text:
Talk:Barnstaple

Barum?
It's not "often known locally as Barum". Barum may have been the name the Romans gave to it. More likely, it's a Victorian era or Edwardian era invention. Suggest this phrase is deleted. User:Josh Parris

I also agree with this and will change the article. I believe the word Barum was a Victorian era phrase. Jack 13:38, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

I notice that the item clarifying the use of Barum following this above discussion was recentlty (18 April) Removed by the anonymous 86.130.226.230. No justification or explanation for the removal was offered, so I have replaced it (slightly modified. If anyone cares to comment, please do Lynbarn 07:55, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey Lynbarn - that was the right thing to do, I have been following this page and must have missed that the Barum section had been removed. Thanks for reverting it. Jack 18:22, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Pannier Market
Any chance of a section on the Pannier Market?- it's also missing. Did some major editing due to ome very sub-standard work introduced by anonymous 86.130.226.230- lots of 'facts' out of thin air. Also deleted a lot of opinion, bias and colour added by the same user. Will revisit. User:Fremsley 04:29, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Population
I've removed the lines about '50% of the popl. having no qualifications' and its resultant spurious chain of logic. Also removed the lines about 'ageing popl'. The census shows that there's no huge difference between Barnstaple and England average age structure, at least no more than the amount of incoming retired people would account for. User:Fremsley 11:50, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Upcoming Events
''July 2007 will hail the begining of an Epic 4000km Longboard (skateboard) Marathon. Barnstaple (the closest large town to the team members of BeatsWalkinEurope will be the starting place for the journey as Sam Benson and Jay Duggan skate through the front door of their Local Skateshop Beats Workin' and onward through France, Switzerland, Italy and Spain. Before crossing the finish line in their home town of Westward Ho!''

What qualifies this type of time sensitive information? And, it sounds like it's just publicity. It doesn't have a very encyclopeadic 'ring' to it. Granted, that's entirely subjective on my part, but I'd like the contributors of that bit to explain their additions, rather than me just going ahead and deleting it, which, of course, would not be assuming good faith! :) Hail True Body 18:41, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I would agree that this isn't a particularly appropriate item for inclusion in the Barnstaple article, and it should perhaps be removed - or at least much reduced.

 * The linked website claims the event is in aid of three charities - perhaps the event would better recorded against the charities own articles? regards Lynbarn 19:58, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, this Upcoming Events stuff looks wrong in a professional encyclopedia. After years of editing (since early 2003) I can tell instantly tell whats OK and what's not, and this is not OK - Adrian Pingstone 20:33, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Greencrog
What's a Greencrog? I reverted it to Greengrocer, assuming it was a typo. Butcher's Row certainly does have a greengrocer (T.H. Lewis & Son - which is opposite the Pannier Market at the High Street end of Butcher's Row, the second shop along the row after the baker), so perhaps that should also be included? I should add that Wiktionary has no definition for this word.

Wikiproject
I think it's time there was a Wikiproject:Devon up and running. Anyone interested, come to my talkpage and we'll sort something out. I'm not much good at HTML but if we all put our heads together I'm sure we can get Devon articles the treatment they deserve. Totnesmartin 16:09, 11 December 2006 (UTC) The site for proposed projects is this:. Cheers! Totnesmartin 22:37, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Possible link spam?
Yesterday saw the appearance of a link on this and the North Devon pages of "The 'official' website of North Devon". Do these pages add anything or are they advertising? The word "official" and their position in the links pages suggests they are the latter. User:Fremsley 23:54, 9 February 2007 (UTC)~

 * I was suspicious of this link too. The fact that it was added to four+ pages at the same time is usually indicative of spam.  Also, the site contains little 'information', compared with a lot of publicity material.  Furthermore it is not specific to Barnstaple...

 * Maybe should be removed from all pages where it was added?

 * EdJogg 14:08, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Proposed merge from Queen's Theatre, Barnstaple
This tag has been around since January, but nothing has happened - should it be removed, or should the two articles be merged, or should the theatre article be expanded to make it more appropriate? Regards, Lynbarn 20:21, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Well the article as it stands ought to be titled "Theatre in Barnstaple", as the Queen's Theatre plays only a bit part (:o) ). When the merge tag was applied, the article consisted of just a single sentence along the lines of: "The Queen's Theatre, Barnstaple, is a theatre in Barnstaple, North Devon."

 * I suggest you go ahead and merge it, with a revised title, such as I have suggested above.

 * EdJogg 15:55, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Apart from EdJoggs comment above, there has been no great clamour to merge, so I have removed the tag. The theatre article now has more information in it, and I willadd more as time allows, which I think makes it worth keeping them separate. Regards,   Lynbarn    (talk)  22:37, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Barnstaple as an area
Can anyone say why the independent schools in 'Barnstaple area' are added. Shouldn't they be in either 'North Devon' or 'Torridge'? Fremsley 15:30, 1 October 2007 (UTC). Bit silly answering myself, but as nobody has replied I'm going to remove the 'Barnstaple area' schools by the end of the week- Barnstaple doesn't have an independent school in its boundaries, St Michael's being the closest (and still 2 miles distant). These things should be in North Devon. Fremsley 19:00, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Katie Hopkins
North Devon Journal, a local newpaper publihed in Barnstaple, has been calling her 'Bideford-born' for the last fortnight since she's been in "I'm a celebrity". Anyone like to correct (who isn't her "uncle")? Fremsley 12:03, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:EH icon.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:16, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Barnstaple Castle
I have added a section on Barnstaple Castle, copied from Barnstaple Castle, which latter article has now been given "main article" status, there is a lot more to be developed there in due course. It is absurd in an article on Barnstaple to have only 4 mentions of the word "castle", as passing references, with no mention at all in the "History" section, with no explanation for the word save a link to the "main article" in "See Also". (Lobsterthermidor (talk) 12:32, 21 January 2011 (UTC))

 * I'm not sure it is appropriate to copy a complete article (however small) into another, then link to the original as a main article as you have done, but I agree the castle could be more prominent. Some research is needed first though, to expand the castle article, as I no very little about the castle. Feel free to have a go if you have access to more information. Regards, Lynbarn (talk) 13:11, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Phone Code
A large number of websites contain an incorrect spelling duplicating an error present in Ofcom's (previously Oftel) UK area code list for the last decade. 01271 was listed as Barnstable in the official UK area code list and only recently corrected to Barnstaple, see their Errata. 212.139.105.91 (talk) 08:35, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

Request for Sanders and Blagdon source details
In tidying up the History section, I see that we don't have full ref details for Sanders or Blagdon. I've added a skeleton Sources section, could you (LT) fill them in, please? —S MALL JIM   17:29, 18 August 2012 (UTC)

Feudal barony
LT, regarding your reinstatement of the details of the feudal barony, I stand by my removal. We're back to the issue of relevance and appropriate content that we discussed regarding Orleigh Court. If you remember, User:Dailycare made the good point at Talk:Orleigh Court that an article's coverage of an aspect should be in rough proportion to the coverage that aspect receives in reliable sources. In this case, once I started reading up on the history of the town in the usual refs, I found that none of them has anything on the descent of the feudal barony. So these specialist details should not be covered in any depth in this general article about the town - a link to your new article is the best outcome. If you hadn't demerged it, I'd have done so shortly anyway. I'll await your comments before reverting. —S MALL JIM   11:58, 19 August 2012 (UTC)
 * The most authoritative source on feudal baronies is Saunders, I.J., English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086-1327, Oxford, 1960. Barnstaple is dealt with on pp.104-5. He was a professor at Oxford, so reliable.  The text I added was a basic summary of these pages. The point I was making in reverting your heavy-handed deletion was that the basic line of descent should remain, but you chopped it off at Juhel. A more nuanced edit was called for. It needs another couple of sentences, mentioning at least the main family names, surely? I don't know if your "usual refs" include Lois Lamplugh, 2002, which deals with elements of this topic, but clearly she was more concerned with the later history and lacks knowledge of Sanders' work, which she does not list in her bibliog. You really hate history don't you! Not all readers are like you! (Lobsterthermidor (talk) 12:41, 19 August 2012 (UTC))

 * Thanks for the reply. I'm not disputing the reliability of Sanders [sic], merely your extensive use of his specialist book in a general article about the town. I don't have Lamplugh (and Google/Amazon don't provide previews), but I've just read a complimentary review of the book in Trans. Dev. Ass., 2004. It says she "guides us through a succession of feudal lordships", so I propose to revert back to my shortened version of the section and will be happy if you'd add a proportionate summary of what she says about this. If you would use the book to expand some of the later history too (I see the Civil War was an interesting time there), that would also be useful to the project.
 * If I hated history, as you claim, I wouldn't spend so much time working on articles on the subject! And I suspect that my interests are closer to those of more readers than are yours: very few people are interested in the minutiae of descent - perhaps that's why Sanders has never been reprinted :) —S MALL  JIM   13:41, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
The lead has only one pronunciation at present but in the British Broadcasting Corporation's pronouncing dictionary of British names (ed. G. E. Pointon ; Oxford University Press, 1983; p. 18) only one is given, a different one i.e. with "p" rather than "b". This looks like a case where there are different Devonian and Standard English pronunciations.--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 21:09, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Definitely agree. The locals pronounce it with a b. The ending sounds like a slightly stretched out "bull" sound if that helps. JHJPDJKDKHI! (talk) 03:01, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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possible bogus content
Any objection to deleting the following: The majority of local people are employed in the yo-yo industry, either manufacture, instructing or professional use. Since the first world yo-yo championships in 2007, 8 championships have been won by a competitor from the town, given rise to its nickname ‘the up and down town’.Brownturkey (talk) 17:16, 26 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barnstaple


text:
1959 in comics

Notable events of 1959 in comics.

January

 * January 7: In Tintin, the first chapter of the Michel Vaillant story Le Pilote Sans Visage by Jean Graton, is published.
 * January 11:
 * After two years of publication Charles M. Schulz' It's Only a Game comes to an end.
 * The first episode of Jean Tabary's Totoche is printed in the magazine Vaillant.
 * January 25: Jean Tabary's Grabadu et Gabaliouchtou makes its debut.
 * January 31: Philip Mendoza's The Adventures of Katie Country Mouse debuts. It will run until 1964.
 * Mr. District Attorney, with issue #67 (January/February cover date), is cancelled by DC Comics.
 * In the Italian Disney magazine Topolino, the story Paperiade (The Ducks’ Iliad), based on a script by Guido Martina and drawings by Luciano Bottaro, is first published. That same year, Martina carries out Disney versions of other classics (Der ring des Nibelungen, Cantar de mio Cid, The Adventures of Saturnin Farandoul).

March

 * March 10: In the Italian magazine Topolino the story Mickey Mouse in the Delta Dimension, by Romano Scarpa is prepublished, which marks the debut of Atomo Bleep-Bleep and the return of Doctor Einmug, who hadn't been featured in 20 years.
 * March 15: After 38 years of publication Russ Westover's Tillie the Toiler is discontinued.
 * March 27: In Charles M. Schulz' Peanuts Lucy van Pelt opens up her psychiatric booth.
 * March 28: The final episode of Phiny Dick, Ton Beek, Eiso Toonder and Andries Brandt's Birre Beer is published.
 * March: Flash Comics, a series which ended in 1949 is rebooted and marks the debut of The Flash by John Broome and Carmine Infantino.
 * Carl Barks' Uncle Scrooge story The Flying Dutchman is first published.
 * In Italy, Renzo Barbieri debuts as writer and editor with the western series Timbergek.

April

 * April 16: in Spirou, first chapter of Z comme Zorglub, by Greg and Franquin.

May

 * May 20: The final episode of René Goscinny and Sempé's Le Petit Nicolas is serialized, still in comic strip format. In 1959 the series returns as illustrated short stories.
 * May 24: After two and a half years Frank Giacoia's Johnny Reb and Billy Yank comes to an end.
 * May 26: In Charles M. Schulz' Peanuts Sally Brown makes her debut.
 * May 30: John Dixon's Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors makes its debut.
 * Hopalong Cassidy, with issue #135 (May/June cover date), cancelled by DC.
 * Carl Barks's Donald Duck story The Beachcombers' Picnic is published in Walt Disney’s comics and stories.

June

 * June 6: Leo Baxendale's The Three Bears makes its debut in The Beano.
 * June 21: The first issue of the Belgian children's magazine Zonnekind, a sister publication of Zonneland, is published. In the first issue Nonkel Fons and Gray Croucher's Rikske en Fikske makes its debut.

July

 * July 2: In Spirou the first chapter of Les Schtroumpfs noirs by Peyo is prepublished, which is the first long narrative starring the Smurfs after they debuted as side characters in Johan and Peewit a year earlier.
 * July 30: In Spirou the first chapter of the Lucky Luke story En remontant le Mississippi, script by Goscinny, drawn by Morris is prepublished.

August

 * August 10: In the Italian magazine Topolino, the first episode of Paperino e l’isola del Tesoro (Donald and the Treasure Island) by Luciano Bottaro, inaugurating the cycle of the "pirate ducks" narratives, and The man from Oola-Oola, by Romano Scarpa, are published.
 * August 19: In Tintin magazine, The Michel Vaillant story Le circuit de la peur (The fear's circuit) by Jean Graton is first published.
 * In the Argentina magazine Supetotem, Hugo Pratt debuts as complete author (writer and illustrator) with the first episode of Ana y Dan, an adventure series set in the colonial Africa.

September

 * September 14: The new The Adventures of Nero story De Zoon van Nero starts in Het Volk, which marks the birth of Nero's son Adhemar.
 * September 24:The final issue of the Belgian Disney comics magazine Mickey Magazine is published.
 * September: Harvey Kurtzman's graphic novel Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book is first published.
 * La griffe noire by Jacques Martin (Le Lombard), fifth album of the series Alix, prepublished as a serial in Tintin.

October

 * October 6: In Charles M. Schulz' Peanuts Linus van Pelt first expresses his love for Miss Othmar.
 * October 10: After 27 years of publication Norman Pett's Jane comes to an end.
 * October 17: After 23 years of continuous publication Bill Connor and Steve Dowling's Belinda comes to an end.
 * October 17: The British comics magazine The Comet ceases to exist and merges into the new magazine Tiger.
 * October 17: After 42 years of publication Sidney Smith's The Gumps comes to an end.
 * October 19: Dennis Collins' The Perishers makes its debut.
 * October 24: The British boys' story paper The Hotspur is transformed into a comics magazine: The New Hotspur. It will run until 24 January 1981.
 * October 26: In Charles M. Schulz' Peanuts Linus van Pelt first talks about the Great Pumpkin.
 * October 29: The first issue of the French comics magazine Pilote is published, which will become one of the best-selling magazines ever in only a few years. In its first issue Astérix by René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo (introducing Asterix, Obelix, Getafix the druid, Vitalstatistix the chieftain and Cacofonix the bard ), Tanguy et Laverdure by Jean-Michel Charlier and Albert Uderzo and Jean-Michel Charlier and Victor Hubinon's Redbeard make their debut.
 * Specific date in October unknown: The first episode of André LeBlanc's Our Bible in Pictures is published. The series will run until 1964 and become a global bestseller.

November

 * November 5: Willy Vandersteen's De Rode Ridder, based on the novels by Leopold Vermeiren, makes its debut.
 * November 10: In the Italian magazine Topolino The Sacred Spring of Seasons, by Romano Scarpa is prepublished.

December

 * December 10: In the 1130th issue of the Belgian magazine Spirou a small supplement Smurfs comic book is added named Le Voleur de Schtroumpfs, in which Gargamel and Azrael make their debut.
 * December 16: Raymond Macherot's Clifton makes its debut.
 * December 24: Jean Roba and Maurice Rosy's Boule et Bill makes its debut in Spirou.
 * Carl Barks' Donald Duck story The Wax Museum is prepublished in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories.

Specific date unknown

 * Dick Millington's Mighty Moth makes its debut in TV Comic, where it will run until 1984.
 * In the newspaper Folha da Manha Mauricio de Sousa's comic strip Dudu makes its debut, which later, under the name Monica’s gang, will become the most popular Brazilian comic.
 * In Le parisien liberè, Tembo Tabou, by Greg, Andrè Franquin and Jean Roba, is prepublished.

January

 * January 7: Karl Kesel, American comic book writer and artist (Superman, Hawk and Dove, Fantastic Four).

March

 * March 14: Michelangelo La Neve, Italian comics writer (Dylan Dog, Martin Mystère), (d. 2022).

April

 * April 11: Oscar González Loyo, Mexican animator and comics artist (Karmatrón y Los Transformables), (d. 2021).

May

 * May 4: Henriette Valium, Canadian painter and comics artist, (d. 2021).

June

 * June 27: Dan Jurgens, American comic book artist and writer (Superman, Booster Gold, Batman Beyond, Thor).

July

 * July 10: Marc Daniëls, Belgian comics writer and artist (Stam & Pilou, various celebrity comics) and co-founder of Studio Max!, (d. 2021).

September

 * September 17: Frank Cummings, Venezuelan-American comics artist (Brain Squirts, assisted on Blondie, published in Cracked), (d. 2014).

November

 * November 19: Steve Lightle, American comics artist (Doom Patrol, continued Legion of Super-Heroes), (d. 2021).

January

 * January 30:, German caricaturist and comics artist (Jackel und Bastel), dies at age 60.

March

 * March 12: F. Verdugo, Spanish journalist and comics artist, dies at age 84.

April

 * April 15: Harry B. Martin, American comics artist (Weatherbird, It Happened in Birdland), dies from cerebral thrombosis at age 85.

May

 * May 1: Reginald Arkell, British novelist, playwright and comics writer (scripted Bosch the Soldier by Alfred Leete ), dies at age 76.

July

 * July 2: R. F. Schabelitz, American illustrator and comics artist, dies at age 72.
 * July 6: George Grosz, German painter, caricaturist, and illustrator, dies at age 65.
 * July 31: Nikolai Kogout, Russian painter, illustrator and poster designer (some of his posters make use of sequential narratives), dies at age 67.

August

 * August 4: Eric Ericson, American comics artist and cartoonist (The Grounded Gremlin, Herkimer Fuddle), dies at age 45.
 * August 5: Frank Godwin, American comics artist and illustrator (Connie, Rusty Riley, continued Roy Powers, Eagle Scout), dies at age 69 from a heart attack.
 * August 11: Matt Baker, American comics artist (Phantom Lady, Flamingo) dies at age 37.
 * August 11: Bert Wymer, British comics artist and archeologist (continued Tiger Tim), dies at age 68.

September

 * September 1: Joseph Wirt Tillotson, American illustrator and comic artist, (Our Bible in Pictures), dies at age 54.
 * September 28: Gerard Hoffnung, German-British cartoonist and musician, dies at age 34 from a cerebral haemorrhage.
 * September 29: Bruce Bairnsfather, British comics artist and cartoonist (Old Bill), dies at age 72 from bladder cancer.

October

 * October 10: Carl Ed, American comics artist (Harold Teen), dies at age 69.

November

 * November 21: Hal Forrest, American comics artist (Artie the Ace, Tailspin Tommy), dies at age 64.

December

 * December 7: Peter Beekman, Dutch comics artist (Hansje, Ansje en de Meeuw, Rare, Maar Ware Commentaren), dies at age 48.
 * December 9: Gene Carr, American comics artist (Lady Bountiful, The Bad Dream That Made Bill A Better Boy), dies at age 78.

Specific date unknown

 * Wasdale Brown, British illustrator comics artist (drew the off-model replacement comic for Rupert Bear in 1933), dies at age 56 or 57.
 * Will Donald, Australian comics artist (Fashion Plate Fanny), dies at age 85 or 86.
 * Norman Yendell Ward, British comic artist (comics for Film Fun magazine), dies at age 53.

First issues by title

 * Kathy - Marvel Comics
 * A Date with Millie - Marvel Comics
 * Pilote magazine, featuring debuts of the series Astérix by René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, and Michel Tanguy by Uderzo and Jean-Michel Charlier. (October 29)
 * Giubba rossa – Edizioni Araldo (June); Italian version of the English series dedicated to the RCMP sergeant Dick Daring.
 * Tales of Suspense - Marvel Comics
 * Tales to Astonish - Marvel Comics

Initial appearance by character name

 * Pugacioff (May) in Cucciolo, created by Giorgio Rebuffi.
 * Whisky & Gogo in Cucciolo, created by Luciano Bottaro.
 * Asterix and Obélix make their debut on 29 October 1959 in the first issue of Pilote.
 * Tanguy et Laverdure make their debut in the first issue of Pilote.

DC Comics

 * Abin Sur in Showcase #22 (October) created by John Broome and Gil Kane - DC Comics
 * Bat-Mite in Detective Comics #267 (May), created by Bill Finger and Sheldon Moldoff - DC Comics
 * Carol Ferris in Showcase #22 (September), created by John Broome and Gil Kane - DC Comics
 * Circe in Showcase #21 (July), created by Jack Miller and Mike Sekowsky - DC Comics
 * Congorilla in Action Comics #248 (January) created by Robert Bernstein and Howard Sherman - DC Comics
 * Gorilla Grodd in The Flash #106 (May), created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino - DC Comics
 * Hal Jordan in Showcase #22 (October) created by John Broome and Gil Kane - DC Comics
 * Human Flame in Detective Comics #274 (December), created by Jack Miller and Joe Certa - DC Comics
 * Karin Grace in The Brave and the Bold #25 (September), created by Robert Kanigher and Ross Andru - DC Comics
 * Lady Blackhawk in Blackhawk #133(February), created by Jack Schiff and Dick Dillin - DC Comics
 * Lori Lemaris in Superman #129 (May), created by Bill Finger and Wayne Boring - DC Comics
 * Lucy Lane in Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen #36 (April), created by Otto Binder and Curt Swan - DC Comics
 * Metallo in Action Comics #252 (May), created by Robert Bernstein and Al Plastino - DC Comics
 * Mirror Master in The Flash #105 (March), created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino - DC Comics
 * Mister Freeze in Batman #121(February), created by Dave Wood and Sheldon Moldoff - DC Comics
 * Pied Piper in The Flash #106 (May), created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino - DC Comics
 * Rick Flag in The Brave and the Bold #25 (August), created by Robert Kanigher and Ross Andru - DC Comics
 * Rip Hunter in Showcase #20 (June), created by Jack Miller and Ruben Moreira - DC Comics
 * Sgt. Rock in Our Army at War #81 (April), created by Robert Kanigher and Joe Kubert
 * Solovar in The Flash #106 (April), created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino - DC Comics
 * Suicide Squad in Brave and Bold #25, created by Robert Kanigher and Ross Andru - DC Comics
 * Supergirl in Action Comics #252 (May), created by Otto Binder and Al Plastino - DC Comics
 * The Clock in Detective Comics #265 (March), created by Bill Finger and Sheldon Moldoff - DC Comics
 * Weather Wizard, in Flash #110 (December 1959/January 1960)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1959 in comics


text:
Jonathan Blanchard (statesman)

Jonathan Blanchard (September 18, 1738 – July 16, 1788) was an American lawyer, farm owner, and statesman from Dunstable, New Hampshire. He was a delegate for New Hampshire to the Continental Congress in 1784.

Jonathan was the son of Colonel Joseph Blanchard (1704–1758) and Rebecca (Hubbard) Blanchard (1710–1774) of Dunstable. He was the sixth of eleven children who lived to adulthood. His father, the Colonel, was also an active leader in New Hampshire as a judge in the Superior Court and member of the Governor's Council.

Jonathan was active in the New Hampshire Militia, rising to the rank of major by 1765. That year he married Rebecca Farwell (1739–1811) and they made their home in Dunstable for the rest of their lives. They would have six children: Rebecca (1766), Grace (1768), Sophia (1769), Abigail (1770), Charles (1776), and Elizabeth (1777).

As New Hampshire moved toward a revolutionary government, Blanchard was elected first to the Provincial Congress in 1775 and then to the state's House of Representatives in 1776. He served on New Hampshire's Committee of Safety from 1776 to 1778.

When a new government was established Blanchard served as the Attorney General for New Hampshire from 1777 until 1782. In 1783 he was named as a delegate to the Continental Congress but wasn't able to attend. He was re-appointed the following year, and took his seat in the Congress.

In 1784 Blanchard was elected to the New Hampshire State Senate. He was also named as Brigadier General of the state's militia, a position he held until his death. He died at home in Dunstable and was buried in the town's burying ground. Dunstable is now named Nashua, New Hampshire, and the cemetery is called the Old South Cemetery, located on the Daniel Webster Highway.

title: Jonathan Blanchard (statesman)


text:
Post-industrial economy

A post-industrial economy is a period of growth within an industrialized economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing reduces and that of services, information, and research grows.

Such economies are often marked by a declining manufacturing sector, resulting in de-industrialization, and a large service sector as well as an increase in the amount of information technology, often leading to an "Information Age"; information, knowledge, and creativity are the new raw materials of such an economy. The industry aspect of a post-industrial economy is sent into less developed nations which manufacture what is needed at lower costs through outsourcing. This occurrence is typical of nations that industrialized in the past such as the United Kingdom (first industrialised nation), most of Western Europe and the United States.

title: Post-industrial economy


text:
1908 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1908 Atlantic hurricane season was an active Atlantic hurricane season. Thirteen tropical cyclones formed, of which ten became tropical storms; six became hurricanes, and one of those strengthened into a major hurricane – tropical cyclones that reach at least Category 3 on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale. The season's first system developed on March 6, and the last storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 23.

1908 remains the only Atlantic hurricane season on record to feature two hurricanes prior to the month of June. The season's most intense tropical cyclone peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph in mid-September. Significant damage and at least 26 deaths occurred in Turks and Caicos Islands and the Bahamas as a result of this storm. Most of the other systems also impacted land. In May, the second storm caused thousands of dollars in damage and one indirect death in the Northeastern United States. The next system caused flooding in North Carolina, resulting in the deaths of two children. In late September and early October, the eighth system caused considerable damage in portions of the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas, leaving six people dead. A hurricane which struck the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua inflicted severe damage in several communities and killed at least two people. Overall, the tropical cyclones of the season collectively caused at least 37 fatalities.

Season summary
Tropical cyclogenesis began on March 6, 1908, when the first system was initially detected northeast of the Lesser Antilles. It was the only off-season Atlantic tropical cyclone to reach Category 2 strength since the beginning of official records in 1851. On May 24, the next system developed near the Turks and Caicos Islands. When it intensified into a hurricane on May 28, the 1908 season became the only on record in which two systems reached hurricane status prior to the month of June. Thereafter, activity ceased for nearly two months, until the third cyclone formed northeast of the Bahamas on July 24, followed by another system forming in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico on July 29. The month of August featured two cyclones, a tropical depression and a tropical storm. September was the most active month, with five systems developing, including two hurricanes, one tropical storm, and two tropical depressions. In October, a hurricane and a tropical storm developed, the latter of which became extratropical on October 23, ending seasonal activity.

The season had a total of 10 tropical storms, 6 of which intensified into a hurricane. Re-analysis by José F. Partagás and Henry F. Diaz in 1997 resulted in the addition of the second system, while Christopher Landsea et al. added the sixth system in 2004 as part of the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project. Seven out of the ten systems reaching at least tropical storm intensity made landfall during the season. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of the 1908 Atlantic hurricane season caused at least 37 fatalities.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 95. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph, which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

Hurricane One
The 1908 March hurricane was initially observed by a ship at 12:00 UTC on March 6 while located about 430 mi northeast of Barbuda. Tracking in an unusual south-southwest direction, the storm intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Shortly before reaching the United States Virgin Islands early on March 8, the hurricane intensified into a Category 2 hurricane, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph and a minimum barometric pressure of 991 mbar, which was observed in Basseterre on Saint Kitts. Once in the Caribbean on March 8, the system slowly began to weaken, losing hurricane status the following morning. The storm was last noted about 130 mi north of Blanquilla Island late on March 9.

On Saint Barthélemy, some buildings were damaged. Winds in Saint Martin toppled peasant tents and damaged crops. The city of Basseterre on Saint Kitts reported winds at 50 mph and rainfall reaching 8 in. The storm beached 24 small crafts and boats and severely damaged crops.

Hurricane Two
A tropical depression developed on May 24 at 12:00 UTC about 50 mi southwest of Cockburn Town, Turks and Caicos Islands. Moving northwestward, the depression struck the Turks and Caicos Islands. Around 06:00 UTC on May 26, the depression intensified into a tropical storm. By late on May 27, the storm curved northeastward. The cyclone strengthened into a hurricane by 06:00 UTC the following day, becoming one of only three May hurricanes in the 20th century, with the others being Able in 1951 and Alma in 1970. The cyclone made landfall west of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, with winds of 75 mph around 21:00 UTC on May 29. A few hours later, the cyclone re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean. Early on May 30, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm. Accelerating northeastward, the storm struck eastern Long Island, New York, with winds of 40 mph late on May 30, just prior to making landfall near Noank, Connecticut, at the same intensity around 23:00 UTC. The storm became extratropical over southern Maine early on May 31. The remnants continued northeastward until dissipating over the northern portion of the state several hours later.

In North Carolina, the storm produced sustained winds up to 70 mph at Morehead City. Winds disrupted communications with towns along the Outer Banks. Rough seas generated by the storm in New Jersey swept away a significant amount of sand, especially at Long Branch. An oceanfront street in the city was closed after waves washed out approximately 300 ft of the road. In Rhode Island, storm surge and abnormally high tides wrecked many boats at Narragansett Bay. One person died of exhaustion during the storm and another suffered a serious injury when a tree fell on a car. Damage in the state was estimated in the thousands of dollars.

Hurricane Three
A disturbance developed into a tropical depression about 140 mi east-northeast of the Abaco Islands around 12:00 UTC on July 24. Heading northwestward, the depression intensified into a tropical storm about 24 hours later. Thereafter, the cyclone executed a slow cyclonic loop just north of Grand Bahama island, until it turned northward on July 29. Early on the following day, the system intensified into a hurricane, shortly before peaking with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph. Around 11:00 UTC on July 31, the hurricane made landfall in modern-day Emerald Isle, North Carolina, at the same intensity. The system then curved east-northeastward and weakened to a tropical storm just prior to re-emerging into the Atlantic late on July 31. By 18:00 UTC on August 2, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 175 mi southeast of Baccaro, Nova Scotia. The extratropical remnants continued northeastward across Newfoundland before dissipating on August 3.

Hurricane warnings were issued on July 30 from Hatteras, North Carolina, to Norfolk, Virginia. In North Carolina, the storm produced sustained winds up to 58 mph at Hatteras. The storm washed away cottages and boardwalks in Wrightsville. Rainfall peaked at 9.45 in in New Bern, while the storm contributed to the total of 9 in of precipitation that fell in Kinston over the course of four days. Flooding submerged the main city streets in Kingston and washed out railroad bridges and tracks. Two children drowned in the town of Roper. In Virginia, the highest known sustained wind speed was 46 mph at Cape Henry, causing damage to some crops. The extratropical remnants of the storm caused eight deaths in Atlantic Canada after several boats capsized. In Nova Scotia, the storm downed a number of trees and damaged many properties in Halifax. Heavy rainfall also washed out unpaved roads in the city and left them nearly impassable.

Tropical Storm Four
A tropical depression developed just offshore Sabine Pass, Texas, around 00:00 UTC on July 29. Moving southeastward, the depression intensified into a tropical storm about 12 hours later. Early on July 30, the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph. Eventually, it recurved to the north-northwest and headed toward Louisiana. At 22:00 UTC on July 31, the cyclone made landfall on Marsh Island, Louisiana, at the same intensity. The storm weakened to a tropical depression early on August 2, around the time it curved northeastward. By late on August 3, the system dissipated over northern Mississippi.

The storm dropped heavy rainfall in portions of Louisiana. The city of Franklin recorded 19.62 in of precipitation between July 26 and August 2, including 9.6 in in one day. The coastal parishes of Louisiana experienced severe flooding, with major damage to rice crops. Farther east, floodwaters inundated streets in the outskirts of New Orleans, necessitating the use of skiffs for navigation. Four coal barges carrying cargo collectively valued at $12,000 sank in the Mississippi River near New Orleans.

Tropical Storm Five
A ship detected a tropical storm about 230 mi southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, at 12:00 UTC on August 30. The storm moved westward, until turning northeastward late on August 31. At 00:00 UTC on September 1, the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph. Eight hours later, it made landfall near Cape Lookout, North Carolina, at the same intensity. Shortly thereafter, the storm reemerged into the Atlantic Ocean. The system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 18:00 UTC on September 2, while located about 135 mi southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts. The storm brought strong winds to portions of North Carolina and Virginia.

Hurricane Six
Historical weather maps indicate the presence of a tropical storm about 535 mi east-northeast of Barbados on September 7. Moving west-northwestward, the storm passed just north of the Lesser Antilles and slowly intensified, becoming a hurricane just offshore the Dominican Republic early on September 11. Thereafter, the cyclone strengthened more quickly, becoming a Category 2 hurricane just prior to striking Inagua in the Bahamas several hours later with winds of 100 mph. Around 12:00 UTC on September 12, the system strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph by early the following day. The storm curved northward and passed over or near several islands on September 13 and September 14, including Exuma, Cat Island, and Eleuthera. Later on September 14, the cyclone turned northeastward and exited the island chain. While traversing the open Atlantic, the system slowly weakened and remained a hurricane until falling to tropical storm intensity late on September 18 while just offshore Newfoundland. The storm soon struck the island and became extratropical near Port Rexton. The extratropical remnants continued northeastward and dissipated over the Labrador Sea late the following day.

The passing storm brought high winds and rough surf to the northern coast of Puerto Rico between September 9–10. Winds topped out at 40 mph in San Juan on July 10. In the Turks and Caicos Islands, wind gusts near 100 mph uprooted many trees and partially destroyed many buildings and homes on Grand Turk Island. The Haitian sloop Telegraph capsized at Hawk's Nest with the loss of all occupants. Overall, the storm killed at least 19 people in the island chain. In the Bahamas, significant damage was reported on Acklins, Crooked Island, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador Island. In Clarence Town, which is located on Long Island, the storm completely destroyed the churches, courthouse, and jail, as well as 97 percent of homes, leaving only five dwellings standing. On Inagua, the crew of the steamer Sibiria observed many wood-frame homes being destroyed in Matthew Town. The schooner Beulah McCabe sank in the vicinity of the Bahamas, causing the deaths of seven people. Wind gusts ranging from 50 - 60 mph impacted Bermuda, though damage was mainly limited to some uprooted trees. In Atlantic Canada, some boats along the south coast of Nova Scotia suffered minor damage.

Tropical Storm Seven
A ship first observed this tropical storm about 245 mi north-northwest of Telchac Puerto, Yucatán, at 12:00 UTC on September 16. The storm intensified gradually while moving northwestward, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph at 00:00 UTC on September 18. However, the cyclone soon quickly weakened, falling to tropical depression intensity about 18 hours later. It then dissipated about 70 mi south-southwest of the Texas–Louisiana state line.

Hurricane Eight
A tropical storm was first detected on September 21 about 670 mi northeast of French Guiana. The storm headed west-northwestward and slowly intensified, becoming a hurricane around the time it struck Guadeloupe on September 25. Entering the Caribbean Sea, the hurricane continued westward, until curving to the northwest while south of Hispaniola on September 27. Early the next day, the storm made landfall in Haiti near Marigot, Sud-Est, with winds of 80 mph. The system soon emerged over the Gulf of Gonâve, where it briefly weakened to a tropical storm late on September 28. Just after 12:00 UTC on September 29, the storm made another landfall near Imías, Guantánamo Province, Cuba, as a hurricane with winds of 85 mph. After the cyclone re-emerged into the Atlantic, it intensified while approaching the western Bahamas, becoming a Category 2 late on September 30. The hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph around the time it made landfall on Andros Island early the next day. The storm turned north-northeastward and then northeastward, causing it to strike the Abaco Islands before reaching the open Atlantic again late on October 1. The storm then executed a small cyclonic loop, before resuming an east-northeastward movement. By late on October 6, the system weakened to a tropical storm and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 350 mi east of Bermuda. The extratropical remnants continued east-northeastward and dissipated several hours later.

On Guadeloupe, the storm uprooted many trees, severely damaged sugarcane crops, and deroofed sugar factories. Communications were also disrupted. The captain of the Dutch steamer Prins Willem V. reported considerable damage in Haiti. In Cuba, the hurricane destroyed several buildings, including the custom house, which was under construction. Many fruit groves suffered substantial damage. The storm produced hurricane-force winds and heavy precipitation over the western Bahamas. At Nassau, sustained winds reached 80 mph. Much of New Providence was inundated due to rainfall amounts up to 7 in. Property damage was generally light, however, with only smaller dwellings and outbuildings being demolished. Several large vessels capsized in the vicinity of the island, resulting in six deaths. On the Abaco Islands, several buildings at a timber company's plant, one home, and several huts were destroyed. Eleuthera also reported extensive damage, including the destruction of a mission house, a chapel, and several other buildings. The storm toppled many coconut trees, while one plantation alone lost about 300 banana trees. Throughout the Bahamas, this storm, combined with the hurricane in mid-September, resulted in the near total loss of grapefruit, orange, and sisal crops. Additionally, the cyclone downed a number of trees and destroyed many gardens. Heavy rains and high winds also pelted Bermuda, damaging a number of structures.

Hurricane Nine
A ship indicated that a tropical depression developed about 160 mi north-northeast of Nombre de Dios, Colón, on October 14 at 12:00 UTC. Moving westward, the depression became a tropical storm early the following day. The storm later curved to the west-northwest and intensified into a Category 1 hurricane around 12:00 UTC on October 16. About 24 hours later, it became a Category 2 hurricane. Late on October 17, the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph. Early the next day, it made landfall in Nicaragua near Pearl Lagoon, South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region. The hurricane rapidly weakened after moving inland, falling to tropical storm intensity by 12:00 UTC on October 18 and weakening to a tropical depression at 00:00 UTC on October 19. Several hours later, the storm dissipated over Honduras.

The hurricane caused extensive impacts along the coast of Nicaragua from Cabo Gracias a Dios to Pearl Cays, with telegraph and telephone communications interrupted and railroads substantially damaged in that area. The towns of Prinzapolka and Rio Grande were completely destroyed. The New York Times reported "much loss of life," including at least two deaths in Rio Grande.

Tropical Storm Ten
An extratropical low-pressure area became a tropical storm about 280 mi west of Bermuda at 12:00 UTC on October 20. The cyclone moved southeastward and failed to strengthen beyond maximum sustained winds of 40 mph. Late on October 21, the storm curved southwestward and then northwestward early the next day. Due to colder sea surface temperatures, the system gradually lost tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 100 mi east-southeast of Charleston, South Carolina, early on October 23. The extratropical low moved ashore South Carolina near McClellanville before dissipating several hours later. Light rainfall was observed in South Carolina, with up to 2.86 in of precipitation recorded in Conway on October 23.

Other systems
In addition to the ten tropical cyclones reaching at least tropical storm intensity, three others remained tropical depressions. On August 3, a tropical depression formed about 360 mi southeast of Bermuda. The depression moved northeastward and later southeastward, before dissipating on August 5. Another tropical depression developed on September 12 about 100 mi west-northwest of Nouakchott, Mauritania. The depression moved southwestward and passed through the Cape Verde islands before dissipating on September 15. A trough developed into a tropical depression on September 21 about 600 mi northeast of French Guiana. The depression moved east-northeastward and may have intensified into a tropical storm. However, the depression was last noted on the following day.

title: 1908 Atlantic hurricane season


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User:Oxymoron01

Name: David Green Home: Flint, North Wales, United Kingdom Other home: Lincoln College, Oxford Occupation: Student, layabout, drunk, raconteur, politico DOB: 07/09/85 I currently pretend to study Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Oxford, in between Labour campaigning/gimpery and holding drunken arguments in pubs. I used to attend St Richard Gwyn RC High School, Flint. Something interesting: I made the papers when I sold Brasenose on eBay. And got into a lot of trouble for it. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZZw60HlhA0

title: User:Oxymoron01


text: User talk:84.129.158.6

title: User talk:84.129.158.6


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Visual gag

In comedy, a visual gag or sight gag is anything which conveys its humour visually, often without words being used at all. The gag may involve a physical impossibility or an unexpected occurrence. The humor is caused by alternative interpretations of the goings-on. Visual gags are used in magic, plays, and acting on television or movies.

Types
The most common type of visual gag is based on multiple interpretations of a series of events. This type is used in the 1935 Alfred Hitchcock film The 39 Steps. Lead actor Robert Donat was kidnapping actress Madeleine Carroll and they were handcuffed. When they checked into an inn, the innkeeper assumed that they were passionate lovers because of the handcuffs. The film used dialogue that could be interpreted both ways.

Another visual gag is a switched image, often at the beginning of a film. A subsequent view of the scene shows something not viewed before. Switched movement may be the gag, such as Charlie Chaplin in The Pawnshop. Chaplin fights with his coworker and aims to punch at him once. Their boss walks in mid-swing and Chaplin changes the motion to act like he was dropping to his knees to scrub the floor.

Noel Carroll established the most influential taxonomy of sight gags, breaking down the varieties into six types, two of which are enumerated below.

Mutual Interference: The audience is fully aware of the on-screen situation, but a character comically misunderstands

Mimed Metaphor: A variety of virtual simile an object may be treated as if it is a different object or be used in an unconventional way, such as acting like a doughnut is a barbell or using a tuba as an umbrella holder.

History
There are numerous examples in cinema history of directors who based most of the humor in their films on visual gags, even to the point of using no or minimal dialogue. Visual gags began in live theater. The first known use of a visual gag in a film was in the Lumière brothers' 1895 short, L'Arroseur Arrosé ("The Waterer Watered"), in which a gardener watering his plants becomes the subject of a boy's prank. An early pioneer in visual gags was Georges Méliès. The filmmaker experimented with techniques in the then-new film media creating techniques to trick viewers.

Vaudeville actors often used gags in their routines. A classic vaudeville visual gag was for two actors to mirror each other's actions around a prop. Visual gags were continued into silent films and are considered a hallmark of the genre. In silent films, the actors in the mirror bit performed in silence with no music playing. Comedians including Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Harold Lloyd and the Marx Brothers often used visual humour because the technology used to record voices in film (and play it back in a synchronized presentation) did not yet exist. Often the differences between people are part of the comic duos, especially thin and fat actors are used such as Abbott and Costello and Laurel and Hardy.

The New York Times cites the fourth Gilligan's Island episode, "Goodnight, Sweet Skipper", as a classic American sight gag. The castaways were trying to contact civilization with a radio. In the episode, Skipper can recall only how he converted the radio into a transmitter in World War II when he was sleepwalking. After Skipper was unsuccessful, Gilligan got it to work by pounding on the radio; he used it to briefly contact a pilot flying overhead. Gilligan retrieved Skipper and demonstrated how he pounded on the radio, causing the guts of the radio to fall out. Their rescue was foiled.

title: Visual gag


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User talk:Ledelboy~enwiki

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Alicudi

Alicudi is the westernmost of the seven islands that make up the Aeolian archipelago, a volcanic island chain north of Sicily. The island is about 40 km west of Lipari, has a total area of 5.2 km², and is roughly circular.

History
The island was formed by the long-extinct Montagnola volcano, roughly 150,000 years ago. It has been suggested that the last evolutive act of the island took place only 27,000 years ago.

The island was first populated as long ago as 17th century BC, as some archaeological evidence from this period has been found. Roman ceramic fragments, dating from many centuries later, can be found on the eastern coast of the island.

The modern name of "Alicudi" is descended from the island's Ancient Greek name of Ἐρείκουσα Ereikousa, derived from Erica (heather) growing on the island’s slopes. For many centuries, Alicudi was the target of frequent incursions by pirates. Consequently, the island’s population was forced to find shelter in small houses constructed on high terraces and also meant that simple agriculture and cultivation of the peach were the foundations of the modest island economy.

In more recent times, the island became known for its alleged witches and sorcerers whose explanation has come to be attributed to ergotism in local grain-based foodstuff which, due to scarcity, was consumed regardless of the fungal infection.

Demography
Today there are around 120 inhabitants who mostly live off fishing, or the small agriculture of the island. There is only one restaurant on the island and the menu depends greatly on what fish the local fishermen have caught, or what food supplies the hydrofoil brings.

title: Alicudi


text: User talk:Mango777

title: User talk:Mango777


text: User talk:71.112.23.240

title: User talk:71.112.23.240


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kapang syndrome (2nd nomination)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 22:25, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Kapang syndrome
Not notable theory - few googles (mainly mirrors). It was deleted in Nov 2004. I've moved the previous discussion to Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/archieved/Kapang syndrome - if that's a wrong thing to do - then someone please help. --Doc (?) 23:58, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete original research. JamesBurns 09:39, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — I could find no references in google that didn't originate from wikipedia. Unreferenced article that appears to be original research. — RJH 16:22, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The article is racist. katimawan2005 8:25 UTC 14 July 2005
 * Delete The person who wrote this article is not an authority on Kapampangan Language. Researcher is unaware of the many Languages in the Philippines. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.213.221.191 (talk • contribs)
 * Delete The article is offensive and derogatory towards Kapampangans. Harvzsf 15:59, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: This article can be still found and improved here. 09:30, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:146.151.54.103

title: User talk:146.151.54.103


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Philippine dynasty

The Philippine dynasty (dinastia filipina), also known as the House of Habsburg in Portugal, was the third royal house of Portugal. It was named after the three Habsburg Spanish kings, all named Philip (Felipe; Filipe, ), who ruled Portugal between 1581 and 1640 under the Iberian Union, a dynastic union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal. The dynasty's kings were Philip I, Philip II and Philip III.

The history of Portugal from the 1580 succession crisis to the House of Braganza monarchs was a period of transition. At its beginning, under the House of Aviz, the Portuguese Empire spice trade was near its height. It continued to enjoy widespread influence after Vasco da Gama reached the East Indies by sailing around Africa in 1497–1498. Vasco da Gama's achievement completed the exploratory efforts inaugurated by Henry the Navigator, and opened an oceanic route for the profitable spice trade into Europe that bypassed the Middle East.

Throughout the 17th century, the increasing predations and beleaguering of Portuguese trading posts in the East by the Dutch, English and French, and their rapidly growing intrusion into the Atlantic slave trade undermined Portugal's near monopoly on the lucrative oceanic spice and slave trades. This sent the Portuguese spice trade into a long decline. To a lesser extent, the diversion of wealth from Portugal by the Habsburg monarchy to help support the Catholic side of the Thirty Years' War also created strains within the union, although Portugal did benefit from Spanish military power in helping to retain Brazil and in disrupting Dutch trade. These events, and those that occurred at the end of the House of Aviz and the period of the Iberian Union, led Portugal to a state of dependency on its colonies, first India and then Brazil.

The continuity in the administrative system
Due to complexity in the management of government affairs, the Spanish Monarch established auxiliary bodies called Councils (Consejos), dedicated to providing advice toward resolution of problems. The Councils needed a permanent seat, and so King Philip II of Spain established in 1562 the permanent capital in Madrid, seat of the Royal Court and of the administrative staff. During a brief period (1601–1606), the whole administrative staff held court in Valladolid.

Administrative correspondence originated from different Councils and was delivered by each Council Secretary to Madrid for the attention of the Crown. The king would later assemble the secretaries to request the Council's opinion. The meetings of the Councils took place in the royal palace, and they did not count on the presence of the king habitually. In this polisynodial system stood out for its importance, the Consejo de Estado (Council of State).

Relating to the particular government of the kingdom of Portugal itself. During the union of the kingdom of Portugal to the Spanish monarchy, the Spanish Habsburgs on the whole respected the pledges made at Thomar in 1581 to allow considerable Portuguese autonomy and to respected the territories of its empire. Public offices were reserved for Portuguese subjects at home and overseas. The king was represented at Lisbon sometimes by a governor and sometimes by a viceroy. So, Spain left the administration of Portugal and its empire largely to the Portuguese themselves, under general supervision from Madrid channeled through a viceroy in Lisbon. Important matters, however, were referred to Madrid, where they came before the Council of Portugal. In the kingdom of Portugal, the polisynodial system is reinforced:

 * Council of State. The Conselho de Estado of Lisbon is the King's private Council, entrusted of debating major issues related to the Crown, especially foreign policy. The counselors would send their remarks to the king, and the King consulted them through his Viceroy. Although the Conselho de Estado of Lisbon worked as the great adviser Council to the King's delegate, this Council of State was without clearly defined administrative powers and actually it did not perform relevant roles of coordination. The Spanish kings maintained the system of two secretaries of state, one for the kingdom and the other for "India", that is to say, for the colonies, despite several conflicts over jurisdiction, until the creation of the Conselho da India in 1604.
 * In the same way, Spanish kings retained the Mesa da Consciência e Ordens, which was both tribunal and as a council for religious affairs and was responsible for administering ecclesiastical appointments and for the property of the military orders in the colonies as well as in the home country.
 * Portuguese Inquisition remained independent from the Mesa da Consciência e Ordens. There were three major courts in Lisbon, Coimbra and Évora.
 * Also preserved was the Desembargo do Paço. The pinnacle of the entire Portuguese judicial system was the Desembargo do Paço or Royal Board of Justice in Lisbon. This board, the highest court in the kingdom, controlled the appointment of all magistrates and judges and oversaw the Casa de Supplicação or Court of Appeals in Lisbon, as well as the high courts in the Portuguese overseas territories. The first function of the Desembargo do Paço was to control the recruitment of the magistrates (leitura de bachareis) and to monitor them in the exercise of their charge. Its control spread to the whole of the juridical professions. The Desembargo do Paço had to arbitrate conflicts between other courts of the kingdom. This court granted dispensations, acts of legitimization and other relevant issues about the justice and the grace, and which on occasions advised the king on political and economic as well as judicial matters. Moreover, a commission of jurists set up to reform the legal system produced a new code for Portugal, the Ordenações filipinas, promulgated in 1603.
 * The Casa de Supplicação and the Casa do Civel, both are two royal courts of appeal for civil cases as criminal cases. The Casa do Civel exercised jurisdiction over the northern part of the kingdom, and the Casa de Supplicação over the rest on the realm including the islands and overseas.
 * In 1591, the four Vedores da Fazenda (overseers of the Treasury) were replaced by a Conselho da Fazenda composed of one Vedor da Fazenda presiding over four councillors (two of them lawyers) and four secretaries. The Conselho da Fazenda exercised a control over the officials of finance, administered the particular king's goods and exercised its jurisdiction over the customs and the arsenals, the court of accounts and the administration of the monopolistic trade with overseas.
 * From 1604, the newly created Conselho da India was invested with powers for all overseas affairs, apart from matters concerning Madeira, the Azores and the strongholds of Morocco, and colonial officials were appointed and their dispatches handled by it.

Nevertheless, the political conjuncture needed urgent reactions, and in this context a system of meetings appeared for specific issues, as the Junta for the reform of the Council of Portugal (1606–1607, 1610), the Junta for the classification of the debts to the treasury (since 1627) or the Juntas for the organization of the navies of succor of Brazil (since 1637)...

The Portuguese Empire challenged
The union of the two crowns deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, and Spain's enemies became Portugal's. England had been an ally of Portugal since the Treaty of Windsor in 1386. War between Spain and England led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal's oldest ally, and the loss of Hormuz. English help provided by Elizabeth I of England in a rebellion against the kings assured the survival of the alliance. War with the Dutch led to invasions of many countries in Asia, including Ceylon (today's Sri Lanka), and commercial interests in Japan, Africa (Mina), and South America. Even though the Portuguese were unable to capture the entire island of Ceylon, they were able to keep the coastal regions of Ceylon under their control for a considerable time. Brazil was partially conquered by both France and the Seventeen Provinces.

In the 17th century, taking advantage of this period of Portuguese weakness, many Portuguese territories in Brazil were occupied by the Dutch who gained access to the sugarcane plantations. John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen was appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1637 by the Dutch West India Company. He landed at Recife, the port of Pernambuco, in January 1637. By a series of successful expeditions, he gradually extended the Dutch possessions from Sergipe on the south to São Luís de Maranhão in the north. He likewise conquered the Portuguese possessions of Elmina Castle, Saint Thomas, and Luanda, Angola, on the west coast of Africa. After the dissolution of the Iberian Union in 1640, Portugal would reestablish its authority over the lost territories of the Portuguese Empire. The Dutch intrusion into Brazil was long-lasting and troublesome for Portugal. The Seventeen Provinces captured a large portion of the Brazilian coast including Bahia (and its capital Salvador), Pernambuco (and its capital Recife), Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, and Sergipe, while Dutch privateers sacked Portuguese ships in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The large area of Bahia and its city, the strategically important Salvador, was recovered quickly by a powerful Iberian military expedition in 1625. This laid the foundations for the recovery of remaining Dutch controlled areas. The other smaller, less developed areas were recovered in stages and relieved of Dutch piracy in the next two decades by local resistance and Portuguese expeditions.

On the other hand, the Iberian Union opened to both countries a worldwide span of control, as Portugal dominated the African and Asian coasts that surrounded the Indian Ocean, and Spain the Pacific Ocean and both sides of Central and South America, while both shared the Atlantic Ocean space.

Decline of the Habsburg Empire and revolt of Portugal
When Philip II of Portugal (Philip III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by Philip III (and IV of Spain) who had a different approach on Portuguese issues. Taxes raised affected mainly the Portuguese merchants (Carmo Reis 1987). The Portuguese nobility began to lose its importance at the Spanish Cortes, and government posts in Portugal were occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a royal province, and Portuguese nobles lost all of their power.

This situation culminated in a revolution by the nobility and high bourgeoisie on December 1, 1640, 60 years after the crowning of Philip I. The plot was planned by Antão Vaz de Almada, Miguel de Almeida and João Pinto Ribeiro. They, together with several associates, killed Secretary of State Miguel de Vasconcelos and imprisoned the king's cousin, the Duchess of Mantua, who had governed Portugal in his name. The moment was well chosen, as Philip's troops were at the time fighting the Thirty Years' War and also facing a revolution in Catalonia.

The support of the people became apparent almost immediately and soon John, 8th Duke of Braganza, was acclaimed King of Portugal throughout the country as John IV. By December 2, 1640, John had already sent a letter to the Municipal Chamber of Évora as sovereign of the country.

Restoration War

The subsequent Portuguese Restoration War against Philip III (Guerra da Restauração) consisted mainly of small skirmishes near the border. The most significant battles being the Battle of Montijo on May 26, 1644, the Battle of the Lines of Elvas (1659), the Battle of Ameixial (1663), the Battle of Castelo Rodrigo (1664), and the Battle of Montes Claros (1665); the Portuguese were victorious in all of these battles.

Several decisions made by John IV to strengthen his forces made these victories possible. On December 11, 1640, the Council of War was created to organize all the operations. Next, the king created the Junta of the Frontiers, to take care of the fortresses near the border, the hypothetical defense of Lisbon, and the garrisons and sea ports. In December 1641, a tenancy was created to assure upgrades on all fortresses that would be paid with regional taxes. John IV also organized the army, established the Military Laws of King Sebastian, and developed intense diplomatic activity focused on restoring good relations with England.

After gaining several decisive victories, John quickly tried to make peace. His demand that Philip recognize the new ruling dynasty in Portugal was not fulfilled until the reign of his son Afonso VI, during the regency of Afonso's brother Infante Pedro, by the Treaty of Lisbon (1668).

title: Philippine dynasty


text:
Talk:59 Club

Comment
I removed the reference to The Boozefighters as they are not a "1%" club, therefor have no business being lumped into that sentence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sparky68 (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:59 Club


text:
Talk:List of dirt track ovals in the United States

Wyoming
— Preceding unsigned comment added by Mark McWire (talk • contribs) 03:00, 30 July 2015 (UTC)

North Carolina missing
North Carolina is missing from the page SpeedwayFanSup3rb1rd (talk) 15:07, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

uh
hey dude next time you look for said dirt tracks don't check Wikipedia and search them up- tysm!! that's literally 95% of dirt tracks in kansas you deleted TeaganFox (talk) 01:21, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Indeed. Per WP:BURDEN: Any material lacking an inline citation to a reliable source that directly supports the material may be removed and should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source. See also Wikipedia is not a directory or catalog. Grorp (talk) 01:48, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't expect a local dirt track in Kansas to have a Wikipedia page.. I get its so idiots don't put in a fake track and stuff but there are websites for said tracks and news articles. I mean 81 literally has World Of Outlaws in like 2 weeks. Plus do you really expect people to try and take some time out of their day to find a source for a track they've been to 20+ times?? Sorry but I just got disappointed 95% of the tracks me and the fellow Kansas race fans get deleted because lack of sources. TeaganFox (talk) 01:54, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I understand the disappointment, but Wikipedia has reasons for its standards. The two remaining Kansas entries might also get deleted because they also require a citation (not just their own standalone article). There is so much wrong with this list-article. I'm just working on it bit by bit. A lot of misguided "work" went into creating this list-article which violates so many Wikipedia guidelines, but don't punch the messenger. Like you said, there are websites for said tracks and news articles, so use one of those. Wikipedia is not meant to be used as your directory. Grorp (talk) 02:14, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Yea i get it- I just don't wanna spend 3 hours making 5 dirt track wikis with 15 sources for all of them. Thanks for clarification. Just was confused. TeaganFox (talk) 02:20, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * If you have 15 sources, then add the lines back into this article and use those citations to cite the entries in the list. No need to make a separate article. Grorp (talk) 02:46, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I get it- I just don't wanna take my time readding- hopefully people start showing up instead of me doing all of it. Thanks for clarification btw TeaganFox (talk) 05:08, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

Questions

 * 1) For the section "Notable dirt tracks", is the word "notable" being used to mean Wikipedia notability (presumably by having a blue link to a standalone article), or does it mean notable in the ordinary English language sense?
 * 2) What is the reason for different sets under "Notable dirt tracks" and "Race track listings by state"? The entries in the two sections don't match.
 * 3) What does the dark-gray coloration mean on an entry in the tables? There is no key for readers to explain the color.
 * 4) Under "Race track listings by state", the column "Classes" isn't supported by any citation given, and isn't supported in the wikilinked standalone articles, either (I spot-checked several, but not all). Where does this information come from? WP:OR?

▶ I am Grorp ◀ 02:01, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

Over five months and no answers to the above questions.

 * I removed the gray coloring (#3); removed any entries which did not have a bluelink for the track; removed external links to main webpages (they are not citations); removed the "Classes" column because they have never had a source and the remaining alleged source (https://speedwaysonline.com/tracks/category/oval-tracks/) doesn't have that information for any of the several tracks I clicked on to check (#4).

 * This go-around, I noticed that several of the blue-linked entries in the list are not also mentioned at speedwaysonline.com. I didn't check to see if speedwaysonline.com was a source for the "Type" column (didn't do a WP:Verify check on the remaining content).

 * Still no answer for question #2 above. If no explanation, next time the section "Notable dirt tracks" might get removed as duplicates.

▶ I am Grorp ◀ 22:51, 6 April 2024 (UTC)


text:
User:Kaedajnor

this page is created as a test of Kaeda J'nor's abilities. It will be made better in the future.

Kaeda J'nor is the auther of the soon-to-be published high-fantasy series Eye of the Beholder, which centers around the reemergence of an ancient power so evil that its own creator was wise to divide it into two pieces, as well as the cataclysmic War of the Bane, and the Drow Invasion of the Mainland.

Peace Out Everybody, Kaeda J'nor

Visit T.o.M.E.!

title: User:Kaedajnor


text:
Elite

In political and sociological theory, the elite (élite, from eligere, to select or to sort out) are a small group of powerful people who hold a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, political power, or skill in a group. Defined by the Cambridge Dictionary, the "elite" are "the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society."

American sociologist C. Wright Mills states that members of the elite accept their fellows' position of importance in society. "As a rule, 'they accept one another, understand one another, marry one another, tend to work, and to think, if not together at least alike'." It is a well-regulated existence where education plays a critical role.

United States universities
Youthful upper-class members attend prominent preparatory schools, which open doors to elite universities, known as the Ivy League, which includes Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University and Princeton University (among others), and the universities' respective highly exclusive clubs, such as the Harvard Club of Boston. These memberships in turn pave the way to the prominent social clubs located in major cities and serve as sites for important business contacts.

Elitist privilege
According to Mills, men receive the education necessary for elitist privilege to obtain their background and contacts, allowing them to enter three branches of the power elite, which are:
 * Political leadership: Mills contended that since the end of World War II, corporate leaders had become more prominent in the political process, with a decline in central decision-making for professional politicians.
 * Military Circle: In Mills' time a heightened concern about warfare existed, making top military leaders and such issues as defense funding and personnel recruitment very important. Most prominent corporate leaders and politicians were strong proponents of military spending.
 * Corporate elite: According to Mills, in the 1950s when the military emphasis was pronounced, it was corporate leaders working with prominent military officers who dominated the development of policies. These two groups tended to be mutually supportive.

According to Mills, the governing elite in the United States primarily draws its members from political leaders, including the president, and a handful of key cabinet members, as well as close advisers, major corporate owners and directors, and high-ranking military officers. These groups overlap and elites tend to circulate from one sector to another, consolidating power in the process.

Unlike the ruling class, a social formation based on heritage and social ties, the power elite is characterized by the organizational structures through which its wealth is acquired. According to Mills, the power elite rose from "the managerial reorganization of the propertied classes into the more or less unified stratum of the corporate rich". In G. William Domhoff’s sociology textbooks, Who Rules America? editions, he further clarified the differences in the two terms: "The upper class as a whole does not do the ruling. Instead, class rule is manifested through the activities of a wide variety of organizations and institutions...Leaders within the upper class join with high-level employees in the organizations they control to make up what will be called the power elite".

The Marxist theoretician Nikolai Bukharin anticipated the elite theory in his 1929 work, Imperialism and World Economy: "present-day state power is nothing but an entrepreneurs' company of tremendous power, headed even by the same persons that occupy the leading positions in the banking and syndicate offices".

Power elite
The power elite is a term used by Mills to describe a relatively small, loosely connected group of individuals who dominate American policymaking. This group includes bureaucratic, corporate, intellectual, military, media, and government elites who control the principal institutions in the United States and whose opinions and actions influence the decisions of the policymakers. The basis for membership of a power elite is institutional power, namely an influential position within a prominent private or public organization. A study of the French corporate elite has shown that social class continues to hold sway in determining who joins this elite group, with those from the upper-middle class tending to dominate. Another study (published in 2002) of power elites in the United States during the administration of President George W. Bush (in office 2001-2009) identified 7,314 institutional positions of power encompassing 5,778 individuals. A later study of U.S. society noted demographic characteristics of this elite group as follows:

 * Age : Corporate leaders aged about 60; heads of foundations, law, education, and civic organizations aged around 62; government employees aged about 56.
 * Gender : Men contribute roughly 80% in the political realm, whereas women contribute roughly only 20% in the political realm. In the economic denomination,, only 32 (6.4%) of the Fortune 500 CEOs are women.
 * Ethnicity : In the US, White Anglo-Saxons dominate in the power elite. While Protestants represent about 80% of the top business leaders, about 54% of the members of Congress of any ethnicity are also Protestant., only 4 (0.8%) of the Fortune 500 CEOs are African American. In similarly low proportions, , 10 (2%) of the Fortune 500 CEOs are Latino, and 10 (2%) are Asian.
 * Education : Nearly all the leaders have a college education, with almost half graduating with advanced degrees. About 54% of the big-business leaders, and 42% of the government elite graduated from just 12 prestigious universities with large endowments.
 * Social clubs : Most holders of top positions in the power elite possess exclusive membership to one or more social clubs. About a third belong to a small number of especially prestigious clubs in major cities like London, New York City, Chicago, Boston, and Washington, D.C.

Impacts on economy
In the 1970s an organized set of policies promoted reduced taxes, especially for the wealthy, and a steady erosion of the welfare safety net. Starting with legislation in the 1980s, the wealthy banking community successfully lobbied for reduced regulation. The wide range of financial and social capital accessible to the power elite gives their members heavy influence in economic and political decision making, allowing them to move toward attaining desired outcomes. Sociologist Christopher Doob gives a hypothetical alternative, stating that these elite individuals would consider themselves the overseers of the national economy. Also appreciating that it is not only a moral, but a practical necessity to focus beyond their group interests. Doing so would hopefully alleviate various destructive conditions affecting large numbers of less affluent citizens.

Global politics and hegemony
Mills determined that there is an "inner core" of the power elite involving individuals that are able to move from one seat of institutional power to another. They, therefore, have a wide range of knowledge and interests in many influential organizations, and are, as Mills describes, "professional go-betweens of economic, political, and military affairs". Relentless expansion of capitalism and the globalizing of economic and military power bind leaders of the power elite into complex relationships with nation states that generate global-scale class divisions. Sociologist Manuel Castells writes in The Rise of the Network Society that contemporary globalization does not mean that "everything in the global economy is global". So, a global economy becomes characterized by fundamental social inequalities with respect to the "level of integration, competitive potential and share of the benefits from economic growth". Castells cites a kind of "double movement" where on one hand, "valuable segments of territories and people" become "linked in the global networks of value making and wealth appropriation", while, on the other, "everything and everyone" that is not valued by established networks gets "switched off...and ultimately discarded". These evolutions have also led many social scientists to explore empirically the possible emergence of a new transnational and cohesive social class at the top of the social ladder: a global elite But, the wide-ranging effects of global capitalism ultimately affect everyone on the planet, as economies around the world come to depend on the functioning of global financial markets, technologies, trade and labor.

title: Elite


text:
Talk:Elite

Computer game
The computer game should be an exception, the Elite (sociology) article should be moved here, and this article moved to Elite (computer game). I will do it if noone raise serious resons as to why I shouldn't soon enough. Nixdorf 22:21 8 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Now I've done it. All related links are changed too. Nixdorf

 * The link I found in Elite appeared to point to something totally irrelevant; I took the liberty of removing it and leaving a stub. mattabat 15:54 5 Feb 2006 AEDST

How about relating this article with l33t? very common amoung gamers

disorganized
elite just means the best or the top group. there is no need to list a definition for every category in which elite can be applied. it needs to be rewritten. Rds865 (talk) 03:12, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

 * No, there are fundamental differences between what is meant by the word "elite" in the military sense and in the societal sense. The elite of the military in the societal sense are not elite units but the officer corps. -Sensemaker

 * I think Rds865 makes a point. Most of this content is Original Research or Unverified Claims.  Much of the content in each of these sections are overlapping.  I've done a bit of cleanup, but for example, 'social elite' talked about wealth, 'financial elite' contained what I presumed was vandalism about Manhattan, 'Business elite' talks about genetic superiority.  Without making some nonintuitive verifiable claims, many of the sections are worthless.  Elite is the best in a group.  Financial elite is the best in finance, social elite is the best in society, and so on.  It's just a bunch of "no duh". -Verdatum (talk) 16:37, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

 * the best in society is called "high society", not "social elite". You should be editing that page, not this one. Everything here still belongs. 173.183.69.134 (talk) 21:49, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

 * the "best" in society are not called "high society". There is no single description of the best society, and there's no real reason to assume it overlaps with the somewhat subjective term "high society". 137.222.120.172 (talk) 19:16, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Political Sociology
— Assignment last updated by ImagineWorldPeace (talk) 18:33, 17 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elite


text:
User talk:Snodig

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

However, if you read through some of the links above, you'll see that the article Acegikmo isn't really appropriate for Wikipedia.

Joyous (talk) 00:00, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

User:Snodig
I've added the "" template to your user page (User:Snodig), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).

Please note that the purpose of a user page is not as personal homepage or Wikipedia is not a general hosting service, but as way for active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. If you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues here or on my user talk page. You may remove the deletion notice, and the page will not be deleted for the moment, but note that it may still be sent to Miscellany for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Calton | Talk 06:39, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Snodig


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brent Shaw

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. -- BD2412 talk 20:14, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Brent Shaw
Non-notable vanity page. It appears to be true that he did write one published book review, but considering also that a google search of "brent shaw" + University of Lethbridge (to get rid of false positives for this presumably common name) gives 23 hits, it does not establish notability. Delete. --Dmcdevit 00:01, July 13, 2005 (UTC) Eeks! I'm certainly not happy about this nomination. I should have researched it more fully, (Amazon next time as well as Google). Thanks for the catch, and I'm blushing brightly in front of my computer screen. (In my own defense, I was finishing up someone else's nomination, and so gave it less thought than I normally would have). Speedy keep and bonk the nominator on the head (speedily). --Dmcdevit·t 08:03, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn per nominator. If he had written one published book that would be different. -Splash 01:09, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. Forbsey 01:11, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A professor who has produced eight pages of published work in 11 years probably should worry more about keeping his job than about his placement in WP.  Okay, he published a little more than that but I still vote Delete.  Publishing in one's field is a requirement for a professor, not an accomplishment.  To be encyclopedic, one should have to be regarded as a special authority in that field; otherwise, one is just an academic.  Dcarrano 01:21, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, has made a significant contribution to the study of "Environment and Society in Roman North Africa" . Of course you get a low number of google hits when using an extremely restricted search, it's not a valid test. Kappa 01:40, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Appears to have written one book, edited at least one other, according to Amazon. Expand and cleanup, though. Christopher Parham (talk) 01:56, 2005 July 13 (UTC)
 * Keep based on amazon.com findings and expand article. Postdlf 03:10, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, is noteable; expand. Phoenix2 04:57, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep due to amazon. Benna 05:16, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per comments by Dcarrano. Writing one book just isn't that notable for an academic. —Cleared as filed. 05:46, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * More than one, if this item from the Princeton Weekly is any indication:

"Shaw will come to Princeton from the University of Pennsylvania, where he has been a professor since 1996. From 1995 to 1996 and from 1989 to 1990, he was a visiting professor of Greek and Roman history at Princeton. For 15 years, starting in 1977, he taught at the University of Lethbridge in Canada."

Specializing in Roman history, religion and material culture, Shaw's books include Spartacus and the Slave Wars: A Brief History with Documents, published by St. Martin's Press in 2001; and Variorum editions of Environment and Society in Roman North Africa and Rulers, Nomads and Christians in Roman North Africa, published in 1995.

He earned his B.A. from the University of Alberta and his Ph.D. from Cambridge University.

 * I say keep. --Calton | Talk 06:09, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable historian with a number of published books on Roman history. Capitalistroadster 06:11, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable academic with several published works. And don't just use Amazon, use library catalogues. All the catalogues of all the best and largest libraries in the world (Library of Congress, British Library, Bibliothèque national de France, all national and major university libraries in Europe and North America etc.) are freely available over the net. This is not just directed at the nominator in this case, but to everybody who makes nominations of this kind or votes on them. This should really be in the instructions somewhere. Uppland 08:48, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. It does appear that this is a notable authority in his field.  Daedalus-Prime 13:44, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this is a notable authority. MicahMN | Talk 18:37, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Arevich 20:54, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this figure is a notable historian within his field. Hall Monitor 22:31, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If the New Republic allowed him to write on their magazine why not include him in wikipedia as well? --Vizcarra 22:40, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I echo the above users' reasons as to why. Kojangee July 15th, 2005 19:51 Beijing Time
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
File:Dillinger.jpg

Summary
Dillinger (1945 film) poster

Fair use in Dillinger (1945 film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Dillinger.jpg


text:
Kathryn Kennedy

Kathryn Kennedy (July 28, 1927 – August 23, 2009) was a California wine grower, establishing her vineyard during the growth phase in the California wine history known as "The Wine Boom of the early 1970s". While not the first woman winemaker (Zelma Long and others), Kennedy was one of the first owners of a brand to bear a woman's name in California, and one who came to the scene independent of the young women graduates of the University of California-Davis.

Early life
Born 1927, Kennedy moved from Santa Cruz to Santa Clara Valley at the age of 15, earning a degree from Stanford University at the age of 19. Married, and with the first of her four children, Kathryn moved to her Saratoga property in 1949 where she later decided to plant a vineyard.

In preparation for planting her 7 acre, she attended two semesters of the viticulture program at University of California, Davis. There she was advised to plant Cabernet Sauvignon on her property. This recommendation was based not only on the "Region Two" climate classification for her land in Saratoga, but also on the market projections that were held during the late 1960s.

Viticulture and winemaking activities
In planting her vineyard, Kennedy had Clone #8 cuttings sourced from David Bruce Vineyards developed for one year in an on-site nursery before planting in 1973. After selling fruit for two vintages to Mount Eden Vineyards in Saratoga, Kathryn established her brand and winery in 1979. Her adviser and first winemaker was Bill Anderson, who went on to be the longstanding winemaker at Chateau Julien in Carmel Valley AVA. From 1979 until 1988 Kathryn's winery produced only Estate Cabernet.

Joining the process after the survey work of Ken Burnap and David Bennion, Kennedy contributed to modifying the boundaries of the Santa Cruz Mountains AVA, which was created in 1981. She successfully sought to include her land in this new appellation in order to be associated with the premium wine producers of this region.

Death
Kennedy died August 23, 2009, at home surrounded by her family, after a long battle with cancer.

Winery
Kathryn Kennedy Winery is a small winery located in Saratoga, California. It is located on 7 acre of land in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains near Silicon Valley. Kathryn Kennedy Winery produces Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Sauvignon blanc, and a Lateral blend.

Kennedy left the winery in the hands of her youngest son Marty Mathis, who has been winemaker since 1981. In 2003 production was expanded to include a 4000 case red blend named Lateral made in Napa Valley as well as a Sauvignon blanc made from organic grapes. The Estate Vineyard was certified organic in time for the 2007 vintage.

title: Kathryn Kennedy