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User:Mkmcconn/Predestination (Calvinism)

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination is easy to state in all of its infamous bluntness (please read the Talk, if you wish to change this):

 * Predestination we call the eternal decree of God, by which He hath determined in Himself what He would have to become of every individual of mankind. For they are not all created with a similar destiny; but eternal life is foreordained for some, and eternal damnation for others.  -- John Calvin Institutes of the Christian Religion

The Westminster Confession of Faith is just as blunt, and expands the issue at length in Chapter III:

 * 3. By the decree of God, for the manifestation of His glory, some men and angels are predestinated unto everlasting life; and others foreordained to everlasting death.

And yet, what Calvinists are quite willing to confess among themselves, they sometimes are unwilling to say as boldly to others, or to allow others to attribute to them. Why is this? Is the doctrine of predestination according to Calvinism that, God foreordains some to eternal life, and others to eternal damnation, or not? Is it a decision based purely on his own will, so that there's nothing anyone can do to be saved if they aren't "one of the elect", or isn't it?

Any frank Calvinist must admit that, it appears to be as simple as that. If this is what people understand it to be, and he wants to say that they have not understood the doctrine, then the Calvinist must acknowledge that it's not for lack of understanding of the English language that they have come to their conclusion.

Besides this, notwithstanding the bluntness of its statements, the Westminster Confession of Faith uses notoriously peculiar language on these points in Chapter III.

 * 1. God from all eternity, did, by the most wise and holy counsel of His own will, freely, and unchangeably ordain whatsoever comes to pass: yet so, as thereby neither is God the author of sin, nor is violence offered to the will of the creatures; nor is the liberty or contingency of second causes taken away, but rather established.

This is a square circle indeed, if it's saying what it seems. From eternity, an order of all things is set in exhaustive detail, which nothing can change. And yet, this unchangeable order does not contradict the will of the creatures or take away their freedom, or remove second causes, much less cause the sinful choices of man? One may well wonder what the use is, of a doctrine that cannot be understood. It states plainly, what it denies in the next sentence. Here, supposedly, is a cause of every detail, that doesn't cancel second causes, or involve any coercion, or even resistance, much less offer "violence" to man's free choices or cause man to sin. In fact quite the opposite, says the confession, the freedom of man's choices is established inviolate by God's unchangeable decree. Perhaps Westminster is speaking merely of foreknowledge? Chapter III, again:

 * 2. Although God knows whatsoever may or can come to pass upon all supposed conditions, yet hath He not decreed any thing because He foresaw it as future, or as that which would come to pass upon such conditions.

A distinction is made, between the decision that God makes from himself without reference to anything else - this "eternal decree" - and any actions that He may take based upon what happens, or what will happen, or what He understands about causes and consequent effects. Predestination is not foreknowledge. Instead, in section 7, it says that a secret counsel, an eternal and immutable purpose, and the good pleasure of His will is the basis of God's decree concerning both, those who are saved and those who are damned, as opposed to "any foresight of faith, or good works, or perseverance in either of them, or any other thing in the creature, as conditions, or causes moving Him thereunto." This is where the crass criticism comes from, when referring to human hubris: "He does whatever he damn well pleases".

Now, we revisit the question of why Calvinists object when opponents repeat what Calvinists confess. The answer appears to be, because it evokes hatred of God in those who do not know God, if this be God. This appears from section 8 of chapter III:

 * The doctrine of this high mystery of predestination is to be handled with special prudence and care, that men, attending the will of God revealed in his Word, and yielding obedience thereunto, may, from the certainty of their effectual vocation, be assured of their eternal election. So shall this doctrine afford matter of praise, reverence, and admiration of God; and of humility, diligence, and abundant consolation to all that sincerely obey the gospel.

Essentially, what this is saying according to Calvinists is that, the doctrine has no profitable meaning, except for those who believe the gospel. And, say the Calvinists quite adamantly, the gospel is not about predestination but about Christ, and the forgiveness of sins.

This gospel of Christ, according to Calvinists, is to be preached freely to all men, and they are to be urged with all sincerity to trust in it. The gospel should never be replaced with teachings on election and predestination, which cannot have any profitable meaning except to those who have trusted in the gospel. It is never to be said, "to be saved, you must be elect", because, what can men do to be elect? Therefore, if Calvinists find that their doctrine concerning salvation is being described by others as "you must be elect", they will object (or at least, that appears to be what their confessional documents tell them they should do).

It is never to be said, "judgment is based on God's decree", or "most men are damned before they are even born". That is a false way of speaking to the world. Judgment is based on the good and the evil that men do, Calvinists say, because that is what the gospel says. "Turn away from sin, trust in God and believe in Christ" is the gospel, according to Calvinists; "You must be elect" is an antigospel because it subjects men to false notions of futility, and it is therefore an obstacle to faith, something that should not be said because even if the words are right, the spirit of the words as expressed in unbelief is completely antithetical to their believing intent.

And so, what is the doctrine of predestination? The Calvinists say that it is instruction for those who believe, not to credit their believing to themselves, but to God who has had mercy and granted them faith, in love. It teaches those who have begun to trust God, to continue to trust even to the end of the world, because He has been faithful from the foundations of the world. And, those who have begun to obey, learn that salvation is not an achievement to be earned by them: rather, it is God, who is at work in them to make them willing, and able to live for Him. It teaches them when they preach the gospel to others, not to burden themselves with responsibility for whether they are believed: this is a matter between the others, and God. Therefore, if the world is too stubborn to listen, plead with God to grant them ears to hear, in whose hands are the fates of all men. And, because of this doctrine, no one can say "this people or that people cannot receive the gospel, because circumstances have made it impossible": God is the maker of all circumstance. Therefore, plead with God that he would be willing to overcome every obstacle. And if God by decree has the reins of the hearts and the will of men, then plead with God that men would be turned toward life. Predestination is the doctrine of Calvinism, only if it teaches joy and patience, and the assurance of God's faithfulness.

In other words, it is a doctrine intended to instruct Christians in the obedience of faith, not in the metaphysics of "will" in the abstract. It teaches them to credit nothing in creation for their salvation, but only God alone. And they are cautioned never to use this doctrine wrongly: because if these things are preached to those who do not believe the gospel, they will be provoked to blaspheme God. Because if election is preached, they will only hear a perverse message of damnation, or a message which makes them complacent in their sin. But if repentance and forgiveness through faith in Christ are preached, who knows but that God has written their names for the gift of repentance, in the book of life? So say the Calvinists.


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San Miguel Eskrima

San Miguel Eskrima is one of the major systems of eskrima, a martial arts from the Philippines. Founded by Filemon "Momoy" Cañete of the Doce Pares Club, SME served as vehicle for his own personal expression of the art and methodology of the club of which he was a co-founder and instructor. The name San Miguel (or Saint Michael) is taken from Michael (archangel), the slayer of Satan, and is one of the major strikes used in Eskrima (From right shoulder to left hip).

The system
San Miguel Eskrima is blade-based martial art system wherein various weapons are used as a primary training tools to teach universally transferable skills.

There are two schools of thought on the birth of the San Miguel Eskrima style: The first, sees the San Miguel Eskrima part of an older style called Eskrima of God and Founded by the Ortega Family and more recently by Father Miguel Ortega, Father Jose Ortega and Father Nicolas Ortega in 1930 in Talaga (Argao).

- Father Miguel Ortega, was President of the Church of Talaga City, co-founder of the Eskrima style of God and Founder of the style of San Miguel Eskrima called SM Dubli X, style that preferred Long Distance and Medium Distance using passing and rushing shots. Among the few students of Father Miguel Ortega we find Filemon Momoy Canete, who later gives his name to his personal interpretation of San Miguel Eskrima Dubli X, "San Miguel Eskrima" in Cebu City.

- Father Nicolas Ortega was responsible for the training of the Filipino rebels during the Japanese invasion, and was awarded a National recognition still present today in front of the church of Talaga with a statue that represents it.

- Father Jose Ortega, co-founder of the Eskima of God, taught the style of the Church to the Seminarists of Talaga.

The Foundation of the Eskrima of God is linked to a lineage that took place within the Ecclesiastical Order, from Priest to Priest over time and the style began in the late 1800s. In the first school of thought the San Miguel Eskrima founded by the GM Momoy Canete would have only been a small technical part of the style San Miguel Eskrima Dubli X (which in turn was part of the older style called Eskrima of God) or The San Miguel Eskrima X System, to which Momoy gave the name in appreciation and respect towards his Original Master Father Miguel Ortega and in which passing shots were preferred, and double passing strokes, short strokes using the technique of Arco de abaniko and totsada, without an emphasis specific to only one type of weapon, but single stick, double stick, knife, double knife, espada y daga (sword and dagger) (taught to Momoy not by Father Miguel Ortega but by Gm Jesuis Qui to Cebu City), bankaw, saguidas. The steps of the San Miguel Eskrima X System were cross legs and Linambay.

While in the second school of thought, in San Miguel Eskrima special emphasis is placed on training with the espada y daga (sword and dagger) that Momoy has learned from Jesuis Qui. The system encompasses single and double stick, dagger, long blade, bullwhip, staff as well as non-weapon, empty hand areas such as striking, elbows, takedowns, chokes, knees and kicks. Like all eskrima systems, San Miguel Eskrima uses the rattan stick as a primary teaching tool in place of other bladed weapons.

San Miguel Eskrima is characterized by constant movement, efficiency and simplicity. Proper and precise body mechanics are emphasized, as do proper striking involving speed and power. Although the system trains with both low stances and stand up stances more common in today's Doce Pares as influenced by Momoy's brother Cacoy, the former (low) stances are preferred by SME practitioners for its power and stability. However, both low and high stances are employed when the situation arises. The system encompasses close quarter (corto) fighting with weapons and empty hands, long range (largo mano) and throws/grappling (dumog).

San Miguel Eskrima training is skill based, as opposed to technique based. Constant drilling, forms and "repitacions" are combined with one-on-one touch hands guided sparring with the instructor. It is for this skill based approach that SME needs to be taught in a more intimate setting between instructor and student or a smaller group where touching hands with an instructor is essential. It is through this type of interaction that sensitivity is heightened and the instructor "guides" the student. For certain aspects of San Miguel Eskrima such as drills and forms, these aspects of San Miguel Eskrima make it difficult to teach in a large classroom and seminar based environment.

A common source of confusion is that San Miguel Eskrima is separate from Doce Pares; not realizing that San Miguel was a particular expression and methodology of Momoy within the Doce Pares Club and system. Many of the current Doce Pares drills have their roots and terminology in Momoy. Momoy was the club's founder and its longest instructor until his death in 1995.

Filemon "Momoy" Cañete - founder
Born Filemon Cañete, on November 22, 1904, in the central Philippine island of Cebu, Momoy was the chief instructor of the Doce Pares Club for 55 years until his death in 1995. Together with Lorenzo Saavedra, Teodoro Saavedra, Rostico Cobarrubias and others they formed the Labangon Fencing Club in 1920. In 1932, Momoy joined both Saavedras and his other brothers to form the Doce Pares Club.

Momoy was part of Cebu's famed Cañete clan of eskrimadors (martial artists that practiced eskrima). His brothers included Eulogio (Euling, b. 1919), Tirso, Ciriaco (Cacoy), Rufino and Silvestre.

Organizations
With the passing of its founder, Momoy's son Andres "Kano" Cañete has become one of the current official recognized bearers of the system. The remaining top students, former well-known fighters of Momoy and now Grandmasters, Benjamin "Ben" Culanag, Urbano "Banoy" Borja, Federico Mendoza Jnr, Edring Casio, Genaro "Naro" Mendoza serve as the Advisory Council of the system. He will be the first Student of Momoy to open the Club of San Miguel Eskrima in Mambalin Street along with Idring Casio and Prudencio Ondo Caburnay(Lapunti Arnis). The council oversees all functions of the San Miguel Eskrima organization including curriculum and organizational direction.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: San Miguel Eskrima


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Amazing Agent Luna

Amazing Agent Luna is an original English-language manga series written by Nunzio DeFilippis and Christina Weir (also authors of Destiny's Hand), with art by Shiei. It is published by Seven Seas Entertainment, and was one of the company's initial titles upon establishment. It is one of their best-selling OEL manga, even placing on the New York Times Manga Best Seller List.

During the original run of the comic, a prequel, titled Amazing Agent Jennifer, was also written by DeFilippis and Weir, but with art done by Kriss Sison. It focuses on Dr. Jennifer Kajiwara, Luna's biological mother, before she became her control agent in the main story.

Plot
The story follows Luna, a genetically engineered super-spy created by the US government. Raised in isolation and trained only as a spy, at the age of 15, Luna is assigned to pose as a normal high school girl. Since she never knew real parents or friends, the situation is confusing for her, but she makes friends with Oliver, a skater with a crush on her; and Francesca, a nice girl who used to be friends with Luna's rival. However, she also has to deal with the emotions and events faced by many teenagers, and the fact that the boy she develops a crush on, Jonah, is the son of her main enemy, Count Von Brucken.

title: Amazing Agent Luna


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User:TEW

I live and work in Chicago, Illinois.

I'm primarily interested (as far as Wikipedia goes) in the history of Chicago cultural institutions:
 * the Municipal Flag of Chicago, and Wallace Rice
 * the Chicago-style hot dog

title: User:TEW


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John Joseph Hogan

Bishop John Joseph Hogan (May 10, 1829 – February 21, 1913)  was an Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the first Bishop of the Diocese of Saint Joseph in Missouri (1868 to 1880) and the first bishop of the Diocese of Kansas City in Missouri (1880 to 1913).

Biography
Hogan was born on May 10, 1829, in Bruff, County Limerick, Ireland, and immigrated to the United States in 1847. He settled in St. Louis, Missouri, where he attended seminary, and was ordained priest of the Archdiocese of Saint Louis on April 10, 1852.

Priesthood
After his ordination, Hogan served as a missionary to enslaved people in Potosi and Old Mines, Missouri in 1852 and 1853. He then became a pastor at Saint John Apostle and Evangelist Parish, then founded Saint Michael's Parish, both in St. Louis. In 1857, Hogan started a series of missions in outside St. Louis, ministering mainly to transient Irish railroad workers and Catholic settlers. He ministered primarily in Chillicothe, Macon City, Brookfield, Mexico, and Cameron, Missouri.

In 1859, Hogan founded a settlement of Irish immigrants in southern Missouri, but it was wiped out during the American Civil War; this area is now called the Irish Wilderness. The northern Missouri missions suffered greatly during the war due to attacks of bushwackers. The public school system collapsed during the war, and Hogan set up a school for two years.

After the war, Hogan was arrested for failing to take the Ironclad oath, a requirement of the Radical Missouri constitution of 1865; this provision was later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States.

Bishop of Saint Joseph
Hogan was appointed by Pope Pius IX as bishop of the newly erected Diocese of Saint Joseph on March 3, 1868. He was consecrated bishop by Archbishop Peter Kenrick on September 13, 1868.

Bishop of Kansas City
Hogan was appointed by Pope Leo XIII as bishop of the newly erected Diocese of Kansas City on September 10, 1880, while remaining apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Saint Joseph. Hogan resigned from administration of Saint Joseph on June 19, 1893.

Death and legacy
Hogan died in Kansas City, Missouri, on February 21, 1913. He is buried in the center of Priest’s Circle at Mount St. Mary’s Cemetery. Bishop Hogan High School (now Hogan Preparatory Academy) in Kansas City, Missouri, and Bishop Hogan Memorial School in Chillicothe, Missouri, were named after Hogan.

title: John Joseph Hogan


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Bendis Board

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete Hedley 01:16, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

The Bendis Board
Delete nn forum, gets 170 unique Google hits. (And what does the last sentence mean?) -Splash 03:28, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Addendum, the last sentence has, regrettably, been removed. -Splash 03:41, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete--DNicholls 03:30, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No unsigned post made by 69.227.166.204.--DNicholls 10:26, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Jtkiefer | Talk | Contributions 03:40, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Splash. Hamster Sandwich 05:55, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment 69.227.166.204 blanked this page. I restored it manually, but if an admin wants to revert it for any reason...--DNicholls 10:25, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Unencyclopedic material 18:13, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn forum, now vandalised. JamesBurns 06:49, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Urgh, please Delete Cyclone49 09:44, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Johann Christoph Wilhelm Ludwig Döderlein

Johann Christoph Wilhelm Ludwig Döderlein (19 December 1791 – 9 November 1863) was a German philologist.

Biography
Ludwig Döderlein was born at Jena. His father was Johann Christoph Döderlein, professor of theology at Jena. After receiving his preliminary education at Windsheim and Schulpforta (Pforta), he studied at Munich, Heidelberg, Erlangen and Berlin. He devoted his chief attention to philology under the instruction of such men as F. Thiersch, G. F. Creuzer, J. H. Voss, F. A. Wolf, August Boeckh and P. K. Buttmann.

In 1815, soon after completing his studies at Berlin, he accepted the appointment of ordinary professor of philology in the academy of Bern. In 1819 he was transferred to Erlangen, where he became second professor of philology in the university and rector of the gymnasium. In 1827 he became first professor of philology and rhetoric and director of the philological seminary.

Works
Döderlein's most elaborate work as a philologist was marred by over-subtlety, and lacked method and clearness. He is best known by his Lateinische Synonymen und Etymologien (1826-1838), and his Homerisches Glossarium (1850-1858). To the same class belong his Lateinische Wortbildung (1838), Handbuch der lateinischen Synonymik (1839), and the Handbuch der lateinischen Etymologie (1841), besides various works of a more elementary kind intended for the use of schools and gymnasia. Most of the works named have been translated into English.

To critical philology Döderlein contributed valuable editions of Tacitus (Opera, 1847; Germania, with a German translation) and Horace (Epistolae, with a German translation, 1856-1858; Satirae, 1860). His Reden und Aufsätze (Erlangen, 1843-1847) and Öffentliche Reden (1860) consist chiefly of academic addresses dealing with various subjects in pedagogy and philology.


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Sky (Yui Horie album)

Sky (stylized as sky) is Yui Horie's third solo album. A limited edition version of this album was released with an alternate album cover and included a photo book. This album also has the opening and ending themes from her radio show "Tenshi no Tamago".

Track listing

 * 1) "お気に入りの自転車"   (o-Ki ni iri no jitensha, My favourite bicycle)
 * 2) "Romantic flight"
 * 3) "Eyes memorize"
 * 4) "見つめられたら" ~ when I fall in love with you   (Mitsumeraretara, When being gazed upon)
 * 5) "Rain"
 * 6) "It's my style"
 * 7) "タイムカプセル"   (Taimu kapuseru, Time capsule)
 * 8) "ひまわりと飛行機雲"   (Himawari to hikōkigumo, Sunflowers and a vapor trail)
 * 9) "Angel 恋をした"   (Angel koi o shita, Angel, I fell in love)
 * 10) "All my love" - album mix
 * 11) "Tomorrow"
 * 12) "I just wanna be with you"
 * 13) "In the sky"

title: Sky (Yui Horie album)


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Chemical oxygen generator

A chemical oxygen generator is a device that releases oxygen via a chemical reaction. The oxygen source is usually an inorganic superoxide, chlorate, or perchlorate. Ozonides are a promising group of oxygen sources, as well. The generators are usually ignited by a firing pin, and the chemical reaction is usually exothermic, making the generator a potential fire hazard. Potassium superoxide was used as an oxygen source on early crewed missions of the Soviet space program, in submarines for use in emergency situations, for firefighters, and for mine rescue.

In commercial airliners

Commercial aircraft provide emergency oxygen to passengers to protect them in case of loss of cabin pressure. Chemical oxygen generators are not used for the cockpit crew, who are typically supplied using compressed oxygen canisters, also known as oxygen bottles. In narrow body airliners, for each row of seats there were overhead oxygen masks and oxygen generators. In some wide-body airliners, such as the DC-10 and IL-96, the canisters and oxygen masks are mounted in the top portion of the seat backs, since the ceiling is too high above the passengers. If a decompression occurred, the panels were opened either by an automatic pressure switch or by a manual switch, and the masks are released. When the passengers pull down on the mask they removed the retaining pins and triggered the production of oxygen.

The oxidizer core is sodium chlorate (NaClO3), which is mixed with less than 5 percent barium peroxide (BaO2) and less than 1 percent potassium perchlorate (KClO4). The explosives in the percussion cap are a lead styphnate and tetrazene explosive mixture. The chemical reaction is exothermic and the exterior temperature of the canister will reach 260 °C. It will produce oxygen for 12 to 22 minutes. The two-mask generator is approximately 63 mm in diameter and 223 mm long. The three-mask generator is approximately 70 mm in diameter and 250 mm long.

In May 11, 1996, accidental activation of improperly shipped expired generators, mistakenly labeled as empty, caused the ValuJet Airlines Flight 592 crash, killing all on board. An ATA DC-10, Flight 131, was also destroyed while parked at O'Hare Airport, on August 10, 1986. The cause was the accidental activation of an oxygen canister, contained in the back of a broken DC-10 seat, being shipped in the cargo compartment to a repair station. There were no fatalities or injuries because the plane contained no passengers when the fire broke out.

Oxygen candle
A chlorate candle, or an oxygen candle, is a cylindrical chemical oxygen generator that contains a mix of sodium chlorate and iron powder, which when ignited smolders at about 600 °C, producing sodium chloride, iron oxide, and at a fixed rate of about 6.5 man-hours of oxygen per kilogram of the mixture. The mixture has an indefinite shelf life if stored properly: candles have been stored for 20 years without decreased oxygen output. Thermal decomposition releases the oxygen. The burning iron supplies the heat. The candle must be wrapped in thermal insulation to maintain the reaction temperature and to protect surrounding equipment. The key reaction is:
 * 2 NaClO3 →  2 NaCl  +  3 O2

Potassium and lithium chlorate, and sodium, potassium and lithium perchlorates can also be used in oxygen candles.

An explosion caused by one of these candles killed two Royal Navy sailors on HMS Tireless (S88), a nuclear-powered submarine, under the Arctic on 21 March 2007. The candle had become contaminated with hydraulic oil, which caused the mixture to explode rather than burn.

In the Vika oxygen generator used on some spacecraft, lithium perchlorate is the source of oxygen. At 400 °C, it releases 60% of its weight as oxygen:
 * LiClO4 →  LiCl  +  2 O2

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) oxygen generators
Advances in technology have provided industrial oxygen generator systems for use where air is available and a higher concentration of oxygen is desired. Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) incorporates a material called molecular sieve for gas separation. In the case of oxygen generation a zeolite-based sieve forces preferential adsorption for nitrogen. Clean, dry air is passed through the sieve beds on the oxygen generator, producing an oxygen-enriched gas. Nitrogen separation membrane equipment is also used.

Uses
Chemical oxygen generators are used in aircraft, breathing apparatus for firefighters and mine rescue crews, submarines, and everywhere a compact emergency oxygen generator with long shelf life is needed. They usually contain a device for absorption of carbon dioxide, sometimes a filter filled with lithium hydroxide; a kilogram of LiOH absorbs about half a kilogram of CO2.
 * Self-contained oxygen generators (SCOGs) are used in submarines.
 * Self-contained self-rescue devices (SCSRs) are used to facilitate escape from mines.
 * On the International Space Station, chemical oxygen generators are used as a backup supply. Each canister can produce enough oxygen for one crewmember for one day.

title: Chemical oxygen generator


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Great Bend Municipal Airport

Great Bend Municipal Airport is five miles west of Great Bend, in Barton County, Kansas. It is used for general aviation and formerly saw one airline, subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.

The Federal Aviation Administration says this airport had 1,407 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 927 in 2009, and 719 in 2010. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a general aviation airport (the commercial service category requires 2,500 enplanements per year).

History
In World War II the facility was Great Bend Army Airfield and was used for United States Army Air Forces Second Air Force training. It was one of the first B-29 Superfortress bases, used to organize XXI Bomber Command before it deployed to the Western Pacific in 1944. It closed in the late 1940s and was turned over to civil control.

The airport is the site of the 1955 National Hot Rod Association U.S. Nationals, the first nationwide NHRA drag racing event.

Historical airline service
The first airline flights were in 1951, on Continental Airlines DC-3s flying a ten-stop route between Denver and Kansas City. In 1961 Central Airlines replaced Continental; in 1967 Central was merged into the original Frontier Airlines. In 1970 Frontier's Convair 580s were replaced by Air Midwest 14-seat Beechcraft 99s to Denver, Kansas City and Wichita. Air Midwest later upgraded to 17-seat Fairchild Swearingen Metroliners and in 1986 the carrier began operating for Eastern Airlines as an Eastern Express feeder carrier for Eastern's hub at Kansas City. In 1988 Eastern dismantled its Kansas City hub and Air Midwest entered into a new agreement with Braniff (1983-1990) as a Braniff Express feeder carrier as Braniff was now operating a hub at Kansas City. This only lasted for one year until Braniff had shut down and Air Midwest reverted to operating under their own brand. Flights to Denver were still flown as well. In 1991 Air Midwest entered into yet another agreement, this time with US Airways as a US Airways Express feeder carrier at Kansas City and Denver. Air Midwest ended the Denver flights in 1992 and Mesa Airlines, a United Express feeder for United Airlines' hub at Denver, began service using Beechcraft 1900s. In 1998 the service to Denver as United Express was transferred to Great Lakes Airlines flying Beech-1900Ds until 2000 when Denver service ended. (During much of the 1990s, Great Bend was served by both United Express to Denver and US Airways Express to Kansas City.) In 2007 Air Midwest ended their US Airways Express flights to Kansas City at which time Great Lakes reinstated service to Great Bend, flying to Kansas City and Denver. The Kansas City flights ended in 2010 and the Denver flights in 2014, ending Great Lakes service at Great Bend. SeaPort Airlines then began service with nine-seat Cessna 208 Caravan to Kansas City and Wichita, but the carrier shut down on January 16, 2016. Since then, Great Bend has not seen a scheduled airline.

Facilities
The airport covers 1,887 acres (764 ha) at an elevation of 1,887 feet (575 m). It has two asphalt runways: 17/35 is 7,852 by 100 feet (2,393 × 30 m) and 11/29 is 4,706 by 75 feet (1,434 × 23 m).

In the year ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 8,775 aircraft operations, average 24 per day: 73% general aviation, 27% air taxi and <1% military. In December 2022, 48 aircraft were based at this airport: 37 single-engine, 7 multi-engine, 2 jet, 1 helicopter, and 1 glider.

Some former U.S. Army Air Force facilities were preserved in the airport, the site become the B-29 Memorial Plaza.

Airline and non-stop destinations
After SeaPort Airlines abruptly ended service on January 16, 2016, the airport is currently without scheduled airline service.

Other sources

 * Essential Air Service documents (Docket DOT-OST-1998-3496) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 * Order 2009-9-5 (September 11, 2009): re-selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd., to provide essential air service (EAS) at Dodge City, Garden City, Great Bend, Hays, and Liberal for the two-year period from October 1, 2009, through September 30, 2011, at combined annual subsidy rates of $8,897,565. Great Bend, Kansas: Docket OST-1998-3496; Scheduled Service: 12 one-stop round trips per week to Kansas City; Aircraft: Beech 1900, 19 seats.
 * Order 2011-10-24 (October 31, 2011): re-selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd., to provide essential air service (EAS) at Great Bend and Hays combined for $3,246,061 annual subsidy. Effective Period: Two year period beginning when American Eagle begins full EAS (at Garden City) through the 24th month thereafter. Great Bend: 12 one-stop round trips per week to Denver with Beech 1900 aircraft.
 * Order 2014-3-9 (March 14, 2014): selecting SeaPort Airlines, Inc. to provide essential air service (EAS) at Great Bend, and sets bridge rates for Great Lakes at Great Bend and Hays until the start of replacement service.
 * Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd.: Docket 1998–3496; Effective Period: May 1, 2014 through July 31, 2014; Service: Twelve (12) one-stop round trips per week to Denver (DEN); Aircraft Type: Beech 1900; Annual Subsidy: $1,975,110.
 * SeaPort Airlines, Inc.: Docket 1998–3496; Effective Period: Start of service through July 31, 2016; Service: Eighteen (18) nonstop round trips per week to Wichita (ICT); Aircraft Type: C-208 Caravan; Annual Subsidy: $1,434,472.
 * Order 2014-4-14 (April 17, 2014): approving the request of SeaPort Airlines, Inc. to alter the service pattern for Great Bend, Kansas (GBD) by allowing service to Wichita, Kansas (ICT), and to Kansas City, Missouri (MCI) via Salina, Kansas (SLN).

title: Great Bend Municipal Airport


text:
Master of Philosophy

A Master of Philosophy (MPhil; Latin Magister Philosophiae or Philosophiae Magister) is a postgraduate degree. An MPhil may be awarded to postgraduate students after completing taught coursework and one to two years of original research, which may also serve as a provisional enrolment for a PhD programme.

Australia
In Australia, the Master of Philosophy is a research degree which mirrors a Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) in breadth of research and structure. Candidates are assessed on the basis of a thesis. A standard full-time degree often takes two years to complete.

Belgium
In Belgium, the MPhil is a special research degree, and is only awarded by selected departments of a university, mostly in the fields of arts, social sciences, archaeology, philosophy and theology. Admission to these programmes is highly selective and primarily aimed at those students aiming for an academic career. After finishing these programmes, students normally pursue a PhD programme.

Canada
The MPhil is offered at some Canadian universities as a two-year degree involving coursework, examinations, and practice at academic writing. At some institutions, successful completion leads to a guaranteed place on a PhD course with "advanced standing", reducing the length of the PhD by a year.

India
Indian universities used to offer MPhil degrees as the most advanced master's degree in the fields of arts, science and humanities. The duration was typically two years long and included both a taught portion and an extensive research portion. Several universities offered enrolment in their integrated MPhil–PhD program and MPhil degree holders were usually exempted from some of the doctoral coursework requirement. In July 2020, the Government of India announced that, as part of its new National Education Policy, MPhils would be discontinued in India. In 2023, University Grants Commission reiterated that fresh admissions should not be done for MPhil degree, as it is not valid anymore.

Finland
In Finland, the regular master's degree filosofian maisteri translates to "Master of Philosophy". As in English, the term "philosophy" does not imply a specialization in theoretical philosophy. These degrees are regular master's degrees, not special "higher" degrees (cf. Licentiate and Doctor of Philosophy). In the past, filosofian maisteri signified that the degree was earned through actual studying, in contrast to honorary master's degrees that were granted upon application to bachelor's degree graduates.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, the MPhil degree is commonly offered in a number of older and more-established universities in Malaysia, including the University of Malaya, Multimedia University (MMU), Wawasan Open University, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus (UNMC), Monash University Sunway Campus (MUSC) and Curtin Malaysia Campus. In most cases, the MPhil is largely a research degree, with only a minor taught component. On a case-by-case basis, candidates must pass a viva voce examination before the degree is awarded. For UNMC and MUSC, the Faculty of Engineering offers a standalone MPhil degree which will lead to the PhD.

Specifically for the University of Malaya, if the desired field of research does not belong to any of the specialized faculties, it is normally categorized under the MPhil supervised by the Postgraduate Institute.

In November 2012, the Malaysian Qualifications Agency issued programme standards for postgraduate studies in which MPhil is attributed to Master programme by research and mixed mode (coursework and research).

Netherlands
The Dutch Department of Education, Culture and Science decided in 2009 not to recognize the MPhil degree. Accordingly, Dutch universities stopped awarding this degree and now award the legally-recognized Master of Arts or Master of Science degrees instead.

Norway
In Norway, the degree of MPhil was a master's degree (180 ECTS credits) at a level equivalent to an MA or MSc However, unlike a standard MA or MSc, which have a thesis worth 60 ECTS, the MPhil has a research workload of up to 180 ECTS. Upon completion, the MPhil graduate usually qualifies for acceptance to a PhD program. Nevertheless, the MPhil is most often taken as a standalone qualification.

The MPhil degree was considered to be equivalent to US and UK PhD degrees and from the early 1900s the PhD established itself as the usual translation of Danish and Norwegian master's degrees into English. This must be seen in the context of the fact that the PhD originally designated research education in the US and eventually equivalent degrees in the UK which had a similar scope and fulfilled a similar function as the master's degree in Denmark and Norway, as the final degree taken at the beginning of a research career, while the doctorates in Denmark and Norway were often taken by middle-aged and well-established academics. In Denmark and Norway, PhD in the 20th century was therefore not necessarily or necessarily regarded as identical to a "doctorate" as understood in Denmark and Norway.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, the MPhil is one of the most advanced master's degrees offered by public and private universities in several different fields of study. This is usually a two-year full-time program which includes teaching and research that leads to the PhD. The degree of MPhil also served as a requirement to gain admission into a Doctoral program in Pakistan until early-2021.

Spain
In Spain, the MPhil degree is equivalent to the Diploma de Estudios Avanzados, or DEA. In order to obtain it, the student has to complete a full year of doctoral courses and training in research methods, as well as doing original research towards a thesis.

United Kingdom
In most UK universities, the MPhil is a research degree. The completion of an MPhil typically requires two years of full-time (or five years or more of part-time study) and the submission of coursework and a thesis comprising a body of original research undertaken by the candidate (typically 25,000 to 50,000 words). It is common for students admitted into a PhD program at a UK university to be initially registered for the degree of MPhil, and then to transfer (or upgrade) to the PhD upon successful completion of the first (or sometimes the second) year of study: this will often involve the submission of a report or dissertation by the student, and possibly an oral examination or presentation. Conversely, a PhD candidate may transfer to an MPhil programme or be awarded the degree of MPhil if they do not meet the requirements for the award of a PhD.

Usage can be different at the ancient universities. The MPhil at Oxford and Cambridge can be either a taught degree or a research degree, and may take one or two years, depending on the course. Cambridge University offers one- and two-year-long MPhil degree programs across all of its departments and faculties, although in most cases the Cambridge MPhil is a one-year taught degree. This takes the place of the MA at other universities, as the Oxbridge MA is awarded to BA graduates after a certain period without any further study. At Oxford University, the MPhil is usually a two-year master's degree. The Oxford MPhil requires a lengthy thesis in the second year and more examinations than a one-year master's degree (such as the MSc or MSt). The ancient Scottish universities, who for historical reasons award the Scottish MA upon completion of four-year first degree programs in arts and humanities subjects, differ in their use of MPhil or MLitt for postgraduate research degrees, but are slowly standardizing to the MPhil as a research degree and the MLitt as a taught degree.

United States
Most American universities do not award the Master of Philosophy degree. A few institutions, such as Yale University, Columbia University, New York University, George Washington University, The New School, and the CUNY Graduate Center, award it under certain circumstances, such as to PhD candidates when they complete their required coursework and qualifying examinations but have not yet completed and defended their doctoral dissertation. This formalizes the more colloquial "All But Dissertation" status; as such, defense of a dissertation proposal is sometimes required for conferral. Other colleges and universities, such as the University of Michigan and the University of Pennsylvania, offer a standalone MPhil as an advanced graduate degree in various fields.

title: Master of Philosophy


text:
Ali-Sadr Cave

The Ali-Sadr Cave, originally called Ali Saadr or Ali Sard (meaning cold), is a water cave which attracts visitors every year. It is located in Ali Sadr, Kabudarahang County, about 100 km north of Hamadan, western Iran.

Description
This cave is located at 48°18'E 35°18'N, in the southern part of Ali Sadr village.

In the summer of 2001, a German/British expedition surveyed the cave, finding to be 11 km.

Early occupation
Excavations and archeological studies of the cave have led to the discovery of ancient artworks, jugs and pitchers dating back to 12,000 years ago. Animals, hunting scenes and bows and arrows are depicted on the walls and passages of the exit section. These images suggest mesolithic man used the cave as their abode. The cave was known during the reign of Darius I (521-485 BC) which can be verified by an old inscription at the entrance of the tunnel. However, the knowledge of the existence of the cave was lost and it was only rediscovered in 1963 by Iranian mountaineers.

title: Ali-Sadr Cave


text:
User:Dsmdgold/My Gallery

This is a gallery of images created by me in articles.

title: User:Dsmdgold/My Gallery


text:
Pseudodiadematidae

Pseudodiadematidae are members of the phylum Echinodermata. Their fossil remains date to the Cretaceous period (144 - 66.4 MYA). Its child geniuses are Acanthechinopsis, Acrocidaris, Acrotiaris and Aplodiadema. The distribution of fossils in the Cretaceous are in Algeria, Brazil, Egypt, France, Hungary, Jordan, Madagascar, Morocco, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, United States (Texas), and Yemen. In the Jurassic to Cretaceous it is found in China. In the Jurassic found in Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Luxembourg, Morocco, Poland, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

The full fossil reference needs translation into English.

title: Pseudodiadematidae


text:
Flag of Louisville, Kentucky

The municipal flag of Louisville is the official design used on flags to represent Louisville, Kentucky. The original design paid homage to Louis XVI of France and the thirteen states present when the city was founded. A new design was adopted in 2003 when the city merged with Jefferson County, Kentucky.

Current flag
The municipal flag of Louisville consists of a golden fleur-de-lis with two stars surrounded by the circular Louisville • Jefferson County METRO on a blue background. The year 1778 is also centrally located, signifying the city's founding. This flag has been used since the merger of the old city of Louisville with Jefferson County in 2003. The artwork was designed by Louisville native and art director, William Glenn Hack.

Former flags
The flag previously used by the city consists of 13 white stars arranged in a circular pattern in the upper-left corner with three golden fleur-de-lis in the lower-right on a navy blue background. The stars represent the 13 states which existed at Louisville's founding in 1778, while Kentucky was part of Virginia. The fleur-de-lis honor King Louis XVI of France, after whom Louisville was named because France's support during the American Revolution. The arrangement of the fleur-de-lis comes from the coat of arms and banner of the House of Bourbon. It was ranked as the ninth best city flag in the United States in a national survey conducted in 2003 and released in 2004. It was replaced by the current design when the city merged with Jefferson County.

title: Flag of Louisville, Kentucky


text:
User talk:Macs~enwiki

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. - Thatdog 03:32, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Macs. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Macs~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:31, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:46, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Macs~enwiki


text:
Talk:No-Free-Lunch theorems

I agree with the merger proposal. Hydroksyde 03:32, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Since the NFL theorems (Wolpert and Macready, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 1997) are so important, I'd like to see a specific page for them, rather than merging. Tim Watson 19:14, 19 August 2005 (UTC) (Sorry for the red link, Hydroksyde!)

title: Talk:No-Free-Lunch theorems


text:
Runcie

Runcie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Constance Faunt Le Roy Runcie, American pianist and composer
 * James Runcie (born 1959), English novelist and playwright
 * Robert Runcie, English archbishop
 * Rosalind Runcie, English pianist

title: Runcie


text:
Hans-Jörg Butt

Hans-Jörg Butt (born 28 May 1974), often simply called Jörg Butt, is a German former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Known for taking penalty kicks, and for often running into the opposing penalty box in an attempt to find a winner whenever his team were trailing, he scored 26 goals in the Bundesliga. He played for Hamburger SV, Bayer Leverkusen and Bayern Munich in his country, having arrived at Munich already aged 34.

Butt represented Germany in two World Cups and at Euro 2000.

Personal life
Butt was born in Oldenburg and raised in nearby Großenkneten, where his father Jochen ran a company manufacturing loading ramps and industrial doors. As a youngster, he played for the junior teams of his local football club, TSV Großenkneten, as a striker.

Butt is married to Katja. As of November 2010, the couple had three children – a daughter and two sons.

Hamburg/Leverkusen
Butt started his professional career with modest Oldenburg, achieving promotion to the second division in 1996. He moved to Hamburg in the 1997 summer and, in his second season, scored seven goals for the team – all from the penalty spot – adding nine in similar fashion the following campaign.

Butt joined Bayer Leverkusen on a free transfer in 2001, being the side's undisputed starter in the subsequent campaigns (he only missed one Bundesliga match in his first five seasons combined and added seven goals), and appeared in all the games (17) for a team that lost to Real Madrid in the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League final, scoring a penalty in a 3–1 home win against Juventus in the second group stage.

In 2003–04, after scoring a penalty in an away match against Schalke 04 on 17 April 2004, Butt turned away from midfield and began to enthusiastically celebrate with his teammates. He did not notice the whistle for the restart of the game and continued to celebrate. Schalke player Mike Hanke took the opportunity to shoot from the halfway line and scored while Butt was still jogging back to his position.

Benfica
After losing Leverkusen's nets to the young René Adler during the 2006–07 season, Butt decided to cancel the contract that linked him to the club until 2009, activating a clause that allowed him to leave the club should he fail to appear in more than half of the games during the second half of the campaign. In July 2007, he signed a two-year deal with Portuguese club Benfica.

Butt made his Eagles debut in the summer tournament of Torneio de Guadiana, held between Benfica, Sporting Clube de Portugal and Real Betis. In the competition, he saved a penalty against Betis, helping Benfica with the final win. At the Lisbon outfit, however, he played understudy to Portuguese international Quim, being used in the domestic cup matches. He only made one league appearance for Benfica, coming on as a substitute after Quim was sent off against C.S. Marítimo in October 2007 – in this match, he saved a penalty from Ariza Makukula with his first touch of the game, and his team eventually won 2–1.

Bayern Munich
On 4 June 2008, Butt signed a two-year contract with reigning champions Bayern Munich and was expected to act as backup to Oliver Kahn's heir, highly rated young Michael Rensing. He made his official debut for the club in the Champions League round-of-16 second leg against Sporting Lisbon in a 7–1 home drubbing, on 10 March 2009. With Rensing dropped to the bench following a 5–1 loss at Wolfsburg, he also started the remaining games of the season, as the initial first-choice was also nursing a hand injury.

After the team's poor start to the 2009–10 season with Rensing in goal, Butt was reinstated as the first-choice. On 8 December 2009, he scored his first goal for the club, a crucial penalty in the club's last Champions League group stage match at Juventus, coming from behind to a 4–1 victory – after this feat, he has managed to score a goal against Juventus in the Champions League for all three major German clubs he represented.

On 30 January 2010, Butt missed out on the opportunity to score his first league goal for Bayern as his penalty was saved by 1. FSV Mainz 05's Heinz Müller, but it proved to be of no detriment to the club as it won 3–0. On 16 February, he was rewarded for an outstanding season with a contract extension until 2011. He was also in goal for the Champions League final, where his team was denied an historic treble after losing 0–2 to Inter Milan.

Midway through the 2010–11 season, 36-year-old Butt lost his starting place to another club youth graduate, Thomas Kraft. However, a series of unconvincing displays by the youngster, including a 2–3 home loss against Inter Milan in the Champions League Round of 16 on 15 March 2011, and a 1–1 away draw with 1. FC Nürnberg on 9 April, paved the way for the veteran to return to the starting line-up, which happened on 17 April, in a 5–1 home victory over former club Bayer Leverkusen, and he still appeared in 30 official games during the campaign (23 in the league), as his team finished in third position.

On 3 May 2011, Butt signed a one-year extension to his contract with Bayern, backing up newly signed Manuel Neuer. He retired at the end of the season at the age of 38, after a friendly with the Netherlands on 22 May 2012 in which he acted as captain.

International career
Butt was Germany's third-choice goalkeeper, behind Oliver Kahn and Jens Lehmann, at both the UEFA Euro 2000 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup, remaining an unused substitute in both tournaments.

He won three international caps for Germany in friendly matches, his debut coming against Liechtenstein on 7 June 2000, where he appeared for the second half of an 8–2 routing.

Butt, Manuel Neuer and Tim Wiese were chosen as Germany's goalkeepers for the 2010 World Cup, with Butt taking the place of former Leverkusen teammate René Adler, who had to withdraw due to a rib injury. He made his only competitive international appearance on 10 July, appearing in the 3–2 win against Uruguay in the tournament's third-place playoff.

Post-retirement
Butt was appointed head of the Bayern Munich Junior Team on 1 July 2012. He left the position on 7 August, stating "I misjudged this field of activity, for which I've had responsibility for a few weeks now. I approached my new appointment with great enthusiasm, but I have realised that the task does not offer the satisfaction and passion I wanted. This is the reason for my decision. I would like to thank FC Bayern for their understanding."

Honours
VfB Oldenburg
 * Regionalliga Nord: 1995–96

Bayer Leverkusen
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2001–02
 * DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2001–02

Bayern Munich
 * Bundesliga: 2009–10
 * DFB-Pokal: 2009–10
 * DFL-Supercup: 2010
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2009–10, 2011–12

Germany
 * FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002, third place 2010

Individual
 * kicker Kicker of the Year: 2009–10
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1999–2000, 2009–10

title: Hans-Jörg Butt


text:
WPTI

WPTI (94.5 FM) is a commercial radio station, owned by iHeartMedia, licensed to Eden, North Carolina, and serving the Piedmont Triad, including the Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point media market. The station broadcasts a talk radio format; its studios and offices are located on Pai Park near Interstate 40 in Greensboro.

WPTI has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the current maximum for FM stations. The signal provides at least secondary coverage from the southern suburbs of Roanoke to the western suburbs of Raleigh-Durham. The transmitter is located further north than most of the major Triad stations, allowing much of Southside Virginia (Martinsville, Danville) to get a city-grade signal. The tower is on Lowe Road in Madison. WPTI broadcasts using HD Radio technology and formerly carried the iHeartRadio replay channel of the syndicated music show "On the Move with Enrique Santos", heard mostly on Top 40 stations, on its HD-2 digital subchannel. The HD-2 subchannel has since been turned off.

Programming
Weekdays on WPTI begin with a local news and information show hosted by K.C. O'Dea. The rest of the weekday schedule is made up of nationally syndicated talk shows, most of them from co-owned Premiere Networks: Glenn Beck, Clay Travis & Buck Sexton, Sean Hannity, Dave Ramsey, Jesse Kelly, "Coast to Coast AM with George Noory" and "This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal."

Shows on money, health and technology are heard weekends, some of which are paid brokered programming. Weekend programs include "The Weekend with Michael Brown," Ben Ferguson, "Leo Laporte: The Tech Guy," "Sunday Night Live with Bill Cunningham" and "Somewhere in Time with Art Bell." WPTI is the Triad's FM affiliate of the Tar Heel Sports Network, which broadcasts University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Tar Heels football and basketball games. National news from Fox News Radio is heard at the beginning of most hours.

Beautiful Music and Country
On March 20, 1949, the station first signed on the air. The original call sign was WLOE-FM, simulcast with its AM sister station 1490 WLOE. In 1968 the station switched call letters to WEAF as a beautiful music outlet, programmed separately from the AM station. WEAF played quarter hour sweeps of mostly instrumental cover versions of popular songs as well as Broadway and Hollywood show tunes. It later took the call letters WSRQ.

In 1984, the station increased power to 100,000 watts, relocated its studios to Greensboro, and switched to country music as WWWI "I-95," competing against the market's entrenched and top-rated country outlet, WTQR. Later the name was changed to "I-94.5" to help listeners more easily find the station during the time that digital tuners were replacing traditional analog receivers.

In 1986 the call letters were switched to WKLM "Classy 94.5" when the station returned to beautiful music. Later the name changed to WWMY "My 94.5", though the format remained the same.

Soft AC and Country
WWMY switched to Soft Adult Contemporary music in 1990, later changing to the new call letters WMKG and the name "Magic Lite" when WMAG began providing the station's programming.

In 1992, WMKG became WNEU "New Country 94.5", later changing its name to "Cat Country".

Alternative Rock, Top 40 and Regional Mexican
The purchase of WNEU by Radio Equity Partners was announced in July 1994 and it was believed the station would become the "rocking country cousin" to WTQR. On September 22, 1994, the station became WXRA "94.5 the Rock Alternative", playing modern rock from the 80s and 90s for listeners 18 to 34. Later in the 90s, the station began playing a mix of old and new rock and called itself "The Rock Station". Around New Year's Day, 2001, WXRA's format moved to 100.3 FM, with 94.5 FM becoming WWCC, a classic-leaning country music station. Ratings for this format were poor. On February 24, 2003, WWCC became WGBT, and flipped to a Rhythmic Top 40 format as "94.5 The Beat."

On February 16, 2006, at 5 p.m., after playing "Don't Forget About Us" by Mariah Carey, WGBT switched to a Spanish-language classic hits format as "La Preciosa." The station played Regional Mexican music from the 70s, 80s and 90s. As such, WGBT became The Triad's first FM Spanish-language radio station (and the second in North Carolina). This made the fourth distinctly different radio format in five years to be broadcast on the 94.5 frequency in the Greensboro market.

Talk Radio
At the end of 2009, the Curtis Media Group announced that its WSJS/WSML news talk simulcast would no longer carry The Rush Limbaugh Show. On December 31, 2009, WGBT ended its Regional Mexican format, becoming talk station "Rush Radio 94.5" under the new call sign WPTI. The station aired weekend-long continuous replays of The Rush Limbaugh Week in Review through New Year's weekend. The Glenn Beck Program and a local show called The Morning Rush hosted by Bill Flynn and Pamela Furr debuted January 4. On July 26, 2010, WPTI added the Sean Hannity Show to its schedule.

Following controversial comments made by Rush Limbaugh regarding Sandra Fluke, WPTI was asked by the university not to promote the Tar Heel Sports Network during The Rush Limbaugh Show.

In November 2010, the station canceled The Morning Rush with Flynn and Pamela Furr (although Furr continued anchoring news for both WPTI and WRDU). After Christmas 2010, Dmitri Vassilaros began hosting the morning show. In 2011, WPTI replaced Vassilaros with K.C. O'Dea.

On May 24, 2013, WPTI dropped its "Rush Radio 94.5" branding, switching to "94.5 WPTI". Limbaugh died of lung cancer in February 2021. WPTI began airing his replacement, Clay Travis & Buck Sexton, that June.

title: WPTI


text:
User talk:KentingKid2

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Gblaz 03:35, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

Copied from User talk:KentingKid to make sure you see this:
 * Bobbybuilder was rebuked by the admins for use of profanity in his edit descriptions and when addressing other users. Irrespective of his POV, Bobbybuilder has never resorted to vandalising the user pages of other people with profanity. Vandalising other people's user pages crosses the red line. Look, what goes on between you and him really doesn't concern me until it affects the operation of Wikipedia, but this is going too far.

 * Plenty of users, myself included do not share the PRC POV or are even pro-TI. I think you'll find that most of the people here, including the admins, are quite reasonable when it comes to editing articles even if it goes against their personal point of view. I suggest that you set aside your vendetta against BobbyBuilder. Don't delete information that doesn't support your POV, instead provide unbiased information that demonstrates why that might not be the only factor. If you feel you've been wronged, contact the user in a civil manner, by resorting to vandalism you only undermine yourself. -Loren 03:41, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:KentingKid2


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Democratic Ideals/Old

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Deleted. If the person who rewrote it wants the context of the article, leave a message on my talk page. Hedley 01:19, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Democratic Ideals
Delete as original research, I suppose, and because I really don't understand the content's relation to its title. "better bad news" gets 220 unique Googles, and the particular website that appears to be in question has an Alexa traffic rank of 760,000 so even if its about the website, it's non-notable. -Splash 03:36, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete--DNicholls 03:39, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. no connection between content and title. --Eliezer | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  04:09, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. Hamster Sandwich 05:56, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewritten This is a case of a redirect being deleted and then recreated as a junk article. According to google cache, this article was a redirect 158 days ago. Deletists take note - redirects may seem useless, but they are, in fact, a good way of place holding until some writes an article. Stirling Newberry 06:16, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This article has never been a redirect. The redirect was, and still is, democratic ideals. Uncle G 12:44, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Just so you know, a more convenient way of seeing an article's deleted past is to go to Special:Log/Delete and searching for the page name. If the article was deleted with a "Content was '(blablabla)'" explanation, you can see what the page was. Alternately, the deleter may have summarised the content upon deleting. GarrettTalk 13:20, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, useless. "Democratic ideals" are ideals which are claimed to be democratic. Unless there is evidence that this particular term has currency, we don't need an article under this title. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:34, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The rewritten article cites at least one case where "Democratic ideals" is an official term for school state education standards. Stirling Newberry 14:14, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How about some sources for the rest of the article? It looks like original research to me unless it can be sourced. Quale 05:34, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep A Google search gives about 145,000 hits for democratic ideals. . A Google Scholar search gives 3,110 hits, including numerous scholarly articles about the subject. Ultramarine 11:50, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Democratic ideals are, by definition, the principles on which a democratic society is based. Those are explained in full detail in the article on democracy. -- Mihnea Tudoreanu 13:54, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Which it should be noted the editor is engaged in a big edit war over. More over as the article points out, there is a distinction made between democratic ideals and democracy in practice, and, to topeverything off, democratic ideals often point to virtues such as pluralism and tolerence which are not necessarily part of democracy. Stirling Newberry 14:09, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep the re-write. Need some more work to be done, but it's a totally valid entry. Renata3 23:51, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, not a bad article, needs a bit more polish. Far better than having to wade through the edit wars on the Democracy entry to find anything useful - the Democracy article is basically in the same boat as the Evolution, Creation Science and George W. Bush articles.  Both sides are entrenched, the Wiki is their battleground, and nothing short of death will cause them to surrender.  Xaa 04:18, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:84.173.92.30

title: User talk:84.173.92.30


text:
Backbeat (film)

Backbeat is a 1994 independent drama film directed by Iain Softley. It chronicles the early days of The Beatles in Hamburg, West Germany. The film focuses primarily on the relationship between Stuart Sutcliffe (Stephen Dorff) and John Lennon (Ian Hart), and also with Sutcliffe's German girlfriend Astrid Kirchherr (Sheryl Lee). It has subsequently been made into a stage production.

Plot
The film follows the Beatles through their pre-fame Hamburg days when Stuart Sutcliffe, the band's bassist, meets German photographer Astrid Kirchherr.

Cast
In addition, brief portrayals of other historical characters in these early days of the Beatles include Paul Duckworth as Ringo Starr, Paul Humpoletz as Bruno Koschmider, Wolf Kahler as Bert Kaempfert and James Doherty as Tony Sheridan.

Hart had already played Lennon in the 1991 film The Hours and Times. Bakewell later reprised his role as McCartney in the 2000 television film The Linda McCartney Story. Williams reprised his role as Best in the 2000 television film In His Life: The John Lennon Story.

Writing
The original script was written by Iain Softley based on a series of 1988 interviews. After failing to secure funding, screenwriter Stephen Ward was brought in to completely rewrite the script in 1993. Ward interviewed Astrid Kirchherr and others who were close to the Beatles during their time in Hamburg. The project was green-lit that year.

Soundtrack
Due to the film's focus on the early days of the band, the soundtrack includes no songs written by members of the Beatles but various songs the group performed in Hamburg, written and recorded by other artists. In this respect, rather than re-create the sounds of the period, iconoclastic, rebellious musicians were recruited (as a producer noted, the Beatles' pre-recording stage act was "the punk of its day") to better convey the way the music was appreciated by audiences of the time. All musicians were members of contemporary American rock bands:
 * Dave Pirner (Soul Asylum): vocals (Paul McCartney)
 * Greg Dulli (The Afghan Whigs): vocals (John Lennon)
 * Thurston Moore (Sonic Youth): guitar
 * Don Fleming (Gumball): guitar
 * Mike Mills (R.E.M.): bass guitar
 * Dave Grohl (Nirvana): drums
 * Henry Rollins (Black Flag): vocals (Stuart Sutcliffe)

The film's distributor happened to be PolyGram Filmed Entertainment which was then under common ownership with Polydor Records, the label that owned the rights to the Beatles' music from the Hamburg days.

Release
The film premiered on 14 April 1994. It was then given a limited theatrical release. A DVD version was released by Universal in 2005.

Critics
Backbeat holds a rating of 68% based on 40 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, the review aggregator site. The site’s consensus states, "Its overly pretentious and melodramatic leanings notwithstanding, Backbeat explores the beginnings of the Fab Four with striking authenticity, soaring rock 'n' roll verve, and a strong admiration for its subjects."

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone liked how the film captured the early 60s period through its visual style and use of music. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars; although he thought the "dialogue has real wit", he felt the film is "never able to convince us there's a story there".

The Beatles and others
At the time of the film’s release, Paul McCartney commented:"One of my annoyances about the film Backbeat is that they've actually taken my rock 'n' rollness off me. They give John the song 'Long Tall Sally' to sing and he never sang it in his life. But now it's set in cement. It's like the Buddy Holly and Glenn Miller stories. The Buddy Holly Story does not even mention Norman Petty, and The Glenn Miller Story is a sugarcoated version of his life. Now Backbeat has done the same thing to the story of the Beatles. I was quite taken, however, with Stephen Dorff's astonishing performance as Stu."

Astrid Kirchherr praised the accuracy and detail of her relationship with Sutcliffe and the Beatles. The film received further positive responses from Julian Lennon, Pete Best, and Sutcliffe's sister, Pauline, who said, "I still think the director did a fabulous job. It's a good movie. If you like movies, it's a great movie."

Box office
The film grossed £1,870,001 ($3 million) in the United Kingdom and $2.4 million in the United States and Canada.

Stage adaptions
The film's original writer and director, Iain Softley, turned the screenplay of Backbeat into a theatrical production. It premiered at Glasgow's Citizens' Theatre on 9 February 2010 featuring a live band. In 2011 another stage version opened at the Duke of York's Theatre in London.

title: Backbeat (film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Randomajestiq

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete. Hedley 01:20, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Randomajestiq
Delete. The article is essentially vanity (even though it was not written by the artist himself, it is of similar character to vanity). It fails every guideline of WP:MUSIC. Che Nuevara, the Democratic Revolutionary 03:37, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment After a brief Google, he seems on the surface to meet at least #6 of WP:MUSIC. There is alot of material on the artist. I can't comment on how notable he is. Electronic music fans? Hamster Sandwich 06:06, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This article is copied from http://209.15.84.160/raw42music/catalogue/04_randomajestiq.html. The top of that page says "© 2004. Raw42 Music Ltd. Published by Raw42 Music Ltd.".  How does Wikipedia deal with copyright violations?  John Barleycorn 06:40, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think I've figured out how copyright violations work. Please let me know if I did something wrong.  John Barleycorn 07:26, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. JamesBurns 06:50, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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1966 NFL Championship Game

The 1966 NFL Championship Game was the 34th NFL championship, played at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. It was the final game of the 1966 NFL season. This was also the last Championship game before the inauguration of the NFL playoffs the following year.

It determined the champion of the National Football League (NFL), which met the champion of the American Football League (AFL) in Super Bowl I, then formally referred to as the first AFL–NFL World Championship Game. The Western Conference champion Green Bay Packers (12–2), defending league champions, were hosted by the Dallas Cowboys (10–3–1), the Eastern Conference champions.

At the time, the home field for the NFL Championship Game alternated between the two conferences; even-numbered years were hosted by the Eastern and odd-numbered by the Western. Starting with the 1975 season, playoff sites were determined by regular season record, rather than a rotational basis.

The New Year's college bowl game at the Cotton Bowl for the 1966 season included the SMU Mustangs of Dallas. It was played the day before, New Year's Eve, which required a quick turnaround to transform the natural grass field. The stadium was filled to its 75,504 capacity for both games, but both local teams came up short.

Background
This was the first NFL title game played after the AFL–NFL merger was announced in June 1966. The game was played on January 1, 1967, the second consecutive year that the NFL season ended in January, rather than December. This was the seventh season for the Dallas Cowboys and their first winning record since entering the league in 1960. They were champions of the NFL's Eastern Conference with a 10–3–1 record. The Packers won the Western Conference with a 12–2 record, their eighth consecutive winning season under head coach Vince Lombardi.

Tickets for the game sold for ten dollars, and kickoff was just after 3 p.m. CST, televised by CBS, following the AFL Championship from Buffalo on NBC.

The final score was Green Bay 34, Dallas 27. Two weeks later, Green Bay went on to easily defeat the Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl I in Los Angeles.

Game summary
The seasoned Packers, defending champions of the season, were favored by a touchdown over the talented, but young Cowboys team, who had no players with championship experience and only one player over 30, linebacker Chuck Howley. The game was expected to be a shootout, and as wary as the Packers were of Cowboys wide-out Bob Hayes, the fastest man in football at the time, Lombardi made the decision before the game not to put double-coverage on the Olympic champion sprinter. It proved to be a good gamble, as Herb Adderley and Bob Jeter held Hayes to only one reception for one yard. Lombardi also installed a special offense for the game, knowing that the Cowboys had spent time preparing to stop plays like the Packers sweep.

Green Bay scored on their opening drive, with Elijah Pitts breaking free for a 32-yard run on the opening play – a misdirection play that was part of Lombardi's special game plan. Later Pitts took a circle route pass over the middle from Bart Starr at the Cowboy 5 and broke a tackle by Warren Livingston to cap a 17-yard touchdown play. Then Cowboys defensive back Mel Renfro fumbled the ensuing kickoff, and Packer rookie Jim Grabowski returned it 18 yards to give Green Bay a 14–0 lead before Dallas's first play. But the Cowboys stormed back with a 13-play drive to score on Dan Reeves's 3-yard rushing touchdown. Then after forcing a punt, they drove 59 yards to tie the game at 14 with a 23-yard touchdown burst by fullback Don Perkins.

Starr broke the tie on the third play of the second quarter with a 51-yard bomb to Carroll Dale over the head of CB Cornell Green. Dallas responded with a 68-yard drive to the Packers 4-yard line, featuring a 40-yard completion from Don Meredith to a wide-open Reeves, but could go no further and settled for an 11-yard Danny Villanueva field goal, cutting their deficit to 21–17. Green Bay had a chance to retake a 7-point lead before halftime, but Don Chandler's 30-yard field goal attempt was blocked by Cowboys tackle Ralph Neely.

Early in the third quarter, Dallas defensive back Warren Livingston recovered a fumble from Pitts on the Cowboys 21-yard line. Meredith then led the team on a 13-play drive to bring the score to within one point, 21–20, on Villanueva's 32-yard field goal. But on Green Bay's next drive, Starr completed a 40-yard pass to Dale, who beat Green to the outside. From the Dallas 16 Starr hit Boyd Dowler cutting across the field for his third touchdown pass of the game, giving the Pack a 28–20 lead going into the fourth quarter. Dallas safety Mike Gaechter upended Dowler after the end took several steps in the end zone, causing Dowler to leave the game (Dowler was hampered much of the season by a calcium deposit on his shoulder). Bart Starr had to guide an upset Jim Taylor to the Green Bay sideline when the fiery Green Bay fullback started looking for Gaechter.

Late in the final period, Hayes fielded a punt on his own 1-yard line and was tackled inside the 5. Don Meredith hit a cold streak and missed several passes, and a Dallas punt gave Green Bay good field position on the Dallas 48. George Andrie sacked Starr on the first play, but Starr then picked up a key first down with a 24-yard pass to tight end Marv Fleming. Later faced with 3rd and 12, he completed a 16-yard pass to fullback Jim Taylor for a first down. Starr was again sacked on the drive, this time for an 11-yard loss by Willie Townes. But on third and nineteen, the Packers picked up a Cowboy blitz and Starr threw a 28-yard touchdown pass to Max McGee (who replaced the injured Dowler). McGee had told Starr he could beat cornerback Warren Livingston to the outside ("Zig out" pattern). With just 5:20 left, the game appeared to be slipping out of reach for the Cowboys. However, defensive tackle Bob Lilly kept his team in the game by blocking Chandler's extra point attempt, keeping the deficit at 2 scores, 34–20, rather than 3.

Dallas started their comeback attempt on the ensuing drive. Faced with 3rd down and 20, Meredith threw a 68-yard touchdown pass to tight end Frank Clarke, making the score 34–27. Desperately trying to run out the clock with their ensuing possession, Green Bay started out with an 18-yard reception by Fleming on the Packers 46. But on the next play, Starr was sacked for an 8-yard loss by linebacker Dave Edwards. Townes broke up a screen pass on the next play, and then Taylor was stuffed for a loss. Now faced with 4th down, a heavy rush from the Dallas defense caused Chandler's punt to go just 17 yards, giving the Cowboys the ball on the Green Bay 47-yard line with 2:12 remaining.

A 21-yard catch by Clarke and a 4-yard run by Perkins advanced the ball to the Green Bay 22-yard line. Then a pass interference penalty on safety Tom Brown gave the Cowboys a first down at the Packer 2-yard line. Halfback Dan Reeves gained a yard on first down. A crucial mistake on a false start by Jim Boeke penalized the Cowboys back to the Green Bay 6 (nullifying a play where a wide-open Pettis Norman had dropped a pass in the end zone), and Reeves then dropped a pass in the flat on second down. Reeves had been scratched in the eye on his previous run but did not come out of the game in favor of rookie Walt Garrison despite clouded vision, another mental error. Meredith found tight end Pettis Norman on third down to bring Dallas back to the two-yard line, the end making the catch on his knees. On fourth down, the Cowboys attempted a rollout pass. No one on the Cowboys noticed that end Bob Hayes was in the goal line offense instead of Frank Clarke, who was typically used for better blocking. Packer linebacker Dave Robinson recognized the play from films, brushed Hayes aside, stormed into the Cowboy backfield and enveloped Meredith. Somehow Meredith got a wobbly sidearm toss away, but Tom Brown intercepted the pass in the end zone as the intended receiver, Hayes, was surrounded by Packers defenders. Vince Lombardi later congratulated Robinson, but in the next breath criticized him for being out of his assigned position.

Starr completed 19 of 28 passes for 304 yards and 4 touchdowns, with no interceptions, though he was sacked five times. His quarterback rating for the game was a stellar 143.5. Dale caught 5 passes for 128 yards and a score. Pitts led the Packers in rushing with 66 yards and caught a touchdown pass. Meredith finished the game 15/31 for 238 yards, with one touchdown and one interception, while also rushing for 22 yards. Perkins rushed for 108 yards and a score, while Reeves rushed for 47 yards, caught 4 passes for 77 yards, and scored a touchdown.

"I don't know, we haven't played Alabama yet." – Vince Lombardi after being asked what it felt like to be the greatest football team in the world just after winning the 1966 NFL Championship Game. Coincidentally, Bear Bryant's Crimson Tide wrapped up an 11–0 season the next day by routing Nebraska 34–7 in the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans.

With the win, the Packers earned their tenth NFL championship; it was their second in a row and fourth in six seasons under Lombardi, in his eighth year as Green Bay's head coach.

This was the Packers' only post-season win against the Cowboys in the Dallas area until the 2016 season, when they beat them in another tooth and nail game to advance to the NFC Championship Game.

Game information
Sunday, January 1, 1967 Kickoff: 3:05 p.m. CST

 * First quarter
 * GB – Elijah Pitts 17 pass from Bart Starr (Don Chandler kick), 7–0 GB
 * GB – Jim Grabowski 18 fumble return (Chandler kick), 14–0 GB
 * DAL – Dan Reeves 3 run (Danny Villanueva kick), 14–7 GB
 * DAL – Don Perkins 23 run (Villanueva kick), 14–14 TIE
 * Second quarter
 * GB – Carroll Dale 51 pass from Starr (Chandler kick), 21–14 GB
 * DAL – FG Villanueva 11, 21–17 GB
 * Third quarter
 * DAL – FG Villanueva 32, 21–20 GB
 * GB – Boyd Dowler 16 pass from Starr (Chandler kick), 28–20 GB
 * Fourth quarter
 * GB – Max McGee 28 pass from Starr (kick blocked), 34–20 GB
 * DAL – Franklin Clarke 68 pass from Meredith (Villanueva kick), 34–27 GB

Officials

 * Referee: (7) Tommy Bell
 * Umpire: (15) Ralph Morcroft
 * Head Linesman: (30) George Murphy
 * Line Judge: (24) Bruce Alford
 * Back Judge: (25) Tom Kelleher
 * Field Judge: (34) Fritz Graf

The NFL had six game officials in ; the line judge was added a season earlier in and the side judge arrived twelve years later in.

Players' shares
The Packer players each received $8,600 and the Cowboy players about $6,000 each, an increase over the previous year's ($7,500 and $4,600).

Over in the AFL, the winning Kansas City Chiefs split their players' shares for the title game 51 ways for $5,308 each, while the Buffalo Bills split theirs into 47 shares for about $3,800 each.

The upcoming Super Bowl awarded an additional $15,000 per player for the winners and $7,500 each for the losing team.

title: 1966 NFL Championship Game