text:
Talk:Los Banos, California

Banos vs Baños
I'm not so sure that the name of this city really is "Los Baños" rather than "Los Banos". The city/location got its name from the pools of water that formed near the creek that passed by what is now the city. Padre Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta came across these pools of water and referred to the area as "Los Baños," as in "the baths" or "place for baths". Soon after the area was referred to as "Los Baños" by travelers and local ranchers. https://losbanos.org/for-visitors//ref>

The following sources all spell it without the eñe:
 * the official city website
 * the city chamber of commerce
 * Google maps
 * Geocenter "US West" paper map
 * Insight Atlas Consise World Atlas
 * Yahoo! maps
 * Philip's World Atlas 2004 edition
 * The school district
 * The local hospital
 * The federal bureau of reclamation
 * The california park service
 * The california DMV

That said:
 * if memory serves, road signs do have the eñe. That said, here's a photo of one that doesn't:
 * I've never heard anyone pronounce it the painful "los bay-nos" rather than the correct "los ban-yos", so it clearly should have one
 * The local evangelical church (mostly) spells it with the eñe

Comments? -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 10:21, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

I frequently drive up and down highway 5, and have never seen an eñe. For what that's worth, at least... KamuiShirou 06:34, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Another sign without it - --SPUI (talk) 00:19, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, guys. Even if there was an eñe I'd be suspicious that some indignant spanish speaker hadn't put it on with whiteout themselves :) -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 00:27, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

You say to-may-to, I say to-mah-to... As a former resident born and raised in Los Banos in the days when it was still a small town, I was taught to call the town of Los Banos simply Lǒs BǍ-nōs (except when I was in Spanish class). Here is an Anglicized (no eñes to be found) History of Los Banos. Seriously, in the pre-Gold Rush days, California was a province of Mexico and before that it was part of the Spanish empire. Today, it's easier to type in diacritics; typists of the eary California history books were probably too lazy to make it right. --Chuck-meister
 * Los Angeles just came to mind. Should the /a/ in Angeles be written with an accent, too?
 * Yup its Los Ángeles =)T ALK•Q R C2006•¢ʘñ†®¡ß§ 17:36, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

"Safer Neighborhoods"
Whoever put that up, you clearly know nothing about the Silicon Valley, which is very wealthy and generally ver safe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.5.170.110 (talk) 23:44, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Elevation
I just corrected a sentence that was awkwardly phrased, stating that the city was about 50 ft above sea level. However, the infobox says its elevation is 100+ ft. Shouldn't these be the same? Ham Pastrami (talk) 07:10, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

History and Culture
The photograph in this section is identified as the Bank of Los Banos. It is not the Bank of Los Banos and the photograph is not even a building in the city of Los Banos. The photograph in this section is of the Mondo Building, located at the corner of Main and Canal Streets in downtown Merced, CA. It is currently the home of some University of California, Merced, offices. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.83.252.231 (talk) 21:30, 7 April 2015 (UTC)
 * You're right about Canal Street, so there does seem to be some confusion. I've removed the photo for now.—Stepheng3 (talk) 17:28, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

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I-5
I-5 actually runs from the northwest corner of Washington State at the Canadian border in the City of Blaine, south-southeast through all three western US states (Washington, Oregon, and California) to the Mexican border south of San Diego. It is a very Southern California view of the world to state that it runs from San Francisco to Los Angeles. 208.66.33.172 (talk) 21:42, 3 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Good point. Fixed. Thanks for the note! Binksternet (talk) 23:18, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Los Banos, California


text:
Talk:Prognostic variable

What's a GCM? The link is to a disambiguation page with nothing seemingly relevant.
 * I guess General circulation model. This article is useless, so far. GangofOne 21:44, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

This page is incorrect and probably useless: Variables are not intrinsically prognostic (or diagnostic for that matter). Only equations or models can be prognostic (or diagnostic). See prognostic equation instead. By the way, GCM in this context does usually refer to General Circulation Model, but can also stand for Global Climate Model. Michel M Verstraete 22:04, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Prognostic variable


text:
Clewer

Clewer (also known as Clewer Village) is an ecclesiastical parish and an area of Windsor, in the ceremonial county of Berkshire, England. Clewer makes up three wards of the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, namely Clewer North, Clewer South and Clewer East.

History
The name Clewer comes from the word Clifwara meaning "cliff-dwellers", and is named after those who lived below the hill on which Windsor Castle was built. Historically, Clewer pre-dates New Windsor and still exists as a separate ecclesiastical parish. A Saxon settlement existed there, and it is thought that the settlement of Clewer may have grown up at a place where the river Thames could be forded. A wood-and-thatch Saxon church is believed to have existed on the site of the present church. The surviving font is thought to be Saxon, and is presumed to have belonged to the earlier church. Until the 1850s this font was in an improbable position at the west end of the north aisle and it is likely that it had never been moved from its position in the earlier Saxon church.

By the time of the Norman Conquest, there was a Manor of Clewer, mentioned in the Domesday Book as Clivore and recorded as having a church and mill. It was from here that William I took the lands on which he built his fort, which became Windsor Castle. The Manor of Clewer continued to receive a rent of 12 shillings per annum from the Crown for this land until the 16th century. The present St Andrew's Church is of Norman construction and it is traditionally believed that William I habitually attended mass there, as there was no chapel within the original castle. It has a 14th-century chantry chapel to the memory of the second wife of the hero of the Hundred Years' War, Sir Bernard Brocas. The family lived in the sub-manor of Clewer Brocas until rebellious activities obliged them to retreat to obscurity at Beaurepaire in Sherborne St John.

The Clewer Park area of Clewer Village is where the former home of Sir Daniel Gooch once stood. It was at Clewer that Charles Thomas Wooldridge murdered his wife Laura Ellen; the execution of Wooldridge in 1896 was immortalised in Oscar Wilde's The Ballad of Reading Gaol. Hatch Lane is the site of the former Community of St John Baptist convent which closed in 2001, when the community moved to Oxfordshire.

In 1891 the civil parish had a population of 9766. In 1894 the parish was split with the part in New Windsor Municipal Borough becoming Clewer Within and the rural part becoming Clewer Without.

Notable residents

 * Brian Brindley, Anglo-Catholic canon and later convert to Roman Catholicism; curate of St Andrew's, Clewer, 1962–67
 * Sir Bernard Brocas, 14th-century English commander
 * Sir Bernard Brocas Junior, early 15th-century rebel
 * Sir Michael Caine, actor; lived at the Old Mill House, Clewer Village.
 * Sir Daniel Gooch, 19th-century railway engineer, lived at Clewer Park
 * Natalie Imbruglia, singer, has lived on White Lilies Island for several years
 * Peter Osgood, footballer
 * Jimmy Page, guitarist. Page's Led Zeppelin bandmate John Bonham died at Page's home in Clewer in 1980, resulting in the band's disbandment.
 * Ethel "Bip" Pares (1904–1977) book illustrator
 * Mariquita Tennant (1811–1860) social reformer

title: Clewer


text:
Talk:Mission Praise

Thanks
Thanks very much to Greg Robson for Wikifying the page while I was looking for the photo. Jdhowens90 10:21, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:Wavelet/to do

 * Clarification
 * An introduction to wavelets for non-academics
 * More diagrams - its hard to see what wavelet analysis is when just formulas are given (I strongly second this. --Ninjagecko. One should add visuals which show how a mother wavelet is used as a template for constructing a signal, since the the "window/frame" discussion is ambiguous. People who know what this is should suggest how can artist can make a suitable mockup in a new section on the talk page.)
 * Distinguishing how wavelets are used for sampled and time-continuous signals
 * Explain how the DWT is calculated - filters, filter banks etc.
 * Expansion / more content
 * More on complex wavelets
 * 2d and 3d wavelet transforms
 * Discussion of shift-invariance in wavelet transforms
 * Second generation wavelet transform and lifting techniques
 * Expand CWT so it is more than just formulas
 * Explain the frequency time resolution issues - STFT, Heisenberg, multiresolution analysis
 * Organization
 * Merge section labeled "Overview" with introduction
 * Listing of the other types of transform and add articles on them. Create List of Wavelet-related transforms and articles:
 * non or undecimated wavelet transform
 * Newland transform
 * Wavelet packet decomposition
 * Stationary wavelet transform
 * e-decimated discrete wavelet transform
 * Second generation wavelet transform
 * Dual-tree complex wavelet transform

title: Talk:Wavelet/to do


text:
Bioactive glass

Bioactive glasses are a group of surface reactive glass-ceramic biomaterials and include the original bioactive glass, Bioglass. The biocompatibility and bioactivity of these glasses has led them to be used as implant devices in the human body to repair and replace diseased or damaged bones. Most bioactive glasses are silicate-based glasses that are degradable in body fluids and can act as a vehicle for delivering ions beneficial for healing. Bioactive glass is differentiated from other synthetic bone grafting biomaterials (e.g., hydroxyapatite, biphasic calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate), in that it is the only one with anti-infective and angiogenic properties.

Discovery and development
Larry Hench and colleagues at the University of Florida first developed these materials in 1969 and they have been further developed by his research team at the Imperial College London and other researchers worldwide. Hench began development by submitting a proposal hypothesis to the United States Army Medial Research and Development command in 1968 based upon his theory of the body rejecting metallic or polymeric material unless it was able to form a coating of hydroxyapatite which is found in bone. Hench and his team received funding for one year, and began development on what would become the 45S5 composition. The name "Bioglass" was trademarked by the University of Florida as a name for the original 45S5 composition. It should therefore only be used in reference to the 45S5 composition and not as a general term for bioactive glasses.

Through use of a phase diagram, Hench chose a composition of 45%, 24.5% , 24.5% , and 6%  to allow for a large amount of  and some  in a  matrix. The glass was batched, melted, and cast into small rectangular implants to be inserted into the femoral bone of rats for six weeks as developed by Dr. Ted Greenlee of the University of Florida. After six weeks, Dr. Greenlee reported "These ceramic implants will not come out of the bone. They are bonded in place. I can push on them, I can shove them, I can hit them and they do not move. The controls easily slide out." These findings were the basis of the first paper on 45S5 bioactive glass in 1971 which summarized that in vitro experiments in a calcium and phosphate ion deficient solution showed a developed layer of hydroxyapatite similar to the observed hydroxyapatite later in vivo by Dr. Greenlee.

Animal Testing
Scientists in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, took cubes of bioactive glass and implanted them into the tibias of guinea pigs in 1986. After 8, 12, and 16 weeks of implantation, the guinea pigs were euthanized and their tibias were harvested. The implants and tibias were then subjected to a shear strength test to determine the mechanical properties of the implant to bone boundary, where it was found to have a shear strength of 5 N/mm2. Electron microscopy showed the ceramic implants had bone remnants firmly adhered to them. Further optical microscopy revealed bone cell and blood vessel growth within the area of the implant which was proof of biocompatibility between the bone and implant.

Bioactive glass was the first material found to create a strong bond with living bone tissue.

Structure
Solid state NMR spectroscopy has been very useful in determining the structure of amorphous solids. Bioactive glasses have been studied by 29Si and 31P solid state MAS NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shift from MAS NMR is indicative of the type of chemical species present in the glass. The 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy showed that Bioglass 45S5 was a Q2 type-structure with a small amount of Q3; i.e., silicate chains with a few crosslinks. The 31P MAS NMR revealed predominately Q0 species; i.e., PO43−; subsequent MAS NMR spectroscopy measurements have shown that Si-O-P bonds are below detectable levels

Compositions
There have been many variations on the original composition which was Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved and termed Bioglass. This composition is known as Bioglass 45S5. The compositions include:
 * 45S5: 45 wt% SiO2, 24.5 wt% CaO, 24.5 wt% Na2O and 6.0 wt% P2O5. Bioglass
 * S53P4: 53 wt% SiO2, 23 wt% Na2O, 20 wt% CaO and 4 wt% P2O5.
 * 58S: 58 wt% SiO2, 33 wt% CaO and 9 wt% P2O5.
 * 70S30C: 70 wt% SiO2, 30 wt% CaO.
 * 13-93: 53 wt% SiO2, 6 wt% Na2O, 12 wt% K2O, 5 wt% MgO, 20 wt% CaO, 4 wt% P2O5.

Bioglass 45S5
The composition was originally selected because of being roughly eutectic.

The 45S5 name signifies glass with 45 wt.% of SiO2 and 5:1 molar ratio of calcium to phosphorus. Lower Ca/P ratios do not bond to bone.

The key composition features of Bioglass is that it contains less than 60 mol% SiO2, high Na2O and CaO contents, high CaO/P2O5 ratio, which makes Bioglass highly reactive to aqueous medium and bioactive.

High bioactivity is the main advantage of Bioglass, while its disadvantages includes mechanical weakness, low fracture resistance due to amorphous 2-dimensional glass network. The bending strength of most Bioglass is in the range of 40–60 MPa, which is not enough for load-bearing application. Its Young's modulus is 30–35 GPa, very close to that of cortical bone, which can be an advantage. Bioglass implants can be used in non-load-bearing applications, for buried implants loaded slightly or compressively. Bioglass can be also used as a bioactive component in composite materials or as powder and can be used to create an artificial septum to treat perforations caused by cocaine abuse. It has no known side-effects.

The first successful surgical use of Bioglass 45S5 was in replacement of ossicles in middle ear, as a treatment of conductive hearing loss. The advantage of 45S5 is in no tendency to form fibrous tissue. Other uses are in cones for implantation into the jaw following a tooth extraction. Composite materials made of Bioglass 45S5 and patient's own bone can be used for bone reconstruction.

Bioglass is comparatively soft in comparison to other glasses. It can be machined, preferably with diamond tools, or ground to powder. Bioglass has to be stored in a dry environment, as it readily absorbs moisture and reacts with it.

Bioglass 45S5 is manufactured by conventional glass-making technology, using platinum or platinum alloy crucibles to avoid contamination. Contaminants would interfere with the chemical reactivity in organism. Annealing is a crucial step in forming bulk parts, due to high thermal expansion of the material.

Heat treatment of Bioglass reduces the volatile alkali metal oxide content and precipitates apatite crystals in the glass matrix. The resulting glass–ceramic material, named Ceravital, has higher mechanical strength and lower bioactivity.

Bioglass S53P4
The formula of S53P4 was first developed in the early 1990s in Turku, Finland, at Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku. It has received the product claim for use in bone cavity filling in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in 2011. S53P4 is among the most studied bioactive glasses on the market with over 150 publications.

When S53P4 bioactive glass is placed into the bone cavity, it reacts with body fluids to activate the glass. During this activation period, the bioactive glass goes through a series of chemical reactions, creating the ideal conditions for the bone to rebuild through osteoconduction.
 * Na, Si, Ca, and P ions are released.
 * A silica gel layer forms on the bioactive glass surface.
 * CaP crystallizes, forming a layer of hydroxyapatite on the surface of the bioactive glass.

Once the hydroxyapatite layer is formed, the bioactive glass interacts with biological entities, i.e., blood proteins, growth factors and collagen. Following this interaction, the osteoconductive and osteostimulative processes help the new bone grow onto and between the bioactive glass structures.
 * Bioactive glass bonds to bone –facilitating new bone formation.
 * Osteostimulation begins by stimulating osteogenic cells to increase the remodeling rate of bone.
 * Radio-dense quality of bioactive glass allows for post-operative evaluation.

In the final transformative phase, the process of bone regeneration and remodeling continues. Over time the bone fully regenerates, restoring the patient's natural anatomy.
 * Bone consolidation occurs.
 * S53P4 bioactive glass continues to remodel into bone over a period of years.

Bioactive glass S53P4 is currently the only bioactive glass on the market which has been proven to inhibit bacterial growth effectively. The bacterial growth inhibiting properties of S53P4 derive from two simultaneous chemical and physical processes, which occurs once the bioactive glass reacts with body fluids. Sodium (Na) is released from the surface of the bioactive glass and induces an increase in pH (alkaline environment), which is not favorable for the bacteria, thus inhibiting their growth. The released Na, Ca, Si and P ions give rise to an increase in osmotic pressure due to an elevation in salt concentration, i.e., an environment where bacteria cannot grow.

Bioglass 8625
Bioglass 8625, also called Schott 8625, is a soda-lime glass used for encapsulation of implanted devices. The most common use of Bioglass 8625 is in the housings of RFID transponders for use in human and animal microchip implants. It is patented and manufactured by Schott AG. Bioglass 8625 is also used for some piercings.

Bioglass 8625 does not bond to tissue or bone, it is held in place by fibrous tissue encapsulation. After implantation, a calcium-rich layer forms on the interface between the glass and the tissue. Without additional antimigration coating it is subject to migration in the tissue. The antimigration coating is a material that bonds to both the glass and the tissue. Parylene, usually Parylene type C, is often used as such material.

Bioglass 8625 has a significant content of iron, which provides infrared light absorption and allows sealing by a light source, e.g., a Nd:YAG laser or a mercury-vapor lamp. The content of Fe2O3 yields high absorption with maximum at 1100 nm, and gives the glass a green tint. The use of infrared radiation instead of flame or contact heating helps preventing contamination of the device.

After implantation, the glass reacts with the environment in two phases, in the span of about two weeks. In the first phase, alkali metal ions are leached from the glass and replaced with hydrogen ions; small amount of calcium ions also diffuses from the material. During the second phase, the Si-O-Si bonds in the silica matrix undergo hydrolysis, yielding a gel-like surface layer rich on Si-O-H groups. A calcium phosphate-rich passivation layer gradually forms over the surface of the glass, preventing further leaching.

It is used in microchips for tracking of many kinds of animals, and recently in some human implants. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved use of Bioglass 8625 in humans in 1994.

Bioglass 13-93
Compared to Bioglass 45S5, silicate 13-93 bioactive glass is composed of a higher composition of SiO2 and includes K2O and MgO. It is commercially available from Mo-Sci Corp. or can be directly prepared by melting a mixture of Na2CO3, K2CO3, MgCO3, CaCO3, SiO2 and NaH2PO4 · 2H2O in a platinum crucible at 1300 °C and quenching between stainless steel plates.

The 13-93 glass has received approval for in vivo use in the USA and Europe. It has more facile viscous flow behavior and a lower tendency to crystallize upon being pulled into fibers. 13-93 bioactive glass powder could be dispersed into a binder to create ink for robocasting or direct ink 3D printing technique. The mechanical properties of the resulting porous scaffolds have been studied in various works of literature.

The printed 13-93 bioactive glass scaffold in the study by Liu et al. was dried in ambient air, fired to 600 °C under the O2 atmosphere to remove the processing additives, and sintered in air for 1 hour at 700 °C. In the pristine sample, the flexural strength (11 ± 3 MPa) and flexural modulus (13 ± 2 MPa) are comparable to the minimum value of those of trabecular bones while the compressive strength (86 ± 9 MPa) and compressive modulus (13 ± 2 GPa) are close to the cortical bone values. However, the fracture toughness of the as-fabricated scaffold was 0.48 ± 0.04 MPa·m1/2, indicating that it is more brittle than human cortical bone whose fracture toughness is 2–12 MPa·m1/2. After immersing the sample in a simulated body fluid (SBF) or subcutaneous implantation in the dorsum of rats, the compressive strength and compressive modulus decrease sharply during the initial two weeks but more gradually after two weeks. The decrease in the mechanical properties was attributed to the partial conversion of the glass filaments in the scaffolds into a layer mainly composed of a porous hydroxyapatite-like material.

Another work by Kolan and co-workers used selective laser sintering instead of conventional heat treatment. After the optimization of the laser power, scan speed, and heating rate, the compressive strength of the sintered scaffolds varied from 41 MPa for a scaffold with ~50% porosity to 157 MPa for dense scaffolds. The in vitro study using SBF resulted in a decrease in the compressive strength but the final value was similar to that of human trabecular bone.

13-93 porous glass scaffolds were synthesized using a polyurethane foam replication method in the report by Fu et al. The stress-strain relationship was examined in obtained from the compressive test using eight samples with 85 ± 2% porosity. The resultant curve demonstrated a progressive breaking down of the scaffold structure and the average compressive strength of 11 ± 1 MPa, which was in the range of human trabecular bone and higher than competitive bioactive materials for bone repairing such as hydroxyapatite scaffolds with the same extent of pores and polymer-ceramic composites prepared by the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method.

Synthesis
Bioactive glasses have been synthesized through methods such as conventional melting, quenching, the sol–gel process, flame synthesis, and microwave irradiation. The synthesis of bioglass has been reviewed by various groups, with sol-gel synthesis being one of the most frequently used methods for producing bioglass composites, particularly for tissue engineering applications. Other methods of bioglass synthesis have been developed, such as flame and microwave synthesis, though they are less prevalent in research.

Bioactive metallic glass
Bioactive metallic glass is a subset of bioactive glass, wherein the bulk material is composed of a metal-glass substrate and is coated with bioactive glass in order to make the material bioactive. The reasoning behind the introduction of the metallic base is to create a less brittle, stronger material that will be permanently implanted within the body. Metallic glasses tout lower Young's Moduli and higher elastic limits than bioactive glass, and as such, will allow for more deformation of the material before fracture occurs. This is highly desirable, as a permanent implant would need to avoid shattering within the patient's body. Common materials which compose the metallic bulk include Zr and Ti, whereas some examples of the few key metals that shouldn't be used as bulk materials are Al, Be, and Ni.

Laser-cladding
While metals are not necessarily inherently bioactive, bioactive glass coatings which are applied to metal substrates via laser-cladding introduce the bioactivity that the glass would express, but have the added benefits of having a metal base.

Laser cladding is a method by which bioactive glass microparticles are thrust in a stream at the bulk material, and introduced to a high enough heat that they melt into a coating of material.

Sol-gel processing
Metals can also be affixed with bioactive glass using a sol-gel process, in which the bioactive glass is sintered onto metals at a controlled temperature that is high enough to perform the sintering, but low enough to avoid phase-shifts and other unwanted side effects. Experimentation has been done with sintering double layered, silica-based bioactive glass onto stainless steel substrates at 600 °C for 5 hours. This method has proven to maintain largely amorphous structure while containing key crystalline elements, and also achieves a remarkably similar level of bioactivity to bioactive glass.

Mechanism of activity
The underlying mechanisms that enable bioactive glasses to act as materials for bone repair have been investigated since the first work of Hench et al. at the University of Florida. Early attention was paid to changes in the bioactive glass surface. Five inorganic reaction stages are commonly thought to occur when a bioactive glass is immersed in a physiological environment:

 * 1) Bioglass Surface Reaction.jpg exchange in which modifier cations (mostly Na+) in the glass exchange with hydronium ions in the external solution.
 * 2) Hydrolysis in which Si-O-Si bridges are broken, forming Si-OH silanol groups, and the glass network is disrupted.
 * 3) Condensation of silanols in which the disrupted glass network changes its morphology to form a gel-like surface layer, depleted in sodium and calcium ions.
 * 4) Precipitation in which an amorphous calcium phosphate layer is deposited on the gel.
 * 5) Mineralization in which the calcium phosphate layer gradually transforms into crystalline hydroxyapatite, that mimics the mineral phase naturally contained with vertebrate bones.

Later, it was discovered that the morphology of the gel surface layer was a key component in determining the bioactive response. This was supported by studies on bioactive glasses derived from sol-gel processing. Such glasses could contain significantly higher concentrations of SiO2 than traditional melt-derived bioactive glasses and still maintain bioactivity (i.e., the ability to form a mineralized hydroxyapatite layer on the surface). The inherent porosity of the sol-gel-derived material was cited as a possible explanation for why bioactivity was retained, and often enhanced with respect to the melt-derived glass.

Subsequent advances in DNA microarray technology enabled an entirely new perspective on the mechanisms of bioactivity in bioactive glasses. Previously, it was known that a complex interplay existed between bioactive glasses and the molecular biology of the implant host, but the available tools did not provide a sufficient quantity of information to develop a holistic picture. Using DNA microarrays, researchers are now able to identify entire classes of genes that are regulated by the dissolution products of bioactive glasses, resulting in the so-called "genetic theory" of bioactive glasses. The first microarray studies on bioactive glasses demonstrated that genes associated with osteoblast growth and differentiation, maintenance of extracellular matrix, and promotion of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion were up-regulated by conditioned cell culture media containing the dissolution products of bioactive glass.

Medical uses
S53P4 bioactive glass was first used in a clinical setting as an alternative to bone or cartilage grafts in facial reconstruction surgery. The use of artificial materials as bone prosthesis had the advantage of being much more versatile than traditional autotransplants, as well as having fewer postoperative side effects.

There is tentative evidence that bioactive glass by the composition S53P4 may also be useful in long bone infections. Support from randomized controlled trials, however, is still not available as of 2015.

title: Bioactive glass


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Battle of Toro

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mgm|(talk) 13:09, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Battle of Toro
This article is almost certainly a copyvio. Also appears to be original research in places. Delete Dr Gangrene 10:24, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 10:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research betrayed by first lines Batmanand 15:37, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio or OR. Friday 20:57, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 23:43, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * delete original research. JamesBurns 04:44, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Etherlords

Etherlords (Демиурги) is a series of fantasy turn-based strategy and card-dueling video games for the PC, by Russian developer Nival Interactive. The first game was published November 15, 2001 by Ravensburger Interactive Media under their mature game label Fishtank Interactive. Prior to worldwide release it was released in Russia one week earlier (November 9) as Demiurges (Демиурги). It was followed two years later by a sequel, Etherlords II, which was published in Europe by DreamCatcher Interactive and in North America by Strategy First. A third game for the iOS and Android was released in 2014 titled Etherlords, a free-to-play game with automated battles.

The game features a card-based dueling system that borrows heavily from Magic: The Gathering. While the game can be played in a pure dueling mode, the major appeal of Etherlords stems from the scenario mode which utilizes a strategy/adventure map, similar to the one used in Heroes of Might and Magic. Nival later became the developer of Heroes of Might and Magic V.

Story
The world is governed by a force known as ether and it is wielded by the representatives of chaos, kinetics, synthesis, and vitality. The leaders of the four factions vie for supremacy, with the ultimate goal of transcending into the fabled White Lord, the master of all ether.

In Etherlords I, the players may select between two campaigns: Kinet/Vital or Chaot/Synthet. Some of the maps are shared between the two campaigns, and the players simply assume the role of whichever faction they selected. The final mission is one such mission. It also requires that players break with their allies and choose a single faction, and therefore a single avatar, to face the White Lord. The White Lord himself, being a master of all ether, uses spells from multiple schools. Notably he uses a deck that is heavy on Synthet spells, augmented by top picks from the other schools. Upon defeating the White Lord, the victor ascends and becomes the new White Lord.

In Etherlords II, Diamanda mysteriously returns from the mists of legend. She was mentioned in passing at the end of the Kinet/Vital campaign in Etherlords I. A Kinet hero who was captured by the Synthets for experimentation, she appears now as a hybrid Kinet/Synthet spreading the Pale Plague, a sinister disease which drains beings of their energy. The players begin the game as either the Vitals or Chaots, and in a twist, each of these factions' campaigns leads to the campaigns of their enemies; the campaigns are effectively a choice between Vitals/Synthets or Chaots/Kinets. After completing the main campaigns, the players then play as Diamanda. It is revealed that the force behind the Pale Plague is actually the reigning White Lord, who wishes to remain in power for eternity and can only do so by inflicting the world with the Pale Plague. Diamanda was resurrected as a mindless slave for this purpose, but she eventually recovers her sense of self and makes the ultimate sacrifice to stop the White Lord's plans.

Comparison of Etherlords and Etherlords II
The dueling portion of each game is conceptually identical. The latter game introduces many modifications to existing cards in order to balance them or make them more interesting to play with, as well as a handful of new cards (mostly found as Pale spells).

A much more significant change can be found in the scenario mode. Whereas Etherlords I uses a strictly turn-based strategy map in the style of Heroes of Might and Magic, Etherlords II uses a more character-oriented adventure map in the style of Shandalar, the minigame that MicroProse created for its computer translation of Magic: The Gathering. As a result, the first game emphasizes strategic objectives like securing resources and territory, and using multiple heroes, while the second game eschews those elements in favor of making the player collect cards and manage their decks. The most notable effect of this change is that, aside from occasional time limits, the scenarios in Etherlords II do not feature active dangers—the player is free to explore as he wishes without threat of his infrastructure being destroyed. It is more about fighting through a linear path and taking on each monster in the game, and having to adjust a deck strategy against a series of different opponents.

Of particular interest to Magic: The Gathering players are the new multiplayer features in Etherlords II, including a variation of Limited, a popular sealed-pack competition format.

Races
There are four factions in Etherlords. The Kinets and Vitals can be considered the protagonists, while the Chaots and Synthets can be considered the antagonists, as represented in each faction's art style and the single-player campaigns. Four races dominate the lands of the Etherlords. Each race has its advantages, and each has its ambitions, but all want to dominate. From the Vitals attuned to natures and grace, to the vulgar Chaots, the races encompass all the colors of Ether.

Chaots
Race of Ether of Chaos

The Chaots are a tribal race of brutish warriors. Their connection to fire and lightning is represented by a multitude of spells that cause direct damage to creatures. Common Chaos creature types include kobolds, orcs, rats and bats. Some say the Chaots are the most powerful heroes of all, but those that speak thus would be wrong. For it is not that Chaots are more powerful than other races, but rather that their power is more vulgar. Chaots believe in the attack, and use their powerful spells and unholy minions to unleash a never-ending assault on their enemies.

Kinets
Race of Ether of Motion

The Kinets are regal, winged beings with an association to air and water. The Kinets possess an arsenal of spells that delay enemy actions, including discard effects. This is somewhat necessary because all of the Kinet's low-cost creatures have only 1 or 2 points of toughness. Common Kinetic creature types include aviaks (birdmen), spirits, and lamias (naga). Slender and fast, the Kinets prefer speed over brute force. They are an intelligent race and value knowledge over force, and their allies -from the aviaks to the Lamias- feel the same. A Kinet hero will parry his opponent's attacks, wearing him down with endless counterattacks until at last his opponent succumbs.

Synthets
Race of the Ether of Synthesis

The Synthets are cyborgs and as such they employ machines and technology. Their spells utilize biological attacks that steadily cause damage over time. Synthetic creatures are mechanical, and common types include worms, mechs, and even dinosaurs. The Synthets are a strange race, part machine, part human - a race of living beings that eschews the living in favor of the machine. As such they consider their allies the strange, pseudo-machines of the Etherlords universe. From quick Wurms to the powerful Cutters, the Synthets field an odd, but aggressive, army.

Vitals
Race of the Ether of Vitality

The Vitals are a druidic people who possess an affinity for plants and insects. Bursts of ether allow them to cast larger spells more quickly. They also have many spells to gain life. Common Vitality creatures include ticks, treants, and bees. The Vitals are nature's own, and are close to the currents that run through the green-leafed woods, and speaking streams. A looking-good people, the Vitals rely on nature's magic for their power, and claim the creatures of the woods - from the tick to the snake - as their allies. Their attacks are balanced, employing both a clever defense and relentless assault.

Etherlords I
Etherlords I received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Etherlords II
Etherlords II received "generally favorable reviews", a bit more so than the original Etherlords, according to Metacritic.

Etherlords (mobile)
Etherlords received "generally favorable reviews" according to Metacritic.

Reviews

 * Review in Scrye #52

title: Etherlords


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kody Kinzie

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. - Mgm|(talk) 13:10, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Kody Kinzie
Vanity. - Mgm|(talk) 10:25, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, commercialism. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 10:26, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per all above. -Feydey 11:01, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete try again at resumepedia. Friday 20:56, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity/self-promotion. Try Monster.com. --Etacar11 22:51, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 04:43, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
British Rail Research Division

The British Rail Research Division was a division of the state-owned railway company British Rail (BR). It was charged with conducting research into improving various aspects of Britain's railways, particularly in the areas of reliability and efficiency, including achieving cost reductions and increasing service levels.

Its creation was endorsed by the newly created British Rail Board (BRB) in 1963 and incorporated personnel and existing resources from all over the country, including the LMS Scientific Research Laboratory. It was primarily based at the purpose-built Railway Technical Centre in Derby. In addition to its domestic activities, the Research Division would provide technology and personnel to other countries for varying purposes and periods under the trade name "Transmark". It became recognised as a centre of excellence in its field; the theoretical rigour of its approach to railway engineering superseded the ad hoc methods that had prevailed previously.

Its research led to advances in various sectors, such as in the field of signalling, where progress was made with block systems, remote operation systems, and the Automatic Warning System (AWS). Trackside improvements, such as the standardisation of overhead electrification equipment and refinements to the plasma torch, were also results of the Research Division's activities. Perhaps its most high-profile work was into new forms of rolling stock, such as the High Speed Freight Vehicle and railbuses, which led to the introduction of the Class 140. One of its projects that gained particularly high-profile coverage was the Advanced Passenger Train (APT), a high-speed tilting train intended for BR's Intercity services. However, due to schedule overruns, negative press coverage, and a lack of political support, work on the APT was ceased in the mid-1980s in favour of the more conventional InterCity 125 and InterCity 225 trainsets.

The Research Division was reorganised in the runup to the privatisation of British Rail during the 1990s; the bulk having become "BR Research Limited". This unit was acquired by the private company AEA Technology in 1996, which has since become Resonate Group. Several elements of its work have continued under various organisations, such as the patents filed during the APT's development being harnessed in the development of the Pendolino, a modern high speed tilting train.

Background
During the mid-1950s, it became increasingly apparent to senior figures within the British Transport Commission (BTC) that, in light of mixed results from using external contractors, there was value in British Rail performing some research projects in-house instead. In August 1958, Dr F. T. Barnwell was appointed by the BTC to prepare and present specific electrical research proposals; the create of an initially small Electrical Research Section employing 31 staff was also authorised by the BTC in July 1960. Many of these early proposals were related to traction and power equipment, such as motor control, signalling, digital computers, and 25 kV AC railway electrification. Several existing research efforts, such as into rail adhesion, were also folded into the new section's remit; in June 1960, the Rugby Locomotive Testing Senter was also transferred to the Chief Electrical Engineer's responsibility and became a key site for the section.

During 1963, the newly created British Rail Board (BRB) agreed to transfer the Electrical Research Section to the British Rail Research Department, with the purpose of forming a completed new division. The Research Division brought together personnel and expertise from all over the country, including the LMS Scientific Research Laboratory. Its remit was not simply the improvement of existing equipment, or the solution of existing problems, but fundamental research from first principles, into railway operation. The results of its work would go on to inform development by engineers, manufacturers and railways all over the world. For instance, once the initial APT-E experimental project was complete, it passed to the mechanical engineering department to build the APT-P prototype. In time, engineers would be seconded to other countries for varying periods under the trade name "Transmark".

One early matter for this new division was the choice for a long term location, Rugby being passed over in favour of Derby, where the purpose-built Railway Technical Centre was built during the 1960s at a cost of £4 million. Nearby, the Research Division developed its first test track on the old Great Northern Railway line between Egginton Junction and Derby Friargate (later used only as far as Mickleover) and was used by the Train Control Group. Later on, when the revolutionary Advanced Passenger Train (APT) was being developed, a second test track was created on the line between Melton Junction and Edwalton (known as the Old Dalby Test Track), which was acquired specifically to test this train. The Mickleover test track was closed and lifted in the early 1990s, however Old Dalby remained in use into the twenty-first century.

Projects
Early benefits of the Research Division's work were already being felt by the late 1960s in the field of signalling, specifically in block systems. While practical demonstrations were being performed as early as 1964, some of these efforts, such as an early use of radar-based obstacle detection, proved to be not mature enough for deployment. One project of this nature that was highly impactful on future railway operations was the creation of automated simulations of traffic flow through a network. In response to concerns by managers of the British Rail's Southern Region, the Research Team developed improvements for the Automatic Warning System (AWS), sometimes referred to as Signal Repeating AWS, which would be deployed extensively in that region. Another early advance was the remote control of freight locomotives at low speed, such as when coal trains were delivering their materials to power stations.

By the mid-1960s, the Research Division had multiple traction-related projects underway, however, they were negatively impacted by the sudden death of senior engineer James Brown. Work into the use of induction drives, for both rotary and linear motors, was one such project; a rail-mounted trolley was developed and tested as part of this research. It was concluded that, largely due to the cost of the aluminium reaction rail necessary, linear motors were not economically practical at that time. The division has also collaborated with English Electric to produce a heavily modified demonstrator, converted from a redundant early diesel electric locomotive, to evaluate the rotary induction motor. Other advances made by researchers in the field of overhead electrification, such as hydraulic dampers and flexible contact wire supports, greatly aided the Modernisation of the West Coast Main Line.

During the late 1960s, attention was paid to expanding the Research Division's mathematical capabilities. This heavily contributed to the development of Junction Optimisation Technique (JOT), an approach for optimisating traffic flows through complex junctions (such as that outside of Glasgow Central railway station). The arrival of more powerful computers around this time allowed for time-based, rather than event-based, traffic simulations to be programmed as well, leading to the General Area Time-based Train Simulator (GATTS).

By the end of the 1960s, the division has made progress in the area of rail adhesion; influenced by French experiments with spark discharges, development of what became the plasma torch proceeded based on promising test results gathered in 1967. Subsequent testing provided even better results; however, progress was badly impacted by the departure of Dr Alston in 1971. The division also provided support in troubleshooting issues encountered with the recently deployed overhead electrification apparatus; the development of simpler and standardised equipment and further research into digitally simulating the dynamic behavior of overhead equipment proceeded. The success of these efforts were such that, having been initially authorised for a five-year period, the BRB approved a further 11-year extension in 1973, thus continuing the Research Division's work in these areas through to March 1985.

One key research project was examining the tendency of new wheels to hunt, which was counteracted by deliberately profiling, or pre-wearing, wheels. During the 1960s, an extensive study was performed by the aeronautical engineer Alan Wickens, which identified dynamic instability as the cause. Concluding that a properly damped suspension system, both horizontally as well as vertically, additional research led to additional projects, such as the High Speed Freight Vehicle, which started work during the late 1960s and reaching a high point during the mid-1970s. Various tests of the High Speed Freight Vehicle were carried out between 1975 and 1979. An even more radical freight vehicle, the Autowagon, was also worked on during the early 1970s; the concept of individual self-powered container-carrying wagons automatically loading, traversing the rail network, and unloading as required. This project never proceeded beyond demonstrations and studies into the control systems required.

During the mid-1970s, British Rail became interested in introducing a new generation of railbuses; thus, the Research Division collaborated with British Leyland to jointly develop and evaluate several prototype four‐wheel vehicles, commonly referred to as LEVs (Leyland Experimental Vehicle). These prototypes were essentially Leyland National bus bodies mounted on a modified High-Speed Freight Vehicle chassis. Testing commenced in 1978. A more capable two-car prototype railbus, the Class 140, was built between 1979 and 1981. Following its early use as a testbed, during which the Class 140 toured several different regions across the UK, it later served as a demonstrator for the subsequent production units based on the type, the Class 141, introduced in 1984, and Class 142, introduced in 1985. These subsequent production classes diverge from the Class 140's design in numerous places; one example is the separation between the underframe and the body above by a flexible mounting, a reduction in the depth of the underframe for maintenance accessibility, and the use of road bus-standard electrical equipment, passenger fittings, and general cab layout.

Likely the most prominent project undertaken by the Research Division was the Advanced Passenger Train (APT), a high-speed tilting train intended to accelerate Britain's Intercity services. This work, begun during the mid-1960s, was in part motivated, and influenced, by the recent success of the Japanese Shinkansen line between Tokyo and Osaka. The use of tilting permitted the alignment of the lateral forces with the floor, in turning higher top speeds to be attained before passenger comfort was adversely impacted. An active tilting system, using hydraulic actuation, was to enable the APT to round corners 40% faster than conventional counterparts. The prototype APT-E, powered by gas turbines, conducted its first run on 25 July 1972. Due to trade union opposition, it did not run again on the main line until August 1973. During testing on the Great Western Main Line, the prototype achieved a new British railway speed record on 10 August 1975, having reached 152.3 mph. However, by the early 1980s, the project had been running for over a decade and the trains were still not in service. The APT was quietly abandoned during the mid-1980s in favour of the more conventional InterCity 125 and InterCity 225 trainsets.

Other work involved looking at the tamping of ballast, properties of subsoils, and rail prestressing. A large part of the network had been converted to continuous welded rail which, during a hot summer, caused many problems with rail buckling; although there were no injuries, there were a number of derailments. Evaluations were conducted into the methods, costs, and benefits of tamping the ballast over the sleeper ends. There were extended studies into metal fatigue, and pioneering work in ultrasound crack detection at a time when it was being investigated elsewhere for medical diagnostics. Major signalling breakthroughs made by the Research Division included Solid State Interlocking and the Integrated Electronic Control Centre.

Reforms and privatisation
In 1986, finance for the division was moved from the board to the operating divisions. Thus emphasis shifted from pure research to problem solving. During 1989, BR Research became a self-contained unit working under contract to British Rail and other customers, and the route was open for privatisation. When British Rail was sold into private ownership during the 1990s, the Research Division (which had become "BR Research Limited") was bought by AEA Technology in 1996. The resulting business, "AEA Technology Rail", was subsequently sold in 2006 to a venture capital company and became DeltaRail Group. Transmark, the consultancy arm, was sold to Halcrow to become Halcrow Transmark.

A somewhat dated display of material relating to the work of the Division was maintained in the Derby Industrial Museum.

Legacy
The Research Division had an uneasy relationship with other parts of BR, and like most of the products of Harold Wilson's "white heat of technology" speech, were killed off in the early 1980s. The basis of the unease was the traditional approach of most of BR compared with theoretical and aerospace approaches adopted by the Research Division. The hiring of graduates rather than training people up internally also caused tensions.

It could be somewhat tactless, or perhaps naive, at times. The APT-E was provided with a single driver position central in the cab, at a time when the unions were resisting the loss of the "second man" (the fireman in steam days). After its first run out to Duffield the APT-E was blacked (boycotted) by the unions for a year.

Nevertheless, its empirical research into vehicle dynamics has produced today's high speed trains, both freight and passenger, including the InterCity 125 and InterCity 225. The concept of a tilting system for the APT became part of the Pendolino, while the products of its signalling and operations control research are used over a significant amount of the British railway system.

title: British Rail Research Division


text: Template:Islands of Mumbai Harbour

title: Template:Islands of Mumbai Harbour


text:
Talk:Alba Township

I am thinking the article might work better as a redirect to Alba.
 * Laurel Bush 10:29, 15 July 2005 (UTC).

title: Talk:Alba Township


text:
Talk:Opera metal

Since when is Bohemian Rhapsody, or for that matter Queen in general, metal?

 * good question.... Spearhead 17:11, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

The problem with this is that it talks about what Symphonic Metal is (in very unclear terms, already on the Symphonic Metal page. Then it proceeds to try to claim that its Gothic Metal which it isnt. This albums is confusing, and is a bad algemy of Symphonic Metal, and Gothic Metal. As such, it should be redirected to symphonic metal, and any information pertaining to that genre should be merged into that article. Alas, the same with Gothic Metal should be done. Leyasu 18:15, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

I disagree totally with many elements of this article; indeed Queen has nothing to do with metal, let alone opera metal. I never heard Celtic Frost referred to as a "prog-metal" band, and their influence on opera metal (unlike black and death metal) is very limited. Many bands are missing (Aina, Leave's Eyes...). I agree that this article should be modified and merged with the symphonic metal article. --IronChris 02:48, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opera metal


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Bow collector

A bow collector is one of the three main devices used on tramcars to transfer electric current from the wires above to the tram below. While once very common in continental Europe, it was replaced by the pantograph or the trolley pole, itself often later replaced by the pantograph.

Origins
When the bow collector was first conceived by German inventor Ernst Werner von Siemens in the late 1880s, American inventor Frank J. Sprague of Virginia had just patented his trolley pole system of current collection from an overhead wire. To avoid contravening this patent, the Siemens company was forced to design its own, unique form of current collection, namely the bow collector. The bow collector was first used by the Siemens electric company in its early electric tramcars in either the late 1880s or early 1890s. The Hobart electric tramway system - the first of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere, opened in 1893 - used Siemens cars with very early bow collectors. Many other continental European and some British tramway systems, including Leeds and Glasgow, also used this method.

Construction
The bow collector is one of the simplest and most reliable methods of current collection used on tramways. The very earliest versions were simply very heavy-gauge wire or steel bars bent into a rectangular shape and mounted long-side-down on the tramcar roof. The collector was then raised by a spring, so that its top edge would press against the wire above. That top edge is made of a 1-inch (or more) wide steel rod, machined to have a bow-shaped cross section; that cross-section inspired the name. This bow-shaped rod is referred to as the 'collector plate', and in later models may be up to several inches wide, positive polarity are collected by the bow while the other polarity are at the rails, these are for safety purposes. Unlike many trolley poles, the bow collector does not normally have a revolving base (an exception was in Rome, where the entire assembly could be revolved), but is rather fixed centrally to the tramcar's roof.

After 1900, the simple framing methods mentioned above were gradually replaced by more complex and sophisticated methods, but the general mode of operation remained the same. The changes of design are most noticeable on systems where both double- and single-deck cars were used on the same system. Single deck trams usually have tall and lightly constructed collectors with complicated frames to support the heavy cast-steel collector plate, while double-deck cars usually have heavier collectors with less complicated frames.

To maintain good electrical contact, the bow collector must exert quite strong pressure on the wire above, and so a complex system of springs or weights are put into use to ensure good electrical contact. The wire itself has to be tensioned and kept as flat as possible, a requirement shared for both bow collectors and pantographs.

The steel rails on the tracks act as the electrical return.

Operation
Properly the bow collector should be mounted in such a way so that the top edge of the collector plate would rise several inches above the wire when the collector frame is standing straight up. Thus the collector usually leans opposite to the direction of travel; when the time comes to travel in the opposite direction, the collector must be swung over. To allow this to happen, the overhead wire must be raised by several inches at places where the bows are swung over, such as terminals and turn-outs. This operation is usually achieved by ropes and pulleys. The collector is folded down to a horizontal position when the car is not in use.

Some early cars had no means to swing the bows over. It was thought that this would happen automatically when the tramcar started travelling the other way, but collectors such as these were a failure.

Most Soviet trams (of which some are still in use in the USSR's successor states) had no means to swing the bows over. These trams were "single-ended", and not designed to travel both ways. Some trams, such as the KTV-55-2 tram, had two bow collectors to handle both directions.

Advantages and modern usage
The bow collector has fewer moving parts than the trolley pole, but is heavier and sometimes more complicated to construct. The construction of overhead wires for bow collectors is simpler than trolley pole wiring. As bow collectors do not have revolving mountings, the collector cannot jump off the wire or follow the wrong one at intersections, as trolley poles sometimes do. Thus overhead 'frogs' and guides for trolley poles are not necessary with bow collectors. Bow collectors are, however, much noisier than trolley poles.

The overhead wires for bow collectors are stretched tighter than for trolley poles, and straight sections are 'staggered', that is, the wire does not run completely straight down the centreline of the track, but rather zig-zags slightly across a small distance. This distributes wear across the bow collector's collector plate, and extends the collector's life. Overhead wires also are 'staggered' for pantographs, so systems may replace bow collectors with pantographs on the trams without modifying the overhead.

In addition to some vintage tramways, bow collectors are still used in some tram systems in the former Soviet Union, e. g., in Kazan, Minsk, and Dzerzhinsk.

Rigid collectors
On the Isle of Man, the Snaefell Mountain Railway's implementation is unusual in that the overhead wire is slack and free to hang in a catenary. Hopkinson bow collectors are used, to avoid problems with trolley poles in high winds on the mountainous route – the Snaefell line also uses a Fell rail for braking. Each car has two rigidly vertical bow collectors, with a slack wire above them making contact under its own weight. The collectors are not quite tall enough to make contact with the wire at its suspension points. They are far enough apart, relative to the pole spacing, so that while one is out of contact with the wire the other is mid span and making good contact. The collectors can only be lowered by unbolting them at roof level, whilst the power is off. This inability to isolate them easily hampered fire fighting when car 5 caught fire in 1970.

Similar collectors were also used at first on the nearby and slightly earlier Manx Electric Railway. They gave trouble initially with poor contact and so the slack wire system was developed. A tensioned wire usually gave a good contact but broke contact when the collector passed the pole. Slackening the wire and deliberately lifting it up clear of the collector at the poles allowed its weight to give a reliable contact over the other collector, spaced to be at the midpoint between poles. A revised collector was in use within the first few years, by 1900. A small hinged bow frame was placed on top of the fixed uprights, giving a sprung contact. Bow collectors did not last though and were replaced with trolley poles.

title: Bow collector


text:
File:Fingathing TheMainEvent albumcover.jpg

http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/B000051VLO.02.LZZZZZZZ.jpg

This image is of the UK CD cover for the Fingathing album, The Main Event. It is used in the article about the album, The Main Event (album). The image is therefore illustrative of, and directly relevant to, the article's content. The justification / rationale for using this image is:

 * The image is directly relevant to, or is representative of, the article in which it appears.
 * The presence of the image improves and/or gives clarity to the article in which it appears.
 * The image is of low size and quality.
 * The image depicts, or is used to promote, a product. Use of the image in an encyclopedic article relevant to that product does not harm or diminish the product, its creators, the original artist / designer of the image, the film company, publishers or studios that market the product, or any other personnel involved in its production in any way.
 * The image was taken from the website that is sourced above. On the source website, the image was used to advertise or review the product. Use of the image in a relevant encyclopedic article does not harm or diminish the source website's continued use of the image for their intended purposes.
 * The image is unlikely to have been edited. However, there are two circumstances where it may have been edited by the uploader:
 * 1) If the original image was large, the uploader may have reduced the size prior to uploading to Wikipedia.
 * 2) If borders, shadows or other effects had been added to the image on the source website, these may have been removed by the uploader purely for the purpose of returning the exact likeness of the original product.
 * Neither of these forms of editing affect the other points listed here.

Gram123 16:27, 8 November 2007 (UTC)


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Static induction thyristor

The static induction thyristor (SIT, SITh) is a thyristor with a buried gate structure in which the gate electrodes are placed in n-base region. Since they are normally on-state, gate electrodes must be negatively or anode biased to hold off-state. It has low noise, low distortion, high audio frequency power capability. The turn-on and turn-off times are very short, typically 0.25 microseconds.

History
The first static induction thyristor was invented by Japanese engineer Jun-ichi Nishizawa in 1975. It was capable of conducting large currents with a low forward bias and had a small turn-off time. It had a self controlled gate turn-off thyristor that was commercially available through Tokyo Electric Co. (now Toyo Engineering Corporation) in 1988. The initial device consisted of a p+nn+ diode and a buried p+ grid.

In 1999, an analytical model of the SITh was developed for the PSPICE circuit simulator. In 2010, a newer version of SITh was developed by Zhang Caizhen, Wang Yongshun, Liu Chunjuan and Wang Zaixing, the new feature of which was its high forward blocking voltage.

title: Static induction thyristor


text:
File:Fingathing SuperheroMusic albumcover.jpg

http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/B000067DSC.02.LZZZZZZZ.jpg

This image is of the UK CD cover for the Fingathing album, Superhero Music. It is used in the article about the album, Superhero Music. The image is therefore illustrative of, and directly relevant to, the article's content. The justification / rationale for using this image is:

 * The image is directly relevant to, or is representative of, the article in which it appears.
 * The presence of the image improves and/or gives clarity to the article in which it appears.
 * The image is of low size and quality.
 * The image depicts, or is used to promote, a product. Use of the image in an encyclopedic article relevant to that product does not harm or diminish the product, its creators, the original artist / designer of the image, the film company, publishers or studios that market the product, or any other personnel involved in its production in any way.
 * The image was taken from the website that is sourced above. On the source website, the image was used to advertise or review the product. Use of the image in a relevant encyclopedic article does not harm or diminish the source website's continued use of the image for their intended purposes.
 * The image is unlikely to have been edited. However, there are two circumstances where it may have been edited by the uploader:
 * 1) If the original image was large, the uploader may have reduced the size prior to uploading to Wikipedia.
 * 2) If borders, shadows or other effects had been added to the image on the source website, these may have been removed by the uploader purely for the purpose of returning the exact likeness of the original product.
 * Neither of these forms of editing affect the other points listed here.

Gram123 16:27, 8 November 2007 (UTC)


text:
File:Fingathing AndTheBigRedNebulaBand albumcover.jpg

http://images-eu.amazon.com/images/P/B0001CVBBE.02.LZZZZZZZ.jpg

This image is of the UK CD cover for the Fingathing album, And the Big Red Nebula Band. It is used in the article about the album, And the Big Red Nebula Band. The image is therefore illustrative of, and directly relevant to, the article's content. The justification / rationale for using this image is:

 * The image is directly relevant to, or is representative of, the article in which it appears.
 * The presence of the image improves and/or gives clarity to the article in which it appears.
 * The image is of low size and quality.
 * The image depicts, or is used to promote, a product. Use of the image in an encyclopedic article relevant to that product does not harm or diminish the product, its creators, the original artist / designer of the image, the film company, publishers or studios that market the product, or any other personnel involved in its production in any way.
 * The image was taken from the website that is sourced above. On the source website, the image was used to advertise or review the product. Use of the image in a relevant encyclopedic article does not harm or diminish the source website's continued use of the image for their intended purposes.
 * The image is unlikely to have been edited. However, there are two circumstances where it may have been edited by the uploader:
 * 1) If the original image was large, the uploader may have reduced the size prior to uploading to Wikipedia.
 * 2) If borders, shadows or other effects had been added to the image on the source website, these may have been removed by the uploader purely for the purpose of returning the exact likeness of the original product.
 * Neither of these forms of editing affect the other points listed here.

Gram123 16:27, 8 November 2007 (UTC)


text:
Hurricane Emily (2005)

Hurricane Emily was a powerful early season tropical cyclone that caused significant damage across the Lesser Antilles, the Caribbean, and Mexico. The fifth named storm of the record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, Emily is one of only two Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes on record in the month of July, along with Hurricane Beryl in 2024. It formed on July 11 from a tropical wave, which progressed westward across the Atlantic. Three days later, the hurricane struck Grenada before entering the eastern Caribbean Sea. After fluctuating in intensity, Emily strengthened to attain maximum sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) on July 16 while passing southwest of Jamaica. Slight weakening occurred before Emily made landfall along Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula on July 18. Quickly crossing the peninsula, Emily emerged into the Gulf of Mexico and reorganized, making a second landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas on July 20. It rapidly weakened and dissipated over land.

Just ten months after Hurricane Ivan's damaging path through the Caribbean, Emily wrought additional damage to the Lesser Antilles, damaging or destroying hundreds of homes. A landslide killed a person on Grenada, and damage on the island totaled US$110.4 million. Later, five people died in Jamaica due to a vehicle accident, while ten people died in Haiti related to floods from the storm. Emily's impacts occurred as far south as Honduras, where one person drowned due to river flooding from the storm. In northeastern Mexico, the hurricane left widespread power outages, affecting 200,000 people, with additional flood damage during its last landfall. Damage in Mexico was estimated at over US$843.3 million, with five deaths in the country.

Meteorological history
On July 6, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa. Moving westward, the disturbance gradually organized until July 10, at which point convection became more concentrated, and it is estimated Tropical Depression Five formed in the central tropical Atlantic that evening. Late on July 11, it strengthened and was named Tropical Storm Emily. Initially forecast to strengthen rapidly and move west-northwest through the Greater Antilles, Emily instead moved almost due west toward the Windward Islands, remaining a moderate tropical storm. The storm languished while moving quickly west, and struggled with maintaining its form. Contrary to the normal occurrence that hurricanes leave a cold wake behind, Hurricane Dennis had made portions of the Caribbean warmer, and therefore more favorable for tropical cyclone development. Late on July 13, Emily strengthened rapidly and reached hurricane strength while passing north of Tobago and entering the eastern Caribbean. On July 14, Emily made landfall in northern Grenada with 85 mph winds.

The intensification trend picked up again the next day with a fairly rapid drop in the storm's central pressure as it entered the southeastern Caribbean Sea, a region typically unfavorable for intensification. Hurricane Emily's winds increased in reaction, briefly bringing the storm to Category 4 strength early on July 15. During the day, the storm's strength fluctuated greatly, dropping to a Category 2 storm before reintensifying to a Category 4. On July 16, Emily strengthened considerably, reaching peak Category 5 winds of 160 mph. Initially at this point, Emily was thought to have peaked as a Category 4 storm, but the post-storm analysis showed it was indeed a Category 5 hurricane. Unrelated to Emily, Typhoon Haitang developed and intensified into a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon around the same time Emily intensified into a Category 5 hurricane, marking the first time since Typhoons Ivan and Joan in 1997 when two tropical cyclones of Category 5 strength existed simultaneously in the Northern Hemisphere. The storm weakened slightly as it continued westward, and remained a Category 4 while passing south of Jamaica and, on July 17, the Cayman Islands. Emily continued on its nearly straight track to the west-northwest, weakening somewhat but remaining at Category 4 strength until striking Cozumel just before mainland landfall at Playa del Carmen at 06:30 UTC on July 18. Sustained winds were 130 mph, and the eyewall passed directly over Cozumel.

The center of circulation emerged over the Gulf of Mexico later that morning. Passage over land disrupted the hurricane's center of circulation, and it had weakened to a minimal hurricane with wind speeds of 75 mph. However, several hours over the warm waters of the western Gulf provided the energy needed for Emily to regenerate, and by midnight wind speeds were increasing. The increase in wind speed stalled, but the storm continued to become better organized. Emily started to show very symmetrical outflow, but the hurricane's strongest winds were being found at three different distances from the center. However, the outer wind radii subsided in the end, and the inner core prevailed. The result was a rapid strengthening of the inner core on the evening of July 19. The pressure dropped about 30 millibars and the winds went from 90 mph to more than 125 mph, all within a few hours.

Further strengthening was expected by forecasters, but did not come. The storm's motion slowed, and the center began wobbling erratically toward the coast. The storm made landfall around 11:00 UTC on July 20 near San Fernando in Tamaulipas. The storm had sustained winds of 125 mph, Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. After heading inland over northeast Mexico, it dissipated over the Sierra Madre Oriental on July 21.

Eastern Caribbean
Still recovering from Hurricane Ivan a year prior, which damaged or destroyed approximately 90 percent of housing, residents in Grenada took quick action to prepare for Emily, including declaring a state of emergency. A shortage of construction material stagnated rebuilding after Ivan. This left fewer buildings as reliable shelters and many homes without roofs by the arrival of Emily. Of the 80 buildings considered for public shelters, 45 were used as such, with 1,650 people seeking refuge in them. Residents rushed to stock up on emergency supplies, resulting in heavy road traffic. The International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) described residents to be in "panic"; grocery stores were emptied and stretches of cars lined at gas stations. The Grenada Red Cross Society affirmed their stockpile of 2,000 jerry cans, 600 blankets, 100 tarps, 50 cots, and 10 generators. They also coordinated evacuations with local transportation services. The nation's government enacted a curfew from 7:00 p.m. July 14 to 6:00 a.m. July 15 local time. Telecommunication services Cingular and Digicel suspended service as a precaution.

In the easternmost Caribbean Island of Barbados, the government ordered the closure of businesses while residents stocked up on emergency supplies. Shelters were opened nationwide, and local radio stations broadcast regular warnings to alert the public. A delegate from the Panama Regional Delegation was sent to assist the local chapter of the Red Cross. The Dominica Red Cross Society confirmed emergency resources were properly stockpiled. Trinidad and Tobago activated its National Emergency Centre and ordered the closure of commerce. Approximately 544 people sought refuge in shelters across Trinidad and Tobago. BP evacuated all but 11 essential workers from their 14 oil platforms around the nation. Businesses shuttered across St. Vincent and the Grenadines and St. Lucia. Although airports remained open, British Airways cancelled flights to and from Hewanorra International Airport. The St. Lucia Red Cross placed ten response teams on standby. The Antigua and Barbuda Red Cross placed 100 personnel on standby. The Pan American Disaster Response Unit (PADRU), already prepping its response to Hurricane Dennis, allocated supplies for the anticipated effects of Emily.

In Venezuela, a few oil tankers were forced to remain at Puerto la Cruz. Some flights were cancelled or delayed as early as July 12. Residents were alerted to the possibility of floods and mudslides. A red alert was issued for Aragua and 100 personnel were deployed to coastal communities. People living or visiting the Los Roques Archipelago were advised to remain sheltered in their homes. Conditions were considered safe by July 15 and activities returned to normal. Alerts were also raised for the nearby islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao.

Greater Antilles
Recently impacted by Hurricane Dennis, concerns were raised of further damage in Jamaica, especially with soils already saturated. In the former nation, PADRU requested immediate shipment of relief supplies, particularly hygiene kits and plastic tarps. The Jamaica Red Cross moved supply stockpiles originally intended for Dennis-related relief to southern areas of the island in preparation for Emily. The nation's Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management advised residents to check their disaster supply kits, ensure their property was secured, and be prepared to evacuate. Fishermen, especially those out by the Morant Cays and Pedro Bank, were advised to return to port. Prime Minister P. J. Patterson ordered J$100,000 be made available for each of the nation's constituencies. A further J$250,000–300,000 would be allocated for the activation of public shelters. Thousands of people were evacuated from coastal communities, including all of Port Royal and many from Portmore. Government offices were closed beginning on July 15 and local businesses were advised to do the same. Upon the onset of the storm, a total of 3,269 people were utilizing public shelters.

On July 14, residents of the Cayman Islands were alerted to the potential effects of Emily. The following day shelters were opened across the territory: all but one on Grand Cayman, two on Cayman Brac, and one on Little Cayman. Owen Roberts and Charles Kirkconnell International Airports shut down for the duration of the hurricane. Water Authority - Cayman shut down services starting the night of July 16 with utilities to be reactivated after the storm. The territory's government enacted a curfew and warned all residents that emergency services would not be responding to calls during the storm.

Already severely impacted by Hurricane Dennis, alerts were raised for four departments in Haiti on July 15: Grand'Anse, Ouest, Sud, and Sud-Est. In neighboring Dominican Republic, storm alerts were issued for the towns of Baní and Pedernales.

Mexico
On July 15, the Mexican Red Cross began preparations for potential impact from Emily. The agency transported 30 tonne of supplies, rescue vehicles, communication teams, and pantry trailers to the Yucatán Peninsula. Preparations to evacuate thousands of residents from coastal communities (up to 1 km inland) in the eastern Yucatán Peninsula began on July 16, including the islands of Cozumel, Holbox, and Mujeres. Supermarkets in Mérida were packed with residents stocking up on supplies. Officials in the state of Yucatán opened 1,118 shelters. Emergency services prepped response units for medical needs. State authorities in Campeche prepared 624 shelters with a collective capacity of 85,000 persons. A state of alert was raised for Veracruz, prompting the readying of shelters. Considered an "extremely dangerous" storm, with a trajectory mirroring Hurricane Gilbert in 1988, the highest level of alert was issued for the states of Yucatán and Quintana Roo on July 17. Residents in these areas were advised to stockpile supplies, board up their homes, and shelter in sturdy structures; travel during the storm was advised against. In response to this, "massive" evacuations began that day. With the region being a tourist destination, an estimated 120,000 people were visiting at the time of Emily's approach. Local officials ordered the evacuation of 85,000 people, and the complete relocation of guests at beach hotels in Cancún. An estimated 60,000 people were relocated to gymnasiums, hotels, and schools farther inland. Some hotels packed 15 people into a single room. Approximately 2,000 tourists from three hotels locked inside a gymnasium without air conditioning or fans by soldiers. On July 16, Cancún International Airport saw 340 departing flights, 100 more than normal. The Mexican military mobilized in preparation for rescue operations.

Numerous oil platforms owned by Pemex in the Gulf of Mexico were evacuated—approximately 15,800 workers—and two ports used for crude oil exports were closed. Two pilots died during the evacuation process when their helicopter crashed amid high winds.

Hotel guests were evacuated on Saturday afternoon, and staff on Sunday afternoon. Though some hotel guests in second floor rooms and above were given the option to be bussed into the center of Cancún to safe houses and shelters or to stay and wait out the storm in only the modern built hotels and resorts. Most of the remaining guests were restricted to their rooms and were not allowed out on the beach areas. No alcohol was sold in Cancún for 36 hours prior to the arrival of the storm, in an attempt to avoid drunken tourists being injured during the night. A German resident was electrocuted on his roof in Playa del Carmen while preparing for the storm.

Elsewhere
On July 15, Belize's National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) initiated its preliminary phase of preparedness. An all-clear was issued for the nation as Emily traversed the Yucatán Peninsula on July 18. The Costa Rican National Meteorological Institute advised residents in high risk areas to be alert and to avoid venturing outside in the event of rainfall. Similarly, Defensa Civil de Cuba reminded people to remain vigilant.

United States
Early fears of Emily's potential disruption to oil production contributed to a one dollar rise in prices by July 13, bringing the cost of a barrel over US$60. Emergency management officials in Escambia County, Florida, became wary of Emily's formation on the heels of Hurricane Dennis. Although the storm was expected to remain in the Caribbean, county officials identified supplies used for Dennis-related relief; an influx of fuel was expected to normalize reserves before any potential impact. On July 17, the American Red Cross began preparations to open shelters and had emergency supplies deployed for rapid distribution in South Texas.

Caribbean
In Barbados, damaging winds downed trees and tore the roof off two homes. Tobago saw significant effects from rainfall up to 8 in and damaging winds. These rains caused extensive flooding, reaching a depth of 3 ft in some locations, with an estimated 200–300 homes being inundated. Rivers in the country's capital, Port of Spain, and across central Tobago topped their banks; many roads were inundated. Thirty people required evacuation in Chaguanas. Flooding in Couva left Caparo Village temporarily isolated. At least 16 homes lost their roof and 2 collapsed amid gusty winds. Approximately 40 percent of residences—15,630 Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission customers: 11,000 in Trinidad and 4,330 in Tobago—lost power and communications were temporarily lost with a town in the northern part of the country. In San Juan–Laventille, the Aranguez Bridge was rendered impassable after its supporting gabions were washed away. Landslides occurred along multiple sections of the Blanchisseuse Road between Matelot and Toco. Strong winds downed power lines on the island, one of which sparked a fire. Two homes were destroyed and thirty others were damaged across Trinidad while extensive flooding was reported island-wide.

Striking Grenada as a hurricane, Emily inflicted extensive damage to the already storm-battered nation. Hurricane-force winds tore roofs from homes, devastated agriculture, and worsened the nation's struggling economy. Nationwide, 2,641 homes were damaged and of which at least 120 were destroyed, leaving 167 families homeless. Of the impacted homes, 1,153 were in Saint Andrew Parish alone. Emily resulted in one fatality in Saint Andrew Parish from a landslide and significant damage in northern parts of the country, including Carriacou and Petite Martinique which had been spared from the worst effects of Ivan. A hospital in Carriacou lost its roof, forcing the relocation of patients, and many homes were damaged in Petite Martinique. Hardest hit were areas within Saint Andrew and Saint Patrick Parish Parishes. Mount Rich, located within the latter parish, saw the destruction of half its homes. A police station in Sauteurs lost its roof. Two of the main hospitals were flooded, including the one just rebuilt with assistance from Cuba after Ivan. Flooding affected communities in Saint George's, notably in Grenville. Much of the nation lost its water supply, though restoration of power quickly remedied this. The slowly recovering agricultural industry was devastated, with progress made in the wake of Ivan destroyed. Cash crops including corn, pigeon peas, and bananas were largely lost while breadfruit, nutmeg, and cocoa trees were negatively impacted. Damages in Grenada amounted to $110.4 million.

In St. Vincent and the Grenadines, various islands experienced differing degrees of damage. The most extensive occurred on Union Island where 21 homes were damaged, 17 severely. On Canouan, four homes had their roof torn off and three others had major damage. The roof of Canouan Airport was also damaged, though it continued operating normally. No structural damage occurred in St. Lucia; some debris washed ashore, however. One child was injured on St. Vincent. Losses to the banana crop were minimal.

Heavy rainfall began impacting Jamaica on July 16, with floods soon commencing in Trelawny Parish. More than 100 people required evacuation. Extensive flooding occurred in Saint Elizabeth Parish, with many roads rendered impassable or washed away altogether. Destruction of a coastal road rendered Treasure Beach inaccessible. Five people died when their vehicle was swept into a lake near Myersville. In Manchester Parish, at least 20 homes were inundated by floodwaters. Landslides were reported in eastern Jamaica, triggered by heavy rain as the storm passed south of the island. Damage in Jamaica was estimated at $65 million.

Heavy rainfall associated with Emily killed 10 people and affected 500 families in Saint-Marc, Haiti, as homes and vehicles were swept away. In Honduras, a man drowned in a river swollen by rains from Emily.

Yucatán Peninsula
Striking the Yucatán Peninsula on July 18 as a Category 4 hurricane, widespread damage was expected from 135 mph winds; however, these winds were confined to a small area around Emily's center. Areas in Playa del Carmen, Tulum and Cozumel sustained the most severe impact. In a few instances, concrete utility poles were snapped in half by powerful wind gusts. Due to the relatively fast movement of Emily, rainfall was fairly light, peaking at 4.9 in. Few meteorological reports exist during Emily's passage of the Yucatán, though an unofficial station recorded a storm surge of 15 ft in San Miguel, Cozumel. Along the mainland, surge heights were generally less than 4 ft. Additionally, waves reached 13 ft, resulting in some beach erosion and damage to dunes and coral reefs. Additionally, 0.7 mi of retaining walls sustained damage, leaving areas vulnerable to flooding from future storms.

The high winds produced by Emily caused considerable impact in Quintana Roo, especially in the municipality of Solidaridad, leaving nearly 200,000 residences without power. In terms of structural damage, 851 homes were impacted in varying degrees. Roughly 13,345 acre of forests and agricultural land was affected by the storm; some swathes of trees experienced defoliation. The most substantial losses associated with the hurricane stemmed from the tourism industry, with hotels experiencing 947 million pesos ($88.7 million) worth of damage. More than 12,500 rooms, nearly one-fifth of the state's available hotel infrastructure, sustained damage. Overall, damage in the state reached 1.11 billion pesos ($104.3 million).

Northeastern Mexico
Emily's second landfall as a strong Category 3 hurricane brought significant damage to the northeast coast of Mexico. In the fishing community of Laguna Madre, over 80% of the buildings were destroyed as a result of the storm surge. Several communities on the remote coast of Tamaulipas were isolated after the storm, and major coastal flooding was reported along with heavy wind damage, with numerous homes destroyed. Inland flooding was also reported in Monterrey.

Communication to the Riviera Maya area was difficult after the storm; not all cellular phones were receiving coverage to the area, land lines were down, and electricity was out. About 18,000 people in 20 low-lying communities in the state of Tamaulipas, just south of the U.S.-Mexican border, were evacuated. Including losses sustained by the oil industry, damage in Mexico amounted to 8.87 billion pesos ($834.3 million).

Texas
In southern Texas, damage was relatively minor despite the proximity of the storm. Portions of the state experienced tropical storm force winds and gusts as high as 65 mph, resulting in scattered roof damage. Along the coast, a storm surge of 4.26 ft flooded portions of SH 100. No significant structural damage was reported, although some trees were down and over 30,000 customers lost electricity. Rainfall from the storm peaked at 5.2 inches in Mercedes, Texas. Additionally, eight tornadoes touched down in Texas as a result of Emily, damaging or destroying several homes. The remains of Emily passed farther west into Texas and delivered some rainfall, which ended a drought. Agricultural losses in Texas amounted to $4.7 million, while property losses reached $225,000.

Caribbean
On the day of Emily's passage, the Government of Grenada began relief supply distribution and conducted aerial damage assessments. The Ministry of Works coordinated the deployment of worker crews. Grenada informed the United Nations that they could largely handle the disaster on their own, though some international assistance would be needed. Following further assessments, the nation formally appealed for international aid on July 18. The Grenada Coast Guard assisted with the distribution of emergency supplies to Carriacou on July 15. Power was restored to much of the nation within a day of the hurricane, though some residences would remain disconnected for several days. A second night of curfew was imposed from 11:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. local time July 15–16. Businesses resumed normal operations on July 16.

On July 15, the IFRC launched a joint-disaster appeal of 750,000 Swiss francs (US$590,000) for relief efforts related to Hurricanes Dennis and Emily. The target goal was 35,000 people throughout Grenada, Jamaica, and Haiti. Initial relief in Grenada would be carried out by the Grenada Red Cross, with focus placed on providing shelter and psychological support. The Government of Grenada made a request for 10,000–15,000 tarpaulins, hygiene kits, jerry cans, and first aid kits to the IFRC. The Oxford Committee for Famine Relief (OXFAM) deployed to Carriacou to build pit latrines. Food for the Poor "rushed" to assist Grenadians. India provided galvanized roofing material with expected delivery in August. UNICEF provided 10,000 oral rehydration salts, 5,000 water purification tablets, 500 water containers (with a collective capacity of 5000 L), and several trauma kits.

Trinidad and Tobago did not request international assistance, indicating they could handle relief with internal resources.

The Haitian Government coordinated with the IFRC to assist victims in Saint-Marc.

Jamaica's Rapid Damage Assessment Team conducted aerial assessments on July 17 to determine the extent of flooding.

title: Hurricane Emily (2005)


text: User talk:81.214.4.251

title: User talk:81.214.4.251


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ARTE

Arte or ARTE can refer to:
 * Art in Italian
 * Arte, a public Franco-German TV network
 * ARTE (Thermal Exchange), a project intended to create "Thermal Exchange", an experiment for the International Space Station
 * Arte River, a river in Australia
 * Nokia 8800 Arte, a luxury mobile phone
 * Arte Johnson (1929–2019), American comic actor
 * Arte (manga), a Japanese manga series

title: ARTE


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Cross Island, Mumbai

Cross Island, locally known as Chinal Tekdi, meaning hill of prostitutes , is an uninhabited or sparsely inhabited island located in Mumbai harbour, India, between the coast at Dockyard Road, and Elephanta Island, about 400 m from Ferry Wharf on the east coast of Mumbai. The island is host to an oil refinery and several large gas holders, and features the ruins of a fort.

In the news
A bomb, dating back to World War II, packed with 45 kilograms of explosives, was found at the Mumbai harbour off Cross Island by labourers of Jaisu Shipping Company, during dredging operations in 2010. A year later, workers also discovered two gold bars (100gm and 50gm) stuck in steel plates of the dredger's hopper.

In literature
Godfrey Joseph Pereria's Four And Twenty Black Birds:The Insane Life Of An English Smuggler In Bombay was published by Speaking Tiger in December 2021. In this book, a story unfolds on this island.

title: Cross Island, Mumbai