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Rousseau Institute

Rousseau Institute (also known as Jean-Jacques Rousseau Institute or Academy of Geneva; Académie De Genève or Institut Jean-Jacques Rousseau) is a private school in Geneva, Switzerland. It is considered the first institute of educational sciences founded in Europe when it opened and gained international influence as the originator of the scientific approach to education phenomena. It became part of the University of Geneva (Faculty of Psychology and School of Education).

History
In 1912, Édouard Claparède (1873–1940) created an institute to turn educational theory into a science. This new institution was given the name of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, to whom Claparède attributed the "Copernican reversal" of putting the child, rather than the teacher, at the centre of the educational process (cf. Thomas Kuhn's notion of paradigm shift).

The founder of the Institute appointed as director Pierre Bovet (1878–1965), whom he considered to be both a philosophical and rigorously scientific person. Between 1921 and 1925, Jean Piaget (1896–1980) took over the reins, soon conferring on Genevan experimental psychology its far-reaching renown. According to Piaget, he came to organize his research once he arrived at the Institute in such a way that he "gain objectively and inductively knowledge about the elementary structures of intelligence" and use it develop a psychological and biological epistemology. It was to Piaget's dismay, however, that his theoretical work was not as successful. He was the director of the Institute until he died in 1980.

In his eulogy at Claparède's funeral, Bovet highlighted his friend's profound attachment for Geneva and the broad international influence rapidly attained by the institute he had created; his capacity, in short, to be at the same time of a local land and of the greater world.

Connection with the International Bureau of Education (IBE)
In 1925, the governing board of the Rousseau Institute voted to establish the International Bureau of Education (IBE), which is now a category 1 institute of UNESCO. The governing board received a $5000 grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to found the IBE. Rousseau Institute director Pierre Bovet became the first director of the IBE, and fellow governing board members Adolphe Ferriere and Elisabeth Rotten were appointed as his deputies.

title: Rousseau Institute


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User:SusiHuehn

Susi Huehn, * May, 14, 1963 married, three sons. Adress: Wiehl, Germany

Interested in Indian films with Rahul Bose, animals (fishes, poodle, birdies, mini-chicken) and books of all kinds.

More informations about Rahul Bose are welcome!!!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:SusiHuehn


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Liam Mellows

William Joseph Mellows (Liam Ó Maoilíosa, 25 May 1892 – 8 December 1922) was an Irish republican and Sinn Féin politician. Born in England to an English father and Irish mother, he grew up in Ashton-under-Lyne before moving to Ireland, being raised in Cork, Dublin and his mother's native Wexford. He was active with the Irish Republican Brotherhood and Irish Volunteers, and participated in the Easter Rising in County Galway and the War of Independence. Elected as a TD to the First Dáil, he rejected the Anglo-Irish Treaty. During the Irish Civil War Mellows was captured by Pro-Treaty forces after the surrender of the Four Courts in June 1922. On 8 December 1922 he was one of four senior IRA men executed by the Provisional Government.

Early life
Mellows was born at the Hartshead Military Barracks in Ashton-under-Lyne on 25 May 1892, the son of William Joseph Mellows, an English man who worked as an NCO in the British Army, and Sarah Jordan, an Irish woman from Inch, County Wexford.

His family moved to 10 Annadale Avenue in the Fairview area of Dublin in February 1895, when his father was transferred there; Mellows remained in Wexford with his grandfather, Patrick Jordan, due to ill health. He attended the military school in Wellington Barracks in Cork and the Portobello garrison school in Dublin, but ultimately refused a military career much to his father's disappointment, instead working as a clerk in several Dublin firms, including the Junior Army & Navy Stores on D'Olier Street.

Entry into politics
Mellows was an Irish nationalist from an early age. In 1911, he purchased a copy of Irish Freedom, which began: "We stand for Ireland..." He approached Thomas Clarke in his shop, who recruited him into Fianna Éireann, an organisation of young republicans. He also met secretary Patrick O'Ryan, Con Colbert and Eamon Martin, who would be a lifelong friend. At the next meeting, Mellows' brothers all signed up. On 7 April 1911, he was sworn to secrecy by the Irish Republican Brotherhood.

Mellows was proposed for the post of organiser and travelling instructor. He founded the sluagh at Dolphins Barn, County Wexford, which was a success. He established more sluagdste at Ferns and Enniscorthy in Easter 1912. Mellows cycled everywhere, which was cheap and convenient; he was promoted to the rank of captain by the ard choisde. In June 1913, Mellows stayed at Waterford IRB Centre with Liam Walsh in the Gaelic League Room, Williams Street.

Mellows was organising sports in Tuam in September 1913 when he was introduced to socialist James Connolly at Countess Markievicz's residence, where Connolly was recuperating after his hunger strike. Connolly was deeply impressed and told his daughter Nora: "I have found a real man". Mellows was called back to Dublin on 25 November 1913. He was active in the IRB and was a founder member of the Irish Volunteers, being brought onto its organising committee to strengthen the Fianna representation. He was given a full-time job at 30s a week. Mellows joined forces with Éamonn Ceannt and Sir Horace Plunkett at the Provisional Committee choosing to support the parliamentary route taken by Roger Casement. But as an employee he was compelled to agree with Redmondite candidates, although he had voted against the Nationalists' pro-British policy.

He was arrested and jailed on several occasions under the Defence of the Realm Act. On 1 August, Mellows' company was taking an arms shipment from Howth to Dublin and fired on the RIC at Clontarf. That evening Éamon de Valera took him by car to Kilcoole. Guns were loaded on a charabanc in Bray at night and then distributed in Dublin from a fleet of taxis. Mellows was sent to Galway and made his base at Athenry. There he met Seán Mac Diarmada and was appointed as election scrutineer at Tuam. On Sunday 18 May 1915, the two men were at an anti-enlistment rally when they were challenged at gunpoint by police inspector Comerford. Mac Diarmada was searched, arrested and jailed. Mellows, however, got away and started a training group at Kynoch's Fort, south Galway, recruiting men from miles around.

On 1 July, he was arrested at Courtown Harbour and jailed for three months. He was sent to Mountjoy Prison. Months later Mellows was with volunteers at Tullamore when they were attacked by machine-guns. Fleeing the scene over rooftops, they made off by motorbike. Mellows returned to post a letter and assist his comrades. A week later he was arrested at the house of Julia Morrissey. The British took him by train to Arbour Hill Prison, before he was shipped to Leek, England.

1916 Easter Rising
Eventually escaping from Reading Jail he returned to Ireland to command the "Western Division" (forces operating in the West of Ireland) of the IRA during the Easter Rising of 1916. He led roughly 700 Volunteers in abortive attacks on Royal Irish Constabulary stations at Oranmore, and Clarinbridge in county Galway taking over the town of Athenry. However, his men were very badly armed and supplied and they dispersed after a week, when British troops and the cruiser HMS Gloucester (1909) were sent west to attack them. In the aftermath of the Uprising over three hundred Galway Volunteers were deported to jails across England and Scotland. Mellows and a number of other local IRA leaders were able to evade capture after the station master of Athenry, James Miggins, delayed a detachment of incoming British troops.

Time in America
After this insurrection failed, Mellows escaped to the United States, where he was arrested and detained without trial in the "Tombs" prison, New York, on a charge of attempting to aid the German side in the First World War. This was in the context of incidents like the Black Tom and Kingsland explosions, where German agents had bombed neutral American ports and industrial facilities.

After his release in 1918, he worked with John Devoy and helped to organise Éamon de Valera's fund raising visit to America in 1919–1920. He returned to Ireland to become Irish Republican Army "Director of Supplies" during the Irish War of Independence, responsible for buying arms. At the 1918 general election, he was elected to the First Dáil as a Sinn Féin candidate for both Galway East and for Meath North.

Opponent of the Treaty
Mellows considered the Anglo-Irish Treaty as signed to be a betrayal of the Irish Republic, saying in the Treaty Debates of 1921–22: We do not seek to make this country a materially great country at the expense of its honour in any way whatsoever. We would rather have this country poor and indigent, we would rather have the people of Ireland eking out a poor existence on the soil; as long as they possessed their souls, their minds, and their honour. This fight has been for something more than the fleshpots of Empire.

He rejected the arguments from the pro-Treaty side that it represented the will of the people. He argued that the people's will was for a republic and that their acceptance of treaty was only because of the threats of the British government: "That is not the will of the people, that is the fear of the people".

A conference of nine TDs was deputed to meet privately on 5 January 1922 to resolve the dispute and to achieve a unified front by compromise. The four other anti-Treaty TDs said there was agreement but Mellows did not, and was seen thereafter by pro-Treaty TDs as one of their most implacable opponents. The following day the Dáil voted to approve the Treaty by a majority of 64 to 57. Details on the private conference and the private Dáil session debate were not made public until the 1970s.

He wrote a social programme based on the Dáil's Democratic Programme of 1919 aimed at winning popular support for the anti-Treaty cause.

Civil war and execution
Mellows was one of the more strident TDs on the approach to the Irish Civil War. On 28 April 1922 he told the Dáil:

 * There would no question of civil war here now were it not for the undermining of the Republic. The Republic has been deserted by those who state they still intend to work for a Republic. The Volunteers can have very little faith at this moment in the Government that assembles here, because all they can see in it is a chameleon Government. One moment, when they look at it, it is the green, white and orange of the Republic, and at another moment, when they look at it, it is the red, white and blue of the British Empire. We in the Army, who have taken this step, have been termed 'mutineers,' 'irregulars' and so forth. We are not mutineers, because we have remained loyal to our trust. We are not mutineers except against the British Government in this country. We may be 'irregular' in the sense that funds are not forthcoming to maintain us, but we were always like that and it is no disgrace to be called 'irregulars' in that sense. We are not wild people.

Mellows, the quartermaster-general with the rank of commandant general, was one of a number of senior figures in the Anti-Treaty IRA faction that had occupied the Four Courts since April. However, on 28 June the building was bombarded by pro-Treaty Free State forces and the IRA garrison was forced to surrender after two days. Mellows had a chance to escape along with Ernie O'Malley, but did not take it (see also Battle of Dublin). Imprisoned in Mountjoy Gaol in the Phibsborough area of Dublin, Mellows (along with Rory O'Connor, Joe McKelvey and Dick Barrett) was executed by firing squad on 8 December 1922, in reprisal for the shooting of Pro-Treaty TD Seán Hales (see executions during the Irish Civil War). These executions, and their effects on their fellow prisoners, are described in Peadar O'Donnell's Irish Civil War memoir The Gates Flew Open.

Ideology
In 1922, the Labour Party posthumously published a document entitled "Liam Mellow's Jail Programme", based on notes Mellows had smuggled out of jail after being captured by the Irish Free State. In this document, Mellows outlines a ten-point programme he proposed that the Anti-Treaty IRA adopt in 1922:
 * 1) Ownership and control of all heavy industries by the state for the benefit of all the people
 * 2) Complete ownership of the transport system by the state
 * 3) State ownership of all banks
 * 4) Confiscation of all the large ranches and estates, without compensation to the landed aristocracy, and the distribution of the land among the landless farmers and agricultural labourers. Election of joint councils representatives of these two classes to distribute and manage the land. Abolition of all forms of tenure and indebtedness either to private owners or to the state. Cancellation of all debts and mortgages.
 * 5) Establishment of an all-around shorter working day
 * 6) Control of workshop conditions, to be vested in a joint council representing the workers' Trade Unions concerned and the state
 * 7) Municipalisation of all public services: Trams, light, heat, water, etc and free use by the workers
 * 8) Compulsory rationing of all available household accommodation and the abolishing of all rents
 * 9) Full maintenance for the unemployed at full Trade Union rates until useful work at Trade Union rates of wages can be provided
 * 10) The universal arming of all workers in the town and country to defend their rights

Mellows wrote that "James Connolly realised that if Ireland were really to be free, it must be owned by the Irish people; that it was little use freeing Ireland from foreign tyranny if, in the course of a comparatively short time, it would fall under domestic tyranny as other countries had done".

Mellows has been described as having "broad internationalist sympathies". Explaining his opposition to the Treaty Mellows said "We are going into the British Empire now to participate in the Empire's shame, and the crucifixion of India and the degradation of Egypt. Is that what the Irish people fought for freedom for?". He also spoke on platforms of the 'Friends of Indian Freedom' organisation and in 1919 served on the central committee of the worldwide anti-imperialist organisation the 'League of Oppressed Peoples' as a representative of Ireland.

Pat Walsh opines that Mellows was not a Communist nor a Marxist, but simply a nationalist who, in a situation of desperation for the Republican forces who looked set to lose the Civil War, thought that only by bringing workers into the national struggle could the Republican forces survive. "It was with great reluctance," Walsh writes, "that Mellows advocated this course." Conor McNamara cautions against the "championing of Mellows as a lost socialist republican leader" and argues that Mellows' correspondence from prison did not represent a well thought-out economic or political strategy. Others consider him a socialist republican, while Diarmuid Ferriter observes that Mellows became "the poster boy for republican socialists". A socialist faction of the IRA in the late 1920s and 30s used the writing of Connolly and Mellows as their ideological basis and launched the political party Saor Éire.

Writing for An Phoblacht in January 2010, Sinn Fein's Eoin Ó Broin also discussed Mellows' Marxist political positions. In the article, Ó Broin quotes Mellows' "Jail notes", in which Mellows' applies Marxist theory to Ireland and advocates for a "People's Republic". Ó Broin concludes the article by suggesting that Sinn Féin should take up these positions.

Commemoration
Mellows is commemorated by statues in Eyre Square in Galway, in the official name of the Irish Defence Forces army barracks at Renmore (Dún Úi Maoilíosa) and in the naming of Mellows Bridge in Dublin. He is also commemorated in the names of two GAA clubs (one in Galway, and Castletown Liam Mellows GAA in Wexford), and by Unidare RFC in Ballymun and their "Liam Mellows Perpetual Cup". He is referred to by name in the Dominic Behan rewritten version of the rebel song Take It Down from the Mast.

Mellows is buried in Castletown cemetery, County Wexford, a few miles from Arklow. An annual commemoration ceremony is held at his grave site, in which a wreath is laid by a member of the Liam Mellows Commemoration committee. "Liam Mellows Avenue" in Arklow is named in his honour, as is "Liam Mellows Street" in Tuam, County Galway, Teagasc Rural Economy Research Centre "Mellows Campus", "Liam Mellows Park" in Renmore, Galway, Liam Mellows Terrace in Bohermore, Galway, Athenry, Galway and Wexford town, and Mellowes (sic) Road in Finglas, Dublin.

In 2016, Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin TD unveiled a new gravestone for Mellows.

In December 2019, a memorial statue was unveiled in Finglas.

title: Liam Mellows


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Talk:MF Doom

Semi-protected edit request on 28 February 2024
i just wanna change anything titled as Doom to DOOM Vanhutenmilhouse1 (talk) 17:49, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Per the MOS it's still not going to be changed to DOOM, please see many of the other messages on the talk page. Tuna Flag of the United States.svg Veni Vidi Vici 17:51, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I believe you may be misinterpreting the MOS. See: MOS:BIOEXCEPT Criedley (talk) 14:20, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

Issue with American-British as a nationality
If he was born in Britain, died in Britain, never gained citizenship in America, and had no Ancestral/parental links to the USA, why call him American? He did grow up and live in the US, but surely this could be explained in the summary, instead of immediately putting American-British, to then be explaining that that is false.

You could change the paragraph to say “was a british rapper and record producer who grew up and mainly lived in the USA”.

I’m not an avid wikipedia user, so it’s possible i could be wrong, but i feel like this is just blatantly wrong. Even Trinidadian-Zimbabwean rapper is more correct than the current. AbsoluteMadness (talk) 01:15, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Please see the FAQ at the top of this talk page. Popcornfud (talk) 03:24, 2 June 2024 (UTC)
 * His parents lived in the US he was only born in the UK because his mother was pregnant upon travel. He had ancestral links to the US, lived here the majority of his life, and was raised in NYC. 108.52.56.66 (talk) 16:28, 3 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Agree. Criedley (talk) 07:03, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

MF DOOM's name should be stylized correctly
Wikipedia's guidelines about this are clear, his stage name should be depicted in ALL CAPS as per his own request and how he is most commonly referred to. If you don't agree with that then why does the article for Spam (food) say "(stylized as SPAM)" when MF DOOM's article does not? If it is truly wikipedia policy and not pedantry then the SPAM article must also be changed or the MF DOOM article must be appended with "(stylized as MF DOOM)" at the very least. It is not right to fully deny MF DOOM correct display of his stage name, why does spam get that respect and a (former) living breathing person does not? Either change that article or this one. ReddestVelvet (talk) 16:23, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The lead sentence already says the name is "stylized in all caps". Popcornfud (talk) 18:09, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with this 100%. This is Wikipedia's policy—why is the article source for the introduction section commented with "Do not change to all caps - file is case sensitive"? This is extremely vague. Is this referring to the potential for broken redirects to this article? If so, why not simply query all redirects to this page and change the case of them to reflect the CORRECT styling. If there is no objection to this then that would suffice for consensus I think, and I will go ahead and perform that. Im also going to look at revision history and see if whoever commented on that can be PM'ed for a clearer explanation. Criedley (talk) 06:52, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The comment about the file being case-sensitive is referring to the infobox file MF Doom - Hultsfred 2011 (cropped).jpg. If you change it to MF DOOM - Hultsfred 2011 (cropped).jpg (uppercase) then the image won't load.
 * The lead sentence already says the name is stylized in all caps. That's sufficient. We don't need to write MF DOOM in all caps to demonstrate what we mean by all caps. Popcornfud (talk) 08:46, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * ... And in fact, thinking about it more, the claim that the name is stylized in all caps isn't sourced or mentioned in the article, which leads me to suspect we shouldn't even include that. Popcornfud (talk) 08:47, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It is a fact that his name is stylized in all caps, it is even expressly stated in his instagram bio.
 * Source: https://www.instagram.com/mfdoom?igsh=MTAxbGV2Z2FjbXox
 * The image issue can be easily fixed. Is there any other reason you think it should be in all caps?
 * Criedley (talk) 09:15, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Please, lets not to revert evidence-based improvements to this article. It is pretty obvious that there is a consensus on this discussion page regarding how his name should be styled. Edit warring doesn't help. Criedley (talk) 09:21, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Why does the image filename matter? Popcornfud (talk) 09:23, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Im not sure what you are asking by that question, could you reword it? In your previous comment you said the image wouldn't load if the styling was corrected, because of the image filename. If you're asking me why the filename matters, I have no idea. I also do not see how the content of an article could affect an image file, could you elaborate on that? Maybe I'm missing something. Criedley (talk) 09:30, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * You wrote "The image issue can be easily fixed". What issue are you talking about and why does it need to be fixed? Popcornfud (talk) 09:45, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I am referring to the reply you posted in this thread at 08:46, 24 June 2024 (UTC), where you stated:
 * "The comment about the file being case-sensitive is referring to the infobox file MF Doom - Hultsfred 2011 (cropped).jpg. If you change it to MF DOOM - Hultsfred 2011 (cropped).jpg (uppercase) then the image won't load."
 * Thats the issue I am referring to and if it is an actually issue it needs to be fixed so that "MF Doom" can he corrected to "MF DOOM", because:
 * •that is how it is de facto stylized
 * •that is how the subject of the article himself stylizes it, and most importantly:
 * •that was the consensus reached in this talk page Criedley (talk) 10:07, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Can you explain why SPAM is *actually* stylized in all caps while MF DOOM's after merely says it should be but doesn't actually do it? Could you also explain why you fight so hard about this every single time it's brought up? There's a mountain of evidence that proves his name should be stylized in all caps and nearly no evidence that it shouldn't be and yet you are actually trying to argue that the article shouldn't even say *that* which i find absolutely ridiculous, I think you are arguing in bad faith and users who do not respect his legacy should not be allowed to edit his page because they're mishandling it, so much so that i think it may be on purpose. ReddestVelvet (talk) 10:16, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree and I think a third party should assist in this. Criedley (talk) 10:24, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Are you aware of Wikipedia's edit warring policy? Criedley (talk) 10:41, 24 June 2024 (UTC) Criedley (talk) 10:41, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Lets get back to the central topic of the dispute which is whether MF DOOM should be stylized in all caps. The infobox image doesn't really matter, I thought that was your reasoning for reverting the edits that corrected the styling of "MF DOOM". If something is stylized a certain way, then that is how it should be actually stylized. This is standard across Wikipedia and I don't really understand why those corrections were flippantly reverted. Criedley (talk) 10:21, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

MF DOOM wasn't born on July 13
He was actually born on January 9, 1971. There might be confusion because MF DOOM often wore a mask inspired by the Marvel Comics character Doctor Doom, who shares a birthdate of July 13. However, his actual birthdate is January 9. 93.44.121.205 (talk) 09:15, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * You might be correct, but Wikipedia is written based on what reliable sources say. See Verifiability, not truth.  AstonishingTunesAdmirer 連絡 15:04, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

Suggestion: move page to “MF DOOM”
I believe that this is the consensus, just wanted to allow discussion. Criedley (talk) 14:07, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Read MOS:BIOEXCEPT Criedley (talk) 14:21, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That is not the consensus and you're being disruptive. Please read the FAQ and give it a rest. Popcornfud (talk) 14:44, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It is consensus and they are not being disruptive, you are the only person who doesn't want to capitalize his stage name and you're being ornery about it. ReddestVelvet (talk) 14:50, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The MOS section referenced in the FAQ is not applicable to the styling of names in every instance, see MOS:BIOEXCEPT. Contradiction =/= discussion. There have been no valid arguments in favor of the way you seem to prefer it styled. Criedley (talk) 15:06, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

RfC on name styling
Should the stage name of an artist be styled in all caps if that is the way the artist explicitly wishes it to be styled, and that is how it is most often styled in sources? I.e. should "MF Doom" should be styled as "MF DOOM" per ?

Example of source containing the correct styling: https://web.archive.org/web/20240624134441/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/01/952519277/mf-doom-enigmatic-rapper-and-producer-dead-at-49 Criedley (talk) 14:59, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

 * No. Wikipedia has its own manual of style, and does not write things in BLOCK CAPS. See MOS:ALLCAPS. This has been discussed to death on this talk page for years. See the FAQ on this talk page. Popcornfud (talk) 15:05, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I beleive you are misunderstanding that section of the MOS. This is about how his stage name, is factually styled, not a string of letters being arbitrarily capitalized. See MOS:BIOEXCEPT Criedley (talk) 15:09, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The MOS literally says it should be treated as a self published name change, and should be styled accordingly. Criedley (talk) 15:14, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * No, MOS:BIOEXCEPT says we may make an exception when an overwhelming majority of reliable sources use that exceptional style. The majority of reliable sources use lowercase. This is in the FAQ. Popcornfud (talk) 15:15, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That is simply a false statement, anyone can do a quick google search and see how it is styled the overwhelming majority of the time. For instance:
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20240624134441/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/01/952519277/mf-doom-enigmatic-rapper-and-producer-dead-at-49
 * And the purpose of this request for comment was to bring bickering on the talk page to a halt. Criedley (talk) 15:33, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I know it's stated in the FAQ but where is the proof or source(s) which show that the majority of reliable secondary sources use lowercase? IOHANNVSVERVS (talk) 03:39, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, I see sources provided in another comment and a shallow search of JSTOR shows much use of "MF Doom". This RfC should likely be closed for failing to comply with WP:RFCBEFORE. IOHANNVSVERVS (talk) 03:45, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

 * No. Wikipedia's usual house style is to reduce all caps to lower case; see MOS:ALLCAPS. An overwhelming majority of sources using all caps for Dumile would be required to locally overrule the house style guide. Lower case sources such as Icons of the American Comic Book, Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the People in Music, and Who You Think I Am?: Masks in Pop Music would have to be counterbalanced by many more sources in all caps. A simple majority of all caps sources is not "overwhelming", so folks who want all caps will have quite a task ahead of them, listing every all caps source against the lower case ones to prove their case by showing overwhelming numbers. Binksternet (talk) 15:39, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Its okay to disagree! Thats what the dispute resolution process is for. Hopefully we can get some outside input on this. Criedley (talk) 15:52, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The first source you listed has nothing to do with MF DOOM. Are you familiar with the subject of this article? It is about the rap artist MF DOOM, not the supervillain Dr Doom. The second source you listed makes no mention of MF DOOM whatsoever. It increasingly seems you are not acting in good faith and are just trying to "win" this dispute. Criedley (talk) 16:00, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Ironic, considering that's the only comment by the user on this page. Meanwhile, you bludgeoned this talk page today with 22 edits (so far).  AstonishingTunesAdmirer 連絡 16:20, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

 * No, not seeing that it clears the overwhelming majority of reliable sources of MOS:BIOEXCEPT. The online music press certainly uses "MF DOOM" a lot, but in-depth news articles mostly seem to favour "MF Doom". Belbury (talk) 17:52, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:MF Doom


text:
Filling factories in the United Kingdom

A filling factory was a manufacturing plant that specialised in filling various munitions, such as bombs, shells, cartridges, pyrotechnics, and screening smokes. In the United Kingdom, during both world wars of the 20th century, the majority of the employees were women.

In World War I, a filling factory belonging to the Ministry of Munitions was known as a National Filling Factory.

In World War II, a filling factory belonging to the Ministry of Supply was known as a Royal Filling Factory (RFF), or a Royal Ordnance Factory (ROF). These were all part of the Royal Ordnance Factory organisation, owned by the MoS.

The filling of smoke screen canisters and other pyrotechnic devices was also carried out by fireworks manufacturers, particularly in World War II, but these are not specifically covered by this article.

Raw materials
The filling factories' raw materials, such as TNT, RDX, or propellants, such as cordite, were manufactured in National Explosives Factories (World War I) or Explosive ROFs (World War II) and transported, by railway trains, to the filling factories for filling into munitions, produced at other plants.

High-explosives, such as TNT, had to be heated to melt them and the liquid was poured hot into heated shell cases. Care had to be taken to ensure that there were no voids in the poured explosive charge as this could lead to the shell detonating in the gun barrel during firing.

Shells and gun cartridges were manufactured in the UK, in World War II, by both the Engineering ROFs and private steel works / forging companies. It is believed that the empty brass cartridge cases for small arms were made at the Small Arms Ammunition Factories.

The filling factories produced their own pyrotechnics, such as fuses and screening smokes, as many of these were sensitive materials. They were then filled or assembled directly into the munitions.

They also would have sewn cotton bags for filling with primer composition or cordite charges.

Filling groups
Filling factories had a large number of buildings. Buildings were needed on the various groups for filling of munitions. Explosives magazines were required by each group to store the incoming explosive materials and to store the outgoing filled shells or gun cartridges, usually packed in ammunition boxes. Storage buildings were also needed on each group to store the incoming empty shells and the empty ammunition boxes.

For safety purposes, munitions were segregated into different compatibility groups. A World War II filling factory would generally fill several different groups of munitions; and these groups would be located in different geographical areas within the danger area of the filling factory.

The World War II groups were: In addition, a filling factory would have provision for limited proofing and testing of its munitions; and burning grounds for disposal of waste explosive material.
 * Group 1: Initiators, such as caps and detonators for primers and fuzes.
 * Group 2: Fuze pellets, exploder pellets, exploder bags.
 * Group 3: Filling of fuzes.
 * Group 4: Blending of gunpowders for time fuzes.
 * Group 5: Filling of cartridges, such as filling cordite into cloth bags or into brass cartridge cases.
 * Group 6: Manufacture of smoke producing compositions.
 * Group 7: Small arms filling.
 * Group 8: Filling of shells or bombs.
 * Group 9: Large magazines, filled ammunition awaiting dispatch.

Outside of this danger area, but still within the factory site, would be located:
 * administration offices;
 * pay offices;
 * workshops;
 * a medical centre;
 * changing rooms;
 * contraband storage (for items prohibited in the danger areas, e.g. matches, tobacco, etc.);
 * search rooms;
 * canteens (as many as 40 in some of the large factories).

UK World War I National Filling Factories
At the start of the War munition filling was carried out at Woolwich Arsenal, however it was soon realised that a massive increase in production of munitions was required. A 2015 study by Historic England looked into the 170 National Factories created in England by the Ministry of Munitions in the early part of WW1 (covering 174 locations), among these were the National Filling Factories, including a National Fuse Factory, 5 Trench Warfare Filling Factories, and 3 National Factories for Filling and Assembling Chemical Shells. Filling of small bore ammunition was increased by the creation of 4 government cartridge factories. Most of the national filling factories followed similar designs with large sites with small lightweight buildings well separated and connected by raised walkways which had lightweight rail lines so materials could be wheeled between buildings on trolleys. Shells, fuses, packing cases, and explosives were brought in by rail to the edge of the factory, and completed munitions left by rail. All the filling work was carried out within the large 'clean area' by a large, mainly female, workforce. People entering the clean area had to change clothes and leave behind anything that could strike a spark, not just matches and lighters but all metal, even hairclips - one male worker being fined £5 for being in possession of 2 nails that he had used to replace a lost button on his trousers.

While some of the factories were entirely built and managed by the Ministry of Munitions, others had local management. For instance NFF 10 was built on 109 acres of land owned by White and Poppe Ltd who had changed from engine production to manufacturing fuse bodies and 18pdr shell sockets. White and Poppe was given the contract for building the fuse filling plant in September 1915, and when completed in September 1916 it ran under their management. Unfortunately a problem with fuse failures caused a cessation of production in December 1916. The fault identified and the factory reorganised it restarted production in February 1917 as NFF 21, but still under White and Poppe management.

When the Armistice came in November 1918, production was rapidly terminated and the female workforce laid off. A few sites, with much reduced male staff levels, were used for decommissioning unwanted ammunition. After clean up, most of the buildings, equipment, and stores were sold off by public auctions in the early 1920s.

The recruitment of workers for the factories was specifically aimed at women, and in general the workforce at the filling factories was 80 to 90% women. An advert in the papers in January 1917 was aimed at recruiting 8000 women workers for a munitions filling factory in North-West London (Willesden Employment Exchange). They had to be aged 20 to 40, and live not more than an hour away, though a lodgings register was available. The work was generally 54 hours a week, 'but may be more', and the pay was 27 shillings, day and night shifts had to be undertaken by all workers, a fortnight of each at a time. For more information on women in munitions during WW1 see munitionettes.

WW I references

 * Cocroft, Wayne D. (2000). Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture. Swindon: English Heritage. ISBN 1-85074-718-0.

UK World War II Royal Ordnance Factory, filling factories
Some of these filling factories were temporary "war duration" only factories and they closed after the end of World War II. Other filling factories were designed to be permanent and to remain open after the War. However, only ROF Glascoed is still open and is now part of BAE Systems.

Twenty World War II filling factories were planned, but only 16 were built. The two largest UK filling factories were:
 * ROF Chorley (Filling Factory No. 1)
 * ROF Bridgend (Filling Factory No. 2)

The other filling factories were:
 * ROF Glascoed (Filling Factory No. 3)
 * ROF Rotherwas (Filling Factory No. 4)
 * ROF Swynnerton (Filling Factory No. 5)
 * ROF Risley (Filling Factory No. 6)
 * ROF Kirkby (Filling Factory No. 7)
 * ROF Aycliffe (Filling Factory No. 8)
 * ROF Thorp Arch (Filling Factory No. 9)
 * ROF Queniborough (Filling Factory No. 10)
 * ROF Brackla (Filling Factory No. 11)
 * ROF Swindon (Wootton Bassett) (Factory No. 12)
 * ROF Macclesfield (Factory No. 13)
 * ROF Ruddington (Filling Factory No. 14)
 * ROF Walsall (Filling Factory No. 15)
 * ROF Elstow (Filling Factory No. 16)
 * ROF Featherstone (Filling Factory No. 17)
 * ROF Burghfield (Filling Factory No. 18)
 * ROF Tutbury (Factory No. 19)
 * ROF Northampton (Factory No. 20)

WW II references

 * Cocroft, Wayne D. (2000). Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture. Swindon: English Heritage. ISBN 1-85074-718-0.
 * Hay, Ian. (1949). R.O.F. The Story of the Royal Ordnance Factories: 1939–48. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
 * Hornby, William (1958). Factories and Plant. (History of The Second World War: United Kingdom Civil Series). London: HMSO and Longmans, Green and Co.
 * Kohan, C.M. (1952). Works and Buildings. (History of The Second World War: United Kingdom Civil Series). London: HMSO and Longmans, Green and Co.

title: Filling factories in the United Kingdom


text: Template:Campaignbox Macedonian Wars

title: Template:Campaignbox Macedonian Wars


text:
Talk:Inferno (Doctor Who)

KTEH broadcasts
Is this really notable? I suppose it features prominently in the memories of people who watched Doctor Who in California in the '80s, but is that a large enough sector of the public for it to merit mention in Wikipedia? —Josiah Rowe 23:47, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I like it. I think's it just as interesting an anecdote as the thing about the transmission hacker on Horror of Fang Rock. Besides, while there's a blustering amount of BBC broadcast information available (and most of it has been transfered here), there's strikingly little on the PBS broadcasts, so we should have as much as possible :).--Sean Jelly Baby? 00:46, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. —Josiah Rowe 00:49, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Plot
The plot is waaaay too long. I thought the synopsis would be a good replacement, but it reads as advertising copy and that itself is frowned upon. Lots42 (talk) 20:38, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Mirror, Mirror (Star Trek)
Is it worth mentioning the numerous similarities between this episode and Mirror, Mirror (Star Trek)? 151.197.226.214 (talk) 20:51, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

 * It is certainly citable, via Paul Cornell, Martin Day and Keith Topping's book, Doctor Who: The Discontinuity Guide. --Ted Watson (talk) 20:58, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

The credits sequence
The title sequence showing the credits being displayed over stock footage of lava flows, harks back to the black and white era. Of the Troughton Era series I have seen both The Seeds of Death and The War Games use custom opening title sequences. The same is true for the Hartnell Era serial The War Machines.Graham1973 (talk) 17:22, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Primords
It should probably be made clearer in the article that, although it is being used in the story synopsis as if it’s a given, the creatures are never called “Primords” during the story - that name doesn’t occur “in-universe”, but can be found in production documentation, and in the end credits (I think - I don’t have a copy of the story to hand to check the latter). It is later retconned into the continuity of the Big Finish spin-off audios, by having a character derive the name from the word “primordial”. Jock123A (talk) 16:05, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inferno (Doctor Who)


text:
Legends (anthology)

Legends: Short Novels by the Masters of Modern Fantasy is a 1998 anthology of 11 novellas (short novels) by a number of English-language fantasy authors, edited by Robert Silverberg. All the stories were original to the collection, and set in the authors' established fictional worlds. The anthology won a Locus Award for Best Anthology in 1999. Its science fiction equivalent, Far Horizons, followed in 1999.

The collection has a sequel, Legends II, published in 2003.

Contents

 * Stephen King: "The Little Sisters of Eluria" (The Dark Tower)
 * Terry Goodkind: "Debt of Bones" (The Sword of Truth)
 * Orson Scott Card: "Grinning Man" (The Tales of Alvin Maker)
 * Robert Silverberg: "The Seventh Shrine" (Majipoor)
 * Ursula K. Le Guin: "Dragonfly" (Earthsea)
 * Raymond E. Feist: "The Wood Boy" (The Riftwar Cycle)
 * Terry Pratchett: "The Sea and Little Fishes" (Discworld)
 * George R. R. Martin: The Hedge Knight (novella, A Song of Ice and Fire)
 * Tad Williams: "The Burning Man" (Memory, Sorrow and Thorn)
 * Anne McCaffrey: "Runner of Pern" (Dragonriders of Pern)
 * Robert Jordan: "New Spring" (The Wheel of Time)

Editions

 * A hardback edition was published by Voyager on October 5, 1998 in the United Kingdom with ISBN 0-00-225666-5.
 * A paperback edition was published by Voyager on June 7, 1999 in the United Kingdom with ISBN 0-00-225667-3.

A re-release was published by Voyager in which Legends was split into two halves, both titled Legends.
 * Volume One ISBN 0-00-648394-1 - published on November 1, 1999, containing:
 * "The Sea and Little Fishes"
 * "Runner of Pern"
 * "The Hedge Knight"
 * "The Burning Man"
 * "New Spring"
 * Volume Two ISBN 0-00-648393-3 - published on April 3, 2000 (a special overseas edition (same details) was issued in 1999), both containing:
 * "The Little Sisters of Eluria"
 * "Debt of Bones"
 * "Grinning Man"
 * "The Seventh Shrine"
 * "Dragonfly"
 * "The Wood Boy"

Serialization
In 1999 Tor Books decided to re-release the stories from the anthology, now split across three volumes.
 * Legends Vol. 1 (1999) ISBN 0-8125-6663-7 - "The Little Sisters of Eluria", "The Seventh Shrine", "Grinning Man", and "The Wood Boy"
 * Legends Vol. 2 (1999) ISBN 0-8125-7523-7 - "Debt of Bones", "The Hedge Knight", and "Runner of Pern"
 * Legends Vol. 3 (2000) ISBN 0-8125-6664-5 - "New Spring", "Dragonfly", "The Burning Man", and "The Sea and Little Fishes"

Reception
Legends won a Locus Award for Best Anthology in 1999.

title: Legends (anthology)


text: Talk:Christine Lakin

title: Talk:Christine Lakin


text:
Adatom

An adatom is an atom that lies on a crystal surface, and can be thought of as the opposite of a surface vacancy. This term is used in surface chemistry and epitaxy, when describing single atoms lying on surfaces and surface roughness. The word is a portmanteau of "adsorbed atom". A single atom, a cluster of atoms, or a molecule or cluster of molecules may all be referred to by the general term "adparticle". This is often a thermodynamically unfavorable state. However, cases such as graphene may provide counter-examples.

Adatom growth
″Adatom″ is a portmanteau word, short for adsorbed atom. When the atom arrives at a crystal surface, it is adsorbed by the periodic potential of the crystal, thus becoming an adatom. The minima of this potential form a network of adsorption sites on the surface. There are different types of adsorption sites. Each of these sites corresponds to a different structure of the surface. There are five different types of adsorption sites, which are: on a terrace, where the adsorption site is on top of the surface layer that is growing; at the step edge, which is next to the growing layer; in the kink of a growing layer; in the step edge of a growing layer, and in the surface layer, where the adsorption site is inside the lower layer.

Out of these adsorption site types, kink sites play the most important role in crystal growth. Kink density is a major factor of growth kinetics. Attachment of an atom to the kink site, or removal of the atom from the kink, does not change the free surface energy of the crystal, since the number of broken bonds does not change. This gives that the chemical potential of an atom in the kink site is equal to that of the crystal, which means that the kink site is the one adsorption site type where an adatom becomes a part of the crystal.

If crystallography is used, or if the growth temperatures are higher, which would give an entropy effect, the crystal surface becomes rough, causing greater number of kinks. This means that adatoms have a greater chance of arriving at a kink site, to become part of the crystal. This is the normal mechanism of growth.

The opposite, so with a lower growth temperature, would give a smooth surface, which means that there is a higher number of terrace adsorption sites. There are still kink sites, but these are only found at the edges of steps. The crystal only grows through "lateral motion of the steps". This type of growth is called the layer mechanism of growth. How the adatoms grow on the surface depends on what interaction is the strongest or what the surface looks like. If the adatom-adatom interaction is the strongest, adatoms are more likely to create pyramids of adatoms on the surface. If the adatom-surface interaction is the strongest, the adatoms are more likely to arrange themselves in such a way as to create layers on the surface. But it also depends on the origins of the steps on the surface. In total there are five different types of layer growth: normal growth, step-flow growth, layer-by-layer growth, multilayer (or three-dimensional island) growth, and spiral growth.

Step-flow growth is observed on stair-like surfaces. These surfaces have a geometry with vicinal steps separated by "atomically flat low-index terraces". When adatoms attach to the edges of the steps, they move along the surface, until they find a kink site to attach to become part of the crystal. However, if the kink density is not high enough, and thus not all adatoms arrive at one of the kinks, additional steps, as if there is a flat surface with small two-dimensional islands on it, are created on the terraces, leading to a mixed growth mode, which leads to a change in layer growth type, from step-flow to layer-by-layer growth.

In layer-by-layer growth, the adatom-surface interaction is the strongest. A new layer is created through 2D islands, which is created on the surface. The islands grow until they spread out over the entire surface, and the next layer will start to grow. This growth is named Frank-Van der Merwe (FM) growth.

In some cases the cycle of making new layers in layer-by-layer growth is broken by kinetic constraints. In these cases, growth in higher layers starts before lower layers are finished, which means three-dimensional island are created. A new type of growth, called multilayer growth, is started, instead of the layer-by-layer growth. Multilayer growth can be divided into Volmer-Weber growth and Stranski-Krastanov growth.

If the crystal surface contains a screw dislocation, a different type of growth, called spiral growth might take place. Around the screw dislocation, a spiral shape is seen during growth. As the screw dislocation causes a growth spiral that does not disappear, islands might not be needed to cause crystal growth.

The adatoms are bound to the surface through epitaxy. In this process, new layers of a crystal are created through the attachment of new atoms. This can be through a chemical reaction, or through heating a new film or centrifuging it. Generally, what happens is that the particles that are used to form a new layer, will not always be adsorbed. To create bonds with the surface, energy is needed and not every particle has the needed amount of energy to attach at that part of the surface (for different parts, different energies are needed). If one has a flux F of particles incoming, part of it will be adsorbed, given by the adsorption flux

$$J_{ads} = sF$$

where s here is the sticking coefficient. Not only does this variable depend on the surface and on the energy of the incoming atom, but also on the chemical nature of both the particle and the surface. If both the particle and surface are made of a substance that easily reacts with other particles, it is easier for the atoms to stick to the surface.

Surface thermodynamics
Taking a look at the thermodynamics at the surface of the film, it is seen that bonds are broken, releasing energy, and bonds are formed, confining energy. The thermodynamics involved were modeled by the two Germans W.Kossel and N.Stranski in 1920. This model is called Terrace ledge kink model (TLK).

The adatom can create more than one bond with the crystal, depending on the structure of the crystal. If it is a simple cubic lattice, the adatom can have up to 6 bonds, whereas in a face-centered cubic lattice, it can have up to 12 nearest neighbors. The more bonds created, the more energy is confined, making it harder to desorb the adatom.

A special site for an adatom is a kink, where exactly half of the bonds with the surface can be created, also called the "half-crystal position".

Magnetic adatoms
Adatoms, due to having fewer bonds than the other atoms in the crystal, have unbound electrons. These electrons have spin and therefore a magnetic moment. This magnetic moment has no preference for orientation until an external influence, like a magnetic field, is present. The structure of the adatoms on a surface can be adjusted by changing the external magnetic field. Through this method theoretical situations, such as the atomic chain, can be simulated. Quantum mechanics needs to be taken into account when using adatoms due to the small scale.

The magnetic field created by an atom is caused mostly by the orbit and spin of the electrons. The proton's and neutron's magnetic moment are negligible when compared to that of the electron due to their larger masses. When an atom with free electrons is inside an external magnetic field, its magnetic moment aligns with the external field because this lowers its energy. This is why bound electrons do not display this magnetic moment, they already have a favorable energy state and it is unfavorable to change. The magnetization of an (magnetically aligned) atom is given by:

$$M = \frac{N g_j^2 \mu_B^2B}{3k_bT}j(j+1)$$

Where N is the number of electrons, gj is the g-factor, μB is the Bohr magneton, kb is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature and j is the total angular momentum quantum number. This formula holds under the assumption that the magnetic energy of an electron is given by $$E = m_j g_j \mu_B B$$ and there is no exchange interaction.

Adatom movement across the surface
The movement of adatoms across a surface can be described by the Burton, Cabrera and Frank (CBF) model. The model treats adatoms as a 2D gas on top of the surface. The adatoms diffuse with a diffusion constant D; they are desorbed back to the medium above with a rate of $$1/\tau_{des}$$ per atom and adsorbed with flux F.

The diffusion constant can be, when the concentration of particles is small, expressed as:

$$D = \frac{1}{4}a^2 \nu_0\text{exp}(-\frac{E_D}{k_bT})$$

Where a is the hopping distance for the atom. ED is the energy needed to pass the diffusion barrier. ν0 is the attempt frequency.

The CBF model obeys the following continuity equation:

$$\frac{\partial n}{\partial t} = D\nabla^2n + F - \frac{n}{\tau_{des}}$$

Combining the steady states ($$dn/dt = 0$$) with the following boundary conditions can lead to an expression for the velocity of the adatoms at each adsorption site.

$$\nu_i = \beta_{inc}[n_1(x_i) - \tilde{n}] + \beta_{inc}[n_u(x_i) - \tilde{n}]$$

The boundary conditions:

$$D\frac{\mathrm{d} n_1}{\mathrm{d} x}|_{x=x_i} = \beta_{inc}[n_1(x_i) - \tilde{n}] + \beta_{p}[n_1(x_1) - n_u(x_i)]$$

And:

$$-D\frac{\mathrm{d} n_u}{\mathrm{d} x}|_{x=x_i} = \beta_{inc}[n_u(x_i) - \tilde{n}] + \beta_{p}[n_1(x_1) - n_u(x_i)]$$

Applications
In 2012, scientists at the University of New South Wales were able to use phosphine to precisely, deterministically eject a single silicon atom onto a surface of epitaxial silicon. This resulting adatom created what is described as a single-atom transistor. Thus, inasmuch as chemical empirical formulas pinpoint the locations of branching ions that are attached to a particular molecule, the dopant of silicon based transistors and other such electronic components will have the location identified of each dopant atom or molecule, along with the associated characteristic of the device based on the named locations. Thus, the mapping of the dopant substances will give exact characteristics of any given semiconductor device, once all is known.

With the technology available nowadays it is possible to create a linear chain of adatoms on top of an epitaxial film. With this, one can analyse theoretical situations.

Furthermore, Usami et al. were able to create quantum wells by adding Si atoms to a SiGe bulk crystal. Within these wells they observed photoluminescence of excitons that were confined in these wells.

title: Adatom


text:
Katherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk

Katherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk, suo jure 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby ( Willoughby; 22 March 1519 – 19 September 1580), was an English noblewoman living at the courts of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth I. She was the fourth wife of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, who acted as her legal guardian during his third marriage to Henry VIII's sister Mary. Her second husband was Richard Bertie, a member of her household. Following Charles Brandon's death in 1545, it was rumoured that King Henry had considered marrying Katherine as his seventh wife, while he was still married to his sixth wife, Catherine Parr, who was Katherine's close friend.

An outspoken supporter of the English Reformation, she fled abroad to Wesel and later the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the reign of Queen Mary I, to avoid persecution.

Family
Katherine Willoughby, born at Parham Old Hall, Suffolk, on 22 March 1519 and christened in the church there four days later, was the daughter of William Willoughby, 11th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, and his second wife, María de Salinas. Lord Willoughby's first wife, Mary Hussey, the daughter of William Hussey, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, had died childless before 1512, and in June 1516 he married María de Salinas. Doña María de Salinas had come to the English court with Henry VIII's Queen consort, Catherine of Aragon, and was one of the queen's ladies-in-waiting and closest friends. The king favoured another match bolstering his own marital alliance with Spain, and even named one of his warships the Mary Willoughby. It seems Katherine was named for the queen, but her mother's lifelong friendship with Catherine of Aragon did not prevent her daughter from becoming one of England's Marian exiles later in life.

Katherine had two brothers, Henry and Francis, who died as infants.

Early life
According to Goff, Katherine likely spent her early childhood at Parham, as her mother was in almost constant attendance on Henry VIII's Queen, Catherine of Aragon. On 14 October 1526, when Katherine was seven years of age, Lord Willoughby died after falling ill during a visit to Suffolk and was buried at Mettingham. As his only surviving child, Katherine inherited the barony. Her father held some thirty manors in Lincolnshire, and almost the same number in Norfolk and Suffolk, worth over £900 per annum, and Katherine is said to have been 'one of the greatest heiresses of her generation'. However, her inheritance became a subject of dispute for many years, as there was doubt as to which lands had been settled on the heirs male and which on the heirs general, and the matter was further complicated by a deed which Lord Willoughby had drawn up before leaving for France to campaign in Henry VIII's wars in 1523. In 1527 Katherine's uncle, Sir Christopher Willoughby, accused his sister-in-law, Katherine's mother, María de Salinas, of withholding documents from him which established the title to various estates, and of having kept him out of possession of estates which rightfully belonged to him.

At her father's death, Katherine's wardship fell to the king, who on 1 March 1528 sold it to his brother-in-law Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. On acquiring Katherine's wardship, Suffolk immediately intervened in the family quarrel with a letter to Cardinal Wolsey, and his intervention appears to have cowed Sir Christopher Willoughby, who wrote to Wolsey that the Cardinal's anger was 'worse to him than death'.

Katherine is said to have been betrothed to Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln (died 1534), Suffolk's son by his third wife, Mary Tudor. Mary Tudor died at Westhorpe, Suffolk, on 25 June 1533, and on 21 July the young Katherine was one of the chief mourners at her funeral. As early as 1531 it had been rumoured in the household of Henry VIII's future wife, Anne Boleyn, that Suffolk was personally interested in Katherine, and six weeks after Mary Tudor's death the Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, reported to Charles V that:

"On Sunday next the Duke of Suffolk will be married to the daughter of a Spanish lady named Lady Willoughby. She was promised to the Duke's son, but he is only ten years old, & although it is not worth writing to your Majesty, the novelty of the case made me mention it'."

Although Suffolk was forty-nine and Katherine only fourteen, the marriage was a financially successful one. The Willoughby inheritance was not fully settled until the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, but Suffolk was able to force Sir Christopher Willoughby to relinquish possession of some of the contested Willoughby estates, and Suffolk eventually became the greatest magnate in Lincolnshire. As such, he played an important role in quelling the Lincolnshire rebellion in 1536, and built an imposing residence at Grimsthorpe, which came into Katherine's possession at the death of Elizabeth de Vere, Dowager Countess of Oxford, widow of the 13th Earl.

The Duke and Duchess had two sons, Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, born 18 September 1534 at Katherine's mother's house in the Barbican, and Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, born 1537. The marriage brought Katherine into the extended royal family, because Henry VIII's will made his younger sister Mary Tudor's descendants the next heirs to the throne after his own children. The Duke and Duchess of Suffolk officially greeted Anne of Cleves when she arrived in England in 1539 to marry the king, and in 1541 they helped arrange a royal progress for the king and his next wife, Catherine Howard. This progress later became notorious for the queen's alleged adulterous trysts with her kinsman, Thomas Culpeper, though the duke and duchess's home at Grimsthorpe Castle was "one of the very few places on the route ... where Catherine Howard had not misbehaved herself".

Personality and beliefs
Noted for her wit, sharp tongue, and devotion to learning, by the last years of Henry VIII's reign the Duchess of Suffolk was also an outspoken advocate of the English Reformation. She became a close friend of Henry's last queen, Catherine Parr, particularly after the Duke died in 1545, and was a strong influence on the queen's religious beliefs. In 1546, as these views grew controversial, the king ordered the queen's arrest, though his wife managed to cajole him into cancelling this.

The Duchess of Suffolk once gave a banquet and during a party game afterwards named Bishop Gardiner as the man she loved least. She named her pet spaniel "Gardiner", provoking much amusement when she called her dog to heel. Several years later when Gardiner was imprisoned during the reign of King Edward VI, she is quoted as saying, "It was merry with the lambs when the wolf was shut up."

Suffolk died 22 August 1545, and it was rumoured that the king was considering the Duchess—still only in her mid-twenties—as his seventh wife. In February 1546, Van der Delft wrote: "I hesitate to report there are rumours of a new queen. Some attribute it to the sterility of the present Queen, while others say that there will be no change during the present war. Madame Suffolk is much talked about and is in great favour; but the king shows no alteration in his behaviour to the queen, although she is said to be annoyed by the rumour". But their friendship remained strong, and after Henry VIII's death in 1547, the Duchess helped fund the publication of one of Catherine Parr's books, The Lamentation of a Sinner. She also became a patron of John Day, England's leading religious publisher; Day printed various books with the Duchess of Suffolk's coat of arms from 1548 onward. Beginning in 1550, the Duchess helped establish stranger churches for foreign Protestants, principally Dutch, who were fleeing religious persecution on the Continent.

After Henry VIII's death
The dowager queen Catherine Parr remarried to Thomas Seymour shortly after the death of the king. In August 1548, she gave birth to a daughter and died several days later, presumably of childbed fever. Upon her death, her widower went to London with their new baby daughter. Months later, Seymour was arrested, tried, and executed for treason. Their daughter, Mary, was left an orphan aged only seven months. The Duchess of Suffolk was appointed guardian. The Duchess could not support the young infant so she wrote to Sir William Cecil, asking for funds. The letter reflects her resentment towards the child. The letter was obviously taken into account for in January 1550, an act in Parliament was passed restoring Mary to what was left of her father's property. No claim was ever made and the queen's daughter seems to disappear from history at this time. Parr's biographer Linda Porter believes that the child died and was buried near the Duchess's estate in Grimsthorpe. Years later, the Duchess also became the custodian of one of her Brandon step-granddaughters, Lady Mary Grey, when the latter was placed under house arrest after marrying without royal consent.

In 1551 both the Duchess's teenage sons, Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk and Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, already students at Cambridge, died within an hour of each other of the sweating sickness. Four months afterwards, attempting to reconcile herself to this tragedy, Katherine wrote to Sir William Cecil that “truly I take this [God's] last (and to the first sight most sharp and bitter) punishment not for the least of his benefits, in as much as I have never been so well taught by any other before to know his power, his love, and mercy, my own wickedness, and that wretched state that without him I should endure here”. In recovering from this misfortune and its severe test to her faith, Katherine built a new life. In this period she employed Hugh Latimer as her chaplain.

She married her second husband, Richard Bertie (25 December 1516 – 9 April 1582), a member of her household, out of love and shared religious beliefs, but she continued to be known as the Duchess of Suffolk, and her efforts to have her husband named Lord Willoughby de Eresby were unsuccessful. In 1555, during the reign of Queen Mary I, the Berties were among the Marian exiles who left for the Continent. Their persecution by Stephen Gardiner, the Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor, and subsequent wanderings were recounted in Foxe's Book of Martyrs, in an account probably written by Richard Bertie himself for the 1570 edition. During this period Sigismund II Augustus, the King of Poland and Duke of Lithuania appointed them as administrators of Lithuania, based at Kražiai.

After their return to England, they lived at Katherine's estate, Grimsthorpe in Lincolnshire, and at court.

By Richard Bertie, Katherine was the mother of:

 * Susan Bertie, Countess of Kent, (b. 1554) who married, firstly, Reginald Grey, 5th Earl of Kent, (before 1541 – 1573) and, secondly, Sir John Wingfield, a nephew of Katherine's friend, Bess of Hardwick. Katherine was successful in persuading Elizabeth I to restore the Kent earldom to Reginald (sometimes known as Reynold), her son in law, after it had been in abeyance for 47 years following the death of Richard Grey, 3rd earl of Kent, whose half brother Sir Henry Grey was Reynold’s grandfather.
 * Peregrine Bertie (1555 – 1601) (named for their peregrinations in exile), who married Mary de Vere, only sister of the whole blood of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford.

Jewels
In 1551, some of her jewels were in the keeping of William Sharington of Lacock Abbey. She had pledged them for a loan of money. These included brooches, tablets or lockets, one depicting Jacob's Ladder, another a town with a castle, another, the story of the Samaritan woman, with a number of jewelled gold "billaments" for wearing on a French hood.

Literary tributes
Katherine and Richard Bertie's exile became the basis of a ballad by Thomas Deloney (1543–1600), The most Rare and Excellent History, Of the Duchess of Suffolks Calamity, and of Thomas Drue's play, The Life of the Duchess of Suffolk, published in 1624. It may also have been the subject of an unpublished play from 1600 by William Haughton, The English Fugitives. Katherine's second marriage to one of her servants and subsequent persecution also present parallels to the plot of John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi.

Issue
By her first marriage, she had two sons:
 * Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (18 September 1535 – 14 July 1551), died of the sweating sickness
 * Charles Brandon, 3rd Duke of Suffolk (1537/38 – 14 July 1551), died of the sweating sickness an hour after his older brother.

By her second marriage, she had a daughter and a son:
 * Susan Bertie, Countess of Kent (1554 – unknown), married, firstly, in 1570, Reginald Grey of Wrest, 5th Earl of Kent and, secondly, on 30 September 1581, John Wingfield by whom she had two sons Peregrine Wingfield and Robert Wingfield.
 * Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby (12 October 1555 – 1601), married 1577 Mary de Vere, daughter of John de Vere, 16th Earl of Oxford and Margery Golding. They had seven children.

In fiction

 * Katherine's story is very fictionalised in The Sixth Wife: A Novel by Suzannah Dunn
 * Her character is played by Rebekah Wainwright in the historical fiction series The Tudors, where she is called Catherine Brooke, and much of her story has been changed.
 * Katherine and her second husband Bertie appear in Stanley Weyman's 1891 novel The Story of Francis Cludde. It covers the period 1555–58, when the eponymous hero helps them escape Mary's agents and reach safety in Germany; he also is made godfather to their son Peregrine. As with most of Weyman's novels, the historical detail is accurate and well researched.

title: Katherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk


text:
More Than You Deserve

More Than You Deserve is a musical written by Jim Steinman and Michael Weller, produced by Joseph Papp and directed by Kim Friedman. After a workshop production lasting two weekends in April 1973 at the Other Stage (now known as the LuEsther Hall) of The Public Theater, it opened at the Newman Theater (also within The Public Theater) on November 21, 1973, ran for 63 performances and closed on January 13, 1974. Weller's original title for the play was Souvenirs, which referred to the severed ears of killed Viet Cong forces which the soldiers collected and wore as keepsakes on strings around their necks.

Original cast

 * Major Michael Dillon - Fred Gwynne
 * Fiona Markham - Kimberly Farr
 * Nurse/Nin Hua - Leata Galloway
 * Nurse/Uncle Remus - Mary Beth Hurt
 * Nathan/Herbie/Pilot - Stephen Collins
 * Dr. Smith/Sgt. Price - Graham Jarvis
 * Luke/Lance Moriarty - Seth Allen
 * Mike / Brown / Gerald Moore - Larry Marshall
 * Perrine / Rabbit - Meat Loaf
 * Wiley / Trout - Kim Milford
 * Owlsy / Joe - Tom Leo
 * Costucci / Lt. Maddox - Edward Zang
 * Spooky 1 / Vietnamese - Justin Ross
 * Spooky 2 / Vietnamese / Radio man - Eivie McGehee
 * Melvin - Terry Kiser
 * General Chet Eastacre - Ronald (Ron) Silver

Plot synopsis
The story is set in a United States Army base in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Major Michael Dillon (Gwynne), who is impotent, falls in love with a reporter sent to cover the camp, who turns out to be a nymphomaniac when she is gang-raped by the other soldiers in the camp. However, she realizes at the end that she will be even happier giving up her newfound lust for sex to settle down with the impotent commander.

Song
The song that gives the musical its title was planned as a single in 1973, but ultimately cancelled. Only promotional copies exist. Years later Meat Loaf recorded the song again for his 1981 album Dead Ringer.

Other songs

 * 1) Overture
 * 2) Give Me the Simple Life
 * 3) Could She Be the One
 * 4) Where Did It Go?
 * 5) Come With Me (We Know Love)
 * 6) Mama, You'd Better Watch Out for Your Daughters
 * 7) More Than You Deserve
 * O, What a War
 * 1) Song of the City of Hope
 * 2) To Feel So Needed
 * 3) Mama, You'd Better Watch Out for Your Daughters (reprise)
 * Go, Go, Go, Guerrillas
 * 1) What Became of the People We Were
 * 2) If Only
 * 3) Midnight Lullabye
 * 4) Song of the Golden Egg
 * 5) What Became of the People We Were (reprise)

Legacy
Steinman and Meat Loaf first met during the production and would go on to make the multi-platinum album Bat Out of Hell. The title track from the show was recorded by Meat Loaf for the album Dead Ringer. He also performed the song on his show VH1 Storytellers.

Paul Shaffer served as musical director for the show.

title: More Than You Deserve


text: Talk:Chicago school of economics

title: Talk:Chicago school of economics


text:
Thrust (disambiguation)

Thrust is a reaction force described by Newton's Second and Third Laws.

Thrust may also refer to:
 * Thrust fault, in geology
 * Thrust block, a specialised form of thrust bearing used in ships
 * Thrust (particle physics), a quantity that characterizes the collision of high energy particles in a collider
 * Thrust bearing, particular type of rotary bearing
 * ThrustSSC, and Thrust2, the land-speed record breaking cars
 * Thrust (video game), a computer game
 * Thrust (rapper), a Canadian hip hop artist
 * Thrust (science fiction magazine), a 1973–1991 American fanzine
 * Thrust (album), a Herbie Hancock fusion album
 * Thrust stage, in a theatre, a portion of the stage that extends out from the proscenium into the audience
 * Tongue thrust
 * Pelvic thrust

title: Thrust (disambiguation)


text:
Mstislav Mstislavich

Mstislav Mstislavich the Daring, also called the Able (died c. 1228), was a prince of Tmutarakan and Chernigov, one of the princes from Kievan Rus' in the decades preceding the Mongol invasions.

Biography
Mstislav Mstislavich was the son of Mstislav Rostislavich ("the Brave") of Smolensk by a princess of Ryazan; his grandfather was Rostislav I of Kiev. In 1193 and 1203, Mstislav was commended for his bravery in the Kipchak wars, bringing him fame all over Kievan Rus'. At that time, he married Maria, a daughter of the Kipchak Khan Kotyan. In 1209, he was mentioned as a ruler of Toropets. A year later, he came and took the Novgorodian throne, seizing Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich's men (Sviatoslav himself was detained in the archbishop's compound in Novgorod).

On his way to Novgorod, Mstislav delivered the key town of Torzhok from a siege laid to it by Vsevolod III of Vladimir. He led two successful Novgorodian campaigns against the Chudes in 1212 and 1214. In 1215, he expelled Vsevolod IV from Kiev and elevated his uncle Mstislav Romanovich to the throne.

In 1216, Mstislav mustered a large coalition of princes of Rus' which defeated Vladimir-Suzdal in the Battle of Lipitsa. After that, he installed his ally Konstantin of Rostov as Grand Prince of Vladimir and married his own daughter to Yaroslav of Suzdal, who had fortified himself in Torzhok. In the meantime, his other enemies had him deposed in Novgorod, and Mstislav had to abandon northern Rus' for Galicia. In 1219, he concluded peace with his chief rival, Daniel of Galicia, who thereupon married Mstislav's daughter Anna.

In 1223, Mstislav joined a coalition of perhaps 18 princes, which, along with Cuman (Polovtsian) allies, pursued the Mongols from the Dnieper River for nine days and joined battle with them at the Kalka River. While three princes were captured and later killed at the battle site, and six more were killed in headlong pursuit back to the Dnieper River, Mstislav is the only prince specifically named among the nine or so who escaped. He managed to escape by cutting loose the boats on the Dnieper River so he could not be pursued.

Mstislav reigned in Galicia until 1227, when boyar intrigues constrained him to leave the city to his son-in-law, Andrew of Hungary. Thereupon he retired to Torchesk, where he died in 1228.

Family
He was the maternal grandfather of Prince Alexander Nevsky, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev and Grand Prince of Vladimir. He also was the maternal grandfather of prince Leo I of Galicia, who became Grand Prince of Kiev.

He married a daughter of Kotyan and had issue:
 * Rostislava, wife of Yaroslav II of Vladimir.
 * Anna, wife of Daniel of Galicia.

title: Mstislav Mstislavich


text:
Hungry Lucy

Hungry Lucy was a dark wave and trip hop duo with a female vocalist. Beginning in 1998, they released four full-length CDs on Alfa Matrix in Europe (including EU only 2-CD boxset versions) and on Hungry Media for the US. Led by Christa Belle (lyrics, vocals, music) and Warren Harrison (music, programming and production), the two came together when Harrison was asked to contribute to a Depeche Mode tribute album in 1998.

Hungry Lucy is included in numerous compilation releases, including Elektrauma 5 from Triton Records in 1999, The Ultimate Electro-Industrial Compilation from Alfa Matrix in 2002, and Noir - Smooth Female Trip Hop from Dancing Ferret Discs in 2003. In 2005, To Kill a King debuted at #9 on the French Alternative Charts, and the radio show Echoes from Public Radio International, hosted by John Diliberto, featured Hungry Lucy with that debut. The limited release EP, "Reigndance" reached #1 on the Dutch Underground Singles chart.

The name "Hungry Lucy" refers to a young woman named Lucy Ryan who died in 1792. According to the ghost story of Havoc House, Psychic Sybil Leek is claimed to have channeled Ryan, and reported that Ryan was constantly complaining about being hungry.

Discography

 * Apparitions (2000)
 * Glō (2003)
 * To Kill a King (2004)
 * Before We Stand ... We Crawl (EP, 2006)
 * The Teatime Sessions (Live, 2008)
 * Pulse of the Earth (2010)

title: Hungry Lucy


text:
Talk:John Grimshaw (VC)

Untitled
Hello John Elisha Grimshaw is a relative of mine and I am interested in learning more about the story of events that took place in Galipoli. I do konw however that before he retired that he finally achieved the rank of Lieutenant Cournel.

Linda McGowan England

I am a cousin of John Grimshaw and would love to speak with other relatives. Please contact me at lady.nip@rogers.com I am in Toronto, Canada

Vera Grimshaw Toronto, Ontario, Canada lady.nip@rogers.com

External links modified
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title: Talk:John Grimshaw (VC)


text:
Talk:Sturmian word

The Thue-Morse sequence is not a Sturmian word, so I deleted such false sentence. Fudo Wow, I too was surprised to learn (just now, from this page) of the Thue-Morse goof. I just came here to say that somone should add the lovely connection with simple continued fractions, Farey-Stern-Brocot tree, and give a figure with the first few digraphs in their proper place in the tree. Eventually someone should link this to Penrose tilings and their generalizations, due to N. G. de Bruijn; see example at right, showing construction by oblique tiling method of a one dimensional Sturmian tiling space associated with the golden ratio. These are sometimes called the Fibonacci tilings.---CH (talk) 18:41, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The reputable OEIS explicitly says it is, but it would seem that you're right: Thue-Morse contains all of 00, 01, 10, and 11, which violates the Sturmian condition. I added a comment on their entry. Brighterorange 14:18, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm surprised that an important database such as Sloane's OEIS was wrong. I am an Italian PhD student, and Sturmian words are my field of research, so I am sure of that. Anyway, I see that you already understood it by yourself. I erased the same sentence also on Thue-Morse sequence. --fudo 12:54, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I am guilty of reproducing that information without checking it, because OEIS is generally so trustworthy. Thanks for fixing it. Brighterorange 17:49, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for sending a comment to OEIS. Now it does not report the erroneous information anymore. fudo 11:30, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:FibonacciTiling.gif|frame|right|Construction of Fibonacci Tiling]]
 * I have added the definition of standard word, which gives a connection with continued fractions. I think that now the page is not a stub anymore. Anyway, I'm not an expert about tilings, so I'll leave that to someone else (or at least, I need more time to study it). --fudo 18:07, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Where are they used?
Could we add one or two sentences in the introduction before Section 1 listing (with wikilinks) the main fields where Sturmian words appear and are "used"? Otherwise they'll just look like some mathematical curiosity. PhS (talk) 07:49, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sturmian word


text:
Talk:I-mode

Untitled
There was once strong support for WAP within DoCoMo. It becomes obvious now whatever technical differences between WAP and i-mode are irrelevant to the success of wireless Internet services. Both WAP and i-mode succeeded in Japan. Wasabie 2005/07/12.

iMode and Wikipedia
is there a way to access Wikipedia via iMode? --Abdull 18:42, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

UK slant
Why does the article concentrate on the UK aspect of i-mode? e.g. listing the UK i-mode phones etc. --Oscarthecat 18:04, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Types of i-Mode (by Varun Choudhary)
i-mode are are of two type "japan" imode and "global" imode. Global imode means non-japan. Both imode (japan and global) are docomo "technology" but for japan there is a difference as their phones are FOMA based. so japanese phones are FOMA imode...

--- Not quite. FOMA is simply DoCoMo's marketing name for their 3G network and related handsets. DoCoMo's older CDMA based network (now called MOVA) is still very much up and running and i-mode is available on both FOMA and MOVA, although much of the more recent content is slanted towards FOMA users and their higher end handsets and higher bandwidth.

NPOV
this technologies usage is declining in the number of countries contrary to what the article states.

That would actually not be a NPOV breach but a factual error. Maybe find a source supporting your claim and then correct the article? --Fred zen 15:28, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know the situation in other countries, but in Germany imode phones are no longer available! Eplus, the German KPN subsidiary which offered imode in Germany, announced in June 2006 to shut down the imode service until the end of the year. Unfortunately i found no english website to support this, but here is a German source: http://www.teltarif.de/arch/2006/kw23/s21907.html You can also try to find an imode phone on the (German) website of Eplus: http://www.eplus.de/ - You will find nothing... 86.56.0.159 15:17, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I, too, can't speak for other countries, but Cellcom, a cellphone company in the Land of Israel, is pushing i-mode phones heavily and customers are accepting them steadily. The main drawback, in my humble but experienced opinion, is the built-in limit on displaying information via i-mode. Sure, it's fast, but anything will be fast when you can't load more than a few kilobytes per page and the rest gets cut off. In general I'm happy with my i-mode phone and use it constantly, but there's always room for improvement. LandOfIsrael 17:06, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

IMODE vs WAP
I mode is fast, but is proprietry technology so is commercial, whereas wap is open technology so can be made fast if sufficient effort is made.

Same "cut off" content applies to non i-mode. That limit is not affected by what technology you use. It's the cellphone that can or can not process and display a certain amount of information.

Not true. All i-mode handsets have a maximum page size of 10 kb or 20kb. Most "open" WAP phones are obviously limited, but not thatn small. It can't be claimed that i-mode is faster than WAP since i-mode has these ridiculous restrictions in place. Besides, in this day and age, with wireless speeds increasing, there is less need to keep the traffic low. Obviously operator data charges are another reason to keep traffic low but with a data plan this can become a moot point.

--- Not true - many i-mode handsets have a maximum page size much larger than 20kb. In Japan phones with 100kb+ maximum page size include the entire 901/902 range, and outside Japan many of the 3G i-mode handsets such as the NEC N600i, SonyEricsson K610im. The maximum page size on an i-mode handset can be determined by the server by a suffix sent by the phone on its user agent header.

i-mode - When was it introduced?
There is a self-contradiction in this article as I'm writing this:

"i-mode was launched in Japan on 22 February 2001." (in the first paragraph) "A few months after DoCoMo launched i-mode in February 1999" (in the second paragraph)

I'll find out when i-mode was really launched, but if someone happens to know, please edit and get the right date. Thanks Syamil (talk) 15:53, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

This article must be updated
The i-Mode is the mother of all Mobile Internet services. This short article does not give it justice. It focusses on the wrong things and refers to Wap which is irrelevant to the understanding of the whole architecture. The main points of i-Mode are: - a single phone spec (many manufacturers but all compliant with DoCoMo's specifications) which is necessary to develop an ecosystem of App and service providers - Apps and services are available in the form of Java Applets - DoCoMo is the organiser of the market place and the invoices the users

It is clear that Apple is reproducing this architecture. One single terminal, the iPhone, one market place, AppStore/iTunes, and Apps (which are not Java but proprietor) Google's Android is also now trying to emulate i-Mode to compete with Apple.

i-Mode is a very important step in the history of Mobile Internet and there is really more to say about it than the display format JF Susbielle (contact@susbielle.com) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.186.12.232 (talk) 06:56, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

 * do you have and references for that? mabdul 08:40, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Agree with comments above: i-mode was the world first commercial mobile internet platform, launched Feb. 22nd 1999, and very clearly the platform model that has since been adopted by major players overseas. Note the Japanese version here on Wikipedia is far more accurate: https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89 (my profile for contact: https://about.me/Laars) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.38.102.180 (talk) 07:19, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Is there a way of copying a translation of the Japan article to here? Without having to do it by hand? Twasonasummersmorn (talk) 00:47, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

C-HTML
It was not immediately clear to me why C-HTML redirects to this article. Ideally, there would be a separate page for C-HTML (assuming it meets notability guidelines - not sure if it does), or a section in the I-mode article that the C-HTML redirect would point to. --kewlgrapes (talk) 22:03, 30 March 2018 (UTC)

Wildly out of date article
This article looks as if there's been no real effort since about 2005, maybe 2007. The content is wildly out of date. Are there any editors working on this page? Twasonasummersmorn (talk) 22:34, 18 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:I-mode