text:
Albany BWP Highlanders

Albany BWP Highlanders was an American soccer team based in Schenectady, New York, United States. Founded in 2003, the team played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference. The team spent two years on hiatus from the league in 2008 and 2009, returning to competition in 2010, then folded at the end of the season.

The team played its home games at Frank Bailey Field on the campus of Union College in nearby Schenectady, New York, The team's colors were black, gold, and white.

History
The roots of the Highlanders go back to Steve Freeman's youth in Tampa, Florida where he played for Blackwatch Keelley. Freeman spent his first season of college playing for Hartwick College and another with Siena College, both in New York, before finishing college in Florida. After graduation, he returned to New York and settled in Albany where he taught school. In January 1997, he founded Albany Blackwatch, a youth club modeled on the club he played for as a boy. The club began with two boys teams, but quickly expanded to several boys and girls teams, each with a Scottish-themed name. In 2001, Blackwatch entered a team into the USL Super Y-League. In 2003, Freeman created the Blackwatch Highlanders and entered it into the USL Premier Development League. Freeman served as the general manager and Bernie Watt coached the team. The Highlanders played from 2003 until 2007, first as Blackwatch and then as the Albany Admirals, the last season with Freeman as head coach. They then went on a two-year hiatus before being resurrected in 2009 as the Albany BWP Highlanders, and re-joined the PDL for the 2010 season.

Notable former players
This list of notable former players comprises players who went on to play professional soccer after playing for the team in the Premier Development League, or those who previously played professionally before joining the team.

 * 🇨🇴 Jhonny Arteaga
 * 🇺🇸 Devlin Barnes
 * Anthony McCann
 * 🇺🇸 Josh Bolton
 * 🇺🇸 Colin Burns
 * 🇺🇸 Scott Cannon
 * 🇺🇸 Daniel Capecci
 * 🇺🇸 Greg Chevalier
 * 🇺🇸 Adrian Dubois
 * 🇺🇸 Jordan James
 * 🇺🇸 Brian Levey
 * 🇺🇸 Ryan Pierce
 * 🇺🇸 Derek Popovich
 * 🇺🇸 Chris Riley
 * Dwayne Whylly

Head coaches

 * 🇺🇸 Bernie Watt (2003)
 * 🇺🇸 Steve Freeman (2007)
 * 🇺🇸 Franz Zwicklbauer (2010)

Stadia

 * Frank Bailey Field; Schenectady, New York (2003–2007, 2010)
 * CBA Stadium; Albany, New York (2007) 2 games

Average attendance
Attendance stats are calculated by averaging each team's self-reported home attendances from the historical match archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20100105175057/http://www.uslsoccer.com/history/index_E.html.

 * 2005: 149
 * 2006: 138
 * 2007: 130
 * 2008: Did not play
 * 2009: Did not play
 * 2010: 185

title: Albany BWP Highlanders


text:
Talk:Underdetermination

Underdetermination and indeterminacy
Do people usually learn in university that underdetermination and indeterminacy are the same thing? To me they are patently not (as I have tried to explain below). I think to equate them is to drain underdetermination of its important, specific meaning. It's a regrettable simplification. Is my education completely different to everyone elses? In that case I won't push the issue further here. Kronocide 23:34, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I added this as an alternate name because confirmation holism linked here, presenting a concept called "indeterminacy of data to theory", which was completely identical to the underdetermination issue (modification of theories by ad-hoc hypotheses so that they may never be falsified). Plus I recalled coming across the two used interchangably numerous times. Seeing the wiki entry for "indeterminacy (philosophy)", though, it's clear that apart from indeterminacy of data to theory this concept has a whole other meaning, so I edited accordingly. --AceMyth 07:07, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Requests for claification requested
This page was written rather quickly and I (the author) fear that it might rely on too much jargon. I'm really immersed in the philosophical discussion of this problem (in the philosophy of science) and it would help me, if you found places where this article digresses into jargon or just over-technicality, if you would point them out to me here. I'm usually pretty good at making things clear once I know what to clarify, and I'll do my best. philosofool

I don't think the problem is one of jargon, but of a somewhat wide view of the problem itself. There seems to be no difference, in your view, between underdetermination and indetermination. Underdetermination ought to signify those situations were evidence limits the range of acceptable ("true", "good", take your pick) theories, but not to a single theory. If there is no limitation at all (Cartesian dreams/demons, the Matrix) then it's not strictly speaking underdetermination, but indetermination.

Examples of true underdetermination arguments are David Hume's (which only limits theory acceptance with regards to past observations, but not to future predictions, hence the underdetermination) and especially Pierre Duhem's holistic argument against "crucial experiments." (Quine had a similar idea a half-century later.) In fact, pretty much all of the contemporary philosophical debate on underdetermination problems takes its cue from Duhem, so he ought to be mentioned. I might have time to add something later.

Other relevant figures are Nelson Goodman (the Grue argument) and Kripke's Wittgenstein's skeptical argument about rule-following. Even more peripheral is Harry Collin's "Experimenter's Regress." For people who have written extensively about underteremination problems, see for example Larry Laudan, Donald Gillies, and Imre Lakatos. Kronocide 19:35, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

I will second Kronocide in his assesment. Also, it could be considered jargony everywhere, but probably inextricably so. The solution, rather than trying to find the best synonyms in the thesaurus would be to give more examples, wherever possible. AnandaTree 02:44, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

'Indetermination' is not really a word, but would probably be a synonym for underdetermination if it were. Cartesian demon scenarios are really just one form of underdetermination: Two rival theories (real world? or demonic deception?) and evidence (sensory evidence, anyway) can't decide between them. Bing! Underdetermination.

Cleanup
This sentence is nonsensical, from the "then" onwards: "For example, if all that was known was that 10 dollars was spent on apples and oranges, and that apples cost 1 dollar and oranges 2, then we would know that 9 apples were not purchased, but we could not know which combination of apples and oranges were purchased." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.130.190.20 (talk) 17:09, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

''That a theory is underdetermined is a premise upon which skepticism often rests. Since skepticism is a view that challenges beliefs about knowing and people value knowledge, people often speak of "the underdetermination problem."''

This makes sense. Yet, underdetermination is not mentioned at skepticism?

He rejects all such arguments but they have been very influential in epistemology.)

What does this mean?

''Skepticism, and consequently underdetermination, has a history at least as old as the ancient Greeks. This issue has continued to be one in philosophy ever since.''

Does this add anything? Not sure.

 * It actually adds an error. Scepticism and underdetermination are not the same thing. There can be scepticism without underdetermination, so it's not a consequence of that there were scepticism in ancient Greece that there were also underdetermination (arguments. Note that if theories are underdetermined by evidence, then this has always been the case, but the sentence above seems to want to be about what types of arguments existed, not if underdetermination existed.) There is, as I've mentioned above, generally a confusion between underdetermination arguments and general scepticism in this article. Descartes's demon, for example, has nothing to do with underdetermination. Kronocide 14:44, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Quoting you from below, "Something is determined, but not one unique theory." Seeing as that "something" contains both theories where there is no such demon and theories where there is such a demon, and this is after having considered the entirety of the evidence (which is the only thing we can hope to be guided by), it seems to me that the demon hypothesis certainly highlights what kind of a problem underdetrmination implies for scientific enquiry. --AceMyth 07:38, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

[Descartes], ''who attempted to argue from a skeptical position to a position in which he had significant knowledge.

Does this mean anything? I think it needs to be spelled out to add value.

I've reworked the examples, and trimmed. Possibly too much.

A question I have is, are the example theories provided really inconsistent?

David Hume is another source of an important underdetermination argument, the problem of induction.

Is he 'the' source or 'a' source? I'll punt on 'the'. Please fix if I've guessed wrong.

''A set of beliefs that has been shown to be false by new evidence can adapt via ad hoc hypotheses, replacing the hypotheses that have been contradicted with new ones that are consistent with the new evidence, while retaining the core content of the theory. In addition to claiming that for a particular theory there is at least one rival theory consistent with all evidence for the theory, it is often claimed that there are infinitely many such theories.''

I love this paragraph, but I don't think it belongs where it was. Any suggestions?

 * This is the holistic underdetermination argument, the most widely discussed today, so it should be described somewhere. Kronocide 14:44, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Lastly, am I right that faith could be defined as accepting one of two+ contradictory theories in the presence of underdetermination? And that skepticism is the refusal to accept an accepted theory on the grounds of underdetermination?

 * I think the important question is if it is defined that way, and it isn't, so that should not go into the article. Scepticism could be described as the refusal to accept a generally accepted theory, for some reason. Not necessarily for reasons of underdetermination. (Descartes's scepticism, for example, was not based on underdetermination.) Kronocide 14:44, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

I think there's still some work needed, but at the least, it's a bit more readable?

Regards, Ben Aveling 06:30, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * In my opinion this page needs more or less a complete rewrite. There is already a page about scepticism, so this page should be about underdetermination, properly so called. Underdetermination means that there is a determination deficit, not that nothing at all is determined by evidence. That would be indetermination (not a standard philosophical term, I should add) and general scepticism. To wit: inductive arguments exclude all theories that disagree with already observed events, but does not choose between the ones that don't, hence there is underdetermination with regard to what a theory says about the future; in holistic underdetermination, the set of beliefs consisting of theory and background assumptions is actually deductively falsified, but different theories compatible with the evidence can be constructed by properly changing one of the beliefs in that set. This is underdetermination. Something is determined, but not one unique theory. Kronocide 14:44, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * That's true, but I don't see how it's so incredibly incompatible with how the article is now to warrant a complete re-write. The only difference between what you wrote here and the point of view the article takes is whether we admit that for most useful purposes, a theory that has been subject to slight ad-hoc modification to move it from the "excluded" camp to the "not excluded" camp is essentially still the same theory. If you want to embetter the article by making a sharp distinction between the concept of underdetermination proper and its implications regarding skepticism etc., go ahead - but I don't think it'd be a good idea to just sweep said implications under the carpet just because technically there's merely underdetermination at work and not indetermination. The problem isn't that the evidence isn't ruling any theories out, it's that no matter how many theories it rules out, there are still plenty more left. --AceMyth 07:24, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, the article is a lot better now than I remembered it when I wrote that comment. Nevertheless, in the description of underdetermination I still feel the following changes to be important: Descartes should go unless he is actually discussed in university courses where underdetermination is analyzed in some detail. That is not the case where I am, and I think it is a mistake where it happens, but the important thing is that the entry reflects actual practices. Hume's problem of induction really needs to be elaborated in its underdetermination form. It is the first of the two major underdetermination arguments. Duhem and/or Quine really need to be included, since their form underdetermination is the most important one in current philosophy. I might do something about the Hume and Duhem-Quine if I can find a moment. Kronocide 16:51, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Rule-following
Perhaps the article should say something about Wittgenstein's Rule following argument, which is closely related. Ben Finn 13:13, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal from Epistemological problem of the indeterminacy of data to theory
The article Epistemological problem of the indeterminacy of data to theory badly needs to be merged somewhere. I am open to other suggestions about where it should be merged though. Anarchia (talk) 21:04, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Totally agree. Merge it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.65.204.100 (talk) 19:50, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
 * It's gone! Merged? — John Harvey, Wizened Web Wizard Wannabe , Talk to me! 12:14, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

Lead
Hi there, not to annoy anyone, but the lead section is rather weak. First of all, it does not do any justice to the concept of underdetermination, it is merely an account of indeterminacy. That is at best a specific case of underdetermination. I believe that the main idea of underdetermination is that, even if there seems to be a straightforward relation between an effect and its supposed cause, there are always other conceivable causes of that effect. Hopefully, someone can add something along those lines to the lead.

Furthermore, the example given is just false: When you have 10$ and oranges cost 2$, you can perfectly spend 10$ on apples and oranges by buying 5 oranges. Nothing in the previous sentence implies that you actually have to buy both oranges and apples. What you cannot do is buy more than 5 oranges... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.135.0.125 (talk) 10:21, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Underdetermination


text:
Jean-Jacques Quisquater

Jean-Jacques Quisquater (born 13 January 1945) is a Belgian cryptographer and a professor at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain). He received, with Claus P. Schnorr, the RSA Award for Excellence in Mathematics and the ESORICS Outstanding Research Award in 2013.

On Saturday, 1 February 2014, Flemish public news agency VRT reported that about 6 months earlier, Quisquater's personal computer had been hacked. Since the same hacking technique was used at Belgium's public/private telecom provider Belgacom, VRT makes links to the NSA hacking scandal. Still according to VRT, a week before the article went out Edward Snowden warned about the NSA also targeting companies and private persons, in an interview with German television channel ARD. Belgian newspaper De Standaard mentions GCHQ and says the authorities are investigating the case. Reporters write Quisquater's computer was infected with malware after clicking a bogus invitation to join a social network—"that allowed the intruders to follow all of the professor's digital movements, including his work for international conferences on security".

title: Jean-Jacques Quisquater


text: User talk:84.132.226.124

title: User talk:84.132.226.124


text:
Penbryn

Penbryn is a small coastal village and community in Ceredigion, Wales, about 8 mi from Cardigan.

Corbalengi Stone
Standing in a field between Penbryn and Tresaith (grid reference SN28905137) is the 6th century Corbalengi Stone. This 1.4 metre high monolith is believed to date from the post-Roman period and carries the inscription "CORBALENGI IACIT ORDOVS". The stone was first noted by Edward Lhywd in 1695 who described it as being in a field near the church. It was originally associated with a cairn of smaller stones beneath which was discovered an urn of ashes and a Roman gold coin dating to AD 69 along with silver and bronze coins. The final word 'Ordovs' of the inscription (after IACIT, "lies") is believed to refer to the Ordovices tribe of North Wales, with the suggestion that the stone was carved by local tribes in honour of a member of the Ordovices who had settled in the area.

Other readings and interpretations are: "Cor Balenci jacit Ordous", interpreted as: "The Heart of Balengus the Ordovician lies here", and "CORBALENGI LACIT ORDOVS"  ("Lacit" = "thrashed", rather than "Iacit" = lies), in which case it would refer to a tribal battle between the Ordovices and the "Corbalengi". Although the Ordovices are reasonably well known, no other record of a Corbalengi tribe is known.

Church
The Grade I listed church of St. Michael is of particular interest due to its medieval slate roof. The location of the church on a promontory above the sea is said to be from where Penbryn, meaning "Hill Head", derives its name. The church stands in a circular churchyard, suggesting its construction on a previous Druidical site, tradition being that this would leave nowhere for the devil to hide. The church is built of local stone, with a 13th-century nave, a 14th-century chancel and a 17th-century porch. The church was renovated in 1887 and 1957.

The ancient Llanborth mansion, owned by the Vaughan family, was on the site of the current farmhouse next to the beach car park, whilst the Tudor mansion of Duffryn Hownant lay inland, higher up the valley. No evidence of either now remains. In the 18th century, Penbryn was well known as a landing place for smuggled goods, being described as a "dark country" by the Methodist leader Howell Harries on a visit to the area in the 1740s. The wooded valley through which the river Hoffnant flows to the beach is known as Cwm Lladron ("Robbers' Valley") to reflect this. During the 18th century the beach was also used as a landing place for fishing boats and trading vessels, including those bringing lime from south Pembrokeshire for use as fertiliser on the acidic soils of Ceredigion. This trade had ceased by the 1860s due to the exposed and hazardous shoreline.

During the 19th century the Penbryn area was predominantly Nonconformist in religious persuasion, and in June 1843 during the Rebecca Riots, the vicar of the parish received a letter from "Rebecca" threatening to "cut off your arm and your leg and ....burn all that you have" should he refuse to return a family bible taken from a poor parishioner who was unable to pay his tithes.

Discontentment with the church and the tithe system continued throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and there was anti-tithe rioting in the 1880s and 1890s. This resulted in regular requests by bailiffs visiting the area to collect tithe monies for police protection against attack. One such incident occurred on 19 March 1889, when police and bailiffs were set upon by an angry crowd wielding pitchforks and a knife.

Geography
Penbryn is in the valley of the River Hoffnant, close to its mouth at Traeth Penbryn.

The community of Penbryn also includes the villages of Tre-saith, Brynhoffnant, Glynarthen, Sarnau, Ceredigion and Tan-y-groes.

Traeth Penbryn
Traeth Penbryn is a popular 1+1/2 mi long sandy beach with a car park. It is owned by the National Trust, and was a location in the James Bond film Die Another Day. There are several caves at the north end of the beach and at low tide a further large sandy bay can be accessed along the beach to the north and Tresaith can be reached to the west. Penbryn lies on the Ceredigion Coast Path with steep routes along the cliff tops.

Population and Governance
At the 2011 census the population of the community of Penbryn was 1,270, of whom 49.7% were able to speak Welsh. This was a fall in Welsh speakers of 3.8% from the 2001 census. There is an electoral ward of Penbryn (for Ceredigion council) which extends beyond the Penbryn community and has a total population of 2,045.

title: Penbryn


text:
Hide (unit)

The hide was an English unit of land measurement originally intended to represent the amount of land sufficient to support a household. It was traditionally taken to be 120 acre, but was in fact a measure of value and tax assessment, including obligations for food-rent (feorm), maintenance and repair of bridges and fortifications, manpower for the army (fyrd), and (eventually) the geld land tax.

The hide's method of calculation is now obscure: different properties with the same hidage could vary greatly in extent even in the same county. Following the Norman Conquest of England, the hidage assessments were recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086, and there was a tendency for land producing £1 of income per year to be assessed at 1 hide. The Norman kings continued to use the unit for their tax assessments until the end of the 12th century.

The hide was divided into four yardlands or virgates. It was hence nominally equivalent in area to a carucate, a unit used in the Danelaw.

Original meaning
The Anglo-Saxon word for a hide was hid (or its synonym hiwisc). Both words are believed to be derived from the same root hiwan, which meant "family".

Bede in his Ecclesiastical History (c. 731) describes the extent of a territory by the number of families which it supported, as (for instance), in Latin, terra x familiarum meaning 'a territory of ten families'. In the Anglo-Saxon version of the same work hid or hiwan is used in place of terra ... familiarum. Other documents of the period show the same equivalence and it is clear that the word hide originally signified land sufficient for the support of a peasant and his household or of a 'family', which may have had an extended meaning. It is uncertain whether it meant the immediate family or a more extensive group.

Charles-Edwards suggests that in its early usage it referred to the land of one family, worked by one plough and that ownership of a hide conferred the status of a freeman, to whom Stenton referred as "the independent master of a peasant household".

Holy Roman usage
Hides of land formed the basis for tax levies used to equip free warriors (miles) of the Holy Roman Empire. In 807 it was specified that in the region west of the Seine, for example, a vassal who held four or five hides was responsible for showing up to a muster in person, fully equipped for war. Three men who each possessed one hide, though, merely were grouped such that two of them were responsible for equipping the third, who would go to war in their name. Those holding half-hides were responsible for readying one man for every group of six. This came about as a way of ensuring that the liege took to the field with a fully equipped and provisioned force.

In Anglo-Saxon England
In early Anglo-Saxon England, the hide was used as the basis for assessing the amount of food rent (known as feorm) due from a village or estate and it became the unit on which all public obligations were assessed, including in particular the maintenance and repair of bridges and fortifications and the provision of troops for manning the defences of a town or for the defence force known as the 'fyrd'. For instance, at one period, five hides were expected to provide one fully armed soldier in the king's service, and one man from every hide was to be liable to do garrison duty for the burhs and to help in their initial construction and upkeep.

A land tax known as geld was first levied in 990 and this became known as the Danegeld, as it was used to buy off the Danes who were then raiding and invading the country. It was raised again for the same purpose on several occasions. The already existing system of assessment of land in hides was utilised to raise the geld, which was levied at a stated rate per hide (e.g. two shillings per hide). Subsequently the same system was used for general taxation and the geld was raised as required.

The hide was a measure of value rather than a measurement of area, but the logic of its assessment is not easy to understand, especially as assessments were changed from time to time and not always consistently. By the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, it was a measure of 'the taxable worth of an area of land', but it had no fixed relationship to its area, the number of ploughteams working on it, or its population; nor was it limited to the arable land on an estate. According to Bailey, "It is a commonplace that the hide in 1086 had a very variable extent on the ground; the old concept of 120 acres cannot be sustained." Many details of the development of the system during the 350 years which elapsed between the time of Bede and the Domesday Book remain obscure. According to Sir Frank Stenton, "Despite the work of many great scholars the hide of early English texts remains a term of elusive meaning." The fact that assessments consistently tended to be made in units of 5 hides or multiples of 5 hides goes to show that we are not speaking of fixed or even approximate acreages and this applies not only to the 11th century but to charters of the 7th and 8th centuries.

Nevertheless, the hide became the basis of an artificial system of assessment of land for purposes of taxation, which lasted for a long period. The most consistent aspect of the hide is described as follows by Sally Harvey (referring particularly to Domesday Book): "Both Maitland and Vinogradoff long ago noticed that there was a general tendency throughout Domesday for a hide of land to be worth £1, or, put another way, for land producing £1 of income to be assessed at one hide."

A number of early documents referring to hides have survived, but these can only be seen as steps in the development of the concept of the hide and do not enable us to see the full story.

The document known as the Tribal Hidage is a very early list thought to date possibly from the 7th century, but known only from a later and unreliable manuscript. It is a list of tribes and small kingdoms owing tribute to an overlord and of the proportionate liability or quota imposed on each of them. This is expressed in terms of hides, though we have no details as to how these were arrived at nor how they were converted into a cash liability.

The Burghal Hidage (early 10th century) is a list of boroughs giving the hide assessments of neighbouring districts which were liable to contribute to the defence of the borough, each contributing to the maintenance and manning of the fortifications in proportion to the number of hides for which they answered.

The County Hidage (early 11th century) lists the total number of hides to be assessed on each county and it seems that by this time at least the total number of hides in a given area was imposed from above. Each county was assigned a round number of hides, for which it would be required to answer. For instance, at an early date in the 11th century, Northamptonshire was assigned 3,200 hides, while Staffordshire was assigned only 500. This number was then divided up between the hundreds in the county. Theoretically there were 100 hides in each hundred, but this proportion was often not maintained, for example because of changes in the hundreds or in the estates comprising them or because assessments were altered when the actual cash liability was perceived as being too high or too low or for other reasons now unknown.

The hides within each hundred were then divided between villages, estates or manors, usually in blocks or multiples of 5 hides, though this was not always maintained. Differences from the norm could result from estates being moved from one hundred to another, or from adjustments to the size of an estate or alterations in the number of hides for which an estate should answer.

As each local community had the task of deciding how its quota of hides should be divided between the lands held by that community, different communities used different criteria, depending on the type of land held and on the way in which an individual's wealth was reckoned within that community, it is self-evident that no single comprehensive definition is possible.

After the Norman conquest
The Norman kings, after the Norman Conquest, continued to use the system which they found in place. Geld was levied at intervals on the existing hidage assessments. In 1084, William I laid an exceptionally heavy geld of six shillings upon every hide. At the time the value of the hide was approximating twenty shillings a year, and the price of an ox was two shillings. Thus the holder of a hide had a tax burden equivalent to three of his oxen and close upon one-third of the annual value of his land. A more normal rate was 2 shillings on each hide.

Domesday Book, recording the results of the survey made on the orders of William I in 1086, states in hides (or carucates or sulungs as the case might be) the assessed values of estates throughout the area covered by the survey. Usually it gives this information for 1086 and 1066, but some counties were different and only showed this information for one of those dates. By that time the assessments showed many anomalies. Many of the hide assessments on lands held by tenants-in-chief were reduced between 1066 and 1086 in order to effect an exemption from or reduction in tax; this again shows that the hide is a tax assessment, not an area of land.

Sometimes, the assessment in hides is given both for the whole manor and for the demesne land (i.e. the lord's own demesne) included in it. Sally Harvey has suggested that the ploughland data in Domesday Book was intended to be used for a complete re-assessment but, if so, it was never actually made. The Pipe Rolls, where they are available, show that levies were based largely on the old assessments, though with some amendments and exemptions.

The last recorded levy was for 1162-3 during the reign of Henry II, but the tax was not formally abolished and Henry II thought of using it again between 1173 and 1175. The old assessments were used for a tax on land in 1193-4 to raise money for King Richard's ransom.

Relationship to other terms
A hide was usually made up of four virgates although exceptionally Sussex had eight virgates to the hide. A similar measure was used in the northern Danelaw, known as a carucate, consisting of eight bovates, and Kent used a system based on a "sulung", consisting of four yokes, which was larger than the hide and on occasion treated as equivalent to two hides. These measures had a different origin, signifying the amount of land which could be cultivated by one plough team as opposed to a family holding, but all later became artificial fiscal assessments.

In some counties in Domesday Book (e.g. Cambridgeshire), the hide is sometimes shown as consisting of 120 acres (30 acres to the virgate), but as Darby explains: "The acres are, of course, not units of area, but geld acres, i.e. units of assessment". In other words, this was a way of dividing the tax assessment on the hide between several owners of parts of the land assessed. The owner of land assessed at 40 notional (or 'fiscal') acres in a village assessed at 10 hides and paying geld of 2 shillings per hide would be responsible for one-third ($40/120$) of 2 shillings—that is, 8 pence—though his land might be considerably more or less than 40 modern statute acres in extent.

The surname Huber (also anglicized as Hoover) is based on the equivalent German word Hube, a unit of land a farmer might own.

General references

 * Bailey, Keith, The Hidation of Buckinghamshire, in Records of Buckinghamshire, Vol.32, 1990 (pp. 1–22)
 * Charles-Edwards, T. M., Kinship, Status and the Origins of the Hide in Past & Present, Vol. 36 1972 (pp. 3–33)
 * Darby, Henry C., Domesday England, Cambridge University Press, 1977
 * Darby, Henry C.; The Domesday Geography of Eastern England, Cambridge university Pree, 1971
 * Delbrück, Hans, trans. Walter Renfroe Jr. History of the Art of War, Volume III: Medieval Warfare (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1982)
 * Faith, Rosamund J., The English Peasantry and the Growth of Lordship, London. 1997
 * Faith, Rosamund J., Hide, article in The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, ed: Michael Lapidge et al., London. 2001
 * Green, J. A.: The Last Century of Danegeld in The English Historical Review Vol.96, no.379 (April 1981) pp. 241–258
 * Harvey, Sally P. J,: "Domesday Book and Anglo-Norman Governance" in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5th series, Vol. 25 (1975) pp. 175–193
 * Harvey, Sally P. J,: "Taxation and the Economy" in Domesday Studies edited by J. C. Holt. Woodbridge. 1987
 * Lennard, Reginald: "The origin of the Fiscal Carucate" in The Economic History Review Vol. 14, No. 1 (1944) pp. 51–63
 * Lipson, E.,The Economic History of England, Volume 1, (12th edition; London, 1959)
 * Stenton, Frank M., Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 1971
 * Lennard, Reginald: "The origin of the Fiscal Carucate" in The Economic History Review Vol. 14, No. 1 (1944) pp. 51–63
 * Lipson, E.,The Economic History of England, Volume 1, (12th edition; London, 1959)
 * Stenton, Frank M., Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 1971
 * Stenton, Frank M., Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 1971
 * Stenton, Frank M., Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 1971

title: Hide (unit)


text:
User:Staralfur

Starálfur
 * has a brother called Dave
 * is 16
 * doesn't eat meat
 * has a guinea pig called Custard
 * plays the bassoon and saw. And occasionally cutlery.
 * listens to Sigur Rós
 * is a staring elf. Obviously.

title: User:Staralfur


text:
Teleogenesis

In the theory of cybernetics, teleogenesis (from the Greek teleos = 'purpose' and genesis = 'creation') is the creation of goal-creating processes.

According to Peter Corning: "A cybernetic system is by definition a dynamic purposive system; it is 'designed' to pursue or maintain one or more goals or end-states".

Teleogenesis refers from an extension of classical cybernetics, as proposed by Norbert Wiener, Ashby and others in late 1950s.

title: Teleogenesis


text:
A. W. Benn

Alfred William Benn (1843–1915) was an agnostic and an honorary associate of the Rationalist Press Association. His book A History of Modern Philosophy (first published in 1912) was republished in the Thinker's Library series in 1930.

He was the author of The Greek Philosophers (2 vols, 1882); The History of English Rationalism in the Nineteenth Century (2 vols, 1906); and The History of Ancient and Modern Philosophy (2 vols, 1912).

Benn was also a member of the London Positivist Society and a friend of the lawyer and positivist Vernon Lushington. Lushington's daughter Susan recorded in her diary on 3 September 1889 that Benn and his wife visited the Lushington's Surrey home - Pyports, Cobham - and how Mrs Benn told her "how she came to be a positivist."

title: A. W. Benn


text:
Zain

Zain may refer to:

People

 * Zain (name)
 * Zain (gamer)

Business and economy

 * Zain Group, a Gulf telecommunications company
 * Zain Jordan, telecommunications company in Jordan
 * Zain Saudi Arabia, a Saudi mobile telecommunication company
 * Zain Sudan, formerly Mobitel Sudan, mobile telephone network operator in Sudan

Other uses

 * Zayin, the seventh letter in several Semitic alphabets
 * Zain, a mind control weapon from the Strider Manga and NES Game
 * Zain Club, formerly known as Fastlink Basketball Club, Jordanian basketball club based in Amman, Jordan

title: Zain


text:
Luxulyan

Luxulyan (Logsulyan), also spelt Luxullian or Luxulian, is a village and civil parish in mid Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The village lies four miles (6.5 km) northeast of St Austell and six miles (10 km) south of Bodmin. The population of the parish was 1,371 in the 2001 census. This had risen to 1,381 at the 2011 census.

Geography and geology
Luxulyan parish lies in an area of china clay quarries on the St Austell granite batholith (see also Geology of Cornwall) and numerous small granite domes are dotted around the parish. Luxulyan Quarry, a designated Site of Special Scientific Interest to the north of the village, exposes examples of this rock.

Luxulyanite, a rare type of Cornish granite (named after the village) is found in the area and was used for the Duke of Wellington's sarcophagus in St Paul's Cathedral.

Luxulyan is best known for Luxulyan Valley, a steep sided and thickly wooded stretch of the valley of the River Par that contains a major concentration of early 19th century industrial remains, including a combined Aqueduct and Viaduct. The valley was designated a World Heritage Site in 2006.

One of the southern branches of the Saints' Way long-distance footpath runs through the parish. Other villages in Luxulyan parish include the Churchtown, Bridges, Treskilling, Rosemelling, Higher Menadue, and Bodwen.

The Atlantic Coast Line from Par to Newquay runs up the Luxulyan Valley and there is a station at Luxulyan. A bus service connects the village with St Austell.

History and antiquities
St Sulien, or Sulian, was abbot here during the sixth century. The church in the village may have been dedicated to him originally, but it is now dedicated to Saints Ciricius (Cyr, Cyriacus, Quiricus) and Julitta.

There are roads in Luxulyan named after all three saints. Sulien is a Welsh variant of the given name "Julian," but has also been interpreted as being derived from the Welsh sul, meaning "sun" + geni, meaning "born," Sulien being the name of a Celtic solar deity.

In the early 1980s Luxulyan was the site of a six-month occupation of farmland by much of the village population, with many groups and individuals from across Cornwall helping, to prevent test drilling by the Central Electricity Generating Board investigating the area as a potential nuclear power station site.

Luxulyan has benefited from increased tourism since the nearby Eden Project opened.

Antiquities
Arthur Langdon (1896) recorded three Cornish crosses and one cross base in the parish. One cross is in the churchyard (illustrated above right); it was brought there in the 19th century from Three Stiles near Consence. Another cross is at Methrose and the third at Trevellan (lying horizontally and built into a hedge). The cross base is at Trevellan Lane End. Andrew Langdon (1994) does not mention the cross at Methrose. Trevellan Cross was removed from the hedge and erected at Lockengate in 1903; in 1972 it was moved a few yards to the crossroads on the A391.

Parish church
The parish church, originally Norman, was entirely rebuilt in granite in the 15th century. It is dedicated to St Ciricius and St Julitta. The tower is without buttresses or pinnacles and the south porch has battlements and a handsome tunnel-vault. It still has the Norman font (very similar to that at St Austell) and the east window is a monument to Silvanus Trevail, d. 1903. Near the church is a holy well (also 15th century). The Cornish Stannary Court of the Tinners' Parliament kept its records, seal and charter stored in a turret of the church tower. During the English Civil War these were removed to Lostwithiel and then disappeared.

Houses and forts
Prideaux House was built in 1808 for Sir John Colman Rashleigh. It is a square granite block of three by three bays and has a double depth plan. Above the stairwell is a rectangular lantern. The service wing to the rear is of the same date. Behind the house on higher ground is the earlier Prideaux manor house, Prideaux Old Manor. It was built in the 16th century but has been much altered since then and in the 19th century was used as stables.

Methrose is a farmhouse probably of the early 16th century ("one of the best farmhouses in Cornwall"—Pevsner); it is built of granite and stands on the right of a courtyard. The service end is of two storeys and the later parlour wing was attributed by Charles Henderson to Nicholas Kendall (some time between 1622 and 1649).

The remains of an Iron-Age hillfort known as Prideaux Castle are located in the southern portion of the parish near the border with St Blazey.

Treasure trove
In 1864 a dispute arose over silver and gold coins, from the reigns of Queen Elizabeth, King James and King Charles I, which were found in the parish churchyard. The Duchy of Cornwall had asserted its right to them as treasure trove, but the Solicitor to the Treasury questioned this, asking for copy documents under which "the claim of the Duchy was founded." The Duchy sent copies of the Charters of its creation and correspondence stating that, as the Coroner is the officer responsible for treasure trove, and the Duke has the right of appointing the Coroner within Cornwall, the treasure trove belonged to the Duchy. It also argued that the 3rd Duchy Charter "expressly prohibits any such Minister of the Crown acting within Cornwall." In response the Government Attorney and Solicitor General advised that the Treasury back down as could not hold an Inquest of Treasure within the Duchy of Cornwall and that they could not execute any writs because of the exclusion of all Ministers of the Crown from entering any lands of the Duchy.

Notable people
Notable people from Luxulyan include William O'Bryan, the Methodist preacher and founder of the Bryanites or Bible Christians, and Silvanus Trevail, the architect. Both were born in the parish.

Cornish wrestling
Cornish wrestling tournaments were held at the King's Arms in the 1800s.

title: Luxulyan


text:
User talk:Emerman/archive3

See the history page for old conversations in Archive 3.

title: User talk:Emerman/archive3


text:
Talk:Grundy NewBrain

Page views for the last 12 months

Authorised use?
Large parts of this article appear to be copied verbatim from the Personal Computer World review in the external links section. Is this all right? Haeleth 19:49, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

The PCW contribution is now a small part of the article.Bendel boy

Comments
Did Newbury tender for the BBC contract? I understood that they were asked to by the BBC and declined, leading Clive Sinclair to comment 'More no-brain than NewBrain.' The source is Philip Crooke, The NewBrain Files. Bendel boy 13:36, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes, Newbury did tender. Indeed they were one of the three shortlisted companies, with Tangerine and Acorn (Commodore was also considered, as a 'late entrant'), from which the winner was chosen at a meeting in Room 357, The Langham, at 1430 on Thursday, February 12th 1981. I have the agenda for that meeting in front of me as I write this! RichardRussell (talk) 10:58, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

Incidentally the article is wrong to say that "BBC Engineering was instructed to attempt to draw up an objective specification". The specification for the BBC Micro was drawn up by John Coll. RichardRussell (talk) 10:58, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

Do I understand correctly? If so, this article omits important data.
So, without a monitor of some sort I suspect it had 0 graphics @ all. I saw 0 mention of sound capabilities or lack either. Also it apparently had great graphics for the time if I understood article correctly, but entirely in black/white. 0 unheard of (suspect jupiter ace man I've had similar sit, but fairly extremely unusual, so a)article should address these matters b) included in pics should b 1 hooked up to external monitor and/or 📺.Slarty4 (talk) 23:00, 2 January 2021 (UTC)

I think you are correct. Of course, this applied to all computers of that era, and all non-laptop machines - without an external monitor they had no graphics. Yes, there was no sound - which is why there is no mention of it. Other machines, which do not have the built-in VF display, do not mention that they lack such a display. Bendel boy (talk) 11:41, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grundy NewBrain


text:
User talk:Cryptosmith

Requested move of Multi-level security
Hi, you requested that this page be moved. As the location you wish to move it to does not exist, you might be able to do the move yourself. If you aren't, please update the article reflecting the title you wish it to have, then I'll move it for you. Cheers, Talrias (t | e | c) 19:49, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Welcome aboard the crypto corner
C,

Welcome to the crypto corner, where we cryptiacs are attempting to take over the world by telling everyone about crypto. We recently reached the momentous milestone of 1 permille of all the articles on the English Wikipedia. Now comes the hard part -- getting the quality universally to featured status. Pending the millennium (well the next one anyway) we edit away. Welcome to the effort. For diversion, we waste some time on the odd teapot tempest, the most Carrollian of which has been the great cy v ci debate (link on the Project page). Perhaps you'd like to chyme in?

More seriously, I've been stalled on Cryptographic engineering for quite a while. The problem is to convey the reality without drowning the reader in technical twigs. The forest gets rather lost that way.

Best wishes... ww 15:53, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Microprogram/Control store
Just FYI...

I noticed that you added control store to the "see also" portion of the Microprogram article. Please note that Wiki standard style doesn't allow a "see also" link for a term that's already linked from the body of the article. I'm certainly not going to revert you ('cause I'm on your side of this stylistic battle) but please don't be surprised or insulted if somebody does come along and revert your addition.

Atlant 22:41, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Changing votes
If you do this, it's better to strike thorough the old vote. This makes it clear that it should no longer be counted and the text is still readable if someone cares to read it. If you do this, put the opening tag after the '*' to keep the heading levels correct. Also, if you use '**' to start a line, don't leave a blank line above it or the heading levels get messed up. Vegaswikian 23:26, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Requested References for MLS
I hope I satisfied your request for factual basis. I thought these were clear from basic logical deduction, not a matter of opinion. I will be happy to review my reasoning with you to seek consensus, I do not condone presenting opinion as fact, not even my own. You requested references on why TSOL was not certified to an MLS PP. Is your reading of CAPP implying any possibility of MLS? Did you agree with any of the discussion on the discussion page? You asked if there is an agenda. Not for me, but I am concerned about vendors using this page to make claims that are not supportable by their certifications, also discussed on discussion page. I think the discussion of TSOL is inappropriate for an MLS page and should be removed, but I have been reluctant to just do it.

John 05:59, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

MLS History Section
You mentioned maybe you should do a history section on MLS. I encourage that. I think I see a decline in the quality of COMPUSEC because many of the giants in the field have disappeared and are not being replaced by new blood. The standards for protecting National Security information are sinking to alarming lows and I am concerned that we are going to pay too high a price for that. If my view is valid, then I believe it would be valuable for readers to understand that there is a historical basis for the decline in the COMPUSEC standards. I would be very interested in hearing your view on this.

John 05:59, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Value rule for spreadsheets - recently added
It is a strange, perhaps even ironic, twist that just as the rule has been added to "spreadsheets" article, its validity now lies in tatters because of shared public spreadsheets!

I am not sure it had 100% validity anyway, as Random and date/time values are not keyed into a spreadsheet cell and have some side effects if used in calculations.

Consider also the fact that Stock prices and currency values can now be fed into cells (see my demo spreadsheet on Editgrid "Kens demo spreadsheet" where both stock price and currency combine to produce side effects!

Into this spreadsheet also comes data from external (remote) spreadsheets that could, in theory at least, be fed in turn from analogue-to-digital feeds such as a temperature guages, voltage meters or world population counters.

Of course, if we stopped time, the rule would still apply and since time is rather difficult to define, we could say that the rule is valid NOW. A little later it would be valid at the next NOW and so on. Summing these up it obviously is valid always! so perhaps I am mistaken.

When I worked on the first interactive spreadsheet at ICI in Cheshire 33 years ago (see works records system), data was certainly entered by operators into cells but it could just as easily have been real-time analogue to digital tank depth meters and the like. It just depends how grainy you want to make the measurement - presumably if data was entered at sub-atomic (quantum) level it would appear at least to be a little "unpredictable" (although the probabilities would remain constant I suppose!).

Comments?ken 14:31, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Scc header logo 195x78.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Scc header logo 195x78.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 20:42, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Re: Restore Secure Computing Corporation
It was tagged as spam. When reading over it, I agreed with the tagging, so I deleted it. While the article does not appear to have been vandalized by the company in an effort to improve their image, the entire article still read like an advertisement for their services. I stand by my deletion. You're more than welcome to ask another admin to review it and restore it if they so choose. ^ demon [omg plz] 22:33, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

WikiProject Scouting Newsletter: May 2021
--evrik (talk) 20:45, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

WikiProject Scouting Newsletter: July 2021
--evrik (talk) 17:32, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

WikiProject Scouting Newsletter: October 2021
--evrik (talk) 15:12, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

WikiProject Scouting Newsletter: May 2022
--evrik (talk)

Delivered by: MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 15:10, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

WikiProject Scouting Newsletter: July 2022
--evrik (talk) 22:13, 8 July 2022 (UTC)

WikiProject Scouting Newsletter: August 2022
--evrik (talk) August 1, 2022

Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:41, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

WikiProject Scouting Newsletter: January 2023
--evrik (talk) January 16, 2023

Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:28, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

WikiProject Scouting Newsletter: March 2023
--evrik (talk) March 16, 2023

Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 15:48, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

WikiProject Scouting Newsletter: July 2023
-- (talk)

Sent by using  at 16:41, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

WikiProject Scouting Newsletter: May 2024
--evrik (talk) May 22, 2024

title: User talk:Cryptosmith


text: Category:Danish weightlifters

title: Category:Danish weightlifters


text:
July 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

July 12 – Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 14

All fixed commemorations below are celebrated on July 26 by Old Calendar.

For July 13th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on June 30.

Saints

 * Synaxis of the Holy Archangel Gabriel.
 * Martyr Serapion, under Severus (c. 205)   (see also: July 12)
 * Martyr Marcian of Iconium (258)   (see also: July 11)
 * Venerable Abbess Sarah of Scetis (370)
 * Martyr Golinduc, in holy baptism Mary, of Persia (591)  (see also: July 12)
 * Venerable Stephen the Sabaite (Stephen the Hymnographer) (794 or 807)

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Saint Julian of Le Mans, Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in (Gaul) (1st or 3rd century)   (see also: January 27 - West)
 * Saint Dogfan (Doewan), martyred by heathen in Dyfed in Wales where a church was dedicated to him (5th century)
 * Saint Just of Penwith, monk, of Cornwall (5th century)
 * Saints Eugene, Bishop of Carthage, Salutaris, Archdeacon of Carthage, Muritta the Deacon, and Companions, Confessors (505)
 *  Venerable Abbess Mildred of Thanet, Abbess of Minster-in-Thanet Convent (c. 733)   (see also: February 20)
 * Saint Turiaf of Dol (Turiav, Turiavus), successor of St. Samson as Bishop of Dol in Brittany (c. 750)

Post-Schism Orthodox saints

 * The holy Five Martyrs of Alamannia who suffered in Cyprus:
 * Heliophotus, Epaphrodites, Ammon, Auxouthenius, and Euthenius, monks, of Cyprus (12th century)

 * Saint Onesiphorus, born in Constantinople, ascetic in Cyprus and Wonderworker.

Other commemorations

 * Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos "Axion Estin" ("It is Truly Meet"). (see also: June 11)
 * Translation of the relics (early 11th century) of St. Juthwara of Cornwal (6th century) to Sherborne Abbey.
 * Synaxis of the Saints of Hilandar, Mt. Athos.
 * Repose of Constantine Oprisan of Jilava, Romania (1959)

title: July 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


text: Category:Danish gymnasts

title: Category:Danish gymnasts


text:
User talk:Dnalor~enwiki

Welcome
Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 19:51, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Anders Loves Maria
A tag has been placed on Anders Loves Maria requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for web content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. TrulyBlue (talk) 09:24, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Dnalor. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Dnalor~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:28, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:13, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dnalor~enwiki


text:
User talk:Staralfur

Welcome
Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 19:53, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Hello again
As I was saying before I got deleted for abuse, don't forget to say you play the bassoon. --Dave (talk) 20:17, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Dober dan :) Hvala, dobro. Pa ti? Btw. you still haven't added your basssoon link... Hey, you might be interested in this - put one of the pics on your user page if you like. And add more info if you know any :P --Dave ~ (talk) 11:44, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * (PS don't forget to sign your messages with ~ so I know it's you ;) --Dave ~ (talk) 11:44, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Staralfur


text:
User talk:Masamunecyrus

Archives

 * /Archive 1: July 2005 – February 2006

Re: reverting
See. For non-admins, a javascript equivalent can be found at http://sam.zoy.org/wikipedia/godmode-light.js just copy it into your monobook.js here: User:Masamunecyrus/monobook.js and hit ctrl-F5 on the keyboard to refresh your cache. — Apr. 2, '06 [07:30] <[ freakofnurxture]|[ talk]>
 * Alright, I'll try it out. Thanks. -- Masamunecyrus(talk)(contribs) [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px| ]] 07:31, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Kakuda CitySymbol.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:Kakuda CitySymbol.png. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that the image is unlicensed for use on Wikipedia and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr.) 01:04, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Kakuda City Symbol.svg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Kakuda City Symbol.svg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 00:56, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

FYI
As for Makudo. See and. Hope they are helpful. Oda Mari 15:55, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I never knew that it was such a debate over in Japan. It's sort of similar to the "Soda vs. Pop" (occasionally also known simply as "Soda Pop" or "Coke", regardless of the brand) debate here in the U.S. -- Masamunecyrus(talk)(contribs) [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px| ]] 06:26, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Is it something regional like Mac vs. Makudo? Or something else? Oda Mari 14:42, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's a regional thing. Here in Indiana, I call soft drinks, "Soda", but it's usually "Pop" around here. Soda is usually used on the east and west coasts (New England, California). The Pop vs. Soda Page has been researching it for over 5 years. -- Masamunecyrus(talk)(contribs) [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px| ]] 06:23, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Kikkomaso.png
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Kikkomaso.png, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Bulwersator (talk) 07:41, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Asian 10,000 Challenge invite
Hi. The WikiProject Asia/The 10,000 Challenge has recently started, based on the UK/Ireland The 10,000 Challenge and WikiProject Africa/The 10,000 Challenge. The idea is not to record every minor edit, but to create a momentum to motivate editors to produce good content improvements and creations and inspire people to work on more countries than they might otherwise work on. There's also the possibility of establishing smaller country or regional challenges for places like South East Asia, Japan/China or India etc, much like The 1000 Challenge (Nordic). For this to really work we need diversity and exciting content and editors from a broad range of countries regularly contributing. At some stage we hope to run some contests to benefit Asian content, a destubathon perhaps, aimed at reducing the stub count would be a good place to start, based on the current WikiProject Africa/The Africa Destubathon which has produced near 200 articles in just three days. If you would like to see this happening for Asia, and see potential in this attracting more interest and editors for the country/countries you work on please sign up and being contributing to the challenge! This is a way we can target every country of Asia, and steadily vastly improve the encyclopedia. We need numbers to make this work so consider signing up as a participant! Thank you. -- Ser Amantio di Nicolao Che dicono a Signa?Lo dicono a Signa. 05:22, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

RC Patrol-related Proposals in the 2016 Community Wishlist Survey
Greetings Recent Changes Patrollers!

This is a one-time-only message to inform you about technical proposals related to Recent Changes Patrol in the 2016 Community Wishlist Survey that I think you may be interested in reviewing and perhaps even voting for:

 * 1) Adjust number of entries and days at Last unpatrolled
 * 2) Editor-focused central editing dashboard
 * 3) "Hide trusted users" checkbox option on watchlists and related/recent changes (RC) pages
 * 4) Real-Time Recent Changes App for Android
 * 5) Shortcut for patrollers to last changes list

Further, there are more than 20 proposals related to Watchlists in general that you may be interested in reviewing. (and over 260 proposals in all, across many aspects of wikis)

Thank you for your consideration. Please note that voting for proposals continues through December 12, 2016.

Note: You received this message because you have transcluded User wikipedia/RC Patrol (user box) on your user page. Since this message is "one-time-only" there is no opt out for future mailings.

Best regards, — Delivered: 01:11, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Natori-Miyagi.png

The file File:Natori-Miyagi.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:02, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Kesennuma-Miyagi.png

The file File:Kesennuma-Miyagi.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:01, 17 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Kakuda-Miyagi.png

The file File:Kakuda-Miyagi.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:02, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Masamunecyrus


text:
User talk:MythSearcher

Welcome
Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 19:52, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (File:Deep04.jpg)
 Thanks for uploading File:Deep04.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. —Farix (t | c) 18:31, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:MythSearcher