text:
Talk:SBV Vitesse

Vitesse-Feyenoord
I've removed the part about Vitesse having never lost a home match against Feyenoord. Vitesse has played 22 home matches against Feyenoord, which led to 6 victories, 6 defeats and 10 draws. Vitesse has lost at home to Feyenoord in 1972, 1979, 1981, 1994, May 1995 and December 1995. It is true that Vitesse has never lost to Feyenoord in the Gelredome stadium, but I don't see why that is relevant. Aecis 13:25, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Hersi
Should Hersi be listed as Dutch or Ethiopian? Yom 07:30, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
 * He's Dutch, he played at the World Youth Cup before . SportsAddicted 13:12, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

John Veldman
Who put John Veldman upthere as one of the big names of Vitesse? I'll remove the name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.92.252.77 (talk • contribs) 08:05, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Removed players
I have removed the following players from the Notable players section of the article: All these players are notable enough for Wikipedia articles, but not notable enough to be included in the Notable players section. The section is not an extensive list of everyone who's ever played for the club, that's what we have categories for. Aecis·(away) talk 22:35, 29 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Juan Gonzalo Lorca: played for Vitesse for only half a season, while out on loan. Played 24 matches and scored 2 goals. One of many players who have come and gone. Nothing remarkable.
 * Ante Mise: Again, has come and gone. 40 matches, 2 goals.
 * Giovanny Espinoza: 1 season, 28 matches. Came, played and left.
 * Dieter Burdenski: 3 matches, 0 goals. Had played for Germany in the past, but his last cap was about 6 years before joining Vitesse.
 * Paulo Rink: Half a season, 17 matches, 5 goals. Came and left.
 * Joaquin del Olmo: half a season, 15 matches, 4 goals.
 * Benedict Iroha: 4 seasons, 21 matches, 1 goal.
 * Stefan Nanu: 4 seasons, 61 matches, 1 goal.
 * Nick Deacy: 1 season, 9 matches, 0 goals.

Requested move 25 February 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. It appears we have consensus that SBV Vitesse is a preferable name. Cúchullain t/ c 15:24, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

Vitesse Arnhem → SBV Vitesse – I don't know who added the city name to the team name and is now going around Wikipedia, changing the name of the club to Vitesse Arnhem. That is not the name of the club. the name of the club is Stichting Betaald Voetbal Vitesse, abbreviated as SBV Vitesse, and commonly known as simply Vitesse. There is no mention of the city name anywhere. This is just a made up name, and nobody calls them that. I think some people like to add the name of the city to the club name, because they see it done in Germany. i.e. Eintracht Frankfurt, Bayer Leverkusen, etc. This is not commonly done in the Netherlands. The clubs in Holland which include the city in their name, are clubs that were helped out of financial problems by their municipalities, and as a stipulation add the city to the team name. Please let us change the page to the ACTUAL name of the club, and not make stuff up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Subzzee (talk • contribs) 21:02, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Why? - HyperGaruda (talk) 09:54, 26 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I copied their misplaced response to your question to the proper place for the rationale in their request above. – wbm1058 (talk) 18:08, 27 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Ah, so that's why. Thanks for solving! - HyperGaruda (talk) 12:02, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Support For football clubs we use the proper name of the club rather than the common name in order to achieve consistency, which is one of the five key naming criteria. This is why, for example, we have AFC Ajax, not Ajax Amsterdam. Number   5  7  00:03, 28 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:CONSISTENCY as mentioned by Number 57. I'd like to say that the claim "internationally known as Vitesse Arnhem" in the lead sentence is unreferenced. - HyperGaruda (talk) 12:02, 28 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Support - if this were a case like Inter Milan, then I'd say we go for the common English name, because almost nobody would use any other. However, as far as I can tell, by no means all English sources include "Arnhem", many just use "Vitesse", so this seems good to go, through the consistency argument and also WP:NATURAL disambiguation (since "Vitesse" alone is unavailable). — Amakuru (talk) 12:14, 4 March 2016 (UTC)
 * If most are in support of the move can we move the page to SBV Vitesse? I just tried but it was not permitted for some reason. Regards, (Subzzee (talk) 17:45, 3 April 2016 (UTC))

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on SBV Vitesse. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140407103925/http://au.sports.yahoo.com/football/epl/news/article/-/12931868/players-admit-vitesse-arnhem-attractive-thanks-to-chelsea-partnership/ to http://au.sports.yahoo.com/football/epl/news/article/-/12931868/players-admit-vitesse-arnhem-attractive-thanks-to-chelsea-partnership/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121104155705/http://www.vitesse.nl/nieuws/bericht/presentatie-nieuwe-nummer-2-tomas-kalas/1784 to http://www.vitesse.nl/nieuws/bericht/presentatie-nieuwe-nummer-2-tomas-kalas/1784
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120714024653/http://www.chelseafc.com/page/LatestNews/0,,10268~2841591,00.html to http://www.chelseafc.com/page/LatestNews/0,,10268~2841591,00.html

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:52, 9 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Vitesse logo.png

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:52, 27 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Lest we Forget.jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:08, 20 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Vitesse crest.png

Why Vitesse Arnhem?
The article says widely known as Vitesse Arnhem, which I've never seen actually. I've only ever seen them called Vitesse, or SBV Vitesse (full name) so I decided to search the internet thinking probably British news sources call them like that, which is not the case at all. British news sources are also simply calling the club Vitesse. Only on Wikipedia does it say that they are widely called Vitesse Arnhem. Where is this the case? Please provide proof, because this doesn't look right at all. It's simply Vitesse. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.97.201.154 (talk) 10:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but that is an incorrect statement. The official name of the club is Stichting Betaald Voetbal "Vitesse-Arnhem". The part of the name that is in quotes is the CORE of the name, outside the quotes is a secondary part of the name. You are aware that Vitesse takes precedence over SBV, I hope? So does the entire name in the quotation marks. That's why these quotes are there: to distinguish between the substantial and merely technical (incorporation) parts of the long name. gidonb (talk) 16:41, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

European record
It might be a good idea to split that off into a separate article soon. Govvy (talk) 14:33, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

"2023–24 SBV Vitesse season" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023%E2%80%9324_SBV_Vitesse_season&redirect=no 2023–24 SBV Vitesse season] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 19:13, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:SBV Vitesse


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title: User:Newkai/monobook.js


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Heterophobia

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus to delete -- Francs2000 | Talk 14:51, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Heterophobia

 * Heterophobia was nominated for deletion on 2005-06-18. The result of the discussion was "no consensus".  For the prior discussion see Votes for deletion/Heterophobia/2005-06-18.

 * Delete I'm nominating this again, because I still do not see any validity in the term outside of homophobic groups who think that the idea gays and lesbians acheiving equal rights would somehow affect heterosexuals. Revolución 12:34, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki and delete notable, but a really a dicdef - anything more will doubtless be covered elsewhere --Doc (?) 12:47, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, nomination explains notability. Encyclopedic topic. Kappa 12:55, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. I don't think there is much more to add to the article than this dicdef.-Poli (talk • contribs) 13:10, 2005 July 26 (UTC)
 * Delete despite a prior VfD this article is still little more than a uncited dictionary definition and this seems unlikely to change. Axon (talk|contribs) 13:13, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this encyclopedic topic. This is a well-written stub. --Infobacker 13:41, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as Kappa said; btw, we've got a nice example at biphobia as to something which has grown into an article Lectonar 13:42, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -Seth Mahoney 14:37, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism, but mostly because I'm a language stickler. Heterophobia combines the prefix hetero- (other, different) with the suffix -phobia (fear, dislike). Thus, heterophobia should mean "fear of things that are different", or something similar. Heterosexophobia (or something similar) would be a more appropriate term. Sadly, homophobia (which should mean fear of things that are the same or uniform) has taken on the meaning that should be covered by homosexophobia and is wide-spread enough that we must be forced to adopt the new meaning. Heterophobia, however, is not a wide-spread word and I don't see the need for an article promoting the misuse of the word until general use has forced us to. Maybe that's a good reason to delete, maybe it's not. I don't know, but that's the way I feel. --Pagrashtak 15:27, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. User:Pagrashtak, that's a terrible reason to delete, and would at best be a reason to rename.  These accusations of heterophobia exist and have to be treated somewhere, and here seems as good a place as any.  Morwen - Talk 15:46, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Expand Almost 10000 Google hits, and 5 books found on Amazon featuring heterophobia in the title http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/ref=br_ss_hs/104-5317081-3720754?platform=gurupa&url=index%3Dblended&field-keywords=Heterophobia&Go.x=0&Go.y=0&Go=Go etablishes noteriety. However, from a quick reading on the subject, heterophobia is used to describe fear of the opposite sex in the medical community, not fear of heterosexuals. This article needs to be rewritten, but should exist. Lyuokdea 5:00 July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point. In fact, -phobia defines heterophobia as fear of the opposite sex, as did a few pschology-related sites I found after a google search. --Pagrashtak 17:53, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The term does, however, get used in the way the article describes, so that definition clearly needs to be maintained in the article in some capacity. Bearcat 15:35, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article as now written goes beyond a dicdef.  The accusation may be baseless most of the time, but the fact that it's made as often as it is establishes notability. Doctor Whom 17:24, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, notable and real condition if rare.Gateman1997 17:47, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki I believe that all usage is either waggish or questionable, but given that homoerotophobia gave way to the barbarism homophobia about twenty-five years ago, this form follows, and offensive or waggish usage is still usage. Robert A West 20:11, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As Lyuokdea pointed out, the only thing wrong with the article is that it's describing the phobia incorrectly. I vote that the page is revamped, but kept. Nihiltres 20:24, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Clearly a significant topic. CalJW 20:33, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Voting keep once again. My opinion has not changed since previous vote. —  F REAK OF N URxTURE  ( TALK )  22:06, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as a neologism. Nandesuka 01:05, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 09:19, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A book has been written on the topic and there is widespread usage, so not a non-notable neologism. Valid topic. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:35, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Significant term, not a neologism. Sietse 13:49, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - it's a neologism, but a somewhat widely-used one. LexisNexis found a few recent uses of it, including a headline from a San Francisco Chronicle review and the first paragraph of a The Spectator article. CDC   (talk)  16:33, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per CDC. --Idont Havaname 18:43, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Neologism is not sufficient justification for deletion (for instance, inclusion of 'podcasting' etc is exceptionally useful) - nor is a dislike of the usage of a word. --Labbis 19:23, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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title: User:ThomasMielke/monobook.css


text:
Steen Steensen Blicher

Steen Steensen Blicher (11 October 1782, Vium – 26 March 1848 in Spentrup) was an author and poet born in Vium near Viborg, Denmark.

Biography
Blicher was the son of a literarily inclined Jutlandic parson whose family was distantly related to Martin Luther.

He grew up in close contact with nature and peasant life in the moor areas of central Jutland. After trying his hand as a teacher and a tenant farmer, he at last became a parson like his father and from 1825-1847 served in the parish of Spentrup.

As a clergyman, Blicher is said to have been less than inspired. His main interests were hunting and writing. In 1842, he was accused of alcoholism and abandoned from a Cooperation of Danish writers. Many struggles with his superiors the following years led to his dismissal shortly before his death.

He had ten children, seven sons and three daughters, with his wife Ernestine Juliane Berg, whom he married on 11 June 1810.

Prose
Blicher is known as the pioneer of the short story in Danish. From the 1820s until his death he wrote several tales that were published in local periodicals (mostly dealing with his home region), as well as historical and amateur scientific sketches. Much of this work is entertainment but as many as twenty or thirty pieces have been called literary masterpieces.

In his prose, Blicher describes human fate in his home region in Jutland. Blicher is often called a tragic and melancholic writer, but he is not without wit and humour.

Blicher is one of the first novelists to make significant use of the unreliable narrator theme in literature. Four notable examples are:

 * The Diary of a Parish Clerk, his break-through story, tells of a poor peasant boy’s troubled life with unhappy love, war and exile. Years after the main plot occurred, he discovers that the woman he was in love with for years, ended up as a poor, pathetic alcoholic. He spent his old age in resignation and distrust.
 * His sombre story The Hosier and his Daughter (twice filmed) that describes the mental breakdown of a girl because of unhappy love is a classic prose tragedy.
 * The Parson of Veilbye, written in the first person, is the first Danish crime novel. The narrator makes fatal wrong conclusions resulting in a wrongful conviction. It too has been filmed.
 * Tardy Awakening, a tragedy of adultery and suicide, is perhaps influenced by the fact, that he in 1828 found out that his wife had a love affair.

He had additional talents, too: E Bindstouw is a mixture of tales and poetry on the model of the Decameron, written in the Jutlandic dialect. Here he turns loose his humorous side.

Earlier reviews noted that Blicher’s literary skill lies in his descriptions of scenery, especially the Jutlandic moor landscape and its inhabitants: the long-suffering peasantry and “free” moor gypsies. Later some biographies pointed out his skills in describing tragedy and psychology.

Stylistically, Blicher alternates between his own detailed intellectual narrative style and the colloquial speech of peasants, squires and robbers.

Poetry
Blicher wrote poetry from the years of the Napoleonic Wars until his death. Among his most important poems are the melancholic Til Glæden (“To Joy”) from 1814, his interesting local patriotic song "Kærest du Fødeland" (Dearest You Birthland) that shows his love for his home region, and his impressive winter poem "Det er hvidt herude" (It is white out here), published in his notable poetry collection "Trækfuglene" (Birds of Passage) in 1838.

The whole collection "Trækfuglene" was inspired by a serious extended illness. In this uncharacteristic poetry work, he let a range of symbolic birds express his own personal situation.

The bluff and cheerful dialect poem Jyden han æ stærk å sej ("The Jutlander he is strong and tough") is from 1841.

Many of Blichers poems have been accompanied by melodies later on. Notable examples includes "Det er hvidt herude" often sung to a melody composed by Thomas Laub in 1914 and "Sig nærmer tiden, da jeg må væk" (The time approaches when I must go) sung to a melody composed by Oluf Ring in 1922, both from "Trækfuglene".

Political and social themes
Blicher was a man of far-ranging interests. Beginning as a conservative he developed into an eager critic of society, uniting the role of the enlightened citizen of the 18th century with modern liberalism. He tried to arrange national feasts in Jutland and proposed numerous laws and reforms, but he was never really accepted by the established liberal politicians.

Also something of an Anglophile, he translated British poetry, including Macpherson’s Ossian and novels such as Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield – once he even tried to write poetry in English.

Though being a member of the first Romanticist generation of Danish writers, Blicher is in many ways unique. He is more of a realist, dealing with broken dreams and with Time as man’s superior opponent. His religion is the old rationalist one.

He is a belated Danish pupil of the 18th century English epistolary style while, in his interest for dialect and peasants, he anticipates the regional writers who emerged around 1900, such as Johannes Vilhelm Jensen.

Present-day appreciation
Today Blicher is regarded as the pioneer of the Danish short story and regional writing. Many of his verses have been set to music and his best novels have been reprinted many times.

Steen Steensen Blicher never enjoyed international interest on the scale of Hans Christian Andersen or Karen Blixen, but in Denmark he is almost as well-known. In 2006, his novel Præsten i Vejlbye was adopted in the Danish Culture Canon, which means, officially one of the 10 Order of Merit novels in Danish literature of all time.

In Denmark, Blicher enjoyed fame and recognition in his own lifetime, and has been praised for his contributions to Danish culture ever since. In 1951, literary scholars initiated the Danish Blicher Society to "further and deepen the interest for Blichers life and writings", through various activities. They have awarded Blicherprisen (The Blicher Prize) annually since 1955 and the society is still active as of 2018.

Works

 * Brudstykker af en Landsbydegns Dagbog (1824, novella, "Diary of a Parish Clerk")
 * Sneklokken (1825, poetry, "The Snow Bell")
 * Røverstuen (1827, novella, "The Robber’s Den")
 * Ak! hvor forandret (1828, novella, "Alas how changed")
 * Sildig Opvaagnen (1828, novella, "Tardy Awakening")
 * Præsten i Vejlby (1829, novella, The Rector of Veilbye)
 * Kjeltringliv (1829, novella, "Gypsy Life")
 * Telse (1829, novella)
 * Hosekræmmeren (1829, novella, "The Hosier and his Daughter")
 * Trækfuglene (1838, poetry, "Birds of Passage")
 * De tre Helligaftener (1841 and 1846, novella, "Three Holliday Eves")
 * E Bindstouw, Fortællinger og Digte i jydske Mundarter (1842, novella-poetry, dialect)

Blicher's works in English

 * The Diary of a Parish Clerk and Other Stories. Pref. by Erik Harbo, introd. by Margaret Drabble, transl. by Paula Hostrup-Jessen. Athlone Press (1996) ISBN 0-485-11500-X
 * Tardy Awakening and Other Stories, ed. with afterword and comment. by Niels Ingwersen, transl. by Paula Brugge & Faith Ingwersen. University of Wisconsin (WITS II vol.#7, 1996).

title: Steen Steensen Blicher


text: Category:Make-up artists

title: Category:Make-up artists


text:
Hermann Busenbaum

Hermann Busenbaum (or Busembaum) (19 September 1600 – 31 January 1668) was a Jesuit theologian. He attained fame as a master of casuistry.

Biography
He was born at Nottuln in Westphalia (Germany). He entered the Jesuit order in 1619, and taught scholastic and moral theology in Cologne. He became rector of the Jesuit college at Hildesheim and then at Münster, where he died on 31 January 1668, being at the time father-confessor to Bishop Christoph von Galen.

Medulla
His book Medulla theologiae moralis, facili ac perspicua methodo resolvens casus conscientiae (1645) grew out of his lectures to students at Cologne. The manual obtained a wide popularity and passed through over two hundred editions before 1776. Although less bold in its declarations than some other Jesuit books, such as, for example, the Defensio Fidei (1613) of Francisco Suarez, it was the most complete and systematized in its exposition, and served as a type for succeeding treatises of the sort.

The theology of Medulla was generally well received within the Catholic Church. The book was published in all the major European centers of Catholicism and was widely used in seminaries as a manual on practical moral theology for 200 years. It received positive commentary from theologians including St. Alphonsus de Liguori, a Doctor of the Church.

The book met no significant opposition until Claude Lacroix (1652-1714) added considerably to its bulk. His editions in two folio volumes appeared in both Germany (1710–1714) and France (1729). In these editions, the sections on murder and especially on regicide were much amplified, and in connection with Damiens' attempt on the life of Louis XV the book was severely handled by the parlement of Paris. At Toulouse in 1757, though the offending sections were repudiated by the heads of the Jesuit colleges, the Medulla was publicly burned, and the episode undoubtedly led the way to the duc de Choiseul's attack on the Jesuits.

Other writings
Busenbaum also wrote a book on the ascetic life, Lilium inter spinas.

title: Hermann Busenbaum


text:
John Challis

John Spurley Challis (16 August 1942 – 17 September 2021) was an English actor. He had an extensive theatre and television career but is best known for portraying Herman Aubrey "Boycie" Boyce in the long-running BBC Television sitcom Only Fools and Horses (1981–2003) and its sequel/spin-off The Green Green Grass (2005–2009), as well as Monty Staines from the seventh series onwards in the ITV sitcom Benidorm (2015–2018). Challis was an established stage actor, making appearances for companies including the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre.

Early life
John Spurley Challis was born on 16 August 1942 at St Andrews Nursing Home Clifton, Bristol, England. An only child, his family moved to Southeast London when he was one year old. He grew up in Epsom, after the family moved to Surrey. Challis attended the state boarding Ottershaw School near Woking, Surrey. His father, Alec, was a civil servant at the Admiralty; his mother, Joan (née Harden), was a drama teacher and keen participant in amateur dramatics.

After leaving school, he worked as a trainee estate agent, before he "ran away with the Argyle Theatre for Youth".

Television and radio
At the outset of his television career, the 6 ft tall Challis was often typecast in authority roles. His first television role was in the BBC soap opera The Newcomers in 1967. Another early television role, also in 1967 was as a thief who stole Ena Sharples' handbag in Coronation Street; he would later have a recurring role in the series as Detective Sergeant Norman Phillips from 1975 to 1977. 1969 he played in the gangster drama Big Breadwinner Hog, and between 1971 and 1975 Challis made regular appearances in Z-Cars as Sergeant Culshaw. In 1971, he played the part of photographer Jim Wright in the highly popular tv soap Crossroads.

The sitcom Bloomers (1979), starring Richard Beckinsale, was written about Challis's experience working at a garden centre while taking a break from acting.

A role in the John Sullivan sitcom Citizen Smith led to Challis being cast as Herman Aubrey "Boycie" Boyce in Only Fools and Horses (1981—2003), which became his best-known role. Sullivan also created a spin-off for Challis, The Green Green Grass (2005—2009). The outdoor scenes of The Green Green Grass were filmed at his then-home at Wigmore Abbey, surrounding fields and local villages.

His other television appearances include Dixon of Dock Green, Thriller, The Sweeney, Doctor Who (The Seeds of Doom), Dracula, Beau Geste, Juliet Bravo, Bloomers, Ever Decreasing Circles, Doctor Snuggles, Chance in a Million, The Bill, One Foot in the Grave, Open All Hours, The New Statesman, Don't Wait Up, Soldier Soldier, Brass Eye, My Family, In Sickness and in Health, Benidorm, the end of which he felt spelt the end of his television career, and Heartbeat. During his appearance in a 1997 Channel 4 mockumentary Brass Eye television episode "Decline", he was tricked into believing Clive Anderson had been shot by Noel Edmonds. In 2006 he took a cameo role in BBC's The Impressionists as the stationmaster at the Gare Saint Lazare. In the 2008 episode "Is Jeremy Quite Safe?" of Last of the Summer Wine he guest-starred as a retired jewel thief with fanciful stories of his past exploits in the South of France. In 2012, he narrated the National Geographic Channel series Strippers: Cars for Cash.

On BBC radio, he played an interrogator in the play Rules of Asylum by James Follett, broadcast by BBC Radio 4 in 1973. He also played Dibden Purlew in Getting Nowhere Fast from 2001 to 2004.

He became an honorary citizen of Serbia, where Only Fools and Horses remains hugely popular. In 2020, Challis made the documentary Boycie in Belgrade, exploring why the show was so beloved in the Balkan country.

Theatre
Challis performed many stage roles, including with the Royal Shakespeare Company in the 1960s and the National Theatre. His first performance in London's West End was in Portrait of a Queen in 1965 at the Vaudeville Theatre. In 1977 he played a leading role at the Orange Tree Theatre in Richmond, in Sam Walters' production of Václav Havel's play The Memorandum. In 1979 he toured the US with Tom Stoppard's play Cahoot's Macbeth.

His work at the National Theatre included productions of On the Razzle (1979) and The Rivals (1983), with Michael Hordern, and Laughter on the 23rd Floor with Frank Finlay. In a 1993 tour with the National he starred along with Barbara Windsor, Kenneth Waller, and Christopher Villiers in a production of Entertaining Mr Sloane by Joe Orton. He appeared with Sue Holderness ('Marlene' in Only Fools and Horses) in Ayckbourn's Relatively Speaking, Time and Time Again and How the Other Half Loves, and the National Theatre's own production of Boycie and Marlene.

In 1995, at the height of the success of Only Fools and Horses, as an established Shakespeare actor he returned to the stage to appear in Richard III and A Midsummer Night's Dream at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre, and in 2000 he played Malvolio in Twelfth Night, at Stafford Castle and he performed at Ludlow Castle in As You Like It in 2011.

He was also featured regularly in pantomime productions in which he usually played the roguish or wicked roles, such as for example, Captain Hook in Peter Pan at the Plaza Theatre, Stockport, a role he reprised in 2018 at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham. He also appeared in pantomime at Weston Playhouse in winter 2011–12 playing Ebenezer in Aladdin and as King Rat in Dick Whittington at the Plaza over Christmas 2013 and New Year 2014. In 2013, Challis occasionally contributed to the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Live Tour as the narrator. In 2014, he began a theatre tour of his one-man show titled Only Fools and Boycie, which charted his life before, during and after his time as Boycie.

Personal life and death
Challis was married four times. His first wife, Jean Robertson, was a stage manager. His second and third wives were actresses Debbie Arnold and Sabina Franklyn. He married his fourth wife Carol Davies in Brighton in 1995 and in 1998 bought the Abbot's Lodgings at Wigmore Abbey Grange, Adforton, Herefordshire, which they proceeded to renovate. Challis had no children.

Challis was a patron of the British Hedgehog Preservation Society. He was an avid Arsenal supporter and the club paid tribute to him following his death. Challis wrote two volumes of autobiography, Being Boycie and Boycie & Beyond. In 2016, he wrote Wigmore Abbey: The Treasure of Mortimer about the renovation of his house's gardens.

Challis additionally was a patron and avid supporter of "The Rose Theatre" in Kidderminster, Worcestershire. The organisation also paid special tribute to Challis after his death.

Through Twitter, Challis became friends with American actor and musician Ice-T, with the pair exchanging gifts although never meeting in person.

Challis died of cancer in his sleep on 17 September 2021, aged 79. His death was reported two days later. He had been diagnosed with the disease in 2019.

Tributes were paid by a number of fellow actors and entertainers including his Only Fools and Horses co-stars Sir David Jason and Sue Holderness, as well as Ice-T, Paul Chuckle, Piers Morgan and Sheila Ferguson.

Books

 * 2011, Being Boycie, Wigmore Books Ltd., ISBN 978-0956906106
 * 2012, Boycie & Beyond, Wigmore Books Ltd., ISBN 978-0956906113
 * 2016, Wigmore Abbey: The Treasure of Mortimer, (photography by Alex Ramsey), Wigmore Books Ltd., ISBN 978-0956906144

title: John Challis


text:
Peruvian nationality law

Peruvian nationality law is regulated by the 1993 Constitution of Peru, the Nationality Law 26574 of 1996, and the Supreme Decree 010-2002-IN, which regulates the implementation of Law 26574. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a citizen of Peru. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal membership in a nation, differ from the relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Peruvian nationality is typically obtained either on the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in Peru; or under the rules of jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth abroad to at least one parent with Peruvian nationality. It can also be granted to a permanent resident, who has lived in Peru for a given period of time, through naturalization.

Acquisition
According to the Peruvian Constitution and nationality legislation passed in 1996 as well as an executive order declared in 1997, Peruvian nationality can be passed by birth via jus soli or by registration if born overseas and duly registered at a Peruvian embassy or consulate before the child reaches 18 years of age. As of March 2018, children born abroad to Peruvian parents are now able to register as Peruvian nationals even if they were not registered before age 18 (see next paragraph). In addition, infants or minor children found abandoned on Peruvian territory are assumed to be Peruvian nationals. This is consistent with the nationality law of most countries of the Americas. In 1992, Peru had a scheme of selling nationality to foreign investors for US$25,000. The scheme was closed the year after due to public outrage.

Beginning in March 2018, those children born overseas to Peruvian mothers or fathers who were not registered before reaching 18 years of age can now also acquire Peruvian nationality by applying at their local consular office abroad, under an amendment to Article 52 of the Peruvian Constitution.

Foreigners can also acquire Peruvian nationality, including:
 * Minor children born overseas to foreign parents who, having lived in the territory of the republic since five years of age, can elect to acquire Peruvian nationality at 18 years of age by applying to the nearest Peruvian consulate or embassy in their own country
 * Foreigners married to Peruvian spouses may acquire Peruvian nationality after two years of marriage and domicile in Peru.

Dual or Multiple Nationality
In common with many other Ibero-American countries, Peru's 1993 constitution explicitly states that nationals of Latin American countries and Spain do not lose their nationality upon acquiring Peruvian citizenship (many Latin American countries and Spain have similar reciprocal laws). In practice, multiple nationality is acknowledged and accepted by Peru and its consular and diplomatic staff. Peru allows people to have dual citizenship, which means you can be a citizen of Peru and another country at the same time, Peru allows individuals to have multiple citizenships, including triple citizenship. This means that a person can be a citizen of Peru, as well as two or more countries at the same time.

Naturalization
A person who has two years of legal residency in Peru, be it by marriage or other reasons such as work, can apply for naturalization. The two year requirement starts from the date one acquires residency in the country, provided that residency never lapses. The years must be consecutive. If a person has a work visa that expires, and renews it later, it doesn't count as two consecutive years. The renewal must happen before the expiration of the first. For married people (you need to marry someone who is already a Peruvian citizen), simply staying in the country is sufficient.

History
Peru declared independence from Spain in 1821 and adopted its first constitution in 1823. Under Article 10, it defined Peruvians as free men born in the territory, those born anywhere to a Peruvian mother or father, and those who were naturalized according to procedure. The 1826 Constitution granted Peruvian nationality to people who had worked for the nation's independence and the 1828 Constitution allowed foreigners who has served in the national military to become citizens. In 1834 a new constitution made provisions for foreigners married to Peruvian woman or those who practiced a profession or art to become naturalized after two years residency. In 1836, the Peru–Bolivian Confederation was formed and the Bolivian Civil Code of 1830 was adopted in the Peruvian States. Enacted in 1830, it provided that a wife must obey her husband, live where he chose to reside, and regardless of whether the husband's country granted his wife nationality, she lost her own nationality upon marriage. Because of the automatic change of nationality, only illegitimate children could derive nationality from their mother. With the dissolution of the confederation in 1839, Peru adopted a new constitution defining who were Peruvian by birth, which followed the same basic concepts of birth in the territory or birth abroad to Peruvians, and who could be naturalized. These concepts were adopted in the subsequent constitutions of 1856, 1860, 1920, and 1933. The 1933 constitution provided additionally that foundlings of unknown parentage were considered to have been born in Peru and were entitled to Peruvian nationality.

No specific civil code was in force after the Confederation collapsed, but a drafting commission was organized in 1845, which produced the Peruvian Civil Code of 1852. It required married women's nationality to be derived from their husbands. To repatriate, a woman could regain Peruvian nationality upon termination of the marriage by establishing her domicile in the territory. In 1933, Alfredo Solf y Muro, the Peruvian delegate to the Pan-American Union's Montevideo conference, signed the Inter-American Convention on the Nationality of Women, which became effective in 1934, without legal reservations. That year, Peru adopted a new constitution which provided in Article 6 that women acquired the nationality of their husbands, though it stipulated that unless she specifically renounced her Peruvian nationality she could retain it. A foreign woman's nationality was automatically changed upon marriage with a Peruvian husband. In the 1979 Constitution of Peru, the first constitution to specifically reference nationality, Article 93 provided that neither marriage nor its dissolution impacted Peruvian nationality.

title: Peruvian nationality law


text:
User:ThomasMielke

Please take a look at my german site: de:ThomasMielke

de:Benutzer:ThomasMielke

title: User:ThomasMielke


text: User talk:69.250.244.254

title: User talk:69.250.244.254


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KONSEC Konnektor

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 23:36, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

KONSEC Konnektor
Advertising. 186 google hits.Zeimusu | (Talk page) 13:29, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete as advertising, nn. Mmmbeer 21:09, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * delete - advertising, copyvio Josh Parris ✉ 08:05, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
John Aloisi

John Aloisi (born 5 February 1976) is an Australian former soccer player and current head coach of A-League club Western United. In a professional career that spanned 20 seasons, with league totals of 459 games and 127 goals, he was the first Australian ever to play and score in La Liga, the Premier League and Serie A.

He returned to Australia in 2007, with four seasons in the A-League. Aloisi was an integral member of the Australia national team for more than a decade, and represented the nation at the 2006 World Cup, being an essential figure in the qualifying stages. He also appeared for the Socceroos in two Confederations Cups. A former striker, Aloisi was described as a goal poacher who was able to "hold the ball up well and create opportunities for his teammates."

Early years and England
Born in Adelaide, South Australia, Aloisi attended Rostrevor College (92'). Aloisi arrived in Europe aged 16, signing with Standard Liège from Adelaide City. He did not appear in any official games for the club, and also played sparingly for his next team, fellow top division outfit Royal Antwerp F.C..

In November 1995, Aloisi signed for Italian side US Cremonese. On the 25th, after only two minutes on the pitch, he scored in a 2–1 home win against Calcio Padova, becoming the youngest foreign player ever to score in a Serie A match. Ultimately, the Lombardy team suffered two consecutive relegations, and he left the club.

Aloisi arrived in English football early in the 1997–98 season, signing for Portsmouth in the Division One, under the chairmanship of Australia national football team manager Terry Venables. He scored 12 goals in his first season in England as Portsmouth narrowly avoided relegation, bettering that total to 13 in the following campaign.

On 17 December 1998, Aloisi moved to the Premier League with Coventry City, who paid £650,000 for his services. He made his Sky Blues debut in a 1–1 home draw against Derby County, appearing as a late substitute; also coming from the bench, he netted in the next match, 1–1 against Tottenham Hotspur.

Aloisi scored twice in a 4–1 win against Aston Villa at Villa Park, which was Coventry's first ever away victory in the league against their Midlands rivals. Starting in the next game, against Charlton Athletic, he was sent off for punching Danny Mills, receiving a considerable ban.. For Portsmouth and Coventry combined, he finished the season with 18 goals.

Coventry were constantly threatened with relegation during Aloisi's time at the club, and finally went down at the end of the 2000–01 season after a 34-year top flight stay, with Aloisi scoring just three times. He scored a hat-trick against Preston North End in the season's Football League Cup – 4–1 home win, 7–2 on aggregate ). In June, he was allowed to leave Highfield Road, and came close to signing for Crystal Palace, but nothing came of it.

Spain
In 2001, Aloisi moved to Spain, joining Pamplona's CA Osasuna. He scored nine goals in 30 games in his first season in La Liga, being regularly used during his four-year spell in Navarre. On 11 April 2004, he played the full 90 minutes in a 3–0 away win against Real Madrid and, on 11 June of the following year, he netted in the Copa del Rey final, equalising in an eventual 1–2 extra time loss against Real Betis.

After a move to Panathinaikos F.C. collapsed, Aloisi signed for another Spanish outfit, Deportivo Alavés, on a free transfer. He scored ten goals in 2005–06, his best Spanish total, but the Basque team suffered top flight relegation.

Return to Australia
On 20 October 2007, it was announced that Aloisi had signed with the Central Coast Mariners FC for the remainder of the season. The team was able to not include his wages in the salary cap due to a loop hole relating to injured players. He made his debut in the A-League on the 28th against Sydney FC, in a 2–3 defeat.

On 3 March 2008, after failing to re-sign with the Mariners, Aloisi penned a two-year deal with Sydney FC, for an undisclosed fee reported to be $1.4 million a season, making him the highest-paid player based in Australia in any of the four football codes. He made his debut as a second-half substitute against Perth Glory FC at the Sydney Football Stadium, and scored his first goal for Sydney in a 2–0 upset win over archrivals Melbourne Victory FC.

On 18 February 2009, 33-year-old Aloisi was linked with a loan move to Shanghai Shenhua F.C. in China. He soon decided against the deal, opting instead to spend the entire pre-season with Sydney FC, under the club's new coach Vítězslav Lavička. He scored twice in a friendly with the Newcastle United Jets FC, and eventually started repaying the faith the team had in him by scoring a double in a 3–2 win against North Queensland Fury FC in Townsville, in the first game of the season; he finished the campaign – winning both the minor and the major championships – as the first Sydney player ever to reach double digits in a single season.

On 29 March 2010, Melbourne Heart FC signed Aloisi on a free transfer. He impressed at the new club and scored eight goals, including three against rivals Melbourne Victory, both the first goal ever in a Melbourne derby, and a brace which equalised the game at 2–2 after the Heart had been 2–0 down. On 12 February 2011, he played the final game of his career against former team Sydney FC, in the last round of the A-League season, scoring and being replaced by in the 83rd minute by Kristian Sarkies, to a standing ovation from the home crowd.

International career
Aloisi made his debut for the Australian national team in 1997. Also in that year, he was selected to the FIFA Confederations Cup, scoring in a 3–1 group stage win against Mexico for the eventual runners-up.

After representing Australia at the 2004 Summer Olympics as one of the three overage players, scoring three goals in an eventual quarterfinal exit, Aloisi finished second in the scoring charts at the 2005 Confederations Cup, netting braces against Germany and Argentina as the Socceroos did not manage one single point in three games. On 16 November 2005, Aloisi scored the decisive penalty against Uruguay in the 2006 FIFA World Cup playoffs, after a 1–1 aggregate tie. That goal meant Australia qualified to the FIFA World Cup for the first time since 1974. He was selected in the squad for the final stages in Germany and, on 12 June, came off the bench to score the third goal in a 3–1 group stage victory against Japan, thus becoming only the second Australian to score a goal at the World Cup finals, after teammate Tim Cahill.

On 21 July 2007, Aloisi scored in the 2007 AFC Asian Cup's quarterfinal match against Japan (1–1), in an eventual penalty shootout exit in Australia's first ever participation in that tournament. It would be the last of his 27 international goals, second-best behind Damian Mori at the time of his retirement.

After his return to the A-League, Aloisi ceased to be recalled by the national team. In early 2008, his penalty kick against Uruguay which took the Socceroos to the 2006 World Cup was voted by the Sport Australia Hall of Fame as one of three greatest moments in Australian sporting history.

Melbourne Heart
After retiring, Aloisi started a coaching career, being appointed youth manager at Melbourne Heart. On 8 May 2012, it was announced that he had accepted a three-year contract to be the manager of Melbourne Heart. On 5 October 2012, he got his first win as manager as Melbourne Heart beat rivals Melbourne Victory 2–1. Aloisi struggled in his first season as head coach, with Melbourne Heart coming ninth in the 2012–13 season and winning only one away game all season. The 2013–14 season did not start any better with the Heart managing 0 wins, 4 draws and 6 losses from 10 starts. On 28 December 2013, Aloisi was sacked as the manager of Melbourne Heart following the club's seventeenth competitive match without a win.

Melbourne Victory
On 9 February 2015, Aloisi joined Melbourne Victory FC as the development coach of its National Youth League and National Premier League sides.

Brisbane Roar
On 26 May 2015, Aloisi was named manager of Brisbane Roar. In both of his first two seasons at the club, the Roar achieved a top 4 finish in the league, and made it to the semi-finals.

In May 2017, Aloisi signed a new three-year contract to stay on as manager of Brisbane.

On 28 December 2018, Aloisi resigned as manager of Brisbane Roar following the club's poor start to the season, with the Roar second-last on the A-League ladder with just 1 win in 9 matches at the time of his departure. He left as Brisbane Roar's longest serving manager.

Western United
In July 2021, Aloisi was appointed as head coach of Western United, signing a two-year contract.

In May 2022, Aloisi guided Western United to the A-League Championship, with a 2–0 win over defending champions Melbourne City. The championship win saw Western United became just the second expansion side ever to win the A-League Championship, the quickest expansion side to win the championship, the first team since to triumph in their first grand final appearance since Brisbane Roar in 2011, and one of just two teams to have won the championship after finishing outside the top two, with Melbourne Victory first achieving this feat in 2018. Aloisi has been credited for overhauling the club's culture, which saw the club go from 10th place the previous season to champions the next season.

Personal life
Aloisi is of Italian descent through his grandparents, who are from Calabria. His older brother Ross, was also a professional footballer, and has served under him as an assistant coach.

A devout Catholic, Aloisi is married to Angela and has daughters: Alisia, Katia and Amaya.

Aloisi appeared on the cover of the Australian version of Pro Evolution Soccer 6.

In addition to his native English, Aloisi also speaks Italian and Spanish.

In 2020, Aloisi successfully underwent surgery to fix a tear in his mitral valve.

International

 * Scores and results list Australia's goal tally first.

Player
Adelaide City
 * NSL championship: 1991–92

Osasuna Central Coast Mariners
 * Copa del Rey runner-up: 2004–05
 * A-League premiership: 2007–08

Sydney FC
 * A-League premiership: 2009–10
 * A-League championship: 2010

Australia
 * FIFA Confederations Cup runner-up: 1997
 * OFC Nations Cup: 2004

Individual
 * FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Shoe: 2005

Manager
Western United
 * A-League championship: 2022

title: John Aloisi


text:
Santa Mariña de Ribeira

Ribeira, Santa Mariña de (Also Sta. Marina de Ribeira in Spanish Castillian) is one of the 51 boroughs which constitute the, predominantly very rural, municipality of A Estrada, Pontevedra, Galicia North Western Spain.

It is located at 42.74033°N, -8.43933°W. Altitude: 74m

title: Santa Mariña de Ribeira


text:
User talk:ThomasMielke

Please send me any comments over my german talk site: de:ThomasMielke. Thank you!

title: User talk:ThomasMielke


text:
Allan A. Moss

Allan A. Moss (December 3, 1854 – 1929), referred to as A. A. Moss, was the mayor of Newport News, Virginia. He is the only person to date to have served two non-consecutive terms. His first span of office covered three two-year terms, from September 1, 1898, to September 1, 1904. By 1916, the term in office was extended to four years, and he served again from September 1 of that year to September 1, 1920. His terms saw continued growth of the city in its early state (having only been incorporated as an independent city in 1896). He presided over the dedication of the Newport News Victory Arch in 1919.

title: Allan A. Moss


text:
Talk:Fork (system call)

Mythos
What about deleting that paragraph? I'm not sure whether the author was aware of the fact that he described the infamous "forkbomb" which has its own article and is already linked below. Further "mythos" is never actually explained. Also I doubt this is the right place for "honorable mentions" of fork or whatever else. There would be no end if you did this for all articles. If at all, the article about the Matrix should link to fork but not vice-versa. Anyway, I remove it from the article. --82.141.49.144 03:55, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * While I agree with much of this, rather than saying mythos, I think that "geek culture" is probably a bit better, as the term has seeped into "pop" culture. McKay 00:07, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Make code compileable
I can't compile the code. Someone could add the propriate header files. It invite readers to experiment with fork. The line with the /* Note */ should be changed and the note should be removed. I have no clue what the author meant with that. --Bernard François 14:58, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * From what I can see this code only needs the unistd.h (or stdlib.h if that doesn't work) header file, sometimes it also needs an extra include such as /sys/type.h or /sys/types.h, but this is sytem dependent. Also, the code should be in a main function. I'm not going to change the code on the page because it is only sample code. Regarding the /* Note... */, this line uses _exit, which is different from exit, (it has no underscore). These things may be effectively the same (actually they probably are - an exit works fine here), but you'd need to see the source code for each of them. --Pyrofysh 06:36, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * But why did the author use _exit instead of exit at all in the child? --84.188.202.21 14:31, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The standard library does some clean-ups with library call exit (flushes buffers, closes file descriptors). Also, any files created with tmpfile are closed, and some other things may occur also that one would prefer not to happen until the parent exits. The system call _exit unconditionally exits. In addition, had vfork been used instead of fork, very unexpected things can happen because the memory is shared, if exit is called before an exec; but sensible people don't use vfork. Agarvin 20:03, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

SMP
Forks fully utilize SMP, right?

 * If you mean Symmetric MultiProcessing, this depends more on the operating system's implementation of process handling than on the fork call. All fork does in most implementations is make a copy of a current process. --Pyrofysh 06:41, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Clean code
Why is there a declaration of "int i" at the start of the code when it is only used in one of the for loops? Why not declare int i & j at the start, and forget about "i" at the beginning? Consistency? Maybe I am missing something?
 * Nope, not missing anything - this is fixed. Steeltoe 05:13, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * On that note, some compilers will not compile the code unless all variables are intialised at some point in the function. Currently i is only initialised under the "else if(pid <0)" condition, and j is only intialised under the "if(pid==0)" condition. As neither of these variables will be initialised under all cases, those compilers will cause an error. Ideally both int i and j should be declared at the start, because c intialises ints on declaration (even if it sometimes is to nonsense).
 * I'm just putting this note here in case someone doesn't understand why their code doesn't compile - I think that the current code should remain unchanged regarding this because it is simpler having variables declared where they are used (in this case), additionally, most modern compilers don't suffer from this problem. --Pyrofysh 10:22, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

exit
I've created an article for the inverse operation, exit. - Loadmaster 16:36, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Fork is not critical to the Unix design philosophy
Forking is an important part of Unix, critical to the support of its design philosophy, which encourages the development of filters.

Concurrent processes are necessary for the development of filters. Whether they are implemented using fork, or some other primitive such as spawn, is surely an implementation detail? --DavidHopwood 18:26, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yet fork predates spawn by at least a decade or two. I'll wager that many Unix programmers don't even know there is a spawn function. Likewise, a huge amount of Unix code relies on fork/exec to operate. — Loadmaster 03:51, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

 * No, I don't think it is just an implementation detail. I believe Fork well conforms to some basic Unix principles, if not intently, at least coincidently and so be persevered by natural selection over time.

 * Among other principles, Unix has two important principles,
 * 1. Each component should do one thing, and do one thing well.
 * 2. Fundamental component (especially like kernel) should provide mechanism rather than policy.

 * Among the kernel's jobs, to create a new task and to decide what new job the new task should do are two separate things. Although most of newly-created task is to load another executable from the disk, but that's not always the case. A newly-created task may run the same code as its parent, with the same or different input, or it may load new executable code from network or other media than disk, or it may even compute new code by its own.

 * Therefore to implement a system call that creates a new task AND loads new executable code is a bad idea. If you insist to do so, you come across the second difficulty that is how you determine the way the new executable code is loaded. To enforce the new code always loaded from disk is crude. To provide several predefined ways is better, but still it enforces policy to users.

 * On the other hand, to create an empty task is also not practical. Can an empty task exist at all? I don't know. But how an empty task decide what it go next step. It can't. So either kernel or another task has to make a decision for it. Kernel should not provide policy so it shouldn't make such a decision. Another task doing so will violate process separation basically. To let the newly-created task duplicate its parent is a handy and elegant choice. It involves only memory operation (and by COW the memory opt is also minimized). It does not violate process separation and make the child-process have maximal flexibility to decide what next step to go. So fork does one thing only and well and push as much policy as possible up to the user space. — Feng Dong 11:44, 28 May 2008 (+0800)

 * I don't really know how to reply in a wiki, sorry.
 * It may be nice to imagine that UNIX has some fundamental principles that it does not violate, it's sadly not true. There are examples with fork/exec itself.
 * FD_CLOEXEC, ancient unix programs would have a little for loop to close all fds from 3 to 255 in the child, but then it was realized that say a library may want to indicate some not to close, an example of exec doing more than one thing now.
 * alarm and fork, old versions had the bug that the child could get the signal, so not only is fork also doing peculiar things about masking certain signals, it is now also canceling timers.
 * stdio did not mesh well with exit (say the exec failed), an exit was doing more than just terminating the process, so _exit was added.
 * Soon people realized that fork was expensive (even with COW) to just exec a new image shortly afterwards, so vfork was added, again doing less than fork.
 * There was signal, that was originally racey, so sigaction was added to do more.
 * wait, later waitpid and wait4, SIGCHLD, sigaltstack, termio differences, all the work into the STREAMS dead end, the list goes on about how things were extended to do more and less over the years as programmers discovered the need.
 * A spawn-like is needed in UNIX, simply vfork is pretty gross, old man pages even say it is not safe to do little more than _exit or exec from the child. There are now huge VM spaces, that is wasteful to mark COW to just tear down again during the exec. Moreover pretty much on anything now (even Linux has a tunable for this) there needs to be enough swap available for the fork to succeed. This is just another case of after time systems programmers seeing that there was something lacking.
 * It's sort of a mess though, look at the SUSv3 posix_spawn and the related interfaces that are related to posix_spawn_file_actions_init and posix_spawnattr_init. All of this just to deal with with doing some of the typical stuff a programmer might wish to do between a fork and exec. It is also poorly designed, say you are in a multi-threaded program and you close a fd that happens to get closed by another thread, the spawn fails with errno EBADF, you might as well use FD_CLOEXEC.
 * That sort of alludes to another issue about UNIX, there were some poor decisions that after 20 or so years made other things more complicated. Think about when pthreads were added and the semantics on addr lookup in BSD sockts, errno work arounds, signal issues, and fork itself (look at the mess of fork, fork1, and forkall in Solaris in particular). Actually something should be added about locked mutexes in the child and that now the standard specifies that fork only forks the calling thread in the child to the article itself, it is a detail like that stdio already in the article.
 * So no matter how much we wish it to be true, UNIX is not pretty, and systems programming is hairy and always will be. Yes fork is a do one simple thing concept, but the later vfork did even less, and then when you are running into not enough swap to fork that 8GB db process to run a shell script, you realize that something like system that takes exec like array args and does not do all the VM stuff was a sorely lacking feature. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.225.103.35 (talk) 22:33, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Fork, IIRC, was done in response to the hairy spawn-equivalent task-starter in MULTICS. (I believe this is citable, though I don't have the citation.)  The idea was that rather than create an N-argument task starter that was always in a state of flux as people came up with new OS features, that a simple fork call in conjunction with inheritance and optional overriding would be much simpler, especially when it came to creating pipelines.  As it was.  It has nothing whatsoever to do with the ability to create filters, shells, pipelines, etc., and the opening section of this wiki entry is misleading.  Also, original Unix generally favored small over efficient due to the machines upon which it was developed.  The downside of fork is that this simplicity is largely predicated on Unix's single-threaded process model, and once that went away we got into the current situation. ISC PB (talk) 00:28, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Merge with Fork Paging
It has been suggested to merge Fork Paging with this article. Add your comments below.

Splitting of section
This page is good and helps me on how to program fork in C. But I would suggest first to put the discussion of more technical aspects like vfork in a separate page. Secondly, could some more examples in C be provided? What about communication between forked processes for example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.53.128.59 (talk) 09:01, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Does vFork really fork ?
vFork seems to be some very broken implementation. I cannot fork with it, the Master always blocks for the child as soon as the child is started, diminishing any purpose of creating a fork at all. (no concurrency). I do not see it in the article mentioned ? Is that behaviour so "normal" that it does not even need mentioning? --89.247.43.241 (talk) 01:49, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

 * vfork is a rather special case of fork, and isn't applicable to all the uses where fork could be used. I believe the linux man-pages describe it rather well. Note that there exists some controversy to whether or not vfork should be in libc at all—just look for the heading Bugs on the page linked. Imho, and this is a rather subjective opinion, vfork has it's niche use cases but shouldn't be undertaken lightly by the novice programmer; without a proper understanding of the limitations and advantages it's likely to run up more debugging hours than it's worth.
 * --Knneth (talk) 21:02, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Even on SunOS that introduced a Copy on Write fork in 1987 (together with many other new address space features) vfork is still 3x faster than fork. For this reason, vfork is of course kept in the OS, even though it has some spacial constraints. vfork helps to increase the performance of shells, even though there are few shells that support vfork: csh (since ~ 1978), bsh (since 1986), ksh93 (since ~ 2000), Bourne Shell (since 2014). For the performance improvements for ksh93, you need to ask David Korn, for the Bourne Shell I did the conversion and a typical "configure" run results in aprox. 30% better performance with a Bourne Shell that uses vfork only for 1/3 of the fork calls. Schily (talk) 12:46, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Osiris (talk) 07:02, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Fork only duplicates the calling thread
At least with POSIX threads, forking a process creates a process with a single thread, i.e. only the thread that called fork(2) is duplicated, see e.g. Is it safe to fork from within a thread? or Chapter 6 in David R. Butenhof's book "Programming with POSIX Threads". Should the article mention this or would this be out of scope? — Tobias Bergemann (talk) 13:39, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

Importance of forking in Unix
The section "Importance of forking in Unix" claims (without a source) that

 * Forking is an important part of Unix, critical to the support of its design philosophy

I don't think this is true. The ability to run multiple programs is critical to the Unix philosophy, and for that matter to any multiprocessing operating system. The section does have a point when it describes the combination of forks and pipes, which is quite simple in Unix but then again, (1) fork is older than pipe (V1 vs. V3 Research Unix, IIRC) and (2) the pipelining mechanism could have been implemented in a different way, e.g. by a combined fork/exec system call that can also set file descriptors. Maybe that would violate worse is better, but I see nothing particularly important about fork for the support of shell pipelines. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 14:08, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

Origin of vfork
It is mentioned that vfork was first appeared in 3BSD, but FreeBSD's manual page claims that vfork was first appeared in 2.9BSD. Stevens and Rago in the Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment also claim that vfork was originated from 2.9BSD (p. 234). I think this conflict arises from that the vfork system call was removed in 4.4BSD (according to Stevens and Rago), but later systems added it back (as mentioned in the Linux manual page). -- Bkouhi (talk) 02:35, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Seems like they're wrong. 3BSD has a vfork(2) manual page, and 3BSD predates 2.9BSD by four three years. (The 2.9 series was continued into the 1990s, though not by Berkeley; 2.9 was a 4.1cBSD backported to the PDP-11.) The NetBSD people know this too. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 11:39, 14 March 2015 (UTC)

Wrong text for vfork in the article
Quoting Bach does not seem to be a good idea for giving citations for the relevance of vfork. Bach did never really use vfork...

You should rather ask people who implemented vfork in a shell and did performance analysis on the results. So rather ask Bill Joy, David Korn or me. vfork is still 3x faster than the COW based fork introduced by SunOS-4.0 that is now available in SVr4 as well. Schily (talk) 12:51, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

fork in other operating systems
According to project genie fork originated there. The two articles should be reconciled. (I do not understand why the preview shows project genie as a missing article.)

"The fork mechanism (1969) in Unix and Linux maintains implicit assumptions on the underlying hardware". This sentence is self-contradictory. The listed assumptions did not hold for the hardware on which Unix ran in 1969 and some years after. Mdmi (talk) 06:10, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

 * It's spelled Project Genie; article titles are case-sensitive except that the first character is capitalized automatically. You're right about the hardware requirements: paging (VM) Unix post-dates fork by a decade. Removed that. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 15:38, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

posix_spawn based on fork is slow
Just for your information: Linux is not a POSIX OS and what Linux does is not a gauge for POSIX OS.

A fast posix_spawn needs vfork and that a posix_spawn implemented on top of fork is a slow and useless restriction.

If you like to do a decent comparison of fork and vfork, you need to check an OS that implements a modern fork and a vfork. Solaris implements both fork variants:

 * the new copy on write fork call, that was invented by SunOS-4.0 in late 1987.

 * the traditional vfork that shares MMU descriptors instead of sharing memory in the fork above.

Vfork is still 2.6x faster than the new copy-on-write fork for the recent version of the Bourne Shell (160kB size) on my home machine. This causes a noticeable speed-up for "configure" compared to an old non-vfork aware Bourne Shell.

Note that there are currently 4 known shells that support vfork:

 * csh - the first - vfork was written for csh before 1980

 * my bsh uses vfork since 1985

 * ksh93 uses vfork since ~ 1993

 * The recent Bourne Shell uses vfork since 2014

The shells using vfork are noticeable faster than other shells. Schily (talk) 13:47, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Who says we're restricting our attention to POSIX-compliant OS's? The source finds Linux important enough to mention it; the Solaris source code is not enough to establish one implementation strategy as "typical". Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 14:05, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Didn't you read the article? It mentions that vfork was removed from POSIX. BTW: You are welcome to present source code for other POSIX certified implementations (e.g. AIX). Schily (talk) 14:08, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

double fork
I think double fork is a notion that should be mentioned. The attempt I am aware of is at line 110 at https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fork_%28system_call%29&action=historysubmit&type=revision&diff=748268941&oldid=748250332

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.120.133.176 (talk) 14:47, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

Should add reference to Microsoft's "A fork in the road" paper
https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3317550.3321435 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.25.27.1 (talk) 03:55, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Perhaps - see also this - (provided that it doesn't devolve into yet another mess. There are a few related sources (see this), but so far no third-party sources which contrast those. TEDickey (talk) 07:58, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

unfortunate, etc
There's a quote from version 3.something of the Linux kernel manpages, which isn't in release 5. Actually (see change) that was removed silently in 2012. The link could be repaired, e.g., with this, or trimmed. TEDickey (talk) 22:45, 25 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fork (system call)


text:
Parade of Champions

The WCCW Parade of Champions was a series of professional wrestling supercards promoted by Fritz Von Erich's World Class Championship Wrestling first in 1961, in 1972 and then annually from 1984 through 1988. Von Erich used the "Parade of Champions" name in 1984 as a way to honor his recently deceased son, David and the subsequent Parade of Champions were all "Von Erich Memorial" Parades of Champions. At the inaugural Von Erich Memorial event, in front of the largest crowd ever to watch a pro wrestling event in the United States up to that point, Kerry Von Erich defeated Ric Flair for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, only to lose it back to Flair 18 days later in Yokohama, Japan. Over the next few years, Von Erich altered the names as tragedy repeatedly struck his family. The Parade of Champions was the most recognized event that World Class Championship Wrestling, later known as World Class Wrestling Association, promoted. There was a Parade of Champions super card held by Southern Sports (precursor to WCCW) in 1961 and another held by Big Time Wrestling (the previous name of WCCW) in 1972. All Parade of Champions supercards were held at Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. A wrestling organization out of Texas called NWA Southwest ran an event in late August, 2010, called Parade of Champions, which it claimed was the "Longest Running Wrestling Event In Texas History Dating Back To 1972," but there was no actual connection between the WCCW show event other than the name.

Southwest Sports Parade of Champions
The Southwest Sports Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Southwest Sports on January 31, 1961 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. Southwest Sports would later be named Big Time Wrestling, then World Class Championship Wrestling and finally World Class Wrestling Association.

Southwest Sports Parade of Champions
The Southwest Sports Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Southwest Sports on January 29, 1963 at the Dallas Sportatorium in Dallas, Texas. Southwest Sports would later be named Big Time Wrestling, then World Class Championship Wrestling and finally World Class Wrestling Association.

Southwest Sports Parade of Champions
The Southwest Sports Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Southwest Sports on June 4, 1963 at the Dallas Sportatorium in Dallas, Texas. Southwest Sports would later be named Big Time Wrestling, then World Class Championship Wrestling and finally World Class Wrestling Association.

Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions
The Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Big Time Wrestling on June 24, 1972 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. Southwest Sports would later be named World Class Championship Wrestling and later on World Class Wrestling Association.

Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions
The Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Big Time Wrestling on March 26, 1974 at the Memorial Auditorium in Dallas, Texas. Big Time Wrestling would later be named World Class Championship Wrestling and later on World Class Wrestling Association.

Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions
The Big Time Wrestling Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Big Time Wrestling on March 27, 1974 at the Municipal Auditorium in San Antonio, Texas. Big Time Wrestling would later be named World Class Championship Wrestling and later on World Class Wrestling Association.

Superbowl of Wrestling
The Superbowl of Wrestling was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based Big Time Wrestling on June 5, 1976 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. Big Time Wrestling would later be named World Class Championship Wrestling and later on World Class Wrestling Association.

1st Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions
The 1st Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) on May 6, 1984 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The event was held by WCCW promoter Fritz Von Erich in memory of his son David Von Erich, who had died in February, 1984. In the main event David's brother Kerry Von Erich faced the NWA World Heavyweight Champion Ric Flair, taking the title match that was originally planned for David Von Erich that same year. In a very emotional match Von Erich defeated Flair to win the championship in honor of his brother.

2nd Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions
The 2nd Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) on May 5, 1985 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The event was held by WCCW promoter Fritz Von Erich in memory of his son David Von Erich that had died in February, 1984. As a result of Kerry Von Erich's victory over the One Man Gang, manager Gary Hart had his head shaved bald. If Kerry lost, Fritz would have to come out of retirement and face One Man Gang one-on-one. The match between The Fantastics and The Midnight Express for the vacant NWA American Tag Team Championship was held in two rings side-by-side. The Midnight Express' manager Jim Cornette was handcuffed to the Fantastics cornerman, "Little John", who stood over 7 feet tall. Referee David Manning awarded the match and the title to the Fantastics, although Manning's pin count of a Fantastics member pinning a Midnight Express member started after referee Rick Hazzard's pin count of a Midnight Express member pinning a Fantastics member ended at 3. This match appears on the WWE Home Video "The Triumphs and Tragedies of World Class Championship Wrestling" DVD. Per stipulations, the winning team of the main event split $100,000 and the wrestler who eliminated the last wrestler won a brand new Lincoln Continental. Kevin Von Erich won the event with a spectacular dive from one ring over the ropes to another to pin Steve Williams. After the match, Gino Hernandez destroyed the windshield of the Lincoln Continental with a chain, with Chris Adams placing a boot on the destroyed windshield for good measure causing it to cave in.

3rd Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions
The 3rd Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based World Championship Wrestling Association (WCWA) on May 4, 1986 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The event was held by WCCW promoter Fritz Von Erich in memory of his son David Von Erich who died in 1984. On the show the Great Kabuki was to have faced four wrestlers in this handicap match, one at a time. The fourth wrestler he was to have faced was Chris Adams. Michael Hayes began berating Adams after Steve Simpson defeated Kabuki, prompting Adams to superkick both Hayes and Kabuki out of the ring.

4th Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions
The 4th Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based World Championship Wrestling Association (WCWA) on May 3, 1987 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The event was held by WCCW promoter Fritz Von Erich in memory of his sons David Von Erich and Mike Von Erich.

This event won the 1987 award for Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic from the Wrestling Observer Newsletter; the combination of Mike Von Erich's name attached to the event (his suicide had been less than a month before it) and use of stipulations such as a scaffold match and women's mud wrestling was seen as exploitative.

5th Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions
The 5th Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions was a major professional wrestling event held by Dallas, Texas based World Championship Wrestling Association (WCWA) on May 7, 1988 at the Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The event was held by WCCW promoter Fritz Von Erich in memory of his sons David Von Erich and Mike Von Erich. The fifth version of the Parade of Champions would be the last show promoted under that name by the Von Erich family. Also only highlights of select matches aired on ESPN.

External sources

 * Parade of Champions Results at World Class Tribute
 * WCCW Wrestling Cards at the Wrestling Information Archive

title: Parade of Champions