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History of Northwest Territories capital cities

The history of Northwest Territories capital cities begins with the purchase of the Territories by Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869, and includes a varied and often difficult evolution. Northwest Territories is unique amongst the other provinces and territories of Canada in that it has had seven capital cities in its history. The territory has changed the seat of government for numerous reasons, including civil conflict, development of infrastructure, and a history of significant revisions to its territorial boundaries.

The result of these changes has been a long and complex road to responsible government. Effectively providing services and representation for the population has been a particular challenge for the Territories' government, a task often complicated by the region's vast and changing geographic area. A small number of communities in Northwest Territories have unsuccessfully tried to become the capital over the years. The territory has had the seat of government outside of its territorial boundaries twice in its history. The only other political division in Canada without a seat of government inside its own boundaries was the defunct District of Keewatin that existed from 1876 until 1905.

The term "capital" refers to cities that have served as home for the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories, the legislative branch of Northwest Territories government. In Canada, it is customary for provincial and territorial level government to have the administrative centre of the civil service in the same city as the legislative branch. The Northwest Territories, however, had separate administrative and legislative capitals officially exist between 1911 and 1967. This is the only province or territory in Canadian history to have had such an arrangement.

Fort Garry (1870–1876)
The Government of Canada purchased the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1868, under the terms of the Rupert's Land Act 1868 for £300,000 sterling. Both purchased territories were largely uninhabited, consisting mostly of uncharted wilderness. After the purchase, the Government decided to merge both of the properties into a single jurisdiction and appoint a single territorial government to run both. The purchase of the two territories added a sizable portion of the current Canadian landmass.

In 1869, Ontario Member of Parliament William McDougall was appointed as the first Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories and sent to Fort Garry to establish formal governance for Canada. Before his party arrived at the settlement, a small group led by Louis Riel intercepted him near the Ontario border and forced him to turn back because they opposed the transfer to the Canadian government. The inhabitants of the Red River Valley began the Red River Rebellion, delaying formal governance until their demands for provincial status were met.

The rebellion resulted in the creation of the Province of Manitoba (inclusive of Fort Garry) and a delay in establishing governance in the Territories. In 1870, the Northwest Territories and Manitoba formally entered the Canadian confederation. The two jurisdictions remained partially conjoined: under the Temporary Government Act, 1870. The Temporary North-West Council was appointed in 1872, mainly from members of the new Manitoba Legislative Assembly, with the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba serving as the leader of the territorial government. The Governor and Council were mandated to govern the Territories through the Manitoba Act and did so from outside of the Northwest Territories. Fort Garry served as the first seat of government for both jurisdictions.

The temporary government sat for the first time in 1872. It was renewed by federal legislation each year until a permanent solution for governance was decided upon. The federal government renewed the Temporary Council for the last time in 1875 and chose a new location, within the boundaries of the Northwest Territories, to form a new government. Along with the new seat of power, a new council greatly reduced in size was appointed along with a new Lieutenant Governor to specifically lead the Territories without also governing Manitoba.

In the 1870s, Fort Garry consisted of two distinct settlements. The first site was named Upper Fort Garry, and the secondary site was named Lower Fort Garry, 32 km downstream on the Red River. After the territorial government moved, Fort Garry continued to be the seat of government for Manitoba, and for the now defunct District of Keewatin territory between 1876 and 1905. Fort Garry evolved to become modern-day Winnipeg, still the capital of Manitoba, with Lower Fort Garry being declared a national historical site.

Fort Livingstone (1876–1877)

The North-West Territories Act, 1875 dissolved the Temporary North-West Council and appointed a permanent government to take effect on October 7, 1876. The new council governed from Fort Livingstone, an outpost constructed west of the Manitoba border, in modern-day Saskatchewan. Fort Livingstone served as a small frontier outpost and not as a bona fide capital city. The location was chosen by the federal government as a temporary site to establish the new territorial government until the route of the railway was determined.

Fort Livingstone was founded in 1875 by the newly created North-West Mounted Police, the predecessor of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada's national police force. The Swan River North-West Mounted Police Barracks, inside Fort Livingstone, became the temporary assembly building for legislative-council sessions as well as the office for the Lieutenant Governor.

The bulk of the police forces moved out to Fort Macleod in 1876, to crack down on the whisky trade. A year later, Lieutenant Governor David Laird moved the seat of government to Battleford. The decision was based upon the original plans of constructing the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) through Battleford.

Fort Livingstone continued to serve as a small outpost until being totally destroyed by a prairie grass fire in 1884. The nearest modern settlement to the original Fort Livingstone site is Pelly, Saskatchewan, 4 km to the south. The fort is sometimes referred to as Fort Pelly or Swan River. The Fort Livingstone site is marked with a plaque as was declared a Saskatchewan provincial heritage site and contains no resident population.

Battleford (1877–1883)

The Northwest Territories government moved to Battleford in 1877 on the order of the Lieutenant Governor. Battleford was supposed to be the permanent capital of the Territories. The town was chosen because it was expected to be linked with the Canadian Pacific Railway.

The government in Battleford would see significant milestones towards attaining responsible government for the Northwest Territories. For the first time, the territory had democratically elected members join the appointed members in the assembly. Elections in the territory became a reality after the passage of the Northwest Territories election ordinance 1880. The first election took place in 1881, after electoral districts were created by royal proclamations, issued the order of the Lieutenant Governor. Battleford hosted the first official royal visit in western Canada, when the Marquis of Lorne and Princess Louise Caroline Alberta toured the territories in 1881.

The first Northwest Territories legislature building, and residence for the Lieutenant Governor named "NWT Government House", was completed and used by the territorial government until 1883. After the government moved the building stood as a historical site until it was destroyed in a fire in 2003.

After consultation with Canadian Pacific Railway officials, Lieutenant Governor Edgar Dewdney made the decision to move the capital to Regina, also in present-day Saskatchewan, in June 1882. The decision to move the capital was controversial with the public because Edgar Dewdney owned real estate in Regina. He was accused of having conflicted interests between his private affairs and the needs of the government.

Regina (1883–1905)
After Edgar Dewdney ordered that the government be moved south to meet the railway in Regina, it was confirmed as the new territorial capital on March 27, 1883. Construction of a new legislature began. In Regina, the government continued to grow as the size of the settlement increased rapidly. The legislature had the most sitting members in Northwest Territories history after the fifth general election in 1902.

The government in Regina struggled to deliver services to the vast territory. The influx of settlers and responsibility for the Klondike, as well as constant fighting with the federal government over limited legislative powers and minimal revenue collection, hampered the effectiveness of government. The government during this period slowly released powers to the elected members. In 1897, after control of the executive council was ceded to elected members from the Lieutenant-Governors, a short-lived period of party politics evolved that challenged the consensus model of government that had been used since 1870.

The territorial government under the leadership of Premier Frederick Haultain struck a deal with the federal Government of Canada in early 1905 to bring provincial powers to the territories. This led to the creation of the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta from the southernmost and most populous areas of the territory. The Northwest Territories, reduced to its northern, lightly populated hinterland, continued to exist under the 1870s constitutional status under control of the federal government. A new council was convened in Ottawa, Ontario, to deal with the region.

The Territorial Administration Building was declared a historical site by the Saskatchewan government after it was restored by the Saskatchewan Government in 1979, the building remains standing to this day. The territorial government would not have another permanent legislature of its own design until 1993. After 1905, Regina continued to serve as capital for the province of Saskatchewan.

Ottawa (1905–1967)
In 1905, under the direction of Wilfrid Laurier, the Northwest Territories seat of government was moved to Ottawa, Ontario, the capital of Canada. This change was made when Northwest Territories defaulted back to the 1870 constitutional status after Alberta and Saskatchewan were sectioned off from the territory on September 1, 1905. After the populated regions of the territory were made into their own jurisdictions, there were very few settlements left in the territory with any significant population or infrastructure. The non-Inuit population was estimated to total around 1,000. Inuit were not counted at the time because they had no status under Canadian law, and were not yet settled in towns or villages.

In the period without a sitting council from 1905 to 1921, the government of the Territories was small but still active. A small civil service force was sent to Fort Smith to set the town up as the new administrative capital in 1911. A budget to provide minimal services was still given by the federal government. Commissioner Frederick D. White administered the territories day-to-day operations during that period. During this 16-year lapse in legislative government, no new laws were created, and the Territories and its population were severely neglected even with the services provided at the time.

The first session of the new council was called to order in 1921, a full 16 years after the government was dissolved in Regina. This new government contained no serving member who was resident in the Territories. The council during this period was primarily composed of high-level civil servants who lived and worked in Ottawa. The first person to sit on the council since 1905 who actually resided from within the Territories was John G. McNiven who was appointed in 1947.

The Ottawa-based council eventually grew sensitive to the needs of the territory residents. Democracy returned to the territories in the sixth general election in 1951. After the election, the council was something of a vagabond body, with alternating sittings in Ottawa, and various communities in Northwest Territories. The council held meetings in school gymnasiums, community halls, board rooms, or any suitable infrastructure. The council even transported ceremonial implements to conduct meetings with such as the speakers chair and mace. Both are traditional artifacts common to Westminster style parliaments.

Legislative sessions held in Ottawa were conducted in an office building on Sparks Street. The Northwest Territories government continues to hold an office in Ottawa on Sparks Street to this day. In 1965, a federal government commission was set up to determine a new home for the government and the future of the territory. The seat of government was moved back inside the territories to Yellowknife, after it was selected capital in 1967.

Fort Smith (1911–1967)
Fort Smith became the official administration and transportation hub for the Northwest Territories in 1911. This marked the first services provided by the territorial government in six years. The first services included an agent from the Department of Indian Affairs, a medical doctor, and a Royal Canadian Mounted Police station.

Fort Smith was chosen to house the civil service because of its geographical location and state of development. The community was one of the few that had steamboat service from the railheads in Alberta and access to the vast waterways in the territory. The community was the easiest for the government to access, and the most well developed community, closest to Ottawa.

Fort Smith housed the civil service working in the Territories officially until 1967. The town continued to host the civil service for many years after Yellowknife was picked as capital, because the infrastructure was not yet in place in the new capital city at the time.

Carrothers Commission (1965-1967)
The "Advisory Commission on the Development of Government in the Northwest Territories", commonly called the Carrothers Commission for its chair, Alfred Carrothers, was struck by the Government of Canada in 1965. The Carrothers Commission marked a significant turning point in modern Northwest Territories history. The Carrothers Commission was tasked to evaluate and recommend changes to the Northwest Territories to deal with an array of outstanding issues regarding self-government in the north. One of the more visible and lasting effects of the Carrothers Commission was to choose a new capital city for the territorial government.

The Carrothers Commission, for the first time, gave some voice to residents in the Northwest Territories through extensive consultations with the territorial population. In prior years, the decision to change the seat of government had always been made without consulting Northwest Territories residents. Edgar Dewdney, for example, who made the decision to change the capital from Battleford to Regina, faced controversy because he owned property in Regina. After the territorial government moved to Ottawa, the government was often resented for being so far away.

The Carrothers Commission spent two years visiting nearly every community in the territory and consulting with residents, community leaders, business people, and territorial politicians. The Carrothers Commission investigated and considered five communities for the capital: Hay River, Fort Simpson, Fort Smith, Inuvik and Yellowknife.

Many people in the Northwest Territories believed that Fort Smith would win since it already housed the Territories' civil service.

Yellowknife (1967–present)
Yellowknife officially became the capital on September 18, 1967, after the Carrothers commission chose it for its central location, transportation links, industrial base and residents' preferences.

Yellowknife, in 1967, was not yet ready to serve as home for the government. During the years that it took for the capital's infrastructure to slowly develop, most of the civil service remained in Fort Smith for many years and the governing Council continued its practice of holding legislative sessions all over the territory for a number of years.

The Northwest Territories marked a new era when the legislative council moved into a newly constructed legislature building on November 17, 1993. The new legislature was the first building built specifically for the Northwest Territories government since the government sat in Regina 88 years earlier. The legislature building was constructed to feature themes derived from the Inuit culture, which signaled that the government was sensitive to the ethnicity of the resident population.

The modern day territorial government has matured in Yellowknife to become effective and responsible. The government in Yellowknife had largely gained back its powers on par with the pre-1905 government that was dissolved during creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan. The civil service has been effectively consolidated into the city of Yellowknife; and has gained control over administering its own elections from Elections Canada. Education is now under the jurisdiction of the territorial government and the territory has most powers afforded to the rest of the provinces. There has even talk by the Federal government of the territories gaining provincial status in the future.

Lessons learned for Nunavut capital (1995 vote)
As chronicled above, all seven capitals throughout the history of the Northwest Territories were chosen by some form of external government decision, though the Carrothers Commission did consult with the territorial population to guide its decision.

After the selection of Yellowknife as the capital in 1967, many residents in the eastern Arctic continued to feel unrepresented by the territorial government, and many movements and groups were formed to remedy the situation. Lessons had been learned from the historical changes in the Northwest Territories' seat of power, resulting in a number of territorial democratic processes leading to the creation of the new territory of Nunavut in 1999, formed from the eastern half of the Northwest Territories.

In 1976, as part of the land claims negotiations between the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami population and the Government of Canada, the parties discussed division of the Northwest Territories to provide a separate territory for the Inuit. In 1982, a plebiscite on division was held throughout the Northwest Territories, in which a majority of the residents voted in favour of division.

The land claims agreement was completed in September 1992 and ratified by a majority of voters. On July 9, 1993, the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act and the Nunavut Act were passed by the Canadian Parliament.

In December, 1995, the Nunavut capital plebiscite was held, and the voters in the future Nunavut territory chose Iqaluit as their capital city, defeating Rankin Inlet. Iqaluit became the official capital on April 1, 1999, when Nunavut separated from the Northwest Territories.


text: Category:Neighbourhoods of Buenos Aires

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Neighbourhoods of Buenos Aires


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User:Sachiel (usurped)

Seeing as I just recently joined, this will be expanded. I am a thirteen year old boy who lives near Chicago deeply interested (and fairly well researched) into paranormal and aphysical things such as Astral Projection, Chakra Work, and the Occult. In another sense of interest I enjoy Japanese culture and animation and am relatively adequate at web design, though nowhere close to some.

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Thank you for your time. Sachiel2014 (talk) 11:13, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

title: User:Sachiel (usurped)


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Neighbourhoods of Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires, autonomous city and capital of Argentina, is composed of forty-eight neighborhoods (locally known as barrios). Since 2008, the city is also legally divided into communes, each one including one or more barrios. Among the most visited and populated barrios are Palermo, Recoleta, Puerto Madero, Belgrano, San Telmo, La Boca, Monserrat and Caballito. Sectors of the city are also traditionally known as neighborhoods by the inhabitants of Buenos Aires, but not officially by the authorities of the city; some examples include Chinatown, Barrio Norte and the Microcentro.

List of neighborhoods
In alphabetical order, with the corresponding population and the commune they are grouped in.

Informal neighborhood names
The name Barrio Norte refers to the area around Avenida Santa Fe, encompassing parts of Retiro, Recoleta, and Palermo.

The name Barrio Sur was used in the past to encompass the southern neighborhoods. This name has mostly fallen out of use, but survives in the lyrics of the tango Sur, which refer to specific places in Nueva Pompeya and Boedo, and in the short story "The South" by Jorge Luis Borges, where the conventional wisdom is recalled that "the South begins when crossing Rivadavia Avenue".

Abasto is sometimes used to refer to the zone around the Abasto market (now a shopping mall), many times in association with the life of Carlos Gardel. It encompasses north-western Balvanera and north-eastern Almagro.

Congreso is the area around Congress square, encompassing southeastern Balvanera, northern San Cristóbal and western Monserrat.

Catalinas Norte is the high-rise district next to Retiro transportation center and to the financial district, while Catalinas Sur is used (quite rarely) for the lowlands south of San Telmo (notably the area around Cosme Argerich hospital and at the bottom of Parque Lezama).

Palermo is the largest barrio by area and has several informal subdivisions; Palermo Viejo is the name usually given to the area between Coronel Diaz, Cordoba, Scalabrini Ortiz and Güemes; Palermo Chico and Barrio Parque the most upmarket part of Palermo is on Palermo's north-eastern edge, includes the National Museum of Decorative Arts and MALBA, the Museum of Latin American Art and many of the wealthy and famous old homes some now used as Ambassador's residences; Palermo Soho, the city's fashion district, refers to Plaza Julio Cortázar and its surroundings; Palermo Hollywood is a distinctive quarter located in the northern edge of the barrio where radio and TV stations, movie producers and workshops have settled in the late 1990s. Las Cañitas refers to a few blocks around the Campo Argentino de Polo, crowded with trendy bars, fancy restaurants and nightclubs. "Palermo Queens" is used sometimes to refer to the parts of Villa Crespo close to Palermo Viejo. Other than Palermo Viejo and Palermo Chico, these names are of recent vintage (1990s and later) and are related to the gentrification process that Palermo and its peripheral areas are undergoing.

Parque Centenario is sometimes used to refer to the area around Centenario park, at the limit of Almagro, Caballito, and Villa Crespo.

The southern parts of Flores were reclaimed from swampland, and the names Bajo Flores and Bañado de Flores are used for these areas.

Within Belgrano, there are Belgrano "C" and "R" (widely and incorrectly believed to signify "commercial" and "residential", respectively) and Bajo Belgrano ("Belgrano lowlands"), which since the late 1990s includes a small Chinatown.

A tango song named "Cien barrios porteños" (The 100 barrios of Buenos Aires), sung by Alberto Castillo, is sometimes invoked (informally) to support the claim that there are indeed a hundred neighborhoods in the city. This number may be reached by including some suburbs in the tally.

title: Neighbourhoods of Buenos Aires


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John F. MacGregor

John Frederick MacGregor (born 1943 in Ontario, Canada) is a statistician whose work in the field of statistical process control has received significant recognition. His pioneering work was in the area of latent variable/multivariate analysis (MVA) methods (principal components analysis and partial least squares) applied to industrial processes.

Contributions

 * A latent variable framework for Model Predictive Control (MPC).
 * Latent variable modeling, monitoring and control of batch processes.
 * Differential Geometric control of polymer processes.
 * Introduction of Stochastic states in the Extended Kalman Filter for integral action.
 * Multivariate image analysis
 * Model-based product development

Education
He received his PhD degree in Statistics, and his M.S. degrees in both Statistics and in Chemical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and his Bachelor of Engineering degree from McMaster University in Canada. At Wisconsin, he worked under the statistician George EP Box.

Honours and awards
MacGregor is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, and has received many awards for his work in applied statistics and chemometrics, among them, the prestigious Shewhart Medal and the W.G. Hunter Award from the American Society for Quality, and the Herman Wold Medal from the Swedish Chemical Society. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering dedicated the October 2008 edition to MacGregor in celebration of his 65th birthday. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research published a Festschrift in his honour in September 2013, in honour of his 70th birthday.

He holds the title of "Distinguished University Professor" (the highest honor awarded to faculty at McMaster University)  as well as the Dofasco Chair in Process Automation and Information Technology at McMaster University. He is a cofounder of the McMaster Advanced Control Consortium that is sponsored by many international companies.

Industrial and Entrepreneurial Activities
In 2002, MacGregor established ProSensus Inc., a company that he spun off from the McMaster Advanced Control Consortium and incorporated in 2004. MacGregor continues to consult and teach courses through ProSensus.

title: John F. MacGregor


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File:Whitney Houston- Miracel.jpg

Fair use in Miracle (Whitney Houston song)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

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Man in a Suitcase

Man in a Suitcase is a British television private eye thriller series produced by Lew Grade's ITC Entertainment. It originally aired in the United Kingdom on ITV from 27 September 1967 to 17 April 1968. ABC broadcast episodes of Man in a Suitcase in the United States from 3 May to 20 September 1968.

Origins and overview
Man in a Suitcase was effectively a replacement for Danger Man, whose production had been curtailed when its star Patrick McGoohan had decided to create his own series, The Prisoner. Many of the Danger Man production crew moved over to Man in a Suitcase, which was initially to be titled McGill after its lead character. As with several ITC productions, the series was to use an American star in an attempt to boost the show's sales in the US. An early choice was Jack Lord, but the part of McGill eventually went to Richard Bradford, a method actor who was spotted after appearing opposite Marlon Brando in the 1966 movie The Chase. The series was created by Richard Harris and Dennis Spooner. Neither writer had any further involvement with the series—Spooner was mostly involved with producing his own series, The Champions—and the lead character changed somewhat from their original conception of a hard-boiled, wise-cracking detective.

McGill was a former US intelligence agent, who had been forced to resign from the service six years before the opening episode, having been practically accused of treason. Unable to clear his name or return to the US, McGill makes ends meet by working as a travelling private detective and bounty hunter based in Britain, living out of his suitcase (hence the title). His cases generally took him to different parts of Europe, and on a couple of occasions to Africa.

The theme tune was composed by Ron Grainer and it was later reused as the theme for Chris Evans' entertainment show TFI Friday. The incidental music was supplied by Albert Elms.

Story and style
In the pilot episode, "Man from the Dead", the reason for McGill's disgrace is revealed. During an assignment six years earlier, he discovered that a top western scientist called LeFarbe was preparing to defect to the USSR. Though he planned to intercept the defector, he was ordered to stand down by his superior Harry Thyssen. Shortly afterwards, LeFarbe went over to the Soviets. Accused of complicity in the defection, McGill was unable to call on Thyssen to clear his name, as his superior had been drowned in a sailing accident, and he was forced to resign from the service amid much negative publicity. Six years on, McGill discovers that Thyssen is still alive, his death having been faked. He is now working as a sailor on a Russian freighter, in which capacity he acts as a courier of secret information from LeFarbe. The scientist is in fact a double agent, now highly placed in the Soviet scientific community to provide valuable intelligence. As McGill's diligence nearly blew open this important operation, his superiors had no choice but to make him a very public scapegoat, to maintain the illusion of the LeFarbe defection as genuine. On the series's first broadcast on ATV Midlands "Man from the Dead" was screened as the sixth episode; "Brainwash", thought to be a stronger tale, was in fact broadcast first.

Building on this foundation, Man in a Suitcase is a series very much about betrayal, mistrust and deceit. Because of his unofficial, semi-legal status, McGill often finds himself being hired by unscrupulous clients and unwittingly used for criminal ends, or set up as a fall guy. On several occasions, characters from his past with US intelligence draw him into dangerous situations; and he can also be blackmailed or tricked into participating in espionage missions, as he is the perfect deniable operative. A number of the series writers were new to ITC, and this resulted in a show that was markedly different from the usual light-hearted adventure and espionage fantasy of such series. It highlighted character-based drama grounded in a cynical view of the real world, making it more akin to the spy novels of John le Carré and Len Deighton.

As developed by Bradford, the characterisation of McGill is complex. As a man who feels betrayed by life and his country, he can appear outwardly as surly, moody and uncommunicative, but this masks a sensitive interior. McGill feels compassion for those who were the victims in his cases, and would try to help them, often at his own cost.

The level of violence portrayed in the show was unprecedented for an ITC series. This was partly because of Bradford's concerns that the stories and characters should remain real. Unlike most TV action heroes of the time, McGill would not get cleanly knocked unconscious and then recover without effect; Bradford took great pains to depict the character as wounded and concussed. In addition to beatings, McGill is several times shot and stabbed, and ends more than one episode recovering in hospital.

One gimmick of the show is that McGill's first name is never revealed. Some close friends instead know him as "Mac". Note, though, in the episode 'Who's Mad Now?', McGill goes to pick up his mail, and one of the letters is clearly addressed to "R. McGill Esq."

As with the other ITC series of the era, although the plots took McGill far and wide around the world, in reality the majority of filming was done in and around Pinewood Studios. The series was unusual in its use of night-time filming (as opposed to the day-for-night approach common at the time). Actual locations included London's South Bank and White City Stadium in "Man from the Dead", Albert Bridge, London in "The Bridge" and Kingston upon Thames in "Day of Execution", the latter a setting for a remarkable (for its time) night-time car chase.

Cast
Richard Bradford is the only regular actor in the series. Guest stars include some ITC regulars such as Roger Delgado, Stuart Damon, Jane Merrow, Basil Dignam, Ed Bishop, Anton Rodgers, George Sewell, Philip Madoc, and John Gregson; and such actors as Barbara Shelley, Rodney Bewes, Felicity Kendal, Rupert Davies, Colin Blakely, Ray McAnally, Bernard Lee, Jacqueline Pearce, Edward Fox, Sam Kydd and Donald Sutherland.

Episode list
Airdate and episode order is for ATV Midlands; other ITV regions varied date and order.

The two-part story "Variation on a Million Bucks" was edited into a feature film for theatrical release in Europe, entitled To Chase a Million.

DVD and Blu-ray
The entire series has been released on DVD in Britain in a box-set by Network. There are eight discs (Region 2 UK). Extras consist of commercial bumpers, both US and UK, a music-only track on one or two episodes, and an interview with series star Richard Bradford where he sometimes vehemently describes the working conditions and former producers of the show.

Prior to this, Carlton Video had released a single disc with the first two episodes.

The series is also available in Australia from Umbrella Entertainment in a box set.

Acorn Media released both seasons in two four-disc, Region 1 box sets in 2010.

In October 2017 Network DVD announced that the series was to be issued on Blu-ray.

Other media
Writer Rodney Marshall and television historian Matthew Lee produced the first critical guide to the series in 2015.

title: Man in a Suitcase


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Miracle (Whitney Houston song)

"Miracle" is a song by American singer Whitney Houston, it was released as the third single from her multi-platinum hit album I'm Your Baby Tonight on April 16, 1991 by Arista Records. It was written and produced by L.A. Reid and Babyface. The single reached number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 (becoming her 13th top ten), two on the Hot R&B Singles Chart, and four on the Adult Contemporary Chart.

Composition
During an interview with Jet Magazine on its June 14, 1991 issue, Houston said that she did not intend the song or the video to be about abortion: “I think about the air we breathe, the earth we live on. I think about our children. I think about a lot of things, things God put here for us to have, things that we need and we take for granted. I think all of these things are miracles and I think we should try to take better care of them,” she notes.

Critical reception
Matthew Hocter from Albumism noted that on "Miracle", Houston was "returning to ballad territory". AllMusic editor Ashley S. Battel called it a high point of the album and praised the lyrics, "the powerful verses surrounding a love lost through one's own devices in 'Miracle.'" Billboard described it as a "soothing and romantic ballad", complimenting the singer's "warm and restrained vocal performance" as well as the "lush R&B arrangement". Entertainment Weekly editor David Browne called the melody of the song "indiscernible" and that the song itself is "nonentity." Rolling Stone editor James Hunter praised Houston's performance of the ballad, "when L.A. and Babyface follow her into ballad-land on the despondent "Miracle," Houston's own moods call the shots more clearly."

Chart performance
"Miracle" entered The Billboard Hot 100 at 63, and stayed on the chart for 14 weeks. On the Radio & Records Airplay chart the single debuted at #39 on the December 4, 1991 issue, after four weeks on the chart it reached and peaked at #12 staying there for two weeks, the song stayed on the top 20 of the chart for five weeks and remained on it for nine weeks.

Music video
The video shows Houston by herself in an empty studio singing the song. As she sings the first verse of the song, sad images of people facing prison sentences and living in poverty. During the second verse, the images shown gradually changes to a lighter tone with pictures of children growing up, the handicapped winning a competition, graduating school and enjoying their lives as young adults. The video ends with various pictures of children smiling.

Due to the manner of the music, it was widely believed that the song was about a girl who had an abortion, but later feels she made a mistake. Houston, however denied it during an interview with Jet magazine.

Track listing and formats

 * US, 7"Vinyl, Cassette single
 * A1 "Miracle" — 5:43
 * B1 "After We Make Love" — 4:59
 * Japan, CD Mini single
 * 1) "Miracle" — 5:04
 * 2) "After We Make Love" — 4:59
 * Promo CD-Single
 * 1) "Miracle" (Radio edit) — 4:29

Personnel

 * Whitney Houston – Lead vocals, background vocals
 * L.A. Reid, Babyface, Whitney Houston – Vocal arrangement
 * Donald Parks – Keyboard programming
 * Kayo – Bass
 * L.A. Reid, Babyface – Rhythm arrangement
 * Babyface – Keyboards
 * L.A. Reid – Drums, percussion

 * Production
 * Producers – L.A. Reid, Babyface
 * Executive Producer – Clive Davis
 * Photography – Mark Bryan-Brown
 * Design – Susan Mendola
 * Recorded at Elumba Recording, Los Angeles, CA
 * Mixed at Studio LaCoCo, Atlanta, GA

title: Miracle (Whitney Houston song)


text:
Chandi

Chandi (चण्डी, ) or Chandika is a Hindu deity. Chandika is another form of Mahadevi, similar to Durga. Chandika is a powerful form of Mahadevi who manifested to destroy evil. She is also known as Kaushiki, Katyayani, Asthadasabuja Mahalakshmi and Mahishasuramardini.

History
or is the name by which the Supremely divine is referred to in Devī Māhātmya. Chandi represents the killer of Chanda. Chanda and Munda were Ashur's strong army generals. Bhaskararaya, a leading authority on matters concerning Devi worship, defines Chandi as 'the angry, terrible or passionate one'.

The designation of Chandi or Chandika is used twenty-nine times in the Devi Mahatmya, which is agreed by many scholars to have had originated in Bengal, the primary seat of the Shakta or Goddess tradition and tantric sadhana since ancient times. It is the most common epithet used for the Goddess. In Devi Mahatmya, Chandi, Chandika, Ambika and Durga have been used synonymously.

It is also called Navarna Mantra or Navavarna Mantra. Besides the Sri Vidhya mantras, it is one of the principal mantras in Shakti worship. It is customary to chant this mantra when chanting the Devi Mahatmya. She is supposed to live in a place called Mahakal, which is close to Kailasa.

Named after the goddess is the city of Chandigarh (literally: 'fort of Chandi'), the joint capital of the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana.

Legends
Chandika is an avatar of Durga. The three principal forms of Durga worshipped are Mahagauri, Chandika and Aparajita. Of these, Chandika has two forms called Chandi and Chamunda who is created by the goddess Kaushiki for killing demons Chanda and Munda.

She is known as the supreme goddess Mahishasuramardini or Durga who slayed the demon Mahishasura. She has been affiliated with and also considered as Katyayini, Kaushiki or Ambika who killed Shumbha, Nishumbha and their fellow demons. "The great Goddess was born from the energies of the male divinities when the devas became impotent in the long-drawn-out battle with the asuras. All the energies of the Gods became united and became supernova, throwing out flames in all directions. Then that unique light, pervading the Three Worlds with its lustre, combined into one, and became a female form."

"Devi projected overwhelming omnipotence. The three-eyed goddess was adorned with the crescent moon. Her multiple arms held auspicious weapons and emblems, jewels and ornaments, garments and utensils, garlands and rosaries of beads, all offered by the gods. With her golden body blazing with the splendour of a thousand suns, seated on her lion vehicle, Chandi is one of the most spectacular of all personifications of Cosmic energy."

In other scriptures, Chandi is portrayed as "assisting" Kali in her battle with the demon Raktabīja. Chandi wounded him, but a new demon sprang up from every drop of his blood that fell on the ground. By drinking Raktabīja's blood before it could reach the ground, Kali enabled Chandi to first destroy the armies of demons and finally kill Raktabīja himself. In Skanda Purana, this story is retold and another story of Mahakali killing demons Chanda and Munda is added. Authors Chitralekha Singh and Prem Nath says, "Narada Purana describes the powerful forms of Lakshmi as Durga, Kali, Bhadrakali, Chandi, Maheshwari, Lakshmi, Vaishnavi and Andreye". Also, she is the one who purified Halahal (during Samudra Manthan) into Amrit (Ambrosio).

Chandi Homa (Havan)
Chandi Homa is one of the most popular Homas in Hindu religion. It is performed across India during various festivals, especially during the Navaratri. Chandi Homa is performed by reciting verses from the Durga Sapthasathi and offering oblations into the sacrificial fire. It could also be accompanied by the Navakshari Mantra. Kumari Puja, Suvasini Puja also form a part of the ritual.

Iconography
The dhyana sloka preceding the Middle episode of Devi Mahatmya the iconographic details are given. The Goddess is described as having vermilion complexion, eighteen arms bearing string of beads, battle axe, mace, arrow, thunderbolt, lotus, bow, water-pot, cudgel, lance, sword, shield, conch, bell, wine-cup, trident, noose and the discus (sudarsana). She has a complexion of coral and is seated on a lotus. In some temples the images of Maha Kali, Maha Lakshmi, and Maha Saraswati are kept separately. The Goddess is also portrayed as four armed in many temples.

In folklore of Bengal
Chandi is one of the most popular goddess  in Bengal, and a number of poems and literary compositions in Bengali called Chandi Mangala Kavyas were written from 13th century to early 19th century. These had the effect of merging the local folk and tribal goddesses with mainstream Hinduism. The Mangal kavyas often associate Chandi with goddess Kali or Kalika and recognise her as a consort of Shiva and mother of Ganesha and Kartikeya, which are characteristics of goddesses like Parvati and Durga. The concept of Chandi as the supreme Goddess also underwent a change. The worship of the goddess became heterogeneous in nature.

Chandi is associated with good fortune. Her auspicious forms like Mangal Chandi, Sankat Mangal Chandi, Rana Chandi bestow joy, riches, children, good hunting and victory in battles while other forms like Olai Chandi cure diseases like cholera, plague and cattle diseases.

These are almost all village and tribal Goddesses with the name of the village or tribe being added onto the name Chandi. The most important of these Goddesses is Mongol Chandi who is worshipped in the entire state and also in Assam. Here the word "Mongol" means auspicious or benign.

title: Chandi


text:
Kalorama Heights

Kalorama Heights is a historic neighborhood in Northwest Washington, D.C. It is home to diplomats, power brokers, wealthy and political elites in D.C.

Origin of name
The neighborhood got its name from Joel Barlow's home in area at that time in 1800s.

Area
The neighborhood extends roughly from Massachusetts Avenue in the southwest to Calvert Street in the northeast, lying to the south of Rock Creek Park. The neighborhood is divided into two historic districts, separated by Connecticut Avenue:

 * The Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District to the west and south of Connecticut Avenue, and
 * the Kalorama Triangle Historic District to its north and east.

Notable residents

 * William Howard Taft
 * Woodrow Wilson
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt
 * Warren G. Harding
 * Herbert Hoover
 * Tony Podesta (formerly)
 * Barack Obama
 * Ted Kennedy
 * Rex Tillerson
 * Jeff Bezos
 * Justin B. Smith
 * Chris Wallace
 * James Wolfensohn
 * Lyndon B. Johnson

title: Kalorama Heights


text:
Category:Exploration of Western Australia

This category is for articles related to the exploration of Western Australia. Biographical articles on explorers belong in subcategory Category:Explorers of Western Australia. This category may contain, for example, articles on expeditions, explorers' journals and books, boats used in exploration, monuments to explorers, overview articles, etc.

See also: - Category:Coastline of Western Australia


text:
Scotti Brothers Records

Scotti Brothers Records (typically spelled Scotti Bros. Records) was a California-based record label founded by Tony and Ben Scotti in 1974. Their first success was releasing singles and albums from teen pop star Leif Garrett. They later helped launch the careers of David Hallyday, Felony, Survivor, and "Weird Al" Yankovic (the latter under their Rock 'n' Roll banner). They also signed James Brown to a recording contract in the mid-1980s as well as the UK act Flag featuring David Cairns from Secret Affair and Archie Brown. Tommy Puett released his only album Life Goes On in 1990 under Scotti Brothers Records.

The label, as well as the Scotti brothers themselves, ran an independent motion picture production company Scotti Bros. Pictures, and was associated with the television syndication company All American Television (which later became part of All American Communications after becoming involved in the production and distribution of Baywatch; some Scotti Bros. recording artists made occasional guest spots on the show) since the company's inception. In 1996, Scotti Brothers Records was renamed All American Music Group, but the Scotti Brothers name was retained as a label of All American, along with sister labels Street Life and Backyard.

After Pearson PLC purchased All American in 1997, the Scotti Brothers contracts, masters, and catalogs were sold to Zomba Records subsidiary Volcano Entertainment, which was later bought by Sony Music Entertainment. All Scotti Bros. artists were dropped, with the exception of Yankovic and Survivor, who were switched to Volcano.

The Scotti Brothers Records catalog is now wholly owned by Volcano Entertainment.

title: Scotti Brothers Records


text:
Northwest High School (Maryland)

Northwest High School (NWHS) is a public high school in Germantown, Maryland. It is part of the Montgomery County Public Schools public school system. As of 2022, it enrolled 2,484 students. It is one of two high schools in Germantown, the other being Seneca Valley High School, with which Northwest shares an athletic rivalry. The school also serves small sections of the cities of Gaithersburg and Darnestown.

The school was established in 1998, and completed an expansion project during the summer of 2006.

Northwest's school mascot is the jaguar and its colors are black, silver and white.

Academics
Northwest High School offers a number of honors and Advanced Placement courses, along with American Sign Language (ASL) French and Spanish languages. The school has an average SAT score of 1129, above the national mean.

Northwest hosts the Ulysses Signature Program, a four-year research-based program in which students develop projects focused on one of the Ulysses Project themes: Arts and Humanities; Public Policy and Public Service; and/or Math, Science and Technology. Students are recommended for the rigorous research program as freshmen and remain in the program throughout their senior years.

As of 2024, Northwest is the 20th-ranked school in Maryland and the 1059th-ranked school nationwide according to U.S News and World Report.

Principals

 * Edward Shirley (1998–2002)
 * Sylvia Morrison (2002–2009)
 * Eileen "E. Lance" Lancellotti Dempsey (2009–2016)
 * James "Jimmy" D'Andrea (2016–2021)
 * Scott "Scottie" Smith (2021–Present)

Areas served
Students attending Northwest come from parts of Germantown, Boyds, Gaithersburg, and Darnestown, as well as very small portions of Poolesville and Potomac.

Northwest is fed by three area middle schools and eight area elementary schools in the following feeder patterns:

Elementary School Split Articulations:
 * Kingsview MS (grades 6–8): Great Seneca Creek (K-5), Ronald McNair ES (pre-K-5), Spark M. Matsunaga ES (K-5)
 * Lakelands Park MS (grades 6–8) (split articulation with Quince Orchard Cluster): Darnestown ES (K-5), Diamond ES (K-5)
 * Roberto Clemente MS (grades 6–8) (split articulation with Seneca Valley Cluster): Clopper Mill ES (pre-K-5), Germantown ES (K-5)

 * Spark M. Matsunaga ES: island articulates to King MS and Seneca Valley HS
 * Diamond ES: a small portion articulates to Ridgeview MS and Quince Orchard HS
 * Clopper Mill ES: island articulates to Seneca Valley HS
 * Germantown ES: northern portion articulates to Seneca Valley HS

Recent Changes to Areas Served
In November of 2019, the board of education approved boundaries that affected the following schools within the Northwest cluster:

 * Spark M. Matsunaga ES island reassigned from Kingsview MS and Northwest HS to King MS and Seneca Valley HS
 * Clopper Mill ES island reassigned from Northwest HS to Seneca Valley HS
 * Northern portion of Germantown ES service area reassigned from Northwest HS to Seneca Valley HS
 * Portion of Greek Seneca Creek ES reassigned from Clemente MS to Kingsview MS

Expected Future Changes
As of the 2023-24 school year, Northwest projects to be over-enrolled for the next 15 years with its current attendance zones. To address these concerns, along with overutilization among other nearby schools, the county is conducting a boundary study for the new Crown HS, which has an expected completion date of August 2027.

Athletics
All teams have varsity and junior varsity teams with the exception of tennis, golf, swim and dive, indoor track and field, poms, and boys'/coed volleyball. JV lacrosse teams were added to Montgomery County athletics in 2008.

Fall sports

 * Football
 * Soccer
 * Cross country
 * Girls' tennis
 * Golf
 * Field hockey
 * Girls' volleyball
 * Cheerleading

Winter sports

 * Basketball
 * Wrestling
 * Indoor Track and Field
 * Hockey
 * Swim and dive
 * Cheerleading

Spring sports

 * Baseball
 * Softball
 * Outdoor Track and field
 * Lacrosse
 * Boys' tennis
 * Coed volleyball
 * Boys' volleyball

Multi-season

 * Poms
 * Cheerleading

Rivalries
Northwest High School has sports rivalries, particularly in football, with neighboring Seneca Valley High School, and Quince Orchard High School. The annual football game between Northwest and Seneca Valley is known as "The Battle for the King's Trophy" or the "Battle for Germantown". The football rivalry with Quince Orchard is widely considered one of the best in the state, with each school winning three state titles.

State championships
Northwest High School has won a total of 31 state championships in team events, as well 67 individual state championships.

Notable alumni

 * Gottlieb Ayedze (Class of 2019), NFL offensive tackle for the Philadelphia Eagles
 * Kayla DiCello (Class of 2022), gymnast
 * Britt Eckerstrom (Class of 2011), Portland Thorns FC goalkeeper
 * Mia Khalifa (Class of 2011), adult entertainment actress, sports analyst
 * Ashley Nee, Olympic slalom canoeist
 * Anwar Phillips (Class of 2001), NFL player
 * Kaden Prather (Class of 2021), American college football wide receiver for the Maryland Terrapins
 * Joe Young (Class of 2007), formerly Joe Lefeged, NFL player

title: Northwest High School (Maryland)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wickerpedia

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 11:51, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

Wickerpedia
A parody known to the Wikipedia community but otherwise unheard of. Move from main space to a Wikipedia internal page, perhaps, a new section for parodies of the project lots of issues  | leave me a message 02:46, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN or Delete. I'm stressing the B in BJAODN here – more groan-inducing than anything. A и D я 01D TALK EMAIL 02:53, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Parodies. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 02:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

*Strong Keep. Shouldn't go to BJAODN because it's a real site. In fact, it gets LOTS of Google hits. Let's have a sense of humour here. Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery! (or whatever the hell the saying is) CanadianCaesar 03:45, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 125 unique Google hits. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  04:13, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Then what does the 12,000 mean? CanadianCaesar 04:18, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No, he did not. At the bottom, it clearly says "In order to show you the most relevant results, we have omitted some entries very similar to the 128 already displayed.
 * If you like, you can repeat the search with the omitted results included." Android is showing 125 unique hits, the rest is probably mirrors (like what they do to us). So the 12,000 websites is showing 12,000 websites that even mention the word Wickerpedia in them. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 04:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You'll notice that you can't go any further in the search results... there are only 128 unique hits for that search term. The rest are just duplicates. In addition, the site has an Alexa ranking of 468,100 and has been around for less than a month. If this were a parody of anything other than Wikipedia, there wouldn't be any question. (Can we stop edit-conflicting now? Please? :-)) A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  04:21, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good idea. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 04:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * By edit conflicting, if assuming you mean changing my reply, sorry, I didn't think anyone had seen it yet, and I had gone back to take another look at the Google hits. CanadianCaesar 04:31, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Noted in numerous publications, including many influential blogs. Recent example:
 * Lennon, Sheila. "Personal Technology." Providence (R.I.) Journal, 30 June 2005 :

Wickerpedia: The parody. Wikipedia is the collaboratively created Web encyclopedia, using software that permits many editors, i.e., a wiki. Wickerpedia is not. It's a parody of wikipedia.org, only with more of an emphasis on wicker (which is terribly represented by wikipedia). The site features a more wickercentric view of history, the news, and common wisdom, as well as a much improved searching engine.
 * In fact, I need to go put this article in Press coverage when I have time. Jokestress 04:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete More appropriate for Uncyclopedia. Maybe a redirect? Hamster Sandwich 04:51, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, less than a month old, not notable with only 133 "non-similar" google hits. Thue | talk 12:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN internet meme. We don't need to be narcissistic and self-referential. --Scimitar parley 15:11, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete: The Weekly Ha-Ha; ephemera with little traffic, less importance, and no staying power. Geogre 16:42, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Call me an inclusionist, but I see no real point in deleting this. Yes, it will generally only have an appeal for wikipidia users... but who else uses wikipedia??? Themindset 18:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * NN, D. ComCat 22:43, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - too new to be notable. Come back in 6 months. Pavel Vozenilek 00:05, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep --MicroFeet 02:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 07:38, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - agree with Themindset (And while we're at it, hasn't anyone thought to make a Wiccapedia?) - Eric 08:44, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable web site. Dcarrano 13:44, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonnotable web site. Wile E. Heresiarch 14:31, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Binadot 02:11, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonnotable website. Indrian 20:08, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Since it looks like this is a slam-dunk VfD, I have created a Parodies page and mentioned it there. I imagine we will see many more of these over the years. Jokestress 08:15, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, should not be mentioned in the main namespace (except maybe in Wikipedia) as it is only relevant with respect to Wikipedia. --SPUI (talk) 20:24, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. The joke is too small and weak to go anywhere. FatherGuidoSarducci 05:15, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:81.225.149.16

title: User talk:81.225.149.16


text:
KLGA

KLGA may refer to:

 * The ICAO code for LaGuardia Airport in New York City
 * KLGA-FM, a radio station (92.7 FM) licensed to serve Algona, Iowa, United States
 * KLGZ, a radio station (1600 AM) licensed to serve Algona, Iowa.

title: KLGA


text:
Royal Canadian Academy of Arts

The Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (RCA) is a Canadian arts-related organization that was founded in 1880.

1880 to 1890
The title of Royal Canadian Academy of Arts was received from Queen Victoria on 16 July 1880. The Governor General of Canada, John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, was its first patron. The painter Lucius O’Brien was its first president.

The objects of the Academy as stated in the 1881 publication of the organization's constitution were three-fold:
 * First - the institution of a National Gallery at the seat of Government;
 * Second - the holding of Exhibitions in the principal cities of the Dominion;
 * Third - the establishment of Schools of Art and Design.

In the same publication, two levels of membership were described: Academicians and Associates. No more than forty individuals could be Academicians at one time, while the number of Associates was not limited. All Academicians were required to give an example of their work to the collection of the National Gallery. They were also permitted to show more pieces in Academy-sponsored exhibitions than Associates.

The inaugural exhibition was held in Ottawa and the first Academicians were inducted, including the first woman Academician, Charlotte Schreiber. Through the next 10 years, the Academy held annual exhibitions, often in cooperation with regional artists' societies. Exhibitions in Toronto were a joint project of the Academy and the Ontario Society of Artists, while those held in Montreal were held in partnership with the Art Association of Montreal. Exhibitions were also held in St. John, New Brunswick, and Halifax, Nova Scotia. Additional academicians and associates were added each year until the membership had more than doubled by 1890. Members were drawn from all areas of the country and included anglophones and francophones. Men continued to out-number women and those female members were identified as painters not as designers or architects.

As Academicians joined, they donated an example of their work to the National Gallery of Canada, building the collection of the as-yet unincorporated institution. A temporary home was found for the collection in a building next to the Supreme Court of Canada and the first curator, John W.H. Watts, RCA was appointed to begin organizing exhibitions.

The third objective—to encourage the teaching of art and design in Canada—was found to be more challenging to address with the limited financial resources available to them.

1891 to present
Canadian landscape painter Homer Watson was elected as an associate, became a full member and later became president of the Academy.

The centennial year of the Academy was honoured by a 35 cent, 3 colour postage stamp. The stamp features an image of the original centre block of the Parliament Buildings and the text "Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1880–1980", with the name "Thomas Fuller", a member of the Academy and the Dominion Architect of Canada who had designed the original building.

Members
The Academy is composed of members from across Canada representing over twenty visual arts disciplines. This list is not inclusive. See also Category:Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.

Academy membership in 1907
Academicians • Frederic Marlett Bell-Smith, painter

• Franklin Brownell, painter

• William Brymner, painter

• Frederick Sproston Challener, painter

• Alexander Francis Dunlop, architect

• Edmond Dyonnet, painter

• Edmund Wyly Grier, painter

• Gustav Hahn, designer

• John A. Hammond, painter

• Robert Harris, painter

• Louis-Philippe Hébert, sculptor

• William R. Hope, painter

• Alfred Harold Howard, designer

• A.C. Hutchison, architect

• Farquhar McGillivray Knowles, painter

• Hamilton MacCarthy, sculptor

• Thomas Mower Martin, painter

• Marmaduke Matthews, painter

• Andrew Dickson Patterson, painter

• John Charles Pinhey, painter

• George Agnew Reid, painter

• James Smith, architect

• Homer Watson, painter

• John W.H. Watts, designer Associates • William Edwin Atkinson (1862–1926)

• John William Beatty

• Harry Britton

• George Robert Bruenech (1851–1916)

• Florence Carlyle

• Arthur Cox (1840–1917)

• William Cruikshank

• Maurice Galbraith Cullen

• Gertrude Spurr Cutts

• John Wycliffe Lowes Forster

• Joseph-Charles Franchère (1866–1921)

• Robert Ford Gagen

• James Lillie Graham

• Clara Sophia Hagarty (1871–1958)

• C.M. Manly

• John Christopher Miles

• Edmund Montague Morris (1871–1913)

• Laura Muntz Lyall

• Sophie Pemberton

• Mary Hiester Reid

• Joseph Thomas Rolph

• Joseph St Charles (1868–1956)

• William Albert Sherwood

• William St. Thomas Smith (1862–1947)

• Sydney Strickland Tully

• Frederick Arthur Verner

• Curtis Williamson

• Emma S. Windeat

Inducted in 1973

 * Armand Tatossian, painter

Inducted in 1974

 * John Max, photographer

Inducted in 1976

 * Richard Gorman, painter
 * Ruth Gowdy McKinley, first potter elected to Academy
 * Peter H. Kolisnyk, sculptor

Inducted in 1990

 * Suezan Aikins, printmaker

Inducted in 1991
• Arto Tchakmaktchian, sculptor

Inducted in 1999
• Chris Cran

• Erica Rutherford, visual artist, writer and playwright

• Hilda Woolnough, artist and printmaker

Inducted in 2002
• Catherine Crowston, arts administrator

• Ann Davis, arts administrator

• Trudy Golley, ceramics

• Robert Mellin, architect

• Pitaloosie Saila, printmaker

• George A. Walker, book designer

• Alexander J. Wyse, painting

Inducted in 2004

 * Scott Plear, painting

 * Gregory Henriquez, architect

Inducted in 2006
• Paul Wm. Leathers, metalsmithing

Inducted in 2007
• Aggie Beynon, metalsmithing

• Alexandre Castonguay, digital art

• Douglas Coupland, sculptural installation

• Karen Dahl, ceramics

• James Doran, enamel sculpture

• Noam Gonick, film making

• Robert W. Harrison, ceramics

• Enid Legros-Wise, ceramics

• Laura L. Letinsky, photography

• Simon Neil Minuk, architecture

• Paula Murray, ceramics

• Grace Nickel, ceramics

• Richard James Rivet, painting, printmaking

• Michael Smith, painting

• Arlene Stamp, two dimensional art and design

• Reva Stone, digital art

• Ewa Tarsia, painting, printmaking

• Ione Thorkelsson, glass

• Kamila Wozniakowska, painting

Inducted in 2008

 * Catherine Farish, printmaking
 * Susan Collett, ceramics

Inducted in 2009

 * AA Bronson
 * Sara Diamond
 * Marius Dubois
 * Christian Eckart
 * Faye Heavyshield
 * Garry Neill Kennedy
 * Rita McKeough
 * Mary Scott
 * John Will
 * Justin Wonnacott

Inducted in 2010
• Chantal Gilbert (artist), metal

• Robert Jekyll, stained glass

• Lou Lynn, glass and metal

• Janice Wright-Cheney, textiles

Inducted in 2011
• Philip Beesley, architecture

• Sonia Chow, graphic design

• Richard Thomas Davis, painting, drawing, printmaking

• Leya Evelyn, painting

• FASTWÜRMS, mixed media

• Wyn Geleynse, video art

• Peter Krausz, painting, drawing

• Charles Lewton-Brain, metalsmithing

• Alex Livingston (artist), painting, digital art

• Mike Massie, jewellery

• Laura Millard, painting, photography

• John Noestheden, works on paper, drawing

• Stu Oxley, painting, printmaking

• Anne Ramsden, installation, mixed media, photography

• Dan Steeves, printmaking

• Denis Villeneuve, filmmaking

Inducted in 2012

 * Andre Bergeron
 * Sandra Bromley
 * Tara Bryan
 * Ginette Caron
 * Sean Caulfield
 * Naomi London
 * Sarah Maloney
 * Jean Pierre Morin
 * Nadia Myre
 * Anna Torma
 * Eva Lapka, ceramics

Inducted in 2013

 * Clarence Dick
 * Christos Dikeakos,
 * Charles Elliott
 * Lynda Gammon
 * Rusdi Genest
 * Chief Tony Hunt
 * David MacWilliam
 * Les Manning
 * Barbara Paterson
 * Susan G. Scott
 * Andrew Wright

Inducted in 2014

 * Diane Bisson
 * Marc Boutin
 * Luben Boykov
 * Karen Cantine
 * Donna Clare
 * Cora Cluett
 * Gene Dub, architect
 * Frédéric Metz
 * Louie Palu, photographer
 * Claude Provencher
 * Russell Yuristy

Inducted in 2015

 * Claude Cormier, landscape architecture
 * Jacques Fournier, bookbinding
 * Libby Hague, printmaking
 * Tanya Harnett, interdisciplinary
 * Wesley Harris, metalsmithing
 * Peter Jacobs, landscape architecture
 * Lew Yung-Chien, photography
 * Amy Loewan, installation, mixed media
 * Rafael Lozano-Hemmer, interdisciplinary
 * Marie-Christiane Mathieu, interdisciplinary
 * Alexandra McCurdy, ceramics
 * Nancy Petry, mixed media
 * Alan Stein, book design
 * John Taylor, photography

Inducted in 2016

 * Shuvinai Ashoona, drawing
 * David Blatherwick, painting
 * Ricardo L. Castro, photography, architecture
 * Alan R. Collyer, architecture
 * Rosalie Favell, photography
 * Les Graff, painting
 * Andrew Gruft, architecture
 * James Hart, sculpture
 * Helen Kerr, industrial design
 * Alain LeBrun, illustration, graphic design
 * Marian Penner Bancroft, photography, video art
 * Frank Shebageget, sculpture, installation
 * Allyson Simmie, jewellery design
 * Brendan Lee Satish Tang, sculpture
 * Peter von Tiesenhausen, sculpture, installation
 * Ian Wallace, photography, painting
 * Elizabeth Zvonar, collage, sculpture

Inducted in 2017

 * Yael Brotman, printmaking
 * Diana Dean, painting, sculpture
 * Keith L. Graham, architecture
 * Barrie Jones, photography
 * Royden Mills, sculpture
 * Craig Richards, photography
 * Jean-Daniel Rohrer, painting
 * Marie Saint Pierre, fashion design

Inductees for 2018

 * David T. Alexander, painting
 * Noel Best, architecture
 * Anne Carrier, architecture
 * Pierre Coupey, painting
 * Shayne Dark, sculpture
 * Lucy Hogg, painting
 * Katherine Knight, photography
 * Gary Pearson, painting and drawing
 * Udo Schliemann, design

Others

 * Rebecca Belmore (born 1960), performance and installation work
 * Sheila Butler (born 1938), visual artist
 * Luc Courchesne (born 1952) (inducted 2010 by way of the RCA Nomination process), interactive art
 * George Harding Cuthbertson (1929–2017), yacht designer
 * William Kurelek (1927–1977), artist
 * Robert Pilot (1898–1967), artist, muralist
 * Leslie Reid (born 1947), inducted 1977, painter and printmaker
 * John A. Schweitzer (born 1952), collagist
 * Philip Surrey (1910–1990), painter
 * George Campbell Tinning (1910–1996), painter
 * Gentile Tondino (1923–2001), painter

title: Royal Canadian Academy of Arts


text:
Athribis

Athribis (أتريب; Greek: Ἄθριβις, from the original Egyptian Hut-heryib, Ⲁⲑⲣⲏⲃⲓ ) was an ancient city in Lower Egypt. It is located in present-day Tell Atrib, just northeast of Benha on the hill of Kom Sidi Yusuf. The town lies around 40 km north of Cairo, on the eastern bank of the Damietta branch of the Nile. It was mainly occupied during the Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine eras.

Background
Athribis was once the capital of the tenth Lower Egyptian nome. The Palermo stone indicates Egyptian occupation of the site dating back to the Old Kingdom, with the earliest mention of Athribis dating to the reign of Sahure. This could perhaps have been confirmed in 2010, with the discovery of a mastaba dating to the late Third Dynasty to early Fourth Dynasty in nearby Quesna. After this, archeological evidence exists for an occupation during the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom period. Today, much of the preexisting artifacts are being lost every year because local farmers like to use the sebakh, fertilizer from the ancient mudbrick blocks that were used for most of the buildings.

It is also known as the birthplace of Amenhotep, son of Hapu, who gained considerable recognition and prestige in his time as a public official, architect, and scribe for pharaoh Amenhotep III. The former Amenhotep leveraged his influence to convince the pharaoh to patron the town and its local god. A local temple was rebuilt by Amenhotep III during the 18th Dynasty, although it no longer stands today. One of the two lying lion statues at the Cairo Museum is thought to be from the temple, but since it was usurped by Ramesses II, its true origin is unknown. Ramesses II also enlarged the local temple, and placed two obelisks in black granite, also at the Cairo Museum. Later, during the 26th Dynasty, Ahmose II also had a temple built at Athribis. He was an important figure of Mediterranean trade and diplomacy. Local texts also suggest that the site used to have a temple dedicated to the god Horus Khenty-khety. In 1946, the tomb of Takhuit, queen of Psamtik II, was found along with other Late Period tombs.

Ptolemaic era
Although Athribis is known to be occupied during later dynastic years, the city didn’t gain real power until the early Ptolemaic years. That was when it became the tenth lower Egyptian nome. Most of the Ptolemaic layers, mainly the ones dating to the 3rd century and the first half of the 2nd century BC, were not destroyed by later building activity or robbers. Evidence shows that Graeco-Roman occupation could have been as early as the "Ptolemaic II" archaeological phase. During the middle Ptolemaic era and up to the 3rd century AD, Athribis was a busy town that had a large bathhouse, villas, and industrial buildings as well. This is considered the eastern part of Athribis. Early Byzantine excavations are at the northeastern part of the town.

During the early Ptolemaic years, it was being used as a pottery workshop. Most of the kilns were shaped in circular patterns. Early Byzantine lamps were being made in the area until the late fourth century AD. There was also a large discovery of stored unfired pottery which only led more evidence for a large pottery workshop.

Medieval era
According to Marian miracle stories dating to the 13th century, Athribis was then a wealthy city with a huge church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, which was the oldest and most beautiful church in all of Egypt.

"In the church there were four doors, and in these four doors were four shrines, and above the four shrines were four canopies, which were supported by one hundred and sixty pillars, all of which were hewn out of white stone, and between each pillar was a distance of forty cubits. Each pillar was carved all over with vine branches, and the hollow (or, capitals) of them were sculptured and ornamented with cunning work in stone, and they were encircled with bands of gold and silver. And there were in the church four and twenty saints' chapels, and in them were placed four and twenty Tabernacles of the Law (i.e. the arks that contained the Eucharistic Elements). And in one of these chapels was an image of our holy Lady, the Virgin Mary, the God-bearer, which was sculptured and inlaid with mother-of-pearl, and this image was apparelled in a garment that was made of the purple of Constantinople. And near the image of the Virgin Mary were sculptured the figures of two angels (i.e., Michael and Gabriel) which stood one on each side of it. And the lamps that were hanging before the image were made of gold and silver, and they ceased not to burn by day and by night, and [the servants of the church] kept them supplied and filled with oil."

Excavation history
The first excavation of Athribis dates back to 1789 by a French archaeologist Bonaparte and again in 1852 by Auguste Mariette. Even though Athribis has been periodically excavated since the 19th century, it has yet to be fully excavated. Flinders Petrie wrote a book on Athribis in Upper Egypt, so not to be confused with this Lower (northern) Egypt. It was published in 1908. Major excavations were started only after World War II by Prof. Kazimierz Michałowski. For 11 years, he directed an archaeological expedition organized by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw and co-operating institutions: the Research Center for Mediterranean Archaeology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (now Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, PAS), the National Museum in Warsaw, the Archaeological Museum of Kraków, the Coptic Committee, and the Egyptian Antiquities Organization. The exploration of the so-called Kom A uncovered the foundations of temples from the reigns of Taharqa and Amasis. The team also discovered a large Roman bath complex. In the 1960s and 1970s, research was conducted on Kom Sidi Youssuf to identify the early Christian basilica. Barbara Ruszczyc directed the works. The subsequent directors, Karol Myśliwiec and Hanna Szymańska, studied the older layers of the site, dating to the Roman and Ptolemaic periods. Annual reports were published in the “Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean” (since 1990) and “Études et Travaux” (since 1966) journals.

Excavation findings
Over 300 figurines were found throughout all of Athribis, mostly in the Ptolemaic layers. Some of the artifacts were of terracotta form. Many of the figurines depicted were heads of small dwarf-like creatures and some of them were also used as oil lamps in the bathhouses. "Ptolemaic VI" is the phase that has been found to have the most artifacts or figurines. They were also more carefully crafted in design compared to findings in other layers and better preserved. Depictions of Egyptian and Greek gods and goddesses were also abundant. Dionysus and Aphrodite seemed to be popular throughout the findings at Athribis. It is considered that these figurines could have been made in the pottery workshops, most were of terracotta make, and others believe the figurines could have had more of a cult meaning. It is suggested that the Dionysus and Aphrodite figures, mostly erotic in nature, could have played as a type of fertility cult in the bathhouse areas since a lot of the figurines were found in excavated remains of the bath area. Egyptian gods were also being depicted as Greek gods in the making of the figurines. Isis was being depicted as Aphrodite in some cases, or a Hercules statue shown with Dionysus. The god Silen was also depicted in one of the excavated oil lamps, dated from the late second century. It shows that even though Athribis at the time was mainly of Graeco-Roman influence, Egyptian culture was still being used in some of their everyday life.

Pottery itself from the workshops were also abundant, but compared to the figurines, simple in design. Made from either clay or terracotta, jugs that were Greek in design but clumsily crafted are found throughout the middle Ptolemaic era. Most of the jugs were large in design but smaller, more sophisticated in design were found as well. No matter how the pottery was made, however, floral decorations were found on almost all of the finished and unfinished artifacts. Clay molds were also found in the middle Ptolemaic era. They were circular in design with a sunken relief on one side. There was one artifact found from the early Ptolemaic era that was made from limestone, however the rest of the molds were made from clay.

title: Athribis


text:
History of rail transport in Philadelphia

Philadelphia was an early railroad hub, with lines from all over meeting in Philadelphia. The first railroad in Philadelphia was the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad, opened in 1832 north to Germantown. At the end of 1833, the state-built Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, part of the Main Line of Public Works, opened for travel to the west, built to avoid loss of travel through Pennsylvania due to projects such as the Erie Canal. At the same time, the north-south leg of the Philadelphia City Railroad opened, running south along Broad Street from the Philadelphia and Columbia.

The Northern Liberties and Penn Township Railroad opened in 1834, connecting the Philadelphia and Columbia to the Delaware River north of downtown, and later that year the Southwark Rail-Road opened, connecting the south end of the City Railroad to the river. The Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad also opened in late 1834, running north to Trenton, New Jersey, as did the Camden and Amboy Railroad, running from Camden, New Jersey, across the Delaware River, to South Amboy with connections across Raritan Bay to New York City. The Philadelphia and Trenton would try but never succeed in getting closer to downtown than Kensington, making the C&A the main line to Philadelphia for many years.

In 1837, an eastern extension of the Philadelphia City Railroad opened along Market Street to the Delaware River at Dock Street. The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad opened in 1838 to Grays Ferry and later that year into downtown via a connection with the Southwark and City Railroads. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad opened in 1839, using the Philadelphia and Columbia and City Railroads to reach downtown. In 1847 a branch of the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad to the Tacony section of Philadelphia opened, allowing a transfer to steamboats at Tacony for a connection to downtown.

A relocation of the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad to bypass the Belmont Plane opened in late 1850, and soon after that a western extension of the City Railroad opened to meet it. In 1851, the old route closed, and the eastern section, used only by the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, was sold to them.

In 1853, the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad opened, heading southwest and west to West Chester. The first section of the North Pennsylvania Railroad, eventually running north to Bethlehem, opened in 1855. A new alignment of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad opened in 1872, and the old one was leased in 1873 to the Philadelphia and Reading Railway. In 1886, the Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad opened, giving the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad its own route into Philadelphia.

In 1863 and 1866 the Junction Railroad opened, connecting the lines west of downtown. The Connecting Railway opened in 1867, connecting the lines north of downtown, and finally giving the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad a route into downtown. Eventually all the lines into Philadelphia, except for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad, were owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad or Philadelphia and Reading Railway.

The Schuylkill River starts in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania near Pottsville, Pennsylvania and was used in the early days to ship anthracite coal by mule on the Schuylkill Canal to Philadelphia for burning fuel. Later anthracite coal from the hard Coal Region was shipped on the Reading railroad/ Reading Company. The Reading Railroad competed with the Pennsylvania railroad and built tracks along the Schuylkill River for the coal. As of 2016, the anthracite coal was still shipped on coal cars down to the ports of Philadelphia from Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, by rail. The city of Reading, Pennsylvania, became a rich middleman town during the Industrial revolution from the Coal Region Pottsville, Pennsylvania, 150 mi northwest of Philadelphia.


text:
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text:
Singapore Green Plan

The Singapore Green Plan (SGP) was created in 1992 to ensure that the economic growth model of Singapore does not compromise the environment. The SGP sets out the strategies, programs and targets for Singapore to maintain a quality living environment while pursuing economic prosperity. The focus areas in the SGP are led by a main coordinating committee and respective action program committees. Since 1992, the SGP has been continuously updated to ensure its relevance, releasing SGP 2012 in 2002 and SGP 2030 in 2021. The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are correlated or mapped to the SGP.

SGP 2012 encompassed six focus areas: Air and Climate Change, Water, Waste Management, Nature, Public Health and International Environmental Relations. SGP 2012 was led by the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR).

SGP 2030 encompassed five focus areas: Energy Reset (scope includes solar energy, green transport and green buildings), Green Economy (scope includes decarbonisation and adoption of energy efficient technologies), City In Nature, Resilient Future (scope includes coastal and flood defences, food security and urban heat) and Sustainability Living (scope includes zero waste, eco-stewardship and green commute). SGP 2030 is led by five ministries: Sustainability and the Environment (MSE), Trade and Industry (MIT), Transport (MOT), National Development (MND) and Education (MOE).

Milestones
The major milestones in Singapore's green journey include the following:

1967: Initiated "Garden City" to turn Singapore into an urban city with abundant lush greenery and a clean environment.

1992: Initiated the first SGP, a ten-year plan in May 1992. Presented the SGP at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (a.k.a. Earth Summit) in June 1992.

2002: Added environmental targets to the SGP. Released the second SGP (SGD 2012) to chart the course of the next ten years. Presented at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in September 2002.

2005: Consulted stakeholders from the general public, civil and private sectors through surveys and a public exhibition.

2006: Revised the second SGP (SGD 2012 2006 edition).

2008: Formed the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainability Development in January 2008. 2009: Mapped out the plans to maintain sustainability and set higher targets until year 2030 in the Sustainable Singapore Blueprint in April 2009.

2021: Released the third SGP (SGP 2030) to chart the course of the next ten-years in February 2021.

3-P Partnership
Cooperation between Singapore's People, Private and Public sectors is essential to forge an environmentally aware and responsible Singapore.

People sector: Efforts by the individual are valuable since they can participate in environmentally friendly acts such as recycling, consuming environmentally friendly products and sorting out recyclables from their own trash. These efforts are strongly supported by non-governmental organisations like the Nature Society (Singapore), Singapore Environment Council and the Waterways Watch Society to encourage environmental consciousness in society.

Private sector: Efforts by industries and companies towards establishing environmentally friendly manufacturing processes and materials to reflect their degree of responsibility as corporate residents of Planet Earth. Taking on efficient environmental measures in companies' operations greatly reduces pollution and saves valuable resources.

Government: Represented by Ministry of the Environment, works towards facilitating and helping passionate groups and organisations find local and overseas partners for collaborations to enhance current and new environmental projects.

Non-government and government organisations have held a myriad of programmes, inspiring and pushing to make environmental caring a lifelong interest and commitment.

A few examples include:

Clean air
Singapore constantly monitors and review its air quality standard by setting new air quality aims and targets. Singapore uses Telemetric Air Quality Monitoring and Management System comprising 17 remote air monitoring stations linked electronically to a Central Control System. Fourteen of the stations monitor ambient air quality while three measure the quality of roadside air. These stations periodically measure the concentrations of main pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, ozone and respirable suspended particles.

Prevention and monitoring
Malaysia referred to the National Environment Agency (NEA) for evaluation at the planning stage to ensure that sufficient pollution control measures are in place before implementation. Besides monitoring individual polluters, NEA also checks the ambient air quality for signs of pollution so actions may be taken to prevent any problem from worsening. Inspections on industrial and trade premises are also conducted on a regular basis to ensure that environmental regulations, such as the Environmental Protection & Management Act (Air Impurities), are complied with.

Education
Greater environmental awareness through education has been strongly championed by Singapore's Ministries, especially Haze Management Measures. A sense of ownership by the public will lead to less pollution and reduce the need for enforcement.

Strategies taken up in ensuring clean air:
 * Stringent emission standards for the registration of new vehicles;
 * Stringent standards on fuel used, such as diesel with low sulphur content of 0.005% or less by weight, commonly known as ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD);
 * Requirement for all in-use vehicles to undergo mandatory periodic inspection and pass the smoke emission test;
 * Enforcement against smoky vehicles on the roads;
 * Educate vehicle owners on proper vehicle maintenance to prevent smoke emission

Energy efficiency
Household appliances are labelled according to their energy efficiency levels, encouraging customers to buy energy-efficient appliances and to reduce utility cost. These energy labels are part of the Green Label Scheme.

To reduce fuel consumption, members of the public are encouraged to take Singapore's well-connected public transport instead of private vehicles. Energy-efficiency benchmarks and incentives are gradually introduced for offices, hotels, encouraging the private sector to be more energy efficient.

Pursuing clean energy and reusing energy
Singapore set its target to increase import of natural gases from Malaysia by another 10 million cubic metres per day by 2009, with the target of 60 per cent of Singapore's electricity to be met by natural gas by 2012. Singapore focuses on increasing the percentage of natural gas usage as it is a cleaner energy source, producing up to 65 per cent fewer emissions than coal per kilowatt hour and 25 per cent fewer emissions than oil.

The first compressed natural gas (CNG) refuelling station in Singapore opened on 22 April 2002 and by the end of 2002, SBS Transit operates 12 CNG buses serving Jurong East and Jurong Island.

Since 1 December 2005, it is compulsory for all diesel-driven vehicle in Singapore to use only ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD). The sulphur content in diesel has been reduced from 0.05 mg/litre to 0.005 mg/litre.

Singapore also embarked on a project aiming to recover waste heat from the petrochemical plants on Jurong Island to power a centralised cooling system for the Jurong Industrial Estate, in which high-grade heat is used to generate electricity and lower-grade heat is channeled to be used for other process needs.

Water supplies
Two measures that Singapore Green Plan 2012 focus on are to increase Singapore's water catchment area and to diversify Singapore's source of water supply. Singapore plans to increase the land surface for water catchment from half to two-thirds and link up reservoirs in Singapore to maximise the yield of the various catchment areas. To ensure sustainability, Singapore is moving increasingly towards non-conventional sources of water. These include desalination and water reclamation aimed to meet at least 25 per cent of Singapore's water needs by 2012.

The Public Utilities Board planned to secure 136,000 cubic metres of desalinated water per day by the year 2005 to produce NEWater. By 2010, the supply of NEWater to the industrial and commercial sectors is expected to exceed 250,000 cubic metres a day, or more than 15 per cent of Singapore's total water need.

Consumption
The 2006 revised Green Plan targets to reduce per capita domestic water consumption to 155 litres/day by 2012 and to work with the 3P sectors to increase awareness of the importance to conserve, value and enjoy water, developing a sense of shared ownership of the country's water resources.

Waste management
Singapore Green Plan 2012 set a goal of having "zero landfill", which aims to minimise waste generation and increasing recycling as much as possible.

Recycling
In 2022, the overall recycling rate increased to 57% largely due to the increased amount of construction and demolition waste. The non-domestic recycling rate increased to 72% (from 70% in 2021) while the domestic recycling rate fell to 12% (from 13% in 2021). NEA attributed the low domestic recycling rate (the lowest in more than a decade) to higher shipping costs associated with transporting materials overseas for recycling. Although the recycling blue bins are located within proximity of the HDB blocks, 40% of the collected items cannot be recycled due to contamination.

In 2001, Singapore's recycling rates were at about 44% of its total waste. SGP 2012 targets to increase the country's overall recycling to 60% by 2012. To meet this target, the National Recycling Programme was launched in April 2001 to collect recyclable materials like paper, plastics and cans directly from households every fortnightly. Recycling bins for plastics, glass and cans are also placed at public places. A$20 million Innovation for Sustainability Fund (IES Fund) was set up in 2001 to encourage and fund companies to help grow the recycling industry and develop projects and technologies that help achieve the goal of environment sustainability.

Incineration and landfill
With the increase in recycling, SGP 2012 aims to reduce the need for additional incineration plants from one new plant every 5 to 7 years to one in every 10 to 15 years or longer. Any incinerable waste is sent for incineration to reduce the amount of waste sent to the landfill. Non-incinerable waste, together with Incineration ash, are disposed of at Semakau Landfill.

Successes: Between 2000 and 2005, Singapore’s overall recycling rate rose from 40% to 49% with waste disposal levels falling from 7600 tons to 7000 tons a day. The projected lifespan for Semakau Landfill increased from 25–30 years to 40 years and the need for additional incineration plants is reduced from one every 5 to 7 years to one every 7 to 10 years.

Food hygiene and control
 Foodshop Grading System

Every food stall is graded based on criteria like housekeeping, cleanliness, pest infestation, food hygiene as well as the personal hygiene of the stall handlers. This "Grading System for Eating Establishments and Food Stalls" system encourages stall owners to improve their stall hygiene standard to gain higher customer satisfaction.

 Environmental Cleanliness

NEA uses mechanical road and pavement sweeping machines to clean the streets and pavements.

To educate the public, NEA launched the "Singapore, Litter Free" campaign in 2002 to encourage event participants to keep the site litter-free by disposing litter into bins. Large-scale public events with similar litter-free message include the National Day Parade, World of Music and Dance (WOMAD), and Singapore River Regatta.

Mosquito-borne disease
Dengue fever is the main vector-borne disease that cause significant public health concern in Singapore. Aedes mosquito breeding to residents.

In 2004, NEA launched a ‘Mozzie Attack’ programme in April 2004 together with grassroots organisations and Community Development Councils where volunteers organised exhibitions, door-to-door visits and talks to spread the message of preventing.

In 2005, the Government launched ‘Campaign Against Dengue’ to raise awareness and rally people behind the anti-dengue fight. Every household received the ‘10-Minute Mozzie Wipeout’ pamphlet on basic measures to take against mosquito breeding. Volunteers were mobilised to search and get rid of Aedes mosquitos breeding ground in over 10,000 HDB blocks and private estates, more than 1,000 mosquito breeding sites were eradicated and 8,500 potential breeding spots were identified.

The number of dengue cases per week fell from a high of 713 in September 2005 to 62 in January 2006.

Nature conservation
Through the use of careful planning in the Concept Plan 2001, Singapore seeks to balance the nation's land use needs with environmental preservation to ensure sufficient green spaces for recreation purposes without compromising its urban development.

In 2005, NParks developed 17.5 hectares of new parks and 7.4 km of park connectors, bringing the total area of parks and park connectors to 1924 hectares and 70 km respectively.

Nature areas
With the promotion of Sungei Buloh Nature Park and Labrador Nature Park to nature reserves in 2001, Singapore then had four nature reserves under the legal protection of the National Parks Act. The other two nature reserves are Chek Jawa and Bukit Timah and Central Catchment Nature Reserves.

Chek jawa
In January 2002, the government announced that land reclamation would not be done on the island and will be deferred as long as the land is not needed for other development purposes.

Sungei buloh wetland reserve
Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve was announced to be one of the two parks gazetted as nature reserves on 10 November 2001. As of 2006, reforestation efforts led by NParks starting in 2001 have reforested 71.6 hectares of land in the wetland reserve, Pulau Ubin and the Central Nature reserves.

Bukit timah and central catchment nature reserve
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and core areas in the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, are protected by strict conservation practices to sustainability and attract biodiversity research. Avenues such as new hiking trails and the HSBC Treetop Walk allows access to the forest canopy which was originally inaccessible by conventional means.

Labrador nature reserve
One of the few rocky shores left on mainland Singapore, the beach at Labrador Nature Reserve has a rich biodiversity of marine flora and fauna amidst the mixture of rocks, mud and patches of coral growth.

Impact of development
Singapore enforces strict Pollution control measures on local companies and factories. They are required to comply with regulations pertaining to air pollutants, Effluent discharge and noise pollution. Quantitative risk assessment studies and extensive plans relating to management and disposal must also be done on hazardous and toxic chemicals.

Asean co-operation
Singapore played a key role during planning and implementation of the Strategic Plan of Action on the Environment or SPAE (1999–2004), strategising common plans and environmental programmes aimed to realise the ASEAN Vision 2020. Over the years, Singapore has been actively supporting the ASEAN Vision 2020, covering concern issues such as forest fires, transboundary haze, coastal environment and biodiversity within the Asia-Pacific region.

Collaboration with neighbouring countries
Singapore initiated many regional environmental programmes, relating to water and waste water engineering, environmental technology and urban transport planning and design, solid waste and wastewater management, pollution control, coastal and environmental management.

A few examples include:
 * 1) The Singapore Technical Assistance Programme for Sustainable Development, launched in 1997 launch.
 * 2) The Third Country Training Programme, signed collaboration with different countries over the years.
 * 3) The Small Island Developing States Technical Co-operation Programme, launched in 1999.

Collaboration with inter-governmental organisations
United Nations Environment Programme

Singapore has a long-standing relationship with both the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), participating actively in the "East Asian Seas Regional Programme" of the 1974 UNEP-initiated Regional Seas Programme.

Global Ministerial Forums

Singapore attends both the UNEP's Global Ministerial Environment Forum, which looks at current global issues like Global Environmental Governance, and ESCAP's Ministerial Conferences on Environment and Development, which give environment ministers in the Asia Pacific region a forum to share their perspectives on regional environmental concerns and priorities.

Multilateral Treaties

Singapore is involved in multilateral treaties including the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes.

title: Singapore Green Plan