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Beypore

Beypore or Beypur (formerly Beypoor) is an ancient port town and a locality town in Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala, India. It is located opposite to Chaliyam, the estuary where the river Chaliyar empties into Arabian Sea. Beypore is part of Kozhikode Municipal Corporation. The place was formerly known as Vaypura / Vadaparappanad and also as Beydary. Tippu Sultan, ruler of Mysore, named the town "Sultan Pattanam". There is a marina and a beach while Beypore port is one of the oldest ports in Kerala, which historically traded with the Middle East. Beypore is noted for building wooden ships, known as dhows or urus in the Malayalam language. These ships were usually bought by Arab merchants for trading and fishing but are now used as tourist ships. According to Captain Iwata, founder member of the Association of Sumerian ships in Japan, Sumerian ships might have been built in Beypore. There is evidence to prove that Beypore had direct trade links with Mesopotamia and was a prominent link on the maritime silk route. The first railway line of Kerala was laid in 1861 from Tirur to Beypore (Chaliyam) passing through Tanur, Parappanangadi, Vallikkunnu, and Kadalundi.

Beypore is located 10 km away from Kozhikode city.

History
The ancient trading port of Tyndis is often identified with Kadalundi-Chaliyam-Beypore region. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire. Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera dynasty). The North Malabar region, which lies north of the port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period. According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis. However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike's starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces. Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates. The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers.

According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty, who converted to Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad (c. 570–632). According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad, the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayini, and Chaliyam (just opposite to Beypore), were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest Masjids in the Indian subcontinent. It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town.

In medieval period, Beypore was ruled by four Kovilakams - Karippa Puthiyakovilakam, Manayat Kovilakam, Nediyaal Kovilakam and Panagad Kovilakam. As the Gazetteers explain, the Beypore amsam itself had four Kovilakams called - Manayatt kovilakam, Nediyal kovilakom, Puthiya kovilakom and the Panangat kovilakom belonging to the family of the Beypore branch of the Parappanad family. Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of the more famous Travancore royal family. Marthanda Varma, the founder of Travancore, belongs to Parappanad royal family. They also had branches at Parappanangadi, Vallikkunnu and Beypore. So we have North and South Parappanad factions to start with, branching off the Parappur lordship. The North faction was further split into Beypore, Cheruvannor and Panniyankara Kovilakoms. Considering that Ravi Varma and his brother mentioned Beypore and the specific Manayyat location, let us for a moment assume Raja Ravi Varma hailed from the forerunners of the present Manayyat kovilakom.

Raja Raja Varma in his diary states - Near this ‘Beypore’ Kovilakam or house is a temple of Vettakaruman or the Hunter God which it is said and acknowledged by its present owners, the Manayam Rajahs, once belonged to us of the Tattari Kovilakam house, by which our family was known. Based on all the above, I would assume that the original Parappanad rajas named their home the Tattari Kovilakom. It is from this home, which incidentally is further linked to the Kolathunad Rajas (Kolathiris) that various rulers (such as Marthanda Varma) and consorts as well as adoptees to the Travancore kingdom originated. Of course as we see, the ruling king usually reserved the right on the name raja and took affront to another cousin using the title while a raja was in power and complained, but then again, Ravi Varma in reality had some self-projection in mind, as we note. Now let us study the relations between the Parappanad Kovilakoms and the Travancore royal family to see where and how Ravi Varma fits in.

It is believed that the Beypore Siva Temple protects the whole kingdom. Beypore was visited first by Romans and afterwards by Chinese, Syrians, Arabs and in recent centuries by Europeans for trade. Beypore has long history of being a centre for shipbuilding since the first century AD, and it was further expanded under the East India Company during the early nineteenth century. The Indian Ocean trade started from ancient times and strengthened during the medieval times. While in the old days Malabar directly traded with the Greeks and Romans, it concentrated on exchanges with the Middle Eastern ports in the medieval times. This exchange of goods resulted also in transfer of people from their abodes. While it is mentioned that Malabari's were found along African ports and even Egypt's, it was mostly Arabs who migrated to the Malabar coasts, mainly to administer, control and conduct the trade with their brethren in Yemen, Basra and Egyptian ports. Beypore was virtually free port with only an export import duty imposed by the ruling Zamorins. The intermediaries between the Arabs and the Nairs were the Moplah's (themselves a community started by the intermingling Arab men and local women from ancient times). Also the south east Malay ports sent ships to Malabar for the cloth from Kerala, until British cloth took its place later in the 19th century. It was also a stop over for Hajj pilgrims from south east Asia. The Arab settlers in Malabar even had African slaves during that period. The internationally well known Tasara Creative Weaving Centre which attracts textile artists and designers from all over the world is situated in North Beypore which is just one Km away from the Boat building yard. Beypore was known as Beydhaalhee in neighboring Maldives. Maldivian national hero Muhammad Thakurufan learnt martial art and did his religious studies in Beypore.

Beypore Port
Beypore port is a sub-port of Kozhikode port and is approximately 10 km south of Kozhikode. The land for the port was acquired from Beypore Karippa Puthiyakovilakam in 1963 and 1964. It is an estuarine port, where Beypore river discharges into the Arabian Sea. Beypore is 180 km North of Cochin and 391 km away from Trivandrum. Beypore port is the second biggest port in Kerala after Cochin and currently handles about 100,000 tonnes of cargo and 7500 passengers per annum. The nearest ports are Kochi and Mangalore. Now the port has a depth of about 5 m alongside wharf and approach channel and it is proposed to be developed in stages and utilities like storage shed, cranes and tugs are already installed. Beypore port is one of the oldest ports in Kerala from where trading was done to the Middle East.

Uru Building
The Uru (boat), or "Fat Boat", is a generic name for large Dhow-type wooden ships made in Beypore. This type of boat has been used by the Arabs since ancient times as trading vessels, and even now, urus are being manufactured and exported to Arab nations from Beypore. These boats used to be built of several types of wood, the main one being teak. The teak was taken from Nilambur forests in earlier times, but now imported Malaysian teak is used.

Geography
Beypore is located at 11.18°N, 75.81°W. It has an average elevation of 1 m.

Travel information
By road : Beypore is well connected by road and is just 11 km from Kozhikode.

By air : Calicut airport, is at Karipur and is 23 km from Kozhikode city centre

By rail : Kozhikode station 10 km apart and Feroke 4 km apart

Demographics
India census, Beypore had a population of 66,883. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Beypore has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 50% of the males and 50% of females literate. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Notable residents

 * Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (21 January 1908 – 5 July 1994) was a humanist, freedom fighter, novelist and short story writer. He is fondly remembered as the Beypore Sultan.
 * Mamukkoya, Malayalam film actor

Places of attraction

 * Pulimuttu- Pulimuttu is the local name of the 1 km bridge made of stone stretching in to sea. It is made by piling stones like a pathway to sea. StonePier Beypore.jpg
 * Beypore Beach
 * Beypore light house is situated at the south bank of chaliyar.
 * Gotheeswaram Resort, Thambi road, Beypore
 * Beypore Fishing Harbour, Beypore
 * Beypore Port
 * Cheerp palam, B.C.Road
 * Beypore Silk (ship breaking Unit)
 * Beypore Shiva Kshethram, Beypore
 * Puthiyalath Paradevatha Kshethram
 * Badrakali Temple Beypore
 * Chambayil Chittekkat Bagavathy Temple, OM road, Beypore
 * Ayyappa Temple, Arakkinar
 * Kalkunnath Shiva temple
 * Pinnanath Bagavathi Temple
 * Karumakan temple
 * Gotheeswaram temple
 * Sri Kuniyil Bagavathi Kshethram, B.C.Road, Beypore
 * Beypore Juma masjid
 * Iqraa Masjid Beypore
 * St Andrew Church Beypore
 * Chaliyar lake

Notable Government Offices
Indian Coast Guard has established its only third station in Kerala at Beypore, namely Coast Guard Station Beypore. It was commissioned on 25 May 2006.

title: Beypore


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19th Daytime Emmy Awards

The 19th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on June 23, 1992, hosted by Phil Donahue and Susan Lucci.

Outstanding Drama Series

 * All My Children
 * As the World Turns
 * Guiding Light
 * The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Lead Actor

 * Peter Bergman (Jack Abbott, The Young and the Restless)
 * David Canary (Adam Chandler & Stuart Chandler, All My Children)
 * Nicolas Coster (Lionel Lockridge, Santa Barbara)
 * A Martinez (Cruz Castillo, Santa Barbara)
 * Michael Zaslow (Roger Thorpe, Guiding Light)

Outstanding Lead Actress

 * Jeanne Cooper (Katherine Chancellor, The Young and the Restless)
 * Elizabeth Hubbard (Lucinda Walsh, As the World Turns)
 * Susan Lucci (Erica Kane, All My Children)
 * Erika Slezak (Victoria Lord, One Life to Live)
 * Jessica Tuck (Megan Gordon Harrison, One Life to Live)

Outstanding Supporting Actor

 * Bernie Barrow (Louie Slavinski, Loving)
 * Thom Christopher (Carlo Hesser, One Life to Live)
 * Rick Hearst (Alan-Michael Spaulding, Guiding Light)
 * Charles Keating (Carl Hutchins, Another World)
 * Jerry verDorn (Ross Marler, Guiding Light)

Outstanding Supporting Actress

 * Darlene Conley (Sally Spectra, The Bold and the Beautiful)
 * Linda Dano (Felicia Gallant, Another World)
 * Maureen Garrett (Holly Reade, Guiding Light)
 * Lynn Herring (Lucy Coe, General Hospital)
 * Maeve Kinkead (Vanessa Chamberlain, Guiding Light)

Outstanding Younger Actor

 * Scott DeFreitas (Andrew Dixon, As the World Turns)
 * Jeff Phillips (Hart Jessup, Guiding Light)
 * James Patrick Stuart (Will Cortlandt, All My Children)
 * Kristoff St. John (Neil Winters, The Young and the Restless)
 * Dondre Whitfield (Terrence Frye, All My Children)

Outstanding Younger Actress

 * Tricia Cast (Nina Webster, The Young and the Restless)
 * Beth Ehlers (Harley Cooper, Guiding Light)
 * Alla Korot (Jenna Norris, Another World)
 * Cady McClain (Dixie Cooney, All My Children)
 * Melissa Reeves (Jennifer Horton, Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team

 * All My Children
 * Guiding Light
 * One Life to Live
 * The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team

 * Another World
 * As the World Turns
 * The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Game Show

 * Jeopardy! (Merv Griffin Enterprises/KingWorld)
 * The $100,000 Pyramid (Stewart TeleEnterprises/Multimedia Entertainment)
 * Family Feud (Mark Goodson Productions/All American Television/CBS)
 * The Price Is Right (Mark Goodson Productions/All American Television/CBS)

Outstanding Game Show Host

 * Bob Barker (The Price Is Right)
 * Dom DeLuise (Candid Camera)
 * Alex Trebek (Jeopardy!)

Outstanding Hairstyling

 * Richard Sabre, and Tish Simpson (Adventures in Wonderland)
 * Robert Miss (The Joan Rivers Show)

Outstanding Film Sound Mixing

 * Jim Hodson, Bill Koepnick and Harry Andronis (Back to the Future: The Animated Series)
 * Harry Andronis, Tom Maydeck and Russell Brower (Tiny Toon Adventures)
 * Bruce Chianese (Spaceship Earth: Our Global Environment)
 * James L. Aicholtz, Robert L. Harman and Allen L. Stone (Darkwing Duck)
 * Robert L. Harman, James L. Aicholtz and Patrick Cyccone Jr. (James Bond Jr.)
 * James L. Aicholtz and Robert L. Harman (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

Outstanding Film Sound Editing

 * Bill Koepnick, Russell Brower, Jim Hodson, Aaron L. King, Matt Thorne and Mark Keatts (Back to the Future: The Animated Series)
 * Warren Taylor, Ivan Bilancio and Richard C. Allen (Muppet Babies)
 * Charlie King, Andrew Rose, David Lynch, Jennifer Harrison, Rich Harrison, Rick Hinson and Jerry Winicki (The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)
 * Carol Lewis, John Mortarotti, Kerry Dean Williams, Martina Young, Rich Harrison, Catherine MacKenzie, Doub Pearce and Tally Paulos (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)
 * Jennifer Harrison, Rick Hinson, Cecil Broughton, Rich Harrison, David Lynch, Jerry Winicki, Charlie King and Andrew Rose (Darkwing Duck)

Outstanding Music Direction and Composition

 * Mark Watters (Tiny Toon Adventures - "Love Disconnection")
 * Mark Mothersbaugh, Laura Raty (Pedretti), Mona Lia Ventris, Andrew Todd, John C. Volaitis, Jim Goodwin, Bill Mumy, David Kendrick, Patricia Friedman, Denis M. Hannigan and Michael Alemania (Adventures in Wonderland)
 * Cheryl Hardwick, Stephen Lawrence, Dave Conner, Paul Jacobs, Christopher Cerf, Sarah Durkee, Tony Geiss and Jeff Moss (Sesame Street)
 * Bodie Chandler, Gary Lionelli and Tom Worrall (Tom & Jerry Kids)

Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program

 * Nicholas Hollander, Tom Ruegger, Paul Dini, and Sherri Stoner (Tiny Toon Adventures)
 * Carter Crocker, and Tad Stones (Darkwing Duck - "Dead Duck")
 * Craig Bartlett, Paul Germain, Joe Ansolabehere, Mitchell Kriegman, Steve Viksten (Rugrats)
 * Steve Roberts, Duane Capizzi (Darkwing Duck - "Negaduck")
 * Mark Evanier (Garfield and Friends)
 * Henry Gilroy, Gordon Kent, Bill Kopp, Art Vitello, Chris Otsuki, and Mark Saraceni (Taz-Mania)

Outstanding Animated Program

 * Vanessa Coffey, Gabor Csupo, Arlene Klasky, Paul Germain, Mary Harrington, Sherry Gunther, David Blum, Bee Beckman, Norton Virgien, Howard E. Baker, and Dan Thompson (Rugrats)
 * Brad Gunther, Johan Edström, Christine Martin, Tony Eastman, David Campbell, Melanie Grisanti, Vanessa Coffey, Yvette Kaplan, Jean-Pierre Jacquet, Jim Jinkins, David Martin, John Paratore, Carol Millican, Ken Kimmelman, Mary Harrington (Doug)
 * Steven Spielberg, Tom Ruegger, Sherri Stoner, Rich Arons, and Art Leonardi (Tiny Toon Adventures)
 * Tad Stones, Alan Zaslove, Bob Hathcock, Ken Kessel, Russ Mooney, Toby Shelton (producer), Hank Tucker (producer), James T. Walker, Carole Beers, Marsh Lamore, Rick Leon, and John Kimball (Darkwing Duck)
 * Ken Kessel, Mark Zaslove, Russ Mooney, Terence Harrison, Charles A. Nichols (The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh)

Lifetime achievement award

 * William J. Bell

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 19th Daytime Emmy Awards


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User:Daggermouth

Evening all

title: User:Daggermouth


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USS Walker

Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Walker, in honor of Admiral John Grimes Walker (1835–1907), who served during the American Civil War.

 * The first, USS Walker (DD-163), was a Wickes-class destroyer, launched in 1918 and struck in 1942.
 * The second, USS Walker (DD-517), was a Fletcher-class destroyer, launched in 1943 and struck in 1969. Sold to the Italian Navy, she was renamed Fante (D-516), and served until 1977.

title: USS Walker


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Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division

Toronto Parks, Forestry & Recreation (PFR) is the division of Toronto's municipal government responsible for maintaining the municipal park system and natural spaces, regulation of and provision of urban forestry services, and the delivery of recreational programming in city-operated facilities.

With a gross annual operating budget in 2022 of 481.9 million, and a 10-year capital budget of $2.7 billion, the division operates 1473 named parks, 839 sports fields, 137 community centres, nearly 670 other recreational facilities, and is also responsible for the city's over 3 million trees. PF&R employs over 4,000 permanent and temporary full-time and part-time, unionized and non-unionized staff, and is one of the city's largest services. The division is led by a general manager, presently Janie Romoff, and is organizationally part of the city's Community and Social Services cluster.

1884 to 1997
In 1884, an administrative group named the Committee on Public Walks and Gardens was officially created to oversee the city's parks and green space. Before then, the city as a whole was responsible for them (namely then a large reserve public space south of Front Street from Yonge to Spadina) since the incorporation of Toronto in 1834. In the nineteenth century, the focus of the committee was on the maintenance of green space and the provision of walks and gardens; not much was addressed in terms of recreational activities or recreation facilities. In the early twentieth century, the social conditions of the city changed dramatically, and supervised recreational activities became a subject of interest. The twentieth century also marked the development of playgrounds around the city. In 1912, there were no playgrounds; by 1947 there were 121. Picnic and recreational facilities were also opened up around the city in the parks. In 1945, the department was given the responsibility to oversee the creation and maintenance of community centres. In 1947, the department was renamed as the Department of Parks and Recreation.

1998 to 2004
Following the 1998 amalgamation of Toronto, the former department Metro Toronto Parks and Culture and merged with the counterpart department in each of the former municipalities to former the present department:

 * Toronto Parks and Culture
 * Scarborough Parks and Recreation
 * North York Parks and Recreation
 * Etobicoke Parks and Recreation
 * East York Parks and Recreation
 * City of York Parks and Recreation

2005 to present
In 2005, the Department of Parks and Recreation was split into the Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division and the Economic Development and Culture Division.

The division reports to a deputy city manager and with the new executive committee its role will be overseen by two councillors who are heads of city council standing committees:

 * Chair of Parks and Environment Committee
 * Chair of the Community Development and Recreation Committee

Role
The Parks, Forestry & Recreation Division is responsible for:
 * public parks, parkettes and gardens (excluding Rouge Park, which is federally managed as a national park by Parks Canada, and those under the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority)
 * beaches, including those on the Toronto Islands
 * tree planting in parks and roadways;
 * recreation facilities - swimming pools (not attached to schools), athletics fields, splash pads, community centres, tennis courts, skating arenas and rinks;
 * horticulture and forestry programs, park and open space planning and other environmental initiatives;
 * the development and delivery of recreation programs to all ages;
 * facility management and maintenance;
 * community development, parks, horticulture and forestry programs, park and open space planning and environmental initiatives;
 * the operation of specialized services, including the Toronto Island ferries, golf courses, waterfront and regional parks systems;
 * care for animals at High Park Zoo and Riverdale Farm

Vision
Parks, Forestry and Recreation's vision is for Toronto to be known by the world as a “City within a Park”, a tapestry of parks, open spaces, rivers and streets that will connect their neighbourhoods and join them with their clean, vibrant lakefront.

Organization and operation
The division is organized into six branches: Community Recreation; Parks; Urban Forestry; Management Services; Parks Development and Capital Projects; and Policy & Strategic Planning.

Community Recreation
Community Recreation is responsible for providing recreational programming. It operates 137 community centres, 48 indoor ice pads, 64 outdoor ice pads, 65 indoor pools, and 59 outdoor pools. Most instructors and program staff are hired on a part-time basis. The branch has four service areas, community recreation, aquatics, customer service, and standards and innovation.

The branch organizes itself into five districts, modeled on the former municipalities: Etobicoke/York (West), North York (North), Scarborough (East), Toronto/East York (South), and West Toronto/York (split from Etobicoke/York and Toronto/East York in 2018).

Aquatics
Aquatics is part of Community Recreation and is responsible for the operation of the city's 65 indoor pools, 59 seasonal outdoor pools, 100 wading pools, 93 splash pads, the Kidstown water park, and providing aquatic instructional programs. PFR operates several Olympic sized swimming pools, including the Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre, and the Etobicoke Olympium. Instructional programs include the Learn to Swim program and Ultra levels, which were developed with the Lifesaving Society, SPLASH Swim Team, stroke improvement, junior lifeguard courses, and lifesaving courses including National Lifeguard certification. Leisure swim is offered free of charge at all pools operated by the division.

The city also employees lifeguards along the waterfront during the summer months. The waterfront supervision program was formerly under the Toronto police as the Toronto Police Lifeguard Service, but was transferred to PFR following a 2017 modernization initiative.

Fun guide
The division releases a semi-annual booklet called the FUN Guide, providing information on programs and services available for people of all ages. There is a booklet produced for each city district: Etobicoke York, North York, Scarborough, Toronto & East York, and West Toronto York. The booklet is organized by topics such as: Adapted/Integrated Services, Preschool, Registration, Arts, Camps, Fitness and Wellness, Jobs, Leadership, Older Adults, Permits, Skating, Ski & Snowboarding, Sports, Swimming, Youth, and Volunteers. Other recreational activities and services provided by the division are: camping facilities, community centres, cycling, discovery walks, golfing, and tennis.

Welcome Policy
The city offers a subsidy to help low income individuals and families access recreational programming, provided in the form of a credit on the city's "efun" system. As of 2018, the credit is $537 for children and youth, and $249 for adults and seniors.

Parks
Parks' responsibilities include the operation of approximately 1500 parks, providing ferry service to and from the Toronto Islands, managing the two animal farms and High Park Zoo, administrating the community gardens program, and providing plants for the city's gardens and conservatories. Public parks are governed by Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 608.

Parks Ambassadors program
In 2003, Parks introduced mobile outreach crews which aim to connect the homeless population in the parks system with agencies and other City divisions that provide support. The program conducts park visits and safety visits across the city.

Discovery Walks
A series of self-guided trails in various parks in the city along rivers, ravines and beaches that have cultural and historical significance:
 * Toronto Belt Line Railway
 * Garrison Creek
 * Todmorden Mills
 * The Beaches
 * Old Mill, Toronto
 * Don Valley Brick Works

Urban Forestry
Urban Forestry is responsible for maintaining the city's urban forest protecting trees and maintaining tree health, and the enforcement and implementation of by-laws, and city policies pertaining to forestry and trees. Trees are governed by Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 813.

The division reports to a deputy city manager, and is led by a general manager. PFR is divided into: Formerly, the division organized the city into five districts: North, South, East, West and Central Services and Waterfront. The Central Services and Waterfront District were responsible for cross-city issues as well as specific services such as the ferry services. The North, East, South and West Districts were further divided into three physical areas. Each of these subdivisions had a manager in charge of the operation of recreational programming, facilities and parks; a Technical Services and Urban Forestry Section responsible for the delivery of forestry services, facilities and park maintenance, and janitorial support; and an Operations Support Co-ordinator in charge of overseeing the cohesiveness of their subdivision with others as well as the community.
 * six branches, each led by a director;
 * various sections responsible for their branches operations in a geographic area of the city, or a specific service area, led by a manager;
 * sections are further subdivided into regions of the city, or other operations, led by a supervisor;
 * in the Community Recreation Branch, provision of services are managed by community recreation programmers, who co-ordinate and lead part-time recreation staff (instructors, lifeguards, camp counselors etc.).

Fleet

 * Chevrolet Silverado maintenance truck
 * Ford maintenance truck model F-350
 * Ford maintenance van model E-250
 * Dodge Ram 1500
 * Toyota Tundra
 * Toyota Tacoma
 * Ford Transit

The trucks can be identified with the city's wordmark on the front and passenger-side body, with 'Call 311' below it. Some trucks are retrofitted with amber lights.

The Parks branch also operates five ferries (four are passenger ferries) that travel to the Toronto Islands (see also Toronto Island ferries)

Homelessness in parks
In September 2020, the City estimated that 350 to 400 people living in homeless encampments in the park system. During the COVID-19 pandemic, health measures at shelters was inadequate which led to a rise in encampments in parks. In October 2020, the Ontario Superior Court ruled that the City did not comply with physical distancing measures in the shelter system. The by-law which prohibits camping and setting up camps in parks was challenged by a group of homeless residents in 2020 on the grounds that it violated the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. A court rejected the motion, ruling that the Charter does not grant the right to live in parks.


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1989 Tour de France

The 1989 Tour de France was the 76th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The race consisted of 21 stages and a prologue, over 3285 km. It started on 1 July 1989 in Luxembourg before taking an anti-clockwise route through France to finish in Paris on 23 July. The race was won by Greg LeMond of the team. It was the second overall victory for the American, who had spent the previous two seasons recovering from a near-fatal hunting accident. In second place was previous two-time Tour winner Laurent Fignon, ahead of Pedro Delgado , the defending champion.

Delgado started the race as the favourite, but lost almost three minutes on his principal rivals when he missed his start time in the prologue individual time trial. The race turned out to be a two-man battle between LeMond and Fignon, with the pair trading off the race leader's yellow jersey several times. Fignon managed to match LeMond in the prologue, but in the other three individual time trials he lost time to LeMond, who took advantage of aerodynamic elbow-rest handlebars formerly used in triathlon events. Delgado launched several attacks in the mountain stages to eventually finish third, while LeMond rode defensively to preserve his chances. Fignon rode well in the mountains, including a strong performance at Alpe d'Huez which gave him the race lead on stage 17.

In the closest Tour in history, LeMond was trailing Fignon by fifty seconds at the start of the final stage, an individual time trial into Paris. LeMond was not expected to be able to make up this deficit, but he completed the 24.5 km stage at an average speed of 54.545 kph, the fastest individual time trial ever ridden in the Tour de France up to that point, and won the stage. Fignon's time was fifty-eight seconds slower than LeMond's, costing him the victory and giving LeMond his second Tour title by a margin of only eight seconds. From stage 5 onward, LeMond and Fignon were the only two men to lead the race. The two riders were never separated by more than fifty-three seconds throughout the event. Owing to its competitive nature, the 1989 Tour is often ranked among the best in the race's history.

The team was the winner of the team classification and had four cyclists in the top ten of the general classification. They also won four of the five secondary individual classifications: Sean Kelly won both the points and intermediate sprints classifications, Gert-Jan Theunisse won the mountains classification and Steven Rooks won the combination classification. The young rider classification was won by Fabrice Philipot from the Toshiba team.

Teams
The 1989 Tour had a starting field of twenty-two teams of nine cyclists. Prior to 1989, the Société du Tour de France, organisers of the Tour, chose freely which teams they invited to the event. For 1989, the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de Cyclisme Professionnel (FICP), demanded that the highest-ranked teams in the FICP Road World Rankings would receive an automatic invitation. The Tour organisers relented in exchange for being allowed to run the race over 23 days instead of the original 21-day period given by the FICP.

Eighteen teams received their invitations through the FICP rankings, while the organisers allocated four teams with wild cards. The Ariostea team would have been eligible to start through their ranking, but decided against competing. This allowed Greg LeMond's team to enter the race. The wild cards were given out to the teams of, , , and. Not invited was the Teka team, which failed to accumulate enough points in the World Rankings after Reimund Dietzen had to leave the 1989 Vuelta a España following a career-ending crash. Of the 198 cyclists starting the race, 39 were riding the Tour de France for the first time. The youngest rider was Jean-Claude Colotti, who turned 22 years old on the day of the prologue; the oldest, at 36 years and 139 days, was Helmut Wechselberger.

The teams entering the race were:

Qualified teams

Invited teams

Pre-race favourites
Before the 1989 Tour began, Pedro Delgado, the defending champion, was considered a strong favourite to win the race. He had taken the title the previous year in convincing fashion, with a lead of over seven minutes. Prior to the Tour, Delgado had also won the 1989 Vuelta a España, and was therefore considered to be in good form. However, controversy around a failed doping test during the 1988 Tour put a cloud of suspicion over the reigning champion.

Next to Delgado, Laurent Fignon was also given a good chance for overall victory. The Frenchman had won the Tour in 1983 and 1984, but his form in subsequent years had been inconsistent. According to German news magazine Der Spiegel, the cycling world had "written [Fignon] off" during four years with few victories after 1984. In 1989 however, a victory at Milan–San Remo and more importantly, the three-week Grand Tour in Italy, the Giro d'Italia, had propelled Fignon back into the spotlight. A strong Super U team surrounding him was also considered to be in his favour.

Stephen Roche had won the Tour in 1987 ahead of Delgado, but missed the race in 1988 with a knee injury. A strong spring season with victory at the Tour of the Basque Country, second place at Paris–Nice and a top-ten placing at the Giro d'Italia made it seem that Roche was finding his form again.

Several other riders were named as favourites for a high place in the general classification. Charly Mottet, fourth overall in 1987, had won the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré shortly before the Tour started and was ranked number one in the FICP Road World Rankings, a position that had been held by Sean Kelly for five straight years. Kelly had never been a strong contender for the general classification, despite an overall victory at the 1988 Vuelta a España. Next to targeting a high place in the overall rankings, Kelly hoped to secure a record-breaking fourth win in the points classification. Kelly's PDM squad also had two talented Dutch riders in their ranks with hopes of a high finish: Steven Rooks, who had been second the year before, and Gert-Jan Theunisse. Since PDM had elected not to start either the Giro d'Italia or the Vuelta a España earlier in the season, the team hoped that their riders, without an additional three-week race in their legs, would be fresher than their rivals. Other favourites included Erik Breukink (Panasonic–Isostar), Andrew Hampsten, Steve Bauer , Fabio Parra and Robert Millar.

According to Sports Illustrated, Greg LeMond's "name was never mentioned among the pre-race favourites". LeMond had finished every Tour he had entered up to this point on the podium, including the first-ever victory for an American rider in 1986. His career was interrupted when he was accidentally shot by his brother-in-law in a hunting accident on Easter of 1987. About 60 pellets hit his body; his life was saved by emergency surgery, but LeMond struggled to return to professional cycling, leaving the successful PDM team at the end of 1988 and joining the relatively small ADR team. His team was not considered strong enough to help him during stage races, and ADR's financial troubles meant that LeMond had not been paid by his team in 1989 before the Tour started. Even the fee for late entry into the Tour was secured only when LeMond arranged additional sponsorship. With poor performances at both the inaugural Tour de Trump and the Giro d'Italia, LeMond's chances at the Tour de France looked slim. However, he had placed second in the final-stage individual time trial at the Giro, taking more than a minute out of eventual winner Fignon. This led to Super U's team manager Cyrille Guimard commenting to Fignon: "LeMond will be dangerous at the Tour."

Route and stages
The route of the 1989 Tour was unveiled in October 1988. With a distance of 3,285 km, it was the shortest edition of the Tour in more than eighty years. The race started on 1 July with a prologue individual time trial, followed by 21 stages. On the second day of the race, two stages were held: a plain road stage followed by a team time trial. There was a transfer from Wasquehal to Dinard on a rest day between stages 4 and 5, and a second transfer between L'Isle-d'Abeau and Versailles after the finish of the penultimate stage. The second rest day was after the mountain time trial stage 15. The race lasted 23 days, including the two rest days, and ended on 23 July.

The race started outside France, in Luxembourg, and passed through the Wallonia region of Belgium, before taking an anti-clockwise route through France, starting in the northwest in Brittany before visiting the Pyrenees and then the Alps. The race consisted of seven mountain stages, two in the Pyrenees and five in the Alps. The highest point of elevation in the race was the Col du Galibier at 2645 m. In total there were five time trial events including the prologue. Pedro Delgado pointed to stage 17 up the Alpe d'Huez, one of the most prominent mountain-top finishes of the Tour, as the stage most likely to decide the outcome of the race. Unusually, the last of the time trials was held on the last stage of the race, finishing on the Champs-Élysées. This had been the idea of former race director Jean-François Naquet-Radiguet, who had taken over the position from Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan in May 1987. Naquet-Radiguet was unpopular in France and was replaced by Jean-Marie Leblanc before the 1989 route was announced, but the final-day time trial remained. It was the first time that the Tour ended with a time trial since 1968, when Jan Janssen overcame a 16-second deficit to Herman Van Springel to win the Tour by 38 seconds, the smallest margin up to 1989.

Early stages
The prologue time trial in Luxembourg City was won by Erik Breukink, with the second to fourth places taken by Laurent Fignon, Sean Kelly, and Greg LeMond, all six seconds slower. The dominant story of the day was Pedro Delgado. Having warmed up away from the crowd a few hundred yards from the start ramp, he missed his start time with his team unable to find him. He eventually left 2:40 minutes after his designated start, with what time he missed being added on. He eventually finished last on the stage, 2:54 minutes down on Breukink. Though he had conceded only a third of his winning margin from the previous year's Tour, and was therefore still not to be counted out, riders such as Fignon felt that "victory in the Tour was already a distant memory for him" at this stage.

Delgado would lose even more time on the second day of the race. On the first stage, Acácio da Silva won from a breakaway group to become the first Portuguese rider to wear the yellow jersey. Delgado attacked from the peloton (the main field) on the final steep climb before the finish, but he was brought back into the field. In the team time trial in the afternoon, Delgado fell further back as he struggled to keep up and his Reynolds team finished last on the stage. He was still in last place on the general classification, almost ten minutes behind the yellow jersey. The race lead was retained by da Silva, but the victory went to Fignon's Super U team. Fignon was now in third place, having taken 51 seconds out of LeMond, whose ADR squad finished fifth.

The third stage, finishing at the racing circuit of Spa-Francorchamps, was won by Raúl Alcalá, who got the best of a five-man breakaway group up the climb to the line. Da Silva retained the jersey and would do so the next day as well. The fourth stage, which contained cobbled sections, was won by Jelle Nijdam (Superconfex–Yoko). He rode away from the peloton 1.5 km before the finish and held on with three seconds in hand at the line.

In the stage 5 time trial, LeMond won both the time trial and the yellow jersey, taking the lead in the Tour by five seconds ahead of Fignon. Delgado placed second on the stage, 24 seconds behind, with Fignon in third a further 32 seconds behind. LeMond's victory was aided by the use of aerodynamic elbow-rest handlebars, formerly seen in triathlon events, which allowed him a more aerodynamic position on the bike. The 7-Eleven team had used them at the Tour de Trump earlier in the year and LeMond adopted their use for the two flat time trials in the Tour de France to great effect. Fignon and his team manager Cyrille Guimard felt that the tribars were not within the regulations, since they only allowed three support points for the rider on the bike. However, they did not issue a complaint, a fact lamented by Fignon in his 2010 autobiography. Delgado rode a strong time trial, supported by favourable weather conditions as he competed in the dry, while later starters had to get through the rain. Kelly meanwhile lost more than five minutes to LeMond, after having to throw up about 20 km into the stage.

Stage 6, the longest of the race, proved unremarkable to the main classifications, but produced a human interest story: French domestique Joël Pelier (BH) had never been watched in his professional career by his mother, who was dedicated to caring for Pelier's severely disabled sibling. Unbeknownst to Pelier, his parents were waiting for him at the finish line, with his brother in a residential home for the week. Pelier, spurred on by his team manager, attacked with 180 km of the windy and wet stage remaining. He held an advantage of up to 25 minutes at one point, but suffered during the later part. Eventually, he won the stage one-and-a-half minutes ahead of the field and had a teary reunion with his parents. It was then the second-longest breakaway in Tour de France history after Albert Bourlon's in 1947, and has since been surpassed by Thierry Marie.

The next two stages were relatively uneventful. Stage 7 was won by Etienne De Wilde from a group of four riders who were slightly clear of the field. The next day, a four-man breakaway stayed clear of the peloton, with Martin Earley taking victory. Fignon put in an attack during the stage, but was brought back.

Pyrenees
The race entered the high mountains for the first time on the next two stages, as the Tour visited the Pyrenees. On stage 9 from Pau to Cauterets, future five-time Tour winner Miguel Induráin attacked on the bottom of the Col d'Aubisque and led the race for the rest of the day. He was followed by two riders of the BH team, Anselmo Fuerte and Javier Murguialday. At one point Induráin was more than six minutes ahead of the group containing the race favourites; he slowed during the final ascent at Cauterets, but held on to the stage win ahead of Fuerte by 27 seconds. Behind them, Mottet attacked from the peloton, with Delgado following and soon overtaking him. Delgado finished third on the stage and regained 27 seconds on Fignon and LeMond. It was on this stage that Fignon started to complain about LeMond riding too defensively for strategic reasons, accusing him of not putting any work into counterattacks. He later wrote in his autobiography: "All he did was sit tight and take advantage of the work I put in. To be honest, it was extremely frustrating." LeMond defended his tactics, claiming that as the leader it was not for him to push. Former race winner Stephen Roche hit his already injured knee on his handlebars on the descent of the Col de Marie-Blanque, reaching the finish under extreme pain many minutes behind the other favourites. He did not start the next stage.

The second Pyrenean stage ended at the ski resort of Superbagnères. Robert Millar and Mottet attacked on the approach to the climb of the Col du Tourmalet. Behind them, Fignon suffered a weak moment on the climb and allegedly held on to a photographer riding on a motorcycle, without the race directors handing out any punishment for the offence. Delgado attacked towards the end of the climb and reached Millar and Mottet after the descent of the Tourmalet. Together, they reached Superbagnères, where Delgado was provoked by an over-enthusiastic spectator and threw a bidon at him. Delgado then moved clear but was recaptured by Millar, who took the stage victory. Mottet was third, 19 seconds down. Rooks and Gert-Jan Theunisse led the next group, containing Fignon, into the finish. Fignon attacked LeMond within the final kilometre of the stage, taking twelve seconds on the general classification and with it the yellow jersey. The order in the overall standings after these two mountain stages was Fignon ahead of LeMond by seven seconds, followed by Mottet a further 50 seconds behind. Delgado had moved up to fourth, now within three minutes of Fignon.

Transition stages
Stage 11 from Luchon to Blagnac had a flat profile. Rudy Dhaenens attacked from a six-man breakaway just as it was caught by the peloton. With just a couple of hundred metres left and the stage win almost certainly in his hands, Dhaenens misjudged his speed going through a corner and crashed, allowing the rest of the field to pass him. Mathieu Hermans won the stage for the Paternina team in a sprint finish. During the course of the stage, the only remaining riders abandoned, pre-race favourite Fabio Parra and José Hipolito Roncancio. Stage 12 was interrupted by an ecologists' protests against a new waste plant, which aided a breakaway by Valerio Tebaldi and Giancarlo Perini. A crash in the peloton, impacting about 30 riders, further hindered the field. Tebaldi won the two-man sprint to take the stage 21 minutes ahead of the main field, the second highest post-World War II margin between a stage winner and rest of the field behind only José Viejo's 22:50 minutes on stage 11 of the 1976 Tour de France.

Stage 13 was held on the Bastille Day bicentenary, the 200th anniversary of the Storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution and France's main national holiday. The PDM team, on the insistence of their team director, attacked in the feed zone of the stage, thereby violating the unwritten rules of the field. They were brought back, but the acceleration split the peloton into two parts. Fignon attacked from the first group with Mottet. Both stayed out ahead for about an hour before being recaptured. Then, two other riders broke free, Vincent Barteau and Jean-Claude Colotti. Barteau left Colotti behind on the hills around the finishing city of Marseille and went on to win the stage. Delgado was handed a ten-second time penalty for illegally accepting food outside the feed zone, while pre-race favourite Breukink retired from the race about 30 km from the finish.

The next stage saw a repeat of Nijdam's stage 4 exploits: he again broke free of the field shortly before the finish line and held off his pursuers to take victory. The day's breakaway, which included Luis Herrera (Café de Colombia), a pre-race contender who had so far disappointed, was caught within the last 1.5 km of the stage.

Alps
The following five stages took the riders through the Alps. The first of these, stage 15, was an individual time trial to the ski station at Orcières-Merlette. Induráin set an early standard with a time of 1:11:25 hours, only to be outdone six minutes later by Rooks, who improved on Induráin's time by 43 seconds. Theunisse was fastest up the second of the two climbs of the course, gathering more points in the mountains classification to move clear of rival Millar. Of the true contenders for the overall victory, Delgado set the fastest times at all the check points, but slowed on the last climb to eventually finish the stage fourth, 48 seconds down on Rooks. He attributed his time loss to a worsening callus that would influence him for the remainder of the race. Behind Rooks, Marino Lejarreta (Paternina) was second fastest, moving into the top five overall. LeMond meanwhile took back the yellow jersey from Fignon, finishing fifth on the stage, just nine seconds slower than Delgado. His advantage over Fignon at this stage was 40 seconds.

The day after the second rest day, on the stage from Gap to Briançon, the riders faced the climbs of the Col de Vars and the Col d'Izoard. On the first of these climbs, Fignon and Mottet dropped back from the group of favourites, while LeMond stayed close to Delgado. Fignon and Mottet got back to the group on the descent, only for Delgado to attack on the climb of the Izoard. He was joined by LeMond, Theunisse and Mottet, while Fignon fell back once again. LeMond attacked after the descent, but on the slightly rising road towards the finish, Delgado made contact again to finish within the same time. Fignon meanwhile lost 13 seconds on LeMond. The two were now separated by 53 seconds in the general classification, the widest the margin would be the entire Tour. Up ahead, Pascal Richard won the stage from a breakaway.

Stage 17, which finished at Alpe d'Huez, one of the most famous climbs in cycling, was expected to be the decisive part of the race overall. Theunisse, wearing the polka-dot jersey as leader of the mountains classification, attacked on the first climb, the Col du Galibier. He was joined by two more riders, Franco Vona and Laurent Biondi (Fagor–MBK) before the ascent of the Col de la Croix de Fer, but rode away from his breakaway companions before he reached the summit. At Le Bourg-d'Oisans, the village before the climb to Alpe d'Huez starts, he led the group of favourites by more than four minutes and held on to win the stage by over a minute. Behind him, the battle for the yellow jersey intensified. Fignon, LeMond and Delgado entered the climb together and Fignon instantly attacked at the first hairpin bend. LeMond stuck to his wheel, but Guimard, knowing LeMond well from their days together at the Renault team, saw that he was struggling. He drew his team car level with Fignon and ordered him to attack again with 4 km to go to the finish line. LeMond fell back and only Delgado was able to keep up with Fignon. The two reached the finish together, 1:19 minutes ahead of LeMond. Fignon thus regained the yellow jersey, with an advantage of 26 seconds over LeMond.

The following stage to Villard-de-Lans featured a breakaway, including previous stage winners Millar and Richard. They were brought back once the race reached the Côte de Saint-Nizier climb, with only Herrera left ahead of the peloton. As the field made contact with Herrera, Fignon attacked. LeMond, Delgado and Theunisse followed him but unwillingness to work together allowed Fignon to extend his advantage. He passed the summit of the climb 15 seconds clear of his pursuers and in the valley behind, a group containing Alcalá and Kelly caught up to the three chasers. Fignon started the final 3 km climb up to the finish with a margin of 45 seconds. He took the stage win, but his advantage was reduced to 24 seconds by the time LeMond crossed the line, meaning that the difference between the two was now 50 seconds in the overall standings.

Stage 19 was the last one in the Alps and finished in Aix-les-Bains. Already by the second climb of the day, the Col de Porte, the top-four riders on the general classification, Fignon, LeMond, Delgado and Theunisse, joined by seventh-placed Lejarreta, had pulled clear. Behind, Mottet, sitting fifth overall, was struggling and would relinquish his position to Lejarreta by the end of the stage. On the race's last climb, the Col du Granier, LeMond attacked repeatedly, but Fignon followed him every time. Going into the town of Chambéry, site of the World Championships one month later, Lejarreta misjudged a roundabout and crashed, taking all riders with him but Delgado, who waited for the others to remount and join him. The five riders settled the stage win in a sprint finish, with LeMond taking the honours, although the difference between him and Fignon in the overall standings remained at 50 seconds.

Finale
With the final-stage time trial to Paris looming ahead, the field took a steady pace on stage 20 from Aix-les-Bains to L'Isle d'Abeau. Fignon put in a less-than-serious attack, but was quickly brought back. In the run-in to the finish, Phil Anderson attacked, but was recaptured. Then, about 275 m from the line, Nijdam attempted to go for a third stage win, but was beaten to the line by Giovanni Fidanza (Chateau d'Ax), with Kelly taking third.

After stage 19, Fignon had developed saddle sores, which gave him pain and made it impossible to sleep the night before the time trial. He was however still confident that he would not lose his 50-second advantage on LeMond during the 24.5 km from Versailles to the Champs-Élysées. In the final-day time trial, LeMond again opted for the aerodynamic handlebars, a tear-drop helmet, and a rear disc wheel. Fignon meanwhile used two disc wheels, but ordinary handlebars and was bareheaded, his ponytail moving in the wind. When Fignon reached the half-distance time check, LeMond had taken 21 seconds out of his lead. LeMond finished with a time of 26:57 minutes, the fastest-ever time trial in the history of the Tour, at 54.545 kph. As LeMond collapsed on the floor from exhaustion, Fignon made his way to the finish. He ended with a time of 27:55 minutes. With an average speed of 52.66 kph, it was the fastest time trial he had ever ridden. Nevertheless, he finished third on the stage, 58 seconds down on LeMond, and therefore lost the race by the slight margin of eight seconds. A November 1989 Bicycling article, supported by wind-tunnel data, estimated that LeMond may have gained one minute on Fignon through the use of the new aerobars. , eight seconds is still the smallest winning margin in Tour de France history. This was the final Tour de France stage win of LeMond's career. Further down the classification, Millar lost ninth place to Kelly during the final-day time trial. Hermans became the second-ever stage winner to finish the Tour de France in last place, after Pietro Tarchini in 1947. He had already been the lanterne rouge in the 1987 Tour. Of the 198 starters, 138 reached the finish of the last stage in Paris.

Aftermath
LeMond's unexpected Tour victory resulted in significant media attention, with sports writer Nige Tassell describing it in 2017 as "now the biggest sports story of them all". Not only had LeMond overcome a significant time deficit, he had also won the Tour after coming back from a near-fatal hunting accident. Owing to its small margin of victory and exciting racing, the 1989 Tour has repeatedly been named as one of the best editions of all time. In 2009, journalist Keith Bingham called it "the greatest Tour of them all", while Cyclingnews.com in 2013 described it as "arguably the best [Tour] there's ever been". American media, traditionally not overly interested in cycling, made his victory headline news and TV broadcasters interrupted their regular programming to break the news. Sports Illustrated, who named LeMond their Sportsperson of the Year, called it a "heroic comeback". A month after the Tour, LeMond also won the Road World Championship race in Chambéry, with Fignon coming in sixth. Owing to LeMond's overall victory, ADR received the largest share of the prize money, at £185,700, followed by £129,000 for PDM and £112,700 for Super U. However, ADR became the lowest-ranked team in the history of the Tour up to that point to include the overall winner, placing 17th in the team classification. Apart from LeMond, only three other ADR riders finished the race, all more than two hours behind him.

Still not having been paid by ADR, LeMond signed a three-year contract worth $5.5 million with for the 1990 season, the then-richest contract in the sport's history. He would go on to win a third Tour the following year, before finishing seventh in 1991 and retiring in 1994. Fignon on the other hand struggled with the disappointment of losing the Tour by such a small margin and the ridicule directed at him because of it. He continued his career, without much success, never coming close to winning the Tour again. A sixth-place finish in 1991 was followed by 23rd overall the following year. He retired in 1993, having won his last Tour stage in 1992.

Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1989 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour. Just as in the three previous editions of the Tour, no time bonuses (time subtracted) were awarded at the finish of each stage. However, during the first half of the race, the first three riders crossing an intermediate sprint were given 6, 4, and 2 bonus seconds respectively. Greg LeMond won the general classification. Laurent Fignon spent the most stages as leader with nine ahead of LeMond's eight. During the race, the leader changed seven times. The only other two riders to lead the general classification in 1989 were Erik Breukink for one day after the prologue and then Acácio da Silva for the four days subsequent to Breukink. Pedro Delgado wore the yellow jersey on the prologue as the winner of the previous edition.

Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists were given points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points led the classification, and was identified with a green jersey. High finishes on flat stages awarded more points, 45 for the winner down to 1 point for 25th place. In mountain stages and time trials, 15 points were given to the winner down to 1 point for 15th. The first three riders across intermediate sprints received points; 4, 2, and 1 respectively. Sean Kelly won this classification for a record fourth time, a record since broken by both Erik Zabel and Peter Sagan.

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie (beyond categorization), first, second, third, or fourth-category, with the lower-numbered categories representing harder climbs. Points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. Mountains ranked hors catégorie gave 40 points for the first rider across with the subsequent categories giving 30, 20, 7, and 4 points to the first at the summit respectively. The cyclist with the most points led the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots. Gert-Jan Theunisse won the mountain's jersey with a lead of over a 100 points.

For the last time, there was a combination classification. This classification was calculated as a combination of the other classifications (except young rider), with the leader of each classification receiving 25 points down to one point for 25th place. The leader wore the combination jersey. Steven Rooks won this classification, defending his title from the previous year's Tour. Also for the last time, the intermediate sprints classification was calculated. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but points were only awarded on intermediate sprints. Its leader wore a red jersey. During the first half of the race, 6, 4, and 2 points were awarded, in the second half the number was increased to 15, 10, and 5 points respectively. Kelly won the jersey for a third time in his career, which made him the record winner in this classification.

The sixth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was decided in the same way as the general classification, but was limited to riders under 25 years old. In 1989, for the first time since 1975, the leading rider in this classification did not wear the white jersey that had previously been used to identify the classification leader. The white jersey would be reintroduced in 2000. While no jersey was given to the leader, he was still marked by wearing the logo of the European Union on his shoulder. This was the only edition of the race in which this badge was used. The Café de Colombia team forgot to register their rider Alberto Camargo for the classification even though he would have been eligible. Had he been entered, he would have been the winner, as he finished the race in 20th place. Instead, the classification was won by Fabrice Philipot, who had placed 24th overall.

For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that led this classification wore yellow caps. The team points classification was abolished ahead of the 1989 Tour. However, the combined points from the points classification would be used as a tiebreaker if two teams were to be tied on time. The team classification was won by.

In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification. Fignon won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award. Commemorating the bicentennial anniversary of the French Revolution, a cash prize of 17,890 francs was given out to the first rider passing the 1,789th kilometre of the race at Martres-Tolosane, on stage 11 between Luchon and Blagnac. The prize was taken by Jos Haex. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Galibier on stage 17. This prize was won by Laurent Biondi. There was also a Souvenir in honour of five-time Tour winner Jacques Anquetil, who had died two years before, given to the rider who wore the yellow jersey for the most days. This award was won by Fignon, who held the jersey for nine days.

 * – On stages 2 and 3, da Silva and Søren Lilholt were tied on points in the points classification. As da Silva had won a stage, he was considered the leader of that classification, since the number of stage wins served as a tie-breaker. However, he was also leading the general classification, thus wearing the yellow jersey. As Lilholt was leading the intermediate sprint classification, he was wearing the red jersey, while the green points jersey was worn by third-placed Sean Kelly.
 * – As da Silva was wearing the yellow jersey and Lilholt, second in the mountains classification, was wearing the red jersey, third placed Roland Le Clerc wore the polka-dot jersey during stages 2 and 3.
 * – Thierry Claveyrolat left the race on stage 9, thus relinquishing the lead to Induráin.

FICP ranking
Riders in the Tour competed individually for points that contributed towards the FICP individual ranking. At the end of the Tour, Laurent Fignon replaced Charly Mottet as the leader of the ranking.

Doping
In total, 87 doping tests were performed during the 1989 Tour de France; all of them were negative. The tests were carried out by the Union Cycliste Internationale medical inspector, Gerry McDaid.

title: 1989 Tour de France


text:
Matahari (department store)

PT Matahari Department Store Tbk, commonly known as Matahari, is the largest retail platform in Indonesia with stores located across the country and online presence on Matahari.com.

History
The Company was established on October 24, 1958, with the opening of a children's fashion store in Jakarta's Pasar Baru district; the first proper Matahari outlet was opened in 1972, considered as the first modern department store in the country.

Since July 14, 2021, the majority and controlling shareholder of Matahari Department Store Tbk has changed to Auric Digital Retail Pte. Ltd. Meanwhile, Multipolar remains one of the main shareholders. The rest are other investors. Currently, Matahari operates 155 outlets in 82 cities throughout Indonesia.

Project Sunrise
In 2022, during Q4 2021 Earnings presentation, Matahari announced its store classification in four store concepts to capture the highest potential whitespaces throughout Indonesia. Store Network Optimization becomes part of the Project Sunrise, a five-year roadmap.

title: Matahari (department store)


text:
Toronto Community Services

Toronto Community Services was the department responsible for providing social services, housing and shelters for homeless, day care, and old age homes. It was part of Metro Toronto Community Services department. As of April 2005, the departments and commissioners were replaced by divisions under the City Manager and Deputy Managers.

The department was responsible for providing:
 * Toronto Homes for the Aged Division
 * Toronto Children's Services Division

Assets

 * Long-term care facilities (all pre-1998 facilities acquired from Metro):
 * Carefree Lodge, North York - 127 bed facility opened in 1967
 * Kipling Acres, Etobicoke - 337 bed facility built in 1959 with upgrades 2014
 * Wishing Well Manor, Scarborough
 * Bendale Acres, Scarborough - 302 beds facility built 1963
 * Lakeshore Lodge, Etobicoke - 150 beds built 1990
 * Castleview Wychwood Towers, Toronto - 456 beds
 * Cummer Lodge, North York - 391 beds
 * Fudger House, Toronto - 249 beds built 1965
 * Seven Oaks, Scarborough - 249 beds built 1966-1967
 * True Davidson Acres, East York - 187 beds built 1973
 * Wesburn Manor, Etobicoke - 192 beds built 2003
 * North York Social Services offices
 * 3,800 emergency hostel beds in 57 locations across Toronto
 * Toronto Community Housing projects

title: Toronto Community Services


text:
Talk:Biggus Dickus

I honestly cannot read this article without crying tears of laughter, simply for remembering the film. ”He wanks as high as any in Wome“, this cracks me up every single time. — Mütze 00:52, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Latin spelling?
Shouldn't his name be spelled Biggus Diccus? Latin didn't combine the C and the K, did they? .... god damn, I'm not actually nitpicking this, am I? DS 17:53, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you find it whimsical when we spell the name "Biggus Dickus?" That's how it's spelled in the script and the credits that's how it should be spelled here. --InformationalAnarchist 17:59, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Myself I would be partial to BIGGVS DICCVS, but nobody's going to be that pedantic. ;) I'd stick with the "Dickus" spelling, even though "K" isn't a typical Latin character. - furrykef (Talk at me) 23:13, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Merge
I think this character needs to be merged to Life of Brian. He's a supporting character, actually, and doesn't serve much to the plot.--Orthologist 17:25, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, I think you're right. It seems to me that Wikipedia has gradually been getting more serious over the years, reducing the scope for articles like these. In short: Biggus Dickus has his own article because he's funny, and by extension the article itself is funny in some way. But I suppose that's not good enough anymore (one could argue it never was in the first place, though I might not necessarily agree). So I support the merge. - furrykef (Talk at me) 19:52, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed, for much the same reasons. It's a great joke, but lacks any real significance. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by DoctorWorm (talk • contribs) 17:50, 12 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Yeah. He was funny but not exactly important to the film's plot-- $U IT  02:06, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, who even made this page in the first place? What, Biggus Dickus gets his own page but Brian doesn't? MERGE. Slartibartfast1992 21:59, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The redirect was quite satisfactory. End of story. Will delete uppermost part of this talk page (the table about the article). It's not needed now that it's just a redirect. Slartibartfast1992 00:56, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * This version of the article contains much more information about Biggus Dickus found in Life of Brian and I think the merge should be undone. - Puck (talk) 01:41, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biggus Dickus


text:
Emaciation

Emaciation is defined as the state of extreme thinness from absence of body fat and muscle wasting usually resulting from malnutrition. It is often seen as the opposite of obesity.

Characteristics
Emaciation manifests physically as thin limbs, pronounced and protruding bones, sunken eyes, dry skin, thinning hair, a bloated stomach, and a dry or coated tongue in humans. Emaciation is often accompanied by halitosis, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, anemia, improper function of lymph and the lymphatic system, and pleurisy and edema.

Causes
Emaciation can be caused by undernutrition, malaria and cholera, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases with prolonged fever, parasitic infections, many forms of cancer and their treatments, lead poisoning, and eating disorders like anorexia nervosa.

Emaciation is widespread in least developed countries and was a major cause of death in Nazi concentration camps during World War II.

Animals

A lack of resources in the habitat, disease, or neglect and cruelty from humans in captivity can result in emaciation in animals. In the rehabilitation of emaciated animals, the specific dietary needs of each animal have to be considered to avoid causing harm.

title: Emaciation


text:
Talk:Casco Bay

House Island

Does House Island really qualify as a 'major' island? It only has a couple residences on it. Perhaps the article could use another category such as "Other" or "Minor" islands.

Calendar Islands
There are not 365 islands in the bay; that is a popular myth:

 * The Casco Bay islands have long been popularly known as the ‘Calendar Islands’, from the mistaken belief that there are 365 of them..

Also see here:

Removing that part.Econrad 13:21, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Obviously there is disagreement about the '365 islands' bit. Seems that reference above backs up the "far less" position.  Any evidence to oppose?  I suggest the history of Capt John Smith from that article be added to the Calendar Islands article regardless.  Also, that article should reflect +/- on the '365 islands' assertion... Isoxyl 13:30, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Here's another:
 * In the 1600s, the explorer John Smith proclaimed the islands in Casco Bay to be the Calendar Islands because, as the story goes, "there is one for every day of the year." Although it seems Smith was slightly prone to exaggeration, there are certainly more than 100 islands in the Casco Bay.
 * Econrad 13:53, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Actual number of islands
I'm trying to find the actual number of islands in Casco Bay. It may be hard to pin down, due to tides, etc. I did find this, from the Robert York, the "Maine Answer Man" and "Maine's official state historian for nearly four decades":

 * York tried, without success, to burst some of the myths about Maine history.

 * One is that Casco Bay has "calendar islands" -- one for each day of the year. In fact, he says, there are a little more than two hundred islands, not 365.

That is the most reliable source I have found thus far.Econrad 14:32, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Good find! These refs make a good addition to the article. Isoxyl 17:10, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Merge
I suggest we do Merge the Calendar Islands article with Casco Bay (Maine), and place a redirect from Calendar Islands to here. There is no unique information there. Isoxyl 17:13, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Eagle Island
Repaired links to Eagle Isl;and, pointing to the Casco Bay island. --Dumarest 17:08, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Up and coming composers
Not entirely sure that the up-and-coming composers Peter J. McLaughlin and Akiva G. Zamcheck are as yet notable enough to deserve equal prominence with Walter Chronkite--? but I will defer to other editors' views, and await consensus. ElijahBosley (talk ☞)  17:37, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Casco Bay


text:
Kaleb of Axum

Kaleb (, Latin: Caleb), also known as Saint Elesbaan (, Ἅγιος Ἐλεσβαᾶς), was King of Aksum, which was situated in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea

Name
Procopius calls him "Hellestheaeus", a variant of the version of his regnal name,   (Histories, 1.20). Variants of his name are Hellesthaeus, Ellestheaeus, Eleshaah, Ellesboas, Elesbaan, and Elesboam.

At Aksum, in inscription RIE 191, his name is rendered in unvocalized Gə‘əz as KLB ’L ’ṢBḤ WLD TZN (Kaleb ʾElla ʾAṣbeḥa, son of Tazena). In vocalized Gə‘əz, it is ካሌብ እለ አጽብሐ (Kaleb ʾƎllä ʾÄṣbəḥä).

Kaleb, a name derived from the Biblical character Caleb, was his given name. On both his coins and inscriptions he left at Axum, as well as Ethiopian hagiographical sources and king lists, he refers to himself as the son of Tazena.

Life
Procopius, John of Ephesus, and other contemporary historians recount Kaleb's invasion of Yemen around 520, against the Himyarite king Yūsuf As'ar Yath'ar, known as Dhu Nuwas, a Jewish convert who was persecuting the Christian community of Najran. After much fighting, Kaleb's soldiers eventually routed Yusuf's forces and killed the king, allowing Kaleb to appoint Sumyafa Ashwa, a native Christian (named Esimiphaios by Procopius), as his viceroy of Himyar.

As a result of his protection of the Christians, Kaleb is known as Saint Elesbaan after the sixteenth-century Cardinal Caesar Baronius added him to his edition of the Roman Martyrology despite his being a Miaphysite.

Aksumite control of Arabia Felix continued until c. 525 when Sumyafa Ashwa was deposed by Abraha, who made himself king. Procopius states that Kaleb made several unsuccessful attempts to recover his overseas territory; however, his successor later negotiated a peace with Abraha, where Abraha acknowledged the Axumite king's authority and paid tribute. Stuart Munro-Hay opines that by this expedition Axum overextended itself, and this final intervention across the Red Sea, "was Aksum's swan-song as a great power in the region."

It is also apparent that his reign was marked by a major integration of the Agaw tribes of what are today the districts of Wag and Lasta into his own kingdom. Cosmas Indicopleustes provides an important documentary confirmation for this. He makes a reference to the "governor of Agau", who was entrusted by Kaleb with the protection of the long-distance caravan routes from the south. According to Taddesse Tamrat, Kaleb's governor of Agau probably has his seat of government in the area of Lasta, which later serve as the center of the Zagwe dynasty.

A historical record survives of a meeting between the Byzantine ambassador and historian Nonnosus and Kaleb in the year 530.

Ethiopian tradition states that Kaleb eventually abdicated his throne, gave his crown to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, and retired to a monastery. Later historians who recount the events of King Kaleb's reign include ibn Hisham, ibn Ishaq, and al-Tabari. Taddesse Tamrat records a tradition he heard from an aged priest in Lalibela: "Kaleb was a man of Lasta and his palace was at Bugna where it is known that Gebre Mesqel Lalibela had later established his centre. The relevance of this tradition for us is the mere association of the name of Kaleb with the evangelization of this interior province of Aksum."

Besides several inscriptions bearing his name, Axum also contains a pair of ruined structures, one said to be his tomb and its partner said to be the tomb of his son, Gabra Masqal. (Tradition gives him a second son, Israel, who, it has been suggested, is identical with king Israel of Axum. ) This structure was first examined as an archaeological subject by Henry Salt in the early 19th century; almost a century later, it was partially cleared and mapped out by the Deutsche Aksum-Expedition in 1906. The most recent excavation of this tomb was in 1973 by the British Institute of Eastern Africa.

Issue and successors
A combination of literary, numismatical and epigraphical sources mention three sons of Kaleb named Gebre Meskel, Israel and Gebre Krestos, who all reigned as kings after him. Gebre Meskel (or Gabra Maskal) appears on several official regnal lists as the successor of Kaleb. Israel is recorded via coins issued in his name when he ruled as king. Gebre Krestos appears on only one known regnal list under the abbreviated name of Gebru. A Ge'ez inscription written in Sabaean characters states "Man of Hadafen, Son of Ella Asbeha, Gebre Krestos". Some historians have suggested that "Gebre Krestos" could be the throne name of Gebre Meskel, but this has not been definitively proven.

Sources give contradictory accounts of the events following the end of the reign of Kaleb. One source stated that Za Israel, who was the eldest son of Kaleb and had been appointed by his father as Viceroy of Himyar, heard of his father's death and that his younger brother had taken the throne, leading to Israel taking an army to Ethiopia regain the throne for himself. The source does not say who was victorious, but does not the conflict was long-lasting. Another source claimed that it was Gebre Meskel who was Kaleb's oldest son but the throne was seized by his brother Beta Israel due to Gebre Meskel having been in Shewa at the time of his father's abdication. This angered Gebre Meskel, who wanted to go to war against Israel, but he was stopped by priests who told him to wait until they had asked his father who his preferred successor was. Kaleb confirmed his preferred successor was Gebre Meskel, and Israel dropped dead when the priests announced his decision. Another tradition claims that Israel instead went into hiding and took with him the Ark of St. Michael and the Chariot of the Ark of the Covenant and became leader of the Zar cult.

According to the Kebra Nagast Gebre Meskel was the youngest son of Kaleb and succeeded him to the throne after Kaleb retired to a monastery.

title: Kaleb of Axum


text:
1963 in archaeology

The year 1963 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Explorations

 * Exploration of Geissenklösterle caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura begins.

Excavations

 * Excavation of Eshmun Temple by Maurice Dunand begins (continues into the 1970s).
 * Excavation of Masada by Yigael Yadin begins (continues until 1965).
 * Excavation of Tel Arad by Yohanan Aharoni (continues until 1967).
 * Excavation at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey by Rosemary Cramp (continues until 1978).
 * Recovery of silver rupees minted by Aurangzeb from a shipwreck off Ceylon by Arthur C. Clarke and associates.

Finds

 * April 13 - Dutch East India Company ship Vergulde Draeck wrecked in 1656 off Western Australia.
 * September - Hinton St Mary Mosaic in England.
 * Warrior of Hirschlanden.
 * Hal Ball spots Maya site of Altun Ha from the air.
 * Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe in Turkey.
 * Ferriby Boat 3 found by Ted Wright. The boat is at least 4,000 years old and dates back to the Bronze Age. It is thought to be the oldest Bronze Age boat found in Western Europe.
 * First Mesolithic Holmegaard bow found in Denmark.
 * 8th century BCE shrine discovered at Tel Arad
 * The remains of a colossal statue of Hadrian in Athens, Greece.

Events

 * April 1 - Industrial Monuments Survey for the Ministry of Public Building and Works (Great Britain) commenced by Rex Wailes.
 * Lascaux caves closed to the public. (Painted c.15000–13000 BC; discovered in 1940.)
 * First County Archaeologist appointed in England, B.J.N. (Ben) Edwards in Lancashire.

Publications

 * Kenneth Hudson - Industrial Archaeology: an introduction.
 * Charles Green - Sutton Hoo: The Excavation of a Royal Ship-Burial.

Births

 * November 29: Peter N. Peregrine, American archaeologist.
 * November 30: Carenza Lewis, English archaeologist.

Deaths

 * February 28: Harold St George Gray, English archaeologist (b. 1872).
 * June 11: Alfred V. Kidder, American archaeologist (b. 1885).
 * June 23: Frans Blom, Danish Mayanist (b. 1893).
 * August 28: Umberto Zanotti Bianco, Italian archaeologist, environmentalist and senator (b. 1889).
 * September 16: Winifred Lamb, English archaeologist (b. 1894).
 * November 13: Margaret Murray, Anglo-Indian Egyptologist (b. 1863).
 * December 19: Sir Alan Gardiner, English Egyptologist (b. 1879).

title: 1963 in archaeology


text: User talk:86.128.128.125

title: User talk:86.128.128.125


text:
User:Lmcnapa

This is a test

title: User:Lmcnapa


text:
Caminetti v. United States

Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470 (1917), was a United States Supreme Court case involving Farley Drew Caminetti and the Mann Act. The Court decided that the Mann Act applied not only to purposes of prostitution but also to other noncommercial consensual sexual liaisons. Thus, consensual extramarital sex falls within the definition of "immoral sex."

Plain meaning rule
The case has an historic place in American jurisprudence in that it was one of the first where the court embraced the idea of the "plain meaning rule". This is a form of legislative interpretation that focuses strongly on the literal text of a statute. In its most extreme form the plain meaning rule does not look outside of the statutory text at any additional sources to find the legislative intent if the rule is "plain" from the text. Critics of using the plain meaning rule argue that a court may find or not find an ambiguity in a statute depending on the result that a court sees fit.

The issue in the case that caused the Court to interpret using the plain meaning rule was whether the Mann Act's inclusion of the phrase "...or for any other immoral purpose..." included Caminetti's actions. The Court found that Caminetti had been convicted of transporting a woman across state lines for an immoral purpose which, according to the majority opinion, was well within the plain meaning of the statute.

title: Caminetti v. United States


text:
Desert Studies Center

The Desert Studies Center (DSC) is a field station of the California State University located in Zzyzx, California, United States in the Mojave Desert. The purpose of the Center is to provide opportunities to conduct research, receive instruction and experience the Mojave Desert environment. It is officially operated by the California Desert Studies Consortium, a consortium of 7 CSU campuses: Dominguez Hills, Fullerton, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Northridge, San Bernardino and Cal Poly Pomona.

Before the Center, the site was the Zzyzx Mineral Springs and Health Spa, run by Curtis Howe Springer from 1944 to 1974 without federal permission. After Springer was ejected, the CSU negotiated usage of the abandoned buildings of the health spa with the Bureau of Land Management, and in 1976, they signed a five-year cooperative management study for the Desert Studies Consortium to manage 1,280 acre at Soda Springs. The California Desert Protection Act of 1994 established Mojave National Preserve, and established the Desert Studies Center as a partnership between the National Park Service and the California State University in perpetuity.

The location is especially interesting to biologists because of its perennial wetlands that attract many species of animals and plants in the area, including the threatened and endangered Saratoga Springs pupfish, the Mohave tui chub, and over 200 species of birds.

A few of California State University Fullerton's biology courses require students visit the center for a mandatory field trip to pass those courses.

title: Desert Studies Center


text:
List of accordionists

This is an alphabetized list of notable accordionists who have their own main articles or belong to a notable band.

A

 * Benny Andersson (born 1946) – Swedish songwriter, member of best-selling pop group ABBA
 * Lydie Auvray (born 1956) – French/German accordionist, composer
 * Slavko Avsenik (1929–2015) – Slovenian songwriter, the founder of Ansambel bratov Avsenik
 * Ramon Ayala (born 1945) – Mexican accordionist, composer
 * Nick Ariondo (born 1949) – American accordionist, composer

B

 * Alan Bern (born 1955) – member of the Klezmer band Brave Old World
 * Bratko Bibič (born 1957) – Slovene accordionist
 * Ronald Binge (1910–1979) – British accordionist and member of the Mantovani Orchestra
 * Gary Blair (born 1945) - Scottish Accordionist Classical, Folk, Continental
 * Renato Borghetti (born 1963) – Brazilian musician
 * Franko Božac (born 1974) – Croatian classical and concert accordionist
 * Jeffery Broussard (born 1967) – American zydeco musician
 * Smiley Burnette (1911–1967) – American accordionist

C

 * Manuela Josefa Cabrera (born 1943) - Dominican merengue accordionist
 * Carmen Carrozza (1921–2013) – classical and concert accordionist
 * Nico Carstens (1926–2016) – South African accordionist and songwriter, composer of the hit song "Zambezi"
 * Boozoo Chavis (1930–2001) – American zydeco musician
 * Clifton Chenier (1925–1987) – American zydeco musician
 * Dick Contino (1930–2017) – appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show a record 48 times
 * Gianni Coscia (born 1931) – jazz accordionist
 * Charles Thomas Cozens (born 1952) – Canadian classical and classical crossover accordionist
 * James Crabb (born 1967) – Scottish classical accordion player.
 * Phil Cunningham (born 1974) – Scottish folk accordionist
 * Andy Cutting (born 1969) – English folk accordionist

D

 * Jackie Daly (born 1945) – Irish traditional musician
 * Robert Davine (1924-2001) - Professor of Accordion & Music Theory - University of Denver: Lamont School of Music
 * Pietro Deiro (1888–1954) – pioneer of the accordion
 * Geno Delafose (born 1971) – American zydeco musician
 * John Delafose (1939–1994) – American zydeco musician
 * Vladimir Denissenkov (born 1956) – Russian Bayan
 * Dennis DeYoung (born 1947) – American member of Styx, played on "Boat on the River"
 * Orlando DiGirolamo (1924–1998), American
 * Wolfgang Dimetrik (born 1974), Austrian
 * Henry Doktorski (born 1956) – American classical and concert accordionist
 * Dominguinhos (1941–2013) – Brazilian music
 * Wilf Doyle (1925–2012) – traditional musician from Newfoundland
 * Alejo Durán (1919–1989) – Colombian Vallenato accordionist, singer, composer
 * Finbarr Dwyer (1946–2014) – Irish traditional musician

E

 * Mogens Ellegaard (1935–1995) – father of the avant-garde accordion movement
 * Jack Emblow (born 1930) – with Cliff Adams Singers
 * Keith Emerson (1944–2016)
 * John Evan (born 1948) – of Jethro Tull

F

 * Joe Falcon (1900–1965) – Cajun accordion player who recorded with his wife Cléoma Breaux, mainly in French
 * Jeff Fatt (born 1953) - member of The Wiggles
 * James Fearnley (born 1954) – member of The Pogues
 * Myron Floren (1919–2005)
 * Connie Francis (born 1937)
 * Preston Frank (born 1947) – American zydeco musician
 * Keith Frank (born 1972) – American zydeco musician
 * Dominic Frontiere (1931–2017)
 * Pietro Frosini (1885–1951)

G

 * Benny Gallagher (born 1945) – Scottish singer-songwriter; member of Gallagher and Lyle, McGuinness Flint and Ronnie Lane's Slim Chance
 * Anthony Galla-Rini (1904–2006) – American accordionist, arranger, composer, conductor, author and teacher
 * Richard Galliano (born 1950) – French jazz accordionist
 * Krency Garcia – Dominican merengue tipico accordionist, better known as El Prodigio
 * Régis Gizavo (1959–2017) – accordionist from Madagascar
 * Luiz Gonzaga (1912–1989) – the King of Baião
 * Martin Green (born 1980) – English composer and accordionist, member of the folk trio Lau
 * Josh Groban (born 1981) – learned the accordion to play the role of Pierre Bezukhov in the musical Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812
 * Michael Guerra (born 1981) – member of The Mavericks
 * Alfredo Gutiérrez (born 1940) – Colombian Vallenato musician

H

 * Joe Hall – American la la and Cajun musician
 * Frode Haltli (born 1975) – Norwegian accordionist
 * Daniel Handler (born 1970), aka Lemony Snicket
 * Rolf Harris (1930–2023)
 * Kevin Hearn (born 1969) – zydeco musician of Barenaked Ladies
 * Tatico Henríquez (1943–1976) – Dominican Merengue típico accordionist
 * Matt Hensley – of Flogging Molly
 * Harry Hibbs (1942–1989) – Canadian musician
 * David Hidalgo (born 1954) – member of Los Lobos
 * Lars Hollmer (1948–2008) – Swedish accordionist
 * Bruce Hornsby (born 1954)
 * Nihad Hrustanbegovic (born 1973)
 * Alexander Hrustevich (born 1983) - Ukrainian bayanist
 * Garth Hudson (born 1937) – member of The Band
 * Rob Hyman (born 1950) – member of The Hooters

I

 * Gary Innes (born 1980)

J

 * Bengan Janson (born 1963) – Swedish jazz- and folk music player
 * Ryan Jarman (born 1980) – member of The Cribs
 * Jean-Michel Jarre (born 1948)
 * Flaco Jiménez (born 1939)
 * Santiago Jiménez Jr. (born 1944)
 * Beau Jocque (1953–1999) – zydeco musician
 * Billy Joel (born 1949)
 * Pete Jolly (1932–2004) – American jazz pianist and accordionist
 * Brian Jones (1942–1969) – member of The Rolling Stones
 * Steve Jordan (1939–2010)
 * Tyler Joseph (born 1988) – lead singer of Twenty One Pilots
 * Kepa Junkera (born 1965) – Basque musician and composer

K

 * Boris Karlov (1924–1964) – Bulgarian accordionist, born in Sofia into a Romani family.
 * James Keane (born 1948) – Irish traditional musician
 * John Kirkpatrick (born 1947)
 * Guy Klucevsek (born 1947) – American musician and composer
 * Yasuhiro Kobayashi (born 1959)

L

 * Gabby La La (born 1979)
 * Isidro Larrañaga (died 2022)
 * Lead Belly (1889–1949) – American folk and blues musician
 * Don Lee (1930–2015) – musician who had the 1957 hit "ECHO, Echo echo"
 * Yuri Lemeshev (born 1954) – member of Gogol Bordello
 * John Linnell (born 1959) – member of They Might Be Giants
 * Nils Lofgren (born 1951)
 * Radoslav Lorković (born 1958) – Croatian pianist and accordionist
 * Todd Lumley (born 1968)
 * Ramon Ayala (born 1928)

M

 * Charles Magnante (1905–1986) – pioneer of the accordion
 * Frank Marocco (1931–2012) – jazz accordionist
 * Mat Mathews (1924–2009) – Dutch jazz accordionist
 * Bear McCreary (born 1979) – American film composer
 * Loreena McKennitt (born 1957) – Canadian musician, composer, harpist, accordionist and pianist
 * Johnny Meijer (1912–1992) – Dutch jazz accordionist
 * Dionisio Mejia (1911–1978) – Dominican merengue tipico accordionist, better known as Guandulito
 * Colacho Mendoza (1936–2003) – Colombian Vallenato accordionist
 * Lisandro Meza (born 1937) – Colombian musician
 * Andrew Micallef (born 1969) – Maltese chromatic button accordionist
 * Alessandra Mignacca (born c.1977/78) – Italian accordion player, teacher
 * Joey Miskulin (born 1949) American accordionist, also member of western music and comedy group Riders in the Sky
 * Brian Mitchell – member of Fatboy Kanootch, Levon Helm Band
 * Aniceto Molina (1939–2015) – Colombian musician
 * Bonifacio Mauricio III (born 1966) Tejano/Conjunto

N

 * Maria Ney (1890–1959/61) – German cabaret performer
 * Franz Nicolay (born 1977) – member of The World/Inferno Friendship Society
 * Krist Novoselic (born 1965) – bassist in Nirvana

O

 * Pauline Oliveros (1932–2016) – avant garde performer
 * Walter Ostanek (born 1935)

P

 * Nejc Pačnik (born 1990) – Slovenian accordionist, twice accordion world-champion and accordion teacher
 * Esa Pakarinen (1911–1989) – Finnish accordionist and actor
 * Willard A. "Bill" Palmer (1917–1996) – inventor of the quint system which was later patented by Titano as used in their line of "converter" (or "quint") bass accordions
 * Zeena Parkins (born 1956) – American accordionist
 * Van Dyke Parks (born 1943) – composer, arranger, and accordionist
 * Don Peachey (born 1933) – American musician and recording artist
 * Cory Pesaturo (born 1986) – eclectic accordionist
 * Joseph Petric (born 1952) – Canadian concert accordionist
 * Celso Piña (1953–2019) – cumbia musician
 * Kimmo Pohjonen (born 1964) – experimental Finnish accordionist

R

 * Matti Rantanen (born 1952) – classical accordionist
 * Juancho Rois (1958–1994) – Colombian Vallenato musician
 * Israel Romero (born 1954) – Colombian Vallenato musician
 * Saul Rose (born 1973) – English melodeon player
 * Roberto Ruscitti (born 1941) – Venezuelan accordionist

S

 * Johnny Sansone (born 1957)
 * William Schimmel (born 1946) – accordionist, composer and philosopher
 * John Serry Sr. (1915-2003) – classical and concert accordionist, free-bass accordionist
 * Alexander Sevastian (1976–2018) – Russian-Canadian classical, concert, and classical crossover accordionist
 * Jimmy Shand (1908–2000) – Scottish accordionist, made famous by his unique Scottish Country Dance Band and popularity for dances.
 * Sharon Shannon (born 1968) – Irish accordionist
 * Sivuca (1930–2006) – Brazilian musician
 * Chango Spasiuk (born 1968) – Argentine folk musician of Ukrainian descent
 * John Spiers (born 1975) – English melodeon player
 * Will Starr (1922–1976) – Scottish accordionist, technically a genius and a true master of the button key accordion, famous for his expertise at playing every genre of music. Described as the true "Master of the Button Key Accordion"

T

 * Natalia Tena (born 1984)
 * Judy Tenuta comedienne (born 1949)
 * Matt Thiessen (born 1980) – member of Relient K
 * Yann Tiersen (born 1970) – French composer and multi-instrumentalist
 * Aslan Tlebzu (born 1981) – Adyghe folk musician
 * Lee Tomboulian (born 1960)
 * Arthur Tracy (1899–1997) – American accordionist and ballad singer
 * Karen Tweed (born 1963)

U

 * Brendon Urie (born 1987) – member of Panic! at the Disco

V

 * Kristín Anna Valtýsdóttir (born 1982)
 * Art Van Damme (1920–2010)
 * Tim Van Eyken (born 1978)
 * Mika Väyrynen (born 1967)
 * Eddie Vedder (born 1964) – member of Pearl Jam
 * Aníbal Velásquez (born 1936) – Colombian Vallenato musician
 * Julieta Venegas (born 1970)
 * Travis Vengroff (born 1987) – member of Random Encounter
 * Emir Vildić (born 1984) – Bosnian accordionist and accordion teacher
 * Gus Viseur (1915–1974) – French accordionist

W

 * Cedric Watson (born 1983) – American Creole musician
 * Jason Webley (born 1974) – American musician
 * Lawrence Welk (1903–1992)
 * Martin White – British cover artist
 * Minnie White (1916-2001) – Newfoundland's "First Lady of the Accordion"
 * Wix Wickens (born 1956)
 * Bill Wilkie (1922–2017)
 * Dave Willey (born 1963)
 * Patrick Wolf (born 1983)
 * Richard Wright (1943–2008) – member of Pink Floyd

Y

 * Frankie Yankovic (1915–1998) – polka musician
 * "Weird Al" Yankovic (born 1959) – song parodist, comedian
 * Max Yankowitz (1875–1945) - klezmer musician

Z

 * Jimmy Zambrano (born 1966) – Colombian Vallenato accordionist
 * Joe Zawinul (1932–2007)
 * Vladislav Zolotaryov (1942–1975)
 * Emiliano Zuleta (1912–2005) – Colombian Vallenato accordionist, composer

title: List of accordionists


text:
Hemavan

Hemavan (South Sami: Bïerke) is a locality situated in Storuman Municipality, Västerbotten County (Lapland), Sweden with 222 inhabitants in 2010.

It is located on European route E12. During the winter months Hemavan caters to many tourists as a ski resort, mainly from Sweden and the neighbouring countries of Norway and Finland.

Hemavan also has the Hemavan Airport, with one flight per day 6 days of the week to and from Stockholm-Arlanda.

Hemavan is the starting point of the Kungsleden trail.

Climate
Hemavan has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with cold winters and mild summers. Due to North Atlantic low-pressure systems dominating winter months, Hemavan receives sizeable amounts of snow in winter and the cover usually thaws in May.

title: Hemavan


text:
Lord Lieutenant of Peeblesshire

This is a list of people who served as Lord Lieutenant of Peeblesshire. The Lieutenancy has been replaced by the Lieutenancy of Tweeddale.

 * Alexander Murray, 7th Lord Elibank 12 May 1794 – 24 September 1820
 * Francis Douglas, 8th Earl of Wemyss 10 January 1821 – 28 June 1853
 * Francis Wemyss-Charteris, 9th Earl of Wemyss 10 August 1853 – 1880
 * Colin James Mackenzie 20 April 1880 – 9 April 1896
 * Montolieu Oliphant-Murray, 10th Lord Elibank 22 May 1896 – 1908
 * Edward Tennant, 1st Baron Glenconner 27 July 1908 – 21 November 1920
 * Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael 2 April 1921 – 16 January 1926
 * Sir Michael Thorburn 20 February 1926 – 29 August 1934
 * Gideon Oliphant-Murray, 2nd Viscount Elibank 5 January 1935 – 1945
 * Lt Col William Thorburn 30 July 1945 – 1956
 * Sir Ronald Thomson 3 February 1956 – 1968
 * Sir Robert Scott 9 October 1968 – 1975
 * Scott became Lord Lieutenant of Tweeddale

title: Lord Lieutenant of Peeblesshire