text:
Moulvibazar District

Moulvibazar, (মৌলভীবাজার) also spelled Moulabhibazar, Maulvibazar, Moulavibazar, and Maulavibazar, (former South Sylhet) is the southeastern district of Sylhet Division in northeastern Bangladesh, named after the town of Moulvibazar. It is bordered by the Indian states of Tripura and Assam to the south and east, respectively; by the Bangladeshi districts of Habiganj to the west and Sylhet to the north.

Etymology
The district, Moulvibazar is named after the town which serves as its headquarter. The word is derived from two words, moulvi and bazar, meaning 'Market of the Moulvi'. 'Moulvi' is an Islamic honorific title and 'bazar' is the Bengali word for market or township. Moulvibazar is named after Moulvi Syed Qudratullah, a local judge and a descendant of Shah Mustafa, an Islamic preacher active during the advent of Islam in the region. It is believed that the name was coined in the 1771 when Syed Qudratullah established a small bazaar on his zamindari land and local people named it as Moulvibazar. This market was established at riverside of the present Poschim Bazar (West Market), which gradually expanded over the time.

History
Copper plates have been found from 930 AD in Paschimbagh, Tengubazar Mandir, Rajnagar and one of Raja Marundanath from the 11th century in Kalapur, Srimangal. The district was also part of the ancient Kamarupa kingdom. It is suggested that the area was inhabited by Buddhists and Hindus as evidence from inscriptions suggests there was an ancient university in Panchgaon, Rajnagar. The terrain was headquarters of the ancient Ita Kingdom founded by Raja Bhanu Narayan and its capital was in the villages of Bhumiura and Eolatoli. Other regions included Chandrapur or Chandrarajya which is modern-day Moulvibazar Sadar.

After the Conquest of Sylhet in 1303, many disciples of Shah Jalal scattered across the Sylhet region and the rest of Bengal. Shah Mustafa of Baghdad, a descendant of Abdul Qadir Gilani, migrated to Chandrapur ruled by Raja Chandra Singh where he lived on top of a small hill with his son Syed Ismail and would preach to the local people. Mustafa would eventually succeed Singh as the ruler of Chandrapur after marrying the Raja's daughter. Other Sufi disciples and saints who preached in Moulvibazar included Shah Kala, Haji Rasul, Shah Dorong, Helimuddin Nurnali, Hamid Faruqi, Syed Nasrullah, Syed Yasin, Syed Ismail, Nur Ali Shah, Shah Wali Muhammad, Sheikh Shihabuddin, Sabur Shah, Shah Helal and Shah Kamaluddin.

The final raja of the Ita Kingdom, Raja Subid Narayan lost a battle in 1610 in which the region became under the rule of Khwaja Usman, a fierce opponent of the Mughal Empire. He then established his new capital in Uhar, Kamalganj and managed to gain control of South Sylhet. However, this rule was short-lived after Mughal General Islam Khan I's attack in 1612. An important battle between the Mughal Empire and the Baro-Bhuyans was held in Pathan Ushar, Kamalganj. This led to the death of Afghan leader Khwaja Usman.

The Panchgaon Factory in Rajnagar Upazila produced cannons for the Mughal Empire. The famous Jahan Kosha Cannon, built by Janardan Karmakar remains in display in Dhaka.

After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the British gave the region surrounding Moulvibazar high importance, especially in tea production. A rebellion against the permanent settlement of the British took place in Latu in 1857. On 1 April 1882, the area was declared a sub-division, or mahakuma, and named "South Srihatta" (and later "South Sylhet"), consisting of 26 parganas. A mass deforestation took place from 1898 to 1899, clearing the Longla-Singla Reserve in order to make space for settlements.

In 1912, there was an anti-British protest held in the village of Jagatshi in the Sadar Upazila. It was organised by Swami Dayananda having its seat at Dolgovinda Ashram. In 1921, the anti-British Khilafat Movement also spread to Moulvibazar and campaigners that were present included Chittaranjan Das, Hussain Ahmed Madani and Sarojini Naidu. On the same year, the non-cooperation movement also spread here after being established by Purnendu Kishore Sengupta in Vidia Ashram, Rangirkul, Kulaura. The peasant rebellion led by Panchanan Singh, Qasim Ali, Baikuntha Sharma and Themba Singh was also held in the 1900s in Vanubal, Kamalganj. In 1947, despite the Hindu majority in the region voting for joining India in the 1947 Sylhet referendum, the region was included in East Pakistan. In 1960, the South Sylhet sub-division was renamed as Moulvibazar by the mahakuma administrator Dr M A Sattar.

In 1950, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, visited Prithimpassa in Kulaura and stayed for four days at the palace and went wildlife hunting in the Estate forests alongside Khwaja Nazimuddin and Ayub Khan. He was hosted by Nawab Ali Haider Khan.

Armed resistance begun at the village of Srirainagar in Kanakpur on 27 March 1971. The Pakistani army was said to have made a surprise attack on the procession there in which two people were killed. On 20 December, a number of people were killed and wounded by mine explosions at the premises of the Moulvibazar Government High School.

On 22 February 1984, the President of Bangladesh, H M Ershad, upgraded its sub-division status to a district as a part of his decentralisation programme. Shakir Uddin Ahmed was made the district's inaugural deputy commissioner whilst Mukhleshur Rahman was made the first district police super.

Geography
Moulvibazar is in Sylhet, a district to the North-East of Bangladesh. It is 2,707 km2 in area, and has a population of 1.38 million. It is situated between 24.10 degree 24.35 degree north latitude and between 90.35 degree and 91.20-degree east longitude. It is surrounded by Sylhet District in the north, Habiganj District in the west and Indian states of Assam and Tripura in the east and south respectively.

The main rivers of the district are the Manu, the Dholoi and the Juri which flow from India. Every year during the rainy season, when there is excessive rainfall in India, the surplus water flows through these rivers and causes floods in low-lying parts of Moulvibazar (for example, the villages of Balikhandi and Shampashi on the northern side of the river Manu). Unless the rivers are properly dredged the floods can be devastating.

In the last few years Moulvibazar has had a muti-million dollar flood defence system built, which is the only one like it in the whole country.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Moulvibazar District had a population of 2,123,445, 13.9% of whom lived in urban areas. The household size was 4.8. The population density was 759 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 75.7%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Religion
The district of Moulvibazar consists 2967 mosques, 613 temples, 56 churches and 22 Buddhist temples. Sylhet division's largest Hindu temple "Kadipur Shib Bari" located at Kulaura upazila in Moulvibazar district. Notable mosques include the Mosque of Shah Mustafa, Goyghor Mosque, Jiladpur Mosque, and the Lawachara Jame Mosque. The revivalist Deobandi movement is popular in with Jamia Luthfia Anwarul Uloom Hamidnagar being a notable centre in Srimangal and many are part of the Tablighi Jamaat. Another Islamic institution is the Sujaul Senior Fazil Madrasha in Barlekha.

A small minority of Shia Muslims gather during Ashura every year at the Nawab Bari in Prithimpasha, which was home to an royal Shia family in Kulaura. There is a sizeable Hindu population in Moulvibazar many who are living in Sreemangal. Moulvibazar has the second-highest proportion of Hindu residents of any district in Bangladesh, after Gopalganj. Begum Talib-un-Nisa Khatun of Prithimpasha's Chhoto Saheb Bari established the famous Rabir Bazar Jame Masjid in the late 18th century.

Muslims make up 74.61% of the population, while Hindus are 24.44% and Christians 0.80% of the population. Moulvibazar was formerly a Hindu-majority region before Partition. Ethnic population is 63,466 (3.31%), mainly tea tribes and indigenous groups like Tripuri and Khasi.

Administration
Moulvibazar is made up of 7 subdivisions or upazilas. They are:
 * 1) Moulvibazar Sadar
 * 2) Kamalganj
 * 3) Kulaura
 * 4) Rajnagar
 * 5) Sreemangal
 * 6) Barlekha (originally part of Joldhup in Karimganj)
 * 7) Juri (formed in 2005 from unions of Kulaura and Barlekha)

There are 67 Unions, 2,064 Villages and 5 Pourashavas namely Kamalganj, Kulaura, Sreemongal, Barlekha and Moulvibazar. Almost 50,000 of the clan population belong to Manipuri, Khasia and Tripura clans. They tend to live in the areas of Kamalganj, Sreemongal and Kulaura Upazila of this district. There are 92 tea gardens in the district.

During the British colonial period, South Sylhet subdivision was divided into three tax collectory zilas, further divided into 28 parganas. The incomplete list of parganas of South Sylhet are as follows:
 * Noyakhali Zila: Chowallish, Balishira, Satgaon, Chautali, Giasnagar, Chaitanyanagar, Athanagiri
 * Rajnagar Zila: Ita, Shamshernagar, Alinagar, Indeshwar, Panishail/Panishali, Bhanugach, Adampur
 * Hingazia Zila: Kanihati, Baramchal, Bhatera, Patharia, Yaqubnagar, Longla

Later on, South Sylhet subdivision was divided into five thanas:
 * Moulvibazar Thana: Parganas - Shamshernagar, Chowallish, Shaistanagar, Howlisatrasati
 * Kamalganj Thana: Parganas - Adampur, Bhanugach, Chhoychiri, Shamshernagar
 * Kulaura Thana: Parganas - Kanihati, Patharia, Longla, Baramchal
 * Rajnagar Thana: Parganas - Indeswar, Shamshernagar
 * Sreemangal Thana: Parganas - Balishira, Chautali

Economy
The main exports of Moulvibazar are bamboo, tea, pineapple, cane, jackfruit, oranges, agar, rubber, mangoes and lemons. Ninety-one of Bangladesh's 153 tea gardens are located in Moulvibazar. The area is also home to the three largest tea gardens (size and production wise) in the world. Pineapples from the Sreemangal area are famous for their flavour and natural sweetness. Srimangal is known as the 'tea capital of Bangladesh' due to the high frequency of tea plantations found there.

Transport
The main transport systems used in the city are Cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws (mainly known as baby-taxis or CNGs), buses, mini-buses and cars. There are about 10,000 rickshaws running each day. Bus service prices have increased as of 2008, up to 30% higher, prices ranges from Tk4 to 25.95. The Kulaura Railway Station, Sreemangal Railway Station is the main railway station providing trains on national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway. Also Bhanugach Railway Station, Tilagaon, Vatera, Rashidpur Station is used by local peoples. There is a public-use airport in Shamshernagar.

Tourism
The District contains the highest amount of tea plantations in the country. Srimangal is known as the Tea Capital of Bangladesh and is the only place where one can have the original 7-layered tea. Moulvibazar also has notable religious sites such as the dargah and mosque of Shah Mustafa, a companion of Shah Jalal; as well as the Jiladpur Mosque and Goyghor Mosque, two ancient mosques from the 15th century. Moulvibazar town has many shopping malls and several Indian, Chinese and American eateries. Madhabkunda waterfall in Barlekha is probably the most well-known tourist attraction of the district. The Hum Hum waterfall located in the Razkandi Reserve Forest in Kamalganj was also recently discovered in 2010. The district also contains one of the country's major national parks, Lawachara National Park, famous for its biodiversity. The park was also the filming site for the 1956 film Around the World in 80 Days. Madhobpur Lake is the only place in the country in which you can find the white-bellied heron. Hakaluki Haor, Hail Haor and Bilashchhara Lake are also other nearby wetland ecosystems. The memorial monument of Hamidur Rahman can be found in Kamalganj. There is also a multi-use stadium called Saifur Rahman Stadium.

Education
The Bangladesh Tea Research Institute can be found in Srimangal. It has made significant contributions in evolving and standardising the quality of tea, and introducing its research findings to the tea industry of Bangladesh. The oldest school of Moulvibazar district is Moulvibazar Government High School.

Notable people

 * Syed Mujtaba Ali, writer, scholar and linguist
 * Md. Keramat Ali, MLA, 1954 and MNA 1965
 * Abdul Muntaquim Chaudhury MNA, MP was MNA in 62 and 70 in East Pakistan and MP of Bangladesh First Parliamentary Election was also a senior member of constitution writing team in 1971
 * Mohammad Ataul Karim is provost and executive vice chancellor at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth.
 * Tommy Miah, restaurateur and celebrity chef
 * Shafiqur Rahman, physician and Amir of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
 * Saifur Rahman, longest serving Finance Minister of Bangladesh.
 * Doly Begum, Canadian politician
 * Naser Rahman, former MP for Moulvibazar-3 and chairman of the Saifur Rahman Foundation
 * Surendra Kumar Sinha, Chief Justice of Bangladesh (2015-2017)
 * Wali Tasar Uddin MBE, entrepreneur, restaurateur, community leader and chairman of the Bangladesh-British Chamber of Commerce.
 * Bajloor Rashid MBE, businessman and former president of the Bangladesh Caterers Association UK.
 * Nadia Shah, politician, councillor and former Mayor of Camden. In May 2016, she became the first female British Bangladeshi mayor.
 * Rowshanara Moni, singer and actress. In 2004, her debut album Nijhum Raat was released.
 * Shanaj Ahmed, cricketer for Sylhet Division
 * Syed Mohammad Ali, founder of The Daily Star - the largest circulating daily English-language newspaper in Bangladesh.
 * Syed Abdul Majid CIE, first native minister of Assam, pioneer of the agricultural industry
 * Dwijen Sharma, botanist, environmentalist and science writer.
 * Mahbubur Rahman Sufil, footballer and captain of Arambagh KS
 * Syed Mohsin Ali, former Social Welfare Minister of Bangladesh
 * Syeda Saira Mohsin, former MP for Moulvibazar-3
 * Abdus Shahid, former chief whip for Bangladesh Awami League
 * Shahab Uddin, Bangladeshi Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
 * Nawab Ali Amjad Khan, 8th Nawab of Longla, Honorary Magistrate, Expert hunter, Philanthropist and Educationist
 * Nawab Ali Abbas Khan, Jatiya Party politician and three-time MP for Moulvibazar-2
 * Nawab Ali Haider Khan, 9th Nawab of Longla, government minister and leader of the Independent Muslim Party
 * Abdul Matin, former MP for Moulvibazar-2
 * Parvez Haris, biomedical science professor at De Montfort University
 * Rangalal Sen, National Professor of Bangladesh
 * Mohammad Zillur Rahman, MP for Moulvibazar-3

title: Moulvibazar District


text:
Talk:LBC

Contributions deleted
Please explain any problems on the talk page, rather than just deleting everything... Evercat 13:32, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I would imagine the reasons why some of your contributions are being edited by other members, is that a lot of them are links to Replayradio.co.uk. If one user is updating a lot of different articles with links to a specific website, the assumption could be made that they are advertising their own website. I don't know whether or not the link is valuable to the topics in question, but I can understand why other users might be wary of the intent behind providing such links. KeithD 15:57, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi,
 * Thanks for the information about the contributions (Links) being deleted. It seems that the links for replayradio.co.uk are continually being deleted by someone. I agree with you, and others in the help desk / complaints forum, that this could be seen as advertising and it should be discussed.
 * Replay Radio, however, is non commercial and is set up only for LBC listeners for selected popular LBC shows - hence the link was added to the relevant pages of the LBC presenters which are also on Wikipedia. These links, however, have also been deleted. Replay Radio actually has nothing to gain from adding the links from Wikipedia to Replay Radio as they dont sell anything, they dont even advertise on their web site ! Replay Radio covers the cost of everything and lots of people have given up a lot of their time to get Replay Radio to the stage it is at now. Replay Radio offers a free service which only adds value for people who listen to LBC. The web site is in BETA stage testing and a selected number of people are using it for testing, however, the more people who know about Replay Radio and the more people who can get involved and contribute towards it (and im sure most would agree ) is better. Replay Radio is not a commercial advertisement and will launch soon.
 * You might want to take a look at Spam, Using Wikipedia to gain legitimacy, and Wikipedia talk:Spam to see some general perspectives on this subject.  Bovlb 02:06:59, 2005-07-27 (UTC)

Replay Radio
When is Replay Radiogoing to open. It reckons summer 2005 but it hasent.

Regards, Chris Allen LBC Listener

I seem to recall that site being spammed all over the Wikipedia on various radio entries. All the plugs I've seen have been removed due to the advertised service being nonexistent, or the addition clearly being blatent spam that didn't benefit the entry.

 * Replay Radio is nothing to do with LBC. Replay Radio should have no place in this article. It is not established by LBC, nor sanctioned by it.

84850.co.uk
Sorry to include the link again in this page, I think that this link should remain. The comment of 'quote : plug for petition not of benefit to wiki' may indicate a misinterpretation of why the link is on this and other LBC related pages. This is a big current topic for the radio station and is something that listeners and people wanting to find out or research LBC should participate or know about and thus will more than benefit and add value to Wikipedia. I agree the link should remain for as long as this is a relevant issue for LBC or when the site closes !

 * Yes i agree, it would add value to keep this link.

Crown Communications
At one stage LBC was owned by Crown Communications and called LBC Crown FM

Lonsdale Board in Canada Removed:
<>

This needs to be reformated...

Or better still, the Lonsdale Board contributer needs to create a separate Wiki entry about the company, not repeatedly post what appears to be little more than an advert for a company website. Just create a new wiki entry called 'Lonsdale Board' or whatever you like.

Now been tidied up.

Mark Flanagan and David Lloyd
Mark Flanagan did not leave LBC to work for the Labour Party - he left to set up his own political communications and consultancy firm.

All the comments about David Lloyd and the station's performance under his management are opinion, not verifiable fact, and this section also contains weasel words. There is no substantiation of the claim that he has ever been "seen by some as a 'company man'". The references to his approach being "eccentric" and his schedule changes being "interesting experiments" are subjective statements of opinion. The description of how LBC became profitable are pure conjecture and, again, non-verifiable. This section needs a complete re-write to achieve objectivity.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.86.239.10 (talk • contribs) 15:45, 21 February 2007

Start date
Why do I remember LBC broadcasting in 1969? - Kittybrewster  (talk) 11:58, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Not enough history
We're barely told a thing about LBC of the 90s and before, prior to losing its' licence. --kingboyk (talk) 02:27, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

If you can add something with sources, do so! 86.154.239.235 (talk) 23:37, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Jeni Barnett and MMR controversy
The level and nature of publicity relating to this broadcast, and the criticism of LBC's role, make it notable and worthy of mention. It's not every day a local radio station is the subject of an Early Day Motion.86.154.239.235 (talk) 23:12, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Agreed. This should be included, albeit briefly. Maybe someone from the London area could expand a bit on their programme, and fit it into the appropriate slot? 84.129.146.189 (talk) 17:21, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Upon realising that the name of the Wikipedia article "LBC 97.3" is now defunct and that it won't be possible to simply move "LBC 97.3" to "LBC" because another article lives at LBC, it struck me that it would be prudent to merge LBC 97.3 into LBC, especially considering the fact that the "LBC" article mainly focuses on the FM/DAB station anyway and not so much on the News station. Khairul Islam 00:28, 3 June 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Khairul Islam (talk • contribs)
 * I agree they should be merged. -- Alarics (talk) 06:18, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Support Jheald (talk) 08:17, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I also support since LBC 97.3 is no longer a station since their rebrand to just LBC mtimmins92 (talk) 11:42, 8 June 2014 (UTC)

Launch
Just completed my first ever Wiki merge! This is by far the most major edit I have ever done on Wikipedia. Thanks for your support, I hope you approve of the result.

Could someone look into the first paragraph of the 'Launch' section? It seems very confusing; that's because I simply mushed together info from the 'LBC' and 'LBC 97.3' articles. If someone could get all the proper info and re-word in a way that makes sense, that'll be helpful.

Also, the second paragraph mentions that Callan and Street-Porter presented the breakfast show. One of the articles said 'mid-morning' show instead. Is it the same thing? Khairul Islam 01:28, 17 June 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Khairul Islam (talk • contribs)

Ken Livingstone
Added section outlining the public views of Ken Livingstone on Israel and Zionism.

Sources:

http://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/live/2016/apr/28/labour-has-serious-problem-with-antisemitism-peers-claim-politics-live

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/labour-anti-semitism-row-full-transcript-of-ken-livingstones-interviews-a7005311.html

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/04/28/ken-livingstone-suspended-labour-party-anti-semitism/

http://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2016/apr/29/labour-antisemitism-crisis-party-fallout-ken-livingstone-suspension-live — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arby87 (talk • contribs) 03:13, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

Controversies
Why is the Tony Blair stuff and Ken Livingstone deemed to be controversial? Mention these things by all means, but don't call them controversial. 31.50.156.64 (talk) 18:19, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

Bias
Political views are one sided, predictable and at times aggressive and rude. Be critical but keep objective, don’t get carried away with your personal hatred and bias, it is revolting sometimes. Don’t disregard listeners with different views to presenter, it is our station if we choose to listen and your job is to maintain civilised and balanced exchange. 2A02:C7F:1481:3800:1482:3E8E:9278:28D0 (talk) 23:49, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

Diversity in Media Awards
Can anyone clarify if the "Diversity in Media Awards" is actually a noteworthy award, and thus should have an entire section to itself on this article? The only news articles I can find for it are from tabloids, and it seems to have been a very short-lived organisation; their official sites are offline and social media has not been updated since this award was given in 2017/18. TubularWorld (talk) 18:03, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:LBC


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Sylhet District

Sylhet District (সিলেট জেলা), located in north-east Bangladesh, is one of the four districts in the Sylhet Division, which contains Sylhet, the regional capital.

History
Sylhet District was created in 1772 after this area was acquired by the British in 1767 and Mr. William Thackeray was appointed as the first collector. Current Sylhet District consists of 12 (Twelve) Upazilas. There is an attempt to make this web portal useful to the needs of information seekers. It contains detailed information on various important government departments, resources, publications, education, agriculture, medicine, tourism and housing. The process of continuously enriching the web portal will continue. Sylhet District was established on 3 January 1782, and until 1878 it was part of Bengal Province under Dhaka Division. However, in that year, Sylhet was moved to the newly created Assam Province, and it remained as part of Assam up to 1947 (except during the administrative reorganisation of Bengal Province between 1905 and 1912). Sylhet District was divided into five subdivisions and the current Sylhet District was known as the North Sylhet subdivision. In 1947, Sylhet became a part of East Pakistan as a result of a referendum (except 3$1/2$ thanas of Karimganj subdivision) as part of Chittagong Division. It was subdivided into four districts in 1983–84 with the current Sylhet District being known as North Sylhet. It became a part of Sylhet Division after its formation in 1995. Sylhet has played a vital role in the Bangladeshi economy. Several of Bangladesh's finance ministers have been Members of Parliament from the city of Sylhet.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Sylhet District had a population of 3,857,037, 21.9% of whom lived in urban areas. The household size was 5.2. The population density was 1,117 people per km2. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 76.3%, compared to the national average of 74.7%.

Muslims make up 92.52% of the population while Hindus are 7.32% of the population. Ethnic population is 12,781, mainly Khasi.

Administration
Sylhet District is divided into thirteen upazilas.

The upazilas are:
 * Balaganj
 * Beanibazar
 * Bishwanath
 * Companiganj
 * Dakshin Surma
 * Fenchuganj
 * Golapganj
 * Gowainghat
 * Jaintiapur
 * Kanaighat
 * Osmani Nagar
 * Sylhet Sadar
 * Zakiganj

Geography and climate
Sylhet has a typical Bangladeshi tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) at higher elevations. The rainy season starts from April to October and it is so hot and humid with very heavy showers and thunderstorms almost every day, whilst the short dry season starts from November to February and it is very warm and fairly clear. Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of 4200 mm occurs between May and September.

The city is located within the region where there are hills and basins which constitute one of the most distinctive regions in Bangladesh. The physiography of Sylhet consists mainly of hill soils, encompassing a few large depressions known locally as "beels" which can be mainly classified as oxbow lakes, caused by tectonic subsidence primarily during the earthquake of 1762.

Geologically, the region is complex having diverse sacrificial geomorphology; high topography of Plio-Miocene age. Available limestone deposits in different parts of the region suggest that the whole area was under the ocean in the Oligo-Miocene. In the last 150 years three major earthquakes hit the city, at a magnitude of at least 7.5 on the Richter Scale, the last one took place in 1918, although many people are unaware that Sylhet lies on an earthquake prone zone.

Notable people

 * Santadas Kathiababa Hindu Spiritual leader and former lawyer Sylhet Bar and previous Calcutta High Court Judge.
 * M.A.G. Osmani Commander-in-Chief of the Mukti Bahini during the Liberation War.
 * Md. Saifur Rahman former Finance and Planning Minister
 * Shah Jalal, Sufi saint and mystic.
 * Shah Paran, Sufi saint
 * Shah Abdul Karim, Baul folk singer, composer.
 * Swami Nikhilananda, Ramakrishna Math and Mission Order monk and founder-minister, Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, New York City 1933–1973
 * Swami Gambhirananda, Ramakrish Math and Mission Order monk and president of the Order 1985–1988
 * Nurul Islam Nahid, former Education Minister of Bangladesh
 * Govinda Chandra Dev (1 February 1907 – 26 March 1971), known as G. C. Dev, was a professor of philosophy at the University of Dhaka. He was assassinated at the onset of Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 by the Pakistan Army.
 * Dr Abdul Malik, National Professor, Brigadier (rtd.), cardiologist, founder and president of National Heart Foundation of Bangladesh.
 * Rushanara Ali, first Bangladeshi to be elected as an MP for the British parliament
 * Ajmal Masroor, television presenter, politician and imam, parliamentary candidate for a UK Parliament constituency
 * Lutfur Rahman, the first elected mayor of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets council
 * Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury, former minister and adviser to the president of Bangladesh
 * Humayun Rashid Choudhury, diplomat, UN General Assembly President, Awami League leader and former speaker of National parliament
 * Dilwar Khan, poet
 * Salman Shah, film actor, model
 * Shuvro Dev, playback singer
 * Syed Ahmed, businessman, British TV personality
 * Badar Uddin Ahmed Kamran, Mayor of Sylhet City Corporation (2003–13)
 * Enam Ali, restaurateur and founder of the British Curry Awards

title: Sylhet District


text:
Talk:World Federation of Democratic Youth

Untitled
This article reads like cold-war propaganda! - Johan —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.47.201.184 (talk) 03:05, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Considering all of their member organizations are socialist or socialist-leaning, why are they not a socialist youth organization? J. Parker Stone 08:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

>Because they still adhere to the post WWII doctrine of broad mass fronts. In many countries the member organizations are reluctant to call themselves communist or socialist, since their function is to mobilize all or most sections of youth. Also WFDY has several member organizations (especially several African organisations) that are more of semigovernmental structures than youth wings of political parties. --Soman 18:04, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, but that just sounds to me like they're scared about calling themselves socialist to attract more kids even though they are socialist. Certainly their reluctance to call themselves what they are shouldn't impact this entry.
 * At the same time we could also clarify the other factors you pointed out -- mass organization etc. J. Parker Stone 20:27, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Let's be realists here. If it walks like a duck, and talks like a duck, it's a duck. And in this case, it even SAYS its a duck. The WFDY website says that it is a "left-wing, anti-imperialist" organization. (see www.wfdy.org/welcome). When you compare this with their membership list, and read the rhetoric on the website, it is clear that they are a left-wing socialist organization. Roland1989 22:41, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

The Left Youth of Finland (www.vasemmistonuoret.fi) is no longer a member, it's been an observer member from the early 2000´s. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.238.189.199 (talk) 19:53, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

Juventud PSUV
Here it says Juventud PSUV from Venezuela has been accepted as a member of WFDY: http://twitter.com/omarnassers/status/49476060148011010. Any source of verification? --Soman (talk) 14:41, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

Puerto Rico
The article mentions "Federación Universitaria para la Indpendencia" with an obvious misspelling in the final word. Should this actually be "Federación Universitaria Pro Independencia", the Spanish-language name of the Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation? -- John of Reading (talk) 12:56, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

List of members into a list article
Most of this article is taken up with a big list of members. At the moment the article is unwieldy, and I think it would make more sense to separate the full list of members into a separate list article. Extua (talk) 16:26, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

Democratic Youth Organisation of Afghanistan
I don’t know how to edit Wikipedia articles so someone please add Afghanistan 94.173.80.164 (talk) 16:46, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:54, 2 June 2023 (UTC)
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text:
Bagerhat District

Bagerhat District (বাগেরহাট, pron: bageɾɦaʈ) is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division.

Geography
Bagerhat district has a total area of 3,959.11 square kilometres. It is bounded by Gopalganj District and Narail District on the north, The Bay of Bengal on the south, Gopalganj District, Pirojpur District and Barguna District on the east and Khulna District on the west. The main rivers of the district are the Panguchi, Daratana, Madhumati River, Pasur River, Haringhata, Mongla River, Baleshwar, Bangra and Goshairkhali.

History
Bagerhat city is famous for its mosques. Muslim saint Khan Jahan Ali founded this town. He was a saint of the 15th century, possibly of Turkic origin. At the time of his reign, Bagerhat was a part of the Sundarbans. He cleared the forest and made it habitable. He named it "Khalifabad". He erected many official buildings to run his administration. He also built many mosques and dug tanks. The buildings erected by him are now all in ruins. The city of Bagerhat has been given the status of a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1973.

Khan was a military general that was appointed to be the leader of the city and was greatly respected. Some people even viewed him as a god-like being. He had a deep connection to this land because of his journey from Barobazar to the Bagerhat District where along the way he created roads and river networks later developing an entire community and being a leader. In his practice of Sufism, he was recognized for his ability to convert locals to his personal beliefs. It is still questioned what his true intentions were in establishing the mosque city. But most people believe that he wanted to bring people to this place away from all that is negative and find true peace. Khan is looked up to even today in Bangladesh and archaeologists have developed monuments for him.

His first settlement in Barobazar was a Hindu-Buddhist town named Champanagar, which was named after the saints that came before him. This speaks of the relationship Khan had with the religious figures that came before and after his time and the respect they all shared for each other. The tomb of General Khan lies in the only building today that has the original dome architecture of the mosque city. The tomb is surrounded by circular towers and stone casting that prevent moisture from the ground. The floor is decorated in colorful and geometric tiles with quotes from the Quran. An annual fair is also held around the area of the tomb for Muslims and Hindus on the anniversary of death and the full moon.

The area was chosen specifically based on the vast water resources and kind climate that were perfect for sustaining life and communities. The delta from the many rivers (Ganga, Brahmaputra, Meghna, etc.) created fertile soil for growing crops. This encouraged people to migrate to this area and create wealth for themselves. The site was dominated by the industries of agriculture and trade. Cotton and cloth were the primary exports for the area to be traded out of their port. Rice, betel leaf, betel nut, and coconut are other crops that came out of the fertile soil of Bagerhat.

This religious site was known to be sacred, and some believed it supernatural. People would come to drink the water from the man-made pond for its healing properties. The concept is similar to the idea of a fountain of youth or a utopia. Another supernatural belief was that General Khan used supernatural powers to create the structures because it was hard to understand how they were built at the time.

After the death of the founder, the city was abandoned and eventually covered in thick vegetation which is why the site was hidden for so long and difficult to explore. The site is significant because it was an iconic area for Islamic teachings at the time and can teach much about Islam and people in general in the 15th century. As many religious figures traveled to India and formed connections, several returned to the Bagerhat District to teach at the mosques. Geographically, the city sits on top of farmland and is surrounded by palm trees on the banks of the Bhairab river.

The city started because of the rapid growth of conversion to Islam in the area. This was a result of mass immigration and a large number of Muslim missionaries in the area. The architectural inspiration for the city came from Bengali, Persian, and Arab styles. While the mosques stand out, the city also included mausoleums, bridges, water networks, and buildings for public gatherings.

After the death of General Khan, the city was renamed Khalifatabad by Sultan Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah. This can make the research process of the lost city more confusing and can be easily misinterpreted as two separate places. However, it is often easy to link the two together by seeing that they were both funded by the same person in the same place. The two names divide the historical timeline into two parts based on the series of leaders that controlled the mosque city.

Located at the confluence of two historical rivers, the Brahmaputra River and the Ganges, Bagerghat is also known as the Mosque City for the presence of a large number of mosques in the district. The domed structures of the mosques built with bricks in the 15th century are considered an architectural marvel.

Bagerhat was declared a district in 1984. The district today is the fourth largest district in Bangladesh based on area.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Bagerhat District had 408,840 households and a population of 1,613,076. The population density was 407 people per km2. Bagerhat district had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 81.42%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1010 females per 1000 males. 279,822 (17.35%) were under 10 years of age. 23.88% of the population lived in urban areas.

Religion
The district of Bagerhat consists 7,815 mosques, 238 temples, 17 churches and seven tombs. The Sixty Domes Mosque or Shat Gambuj Masjid is famous mosque. Khan Jahan Ali's tomb is the famous tombs. Islam is the major religion with 83.25% population, while Hindus constitute 16.38% of the population.

Bagerhat used to have nearly 30% Hindus in 1981, but Hindus have been leaving the district in large numbers since then and the proportion has reduced to below 20%. The Hindu population declined much faster over period 2001-2011 than the district population as a whole: 11% compared to 4.7% for the district as a whole.

Economy
Port of Mongla, which is a port of Khulna city and one of the two main sea ports of Bangladesh, is geographically located in Bagerhat District. Rampal and Fakirhat, two upazilas of Bagerhat, are renowned in Bangladesh due to their huge production of shrimp and a big amount of foreign exchange through the city of Khulna.

Points of interest

 * Ramakrishna Ashrama
 * Mosque city of Bagerhat
 * Shait Gambuz Mosque
 * Sona Mosque
 * Khan Jahan Ali's tomb Complex
 * Khan Jahan Ali's Tank
 * Port of Mongla
 * Sundarban
 * Ghora Dighi
 * Kodla Math or Ayudha Math
 * Durgapur Shiva Math
 * Sundarban Resort, Barakpur
 * Chandramahol, Ronjitpur
 * Dohajari Shib Bari, Fakirhat

Administration
Bagerhat is divided into 9upazilas, 78 union parishads, 1031 villages, 689 mouzas, 3 municipalities, 28 wards and 57 mahallas. The upazilas are:

 * Bagerhat Sadar Upazila
 * Chitalmari Upazila
 * Fakirhat Upazila
 * Kachua Upazila
 * Mollahat Upazila
 * Mongla Upazila
 * Morrelganj Upazila
 * Rampal Upazila
 * Sarankhola Upazila

Administrator of Zila Porishod: Sheikh Kamruzzaman (Tuku)

Deputy Commissioner (DC): Muhammad Azizur Rahman, BPAA

Transport
Once upon a time there were train communication between Bagerhat and Khulna. The best way to go to Bagerhat from Dhaka is to take a bus which takes three to five hours. By air one has to go to Jessore airport then take a bus to the city.

Telecommunication
Telecommunications:
 * Teletalk, BTCL, Bangla Link, Grameen Phone, Robi etc.

Media
Print media:
 * The Daily Star (National)
 * Prothom Alo (National)
 * Kaler Kantho (National)
 * The Daily Jugantar (National)
 * The Daily Janakantha (National)
 * Daily Purbanchal (Local)
 * Daily Inkilab (National)

title: Bagerhat District


text:
Jhenaidah District

Jhenaidah District (ঝিনাইদহ) is a district in southwestern Bangladesh. Part of the Khulna Division, the district has an area of 1964.77 km2. It is bordered by Kushtia District to the north, Jessore District and West Bengal to the south, Rajbari District and Magura District to the east, and Chuadanga District and West Bengal to the west. The largest city and headquarters of this district is Jhenaidah. At the beginning of the British rule, Jhenaidah was a police outpost and was turned into a thana in 1793. The Jhenaidah sub-division was established in 1862. It became a district in 1984.

Geography
Annual average temperature: maximum 37.1 °C, minimum 11.2 °C Annual rainfall: 1467 mm

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Jhenaidah District had 519,295 households and a population of 2,005,849. 336,231 (16.76%) were under 10 years of age. The population density was 1,021 people per km2. Jhenaidah district had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 72.81%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1014 females per 1000 males. 21.09% of the population lived in urban areas.

Archeological heritage

 * Biswabat, Bethuli
 * Harihar Garh, Shailkupa
 * Shailkupa Jami Mosque, Shailkupa
 * Ram Gopal Mandir, Shailkupa
 * Kharer Dighi Mosque, Kaliganj
 * Jahajghata, Kaliganj
 * Sawdaghar Dighi and Mosque
 * Gorai Mosque, Kaliganj
 * Jor Bangla Mosque, Kaliganj
 * Galakata Dighi and Mosque, Kaliganj
 * Cheragdani Dighi and Mosque
 * Dighi of Sree Ram Raja
 * Tombs of Ghazi, Kalu & Champabati, Kaliganj
 * Dhol Samudra Dighi, Jhenaidah Sadar
 * Naldangha Rajbari and Mandir, Kaliganj
 * Manasa Mandir, Maheshpur
 * Krishna Balaram Dev Bigraha Mandir, Kaliganj
 * Neel Kuthi, Madhupur, Jhenaidah Sadar
 * Miyar Dalan, Jhenaidah Sadar
 * Nungola Mosque, Kaliganj
 * Monahar Mosque, Kaliganj
 * Pirpukur Mosque, Kaliganj
 * Sukur Mallik Mosque, Kaliganj
 * Satgachiya Mosque, Kaliganj
 * Tombs of Pagla Kanai, Jhenaidah Sadar
 * Dhannoharia Purbopara Jame Mosque (Dhannoharia, Jadabpur, Moheshpur, Jhenaidah)

Administration
Deputy Commissioner: Soroj Kumar Nath

Chairman of Zila Porishod: Kanak Kanti Das

Subdivisions
There are six upazilas under this district:

 * 1) Jhenaidah Sadar Upazila
 * 2) Maheshpur Upazila
 * 3) Kaliganj Upazila
 * 4) Kotchandpur Upazila
 * 5) Shailkupa Upazila
 * 6) Harinakunda Upazila

City and towns
Jhenaidah district includes 1 municipal city Jhenaidah & 5 towns. All are governed by municipalities.

Colleges

 * Government Birshestha Shahid Hamidur Rahman Degree College
 * Government K.C. College Jhenaidah
 * Government K. M. H. College, Kotchandpur
 * Kotchandpur Paura Mohila Degree College
 * Maheshpur Government Degree College
 * Mahtab Uddin College, Kaliganj
 * Moheshpur Poura Mohila Degree College
 * Shahid Nur Ali College, Kaliganj
 * Shailkupa Government Degree College
 * Jhenaidah College

Other tertiary institutions

 * Institute of Health Technology, Jhenaidah
 * Jhenaidah Government Veterinary College
 * Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute
 * Sheikh Kamal Textile Engineering College, Jhenaidah

School and colleges

 * Jhenaidah Cadet College
 * Kanchannagar Model School and College, Jhenaidah
 * Shishu Kunja School & College, Jhenaidah
 * Jhenaidah Govt Technical School And College, Jhenidah

Secondary schools

 * Government Naldanga Bhushan Pilot Secondary School, Kaliganj
 * Harinakunda Priyanath High School
 * Jehnaidah Government High School
 * Jhenaida Government Girls High School
 * Joradah High School, Harinakundu
 * Kola Bazar United High School, Kaliganj
 * Kotchandpur Girls' High School
 * Kotchandpur Govt. Model Pilot Secondary School
 * Kotchandpur Secondary School (1899)
 * Maheshpur High School
 * Maheshpur Pilot Girls' High School
 * Raigram Banikanta Secondary School
 * Solimunnessa Pilot Girls High School, Kaliganj

Notable residents
Bangladeshi Islamic scholar. 1 February 1961 – 11 May 2016), or simply known as Abdullah Jahangir, was a Bangladeshi Islamic scholar, professor, author and television presenter. He also made appearances on various national and international television channels discussing contemporary issues relating to Islam including Peace TV, ATN Bangla, NTV, Channel 9 and Islamic TV
 * Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir-
 * Abul Hasan Jashori – Islamic scholar and a freedom fighter
 * Qazi Mu'tasim Billah – Islamic scholar and a former professor at the University of Dhaka
 * Bashir Uddin Ahmad Mazmadar- Zamindar, Lawyer, British Civil Servant officer, politician, member of parliament in Pakistan, Minister of Public Works, Power and Water, close associate of Hussain Shaheed Sherwardy and Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra, instrumental in establishing Jhenaidah Cadet College,Jessore Education Board
 * Abdul Hyee – a member of parliament and a freedom fighter
 * Bagha Jatin – an Indian Bengali revolutionary against British rule
 * Birshrestho Hamidur Rahman – national hero, a sepoy in Bangladesh Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War
 * Ila Mitra – activist, peasants movement organizer of the Indian subcontinent, elected member of Vidhan Sabha (Provincial Assembly) four times between 1962 and 1978.
 * Fakir Lalon Shah – a prominent Bengali philosopher, baul saint and social reformer
 * Golam Mostofa (poet) – Bengali writer and poet
 * Pagla Kanai – a Bengali mystic folk singer, baul and philosopher
 * Jamal Nazrul Islam – mathematical physicist and cosmologist
 * Zillur Rahman- educationist, former vice-chancellor of Jahangirnagar University
 * Md Abdul Alim (famous english poet and journalist) – he was born at natunvucktto malithia (Langolbandh) in Shailkupa. He is famous for his poem. He was a Shailkupa upazila correspondent in many English Newspaper also he was a famous teacher in Shailkupa. He completed honours and Masters in Dhaka University. He Completed ‘English for Journalism ' from USA.‘Eternal Quest ',‘Who will Bury me ', ‘Stand for Justice ', ‘Victim of Electricity ', ‘Shadows of Success', ‘Apply to BPSC' is his famous poem.

authors: মো. আব্দুল আলিম (লাঙ্গলবাঁধ)

title: Jhenaidah District


text:
Satkhira District

The Satkhira District (সাতক্ষীরা জেলা, pron: Satkhira, lit.Seven cucumbers) is a district in southwestern Bangladesh and is part of Khulna Division. It lies along the border with West Bengal, India. It is on the bank of the Arpangachhia River. The largest city and headquarter of this district is Satkhira.

Administration
The district consists of two municipalities, seven upazilas, 79 union porishods, 8 thana (police station) and 1,436 villages.

The upazilas are:
 * Satkhira Sadar Upazila
 * Assasuni Upazila
 * Debhata Upazila
 * Tala Upazila
 * Kalaroa Upazila
 * Kaliganj Upazila
 * Shyamnagar Upazila

The two municipalities are Satkhira and Kalaroa.
 * Chairman of Zila Porishod: Nazrul Islam
 * Deputy Commissioner (DC): Mohammad Humayun Kabir

Geography
Satkhira District has an area of 3817 km2. It is bordered to the north by Jessore District, on the south by the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Khulna District, and to the west by North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas districts of West Bengal, India.

The annual average maximum temperature reaches 35.5 °C (95.9 °F); minimum temperature is 12.5 °C (54.5 °F). The annual rainfall is 1710 mm (67 in).

The main rivers are the Kopotakhi river across Dorgapur union of Assasuni Upazila, Morichap River, Kholpetua River, Betna River, Raimangal River, Hariabhanga river, Ichamati River, Betrabati River and Kalindi-Jamuna River.

Climate
Tropical savanna climates have a monthly mean temperature above 18 °C (64 °F) in every month of the year and typically a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than 60mm (2.36 in) of precipitation. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Aw" (tropical savanna climate).

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Satkhira District had 566,752 households and a population of 2,196,582. 360,791 (16.43%) were under 10 years of age. The population density was 575 people per km2. Satkhira district had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 75.32%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1009 females per 1000 males. 19.70% of the population lived in urban areas.

Muslims formed 81.86% of the population, Hindus 17.70% and others 0.44%. The Muslim population has increased continuously while the Hindu population has remained relatively constant and sometimes fallen. Indications from the 2022 census show the Hindu and Christian populations in the district have fallen dramatically.

Economy
[[File:Chingri gher at khulna - 2.jpg|thumb|

 * 1) Shrimp hatchery

]]Economoy of Satkhira is mainly Agriculture based. But it has diverse opportuniy of economic prosperity. One land port (Bhomra) and several export producs make Satkhira as the next properious district of Bangladesh. Most of the peoples of the southern part of Satkhira depend on pisciculture, locally called gher. Main fruits are aam (mango), jaam (blackberry), kathal (jackfruit), kola (banana), pepe (papaya), lichoo (litchi), naarikel (coconut) and peyara (guava). Farms are 86 dairies, 322 poultry farms, 3,046 fisheries, 3,650 shrimp farms, 66 hatcheries and one cattle breeding centre. Export products

 * 1) Shrimp
 * 2) Mango
 * 3) Jute
 * 4) Crab
 * 5) Handmade Clay Tiles

Points of interest
Sundarbans is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world, is a World Heritage Site, and covers an area of 5747 km2.

The region is home to many ancient buildings and temples such as Sultanpur Shahi Mosque (500 years old) and Pir-e-Kamel Kari Hafez Sah-Sufi Jonab Hazrat Maolana Azizur Rahman (Rh) was a Muslim Sufi Saint and local ruler Kalimakhali, assasuni upozila in Satkhira (now in Bangladesh). Attractions also include the mangrove forest at Kaligonj Upazila. This forest, named Basjharia Joarar Ban, is popularly known as the forest of BADHA. The Joarar Ban is a cause of friction between the Bangladesh and Indian border.

Land ports
India-Bangladesh (Bhomra land port): 200 yards distant BGP camp from the main port. The Bhomra land port is the second largest in Bangladesh. The Bhomra land customs station was inaugurated in 1996.

Transport
Roads and highways are Satkhira-Khulna, Satkhira-Jessore, Satkhira-Assasuni-Ghola, Satkhira-Kaligonj-Shyamnagar. Satkhira-Kaligonj-Shyamnagar is very bad due to the conductor's corruption.

Education
Recently established one medical college, 79 colleges, one primary teacher's training institute, 421 high schools, 41 junior high schools, 259 madrassas, and 822 government primary schools. Some of the notable educational institutions are:
 * Satkhira Science and Technology University
 * Satkhira Govt. Polytechnic Institute

 * Satkhira Government College

 * Satkhira City College

 * Satkhira Medical College

 * Satkhira Government Girls’ High School

 * Satkhira Government High School

 * Satkhira Government Mahila College

 * Kaliganj Govt. College

 * Satkhira Day-Night College

 * Kalaroa government college

 * Jhaudanga high school

Digital Satkhira
In 1994, a few young people started a computer training center as a business and prepared some talents who later started other computer businesses and ultimately created the idea of digital Satkhira. Slowly the computer replaced manual machines in the office, banks, and other institutions. Schools and colleges started recruiting computer teachers. Many more young people started computer businesses. Manual (letter) printing presses switched to offset printing using the computer.

The first local daily newspaper published here was "Dainik Dristipat".

First Computer Sales & Service Centre was "Mitul Computer Services"

First Computer Training Centre was "Cosmos Computer"

First Offset Printing Press was the "Zahan Offset Printing Press"

In 1999 the Computer Association of Satkhira was established with 30 members. The first president was Mitul Md. Moniruzzaman and General Secretary was Nityananda Sarkar with Vice President Faruque ul-Islam and Sayed Iqbal Babu. Computer Association of Satkhira regularly organizes computer fairs in various locations for ICT awareness. Some of the computer fairs were supported by Bangladesh Computer Samity with the presence of Mustafa Jabbar, the current ICT minister.

Notable people

 * A. F. M. Entaz Ali
 * Habibul Islam Habib - ex-Member of Parliament, Satkhira-1. Publicity and Publication Affairs Secretary of Bangladesh Nationalist Party
 * Pori Moni - Bangladeshi Actress
 * Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah
 * AFM Ruhal Haque
 * Soumya Sarkar
 * Mustafizur Rahman
 * Nilufar Yasmin
 * Sabina Yasmin
 * Amin Khan (actor)
 * Moushumi
 * Moushumi Hamid
 * Falguni Hamid
 * Tariq Anam Khan
 * Afzal Hossain
 * Rani Sarker
 * Muhammad Wajed Ali
 * Sikandar Abu Jafar
 * Sabina Khatun
 * Masura Parvin
 * S.M Alauddin
 * M.R. Khan
 * Mashrafi Antu

title: Satkhira District


text: User talk:86.101.1.225

title: User talk:86.101.1.225


text:
Narail District

Narail (নড়াইল, pron: nɔɽail) is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is a part of Khulna Division.

History
Narail town was named after a feudal lord (a zamindar). The zamindars established a market at Roopgonj, also named after a zamindar. They established a post office for the first time in the district during British Raj near Rotongonj, named after yet another member of the zamindar's family. They modernised Narail, and promoted culture, sports and education.

The large playing field, Kuriddobe, was a gift for the town by the zamindar's family. They introduced a football competition, with a shield given to the champions, a cup for the runners-up, and medals for all players from the early twentieth century.

One of the zamindars moved away from Narail, settled in Hatbaria, and established another large manor (Jomidarbaari).

Geography
Narail District has an area of 967.99 sqkm. It is located to the south of Magura District, north of Khulna District, with the Faridpur District and Gopalganj District on the east, and Jessore District to the west.

Its average temperature ranges between 11.2 and 37.1 °C and has a yearly rainfall of 1467 mm.

Through the district flow the Madhumati, Nabaganga, Bhairab, and Chitra rivers. There are many beels and haors, the most noted of which is Chachuri Beel.

Land area:
 * Cultivable area: 176504 acre
 * Fallow land: 25090 acre
 * Forest area: 10 acres
 * Area irrigated: 36208 acre
 * River area: 8562 acre

Administration
Narail District was established in 1984. It is divided into three upazilas: Narail Sadar Upazila, Kalia Upazila and Lohagara Upazila. The upazilas are divided into Narail Sadar and Kalia municipalities, and 39 Union Parishads. These are subdivided into 18 wards, 43 mahallas, 445 mouzas, and 651 villages.

Points of interest
Narail Victoria College and Collegiate School is one of the oldest modern high schools in Bangladesh, established in 1858 by the landlords of Narail who were proponents of education. They also established a girls' school, a rarity in Bangladesh at that time. This was the Shib Shankar Memorial Girls' School. This school closed down due to lack of funding after the landlords left for India. It was reopened by some local enthusiasts, like J. Bhattacharjee, S. Biswas and B. Bhowmic. They borrowed furnishings from the neighbours. They went house to house soliciting parents to send their children to the school.

Narail Palace was one of the biggest landlord mansions in Bengal. When the Hindu landlords left for Kolkata after the partition of India, the mansion was looted and vandalised, and gradually collapsed. There are still some remains present, including the Kaalibaari (temple of goddess Kali), Shibmondir (temple of Shiva) and the Bandha ghaat on the River Chitra. Some local people initially continued the famous Durga Puja in the mansion, but this was discontinued after a few years. Part of the building was used for some time as a government office. Due to lack of maintenance, it gave in.

Kalia Palace was another large landlord mansions in Bengal. Some landlords lived in Naragati. Naragati was a thana in the British period. The predecessor of Robi Sankar & Uday Sankar lived in Kalia.

The famous writer Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was a magistrate in Narail. His book Neelkuthi was based on the forceful cultivation of indigo in Narail by the East India Company.

Sheikh Mohammed Sultan (10 August 1923 – 10 October 1994; better known as SM Sultan, Bengali: এস এম সুলতান), was a Bengali avant-garde artist who worked in painting and drawing, was born in Narail District. His fame rests on his striking depictions of exaggeratedly muscular farmers engaged in the activities of their everyday lives.[1] He is the son of Sheikh Mohammed Mecher Ali & Mohammed Meherunnesa.

Narail was once declared independent from the British Raj by Shorola di (Sister Shorola), as she was known at the time by her followers of the independence movement of India. But this "independence" lasted for only three days.

Transport
The town of Narail is the road transport hub of the district. To the west it is connected by regional highway R750 to Jessore, about 32 km away. R720 runs north 50 km to Magura. Within the district, Zilla road Z7503 runs east to Lohagara and on to the Kalna ferry ghat on the Madhumati River. Z7502 runs south, across the Nabaganga River at Baroipara Ghat by ferry, and on to Kalia.

Demographics
According to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, Narail District had 195,660 households and a population of 788,671. 148,027 (18.77%) were under 10 years of age. The population density was 815 people per km2. Narail district had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 74.66%, compared to the national average of 74.80%, and a sex ratio of 1056 females per 1000 males. 22.14% of the population lived in urban areas. Ethnic population was 8,278 (1.05%).

In 2011, Muslims were 81.28% of the population while Hindus are 18.65% of the population. The population of Hindus has declined rapidly in the district since Partition, when the two communities were in equal numbers.

Religion
The district of Narail has 1675 mosques, 248 temples, 51 churches, seven tombs, and 11 shrines.

The Radha Raman Smriti Tirtha Mandir, founded by Shri Tribhanga Brahmachary (Babaji of Shri Shri Bhagvat Sevashram Sangh) at Debbhog is a prominent place to visit, as are Nishinath Tola in Rupganj and Lakkhipasha Thakurbari.

Notable residents

 * Jadunath Majumdar – writer, editor
 * Chief Engineer Md. Sarwar Shaikh (Retd) - Military Engineer Services (MES)
 * SM Sultan – artist
 * Ravi Shankar – sitar master & organiser of The Concert for Bangladesh
 * Birshrestha Nur Mohammad Sheikh – freedom fighter of Bangladesh
 * Sharif Khasruzzaman – freedom fighter of Bangladesh, politician, businessman and Member of the Parliament from 1991-96 and 1996-2001 terms for Bangladesh Awami League
 * Major General Sheikh Mohammad Aman Hasan (retd) – a two-star general in the Bangladesh Army, who notably served as the directorate general (DG) of Special Security Force (SSF) from 2012 until his retirement in 2016 was born in Narail on 15 April 1960
 * Mashrafe Bin Mortoza – former cricketer and captain of the Bangladesh national cricket team. popularly Known as "Narail Express". He was elected as Member of the Parliament 11th general election on 30 December 2019 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate.
 * Suvra Mukherjee – former First Lady of India, wife of Former President of India Pranab Mukherjee
 * Bijoy Sarkar – poet, baul singer, lyricist, and composer
 * Kamal Dasgupta – music director and eminent film composer
 * Syed Nausher Ali – politician
 * Amal Sen – politician
 * Sheikh Abdus Salam – martyred intellectual
 * Md. Kabirul Haque – politician, businessman and Member of the Parliament 11th general election on 30 December 2019 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate (Seats, Narail-1).
 * Shamoli Ray is a Bangladeshi competitive archer. At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, she competed as a lone archer for the Bangladeshi team in the women's individual recurve through a tripartite invitation
 * Nihar Ranjan Gupta – Bengali novelist
 * Brigadier General (Retd) SK Abu Bakr, he is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and the former member of parliament for Narail-2.
 * Avishek Das (born 5 September 2001) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He made his List A debut on 15 March 2020, for Old DOHS Sports Club, in the 2019–20 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League. Prior to his List A debut, he was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.

title: Narail District


text:
Western State

Western State may refer to:
 * Western State (Nigeria), a former state in Nigeria
 * Western State Conference, a sport association of California community colleges
 * Western State Colorado University, former name until 2018 of Western Colorado University
 * Western State College of Law
 * Missouri Western State University

title: Western State


text:
User:Clarkk/wikibreak

hi all. I will be on an indefinite, but temporary, wikibreak for work-related reasons.

please leave messages on my talk page. thanks. clarkk

title: User:Clarkk/wikibreak


text:
Tim Crooks

Timothy John Crooks (born 12 May 1949) is a former British rower who competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics. He was seven times winner at Henley Royal Regatta and won the Wingfield Sculls three times.

Rowing career
Crooks was educated at Radley College and raced in the World Youth Championships in 1967. He won the Thames Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta in 1968 competing for Leander Club, then won Silver Goblets in 1971 competing for Leander Club and partnering Glyn Locke. He raced in the 1971 World Rowing Championships in the coxless pair, then in 1972 switched to the double scull with Patrick Delafield, winning the Double Sculls Challenge Cup at Henley and the double sculls with Delafield, at the inaugural 1972 National Rowing Championships. Crooks and Delafield reached the final rowing for Great Britain at the 1972 Summer Olympics at Munich and led briefly before finishing out of the medals in fifth.

In 1973 Crooks moved to the eight, winning the silver medal at the 1974 World Rowing Championships behind the U.S., and the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley in 1975 (in which year he also finished 4th in the World Championships in the coxed four). He won the silver medal in the eight rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, behind the East German crew. Crooks then competed in the single scull winning the Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley and the Wingfield Sculls in both 1977 and 1978. In 1980 he repeated his win of the Wingfield Sculls.

In 1977 he came fourth in the World Championships in the single scull.

He won the single sculls title, rowing for the Kingston Rowing Club, at the 1982 National Rowing Championships and competing again at Henley in 1983, he won the Queen Mother Challenge Cup and came second in the Diamond Challenge, then in 1984 was runner-up in the Double Sculls.

Other activities
Crooks won the 1977 version of the BBC television show Superstars.

From the late 1980s to the late 1990s he taught Craft Design Technology at St. John's School, Leatherhead having taught previously at Glyn School in Ewell.

The day of the opening ceremony for the London Olympics, 2012, he rowed in Gloriana from Hampton Court to City Hall.

title: Tim Crooks


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Big Ideas

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. FCYTravis 07:04, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Big Ideas
This article is about an untitled piece of music that is not widely known as "Big Ideas", even to the band who performs it. 69.34.210.49 08:38, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable concept. JamesBurns 09:15, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable song. Dcarrano 12:58, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, or merge if there's an appropriate place to do so. Doesn't deserve its own article. Flowerparty 17:05, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: it doesn't even have any links from the main article space. Flowerparty 17:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:I'm alright, Jack

Untitled
This article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:36, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:I'm alright, Jack


text: File:The pillows - TURN BACK.jpg

title: File:The pillows - TURN BACK.jpg


text:
User talk:Nicola79

Lincoln/Vote
Please look at the restructured choices on Talk:Lincoln/Vote and clarify your vote. Thanks! —Lowellian (talk) 08:37, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nicola79


text:
Talk:Primitive polynomial (field theory)

Various comments
There is still a serious error in this article, beside the confusion with two completely different notions of primitivity. Namely, the article says that

An irreducible polynomial of degree m, F(x) over GF(p) for prime p, is a primitive polynomial if the smallest positive integer n such that F(x) divides xn - 1 is n = pm − 1.

This is again mixing together two different notions. Look at the polynomial F(x)=x4+x3+x2+x+1 over GF(2). Then F(x) is irreducible, but not primitive in the quoted sense (F(x) divides x5-1). But the definition of a primitive polynomial as the minimal polynomial of a primitive element refers to a simple extension. But the residue of x in the representation of GF(16) as the factor (GF(2))[x]/(f(x)) is a primitive element over GF(2) and F(x) really is its minimal polynomial!

Doesn't Gauss's lemma state that the product of primitive polynomials is primitive? Then how can all primitive polynomials be irreducible? -3mta3 08:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

``Because all minimal polynomials are irreducible, all primitive polynomials are also irreducible.'' Its not correct that all primitive polynomials are irreducible. Consider x^4+4. One can see that (1,4) = 1, so its a primitive polynomial. But, its not irreducible, since: x^4 + 4 = (x^2 - 2x + 2) *(x^2 + 2 x + 2)

This article is utterly confusing, as it defines two (completely different) notions of primitivity, and then deals only with the second. 21:29, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I hopefully fixed that. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 03:16, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Also the first definition is wrong, the gcd could be a unit (eg -x - 5 is primitive over Z[X]).

In section "Random bit generation" it says that "Primitive polynomials define a recurrence relation that can be used to generate pseudorandom bits, like a linear feedback shift register does." which is kind of true but a strange thing to say. Maybe it's better to say a linear feedback shift register is a way to implement the recurrence relation defined by a primitive polynomial. (Or in fact by any polynomial, but it's the ones corresponding to primitive polynomials that are mostly used in practice due to maximal period and other nice properties.) 198.142.44.123 00:27, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

It would be kind of neat to have a list of interesting primitive polynomials, or perhaps multiple lists by category (eg. primitive trinomials over GF2). Or if that isn't encyclopedic enough, a link to where such lists can be found. 198.142.44.123 00:27, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

In the part about LFSRs, it says "We then take the 10th, 3rd, and 0th bits of it, starting from the least significant bit, and xor them together, obtaining a new bit." which is confusing at best, and says there are 3 bits that are XORed together, which is not the case for the polynomial given.129.42.161.36 (talk) 21:15, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

 * That whole paragraph is confusing and goes into excessive details about LFSR that can anyways be found in the main LFSR article, so I am deleting it. Burritok (talk) 04:32, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

Roots?
The article says:

 * The roots of a primitive polynomial all have order p^m − 1.

I thought primitive polynomials are irreducible. How can they have roots?

Very confusing article... This one is a bit better: http://www.theory.csc.uvic.ca/~cos/inf/neck/PolyInfo.html

Woz2 (talk) 20:13, 6 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Primitive polynomials are irreducible over GF(p) and have all their roots in GF(pm). Thus they factors in linear factors over GF(pm). I have rewritten this sentence to be less confusing. D.Lazard (talk) 21:26, 6 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Woz2 (talk) 13:27, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Indeed, if you read the definition with which the article begins, you will see that a primitive polynomial must have roots: the concept "primitive polynomial" is defined in terms of a root of the polynomial (referred to in the article as α). As for the page that you link to, if you find it "better", then that's fine, but it seems to me unhelpful to anyone who wants to use it to learn about primitive polynomials, as it does not give context to the concepts it defines. For example, it defines it in terms of the order of the polynomial, but gives no indication why happening to have order 2n-1 is significant or interesting, rather than defining it in terms of fundamental properties which are more relevant to why the concept is used. That page is part of the documentation of a software tool, and if all you want is to know how to use the tool, then the information given is probably adequate. However, for anyone wanting an understanding of the mathematical theory of fields, it seems to me to be of rather limited use. Also, parts of its explanations apply only to GF(2), not to other fields. JamesBWatson (talk) 21:43, 6 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I suppose my frustration with the article is that I came to it as a non-mathematician expecting answers to two engineering questions (that I think other readers might also have) namely "1) How does one generate a complete set of primitive polynomials? 2) Why is it that GF(2) primitive polynomials are a necessary and sufficient condition to generate maximal length sequences in linear feedback shift registers?" If I find the answers, I'll add them here or in the MLS and/or LFSR articles. Any pointers appreciated. Woz2 (talk) 13:27, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I had to laugh when I read this at http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimitivePolynomial.html "Amazingly, primitive polynomials over GF(2) define a recurrence relation which can be used to obtain a new pseudorandom bit from the n preceding ones." Yes, it is amazing. Citation needed. :-) Woz2 (talk) 22:35, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

Noting that hardware implementations benefit from choosing primitive polynomials for GF(2^m) where the primitive element is 2
It should be mentioned somewhere in the article that hardware implementations involving binary finite fields $$GF(2^m)$$ benefit when reducing polynomial is primitive, where the primitive element is x == 2. This reduces gate count and speeds up calculations. Rcgldr (talk) 07:38, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * 2 is not an element of $$GF(2^m),$$ and cannot therefore be a primitive element. In any case, for mentioning anything, we must provide WP:reliable sources that discuss it. It is to you to provide them. Also, the choice of a "good" representation is already discussed with a source in Finite field. If other representations are better for some computations, the applications that require these representations must be mentioned. "Hardware implementations" is not an application, but a method of implementation of other applications. D.Lazard (talk) 09:47, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * 2 is a common shorthand form of stating that $$\alpha = x + 0 $$, in binary shown as 1 0, or in hex as 2. For example Reed-SolomonProjectReport.pdf. It's also common to show elements of GF(2^n) or polynomials as hex values, for example CRC Zoo. Linear Feedback Shift Register like operations are similar to multiplying by 2 modulo a primitive polynomial, which is why hardware implementations of GF(2^n) usually choose a primitive polynomial. AES inversion step is an exception, it uses 0x11B which is irreducible, but not primitive, one of the primitive elements is 3, but the primitive element hex 1f is often used when mapping to a composite field such as GF((2^4)^2) or GF(((2^2)^2)^2). In the case of a composite field, such as GF((2^4)^2), again a primitive polynomial is desired, but in this case $$\alpha = x + 0 $$ = hex 10 (not 2). Rcgldr (talk) 02:24, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

Is there a primitive polynomial x^n + ... + 1 where x is not a primitive element or vice versa?
Is there a primitive polynomial x^n + ... + 1 where x is not a primitive element or vice versa? If all primitive polynomials have x as a primitive element or if all polynomials that have x as a primitive element are primitive polynomials, then why not include this as a alternative and simpler definition for primitive polynomial? Rcgldr (talk) 16:38, 5 August 2021 (UTC)

Is x a root?
From the article, the roots of a primitive polynomial are generators of the field GF(p^m). Each root $$\alpha$$ will generate all the nonzero elements of the field. Later in the article, it says that x is also a generator of the multiplicative group of the field (which I believe is the same as all the nonzero elements). Does that mean x is a root of p(x)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.60.43.48 (talk) 11:11, 12 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Good point: the two last paragraphs of were almost nonsensical. I have replaced them by a clarification of the meaning of "representation". D.Lazard (talk) 11:48, 12 March 2022 (UTC)
 * But x is still a generator of the field, a point which should remain in the article, and was briefly mentioned but not really proven. This explains how LFSR's work, where each shift of the register corresponds to multiplication by x, followed by division by p(x).  If p(x) isn't primitive, then multiplication by x does not generate the entire field, an important point for this article as well.  My confusion comes from the fact that the shift is multiplication by x (the indeterminate of p(x), not multiplication by a root $$\alpha$$ of p(x).  Unless somehow there is a proof that it's the same thing?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.60.43.48 (talk) 20:38, 12 March 2022 (UTC)
 * There are two ways for generating a finite field: a primitive element generates the elements of the field as the powers of the primitive element; a generator generates the elements of the field as polynomials in the generator, whose degree is less than the degree of the field ($m$ in $$\operatorname{GF}(p^m)$$). Primitive elements are generators for this second way of generating, but not all generators are primitive. All these things are discussed in Finite field, and it is better to go to there than trying to find here information that is out of the scope of this article. D.Lazard (talk) 09:22, 13 March 2022 (UTC)
 * "a generator generates the elements of the field as polynomials in the generator, whose degree is less than the degree of the field" Could you clarify this a bit more?
 * I think I worked out the answer to my question, using https://glassnotes.github.io/OliviaDiMatteo_FiniteFieldsPrimer.pdf as a resource. Ultimately x is not a root of P(x).   As they do in that article, as you write out the finite field elements using the root $$\sigma$$ of P(x), which is also a generator of the finite field, then just change the variable to x, you'll get x is a generator of the field as well.
 * This article defines a primitive polynomial P(x) as the minimal polynomial of a primitive element of a field. Other places on the web define the primitive polynomial P(x) as a polynomial where x is a generator of the finite field constructed from GF(p)[x]/P(x).  I think I'll add to this article to show that they are equivalent. 108.60.43.48 (talk) 03:53, 14 March 2022 (UTC)
 * You are confusing primitive element (finite field) and primitive element (field theory). Also, you use "generator" without distinguishing the two completely diffent meanings of generator of the multiplicative group (called "primitive element" in the context of finite fields) and generator of a field extension (called "primitive element" in the context of infinite fields). This ambiguous terminology is traditional, and, therefore, must be kept in Wikipedia. So, Wikipedia articles must be carefully written for not confusing readers. By the way, your source is not a reliable source (see WP:Reliable sources). Also, it confusing, since it does not says that the construction of the section "Extending a prime field" works with irreducible polynomials that are not primitive. The article Finite field is much clearer, and is a much more accurate source of information. D.Lazard (talk) 13:44, 14 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Fair enough 108.60.43.48 (talk) 08:14, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

LFSRs and Primitive Polynomials
The section on pseudo-random bit generation and LFSRs should at least discuss why x is a generator (not $$\alpha$$), and why you need to pick a primitive polynomial (vs. an irreducible one) in order to get x to be a generator, to get maximal length. That is what brought me to this article in the first place, trying to understand how pseudo-random generators used for communications (such as PN11) work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.60.43.48 (talk • contribs) 12:54, 14 March 2022 (UTC)


text:
Evdokia Petrova

Evdokia Alexeyevna Petrova (Евдоки́я Алексе́евна Петро́ва; September 15, 1914 – 1914:9:15, July 19, 2002) was a Soviet spy in Australia in the 1950s. She was the wife of Vladimir Petrov, and came to prominence with him during the Petrov Affair.

Life
Raised in the Soviet Union, Petrova worked as a bureaucrat in the state-run forced labor camps or gulags. In 1951, she was posted with her husband as a diplomat to Australia, though her real work was as a spy, in the rank of captain, against the Australian government. In this capacity she provided clerical, cypher, and operational assistance to the Soviet embassy in Canberra.

With her husband she defected to Australia in 1954. This happened at Darwin Airport, at the height of the Petrov Affair. The Petrovs' memoirs of the episode were contained in their book Empire of Fear, which was ghost-written by Michael Thwaites.

After the defection, Evdokia was haunted by worries about her family in Moscow, fearing they had been punished or killed. The Red Cross reconnected her to her family in 1960. Her father had been sacked from his job following the defection, and died three years later, but she stayed in contact with her mother until her mother's death in 1965. Her sister Tamara migrated to Australia in 1990.

The Petrovs bought a home in Bentleigh, Melbourne, in 1956.

To help protect their identities in Australia, the Petrovs took the names Sven and Anna Allyson. They were protected under the D-notice system. Although the press agreed not to identify them under the D-notice, the press did not always observe this voluntary protection order. Evdokia became an Australian citizen in 1956. She found work as a typist for William Adams Tractors under the name Anna Allyson. Vladimir Petrov died in 1991, but she was not able to attend his funeral due to media attention. Robert Manne interviewed her in 1996; the interview is held by the National Library of Australia. She died in 2002, aged 87.

Fictional works
Evdokia Petrov's life has inspired a number of fictional works.

 * The Red Shoe, a novel by Ursula Dubosarsky which won the New South Wales Premier's Literary Award and the Queensland Premier's Literary Award in 2006.
 * Mrs Petrov's Shoe, a play by Noelle Janaczewska which won the Queensland Premier's Literary Award for drama in 2006.
 * The Safe House, an animation by Lee Whitmore, narrated by Noni Hazelhurst, which won Best Animation at the Sydney Film Festival 2006.
 * Document Z, a novel by Andrew Croome, which won the Australian/Vogel Literary Award in 2008.
 * The Petrov Affair, a 1987 television mini-series.

title: Evdokia Petrova


text:
Talk:Judgment (Magic: The Gathering)

Untitled
This article has been kept following this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:38, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, I don't get how the burning wish and yawgmoth's will combo kills players, especially so quickly (since burning wish costs 2 and yawgmoth's will costs 3). If someone could clarify, that would be nice.

Fair use rationale for Image:Exp sym JUD R.gif
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title: Talk:Judgment (Magic: The Gathering)


text:
Dewan Negara

The Dewan Negara is the upper house of the Parliament of Malaysia, consisting of 70 senators of whom 26 are elected by the state legislative assemblies, with two senators for each state, while the other 44 are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia), including four who are appointed to represent the federal territories.

The Dewan Negara usually reviews legislation that has been passed by the lower house, the Dewan Rakyat. All bills must usually be passed by both the Dewan Rakyat and the Dewan Negara (the Senate), before they are sent to the Agong for royal assent. However, if the Dewan Negara rejects a bill, it can only delay the bill's passage by a maximum of a year before it is sent to the King, a restriction similar to that placed on the House of Lords in the United Kingdom. Like the Dewan Rakyat, the Dewan Negara meets at the Malaysian Houses of Parliament in Kuala Lumpur.

Originally, the Dewan Negara was meant to act as a check on the Dewan Rakyat and represent the interests of the various states, based on the role played by its counterpart in the United States. However, the original constitution, which provided for a majority of state-elected senators, has since been modified to make the vast majority of senators instead appointed by the Agong, thus theoretically providing an avenue for a relatively non-partisan reconsideration of bills, more similar to the role of the British House of Lords.

Membership
Members of the Dewan Negara are referred to as "Senators" in English or "Ahli Dewan Negara" (lit. 'member of the Dewan Negara') in Malay and are accorded the honorific style of Yang Berhormat Senator. The term of office is three years and senators may only be re-appointed once, consecutively or non-consecutively.

Each of the 13 state legislative assemblies chooses two senators. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints two senators for the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, and one respectively for the Federal Territories of Labuan and Putrajaya on the advice of the prime minister.

Another 40 senators, regardless of their states, are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, also on the prime minister's advice. Federally appointed senators must have "rendered distinguished public service or have achieved distinction in the professions, commerce, industry, agriculture, cultural activities or social service or are representative of racial minorities or are capable of representing the interests of aborigines (Orang Asli)".

The intent of the original Constitution of Malaysia, which provided for only 16 senators to be appointed by the King (thus placing them in the minority) was to give the states some say over federal policy. However, subsequent amendments have, according to Lord President of the Federal Court Tun Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim, acted "contrary to the spirit of the original constitution which established the Dewan Negara specially as a body to protect in the federal Parliament, state interests against federal encroachments".

To qualify, a candidate must be a Malaysian citizen at least 30 years of age, residing in the Federation, must not owe allegiance to any foreign state, must not have received a prison sentence of one year or longer, and must not have been fined RM2,000 or more. Holders of a full-time profit-making position in the public service are also ineligible. There is no requirement to belong to a political party. Parliament is permitted to increase the number of senators to three per state, reduce the number of appointed senators, or abolish the post of appointed senator altogether. The process of appointment is set out by Article 45 of the Constitution. The Constitution provides for direct election of the 26 senators from the states, but this clause does not take effect until Parliament passes a law bringing it into effect. As of 2024, the power given to the Parliament under Clause (4) of Article 45 was never invoked and the senators remain indirectly elected.

Senators can be appointed to ministerial posts in the Cabinet by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the prime minister. However, the Dewan Negara never supplies the prime minister, as the prime minister must be a member of the Dewan Rakyat.

The Dewan Negara is not affected by the elections for the Dewan Rakyat, and senators continue to hold office despite the Dewan Rakyat's dissolution for an election.

The Dewan Negara elects a president to preside over sittings of the Dewan Negara, ensure observance of the rules of the house, and interpret the Standing Orders of the house should they be disputed. Should the president be absent, his deputy, the vice president, takes his place.

Powers and procedure
The Dewan Negara may initiate legislation, except for financial and fiscal matters – a regulation directly from the Westminster system. It may also amend legislation, provided it does not deal with financial matters. Any proposed legislation must first be passed by the Dewan Rakyat. Then it is presented to the Dewan Negara in three readings. At the first, the legislation's proposer presents it to the assembly. At the second, the bill is debated. At the third, a vote is taken whether to pass or reject the bill. The Dewan Negara may not formally reject bills; it is only allowed to delay their passage by one month, or up to a year under certain circumstances. After the bill has passed or the requisite period is up, the bill is presented to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for royal assent. If the Yang di-Pertuan Agong objects or 30 days pass without royal assent, the bill is sent back to Parliament with a list of suggested amendments. The bill must then be reapproved by both houses of Parliament. If the Yang di-Pertuan Agong still does not grant royal assent 30 days after it is presented to him again, the bill automatically becomes law. It does not take effect, however, until it is published in the Government Gazette.

Although members of Parliament typically have legal immunity when it comes to freedom of discussion, a gag rule forbids discussion about certain articles of the Constitution such as the status of Bahasa Malaysia as the national language and Bumiputra privileges in Article 153.

Current composition
As of June 2023, the Dewan Negara has 63 senators, most of them are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

title: Dewan Negara


text:
Chlamydia psittaci

Chlamydia psittaci is a lethal intracellular bacterial species that may cause endemic avian chlamydiosis, epizootic outbreaks in other mammals, and respiratory psittacosis in humans. Potential hosts include feral birds and domesticated poultry, as well as cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses. C. psittaci is transmitted by inhalation, contact, or ingestion among birds and to mammals. Psittacosis in birds and in humans often starts with flu-like symptoms and becomes a life-threatening pneumonia. Many strains remain quiescent in birds until activated by stress. Birds are excellent, highly mobile vectors for the distribution of chlamydia infection, because they feed on, and have access to, the detritus of infected animals of all sorts.

C. psittaci in birds is often systemic, and infections can be inapparent, severe, acute, or chronic with intermittent shedding. C. psittaci strains in birds infect mucosal epithelial cells and macrophages of the respiratory tract. Septicaemia eventually develops and the bacteria become localized in epithelial cells and macrophages of most organs, conjunctiva, and gastrointestinal tracts. It can also be passed in the eggs. Stress will commonly trigger onset of severe symptoms, resulting in rapid deterioration and death. C. psittaci strains are similar in virulence, grow readily in cell culture, have 16S rRNA genes that differ by <0.8%, and belong to eight known serotypes. All should be considered to be readily transmissible to humans.

C. psittaci serovar A is endemic among psittacine birds and has caused sporadic zoonotic disease in humans, other mammals, and tortoises. Serovar B is endemic among pigeons, has been isolated from turkeys, and has also been identified as the cause of abortion in herds of dairy cattle. Serovars C and D are occupational hazards for slaughterhouse workers and for people in contact with birds. Serovar E isolates (known as Cal-10, MP or MN) have been obtained from a variety of avian hosts worldwide and, although they were associated with the 1920s–1930s outbreak in humans, a specific reservoir for serovar E has not been identified. The M56 and WC serovars were isolated during outbreaks in mammals. Many C. psittaci strains are susceptible to bacteriophages.

Life cycle and method of infection
Chlamydia psittaci is a small bacterium (0.5μm) that undergoes several transformations during its lifecycle. It exists as an elementary body (EB) between hosts. The EB is not biologically active, but is resistant to environmental stresses and can survive outside a host. The EB travels from an infected bird to the lungs of an uninfected bird or person in small droplets, and is responsible for infection. Once in the lungs, the EB is taken up by cells in a pouch called an endosome by phagocytosis. However, the EB is not destroyed by fusion with lysosomes, as is typical for phagocytosed material. Instead, it transforms into a reticulate body and begins to replicate within the endosome. The reticulate bodies must use some of the host's cellular machinery to complete their replication. The reticulate bodies then convert back to elementary bodies, and are released back into the lung, often after causing the death of the host cell. The EBs are thereafter able to infect new cells, either in the same organism or in a new host. Thus, the lifecycle of C. psittaci is divided between the elementary body which is able to infect new hosts, but can not replicate, and the reticulate body, which replicates, but is not able to cause new infection.

History
The disease caused by C. psittaci, psittacosis, was first characterized in 1879 when seven individuals in Switzerland were found to experience pneumonia after exposure to tropical pet birds. The causative pathogen was not known. The related bacterial species Chlamydia trachomatis was described in 1907, but was assumed to be a virus, as it could not be grown on artificial media. In the winter of 1929–1930, a psittacosis pandemic spread across the United States and Europe. Its mortality rate was 20% and as high as 80% for pregnant women. The disease's spread was eventually attributed to exposure to Amazon parrots imported from Argentina. Though C. psittaci was identified in 1930 as the agent responsible for psittacosis, it was not found to be a bacterium until examination by electron microscopy in the 1960s.

Taxonomy
For several decades, the family Chlamydiaceae contained a sole genus, Chlamydia. C. psittaci was originally classified from the 1960s to 1999 as a species of this sole genus. In 1999, the order Chlamydiales was assigned two new families (Parachlamydiaceae and Simkaniaceae), and within the family Chlamydiaceae, the genus Chlamydia was divided into two genera, Chlamydia and the newly designated genus Chlamydophila, with C. psittaci becoming Chlamydophila psittaci. However, this reclassification "was not wholly accepted or adopted" among microbiologists, which "resulted in a reversion to the single, original genus Chlamydia, which now encompasses all 9 species including C. psittaci." A new species was added to the reunited genus Chlamydia in 2013, two more were added in 2014.

What were once classified as the mammal-endemic C. psittaci abortion, 'C. psittaci feline, and C.  psittaci guinea pig are today three separate species, C. abortus, C. felis, and C. caviae.

Diseases
C. psittaci infection is also associated with schizophrenia. Many other kinds of infections have been associated with schizophrenia.

Genomics
Like other Chlamydia, C. psittaci is an intracellular pathogen and has thus undergone significant genome reduction. Most C. psittaci genomes encode between 1,000 and 1,400 proteins. A total of 911 core genes were found to be present in all 20 strains sequenced by Read et al., corresponding to 90% of the genes present in each genome.

Confirmation of diagnosis
In addition to symptoms and CHX, complement fixation, microimmunofluorescence, and polymerase chain reaction tests can be used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment
Tetracycline or macrolides can be used to treat this condition. The drugs are given intravenously or orally, depending on drug choice. Treatment should continue for 10–14 days after the fever subsides. In children or pregnant women, though, tetracycline should not be used. Ibuprofen or acetominophen, and fluids are also administered. Cannabis or tobacco smoke should be avoided. While taking tetracycline, dairy products should be avoided.

title: Chlamydia psittaci


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