in the presence of berberine and related alkaloids. It is a medium-sized family of 78 genera totaling 420 extant species, mostly of climbing plants. The great majority of the genera are tropical, but with a few (notably Menispermum and Cocculus) reaching temperate climates in eastern North America and eastern Asia.

The genetic factors within Menispermaceae are very narrow resulting in many genera with one or a few species. According to Kessler (1993) there wasn't sufficient data from genetic studies to evaluate subfamily and tribal division into five tribes (see Kessler, 1993, in the References section). As such, division was fundamentally based on morphologic characteristics of the seeds with doubts as to whether the tribes are monophyletic. Further molecular research compiled and conducted by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has clarified many of the interrelationships of the family.

Chasmantheroideae
Burasaieae
 * Aspidocarya J. D. Hooker & Thomson
 * Borismene Barneby
 * Burasaia Thouars
 * Calycocarpum Torrey & A. Gray
 * Chasmanthera Hochst.
 * †Chandlera Scott
 * Chlaenandra Miquel
 * Dialytheca Exell & Mendonça
 * Dioscoreophyllum Engler
 * Diploclisia Miers
 * Disciphania Eichler
 * Fibraurea Loureiro
 * Hyalosepalum Troupin
 * Jateorhiza Miers
 * Kolobopetalum Engler
 * Leptoterantha Troupin
 * Odontocarya Miers (including Synandropus)
 * Orthogynium Baillon
 * Parabaena Miers
 * Paratinospora Wei Wang
 * Penianthus Miers
 * Platytinospora (Engler) Diels
 * Rhigiocarya Miers
 * Sarcolophium Troupin
 * Sphenocentrum Pierre
 * Syntriandrium Engler
 * Tinomiscium J. D. Hooker & Thomson
 * Tinospora Miers (including Fawcettia F. Muell. )

Coscinieae
 * Anamirta Colebrooke
 * Arcangelisia Beccari
 * Coscinium Colebrooke

Menispermoideae
Anomospermeae Cissampelidae Limacieae Menispermeae Pachygoneae Spirospermeae Tiliacoreae
 * Abuta Aublet
 * Anomospermum Miers
 * Caryomene Barneby & Krukoff
 * Diploclisia Miers
 * Echinostephia (Diels) Domin
 * Elephantomene Barneby & Krukoff (including Cionomene)
 * Elissarrhena Miers
 * Hypserpa Miers
 * Legnephora Miers
 * Orthomene Barneby & Krukoff
 * Parapachygone Forman
 * Pericampylus Miers
 * Rupertiella Wei Wang & R. Ortiz
 * Sarcopetalum F. Mueller
 * Telitoxicum Moldenke
 * Antizoma Miers
 * Cissampelos L.
 * Cyclea Wight
 * Perichasma Miers
 * Stephania Loureiro
 * Limacia Loureiro
 * Menispermum L.
 * Sinomenium Diels
 * Cebatha Forssk.
 * Cocculus de Candolle
 * Haematocarpus Miers
 * Hyperbaena Bentham
 * Nephroia Lour.
 * Pachygone Miers
 * Limaciopsis Engler
 * Rhaptonema Miers
 * Spirospermum Thouars
 * Strychnopsis Baillon
 * Albertisia Beccari
 * Anisocycla Baillon
 * Beirnaertia Troupin
 * Carronia F. Mueller
 * Chondrodendron Ruiz & Pavón
 * Curarea Barneby & Krukoff
 * Eleutharrhena Forman
 * Macrococculus Beccari
 * Pleogyne Miers
 * Pycnarrhena J. D. Hooker & Thomson
 * Sciadotenia Miers
 * Synclisia Bentham & J. D. Hooker
 * Syrrheonema Miers
 * Tiliacora Colebrooke
 * Triclisia Bentham & J. D. Hooker
 * Ungulipetalum Moldenke

 * Incertae sedis
 * †Callicrypta

title: Menispermaceae


text:
Ice cream parlor

Ice cream parlors (American English) or ice cream parlours (British English) are places that sell ice cream, gelato, sorbet, and/or frozen yogurt to consumers. Ice cream is typically sold as regular ice cream (also called hard-packed or hard-serve ice cream), and/or soft serve, which is usually dispensed by a machine with a limited number of flavors (e.g., chocolate, vanilla, and "twist", or "zebra", a mix of the two). Ice cream parlors generally offer a number of flavors and items. Parlors often serve ice cream and other frozen desserts in cones, cups or dishes, the latter two to be eaten with a spoon. Some ice cream parlors prepare ice cream desserts such as sundaes (ice cream topped with syrup, whipped cream and other toppings) or milkshakes, or even a blend (known as a Boston shake).

History
While the origins of ice cream are often debated, most scholars trace the first ice cream parlor back to France in the 17th century. In 1686, Francesco Procopio del Coltelli opened Paris' first café. The Café Procope, named by its Sicilian founder, introduced gelato to the French public. The dessert was served to its elite guests in small porcelain bowls.

The first ice cream factory in Pennsylvania in 1851, and industrial refrigeration in the 1870s made manufacturing and storing ice cream much simpler. The first ice cream factory was built by Jacob Fussell, a milk dealer who bought dairy products from Philadelphia farmers and sold them in Baltimore. The mass production of ice cream cut the product's cost significantly, making it more popular and more affordable for people of lower classes.

In the early 1800s, an early form of a U.S. ice cream parlor was existent in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that sold "all kinds of refreshments, as Ice Cream, Syrups, French Cordials, Cakes, Clarets of the best kind, Jellies, etc." According to one source, the first U.S. ice cream parlor opened in New York City in 1790.

Product overview
Gelato is a type of Italian ice cream with more milk and less cream than American ice cream. Sorbet is a frozen treat made from fruit, syrup and ice. No milk or cream is used. Frozen yogurt is a common low-fat ice cream alternative with a smooth texture that is similar to soft serve ice cream. All of these frozen products may be sold in ice cream cones, cups, sundaes, and milkshakes. Some parlors may also sell ice cream cakes, ice cream bars and other pre-packaged frozen sweets. In addition to frozen dessert products, some modern ice cream parlors also sell a variety of hot fast foods.

Types
Parlors vary in terms of size and environment. Some only have an order window and outside seating, while others have complete indoor facilities. Some parlors have drive-through windows. There are even parlors that combine several of these methods. Some parlors remain open all year round, typically in warmer weather locations and urban areas, and others in colder climates stay open only during warmer months, particularly from March to November. For example, some ice cream parlors in Vienna, Austria close in the winter months.

Some ice cream parlors in Moscow, Russia, offer alcoholic beverages along with ice cream.

Ice cream parlor chains
Because ice cream parlors are located throughout the world, there are both small, local franchises as well as large, global enterprises. Some of the most notable large, global ice cream parlors include Baskin-Robbins, Ben & Jerry's, Bruster's Ice Cream, Carvel, Cold Stone Creamery, Dairy Queen, Dippin' Dots, Friendly's, and Häagen-Dazs. Yogurtland, Yogen Früz, and Sweet Frog are notable frozen yogurt parlors.

Just as the size, style, and selection within each ice cream parlor may differ, so may its notoriety. Each July in the United States, in honor of National Ice Cream Month, several prominent publications rank the popularity of ice cream parlors throughout the United States. In 2014, Travel + Leisure, National Geographic, Business Insider, Food & Wine, and TripAdvisor published their top ranked ice cream parlors.
 * Travel + Leisure: America's Best Ice Cream Shops
 * National Geographic: Top 10 Places to Eat Ice Cream
 * Business Insider: The 10 Best Ice Cream Shops In The US, According To Pinterest Users
 * Food & Wine: Best Ice Cream Spots in the U.S.
 * TripAdvisor: Best ice cream parlors in the US, ranked by TripAdvisor users

title: Ice cream parlor


text:
Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

The sinking of Rainbow Warrior, codenamed Opération Satanique, was a state terrorism bombing operation by the "action" branch of the French foreign intelligence agency, the Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE), carried out on 10 July 1985. During the operation, two operatives sank the flagship of the Greenpeace fleet, Rainbow Warrior, at the Port of Auckland on her way to a protest against a planned French nuclear test in Moruroa. Fernando Pereira, a photographer, drowned on the sinking ship.

The sinking was a cause of embarrassment to France and President François Mitterrand. They initially denied responsibility, but two French agents were captured by New Zealand Police and charged with arson, conspiracy to commit arson, willful damage, and murder. It resulted in a scandal that led to the resignation of the French Defence Minister Charles Hernu, while the two agents pleaded guilty to manslaughter and were sentenced to ten years in prison. They spent a little over two years confined to the Polynesian island of Hao before being freed by the French government.

France was also forced to apologise and had to pay reparations to New Zealand, Pereira's family and Greenpeace.

Background
France began testing nuclear weapons in 1966 on Mururoa Atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia. In 1985, the South Pacific nations of Australia, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu signed the Treaty of Rarotonga declaring the region a nuclear-no zone.

Since being acquired by Greenpeace in 1977, Rainbow Warrior was active in supporting several anti-whaling, anti-seal hunting, anti-nuclear testing and anti-nuclear waste dumping campaigns during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Since early 1985, the ship was based in the southern Pacific Ocean, where its crew campaigned against nuclear testing. After relocating 300 Marshall Islanders from Rongelap Atoll, which had been polluted by radioactive fallout by past American nuclear tests, it travelled to New Zealand to lead a flotilla of yachts protesting French nuclear testing at the Mururoa Atoll.

During previous nuclear tests at Mururoa, protest ships had been boarded by French commandos after sailing into the shipping exclusion zone around the atoll. For the 1985 tests, Greenpeace intended to monitor the impact of nuclear tests and place protesters on the island to monitor the blasts.

French agents posing as interested supporters or tourists toured the ship while it was open to public viewing. DGSE agent Christine Cabon, who had previously worked on intelligence missions in the Middle East, posed as environmentalist "Frederique Bonlieu" to infiltrate the Greenpeace office in Auckland. While working for the Auckland office, Cabon secretly monitored communications from Rainbow Warrior, collected maps, and investigated underwater equipment.

Opération Satanique
Three agents on board the yacht Ouvéa imported the limpet mines used for the bombing. Two more agents, Dominique Prieur and Alain Mafart, posing as the newlywed couple "Sophie and Alain Turenge", picked up the mines and delivered them to the bombing team, consisting of the divers Jean Camas ("Jacques Camurier") and Jean-Luc Kister ("Alain Tonel").

After sufficient information had been gathered, Camas and Kister attached two limpet mines to Rainbow Warrior berthed at Marsden Wharf. They were detonated seven minutes apart. The first bomb went off at 23:38, blasting a hole about the size of an average car.

While the ship was initially evacuated, some of the crew returned to the ship to investigate and film the damage. A Portuguese-Dutch photographer, Fernando Pereira, returned below deck to fetch his camera equipment. At 23:45, the second bomb went off. Pereira drowned in the rapid flooding that followed, and the other ten crew members either safely abandoned ship on the order of Captain Peter Willcox or were thrown into the water by the second explosion. Rainbow Warrior partially sank four minutes later.

New Zealand reaction and investigation
After the bombing, the New Zealand Police started one of the country's largest police investigations. They identified two of the French agents, Captain Dominique Prieur and Commander Alain Mafart, as possible suspects. Prieur and Mafart were identified with the help of a Neighbourhood Watch group and arrested. Both were questioned and investigated. Because they were carrying Swiss passports, their true identities were discovered, along with the French government's responsibility.

The other agents of the French team all escaped from New Zealand. Christine Cabon, whose role had ended before the bombing, had left for Israel immediately before the sinking. After she was identified as a participant in the operation, Auckland police requested that the Israeli authorities detain her. Cabon was tipped off and fled before she could be arrested.

Three other agents, Chief Petty Officer Roland Verge ("Raymond Velche"), Petty Officer Jean-Michel Bartelo ("Jean-Michel Berthelo") and Petty Officer Gérard Andries ("Eric Audrenc"), who had carried the bombs to New Zealand on the yacht Ouvéa, escaped by that yacht and were arrested by Australian police on Norfolk Island, but released as Australian law did not allow them to be held until the results of forensic tests came back. They were then picked up by the French submarine Rubis (then known as Provence), which scuttled Ouvéa.

Several agents, including Jean-Luc Kister, one of the bombers, had posed as tourists. They took a ferry to the South Island, went skiing at Mt Hutt, and then left the country using false documents about 10 days later. Another agent, Louis-Pierre Dillais, possibly the commander of the operation, was also never captured.

France implicated
France, being an ally of New Zealand, initially denied involvement and joined in condemning what it described as a terrorist act. The French embassy in Wellington denied involvement, stating that "the French Government does not deal with its opponents in such ways".

Once it was realised that the bombing was the action of the government of a friendly state, the New Zealand government stopped referring to it as a "terrorist act", instead calling it "a criminal attack in breach of the international law of state responsibility, committed on New Zealand sovereign territory". The "breach of international law" aspect was referred to in all communications with the United Nations to dissuade any arguments from the French government that might imply justification for their act.

Prieur and Mafart pleaded guilty to manslaughter and were sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment on 22 November 1985. France threatened an economic embargo of New Zealand's exports to the European Economic Community if the pair were not released. Such an action would have crippled the New Zealand economy, which was dependent on agricultural exports to the United Kingdom.

France launched their own commission of enquiry headed by Bernard Tricot which declared the French government innocent of any involvement in the terrorist act, claiming that the arrested agents, who had not yet pleaded guilty, had merely been spying on Greenpeace. When The Times and Le Monde contradicted these findings by claiming that President Mitterrand had approved the bombing, Defence Minister Charles Hernu resigned and the head of the DGSE, Admiral Pierre Lacoste, was fired.

Operation Satanic was a public relations disaster. Eventually Prime Minister Laurent Fabius admitted the bombing had been a French plot: on 22 September 1985, he summoned journalists to his office to read a 200-word statement in which he said: "The truth is cruel," and acknowledged there had been a cover-up; he went on to say that "Agents of the French secret service sank this boat. They were acting on orders."

Aftermath
Several figures, including then New Zealand Prime Minister David Lange, have referred to the bombing as an act of terrorism or state-sponsored terrorism,  with scholars since describing the attack as an act of state terrorism.

Nuclear testing
The next nuclear test Héro was conducted at Mururoa on 24 October 1985 with a yield of 2 ktTNT. France conducted 54 more nuclear tests until the end of nuclear testing in 1996.

Greenpeace and Rainbow Warrior
A Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior benefit concert at Mt. Smart Stadium, Auckland, on 5 April 1986 included performances by Herbs, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, Graham Nash, Topp Twins, Dave Dobbyn and a Split Enz reunion.

Rainbow Warrior was refloated for forensic examination. She was deemed irreparable and scuttled in Matauri Bay, near the Cavalli Islands on 12 December 1987, to serve as a dive wreck and fish sanctuary. Her masts had been removed and put on display at the Dargaville Maritime Museum. Greenpeace acquired a new ship and gave it the name Rainbow Warrior earlier that same year. On 14 October 2011, Greenpeace launched a new sailing vessel, again called Rainbow Warrior, which is equipped with an auxiliary electric motor. The ships are informally known as Rainbow Warrior II and Rainbow Warrior III respectively.

Reparations
In 1987, after international pressure, France paid $8.16m to Greenpeace in damages, which helped finance another ship. It also paid compensation to the Pereira family, reimbursing his life insurance company for 30,000 Dutch guilders and making reparation payments of 650,000 francs to Pereira's wife, 1.5 million francs to his two children, and 75,000 francs to each of his parents.

Foreign relations
The failure of Western leaders to condemn a violation of a friendly nation's sovereignty caused a great deal of change in New Zealand's foreign and defence policy. New Zealand distanced itself from the United States, a traditional ally, and built relationships with small South Pacific nations, while retaining excellent relations with Australia and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom.

In June 1986, in a political deal with Prime Minister of New Zealand David Lange, presided over by United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, France agreed to pay NZ$13 million (US$6.5 million) to New Zealand and apologise, in return for which Alain Mafart and Dominique Prieur would be detained at the French military base on Hao Atoll for three years. However, the two agents had both returned to France by May 1988, after less than two years on the atoll. Mafart returned to Paris on 14 December 1987 for medical treatment and was apparently freed after the treatment. He continued in the French Army and was promoted to colonel in 1993. Prieur returned to France on 6 May 1988 because she was pregnant, her husband having been allowed to join her on the atoll. She, too, was freed and later promoted. The removal of the agents from Hao without subsequent return was ruled to be in violation of the 1986 agreement.

Following the breach of the arrangement, in 1990 the French secretary-general awarded New Zealand another NZ$3.5 million (US$2 million) to establish the New Zealand / France Friendship Fund. Although France had formally apologised to the New Zealand Government in 1986, during a visit in April 1991, French Prime Minister Michel Rocard delivered a personal apology. He said it was "to turn the page in the relationship and to say, if we had known each other better, this thing never would have happened". The Friendship Fund has provided contributions to a number of charity and public purposes. During a visit in 2016, French Prime Minister Manuel Valls reiterated that the incident had been "a serious error".

Further investigations
In 2005, French newspaper Le Monde released a report from 1986 which said that Admiral Pierre Lacoste, head of DGSE at the time, had "personally obtained approval to sink the ship from the late president François Mitterrand." Soon after the publication, former Admiral Lacoste came forward and gave newspaper interviews about the situation, admitting that the death weighed on his conscience and saying that the aim of the operation had not been to kill. He acknowledged the existence of three teams: the yacht crew, reconnaissance and logistics (those successfully prosecuted), plus a two-man team that carried out the bombing.

A 20th anniversary memorial edition of the 1986 book Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior by New Zealand author David Robie—who was aboard the bombed ship—was published in July 2005.

French agents
Twenty years after the bombing, Television New Zealand (TVNZ) sought access to a video record made at the preliminary hearing in which the two French agents pleaded guilty. The footage had remained sealed since shortly after the conclusion of the criminal proceedings. The two agents opposed release of the footage—despite having both written books on the incident—and unsuccessfully took the case to the New Zealand Court of Appeal and, subsequently, the Supreme Court of New Zealand. On 7 August 2006, Justices Hammond, O'Regan and Arnold dismissed the former French agents' appeal and TVNZ broadcast their guilty pleas the same day.

In 2005, in an interview with TVNZ, Louis-Pierre Dillais acknowledged his involvement with the bombing.

In 2007, the New Zealand Green Party criticised the government over its purchase of arms from Belgian arms manufacturer FN Herstal, whose U.S. subsidiary was led by Dillais. At that time, Greenpeace was still pursuing the extradition of Dillais for his involvement in the act.

In 2006, Antoine Royal revealed that his brother, Gérard Royal, had claimed to be involved in planting the bomb. Their sister is French Socialist Party politician Ségolène Royal who was contesting the French presidential election. Other sources identified Royal as the pilot of the Zodiac inflatable boat that carried the bombers. The New Zealand government announced there would be no extradition request since the case was closed.

In September 2015, TVNZ's Sunday programme tracked down Jean-Luc Kister, one of the two bombers. Kister, who retired from the DGSE in about 2000, admitted his lead role and feelings of responsibility for the lethal attack. He also pointed to the French President, as commander of the armed forces and intelligence services assigned the operation. Reporter John Hudson, who spent two days with Kister in France, said that Kister "wanted an opportunity to talk about his role in the bombing... It has been on his conscience for 30 years. He said to us, 'secret agents don't talk', but he is talking. I think he wanted to be understood." Kister considered the mission "a big, big failure".

Rainbow Warrior memorial
Built between the years 1988 and 1990, a memorial for the Rainbow Warrior was created by New Zealand sculptor Chris Booth. The memorial was erected in Matauri Bay in Northland, New Zealand. It was commissioned by Ngati Kura and New Zealand China Clays.

In popular culture
The sinking, and subsequent investigation, was the subject of several films, including The Rainbow Warrior conspiracy (1988) and The Rainbow Warrior (1993).

'Murder in the Pacific' is a three-part documentary about the sinking, directed by Chloe Campbell. It was broadcast on BBC2 in March 2023.

The 1989 song "Little Fighter", by the Danish/American band White Lion, is about the sinking. It is also referenced in the 2004 song "Walkampf" by German punk band Die Toten Hosen. In 2005, a supergroup of New Zealand musicians and artists recorded a cover of Anchor Me, by the New Zealand rock band The Mutton Birds, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the bombing. The song peaked at No. 3 in the New Zealand singles chart.

title: Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/D'Sparil

D'Sparil
Much of it is speculation, some if it plain untrue rubbish 138.130.215.115 07:40, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Keep I'm not a Doom buff, much less a Heretic buff, but it seems to check out with Heretic (computer game). Seems like this IP is VfDing things for fun.--DNicholls 08:00, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy Keep, unless evidence of this article being "untrue rubbish" or "speculation" is presented. VFD is one of a series of fifteen by the same user--Blu Aardvark | (talk) 08:02, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep. Looks like this user has nominated every article I've started with a vfd as revenge for exposing his ill intents. Something needs to be done about this. Nufy8 15:21, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep- mass Vfd troll. --Maru 16:07, 24 July 2005 (UTC)