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3-Iron

3-Iron (lit. "Empty House") is a 2004 South Korean-Japanese romantic drama film written, produced and directed by Kim Ki-duk. An international co-production between South Korea and Japan, the film stars Jae Hee as a young drifter who develops a relationship with an abused housewife (Lee Seung-yeon). The film's title is derived from a type of golf club used prominently throughout the narrative.

3-Iron premiered in competition at the 61st Venice International Film Festival in September 2004, where it was nominated for the Golden Lion and won Kim the Silver Lion for Best Direction. It was released in South Korea on April 29, 2005, and received generally positive reviews and numerous accolades, including the FIPRESCI Grand Prix award at the San Sebastián Film Festival.

Plot
Tae-suk (Jae Hee) is a loner who drives around on his motorbike, taping takeout menus over the keyholes of front doors and breaking into apartments where the menus have not been removed. He lives in those apartments while their owners are away, washing their clothes, mending their broken appliances, and taking selfies with their possessions. When he breaks into one large home, he is unaware that he is being watched by an abused housewife and former model Sun-hwa (Lee Seung-yeon). Tae-suk leaves after making eye contact with Sun-hwa, but then returns. He witnesses Sun-hwa's husband Min-gyu abusing her and proceeds to catch his attention by practicing golf in the yard. He buffets Min-gyu with golf balls and then leaves with Sun-hwa.

Tae-suk and Sun-hwa begin a silent relationship, moving from one apartment to another, with Tae-suk occasionally practicing hitting golf balls by drilling holes in them, inserted a cord through the holes, and securing the cords with a knot around the bases of tree trunks. In one home, after drinking, they are caught by the returning owners, sleeping in their bed and wearing their pajamas. The male homeowner, a boxer, repeatedly punches Tae-suk. Later, Tae-suk practices hitting a golf ball tied to a tree, and the ball breaks loose from its cord, breaking through the windshield of a nearby car and brutally striking the car's passenger in their head. Tae-suk, awash with guilt, is comforted by Sun-hwa.

The next night, Tae-suk and Sun-hwa break into a hanok, where they sit quietly, drink tea, and share a kiss. They later enter an apartment where they discover the dead body of an elderly man. They proceed to give him a proper burial. The following day, the elderly man's son and daughter-in-law arrive at the apartment, and assume that Tae-suk and Sun-hwa killed him. Tae-suk and Sun-hwa are apprehended and interrogated by police, but remain silent. Tae-suk's camera is confiscated, and the owners of the homes seen in the photos on the camera are contacted. The police learn that nothing was stolen from any of the houses, and an investigation reveals that the old man died of lung cancer. Min-gyu arrives to take Sun-hwa home, and bribes the policeman in charge of the investigation to allow him to strike Tae-suk with golf balls. Tae-suk ends up attacking the police officer and is sent to jail. There, he practices golf with an imaginary club and balls and develops his gifts for stealth and concealment, frustrating his jailers by remaining out of sight.

Tae-suk is released from prison, and Min-gyu prepares himself in case he returns for Sun-hwa. With his improved stealth, Tae-suk is able to rejoin Sun-hwa in her house, using his skills to evade Min-gyu's detection. Sun-hwa appears to say "I love you" to Min-gyu and embraces him, but kisses Tae-suk over his shoulder. When Min-gyu leaves on a business trip, Sun-hwa and Tae-suk stand together on a scale. Text then appears, reading: "It's hard to tell whether the world we live in is either a reality or a dream."

Cast

 * Lee Seung-yeon as Sun-hwa
 * Jae Hee as Tae-suk
 * Kwon Hyuk-ho as Min-gyu
 * Choi Jeong-ho as Jailor
 * Lee Ju-seok as Son of Old Man
 * Lee Mi-suk (actress, born 1967) as Daughter of Old Man
 * Moon Sung-hyuk as Sung-hyuk
 * Park Ji-a as Ji-ah
 * Jang Jae-yong as Hyun-soo

Themes and interpretations
According to author Hye Seung Chung, the use of silence in 3-Iron evokes the writing of Hungarian film theorist Béla Balázs, who described silence as "one of the most dramatic effects of the sound film". The film's use of silence is partly derived by Kim's experiences in Paris, France, where he learned to understand other people by observing their expressions and behavior, despite him not being able to understand the French language. In a 2005 interview with Time Out, Kim stated: "I want the audience to watch the characters more closely by reducing the dialogue as much as possible. Most movies have too much dialogue; I don't think words make everything understandable".

3-Iron has also been described as exploring social status and "issues of marginality, voicelessness, and invisibility" in South Korea. Seung Chung describes Tae-suk and Sun-hwa—presented at varying points in the film as either inaudible or invisible—as being "of liminal class affiliations." Writer Sheng-mei Ma similarly notes Sun-hwa and Tae-suk as being "marginalized, 'half-human' protagonists". Tae-suk is depicted as a transient with no known family, and from dialogue in which Min-gyu recounts having wired money to Sun-hwa's family, it can be inferred that he and Sun-hwa are in an interclass marriage, with Sun-hwa hailing from a family of lower economic status than Min-gyu. Ma writes that the film uses "the universal symbol of golf as a sign of affluence", with Tae-suk, "not yet awakened from the dream of social status and power, [... copying] the lifestyle of the rich through golf practice." He notes that Sun-hwa "instinctively tries to stop that emulation", but fails, resulting in Tae-suk striking an innocent woman with a stray ball.

Writing of the latter half of the film, Seung Chung describes Tae-suk as "literally [becoming] invisible after mastering the ability to hide in the shadowy jail cell, outside the purview of human vision, through metaphysical 'ghost practice'". The term "ghost practice" was coined by Kim himself and used in a number of local interviews about 3-Iron. Film critic A. O. Scott, in his review of the film for The New York Times, suggests that Tae-suk "becomes a phantom of cinema, hiding on the edge of the frame and taking advantage of the literal-minded folk who haven't fully grasped the potential of the medium." Seung Chung wrote that the final shot of the film, in which Sun-hwa and Tae-suk stand together on a scale that displays a weight of zero, implies the couple's "mutual transcendence of bodily existence." Ma refers to the ending as "ambiguous", writing that Sun-hwa "may well be imagining a union with her ghost lover, or their love may have indeed freed them from their bodies."

In a 2004 interview with Kim for Cine 21, Chong Song-il interpreted Tae-suk as "Sun-hwa's fantasy", serving as a figure of rescue from her abusive marriage. This interpretation was corroborated by Kim, but Kim also suggested an interpretation wherein Sun-hwa is a figment of Tae-suk's imagination, delivering him from his solitary visits to empty houses.

Release
3-Iron premiered in competition at the 61st Venice International Film Festival in September 2004. The South Korean premiere took place at the Busan International Film Festival the next month, and went on a theatrical release by Happinet Pictures on October 15, 2004.

Sony Pictures Classics distributed the film in the United States and received a limited theatrical release on April 29, 2005.

Home media
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the film in DVD on September 6, 2005.

Box office
The film opened in South Korea on April 29, 2005, and went on to gross $241,914	domestically. It grossed $3,403,957 worldwide.

Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 87% based on 92 reviews, with an average score of 7.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "A tender and moving romance from Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter... And Spring's director Kim Ki-Duk." The film holds a score of 72 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 28 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".

A. O. Scott of The New York Times noted the "sophisticated modern sound design" exhibited in 3-Iron, and called the film "a teasing, self-conscious and curiously heartfelt demonstration of [Kim's] mischievous formal ingenuity." Dennis Schwartz of Ozus' World Movie Reviews called the film "an unusual original story that's rooted in a Buddhist parable [...] of seeing the world as a dream". James Mudge of Beyond Hollywood called it "an almost ethereal, yet truly captivating film which is fascinating and moving", writing that "it is quite likely that viewers will not even realize the lack of dialogue". Jamie Woolley of BBC.com gave the film three out of five stars, writing: "3-Iron isn't going to win any prizes for furthering of the cause of female emancipation. But if the snail's pace doesn't send you to sleep, you'll be rewarded with a tender and unusual love story."

title: 3-Iron


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John Evershed

John Evershed CIE FRS FRAS (26 February 1864 – 17 November 1956) was an English astronomer. He was the first to observe radial motions in sunspots, a phenomenon now known as the Evershed effect.

Biography
Evershed was born in Gomshall, Surrey to John and Sophia (née Price) Evershed. He made the discovery which bears his name while at Kodaikanal Observatory in 1909. After retirement in 1923 he set up a private observatory at Ewhurst, Surrey and built a large spectroheliograph of special design and another with high-dispersion liquid prism. He continued to study the wave-lengths of H and K lines in prominences, giving values of the solar rotation at high levels in different latitudes and at different phases of the solar cycle. Work continued until 1950 when the observatory closed and he presented some of his instruments to the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux. In the autumn of 1890 was a founding member of the British Astronomical Association. He directed its Solar Spectroscopy Section (1893-1899) and Spectroscopic Section (1924-1926).

Awards and honours
In 1894 Evershed was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, in 1918 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May, 1915. The Evershed crater on the Moon is named in his honor. He was awarded as a Companion of the Indian Empire on his retirement in 1923.

Personal life
Evershed married fellow astronomer Mary Acworth Orr Evershed on 4 September 1906 at Claughton near Scarborough, Yorkshire. Following the death of his wife in 1949 he married Margaret Randall in 1950. He died in Ewhurst, Surrey on 17 November 1956. He also had interest in lepidoptera and other insects. W. H. Evans described a butterfly Thoressa evershedi in 1910 and named it after Evershed who had collected the type specimen. In 2015 his archive was acquired by the Science Museum, London.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Evershed


text: User:Who/USNavyAwards

title: User:Who/USNavyAwards


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Herb Edelman

Herbert Edelman (November 5, 1933 – July 21, 1996) was an American actor of stage, film and television. He was twice nominated for an Emmy Award for his television work. His best-known role was as Stanley Zbornak, the ex-husband of Dorothy Zbornak (played by Bea Arthur) on The Golden Girls. He also had a recurring role on the 1980s medical drama St. Elsewhere.

Early life and career
Edelman was born in New York City in the borough of Brooklyn. Before becoming an actor, Edelman studied to become a veterinarian at Cornell University but left during his first year. After serving in the U.S. Army as an announcer for Armed Forces Radio, he enrolled in Brooklyn College as a theater student, but eventually dropped out. He later worked as a hotel manager and as a taxicab driver. One of his fares was director Mike Nichols, who in 1963 cast Edelman in his breakthrough Broadway role, as the bewildered telephone repairman in Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park. Edelman reprised his role in the 1967 film version (starring Robert Redford and Jane Fonda).

He appeared as Murray the Cop in the movie version of Simon's The Odd Couple (1968) and later appeared in Simon's California Suite (1978). He also had a role in The Way We Were (1973) and in an installment of the Japanese movie series Otoko wa Tsurai yo in 1979.

He remains best known for his three decades in television, usually as a co-star, recurring character, or guest star on CHIPS, The Golden Girls, That Girl, Love, American Style, The Streets of San Francisco, Maude, Cannon, Happy Days, Welcome Back, Kotter, Highway to Heaven Kojak, Fantasy Island, Cagney & Lacey, and MacGyver, but occasionally in a lead role. In 1976, he starred in the Saturday morning children's series Big John, Little John, as well as The Good Guys with Bob Denver (in what was Denver's first series after Gilligan's Island), from 1968 to 1970.

He also appeared with Bill Bixby and Valerie Perrine in Bruce Jay Friedman's Steambath, a controversial PBS dramedy, during 1973. From 1984 to 1988, he had a recurring role on St. Elsewhere. Edelman also appeared in ten episodes of Murder, She Wrote between 1984 and 1995, most frequently appearing as New York Police Department Lieutenant Artie Gelber. His last role was in an episode of Burke's Law.

Personal life and death
Edelman was married to soap opera actress Louise Sorel from 1964 to 1970; he had two children, Briana Edelman and Jacy Edelman. He was romantically linked with actress Christina Pickles from the mid-1980s until his death.

Herbert Edelman died of emphysema on July 21, 1996, in Los Angeles at the age of 62; he was interred at Montefiore Cemetery in Springfield Gardens, Queens.

title: Herb Edelman


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Talk:Brigade

Untitled
The "Origin" section needs heavy revision. It speaks with certainty about Units that were hardly as well organized as is implied.

"Old wars" is terribly vague.

I am removing the line:

'In the United States Army the term brigade is used instead of the term regiment, except in the cavalry. This is because a regiment has a fixed structure, whereas a brigade can be changed to suit the mission's needs.'

because it is inaccurate, and I can't think of a better replacement for it.

In the US Army, the term brigade does _not_ replace regiment. Rather, regimental units, such as 1-77 AR (1st Battalion, 77th Armor Regiment), are formed into brigades. To wit, the 2nd Brigade of the US 1st Infantry Division is currently comprised of 1-77 AR, 1-18 IN, and 1-28 IN. To these core units, other units, such as military intelligence, military police, engineers, and cavalry are assigned to form the Brigade Combat Team.

 * However - it is true to state that as an echelon of command between division and battalion, the brigade did replace combat commands in the armored divisions and battlegroups (themselves a replacement for the regiments used by World War II infantry divisions) in the Pentomic infantry divisions. The assignment of battalions to brigades in the U.S. Army is also far looser than was the case of regimental affiliations, thus I have to agree with the second sentence of the quotation you cited. W. B. Wilson 08:06, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

It would be true to say that regiments are generally only used for heraldic purposes. While regiments do have commanders, it is usually a secondary title for the Battalion or Brigade Commander that the regiment's unit(s) belong to.

 * Except in the case of cavalry regiments, who wisely chose to retain their traditional structure and have thereby reaped the benefits of regimental cohesion for decades since the ROAD changes. It can be argued that the 1960s brigade concept was a case of change for the sake of change. The U.S. Army in World War II employed regimental combat teams that also allowed for reinforcement as necessary and enjoyed the benefits of regimental cohesion. Thus, a successful model for this kind of structure already existed but the U.S. Army chose to no longer use it. W. B. Wilson 08:06, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Brigade commanders

 * A brigade is usually commanded by a Brigadier General...

Does this currently occur in any modern army? In every instance I'm aware of, brigade commanders are either brigadiers, or colonels; further examples might be useful, or else clarifying if this only occurred historically. Alai 04:39, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Brigadier (British) is equivalent to brigadier general (U.S.) Sunray 05:56, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Kinda-sorta. They're on equal for inter-service pecking order/NATO rank equivalancy purposes, but they a) have different names (which is pertinent here, as the article lists the two separately), and b) brigadier is a senior field officer, not a general officer rank. So, point/question stands. Alai 06:55, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, OK, but to respond to your original question: yes it is common for brigadiers or brigadiers general to command brigades in NATO operations. Calling a brigadier a "senior field officer" seems to me to be splitting hairs. The rank replaced "brigadier general" in the British and Commonwealth armies and is equivalent to brigadier general (which is a general rank) in the U.S. and several other armies.

 * My original question was not about brigadiers. Brigadiers are indeed the officer customarily in charge of commonwealth brigades: that was never the point at issue. Canada appears to be the main exception; I've no idea what Canadian BGs do. If you think it's "splitting hairs" to observe that "brigadier" is in fact not the same as a "brigadier general", then why does it make sense for the article to list them separately, as if they were, well, not the same? (They are in fact, not the same, and I suggest you review the articles on each if you're unclear as to why this is the case.) So to return to my actual original question: do brigadier generals command brigades (in NATO, or otherwise)? It certainly isn't their usual role in the US Army, at any rate. Alai 18:27, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * As I said in my last post, yes brigadeer generals command brigades. For example the brigade commander in Kabul is a Canadian brigadier general. I assume that one would mention both brigadier and brigadier general in the article because they are different (albiet equivalent) ranks in use in several English-speaking countries. Sunray 19:00, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Your last message was rather unclear on that but, but that's a very useful and interesting example; thanks. Canadian practice seems generally to be similar to the US's, i.e. colonels commanding "domestic" brigades (or brigade groups, to use their terminology), so perhaps this practice is particular to multinational formations (either because of differences in composition, or for transnational rank-equivalency reasons). If the US makes such appointments on a similar basis, that would tend to confirm that. Alai 20:19, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You are quite right that domestic brigades in Canada are usually commanded by colonels; though sometimes they are commanded by brigadier generals. In the U.S. brigades are normally commanded by colonels unless they are functioning as "separate brigades," in which case they are commanded by a brigadier general. Sunray 21:18, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not familiar with separate brigades; if you have information on them to hand, it might make a useful addition to the article (or else to the United States Army article). Poking around some .mil sites, it seems that these are mostly commanded by colonels too (though with colonels as deputy commanders too, which seems almost as weird as the four naval captains per USN CVN). I did find one, the 256th Infantry Brigade, that had recently been commanded by a BG, but he'd been appointed as a colonel, and was recently replaced by a colonel, so at first sight the extra rank looks superfluous to the appointment. Granted you've demonstrated this does occur; I've reworded to indicate the usual case, with an addendum covering this. Alai 04:06, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Certain US Army Reserve units are GOCOM's (General Officer Commands) at a brigade level, for example, the 804th Medical Brigade, the 300th MP Brigade, the 800th MP Brigade, 220th MP Brigade. I cannot confirm whether Active Duty MP Brigades are also commanded by Brigadier Generals, but eh reserve brigades ARE.--Vidkun 20:20, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Can I suggest no more indentations? Its making things harder to read! David.j.james 16:41, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

List of brigades
"In the armies of colonial powers, such as the British Empire, brigades frequently garrisoned isolated colonial posts, and their commanders had substantial discretion and local authority." This seems to contradict the regiment page, which says that regiments did this sort of duty. As far as I know in the British army brigades were only formed for major campaigns not garrison duty. David.j.james 16:41, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

My understanding is that British colonial forces were deployed by battlion with regiment being an administative unit. I would assume any garrison over a single battlion would be considered a brigade. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.137.70.194 (talk) 17:03, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

List of brigades
I don't think this really belongs in the Dab, where i was going to put it under "== See also ==". They are gleaned from the first fifty Wiki-Search hits on "brigade:

Strict-sense brigades:
 * 1st Vermont Brigade (American Union Army)
 * Texas Brigade (American Confederate Army)
 * Brigade of Gurkhas (British Army)
 * British 7th Armoured Brigade (British Army)
 * Brigade 6 (Norway)
 * 500 Brigade (or Kfir Formation, Israel)
 * Kfir Brigade (or 900 Brigade, Israel)
 * 7th Brigade (or Sheva' Brigade, Israel)
 * Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade
 * Nyland Brigade (or Uusimaa Brigade, Swedish)
 * Lowland Brigade (Scottish)
 * Pursuit Brigade (or Fighter Brigade, Polish Air Force)
 * Bomber Brigade (Polish Air Force)
 * 160 (Wales) Brigade (British Army)
 * Armoured Brigade (Finnish Army)
 * British 43rd Infantry Brigade
 * Light brigade, British cavalry unit of Charge of the Light Brigade

Non-traditional military units:
 * Jewish Brigade (British Army)
 * Lafayette Escadrille (French Air Service)
 * International Brigades (Spanish Republic)
 * Abraham Lincoln Brigade (Spanish Republic)
 * Black Brigades (Italian Fascist)
 * Brigade 2506 (American CIA)
 * Red Brigades (Italian revolutionaries)
 * 055 Brigade (Al Quaida)

Civilian international organizations:
 * Venceremos Brigade (Cuba)
 * Boys' Brigade

Music:
 * The APF Brigade
 * Youth Brigade (band)
 * DC Youth Brigade
 * Brown Brigade

Other:
 * Brigade de cuisine (or classic(al) brigade)
 * Fur brigade

--Jerzy•t 06:35, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Individual armies QUERY
The queried expression (before editing) was "Regular Force CMBG strengths are ~4, 000 personnel." (Spacing and tilde as this--all copied and pasted). Ive made it just 4,000 but the original author might like to review it. Incidentally, I was looking at this because a WWI close relative, a (British) horse-artillery gunner/driver, was reportedly "the sole survivor of his brigade" when repatriated to Wales in early 1919. However, a few weeks later, he was killed when thrown by an unbroken horse he was riding home from a fair. Cheers Aeronian 07:00, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

In Britain
My sense from a recent reading of Graves's Good-Bye to All That is that at that time brigades and regiments differed in purpose in the British army. A regiment was a peace-time unit; officers and men were all permanently assigned to a regiment, the regiment was loosely geographically-based, and for officers, at least, there was a strong sense of identity with the regiment. However, at this time, regiments were not a tactical unit - individual battalions served separately, and were integrated into different brigades with battalions from other regiments. The brigade, on the other hand, was temporary, but had tactical significance - a brigade would be composed of battalions from a somewhat random assortment of regiments. I'm not really familiar with whether this is the usual procedure, though. Some of this might be better clarified in the article, I think. john k (talk) 08:16, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Other brigades
I think that this page needs more information about other armies. It only shows brigades in western armies, and even shows brigades in Argentina and partially recognized Taiwan/Chinese Taipei/RoC, but yet doesn't show brigades in the Russian Federation or PRC. Why is this so? Di the Albanian (talk) 15:54, 16 May 2021 (UTC)

NATO Standard Organisation
"The typical NATO standard brigade consists of approximately 5,000 troops." I keep seeing such references to NATO standard organisations floating around Wikipedia, but I can never find an explanation or citation/link to what this actually is. Does anyone know more about it? If it isn't somehow classified information, shouldn't this standard be cited? Or if it isn't an actual written standard but just a "typical NATO brigade (of standard denomination)", the source of this analysis should be cited. Sinthorion (talk) 11:18, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brigade


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Kenny Dykstra

Kenneth George Doane (born March 16, 1986) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE as a producer and as a trainer at the WWE Performance Center. During his past time in WWE, he was known as Kenny Dykstra and Kenny as a member of The Spirit Squad. Outside of WWE, his most significant appearance in a major promotion was for Major League Wrestling (MLW) in a tag team with Squad member Mike Mondo during 2019.

Doane was trained by Killer Kowalski and made his wrestling debut at the age of fifteen in 2001. He began working for Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), per WWE request. In May 2003, Doane made his WWE television debut as "Ken Phoenix". During his time in OVW, he won the Television Championship once. After losing the title, Doane became part of The Spirit Squad faction. The team debuted on Raw in January 2006 and won the World Tag Team Championship three months later.

Following the Spirit Squad's dissolution, he began working as "Kenny Dykstra", before being released from his WWE contract in November 2008. He later began working on the independent circuit, wrestling for promotions including Dragon Gate USA and Evolve.

Doane would end up working as a WWE producer and would coach on the side in early 2021.

Early career (2001–2005)
Doane made his professional wrestling debut in 2001 at the age of fifteen. He started his professional wrestling career in the New England area under the name "Broadway" Kenn Phoenix. He was later trained by professional wrestler and trainer Killer Kowalski in Malden, Massachusetts. After being contacted by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), he was asked to make appearances for their developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). Doane made his first national television appearance in WWE at the age of 17 on the May 12, 2003 episode of WWE Raw as Ken Phoenix. Along with his brother, Mike Phoenix, he was a participant in Rodney Mack's ongoing "5-Minute White Boy Challenge" where Mack defeated Caucasian wrestlers in under five minutes. Mack defeated the pair in 1:31, forcing them both to submit to his new Blackout finishing hold. He made another appearance, losing to Lance Storm on an episode of Sunday Night Heat before being officially signed to a developmental deal and to OVW full-time on June 4, 2004. On June 3, 2005, Doane had his first match, at the promotion, against Kenzo Suzuki, whom Doane defeated. Three weeks later, on June 25, 2005, he won the Television Championship from Deuce Shade. He had successful title defenses, but Doane lost the title to CM Punk on November 9, 2005.

The Spirit Squad (2006)
After losing the Television Championship, Doane became a part of the Spirit Squad, a faction using the in-ring personas of male cheerleaders, using the name "Kenny". On the January 23, 2006, episode of Raw, the group helped Jonathan Coachman win a Royal Rumble qualifying match against Jerry "The King" Lawler by performing cheers for Coachman and distracting Lawler. They later became a part of the ongoing scripted feud between WWE chairman Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels. The villainous McMahon brought in the Spirit Squad to attack Michaels on numerous occasions, including placing them in multiple handicap matches.

They also continued wrestling in the tag team division, and on April 3, on Raw, the Spirit Squad won the World Tag Team Championship when Kenny and Mikey, with outside help from the other three Spirit Squad members, defeated the team of Big Show and Kane. After winning the championship, all five members of the team were recognized as the champions, allowing any combination of them to defend the championship. Also, Kenny became the second youngest wrestler to win a title in WWE after Rene Dupree, at the age of 20 years and 18 days; he was surpassed by Tyler Bate in 2017.

Three weeks later, McMahon scheduled another handicap match, with the Spirit Squad facing Michaels. The match never started, however; instead the Spirit Squad brutally beat down Michaels, ripping apart his ring attire and, as part of the storyline, shattered his knee with a chair. McMahon then called Triple H to the ring to attack Michaels with a sledgehammer; however, Kenny snatched the sledgehammer away from him, disrespecting Triple H, which led to him attacking the group. Triple H and Michaels revived their former team, D-Generation X (DX), and began a feud with the Spirit Squad. DX played various sophomoric pranks on the team and the McMahons (Vince and his son Shane), as well as defeating the Spirit Squad in handicap tag team matches at Vengeance and a clean sweep in an elimination handicap match at Saturday Night's Main Event XXXIII.

At the same time as their feud with DX and their alignment with McMahon, the team also wrestled other teams in Raw ' s tag division over the World Tag Team Championship. The group successfully defended the tag team championship against the teams of Jim Duggan and Eugene, Charlie Haas and Viscera, and Snitsky and Val Venis. They then entered a lengthy feud with The Highlanders, whom they eventually defeated to retain the title at Unforgiven.

The Spirit Squad as a whole later began a losing streak with separate members losing singles matches to Ric Flair on consecutive episodes of Raw. After two consecutive losses to the debuting Cryme Tyme, Kenny attacked Mikey on the October 23 episode of Raw, and announced that he was going to defeat Flair. Kenny was successful, despite Flair attempting to even the odds by bringing other WWE Legends (Dusty Rhodes, Sgt. Slaughter, and "Rowdy" Roddy Piper) to the ring with him. It was then announced that Flair and a legend, selected by interactive voting, would wrestle the team for the World Tag Team Championship at the Cyber Sunday pay-per-view in early November. The fans chose Piper, and he and Flair defeated Kenny and Mikey to win the championship.

The group disbanded on the November 27 Raw after losing a five-on-three match against Flair and DX. Later that night, DX placed all five members into a crate stamped "OVW, Louisville, Kentucky", a reference to the developmental territory from which the Spirit Squad had come.

Singles competition (2006–2008)
After the breakup of the Spirit Squad, he was repackaged as Kenny Dykstra – an homage to baseball player Lenny Dykstra – with new attire and entrance music. He became interested in joining the group Rated-RKO, which consisted of Edge and Randy Orton. In order to join, he was told to prove himself first. He continued the feud with Ric Flair, managing to pick up three straight victories (including at New Year's Revolution) before finally losing to him on the January 15, 2007, episode of Raw. Dykstra competed in the 2007 Royal Rumble match and got eliminated by Edge. After his feud with Flair, Dykstra became a mainstay on Raw ' s sister show Heat, having feuds with both Eugene and Val Venis.

He then formed a tag team with Johnny Nitro, but the duo split when Dykstra was drafted to the SmackDown! brand on June 17, 2007, as part of the WWE Supplemental Draft.

Dykstra made his debut on the July 6 episode of SmackDown! in a losing effort to the re-debuting Chuck Palumbo. On the July 20 episode of SmackDown!, Dykstra participated in a 20-man battle royal for the World Heavyweight Championship and was eliminated by Chris Masters; later on that evening, he lost to Matt Hardy in singles competition.

Dykstra formed an on-screen relationship with Victoria on the July 27 episode of SmackDown!. The two teamed together in mixed tag team matches, usually against Jimmy Wang Yang and Torrie Wilson or Chuck Palumbo and Michelle McCool. They also regularly accompanied each other to the ring for matches. After a leave of absence from television in the first half of 2008, Dykstra made his return on the August 15 episode of SmackDown, losing to WWE Champion Triple H. On November 10, 2008, WWE announced Doane had been released from his contract.

Various promotions (2009–2021)
In 2009, Doane began working for Dragon Gate USA under his real name. On December 3, 2009, it was announced that Doane would be joining recently opened promotion Evolve as Kenn Doane. He debuted at the promotions first show on January 16, 2010, in a loss to Jimmy Jacobs.

On March 9, 2010, Doane, under his real name, wrestled in a tryout dark match for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, losing to Homicide. On November 15, 2011, Doane wrestled a dark match for WWE at the SmackDown tapings in Bridgeport, Connecticut, losing to Justin Gabriel. In September 2014, Doane took part in Chikara's 2014 King of Trios tournament, using his Spirit Squad character and teaming with Johnny and Mikey. After a win over Sinn Bodhi and the Odditorium (Qefka the Quiet and Sir Oliver Grimsly) on September 19, the Spirit Squad was eliminated from the tournament in the second round on September 20 by the Golden Trio (Dasher Hatfield, Icarus, and Mark Angelosetti).

On November 12, 2016, wrestling as The Spirit Squad, Doane along with Mikey captured the NYWC Tag Team Championship from Hounds of Hatred (Boo and Bam Sullivan) at Firestorm 3. 15 days later, Spirit Squad lost the titles back to Hounds of Hatred. At Ring of Honor television tapings in April 2017, Kenny and Mikey unsuccessfully challenged The Young Bucks for the ROH World Tag Team Championship. On July 24, 2019, it was announced that Squad members Dykstra and Mike Mondo were now signed to Major League Wrestling (MLW). They would go on to debut at that month's Never Say Never show. Kenny announced on April 20, 2021, through Twitter that he was retired from in-ring action.

Return to WWE (2016)
In late 2016, Doane, as Kenny, and Mikey returned to WWE for a short storyline with Dolph Ziggler (formerly Nicky in the Spirit Squad). On October 4, on SmackDown, they utilised their Spirit Squad characters to taunt Ziggler about his time in the Spirit Squad, before attacking him at the behest of the Intercontinental Champion The Miz and Maryse. Five days later, at the No Mercy pay-per-view, he and Mikey tried to distract Ziggler in his career vs. title match under Maryse's command, but were unsuccessful in doing so. On the October 11 episode of SmackDown, Kenny and Mikey faced Ziggler in a two-on-one handicap match; Ziggler won but was then attacked by The Miz and saved by Rhyno and Heath Slater. Kenny and Mikey unsuccessfully challenged Slater and Rhyno for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship on October 25. They appeared throughout November in tag team matches, before disappearing off television.

Second return to WWE (2021–present)
On October 6, 2021, Doane was reportedly rehired by WWE to work as a trainer at the WWE Performance Center. Two months later, he began working as a producer on Raw and SmackDown.

As a role of a producer, Doane is seen occasionally breaking up brawls between wrestlers such as restraining Kevin Owens who fought The Bloodline (The Usos and Solo Sikoa) on the January 16, 2023 episode of Raw as he was among the officials separating those men.

Chelsea Green mentioned on the Busted Open Radio Podcast, that Doane is one of the crucial producers to help assist her advance her character.

Other media
Doane appeared on Seducing Cindy, a Fox Reality series that follows Cindy Margolis, once the most downloaded woman on the Internet, as she searches for a new love. The program premiered on January 30, 2010. Doane made it to the final five, one episode away from the season finale, but was eliminated.

In 2013, while rehabbing a knee injury, Doane penned his first children's book entitled Billy's Bully. The book was released in June 2013.

Personal life
Doane was born to Ken and Vickie Doane in Southbridge, Massachusetts. His parents were supportive of his decision in becoming a professional wrestler. He has an older brother named Mike. Doane attended Bay Path Regional Vocational Technical High School in Charlton, Massachusetts and Nichols College in Dudley, MA.

Doane was formerly engaged to fellow professional wrestler Mickie James.

In 2012, Doane enrolled in Nichols College where he started playing football. He played as a tight end and linebacker.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Compound Pro Wrestling
 * ComPro Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mikey
 * Independent Connecticut Championship Wrestling
 * ICCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Kid Krazy
 * New York Wrestling Connection
 * NYWC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mikey
 * Ohio Valley Wrestling
 * OVW Television Championship (1 time)
 * Premiere Wrestling Federation Northeast
 * PWF-NE Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Johnny Curtis
 * Preston City Wrestling
 * PCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mikey
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked 123 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in PWI 500 in 2007
 * World Wrestling Entertainment
 * World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Johnny, Mikey, Mitch and Nicky
 * Xtreme Wrestling Alliance
 * XWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

title: Kenny Dykstra


text:
Macrocystis

Macrocystis is a monospecific genus of kelp (large brown algae) with all species now synonymous with Macrocystis pyrifera. It is commonly known as giant kelp or bladder kelp. This genus contains the largest of all the Phaeophyceae or brown algae. Macrocystis has pneumatocysts at the base of its blades. Sporophytes are perennial and the individual may live for up to three years; stipes/fronds within a whole individual undergo senescence, where each frond may persist for approximately 100 days. The genus is found widely in subtropical, temperate, and sub-Antarctic oceans of the Southern Hemisphere (e.g. Chile, New Zealand, Australia, Falkland Islands, Auckland Islands, South African west coast, etc.) and in the northeast Pacific from Baja California to Sitka, Alaska. Macrocystis is often a major component of temperate kelp forests.

Despite its appearance, it is not a plant; it is a heterokont. Giant kelp is common along the coast of the northeastern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California north to southeast Alaska, and is also found in the southern oceans near South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Individual algae may grow to more than 45 m long at a rate of as much as 60 cm per day. Giant kelp grows in dense stands known as kelp forests, which are home to many marine animals that depend on the algae for food or shelter. The primary commercial product obtained from giant kelp is alginate, but humans also harvest this species on a limited basis for use directly as food, as it is rich in iodine, potassium, and other minerals. It can be used in cooking in many of the ways other sea vegetables are used, and particularly serves to add flavor to bean dishes.

Description
Macrocystis is a monospecific genus, the sole species is M. pyrifera. Some individuals are so huge that the thallus may grow to up to 60 m (200 ft). The stipes arise from a holdfast and branch three or four times from near the base. Blades develop at irregular intervals along the stipe. M. pyrifera grows to over 45 m (150 ft) long. The stipes are unbranched and each blade has a gas bladder at its base.

Macrocystis pyrifera is the largest of all algae. The stage of the life cycle that is usually seen is the sporophyte, which is perennial and individuals persist for many years. Individuals may grow to up to 50 m long or more. The kelp often grows even longer than the distance from the bottom to the surface as it will grow in a diagonal direction due to the ocean current pushing against the kelp. The stalks arise from a basal meristem, with as many as 60 stalks in older well protected individuals. Blades develop at irregular intervals along the stipe, with a single pneumatocyst (gas bladder) at the base of each blade. At the base of each stalk is a cluster of blades that lack pneumatocysts, instead they develop small sacks on the blade that release the biflagellated zoospores these are the sporophylls.

The smaller morphs, formerly identified as Macrocystis integrifolia, have deep brown color on flattened rhizomes which are profusely dichotomously branched. Each is attached by branched root-like structures coming out of the sides of the rhizomes. Slender main stipes (about 1 cm wide to 30 m long) come from the rhizome which is up to 0.1 m at the widest. Periodically 5 cm wide and 35 cm long flattened leaf-like branches derive from the stipe. They have furrowed surfaces and taper gradually, but then have an oval or rounded float where attached to the stipe. The blade-like branches have notched denticulate edges leading to the terminal blade at the tip of the stipe, which is separated by several smaller branches. It grows to only 6 m long. It is found on intertidal rocks or shallow subtidal rocks along the Pacific coast of North America (British Columbia to California) and South America. In New Zealand M. pyrifera is found in the subtidal zone of southern North Island, the South Island, Chatham, Stewart, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland and Campbell Islands. The species can be found on rock and on sheltered open coasts.

Life cycle
The macroscopic sporophyte has many specialized blades growing near the holdfast. These blades bear various sori containing sporangia, which release haploid spores, which will grow into microscopic female and male gametophytes. These gametophytes, after reaching the appropriate substrata, grow mitotically to eventually produce gametes.

Females release their eggs (oogonia) along with a pheromone, the lamoxirene. This compound triggers sperm release by males. The Macrocystis sperm consists of biflagellate non-synthetic antherozoids, which find their way to the oogonia following the lamoxirene. The egg is then fertilized to form the zygote, which, through mitosis, begins growth.

Macrocystis integrifolia is found on intertidal rocks or shallow subtidal rocks along the Pacific coast of North America from British Columbia to California. It prefers water about 7 m to 10 m deep and exposed to the open sea and normal salinities, yet sheltered from full wave action.

Macrocystis integrifolia alternates heteromorphic phases from a macroscopic sporophyte to dioecious microscopic gametophytes. It has been studied as a plant fertilizer, increasing bean yields up to 24% and chemical studies indicate presence of phytohormone-like substances.

Growth
Macrocystis pyrifera is one of the fastest-growing organisms on Earth. They can grow at a rate of 60 cm a day to reach over 45 m long in one growing season.

Juvenile giant kelp grow directly upon their parent female gametophyte. To establish itself, a young kelp produces one or two primary blades, and begins a rudimentary holdfast, which serves to anchor the plant to the rocky bottom. As the kelp grows, additional blades develop from the growing tip, while the holdfast enlarges and may entirely cover the rock to which it is attached.

Growth occurs with lengthening of the stipe (central stalk), and splitting of the blades. At the growing tip is a single blade, at the base of which develop small gas bladders along one side. As the bladders and stipe grow, small tears develop in the attached blade. Once the tears have completed, each bladder supports a single separate blade along the stipe, with the bladders and their blades attached at irregular intervals.

Ecology
Macrocystis typically grow forming extensive beds, large "floating canopies", on rocky substrata between the low intertidal. It was harvested by barges which used large blades to harvest up to 300 tons a day along the coast of California.

Macrocystis pyrifera is found in North America (Alaska to California), South America, South Africa, New Zealand, and southern Australia. It thrives in cooler waters where the ocean water temperature remains mostly below 70 F. The species is also found near Tristan da Cunha in the Mid-South Atlantic Ocean.

Where the bottom is rocky and affords places for it to anchor, giant kelp forms extensive kelp beds with large "floating canopies". When present in large numbers, giant kelp forms kelp forests that are home to many marine species that depend upon the kelp directly for food and shelter, or indirectly as a hunting ground for prey. Both the large size of the kelp and the large number of individuals significantly alter the availability of light, the flow of ocean currents, and the chemistry of the ocean water in the area where they grow.

In high-density populations, giant kelp individuals compete with other individuals of the species for space and resources. Giant kelp may also compete with Pterygophora californica in these circumstances.

Where surface waters are poor in nutrients, nitrogen in the form of amino acids is translocated up the stipe through sieve elements that very much resemble the phloem of vascular plants. Translocation of nutrients along the stipe may be as rapid as 60 cm per hour. Most translocation occurs to move carbon-rich photosynthate, and typically transfers material from mature regions to actively growing regions where the machinery of photosynthesis is not yet fully in place. Translocation also moves nutrients downward from light-exposed surface fronds to sporophylls (reproductive fronds) at the base of the kelp, where there is little light and thus little photosynthesis to produce food.

Species
Initially, 17 species were described within the genus Macrocystis. In 1874, Hooker, following blade morphology, put them all under the same taxon, Macrocystis pyrifera. In modern times, the large number of species were re-classified based on the holdfast morphology, which distinguished three species (M. angustifolia, M. integrifolia, and M. pyrifera) and on blade morphology, which added a fourth species (M. laevis) in 1986. In 2009 and 2010, however, two studies that used both morphological and molecular assessments demonstrate that Macrocystis is monospecific (as M. pyrifera), which is currently accepted by the phycological community (see AlgaeBase).

Morphs
Although Macrocystis is a monospecific genus, some split it into the four morphs, or sub-species, described below, following pre-2010 taxonomy:

 * Macrocystis pyrifera, known as giant kelp, most widely distributed Macrocystis species, found in intermediate-to-deep water of North America (Alaska to California), South America, South Africa, New Zealand, and southern Australia.
 * Macrocystis integrifolia, typically found on intertidal rocks or shallow subtidal rocks of British Columbia, Mexico, Peru and Northern Chile. It was considered a distinct species based on blade and holdfast morphology.
 * Macrocystis laevis, a smaller, intertidal species, is found on the Pacific coast of North America (British Columbia to California) and South America.
 * Macrocystis angustifolia Bory, known as southern giant kelp, is found in shallow waters of South Africa and South Australia.

Distribution
Macrocystis is distributed along the eastern Pacific coast from Alaska to Mexico and from Peru and along the Argentinian coast as well as in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and most sub-Antarctic islands to 60°S.

Aquaculture
Macrocystis pyrifera has been utilized for many years as a food source; it also contains many compounds such as iodine, potassium, other minerals vitamins and carbohydrates and thus has also been used as a dietary supplement. In the beginning of the 20th century California kelp beds were harvested as a source for soda ash. With commercial interest increasing significantly during the 1970s and the 1980s this was primarily due to the production of alginates, and also for biomass production for animal feed due to the energy crisis during that period. However the commercial production of M. pyrifera never became reality. With the end of the energy crisis and the decline in prices of alginates, the research into farming Macrocystis also declined.

The demand for M. pyrifera is increasing due to the newfound uses of these plants such as fertilizers, cultivation for bioremediation purposes, abalone and sea urchin feed. There is current research going into utilizing M. pyrifera as feed for other aquaculture species such as shrimps. Recently, M. pyrifera has been examined as a possible feedstock for conversion into ethanol for biofuel use.

Conservation
In recent years, the kelp forests have decreased dramatically throughout Japan, Chile, Korea, Australia and North America. Harvesting of kelp as a food source and other uses may be the least concerning aspect to its depletion. In the Northwest Pacific kelp forests in waters near large population centres may be most affected by the sewer/stormwater discharge.

The natural phenomenon known as El Niño cycles warm, tropical water from the South Pacific to Northern waters. This has been known to kill off M. pyrifera, due to its need for cold waters it would usually find in the North Pacific Ocean. In California, El Niño also brought along a population bloom of purple sea urchins which feed on the giant kelp.

Tasmania
Off the coast of Tasmania, kelp forests have been significantly affected by several factors, including warming waters, shifting of the East Australian current (EAC), and invasion of long-spine sea urchins. Locals have noticed significant effects on the population of abalone, a food source for the Aboriginal Tasmanians for thousands of years. These changes have also affected the oyster farming industry. By saving oysters that have survived disease outbreaks, they have been able to continue their way of life. It was estimated that by 2019, 95 per cent of the giant kelp forests along Tasmania's east coast had been lost within just a few decades. Some of this loss was attributed by locals to the harvesting of the forests by Alginates Australia, which opened its factory near Triabunna in 1963, shutting down operations 10 years later as uneconomical. However, expert in marine ecosystems Craig Johnson says that the loss of the forests "is almost certainly the result of climate change". Water temperatures along the east coast of Tasmania have been rising at nearly four times the average rate globally. The EAC brings warmer waters, which are also nutrient-poor compared to the previously usual cold water around the coast. Common kelp (Ecklonia radiata) is better at nitrogen storage than giant kelp, so has been taking over the areas formerly occupied by giant kelp.

Macrocystis pyrifera has become Australia’s first federally-listed endangered marine community. Scientists and conservationists are continuously looking into ways to restore the once heavily populated species to its original state. Methods include artificial reefs, reducing numbers of purple sea urchins in overpopulated areas, and planting roots along the ocean floor. Scientists had built 28 artificial reefs off Maria Island by 2019, and were hopeful of bringing the kelp forests back.

title: Macrocystis


text:
Talk:Kenny Dykstra

Requested move

 * (Discuss) – Kenny Dykstra →  – [This page should revert back to its original name.]City of Tragedy (talk) 23:31, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

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Pelagophycus

Pelagophycus is a monotypic genus of kelp. It is found in deep waters off the west coast of central North America. The species Pelagophycus porra, also known as Elk kelp, grows in temperatures of no higher than 60 °F.

It grows in subtidal forests in the coastal waters off southern California and northwestern Baja California Peninsula, in waters of 20 m to 90 m deep, anchored by a holdfast in sedimentary or loose sediment bottoms.

Three ecotypes are recognized:
 * Pelagophycus giganteus
 * Pelagophycus porra
 * Pelagophycus intermedius

title: Pelagophycus


text: User talk:71.0.159.49

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text: User talk:68.40.39.197

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Talk:Clapton Chronicles: The Best of Eric Clapton

The track listing doesn't seem quite right now, does it?! --Stieg (talk) 01:53, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

No, it doesn't. It includes Track 15 which is only available on the British import. The US release has only tracks 1-14. 173.57.148.216 (talk) 16:07, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

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The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation

The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation is the debut full-length album by American metalcore band Poison the Well. It was released on December 14, 1999. Influential in the early popularization of metalcore around the turn of the 21st century, the album was the band's first on Trustkill Records and is now recognized as a landmark album in the genre due to its quality and influence. The album was the band's first release to appear on CMJ 's charts, reaching number 9 on the Loud Rock chart in May 2000. It had sold 30,000 copies by 2002. The release received numerous reissues on various formats over the years through such record labels as Good Life Recordings, Roadrunner Records, Shock Records and Rise Records and was digitally remastered in 2012.

In promotion of the album, Poison the Well toured the United States several times between December 1999 and September 2001 and also performed a handful of shows in Canada and Belgium. The bands that accompanied Poison the Well on these tours include Stretch Arm Strong, Twelve Tribes, This Day Forward, Brother's Keeper, NORA, Martyr A.D., Candiria, Origin, Cryptopsy, Codeseven, Love Lost but Not Forgotten, Cataract, Curl Up and Die, Eighteen Visions, Unearth, God Forbid and From Autumn to Ashes. Poison the Well also performed at notable festivals like CMJ MusicFest Marathon, in Manhattan, New York, Hellfest in Syracuse, New York (in both 2000 and 2001), Krazy Fest in Louisville, Kentucky, Gainesvillefest in Gainesville, Florida, Monster Fest in Burlington, Vermont, Mixed Messages in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Board Festival in Boston, Massachusetts, Fantasy Festival in Miami, Florida and Good Life Summer Festival in Waregem, Belgium.

The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation 's recording session and following promotional tours featured a great deal of member changes for Poison the Well. The album was recorded with vocalist Jeffrey Moreira, bassist Alan Landsman, drummer Christopher Hornbrook and guitarists Ryan Primack and Derek Miller. Former vocalists Duane Hosein and Aryeh Lehrer were both invited to provide backing vocals on a song. Primack quit immediately after the recording was completed and was briefly replaced by José Martinez. During the ensuing tours, Landsman was replaced by a slew of bassists including Michael Gordillo, Javier Van Huss, Albert and finally Iano Dovi, the last of which remained with the band to record their follow-up Tear from the Red. Miller was unable to consistently tour due to school obligations and was periodically substituted by Michael Peters and Matthew Tackett. Moreira also suffered a pneumothorax on the final promotional tour, leading Francis Mark to sing at several shows.

Recording
Poison the Well recorded the album from October 2–10, 1999, with producer Jeremy Staska at Studio 13 in Deerfield Beach, Florida. The album was recorded with vocalist Jeffrey Moreira, bassist Alan Landsman, drummer Christopher Hornbrook and guitarists Ryan Primack and Derek Miller. The band invited former vocalists Duane Hosein and Aryeh Lehrer to provide backing vocals on the song "Not Within Arms Length", the lyrics of which had been written by Hosein before he left the band in 1998. Immediately after the recording session, lead guitarist Primack quit the band (for the second time) and was replaced by José Martinez.

The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation was initially scheduled to be released solely by Good Life Recordings but the band gained the attention of New Jersey-based record label Trustkill Records, who quickly signed them to a three-release deal (two albums plus one extended play) less than a week after the record was completed. Good Life Recordings retained permission to release the 12" vinyl version of the album, while Trustkill Records released the compact disc version on December 14, 1999.

Primack returned in time for the album release show on December 11, 1999 at Club Q in Davie, Florida, where the band performed with Where Fear and Weapons Meet, Brethren, Red Roses for a Blue Lady, 32/40 and Cho. The band had received the discs from Trustkill Records in time for the release show, but not the artwork or jewel cases. So the band photocopied a special insert labeled the "CD Release Show" edition which was limited to 50 copies.

Release and packaging
Trustkill Records released the compact disc edition on December 14, 1999, under the catalog number TK27. The artwork and layout was designed by Converge vocalist Jacob Bannon through his graphic design company Atomic! Information Design. The original compact disc release from December 1999 did not feature a barcode on the back cover. It was not until a March 2002 repress that Trustkill Records began adding a barcode to the upper left corner of the back artwork and also on a sealant sticker on the top spine of the jewel case.

Good Life Recordings issued a 12" vinyl version in March 2000 under the catalog number GL052. The vinyl pressing was available on a choice of blue vinyl (limited to 300 copies) and black vinyl (limited to 1000 copies). The blue vinyl was repressed in late 2001 (also limited to 300 copies) at the same time as a repress of Distance Only Makes the Heart Grow Fonder; the second pressing was slightly darker than the first.

In August 2004, Trustkill Records signed a deal with Roadrunner Records for a selection of their releases to be reissued in foreign markets such as the United Kingdom and Europe. Through this licensing deal, Poison the Well's The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation was finally made available locally for those regions. The album was re-released in France, Germany and the Netherlands on October 11, 2004  and in the United Kingdom on October 25, 2004 under catalog number RR8222.

In early 2007, Trustkill Records signed a deal with Shock Records for a selection of their past releases to be distributed in Australasia. Through this distribution deal, The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation was finally made available locally in Australia and New Zealand. The distribution deal originally had Trustkill Records ship a container of already-pressed compact discs to Shock Records for retail marketing through their chain of stores. These American-made compact discs were released to the Australasia market on June 2, 2007 and were identical to the ones sold in the United States. After quickly selling out of the American-made discs, Shock Records began repressing the release directly in Australia as part of the label's series 2 CDs For The Price Of 1. The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation and Tear from the Red were each pressed in separate jewel cases, baring no barcodes on their back covers and both using the same catalog number TK24103. The two jewel cases were packaged together in a slipcase which contained the barcode for retail stores and the catalog number TK24103. The double-disc release was sold as a single unit starting on February 16, 2008. Shock Records simultaneously released seven other packages as part of their 2 CDs For The Price Of 1 series, for Trustkill Records' Terror, Hopesfall, Throwdown, Walls of Jericho, Most Precious Blood and Bleeding Through.

On March 25, 2008, Trustkill Records re-released The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation and Tear from the Red in a special double-LP gatefold packaging under catalog number TK110. Each side of the gatefold cover featured the front artwork of each album (The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation on the front and Tear from the Red on the back). The release was pressed on a choice of blue and red vinyl (limited to 331 copies), white and yellow vinyl (limited to 336 copies), and white and pink vinyl (limited to 661 copies). Trustkill Records simultaneously re-released two other double-LP packages from its past roster: Throwdown's Haymaker / Vendetta and Walls of Jericho's With Devils Amongst Us All / All Hail the Dead.

In 2011, Sumerian Records attempted to purchase a license to reissue The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation and Tear from the Red from Trustkill Records but was unsuccessful. On May 4, 2012, it was revealed that Rise Records had secured the rights to the reissues and would be releasing them in the summer of 2012. Unlike Trustkill Records' 2008 gatefold vinyl repress, Rise Records went to the extent of having all of the audio content remastered and designing a new artwork and layout. The two albums were digitally remastered by Will Putney at The Machine Shop in Hoboken, New Jersey, while the artwork was adapted by merging the two releases' original artworks together. After some delay, Rise Records reissued the 19-song, double-release compilation The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation / Tear from the Red on November 20, 2012 as catalog number RR176. The set was offered in a single compact disc edition packaged in a digipak, a double-LP edition packaged in a gatefold sleeve and digitally through streaming and downloading. The double LP was originally offered on a choice of transparent blue swirl and transparent red swirl (limited to 500 copies), or clear (limited to 1500 copies) vinyl color. A second pressing was done on blue and red starburst colored vinyl (limited to 1000 copies). Rise Records also printed limited edition t-shirts, hoodies and posters in promotion of the reissue.

On January 18, 2020, Poison the Well performed a 20th Anniversary concert in celebration of their debut album The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation. The event took place at the El Rey Theater in Los Angeles, California where the band performed a selection of eight songs from their past releases, followed by The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation in its entirety. The band also re-pressed their debut album on limited edition transparent blue and marbled blue colored vinyl, featuring a revised layout, an expanded commemorative booklet and new liner notes designed by Touché Amoré guitarist Nick Steinhardt. Several mistakes were made while designing the commemorative booklet, such as writing that the album had originally been released on December 14, 2000 (a whole year later than it actually was) and using low-resolution pictures and flyers directly from Instagram and Discogs, at times from shows that were played on tours outside the promotion of the album (shows from before the album was released or from tours promoting later releases). Steinhardt also designed exclusive t-shirts, long sleeve shirts and hoodies for sale at the 20th Anniversary show and as bundles for online orders. The band had anticipated having the vinyl ready in time for their concert but due to pressing plant delays, it was only released on February 21, 2020.

Promotion
Poison the Well toured vigorously in 2000 to promote their debut album. The band embarked on a local Florida tour with Red Roses for a Blue Lady in late October 1999, followed by an East Coast United States tour with Stretch Arm Strong from December 1999 to January 2000. They also played at festivals like Fantasy Festival in Miami, Florida, Mixed Messages in Minneapolis, Minnesota and Hellfest in Syracuse, New York The band's Hellfest 2K performance was professionally filmed and three songs ("Slice Paper Wrists", "Nerdy" and "Artist's Rendering of Me") were used on Trustkill Records' VHS and DVD Hellfest Syracuse, NY - Summer 2000: The Official Documentary, released on June 12, 2001. The home video also included interviews with Poison the Well and a live performance by metalcore band NORA with whom Primack had played in place of their absent guitarist. The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation was sent in to CMJ in February 2000 and was added to the Loud Rock chart in late April 2000. It reached number 9 on the Loud Rock chart in May 2000.

The band also toured with Twelve Tribes, who was promoting its new extended play Instruments, which featured guest vocals from Moreira on the song "Milk And Mice Pocketknife". The Broken Hearts and Broken Vans - Summer Tour 2000 trip took them across the entire United States, from the Southeast, up the Northeast through the Midwest, covering Central and Southern America, and finally the Westcoast, from June to August 2000. This Day Forward briefly joined the tour for one of the legs. During this tour, Poison the Well opened their shows by performing a snippet of a Metallica cover of "...And Justice for All". Poison the Well and Twelve Tribes were scheduled to play a few Canadian dates as part of the tour at the end of June 2000 but due to lack of paperwork, they were denied entry. Rhythm guitarist Miller was unable to participate in the summer tour so former Twelve Tribes bassist Matthew Tackett filled in during those three months. One highlight event, a radio show performed on June 26 in Boston, Massachusetts, was recorded; two songs from that broadcast were later used as bonus tracks on Undecided Records' re-issue of Distance Only Makes the Heart Grow Fonder in 2001.

Bassist Landsman was kicked out of the band in September 2000 and was replaced by Michael Gordillo who continued to tour with the band in promotion of The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation. On October 20, 2000, Poison the Well performed at the Downtime in Manhattan, New York. The performance was part of CMJ MusicFest Marathon and also featured E.Town Concrete, Diecast, Drowningman, Vision of Disorder, Embodyment, Boiler Room, Colepitz and Lyna. Prior to playing the CMJ event, the band conducted an exclusive live interview on Seton Hall University's radio station WSOU in South Orange, New Jersey.

In November 2000, Poison the Well toured the East Coast with fellow Trustkill Records roster artists Brother's Keeper and NORA. As rhythm guitarist Miller was obligated to finish his school semester, guitarist Michael Peters took his place for the first leg of the tour. The tour passed through Florida for a show at Gainesvillefest in December 2000, where Miller returned, and picked up again with Martyr joining for Southern, Midwest and Canadian dates through January 2001. Poison the Well was however denied entry into Canada, for the second time, again to due lack of necessary paperwork; the band quickly booked replacement shows in the Midwest.

Poison the Well continued touring for most of 2001 in promotion of The Opposite of December... A Season of Separation. They performed at the Board Festival in Boston, Massachusetts, Hellfest in East Syracuse, New York, Monster Fest in Burlington, Vermont and Krazy Fest 4 in Louisville, Kentucky They were also scheduled to play the New England Metal and Hardcore Festival in Worcester, Massachusetts, but had to cancel due to touring conflicts as the band was due to be on the west coast at that time Poison the Well had also booked an Asian tour for March 2001, with dates in China and Japan, but due to trouble with the booking agency, the entire trip was cancelled.

In February 2001, Gordillo departed; a month later he was replaced by California-based bassist Javier Van Huss, formerly of the bands Enewetak, Eighteen Visions, Throwdown, Breakneck, Bleeding Through and Wrench. From mid-March to mid-April 2001, Poison the Well toured with Candiria, Origin and Cryptopsy. The month-long The Pain Cometh Tour took the bands across the entire United States from the Northeast, through the Midwest, the South, Central, the Westcoast and the Northwest. Van Huss left Poison the Well immediately after the tour and the band dropped him off in Orange County, California before making their way back home to Florida. Van Huss went on to play in the bands The Mistake, Black Knot, Extricate, Forwarned and Hurricanrana. Albert joined as Poison the Well's new bassist.

From May through June 2001, Poison the Well mainly played local shows and weekend trips along the east coast with bands like Until the End (which had since then also kicked out vocalist Landsman) and Glasseater. From late June to early July 2001, the band embarked on a mini-tour with Codeseven and Love Lost but Not Forgotten, followed by a few dates with Cataract, Curl Up and Die and Eighteen Visions surrounding their appearance at Hellfest 2001.

In late July 2001, the band played three shows in Belgium, their first time performing in Europe. Poison the Well headlined both nights of the Good Life Summer Festival in Waregem, Belgium, followed by a single show in Koksijde, Belgium The band had originally hopped to do a full European tour but due to previous engagements, notably playing Krazy Fest 4 at the end of July, they were only able to commit to three dates, doing so as a personal favor to Good Life Recordings owner Edward Verhaeghe, who had already released two of their releases. Albert left Poison the Well at the end of July 2001 after performing at Krazy Fest.

Bassist Iano Dovi, formerly of the band Pintsize, joined in August 2001, just in time for a two-week tour with Unearth, God Forbid and Martyr AD across Canada, the Northeast and the Midwest. The tour started out positively, with Trustkill Records ensuring that all of the bands had the proper paperwork to enter Canada legally. After playing their second show in Canada, at Salle X in Montreal, Quebec, Poison the Well's van was broken into and all of their guitars, basses and parts of the drums were stolen. Moreira was so distraught by the theft that he engaged in a screaming fit in the parking lot of Salle X, damaging his throat, which worsened into pneumonia over the next two weeks on the road. After regrouping, the band made arrangements with members of the other bands on the tour to borrow their equipment each night to play shows.

Before the band could drive out of Montreal, their van's transmission died and Poison the Well was forced to stay behind while Unearth, God Forbid and Martyr AD played the rest of the Canadian dates. Poison the Well was only able to rejoin the tour four days later in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Starting on September 2, 2001, From Autumn to Ashes joined the tour. That night, the bands performed at CBGB's for From Autumn to Ashes' Too Bad You're Beautiful album-release show. By the end of the tour, Moreira's voice was nearly extinct so From Autumn to Ashes' Francis Mark filled in, supported by members from the touring bands and local opening acts like Ken Susi from Unearth, Joe Sudrovic from From A Second Story Window, Benjamin Perri from From Autumn to Ashes and Charles Johnson from Martyr AD. Upon returning home on September 6, 2001, Moreira was rushed to the hospital where he was treated for a collapsed lung, motivating him to quit smoking cigarettes.

Accolades

 * Noise Creep Poison the Well's Ryan Primack Flattered by The Opposite of December being considered a landmark album.
 * Punktastic "Back on Deck: Poison the Well – 'The Opposite of December'".
 * Kill The Music "Retrospective: Poison The Well - The Opposite of December".

Track listing
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
 * Poison the Well
 * Jeffrey Moreira – lead vocals
 * Ryan Primack – lead guitar
 * Derek Miller – rhythm guitar
 * Alan Landsman – bass guitar
 * Christopher Hornbrook – drums

 * Guest musicians
 * Duane Hosein – backing vocals on "Not Within Arms Length"
 * Aryeh Lehrer – backing vocals on "Not Within Arms Length"

 * Production
 * Poison the Well – co-producer
 * Jeremy Staska – recording engineer, mixer and producer at Studio 13
 * Jacob Bannon – art direction and design at Atomic! Information Design
 * Nick Steinhardt – art direction and design at Smog Design (20th Anniversary reissue)


text:
Marlett

Marlett is a TrueType font that has been used in Microsoft Windows since Windows 95. The operating system uses this font to create user interface icons that are used in the menus and windows. Examples are the close, maximize and minimize buttons that are made from the individual glyphs in the font. This was important to allow the users to scale the user interface and have the icons scale with the elements.

Character layout
Due to the specialised nature of the Marlett glyphs, many of the mappings shown are approximate.

title: Marlett


text:
Talk:Penance

Conflation
There is a conflation in this article between Catholicism and Roman Catholicism, which are not entirely synonymous terms. There are many Anglicans who would resent being cast into a section called "Protestantism." Surely "Anglicanism" or "Other Christian enominations" would be more exact. Hence I have edited accordingly. Fishhead64 04:55, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Expansion
I have done some editing of this article, to take it out of its 1911 mode, hopefully. It could really do with some expansion on the topic of penance in non-Christian faith traditions, though. I'm not qualified to do this, but hopefully someone is. Fishhead64 05:46, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Openning paragraph
I will admit I'm an outsider on this article, but the openning paragraph strikes me as being rather clunky. The first sentance is split up by a long bracketed definition that should probably have its own sentance nearby and it isn't easy to understand. I can see that there has been some debate about sacrament that has probably muddied the waters but I don't really know enough about the topic to improve the openning. So I thought I'd just point it out. Morgrim 14:54, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

hi, i'm just in my online course, and I'm bored, so I thought I'd drop by and say HI!

external link
For neutrality and balance. I am going to add this: http://www.carm.org/catholic/penance.htm regarding Protestant views on Penance. I found no proof of spamming on this website with its hyperlinks. What do you think? - 219.73.11.127 07:46, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

 * No you won't. Stop spamming that website into articles. IrishGuy talk 19:47, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

what spamming? This single web-article by CARM obviously focus on the topic of Penance. Instances exist on wiki when CARM articles are widely used as external sources: Don't make me laugh.--219.73.11.127 04:15, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Criticism of Mormonism
 * Arnold Murray
 * Tahrif
 * Lucy Harris

 * One last time, adding links to the same website in numerous articles is spamming. Stop. IrishGuy talk 07:44, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Click and read the URL above which only has hyperlinks to the mother page only, not "articles"(plural form). It is simply on-topic Penance article. Stop making false accusation.219.73.11.127 08:49, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Considering that you have been reverted by other editors and blocked for spamming, I hardly think there are any false accusations on my part. IrishGuy talk 22:28, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Reliable sources for the term dharmic religions?
Where are the reliable sources that use the term dharmic religions in the context of this article? Dharmic religions is a now deleted obscure neologism and should not be used throughout Wikipedia. Andries 15:55, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

I propose to use the alternative phrase Indian religions. The number of google scholar results for "Indian religions"+"Indian religion" is (45.600 + 84.200) while it is only (492+475) for "dharmic religions" +"dharmic religion". See Deletion_review/Log/2007_September_8. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Andries (talk • contribs) 19:51, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Lutheran view of penance
Please note that the reference provided in the article supports the statement that Lutherans reject "those who teach that forgiveness of sin is not obtained through faith but through the satisfactions made by man."

See, the reference (the page linked above) is actually an encyclopedia entry describing penance, and most of the entry refers to Roman Catholic beliefs. The entire page should not be confused with a statement of what Lutherans believe regarding penance. The last paragraph of the entry, however, is taken directly from the Augsburg Confession, and thus, it is a statement of what Lutherans believe regarding penance. --Hamitr (talk) 00:10, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Also, I removed the sentence: A term used among Lutherans says that absolution, without penance, is meaningless.

Although the link is now dead, I did find an archived version, and here is the exact quote:

Lutherans sometimes say that the absolution (without which "penance" is meaningless) is simply the preaching of the gospel: "God, for Jesus' sake, has forgiven your sins."

The mis-quoted reference implied almost the exact opposite meaning. Furthermore, the quote referenced deals with absolution rather than penance, so it is not really applicable here. --Hamitr (talk) 00:31, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Roman Catholic penance
This section is a mess. It should start by explaining how RC penance differs from that of other religions. Instead, it lists its parts—contritio, confessio and satisfactio. It then explains what contritio is and for some reason gives some history, then explains attritio, which wasn't listed. Then it defines itself by itself ("In [penance], the penitent ... accuses himself of his sins.... The priest ... imposes a particular penance to be performed.") This is like defining "golf" as "going to a golf course and golfing." Then, altho it defines RC penance as a sacrament presumably RECEIVED by a penitent, it describes "penitential acts" presumably PERFORMED by the penitent, but this is not explained. It never defines confessio or satisfactio. The main article is even worse. It's much longer and explains much less.

... The main issue is penance is not a required action. Just like going to mass/church is not a requirement; it is not the "love" of God that drives you to ask for fogiveness this is something we humans call a conscience. Or if you will the holy spirit moving through you. Yoshua ben Yosef (Jesus to the masses) died so that we might live I state it this way because when we pass we are judged by the almighty for our specific actions and judgements. You will be held accountable for everything you did and everyone you judged this goes the same for Catholics/Christians ect. who have spent thier lives in the persecution of others. And regardless of what a mortal priest may do or say they are not prophets with direct lines nor can they trace their own religion past 313 AD when Constantine's Edict of Milan was approved making the Catholic faith a reality. In short no priest can grant you a pass and no father can tell you that you are safe from what you have done for the act of forgiveness is not theirs but the almighty itself. My suggestion is stop acting pure because you have to and start being pure because you are. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.3.49.68 (talk) 18:32, 25 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, they can indeed. --217.251.94.158 (talk) 10:40, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

Since when has "going to mass/church" "not a requirement" been true for Roman Catholics? You don't even know your own religion so stop trying to teach us about ours! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.246.60.33 (talk) 23:13, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

Have revised this particular section reflecting the RC's somewhat broader use of the term. Material particular to the sacrament itself has been moved to that page as there is already a link here to it. Mannanan51 (talk) 04:35, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

Scientific method
I have no idea how the concept of doing penance has anything to do with the scientific method or with science in general. I have removed the term. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.217.152.190 (talk) 19:26, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

Question
What are people given as penance other than prayers and apologies? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Claire Anemone

Penance - Penitence - Repentence
Could the article please go into a little semantic differentiiation of these terms, for us foreigners. Penitence is a redirect and appears nowhere. Penance is the header for the Lutheran section, but "repentence" is used in it. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:06, 13 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penance


text:
Synalepha

A synalepha or synaloepha is the merging of two syllables into one, especially when it causes two words to be pronounced as one.

The original meaning in Ancient Greek is more general than modern usage and includes coalescence of vowels within a word. Similarly, synalepha most often refers to elision (as in English contraction), but it can also refer to coalescence by other metaplasms: synizesis, synaeresis or crasis.

Examples
Spanish, Portuguese and Italian use synalepha, which is important in counting syllables in poetry. An example is in this hendecasyllable (11-syllable line) by Garcilaso de la Vega:

 * Los cabellos que al oro oscurecían.
 * The hair that endarkened the gold.

The words que and al form one syllable in counting them because of synalepha. The same thing happens with -ro and os- and so the line has eleven syllables (syllable boundaries are shown by a dot):

 * Los·ca·be·llos·queal·o·roos·cu·re·cí·an.

title: Synalepha


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Villa Constitución

Villa Constitución is a city in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, and the head town of the Constitución Department. It is located on the south-western banks of the Paraná River between the courses of the Arroyo Pavón and the Arroyo del Medio, about 214 km south from the provincial capital, the city of Santa Fe, and 50 km from Rosario. It has a population of more than 47,374 inhabitants as per the. The initial settlement on the shore of the Paraná was called Puerto de Piedras. The town was founded by the initiative of some businessmen from nearby Rosario, after receiving authorization from the government of Santa Fe. The area was strategically important because it was adequate for a port and next to the Arroyo del Medio, which is the natural border with the Buenos Aires Province. The residents of Puerto de Piedras attended the foundation of the new town, with the presence of governor Juan Pablo López, on 14 February 1858. The name Villa Constitución was given to the town to honor the Assembly that had promulgated the Constitution of 1852.

The town started to grow substantially with the arrival of the railroad in 1888–1890 (the station at the junction of the line coming from the port with the Buenos Aires–Rosario railway gave rise to the town of Empalme Villa Constitución). Villa Constitución became an important agricultural center, and then (since the mid-20th century) home for many industrial enterprises.

In the early 60's, in the city had a plant of the Goliath Hansa cars. The Hansa 1100 Lexus are made in Argentina by Goliath Hansa Argentina in the city of Villa Constitución, Santa Fe for the 1960–1961 years in three versions: Sedán de Lujo, Combi y Súper cupé Lujo. With a capital of $3,350,000, began operations on May 2, 1960, and September 15 began work on the construction of a 19,000 m2 manufacturing plant.

title: Villa Constitución