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Franklins

Franklins was an Australian discount supermarket chain selling packaged groceries and perishables throughout New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia. It sold the "No Frills" home brand generic products. In 2011 the chain was bought by Metcash and the stores were sold off, shut down or converted into new supermarket banners or other brands. The final store closed in April 2015.

Beginnings (1941–1978)
In 1941, Franklins was established in Sydney by Frank Lindstrom. It was his second supermarket chain, having sold his first one to Woolworths. In 1954, Franklins was acquired by Harold Cornock and Norman Tieck. Under their leadership it grew to cover much of New South Wales, and created a reputation for low prices.

Early Dairy Farm International (1978–1992)
In 1978, Cornock and Tieck sold the then 75-store supermarket chain to Hong Kong company Dairy Farm International, a member of the Jardine Matheson group, which maintained the chain's discount focus. Its turnover was A$1 million. Franklins launched its No Frills generic range of products (store brand). This was the first such range in Australia. The 'No Frills' brand became very important to Franklins as it provided the best value to customers. However, unlike Aldi in Europe, Franklins also retained a wide range of brand items. Franklins' stores outside NSW were branded black-and-white 'Franklins No Frills' to emphasize the label. Eventually the name replaced the white-on-red 'Franklins' in the home state of NSW, until the brand reverted to a red, white and black 'Franklins'. In retaliation, Woolworths later launched "Home Brand" and Coles launched "Scotch Buy" (later rebranded as "Savings"). Around this time, Bi-Lo began operations in Adelaide, using a similar format to Franklins.

In 1982, Franklins expanded outside of Sydney and ultimately New South Wales to open its first stores in Victoria, at Deer Park, Gladstone Park and Glenferrie.

In 1983, Franklins opened its first store in Queensland, at Toowoomba.

In 1989, Franklins opened its first store in South Australia. Franklins also launched FRFM, Franklins' own in-house radio station playing songs and advertising specials.

By 1989, Franklins had also expanded into the ACT, covering the east coast of mainland Australia and South Australia.

Late Dairy Farm International (1992–2001)
Throughout the 1990s, Dairy Farm International began to introduce new store concepts and branding ideas.

In 1990, Franklins opened attached liquor stores under the brand Liquor Save. Franklins also opened its 200th store the same year.

In 1992, Franklins Big Fresh was launched. This was a "food barn" format Dairy Farm had developed in New Zealand as "Big Fresh". Some existing stores were converted to this format, while others were newly built. These stores featured "outback" or farm style decorations, and animatronic displays which could be activated by customers – including singing chickens and dancing fruit. The first Franklins Big Fresh store opened in Leichhardt, and others were opened in Marrickville, Macquarie Centre, Stockland Glendale and Gosford. The Gosford store featured a unique mini branch of the Commonwealth Bank within the store, as well as a small hairdressing kiosk. The hairdressing kiosk was rolled out to a number of other stores, although not all were the Big Fresh model. At the same time, Franklins started opening a few Mini Fresh stores in Queensland.

In 1994, Franklins launched Franklins Fresh, a mainstream supermarket format. In contrast to "Franklins No Frills" stores, they sold fresh produce, baked goods and meat as well as groceries. The "Fresh" part of the logo was similar to the one used by Big Fresh. It was designed to be a smaller version of Franklins Big Fresh. The first Franklins Fresh store opened in Engadine.

By the mid-1990s, Franklins supermarkets comprised five main chains:

 * Franklins No Frills: Sold No Frills brand dry groceries and perishables in mid-sized discount supermarkets. Similar chains: Woolworths' Food For Less, Jewel.
 * Franklins Mini Fresh: Sold fresh food and dry groceries in smaller convenience stores. Similar chains: Woolworths Metro, Coles Express (now Coles Central), IGA Express, 4 Square (now Eziway).
 * Franklins Fresh: Sold fresh food and dry groceries in mid-sized discount supermarkets. Similar chains: BI-LO, Flemings, IGA, Friendly Grocer, Dewsons.
 * Franklins Big Fresh: Full-service food barn/supermarket similar to Coles and Woolworths but pitched as being a bit cheaper. Most of them also had attached "Liquor Save" outlets. Similar chains: Coles, Woolworths, BI-LO Mega Frrresh, Supa IGA, Action.
 * Liquor Save:Bottle shops attached to a supermarket. Similar chains: Woolworths Liquor, IGA Liquor, Liquorland.

In 1998, Franklins launched its first advertisement on TV with its first slogan, "More in your trolley for less". It also trial converts selected "No Frills" stores to "Franklins Fresh" and installs environmentally friendly fluorescent lighting in these stores. First Choice, an alternative (and short-lived) generic product range, is also launched. Franklins, Franklins Fresh and Franklins Big Fresh also launched their websites that year.

In 1999, Franklins opened new stores and upgraded former No Frills stores to Franklins Fresh stores and unveiled its new logo, which is still used today, though it was only in use at selected stores at first. Also due to the logo change, Franklins Fresh also unveiled a new logo. The "Liquor Save" outlets were also re-branded as Franklins Liquor (attached to selected No Frills and Fresh stores) or Big Fresh Liquor. It had also positioned itself by this time as the national discount supermarket operator.

In 2000, Franklins sponsored the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games. It sold a range of Paralympic merchandise. By the end of 2000, there were 287 stores.

Pick 'n Pay (2001–2010)
In 2001, Franklins' mass expansion and reformatting ended in failure. Dairy Farm International exits from Australia in May, and many stores were sold to Woolworths (which got 67 stores), Coles (which got 37 stores), Foodland and IGA franchisees. A few closed. This saw the end of Franklins in the ACT, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia. 53 stores across New South Wales were sold to South African retailer Pick 'n Pay, which also bought the Franklins name. The "No Frills", "Fresh" and "Mini Fresh" brands survived. "Big Fresh" did not and nearly all were bought by Woolworths and Coles. Pick 'n Pay bought all but one of the 21 Fresco supermarkets and rebranded them as Franklins stores at the same time. The other was shut down. The new Franklins launched the "Saves You Money" slogan. In January Aldi launched in NSW, and quickly filled the void left by Franklins in many areas.

In 2002, Foodland Associated Limited bought 45 Franklins stores across Queensland and Northern NSW as well as its Queensland warehouse facilities. All were rebranded as Action supermarkets. This saw the end for the "Mini Fresh" brand. The "Fresh" and "No Frills" brands were also retired, although their formats remained. All stores more than 2000 square metres are effectively "Fresh" stores. Franklins was relaunched with the slogan "Look at us now!".

In 2003, Franklins changed its slogan to "That's what I like about Franklins!". It also announced that it is not interested in owning petrol stations like most of its competitors. Later that year, the "No Frills" generic product range and the brand itself is revamped and then promoted by its new mascot, "Red Sock".

In 2004, the Franklins website was relaunched and Franklins joined the widespread trend of selling green plastic carrier bags. The fourth Pick 'n Pay era slogan was launched – "Cheap and Cheerful". The liquor outlets were relaunched as Franklins Local Liquor, in addition to the Canberra-based liquor chain. The annual "Birthday Cash Jackpot" competition is also introduced.

In 2005, Franklins started setting up franchise opportunities under the "Franklins Family Supermarkets" brand (similar to the "Pick 'n Pay Family Supermarkets" brand). By that time, there were 80 Franklins supermarkets across New South Wales. The only Franklins store to open that year was the one in Newcastle. The Franklins store in Erina Fair on the Central Coast was also closed, soon replaced by Aldi.

On 30 January 2006, Franklins opened a purchased store in Ulladulla NSW to show potential franchisees the benefits of changing from IGA to Franklins. Also in 2006, Franklins launched its own loyalty club and begins changing a few stores to the franchise model. There were 77 Franklins stores by the end of 2006.

In 2007, some new stores were opened. Two existing Franklins stores and another two IGA stores were converted to Franklins Family supermarkets. By the end of 2007 there were 80 Franklins stores.

On 1 July 2010, it was announced that all 85 stores had been sold to Metcash for A$215 million, to become part of the IGA chain. The stores will be sold individually to independent retailers. In April 2015, the last store, located at Westfield Miranda, closed, ending the business after over 74 years of operation

Advertising
Historically, Franklins never advertised due to it being a "no-frills" supermarket. Instead, it advertised specials at the stores, much like Aldi does now. Later, it advertised through their own catalogues, especially when it introduced fresh foods and liquor to its stores. In the early 1990s Franklins launched its first TV advertisement with the slogans "More in your trolley for less" and "Good ol' Prices are Back". Shortly after Dairy Farm International exited the business in 2001, Franklins' advertisements used the slogan "Saves You Money".

In 2002, the new Franklins was launched with the slogan "Look at us now!". In 2003 it was changed to "That's what I like about Franklins!" and again in 2004 to "Cheap and Cheerful". That slogan is now rarely used, being largely replaced with and branded as "Australia's Original Discount Grocer".

The No Frills generic product range was relaunched in 2003 and promoted by its mascot "Red Sock" on TV advertisements and on its website. "Red Sock" now appears once every so often in the regular advertising on TV, radio, newspapers and catalogues for Franklins. In late 2009 Franklins changed back to the 2002 slogan "Look at us now!".

In 2011 the flash mobbing technique was used with shoppers and employees singing and dancing to the "Franklins Supermarket Spectacular" across their stores to promote Franklins during a time when Coles used their ever-popular "Down, Down, Prices Are Down" advertising campaign and the downwards pointing red hands to promote their sales. Woolworths had also used flash mobbing and became accessible in all states and territories of Australia and during a time when Metcash, owners of the IGA brand – which acquired Franklins the previous year – started converting their stores into the IGA, Foodland network. Drakes Supermarkets took a number of stores in South Australia.

In 2012, the last year of Franklins as a separate chain in its own right, Franklins returned to using the Dairy Farm-era slogans "More in your trolley for less" and "Good ol' Prices are Back" in retro-style promotions alongside its Pick-n-Pay-era "Australia's Original Discount Grocer" slogan. The chain also joined the divisive $1 milk price wars along with Coles, Woolworths, Aldi and some IGA supermarkets. In the brand's final years, it was used in place of the IGA brand as the stores were being sold off. A second "Franklins Rewards" program was launched when only the store in Westfield Miranda remained.

No Frills
No Frills was Franklins' generic range of products. Launched in 1978, it was the first such brand range in Australia, and changed supermarket shopping habits in Australia. Franklins stores initially changed the store's format to revolve around the brand, selling little else. The "No Frills" name was also used up until 2002 for the name of the format Franklins had used which is best known for selling dry groceries and frozen perishables only.

Originally, the No Frills brand was only used for its peanut butter, honey and potato chips but has since expanded its range to more than 800 products in packaged groceries and perishables.

In late 2003, the "No Frills" generic product range and the brand itself had been revamped and was promoted by its new mascot, "Red Sock". Sold with a money-back guarantee, in many cases they're market leaders in their categories.

The No Frills logo was also used by former British discount retailer Kwiksave.

The No Frills brand is also used by Woolworths New Zealand, Hong Kong supermarket and Dairy Farm International subsidiary Wellcome.

This "No Frills" might be confused with the supermarket "NoFrills"

First Choice
First Choice was another generic range of products Franklins had sold. Launched in 1998, it was developed to provide an alternative to the leading brands and have products with quality equal to or better than the leading brands. The products didn't just have the quality but also had prices that were anywhere between 10–15% cheaper than the national brands.

First Choice had over 600 different products, and new products were continually being developed every day. The brand did not survive for long, though, and by the time Dairy Farm International exited the company in 2001, the brand was dropped, unlike No Frills, which continues to be sold at IGAs to this day.

The First Choice brand is still used by Hong Kong supermarket Wellcome.

title: Franklins


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Harry Parker (rower)

Harry Parker (October 28, 1935 – June 25, 2013) was the head coach of the Harvard varsity rowing program (1963–2013). He also represented the United States in the single scull at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

Rowing career
Parker attended the University of Pennsylvania as an undergraduate, where he majored in Philosophy and learned rowing. Mentored by Pennsylvania's coach Joe Burk, Parker rowed on the 1955 Penn Varsity crew that won the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta.

After college, Parker began to scull competitively. He won the single sculls at the 1959 Pan American Games. In 1959, Parker also competed in the Diamond Scull event at the Henley Royal Regatta finishing second to six-time champion Stuart Mackenzie.

In 1960, he won the U.S. Olympic trials in the single scull. At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Parker made the finals and finished fifth.

Coaching career
During his training for the national team, Parker's name was forwarded to the athletic director at Harvard, Thomas Bolles, who appointed Parker freshman coach in 1961. When Harvard's varsity coach Harvey Love died suddenly in the spring of 1963, Parker was promoted to the varsity level on an interim basis. The crew had an uneven spring, and performed poorly at the Eastern Sprints (the league championship for the EARC). The annual highpoint of the Harvard rowing season is the Harvard-Yale race (the oldest and longest-running intercollegiate sporting event in the United States) held in June. Parker meticulously prepared his crew for their biggest race of the year. Heavy underdogs against the favored Yale crew, the Harvard varsity pulled off an upset. Parker was appointed permanent coach of the varsity crew. Harvard would not lose to Yale until 1981.

Parker's success was immediate and unprecedented. His crews won the Eastern Sprints every year between 1964 and 1970. Parker coached a Harvard four man boat (4+) at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Parker and the Harvard crew made the cover of Sports Illustrated in 1965. Parker's crews won the 1967 Pan American Games, and finished second at the 1967 European Championships. Parker's 1968 crew earned the right to represent the United States at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City—the last collegiate crew ever to do so. The Harvard 8 narrowly won the Olympic trials by 5/100th of a second over of a powerful University of Pennsylvania crew – a race that pitted Parker against his mentor Joe Burk.

In Mexico, one of Harvard's rowers became ill and had to be replaced. Harvard made the finals and finished sixth. Several members of the crew were involved in the political turmoil which swept over the games.

Harvard was the last non-national team crew to represent the United States in the Olympics in the 8+ man event. Until 1960, the United States, using a trial system where the best 8 man crew went to the Olympics, had won every gold medal. But the rest of the world had caught up and was surpassing the USA. In particular, Karl Adam and his Ratzeburg crews from West Germany had become the team to beat. (Parker was one of the first US coaches to adopt Adam's methods). In 1972, the NAAO, the then governing organization for rowing in the United States, put together a national camp system to help ensure that the best rowers were in the national boat. Parker was named head coach. With Parker at the helm and with numerous former Harvard oarsmen in the boat, Team USA finished second to New Zealand earning a silver medal in the 8+ at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. In the 1970s, Parker's Harvard crews continued to be successful. They did not win the Sprints in the years 1971–1973, but the losses were close. Then came the 1974 and 1975 Harvard varsities which are considered to be among the greatest in the history of the sport. They swept the collegiate competition, including dual races each year against the undefeated west coast champions Washington. Numerous team members went on to row for the national team. Post-season, the 1975 crew went to England to race at the Henley Royal Regatta. They finished second in the premier event of the regatta, the Grand Challenge Cup, losing to the British national team by two lengths.

Parker was also a path-breaking coach: he was the first women's national team coach in 1975. That eight went on to win a silver medal at the World Rowing Championships (the so-called Red Rose Crew). Parker would go on to coach the USA women's eight (8+) at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal where they earned a bronze medal.

Parker's crews continued to be formidable in the mid and late 1970s, winning the Eastern Sprints in 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1980. But Yale was on the rise; it won the Eastern Sprints in 1978 and 1979 and beat Harvard in doing so. Still, Harvard continued to win the Harvard-Yale race. Parker ran his streak to 18 years. Finally, in 1981, Yale ended the streak and would go on to win the next three races.

In 1983, Harvard won the Eastern Sprints, and in one of the best collegiate races ever, snatched the inaugural National Collegiate Rowing Championship by coming from a length down with 500 meters to go and catching a super-fast Washington boat at the line. Parker's 1985 Harvard varsity – after some early-season losses – won the Eastern Sprints, the National Collegiate Rowing Championship and the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta.

Through the late 1980s and early 1990s, Harvard continued to be a dominating presence in rowing. Parker's crews won the national championship in 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1992, and they were Eastern Sprints champions in 1988, 1989, and 1990.

The national championship race was disbanded in 1996, following which the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship, also known as the IRA, became the de facto national championship. Harvard had never gone to the IRAs during Parker's tenure, but in 2003, after a decade of good showings but no championships, Parker's varsity won the Eastern Sprints and decided to go to the IRA, which they also won. They continued the streak by winning both the Eastern Sprints and the IRAs in 2004 and 2005.

The 2004 crew may have been Harvard's fastest crew ever. National team crews are older and more experienced than college oarsmen, and are far better prepared than when Harvard raced in the 1968 Summer Olympics. Following the 2004 season, the Harvard varsity went to Europe, where it rowed in the World Cup in Lucerne which was a tune-up for most of the national teams competing in the Olympics. In an upset, Harvard made the finals at Lucerne by defeating the British and French Olympic squads. Harvard lost to the five national teams in the finals at Lucerne, which included four of the top six finishers at the Olympic games—but they were competitive for the length of the course. Harvard then competed in the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley, losing in the finals to the Dutch Olympic 8+, which was also an Olympic finalist.

Harry coached many entrances in the Henley Royal Regatta. His last attendance of the regatta, in 2012, saw his Varsity win by a foot over Leander in the Ladies' Plate. In 2013, two weeks after Harry's death, four members of his final varsity, coached by Bill Manning, broke the record in the Visitor's Challenge Cup.

Parker has nine official (or quasi-official) national championships, which is the second most among active coaches. Parker's crews from the 1960s and 1970s won several unofficial titles.

He completed 51 seasons at the helm, having confirmed his place as the most significant American coach of the latter half of the 20th century.

Harry Parker Boathouse
On September 10, 2008, Community Rowing, Inc. announced that it would name its new boathouse after Harry Parker. The boathouse is located in Brighton, MA. According to the press release,

Community Rowing, Inc. (CRI), the largest public rowing organization in the United States, announced today that it will name its new $15 million boathouse after Harry Parker, Harvard University's men's varsity rowing coach. Mr. Parker, who is a resident of Winchester, MA is a Trustee of Community Rowing and longstanding supporter of efforts to bring the sport to a broader and more diverse audience. The official boathouse dedication will be held on Thursday, October 16, 2008 at 5:00pm.

Personal life
Parker's first marriage, in 1959, with Elinor Goodman, whom he met at the University of Pennsylvania, produced two sons. It ended with their divorce in 1979. George Franklin Parker and David Lambert Parker were born during the 1960s. He later married Kathy Keeler, the stroke of the gold medal-winning USA Women's 8+ at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. They had a daughter named Abigail Parker.

In 2011, Parker was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome. Former Freshmen coach Bill Manning was promoted to Associate Head Coach when Parker began treatment. Parker died in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 77 on June 25, 2013.

Personal

 * US Representative and Gold Medal winner in the single scull (1x) at the 1959 Pan American Games
 * US Representative and 5th Place Finisher in the single scull (1x) at the 1960 Olympic Games
 * Member US Rowing Hall of Fame as a coach (elected 1974)
 * Oarsman on the 1955 Penn Varsity Boat elected to the US Rowing Hall of Fame in 1977

Harvard's crew

 * San Diego Crew Classic (Varsity): 1975, 1976, 1979, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1994, 2012
 * Varsity Eastern Sprints championships (First Varsity): 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013
 * National Championships: (unofficial: undefeated and a boat they beat won the IRA) 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1974, 1975, 1976; (quasi-official—National Collegiate Rowing Championship) 1983, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1992: (quasi-official—IRA) 2003, 2004, 2005
 * Henley Royal Regatta: 1973 (Ladies' Challenge Plate: Second Varsity); 1985 (Grand Challenge Cup); 1990 (Ladies Challenge Plate); 1993 (Britannia Challenge Cup); 1998 (Ladies Challenge Plate); 2002 (Ladies Challenge Plate; Britannia Challenge Cup); 2007 (Ladies Challenge Plate); 2010 (Ladies Challenge Plate); 2011 (Prince Albert Challenge Cup); 2012 (Ladies Challenge Plate)
 * Harvard-Yale Race (record as coach: (43–7): Every year since 1963, except for 1981–1984; 1996; 1999; 2007)

Olympic coach

 * 1964—Men's Four with Coxswain (Did not qualify)
 * 1968—Men's Eight (6th Place)
 * 1972—Men's Eight (Silver Medal)
 * 1976—Women's Eight (Bronze Medal)
 * 1980—Men's Head coach (USA boycotted games)
 * 1984—Men's Double (Gold Medal)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Harry Parker (rower)


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VAQ-135

Electronic Attack Squadron 135 (VAQ-135), known as the "Black Ravens", is a United States Navy electronic attack squadron that currently operates the EA-18G Growler carrier-based electronic warfare jet aircraft. The squadron is permanently stationed at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island with a radio callsign of "Thunder".

Early years
Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron One Three Five was established on 15 May 1969, to provide electronic warfare and aerial refueling support to carrier air wings. It was stationed at Naval Air Station Alameda. The squadron first flew the EKA-3B Skywarrior and deployed to both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets.

In 1973, VAQ-135 relocated to NAS Whidbey Island and transitioned to the Grumman EA-6B Prowler.

The squadron first deployed with the EA-6B to the Western Pacific (WESTPAC) and the Indian Ocean from January to September 1976 with Carrier Air Wing 2 (CVW-2) aboard USS Ranger (CV-61). Following that deployment, VAQ-135 transitioned to the Improved Capability Prowler (ICAP) and became the first fleet EA-6B ICAP squadron. The squadron deployed with Carrier Air Wing 8 (CVW-8) aboard USS Nimitz (CVN-68) from November 1977 to July 1978 to the Mediterranean Sea.

In January 1979, VAQ-135 commenced refresher training with Carrier Air Wing 15 (CVW-15) aboard USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) and deployed to the Western Pacific in May 1979. During deployment, they received the Navy Expeditionary Medal for operations in the Indian Ocean during the Iranian hostage crisis, the Meritorious Unit Commendation, and their first Chief of Naval Operations Safety "S" Award. They again deployed with CVW-15 aboard USS Kitty Hawk from April to November 1981. VAQ-135 participated in several major exercises throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans and received a second Navy Expeditionary Medal and the Humanitarian Service Medal for their participation in the rescue of Vietnamese boat people.

1980s
In May 1982, VAQ-135 was assigned to USS America (CV-66) and Carrier Air Wing 1 (CVW-1). After completing work-ups, the squadron was transferred to USS Nimitz (CVN-68) and deployed to the Mediterranean Sea in November 1982 later receiving their second Chief of Naval Operations Safety "S" Award.

In 1984, the squadron deployed to USS America and CVW-1 from April until November 1984, receiving their third Chief of Naval Operations Safety "S" Award. In 1985, along with CVW-1 they participated in Ocean Safari ‘85, the largest NATO naval exercise to date, and received their second Meritorious Unit Commendation.

On the morning of 1 January 1986, VAQ-135 was deployed to support Sixth Fleet Battle Group operations in the Mediterranean Sea. Within 48 hours, they had sortied from NAS Whidbey Island, joined their new air wing Carrier Air Wing 13 (CVW-13) at sea on board USS Coral Sea (CV-43) and supported contingency operations underway in the central Mediterranean Sea. For the next five months, with no in-theater supply support, the squadron provided electronic warfare support to U.S. naval forces operating off the coast of Libya. The squadron took part in the successful strikes in the Gulf of Sidra in March 1986 and provided key close-support jamming services in the successful strikes on the Benina/Benghazi airfields in April of that year. As a result, the squadron was awarded two Navy Unit Commendations, the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, the Navy Expeditionary Medal and the Association of Old Crows Outstanding Unit Award for 1986.

In November 1986, the squadron was reassigned to Carrier Air Wing 11 (CVW-11) aboard USS Enterprise (CVN-65). In 1987, VAQ-135 completed work-ups with CVW-11 and became the first Prowler squadron to complete the Medium Attack Advanced Readiness Program (MAARP) and the revised EA-6B Defensive Air Combat Maneuvering (DACM) syllabus.

In January 1988, VAQ-135 became the first EA-6B squadron to deploy with five Prowlers. WESTPAC ‘88 marked the return of the squadron to the Seventh Fleet with USS Enterprise, providing electronic warfare support to U.S. Naval forces operating in the North Arabian Sea. The squadron received the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal.

In April 1988, VAQ-135 participated with CVW-11 and Battle Group Foxtrot in Operation Praying Mantis, the successful action against Iranian naval surface units. The command received the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, Meritorious Unit Commendation, and Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal. In the fall of 1988, the squadron transitioned to the ICAP-II version of the Prowler, acquiring the ability to fire the AGM-88 High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile.

In September 1989, VAQ-135 deployed aboard Enterprise for an around the world cruise, taking part in PACEX ‘89, the largest naval exercise since World War II. In December 1989, the squadron participated in Operation Classic Resolve in defense of the Philippine government, resulting in the command receiving the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal.

1990s
In September 1990, the squadron deployed aboard USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72). Their two-month maiden voyage took them from Naval Station Norfolk around Cape Horn to Abraham Lincoln's new homeport of NAS Alameda, California. In May 1991, they deployed to the Western Pacific aboard Abraham Lincoln and participated in Operation Fiery Vigil, the evacuation of Air Force and Navy personnel from Naval Base Subic Bay, Philippines. While on station in the Persian Gulf, the squadron took part in Operation Desert Storm, Exercise Beacon Flash with Oman and annual exercise operations with the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Forces. In February 1992, the squadron received the 1991 AIRPAC Safety "S" award in recognition of the squadron’s outstanding safety record of over 12 years and 21,000 hours mishap free.

In late 1992, the squadron started another work-up cycle for their second deployment on Abraham Lincoln and participated in the squadron’s first AGM-88 shot over the desert skies of Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake.

On 15 June 1993, they deployed to the Western Pacific participating in Operation Southern Watch, enforcing the southern no-fly zone in Iraq where they shot two AGM-88s to protect air wing aircraft from an enemy surface to air missiles and received their second Southwest Asia Service Medal. In addition, the squadron participated in Operation Restore Hope, while USS Abraham Lincoln was stationed off the coast of Somalia, receiving the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal. In November 1993, the squadron celebrated another safety milestone, fourteen years mishap free, just prior to returning home to NAS Whidbey Island.

In April 1995, VAQ-135 deployed to the Western pacific on board Abraham Lincoln participating in Exercise Inspired Alert with the Pakistan Air Force, Exercise Nautical Artist, an exercise with the Royal Saudi Air Force and Saudi Navy and Operation Southern Watch, receiving their third Southwest Asia Service Medal.

The squadron returned from deployment and started a 12-month turnaround aboard USS Kitty Hawk participating in RIMPAC 96'. The squadron deployed in October 1996 and again participated in Operation Southern Watch receiving their fourth Southwest Asia Service Medal. After returning from deployment in April 1997, the squadron participated in several exercises including Exercise Red Flag.

In February 1998 the squadron was re-designated Electronic Attack Squadron 135, and the aircraft’s side numbers were changed to 500 series. During the summer of 1998, the squadron deployed aboard USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) and participated in RIMPAC ’98.

The squadron deployed to the Western Pacific in November 1998, participating in Operation Southern Watch and Operation Desert Fox, a four-day campaign consisting of several air strikes. The squadron fired two AGM-88’s supporting air wing strike aircraft. The squadron returned from deployment in May 1999.

In September 1999, the squadron participated in exercises Red Flag and Spirit Hawk in preparation for their deployment to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey in August 2000.

2000s
From May through July 2000, the squadron flew missions in support of Operation Northern Watch on station at Incirlik Air Base while supporting in a Joint Expeditionary role for Commander Electronic Attack Wing U.S. Pacific Fleet. In March 2001, the squadron deployed to the Western Pacific in support of Operation Southern Watch. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, USS Carl Vinson and CVW-11 took station off of the coast of Pakistan and conducted air strikes in support of coalition air and ground forces in Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. The squadron returned home in January 2002 and received the Chief of Naval Operations Safety "S" Award, Battle Efficiency Award and the Old Crows Award as the most tactically proficient Prowler squadron.

In March 2003, they deployed aboard USS Nimitz and participated in the initial air strikes of the Iraq War. Following an extended eight-month deployment, supporting two separate contingency operations, the squadron returned home in November 2003.

In July 2004, the squadron participated in Joint Expeditionary Force Experiment (JEFX) at Nellis Air Force Base, the first of five 2004 detachments in preparation for the 2005 WESTPAC deployment. The squadron completed 2004 with a two-month detachment aboard Nimitz for TSTA/Computex and received the CVW-11 Golden Wrench for maintenance excellence. In 2005, they continued their high-tempo operations in preparation for their WESTPAC deployment with detachments to NAS Fallon, NAS Lemoore, NAS North Island, and several exercises aboard USS Nimitz. On 7 May 2005, the squadron deployed aboard USS Nimitz as part of Carrier Strike Group 11. During the 2005 deployment, VAQ-135 conducted operations in the Western Pacific and the Persian Gulf, again participating in Operation Iraqi Freedom from the Persian Gulf and Al Asad Air BaseIinraq, providing support to coalition forces in Iraq. The squadron received the CVW-11 /USS Nimitz Teamwork Award twice during the deployment, initially for the first line period and again at the end of the deployment. Additionally, VAQ-135 received the CVW-11 Golden Wrench Award for deployment, as the finest Maintenance Department in CVW-11.

On 3 March 2006 a single EA-6B Prowler aircraft from VAQ-135 with a crew of four was conducting low altitude flight training near Walla Walla Washington and crash landed north of Pendleton, Oregon. All four crew survived with minor injuries and the cause for the crash was determined to be a faulty bearing in the right engine.

The squadron departed in April 2007, for a six-month WESTPAC deployment to include supporting both Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, returning in early October 2007.

The squadron returned from a subsequent Pacific deployment in June 2008 after a four-and-a-half-month deployment aboard USS Nimitz.

The squadron departed July 2009, for an eight-month WESTPAC deployment, aboard USS Nimitz, in support of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.

2010s

On 1 November 2010, VAQ-135 commenced transition from the EA-6B to the EA-18G Growler, achieving "safe for flight" designation in the new aircraft on 17 June 2011.

in August 2015 the squadron returned home from an expeditionary deployment to the Pacific Command area of responsibility. For six months, VAQ-135 operated primarily from Misawa Air Base, Japan, to test and refine their tactical capabilities as well as increase interoperability with U.S. and international units throughout the Pacific.

The squadron did a fly over of the St. Louis Gateway Arch, as part of the 50th anniversary of the construction of the arch on 24 October 2015

title: VAQ-135


text:
Arquimedez Pozo

Arquimedez Pozo Ortiz (born August 24, 1973) is a Dominican former professional baseball player. He played parts of three seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the mid-1990s for the Seattle Mariners and Boston Red Sox. He also played one season each in Nippon Professional Baseball and the Korea Baseball Organization. Pozo's primary position was third base, and he occasionally played second base.

Career
Pozo was signed as an undrafted amateur free agent by the Seattle Mariners in August 1990. He spent three years in the Mariners' minor league system, advancing from the Class A Short-Season Bellingham Mariners to the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers. Pozo made his major league debut on September 12, 1995, with Seattle, hitting a pop out in one at bat; it was his only MLB appearance with the Mariners.

After starting the 1996 season with the Tacoma Rainiers, Pozo was traded to the Boston Red Sox for Jeff Manto in July. Pozo spent the next two seasons splitting time between Boston and the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox. In his third game with the Red Sox, on July 28, 1996, he hit a grand slam off of Minnesota Twins relief pitcher Eddie Guardado. In 26 MLB career games, Pozo batted 14-for-74 (.189) with one home run and 14 RBIs.

After spending the entire 1998 season with the Pawtucket Red Sox, Pozo signed with the Yokohama BayStars of the Japanese Central League for 1999. In 91 games with Yokohama, Pozo batted .297 with nine home runs and 30 RBIs.

In 2000, Pozo played for the Haitai Tigers of the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO), batting .213 in 39 games, and the Tigres del México in the Mexican League. He played outfield rather than infield in the Mexican League. Pozo did not play professionally after the 2000 season.

title: Arquimedez Pozo


text:
Angelo Iachino

Angelo Iachino (or Jachino; April 24, 1889 – December 3, 1976) was an Italian admiral during World War II.

Early life and career
Iachino was born in Sanremo, Liguria, in 1889, the son of Giuseppe Iachino, a middle school teacher, and Emilia Piccione. He entered the Italian Naval Academy in Livorno in 1904, and graduated in 1907. In 1911–1912 he participated in the Italo-Turkish War with the rank of Sub-Lieutenant. During World War I he first served on the battleship Giulio Cesare as a lieutenant and then, in July 1917, he was given command of the torpedo boat 66 PN. In this role he participated in several missions in the Adriatic, including, on 31 October 1918, the support to the Raid on Pula (66 PN was to tow near Pola one of the two MAS carrying Raffaele Rossetti, Raffaele Paolucci and their mignatta, but she was forced to abort due to engine problems). For his bravery in combat actions in the Northern Adriatic he was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor in November 1918.

From 1923 to 1928 he served in China as naval attache to the Italian embassy and commanding officer of the gunboat Ermanno Carlotto, stationed in Tianjin; during this period, in 1926, he was promoted to commander. In 1928 he assumed command of a destroyer, and later (after becoming captain in 1932) of the light cruiser Armando Diaz in the early 1930s, during a propaganda cruise abroad. In 1936 he was promoted to Contrammiraglio and in 1938 to Ammiraglio di Divisione; during the Spanish Civil War he was the commander of two groups of light ships. In April 1939, on board the light cruiser Giovanni delle Bande Nere, he participated in the Italian invasion of Albania. In 1939 he became Ammiraglio di Squadra. He also commanded the Livorno Naval Academy for a period.

World War II
In August 1940 Iachino was given command of the 2nd Naval Squadron (consisting of the 1st, 3rd and 7th Naval Divisions), with flag on the heavy cruiser Pola, after its previous commander, Admiral Riccardo Paladini, came down with angina pectoris. In this role, he participated on 27 November 1940 in the Battle of Cape Spartivento. On 9 December 1940 he replaced Admiral Inigo Campioni as commander of the entire battle fleet of the Regia Marina, with flag on the battleship Vittorio Veneto. On 9 February 1941, Iachino led the Italian fleet in the unsuccessful pursuit of the British Force H, after the latter had bombarded Genoa and La Spezia. He again commanded the Italian battle fleet in the Battle of Cape Matapan (26-29 March 1941), which resulted in the biggest defeat ever suffered by the Regia Marina; dismissing reports of nearby British battleships as incorrect or exaggerated, he sent the entire 1st Cruiser Division to the rescue of the stricken cruiser Pola, resulting in the annihilation of the entire division by the three battleships of Admiral Andrew Browne Cunningham's Mediterranean Fleet. His actions during this battle have been the subject of much criticism since then; despite this, Iachino wasn't relieved of command.

In July and September 1941 Iachino led the fleet in fruitless attempts to intercept British convoys to Malta (Operation Substance and Operation Halberd). During the First Battle of Sirte (16 December 1941) and the Second Battle of Sirte (22 March 1942) the forces under his command clashed with the escorts of British convoys heading for Malta, but despite his superior strength Iachino – concerned about not underestimating the enemy forces (to the point of believing incorrect reports about nonexistent battleships) and avoiding night action, both of which had been his fatal mistakes at Matapan – did not press the attack and was unable to cause significant damage to the convoys, but were later sunk by Axis air attack. Operation Vigorous (12-16 June 1942; known in Italy as the "Battle of Mid June") was instead his most important success; despite the losses caused by air and submarine attacks (the battleship Littorio was torpedoed, and the heavy cruiser Trento was sunk), he kept advancing towards the British convoy sailing from Alexandria to Malta, eventually leading to it aborting its mission and turning back to port.

On 5 April 1943 Iachino was replaced by Admiral Carlo Bergamini as the commander of the Italian battle fleet. At the same time he was promoted to Ammiraglio d'Armata. In 1945 he was transferred to the reserve, but he appealed against this and was restored to active service in 1948. He finally left active service in 1954 and was discharged in 1962.

During his later years he wrote several books about his actions during the war, especially focusing on Matapan and trying to justify his actions in that battle. In 1974 he donated the money for the construction of a Sailor's Monument in Taranto. He died in Rome on 3 December 1976, at the age of 87.

title: Angelo Iachino


text:
Looc

Looc or LOOC may refer to:

Looc
Looc is the name of places in the Philippines:

 * Looc, Occidental Mindoro, a municipality
 * Looc, Romblon, a municipality
 * Looc, a barangay in Calamba
 * Looc, a barangay in Mandaue City

LOOC
LOOC may refer to:

 * Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee, the organizing committee for the 1994 Winter Olympics
 * Law & Order: Organized Crime (L&O:OC, LO:OC), a U.S. police procedural TV show

title: Looc


text:
Magdiwang

Magdiwang may refer to the following:

 * Magdiwang (Katipunan faction), a faction of the 19th century Philippine revolutionary group Katipunan.
 * Magdiwang, Romblon, a Philippine municipality
 * Magdiwang Party, a political party in 21st century Philippines

title: Magdiwang


text:
User talk:GreenFerry

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes ( Redwolf24 04:16, 14 July 2005 (UTC) ) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes ( Redwolf24 ) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Ferry!
After your comment just do this: ~ :-D if you need anymore help come to my talk page. Redwolf24 04:37, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Whoa there. Only sign on User Talk Pages and Vote pages (such as VfD and RfA). Write your comment then follow with ~ I see you didnt do that on my page. Please do so. Just write ~ and the wikisoftware changes it to your user name and the time and date. :) Redwolf24 04:50, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, if you feel yourself truly clueless, nominate yourself at WP:CN. Redwolf24 04:50, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:GreenFerry


text:
Mikołaj Kamieniecki

Mikołaj Kamieniecki h. Pilawa (1460 – 15 April 1515) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic) and the first Great Hetman of the Crown.

Mikołaj was the oldest son of castellan of Sanok Henryk Kamieniecki and Katarzyna Pieniążkówna. He was owner of Węglówka, Kombornia, Wola Komborska, Jabłonica, Malinówka and the Kamieniec (ger. Erenberg) castle in Odrzykoń. A trusted co-worker of King Jan I Olbracht and Kazimierz Jagiellończyk.

He became castellan of Sandomierz, voivode of the Kraków Voivodship and was Great Hetman of the Crown from 1503 until 1515.

Mikołaj defeated Vlachs in the Battle of Czerniowce during the Moldavian campaign in 1509 and Turks in 1512 in the Battle of Łopuszno.

Marriage and issue
Mikołaj married Anna Tarnowska-Melsztyńska h. Leliwa in ca. 1480 but remained childless.

title: Mikołaj Kamieniecki


text:
Steinberg's (supermarket)

Steinberg's (renamed Steinberg in 1961) was a large family-owned Canadian grocery store chain that mainly operated in the province of Quebec and later Ontario. In addition to its flagship supermarket chain, the company operated several subsidiaries across the country. The company went bankrupt in 1992, three years after being sold to private interests, after 75 years in business.

Beginning
Steinberg's began as a grocery store founded in 1917 in Montreal by Jewish-Hungarian immigrant, Ida Steinberg. Her five sons, led by Sam Steinberg, grew the company from a tiny storefront on St. Lawrence Boulevard into the most popular and largest supermarket chain in Quebec. It was the first to create the "supermarket" concept in Quebec, in 1934, with expansions into Ontario (primarily the Ottawa area) and parts of New Brunswick.

Expansion
Steinberg's opened more stores in Montreal and Quebec over the years. Steinberg's entered the real estate market in 1952 under the name Ivanhoe Investments and owned several shopping centres. During the expansion years, the plan was to landbank properties in Quebec for future development into shopping centres and stores. Ivanhoe turned out to be one of Steinberg's most profitable ventures and continues today under the name Ivanhoe Cambridge. Steinberg's also had holdings in food production and distribution.

In keeping with increasing French language pressures in Quebec, Steinberg's dropped the possessive "'s" from its name to become "Steinberg" in 1961. This was accompanied with the introduction of a new logo as shown above this article (the previous logo had consisted of Sam Steinberg's personal signature). Despite the change, the chain continued to be referred to as "Steinberg's" among the English speaking Quebecers and media throughout its history and beyond.

For several decades, and until the late 1980s, Steinberg's was the largest supermarket chain in the province of Quebec. Store outlets could be spotted in nearly every district of the island of Montreal and was a major competitor for chains like Provigo and Metro. Sam Steinberg was one of the first employers to implement mandatory bilingualism (English and French) for all his personnel and as a result, the company became so entrenched in Quebec culture that among French speaking Quebecers, "Je fais mon Steinberg" ("I'm doing my Steinberg's") became a synonym for going grocery shopping, regardless of supermarket chain.

In 1959, Steinberg's made its expansion west of Ottawa into Ontario by acquiring 38 Ontario stores that Grand Union had put up for sale. This formed the basis of Steinberg's Ontario division. Until Loblaws expanded into Quebec through acquisition, there had been an unspoken agreement between Steinberg's and Loblaws that one would not enter the other's market. What Steinberg's found was that the locations of many of the Grand Union stores they acquired were in less-than-ideal locations compared to their already established competitors, and over time most were closed or relocated to new stores. The Ontario stores lost money because of competition, poor locations, and the imposition of a Quebec style of management and retailing that did not suit the Ontario market. The branding of Steinberg's Ontario's supermarkets was changed in the late 1960s to Miracle Food Marts outside of eastern Ontario, some operating next to a Miracle Mart department store. A new food and drug store chain, Miracle Ultra-Mart stores, was introduced in the mid-1980s. The main warehousing and administrative offices were in Rexdale (Etobicoke, now part of Toronto). The Ottawa, Cornwall and Brockville stores were part of the Quebec division rather than the Ontario division.

At one point a hypermarket was introduced called Steinberg Beaucoup, which consisted of a Steinberg's grocery, a Miracle Mart department store and Le Quick and Pik-Nik restaurants, all under the same roof. In Ontario, they were opened as "Miracle Beaucoup" stores with Miracle Food Mart as the grocery store. The first two Beaucoup stores were opened in Laval, Quebec, and Bramalea, Ontario.

Steinberg's owned and operated several well-known businesses aside from their own name-brand supermarket chain: In addition, Steinbergs had partial ownership of:
 * Miracle Mart, established in 1961. A discount department store chain (led by daughter Mitzi and renamed "M" store), carried clothing, toys, household appliances and goods. The "M" department stores ceased operations shortly after Steinberg's went bankrupt.
 * Miracle Food Mart, a supermarket chain operating in the Ontario regions where there were no stores of the grocery chain Steinberg's (they had been rebranded as such starting in 1969). Ontario operations had been poor in early years, but by the time they were sold to A&P Canada they were one of the more valuable assets remaining in the company.
 * Valdi, a limited assortment (discount) grocery chain in Ontario and the western provinces, Valdi was founded in 1979.
 * Pik-Nik, launched as drive in restaurants, and popular snack bars operating in shopping malls, established in 1966.
 * Le Quick, a restaurant chain, also often located in malls with a Steinberg store.
 * Cardinal Distributors, a mail-order gift catalogue, that merged in 1979 with Consumers Distributing
 * Smitty's Super Value Inc., a small Arizona-based supermarket chain, acquired 1981.
 * Xtra, a briefly operated discount supermarket chain introduced around 1990.
 * Ivanhoe Inc, their real estate and development arm. With its vast real estate portfolio, it was the most valuable asset in the company by the time it was sold off.
 * Steinberg Foods Limited, the company's own Montreal bakery and food production facilities, established in 1966.
 * Trillium Meats, Steinberg's own meat wholesaling company
 * Cartier Refined Sugars Limited, established in 1963. Steinberg's acquired a large stake in 1966 and eventually acquired the company.
 * La Maisonnée, a chain of conveniences stores in Quebec sold in 1988 to the Toronto-based Silcorp Ltd.
 * Price Club, a popular American wholesale club store. Steinberg was the exclusive operator in Canada of the chain starting in 1985, and also owned a 50% stake in the company.
 * Lantic Sugar, owned a 50% stake via sale of Cartier Sugar in 1981.
 * Phoenix Mills Inc, a large flour mill, Steinberg's acquired 30% ownership in the late 1960s.
 * Smitty's, a supermarket chain in Arizona. Sold to Yucaipa Companies in the early 1990s.

Decline
Trouble started brewing for the chain after the death of Sam Steinberg in 1978. His laissez-faire dealings with the union and lack of a succession plan for the company began its decline, and resulted in a trend of higher unionized labour costs than other unionized and non-union supermarkets, and a general loss of direction of the company without its former leader. Things worsened rapidly when a power struggle developed between his daughter Mitzi, her husband Mel Dobrin, daughter Marilyn Steinberg Cobrin and daughter Evelyn Steinberg. Each held equal controlling shares in the company through trusts, but these shares and those of their mother Helen, were stipulated to be voted together as one, to keep control of the company in the family.

After a number of years under lackluster leadership, Irving Ludmer became CEO in April 1984. Ludmer was a former Steinberg's real estate vice president who worked with the company from 1957 until leaving to start his own real-estate company in 1971. He tried to reinvigorate the company and give it some direction following the chaotic years since Sam's death. He had rejoined real-estate branch Ivanhoe in 1983, and had become close to Sam during his early years at the company. He initiated sweeping changes throughout the company, resulting in improved sales, stock prices, and a general all-around improvement in Steinberg's, making it more attractive on the stock market.

By the end of the 1980s, family infighting, power struggles, rising costs and increased competition were taking their toll, and Steinberg's was placed on the auction block for an estimated $1.5 billion. The Ontario-based Loblaws chain attempted to acquire Steinberg's, but was blocked by the Quebec provincial government on nationalist grounds. Other potential buyers included Toronto-based Oxdon Investments, Oxford Development, Metro-Richelieu, Provigo, and a leveraged buyout from company executives Irving Ludmer and Arnold Steinberg. In the end, the company was sold for $1.3 billion on August 22, 1989, to a joint bid between Socanav (a marine shipping firm with no experience in retail, and whose major shareholder Michel Gaucher helped set up the deal) and the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, Quebec's pension-fund manager.

Under Socanav's ownership, Steinberg's ran some locations as franchises for the first time. Smaller Quebec grocery chains such as Metro-Richelieu and IGA had used a franchising model for some time. The company could save on labour costs, as those stores could employ non-unionized labour paid at lower wages than Steinberg's company-operated stores.

End of Steinberg's
The buyout of Steinberg's was highly leveraged. Despite improved profitability and cash flow results from Steinberg's after the buyout, various parts of the company were auctioned off by new owner Socanav to help pay down the heavy debt load incurred. The Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec wanted Steinberg's real estate arm Ivanhoe for its attractive portfolio from the start, and acquired it for $887 million in 1990. Steinberg's 50% stakes in both Lantic Sugar and Price Club were sold in 1990 for $110 million and $58 million respectively. After ongoing talks, A&P Canada agreed to buy the Ontario operations (consisting of 58 Miracle Food Marts, 11 Miracle Ultra-Marts, and Ontario divisional offices in Etobicoke) in July 1990 for $235 million, with the closing date of October 20, 1990. The stores continued to operate under their former names, but were eventually rebranded under the "A&P" and "Dominion", and Ultra Mart/Ultra Food & Drug banners.

The final 10 Ontario stores in the Ottawa, Cornwall and Brockville locations (not included in the sale to A&P since they were all part of the Quebec division) were bought by Loblaws (under National Grocer Co.) in January 1992 and either converted to "Loblaws" or "Your Independent Grocer" banners, or closed. The sale included two operating as Xtra discount supermarkets. Those were the final stores Steinberg's owned in Ontario, aside from 74 Valdi stores that the chain held onto (a combined 101 in Ontario & Quebec). Valdi Foods remained a company subsidiary until the stores in the western provinces were closed in 1991/92.

Attempts to sell off more assets and restructure the company (including rebranding some stores and franchising others) were difficult, due to Steinberg's higher labour wages, the 1990–1992 recession, suppliers unsure of supplying the highly leveraged company, pressure from creditors, mounting losses and interest payments on debt from the leveraged buyout. In May 1992, court protection was obtained in order to liquidate the company and pay off creditors. Loblaws again attempted to buy the chain. They were again foiled by the Quebec government, who arranged for Steinberg's stores to be sold to its two major local competitors Metro Richelieu and Provigo. To avoid accusations of monopoly, Provigo resold half of its Steinberg's stores to IGA.

By mid-1992, Steinberg's and its poor-performing department store chain M began to phase out. Most of Steinberg's grocery stores were absorbed and converted by its competitors, while the M locations closed outright as no buyer could be found for them. Even within the grocery chain proper, 16 of the locations had no buyer. Six of these stores closed on August 29, 1992 and the other ten followed suit on September 5, 1992 in the cities of Rimouski, Chicoutimi, Longueuil, Hull, Saint-Hubert, Quebec City, Saint-Bruno, Saint-Jérôme, Laval and Bromont. The Steinberg's stores that were acquired were split among five supermarket chains: Metro, IGA, Maxi, Héritage and Provigo. None of Steinberg's locations directly converted to Super C though a few of the stores that turned into Metro in 1992 later rebranded to Super C in the mid-1990s.

Although Steinberg's, Miracle Mart/M, Miracle Food Mart, Valdi and Cardinal Distributors are now defunct, Sam Steinberg is survived by his real estate company Ivanhoe (which absorbed Cambridge Shopping Centres Ltd in 2001 to become Ivanhoe Cambridge). His restaurant chain Pik-Nik, founded in 1966, lasted until the mid-2010s.

Succession for the Steinberg's grocery chain was the subject of a 1974 National Film Board of Canada documentary by Arthur Hammond entitled After Mr. Sam.

title: Steinberg's (supermarket)


text:
Sonata (disambiguation)

In music, a sonata is a musical piece which is played as opposed to sung.

Sonata may also refer to:

Music and arts

 * Sonata form, a way of organizing the composition of a work of music
 * Moonlight Sonata, composition by Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Sonata (play), a one-act play by Indian playwright Mahesh Elkunchwar
 * Sonata Arctica, a Finnish power metal band
 * Sonatas (film), a 1959 Mexican-Spanish historical film

People

 * Sonata (given name)

Television

 * "Sonata" (Moonlight), a television episode
 * Sonata Dusk, a character in My Little Pony: Equestria Girls - Rainbow Rocks

Medicine

 * Zaleplon, tradename Sonata, a very short-acting sedative used for treatment of insomnia

Computing and software

 * The Sonata I, II, and III, computer cases manufactured by Antec
 * Sonata (software), a GTK+-based GUI for the Music Player Daemon
 * Sonata Software, an Indian IT consulting and software services company
 * Sonata (building design software), a 1980s 3D building design application
 * SONATA (anonymity software), Service-Oriented Netcoded Architecture for Tactical Anonymity, a next generation overlay network, building further on software like TOR (anonymity network)
 * Eternal Sonata, a 2007 Xbox 360 and 2008 PlayStation 3 game

Vehicles

 * Hunter Sonata, a small racing and cruising yacht built by British boat builder Hunter Boats
 * Hyundai Sonata, a sedan automobile (saloon car) built by Hyundai Motor Company
 * Sonata 6.7, an American sailboat design
 * Sonata 8, an American sailboat design
 * Sonata 26, an American sailboat design

Other

 * Sonata Watches, India's largest selling brand, made by Titan Industries

title: Sonata (disambiguation)


text:
List of computer algebra systems

The following tables provide a comparison of computer algebra systems (CAS). A CAS is a package comprising a set of algorithms for performing symbolic manipulations on algebraic objects, a language to implement them, and an environment in which to use the language. A CAS may include a user interface and graphics capability; and to be effective may require a large library of algorithms, efficient data structures and a fast kernel.

General
These computer algebra systems are sometimes combined with "front end" programs that provide a better user interface, such as the general-purpose GNU TeXmacs.

Functionality
Below is a summary of significantly developed symbolic functionality in each of the systems.

  via SymPy  via qepcad optional package

Those which do not "edit equations" may have a GUI, plotting, ASCII graphic formulae and math font printing. The ability to generate plaintext files is also a sought-after feature because it allows a work to be understood by people who do not have a computer algebra system installed.

Operating system support
The software can run under their respective operating systems natively without emulation. Some systems must be compiled first using an appropriate compiler for the source language and target platform. For some platforms, only older releases of the software may be available.

Graphing calculators
Some graphing calculators have CAS features.

title: List of computer algebra systems


text:
List of Degrassi: The Next Generation episodes

Degrassi: The Next Generation is a Canadian teen drama television series created by Linda Schuyler and Yan Moore. The series first premiered on CTV on October 14, 2001, and concluded on MTV Canada on August 2, 2015. It is the fourth series set in the fictional Degrassi universe created by Schuyler and Kit Hood in 1979. Like its predecessors, Degrassi: The Next Generation follows a group of students from Degrassi Community School, a fictional school in Toronto, Ontario, and depicts some of the typical and atypical issues and challenges common to teenagers' lives.

The series produced 366 individual episodes; however, because of differing individual episode lengths, and all syndicated episodes being half-an-hour long, 385 produced episodes have aired.

The first twelve seasons of Degrassi: The Next Generation are available on DVD in Region 1, with season one through four also available in Region 4. Episodes are also available digitally: MTV Canada and TeenNick stream episodes on their websites; registered users of the Canadian and US iTunes Stores are able to purchase and download episodes for playback on home computers and certain iPods; episodes are also available for download from Puretracks in Canada. All episodes are available to stream on YouTube in countries outside the U.S. and Canada. The episodes are in a Windows Media 10 file and the purchaser owns them forever, although the episodes can only be burned onto a disc three times and copied to a device three times. Additionally, every episode is available on the Xbox Live Marketplace in the US.

In addition to the regular episodes, nine "special episodes" have been produced, which are not part of the Degrassi continuity. They consist of two Halloween-themed episodes and six documentaries following the work of the show's cast in other countries.

A number of episodes have aired out of production order in either Canada or the US. This is a list of Degrassi: The Next Generation episodes by order of production, as they appear on the DVDs. There are also several shorter episodes available on the official Degrassi YouTube channel, known as "Degrassi Minis".

Specials
In addition to the 385 regular episodes, nine "special episodes" have been produced, which are not considered to be part of the Degrassi continuity.

"Degrassi in Kenya" ("Degrassi: Doing What Matters" in the US) aired October 18, 2007 on MTV Canada and March 14, 2008 on The N. It documented the Degrassi: The Next Generation cast visiting the Masai Mara in Kenya to build an extension onto Motony Primary School. "Degrassi of the Dead", parodying the zombie movie Dawn of the Dead, was a Halloween special episode which aired on the N on October 26, 2007, and four days later on CTV. The episode was not part of the Degrassi continuity, although the first fifteen minutes did feature a number of actors in character, some of whom had turned into zombies after eating genetically modified food in the school cafeteria, while others were trying to escape. The second half of the episode was a behind-the-scenes look with actors Cassie Steele, Aubrey Graham and Lauren Collins. It was directed by Stefan Brogren, and originally made as five online-only Degrassi Minis, with an additional streaming video of Aubrey Graham dancing to a Halloween-themed rap performed by Brogren. The third was a second Halloween special called "Curse of Degrassi", which aired on the N on October 24 and on CTV on October 26, 2008. In this special, Rick Murray's ghost possesses Holly J. and begins tormenting the students who laughed at him on the day of the "Whack-Your-Brain" incident which eventually led to his death. A third horror-themed special aired as part of season 11; however, "Nowhere to Run" is part of the continuity.

"Degrassi in Ecuador" aired in December 2008, in both Canada and the US; it documented the cast visiting Ecuador. "Degrassi in India" aired a number of times on MuchMusic during the 2010 holiday break, but was promoted as premiering on December 29, 2010; it documented the cast visiting India. Also airing during the holiday break was "Degrassi in Haiti", produced and aired in 2011. A number of other specials have also aired, documenting a MuchMusic VJ visiting the set of Degrassi, at Epitome Studios.


text: Category:1720 in law

title: Category:1720 in law


text:
Latino studies

Latino studies is an academic discipline which studies the experience of people of Latin American ancestry in the United States. Closely related to other ethnic studies disciplines such as African-American studies, Asian American studies, and Native American studies, Latino studies critically examines the history, culture, politics, issues, sociology, spirituality (Indigenous) and experiences of Latino people. Drawing from numerous disciplines such as sociology, history, literature, political science, religious studies and gender studies, Latino studies scholars consider a variety of perspectives and employ diverse analytical tools in their work.

Origins of Latino studies
In academia, Latino Studies stemmed from the development of Chicana/o Studies and Puerto Rican Studies programs in response to demands articulated by student movements in the late 1960s in the United States. These movements unfolded amid a nationwide climate of heightened social and political activism, incited by opposition to the Vietnam War, the American Feminist movement, and the Civil Rights Movement.

At some institutions of higher education in the United States, the 1970s and 1980s saw the consolidation of Latino Studies as an autonomous discipline while other institutions chose to maintain Chicano and Puerto Rican Studies programs—reflecting a diversity of institutional responses to the nascent academic discipline.

Debates on the academic and institutional location of Latino Studies continue to present day: while some scholars strive to maintain Chicano and Puerto Rican Studies programs that explore the exceptionality of national experiences, in the context of a globalizing Latino diaspora and diversifying Latino student populations at U.S. universities, many others support the notion of Latino Studies as an "umbrella" field designed to explore pan-Latino experiences and histories that transcend nation-bound analytical frameworks introduced by pioneering Chicano and Puerto Rican studies programs. Yet others advocate for the absorption of Latino Studies into broader comparative disciplines such as ethnic studies, American studies, and Latin American Studies. Accordingly, the status of Latino Studies significantly differs from institution to institution in terms of nomenclature, pedagogical practice, and disciplinary location—with examples ranging from degree-granting autonomous departments to interdisciplinary (and multidisciplinary) programs to university-affiliated research centers.

Chicano Studies
The first Chicano Studies program was established at California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA) in Fall 1968 in response to demands articulated by student activism movements. Initially named the Mexican American Studies Program, the program was instituted at CSULA as the Chicano Studies Department in 1971. Similar initiatives developed simultaneously at other California universities. In 1969 at a statewide conference held at the University of California, Santa Barbara, Chicano students, activists and scholars drafted the Plan de Santa Bárbara a 155-page manifesto for the implementation of Chicano Studies in institutions of higher education in California. While the Regents of the University of California did not formally adopt the manifesto as an institutional mandate, it served as a blueprint for the establishment of Chicano Studies programs across public universities in the state. However, in calling for the establishment of comprehensive Chicano Studies programs—including departments, research centers, a Chicano studies library—and recommending the adoption of a host of institutional practices, many California universities implemented only certain elements of the plan.

While Chicano studies programs proliferated across campuses in California, Texas-based institutions also played pivotal roles in development of early Chicano Studies programs, including the Center for Mexican American Studies at the University of Texas at Austin in 1970 and the Center for Mexican American Studies (CMAS) at the University of Texas at Arlington founded in 1993.

Puerto Rican Studies
In 1969, a parallel wave of student activism took place at City University of New York (CUNY) south campus, spearheaded by the efforts of Puerto Rican and African American Students. These efforts culminated in the spring of 1969 when students staged the Open Admissions Strike. The students' central demand was the adoption of a non-competitive open admissions policy. The expanded admissions policy would, in effect, diversify the student body by guaranteeing placement at CUNY for all New York City high school graduates. In addition to demands for an open-admissions policy, student activists demanded academic programs in Black and Puerto Rican Studies. In response, CUNY created the Department of Urban and Ethnic Studies. With continuing student activism, the Department of Puerto Rican Studies was formed in 1971, followed by the establishment of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies as a university-based research institute in 1973. Student activism related to the demand for Puerto Rican Studies was not limited to CUNY, and effervesced across New York public campuses including Brooklyn, Lehman, Queens and Bronx Community Colleges.

New directions in Latino Studies
As Chicano and Puerto Rican Studies programs stemmed largely (but not exclusively) from the east and west coasts, institutions in the American Midwest pioneered some of the first academic departments with a multinational or transnational Latino Studies focus. These programs included the Center for Chicano-Boricua Studies at Wayne State University (established in 1972) and the Chicano-Boriqueño Studies Program (now the Latino Studies Program) at Indiana University (established in 1976).

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, dozens of universities across the country followed suit and established academic programs and departments (see list of major departments) in Latino Studies. The 1980s and 1990s also saw the emergence of a number of research initiatives and professional societies dedicated to the advancement of a Latino Studies research agenda. These initiatives including fellowships offered by the Ford, Rockefeller, Compton and Mellon Foundations and the establishment of research institutes including The InterUniversity Project on Latino Research, the Tomás Rivera Policy Institute and the Julian Samora Research Institute.

Debate on the location of Latino Studies within institutions of higher education
The location of Latino Studies within institutions of higher education—in terms of disciplinary boundaries, but also with regard to the field's perceived legitimacy as an academic discipline and field of scholarship—is contested. In Decolonizing American Spanish, Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera argues that US higher education "best practices" make the university not "a neutral institution but as one of the main levers of political and social power that supports the misrecognition of Spanish as foreign in the United States." He comments that "The academic foreignization directs literacy itself toward English and away from Spanish in a way that pushes many communities toward political and social obligations that shape not only literacy and graduation rates but also access to public funds, democratic participation, and the nature of belonging and citizenship.” As Spanish and Spanish-language cultures are "externalized as 'foreign,' such cultures and languages are commonly conceptualized as non-generative, ungrammatical, impure, and/ or contaminated—and thus invalid vis-à- vis their equivalents in Spain. While these local cultures have profound histories, traditions, aesthetics, narratives, and myths, the structures of the academy require (if these materials appear in pedagogy, which does not regularly occur) that they be studied, recognized, and institutionalized as minor and unimportant in comparison to Spain.”

Criticisms of Latino Studies and Ethnic Studies
While Latino Studies is sometimes encompassed under the umbrella of ethnic studies, it is important to note that the discipline's course of development in different areas of the United States has been shaped by regional demographics, including the demographic composition of a college campus' student body. In the case of Latino Studies, the American northeast and southwest have served as especially salient battlegrounds for these debates to unfold.

Staunch critics of ethnic studies programs include Ward Connerly, former University of California Regent, who was involved in the successful effort to ban affirmative action in California places of employment and higher education in 1996 with California Proposition 209. Connerly accused ethnic studies programs of being "divisive" and balkanizing.

More recently, Latino Studies faced legal challenges in Arizona with House Bill 2120 which (echoing the Arizona ban on ethnic studies effectuated in Tucson public schools in 2011) sought to prohibit public universities in the state from activities and classes including those that "promote division, resentment or social justice toward a race, gender, religion, political affiliation, social class or other class of people"; "are designed primarily for students of a particular ethnic group"; or "advocate solidarity or isolation based on ethnicity, race, religion, gender or social class instead of the treatment of students as individuals." (On January 17, 2017 Arizona House Education Committee Chairman Paul Boyer denied a hearing, effectively killing the bill. )

Disciplinary positioning of Latino Studies
Among scholars and administrators in support of Latino Studies and other ethnic studies programs, opinions are divided on the positioning, status and definition of Latino Studies within institutions of higher education. These debates arise from theoretical and epistemological inquiry but also from concerns surrounding funding and institutional support for university departments and academic programs.

In the late 1990s, at the height of tensions between nationally-specific programs like Chicano Studies and Puerto Rican Studies and nascent pan-Latino Studies programs, Ignacio Garcia (Professor of Western American Studies at Brigham Young University) advocated for the autonomous departmental status of Chicano Studies—posing the emergence of Latino Studies as a challenge to that ideal. In his 1996 essay "Juncture in the Road: Chicano Studies since 'El Plan de Santa Barbara", Garcia argued:

"Many centers find themselves challenged by non- Chicano Latino scholars who want to promote their scholarly interests. They argue that all Latino groups have a common experience with racism and poverty in American society. Also, programs which emphasize the inclusive Hispanic approach are more likely to gain research and support funds more easily. Because immigration has been a major area of study for Chicano Studies and because the immigrant groups are now more diverse among numerous Latino groups, there is an intellectual challenge to Chicano Studies to become inclusive or else to be seen as shallow and exclusionary."

At the turn of the 21st century, scholars including Frances Aparicio (Professor of Spanish and Portuguese and Director of the Latina and Latino Studies Program at Northwestern University), Pedro Cabán (Professor and Chair of the Department of Latin American, Caribbean & U.S. Latino Studies at SUNY Albany), and Juan Flores (former Professor of Social and Cultural Analysis and Director of Latino Studies at New York University)—argued in support of an interdisciplinary Latino Studies field of scholarship with a transnational focus.

In his 1999 essay "New Concepts, New Contexts," Juan Flores—an advocate for the freestanding autonomy of Latino Studies departments—described the potential "dilution" or "distortion" of the field when subsumed into umbrella departments. Flores identified that at a time when many public universities were being consolidated, Latino Studies programs were blossoming at private universities across the country. Nonetheless, recognizing political and pragmatic concerns, Flores recommended that departmental status should be evaluated on a "case-by-case" basis in order to best place the discipline according to the needs and demands of a particular institutional environment.

Pedro Cabán considered the tensions and contradictions between Latino Studies as a discipline borne from student activism and institutional demands placed upon the discipline, writing:

"If deployed uncritically, the Latino label can result in sanitizing a history of political activism and critical engagement that is the legacy of the struggles of the 1960s ... if Latino Studies programs are to be successful and relevant to legions of students, they will need to retain the normative values that defined their transformative goals, and obtain the academic authority that traditional disciplines possess (hiring, promotion and tenure, curriculum development, discretion over budgets, etc.)"

Reflecting upon Latino Studies programs existent in 1999, Aparicio warned that the ideal of interdisciplinarity is often unfulfilled, arguing that Latino Studies programs are often multidisciplinary aggregates of nationally-bounded scholarship: "Latino studies programs are constituted by a list of courses discrete in their national and disciplinary boundaries that add up to lo latino."

Theoretical influences
Early Chicano Studies and Puerto Rican Studies programs developed in a parallel fashion: both emerged from activist struggles, developed within nation-bound analytical frameworks and drew influences from economic liberation, antiracism, and critical consciousness theories.

However, Pedro Cabán argues that the two schools of thought differed in one significant way: "Whereas the Chicano historiography and the emerging social science literature primarily explored the Chicano experience in the US, early Puerto Rican Studies was heavily invested in reinterpreting the economic history of Puerto Rico under US colonial domination."

In the 1980s and 1990s, newly formed Latino Studies programs tended to emphasize interdisciplinarity and transnationalism. A number of pre-existing programs were restructured, consolidated or renamed to encompass this broader scope. Scholars in the field have identified the 1990s as a turning point in the discipline's history, as scholarship shifted away from "male-centered nationalistic discourse" and became increasingly influenced by intersectional identity formation theory, including feminist and queer theory.

List of scholarly and academic journals

 * The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education (founded 1990)
 * El Andar: A National Magazine for Latino Discourse (founded 1998)
 * Journal of Hispanic Higher Education (founded 2002)
 * Journal of Latinos and Education (founded 2002)
 * Latino Studies (founded 2003)
 * Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies, formerly Latino Studies Journal (founded 2005)
 * Latino(a) Research Review (founded 1995; publication suspended since 2010)
 * Journal of Latina/o Psychology (founded 2012)
 * CENTRO Journal (published continuously since 1987 by the Center for Puerto Rican Studies)

Major programs, departments and research institutes
''The following is a working list of programs throughout the United States associated with "Latino Studies" in chronological order of establishment. In cases of name changes, the order reflects the date of establishment of the program's first iteration. Programs with no date of establishment listed on their homepage are located at the end of the list.''
 * Department of Latina/Latino Studies at San Francisco State University, originally established as the Department of Chicano Studies in 1969 within the newly instituted College of Ethnic Studies. The name was quickly changed to "La Raza Studies" followed by "Raza Studies" in 1999, finally gaining its present title in 2011.
 * Department of Latino and Hispanic Caribbean Studies at Rutgers University, originally established as the Program in Puerto Rican Studies in 1970 in response to student demands, which soon became the Department of Puerto Rican Studies in 1973. Subsequent name changes included: Department of Puerto Rican and Hispanic Caribbean Studies (mid-1980s), Department of Latino and Hispanic Caribbean Studies (2005-2006), followed by Department of Latino and Caribbean Studies as of January 2016. The department offers an undergraduate major and minor.
 * Department of Latin American and Latino Studies, University of California - Santa Cruz, originally established in 1971 as the Program in Latin American Studies. In 1994, the program name changed to its current title, and in 2001, the program gained departmental status. The department offers an undergraduate major and minor, in addition to a Ph.D. program (see following section).
 * Department of Chicano and Latino Studies at the University of Minnesota, originally established as the Department of Chicano Studies in 1971/1972. Adopting its current title in 2012, the department offers an undergraduate major and minor.
 * The Center for Latino/a and Latin American Studies at Wayne State University, established in 1972 as the Center for Chicano-Boriqueño Studies. The program offers an undergraduate two-year core curriculum program and a co-major.
 * Latino Studies Program at Indiana University, originally established as the Chicano-Boriqueño Studies Program in 1976. The program became the Latino Studies Program in 1999, offering an undergraduate minor and a Ph.D. minor.
 * Latina/Latino Studies Program at the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, established in 1984. The program offers an undergraduate major and minor, as well as a graduate certificate.
 * Department of Latin American, Caribbean and U.S. Latino Studies at the University at Albany, SUNY, established in 1984. The department offers an undergraduate major and minor, as well as a MA, Ph.D. and certificate graduate programs.
 * Latino Studies Program at Cornell University, established in 1987. The program offers an undergraduate minor and a graduate minor.
 * El Instituto: Institute of Latina/o, Caribbean and Latin American Studies at the University of Connecticut, originally established in 1994 as the Institute of Puerto Rican and Latino Studies. In 2012, El Instituto was inaugurated, merging the former Institute of Puerto Rican Studies with the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies. El Instituto offers undergraduate BA and graduate MA concentrations.
 * Department of Latina/Latino Studies at University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, established in 1996. The department offers an undergraduate minor and major, as well as a graduate minor.
 * Institute for Latino Studies at the University of Notre Dame, established in 1999. The Institute offers an undergraduate supplementary major and minor.
 * Latino Studies at Millersville University, established in 2003. The program offers an undergraduate minor.
 * Latina/o Studies Program at Northwestern University, established in 2008. The program offers an undergraduate major and minor.
 * Program in Latino Studies at Princeton University, established in 2009. The program offers an undergraduate certificate.
 * Latino/Latina/Latin American Studies at Rochester Institute of Technology. The program offers an undergraduate minor.
 * Department of Chicano/Latino Studies at the University of California, Irvine. The department offers an undergraduate major, minor and certificate, as well as a graduate emphasis.
 * Department of Latin American and Latina/o Studies at John Jay College of Criminal Justice (at CUNY). The Department offers an undergraduate major and minor.
 * Latino/a Studies Program at Williams College. The program offers an undergraduate concentration.
 * Latino Studies Program at New York University. Located in the Department of Social and Cultural Analysis, the program offers an undergraduate major and minor.
 * Latin American and Latino Studies Program at the University of Pennsylvania. The program offers an undergraduate major and minor.
 * Mexican American and Latina/o Studies at the University of Texas, Austin. The program offers an undergraduate major, minor, and certificate.

Doctoral programs

 * Ph.D. in Latin American and Latino Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz
 * Ph.D. in Latin American, Caribbean, and U.S. Latino Cultural Studies at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Albany
 * Ph.D. in Chicano/Latino Studies at Michigan State University
 * Ph.D. Program in Mexican American and Latina/o Studies at the University of Texas at Austin

Research institutes and consortiums
Also see: Programs and Departments in Chicana/o Studies
 * Center for Mexican American Studies (CMAS) at the University of Texas at Arlington, founded in 1993.
 * Center for Latino Policy Research at the University of California - Berkeley, established in 1988.
 * Hispanic Research Center at Arizona State University, established in 1989.
 * Center for Latino Initiatives at the Smithsonian Institution, established in 1998.
 * Center for Latin American and Latino Studies at American University, established in 2010.
 * New England Consortium of Latina/o Studies
 * Center for Puerto Rican Studies, established in 1973.
 * Latino Research Institute at University of Texas, Austin, established 2015

Notable scholars

 * Frederick Luis Aldama (1969), The Ohio State University Latino scholar, distinguished professor of English and Latino studies.
 * Gloria E. Anzaldúa (1942–2004), Chicana Studies scholar, writer and activist.
 * Frances Aparicio (born 1955), Professor of Latina/Latino Studies at Northwestern University.
 * Juan Bruce-Novoa (1944–2010), formerly Professor of Spanish and Portuguese at University of California - Irvine.
 * Arlene Davila (born 1965), Professor of Anthropology and Social and Cultural Analysis at New York University.
 * Juan Flores (1943-2014), Professor of Africana and Puerto Rican–Latino Studies at CUNY (City University of New York) Hunter College, and Professor of Sociology at the CUNY Graduate Center. Former director of CUNY's Center for Puerto Rican Studies.
 * Jorge Majfud (born 1969) Professor of Latin American Studies at Jacksonville University, Florida, Jorge Majfud visits WCU
 * Silvia Mazzula (born 1974), Associate Professor of Psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Founding Executive Director of Latina Researchers Network.
 * Suzanne Oboler, Professor of Latin American and Latina/o Studies at John Jay College. Founding Editor of the journal, Latino Studies.
 * Américo Paredes (1915-1999), Formerly Dickson, Allen, and Anderson Centennial Professor at the University of Texas at Austin.
 * Gustavo Pérez Firmat (born 1949), David Feinson Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University.
 * George I. Sánchez (1906–1972), formerly Professor of History at the University of Texas and President of LULAC.
 * José David Saldívar, Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford University.
 * Silvio Torres-Saillant, Professor of English at Syracuse University and founder of the Dominican Studies Institute, City College, City University of New York (CUNY).
 * Ilan Stavans (born 1961), Lewis-Sebring Professor in Latin American and Latino Culture at Amherst College.
 * Luz Maria Umpierre (born 1947), Puerto Rican studies scholar, writer and advocate.
 * Enrique Zone Andrews, Professor of Ministry and Hispanic Protestant Leadership at Azusa Pacific Graduate School of Theology, Azusa Pacific University.

Books

 * Allatson, Paul. Dreams: Transcultural Traffic and the U.S. National Imaginary'', Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi Press, 2002.
 * Allatson, Paul. Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies'', Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Press, 2007.
 * Aparicio, Frances. Listening to Salsa: Gender, Latin Popular Music, and Puerto Rican Cultures CT: Wesleyan, 1998.
 * Aparicio, Frances and Chávez-Silverman, Susana, eds. Tropicalizations: Transcultural Representations of Latinidad. Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1997.
 * Chávez Candelaria, Cordelia, et al., eds. Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture, 2 vols. Westport, CT, and London: Greenwood Press, 2004.
 * Dalleo, Raphael, and Elena Machado Sáez. The Latino/a Canon and the Emergence of Post-Sixties Literature. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
 * Caminero-Santangelo, Marta. On Latinidad: U.S. Latino Literature and the Construction of Ethnicity. FL: University Press of Florida, 2007.
 * Davila, Arlene. Latinos, Inc.: The Marketing and Making of a People, Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 2001.
 * Flores, Juan.From Bomba to Hip-Hop, NY: Columbia University Press, 2000.
 * Flores, Juan, and Renato Rosaldo, ed. A Companion to Latina/o Studies, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.
 * Gonzalez, Juan. Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America, NY: Penguin, 2000.
 * Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey. Decolonizing American Spanish : Eurocentrism and Foreignness in the Imperial Ecosystem. PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2022.
 * Negron-Muntaner, Frances. Boricua Pop. New York: NYU Press, 2004.
 * Oboler, Suzanne. Ethnic Labels, Latino Lives: Identity and the Politics of (Re)Presentation in the United States. MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.
 * Oboler, Suzanne, and Deena J. González, eds. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
 * Perez-Firmat, Gustavo. Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way. TX: University of Texas Press, 1994.
 * Stavans, Ilan. The Hispanic Condition: The Power of a People. NY: Harper Perennial, 1995.
 * Suarez-Orozco, Marcelo, and Mariela Páez. Latinos: Remaking America. CA: University of California Press, 2002.

title: Latino studies


text:
Michael Gazzaniga

Michael S. Gazzaniga (born December 12, 1939) is a professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara in the USA, where he heads the new SAGE Center for the Study of the Mind. He is one of the leading researchers in cognitive neuroscience, the study of the neural basis of mind. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Academy of Sciences.

Biography
In 1961, Gazzaniga graduated from Dartmouth College in the USA. In 1964, he received a Ph.D. in psychobiology from the California Institute of Technology, where he worked under the guidance of Roger Sperry (who had primary responsibilities for initiating human split-brain research). In his subsequent work he has made important advances in our understanding of functional lateralization in the brain and how the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another.

Gazzaniga's publication career includes books for a general audience such as The Social Brain, Mind Matters, Nature's Mind, The Ethical Brain and Who's in Charge?. He is also the editor of The Cognitive Neurosciences book series published by the MIT Press, which features the work of nearly 200 scientists and is a sourcebook for the field. His latest monograph is entitled Who's in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain. It was published by HarperCollins in 2011.

Gazzaniga founded the Centers for Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of California, Davis and at Dartmouth College, the Neuroscience Institute, and the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, of which he is the Editor-in-Chief Emeritus. Gazzaniga was a member of U.S. President George W. Bush's Council on Bioethics. He was also the Director of the Law and Neuroscience Project, a project to study the intersection of law and neuroscience.

In 2009, he delivered the Gifford Lectures on Mental Life at the University of Edinburgh. In 2019, Trinity College Dublin awarded him with an honorary doctorate.

Cultural influence
Gazzaniga's work is mentioned in the novel Peace on Earth by Stanisław Lem. It is also mentioned in Chapter 8 of Homo Deus by Yuval Noah Harari.

In 2010 a tribute volume to the work of Gazzaniga was published, containing contributions by Joseph LeDoux, Stephen Kosslyn, Steven Pinker and others.

Studies
Gazzaniga has led pioneering studies in learning and understanding split brained patients and how their brains work. He has performed numerous studies and done large amounts of research on split brain patients to provide a higher quality understanding into the lives of those affected by this rare phenomenon. He has studied how people who have the two halves of the brain separated function in comparison to those who do not. Gazzaniga has looked into what bodily functions are controlled by each half of the brain. He has looked at what split brained patients are able to do as a result of their condition such as the ability to draw two different objects with each hand, an ability that a person with a non-split brain is unable to do. They study how those with split brain act emotionally and physically in comparison to those who do not have a split brain. Through Gazzaniga’s studies a much greater understanding of the split brain phenomenon has been brought to other physiologists as well as the general population of the world.

Patient W.J.
Patient W.J. was a World War II paratrooper who got hit in the head with a rifle butt, after which he started having seizures. Before his operation to try to fix the seizures, Gazzaniga tested his brain functions. This included presenting stimuli to the left and right visual fields and identifying objects in his hands that were out of view. He was able to perform these tasks perfectly and afterwards he had the surgery that split his corpus callosum and anterior commissure. After his surgery, he was brought in again for testing with Gazzaniga in which stimuli such as letters and light bursts were flashed to the left and right visual fields. The stimuli flashed to the right visual field were processed by the brain’s left hemisphere, which contains the language center, so he was able to press a button to indicate he saw the stimulus and could verbally report what he had seen. However, when the stimuli were flashed to the left visual field, and thus the right hemisphere, he would press the button, but could not verbally report having seen anything. When they modified the experiment to have him point to the stimulus that was presented to his left visual field and not have to verbally identify it, he was able to perform this task accurately.

Patient W.J.’s divided corpus callosum could also cause conflicts between the hemispheres. An example of this could be seen with his hands, where each hand was controlled by the opposite hemisphere, and there was no communication between the two. This would result in moments where one hand might reach out to open a car door while the other would try to stop that hand from opening the door.

Patient P.S.
Patient P.S. was a teenage boy in whom it was shown that language comprehension was possible in the right hemisphere. When the word “girlfriend” was flashed to his left visual field, and thus his right hemisphere, he could not verbally say the name of his “crush”, but he then spelled out the name “Liz” with Scrabble tiles. This suggested that even though verbal language was not possible in the right hemisphere, there was a form of language possible through gesturing and left hand movements.

title: Michael Gazzaniga


text:
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