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Talk:Cham Albanians

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"Later, in 1258 when groups of Albanians around Dyrrachion (Durrës) were allied with the Despot of Epirus, Michael II Doukas, there was no evidence of Albanians in Epirus" While 2 sentences before, following appears: "During this time, the earliest mention of Albanians within the region of Epirus is recorded in a Venetian document of 1210 as inhabiting the area opposite the island of Corfu" I somehow do not understand the context. I also failed verification for the first claim. AlexBachmann (talk) 19:32, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * According to the source:, hence it refers to specific Albanian groups and their movement southwards. Such a movement is indeed undocumented but Albanians were already present in the region in 1210 and as Lopasić (1992) writes: which means that there's no reason to include the statement about 1258 in the article. --Maleschreiber (talk) 19:51, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Removal of Content on grounds of personal opionions
@Khirurg you're always playing the victim and implying that there's a conspiracy against you when it's you who refuses to discuss and revert so that users can't revert your absurd arguments without breaching the 3-Revert-Rule. It's onto you to seek consensus to remove content, and I evidently don't agree with it. Do you even know what "peasant woman" means? It means Bäuerin / grua fshatar in my two native languages. Here's a definition for you: noun: a member of a class of persons, as in Europe, Asia, and Latin America, who are small farmers or farm laborers of low social rank.[1 ]

Even if peasant woman meant something that you're thinking it is it's still not a valid reason to remove it. One could simply write: In 1980, [Author] recorded that... But that's not what you're aiming for, isn't it? Ice-cold removal of content that calls for edit-warring is the standard here and I'm honestly fed up with it. I'm sure you would be very happy if I removed Kallivretakis because I don't like his choice of words. Unfortunately I don't speak Greek so I can't do that. AlexBachmann (talk) 18:59, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

 * If you remain non-responsive I will restore the content. AlexBachmann (talk) 15:43, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * @AlexBachmann: you understand that you want to add information using present tense while the claim comes from a work back to 1978. Half a century later it's impossible for those 'children' and remain children.Alexikoua (talk)

 * You still don't have any evidence that those children (now adults) don't teach the language to their children. I'm doing the exact same thing as you're doing with Kallivretakis. Unless you can present me a source that describes that Cham Albanian is going extinct in Christian Albanian communities in Epirus, this will stay in the present tense. As you've said, the present tense may have been a problem to some users. But Khirurg went straight into removing it all instead. AlexBachmann (talk) 14:00, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The reference is outdated, it describes a reality that no longer exists. Instead of making ridiculous threats about Kallivretakis, you would do well to read up more on the reality on the ground. There are no large rural populations in Greece anymore, and the remaining Orthodox Chams have long ago assimilated. There is simply no way we are going to present a reality from 1978 in the present tense in wikivoice. Khirurg (talk) 19:21, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * it describes a reality that no longer exists Just as Kallivretakis does. The vast majority of Greeks in Albania has emigrated to Greece since 1990 (Georgiou, Myria). I won't go further into this, perhaps we'll talk about that at the appropriate venue.
 * ridiculous threats about Kallivretakis That's not a thread, and you know that, it's just a comparison. What you're doing with him. It's funny to me that the quote you've been removing isn't valid but at the same time Kallivretakis is. That's the point. If you can't see that, I don't know what to do.
 * There is simply no way we are going to present a reality from 1978 I will ask you again, if you have any evidence that the situation has changed. If you can give me a source that Cham Albanian is dying out in Christian Arvanite/Albanian communities in Epirus, I'll agree to put this into the past tense. There are no large rural populations in Greece anymore. Exactly. You don't know either. Perhaps a source could help. have long ago assimilated. Do you know what we're talking about? We are talking about the language that they speak, not about a revival of Albanian consciousness and nationalism in Christian Albanian communities in Epirus.
 * Agree doing it one way. You can't have it both: Kallivretakis as extremely appropriate and Foss as outdated. AlexBachmann (talk) 23:46, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * What is this obsession with Kallivretakis? You literally can't stop mentioning him in every post and edit summary. You really really want him removed, don't you? Guess what, that's never going to happen. You know why? Because the reality described by him still applies today. Those villages that he describes as Greek-inhabited? They still are. With fewer people, sure, but their ethnic demographics haven't changed. So stop wasting your time obsessing over Kallivretakis. This situation here is completely different. The rural inhabitants described by Foss ("peasants") in 1978 no longer exist. Greece is a developed country, very few people work the land nowadays. Nobody speaks Albanian anymore. Tom Winnifrith, a British researcher, searched all over the region and couldn't find a single Albanian speaker (see Winnifrith, Tom (2002). Badlands, Borderlands: A History of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. Duckworth. pp. 25–26, 53. Some Orthodox speakers remained, but the language was not encouraged or even allowed, and by the end of the twentieth century it had virtually disappeared..... And so with spurious confidence Greek historians insist that the inscriptions prove that the Epirots of 360, given Greek names by their fathers and grandfathers at the turn of the century, prove the continuity of Greek speech in Southern Albania since their grandfathers whose names they might bear would have been living in the time of Thucydides. Try telling the same story to some present-day inhabitants of places like Margariti and Filiates in Southern Epirus. They have impeccable names, they speak only Greek, but their grandparents undoubtedly spoke Albanian.) The language has disappeared. And this was in 2002, nowadays the situation would be even more extreme. Time to accept reality and move on. Khirurg (talk) 01:03, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * What is this obsession with Kallivretakis? I'm not obsessed with Kallivretakis, it's your double standards all the time that are bothering me. I'm not disputing that some villages in the extreme South of Albania are Greek, unlike you: Nobody speaks Albanian anymore.. Demographics have changed, do I have to remind you of Qeparo? The upper part is almost non-existent anymore, thus Qeparo became an "an Albanian-speaking village"[1]. The next census in Albania hopefully will provide clarity, unlike Greece that's been hiding their demographics for decades.
 * very few people work the land nowadays. "Der Landwirtschaftssektor ist weiterhin in Griechenland ein sehr wichtiger Bereich von wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten und Arbeitsbeschaffung. Der primäre Bereich der Agrikultur beschäftigt 12,4% der gesamten Arbeitskraft in Griechenland und umfasst etwa 600.000 Personen (2010)." [2 ]. I don't think I need to translate.
 * Tom Winnifrith, a British researcher, searched all over the region You mean three cities? AlexBachmann (talk) 19:57, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Alexikoua I see that you provided some quotes in your summaries, please present them here. If appropriate, I will agree to put it into the past tense. AlexBachmann (talk) 20:14, 28 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Also Winnifirth only talks about some inhabitants. Try telling the same story to some present-day inhabitants of places like Margariti and Filiates in Southern Epirus. Also I find it unencyclopedic that Alexikoua hasn't made a single comment here since I've kindly asked him to discuss here. AlexBachmann (talk) 21:39, 29 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Winnifrith clearly states the (Albanian) language has virtually disappeared. He is clearly referring to Cham Albanian in Epirus, not Albanian in Greece as a whole, as you are trying to claim with that figure of 600,000. Khirurg (talk) 00:05, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I was not referring to the Albanian minority in Greece (?) but to the people that work on the land. Winnifrith has been to three cities in Thesprotia (Margellic, Filiates and Paramithia). Regarding the circumstances that Orthodox Albanian settlements are not traditionally located in those areas, but instead in Anthousa, Ammoudia, Kanallaki, etc. I do not find it appropriate  to determine whether Albanian is spoken or not. In particular, this event in Kastri [1 ] shows that  Winnifrith's observations are not enough to determine the Albanian presence in the area. AlexBachmann (talk) 22:04, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Margariti, Filiates and Paramythia have or had Orthodox Cham populations too. You asked for a source, I gave you a source, and you try to to contradict with a blogpost. This is not serious. Khirurg (talk) 00:30, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Btw you should read something before you post it. Paste Να σημειωθεί ότι τα αρβανίτικα έθιμα είναι καθαρά ελληνικά και δεν έχουν καμία σχέση με τα αλβανικά. Άλλωστε οι Αρβανίτες είναι Έλληνες με ιδιαίτερο γλωσσικό ιδιίωμα και όχι Αλβανοί. into Google Translate and see what you get. This is why blogposts are not to be taken seriously. Khirurg (talk) 00:33, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Btw you should read something before you post it. I already did. Similar to the Arvanites in Attica, huh? For me personally this would prove that's its 100% true even though it's not a RS. This just shows this post is not made by an Albanian.
 * I'm not trying to contradict the source with a blogspot, it is rather my argument: He has not been to the settlements mentioned above. If you could provide a source proving that those cities have had/had an Albanian Orthodox population (because I've not heard of this before), I'm fine with putting it in the past tense.AlexBachmann (talk) 18:30, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You keep changing the demands and trying to shift the burden of proof. First, it was a source, now you want a source that mentions specific villages. That's ridiculous. And your best counter-argument is a blogpost. The burden of proof is on you. If you want to claim Albanian is spoken in certain villages, you need to come up with a source that says so (hopefully not a blogpost). Failing that, you got nothing. If I tried to add that Greek is spoken in specific villages in Albania, you would demand sources. So, same thing here. Khirurg (talk) 03:28, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You gave me a source, however, he's only been to three cities. Those have had a Muslim Albanian Cham population until WW2. In what way does this relate to Christian Albanian communities which are primarily located in Southern Thesprotia? The source you gave isn't helping anybody here. You removed the quote, it's on you to convince me to put it in the past tense. I'm changing the demands because I want to verify the authenticity of sources. In what way does this violate a guideline? My best argument is that he's been to cities that don't even have a Christian Albanian population, and you know that. If you can prove that there was a Christian Albanian presence, Winnifirth's observations are appropriate to put Foss's observations quote in the past tense. Simple as that. Or maybe not really. AlexBachmann (talk) 17:26, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I will restore the content if no objection follows. It's important to note that I'm not trying to add an Albanian name to the lead of a Greek town, it's about one sentence. AlexBachmann (talk) 22:41, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:IDHT, WP:CIR. The material I removed refers to something that was going in the 70s and no longer occurs today. Do you understand that? Khirurg (talk) 21:19, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You're lucky I've got some upcoming exams tomorrow and next week. I do not have the time to constantly observe a discussion, otherwise, this would have gone straight to the WP:ANI. You know I'm not afraid of doing so, I've already done this in the past. Perhaps in the future. AlexBachmann (talk) 22:28, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * It's good you're focusing on your exams, I would encourage you to keep doing that. After all, real life is more important. But feel free to "go to ANI" whenever you want, maybe you can explain how you are trying to portray something that was happening in the 1970s as if it were still happening today. Khirurg (talk) 02:06, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

Total Cham population
@Khirurg, @Alexikoua it seems we have a disagreement on the interpretation of the source by Miranda Vickers. According to Vickers, there are 250,000 Chams in Albania, 400,000 living in diaspora, and 40,000 living in Greece. Would this not total up to at least 650,000 or 690,000? The figure of 170,000 Chams is 28 years old and extremely low in comparison to the minimum estimate of all countries combined. I think, we should reach a consensus through discussion. Thanks, Yung Doohickey (talk) 05:34, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Miranda Vickers is an internal British MoD publication that is not peer-reviewed and does not cite any bibliography. That alone is an instant red flag. The figure of 650k is extremely large, considering there were not more than 30-40k Chams total in WW2 (Muslim and Orthodox). Going from 40k to 650k in the space of a few decades is simply extraordinary. Even if they all had 10 kids each that wouldn't be enough. Bottom line is the claim is WP:EXTRAORDINARY and you will need a far better source than Vickers for such a strong claim. Even Cham advocacy groups, who have every reason to inflate their numbers, do not go above 440k. Khirurg (talk) 05:40, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * There were 30-40K Chams excluding the ones that were deported to Turkey during the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. My point is you can't have an uncited estimate of 440,000 and a 28 year old source citing 170,000 (that isn't given explicitly by the scholar, or the cited scholar, and doesn't explicitly regard the total Cham population). Vickers is used for the other estimates, like 40,000 Orthodox Chams in Greece, and 250,000 in Albania, but not used when it comes to the total? Yung Doohickey (talk) 05:47, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * As I've said, Vickers is not a peer-reviewed source and does not cite bibliography, so she should not be used at all. The fact that she is being used for the outlandishly high figures of 40k Orthodox Albanians in Greece and 250k in Albania is damaging to the article and should be removed as well. Using that source even more is the last thing we should be doing. Khirurg (talk) 05:51, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * She does seem to provide citations and does so on pages 12-13. This also doesn't mean a figure as low as 170,000 should be used considering it's from 1995 and doesn't explicitly give the total Cham population, nor is it given from the scholar being cited, instead it's from "local officials". Yung Doohickey (talk) 06:01, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Those aren't a proper bibliography. The longer this goes on, the more I am inclined to completely remove Vickers from the article. Find a better source or forget it. Khirurg (talk) 06:04, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The Balkan Insight uses the same figures.[here ] Also, can you address the 170,000 figure and the concerns I've brought up regarding it? I can try to find sources other than Vickers, even though she's a pretty reputable source, as her 2002 paper was even cited by Robert Elsie.[here ] Thanks, Yung Doohickey (talk) 06:20, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Balkan Insight is also not a scholarly source and also does not cite a bibliography. Most likely they are just repeating the claim from Vickers. Elsie's blog post is also not peer-reviewed and does not cite the Vickers paper you are trying to us. The figure of 170k is also extremely high, the true figure is probably much lower. There were only 40k Chams in the 1940s, even if they doubled, they would only be 80k (and shrinking fast nowadays due to assimilation, mixed marriages and low birthrate). Khirurg (talk) 06:45, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * There's a few things I've noticed upon reflection. First thing is, do you think, in relation to Miranda Vickers, the 400k Chams in diaspora includes the 250k in Albania? If so then 440k should be fine. Also, in relation to the figure of 170k, per WP:AGEMATTERS, it cannot be used here, in addition to the fact that is doesn't clearly indicate a total Cham population. Your estimation of 80k is a bit flawed because it's WP:OR and since the 1940 estimation for the Cham population in Greece was 72,000 per Greek gov't, excluding the likely tens of thousands that were deported during the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 and the ethnic cleansing campaign in the Balkan Wars and WWI. I think the figure should just be changed to circa 440,000. Yung Doohickey (talk) 14:42, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * WP:AGEMATTERS is for really old sources, not sources from the 1990s that happen to be "inconvenient". The Vickers source is from the early 2000s anyway, so practically there is no difference. The figure of 440,000 is the one that should removed because a) it is from a Cham advocacy organization and thus not a reliable source and b) even if we accept the figure of 70k from the 1940s, that would imply an increase of 500% in 6-7 decades, which would be world record. So if anything, it's the 440,000 figure that should be removed. Btw, it wasn't "tens of thousands" that were sent to Turkey, it was just a few thousands, because the League of Nations forced Greece to stop doing it. Khirurg (talk) 16:23, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * It wouldn't necessarily imply a 500% increase if you also account for Chams who were deported for the 1923 population exchange and ethnic cleansing campaign during the Balkan Wars and WWI; and the ones that willingly emigrated during their persecution by the Greek gov't. Also, the Albanian population in Yugoslavia doubled in 3 decades, so it's not impossible for such an increase to occur. Miranda Vickers is a reputable scholar as well, and it's unreasonable to assume she just made up the figure/heavily inflated it without WP:RS to prove it. If you add up the minimum estimates per country you get 290k. Also, can you site a source stating that only a few thousand Chams were deported during the population exchange, otherwise something else would have to explain the 80-100k Chams in Turkey. Thanks, Yung Doohickey (talk) 17:12, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * It seems that the figure of 400,000 in diaspora doesn't include Albanians from Albania. The total of 650,000 can also be deduced from [here ] other than Miranda Vickers. The figure of at least 250,000 Chams in Albania is also cited by Robert Elsie [here ]. In conjunction with the source I recently added that cites 85,000 (mostly Cham) Albanians emigrating from Greece to Turkey from 1913-1944, before their expulsion in WWII. So the Cham population in the global Cham population in the 1940s was around 100,000 excluding the Chams who may have emigrated to Albania during the same period (and the ones that were already outside of the region to begin with). This should remove any concerns of the 650,000 figure being WP:EXTRAORDINARY. It seems biased to include an unreasonably low, likely outdated, undescriptive figure of 170k provided by "local officials" and not specific figures provided by a scholar, which are in use by other scholars. Also, you were right, the number of Chams expelled was only in the thousands during the 1923 population exchange, my bad. Yung Doohickey (talk) 23:13, 25 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Doubling in 3 decades is an increase of 100%, not 500%. An increase of 500% would make the Chams the world's fastest growing population in the 20th century. So yes, it is impossible for such an increase to occur. The number of Chams from Greece that were sent to Turkey in 1923 was minuscule, because the League of Nations forced the Greek government to stop it; this is well known. 250k Chams in Albania is also extremely high, it's more than 10% of Albanian's total population. Yet, their political parties scarcely get more than 1-2% of the vote. Even if not all Chams vote for the Cham parties, something is clearly way off. Adding up the figures in the infobox is WP:SYNTH, that is out of the question. And the new source you brought just repeats Vickers' claims without any bibliography, again. How were these figures arrived at? We are not told, just given sweeping estimates. The claim of 650k Chams (roughly 10% of all Albanians) is WP:EXTRAORDINARY, only high quality demographic sources that explain their method will be acceptable. Khirurg (talk) 01:37, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, it was less than a 500% increase and it happened in the span of 8 decades instead of 3. You're right that the number of Chams expelled in 1923 was negligible, and I've conceded that point already. You've stated that 250k Chams in Albania is too high, but that is simply your opinion, which contradicts the WP:RS I've provided from Elsie and Vickers. Keeping 440,000 in the total is also WP:SYNTH and removing 650,000 is at least WP:POVPUSHING. I don't see how this figure is WP:EXTRAORDINARY considering it would imply Chams are 6.5-9.3% of the Albanian population. How is this extraordinary? It clearly isn't refuted nor contradicted by any reputable source, nor is it impossible given we know that there were circa 50-70k Chams in Greece in the 1940s, up to 85k in Turkey at this time, and we don't know how many lived in Albania or other areas at this time. So this increase is not impossible nor is it an extraordinary claim. Yung Doohickey (talk) 02:12, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Vickers cites Selman Sheme for the demographic data she uses. This is found in the bibliography at the end of her report. Since she's a reputable scholar, and her figures are cited by other scholars, and her figures have a source, this should clear up all concerns on WP:EXTRAORDINARY; these figures seem to be well established and have not been disputed. Chams making up 6.5-9.3 percent of the global Albanian population (7-10 million) is not WP:EXTRAORDINARY. Yung Doohickey (talk) 22:31, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Vickers does not cite anyone for the figure of 690k Chams, I have not idea where you got that from. Sheme appears to be cited only for economic figures. In any case Vickers' publication is an internal government agency publication and not peer-reviewed, and should not be used at all, especially for anything remotely controversial. Prior to WW2, virtually all Chams were in Greece, where they did not number more than 60k (even the highly partisan and dubious Italian census during the occupation could not come up with more than 54k Chams, most other estimates are at 40k). So the increase from 80k to 690k is absolutely massive and would make them the world's fastest growing population in the 20th century. This is even more extreme if we look at the figures for Albania, where ~20k Cham refugees suddenly multiplied into 250k in the space of a few decades. Sorry, but there's just no way. The encyclopedia cannot mislead its readers so blatantly. There aren't, and have never been ~700k Chams. Khirurg (talk) 04:21, 27 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Vickers has a footnote after the paragraph where she mentions the 400k in diaspora and 250k in Albania. Vickers' figures are cited in the bibliography ("For an authoritative account of the settlement, geography, demography and economy of Chameria see: Selman Sheme, Cameria – vendi, popullsia dhe jeta ekonomike, Tirane, 2005"). I'm not sure what leads you to believe that this publication isn't peer reviewed. Her figures are still used by other scholarly sources, unless those aren't peer reviewed or academic either? In a 2002 publication, she gives a figure of ~200,000 Chams in Albania, which is consistent with the 250,000 figure she provided in 2007.[here ] Do any sources state that all/majority of the Chams lived in Greece? What about the emigration of 85,000 Albanians - mostly Chams - from 1913-1944?[source ] The only estimate of all Chams I could find from that long ago is 200,000 based on Armenian American estimates in 1912.[page 295 ] I know this estimate in particular is probably too old to be reliable, but even if it were off by 100,000, it'd still make the 690,000 figure likely. I think Vickers estimates ~150,000 Chams in Albania are descended from the deportees from WWII (which is more than possible), which the rest were likely there prior to expulsion (probably through simple emigration). Yung Doohickey (talk) 04:50, 27 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what leads you to believe that this publication isn't peer reviewed. Sounds like you do not understand what peer review is or how it works. If that's the case, you shouldn't be editing this topic. Even if we take into account the 85k migrants (a very high figure, the source itself is dubious), and add that to ~40k in Greece (the most common estimate), that's 120k Chams in 1944, which would still imply an increase of 400%-500% in 6 decades to get to Vickers' non-peer-reviewed figures. Not to mention you have not addressed my argument how we went from ~25k Chams in Albania at the end of 1945, to 250k in the space of a few decades. This is my last post on the topic. You are just repeating the same arguments over and over while trying to maximize the numbers as much as possible, as you are doing across multiple articles. Khirurg (talk) 04:04, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Vickers is cited by other scholars, if you insist that she isn't WP:RS, then you should inquire on the WP:RSN about her source, Elsie's and Ahmed's. Even if we take into account the 85k migrants (a very high figure, the source itself is dubious), and add that to ~40k in Greece (the most common estimate), that's 120k Chams in 1944, which would still imply an increase of 400%-500% in 6 decades to get to Vickers' non-peer-reviewed figures. This argument is WP:SYNTH and fails to account for Chams that already lived in or have emigrated to Albania prior to WWII. You have not cited a single source throughout this entire discussion, nor elaborated on your concerns. Not to mention you have not addressed my argument how we went from ~25k Chams in Albania at the end of 1945, to 250k in the space of a few decades. Yes I did, in my previous response: I think Vickers estimates ~150,000 Chams in Albania are descended from the deportees from WWII (which is more than possible), which the rest were likely there prior to expulsion (probably through simple emigration). If you refuse to continue the discussion, and reject all of my arguments, I don't see how we can resolve this without other editors joining in. Yung Doohickey (talk) 06:00, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Since this discussion isn't going anywhere anytime soon, I will change the total population to c. 690,000 for the following reasons:
 * 170k was a claim provided by Cham Albanians in 1995 of the descendants of the "original Chams" which does not seem to indicate the total Cham population. The Cham refugees set up associations and clubs. These have been revital-ized after the collapse of the communist regime in Albania. According to the local officials they claim that the original Chams were 30,000 to 35,000 and that today their descendants number close to 170,000 (Kallivertakis, 1995:50)
 * According to contemporary Armenian estimates, Chams numbered 200,000 in 1912. This would make Vickers' figures more than likely.
 * Vickers' figures are used by two other scholars I've cited in this discussion. There is no WP:RS that has been brought up disputing these figures, or offering a lower number.
 * In regards to the Cham population in Albania, in Vickers' 2002 paper, she writes The Chams are demanding the recognition of about 4,000 Chams who disappeared as a result of those conflicts, and the property rights of about 150,000 others. Which would imply the refugee population doubled twice in 6 decades (entirely possible) The other 100,000 are Chams who lived on the Albanian side since before WWII.
 * Chams emigrated to Turkey and Albania during the interwar period, which can explain their diaspora.
 * Thanks, Yung Doohickey (talk) 23:29, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The serial number inflation across multiple articles needs to stop. The Armenian estimates of 1912 are completely worthless. The Vickers source does not cite bibliography and is not peer-reviewed. The number of Chams in Albania before WW2 was very small, so going from 20k who fled Greece to 250k is an increase of an order of magnitude in a few decades, which again would make the Chams the fastest growing population in the world in the aftermath of WW2. No way. Khirurg (talk) 23:25, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Khirurg, listen, what you refusing to get is that the Cham refugees didn't go from 20k to 250k, but, according to Vickers, 35k to 150k, the rest of the Chams in Albania proably already lived there. Please stop the disruptive editing, you can't keep making arguments consisting only of WP:SYNTH. My increase in figures in other articles has nothing to do with this discussion. Those edits have been reverted and I am not contesting them because I understand why they've been reverted. Yung Doohickey (talk) 23:31, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * It is you who is refusing to listen. There were very few Chams in Albania before WW2, to suggest that these increased to 100k is outlandish. By the way, I have re-instated Roudometof, which you removed without good reason. Khirurg (talk) 04:43, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't have exact figures of Chams in Albania before WWII, but I would assume it'd be a fair bit due to emigration during the persecution. I explained why I removed the 170k figure, but you chose not to hear it and you reinstated it without considering my reasoning. Yung Doohickey (talk) 04:56, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The only explanation I see from you is The figure of 170,000 Chams is 28 years old and extremely low in comparison to the minimum estimate of all countries combined. which is not an adequate explanation. The fact that you think it is too low means absolutely nothing. Roudmoetof is a top notch academic source. And no it's not 28 years old, it is actually from 2002. Let me remind you that populations in this part of the world are no longer growing, but are in fact shrinking. So there is every reason to believe that the Cham population hasn't grown significantly in the last 20 years, and in fact is very likely shrinking as we discuss this. Khirurg (talk) 06:44, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This was not my only explanation. Please refer to my 1 January explanation (the first bullet point). Thanks, Yung Doohickey (talk) 00:43, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Look, we're not going to remove Roudometof because you think which does not seem to indicate the total Cham population. That's just your own speculation. Btw, no source claims a figure of 690k, you just added the estimated 40k in Greece to Vicker's figure, but that's the very definition of WP:SYNTH. And even the maximum estimates in the infobox only add up to 440k, way below 650k. Khirurg (talk) 02:30, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That isn't speculation. If it doesn't state it's the total Cham population, it's WP:OR to say that it does. Additionally, the source isn't Roudometof or Kallivertakis; the figure comes from "local leaders", which isn't WP:RS. And even the maximum estimates in the infobox only add up to 440k, way below 650k. They add up to 460k, and it doesn't matter because this would be WP:SYNTH. Combining figures from a single source is not WP:SYNTH, combining them from multiple different sources is. Vickers and Ahmed both have 250k in Albania and 400k in diaspora (and Vickers estimates 40k in Greece). Yung Doohickey (talk) 03:38, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Correction: Combing figures from the same source can be WP:SYNTH, but in this case it clearly isn't. Yung Doohickey (talk) 03:40, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The 40k in Greece could easily be part of Vickers' "wider diaspora". Adding 40k to 650k is not only SYNTH, but it is duplication. And there is nothing to suggest that Roudometof's figures do not represent the total. It doesn't matter if it's "local leaders", if it's good enough for Roudometof, it's good enough for us. Khirurg (talk) 05:52, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The thing is, would Chams in Greece (largely containing their native land) be considered in Diaspora? If so, then I can concede that 650k is fine—especially since this is the interpretation per Ahmed. However, the 170k figure is only stated as being the descendants of 30-35k "original Chams." My main point is that nowhere does this imply the total Cham population. He's likely referring specifically descendants of Muslim Cham refugees in WWII. This estimate is also presented as the claim of local officials and not in the opinion of Roudometof or Kallivertakis (probably because the figure is seemingly inflated assuming it's the number of descendants of Chams that fled during WWII). Yung Doohickey (talk) 06:25, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The 40k (probably fewer now) in Greece are assimilated now. Numerous sources attest to this (e.g. ) It's been almost 80 years since the expulsion, it's not like there are 40k flag-waving Albanians in Epirus that can be added to the total. After 80 years of assimilatory pressure, mixed marriages, internal migration, these are Greeks with full or partial Cham ancestry. Regarding Roudometof, it is not what he meant by "original Chams", but there no such thing a "non-original Chams" is there? Khirurg (talk) 00:55, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Your first point is WP:SYNTH, so it isn't exactly applicable here. The problem with Roudometof is that that the figure is clearly not being presented in the opinion of Roudometof or Kallivertakis, but in the claim of local officials. This does not meet WP:V. Also "original Chams" is a pretty ambiguous term, like saying "true Greeks" or "real Albanians". Yung Doohickey (talk) 01:14, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * What other sources "attest to" is not important. Vickers is a source on its own, and says that there are 40k Orthodox Chams in Greece. Whatever their status now, Vickers counts them among Chams, and so do some other RS for that matter. If there are RS that give numbers without including the Orthodox, they can be added next to Vickers' own number which includes the Orthodox. Ktrimi991 (talk) 06:49, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The 40k in Greece mentioned in Vickers are included among the "400k in diaspora". She does not mention them separately from the 400k. The sentence Today there are approximately 250,000 Chams in Albania and an estimated 400,000 in the wider diaspora clearly refers to the total number of Chams. Khirurg (talk) 16:39, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

In that part the article elaborates only on those Chams who are not Greek citizens nowadays: "Although the majority of Muslim Chams fled Greece during the Second World War, other displacements occurred during the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, and during the dictatorship of General Metaxas in the 1930s when many Chams were violently driven from their homes. Today there are approximately 250,000 Chams in Albania and an estimated 400,000 in the wider diaspora, mostly in the USA and Turkey. Despite being granted Albanian citizenship in 1953, many Chams still regard themselves as refugees deprived of their Greek citizenship and the right to return to their property in Greece. The Chams are campaigning for the Greek government to acknowledge the violence perpetrated against them, and for the return of their confiscated properties together with compensation for their use since their expulsion. They also want their Greek citizenship restored." It makes a clear distinction between the Orthodox who are Greek citizens and those Chams who are in the diaspora Whereas in Albania and the diaspora Cham communities have managed to preserve their dialect, traditions and folk songs, in Greece itself those Orthodox Chams, now numbering around 40,000, who were allowed to remain in Greece, have suffered from assimilation and the public suppression of their Albanian heritage and language. As a result, Albanian is only spoken privately in the home. Pretending that Orthodox Chams in Greece are part of the diaspora is ridiculous, and it is merely an attempt to somehow reduce the total number of Chams, after the efforts to remove or tag Vickers failed. I do not mind having 40k Chams more or less in the total number, as it practically is a trivial thing that has no real importance or effect. But I dislike the bad faith I see in your effort to decrease the numbers through RS removal, RS tagging and source misinterpretation. Ktrimi991 (talk) 18:39, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

 * What's "ridiculous" is claiming a figure of ~700k Chams, which falls under WP:EXTRAORDINARY using a single, questionable source. Khirurg (talk) 18:49, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, if we can't get a decisive upper bound of either 650k or 690k, we can use 800k from Adi Hima. Though this estimate is, in his own words, contentious, but he also provides at least 300k in Albania. Also, Vickers' figure is not WP:EXTRAORDINARY because we also have the 650k figure from Ahmed, which isn't that much lower. Her figures are also cited by Robert Elsie. Yung Doohickey (talk) 20:44, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

"Whereas in Albania and the diaspora Cham communities have managed to preserve their dialect, traditions and folk songs, in Greece itself those Orthodox Chams, now numbering around 40,000, who were allowed to remain in Greece" refers the 40k estimate to those who remained in Greece, not to the diaspora. Ktrimi991 (talk) 07:12, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This is probably true, which is why I supported the figure of 690k, but since Ahmed's source says there's 250k in Albania and a further 400k in other countries, it could be argued that 40k is included. This realistically wouldn't make much sense considering that Chams are native to Greece and wouldn't be considered in diaspora. Yung Doohickey (talk) 19:58, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I strongly oppose the removal or tagging of Vickers. Her work is RS and she is a well-known academic. That is the reason why she has been in the article for a long time, and will continue to do so. If there are other RS presenting different numbers, they can be added next to Vicker's. Editors' own "arguments" with birthrate calculations etc are worthless as far as the article is concerned. Ktrimi991 (talk) 00:38, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Vickers' work has been published by a reliable publisher, the Conflict Studies Research Center which has published works by other academics as well. That particular work of Vickers has been cited in other academic, peer-reviewed works like that one by Oxford University Press and that one by Ohio University Press. Ktrimi991 (talk) 01:05, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Comment: Cham figures provided by Vickers are comparable to other figures in the same period in Albanian communities and Vickers is RS. In terms of their demographic impact, as a more rural population Cham had a higher increase rate than other more urban groups. I think that it's better to compare and contrast different sources.--Maleschreiber (talk) 01:11, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Vickers (2010) which is the most updated Vickers publication on the issue reads: "The majority of the Cham population were forcibly displaced from their homes in north-western Greece at various stages from 1913 to 1949 and today more than 250,000 Chams live as refugees in Albania and elsewhere and they are campaigning ever more vigorously for the Greek government to grant them Greek citizenship and to return their confiscated properties with due compensation."

The 250,000 figures includes Cham diaspora everywhere and as such the older Vickers figures should be corrected accordingly. It's not the first time that Vickers self-refutes here older claims though. On her 2007 paper she claimed that Chameria stretched as far as Prespa which is clearly non-historical.Alexikoua (talk) 21:18, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

 * This is a good point, but the source she cites in the 2010 paper is her 2002 paper where she put the number of Cham refugees in Albania at 200k. The 250k Chams in Albania (not necessarily refugees) and 250k refugees in Albania and in diaspora is probably the same because of a coincidence and not necessarily an error in her calculations. Not every Cham in diaspora is a refugee. Thanks, Yung Doohickey (talk) 21:40, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well you say that Vickers is unreliable and wrong in her updated statement and that's not a good point to present her as reliable. If we want a specific author to be considered reliable then only the updated figure should stay not the obsolete one. It is more convincing to claim that the updated figure is the correct one than to present an older claim by the same author and completely ignore Vickers' most recent estimation on the issue as ... error. Alexikoua (talk) 21:55, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The current claim also completely ignores the official figure that lives in Greece; while the 40,000 claim is just the highest claim (40k out of a total population of 55k in Thesprotia by the way.Alexikoua (talk) 21:57, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I wasn't implying she was unreliable or incorrect. I just said her 250k figure of refugees (assuming ~200k were from Albania per her 2002 paper) is not the same as her estimate of 250k in Albania (total Chams, not necessarily refugees) in her 2007 paper. Yung Doohickey (talk) 22:01, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Not all Chams are refugees. Actually a small minority of them could be considered so, because the son or grandson of a Cham expelled from Greece in Albania is hardly a refugee in Albania. Do not expect Orthodox Chams in Greece to live all in Thesprotia. The Greek part of Chameria is a bit larger and many people from the area have moved from the north to Athens, Thessaloniki etc and also to the Western Europe. Ktrimi991 (talk) 22:05, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Such wrong (and older) higher estimates by Vickers are completely dismissed by the rest of the scholarship. We shouldn't rely on claims that even the author itself has corrected in more recent papers.Alexikoua (talk) 22:39, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Kretsi also raises serious objections on even lower claims of 150,000 and 300,00. Definitely this claim would imply that the rest of the Albanians have really severe fertility issues compared to the Cham community who is reproducing to a x32 scale (from a community around 20k in 1940) in just 3 generations.Alexikoua (talk) 22:43, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The Cham Albanians include people who had left Greece for Albania, Turkey and even the US before WW2. So you see "severe fertility issues" and the "x32 scale" because you have not understood what you have read. What other sources say do not make Vicker's number worthless. There are different opinions on the Chams' numbers, hence the infobox presents various estimates. Since you are not saying anything new but just writing walls of text filled with source misrepresentation (Vickers has not "corrected" herself) and personal opinions, do not expect any more response. This is not a forum to pass the free time. Ktrimi991 (talk) 22:56, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The one that turned Vickers' number worthless and claimed that it's an error wasn't me. 250,00 (Cham Albanian diaspora originating from Thesprotia) in Albania and elsewhere is her updated figure (2010). Objections? Ktrimi: I'm simply presenting the argument exactly as placed by Kretsi and yes those extraordinary claims are wrong because they imply that there is a serious fertility issue in Albanian society if we considered this to be true.Alexikoua (talk) 23:29, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * 250k (in the 2010 source) is not her figure of Chams in diaspora, but the Cham refugees in Albania and in diaspora, which doesn't represent all Chams. This does not change the accuracy of her previous figures. Yung Doohickey (talk) 23:51, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Kretsi clearly rejects any claim from 300,000 as propaganda based on concrete arguments. Chams moved from nw Greece as refugees (that's why it was called expulsion) apart from a very tiny part around Konispol that isn't part of Greece.Alexikoua (talk) 00:00, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Which publications by Kretsi are we referring to? Yung Doohickey (talk) 00:06, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * It's quite interesting about the quality of Vicker's estimations on Vickers (2002), she cites "Chameria Political Association" about 204,255 in Albania. Also all Chams from Greece are considered refugees by Vickers because they moved from their native place by force. Alexikoua (talk) 00:13, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well it seems Kretsi is only referring to the descendants of WWII refugees, not all Chams in the World. Chams who already lived in Albania or emigrated (willingly) to Albania or Turkey prior to WWII would probably not constitute refugees. Yung Doohickey (talk) 00:40, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Kretsi 2002: This number (300,000) seems very unlikely when compared to the 20,000 WWII refugees as the average population growth for Albania was 2% per year.

Ok Kretsi is one scholar, but it's not the only one that rejects such data. Zhelyazkova, 2003: Alexikoua (talk) 00:52, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

 * In 2004, he put the number of Chams in Albania at 120k to 150k. Yung Doohickey (talk) 01:02, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No you are wrong: he puts that number on a world-wide scale. Also all Cham expelled from Greece were considered refugees by Vickers. Time for the necessary adjustments. Alexikoua (talk) 21:23, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * He does: As a result, the problem of the property and number of Çams has been directly linked with the property and number of Greeks in Albania. According to the team’s approximate estimates, today the Çams living in Albania must be around 120-150 thousand per his 2004 paper. Yung Doohickey (talk) 23:22, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * A huge gap lies between 120k and 690k making everyone wonder where on earth the remaining number -the vast majority of them c. 80% - is located (& if we believe that Vickers (2010) is wrong). Apart from Zhelyazkova and Kretsi, Kallivretakis also points such huge figures are simply nonsense:

Alexikoua (talk) 21:46, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cham Albanians


text:
Ferrum College

Ferrum College is a private college in Ferrum, Virginia. The college was established in 1913 as the Ferrum Training School (also referred to as the Ferrum Institute by its board of trustees) for primary and secondary education to serve the mountain communities of rural Southwest Virginia.

The school was known as Ferrum Junior College between 1940 and 1976. It was founded by the United Methodist Church and gradually developed from primary to post-secondary education. Today, Ferrum enrolls around 800 undergraduate and graduate students and offers over 54 undergraduate majors and four graduate programs. Ferrum College's 700 acre campus is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains near Rocky Mount, Virginia, in Franklin County.

Its athletic teams compete in Division III of the NCAA in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC). Ferrum has 11 men's teams and 14 women's teams, and its mascot is the Panther. The football team is commonly referred to as the "Black Hats."

Ferrum College is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register.

Founding

Charitable members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Virginia established the school—Ferrum Training School—in Ferrum, Virginia in 1913 to provide educational opportunities to underprivileged youth in the state's Blue Ridge Mountains region. The Virginia Conference Woman's Home Missionary Society (VCWHMS) under President Mrs. Lee Britt wished to serve and educate the rural population of southwestern Virginia. Already in 1909, President Britt informed Dr. Benjamin Beckham, presiding elder of the Danville district, that the VCWHMS had gathered $1,200 toward constructing a school somewhere in the district. In 1911, the village of Ferrum was selected for the presence of the train depot on the Norfolk and Western Railway between Roanoke and Winston-Salem. In 1912, Dr. Beckham offered to help raise $25,000 and in 1913 the Society formed a board of trustees and purchased eighty acres of land for the campus from local farmer George Goode, with another fifty acres donated by citizens of the village, allowing the board to officially establish Ferrum Training School.

Construction began in earnest in 1914 and Dr. Beckham moved his family to the site, opening the first section of John Wesley Hall to open the first term of instruction in the fall of 1914. The small school grew with the support of the Railway, which constructed a cinder road from the Ferrum Depot to Ferrum Training School. The board of trustees purchased an additional 96 acres in 1916 and Ferrum graduated their first diploma-earning student in 1917, Berta Thompson (1897–1975), who went on to become a public school teacher.

After steady growth in its first decade despite numerous crises involving sickness, financial difficulties, and luring faculty to rural Virginia, in 1926 Ferrum's trustees voted to recast the institution as a junior college. In 1928, the village of Ferrum opened a public elementary school. Between 1926 and 1935, Ferrum Training School transitioned into secondary education with the occasional post-secondary course in religious training. After 1935, Ferrum Training School under President Dr. James A. Chapman began seeking accreditation, the name of the institution in 1940 becoming Ferrum Training School – Ferrum Junior College.

From crisis to growth
By 1940, half of the enrolled students were college level, the elementary division closing before the end of World War II. With the closing of the original Training School's primary school, some thought that the mountain mission school had served its purpose. In a 1948 editorial for the Richmond Christian Advocate, its editor Dr. George Reamey recommended the school be closed. The resignation of the fourth president, the Rev. Derby in 1948, came in part from similar concerns about the viability of the school in post-war Virginia. However, this crisis inspired a wide outpouring of support from alumni and a decision to make stronger appeals and more competitive salaries to entice faculty and staff to the college's rural location. At the same time, the school's name was shortened to just Ferrum Junior College.

"Ferrum was located in an extremely rural area. The nearest city was miles away and the isolation was not welcomed by many. Derby recommended that salaries be raised and living conditions be improved as soon as possible to help in recruiting teachers and students."

President Derby's successor was fittingly one of the many alumni who championed a future for Ferrum Training School, Dr. Nathaniel Davis of the class of 1924. Under his leadership, the school continued its transition into a junior college and instituted an annual hike for the students in the surrounding mountains. By the 1950s the junior college transformation was complete, the High School division closing in 1955.

Ferrum Junior College
With the arrival of the new President Dr. C. Ralph Arthur in 1954, a new era on campus began. President Arthur pressed the Methodist Church for stronger financial support, oversaw the removal of under-credentialed and ill-trained faculty, and the hiring of professional collegiate-level educators to be enticed by school-provided housing that President Arthur convinced the board of trustees to build. President Arthur was a tireless fundraiser from local businesses, government officials at every level, and throughout the branches of the Methodist Church. The changes at the school led to unprecedented growth in the student population; from only 238 students in 1958 to 646 in 1962. By the 50th Anniversary celebrated in the 1963–1964 academic year, the school had 799 students and fifty full-time faculty. Another shift was the rise in collegiate athletics, exemplified by the long career of Hank Norton, who began coaching in 1960 and continued his association with the college for over three decades.

As early as 1963, the Methodist Church Annual Conference had recommended that its schools in Virginia consider enrollment of all students without regard to race. In 1967, Ferrum welcomed its first four African-American students: Alice Baker and Fred Dunnings of Rocky Mount, Jerry Venable from Staunton, and Allen White from Philadelphia.

Founded by members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Ferrum College saw changes at the board of trustees level with the merging of various Methodist branches in 1939 (healing the split in 1844 over the differences between north and south on the criminality of slavery) and again in 1968 to form the United Methodist Church.

In 1970, Dr. Arthur succumbed after a long battle with cancer. His funeral was held in the newly opened Vaughn Chapel, classes suspended but with all students on campus to pay their respects to the man that had utterly transformed the campus from a mountain primary school to a prestigious junior college. Dr. Arthur was interred in a vault beneath the chapel bell tower.

Ferrum College
With the passing of Dr. Arthur, the ambitions of the board of trustees turned them to Dr. Joseph Hart for the eighth president. A historian and political scientist by training, Dr. Hart began his tenure by explaining to the board of trustees that Ferrum would continue to grow in academics but also as a cornerstone of the local community, likely a change brought about by Dr. Arthur's insistence that the faculty live within the bounds of the town.

"In our assessment of where to go from there, it was fairly obvious that we needed to put renewed emphasis on the quality of the whole program, not just academics but student activities as well... we gradually paid off everything except a long-term note that goes until 2010. We gradually built up enrollment to 1600 which helped us pay to pay off the debt, after which we cut back enrollment by 100 students a year to remain competitive until we hit 1200... We saw very soon that we could not develop the college from an academic standpoint separate from the community. The Blue Ridge Institute highlighted the heritage and people of our community. Many people came to the Folk Life Festivals who had never been on the Ferrum Campus before."

Many of the junior colleges of the 1950s and 1960s began to transition either into the new Community College model or otherwise to transform into four-year colleges; Ferrum Junior College was in an increasingly untenable position. In response, the school moved to attract more faculty and programs until, in 1976, Ferrum received accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to operate as a four-year college, five years after it adopted its current name.

In 2020, this historic trend continued when Ferrum College received similar accreditation to confer graduate degrees.

Today, Ferrum College offers bachelor's degrees in over fifty major degree programs and several graduate programs.

The college is affiliated with the Virginia Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church and the United Methodist Women of the Virginia Annual Conference.

Campus
The Ferrum campus is located on 700 acre near the town of Ferrum, Virginia. The nearest large cities are Roanoke, Virginia (35 mi northeast) and Greensboro, North Carolina (70 miles south).

Notable buildings
The Blue Ridge Institute and Museum, designated as the State Center for Blue Ridge Folklore by the Virginia General Assembly in 1986, is on the main campus near the Blue Ridge Farm Museum.

Since 1973, the institute has held the annual Blue Ridge Folklife Festival on the fourth Saturday in October to showcase regional traditions. In 1999, the museum's collection of Great Road Pottery was featured on an episode of the American version of Antiques Roadshow.

The Titmus Agricultural Center has a modern barn where the students raise sheep, cattle, and horses. The farm also has a garden where students grow vegetables and herbs for the campus dining hall. In 2016, College Ranker ranked The Titmus Agricultural Center as #8 in the country for Best College Farms. Stanley Library, named after the 57th Governor of Virginia, Thomas B Stanley, is the three-storied library on campus. It serves not only as a library but also contains many quiet areas for study, including also an art gallery, the International Programs office, the Carter Center for Academic Success, and several classrooms.

The Hank Norton Center contains a sports medicine facility, locker rooms for teams, offices, and a kitchen. It was built in 2012 and named in honor of former Football Coach and Athletic Director Hank Norton, who spent 34 years at Ferrum.

The Stratton House, Spilman-Daniel House, John Wesley Hall, Roberts Hall, Richeson Hall, and Beckham Hall are part of the Ferrum College Historic District and are listed in the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places.

Academics
Ferrum College currently offers fifty-four undergraduate degree programs and two graduate degree programs (Master of Science in Psychology, and Ed.S. in Teacher Leadership and Coaching). In 2020, the college started offering degrees in Nursing, and a 100% online RN to BSN program.

The college's environmental science program is the second oldest in the country, and Ferrum is the only private college in Virginia to offer a bachelor's degree in Agricultural Science.

In partnership with NAFSA, the Association of International Educators, Ferrum offers the #YouAreWelcomeHere scholarship to promote international students seeking education in the United States. The college currently has students representing over 12 countries on its campus.

The Boone Honors is an interdisciplinary program committed to challenging students enrolled in the program. The Honors program is for students enrolling with a combined math/verbal SAT score of 1200 or higher and a cumulative high school GPA of 3.5. Every student in the program is eligible to receive travel scholarship money for Study Abroad, and other extracurricular activities.

Student life
Ferrum College has four sororities and three fraternities.

The Chrysalis Literary and Arts Magazine is a collection of works created by students and faculty. New issues are published each semester, and they display works of poetry, prose, photography, and visual art.

Spiritual Life at Ferrum offers students a chance to grow their spirituality. Due to COVID-19, the previously weekly in-person offerings, are now shown virtually over social media.

The Iron Blade was established in 1955 and is the campus newspaper. The content is written primarily by students and it delivers news to the Ferrum College campus and the broader Franklin community.

Norton Outdoors is the outdoor connection for students, faculty and staff. Trips are frequently taken involving various outdoor activities such as sailing, skiing, rock climbing, hiking, and caving.

Athletics
The Ferrum athletic teams are called the Panthers. The university is a member of the Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC) since the 2018–19 academic year. The Panthers previously competed in the USA South Athletic Conference (USA South) for most of its sports from 1988–89 to 2017–18; while its football team competed in the Atlantic Central Football Conference (ACFC) from the 1998 to 2000 fall seasons (1998–99 to 2000–01 school years) before it later joined with the rest of their sports in the USA South; and as an NCAA D-III Independent from 1985–86 to 1987–88.

In 2025, Ferrum will move to NCAA Division II as a member of Conference Carolinas.

Ferrum competes in 25 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, equestrian, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track & field, volleyball and wrestling.

History
Ferrum joined the NCAA Division III ranks in 1985 after being previously classified as a junior college. Under head coach W. H. "Hank" Norton, Ferrum won the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) national football championship four times (1965, 1968, 1974, 1977). Norton's last great team, in 1989, finished third overall in the NCAA Division III rankings. This team featured future AFC leading rusher Chris Warren and Freddie Stovall.

Seven members of the Panthers' 1968 championship team—all of whom had transferred to Marshall University—died in the 1970 plane crash which also claimed the lives of 37 Marshall University Thundering Herd players and 30 others, including the team's coaches, 25 boosters and the entire flight crew.

Ferrum was the first college in Virginia to offer collegiate women's wrestling. In March 2019, Ferrum College hosted the NCAA Division III men's wrestling championships, held at the Berglund Center in Roanoke, Virginia.

In January 2020, the college announced plans to launch both women's and men's track & field programs beginning in the fall 2020 season.

The spring 2020 athletics season was abruptly canceled in March of that year, due to the COVID-19 global pandemic.

Notable alumni

 * Watkins Abbitt, Jr., former member of the Virginia House of Delegates
 * Jake Cabell, college football assistant coach
 * Ed George, former NFL player
 * Bruce Gossett, Former kicker, San Francisco 49ers
 * Jim Grobe, former head football coach
 * Kevin Keatts, head men's basketball coach at North Carolina State University
 * Jim Kitts, former NFL player
 * Al Latimer, former NFL player
 * Billy Joe Mantooth, former NFL player
 * Eric Owens '93, baseball outfielder. Florida Marlins, San Diego Padres, Milwaukee Brewers, and Cincinnati Reds
 * Larry Robinson, former NFL player
 * Nick Rodriguez, former wrestler and current submission grappler
 * John Paul Vann, lt. colonel in the U.S. Army, the only civilian to receive the Distinguished Service Cross in the Vietnam War. Subject of Neil Sheehan's book, and the HBO series A Bright Shining Lie
 * Billy Wagner, baseball pitcher for the Atlanta Braves; Boston Red Sox, New York Mets, Philadelphia Phillies, and Houston Astros
 * Chris Warren '90, football running back for the Seattle Seahawks, Dallas Cowboys, and Philadelphia Eagles

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ferrum College


text:
Alex Kerr (Japanologist)

Alex Kerr (born June 16, 1952) is an American writer and Japanologist.

Biography
Originally from the Bethesda area in Montgomery County, Maryland, Kerr's father, a naval officer, was posted in Yokohama from 1964 to 1966. Kerr returned to the states and studied Japanese Studies at Yale University. After studying Chinese Studies at the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, Kerr moved back to Japan full-time in 1977. He lived in Kameoka, near Kyoto, working with the Oomoto Foundation, a Shintō organisation devoted to the practise and teaching of traditional Japanese arts.

An expert on Japanese culture and art, he frequently writes and lectures in Japanese. Through his experiences in Japan, as related in his books, he has become an avid art collector and patron of Japan's traditional theatre and other arts. He also worked in business, working for Trammell Crow in the 1980s. Kerr currently has several residences. He lives in Bangkok, Thailand for half of the year, and Kyoto for the other half, visiting and staying at Chiiori as well.

Chiiori
In the early 1970s, Kerr purchased a crumbling, abandoned, two-hundred-year-old Japanese house in the Iya Valley, a remote mountainous area of Tokushima prefecture on the island of Shikoku. He restored the house to a liveable state, including re-thatching the kayabuki roof using traditional materials. The house was given the name Chiiori, or "House of the Flute". The restoration of Chiiori began a project by Kerr and others to preserve Japan's vanishing arts, culture and traditional lifestyle.

In 2007, Kerr decided to become more personally involved in Iya. He expanded and reorganized the board of directors of the project, and closed the house for a few months for renovations. It reopened in November 2007.

Works
In his book Lost Japan (1993), he describes what he saw as the sorry modern state of the country in which he has spent more than 35 years of his life. It was originally written and published in Japanese as Utsukushiki Nihon no Zanzō (美しき日本の残像, Last Glimpse of Beautiful Japan). He was the first foreigner to be awarded the Shincho Gakugei Literature Prize for the best work of non-fiction published in Japan in 1994 for this work. His later work Dogs and Demons (2002) addressed the same issues of degradation and loss of native culture in the wake of Modernization/Westernization. In Another Kyoto (2016), Kerr and co-author Kathy Arlyn Sokol draw on decades of living in Kyoto and reflect on the architecture of the city’s famous monuments.

English-language works

 * Lost Japan (1993) ISBN 0-86442-370-5
 * Dogs and Demons: The Fall of Modern Japan (2002) ISBN 0-14-101000-2
 * Living in Japan (2006) ISBN 3-8228-4594-9
 * Bangkok Found: Reflections on the City (2010) ISBN 978-9749863923
 * Another Kyoto (2016) ISBN 4418165118
 * Finding the Heart Sutra: Guided by a Magician, an Art Collector and Buddhist Sages from Tibet to Japan (2020) ISBN 0241468450

title: Alex Kerr (Japanologist)


text:
List of storms named Agatha

The name Agatha has been used for eleven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and for one in the South Pacific.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Tropical Storm Agatha (1967) – stayed well away from land
 * Hurricane Agatha (1971) – Category 2 hurricane, made landfall in the state of Michoacán, causing moderate damage
 * Hurricane Agatha (1975) – Category 1 hurricane, moved northwest off the Mexican coast
 * Hurricane Agatha (1980) – Category 3 hurricane, stayed well out to sea
 * Hurricane Agatha (1986) – Category 1 hurricane, moved eastward parallel to the Mexican coastline
 * Tropical Storm Agatha (1992) – approached but did not reach the Mexican coast
 * Tropical Storm Agatha (1998) – stayed well clear of land
 * Tropical Storm Agatha (2004) – stayed off the Mexican coast; did not affect land
 * Tropical Storm Agatha (2010) – made landfall on the coast of Guatemala, bringing widespread floods to much of Central America, killing 317 and causing nearly $1.1 billion (2010 USD) in damages
 * Tropical Storm Agatha (2016) – churned in the open ocean
 * Hurricane Agatha (2022) – Category 2 hurricane, made landfall in Oaxaca

In the South Pacific:
 * Cyclone Agatha (1972) – traversed the Cook Islands

title: List of storms named Agatha


text:
FC Vostok

FC Vostok (Восток Футбол Клубы, Vostok Fýtbol Klýby) was a Kazakh football club from Öskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), and a founding member of the Kazakhstan Premier League in 1992. The club's best finish in the league was 5th place in 1997 and again in 1998.

History
On 19 September 2008, FC Shakhter and FC Vostok were found guilty of one count of match fixing. Coaches and management involved were banned from football for 60 months and both clubs were expelled from the Kazakhstan Premier League On 2 October 2008, the Football Federation of Kazakhstan revised these decisions. FC Vostok's expulsion was upheld, while FC Shakhter's punishment was reduced to a deduction of nine points. The result of the fixed match was annulled, and all remaining Vostok games were to be counted as won 3–0 by their opponents. However, the expulsion of FC Vostok from the Kazakhstan Cup 2008 was revoked.

A new club, FC Altai Semey, was founded in January 2016 from the merger of FC Vostok and Spartak Semey.

Names

 * 1963 : Founded as Vostok
 * 1997 : Renamed Vostok Adil
 * 1998 : Renamed Vostok
 * 1999 : Renamed Vostok Altyn
 * 2003 : Renamed Vostok

Honours

 * Kazakhstan First Division
 * Champions (1): 2010
 * Kazakhstan Cup
 * Winners (1): 1994

Previous managers

 * 🇰🇿 Sergey Kvochkin (1973–75), (1976–78), (1984–86)
 * 🇰🇿 Vakhid Masudov (2002)
 * 🇷🇺 Aleksandr Piskaryov (2004)
 * 🇰🇿 Andrei Miroshnichenko (2009)
 * 🇰🇿 Pavel Saliy (2012)
 * 🇰🇿 Vladimir Fomichyov (Jan 2013)
 * 🇰🇿 Pavel Yevteyev (2014–2015)

title: FC Vostok


text:
Talk:Vova and Olga Galchenko

NPOV
Is this an encyclopaedia entry or a press release? 80.177.206.19
 * Can you help edit the article? --Viriditas | Talk 01:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Sure, I did a bit better and completely re-wrote it from scratch.

Just a side note: I was the original writer of this article, and I the time I thought I was doing fairly well. However, it was one of my first Wiki-articles, and looking back on it now, it does seem fairly biased. Can someone help clean it up? --TheSwami 11:48, 20 July 2005 (PST)

It mentions that vova is good at 3 club combat. What is that? BTW i think its a very good article ,granted there is a slight bias but their juggling records and tournement wins prove their skills.

First time wiki-poster but long time juggler (workshop teacher, performer, IJA member, etc) and you might want to substantiate the claim that people think Vova is secondary only to Anthony Gatto as a club juggler, equally the influence that the two have had on young jugglers and their progress seems highly speculative given that they are only two of numerous technically and creatively gifted jugglers who have made material available through the web. I think the article is very complete, but drifts into claims that aren't referenced and that may not be widely agreed upon by other jugglers.

combat is a game played commonly with 3 clubs. Many players attend in each game. the jugglers all start to juggle at once, the object is to throw one of your own clubs high into the air, and with one of your remaining clubs, hit another players clubs so that they drop. If a player drops a club while playing they are out. The last player standing is the winner. You must continue your three club pattern to remain in the game. I hope this helps people understand what compbat is.
 * combat*****

Possible Copyright Violation
A large part of this article added 21st of July 2005 appears to be identical to http://www.galchenko.com/about/ indicating a possible copyright violation --Sully 13:13, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article.-- Jreferee 20:28, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Skill and influence section
I removed this entire section, as it appears to be POV discussion without any proper sourcing. The text is below in case someone thinks there is something here to salvage. Notmyrealname 16:20, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Vova and Olga could be considered child prodigies. With the combined age of just 26 they broke their first juggling world record. Over the next few years they broke the 9, 10, 11 and 12 club passing endurance records. They regularly perform club passing routines that are more demanding than any performed by any team in the past. In practice they manage tricks that were commonly thought impossible just a few years ago.

Individually, Olga is one of the most proficient female club jugglers at the moment, despite the fact she is still in her teens. Olga is also considered very good at 3 Club Combat. Vova is constantly improving his club juggling skills and is now one of the most technically competent jugglers in the world. With clubs, many jugglers think he is only second in the world to Anthony Gatto, though at technical 5 club juggling he is arguably better.

Due to their young age, remarkable skill and high exposure at juggling events and online, the Galchenkos showed that anyone of any age can become a very good juggler in a relatively short time. For new jugglers in isolated locations, the edited highlights of Vova and Olga's skill was their main or only influence, via the video files on the Galchenko website. Their father has chronicled their juggling from the early stages of learning elementary juggling feats, through childhood and into their adult years. Though Olga has at least temporarily chosen an academic life over juggling, the extensive archive of video materials available via the internet -- of both Olga and Vova -- will allow them to be a major influence on jugglers both young and old for years to come.

Don't change their name please
Kolindigo don't change their name: that's the correct transcription! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Haex (talk • contribs) 21:08, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, but is the form they use commonly? See Naming conventions (common names). Kolindigo (talk) 22:06, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * No it's not, but for that problem there are the wiki redirects! This juggler needs an "official" page which will be "Vova Galchenko" because it's the most common (but lazy) transcription, and a redirect page with the correct name. But in the text is important to use the correct name, like in all wiki pages! Haex (talk) 19:19, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I still can't add the redirect page, but I will when I'll can... Haex (talk) 19:21, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

 * No, the most important thing is to use the names they commonly use. The transliterations that the Galchenkos use are Vova and Olga in their professional names. Furthermore, by replacing-all, you are breaking several links. If you would like to add the Cyrillic alphabet spelling of their places, please add (their Russian names) in the lead (for an example, see Vladimir Putin). Otherwise, please stop making these changes. Kolindigo (talk) 22:38, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a commercial site... You can add the wrong transcription, but don't use it as the standard! Haex (talk) 19:59, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

 * But it's not "the wrong transcription". It's the transcription they use, and so it is the correct transcription. Please stop making these spelling changes unless you can cite a source that the Galchenkos have changed their preferred English spelling. Kolindigo (talk) 21:13, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

I added the redirects. Just so there is a mention of the two options in this discussion, they are "Galchenko" and "Galʹčenko". Hyacinth (talk) 23:51, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

7 club 7 up 360
In the first paragraph of "biography" there is the line: Vova Galchenko is one of two jugglers that have successfully executed a 7 club 7 up 360.[clarification needed]

I can clarify what this is: in a juggling pattern with 7 clubs (7 club) 7 of these are thrown higher (7 up) so that the juggler can make a full pirouette underneath them (360). This is a harder trick than for example a 7 club 5 up 360 where the juggler keeps 2 clubs in his hands during the pirouette. I don't know how this should be put in the article, or if this line should be there at that place at all. It is quite an accomplishment and says something about Vova's technical skill level, but it is not a standardised record or something alike. Any juggler could make up a new trick and have in his bio 'the only person to ever do ...'. 7 club 7 up 360 is hard though.. reaally hard... --Hapiel (talk) 21:10, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vova and Olga Galchenko


text:
User talk:Medicaljournalist

Please discuss your views on talk:Chronic fatigue syndrome. It seems your edits to the article appear a bit radical. JFW | T@lk  15:12, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Please do not resubmit your version until you have discussed it on the page I linked to above. You appear to be misunderstanding NPOV. JFW | T@lk  11:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Continuing
See my notes in talk:chronic fatigue syndrome. The problems we have with your edits are not simply "theological", but also have to do with simple structural issues. drh 17:04, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Your updates to the CFS article said "see my discussion page" or some such, but I don't see anything here about that, and your user page is a rambling and disorganized mess. drh 15:52, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Improving CFS/ME Article
Hi, I've noticed you used to contribute to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. I recently nominated it as the Wikipedia:Improvement Drive. I feel that it needs urgent improvement, and if you agree please vote at the Improvement Drive project page. Thanks! Thedreamdied 02:21, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Medicaljournalist


text:
Matt Birk

Matthew Robert Birk (born July 23, 1976) is an American former professional football player who was a center for in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons. He spent most of his professional career playing for the Minnesota Vikings. He was the Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota, running alongside Scott Jensen in the 2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election.

Born and raised in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Birk played college football at Harvard University. He graduated from Harvard with a degree in economics and entered the 1998 NFL draft. He was selected towards the end of the draft by the Minnesota Vikings. He spent his first two seasons with the Vikings as a backup offensive lineman. He became the starting center in 2000 and went on to be selected to six Pro Bowls and two All-Pro second-teams during his career with the Vikings. As a free agent following the 2008 season, Birk left the Vikings and joined the Baltimore Ravens. After the Ravens won Super Bowl XLVII, Birk retired from the NFL. In 2011 he was awarded the Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award.

Following his retirement in 2012, Birk returned to Minnesota. He started a Catholic school in Burnsville, Minnesota in 2019. Active in pro-life causes and local Republican politics, Birk joined Jensen's gubernatorial candidacy in March 2022. Jensen and Birk faced incumbents Tim Walz and Peggy Flanagan in the general election and lost the race.

Early life and college
Birk attended Cretin-Derham Hall High School in St. Paul, Minnesota, and was a letterman and standout in football, basketball, and track and field. He was an All-St. Paul Conference honoree, an Academic All-State honoree, and an All-State honoree in both football and basketball. Birk graduated from Cretin-Derham in 1994.

Birk attended Harvard University to play college football for the Harvard Crimson. He attained All-Ivy League, All-New England and Division I-AA All-Eastern College Athletic Conference first-team football honors. Birk graduated from Harvard University in 1998 with a degree in economics.

Minnesota Vikings
Ranked as the No. 16 offensive tackle available, Birk was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round with the 173rd overall pick of the 1998 NFL draft. He was described by Sports Illustrated as "maybe the best Ivy League prospect to come along in several years", who "could be a nice developmental type pick".

During his first two seasons with the Vikings, he appeared in 22 games as a backup offensive lineman. In 2000, he took over the starting center position for the Vikings, starting all 16 games and was named to his first Pro Bowl team. Birk started every game for the Vikings at center from 2000 to 2003.

In 2004, Birk missed the last four games of the season due to surgery to treat a sports hernia. He missed the entire 2005 season with a hip injury that required surgery.

Birk returned to form in 2006, anchoring the Vikings offensive line from the center spot and earning his fifth career Pro Bowl selection. In 2007, Birk was named Minnesota Vikings Man of the Year for the sixth year in a row. He also earned his sixth Pro Bowl selection, tying Mick Tingelhoff for most Pro Bowl appearances by a Vikings center.

In 2010 Minnesota Vikings season, the 50th anniversary of the Minnesota Vikings, he was ranked by the team as one of their 50 greatest players.

He returned to the Vikings’ home stadium, the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, for the team's final game in the stadium before its demolition for the construction of U.S. Bank Stadium. The team named him honorary captain for the finale game.

In rankings since his career with the Vikings, he has been ranked as one of the team's greatest players.

Baltimore Ravens
An unrestricted free agent in the 2009 offseason, Birk signed a three-year, $12 million contract with the Baltimore Ravens on March 4. The deal included $6 million guaranteed.

In March 2012, Birk signed a new three-year deal with the Ravens. He won his first career championship during Super Bowl XLVII against the San Francisco 49ers. Birk announced his retirement on February 22, 2013.

He finished his career with the Ravens with two fumble recoveries and no fumbles.

Post-NFL career
Birk was briefly the NFL director of football development. In 2019, he co-founded (with Tom Bengtson) a private Catholic high school, Unity Catholic High School, in Burnsville, Minnesota. He has also been involved in politics in the Minnesota Republican Party.

Birk, who has had three concussions since high school, announced in February 2013 his intentions to donate his brain to the Boston University School of Medicine for research into chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Anti-abortion and anti-same-sex-marriage activism
In 2012, Birk spoke out against same-sex marriage, filming a video in opposition to a new Maryland law legalizing same-sex marriage. The law was the subject of a Maryland ballot referendum (Question 6); voters upheld the law. Also in 2012, Birk wrote an op-ed, published in the Star Tribune, calling for passage of the Minnesota Marriage Amendment that would amend that state's constitution to prohibit gay marriage. Birk suggested that legal recognition of same-sex unions would harm "the broader well-being of children and the welfare of society." The same-sex marriage ban proposal was defeated in the fall election and same-sex marriage was legalized in Minnesota in 2013.

After the Ravens won Super Bowl XLVII, Birk chose not to attend the celebratory meeting with President Barack Obama, citing Obama's recent comments in support of Planned Parenthood as contrasting Birk's Catholic and anti-abortion views. In January 2018, Birk spoke at the 45th annual March for Life.

2022 candidacy for lieutenant governor
In March 2022, Republican Scott Jensen announced Birk as his running mate in his gubernatorial campaign, challenging Governor Tim Walz and Lieutenant Governor Peggy Flanagan. In addition to being known as an outspoken conservative who opposes same-sex marriage, Birk also expressed skepticism of the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The party endorsed the ticket in May 2022, with Birk's selection appealing to Republican base voters. Scott and Birk generally trailed in surveys of Minnesota voters. Walz and Flanagan released copies of their tax returns ahead of the election, while Jensen and Birk declined to do so.

Following the U.S. Supreme Court decision overturning the landmark ruling of Roe v. Wade, Birk spoke at a June 2022 National Right To Life convention in Georgia where he compared legalized abortion to slavery, saying that proponents treat unborn children as the "property of the mother". Birk said in the same speech that American culture "loudly but also stealthily promotes" abortion by prioritizing women's careers over motherhood. He also criticized the termination of pregnancies resulting from rape, saying that abortion would not heal those wounds. His comments were criticized by opponent Peggy Flanagan (who said that Birk "does not trust or respect women") as well as others.

As a candidate, Birk had a "flashy and combative" style, which caused consternation among some fellow Minnesota Republicans. Birk personally attacked Minnesota Republican activist Michael Brodkorb (a critic of Birk) on Twitter, after Brodkorb highlighted a KSTP/SurveyUSA poll showing Walz ahead of Jensen by 18 percentage points. Birk played an atypically large role on the ticket, maintained his own campaign website, campaign material, and yard signs separate from Jensen's.

Personal life
He was named the sixth-smartest athlete in 2010 by the Sporting News. Birk scored a 46 on the Wonderlic Test, the seventh-highest score in NFL history.

Birk is an anti-abortion activist. His wife volunteers at a crisis pregnancy center and he participated in the Maryland March for Life in 2011. He is Catholic. Birk and his wife have eight children.

Charity work
Birk established the HIKE Foundation in 2002, an educational nonprofit targeting at-risk Twin Cities' youth. Birk received the Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award in 2011 for his commitment to improving literacy among at-risk youth.

title: Matt Birk


text:
Lord Grey Academy

Lord Grey Academy (formerly Lord Grey School) is a comprehensive 11-19 coeducational secondary academy and sixth form in West Bletchley, Milton Keynes, England. Previously a grant-maintained foundation school and specialist language and humanities college, the school academized on 1 April 2018 under the sponsorship of the Tove Learning Trust. It was created from the amalgamation of the Bletchley Grammar School and Wilton County Secondary School in 1973, opening on the site of the latter. From 2011 to 2014 the school operated, in partnership with Sir Herbert Leon Academy, the Milton Keynes South Sixth Form. Although this sixth form was discontinued the school still provides sixth form education independently.

The school was last graded by Ofsted as good and was previously requires improvement, satisfactory and inadequate. The school is larger than average with a population of 1449 pupils, of which 51% are girls and 49% are boys. 35.3% of students are eligible for free school meals and 17.9% speak English non-natively.

Early years (1951-1973)
In 1951 the Wilton County Secondary School opened on Rickley Lane. Five years later the Bletchley Grammar School would open for 151 students in Bletchley Park, with an additional provision of technical education. Bletchley Grammar School's headmaster was Donald Halewood and its senior mistress F. Marrison. In December 1962 a new tower block was built on the grammar school site in order to accommodate the grown student population of 530. In 1973 Bletchley Grammar School closed for amalgamation with Wilton County Secondary School and its students were transferred. Wilton County Secondary School would officially amalgamate with Bletchley Grammar School in January 1973, becoming known as Lord Grey Comprehensive School.

Lord Grey School (1973-2018)
Lord Grey Comprehensive School opened in 1973 and was a community school. The previous facilities of Wilton County Secondary School were expanded upon, providing new accommodation. On 1 April 1993 the school became grant-maintained and on 1 September 1999 it became a foundation school. Between 1998 and 2002 the school became a specialist language college and received renovations. By the 2000s the school was called Lord Grey School.

In 2000 Headteacher Despina Pavlou was appointed. Pavlou would prove a divisive figure because of her strict zero-tolerance administration and anti-bullying policies. Under her tenure the school had a 97% GCSE pass rate and in 2003 the school was rated as "good" by Ofsted. Despite this she was accused of bullying and harassing staff and pupils and of using "school money to buy champagne, wine, a wooden shed and a business class flight to Australia." Pavlou and her school governors were sued by a former pupil who claimed to have been illegally excluded after being accused of arson in a school classroom. Although the pupil initially lost the battle, he won damages after an appeal. In March 2006, Pavlou was reported to have punched Deputy Headteacher Linda Lennox in the face during an argument regarding her zero-tolerance policies. This resulted in her being forced to remote work and in her replacement as head by Roger Conibear, however she was not suspended. A police investigation was undertaken and Pavlou was found guilty of unacceptable professional conduct some years later. She was then banned from working as both a head or deputy head. During this period the school motto was "Excellence: Dare to Succeed".

Roger Conibear would be replaced that same year by Jill Coughlan MBE who would serve as headteacher until 2009. Under her tenure the school became a specialist humanities college in 2006, fell from good to satisfactory in the Ofsted ranks in 2007 and was granted Comenius status. She would leave in 2009 to be replaced by Weston Favell School Headteacher Tracey Jones. Before becoming headteacher at Weston Favell, Jones was previously the deputy head of Lord Grey. This therefore meant she was returning to the school. In 2014 the school was graded as good yet again. In 2016 Jones' school uniform policies fell victim to mainstream media coverage after she called students who wore short-skirts and slim-fitting trousers "hefty" after banning them, resulting in parents accusing her of fat shaming. Jones defended herself and made the point that wearing such attire would cause bullying.

In 2018 the school began its academisation process. The school would be sponsored by the Tove Learning Trust, a member of the SWAN Teaching School Alliance. The school would become an academy on 1 April, relinquishing its specialisms in language and the humanities. As a result the school's name changed from Lord Grey School to Lord Grey Academy and the position of headteacher was renamed to principal.

Lord Grey Academy (2018-present)
Principal Tracey Jones left on 31 August 2018, being succeeded by Jim Parker. In 2021 the school motto changed from "Aspire, Learn, Achieve" to "Lord Grey Can". Sometime between May and September 2021 Principal Jim Parker became executive principal, with his duties now being fulfilled by Associate Principal Samantha Satyanadhan under his supervision. Parker is also executive principal at Stantonbury School, where his associate principal is Ben Wilson.

House system
Lord Grey has four school houses: Lorenz (red), Enigma (blue), Colossus (silver) and Turing (gold), whose names relate to World War II code-breaking work at Bletchley Park. Previously Turing house was called Ultra house. There also used to be a fifth house called Mercury (green). The houses compete for the house cup every year, with the best house being awarded. The houses are led by a head of house and their assistant. Each year group appoints a house captain from their numbers and each house appoints multiple representatives to the student council. The houses operate under a points based reward system called Vivio, which is likely used to determine who wins the house cup.

Governance
The Lord Grey Academy is led administratively by Associate Principal Samantha Satyanadhan under the oversight of Executive Principal Jim Parker. Parker and Satyanadhan are both members of the school's local governing body, which governs the school locally. It is made up of Lord Grey staff members, parents and members of the local community. The chair is Jennie Cronin.

Student voice and participation in the school's administration is provided through the student council. A class meeting is held each week in every tutor group. These meetings are led by a student (with optional help from the teacher) and consist of a variety of topics that are discussed and relayed to the student council for debate. The council's decision is announced and implemented by the school's communications team. The communications team will do this in partnership with the student/students who brought the original class meeting proposition. This is done by creating an action team which consists of five or more students. The council has multiple representatives per year group from each house and also has a student principal team in the school's sixth form.

Curriculum
The school's curriculum is provided by its nine faculties which are led by head of faculties. These faculties specialise in different school subjects and are as follows:

 * Communications (enterprise and languages)
 * Creative technologies
 * English
 * Humanities
 * Inclusive learning
 * Mathematics
 * Performing arts
 * Science
 * Wellbeing

The school itself is divided into a lower school, upper school and sixth form. The lower school consists of years 7 to 9 and the upper school years 10 and 11. The lower school's curriculum follows England's national curriculum, whereas the upper school follows the EBacc and progress 8 benchmark. The upper school's curriculum also follows exam board requirements and is personalised, with students picking their KS4 options in Year 9. In 2021, 95% of pupils successfully had their first-choice options accepted. The school has offered remote education since the closure of British schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. The school offers parents loaned Chromebooks should they lack the equipment needed for remote education during these school closures. Students must also participate in remote education when self-isolating.

Previously Lord Grey was a specialist language and humanities college, gaining these specialisms in 1998 and 2006.

title: Lord Grey Academy


text:
List of storms named Aletta

The name Aletta has been used for ten tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

 * Tropical Storm Aletta (1974), made landfall in southwest Mexico.
 * Hurricane Aletta (1978), a Category 1 hurricane that made landfall near Zihuatanejo, Guerrero.
 * Tropical Storm Aletta (1982), moved erratically off the coast of southern Mexico
 * Tropical Storm Aletta (1988), approached the Acapulco area of the Mexican coast, but did not make landfall.
 * Tropical Storm Aletta (1994), formed well away from land.
 * Hurricane Aletta (2000), a Category 2 hurricane that stayed to the south of Mexico.
 * Tropical Storm Aletta (2006), brushed southwestern Mexico.
 * Tropical Storm Aletta (2012), remained far out to sea.
 * Hurricane Aletta (2018), a Category 4 hurricane that rapidly intensified from a tropical storm to Category 4 strength in 24 hours far off the coast of southwestern Mexico.
 * Tropical Storm Aletta (2024), formed and remained in the open ocean.

title: List of storms named Aletta


text:
Charles-Ange Laisant

Charles-Ange Laisant (1 November 1841 – 5 May 1920), French politician and mathematician, was born at Indre, near Nantes on 1 November 1841, and was educated at the École Polytechnique as a military engineer. He was a Freemason and a libertarian socialist.

Politics
He defended the fort of Issy at the Siege of Paris, and served in Corsica and in Algeria in 1873. In 1876 he resigned his commission to enter the Chamber as deputy for Nantes in the republican interest, and in 1879 he became director of the Le Petit Parisien. For alleged libel on General Courtot de Cissey in this paper he was heavily fined.

In the Chamber he spoke chiefly on army questions; and was chairman of a commission appointed to consider army legislation, resigning in 1887 on the refusal of the Chamber to sanction the abolition of exemptions of any kind. He then became an adherent of the revisionist policy of General Boulanger and a member of the League of Patriots. Laisant published two political pamphlets, Pourquoi et comment je suis Boulangiste (1887) and L'Anarchie bourgeoise (1887). He was elected Boulangist deputy for the 18th Parisian arrondissement in 1889.

Mathematics
Laisant did not seek re-election in 1893, but devoted himself thenceforward to mathematics. Already in 1874, he published a survey on hyperbolic functions as well as a French translation of Giusto Bellavitis main paper on equipollences into which Laisant added a chapter on hyperbolas. He published two works in geometric algebra, Introduction à la Méthode des Quaternions (1881) and Théorie et applications des equipollences (1887). He also co-founded a mathematical journal, L'Intermédiaire des Mathématiciens with Émile Lemoine in 1894, and was in 1888 the president of the Société Mathématique de France. The quaternion textbook was an abridgement of one by Jules Hoüel, and the text on equipollence further expanded on Bellavitis' methods.

He was attached to the staff of the École Polytechnique, and in 1903–1904 was president of the French Association for the Advancement of Science.

The pedagogical journal, L'Enseignement Mathématique, founded by Laisant and Henri Fehr in 1899, became the official organ of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction in 1909.

title: Charles-Ange Laisant


text:
Category:Blindness equipment

This category is for equipment used by blind and visually impaired people to accommodate their access needs.

title: Category:Blindness equipment


text:
FC Zhenis

FC Zhenis (Жеңіс футбол клубы) is a Kazakhstani football club based at the K.Munaitpasov Stadium in Astana. Founding members of the Kazakhstan Premier League, they were relegated to First Division for the first time in 2009 after being declared bankrupt. The club has won the national championship on three occasions.

History
In January 2015, Astana-1964 dropped out of the Kazakhstan First Division to the regional Astana Championship.

Names

 * 1964 : Founded as Dinamo
 * 1975 : Renamed Tselinnik
 * 1994 : Renamed Tsesna
 * 1996 : Renamed Tselinnik
 * 1997 : Renamed Astana
 * 1999 : Renamed Zhenis
 * 2006 : Renamed Astana
 * 2009 : Renamed Namys
 * 2010 : Renamed Astana
 * 2011 : Renamed Astana-1964
 * 2021 : Renamed Zhenis

Continental history
Astana-1964 has already played in qualifying stages of European cups. Last time they lost in the second qualifying round of the 2007/8 Champions League to Norway's Rosenborg after overcoming Georgian champions FC Olimpi Rustavi in the first qualifying round 3–0 on aggregate.

Stadium
Astana-1964 played their home games at the 12,350 capacity Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium.

Honours

 * Kazakhstan Premier League: 3
 * 2000, 2001, 2006
 * Kazakhstan Cup: 3
 * 2001, 2002, 2005

Notable managers
The following managers won at least one trophy when in charge of Astana:

title: FC Zhenis


text:
User talk:Wikiferdi

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! HKT talk 15:14, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: User talk:Wikiferdi