text:
Talk:Palaiologos

Untitled
The structuring of this article remains a lot to be desired. Particularly the long rant under the subheading is somehow odd. Why make almost biblical lists of descent. Emperors and minor relatives are messed into one ramble. Where are the political reasons and implications of these relationships.

Does some writer imply that the entire dynasty had one politics during its 200 years. Did it alter when emperors changed. Did the time affect in any way.217.140.193.123 19:30, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Well I don't know, you yourself wrote about half of that stuff... Adam Bishop 20:06, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

The structure (despised by me) was already there. I have added important dynastic information, and corrected some huge mistakes/misunderstandings; all the time wondering how to treat the less-than-desirably structured mess. Are you able to provide answers to questions above. 217.140.193.123 20:13, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I wrote it like that in the interest of making the article less stubby, to mention all the Palaeologi I could find in the index of the book I was using, and, more importantly I suppose, to show all the other royal families they married into. My original padding could be removed without much damage, if it really distresses you so much. Adam Bishop 20:30, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

As I said in the edit summary earlier, whatever the merits of the page were before you got here, it's now much worse. I don't even know where to begin to fix it, so forget it. Adam Bishop 18:13, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

The page is now somewhat better than as it was from you. However, the present page welcomes some work. Its strength now is a viable structure. 217.140.193.123 21:14, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Palaiologi Flags
I've added three SVG files of the Palaiologi Dynasty flags. Two I created a while back for the Byzantine Empire article, were taken from a heraldry book - Heraldry - Sources, Symbols and Meaning - which was, in turn, taken from the Conoscimiento de todos los Reinos, a major source of information on the flags of the fourteenth century. The other flag - with the double-headed eagle - is a more recent creation (based on various images of 14th Century depictions) Dragases 13:36, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Transliterations
MUST we tranliterate Βασιλεύς Βασιλέων, Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων with the Modern Greek 'Vasilefs Vasileon, Vasilevon Vasilevonton'? Can we use the proper academic transliteration of 'Basileus Basileōn, Basileuōn Basileuontōn'? InfernoXV —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 16:34, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm sure it was like that originally. I've changed it. Adam Bishop 19:53, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you! InfernoXV 09:06, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Anything about what happened to the family after the byzantine empire? BV —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.12.222.85 (talk) 12:54, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Move
Am proposing a move to Palaeologus dynasty or Palaeologan dynasty per WP:COMMONNAME. As we all know: "Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's "official" name as an article title; it prefers to use the name that is most frequently used to refer to the subject in English-language reliable sources." -- Director  ( talk )  15:34, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * There is really no question that the Latinized form is several times more common than the current title, there are approximately 150,000 English hits for "Palaeologus" as opposed to the 37,000 English hits for "Palaiologos".
 * In addition, it is common practice to add "..dynasty" or "House of.." to the title of articles on ruling noble families. I personally prefer "dynasty", in accordance with the common practice for Roman noble houses (Julio-Claudian dynasty, Flavian dynasty, etc.).

 * Oppose on the latinized form. This has been discussed extensively before, Talk:List of Byzantine Emperors/naming, Talk:Constantine XI Palaiologos/Archive 1, and a very similar discussion took place at Talk:Komnenos. The de facto practice and consensus has been to use the forms found in the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, which are also increasingly being adopted by the more recent historical works. If you search the publications of the past 30 years, the numbers are practically even. Plus, given the amount of citations from older works or the reprints of older works, the ODB form is probably more common. The universal trend in scholarship is towards more "native"-looking forms whether in Greek, Turkish or Chinese. On the "dynasty" part, I am not convinved it is not really needed. The article covers the family before it became an imperial dynasty (and should also be expanded to cover the later known members as well). I am not, however, in principle opposed to "Palaiologos family/dynasty" or similar forms. Constantine  ✍  16:10, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * WP:NAME is rather explicit on this issue. And even if we do just look at the last 30 years for some reason (and there's no real reason whatsoever to disregard the tens of thousands of scholarly publications dating from before June 1982), we still get 7,000 hits for "Palaiologos" and 13,000 hits for "Palaeologus". Mind you I don't accept the premise of "searching for the time period until the test results agree with me". It has no basis in policy.
 * Re "dynasty". Few families are founded as royal or imperial dynasties, and practically all have a history before they assumed the throne of this realm or that. The point is that this was a dynasty, and the title should denote that.
 * -- Director  ( talk )  16:54, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't there be some internal consistency? I haven't checked which of the three forms is the prevalent one, but as there's Constantinian dynasty, Valentinian dynasty, Theodosian dynasty, Justinian dynasty, Heraclian dynasty, Isaurian dynasty etc. Palaeologan dynasty seems to be a better choice than Palaeologus dynasty.-- — ZjarriRrethues — talk 18:33, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Your proposal is indeed more appropriate, I agree. I've amended the initial proposal post. -- Director  ( talk )  19:39, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * @DIREKTOR: the timeframe is not chosen so that the results agree with my view (as you so easily demonstrated, they don't), but to show what the trend is in recent scholarship. Even scholars who used the latinized forms, like Nicol and Herrin, are using the ODB system in more recent publications. Anyhow, the chief issue here, and the main reason why I oppose it, is that this is not simply about the Palaiologos family alone. Any decision here will affect all Byzantine articles, for reasons of consistency, and that has to be taken into account. We cannot have "Palaeologus" and "Doukas" or "Kantakouzenos" side by side. If we return to latinized forms it will have to be done for all Byzantine articles. So this is the wrong place to discuss this, it needs a centralized discussion.
 * @Zjarri: the difference is that "Palaiologos" is a surname in and of itself, while the "Heraclian/etc" is descriptive, taken from their foundeing emperor. Constantine  ✍  19:36, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * No but its a common "maneuver" in these sort of commonname debates. Actually, what the tests show, is that the current trend is to use the Latinized form. But even if that were not so, it is not a legitimate move to disregard thousands upon thousands of publications in determining COMMONNAME. "Trends" do not concern us.
 * While we should try and have a consistent title format ("XY dynasty"), what name we apply to said format should be determined by COMMONNAME on a case-to-case basis. A centralized discussion is not necessary at this time, as it would not be acceptable for anyone to decide to ignore policy and use the, e.g., Latinized form or Greek form etc.
 * Re your reply to ZjarriRrethues. It doesn't really matter what the name derives from (Syrians? Macedonians?), the point is to have consistency and to follow WP:NAME. The Latinized form is far more common in this case.
 * -- Director  ( talk )  19:48, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Ignoring policy is a perfectly acceptable and encouraged tradition on Wikipedia when the policy turns out to be inferior to a better rule. Adam Bishop (talk) 20:40, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Anarchy in the UK! :) The point is that the Latinized version is more common, and, policy aside, its closer to the English-speaking reader as well. To use it would imo undoubtedly be an improvement. I mean those policies are written for a reason (right?), "Palaeologan" or "Palaeologus" is what this family goes by most of the time. -- Director  ( talk )  20:52, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

(unindent) I've previously come across the argument that "Palaeologus" is closer to English than "Palaiologos" (between other editors, cf. the discussions linked above), but this is complete nonsense. If anything, they are both equally unknown to the average English-speaking person. If "Völkerwanderung", "Schadenfreude" or "perestroika" can find a place in English, then the argument that the latinized forms are somehow inherently preferable is shot down. The only reason that they came about in the first place was the earlier predominance of Latin in Western Europe. In the same vein, we should revert Mumbai to Bombay, or Beijing to Peking (and guess what, Bombay has oodles more GBooks hits than Mumbai). In the relevant scholarly field, the ODB form is gaining ground and is used equally if not more than the latinized form, period. And the same goes for literally any historical field: the native forms are gaining ground, regardless of readability. We no longer say Mahomet or even Mohammed, but increasingly Muhammad. Mahomet II is now Mehmed II (and yes, Mahomet II is twice as common in GBooks as Mehmed II and four times more so than Mehmet II). In short, GBooks results are fine, but they don't paint the whole picture. One has to take trends in academia into account (have a look at Google Scholar results, for instance: Palaiologos (1420 hits) vs. Palaeologus (1790 hits), but in more recent literature, the ODB form becomes prevalent).

Furthermore, on the move process itself, I repeat: if you move the family name, you will also have to move the members of the family (a few dozen articles), and then you will have to move Komnenos to Comnenus, Kantakouzenos to Cantacuzenus, etc. Anything else is simply ridiculous and, if anything, would certainly lessen the readability of Byzantine articles. You cannot decide this on a case-by-case basis, because it runs counter to a long-standing (for Wikipedia), de facto consensus on precisely this theme: the transliteration for Byzantine names. There has to be uniformity, otherwise the argument for readbility and accessibility to the average reader makes no sense. So I would ask for more input from other editors than just my and DIREKTOR's arguments on this. Only with a broader consensus should this change take place, and then I would expect those involved to actually help with implementing it across the board. Constantine  ✍  12:27, 25 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per Constantine who makes excellent points regarding the academic currency of ODB. Also per a multitude of similar discussions in the past which have examined exactly the same issues. Δρ.Κ. λόγοςπράξις 14:40, 25 June 2012 (UTC)"

New template reverted
I just reverted a newly-created template which in my opinion is a POV addition to the article by making it appear as if the Byzantine Emperors were Latinised Roman Emperors. Any such new template must be discussed and approved prior to its use in any article, especially when it tries to erase the distinction between the Byzantine era and the old Roman Empire. Δρ.Κ. λόγοςπράξις 04:46, 24 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't mind discussing the new template, but can you please explain exactly in what manner does the template suggest these were "Latinized" Roman emperors? Because these were Roman emperors, but they certainly weren't "Latinized". ...Come to think of it, how would one "Latinze" a Roman Emperor? :) -- Director  ( talk )  06:02, 24 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes I know it can be confusing. Let's say the imperial family were from a Byzantine dynasty and the template called them "Roman Imperial Dynasty" presto they became Caesars. It is the old debate about "Eastern Roman Empire" versus "Byzantine Empire" etc. only this time they simply become just a part of the Roman Empire. There has to be a distinction between the Byzantine times and the ancient Roman era. The template obscures this distinction. So my expression "Latinised" refers to the "Latinisation" of the Byzantine Emperors through the use of the template. Δρ.Κ. λόγοςπράξις 06:25, 24 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually I dare say I'm very familiar with the history of the Byzantine Empire (as a layman). There is no "Eastern Roman Empire" versus "Byzantine Empire" debate. Those are both valid historiographical terms (applied in later centuries) for the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. No historian contests that this was the Roman Empire, and that these people are Roman emperors, they just use a different name for this period.

 * All that said, moving on to the template. I do not see how a template called "Roman Imperial Dynasty" makes one a "Caesar". It makes one a Roman emperor ("Roman Imperial Dynasty"). The title "Caesar" was actually used by the Byzantines as the title of the heir apparent (see Caesar (title)), which of course all goes back to Diocletian and the tetrarchy, etc. And, this is a simplification, but the office of the Roman emperor can be said to have mostly been equivalent to the title "Augustus", which, just for example, was the title held by the Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great..
 * The point here is that its perfectly accurate to suggest these are Roman emperors. I'm not proposing we actually call them "Roman Emperors", since that is not a term used by historiography, but to call the dynasty "Roman Imperial Dynasty" seems to me perfectly accurate and acceptable. Thoughts? -- Director  ( talk )  07:55, 24 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Therein lies the problem. It is not the fact of calling them "Roman Imperial Dynasty" that may or may not be accurate, but that the adjective "Roman" is put at a highly visible position in the article through the infobox at the expense of any other descriptive to designate that this family is in fact not an ancient Roman family but a Byzantine imperial family. This has the effect of onomatologically and descriptively bypassing the Byzantine era and favouring a Roman-centred narrative of the history of Byzantium and doing it in not a very subtle way through the infobox. So even though they are not described as "Roman emperors" by historians the infobox describes them as "Roman imperial dynasties" which is just another way of calling them "Roman Emperors". The fact remains that these families are known and described historically primarily as Byzatine emperors or Byzantine families and not as Roman emperors or Roman families, irrespective of whether a case can be made that they were the inheritors of the early Roman empire. Having said that, your current modification of the infobox descriptives from "Roman" to "Byzantine" is acceptable to me. Δρ.Κ. λόγοςπράξις  14:53, 24 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Again: a Byzantine family is a Roman family. Ask a Palaeologan whether he's a Roman, and he'll say "of course". In fact, call him anything else (like "Greek" or anything) and you're liable to get thrown into the dungeon to contemplate your error (which actually happened iirc, when a Latin called the emperor "king of the Greeks", I think it was Nicephorus II Phocas and a Roman envoy called "Ludeprone" or something).

 * "Byzantine" = "Roman, in the Middle Ages". It is a historiographical term for the Roman Empire and the Romans in a specific period. Or in other words, "Roman" is a wider term than "Byzantine", and includes it. It is no error to use the term Roman Imperial Dynasty for the Palaiologoi. -- Director  ( talk )  10:36, 25 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Maybe but it is a modern historiographical convention to refer to these people and this period as "Byzantine". The original Roman Emperors did not consider themselves to be governing an Empire. Should we go undo all those Roman Empire articles? They also thought they were descended from Trojans. Should we make sure all their articles say so? In any case, the name you are looking for is Liutprand of Cremona. Adam Bishop (talk) 12:50, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree with Adam. We should use the modern historiographical convention to refer to these people and this period as "Byzantine" and we should not try to bypass the existing historiographical convention through the use of infoboxes by introducing our own conventions. Δρ.Κ. λόγοςπράξις 14:13, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

1678 dissolution
Period - 11th century (founded) – 1678 (dissolved) - what does 1678 suppose to mean? Montferrat line died out in 16 century, but why 1678? Dorimi (talk) 01:06, 4 October 2013 (UTC)

Origin of family name
What does the name mean? Does anyone know? ahassan05
 * The component words mean "old" and "word" (amongst other things), and according to, this a 15th century chronicler said it should be interpreted as "renowned of old". DeCausa (talk) 14:48, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

Spelling
Is it acceptable to use spellings other than the Greek "Palaiologos"? See for example John II, Marquess of Montferrat ("Palaiologus") and ("Palaiologo", which I haven't seen elsewhere and might just be a typo, but is plausible in the Italian context). Context seems important. I intensely dislike seeing anything but the Greek form in the context of Byzantine emperors, but for Italian rulers it seems more reasonable. I know a move of this page has been rejected, but I'm asking about use elsewhere. Hairy Dude (talk) 23:29, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Well, there are three variant forms of the name in English: Palaiologos (transcribed from Greek), Palaeologus (latinized), and Palaeologue (influenced by French). All three are acceptable on account of having a long history of usage in scholarly and other English-language texts. "Palaiologus" and "Palaiologo" look odd, as they mix different forms and languages. AFAIK, the native forms in Italian (as in French) do not use the -ai-/-ae- digraph, but render it phonetically as "e": "Paleologo", "Paléologue". So in an Italian context, describing the Palaiologoi of Montferrat with "Paleologo" would be OK, but "Palaiologo" should be avoided. Constantine  ✍  17:08, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

Final Palaiologos ruler of Montferrat
Should it not be Margaret Paleologa there, instead of John George, considering she held the title suo jure? André Anselmo (talk) 16:23, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:23, 25 June 2022 (UTC)
 * ConstantinoXI.jpg

Edit done on my edit
I am completely fine with it as i accidently did a double of my original family line i am so sorry for anyones misunderstanding 👍🏼 Diepanzerwaffles (talk) 18:15, 15 August 2023 (UTC)

Modern descendants of Manuel II Palaiologos
According to Steven Runciman's The Fall of Constantinople 1453 (1990), the House of Kastrioti, living today in Italy, represent the only descendants of Byzantine Emperor, Manuel II Palaiologos. This seems likely something worthy of being added. Dionysios Theotokas (talk) 17:36, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palaiologos


text:
User talk:Suzy Q

Thanks for your interest in contributing to Wikipedia! When you write articles that talk about surprises from Harry Potter or other books and movies, like the Advanced Potion Making article, it would be great if you would add a warning to the top. If you just type at the top of an article like that, it adds a nice warning to people who might not have read Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince yet. I've already added this warning to Advanced Potion Making, so you can see what it looks like there. FreplySpang (talk) 19:31, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Suzy Q


text:
Talk:Folsom Prison Blues

A-side or B-side?
I see several sources including the main Johnny Cash singles chronology article on wikipedia that show So Doggone Lonesome as the A-Side, I'm trying to fix the Infobox information and would like some definitive answers — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gimpboy76 (talk • contribs) 18:49, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

Untitled
"shot a man in reno just to watch him die" - i don't know what others will think of this, but i was just listening to the ledbelly song "duncan and brady", which predates this song and would probably have been known to cash, as that whole generation of song writers were in awe of ledbelly, and it has a very similar line ,

"Twinkle, twinkle, little star  'Long came Brady in his shinin' car Got a mean look right  in his eye Gonna shoot somebody just to see him die (!) He been on the job too long."

I know cash has explained his inspiration for the line, but there seems to be an obvious connection to a well known song cash probaly knew. i'm not accusing cash of having ripped it off or anything, i see it all as aprt of the folk/blues/country/ creative process, its just an interesting connection - any thoughs ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.220.54.229 (talk) 08:33, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

The Keb Mo' comment about social justice is incredibly relative and unsubstantiated. It has no place here, and in fact in interviews Keb Mo has actually stated that he changed the lyrics because he thought them too harsh. Rather than somehow adding a dimension to a song if anything he took a classically rebellious track and sanitized it. Here is the evidence: http://www.rogerwallace.com/kebno.html Keb Mo states "that turns my stomach." So, someone git rid of this speculative nonsense. I'd do it myself but I'm not clear on the editing policies and I don't want to go against the regulations, I know it can be very specific. Also, in a documentary about Johnny Cash there is an interview with someone who talks about having to convince Cash to let him edit out the cheering section during the "Reno" line on the live album. This would seem to go against what you have on this page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.138.51.29 (talk) 05:15, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Maybe I'm just deconstructing creative license here, but... If he shot a man in Reno, Nevada, how did he end in Folsom State Prison in California? Wouldn't he either be in a Nevada prison or a Federal prison? --UsaSatsui 19:31, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Reno-Folsom issue isn't the only geographical anomaly in the song. Any train heading for San Antonio, either Texas or any of the San Antonios in the US, passing within earshot of Folsom Prison is seriously lost! OldVato (talk) 18:09, 7 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Well you are probably right about creative license. Consider these two things - Reno, Nevada is very close to the California state line (see Image:NVMap-doton-Reno.png), so this ficticious murder probably occured near Reno (in California).  Also, Cash, in 1953 was an uneducated young man from rural Arkansas who was in the Air Force stationed in West Germany who probably didn't know much about the legal system. —preceding unsigned comment by Rogerd (talk • contribs) 15:52, July 17, 2005
 * Perhaps after committing the murder in Reno, he fled across the state line and was arrested after a shoot-out with California law officers. Jess Cully (talk) 00:20, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Isn't it also possible that he killed a man in Reno, got away with it, and was imprisoned for another crime? And that he hangs his head and cries because he knows what a bad man he is, that he "can't be free"? Or maybe the syllables just fit the melody. It's said that Simon & Garfunkel originally wanted to say "where have you gone Mickey Mantle?," in "Mrs. Robinson." But "Joe DiMaggio," a sports hero of their fathers' generation, fit the rhyme better. Or so I've heard. [user: Thomconn]
 * He could have used Lodi, a city in California which scans exactly the same as Reno :D Jess Cully 13:35, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Who cares? I don't see any reason this trivia it should be in the article. :] --Sam Francis 21:38, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
 * We are talking about a work of fiction written by a young, relatively uneducated man from a small town in Arkansas in the 1950's. He was probably geographically challenged. --rogerd 23:04, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Or maybe he was just looking for words that rhymed or flowed well together. Too much is being read into this. This is left-brainers trying to apply logic to right-brained thinking. Trust me: it doesn't work. Wahkeenah 01:28, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Two of you just lifted ideas without attribution from this page. That's plagiarism. I don't believe "left/right brain" jargon applies to critiquing a few simple lyrics about prison or why this should be above our comprehension. FYI, musical notation is right-brained because of its mathematical component but that applies only to the reading and writing of sheet music. Lyrics and melody fall under the province of the left brain, the artistically creative side. As for this topic being "trivial," I think we can decide that for ourselves. At least we didn't paraphrase the ideas of others as though they were our own. [user: Thomconn]
 * Ummm. Excuse me, but isn't the "Right" side of the brain the creative side and the left side is the order and control side? —Preceding unsigned comment added by HowesR1 (talk • contribs) 18:44, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

I personally think the protagonist murdered an human cloned man on the Saturn Moon of "Reno" and jumped in his space ship and escaped to California where he was arrested for landing his ship in a city park and sentenced to life in a state prison. It's all right there in the song! —Preceding unsigned comment added by HowesR1 (talk • contribs) 18:48, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

AND - The State of NEVADA is not mentioned anywhere in the song. Could be the county of Reno Junction, California, or any one of a half dozen other Reno town and counties in the lower forty-eight states. This whole "anomaly" is a joke. It's a song about a fictitious person. Get over yourself!HowesR1 (talk) 16:38, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

 * There is a San Antonio in California!

song lyrics copyvio in this article?
Is it a copyright violation to have the entire lyrics of the song printed here? Joyous | Talk 00:44, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've read that it's permissable to quote "two bars" of a song or whatever, without permission or violation. A few months ago, I checked out the official U.S. Copyright Office web site (to check on public-domain movies) and the site clearly states that no such rules exist. That is, no law states how many verses or bars or paragraphs can be safely lifted without fear of legal action. The only safe course is to always get permission from the publisher for the specific quote you wish to use. I don't see the "entire lyrics" here, so maybe they've been removed since your post. [user: Thomconn]

NYT charges plagiarism
Sharon Waxman of the New York Times states that Folsom Prison Blues was plagiarized from a Gordon Jenkins song, "Crescent City Blues". Waxman cites the same Streissguth book that's cited in this article. Anyone know about this? Is it accepted fact, or a disputed allegation? There's nothing about it in Wikipedia. If it's true it seems like a pretty big deal, given how influential the song is. --Allen 07:37, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is pretty widely accepted and reported in many sources (Streissguth, Turner, etc.). I added a couple sentences addressing this. David Koller 13:36, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Just to amplify on your answer, doesn't Streissguth mention that Jenkins (who worked with such greats as Sinatra) knew about the plagiarism for several years--but did not demand reparations until the enormous success of the "Live at Folsom Prison" album? If memory serves, it was a settlement to the "tune" of $100,000. [user: Thomconn]

ITs a song...

"A disputed allegation"?? The melody, changes, chord structure and many of the lyrics are identical. It would be a mathematical impossibility that all of this is coincidental.{75.69.241.91 (talk) 20:41, 31 October 2009 (UTC))

 * Concerning the Crescent City Blues issue, "Borrowed many of the same lyrics" is an understatement and a misrepresentation. It wasn't "many"; it was all the lyrics. There are several lines, even entire stanzas, which are exactly identical to the Jenkins lyrics and in the case of the remaining lines only enough words are changed needed to change the story. The article should say something to the effect that Cash, "adapted lines and copied complete stanzas of the song Crescent City Blues. BashBrannigan (talk) 04:10, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Taken in the context of folk music and blues, what Cash did is no different than what had been done for centuries and decades in the 1900s. Matchbox Blues and Matchbox led me to this site http://heartonastick.blog-city.com/matchbox01.htm that talks about this in great detail. Escaping the Delta about Robert Johnson, and a WHOLE lot more, is another source to get insight into this phenom. Steve Pastor (talk) 22:01, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

 * You obviously know infinitely more about this topic than I do, and it wouldn't surprise me if you were right, however, you'll need a reference in order to say "it was common practice at the time." The link you gave on this page is a blog and likely not sufficient. Also, as I'm sure you're aware, it was not unknown in those days for white artists to "borrow" from black artist without any financial compensation. Surely, that was not OK? BashBrannigan (talk) 22:25, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Glitch?
Perhaps it's a glitch in my browser (or rather browsers, since I tried to download the page in IE, Opera and Firefox), but the currently displayed version of the page does not reflect the latest revision. -- Ghirla -трёп-  07:36, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

removed lyrics... clear copyright violation
The article contained the complete lyrics. While the use of short quotes for the purpose of critical analysis is allowed, the non-critical wholesale copying of lyrics in the article seems to be a clear violation of copyright. I thus removed the lyrics. --Jayron32| talk | contribs 06:41, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Johnny Cash - Fulsom Prison Blues (Live).ogg
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BetacommandBot 23:45, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

MP3 Tag
Winamp 5.5's Auto Tag feature insists on identifying versions of this song sung by Johnny Cash as being from the Reverend Horton Heat album "Holly Roller".

Moving trivia to talk
{{quotation|

In popular culture

 * In the motion picture When We Were Kings, Muhammad Ali mocks the song when asked about the difference between musical genres, and he calls the song "white people's music".
 * In The Simpsons episode Brother from Another Series, Krusty the Klown performs a 'prison special' at Springfield Penitentiary dressed in black. He sings the following lyrics to the tune of "Folsom Prison Blues": I slugged some jerk in Tahoe/They gave me one-to-three/My high-priced lawyer sprung me on a technicality/I'm just visiting Springfield Prison/I get to sleep at home tonight.
 * In the webcomic xkcd by Randall Munroe, the "I killed a man in Reno, just to watch him die" lyric is parodied, with the characters coming up with their own variations (examples: "I killed a man in Reno, him and all his succubi", "I killed a man in Reno, because they canceled Firefly", "I killed a man in Reno, and a bunch more in My Lai.").
 * In sketch in the comedy series Kids in the Hall, Dave Foley says, "I once shot a man just to watch him die, then I got distracted and missed it. Oh my friends tried to describe it to me, but it just isn't the same."
 * In one episode of Wings, Joe says "I once shot a man in Reno just to watch him die" in an attempt to intimidate someone.
 * An episode of The CW series Supernatural was named after this song.
 * In an episode of Veronica Mars, Veronica mocks a task where she's asked to give someone two truths and a lie about herself by saying "I'm Veronica, I'm from Neptune, I once shot a man in Reno just to watch him die."
 * In the film Little Nicky, when the character Adrian is threatening to push Nicky's girlfriend, Valerie, in the way of an oncoming train, he cups a hand to his ear and says "I hear a train a-coming.", seemingly mimicking the opening line of the song.
 * In the film Starsky & Hutch, when the duo enters the bikers bar it can be heard playing.

}}
 * In an episode of Gilmore Girls, a community service roadside cleanup worker asks Rory what she did to deserve the punishment, to which Rory replies "I shot a man in Reno."
 * The Beastie Boys sample Johnny Cash's line in the lyric "I shot a man in Brooklyn - 'Just to watch him die,'" on the track "Hello Brooklyn" on their album Paul's Boutique.
 * In an episode of 21 Jump Street, Tom Hanson is in a jail cell, and asks what a fellow prisoner was there for; "Let me guess? You shot a man in Reno, just to watch him die?".
 * In the I'm Not That Guy episode of How I Met Your Mother, Lily tries to explain how she can afford expensive clothes by saying: "I steal. I'm a criminal.  I once shot a man just to watch him die".
 * Beat Happening paraphrases the killing line in the song "Revolution Come and Gone" as "got a girl in Reno just to watch her cry."

Prisoners cheering the "Reno" line
Heading added by Wank Hilliams (talk) 10:10, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

The "whoops" at the Reno Line were not edited in. There is a recording a reporter made sitting in the audience and you can hear it there too. I think the "whooow" has been shouted by Cash himself as he often did. Just my opinion. I am sure Streissguth is wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.244.188.204 (talk) 14:15, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

I've seen (twice) a new CBS News piece about the new Cash biography by Robert Hilburn. In it, it is reported that Hilburn was present at the Folsom Prison concert (perhaps he is the reporter that 89.244.188.204 refers to above) and Hilburn says the prisoners cheered this line. But perhaps his memory is faulty and he heard these cheers only in the commercially released recording (which he no doubt has listened to dozens, if not hundreds, of times by now). Wank Hilliams (talk) 10:23, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

removed speculation on jurisdiction
I have removed the following paragraph:
 * The song does not clarify why the protagonist is serving time in a California State Prison - as opposed to a Federal Penitentiary. Controversy among listeners exists over why the protagonist is serving time in California due to the song's lack of information about which place called "Reno" is referenced in this story of fiction. The simplest explanation is that "Reno" most probably indicates Reno Junction, California, as no other explanation seems to explain the situation. Some have noted that there are places called Reno, Nevada, or El Reno, Oklahoma, and the county of Reno, Kansas.

 * Taking the silliest thing first: Obviously, Reno means Reno, the one in Nevada. Scrounging for these other place names containing the word Reno is blatant original research.
 * Why isn't the singer in a Nevada prison? Because Cash needed it to be in Folsom, and "Reno" sounded good.
 * And if we're going to get this concerned about accuracy, there's no reason to think the shooter would be in a federal prison. Few homicides are federal cases, and far fewer were in 1955.  The only plausible way this would have been a federal case is if Cash's protagonist had kidnapped the victim and taken him across state lines.

Now, it is a slightly jarring aspect of the song, and it would be nice to acknowledge that, but it needs to be done better, preferably with sources. --Trovatore (talk) 01:36, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Possibly because Cash was in Landsberg, Germany, when he wrote the song, he was unable to contact his family's attorneys to clarify the jurisdictional issues. Of course, he should have substituted "Berkeley" for "Reno" as soon as Elvis Presley pointed out his blooper, but clearly Cash was rather careless about legal technicalities, and possibly aggrieved that Presley had plagiarised the song with "Jailhouse Rock". This is why I prefer to base my understanding of the law on Bob Marley songs.--Jack Upland (talk) 23:55, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Possible simple answers to the jurisdiction question
''An interesting aspect of the song is that the singer "shot a man in Reno." Reno is in the State of Nevada; Folsom Prison is just outside of the city of Folsom, California.''

 * Prisoners convicted of a crime in one state may end up serving their time in another, especially if there are concerns about overcrowding, safety, escape attempts, etc. It's also possible that the murderer is a repeat offender, and is actually incarcerated for another offense. 108.246.206.139 (talk) 21:14, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Perhaps he used a sniper rifle from the Californian side of the border.--Jack Upland (talk) 23:57, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

The Nevada/California conundrum
This is a frequent talking point with regard to the song; it doesn't seem right to have no mention at all of it in the article. While posts on a message board might not satisfy some people as a 'reliable source', they are surely evidence that people talk about the conundrum and suggest various explanations for it. Jess Cully (talk) 09:55, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I concur that the conundrum must belong somewhere in the wikimedia world, if not this article then elsewhere.
 * This is something I've encountered wikipedia-wide. Namely, what do you do about information that might be interesting or useful, despite being a little on the OR/non-notable side.  It's definitely not up to "highest quality" standards, but I'm not sure that deleting it makes for a better article.
 * I think think the ultimate solution will probably come in some form of technology that allows us different 'spaces' to create supplemental content-- information that is less-notable, or texts that are non-neutral-pov.  --Alecmconroy (talk) 18:23, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Cover versions
I would recommend that the entire unreferenced list of cover versions be deleted. It's been an influential song and lots of people have covered it, but the covers are not more important than Cash's version, and that list is entirely too long. ---  RepublicanJacobite  TheFortyFive 02:16, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

"The Reno Line" and "Train Song" references
Drive-by comment regarding these (and no, nothing to do with jurisdiction in Reno!). The lead mentions that this song is an example of a Train Song, but there's nothing in the body to explain why, or what makes it a train song. Likewise, the article mentions "the Reno line", several times, but doesn't say what that line is. (I do see that both of these references were removed at some point in the first page of the article history.) Those of us familiar with the song will understand the meaning, but someone unfamiliar will be left confused; if they want to understand further, they will have to go elsewhere... not the goal we're looking for here, I imagine. What says the page? Rails (talk) 22:12, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Bueller? Bueller? Shall I assume nobody has an opinion either way? And that I won't get reverted if I add some explanatory text similar to what someone already removed a few months ago? Rails (talk) 22:14, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Band Personnel
I came here to find out who performed each instrument/part on the original recording. Alas, that information is not here. --67.176.133.158 (talk) 15:38, 25 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I've now added those details. Ghmyrtle (talk) 15:56, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Similarity between the songs "Folsom Prison Blues" and "That's All Right Momma"
For some time now I have noticed a strong similarity in the melodies of the two songs "Folsom Prison Blues" by Johnny Cash and "That's All Right Momma" by Elvis Presley. I had simply assumed that both songs had been authored by the same songwriter. Now I have learned to my surprise that this was not the case. Which leads me to wonder whether there were ever any accusations of plagiarism made in connection with either of these songs. from Bill Bannon

 * As the article says, "Folsom Prison Blues" was based on "Crescent City Blues" by Gordon Jenkins, which in turn was based on a 1930s piano tune of the same title by Little Brother Montgomery.  Arthur Crudup's "That's All Right Mama" came from the same blues tradition.  I doubt if anyone is able to pinpoint who "wrote" the melody of either tune - they emerged from the folk music tradition as expressed by now-anonymous black musicians.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 22:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Folsom Prison Blues. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110524100207/http://anecdotage.com/index.php?aid=19944 to http://anecdotage.com/index.php?aid=19944
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130606075021/http://musica.co.za/cd/id/6005298026996/Ray_Dylan-Goeie_Ou_Country_-_Op_Aanvraag to http://www.musica.co.za/cd/id/6005298026996/Ray_Dylan-Goeie_Ou_Country_-_Op_Aanvraag#contents

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title: Talk:Folsom Prison Blues


text:
Category:Cabinets of Germany

This category includes present positions within the Cabinet of Germany.

title: Category:Cabinets of Germany


text:
USS Neosho (AO-23)

USS Neosho (AO-23) was a Cimarron-class fleet oiler serving with the United States Navy, the second ship to be named for the Neosho River in Kansas and Oklahoma.

After surviving the attack on Pearl Harbor, Neosho operated in the South Pacific. During the Battle of the Coral Sea she was attacked and set alight, but managed to keep afloat until rendezvousing with an American destroyer on 11 May 1942. The destroyer rescued the crew and sank the vessel.

Construction and commissioning
She was laid down under United States Maritime Commission contract by Federal Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Kearny, New Jersey, 22 June 1938; launched on 29 April 1939; sponsored by Mrs. Emory S. Land, wife of Rear Admiral Emory S. Land (Ret.), Chairman of the Maritime Commission; and commissioned on 7 August 1939.

Conversion at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard was completed on 7 July 1941, Neosho immediately began the vital task of ferrying aviation fuel from west coast ports to Pearl Harbor. On such a mission she arrived in Pearl Harbor on 6 December, discharged a full cargo to Naval Air Station Ford Island, and prepared for the return passage.

Service history
Next morning, the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor found Neosho alert to danger; her captain—Commander John S. Phillips—got her underway and maneuvered safely through the Japanese fire, concentrated on the battleships moored at Ford Island, to a safer area of the harbor. Her guns fired throughout the attack, shooting down one enemy plane and driving off others. Three of her men were wounded by a strafing attacker.

For the next five months, Neosho sailed with the aircraft carriers or independently, since escort ships—now few and far between—could not always be spared to guard even so precious a ship and cargo. Late in April, as the Japanese threatened a southward move against Australia and New Zealand by attempting to advance their bases in the Southwest Pacific, Neosho joined Task Force 17 (TF 17). At all costs, the sea lanes to the dominions had to be kept open, and they had to be protected against attack and possible invasion.

As the American and Japanese fleets sought each other out in the opening maneuvers of the climactic Battle of the Coral Sea on 6 May 1942, Neosho refueled the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5) and the heavy cruiser USS Astoria (CA-34), then retired from the carrier force with a lone escort, the destroyer USS Sims (DD-409).

The next day at 1000, Japanese search planes spotted the two ships and misidentified them as a carrier and her escort. 78 aircraft from Shōkaku and Zuikaku soon arrived and began searching in vain for the "carrier" force. Eventually, they gave up and returned to sink Sims and leave Neosho—victim of seven direct hits and a suicide dive by one of the bombers—ablaze aft and in danger of breaking in two. She had shot down at least three of the attackers. One of her crewmen, Oscar V. Peterson, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his efforts to save the ship in spite of his severe injuries suffered in the attack. Sound seamanship and skilled damage control work kept Neosho afloat for the next four days. The stricken ship was first located by a RAAF aircraft, then an American PBY Catalina flying boat. At 13:00 on 11 May, the destroyer USS Henley (DD-391) arrived, rescued the 123 survivors and sank by gunfire the ship they had kept afloat. With Henley came word that the American fleet had succeeded in turning the Japanese back.

Awards
Neosho received two battle stars for her service.

title: USS Neosho (AO-23)


text: Category:Federal Foreign Office

title: Category:Federal Foreign Office


text:
Traxxas

Traxxas is a radio control model manufacturer based in McKinney, Texas. Traxxas offers electric and nitro powered radio-controlled cars, off-road and on-road vehicles, boats, and drones.

Company history
Starting in 1986, Traxxas began selling a series of electric powered stadium truck and buggy models. In 1989, Traxxas released its first radio-controlled boat, the Villan IV. In 1992, its first RTR nitro model, the Nitro Hawk, was released, followed by an RTR nitro boat, the Nitro Vee, four years later.

In 1999, Traxxas released its first full sized monster truck model, the T-Maxx. A larger monster truck; the X-Maxx, came out in 2015. Traxxas also debuted a self-righting system in which a flipped vehicle can adjust itself back in place.

In November 2012, Traxxas launched its first aircraft products, the ready-to-fly DR-1 Helicopter and QR-1 Quadcopter.

As of April 2023, Traxxas offers a large variety of different kinds of radio-controlled cars, which can be classified into the following types and their respective models:

 * Buggies: Bandit (all variations of this model are available in 2WD only)
 * Monster Trucks: Stampede, BIGFOOT No1., Hoss, Maxx, Revo 3.3, E-Revo, 1/16 E-Revo, 1/16 Summit, T-Maxx Classic, T-Maxx 3.3, Sledge,  and X-Maxx (Stampede is available in 2WD and 4WD, BIGFOOT No.1 is available in only 2wd, and all other models are only available in 4WD. X-Maxx is available with Belted tires, And the Ultimante edition. The XRT is available with the ultimate edition.)
 * Short-course and Desert Trucks: Slash, F-150 Raptor, Slayer pro, 1/16 Slash, Maxx Slash, Unlimited Desert Racer, and Ford Raptor R (while the Slash is available in 2WD and 4WD, F-150 Raptor is in 2WD only, and Slayer pro, 1/16 Slash, Maxx Slash, and the Unlimited Desert Racer are only available in 4WD. Slash 4x4 has an ultimante edition.)
 * Stadium Trucks: Rustler, Nitro Rustler, Jato 3.3 (Nitro Rustler and Jato 3.3 are 2wd only Rustler is 2wd and 4wd.),
 * Trail Trucks and Crawlers: TRX-4, TRX-4 High Trail edition, TRX-4 Sport, TRX-4 Traxx TRX-4M, TRX-4M High Trail Edition, and TRX-6 (all 4WD or 6WD, depending on number of wheels on the particular model)
 * On-road Cars: 4-tec 2.0, 4-tec 3.0, XO-1, Drag Slash, Ford Fiesta ST, Toyota GR Supra GT4 (Drag Slash is 2WD the rest are all 4WD)
 * Flight: Alias (Drone)
 * Boats: Spartain, M41, Blast (Blast is a nimh 20t motor vs the spartain and M41 having 6s brushless, Spartain has two versions: the Race boat, and the SR)

Traxxas Racing

 * Traxxas was a title sponsor for the Stadium Super Trucks, which Traxxas president Mike Jenkins competed in during its inaugural season. During the 2016 season, Team Traxxas fielded trucks for Matthew Brabham and Sheldon Creed.
 * Traxxas also sponsors athletes who compete in motocross. This includes Ryder DiFrancesco, Carson Mumford, Gage Schehr, Axell Hodges, and Justin Mulford.
 * Traxxas was the lead sponsor for John Force Racing team member, Courtney Force, who is the daughter of John Force. Courtney Force drives the Traxxas Chevrolet Camaro SS Funny Car in the NHRA.
 * Traxxas was a sponsor in the Championship Off-Road Racing (CORR) series until its demise in 2008. It took over as the title sponsor in an off-road racing series called the Traxxas TORC Series. Traxxas demonstrated its products at events and had a Traxxas Mobile Support Center on site. The Mobile Support Center carried Traxxas parts, cars, trucks, and boats. Traxxas' lead sponsorship of the TORC Series ended in 2014.
 * Traxxas-sponsored drivers in short course racing are Jenkins, Keegan Kincaid, RJ Anderson, and Jeremy McGrath.
 * In 2010, Traxxas sponsored the No. 18 Toyota Tundra of Kyle Busch in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series.

In the early 2000's, Traxxas sponsored the Traxxas T-Maxx monster truck with veteran driver John Seasock driving. The truck competed in the then national 4 Wheel Jamboree Series among others.

Traxxas Firsts

 * FIRST Fuel Burning Ready-to-Run RC
 * FIRST Ready-to-Run RC
 * FIRST Driver-actuated Forward/Reverse Transmission
 * FIRST Remote-operated Locking Differentials
 * FIRST High/Low Transmission
 * FIRST Auto-shifting 2-Speed Transmission
 * FIRST Waterproof Electronics
 * FIRST 2.4GHz Transmitter with Apple iOS interface
 * FIRST 100mph RTR Vehicle
 * FIRST Self-Righting Monster Trucks

title: Traxxas


text:
Kangri language

Kangri (Takri: 𑚊𑚭𑚫𑚌𑚪𑚯) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Kangra, Una and Hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh as well as in some parts of Mandi and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh and Gurdaspur, Rupnagar and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab. Kangri language is also spoken in Duggar i.e. Jammu region and in a few villages of Pakistan by the people belonging to the families migrated from Kangra Valley. It is associated with the people of the Kangra Valley. The total number of speakers has been estimated at million as of 2011.

Like most of IA languages, Kangri does form a dialect continuum with its neighbouring languages. This includes the Pahari varieties spoken to the east Mandeali and Kullui, north to Chambeali, Gaddi & Bhateali & south-east to Kahluri. Besides it also share continuum north-west to Jammu Dogri and in south and west to Punjabi. It is currently classified under Western Pahari branch.

Kangri language is on International Dashboard of Current UD Languages since May 2021. Only ten Indian languages are there on this dashboard and Kangri is one of them. Google has also introduced Kangri keyboard for typing now.

Script
The native script of the language is Takri Script but now people write Kangri Language in Devanagari script.

Consonants

 * It is not clear whether or not [j] is considered as a separate phoneme, but it does occur in various phonetic environments.
 * [ɳ] is heard mostly as either an allophone of /ɽ̃/, and as /n/ before a retroflex stop.

Vowels

 * /e/ can also become lowered to a nasal [ɛ̃], after /ɽ̃/.

Tone
Kangri is a tonal language like Punjabi or Dogri but the assignment of tones differs in Kangri when compared to them.

Most of the surrounding language varieties (including Kangri) lack voiced, aspirated obstruents (J. C. Sharma 2002, Masica 1993). The cognates of Hindi  voiced, aspirated obstruents are voiced but have no aspiration. They are distinct from the cognates of voiced unaspirated obstruents by the tone induced by the loss of aspiration. Another difference to note between Kangri and Punjabi/Dogri is that these forms surface as voiced consonants in Kangri, but voiceless consonants in Punjabi/Dogri. That is, Kangri has lost the aspiration (in gaining tone), but Punjabi/Dogri has lost both aspiration and voicing. It is likely that these are separate innovations which originated in the West (Punjab or Jammu & Kashmir) and have spread outwards. The loss of aspiration (and gaining of tone) has been fully realized in all three languages, but the loss of voicing has not yet reached Kangri.

Pronouns
The Pronouns of Kangri for different person and number are -

1st Person Singular : मैं /mæ̃/

1st Person Plural : असाँ, अहाँ /əsãː, əhãː/

2nd Person Singular : तू /tu/

2nd Person Plural : तुसाँ, त्वहाँ /t̪usãː, t̪vəhãː/

3rd Person Singular and Plural : सै /sæ/

Noun Cases
1. घर - घर - home - Nominative
 * Kangri - Hindi - English - Case
 * घर /kʱər/ (noun)

2. घरे यो/जो - घर को - to home - Accusative 3. घरैँ - घर ने - Ergative

4. घरेने - घर के साथ - with house - Comitative

5. घरेते   - घर से   - through home  - Instrumental

6. घरेताँइ - घर के लिए  - for home       - Dative

7. घरेते   - घर से   - from home           - Ablative

8. घरे दा, दे, दि, दियाँ - घर का/की/के - of home - Genetive

 * Locatives

9. घरेच् - घर में - Innesive

10. घरे पर - घर पर - Addesive

 * Others

11. घर॑ - ओ घर - Vocative

12. घर देआ, दए, दइ, दीयाँ - घर सा/सी/से - Semblative

13. घरे साइ - घर जैसा - Similative

14. घरे तिक्कर् - घर तक - Terminative

 * Postpositional/Oblique forms -

Noun - Sin., Plu.

घर - घरे, घरेयाँ

घड़ा - घड़े, घड़ेयाँ

नदी - नदिया, नदियाँ

घ्यो - घ्यो, घ्योआँ

Status
The language is commonly clubbed as Pahari or Himachali. Some Dogri and Punjabi linguists have referred Kangri as part of their language due to similarities and decent mutual intelligibility between them. This is generally observed only in bordering lects due to dialect continuum present among many IA languages. Kangri writers & poets have been making submissions to Pahari language's cause under Himachal Pradesh Academy of Arts, Culture & Languages (HPAACL). The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Kangri children are not learning Kangri as their mother tongue any longer.

The demand for the inclusion of 'Western Pahari' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha. There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are taking it upon themselves to save the language. Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it.

title: Kangri language


text:
User:Benwetmore

My Contributions: Special:Contributions/Benwetmore (last 20 last 40)

Topics I am most interested in: History: Modern American Diplomatic History Historiography Vietnam War Detroit Pages I started: Douglas Hyde (author) Edward Lansdale Susan B. Anthony List Arcanum_%28Catholic_encyclical%29 7/28/08 Michael New

title: User:Benwetmore


text:
List of Ecuadorian artists

This article is a list of Ecuadorian artists.
 * Alba Calderón (1908–1982, Guayaquil)
 * Aníbal Villacís (born 1927, Ambato)
 * Araceli Gilbert (1913–1993)
 * Caesar Andrade Faini (born 1913, Quito)
 * Camilo Egas (1889–1962)
 * Cecile Chong (born 1964)
 * Eduardo Kingman (1913–1998, Quito)
 * Efraín Andrade Viteri (1920–1997, Esmeraldas)
 * Enrique Tábara (born 1930, Guayaquil)
 * Estuardo Maldonado (born 1930, Pintag)
 * Félix Aráuz (born 1935, Guayaquil; died 2024)
 * Galo Patricio Moncayo Asan (born 1975, Guayaquil)
 * George Febres (1943-1996)
 * Gilberto Almeida
 * Gonzalo Endara Crow (1936–1996, Bucay)
 * Hugo Cifuentes (1923–2000, Otavalo)
 * Humberto Moré
 * Isabel de Santiago (1666–ca. 1714, Quito)
 * Isaac O. Moran (born 1947, Riobamba)
 * Jaime Zapata
 * Jorge Velarde (born 1960, Guayaquil)
 * José Carreño (born 1947, Guayaquil)
 * Juan Villafuerte (1945–1977, Guayaquil, Spain)
 * Judith Gutiérrez (1927–2003, Babahoyo)
 * Luis Miranda (born 1932)
 * Luis Molinari (born 1929, Guayaquil)
 * Manuel Rendón Seminario (1894–1982, Paris, Portugal)
 * Manuel de Samaniego (1767–1824, Quito)
 * Marcos Restrepo (born 1961, Catarama)
 * Miguel Betancourt (born 1958, Quito)
 * Oscar Santillan (born 1980, Milagro)
 * Oswaldo Guayasamín (1919–1999, Quito)
 * Oswaldo Moncayo (1923–1984, Riobamba)
 * Oswaldo Viteri (1931–2023, Quito)
 * Pilar Bustos (1945)
 * Ramón Piaguaje
 * Theo Constanté (born 1934, Guayaquil)
 * Trude Sojka (1909–2007 Berlín, Quito)
 * Víctor Mideiros (1888–1967)
 * Xavier Blum Pinto (born 1957)

title: List of Ecuadorian artists


text:
User talk:65.0.111.87

You have been blocked for one hour just to get your attention. Please discuss the insertions of copyrighted material at Carlos Mencia on this page, you can still edit here! Bishonen | talk 19:36, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.0.111.87


text:
Rail transport in Denmark

The rail transport system in Denmark consists of 2,633 km of railway lines, of which the Copenhagen S-train network, the main line Helsingør-Copenhagen-Padborg (at the German border), and the Lunderskov-Esbjerg line are electrified. Most traffic is passenger trains, although there is considerable transit goods traffic between Sweden and Germany.

Maintenance work on most Danish railway lines is done by Banedanmark, a state-owned company that also allocates tracks for train operators. The majority of passenger trains are operated by DSB, with Arriva and Nordjyske Jernbaner and Midtjyske Jernbaner operating on some lines in Jutland. Goods transport is mainly performed by DB Schenker Rail, although other operators take care of a significant portion of the non-transit traffic.

Denmark is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Denmark is 86.

History
The Kingdom of Denmark's first railway opened between Copenhagen and Roskilde in 1847. The first railway in the Danish Duchy of Schleswig opened between Flensburg and Tønning in 1854.

The first railways in Denmark were built and operated by private companies. The railways in Funen and Jutland were built by Peto and Betts who also supplied the locomotives (built by Canada Works, Birkenhead). Most of the technical staff was also recruited from Britain, notably from the Eastern Counties Railway. When Peto and Betts went into insolvency, the Danish state took over Det danske Jernbane-Driftsselskab (The Danish Railway Operating Company) as of 1 September 1867 under the name De jysk-fyenske Jernbaner (the Funen and Jutland Railways), from 1874 De danske Statsbaner i Jylland og Fyn (The Danish State Railways in Jutland and Funen). The network was extended by new construction and by acquisition of the privately operated lines from Silkeborg to Herning (1 November 1879) and from Grenaa to Randers and Aarhus (1 April 1881).

The Danish state took over Det sjællandske Jernbaneselskab (the Railway Company of Zealand) on 1 January 1880, forming De sjællandske Statsbaner (the State Railways of Zealand). With the majority of railways on both sides of the Great Belt thus owned by the Danish state, it was not until 1 October 1885 that the companies of Jutland/Funen and Zealand merged into one national railway company, De danske Statsbaner (the Danish State Railways), the merger being finalised on 1 April 1893.

Important projects that followed for the Danish rail network include the Great Belt Fixed Link in 1998, the Øresund Bridge in 2000 and the Copenhagen–Ringsted Line (Denmark's first high-speed rail) in 2019.

Tracks
Banedanmark is in charge of 2,045 km of railway lines, which do not include the lines controlled by private railways. All Danish railways are (standard gauge), with the exception of a few narrow gauge museum railways;  gauge was previously common on branch lines, with  being prevalent on industry railways, such as those for transporting sugar beets or even calcium, coal, peat and many other things as well. The narrow gauge lines generally disappeared during the 1950s and 1960s.

The maximum speed allowed on main lines is generally 180 km/h, with less trafficked lines usually allowing between 75 and 120 km/h; the speed may be lowered in places due to the condition of the track. While wooden sleepers are used on sidings and branch lines, concrete sleepers are the norm on all main lines; the common two-block concrete sleepers are now being phased out in favour of monoblock ones.

The age of the tracks in Banedanmark's network has become increasingly problematic in later years. A 2002/03 analysis of Banestyrelsen's (now Banedanmark) network states that the average age of the track is too high, with a present average age of 24 years compared to the recommended 20 years.

Banedanmark also owns the S-train lines, but does not own every railway in the country. It does not own local railways around Hillerød, Zealand (such as the Frederiksværk Line and Gribskov Line) and the East Line, Odsherred Line, Tølløse Line, ( Thy Line, Lemvig Line, Aarhus Letbane Jutland) and Copenhagen Metro.

Electrification
General-purpose electric propulsion was adopted quite recently in Denmark; the political decision to electrify the main lines was made in 1979. The first line to be electrified was Copenhagen–Helsingør, electrified in 1986, followed by the main line across Zealand, Funen and Southern Jutland in the 1980s–90s. On the main lines that are equipped with them, the overhead lines carry 25 kV AC at 50 Hz. The system is used on the main line from Sweden through Copenhagen to Fredericia, and from there to Padborg and the German border. Both Sweden and Germany use 15 kV at 16$2/3$ Hz and 16.7 Hz respectively, and the multi-system class EG goods locomotive is equipped for both 25 and 15 kV.

The S-train network in Copenhagen operates at 1650 V DC, supplied from overhead lines; it was the first electric network in Denmark, electrified around 1930. The newer Copenhagen Metro uses 750 V DC, supplied from a third rail.

Since there are heavy delays of several years with the construction of the new IC4 diesel multiple units, many commentators argue that it is better to electrify major railways and purchase electric multiple units instead, since that is a more common product. At least the route Fredericia-Ålborg must be electrified in order to run electric passenger trains between Jutland and Copenhagen. The route between Kolding-Esbjerg was due to be to open for electric trains in 2015. The government has in 2009 decided to delay all electrification for several years until the new signal system ERTMS is introduced, since electrification earlier than that requires rebuilding of the existing signal system.

In September 2013 the government reached a deal with the Danish People's Party and the Red-Green Alliance (Denmark) to use additional oil taxes to create a train fund. This train fund would be used to electrify all of the main line trains by 2025, and increase train speeds to 250 km/h for InterCity trains. This would allow for travel between the cities of Copenhagen, Odense, Esbjerg, Aarhus, and Aalborg in four hours.

On 29 May 2015 Banedanmark announced a 2.8 billion DKK (€375 million) contract to have Aarsleff-Siemens electrify 1300 km of tracks before 2026.

Danish State Railways received a €500 million loan in 2022 from the EIB to purchase 100 new electric trains, to replace diesel-powered trains for more sustainable passenger traffic. The Coradia Stream train sets are to be delivered from 2025.

S-train
HKT, which was introduced in 1975 and utilised cab signalling, was used on the S-train network, although a simplified version, "forenklet HKT" (F-HKT), was used on some of the lines.

The S-train network was to be refitted with the CBTC system, which allows driverless trains, by 2020. The migration to CBTC was completed by 2022.

Main lines
Main lines were equipped with the ATC safety system during the 1990s, with a partial, cheaper implementation, ATC train stop, being used on some (but not all) branch lines.

Denmark has its own ATC system (ZUB 123), not compatible with other countries. It is a modification of the Swiss system. Trains crossing the border to Sweden or Germany have to have two ATC systems, and handle two electrical supply systems.

In order to replace the different and aging signal systems, it has been decided to replace all current signal systems on Banedanmark's active network, except the S-train lines, with ERTMS level 2, relying entirely on cab signalling; general rollout is scheduled for 2018–21.

In October 2023, the migration to ERTMS was scheduled to complete by 2030.

Safety record
Serious incidents on Denmark's railways have been rare. The six most serious are:

 * 1897: The Gentofte train crash. A delayed local train was hit by a special train. 40 were killed and 132 were injured in the accident.
 * 1913: The Bramminge train accident. An express train became derailed near Bramming. 15 were killed, including Peter Sabroe, and 54 injured.
 * 1919: The Vigerslev train crash. An express train from Korsør drove violently into five wagons at Vigerslev. The train was stationary due to an emergency application of the brakes and reversing to retrieve a child who had fallen onto the rails. 40 died and 30 were severely injured.
 * 1967: The Odense express train accident. An express train hit another outside Odense. 11 people died while 47 were injured in the accident.
 * 1988: The 1988 Sorø derailment. A train ran off the rails at high speed at Sorø. Eight people died and 72 were injured.
 * 2019: The Great Belt Bridge rail accident. A passenger train collided with a semi-trailer from a passing freight train. Eight people died and 16 were injured.

Future expansion
As part of ongoing plans for high-speed rail in Denmark, new corridors and lines are or were being planned.

 * Vestfyn Line between Odense and Kauslunde : As of 2023, still planned. Originally slated for construction from 2023. Like the Copenhagen-Ringsted Line, the Vestfyn Line will be built to allow speeds of up to 250 km/h, and while DSB does not have any trains capable of operating above 200 km/h nor any plans to acquire such, the Swedish State Railways (SJ) has ordered 250 km/h-capable trains and has expressed interest in operating intercity trains via the line.

 * A new Hovedgård-Hasselager line. : Professor Otto Anker Nielsen estimated in 2023 that this project could be started between 2035 and 2040. As of 2023, there is no political majority for the project.

Other regional rail plans include:
 * A new Aarhus–Silkeborg line : As of 2023, the government was planning a single-track railway. Banedanmark is planning to have battery-driven trains use new 30 km section.
 * A line to Billund: This proposal was scrapped in 2021.

ERTMS rollout
The following map shows the year in which ERTMS will be implemented on various sections of railway.

 {{legend|#00ffc9|Already has ERTMS}} {{legend|#3ea7d6|Due end of 2024}} {{legend|#a25eb6|Due middle of 2025}} {{legend|#fef42e|Due end of 2025}} {{legend|#323232|Due beginning of 2026}} {{legend|#adadad|Due end of 2027}} {{legend|#de8a5b|Due end of 2028}} {{legend|#ff362d|Due end of 2029}} {{legend|#005153|Due end of 2029}} {{legend|#fba6bd|Due middle of 2030}} {{legend|#98003b|Still pending planning}}

Urban rail transport

Urban rail transport in Denmark currently consists of one metro system in Copenhagen, two light rail systems in Aarhus and Odense and two commuter rail systems, the S-Train in Copenhagen and the Aalborg Commuter Rail. The three largest cities of Copenhagen, Aarhus and Odense had tram networks in the 19th and 20th century, with the last tram line in Copenhagen being closed in 1972 when trams were replaced by buses and private cars, because they were considered an outdated form of transportation. the Greater Copenhagen Light Rail are the third light rail system in Denmark after Aarhus in 2017 and Odense in 2022 and is currently under construction and is expected to open in 2025.

A rapid transit proposed for the Øresund metropolitan area, the Øresund Metro is also under discussion.

Copenhagen Metro

The Copenhagen Metro is an automated, 24-hour rapid transit system which serves Denmark's capital city, Copenhagen. It began operation in 2002. It is also the only rapid transit system in Denmark. As of March 2020, the system consists of four lines: M1, M2, M3 and M4. Planning of the Metro started in 1992 as part of the redevelopment plans for Ørestad with construction starting in 1996, and stage 1, from Nørreport to Vestamager and Lergravsparken, opened in 2002. Stage 2, from Nørreport to Vanløse, opened in 2003, followed by stage 3, from Lergravsparken to Lufthavnen, in 2007. The City Circle Line is an entirely underground 15.5 km loop through central Copenhagen and Frederiksberg with 17 stops. It does not share any track with the M1 and M2 lines, but intersect them at Kongens Nytorv and Frederiksberg stations. With the City loop opened, the Metro expects that its ridership should almost double from its 2016 levels to 116 million annual passengers. A fourth line, M4, will be developed into a separate line between 2020 and 2024, as extensions of the Cityringen to Nordhavn and Sydhavn open. The two-stop three-kilometre-long line to Nordhavn opened in March 2020. The extension adds an interchange with Nordhavn S-train station. The five-stop, 4.5 km, extension to Sydhavn is also under construction, with planned opening in 2024. The Sydhavn line will terminate at Ny Ellebjerg where it will create a new regional rail transport hub by connecting the metro system to the S-train network, regional trains, and long-distance trains on the current lines and the upcoming high speed Copenhagen-Ringsted railway. Once these extensions are complete, Metro expects the daily ridership to triple from its current level of 200,000 riders per weekday to 600,000 riders per weekday in 2030.

Aarhus light rail

The Aarhus Letbane (Aarhus light rail) is a light rail system in the city of Aarhus, Denmark. It is operated by the company Midttrafik. The first line opened in December 2017, but the system is under continuous development and expansion. Service on the intercity section Odder to Lisbjergskolen opened on 25 August 2018. A third intercity line to Grenå opened on 30 April 2019. More lines are being planned. On 8 May 2012, the Danish Parliament approved the construction of the first line; work to build Phase 1 commenced during September 2013. It was originally planned to open in August 2016, but this was delayed, in part due to legislative issues in relation to railway safety. Two types of rolling stock have been operated over the first line, conventional trams which are slower and restricted to only running along some parts of the route and hybrid tram-trains that can be operated on the conventional heavy rail network, the latter being used for the long-distance services.

Railway operators
Railway undertakings currently operating in Denmark:

 * Arriva
 * CFL cargo
 * DSB
 * Lokaltog
 * Metro Service A/S, running Copenhagen Metro
 * MJBA – Midtjyske Jernbaner
 * NJ – Nordjyske Jernbaner
 * SJ AB (formerly Statens Järnvägar)
 * DB Cargo

Connection to adjacent countries by rail
Denmark has railway connections to Sweden and Germany, both of which use the same rail gauge as in Denmark. The electric voltage is different as Sweden and Germany use 15 kV AC while Denmark uses 25 kV AC. The train protection systems are also different between all three countries. This means that locomotives must be specially modified to cross the borders, while railway wagons can freely cross the border if there is a suitable locomotive.

Connections to Sweden use the Øresund Railway across Øresund Bridge. Services include SJ's X 2000 service to Stockholm and Øresundståg commuter services to Malmö Central Station and beyond.

There are two connections to Germany. The main connection is over land at Padborg, which carries ICE, intercity and regional trains to Hamburg, and used to carry EuroNight and CityNightLine trains to Amsterdam via Cologne, Basel via Frankfurt, Munich via Nürnberg, and Prague via Berlin. The second crossing is overland at Tønder, Denmark and Süderlügum, Germany, which connects to Niebüll. The Vogelfluglinie route, is from December 2019 closed for trains, until then carried EuroCity and ICE services, using the train ferry from Rødby, Denmark to Puttgarden on the island of Fehmarn, Germany, and from there proceeded via Lübeck and Hamburg to Berlin. The Rødby ferry and Tønder crossing allow only diesel powered trains, while the Padborg crossing is electrified. The Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link is a planned connection across the Fehmarnbelt between Denmark and Germany.

Since November 2014, CityNightLine does not service Denmark anymore,. Sleeper trains serving Denmark include Snälltåget's seasonal services to Berlin and the Austrian Alps and SJ AB's service to Berlin and Hamburg.

Due to delays in delivering Talgo 230 equipment, DSB in 2023 rented UIC-Z wagons from Deutsche Bahn. The Talgo equipment is similar to the ICE L.

title: Rail transport in Denmark


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Past life regression

Past life regression (PLR), Past life therapy (PLT), regression or memory regression is a method that uses hypnosis to recover what practitioners believe are memories of past lives or incarnations. The practice is widely considered discredited and unscientific by medical practitioners, and experts generally regard claims of recovered memories of past lives as fantasies or delusions or a type of confabulation. Past-life regression is typically undertaken either in pursuit of a spiritual experience, or in a psychotherapeutic setting. Most advocates loosely adhere to beliefs about reincarnation, though religious traditions that incorporate reincarnation generally do not include the idea of repressed memories of past lives.

The technique used during past-life regression involves the subject answering a series of questions while hypnotized to reveal identity and events of alleged past lives, a method similar to that used in recovered memory therapy and one that, similarly, often misrepresents recovered memories as faithful recordings of previous events rather than constructed sets of recollections. The use of hypnosis and suggestive questions can tend to leave the subject particularly likely to hold distorted or false memories. The source of the memories is more likely cryptomnesia and confabulations that combine experiences, knowledge, imagination and suggestion or guidance from the hypnotist than recall of a previous existence. Once created, those memories are indistinguishable from memories based on events that occurred during the subject's life.

Investigations of memories reported during past-life regression have revealed that they contain historical inaccuracies which originate from common beliefs about history, modern popular culture, or books that discuss historical events. Experiments with subjects undergoing past-life regression indicate that a belief in reincarnation and suggestions by the hypnotist are the two most important factors regarding the contents of memories reported.

Religion
In the 2nd century BC, the Hindu scholar Patañjali, in his Yoga Sutras, discussed the idea of the soul becoming burdened with an accumulation of impressions as part of the karma from previous lives. Patañjali called the process of past-life regression prati-prasava (literally "reverse birthing"), and saw it as addressing current problems through memories of past lives. Some types of yoga continue to use prati-prasav as a practice. In the religious mythology of China the deity Meng Po, also known as the "Lady of Forgetfulness", prevents souls from remembering their past lives: she gives them the "Mi Hun Tang (literally "soul beguiling soup")" that erases all memories before they climb the wheel of reincarnation.

Past life regression can be found in Jainism. The seven truths of Jainism deal with the soul and its attachment to karma. The fourth truth, Bandha, tells us that karma can stick to your soul. The seventh truth, Moksha, tells us that in order to be freed from the cycle of rebirth and death, one must separate karma from the soul. In order to find out what karma is attached to your soul, you can participate in “Jati-Smaran.” Jati-Smaran is remembering past lives

Modern era
The nineteenth century saw the rise of Spiritualism, involving séances and other techniques for contacting departed spirits. Allan Kardec (1804–1869) sought to codify the lessons obtained in a set of five books, the Spiritist Codification (theSpiritist Pentateuch, 1857–1868), including The Spirits Book (1857) and Heaven and Hell (1865). These books introduce concepts of how spirits evolve through a series of incarnations.

Madame Blavatsky (1831–1891), co-founder of the Theosophical Society, introduced the Sanskrit term Akasha, beginning in Isis Unveiled (1877) as a vague life force that was continuously redefined, always vaguely, in subsequent publications. Separately in Isis Unveiled, she referred to "indestructible tablets of the astral light" recording both the past and future of human thought and action.

These concepts were combined into a single idea: the Akashic records, espoused by Alfred Percy Sinnett in his book Esoteric Buddhism (1883). The idea that the "Akashic records" held past life data set the stage, whereby Western practitioners of the paranormal could sidestep the notion of forgetfulness that, in traditional teachings about reincarnation, had prevented memories of former lives from being accessed.

An early report for a human accessing past life information during a trance state comes from 1923, when Edgar Cayce, while answering questions posed by  Arthur Lammers (publisher) in a trance state, spoke of Lammers' past lives and of reincarnation. The use of hypnosis for past life regressions is said to have been developed by A. R. (Asa Roy) Martin of Sharon, Pennsylvania, who published Researches in Reincarnation and Beyond in 1942.

In 1952 the Bridey Murphy case, in which housewife Virginia Tighe of Pueblo, Colorado, under hypnosis, was reported by the hypnotist to have recounted memories of a 19th-century Irish woman ("Bridey Murphy").

Past life regression is widely rejected as a psychiatric treatment by clinical psychiatrists and psychologists. A 2006 survey found that a majority of a sample of doctoral level mental health professionals rated "Past Lives" therapy as "certainly discredited" as a treatment for mental or behavioral disorders.

According to psychologist Robert Baker, the belief in reincarnation is the main predictor that the patient will have a past life memory during past life therapy. One of the most notorious cases was that of an American woman who remembered being Bridey Murphy and sang old Irish songs; when the case was investigated, it was shown that she did not remember a past life but her childhood instead. The book The Search for Bridey Murphy details this story.

Technique
In the West, past-life regression practitioners use hypnosis and suggestion to promote recall in their patients, using a series of questions designed to elicit statements and memories about the past life's history and identity. Some practitioners also use bridging techniques from a client's current-life problem to bring "past-life stories" to conscious awareness. Practitioners believe that unresolved issues from alleged past lives may be the cause of their patients' problems.

One technique for accessing memories from a past life is detailed in a study by Nicholas P. Spanos from Carleton University, Ontario, Canada. Subjects of a study were at first told that they would be undergoing a hypnosis, and afterwards told, “You are now in a different life, living in another life that you have lived before in another time. You are now reliving that other life that you lived once before in a different time.” Next, after the administer asks “What name can I call you by? I want you to look down and tell me what you are wearing. Describe everything you are wearing in detail. Where are you?”

Afterwards, the subjects were to chronicle the information that they could remember after regression in a past life. Past life regression can be achieved in as little as 15 minutes, but to recall past a point of death, and into "soul memories", it takes upwards of 45 minutes of trance induction. However, with psychotherapy clients who believe in past lives, irrespective of whether or not past lives exist, the use of past lives as a tool has been suggested.

Sources of memories
The "memories" recovered by techniques like past-life regression may be the result of cryptomnesia: narratives created by the subconscious mind using imagination, forgotten information and suggestions from the therapist. Memories created under hypnosis are indistinguishable from actual memories and can be more vivid than factual memories. The greatest predictor of individuals reporting memories of past lives appears to be their beliefs—individuals who believe in reincarnation are more likely to report such memories, while skeptics or disbelievers are less so. Examinations of three cases of apparent past life regression (Bridey Murphy, Jane Evans, and an unnamed English woman) revealed memories that were superficially convincing. However, investigation by experts in the languages used and historical periods described revealed flaws in all three patients' recall. The evidence included speech patterns that were "...used by movie makers and writers to convey the flavour of 16th century English speech" rather than actual Renaissance English. Another cited a historical date that was inaccurate, but was the same as a recognized printing error in historical pamphlets.

Another subject reported historically accurate information from the Roman era, that was identical to information found in a 1947 novel set in the same time as the individual's memories, with the same name reported by the person regressed. Other details cited are common knowledge and not evidence of the factual nature of the memories. Subjects asked to provide historical information that would allow checking, provided only vague responses that did not allow for verification, and sometimes were unable to provide critical details that would have been common knowledge. For example, a subject described the life of a Japanese fighter pilot during World War II, but was unable to identify Hirohito as the Emperor of Japan during the 1940s.

Studies
Studies suggest that past lives are likely false memories, implanted through the susceptibility of the hypnotic method. A 1976 study, found that 40% of hypnotizable subjects described new identities and used different names when given a suggestion to regress past their birth. In the 1990s, a series of experiments undertaken by Nicholas Spanos examined the nature of past life memories. Descriptions of alleged past lives were found to be extremely elaborate, with vivid, detailed descriptions. This, however, is not indicative of the validity of this therapeutic method. Subjects who reported memories of past lives exhibited high hypnotizability, and patients demonstrated that the expectations conveyed by the experimenter were most important in determining the characteristics of the reported memories.

The degree to which the memories were considered credible by the experimental subjects was correlated most significantly to the subjects' beliefs about reincarnation and their expectation to remember a past life rather than hypnotizability. Spanos' research leads him to the conclusion that past lives are not memories, but actually social constructions based on patients acting "as if" they were someone else, but with significant flaws that would not be expected of actual memories. To create these memories, Spanos' subjects drew upon the expectations established by authority figures and information outside of the experiment such as television, novels, life experiences and their own desires. In sum, it is therefore suggested that past lives are likely false memories, implanted through the susceptibility of the hypnotic method.

Ethical questions
Past life regression has been critiqued for being unethical on the premises that it lacks any evidence to support these claims, and that the act increases one's susceptibility to false memories. Luis Cordón states that this can be problematic as it creates delusions under the guise of therapy. The memories are experienced as vivid as those based on events experienced in one's life, impossible to differentiate from true memories of actual events, and accordingly any damage can be difficult to undo.

As past life regression is rooted on the premise of reincarnation, many APA accredited organizations have begun to refute this as a therapeutic method on the basis of it being unethical. Additionally, the hypnotic methodology that underpins past life regression places the participant in a vulnerable position, susceptible to implantation of false memories. Because the implantation of false memories may be harmful, Gabriel Andrade points out that past life regression violates the principle of first, do no harm (non-maleficence).

Works

 * Destiny of Souls, book
 * Raaz Pichhle Janam Ka, Indian TV series

title: Past life regression