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Giovanni Battista Caprara

Giovanni Battista Caprara Montecuccoli (1733 – 1810) was an Italian statesman and cardinal and archbishop of Milan from 1802 to 1810. As a papal diplomat he served in the embassies in Cologne, Lausanne, and Vienna. As Legate of Pius VII in France, he implemented the Concordat of 1801, and negotiated with the Emperor Napoleon over the matter of appointments to the restored hierarchy in France. He crowned Napoleon as King of Italy in Milan in 1805.

Early life
Caprara was born at Bologna on 29 May 1733 to Count Francesco Raimondo Montecuccoli and Countess Maria Vittoria Caprara. He took his maternal surname since she was the last of her line of the Capraras. He was the brother of Count Alberto Caprara, a general and diplomat in the service of Austria.

He studied at the Collegio Nazareno in Rome, and earned a doctorate in utroque iure at the Sapienza University of Rome on 23 September 1755.

With his doctorate in law, Caprara was appointed in 1755 referendary of the Tribunals of the Apostolic Signature; from 1758 to 1761 he served as vice-legate of the papal state of the Romandiola, with its capital at Ravenna. Caprara was ordained a priest on 22 December 1765. Appointed titular archbishop of Iconium on 1 December 1766, he was consecrated bishop in the Quirinal Palace on 8 December 1766 by Pope Clement XIII.

Nuncio
Following his appointment as titular bishop, Caprara was named Apostolic Nuncio to Cologne on 18 December 1766. He served until 1775. In Cologne, he made an effort to deal with the difficulties raised by Febronianism. In 1772 he visited the Netherlands and was sent by Pope Clement XIV as his personal agent to the United Kingdom, where he was presented to King George III by the Austrian ambassador. His mission was to explore the possibilities of Catholic Emancipation in the United Kingdom, particularly in Ireland. In one of his meetings with the King, he was requested to procure a certain medicine, which in due course Pope Clement forwarded to George III. When Caprara's mission became a matter of public knowledge, Pope Clement was denounced in various cities as a heretic, and anti-Catholic sentiment in England was aroused to the point that the British government severed its contacts with the Papacy. It was not until six years later that the matter of emancipation could be brought up again, with the Papists Act 1778. Back in Cologne, when the Jesuits were suppressed in 1773, it fell to Caprara to attempt, over the considerable objections of the three ecclesiastical Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, to carry out the provisions of Pope Clement XIV's bull of suppression of 21 July 1773, Dominus ac Redemptor. Due to health problems (the official reason, but actually at the request of the Empress Maria Theresa), on 6 September 1775 Caprara was appointed nuncio at Lucerne. In 1785 he was transferred to Vienna, where he remained until 1793. The papal Secretary of State (prime minister), Cardinal Francesco Saverio de Zelada (1789–1796), was dissatisfied with his conduct in Vienna. Caprara, with his compliant and passive nature, did not oppose the religious reforms undertaken by Joseph II, who was attempting to make the Catholic Church in his empire the tool of the state, and independent of the papacy.

In order to end his tenure of the nunciature in Vienna in an honorable way, on 18 June 1792 Caprara was promoted Cardinal Priest by Pope Pius VI, with the titular church of Sant'Onofrio in Rome. In Rome he was appointed a member of the Congregations of Bishops and Regulars, Propaganda, Good Government (economic affairs of the Papal States), and the Consulta (the main council of state of the Papal states and appellate tribunal), in the Roman Curia. He was also Protector of the Order of Carmelites. From 21 February 1794 to 1 June 1795 Caprara served as Chamberlain of the College of Cardinals. When Napoleon in 1796 conquered North Italy during the War of the First Coalition, Caprara, perhaps to protect his own estates in Bologna, took a stand in favor of the newly created Transpadane Republic even though the Napoleonic republic had in its agenda strong anticlerical measures. In this period he got the reputation of being a "Jacobin Cardinal". He supported the Treaty of Tolentino in 1797 which imposed terms of surrender on the Papal States. He fell into complete disgrace in the eyes of Pope Pius VI.

Conclave of 1799–1800
Caprara participated in the Papal conclave in Venice from November 1799 to March 1800. He was one of the cardinals absolutely excluded from consideration as pope as far as the Austrian government was concerned. He himself was a supporter of Cardinal Carlo Bellisomi, and an opponent of Cardinal Alessandro Mattei, who had signed the Treaty of Tolentino with Napoleon. Caprara was particularly interested in that treaty, since it had surrendered the Three Legations of the Papal States, including Caprara's native Bologna, to the French. During the Conclave, in early January, he approached the Austrian representative, Cardinal František Hrzán z Harras, with the observation that the choice of a person who was not recommended by the Austrian Court (as was Mattei), would make a better impression during negotiations for the return of the Legations. Hrzan replied that the Legations had been detached from the Papal States by a solemn treaty which had been signed by the Pope, and that they had been conquered by Austrian troops from the Cisalpine Republic. Conquest was a more solid claim. According to Cardinal Hrzan's report to the Austrian Emperor, when Cardinal Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti began to be talked about seriously on 11 March, his candidacy was resisted by Cardinals Borgia, Doria, Maury, Pignatelli, and Caprara, even up to the final vote. Hrzan speculated that the new pope would place little confidence in them. After the Conclave, Caprara requested that Hrzan use his influence with the Austrian government to see to it that his income from his benefice at S. Maria della Grazie in Bologna was paid.

The Emperor Francis wanted the new Pope, Pius VII, to come to Vienna, though the Pope himself was eager to get to Rome, and intended to take the land route through Bologna, Caprara's home. This was unacceptable to Austria, which was in possession of Bologna and wanted no unrest. Pius was therefore sent by sea to Ancona. The Austrians were agitated, moreover, by the fact that Caprara was intriguing to be made Archbishop of Bologna. Pius himself, however, assured the Austrian diplomat Filippo Ghislieri that he had never thought seriously about naming Caprara to the vacant See of Bologna.

Caprara had good relations with Pius VII, with whom he traveled back to Rome. During the voyage from Venice to Ancona, Caprara expected to be named Administrator of the diocese of Ancona and subsequently Bishop of the diocese. At the end of June 1800, however, Cardinal Bussi de Pretis, Bishop of Jesi, died, and it immediately became the gossip of the Papal Court en route that Caprara was being considered as his successor. The Pope appeared to be somewhat disposed to favor the prospect, which was certain enough by 24 July for Caprara to travel to Jesi to take possession of the diocese. Caprara's appointment as Bishop of Jesi came on 11 August 1800, when the Pope was in the March of Ancona.

Legate in France
When the Concordat of 1801 between Pope Pius VII and the French First Republic was concluded, Napoleon Bonaparte, then First Consul, asked for the appointment of a papal legate with residence in Paris. Napoleon's choice fell upon Cardinal Caprara; he may have expected in this way little or no opposition to his plans. The suggestion may have been inspired by Count Azara. Caprara was appointed legate a latere for France in the Secret Consistory of 24 August 1801, and in the Public Consistory of 27 August. He departed Rome on 5 September, with a tiny suite of ten persons, for his destination, and arrived in Paris on 4 October.

In Caprara's instructions there were two principal points. The first concerned the position of the Constitutional bishops, many of whom were supporters of the First Consul. Bonaparte wanted them to be reappointed to their dioceses, or at least to other dioceses. This presented grave spiritual and canonical problems for Pius VII, since the bishops were heretics and schismatics, and it would be impossible to appoint them to diocesan posts without a full confession of guilt, as well as retractation of their oaths to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and submission to the judgment of the Pope. Caprara was to try to get Bonaparte to refrain from nominating (a right guaranteed in the new Concordat) any of the Constitutional bishops. Napoleon had no intention of complying with the Pope's demands. The second principal point had to do with the restoration of territories of the Papal States which had been seized by the French armies during the wars in Italy. These included the Three Legations, which Napoleon intended to form a major part of his Italian Republic.

The principal negotiator for the French Consulate was Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis, Minister of Religious Affairs (cultes). During the negotiations which followed concerning the execution of the Concordat of 1801, Caprara displayed a conciliatory spirit in dealing with the ten constitutional bishops who were to be appointed, at least according to Bonaparte's demand, to as many of the newly established dioceses; in fact, Caprara went contrary to specific instructions from Cardinal Consalvi in Rome, under persistent pressure exerted by Napoleon. On 15 March 1802 Bonaparte issued instructions to Portalis concerning the publication of the Concordat, and remarked that 50 bishops had to be named, 18 legitimate bishops living in France and twelve from the Constitutional clergy; of the 20 remaining, half would be Constitutionals. Five days later, realizing the number would be insufficient, he raised the number of 50 to 60 (fifty bishops and ten archbishops). He made his choices from the list supplied by Portalis. Caprara heard of the list of nominees on 30 March, and was horrified to see that it contained the names of 10 Constitutional bishops, despite the apparent agreement of Bonaparte not to name any Constitutional bishops. On 10 April Caprara insisted that these ten reject their errors, and he was supplied by Bonaparte's officials, Portalis and Bernier, with a letter signed by the ten bishops in which they renounced the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Caprara took this as sufficient evidence of repentance, provided that they publicly confess their errors in the presence of Bernier and Pancemont. They informed Caprara that the conditions had been met, and on 17 April Caprara instituted the ten bishops. Next day Bernier and Pancemont denied the truth of the repentance, but it was Easter Day and the day of reconciliation, and the day on which two episcopal consecrations were to take place. Caprara had been deceived and manipulated, and the Holy See subsequently strongly criticized his actions.

The Concordat was officially approved by votes of the Tribunate and the Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1802. At the same time and in the same bodies, Napoleon had 121 articles, called the Organic Articles, approved as laws of the French State. These articles had not been approved by the Papacy, and had not even been shown in their entirety to the Legate Caprara, before entering into law. They were regarded by the French as amplifying the Concordat, though a number of them in fact contradicted it. The Pope had been tricked and circumvented.

Cardinal Caprara officiated at the Solemn restoration of public worship in Paris at the cathedral of Notre-Dame on Easter Day (18 April 1802), at which function the First Consul, the high officers of state, and the new ecclesiastical dignitaries assisted. The new Archbishop of Paris, the 92 year-old Jean-Baptiste de Belloy-Morangle, led the clergy. After the reading of the gospel of the day, twenty-seven bishops who were present knelt at the feet of Bonaparte and took a solemn oath of allegiance to the government and the French Republic.

On 5 May Cardinal Consalvi, the Papal Secretary of State, wrote to Caprara, demanding explanations about the Constitutional bishops, and about the ceremonies of 18 April, pointing out that the Pope's position had been and remained that the Constitutional bishops should have had no part in them. He also pointed out that all the newspapers, particularly those in German territory, were referring to the Organic Articles as though they were part of the Concordat.

On 27 May 1803 Pius VII wrote to Bonaparte, imploring him to modify the Organic Articles along lines suggested by the papal government. Napoleon's obstinate resistance was to be one of the principal reasons Pius decided to travel to Paris for the coronation of the emperor in 1804. In a letter of 18 August 1803, Caprara, too, protested against the Organic Articles for "establishing in France an ecclesiastical code without the cooperation of the Holy See.... The Church has received from God alone the authorization to decide questions of the doctrine of the faith or of the regulation of morals, and to make canons or rules of discipline." The Church, in fact, never accepted the Organic Articles, though it was powerless to prevent their enforcement.

Archbishop of Milan
In November 1801 the Archbishop of Milan Filippo Maria Visconti was invited by Talleyrand to Lyon to participate in the founding of the Italian Republic, the work of First Consul Bonaparte; but on 30 December 1801, Visconti died there in Lyon while attending a formal banquet. Napoleon arrived in Lyon on 11 January 1802 and designated Caprara as the new Archbishop of Milan. Pope Pius VII concurred, so on 24 May 1802 Caprara was appointed to the post.

Caprara however retained his position as papal Legate in France until his death, and continued to reside in Paris. He visited Milan only once, from 2 April 1805 to 26 July 1805, for the ceremonies of the Coronation of Napoleon as King of Italy in the Cathedral of Milan on 26 May 1805. It was the Cardinal's privilege to bless the Iron Crown of Lombardy which Napoleon then placed on his own head. During the absence of Caprara from Milan, the diocese was ruled by the Vicar general, Carlo Bianchi, who had to deal with the anticlerical measures of the Kingdom of Italy, such as the imposition of an oath to the state Secretary of Cults to be taken by seminary professors, and the compulsory abolition of most confraternities.

Last years
In 1806, Cardinal Caprara caused considerable consternation and offense when he authorized the publication of the Catechism of the French Empire. Among other things, Lesson 7 of Part I of the document mentioned Napoleon I by name and urged the faithful to do their duty to him, "firstly, because God... plentifully bestowing gifts upon our Emperor, whether for peace or for war, has made him the minister of his power, and his image upon earth.... He has become the anointed of the Lord by the consecration he has received from the Sovereign Pontiff, head of the universal church."

Caprara lived in Paris until his death. Relations between Napoleon and the Papal States became more and more difficult, especially with the implementation of the continental blockade against England, in which Pius VII refused to participate or to sanction. Caprara's desire to please Napoleon lead to increasing dissatisfaction on the part of the Pope and the Secretary of State Cardinal Ercole Consalvi. The situation degenerated in 1808 when the Napoleonic army entered the Papal States on 3 February 1808, and General Miollis occupied Rome. In April 1808, Cardinal Caprara was ordered by Pius VII to demand his passports, that is to say, to quit his position as Legate and leave France. Caprara resigned as legate, but contrary to papal instructions did not leave Paris. On 10 June 1809, in the Bull Quum memoranda, Pius VII excommunicated "all those who after the invasion of Rome and the territory of the Church, and the sacrilegious violation of the Patrimony of St. Peter by French troops, have committed either at Rome in the States of the Church, in contravention of ecclesiastical immunities, and against the simple temporal rights of the Church and Holy See, either all or any of the outrages which have provoked our complaints; all authors, promoters, counsellors, or adherents of similar doings; all those, finally, who have contributed to facilitating the carrying out of these violent acts or have implemented them." The excommunication certainly included Napoleon I, Emperor of the French. On 5 July 1809 Pope Pius was arrested. Still in 1809, when Pope Pius VII was already captive in Savona, Caprara pleaded with the pope to support Napoleon. Declining health saved him from the embarrassment connected with the divorce and second marriage of Napoleon (April 1810).

Caprara died in Paris on 21 June 1810. By his last will his estate was bequeathed to Milan's Ospedale Maggiore. By order of Napoleon, Caprara was given a solemn funeral and his body was entombed in the Panthéon of Paris (Crypt III), while his heart was buried in Milan Cathedral. During the Second Empire, his body was removed from the Panthéon and left Paris for Rome on 22 August 1861.

title: Giovanni Battista Caprara


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Papua New Guinea/archive1

Papua New Guinea

 * This article is almost good enough for a featured article, but with a few edits it can be almost perfect. taylorr 20:16, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There are an awful lot of sections. The article seems splintered. Is there a way to get it to flow together more cohesively? --malathion talk 02:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with malathion about the sections, and I also feel that there are too many one sentence paragraphs. The article also probably has too much information. A general overview page should not contain statistics such as are in the geography and economy sections. A big problem is that almost all the images are unverified. They will need to be sourced or removed before the page can become a FA. - SimonP 02:38, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Compress the article, its too long. Some of the sections are half-baked like the demographics and geography. A poor copy and paste done here. THe table headings are misused. There shouldn't be any sub headings for a country article. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  19:06, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree with all the above. It's too long, and really quite messy in parts. Bit too much random detail - for eg. in the Demography section - and too many sections and sub-sections. People have obviously been putting some effort in, but it needs to be snappier and more readable. I suggest a relatively short main article giving an overview, divided into major topics (History, Politics, Geography, etc), with links to more detailed articles on those topics. A possible model is the main article for Australia. -- 163.1.81.102 12:04, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mr. Face

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 16:09, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Mr. Face
NN mascot to nn site... humblefool® 20:13, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agreed. Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 20:18, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as not notable. Bollar 20:19, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn mascot. JamesBurns 07:22, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Proteus (Marvel Comics)

Kevin MacTaggert, best known as Proteus and also called Mutant X, is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and is commonly associated with the X-Men as an antagonist.

Kevin was the mutant son of Scottish genetic researcher Moira MacTaggert and politician Joseph MacTaggert. Kevin had reality-warping and possession powers and lived most of his life in forced seclusion at his mother's Muir Island research facility.

His attempt to break free and find his father made up a classic 1979–80 The Uncanny X-Men storyline that was adapted in the 1990s X-Men animated series. In 2009, Proteus was ranked as IGN's 77th-greatest villain of all time.

Publication history
Created by writer Chris Claremont and artist/co-writer John Byrne, Proteus first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #125 (September 1979), though hints to his character appeared in earlier issues. He was referenced off-panel in The Uncanny X-Men #104, and appeared already possessing a host in The Uncanny X-Men #119.

Fictional character biography
Kevin MacTaggart was the son of Moira and Joseph MacTaggert and was conceived after Joseph severely beat and raped his wife. Moira left Joseph without telling him she was pregnant and raised Kevin at her Mutant Research Centre on Muir Island, off the coast of Scotland. Kevin eventually began manifesting his mutant abilities, becoming a danger to everyone around him. To protect herself and others, Moira was forced to confine Kevin in a specialized cell and referred to him only as Mutant X.

Kevin remained confined for several years until his cell was damaged in a fight between Magneto and the X-Men, at which point Kevin escaped by possessing the body of Angus MacWhirter. Unfortunately, his stolen body was less effective than his original skin at housing his energy form. Reasoning that a more powerful host might sustain him for longer, Kevin decided to possess another resident of Muir Island, the powerful mutant known as Phoenix, but was unable to overcome her psychic powers. Without the esoteric energy fields of his cell to sustain him, Kevin began to burn his body out, and so began to possess human host bodies, one after another. He went after Polaris next, but ultimately ended up taking the body of one of Madrox's duplicates.

The X-Men arrived to confront Kevin, so he fled to the Scottish mainland, but was caught by Wolverine and Nightcrawler. In the ensuing fight, Kevin rejected the Mutant X label and named himself Proteus after the Greek god of myth and the cell in which he had been confined. Proteus tried to possess Wolverine's body, but was forced out by the Adamantium in Logan's skeleton. He attempted to possess Storm, but Moira managed to drive him off by firing at him with a long-range sniper rifle, out of the range of his powers.

Proteus fled to Edinburgh, where he possessed his father, Joseph, and made a last stand against the X-Men. His host body was destroyed in the battle, but before Proteus could take another host, he was punched by Colossus, disrupting his energy form and apparently killing him.

Several years later, A.I.M. attempted to recreate Proteus using a woman named Harness and her mutant son, Piecemeal, to absorb Proteus' dispersed energy form. As the boy went about absorbing the energy, his body grew too large for his system to handle. Eventually, what was left of Proteus's consciousness and Piecemeal merged as one being.

The combined efforts of the New Warriors, the New Mutants, the Muir Islanders, and the original X-Factor team were not enough to defeat the resulting creature, but when the amalgamated being decided that it would not find happiness, it decided to disperse itself, effectively committing suicide.

Some time later, Mr. Sinister and the Gamesmaster also attempted to recreate Proteus by stealing a disc containing his DNA matrix, but were prevented by Nightcrawler, Shadowcat, and Rachel Summers.

House of M and Exiles
When the Scarlet Witch altered history and created the House of M reality, she inadvertently released Mutant X on the world again. Just as before, Moira MacTaggert discovered her son Kevin possessed vast mutant powers that were eating away at his body and tried to cure him of this affliction, but in this new reality, any attempt to "cure" mutation was a capital offense, and Magneto's Sentinels destroyed Moira's lab on Muir Island, setting Kevin loose. Mutant X soon became an infamous Scottish serial killer known for the desiccated corpses he left in his wake.

Kevin encountered the Exiles and managed to escape the House of M reality by stealing data from the Panoptichron and possessing the bodies of various Exile members, though other reality manipulators such as Longshot seemed immune to his powers. Proteus finally possessed the body of Morph, which did not seem to deteriorate due to his possession.

Perhaps due to lingering memories from his time possessing Mimic, Proteus became obsessed with Blink, who tricked him into wearing a portable Behavior Modification System and brainwashed him into believing himself to actually be Morph. Unaware of his true identity, he joined the Exiles, much to the discomfort of the other Exiles. He required regular manipulation by the Behavior Modification System to maintain the brainwashing, but the device was destroyed by chance during a fight between Psylocke and Sabretooth.

Morph's consciousness eventually reawakened and confronted Proteus, offering him chance to work together and share his body and powers in order to do good. Proteus accepted, and the two began to work in harmony, better than either could alone. Some time later, Proteus and Morph were forcibly separated when the Exiles were absorbed into the Panoptichron; Proteus was absorbed into the walls, but Morph was left behind.

Necrosha
Proteus was eventually restored as dispersed energy on Earth-616 and began to try to recreate his physical form via the same process used by Harness and Piecemeal. When Selene began using the Technarch transmode virus to resurrect dead mutants, Proteus took advantage of her work by affixing a small portion of his energy signature, and therefore his consciousness, to Destiny as she was resurrected. Although the amount of Proteus energy involved was not enough to truly possess Destiny as he had done in the past, Proteus was able to influence Destiny's perceptions and cause her to foresee a great threat on Muir Island.

When Destiny tried telepathically contacting her foster-daughter Rogue, she instead found Blindfold and passed on her vision (and unwittingly a portion of Proteus' energy). Proteus manipulated Blindfold into confirming Destiny's vision and Cyclops dispatched Blindfold to investigate. Once they arrived, Proteus was able to use Blindfold like a "psychic magnet", soaking up Proteus energy until enough Proteus energy was consolidated in one place to truly resurrect Kevin MacTaggert and allow him to fully possess Blindfold.

Proteus turned on the X-Men, particularly his murderer, Colossus. He demonstrated the ability to possess several X-Men simultaneously, but was ultimately defeated when Magneto disrupted his energy signature, killing him once more.

Agent X
Some of Proteus's energy was found drifting in the Astral Plane by the Shadow King, who used it to as a source of power in the battle between him and Xavier. In the battle's final moments, Shadow King spread Proteus as a psychic infection in London. Xavier, now inhabiting Fantomex's body and calling himself X, defeated the Shadow King, but accidentally reconstituted Proteus in the process. Proteus allowed X and Psylocke to enter his mind, where they were welcomed by a young Kevin McTaggert. Kevin expressed a wish to atonement and change, as he believed he was only ten years old at the time Colossus killed him. Following that, he had only a few brief times to see the world before he was dispersed, but he had spent ten thousand years on the Astral Plane reflecting on the harm he had caused others and now wished only to be left alone. X did not trust him and attacked instead. In retaliation, Proteus temporarily merged the physical bodies of X and Psylocke and sent them back to London.

He then attempted to bring the Astral Plane into the real world and traveled to the Scottish village of Fetters Hill, granting the citizens of the town the ability to make real whatever they wished. As the X-Men confronted Proteus again, the village had already fallen into chaos, becoming a gestalt of the villagers' mindscapes, but the X-Men were eventually able to disperse Proteus and reverse the damage he had caused to reality.

House of X
Proteus was shown to be an inhabitant of Krakoa, apparently inhabiting a Professor X husk. He joined forces with Elixir, Hope Summers, Goldballs, and Tempus as The Five and together they used their talents to resurrect dead mutants.

Powers and abilities
Proteus is an Omega-level mutant that possesses a vast psionic ability to manipulate and alter reality. He exists in a state of pure psionic energy and can take possession of human bodies; however, the bodies of most beings burn out within hours or a few days. Proteus can leave a body before it is destroyed, but he usually does not. No possessed person has been shown able to resist or break free of Proteus's domination. Proteus has access to all the memories of his host while he possesses them and after he has left the body. Proteus has occasionally exhibited some telepathy, perfect recall, and the ability to mentally download computer information.

Proteus' energy form is disrupted by metal, making living beings with metal in their bodies immune to the possession. If his form is disrupted enough, it can be dispersed, essentially killing him until it is reconstituted.

His reality manipulation powers allow him to transmute matter and bend the laws of physics according to his imagination within a certain range. Using this power he can transform objects into other objects or living creatures, transform energy into matter, manipulate weather, affect people's bodies, or strip a person of their powers. Proteus's reality warping ability is temporary and contingent upon line of sight: once out of his sight, any of his changes will be undone.

Because Proteus is a being made of energy, he is virtually immortal, as his consciousness can reform after being disrupted. Proteus has at times exhibited the ability to transport himself inter-dimensionally, though it's unknown if this is an innate power or if he needed to use a connection to the Panoptichron to accomplish this. After his revival through Destiny during the events of Necrosha, Proteus is shown to be able to possess multiple individuals simultaneously.

Star Trek/X-Men crossover
In the Star Trek/X-Men crossover, the spirit of Proteus crosses over to the universe of Star Trek because of a rift created by Star Trek antagonist Gary Mitchell (who also had reality warping powers). Proteus is able to reanimate and inhabit Mitchell's corpse, which does not deteriorate like other hosts. While chasing Deathbird, the X-Men team up with the crew of the USS Enterprise to stop Proteus, who forms an alliance with Deathbird to escape the planet.

At one point, Proteus compares Mitchell's fate (as seen in the Star Trek TV series episode "Where No Man Has Gone Before") to the kind of anti-mutant prejudice that the X-Men are fighting.

Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Proteus was named David Xavier and was the son of Moira MacTaggert and her ex-husband Professor X (Charles Xavier). He escaped his mother's keep on Muir Island, seeking his father in order to kill him. Proteus killed thousands of people across the world in an attempt to discredit the X-Men, including Psylocke's partner Dai Thomas, an agent of S.T.R.I.K.E. After Xavier refused to kill David, Colossus killed them both by crushing them inside a car.

In other media
Proteus appears in a self-titled two-part episode of X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Stuart Stone. This version is able to assume human form at will, and his possession abilities are not lethal. He comes into conflict with the X-Men while searching for his father, but Professor X manages to calm him using his psychic powers, allowing him to reconcile with his parents.

List of titles

 * Uncanny X-Men #125–128
 * Classic X-Men #32
 * Classic X-Men #36
 * Uncanny X-Men Annual #15
 * New Mutants Annual #7
 * X-Factor Annual #6
 * New Warriors Annual #1
 * Star Trek/X-Men
 * Exiles #69–82
 * X-Men Legacy #232–233

title: Proteus (Marvel Comics)


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Kielce University of Technology

The Kielce University of Technology (Politechnika Świętokrzyska) is a relatively young institution, although the traditions of higher education in Kielce go back to the beginning of the 19th century. It was here that Stanisław Staszic founded the Mining Academy, one of the first higher schools in Poland, which operated in the years 1816–1826 and provided qualified personnel to meet the needs of the Old Polish Industrial Basin. Higher education became available in Kielce again in 1965 when Kielce-Radom Evening Higher Engineering School was established. It was transformed into the Kielce University of Technology in 1974.

The University has five faculties:

 * Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture,
 * Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Computer Science,
 * Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering,
 * Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering,
 * Faculty of Management and Computer Modelling.

At present, over 9,400 students take courses in seven fields of studies: Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Mechanics and Machinery Design, Management and Marketing, Management and Production Engineering. The University is entitled to award a Doctor's degree in five academic disciplines: civil engineering, environmental engineering, electrical engineering, machine building and operation, mechanics, and a degree of Doctor Habilitated in machine building and operation. In the last discipline doctoral courses are also run.

Staff of 403 academic teachers, including 81 Professors and Doctors Habilitated and 153 PhDs together with laboratories (e.g. those of acoustic emission, laser technologies, soil mechanics, cracking mechanics, geometrical quantities measurement or materials strength) provide education in all fields of studies and specializations.

27 bilateral agreements provide basis for collaboration in research and teaching with 50 universities from 27 countries. The University is currently running 10 projects being a part of international programmes and also research tasks, one of which belongs to the Fifth EU Framework Programme.

title: Kielce University of Technology


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File:Filth13.jpg

Summary
Cover of the 13th and last issue of The Filth comic series, created by Grant Morrison and Chris Weston, and published by the Vertigo imprint of DC Comics. Art by Carlos Segura. Image available at http://www.sequart.com/grantmorrison/FILTH13.jpg

title: File:Filth13.jpg


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Freenote

Freenote is a Japanese Rock band that consisted of three (formerly four, with the member Shusako sato leaving) members: Chikako Hata (Vocals, Piano/Keyboard, Guitar), Masaya Sakamoto (Guitar), and Shingo Ōta(Drums). Formed in Kansai University in 2002, the group's first mini album was published on an indy label on December 3, 2003.

The band first gained nationwide exposure when their first single, Kirai Tune (キライチューン), was used as the ending theme for the popular Japanese anime series Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo. Subsequently, they received worldwide exposure (albeit to a much lesser extent) when the series became syndicated for worldwide distribution.

Since then, the group has released a number of singles and two full-length albums, but currently remain critically acclaimed, yet without commercial success on the Japanese pop charts.

In August 25, 2013, freenote disbanded with a live performance at Shimokitazawa CLUB Que. The lead vocalist Chikako Hata became a vocal coach, and you can find her website here.

the main bassist, shusako left the group on September 30, 2015 and joined KELUN, coincidentally the band who did one of Bleach (an anime's) openings

Singles

 * Debut Single - キライチューン (Kirai Tune) - May 26, 2004
 * 1) キライチューン
 * 2) ボクラリズム
 * スロウ

 * 2nd Single - Re:チャンネル (Re: Channel) - November 10, 2004
 * Re:チャンネル
 * 1) 遥かへのスピードランナー
 * 2) エアロプレイン

 * 3rd Single - ウォークメン (Walkmen) - March 2, 2005
 * 1) ウォークメン
 * 2) Our Song
 * 3) TELEPATHY

 * 4th Single - さよならの歌 (Sayonara no Uta) - August 24, 2005
 * 1) さよならの歌
 * 2) Monday Morning
 * 3) Sing A Song

 * 5th Single - ピアノを弾いて (Piano wo Hiite) - November 9, 2005
 * 1) ピアノを弾いて
 * 2) SMDY
 * 3) ピアノを弾いて (Acoustic version)

Mini albums

 * Mini Album － 風花 - October 7, 2002
 * 風花
 * 1) PASSING POINT
 * 2) BRAND NEW DETERMINATION
 * 3) HEATSTROKE
 * 鼓動

 * 1st Mini Album - 終電マスター (Shūden Master) - December 3, 2003
 * 1) 終電マスター
 * 2) ひまわり
 * 3) image
 * YOU
 * 1) ハッピーバースデイ

Albums

 * Introducing the Popline According to FREENOTE - April 20, 2005
 * 1) Intro
 * 2) ウォークメン
 * 3) キライチューン
 * 4) Dance Love
 * 5) 遥かへのスピードランナー
 * トビラ
 * 1) 終電マスター
 * 2) Interlude
 * 3) My Little War
 * Re:チャンネル
 * 1) ボクラリズム
 * 2) Happy Birthday
 * 3) さよならの歌
 * 4) Outro

 * オトノハトライアングル (Otonoha Triangle) - July 25, 2007
 * 1) DROP
 * 2) HOME
 * 3) サンキューフォーザミュージック
 * 4) ターミナル
 * 5) ウサギノメ
 * 6) 歩いていこう
 * かなた
 * 1) Life Is Beautiful
 * 2) ゆびきり
 * 3) アオイクマ
 * 雨模様
 * 1) サクラノート

 * ルート 3 (Route 3) - September 24, 2008
 * 1) サマータイムブルー
 * 2) ハローグッバイ
 * 3) ラストワルツ
 * 4) バッテリー
 * 5) ディーン
 * 6) あいのかたち
 * 7) 東京ラブストーリー
 * 手紙
 * ペチカ
 * 1) ルーティンワーク
 * 2) Drawing
 * 3) そらいろ

title: Freenote


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Elmwood Giants

The name Elmwood Giants has been used since 1905 by various Canadian baseball teams based in the Elmwood community of Winnipeg, Manitoba.

, the Elmwood Giants Baseball Club, Inc. operates four teams: the Elmwood Giants Juniors (AAA) (members of the Manitoba Junior Baseball League), the Elmwood Giants Juniors (AA) (members of the Winnipeg Junior Baseball League), the Elmwood Giants Seniors (members of the Winnipeg Senior Baseball League) and the Kildonan Mudcats (also members of the Winnipeg Senior Baseball League). In past decades, earlier versions of the club have operated teams at different age levels and in various leagues, including the Mandak League.

The 2010 edition of the Junior team won the MJBL pennant and the Western Canada Baseball Association Junior AAA championship.

The 2010 edition of the Senior team won the WSBL pennant and the Baseball Manitoba Senior AA All-Stars tournament. They were also finalists (silver medalists) in the Western Canada Baseball Association Senior AA Championship.

Notable players

 * Bob Harvey
 * Tom Parker
 * Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe
 * Terry Sawchuk
 * John Washington
 * Solly Drake
 * Corey Koskie
 * Trevor Kidd
 * Lloyd Davenport

title: Elmwood Giants


text:
Party All the Time

"Party All the Time" is a song by comedian and actor Eddie Murphy, written and produced by Rick James. It was the lead single from Murphy's 1985 debut musical album How Could It Be. It reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks, behind "Say You, Say Me" by Lionel Richie.

Production
When Murphy informed actor/comedian Richard Pryor that he was doing an album, Pryor offered him a $100,000 bet that Murphy wouldn't be able to do a purely musical album without jokes. In a 2023 appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live, Murphy said that Pryor never paid him the money before his death in 2005. The single was recorded at Rick James's home studio in Buffalo, New York. In addition to writing and producing the song, James also provided backup vocals.

Reception
A reader in the Los Angeles Times, Barbara Bryson, criticized the song, characterizing it as "Gumby goes disco" (referring to the character parodied by Murphy on Saturday Night Live). The publication also placed the song at number one on "The Video Bottom 10" list. Meanwhile, critic Scott Benarde in the Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel awarded the song his worst single for 1985, calling it a "catchy uptempo dance number" but asserting that "Murphy adds nothing but his ego to it. His voice is paper thin and buried in the mix.  Anyone could have sung that tune the way it was produced. Murphy should stick to imitating Gumby."

The song's music video won best urban contemporary video award at the American Video Awards in November 1985.

Personnel

 * Eddie Murphy – lead vocal
 * Rick James – drums, percussion, backing vocals, production
 * Kenny Hawkins – guitar
 * Greg Levias – keyboards
 * Levi Ruffin – keyboards, backing vocals
 * LaMorris Payne – backing vocals

Remixes and covers
In 2006, house DJ and producer Sharam Tayebi of Deep Dish released a remix of the song, known simply as "PATT" (an acronym for "Party All the Time"), which peaked at No. 8 on the UK Singles Chart on December 30, 2006 and at No. 4 on the Polish Airplay Chart in early 2007. The song also peaked at number 87 on the Australian ARIA Charts.

Finnish band Children of Bodom covered the song in 2011, as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of their album Relentless Reckless Forever.

In 2014, Gwyneth Paltrow covered the song in the Glee season 5 episode "New Directions".

Finnish stoner rock band Mangoo also covered the song on their 2017 album The Heat.

In 2019, American progressive rock/metal band Thank You Scientist released a cover of the song, accompanied by a humorous music video.

Guitarist Eric Calderone covered the song in 2022 on his YouTube channel.

In 2023, American boy band Big Time Rush released their version of the song titled "I Just Want To (Party All the Time)" for their album Another Life. Also in 2023 a remix by Hannah Laing and HVRR reached number 51 in the UK Singles Chart.

title: Party All the Time


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Duo U&U

is the debut album by W, the duo formed by Morning Musume and Mini-Moni members and longtime friends Ai Kago and Nozomi Tsuji. Recorded while they were winding down their duties as Morning Musume and Minimoni members, the album consists of cover versions of songs released by other female Japanese pop duos from the later Shōwa period, including covers of songs by The Peanuts, Pink Lady, and Wink. The idea was that W were continuing the tradition that the original artists they covered on this album established, as well as give fans of Kago and Tsuji that had never heard the original recordings a taste of Japanese pop history.

W promoted the album in Japan with a variety of TV appearances, including a June 2004 special during which they performed alongside Pink Lady as both W and as part of Morning Musume. W and Pink Lady performed the latter's "Southpaw" while the full Morning Musume contingent and Pink Lady performed "Nagisa no Sinbad" and a medley of Morning Musume's "LOVE Machine" and Pink Lady's "S.O.S.".

At the end of July 2004, W "graduated" from (i.e. performed their final concert as members of) Morning Musume, allowing them to concentrate on W full-time. Duo U&U would be the only W album containing all classic J-pop covers, as future single releases would be originals composed by Tsunku and their follow-up album, 2nd W, would contain a mix of original material and more classic J-pop covers.

Duo U&U peaked at No. 4 on Oricon's weekly albums chart.

Track listing

 * Track 1 arranged by Hideyuki "Daichi" Suzuki
 * Tracks 2 and 13 arranged by Cher Watanabe
 * Tracks 3 and 6 arranged by Kōichi Yuasa
 * Tracks 4, 5, and 15 and arranged by Yuichi Takahashi
 * Track 7 arranged by Toshiya Shimizu
 * Tracks 8-10 arranged by Yasuo Asai
 * Track 11 arranged by Mikio Sakai
 * Track 12 arranged by Jun Ichikawa
 * Track 14 arranged by Laugh & Peace

Personnel

 * Nozomi Tsuji - vocals (lead, harmony and background)
 * Ai Kago - vocals (lead, harmony and background)
 * Tsunku - additional backing vocals (Tracks 3, 14)
 * Hideyuki "Daichi" Suzuki - guitar, keyboards, drum machine, MIDI programming (Track 1)
 * Shunsuke Suzuki - guitar (Track 1)
 * Osamu Kawakami - upright bass (Track 1)
 * Masayuki Muraishi - drums (Track 1)
 * Cher Watanabe - guitar (Track 2), bass (Track 2), keyboards, drum machine, MIDI programming (Tracks 2, 13)
 * Kōichi Yuasa - keyboards, drum machine, MIDI programming (Track 3)
 * Yuichi Takahashi - acoustic guitar (Tracks 6, 11)
 * Koji - electric guitar (Track 6)
 * Toshiya Simizu - guitar, bass, keyboards, drum machine, MIDI programming (Track 7)
 * Yasuo Asai - guitar, keyboards, drum machine, MIDI programming (Tracks 8, 9, 10)
 * Shinichiro Mizue - bass (Track 8)
 * Ogu - drums (Tracks 8, 10), additional backing vocals (Track 14)
 * Yasuaki Maejima - piano (Track 9)
 * Tetsutaro Ike - bass (Track 9)
 * Hiroki - bass (Track 10)
 * Mikio Sakai - keyboards, drum machine, MIDI programming (Track 11)
 * Jun Ichikawa - keyboards, drum machine, MIDI programming (Track 12)
 * Kaya Uesugi - bass (Tracks 3, 12, 14)
 * Atsuko Inaba - additional backing vocals (Tracks 13, 14)
 * Laugh & Peace - keyboards, drum machine, MIDI programming (Track 14)

title: Duo U&U


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Paravector

The name paravector is used for the combination of a scalar and a vector in any Clifford algebra, known as geometric algebra among physicists.

This name was given by J. G. Maks in a doctoral dissertation at Technische Universiteit Delft, Netherlands, in 1989.

The complete algebra of paravectors along with corresponding higher grade generalizations, all in the context of the Euclidean space of three dimensions, is an alternative approach to the spacetime algebra (STA) introduced by David Hestenes. This alternative algebra is called algebra of physical space (APS).

Fundamental axiom
For Euclidean spaces, the fundamental axiom indicates that the product of a vector with itself is the scalar value of the length squared (positive)

 * $$ \mathbf{v} \mathbf{v} = \mathbf{v}\cdot \mathbf{v} $$

Writing
 * $$ \mathbf{v} = \mathbf{u} + \mathbf{w}, $$

and introducing this into the expression of the fundamental axiom

(\mathbf{u} + \mathbf{w})^2 = \mathbf{u} \mathbf{u} + \mathbf{u} \mathbf{w} + \mathbf{w} \mathbf{u} + \mathbf{w} \mathbf{w}, $$

we get the following expression after appealing to the fundamental axiom again

\mathbf{u} \cdot \mathbf{u} + 2 \mathbf{u} \cdot \mathbf{w} + \mathbf{w} \cdot \mathbf{w} = \mathbf{u} \cdot \mathbf{u} + \mathbf{u} \mathbf{w} + \mathbf{w} \mathbf{u} + \mathbf{w} \cdot \mathbf{w}, $$

which allows to identify the scalar product of two vectors as

 * $$ \mathbf{u} \cdot \mathbf{w} =

\frac{1}{2}\left( \mathbf{u} \mathbf{w} + \mathbf{w} \mathbf{u} \right). $$

As an important consequence we conclude that two orthogonal vectors (with zero scalar product) anticommute

\mathbf{u} \mathbf{w} + \mathbf{w} \mathbf{u} =  0 $$

The three-dimensional Euclidean space
The following list represents an instance of a complete basis for the $$C\ell_3$$space,

 * $$ \{ 1, \{ \mathbf{e}_1,\mathbf{e}_2,\mathbf{e}_3 \} , \{ \mathbf{e}_{23},\mathbf{e}_{31},\mathbf{e}_{12} \} , \mathbf{e}_{123}  \}, $$

which forms an eight-dimensional space, where the multiple indices indicate the product of the respective basis vectors, for example

 * $$ \mathbf{e}_{23} = \mathbf{e}_2 \mathbf{e}_3  .$$

The grade of a basis element is defined in terms of the vector multiplicity, such that

According to the fundamental axiom, two different basis vectors anticommute,

\mathbf{e}_i \mathbf{e}_j + \mathbf{e}_j \mathbf{e}_i  = 2 \delta_{ij} $$ or in other words,

\mathbf{e}_i \mathbf{e}_j = - \mathbf{e}_j \mathbf{e}_i \,\,; i \neq j $$

This means that the volume element $$ \mathbf{e}_{123} $$ squares to $$-1$$

 * $$ \mathbf{e}_{123}^2 =

\mathbf{e}_1 \mathbf{e}_2 \mathbf{e}_3 \mathbf{e}_1 \mathbf{e}_2 \mathbf{e}_3 = \mathbf{e}_2 \mathbf{e}_3 \mathbf{e}_2 \mathbf{e}_3 = - \mathbf{e}_3 \mathbf{e}_3 = -1. $$

Moreover, the volume element $$\mathbf{e}_{123}$$ commutes with any other element of the $$C\ell(3)$$ algebra, so that it can be identified with the complex number $$ i $$, whenever there is no danger of confusion. In fact, the volume element $$\mathbf{e}_{123}$$ along with the real scalar forms an algebra isomorphic to the standard complex algebra. The volume element can be used to rewrite an equivalent form of the basis as

Paravectors
The corresponding paravector basis that combines a real scalar and vectors is

 * $$\{ 1, \mathbf{e}_1,\mathbf{e}_2,\mathbf{e}_3 \} $$,

which forms a four-dimensional linear space. The paravector space in the three-dimensional Euclidean space $$C\ell_3$$ can be used to represent the space-time of special relativity as expressed in the algebra of physical space (APS).

It is convenient to write the unit scalar as $$1=\mathbf{e}_0$$, so that the complete basis can be written in a compact form as

 * $$\{ \mathbf{e}_\mu \}, $$

where the Greek indices such as $$\mu$$ run from $$0$$ to $$3$$.

Reversion conjugation
The Reversion antiautomorphism is denoted by $$\dagger$$. The action of this conjugation is to reverse the order of the geometric product (product between Clifford numbers in general).

 * $$(AB)^\dagger = B^\dagger A^\dagger$$,

where vectors and real scalar numbers are invariant under reversion conjugation and are said to be real, for example:

 * $$ \mathbf{a}^\dagger = \mathbf{a} $$

 * $$ 1^\dagger = 1 $$

On the other hand, the trivector and bivectors change sign under reversion conjugation and are said to be purely imaginary. The reversion conjugation applied to each basis element is given below

Clifford conjugation
The Clifford Conjugation is denoted by a bar over the object $$\bar{ }$$. This conjugation is also called bar conjugation.

Clifford conjugation is the combined action of grade involution and reversion.

The action of the Clifford conjugation on a paravector is to reverse the sign of the vectors, maintaining the sign of the real scalar numbers, for example

 * $$ \bar{\mathbf{a}} = -\mathbf{a} $$
 * $$ \bar{1} = 1 $$

This is due to both scalars and vectors being invariant to reversion ( it is impossible to reverse the order of one or no things ) and scalars are of zero order and so are of even grade whilst vectors are of odd grade and so undergo a sign change under grade involution.

As antiautomorphism, the Clifford conjugation is distributed as

 * $$\overline{AB} = \overline{B} \,\, \overline{A}$$

The bar conjugation applied to each basis element is given below

 * Note.- The volume element is invariant under the bar conjugation.

Grade automorphism
The grade automorphism

\overline{A B}^\dagger = \overline{A}^\dagger \overline{B}^\dagger $$ is defined as the composite action of both the reversion conjugation and Clifford conjugation and has the effect to invert the sign of odd-grade multivectors, while maintaining the even-grade multivectors invariant:

Invariant subspaces according to the conjugations
Four special subspaces can be defined in the $$C\ell_3$$ space based on their symmetries under the reversion and Clifford conjugation

 * Scalar subspace: Invariant under Clifford conjugation.
 * Vector subspace: Reverses sign under Clifford conjugation.
 * Real subspace: Invariant under reversion conjugation.
 * Imaginary subspace: Reverses sign under reversion conjugation.

Given $$p $$ as a general Clifford number, the complementary scalar and vector parts of $$p $$ are given by symmetric and antisymmetric combinations with the Clifford conjugation

\langle p \rangle_S = \frac{1}{2}(p + \overline{p}), $$

\langle p \rangle_V = \frac{1}{2}(p - \overline{p}) $$.

In similar way, the complementary Real and Imaginary parts of $$p$$ are given by symmetric and antisymmetric combinations with the Reversion conjugation

\langle p \rangle_R = \frac{1}{2}(p + p^\dagger), $$

\langle p \rangle_I = \frac{1}{2}(p - p^\dagger) $$.

It is possible to define four intersections, listed below

\langle p \rangle_{RS} = \langle p \rangle_{SR} \equiv \langle \langle p \rangle_R \rangle_S $$

\langle p \rangle_{RV} = \langle p \rangle_{VR} \equiv \langle \langle p \rangle_R \rangle_V $$

\langle p \rangle_{IV} = \langle p \rangle_{VI} \equiv \langle \langle p \rangle_I \rangle_V $$

\langle p \rangle_{IS} = \langle p \rangle_{SI} \equiv \langle \langle p \rangle_I \rangle_S $$

The following table summarizes the grades of the respective subspaces, where for example, the grade 0 can be seen as the intersection of the Real and Scalar subspaces

 * Remark: The term "Imaginary" is used in the context of the $$C\ell_3$$ algebra and does not imply the introduction of the standard complex numbers in any form.

Closed subspaces with respect to the product
There are two subspaces that are closed with respect to the product. They are the scalar space and the even space that are isomorphic with the well known algebras of complex numbers and quaternions.

 * The scalar space made of grades 0 and 3 is isomorphic with the standard algebra of complex numbers with the identification of
 * $$ \mathbf{e}_{123} = i.$$
 * The even space, made of elements of grades 0 and 2, is isomorphic with the algebra of quaternions with the identification of
 * $$-\mathbf{e}_{23} = i$$
 * $$-\mathbf{e}_{31} = j$$
 * $$-\mathbf{e}_{12} = k.$$

Scalar product
Given two paravectors $$u$$ and $$v$$, the generalization of the scalar product is

 * $$ \langle u \bar{v} \rangle_S. $$

The magnitude square of a paravector $$u$$ is

 * $$ \langle u \bar{u} \rangle_S, $$

which is not a definite bilinear form and can be equal to zero even if the paravector is not equal to zero. It is very suggestive that the paravector space automatically obeys the metric of the Minkowski space because

\eta_{\mu\nu} = \langle \mathbf{e}_\mu \bar{\mathbf{e}}_\nu \rangle_S $$

and in particular:

\eta_{00} = \langle \mathbf{e}_0 \bar{\mathbf{e}}_0 \rangle = \langle 1 (1) \rangle_S = 1, $$

\eta_{11} = \langle \mathbf{e}_1 \bar{\mathbf{e}}_1 \rangle = \langle \mathbf{e}_1 (-\mathbf{e}_1)  \rangle_S = - 1, $$

\eta_{01} = \langle \mathbf{e}_0 \bar{\mathbf{e}}_1 \rangle = \langle 1 (-\mathbf{e}_1) \rangle_S = 0. $$

Biparavectors
Given two paravectors $$u$$ and $$v$$, the biparavector B is defined as:

 * $$ B = \langle u \bar{v} \rangle_V$$.

The biparavector basis can be written as

 * $$ \{ \langle \mathbf{e}_\mu \bar{\mathbf{e}}_\nu \rangle_V \},$$

which contains six independent elements, including real and imaginary terms. Three real elements (vectors) as
 * $$ \langle \mathbf{e}_0 \bar{\mathbf{e}}_k \rangle_V = -\mathbf{e}_k ,$$

and three imaginary elements (bivectors) as
 * $$ \langle \mathbf{e}_j \bar{\mathbf{e}}_k \rangle_V = -\mathbf{e}_{jk}$$

where $$j,k$$ run from 1 to 3.

In the Algebra of physical space, the electromagnetic field is expressed as a biparavector as

F = \mathbf{E} + i \mathbf{B}^{\,}, $$ where both the electric and magnetic fields are real vectors
 * $$ \mathbf{E}^\dagger = \mathbf{E}$$
 * $$ \mathbf{B}^\dagger = \mathbf{B}$$

and $$i$$ represents the pseudoscalar volume element.

Another example of biparavector is the representation of the space-time rotation rate that can be expressed as

W = i \theta^j \mathbf{e}_j + \eta^j \mathbf{e}_j, $$ with three ordinary rotation angle variables $$\theta^j$$ and three rapidities $$\eta^j$$.

Triparavectors
Given three paravectors $$u$$, $$v$$ and $$w$$, the triparavector T is defined as:

 * $$ T = \langle u \bar{v} w \rangle_I$$.

The triparavector basis can be written as

 * $$ \{ \langle \mathbf{e}_\mu \bar{\mathbf{e}}_\nu \mathbf{e}_{\lambda} \rangle_I \},$$

but there are only four independent triparavectors, so it can be reduced to

 * $$ \{ i \mathbf{e}_{\rho} \}$$.

Pseudoscalar
The pseudoscalar basis is
 * $$ \{ \langle \mathbf{e}_\mu \bar{\mathbf{e}}_\nu \mathbf{e}_{\lambda}

\bar{\mathbf{e}}_{\rho}\rangle_{IS} \},$$

but a calculation reveals that it contains only a single term. This term is the volume element $$ i = \mathbf{e}_1 \mathbf{e}_2 \mathbf{e}_3 $$.

The four grades, taken in combination of pairs generate the paravector, biparavector and triparavector spaces as shown in the next table, where for example, we see that the paravector is made of grades 0 and 1

Paragradient
The paragradient operator is the generalization of the gradient operator in the paravector space. The paragradient in the standard paravector basis is

\partial = \mathbf{e}_0 \partial_0 - \mathbf{e}_1 \partial_1 - \mathbf{e}_2 \partial_2 - \mathbf{e}_3 \partial_3, $$ which allows one to write the d'Alembert operator as

\square = \langle \bar{\partial} \partial \rangle_S =  \langle \partial \bar{\partial} \rangle_S $$

The standard gradient operator can be defined naturally as

\nabla = \mathbf{e}_1 \partial_1 + \mathbf{e}_2 \partial_2 + \mathbf{e}_3 \partial_3, $$ so that the paragradient can be written as

\partial = \partial_0 - \nabla, $$ where $$ \mathbf{e}_0 = 1$$.

The application of the paragradient operator must be done carefully, always respecting its non-commutative nature. For example, a widely used derivative is

\partial e^{ f(x) \mathbf{e}_3 } = (\partial f(x)) e^{ f(x) \mathbf{e}_3 } \mathbf{e}_3, $$ where $$f(x)$$ is a scalar function of the coordinates.

The paragradient is an operator that always acts from the left if the function is a scalar function. However, if the function is not scalar, the paragradient can act from the right as well. For example, the following expression is expanded as
 * $$ (L \partial) =

\mathbf{e}_0 \partial_0 L +  (\partial_1 L) \mathbf{e}_1 + (\partial_2 L)\mathbf{e}_2 +  (\partial_3 L) \mathbf{e}_3 $$

Null paravectors as projectors
Null paravectors are elements that are not necessarily zero but have magnitude identical to zero. For a null paravector $$p$$, this property necessarily implies the following identity

 * $$ p \bar{p} = 0.$$

In the context of Special Relativity they are also called lightlike paravectors.

Projectors are null paravectors of the form

P_{\mathbf k} = \frac{1}{2}( 1 + \hat{\mathbf k} ), $$

where $$\hat{\mathbf k}$$ is a unit vector.

A projector $$P_{\mathbf k}$$ of this form has a complementary projector $$\bar{P}_{\mathbf k}$$

\bar{P}_{\mathbf k} = \frac{1}{2}( 1 - \hat{\mathbf k} ), $$

such that

 * $$ P_{\mathbf k} + \bar{P}_{\mathbf k} = 1 $$

As projectors, they are idempotent

P_\mathbf{k} = P_\mathbf{k} P_\mathbf{k} = P_\mathbf{k}P_\mathbf{k}P_\mathbf{k}=... $$

and the projection of one on the other is zero because they are null paravectors
 * $$ P_{\mathbf k} \bar{P}_{\mathbf k} = 0. $$

The associated unit vector of the projector can be extracted as

\hat{\mathbf{k}} = P_\mathbf{\mathbf{k}} - \bar{P}_{\mathbf{k}}, $$

this means that $$ \hat{\mathbf{k}} $$ is an operator with eigenfunctions $$ P_\mathbf{\mathbf{k}} $$  and $$ \bar{P}_\mathbf{\mathbf{k}} $$, with respective eigenvalues $$1$$ and $$-1$$.

From the previous result, the following identity is valid assuming that $$f(\hat{\mathbf{k}})$$ is analytic around zero

f( \hat{\mathbf{k}}) = f(1) P_{\mathbf{k}}+f(-1) \bar{P}_{\mathbf{k}}. $$

This gives origin to the pacwoman property, such that the following identities are satisfied

f( \hat{\mathbf{k}}) P_{\mathbf{k}} = f(1) P_{\mathbf{k}}, $$

f( \hat{\mathbf{k}}) \bar{P}_{\mathbf{k}} = f(-1) \bar{P}_{\mathbf{k}}. $$

Null basis for the paravector space
A basis of elements, each one of them null, can be constructed for the complete $$C\ell_3$$ space. The basis of interest is the following

 * $$ \{ \bar{P}_3, P_3 \mathbf{e}_1, P_3, \mathbf{e}_1 P_3 \} $$

so that an arbitrary paravector

 * $$ p = p^0 \mathbf{e}_0 + p^1 \mathbf{e}_1 + p^2 \mathbf{e}_2 + p^3 \mathbf{e}_3$$

can be written as

 * $$ p = (p^0+p^3)P_3 + (p^0 - p^3)\bar{P}_3  + (p^1+ip^2)\mathbf{e}_1 P_3 + (p^1-ip^2)P_3 \mathbf{e}_1$$

This representation is useful for some systems that are naturally expressed in terms of the light cone variables that are the coefficients of $$P_3$$ and $$\bar{P}_3$$ respectively.

Every expression in the paravector space can be written in terms of the null basis. A paravector $$p$$ is in general parametrized by two real scalars numbers $$ \{ u, v \}$$ and a general scalar number  $$ w $$ (including scalar and pseudoscalar numbers)

 * $$ p = u \bar{P}_3 + v P_3  + w \mathbf{e}_1 P_3 + w^{\dagger}P_3 \mathbf{e}_1$$

the paragradient in the null basis is

 * $$ \partial = 2P_3 \partial_u + 2\bar{P}_3 \partial_v -

2\mathbf{e}_1 P_3 \partial_{w^{\dagger}} - 2 P_3 \mathbf{e}_1 \partial_w $$

Higher dimensions
An n-dimensional Euclidean space allows the existence of multivectors of grade n (n-vectors). The dimension of the vector space is evidently equal to n and a simple combinatorial analysis shows that the dimension of the bivector space is $$ \begin{pmatrix} n \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} $$. In general, the dimension of the multivector space of grade m is $$ \begin{pmatrix} n \\ m \end{pmatrix} $$ and the dimension of the whole Clifford algebra $$C\ell(n)$$ is $$2^n$$.

A given multivector with homogeneous grade is either invariant or changes sign under the action of the reversion conjugation $$ \dagger $$. The elements that remain invariant are defined as Hermitian and those that change sign are defined as anti-Hermitian. Grades can thus be classified as follows:

Matrix representation
The algebra of the $$C\ell(3)$$ space is isomorphic to the Pauli matrix algebra such that

from which the null basis elements become

{ P_3} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}  \,; \bar{ P}_3 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \,;  { P_3} \mathbf{e}_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \,;\mathbf{e}_1 { P}_3 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}. $$

A general Clifford number in 3D can be written as

\Psi = \psi_{11} P_3 - \psi_{12} P_3 \mathbf{e}_1 + \psi_{21} \mathbf{e}_1 P_3 + \psi_{22} \bar{P}_3, $$ where the coefficients $$\psi_{jk}$$ are scalar elements (including pseudoscalars). The indexes were chosen such that the representation of this Clifford number in terms of the Pauli matrices is

\Psi \rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} \psi_{11} & \psi_{12} \\ \psi_{21} & \psi_{22} \end{pmatrix} $$

Conjugations
The reversion conjugation is translated into the Hermitian conjugation and the bar conjugation is translated into the following matrix:

\bar{\Psi} \rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} \psi_{22} & -\psi_{12} \\ -\psi_{21} & \psi_{11} \end{pmatrix}, $$ such that the scalar part is translated as

\langle \Psi \rangle_S \rightarrow \frac{ \psi_{11} + \psi_{22} }{2}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1  \end{pmatrix} = \frac{Tr[\psi]}{2} \mathbf{1}_{2\times 2} $$

The rest of the subspaces are translated as

\langle \Psi \rangle_V \rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 0 & \psi_{12} \\ \psi_{21} & 0 \end{pmatrix} $$

\langle \Psi \rangle_R \rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} \psi_{11}+\psi_{11}^* & \psi_{12}+\psi_{21}^* \\ \psi_{21}+\psi_{12}^* & \psi_{22}+\psi_{22}^* \end{pmatrix} $$

\langle \Psi \rangle_I \rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} \psi_{11}-\psi_{11}^* & \psi_{12}-\psi_{21}^* \\ \psi_{21}-\psi_{12}^* & \psi_{22}-\psi_{22}^* \end{pmatrix} $$

Higher dimensions
The matrix representation of a Euclidean space in higher dimensions can be constructed in terms of the Kronecker product of the Pauli matrices, resulting in complex matrices of dimension $$ 2^n $$. The 4D representation could be taken as

The 7D representation could be taken as

Lie algebras
Clifford algebras can be used to represent any classical Lie algebra. In general it is possible to identify Lie algebras of compact groups by using anti-Hermitian elements, which can be extended to non-compact groups by adding Hermitian elements.

The bivectors of an n-dimensional Euclidean space are Hermitian elements and can be used to represent the $$\mathrm{spin}(n)$$ Lie algebra.

The bivectors of the three-dimensional Euclidean space form the $$\mathrm{spin}(3)$$ Lie algebra, which is isomorphic to the $$\mathrm{su}(2)$$ Lie algebra. This accidental isomorphism allows to picture a geometric interpretation of the states of the two dimensional Hilbert space by using the Bloch sphere. One of those systems is the spin 1/2 particle.

The $$\mathrm{spin}(3)$$ Lie algebra can be extended by adding the three unitary vectors to form a Lie algebra isomorphic to the $$\mathrm{SL}(2,C)$$ Lie algebra, which is the double cover of the Lorentz group $$\mathrm{SO}(3,1)$$. This isomorphism allows the possibility to develop a formalism of special relativity based on $$\mathrm{SL}(2,C)$$, which is carried out in the form of the algebra of physical space.

There is only one additional accidental isomorphism between a spin Lie algebra and a $$ \mathrm{su}(N)$$ Lie algebra. This is the isomorphism between $$\mathrm{spin}(6)$$ and $$\mathrm{su}(4)$$.

Another interesting isomorphism exists between $$\mathrm{spin}(5)$$ and $$\mathrm{sp}(4)$$. So, the $$\mathrm{sp}(4)$$ Lie algebra can be used to generate the $$USp(4)$$ group. Despite that this group is smaller than the $$\mathrm{SU}(4)$$ group, it is seen to be enough to span the four-dimensional Hilbert space.

Textbooks

 * Baylis, William (2002). Electrodynamics: A Modern Geometric Approach (2nd ed.). Birkhäuser. ISBN 0-8176-4025-8
 * Baylis, William, Clifford (Geometric) Algebras With Applications in Physics, Mathematics, and Engineering, Birkhauser (1999)
 * [H1999] David Hestenes: New Foundations for Classical Mechanics (Second Edition). ISBN 0-7923-5514-8, Kluwer Academic Publishers (1999)
 * Chris Doran and Antony Lasenby, Geometric Algebra for Physicists, Cambridge, 2003

title: Paravector


text: User talk:85.100.93.233

title: User talk:85.100.93.233


text:
Exultant (novel)

Exultant is a science fiction novel by British author Stephen Baxter. It is part two of the Destiny's Children series. The book was published by Victor Gollancz Ltd in September 2004.

Overview
Much of the book is written as large sections of prose explaining theoretical exotic-matter physics. Baxter also sketches the evolution of the Xeelee and an imaginary history of the universe in which life is ubiquitous even under the most extreme conditions.

Plot summary
Exultant is set in Baxter's "Xeelee Sequence" twenty thousand years into the Third Expansion of Mankind, "a titanic project undertaken by a mankind united by the Doctrines forged by Hama Druz after mankind's near extinction." The human-supremacist Interim Coalition of Governance has conquered almost the whole Milky Way — all but the alien Xeelee concentrated at the galactic core around a supermassive black hole called Chandra. The mysterious Xeelee are far more advanced but less numerous than the humans, and the war has been at a stalemate for three millennia even though the entire Coalition has been directed toward the war effort and ten billion humans die at the front every year. In a war fought with faster-than-light technology (equivalent to time travel), each side has foreknowledge of the other's actions and can develop counter-measures to plans before they are made.

Pirius is a fighter pilot stationed at the front. When a battle turns to disaster for the Coalition forces, he disobeys suicide orders to stand and fight, choosing instead to risk survival. In a desperate gamble to outrun a pursuing Xeelee, Pirius captures a Xeelee fighter for the first time in history. Returning to base via FTL travel, he arrives two years previous to the battle, when his younger self is still a cadet. Rather than being lauded as a hero, both instances of Pirius are court-martialed for disobeying orders.

Commissary Nilis of the Office of Technological Archival and Control, part of the Commission for Historical Truth, defends both the older Pirius (whom he calls "Pirius Blue") and the younger one ("Pirius Red") but loses the trial. Pirius Blue is sent to a penal unit at the front as a foot soldier, and Pirius Red is remanded to the custody of Commissary Nilis, who has plans for the fruits of Pirius Blue's battlefield victory. Using the Xeelee fighter and the innovative tactics that saved Pirius Blue, he starts to plan an unheard of assault on the Xeelee's primary stronghold at Chandra itself.

While Nilis and his new team struggle to confront ossified government and military institutions, they try to understand and to develop new and sometimes alien technologies: FTL computers, a gravastar shield to protect them from FTL foreknowledge, and a black hole gun, capable of disrupting a supermassive black hole's event horizon. Meanwhile, in the course of his new duties to Commissary Nilis, Pirius Red is practically taken on a tour of the Solar System and some of the Coalition's most scandalous secrets, rife with references to events from previous books in the Xeelee sequence.

As Nilis's project nears completion, it transpires that the Chandra black hole is home to not only the Xeelee, but a host of other organisms, many of which are based on exotic physics and non-baryonic matter. Regardless, the assault on the black hole continues despite protestations from Nilis. After a brutal fight to reach the surface of the black hole, the team commence their assault, causing the Xeelee to abandon it (and the rest of the Milky Way galaxy) to prevent humanity from harming the black hole's inhabitants.

After the assault, the protagonists realise that the Coalition is unlikely to remain intact, now that the war with the Xeelee is no longer present to hold it together. Luru Parz, one of the team, realises that the Xeelee will eventually return, and returns to Earth to ready its defences for when the return happens.

title: Exultant (novel)


text:
Billy Milano

Billy Milano (born June 3, 1964) is an American heavy metal and hardcore punk musician. He is the singer and occasionally guitarist and bassist of crossover thrash band M.O.D., and was the singer of its predecessor, Stormtroopers of Death. Prior to these bands, Milano played in early New York hardcore band the Psychos, which also launched the career of future Agnostic Front vocalist Roger Miret. Milano was also the singer of United Forces, which included his Stormtroopers of Death bandmate Dan Lilker. Milano managed a number of bands, including Agnostic Front, for whom he also co-produced the 1997 Epitaph Records release Something's Gotta Give and roadie for Anthrax.

title: Billy Milano