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Baby Boy (Beyoncé song)

"Baby Boy" is a song by American singer Beyoncé featuring Jamaican deejay Sean Paul, from her debut solo studio album, Dangerously in Love (2003). It was also included on the reissue of Paul's second studio album, Dutty Rock (2002). Both Beyoncé and Paul co-wrote the song with Robert Waller, Jay-Z and Scott Storch, who produced it with Beyoncé. Containing a lyrical interpolation of "No Fear" by hip-hop group O.G.C., "Baby Boy" is a dancehall and R&B song with Caribbean and Asian influences; its lyrics detail a woman's fantasies.

The song was released as the second single from Dangerously in Love on August 3, 2003, by Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment. "Baby Boy" topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for nine consecutive weeks and was Beyoncé's longest-running number-one single until 2007, when it was surpassed by "Irreplaceable". It reached the top-ten in many countries and was certified two-times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) and platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Baby Boy" also reached the top-ten in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The accompanying music video for "Baby Boy" was directed by Jake Nava and mostly shows Beyoncé dancing in various locations. The song has remained a staple of Beyoncé's concert setlists. The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) recognized it as one of the most played songs of 2004. The next year, American singer-songwriter Jennifer Armour filed a copyright infringement lawsuit claiming that "Baby Boy" had used the primary musical hook from her song "Got a Little Bit of Love for You". The case was later dismissed.

Background and release
In 2002, Beyoncé went to Miami, Florida, in the United States, to work with American record producer Scott Storch for her debut solo studio album Dangerously in Love. She and Storch wrote "Baby Boy", with contributions from American songwriter Robert Waller and Beyoncé's now-husband, hip hop artist Jay-Z. The song also contains a lyrical interpolation of "No Fear" by hip hop group O.G.C. used towards the ending of the song: "We steppin' in hotter this year".

Once the track was supposedly done, Beyoncé had the idea that it would be "perfect" if Jamaican reggae artist Sean Paul contributed a vocal track. Beyoncé contacted Paul about a possible collaboration for "Baby Boy". Sean Paul agreed, and flew in from Jamaica to join the recording sessions of the song. He contributed a toast verse, and they finished recording "Baby Boy" in March 2003, during the later stages of the album's recording.

"Baby Boy" was released as the second single from Beyoncé's debut studio album, Dangerously in Love (2003). It was serviced to contemporary hit and rhythmic contemporary radio in the United States on August 3, 2003. It was released as a CD single and 12-inch single in the United Kingdom on October 6, 2003. The song was released for maxi single in Canada the following day, and in Germany on October 13. It was released in the United States as a 12-inch and CD single on October 14 and 28, 2003, respectively. "Baby Boy" was included in the revamped edition of Sean Paul's second studio album Dutty Rock (2003).

Music and lyrics
"Baby Boy" is a midtempo contemporary R&B and dancehall song with reggae, house and South Asian influences. It was composed using common time in the key of C minor, and set in moderate groove of 92 beats per minute. Storch's knowledge on Indian contributes to its Asian influences. Neil Drumming of Entertainment Weekly noted that "'Baby Boy' goes full-tilt Bollywood 'n da hood, with Sean Paul ripping a pulsing tabla raga". Beyoncé's vocals are accompanied by clicky and castanet-sounding beats, synthesized handclaps and slaps. According to gossip blogger Roger Friedman of Fox News Channel, "Baby Boy" is based on the reggae song "Here Comes the Hotstepper" (1995), performed by Jamaican singer Ini Kamoze.

"Baby Boy" is considered to be a sequel to Jay-Z's song "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (2002) featuring Beyoncé. The lyrics detail a woman's fantasies, and in keeping with the album's overall theme, Beyoncé's deemed them as personal to her. Paul remarked: "She's telling me about her fantasies and picturing me and her going here and there, all over the world ... I'm answering back, like, 'I'm wit it'." The lyrics are constructed in the toast–chorus–verse form; Sean Paul performs the toasting while Beyoncé sings all other verses and choruses. The pattern is repeated twice; a further chorus and verse follow, resolving at the toasting and final verse.

Controversy
In 2005, American singer-songwriter Jennifer Armour filed a copyright infringement lawsuit, claiming that Beyoncé had used some lyrics and the musical hook from her song "Got a Little Bit of Love for You". In 2003, Armour's former label manager had submitted demo recordings to record labels, including Beyoncé's Columbia Records and Sean Paul's Atlantic Records. According to the district court, an expert witness (Chair, Department of Music Theory & Composition, Shepherd School of Music, Rice University) determined the songs to be "substantially similar" (a requirement for an infringement finding). Concerning the musical hook, the expert witness stated in his report: "When the aural comparisons of the two songs are presented in the key of C minor (for easy comparison) and presented back-to-back, in A–B–A–B fashion, even the least musically inclined listener should immediately determine that the two songs are strikingly similar; I daresay that many listeners may even perceive them as being the same song! And again, transposing a song for this purpose does not alter any fundamental qualities or characteristics of the song but merely assists the ability of those unfamiliar with the technicalities of music in making a comparison." The district court judge nonetheless ruled that she, herself, couldn't hear the similarities between the two songs and dismissed the case, denying the motion for the songs or case to be heard by a jury. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court's ruling but ruled with different reasoning. It held that there was no infringement based on Beyoncé's claim that Armour's demo tape was received shortly after the writing of Beyoncé's song had been substantially completed. However, the court did not address the issue of substantial similarity.

Critical reception
"Baby Boy" was met with critical acclaim. Rolling Stone magazine reviewer Anthony DeCurtis wrote that Beyoncé sounded as if she was "having fun" on the song, while Stephen Thomas Erlewine of the online music guide service AllMusic described Beyoncé's vocals as "assured and sexy". Mark Anthony Neal of the international webzine PopMatters, regarded "Baby Boy" as one of the "high-profile collaborations" on Dangerously in Love. Lisa Verrico of the daily British newspaper The Times described the song a "Latino-tinged collaboration ... Paul does a reggae rap in the middle, but it's when he chats while Beyoncé half raps that the pair have real chemistry". Yancey Strickler of the Flak magazine wrote that "'Baby Boy' ' s diwali stutter is enhanced by Sean Paul's dancehall monotone".

James Anthony of the British newspaper The Guardian commented that the track "bridges the gap between the genres of R&B and dancehall". Los Angeles Times writer Natalie Nichols wrote that "the ... house-spiced 'Baby Boy' successfully meld[s] [Beyoncé's] breathy cooing with hip, interesting production."

Accolades
British record label EMI was honored by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) at the 2005 ASCAP Pop Music Awards as Publisher of the Year for publishing "Baby Boy", among other songs. Scott Storch earned Songwriter of the Year award at the same event.

Commercial performance
"Baby Boy" attained a positioning on the commercial charts before its physical release in the United States. The track led to a higher Billboard 200 chart placing for Dangerously in Love, and helped the album to attain multi-platinum certification in the United States. The single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100, at number fifty-seven, while its predecessor "Crazy in Love" was still on the top spot. "Baby Boy" dominated on the radio in the United States, ultimately reaching the top of the Billboard Hot 100. It reached the chart's top spot eight weeks after its debut, and stayed there for nine consecutive weeks. The single stayed number one for a week longer than "Crazy in Love" had, becoming Beyoncé's longest-charting number-one single at the time. The feat was not broken until her single "Irreplaceable" (2006), from her second album B'Day (2006), spent ten weeks at the top spot from late 2006 until early 2007. The song became Sean Paul's second number-one single in the United States following the success of Get busy a few months earlier. "Baby Boy" stayed on the Hot 100 for twenty-nine weeks, and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on June 6, 2006. "Baby Boy" achieved success on Billboard crossover and mainstream radio charts, appearing on the Top 40 Tracks, Rhythmic and Mainstream Top 40, as well as peaking atop the Radio Songs and Dance/Mix Show Airplay, and at number two on Dance Club Songs. As of October 6, 2010, "Baby Boy" had sold 6,000 physical units in the United States.

Internationally, "Baby Boy" performed just as well, peaking inside the top ten on all of the charts it appeared on, excluding the Ö3 Austria Top 40, Ultratop 50 Wallonia and Italian Singles Chart, on which it reached the top twenty. The single debuted at number two in the United Kingdom, becoming the chart's highest debut of the week and "Baby Boy"'s highest entry internationally. Even though it spent seventeen weeks on the chart, it failed to reach the top, being held off by "Where Is the Love?" by The Black Eyed Peas. In Australia and New Zealand, "Baby Boy" peaked at numbers three and two, respectively. It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments in excess of 70,000 units.

Music video
The music video for "Baby Boy" was filmed by English director Jake Nava, who also shot Beyoncé's "Crazy in Love" video. It was filmed in Miami, Florida on August 7–8, 2003. Parts of the video were captured in a house with different style rooms: one in a Japanese style and one in an old English style.

Scenes featuring Beyoncé and Paul are shown separately. The video begins with Paul sitting on a throne while toasting; Beyoncé is leaning against a wall and dancing. In the following scene, Beyoncé is seen on a bed. Paul is shown with several women who are lying on the floor caressing each other. Beyoncé walks towards the beach; she spots a man, and the two touch and flirt. As the second verse begins, Beyoncé is at a party. At the party, Beyoncé decides to dance with the same man that she interacted with earlier. Then, water floods the floor of the party as she sings "the dance floor becomes the sea". As the second chorus of the song begins, the video is cut with scenes of Beyoncé and four backup dancers dancing on a platform in the sand on the beach. The original track is interrupted towards the end with an Arabic instrumental, designed for the music video. This section showcases Beyoncé vigorously dancing on the sand.

Sal Cinquemani of the online publication Slant Magazine, described the video as a "baby-oil-logged follow-up" to "Crazy in Love"'s "bootylicous video". In 2013, John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E! Online placed the video at number nine on their list of Beyoncé's ten best music videos, praising the extended belly-dancing breakdown. "Baby Boy" premiered on MTV's program Total Request Live on August 25, 2003, at number ten and reached the top spot. It stayed on the show for forty-one days, the same chart run "Me, Myself and I" earned.

Live performances
Beyoncé first performed "Baby Boy" live at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards; she sang it in a medley with the pre-recorded vocals of Paul. Beyoncé later sang "Baby Boy" with Paul at the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards. "Baby Boy" has been included on the set list for most of Beyoncé's concert tours. It served as the opening song of her Dangerously in Love Tour (2003). During her performance of the song on the tour, she was initially suspended from the ceiling of the arena that was gradually lowered to a red lounger—a prop she also used during the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. The footage taken at Wembley Arena in London, England was included on Beyoncé's first live album Live at Wembley (2004). Beyoncé also performed "Baby Boy" with her former group Destiny's Child during their final tour Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It (2005), and it was included on their second live album Live in Atlanta (2006).

"Baby Boy" was a part of Beyoncé's set list on The Beyoncé Experience (2007) in Los Angeles, California, and on I Am... World Tour (2009–10). On August 5, 2007, Beyoncé performed the song at the Madison Square Garden in Manhattan, New York City; wearing a belly-dancer-type outfit, she descended the staircase holding an umbrella and was met by three men wearing fatigues. A short section of Chaka Demus & Pliers' song "Murder She Wrote" (1993) was incorporated into "Baby Boy". Jon Pareles of The New York Times praised the performance, writing that Beyoncé "needs no distractions from her singing, which can be airy or brassy, tearful or vicious, rapid-fire with staccato syllables or sustained in curlicued melismas. But she was in constant motion, strutting in costumes". She performed in a similar arrangement at the Los Angeles' Staples Center on September 2, 2007. She was dressed in a belly dancing outfit, and the performance was executed with several male backup dancers and live instrumentation. Beyoncé re-produced the dance she executed in the song's music video. When Beyoncé performed "Baby Boy" in Sunrise, Florida on June 29, 2009, she was wearing a glittery gold leotard. When her performance began, she was suspended in the air, and then lowered to the B-stage to where she sang "Baby Boy" with an excerpt from Dawn Penn's "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)". Animated graphics of turntables, faders and other club equipment were projected behind the dancers and musicians. Beyoncé was accompanied by her backing band Suga Mama, which consisted of two drummers, two keyboardists, a percussionist, a horn section, three imposing backup vocalists and the lead guitarist Bibi McGill. "Baby Boy" was included on her live album The Beyoncé Experience Live (2007), and the deluxe edition of I Am... World Tour (2010). At the 2005 ASCAP Pop Music Awards, "Baby Boy", along with Beyoncé's two other singles from Dangerously in Love – "Me, Myself and I" and "Naughty Girl" – was recognized as one of the most performed songs of 2004.

"Baby Boy" was performed by Beyoncé in a pink fringe dress at a concert at Palais Nikaïa in Nice, France, on June 20, 2011, and at the Glastonbury Festival on June 26, 2011, where she brought out British trip hop singer Tricky to guest on the song. Between May 25–28, 2012, Beyoncé performed the song during her Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live revue at Revel Atlantic City, New Jersey. Jim Farber of the Daily News wrote: "The first, and last parts of the show stressed the steeliest Beyoncé, told in bold songs... [like] dancehall-inflected 'Baby Boy.'" On February 3, 2013, Beyoncé performed the song during the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show. In 2013, Beyoncé performed "Baby Boy" as a medley with "Get Me Bodied" during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour (2013–14), while the songs were performed separately in 2014. The song was also performed during The Formation World Tour (2016). She has performed the song during both of her co-headlining On the Run (2014) and On the Run II (2018) all-stadium tours with her husband Jay-Z. In 2018, during the OTR II Tour, the song was combined with “Mundian To Bach Ke”.

title: Baby Boy (Beyoncé song)


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Art Gym

The Art Gym was a nonprofit, noncollecting contemporary arts gallery at Marylhurst University in Marylhurst, Oregon, United States. The gallery had been permanently moved to the Portland Art Museum in 2018, as Marylhurst University closed at the end of 2018.

The Art Gym was devoted to the artwork of the Pacific Northwest supporting retrospectives, mid-career surveys, experimental, and large-scale exhibitions. Since 1980, The Art Gym had shown the work of more than 300 artists, produced more than 80 exhibition catalogs, and sponsored numerous artist roundtables and public forums.

History

The Art Gym was founded in 1980 by Marylhurst University art faculty members Kay Slusarenko, Paul Sutinen, and Terri Hopkins, who together raised $1500 from a banquet and cookie sale, to open the 2,700 square foot gallery. Hopkins, in particular, lead the charge to curate the exhibits, and to raise the necessary funds for them. The university funds the space and basic infrastructure. Since then, the gallery has occupied what was previously the campus gymnasium and theater on the third floor of the university's B.P. John Administrative Building. The Art Gym is dedicated to producing exhibitions and publications featuring artists of the Pacific Northwest.

In 1990, Oregonian reporter Randy Gragg asserted it had "become one of the Northwest's most important showcases of regional art," and noted that it had already shown the work of more than 250 Northwest artists, most from the Portland metropolitan area. He noted three "key opportunities" offered by the Art Gym: "young emerging artists new on the scene, mid-career artists wanting to break new ground and senior artists who deserve recognition."

The Art Gym held a fundraiser exhibit for its 20th anniversary, in 2000, to raise money to refinish the floors and rebuild the movable walls. The exhibit, titled "Wonder Women to the Rescue," featured 34 local artists, each of whom contributed 50% of proceeds to the cause.

Marylhurst University announced it would cease operations in 2018, prompting concern about the Art Gym's future. In July 2018, the Art Gym announced that it would be moving to the Oregon College of Art and Craft effective August 1, 2018. Ultimately, this plan fell through, and Oregon College of Art and Craft closed in 2019 due to financial woes. On December 28, 2018, The Art Gym and Portland Art Museum announced that The Art Gym archives, including exhibition catalogs, historical documents, trademarks, proprietary rights and website, would transfer to the Crumpacker Library at the Portland Art Museum.

Recognition
In 2005, The Art Gym received a Governor's Arts Award.

In 2013, Robert and Mercedes Eichholz Foundation awarded a million dollar match endowment to support the Art Gym's curator position.

Directors and curators
Ashley Stull Meyers was appointed the Art Gym's third director and curator in 2017.

Previous directors include Terri Hopkins (from 1980 to 2013) and Blake Shell (from 2013 to 2017).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Art Gym


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Charles-Henri Sanson

Charles-Henri Sanson, full title Chevalier Charles-Henri Sanson de Longval (15 February 1739 – 4 July 1806), was the royal executioner of France during the reign of King Louis XVI, as well as high executioner of the First French Republic. He administered capital punishment in the city of Paris for over forty years. By his own hand he executed nearly 3,000 people, including Robert-François Damiens, who attempted to assassinate King Louis XV. Sanson would later execute King Louis XVI.

Family history
Charles-Henri Sanson was the fourth in a six-generation family dynasty of executioners. His great-grandfather, a soldier in the French royal army named Charles Sanson (1658 – 1695) of Abbeville, was appointed as Executioner of Paris in 1688. Upon his death in 1695, the Sanson patriarch passed the office to his son, also named Charles (1681 – September 12, 1726). When this second Charles died, an official regency held the position until his young son, Charles Jean-Baptiste Sanson (1719 – 4 August 1778), reached maturity. The third Sanson served all his life as High Executioner and in his time fathered 16 children, 10 of whom survived to adulthood. The eldest of his sons, Charles-Henri, known as "The Great Sanson", was apprentice to his father for twenty years and was sworn into the office on 26 December 1778.

Life
Charles-Henri Sanson was born in Paris to Charles Jean-Baptiste Sanson and his first wife Madeleine Tronson. He was first raised in the convent school at Rouen until in 1753 a father of another student recognised his father as the executioner and he had to leave the school in order to not ruin the school's reputation. Charles-Henri was then privately educated.

Career as executioner

His father's paralysis and the assertiveness of his paternal grandmother, Anne-Marthe Sanson, led Charles-Henri to leave his study of medicine and to assume the job of executioner in order to guarantee the livelihood of his family. As executioner, he came to be known as "Monsieur de Paris"—"Gentleman of Paris". On January 10, 1765, he married his second wife, Marie-Anne Jugier. They had two sons: Gabriel (1767–1792), who also worked in the family business and had been his assistant and heir apparent from 1790 but who died after slipping off a scaffold as he displayed a severed head to the crowd, and Henri (1769–1830), who became his successor.

In 1757, Sanson assisted his uncle Nicolas-Charles-Gabriel Sanson (1721–1795, executioner of Reims) with the extremely gruesome execution of the King's attempted assassin Robert-François Damiens. His uncle quit his position as executioner after this event. In 1778 Charles-Henri officially received the blood-red coat, the sign of the master executioner, from his father Charles-Jean-Baptiste. He would hold this position for 17 years, being succeeded by his son Henri in 1795 after he showed serious signs of illness. Most of the executions were performed by Sanson and up to six assistants.

Sanson was the first executioner to use the guillotine, and he led the initial inspection and testing of its prototype on 17 April 1792, at Bicêtre Hospital in Paris. Swift and efficient decapitations of straw bales were followed by live sheep and finally human corpses, and by the end, Sanson led the inspectors in pronouncing the new device a resounding success. Within the week, the Assembly had approved its use and on 25 April 1792, Sanson inaugurated the era of the guillotine by executing Nicolas Jacques Pelletier for robbery and assault at the Place de Grève. The use of the guillotine transformed Sanson's status under the revolutionary ideology from outcast to citizen, equal in rights and civil duties.

Charles-Henri Sanson performed 2,918 executions, including that of Louis XVI. Even though he was not a supporter of the monarchy, Sanson was initially reluctant to execute the king but in the end performed the execution. As David Jordan notes, "No Monsieur de Paris had ever had the honor of executing a king, and Sanson wanted precise instructions." Sanson experienced the political and psychological pressures of revolutionary Paris. He had the duty to execute Louis XVI under the power of the sitting Provisional Government. Being the heir to a line of executioners, to refuse this duty would have brought shame to the family name and danger to himself and to his family members. He experienced the stress of having to execute not only the king but also successive waves of ousted officials as those in power shifted rapidly in a time of revolutionary change.

However, the execution of Louis XVI was of particular importance. Fearing rescue efforts, the streets of Paris were lined with troops as Louis's carriage took its somber two hours to travel to the scaffold arriving at 10 a.m. on 21 January 1793. After Sanson efficiently cut his hair, Louis attempted to address the crowd but was silenced with a drum roll and Louis was beheaded, with Sanson's pulling his head from the basket immediately after to show to the crowd. But the execution may not have gone as smoothly as possible: "One of two accounts of Louis' death suggest the blade did not sever his whole neck in one go, and had to be borne down on by the executioner to get a clean cut." Quite possibly, then, the execution went from being quick and fast to being more difficult and painful. As David Andress notes, however, "With his spine severed already, it is nevertheless unlikely that Louis could have uttered the 'terrible cry' that one account claims."

On 17 July 1793, Sanson executed Charlotte Corday. After Corday's decapitation, a man named Legros lifted her head from the basket and slapped it on the cheek. Sanson indignantly rejected published reports that Legros was one of his assistants. Sanson stated in his diary that Legros was in fact a carpenter who had been hired to make repairs to the guillotine. Witnesses report an expression of "unequivocal indignation" on her face when her cheek was slapped. The oft-repeated anecdote has served to suggest that victims of the guillotine may in fact retain consciousness for a short while, including by Albert Camus in his Reflections on the Guillotine. ("Charlotte Corday's severed head blushed, it is said, under the executioner's slap." ) This offense against a woman executed moments before was considered unacceptable and Legros was imprisoned for three months because of his outburst.

On 16 October 1793, the queen, Marie-Antoinette, was executed by Charles-Henri's son Henri, an officer in the Garde Nationale. Sanson and his men executed successive waves of well-known revolutionaries, including Hébert, Danton, Desmoulins, Saint-Just, and Robespierre. Less known is Cécile Renault. She was executed together with three family members and fifty others on 17 June; Sanson left the scaffold sick.

Guillotine proponent
After the Revolution, Sanson was instrumental in the adoption of the guillotine as the standard form of execution. After Joseph-Ignace Guillotin publicly proposed Antoine Louis' new execution machine, Sanson delivered a memorandum of unique weight and insight to the French Assembly. Sanson, who owned and maintained all his own equipment, argued persuasively that multiple executions were too demanding for the old methods.

The relatively lightweight tools of his trade broke down under heavy usage, and the repair and replacement costs were prohibitive, unreasonably burdening the executioner. Even worse, the physical exertion required to use them was too taxing and likely to result in accidents, and the victims themselves were likely to resort to acts of desperation during the lengthy, unpredictable procedures.

Death
After years of struggling with ill health he succumbed to his maladies on 4 July 1806.

Legacy
Sanson's eldest son Gabriel (1767–1792) had been his assistant and heir apparent from 1790, but he died after slipping off a scaffold as he displayed a severed head to the crowd. With his death, the hereditary obligation fell to the youngest son. In April 1793, he handed over his office, de facto, to Henri Sanson (1767–1840), who held it until his death in 1840, a total of 47 years. Henri guillotined Marie Antoinette and the chief prosecutor Fouquier-Tinville (1795), among many others.

The Memories of Sanson are the apocryphal memoirs attributed to Charles-Henri Sanson. Published in 1830, they were written partially by Honoré de Balzac. In 1847, the last representative of the family Henry-Clément Sanson, decided, after money problems due to gambling, to return to the text and to a supplement, under the title Memoirs of the Sansons; or, Seven generations of Executioners, published in 1862. His grandson Henri Clément (Henry-Clément) was the sixth and last executioner in the family. He worked as an assistant from the 1830s, and held the official position from 1840 to 1847, at which point the 159-year Sanson legacy of executioners came to an end.

In the late 1840s the Tussaud brothers Joseph and Francis, gathering relics for Madame Tussauds wax museum, visited the aged Henry-Clément Sanson and secured parts of one of the original guillotines used during the Age of Terror. The executioner had "pawned his guillotine, and got into woeful trouble for alleged trafficking in municipal property".

Novels

 * Charles-Henri's life is heavily and rather inaccurately fictionalised in German author Hans Mahner-Mons's novel Der Kavalier von Paris (E. The Sword of Satan) (1954).
 * Charles-Henri Sanson appears as a minor but significant character in Hilary Mantel's novel A Place of Greater Safety (1992).
 * Charles-Henri Sanson is a recurring character in the detective story series Nicolas Le Floch (first volume published in 2000).
 * Jim Shepard's story "Sans Farine", from his collection Like You'd Understand, Anyway (2007), presents a fictionalised autobiography of Charles-Henri Sanson.
 * He is a secondary character, playing the part of the Harvester, a being who capture the souls of criminals, in the series Le Manoir (The manor) by Évelyne Brisou-Pellen (first volume published in 2013).
 * Charles-Henri Sanson is the protagonist in the historical novel The Executioner's Heir by Susanne Alleyn (2013).
 * In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens alludes to Charles-Henri Sanson by comparing Sanson to the biblical Samson.

Films and television

 * 1989 : Charles-Henri Sanson appears as a minor character played by Christopher Lee in two-part film La Révolution française.
 * 2013 : Minor character in the television film Une femme dans la Révolution, his part is played by Thierry Hancisse.

Video games

 * He appears as an Assassin-class Servant in Type-Moon's mobile game Fate/Grand Order.
 * He appears as a NPC in Assassin's Creed Unity.

Manga

 * He appears as the highly romanticised main character in the Japanese manga Innocent, and its sequel Innocent Rouge.
 * He appears in the Japanese manga Power Antoinette. In this series, he is depicted as an androgynous cross-dresser loyal to King Louis XVI that is driven to protect the titular Marie Antoinette out of guilt for having executed the King.

title: Charles-Henri Sanson


text: User:Jrev

title: User:Jrev


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El Molinón

Estadio El Molinón, officially Estadio Municipal El Molinón-Enrique Castro "Quini", is an association football stadium in Gijón, Asturias, Spain. The stadium is the home ground of Real Sporting de Gijón. With a capacity of 29,371 seats, El Molinón is the 20th largest stadium in Spain and the second largest in Asturias.

History
El Molinón is the oldest professional football field in Spain. It has been in use since at least 1908, and is located on the site of an old watermill, hence the stadium's name, the Spanish word for "big mill".

Real Sporting started to use El Molinón as official ground in 1917. The first official match was held on April 22, 1917 between Real Sporting and Arenas Club de Getxo as part of the 1917 Copa del Rey. Arenas won 0–1. On August 5 of that same year, the first great renovation of the stadium was finished.

On 2 May 1920, El Molinón held the 1920 Copa del Rey Final, where Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao by 2–0.

In 1924 Real Sporting bought El Molinón and became the owner of the stadium. In 1931 the main stand was destroyed by fire, but it was later re-built. In 1944, Gijón City Hall re-bought El Molinón due to Real Sporting's bad financial situation.

In 1968 four floodlights were installed at El Molinón and the first night match was played against Mestalla. On 11 April 1969, due to the financial trouble of Real Sporting, the stadium was formally sold to the city Town Hall by 30 million pesetas. On 30 November 1969, El Molinón became the first all-covered stadium in Spain and on 28 January 1970, the first match to be televised in Spain was played at El Molinón. Real Sporting defeated Osasuna by 3–0. The club also played all of its UEFA Cup home-matches in this stadium, including the win against A.C. Milan by 1–0 on 30 September 1987.

On 28 June 1995, Real Sporting beat the record attendance for the club at El Molinón, with 42,000 people at the relegation playoffs against Lleida.

During 1997–98, El Molinón prepared to adapt to the new UEFA and FIFA security legislation: all people must be seated and the fences must be removed. The stadium's capacity was reduced from 42,000 to 25,885. However, plans were put forward for the stadium to be renovated and expanded. After the expansion between 2009 and 2011, El Molinón's capacity again grew to 29,029 seats.

On 28 February 2018, just one day after the death of Real Sporting's all-time top scorer Quini, the City Council of Gijón agreed unanimously to rename the stadium as Estadio El Molinón-Enrique Castro "Quini" in his memory. Three months later, after a popular initiative, the gate 1 of the stadium was renamed as former goalkeeper Jesús Castro, brother of Quini.

On 8 January 2019, El Molinón used for the first time the video assistant referee at the Copa del Rey round of 16 match against Valencia. However, as in that season it was only used in La Liga, the stadium would not have again the VAR until the 2019–20 season.

The stadium hosted its first women's football match ever on 21 April 2019. 9,700 spectators attended the local derby between Real Sporting and Gijón FF.

It hosted matches for the 1982 FIFA World Cup and is one of the potential host cities for the 2030 FIFA World Cup which Spain will co-host along with Morocco and Portugal.

League attendances
This is a list of league and playoffs games attendances of Sporting de Gijón at El Molinón.

Sporting played all the competitive games at this stadium except one in the 2002–03 season due to the closure of the stadium after the game against Numancia. This game, not included in the table, was played against Almería at the Estadio Antonio Amilivia in León.

Games played under closed doors are not included.

Spain national team matches
The first international match in El Molinón was held on 22 April 1928 between Spain and Italy. 49 years later, El Molinón held again another international match between Spain and Norway. On 22 March 2013, El Molinón held a World Cup Qualifying match between Spain and Finland. The match finished in a 1–1 draw.

1982 FIFA World Cup
The stadium played host to West Germany’s three matches in Group B. Two of them were famous in the 1982 World Cup, West Germany's shock 1–2 defeat to Algeria being the first. After the result of Algeria's final group game was known, a rather uncontested 1–0 victory of West Germany against Austria sent both teams through at Algeria's expense. In German the match is known as Nichtangriffspakt von Gijón (lit. Non-aggression pact of Gijón) or Schande von Gijón (lit. Disgrace of Gijón). This shameful game at Gijon directly led to a change of the rules, requiring the last matches in the group phase to be played simultaneously to ensure that teams do not gain any advantage or disadvantage from having their matches scheduled last.

Other
In 1981, some scenes of the film Volver a empezar, prized with the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1983, were shot in El Molinón.

The stadium has hosted concerts by many famous artists, including:

 * Bon Jovi (1996)
 * Paul McCartney (2004)
 * Dire Straits (1992)
 * The Rolling Stones (1995)
 * Bruce Springsteen (1993, 2003 and 2013)
 * Sting (1991)
 * Tina Turner (1991)
 * Alejandro Sanz (2001)

title: El Molinón


text:
Exodus (New Power Generation album)

Exodus is the second studio album by the New Power Generation. Although the track listing boasts 21 tracks, many of them are narrative segues, leaving only nine actual songs. Of those, one is an instrumental. The album spawned three singles, though only one ("The Good Life") was released in the United States.

Album concept significance
The album's title was seen as mysterious by most people, due to Prince's quirks and unusual behavior in various interviews given during promotion of the album. However, in an interview, former NPG dancer Mayte Garcia made a statement regarding the album's title and concept: "Well, you know, the Exodus... you can look at in a lot of different ways. It's an exit from a lot of things, an exit from a way of thinking and a way of doing things to do something new. To do something other so, you know, we've taken off on this Exodus stuff and we're gonna make a mark out here and do some different things."

In the same interview, Morris Hayes added on to Mayte's statement and said: "Times are changing and you know I think people have to start understanding that as things progress, things, situations have to change. That's the natural progression of life. As things change, then you either change or you're left behind."

Album background
While their previous album, Goldnigga was more hip hop-oriented, Exodus is more of a pure funk offering, strongly influenced by the sound of Parliament and P-Funk. This album still downplays Prince's involvement in the band, with "Tora Tora", another in the long line of Prince's personas, as a background vocalist whose face is covered with a red veil (evidenced in the video of "The Good Life"). The front man for the NPG on this release is bass player Sonny T. who handles the lead vocals. Prince does provide lead vocals on two tracks, "Return of the Bump Squad" and "The Exodus Has Begun" using manipulated vocals and is clearly present on many of the spoken segues, although sometimes using a disguised accent.

Album

 * 1) "NPG Operator Intro" – 0:35
 * 2) "Get Wild" – 4:32
 * 3) segue – 0:38
 * 4) "DJ Gets Jumped" – 0:22
 * 5) "New Power Soul" – 4:10
 * 6) "DJ Seduces Sonny" – 0:38
 * 7) "segue" – 0:43
 * 8) "Count the Days" – 3:24
 * 9) "The Good Life" – 5:48
 * 10) "Cherry, Cherry" – 4:45
 * 11) segue – 0:18
 * 12) "Return of the Bump Squad" – 7:20
 * 13) "Mashed Potato Girl Intro" – 0:21
 * 14) segue – 3:00
 * 15) "Big Fun" – 7:26
 * 16) "New Power Day" – 3:49
 * 17) segue – 0:14
 * 18) "Hallucination Rain" – 5:49
 * 19) "NPG Bum Rush the Ship" – 1:40
 * 20) "The Exodus Has Begun" – 10:06
 * 21) "Outro" – 0:37

Singles

 * "Get Wild" CD single
 * 1) "Get Wild" (single mix) – 4:51
 * 2) "Beautiful Girl" – 4:32
 * 3) "Hallucination Rain" – 5:52

 * "Get Wild" CD maxi single
 * 1) "Get Wild" (Money Maker) – 6:01
 * 2) "Get Wild" (Kirky J's Get Wild) – 6:38
 * 3) "Get Wild" (Club Mix) – 5:04
 * 4) "Get Wild" (Get Wild in the House) – 6:14
 * 5) "Get Wild" – 4:33
 * 6) "Get Wild" (Money Maker Funky Jazz Mix) – 6:20

 * "The Good Life"
 * 1) "The Good Life" (Platinum People Edit) – 4:12
 * 2) "The Good Life" (Platinum People Mix) – 6:40
 * 3) "The Good Life" (Dancing Divaz Miz) – 6:40
 * 4) "The Good Life" (Bullets Go Bang Remix) – 5:14
 * 5) "The Good Life" (Big City Remix) – 5:05
 * 6) "The Good Life" (album version) – 5:48

 * "Count the Days"
 * 1) "Count the Days" (edit) – 3:29
 * 2) "Count the Days" (album version) – 3:25
 * 3) "New Power Soul" – 4:11

title: Exodus (New Power Generation album)


text: Category:Slovenian artists

title: Category:Slovenian artists


text:
Trevor Morgan

Trevor Morgan may refer to:

 * Trevor Morgan (actor) (born 1986), American actor
 * Trevor Morgan (footballer) (born 1956), English footballer
 * J. Trevor Morgan (1923–1989), member of the Canadian House of Commons
 * Trevor Morgan (EastEnders), a character in the British soap opera EastEnders

title: Trevor Morgan


text:
Talk:Nicolaus Olai Bothniensis

Untitled
Amazing how a vandal could find this article.... :-) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tomas e (talk • contribs) 19:42, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicolaus Olai Bothniensis


text:
Frederick Manfred

Frederick Feikema Manfred (January 6, 1912 – September 7, 1994) was an American writer of Westerns, very much connected to his native region: the American Midwest, and the prairies of the West. He named the area where the borders of Minnesota, Iowa, South Dakota, and Nebraska meet "Siouxland."

Biography

Manfred was born in Doon, Iowa. He was baptized Frederick Feikes Feikema VII, and he used the name Feike Feikema when he published his first books. He was the oldest of six boys, all over six feet tall, and was himself six feet nine inches tall. Manfred was a third generation Frisian American, whose family originated in the village of Tzum, in the Dutch province of Friesland.

Manfred was raised in the Christian Reformed Church. James Bratt argues that Manfred rebelled against this upbringing, being filled with "religious doubts and ethical chafings." Bratt goes on to discuss this influence that this upbringing had on Manfred's writing, and suggests that the qualities of his work - "earthy detail, metaphysical sweep, both set to biblical cadence - are precisely those of his native faith."

In 1937, Manfred starting working as a sports reporter for The Minneapolis Journal. He was fired a couple years later, due to his involvement in union organization. Shortly after this, Manfred developed tuberculosis and entered Glen Lake Sanatorium in Oak Terrace, Minnesota, in April 1940. It was in this sanatorium that he met his future wife Maryanna Shorba. Manfred left the sanatorium in 1942 and worked on the staff of Modern Medicine and as assistant campaign manager for Hubert Humphrey, who was a candidate for mayor of Minneapolis. He fictionalized this period in his book Boy Almighty, published under the name Feike Feikema.

Manfred published The Primitive, the first novel in his World's Wanderer trilogy, in 1949. It was poorly received, and the next two books in the trilogy, The Brother (1950) and The Giant (1951), met with mixed reviews. In 1952 Manfred decided to change his name from Frederick Feikema to Frederick Feikema Manfred, and Frederick Manfred became his publishing name. Lord Grizzly, the first of The Buckskin Man Tales, was the first work Manfred published under his new name. It was a best seller and one of the finalists for the National Book Award in 1954. The Buckskin Man Tales are the novels Lord Grizzly, Conquering Horse, Scarlet Plume, King of Spades, and Riders of Judgment.

For a time he lived in a house which is now the derelict interpretive center of Blue Mounds State Park in Rock County, Minnesota. He attended Calvin College in Michigan. He had three children with his wife Maryanna Shorba Manfred: Freya Manfred, Frederick Manfred Jr., and Marya Manfred.

Manfred was the writer-in-residence in the English Department at the University of South Dakota during the 1970s and 1980s. According to his daughter Freya Manfred, "Many of those who drank coffee with him, watched him, listened to him, learned from him, are now well-known national or regional writers: Pete Dexter, Michael Doane, Elly Welt, William Earls, Dan O'Brien, Linda Hasselstrom, Craig Volk, Bill Holm, John Calvin Rezmerski, and Joe and Nancy Paddock."

Manfred died in Luverne, Minnesota in 1994, of a brain tumor, at the age of 82. In 2013, a Frisian translation was published of Manfred's autobiographical novel Green Earth, titled De Griene Ierde.

Fiction
Note: There are also a handful of non-fiction titles, notably The Wind Blows Free, a memoir of the Dust Bowl, Conversations with Frederick Manfred, and Prime Fathers and Duke's Mixture, anthologies of FM's essays.
 * The Golden Bowl (Manfred) (1944)
 * Boy Almighty (1945)
 * This is the Year (1947), Doubleday & Company
 * The Chokecherry Tree (1948)
 * The Primitive (1949), Doubleday & Company
 * The Brother (1950)
 * The Giant (1951)
 * Lord Grizzly (1954), ISBN 0-8398-2591-9, about the ordeal of mountain man Hugh Glass
 * Morning Red (1956)
 * Riders of Judgment (1957), ISBN 0-8398-2593-5 fictionalization of Wyoming's Johnson County War
 * Conquering Horse (1959), ISBN 0-8398-2590-0
 * Scarlet Plume (1964), ISBN 0-8398-2594-3
 * King of Spades (1965), ISBN 0-8398-2592-7
 * The Man Who Looked Like the Prince of Wales (1965)
 * Eden Prairie (1968)
 * The Manly-Hearted Woman (1976)
 * Milk of Wolves (1976)
 * Green Earth (1977)
 * Sons of Adam (1980)
 * Flowers of Desire (1989)
 * No Fun On Sunday (1990)
 * Of Lizards and Angels (1992)

title: Frederick Manfred


text:
User:Koenige/temp

A caracterização mais lapidar da A Condição da Pós-Modernidade (Condition of Postmodernity) encontra-se provavelmente no seu subtítulo: Uma investigação das origens da mudança cultural (An enquiry into the origins of cultural change). A obra, publicada em 1990, insere-se no debate sobre a pós-modernidade que vinha marcando as ciências sociais pelo menos desde início dos anos 80, mas distingue-se pela abordagem e pelas conclusões. Pela abordagem, por ser totalizante e dialéctica (num estilo marxista então fora de moda), ao conceber o fenómeno eminentemente cultural chamado de pós-modernidade em função das condições sociais vigentes, sobretudo económicas, e não em função de uma qualquer “lógica interna” da dinâmica cultural, em claro contraste com a tendência nas ciências sociais para autonomizar a cultura, que vinha fazendo o seu caminho desde os anos 70 (Foucault) e fundava todo o pensamento pós-moderno, Pelas conclusões, pois reduzia em última análise o pós-modernismo a uma expressão cultural de um estado novo, nas palavras de Harvey um regime de acumulação do capitalismo: a acumulação flexível.

A acumulação flexível segundo Harvey “tem de ser considerada uma combinação específica e talvez nova de elementos essencialmente antigos no âmbito da lógica geral da acumulação capitalista” (CPM: 196). Não há portanto novidade radical nem superação qualitativa alguma do essencial do capitalismo, tal como conceptualizado desde o séc. XIX pela tradição marxista, mas há efectivamente uma novidade na forma que este assume – para usar a terminologia de Harvey, não há um modo de produção novo para além do capitalismo, mas há uma formação social capitalista nova. Harvey vê as origens do regime de acumulação flexível num impulso do capital financeiro para contrariar a queda da taxa de lucro que o vinha afectando e que culminou na crise económica de “estagflação” dos anos 70. O regime de acumulação fordista, que tão frutuoso se revelara após a 2ª guerra mundial, tornara-se um obstáculo. A resposta foi a reconfiguração do sistema financeiro mundial (fim do padrão ouro, redução dos controlos sobre os movimentos de capital) que despoletou uma transformação do próprio sistema produtivo, através de um reequilíbrio entre sistemas fordistas e não-fordistas de controlo laboral — declínio relativo das grandes fábricas industriais no centro

title: User:Koenige/temp


text:
Talk:Licence Raj

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 August 2019 and 5 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): SameerSap99. Peer reviewers: Lphil0201.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:33, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
This page is obscenely biased, it deeply needs revision, I think. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.10.214.125 (talk) 15:05, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

An entire section from the History section has been copy-pasted from reference 3. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.187.232.209 (talk) 04:28, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

VFD

 * Scope is there to exapnd the article, and I am sure the contents shall continue to be expanded .58]] (talk) 10:26, 19 January 2007 (UTC).

Bias much?
This article reads more like an essay arguing for deregulation, rather than an article about a historic Indian euphemism. As said, this should be flagged NPOV.--Ahuja91 (talk) 00:51, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Look who is biased. There are clear and evident scholarly material on the regressive nature of Indian Labour Laws, especially a country that has been economicaclly asphixiated by a mixture of socialistic,bureaucratic and populist policies with inferior governance metrics to show for it since its birth as a republic. The audacity to claim that India is on the path of deregulation is disingenius to say the least especially any loosening of regressive regulations will only create a healthy breathing room for the nations economic prospects, That is not the same thing as shilling for market fundamentalism in a third world country, the effects of which would actually be undeniably devastating. Regressive socialistic development models are no longer even considered any more in actual communist nations, especially if they are on the lower income spectrum.
 * you are welcome to a good read: https://academics.hamilton.edu/economics/Home/xu_colgate_paper.pdf Outgoingman (talk) 14:40, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

Bangladesh
There is also a License Raj system in Bangladesh, and unlike in India, it still remains in effect there. The fundamental concepts are the same. I find it a little ironic that Bengalis really hate Communism, but West Bengal and Tripura are communist, and Bangladesh has a lot of Communist systems in place. Price controls (on ALL consumer goods) and License Raj both stay in effect. InMooseWeTrust (talk) 00:51, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Bangladesh is a peoples republic that explicitly calls for a socialist society, But In Bangladesh labour unions are heavily restricted or have been until very recently, which has created a very favourble environment for low end textile manufacturing jobs. Which is reflected in their PCI, add relatively functional governance and you get a growing nation. Indians still havent figured out the corrosive effects of unionization in an underdeveloped country where populism and blind ideology reigns supreme. India's founding fathers in their profound, inexperience, incompetance and ideological obsessions devoid of functional understanding of basic economic realities crippled India's economic potential with Article 19(1)(c) of the Indian Constitution by ordaining dysfunctional systems of populism as constitutional rights and that is just the begining, later on even the distinguished Dr.Ambedkar couldnt stem the tide of ideological fanatics from ruining the nations economic prospects. To understand the true nature of Indian labour regime is to understand the regulatory caputure of the labour legislations by organized labour activists and trade unionists during the infancy of the republic, the carcinogenic burden of which is still borne by the average citizen in India, in the form of youth unemployment and inability to move into value added manufacturing sectors which further faces challenges from poor quality of education, untrained teachers, inferior infrastructure, jingoitic governance and a bureaucratic class with an overinflated sense of self importance with little to show for it in terms of governance and/or competancy
 * https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/sep/09/fight-for-right-the-curious-case-of-keralas-fiery-union-activists-2030870.html Mind you this is amongst the most educated state in India, My home state.
 * But their is hope even if it is fleeting.
 * https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hc-declares-nokkukooli-illegal/article37998522.ece
 * this has been going on for the better part of nearly two decades.
 * https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/nov/10/tvm-declared-nokkukooli-free-308708.html
 * history before this is much more pitiable, with the left wing intellectual class providing implicit support, most of which is not available on digital records. Outgoingman (talk) 15:10, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

Licence Raj and Major Conglomerates
I think more information needs to be added on the Licence Raj's influence on the state of economic concentration in South Asia, I remember reading about this on another article some years ago, that this article completely avoids talking about. Essentially, people with the right connections used political red tape to make sure their companies had monopolies and advantages.

Quick source: http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/kings-of-the-licence-raj-110101600035_1.html

I'm sure other sources can be found. I'm flagging it up since it's a major aspect of India's history that's been avoided. Weewaterasia (talk) 21:57, 17 August 2015 (UTC)

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I am thinking of removing the term section from this page. I feel that the two parts within the term section can be moved. I would move the quote into history and tie it into my expansion of the history section. Additionally, I would move where the term came from to the overview of licence raj. I hope this is okay and I am open to feedback on my idea. Edwardmillet (talk) 21:00, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Source for 80 government agencies?
Is there another source for somebody needing licences from up to 80 government agencies outside of the BBC article? I remember looking it up on the internet however I found no mention of it which gave any example, only one which mentioned it as an urban legend. I had also looked on the website indiabefore91.in. It contained many interesting peculiarities of the Licence Raj, like price controls and waiting lists on new cars leading to second hand cars selling for higher prices. However even there I found no mention of somebody needing 80 licences...

License Raj is a broad enough term, different industries would have needed different licenses aside from a few standard ones, but when the system has explicitly labelled itself as socialist, bureaucrats and politicians rule the roost, plus limits or outright prohibition on production and imports of critical critical materials that still plague the country is still fairly common, the government wasnt really interested in building out localized private industrial and manufacturing setups at least the results dont really show, most of the efforts where either half hearted or steeped in standard Indian incompetency, the imperious and jingoistic nature of Indian bureaucrats turned away foreign entrepreneurs and business entities, compare that with what Taiwan and Singapore did with Philips and Israel did with Intel, We had political leaders who drove out IBM and boasted about their relative machoness instead of reaching a functional solution that could add value to the nation, we HAVE leaders who are currently sitting chief ministers who refused to go through with land acquisition for railways to get political brownie points and boost their populist credentials(the sheer level of incompetency and uselessness and disservice these people show towards the country is just..) among the corrosive Indian masses that literally eat the country inside out burdening and jeopardizing the future of the whole society not with their population growth but with their ill informed populism and half baked understanding of welfare policies and shortsighted obsessions with reservations, cant really blame them either they have been trained to live off of redistributions and reservations. Anyway I digress, nearly every level of the Indian system from the Judiciary to the Executive to the Legislature to the bureaucratic class to even the avg. Indian was indoctrinated in the superior way of socialism and evils of capital. Hostility to capital and competency in governance has been the hallmark of the Indian republic for the longest period, largely still true but Present govt for all its flaws has at least made some cosmetic moves to alter that if not in practice then at least in perception. India's progress works in reverse dog years. It takes India five years to achieve what a large functional country can do in less than a year. Plus blaming the west is pass time in India especially amongst the purveyors of Indian intellectualism in the economic sphere, when there are nations that experienced far far worse than India ever did and still bounced back and forged miles and miles ahead than India can ever hope to be. Plus the ideologically idiotic and misplaced environmentalism has done additional damage by adding compliance burden, an abject lack of awareness regarding the necessary nature of bearing the short term environmental costs in order to attain long term economic advantages is still a foreign concept to many Indians, ideology is useless in terms of necessities. Greentech in India still has far too many holes, but hey one can hope.

Lastly that graph there compares the growth of India's economy with that of South Korea. However South Korea received massive amounts of US aid, would not, for example, Thailand make a better comparison?

South Korea's economy was ravaged by war, Plus South Korea was also a staunch American ally, our intellectually superior leaders in their infinite wisdom and enlightened ideological background made sure the country could not develop beyond the unofficial motto in practice of 'equality in poverty'. The PRC didnt receive any economic aid to that end neither did Singapore. India received economic aid, but was erratic in terms of reliability, our incompetencies and ideological delusions were subsidized by the soviets, so once they were gone we lost our ideological sponsors. Infact being an American ally was something that worked favourably for many, there was a cost ofcourse but India's obsession with self righteous fantasies jingoistic moral grandstanding cost us a massive economic opportunity which the chinese where much more receptive to, and sans their inbuilt systemic deficiencies they were able to take great advantage of resulting in the present status quo where PRC dwarfs India's economy. the 1991 reforms where the result of the Structural Adjustment Program imposed by the Americans in practice, we had to park our gold oversees to make sure they'd release the necessary funds, IT was NOT a voluntary decision to open up. Infact industrialists like the late Rahul Bajaj behaved like the incompetent Indian industrialist who loathed any kind of meaningful competition, the fact that his company go the agency to increase production and later on take advantage of a larger market without state imposed controls is another matter entirely. P.S - sorry for the rant had to get it of my chest.

title: Talk:Licence Raj


text:
Jason Cranford Teague

Jason Cranford Teague is a web designer and author. He designed Computer-Mediated Communications Magazine, the first online magazine, in 1994.

He is best known for his books CSS3 Visual Quickstart (2013) and Fluid Web Typography (2012).

Cranford Teague started as a web designer in 1994. Notable clients include EPA, IRS, Sargento, USDA, Aspen Institute, Marriott, Bank of America, Cisco, Coca-Cola, Virgin Group, CNN, Kodak, and WebMD.

Books published
Teague has written several books and articles about web design and media. His books include the best selling DHTML and CSS for the World Wide Web (originally 1999, fifth printing 2013), Final Cut Pro 4 and the Art of Filmmaking (2004), Photoshop at Your Fingertips (2004), and Speaking In Styles (2009).

Published

 * CSS3 Visual Quickstart, 6th edition
 * Fluid Web Typography: A Guide
 * Speaking In Styles: A CSS Primer for Web Designers
 * CSS3 Visual Quickstart, 5th edition
 * CSS, DHTML, & Ajax: Visual Quickstart Guide, 4th
 * DHTML & CSS Advanced

Out of print

 * Photoshop at Your Fingertips, 2nd edition
 * Photoshop at Your Fingertips
 * Final Cut Express Essentials
 * SVG for Web Designers
 * Final Cut Pro and the Art of Filmmaking, 2nd Edition
 * Final Cut Pro and the Art of Filmmaking
 * DHTML & CSS Visual QuickStart, 3rd edition
 * DHTML & CSS Visual QuickStart, 2nd edition
 * DHTML Visual Quickstart
 * How to program HTML Frames: Interface Design and Javascript

Articles published
Teague has contributed numerous articles to Apple Developers Connection, Computer Arts Magazine, and Macworld Magazine. He writes regularly about technology, politics, and culture on webbedENVIRONMENTS. He has also appeared on TechTV's The Screen Savers.

title: Jason Cranford Teague


text:
GB virus C

GB virus C (GBV-C), formerly known as hepatitis G virus (HGV) and also known as human pegivirus – HPgV is a virus in the family Flaviviridae and a member of the Pegivirus, is known to infect humans, but is not known to cause human disease. Reportedly, HIV patients coinfected with GBV-C can survive longer than those without GBV-C, but the patients may be different in other ways. Research is active into the virus' effects on the immune system in patients coinfected with GBV-C and HIV.

Human infection
The majority of immunocompetent individuals clear GBV-C viraemia, but in some individuals, infection persists for decades. However, the time interval between GBV-C infection and clearance of viraemia (detection of GBV-C RNA in plasma) is not known.

About 2% of healthy US blood donors are viraemic with GBV-C, and up to 13% of blood donors have antibodies to E2 protein, indicating possible prior infection.

Parenteral, sexual, and vertical transmissions of GBV-C have been documented. Because of shared modes of transmission, individuals infected with HIV are often coinfected with GBV-C; the prevalence of GBV-C viraemia in HIV patients ranges from 14 to 43%.

Several but not all studies have suggested that coinfection with GBV-C slows the progression of HIV disease. In vitro models also demonstrated that GBV-C slows HIV replication. This beneficial effect may be related to action of several GBV-C viral proteins, including NS5A phosphoprotein and E2 envelope protein.

Virology
It has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of about 9.3 kb and contains a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding two structural (E1 and E2) and five nonstructural (NS2, NS3, NS4, NS5A, and NS5B) proteins. GB-C virus does not appear to encode a C (core or nucleocapsid) protein like, for instance, hepatitis C virus. Nevertheless, viral particles have been found to have a nucleocapsid. The source of the nucleocapsid protein remains unknown.

Taxonomy
GBV-C is a member of the family Flaviviridae and is phylogenetically related to hepatitis C virus, but replicates primarily in lymphocytes, and poorly, if at all, in hepatocytes. GBV-A and GBV-B are probably tamarin viruses, while GBV-C infects humans. The GB viruses have been tentatively assigned to a fourth genus within the Flaviviridae named "Pegivirus", but this has yet to be formally endorsed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

Another member of this clade, GBV-D, has been isolated from a bat (Pteropus giganteus). GBV-D may be ancestral to GBV-A and GBV-C.

The mutation rate of the GBV-C genome has been estimated at 10−2 to 10−3 substitutions/site/year.

Epidemiology
GBV-C infection has been found worldwide and currently infects around a sixth of the world's population. High prevalence is observed among subjects with the risk of parenteral exposures, including those with exposure to blood and blood products, those on hemodialysis, and intravenous drug users. Sexual contact and vertical transmission may occur. About 10–25% of hepatitis C-infected patients and 14–36% of drug users who are seropositive for HIV-1 show the evidence of GBV-C infection.

It has been classified into seven genotypes and many subtypes with distinct geographical distributions. Genotypes 1 and 2 are prevalent in Northern and Central Africa and in Americas. Genotypes 3 and 4 are commons in Asia. Genotype 5 is present in Central and Southern Africa. Genotype 6 can be encountered in Southeast Asia. Finally, genotype 7 has been reported in China. Infection with multiple genotypes is possible.

Genotype 5 appears to be basal in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting an African origin for this virus.

History
Hepatitis G virus and GB virus C (GBV-C) are RNA viruses that were independently identified in 1995, and were subsequently found to be two isolates of the same virus. Although GBV-C was initially thought to be associated with chronic hepatitis, extensive investigation failed to identify any association between this virus and any clinical illness. GB Virus C (and indeed, GBV-A and GBV-B) is named after the surgeon, G. Barker, who fell ill in 1966 with a non-A non-B hepatitis which at the time was thought to have been caused by a new, infectious hepatic virus.

title: GB virus C


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/J-Revolution.com

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. humblefool®Deletion Reform 02:42, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

J-Revolution.com
Advertising. This entry was created by a user obviously affiliated with the subject. 66.216.68.28 15:55, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes it was, but we are making it a factual encyclopedia artical, give us a few minutes. Jrev
 * Even if it weren't advertising, then it is still not notable or encyclopedic. --66.216.68.28 16:05, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's why I said to wait, we are in the process of writing a page for it. Jrev
 * The subject isn't going to become any more notable in a few minutes. But whatever, let wikipedia decide who is right.  --66.216.68.28 16:05, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Yes, and if you notice, we say that we ASPIRE for the top, that you CAN learn many things, that we WANT to be the best, we never say we are. We are not being biased. Therefore you would be biased against the site. Saying that YOU think it isn't notable enough. To some people it is.
 * Delete, advertising a non-notable website. --KFP 16:23, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, self-promotion, not notable. Wikipedia is not a web directory. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  16:51, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I see nothing wrong with it. It's not a bias article, and never actually offers a link to the site in question. --100%MoreAwesomeThanYou 17:16, 18 July 2005 — (100%MoreAwesomeThanYou's 3rd edit.)
 * Keep. Honestly, what is wrong with the page? It's a big site, and we ARE explaining what the site is about, and how it started... --JRev 17:25, 18 July 2005
 * When you started this page, you should have seen this text: Please do not create an article to promote yourself, a website, a product, or a business (see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not). A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  17:30, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * EXACTLY why we AREN'T promoting it. We are giving a detailed listing of how the site came about, what the site is about... not promoting it.
 * The act of merely creating the article could be seen as promotion, but let's leave that aside for the moment: "J-Revolution.com is a great source for information", "While you are there, you can learn many things", "Pulling in staffers from all over the world, J-Revolution aspires for the top", "the staff and admin have made a name for themselves on the internet for being there for the users" is all promotional language that is not appropriate for an encyclopedia. See WP:NPOV, and also Importance. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  17:47, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keyword: "promote." The article in question never says something like "...so go visit (Webpage name here) today! It gives a brief overview of what the site contains, and some minor background information. If, for example, Burger King only told you what their products contained, and gave a brief background of it, in an ad, I don't think they would gain many sales from that ad. A more solid argument would be that it is irrelevant or non-notable. If the act of creating that page is advertising, than the Google page needs a load of work. The Google page includes a link to their search, even though it is posted as Google Inc. Seems like a silly way to cover an ad. The article in question could use some minor editing to be appropriate, but that is not a reason to exterminate it entirely. --100%MoreAwesomeThanYou 17:54, 18 July 2005
 * If POV were the only issue here, then yes, some minor editing would be fine for this article. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  18:10, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * That would be why I said that a more solid argument would be that it is irrelevant or non-notable. I stand by my opinion that it is notable enough to be kept. --100%MoreAwesomeThanYou 18:20, 18 July 2005
 * Lack of importance is the main issue here, not bias. The site does not seem to be notable enough to merit an article at Wikipedia, at least not yet. --KFP 18:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Notability is definitely the main issue here. I was merely pointing out problems with the promotional language in the article, which is a side issue. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  18:10, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. You assume that others are "biased" against something they've only just heard of. That's not the case. This is (a) a non-notable website and (b) self-promotion. It's not an encyclopedia article.

Except from amazon.com entry: Amazon.com, Inc. (NASDAQ: AMZN) is an American electronic commerce company based in Seattle, Washington. It was one of the first major companies to sell goods over the Internet. Amazon also owns Alexa Internet, a9.com, and the Internet Movie Database (IMDb).

Amazon assigns a unique identifier, the Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN), to each item it sells. (For books, the ASIN is the same as the item's ISBN, if it has one.) Amazon offers access to its catalog via web services, much as Google does to its search engine. In addition, a9.com provides search engine services directly on the Amazon.com site.

Launched in 1995, Amazon.com began as an online book-selling company but has now branched off into many other areas, including DVDs, music CDs, computer software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, and more.

This is quite similitar to the j-revolution definition. Look back at it. J-Revolution is a major site in the anime world that is growing more known each day. When people see J-Rev or J-Revolution, they're either curious or already know what it means. Having the definition here shows inquisitive minds what the site is about.

 * Delete. Not notable. Shanes 19:19, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Redirect to User:Jrev. There are a few hundred google hits for the site, once after sorting out some extemporaneous material. The site has an Alexa rank of 209,094, which is a little under the usual bar set for including purely web-based material. --Icelight 19:31, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * No redirects from article space to user space, please. See Redirects for deletion. --KFP 20:12, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, meant to type Merge, as that user is the company. Got distracted while typing. Icelight 22:40, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge implies a redirect. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  23:18, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn. That Alexa rank is waaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaay below what would normally be considered notable. -Splash 20:17, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The user admitted that the site had only been operating since April 2005, with around 300 members to date. Give it a year or so to see whether the site becomes as popular/notable as it ASPIREs to become. Regardless, the article needs to be edited to follow an encyclopedic format; right now some sections read like a company mission statement.--Madchester 21:03, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no evidence that this is a notable website. Sorry. CDC   (talk)  22:38, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable website. Dcarrano 23:12, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn website vanity. --Etacar11 00:36, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Deletio vanitosis. --FOo 03:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable website (Alexa ranking 209,094). Also the site appears to be down at the moment. --Stormie 03:57, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising for a non notable website. JamesBurns 07:54, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - advertising (as shown by promotional rhetoric) and vanity at the same time, since the contributor practically admits that he is promoting his site. Not to mention that WP is NOT web directory. I hope he is not recruiting for sock- or meatpuppets. Skysmith 08:47, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that, who has been involved with this VFD, blanked it. He may try again - Skysmith 09:43, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Move it to the user page until notability is established. Bart133 (t) 16:45, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's hard to draw a comparison between a well-known company (like Amazon) with a recently-created site. Even if the article were perfect, it's still not notable yet. --Titoxd 01:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. Binadot 03:25, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Dizzy, Miss Lizzy

"Dizzy, Miss Lizzy" is a rock and roll song written and recorded by Larry Williams in 1958. Although identified as a "genuine rock & roll classic", it had limited success on the record charts. Seven years later, the Beatles recorded the song, and John Lennon performed it with the Plastic Ono Band in 1969.

Recording
At the end of 1957, Williams scored with one of his biggest hits, "Bony Moronie". On February 19, 1958, he entered the Radio Recorders studio in Hollywood, California, to record a potential follow-up. He was again backed by some well-known session musicians, including René Hall, who is credited as the band leader and with supplying the distinctive guitar riff. However, it is Williams' vocal that makes the song stand out, according to music journalist Gene Sculatti, "at ease with its own intensity [that is] finally out of Richard's shadow." (Little Richard and Williams were both signed to Specialty Records).

Release and charts
Specialty released "Dizzy, Miss Lizzy" in both the 78 rpm and newer 45 rpm record formats. Williams had several completed recordings to choose from for the B-side, but the label decided to go with "Slow Down", a track he had recorded at the same September 11, 1957, session that produced "Bony Moronie". Both sides received notices in Billboard magazine, but only "Dizzy, Miss Lizzy" reached the "Top 100 Sides" chart. It peaked at number 69 during the week ending April 19, 1958. Both songs were included on Williams's first album, the Specialty compilation Here's Larry Williams (1959).

Personnel

 * Larry Williams – vocals, piano
 * Earl Palmer – drums
 * René Hall – guitar
 * Howard Roberts – guitar
 * Ted Brinson – bass guitar
 * Plas Johnson – tenor sax
 * Jewell Grant – baritone sax

The Beatles rendition
In 1965, the Beatles recorded "Dizzy Miss Lizzy" in response to requests from Capitol Records (their US record label) for new material. The song is included on the UK album Help! and the US album Beatles VI. They recorded it along with another Williams tune, "Bad Boy", on the same day.

Group biographer Ian MacDonald describes the song as "an unprepossessing shambles of ersatz hysteria and jumbled double-tracking". However, AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine comments "'Dizzy Miss Lizzy' gives John an opportunity to flex his rock & roll muscle."

Lennon later recorded "Dizzy Miss Lizzy" at a performance at the Toronto Rock and Roll Revival on September 13, 1969. The song is included on the Plastic Ono Band album Live Peace in Toronto 1969.

The Beatles personnel
In Revolution in the Head, MacDonald lists the following:
 * John Lennon – vocal, rhythm guitar, Vox Continental organ
 * Paul McCartney – bass
 * George Harrison – double-tracked lead guitar
 * Ringo Starr – drums, cowbell

title: Dizzy, Miss Lizzy


text:
Rafał Olbiński

Rafał Olbinski (born February 21, 1943) is a Polish illustrator, painter, and educator, living in the United States. He is considered one of the major representatives of the Polish School of Posters.

Biography
Olbinski was born in Kielce, Poland. He graduated from the architecture program of the Warsaw University of Technology in 1969.

Career
Olbinski immigrated to the United States in 1981, where he soon established himself as a prominent painter, illustrator and designer. Olbinski's work is very similar to the work of the famous Belgian surrealist Rene Magritte; Olbinski describes his approach to painting and illustrating as "poetic surrealism". He has cited his influences as "everybody", specifically Saul Steinberg, Milton Glaser, Marshall Arisman and Brad Holland.

Rafal Olbinski's works are included in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art (Poster Collection), the Carnegie Foundation in New York, National Arts Club in New York, the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress in Washington, Suntory Museum in Osaka, Japan, the Poster Museum in Warsaw, Poland, and others throughout Europe and the United States.

In 1992 Olbinski began a close collaboration with Sheri and Kenneth Nahan of Patinae, Inc. and Nahan Galleries. They continue to represent his works worldwide since that date.

In 1996 he was commissioned by the U.S. Information Agency to design a poster celebrating the 25th Earth Day Anniversary. From 2002 through 2010, a selection of Olbinski paintings was included in the Grand Space projection in Grand Central Terminal, as a highlight of the Earth Day Celebration in New York. The other artists featured in the show are Keith Haring, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, and Andy Warhol.

In 1999 Olbinski was commissioned to create a surreal image of San Francisco, by Gallery 444. The proceeds from the painting were given to The SF Chronicle Season of Sharing Fund, funding services for those in need. This was followed by a major exhibition of paintings by Olbinski held at Gallery 444.

In 2001, the Willy-Brandt House in Berlin presented the works of Rafal Olbinski in a one-man retrospective exhibition entitled "Art at the Turn of the Century".

In 2002 he created the set designs for the Opera Company of Philadelphia's performance of Mozart's Don Giovanni, highly acclaimed by critics in the New York Times and the Philadelphia Inquirer. In the same year the exhibition "Art with Moral Purpose" at the Goethe Institute in Hamburg exhibited the paintings and posters of Olbinski.

Olbinski was commissioned to create several paintings, illustrating articles and essays on moral values, which appeared in seven consecutive issues of the German news magazine Stern. This led to a traveling exhibition of these paintings, the first hosted by the wife of the then President of Germany, Eva Luise Köhler.

In 2008 Olbinski had a one-man exhibition titled "Olbinski - photokina Expo" for Hewlett Packard (Cologne, Germany). In 2009 he had a large museum exhibition at The Jule Collins Smith Museum in Auburn entitled "New Dreams of Old Values".

He has completed many large murals for installations in public space in Europe. He has produced more than 100 opera illustrations for album covers for Allegro-Music's Opera D'Oro Series.

Olbinski is on the faculty of the School of Visual Arts in New York City.

Awards
For his artistic achievements, he has received more than 150 awards including Gold and Silver Medals from the Art Directors Club of New York, Gold and Silver Medals from the Society of Illustrators in New York and Los Angeles, and The Big Crit 2000 award by Critique Magazine in San Francisco. In 1994 he was awarded the International Oscar for The World's Most Memorable Poster, Prix Savignac in Paris. The President of the Republic of Poland awarded Olbinski the highest award in the field of arts, the gold medal, "Gloria Artis."

In 1994, he received the Creative Review Award for the Best of British Illustration in London. In 1995 his poster was chosen as the official New York City Capital of the World Poster in an invitational competition by a jury led by Mayor Rudy Giuliani. In the following year he won the Steven Dohanos Award for the best painting in the Annual Member Exhibition of the Society of Illustrators. In July 2002 the city of Fondi, Italy awarded him Divina Giulia for his contribution to contemporary art.

title: Rafał Olbiński


text:
Virgilio Garcillano

Virgilio Olivar Garcillano (born c.1948) also known as Garci, is a former official of the Philippine Commission on Elections who allegedly was involved in Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's alleged electoral fraud in the Hello Garci scandal.

Garcillano was missing as he is suspected to be in hiding, initially abroad but recently in the country. Some sources stated that he was seen leaving the Philippines for Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. Other sources also stated that Garcillano was seen boarding a jet en route to Singapore. Garcillano also momentarily was seen in Surigao City, particularly in a beach resort under heavy guard. An arrest warrant was issued to his last known address in Cagayan de Oro but his father-in-law refused to sign it, but it was considered served. The Philippine National Police and National Bureau of Investigation were requested by the Philippine Congress to locate Garcillano to respond to allegations in Congress.

Independent sources confirmed that Virgilio Garcillano took a flight from Subic last July 14, to Singapore, contrary to denials by Philippine authorities. He spent a night in Singapore, and then flew for London.

The management of the Bureau of Immigration, Air Transportation Office, and other government agencies were blamed for the escape of Garcillano.

Garcillano was believed to have returned in the Philippines through Sabah, Malaysia via a motorized boat on November 20. He appeared before media on November 26. He issued statements denying election rigging and admitted that he called the President. He also denied that he ever left the Philippines and having a biological relationship with Michaelangelo Zuce, an opposition witness.

In December 2006, Garcillano was cleared of perjury charges by the Department of Justice. He ran for Representative of the First Congressional District of Bukidnon in the 2007 Philippine Midterm elections in May but he lost to Candido Pancrudo, Jr. of Lakas-CMD. Garcillano resides in Baungon and Malaybalay City, Bukidnon.

Doble Controversy
An insider of Smart Communications worked with the ISAFP (Intelligence Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines) in wiretapping political leaders during the 2004 elections, and Smart admitted it was possible that an employee coordinated with ISAFP. Vidal Doble said two of his former superiors at the "Project Lighthouse" operation – Col. Paul Sumayo and Capt. Frederick Rebong – "coordinated" with a "recruit" and contact inside Smart. Ramon Isberto of Smart, said - "This first came out two to three years ago. The company has not participated in any efforts to monitor conversations." Speechless wiretappers: Doble said he and everybody else involved in "Project Lighthouse" were shocked to hear President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo speak with former Virgilio Garcillano about the rigging of poll results. Doble said "Project Lighthouse" had 14 members divided into four teams - "All of the teams knew about the conversation of PGMA (Arroyo) and commissioner Garcillano." Doble revealed those who gave the order to launch "Project Lighthouse": Western Command (Wescom) chief Vice Admiral Tirso Danga, former deputy chief of staff for intelligence; Brigadier Gen. Marlou Quevedo, former ISAFP chief; Army Col. Allen Capuyan, former head of the ISAFP's special operations group; and "down the line" the project "group commander" Col. Sumayo; Capt. Rebong; and Capt. Lindsay Rex Sagge.

Injunction
On September 6, 2007, retired Philippine Court of Appeals Justices Santiago Ranada and Oswaldo Agcaoili filed  (a 15-page petition for prohibition with  temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction) with the Supreme Court of the Philippines to enjoin the September 7, 2007 Senate of the Philippines  (committee on national defense) wiretap probe (on the alleged wiretapping of telephone conversations of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and  former election commissioner Virgilio Garcillano inter alia).

Health problems
On September 12, 2007, Garcillano was released from the Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center in the Sta. Cruz, Manila after a biopsy due to prostate disease. Garcillano's lawyer Ed Tamondong confirmed this illness and promised that Garci will appear at the September 21 Senate of the Philippines hearing.

title: Virgilio Garcillano


text:
Talk:Unlimited Saga

Untitled
I am planning on at least de-stubbing this article, but I really like this game, so some bias will probably slip in. Could someone else check it for NPOV? Thank you! Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 15:55, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I utterly despise this game, but what you wrote looks okay to me. Slicing 21:10, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

PEGI Rating Duality?
What is up with the PEGI rating appearing over the description body like that? I tried to edit it out and the only time it appears in the editable body is in the infobox section. Someone mind fixing it? 63.233.15.205 07:00, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Edited it out. The information iself is gone from the infobox, but it doesn't appear above the article anymore. User:Eluorn 7:52, 08 January 2006

title: Talk:Unlimited Saga


text:
User talk:Jseng

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!. You might want to check the Singaporean Wikipedians' Notice Board as well! -- Natalinasmpf 15:56, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
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 * Manual of Style
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Tsinghua.jpg)
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Image tagging for Image:Logo-sharedcopy.png
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File:Etisalat.png listed for deletion
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Fair use rationale for File:Etisalat.png
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If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Rockfang (talk) 06:16, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jseng


text:
Vale, Guernsey

Vale (Guernésiais: Lé Vale; French: Le Valle) is one of the ten parishes of Guernsey in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, Channel Islands.

In 933 the islands, formerly under the control of William I, then Duchy of Brittany were annexed by the Duchy of Normandy. The island of Guernsey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy.

Much of the Vale parish belonging to the fief Saint Michael, which benefited the Benedictine monks who lived in an abbey that had been built next to the Vale Church from when it was granted in 1032 by Robert of Normandy who had apparently been caught in a storm and his ship had ended up safe in Guernsey. The rights to the fief were removed by Henry VIII when he undertook the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Vale Castle
The Castle of Saint Michael, now called Vale Castle, has an origin going back at least 1,000 years and was used as a refuge from pirate attacks. It was probably started in the late 10th century. In 1372 Owain Lawgoch, a claimant to the Welsh throne, attacked Guernsey at the head of a free company, on behalf of France. This event is popularly called La Descente des Aragousais. Owain Lawgoch withdrew after killing 400 of the Island militia. The poem of the same name refers to the castle as the Château de l'Archange, the location of the last-ditch stand against the insurgents.

In 1615 the island was required to maintain the Vale Castle, while the Crown maintained Castle Cornet. It has been a focal point for defence; the most recent modifications were undertaken by the German occupiers.

Modern era
Until 1806 the parish occupied territory on the mainland of Guernsey, the Vingtaine de l'Epine, as well as the whole of Le Clos du Valle, a tidal island forming the northern extremity of Guernsey separated from the mainland by Le Braye du Valle, a tidal channel. Le Braye was drained and reclaimed in 1806 by the British Government as a defence measure. Vale now consists of two non-contiguous territories.

The Vale postal code mainly starts with GY3 with some starting GY8.

Features
The features of the parish include:
 * Churches:
 * Vale Parish Church, St Michel du Valle
 * Vale Mission Fellowship
 * St Pauls Methodist Church
 * Parish war memorial at Vale Avenue-Braye Road Cross Roads
 * Bordeaux Harbour
 * The Vale Mill (the parishes most prominent landmark)
 * Northern half of Saint Sampson's Town
 * Northern half of Saint Sampson's Harbour
 * Vale Pond, nature reserve
 * Beaucette marina
 * Military:
 * Parish war memorial at Vale Avenue-Braye Road Cross Roads
 * Vale Castle
 * Fort le Marchant
 * Fort Doyle
 * Fort Pembroke
 * Rousse Tower
 * Eight Guernsey loophole towers numbered 4 to 11
 * Beaucette Battery dating from the Napoleonic Wars
 * La Lochande Battery dating from the Napoleonic Wars
 * Nid L'Herbe Battery and Magazine dating from the Napoleonic Wars
 * Portinfer Battery dating from the Napoleonic Wars
 * German fortifications, built during the occupation 1940-45
 * Archaeology:
 * Le Dolmen de Déhus, which incorporates a megalithic art carving known as Le Gardien
 * La Varde passage grave, the largest dolmen on the island
 * Les Fouaillages, L'Ancresse Common
 * La Platte Mare, cist in circle
 * La Mare es Mauves, cist in circle
 * Martelo 7, cist in circle
 * Beaches
 * Pembroke (MCS recommended)
 * L'Ancresse
 * Ladies Bay
 * Bordeaux Harbour
 * A number of protected buildings

The parish of the Vale hosts:
 * Guernsey Electricity Power Station
 * Fort le Marchant shooting range
 * numerous industrial premises
 * Maison Maritaine
 * Vale Douzaine Room
 * Vale Primary School
 * 18 hole golf course on L'Ancresse Common
 * Annual music festival 'Vale Earth Fair' at the Vale Castle
 * numerous quarries
 * many old and some still in use, vineries. (greenhouses)
 * Countryside walks
 * A weekly 5 km Parkrun event

Other
The parish was twinned with the Normandy port of 🇫🇷 Barneville-Carteret in 1987.

Politics
Vale comprises the whole of the Vale administrative division.

In the 2016 Guernsey general election there was a 3,774 or 74% turnout to elect six Deputies. Those elected (in order of votes received) being Matt Fallaize, Dave Jones, Mary Lowe, Laurie Queripel, Jeremy Smithies and Sarah Hansmann Rouxel.

Dave Jones died in July 2016 and a by-election was held in October 2016 to elect a replacement.

title: Vale, Guernsey


text: Category:Slovenian art

title: Category:Slovenian art


text:
Chestnut Grove, North Carolina

Chestnut Grove is an unincorporated community in Stokes County, North Carolina, United States, approximately three miles north-northwest of King.

title: Chestnut Grove, North Carolina


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MaryEllen Locher

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. humblefool®Deletion Reform 02:49, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

MaryEllen Locher

 * Delete. Wikipedia is not an obituary --BradBeattie 15:56, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete  - sad news but non-encyclopedic  JoJan 18:46, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I see no reason that this cannot be kept under Wikipedia rules. I would err on the side of keeping an article, unless specific evidence that it has violated Wiki standards are explained (this not being the case, I vote to keep.)
 * But by that note, shouldn't we have a record of every non-notable someone that's died of something tragic? --BradBeattie 20:23, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Delete. Notability not established. Indrian 17:45, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep only if there is more information and does not emphasize her death. — Stevey7788 (talk) 21:27, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, WP:NOT a memorial. Dcarrano 23:20, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above royblumy 02:04, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete wikipedia is not a memorial. JamesBurns 07:55, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if expanded per Stevey7788. Local news anchors are often notable, but the article must say more than death details. Xoloz 04:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:A-ha

Sold records?
In a-ha's discography, there is a statement that they sold over 100 million units: https://musicnorway.no/artist/a-ha-2/ However, the intro to this article says that they "only" sold 55 million records with a reference to Rhino (the link is no longer working). The German wikipedia states that they sold over 80 million. Which statement is wright or is it just a different counting which makes the difference? --Clibenfoart (talk) 12:00, 2 April 2019 (UTC) What is the true total sales of a-ha's albums and singles worldwide?

title: Talk:A-ha