text:
Steve Lovelady

Steven Lovelady (July 2, 1943 – January 15, 2010) was an American journalist.

Early life
Born in Morganfield, Kentucky, Lovelady was raised in Worland, Wyoming, where he delivered newspapers. He earned his journalism degree from the University of Missouri.

Career
Early in his career, he first worked as a reporter for The Wall Street Journal then ended as an editor of front-page articles, before being hired in 1972 by Gene Roberts to work for The Philadelphia Inquirer, where he spent 23 years as the associate editor then working his way up to managing editor. He joined Time Inc. in 1996 as "editor at large", a title and role created specifically for him by Norman Pearlstine. Lovelady left Time Inc. in 2004 and began working at Campaign Desk, a Columbia Journalism Review Web site.

Awards

 * Two Pulitzer prizes for his investigative work for The Inquirer

Family
Lovelady was married to his wife Ann, a former editor of The New York Times. In his first marriage he was married to Linda R. Higgins, and together they had two daughters, Sara and Stephanie, and two grandchildren.

Death
Lovelady died of throat cancer on January 15, 2010, in Key West, Florida, at the age of 66.

title: Steve Lovelady


text:
Parwana (1971 film)

Parwana (lit. Moth) is a 1971 Indian Hindi-language psychological thriller film directed by Jyoti Swaroop. It stars Amitabh Bachchan, Navin Nischol, Yogeeta Bali, Om Prakash in lead roles and Shatrughan Sinha in a special appearance. In this film, Bachchan plays his first negative role as an infatuated lover-turned-murderer.

Plot
Kumar (Amitabh Bachchan), an artist by profession is in love with Asha (Yogeeta Bali). Asha wins a trip to Ooty in a dance competition, and falls in love with a wealthy tea plantation owner, Rajeshwar (Navin Nischol). When Kumar finds out, he goes to Asha's uncle, Ashok Verma (Om Prakash) and demands Asha's hand in marriage. When he refuses, Kumar plots to kill him. (The manner in which Kumar plans and executes the murder is regarded as an immensely brilliant and engaging sequence.) Kumar boards and exits various modes of transportation to avoid any possibilities of suspicion by creating an alibi. He finally kills Ashok and frames Rajeshwar in the hope of winning Asha's love. But Asha still loves Rajeshwar, and believes in his innocence. She promises to stay with Kumar forever, if he could get Rajeshwar exonerated from his death sentence. Kumar realises that Rajeshwar will always remain Asha's love. He writes down his confession giving details of execution of his plan of murder, gives it to Rajeshwar and commits suicide.

Cast

 * Amitabh Bachchan as Kumar Sen
 * Navin Nischol as Rajeshwar Singh
 * Yogeeta Bali as Asha Parekh
 * Om Prakash as Ashok Verma
 * Shatrughan Sinha as Public Prosecutor (Special Appearance)
 * Laxmi Chhaya as Kamla Singh
 * Lalita Pawar as Sarita Singh
 * Asit Sen as Mr. Ghosh
 * Ranjeeta Thakur as Mrs. Ghosh
 * Helen as a Cabaret Dancer

Music
Since the director Jyoti Swaroop had a successful pairing with R. D. Burman in the movie Padosan, the music of the movie was originally to be composed by Burman. But he later had creative differences with the director and hence Madan Mohan was roped in. The lyrics were penned by Kaifi Azmi. Most of the prominent singers of the industry lent their voice to the soundtrack of this movie, including Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi and Asha Bhosle.

Legacy
The sequence of Kumar's use of various modes of transportation was an inspiration for the 2007 Bollywood film Johnny Gaddaar, where it is shown that the film's protagonist has watched the film Parwana and does the same to avoid suspicion.

Home media
The DVD of the film was released by IndiaWeekly under its own label.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Parwana (1971 film)


text:
User talk:Jussi Hirvi

Comments are welcome here!

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Dear : Welcome to Wikipedia, a free and open-content encyclopedia. I hope you enjoy contributing. To help get you settled in, I thought you might find the following pages useful:

 * Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Community Portal
 * Frequently Asked Questions
 * How to edit a page
 * How to revert to a previous version of a page
 * Tutorial
 * Copyrights
 * Shortcuts

Don't worry too much about being perfect. Very few of us are! Just in case you are not perfect, click here to see how you can avoid making common mistakes.

If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions.

Wikipedians try to follow a strict policy of never biting new users. If you are unsure of how to do something, you are welcome to ask a more experienced user such as an administrator. One last bit of advice: please sign any dicussion comment with four tildes (~~). The software will automatically convert this into your signature which can be altered in the "Preferences" tab at the top of the screen. I hope I have not overwhelmed you with information. If you need any help just let me know. Once again welcome to Wikipedia, and don't forget to tell us about yourself and be BOLD!--Lacatosias 15:05, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jussi Hirvi


text:
User talk:Gaialuz

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Image copyright problem with Image:US-UK-power.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:US-UK-power.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Dethomas 07:40, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:USexpands.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:USexpands.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Dethomas 22:10, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gaialuz


text:
User talk:Zagalejo

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:21, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Happy New Year, Zagalejo!

Happy New Year! Zagalejo, Have a prosperous, productive and enjoyable New Year, and thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia.

— Moops  ⋠ T ⋡ 16:37, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

Send New Year cheer by adding {{subst:Happy New Year fireworks}} to user talk pages.

— Moops  ⋠ T ⋡ 16:37, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

Terence Stansbury
Hi! I saw you started this article, and you're still around (!). There's a discussion on Commons involving him, if you're interested. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 07:52, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:23, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

"Anita Alvarez(politician)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anita_Alvarez(politician)&redirect=no Anita Alvarez(politician)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. 2601:5CC:8300:A7F0:64D4:1CAD:2D37:C84B (talk) 2601:5CC:8300:A7F0:64D4:1CAD:2D37:C84B (talk) 15:34, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zagalejo


text:
Englis

Englis may refer to:
 * English language or englis in Middle English

People with the surname

 * Charles M. Englis, joiner subcontractor to the W. & A. Fletcher Company
 * John Englis, shipbuilder of the USRC Ashuelot
 * Karel Engliš (1880–1961), Czech Minister of Finance over the Czech National Bank
 * Manuel Englis, member of the Zamboanga City Council in the 2019 Zamboanga City local elections
 * Miroslav Engliš, mathematician, Ph.D. student under Vlastimil Pták
 * Myles Englis, player in the 2016 Big East Conference Men's Soccer Tournament
 * Sunday Englis, winner of the 2020 Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards for Best Period and/or Character Makeup with Nicki Ledermann and Tania Ribalow

title: Englis


text:
User talk:The Lizard

Image copyright problem with Image:Lizardfolk.jpg
Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Stifle 17:29, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

I replaced it with an image from a book cover under the fair use license. The Lizard 17:30, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Template: Marvel
We're trying to figure out the edit history for Template: Marvel. May I ask why you created template named Marvel using only the non-free image template? This is puzzling. Thanks. Doczilla 05:14, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

I believe this was a simple error on my part when I was researching the image added to Lizard (comics) by another user. My Talk entry may be read here. Sorry for any confusion, and I see that the template has been rightly deleted.The Lizard 01:56, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Spider-Man
Hello. :) Since you have been involved in editing the article Spider-Man, I wanted to let you know that we have nominated the article for "Good Article" status. You can view the review page, and if there is anything you can do to make the article better, please do so. :) There are a number of concerns to be addressed and some work to be done, so pitch in if you are able, make any suggestions that you think might be helpful, or at least just be there for moral support. :) BOZ (talk) 01:29, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:The Lizard


text:
Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica

The Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica (the national honor society for Spanish and Portuguese) is an academic honor society focused on Spanish language and Portuguese language excellence in secondary education and promotes a continuity of interest in Spanish and Portuguese studies. It is sponsored by the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese.

History
Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica was established as the Spanish National Honor Society in 1953 in the United States. Its became Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica in 1959. The society recognizes the achievement of high school students in Spanish and Portuguese. It also encourages interest in Hispanic and Luso-Brazilian studies.

Symbols
The society's colors are red and gold. Its fower is the carnation. Its motto is "¡Todos a una!" ("All Together for One Goal").

Membership
Each member must have completed at least three semesters of Spanish or Portuguese with an honor average as defined by the local chapter. The potential member must be enrolled in Spanish at the time of induction and is required to maintain an "honor grade" or GPA, which correlates with the SHH's mission of high academic achievement.

Activities
Albricias is the quarterly publication of the Spanish Honor Society. Students may submit writings and artworks to the magazine. It also features reflective writings from the students who have won the college scholarships and/or travel awards.

Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica provides over $160,000 in awards to its chapters and members. The most prestigious awards are college scholarships to sixty high school seniors (Joseph Adams Senior Scholarship) and travel awards to 24 high school juniors from around the country (Bertie Green Travel Awards). The Bertie Green Travel Award destinations have included summer trips to Argentina, Peru, Mexico, and Spain. Each chapter can only nominate one student for each of those awards. There are also several awards for chapters and sponsors each year.

Chapters
As of 2024, there are more than 2,900 chapters of Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica. Each chapter has its own unique name, which is associated with some aspect of the Spanish or Portuguese culture.

title: Sociedad Honoraria Hispánica


text:
San Ramon Valley

The San Ramon Valley is a valley and region in Contra Costa County and Alameda County, in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in northern California.

Geography
The valley is between the Oakland Hills on the west, and the Diablo Range on the east. The western side of the valley is formed by Las Trampas Ridge.

The valley's population is around 150,000 people.

The city of San Ramon, town of Danville, as well as the southern edge of Walnut Creek are located in the valley, as are the census-designated places (CDPs) of Alamo, Blackhawk, Camino Tassajara and Diablo.

Interstate 680 serves as the primary transportation route for the area. The Iron Horse Regional Trail also runs the length of the valley.

title: San Ramon Valley


text:
Princeton theology

The Princeton theology was a tradition of conservative Reformed and Presbyterian theology at Princeton Theological Seminary lasting from the founding of that institution in 1812 until the 1920s, after which, due to the increasing influence of theological liberalism at the school, the last Princeton theologians left to found Westminster Theological Seminary. The appellation has special reference to certain theologians, from Archibald Alexander to B. B. Warfield, and their particular blend of teaching, which together with its Old School Presbyterian Calvinist orthodoxy sought to express a warm evangelicalism and a high standard of scholarship. W. Andrew Hoffecker argues that they strove to "maintain a balance between the intellectual and affective elements in the Christian faith."

By extension, the Princeton theologians include those predecessors of Princeton Theological Seminary who prepared the groundwork of that theological tradition, and the successors who tried, and failed, to preserve the seminary against the inroads of a program to better conform that graduate school to "broad evangelicalism", which was imposed upon it by the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.

History
William Tennent Sr. of the Log College, Gilbert Tennent and William Tennent Jr. of the College of New Jersey, and Jonathan Edwards of Princeton University are considered predecessors to the Princeton theologians. Archibald Alexander, Charles Hodge, A. A. Hodge, and B. B. Warfield were major figures promoting the Princeton theology. The quarterly journal Biblical Repertory, later renamed the Princeton Review, was an important publication promoting this school. Albert Baldwin Dod, Lyman Hotchkiss Atwater, and John Breckinridge were frequent contributors of this journal. Geerhardus Vos, J. Gresham Machen, Cornelius Van Til, Oswald T. Allis, Robert Dick Wilson, and John Murray were notable successors of the Princeton theologians. Of these, only Machen and Wilson represented the American Presbyterian tradition that was directly influenced by the Princeton theology. Vos and Van Til were Dutch Reformed. Murray was a Scot, but a student under Machen at Princeton who later followed him to Westminster Theological Seminary. Murray and Van Til were both ministers in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, which Machen founded.

Theology
Mark Noll, an evangelical ecclesiastical historian, sees the "grand motifs" of the Princeton theology as being "Devotion to the Bible, concern for religious experience, sensitivity to the American experience, and full employment of Presbyterian confessions, seventeenth-century Reformed systematicians, and the Scottish philosophy of Common Sense." Allegiance to the Bible as the supreme norm was common in the 19th century, and not a distinctive of the Princeton theologians. Princeton was, however, distinguished by the academic rigor with which it approached the Bible. Alexander and his successors sought to defend the doctrines they found in the Bible against rival claims from learned scholars. Charles Hodge saw faithfulness to the Bible as the best defense against higher criticism as well as the overly experiential focus of Friedrich Schleiermacher.

Princeton theologians saw themselves in the line of Reformed Protestantism stretching back to John Calvin. The dogmatics of Francis Turretin, a Reformed scholastic of the 17th century, was the primary textbook of theology at Princeton. In a world which increasingly valued the new over the old, these theologians preferred the theological systems of the 16th and 17th centuries. The various Reformed confessions were viewed as harmonious voices of a common theological tradition, which the theologians held as simply a distillation of the teaching of the Bible.

title: Princeton theology


text:
User talk:Noy2222

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Noy2222


text:
User talk:Anadine

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

---

Thomas Chalmers
I put an explanation in my edit summary, but probably should have expanded on it on talk. The problem was a merging of two articles from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Thomas Chalmers article, had the end of an article about George Chalmers instead of the correct ending - I suspect that the original scan missed a page. It was the sudden mention of the death of George Chalmers that showed there was a problem. I checked with a couple of versions and it's the 1911encyclopedia.org version that's wrong, the encyclopedia.jrank.org version is OK ( and ). So I took out the faulty ending and put the right ending in. Of course, being a 1911 article, it has all the usual language and NPOV problems. Anyway, sorry for the confusion, hopefully it's clear now -- sannse (talk) 21:25, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Ako srednje dobro govoriš slovenački, pretpostavljam da mozeš da razumeš i ovo. Ako je tako, mozeš da dodaš još jedan (srpski) jezik medju impresivnu listu jezika koje govoriš :) Quot linguas calles, tot homines valles. -- Obradović Goran ( t al k  03:18, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Scottish Wikipedians' notice board
Since joining Wikipedia recently I have learnt an awful lot, and one of those things is the value of teamwork. It has become increasingly apparent to me that there are absolutely tons of people out there devoted to editing the Scottish articles, but we communicate only haphazardly. To begin to attempt to remedy this, I have initiated a notice board for all Scoto-fans!

You can find it using this shortcut: WP:SCOWNB (yes, I know that it ain't very "short", but our nordic neighbours had first call on WP:SWNB).

Please sign up and post notices, or at least Watch the page.--Mais oui! 15:34, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Translation
Hello! A while ago you signed up to help translate articles from other Wikipedias at Translators available.

This page has since become obsolete and has been replaced by two userbox templates.

If you are still interested in translating, you may sign up again by using one of the following userboxes on your userpage :

'''

We hope to see you soon on Translation!

Help!
I am Anadine and have lost my password and I really really want my old identity back. Any suggestions?

AfD nomination of Lists of people by nationality
An editor has nominated Lists of people by nationality, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 16:29, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Lists of Americans
I have nominated Lists of Americans, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Lists of Americans. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message.  — fetch ·  comms   22:07, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of List of Algerians for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of Algerians is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of Algerians until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. -- Selket Talk 23:33, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anadine


text:
Karun

The Karun is the Iranian river with the highest water flow, and the country's only navigable river. It is 950 km long. The Karun rises in the Zard Kuh mountains of the Bakhtiari district in the Zagros Range, receiving many tributaries, such as the Dez and the Kuhrang. It passes through the city of Ahvaz, the capital of the Khuzestan Province of Iran, before emptying to its mouth into Arvand Rud.

The Karun continues toward the Persian Gulf, forking into two primary branches on its delta – the Bahmanshir and the Haffar – that join the Arvand Rud, emptying into the Persian Gulf. The important Island of Abadan is located between these two branches of the Karun. The port city of Khorramshahr is divided from the Island of Abadan by the Haffar branch.

Juris Zarins and other scholars have identified the Karun as one of the four rivers of Eden (Gihon), the others being the Tigris, the Euphrates, and either the Wadi al-Batin or the Karkheh.

Name
In early classical times, the Karun was known as the Pasitigris. The modern medieval and modern name, Karun, is a corruption of the name Kuhrang, which is still maintained by one of the two primary tributaries of the Karun. J. G. Lorimer also records in his Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia that it was known by the name "Dujail," which could be translated "Little Tigris," to medieval Arab and Persian geographers.

Course
It originates in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran, on the slopes of 4221 m Zard-Kuh. The river flows south and west through several prominent mountain ridges and receives additional water from the Vanak on the south bank and the Bazoft on the north. These tributaries add to the catchment of the river above the Karun-4 Dam. 25 km downstream, the Karun widens into the reservoir formed by the Karun-3 Dam.

The Khersan flows into a reservoir from the southeast passin through it in a narrow canyon, now in a northwest direction, past Izeh, eventually winding into the Sussan Plain. The Karun then turns north into the reservoir of Shahid Abbaspour Dam (Karun-1), which floods the river's defile to the southwest. The Karun flows southwest into the impoundment of Masjed Soleyman Dam (Karun-2), then turns northwest. Finally, it leaves the foothills and flows south past Shushtar and its confluence with the Dez. It then bends southwest, bisecting the city of Ahvaz, and south through farmland to its mouth on the Arvand Roud at Khorramshahr, where its water, together with that of the Tigris and Euphrates, turns sharply southeast to flow to the Persian Gulf.

Basin

The largest river by discharge in Iran, the Karun River's watershed covers 65230 km2 in parts of two Iranian provinces. The river is around 950 km long and has an average discharge of 575 m3/s. The largest city on the river is Ahvaz, with over 1.3 million inhabitants. Other important cities include Shushtar, Khorramshahr (a port), Masjed-Soleyman, and Izeh.

Much of Khuzestan's transport and resources are connected in one way or another to the Karun. Since the British first discovered oil at Masjed Soleyman, the Karun has been an important route for the transport of petroleum to the Persian Gulf, and remains an important commercial waterway. Water from the Karun provides irrigation to over 280000 ha of the surrounding plain and a further 100000 ha are planned to receive water.

History

Karun River lies between the Susa plain, the location of the ancient cultures dating back to the fifth millennium BC and, to the south, the newly discovered ancient culture of the Zohreh River plain from the same period. The principal ancient site being excavated near the Zohreh River is Tol-e Chega Sofla, which has many parallels with Susa.

Later, the Karun valley was also inhabited by the Elamite civilization which rose about 2,700 BC. At several points in history, Mesopotamian civilizations such as Ur and Babylon overthrew the Elamites and gained control of the Karun and its surroundings in modern Khuzestan. However, the Elamite empire lasted until about 640 BC, when the Assyrians overran it. The city of Susa, near the modern city of Shush between the Dez and Karkheh rivers, was one of their largest before it was destroyed by the invaders.

The first known major bridge across the river was built by the Roman captives that included its emperor Valerianus in the Sassanid era, whence the name of the bridge and dam Band-e Kaisar, "Caesar's dam", at Shushtar (3rd century AD).

In two of several competing theories about the origins and location of the Garden of Eden, the Karun is presumed to be the Gihon River described in the Biblical book of Genesis. The strongest of these theories, propounded by archaeologist Juris Zarins, places the Garden of Eden at the northern tip of the Persian Gulf, fed by the four rivers Tigris, the Euphrates, Gihon (Karun) and Pishon (Wadi al-Batin).

In 1888, during a period of increasing British influence in southern Iran, Lynch Brothers opened the first regular steamship service on the river linking Khorramshahr and Ahvaz.

The name of the river is derived from the mountain peak, Kuhrang, which serves as its source. The film documentary, Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life (1925), tells the story of the Bakhtiari tribe crossing this river.

It was here during the Iran–Iraq War that the Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces stopped the early Iraqi Armed Forces advance. With its limited military stocks, Iran unveiled its "human wave" assaults which used thousands of Basij (Popular Mobilization Army or People's Army) volunteers.

In September 2009, three districts of Basra province in southern Iraq were declared disaster-hit areas as a result of Iran's construction of new dams on the Karun. The new dams resulted in high levels of salinity in the Arvand Roud (Shatt al-Arab), which destroyed farm areas and threatened livestock in that Iraqi Basra area. Civilians in the area were forced to evacuate.

Dams
There are a number of dams on the Karun River, mainly built to generate hydroelectric power and provide flood control. Gotvand Dam, Masjed Soleyman Dam, Karun-1 (Shahid Abbaspour Dam), Karun-3, and Karun-4, most of them owned by the Iran Water and Power Resources Development Co., are all on the main stem. Karun-2 would potentially be located in the Sussan Plain between Shahid Abbaspour and Karun-3, but the project is still under consideration because of concern over submerging archaeological sites.

A Karun-5 dam upstream of Karun-4 has also been proposed. The Masjed Soleyman, Shahid Abbaspour, and Karun-3 dams each generate 1,000–2,000 MW of power to service the peaking power sector of Iran's electricity grid, and when completed, Karun-4 will also generate 1,000 MW. There are also many dams on the river's tributaries. Dez Dam, Bakhtiari Dam (under construction) and Khersan-3 Dam (under construction) are among them. Khersan 1, Khersan 2, Zalaki, Liro, Roudbar Lorestan, Bazoft, and others are proposed. The dams on the Karun have had a significant effect on the sediment transport and the ecology of the river, and have required the relocation of thousands of residents.

title: Karun


text:
User talk:Softmicro1

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

title: User talk:Softmicro1


text:
Talk:Antiquities of the Jews

[Untitled]
It is lamentable that the first point about the Antiquity of the Jews that comes to mind to the contributor of this article – and indeed the only point, considering that the remainder of the article imparts no greater insights than a copy of some of the modern chapter headings – is the so-called Testimonium Flavianum. It is not merely a matter of NPOV. It is also that we have here literature and history of a people and an author from among their own that precedes Christianity; and any Christian contributor owes them and the work's author the respect to consider the work in the first instance from this perspective. Unless someone wants to claim that Josephus wrote 20 volumes in order to bury therein a remark about Jesus of Nazareth (and perhaps in a way that leaves subsequent Christian scribes sufficient scope to adapt it to reflect more closely their own beliefs). Portress 21:24, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

THe above is correct. The testimonium should be mentioned here. Although it is a fake, it is very notable, but it should be 10% of a much longer article. What this article neeed is: expand --Doc ask?  10:55, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Talk is cheap. Pitch in, please! You're an editor, too! :) --NightMonkey 01:15, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

antiquities
i tend to think this article should be linked to from a disambiguation page for "antiquities" because i was reading about it in a few articles that did not link to "antiquities of the jews", but only referred to it as "antiquities", and when i searched for "antiquities" there was no disambiguation page to aid me in finding this one...but maybe disambiguation pages are only for different articles with the same name, and then a parenthetical modifier?

AJAXX ?
Can we translate this into something understandable:
 * (cf. AJAXX.267, the overlap mentioned therein occurred from 1.9.93 to 14.3.94).

I don't know what AJAXX means, maybe it means whale doodoo for all i know, and if the oddly formatted numbers are meant to be dates, then they should use standard non-ambiguous date formatting. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.20.190.160 (talk) 03:44, 15 May 2007 (UTC).

Manuscripts section: additional clarification ?
Stated in the section titled Manuscripts is, "The extant copies of this work, which all derive from Christian sources (even the recently recovered Arabic version), contain two disputed passages about Jesus." Following that one of the disputed passages is described but not the other. Dr.khatmando (talk) 03:25, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

for the full work
Perseus at Tufts has all the volumes of Antiquities programmed in with both Greek and Whiston's 1895 English translation. So if you are frustrated that the Loeb volumes after 14 are not yet in the public domain, you can read a non-Loeb digitized version at Perseus. 100.15.127.199 (talk) 19:18, 11 January 2020 (UTC)

Question
Would you say Antiquities of the Jews was a series of books?

title: Talk:Antiquities of the Jews


text:
Abba Jifar I

Moti Abba Jifar I (r. 1830–1855) was the first king of the Gibe Kingdom of Jimma.

Reign
Abba Jifar was the son of Abba Magal, who was a leader of the Diggo Oromo. He built upon the political and military base his father had provided him, and created the Kingdom of Jimma. Consequently, Jimma was no longer referred to as Jimma Kaka in common parlance, but as Jimma Abba Jifar.

Herbert S. Lewis credits Abba Jifar with having initiated "many administrative and political innovations", despite the lack of specific historical evidence. According to oral tradition, Abba Jifar claimed the right to the extensive areas of the newly conquered land as well as virgin or unused land, which he both kept for himself and used to reward his family, followers and favorites. He reportedly constructed at least five palaces in different parts of Jimma.

The historian Mordechai Abir notes that between the years 1839 and 1841 of his reign, Abba Jifar fought with Abba Bagido the King of Limmu-Ennarea over the district of Badi-Folla. The area was important for control of the caravan route between the Kingdom of Kaffa on the one hand, and the provinces of Gojjam and Shewa on the other. While the two Kings negotiated a peace in 1841, and sealed the treaty with the marriage of Abba Jifar's daughter to Abba Bagido's son Abba Dula, the Jimma King eventually conquered Badi-Folla (1847) and secured control over this important caravan route.

Abba Jifar was also the first king of Jimma to embrace Islam, owing his conversion in 1830 to Abdul Hakim, a trader from Gondar. Lewis notes that as of 1960, Abdul Hakim's tomb in Jiren was still a venerated site.

title: Abba Jifar I


text:
User talk:Nutana

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Yes some of the links appear a bit boring at first, but they are VERY helpful if you ever take the time to read them.

Remember to place any articles you create into a category so we don't get orphans.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome.

Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Album1dw.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Album1dw.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 09:29, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Album2dw.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Album2dw.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 09:29, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Album3dw.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Album3dw.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 09:29, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Album4dw.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Album4dw.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 09:29, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Album5dw.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Album5dw.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 09:29, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Album6dw.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Album6dw.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 09:29, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Album7dw.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Album7dw.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 09:30, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Album0dw.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Album0dw.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:05, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nutana


text:
Talk:Cut Chemist

What's The Altitude YouTube video
Here's the link to the video referenced in the article for "What's The Altitude":. Hopefully that will be sufficient evidence to remove the "citation needed" tag. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.78.212.159 (talk) 00:42, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Rare Equations
Cut Chemist's "Litmus Test" is an edit/remake of an earlier mixtape he did called "Rare Equations" which had a short (non-bootleg) stint on CD a few years ago. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 209.87.214.159 (talk • contribs).

--Actually, I don't believe that is correct. I have both albums. "Rare Equations" is a double album that is rather obscure but nevertheless available. There IS a single-disc, 30-minute album called "Cut In Class" which IS an edit/remake of "Rare Equations". I purchased "Cut in Class" at a Cut Chemist show in January 2005 and I've never seen it anywhere else (or even mentioned anywhere else) otherwise-- it seems to be self-produced, and so where Rare Equations is rather obscure, "Cut in Class" is REALLY obscure. I will go look at the info (e.g. catalog number) and add it to this entry. "Litmus Test" was, as far as I know, meant to be a preview for his first major label album that would be out in "a few months"; the album actually ended up being released as "The Audience's Listening" after a time period that had stretched to two years. Migp 21:28, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

I added in Cut's remix of Jem's "They"(2004) Crazy Wize Music Remixed by Cut Chemist at the Space Bar 64.121.32.211 19:45, 16 August 2006 (UTC)Renn208

Production Credits on J5 EP:
Cut Chemist did not produce all of the Jurassic 5 EP. DJ Nu-Mark produced some of the tracks. Can someone please change that? Infamous30 10:58, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Acutally, Cut Chemist does have production credit on all of the tracks of the J5 EP, with sole credit on Lesson 6 and Blacktop Beat. Nu-Mark shares credit on the rest. Although, you do bring up a good point that the text in the article is a bit mis-leading as it leads the reader to believe that Cut Chemist was the sole producer. Renn208 23:49, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Cut Chemist. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060524001941/http://www.earfuzz.com/2006/05/audiences-listening-to-cut-chemist.html to http://www.earfuzz.com/2006/05/audiences-listening-to-cut-chemist.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:59, 15 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cut Chemist


text:
Fulgencio Yegros

Fulgencio Yegros y Franco de Torres (born 1780 in Quyquyhó, died 1821) was Paraguayan soldier and first head of state of independent Paraguay. The town of Yegros is named in his honor.

Life
Yegros was born to a family of military tradition and also pursued a military career. Grandson of governor Fulgencio Yegros y Ledesma, he studied in Asunción and joined the Spanish colonial army. He had his first combat experiences in 1802 against the Portuguese and in 1807 when he was part of the Paraguayan forces that defended Buenos Aires during British invasions of the Río de la Plata. He reached the rank of captain in 1810 and was given the governorship of Misiones. Later he founded the first military academy in independent Paraguay.

In early 1811 he participated in Paraguay campaign and defended Paraguay against the invaders led by Manuel Belgrano.

Yegros and Pedro Juan Caballero were the main military figures in the Revolution of May 1811, which led to the Independence of Paraguay. Following independence, from June 19, 1811 until October 12, 1813 Yegros was President of the five-man ruling Junta Superior Gubernativa which in 1813 was replaced by a two-man consulate. Yegros and José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia were chosen by Congress in 1813 as Consuls of the Republic following the model of the French Revolution.

Yegros was more of a military man than politician, and in his role as Consul of Paraguay was marginalised by Francia. His term as Consul was from 12 February 1814 to 12 June 1814. After his last consular term in 1814, Francia was elected the dictator of Paraguay and Yegros retired from public life to his estate.

In 1820 Yegros was a participant in the unsuccessful plot that tried to oust Francia from power. Following the failure of the plot, Yegros was imprisoned and was executed on 17 July, 1821.

title: Fulgencio Yegros


text: Category:Kings of Gibe

title: Category:Kings of Gibe


text:
User:Drgarrett

just another geek in alaska.

title: User:Drgarrett


text:
Manuel Antonio Ortiz

Manuel Antonio Ortiz became President of the Provisional Junta of Paraguay on 20 September 1840 following the death of José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia. He was chairman of the Junta until 22 January 1841, when he was overthrown in a coup. Following his deposition, Juan José Medina established a triumvirate to govern the state.

title: Manuel Antonio Ortiz


text:
Sweeney

Sweeney may refer to:

People

 * Sweeney (name)
 * Clan Sweeney, an Irish clan of Scottish origin

Places

 * Sweeney Mountains, Palmer Land, Antarctica
 * Sweeney Ridge, a national park in California, United States

Arts and entertainment

 * The Madness of Sweeney, a mediaeval Irish legend
 * Sweeney an Australian bush ballad (1893) by Henry Lawson
 * Sweeney Agonistes, an abandoned "Aristophanic Melodrama" by T. S. Eliot; also two poems, "Sweeney Erect" and "Sweeney Among the Nightingales" from Eliot's Poems (1920)
 * The Sweeney, a British television series
 * Sweeney!, a spin-off film of the TV show
 * Sweeney 2, the 1978 sequel
 * The Sweeney (2012 film)
 * The Sweeney: Paris, an alternative name for the French film The Squad (2015 film), a remake of the 2012 film
 * The Sweeney, British band formed by Murray Torkildsen

Other uses

 * London slang for the Flying Squad, a branch of the Metropolitan Police Service

title: Sweeney


text:
Juan José Medina

Juan José Medina was President of the Provisional Junta of Paraguay from 22 January 1841 to 9 February 1841.

title: Juan José Medina


text:
Mariano Roque Alonso

Mariano Roque Alonso Romero (16 August 1792 Ybytimí – 7 August 1853) was President of the Provisional Junta of Paraguay from 9 February 1841 to 14 March 1841. On 14 March 1841, he established a government ruling jointly with Carlos Antonio López and they both styled themselves "consuls of the republic". After three years of this arrangement, on 13 March 1844, Roque Alonso resigned and López became the country's sole ruler.

title: Mariano Roque Alonso


text:
Monta Vista, Cupertino, California

Monta Vista is an upper-income residential neighborhood in western Cupertino, California, the 11th wealthiest city with a population over 50,000 in the United States. "Monta Vista" means "mountain view" however, it is not affiliated with the nearby city of Mountain View. Monta Vista in Cupertino is loosely referred to as the neighborhood that feeds into the high school

Orchards and vineyards used to cover Monta Vista. After the 1940s, Monta Vista became the first housing tract in the Cupertino area. Residential homes then quickly replaced the orchards and vineyards.

When Cupertino decided to incorporate in 1955, Monta Vista decided at the last moment not to join the effort, remaining an unincorporated part of Santa Clara County. Over the years, Cupertino annexed pieces of Monta Vista as it was redeveloped lot by lot. By the late 1990s, only scattered pockets of unincorporated land were left in Monta Vista. Cupertino finally annexed the rest of the neighborhood in 2004.

Starting in the mid 1980s and through the 2000s, settlement by affluent Asian American families accelerated initially driven by the rise in semiconductor and PC related industries and later via the rise of software, internet and other technology sectors. Currently, over 50% the neighborhood is Asian American and has a mix of newer generation as well as long time residents. Many of Monta Vista's residents work in Silicon Valley's technology industries in scientific, managerial, or entrepreneurial positions.

Monta Vista homes are mainly detached single-family ranch-style houses ranging from 1200 to 2800 sqft. The community also has a variety of custom built houses ranging from 3000–6000 sqft of living space area. Many smaller homes start from the mid $2 millions, mid-size homes start from the $3 millions, and larger custom homes start from the $4 millions and can go up to as much as $7 million, as of the 2022 peak. However, townhouses with similar square footage are relatively less expensive, owing mainly to negligible lot sizes and the many common walls and areas.

The neighborhood is very sought-after due to its desirable location, low crime rate, and its academically high-performing schools, including Monta Vista High School and Kennedy Middle School. Monta Vista High School was ranked by Newsweek as one of the 100 top academically performing public high schools in the United States.

Attractions in Monta Vista include the Fremont Older Open Space Preserve, Monte Bello Open Space Preserve, Picchetti Ranch Open Space Preserve (next to Picchetti Brothers Winery), Blackberry Farm, Deep Cliff Golf Course, Cupertino Hills Swim and Racquet Club, Linda Vista Park, Varian Park, Monta Vista Park and Stevens Creek Reservoir. McClellan Ranch Park, located just west of Monta Vista High School, is a nature preserve and historical park formerly owned by the McClellan family. Along with John T. Doyle, this family was one of the first residents of the area. This site also preserves the original ranch, milk barns and livestock barns with animals raised by resident volunteers.

title: Monta Vista, Cupertino, California


text:
Union Christian College

Union Christian College may refer to:

 * Union Christian College, Merom, a small co-educational college located in Merom, Indiana, the United States
 * Union Christian College, Aluva, in Aluva, India

title: Union Christian College


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Really Really Crappy EP

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 05:55, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

The Really Really Crappy EP
Not notable CD from a band that is currently on VFD. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 21:28, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable vanity. Gwk 21:33, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 21:37, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete band vanity. --Etacar11 00:20, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. JamesBurns 06:47, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Particle detector

There are two reasons why adding the extra link to ATLAS might seem a bit vain: I work on the experiment, and I wrote a lot of the article. However, as was requested in December 2004, I have been building up the ATLAS article in more detail than most detectors, precisely because it can serve as a useful illustration of how they work. Thus linking to it seems appropriate to me; but if you dissagree, feel free to discuss. -- SCZenz 21:28, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * there is BaBar too at SLAC, and it's still running Tatonzolo 19:48, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

single electron transistor and high Q optical cavitys and penning traps can detect single particles, albeit with low energy. lemma? Arnero 21:43, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

i want to see the properties — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.226.70.154 (talk) 11:07, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

Size, mechanism?
I'm an engineer but not a particle physicist. I see pictures like this one and have a few questions:
 * What's the size scale? From cloud chamber, I'm guessing it's on a human scale of inches to feet, which is a bit of a surprising coincidence given how many orders of magnitude there are between our size scale and that of the particles.
 * How can we detect the path of particles since detecting a particle once involves exchanging photons (or other particles) between the particle and the detector (right?)

Thanks. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 02:58, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Particle detector


text: User talk:195.235.180.15

title: User talk:195.235.180.15


text:
Isiolo

Isiolo is a town in Isiolo County, of which it is the capital. It is located in the upper eastern region of Kenya and is geographically considered the center of the country Kenya. It lies 285 kilometers north of the capital Nairobi. The town grew around the local military camps. Much of the population consists of Somali, Borana and Ameru community. The town has an estimated population of 78,250, most of them living around the outskirts of the town. Like most African cities, there has been a steady increase in the urban population in recent years, especially moving from as far as Moyale, Marsabit and Mandera. Isiolo town is also becoming a centre of interest because of its newly acquired status as a resort city cashing in on the popular Samburu and Shaba Game reserves, which have become preferred destinations after the famed Maasai Mara. Isiolo lies along the long A2 Road, leading towards Marsabit and Moyale much further north.

Overview
Isiolo is set to become a major part of Kenya's economic development plan Vision 2030. The plan calls for Isiolo to become a tourist centre that will include casinos, hotels, upscale retail outlets, a modern airport and transport facilities. Isiolo will also be a transport hub as the location of the fork of the LAPSSET.

Isiolo District was designated as the Headquarters of the Northern frontier Districts while it was under the British East Africa Protectorate in 1922, until the North Eastern was carved out as a separate province in 1963 when Kenya gained its independence.

Isiolo is also known for its large market, while brass, copper and aluminium jewellery -making is a local industry. Isiolo town is also a transport hub to the northern border town of Moyale. Trucks to and from Moyale make stop-overs boosting the hotel business in the town centre. Isiolo has been the headquarters of N.F.D.(Northern Frontier Districts) since the issue of the District Ordinance act 1937 & NFD commission 1962. During colonial days people from the other civil-administered districts of Kenya needed a special pass to visit Isiolo. Isiolo was made the headquarters of the District Commissioner, and the NFD was a closed district, as there was previously no urban centre to serve as district headquarters. The Samburu, Buffalo Springs and Shaba National Reserves lie north of the town, while Lewa Downs reserve is located south of Isiolo. The Meru National Park lies in the North East of the town.

Since 1995, the town has been the seat of the Vicariate Apostolic of Isiolo. On July 14, 2005, Bishop Luigi Locati, who represented the Roman Catholic Church in Isiolo, was murdered. The High Court sent Father Guyo Waqo Malley and four others — Mohamed Molu, Aden Ibrahim Mohammed, Mahati Ali Halake and Roba Balla Bariche — to the gallows for planning and murdering Bishop Luigi Locati.

The town of Isiolo is small but cosmopolitan. Isiolo is home to the Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan-speaking Ameru, Samburu and Turkana, as well as the Cushitic-speaking Rendille, Somali and Boran people. The Somali residents, who first settled in the area as soldiers after World War I, are mostly business people who engage in livestock farming. Additionally, there are some Indian shopkeepers.

The town is religiously diverse with a near-equal Christian and Muslim population. The Jamia mosque and the Catholic church's twin bell towers are among the landmarks of Isiolo town.

Generally the town has hot climate and has avenues of trees within the town to provide shade. During June–August period the town experiences strong dry winds and is generally very dusty.

Daisy Waugh's book A Small Town in Africa (1994) is about six months Waugh spent living in Isiolo.

American actress Drew Barrymore opened The Barrymore Learning Academy, a school in Isiolo, in 2004.

Notable people
Grace Lolim is a human rights and peace activist, the chair of the Isiolo Peace Committee.

Transport
The trans-African automobile route, the Cairo-Cape Town Highway, passes through Isiolo. The Kenyan section of this road from Nairobi to the Ethiopian border is designated A2.

The town is served by Isiolo Airport, which has been upgraded to an international airport to serve tourism and local exports.

Capital Change
George Wajackoyah in his manifesto mentioned that he would change the national capital of Kenya to Isiolo.

title: Isiolo


text:
Talk:Effects pedal

Whammy Pedal
whats a whammy pedal, anyone?

 * Dunno. Please sign your posts. Andrewa 21:14, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

As you probably know, a whammy bar is a thing you can use to continuously (ie smoothly) change the pitch of your guitar by stretching or relaxing the tension in the strings. A whammy pedal creates a similar effect electronically and enables you to do it with your foot instead of your hand. I've never tried one. I imagine that's quite cool as you could vary your pitch as you play (I like weird stuff like that, tho). I've heard they can be glitchy, but then all digital effects get that rap. Ornette 17:25, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

It works more like a pitch-shift wheel on a synth, you can shift the pitch as little as one semi-tone or as much as 3 octaves. That specific pedal (Digitech Whammy) also has a harmonizer function and a detuner (creates a chorus effect but uses pitch modulation instead of time modulation) Alexk001 20:15, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The Boss PS-5 Super Shifter does this as well, and rivals the DigiTech Whammy if you grab the optional Boss expression pedal for the PS-5. I don't think there are any other units out there which feature this effect.  --Dulcimerist 18:12, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Merge
This should merge with Stomp box, no? Friday 21:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

I'm attemping the merge. I'm putting the old content from Stomp box here, in case anyone wants to salvage more of it than I did in the merge.

 * Please sign your posts, Friday. I don't think it's necessary to preserve the entire pre-merge content in the talk page, it just clutters it. The previous versions are readily available in the article histories. Links to the exact versions that were merged might be helpful. Andrewa 21:14, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

question about distortion
On the distortion section -- I get the difference between overdriven and fuzz, but I don't get what "regular distortion" means. How is that different from overdriven? Thanks! --Allen 08:05, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm unsure. I know I've read people on various online forums discussing that certain pedals labeled as a product name to be "overdrive" were infact just "regular distortion", which seems to be referenced differently than fuzz. It must be the specific properties used to distort the signal. The way in which they approxamate a square wave from a sine wave. Nagelfar 16:13, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, here. It seems to just say; overdrive (light), distortion (medium), fuzz (heavy). I suppose this probably translates into the amount of times the wave of a signal rises to being clipped & lowers to being fully conveyed in a specific span of time. Nagelfar 16:26, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it has something to do with the different types of diode clipping, ie asymmetrical and symmetrical. In fact, now that I think of it, aren't fuzzes just misbiased transistors? I don't recall seeing a diode in a fuzz pedal. I think those are the differentiating factors: symmetrical clipping = distortion, asymmetrical = overdrive, transistor-based distortion = fuzz. Am I right, EEs? Of course, I could be way off base.--Hector 19:56, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Distortion, overdrive and fuzz are the same thing at an electronics level. Yes, there are tonal differences between symmetrical and asymmetrical clipping, and whether the clipping device is a tube or a transistor, and how it is biases, but these terms are not applied consistently by manufacturers and musicians, so the distinction doesn't really actually mean much.  Check out Distortion (music) for detailed information. Steve CarlsonTalk 01:14, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Proposal: Break out gear-articles with Guitar in title
PLEASE SEE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Distortion#Proposed_Article_Titles_and_Changes MichaelSHoffman 17:18, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

The refactoring is in-progress. MichaelSHoffman 03:33, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

The refactoring is done. MichaelSHoffman 08:47, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

History of the Distortion Pedal.
Who or what company invented the first distoriton pedal? Please help. I need to write a paper on this for school.

 * How about signing your post? This is a good question, and would be sweet to address in this article.  --Dulcimerist 18:10, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

yeah a history of the distortion pedal definitely needs to be added. i think it was some dude from new zealand? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eastjame (talk • contribs) 07:42, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

George Harrison
I don't think the George Harrison 'Wah Wah' entry really belongs in the section 'tributes'. My understanding is that the song was a snipe at Paul McCartney, not a hymn of praise to his wah wah pedal. Doozy88 21:21, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Wiki Projects
Added this to guitar and musical instrument Wiki projects, as this article is relevant to those projects. I also added a discussion page header to help remind people to please sign their posts, etc. Thanks! --Dulcimerist 19:53, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

three-way merger
We have 3 articles about the same thing just written in a different way- these being effects unit, guitar effects and effects pedal, I can see no logical reason to keep these 3 seperate and therefore I propose that we merge them all together, now the effects unit has a strong introduction we can use that. Otherwise that and the guitar effects are basically just lists (good lists I might add) however that'll be in the proposed article along side all the stuff in this one of which I believe is quite strong, you're opinions please.--Mikeoman 18:45, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Is there a sound files database somwhere?
where can I find sound files of these effects? Is there a place in wiki where I can find it?(Joelsims80 09:15, 11 October 2007 (UTC))

Germanium diode
The geremanium artikle states :Vintage effects pedals known to contain germanium transistors have shown marked increases in collector value for this reason alone. But I cna finde no reliable source for this fact. Has anybody a source for this?--Stone (talk) 14:05, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

stomp box
Technically, the term "stomp box" refers to a percussion instrument played with the foot. It is not actually an "electronic effects unit" that this article describes.

I suggest that to avoid confusion we don't refer to "effects pedals" in this article as "stomp boxes". Additionally, we should make it clear in the article that the term "stomp box" actually refers to a percussion instrument and that "effects pedals" are just sometimes called "stomp boxes" as a slang term.

Thoughts?? Crk112 (talk) 09:15, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Effects pedals have been called stompboxes for longer than the percussion boxes have been widely known, and the use of stompbox for effects is the far more ubiquitous use of the term. Conical Johnson (talk) 04:00, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Effects pedal


text:
Cirilo Antonio Rivarola

Cirilo Antonio Rivarola Acosta (1836 – 31 December 1878) was the 4th President of Paraguay and served from 1870 to 1871.

Biography
The Rivarola family was important in Paraguayan politics throughout the 19th century, and often found itself at odds with the Francia and López governments. During most of the War of the Triple Alliance, Rivarola served in the Paraguayan Army, reaching the rank of Sergeant. In 1869, however, amidst a wave of repression led by then president Francisco Solano López, he was arrested due to reasons unknown. He then escaped captivity and in some of the war's remaining months served as a spy for the allies. Afterwards, he went to Asunción, where, thanks in part to his good relations with the Brazilian authorities, he was made one of the triumvirs who headed the provisional government that was created (mostly by Silva Paranhos, the chief Brazilian diplomat in Paraguay then).

As both other triumvirs eventually resigned, Rivarola wound up being president of Paraguay until August 31, 1870, when the Paraguayan Congress elected Facundo Machaín president along with the new constitution's proclamation. On the very next day, however, Rivarola's presidency was renewed, as the Brazilian occupiers disagreed with Machaín's nomination. Rivarola then presided over Paraguay's settlement with the alliance, the return to peace, and the harsh first years of the 1870s.

He resigned in December 1871 due to a constitutional crisis. This was part of a ploy he had orchestrated with Juan Bautista Gill, president of the senate, where Gill would refuse his resignation and give him more power, but when the motion came to the Senate floor, Gill accepted it unreservedly.

During the next few years, Rivarola, owner of an important estate in the south of the country, several times rebelled against the government in Asunción, most of them with Argentinian support, for during the 1870s Brazilian influence was preponderant in most Paraguayan governments. In 1878, while on his way to a meeting with President Cándido Bareiro, after he had been given a pardon, Rivarola was assassinated, stabbed to death by masked individuals in broad daylight. No one was ever arrested for this crime, despite it having happened less than 100 meters from the presidential palace.

title: Cirilo Antonio Rivarola


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Silence Sucks

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 05:57, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Silence Sucks
Not notable CD from a band that is currently on VFD. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 21:29, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Gwk 21:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Friday 21:38, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The eyes accuse you.--Runciblerabbit 21:48, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Err....what? Zscout370 (Sound Off) 21:51, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * A polite reminder: Wikipedia users are generally discouraged from making irrelevent comments in VFD discussions. Gwk 22:03, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity, as with the rest. --Etacar11 00:24, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. JamesBurns 06:46, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Carlos Loizaga

Carlos Loizaga was member of the Paraguayan Triumvirate established by the occupying allied forces following the death of Francisco Solano López from 15 August 1869 to 31 August 1870.

title: Carlos Loizaga


text:
Tejon

Tejon may refer to:

 * Tejon, California
 * Fort Tejon, California
 * Tejon Pass
 * Tejón, a Mexican name for Coati, an animal in the raccoon family
 * Tejon Indian Tribe of California

title: Tejon


text:
Abba Rebu

Moti Abba Rebu was King of the Gibe Kingdom of Jimma, in Ethiopia (reigned 1855–1859). He was the son of Abba Jifar I.

Abba Rebu was a warlike king, and said to have been tyrannical. He defeated his older brother and designated heir Abba Gommol for control of the throne, and exiled him to the Kingdom of Kaffa. Abba Rebu was killed in battle, either fighting against the Kingdom of Gomma who surprised him by bringing soldiers from the kingdoms of Limmu-Ennarea and Gera, or by the treachery of his own subjects.

title: Abba Rebu


text:
José Díaz de Bedoya

José Díaz de Bedoya was member in Paraguayan Triumvirate following death of Francisco Solano López from November 1870 to 10 December 1870. He was Minister of Finance of Paraguay from 1869 to 1870.

title: José Díaz de Bedoya


text:
Salvador Jovellanos

Salvador Silvestre del Rosario Jovellanos Guanes (December 31, 1833 – February 11, 1881) was a Paraguayan politician. He served as Vice President in 1871, and President from December 18, 1871 – November 25, 1874. His main concern as president was Paraguay's slow recovery from Paraguay's defeat in Paraguayan War with Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. He died in Buenos Aires on February 11, 1881.

He was born in Asunción on December 31, 1833. He was very young when his family left the country during the regime of Carlos Antonio López to settle in Buenos Aires, where he formed his own family.

Exile politics
Jovellanos was one of the founding members of the exile Paraguayan Association on December 28, 1858. After the start of Paraguayan War he signed a request to Argentine government on April 24, 1865, asking it to authorize formation of the Paraguayan Legion that would be formed from exiles and Lopez opponents. He was one of the early supporters of this idea, together with Otoniel Peña participating in the meeting of the steering committee held on January 18, 1865.

Return to Paraguay
In mid-January 1869, a couple of weeks after Asuncion was occupied by the Allied forces, Jovellanos returned to his homeland together with other exiles - Juan Bautista Gill, José Segundo Decoud, Juan Antonio Jara, Carlos Loizaga, Benigno Ferreira, Cayo Miltos and others who signed a petition asking the Allies for formation of a Provisional government. On March 25, 1870, he joined the Gran Club del Pueblo (a precursor of Colorado Party) which was led by Facundo Machaín. In the July 3, 1870 elections of National Assembly he is elected from the Cathedral district with 302 votes. Jovellanos was member of the commission that drafted the Constitution of 1870 as well as commission that drafted the Electoral Law. He was Minister of Finance of Paraguay from June 1870 to November 1870.

Presidency
After the death from yellow fever of Vice President Cayo Miltos on January 7, 1871, National Assembly elected Jovellanos to the post of Vice President. During 1871 he also served as Minister of War and Navy and Interior Minister.

Following the resignation of President Cirilo Antonio Rivarola he assumed the post of President during the political upheaval that surrounded the fall of Rivarola. The removal of Rivarola was organized by Juan Bautista Gill in cooperation with Brazilians who wanted to place Gill in Presidency. However, before he could remove the Jovellanos, Gill was arrested on the orders of general Benigno Ferreira and deported from the country. During Jovellanos Presidency General Ferreira remained the power behind the throne.

During his government the Loizaga – Cotegipe Treaty of Peace and Borders with Empire of Brazil was signed on January 9, 1872. With this treaty Paraguay gave up territories north of Apa River and Amambai territory. Peace treaty with Uruguay was signed as well, but relations with Argentine reminded tense.

To rebuild the devastated country, a new loan of 2,000,000 pounds was secured from Great Britain on harsher terms than the 1871 loan. Much of this money was stolen and misused by politicians. This debt was repaid only in 1961.

Jovellanos sought to reorganize the public administration. His government paved some streets of Asuncion; created the Council of Public Education, Immigration office and the Economic and Management Boards. Police and internal revenue services were reorganized. The first tram line was built in Asuncion. It started at the port, went down the street until Colòn Street and Independencia Nacional, Palma and Libertad Street, now called Eligio Ayala, and reached its endpoint at the Central railway station.

Jovellanos was faced with many coup attempts and finally was forced from power after a rebellion started in 1874 under nationalist General Bernardino Caballero.

After leaving the post of President he left for exile in Buenos Aires where he died.

title: Salvador Jovellanos


text: User:RadioYeti

title: User:RadioYeti


text:
Kurt Hensel

Kurt Wilhelm Sebastian Hensel (29 December 1861 – 1 June 1941) was a German mathematician born in Königsberg.

Life and career
Hensel was born in Königsberg, Province of Prussia (today Kaliningrad, Russia), the son of Julia (née von Adelson) and landowner and entrepreneur Sebastian Hensel. He was the brother of philosopher Paul Hensel. Kurt and Paul's paternal grandparents were painter Wilhelm Hensel and composer Fanny Mendelssohn. Fanny was the sister of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, daughter of Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy, and granddaughter of philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, and entrepreneur Daniel Itzig. Both of Hensel's grandmothers and his mother were from Jewish families that had converted to Christianity.

Hensel studied mathematics in Berlin and Bonn, under the mathematicians Leopold Kronecker and Karl Weierstrass.

Later in his life Hensel was a professor at the University of Marburg until 1930. He was also an editor of the mathematical Crelle's Journal. He edited the five-volume collected works of Leopold Kronecker.

Hensel is well known for his introduction of p-adic numbers. First described by him in 1897, they became increasingly important in number theory and other fields during the twentieth century.

Publications

 * Theorie der algebraischen Funktionen einer Variabeln und ihre Anwendung auf algebraische Kurven und Abelsche Integrale (zus. mit Georg Landsberg) Teubner, Leipzig 1902
 * Theorie der algebraischen Zahlen Teubner, Leipzig 1908
 * Zahlentheorie Göschen, Berlin 1913
 * ''Gedächtnisrede auf Ernst Eduard Kummer zu dessen 100. Geburtstag
 * Über eine neue Begründung der Theorie der algebraischen Zahlen, Jahresbericht DMV, Band 6, 1899

title: Kurt Hensel


text:
Galveston Seawall

The Galveston Seawall is a seawall in Galveston, Texas, that was built after the Galveston hurricane of 1900 for protection from future hurricanes. Construction began in September 1902, and the initial segment was completed on July 29, 1904. From 1904 to 1963, the seawall was extended from 3.3 mi to over 10 mi.

Description
Although the Seawall performed as intended, it created an unintended and insurmountable consequence: passive erosion resulting in the gradual disappearance of the once-wide beach and the resort business with it. "Within twenty years, the city had lost one hundred yards of sand. People who once watched auto racing on a wide beach were left with a narrow strip of sand at low tide and a gloomy vista of waves on rocks when the tide was high." Houston soon overtook Galveston as the major city in the region.

Reporting in the aftermath of the 1983 Hurricane Alicia, the Corps of Engineers estimated that $100 million in damage was avoided because of the seawall. On September 13, 2008, Hurricane Ike's large waves over-topped the seawall. As a result, a commission was established by the Texas governor to investigate preparing for and mitigating future disasters.

A proposal has been put forth to build an "Ike Dike", a massive levee system that would protect the Galveston Bay and the important industrial facilities that line the coast and the Houston Ship Channel from a future, potentially more destructive storm. The proposal has gained widespread support from a variety of business interests. it is only at the conceptual stage. Further proposals for a layered network of smaller, local levees and natural protections have been put forward by the SSPEED Center at Rice University and the University of Houston. These proposals include a surge gate at the mouth of the Houston Ship Channel connecting adjacent high ground near the Hartman Bridge and hard protections for the west shore of Galveston Bay and around the densely developed east end of Galveston Island. Also included is the proposed lower coastal Lone Star Coastal National Recreation Area.

Texas F.M. 3005 is known as Seawall Boulevard where it runs along the seawall. The sidewalk adjacent to Seawall Boulevard on top of the seawall is claimed to be the longest continuous sidewalk in the world at 10.3 mi long.

The seawall is 10 mi long. It is approximately 17 ft high and 16 ft thick at its base. The seawall was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2001.

Many miles of the seawall are painted with murals. These huge murals are painted by children and depict underwater life.

title: Galveston Seawall


text:
Juan Bautista Gill

Juan Bautista Gill García (Juan Bautista Gill Garcia del Barrio) (October 28, 1840 – April 12, 1877) was President of Paraguay from November 25, 1874 to April 12, 1877 and the only Paraguayan President to be assassinated while in office.

Personal life
He was born in Asunción into a prominent family of Juan Andres Gill and Escolástica Garcia del Barrio y Bedoya. He was the grandson of Don Juan Miguel Gill, one of the founding fathers of Paraguayan Independence and a member of the Cabildo, who had Celtic blood. He was married to Maria Concepcion Diaz de Bedoya. His paternal ancestor, John Thomas [El inglés] McGill (Tomas McGill) was born in Ireland and migrated to Latin America with his brother. The family shortened the surname to Gill when dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia decreed that prefixes in foreign names should not be used anymore

In 1854 he traveled to Buenos Aires, Argentina where he pursued secondary education and medical training, which he did not complete. He returned to Paraguay in 1863. When the Paraguayan War was declared against Argentina, he enlisted in the 40th battalion, which comprised young men of high social position. Because of his knowledge of medicine, he was appointed to the military health division and served as a medical orderly. Gill was captured in the last days of December 1868 after the Battle of Lomas Valentinas. In mid-January 1869 Gill was among those who returned to Asunción, where the Allies freed him and others on condition that they would not join the army again.

Political career
On January 25, 1869 Gill participated in a meeting convened by Don Serapio Machain to petition Allied occupational forces for the establishment of a provisional government. Among those who attended that meeting were José Segundo Decoud, Cayo Miltos, Carlos Loizaga, Juan Antonio Jara and Salvador Jovellanos, all of whom would soon assume high governmental posts. Gill was a supporter of Brazilian interests and counted on their military support during the political struggles. As such, he was in favor of signing the Loizaga – Cotegipe Treaty with Brazil.

He was Minister of Finance of Paraguay from 1870 to 1871, and President of the Senate in 1872. Gill was accused of misusing funds, and dismissed by the Senate in March 1872. In response Cirilo Antonio Rivarola dissolved the Congress but instead was himself forced to resign. The removal of Rivarola was organized by Gill in cooperation with Brazilians who wanted to place him in Presidency. However, with the support of General Benigno Ferreira it was Salvador Jovellanos who became the President. Before he could remove Jovellanos, Gill was arrested on the orders of General Ferreira and deported from the country.

Presidency
Jovellanos was forced from power after a rebellion started in 1874 under nationalist General Bernardino Caballero and Candido Barreiro. Gill was Minister of Finance of Paraguay from February 1874 to November 1874. He finally became the President between November 25, 1874 and April 12, 1877. His cousin Jose Higinio Uriarte y Garcia del Barrio served as Vice President and after Gill' s assassination served as President for the remainder of his term. His cabinet comprised Emilio Gill and Adolfo Saguier serving as Secretaries of Finance; Germán Serrano and Jose Urdapilleta, as Secretaries of the Interior; Bernardino Caballero and Benjamin Aceval, as Secretaries of Justice, Culture and Public Education; Patricio Escobar, Secretary of War and the Navy; and Facundo Machaín and Benjamin Aceval, as Secretaries of Foreign Affairs, and for a some time Candido Bareiro as Finance Minister.

During his government he introduced paper currency, created the National College in the Capital and significantly increased taxes; the Civil Code of Argentina was adopted.

In order to stabilize the national economy, Gill established the Tobacco Monopoly through the April 22, 1875 law. The government took charge of the tobacco export for five years, prohibiting individuals from exporting or importing tobacco products. The same law was later enforced on the soap and salt trade for a period of three years.

Gill opposed the 1875 Sosa–Tejedor Treaty which would have accepted Argentinian claims to Chaco. On February 3, 1876, a treaty on boundaries, peace, trade and navigation was finally signed with Argentina. Foreign minister Facundo Machaín negotiated and signed the Machaín-Irigoyen Treaty with Argentine Minister Bernardo de Irigoyen under which Paraguay officially ceded Misiones Province, the southern part of the Paraná River and part of Gran Chaco territory, while keeping most of Gran Chaco. It also made possible the removal of Allied occupation forces from Paraguay by July 3, 1876.

Gill's government, like that of his predecessors, was not spared revolutionary movements. A revolt broke out in Caacupé in December 1875 led by General Serrano, his former Minister of Interior. The insurrection was supported by Brazilian forces and quelled after the death of Serrano and other rebels.

Assassination
Internal political instability led to a plot by Juan Silvano Godoi to assassinate Gill. On April 12, 1877 at about 10 in the morning Gill was travelling in the company of his two edecanes (high-ranking officers), down the Villarrica street (currently President Franco str.). While crossing the Independencia Nacional, he was shot by three gunmen and died instantly. Among assassins were Nicanor Silvano Godoi (brother of Juan Silvano Godoi) and two others - Molas and Goiburu. Later in the day Gill's brother, General Emilio Gill was also killed.

Juan Silvano Godoi escaped to Argentina from which he returned only in 1895 and was appointed director of the National Library of Paraguay. Godoi had planned that his actions would lead to the restoration of President Rivarola the office. Instead it led to arrest and murder of Facundo Machaín and other suspects.

The Colombian poet Dr. Prospero Pereira Gamba (1830–1896), who lived in Argentina as an exile, reflected on this tragic moment experienced by the President in his work "The Spectre".

title: Juan Bautista Gill