text:
Talk:Perplex City

overshot
Hey - I thought you overshot the mark a bit in trying to be even-handed and it came across a little wrong, so I've made a few changes. Hope that's OK! guyp.

I'm quite fFond of the game myself, and tried hard not to put an entirely positive spin to the contents. But having done so much work on the PXC-wiki, i was amazed to see noone had put an entry up over here. It's not perfect, but it's pretty good i think. -- 05:40, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

You know, Scott, you forgot to put in a link to BrianEnigma's Perplex City Trades - which, although not an official (i.e., Mind Candy-created) site, is still an important resource for the game. --SpecOp Macavity 00:10, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * As a symantic note, PCT is run by skenmy, while brian runs the card catalog. It wasnt up until a while after i compiled this article, hence it's exclusion.  There's actually a number of in-game sites which have opened up which should probably be added to the article, such as the PCAG, and the receda trail.  I'm thinking however minor sites (like ascendancy point and the receda trail) may not be all that necesarry.  The game will no doubt continue fFor a time, and eventually the receda trail, fFor example, may fFade fFrom memory and importance.  In any event, thank you fFor adding PCT, Mac.  And Hi :) -- Skotte 10:01, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem, Scott. Glad I could help. --SpecOp Macavity 20:42, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

End of Spoilers
I'd like to read about Perplex City but I don't want to learn any details that could give me solutions, as I would still like to play through some of the season 1 cards (even though the season is over). In the article there is a spoilers warning. Could someone please put in an end of spoilers warning whereever it's safe to start reading again? I would do it myself, but that would mean reading the article... thanks! --Duozmo 04:47, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * created "Plot" section. Avoid reading that area and you should be fine (hopefuly)--sin-man 08:50, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Riemann hypothesis impossible?
I'm not a regular Wikipedia editor (actually this is my first 'contribution'), but I just wanted to point out the use of the word 'impossible' to describe what is referred to as the 'Riemann equation'. I am assuming that this refers to the Riemann hypothesis, one of the Clay Mathematics Institute's Millenium Prize problems. The Riemann hypothesis is not impossible, in the literal sense. Indeed, if the problem were impossible, then it would already be solved (several of Hilbert's problems, for example, have been 'solved' by showing that they are impossible to solve.)

I have removed the word 'impossible' and linked to the article on the actual problem rather than the man Bernard Riemann, as well. I'm not familiar with how Wikipedia works behind the scenes, if you will, so I apologize in advance if I am doing anything wrong. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.210.173.210 (talk) 07:31, 25 December 2006 (UTC).

Not clear enough
The article isn't really clear enough about how the game works. It more or less says that the object of the game is to find a hidden cube using clues that are found on some collectable cards, which is understandable enough.

However, it later states that the cards aren't needed to play the game, and that the cards are only "loosely related" to the game - which raises the question, how exactly do you play the game if the cards aren't an essential part of it? I'm left none the wiser. 217.155.20.163 21:26, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

I came to this article looking for information on how much the cards cost, and how much one might have to invest in order to win the prize. No information on either topic was found. Perhaps someone familiar with the game could include the cost of the cards, and how many card packs might need to be purchased in order to have a decent shot at winning? Loverevolutionary 19:06, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Receda Cube found
Not exactly sure how I'd go about making this edit, so I'll just talk about it instead. The Receda Cube was found, and the lucky guy has recieved his prize. A number of sources are available for this, including the main PXC site, the Sentinel (perplexcitysentinel.com, an in-game newspaper), and the unfiction forums (forums.unfiction.com, an ARG player community site). Season two is slated to start 1 March 2007. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 63.163.61.3 (talk) 13:04, 9 February 2007 (UTC).

 * It's already noted in the second paragraph of the article. — Chris53516 (Talk) 14:45, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion
I suggest now that I've expanded the plot section, perhaps we should only have a plot summary on this page and move the in depth summary to a page entitled something like "Plot of Perplex City" in the interest of the size and navigation of the page. Comments? -AtionSong 00:08, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Season 2
So, how 'bout that season 2? I think its indefinite postponement probably deserves a mention in this article. 63.163.61.3 12:16, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * So how about the fact that it appears to be active again? (From looking at the main site) - 194.203.201.92 (talk) 09:08, 29 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Um, where do you see it being active again? PerplexCity.com is the same as it's been since August. --AtionSong (talk) 22:23, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Plot
I would argue that the plot section is not too long compared to the rest of the article. The "plot" section is describing events that took place of the course of three years - and not like 3 years in a book, which you can read in one day - literally a real-world timespan of three years. Given that, I feel that the plot section is only of an appropriate length to describe the game. -AtionSong (talk) 23:07, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Billion to One (S1, Card #256) has been solved.
As per the section title, this card has now been solved. I'm not entirely sure what the best way to go about editing this page is, however. Edderiofer (talk) 08:39, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

Status of The Thirteenth Labour (S1, #251)?
Wikipedia doesn't list this card as unsolved, but the Perplex City wiki does, and I can't find any information elsewhere implying that this has been solved. Can someone please confirm whether this card has in fact been solved, and if not, can it be added to the article? Edderiofer (talk) 08:43, 30 December 2020 (UTC)
 * According to this blog, 'The Thirteenth Labour' was solved in February 2010. Robofish (talk) 23:16, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Tanggung jawab sosial dan etika manajemen 2001:448A:10C4:328B:869:16FF:FE7F:3A53 (talk) 04:31, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

berikan pendapat Anda tentang Logika dan beri contohnya
berikan pendapat Anda tentang Logika dan beri contohnya 36.75.39.248 (talk) 12:21, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Perplex City


text:
Talk:Charles Chibitty

Spelling
Double check the spelling of the name. The page can be moved to a new name. (SEWilco 05:41, 22 July 2005 (UTC))

miscount
Other articles seem overwhemingly to support the fact that there were 16 code talkers in all, including Chibitty; not Chibitty, and 16 other Comanches..., for a total of 17. Indeed, even the named code talkers add up to 16 - so I'm going to change this... :) Mathwhiz 29 (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 03:20, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Charles Chibitty


text:
User:Cinik

My name is Ignác Pospíšil (* October 2 1978, Olomouc). I am Moravian, catholic, and I live in České Budějovice in Czech Republic. My H.Q. is on cs.wiki. My favourite topics are military (especially Winter War), history (esp. modern history of catholic church), biographies and biological science. My only blog is here (in Czech).

Themes

 * Writers and books
 * Personalities

Success at Wikipedia

 * This Page has already ten times been vandalised by a "fan" of mine.
 * The Tireless Contributor Barnstar (see discussion)

cs:Wikipedista:Cinik de:Benutzer:Cinik pl:Wikipedysta:Cinik sk:Redaktor:Cinik

title: User:Cinik


text:
User talk:Defkkon

Haven't had much to talk about! Defkkon 15:28, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Ragdoll seal colourpoint.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Ragdoll seal colourpoint.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 10:57, 6 September 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 10:57, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Defkkon


text:
Peter Oppenheimer

Peter Oppenheimer is the former senior vice president and Chief Financial Officer of Apple Inc. and has been a member of the board of directors of Goldman Sachs since 2014.

Oppenheimer spent 18 years at Apple, reporting directly to CEO Tim Cook and serving on the company's executive committee. As CFO, Oppenheimer oversaw the controller, treasury, investor relations, tax, information systems, internal audit, facilities, corporate development, and human resources functions. He retired from Apple in 2014.

Education
Oppenheimer attended California Polytechnic State University where he was a member of the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity. He graduated with a BA in Agricultural Business in 1985, later receiving an MBA from Santa Clara University, both with honors.

In 2015, Oppenheimer and his wife, Mary Beth, made a $20 million cash donation to Cal Poly, the university's largest to date.

Career
Oppenheimer spent six years in the Information Technology Consulting Practice with Coopers and Lybrand (now PricewaterhouseCoopers) where he managed financial, systems engagements for clients in the insurance, telecommunications, transportation and banking industries. Oppenheimer then joined Automatic Data Processing (ADP), where he was Chief Financial Officer of the Claims Services Division.

In 1996, Oppenheimer joined Apple as controller for the Americas. In 1997, he was promoted to vice president and Worldwide Sales controller and then to corporate controller.

On March 3, 2014, Oppenheimer announced that he would be joining the Board of Directors of Goldman Sachs as an independent director. On March 4, 2014, he announced that he would retire from Apple at the end of September, 2014.

title: Peter Oppenheimer


text:
Peter Angelos

Peter George Angelos (born George Angelos; July 4, 1929 – March 23, 2024) was an American trial lawyer and baseball executive from Baltimore, Maryland. Angelos was the majority owner of the Baltimore Orioles, a team in the American League of Major League Baseball, from 1993 until his death.

Early life and education
George Angelos was born in Pittsburgh on July 4, 1929, the son of John and Frances Angelos, who immigrated to the United States from Menetes, Karpathos, Greece. His first name was changed to Peter shortly after his birth. Angelos' family settled in the working-class neighborhood of Highlandtown, Baltimore, and lived in a row house. Angelos' father, who spoke mostly Greek at home, owned a local tavern.

After graduating from Patterson Park High School, Angelos attended the University of Baltimore, where he earned a bachelor's degree. He then attended law school at the University of Baltimore School of Law, taking night classes while he worked in his family's tavern. He graduated from law school in 1960 and was named class valedictorian.

Law practice
Angelos passed the bar in 1961 and opened an office specializing in handling product-liability cases for employees, almost always on a contingency basis. In one of his cases, he represented some 8,700 steelworkers, shipyard workers, and manufacturers' employees in a consolidated-action asbestos poisoning suit that was partially settled in 1992. Angelos' take from that litigation alone has been estimated at $330 million. He served a brief stint on the Baltimore City Council from 1959 to 1963 and ran for mayor on the city's first interracial ticket in 1967, but lost to Thomas D'Alesandro III.

In March 1996, Maryland hired Angelos to represent the state in its suit against tobacco companies with a 25% contingency fee. After Angelos filed suit on behalf of the state the trial court ruled that the state's recovery would be limited to subrogation of losses through programs such as Medicaid; this would have effectively ended the state's case. Angelos successfully lobbied the state legislature to change the law to allow the state's suit to proceed. The Maryland state legislature also cut Angelos' fee to 12.5%. Eventually he settled for $150 million paid over five years.

Angelos also represented the state of Maryland in a suit against Philip Morris and suing Wyeth, the makers of part of the diet pill combination fen-phen. As of 2019, Angelos' law firm had offices in Baltimore, Towson, and Cumberland, Maryland; Philadelphia, Bethlehem, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; and Knoxville, Tennessee. The firm is headquartered in the historic One Charles Center building in downtown Baltimore which was purchased by Angelos for $6 million in 1996.

Politics
A lifelong Democrat, Angelos began his political career with an unsuccessful run for Maryland Senate in 1958. He went on to hold a seat on the Baltimore City Council from 1959 to 1963. He was the first Greek-American to be elected to the council. Though Angelos became known for demanding governmental oversight and fiscal responsibility, few of his calls for investigations into city agencies and spending led to lasting change. In 1963, he ran unsuccessfully for city council president, but lost to Thomas D'Alesandro III, who was both the son of a popular former Mayor of Baltimore and would later be Mayor of Baltimore himself.

Angelos ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1967 Baltimore mayoral election, on the city's first racially integrated ticket, with Clarence Mitchell III was running for City Council President, but he lost the nomination to D'Alesandro, who received nearly 75% of the vote and went on to beat Republican Arthur W. Sherwood in the general election. He also used his influence with the small business community to call for the continuation of Maryland's contributory negligence laws while most of the United States had adopted the more equitable distributary negligence system.

Angelos donated $272,000 to the independent expenditure-only committee (Super PAC) Draft Biden which sought to induce Vice President Joe Biden to enter the 2016 Democratic Primary for President.

Baltimore Orioles
In 1993, Angelos assembled a group of investors to purchase the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball (MLB) from New York venture capitalist Eli Jacobs. While Angelos was the principal investor, contributing $40 million, his fellow Oriole group owners included novelist Tom Clancy, filmmaker Barry Levinson, and tennis player Pam Shriver. On October 4, 1993, Jacobs sold the Orioles to Angelos' group for $173 million, the highest price paid for a sports franchise at that time. Angelos took over as managing partner and principal owner of the team.

Angelos became a hands-on owner and was willing to pay high salaries to talented free agents. Under Angelos' direction, the Orioles signed four high-priced free agents in 1994: Rafael Palmeiro, Sid Fernandez, Chris Sabo, and Lee Smith. As one of the newest members of the elite group of baseball owners, Angelos was expected to abide by the owners' decisions quietly without offering any alternatives or using his experience with labor law to negotiate with the players' union. Angelos did not like that arrangement and he did not particularly care if the world found out.

During the 1994-95 MLB strike, when the other owners signed a document canceling the rest of the 1994 MLB season, including the 1994 World Series, Angelos refused to sign it because it blamed the players for the impasse. When the owners formed a committee to negotiate the lockout, they did not include Angelos, despite his experience as a labor-management negotiator. When talks between the players and the owners stalled in December 1994, and the owners voted to impose a salary cap, Angelos was one of three dissenters to the arrangement. He also refused to field replacement players should the strike last into the 1995 MLB season.

Angelos announced his decision about replacement players early in 1995 and was hailed as a champion of the worker. As his fellow owners mulled what action to take against Angelos — everything from a $250,000 fine for each game missed to forcing the sale of the Orioles — the lockout was finally settled in time for regular season play with major leaguers.

Angelos arranged for a two-game exhibition series to be played between the Orioles and the Cuban national baseball team in 1999. The Orioles won the first game, played in Havana, while the Cuban team won the second game, held at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. In 2000, the team's general manager, Syd Thrift, told The Washington Times that the team had a practice of not signing players who had defected from Cuba, which he attributed to Angelos' desire to avoid doing "anything that could be interpreted as being disrespectful" by the Cuban government. Angelos denied the existence of such a policy. Subsequent investigations by MLB and the United States Department of Justice did not find evidence that the absence of Cuban players on the Orioles' roster or in its minor league system was due to discrimination.

After becoming owner of the Orioles, Angelos became a controversial figure. In the early years of his ownership, Angelos was repeatedly criticized by The Baltimore Sun for the team's performance, but was praised by his associates for his work ethic and dedication. His stance during the 1994 baseball strike was extremely popular with fans. Critics accused Angelos of rapidly hiring and firing baseball managers, and reportedly overruling their decisions. However, Angelos' decision to hire Andy MacPhail as the team's general manager and president of baseball operations in 2007 was met with general approval.

In May 2009, a Sports Illustrated article reviewing MLB owners rated Angelos as the worst owner in the major leagues. The article notes that the methodology "was not scientific" and "weighing heavily in the decision was the team's success or failure on the field." Two weeks later, Brady Anderson, a member of the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame, responded in an op-ed to The Baltimore Sun, writing that Angelos deserves to be on a list of the "best owners in baseball."

As Angelos' health began to fail, his sons Louis and John took on more leadership roles in the Orioles as he focused more on his health. In February 2019, MLB instructed the Orioles that they had until June to inform the league on who was controlling the team. In November 2020, the league approved John P. Angelos, vice president of the Orioles and Peter's son, as the team's new control person. In October 2019, John Angelos stated that neither he nor his father Peter had any plans to relocate the Orioles outside Baltimore, contrary to rumors.

On January 30, 2024, Angelos agreed to sell the team to a group led by David Rubenstein that includes New York investor Michael Arougheti and Cal Ripken Jr. for $1.725 billion. If approved by the league's owners, the group would acquire 40% of the team and the remainder after Angelos' death. Angelos died on March 23, 2024, three days before the sale of the team had been expected to be finalized.

Horse racing
Angelos bred and raced Thoroughbred horses and in 1998 purchased the 237 acre Ross Valley Farm in Baltimore County. He named one of his horses Showalter in honor of Orioles manager Buck Showalter. As a 2-year-old gelding, Showalter won his maiden race at Laurel Park in 2015.

Charity
Angelos was known for various acts of charity and philanthropy, having contributed millions to civic and community institutions around Maryland. He donated millions of dollars to the Democratic Party and its candidates, and was a major supporter of the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Annunciation in Baltimore. He was the largest individual donor to the University of Baltimore and pledged $5 million to the school in 2008. In 2010, The Baltimore Sun reported that Angelos had recently donated $10 million to the university. The same report notes that during the particularly hot summer of 2010, Angelos anonymously donated $300,000 to keep Baltimore city pools open. In 2013, Angelos donated $15 million toward the construction of the John and Frances Angelos Law Center.

Awards
Angelos was named "Marylander of the Year" by The Baltimore Sun in 1998, with a citation that read: "Measured by professional accomplishments and contributions to his city and region, he is the Marylander of this decade." In 1995, Angelos received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Tom Clancy and was Host of the 1997 Achievement Summit in Baltimore. Angelos was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in 1996. In 2016, Angelos was inducted into The Baltimore Sun's Business and Civic Hall of Fame for his lifetime of philanthropy.

Personal life
Angelos married Georgia Kousouris in 1966, and they had two children together, John and Louis. John had served as an executive vice president of the Baltimore Orioles since 1999.

Angelos died at the Greater Baltimore Medical Center on March 23, 2024, at age 94.

title: Peter Angelos


text:
Talk:Bellwood, Illinois

A Village?
20,000 people is a hell of a lot for a "village". I mean generally a village means a small settlement of less then about 1,000 people, I'd call Bellwood a large town or even a small city.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 one external links on Bellwood, Illinois. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120905024935/http://www.vil.bellwood.il.us:80/ to http://www.vil.bellwood.il.us/
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120905024935/http://www.vil.bellwood.il.us:80/ to http://www.vil.bellwood.il.us/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131102205441/http://www.sd88.org/education/district/district.php?sectionid=1 to http://www.sd88.org/education/district/district.php?sectionid=1

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:27, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Bellwood, Illinois. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.vil.bellwood.il.us/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235940/http://www.vil.bellwood.il.us/assets/1/documents/FINAL_11_December_Update_2.pdf to http://www.vil.bellwood.il.us/assets/1/documents/FINAL_11_December_Update_2.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.vil.bellwood.il.us/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:45, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: English 1101 076
— Assignment last updated by Stephlong1 (talk) 19:03, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bellwood, Illinois


text: User talk:69.161.163.30

title: User talk:69.161.163.30


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rachel Schwartzman

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. – ABCD✉ 23:57, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Rachel Schwartzman

 * Delete again! This article was recreated again! And this time someone give us her phone number please! FunkyChicken! 16:33, August 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as last time. Flowerparty talk 17:03, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as recreation of previously deleted content. Capitalistroadster 17:22, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy deleted. GarrettTalk 00:11, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Rachel Schwartzman
Not notable and unencylopedic. Entire article consist of the following: "Rachel Schwartzman is an incredibly hot Jewish-American woman." If we were to fill the Wikipedia with articles incredibly hot Jewish-American women things would be crazy! Frühstücksdienst 05:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Should be changed to speedy deletion Athf1234 05:45, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Preferably speedy. And I think I knew a Rachel Schwartzman, and she was hot. . . FunkyChicken! 05:53, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Though if someone has her phone number... --Calton | Talk 08:09, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete under new criteria. There is nothing in the article indicating notability. Capitalistroadster 08:58, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Social loafing

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 May 2019 and 5 August 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Somara23.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:38, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 2 February 2021 and 14 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): TylerLight.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:38, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Verifiable
The second half of the article (merged from Social_Loafing) needs to be verified as it just sounds like pop-psychology babble rather than findings backed up by empirical data.

 * I removed the tag because this article is nothing but citations. Lucidish 19:52, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * This entire article is identical to http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Groups#Social_Loafing.

Causes
I agree that social loafing occurs less when tasks are more meaningful, but this is relative. I feel like the section describing rewards and decreases in social loafing should be edited to be more concrete. Doing group work with high anonymity often leads to social loafing until the reward far exceeds the ability to depend on someone else's contribution.

Just an idea.DB--Buttonda (talk) 19:42, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Plan to re-structure article and add numerous new sources
Teslawlo and AAHernan intend to significantly improve the overall completion of this article by adhering to the below new tentative outline for the article. Please note that any planned sources that are stated are not complete and that we do intend to add more sources as we begin re-writing the article. This effort is made as part of a university course project under the direction of Robertekraut. All feedback is appreciated.

 Defining social loafing
 * This will include a basic definition of the concept.

 History
 * A short section covering the progression of social loafing research, from Ringelmann to present-day studies that focus on online communities.

 Classic research
 * Unlike current article, we intend to describe the research, not just the conclusions.

 * Ringelmann & his rope pulling experiments are an example of research that will be cited here.
 * Social Loafing and Collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People's Republic of China.

 Contemporary research
 * We will cite newer research here, including the study of online communities.

 * Karau, S. & Williams, K. (1993) Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681-706.
 * Is out of sight, out of mind? An empirical study of social loafing in technology-supported groups. (Laku Chidambaram, Lai Lai TunG)
 * Social Loafing: A Field Investigation (Robert Liden, Sandy Wayne, Renata Jasworski, Bennett)

 * Online behavior-related:

 * Kraut, R. E., & Resnick, P. (In press). Encouraging online contributions. In R. E. Kraut & P. Resnick (Eds.), The science of social design: Mining the social sciences to build successful online communities. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
 * PIEZON, S., FERREE, W.. Perceptions of Social Loafing in Online Learning Groups: A study of Public University and U.S. Naval War College students. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, North America, 9, mar. 2008. Available at: .

 Causes of social loafing
 * This section will summarize the primary identified causes of social loafing based on the research cited. The emphasis will be on categorization of research findings and conciseness.

 Effects of social loafing
 * This section will summarize the primary identified effects of social loafing based on the research cited. The emphasis will be on categorization of research findings and conciseness.

 Real-life instances
 * Examples of prominent social loafing cases will be discussed here. This section will also highlight how social loafing is different in team vs individual sports, and face to face vs distributed groups.

 Reducing social loafing
 * This section will discuss suggestions and conclusions regarding how to mitigate social loafing based on research articles that we have found.

 * Thompson, L. L. (2003). Making the team: A guide for managers. Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. (pp. 29-36).

 References  --Teslawlo (talk) 19:39, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

 * You've made significant improvements to what was there before. Just a few comments now.

 * Even though you have a section labeled "Causes", the discussion of causes of social loafing is distributed in many places in the article. E.g., the discussion of Latane, Williams and Harkins "three possible causes" . I'd suggest consolidating.
 * The section on causes should try to explain the Karau and William's collective effort model. This meta-analysis both summarizes the conditions under which social loafing is stronger and provides a theory that seem to account for these results. For example, the current article doesn't indicate that social loafing is decreased when people like their group. Nor does it provide an explanation of why this occurs. liking for the group, expectations of co-workers' performance,
 * You might want to create subsections of the cause section, with a several sentence description of each cause and some indicate of the type of evidence -- e.g., identifiability of individual performance, uniqueness of individaul inputs, expectations for others' performance, liking for the task, task complexity, liking for the group, group performance standards, culture and gender.
 * The discussion of "advanced metatheoretical assumptions: Ontological Assumptions, Epistemological Assumptions, Axiological Assumptions" will incomprehensible to an average reader? Is it needed?
 * A more accessable reference to the original Ringelman paper is Kravitz, David A., and Barbara Martin. 1986. Ringelmann rediscovered: The original article. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 50 (5):936-941.
 * When discussing the original Ringleman paper, you should be clear that the original research couldn't distinguish effort from coordination effects. In your discussion of contemporary research, you should indicate how modern research disentagled these two causes of the creased perfomance in groups.  I suggest summarizing one of Latane's experiments, e.g., Williams, K., S.G. Harkins, and B. Latane. 1981. Identifiability as a deterrant to social loafing: Two cheering experiments. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 40 (2):303-311.
 * The section on cultural differences in social loafing (which is also indicated in Karau and William's meta-analysis is good. But it seems to occur two early in the article.

 * Robertekraut (talk) 15:22, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Some suggestions
I haven't the time to review this article for GA, but I've put a call out to Wikiproject Psychology for reviewers. I can offer some suggestions, though, that will make the GA process a bit easier. MartinPoulter (talk) 15:47, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
 * My first impressions: reliable sourcing, no apparent point-of-view pushing, a stable article with largely the right tone: the core qualities are good.
 * for such a large article, the lead is quote short. Summarise more of the article in the lead and get the reader more excited about reading the full article. See WP:LEAD.
 * Motivation strategies and Coordination strategies are two lists that appear at the end of the article. They are tantalising and suggest they need more explanation. They need to be worked into the narrative of the article, not under their own headings, e.g. [source] identifies the following strategies as effective at promoting motivation; then give the list (and explain any technical terms), then end it with a reference to the source(s).
 * Wikipedia "runs very effective fundraising campaigns": not encyclopedic because it's an evaluation. A more neutral way to make the point would be to say that its fundraising campaigns involve tens of thousands of people, or raise millions of dollars.
 * Encyclopedias try to avoid first-person language ("we").
 * This is quite an important one: Psychology isn't about psychologists primarily, so it's not important to have the researchers' names in the headings. In fact it can be distracting. "Kraut & Resnick: Encouraging Contributions in Online Communities" should be "Encouraging contributions in online communities". (Note the capitalisation).

In response to the above suggestions
Thank you for your comments. We have increased the size of the lead summary, edited the Wikipedia fundraising campaign mention, removed first-person language, and revised the researchers' names in the headings.

Teslawlo (talk) 04:03, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Nice work! The article's coming along really well. MartinPoulter (talk) 13:11, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

As a criticism of Socialism?
Should Socialism be mentioned in this article? Under Criticisms of socialism, this phenomenon is discussed yet it is not named. I think this phenomenon should at least be mentioned in the Criticisms of Socialism article. Urumia (talk) 19:20, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Suggestions for Improving this topic
Overall, this page was great and it explained social loafing thoroughly. However, I think one good way to show this theory is to explain how it relates to college or mainly educational environments. I know that when many students are assigned group work, there always seems to be this thought that we (each individual) needs to work less because there are more people. If this article talked about how social loafing can be seen in education, it would help improve the authenticity of this topic.Zbanihani14 (talk) 01:37, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

Merging Zamanfou into Social loafing
The Zamanfou article covers the Social loafing phenomenon within Greek society. Thing is the article is pretty bad and its unlikely to improve in the future since even on Greek WP Zamanfou has been merged into the respective Social loafing article. I therefore propose incorporating what little info can be salvaged from Zamanfou into Social loafing.--Catlemur (talk) 20:44, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Support TortillaDePapas (talk) 18:16, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose:
 * portrays Zamanfou as a conscious political stance of opposition, not a mere unconscious psychological effect similar to the bystander effect. making a political stance you disagree with go away just because you don't like it isn't very NPOV.
 * "Greece has been in financial and social dissolution in the mid-1970s. Greek society, then, freshly out of the Regime of the Colonels and not having yet fully recovered from the years of the Greek Civil War, had to deal with the burden of an increasing burocracy in the public sector, conservatism and a petite bourgeoisie mindset. The result of this dystopia was a generation of young Greek citizens that chose to prioritize their individual well being, over working as a whole. This individualism came in many forms: Cheating on their taxes, dodging the draft, destroying their credit, destroying public and private property, having total disregard for most of the common law, "screw the rest of the world" mentality, etc. It is thought thought of as a form of insubordination against the state and the Greek status quo, both on a conscious and an unconscious level. Due to Zamanfou, as of 2006, the cohesiveness of the Greek society has greatly deteriorated."
 * alternatively, it might be understood as merely an idiomatic slang phrase or hand gesture, in which case being dumped into an article about psychology is also not helpful.
 * if an article is in a bad state, it is not a reason to merge it.
 * i'll never figure out this wikitext formatting stuff. fix my indentation if you care 157.131.95.172 (talk) 08:31, 6 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. It has unique cultural context that would be inappropriate to describe in detail in this article (it should probably mention it) but which makes it notable in its own right and therefore deserving of an article. It's classic WP:MINORASPECT. --Xurizuri (talk) 05:28, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Closing, with no merge, given the unopposed opposition with stale discussion. Klbrain (talk) 10:36, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Small Group Communication
— Assignment last updated by Samanthaconway25 (talk) 18:20, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Social loafing


text:
User talk:Descontrol

welcome
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! pamri 05:47, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

User:Descontrol
I've added the "" template to your user page (User:Descontrol), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).

Please note that the purpose of a user page is not as personal homepage or used as a general webhosting service, but as way for active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. If you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues here or on my user talk page. You may remove the deletion notice, and the page will not be deleted for the moment, but note that it may still be sent to Miscellany for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Calton | Talk 05:46, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Descontrol


text:
User talk:CaptaintravelB

welcome
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! pamri 05:47, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:CaptaintravelB


text:
Talk:32-bit x86 assembly programming

Untitled
Could someone please rewrite the paragraph that reads:

The lower 16 bits of each 32 bit register can be addressed separately and like a register in	its own right, and the low 16 bits of the first four registers (EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX) can be further broken up into two eight-bit registers. The 16 bits of data in these first four 16 bit registers can be addressed 8 bits at a time: the upper eight and the lower eight bits, and can be treated as registers in their own right.

The second sentence in very confusing in light of the first. --85.197.227.231 12:54, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Test registers
Why are test registers listed here? These are not part of the official x86 architecture and as far as I can tell only existed in the 486 era processors. Also, not all flags in EFLAGS are 1-bit...IOPL is 2-bits. David.kaplan 04:06, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:32-bit x86 assembly programming


text:
Bruch's membrane

Bruch's membrane or lamina vitrea is the innermost layer of the choroid of the eye. It is also called the vitreous lamina or Membrane vitriae, because of its glassy microscopic appearance. It is 2–4 μm thick.

Structure
Bruch's membrane consists of five layers (from inside to outside):
 * 1) the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium
 * 2) the inner collagenous zone
 * 3) a central band of elastic fibers
 * 4) the outer collagenous zone
 * 5) the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris

Development
The membrane grows thicker with age. With age, lipid-containing extracellular deposits may accumulate between the membrane and the basal lamina of the retinal pigmental epithelium, impairing exchange of solutes and contributing to age-related pathology.

Embryology
Bruch's membrane is present by midterm in fetal development as an elastic sheet.

Function
The membrane is involved in the regulation of fluid and solute passage from the choroid to the retina.

Pathology
Bruch's membrane thickens with age, slowing the transport of metabolites. This may lead to the formation of drusen in age-related macular degeneration. There is also a buildup of deposits (Basal Linear Deposits or BLinD and Basal Lamellar Deposits BLamD) on and within the membrane, primarily consisting of phospholipids. The accumulation of lipids appears to be greater in the central fundus than in the periphery. This build up seems to fragment the membrane into a lamellar structure more like puff-pastry than a barrier. Inflammatory and neovascular mediators can then invite choroidal vessels to grow into and beyond the fragmented membrane. This neovascular membrane destroys the architecture of the outer retina and leads to sudden loss of central vision – wet age related macular degeneration.

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, myopia and trauma can also cause defects in Bruch's membrane which may lead to choroidal neovascularization. Alport's Syndrome, a genetic disorder affecting the alpha(IV) collagen chains, can also lead to defects in the Bruch membrane such as 'dot and fleck' retinopathy. Angioid streaks cause calcification, thickening and breaks in Bruch's membrane.

Eponym
Bruch's membrane was named after the German anatomist Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Bruch.

title: Bruch's membrane


text:
Talk:Felix Potvin

Untitled
I started working on this, saved it on temp subpage Kewp 05:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Temp page moved to main article. RedWolf 17:51, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sigh, the rewrite was also a copyvio. I have started another rewrite at the new temp page. RedWolf 18:08, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

Curiousity, where's the Cat
I know it's a bad pun, (Curiousity, killed the Cat). Anyway, Felix Potvin isn't listed with the Bruins anymore. Where is he? shouldn't we mention his current whereabouts in the article. GoodDay 22:50, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * HockeyDB says that Potvin hasn't played anywhere since 2004, but yet I have not heard an official retirement from him. So I would say his currently he is more or less unemployed. Croat Canuck 02:33, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Felix hasn't retired yet but he's close....

title: Talk:Felix Potvin


text:
Surface metrology

Surface metrology is the measurement of small-scale features on surfaces, and is a branch of metrology. Surface primary form, surface fractality, and surface finish (including surface roughness) are the parameters most commonly associated with the field. It is important to many disciplines and is mostly known for the machining of precision parts and assemblies which contain mating surfaces or which must operate with high internal pressures.

Surface finish may be measured in two ways: contact and non-contact methods. Contact methods involve dragging a measurement stylus across the surface; these instruments are called profilometers. Non-contact methods include: interferometry, digital holography, confocal microscopy, focus variation, structured light, electrical capacitance, electron microscopy, photogrammetry and non-contact profilometers.

Overview
The most common method is to use a diamond stylus profilometer. The stylus is run perpendicular to the lay of the surface. The probe usually traces along a straight line on a flat surface or in a circular arc around a cylindrical surface. The length of the path that it traces is called the measurement length. The wavelength of the lowest frequency filter that will be used to analyze the data is usually defined as the sampling length. Most standards recommend that the measurement length should be at least seven times longer than the sampling length, and according to the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem it should be at least two times longer than the wavelength of interesting features. The assessment length or evaluation length is the length of data that will be used for analysis. Commonly one sampling length is discarded from each end of the measurement length. 3D measurements can be made with a profilometer by scanning over a 2D area on the surface.

The disadvantage of a profilometer is that it is not accurate when the size of the features of the surface are close to the same size as the stylus. Another disadvantage is that profilometers have difficulty detecting flaws of the same general size as the roughness of the surface. There are also limitations for non-contact instruments. For example, instruments that rely on optical interference cannot resolve features that are less than some fraction of the operating wavelength. This limitation can make it difficult to accurately measure roughness even on common objects, since the interesting features may be well below the wavelength of light. The wavelength of red light is about 650 nm, while the average roughness, (Ra) of a ground shaft might be 200 nm.

The first step of analysis is to filter the raw data to remove very high frequency data (called "micro-roughness") since it can often be attributed to vibrations or debris on the surface. Filtering out the micro-roughness at a given cut-off threshold also allows to bring closer the roughness assessment made using profilometers having different stylus ball radius e.g. 2 μm and 5 μm radii. Next, the data is separated into roughness, waviness and form. This can be accomplished using reference lines, envelope methods, digital filters, fractals or other techniques. Finally, the data is summarized using one or more roughness parameters, or a graph. In the past, surface finish was usually analyzed by hand. The roughness trace would be plotted on graph paper, and an experienced machinist decided what data to ignore and where to place the mean line. Today, the measured data is stored on a computer, and analyzed using methods from signal analysis and statistics.

Contact (tactile measurement)
Stylus-based contact instruments have the following advantages:
 * The system is very simple and sufficient for basic roughness, waviness or form measurement requiring only 2D profiles (e.g. calculation of the Ra value).
 * The system is never lured by the optical properties of a sample (e.g. highly reflective, transparent, micro-structured).
 * The stylus ignores the oil film covering many metal components during their industrial process.

Technologies:

 * Contact Profilometers – traditionally use a diamond stylus and work like a phonograph.
 * Atomic force microscope are sometimes also considered contact profilers operating at atomic scale.

Non-contact (optical microscopes)
Optical measurement instruments have some advantages over the tactile ones as follows:
 * no touching of the surface (the sample can not be damaged)
 * the measurement speed is usually much higher (up to a million 3D points can be measured in a second)
 * some of them are genuinely built for 3D surface topography rather than single traces of data
 * they can measure surfaces through transparent medium such as glass or plastic film
 * non-contact measurement may sometimes be the only solution when the component to measure is very soft (e.g. pollution deposit) or very hard (e.g. abrasive paper).

Vertical scanning:

 * Coherence scanning interferometry
 * Confocal microscopy
 * Focus variation
 * Confocal chromatic aberration

Horizontal scanning:

Non-scanning
 * Scanning laser microscope (SLM)
 * Structured-light scanning
 * Digital holographic microscopy

Choice of the right measurement instrument
Because every instrument has advantages and disadvantages the operator must choose the right instrument depending on the measurement application. In the following some advantages and disadvantages to the main technologies are listed:
 * Interferometry: This method has the highest vertical resolution of any optical technique and lateral resolution equivalent to most other optical techniques except for confocal which has better lateral resolution. Instruments can measure very smooth surfaces using phase shifting interferometry (PSI) with high vertical repeatability; such systems can be dedicated for measuring large parts (up to 300mm) or microscope-based. They can also use coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) with a white-light source to measure steep or rough surfaces, including machined metal, foam, paper and more. As is the case with all optical techniques, the interaction of light with the sample for this instruments is not fully understood. This means that measurement errors can occur especially for roughness measurement.
 * Digital Holography: this method provides 3D topography with a similar resolution as interferometry. Moreover, as it is a non-scanning technique, it ideal for the measurement of moving samples, deformable surfaces, MEMS dynamics, chemical reactions, the effect of magnetic or electrical field on samples, and measurement of the presence of vibrations, in particular for quality control.:
 * Focus variation: This method delivers color information, can measure on steep flanks and can measure on very rough surfaces. The disadvantage is that this method can not measure on surfaces with a very smooth surface roughness like a silicon wafer. The main application is metal (machined parts and tools), plastic or paper samples.
 * Confocal microscopy: this method has the advantage of high lateral resolution because of the use of a pin hole but has the disadvantage that it can not measure on steep flanks. Also, it quickly loses vertical resolution when looking at large areas since the vertical sensitivity depends on the microscope objective in use.
 * Confocal chromatic aberration: This method has the advantage of measuring certain height ranges without a vertical scan, can measure very rough surfaces with ease, and smooth surfaces down to the single nm range. The fact that these sensors have no moving parts allows for very high scan speeds and makes them very repeatable. Configurations with a high numerical aperture can measure on relatively steep flanks. Multiple sensors, with the same or different measurement ranges, can be used simultaneously, allowing differential measurement approaches (TTV) or expanding the use case of a system.
 * Contact profilometer: this method is the most common surface measurement technique. The advantages are that it is a cheap instrument and has higher lateral resolution than optical techniques, depending on the stylus tip radius chosen.  New systems can do 3D measurements in addition to 2D traces and can measure form and critical dimensions as well as roughness. However, the disadvantages are that the stylus tip has to be in physical contact with the surface, which may alter the surface and/or stylus and cause contamination. Furthermore, due to the mechanical interaction, the scan speeds are significantly slower than with optical methods. Because of the stylus shank angle, stylus profilometers cannot measure up to the edge of a rising structure, causing a "shadow"or undefined area, usually much larger than what is typical for optical systems.

Resolution
The scale of the desired measurement will help decide which type of microscope will be used.

For 3D measurements, the probe is commanded to scan over a 2D area on the surface. The spacing between data points may not be the same in both directions.

In some cases, the physics of the measuring instrument may have a large effect on the data. This is especially true when measuring very smooth surfaces. For contact measurements, most obvious problem is that the stylus may scratch the measured surface. Another problem is that the stylus may be too blunt to reach the bottom of deep valleys and it may round the tips of sharp peaks. In this case the probe is a physical filter that limits the accuracy of the instrument.

Roughness parameters
The real surface geometry is so complicated that a finite number of parameters cannot provide a full description. If the number of parameters used is increased, a more accurate description can be obtained. This is one of the reasons for introducing new parameters for surface evaluation. Surface roughness parameters are normally categorised into three groups according to its functionality. These groups are defined as amplitude parameters, spacing parameters, and hybrid parameters.

Profile roughness parameters
Parameters used to describe surfaces are largely statistical indicators obtained from many samples of the surface height. Some examples include:

This is a small subset of available parameters described in standards like ASME B46.1 and ISO 4287. Most of these parameters originated from the capabilities of profilometers and other mechanical probe systems. In addition, new measures of surface dimensions have been developed which are more directly related to the measurements made possible by high-definition optical gauging technologies.

Most of these parameters can be estimated using the SurfCharJ plugin for the ImageJ.

Areal surface parameters
The surface roughness can also be calculated over an area. This gives Sa instead of Ra values. The ISO 25178 series describes all these roughness values in detail. The advantage over the profile parameters are:

 * more significant values
 * more relation to the real function possible
 * faster measurement with actual instruments possible (optical areal based instruments can measure an Sa in higher speed then Ra.

Surfaces have fractal properties, multi-scale measurements can also be made such as Length-scale Fractal Analysis or Area-scale Fractal Analysis.

Filtering
To obtain the surface characteristic almost all measurements are subject to filtering. It is one of the most important topics when it comes to specifying and controlling surface attributes such as roughness, waviness, and form error. These components of the surface deviations must be distinctly separable in measurement to achieve a clear understanding between the surface supplier and the surface recipient as to the expected characteristics of the surface in question. Typically, either digital or analog filters are used to separate form error, waviness, and roughness resulting from a measurement. Main multi-scale filtering methods are Gaussian filtering, Wavelet transform and more recently Discrete Modal Decomposition. There are three characteristics of these filters that should be known in order to understand the parameter values that an instrument may calculate. These are the spatial wavelength at which a filter separates roughness from waviness or waviness from form error, the sharpness of a filter or how cleanly the filter separates two components of the surface deviations and the distortion of a filter or how much the filter alters a spatial wavelength component in the separation process.

title: Surface metrology


text:
Talk:Trainspotting (novel)

Scots
No, I'm sorry Midnighters, but the chapters centred on Mark Renton are not all written in phonetic Scots. Most of the speech is Scots, some but not all of the internal discourse, and some but not all of the omniscient narration. I'm very disappointed that you made this change.

I also think it's bad practice to describe a chapter or section as belonging 'to' a character, especially since other characters appear in those sections.

 * No need for disappointment, it's not like these modifications are irreversible. From what I see/remember all of Renton's narration is written phonetically, if I'm wrong, just cite a single chapter narrated by Renton that is written in SE and we'll change it, simple as that. I just want the article to be correct, and that's how I think it is after having checked out the book briefly to make sure. I also clarified in my last edit that only chapters narrated by Renton are written phonetically. All omniscient narration is in SE right? Again, I just want it to be correct, if I'm wrong I'll be glad the mistake was corrected, it's just good practice to provide examples.

 * As for the wording of belong to or narrated by or whatever I don't particularly care how it's phrased. Edit it as you see fit. Glad to see someone else as passionate about this stuff as me. --TheMidnighters 08:45, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Just added another bit that should clarify more. So to assess the article: it does not say that all chapters centred on Renton are written in phonetic Scots (never did), it does not say that all internal discourse is phonetic (never did), it does not say that all the omniscient narration is phonetic (never did), and finally "belonging to" does not appear in the article (never did). --TheMidnighters 10:03, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Locations section
I think it would be interesting to have a section that identified the different locations where things happen in the book, such as Leith, Princes Gardens, maybe even the different bars or restaurants, etc. with links to Wikipedia pages relative to each place. Maybe somebody familiar with Leith, Edimburg and their surroundings (perhaps even London) could help on this. --Screech 16:01, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Isn't this a spoiler?
From the intro, before the spoiler warning:

"The title is a reference to an episode where Begbie and Renton meet "an auld drunkard" in the disused Leith Central railway station, which they are visiting to use as a toilet. He asks them (in a weak attempt at a joke) if they are "trainspottin". As they walk away, Renton realises the drunk was Begbie's father. (p309, Minerva edition)"

What does it spoil? That happens and that's all there is to it, doesn't have any bearing on the plot — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.22.169.240 (talk) 08:45, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

Vague
I do believe that this is pretty... ambiguous? I think that's the word.

"Bad Blood - Narrated by Davie. Davie, now HIV-positive, takes a particularly horrible revenge upon a man whom he suspects to have raped his girlfriend, by convincing the man that he has raped and violently murdered his son."

He convinces the man that himself, Davie, has raped and murdered his son, or that does it mean that he concinces the man that he had raped and violently murdered Davie's son.

Please someone make this more clear. It just seems sort of sloppy.

(-Kid. 12:38, 26 March 2007 (UTC))

Done and done. I added small bits to some other ones too. 134.117.251.6 (talk) 01:36, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Trainspotting definition
A couple of points: I don't know why it's marked as a mainly Scotish or English phenomenon. The only trainspotters I've ever met have been Welsh, although being born in Cardiff probably has something to do with that. And my understanding of trainspotting was that the idea was simply to 'spot' a train and make a note of it's number and then cross it off the list. Doozy88 22:35, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that is the definition of trainspotting. Apparently in London people do it with busses too ("oh there is 123456 the 7th Routemaster to enter service, I hear it had a transmission change recently..." !!!)
 * They go around "collecting" the numbers of various locomotives. It is sort of the ultimate futile hobby. Hence a very appropriate title for a book on life and/on junk. Both of which are futile, but at least junk eases the ride of life.
 * If this explanation is correct, it should be in the text of the article. (Also, do any of the characters in the story encounter or engage in trainspotting?)  HowardMorland (talk) 02:50, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

"have been Welsh." Silly thing to say. People in the UK who were trainspotters were from all over. As a kid in the '50s living near Manchester my 'region' was the LMS (London, Midland and Scottish). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.159.128.106 (talk) 23:58, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

Non-native English speakers
I find the following sentence troublesome, specifically the section I have italicised:

"Non-native English speakers might find the language in this book rather challenging as it is partly written in a phonetic rendering of urban Scots."

This seems to be nothing more than original research and/or speculation. Granted, it may well be true, but then non-native English speakers might have trouble with the language style in thousands upon thousands of other books - and so might native English speakers for that matter. I think that the sentence is assumptive, patronising, and unencyclopedic. I personally think it should be removed entirely, but for the time being I have put "citation needed", is it needs this at the very least to justify its retention. Yeanold Viskersenn 16:38, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I cleaned it up. --John 16:43, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Excellent - thanks John. :) Yeanold Viskersenn 18:10, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Plot summary
Okay, let's do it this way.

I really feel that it is unnecessary and silly to have a precis of each of the parts of the book in this section. People are welcome to go and summarise books elsewhere, but this kind of sub-par literary "analysis" really does not have a place here. 196.207.40.212 15:19, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * For many that have not read the book a plot summary is a very useful addition to the page. Currently, plot summaries for fictional works are the standard on Wikipedia and I see no reason to make this article the exception. Granted due to Trainspotting's disjointed nature its summary is not as linear as one might hope, but that is beyond our control. Just because you find something unnecessary or silly is no justification to blank a section without prior discussion or attempt to generate consensus. And I have no idea what you mean by "analysis"; there is no analysis in the section, just short summaries. --TM 23:58, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The initial paragraph of the Plot Summary section is sufficient, I feel. The next seven sections, each containing a bland single-sentence description of each short story (and many of them featuring blatant spoilers), is not really justifiable. My point really was that there *is* no analysis taking place in those sections -- something that might have justified their inclusion.
 * Let's leave this up for now and see what comes of this discussion. But really, unless someone can come up with a seriously compelling reason to keep those seven sections, I feel that in the interests of quality and conciseness they should come down. People are more than welcome to buy a copy of the book if they want to find out what goes on in it. Grayston 08:50, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll go through your objections point by point again. Being bland is obviously not a reason to remove a section, but to improve it as you see fit. I'm sorry but a plot summary section will contain spoilers, that's kind of the point. Plot summaries aren't supposed to analyse, they're supposed to summarise. If you have issue with the quality of the sentences, modify them. As for conciseness, Wikipedia is not made of paper, and so conserving space is not an issue; if someone does not want to read what happens they don't have to.
 * Most of your arguments seem to be against the general notion of even having plot summaries for novels, such as your final point that "people are more than welcome to buy a copy of the book if they want to find out what goes on in it." One could make this argument to try and remove every plot summary on Wikipedia, but I doubt people would be convinced. The purpose of an encyclopedia is to inform in a condensed fashion, and that is what a summary does. By your logic we should just delete the article and replace it with a sentence saying "Go read the book." The point of a plot summary is that people who haven't read the book, and even those who have, can quickly review the contents of the work without having to read a 300+ page novel. Almost every article on fictional works contains a plot summary and I have yet to see any justification to make this article the sole exception to the standard.
 * So far you have yet to provide any compelling reason to remove the plot summary and until you do you are in no position to do so. As I've said, Trainspotting is a fragmented and disjointed text, and unfortunately its plot summary will be similarly fragmented, but that is no reason to remove it, for a similar example, see List of episodes in Gravity's Rainbow. --TM 04:20, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

"Unaddled"
From the characters section:

"Daniel "Spud" Murphy — Naive and childlike [...snip...] his inherent sense of decency cannot survive unaddled among his mates"

"Unaddled" is not a word. Can someone more familiar with the book correct this (I'm not even sure what the original author was trying to say here).
 * I modified it slightly. Thanks for pointing that out. --TM 03:01, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Characters
I'm reading the book right now and you seem to have forgotten Kelly in the list of the minor characters. She is even the narrator in the chapter Feeling Free. Please somebody add her, as I'm not sure I'll do it correctly. Thanks!

I just did, and saw your message a few minutes later. I like her character very much. Finished the book last night, and find the women need more mention here. Eventually had to write the character names and aliases down in my book to sort them out. WonderWheeler (talk) 06:30, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

I can't find where Begbie does speed in the novel. It's even a main theme that "Begbie disnae do drugs, violence is his drug". He smokes and drinks but I can't find any drug use for him? 86.22.169.240 (talk) 20:24, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

Pish on the Cauld Stane
I took the liberty of editing the section on Trainspotting - Intrepretations of the Title to mention an additional layer of meaning that was apparently intended by the author. That is, that they were training a train of urine onto a spot on an old building stone (apparently) when the old guy comes up from behind. There's room for discussion on animals marking territory, people showing contempt for old things, perhaps, nasty stuff going on at night, living on the edge, etc. Maybe someone can clean it up, as the original was written better. WonderWheeler (talk) 06:43, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Trim the lede
Pretty sure excessively detailed dossiers of each of the main characters do not belong in an article's lede. 12.233.147.42 (talk) 00:29, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

Most characters are Hibernian FC fans.
This should be mentioned - it is important to the plotting. Hearts of Midlothian FC, rival football club, have a British Loyalist connection. Hibernian were formed by the Irish Republican community. Rent's brother Billy and his father's family from Glasgow are Loyalist/Unionist, Billy supports Hearts and is killed as a British soldier in Northern Ireland. Billy should be listed as a main character. Here is a good acadenic source:

May, A. ‘The Relationship between Football and Literature in the Novels of Irvine Welsh’. Soccer & Society 19, no. 7 (2018): 924-43. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.22.252.68 (talk) 15:41, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

Davie Mitchell
The description for Davie Mitchell mentions that he is another Leith native. In one of the chapters he narrates, he talks about how his parents are from Oxgangs and implies that he grew up there, if I recall correctly. His description should be edited unless there is some material in the book indicating that he is a Leith native, which I don't recall. ScottishJoe (talk) 18:59, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trainspotting (novel)


text:
Gastein Convention

The Gastein Convention (Gasteiner Konvention), also called the Convention of Badgastein, was a treaty signed at Bad Gastein in Austria on 14 August 1865. It embodied agreements between the two principal powers of the German Confederation, Prussia and Austria, over the governing of the 'Elbe Duchies' of Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg.

Background
The Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein had been united under Danish rule since 1460. While Schleswig north of the Eider River was a Danish fief, the Duchies of Holstein officially remained an estate of the Holy Roman Empire which the Kings of Denmark held as an Imperial fief. In 1815 King Frederick VI of Denmark also acquired the adjacent Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg. Both Holstein and Lauenburg were member states of the German Confederation since 1815.

When in 1858 the Danish national liberal Council President Carl Christian Hall drafted the 'November Constitution' in order to link Schleswig more closely to the Danish kingdom, he sparked German protests, and troops of the German Confederation eventually occupied Holstein and Lauenburg in 1863. In the following Second Schleswig War, Denmark was defeated and according to the Treaty of Vienna signed on 30 October 1864 had to cede the Elbe Duchies to victorious Prussia and Austria.

After the war, the two powers faced the issue of governing the provinces formerly held by the Danish royal House of Glücksburg in personal union. Prussia aimed at the annexation of the territories as provinces with her state territory, against the strong resistance of the Austrians, who persisted on the status of autonomous duchies of the Confederation ruled as a condominium. To ease tensions, the Prussian minister-president Otto von Bismarck met with the Austrian envoy Gustav von Blome at the spa town of Bad Gastein in the Austrian Alps.

Content
In the negotiations, the administration of the gained territories was split between the two powers: Prussia would rule over Schleswig and Austria over Holstein. Austria would officially renounce Saxe-Lauenburg, which would be ruled by the Prussian king in personal union for a purchase price of 2.5 million Danish rigsdalers.

The eleven articles of the agreement signed on 14 August 1865 covered: The treaty was ratified by both parties on 19 August. King William I of Prussia went on to rule Lauenburg in personal union and assumed the ducal title.
 * abandoning the shared administration (condominium) of Schleswig and Holstein
 * Prussian control of Schleswig
 * Austrian control of Holstein (which was sandwiched between Schleswig to the north and Prussian Lauenburg to the south)
 * the Prussian crown purchasing Austria's right to Lauenburg
 * Prussian transit rights on military roads through Holstein to Schleswig
 * Prussian rights to construct a canal and a telegraph-line through Holstein to Schleswig
 * setting up a German Confederation Navy
 * designating a headquarters for the proposed navy at Kiel in Holstein under Prussian sovereignty
 * designating Rendsburg as a Fortress of the German Confederation.

Aftermath
Bismarck's negotiation skills had apparently been underestimated by Blome. Though Prussia benefitted from the treaty, the minister-president noted that the 'bonding of cracks' did not answer the German question nor did it ease the Austria–Prussia rivalry. Moreover the treaty ran counter to the legal basis of the German Confederation, which led to the refusal by the smaller Confederation states and turned out detrimental to the reputation especially of the Austrian side. The European powers reacted strongly, the French emperor Napoleon III responded with protest, while the British saw their interests in the North Sea as threatened; the treaty was nevertheless appreciated by Russia in view of her enmity with Austria after the Crimean War.

The Gastein Convention marked the end of all attempts to seek a peaceful solution of the German question. It soon collapsed due to Bismarck's successful efforts to provoke a war with the Austrian Empire as well as to eliminate Austria from the German Confederation. The Austrian government had tolerated the rule of Duke Frederick VIII of Schleswig-Holstein, much to the chagrin of Prussia. On 1 June 1866 Austria asked the Federal Convention for a resolution on the status of Holstein, which Prussia regarded as a breach of the mutual agreement. Under this pretext, Prussian troops entered Holstein nine days later which led to the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War, also known as the Seven Weeks' War.

The Peace of Prague in 1866 confirmed Denmark's cession of Schlewig and Holstein, which were both annexed by Prussia, but promised a plebiscite to decide whether north Schleswig wished to return to Danish rule. This provision was bilaterally set aside by a resolution of Prussia and Austria in 1878. Instead the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein was created in 1868. Both territories were to be admitted to the Zollverein (German Customs Union), headed by Prussia, of which Austria was not a member.

title: Gastein Convention


text:
Hime-chan's Ribbon

Hime-chan's Ribbon (姫ちゃんのリボン) is a magical girl manga series created by Megumi Mizusawa that was serialized in Ribon Magazine from August 1990 to January 1994. It was later developed into a 61 episode anime series, produced by Studio Gallop, that aired from October 2, 1992 to December 3, 1993. Hajime Watanabe's first project as a character designer was with Hime-chan no Ribbon. The manga series was collected into ten volumes in Japan, where it received a full anime DVD release. A stage musical of the show was produced in December 1993 starring the idol group SMAP. The musical was presented in three episodes, each a week apart. SMAP performed the opening theme and the three ending themes for the anime and each member appears in animated form in episode 13. Both manga and anime are currently unlicensed in the United States.

Plot
The story is about Himeko Nonohara (野々原姫子 Nonohara Himeko), also known as Hime-chan (姫ちゃん, using the Chinese character for "princess"), an aloof, childlike, yet boasty thirteen-year-old girl who frets over the fact that she is the biggest tomboy in the school. Himeko would like nothing more than to be a proper, feminine young lady, like her older sister Aiko, so that she could approach her secret crush, Hasekura.

One night, Himeko is unexpectedly approached by a girl, who is a near-mirror image of herself, floating outside of her bedroom window. She discovers that the girl is Princess Erika of the Magical Kingdom. Erika explains that people in the Magical Kingdom have an exact counterpart in the Human World and that, in order to prove herself worthy as a princess, she must give Himeko a magical item that she has created. Himeko is allowed the use of this item, a red hair ribbon, for one year to determine whether it is useful, and consequently, if Erika will inherit the crown.

The ribbon allows Himeko to transform into anyone in the Human World for one hour. If Himeko is unable to recite the magic incantation in reverse before the hour is up, she will be trapped in that person's form for the rest of her life. She is unable to reveal the secret of the ribbon and the existence of the Magical Kingdom to anyone. If she does, her memory will be erased as punishment. Assisting her with this is her stuffed lion, Pokota, whom the ribbon brought to life. Erika will watch her in the Magic Kingdom through her crystal ball for one year, at which point the ribbon will be returned.

Themes
In authoring Hime-chan's Ribbon, Megumi Mizusawa used themes common to magical girl manga. The concept of being able to transform into other people had been a feature of Himitsu no Akko-chan (1962).

Characters

 * Himeko Nonohara (野々原 姫子)
 * Himeko is the protagonist of the series. She progresses from being a tomboy at the beginning of the series to becoming a refined, feminine and mature girl by the series' end. Erika, her counterpart in the Land of Magic is an elegant princess, but warms to Hime-chan's playfulness which often lands them both in trouble with the King and Queen and Erika's magical broom, Chappy.
 * Himeko had a childhood crush on the much older Hasekura-senpai, but she gradually falls in love with Daichi instead. The name Himeko means "little princess". Hime-chan's motto is "Ike! Ike! Go! Go! Jump!". (Come on, Come on, go, go, jump)
 * Himeko had a childhood crush on the much older Hasekura-senpai, but she gradually falls in love with Daichi instead. The name Himeko means "little princess". Hime-chan's motto is "Ike! Ike! Go! Go! Jump!". (Come on, Come on, go, go, jump)

 * Pokota (ポコ太)
 * Pokota is Himeko's favorite stuffed animal that is only animate when Himeko is wearing the magic ribbon. He is Himeko's friend and voice of reason, often helping her out of various difficult situations. Daichi was suspicious of Pokota from the first time that he saw him and treated Pokota harshly before he could confirm that Pokota was "alive". Pokota, being a toy has no direct equal in the magic world, but he becomes close friends with a pink cat, Pink-chan.
 * Pokota is Himeko's favorite stuffed animal that is only animate when Himeko is wearing the magic ribbon. He is Himeko's friend and voice of reason, often helping her out of various difficult situations. Daichi was suspicious of Pokota from the first time that he saw him and treated Pokota harshly before he could confirm that Pokota was "alive". Pokota, being a toy has no direct equal in the magic world, but he becomes close friends with a pink cat, Pink-chan.

 * Daichi Kobayashi (小林 大地)
 * Daichi is a trouble maker at Himeko's school. By chance they meet at an abandoned house that Himeko was passing by on her way to give Hasekura-senpai a good luck charm. Daichi, who kept to himself prior to meeting Himeko, begins teasing her initially because of her tomboyish behavior. Daichi warms to Hime-chan and they become friends, eventually falling in love with her. He discovers her secret about the ribbon and Pokota. The King and Queen make an exception to the rule of secrecy for Daichi and he often travels with Himeko to the Land of Magic where Camille is his exact counterpart.
 * Daichi is a trouble maker at Himeko's school. By chance they meet at an abandoned house that Himeko was passing by on her way to give Hasekura-senpai a good luck charm. Daichi, who kept to himself prior to meeting Himeko, begins teasing her initially because of her tomboyish behavior. Daichi warms to Hime-chan and they become friends, eventually falling in love with her. He discovers her secret about the ribbon and Pokota. The King and Queen make an exception to the rule of secrecy for Daichi and he often travels with Himeko to the Land of Magic where Camille is his exact counterpart.

 * Hikaru Hibino (日比野 ひかる)
 * Hikaru attends the same class as Himeko and Daichi. She shows interest in Daichi and thinks of Hime-chan as her rival. She becomes suspicious of Hime-chan's secretiveness and she comes close to exposing Hime-chan's secret, but always is foiled at the last minute by one of Hime-chan's friends or by Hime-chan herself. Robelia is Hikaru's mirror match from the Land of Magic.
 * Hikaru attends the same class as Himeko and Daichi. She shows interest in Daichi and thinks of Hime-chan as her rival. She becomes suspicious of Hime-chan's secretiveness and she comes close to exposing Hime-chan's secret, but always is foiled at the last minute by one of Hime-chan's friends or by Hime-chan herself. Robelia is Hikaru's mirror match from the Land of Magic.

 * Sei Arisaka / Sei Array (有坂 静 / セイ・アレイ)
 * Sei and his bird, Kantaro are from the Land of Magic. Sei is initially only after Himeko's magic, though after his guise of pretending to be a transfer student is revealed, he befriends Daichi and Hime-chan instead. Hime-chan does not forgive his earlier threatening behavior and rejects Sei's attempts at becoming better acquainted.
 * Sei and his bird, Kantaro are from the Land of Magic. Sei is initially only after Himeko's magic, though after his guise of pretending to be a transfer student is revealed, he befriends Daichi and Hime-chan instead. Hime-chan does not forgive his earlier threatening behavior and rejects Sei's attempts at becoming better acquainted.

 * Kouichi Hasekura (支倉 浩一)
 * Hasekura takes the same bus and is in the same grade of Himeko's older sister, Aiko, and is a senior student to Hime-chan. Hime-chan's crush goes unnoticed by Hasekura and he falls in love with her older sister instead.
 * Hasekura takes the same bus and is in the same grade of Himeko's older sister, Aiko, and is a senior student to Hime-chan. Hime-chan's crush goes unnoticed by Hasekura and he falls in love with her older sister instead.

 * Aiko Nonohara (野々原 愛子)
 * Aiko is Himeko's sister. (All of the females in the family have names that end with "ko" (子)) Hasekura and Aiko fall in love which saddens Hime-chan. Aiko is treated as a role model by both of her younger sisters, particularly Hime-chan who chooses Aiko as her first ever transformation. She is also incredibly beautiful and domesticated.
 * Aiko is Himeko's sister. (All of the females in the family have names that end with "ko" (子)) Hasekura and Aiko fall in love which saddens Hime-chan. Aiko is treated as a role model by both of her younger sisters, particularly Hime-chan who chooses Aiko as her first ever transformation. She is also incredibly beautiful and domesticated.

 * Yumeko Nonohara (野々原 夢子)
 * Yumeko is Aiko and Himeko's younger sister. Her exploits with Daichi's younger brother, Shintaro often cause their older siblings much grief.
 * Yumeko is Aiko and Himeko's younger sister. Her exploits with Daichi's younger brother, Shintaro often cause their older siblings much grief.

 * Shintaro Kobayashi (小林 森太郎)
 * Shintaro is Daichi's younger brother. He is friends with Yumeko.
 * Shintaro is Daichi's younger brother. He is friends with Yumeko.

 * Manami Mori (森 愛美) and Ichiko Kamikura (上倉 一子)
 * Voiced by: Katsuyo Endou (Manami) and Minami Takayama (Ichiko)
 * Himeko, Manami and Ichiko are best friends. Manami claims ownership of Himeko calling her "My hime-chan". She refers to many things as being "cool" and enjoys cooking. Ichiko is referred to as Ii-chan. She is adept at archery.

 * Masshi (マッシー) and Hiroshi
 * Voiced by: Chika Sakamoto (Masshi) and Masami Kikuchi (Hiroshi)
 * Masshi and Hiroshi are mischievous sprites from the Land of Magic. They cause great destruction and are eventually punished by becoming Hime-chan's assistants. They provide Hime-chan new powers through new accessories other than the ribbon. Hiroshi is a fox-like sprite who has the ability to fly. Masshi does not have a fox-like tail, but looks similar and is lifted from place to place by his partner.

Incantations
To perform magic several different incantations are recited. When Hime-chan first receives the ribbon she is told to recite "Parallel, Parallel, (person's name) ni nare". After the excitement of transformation Hime-chan dismisses Erika's important instruction to recite this incantation saying Parallel backwards, "Rurerapa rurerapa motono sugatani nare." which causes her to almost be caught as the Principal of the school forever. Pokota had to remind her of the correct way of pronouncing Rurerapa to avoid this.

Reception
Jennifer B from THEM Anime reviews stated that Hime-chan's Ribbon is "a fun, cute series that's worth watching if you like magical girl shows" and "Hime-chan herself is a likable character". Andrew Sheldon from Anime-Meta Review felt that "The writing is well done, has a great sense of character and can be touching". Kelly Mayback from the Anime Cafe: A Parent's Guide to Anime described it as "an EXCELLENT series to use when exploring Japanese culture".

Remake
In 2009 the series was remade, with manga creator Shiho Komiyuno penning the series. Hime-chan no Ribon Colorful premiered in the October 2009 issue of Ribon, the same magazine that the original series ran in. Differences between the two series included the setting being moved to modern day as well as the character of Pokota being replaced by a shape changing Princess Erika.

title: Hime-chan's Ribbon


text:
1862 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1862.

Excavations

 * Re-excavation of Snape Anglo-Saxon Cemetery in eastern England under direction of landowner Septimus Davidson; a ship burial is uncovered.

Finds

 * The Painted Cave of Galdar discovered at Gáldar, Las Palmas, on Gran Canaria.
 * The Apollo Omphalos in Athens, Greece.

Events

 * Napoleon III establishes the National Archaeological Museum of France in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

Births

 * May 27: Francis Llewellyn Griffith, British Egyptologist (died 1934)
 * October 26: Thomas J. Preston, Jr., American archaeologist (died 1955)
 * November 26: Aurel Stein, Hungarian-born archaeologist (died 1943)

title: 1862 in archaeology


text:
File:Soporinvertedwomb2004.jpg

Summary
2004 re-release cover of the Sopor Aeternus & The Ensemble of Shadows album "Songs from the inverted Womb".

title: File:Soporinvertedwomb2004.jpg


text:
File:Soporinvertedwombbox.jpg

Summary
Limited edition (IMO, better) cover of the Sopor Aeternus & The Ensemble of Shadows album "Songs from the inverted Womb".

title: File:Soporinvertedwombbox.jpg


text:
File:Soporinvertedwomb.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Sopor Aeternus & The Ensemble of Shadows album "Songs from the inverted Womb".

title: File:Soporinvertedwomb.jpg


text:
Songs from the Inverted Womb

Songs from the Inverted Womb is the sixth album of darkwave band Sopor Aeternus & the Ensemble of Shadows, released in 2000. The album is dedicated to the "memory and resurrection" of Little Seven, a boy who died "at the age of six". A double vinyl edition and a CD boxed set were also released in limited quantities of 666 and 3,000 copies, respectively.

Overview
Songs from the Inverted Womb builds on the chamber music-inspired sound of the Dead Lovers' Sarabande albums by adding more conventional song structures and by adding a live drummer. With even more expressive arrangements and enhanced songwriting, Inverted Womb shares many properties with progressive rock. Two songs from previous albums were re-recorded: "May I kiss your Wound ?", from The Inexperienced Spiral Traveller appears in a new arrangement; while "Résumé... -" is a dramatic re-working of "Time stands still... (...but stops for no-one)" from Sopor Aeternus' first album, "...Ich töte mich jedesmal aufs Neue, doch ich bin unsterblich, und ich erstehe wieder auf; in einer Vision des Untergangs...".

As the album is dedicated to "Little Seven", much of the lyrics revolves around finding and caring for the dead boy, as well as other dead children; most of the lyrical imagery revolves around familial plots in small towns in the Middle Ages. "Saturn devouring his Children" deals with necrophagia (the act of eating a corpse), while "There was a Country by the Sea" is an epic tale of finding a boy in a foreign land who has built a catacomb underneath his house; the boy explains to the protagonist that he was able to seal away his mother's bones using "jet-black granules" "piled up in a certain, specific form", but he remains ever vigilant in the tomb so that she will not return to life.

"Résumé... -" was used by Bam Margera in two of his films: Haggard: The Movie and CKY3; "Eldorado" also made an appearance in CKY3. Though not publicly mentioned by Cantodea or Apocalyptic Vision, the inclusion of "Résumé... -" on the Haggard soundtrack indicates that permission was granted for use of the two songs.

Songs from the inverted Womb was re-released on CD with newly packaged artwork in 2004.

Personnel

 * Katrin Ebert: Violin
 * Martin Höfert: Cello
 * Johannes Knirsch: Double bass
 * Jutta Sinsel: Clarinet, oboe
 * Guido Spitz: Bassoon, contrabassoon
 * Alexander Gröb: Trumpet
 * Carsten Weilnau: Trombone
 * Eugene de la Fontaine: Tuba
 * Simon-Tobias Ostheim: Drums, percussion
 * Anna-Varney Cantodea: Vocals, all other instruments and programming

title: Songs from the Inverted Womb


text:
Parisi v. Davidson

Parisi v. Davidson, 405 U.S. 34 (1972), was a United States Supreme Court case resulting in the grant of habeas corpus relief to a soldier, Joseph Parisi, seeking an honorable discharge as a conscientious objector. The case was argued on October 19 and 20, 1971, and decided on February 23, 1972. The respondent was then Major General Phillip B. Davidson.

Parisi had brought a petition to Federal District Court that the Army's refusal to discharge him constituted habeas corpus – that in effect he was being unlawfully imprisoned. As a result, court-martial charges were brought against him by the Army. The Federal District Court and Court of Appeals concluded that consideration of his petition should be deferred pending the result of the court-martial. The Supreme Court decision overturned this, freeing the District Court to consider his petition.

title: Parisi v. Davidson


text: User talk:70.33.101.166

title: User talk:70.33.101.166


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Faggot house

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 01:36, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Faggot house
This is a brief article about a web comic called Faggot house. The website at has no alexa rank at all (not found) and Google produces only a handful of relevant results. The website for the comic has a "guestbook" page with fewer than 25 visitors leaving comments since 2004. All indicators are that this is a non-notable website. I vote Delete. Tobycat 06:00, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with a hex from the Webcomics Wikiproject. --DNicholls 07:33, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonnotable webcomic. --Angr/undefined 07:59, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per nominator.-Poli (talk • contribs) 16:59, 2005 July 23 (UTC)
 * Redirect to spam     22:07, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn comic. JamesBurns 02:32, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.