text:
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is an American animated interactive television series for preschoolers. Produced by Disney Television Animation, the series was created by Disney veteran Bobs Gannaway. The series originally aired 125 episodes from May 5, 2006, to November 6, 2016, on the Disney Channel's preschool block, Playhouse Disney (later known as Disney Junior), making it the longest-running original series to air on the block. It received generally positive reviews from critics.

On August 18, 2023, a revival was revealed to be in production, and is set to be released in 2025.

Premise
Mickey, Minnie, Donald, Daisy, Goofy, and Pluto interact with the viewer to stimulate problem solving during a self contained story.

Once the problem of the episode has been explained, Mickey invites the viewers to join him at the Mousekedoer, a giant Mickey-head-shaped computer whose main function is to distribute the day's Mouseketools, a collection of tools needed to solve the day's problem, to Mickey.

One of them is a "Mystery Mouseketool" represented by a Question Mark, in which, when the words "Mystery Mouseketool" are said, the question mark changes into the Mouseketool the viewer gets to use. Another one is a "Mouseke-Think-About-It Tool" represented by a silhouette of Mickey's head with rotating gears, in which characters must think of what to use before telling the Tool "Mouseke-Think-About-It-Tool, we pick the (object)".

Once the tools have been shown to Mickey on the Mousekedoer screen, they are quickly downloaded to Toodles, a small, Mickey-head-shaped flying extension of the Mousekedoer. By calling "Oh, Toodles!" Mickey summons him to pop up from where he is hiding and fly up to the screen so the viewer can pick which tool Mickey needs for the current situation. Rhymes are used throughout the show. For example, in "Mickey's Silly Problem", when the "Silly switch" turned on, Mickey spoke in rhymes for half of the episode.

The show features two original songs performed by American alternative rock band They Might Be Giants, including the opening theme song, in which a variant of a Mickey Mouse Club chant ("Meeska Mooska Mickey Mouse!") is used to summon the Clubhouse. They Might Be Giants also perform the song used at the end of every episode, "Hot Dog!", which echoes Mickey's first spoken words in the 1929 short The Karnival Kid.

After the show ended in 2016, it was succeeded by Mickey and the Roadster Racers (later renamed Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures), which ran from 2017 to 2021, and Mickey Mouse Funhouse, which started in 2021.

Main

 * Mickey Mouse (voiced by Wayne Allwine in Seasons 1–3 and Bret Iwan in Season 4 ) is the optimistic and easygoing leader of The Sensational Six. He is very patient and caring, especially towards his pet dog Pluto. He's self-aware and somewhat puts on a Bugs Bunny-esque disposition. He is Minnie's boyfriend.
 * Minnie Mouse (voiced by Russi Taylor ) is Mickey Mouse's loving and quick-thinking girlfriend and Daisy's best friend who loves bows. She is often prone to being put in over-the-top experiences.
 * Donald Duck (voiced by Tony Anselmo ) is Mickey's short-tempered but good-natured best friend and Daisy's boyfriend. He is often shown to display a short temper that is easily provoked, though it's a noticeably rare occasion in this series.
 * Daisy Duck (voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is Donald's girlfriend and Minnie's best friend, who is prone to getting distracted and being talkitive. However, she does mean well, and she also knows how to solve many problems and mysteries.
 * Goofy (voiced by Bill Farmer ) is Mickey's innocent but well-meaning best friend. Being the clumsy guy he is, Goofy is often prone to most of the slapstick presented in this series.
 * Pluto (vocal effects provided by Bill Farmer ) is Mickey's best pet dog who loves adventure. His arch-nemesis is Butch the Bulldog, whose owner is revealed to be Pete.
 * Toodles (voiced by Rob Paulsen ) is a tool-distributing robot that Mickey calls to present the items for every episode. Following the episode "Happy Birthday, Toodles", he gains a face, a personality, and a voice, and even acquires himself a love interest in the episode "Space Adventure."

Recurring

 * Pete (voiced by Jim Cummings)
 * Chip and Dale (voiced by Tress MacNeille and Corey Burton respectively)
 * Ludwig Von Drake (voiced by Corey Burton)
 * Clarabelle Cow (voiced by April Winchell)
 * Willie the Giant (voiced by Will Ryan)
 * Martian Mickey (voiced by Wayne Allwine and later Bret Iwan)
 * Martian Minnie (voiced by Russi Taylor)
 * Quoodles (voiced by Russi Taylor)
 * Goofbot (voiced by Bill Farmer)
 * Santa Claus (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker)
 * Mrs. Claus (voiced by Tress MacNeille)
 * Baby Red Bird and Mommy Red Bird (vocal effects both provided by Tress MacNeille)
 * Boo Boo Chicken and Coco the Monkey (vocal effects both provided by Dee Bradley Baker)
 * Figaro, Butch the Bulldog, Mr. Pettibone, and Bella (vocal effects all provided by Frank Welker)

Guest appearances

 * Mortimer Mouse (voiced by Maurice LaMarche)
 * Captain Goof-Beard (voiced by Dick Van Dyke)
 * Millie and Melody Mouse (voiced by Avalon Robbins and Grace Kaufman, respectively)
 * The Singing Lock (voiced by Nika Futterman)
 * Count Mickula (voiced by Bret Iwan)
 * Boodles (voiced by Chloë Grace Moretz)
 * Igor the Door (voiced by David Tennant)
 * Cuckoo the Cuckoo Bird (vocal effects provided by Dee Bradley Baker)
 * Goofles (voiced by Bill Farmer)

Production
Mickey Mouse was originally voiced by Wayne Allwine, who died in 2009, upon which Bret Iwan took over the role (the last episode to feature Allwine as Mickey premiered posthumously on September 28, 2012). Bill Farmer, the voice actor for Goofy and Pluto, said in February 2014 that the recording of dialogue for new episodes has ceased, but that "it would be quite a while before the show runs out of new episodes for TV. We have been on the air consistently since 2006 and we started recording in 2004. So there is always a long lead-in time between recording and seeing it on TV. So don't worry more is still to come, we just are not making any more".

Broadcast
Since Mickey Mouse Clubhouse has ended its run, reruns still air on Disney Junior. The series is also available to stream on Disney+.

Critical response
Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times compared the television series to Wonder Pets!, saying that "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is simpler, and sometimes less is more", writing, "For much of his television career, the mouse was more a master of ceremonies than a comic lead. Now he has been whittled down to a Mister Rogers role — kindly and didactic". Larisa Wiseman of Common Sense Media rated the show a 4 out of 5 stars, complimented the educational value, saying the series teaches early mathematics skills, and praised the depiction of positive messages and role models, citing, teamwork, positive interactions, and encouragement of social interactions.

Stuart Heritage of The Guardian included Mickey Mouse Clubhouse in their "Best Shows to Watch on Disney+" list, stating that preschoolers will respond enthusiastically and accept eagerly the show, compared to older children and adult who are likely to have less interest. Charles Curtis of USA Today ranked the television series 9th in their "20 Best Shows For Kids Right Now" list, asserting, "Whether it's Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, Mickey and the Roadster Racers or Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures, they're all good."

Matthew Huff of BuzzFeed ranked Mickey Mouse Clubhouse 28th in their "51 Of The Best TV Shows To Stream On Disney+ In August" list, calling the show "oddly enthralling". Nathan Rabin of Fatherly ranked Mickey Mouse Clubhouse 60th in their "100 Best Kids TV Shows Of All Time" list, writing, "It's a brightly colored, tune-filled, and strangely meme-friendly romp for small children that uses music, repetition, computers, tools, and some of the most beloved characters in pop culture to educate and entertain plus its insanely infectious opening and closing songs are by They Might Be Giants".

David Perlmutter in The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows says that the show "was yet another case of vintage cartoon characters embarrassing themselves for the enjoyment of preschoolers in a heavily dumbed-down format. While it demonstrated the wide appeal of the Disney brand, it also indicated that this brand could be compromised as any other could through association with an inferior product."

Spin-off
Minnie's Bow-Toons is a spin-off series which premiered in November 2011. It aired in the daytime Disney Junior programming block for younger audiences. It is based on the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse episode "Minnie's Bow-tique" and depicts Minnie's continuing adventures in business as proprietor of her own store which makes and sells bows for apparel and interior decoration with her friend Daisy. She interacts with many of the characters seen in the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse series. The show has been revived with new episodes starting April 2021 renamed to Minnie's Bow-Toons: Party Palace Pals, with the animation style of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse's successor, Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures.

title: Mickey Mouse Clubhouse


text:
User:Captaincool

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Pavel Vozenilek 19:14, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Captaincool


text:
Caraglio

Caraglio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 km southwest of Turin and about 10 km northwest of Cuneo. As of 1 January 2018, it had a population of 6,782 and an area of 41.68 km2.

The municipality of Caraglio contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Bottonasco, Cascina Bianca, Cascina Sottana, Grassini, Monturone, Oltre Grana, Palazzasso, Paschera San Carlo (Soprana), Paschera San Defendente (Sottana), Roata Bacias, Roata Borghi, Roata Bruno, Roata Chiabò, Roata Delfino, Roata Fresia, Roata Galliano, Roata Ghio, Roata Lorenzot, Roata Muschia, Rosata Armando, San Lorenzo, Tetto Bellino, Tetto Bianco, Tetto Boscasi.

Caraglio borders the following municipalities: Bernezzo, Busca, Cervasca, Cuneo, Dronero, Montemale di Cuneo, Valgrana.

Museums

 * Silk Mill of Caraglio

Notable people

 * Arnaldo Momigliano, historian, born in Caraglio

Twin towns — sister cities
Caraglio is twinned with:

 * 🇦🇷 Laboulaye, Córdoba, Argentina

title: Caraglio


text:
Orange Record Label

Orange Record Label was a Canadian independent record label, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Orange recordings were distributed in Canada by Universal Music Canada, which was also a minority stakeholder in the label.

Orange is also used to record and distribute the songs featured on the Instant Star television series starring Alexz Johnson. Stephen Stohn, executive Producer of Instant Star, is also a minority stakeholder and director of Orange.

Orange also plays host to the Live @ Orange Sessions which are recorded in the Orange Lounge Recording Studio for webcasting on Bell Sympatico. Orange's distribution arm, Starcana Distribution, facilitates the national distribution of independent labels and artists. Artists who have performed in Live @ Orange Sessions include Katy Perry, Alexz Johnson, All American Rejects, Hedley, Pussycat Dolls, OneRepublic, Nelly Furtado, Creed, Emily Osment, Chris Cornell, Amy Winehouse, Keith Urban, Sugarland, The Fray, and Colbie Caillat.

Orange Record Label is directly linked to The Orange Lounge Recording Company, the active record label home to artists such as Justin Hines and Ash & Bloom, and holds the catalogues of Alexz Johnson, Johnny Hollow, Tyler Kyte, and Robyn Dell’Unto.

Former Orange artists

 * Paul Brandt
 * Jim Bryson
 * Johnny Hollow
 * Jakalope
 * Billy Klippert
 * Chris Koster
 * Tyler Kyte
 * Maestro
 * Melissa McClelland
 * Money Money
 * Louise Pitre
 * Tara Slone

title: Orange Record Label


text:
File:Duo U&U.jpg

Summary
Cover of W (Double You)'s 1st album, Duo U&U

title: File:Duo U&U.jpg


text:
KOB (TV)

KOB (channel 4) is a television station in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, affiliated with NBC. It is owned by Hubbard Broadcasting, whose sister cable channel Reelz is also based in Albuquerque (KOB and Reelz, however, maintain separate operations and facilities). KOB's studios are located on Broadcast Plaza just west of downtown, and its transmitter is located on Sandia Crest, east of Albuquerque.

History
KOB-TV started operations on November 29, 1948, after Albuquerque Journal owner and publisher Tom Pepperday won a television license on his second try. Pepperday, who also owned KOB radio (770 AM), had previously applied for one in 1943. It was the first television station in New Mexico, as well as the third television station between the Mississippi River and the West Coast (behind WBAP-TV (now KXAS-TV) in Fort Worth, and KDYL-TV (now KTVX) in Salt Lake City). Initially, channel 4 ran programming from all four networks—NBC, ABC, CBS and DuMont. However, it has always been a primary NBC affiliate owing to its radio sister's long affiliation with NBC radio.

Later, in May 1952, the KOB stations were purchased by magazine publisher Time-Life (later Time Inc.) and former Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chairman Wayne Coy. It was Time-Life's first television asset. In 1953, two new TV stations signed on within a week—KGGM-TV (channel 13, now KRQE), which affiliated with CBS, followed by KOAT, which took ABC; DuMont shut down in 1956.

Stanley E. Hubbard, founder of Hubbard Broadcasting, bought KOB-AM-TV from Time-Life in 1957, and his heirs have owned the station since. KOB's radio cousins were sold off in 1986 and are now known as KKOB and KOBQ. Despite the change, many people still confuse the television and radio stations today. In 2005, KOB-TV entered into a news partnership with KKOB.

Although the KOB radio stations had long amended their callsigns, KOB-TV did not drop the "-TV" suffix until June 13, 2009, when the FCC allowed a limited opportunity for stations to change their suffixes (adding "-TV" or "-DT") or drop them in the wake of the digital transition that was completed the previous day.

News operation
KOB broadcasts $32 1/2$ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with $5 1/2$ hours each weekday, three hours on Saturdays, and two hours on Sundays). During the school year, KOB broadcasts a weekly 15-minute sportscast, New Mexico Gameday, dedicated to high school sports.

When KOAT's top anchorman, Dick Knipfing, was fired on June 4, 1979, KOB hired him to anchor their newscasts. Although KOAT sued to keep Knipfing off the air until the following year, an opinion from the United States District Court allowed the anchorman to proceed with his plans to begin anchoring channel 4 on August 1, creating the first big-dollar anchor in Albuquerque, and allowing him to stand out in the industry as the "anchorman wars" moved to smaller markets. Knipfing's salary at that time was approximately $90,000. However, channel 4 was never able to overtake KOAT in the news ratings.

KOB produced an hour-long nightly newscast for Albuquerque's then-Fox affiliate, KASA-TV, from November 2000 through September 14, 2006, called Fox 2 News at Nine. The next day, KRQE took over production of that newscast as that station's parent company, LIN TV, began taking over KASA's operations as it purchased the station.

On September 26, 2010, KOB began producing and broadcasting its newscasts in 16:9 widescreen standard definition, and debuted new on-air graphics and a new station logo (the logo used for its newscasts is very similar to that used by Swedish television channel TV4 for its programming) on that date as well.

On February 13, 2020, the 10 p.m. newscast was renamed KOB 4 NightBeat, switching the newscast from its former Eyewitness News format to a looser talk-based news format. It is believed that it will be only for the late newscast, but could expand depending on viewer input.

On October 18, 2021, KOB resumed producing newscasts for KASA-TV, which had switched affiliations from Fox to Telemundo in January 2017 and was later acquired by NBCUniversal's Telemundo Station Group on October 5, 2021. This marked the end of a transitional services agreement KASA-TV had with Gray Television, which had purchased its former Ramar Communications-owned sister stations in Lubbock (including KJTV-TV), to continue news production in the short term.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Dr. George Fischbeck – weathercaster (1970–1972; later worked in Los Angeles at KABC-TV and KCBS-TV, deceased)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

In September 2006, KOB-TV began broadcasting NBC WeatherPlus on digital subchannel 4.2, at first inserting its Doppler weather radar during time reserved for local segments. In December 2008, WeatherPlus was replaced with KOB's own locally programmed weather station. Weekly E/I programming required of broadcast television stations by the FCC came from NASA TV on weekend mornings.

On February 7, 2011, the subchannel began to carry programming from This TV. On June 30, 2016, Comet TV was added as a third digital channel, airing science fiction programs. On April 30, 2021, Decades was added as a fourth digital channel, airing decades on shows. In summer 2021, Defy TV and TrueReal were added as KOB's fifth and sixth digital channels. On October 15, 2021, KOBDT4's Decades was replaced with Heroes & Icons, shortly after it was dropped from KASA channel 29.1, but would later return to an added seventh digital channel on November 23. On December 30, 2021, KOB changed the line-up moving H&I to channel 4.2 while Decades (which became Catchy Comedy in March 2023) returned to 4.4 with This TV moving to 4.7. On July 8, 2022, KOB added Newsy to digital channel 4.6, while TrueReal moved to channel 4.3 replacing Comet. TrueReal subsequently ceased operations as a network on March 27, 2023, thus leaving channel 4.3 blank.

On July 1, 2023, KOB-TV added MeTV to channel 4.3, taking it from Telemundo station KASA-TV/KTEL-CD/KRTN-LD. Concurrently, KOB-TV added Start TV (also from KASA-TV/KTEL-CD) to channel 4.7, dropping This TV from its programming.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KOB-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 4, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 26, using virtual channel 4.

As part of the SAFER Act, KOB-TV kept its analog signal on the air until June 30 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.

Satellite stations
Two stations rebroadcast KOB's signal and insert local content for other parts of the media market:

KOB formerly operated a third satellite station, KOBG-TV (channel 6) in Silver City, which signed on in 2000. Its transmitter was located at 32.86361°N, -108.24156°W. KOBG had a permit to construct a digital station on channel 8, but these facilities were never built. After the digital transition on June 12, 2009, KOBG began operating with facilities on channel 12 identical to that of low-power translator stations under special temporary authority, and was formally replaced with a translator (K12QW-D) on April 26, 2011, though its license was not canceled until August 3.

The last letter of the satellite station callsigns stands for the city or county where the station is located. KOBG was in Grant County.

Translators

 *  Caballo
 *  Colfax
 *  Datil–Horse Springs
 *  Deming
 *  Eagle Nest
 *  Grants
 *  Las Cruces
 *  Las Vegas
 *  Montoya–Newkirk
 *  Mora
 *  Raton
 *  Romeo, CO
 *  Santa Rosa
 *  Silver City
 *  Socorro
 *  Taos
 *  Tierra Amarilla
 *  Truth or Consequences
 *  Tucumcari

In February 2019, Las Cruces–based K42DJ, which was owned by the News-Press & Gazette Company and rebroadcast the Azteca América subchannel of El Paso, Texas–based KVIA-TV, was transferred to Hubbard and began to rebroadcast KOB instead as K22NM-D. This provided Las Cruces over-the-air access to an in-state NBC affiliate in addition to the main NBC affiliate serving Las Cruces, Nexstar's KTSM-TV.

title: KOB (TV)


text:
Cornish people

The Cornish people or Cornish (Kernowyon, Cornƿīelisċ) are an ethnic group native to, or associated with Cornwall and a recognised national minority in the United Kingdom, which (like the Welsh and Bretons) can trace its roots to the Brittonic Celtic ancient Britons who inhabited Great Britain from somewhere between the 11th and 7th centuries BC and inhabited Britain at the time of the Roman conquest. Many in Cornwall today continue to assert a distinct identity separate from or in addition to English or British identities. Cornish identity has also been adopted by some migrants into Cornwall, as well as by emigrant and descendant communities from Cornwall, the latter sometimes referred to as the Cornish diaspora. Although not included as a tick-box option in the UK census, the numbers of those writing in a Cornish ethnic and national identity are officially recognised and recorded.

Throughout classical antiquity, the ancient Celtic Britons formed a series of tribes, kingdoms, cultures and identities throughout Great Britain; the Dumnonii and Cornovii were the Celtic tribes who inhabited what was to become Cornwall during the Iron Age, Roman and post-Roman periods. The name Cornwall and its demonym Cornish are derived from the Celtic Cornovii tribe. The Anglo-Saxon invasion and settlement of Britain starting from the late 5th and early 6th centuries and the arrival of Scots from Ireland during the same period gradually restricted the Romano-British culture and Brittonic language into parts of the north and west of Great Britain by the 10th century, whilst the inhabitants of southern, central and eastern Britain became English and much of the north became Scottish. The Cornish people, who shared the Brythonic language with the Welsh, Cumbrics and Pics, and also the Bretons who had migrated across the sea to escape the Anglo-Saxon invasions, were referred to in the Old English language as the "Westwalas" meaning West Welsh. The Battle of Deorham between the Britons and Anglo-Saxons is thought to have resulted in a loss of land links with the people of Wales.

The Cornish people and their Brythonic Cornish language experienced a slow process of anglicisation and attrition during the medieval and early modern periods. By the 18th century, and following the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Cornish language and to some degree identity had faded, largely replaced by the English language (albeit Cornish-influenced West Country dialects and Anglo-Cornish) or British identity. A Celtic revival during the early-20th century enabled a cultural self-consciousness in Cornwall that revitalised the Cornish language and roused the Cornish to express a distinctly Brittonic Celtic heritage. The Cornish language was granted official recognition under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2002, and in 2014 the Cornish people were recognised and afforded protection by the UK Government under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.

In the 2021 census, the population of Cornwall, including the Isles of Scilly, was recorded as 570,300. The Cornish self-government movement has called for greater recognition of Cornish culture, politics, and language, and urged that Cornish people be accorded greater status, exemplified by the call for them to be one of the listed ethnic groups in the United Kingdom Census 2011 form.

Classification
Both geographic and historical factors distinguish the Cornish as an ethnic group further supported by identifiable genetic variance between the populations of Cornwall, neighbouring Devon and England as published in a 2012 Oxford University study. Throughout medieval and Early Modern Britain, the Cornish were at some points accorded the same status as the English and Welsh and considered a separate race or nation, distinct from their neighbours, with their own language, society and customs. A process of Anglicisation between 1485 and 1700 led to the Cornish adopting English language, culture and civic identity, a view reinforced by Cornish historian A. L. Rowse who said they were gradually "absorbed into the mainstream of English life". Although "decidedly modern" and "largely retrospective" in its identity politics, Cornish and Celtic associations have advanced the notion of a distinct Cornish national and ethnic identity since the late 20th century. In the United Kingdom Census 2001, despite no explicit "Cornish" option being available, approximately 34,000 people in Cornwall and 3,500 people elsewhere in the UK—a combined total equal to nearly 7 per cent of the population of Cornwall—identified themselves as ethnic Cornish by writing this in under the "other" ethnicity option. The census figures show a change in identity from West to East, in Penwith 9.2 per cent identified as ethnically Cornish, in Kerrier it was 7.5 per cent, in Carrick 6.6 per cent, Restormel 6.3 per cent, North Cornwall 6 per cent, and Caradon 5.6 per cent. Weighting of the 2001 Census data gives a figure of 154,791 people with Cornish ethnicity living in Cornwall.

The Cornish have been described as "a special case" in England, with an "ethnic rather than regional identity". Structural changes to the politics of the United Kingdom, particularly the European Union and devolution, have been cited as the main stimulus to "a growing interest in Cornish identity and distinctiveness" in late-20th century Britain. The British are the citizens of the United Kingdom, a people who by convention consist of four national groups: the English, Northern Irish, Scots and Welsh. In the 1990s it was said that the notion that the Cornish are to be classified as a nation comparable to the English, Irish, Scots and Welsh, "has practically vanished from the popular consciousness" outside Cornwall, and that, despite a "real and substantive" identity, the Cornish "struggle for recognition as a national group distinct from the English". However, in 2014, after a 15-year campaign, the UK government officially recognised the Cornish as a national minority under the Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, giving the Cornish the same status as the Welsh, Scots and Irish within the UK.

Inhabitants of Cornwall may have multiple political allegiances, adopting mixed, dual or hyphenated identities such as "Cornish first and British second", "Cornish and British and European", or, like Phil Vickery (a rugby union prop for the England national rugby union team and British and Irish Lions), describe themselves as "Cornish" and "English". Meanwhile, another international rugby union player, Josh Matavesi, describes himself as Cornish-Fijian and Cornish not English.

A survey by Plymouth University in 2000 found that 30% of children in Cornwall felt "Cornish, not English". A 2004 survey on national identity by the finance firm Morgan Stanley found that 44% of respondents in Cornwall saw themselves as Cornish rather than British or English. A 2008 University of Exeter study conducted in 16 towns across Cornwall found that 59% felt themselves to be Cornish and 41% felt "More Cornish than English", while for over a third of respondents the Cornish identity formed their primary national identity. Genealogy and family history were considered to be the chief criteria for 'being' Cornish, particularly among those who possessed such ties, while being born in Cornwall was also held to be important.

A 2008 study by the University of Edinburgh of 15- and 16-year-old schoolchildren in Cornwall found that 58% of respondents felt themselves to be either 'Fairly' or 'Very much' Cornish. The other 42% may be the result of in-migration to the area during the second half of the twentieth century.

A 2010 study by the University of Exeter into the meaning of contemporary Cornish identity across Cornwall found that there was a "west-east distance decay in the strength of the Cornish identity." The study was conducted amongst the farming community as they were deemed to be the socio-professional group most objectively representative of Cornishness. All participants categorised themselves as Cornish and identified Cornish as their primary ethnic group orientation. Those in the west primarily thought of themselves as Cornish and British/Celtic, while those in the east tended to think of themselves as Cornish and English. All participants in West Cornwall who identified as Cornish and not English described people in East Cornwall, without hesitation, as equally Cornish as themselves. Those who identified as Cornish and English stressed the primacy of their Cornishness and a capacity to distance themselves from their Englishness. Ancestry was seen as the most important criterion for being categorised as Cornish, above place of birth or growing up in Cornwall. This study supports a 1988 study by Mary McArthur that had found that the meanings of Cornishness varied substantially, from local to national identity. Both studies also observed that the Cornish were less materialistic than the English. The Cornish generally saw the English, or city people, as being "less friendly and more aggressively self-promoting and insensitive". The Cornish saw themselves as friendly, welcoming and caring.

In November 2010 British Prime Minister, David Cameron, said "I think Cornish national identity is very powerful" and that his government would "devolve a lot of power to Cornwall – that will go to the Cornish unitary authority."

2011 and 2021 UK Census

A campaign for the inclusion of a Cornish tick-box in the nationality section of the 2011 census failed to win the support of Parliament in 2009. As a consequence, posters were created by the census organisation and Cornwall Council which advised residents how they could identify themselves as Cornish by writing it in the national identity and ethnicity sections and record Cornish in the main language section. Additionally, people could record Cornwall as their country of birth.

Like other identities, Cornish has an allocated census code, (06), the same as for 2001, which applied and was counted throughout Britain. People were first able to record their ethnicity as Cornish in the 2001 UK Census, and some 37,000 people did so by writing it in.

A total of 83,499 people in England and Wales were described as having a Cornish national identity. 59,456 of these were described as Cornish only, 6,261 as Cornish and British, and 17,782 as Cornish and at least one other identity, with or without British. Within Cornwall the total was 73,220 (14% of the population) with 52,793 (9.9%) as Cornish only, 5,185 (1%) as Cornish and British, and 15,242 (2.9%) as Cornish and at least one other identity, with or without British.

In Scotland 467 people described themselves as having Cornish national identity. 254 with Cornish identity only, 39 as Scottish and Cornish, and 174 having Cornish identity and at least one other UK identity (excluding Scottish).

In the 2021 census, 89,084 people in England and Wales described their national identity as Cornish only and 10,670 as Cornish and British. Within Cornwall, 79,938 people (14.0% of the population) specified a Cornish only identity and 9,146 (1.6%) Cornish in combination with British.

Schools census (PLASC)
Since 2006 school children in Cornwall have been able to record themselves as ethnically Cornish on the annual Schools Census (PLASC). Since then the number identifying as Cornish has risen from 24% to 51% in 2017. The Department for Education recommends that parents and guardians determine the ethnicity of children at primary schools whilst pupils at secondary schools can decide their own ethnicity.

 * 2006: 23.7 percent – 17,218 pupils out of 72,571
 * 2007: 27.3 percent – 19,988 pupils out of 72,842
 * 2008: 30.3 percent – 21,610 pupils out of 71,302
 * 2009: 33.9 percent – 23,808 pupils out of 70,275
 * 2010: 37.2 percent – 26,140 pupils out of 69,950
 * 2011: 40.9 percent – 28,584 pupils out of 69,811
 * 2012: 43.0 percent – 30,181 pupils out of 69,909
 * 2013: 46.0 percent – 32,254 pupils out of 70,097
 * 2014: 48.0 percent
 * 2017: 51.1 percent
 * 2020: 45.9 percent - due to an error in the management system of a number of schools, pupils identifying as White Cornish were inadvertently changed to Any Other White resulting in a reduced figure for the year 2020.

Ancestral roots
Traditionally, the Cornish are thought to have been descended from the Iron Age Celts, making them distinct from the English, many (but not all) of whom are descended from the Anglo-Saxons who colonised Great Britain from their homelands in northern Europe and drove the Celts to Britain's western and northern fringes. Recent genetic studies based on ancient DNA have complicated this picture, however. During the Bronze Age, most of the people that had inhabited Britain since the Neolithic era were replaced by Beaker People, while scholars have argued that the introduction of the Celtic languages and material culture into Britain and Ireland was by means of cultural diffusion, rather than any substantial migration. Genetic evidence has also suggested that while ancestry inherited from the Anglo-Saxons makes up a significant part of the modern English gene pool (one study suggested an average 38% contribution in eastern England), they did not displace all of the previous inhabitants. A 2015 study found that modern Cornish populations had less Anglo-Saxon ancestry than people from central and southern England, and that they were genetically distinct from their neighbors in Devon. The study also suggested that populations traditionally labelled as "Celtic" showed significant diversity, rather than a unified genetic identity.

Throughout classical antiquity the Celts spoke Celtic languages, and formed a series of tribes, cultures and identities, notably the Picts and Gaels in the north and the Britons in the south. The Britons were themselves a divided people; although they shared the Brythonic languages, they were tribal, and divided into regional societies, and within them sub-groups. Examples of these tribal societies were the Brigantes in the north, and the Ordovices, the Demetae, the Silures and the Deceangli in the west. In the extreme southwest, what was to become Cornwall, were the Dumnonii and Cornovii, who lived in the Kingdom of Dumnonia. The Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century introduced Romans to Britain, who upon their arrival initially recorded the Dumnonii, but later reported on the Cornovii, who were possibly a sub-group of the Dumnonii. Although the Romans colonised much of central and southern Britain, Dumnonia was "virtually unaffected" by the conquest; Roman rule had little or no impact on the region, meaning it could flourish as a semi- or fully independent kingdom which evidence shows was sometimes under the dominion of the kings of the Britons, and sometimes to have been governed by its own Dumnonian monarchy, either by the title of duke or king. This petty kingdom shared strong linguistic, political and cultural links with Brittany, a peninsula on continental Europe south of Cornwall inhabited by Britons; the Cornish and Breton languages were nearly indistinguishable in this period, and both Cornwall and Brittany remain dotted with dedications to the same Celtic saints.

The Sack of Rome in the year 410 prompted a complete Roman departure from Britain, and Cornwall then experienced an influx of Celtic Christian missionaries from Ireland who had a profound effect upon the early Cornish people, their culture, faith and architecture. The ensuing decline of the Roman Empire encouraged the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain. The Angles, Jutes, Frisii and Saxons, Germanic peoples from northern Europe, established petty kingdoms and settled in different regions of what was to become England, and parts of southern Scotland, progressively defeating the Britons in battle. The Saxons of the Kingdom of Wessex in particular were expanding their territory westwards towards Cornwall. The Cornish were frequently embattled with the West Saxons, who used their Germanic word walha (modern English: Welsh) meaning "stranger" or "foreigner", to describe their opponents, later specifying them as the Westwalas (West Welsh) or Cornwalas (the Cornish). Conflict continued until King Athelstan of England determined that the River Tamar be the formal boundary between the West Saxons and the Cornish in the year 936, making Cornwall one of the last retreats of the Britons encouraging the development of a distinct Cornish identity; Brittonic culture in Britain became confined to Cornwall, parts of Devon, North West England, South West Scotland and Wales. Although a treaty was agreed, Anglo-Saxon political influence stretched westwards until some time in the late 10th century when "Cornwall was definitively incorporated into the Kingdom of England".

Anglicisation and rebellion
The Norman conquest of England, which began with an invasion by the troops of William, Duke of Normandy (later, King William I of England) in 1066, resulted in the removal of the Anglo-Saxon derived monarchy, aristocracy, and clerical hierarchy and its replacement by Normans, Scandinavian Vikings from northern France and their Breton allies, who, in many cases, maintained rule in the Brittonic-speaking parts of the conquered lands. The shires of England were progressively divided amongst the companions of William I of England, who served as England's new nobility. The English would come to absorb the Normans, but the Cornish "vigorously resisted" their influence. At the time of the conquest, legend has it that Cornwall was under the governance of Condor, reported by later antiquarians to be the last Earl of Cornwall to be directly descended from the ancient monarchy of Cornwall. The Earldom of Cornwall had held devolved semi-sovereignty from England, but in 1067 was granted to Robert, Count of Mortain, King William I's half-brother, and ruled thereafter by an Anglo-Norman aristocracy; in the Domesday Book, the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086, "virtually all" landowners in Cornwall "had English names, making it impossible to be sure who was Cornish and who was English by race". However, there was a persistent and "continuing differentiation" between the English and Cornish peoples during the Middle Ages, as evidenced by documents such as the 1173 charter of Truro which made explicit mention of both peoples as distinct.

The Earldom of Cornwall passed to various English nobles throughout the High Middle Ages, but in 1337 the earldom was given the status of a duchy, and Edward, the Black Prince, the first son and heir of King Edward III of England, became the first Duke of Cornwall as a means for the prince to raise his own capital. Large parts of Cornwall were owned by Edward, 1st Duke of Cornwall, and successive English Dukes of Cornwall became the largest landowners in Cornwall; The monarchy of England established two special administrative institutions in Cornwall, the first being the Duchy of Cornwall (one of only two in the Kingdom of England) and the second being the Cornish Stannary Courts and Parliaments (which governed Cornwall's tin industry). These two institutions allowed "ordinary Cornish people to believe that they had been granted a unique constitutional status to reflect their unique cultural identity". However, the Duchy of Cornwall gradually lost its political autonomy from England, a state which became increasingly centralised in London, and by the early-Tudor period the Cornish had begun to see themselves as "a conquered people whose culture, liberties, and prosperity had been downgraded by the English". This view was exacerbated in the 1490s by heavy taxation imposed by King Henry VII of England upon the impoverished Cornish to raise funds for his military campaigns against King James IV of Scotland and Perkin Warbeck, as well as Henry VII's suspension of the privileges of the Cornish Stannaries. Having provided "more than their fair share of soldiers and sailors" for the conflict in northern England, and feeling aggrieved at "Cornwall's status as England's poorest county", a popular uprising out of Cornwall ensued—the Cornish rebellion of 1497. The rebellion was initially a political march from St Keverne to London led by Thomas Flamank and Michael An Gof, motivated by a "mixture of reasons"; to raise money for charity; to celebrate their community; to present their grievances to the Parliament of England, but gathered pace across the West Country as a revolt against the king.

Cornish was the most widely spoken language west of the River Tamar until around the mid-1300s, when Middle English began to be adopted as a common language of the Cornish people. As late as 1542 Andrew Boorde, an English traveller, physician and writer, wrote that in Cornwall there were two languages, "Cornysshe" and "Englysshe", but that "there may be many men and women" in Cornwall who could not understand English. While the Norman language was in use by much of the English aristocracy, Cornish was used as a lingua franca, particularly in the remote far west of Cornwall. Many Cornish landed gentry chose mottos in the Cornish language for their coat of arms, highlighting its socially high status. However, in 1549 and following the English Reformation, King Edward VI of England commanded that the Book of Common Prayer, an Anglican liturgical text in the English language, should be introduced to all churches in his kingdom, meaning that Latin and Celtic customs and services should be discontinued. The Prayer Book Rebellion was a militant revolt in Cornwall and parts of neighbouring Devon against the Act of Uniformity 1549, which outlawed all languages from church services apart from English, and is specified as a testament to the affection and loyalty the Cornish people held for the Cornish language. In the rebellion, separate risings occurred simultaneously in Bodmin in Cornwall, and Sampford Courtenay in Devon—which would both converge at Exeter, laying siege to the region's largest Protestant city. However, the rebellion was suppressed, thanks largely to the aid of foreign mercenaries in a series of battles in which "hundreds were killed", effectively ending Cornish as the common language of the Cornish people. The Anglicanism of the Reformation served as a vehicle for Anglicisation in Cornwall; Protestantism had a lasting cultural effect upon the Cornish by way of linking Cornwall more closely with England, while lessening political and linguistic ties with the Bretons of Brittany.

The English Civil War, a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists, polarised the populations of England and Wales. However, Cornwall in the English Civil War was a staunchly Royalist enclave, an "important focus of support for the Royalist cause". Cornish soldiers were used as scouts and spies during the war, for their language was not understood by English Parliamentarians. The peace that followed the close of the war led to a further shift to the English language by the Cornish people, which encouraged an influx of English people to Cornwall. By the mid-17th century the use of the Cornish language had retreated far enough west to prompt concern and investigation by antiquarians, such as William Scawen. As the Cornish language diminished the people of Cornwall underwent a process of English enculturation and assimilation, becoming "absorbed into the mainstream of English life".

Industry, revival and the modern period
The Industrial Revolution had a major impact upon the Cornish people. Cornwall's economy was fully integrated into England's, and mining in Cornwall, always an important source of employment and stability of the Cornish, experienced a process of industrialisation resulting in 30 per cent of Cornwall's adult population being employed by its mines. During this period, efforts were made by Cornish engineers to design steam engines with which to power water pumps for Cornish mines thus aiding the extraction of mineral ore. Industrial scale tin and copper mining operations in Cornwall melded Cornish identity with engines and heavy industry, and Cornwall's leading mining engineer, Richard Trevithick, became "as much a part of Cornwall's heritage as any legendary giant from its Celtic past". Trevithick's most significant success was a high-pressure steam engine used to pump water and refuse from mines, but he was also the builder of the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive. On 21 February 1804, the world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in Wales.

The construction of the Great Western Railway during the Victorian era allowed for an influx of tourists to Cornwall from across Great Britain. Well into the Edwardian era and interwar period, Cornwall was branded as a rural retreat, a "primitive land of magic and romance", and as an "earlier incarnation of Englishness, a place more English than an England ravaged by modernity". Cornwall, the United Kingdom's only region with a subtropical-like climate, became a centre for English tourism, its coastline dominated by resort towns increasingly composed of bungalows and villas. John Nichols Thom, or Mad Tom, (1799 – 31 May 1838) was a Cornishman self-declared messiah who, in the 19th century led the last battle to be fought on English soil, known as the Battle of Bossenden Wood. While not akin to the Cornish rebellions of the past, he did attract some Cornish support as well as mostly Kentish labourers, although his support was primarily of religious followers.

In the latter half of the 19th century Cornwall experienced rapid deindustrialisation, with the closure of mines in particular considered by the Cornish to be both an economic and cultural disaster. This, coupled with the rise of Romantic nationalism in Europe inspired and influenced a Celtic Revival in Cornwall, a social, linguistic and artistic movement interested in Cornish medieval ethnology. This Revivalist upsurge investigated Cornwall's pre-industrial culture, using the Cornish language as the "principal badge of [Cornish] nationality and ethnic kinship". The first effective revival of Cornish began in 1904 when Henry Jenner, a Celtic language enthusiast, published his book Handbook of the Cornish Language. His orthography, Unified Cornish, was based on Cornish as it was spoken in the 18th century, although his pupil Robert Morton Nance later steered the revival more towards the Middle Cornish that had been used in the 16th century, before the language became influenced by English.

The visit of King George IV to Scotland in 1822 reinvigorated Scottish national identity, melding it with romanticist notions of tartan, kilts and the Scottish Highlands. As Pan-Celticism gathered pace in the early 20th century, Cornishman L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell and the Cowethas Kelto-Kernuak (a Cornish language interest group) asserted the use of Cornish kilts and tartans as a "national dress ... common to all Celtic countries". In 1924 the Federation of Old Cornwall Societies was formed to facilitate, preserve and maintain Celticity in Cornwall, followed by the similar Gorseth Kernow in 1928, and the formation of the Cornish nationalist political party Mebyon Kernow in 1951. Increased interest and communication across the Celtic nations in Celtic languages and culture during the 1960s and 1970s spurred on the popularisation of the Cornish self-government movement. Since devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, enthusiasts for Cornish culture have pressed for the Cornish language to be taught formally in Cornish schools, while Cornish nationalists have demanded greater political autonomy for Cornwall, for example that it be constituted as the United Kingdom's fifth constituent country with its own Cornish Assembly.

Geographic distribution
The Cornish people are concentrated in Cornwall, but after the Age of Discovery in the early modern period were involved in the British colonisation of the Americas and other transcontinental and transatlantic migrations. Initially, the number of migrants was comparatively small, with those who left Cornwall typically settling in North America or else amongst the ports and plantations of the Caribbean.

In the first half of the 19th century, the Cornish people were leaders in tin and copper smelting, while mining in Cornwall was the people's major occupation. Increased competition from Australia, British Malaya and Bolivia, coupled with the depletion of mineral deposits brought about an economic decline for Cornish mining lasting half a century, and prompting mass human migration from Cornwall. In each decade from 1861 to 1901, "around 20% of the Cornish male population migrated abroad"—three times that of the average of England and Wales—and totalling over a quarter of a million people lost to emigration between 1841 and 1901. There was a displacement of skilled Cornish engineers, farmers, merchants, miners and tradesmen, but their commercial and occupational expertise, particularly in hard rock mining, was highly valued by the communities they met. Within Great Britain, Cornish families were attracted from Cornwall to North East England—particularly on Teesside—to partake in coal mining as a means to earn wealth by using their mining skill. This has resulted in a concentration of Cornish names on and around Teesside that persists into the 21st century.

Large numbers of the 19th century Cornish emigrants eventually returned to Cornwall, whilst the rate of emigration from Cornwall declined after World War I. However, the global connections of the remaining Cornish diaspora, which is concentrated in English-speaking countries such as Australia, Canada, South Africa and the United States, are "very strong". Their outreach has contributed to the international spread of Methodism, a movement within Protestant Christianity that was popular with the Cornish people at the time of their mass migration. "Cousin Jacks" is a nickname for the overseas Cornish, thought to derive from the practice of Cornishmen asking if job vacancies could be filled by their cousin named Jack in Cornwall.

Australia
From the beginning of Australia's colonial period until after the Second World War, people from the United Kingdom made up a large majority of people coming to Australia, meaning that many Australian-born people can trace their origins to Britain. The Cornish people in particular were actively encouraged to emigrate to Australia following the demise of Cornish mining in the 19th century. A "vigorous recruiting campaign" was launched to encourage the Cornish to aid with mining in Australia because of their experience and expertise. Free passage to South Australia in particular was granted to hundreds of Cornish miners and their families, so much so, that a large Cornish community gathered in Australia's Copper Coast, and South Australia's Yorke Peninsula became known as "Little Cornwall". It has been estimated between 1837 and 1840, 15 per cent of all assisted migrants to South Australia were Cornish.

Cornish settlement impacted upon social, cultural and religious life throughout the history of South Australia. Cornish identity was embraced strongly in the Yorke Peninsula, but also in the more outlying mining towns of Kapunda and Burra, where Cornish miners constituted a sizeable community. Methodism, was the main form of religious practice for the Cornish. Methodist sensibilities were held with strong conviction by the migrant Cornish in a direct rivalry with Catholic Irish people in Australia. The Kernewek Lowender is the largest Cornish festival in the world, held in the Kadina, Moonta and Wallaroo towns on the Yorke Peninsula, which attracts tens of thousands of visitors bi-annually.

Canada
European fishing ventures in and around Newfoundland during the 16th century were the earliest Cornish activity in what was to become Canada. However, permanent settlement by the Cornish across the Atlantic Ocean was rare until at least the 19th century. The British colonisation of the Americas encouraged additional migration of the Cornish to the Canadas, particularly by those who served in Great Britain's Royal Navy. The creation of the colony of British North America spurred more people from Cornwall to settle in North America; they were registered as English migrants. Many Cornish (and other West Country) immigrants who had been agricultural labourers settled in an area of what is now South Central Ontario in what were the counties of Northumberland, Durham and Ontario, ranging from the towns of Port Hope and Cobourg in the east, to Whitby in the west and to the north ends of those counties.

Mexico
In 1825 a band of 60 Cornishmen left Falmouth for Mineral del Monte in central Mexico with 1500 t of mining machinery with which to apply their mining skill and technologies to resuscitate Mexico's ailing silver mining industry after the neglect caused by the Mexican War of Independence. Following their sea voyage they attempted to dock at Veracruz but were forced away by the Spanish to a beach at Mocambo from where they hauled their machinery through jungle and swamp to Santa Fe. During this haul through the jungle, the Cornishmen and their Mexican helpers fell victim to yellow fever, resulting in 30 Cornish and 100 Mexican fatalities. The fever forced the survivors to abandon their equipment and head inland up into the mountains to Xalapa to try to escape the mosquitos for three months, until the end of the rainy season. Once the rainy season closed the Cornish and Mexican miners continued their 250 mi "Great Trek" to Mineral del Monte, transporting their machinery to an altitude of 10000 ft above sea level and arriving at their destination on 1 May 1826. Following their arrival, the Cornish community flourished and stayed in central Mexico until the Mexican Revolution in 1910. Although the Cornish community in Mexico broadly returned to Cornwall, they left a cultural legacy; Cornish pasties, Cornish mining museums and a Cornish Mexican Cultural Society are all part of the local heritage and tradition in and around Mineral del Monte.

South Africa
The Witwatersrand Gold Rush of 1886 encouraged large numbers of Cornish miners to migrate to the South African Republic. Although an international gold rush, the Cornish overwhelmingly formed the skilled labour force in the Witwatersrand, until the outbreak of the Second Boer War prompted a retreat.

United States
The discovery of lead ore and copper in North America prompted an influx of Cornish miners to the continent, particularly around the Upper Mississippi River. By the early 19th century Cornish people were present in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan—particularly the mining town of Ishpeming. Additional waves of Cornish migrants followed the California Gold Rush of the mid-19th century; in the 1890s it was estimated that in California's Grass Valley, over 60 per cent of the population was Cornish. It has a tradition of carols stemming from the Cornish who settled the area as gold miners in the 19th century. The carols have become "the identity of the town", some of the members of the Grass Valley Cornish Carol Choir are descendants of the original Cornish settlers.

Most migratory Cornish to the United States were classified as English or British, meaning that the precise number of Cornish Americans is difficult to estimate. The aggregate number of immigrants from Cornwall to the United States before World War I is suggested to be around 100,000.

Culture
The survival of a distinct Cornish culture has been attributed to Cornwall's geographic isolation. Contemporaneously, the underlying notion of Cornish culture is that it is distinct from the culture of England, despite its anglicisation, and that it is instead part of a Celtic tradition. According to American academic Paul Robert Magocsi, modern-day Cornish activists have claimed several Victorian era inventions including the Cornish engine, Christmas carols, rugby football and brass bands as part of this Cornish tradition. Cornish cultural tradition is most strongly associated with the people's most historical occupation, mining, an aspect of Cornish history and culture that has influenced its cuisine, symbols and identity. The Cornish writer C. C. Vyvyan wrote in her 1948 book Our Cornwall: "A man might live and die among us and never gain throughout his allotted span of life one glimpse of the essential Cornwall or the essential Cornishman."

Cornwall has its own tradition of Christian saints, derived from Celtic extraction, that have given rise to localised dedications. Saint Piran is the 5th century Christian abbot, supposedly of Irish origin, who is patron saint of both tin miners and Cornwall. According to popular mythology, Piran, an Irish scholar who studied Christianity in Ancient Rome was to be drowned in the Irish Sea by the High Kings of Ireland, but instead floated across to Perranporth in Cornwall by the will of God to preach the Gospel. Saint Piran's Flag, a centred white cross on a black field, was described as the "Standard of Cornwall" in 1838 and was re-introduced by Celtic Revivalists thereafter as a county flag of Cornwall. It has been seized upon by the Cornish people as a symbol of their identity, displayed on cars and flying from buildings including those of Cornwall Council. St Piran's Day is an annual patronal fête, and the pre-eminent Cornish festival celebrating Cornish culture and history on 5 March.

Language
The Cornish language is derived from the Brythonic branch of the Insular Celtic languages. It is closely related to the Breton language, and to a lesser extent shares commonalities with the Welsh language, although they are not mutually intelligible. The language functioned as a community language in Cornwall until a language shift to the English language was completed during the late 18th century. The demise of the Cornish language is attributed to English cultural influence, particularly the political and religious dominance of the English Reformation and the Act of Uniformity 1549 which outlawed all church services within the Kingdom of England that were not in English. The exact date of the death of using the Cornish language is unclear and disputed, but popularly it is claimed that the last monolingual Cornish speaker was Dolly Pentreath, a Mousehole resident who died in 1777.

The revival of Cornish began in 1904 when Henry Jenner, a Celtic language enthusiast, published his book Handbook of the Cornish Language. He based his work on Cornish as it was spoken in the 18th century, although his pupil Robert Morton Nance, with his orthography, Unified Cornish, later steered the revival more towards the Middle Cornish that had been used in the 16th century, before the language became more heavily influenced by English. This set the tone for the next few decades; as the revival gained pace, learners of the language disagreed on which style of Cornish to use, and a number of competing orthographies—Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Modern Cornish, Kernewek Kemmyn—were in use by the end of the 20th century. A standard written form was agreed in 2008.

Cornish is a restored and living modern language, but most of its speakers are enthusiasts, persons who have learned the language through private study. Cornish speakers are geographically dispersed, meaning there is no part of Cornwall where it is spoken as a community language. As of 2009, it is taught in fifty primary schools, although regular broadcast in Cornish is limited to a weekly bilingual programme on BBC Radio Cornwall. Daily life in Cornwall therefore is conducted in the English language, albeit with some regional peculiarities.

Legends of the Fall, a novella by American author Jim Harrison, detailing the lives of a Cornish American family in the early 20th century, contains several Cornish language terms. These were also included in the Academy Award winning film of the same name starring Anthony Hopkins as Col. William Ludlow and Brad Pitt as Tristan Ludlow.

Literature and folklore
Early medieval Cornwall was associated with the Matter of Britain, a national myth recounting a legendary Celtic history of Brittonic warriors, including King Arthur. The Matter of Britain was supported by texts such as the Historia Regum Britanniae, a pseudohistorical account of the history of the ancient Britons, written in the mid-12th century by Geoffrey of Monmouth. The Historia Regum Britanniae chronicled the lives of legendary kings of the Britons in a narrative spanning a time of two thousand years, beginning with the Trojans founding the ancient British nation and continuing until the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in the 5th century forced the Celtic Britons to the west coast, namely Wales and Cornwall. Although broadly thought of as a work of fiction, Geoffrey of Monmouth's work had a lasting effect upon the identity of the Cornish. His "historical construct" characterised the ancient Britons as heroes, which later helped Celtic revivalists to redefine Cornishness as an identity closely related to ancient heroic Celtic folklore.

Another strand of Cornish folklore is derived from tales of seafaring pirates and smugglers who thrived in and around Cornwall from the early modern period through to the 19th century. Cornish pirates exploited both their knowledge of the Cornish coastline as well as its sheltered creeks and hidden anchorages. For many fishing villages, loot and contraband provided by pirates supported a strong and secretive underground economy in Cornwall.

Legendary creatures that appear in Cornish folklore include buccas, knockers and piskies. Tales of these creatures are thought to have developed as supernatural explanations for the frequent and deadly cave-ins that occurred during 18th-century Cornish tin mining, or else a creation of the oxygen-starved minds of exhausted miners who returned from the underground.

Performing and visual arts

Celtic crosses, many dating from between the 7th and 15th centuries, are found in Cornwall and have been used as inspiration in modern and contemporary Cornish visual arts. In the 1780s, John Opie was the first Cornish-born painter to gain widespread attention; his work was exhibited at the Royal Academy and he was described by Joshua Reynolds as "like Caravaggio and Velázquez in one". Artists who appreciated the quality of Cornwall's natural light, such as J. M. W. Turner, began to visit, with more following after the opening of the Great Western Railway, including Whistler and Sickert. Stanhope Forbes and Frank Bramley settled in Cornwall in the 1880s, establishing the Newlyn School of painting en plein air. By the 1920s, the ceramicist Bernard Leach was established at St Ives, and the St Ives School for abstract artists formed there, influenced by naive painters such as Alfred Wallis, and involving the work of Ben Nicholson, his wife Barbara Hepworth, Naum Gabo and Patrick Heron.

Religion
Anciently, the religion of the Cornish Britons was Celtic polytheism, a pagan, animistic faith, assumed to be led by Druids in full or in part. Early Christianity is thought to have existed in Cornwall during the 1st century, but limited to individual travellers and visitors, possibly including Priscillian, a Galician theologian who may have been exiled to the Isles of Scilly. Celtic Christianity was introduced to Cornwall in the year 520 by Saint Petroc, a Brython from the kingdom of Glywysing, and other missionaries from Wales, as well as by Gaelic monks and holy women from Ireland; this "formative period" has left a legacy of granite high cross monuments throughout Cornwall. Dedications to many different Cornish saints can also be traced to this period. In the Middle Ages, Roman Catholicism was dominant in Cornwall, and even in the 17th century the Cornish were "fervently Roman Catholic", slow to accept the Protestant Reformation, according to some scholars. The adoption of Anglicanism was, eventually, near-universal in Cornwall and facilitated the anglicisation of the Cornish people. A variety of dissenting congregations such as the Quakers and Baptists were to be found in certain districts. Through a combination of tours of Cornwall by John Wesley, rural isolation and compatibility with Cornish tastes and sensibilities, Methodism, an evangelical revival movement within the Church of England, became the form of Christianity practised by the majority of the population all over Cornwall during the 19th century. During this time other kinds of Methodist churches appeared such as the Bible Christians and there were also Evangelical and Anglo-Catholic revivals within the Church of England.

Cuisine
Cornish cuisine is a regional variety of British cuisine, strongly rooted in a tradition of using local produce, which is used to create relatively simple dishes. Most prominent in Cornish cuisine is the pasty (sometimes known as the Cornish pasty) made from diced beef, potato, onion and swede (commonly called 'turnip' by the Cornish), enclosed within a pastry crust and then baked. One idea of its origins suggests that it evolved as a portable lunch for Cornish miners, the crust serving as a disposable handle that could be held by a miner's hand without soiling the filling. Fish was an important element of the Cornish diet, but international commercial fishing was also well established by the 16th century, and tons of pilchards were exported from Cornwall to France, Italy and Spain every year. Stargazy pie is an occasional festive Cornish dish with the heads of fish standing on their tails, originally pilchards, piercing a pastry crust. The saffron bun, also known as the tea treat bun, is a sweet bread with its origins in Cornwall.

Sport
With its comparatively small, rural population, major contribution by the Cornish to national sport in the United Kingdom has been limited. There are no teams affiliated to the Cornwall County Football Association that play in the Football League of England and Wales, and the Cornwall County Cricket Club plays as one of the minor counties of English cricket. Viewed as an "important identifier of ethnic affiliation", rugby union has become a sport strongly tied with notions of Cornishness, and since the 20th century, rugby union in Cornwall has emerged as one of the most popular spectator and team sports in Cornwall, with professional Cornish rugby footballers being described as a "formidable force", "naturally independent, both in thought and deed, yet paradoxically staunch English patriots whose top players have represented England with pride and passion". In 1985, sports journalist Alan Gibson made a direct connection between love of rugby in Cornwall and the ancient parish games of hurling and wrestling that existed for centuries before rugby officially began.

Cornish wrestling (also known as Wrasslin') is a regional, folk style of grappling or martial arts. The Cornwall County Wrestling Association was formed in 1923, to standardise the rules of the sport and to promote Cornish wrestling throughout Cornwall and the world. Together with Cornish hurling (a localised form of medieval football), Wrasslin' has been promoted as a distinctly Celtic game, tied closely with Cornish identity.

Surfing was popularised in Cornwall during the late 20th century, and has since become readily associated with Cornishness. The waves around the Cornish coastline are created by low pressure systems from the Atlantic Ocean which unleash powerful swells eastwards creating multiple, excellent surfing conditions in some parts of the coast of Cornwall. Newquay, one of Britain's "premier surfing towns", regularly hosts world championship surfing events.

Institutions and politics

The politics of Cornwall take place within a wider national political framework of a constitutional monarchy, in which the United Kingdom's monarch is head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government. Cornish politics are marked by a long tradition of Liberalism.

Important historical institutions were the Duchy of Cornwall and the Cornish Stannary Courts and Parliaments. The Stannary court administered equity, through special laws and legal exemptions, for all matters relating to the tin mines and tin trade in Cornwall. Cornish miners were effectively exempt from the jurisdiction of the law courts at Westminster, except "in such cases as should affect land, life or limb". The ancient privileges of the Stannary Courts and Parliaments were confirmed by successive Royal Charters in the Middle Ages, including those administered by Kings John, Edward I and Edward III of England. As the tin mines of Cornwall lost their economic importance during the 18th and 19th centuries, so the Stannary institutions lost political power. The last Stannary parliament was held at Truro in 1752, and continued, by adjournments, until 11 September 1753.

As in the rest of Great Britain, the Liberal Party dominated Cornish politics during the 19th century, although Socialism gained limited support in western Cornwall, and the Labour Party won preference after World War I. Nationalism (or regionalism) in Cornwall traces its roots to the Irish Home Rule bills of the late 19th century, and is represented by the Cornish self-government movement, a political action group that is predominantly organised to promote Cornwall as the national homeland of the Cornish, campaign for devolution, and win it the status as a fifth country within the UK rather than outright separatism. More "militant" variants of Cornish nationalism however claim that because of historical constitutional peculiarities regarding the status of Cornwall, the law of the European Union does or should not have jurisdiction over Cornwall until Cornish sovereignty is recognised. Popularisation of Cornish nationalism is attributed to a Celtic cultural revival in Cornwall which itself began with a renewed interest in the Cornish language in the 1920s. The revival of the Cornish language encouraged a parallel revival of Celtic traditions, which by the 1970s had spurred on Cornish nationalism. The United Kingdom's entry into the European Economic Community in 1973 prompted claims that the Cornish should be granted their own devolved national assembly—the Cornish Assembly—comparable to that of the National Assembly for Wales. Mebyon Kernow is a left-wing political party based in Cornwall, founded in 1951. Its main objective is attaining greater autonomy for Cornwall through the establishment of a legislative Cornish Assembly. As at 2009 Mebyon Kernow has no Members of Parliament elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, and in the 2009 United Kingdom local elections received 4 per cent of votes to elect councillors to Cornwall Council, behind the Conservative Party (34 per cent), Liberal Democrats (28 per cent), and Independents (23 per cent) Since the 2009 structural changes to local government in England, Cornwall Council has been a unitary authority, serving as the sole executive, deliberative, and legislative body responsible for local policy, setting council tax, and allocating budgets.

Following the Cornwall Council election in May 2013, the council remained as "no overall control", with the Independent politicians becoming the largest grouping on the council through a modest gain of councillors from the previous election. The Liberal Democrats remained the second largest party after losing 2 councillors and the Conservatives slipped to third after losing over a third of their councillors. The Labour Party (+8), UKIP (+6), and the Green Party (+1) all gained seats, with UKIP and the Greens entering Cornwall Council for the first time. Mebyon Kernow had 6 councilors prior to the election, having added 2 since the 2009 election, their total following the election was reduced to 4.

In the 2015 general election all Cornish seats were won by the Conservatives. This was repeated in the 2017 general election.

A study was carried out Willett, JMA; Tidy, R; Tregidga, G; et al. through Exeter University using data from January to April 2017 to understand why Cornwall voted leave in the Brexit referendum when it benefitted greatly from EU funding, such as the Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Growth Programme which was worth £600 million and supported over a hundred projects such infrastructure, agriculture, employment and low carbon initiatives. In this study people from lots of different backgrounds and jobs where interviewed and asked about their reasoning for voting leave, farmers described the EU policies as being overly complicated and taking the "fun" out of farming, many had issues with infrastructure and many others stated that with Brexit they were reclaiming sovereignty from the EU and there were underlying issues with the EUs lack of border control. It was found that the what linked the reasoning for leaving the EU was the uncertainty that they were experiencing, their inability to get any real change even with the EUs funding and a lack of knowledge about where the funding was spent as a whole.

In the UK's 2021 census plans, a "tickbox" for claiming "Cornish" as a national minority status has not been implemented and is under debate. Since Cornwall was officially given "official national minority status" in 2014, the Cornwall Council's Party Leaders have submitted a letter to the cabinet office of Chloe Smith for the Minister of State. In the coming weeks, Parliament is set to debate The Census Order. If enough Members of Parliament side with the Cornish people and stand in solidarity with their cause, a box to select a "Cornish" identity could be added—reaffirming the official identity they established 6 years prior.

title: Cornish people


text:
Red Devil Dawn

Red Devil Dawn (2003) is the third studio album recorded by the indie rock band Crooked Fingers. Released by Merge Records in January 2003, Red Devil Dawn is the follow-up to 2001's Bring On the Snakes and is the first album released by Crooked Fingers on Merge.

Track listing

 * 1) "Big Darkness" - 4:40
 * 2) "Don't Say a Word" - 5:11
 * 3) "You Can Never Leave" - 3:49
 * 4) "Bad Man Coming" - 3:24
 * 5) "You Threw a Spark" - 3:16
 * 6) "A Boy with (100) Hands" - 4:11
 * 7) "Sweet Marie" - 4:55
 * 8) "Angelina" - 3:31
 * 9) "Disappear" - 4:16
 * 10) "Carrion Doves" - 3:58

title: Red Devil Dawn


text:
Hollie Dunaway

Hollie Natashia Dunaway (born October 18, 1984) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 2003 to 2013. She held the IBA female mini flyweight title from 2004 to 2006 and challenged for 3 major female world titles.

Career
Dunaway had no amateur boxing background before she turned professional. She made her boxing debut on February 4, 2003, at The New Daisy Theatre in Memphis, Tennessee, where she lost to Melissa Shaffer. She lost two of her first three professional bouts, but went on to win 13 of her next 14.

On April 16, 2005, in Magdeburg, Germany, Regina Halmich won a ten-round unanimous decision over Dunaway, defending her Women's International Boxing Federation flyweight title. As of July 2005, Dunaway's professional boxing record was 14-4-0 (9 KOs). On February 16, 2006, she successfully defended her Women's International Boxing Association (WIBA) mini flyweight title against Shaffer in Kansas City, Missouri, winning in a unanimous decision (100-90, 99-91, 99-91). This result made Dunaway's record 15-5-0 (9 KOs). On September 21, 2006, she defended her WIBA mini flyweight world title for the second time against Dee Hamaguchi, knocking her down twice in the first round and winning the match by seventh-round stoppage. On November 25, 2006, she went to Budapest and beat world champion Krisztina Belinszky (19-4-2) for two world titles. On March 15, 2007, at the Ameristar Casino in St. Louis, Dunaway beat Wendy Rodriguez (17-2-3) in an eight-round unanimous decision. The judges' scores were 80-72, 80-72, and 79-73. On August 3, 2007, she beat Mary Ortega (28-3-1) in a unanimous decision by the judges.

On January 11, 2008, Dunaway moved up to flyweight and captured the North American Boxing Federation flyweight title by beating Sharon Gaines in a unanimous decision (she later fought Gaines to a draw on September 27 of the same year). On June 13, she lost to Rodriguez while fighting for the vacant International Boxing Association mini flyweight title. On February 28, 2009, she lost in South Korea against Hi Jyun Park for the International Female Boxers Association mini flyweight title. On August 22, she beat Mayela Perez. In 2010, she won against Chantel Cordova on January 28. She lost to Ana Maria Torres on November 6, fighting for the WBC super flyweight title. In 2011, 2012, and 2013, she fought only once per year. She lost to Katia Gutiérrez on April 16, 2011, in a fight for the vacant International Boxing Federation mini flyweight title. A fight against Becky Garcia on April 26, 2012, ended in no contest. She lost to Cordova on November 15, 2013.

Dunaway has fought in four weight divisions.

title: Hollie Dunaway


text:
TPP Nikola Tesla

TPP Nikola Tesla, commonly known as TENT, is a power plant complex operated by Elektroprivreda Srbije, located on the right bank of the river Sava, approximately 40 km upstream from Downtown Belgrade, near the city municipality of Obrenovac. By far the largest one in Serbia, the complex generates around 17,263 GWh annually, which covers almost half of Serbia's needs for electricity. The complex and two of its plants are named in honor of Nikola Tesla.

These power plants use lignite mined from the RB Kolubara as fuel. Coal is transported from the mines via a standard-gauge railroad about 30 km long capable of supplying a total of 37 million tons of coal a year.

TPP Nikola Tesla A
Six generation units with a combined capacity of 1650.5 MW that makes it the largest power facility in the former Yugoslavia. TPP Nikola Tesla A was first synchronised on March 27, 1970. It has two chimneys: one with a height of 220 metres and a second with a height of 150 metres.

TPP Nikola Tesla B
Located between the villages of Skela and Ušće. There are two generation units with a total capacity of 1240 MW. TPP Nikola Tesla B was first synchronised on March 11, 1983. Its chimney is 280 metres tall.

TPP Morava
Located on the right bank of the river Velika Morava near the town of Svilajnac. 125 MW Power Generator.

TPP Kolubara A
Located at the edge of Kolubara coal basin in the village Veliki Crljeni. Capacity 271 MW.

Railway transport of TPP Nikola Tesla

TPP Nikola Tesla operates its own railway with over 100 km of trackage total. The railway is used for transporting coal from the mines to the power plants. It is independent from the national rail freight transport company Srbija Kargo.

Railroad
Railway tracks are electrified with 25 kV 50 Hz overhead line. The line is powered from Brgule. The railway has connection to the Belgrade–Bar railway at Vreoci.

Main railway tracks:
 * Obrenovac - Vreoci, 32.45 km.
 * Obrenovac - Stubline, single track, 8.05 km. Built in 1967.
 * Stubline - Brgule, double track, 10.58 km. Right track built in 1967, another, left track built in 1982.
 * Brgule - Vreoci, single track, 13.85 km. Built in 1967.

Terminal railway tracks:
 * Stubline - Vorbis, single track, 14.42 km. Built in 1979.
 * Brgule - Tamnava, single track, 3.32 km. Built in 1979.

Train stations
There are several loading, unloading train stations and interstations.

Loading stations:
 * Vreoci - 7 rail tracks of which 4 are loading tracks with two loading places.
 * Tamnava - 4 rail tracks of which 2 are loading tracks with one loading place.

Unloading stations: Interstations:
 * Obrenovac "A" - 5 rail tracks with of which 2 are unloading tracks with two unloading places.
 * Vorbis "B" - 5 rail tracks with of which one is unloading track with one unloading place.
 * Stubline - 4 rail tracks for regulation of traffic, switching from single track railway to double track railway.
 * Brgule - 3 rail tracks for regulation of traffic, switching from single track railway to double track railway.

Locomotives
Railway transport of TPP NT has a fleet of 18 electric locomotives and 8 diesel locomotives. Nine locomotives are used for freight train hauling and 16 are used for maneuvering.

Electric locomotives
 * Class 441 - 8 locomotives
 * Class 443 (Skoda lokomotives identical to České dráhy class 210 shunters) - 10 locomotives

Diesel locomotives
 * Class 661 - 2 locomotives
 * CEM - 5 locomotives

Wagons
Railway transport of TPP NT operates with 334 Class F special open high-sided wagons made by Arbel. Wagons are equipped with hydraulic installation for fast discharge, which allows to unload coal for 1–2 seconds. Each wagon is 15.16m long, has four axles and capacity of 56.4 tons.

title: TPP Nikola Tesla


text: File:TheUpsetters-ScratchTheSuperApe.jpg


text:
Bangor Civic Center

The Bangor Civic Center was a convention center located in Bangor, Maine. It contained 22000 sqft of exhibit and meeting space, enough for 9 meetings at the same time. In addition to meetings, it could also host trade shows, wedding receptions, and banquets.

It could seat up to 1,200 in the main hall. An adjacent lecture room could hold up to 200 people, while the mezzanine could hold 150 people.

The Civic Center was part of the same complex as the Bangor Auditorium.

The two buildings began to be demolished on June 3, 2013, as they were replaced by the newly built Cross Insurance Center.

title: Bangor Civic Center


text:
M9 bayonet

The M9 bayonet, officially known as the M9 Phrobis III, is an American multi-purpose knife and bayonet officially adopted in 1986 by the United States Armed Forces for the M16 rifle. Featuring a 7 in blade and issued with a sheath designed to double as a wire cutter, the M9 bayonet is designed to function not only as a combat knife but also as a multi-tool, capable of serving as a wire cutter, metal slicer, bottle opener, and screwdriver.

History

In 1973, the U.S. military retired the M7 bayonet, introduced in 1964, due to changing military tactics and increasing reliance on high technology that made the use of bayonets in combat unlikely and largely unnecessary. However, this left them without a cutting tool.

The M9 bayonet was designed and developed by Charles A. "Mickey" Finn at his R&D company, Qual-A-Tec. Finn sought to develop "a sort of Swiss Army knife for field use", out of an actual proper knife that could also be used for military combat purposes. Qual-A-Tec's M9 bayonet design won over 49 other competitors, and was the only contract bid entry to have a zero percent failure rate. It is an improved, refined copy of the 6H3 bayonet developed by the Soviet Union for the AKM.

Finn later produced the M9 under the Phrobis III name, filling a military contract for 325,000 units. Buck Knives was contracted to produce 300,000 units, and sold a commercial version under their own name until 1997. Finn's designs proved extremely popular, and were widely counterfeited and sold illegally by other makers. In 1989, Finn received, but unlicensed copies from Asia and Mexico cut into his legitimate sales.

After the Phrobis III bayonet contract was completed in 1989, rights to the M9 reverted to the United States Army and there were many subsequent versions from other companies. It is issued by the U.S. military and other countries, and has also been sold commercially in various versions.

Some production runs of the M9 have a fuller and some do not, depending upon which contractor manufactured that batch and what the military specs were at the time. Although it has been claimed that the M9 may be more prone to breakage than the older M7 bayonet, the M9 has a 20% thicker blade, the tang is reduced from (0.235 to 0.195 in) in thickness, and a 75% greater cross-sectional area of steel in the blade than the M7.

Variants
The M11 knife, also known as the M11 EOD, is a version of the M9 specialized for explosive ordnance disposal (EOD). It has some extra features, such as a hammer pommel, but uses the same blade and sheath as the M9. It is not strictly a bayonet, as it has no mounting catch or muzzle ring; rather, it is more of a revision to the Buckmaster 184/188 knife, which was the basis for the Phrobis XM-9 prototype bayonet.

Makes

There have been five main makes of M9s: Phrobis III, Buck Knives, LanCay, Ontario, and Tri-Technologies.

Starting in 1987, Phrobis subcontracted Buck for production in its initial U.S. Army contract, finishing in 1989. It was around this time that Buck sold commercial M9s as well, lasting until 1997. LanCay received its first contract in March 1992, taking over production from Buck, for 30,000 knives, later increased to 50,000, with General Cutlery as a subcontractor. In 1994, there was another contract issued for about 100,000 improved M9 models. In 1999, a contract for 25,000 knives was split between LanCay and Ontario, with each company producing 12,500 knives each. Ontario also participated in later contracts, and continued to produce them well past 2005. In 2012, Tri-Technologies was awarded a contract for 40,000 M9s.

Comparison
The M7 bayonet, introduced in 1964, was used as a bayonet on the M16 rifle, M4 carbine, and as a fighting knife. The M9 multipurpose bayonet system is used as a bayonet on the M16 series rifle, on the M4 series carbine, as a fighting knife, as a general field and utility knife, as a wire cutter when used on the sheath, and as a saw. The M7 and M9 bayonet can also be mounted onto the Mossberg 590A1 shotgun.

Production numbers
These are production numbers for M9 bayonets produced by Buck Knives. The 5,000 bayonets produced for the United States Marine Corps are included under the U.S. Army numbers in this listing.

Users

 * Abu Dhabi: Security forces
 * 🇦🇺 Australia: Australian Defence Force
 * 🇨🇱 Chile: Lautaro Special Operations Brigade
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong: Special Duties Unit
 * The Netherlands: Armed forces of the Netherlands
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand: New Zealand Defence Force
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore: Singapore Armed Forces
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand: Royal Thai Armed Forces
 * 🇺🇸 USA: United States Armed Forces (other than the Marine Corps which uses the OKC-3S bayonet)
 * 🇮🇳: Indian Army

title: M9 bayonet


text:
S.C.A.T.: Special Cybernetic Attack Team

S.C.A.T.: Special Cybernetic Attack Team, also known as Final Mission (ファイナルミッション) in Japan and Action in New York in Europe, is a science fiction side-view shoot-'em-up produced by Natsume for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Within PAL-A regions, the game was only released in the UK. It was released in Japan in 1990, in North America in 1991, and in the PAL region in 1992. It was also later released on the Virtual Console in the PAL region on February 4, 2011, and in North America on February 7 for the Wii and in the PAL region on December 4, 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U and was released on the Nintendo Switch via the Nintendo Switch Online service on September 23, 2020.

Plot
In 2029, an army of alien invaders led by Vile Malmort has planted an "Astrotube" connecting the ruins of New York City with their space station. A team of part-human part-machine soldiers known as the Special Cybernetic Attack Team or "SCAT" has been assembled in order to combat the invasion.

Gameplay
S.C.A.T. can be played by up to two players simultaneously. During the 1-Player Mode, the player can choose between a male soldier named Arnold, or a female one named Sigourney, while in 2 Players mode, Player 1 controls Arnold while Player 2 controls Sigourney. There are no skill differences between the two characters.

As Arnold or Sigourney, the player flies through the air shooting at enemies with their gun while the screen scrolls automatically horizontally or vertically until the end of each stage (similarly to the Capcom arcade game Forgotten Worlds). While the player character can fly in eight directions, they can only shoot their gun left or right. However, the player is surrounded by two satellite modules that will shoot at enemies at the same time the player fires their weapon. The satellites will orbit around the player by default, with one orbiting above and the other below the player. If the satellites are aligned in a position the player wants to maintain, they can keep the position by pressing the A button. The player can toggle back and forth between the two satellite modes.

There are five power-up items that can be obtained by destroying certain containers, each represented by a letter-based icon. Three of these items are new weapons that will replace the player's default gun (a Laser, a Wide Beam, and a Bomb launcher), while the other two are a speed power-up and a life recovery. There are a total of five stages in the game, along with the usual boss encounters. The player begins the game with a total of six hit points and the game will end if they are all lost. Unlike Shadow of the Ninja, the player is given unlimited chances to continue.

Version differences
The Japanese version, Final Mission, was released a year before the American version and there are a few differences between the two. The game's opening story sequence is completely different, showing the obliteration of various cities before the alien invasion begins. Instead of a selectable male or female main character, both players control palette-swapped male soldiers, one of whom is Russian, which was inconceivable for the western market. The game's difficulty was made easier for the American version as well. Instead of six lives, the player begins with only three lives and any upgrade they possess is lost whenever their character is hit. The player's satellites also function differently. Instead of orbiting automatically, they're aligned by the player while moving the character left or right. Their firepower was also weaker. The map shown before each stage in the American version was not featured in the original Japanese version.

The European version, Action in New York, is almost identical to the American version. Besides the title change, the names of the main characters were also changed from Arnold and Sigourney to Silver Man and Sparks respectively. Their respective likeness to their namesakes, actors Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sigourney Weaver, was left unchanged. Their team affiliation was also changed from "SCAT" to "SAT" (Special Attack Team).

Reception
The music by Kiyohiro Sada is universally praised alongside the high quality of the gameplay.


text: File:Georges-Casimir Dessaulles.jpg

title: File:Georges-Casimir Dessaulles.jpg


text:
Salvage 1

Salvage 1 is an American science fiction series that was broadcast for 16 episodes (of the 20 produced) on ABC during 1979. The series was based on the pilot film, Salvage, broadcast in early 1979.

Premise
Salvage operator Harry Broderick buys and sells scrap as well as electronics, aircraft and other equipment. Harry constantly has grandiose schemes to make money, sometimes not completely honestly. In the pilot, his dream is to recover equipment left on the Moon during Apollo Program missions for he believes the salvage value will make it a worthwhile venture. In the show's opening title narration, Harry states:

"'I wanna build a spaceship, go to the Moon, salvage all the junk that's up there, bring it back, sell it.'"

He recruits former astronaut Skip, who had departed from NASA because his revolutionary but unorthodox space flight theory was considered too risky. Skip leads Harry to Mel, a genius fuel and explosives expert who had been working as a pyrotechnics expert in the motion picture industry. Mel has formulated an extremely powerful but dangerous monopropellant, monohydrazine, that would enable not only single-stage-to-orbit but single-stage-to-the-Moon and back. FBI agent Jack Klinger is sent to investigate Mel's purchase of large amounts of explosive chemicals. They build a space vehicle named the Vulture and Skip and Mel voyage to the Moon, salvage the equipment and return.

The remainder of the series has the group embarking on various moneymaking ventures that Harry conceives, few of which involve the Vulture despite its prominence in the opening titles.

The Vulture
Harry built a spaceship dubbed the Vulture, made from reclaimed salvage and former NASA parts. A cement mixer, a gasoline tanker trailer, and several surplus rocket engines (bought at auction when the space program was in a slump) became the homemade spaceship. After the pilot, the Vulture was rarely used. One of its engines was destroyed in the second season premiere and it was never used again in subsequent episodes.

Cast

 * Andy Griffith as Harry Broderick, owner of Jettison Scrap and Salvage Co.
 * Joel Higgins as Addison "Skip" Carmichael, former NASA astronaut.
 * Trish Stewart as Melanie "Mel" Slozar, who worked with Skip at NASA.
 * J. Jay Saunders as Mack, a former engineer at NASA and Harry's technical assistant at Jettison.
 * Richard Jaeckel as FBI agent Jack Klinger (first season only).
 * Heather McAdam as Michelle Ryan, an orphan that Mel befriends and wants to adopt (second season only).

Jacqueline Scott played Lorene, the office manager at Jettison, in the pilot, but the character was eliminated in the series.

Season 1 (1979)
The first season ranked 48th out of 114 shows that season with an average 17.7/26 rating/share.

Season 2 (1979)
Six episodes of the second season were produced before ABC cancelled the series. Only the two-part season opener was broadcast. The last four episodes were shown in the early 1990s on The Nostalgia Channel, and overseas in the UK in some ITV regions in 1981.

Production
Science fiction author Isaac Asimov was the show's scientific adviser.

Merchandise
Estes Rockets made a prototype of a model rocket version of the Vulture. It was never brought to market.

title: Salvage 1


text: User talk:69.205.4.83

title: User talk:69.205.4.83