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Talk:Mega Millions

Buying every ticket
If I purchased 176 million tickets am i guaranteed to win 376 million and pay taxes on profit only? This would be a bad deal only if you have to split it with more then 1 person?

 * True. In theory you could do that. However, lottery regulations state that you must fill out each little slip by hand! An Australian businessman tried to do this when the Australian jackpot hit astronomical levels, but couldn't get all of them filled out in time. Google it, and I think you'll find something. If you have any questions, please contact me at my talk page. Ian Manka 04:39, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The cash prize is only 220 million. So you would be laying out 176 million to win 44 million more, which will be reduced to about 25 million after taxes. This is assuming you do not split with anyone.  If you do split with someone, which is not unlikely, you immediately take a 66 million dollar loss. This is a terrible strategy... and if you had $176 million and really wanted $44 million more, I am sure you could do it more easily with investments. 68.36.197.244 06:12, 7 March 2007 (UTC)   edit: my numbers are off slightly because your buying all those tickets would cause the jackpot to grow.  It is still negative expectation due to the split. And as said above, youd have to hire 100s of people to buy all those tickets.

In 1992 an Australian syndicate ("International Lottery Fund") consisting of 2,500 investors really did buy the state of Virginia's U.S.$ 27 million lottery, which at the time used a five-ball (possibly a six-ball) system which kept the odds at around 7 million to one, buying lottery tickets for about 5 million of the 7 million possible number combinations. The syndicate won the lottery, but the state of Virginia refused to pay, and took the case to court. The state lost their case. The state paid the syndicate their lottery winnings, and then changed the state's lottery rules to prevent buyouts like that from happening again simply by (a) limiting the number of tickets that a purchaser could buy at any one time, (b) requiring that all tickets be personally purchased at any point where the state's lottery tickets were sold. To buy the Virginia lottery, the syndicate used teams of ticket-buyers, giving those buyers sheets of lottery numbers that they were to use to fill out and buy lottery ticket cards. Additionally, according to an article in the March 3, 1992 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Journal, the sydicate purchased a large block of tickets directly from the "Farm Fresh" convenience store chain (a Virginia state lottery ticket vendor) by giving them a check for U.S.$ 3 million, essentially buying the tickets "in bulk". K. Kellogg-Smith (talk) 12:07, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

I did a little assessment of this, you'll be pleased to know.

If you purchased 176 mil tickets, based on the statistics from this page, you would win $493,711,741 including all other tiers assuming you took it as a straight one time payment (from an investment of $175,711,536). This would yield a headline return (profit) of $318,000,205 (that being 493,711,741 - 175,711,536). However, if the jackpot was shared with another player, your return would be $87,000,205. If the Jackpot was shared 3 ways, your return would be $10,000,205 (which hardly makes it worth the effort, once you take into account a cost loading of say $0.10 to for time to purchase each ticket (17.5m) you'd actually have a loss. If the Jackpot was shared 4 ways, your return would be making a headline "profit" of $ -28,499,795 (ie, a loss), with actual loses of approx 17.5 mil more (once again, based on our 10c for administration and purchasing time in purchasing all these tickets). Obviously, if you were one of 5 winners, it would -$51,599,795. (and say an actual "profit" of -69,170,948 after admin cost).

These wins might also then be taxable. But for a before tax return, you would be looking as follows. 1 winner 170.98% ROI 2 winners 39.51% ROI 3 winners -4.31% ROI 4 winners -26.22% ROI 5 winners -39.37% ROI

Before taking into account taxation, but including the cost of purchase and estimated administrative burden. Which means, it would be quite a long punt, as even without rules prohibiting such behavior (or at least making it difficult), you only really stand a chance to not lose if you are the only winner, or only share the jackpot with one other (which when the jackpot is very high (ie, heavily advertised) is virtually impossible).

If you were wanting to do this, you would probably do it in Pennsylvania where there is no state tax on lottery wins (my examination shows most states levy a 4-7% tax) (California is the same - except california doesn't pay fixed amounts for the other classes of wins but rather based on a % which (for a big purchase game would be less ideal most likely).

US Federal taxes of say between 25- 35% would apply on the profits.

I probably don't have to say this, but the effect of the purchasing a randomised "multiplier" of 2, 3, or 4x for 2x the stake, doesn't make matters better. It makes the ROI much worse.

By comparison, the ROI paying twice the stake to get the multiplier (using the odds as shown on the page) is:

1 winner 58.09% ROI 2 winners -7.64% ROI 3 winners -29.55% ROI 4 winners -40.51% ROI 5 winners -47.08% ROI

Ergo, it's a bum deal.

21:41, 31 March 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.179.32.125 (talk)

Probability
I have a question. It says the mega ball is numbered one through 46, therefore the odds of getting only the mega ball correct should be 1:46, but it is listed as one in 75. Am I missing something? Im not going to edit it myself, since Im not sure if I'm missing something.
 * 1 in 75 is the odds of getting JUST the mega ball with no other numbers, as in you have no regular numbers match and the mega ball matches. Getting the mega ball with another number (or more) is worked into the odds for the other combinations which is where the 1 in 46 odds "go". Hope that makes sense. Gront 23:19, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Exactly, The 1 in 75 odds quoted are the odds of winning $2, or the odds of matching ONLY the Mega Ball.Ahussey 16:55, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

I don't understand where the number "75" comes from. What's the mathematical formula? Because there are 46 mega balls, the odds of making it alone should 1 in 46. 61.9.126.41

The number "75" comes from the fact that for every 75 tickets you buy, on average 1 will qualify for the mega ball only prize.. It cannot be 1 in 46 because some of the tickets that match the mega ball will also match more numbers and qualify for a higher prize. 68.36.197.244 09:10, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Ok, then I have a new question, how the heck did they come up with the odds of hitting the mega millions as 1 in 175,711,536? Since you have to pick 5 different numbers from 1-56 and then 1 number from 1-46, shouldn't the odds be 1 in 21,085,384,320 (56 * 55 * 54 * 53 * 52 * 46)? Actually this comes down to figuring out how they got the 1 in 3,904,701 for the non-Mega Ball hit since that is 175.7 Million / 46. Help me out here? BTW - for those wondering about the 1 in 75, that is 1 in 46 * the odds of NOT hitting any other number.ronb 3:33, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The reason is that the order of the first 5 numbers doesn't count, because they're always reordered to ascending order. So if the balls come out as 1 2 3 4 5 | 6, that's the same as 2 1 5 4 3 | 6.  You were calculating $${}_{56}P_5 \times 46 = 21085384320$$ when really you should be calculating $${}_{56}C_5 \times 46 = 175711536$$  Hope that helps.  (maybe the jackpot calculation should go in the article?)  — jmorgan  (talk) 19:59, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

And for those who don't have a mathematics degree, the above statement breaks down to this: Because there are 56 numbers (which can be used only once) on the Pick 5 side of the equation and only 5 slots to fill (with the order of the numbers being drawn inconsequential), the equation becomes 56x55x54x53x52 divided by 5x4x3x2x1 times 46 or 458377920/120 x 46 = 175711536. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.242.46.108 (talk) 18:30, 29 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Doesn't require a math degree, that's a Probability 101 question. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.232.191.16 (talk) 16:43, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

The numbers are correct for the probability but are not right if they are labeled odds. See the definition of Odds. I am changing the title of the column to Probability to make the article more correct. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.190.9.225 (talk) 15:27, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Income Tax
In the intro
 * Laws and regulations vary slightly and are generally governed by the applicable laws in the state where the ticket is sold. Mega Millions winnings are generally exempt from :state income tax in California, New Jersey, Texas, and Washington.

In the next section

 * Mega Millions winnings are exempt from state income taxes in California and New Jersey.

Presumably the intro is correct, and the other sentence doesn't mention the other states, but I don't know for sure. Regardless one of the sentences should be removed. --CVaneg 23:57, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Texas doesn't have state income tax (for anything). California exempts lottery winnings from state income tax. Don't know about the other states.Gront 23:19, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't believe Washington has a state income tax, either. 69.42.13.45 (talk) 06:32, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

The most difficult lottery game to win in the world?
The odds of winning the jackpot in Powerball are 1 in 146,107,962. But the odds in winning the jackpot in Mega Millions are 1 in 175,711,536. Is it true to say that Mega Millions is the most difficult lottery game in the world in terms of making the jackpot prize? I don't know any lottery game that has more odds. 61.9.126.41

Yes, the jackpot odds of Mega Millions are steep. However, the overall odds are 1:40. Mega Millions actually is a much better game than, say, New York Lotto (terrible payout) or Massachusetts Megabucks (still no cash option). 216.179.123.146 13:52, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

March 2007/Protection
I suggest that this article be protected until the drawing after the current jackpot ($370/ possible 470 million).
 * Who won it? Was it Ed Nabers? Did I spell his name correctly? Moonwalkerwiz 01:08, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Is it just me or do some of you also feel profound jealousy towards winners of lotteries. Life isn't fair!!! On the other hand, I heard somewhere that 90% of lottery winners end up with major family problems, mental issues, etc... so I guess thats our silver lining. The thrill only can last for so long... 67.112.122.163 05:12, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Minors winning lottery prizes
Many US jurisdictions allow minors to receive lottery tickets as gifts, although of course all US lotteries have a minimum age to purchase them, which is 18 for all Mega Millions states, while a few of the MUSL/Powerball lotteries have higher minimums. An exception is Virginia, whose lottery prohibits minors from winning (now, what if an underage person finds a Virginia Lottery jackpot winning Mega Millions ticket?) 216.179.123.110 13:53, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Odds for the second prize?
I can't get the same answer as the odds for the second prize as listed (all 5 numbers but not the mega ball.) This should be the number of possible winning tickets out of the total number of tickets. So, Combin(5,5)*Combin(45,1) for the 5 correct numbers and the 1 wrong mega ball. That comes out to 45 possible tickets. 45/175,711,536 is about 1 in 3,904,700.80. So the odds as listed are off by 91. Molybdenum1 14:52, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * 791 was just a typo. Why didn't you fix it to 701 yourself, you were right. 68.36.197.244 04:30, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Non-jackpot Prizes
Like most lotteries in America, the jackpot prize in Mega Millions is taxable. Meaning if you win it and select lump sum payment, approximately half of it will taken as tax. Are the prizes other than the jackpot also taxable?202.69.172.203 09:38, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

ALL lottery prizes in the US are taxable (including wins under $600.) You have to pay tax(es) on all winnings, whether they are in lump sum or annuity payments. You might be under the wrong assumption that "lump sum is less than the annuity"-the future payments include interest. Mega Millions, Hot Lotto, and Powerball cash option winners get the full present value of the annuity, paid in cash. 216.179.123.104 17:23, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The "full present value" of the annuity in cash is certainly "less" (numerically) than the total value of the annuity. However, the spending power is supposed to be equivalent. 68.36.197.244 04:34, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * There are a number of games in the US where the cash option is a fixed percentage (in such cases always smaller) of the annuity, rather than a "floating percentage". In such games, a cash option winner is "gypped" since they do not receive the actual cash value (of the annuity.) The cash options in MM, PB, and Hot Lotto are always a "floating percentage" of the annuity value. 216.179.123.145 15:42, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

6 or 9?
In billiards, the balls numbered 6 and 9 have a line at the bottom of the number looking like a parenthesis to avoid confusion between the two numbers. In Mega Millions, it is quite unbelievable how they're able to differenciate 6 and 9 without any extra markings on the balls.61.9.126.41 04:08, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

 * You are right. I watched some videos of where the 6 and 9 are drawn, and the balls look identical to me:

http://www.megamillions.com/winningpicks/last_25.asp

 * 6 = JavaScript:popupvid('video.asp?quality=high&date=5/15/2007')

 * 9 = JavaScript:popupvid('video.asp?quality=high&date=4/20/2007')

My only guess is that the balls have some sort of orientation guide that I cannot see.

Interesting question. 68.36.197.244 04:40, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I Tivo'd tonight's 11:00 drawing on ABC-New York DirecTV channel 86, ostensibly a high-def channel. In slow motion the balls (54, 5, 16, 49, 31, 19 - good luck!) each seem to have a tiny line of print under each number, using my imagination only slightly I can see "FIVE", "FORTY-NINE", etc.  --CliffC 03:32, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

When to choose cash/annuity
I find it unfortunate NY and TX require Mega Millions players to have to choose either lump sum or annuity when they PLAY, instead of after they win. In these two states, jackpot winners who choose annuity are stuck with the annual payments. (All Powerball members allow the choice to be made after winning-to give winners a chance to get proper advice). 216.179.123.104 17:04, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

I'm concerned that one day, MM and PB will try to outdo each other to the point where either or both will make second prize (5+0) a "lifetime" annuity, instead of an all-cash prize. 70.107.41.96 14:32, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
 * As of 9/15/2007, three of the last five MM jackpot winners have "chosen" annuity; normally, especially for Powerball, the choice is overwhelmingly for lump sum. This is disturbing news. I get the feeling that TX (its two most recent MM "winners" were for annuity) automatically defaults to "ANNUAL PAY" (this also applies to Lotto Texas) if the player makes no choice. What is especially sad is that one of the 8/31/2007 winners (two cash; the other two the wrong way) are two brothers; looking at their picture, they are obviously not young men, and even though they made the choice (two weeks) after winning, after having a chance to get prudent financial, legal, etc advice, they chose the 26 annual payments. Maybe MM needs to change the annuity to be like PB's (30 increasing annual payments) to discourage players/winners from choosing annuity, and to make $400m-$500m jackpots more likely. At least Rev Bunky in Maryland and the New Jersey winners did choose the cash.

 * You might be thinking of games such as MA Megabucks, which I believe is the only US lottery jackpot game that still forces winners to receive annuity payments in lieu of cash. Many scratch games also still have that problem. 216.179.123.146 17:38, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Winning numbers
September 9,2014 Winning NJ Mega millions numbers are "10 39 52 57 74 mega ball 11

advertised value vs. actual value
Some sections of this article use unsourced statements to confuse the real prize value (see present value, aka "cash value") and the advertised nominal value (i.e. nominal sum of annuity payments over 20-30 years, unadjusted for inflation or interest rates). For example, this unsourced statement: "On May 9, 2000, The Big Game offered a jackpot worth $363 million." In fact, the jackpot was really worth about half that, even before taxes. As these lotteries compete with each other to advertise ever higher prizes, they find ways to increase the advertised amount without increasing the actual value - for example by lengthening the payout period from twenty to thirty years, or shifting from flat to graduated installments with a balloon payment at the end. The people involved may not want to deceive, but they are under pressure to get bigger headlines and increase sales, and they probably rationalize the exaggeration by thinking it is only a game and the money goes to a good cause (often education, ironically promoted by misinformation). Lotteries are now a multi-billion dollar government program, and rationalizing exaggeration in government programs can creep in dangerous ways (e.g. evidence of WMD in Iraq). Without real numbers, there is no limit to the potential exaggeration; one sweepstakes ad suggested the winner would get ten times the amount (s)he would really get. I also suspect this exaggeration may cause some of the sorry tales of lottery winners going bankrupt: anchoring biases winners to spend as if they have more than they really have. As unchecked sales pressure pushes for more exaggeration, I believe WP:NPOV requires replacing hyped numbers with real numbers. Any thoughts?TVC 15 (talk) 22:58, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Seeing no objection, I'm balancing advertised numbers with real numbers, for NPOV. WP is not an advertisement, so the article should lead with real numbers not advertised numbers.TVC 15 (talk) 00:01, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi, TVC 15. Regarding our edits of 12 January 2009, I've spent some time puzzling over some of your changes. I finally found your discussion here, which helps explain some of what you mentioned in your 12 January 2009 edit summaries, but I find some points of disagreement. I'm very short on time right now, so let's just make this the beginning of a conversation. Also, you made changes not explained in your edit summaries, and I have some disagreements there, too, but I'll start a separate topic for those.

 * Your edit summary correctly described your error regarding the real-vs-present value concepts. However, you continue to mis-apply real value here. Mega Millions doesn't make inflation-adjusted payments, so real value doesn't apply. We can discuss this further, if you like. I'm concerned that even changing "real" to "present" value, without citing a source, may violate WP:NOR, because that sentence stands as an editor's analysis. Also, I don't think that any analysis, even if sourced, belongs in the lead section.

 * Notwithstanding my objections to the content of your edits, I applaud your stand toward making it easy for people to understand the impact of the marketing, payment, and financing techniques that lotteries use. We simply have to keep our work as encyclopedic as possible, in accord with WP's standards, which I know from your other work that you support. Soon, I'll try to come up with some alternate wordings, and look for your thoughts.

 * --LottsoLuck (talk) 21:36, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comments, and I look forward to your alternate wording proposals. You might also want to look at the Powerball page, which includes tables of probabilistic value per ticket at different jackpot levels.  Although I do understand the theoretical difference between real value (i.e. adjusted for inflation) and net present value (NPV, i.e. discounted to reflect future interest), they are closely related concepts especially in this context.  Interest rates on the government bonds used by lotteries depend largely on expected inflation rates, and are currently almost identical in the USA, although they can diverge substantially.  My goal is simply to make the article as objective as possible.  The lotteries spend huge sums advertising the nominal value, and leading the article with the nominal value reinforces the anchoring effect of the advertisements.  To counteract that, the NPV should appear first, before the advertised value, but the NPV varies based on interest rates.  I suspect that lotteries and sweepstakes get a pass on deceptive advertising because the 'moral' debate tends to focus on the underlying gambling: opponents say gambling is immoral, supporters say it raises money for schools and thus somehow trumps morality, and the deceptive ads get overlooked.  I have no objection to gambling, but I do object to deception.  In the broader, colloquial sense of "real value," I hope we can make clear what the advertised amounts are really worth.TVC 15 (talk) 22:56, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Just some quick replies. I gather that your Powerball comment is about the "Winning Expectation" figures. That's a wholly different concept than the subject here. (And it really needs a source.) I think that the issue of whether or not "real value" and "present value" concepts apply to this article is secondary to the need for a source for using them. We can explore the relevance of those concepts for our own satisfaction, but it would still be OR for us to put our conclusions into the article. It seems easier, more in line with WP policy--and perhaps more effective--to explain your point using the terminology of cash value vs annuitized value that the lotteries use. Well, I'm out of time for now. Thanks, --LottsoLuck (talk) 09:36, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Glad you saw the section on Powerball's "Winning Expectations" - looking at the edit history, I see you had added a source link (though I think the source may have moved). That section was revised to reflect net present value by Tuc in 2007, but sadly that user has not contributed since 2007 and may have stopped participating in WP.  The cash value is sometimes published in news reports about specific winners, so I will look for sources there.  Notable past jackpots (e.g. largest single winner, largest winning ticket) should probably be adjusted for _both_ real value and NPV.  The real value adjustments can be copied directly from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, thus obviating any WP:OR issue.  As these lotteries compete both against each other and against other gambling options like sweepstakes and casinos, someone has to maintain a level playing field so that actual values (real, net present) can be compared.  Otherwise, the numbers would eventually become an arms race of meaningless hype.TVC 15 (talk) 09:55, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Back to basics. My key point is that if you really want to help people see how lotteries use annuitized jackpots to promote larger jackpot values while they also muddy the comparisons among different games, then your presentation must be clear and simple. To do that, it is cash value--not real value or present value--that you must use to compare against annuitized jackpot values. Cash value is a concept that everyone understands, and it is the value that the lotteries use, so those are the only numbers you have available to cite for that purpose. Now, your comment about the BLS data: it misses my point. It's not just about data; you'd need a source to support the very concept of applying that data to this article.

 * We may not be on the same wavelength about this concept issue. To take the most recent example from this discussion: In your 15 January statement about the section on Powerball's "Winning Expectations", you said, "That section was revised to reflect net present value by Tuc in 2007." No, that's not what Tuc did. At 17:45, 8 March 2007, Tuc edited to "clarify cash value vs. annuity value" (edit summary). Every time you refer to cash value as real value or NPV, you make an assumption that is not only incorrect, but would not belong in an article even if you were correct, unless you had a valid cite for it. So, we may just have to agree to disagree--and then we'll meet again over some future edits.

 * --LottsoLuck (talk) 07:17, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Rather than "agree to disagree," let's clarify terms and do some math. First, although your use of the phrase "cash value" matches the lotteries' use of that term, it differs from the more common insurance industry usage described in the Wikipedia article on cash value.  If you think that the lottery usage is correct, you might want to add it to the Wikipedia cash value article.  Second, although you keep calling my statements "incorrect," you do not explain what would be correct conceptually or mathematically.  Please explain or demonstrate what you believe to be the difference between NPV and the lotteries' use of "cash value."TVC 15 (talk) 00:21, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * This article is about a lottery, not an insurance contract. If you want the lottery industry to adopt insurance industry usage, you're talking to the wrong person. As for NPV, you still avoid the need for a source for what you want to say about it, thus missing the whole point about editing WP: i.e., it doesn't matter what you or I believe about NPV vs the lotteries' use of "cash value", because WP isn't a place for us to publish our beliefs; what matters is what authoratative sources say on the subject, and then we can make statements supported by citing those sources. --LottsoLuck (talk) 03:15, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The lottery article correctly links to the WP article on net present value. Since you seem to prefer the term "cash value," I provided above, for your reference, a link to the WP article on cash value.  However, as you say, this is not a matter of "our beliefs."   It is a matter of using correct terms, math, and sources.  You wrote above, "Every time you refer to cash value as...NPV, you make an assumption that is...incorrect."  Please explain what you mean, and show the difference.TVC 15 (talk) 03:27, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * There you go again, confusing your opinion with verifiable facts. The only reason for that link being there is because you put it there! Your belief that it's correct is simply your opinion. You don't need my opinion of why NPV is not the same thing as cash value; you need an authoritative source to support your contention that they are the same. However, all the time that you're spending on that point is distracting you from the really good point that you made when you began this thread and spoke about how lotteries increase the advertised amount for a given prize pool, "by lengthening the payout period from twenty to thirty years, or shifting from flat to graduated installments with a balloon payment at the end." If you find a good source to validate that point, you'll be able to put something valuable in the article to educate people in a way that everyone can understand, w/o relying on more arcane subjects such as present value. --LottsoLuck (talk) 16:28, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Umm, thanks for most of your comment, which prompted me to correct "net present value" to "present value." I am gathering sources on the point about the advertised amount, e.g.  and, and would appreciate your help if you are interested.  Meanwhile, if I may offer a suggestion regarding tone, I think it would be better to stay more cooperative/collaborative.  Some of your comments 'just say no' or 'agree to disagree,' when it would be more helpful to suggest a specific improvement.  I appreciate your responses anyway, because together we are improving the article, but WP is a collaborative effort and collaboration is easier when the parties try to move the ball forward.TVC 15 (talk) 19:50, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, you're right about there having been a change in my tone, but you're completely wrong in your implication that I didn't "suggest a specific improvement." Maybe what you mean is that I didn't write the alternate wordings that I first thought I'd have time to do? Sorry, but that time seems gone forever now. Anyway, one problem is that when you persisted in your fascination with NPV as the way to get your point across, while one of my most basic suggestions all along had been to abandon that route, you led me to the conclusion that I was wasting my time. Another problem is that you also persisted in writing statments that I found simply wearying (some factually incorrect, some irrelevant, some inappropriate intents to use OR). BTW, please remind me where I said 'just say no' (I can imagine it in context, but don't see it anywhere at the moment). --LottsoLuck (talk) 00:38, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The 'just say no' was a paraphrase of the deterioration in your tone, as exemplified in your latest comment above ("you're completely wrong" etc.) and earlier ones where you say this or that is "incorrect" but never suggest what you think would be correct. Please, let's move forward.  The article isn't about either of us, so I don't see why you become adversarial.TVC 15 (talk) 06:55, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * You may wish that my responses to your questions gave you exactly what you asked for, but when I believed that you were asking to go down the wrong path, my response suggested what I believed was better. If you choose not to implement any of my suggestions, that's your prerogative, but it's no justification for your erroneous criticisms. You are your own enemy here. Your misstatements (such as saying again that I haven't given you specific suggestions, and attributing to me a comment that I didn't make), your misinterpretations (e.g., of my "agree to disagree" comment and of Tuc's edit), and your penchant for infusing this article with terminology that doesn't fit, all combine to damage the trust that is foundational for any collaboration. I don't know if I might otherwise have gotten around to research & write what I first thought I'd have time for, but the unproductiveness of this thread certainly didn't help. --LottsoLuck (talk) 08:58, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Edits of 12 January 2009
Hi, TVC 15. Your 17:07, 12 January 2009 edit summary didn't explain most of the changes that you made there. That edit restored some deficiencies in the article, which I had fixed earlier that day. If you have time, would you explain your reversion of the changes described in my edit summaries of 11:19, and 12:41, on 12 January 2009? I'm referring here to changes other than those related to the "advertised value vs. real value" discussion. Thanks, --LottsoLuck (talk) 21:53, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Hi LottsoLuck, thanks for your comment, and I see what you mean:. There may have been a system glitch somewhere, perhaps because the edits were nearly simultaneous and may even have overlapped in time. In any event, I did not intend to make the changes that you are referring to, and I am sorry if I somehow caused them. Please feel free to restore them; if you prefer to revert the edit entirely, I will restore only the changes related to the advertised vs. real discussion.TVC 15 (talk) 22:16, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Yes, thanks; doing that revert sounds like the easiest way to handle this (well, certainly it's easier for me, but I think it shouldn't be burdensome for you). Then we can go forward on each of our specific points of interest. I just spent some time reviewing this and Powerball, and probably won't be able to do any new writing until the weekend. Since other edits might prevent a simple "undo" if I wait till then, I'll do that now. --LottsoLuck (talk) 08:26, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Why does 'Win for Life' and 'Lotto South' redirect here?
There is a multi-state lottery game called Win for Life. The three participating states are Kentucky, Virginia and Georgia, with the drawings administered by the Virginia Lottery. Given that it does not appear to have anything to do with Mega-Millions (with Kentucky being a Powerball member state), why does Win for Life (and predecessor game Lotto South) redirect to the Mega Millions page? — SterlingNorth (talk) 12:44, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I took it upon myself to remove the redirect from Win for Life to here for the reason above. — SterlingNorth (talk) 13:17, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

 * GA and KY are leaving WFL on January 30, 2011, replacing it with Decades of Dollars. VA also will be offering DoD. 207.210.134.83 (talk) 21:38, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Florida?
This article mentions Florida joining the Mega Millions, when I'm pretty sure it has not. Check the Wikipedia Powerball Article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.161.205.89 (talk) 05:07, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Assumption all Powerball States going to Mega Millions and vice versa
Why is there the assumption all Powerball states are going to Mega Millions and vice version? Are there references or citations confirming these Lotteries are selling Mega Millions soon? IE... The Florida Lottery has not commited to selling Mega Millions and has no plans to do so at this time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.121.179.67 (talk) 05:14, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

record jackpots
Global record for cash value jackpot 240 mil$ is not correct! In the UK there was a winner on 12 july 2011, he won 185 mil.€ or at that time 258.500.000 $ taxfree cash. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.22.185.154 (talk) 09:46, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Edit request on 31 March 2012
The first line after the table in the Winning and Probability section reads:

Overall probabilities: 1 in 306.11 for winning at least a $10 prize

I believe that the 1 in 306.11 statement is incorrect. I believe it should be 1 in 754.85.

There are 12 outcomes to the game, of which 6 outcomes do not result in a payoff of $10 or more.

The losing outcomes (defines as payouts less than $10) are: a) 0 Regular, 0 Money Ball b)  0 Regular, 1 Money Ball c) 1 Regular, 0 Money Ball d)  1 Regular, 1 Money Ball e) 2 Regular, 0 Money Ball f)  3 Regular, 0 Money Ball

The number of times each can happen are: a) COMBIN(5,0)*COMBIN(51,5)*COMBIN(1,0)*COMBIN(45,1) = 105,707,700 b)  COMBIN(5,0)*COMBIN(51,5)*COMBIN(1,1)*COMBIN(45,0) =   2,349,060 c) COMBIN(5,1)*COMBIN(51,4)*COMBIN(1,0)*COMBIN(45,1) =  56,227,500 d)  COMBIN(5,1)*COMBIN(51,4)*COMBIN(1,1)*COMBIN(45,0) =   1,249,500 e) COMBIN(5,2)*COMBIN(51,3)*COMBIN(1,0)*COMBIN(45,1) =   9,371,250 f)  COMBIN(5,3)*COMBIN(51,2)*COMBIN(1,0)*COMBIN(45,1) =     573,750

Total losing outcomes =                                175,478,760

Since the total outcomes is 175,711,536, the 6 winning outcomes occur 232,776 times. By the convention used in the article, the approximate probability of winning $10 or more is 175,711,536 / 232,776 = 754.85

Please advise if my mathematics is incorrect.

Regards, BigJoeDummy

P.S. First time here, so apologies in advance if this is a non-standard request.

BigJoeDummy (talk) 04:58, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. I can't tell if your math is right or wrong, but content should not be based on original research. Rivertorch (talk) 05:58, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the reply.

 * Where can I see the source for the original probability of 1 in 306.11? Citation 25 is from the original Mega Millions site and only references the 1 in 40 number for the probability of winning *any* prize.

 * At the moment, I cannot find any listed source that answers this question. I can expand the mathematical computation, but that would once again be listed as original research.  The mathematical probability of 1 in 306.11 as listed is incorrect, though, I beleive.

 * I will keep searching for the citation needed.

BigJoeDummy (talk) 17:20, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

First of all, BigJoeDummy's work is a routine calculation (simple arithmetic) and thus allowed under NOR (see Routine Calculations). Secondly, you can simply add the odds of winning any prize greater or equal to 10 dollars, and, up to rounding error, arrive at the same number he did. See Google Calculator The odds of winning 10 dollars or more is roughly 1 in 755.

206.248.158.184 (talk) 19:55, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

Not done: Statistical calculations are not simple and do not fall under the WP:CALC exception. I'd also like to see a source which shows the guaranteed payouts. Some systems would have a lower payout if many people win (parimutuel) requiring the odd to include the odds of too many others hitting the same payout. Celestra (talk) 19:57, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

The "statistical calculation" you are referring to is addition. This is basic common sense: if you have a bunch of mutually exclusive outcomes with corresponding probabilities and payoffs, and you want to know the total probability of obtaining any outcome with a payoff greater than X, then you add up the probabilities of all the outcomes with payoff greater than X. Honestly, I have no idea how you could have a problem with this simple calculation while having no problem using the Google Calculator calculation of "56 Choose 5" as a source in your table of odds.

As for a source which shows the payouts are guaranteed, please see http://www.megamillions.com/howto/. Quote

"In California all prizes are pari-mutuel, meaning payouts are based on sales and the number of winners. All other Mega Millions states set the 2nd through 9th prizes at pre-determined amounts."

Since the jackpot always starts at 12 million, all payouts listed at 10 dollars or more in your table are guaranteed to pay out 10 dollars or more, regardless of sales or number of winners, except in California.

206.248.158.184 (talk) 02:47, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Page protection ended five days ago. And someone implemented the change earlier today. Have fun! Celestra (talk) 00:17, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

It is requested that an edit be made to this semi-protected page
In the section The 2010 expansion of Mega Millions and Powerball, add to the end of the sentence ''It is likely this cross-selling arrangement is a temporary measure, as lotteries investigate the possibility of merging the two games. (See Cross-selling expansion about a potential "national" lottery game.)'' so that it is rendered as

''It is likely this cross-selling arrangement is a temporary measure, as lotteries investigate the possibility of merging the two games. (See Cross-selling expansion about a potential "national" lottery game.)''

Also, in the section Winning and probability, add to the probability of winning at least $10. Currently the text reads Overall probabilities: 1 in 306.11 for winning at least a $10 prize, 1 in 40 for winning any prize.[25] It should read:

Overall probabilities: 1 in 306.11 for winning at least a $10 prize, 1 in 40 for winning any prize.[25]

This is because footnote 25 lists a source that only gives the overall probability for winning any prize as 1 in 40, and does not list the 1 in 306.11 for winning at least $10.

Done Thanks, Celestra (talk) 22:23, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Is it possible to put the correct mathematical probabilities in the "Winning and Probability" section below the table? The user Ohnoitsjamie amended the correct probability with a somewhat snide comment to referring to source citation 12. The problem is that he 1) misunderstood the problem and repeated an entry that is within the table -- incorrectly relaying the information because the entry below the table answers a different problem being asked; 2) pointed to a source which has *zero* relevance to the specific item (the MegaMillions site make no mention of the cumulative probabilities and should not be used as a source for that particular question).

A subsequent edit is nonsensical as well. The original item, which had no source, was wrong. The corrected probability value has now been replaced a few times and the replacement entries are garbage, plain and simple.

Both the user with the IP address of 206.248.158.184 and I have provided the correct number. What is the aversion to correct mathematical probability? — Preceding unsigned comment added by BigJoeDummy (talk • contribs) 20:13, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

Megamillions and Powerball
Needs attention: The Megamillions and Powerball table in Megamillions was missing some members as is the table presently in Powerball. Also, some of the dates differ in the tables. Which are correct? BiPolarCurious (talk) 14:02, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

−                                               == new mega oct13 / my own calculations / info == −   − {| class="wikitable" − |- − ! mach !! winners !! prob. win: 1 in !! winners in % !! prize pool in %sales !! prize per winner − |- − | 51 || 1 || 258 890 850 || 0.00000039 || 32.58 || 84 337 935 (z) − |- − | 50 || 14 || 18 492 203.57 || 0.0000054 || 5.41 || 1 000 000 − |- − | 41 || 350 || 739 688.14 || 0.00014 || 0.68 || 5 000 − |- − | 40 || 4 900 || 52 834.87 || 0.0019 || 0.95 || 500 − |- − | 31 || 24 150 || 10 720.12 || 0.0093 || 0.47 || 50 − |- − | 30 || 338 101 || 765.72 || 0.13 || 0.65 || 5 − |- − | 21 || 547 396 || 472.95 || 0.21 || 1.06 || 5 − |- − | 11 || 4 584 573 || 56.47 || 1.77 || 3.54 || 2 − |- − | 01 || 12 103 359 || 21.39 || 4.68 || 4.68 || 1 − |- − | total(sum) || 17 602 844 || 14.71 || 6.80 || 50.00 || 7 − |} −   − matrix 5/75 + 1/15 −   − 1$ per line (combi) −   − (z) cash avg.prize & before tax −   − — Preceding unsigned comment added by Geertes62 (talk • contribs) 23:16, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

Creation Date
This article cites the Mega Millions as being created in 2002. However, for the longest time, I retained the first lottery ticket I ever played as a souvenir, A MEGA MILLIONS ticket bought in Georgia in 1999. It clearly said, "Mega Millions," at the top, and NOT, "The Big Game." I would produce it but I no longer have it (got rid of it about five years ago when I moved), and you would call it "original research" anyway. Because of this, I've always suspected some sort of 1984-esque rectification about the Mega Millions' history. Then, I saw this...

The unaired 8th episode of The Dana Carvey Show, originally set to air in 1996, but withheld from television entirely, never to be seen until the DVD was released. It mentions the Mega Millions way back in 1996. I'm calling bullshit on this 2002 you've stated. If you're truly neutral, you'll update your article to reflect this information. 50.130.11.182 (talk) 20:18, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

 * "If you don't do everything I want, you're not neutral / that proves you're biased / you must be part of a conspiracy" is not really a compelling argument. And "calling bullshit" is not the sort of dialog we engage in on Wikipedia.

 * Second, re your personal recollection of your ticket: Yes, WP:OR. Sources must be verifiable.

 * Third, re the Drew Carey show: There is no reason to think that the lottery game name used on the show was not made up by the show's writers. In fact, this is likely, as TV shows go to some trouble to not use names of real-world companies, institutions, people, etc. Or to put it the other way around, the presence of a lottery game called "Mega Millions" in a TV show is not proof of existence of a game of that name in the real world (any more than The Dick Van Dyke Show proves that there was a couple named Rob and Laura Petrie living in New Rochelle, NY at the time). Another possibility is that the name was used for some games here and there prior to 2002... and then dropped, and then in 2002, adopted by the current "multi-jurisdictional" purveyors of the game. i.e. re your ticket, we have no way of knowing if the "Mega Millions" game it was for was the same game, operated continuously from 1999 through 2002.

 * But still... there's no proof that they're not the same game, either. An approach that is far more likely to get a productive response might be:

 * "I distinctly remember owning a "Mega Millions" ticket bought in Georgia in 1999. And the Drew Carey Show, in its unaired 8th episode (viewable on the DVD set), also mentioned a "Mega Millions" lottery game; this ep was supposed to air in 1996! Perhaps these were not really the same game as the game described here, and it's of course possible that the game mentioned in the TV program didn't actually exist outside of the show at all... but it seems to me that these should be investigated, with a view toward possibly changing the 'origin date' given in this article."

 * See? Ask for help, in a spirit of cooperation. The wording you've used is more likely to get you ignored... at best Jeh (talk) 09:37, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, forgive me for not placing blind faith in Wikipedia's self-professed objectivity. I just happen to know from experience that the stereotypical Wikipedian confirmation bias pretty much runs the show here.  Why do you think I don't have an account and I'm generally adversarial to you guys?  You have earned that from me.  Don't tell me how I should word things.  Earn my respect the same way you earned my disrespect.  I don't talk to everyone this way.

 * Oh, and by the way, while an episode of a television show (Nice of you to go back and change the show I said it appeared on. That was honest of you) could possibly use a fake name for a lottery, the ticket I bought in 1999 was the one and the same Mega Millions this show is about. It was the biggest lottery jackpot of all time at the time, which is part of the reason why I bought it, and that, among other things, is how I know that the very same Mega Millions existed at the time.  You call that original research, but if I bought a ticket then, it's verifiable through other means.  You have faith in Wikipedia's objectivity and desire for accuracy?  You find it.50.130.11.182 (talk) 03:17, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

 * It's amusing that you accuse others of confirmation bias while simultaneously claiming that you "know" something to be true, with no evidence offered but your own claims of your own memory. The unreliability of personal recall is exactly why WP demands WP:RS. As for the show name, that was a mistake on my part. I apologize for the mistake but your accusation of willful dishonesty is completely inappropriate. I'm disengaging here... Goodbye. Jeh (talk) 05:16, 22 June 2014 (UTC)

5x Megaplier
The table shows the chance 2-4 will be drawn, does anyone know the chance of a 5x being drawn? Bumblebritches57 (talk) 07:39, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

Needs updates Suggestion
The verbal history of states adopting MegaMillions needs to be brought up to date. Considering that there is a neat sortable table, this verbose description could be reduced to a concise discussion of the growth of MegaMillions, and the move to cross-membership with PowerBall.

Why are (or were) the trademarks on the names MegaMillions and Megaplier owned by Illinois and Texas? What organization "owned" the game before 2010?

The notes on record payouts could be brought up to date. It looks like (more than once) someone added a sentence, mentioned that the winner had yet chosen annuity or cash, but the editor never came back when the choice was made.

What Megapliers have been used since 2013? What are the odds of each Megaplier?

  Solo Owl   05:52, 10 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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New jackpot
Recently, it has been announced that someone won the jackpot for over $1.5b. Could the page be updated?

Ref: https://abc7chicago.com/finance/mega-millions-winning-numbers-drawn-for-$15b-jackpot-single-winning-ticket-sold/4546340/ Kevindongyt (talk) 12:14, 24 October 2018 (UTC)

Odds for current game
This doesn't list the odds for the current game rules (beginning in October 2017). I can add them myself when I get time, but figured I'd make a note in case anyone can get to it sooner.

Additionally, I notice there's a lot of duplicated information in the "History" section and the "Versions" > "Winning and probability" section, namely a listing of the prizes and odds. The chart in the latter is more readable, and maybe should be the only place with that information. Kugo2006 (talk) 19:01, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mega Millions


text:
Talk:List of kings of Urartu

new section
''This Armenian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it'' urartians aren't armenians Dixtosa (talk) 19:34, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of kings of Urartu


text:
Talk:Gimbal

Expansion Request
I've requested that this article be expanded because it is overly focused on gyro-gimbal systems and their aerospace applications. Gimbals are extensively used for other purposes, and some discussion of those is totally appropriate and neccesary (an illustration would help too). I'd do it myself, but I'm pretty busy right now. -Lommer | talk 23:57, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

I would like to see more on the gimbal lock problem. are there designs where this is not an issue? how bad is it? (it sounds very bad)

 * Not a problem aboard ship, it is a disaster on a space launch vehicle. It is avoided by use of a fourth gimbal. In one system, the fourth gimbal is used to maintain the outer and middle gimbals at right angles, deriving a drive signal from the angle between them. While this prevents gimbal lock, there is yet a problem called "gimbal flip". This occurs when the fourth gimbal reaches an indecision point -- should it drive clockwise or counterclockwise to maintain the outer and middle gimbals at right angles. This in turn is remedied by reversing the fourth gimbal drive when the indecision point is neared. Gimballed systems are obsolete, replaced by systems using strapdown (body mounted) sensors and computing orientation, and velocity digitally.

 * The article on Quaternions does little to explain their application to Inertial navigation and their relationship to direction cosines. Also missing is any mention of Euler's rotation theorem. 70.118.127.94 21:16, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I have moved all the gimbal lock stuff to the dedicated gimbal lock page where people interested could get a better insight (at least I hope so). MathsPoetry (talk) 21:55, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

What is AS-XII
Exactly what is AS-XII? Is it supposed to be Apollo 13? The only references I can find to AS-XII are websites that are basically mirrors of Wikipedia. Jachim 04:39, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

History of Gimbals
Gimbals are known from Tang times (http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/china/xian/fa13.html) or earlier, when they were used in Buddhist incense burners. Need a good historian of technology to expand this article. Gunth1u 02:57, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

In the preamble it is written that no one person is identified as the inventor of the gimbal. However, in the History section, a defined person is claimed to be the inventor. Putje81 (talk) 09:27, 30 January 2012 (UTC)]

 * Probably should say instead "The first known description of the gimbal was by..." or something similar. The references need to be checked first to establish exactly what they say.  Spinning  Spark  13:12, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Animated image
We should incorprate an animated image such as this one:Image:Gyroscope operation.gif into the page to help illustrate the idea better. Jesse Crouch (talk) 20:54, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

hey the material is not sufficient....some animation should be provided too.

There is one on the Norwegian page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.69.119.202 (talk) 00:19, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Ethymology
Where does the word gimbal come from? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.69.119.202 (talk) 00:24, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

 * From Latin "gemellus" (twin-like, Diminutive of geminus), to old French "jumel" and as a variant of late Middle English "gemel" and "gimmal" (twin, hinge, finger ring which can be divided into two rings) to late 16th century "gimbal" (a plural denoting connecting parts in machinery).--89.144.223.185 (talk) 13:44, 13 March 2018 (UTC)
 * See Jabberwocky -Wikipedia article for 1871 use of "gymbal" as a verb Jrgetsin (talk) 13:45, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

heart gimbals
Not a physicist. Believe heart lives in gimbals with many unique physiologic tethers. What does NASA have on this that can be imported to Wikipedia for an interesting encyclopedic article? --lbeben 01:35, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Gimbal lock
I have rewritten the Gimbal lock page.

I have moved the material related to the gimbal lock problem from the Gimbal page to the Gimbal lock page. So, my apologies for having "stolen" some material from this page. But I think that at the end everything is clearer. Especially that some solutions for the gimbal lock problems in inertial navigation were absent from the original text.

Also, the current explanation of the gimbal lock was wrongly placed in the "aerospace" section. A gimbal lock can occur on a submarine too AFAIK, so I have merged "marine" and "aerospace" paragraphs here.

MathsPoetry (talk) 21:46, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Picavet cross
Name the Picavet under References? See [] it stabilizes the mount of a camera horizontally, while the tethering line of a kite or balloon may move and change its angle. --Helium4 (talk) 13:44, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

History
The intro of this article mentions "Cardan suspension" but totally fails to describe its meaning/significance in the article body, leaving a big "huh?" for the reader. Needs work. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 16:03, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Done.  Spinning Spark  11:59, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

Topic Animated Graphic
I believe the animated graphic in the top right corner of this page represents a three-axis gimbal, not the "Illustration of a simple two-axis gimbal set; the center ring can be vertically fixed" labeled. If the center right were vertically fixed, then it should be a two-axis gimbal. 199.115.189.190 (talk) 19:50, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

Largest gimbal?
Is there a way (or need) to mention the largest gimbal yet constructed, which had 2-meter bearings and was mounted on the GloMar Explorer in the 70s to support the Clementine recovery claw and the Russian submarine K-129 (more than 20,000 tons total? It is described by several of the engineers who designed & used it in the documentary "Azorian: The Raising of the K-129" (2010). Steve8394 (talk) 00:02, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gimbal


text:
Karamojong people

The Karamojong or Karimojong are a Nilotic ethnic group. They are agro-pastoral herders living mainly in the north-east of Uganda. Their language is also known as ngaKarimojong and is part of the Nilotic language family. Their population is estimated at 475,000 people.

History
The Karamojong live in the southern part of the region in the north-east of Uganda, occupying an area equivalent to one tenth of the country. According to anthropologists, the Karamojong are part of a group that migrated from present-day Ethiopia around 1600 A.D. and split into two branches, with one branch moving to present day Kenya to form the Kalenjin group and Maasai cluster. The other branch, called Ateker, migrated westwards. Ateker further split into several groups, including Turkana in present-day Kenya, Iteso, Dodoth, Jie, Karamojong, and Kumam in present-day Uganda, also Jiye and Toposa in southern Sudan all of them together now known as the "Teso Cluster" or "Karamojong Cluster".

It is said that the Karamojong were originally known as the Jie. The name Karamojong derived from the phrase "ekar ngimojong", meaning "the old men can walk no farther". According to tradition, the peoples now known as the Karamojong Cluster or Teso Cluster are said to have migrated from Abyssinia between the 1600 and 1700 AD as a single group. When they reached the area around the modern Kenyan-Ethiopian border, they are said to have fragmented into several groups including those that became Turkana, Toposa, and the Dodoth. The group that became known as the Toposa continued to present-day southern Sudan; the Dodoth settled in Apule in the northern part of present-day Karamoja. The Turkana settled in Kenya where they remain to this day and today's Jie of Uganda are thought to have split from them, moving up the escarpment into today's Kotido District. The main body continued southwards, reportedly consisting of seven groups or clans who settled in today's southern Karamoja, eventually merging to become the three clans now existing: the Matheniko in the east around Moroto mountain, the Pian in the south and the Bokora in the west. However, a significant sized group went west and formed the Iteso, the Kumam, and the Langi. It was this group who were said to have used the phrase "the old men can walk no farther".

Language
Related to Turkana: in the Karamojong language, the people and the language have the convenient prefixes ŋi- and ŋa- respectively. Lack of a prefix indicates the land where they live. All the above-mentioned branches from Ateker speak languages that are mutually intelligible. The Lango in Uganda are also ethnically and genetically close to the ŋiKarimojong, evidenced by similar names among other things, though they adopted a dialect of the Luo language.

Culture
The main livelihood activity of the Karamojong is herding livestock, which has social and cultural importance. Crop cultivation is a secondary activity, undertaken only in areas where it is practicable.

Due to the arid climate of the region, the Karamojong have always practised a sort of pastoral transhumance, where for 3–4 months in a year, they move their livestock to the neighboring districts in search of water and pasture for their animals.

The availability of food and water is always a concern and affects the Karamojong's interaction with other ethnic groups.

Social organization
The dominant feature of Karamojong society is their age system, which is strictly based on generation. As successive generations have an increasing overlap in age, this leads logically to a breakdown of the system, which appears to have occurred after rules were relaxed in the nineteenth century among their close neighbours, the Jie. However, the Karamojong system is flexible enough to contain a build-up of tension between generations over a cycle of 50 years or so. When this can no longer be resolved peacefully, the breakdown in order leads to a switch in power from the ruling generation to their successors and a new status quo. The next changeover is expected around 2013, and we should by now know if the prediction was accurate. [Dyson-Hudson, Neville (1966), Karimojong Politics, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Spencer, Paul (1998), The Pastoral Continuum: The Marginalization of Tradition in East Africa, Clarendon Press, Oxford (pp. 99–119).] As both a rite of passage into manhood, as well as a requirement for engagement, a young Karamojong man is required to wrestle the woman he desires to marry. If he is successful in winning the wrestling match against the woman, he is now considered to be a man and is permitted to marry the woman. This ensures that the man will be strong enough to care for and protect his wife. After a successful match, the dowry negotiations are allowed to commence. In an instance where the young man is unable to defeat the woman in the wrestling match, he will not be considered by his people to be a man and will often leave to marry a woman from a different people-group where a test of strength is not required. If a non-Karamojong man desires to marry a Karamojong woman, he is also required to go through this ceremony.

Karamojong traditional dance have remarkable and has stood the taset of time.

Conflicts
The Karamojong have been involved in various conflicts centered on the practice of cattle raids.

The Karamojong are in constant conflict with their neighbors in Uganda, South Sudan and Kenya due to frequent cattle raids. This is because cattle are an important element in the negotiations for a bride and young men use the raids as a rite of passage and way of increasing their herds to gain status. In recent years the nature and the outcome of the raids have become increasingly violent with the acquisition of AK47s by the Karamojong.

The Ugandan government has attempted to disarm the Karamojong but they have been reluctant to give up their weapons due to a need to defend themselves against cross-border cattle raids. The Department for Karamoja Affairs was established by the Ugandan government to address the special needs of the area; in 2000, it was estimated that the Karamojong people had between 100,000 and 150,000 weapons. In December 2000, the Ugandan government passed the Disarmament Act that offered iron sheets and plows in exchange for the weapons. The Karamojong were resistant to the idea; fewer than 10,000 weapons were ever recovered.

The Karamojong have been continually discriminated against in the modern era, first for resisting British colonizers in what is now Uganda, and in the late 20th and 21st centuries and for maintaining underdeveloped villages compared to more urban parts of the country. Then-Prime Minister Milton Obote famously said in 1963 "We shall not wait for Karamoja to develop," advocating for the Ugandan government to effectively abandon their fellow countrymen.

title: Karamojong people


text:
User:Zhatt/Notes

Other accounts:
 * French

Blank world map:
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No image yet:
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Compact TOC:
 * Template:CompactTOC
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Lists and dates:
 * List of Canadian Leaders of the Opposition

Timelines:
 * Template:Prime Ministers of Canada timeline
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 * User:Zhatt/Canadian comparison timeline since Confederation

Edits:
 * Start: June 10, 2005
 * 250: July 13, 2005
 * 500: July 22, 2005
 * 750: July 28, 2005
 * 1000: August 10, 2005
 * 1250: September 8, 2005
 * 1500: October 12, 2005
 * 1750: November 9, 2005
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 * 2250: December 28, 2005
 * 2300: January 10, 2006
 * 3400: Febuary 9, 2006
 * 3500: March 14, 2006
 * 3600: Arp 4, 2006
 * 3

 * Zhatt made #2034 on the List of Wikipedians by number of edits for November 29, 2005 with 1959 total edits on all namespaces.
 * Zhatt made #1931 on the List of Wikipedians by number of edits for October 15, 2005 with 1683 total edits on all namespaces.
 * Zhatt made #992 on the List of Wikipedians by number of recent edits for September 2005 with 173 total edits on all namespaces.

Templates: Notice: This is a notice.

Archives:  Archive 1 ~ Archive 2

 This page has been vandalized 0 times. limitedgeographicscope

title: User:Zhatt/Notes


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Limavady Railway

The Limavady Railway was a railway line that branched off from the Belfast–Derry line at Limavady Junction near Ballykelly to Limavady. The line was later extended a further 7 miles to Dungiven. The Limavady to Dungiven section of the line was closed on 3 July 1950.

The initial branch was opened on 29 December 1852 by the Londonderry and Coleraine Railway and was extended to its final terminus, Dungiven, on 4 July 1883; the extension was closed for passenger traffic on 1 January 1933 and finally closed altogether on 3 July 1950, with the rest of the line losing its passenger service the same day.

The Limavady section, having already lost its passenger service, was closed entirely on 2 May 1955. Although the line was removed, remnants of the line can be found around Limavady, usually in the form of bridges, including the old railway bridge outside Limavady on the Seacoast Road.

An All-Island Strategic Rail Review published jointly by the Irish and Northern Irish governments in 2023 recommended reopening the line to Limavady, although it has yet to be implemented as of 2024.

title: Limavady Railway


text: User talk:82.26.85.129

title: User talk:82.26.85.129


text:
User talk:Shehzad Bhunnoo

Hi! I've moved your info to your new user page. Personal info doesn't go into the article space. Welcome! - Lucky 6.9 00:00, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shehzad Bhunnoo


text:
1960 Northwest Territories general election

The 1960 Northwest Territories general election took place on September 19, 1960.

In this election three members of the general public were randomly chosen and appointed to the council.

Elected members
For complete electoral history, see individual districts


text:
Breed (song)

"Breed" is a song by the American rock band Nirvana, written by vocalist and guitarist Kurt Cobain. It is the fourth song on their second studio album, Nevermind, released in September 1991.

Originally titled "Imodium", the demo for "Breed" had a slower tempo. It was one of two Nevermind songs, along with "Polly", dating back to 1989, when the band were still supporting their debut album, Bleach. It was never released as a single, but remained a regular part of the band's setlist until Cobain's suicide in April 1994.

Early history
Written by Cobain in 1989, "Breed" was originally titled "Imodium," after the anti-diarrhea medicine used by Tad Doyle, lead singer of Seattle rock band TAD, during Nirvana's and TAD's shared European tour. It was first performed live on October 8, 1989, at the Lif Ticket Lounge in Omaha, Nebraska.

"Breed" was first recorded in the studio in April 1990 by Butch Vig at Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin, during the recording sessions for what was intended to be the band's second album on Sub Pop, their original label. However, this planned album was cancelled after the departure of drummer Chad Channing, and the session was instead used as a demo tape, which led to the band signing with DGC Records in 1991.

Nevermind
Vig re-recorded the song during the sessions for what became the band's second album and major label debut, Nevermind, in May 1991 at Sound City Studios in Van Nuys, California. Cobain recorded four vocal takes for the song, with each successive take "getting worse because he blew his voice out," as Vig recalls. The first take was chosen as the master. Both recordings of the song also feature the guitar being panned from one channel to the next during the guitar solo to create what Cobain biographer Charles R. Cross called "a dizzying" effect.

Post-Nevermind
"Breed" was performed for the last time live at Nirvana's final concert, at Terminal Einz in Munich, Germany on March 1, 1994.

Music
"Breed" is a punk rock song that runs for a duration of three minutes and three seconds. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by BMG Rights Management, it is written in the time signature of common time, with a moderately fast rock tempo of 160 beats per minute. "Breed" is composed in the key of F♯ minor, while Kurt Cobain's vocal range spans one octave and three notes, from the low-note of C5 to the high-note of F♯5. The song follows a basic sequence of F♯5–E5–F♯5–A5–E5 in the verses and bridge and D5–A5–C5–B5 during the refrain as its chord progression.

Lyrics
Lyrically, the song addresses themes of teenage apathy and fear within the American middle-class. Stevie Chick of Kerrang wrote that lyrics such as "We can plant a house, we can build a tree" displayed Cobain's "gift for crafting witty, purposeful nonsense."

Reception
In 2015, Rolling Stone ranked "Breed" at number four on their ranking of 102 Nirvana songs, with Julianne Escobedo Shepherd calling it "one of the most alive songs on Nevermind." In 2020, it was ranked 13th on Kerrang!'s "The 20 Greatest Nirvana Songs - Ranked" list, with Sam Law writing that it was "probably Nirvana's greatest heads-down banger," and that "its 184 seconds feel guaranteed to light the fuse on every mosh within a 100-mile radius." In 2023, Stephen Thomas Erlewine ranked it at number 13 on the A.V. Club's "Essential Nirvana: Their 30 greatest songs, ranked" list.

In 2017, to mark what would have been Cobain's 50th birthday, the Phonographic Performance Limited released a list of the top 20 most played Nirvana songs on television and the radio in the United Kingdom, in which "Breed" was ranked at number 13.

On April 24, 2020, the song was performed by American musicians Post Malone and Travis Barker during their 15-song Nirvana tribute concert, which was livestreamed on YouTube and raised more than $4 million for the COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund.

In popular culture
The Nevermind version of "Breed" appears in the 2007 American action film Shoot 'Em Up, directed by Michael Davis. It also appears in the video games Tony Hawk's Proving Ground and MotorStorm. It was added to the list of tracks playable in the video game Fortnite Festival on May 2, 2024.

Personnel
Personnel are taken from the 30th anniversary edition of Nevermind

 * Kurt Cobain – guitar, vocals
 * Dave Grohl – drums
 * Krist Novoselic – bass

Certifications
}

Other releases

 * A live version, recorded on December 3, 1989, at the London Astoria in London, England, appeared on the live compilation, From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah, in November 1996. It features Channing on drums.
 * The studio version recorded at Smart Studios in April 1990 was released on the 20th anniversary "Deluxe" and "Super Deluxe" versions of Nevermind in September 2011.
 * A live version, recorded at the Commodore Ballroom in Vancouver, Canada, appeared as an Easter egg on the live video Live at the Paramount, released on DVD and Blu-Ray in September 2011.
 * An early "Rough mix" of the Nevermind version appeared on the band's posthumous box set, With the Lights Out, in November 2004. In September 2011, a second mix appeared on the 20th anniversary "Super Deluxe" version of Nevermind, which contained the early "Devonshire mixes" for the album.
 * A live version, recorded during the band's October 31, 1991 show at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle, Washington, appeared on the live video Live! Tonight! Sold Out!! in November 1994. The full concert was released on DVD and Blu-Ray on Live at the Paramount.
 * In November 2021, a version of the song recorded at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on November 25, 1991, was released on Blu-Ray and CD on the 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" version of Nevermind.
 * The 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" version of Nevermind also featured live versions of the song recorded at Del Mar Fairgrounds in Del Mar, California on December 28, 1991, at The Palace in Melbourne, Australia on February 2, 1992, and at the Nakano Sunplaza in Tokyo, Japan on February 19, 1992.
 * A live version, recorded at the 1992 Reading Festival, on August 30, 1992, in Reading, England, appeared on the CD and DVD release Live at Reading in November 2009.
 * A live version, recorded for MTV on December 13, 1993, at Pier 48 in Seattle, Washington, appeared on the live video, Live and Loud in September 2013, An edited version of the show, including "Breed," first aired on MTV on December 31, 1993.
 * The 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" reissue of Nirvana's final studio album, In Utero, released in October 2023, featured the band's full concerts at the Great Western Forum in Inglewood, California, on December 30, 1993, and at the Seattle Center Arena in Seattle, on January 7, 1994. Both shows featured performances of "Breed."

title: Breed (song)


text:
Portal:Uganda/WikiProjects

No current projects, but feel free to start one.

title: Portal:Uganda/WikiProjects


text:
CBHA-FM

CBHA-FM is a Canadian radio station. It is the CBC Radio One affiliate in Halifax, Nova Scotia, broadcasting at 90.5 MHz. It is the flagship CBC Radio One station for the Maritime provinces. CBHA's studios are located on 7067 Chebucto Road in Halifax, while its transmitter is located on Washmill Lake Drive in Clayton Park.

History
The station was launched in 1944 on 1240 AM with the call sign CBH. Prior to its launch, CBC Radio programming aired on private affiliate CHNS and its shortwave relay CHNX 6.13 MHz (in the 49m band). CBH's initial power was only 100 watts and remained at that level for 18 years. In 1947, the station moved to the CBC Radio Building at 5600 Sackville Street. In 1948, the frequency was changed to 1330, and then to 1340 in 1960. In 1963, the station moved to 860 and boosted its power to 10,000 watts.

However, CBH had to conform its nighttime signal to protect clear-channel sister station CJBC in Toronto, rendering it practically unlistenable at night in some parts of Halifax. To solve this problem, an FM rebroadcaster, CBHA-FM, was established on 90.5 FM in 1977. While it was only intended to be temporary, the CBC was unable to obtain the funding necessary to upgrade CBH's AM signal. On October 1, 1989, the AM station was shut down, and CBHA became the main CBC station in Halifax.

Local programming
The station's local programs are Information Morning and Main Street, hosted by Jeff Douglas, in the afternoon. Additionally, it produces several programs that air across the Maritimes, including the weekday noon-hour regional program Maritime Noon and the regional weekend programs Weekend Mornings, Maritime Magazine, Atlantic Airwaves and Maritime Connection.

Shows are produced at studios in the CBC Radio Building at the intersection of Bell Road, Sackville Street, and South Park Street in Halifax. The station serves the Nova Scotia mainland through a network of rebroadcast transmitters, whose schedule is identical to the signal out of Halifax, with the exception of a regional program weekday afternoons from 3:00 to 4:00. The main transmitter in Halifax, as well as the rebroadcaster in Sheet Harbour, air an additional hour of "Main Street" during this time.

Transmitters
On December 10, 2018, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved the CBC's application to operate a new FM transmitter in Digby at 107.1 MHz (channel 296A) with an effective radiated power of 420 watts (non-directional antenna with an effective height of antenna above average terrain of 256.6 metres). The callsign for the new FM transmitter at Digby is CBHA-FM-1 and rebroadcasts the programming of CBHA.

title: CBHA-FM


text:
Portal:Uganda/Things you can do

 * Expand Uganda stub articles
 * Uganda geography stubs
 * Ugandan cuisine

title: Portal:Uganda/Things you can do


text: User talk:67.101.113.10

title: User talk:67.101.113.10


text:
Portal:Uganda/Categories

Select [►] to view subcategories

title: Portal:Uganda/Categories


text:
User talk:Jory Plummer

Please click here to leave me a new message.

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Alan Au 00:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24 (Talk) 00:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

P.S. I like messages :-P

By the way, I'm a good friend of Nick's. Whenever he's busy, just ask me at my talk page. Me or Essjay will reply within the minutet often enough. Redwolf24 00:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Re: HOISINGTON
Hi,

I was in the MIDDLE of editing and writing a new page when you came in and writing that it needed to be cleaned-up. The time stamp was right on top of my initial post. Try to give a gal a chance to get it right, huh? I intend to keep working on it too.

I am glad someone is interested in the article, but wow that was fast.

Thanks, Teri

Careful...
Hey, I noticed you've been rather trigger happy with the speedy delete template there. (Rebirth of a Nation, Yiduan, denying the consequent, etc. - I took the template out of these because they are all fine articles) Fighting vandalism is a great thing your doing, but be careful not to propose too much for deletion. Hopefully you've read the Criteria for speedy deletion. I always ask myself - Is there any possibility that this page will ever turn into something useful? Hathawayc 08:59, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

RE: Sorry!
Hey, no worries! We were all new once, and we're all on the look out for eachother. Hathawayc 09:05, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

User page
Do you need help with designing your user page? If so, feel free to ask me- I could give you a few pointers. If your user page is under construction, then place in it. Good luck. ;) -- How may I serve you? Marshall Williams2   Talk Autographs Contribs 00:09, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jory Plummer


text:
Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal

The Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy that was discovered in 1990 by Mike Irwin as the 8th satellite of the Milky Way, located in the constellation of Sextans. It is also an elliptical galaxy, and displays a redshift because it is receding from the Sun at 224 km/s (72 km/s from the Galaxy). The distance to the galaxy is 320,000 light-years and the diameter is 8,400 light-years along its major axis.

Like other dwarf spheroidal galaxies, the Sextans Dwarf's population consists of old, metal-poor stars: one study found that the majority of stars have a metallicity between [Fe/H] = −3.2 and −1.4. An analysis of several stars found them to also be deficient in barium, except for one star.

title: Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal


text: User:Jory Plummer

title: User:Jory Plummer


text:
American Gem Society

The American Gem Society (AGS) is a trade association of retail jewelers, independent appraisers, suppliers, and selective industry members, which was founded in 1934 by Robert M. Shipley.

The Society is based in Las Vegas, Nevada, along with the affiliated American Gem Society Laboratories (AGSL) (founded in 1996) and the American Gem Society Advanced Instruments Division (founded in 2004).

The Society trains and certifies jewelers, gemologists, and jewelry appraisers. Diamond grading is a specialty of the American Gem Society Laboratories and the Society has developed its own cut, color, and clarity standards.

History
The AGS was created by Robert M. Shipley. During the 1920s, Shipley was operating quite successfully as a jeweler. However, despite his years in the industry, his lack of expertise regarding gems and jewelry was revealed to him by a pair of his best customers. Humbled by this revelation, Shipley realized that this was a big problem among American jewelers, one which likely accounted for much of the public's distrust for the profession at the time. Shipley lost his jewelry stores in a divorce and went to Europe, where he completed the Great Britain National Association of Goldsmiths gemological correspondence course. He brought his newfound expertise back to Los Angeles, where he founded his own preliminary course in gemology on September 16, 1930. For the next few years he worked to promote the need for gemological education and train a new breed of "certified" jewelers. These jewelers would form the foundation of the Gemological Institute of America (GIA), and later the AGS.

In its history, the AGS has achieved significant accomplishments within the field of gemology and jewelry.

Among these are the following:
 * Invented the industry's first scientifically reviewed, objective, and repeatable Cut Grade method.
 * Created the Ideal Cut Grade for Round Brilliant shaped diamonds, often known as the AGS Ideal or the Triple Zero Cut.
 * Offered the industry's first diamond grading reports with a Cut Grade for Princess, Emerald, Oval, and other fancy diamond shapes.

Laboratory services
A big part of the AGS operation comes in the form of AGS Laboratories, which offers laboratory services to members of the jewelry industry. Primary among these are their diamond grading services. Jewelers are able to have their diamonds scientifically evaluated according to the Four Cs: Color, Clarity, Cut, and Carat Weight. They are then given a diamond grading report, which can be provided to a consumer in order to verify the quality of the diamond they are purchasing.

Additionally, AGS Laboratories offers laser inscription services. Through the use of a microlaser beam, the laboratory can inscribe a diamond with a serial number, a company logo, or other text on the stone. This service does not affect the quality of the diamond, and is generally performed on the girdle where it can only be viewed with a magnification device.

title: American Gem Society


text:
Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium

Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium is a rugby union stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa. It seats 4,000 people. Previously it was used as home venue by the Katlehong City Football Club, but when the club was relegated from the National First Division in May 2002, they moved their home venue to another place in the Free State Province. Since then, the stadium has mostly been used to host various Rugby games in Johannesburg.

title: Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium


text:
Flag of Ulster

The flag of Ulster is a banner based on the coat of arms of Ulster, used to represent Ulster, one of the four provinces of Ireland. It consists of a red cross on a gold background with a red hand on a white shield in the centre.

History
The flag of Ulster came about when Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster became Earl of Ulster in 1264. He merged the family arms (heraldry) of the ancient Anglo-Norman and Hiberno-Norman noble dynasty, the House of Burgh (which was a red cross on a yellow background) with that of the Red Hand of Ulster of the Irish over-kingdom of Ulaid, which the earldom encompassed.

The de Burgh family heraldry is said to have come about after Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent had fought in the Third Crusade but had no coat of arms himself. He carried a gold coloured shield into battle. Following a battle, King Richard the Lionheart of England gave de Burgh a coat of arms by dipping his finger into the blood of a Saracen slain at the feet of de Burgh and marked a red cross onto de Burgh's shield; stating "for your bravery, this shall be your crest".

The origin of the Red Hand of Ulster however is shrouded in mystery, with a popular legend saying that in the race to claim the kingship of Ulster, the first man to lay his hand on the province would have claim to it. This led one man to chop off his hand and throw it over his comrades.

There was dispute throughout the early modern period over which Irish clan had the right to it. Either the Magennises who were the ruling dynasty of the Uí Echach Cobo, part of the original Ulaid, or the O'Neill's, the ruling dynasty of the Cenél nEógain, who after 1317 claimed the kingship of Ulaid for the first time. Eventually in 1908 the then head of the O'Neill clan admitted that it originally belonged to the Magennises.

There is often debate as to if a dexter (right) or sinister (left) hand is to be used on the flag. Whilst usually a right hand is used on the flag, several organisations such as the former 36th (Ulster) Division that also used a left hand. The symbols also appear in heraldry for some of the counties of Ulster. The counties of Antrim, Fermanagh, Londonderry and Tyrone all use a right red hand in their coats of arms. County Louth also use a right hand but theirs is skin coloured as it symbolises the hand of God rather than the red hand of Ulster.

Colours
One interpretation of the colours gold, red, and white is certified by the British Flag Institute, in agreement with Vexillology Ireland.

20th century
In the 20th century, during the partition of Ireland, the flag of Ulster was used as the basis for creating the Ulster Banner to be used as the flag of Northern Ireland. The background was changed to white with the shield behind the hand being replaced to a six pointed star to symbolise the six counties of Ulster that made up Northern Ireland with a crown on top to symbolise loyalty to the United Kingdom. This Ulster Banner is sometimes known as the "6 counties flag", whereas the provincial flag of Ulster is occasionally referred to as the "9 counties flag". The Ulster Banner is also referred to as the flag of Ulster. In 2018, it was revealed following a Freedom of Information request that Police Scotland listed that flying the flag of Ulster provocatively in Scotland could be considered an offence under the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 punishable by up to 5 years imprisonment.

Sports use
The flag of Ulster is used in sports. In rugby union, the Ireland national rugby union team which represents both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland fly the flag of Ulster alongside the Irish tricolour at their home matches. However officially, the Irish Rugby Football Union use their own neutral flag which contains symbols of the four provinces of Ireland including Ulster. During the Rugby World Cup, both flags lead the team out. Ulster Rugby which represents the province, use the flag of Ulster, as do some fans, whilst some use the Ulster Banner. In association football, fans of Cliftonville and Celtic can be seen with the flag of Ulster during their matches. The Ulster GAA also use the flag during provincial Gaelic games matches. It also features in the Four Provinces Flag used by a number of other sporting organisations that operate on an all-Ireland basis.

Forms and uses
The flag of Ulster is usually displayed alongside the flags of Leinster, Munster, and Connacht, or as part of the combined flag of the Provinces of Ireland. The flag is the official flag of the Ulster Gaelic Athletic Association and the Ulster rugby team, and is part of the IRFU four provinces flag and the Ireland hockey team flag.

title: Flag of Ulster


text: User talk:68.53.86.127

title: User talk:68.53.86.127


text:
Ardeshir Zahedi

Ardeshir Zahedi, GCVO ( 16 October 1928 – 18 November 2021) was an Iranian politician and diplomat who served as the country's foreign minister from 1966 to 1971, and its ambassador to the United States and the United Kingdom during the 1960s and 1970s.

Early life
Born in Tehran on 16 October 1928, he was the son of General Fazlollah Zahedi, who served as prime minister after participating in the CIA-led coup which led to the fall of Mohammed Mossadegh, and wife Khadijeh Pirnia.

Zahedi received a degree in agriculture from Utah State University in 1950, where he was a member of Kappa Sigma. Seven years later, he married the eldest daughter of the Shah of Iran and granddaughter of the King of Egypt, Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi; the marriage ended in divorce in 1964.

Political life
Zahedi served as ambassador to the United States from 1960 to 1962 and to the United Kingdom from 1962 to 1966. He served as minister of foreign affairs from 1966 to 1971 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Amir Abbas Hoveida. Zahedi again became ambassador to the United States from 1973 until the Iranian Revolution climaxed in January 1979. During his second stint in Washington, he won a reputation for extravagance. In the mid-1970s, Zahedi became known as a companion of the American actress Elizabeth Taylor. During the 1977 Hanafi Siege of a federal building in Washington, Zahedi and two other ambassadors from Muslim nations were able to talk the hostage-takers into surrendering and releasing 149 hostages. Over the course of 1978, it was reported in some circles that Zahedi urged the Shah to appease the rioters by making scapegoats of several high-ranking officials, including Amir Abbas Hoveida (then Prime Minister) and SAVAK director Nematollah Nassiri. When the Shah left Iran in 1979, Zahedi was still serving as ambassador in Washington, but resigned as soon as Khomeini came to power. He started fervent attempts at securing political asylum for the ailing Shah and the Imperial family in Panama, Mexico, Morocco and finally Egypt. He was present at the Shah's death bed and funeral in Cairo in 1980.

Later years
Zahedi lived in retirement in Montreux, Switzerland. He received honorary doctoral degrees of law and humanities from Utah State University, East Texas State University, Kent State University, St. Louis University, University of Texas, Montana State University, Washington College, Westminster College, Harvard University, Chung-Ang University of Seoul, and the College of Political and Social Science of Lima in Peru. In December 1976, in a ceremony held in Washington D.C., Zahedi was awarded the Kappa Sigma Fraternity 'Man of the Year' Award. In 2002, he was inducted into the Alumni Hall of Honor of the Utah State University College of Agriculture. He received many awards and honors from nations around the globe for his humanitarian service and record in international affairs.

He died at his residence in Montreux, Switzerland, on 18 November 2021, aged 93.

Zahedi's papers are held in the collection of the Hoover Institution.

Views
In an interview in May 2006, Zahedi voiced his support for Iran's Nuclear Program stating it as an "inalienable right of Iran", under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). He told Voice of America that the U.S. approved the start of Iran's $50 billion nuclear program in the 1970s. Two documents in particular, dated 22 April 1975 and 20 April 1976, show that the United States and Iran held negotiations on a nuclear program and the U.S. was willing to help Iran by setting up uranium enrichment and fuel reprocessing facilities.

National honours

 * Order_of_Crown_Ribbon_Bar_-_Imperial_Iran.svg Order of the Crown, 1st Class (Imperial State of Iran)
 * Order_of_the_Lion_and_the_Sun_(Iran)._Sash.gif Order of Humayoun, 1st Class (Imperial State of Iran)

Foreign honours

 * UK Royal Victorian Order ribbon.svg Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) of the United Kingdom
 * Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of West Germany (27 May 1967)
 * Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant of Thailand (22 January 1968)
 * Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_SSM.svg Honorary Grand Commander of the Most Esteemed Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (SSM) of Malaysia (1968)
 * Order of the Sacred Treasure of Japan (1969)
 * Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Vasa of Sweden (1971)
 * Mexican Order of the Aztec Eagle of Mexico (1975)
 * Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (24 February 2016)

title: Ardeshir Zahedi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bring back the couch

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 16:34, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

bring back the couch
mind-bogglingly non-notable seglea 00:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Delete Kind of notable in the form of attempts to increase pagerank (500+ results). The domain for this "campaign" was created on July 18th though. A USA Today columnist reporting on blogs mentions the site(the cache may change without notice), but this is still not popular enough to merit inclusion in Wikipedia. -- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 00:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge with The Daily Show MicroFeet 01:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with The Daily Show Pburka 01:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NN.  Google of "Bring back the couch"+"The Daily Show" gets only 40 unique hits.  There's not enough info to even make a footnote, and I don't see how this could change.  --A D Monroe III 02:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable.
 * {Unsigned comment by User:Themindset. -- Grev -- Talk 04:37, July 22, 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete. Far too early to merit inclusion.  -- Grev -- Talk 04:37, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete : NN --Ragib 06:58, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: No merge. Page rank boosting, and an Internet boost.  Geogre 11:37, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That may be true, but it does not diminish the worthiness of the information itself. Kurt Weber 20:56, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems likely the author just made it up. Superiority 12:54, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's just silly and pointless to have campaigns about these kind of things. --Several Times 14:00, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable fansite. Dcarrano 15:04, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Briangotts (talk) 19:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. — Sesel wa  19:24, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into The Daily Show: While I agree it is horrendously non-notable, I find it slightly amusing. --  CABHAN   TALK   CONTRIBS  19:54, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn, per A D Monroe III's Google search. --Idont Havaname 00:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. John Stewart mentioned the blog on his show just a couple of days ago. I've seen it referenced on MediaBistro, Wonkette, Lindsayism, Slate, and Entertainment Weekly. In any case, it'll become clearer in a couple of days how notable this becomes, but it isn't a hoax. --Arcadian 00:59, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn fansite. JamesBurns 03:45, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: it's not notable to me. IINAG 18:33, 23 July 2005 (utc)
 * Merge into The Daily Show and redirect Not worthy of an article in its own right, but definitely belongs in the encyclopedia. Kurt Weber 20:54, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. This doesn't need its own article, but it is notable enough for a paragraph on the Daily Show page. A redirect would be appropriate. Binadot 22:35, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * delete Jon Stewart mentions the couch on the show. A few lines from one or two episodes, and a website about it, are not remotely notable. Not to mention that there is so many funnier things on the show than this. Sabine's Sunbird 23:22, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Pagrashtak 06:35, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: On second thought, it really is horribly non-notable. -- CABHAN   TALK   CONTRIBS  16:04, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Ulster flag (disambiguation)

Ulster flag is the flag of Ulster, one of the four provinces of Ireland.

Ulster flag may also refer to:

 * The Ulster Banner, the flag of the Government of Northern Ireland, and de facto flag of Northern Ireland, from 1953 to 1972
 * The other flags used in Northern Ireland

title: Ulster flag (disambiguation)


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 July 22