text:
User talk:Malhonen

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Ottoman Turkish
I was just wondering: have you got a source for the change you made on Manual of Style (Arabic) about the letters kef (ك) and sağır kef (ﯓ) representing a velar and not a palatal n? Cheers. —Saposcat 06:00, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Euhm... I just know that the symbol ñ in Turkology is generally used as a sign of a velar nasal, unlike the palatal nasal of Spanish orthography. This holds true for all modern Turkic languages utilizing the symbol, too (Crimean and Qazan Tatar, for the least). I'll see if I can find a proper source, but I'm pretty convinced that Ottoman Turkish did not have a palatal nasal phoneme, while it did have a velar nasal. Malhonen 19:25, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. I asked—by the way, I've changed the page in question a bit if you'd like to have a look—because I know that the phoneme expressed in Ottoman Turkish by sağır kef (ﯓ) is often realized as a palatal nasal (not as strong and noticeable a one as in Spanish, but palatal nonetheless) in Turkish nowadays. After a little asking around, I found that it also has velar nasal realizations (along with the most common alveolar nasal realization). I've now changed the page to reflect all three realizations. Any comments? Cheers. —Saposcat 20:00, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, now that you mention it, it sort of makes sense. The plosives have split in velar and palatal series, so why not the nasal, too? I'm just wondering whether any possible palatal realization of ñ should have been phonemic or allophonic in Ottoman. AFAIK, the plosive split was mainly caused by borrowings from Arabic and Persian, and neither of them have /ŋ/ or /ɲ/ for the same effect with the native /ŋ/. I would argue that [ɲ] in Ottoman (not speaking about Modern Turkish) would be no more than an allophone of /ŋ/. Besides, none of the major modern Turkic languages have a phonemic /ɲ/. Many of them do, however, have an /ŋ/ exactly where you'd find Ottoman ك or ﯓ corresponding to Modern Turkish /n/: Ottoman دكز ’sea’, Modern Turkish deniz, Turkmen /deŋið/ (deňiz), Kazakh /teŋiz/ (теңіз), Kirghiz /deŋiz/ (деңиз), Bashkir /diŋɡeð/ (диңгеҙ), Tatar /diŋɡez/ (diñgez) etc. Do you have a source for a phonemic palatal nasal in Ottoman? The velar nasal probably was phonemic at least at the point when the orthography was fixed. Malhonen 17:32, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh yes, add the Latin version of Kazakh to that list. Malhonen 19:27, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

La Hora Chanante
Hi, I was wondering what on earth made you arrive to the article on "La Hora Chanante". Greetings. --Mrfoxtalbot (talk) 10:30, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Ebola, Mauritania, National Response
Hi Malhonen, I don't think Mauritania deserves so much space in this page. The responses are very much in line with the three bullet points in the introduction to this section. If we allow this much space to every country with similar precautions the page would become enormous. Robertpedley (talk) 13:38, 22 September 2014 (UTC)

 * You might be right. Feel free to remove any details you feel excessive. Though I must say that Mauritania borders Senegal, and there are lots of people travelling between Mauritania and Guinea, so the country is more exposed to potential transmission than, say, Seychelles or South Africa. I would opt for a small paragraph at least. Malhonen (talk) 13:57, 22 September 2014 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Malhonen


text:
User:DAP

ich liebe dich aber ich dich nicht

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:DAP


text:
Talk:Day of Fire

Untitled
I am interested in fleshing out this Day of Fire article more. I have found that the wiki article on Nine Inch Nails is pretty awesome, so I think I would like to see this article move in that direction. I am relatively new, so any input on the following ideas would be great!

A couple of ideas: Initiate a table of content, Begin a discography section, Develop a new page for their self-titled debut album. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Beasley (talk • contribs).

 * For a table of contents we just need several == headings. The software does that automatically.  Unfortunately, we don't have much for Day of Fire yet because not much has happened with that band - they've only released one album so far, so there's really no need for a separate discography section yet.  I sort of lean toward keeping everything on one page, rather than having articles for albums, until they have 2 or 3 albums out.  (I'm the editor who expanded this article to what it is now, btw.)  Thanks for your suggestion; this article will get to that level as the band's popularity/recognition/sales continue to grow. --Idont Havaname 20:09, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Just a side note - go ahead and be bold if you have anything new to add to the article. --Idont Havaname 20:16, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:558571.jpg
Image:558571.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 04:48, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Josh Brown Link
For the band member josh brown it had a link to a search for Josh brown. I changed it because Josh Brown has a musician page. -Brian Alexander (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 17:47, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Genre
Shouldn't there be more here than just the vague "Christian rock"? On their myspace page they are listed as Rock/Alternative/Progressive. But more immportantly, on the official Day of Fire site Bio it says "Day of Fire began the process of writing this record by going back to the groups who inspired them musically: AC/DC, Stone Temple Pilots, Alice in Chains, Soundgarden, and Nirvana." Four of those are grunge bands, doesn't that make DOF post-grunge? If you listen to them, you can really hear their grunge influence. I'm going to add post-grunge. Christianrocker (talk) 18:36, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dayoffire album.jpg
Image:Dayoffire album.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:34, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dayoffire.jpg
Image:Dayoffire.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:37, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fan The Fire
Is that going to be the name of the next album? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.161.136.222 (talk) 15:27, 14 May 2008 (UTC) Well is it! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.161.136.222 (talk) 21:29, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That is the name of thier street team ---Brian Alexander (talk) 19:37, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Well then I wish they'd tell us the name of it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.119.75.4 (talk) 15:15, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Website is gone
www.dayoffire.com is no more a website of Day of Fire. Delete it? 84.168.218.204 (talk) 12:41, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080113150649/http://www.dayoffire.com/bio.php to http://www.dayoffire.com/bio.php

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title: Talk:Day of Fire


text: Category:Polish criminals

title: Category:Polish criminals


text:
1994 Tour de France

The 1994 Tour de France was the 81st edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began on 2 July with a 7.2 km prologue around the French city Lille. After 21 more days of racing, the Tour came to a close on the street of the Champs-Élysées. Twenty-one teams entered the race that was won by Miguel Induráin of the team. Second and third respectively were the Latvian Piotr Ugrumov and the Italian rider, Marco Pantani.

Miguel Induráin first captured the lead after the stage 9 individual time trial. Chris Boardman was the first rider to wear the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification after winning the opening prologue. Boardman lost the lead to Johan Museeuw after Museeuw's team won the stage three team time trial. Flavio Vanzella took the lead away from Museeuw the next day as the Tour made its way into Great Britain. Vanzella lost the lead to Sean Yates after the race's sixth stage. Yates led the race for a single day before losing it to Museeuw after the conclusion of stage 7. Museeuw lost the lead to Indurain after the stage 9 individual time trial, who then successfully defended the lead through the Alps and Pyrenees and to the Tour's finish in Paris.

Indurain became the third rider to win four consecutive Tours de France. In the race's other classifications, rider Djamolidine Abdoujaparov won the points classification, Richard Virenque of the  team won the mountains classification,  rider Marco Pantani won the youth classification for the best rider aged 26 or under in the general classification after having finished third overall, and Eros Poli of the  team won the combativity classification. Festina–Lotus won the team classification, which ranked each of the twenty teams contesting the race by lowest cumulative time.

Teams
A total of 21 teams were invited to participate in the 1994 Tour de France. Fifteen teams were announced in May, based on their UCI ranking: Although the organisation had planned to give five additional wildcards in June, after the 1994 Giro d'Italia, it was decided to invite one extra team, and six wildcards were given. The team of Zenon Jaskuła, who had finished in third place in the 1993 Tour de France, was not selected. Each team sent a squad of nine riders, so the Tour began with a peloton of 189 cyclists; of these, a total of 117 riders made it to the finish in Paris.

The teams entering the race were:

Qualified teams

Invited teams

Route and stages
The 1994 edition of the Tour de France began with a short 7.2 km prologue that navigated around the French city of Lille. There were a total of six stages that held many high mountains, while there was only one hilly stage that contained climbs of lesser degree. Eleven of the stages were primarily flat stages. The official route contained four time trials, three of which were individual and one of which was a team event.

There were two stages that began or ended outside France. Stage 4 began in the English port town of Dover and ended in Brighton. The fifth stage began and ended in the British city of Portsmouth. This was only the second time the tour has visited England, and to mark the opening of the Channel Tunnel.

Of the stages that contained mountains, four contained summit finishes: stage 11 to Hautacam, stage 12 to Luz Ardiden, stage 16 to Alpe d'Huez, and stage 17 to Val Thorens. The nineteenth stage, an individual time trial, had a summit finish to Avoriaz. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2275 m at the summit of the Val Thorens climb on stage 17.

Race overview
The 1994 edition of the Tour de France began with a brief 7.2 km prologue around the city of Lille. Englishman Chris Boardman set a blistering pace on the course en route to winning the stage by fifteen seconds over the second-place finisher Miguel Induráin. Stage 1 was a relatively flat stage that came down to a bunch sprint that was marred by a large crash. As the riders were sprinting to the finish line, a policeman leaned out to take a photograph causing Wilfried Nelissen to slam on his brakes and crash into the policeman while also taking out Laurent Jalabert in the process. Djamolidine Abdoujaparov ultimately won the stage while Jalabert and Nelissen were forced to drop out of the race due to the injuries they had sustained.

The Yellow Jersey switched riders multiple times through the first eight stages but in the Stage 9 individual time trial Indurain absolutely obliterated the entire field with only eight riders able to keep him within 6:00, and of those riders only Tony Rominger was able to keep Indurain within four minutes. Amazingly a young Lance Armstrong was able to hold onto a top 10 placing through Stage 10, but other than Rominger no one was in a position to threaten Indurain's lead.

As the race entered the Pyrenees in stages 11 and 12 Indurain built on his lead over Rominger who abandoned the Tour in Stage 13. As the race climbed Mont Ventoux and crossed the Alps Marco Pantani and Piotr Ugrumov began to climb through the top 10 as Richard Virenque held onto 2nd place, but Indurain's lead was secure with Virenque more than 7:00 behind.

In the final time trial in Stage 19 Ugrumov won the stage with Pantani coming in second both riders gaining considerable time on Indurain, but by the end of the day it was too little too late for both riders as Indurain's 4th consecutive Tour de France victory was all but secure as he held a commanding lead of 5:39 over the now 2nd place Ugrumov.

Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1994 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.

Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.

The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.

For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.

In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification. Eros Poli won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Tourmalet on stage 12. This prize was won by Richard Virenque.

 * In stage 1, Miguel Induráin wore the green jersey.

title: 1994 Tour de France


text:
Talk:Baltic states/Baltic countries

very quickly growing market economies.
Do not write bullshit, but research the facts...

Merge Baltic countries and Baltic state
This page should be combined with the Baltic states page or vive versa. Same with the Spanish Wikipedia -- there are two redundant pages: Estados bálticos and Países bálticos.

 * I've added the merge notices to both pages. Since I recently merged Baltic Sea countries into Baltic countries, I will probably undertake the merge between Baltic countries and Baltic state in the next few days.  --taestell 21:16, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * The other talk page should also be merged into this page. --Jūzeris ⇐ feedback appreciated 11:37, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Baltic states
This article seems to be chiefly about the Baltic States, commonly understood as Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. It should probably be listed directly under that, rather than this strang 'Baltic countries' idea which seems somewhat peculiar to Wikipedia. The actual Baltic States have a unity of recent history, in some parts such unity unfortunately enforced, that does not encompass any other country that might happen to touch the Baltic sea. (I did read the merge debate.) -- Blorg 23:28, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with you - title of this article is confusing. Maybe this article should rather explain terms as it is done in sections "Baltic Sea countries and Balticum" and "Other Uses" or make a note on top of the page that one should see article "Council of the Baltic Sea States" if he/she is looking for Baltic Sea States -- Xil/talk 06:14, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Agree. "Baltic States" is by far the most common term in English for Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and ought to lead directly to the article on these countries, with a disambiguation on top. --Pēteris Cedriņš 06:45, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Please read archived talk:Baltic state as well. Also I searched with google for Baltic countries - it returned 1,190,000 results, Baltic states returned 5,130,000 -- Xil/talk 23:12, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Agree. heqs 13:23, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the term 'Baltic states' is often viewed negatively, as it refers to the three SSRs under Soviet rule (or occupation, however one sees it). Baltic countries, while being more neutral, does however raise the question of why Sweden, Finland, Poland, Germany and Denmark are not so called. Iain 18:04, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Finland
Surprised these issues have not been clarified. See my edits. Historically Finland has been considered a Baltic state, though less often today. (Finland even has a famous symbolic statue in Helsinki "the Daughter of the Baltic.") Tnescious 11:06, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I've never seen a source referring Finland as a Baltic State. --ML 12:49, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with that. Finland is a "Baltic Sea" country, a Nordic country, but not one of the Baltic States. Referring to it as a Baltic State in Wikipedia would only cause confusion. Even the Germans and the Russians always kept the distinction between Baltikum and Baltika, on the one hand, and Finland and Scandinavia on the other.--Mack2 13:47, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I never heard Finland included in "the Baltic states" although I don't say it's impossible. Generally during the Soviet era they were separate cases, Finland being an independent country and the Baltic republics being part and parcel of the USSR. This sentence seems to just be confusing:
 * Before the fall of the Soviet Union, the term "Baltic state" was used by some English speakers to hint that the four countries were under Soviet influence or occupation. In Finland the term "Finlandisation" was used to describe the heavy Soviet influence on her politics.
 * It almost seems to imply, similar to Ford's 1976 debate gaffe, that the Baltics were really independent but just like Finland were "influenced or dominated", but if that's the case, what were the declarations of independence about? --Dhartung | Talk 15:56, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Finland borders the Baltic Sea and of course the adjective "Baltic" applies to her in a similar sense as in e.g. "The Baltic island of Gotland is very beautiful" (compare: "The Pacific island of Hawaii is very beautiful"). However, the terms "Baltic State" and "Baltic Country" do not apply to Finland in any sense. Under the Russian Empire, Finland was not part of the Baltic Province but a separate entity called the Grand Duchy of Finland. Finland never was part of the Soviet Union so it could hardly have been one of its "Baltic States". This is the historical background to the terms "Baltic States" and "Baltic Countries" that we today use for the three, fortunately, sovereign states bordering the eastern Baltic Sea. If someone has other information, please correct me and provide sources. Clarifer 08:09, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

In between WWI and WWII it seems that the term Baltic States referred to all formerly Russian territories that broke free that were located by the Baltic Sea. This includes thus Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. This definition is at least given in the 1939 abridged edition of the Estonian Encyclopedia. IIRC this was also how these countries were referred to in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact addendum. Prior to WWI, the Baltic States referred to the German dominated provinces of Russia located in present day Estonia and Latvia which enjoyed their own special regime with some similarity but with not as extensive autonomy as the Grand-Duchy of Finland.

 * Ok. Seems that the terminology in Soviet Russia (later in Estonia as well?) was different to that in the west? Never heard of such an inter-war definition before. Clarifer 18:58, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

"the Jerusalem of the North"
What does churches have to do with Judaism? or is it a mistake and should be "Synagogues" instead of "Churches"?

Rename
It has been brought to my attention that the term Baltic States can be too often misleading and interpreted as one country consisting of the 3 states. Therefore I'd suggest, to avoid confusion rename the article: Baltic countries.--Termer (talk) 08:11, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baltic states/Baltic countries


text:
The Quiet Offspring

The Quiet Offspring is the fourth full-length studio album by the Norwegian progressive metal band Green Carnation. It was released on 22 February 2005.

Background
In this recording, the band breaks away from their previous offerings. Although critically acclaimed and well accepted by fans, The Quiet Offspring has a more traditional rock sound and leaves behind much of the progressiveness and atmospheric feels of the band's previous albums, Light of Day, Day of Darkness and A Blessing in Disguise. Some listeners have criticized this transition, while others claim it would have been inconceivable to repeat the feat of the sixty-minute album.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Quiet Offspring" – 4:05 (Sordal)
 * 2) "Between the Gentle Small and the Standing Tall" – 4:15 (Tchort, Sordal)
 * 3) "Just When You Think It's Safe" – 5:18 (Tchort)
 * 4) "A Place for Me" – 5:26 (Krumins)
 * 5) "The Everlasting Moment" – 5:09 (Sordal)
 * 6) "Purple Door, Pitch Black" – 4:12 (Sordal)
 * 7) "Childsplay - Part I" – 4:47 (Tchort)
 * 8) "Dead But Dreaming" – 5:26 (Tchort)
 * 9) "Pile of Doubt" – 5:56 (Sordal)
 * 10) "When I Was You" – 7:22 (Nordhus)
 * 11) "Childsplay - Part II" – 4:23 (Tchort, Moen)

Personnel
Green Carnation
 * Kjetil Nordhus – vocals
 * Terje Vik Schei (a.k.a. Tchort) – guitars
 * Michael Krumins – guitars
 * Stein Roger Sordal – bass guitar, guitars
 * Kenneth Silden – keyboards
 * Anders Kobro – drums

Guest musicians
 * Bernt Moen – keyboards, piano on "Childsplay Part I" and "Childsplay Part II"

title: The Quiet Offspring


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/July 25, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/July 25, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/July 25, 2005


text:
User talk:Rickyboy/email

email
Hello,

I have contributed some images under the user name Rickyboy. Unfortunately, another user named Cyrius thinks that they are from the World Book site, so he has blocked me. I created the graphics and took the pictures, and I discussed this issue on my talk page extensively with the user DavidH. Further, Cyrius has blocked me indefinately, which I understand is in violation of Wikipedia rules as well.

Please un-block me as his complaint has been logged on the images and he has no proof that they're from World Book.

Thanks,

Rickyboy

-Mensaje original- De: Ed Poor Enviado el: lunes, 18 de julio de 2005 7:08 Para: Asunto: Re: Blocked Over Revert War

Your user talk page should be editable to you. That's a little feature request I got Tim Starling to put in - precisely for situations like this! Let's discuss the matter there.

Best wishes,

Ed Poor

Unfortunately, I seem to have been blocked from editing my own user page indefinately.

Rickyboy

title: User talk:Rickyboy/email


text:
Mary MacGregor

Mary MacGregor (born May 6, 1948) is an American singer. She is best known for singing the 1976 song "Torn Between Two Lovers", which topped the Billboard charts for two weeks.

Career
MacGregor was born May 6, 1948, in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States. She began studying piano at age six, and was singing with bands by the time she was a teenager. After graduating from Saint Joseph's Academy in 1966, she briefly attended the University of Minnesota, and later began to tour the country with various acts and, in the process, catching the attention of Peter Yarrow from Peter, Paul & Mary. She soon joined Yarrow, singing backup on a solo tour, and made an appearance on his Love Songs album.

Signed to Ariola Records America, MacGregor released her debut single, "Torn Between Two Lovers", in late 1976; it became a smash hit by February 1977. The new year saw the single top both the pop and adult contemporary charts and was certified as a gold record. In addition, it reached #3 on Billboard's Country chart and also reached No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart. Two further singles from the album of the same name, also written and produced by Yarrow, charted but were overwhelmed by the success of the title track.

MacGregor admitted in The Billboard Book of Number One Hits by Fred Bronson that she hated her own chart-topper, chiefly because she had little sympathy for the narrator of "Torn Between Two Lovers", a woman who confesses to her husband that she is having an affair, but pleads with her husband to stay with her and accept the situation. MacGregor also said that the song indirectly led to the breakup of her own marriage, because her career kept her away from home so often that her relationship with her husband strained, and they decided to separate. She did acknowledge that the song was successful because it appealed to listeners who had found themselves in the situation described in the lyrics.

She released several more albums, and had three more minor chart singles (including the song "Good Friend" from the 1979 Bill Murray film Meatballs). "Good Friend" was later added to her third and eponymous final album.

In 1980, MacGregor won best song and best performance at the World Popular Song Festival in Tokyo, Japan with "What's the Use" which she had co-written with David Bluefield.

For the 1981 Japanese anime film Adieu Galaxy Express 999, MacGregor wrote and performed two songs. They were "Sayonara" and "Love Light".

In 1983, Mike Love (of The Beach Boys) and MacGregor performed "Do You Hear What I Hear" from Scrooge's Rock N Roll Christmas.

In the mid-1980s, MacGregor performed in nightclubs around the Central Coast of California with Mary and the Blue Jays, a trio composed of MacGregor, James Royce on bass, and Jim Kennedy on guitar.

In 1999, she teamed up with fellow musician friends, Joe Ghiglia and John Holt, to form The Mary MacGregor Band. The result was an album called Perfect Yellow House.

She is also mentioned in the liner notes of 1976's The Steamboat Album as doing vocals for one of the tracks, "Rabbit Ears". The album was recorded by Yampa River Records in Steamboat Springs, Colorado.

She now lives in California, has remarried, has two children and is retired.

title: Mary MacGregor


text:
Sarah Illingworth

Sarah Louise Illingworth (born 9 September 1963) is an English-born New Zealand former cricketer who played as a wicket-keeper and right-handed batter. She appeared in 6 Test matches and 37 One Day Internationals for New Zealand between 1988 and 1996. She played domestic cricket for Southern Districts and Canterbury.

Illingworth captained New Zealand in all six Test matches she played, all of them ending in a draw. She also captained 29 WODIs, with New Zealand winning 18, losing 10 and one ending in a no result. She jointly holds the record for the most dismissals in a World Cup innings, with six.

title: Sarah Illingworth


text:
Leah Laiman

Leah Laiman (born August 29, 1946 in Tel Aviv, Israel) is an American soap opera writer and romance novelist.

Career
Laiman got her start on daytime television during the early 1980s at General Hospital. Laiman succeeded former Head Writer, Pat Falken Smith, along with novelist Thom Racina. The pair began working on the show during its heyday, including Luke Spencer and Laura Webber's widely publicized 1981 wedding, which included notable Hollywood legend Elizabeth Taylor. After three years on GH, Laiman followed Racina to Days of Our Lives to work with Sheri Anderson where the three wrote several stories, including Bo and Hope's wedding in England, and co-created the characters of Steve "Patch" Johnson and John Black. In 1986, Laiman became the sole head writer and creator of the Jack Deveraux character, and further developed the popular romance of Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady.

After Days of our Lives, Laiman moved to One Life to Live, where she stayed as staff writer from 1990 through 1997 and served as head writer from 1990 to 1991, and again from 1996 to 1997. In 1998, she took a job at the ailing NBC Daytime serial Another World. The show was cancelled in June 1999. Her next job was at As the World Turns. In 2000, Laiman was fired from ATWT and turned to writing novels for five years. Laiman was rehired on As the World Turns in 2005 as an associate head writer.

In 2020 she was one of the recruits for a fiction app named "Radish" which had $63m of funding and it was opening an office in LA. The soap writers recruited included Laiman, Addie Walsh, Lisa Connor and Jean Passanante.

Positions held
Another World
 * Co-Head Writer (1998–25 June 1999)
 * The Last AW Writing Team: Leah Laiman (Head Writer, Jean Passanante (co-Head Writer), Stephen Demorest, Melissa Salmons, Laura Maria Censabella, Judy Tate, Tom Wiggin, Tom King, Maura Penders, Richard Culliton, Shelly Altman, Carolyn Culliton, Richard J. Allen, Sofia Landon Geier, Lynn Martin, Gillian Spencer, Mary Sue Price, Edwin Klein, Gordon Rayfield, Courtney Simon, Eleanor Labine

As the World Turns
 * Associate Head Writer (1997 - 1998; March 3, 2005 - 2005; October 6, 2009 - September 17, 2010)
 * Co-Head Writer (2005 - January 24, 2008; April 18, 2008 - October 5, 2009)
 * Head Writer (August 1999 - August 2000)

Days of Our Lives
 * Associate Head Writer (1991)
 * Head Writer (1988–1989)
 * Co-Head Writer (1986–1988)

General Hospital
 * Writer (1981–1984)

Guiding Light
 * Associate Head Writer (1993)
 * Co-Head Writer (1994 – November 1994)

One Life to Live
 * Co-Head Writer (1996–1998)

Daytime Emmy Awards
WINS
 * (2001; Best Writing; As the World Turns)

NOMINATIONS
 * (1983 & 1984; Best Writing; General Hospital)
 * (1985 & 1987; Best Writing; Days of Our Lives)
 * (1990; Best Writing; One Life to Live)
 * (2000, 2006, 2010 & 2011; Best Writing; As the World Turns)

Writers Guild of America Award
WINS
 * (2007, 2009 & 2011 seasons; As the World Turns)

NOMINATIONS
 * (1988 & 1992 seasons; Days of Our Lives)
 * (1995 season; Guiding Light)
 * (2006, 2008 & 2010 seasons; As the World Turns)

title: Leah Laiman


text:
User talk:Rianamit

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - Gblaz 18:53, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Radiohead lyrics
Since lyrics are copyrighted, plz don't copy and paste them onto articles. Thanx. --Madchester 05:35, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Sarabjit singh
A tag has been placed on Sarabjit singh requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words.

If the external website belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must include on the external site the statement "I, (name), am the author of this article, (article name), and I release its content under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 and later." You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. —  Hello Annyong  (say whaaat?!) 15:34, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I just had to delete Milkha Singh for the same reason, as it was extensively copied directly from this page. We would love to have an article on Mr. Singh, but we can't afford to steal other people's work in order to do it. Please think about writing a new article on him, in your own words, instead of copying someone else's without their permission. If you have any questions, or if I can help, please leave a message on my talk page (by clicking on the "Moo" after my name). Thanks. -Hit bull, win steak(Moo!) 15:56, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

Nomination of Let Down (Radiohead song) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Let Down (Radiohead song) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Let Down (Radiohead song) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Popcornfud (talk) 14:22, 4 July 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rianamit


text:
HMS Trinidad (46)

HMS Trinidad  was a Royal Navy Fiji-class cruiser light cruiser. She was lost while serving in the Arctic on convoy duty after being damaged escorting PQ 13 in 1942.

Early career
Trinidad was built by HM Dockyard Devonport. She was laid down on 21 April 1938, launched 21 March 1941 and commissioned on 14 October 1941. The ship served with the British Home Fleet during her brief career.

Loss
While escorting Convoy PQ 13 in March 1942, she and other escorts were in combat with German Narvik-class destroyer destroyers. She hit and damaged the GERMAN DESTROYER Z26 and then launched a torpedo attack. One of her torpedoes had a fault, possibly affected by the icy waters and sub zero conditions common in the Atlantic en route to Russia; causing the torpedo to limp across the water at a speed far below the 46 knots expected, the reduced speed causing the torpedo to strike Trinidad as she performed evasive zigzags in its path, killing 32 men. Survivors included Lieutenant Commander Williams as well as composer George Lloyd, a Royal Marines bandsman who had earlier written the ship's official march. This was performed at the Last Night of the Proms on 7 September 2013, in the presence of the last surviving crewman from Trinidad.

Trinidad was towed clear of the action, and was then able to proceed under her own power towards Murmansk. The GS U-378 attempted to engage and sink the damaged cruiser, but was spotted and attacked by the destroyer HMS Fury (H76). On arrival in Murmansk, Trinidad underwent partial repairs. She set out to return home on 13 May 1942, escorted by the destroyers HMS Foresight (H68), HMS Forester (H74), HMS Somali (F33) and HMS Matchless (G52). Other ships of the Home Fleet were providing a covering force nearby. Her speed was reduced to 20 kn owing to the damage she had sustained. En route, she was attacked by more than twenty Ju 88 bombers on 14 May 1942. All attacks missed, except for one bomb that struck near the previous damage, starting a serious fire. Sixty-three men were lost, including twenty survivors from the cruiser HMS Edinburgh (C16), which had been sunk two weeks earlier. The decision was taken to scuttle her and on 15 May 1942 she was torpedoed by Matchless and sank in the Arctic Ocean, north of North Cape. Four Czechoslovak airmen en route to Great Britain – Sergeant Vratislav Laštovička, Corporals Jan Ferák, Josef Návesník and Bohuslav Zikmund – were killed, and three other airmen were rescued.

title: HMS Trinidad (46)


text:
Shell (computing)

In computing, a shell is a computer program that exposes an operating system's services to a human user or other programs. In general, operating system shells use either a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI), depending on a computer's role and particular operation. It is named a shell because it is the outermost layer around the operating system.

Overview
Operating systems provide various services to their users, including file management, process management (running and terminating applications), batch processing, and operating system monitoring and configuration.

Most operating system shells are not direct interfaces to the underlying kernel, even if a shell communicates with the user via peripheral devices attached to the computer directly. Shells are actually special applications that use the kernel API in just the same way as it is used by other application programs. A shell manages the user– system interaction by prompting users for input, interpreting their input, and then handling output from the underlying operating system (much like a read–eval–print loop, REPL). Since the operating system shell is actually an application, it may easily be replaced with another similar application, for most operating systems.

In addition to shells running on local systems, there are different ways to make remote systems available to local users; such approaches are usually referred to as remote access or remote administration. Initially available on multi-user mainframes, which provided text-based UIs for each active user simultaneously by means of a text terminal connected to the mainframe via serial line or modem, remote access has extended to Unix-like systems and Microsoft Windows. On Unix-like systems, Secure Shell protocol (SSH) is usually used for text-based shells, while SSH tunneling can be used for X Window System–based graphical user interfaces (GUIs). On Microsoft Windows, Remote Desktop Protocol can be used to provide GUI remote access, and since Windows Vista, PowerShell Remote can be used for text-based remote access via WMI, RPC, and WS-Management.

Most operating system shells fall into one of two categories – command-line and graphical. Command-line shells provide a command-line interface (CLI) to the operating system, while graphical shells provide a graphical user interface (GUI). Other possibilities, although not so common, include a voice user interface and various implementations of a text-based user interface (TUI) that are not CLI, such as text-based menu systems. The relative merits of CLI- and GUI-based shells are often debated. Many computer users use both depending on the task to be performed.

History
Early interactive systems provided a simple command-line interpreter as part of the resident monitor. This interpreter might be called by different names, such as  on DEC TOPS-10 systems. The interpreter would execute one of a number of predefined commands, one of which would be to run a user program. Common commands would log the user on and off the system, allocate, free, and manipulate devices and files, and query various pieces of information about the system or a user process.

In 1964, for the Multics operating system, Louis Pouzin conceived the idea of "using commands somehow like a programming language," and coined the term shell to describe it. In a 1965 document, the shell is defined as "a common procedure called automatically by the supervisor whenever a user types in some message at his console, at a time when he has no other process in active execution under console control. This procedure acts as an interface between console messages and subroutine [in the supervisor]." This system was first implemented by Glenda Schroeder and an unnamed man from General Electric.

Multics also introduced the active function, a key concept in all later shells. This is defined as "a string... which is replaced by a character string return value before the command line containing it is executed. Active functions are often used... to implement command-language macros."

In 1971, Ken Thompson developed the Thompson shell in the first version of Unix. While simpler than the Multics shell, it contained some innovative features, which have been carried forward in modern shells, including the use of < and > for input and output redirection.

The graphical shell first appeared in Douglas Engelbart’s NLS system, demonstrated in December, 1968 at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco, in what has been called The Mother of All Demos. Engelbart’s colleagues at Stanford Research Institute brought the concept to the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), where it appeared on the Alto, introduced in 1973. From there the idea spread to Niklaus Wirth’s Lilith in 1980, and the Apple Lisa in 1983, then became ubiquitous.

Command-line shells
A command-line interface (CLI) is an operating system shell that uses alphanumeric characters typed on a keyboard to provide instructions and data to the operating system, interactively. For example, a teletypewriter can send codes representing keystrokes to a command interpreter program running on the computer; the command interpreter parses the sequence of keystrokes and responds with an error message if it cannot recognize the sequence of characters, or it may carry out some other program action such as loading an application program, listing files, logging in a user and many others. Operating systems such as UNIX have a large variety of shell programs with different commands, syntax and capabilities, with the POSIX shell being a baseline. Some operating systems had only a single style of command interface; commodity operating systems such as MS-DOS came with a standard command interface (COMMAND.COM) but third-party interfaces were also often available, providing additional features or functions such as menuing or remote program execution.

Application programs may also implement a command-line interface. For example, in Unix-like systems, the telnet program has a number of commands for controlling a link to a remote computer system. Since the commands to the program are made of the same keystrokes as the data being sent to a remote computer, some means of distinguishing the two are required. An escape sequence can be defined, using either a special local keystroke that is never passed on but always interpreted by the local system. The program becomes modal, switching between interpreting commands from the keyboard or passing keystrokes on as data to be processed.

A feature of many command-line shells is the ability to save sequences of commands for re-use. A data file can contain sequences of commands which the CLI can be made to follow as if typed in by a user. Special features in the CLI may apply when it is carrying out these stored instructions. Such batch files (script files) can be used repeatedly to automate routine operations such as initializing a set of programs when a system is restarted. Batch mode use of shells usually involves structures, conditionals, variables, and other elements of programming languages; some have the bare essentials needed for such a purpose, others are very sophisticated programming languages in and of themselves. Conversely, some programming languages can be used interactively from an operating system shell or in a purpose-built program.

Several command-line shells, such as Xonsh, Bash (Unix shell), and Z shell, offer command-line completion, enabling the interpreter to expand commands based on a few characters input by the user.

A command-line interpreter may offer a history function, so that the user can recall earlier commands issued to the system and repeat them, possibly with some editing. Since all commands to the operating system had to be typed by the user, short command names and compact systems for representing program options were common. Short names were sometimes hard for a user to recall, and early systems lacked the storage resources to provide a detailed on-line user instruction guide.

Graphical shells
A graphical user interface (GUI) provides means for manipulating programs graphically, by allowing for operations such as opening, closing, moving and resizing windows, as well as switching focus between windows. Graphical shells may be included with desktop environments or come separately, even as a set of loosely coupled utilities.

Most graphical user interfaces develop the metaphor of an "electronic desktop", where data files are represented as if they were paper documents on a desk, and application programs similarly have graphical representations instead of being invoked by command names.

Unix-like systems
Graphical shells typically build on top of a windowing system. In the case of X Window System or Wayland, the shell consists of an X window manager or a Wayland compositor, respectively, as well as of one or multiple programs providing the functionality to start installed applications, to manage open windows and virtual desktops, and often to support a widget engine.

In the case of macOS, Quartz Compositor acts as the windowing system, and the shell consists of the Finder, the Dock, SystemUIServer, and Mission Control.

Microsoft Windows
Modern versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system use the Windows shell as their shell. Windows Shell provides desktop environment, start menu, and task bar, as well as a graphical user interface for accessing the file management functions of the operating system. Older versions also include Program Manager, which was the shell for the 3.x series of Microsoft Windows, and which in fact shipped with later versions of Windows of both the 95 and NT types at least through Windows XP. The interfaces of Windows versions 1 and 2 were markedly different.

Desktop applications are also considered shells, as long as they use a third-party engine. Likewise, many individuals and developers dissatisfied with the interface of Windows Explorer have developed software that either alters the functioning and appearance of the shell or replaces it entirely. WindowBlinds by StarDock is a good example of the former sort of application. LiteStep and Emerge Desktop are good examples of the latter.

Interoperability programmes and purpose-designed software lets Windows users use equivalents of many of the various Unix-based GUIs discussed below, as well as Macintosh. An equivalent of the OS/2 Presentation Manager for version 3.0 can run some OS/2 programmes under some conditions using the OS/2 environmental subsystem in versions of Windows NT.

Other uses
"Shell" is also used loosely to describe application software that is "built around" a particular component, such as web browsers and email clients, in analogy to the shells found in nature. Indeed, the (command-line) shell encapsulates the operating system kernel. These are also sometimes referred to as "wrappers".

In expert systems, a shell is a piece of software that is an "empty" expert system without the knowledge base for any particular application.

title: Shell (computing)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lizzy Berryman

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:53, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Lizzy Berryman
Delete. This is a bogus article, no real person with this name, with claimed history/status/celebrity. — Frecklefoot | Talk 18:57, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Even if it's real, I see no assertion of notability. Friday 19:40, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete 7 google hits for someone who is definitely not a "superstar". Hoax/joke/bs. --  Etacar11   00:59, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Nynwo 7729

my indication show that some nypd,fdny ,employeees corrupted james j bulger ,real ira member and the boys that on this websoites http://www.welfarestate.com/binladen .even within boston ,florida and vinces florida as well.nynwo_7729@profaca.zzn.com(tips)

title: User:Nynwo 7729


text:
Oliver Cromwell (song)

"Oliver Cromwell" is a song recorded by Monty Python in 1980 but not released until 1989 where it featured on their compilation album Monty Python Sings. John Cleese, who wrote the lyric, debuted the song in the episode of the radio show I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again broadcast on 2 February 1969, when it was introduced as "The Ballad of Oliver Cromwell". It is sung to Frédéric Chopin's Heroic Polonaise, and documents the career of British statesman Oliver Cromwell, from his service as Member of Parliament (MP) for Huntingdon to his installation as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England. The lead vocals, often heavily multi-tracked, are performed by Cleese, with interjections by Eric Idle.

"Oliver Cromwell" is sung to the first ("A") section of the Polonaise, including the well-known main theme; it does not use the "B" section. The piano introduction is accompanied by a spoken-word introduction, setting a tone of macabre humour ("The most interesting thing about King Charles the First is that he was five foot six inches tall at the start of his reign, but only four foot eight inches tall at the end of it"), as are the subsequent connecting passages. All three instances of the main theme are given a tutti chorus followed by a recounting of the battles and other events of the period; sound effects are added, mostly sounds of battle and of horses. To the interlude is set King Charles I's trial and execution, with rubato adding atmosphere; the only sound effect is implied to be that of Charles's head falling (followed by a solitary giggle from Cromwell).

Introduction

 * Charles I of England, 27 March 1625 (5'6") – 30 January 1649 (4'8")

First theme: January 1642 – May 1646

 * Oliver Cromwell (1599 – September 1658), Puritan; MP for Huntingdon
 * Ironside Cavalry, equipped and trained by Cromwell
 * Marston Moor, 1644; Parliamentary victory
 * New Model Army, founded by Cromwell
 * Naseby, Parliamentary victory (over the "Cavaliers", the Royalist armies)
 * Charles I puts himself into the hands of the Scottish Presbyterian army at Southwell

Connecting passage: 1647

 * John Pym's Solemn League and Covenant; this (1643) agreement between Scottish Covenanters and English Parliamentarians respecting the Presbyterian church in Scotland and (ostensibly) committing England to Presbyterianism was influential in persuading the Scots to deliver Charles I to Parliament (in 1647)

Second theme: 1647 – 19 August 1648

 * "handed ... over to Oliver Cromwell and his warts" refers to Cromwell's famous instruction to Peter Lely to paint him "warts and all"
 * Second Civil War; the Independent leanings of the Army led to conflict with the Presbyterians in Parliament, a disagreement exploited by the Royalist faction
 * Battle of Preston (1648), Lancashire; the final battle of the Second Civil war was an overwhelming victory for the Independents ("Roundheads") over the combined Royalist ("Cavaliers") and Presbyterian armies

Connecting Passage: 6–20 December 1648

 * Pride's Purge; Thomas Pride excluded Presbyterian MPs who refused to abolish the monarchy from the House of Commons, resulting in a Rump Parliament

Interlude: 2–30 January 1649

 * A High Court of Justice at Westminster Hall indicted Charles I for the crime of tyranny
 * Charles refused to accept that the court had jurisdiction over its King, but was nonetheless sentenced to death
 * The sentence was carried out by decapitation, 30 January 1649, at the Banqueting House, Whitehall

Connecting Passage: 30 January 1649

 * The headman failed to utter the customary words, "Behold the head of a traitor!"

Third theme: August 1649 – 16 December 1653

 * Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
 * Commonwealth of England
 * Battle of Worcester; the defeat of the Scottish army of Charles II (proclaimed) ended the English Civil War and sank the Royalist cause
 * First Anglo-Dutch War, 1653
 * Dissolution of the Rump Parliament
 * Instrument of Government, drafted by John Lambert, making Cromwell Lord Protector

title: Oliver Cromwell (song)


text:
1947 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1947.

Explorations

 * Donaldson site in Ontario, Canada first documented.

Excavations

 * Mortimer Wheeler excavates Brahmagiri for the Archaeological Survey of India.
 * Stuart Piggott begins excavations at Cairnpapple Hill in Scotland.
 * J. F. S. Stone excavates the first trench across the Stonehenge cursus.

Publications

 * I. A. Richmond - Roman Britain (London: Collins).

Finds

 * April: Previous discoveries of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Nag Hammadi codices become known. The Dead Sea Scrolls are found east of Jerusalem, in caves at Qumran, near the Dead Sea.
 * 18 April: 'Mrs. Ples', an Australopithecus africanus skull, is discovered in the Sterkfontein area in Transvaal, South Africa.
 * Star Carr discovered in North Yorkshire.

Miscellaneous

 * 7 August: Thor Heyerdahl's balsa raft Kon-Tiki makes landfall on Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands after a 101-day journey from Peru.
 * Max Mallowan appointed Professor of Western Asiatic Archaeology at the University of London and director of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, where he directs the resumption of its work at Nimrud.

Births

 * 28 May: Zahi Hawass, Egyptian Egyptologist.
 * 5 July: Bob Carr, American archaeologist.
 * 24 July: Miranda Aldhouse-Green, British archaeologist.
 * Franck Goddio, Moroccan-born French underwater archaeologist.

Deaths

 * 7 June: Julio C. Tello, Peruvian archaeologist (b. 1880)
 * 25 August: Franz Cumont, Belgian archaeologist (b. 1868)

title: 1947 in archaeology


text:
Besant

Besant may refer to:

 * Besant (surname)
 * Besant, Saskatchewan
 * Besant Nagar, area of Chennai

title: Besant


text: Category:1944 songs

title: Category:1944 songs


text:
WYPA

WYPA (89.5 FM) is a non–commercial Christian worship formatted radio station licensed to serve Cherry Hill, New Jersey. The station is owned by Educational Media Foundation and is a member of the nationally syndicated Air1 radio network.

WYPA uses HD Radio, and simulcasts the classical programming of WWFM on its HD2 subchannel.

History
The station signed on for the first time in 1986 as WEEE, "The Cherry Hill Station" which featured an easy listening format and broadcast Cherry Hill related announcements, town meetings and local sports. In 1995, the station changed its call sign to WSJI and featured contemporary Christian music and preaching.

Formerly owned by Thomas Moffit Sr.'s Broadcast Learning Center, the station was sold to California–based EMF Broadcasting's "K-Love" radio network for $2.5 million; $600,000 cash at closing (including $122,500 escrow deposit) plus $1.85 million promissory note. The sale was brokered by John Pierce and Co. LLC and represented the Educational Media Foundation's entry into the Greater Philadelphia Metropolitan radio market. The sale, which began in August 2006, was finalized on January 10, 2007, and the station switched to K–Love's network feed at 5p.m. the same day. The station's new call sign was WKVP, ostensibly "K-Love Philadelphia".

On November 5, 2013, the station changed its call sign to WYPA. The WKVP call sign moved to EMF's station in Camden, New Jersey, the former WWIQ (and for 43 years, Family Radio's WKDN).

title: WYPA


text:
Template talk:History of Tatarstan

I found it interesting to learn about Tatarstan from the Wikipedia article.

However i cannot understand the following passage in the history section which seems ungrammatical and incomplete:

"By Tatarstan Constitution president could be elected only by people of Tatarstan, but due to Russian federal law this law was stopped fo indefinite term. The Russian law about election of governors says, that they should be elected by local parliaments and that the candidate could be presented only by president."

Hope this helps in some way.

Zalky

title: Template talk:History of Tatarstan


text:
IBM Planning Analytics

IBM Planning Analytics powered by TM1 (formerly IBM Cognos TM1, formerly Applix TM1, formerly Sinper TM/1 ) is a business performance management software suite designed to implement collaborative planning, budgeting and forecasting solutions, interactive "what-if" analyses, as well as analytical and reporting applications.

The database server component of the software platform retains its historical name TM1. Data is stored in in-memory multidimensional OLAP cubes, generally at the "leaf" level, and consolidated on demand. In addition to data, cubes can include encoded rules which define any on-demand calculations. By design, computations (typically aggregation along dimensional hierarchies using weighted summation) on the data are performed in near real-time, without the need to precalculate, due to a highly performant database design and calculation engine. These properties also allow the data to be updated frequently and by multiple users.

TM1 is an example of a class of software products which implement the principles of the functional database model. The IBM Planning Analytics platform, in addition to the TM1 database server, includes an ETL tool, server management and monitoring tools and a number of user front ends which provide capabilities designed for common business planning and budgeting requirements, including workflow, adjustments, commentary, etc.

The vendor currently offers the software both as a standalone on-premises product and in the SaaS model on the cloud.

History
While working at Exxon, Lilly Whaley suggested developing a planning system using the IBM mainframe time sharing option (TSO) to replace the previous IMS based planning system and thereby significantly reduce running costs. Manuel "Manny" Perez, who had been in IT for most of his career, took it upon himself to develop a prototype. Right away he realized that in order to provide the multidimensionality and interactivity necessary it would be necessary to keep the data structures in computer memory rather than on disk.

The business potential of the planning system Perez had developed became apparent to him and he began to explore the possibilities of commercializing it. Back in early 1981, the IBM personal computer had not yet been announced and the Apple II® was not in significant use at corporations, so initially, Perez looked to implement on a public mainframe timesharing system. Just in time, the IBM personal computer was announced. It provided a low cost development environment which Manny was quick to take advantage of.

When Visicalc was released, Perez became convinced that it was the ideal user interface for his visionary product: the Functional Database. With his friend Jose Sinai formed the Sinper Corporation in early 1983 and released his initial product, TM/1 (the "TM" in TM1 stands for "Table Manager"). Sinper was purchased by Applix in 1996, which was purchased by Cognos in late 2007, which was in itself acquired mere months later by IBM.

With its flagship TM1 product line, Applix was the purest OLAP vendor among publicly traded independent BI vendors prior to OLAP industry consolidation in 2007, and had the greatest growth rate.

On December 16, 2016 IBM released a rebranded and expanded version of the software (IBM Planning Analytics Local 2.0 'powered by' IBM TM1) with a 'restarted' version numbering. The data server component is still referred to as TM1 and retains numbering continued from prior versions, so Planning Analytics version 2.x includes TM1 version 11.x.

Current Components

 * TM1 Server
 * Planning Analytics Workspace (a.k.a. PAW) - main web front end and development environment
 * Planning Analytics for Microsoft Excel (a.k.a. PAfE, formerly PAx) - main Excel front end
 * TM1 Web - legacy web front end
 * TM1 Applications - legacy web front end
 * TM1 Perspectives - legacy Excel front end
 * TM1 Architect - legacy standalone Windows front end and development environment
 * TM1 Performance Modeler - legacy development environment

title: IBM Planning Analytics


text:
Burton Wanderers F.C.

Burton Wanderers Football Club was a football club based in Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire, England. The club were members of the Football League for three seasons in the mid-1890s. In 1901 they merged with Burton Swifts to form Burton United. The club played at Derby Turn.

History
Founded in 1871, the club was amongst the founder members of the Midland League in 1890. In the 1893–94 season, they finished as champions despite a points deduction for fielding an ineligible player, and were elected to the Second Division of the Football League. However, the club did not last long in the League, and at the end of the 1896–97 season, after finishing second last in the League, they were voted out. In their time in the Second Division, Burton Wanderers beat Newcastle United 9–0, which remains Newcastle's worst league defeat.

The club then rejoined the Midland League, and, after finishing in bottom place in 1901, merged with neighbouring Burton Swifts (who were still members of the Football League) to form Burton United. The new club took Swifts' place in the League and played their home games at the Swifts' Peel Croft ground.

Ground
During their existence Burton Wanderers played their home games at Derby Turn and their record attendance was 6,000 for an FA Cup second round match against Notts County on 10 February 1894.

Honours

 * Midland League
 * Champions 1893–94

Records

 * Best FA Cup performance: Second round, 1893–94

title: Burton Wanderers F.C.


text:
CD34

CD34 is a transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein protein encoded by the CD34 gene in humans, mice, rats and other species.

CD34 derives its name from the cluster of differentiation protocol that identifies cell surface antigens. CD34 was first described on hematopoietic stem cells independently by Civin et al. and Tindle et al. as a cell surface glycoprotein and functions as a cell-cell adhesion factor. It may also mediate the attachment of hematopoietic stem cells to bone marrow extracellular matrix or directly to stromal cells. Clinically, it is associated with the selection and enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells for bone marrow transplants. Due to these historical and clinical associations, CD34 expression is almost ubiquitously related to hematopoietic cells; however, it is actually found on many other cell types as well.

Function
The CD34 protein is a member of a family of single-pass transmembrane sialomucin proteins that show expression on early haematopoietic and vascular-associated progenitor cells. However, little is known about its exact function.

CD34 is also an important adhesion molecule and is required for T cells to enter lymph nodes. It is expressed on lymph node endothelia, whereas the L-selectin to which it binds is on the T cell. Conversely, under other circumstances CD34 has been shown to act as molecular "Teflon" and block mast cell, eosinophil and dendritic cell precursor adhesion, and to facilitate opening of vascular lumina. Finally, recent data suggest CD34 may also play a more selective role in chemokine-dependent migration of eosinophils and dendritic cell precursors. Regardless of its mode of action, under all circumstances CD34, and its relatives podocalyxin and endoglycan, facilitates cell migration.

Tissue distribution
Cells expressing CD34 (CD34+ cell) are normally found in the umbilical cord and bone marrow as haematopoietic cells, or in endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cells of blood vessels but not lymphatics (except pleural lymphatics), mast cells, a sub-population of dendritic cells (which are factor XIIIa-negative) in the interstitium and around the adnexa of dermis of skin, as well as cells in soft tissue tumors like DFSP, GIST, SFT, HPC, and to some degree in MPNSTs, etc. The presence of CD34 on non-hematopoietic cells in various tissues has been linked to progenitor and adult stem cell phenotypes.

It is important to mention that Long-Term Haematopoietic Stem Cells (LT-HSCs) in mice and humans are the haematopoietic cells with the greatest self-renewal capacity and were shown to be CD34+ and CD38− cell fraction within the lineage-depleted cell population (LIn−). Human HSCs express the CD34 marker. Later studies have reported that low rhodamine retention identifies LT-HSCs within the Lin−CD34+CD38− population.

CD34 is expressed in roughly 20% of murine haematopoietic stem cells, and can be stimulated and reversed.

Clinical applications
CD34+ is often used clinically to quantify the number of haemopoietic stem cells for use in haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. This is generally a useful marker for cell dosing although there is some evidence that the CD34+ quantification may not be reliable in some circumstances. CD34+ cells may be isolated from blood samples using immunomagnetic techniques and used for CD34+ transplants, which have lower rates of graft-versus-host disease.

Antibodies are used to quantify and purify hematopoietic progenitor stem cells for research and for clinical bone marrow transplantation. However, counting CD34+ mononuclear cells may overestimate myeloid blasts in bone marrow smears due to hematogones (B lymphocyte precursors) and CD34+ megakaryocytes.

Cells observed as CD34+ and CD38- are of an undifferentiated, primitive form; i.e., they are multipotent hematopoietic stem cells. Thus, because of their CD34+ expression, such undifferentiated cells can be sorted out.

In tumors, CD34 is found in alveolar soft part sarcoma, preB-ALL (positive in 75%), AML (40%), AML-M7 (most), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, giant cell fibroblastoma, granulocytic sarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, meningeal hemangiopericytomas, meningiomas, neurofibromas, schwannomas, and papillary thyroid carcinoma.

A negative CD34 may exclude Ewing's sarcoma/PNET, myofibrosarcoma of the breast, and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the stomach.

Injection of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells has been clinically applied to treat various diseases including spinal cord injury, liver cirrhosis and peripheral vascular disease.

Interactions
CD34 has been shown to interact with CRKL. It also interacts with L-selectin, important in inflammation. CD34- has been related to hair follicles' melanocyte regeneration and CD34+ with neuronal regeneration.

title: CD34


text:
Cooking Light

Cooking Light is an American monthly food and lifestyle magazine founded in 1987.

Cover price is $12.99 an issue. Cooking Light, published by Dotdash Meredith, currently publishes 4 times annually. The magazine itself merged with Eating Well in 2018, but publishes separate special issues.

Editors

 * Katherine M. Eakin (1987–1993)
 * Doug Crichton (1993–2001)
 * Mary Kay Culpepper (2001–2009)
 * Scott Mowbray (2009–2014)
 * Hunter Lewis (2014-December 2018)

title: Cooking Light


text:
Great Canadian flag debate

The Great Canadian flag debate (or Great Flag Debate) was a national debate that took place in 1963 and 1964 when a new design for the national flag of Canada was chosen.

Although the flag debate had been going on for a long time prior, it officially began on June 15, 1964, when Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson proposed his plans for a new flag in the House of Commons. The debate lasted more than six months, bitterly dividing the people in the process. The debate over the proposed new Canadian flag was ended by closure on December 15, 1964. It resulted in the adoption of the "Maple Leaf" as the Canadian national flag, which remains the official national flag of Canada.

The flag was inaugurated on February 15, 1965, a date that has been commemorated as National Flag of Canada Day since 1996.

Union Jack and Red Ensign
The Union Jack served as the formal flag for various colonies in British North America, and remained as the formal national flag of Canada from Confederation to 1965. However, from the late 19th century to 1965, the civil ensign for Canada, the Canadian Red Ensign, was also used as an unofficial national flag and symbol for Canada.

The first Canadian Red Ensigns were used in Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald's time. The Governor General at the time of Macdonald's death, Lord Stanley, wrote to London in 1891:

"... the Dominion Government has encouraged by precept and example the use on all public buildings throughout the provinces of the Red Ensign with the Canadian badge on the fly... [which] has come to be considered as the recognized flag of the Dominion, both ashore and afloat."

Under pressure from pro-imperial public opinion, Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier raised the Union Jack over Parliament, where it remained until the re-emergence of the Red Ensign in the 1920s.

William Lyon Mackenzie King tried to adopt a new Canadian national flag in 1925 and 1946, having received a recommendation that came back as a Red Ensign design that replaced the coat of arms of Canada with a gold maple leaf in 1946. However, ongoing fears that the change might lead to political instability resulted in Mackenzie King shelving the project. A compromise was reached where the Canadian government would fly the Canadian Red Ensign as a "distinctive Canadian flag" on government buildings, but maintain the Union Jack as the national flag.

In 1958, an extensive poll was taken of the attitudes that adult Canadians held toward the flag. Of those who expressed opinions, over 80 per cent wanted a national flag entirely different from that of any other nation, and 60 per cent wanted their flag to bear the maple leaf. In April 1963, an opinion poll of 2,262 Canadians found that 52% supported a new national flag for Canada of its own, while 30% preferred using the Union Jack and 18% preferred using the Canadian Red Ensign. There was sharp division, however, between linguistic groups in their preferences. Whereas 90% of Francophones preferred a new national flag, only 35% of Anglophones desired this. Combined, the Union Jack and Red Ensign commanded the support of 65% of English Canadians.

Lester B. Pearson
From his office as leader of the opposition, Lester Pearson issued a press release on January 27, 1960, in which he summarized the problem and presented his suggestion as:

"... Canadian Government taking full responsibility as soon as possible for finding a solution to the flag problem, by submitting to Parliament a measure which, if accepted by the representatives of the people in Parliament, would, I hope, settle the problem."

The Progressive Conservative government of the time, headed by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, did not accept the invitation to establish a new Canadian flag, so Pearson made it Liberal Party policy in 1961, and part of the party's election platform in the 1962 and 1963 federal elections. During the election campaign of 1963, Pearson promised that Canada would have a new flag within two years of his election. No previous party leader had ever gone as far as Pearson did, by putting a time limit on finding a new national flag for Canada. The 1963 election brought the Liberals back to power, but with a minority government. In February 1964, a three-leaf design was leaked to the press.

At the 20th Royal Canadian Legion Convention in Winnipeg on May 17, 1964, Pearson faced an unsympathetic audience of Canadian Legionnaires and told them that the time had come to replace the Canadian Red Ensign with a distinctive maple leaf flag. The Royal Canadian Legion and the Canadian Corps Association wanted to make sure that the new flag would include the Union Jack as a sign of Canadian ties to the United Kingdom and to other Commonwealth countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, that use the Union Jack in the quarter of their national flag.

Lester Pearson's preferred choice for a new flag was nicknamed "the Pearson Pennant". Pearson's first design featured the three maple leaves on a white background, with vertical blue bars to either side. Pearson preferred this choice, as the blue bars reflected Canada's motto, "From Sea to Sea".

Opening resolution
On June 15, 1964, Pearson opened the parliamentary flag debate with a resolution:

… to establish officially as the flag of Canada a flag embodying the emblem proclaimed by His Majesty King George V on November 21, 1921 — three maple leaves conjoined on one stem — in the colours red and white then designated for Canada, the red leaves occupying a field of white between vertical sections of blue on the edges of the flag.

The flag proposed by Pearson, referred to as "the Pearson Pennant", was designed by Alan Beddoe. Pearson sought to produce a flag which embodied history and tradition, but he also wanted to excise the Union Jack as a reminder of Canada's heritage and links to the United Kingdom. Hence, the issue was not whether the maple leaf was pre-eminently Canadian, but rather whether the nation should exclude the British-related component from its identity.

Diefenbaker opposition
Diefenbaker led the opposition to the Maple Leaf flag, arguing for the retention of the Canadian Red Ensign. Diefenbaker and his lieutenants mounted a filibuster. The seemingly endless debate raged on in Parliament and the press with no side giving quarter. Pearson forced members of Parliament to stay over the summer, but that did not help.

On September 10, 1964, the Prime Minister yielded to the suggestion that the matter be referred to a special flag committee. The key member of the 15-person panel, Liberal Member of Parliament John Matheson, said that they "were asked to produce a flag for Canada and in six weeks!"

Special flag committee
On September 10, 1964, a committee of 15 Members of Parliament was announced. It was made up of seven Liberals, five Conservatives (PC) and one each from the New Democratic Party (NDP), the Social Credit Party and the Ralliement créditiste.

The Committee members were as follows:

The Conservatives at first saw this event as a victory, for they knew that all previous flag committees had suffered miscarriages. During the next six weeks the committee held 35 lengthy meetings. Thousands of suggestions also poured in from a public engaged in what had become a great Canadian debate about identity and how best to represent it.

3,541 entries were submitted: many contained common elements:

 * 2,136 contained maple leaves
 * 408 contained Union Jacks
 * 389 contained beavers
 * 359 contained Fleurs-de-lys

At the last minute, John Matheson slipped a flag designed by historian George Stanley into the mix. The idea came to him while standing in front of the Mackenzie Building of the Royal Military College of Canada, while viewing the college flag flying in the wind. Stanley submitted a March 23, 1964 formal detailed memorandum to Matheson on the history of Canada's emblems, predating Pearson's raising the issue, in which he warned that any new flag "must avoid the use of national or racial symbols that are of a divisive nature" and that it would be "clearly inadvisable" to create a flag that carried either a Union Jack or a Fleur-de-lis. The design put forward had a single red maple leaf on a white plain background, flanked by two red borders, based on the design of the flag of the Royal Military College. The voting was held on October 22, 1964, when the committee's final contest pitted Pearson's pennant against Stanley's. Assuming that the Liberals would vote for the Prime Minister's design, the Conservatives backed Stanley. They were outmaneuvered by the Liberals who had agreed with others to choose the Stanley Maple Leaf flag. The Liberals voted for the red and white flag, making the selection unanimous (15–0).

Parliamentary vote
While the committee had made its decision, the House of Commons had not. Diefenbaker would not budge, so the debate continued for six weeks as the Conservatives launched a filibuster. The debate had become so ugly that the Toronto Star called it "The Great Flag Farce."

The debate was prolonged until one of Diefenbaker's own senior members, Léon Balcer, and the Créditiste, Réal Caouette, advised the government to cut off debate by applying closure. Pearson did so, and after some 250 speeches, the final vote adopting the Stanley flag took place at 2:15 on the morning of December 15, 1964, with Balcer and the other francophone Conservatives swinging behind the Liberals. The committee's recommendation was accepted 163 to 78. At 2:00 AM, immediately after the successful vote, Matheson wrote to Stanley: "Your proposed flag has just now been approved by the Commons 163 to 78. Congratulations. I believe it is an excellent flag that will serve Canada well." Diefenbaker, however, called it "a flag by closure, imposed by closure."

On the afternoon of December 15, the Commons also voted in favour of continued use of the Union Flag as an official flag to symbolize Canada's allegiance to the Crown and its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. Senate approval followed on December 17, 1964. The Union Jack, or the "Royal Union Flag", as it would be officially termed in the parliamentary resolution, would be put alongside the new flag at federal government buildings, federally-operated airports, military installations, at the masthead of Royal Canadian Navy ships within Canadian waters, and at other appropriate establishments on Commonwealth Day, Victoria Day (the monarch's official birthday in Canada), 11 December (the anniversary of the enactment of the Statute of Westminster 1931), and when otherwise instructed to do so by the National Defence Headquarters.

Aftermath
Queen Elizabeth II approved the Maple Leaf flag by signing a royal proclamation on January 28, 1965, when both Prime Minister Pearson and Leader of the Opposition Diefenbaker were in London attending the funeral of Sir Winston Churchill.

The flag was inaugurated on February 15, 1965, at an official ceremony held on Parliament Hill in Ottawa in the presence of Governor General Major-General Georges Vanier, the prime minister, the members of the Cabinet, and Canadian parliamentarians. Also throughout Canada, at the United Nations in New York City, and at Canadian legations and on Canadian ships throughout the world, the Canadian Red Ensign was lowered and the Maple Leaf flag was raised. As journalist George Bain wrote of the occasion, the flag "looked bold and clean, and distinctively our own."

Attachment to the old Canadian Red Ensign has persisted among many people, especially veterans.

Provincial flags
The Canadian Red Ensign itself can sometimes be seen today in Canada, often in connection to veterans' associations. In addition, the provinces of Manitoba and Ontario adopted their own versions of the Red Ensign as their respective provincial flags in the wake of the national flag debate.

On the other hand, Newfoundland used the Union Jack as its provincial flag from 1952 until 1980; the blue triangles on the new flag adopted in 1980 are meant as a tribute to the Union Jack. British Columbia's flag, which features the Union Jack in its top portion, was introduced in 1960 and is actually based on the shield of the provincial coat of arms, which dates back to 1906. Hence, both Newfoundland's use of the Union Jack and the adoption of British Columbia's flag are unrelated to (and, in fact, pre-date) the great flag debate.

National Flag Day
Since 1996, February 15 has been commemorated as National Flag of Canada Day in Canada.

title: Great Canadian flag debate


text: Category:Historical reenactment events

title: Category:Historical reenactment events


text:
Baïse

The Baïse (Baïsa) is a 188 km long river in south-western France, left tributary of the Garonne. Its source is in the foothills of the Pyrenees, near Lannemezan. It flows north through the following départements and towns:
 * Hautes-Pyrénées: Lannemezan, Trie-sur-Baïse
 * Gers: Mirande, Castéra-Verduzan, Valence-sur-Baïse, Condom
 * Lot-et-Garonne: Nérac, Lavardac

It flows into the Garonne near Aiguillon.

Tributaries

 * Gélise (in Lavardac)
 * Osse (in Nérac)
 * Petite Baïse (in L'Isle-de-Noé)

title: Baïse