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28th G8 summit

The 28th G8 Summit was held in Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada, on June 26–27, 2002.

Overview
The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada starting in 1976. The G8, meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of Russia. In addition, the President of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981. The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975.

The G8 summits during the 21st-century have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.

Accomplishments
The 2002 conference is said to have cost $300-million with potential benefits for the Kananaskis economy.

In response to and support of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), the Kananaskis Summit produced an African Action Plan, which contained commitments on promoting peace and security; strengthening institutions and governance; fostering trade, economic growth and sustainable development; implementing debt relief; expanding knowledge; improving health and confronting HIV/AIDS; increasing agricultural productivity; and, improving water resource management.

Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien proposed and carried the Market Access Initiative, so that the then 48 least developed countries (LDCs) could profit from "trade-not-aid". This was part of a multi-year initiative by the Technical Cooperation Division at the Secretariat of the WTO, spearheaded by Dr. Chiedu Osakwe, the WTO Special Coordinator for the LDCs beginning in 1999. Concurrently, the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) resulted in the phasing out of apparel quotas under the Multi Fibre Arrangement (MFA) in 2005. Developing country quotas were subsequently removed on 1 January 2005, and tariff reduction was to continue until 2010.

Furthermore, the G8 Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction was adopted at the summit; with members committing US$20 billion towards the security of some weapons of mass destruction in former Soviet republics.

In the summit's final communique, one of the unexpected highlights was an announcement that Russia would become a true full member of the G8. This would be accomplished by allowing it to host its first G8 summit, starting in 2006. Thus, the rotation of the G8 Presidency was changed, placing Russia between the United Kingdom and Germany.

Leaders at the summit
The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Participants
These participants were the "core members" of the international forum during the 28th summit:

Priorities
Traditionally, a host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, which take place primarily amongst multi-national civil servants in the weeks before the summit itself, leading to a joint declaration which all countries can agree to sign. The Presidency of the G8 is held by the leader of a current national government, whether it is a president, prime minister, or chancellor (with Germany) of that particular G8 country. It lasts from January 1 to December 31 of such year.

Issues
The summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.

Citizens' responses and authorities' counter-responses
The previous summit, the 27th G8 summit, in Genoa, Italy was the site of large anti-globalization protests and occasionally violent conflict between protesters and the police. In contrast to Genoa, most of the area near was closed to the public during the summit, and protesters were kept far away, mainly in Calgary. The protests were peaceful, attended by groups including the Raging Grannies.

Kananaskis was selected because of its isolated location. Security was augmented by CF-188 jet fighters, air-to-air refuelling aircraft and helicopters which patrolled the skies non-stop; all major thoroughfares were closed, many of the shops in nearby Calgary were boarded up, and police reportedly outnumbered protesters six to one. It was the largest peacetime security operation in Canadian history.

Security was very tight at the summit, costing taxpayers in excess of $200 million. It attracted thousands of protesters and security was provided by 5,000 to 7,000 police and military officers. This was the first G-8 summit held after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Business opportunity
For some, the G8 summit became a profit-generating event; as for example, the official G8 Summit magazines which have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998.

title: 28th G8 summit


text: File:Aim MeansOfProduction albumcover.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Abermule

Abermule (Aber-miwl) is a village lying on the River Severn 6 km (4 miles) northeast of Newtown in Powys, mid Wales. The A483 Swansea to Chester trunk road, the Cambrian Line railway, connecting Aberystwyth to Shrewsbury, and the Montgomery Canal, close to the river, all pass through Abermule. The village had a population of 900 as of the 2011 census.

The village is part of the Abermule with Llandyssil community.

Amenities
The village has one primary school - Abermule CP School; previously called Dolforwyn CP School - a caravan park, a growing number of new houses, a community centre/playing fields, two parks for children, a bowling green, two tennis courts, and one pub - The Abermule Inn. Abermule is also home to Wales's first privately owned natural burial site, Green Lane Burial Field.

History
Nearby are the remains of Dolforwyn Castle, the only castle built by the last native prince of Gwynedd of direct descent, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales. In 2006 a Roman Road was found while building the Felin Hafren estate.

Rail
Abermule railway station was closed as part of the Beeching cuts in 1965. The Cambrian railway users group has called for the reinstatement of this station. Abermule had earlier been the junction for a short branch railway to Kerry, closed in 1956.

The Abermule train collision on 26 January 1921 killed 17 passengers, including a Cambrian Railways director, Lord Herbert Vane-Tempest of Machynlleth.

Bus
Abermule is served by regular bus services to Llanidloes, Montgomery, Newtown, Rhayader, Shrewsbury, and Welshpool.

Notable residents

 * Composer Philip Heseltine, pseudonym Peter Warlock, lived at Abermule before and after the First World War.
 * Jack Fairweather (writer) born (1978) and raised in Abermule. War correspondent and winner of 2019 Costa Book of the Year with The Volunteer.

Football
Abermule FC, who play behind the Primary School in the centre of Abermule, has been part of the Montgomeryshire football scene since 1970 and enters its 50th year in 2020. The current team plays in the Mid Wales Football league.

title: Abermule


text:
Talk:Minimally conscious state

Editing glitches
I'm having strange server problems while editing this, so I'm giving up for the moment and will return later.

The contents of several talk pages have been spliced into the text, but when I go into the source to delete them, they're not there, so I can't see how to get rid of them from the page. I'm going to clear my cache and reboot in case that makes any difference to what I'm seeing. SlimVirgin (talk) 16:22, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * I deleted the References section and stub template, and saved, and the talk-pages contents disappeared. I re-added References, and they didn't reappear, so I'm concluding it's a problem with the stub template. SlimVirgin (talk) 16:37, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

300thousand patients in the US alone??
The article states that DBS may in the future help the other 300.000 MCS patients in the US. Yes, I read the source, but no, I can't believe that's true. This would mean roughly one in a thousand people in the US are in MCS. It seems like a typo to me. As extra consideration: the article contains other mistakes, such as stating that MCS is more conscious than a coma. What they mean is probably the vegetative state. My point is that 1 promille of MCS patients per entire population is probably a mistake. Could someone clarify this? Snikch (talk) 14:44, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Because of lack of response I will cut that line. Snikch (talk) 07:59, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Unclarity in Prognosis section
Something in the Prognosis section does not make sense to me. Some of the sentences appear to be in disagreement with each other, in pacticular:

82.136.215.96 (talk) 13:01, 19 November 2012 (UTC)
 * "... the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) which ranges from a score of 30=dead to 0=no disabilities."
 * "Pairwise comparisons showed that DRS scores were significantly higher for those that suffered from non-tramuatic brain injuries than those with traumatic brain injuries."
 * "In summary, those with minimally conscious state and non-traumatic brain injuries have a better chance of recovery than those with traumatic brain injuries ..."

New study
A new PET study was recently published; might update some info on that technique in the article. -- Beland (talk) 01:46, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Minimally conscious state


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Nightfall Games

Nightfall Games is a United Kingdom based role-playing game publishing company notable for publishing SLA Industries and The Terminator RPG.

History
Nightfall Games was founded by Dave Allsop, Anne Boylan and Jared Earle in April 1993 in Glasgow, Scotland. In September 1993, Nightfall released their role-playing game SLA Industries. After releasing their first sourcebook Karma in 1994, Nightfall was purchased by Wizards of the Coast (WotC). Nightfall was started up again in 1998 by Allsop, Earle and Tim Dedopulos after regaining the rights to SLA Industries from WotC. In 1999, Nightfall partnered with Hogshead Publishing to continue publishing SLA. Hogshead closed operations in November 2002, after which Nightfall partnered with Cubicle 7 Entertainment. In 2004, Dave Allsop, the creator of SLA Industries, temporarily resigned from Nightfall.

In April, 2011, Nightfall Games returned to independent status while retaining Cubicle 7 as their publisher. In April, 2012, Nightfall Games announced that Romark Entertainment had acquired the film and television rights to SLA Industries and that a joint venture would produce comics, games and other media. Since March 2013 no updates have been made on this topic.

On 28 February 2018, Nightfall Games was incorporated in the UK. Directorship is Allsop, Earle and Rapson.

title: Nightfall Games


text:
Hinterland (Aim album)

Hinterland is the second studio album by British musician Aim, released on 26 February 2002 by Grand Central Records.

The album spent one week on the UK Albums Chart at number 47.

Personnel
Credits for Hinterland adapted from album liner notes.

 * Aim – arrangement, production, design

Additional musicians
 * Chris Cruiks – drums
 * Rick Walker - bandurria
 * Diamond D – performance
 * Stephen Jones – performance, recorder
 * Kate Rogers – performance
 * Sneaky – bass, cello
 * Souls of Mischief – performance
 * Phil Turner – bass, guitar
 * Danny Ward – drums
 * Roger Wickham – flute

Production
 * Steve Christian – recording
 * Martin Desai – engineering, recording
 * Nilesh Patel – mastering

Design
 * Gripper – design
 * Nick Fry – design

Management
 * Darren Laws – A&R
 * Mark Rae – A&R

title: Hinterland (Aim album)


text:
Manchester Parish

The Parish of Manchester is a parish located in west-central Jamaica, in the county of Middlesex. Its capital, Mandeville, is a major business centre. Its St. Paul of the Cross Pro-Cathedral is the episcopal see of the Latin Catholic Diocese of Mandeville.

History
Taino/Arawak settlement in the parish was substantiated when in 1792, a surveyor found three carvings, believed to be Amerindian Zemi, in a cave in the Carpenter's Mountains. They are now at the British Museum.

Manchester was formed in 1814, by an Act of the House of Assembly, making it one of the newest parishes of Jamaica. It was formed as a result of the amalgamation of portions of the parishes St. Elizabeth, Clarendon and the entirety of Vere. The amalgamation was done in response to a petition from the inhabitants of Mile Gully, May Pen and Carpenters Mountain who complained that they were too far away from an administrative centre. Manchester was named in honour of William Montagu, 5th Duke of Manchester, the then Governor of Jamaica. He was governor for 19 years, setting the record as the longest-serving governor of the island. The capital town, Mandeville, established in 1816, was named after his eldest son, Lord Mandeville.

No sugar estates can be found in the parish; slaves worked on coffee plantations. After emancipation, the ex-slaves became independent coffee farmers. The irish potato was first introduced to Jamaica at Bethany, a town in the parish. Citrus also became an important crop, as in 1920, the citrus fruit ortanique, a cross between the orange and tangerine, was developed by Charles Jackson.

Many of Jamaica's businesses were started in Mandeville; the Mandeville Hotel, one of the oldest in the Caribbean, began operations in 1875. The first "Free Library" in Jamaica was established in 1938, and is the oldest Parish Library. The growth of the town was given a substantial stimulus when Alcan Bauxite Company opened operations there. It built houses for its then mostly expatriate staff. The relatively high wages lured many educated Jamaicans there. Mandeville continues to grow rapidly due to it being considered one of the most attractive towns in Jamaica and the cleanest of them all.

Mandeville boasts no fewer than 14 shopping centres, two hospitals (one public and one private), medical centres and many doctors. Next to Kingston, it provides the best medical services in the island, a major asset for tourism development.

Population
The population of Manchester is 190,812. Mandeville, the capital and chief town of the parish, has a Mayor, Donovan Mitchell and a deputy mayor, Rohan Kennedy  It has a population of over 30,485.

Geography
Mandeville, the parish capital is located at latitude 17°51'N, longitude 77°38'W. Manchester is bordered by St. Elizabeth in the west, Clarendon in the east and by Trelawny in the north. Manchester covers an area of 830 km2, making it Jamaica's sixth-largest parish. It has three mountain ranges — the Carpenters Mountains, the May Day Mountains, and the Don Figuerero Mountains. The highest point is 2770 ft above sea level in the Carpenters Mountains. Manchester is divided into four political districts (constituencies): North-West, North-East, Central and Southern Manchester.

Over 90% of the parish's surface is limestone so there is an abundance of cockpits, sinkholes, caves and underground passages. Gourie Cave, near Christiana, is the longest of the over 100 caves in the parish, as well as the longest known cave in Jamaica (3505m). Smokey Hole Cave, in Cross Keys, is the deepest known cave on the island (194m). Oxford Cave, near Auchtembeddie, in the NW part of the parish, is another of the major speleological sites found in Manchester, and was once noted as a roosting site for the now possibly extinct bat species Phyllonycteris aphylla. Manchester also has large bauxite deposits, with parts of the parish having been strip-mined as a result, notably in William's Field, Hope, and Blue Mountain.

The parish offers a variety of climate, vegetation and scenery. The capital, Mandeville, is situated at an elevation of 626 m. The town is noted for its climate, and temperatures range from a low of 12.7 °C in December and January, to a high of 33 °C in July and August. There are very few rivers in the parish, and the existing ones are rather small; Alligator Hole River, Alligator Pond River, Gut River, Hector's River, Two Rivers, and Swift River. Hector's River runs along the border of Manchester and Trelawny, sinks at Troy where it flows underground for approximately six kilometers and rises below Oxford Cave as One Eye River. Despite this, water supply is generally scarce; the southern districts often suffer drought.

Commerce
There is no large-scale cultivation of crops as the area is generally mountainous. Crops such as sugar cane require large tracts of flat land. Bananas, coffee and pimento, annatto, ginger are grown, and the parish is noted for its citrus; oranges, ortaniques and grapefruit, much of which are exported. Christiana, 28 km north of Mandeville, is the second largest town of the parish. The Christiana Land Authority assists agricultural development in the region. Irish potato is grown considerably in the Christiana area and it is the centre of a large banana and ginger-growing district.

Manchester is a centre of the bauxite mining industry. The first bauxite mining companies were Alcan and Alpart. Alcan, a large world-renowned Canadian company, had a strong presence in the town and was one of the main employers. It lured many Jamaicans because of high salaries and the benefits offered. Alpart, short for Aluminum Partners of Jamaica, was initially formed as a joint venture of Kaiser Aluminum, Reynolds Aluminum, and Anaconda. It is still in operation in Nain St Elizabeth parish; however, it is now jointly owned by UC Rusal of Russia and Hydro Aluminum of Norway.

The parish created the Manchester Local Sustainable Development Plan in 2007 to improve the community over the next 20 years.

Television

 * ZQI-TV (TVJ) Channel 13, Spur Tree, Jamaica, Hype TV, CVM, NCU Television (Ch. 188- Flow)

Special attractions
Captain Alexander Woodburn Heron's tomb at the top of Shooter's Hill, now called "Heron Hill" by the locals.

Roxborough Estate is the birthplace of Jamaican National Hero and its first premier, Norman Washington Manley.

High schools
Secondary high

 * Belair High
 * Bellefield High
 * Bishop Gibson High (girls)
 * Christiana High
 * Cross Keys High
 * DeCarteret College
 * Manchester High
 * May Day High
 * Mile Gully High
 * Mount St Joseph High School
 * New Forest High
 * Porus High
 * Winston Jones High

Technical high

 * Holmwood Technical High

Private high
 * Sacred Heart
 * St Michael's Institute
 * Beaumont High
 * Bethel Christian
 * Victor Dixon High

Universities
There are several notable tertiary institutions, the Northern Caribbean University (NCU), a Seventh-day Adventist institution, formerly called West Indies College, the Church Teacher's College, Mandeville, The Catholic College, Knox Community College, Cobbla and Mandeville Campuses. There are also other religious-based institutions located in the parish: Regent College of the Caribbean (the former Jamaica Bible College) as well as Bethel Bible College.

Notable people

 * Donovan Bailey, retired Olympic sprinter
 * Annastasia Baker, UK based Gospel, R&B, soul singer and songwriter
 * Kemoy Campbell distance runner, athlete
 * Nesta Carter, athlete
 * Alexander Worthy Clerk, Moravian missionary to the Gold Coast, now Ghana
 * Ce'cile, musician
 * Charmaine Crooks, Olympic athlete
 * Paul R. Cunningham, Jamaican American surgeon
 * General Degree, DJ
 * Heavy D (born Dwight Arrington Myers), rapper
 * Derrick Evans, "Mr. Motivator", fitness instructor
 * Ijahman Levi, reggae musician
 * Luciano, reggae musician
 * Norman Washington Manley (1893 - 1969), Jamaica's first Premier and one of Jamaica's National Heroes.
 * Winston McAnuff, reggae musician
 * Lovel Palmer, Jamaican and international footballer
 * Sheryl Lee Ralph, actress and singer
 * Tony Rebel, reggae musician
 * Garnett Silk, reggae musician
 * Sherone Simpson, athlete
 * Elaine Thompson, athlete
 * Christopher Williams, athlete

title: Manchester Parish


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Talk:Hinterland (Aim album)

untitled
On "Good Disease", I'm not sure that the correct Stephen Jones is linked. Can someone confirm? Gram 16:27, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * AMG lists him as creating the album Almost Cured of Sadness, so then according to a small sentence on this article , the Stephen Jones listed on this Wikipedia article is correct. This article also states that he co-wrote "Good Disease" with Aim as well. Jaxl 19:00, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hinterland (Aim album)


text:
Bagumbayan

Bagumbayan may refer to:

Places in the Philippines

 * Bagumbayan, Sultan Kudarat, a municipality
 * Bagumbayan Field, old name of Rizal Park, Manila
 * Bagumbayan, Quezon City, a barangay in Quezon City, Eastern Manila District
 * Bagumbayan, Taguig, a barangay in Southern Manila District
 * Bagumbayan North, a barangay in Navotas, Northern Manila District
 * Bagumbayan South, a barangay in Navotas, Northern Manila District

Other

 * Bagumbayan–Volunteers for a New Philippines (Bagumbayan-VNP), a political party in the Philippines

title: Bagumbayan


text:
President Quirino

President Quirino may refer to:

 * Elpidio Quirino (1890–1956), 6th President of the Philippines
 * President Quirino, Sultan Kudarat, a municipality in the Philippines
 * President Quirino Avenue in Manila, Philippines

title: President Quirino


text:
Margaret Bridgman

Margaret L. Bridgman (January 10, 1940 – January 4, 2009) was a Canadian politician. Bridgman was a Member of Parliament from 1993 to 1997, representing the Canadian, federal electoral district of Surrey North in Surrey, British Columbia.

Born in Kimberley, British Columbia, she was elected to Parliament for Surrey North in the 1993 election as a candidate of the Reform Party of Canada.

In 2001, Bridgman unsuccessfully ran for the Reform Party of British Columbia in the riding of Surrey-Newton.

Before entering politics, Bridgman was a police constable, a nurse, and a nurse administrator.

As a young woman, Bridgman lived and worked in London, United Kingdom, as a police constable (traffic bobby). Subsequently, she trained in London as a psychiatric nurse, becoming a Registered Nurse (RN) and a Psychiatric Nurse (PN) before returning to Canada. Bridgman went on to earn the Director of Nursing designation from the University of Saskatchewan, rising to become a nurse administrator.

In September 1993, the designated Reform Party candidate for Surrey North resigned his nomination. Bridgman was President of the Surrey North Reform Party Constituency Association, and she was selected to run as the Reform Party candidate. On October 25, 1993, Margaret Bridgman was elected the Member of Parliament for Surrey North, unseating the incumbent with a plurality of 6413 votes. Prior to Bridgman's landmark victory, Surrey North and its predecessor ridings had been held either by the New Democratic Party or the Progressive Conservative Party since 1958.

Bridgman served as the Reform Party Critic on Health and Assistant Critic on Indian Affairs and Northern Development. She sat as the Reform Party member of the House of Commons Standing Committees on Health and on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, during the 35th Parliament. In her maiden speech in the House of Commons, Bridgman focused on the need for more effective and cost-conscious funding of health care in Canada. Bridgman's interventions in the House of Commons ranged from remarks on health care and Indian Affairs to young offenders, old age security, and the spending priorities of the Canadian parliament.

In 1997, Bridgman was successfully challenged for the Reform Party nomination by Chuck Cadman. Bridgman opted not to run as an independent in the 1997 general election, and she did not run, again, in a federal, electoral race.

Following the 1997 election, Bridgman returned to nursing in Surrey, British Columbia. After a sustained battle with lung cancer, Margaret Bridgman died at home on January 4, 2009.

title: Margaret Bridgman


text:
Interstate 444

Interstate 444 (I-444) is an unsigned auxiliary route of the Interstate Highway System, with both ends at I-244 in downtown Tulsa in the US state of Oklahoma. It makes up the eastern and southern sections on the square-shaped Inner Dispersal Loop.

It is signed as U.S Highway 75 (US-75), with the first half of the highway also being signed as US-64 and State Highway 51 (SH-51).

History
I-244 and I-444 initially used exit numbers in the 90s range, based on the milemarkers for I-44 in the Tulsa area and where they diverged. I-444 had four exits that were numbered 94A–94D until the highway designation became unsigned in 1995. The exit numbers were removed, leaving only the letter suffixes before later becoming unmarked.

Exit list
Exit numbers and mileposts no longer exist (see History section above for explanation of exit numbers).

title: Interstate 444


text: User:Emir Arven

title: User:Emir Arven


text: User talk:70.18.81.101

title: User talk:70.18.81.101


text: Template:Godzilla

title: Template:Godzilla


text:
Teachings and impacts of Ayyavazhi

The Ayyavazhi includes a corpus of teachings of its initiator Lord Vaikundar in the form of instructions and slogans found in the religious book Akilathirattu.

Dharmam
The teachings on Dharmam have two levels of understanding: a principle of 'righteousness', and a concrete activity of 'charity' or 'almsgiving'. As a principle, the followers of Ayyavazhi believed that the prime motive of the mission of Vaikundar was to establish Dharmam in this world by destroying the evil force of Kali. It is said in Akilathirattu that people, even while listening to the teachings of Lord Vaikundar, 'realised' that the evil of Kali was gradually being withdrawn from the world and that Dharmam was being established in its stead. Transposed to the social plane, this principle of Dharmam was considered as the mission of "protecting or salvaging the lowly, the oppressed." As a practical activity, Dharmam meant charity and almsgiving. This was taught to be the way to seek God. People were specially exhorted to undertake charity by means of material goods, and do it without discriminating among the beneficiaries.

Courage and fortitude
Part of Lord Vaikundar's teachings included symbolic actions for the purpose of incinerating the evil spirits and impounding the powers of those practising black magic. These were purported to instill courage among the ordinary people. He also imparted direct teachings on courage and fortitude. People were instructed not to fear any supernatural or temporal powers of malignant or inimical character. They were exhorted "not to fear anyone except Vaikundar," whose abiding presence with them would be the source of their strength. They were told that "it was fortitude that would make them rule the earth" and that because of this, they were not to be intimidated by any exploiter.

Living with dignity
"If you live with dignity and self-respect, the Kali would destroy itself" is another oft-repeated verse from Akilathirattu. The importance of this instruction comes to light when considering that the destruction of Kali is projected in Akilathirattu as one of the chief motives of the mission of Lord Vaikundar. The book, through various other narratives, underscores the point that the people are to live in dignity. For example, the narrative on the origin of the Santror Makkal as the children of Narayana endowed the people with a divine pedigree, and it was a powerful story to drive home the message that the people were a dignified humanity. Some of the rituals that emerged in the life of Ayyavazhi were aimed at indoctrinating the message of human dignity. Wearing a piece of headgear during worship is an example of one of these rituals.

Against caste-discrimination
Akilathirattu projected to the imagination of the followers of Ayyavazhi an ideal society where the caste discrimination did not exist. In its account of the past, Akilattirattu speaks of an age in which people lived as one family without the discrimination of caste. It blames the kalineesan for dividing the people on the basis of caste. It speaks of a future when Vaikundar will rule all the people with equality.

Other verses from Akilathirattu, such as point to the fact of a considerable indoctrination against the inequalities of castes.
 * "Cast away the eighteen castes and the demons into the mountain, fire and the sea"
 * "Do not discriminate between the powerful and powerless"
 * "The caste would disappear by itself"

Against political oppressors
A very strong critique of the political oppressors seems to have been operative in Ayyavazhi. In the first place, it was expressed in the very characterisation of the Thiruvithankur king as Kalineesan, the representative of the evil force, and of the British as Venneesan (the wicked white). Kalineesan was projected to be the main oppressor who perpetrated the rule of Kali by exploiting the labour of the people through the systems of oozhiyam and levies, and by imposing the discriminatory caste system. Akilattirattu indicts the king as the cause of oppression and issues admonitions to him to revoke the exploitative measures.

A slogan having political overtones seems to have been heard repeatedly in the gatherings of Ayyavazhi. It came as a declaration from Ayya Vaikundar that he was going to dethrone the king and rule the country under a Single Umbrella. Among the many accusations raised against Ayya Vaikundar, the one that he would overthrow the rule of kings was among the most serious.

Against economic exploitation
Strong discontent against the deeply entrenched exploitation of the labouring masses was expressed in the form of poetic lamentations that were repeated and commented upon in the gatherings of Ayyavazhi. Akilathirattu devotes three full pages to enumerating and lamenting upon the innumerable exploitative measures imposed on the toiling masses, primarily on the Chanars. It lists a number of oppressive taxes (imposed on items such as firewood and the implements of the people's occupation). It also speaks about the varieties of taxes levied on land and cultivation and narrates the way the exploitative system of oozhiyam burdened the people. In a very telling statement, Akilathirattu summarises its accusation that "the treacherous neesan squeezed out the labour and its produce from the Santror."

There are also certain verses found in Akilathirattu and Arul Nool which are in the form of instructions. A verse in Akilathirattu says, "Whoever makes an earning, let him rule over it and no one need be lightened of another." Another verse proclaims, "Tell that there is no Sevies to be paid anymore." There are also verses that call for revolutionary actions from the followers. For example, a section in Arul Nool goes as follows:

 * My child, born to rule the world, rise and awake
 * The arrogant mean is waging a war
 * Come my son, to raise an army to incinerate this world
 * Dignified as you are, the ignominy is intolerable
 * I brought a paisa by carrying on my head a heavy load
 * He snatched away even that one paisa
 * Did you take birth when such a cruel king is ruling?

Against puja, blood-sacrifice, and offerings to temples
Lord Vaikundar also offered a strong admonition to the followers of Ayyavazhi against conducting Puja (making offerings to temples and undertaking blood sacrifices to appease evil spirits). This admonition is repeated in several places in Akilattirattuu and Arul Nool. Instructions to give up "devil worship," idol worship, sacrifices of goats, roosters and pigs to deities, offerings of eggs, fried meat and other edibles were explicitly present in Ayyavazhi. Ayya Vaikundar is shown to be proclaiming these admonitions as a titular message to his mission as soon as he emerged from the sea after the Transformation.

The people had their own folk practices, such as peikkuk kotuttal (offering to demons) or cetikkuk kotuttal (offering to evil spirits), to appease the evil spirits. Ayya Vaikundar instructed the people not to observe these practices. One of the main instructions of Ayyavazhi was that there were neither devils nor demons and that witchcraft and sorcery had no effect.

Condemnation of the Priests
Lord Vaikundar and other prominent persons of Ayyavazhi made many statements lamenting the alleged domination of the Brahmins. One such statement by Vaikundar is found in Patthiram "We come to intimidate the veta Brahmins." Another statement of the same kind is found in Thingal patham which says, "Those who wear a tuft (Brahmins) will not remain on this earth any longer". Apart from these open statements, certain mythical episodes implicating the Brahmins are too conspicuous to be missed. For example, the mythical narrative blames the Brahmins for consuming the whole of the nectar that is meant for all humanity, and on that account, condemns them to grow on earth as palmyra trees.

Another episode which alleges corrupt and immoral practices by the Brahmin priests at Srirangam and Thiruchendur cannot obviously be missed. The followers of Ayyavazhi were called upon to don the mantle of priesthood in the place of the Brahmins.

Denunciation of idolatry
Unlike the other Indian religious systems, Ayyavazhi never celebrates idolatry. On its view, leading all sort of irrelevant ritualistic practices and giving birth to superstition, the idol-worship led the priest to exploit the illiteracy and ignorance of the common people. Hence Ayya denounced idolatry and compelled its followers to detest and resist the same.

During the period of Lord Vaikundar the lower caste people of the South Travancore are not allowed to enter the temples. So they erected small pyramids of mud or brick and use to worship them. Ayya found these practises as uncivilised custom and put forward a new way of worship. This serves as a religious reformation in the socio-cultural history of South Travancore. There are quite a large number of verses in the Ayyavazhi scriptures on strengthening this view of Vaikundar.

Centres of worship: Pathis and Nizhal Thangals
Pathis and Nizhal Thangals were centres of worship and religious learning established in different parts of the country by devout followers of Ayyavazhi. Few were established even during the time of Lord Vaikundar, and they served as centres for propagation of the beliefs and practices of Ayyavazhi.

Disciples
From among the large number of followers, Vaikundar seems to have chosen five persons to be called as his (Citars)disciples. They are Sivanandi from Mailadi, Pandaram from Kailasapuram, Arjunan from Pillayarkudiyirruppu, Subbiah from Colachel, and Hari Gopalan from Thamaraikulam. Vaikundar seems to have chosen these disciples to be his close associates and to propagate his teaching and ideals to the people. According to Akilathirattu, the Pandavas of previous Dvapara Yuga were made to take birth in this Kali Yuga as Citars of Vaikundar. The holy book Akilathirattu was compiled by his fifth citar - Hari Gopalan alias Sahadeva.

Impact
Sociologically speaking, Lord Vaikundar was the tenth avatar of Lord Narayana and first to succeed as a social renaissance as well as religious reformation in the country. It also created many social changes in southern India impinging greatly on society highly resulting in social and self-respect movements broke out such as Upper cloth agitation, temple entry agitation etc.

There is also a view that Swami Vivekananda too was influenced by Ayyavazhi teachings. Historians view that Vivekananda visited the Swamithope Pathi during his visit to Kanyakumari in December 1892 and he was impressed by the principles behind rituals of this monistic faith, such as wearing a headgear during worship in temple, worshipping in front of mirror etc., and started wearing a turban from then on. Paulose suggests that Vivekananda received some spiritual instructions from the disciples of Lord Vaikundar.

title: Teachings and impacts of Ayyavazhi


text: Talk:Towson University

title: Talk:Towson University


text:
1929–30 in Scottish football

The 1929–30 season was the 57th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 40th season of the Scottish Football League.

Scottish League Division One
Champions: Rangers

Relegated: Dundee United, St Johnstone

Scottish League Division Two
Promoted: Leith Athletic, East Fife

Non-league honours
Highland League

East of Scotland League

Scotland national team
Key:
 * (H) = Home match
 * (A) = Away match
 * BHC = British Home Championship

title: 1929–30 in Scottish football


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Talk:University of Massachusetts

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): The one and only Kale.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:07, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Notable alumni?
The president of Samsung Electronics is UMass grad. Please someone add him to the notable alumni list. --Hychu

13:22, 5 September 2007 (UTC)Thomas Pock is a notable Alumn of University of Massachusetts-Amherst. you already have him in the system of Wikipedia, but he deserves to be with the rest of Notable Alumni. Current member of the NY Rangers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pock   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.202.145.2 (talk) 13:22, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

"Most violent campus" controversy
I moved the section on "Most violent campus" controversy to this talk page. I figured it needed consensus. --Mark Adler (Markles)  23:11, 17 December 2005 (UTC).

Here was the reaction:
 * Someone tossed in an unsourced assertion that "The University of Massachusetts-Amherst has the highest crime rate of any university in the country."
 * Quite properly, you removed it.
 * I did some checking, and inserted a statement that ABC News said it had the highest rate of violent crime, and ABC News did say that. Or, at least, the Boston Globe says ABC News said that. I added that UMass officials said ABC News was full of bull, and gave their reasons.
 * And I sourced this all to a Boston Globe article which anyone can verify for themselves at this link.

 * So, what's your issue? Did I give too much weight to ABC News and not enough to UMass? Has ABC issued a retraction? Do you think this item is unimportant? Do you think it's Wikipedia's job to present UMass in a positive light? Or what? Dpbsmith (talk) 23:20, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * OK. You're right.  Back it goes to the article page.  --Mark Adler (Markles)  01:12, 18 December 2005 (UTC).

 * Duh. (Striking forehead with base of palm). And now, over it goes to University of Massachusetts Amherst, since that's what the issue is about. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:49, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Looking at the actual available UMass Amherst crime statistics (PDF Warning) Amherst currently has a comparatively low incidence of violent crime. Considering major errors have been found in the assumptions of the controversy, it seems like this has been resolved in the main article.  Just pointing these stats out here.

Introduction
I'm tinkering the introductory section to clue people in that they may want the University of Massachusetts Amherst. I was wondering myself why this article is so skimpy. I'm also editing the pipes to read "UMass Amherst," etc. as "Amherst" and "Dartmouth" by themselves tend to make people think of other educational institutions. I keep thinking that UMass really ought to start a campus in Harvard, Massachusetts just to make the confusion as complete as possible. Dpbsmith (talk) 02:19, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Residence Halls
Doesn't that "residence hall" paragraph refer to UMass Amherst, too? Dpbsmith (talk) 02:19, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Introductory wording
"Is this wording better?" Yes.

However, what it's lacking—and what I'd like to see—is something near the top of the page that positively encourages people to look at the UMass Amherst article, because, without trying to put down the other campuses, it is what people usually think of when they think of UMass... and it's where most of the information on UMass is.

I'm going to try something... Dpbsmith (talk) 18:27, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Revert
I reverted to remove recently added reference to U Mass. Amherst being refered to as "The Zoo" or "Zoo-Mass Slamherst" since it does not appear to be verifiable. --Hansnesse 03:05, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Locally it is actually referred to as ZooMass, while it assuredly originated for a derogative purpose, it has come to be accepted more as a joke. It really doesn't seem belong on this page it would probably be better integrated in the actual Amherst page.

flagship
what is meant by flagship campus —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 194.70.181.1 (talk) 18:54, 11 December 2006 (UTC).

Fair use rationale for Image:Umasslogo.gif
Image:Umasslogo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 16:13, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Unsubstantiated Claims for UMass Boston
On what grounds would anyone call UMass Boston a major research university? That's like calling New Hampshire a major center for the citrus industry. Living in Boston, I never hear of any research from UMB, except for some political polling. I need citations. I also need a citation for its being a “national model,” and I'm not counting the university’s own PR department.Bostoner (talk) 02:40, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

Great image resource
Alexey Sergeev, a physics professor, has licensed photographs at his web page (http://www.asergeev.com/) under the GFDL. A directory of these images are available here. A number of these images are related to this institution. I encourage interested editors to upload these images at Commons with the license tag Commons:Template:Alex Sergeev permission. --GrapedApe (talk) 01:23, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of Massachusetts


text:
West Hollywood Blondes

The West Hollywood Blondes was a professional wrestling tag team consisting of Lenny Lane and Lodi. During their later careers in World Championship Wrestling, they were billed as "brothers". The team formed in 1999 as a parody of the original Hollywood Blonds. Their gimmick saw them entering the ring wearing glitter and licking Blow Pops. In the ring, they also devised a unique stalling vertical suplex, flying crossbody combination. After being removed from television by Turner Broadcasting System Standards and Practices, the team briefly reformed as Standards and Practices, a satirical reference to the S&P of Turner, before disbanding in 2000.

World Championship Wrestling
In June 1999 Lenny approached Lodi and stated "They're not doing much with me and they're not doing much with you. Why don't we form a tag team?" Lane had been inspired by a Saturday Night Live vignette featuring "The Ambiguously Gay Duo". WCW management were initially reluctant, but booker Kevin Nash approved the idea, and Lane and Lodi were renamed The West Hollywood Blondes (as opposed to the more famous Hollywood Blonds, "Stunning" Steve Austin and Brian Pillman). The West Hollywood Blondes were implied to be homosexuals, wearing pink trunks emblazoned with large pink triangles (a symbol of the gay community) and with Lane sporting pigtails, facial glitter and a lollipop. Controversially, the West Hollywood Blondes were later revealed to be brothers. The West Hollywood Blondes were an effective heel tag team, though they rarely won matches.

In an upset victory, Lane defeated Rey Mysterio, Jr. on the August 19 episode of WCW Thunder in Lubbock, Texas to win the WCW World Cruiserweight Championship. With the assistance of Lodi, he defended the title successfully throughout the next six weeks. On the October 3 episode of WCW Monday Nitro, Psychosis was announced as having defeated Lane for the World Cruiserweight Championship at an unspecified house show. Lane had already been set to lose the title to Disco Inferno that night, but WCW management was worried about a possible incident. Lane didn't appear that night and Psychosis defended and lost the title to Disco instead.

The West Hollywood Blondes were taken off television in the same month following protests from the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, who threatened to organize a boycott of WCW, claiming that "The character of Lenny is presented with the intention to incite the crowd to the most base homophobic behavior" and "the audience's reaction [to Lenny Lane and Lodi being physically attacked by other wrestlers] gives permission to viewers to do harm to gay people in a very literal way.".

They returned as "Standards and Practices", a censorious duo who opposed the "adult themes" present in WCW. In a drastic departure from their previous appearance, they wore designer suits, carried briefcases and were accompanied by a secretary, Miss Hancock. She would often stand in the ring or on the announcers table and do a sultry dance. This would distract not only their opponents but Lenny and Lodi as well. Miss Hancock later left Lenny and Lodi, and Standards and Practices became simply XS until they both left or were released from WCW. Standards and Practices was supposedly an attempt to mock the conservative views of WCW management, and was not unlike the Right to Censor faction the WWF would have shortly afterwards due to complaints from the Parents Television Council over their programming. Miss Hancock eventually abandoned the team, and both Lane and Lodi were released from WCW in August 2000. Lane briefly reappeared for a short feud with The Wall, but was released once more.

Reformation
They were set to reunite for the debut of NWA Total Nonstop Action under their West Hollywood Blondes gimmick as the "Rainbow Express" with manager Joel Gertner, but Lodi suffered a neck injury and was replaced by Bruce.

Lenny and Lodi both made appearances for World Wrestling Allstars later on in their careers. They reunited in TNT Pro Wrestling in 2005–2006.

Championships and accomplishments

 * WCW Cruiserweight Championship (1 Time)-Lenny Lane

title: West Hollywood Blondes


text:
Means of Production

Means Of Production is a compilation of Aim's early 12" and EP releases, recorded between 1995 and 1998.

Track listing

 * 1) "Loop Dreams" – 5:30
 * 2) "Diggin' Dizzy" – 5:33
 * 3) "Let the Funk Ride" – 5:11
 * 4) "Original Stuntmaster" – 6:33
 * 5) "Concentrate" – 5:51
 * 6) "Just Passin' Through" – 6:17
 * 7) "Soul Dive (All City mix)" – 7:06
 * 8) "Phantasm" – 6:15
 * 9) "Coast Road" – 3:56
 * 10) "Demonique" – 5:36

Album cover
The album's cover photograph depicts a locomotive from the fleet used to draw the Trans Siberian Express through Russia.

Personnel

 * Aim – Arranger, Producer, Sleeve Art, Scratching
 * Mandy Parnell – Mastering
 * Steve Christian – Engineer, Mixing
 * Mark Rae – Scratching

title: Means of Production


text:
Parmigianino

Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola (11 January 1503 – 24 August 1540), also known as Francesco Mazzola or, more commonly, as Parmigianino (,, ; "the little one from Parma"), was an Italian Mannerist painter and printmaker active in Florence, Rome, Bologna, and his native city of Parma. His work is characterized by a "refined sensuality" and often elongation of forms and includes Vision of Saint Jerome (1527) and the iconic if somewhat anomalous Madonna with the Long Neck (1534), and he remains the best known artist of the first generation whose whole careers fall into the Mannerist period.

His prodigious and individual talent has always been recognised, but his career was disrupted by war, especially the Sack of Rome in 1527, three years after he moved there, and then ended by his death at 37. He produced outstanding drawings, and was one of the first Italian painters to experiment with printmaking himself. While his portable works have always been keenly collected and are now in major museums in Italy and around the world, his two large projects in fresco are in a church in Parma and a palace in a small town nearby. This in conjunction with their lack of large main subjects has resulted in their being less well known than other works by similar artists. He painted a number of important portraits, leading a trend in Italy towards the three-quarters or full-length figure, previously mostly reserved for royalty.

Early years
Parmigianino was the eighth child of Filippo Mazzola and one Donatella Abbati. His father died of the plague two years after Parmigianino's birth, and the children were raised by their uncles, Michele and Pier Ilario, who according to Vasari were modestly talented artists. In 1515, his uncle received a commission from Nicolò Zangrandi for the decoration of a chapel in San Giovanni Evangelista; a work later completed by a young Parmigianino. By the age of eighteen, he had already completed the Bardi Altarpiece. In 1521, Parmigianino was sent to Viadana (along with painter Girolamo Bedoli who was to marry his cousin) to escape the wars between the French, Imperial, and papal armies. In Viadana, he painted two panels in tempera, depicting Saint Francis for the church of the Frati de' Zoccoli, and the Mystical Marriage of Saint Catherine for San Pietro. He also worked in San Giovanni and met Correggio, who was at work on the fresco decorations of the cupola.

Work in Fontanellato and travel to Rome
In 1524, he traveled to Rome with five small paintings, including the Circumcision of Jesus and his Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror, seeking patronage of the Medici pope, Clement VII. Vasari records that in Rome, Parmigianino was "celebrated as a Raphael reborn". In January 1526, Parmigianino and his uncle, Pier Ilario, agreed with Maria Bufalina from Città di Castello, to decorate the church of San Salvatore in Lauro with an altarpiece of the Vision of Saint Jerome (1526–27, National Gallery, London). Within a year, the Sack of Rome caused Parmigianino, and many other artists, to flee.

Bologna and return to Parma
He resided in Bologna for nearly three years. At around 1528, he painted the Madonna and Child with Saints (Pinacoteca, Bologna), then later in 1528, he painted Madonna con la Rosa (Dresden) and Madonna with Saint Zachariah (Uffizi). By 1530 Parmigianino had returned to Parma.

In 1531, Parmigianino received a commission for two altarpieces, depicting Saint Joseph and Saint John the Baptist, from the unfinished church of Santa Maria della Steccata. The brotherhood overseeing the church advanced him salary and promised him the supplies and materials; however, by 1535, the project was unfinished. In December, he nominated Don Nicola Cassola, a Parman cleric at the Roman Curia, to act as his legal representative. Parmigianino authorized him to collect the 50 gold scudi from Bonifazio Gozzadini for the Madonna with St. John the Baptist and St. Zacharias.

In 1534, it was decided that the Madonna dal collo lungo (the Madonna with the Long Neck) would hang in the chapel of the family of Elena Baiardi.

Parmigianino had probably expected to succeed Correggio in the favour of the church. However, in April 1538, the administrative offices commissioned initially Giorgio Gandini del Grano, then Girolamo Bedoli, to decorate the apse and choir of the Parma Cathedral.

It is believed that at this time, he became a devotee of alchemy. Vasari hypothesizes that this was due to his fascination with magic. Scholars now agree that Parmigianino's scientific interests may have been due to his obsession with trying to find a new medium for his etchings. As a result of his alchemical researches, he completed little work in the church. He was imprisoned for two months for breach of contract after the Confraternita decided unanimously to ban him from continuing in their church. He was replaced between 1539 and 1540 by Giulio Romano, who also promptly withdrew from the contract.

Parmigianino died of a fever in Casalmaggiore on 24 August 1540 at the age of 37 years. He is buried in the church of the Servite Friars "naked with a cross made of cypress wood on his chest".

Among those closely influenced by Parmigianino were his cousin Girolamo Mazzuoli and Girolamo's son Alessandro Mazzuoli; Pomponeo Amidano; Giacomo Bertoia; and Francesco Borgani.

Works

Parmigianino was also an early Italian etcher, a technique that was pioneered in Italy by Marcantonio Raimondi, but which appealed to draughtsmen. Though the techniques of printing the copper plates required special skills, the ease with which acid, as a substitute for ink, could reproduce the spontaneity of an artist's hand attracted Parmigianino, a "master of elegant figure drawing". Parmigianino also designed chiaroscuro woodcuts, and although his output was small he had a considerable influence on Italian printmaking. Some of his prints were done in collaboration with Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio.

Selected works

 * Baptism of Christ (c. 1519) – Oil on wood, 197 x 137 cm – Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
 * Bardi Altarpiece (1521) – Tempera on panel, 203 x 130 cm; Church of Santa Maria, Bardi
 * Saint Barbara (1522) – Oil on Wood, 48 x 39 cm – Prado Museum, Madrid.
 * Circumcision of Jesus (c. 1523) – Oil on wood, 42 x 31.4 cm; Detroit Institute of Arts
 * Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror (c. 1524) – Oil on wood, diameter 24.4 cm; Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
 * Portrait of a Collector (c. 1524) – Oil on panel, 86 x 94 cm, National Gallery, London
 * Portrait of Galeazzo Sanvitale (1524) – Oil on panel, 109 x 81 cm, Museo di Capodimonte, Naples
 * Portrait of Lorenzo Cybo (1524) – Oil on panel, 126 x 104 cm, Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen
 * Myth of Diana and Acteon (c. 1524) – fresco, Rocca Sanvitale, Fontanellato, Province of Parma
 * The Holy Family with Angels (c. 1524) – Oil on panel, 110 x 89 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid.
 * Antea (c. 1524–7) – Oil on canvas, 135 x 88 cm, Museo di Capodimonte, Naples
 * Madonna and Child (1525) – Galleria Doria-Pamphili, Rome
 * Vision of Saint Jerome (1526–1527) – Oil on panel, 343 x 149 cm, National Gallery, London
 * Conversion of Saint Paul (c. 1527) – Oil on canvas, 177.5 x 128.5 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
 * Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist (c.1528) – National Museum of Capodimonte, Naples
 * The Mystical Marriage of St Catherine (1529) – Oil on panel, 74.2 x 57.2 cm, National Gallery, London
 * Turkish Slave (Portrait of a Lady; c. 1533) – Oil on panel, 67 x 53 cm, Galleria Nazionale di Parma
 * Cupid Making His Arch (c. 1533–1535) – Oil on panel, 135 x 65.3 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
 * Madonna with the Long Neck (1534–40) – Oil on wood, 216 x 132 cm, Uffizi, Florence
 * Portrait of Pier Maria Rossi di San Secondo (c. 1535–1539) – Oil on panel, 133 x 98 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid
 * Virgin and Child with Saint John the Baptist and Mary Magdalene (c. 1535-1540) - Oil on panel, 75.9 × 59.7cm, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
 * Portrait of Camilla Gonzaga and Her Three Sons (c. 1539–1540) – Oil on panel, 128 x 97 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid

title: Parmigianino


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cornus of Denmark

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 20:40, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Cornus_of_Denmark
The list on this page has been in the "please expand" category for over a year now. It is, as has been observed, a list of some of the dogwood family. On the assumption that the climate is not dissimilar to the UK it is likely that they will all grow in Denmark. However it is not a complete list of cornus, nor even a complete list of cornus that will grow in Denmark. It is certainly not a list of native cornus. On these grounds I do not see why it remains and threfore suggest it for deletion. If I have misunderstood either the methodology of a vote for deletion or the grounds that should be used, I apologise in advance. Silver149 16:35, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not a collection of internal links. (The brief version of the above). --Silver149 08:27, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Santhal Pargana division

WP:INDIA Banner/Jharkhand workgroup Addition
WP India with Jharkhand workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Jharkhand or one of its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the irrelavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 10:51, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Santhal Parganas or Pargana?
The former is a British India name whereas most of the Jharkhand government websites refer it as Santhal Pargana now. Can we have a redirect for Santhal Parganas to Santhal Pargana? I think that would be proper.

Btw, a warm hello to Jharkhand usergroup! :) ~Romil (talk) 14:41, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Santhal Pargana division


text:
Fort Tourgis

Fort Tourgis is an extensive fortification in Alderney to the north west of St Anne forming part of the Fortifications of Alderney.

Fort Tourgis, completed in 1855, was designed to accommodate 346 men and was originally to be the largest of Alderney's Victorian forts. It was also designed to mount 33 heavy cannon in five batteries together with four 13-inch mortars. Fort Albert, begun a year later in 1856, was to become the island's largest and most heavily armed fort, but even today Tourgis remains a very impressive structure.

Alderney's Victorian forts were designed to defend the island and its harbour, which was planned to accommodate a British fleet to respond to French naval power in the Channel. From 1860, advances in weapons, particularly the rise of rifled ordnance, and ironclad ship design, made the island's 18 forts and batteries, and the new harbour, increasingly obsolete. However several forts, including Tourgis, were later armed with more modern gun designs. In 1886 the island's defences consisted of 124 guns, mortars and howitzers; by 1893 only Fort Albert and Roselle Battery were armed, with Fort Grosnez having two practice guns manned by the Alderney Militia. By 1908 only Fort Albert with the two newly installed six-inch guns (1901) and Roselle Battery, with its two 12-pounder QF guns, defended the island.

From July 1940, after Alderney and the other Channel Islands had been occupied by the Germans, the defences were designed both to protect the sea route from Cherbourg to St Malo, and to resist potential British assault to recapture the only part of the British Isles to be occupied by Germany. Fort Tourgis became Stutzpunkt Türkenburg, or Strongpoint Turk's CastleFort Tourgis has a Citadel containing the barrack block, main magazine and other facilities, together with two small gun batteries, one facing west (three guns) and one east (two guns) in the Redan – see plan. The fort's main armament was located in three major batteries facing seawards. The batteries are separated from each other, and from the Citadel, by ditches and drawbridges.

Following extensive clearance and conservation work, co-ordinated by the Living Islands project, with volunteers supported by the States Works department, part of the northern defences of Fort Tourgis is now open to the public. Cambridge Battery (No.2) is an excellent example of how the original Victorian fortifications were adapted by German forces in the Second World War, when Alderney became one of the most heavily fortified sections of Hitler's Atlantic Wall.

Description
By the 1920s, Alderney was effectively demilitarised, only to have a new lease of life during the Second World War when occupied by the Germans. They constructed five artillery batteries, 23 anti-aircraft batteries, 13 strongpoints, 12 resistance nests, three defence lines and emplaced over 30,000 mines on this small island.

Fort Tourgis was known to the Germans as Stutzpunkt Türkenburg or Strongpoint Turk's Castle. It had a three-gun 20mm Flak (anti-aircraft) battery, two 10.5 cm beach defence guns, two 7.5 cm Pak (anti-tank) guns, several searchlights and numerous machine guns. Note the ingenuity and quality of engineering design employed to fortify the former Victorian defences for 20th century warfare.

The growth of scrub over the fort since 1945 offers ideal habitat for invertebrates, small mammals, and birds. Kestrels use the musketry loops in the eastern wall to nest, with the fields and grassland outside as their hunting grounds. Stonechat and even the occasional Dartford warbler can be seen displaying on the shrubs that thrust up through the brambles.

German Tunnel
This tunnel passes under the Victorian wall and enters the fort through the former magazine of Cambridge Battery. It enabled easy access between the fort and the gun bunkers outside, as well as providing a shorter route from the fort to Platte Saline and beyond.

The extent and concentration of concrete structures built by the occupying forces has through time become home to a wide range of wildlife. Ranging from barn swallows (which often nest in this tunnel) to a UK rarity, the Bloxworth snout moth, these spaces provide the ideal habitat, and a perfect place for those wishing to observe them.

Victorian Magazine
This part of the fort, used for storing powder, shells and shot, would have supplied Cambridge Battery and was constructed to be secure and dry.

When it was first built, Cambridge (No. 2) Battery at Fort Tourgis mounted eight smooth-bore 68- pounders and 32-pounders, firing spherical solid or explosive shot  The powder charges  would have been made up in the magazine and packed into sacks. These would have been taken out to the gun crews, and rammed into the gun barrels, followed by solid shot or explosive shell. The Germans also probably used the magazine as they constructed a very thick concrete wall for extra protection.

Cambridge Battery
Battery No. 2 was one of five in the Victorian fort. Situated at the fort's north-east corner, it housed 68-pounder and 32-pounder smooth-bore guns. These fired en barbette over walls topped with earthen ramparts. The guns were mounted on heavy timber platforms that rotated on iron pivots with small metal wheels. These ran on the semi-circular and circular racer rails that can still be clearly seen.

The Battery's defences included a long south-east facing loop-holed wall for musketry fire, together with a caponier projecting northwards to flank the fort's northern face (see plan).

German generator/personnel shelter
Although its purpose is not known for certain, it is likely that this bunker could have contained a small generator to power the adjacent 60 cm searchlight position. An alternative or additional use might have been as a personnel shelter. The bunker stands in a position once occupied by a Victorian heavy gun, which was mounted on a pivot and racer now buried under the concrete. Today, you may notice the presence of nesting sparrows, with up to three active nests being present in some years.

German 60cm searchlight bunker
During the First and Second World Wars, searchlights were an essential part of all defences to illuminate the sea and skies during night operations. Frequently they were used in conjunction with sound detectors and also radar. There were a total of at least 35 German searchlights on Alderney, 24 of them being 60 cm in diameter, with six of these being housed in bunkers unique to the island. The 60 cm unit mounted in this unusual emplacement was able to be moved into position on the rails that can still be seen in the floor, with the unit stored in the adjacent recessed area. A turntable allowed it to be moved into position from this recess to cover sea, beach attacks, and possibly aerial attacks, on the strongpoint. It had a range of over 5 kilometres.

Fort Tourgis Wildlife
The searchlight emplacement looks out both seaward and back into the fort itself. Behind you are the rough bramble, ivy clad walls and scrub cover that has grown over the fort in the past 70 years since the Germans surrendered. This now forms valuable habitat for species such as kestrel, buzzard, meadow pipit, stonechat and white-toothed shrew. Alderney's forts have become wildlife havens, and many flowering plants and ferns now make Tourgis their home.

The rapid re-colonisation of military sites, with the very different conditions and habitat they provide, is one of the reasons that Alderney has such a wildlife-rich countryside. What often looks like barren scrub is always full of life.

Tourgis searchlight bunker
From the searchlight emplacement there is a panoramic view of Clonque Bay and Platte Saline. Eastwards, you can see across to the Victorian Forts Doyle and Grosnez. The left, westward, side of the view takes in a good deal of Alderney's Ramsar site, an area of rocky coast, islets and seabed habitats protected under the Ramsar convention on wetlands of international importance.

The upwellings created by the tidal flows of Alderney's Swinge provide the nutrients that attract fish, and in turn seabirds, to our Living Islands, making Alderney the seabird centre of the English Channel. Look out for the pure white gannets with their black wingtips, often flying in formation; black shags drying their wings on rocks; the brown curlews with their long downward curved beaks, and the white little egrets stabbing fish in the rockpools beneath you.

Victorian tunnel to caponier
This tunnel allowed easy access to the caponier from the battery. In Victorian times, there would have been no other access to the secure caponier from outside the fort. It would probably have been lit by oil lamps.

Victorian caponier
From its modern internal appearance, the caponier appears to be from the era of the Second World War, but it has been ingeniously modified and strengthened, using a concrete lining to the original stone walls. This provided an emplacement for two German machine guns. Most of their bunkers were whitewashed inside, while larger ones were often lined with timber cladding on walls and floor. From the outside, the caponier is clearly part of the Victorian defences, and would have featured musketry loopholes to enable fire along the walls of the fort, protecting them from assault. Many forts of this and later periods, and also in some earlier ones, featured caponiers as part of their defences. Other examples can be seen in Alderney at Forts Clonque and, Raz – even on the east side of the Tourgis Citadel. They are an essential part of the defences of Fort Albert, a later and more modern design, where the deep ditch is defended by five caponiers.

German MG and PaK bunker
This large space combined a machine gun position and a 7.5 cm Pak 40 mobile anti-tank gun, covering the wide arc of fire visible through the large embrasure. The towed Pak gun was able to traverse around a track, the position of which can still be seen in the concrete floor. This bunker of an unknown type was of Reinforced Field Order standard being constructed with concrete over one metre thick. A large, probably bullet-proof, door would have permitted easy access for the Pak gun. With the exception of the 10.5 cm Jäger bunker, none of the bunkers was gas-proofed.

Strongpoint Turkenburg
After June 1940, Alderney was occupied by German forces and heavily fortified. Fort Tourgis, with its strong defensive position on a hillside facing the sea, was an ideal site for defensive warfare. For example, the development of the tank and amphibious assault using landing craft required heavy beach defences and anti-tank guns. The first bunker as you enter the strongpoint housed both an anti-tank and a machine gun. There is a tunnel from the Victorian caponier, accessed from the 7.5 cm Pak bunker leading up to the Victorian battery. This caponier was lined with concrete by the Germans and mounted machine guns as well as having two west-facing weapon positions.

Following extensive clearance and conservation work with volunteers supported by the States Works department, part of the northern defences of Fort Tourgis is now open to the public. Cambridge Battery (No.2) and its later German bunkers are an excellent example of how the original Victorian fortifications were adapted by German forces in the Second World War, when Alderney became one of the most heavily fortified sections of Hitler's Atlantic Wall.

German 10.5cm beach defence gun bunker
This impressive large Jäger bunker housed a 10.5 cm K331 (f) beach defence gun. This particular type had both accommodation and a magazine and was only constructed in the Channel Islands. The 10.5 cm captured French gun would have covered the wide beach of Platte Saline which like many other beaches on the island was vulnerable to assault by landing craft and tanks.

Redevelopment
Plans to redevelop the fort exist, however, as of December 2012 an agreement on redevelopment had lapsed, and no construction work had been started. The derelict fort remains under the control of the States of Alderney.

title: Fort Tourgis


text:
User:Wap

Hi! Please contact me on the Thai Wikipedia. สวัสดีครับ ผมอยู่ที่วิกิพีเดียภาษาไทยครับ ไม่ค่อยได้เพิ่มบทความใหม่ๆ แต่ชอบแก้ไขของคนอื่น

title: User:Wap


text:
Talk:List of people from Jharkhand

who are they?
The following people are some of the social activists from Jharkhand who have been with the movement for over three decades even though they may not be in the news their names should go back to the list. P Minz
 * An editor had inserted these names in the list. I have transferred these names here. Is anyone has any clue about them?

Xavier Dias Stan Swamy Sushil Barla Chandrabushan Deogam Sanjay Basu Mullick Ajitha S. George

--Bhadani 14:48, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Why Aswath Venkataraman he has been listed here? Does anyone has any clue? --Bhadani 12:45, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Unknown People Here?
Who are these people btw?

I never heard about them, so I moved them here.

 * 1) Aditya Gourav
 * 2) Amitava Bakshi
 * 3) Braj Bhushan Pandey
 * 4) Xavier Dias Spokesperson Jharkhand Mines Area Coordination Committee JMACC
 * 5) Stan Swamy Convenor Jharkhand Justice Forum
 * 6) Sushil Barla Exe. Director BIRSA
 * 7) Chandrabushan Deogam Convenor Jharkhandis Organisation for Human Rights JOHAR
 * 8) Sanjay Basu Mullick Coordinator Jharkhand Jungle Bachao Andolan
 * 9) Ajitha S. George Convenor OMON Womens organisation, Women's Rights Campaigner and Researcher Noamundi
 * 10) Dr. Rose Kerketta Womens rights campaigner
 * 11) Vandana Tete President Pyara kerketta Foundation
 * 12) Sanjeev kumar
 * 13) Dr.Mrityunjay Upadhyay
 * 14) Dr.Vimla Upadhyay
 * 15) Kenny Thomas Lucas

Mð¥ðñK Ãßhï§h€K 11:00, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You did the right thing. Unless a person is notable to have an independent page on wikipedia, just adding the names looks of no value. I request the editors using this name to read notability and also WP:BLP and if they are confident to create at least a stub with references and contents establishing notability, they are most welcome to add the name and also create the stub. Thanks. --Bhadani (talk) 08:11, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

More

Mayank Abhishek 06:57, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Anshuman Chaurasia
 * 2) Anurag Vatsa
 * 3) HH Raja Aditya Pratap Singh Deo, Raja Sahib of Saraikela(Seraikella)
 * 4) Patayet Sahib Maharajkumar Bhoopendra Narayan Singh Deo, Maharajkumar Sahib of Saraikela(Seraikella)
 * 5) Maharajkumar Sahib Jairaj Singh Deo, Maharajkumar Sahib of Saraikela(Seraikella)
 * 6) Parivesh Vatsyayan

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title: Talk:List of people from Jharkhand


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Moone

Moone is a small village in the south of County Kildare, Ireland. It is on the former N9 road (now by-passed) about 80 km south of Dublin. It has only a few hundred inhabitants, a church, a national school, one shop and a small community centre. There is also pub called the Moone High Cross Inn. The village is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

Etymology
The name Moone comes from the Irish "Maen Colmcille" which means "Colmcille's property".

Location, access and development
The closest village to Moone is Timolin, less than 1 kilometre to the north, and a number of Kildare County Council development plans have provided for joint development of Moone and Timolin.

The village is served by bus route 880 operated by Kildare Local Link. There are several buses each day including Sunday linking the village to Castledermot, Carlow and Naas as well as villages in the area.

High Cross
Moone's most notable landmark is its high cross, dating from the 8th century. It is located approximately 1 kilometre from Moone along the road to Athy (at 52.98°N, -6.82528°W). It stands in the remains of an old abbey which has been associated with Saint Colmcille and whose church is believed to have been built by the Franciscans around 1300.

Bolton Abbey - Cistercian Monastery
Bolton Abbey, Moone, County Kildare, was established in 1965 by monks from Mount St. Joseph Abbey, Roscrea, in 1977 it became an independent monastery, in 2015 it celebrated its 50 anniversary.

Sport
The National Hunt trainer Jessica Harrington has her stables at Moone. Her most successful horses have included Moscow Flyer, Macs Joy, Jezki, Sizing John and Alpha Centauri.

There is a local soccer club called Moone Celtic FC. The club's crest includes a high cross, and its pitch is Fortfield Park on the old N9 to Carlow.

title: Moone


text:
Portal:Trains/box-header

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Replace SECTIONNAME with the name of the portal section as it should appear in the header. Replace PAGELOCATION with the section's subpage location for the edit link. If PAGELOCATION is omitted, an edit link will not be displayed.

title: Portal:Trains/box-header


text: Portal:Trains/box-footer

title: Portal:Trains/box-footer


text:
Talk:Domnall mac Ailpín

Untitled
King of Scotland? He might have been a king of Scots (of Scots in Alba) but during his time Scotland (Scotia) was a name for Ireland.
 * Laurel Bush 16:40, 11 July 2005 (UTC).

Requested move
All of the following name changes are being discussed at Talk:Cináed I of Scotland:

 * Cináed I of Scotland → Kenneth I of Scotland
 * Cináed II of Scotland → Kenneth II of Scotland
 * Cináed III of Scotland → Kenneth III of Scotland
 * Domnall I of Scotland → Donald I of Scotland
 * Domnall II of Scotland → Donald II of Scotland
 * Domnall III of Scotland → Donald III of Scotland
 * Donnchad I of Scotland → Duncan I of Scotland
 * Donnchad II of Scotland → Duncan II of Scotland
 * Máel Coluim I of Scotland → Malcolm I of Scotland
 * Máel Coluim II of Scotland → Malcolm II of Scotland
 * Máel Coluim III of Scotland → Malcolm III of Scotland

An approval poll is in-process, as of August 28. All interested editors are invited to participate. --Elonka 01:25, 29 August 2006 (UTC) --Angus McLellan (Talk) 14:20, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

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PTF

PTF may refer to:

 * Science
 * Palomar Transient Factory, an astronomical survey program
 * Pedotransfer function, a concept used in soil science
 * Phase transfer function, used for the optics of an imaging system

 * Computing
 * Program temporary fix (PTF file format), an IBM locution to designate bug fixes
 * PlayStation Portable, a file extension for the PlayStation Portable systems
 * Pro Tools 7 up to Pro Tools 9 session (project) file

 * Other
 * Pat Tillman Foundation, a scholarship and leadership nonprofit serving U.S. military veterans and military spouses
 * Peter Tatchell Foundation, a British human rights organization
 * Police Task Force, former name of the Police Tactical Unit of the Singapore Police Force
 * Präzisionsteilefertigung Steffen Pfüller, a producer of high-tech precision parts and assemblies

title: PTF


text:
Poughkeepsie, Arkansas

Poughkeepsie (Pronounced locally as Pow-keeps-ee) is an unincorporated community in Sharp County, Arkansas, United States. The community is located in south central Sharp County, one mile south of the Strawberry River. The community is on Arkansas Highway 56 approximately six miles east of Evening Shade.

Education
Hillcrest School District operates area schools which serve Poughkeepsie, including Hillcrest Elementary School in Lynn and Hillcrest High School in Strawberry.

The River Valley School District formed on July 1, 1992, by the merger of the Poughkeepsie School District and the Strawberry School District. On July 1, 2004, River Valley merged with the Lynn School District to form the Hillcrest School District.

title: Poughkeepsie, Arkansas


text: Talk:Melody (Joy Electric album)

title: Talk:Melody (Joy Electric album)


text:
Talk:Christian Songs (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Christiansongs.jpg
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title: Talk:Christian Songs (album)


text: Talk:We Are the Music Makers

title: Talk:We Are the Music Makers