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Picture frame

A picture frame is a protective and decorative edging for a picture, such as a painting or photograph. It makes displaying the work safer and easier and both sets the picture apart from its surroundings and aesthetically integrates it with them.

Construction
A picture frame is a container that borders the perimeter of a picture, and is used for the protection, display, and visual appreciation of objects and imagery such as photographs, canvas paintings, drawings and prints, posters, mirrors, shadow box memorabilia, and textiles.

Traditionally picture frames have been made of wood, and it remains very popular because wood frames can provide strength, be shaped in a broad range of profiles, and allow a variety of surface treatments. Other materials include metals, e.g. silver, bronze, aluminum, and stiff plastics such as polystyrene. A frame surface may be of any color or texture. Both genuine gilding and imitation gold remain popular, although many other surfaces are to be found in most framing establishments. Some picture frames have elaborate moldings, which may refer to the subject matter. Intricate decorations are often made of molded, then gilded plaster over a wood base. Picture frame mouldings come in a wide variety of profiles, generally in some sort of L shape with an upward "lip" and a horizontal rabbet. The rabbet functions as a shelf to hold the frame glazing (if any is to be used), some sort of spacer or mat/matte to keep the object safely behind the inner surface of the glazing, the object itself, and backing boards to protect the object from physical damage and environmental pollutants. The lip extends a proportionate distance up from the edge of the rabbet. It restrains materials in the frame and can be used to help set off or reveal the picture aesthetically.

The picture frame may contain a protective "glazing" of picture framing glass or acrylic sheet, e.g. Acrylite or Plexiglas. If the art in the frame is considered dispensable or if the exhibition environment is highly controlled, no glazing may be used. Since the 1980s significant advances have been made in the manufacture of picture glazings, creating a much broader range of options in both glass and acrylic products. Choosing which to use requires taking into account a variety of each object's characteristics: size, media used, condition of media, perceived value of object, anticipated use of the object, e.g. extended exhibition periods or travel. It is wise to consult an experienced art framer or conservator for help in making the better choice. Now, both picture framing glass and acrylic sheet are available with anti-reflective coatings to make the glazing virtually invisible under most lighting conditions. Except for pictures of only temporary interest, glazing should incorporate a filter to block almost all ultraviolet radiation (a UV filter) from penetrating the glazing. This filter slows the photocatalytic degradation of organic materials in the picture. Both glass and acrylic glazings are available with built-in anti-static properties. This option is necessary for objects with friable or degraded media, which would be pulled off the object and onto the glazing by static electric forces.

Except for the most disposable or temporary displays, the glazing must be held off the surface of the picture in order to prevent the object from becoming adhered to the underside of the glazing, acquiring irreversible color changes due to compression of the media, and/or developing mold growths that otherwise would not occur. This distancing is accomplished with a mat, "spacers" tucked behind the glazing and hidden from view by the lip of the moulding, shadowboxing, sandwiching the glazing between two mouldings, and similar methods. Relieving the glazing is also necessary in order to prevent loose media, such as charcoal or pastel, from becoming smudged.

The treatment of the back of the framed artwork also varies widely. All frame packages should incorporate some sort of stiff, dense board to protect against physical blows and the ingress of dirt, insects, moisture, and pollutants. Except for temporary displays of expendable objects, the backboard(s) should be made from good archival-quality material, such as matboard. Archival-quality corrugated boards, both paper and plastic, are sometimes used, and foam-core boards that are described as being archival quality are also used. As with many details of good framing, the advice of an expert is valuable.

Behind the backing board(s), retaining clips or brads hold the package in place, mirroring the restraint provided by the lip of the moulding at the front of the frame. A dust seal (usually sturdy archival-quality paper) is adhered, over the back of the moulding. While these are almost invariably simply functional, there are examples of works in which they have been decorated and considered part of the artwork. Finally, hanging loops or similar attachments are securely screwed to the left and right sides of the molding.

Shapes
Picture frames are generally square or rectangular, though circular and oval frames are not uncommon. Frames in more unusual shapes such as football shapes, stars, hearts can be hand carved by a professional wood carver or carpenter (or possibly molded out of wood pulp). There are also picture frames designed to go around corners. A popular design is the scoop, an indent in the frame adding depth.

History
The earliest frames are thought to be those that surrounded fayum mummy portraits. The stucco frames may have been used to hang the portraits in the owner's home until the time of death, at which point the portrait would have been placed over the mummy. Another theory is that the portraits were painted close to death and were carried around the city in a funeral procession before the body was taken to the embalmer.

Although framing borders in ancient art were used to divide scenes and ornamentation by ancient Egyptian and Greek artists in pottery and wallpaintings, the first carved wooden frames as we know them today appeared on small panel paintings in twelfth and thirteenth century Europe. According to a historical series published in Picture Frame Magazine, these early "framed panel paintings were made from one piece. The area to be painted was carved out, leaving a raised framing border around the outside edge, like a tray. The whole piece was then gessoed and gilded. Painting the image on the flat panel was the last thing to be done." When it was realized this method of producing a frame and the image within from one slab of wood was too costly, "a more efficient method was eventually developed which used mitred moulding strips. These strips were attached to a flat wooden panel which produced a similar result to the carved panel, but were more cost effective. This type of frame is known as an engaged frame. The early ones were made of simple wooden moulding strips attached to the outside edge of a wooden panel."

Throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, most European frames were church-commissioned and largely unmovable as they were altarpieces and a large part of the church's architecture. The frames were ornamented with architectural elements mimicking the exteriors of the great cathedrals. However, the Italian Renaissance of the 14th and 15th centuries saw the rise of arts patrons extending beyond the church. Wealthy nobles such as the Medici family could now bring art and frames into their estate by commissioning allegorical, devotional and portrait paintings. This was the advent of the portable or moveable frame. Gentile da Fabriano’s Adoration of the Magi (1423) is the first altarpiece made with panel and frame in two separate pieces, making it the first independent frame as we know it today.

Under the reign of Francis I, France's first Renaissance monarch from 1515 through 1547, art came to the forefront of daily life and flourished along with picture frames. Many workers came from Italy to the arts trade, including Leonardo da Vinci, whom "Francis convinced to leave Italy in the last part of his life." Frames were now designed by furniture builders rather than the artist, sculptor or architect as in the past. Books on furniture and interior design were published and in distribution to a wider market than ever before.

From 1610 to 1643, under the reign of Louis XIII in France, the influence of court and refinement took center stage in frame designs. The profiles became thinner than their Italian predecessors, and continuous design such as egg-and-dart, ribbon and flow of leaves, and pronounced low relief corner designs appeared. This paved the way for Baroque design in picture framing, and "Spanish, Flemish, and Italian influences were all at work to produce a curious intermingling and exchange of ideas."

In England, in the late 17th century the "Lely frame" became popular, a narrow moulding with a spray of small flowers at the corner, and central cartouches. The design was based on a French Louis XIII style. Often carved from pine wood, the frames were gilded or silvered. The name is from the portrait artist Peter Lely. An English version of the "auricular" mannerist style, meaning curving "ear-shaped" forms, was also popular in the 17th century, and is now known as a "Sunderland frame". The name derives from the collection of Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland at Althorp. Sunderland style frames for a series of paintings by John Michael Wright of the 22 Fire Judges were made by Mary Ashfield, Mary Fleshier, Mary Dorrell, and John Norris between 1671 and 1675.

Pictures frames as art were highly developed in Orthodox countries (e.g., Russia, Serbia) and used to cover icons in churches. The earliest American frames, known as American Empire Style Frames, are very spare and utilitarian. They are similar to the simple cove or scoop in wall molding found in colonial architecture.

Styles
"L"-style frames are a simple variety that are constructed with a single L-shaped border of wood, with the bottom part of the L, or rabbet, at the front of the frame to hold in the glass, object and backing, which are secured in from the back

A photo cube is a special type of picture frame, often used to show members of a family, a vacation, or a timeline of someone's life.

Other styles are clip frames (not really a frame at all), box frames and shadow boxes. A digital photo frame is an example of the changing technology of the 21st century.

Macaroni picture frames are a popular craft project for children. Uncooked pasta in various shapes are glued to a frame in a pattern. Sometimes the entire frame is painted.

Plique-à-jour picture frames are made of enamel.

Some contemporary painters and photographers who work on canvas "gallery-wrap" their artwork, i.e. extend the image around the edges of the stretched canvas, thereby precluding use of a traditional frame. In those instances, the object may be mounted so it floats visually within the protective surround. Joan Miró once made a work specifically in order to frame it with a flea market frame.

Alternatives
As good picture frames can be expensive, some people find previously used frames, remove the pictures within, and reuse the frames.

Block mounting is a cheap alternative to framing. The technique (also known as display mounting, photo mounting or art mounting) involves sealing high quality photographic prints onto a wooden MDF board. The process of creating one is as follows:
 * 1) The digital image or artwork is uploaded.
 * 2) The block mounting company prints the image onto photographic paper with a finish (either matt or glossy).
 * 3) The print is adhered securely onto an MDF wooden board with black edging, using a vacuum press and heat seal glue.
 * 4) The image is laminated, packaged and delivered.

title: Picture frame


text:
Talk:Will Geer

Bisexual
Is there a source for Will Geer being bisexual? I hadn't heard that one before. 23skidoo 23:40, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * He was gay — it just took him a while to come out (since it was a fairly unforgiving kind of time). Mike H (Talking is hot) 02:05, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Again, is there a source for Will Geer being bisexual? It is nowhere in the article and there is no source for the claim. Thenewdeal87 15:49, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

I am removing all mention of this until it is sourced. TruthCrusader 21:10, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

I have reverted the page back for two reasons: 1. The person who provided the 'source' is unregistered. 2. The source http://www.glbtq.com/ does not list ITS source for making the claim Geer was bi-sexual. All it is doing is making the claim without providing any hard verifiable evidence other than the claim itself. TruthCrusader 11:20, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * "'The person who provided the 'source' is unregistered.'"....So what? That has no bearing on anything. 86.42.124.92 13:19, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The assertion that Hay and Geer were lovers has been reprinted widely, especially in articles about Hay:
 * "Always a leftist politically, Hay was further radicalized when he became lovers with the actor Will Geer; both eventually joined the Communist Party and agitated publicly for various radical causes." -Harry Hay: The Gay Visionary; REVIEWED BY, BOB THOMPSON. San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco, Calif.: Dec 2, 1990. pg. 5
 * "Hay credits a young actor whom he became lovers with in the early 1930s as being his political mentor. Together, Hay and Will Geer (later Grandpa Walton on "The Waltons") journeyed north to participate in the seminal 1934 strike, which shut down San Francisco for days and energized a generation of labor activists." Dan Levy, "Ever the Warrior / Gay rights icon Harry Hay has no patience for assimilation", San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, Calif.: Jun 23, 2000. pg. 8.
 * "Radical Faeries recognise no leaders, but acknowledge that they were probably brought into being by Harry Hay, who founded the original gay rights group,the Mattachine Society, in the Fifties. His first acolyte was Rudi Gernreich, inventor of the topless dress and topless bathing suit, and one of his lovers was the actor Will Geer (best known as Grandpa Walton in the TV series The Waltons)." Faerie, faerie, quite contrary, Iain Finlayson. The Independent. London (UK): Apr 12, 1998. pg. 4
 * "The people in Hay's life have included then-lover Will Geer, the actor who later played TV's Grandpa Walton and who, in 1934, brought Hay to San Francisco to take part in a maritime strike that had paralyzed ports along the West Coast." This warrior still battles for gay rights At age 84, Harry Hay is going strong; JIM SEAVOR Journal-Bulletin Arts Writer. Providence Journal - Bulletin. Providence, R.I.: Oct 13, 1996. pg. E.01
 * "[Hay] was famous not only as a founder of the gay rights movement, for his one-time relationship with actor Will Geer (who played Grandpa Walton on The Waltons TV series,)..." When Nancy Met Harry, By Jeffrey Lord The American Spectator Published 10/5/2006 12:08:06 AM
 * "Remember The Waltons? Did you know in real life Grandpa Walton was a pioneer gay activist? Will Geer, the man who portrayed white-haired, mustachioed Zebulon, was, from the time he was young, a radical activist with boyfriend Harry Hay, who in 1950 founded the Mattachine Society, a gay rights group in Los Angeles." Have a gay ol' time with the family on TV. By GINA VIVINETTO, St. Petersburg Times, Published June 22, 2005
 * Independent of Hay is a book by Boze Hadleigh which gives quotes by various Hollywood celebrities gossiping about each other. Apparently Forrest Tucker is quoted as calling Geer gay:
 * "Subtitled "Stars Gossip About Other Stars," it has everything from Vivien Leigh's comments on Clark Gable's denture breath and Billy Wilder's assessment of working with Marilyn Monroe in "Some Like It Hot" ("breasts of granite and a mind like Gruyere cheese") to whole chapters devoted to famous ex-spouses having a go at each other, and gay gossip (the only surprise names for those of us out of the loop were Mary Martin, Richard Deacon of the old "Dick Van Dyke Show" and, according to Forrest Tucker, Will Geer -- Grandpa Walton)." AND MALICE FOR SOME SHARP TONGUES AMONG THE LITERATI; JEFF SIMON News Book Reviewer E Edmund Wilson started. Buffalo News. Buffalo, N.Y.: Jul 17, 1994. pg. G.6
 * This article does not attribute its assertion:
 * "Grandma Walton (Ellen Corby) studied meditation with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and Grandpa Walton (Will Geer) was a gay rights campaigner blacklisted in the McCarthy era. " The Critics: Television - The tools of US foreign policy: two teenage belly-buttons; Matthew Sweet. The Independent. London (UK): Jul 28, 2002. pg. 12
 * In this quick review I don't see any assertions that Geer had other relations with men besides Hay. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 21:08, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * So basically one guy, notable enough to have a Wikipedia article, has verifiably stated that this guy was his lover. Such encounters are generally uncorroborated by a third party, in the nature of things. If we report who said this, and when, in a neutral tone, I think that is fine. What we cannot do is use weasel words to express our own personal distaste for the claims. If this is notable enough to be included here, we must report the sources neutrally and dispassionately. Neither do we report negatives like No one else has ever come forward claiming to have had a bisexual relationship with the then deceased, family man Geer. Our readers are not stupid; our job is to report the facts and let them make up their own minds about the sexuality of the subject of the article, in my opinion. --John 05:08, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Three points: Forrest Tucker, who was married four times with children, reportedly said that Geer was gay/bisexual. So it's not just Hay. Second, the allegation from Hay has been adopted by numerous reliable secondary sources. So The Independent has called Geer bisexual, as have the San Francisco Chronicle and others. It's not just a single quote by a single person in a single book. Lastly, assertions about Geer (and Hay) do not apply to others. It is not a BLP violation of Geer's children or widow to say that Geer was bisexual or communist. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 05:27, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Interesting further info. I agree with you. Include it in a NPOV way; BLP quite clearly doesn't apply here. Although I don't think with this level of verifiability we'd be breaching it even if it did, thinking about it. --John 05:58, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * (It's not "new" info - I posted it here days ago.) I think we should briefly summarize the sources listed above. We don't need to make a big thing about it. In the chronology of his life we should simply say that while he was hanging out with Hay they had a brief relationship. That's about all we know and we should leave it there.  ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 06:23, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

As i read the above sources, Hay's claim to have been Geer's lover first surfaced in 1990, which was 12 years after Geer's death. Furthermore, all sources cited after that date, including Forrst Tucker, point directly back to Hay's 1990 claim. I am not saying that its revelation 12 years after Geer's death makes the claim suspect, but it certainly leads one to wonder why Hay waited so long to tell this story.

My immediate curiosity next falls on Herta Ware, Geer's long-time wife, who died in 2005. During the 15 years between when Hay made his claim and Ware died, did she voice an opinion? She did not know Geer back in the early 1903s, but did he tell her anything about having had a relationship with Hay? Given the couple's political sensibilities, it seems unlikely that she would have suppressed the information if she had it -- but none of the above articles quotes her or either of Geer's children -- or anyone except Hay. cat yronwode —Preceding unsigned comment added by Catherineyronwode (talk • contribs) 11:34, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

I'm confused... if he was bi, why isn't it mentioned in the Categories at the bottom of the article? Is it just that no one has added it yet? --RyanTee82 (talk) 07:53, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Because Ryan, It all originates with one person claiming this twelve years after the subject's death. All we have is a claim, and all further mentions of this originate with this claim in 1990. Because the unverified claim has been repeated several times gives it no more veracity. I could find articles stating that the old 'Pop Rocks' and 'Coca Cola'claims are true, but repeating unfounded claims without any verification, or evidence means nothing. And perhaps next time you can read the rest of the page, which already answered your question, before you waste everyone's time!(24.62.126.170 (talk) 23:32, 10 May 2010 (UTC))

I am not going to edit anything, but an FYI for those that might... Geer was a social advocate and an alleged communist but he was not a gay rights advocate. He and Hay worked together for a couple of years in the early 1930s, but at the time Hay was not openly gay. Hay did not come out until the mid-1950s.

As another poster said it is suspicious anytime something shocking or salacious is revealed about a deceased person. Hay waited 12 years after Geers death, and 40 years after coming out to say that Geer was his one-time lover. Also, all of the sources used to propagate the rumor trace back to Hay's 1990 quote.

Finally, the only source the article uses not linked to Hay, is a book by Boze Hadleigh. Unfortunately, Boze is a renown shock value tabloid writer. One only need to Google him to see how controversial and suspect his work is. Here are two of the falsified stories he has published in his books. These examples come from his wiki article.

In Hadleigh's book Broadway Babylon, Madeline Kahn is quoted as saying: "Nathan Lane has a wonderful sensibility for comedy...It does rather surprise me that as a gay man he participates in that degree of homophobic humor in The Producers."[3] Madeline Kahn died in 1999.[4] Nathan Lane only was signed to appear in The Producers in October 2000.[5]

In the book Leading Ladies, referring to the film Brief Encounter, Hadleigh writes: "Sir Nöel did not believe any of the remakes worked nearly as well, including the highly publicised 1975 British telefilm starring Sophia Loren and Richard Burton."[6] However, Noël Coward died in March 1973.[7]

Among other claims Hadleigh has made is that Rock Hudson had an affair with Liberace.[8] In a filmed interview, journalist Woody McBreairty confronted Hadleigh with the information that Tom Clark, publicist and former lover of Hudson[9], had said of the claim: "Nonsense. It never happened. I knew Rock for thirty years...Rock did not know this writer and never spoke to him. The way Rock is quoted is just not the way he talked". In response, Hadleigh stated that he had interviewed Hudson twice, in 1977 and 1982.[10] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A000:1326:C575:4426:3847:A36C:8451 (talk) 13:34, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

Zeb Walton's death
With a 'varifiable source', it should be added that the character 'Zeb Walton' was written out of the Waltons (via heart-attack), due to Geer's death. GoodDay 22:34, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Pistol
Pistol is not a character in Much Ado About Nothing. Either the character or the play needs to be corrected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.228.69.34 (talk) 02:15, 13 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Removed unsourced statement. "The character (Ancient Pistol) is introduced in Henry IV, Part 2 and reappears in The Merry Wives of Windsor and Henry V." Manannan67 (talk) 03:40, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Credit The Searchers 1956
Was Will Geer really in The Searchers or is this an error? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.162.161.183 (talk) 15:22, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Will Geer


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Saginaw Gears (UHL)

The Saginaw Gears were a minor professional ice hockey franchise that played in the United Hockey League (UHL), formerly known as the Colonial Hockey League. The Gears existed for five seasons and part of one other, from 1994 to December 19, 1999.

Chatham Wheels
The club began in 1992 in the Colonial Hockey League (CoHL) in Chatham, Ontario, as the Chatham Wheels. The Wheels won the franchise's only division championship in 1994 with a 39–18–7 record, making it all the way to the championship series before losing to the Thunder Bay Senators. Despite their on-ice success, the Wheels drew just 1,672 fans per game, second-worst in the eight-team loop.

Saginaw Wheels/Lumber Kings
In 1994, the team moved to Saginaw, Michigan, and became the Saginaw Wheels. Playing around .500 hockey both seasons, Saginaw made the playoffs in both seasons but faced slumping attendance in year two, and so re-branded as the Saginaw Lumber Kings in 1996. After two poor seasons under the Lumber Kings moniker (the second in the renamed United Hockey League), however, the club was sold in 1998. New owner Khaled M. Shukairy decided to rename the club the Saginaw Gears after the former IHL team. However, attendances remained flat with small crowds (about 2,000 a game) coming to see the Gears at Wendler Arena in the Saginaw Civic Center in downtown Saginaw. Local fans were not encouraged by the Gears' poor play, as they finished with a 20–46–8 record in 1998–99.

Ohio Gears
On December 20, 1999, with the Gears again in last place at 7–18–3 and last in the league in attendance, the Gears broke their lease with Wendler Arena (and owing local businesses a reported $72,000), and moved to Massillon, Ohio to finish the season as the Ohio Gears. The move had the blessing of United Hockey League commissioner Richard Brosal after the city of Massillon, Ohio, announced they were to build a new 6,500-seat arena. Playing at a small community rink in nearby North Canton, Ohio, with a capacity of 400 and almost no one in attendance, the Gears had a 5–40–5 record for the rest of the 1999–2000 campaign. The franchise went dormant after the season, planning on returning in the 2001–02 season when the new arena in Massillon was built. But plans to build the arena collapsed, forcing the team to remain dormant for another year. The Gears never played another game despite resurrection attempts as the Arctic Xpress, Canton Xpress, and finally the Canton Ice Patrol.

title: Saginaw Gears (UHL)


text: User talk:66.176.42.222

title: User talk:66.176.42.222


text:
Bucket seat

A bucket seat is a car seat contoured to hold one person, distinct from a flat bench seat designed to fit multiple people. In its simplest form, it contours somewhat to the human body, but may have a deep seat and exaggerated sides that partially enclose and support the body in high-performance automobiles.

Before World War II, the term Kübelsitzwagen (meaning bucket-seat car) became popular in Germany, for light open-topped, cross-country and military vehicles without doors, because these were typically equipped with bucket seats, to help keep occupants on board, in an era before the adoption of seat belts. This body style had first been developed by Karosseriefabrik Nikolaus Trutz in 1923. They are typically standard in front of fast cars to keep drivers and other passengers in place when turning at speed. Rear "bucket seats" are typically hybrids of bench and true bucket seats, being contoured like the latter but fixed in place, even when divided by a center console, and thus lacking a free-standing bucket seat's front-rear and often backrest angle adjustability.

In American cars

Since their inception, most all American cars were equipped with bench seats, like in carriages, which permitted multi-passenger seating. As European cars became more accessible to Americans following World War II, bucket seats became associated with sports performance and luxury. Bucket seats then spread to American manufacturers, beginning as "sporty trim packages" in the late 1950s and later appearing as a standard feature.

The popularity of front bucket seats began with sporty compact cars, pioneered by General Motors in 1960, with production of the Chevrolet Corvair 900 series Monza Club Coupe with standard front bucket seats. By 1962, more than one million U.S. built cars were factory equipped with bucket seats; often, these were fitted with a center console containing a gear shifter and other features such as ashtrays, a cigarette lighter, storage compartments, and power window controls between the seats. Large luxurious front bucket seats (and contoured "bucket-style" rears) made their debut in American personal luxury cars with the debut of the 1963 Buick Riviera in late 1962 as a 1963 model. In 1964, Ford introduced the Mustang "pony car", following the success of the sporty Corvair Monza further popularized the idea of standard front bucket seats - although a front bench seat was an available option. With the introduction of subcompact automobiles in the U.S. in the early 1970s, such as the Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto, bucket seats were used for the same reasons they had originally appeared: lack of seating room and floor-mounted levers for the gear shifter and parking brake.

While bucket seats continued to gain popularity among compact and sporty cars, the bench seat remained the preferred front seating arrangement in larger cars and trucks until the late 1990s. Increasingly, mid- and full-size domestic cars, as well as trucks, offered front bucket seating options for customers who wanted a sporty image or more personalized car. In the following decades this trend spread, with the last sedan to come with a standard front bench seat being the 2011 Lincoln Town Car, and the last to offer it as an option the 2013 Chevrolet Impala. SUVs spread widely during this time, universally with bucket seats in front. As of 2015, only some pickup trucks and SUVs retain the front bench seat.

Rear seating
Although rear seating in automobiles largely utilizes bench seats, some 2+2 cars have bucket-style seats in the rear. The first usage of rear bucket seats was in the 1960-1962 Chrysler 300 F,G & H coupes and convertibles inspired by the 1956 Chrysler Norseman concept car. Long-wheelbase variants of full-size luxury cars, such as the Lexus LS 460L have an "executive seating package" option that reduces the rear to two passengers but provides them with more amenities. The Porsche Panamera offers only bucket seats as the rear configuration despite its large size.

Third row seating
Individual bucket-style seats are also used in passenger vans and minivans, although they are not always referred to as such. Unlike those in cars, bucket seats in vans can be configured in different ways or even removed for more cargo storage. In the typical minivan configuration, the front and middle rows have two bucket seats each, while the third-row seat has a three-person bench, for a total of seven passengers. Honda Odyssey 2005-2010 models (except for the base trim) adds a stowable "PlusOneSeat" between the middle row bucket seats. The Australian Mazda MPV has three seats in the middle and two in the last row.

The Chrysler Pacifica was a luxury crossover SUV where all three rows were bucket seats.

Sport seats
A sport seat is an improved version of a bucket seat with advanced lateral support and ability to accommodate racing harnesses. Sport seats are designed according to the shape of a human body to provide advanced lateral support and weight distribution, which helps the driver withstand g-force while cornering. Sport seats come with special openings for 3-point, 4-point, or 5-point racing harnesses to increase safety in extreme driving conditions. These seats often are lighter in weight compared to stock bucket seats, which is vital for any sport car. They are universal and technically can be installed in any vehicle using model specific or universal bolt-on seat mounting brackets.

Suspension seats
A suspension seat is a variation of a sport bucket seat designed for off-road vehicles. Unlike seats for sports cars, it is equipped with additional springs or suspension components that give extra shock absorption for bumps and jumps, making it softer and relatively more comfortable for the driver. While suspension seats provide more comfort for passengers, they are not considered safer than the static bucket seats used in motorsports.

title: Bucket seat


text:
Talk:The Cream of Eric Clapton

Fair use rationale for Image:Cream-of-eric-clapton.jpg
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title: Talk:The Cream of Eric Clapton


text:
List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)

This is a list of European nations sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP), the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. The GDP dollar estimates presented here are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations for the latest years recorded in The World Factbook. The list includes all members of the Council of Europe, Belarus and Kosovo. The figures provided are all quoted in United States dollar.

Gross domestic product
===GDP (PPP) by country in 2017 (in billions of USD) ===


text:
Wikipedia:Goings-on/July 17, 2005

Wikipedia always has a lot going-on. This page is a collection of current information about projects and discussions that are happening in the community. The page exists for more than just announcements, but to provide links for places where you can go and participate in things that interest you. You can also visit the similar Meta goings-on page. For a regular weekly update of community news, you can read the Wikipedia Signpost.

This page is archived in a weekly digest-like fashion, every Sunday at 0:00 UTC.

{| cellspacing=3 width="100%"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Goings-on in the week starting Sunday July 17 2005

 * Voting on a proposal to amend the Manual of Style regarding era designations continues until August 1.
 * A new interwiki project has been launched to facilitate the internationalization of Wikipedia.
 * Jimbo appoints 3 new arbitrators to the Arbitration Committee
 * Issue 28 of Wikipedia Signpost is published.

 * - valign="top"
 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Current collaborations
 * General: Learning, Lhasa
 * Improvement Drive: Mario
 * Australian: Snowy Mountains Scheme
 * Canadian: Oka Crisis
 * Indian: History of India
 * United Kingdom: Winter of Discontent
 * Spanish translation: The Kiss (Rodin sculpture) from es:El Beso (Auguste Rodin)
 * Gaming: Intelligent Systems
 * Cricket: West Indian cricket team
 * Wikimedia: Help pages
 * Interwiki checker

 * bgcolor="#fffff6" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Articles that gained "featured" status
 * Tooth enamel (July 17)
 * Căile Ferate Române (July 17)
 * Helen Gandy (July 20)
 * Sharon Tate (July 20)
 * Blackface (July 20)

Pictures that gained "featured" status
 * MotoX racing (July 17)
 * Energy Arc (July 21)
 * Willow catkin (July 22)
 * Australian cart (July 22)
 * Pangong lake (July 22)
 * Misty morning (July 22)

Lists that gained "featured" status
 * List of UN peacekeeping missions (July 22)
 * Zimbabwean national cricket captains (July 20)
 * List of space shuttle missions (July 20)
 * }

title: Wikipedia:Goings-on/July 17, 2005


text:
The Winning Hand

The Winning Hand is a collaborative compilation album by Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, Dolly Parton and Brenda Lee. It was released on November 1, 1982, by Monument Records. The album was produced by Fred Foster, founder and chairman of the board of Monument, and contains some newly-recorded material as well as catalog material with new instrumental tracks. The album spawned two singles, the Parton and Nelson duet "Everything's Beautiful (In Its Own Way)" and "You're Gonna Love Yourself in the Morning" by Lee and Nelson. The album also inspired a television special of the same name hosted by Johnny Cash, who had written the album's liner notes. The special featuring all four performers aired in over 150 markets in March and April 1985.

Release and promotion
The album was announced in the September 4, 1982 issue of Billboard as the first release by Monument Records through a new distribution deal with CBS. The album was released on November 1, 1982. Monument Records launched a major radio, retail and advertising campaign budgeted at $100,000 to carry the album to country, pop and adult contemporary audiences. The album's cover art depicts the four artists as kings and queens on a deck of cards. This artwork was utilized on posters, promotional decks of cards and other point-of-sale materials spotlighting the album's theme. Monument printed approximately 5,000 decks of promotional "Winning Hand" cards, with Nelson and Kristofferson as the kings, Lee and Parton as the queens. They were sent to pop, adult contemporary and country radio stations and a limited quantity was sent to retail locations nationally. Two weekends in November 1982 were designated as "Winning Hand Weekends" at key radio stations, including more than 60 country stations. The participating stations received 25 copies of the album and first single for giveaways. Additionally, Monument used the album's cover graphics to make a series of four-color 12-by-24-inch posters. Each poster was limited to 3,500 copies against red, green or blue backgrounds for in-store display. Along with the posters, retailers received promotional flats of the album with easel backs for display, and an eight track "mini LP" with four duet and four solo tracks from the album to be played in-store. CBS distribution also coordinated a series of retail contests to run from December 1982 to January 1983. Winners won an expense-paid trip to see any act of their choice from The Winning Hand album in concert in Las Vegas, Lake Tahoe or Atlantic City.

Television special
After writing the liner notes for the album, Johnny Cash suggested that the album be made into a television special with him as the host. Foster, Kristofferson, Nelson, Lee and Parton immediately agreed to both of Cash's suggestions, but it took a couple of years to arrange the schedules of these five superstars for the special to become a reality. The special includes every cut from the album in addition to some "signature songs" by each performer. Foster stated that he was humbled that the artists involved were participating in the special for a nominal fee in tribute to him. He went on to say that there wasn't enough money around or a sponsor able to pay for it otherwise. The special aired in over 150 markets in March and April 1985.

Critical reception
Billboard published a review in the November 13, 1982 issue which said, "From the ultra-visual packaging to the liner insert penned by Johnny Cash, this is an engaging project involving three former Monument artists and one currently signed to the reactivated label (Kristofferson). The ambitiousness of the undertaking overrides some uneven spots, which can be expected when you're pairing different superstars on nearly every track of a double-record set. Best cuts include "You Left Me a Long, Long Time Ago" by Nelson and Lee, "To Make a Long Story Short, She's Gone" by Nelson and Kristofferson, and "Put It Off Until Tomorrow" by Parton and Kristofferson."

The review published in the November 13, 1982 issue of Cashbox said, "This is the ace that Fred Foster has been saving to play once Monument finalized its distribution agreement with CBS, and the LP is worth the wait, providing an assortment of duets and solo efforts made possible by adding recently-recorded tracks to existing material from the Monument vaults. Though the combination of this fearsome foursome is in itself a strong suit, the two-record set is enhanced by inspired cover art and thoughtful liner notes by Johnny Cash."

Commercial performance
The album peaked at No. 4 on the US Billboard Hot Country LPs chart and No. 109 on the US Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart.

The album's first single, "Everything's Beautiful (In Its Own Way)", a duet by Parton and Nelson, was released in November 1982. It peaked at No. 7 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, No. 19 on the US Billboard Adult Contemporary Singles chart, and No. 102 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 chart.

"You're Gonna Love Yourself in the Morning", a duet by Lee and Nelson, was released as the album's second single in March 1983. It peaked at No. 43 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.

Charts
Album

Singles

title: The Winning Hand


text:
William Simon U'Ren

William Simon U'Ren (January 10, 1859 – March 8, 1949) was an American lawyer and political activist. U'Ren promoted and helped pass a corrupt practices act, the presidential primary, and direct election of U.S. senators. As a progressive, U'Ren championed the initiative, referendum, and recall systems. These measures were also designed to promote democracy and weaken the power of backstage elites. His reforms in Oregon were widely copied in other states. He supported numerous other reforms, such as the interactive model of proportional representation, which was not enacted. He had little success in battles for a Georgist "Single Tax" on the unimproved value of land.

Early life
William Simon U'Ren (accent the last syllable) was born on January 10, 1859, in Lancaster, Wisconsin, the son of immigrants from Cornwall, England. Their surname was originally spelled Uren. U'Ren's father, William Richard U'Ren was a socialist who worked as a blacksmith and emigrated to America owing to difficult economic conditions.

In America, the elder U'Ren lived as a farmer in the Midwest, working also as a blacksmith when possible. He also taught this trade to his son William. The family was both politically radical — following the journalism of Horace Greeley — but also devout albeit unconventional adherents of Christianity.

At the age of 17 the younger U'Ren left home to make his way in the world, working as a miner in the state of Colorado. U'Ren studied law and business in the evenings. He earned a law degree and was admitted to the Colorado state bar at the age of 21.

U'Ren practiced law for a time in the Colorado towns of Aspen, Gunnison, and Tincup. He also became involved in Republican Party politics and edited a newspaper for a time in Tincup.

A long-time sufferer of asthma, while in Colorado U'Ren contracted tuberculosis, and consequently moved to Hawaii in search of a climate that would make possible his recovery from the frequently fatal illness. It was in Honolulu that U'Ren was exposed to the economic work of Henry George, Progress and Poverty, which was greatly influential upon his thought.

In 1889, the 30-year-old U'Ren relocated to the Pacific Northwest, working for a time as a ranch hand for his parents in Eastern Oregon. U'Ren then moved to the western part of the state, settling in the town of Milwaukie, Oregon, just outside Portland, where he established a law practice. There U'Ren became involved both in reform politics and spiritualism — a major intellectual fad of the era — and became involved with the prominent Luelling family, who were actively interested in both pursuits.

In 1890, he campaigned vigorously for the Australian Ballot, which won in 1891. It was while he was involved in this campaign that he attended a séance, and met Mrs. Laure Durkee.

Single Tax
In 1892 U'Ren suffered a severe asthma attack and gave up his law practice. Mrs. Durkee knew that the Lewellings, a local fruit growing family, had often offered lodging and care to hard luck cases, such as U'Ren was. His health was slowly restored at the Lewellings farm. Mr. and Mrs. Seth Lewelling were reformers (with one family member writing "good government being to us what religion is to most people"). U'ren was already a convert to progressive causes, especially the Single Tax proposed by Henry George. Albert Lewelling gave him a copy of James W. Sullivan's book Direct Legislation by the Citizenship Through the Initiative and Referendum (1892) and U'ren decided to invest his time and effort in the cause.

Direct Legislation League
He was a leader of the People's Power League after 1892. U'Ren brought together representatives of the state Farmer's Alliance and labor unions to form the Direct Legislation League, of which he was named secretary. He had an express goal of implementing the three legs of direct democracy – Initiative, referendum, and recall. In 1894 U'Ren was elected chairman at the Populist Party convention, and won approval of an Initiative & Referendum platform plank. In 1896 U'Ren won a seat in the Oregon House of Representatives; however, in 1897 the House failed to organize, only holding a short special session in the fall of 1898. U'Ren worked the legislature during his term, without success, to gain approval for initiative and referendum. After his 1897 defeat, U'Ren reorganized the Oregon Direct Legislation League to broaden the base of initiative, referendum, and recall support. The new executive committee included bankers, the president of the state bar association, and The Oregonian editor Harvey W. Scott.

U'Ren and the Direct Legislation League won passage of an initiative and referendum amendment in 1898. Under the constitution of the time, amendments had to be approved by two successive sessions of the legislature. By 1902 the legislature had approved the amendment and voters had ratified it.

Other initiatives
U'Ren associated himself with many initiative efforts, including banning free railroad passes, establishing popular election of U.S. Senators, and creating the first presidential primary in the United States. Two of the more significant early initiatives he sponsored were a 1906 constitutional amendment extending initiative and referendum powers to local jurisdictions, and a 1908 amendment that gave voters power to recall elected officials. In 1912, he proposed an amendment to the Oregon Constitution to essentially weigh each legislator's vote on proposed bills according to the number of votes he received in the last election; this measure failed by a large margin.

In 1908 U'Ren led the successful effort to amend the Oregon state constitution to accommodate proportional representation that would provide voters with first, second and third choices on the ballot. He said, "Real representative government is impossible unless all political parties, minorities as well as majorities, are thus fairly represented in the legislature in proportion to the number of supporters that each has among the voters."

U'Ren was a strong proponent of the single tax system advocated by Henry George, but was unsuccessful in getting it adopted in Oregon. After his defeat in a 1914 race for Governor on the single tax platform, he largely withdrew from active politics. In the 1930s U'Ren denounced President Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, warning against dictatorship and a federal government out of control.

He died of pneumonia at age 90, in Portland, Oregon on March 8, 1949.

title: William Simon U'Ren


text:
Pour-over will

A pour-over will is a testamentary device wherein the writer of a will creates a trust, and decrees in the will that the property in his or her estate at the time of his or her death shall be distributed to the Trustee of the trust. Such device was always void at English common law, because it was not deemed a binding trust, in that the testator can change the disposition of the trust at any time and therefore essentially execute changes to the will without meeting the formalities required for the change.

More recently, a number of jurisdictions have recognized the validity of a pour-over will. In the jurisdictions in the U.S. which allow a pour-over will, testators do not usually put all of their assets into trusts for the reasons of liquidity, convenience, or simply because they did not get around to doing so before they died.

A pour-over clause in a will gives probate property to a trustee of the testator's separate trust and must be validated either under incorporation by reference by identifying the previously existing trust which the property will be poured into, or under the doctrine of acts of independent significance by referring to some act that has significance apart from disposing of probate assets, namely, the revocable living trust (inter vivos trust). The testator's property is subject to probate until such time as the pour-over clause is applied, and the estate assets "pour" into the trust. The trust instrument must be either in existence at the time when the will with the pour-over clause is executed, or executed concurrently with the will to be a valid pour-over gift. However, the trust need not be funded inter vivos. The pour-over clause protects property not previously placed in a trust by pouring it into the previously established trust through the vehicle of the will.

title: Pour-over will


text:
Cowdray Park

Cowdray Park refers to

 * Cowdray Park, Gauteng, a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa
 * Cowdray Park, West Sussex, a country house and polo park in England
 * Cowdray Park (constituency), district of the Parliament of Zimbabwe

title: Cowdray Park


text:
Category:Education in Cyprus

This category collects all articles about education in Cyprus. Please use the respective subcategories.

title: Category:Education in Cyprus


text:
Talk:Triple talaq

--Striver 23:50, 16 July (UTC) Sakina Asghar (20 july 2001) a student of University of Delhi had given her views regarding the triple talaq. she made this clear in an interview with DD channel  that triple talaq has nothing to do with the shia community as divorce is a very difficult process in shia muslim.she is greatly influenced by Dr sayed Ammar Nakshawani and she explained it dfggcgg all the facts based on sayed 's lecture. other students also expressed their thought and claimed triple talaq as an evil.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.69.245.132 (talk) 16:22, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

triple Talaq has to happen on three different occasions
Note: From 22 August 2017 Supreme court of India declared Triple talaq Illegal in India. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 43.227.224.58 (talk) 07:32, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

Divorce is once at a time, even if I say in anger: "I divorce you" 15 times not 3, it still counts as one, there is a misunderstanding about the INSTANT Triple talaq and is considered a Bid'ah ,it is explained better in sura Al-Baqara 227 to 230.

This Qur'anic passage explains that the act of divorce has to happen on three seperate occasions and most scholars say that a divorce in the heat of anger and the husband says : "I divorce you" it is not binding.

Qur'an chapter 2 to 227 to 230 explain:

227. And if they decide upon divorce, then Allâh is All-Hearer, All-Knower.

228. And divorced women shall wait (as regards their marriage) for three menstrual periods, and it is not lawful for them to conceal what Allâh has created in their wombs, if they believe in Allâh and the Last Day. And their husbands have the better right to take them back in that period, if they wish for reconciliation. And they (women) have rights (over their husbands as regards living expenses) similar (to those of their husbands) over them (as regards obedience and respect) to what is reasonable, but men have a degree (of responsibility) over them. And Allâh is All-Mighty, All-Wise.

229. The divorce is twice, after that, either you retain her on reasonable terms or release her with kindness. And it is not lawful for you (men) to take back (from your wives) any of your Mahr (bridal-money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage) which you have given them, except when both parties fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by Allâh (e.g. to deal with each other on a fair basis). Then if you fear that they would not be able to keep the limits ordained by Allâh, then there is no sin on either of them if she gives back (the Mahr or a part of it) for her Al-Khul‘ (divorce)[2]. These are the limits ordained by Allâh, so do not transgress them. And whoever transgresses the limits ordained by Allâh, then such are the Zâlimûn (wrong-doers).

230. And if he has divorced her (the third time), then she is not lawful unto him thereafter until she has married another husband. Then, if the other husband divorces her, it is no sin on both of them that they reunite, provided they feel that they can keep the limits ordained by Allâh. These are the limits of Allâh, which He makes plain for the people who have knowledge. --The Brain 07:32, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Tell That to Umar and his followers. Shia agree. --Striver 21:48, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I was raised Sunni, they (most) consider it Haraam and has been the subject of comedy abd satire by many sunnis--The Brain 22:55, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, but that dosnt change that there are Sunis that deem it Halal. --Striver 16:16, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure whether it's worth linking the msnbc article about the man who accidentally divorced his wife, but I thought it was interesting. The link is [1]

Translation
I removed this string of Arabic text and placed it here. If someone can translate it (and it's relevant to the article), please do so and place it back in the article. K e rowyn Leave a note 04:38, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

وَقَدْ اِخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاء فِيمَنْ قَالَ لِامْرَأَتِهِ أَنْتَ طَالِق ثَلَاثًا فَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيّ وَمَالِك وَأَبُو حَنِيفَة وَأَحْمَد وَجَمَاهِير الْعُلَمَاء مِنْ السَّلَف وَالْخَلَف : يَقَع الثَّلَاث

There is difference of opinion for a person who says his wife you are divorced thrice, Shafa'e, Malik, Abu-Hanifa, Ahmad and most(jamhur) ulama of sulf and khulf (means past) says three (tlaaqs) will take effect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.154.26.248 (talk) 10:34, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

blatent POV intro
I've removed the blatent POV intro. Here it is for those who want to review it (I've abridged the quotes):

(...Quote...)

This verse is self-explanatory: there is no concept of three divorces in Islam. It is after the second divorce that a man can retain his wife or get separated. The concept Of "Three Divorces" does not exist in the Quran.

The concept of "triple Talaq in one sitting" or "Instant Talaq" is alien to the Quran. The misconception that issuing "so called Three Talaqs in one sitting" will terminate nikah (marriage) and will result in irrevocable talaq is nothing but mockery of the laws. The Holy Quran explicitly lays down principles for talaq and marital discord as follows:

Surah Nisah ....4:35... (...Quote...)

In this ayat of Surah Nisa, Allah clearly asks for arbitration and reconcillation with the help of relatives. Therefore,it is clear that no Talaq can be effective without their interference, whether given once, twice, thrice or a hundred times.

The Surah Talaq Verses 1-12 (...Quote...)

Thus, it is clear from the above surah that the concept of "Three Divorces" does not exist in the Quran. The concept of triple talaq in one go was just an innovation by Caliph Umar and doesn't find any place in the Holy Quran.

The scholars and religious bodies who validate triple talaq in one sitting (without arbitration, reconciliation, and many other conditions as required in the Quran) need to learn that the Laws of Allah are above sayings of any Caliph. Even if it served during the reign of a caliph it can not be applicable to for all times to come, as it is only the Quran which is to be followed for all time.

Here is an abridged version;

 * The Quran is self-explanitory on the matter. There is no concept of three divorces in Islam.
 * The concept Of "Three Divorces" does not exist in the Quran.
 * The concept of "triple Talaq in one sitting" or "Instant Talaq" is alien to the Quran.
 * It is clear that no Talaq can be effective without interference of reconciliation.
 * It is clear from a quote that the concept of "Three Divorces" does not exist in the Quran.
 * The concept of triple talaq in one go doesn't find any place in the Holy Quran.

The concept of triple talaq in one go was just an innovation by Caliph Umar. The scholars and religious bodies who validate triple talaq need to learn [despite being scholars, and reputable religious bodies not merely a single pov-pushing wikipedia editor] that the Laws of Allah are above sayings of any Caliph.

It should be fairly obvious why this is a blatent pov-rant. Hence why I've removed it. Newman Luke (talk) 02:39, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

Merge
There is a merge discussion here Pass a Method   talk  13:28, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Triple talaq


text: User talk:68.69.26.49

title: User talk:68.69.26.49


text:
Kunětická hora

Kunětická hora is a hill in the municipality of Ráby in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic, about 6 km north-northeast from the city of Pardubice.

Kunětická hora has an elevation of 307 m above sea level. It sits in a plain of the East Elbe Table, above which it rises 82 m. Geologically, the hill is a laccolith, dating from the Cenozoic era. Toward the end of the 19th century, the slopes of the hill were used as a quarry, at such a pace that the hill was in danger of disappearing.

The hill is best known for Kunětická hora Castle, a castle at its summit. A modern water reservoir has been built inside the top part of the hill.

title: Kunětická hora


text:
List of North American countries by GDP (PPP)

This is a list of North American nations ranked by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). Figures are given in 2021 International Dollars according to International Monetary Fund 2020 figures.


text: Category:Universities and colleges in Cyprus


text:
User:Matt Deres

WP:EITW Edit Counter My Library My Sandbox Schlepp effect

Articles
A list of articles I've started. Yes, I am deliberately trying to create articles in as wide a range of subjects as possible, but I'm not sure why...

 * Hoop snake - an urban legend/cryptid
 * Adrienne Mayor - classical historian
 * Chute Boxe Academy - a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and MMA school
 * Steve Leialoha - a comic book inker
 * Glenview Park Secondary School - a secondary school in Canada
 * Goodbye, My Coney Island Baby - popular barbershop song
 * Major League Baseball logo - logo for MLB
 * Dum Diane vitrea - song from Carmina Burana
 * Peach black - a pigment
 * Mucosal immune system - part of the immune system
 * Frigophobia - a mental health issue similar to koro
 * Fenland Survey - and archaeological survey of part of Britain
 * Nantucket Whaling Museum - a museum
 * Bed and Sofa - a 1927 Soviet silent movie involving abortion and a ménage à trois
 * List of Elvira's Movie Macabre episodes - the classiest TV show ever made...
 * Burntwood School- English school for girls
 * Khutu - a material used for knife handles and alleged antidote for poison
 * One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer - the best drinking song ever?
 * List of deprecated terms for diseases - straightforward, yes?
 * Phyllis and Flora another piece from Carmina Burana.
 * Cambridge Main Street Bridge - a historic bridge in my old hometown.
 * For sale: baby shoes, never worn - the world's shortest novel

Technically, I've also created these, but they were just split offs from other articles:

 * List of Saturday Night Live guests who simultaneously hosted and performed
 * List of Saturday Night Live cast members who have hosted

I didn't start this article, but basically saved it from being deleted:

 * St. Lawrence High School - a secondary school in India

I've also been trying to help with categorization. To that end, I've made these pages:

 * Category:Girls' schools in Iran
 * Category:Girls' schools in Kenya
 * Category:Girls' schools in Malaysia
 * Category:Girls' schools in Pakistan

About vandalism
I spend a lot my time here cleaning poo off of Wikipedia. I'm not being cute; I mean I literally spend a great deal of time removing the words "poo", "poop", and "poopy" off of otherwise legitimate articles. Because of this, I may sometimes get a little hasty with the revert key and a little heavy-handed with warnings given. If you think I've made a boo-boo, please let me know so have a chance to apologize and set things right. Before getting upset, check out my User Contributions on the left and see what kind of flood I (and many others) are trying to keep in check.

Speaking of vandalism... I might as well explain here that I almost never use the first-level (general note) for vandalism warnings. If I judge something to be vandalism, it's automatically a level 2 or a level 3 if it's really obnoxious. Attacks on users get you an "only" warning. The way I see it, you can have your "second chance" after your block expires.

Other work
Want to help out, but don't have a lot of time? Take a word that's commonly misspelled and search for it. Chances are that someone has already redirected it to the correct spelling, but if not, go ahead and create the redirect. If the redirect is there already, let WP take you to the correct article, then click the link back to the misspelling. Then click on the "What links here" link at the far left and you'll get a list of articles with at least one spelling mistake in need of fixing. Go down the list and correct the misspelled word in as many articles as you have time for. For example, I recently did the word pharaoh, which is frequently misspelled as pharoah. Check out the link to pharoah, which redirects you to the correct article. At the top, there's a tiny line right under the title that says "(Redirected from Pharoah)". Clicking that link and then selecting "What links here" will give you a list of articles and other links to that misspelled word (which should now include this page). Ignore the links to talk pages and archived stuff and start going through the articles and fix them up. Easy!

Inspirations
Folks who've helped me understand things include: David Attenborough, James Burke, George Carlin, Larry Gonick, and Bertrand Russell, among many others.

title: User:Matt Deres


text:
File:IceCreamCastle.jpg

Fair use in Ice Cream Castle
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:IceCreamCastle.jpg


text:
User:M-e-leypold

Some Bookmarks

 * Unix

title: User:M-e-leypold


text:
Captain Novolin

Captain Novolin is a 1992 educational platform video game, developed by Sculptured Software and published by Raya Systems for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Starring the eponymous superhero with type 1 diabetes, the game sees the player control Captain Novolin on a quest to save the mayor of Pineville from the supervillain Blubberman. It is a part of educational video game series from Raya that also includes Rex Ronan: Experimental Surgeon, Packy and Marlon, and Bronkie the Bronchiasaurus.

Funding for the game came from Novo Nordisk (makers of the Novolin brand of insulin) and the National Institutes of Health. To promote the game, Novo Nordisk distributed 10,000 free copies to hospitals. During its initial release, the game was positively received by diabetes specialists, as well as children with the condition; but the retrospective reception from video game critics has been poor, and it has been named as one of the worst video games of all time.

Gameplay and plot
Captain Novolin is a 2D side-scroller. The plot of Captain Novolin has the titular hero setting out to save Pineville's diabetic Mayor Gooden from aliens and their leader Blubberman, as the mayor only has enough insulin for 48 hours.

Before the game starts, a doctor and dietitian give advice on how to manage one's diet and insulin. Throughout the game, Captain Novolin has to avoid the alien invaders, who have the appearance of junk food items, such as "Cereal Killer" and "Larry Licorice". Meanwhile, Captain Novolin must eat healthy meals to keep his blood glucose within a safe zone. Captain Novolin can die if his blood glucose level goes too high or low. Players can earn points by keeping Novolin's glucose level in the safe zone and defeating the enemy aliens, while receiving bonus points by correctly answering questions that relate to diabetes. In addition, the game has a feature whereby a diabetic player can specify the frequency of their real-life insulin injections.

Development
Captain Novolin was published by Mountain View, California-based company Raya Systems. The President and founder of Raya, Steve Brown, had previously worked with medical companies, supplying them software applications. His interactions with these companies had led him to the conclusion that there needed to be a new way to give children medical information, including about diabetes. The company teamed up with Novo Nordisk to fund the game, as did the National Institutes of Health. Novo Nordisk also helped design the titular character. Sculptured Software developed for the game. Their previous titles included Super Star Wars and NCAA Basketball.

Novo Nordisk distributed 10,000 free copies of the game to hospitals in the United States. It was also shown at diabetes summer camps across the US. The game was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in November 1992, exclusively in North America. It is the first game about diabetes self-management. Subsequent games promoting self-management include 2003's Diabetes Education for Kids for computers and Japanese exclusives Detective and Buildup Blocks for the Game Boy Advance in 2004. Captain Novolin is the first entry in Raya Systems' "Hero Health" series, with later games focusing on tobacco (Rex Ronan: Experimental Surgeon), asthma (Bronkie the Bronchiasaurus), and diabetes once again (Packy and Marlon).

Evaluations
Captain Novolin was warmly received among children with diabetes and their parents. In one study, 23 diabetic children (10 boys and 13 girls in the age range of 6 to 16 years) and the parent of one child were interviewed individually. The children were enthusiastic about the game, with several saying that it would be useful when telling their friends about diabetes. A separate evaluation involved a number of diabetic children aged from 8 to 14, along with their respective parents. Participants said that the game could help parents and children to talk about diabetes, as well as helping children talk to their friends about the subject. Former Cheers cast member John Ratzenberger, a celebrity volunteer for the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, thought the game was fun, feeling that it taught children how to manage their diabetes.

Reception
The magazine Esquire included Captain Novolin with their “Dubious Achievement Awards of 1992“, mocking the game's concept and sarcastically preferring “Super Prozac Brothers“. Retrospective reception of the game was widely negative; it was called one of the worst video games of all time. Reviewing Captain Novolin for Hardcore Gaming 101, Charles P. Gill, criticizing its gameplay, graphics, and sound, considered it "so bad that it's really, really funny". Matthew Williamson for GameSetWatch was negative towards the Captain Novolin sprite, saying that it took up one-third of the screen. Williamson also called the Captain “possibly the worst super hero ever“, noting the character could only attack while in mid-air. Writers for Diabetes.co.uk also found unintentional humor in the game, made funnier, they said, by its US$60 retail price. Electronic Gaming Monthly's Seanbaby placed it as number 4 in his "20 worst games of all time" feature and was quoted as saying, "The game is so bad you'll start to root for diabetes." K. Thor Jensen for UGO called it one of the worst educational games of all time, while Robert Quigley and Susana Polo from The Mary Sue named it as one of the weirdest. Game Informer's Ben Reeves considered it to be one of the strangest corporate mascots to get their own video game. Time Extension's Damien McFerran listed Captain Novolin as one of the worst SNES games.

title: Captain Novolin


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85D/Boethin

Comet Boethin (officially 85D/Boethin) was a periodic Jupiter-family comet discovered in 1975 by Leo Boethin. It appeared again in January 1986 as expected. Although the comet was next expected at perihelion in April 1997, no observations were reported, and the comet is thought to have disintegrated. It has not been observed since March 1986. The comet might have come to perihelion in late July 2020, but the uncertainty in the comet's position is hundreds of millions of km. The old orbit would have the comet next coming to perihelion around November 2031.

Discovery circumstances
The comet was discovered under unusual circumstances. Comet 85D/Boethin was the first comet discovered by an observer in the Philippines. Leo Boethin (1912-1998), who was assigned as Reverend of the Abra province in 1949, had taken advantage of the exceptionally dark skies of Luzon to observe comets and meteor showers. In January 1973, he found his first suspected comet at magnitude 9.5, but he saw it fading after a few nights down to magnitude 13 before he could send a telegram with his observations to Brian Marsden at the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Marsden, sceptical of the report, responded that a short-lived outburst was possible, but that the discovery could not be confirmed.

Following his first observations of comet 85D/Boethin on January 4–7, 1975, Boethin sent a Special Delivery letter to Marsden, reporting the discovery of a possible new comet of magnitude 12, using his 8-inch telescope. Before the invention of email, telegrams were expensive, and Boethin had chosen to send a letter this time. The report took ten days to reach Marsden, and by that time the full Moon made observations impossible. Marsden responded that the delay was unfortunate, and that Boethin should try to cable future reports instead of sending letters, which could take weeks to arrive from the remote Abra province. Marsden was not optimistic that the comet could be recovered. Defying the odds, Boethin was able to observe his comet again in late January and early February, and he sent a telegram to the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Using the new report, Marsden was able to calculate an ephemeris for the comet, and it was quickly confirmed by other observers. Marsden sent his congratulations, saying that the discovery circumstances had been "quite incredible" and that such a delay of confirmation was unheard of since the breakdown of international communication in World War II.

Comet 85D/Boethin was quite faint for a visual discovery, which had been made possible only by the very dark skies of Abra province. Observers with telescopes much larger than Boethin's had difficulties to see the object. Marsden noted that this was also true for Boethin's earlier reports from 1973, probably contributing to the unsuccessful confirmation in that case. He offered a free subscription to the IAU Circulars, expressing his hope that Boethin could use the money saved from the subscription to pay for telegrams in case of future discoveries. Boethin never found a new comet again.

In 2003, Gary Kronk and Brian Marsden noticed that the object that Leo Boethin observed in 1973 was actually 104P/Kowal 2, which had not been officially discovered until 1979. From Boethin's report, it was apparent that comet Kowal 2 had been in a short, major outburst in 1973.

Orbit
85D/Boethin was a Jupiter-family comet with an orbital period of 11.81 years and a moderate inclination of 4.3°. It had been captured in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter for at least the last couple of centuries. At the time of its discovery, it was only the second object known to be in such resonance, after 56P/Slaughter–Burnham. It has been suggested that comets in this resonance might originate from the Jupiter trojans. 85D/Boethin came within 0.63 AU of Jupiter in August 1995.

Target of EPOXI mission, loss of comet
It was to be a target of NASA's EPOXI comet-exploration mission in December 2008; however, the comet was not recovered in time to set up the trajectory for the flyby with sufficient accuracy, and EPOXI switched to its backup target Hartley 2. It is thought that 85D/Boethin may have broken into pieces too small for visual detection. As a result, its designation was changed from 85P to 85D on 9 June 2017, signifying that it has been lost and has possibly broken up.

title: 85D/Boethin


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List of South American countries and dependencies by GDP (PPP)

This is a list of South American nations ranked by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) for the latest years recorded in the CIA World Factbook. The figures provided are quoted in US dollars and are 2017 estimates unless otherwise noted.

{{legend|#F0F8FF|Dependent territory - United Kingdom}}


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The Boys in the Band

The Boys in the Band may refer to:

Play and its adaptations

 * The Boys in the Band (play), a 1968 play by Mart Crowley
 * The Boys in the Band (1970 film), an adaption directed by William Friedkin
 * The Boys in the Band (2020 film), an adaptation directed by Joe Mantello

Music

 * Boys in the Band (album), by Long John Baldry, 1980
 * Boys in the Band (video), by the Libertines, 2004
 * Boys in the Band, an album by Vodka Collins, 2004
 * "The Boys in the Band", a song by Gentle Giant from Octopus, 1972
 * "Boys in the Band", a song by Mountain from Climbing! 1970
 * "Boys in the Band (Boy Band Anthem)", a song by New Kids on the Block, 2019
 * "(How Bout a Little Hand For) The Boys in the Band", a song written by Lieber and Stoller, 1970

Television episodes

 * "Boys in the Band" (The Fairly OddParents), 2002
 * "The Boys in the Band" (Family Guy), 2016
 * "Boys in the Band" (Given), 2019
 * "The Boys in the Band" (Step by Step), 1992

title: The Boys in the Band


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User talk:Aslythall

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Image copyright problem with Image:Treguard_n1.jpg
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title: User talk:Aslythall


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Vila Real de Santo António

Vila Real de Santo António is a city, civil parish, and municipality in the Algarve, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 19,156, in an area of 61.25 km2. It is one of the few municipalities in Portugal without territorial continuity: its territory comprises two parts, with the municipal seat located in the eastern part. Vila Real de Santo António was founded after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, and largely expanded in 1774 using the same architectural and construction techniques employed in the reconstruction of Lisbon after the disaster.

The city is situated next to the Guadiana river. Before the construction of the Guadiana International Bridge (in its neighboring upstream municipality of Castro Marim), it used to be the easiest access to Portugal from Andalusia (via ferry from the Spanish city of Ayamonte across the river). Nevertheless, international movement of people and goods is still intense and quite visible in the city.

History
The history of settlement in the region pre-dates the Pombalinan community of the 18th century. The coastline area of Vila Real was inhabited by Megalithic tribes who constructed beehive tombs in the area around Nora, near Cacela. The Romans, and much later the Arabs, made the settlement of Cacela an important village during their occupation of the territory, constructing fortifications to protect them from invading bands.

In 1240, Paio Peres Correia, master of the military Order of Santiago established Cacela as his point of departure for the reconquest of the Algarve, during the Reconquista. Small settlements were eventually established near the Cacela, including many medieval fishing villages, such as Santo António de Arenilha along the coast.

In the 17th century, the vila (town) of Santo António was an important frontier outpost, controlling commerce and developing the lucrative fishing grounds by establishing a fish processing industry. Vila Real de Santo António was a relatively recent community; the region was sparsely populated prior to its foundation and Cacela was the municipal seat of the existing municipality. For centuries, Castro Marim was the only large town guarding the border with Spain, and the settlements in the region were small and undefended. On 30 December 1773, during the reign of Joseph I, a royal decree ordered the creation of a new town at the tip of the Algarve. The impetus for this decision is unclear, but there was several justifications for enhancing the settlement of the region, which included: increasing the human presence near the Spanish border, to prevent any incursions; to better control duties charged on cross-border activity; to be better defend the region from a full-scale attack; or to provoke Spain with a modern settlement that was easily seen from Ayamonte; or to simply rebuild the nearby town fishing village of Santo António de Arenilha and resettle its population. Santo António de Arenilha was destroyed by the same tsunami that was triggered by the devastating 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Regardless, the settlement was erected at great speed for the time (in only two years) and completed in 1776 using the latest technologies. The Marquis of Pombal was responsible for its planning, designing the town in a Pombaline orthogonal grid, which he also used during the reconstruction of Lisbon. In a pioneering technique, entire buildings were prefabricated in areas outside the town, and then transported to their final destination to be assembled, which permitted a fast and methodical construction of the town. Along the river, the customhouses (Alfândega), was one of the first buildings to be completed during the Pombaline reconstruction, to house the offices of the Sociedades das Pescarias (fishing associations/societies), and dividing the settlement in two. The new "Royal Town" of Santo António (Vila Real de Santo António) soon became the seat of the municipality, stripping the once important town of Cacela from this status. Cacela had, in the intervening years, gone into a steady decline as a result of the 1755 earthquake and attacks from English pirates and privateers. As the first canned fish undertaking in the country, the Vila Real de Santo António plant of Conservas Ramirez is the cradle of the sector in Portugal. Vila Real de Santo António thrived on the growth of the fishing industry, which included the processing of species of tuna and sardine. In 1886, it became the first city in the Algarve to have gas lighting installed. As the fishing industry went into decline (around the 1960s), tourism quickly took over as the main economic livelihood for many of its residents. The extensive stretches of sandy beaches attracted both national and international tourists, especially during the warm season. Monte Gordo is particularly visitor-oriented, counting with many hotels, bars and a casino.

Physical geography
The municipality is bordered to the north by the municipality of Castro Marim and to the west by the municipality of Tavira. It fronts the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and the Guadiana River to the east, along with its frontier border with the Andalusian municipality of Ayamonte (Spain). Due to its Atlantic frontage, the municipality has several kilometers of continuous sandy beaches.

The topography of the municipality is diverse. Marshes are common, especially north of the city where a section of the salty wetlands became the Castro Marim and Vila Real de Santo António Marsh Natural Reserve (established in 1975, this was continental Portugal's first nature reserve). Woodlands cover the planar civil parishes of Vila Real de Santo António and Monte Gordo, while in Vila Nova de Cacela, barren lands and schist hills are more predominant. The easternmost part of the Ria Formosa system of lagoons is located in this civil parish.

Ecoregions/Protected areas
The establishment, in 1975, of the Castro Marim and Vila Real de Santo António Marsh Natural Reserve provided a refuge for several species of migratory and marine birds, namely mallards, flamingos, Kentish plovers, little terns, pied avocets, dunlins, stilts, white storks, and spoonbills, while at the same time protecting breeding grounds for local fish and crustaceans. Chameleons, oysters, and jellyfish (of the genus Rhopilema) are among the species that can be found in the region and its coastal waters, while carob trees, gum rockrose, brooms and almond trees mingle within the forests and brush within the interior.

Climate
Vila Real de Santo António has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with short, mild winters and hot, dry summers. November and December are the rainiest months, although on average, the municipality has around 300 sunny days a year. It has, in general, the hottest summer temperatures and coolest winters of the Algarvian coast.

Human geography
Vila Real de Santo António is one of the most densely populated municipalities of the Algarve, with a population density above the national average. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 3 civil parishes (freguesias):
 * Vila Real de Santo António - this civil parish contains the city of Vila Real de Santo António which in turn is the seat of the municipality;
 * Monte Gordo - the civil parish includes the seaside town and tourist resort of Monte Gordo, which is located less than three kilometers from the city of Vila Real de Santo António and separated by a large section of woodland.
 * Vila Nova de Cacela - this civil parish is a (rare) exclave of Portugal; it is separated from the other two civil parishes by the parishes of Altura and Castro Marim (both comprising the municipality of Castro Marim), effectively splitting Cacela from the rest of the municipality. The town of Vila Nova de Cacela was formed in 1927 when the seat of the civil parish was transferred from Cacela Velha (then known as simply "Cacela") to a new urban agglomeration formed by the villages of Bornacha, Buraco and Coutada. The town and popular seaside resort of Manta Rota is located in this civil parish, next to Cacela Island (which is actually a peninsula).

Economy
Tuna and sardine fisheries continue to be important to the economy of the region. However, the fish industry went into decline in the 1960s and tourism quickly took over as the economic engine of the municipality, attracting both national and international tourists, especially during the warm season. The tertiary sector, particularly administration/government services and support industries are concentrated in the parish of Vila Real. It is common for inhabitants to commute to Spain for work in the Ayamonte area.

Transportation
Vila Real de Santo António station is the eastern terminus of the railway from Faro and Lagos. The Portuguese Railways operate a direct train service (using Diesel multiple units) to Lagos with connections to mainline electric trains at Faro.

The municipality's close proximity to the main A22 roadway enables easy access west, to other parts of the country, or into Spain. Despite the opening of the Guadiana International Bridge in 1991, the small car ferry across the river still operates.

Culture
Several artists were born and/or worked in Vila Real de Santo António, providing a rich heritage in literature and visual arts. The native poet António Aleixo was particularly prominent. Xylographer Manuel Cabanas stood out in the city's artistic panorama and was a fierce opponent of the Portuguese dictatorship.

Sport
The Vila Real Complexo Desportivo is a centre for national- and international-level high-performance training camps, with several sporting clubs using it for athletic preparation. Located near the town of Monte Gordo, it is situated near other sporting facilities and lodgings.

Notable people

 * Lutegarda Guimarães de Caires (1858–1935), a Portuguese women's rights activist and poet
 * António Fernandes Constantino Aleixo (1899–1949), a poet
 * Domiciano Cavém (1932–2005), a footballer with 279 caps with Benfica
 * Manuel José (born 1946), a Portuguese football manager
 * Mário Centeno (born 1966), a former Minister of Finance, former president of the Eurogroup, and current Governor of the Bank of Portugal.
 * Amaro Antunes (born 1990), a professional cyclist that has won the 2020 and 2021 editions of the Tour of Portugal

title: Vila Real de Santo António