text:
Talk:Phil Katz

POV?
In Early Life, the tone and the order of events presented still implies that PK was a victim of SEA, rather than vice versa. Why is the word "chagrin" used? SEA distributed standard source code which would compile on any machine: portability was the goal. PK made a faster version but was machine specific, detracting from portability. He also refused to licence the code he had copied from SEA. He also sold his version of ARC, directly competing with SEA. It would be quite accurate to say that PK stole work from SEA and sold it as his own. Whether this made SEA embarrased or annoyed is a POV. The fact is they suffered financial loss from unfair competition (and probably illegal, but PK settled before the suit was decided).

"he was forced to change the program..." In fact Phil Katz agreed to settle out of court, when PK realised he had no chance after hearing the testimony from an expert witness. This is tantamount to PK admitting he had infringed copyright.

In the sentence "It had been discovered that although...", I don't understand the context of the word "although". "although SEA distributed source code they didn't expect anyone to rip it off and start selling their own version" - is that what was meant?

Is it enough to say the debacle was extremely controversial, when the facts clearly show PK was guilty of theft?

PKZIP therefore, was far from the result of innovation and fair competition, more the result of PK's failed attempt to steal code from SEA.

This page presents as complete a (neutral) description of events as I can find History of Computer Compression. There is a less neutral page from the side of SEA here Ben Baker Remembers Phil Katz, and from Thom Henderson himself Thom Henderson on Phil Katz. This is a library of material here CONTROVERSY: LAWSUITS: SEA vs. PKWARE

The folklore of Phil Katz is that he pioneered shareware, more or less invented compression for the internet, and took on the big guys and won. In reality none of these are true. OK, so PK had a tragic death. But Thom Henderson was the true pioneer and innocent victim in all this, and he doesn't even have a wiki page. The tragedy of PK does not concern me as much as the injustice done to Thom Henderson by painting PK as a hero, rather than what he was, a popular thief.

FWIW I have no connection with any of these people.

86.130.206.129 13:30, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Your material looks preety good so I think adding a 'Controversy' section is apropriate. 193.230.245.6 09:21, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't disagree with your assessment at large, but accepting a settlement is not tantamount to an admission of wrongdoing. Often, there are good reasons to settle even if you don't feel you are liable. Lack of money for legal representation, or not being willing to take the risk of a potentially much worse judgement are the foremost. You definitely need to check your game theory there.
 * This in fact reminds me of the Happy Birthday to You song which is estimated to generate $2 million of royalties a year for TimeWarner although there is substantial evidence that their copyright title is void. Aragorn2 11:48, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Nicosoft?
I've always known Winzip's publisher as Nico Mak Computing, and had never heard of "Nicosoft" before. I don't think that's ever been the company's name. Someone who knows better than me should check this out.

NB: They recently (?) changed their name to Winzip International, and there's not mention of previous names on their website.

Pancreatic bleeding?
What is the source that was used for his cause of death? Hemorrhage into a chronically inflamed pancreas is possible, but so is acute pancreatitis with hemorrhagic necrosis. JFW | T@lk  21:31, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The New York Times/ AP obituary gives "complications from chronic alcoholism" as the cause of death. A number of secondary sources claim "pancreatic bleeding", but I can not find an original copy of the medical examiner's report thus far:  , which references a jsonline.com article which is no longer freely available.  Probably the most reliable secondary source would be Salon , which claims "The official cause of death: acute pancreatic bleeding caused by alcoholism.".  But this was in an aside on an article on another topic, so I don't know how carefully researched it was.  Most of the google hits seem to simply be echoing Wikipedia.

 * Aha, here's a google-cached hit of the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel article that seems to be the original secondary source of the claim: . Nandesuka 22:01, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Thom Henderson Link
I have restored the Thom Henderson link. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a fan club. Sometimes that means that when people have said nasty things about each other, we discuss or link to that, as long as said things aren't libelous or demonstrably false. Thom Henderson's perspective on Phil Katz is nearly unique, having come into direct legal conflict with him, and his perspective is clearly relevant. Last time I checked, "rude" wasn't a reason not to link to a primary or secondary source. Nandesuka 13:16, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm really not a fan of Katz. However, links must cater a certain standard, at least as far as their seriousness is concerned.  The motivation of Henderson's text is not the will to inform us but to have an outlet for his hatred.  I have nothing, really nothing against a critical text about Katz; equally I have nothing against a non-NPOV article being linked.  However, Henderson's text is the *opposite* of NPOV, which puts its credibility in question.  Besides, it doesn' add significant facts to the other sources.  Other opinions are welcome. – Torsten Bronger 15:11, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course Henderson's text is POV, thats WHY we link to it. It's a primary source and vital for researchers and historians, it along side the obituary and the documentary are the most vital. It has been cited it shouldnt be in there because of "bad taste" that is in itself POV and a form of censorship, I will stick it back in. - UnlimitedAccess 13:46, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Censorship. I don't think that word means what you think it means.  Thom's little rant has no informaiton that the video with Thom breaking down to tears when he remembered how the BBS community hated him for the anti-Katz lawsuit has.  Samboy 07:44, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * As Thom's rant *does* have significant bearing on the matter, regardless of its POV,I would suggest that merely linking to it (with a suitable POV warning/disclaimer). He's a primary source; perhaps one of dubious reliability, but he offers first-hand accounts that nobody else retains. The video of Thom breaking down to tears probably isn't NPOV, but it documents his devastation in ways that text can not. True, false, or muddy, I think the link retains historical value, and should stay. Text explaining "this is  potentially biased information, don't rely on it." may also work. Raduga 01:21, 15 February 2006 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, they both link to essentially the same content, and the text rant links to the video. Would you be happy if we replaced the Video link with the Text link, since that links to more content than the Video alone? I still support linking to content from Thom's site, though we may not need multiple links to the same material. Raduga 01:28, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Dates
There ought to be some dates for events other than death; surely the legal documents cited establish at least some years.

what happened to pkware?
obviously they are still going and obviously they aren't owned by katz anymore, i had a quick look at their site and it doesn't say anything obvious about what type of company they are.

so does anyone have any information on what pkware is today and how they became that? Plugwash 21:34, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

PKWARE is mentioned three times, but there is no hyperlink. Searching Wikipedia on it gets redirected to PKZIP. That page does not deal with PKWARE either, aside from a few confusing comments. It makes sense for this page to have a PKware section, and there should be a separate PKWare page too.

PKWARE was founded by Phil Katz and continued on after his death. In April, 2000, PKWare's website said "The family of Phil Katz and the employees of PKWARE, Inc. wish to thank everyone for their kind thoughts and condolences. To those of us who knew Phil as a friend, mentor and employer, we will greatly miss his caring, generosity, help and kindness. We who knew him both personally and professionally will always view him as a gentle and special human being who will be sadly missed."

So it was clearly his company, and his employees, and it continued after his death as the same company. I don't know who owns it, how ownership was transferred, or who was running the company at the time of his death. I know he was not very active in the company's affairs at the time of his death, and don't know how much, if any, of the company he still owned. It's still a privately held company, so it's not clear whether his family retains any share of ownership. The only thing that is clear is that he did have a family.

Ascent Solutions, Inc (ASIware) was a vendor that made PKZip compatible software for platforms such as VM/CMS, MVS, (both mainframe), VMS, UNIX, Mac, and AS/400. They were partners with PKware, and sold solutions with PKware's blessing. ASi's 1996 website, www.asiware.com, said "In 1992, ASi entered an agreement with PKWARE Inc. to port its successful data compression product, PKZIP from DOS to new platforms including MVS, UNIX and Macintosh. The first version of PKZIP UNIX was released by ASi in October 1992 and by February 1993, it introduced its first beta version for the MVS." The current company bearing their name has no relationship with the former company, and asiware.com now gets redirected to pkware.com, so it's reasonably clear that most of their current products for other platforms came from ASi. z/OS and i5/OS are the current names for MVS and OS/400, so the products sold should be the current versions of ASi's software. ASi may have been a bigger company than PKWARE by then, so it might have been ASi that bought PKWARE, or vice versa, but the name PKWARE had more cachet, so it made sense as a company name either way. Since PKWARE was late to market with a Windows version, and its market share was minor and shrinking (no pun intended) compared to WinZip, it's doubtful that PKWARE could have survived on its Windows product, so the current company most likely survives on corporate sales for other platforms. --Hagrinas

UW-Milwaukee or UW-Madison
I think Phil Katz graduated from UW-Milwaukee not UW-Madison. Two of the external links verify that. Miaers 22:13, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Notes from 216.180.75.210 removed from article text
BEGIN SIDE NOTE This is not my recollection of what happened. As I recall SEA claimed that Katz had no right under copyright laws, 1) to have his PK software write a file using the .ARC file-structure and format; and 2) to copy or mimic the "..look and feel.." of ARC. This created an outrage among the software users who abandoned use of SEA software in protest. This was discussed extensively on various FidoNet groups in the mid to late 1980s. I do not recall any mention of pirated source code and am highly skeptical of that allegation. See  for more information. In particular, see  -vpd 10/14/07 END SIDE NOTE

 * This was added to the article text, but it seemed relevant to discussion. — wfaulk 19:09, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

"Reported that he died with no friends remaining"
Does anyone have any evidence or documented report on this? It's not exactly a pleasant thing to say about him. It may well be true, but I think there should be a weasel words warning here. --193.130.175.129 (talk) 12:30, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * From what I've read, it sounds like a fair statement. He hadn't seen Chastity Fischer since 1999, or at least 7 months before his death, and I haven't seen any reports of other friends, although I'm sure she still cared about him, as did others.  (talk) 13:48, 24 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I was just re-reading an article and realized I was wrong. Chastity last saw Phil just a few weeks before his death.  She was reportedly a wonderful friend even at that time.  Mcavic (talk) 02:26, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Hell, I cared about the guy. His company took my call when I was at the FDA and he personally called me back with a fix to his pkzip program that had a bug that prevented you from unzipping password protected files.  RIP Phil Katz.-G (talk) 15:16, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

.ZIP format in Windows?
It's probably not obvious to the novice reader how the ZIP format became part of Windows.Landroo (talk) 12:54, 4 July 2009 (UTC)
 * What do you mean? ZIP is used by Macs too. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  12:41, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I think they mean native support? ▫  Johnny Mr Nin ja  05:09, 15 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Windows didn't achieve native ZIP support until XP. I'd be interested to know if PKWare was paid for this, and how much.  Mcavic (talk) 13:51, 24 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Windows had native ZIP files in Windows Me, actually. http://www.windowsnetworking.com/j_helmig/winmezip.htm It was called "Compressed Folders" and it was an optional component. Back then, Microsoft was a little less pushy and unlike the garbage that they were using to destroy companies with like Internet Explorer, some things didn't actually have to be installed. (IE/Trident could be removed too, just not officially.) Microsoft gotta Microsoft, so of course it had a horrendous and completely stupid security vulnerability. It saved your encrypted ZIP passwords in a plaintext log file on the hard drive every time you made a password protected ZIP file. https://download.cnet.com/Windows-Me-Exposed-Passwords-in-Compressed-Files-Vulnerability-Patch/3000-2092_4-10058010.html Daemonfc (talk) 00:19, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Phillip Katz.jpg
Image:Phillip Katz.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:34, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Rating thoughts
I rated this article in its current form as "Start" class. Some thoughts for improvement: In short, one could probably write a very fascinating book on the life of this gifted, but troubled, individual. The Wikipedia article should serve as an introduction to this hypothetical work. -- llywrch (talk) 15:43, 7 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Did Katz have any other notable contributions to software other than PKZip? (I honestly don't know.)
 * Needs more about the business side of PKZip. (From what the article currently says, one could infer he simply wrote the utility one day, & it magically appeared in the hands of computer users across the world. I was a registered user of PKZip back in the early 1990s, & *I* don't have any idea of how it was originally marketed -- beyond the fact I received my first copy from a co-worker one day.)
 * What happened to his company after his death? Was there any legal fighting over the rights & profits? (There is nothing in the article about this, & successful businesses have this way of attracting quarrelsome people who want a piece of the action.)
 * More needs to be said about his personal life. I'm not looking for gritty details of his life, just trying to understand how a guy who had written such a successful program let his life spin out of control. (Was it mental issues? Personal tragedy? Shyness? -- Yes, that can be a problem for introverts! -- Rock star syndrome?)

 * Re: personal life -- Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (http://www.bbsdocumentary.com/library/CONTROVERSY/LAWSUITS/SEA/katzbio.txt) has some speculation on the reasons: shyness, death of father at a fairly young age (he was 55, Phil Katz was 18 or 19 years of age at the time), estranged from his mother due to disputes over money and company ownership, paranoia over legal warrants. Tunkki-1970 (talk) 02:36, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

Broken footnote
Footnote #1 in the article is now pointing to a dead link. PKWare has evidently removed the Phil-Katz page from their website. However, I can get to the page through archive.org at this link: http://web.archive.org/web/20101001181829/http://www.pkware.com/about-us/phil-katz. I don't know how to change the footnote to be in compliance with Wikipedia standards, so if anyone reading this knows how to change the footnote so it takes someone to PKWare's old page on archive.org, I'd appreciate if you would do that. Thanks. Furchild (talk) 03:39, 28 July 2016 (UTC)

Cause of death
The cause of death is cited as "chronic alcoholism", but other Wiki languages have "accute alcoholism", and so has text I googled that seems copied from an older version of the article. Unfortunately, the two links point to a 404 and a paywall, so I can't check the original cause (also can't find on Google). Jalwikip (talk) 11:56, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The archived Milwaukee Journal Sentinel article (dated 21 May 2000) in the external links section says "acute pancreatic bleeding caused by chronic alcoholism", which agrees with the article. --Zundark (talk) 16:20, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phil Katz


text:
Karnavedha

Karnavedha (कर्णवेध, ) or Karnavedham is one of the sixteen major samskaras (sacraments) known as "Shodasha Samskaras" of Hinduism. It is an ear piercing ceremony that is typically performed between the first and fifth years of life. This can also be performed during later years. Brahmins, especially those studying the vedas, undergo karnavedha and the other samskaras during their lifetime. The samskaras are mentioned in the Brahmana portion of the vedas. Some scholars advise that the performance of karnavedha should be considered just as important as upanayanam (sacred thread ceremony - another major samskara) and the other sacraments as each holds its own symbolic spiritual value.

While equally recommended for males and females, in modern times, karnavedha has become an uncommon practice amongst males.

Karnavedha is considered a vedic rite of passage with symbolic spiritual significance. Some believe that it is intended to open the inner ears for receiving sacred sounds. Hearing of sacred sounds with concentration is considered meritorious in that it cleanses the mind and nurtures the spirit.

During certain medieval periods, "karnavedha" became associated with religious attire and its performance became obligatory to the extent that its non-performance became regarded as sinful among some communities.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Karnavedha


text:
List of regiments and corps of the Indian Army

This article lists the regiments of the Indian Army, including the various corps of supporting arms and services.

Historic list of regiments
The following old lists in this section have been replaced by the present list provided in the subsequent sections:
 * List of regiments of the Indian Army (1903)
 * List of regiments of the Indian Army (1922)

Armoured

 * President's Bodyguard
 * 1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)
 * 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)
 * 3rd Cavalry
 * 4th Horse (Hodson's Horse)
 * 5th Armoured Regiment
 * 6th Lancers
 * 7th Light Cavalry
 * 8th Light Cavalry
 * 9th Horse (The Deccan Horse)
 * 10 Armoured Regiment
 * 11 Armoured Regiment
 * 12 Armoured Regiment
 * 13 Armoured Regiment
 * 14 Horse (The Scinde Horse)
 * 15 Armoured Regiment
 * 16th Light Cavalry
 * 17th Horse (The Poona Horse)
 * 18th Cavalry
 * 19 Armoured Regiment
 * 20 Lancers
 * 21 Horse (Central India Horse)
 * 41 Armoured Regiment
 * 42 Armoured Regiment
 * 43 Armoured Regiment
 * 44 Armoured Regiment
 * 45 Cavalry
 * 46 Armoured Regiment
 * 47 Armoured Regiment
 * 48 Armoured Regiment
 * 49 Armoured Regiment
 * 50 Armoured Regiment
 * 51 Armoured Regiment
 * 52 Armoured Regiment
 * 53 Armoured Regiment
 * 54 Armoured Regiment
 * 55 Armoured Regiment
 * 56 Armoured Regiment
 * 57 Armoured Regiment
 * 58 Armoured Regiment
 * 59 Armoured Regiment
 * 60 Armoured Regiment
 * 61 Cavalry
 * 62 Cavalry
 * 63 Cavalry
 * 64 Cavalry
 * 65 Armoured Regiment
 * 66 Armoured Regiment
 * 67 Armoured Regiment
 * 68 Armoured Regiment
 * 69 Armoured Regiment
 * 70 Armoured Regiment
 * 71 Armoured Regiment
 * 72 Armoured Regiment
 * 73 Armoured Regiment
 * 74 Armoured Regiment
 * 75 Armoured Regiment
 * 76 Armoured Regiment
 * 81 Armoured Regiment
 * 82 Armoured Regiment
 * 83 Armoured Regiment
 * 84 Armoured Regiment
 * 85 Armoured Regiment
 * 86 Armoured Regiment
 * 87 Armoured Regiment
 * 88 Armoured Regiment
 * 89 Armoured Regiment
 * 90 Armoured Regiment

Artillery
In the Regiment of Artillery the battalion-sized units are referred to as regiments, a point of confusion on occasion. These units are equipped and named based on their type of equipment. There are two types of units. The majority are regiments that have weapons as their equipment, such as missiles, rockets, field guns, medium guns or mortars. The second type of regiment are those that have mission support equipment, such as UAVs, drones, surveillance radars, weapon locating radar etc.

Weapon equipped units
Weapon-equipped units of the Regiment of Artillery are listed below:

 * 1 Field Regiment (Meiktila)
 * 2 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Letse and Point 171)
 * 3 Medium Regiment
 * 4 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 5 Medium Regiment
 * 6 Field Regiment
 * 7 Field Regiment (Gazala)
 * 8 Field Regiment
 * 9 (Parachute) Field Regiment
 * 10 Field Regiment
 * 11 Medium Regiment (Zojila)
 * 12 Field Regiment
 * 13 Field Regiment (Chushul and Gadra City)
 * 14 Field Regiment
 * 15 Medium Regiment
 * 16 Field Regiment
 * 17 (Parachute) Field Regiment (Zojila and Poongali Bridge)
 * 18 Medium Regiment
 * 22 Medium Regiment (Sittang and Yenangyaung)
 * 23 Field Regiment (Ad Tecleasan and OP Hill)
 * 24 Field Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 31 Field Regiment
 * 32 Field Regiment
 * 33 Medium Regiment
 * 34 Field Regiment (Cassino-II)
 * 35 Field Regiment
 * 36 Medium Regiment
 * 37 Field Regiment
 * 38 Field Regiment
 * 39 Field Regiment (Laleali and Piquet 707)
 * 40 Field Regiment (Asal Uttar)
 * 41 Field Regiment (Kargil)
 * 42 Medium Regiment (Dera Baba Nanak)
 * 43 Medium Regiment
 * 44 Field Regiment
 * 51 Medium Regiment
 * 52 Medium Regiment (Sanjoi-Mirpur)
 * 53 Medium Regiment
 * 54 Medium Regiment
 * 56 Field Regiment (Jitra)
 * 57 Field Regiment (Sittang & Yenangyaung)
 * 58 Medium Regiment
 * 59 Medium Regiment
 * 60 Medium Regiment
 * 61 Medium Regiment
 * 62 Medium Regiment
 * 63 Field Regiment
 * 64 Field Regiment
 * 65 Medium Regiment
 * 66 Medium Regiment
 * 67 Field Regiment
 * 68 Medium Regiment (Parbat Ali)
 * 69 Medium Regiment
 * 70 Field Regiment
 * 71 Field Regiment
 * 72 Field Regiment
 * 73 Field Regiment
 * 74 Medium Regiment
 * 75 Medium Regiment (Basantar River)
 * 76 Field Regiment
 * 77 Field Regiment
 * 78 Field Regiment
 * 79 Medium Regiment
 * 80 Medium Regiment
 * 81 Medium Regiment
 * 90 Field Regiment
 * 91 Field Regiment (Asal Uttar)
 * 92 Medium Regiment
 * 93 Field Regiment
 * 94 Field Regiment
 * 95 Field Regiment
 * 96 Medium Regiment
 * 97 Field Regiment
 * 98 Field Regiment
 * 99 Field Regiment (Sylhet)
 * 100 Field Regiment
 * 101 Field Regiment (Harar Kalan)
 * 102 Field Regiment
 * 106 Medium Regiment
 * 108 Field Regiment (Kargil)
 * 110 Medium Regiment
 * 111 Rocket Regiment
 * 113 Field Regiment
 * 114 Medium Regiment
 * 116 Medium Regiment
 * 118 Medium Regiment
 * 133 Medium Regiment
 * 136 Field Regiment
 * 137 Field Regiment
 * 138 Medium Regiment
 * 139 Medium Regiment (Kargil)
 * 141 Medium Regiment (Kargil)
 * 143 Medium Regiment
 * 150 Field Regiment
 * 153 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 154 Field Regiment
 * 155 Field Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 158 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled) (Kargil)
 * 159 Field Regiment
 * 161 Medium Regiment (Basantar River)
 * 162 Medium Regiment
 * 163 Medium Regiment
 * 164 Medium Regiment (Parbat Ali)
 * 165 Medium Regiment
 * 166 Medium Regiment
 * 167 Medium Regiment
 * 168 Field Regiment (Longewala)
 * 169 Medium Regiment (OP Hill)
 * 170 Medium Regiment
 * 171 Medium Regiment
 * 172 Medium Regiment
 * 173 Medium Regiment
 * 174 Medium Regiment (Sehjra)
 * 175 Medium Regiment
 * 176 Medium Regiment
 * 177 Field Regiment
 * 189 Field Regiment
 * 190 Medium Regiment
 * 191 Field Regiment
 * 192 Field Regiment
 * 193 Medium Regiment
 * 194 Field Regiment
 * 195 Medium Regiment (Banwat)
 * 196 Medium Regiment
 * 197 Field Regiment (Kargil)
 * 198 Field Regiment
 * 199 Medium Regiment
 * 200 Field Regiment
 * 207 Field Regiment
 * 210 Rocket Regiment
 * 212 Rocket Regiment (Kargil)
 * 213 Rocket Regiment
 * 214 Rocket Regiment
 * 216 Medium Regiment
 * 217 Field Regiment
 * 218 Medium Regiment
 * 219 Medium Regiment
 * 220 Field Regiment
 * 221 Field Regiment
 * 222 Medium Regiment
 * 223 Field Regiment
 * 224 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 225 Field Regiment
 * 226 Field Regiment
 * 228 Field Regiment
 * 230 Medium Regiment
 * 237 Medium Regiment
 * 242 Medium Regiment
 * 244 Field Regiment
 * 246 Field Regiment
 * 253 Medium Regiment
 * 255 Medium Regiment
 * 262 Field Regiment
 * 268 Field Regiment
 * 269 Medium Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 274 Field Regiment
 * 278 Field Regiment
 * 281 Field Regiment
 * 282 Medium Regiment
 * 283 Field Regiment
 * 284 Field Regiment
 * 285 Medium Regiment
 * 286 Medium Regiment (Kargil)
 * 287 Field Regiment
 * 288 Medium Regiment
 * 290 Medium Regiment
 * 297 Medium Regiment
 * 298 Field Regiment (Kargil)
 * 299 Medium Regiment
 * 301 Light Regiment
 * 302 Medium Regiment
 * 305 Field Regiment (Kargil)
 * 306 Field Regiment
 * 307 Medium Regiment
 * 310 Field Regiment
 * 311 Field Regiment
 * 312 Medium Regiment
 * 313 Field Regiment
 * 314 Heavy Mortar Regiment
 * 315 Field Regiment (Kargil)
 * 316 Medium Regiment
 * 317 Field Regiment
 * 318 Medium Regiment
 * 320 Medium Regiment
 * 321 Medium Regiment
 * 322 Field Regiment
 * 323 Field Regiment
 * 324 Field Regiment
 * 325 Field Regiment
 * 326 Field Regiment
 * 327 Medium Regiment
 * 328 Medium Regiment
 * 329 Medium Regiment
 * 330 Field Regiment
 * 331 Medium Regiment
 * 332 Field Regiment
 * 333 Missile Group
 * 334 Missile Group
 * 335 Missile Group
 * 336 Field Regiment
 * 337 Field Regiment
 * 338 Medium Regiment
 * 339 Medium Regiment
 * 340 Medium Regiment
 * 341 Medium Regiment
 * 343 Field Regiment
 * 344 Missile Regiment
 * 345 Medium Regiment
 * 346 Field Regiment
 * 354 Missile Regiment
 * 371 Missile Regiment
 * 501 Light Regiment
 * 551 Rocket Regiment
 * 581 Light Regiment
 * 821 Light Regiment
 * 831 Light Regiment
 * 832 Light Regiment
 * 841 Rocket Regiment
 * 851 Light Regiment
 * 852 Light Regiment
 * 861 Missile Regiment (Laleali and Picquet 707)
 * 871 Field Regiment (Shingo)
 * 872 Light Regiment
 * 881 Missile Regiment
 * 891 Field Regiment
 * 1211 Medium Regiment (Congo)
 * 1811 Medium Regiment
 * 1812 Rocket Regiment
 * 1821 Light Regiment
 * 1822 Light Regiment
 * 1831 Medium Regiment
 * 1832 Light Regiment
 * 1841 Light Regiment
 * 1842 Light Regiment
 * 1851 Light Regiment
 * 1861 Light Regiment
 * 1862 Light Regiment
 * 1871 Field Regiment
 * 1872 Rocket Regiment
 * 1880 Rocket Regiment
 * 1881 Rocket Regiment
 * 1889 Missile Regiment (Kargil)
 * 1890 Rocket Regiment
 * 1900 Medium Regiment
 * 1905 Light Regiment
 * 1906 Light Regiment
 * 1907 Medium Regiment
 * 1908 Medium Regiment
 * 1988 (Independent) Medium Battery
 * 3342 Missile Regiment

SATA units
Units of the Regiment of Artillery that have equipment other than weapons are listed below. These units mainly have Surveillance and Target Acquisition (SATA) equipment, Surveillance and target acquisition is a military role assigned to units and/or their equipment. It involves watching an area to see what changes (surveillance) for the purpose of enemy field artillery acquisition, then the acquisition of targets based on that information, and example of their equipment include Counter-battery radar (CoBRa) and Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (see also Mobile Artillery Monitoring Battlefield Asset (MAMBA)).

 * 20 SATA Regiment
 * 21 SATA Regiment
 * 122 SATA Regiment
 * 124 SATA Battery
 * 125 SATA Regiment
 * 126 SATA Battery
 * 127 SATA Regiment
 * 128 SATA Regiment
 * 129 SATA Regiment
 * 131 SATA Regiment
 * 132 SATA Regiment
 * 201 SATA Battery
 * 202 SATA Battery
 * 203 SATA Regiment
 * 204 SATA Battery
 * 205 SATA Battery
 * 206 SATA Battery
 * 229 SATA Battery
 * 267 SATA Battery
 * 279 SATA Battery
 * 289 SATA Battery
 * 617 SATA Battery
 * 618 SATA Battery
 * 619 SATA Battery
 * 620 SATA Battery
 * 621 SATA Battery
 * 622 SATA Battery
 * 623 SATA Battery
 * 624 SATA Battery
 * 625 SATA Battery
 * 626 SATA Battery
 * 627 SATA Battery
 * 628 SATA Battery
 * 629 SATA Battery
 * 630 SATA Battery
 * 631 SATA Battery
 * 632 SATA Battery
 * 633 SATA Battery
 * 634 SATA Battery
 * 635 SATA Battery
 * 636 SATA Battery
 * 637 SATA Battery
 * 638 SATA Battery
 * 641 SATA Battery

Corps of Army Air Defence
The list of army air defence regiments is as follows:

 * 19 AD Regiment
 * 25 AD Regiment
 * 26 AD Regiment
 * 27 AD Missile Regiment (Amritsar Airfield)
 * 28 AD Regiment
 * 29 AD Regiment (Samba)
 * 45 AD Regiment (Basantar River)
 * 46 AD Regiment
 * 47 AD Regiment
 * 48 AD Regiment
 * 49 AD Regiment
 * 50 Light AD Regiment (Composite)
 * 103 AD Regiment
 * 104 AD Regiment
 * 105 AD Regiment
 * 107 AD Regiment
 * 109 Light AD Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 126 Light AD Regiment (Composite)
 * 127 Light AD Regiment (Composite)
 * 128 AD Missile Regiment
 * 129 AD Regiment
 * 130 AD Regiment
 * 131 AD Regiment
 * 140 AD Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 142 AD Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 144 AD Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 145 Light AD Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 146 Light AD Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 147 Light AD Regiment (Composite)
 * 148 Light AD Regiment
 * 151 AD Regiment (Self Propelled) (Chhamb)
 * 152 AD Regiment
 * 156 Light AD Missile Regiment (Self propelled)
 * 157 Light AD Regiment (Composite)
 * 322 AD Regiment
 * 323 AD Regiment
 * 325 Light AD Regiment (Composite)
 * 326 Light AD Regiment
 * 401 Light AD Regiment (Composite)
 * 402 Light AD Regiment (Composite)
 * 403 Light AD Regiment (Composite)
 * 404 Light AD Regiment (Composite)
 * 405 Light AD Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 406 Gun Missile AD Regiment
 * 407 Gun Missile AD Regiment
 * 408 Gun Missile AD Regiment
 * 436 AD Missile Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 501 AD Group (Self Propelled)
 * 502 AD Group (Self Propelled)
 * 503 AD Missile Regiment (MRSAM)
 * 510 Light AD Missile Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 511 AD Missile Regiment (Self Propelled) (Composite)
 * 512 Light AD Missile Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 513 AD Missile Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 514 AD Regiment (Self Propelled)
 * 912 Light AD Regiment
 * 916 Light AD Regiment (Composite)
 * 947 Light AD Regiment
 * 252 (Parachute) AD Battery

Corps of Engineers
The corps was formed from the Sapper and Miner Groups of each of the erstwhile presidencies of British India. The Corps consists of three groups of combat engineers, namely the Madras Sappers, the Bengal Sappers and the Bombay Sappers. The list of Engineer regiments is as follows:

 * 1 Armoured Engineer Regiment
 * 2 Engineer Regiment
 * 3 Engineer Regiment
 * 4 Engineer Regiment
 * 5 Engineer Regiment
 * 6 Engineer Regiment
 * 7 Engineer Regiment
 * 8 Engineer Regiment
 * 9 Engineer Regiment
 * 10 Engineer Regiment
 * 11 Engineer Regiment
 * 12 Engineer Regiment
 * 13 Engineer Regiment
 * 14 Engineer Regiment
 * 15 Engineer Regiment
 * 16 Engineer Bridge Regiment
 * 17 Engineer Regiment
 * 18 Engineer Regiment
 * 19 Engineer Regiment
 * 20 Engineer Regiment
 * 21 Engineer Regiment
 * 22 Engineer Regiment
 * 38 Assault Engineer Regiment
 * 51 Engineer Regiment
 * 52 Engineer Regiment
 * 53 Engineer Regiment
 * 54 Engineer Regiment
 * 55 Engineer Regiment
 * 56 Rapid (Strike) Engineer Regiment
 * 57 Engineer Regiment
 * 58 Engineer Regiment
 * 59 Engineer Regiment
 * 60 Engineer Regiment
 * 61 Engineer Regiment
 * 62 Engineer Regiment
 * 63 Engineer Regiment
 * 64 Assault Engineer Regiment
 * 65 Engineer Bridge Regiment
 * 66 Engineer Regiment
 * 67 Engineer Bridge Regiment
 * 68 Engineer Regiment
 * 69 Engineer Regiment
 * 70 Engineer Regiment
 * 71 Engineer Regiment
 * 101 Engineer Regiment
 * 102 Engineer Regiment
 * 103 Engineer Regiment
 * 104 Engineer Regiment
 * 105 Engineer Regiment
 * 106 Engineer Regiment
 * 107 Engineer Regiment
 * 108 Engineer Regiment
 * 109 Rapid (Strike) Engineer Regiment
 * 110 Engineer Regiment
 * 111 Engineer Regiment
 * 112 Engineer Regiment
 * 113 Engineer Regiment
 * 114 Armoured Engineer Regiment
 * 115 Engineer Regiment
 * 116 Engineer Regiment
 * 117 Engineer Regiment
 * 118 Engineer Regiment
 * 119 Assault Engineer Regiment
 * 120 Engineer Regiment
 * 121 Engineer Regiment
 * 122 Engineer Regiment
 * 201 Engineer Regiment
 * 202 Engineer Regiment
 * 203 Engineer Regiment
 * 234 Armoured Engineer Regiment
 * 235 Engineer Regiment
 * 236 Engineer Regiment
 * 237 Engineer Regiment
 * 267 Engineer Regiment
 * 268 Engineer Bridge Regiment
 * 269 Engineer Regiment
 * 270 Engineer Regiment

Army Aviation Corps
The Army Aviation Corps units are designated as 'Squadrons'. Each squadron generally consists of two Reconnaissance (Recce) and Observation Flights. R & O Flights might be part of squadrons or operate independently and do not have a parent squadron (designated by an (I) in their name). The suffix 'UH' stands for Utility Helicopter Flights and 'ALH-WSI' stands for Advanced Light Helicopter - Weapon Systems Integrated.
 * Squadrons

 * 201 Army Aviation Squadron (UH)
 * 202 Army Aviation Squadron (UH)
 * 203 Army Aviation Squadron (UH)
 * 204 Army Aviation Squadron (UH)
 * 205 Army Aviation Squadron (UH)
 * 206 Army Aviation Squadron (UH)
 * 207 Army Aviation Squadron (UH)
 * 209 Army Aviation Squadron (UH)
 * 251 Army Aviation Squadron (ALH-WSI)
 * 252 Army Aviation Squadron (ALH-WSI)
 * 253 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 254 Army Aviation Squadron (ALH-WSI)
 * 257 Army Aviation Squadron (ALH-WSI)
 * 301 Army Aviation Squadron (Spec Ops)
 * 351 Army Aviation Squadron (LCH)
 * 451 Army Aviation Squadron (AH-64E)
 * 659 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 660 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 661 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 662 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 663 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 664 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 665 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 666 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 667 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 668 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 669 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 670 Army Aviation Squadron
 * 671 Army Aviation Squadron

 * Flights

 * 1 (I) R&O Flight
 * 2 R&O Flight
 * 3 R&O Flight
 * 4 R&O Flight
 * 5 R&O Flight
 * 6 R&O Flight
 * 7 R&O Flight
 * 8 R&O Flight
 * 9 R&O Flight
 * 10 R&O Flight
 * 11 R&O Flight
 * 12 (I) R&O Flight
 * 13 R&O Flight
 * 14 R&O Flight
 * 15 R&O Flight
 * 16 R&O Flight
 * 17 R&O Flight
 * 18 R&O Flight
 * 19 R&O Flight
 * 20 R&O Flight
 * 21 R&O Flight
 * 22 (I) R&O Flight
 * 23 (I) R&O Flight
 * 24 R&O Flight
 * 25 R&O Flight
 * 26 R&O Flight
 * 27 (I) R&O Flight
 * 28 R&O Flight
 * 29 R&O Flight
 * 30 (I) R&O Flight
 * 31 R&O Flight
 * 32 R&O Flight
 * 33 R&O Flight
 * 34 R&O Flight
 * 35 R&O Flight
 * 58 RPA Flight
 * 37 (I) R&O Flight
 * 38 (I) R&O Flight
 * 39 (I) R&O Flight
 * 40 (I) R&O Flight
 * 1 (I) UH Flight
 * 2 (I) UH Flight
 * 2011 UH Flight
 * 2012 UH Flight
 * 2021 UH Flight
 * 2022 UH Flight
 * 2031 UH Flight
 * 2032 UH Flight
 * 2041 UH Flight
 * 2042 UH Flight
 * 2051 UH Flight
 * 2052 UH Flight
 * 2061 UH Flight
 * 2062 UH Flight
 * 2071 UH Flight
 * 2072 UH Flight
 * 2511 ALH-WSI Flight
 * 2512 ALH-WSI Flight
 * 2521 ALH-WSI Flight
 * 2522 ALH-WSI Flight
 * 2571 ALH-WSI Flight
 * 2572 ALH-WSI Flight


text:
Ramillies

Ramillies may refer to:

 * Ramillies, Belgium, municipality in Walloon Brabant
 * Ramillies, Nord, commune in France
 * Battle of Ramillies, fought in 1706 at Ramillies, Belgium
 * HMS Ramillies, several vessels of the Royal Navy named after the battle
 * Ramillies-class ship of the line, a class of nine 74-gun third rates, after the 1763 HMS Ramillies

title: Ramillies


text:
Charles Henry Niehaus

Charles Henry Niehaus (January 24, 1855 – June 19, 1935) was an American sculptor.

Early life and education
Niehaus was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to German parents. He began working as a marble and wood carver, and then gained entrance to the McMicken School of Design in Cincinnati. He studied at the Royal Academy in Munich, Germany (1877–1881). The effect of the German study was that he retained much of the Neo-Classical flavor in his art while most other sculptors of his generation were drawn towards Beaux-Arts realism.

Career
He returned to America in 1881. By virtue of being a native Ohioan, he was commissioned to sculpt two statues of the recently assassinated President James Garfield; one for Cincinnati (Garfield's home city), and the other, in another pose, for the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol. He moved to Rome, Italy, where he worked on the commissions, and made a study of ancient sculpture. He modeled three major male nudes during his years in Rome, including The Scraper (1883) and Caestus (1883-1885). He returned to New York City in 1885, and opened a studio.

In 1887, he created a statue of Ohioan William Allen, also for Statuary Hall. In later years, he was to place statues of Oliver P. Morton of Indiana (1900), John J. Ingalls of Kansas (1905), Zachariah Chandler of Michigan (1913), George W. Glick of Kansas (1914), Ephraim McDowell of Kentucky (1929), and Henry Clay of Kentucky (1929) in the collection. His work was also part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

Monuments by Niehaus can be found in many American cities. Several of the works authored by him are equestrian statues. As was the case with other sculptors of his day he also fashioned a fair amount of architectural sculpture.

In 1900 Niehaus married noted horticulturalist Regina Armstrong and moved to New Rochelle, New York.

A resident of Cliffside Park, New Jersey, Niehaus died at his home there on June 19, 1935.

Selected works

 * James A. Garfield, Piatt Park, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1882-1887
 * The Scraper (Athlete Using a Strigil), Brookgreen Gardens, Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, 1883
 * Caestus, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, 1883-1885
 * Bas-relief panel of Surrender of the Hessians, Trenton Battle Monument, Trenton, New Jersey, 1891–1893 William Rudolf O'Donovan sculpted the colossal George Washington statue atop the monument, and statues of two Continental soldiers flanking the entrance. Thomas Eakins modeled two other bas-relief panels.
 * Moses, Main Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 1894
 * Edward Gibbon, Main Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 1894
 * Samuel Hahnemann Monument, Scott Circle, Washington, D.C., 1896-1900
 * Hackley Park, Muskegon, Michigan:
 * Bust of Charles Hackley, 1890
 * Abraham Lincoln Monument, 1900. Replicas of Niehaus's Abraham Lincoln are at the Buffalo History Museum in Buffalo, New York, and at Library Park in Kenosha, Wisconsin.
 * David Farragut Monument, 1900
 * William McKinley Monument, 1902
 * Bust of Robert Blum, Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio, ca. 1900
 * The Driller, Edwin Drake Memorial, Woodlawn Cemetery, Titusville, Pennsylvania, 1901
 * Equestrian Statue of General Forrest, Nathan Bedford Forrest Grave, Forrest Park, Memphis, Tennessee, 1901-1905
 * Apotheosis of St. Louis, Forest Park, St. Louis, Missouri, 1906
 * William McKinley, McKinley Memorial Mausoleum, Canton, Ohio, 1907. Niehaus also modeled the lunette bas-relief over the entrance.
 * Benjamin Harrison, Indiana World War Memorial Plaza, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1908.
 * James W. Beardsley, Beardsley Park, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1909
 * John Paul Jones, John Paul Jones Memorial, West Potomac Park, Washington, D.C., 1912. Niehaus's plaster original is at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland.
 * Oliver Hazard Perry (1915–16), Front Park, Buffalo, New York.
 * Orpheus with the Awkward Foot (Francis Scott Key Monument), Fort McHenry National Monument, Baltimore, Maryland, 1916-1922.
 * Planting the Standard of Democracy in Honor of Newark's Soldiers, World War I Memorial, Lincoln Park, Newark, New Jersey, 1923.
 * Hackensack War Monument, The Green, Bergen County Court House, Hackensack, New Jersey, 1924.
 * At least 30 Civil War monuments and several World War I memorials.

United States Capitol
Niehaus had eight statues in the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., a record for a sculptor. However, in 2003, Kansas replaced his statue of George Washington Glick with one of Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 2011, Michigan replaced his statue of Zachariah Chandler with one of Gerald R. Ford, in 2016, Ohio replaced his statue of William Allen with one of Thomas Edison, and, in 2022, Kansas replaced his statue of John James Ingalls with one of Amelia Earhart. His remaining four statues are still more than any other sculptor has in the Hall.
 * James A. Garfield, 1886
 * William Allen, 1887 (removed 2016)
 * Oliver P. Morton, 1900
 * John James Ingalls, 1905 (removed 2022)
 * Zachariah Chandler, 1913 (removed 2011)
 * George W. Glick, 1914 (removed 2003)
 * Henry Clay, 1929
 * Ephraim McDowell, 1929

There are also two busts by Niehaus in other collections:
 * Bust of James A. Garfield, United States Senate Art Collection, ca. 1885.
 * Bust of Daniel D. Tompkins, United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection, 1891

Architectural sculpture

 * Connecticut State Capitol, Hartford, Connecticut:
 * Bust of Joel Barlow, ca. 1885
 * Bust of George Berkeley, ca. 1885
 * Statue of John Davenport, 1889
 * Statue of Thomas Hooker, 1889
 * Bust of Reverend Jonathan Edwards, 1895
 * Bust of John Trumbull, 1895
 * Bas-relief of Hooker's March, 1895
 * Bas-relief of Davenport Preaching at New Haven, 1895
 * Astor Memorial Doors (south doors), Trinity Church, New York City, 1895
 * Two tympana, Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., ca. 1896
 * Pedimental sculpture of The Triumph of Law, Appellate Court House, New York City, 1896–1900
 * Pedimental sculpture, Kentucky State Capitol, Frankfort, Kentucky, 1907

title: Charles Henry Niehaus


text:
Michael Flessas

Michael C. Flessas (born June 2, 1959 in Miami, Florida), is the birth name of American actor Michael Flessas, who is of Greek ancestry. Flessas' most notable film role was Angry Man in the Cannes Film Festival 2000 Palme d'Or winning film Dancer in the Dark directed by Danish film director Lars von Trier. Originally, the director himself considered playing the role but, instead, the role was given to Flessas. Dancer in the Dark starred Icelandic singer/actress Björk who won the Best Actress award at Cannes for her role. French film icon, César Award winner, and Academy Award nominee Catherine Deneuve, and other noteworthy artists such as Academy Award and Tony Award winner Joel Grey, Peter Stormare, David Morse, and Stellan Skarsgård also performed in the multiple prize winning film. One of Björk's songs for the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Song.

In Iranian actress/director Susan Taslimi's film Hus i helvete (The film's English title: All Hell Let Loose), starring Melinda Kinnaman, which won the Best Feature Film prize at the Brooklyn International Film Festival in 2003, Flessas played the vicious pornographer "Videomannen" in a nightmarish flashback scene in the film.

Flessas also portrayed massive and deadly Russian hitman "Jurij Rostoff" in Beck - Okänd avsändare, a made for television movie directed by Swedish actor and director Harald Hamrell. Beck - Okänd avsändare was among the popular Swedish Beck detective films and made-for-television movies starring Swedish actor Peter Haber. As "Jurij Rostoff" Flessas weighed in at 150 kilos in the role as a result of weight training and diet; however, in his younger and less heavy years, Flessas danced in the corps de ballet of the Columbia City Ballet then under the direction of Ann Brodie in Columbia, South Carolina.

Although he won two scholarships in Music, Flessas changed majors and majored in Religious Studies and minored in Philosophy at the University of South Carolina. Flessas did not complete his undergraduate degree at the University of South Carolina yet he continued his studies on an informal basis with travels around the world in order to meet and speak with adherents of various religious forms and philosophical points of view.

Flessas began his professional acting career after hearing a barber mention that a Fox Broadcasting Company series in Boston was about to begin production. Although the series, Against the Law starring Academy award nominee Michael O'Keefe lasted for one season, Flessas was in six episodes of the show as an uncredited extra. Flessas was able to do six episodes by constantly changing his facial appearance for each episode of the series. Flessas also was an uncredited extra in films such as HouseSitter, starring Emmy Award winner Steve Martin and Academy Award winner Goldie Hawn, Wind, starring Academy Award winner Cliff Robertson, Matthew Modine, and Jennifer Grey, and the NBC made for television movie MacShayne: Final Roll of the Dice starring Grammy Award winner Kenny Rogers.

Flessas also gained notoriety in the mid-1990s for his creation of a now defunct website entitled "Resources for the Homeless" which was one of the first websites in the United States of America solely devoted to helping the homeless through individual initiative by offering the homeless relevant data on resources via one website. At the time, many poor people were being removed from Milwaukee, Wisconsin welfare rolls while many Milwaukee city officials were engaged in plans to fund and build a new multimillion-dollar stadium. Flessas perceived the situation (building a new stadium while removing the poor from welfare) as an injustice to the poor. Given that libraries in Milwaukee, Wisconsin were just connecting to the World Wide Web, Flessas gathered and placed information regarding all the services available to the homeless in Milwaukee on the web so service providers to the homeless and the homeless themselves (who often sought shelter in local libraries) had equal and rapid access to information about resources available in Milwaukee via the Milwaukee County library system computer network "OMNINET".

"Resources for the Homeless" was considered an unusual information delivery solution at the time given the new nature of the method of delivery and the biased misperception that the homeless did not and would not use computers to learn about resources available. The "Resources for the Homeless" project in Milwaukee received no direct funding for it was Flessas' express purpose to show what one person with computing skills could do to help the homeless with the use of the web. The project began in Milwaukee on a freenet and, later, a similar site was created with the help of a local web designer in Columbia, South Carolina. Flessas' exploits with the site were reported on television in Milwaukee, WIS television in Columbia, and in an article in Silicon Valley's San Jose Mercury News newspaper.

In a newspaper article in Columbia South Carolina's The State newspaper, Flessas promoted the use of e-mail in the 1990s to broadcast a demand (then akin to what is now guerrilla communication and subvertising) that thousands of potential visitors to South Carolina boycott the state's multimillion-dollar tourism industry to force state government officials to remove the Confederate flag from South Carolina's State House dome. (Flessas, curiously enough, through his mother's side of the family, is a descendant of Elisha Jefferson "Elijah" Sutherland who fought with the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.) Social and political activism is not unknown in the Flessas Family for Flessas himself (through his father's side of the family) is also a direct descendant of Papaflessas through Papaflessas' father Demetrios Flessas.

Micheal Christian Flessas, as he is now called, is now living in the city Katrineholm in Sweden.

title: Michael Flessas


text:
United National South West Party

The United National South West Party (Verenigde Nasionale Suidwes Party, Vereinigte Nationale Südwestpartei) was a political party in South West Africa, the local counterpart of the South African United Party but founded eight years earlier and merged into the latter in 1971. It was formed through a merger of National Party of South West Africa and the South West Party, in order to counter the influence of the German League in South West Africa. The first congress of UNSWP was held in Windhoek on 1–2 April 1927.

The UNSWP favoured incorporation of South West Africa into South Africa, and won elections to the Legislative Assembly elections in 1929, 1934, 1940 and 1945.

With the coming of the National Party of South West Africa in the late 1930s, some Afrikaners switched loyalties to the new party. Meanwhile, after 1939 the policy of the UNSWP tended to follow Gen. Smuts instead of Gen. Hertzog, in part because of the fear of a new German interest in the territory. It continued to control the Legislative Assembly until 1950, at which point it held fifteen of the eighteen seats. But the National Party had won control in South Africa in 1948, and in 1950 elections in Namibia the National Party won sixteen seats while the UNSWP retained only two (which it lost in 1966). However, they continued running for the six local seats in the House of Assembly of South Africa in five South African general elections, in 1953, 1958, 1961, 1966, and 1970. Despite good organization and the support of over 40% of South-West Africans in the first three of those elections, the party never succeeded in sending a single representative to the House of Assembly.

The main publication of UNSWP was the newspaper Die Suidwes Afrikaner.

Origin
The United Party started under very different circumstances in South-West Africa from those from which it sprang in Union of South Africa. Under the terms of the South-West Africa Constitution Act of 1925, the South African Parliament granted a Legislative Assembly to the mandate area, conditioning the informal politics of the region's white settlers along more conventional partisan lines. The Germans organized into the German League in South West Africa(German: Deutscher Bund in Südwestafrika, DBSW), while Afrikaners were divided between the local National Party (South Africa) (NPSWA) and the South West Party (SWP, a local counterpart of the South African Party in the Union). The SWP formed a coalition with the NPSWA in the 1926 legislative election but lost to the DBSW. The SWP and NSWA thus were compelled to merge into the UNSWP on January 31, 1927. Campaigning on economic progress and annexation to South Africa, the coalition won the 1929 election.

Rise of the NP
World War II robbed the DBSW of its influence and thus undermined the UNSWP's raison d'être. The local National Party was re-founded there, but struggled until its Union election triumph in 1948. Prime Minister Daniel Malan passed legislation making the growing region the Union of South Africa's fifth province, and that year the NP won six local seats in the House of Assembly, both local Senate seats, and 15 out of 18 constituencies in the Legislative Assembly. The UNSWP eventually lost the other three Legislative Assembly seats, but the party remained vibrant locally under the leadership of J.P. de M. Niehaus, who was nominated as Senator for Natal by the national United Party as a reward for his work.

On November 16, 1971, the UNSWP was merged into the United Party of South Africa (UP) as a provincial party. Senator Niehaus was elected chairman of the South West Africa United Party. He lost his Natal seat when the Senate was reorganized after the April 1974 South African general election.

1950 election
Malan wanted to build upon his parliamentary majority after the NP's narrow victory in the 1948 South African general election, and therefore was keen on following in the footsteps of his predecessor Jan Smuts, who had already advocated for South West African representation in Parliament. Thus, in 1949 South West Africa was assigned six seats in the House of Assembly and four in the Senate (two Senators elected, two appointed). The South West African seats averaged half the population compared to those in the Union proper. With this legislation, Malan made South West Africa in effect the fifth province in the Union, defying the 1946 United Nations agreement with Smuts that forbade such annexation.

The six Assembly seats were Windhoek (constituency), Namib (constituency), Karas (constituency), Etosha (constituency), Midelland (constituency), and Omaruru (constituency). The Legislative Assembly, which had included some appointed members, was transformed into one where all 18 representatives were elected. The UP, though in principle supportive of representation for South West Africa, opposed the high number of seats relative to the local white population but did not wish to alienate local voters by opposing it strongly, and hoped its leaders' role in occupying the former German colony in 1915 would work in its favor.

The 1950 South West African legislative election was thus held. The incumbent UP local government had always resisted efforts to place South West Africa under UN trusteeship, but nevertheless agreed to submit annual reports to the UN. After the NP harshly criticized the first report, the UP decided to stop filing them. In 1949, the UN approached the World Court for an advisory opinion on the Union's treatment of the area. The majority verdict of the court in July 1950 stated that while the Union was not obliged to submit the area to full UN administration, it was still to be overseen along the lines of the old League of Nations mandate.

The international controversy over South West Africa gave the NP ample motivation to oppose the UNSWP, but the latter nonetheless had so far prevailed with the support of the South African opposition. The NP slogan held that they would not throw the territory "to the wolves." In contrast to South Africa in 1948 and 1953, most voters supported the NP (12,434 or 55.4%) over the UNSWP (10,003 or 44.6%), padding the federal upper house majority for the NP nationally and winning a comfortable 13 seats in the Union People's Council. In all six seats, except for Etosha where the NP won by 846, the UNSWPNP only narrowly won winning by 67 votes in Karas, 229 in Middelland, 441 in Namib, 584 in Omaruru, and 234 in Windhoek.

Later elections
From 1953 onward, South West African and South African elections coincided. In 1953, the NP won locally 13,305 votes (56.6%) to the UNSWP's 10,021 (42.6%), winning Assembly seats by 1,205 votes in Etosha, 238 votes in Karas, 272 in Middelland, 554 in Namib, 826 in Omaruru, and 189 in Windhoek. In 1958, the NP won locally 16,390 votes (58.2%) to the UNSWP's 11,568 (41.1%), by a margin of 1,334 votes in Etosha, 449 votes in Karas, 604 in Middelland, 689 in Namib, 1,204 in Omaruru, and 506 in Windhoek. The UNSWP gradually declined and in 1970, the last election in which it participated, only contested four of the six Assembly seats and 28.8% of the vote.

title: United National South West Party


text:
Ramillies, Belgium

Ramillies (Ramiêye) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant. On 1 January 2012, Ramillies had a total population of 6,211. The total area is 48.68 km2 which gives a population density of 128 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Autre-Église, Bomal, Geest-Gérompont-Petit-Rosière, Grand-Rosière-Hottomont, Huppaye, Mont-Saint-André, and Ramillies-Offus.

The former Roman road from Bavay to Cologne passes through Ramillies. Just to the north of the road, also within the municipality, the Hottomont tumulus is one of the most significant tumuli in Belgium.

title: Ramillies, Belgium


text:
Felix Neff

Felix Neff (8 October 1798 – 12 April 1829), Swiss Protestant divine and philanthropist, was born at Geneva. Originally a sergeant of artillery, he decided in 1819 to devote himself entirely to evangelistic work. He was ordained to the ministry in 1822, and soon afterwards settled in the valley of Freissinières, where he labored in the manner of J. F. Oberlin, being at one and the same time pastor, schoolmaster, engineer and agriculturist. He was so successful that he changed the character of the district and its inhabitants. In 1827, worn out by his labors, he was obliged to return to his native place, where he died two years later.

title: Felix Neff


text: User talk:62.255.248.113

title: User talk:62.255.248.113


text:
Saint-Nicolas, Pas-de-Calais

Saint-Nicolas (Sint-Niklaas) or Saint-Nicolas-lez-Arras (, literally Saint-Nicolas near Arras) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
Saint-Nicolas is a large suburb of Arras, on the banks of the Scarpe river, just 1 mi north of the centre of Arras, at the junction of the D41, D63 and N17 roads.

Lipperode, a part of Lippstadt, in Germany is the twin town of St-Nicolas-lez-Arraz.

Places of interest

 * The church of St.Nicholas, rebuilt, along with the rest of the commune, after World War I.
 * Traces of an old castle.

Notable people

 * Jean Bodel, poet

title: Saint-Nicolas, Pas-de-Calais


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spazz Inc.

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:43, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Spazz Inc.
Advertising/nn. NSR (talk) 13:39, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wikipedia is Not a Crystal Ball, non-notable, vanity, advertising. -- CABHAN   TALK   CONTRIBS  13:54, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: I agree with crystal ball and anti-advertising points. — Ram-Man (comment) (talk) 13:59, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as Ram-Man stated. Joyous  (talk) 14:29, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: As per Ram-Man. --Durin 14:31, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable advertising. JamesBurns 05:51, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Carl Friedrich Nägelsbach

Carl Friedrich Nägelsbach (March 28, 1806 – April 21, 1859, Erlangen), was a German classical philologist.

Nagelsbach was born at Wöhrd near Nuremberg. After studying at the Universities of Erlangen and Berlin, in 1827 he accepted an appointment at the Nuremberg gymnasium. From 1842 up until his death in 1859, he was a professor of philology at the University of Erlangen.

Nagelsbach is chiefly known for his "Lateinische Stilistik" (1846; 9th edition by Ivan von Müller, 1905). Two other important works by him are "Die homerische Theologie in ihrem Zusammenhange" (1840; third edition by Georg Autenrieth, 1884) and "Die Nachhomerische Theologie des griechischen Volksglaubens bis auf Alexander" (1857).

title: Carl Friedrich Nägelsbach


text:
Ohain

Ohain may refer to:

 * Ohain, Belgium
 * Ohain, Nord, France
 * Hans von Ohain (1911–1998), one of the inventors of the jet engine

title: Ohain


text:
Category:Washington, D.C.

Articles and categories related to Washington, D.C., the federal capital of the United States

title: Category:Washington, D.C.


text:
Ohain, Nord

Ohain is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

title: Ohain, Nord


text:
Crystallographic defects in diamond

Imperfections in the crystal lattice of diamond are common. Such defects may be the result of lattice irregularities or extrinsic substitutional or interstitial impurities, introduced during or after the diamond growth. The defects affect the material properties of diamond and determine to which type a diamond is assigned; the most dramatic effects are on the diamond color and electrical conductivity, as explained by the electronic band structure.

The defects can be detected by different types of spectroscopy, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), luminescence induced by light (photoluminescence, PL) or electron beam (cathodoluminescence, CL), and absorption of light in the infrared (IR), visible and UV parts of the spectrum. The absorption spectrum is used not only to identify the defects, but also to estimate their concentration; it can also distinguish natural from synthetic or enhanced diamonds.

Labeling of diamond centers
There is a tradition in diamond spectroscopy to label a defect-induced spectrum by a numbered acronym (e.g. GR1). This tradition has been followed in general with some notable deviations, such as A, B and C centers. Many acronyms are confusing though:
 * Some symbols are too similar (e.g., 3H and H3).
 * Accidentally, the same labels were given to different centers detected by EPR and optical techniques (e.g., N3 EPR center and N3 optical center have no relation).
 * Whereas some acronyms are logical, such as N3 (N for natural, i.e. observed in natural diamond) or H3 (H for heated, i.e. observed after irradiation and heating), many are not. In particular, there is no clear distinction between the meaning of labels GR (general radiation), R (radiation) and TR (type-II radiation).

Defect symmetry
The symmetry of defects in crystals is described by the point groups. They differ from the space groups describing the symmetry of crystals by absence of translations, and thus are much fewer in number. In diamond, only defects of the following symmetries have been observed thus far: tetrahedral (Td), tetragonal (D2d), trigonal (D3d, C3v), rhombic (C2v), monoclinic (C2h, C1h, C2) and triclinic (C1 or CS).

The defect symmetry allows predicting many optical properties. For example, one-phonon (infrared) absorption in pure diamond lattice is forbidden because the lattice has an inversion center. However, introducing any defect (even "very symmetrical", such as N-N substitutional pair) breaks the crystal symmetry resulting in defect-induced infrared absorption, which is the most common tool to measure the defect concentrations in diamond.

In synthetic diamond grown by the high-pressure high-temperature synthesis or chemical vapor deposition, defects with symmetry lower than tetrahedral align to the direction of the growth. Such alignment has also been observed in gallium arsenide and thus is not unique to diamond.

Extrinsic defects
Various elemental analyses of diamond reveal a wide range of impurities. They mostly originate, however, from inclusions of foreign materials in diamond, which could be nanometer-small and invisible in an optical microscope. Also, virtually any element can be hammered into diamond by ion implantation. More essential are elements that can be introduced into the diamond lattice as isolated atoms (or small atomic clusters) during the diamond growth. By 2008, those elements are nitrogen, boron, hydrogen, silicon, phosphorus, nickel, cobalt and perhaps sulfur. Manganese and tungsten have been unambiguously detected in diamond, but they might originate from foreign inclusions. Detection of isolated iron in diamond has later been re-interpreted in terms of micro-particles of ruby produced during the diamond synthesis. Oxygen is believed to be a major impurity in diamond, but it has not been spectroscopically identified in diamond yet. Two electron paramagnetic resonance centers (OK1 and N3) have been initially assigned to nitrogen–oxygen complexes, and later to titanium-related complexes. However, the assignment is indirect and the corresponding concentrations are rather low (few parts per million).

Nitrogen
The most common impurity in diamond is nitrogen, which can comprise up to 1% of a diamond by mass. Previously, all lattice defects in diamond were thought to be the result of structural anomalies; later research revealed nitrogen to be present in most diamonds and in many different configurations. Most nitrogen enters the diamond lattice as a single atom (i.e. nitrogen-containing molecules dissociate before incorporation), however, molecular nitrogen incorporates into diamond as well.

Absorption of light and other material properties of diamond are highly dependent upon nitrogen content and aggregation state. Although all aggregate configurations cause absorption in the infrared, diamonds containing aggregated nitrogen are usually colorless, i.e. have little absorption in the visible spectrum. The four main nitrogen forms are as follows:

C-nitrogen center
The C center corresponds to electrically neutral single substitutional nitrogen atoms in the diamond lattice. These are easily seen in electron paramagnetic resonance spectra (in which they are confusingly called P1 centers). C centers impart a deep yellow to brown color; these diamonds are classed as type Ib and are commonly known as "canary diamonds", which are rare in gem form. Most synthetic diamonds produced by high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) technique contain a high level of nitrogen in the C form; nitrogen impurity originates from the atmosphere or from the graphite source. One nitrogen atom per 100,000 carbon atoms will produce yellow color. Because the nitrogen atoms have five available electrons (one more than the carbon atoms they replace), they act as "deep donors"; that is, each substituting nitrogen has an extra electron to donate and forms a donor energy level within the band gap. Light with energy above ~2.2 eV can excite the donor electrons into the conduction band, resulting in the yellow color.

The C center produces a characteristic infrared absorption spectrum with a sharp peak at 1344 cm−1 and a broader feature at 1130 cm−1. Absorption at those peaks is routinely used to measure the concentration of single nitrogen. Another proposed way, using the UV absorption at ~260 nm, has later been discarded as unreliable.

Acceptor defects in diamond ionize the fifth nitrogen electron in the C center converting it into C+ center. The latter has a characteristic IR absorption spectrum with a sharp peak at 1332 cm−1 and broader and weaker peaks at 1115, 1046 and 950 cm−1.

A-nitrogen center
The A center is probably the most common defect in natural diamonds. It consists of a neutral nearest-neighbor pair of nitrogen atoms substituting for the carbon atoms. The A center produces UV absorption threshold at ~4 eV (310 nm, i.e. invisible to eye) and thus causes no coloration. Diamond containing nitrogen predominantly in the A form as classed as type IaA.

The A center is diamagnetic, but if ionized by UV light or deep acceptors, it produces an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum W24, whose analysis unambiguously proves the N=N structure.

The A center shows an IR absorption spectrum with no sharp features, which is distinctly different from that of the C or B centers. Its strongest peak at 1282 cm−1 is routinely used to estimate the nitrogen concentration in the A form.

B-nitrogen center
There is a general consensus that B center (sometimes called B1) consists of a carbon vacancy surrounded by four nitrogen atoms substituting for carbon atoms. This model is consistent with other experimental results, but there is no direct spectroscopic data corroborating it. Diamonds where most nitrogen forms B centers are rare and are classed as type IaB; most gem diamonds contain a mixture of A and B centers, together with N3 centers.

Similar to the A centers, B centers do not induce color, and no UV or visible absorption can be attributed to the B centers. Early assignment of the N9 absorption system to the B center have been disproven later. The B center has a characteristic IR absorption spectrum (see the infrared absorption picture above) with a sharp peak at 1332 cm−1 and a broader feature at 1280 cm−1. The latter is routinely used to estimate the nitrogen concentration in the B form.

Many optical peaks in diamond accidentally have similar spectral positions, which causes much confusion among gemologists. Spectroscopists use the whole spectrum rather than one peak for defect identification and consider the history of the growth and processing of individual diamond.

N3 nitrogen center
The N3 center consists of three nitrogen atoms surrounding a vacancy. Its concentration is always just a fraction of the A and B centers. The N3 center is paramagnetic, so its structure is well justified from the analysis of the EPR spectrum P2. This defect produces a characteristic absorption and luminescence line at 415 nm and thus does not induce color on its own. However, the N3 center is always accompanied by the N2 center, having an absorption line at 478 nm (and no luminescence). As a result, diamonds rich in N3/N2 centers are yellow in color.

Boron
Diamonds containing boron as a substitutional impurity are termed type IIb. Only one percent of natural diamonds are of this type, and most are blue to grey. Boron is an acceptor in diamond: boron atoms have one less available electron than the carbon atoms; therefore, each boron atom substituting for a carbon atom creates an electron hole in the band gap that can accept an electron from the valence band. This allows red light absorption, and due to the small energy (0.37 eV) needed for the electron to leave the valence band, holes can be thermally released from the boron atoms to the valence band even at room temperatures. These holes can move in an electric field and render the diamond electrically conductive (i.e., a p-type semiconductor). Very few boron atoms are required for this to happen—a typical ratio is one boron atom per 1,000,000 carbon atoms.

Boron-doped diamonds transmit light down to ~250 nm and absorb some red and infrared light (hence the blue color); they may phosphoresce blue after exposure to shortwave ultraviolet light. Apart from optical absorption, boron acceptors have been detected by electron paramagnetic resonance.

Phosphorus
Phosphorus could be intentionally introduced into diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at concentrations up to ~0.01%. Phosphorus substitutes carbon in the diamond lattice. Similar to nitrogen, phosphorus has one more electron than carbon and thus acts as a donor; however, the ionization energy of phosphorus (0.6 eV) is much smaller than that of nitrogen (1.7 eV) and is small enough for room-temperature thermal ionization. This important property of phosphorus in diamond favors electronic applications, such as UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs, at 235 nm).

Hydrogen
Hydrogen is one of the most technological important impurities in semiconductors, including diamond. Hydrogen-related defects are very different in natural diamond and in synthetic diamond films. Those films are produced by various chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques in an atmosphere rich in hydrogen (typical hydrogen/carbon ratio >100), under strong bombardment of growing diamond by the plasma ions. As a result, CVD diamond is always rich in hydrogen and lattice vacancies. In polycrystalline films, much of the hydrogen may be located at the boundaries between diamond 'grains', or in non-diamond carbon inclusions. Within the diamond lattice itself, hydrogen-vacancy and hydrogen-nitrogen-vacancy complexes have been identified in negative charge states by electron paramagnetic resonance. In addition, numerous hydrogen-related IR absorption peaks are documented.

It is experimentally demonstrated that hydrogen passivates electrically active boron and phosphorus impurities. As a result of such passivation, shallow donor centers are presumably produced.

In natural diamonds, several hydrogen-related IR absorption peaks are commonly observed; the strongest ones are located at 1405, 3107 and 3237 cm−1 (see IR absorption figure above). The microscopic structure of the corresponding defects is yet unknown and it is not even certain whether or not those defects originate in diamond or in foreign inclusions. Gray color in some diamonds from the Argyle mine in Australia is often associated with those hydrogen defects, but again, this assignment is yet unproven.

Nickel, cobalt and chromium
When diamonds are grown by the high-pressure high-temperature technique, nickel, cobalt, chromium or some other metals are usually added into the growth medium to facilitate catalytically the conversion of graphite into diamond. As a result, metallic inclusions are formed. Besides, isolated nickel and cobalt atoms incorporate into diamond lattice, as demonstrated through characteristic hyperfine structure in electron paramagnetic resonance, optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra, and the concentration of isolated nickel can reach 0.01%. This fact is by all means unusual considering the large difference in size between carbon and transition metal atoms and the superior rigidity of the diamond lattice.

Numerous Ni-related defects have been detected by electron paramagnetic resonance, optical absorption and photoluminescence,  both in synthetic and natural diamonds. Three major structures can be distinguished: substitutional Ni, nickel-vacancy and nickel-vacancy complex decorated by one or more substitutional nitrogen atoms. The "nickel-vacancy" structure, also called "semi-divacancy" is specific for most large impurities in diamond and silicon (e.g., tin in silicon ). Its production mechanism is generally accepted as follows: large nickel atom incorporates substitutionally, then expels a nearby carbon (creating a neighboring vacancy), and shifts in-between the two sites.

Although the physical and chemical properties of cobalt and nickel are rather similar, the concentrations of isolated cobalt in diamond are much smaller than those of nickel (parts per billion range). Several defects related to isolated cobalt have been detected by electron paramagnetic resonance and photoluminescence, but their structure is yet unknown.

A chromium-related optical center has been detected in diamond after ion implantation and subsequent annealing.

Silicon, germanium, tin and lead

Silicon is a common impurity in diamond films grown by chemical vapor deposition and it originates either from silicon substrate or from silica windows or walls of the CVD reactor. It was also observed in natural diamonds in dispersed form. Isolated silicon defects have been detected in diamond lattice through the sharp optical absorption peak at 738 nm and electron paramagnetic resonance. Similar to other large impurities, the major form of silicon in diamond has been identified with a Si-vacancy complex (semi-divacancy site). This center is a deep donor having an ionization energy of 2 eV, and thus again is unsuitable for electronic applications.

Si-vacancies constitute minor fraction of total silicon. It is believed (though no proof exists) that much silicon substitutes for carbon thus becoming invisible to most spectroscopic techniques because silicon and carbon atoms have the same configuration of the outer electronic shells.

Germanium, tin and lead are normally absent in diamond, but they can be introduced during the growth or by subsequent ion implantation. Those impurities can be detected optically via the germanium-vacancy, tin-vacancy and lead-vacancy centers, respectively, which have similar properties to those of the Si-vacancy center.

Similar to N-V centers, Si-V, Ge-V, Sn-V and Pb-V complexes all have potential applications in quantum computing.

Sulfur
Around the year 2000, there was a wave of attempts to dope synthetic CVD diamond films by sulfur aiming at n-type conductivity with low activation energy. Successful reports have been published, but then dismissed as the conductivity was rendered p-type instead of n-type and associated not with sulfur, but with residual boron, which is a highly efficient p-type dopant in diamond.

So far (2009), there is only one reliable evidence (through hyperfine interaction structure in electron paramagnetic resonance) for isolated sulfur defects in diamond. The corresponding center called W31 has been observed in natural type-Ib diamonds in small concentrations (parts per million). It was assigned to a sulfur-vacancy complex – again, as in case of nickel and silicon, a semi-divacancy site.

Intrinsic defects
The easiest way to produce intrinsic defects in diamond is by displacing carbon atoms through irradiation with high-energy particles, such as alpha (helium), beta (electrons) or gamma particles, protons, neutrons, ions, etc. The irradiation can occur in the laboratory or in nature (see Diamond enhancement – Irradiation); it produces primary defects named Frenkel defects (carbon atoms knocked off their normal lattice sites to interstitial sites) and remaining lattice vacancies. An important difference between the vacancies and interstitials in diamond is that whereas interstitials are mobile during the irradiation, even at liquid nitrogen temperatures, however vacancies start migrating only at temperatures ~700 °C.

Vacancies and interstitials can also be produced in diamond by plastic deformation, though in much smaller concentrations.

Isolated carbon interstitial
Isolated interstitial has never been observed in diamond and is considered unstable. Its interaction with a regular carbon lattice atom produces a "split-interstitial", a defect where two carbon atoms share a lattice site and are covalently bonded with the carbon neighbors. This defect has been thoroughly characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (R2 center) and optical absorption, and unlike most other defects in diamond, it does not produce photoluminescence.

Interstitial complexes

The isolated split-interstitial moves through the diamond crystal during irradiation. When it meets other interstitials it aggregates into larger complexes of two and three split-interstitials, identified by electron paramagnetic resonance (R1 and O3 centers), optical absorption and photoluminescence.

Vacancy-interstitial complexes
Most high-energy particles, beside displacing carbon atom from the lattice site, also pass it enough surplus energy for a rapid migration through the lattice. However, when relatively gentle gamma irradiation is used, this extra energy is minimal. Thus the interstitials remain near the original vacancies and form vacancy-interstitials pairs identified through optical absorption.

Vacancy-di-interstitial pairs have been also produced, though by electron irradiation and through a different mechanism: Individual interstitials migrate during the irradiation and aggregate to form di-interstitials; this process occurs preferentially near the lattice vacancies.

Isolated vacancy
Isolated vacancy is the most studied defect in diamond, both experimentally and theoretically. Its most important practical property is optical absorption, like in the color centers, which gives diamond green, or sometimes even green–blue color (in pure diamond). The characteristic feature of this absorption is a series of sharp lines called GR1-8, where GR1 line at 741 nm is the most prominent and important.

The vacancy behaves as a deep electron donor/acceptor, whose electronic properties depend on the charge state. The energy level for the +/0 states is at 0.6 eV and for the 0/- states is at 2.5 eV above the valence band.

Multivacancy complexes
Upon annealing of pure diamond at ~700 °C, vacancies migrate and form divacancies, characterized by optical absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance. Similar to single interstitials, divacancies do not produce photoluminescence. Divacancies, in turn, anneal out at ~900 °C creating multivacancy chains detected by EPR and presumably hexavacancy rings. The latter should be invisible to most spectroscopies, and indeed, they have not been detected thus far. Annealing of vacancies changes diamond color from green to yellow-brown. Similar mechanism (vacancy aggregation) is also believed to cause brown color of plastically deformed natural diamonds.

Dislocations
Dislocations are the most common structural defect in natural diamond. The two major types of dislocations are the glide set, in which bonds break between layers of atoms with different indices (those not lying directly above each other) and the shuffle set, in which the breaks occur between atoms of the same index. The dislocations produce dangling bonds which introduce energy levels into the band gap, enabling the absorption of light. Broadband blue photoluminescence has been reliably identified with dislocations by direct observation in an electron microscope, however, it was noted that not all dislocations are luminescent, and there is no correlation between the dislocation type and the parameters of the emission.

Platelets

Most natural diamonds contain extended planar defects in the lattice planes, which are called "platelets". Their size ranges from nanometers to many micrometers, and large ones are easily observed in an optical microscope via their luminescence. For a long time, platelets were tentatively associated with large nitrogen complexes — nitrogen sinks produced as a result of nitrogen aggregation at high temperatures of the diamond synthesis. However, the direct measurement of nitrogen in the platelets by EELS (an analytical technique of electron microscopy) revealed very little nitrogen. The currently accepted model of platelets is a large regular array of carbon interstitials.

Platelets produce sharp absorption peaks at 1359–1375 and 330 cm−1 in IR absorption spectra; remarkably, the position of the first peak depends on the platelet size. As with dislocations, a broad photoluminescence centered at ~1000 nm was associated with platelets by direct observation in an electron microscope. By studying this luminescence, it was deduced that platelets have a "bandgap" of ~1.7 eV.

Voidites
Voidites are octahedral nanometer-sized clusters present in many natural diamonds, as revealed by electron microscopy. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that annealing of type-IaB diamond at high temperatures and pressures (>2600 °C) results in break-up of the platelets and formation of dislocation loops and voidites, i.e. that voidites are a result of thermal degradation of platelets. Contrary to platelets, voidites do contain much nitrogen, in the molecular form.

Interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic defects
Extrinsic and intrinsic defects can interact producing new defect complexes. Such interaction usually occurs if a diamond containing extrinsic defects (impurities) is either plastically deformed or is irradiated and annealed.

Most important is the interaction of vacancies and interstitials with nitrogen. Carbon interstitials react with substitutional nitrogen producing a bond-centered nitrogen interstitial showing strong IR absorption at 1450 cm−1. Vacancies are efficiently trapped by the A, B and C nitrogen centers. The trapping rate is the highest for the C centers, 8 times lower for the A centers and 30 times lower for the B centers. The C center (single nitrogen) by trapping a vacancy forms the famous nitrogen-vacancy center, which can be neutral or negatively charged; the negatively charged state has potential applications in quantum computing. A and B centers upon trapping a vacancy create corresponding 2N-V (H3 and H2 centers, where H2 is simply a negatively charged H3 center ) and the neutral 4N-2V (H4 center ). The H2, H3 and H4 centers are important because they are present in many natural diamonds and their optical absorption can be strong enough to alter the diamond color (H3 or H4 – yellow, H2 – green).

Boron interacts with carbon interstitials forming a neutral boron–interstitial complex with a sharp optical absorption at 0.552 eV (2250 nm). No evidence is known so far (2009) for complexes of boron and vacancy.

In contrast, silicon does react with vacancies, creating the described above optical absorption at 738 nm. The assumed mechanism is trapping of migrating vacancy by substitutional silicon resulting in the Si-V (semi-divacancy) configuration.

A similar mechanism is expected for nickel, for which both substitutional and semi-divacancy configurations are reliably identified (see subsection "nickel and cobalt" above). In an unpublished study, diamonds rich in substitutional nickel were electron irradiated and annealed, with following careful optical measurements performed after each annealing step, but no evidence for creation or enhancement of Ni-vacancy centers was obtained.

title: Crystallographic defects in diamond


text:
Hot 1027

Hot 1027, formerly Classic FM 102.7, is a radio station in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was founded in 1997 and rebranded as Hot 1027 on 1 July 2021.

Broadcast languages

 * English

Broadcast time

 * 24/7

Broadcast area

 * Greater Johannesburg
 * Nationally on DStv channel 857

Ownership breakdown

 * Indigo House Group Holdings(Pty)Ltd(51%)
 * IQ Group Holdings(Pty)Ltd (24.1%)
 * African Media Entertainment (AME) (19.9%)
 * Kelthar Holdings (Pty)Ltd (5%)

title: Hot 1027


text: Category:Companies based in Washington, D.C.


text:
Pia, Pyrénées-Orientales

Pia (Pià) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France.

Geography
Pia is located in the canton of La Côte Salanquaise and in the arrondissement of Perpignan.

Sport
Baroudeurs de Pia XIII are a semi-professional rugby league club based in the town, who compete in the Elite One Championship.

title: Pia, Pyrénées-Orientales


text:
User:MrMac

If you're interested to discover more about me, you can follow this link to my blog.

title: User:MrMac


text:
Classic FM (Czech Republic)

Classic Praha is a classical music radio station in the Czech Republic.

title: Classic FM (Czech Republic)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Australian law/Legislation

Existing articles

 * Category:Australian legislation, Category:Australian law stubs

Some good ones among these:

 * Australia Act 1986

Some that need more work:

 * Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004 (currently tagged {NPOV})
 * Corporations Act 2001 (stub)
 * Corporate Law Economic Reform Program Act 2004 (was orphaned)
 * Dog-collar act (a soubriquet for the Transport Workers Act; should perhaps be moved/renamed)
 * Judiciary Act 1903 (stub)
 * Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (stub)
 * Trade Practices Act 1974 (stub)

Missing articles

 * Australian Citizenship Act 1948
 * Banking Act 1959 (describes the Aussie dollar)
 * Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918
 * Copyright Act 1968 (and Designs Act 1906)
 * Crimes Act 1914
 * Customs Act 1901 (and Excise Act 1901, Quarantine Act 1908)
 * Defence Act 1903
 * Disability Discrimination Act 1992
 * Extradition Act 1988
 * Family Law Act 1975
 * Federal Court of Australia Act 1976
 * Federal Magistrates Act 1999
 * Freedom of Information Act 1982
 * Higher Education Funding Act 1988
 * Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986
 * Income Tax Act 1986 (and associated acts)
 * Insurance Act 1973
 * Lands Acquisition Act 1989
 * Marriage Act 1961
 * Migration Act 1958 (and Passports Act 1938)
 * Native Title Act 1993 (plus the Native Title Amendment Act 1998)
 * Patents Act 1990
 * Privacy Act 1988
 * Radiocommunications Act 1992
 * Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973
 * Sex Discrimination Act 1984
 * Social Security Act 1991
 * Telecommunications Act 1997
 * Workplace Relations Act 1996

Historical legislation

 * Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902
 * Immigration Restriction Act 1901
 * Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901