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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Maizlish

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied by Manning Bartlett. A и D я 01D TALK  EMAIL  13:46, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Maizlish
Vanity. This is the name of the person who patented the products this guy is promoting. If you look at contribs he created a bunch of articles about the various products. Elfguy 12:59, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Agreed. Total vanity page and deleted. Manning 13:20, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * There were a set of 8 pages related to this - all of which were blatant corporate self-promotion with no informative merit. I deleted all of them.Manning 13:26, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)

In artificial intelligence research, commonsense knowledge consists of facts about the everyday world, such as "Lemons are sour", or "Cows say moo", that all humans are expected to know. It is currently an unsolved problem in Artificial General Intelligence. The first AI program to address common sense knowledge was Advice Taker in 1959 by John McCarthy.

Commonsense knowledge can underpin a commonsense reasoning process, to attempt inferences such as "You might bake a cake because you want people to eat the cake." A natural language processing process can be attached to the commonsense knowledge base to allow the knowledge base to attempt to answer questions about the world. Common sense knowledge also helps to solve problems in the face of incomplete information. Using widely held beliefs about everyday objects, or common sense knowledge, AI systems make common sense assumptions or default assumptions about the unknown similar to the way people do. In an AI system or in English, this is expressed as "Normally P holds", "Usually P" or "Typically P so Assume P". For example, if we know the fact "Tweety is a bird", because we know the commonly held belief about birds, "typically birds fly," without knowing anything else about Tweety, we may reasonably assume the fact that "Tweety can fly." As more knowledge of the world is discovered or learned over time, the AI system can revise its assumptions about Tweety using a truth maintenance process. If we later learn that "Tweety is a penguin" then truth maintenance revises this assumption because we also know "penguins do not fly".

Commonsense reasoning
Commonsense reasoning simulates the human ability to use commonsense knowledge to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations they encounter every day, and to change their "minds" should new information come to light. This includes time, missing or incomplete information and cause and effect. The ability to explain cause and effect is an important aspect of explainable AI. Truth maintenance algorithms automatically provide an explanation facility because they create elaborate records of presumptions. Compared with humans, all existing computer programs that attempt human-level AI perform extremely poorly on modern "commonsense reasoning" benchmark tests such as the Winograd Schema Challenge. The problem of attaining human-level competency at "commonsense knowledge" tasks is considered to probably be "AI complete" (that is, solving it would require the ability to synthesize a fully human-level intelligence), although some oppose this notion and believe compassionate intelligence is also required for human-level AI. Common sense reasoning has been applied successfully in more limited domains such as natural language processing and automated diagnosis or analysis.

Commonsense knowledge base construction
Compiling comprehensive knowledge bases of commonsense assertions (CSKBs) is a long-standing challenge in AI research. From early expert-driven efforts like CYC and WordNet, significant advances were achieved via the crowdsourced OpenMind Commonsense project, which lead to the crowdsourced ConceptNet KB. Several approaches have attempted to automate CSKB construction, most notably, via text mining (WebChild, Quasimodo, TransOMCS, Ascent), as well as harvesting these directly from pre-trained language models (AutoTOMIC). These resources are significantly larger than ConceptNet, though the automated construction mostly makes them of moderately lower quality. Challenges also remain on the representation of commonsense knowledge: Most CSKB projects follow a triple data model, which is not necessarily best suited for breaking more complex natural language assertions. A notable exception here is GenericsKB, which applies no further normalization to sentences, but retains them in full.

Applications
Around 2013, MIT researchers developed BullySpace, an extension of the commonsense knowledgebase ConceptNet, to catch taunting social media comments. BullySpace included over 200 semantic assertions based around stereotypes, to help the system infer that comments like "Put on a wig and lipstick and be who you really are" are more likely to be an insult if directed at a boy than a girl.

ConceptNet has also been used by chatbots and by computers that compose original fiction. At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, common sense knowledge was used in an intelligent software agent to detect violations of a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty.

Data
As an example, as of 2012 ConceptNet includes these 21 language-independent relations:

 * IsA (An "RV" is a "vehicle")
 * UsedFor
 * HasA (A "rabbit" has a "tail")
 * CapableOf
 * Desires
 * CreatedBy ("cake" can be created by "baking")
 * PartOf
 * Causes
 * LocatedNear
 * AtLocation (Somewhere a "Cook" can be at a "restaurant")
 * DefinedAs
 * SymbolOf (X represents Y)
 * ReceivesAction ("cake" can be "eaten")
 * HasPrerequisite (X cannot do Y unless A does B)
 * MotivatedByGoal (You would "bake" because you want to "eat")
 * CausesDesire ("baking" makes you want to "follow recipe")
 * MadeOf
 * HasFirstSubevent (The first thing required when you're doing X is for entity Y to do Z)
 * HasSubevent ("eat" has subevent "swallow")
 * HasLastSubevent

Commonsense knowledge bases

 * Cyc
 * Open Mind Common Sense (data source) and ConceptNet (datastore and NLP engine)
 * Quasimodo
 * Webchild
 * TupleKB
 * True Knowledge
 * Graphiq
 * Ascent++

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Where You Live

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP: 6k, 2d including original nominator and completor. -Splash 00:35, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Where You Live
Finishing VfD for another user..., Comment: Keep Weak Keep. (N.B. Although the article has some crystal ball-like qualities - released in sept. 2005) Feydey 13:00, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup, links are bad and doesn't conform to album template, but info is verifiable. Dcarrano 15:44, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete until it is actually released notability isnt established. Speculation. JamesBurns 06:31, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable album to be released. And Chapman is certainly notable. -- Judson 23:26, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This article needs a chance. Heegoop, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Might as well keep. AMG already has a page for it—it's filler, not even a track listing, but it has a record label catalog number.  The album's coming out.  Postdlf 08:02, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: a notable album from a notable artist secfan 14:49, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Devil World

Devil World (デビルワールド) is a maze video game developed by Nintendo and Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was released for the Famicom in Japan on October 5, 1984, and for the Nintendo Entertainment System in Europe on July 15, 1987. It was re-released on the Wii's Virtual Console in Japan on January 22, 2008, and in PAL regions on October 31, 2008. Nintendo of America's content policies prohibiting religious icons prevented the game's release in North America. It is Shigeru Miyamoto's first console-only game after a legacy of arcade development, and for many years was his only game not to be localized to North America until it was released as part of the Nintendo Switch Online service in 2023.

Gameplay
Devil World is a Pac-Man-styled maze game in which  player 1 controls Tamagon, a green dragon who decides to "attack the Devil's World", along with a red player 2 version of him. He navigates through a series of mazes patrolled by monsters, and touches Crosses to power up and summon the ability to breathe fire and eat the dots in the maze. Without a cross, he is completely helpless, and cannot complete the maze. The large winged demon simply called "the Devil" dances at the top of the screen, and will point in a direction for four of his minions to move the maze by using pulleys and ropes. This can be dangerous, as Tamagon can be squished by getting caught between a maze wall and the moving outer boundary. After the first maze is cleared, the next objective is to get four Bibles, and put them into a seal. The Bibles give Tamagon the same powers as with the Crosses. After carrying them all into the seal, the Devil flies to the next maze. In between, a bonus maze shows up where Tamagon collects six Bonus Boxes under a time limit.

Development
Devil World was designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka,  and directed by Miyamoto  as his first console-only game. The game provided Tezuka's first project when he joined Nintendo full-time. Initially, Tezuka did not know of Pac-Man at that time, a game that Devil World resembles, but enjoyed the game when he played it for the first time. Among Tezuka's tasks then was to create pixelated images based on Miyamoto's instructions. During the development, Tezuka suggested holes the player's character would fall into, causing him to lose a turn. However, when they made a version to test his idea and tried it out, Tezuka was told that it is "a bit flat", and so they went back to the original feature of the character being squished against the walls. The duo flew to Nintendo of America to show Devil World to its president Minoru Arakawa, but he did not wish to release the game in North America due to NOA's policies against the use of religious icons.

Reception
Chris Kohler called Devil World "a typically ingenious Miyamoto-directed take on the maze genre, with inventive graphics and fun game play" which "absolutely could not be released in America" because its satanic and religious imagery "would be seen as unsettling or even blasphemous". On IGN's "Top 10 Pac-Man Clones", Devil World was ranked fourth. Eurogamer rated the Virtual Console release 7 out of 10 points. The reviewer stated that Devil World is "worth experiencing just for the bizarre nature of the concept", but also commented that its "abundance of ideas ultimately get in the way of the simple gameplay".

title: Devil World


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Advanced boiling water reactor

The advanced boiling water reactor (ABWR) is a Generation III boiling water reactor. The ABWR is currently offered by GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH) and Toshiba. The ABWR generates electrical power by using steam to power a turbine connected to a generator; the steam is boiled from water using heat generated by fission reactions within nuclear fuel. Kashiwazaki-Kariwa unit 6 is considered the first Generation III reactor in the world.

Boiling water reactors (BWRs) are the second most common form of light water reactor with a direct cycle design that uses fewer large steam supply components than the pressurized water reactor (PWR), which employs an indirect cycle. The ABWR is the present state of the art in boiling water reactors, and is the first Generation III reactor design to be fully built, with several reactors complete and operating. The first reactors were built on time and under budget in Japan, with others under construction there and in Taiwan. ABWRs were on order in the United States, including two reactors at the South Texas Project site. The projects in both Taiwan and US are reported to be over-budget.

The standard ABWR plant design has a net electrical output of about $1.35 GW$, generated from about $3,926 MW$ of thermal power.

Overview of the design
The ABWR represents an evolutionary route for the BWR family, with numerous changes and improvements to previous BWR designs.

Major areas of improvement include:
 * The addition of reactor internal pumps (RIP) mounted on the bottom of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) – 10 in total – which achieve improved performance while eliminating large recirculation pumps in containment and associated large-diameter and complex piping interfaces with the RPV (e.g. the recirculation loop found in earlier BWR models). Only the RIP motor is located outside of the RPV in the ABWR. According to the Tier 1 Design Control Document (which is the officially certified Nuclear Regulatory Commission document generally describing the design of the plant), each RIP has a nominal capacity of $6,912 m3$.
 * The control rod adjustment capabilities have been supplemented with the addition of an electro-hydraulic Fine Motion Control Rod Drive (FMCRD), allowing for fine position adjustment using an electrical motor, while not losing the reliability or redundancy of traditional hydraulic systems which are designed to accomplish rapid shutdown in $2.8 s$ from receipt of an initiating signal, or ARI (alternate rod insertion) in a greater but still insignificant time period. The FMCRD also improves defense-in-depth in the event of primary hydraulic and ARI contingencies.
 * A fully digital Reactor Protection System (RPS) (with redundant digital backups as well as redundant manual backups) ensures a high level of reliability and simplification for safety condition detection and response. This system initiates rapid hydraulic insertion of control rods for shutdown (known as SCRAM by nuclear engineers) when needed. Two-out-of-four per parameter rapid shutdown logic ensures that nuisance rapid shutdowns are not triggered by single instrument failures. RPS can also trigger ARI, FMCRD rod run-in to shut down the nuclear chain reaction. The standby liquid control system (SLCS) actuation is provided as diverse logic in the unlikely event of an Anticipated Transient Without Scram.
 * Fully digital reactor controls (with redundant digital backup and redundant manual (analog) backups) allow the control room to easily and rapidly control plant operations and processes. Separate redundant safety and non-safety related digital multiplexing buses allow for reliability and diversity of instrumentation and control.
 * In particular, the reactor is automated for startup (i.e., initiate the nuclear chain reaction and ascent to power) and for standard shutdown using automatic systems only. Of course, human operators remain essential to reactor control and supervision, but much of the busy-work of bringing the reactor to power and descending from power can be automated at operator discretion.
 * The Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) has been improved in many areas, providing a very high level of defense-in-depth against accidents, contingencies, and incidents.
 * The overall system has been divided up into 3 divisions; each division is capable – by itself – of reacting to the maximally contingent Limiting Fault/Design Basis Accident (DBA) and terminating the accident prior to core uncovery, even in the event of loss of offsite power and loss of proper feedwater. Previous BWRs had 2 divisions, and uncovery (but no core damage) was predicted to occur for a short time in the event of a severe accident, prior to ECCS response.
 * Eighteen SORVs (safety overpressure relief valves), eight of which are part of the ADS (automatic depressurization system), ensure that RPV overpressure events are quickly mitigated, and that if necessary, that the reactor can be depressurized rapidly to a level where low pressure core flooder (LPCF, the high-capacity mode of the residual heat removal system, which replaces the LPCI and LPCS in previous BWR models) can be used.
 * Further, LPCF can inject against much higher RPV pressures, providing an increased level of safety in the event of intermediate-sized breaks, which could be small enough to result in slow natural depressurization but could be large enough to result in high pressure corespray/coolant injection systems' capacities for response being overwhelmed by the size of the break.
 * Though the Class 1E (safety-related) power bus is still powered by 3 highly-reliable emergency diesel generators that are safety related, an additional Plant Investment Protection power bus using a combustion gas turbine is located on-site to generate electricity to provide defense-in-depth against station blackout contingencies as well as to power important but non-safety-critical systems in the event of a loss of offsite power.
 * Though one division of the ECCS does not have high pressure flood (HPCF) capacities, there exists a steam-driven, safety-rated reactor core isolation cooling (RCIC) turbopump that is high-pressure rated and has extensive battery backup for its instrumentation and control systems, ensuring cooling is maintained even in the event of a full station blackout with failure of all 3 emergency diesel generators, the combustion gas turbine, primary battery backup, and the diesel firewater pumps.
 * There exists an extremely thick basaltic reinforced concrete pad under the RPV that will both catch and hold any heated core melt that might fall on that pad in extraordinarily contingent situations. In addition, there are several fusible links within the wall separating the wetwell from the lower drywell that flood the pad using the wetwell's water supply, ensuring cooling of that area even with the failure of standard mitigation systems.
 * The containment has been significantly improved over the conventional Mark I type. Like the conventional Mark I type, it is of the pressure suppression type, designed to handle evolved steam in the event of a transient, incident, or accident by routing the steam using pipes that go into a pool of water enclosed in the wetwell (or torus in the case of the Mark I), the low temperature of which will condense the steam back into liquid water. This will keep containment pressure low. Notably, the typical ABWR containment has numerous hardened layers between the interior of the primary containment and the outer shield wall, and is cubical in shape. One major enhancement is that the reactor has a standard safe shutdown earthquake acceleration of .3G; further, it is designed to withstand a tornado with >320 mph wind speed. Seismic hardening is possible in earthquake-prone areas and has been done at the Lungmen facility in Taiwan which has been hardened up 0.4 g in any direction. The containment is inerted with nitrogen before operation to prevent fires, and can be deinerted after reactor shutdown for maintenance.
 * The ABWR is designed for a lifetime of at least 60 years. The comparatively simple design of the ABWR also means that no expensive steam generators need to be replaced either, decreasing total cost of operation.
 * According to GEH's Probabilistic Risk Assessment, a core damage event would occur no more often than once in six million years as the core damage frequency (CDF) of the ABWR is $1.6$, second in lowest CDF probability to the ESBWR.

The RPV and Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS) have significant improvements, such as the substitution of RIPs, eliminating conventional external recirculation piping loops and pumps in the containment that in turn drive jet pumps producing forced flow in the RPV. RIPs provide significant improvements related to reliability, performance and maintenance, including a reduction in occupational radiation exposure related to containment activities during maintenance outages. These pumps are powered by wet-rotor motors with the housings connected to the bottom of the RPV and eliminating large diameter external recirculation pipes that are possible leakage paths. The 10 internal recirculation pumps are located at the bottom of the annulus downcomer region (i.e., between the core shroud and the inside surface of the RPV). Consequently, internal recirculation pumps eliminate all of the jet pumps in the RPV, all of the large external recirculation loop pumps and piping, the isolation valves and the large diameter nozzles that penetrated the RPV and needed to suction water from and return it to the RPV. This design therefore reduces the worst leak below the core region to effectively equivalent to a 2 in leak. The conventional BWR3-BWR6 product line has an analogous potential leak of 24 or more inches in diameter. A major benefit of this design is that it greatly reduces the flow capacity required of the ECCS.

The first reactors to use internal recirculation pumps were designed by ASEA-Atom (now Westinghouse Electric Company by way of mergers and buyouts, which was owned by Toshiba) and built in Sweden. These plants have operated very successfully for many years.

The internal pumps reduce the required pumping power for the same flow to about half that required with the jet pump system with external recirculation loops. Thus, in addition to the safety and cost improvements due to eliminating the piping, the overall plant thermal efficiency is increased. Eliminating the external recirculation piping also reduces occupational radiation exposure to personnel during maintenance.

An operational feature in the ABWR design is electric fine motion control rod drives, first used in the BWRs of AEG (later Kraftwerk Union AG, now AREVA). Older BWRs use a hydraulic locking piston system to move the control rods in six-inch increments. The electric fine motion control rod design greatly enhances positive actual control rod position and similarly reduces the risk of a control rod drive accident to the point that no velocity limiter is required at the base of the cruciform control rod blades.

Certifications and approvals
Slightly different versions of the ABWR are offered by GE-Hitachi, Hitachi-GE, and Toshiba.

In 1997 the GE-Hitachi U.S. ABWR design was certified as a final design in final form by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, meaning that its performance, efficiency, output, and safety have already been verified, making it bureaucratically easier to build it rather than a non-certified design.

In 2013, following its purchase of Horizon Nuclear Power, Hitachi began the process of generic design assessment of the Hitachi-GE ABWR with the UK Office for Nuclear Regulation. This was completed in December 2017.

In July 2016 Toshiba withdrew the U.S. design certification renewal for the ABWR because "it has become increasingly clear that energy price declines in the US prevent Toshiba from expecting additional opportunities for ABWR construction projects".

Locations
The ABWR is licensed to operate in Japan, the United States and Taiwan, although most of the construction projects have been halted or shelved.

Japan and Taiwan
, four ABWRs were in operation in Japan: Kashiwazaki-Kariwa units 6 and 7, which opened in 1996 and 1997, Hamaoka unit 5, opened 2004 having started construction in 2000, and Shika 2 commenced commercial operations on March 15, 2006. Another two partially constructed reactors are in Lungmen in Taiwan, and one more (Shimane Nuclear Power Plant 3) in Japan. Work on Lungmen halted in 2014. Work on Shimane halted after the 2011 earthquake

United States
On June 19, 2006 NRG Energy filed a Letter Of Intent with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to build two 1358 MWe ABWRs at the South Texas Project site. On September 25, 2007, NRG Energy and CPS Energy submitted a Construction and Operations License (COL) request for these plants with the NRC. NRG Energy is a merchant generator and CPS Energy is the nation's largest municipally owned utility. The COL was approved by the NRC on February 9, 2016. Due to market conditions, these two planned units may never be built and do not have a planned construction date.

United Kingdom
Horizon Nuclear Power had plans to build Hitachi-GE ABWRs at Wylfa in Wales and Oldbury in England. Both projects were paused in March 2012 by the shareholders at the time (RWE and E-ON) to put Horizon up for sale, with Hitachi becoming the new owner. The 'Development Consent Order' for Wylfa was accepted in June 2018 and in August Bechtel were appointed as project managers. The first reactor was expected online in the mid-2020s with construction at Oldbury expected to start a few years after this. However, on January 17, 2019, Horizon Nuclear Power announced the suspension of both these projects for financial reasons.

Reliability
In comparison with comparable designs, the four ABWRs in operation are often shut down due to technical problems. The International Atomic Energy Agency documents this with the 'operating factor' (the time with electricity feed-in relative to the total time since commercial operation start). The first two plants in Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (block 6 & 7) reach total life operating factors of 70%, meaning that about 30% of the time, since commissioning, they were not producing electricity. For example, in 2010 Kashiwazaki-Kariwa 6 had an operating capacity of 80.9%, and an operating capacity of 93% in 2011. However, in 2008 it did not produce any power as the installation was offline for maintenance, and therefore had an operating capacity of 0% for that year. In contrast other modern nuclear power plants like the Korean OPR-1000 or the German Konvoi show operating factors of about 90%.

The output power of the two new ABWRs at the Hamaoka and Shika power plant had to be lowered because of technical problems in the power plants steam turbine section. After throttling both power plants down, they still have a heightened downtime and show a lifetime operating factor under 50%.

ABWR-II design
A number of design variants have been considered, with power outputs varying from 600 to 1800 MWe. The most developed design variant is the ABWR-II, started in 1991, an enlarged 1718 MWe ABWR, intended to make nuclear power generation more competitive in the late 2010s. None of these designs have been deployed.

The new designs hoped to achieve 20% reductions in operating costs, 30% reduction in capital costs, and tight planned construction schedule of 30 months. The design would allow for more flexibility in choices of nuclear fuels.

Other Gen III+ designs

 * EPR
 * AP1000
 * ESBWR
 * US-APWR
 * VVER-TOI
 * ACR
 * Framatom Kerena

title: Advanced boiling water reactor


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Residence vs contact

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Merge to Children Act 1989. humblefool®Deletion Reform 23:32, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Residence vs contact
Text is so incoherent and fragmentary that I first put a (db) on it, which was promptly removed by the author bob tillings ; I'm putting a Vfd mostly to call it to the attention of Wiki pros who know how to deal with it. This said, although it must have some basis in fact, I think if I knew what it was, I'd still vote Delete. Bill 13:02, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. The current article on The Children Act is very threadbare, and doesn't really have the structure that admits a merge at the moment, but might later. The Children Act is quite important over here so this is probably encyclopedic. Any lawyers out there able to help us out? -Splash 14:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge As a lawyer, though an American one, I find it a very bad idea for this notion, which is defined by, and apparently created by, The Children Act to have a separate article. Iff no more competent authority offers to accomplish this, I'll do my best to do so. Xoloz 16:02, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Xoloz. Radiant_ >|< 13:11, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Amagasaki Station (Hanshin)

Amagasaki Station (尼崎駅) is a junction passenger railway station located in the city of  Amagasaki Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Hanshin Electric Railway. While this station is situated relatively close to the station of the same name that is operated by JR West, passengers transferring between these two stations must use buses to transfer between trains.

Lines
Amagasaki Station is served by the Hanshin Main Line, and is located 8.9 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Umeda. It is also a terminus for the 10.1 kilometer Hanshin Namba Line.

Layout
The station consists of four elevated island platforms serving two tracks, with Track 2 sharing platforms with both Tracks 1 and 3, and Track 5 sharing platforms with both Tracks 4 and 6. The ticket gates are located on the first floor, and the platforms are on the 2nd floor.

Before extension of the Hanshin Namba Line

 * The repair of the station was started in 2003 for the extension of the Hanshin Namba Line and completed on March 20, 2009.

The station consisted of five tracks and three island platforms, with Track 4 sharing platforms with both Tracks 3 and 6.
 * until November 11, 2006

The station consisted of five tracks and three island platforms, with Track 5 (former Track 4) sharing platforms with both Tracks 4 (former Track 3) and 6. A new platform was under construction in the north of Track 1. Track 4 became used for the Nishi-Osaka Line trains while Tracks 5 and 6 for the Main Line westbound trains.
 * November 12, 2006 - March 16, 2007

The station consisted of five tracks and three island platforms, with Track 5 sharing platforms with both Track 4 and 6. A track was situated in the north of the completed platform and assigned as Track 1. Former Track 1 was renumbered Track 2 and the former platform in the south of present Track 2 was closed.
 * March 17, 2007 - February 1, 2008

The station consisted of five tracks and three island platforms, with Track 2 sharing platforms with both Tracks 1 and 3. The repair of the platform serving Tracks 2 and 3 was completed and the trains of the Nishi-Osaka Line left from Track 3.
 * February 2, 2008 - March 19, 2009

Surroundings

 * Hanshin Railway Amagasaki Depot, Amagasaki Repairing Area
 * Amagasaki Central Park
 * Abagasaki-chuo, Sanwa, Deyashiki Shopping Street

Buses

 * Hanshin Bus
 * Amagasaki City Bus
 * Hankyu Bus

Adjacent stations

All rapid express trains pass Chidoribashi, Dempo, Fuku, Dekijima, and Daimotsu every day from March 20, 2012.

History
Amagasaki Station was opened on April 12, 1905 with the opening of the Hanshin Main Line

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 54,487 passengers daily

Surrounding area

 * Amagasaki Castle
 * Amagasaki Central Park

title: Amagasaki Station (Hanshin)


text:
Category:Amoeboids

Amoeboids or in general amoebae can refer to organisms in Amoebozoa, Heterolobosea (Percolozoa), Cercozoa, Foraminifera, Radiolarians and Nucleariida.

title: Category:Amoeboids


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Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah

Abu Uqba al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami (أبو عقبة الجراح بن عبد الله الحكمي) was an Arab nobleman and general of the Hakami tribe. During the course of the early 8th century, he was at various times governor of Basra, Sistan and Khurasan, Armenia and Adharbayjan. A legendary warrior already during his lifetime, he is best known for his campaigns against the Khazars on the Caucasus front, culminating in his death in the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730.

Early career
According to Baladhuri, al-Jarrah was born in Jund al-Urdunn (military district of Jordan) and probably followed Sufyan ibn al-Abrad al-Kalbi and Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Hakami to Iraq in 696. The latter and al-Jarrah hailed from the Banu al-Hakam ibn Sa'd al-Ashira tribe, a branch of the Madh'hij. In 701, he fought against the rebellion of Ibn al-Ash'ath.

In 706 or a few years later he was appointed as governor of Basra under the governor of Iraq, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, and remained in the post until al-Hajjaj's replacement by Yazid ibn al-Muhallab in 715. Yazid in turn named al-Jarrah as his deputy for Iraq, before he himself left for Khurasan, and in 717, Caliph Umar II (r. 717–720) appointed al-Jarrah as Yazid's successor in the governorship of Khurasan and Sistan. Al-Jarrah remained in Khurasan until March/April 719, when he was dismissed after 17 months in office due to complaints of his mistreatment of the native converts to Islam (mawali), who, despite their conversion, were still obliged to pay the poll-tax (jizya). He was replaced by his deputy, Abd al-Rahman ibn Nu'aym al-Ghamidi. The most notable event of his tenure was the beginning of the covert missionary activity (da'wah) by the agents of the Abbasids in Khurasan. After his return to Iraq, in 720, he seems to have fought alongside Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik in the suppression of the rebellion of Yazid ibn al-Muhallab.

In the Caucasus
In 721/2, the main phase of the Second Arab–Khazar War began on the Caucasus front. In the winter of this year, 30,000 Khazars launched an invasion of Armenia and inflicted a crushing defeat on the army of the local governor Mi'laq ibn Saffar al-Bahrani at Marj al-Hijara in February/March 722. In response, Caliph Yazid II (r. 720–724) sent al-Jarrah with 25,000 Syrian troops to Armenia, placing him in command of the Umayyad offensive against the Khazars. Al-Jarrah was swiftly successful in driving the Khazars back across the Caucasus, and fought his way north along the western coast of the Caspian Sea, recovering Derbent and advancing onto the Khazar capital of Balanjar. The Khazars tried to defend the city by ringing the citadel with a laager of wagons, but the Arabs broke it apart and stormed the city on 21 August 722 (or 723). Most of Balanjar's inhabitants were killed or enslaved, but a few managed to flee north. The Arabs also took the town of Wabandar, and even approached Samandar (near modern Kizlyar).

Despite these successes, the Arabs could not achieve a decisive result. The main Khazar army remained intact and a constant threat, since like all nomad forces it was not dependent on cities for supplies. Coupled with the fact that his rear was still insecure, al-Jarrah was forced to abandon any attempt at capturing Samandar as well, and to retreat to Warthan south of the Caucasus. From there he asked for reinforcements from Yazid, but although the Caliph promised to send more troops, he failed to do so. The sources are obscure on al-Jarrah's activity in 723, but he seems to have led another campaign north (which may indeed be the true date of the Balanjar campaign). In response, the Khazars raided south of the Caucasus, but in February 724, al-Jarrah inflicted a crushing defeat on them in a battle between the rivers Cyrus and Araxes that lasted for several days. Al-Jarrah followed up his success by capturing Tiflis, whose inhabitants were obliged to pay the kharaj but received a charter of rights in return. This campaign brought Caucasian Iberia and the lands of the Alans under Muslim suzerainty, and al-Jarrah became the first Muslim commander to march through the Darial Pass in the process. This expedition secured the Muslims' own flank against a possible Khazar attack through the Darial, while conversely it gave the Muslim army a second invasion route into Khazar territory.

In 725, however, the new Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724–743) replaced al-Jarrah with his own brother Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik.

Recall to the Caucasus and death
In 729, after a mixed performance against the Khazars, Maslamah was replaced yet again as governor of Armenia and Adharbayjan by al-Jarrah. For all his energy, Maslamah's campaigning failed to produce the desired results: by the time of his dismissal, the Arabs had lost control of northeastern Transcaucasia and been thrust once more into the defensive, with al-Jarrah again having to defend Adharbayjan against a Khazar invasion.

In 730, al-Jarrah returned to the offensive through Tiflis and the Darial Pass. Arab sources report that he reached as far as the Khazar capital, al-Bayda, on the Volga, but modern historians such as Khalid Yahya Blankinship consider this improbable. Soon after, he was forced back to Bardha'a to defend Arran from invasion by the Khazar general Tharmach. It is unclear whether the Khazars moved through the Darial Pass or the Caspian Gates, but they succeeded in outmanoeuvring al-Jarrah, bypassing the Arab forces and laying siege to Ardabil, the capital of Adharbayjan, where 30,000 Muslim troops and their families were gathered. News of this development forced al-Jarrah to hastily withdraw from Bardha'a and march south in a rapid march to Ardabil's rescue. Outside the city walls, after a three-day battle on 7–9 December 730, al-Jarrah's army of 25,000 was all but annihilated by the Khazars under Barjik, with al-Jarrah himself falling in the field. Command passed to al-Jarrah's brother al-Hajjaj, who was unable to prevent the sacking of Ardabil, or to check Khazar raids that reached as far as south as Mosul. The experienced general Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi was put in command and soon succeeded in driving back the invasion, while under the leadership of Marwan ibn Muhammad (the future Marwan II) the war was concluded in a nominal Arab victory in 737.

Al-Jarrah's death caused widespread lamentation in the Muslim world, particularly among the soldiers, as he had achieved a legendary status already during his lifetime: the "paradigmatic general" (Patricia Crone), he had an impressive physical presence—according to tradition, he was so tall that when he entered the Great Mosque of Damascus, his head seemed to be suspended from the lamps—and his military prowess was celebrated with the sobriquets "hero of Islam" (Baṭal al-Islām) and "Cavalier of the Syrians" (Fāris Ahl al-Shām).

title: Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/General Transit

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied by Manning Bartlett. A и D я 01D TALK  EMAIL  13:46, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

General Transit
This is the name of a product that the person who created this article is promoting. If you look at contribs he created a bunch of articles about the various products. Elfguy 13:03, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

I deleted this - it was a no brainer and no discussion needed.Manning 13:10, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Live Rust

Live Rust is a live album by Neil Young and Crazy Horse, recorded during their fall 1978 Rust Never Sleeps  tour.

Live Rust is composed of performances recorded at several venues, including the Cow Palace near San Francisco. Young also directed a companion film, Rust Never Sleeps, under a pseudonym "Bernard Shakey", which consisted of footage from the Cow Palace.

The CD version of the album was slightly edited to fit on a single compact disc, which were limited to 74 minutes at the time this album was first issued on CD. In 2014, a remastered, high-resolution download was made available on the Pono store, restoring the album to its original length.

Between tracks 2 and 3 on side 2 there is a stage announcement calling for people to get off of a tower and comments on an ongoing rainstorm. This is actually taken from Woodstock, almost a decade prior where Young performed as a member of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.

Track listing
Adapted from original LP labels. All tracks written by Neil Young, except "My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)" and "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)" by Neil Young and Jeff Blackburn. Crazy Horse appears on all tracks, except side one and "The Needle and the Damage Done".

Rust Never Sleeps film
A film, Rust Never Sleeps, was released on August 15, 1979, in the US, featuring the October 22, 1978, concert performance at the Cow Palace.

Track listing:
 * 1) Sugar Mountain
 * 2) I Am a Child
 * 3) Comes a Time
 * 4) After the Gold Rush
 * 5) Thrasher
 * 6) My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)
 * 7) When You Dance I Can Really Love
 * 8) The Loner
 * 9) Welfare Mothers
 * 10) The Needle and the Damage Done
 * 11) Lotta Love
 * 12) Sedan Delivery
 * 13) Powderfinger
 * 14) Cortez the Killer
 * 15) Cinnamon Girl
 * 16) Like a Hurricane
 * 17) Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)
 * 18) Tonight's the Night [not present in the theatrical release, only in video releases]

Personnel

 * Neil Young - lead guitar, harmonica, piano, lead vocals, production

Crazy Horse
 * Frank Sampedro - guitar, keyboards, vocals
 * Billy Talbot - bass, vocals
 * Ralph Molina - drums, vocals

Additional roles
 * David Briggs – production
 * Tim Mulligan – production
 * Elliot Roberts – direction

Charts
Album

Singles Year End Chart

title: Live Rust


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thai beer

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep --Allen3 talk 13:38, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

Thai beer
No reason for this article to exist - non encyclopedic. -- Cnwb 13:04, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * keep - It is encyclopedic, yet it was a substub - I added a little more, but I can't see any reason to delete. Dunc|☺ 14:18, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I somewhat concede. I think there is a place for an article on Thai beer, and realise now that sometimes substubs can fool one into thinking an article is worthless. I enjoyed many a Singa and Chang during my Thai travels. Cnwb 14:25, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, since it is just an unsubstantiated claim. If it can be substantiated, merge with Singha, which is the beer it is about. If this gets expanded to cover Thai beer more properly in the next 5 days, then I'll reconsider my vote. -Splash 14:39, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as valid stub, although I'll be suprised if it does get expanded. brenneman (t) (c)  15:11, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Probably to beer, or some article we must have on beer by region. I'd be very surprised if that weren't covered somewhere in WP. -R. fiend 15:41, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Can I take this to mean that yours is not an informed vote?  brenneman (t) (c)  00:19, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Nah, just not terribly specific. But if you want specifics merge/redirect to Beer and nationality. A perfect place for it; it's just this sort of content that is included for other countries there. -R. fiend 21:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, like American beer. Kappa 17:25, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: About the only part of the article that one can't get from list of beers (perhaps clicking on the Thai beers mentioned there) is "due to import restrictions a number of locally brewed Thai beers, sometimes brewed in partnership with western brewers, have sprung up in recent years." (That most Thai beer is lager is not significant; most beer is lager just about anywhwere.) That single sentence, if substantiated, doesn't really warrant its own article, and can be mentioned elsewhere. -R. fiend 17:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not everyone knows that "most beer is lager just about anywhere", and I don't why users should have to click on various different subtopics just to get an overview of a topic. No users would thank wikipedia for merging this. Kappa 18:30, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So should we mention in every article about some sort of beer that "lager is the most popular form of beer", and other basic facts about beer: standard ABV is around 3 - 6%; it's made from water, malt, hops, and yeast; etc.? -R. fiend 18:45, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If lager is the most popular form of beer in a particular country, that needs to be mentioned, unless you think lager is the most popular form of beer in every country, and that wikipedia readers can all be assumed to know that. Kappa 19:17, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this one too please Yuckfoo 22:26, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment The main Beer article has a section linking to numerous pages of beer by nation, only a minority of which are redlinked. Why pick on this one? -EDM 23:43, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Since there doesn't seem to be all that much to say about Thai beer specifically, merge to Beer_and_nationality. Dcarrano 00:08, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Valid short article with potential to be expanded. -- DS1953 04:03, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. 23skidoo 04:17, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Article can outline how and when beer was introduced in Thailand and why beer drinking has become popular. Capitalistroadster 05:06, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Capitalistroadster. Xoloz 16:06, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Dcarrano. Radiant_ >|< 13:11, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. May seem weird that I nominated this and now I'm voting 'keep', but the article has been improved and has shown its potential since I nominated it. Cnwb 23:02, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Status epilepticus

We've lots of references
We've got almost 20 references on lidocaine, many of which are in Japanese. Is there any way for making this tighter? I also don't think animal studies are immensely helpful here. JFW | T@lk  13:04, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The abstracts themselves aren't in Japanese, and there's only one reference I can find to a lidocaine-induced seizure in humans.

 * Maybe I could lose a few of the rat studies.

If there's only one reference about lidocaine-induced seizures it may not be very common and therefore may not even need to be mentioned. I think we need more outline articles from a clinical point-of-view. JFW | T@lk  16:21, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Actually, I was able to find two more cases, which I didn't include because just saying that it's a proconvulsant at doses above 3 mg/kg was enough. Also, the 5-8 mg/kg dose used in epidurals has been known to cause seizures when the needle bumps into a vein and it becomes an intravenous infusion instead.

By doing this, I was able to get rid of all the animal studies.

Well, all of the ones on lidocaine.Rmky87 23:53, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Missing drug name?
Is there another drug name missing from this paragraph? (i.e. The pharmacological effects of what were longer lasting than diazepam?) Introspensive 20:51, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

"Shortly after it was introduced in 1963, diazepam became the first choice for SE. Even though other benzodiazepines such as clonazepam were useful, diazepam was relied upon almost exclusively. This began to change in 1975 with a preliminary study conducted by Waltregny and Dargent, who found that its pharmacological effects were longer lasting than those of an equal dose of diazepam.[3] This meant it did not have to be repeatedly injected like diazepam,[4] the effects of which would wear off 5-15 minutes later in spite of its 30-hour half-life."

Neuronal injury in 5 minutes
Could someone provide a reference, or possibly update the statement in the intro of "There is some evidence that five minutes is sufficient to damage neurons and that seizures are unlikely to self-terminate by that time.". I can't seem to find anywhere that backs that claim up; some places like UptoDate suggest 30-60mins, and another website (I've closed it now, can't remember where it was) said there's no evidence less than 20 minutes of continuous seizure activity causes permanent damage. I'm certainly not qualified to do this myself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.100.212.146 (talk) 01:07, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

Some further structuring of the article
I think it would be helpful to extend the article to currently used typifying of SE's accepted internationally by neurology/epileptology organizations (i.e., instead of dichotomisation only to convulsive and nonconvulsive SE's, (1)generalised tonic-clonic seizure status, (2)convulsive and nonconvulsive simple- or complex-focal seizures status, (3)absence status (generalised nonconvulsive seizure status) and (4)"subtle status epilepticus").

I think, that the overview of medicamentous treatment options should be "staged" (i.e., 1) BZD, if not effective, than 2) PHE or VAL, if not effective, than 3) BARBs, if not effective, than 4) general anesthesia ± muscle (curaremimetic) relaxation.

In the first-line treatment options, use of lorazepam IV should be stressed, as some reliable sources suggests that the anticonvulsive effect of IV lorazepam lasts for substantialy longer periods than that of IV diazepam and is more versatile than that of IV clonazepam. (thus, http://dgn.dgni.de/132.0.html suggests IV lorazepam to be the first-line-option of the step 1) of the "medication ladder", followed by IV clonazepam and at last, by IV diazepam)

Also, in my opinion, the IV administered valproate (sodium valproate inj. sol., parenteral equivalent to valproate/divalproex), should be added as a possible option in step 2) of the "medication ladder" (i.e. if the SE is BZD-refractory), along with phenytoin. German Neurologic Society does so.--Spiperon 20:41, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Ref style
I'm updating this article's reference style to Cite.php; the current reference section is unmanageably long, and the new style is much easier to use. If anyone has any objections, please feel free to revert. Fvasconcellos (t·c) 19:38, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Update/animal models
I've just read this and have following comments.

The treatment section can be streamlined by putting into a first section to "Standard Therapies" referring to the Vet Admin prospective study on status epilepticus Treiman et al NEJM 1998 and numerous subsequent review articles on the recommended protocol (Lowenstein et al, NEJM 1998) of staged lorazepam, phenytoin, .... and then to "Other therapies for refractory status epilepticus" to account for the numerous other options, some of which are mentioned in the current article.

A brief section on pathophysiology could mention the critical role of time in SE as demonstrated by Meldrum et al (Arch Neurol 1973)

Karmattol (talk) 20:17, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Status_epilepticus
This sounds very much like original research. In addition, in my experience it is not particularly "notable" - there are many episodes like this. Should it be retained? Scray (talk) 10:39, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Someone else did the deletion, but did not justify the deletion to the satisfaction of a third person who thought that was censorship (and apparently didn't see this section on the talk page). I have deleted the passage, because: the passage sounds like a personal report (i.e. original research smacking of conflict of interest), it lacks neutral point of view and reliable sources.  Anyone feel this is inappropriate?  --Scray (talk) 07:22, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Issue with ref (15) reference
I have been admininistered Propofol during neuorsurgery following an apoplelptic pituitary tumor with an in-situ CSF leak, resulting in seizures, and I can tell you with great authority that I am most certainly not dead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Calitrappedindc (talk • contribs) 03:23, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

My brother was adminstered Propofol twice for monoclonic status epilepticus and it did not kill him. It worked very well and likely saved his life. I recommend it as a possible last option. He is dead though, but due to a hospital error six months later: administering a benzo while placing him in a three point restraint. He died of aspiration. I think the wording needs to be changed here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Steppenwolfsayshi (talk • contribs) 00:15, 25 January 2014 (UTC)

Frequency
Ref says "SE is one of the most common neurologic emergency, with an overall annual incidence of 10–41 per 100,000" Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 02:03, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

Status
The current definition is more than 5 minutes. Ref says "E is defined as convulsions lasting for 5 or more minutes or recurrent episodes of convulsions in a 5-minute interval without return to preconvulsive neurologic baseline." The older definition was 30 minutes. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 06:05, 23 April 2015 (UTC)
 * This definition is now, again, the thirty minute one according to the 2016 ILAE Glauser et al guidelines, motion to change this and cite the latest ILAE guidelines? Aglo123 (talk) 16:16, 20 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Apologies; AES, not ILAE, guidelines Aglo123 (talk) 16:17, 20 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Apologies, again, I realize my mistake. The ILAE definition has the convulsive SE type as lasting longer than 5 minu

s, and the other was 10 minutes...Maybe that should be differentiated in the intro paragraph?e — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aglo123 (talk • contribs) 16:28, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

Review
In Lancet Neurology 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00042-3 JFW | T@lk  14:48, 20 May 2015 (UTC)

Ketogenic diet being considered
Could mention Ketogenic Diet May Help in Tough-to-Treat Epilespy in Research ? - Rod57 (talk) 12:11, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Only single acute attacks, or increased risk of future attacks
Intro makes it sound like a person only has one acute occurrence, yet the suggestion for ketogenic diets implies they are a preventive measure to reduce future occurrence. How often do they tend to happen ? Once you've had one, what is the risk of another within a year (compared with not having had it) ? - Rod57 (talk) 12:22, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Hi Wikipedian
welcome all, I am a undergraduate student from Uskudar university, Istanbul/Turkiye, I am proceeding my summer course 2023: Special Topics in Neuroscience, in which we are required to edit Wikipedia articles related to Neuroscience, editing status epilepticus is my assignment. You feel free to give feedbacks. SM2108 (talk) 13:52, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

Section unclear
I found the "Prevalence" section to be confusing. Splitting at least one of the sentences into two will help, but it may need to be completely restructured. RowanDreamer (talk) 04:33, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Status epilepticus


text: User talk:212.85.15.83

title: User talk:212.85.15.83


text:
Jackson Field (Lansing)

Jackson Field is a baseball stadium in Lansing, Michigan, home field of the Lansing Lugnuts minor league baseball team. The Michigan State Spartans college baseball team also plays select home games at Jackson Field. The stadium is situated in downtown Lansing in the Stadium District on a relatively narrow strip of land between and below Larch and Cedar streets.

It is primarily used for baseball, though it has also hosted an ice skating rink, an outdoor movie theater, a haunted house, and served as a concert venue for the annual Common Ground Music Festival. Due to the dimensions of the city block in which the stadium was constructed, the right and left field fences 'notch' sharply into distances of 305 ft at each foul pole.

History
The stadium replaced a block of storefronts along Michigan Avenue. Originally budgeted $10 million for construction, the construction costs rose slightly to $12.8 million.

Groundbreaking for the stadium took place on April 3, 1995, and it was officially opened exactly one year later on April 3, 1996 as Oldsmobile Park. Its first game was between the college baseball teams of the University of Michigan and Michigan State University. Two days later, the Lansing Lugnuts had their first game at the venue against the Rockford Cubbies.

On February 22, 2010, Lansing mayor Virgil Bernero announced that the stadium would be renamed Thomas M. Cooley Law School Stadium, a result of the park's new sponsorship agreement. In March 2010, Lansing-based Jackson National Life Insurance Company purchased the rights to name the field "Jackson Field" for 1 year. Thus, the full name of the venue was Jackson Field at Thomas M. Cooley Law School Stadium.

On March 12, 2014, a $22 million renovation proposal for the stadium was announced named "The Outfield." It would include $11 million in public bonds for renovation of the actual stadium structure including new turf, and updated locker rooms, concessions and new box seats. $11 million in additional private investments which would include 80 apartments, a year-round bar and grill, and a new scoreboard. The proposal also includes the city negotiating a new contract with the team which is proposed to bring in an additional 25% revenue for the city.

On September 1, 2020, the stadium announced an official name change to Jackson Field after a 7-year naming rights agreement was signed with Jackson National Life Insurance Company.

Rugby
On October 19, 2018, the Michigan State Spartans and Michigan Wolverines had their rivalry match, the Battle for the Mitten, at Cooley Law School Stadium. Michigan State defeated Michigan 25-15.

Soccer
On October 25, 2018, the newly planned Lansing Ignite soccer team announced it would begin playing its home games at the stadium. The Ignite ceased operations after just one season.

Field dimensions

 * Left field: 305 ft
 * Left-center: 380 ft
 * Center field: 404 ft
 * Right-center: 412 ft
 * Right field: 305 ft

title: Jackson Field (Lansing)


text:
Talk:Turkish grammar

Start
I started an article on Turkish grammar because there wasn't one. I am only a student of the language, informally; I don't speak much, but I read more, and I think I have a fair scholarly understanding of the language. Some notes that I have prepared during my studies are on my webpage; I shall draw on them (and my primary sources), as I have time, to continue this article. David Pierce 13:05, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Good work!

Thank you. I have now done most of what I wanted to do. Some remaining possibilities: In the references, I referred to the Turkish Language Society. This is how Lewis translates Türk Dil Kurumu. Somebody changed my society to foundation for reasons unexplained; I should have thought that foundation would suggest the Turkish vakıf rather than kurum. David Pierce 08:20, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The section on "Adverbs from verbs" could be more complete and systematic.
 * A new article called "Turkish vocabulary" might be created. This could contain the discussion, now in the present article, of the "structural suffixes".  It could also contain the long list of synonyms on the discussion page of the Turkish language article.
 * Replace or supplement all made-up examples with real quotations. (I have made a start at this.)
 * Say something about word-order. Its strangeness to English-speakers is now only implicit in some of the quotations.
 * Say more about compound verbs and conditional sentences.

Now I am trying to create the article on Turkish vocabulary. The beginnings of two new articles are on my user page [now obsolete---David Pierce 11:58, 15 August 2005 (UTC)]: But I haven't got the distinction between these clearly worked out. I should like to transfer enough information from the grammar to the vocabulary article to get the former down below the suggested 32KB. This does not seem possible, so perhaps the grammar article can be broken up further, possibly in a way corresponding to the noun/verb distinction. David Pierce 11:29, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * User:David Pierce/Turkish grammar
 * User:David Pierce/Turkish vocabulary

Now I have spun off an article on Turkish vocabulary as planned; but since I have also added to Turkish grammar, it is no shorter than before. Most of its longer examples involve participles and verbal nouns; so I am considering whether to move those to a new article called, perhaps, Turkish verbals. David Pierce 11:58, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

I read this page, because I have been chatting online with someone from Turkey. I want to have a better idea about how her language works so that I can help with her English better. This page is well written, but it stays in a jargon mode most of the time. What do people think of a page such as this one explaining its concepts more so that the average person can follow them better?

Before starting new pages, I recommend studying how some other language pages have been written and organized.

Grammar is so regular
Everything is so regular. Exept.one.thing, "ben" turns in. "bana"; seni --> sana... Why?

-Ben means "I", bana means "to me". The same applies for sen -> sana.

I think he asked why "ben" doesn't turn into "bene" and "sen" doesn't turn into "sene" what I also don't know.

-in Turkish (Istanbul dialect): 1. "me" is "ben" & "to me" is  "bana" 2. "you" is "sen" & "to you" is "sana" but in Azerbaijan Turkish (Turkish which is spoken in Azerbaijan) it is like this: 1. "me" is "men" & "to me" is  "mene" 2. "you" is "sen" & "to you" is "sene"

-This is probably due to dominance of "ona". It had been used much more frequently than "sene" and "bene" since it's the third person pronoun and corresponds to all genders (he, she, it). In time, it may have forced "sene" and "bene" to sound closer to it. (Tylose 19:22, 4 February 2007 (UTC))

-Actually in rural anatolia it is used as, bene, and sene, but Istanbul dialect, the "proper Turkish" uses sana and bana.

Noun plural weirdness
Any Turkish guys here?? This sounds so terribly wrong to me: Turkish_grammar PLURAL: I know it so far that 'a'-words like 'kitap' - (book) take the -lar, and 'e' words like 'kelime' (word) take the -ler. I've googled around a little and found this: http://www.deviantart.com/deviation/21400935/ Current WP article only refers to -ler being the "only possible" plural ending and that -lar means something as "some ... ". In fact, a saz (an instrument) will ALWAYS be pluralized "sazlar", no matter if it is supposed to mean "some ... " or not. Who put this crap in the article? -andy 80.129.96.136 06:14, 11 June 2006 (UTC) -ler/-lar are the plural suffixes for turkish. And -ler or -lar is used according to vowel harmony of the stem. As in your examples, saz-lar means, more than one saz, and kelime-ler means, more than one kelime. You don't need [some] for every plural. (actually some has a specific word for it, and its 'bazı'). Btw, there's nothing called 'a' word or 'e' word, but (ince sesliler - thin vowels (eiüö) and kalın sesliler - thick vowels (aıou)) so the -ler/-lar suffixes are added looking the vowel type of the previous spell. ie. okul-lar, süpürge-ler, çoçuk-lar, kitap-lar.. (I hope this clarifies things a bit)

"Helping verbs"
I have changed "helping verbs" to auxiliary verbs. Though I do not know much about turkish language, probably this is a more exact translation, following english language linguistics terminology.--Michkalas 14:47, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It's better than "helping verb", if only because the the article auxiliary verb can be linked to (and because the article had already used the term earlier). But the terminology suggests that Turkish verbs like "et-", "ol-" etc. work in conjunction with a main verb.  They work with verbal nouns from Arabic, but not Turkish verbal nouns.  Suffixed verbs like "bil-", "ver-" etc. are a bit more like auxiliary verbs in the English sense.

 * I think the section needs to be broken up and distributed appropriately. It is called "auxiliary verbs", but is a subsection of "nouns".  Verbs like "et-" can be discussed further up, where "et-" was already mentioned, under "verbal nouns"; and "ver-" etc. can be discussed where "bil-" already was, under "Negation and potential in verb-stems."
 * David Pierce 12:06, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Verbs out of nouns
"Many verbs are formed from nouns by addition of -le: Köpekle-" this, without any mention of other such suffixes, makes one think "-le" is the only method with which verbs can be made out of nouns. In fact there are others like "-leştir" (köpekleştir-), "-sizleştir" (köpeksizleştir-), etc. I am no linguist, only a native speaker so I won't "touch" this article in case I am making a mistake but I'd be glad if a more knowledgeable person considers it. 85.96.26.37 20:57, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You are quoting from the section called "Parts of speech". The section is not meant as a complete account of how complex words are derived from simple ones.  Do you think this point is not clear?  The suffix -le is mentioned again near the beginning of the section "Verbs".  Presently it is pointed out that "A verbal root, or a verb-stem in -le, can be lengthened with certain extensions." This accounts for -leş, -leştir, and so forth.  There are other ways to make verbs from nouns, but they are not so common as these, and the article is already too long.
 * David Pierce 12:07, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Anchor Links
Is it Wikipedia style to include the # in anchor links?

 * Good question. I couldn't get a straight answer from the Help desk.  I personally don't like the look of the hash, so tend to suppress it on aesthetic grounds; but it does have the advantage of making it clear that you're not linking to a different article.

 * One thing is clear: you should suppress the hash when you are linking to another article. In fact one of the Help pages describes just such a link as "stylish". --NigelG (or Ndsg) | Talk 10:50, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Future tense in verbs
Does Turkish have a future tense? The reason I ask is that I met a Turkish girl once and her English was pretty damn good, but whenever she would speak about stuff in the future, she used the present tense. Thanks.Cameron Nedland 23:51, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

- Of course it has! (Tylose 19:25, 4 February 2007 (UTC))

 * So right, like Tylose was saying, Turkish's future tense marker is -ecek(/-acak), which takes the non-past copula -im,-sin,-tir (or bare),-iz,-siniz,-lar (or bare). Thus, we have etmek -> edeceğim, edeceksin, edecek(tir), edeceğiz, edeceksiniz, edecek(tir)(ler). Dextrose (talk) 10:46, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Participles
In the subsection on Past participles, you should make it clear that -diği forms may equally well refer to the present. Cf your example:

 * Yaşamın bittiği yer'de hayat: "Life in the place where life ended." More probably " ... where life ends" ( ... funerals taking place every day!).

Other typical examples with a present meaning would include sentences like:

 * Herkes olduğu yerde kalsın " [Let] everyone stay [in the place] where they are."

Congratulations on an interesting article. --NigelG (or Ndsg) | Talk 23:11, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Geoffrey Lewis, to whose Turkish Grammar you refer in the article, points out this ambiguity of tenses in his section on the "personal participle". The context usually makes the meaning clear; & he shows how the distinction can be made if necessary:

 * Dün yaptığım ve bugün yapmakta olduğum işler
 * (" ... which I did yesterday & am doing today").

 * In my old (1967) edition of his Grammar he has some nice examples, such as:
 * Beatles'lerin her yaptığı İngiltere'de moda oluyor.
 * ("Everything the Beatles do ...", not "did".) --NigelG (or Ndsg) | Talk 09:58, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I edited in line with your comments; but since you have Lewis to refer to, you could have done the editing as authoritatively as I! David Pierce 07:04, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Sure, but I'm still a little reluctant to do so when an article is clearly one person's brainchild. I guess I haven't quite got the WikiMentality yet! For the time being, I prefer to bring these things up on the Talk page—unless it's something pretty minor.

I left a message on the Talk page of one article (Gwoyeu Romatzyh, if you're interested in Chinese), but got no answer for a couple [of] weeks, so went ahead & made a pretty thorough revision of the whole thing.

I've changed "sometimes with present meaning" to "Past/present", because it is just as likely to be one as the other. Eg okuduğum bir kitap really means, to use one of Lewis' phrases, "a book characterized-by-my-reading", leaving the tense to be determined by the context. "A book of my reading", perhaps, to stretch English grammar a bit.

BTW The book that I read was a pretty crafty example in the present case! --NigelG (or Ndsg) | Talk 10:44, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

-ki suffix
One other minor thing that caught my eye. Under Pronouns you write:

 * "There is a suffix -ki, usually not enclitic, acts as a relative pronoun in that it creates what, in English, would be called relative clauses."

--NigelG (or Ndsg) | Talk 10:12, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) (There's a typo somewhere: "which" missing?)
 * 2) That "usually" is a bit of a tease! I presume you're referring to the vowel harmony after ö/ü, as in dünkü ("yesterday's"), are you?  If so, I think you should spell it out—or perhaps relegate it to a footnote.

 * Yes, that's what I was referring to. I was just worried that, if every detail were clarified, the article would grow to the length of Lewis's grammar.  But the example of dünkü, now supplied, is perhaps useful. David Pierce 07:08, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

an

Redhouse dictionary and verb convention
I happen to own a Redhouse Turkish-English Büyük Elsözlüğü (big hand-dictionary, thus I assume abridged, but nonetheless Redhouse), and happen to have looked up many a-verb by its infinitive. Not exactly a citation needed -moment, but it does seem we have a conflict between reality and the internet here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dextrose (talk • contribs) 10:51, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Personal endings of the verb
I don't see a proper list here, just some examples in the first person.--91.148.159.4 (talk) 13:55, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

 * They're listed in Turkish grammar. CapnPrep (talk) 14:46, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

Noun to verb
Turkish has many ways to make nouns out of verbs, but fewer for the other way. Fewer, still, more than one. The article only gives "-le" with the funny example of "köpeklemek". What about "köpekleşmek" - which makes more sense - "to become like a dog"? Or "köpeksemek" - "to feel that something is similar to a dog"? 213.211.19.142 (talk) 23:22, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

Incoveniently organized
The idea of listing the suffixes separately from the things they express (verb person and tense, noun possession and case) is not a good one. This is the second time I'm trying to do a quick check regarding some feature of Turkish grammar and I lose a lot of time trying to find where in this article the information is. Most wiki articles show the morphological expression of a category X in the section titled "category X", and this is where people look for it. But in this article, information about morphological expression is listed in the section "inflectional suffixes", and in the sections "category X" we get general talk about the use of the category and suchlike. Uniformity across articles is a Good Thing.--91.148.159.4 (talk) 20:12, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Comments
Is there any reason why the first sentence of the article is included?? "Turkish grammar is the grammar of the Turkish language." That is not only obvious and clarifying the unambiguous, but it is telling and not showing. That would be a definition and Wikipedia is not a dictionary. It's an encyclopedia. I'm deleting it. If someone disagrees, please present information about how it is not against Wikipedia rules to include such information.

Also, how has it come to be that there is no section on Vowel Harmony? It's not an obscure phenomenon in Turkish, but rather something Turkish is often cited when talking about Vowel Harmony. I'll add something later when I have the time if it's still not there. cullen (talk) 15:20, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * It's already covered at Turkish phonology. CapnPrep (talk) 15:33, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:22, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

second-person pronouns
"Turkish uses second-person pronouns that distinguish varying levels of politeness, social distance, age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee." Is this true? The pronouns section only mentions the six basic personal pronouns. Auximines (talk) 19:01, 5 February 2017 (UTC)

Lead
This seems a fascinating article. But I am in doubt about the lead. Are these two things, that it is an agglutinative language and that it has vowel harmony, the main things you can say when summing up the characteristics of Turkish grammar? Surely there are other things which make Turkish grammar different from the grammars of other well-known languages, such as English, Spanish, French, Swahili, and Japanese? How about, for example, the fact that it has six cases, rather like Latin, numerous participles, the verb at the end of the sentence, a variety of tenses, active and passive verbs and so on? Even the very regularity of the verbs is different from French, Spanish, and German. I think the lead could afford to be a bit longer in other words and sum up what makes Turkish interesting and attractive to study. Kanjuzi (talk) 10:16, 6 April 2017 (UTC) – I have now added more to the lead to make it more comprehensive. Kanjuzi (talk) 13:17, 6 April 2017 (UTC)

misleading comment in Turkish Terminology section
In the section on Turkish terminology there is a comment, namely "(notably Turkish has no prefixes)"- which is factually incorrect. While there may be no prefixes of Turkish origin, there are some loan prefixes that have become part of current Turkish usage- for example the prefix anti- (antidemokratik) or the prefix bi- (bihaber).Umbereenbmirza (talk) 07:17, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

Pseudo-cases
are there any reliable, mainstream grammars of Turkish that list -siz and the others as "pseudo-cases"? In all the grammars I've seen, there are many nominal suffixes which are not considered case-endings. After all, -siz does not mark the grammatical role — indeed, it can be combined with a case ending as in evsize 'to the homeless person' — and it forms a denominal adjective which can be used predicatively: bu adam evsiz 'this person is homeless'. --Macrakis (talk) 21:38, 10 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I did initially add that the instrumental was essentially a case in all but name. I found [the Wikibooks article on Turkish noun cases] which displayed many other endings, but only the essive and abessive seemed like genuine cases to me out of those many (though, as stated, they can be expressed in different ways). However, I would argue that the instrumental postposition is on its way to becoming a genuine case, however, as it does not seem to be combinable with any other cases. For example, I would not know how to translate "arabalardan ile" (literally "with from cars"); you would only be able to say "arabalarla" ("by cars") or "alabalardan" ("from cars"). Here is a source that considers there to be an instrumental case in Turkish: http://fginter.github.io/docs/tr/feat/Case. TheWhistleGag (talk) 22:28, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for removing all but -ile. There does seem to be some scholarly support for treating -ile as a case, which we should add to the article. On the other hand, the Wikibooks article is far from a WP:RS. --Macrakis (talk) 18:20, 11 February 2021 (UTC)

 * No problem. I'm happy to help; just seeing linguistic patterns and wondering whether they're grammatical. TheWhistleGag (talk) 08:18, 12 February 2021 (UTC)
 * It's fine to start with a personal observation, but you need to find a reliable source for it.... (cf. WP:OR) --Macrakis (talk) 17:31, 12 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Of course. Thanks. I've done this when editing other astronomical articles. TheWhistleGag (talk) 03:07, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Turkish grammar


text:
Osmanthus

Osmanthus  is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae. Most of the species are native to eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, the Himalayas, etc.) with a few species from the Caucasus, New Caledonia, and Sumatra. Osmanthus has been known in China since ancient times with the earliest writings coming from the Warring States period; the book ''Sea and Mountain. South Mountain'' states: "Zhaoyao Mountain had a lot of Osmanthus".

Description
Osmanthus range in size from shrubs to medium-sized trees, 2 - 12 m tall. The leaves are opposite, evergreen, and simple, with an entire, serrated or coarsely toothed margin. The flowers are produced in spring, summer or autumn, each flower being about 1 cm long, white, with a four-lobed tubular-based corolla ('petals'). The flowers grow in small panicles, and in several species have a strong fragrance. The fruit is a small (10–15 mm), hard-skinned dark blue to purple drupe containing a single seed.

Etymology
The generic name Osmanthus is composed of two parts: the Greek words osma meaning smell or fragrance, and anthos meaning flower.

Species
Species accepted:
 * 1) Osmanthus armatus Diels – Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan
 * 2) Osmanthus attenuatus P.S.Green – Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan
 * 3) Osmanthus austrocaledonicus (Vieill.) Knobl. – New Caledonia
 * 4) Osmanthus cooperi Hemsl. – Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
 * 5) Osmanthus cymosus (Guillaumin) P.S.Green – New Caledonia
 * 6) Osmanthus decorus (Boiss. & Balansa) Kasapligil – Caucasian osmanthus – Turkey, Caucasus
 * 7) Osmanthus delavayi Franch. – Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
 * 8) Osmanthus didymopetalus P.S.Green – Guangdong, Hainan
 * 9) Osmanthus enervius Masam. & T.Mori – Taiwan, Nansei Islands
 * 10) Osmanthus fordii Hemsl. – Guangdong, Guangxi
 * 11) Osmanthus fragrans Lour. – Sweet osmanthus, sweet olive, fragrant tea olive – Himalayas (northern and eastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Assam), Indochina (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam), Japan, China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Sichuan), Taiwan
 * 12) Osmanthus gracilinervis L.C.Chia ex R.L.Lu – Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
 * 13) Osmanthus hainanensis P.S.Green – Hainan
 * 14) Osmanthus henryi P.S.Green – Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan
 * 15) Osmanthus heterophyllus (G.Don) P.S.Green – Holly osmanthus, holly olive, false holly, mock holly, hiiragi – Japan, Taiwan, Nansei Islands
 * 16) Osmanthus insularis Koidz. – Korea, Japan, Nansei Islands, Ogasawara Islands,
 * 17) Osmanthus iriomotensis T.Yamaz – Nansei Islands
 * 18) Osmanthus kaoi (T.S.Liu & J.C.Liao) S.Y.Lu – Taiwan
 * 19) Osmanthus lanceolatus Hayata – Taiwan
 * 20) Osmanthus monticola (Schltr.) Knobl. – New Caledonia
 * 21) Osmanthus pubipedicellatus L.C.Chia ex H.T.Chang – Guangdong
 * 22) Osmanthus reticulatus P.S.Green – Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan
 * 23) Osmanthus rigidus Nakai – Kyushu
 * 24) Osmanthus serrulatus Rehder in C.S.Sargent – Sichuan
 * 25) Osmanthus suavis King ex C.B.Clarke in J.D.Hooker – Assam, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar, Yunnan, Tibet
 * 26) Osmanthus urceolatus P.S.Green - Sichuan, Hubei
 * 27) Osmanthus venosus Pamp. – Hubei
 * 28) Osmanthus yunnanensis (Franch.) P.S.Green – Yunnan, Tibet

Species transferred to Cartrema:
 * 1) Osmanthus americanus (L.) A.Gray – Devilwood – southeastern US from Texas to Virginia; eastern and southern Mexico
 * 2) Osmanthus floridanus Chapman - Florida
 * 3) Osmanthus marginatus (Champ. ex Benth.) Hemsl. – Nansei Islands, Taiwan, Vietnam, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang
 * 4) Osmanthus matsumuranus Hayata – Assam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang
 * 5) Osmanthus minor P.S.Green – Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
 * 6) Osmanthus scortechinii King & Gamble – Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia
 * 7) Osmanthus sumatranus P.S.Green – Sumatra

 * Garden hybrids
 * Osmanthus × burkwoodii (Burkwood & Skipwith) P.S.Green (O. delavayi × O. decorus)
 * Osmanthus × fortunei Carrière (O. fragrans × O. heterophyllus)

Cultivation
Osmanthus are popular shrubs in parks and gardens throughout the warm temperate zone. Several hybrids and cultivars have been developed. Osmanthus flower on old wood and produce more flowers if unpruned. A pruned shrub often produces few or no flowers for one to five or more years, before the new growth matures sufficiently to start flowering.

In Japan, Osmanthus fragrans Lour. var. aurantiacus Makino (fragrant orange-colored olive) (kin-mokusei) is a favorite garden shrub. Its small deep golden flowers appear in short-stalked clusters in late autumn. It has an intense sweet fragrance. A variant with white flowers (gin-mokusei) is also popular.

Uses
The flowers of O. fragrans are used throughout East Asia for their scent and flavour, which is likened to apricot and peach.

In China, osmanthus tea combines sweet osmanthus flowers with black or green tea leaves. In Liuzhou, it is used to flavor a locally brewed beer. Sweet osmanthus and osmanthus tea are particularly associated with the city of Guilin whose name translates to "Forest of Sweet Osmanthus".

Chinese osmanthus dishes also include a steamed bread made from blended rice and wheat flour and chestnuts boiled with dried osmanthus flowers.

Osmanthus wine is prepared by infusing whole Osmanthus fragrans flowers in huangjiu or other types of rice wine and is traditionally consumed during the Mid-Autumn Festival.

PepsiCo makes osmanthus flavored Pepsi for the Chinese domestic market.

title: Osmanthus


text:
MLC

MLC may refer to:

Companies and organizations

 * MLC Limited, an Australian financial services company
 * Major League Cricket, American Twenty20 professional cricket league
 * Marine Logistics Command
 * Maritime Labour Convention
 * Mauritius Labour Congress
 * Meat and Livestock Commission
 * Mechanical Licensing Collective
 * Midwest Lacrosse Conference
 * Monarchist League of Canada
 * Mono Lake Committee, an environmental organization in Lee Vining, California
 * Motors Liquidation Company, the former General Motors
 * Movement for the Liberation of the Congo, a political party
 * Myanmar Language Commission

Schools

 * MLC School, New South Wales, Australia
 * Martin Luther College in New Ulm, Minnesota
 * Methodist Ladies' College (disambiguation)
 * Metropolitan Learning Center (Bloomfield, Connecticut), a 6-12 school
 * Metropolitan Learning Center (Portland, Oregon), a K-12 school
 * Midland Lutheran College
 * Minnesota Life College

Science

 * Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
 * Mixed leukocyte culture, an immunological assay
 * Multileaf collimator, a tool used for shaping radiation beams in external-beam radiotherapy
 * Myosin light chain, a subunit of myosin
 * Machine Learning Classifier, a type of artificial intelligence

Other

 * Legislative Council of the Isle of Man
 * 25 Martin Place, building Sydney, Australia formerly named the MLC Centre
 * MLC conjecture, on the local connectivity of the Mandelbrot set
 * Maharashtra Legislative Council
 * Member of the Legislative Council
 * Member of the Legislative Council (India)
 * Mercados Libres Campesinos
 * Military Load Classification, e.g. MLC 75, MLC 85
 * Motor landing craft, a British WWII landing craft
 * Multi-level cell, a type of flash memory
 * MLC Building (disambiguation)

title: MLC


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of notable birding-related books

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Eugene van der Pijll 21:16, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

List of notable birding-related books
Not an encyclopedic article. At the least, could be merged into a bird article. Elfguy 13:06, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, possibly rename or merge. Kappa 17:23, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to birdwatching, it's not too long an article and the info here would be an excellent addition to it. Dcarrano 00:11, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not too long an article currently, but give it time ... I have about another 30 books to add - SP-KP 00:44, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but move to a better title (as the author asserts he was preparing to do). -- BD2412 talk 00:13, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rename. Radiant_ >|< 13:12, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Dsmdgold 02:56, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Home (1988 TV program)

Home, also referred to as The Home Show, is a daytime informational talk show which aired on ABC from 1988 to 1994.

The program was co-hosted by Robb Weller with Sandy Hill and Nancy Dussault rotating as co-hosts during the first season. Gary Collins hosted the show for the remainder of its run. Co-hosts included Cristina Ferrare, Dana Fleming, Beth Ruyak and Sarah Purcell.

The show featured several regular contributors:
 * Fitness expert - Hanala Sagal
 * Interior design and craft - Sally Marshall, Dian Thomas, Carol Duvall, and Kitty Bartholomew
 * Technology - Marc Summers and Wil Shriner
 * Medical expert - Art Ulene
 * Handyman - Al Carell

The show's various directors were Arthur Forrest (who directed the pilot), Booey Kober, Bob Loudin, Jerry Kupcinet, Paul Forrest, and Bob Levy.

Mother Love joined the show as the announcer in the final season, replacing Bob Hilton.

Broadcast history
The series began as a half-hour program on January 18, 1988; reruns of Mr. Belvedere filled the four-month long gap between the cancelation of game show Bargain Hunters and the premiere of Home. After a 60-minute trial run in September 1988, it expanded permanently to an hour in January 1989 (upon the cancellation of Ryan's Hope), with reruns of Growing Pains moving from 11:00 a.m. to noon Eastern Time. However, some affiliates elected to only carry one half-hour of the program (this practice would carry over later to its successor, Mike and Maty). Home later expanded to 90 minutes and took over the noon slot once Match Game was canceled in 1991. The show reverted to 60 minutes in 1992, after the network officially abandoned the noon time slot to give that half-hour back to local affiliates, which in most cases, preempted the final half-hour in favor of local news.

The series was set to be cancelled in 1993, but this decision was reversed after ABC affiliates expressed dissatisfaction with its planned replacement, the importation of The Shirley Show from Canada's CTV, hosted by Shirley Solomon (which would later find a home in American syndication). Several stations, however, eventually placed the series in late night timeslots due to ratings issues or giving priority to local lifestyle or talk shows, such as the (City)'s Talking format seen on several ABC affiliates owned by Hearst Television.

On September 24, 1993, during a flu prevention segment, Burbank-based physician Dr. Edward Gilbert nervously appearing on television for the first time, encouraged vaccination for the season's variant by giving flu shots to the co-hosts live on-air. Gilbert inadvertently administered Collins and Purcell's respective shots using the same syringe without realizing it until just after administering Purcell's vaccine. Afraid the re-used and shared needle might have transmitted a disease between the two hosts, Collins underwent testing for HIV and hepatitis immediately after taping the broadcast as a precautionary measure, testing negative for both diseases.

Notwithstanding the temporary reprieve due to the network passing on Shirley, Home aired its last broadcast on April 8, 1994; its time slot would be taken over three days later by Mike and Maty, occupying the hour until its final broadcast on June 7, 1996, to be replaced on June 10 of that year by Caryl & Marilyn: Real Friends. After only a year, the latter series (following a nearly 2½-month run of repeats) was replaced on August 11, 1997 by The View, which occupies the time slot to this day and eventually gained back all clearance from the network's affiliates at its proper time.

(all times Eastern Time Zone

 * January 1988 – September 1988, 11:30am–12:00pm
 * September 1988, 11:00am–12:00pm
 * September 1988 – January 1989, 11:30am–12:00pm
 * January 1989 – July 1991, 11:00am–12:00pm
 * July 1991 – August 1992, 11:00am–12:30pm
 * August 1992 – April 1994, 11:00am–12:00pm

Hosts

 * Robb Weller (1988-1989)
 * Sandy Hill or Nancy Dussault (1988-1989)
 * Cristina Ferrare (1989)
 * Gary Collins (1989-1994)
 * Dana Fleming (1990-1991)
 * Beth Ruyak (1991-1992)
 * Sarah Purcell (1992-1994)

title: Home (1988 TV program)


text:
1927 in British television

This is a list of British television related events in 1927.

title: 1927 in British television


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sanjay Tank

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. Eugene van der Pijll 21:18, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Sanjay Tank
This smells of vanity. Delete Alynna 13:08, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Gets 31 Google hits, several of which are in fact about "Sanjay's Tank" --Alynna 13:11, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, self-promotion. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  13:33, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy author voted delete in article. --TheMidnighters 13:56, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, this is a newbie test. I've marked it as speedy. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  14:09, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:203.113.237.252

title: User talk:203.113.237.252


text:
Talk:Stanza

 * Less obvious manifestations of stanzaic form can be found as well, as in Shakespeare's sonnets, which, while printed as whole units in themselves, can be broken into stanzas with the same rhyme scheme followed by a final couplet, as in the example of Sonnet 116:

Let me not to the marriage of true minds            |\ Admit impediments. Love is not love                 | \ Which alters when it alteration finds,              | / All one stanza Or bends with the remover to remove:                |/ O no! it is an ever-fixed mark,                     |\ That looks on tempests and is never shaken;         | \ It is the star to every wandering bark,             | / All one stanza Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken. |/   Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks  |\ Within his bending sickle's compass come;           | \ Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,     | / All one stanza But bears it out even to the edge of doom. |/   If this be error and upon me proved,                 |\ I never writ, nor no man ever loved. |/ A couplet

 * comment: :::the analysis of a shakespearean sonnet is all wrong. a sonnet is, in its origins, a single strophe canzone, even though there seems to be a contradiction in terms, since a strophe, to be a strophe, must recur at least once.  the basic form of the italian sonnet is  section A, section A repeats; section B, section B repeats.  In shakespeare, we have (in these terms) AA:AB  where AB is itself a section B.  In a shakesperean sonnet the quatrains are cola, not stanzas.   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.54.37.234 (talk) 23:57, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

I have put some information about Stanza file (found on Internet). If you have more info about this, i would be pleased to hear from you dimitri at baikrich dot com.

clearly, a search for 'stanza' ought to reveal the poetry article as primary. the 'stanza file' section is extremely esoteric, and if not moved to its own article probably ought to be combined with som related programming article.

NOTICE: A verse is refered to in poetry as a single line, where a stanza is two or more grouped together by rhyme scheme, meter, etc... dbha hi is to 6 as moo is to.............[g

Error: Emily Dickinson poem
hi, the poem by Emily Dickinson as it appears on this page is incorrect. The actual poem reads:

(see, for example, Bartleby: http://www.bartleby.com/113/1022.html )

=
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I had no time to hate, because The grave would hinder me, And life was not so ample I	Could finish enmity. Nor had I time to love; but since	       5 Some industry must be, The little toil of love, I thought, Was large enough for me.

=
============

I made the correction, but it was reversed by user Kunalforyou. Not clear why. S

Help! Overzealous Editors are ruining Emily Dickinson!
Help! I've tried several times now to correct the Emily Dickinson poem in this wikipedia page, but overeager editors (including bots), like Kunalforyou, Qzd, Materialscientist, and ClueBot NG (so far) keep undoing my correction. At this point, it feels like harassment by the zombie mob. Can anybody help me save this poem? Thanks, SShrinkydink07 (talk) 10:46, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for correcting the word. It was changed by an IP editor at the end of October last year. There's no reason for anyone (or any bot) to change it again. I understand how frustrated you may be about "eager" editors undoing your correction, but please read our guidance on assuming good faith (and our policy on no personal attacks) and consider redacting your comments such as the above, and those including "...you need to start being careful about the way you use the tools you have been given." We're all human (except ClueBot NG) and are prone to making the occasional mistake. —S MALL  JIM   11:05, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

Hi Smalljim, thanks for your help. Shrinkydink07 (talk) 11:30, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

Interlanguage links
I don't know how to do it, but in Spanish this page should link to "Estrofa" (https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrofa). And I guess in many other romance languages there's the same issue. I tried to do it but it wouldn't be accepted since some other item already links there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.249.22.224 (talk) 23:43, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stanza


text: User talk:81.232.74.216

title: User talk:81.232.74.216


text:
Battle of Marj Ardabil

The Battle of Marj Ardabil or the Battle of Ardabil was fought on the plains surrounding the city of Ardabil in northwestern Iran in AD 730. A Khazar army led by Barjik, the son of the Khazar khagan, invaded the Umayyad provinces of Jibal and Iranian Azerbaijan in retaliation for Caliphate attacks on Khazaria during the course of the decades-long Khazar-Arab War of the early 8th century.

Barjik's expedition into northern Iran (and later into Kurdistan and northern Mesopotamia) may have been an attempt to establish Khazar rule south of the Caucasus Mountains.

An outnumbered force led by the Umayyad general al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah engaged the Khazars for three days. Ultimately, abandoned by many of their mawali auxiliaries, the Caliph's forces were overwhelmed and defeated. During the course of the battle, al-Jarrah was killed. The victorious Barjik mounted his head on top of the throne from which he commanded the battles of his Middle Eastern campaign. According to the historian Agapius, the Arabs suffered 20,000 dead and twice that number captured, a figure which probably includes the population of Ardabil and the surrounding territories.

Following their victory, the Khazars occupied Ardabil. The next year, however, Barjik led an army to Mosul and was defeated. According to Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari and other Arab historians, the Muslims were so enraged by Barjik's desecration of their commander's head that they fought with extra vigor. After the defeat at Mosul, the Khazar army withdrew north of the Caucasus Mountains.

title: Battle of Marj Ardabil


text:
Boon Keng MRT station

Boon Keng MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North East line in Kallang, Singapore.

Located underneath Serangoon Road just after the traffic junction with Towner Road and Boon Keng Road, Boon Keng station primarily serves the Boon Keng subzone and more importantly the residents residing in the area. Other than the HDB dwellers, residents of condos such as Eight Riversuites, Regent Residences and The Arcady at Boon Keng also benefited greatly from the convenience. The station was named after Lim Boon Keng, a Chinese physician who promoted health and educational reforms in Singapore.

History
The North East line (NEL) Contract 705 for the design and construction of Potong Pasir and Boon Keng stations and associated tunnels was awarded to the joint venture of Kumagai Gumi, Sembawang Engineering & Construction and Mitsui & Corporation on 23 June 1997 for $316.7 million. To facilitate the construction of the station, a part of Bendemeer Shopping Mall was demolished to make way for the construction of this station. The remaining portion of the building continues to be used for retail purposes today.

Art in Transit
Art in Transit at this station (Metamorphosis by Lim Poh Teck) features a bright tropical-themed painting on the concourse level, consisting of icons of everyday life used in the past and present.

title: Boon Keng MRT station