text:
Talk:Aipom

Feminine Pokemon
Is there any actual refrence that people considered this a feminine pokemon after the movie, if ever? I dont necessarily consider it a femine pokemon... Ageofe 01:00, 5 October 2006 (UTC) Thank you for changing it back! Whoever put the llama thing should be ashamed!

Your welcome! Ageofe 01:36, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Female?
Finally, in episode 458 (May vs Drew! The Final Battle!), Ash battled and captured the Aipom, who was revealed as a female in the following episode.

Now, I don't watch the anime (Serebii.net's pictures are enough) but is Ash's Aipom really a female, or is this just speculation? Blue Mirage | Comment 08:16, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * From my experience with the anime, they don't usually delve into the genders of specific Pokémon unless they only have one gender. An example would be Volbeat and Illumize.  If I remember correctly, even Pikachu is still refered to with gender neutral pronouns.  - Saturn  Yoshi  THE VOICES 08:28, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * In the japanese version of "the following episode" May says in Japanese, "Aipom is a girl after all, isn't she?" I kinda like Ash having a female pokemon on his team, the only other is POSSIBLY Chickorita/Bayleef. Although this is may not be confirmation, we will know if Aipom evolves, because Eteboth (Aipom's Evolution) has male/female differences (The female's antenae are longer). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.224.11.172 (talk • contribs).
 * Well, not necessarily. I mean, you couldn't really tell if they were longer unless there was a male near it. o.o;—ウルタプ 00:33, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh, yeah. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.224.11.172 (talk • contribs).

title: Talk:Aipom


text:
Pierre Taki

Masanori Taki (瀧 正則), better known by his stage name Pierre Taki (ピエール瀧), is the front man for Japanese synthpop group Denki Groove, which consists of himself and Takkyu Ishino. As of 2001 he was involved in an exhibit called Prince Tongha with Hideyuki Tanaka(Japanese graphic designer) in New York City. He also frequently appears as an actor in film and on television.

Films

 * Red Shadow (2001)
 * 1980 (2003)
 * Survive Style 5+ (2004)
 * Linda Linda Linda (2005)
 * Lorelei: The Witch of the Pacific Ocean (2005)
 * Sway (2006)
 * Rainbow Song (2006)
 * Ten Nights of Dreams (2007)
 * 10 Promises to My Dog (2008)
 * One Million Yen Girl (2008)
 * School Days with a Pig (2008)
 * Rakugo Story (2010)
 * The Floating Castle (2012)
 * The Devil's Path (2013) – Sudō
 * Like Father, Like Son (2013)
 * Parasyte: Part 1 (2014)
 * Attack on Titan (2015)
 * Twisted Justice (2016)
 * Shin Godzilla (2016)
 * Rage (2016)
 * Fueled: The Man They Called Pirate (2016) – Fujimoto
 * Outrage Coda (2017) – Hanada
 * The Blood of Wolves (2018) – Ginji
 * Sunny/32 (2018)
 * A Gambler's Odyssey 2020 (2019)
 * Miyamoto (2019)
 * Samurai Shifters (2019)
 * Romance Doll (2020) – Kaoru Kubota
 * Zokki (2021)
 * September 1923 (2023) – Shinjirō Sunada
 * Horizon (2024)

Television

 * Amachan (2013)
 * Gunshi Kanbei (2014) – Hachisuka Koroku
 * Daddy Sister (2016) – Sōkichi Morita
 * Rikuoh (2017) – Kenji Obara
 * The Naked Director (2019) – Wada
 * Idaten (2019) – Shinsaku Kurosaka
 * Sanctuary (2023) – Enshō-oyakata
 * House of Ninjas (2024) – Zensuke Omi
 * Tokyo Swindlers (2024)

Animation

 * Hakaba Kitarō (2008)
 * Super Crooks (2021) –
 * DevilMan Crybaby ( 2018 )Gladiator

Legal issues
In March 2019, Taki was arrested on suspicion of cocaine use and his latest video game, Judgment, was withdrawn from sale by the publisher, Sega. His appearance has been removed in the Western release. He was later released on bail on April 4, 2019. After he admitted to using cocaine, the Tokyo District court sentenced him to eighteen months in prison, suspended for three years.

His voice acting roles were also replaced such as Olaf from Frozen. Home video releases of Frozen were removed in Japan.

Since then, Shunsuke Takeuchi became the new Japanese dub voice of Olaf.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pierre Taki


text:
Galleria at White Plains

The Galleria at White Plains was a shopping mall located in downtown White Plains, New York, US, a commercial and residential suburb 20 mi north of New York City. The mall featured the major anchors Macy’s and Sears, and junior anchors Forever 21, H&M and Blink Fitness. On December 21, 2022, it was announced that the Galleria at White Plains would permanently close and be replaced with a mixed use site. The mall closed its doors on March 31, 2023 after 43 years.

History
Built by Cadillac Fairview, a Canadian developer, the 900000 sqft, a four-level mall is located on two large city blocks of former urban renewal land. It opened in the summer of 1980 and was the first of three Gallerias to open in the fall of 1980 around the nation, the others being Sherman Oaks and Fort Lauderdale. Its anchor stores were Macy's and Sears, which were relocated to the mall from nearby locations on Main Street to replace the original anchor stores. Abraham & Straus occupied the east anchor spot until converting to Stern's in 1995 and being replaced by Macy's on July 15, 1996. The west anchor JCPenney closed on April 28, 2001, and was left vacant until August 2003 when Sears moved in.

Martin Luther King Blvd. runs directly underneath the mall. The Galleria was constructed adjacent to a large two-block-long parking garage that is connected directly to the mall at various levels. Shopping floors were color-coded blue, green, yellow, and red representing Street Level, Garden Level, the Garden food court area, and Fashion Level 1 and 2, respectively when the mall opened. During the holiday season, the mall's promotional slogan was "We bring more good things to Christmas."

The Galleria underwent a substantial renovation throughout the early-mid 1990s that undid many original elements; the glass elevator is the only significant feature dating from the mall's opening that survives relatively untouched. During the 1990s remodel, the waterfall and stage in the center court were replaced with two miniature fountains between the escalators. In later years, the mall experienced competition from newer and more upscale retail developments, such as The Westchester mall and The Source at White Plains.

On September 18, 2006, Philip Grant, a homeless convicted rapist, was convicted of murder as a hate crime for stabbing Concetta Russo-Carriero to death in a Galleria parking garage on June 29, 2005, because, according to Grant's videotaped confession, she was white with blond hair and blue eyes.

Interior shots of the mall were used in the 2018 film Eighth Grade as well as the 2022 film Somewhere in Queens.

On November 10, 2020, it was announced Sears would close. On January 5, 2021, Macy's announced as part of a strategy to focus on the highest achieving locations that they would be closing.

In November 2022, it was announced that the owners of The Galleria at White Plains were teaming up with two prominent development firms to update the mall as a mixed-use center that will involve both residential development and amenity-based retail. One of the developers, Louis R. Cappelli, has had a presence in White Plains for decades and is known for developing the nearby 46-story Ritz-Carlton towers. On December 21, 2022, PRCP announced that the Galleria at White Plains would close the following March for redevelopment.

The Galleria permanently closed on March 31, 2023. Some of the last stores operating before its closure included Claire's, Famous Footwear, GNC, Jimmy Jazz, Kay Jewelers, LensCrafters, Lids, Cohens Fashion Optical and Rainbow.

In May 2023, the mall was used as the filming location for the internet horror show Generation Loss.

Former anchor stores
East Anchor West Anchor
 * Abraham & Straus (1981-1995)
 * Stern's (1995-1996)
 * Macy's (1996-2021)
 * JCPenney (1981-2001)
 * Sears (2003-2021)

Forever 21

H&M (opened 2001, reopened 2014)

title: Galleria at White Plains


text:
User talk:Fabiob~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 12:45, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Microcosmos.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Microcosmos.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 04:14, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fabiob. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fabiob~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:49, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:46, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fabiob~enwiki


text: Talk:Korea Democratic Party

title: Talk:Korea Democratic Party


text:
Ferdinand Bol

Ferdinand Bol (24 June 1616 - 24 August 1680) was a Dutch painter, etcher and draftsman. Although his surviving work is rare, it displays Rembrandt's influence; like his master, Bol favored historical subjects, portraits, numerous self-portraits, and single figures in exotic finery.

Biography
Ferdinand was born in Dordrecht as the son of a surgeon, Balthasar Bol. Ferdinand Bol was first an apprentice of Jacob Cuyp in his hometown and/or of Abraham Bloemaert in Utrecht. After 1630, he studied with Rembrandt, living in his house in Sint Antoniesbreestraat, then a fashionable street and area for painters, jewellers, architects, and many Flemish and Jewish immigrants. In 1641, Bol started his own studio.

In 1652, he became a burgher of Amsterdam, and in 1653, he married Elisabeth Dell, whose father held positions with the Admiralty of Amsterdam and the wine merchants' guild, both institutions that later gave commissions to the artist. Within a few years (1655), he became the head of the guild and received orders to deliver two chimney pieces for rooms in the new town hall designed by Jacob van Campen, and four more for the Admiralty of Amsterdam.

Around this time, Bol was a popular and successful painter. His palette had lightened, his figures possessed greater elegance, and by the middle of the decade he was receiving more official commissions than any other artist in Amsterdam. Godfrey Kneller was his pupil. Bol delivered four paintings for the two mansions of the brothers Trip, originally also from Dordrecht.

Bol's first wife died in 1660. In 1669, Bol married for the second time to Anna van Erckel, widow of the treasurer of the Admiralty, and apparently retired from painting at that point in his life. In 1672, the couple moved to Keizersgracht 672, then a newly designed part of the city, and now the Museum Van Loon. Bol served as a governor in a Home for Lepers. Bol died a few weeks after his wife, on Herengracht, where his son, a lawyer, lived.

Probably his best known painting is a portrait of Elisabeth Bas, the wife of the naval officer Joachim Swartenhondt and an innkeeper near the Dam square. This and many other of his paintings would in the 19th century be falsely attributed to Rembrandt.

title: Ferdinand Bol


text:
Jamieson v HM Advocate

Jamieson v HM Advocate is a notable legal case which established a precedent in Scotland which held that a man does not commit rape where he honestly, albeit unreasonably, believes his victim is consenting. This was a criminal case decided by the High Court of Justiciary sitting as the Court of Criminal Appeal. The appeal case was heard before a panel of three judges with the Lord Justice-General (Lord Hope) as president, with Lord Allanbridge and Lord Cowie. The case is reported at 1994 SLT 537.

The decision relies upon the point that in Scots Law, a criminal act consists of two elements, the factual act done and the mens rea or intention of the perpetrator in carrying out that action. The crime of rape consisted, at that time, of a man having vaginal sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent, with the crime of rape being defined at common law. Therefore, it was held that the mens rea element is that the man either believes the woman is not consenting or is "reckless or indifferent to the matter of consent". Accordingly, it was held that if the man genuinely believes the woman is consenting, he is not committing the specific crime of rape. This was established law per the cited cases of Sweeney v. X 1982 S.C.C.R. 509 and Meek v. H.M. Advocate 1983 S.L.T. 280.

In Jamieson the specific point was whether this belief requires to be based on objectively reasonable grounds, or if it was sufficient that the alleged perpetrator genuinely held this belief even although another person in the same circumstances might not have the same belief. The decision was that honest belief is all that is required, although an absence of reasonable grounds to hold such a belief would affect whether a jury would accept if as a matter of fact he did genuinely believe this.

This precedent is unlikely to be considered as still 'good law' as the Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009 (which provided the first statutory definition of rape and of consent) states at S.1 (1)(b) that [a person 'A' commits rape upon 'B'] "(b)without any reasonable belief that B consents".

title: Jamieson v HM Advocate


text:
Talk:Alice Deejay

Untitled
Need to add the recent acclaim of their new single "Man On The Run". Not sure how best to phrase this. Suggestions? Ibjle (talk) 01:08, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

I think Dash Berlin should has it own page..Just a suggestion :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kclkcl (talk • contribs) 03:53, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

The part about Dash Berlin ist absolutely not neutral! Needs a thorough cleanup. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.133.8.114 (talk) 07:40, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Agreed with 130.133.8.114. It's disgusting how biased it is. 99.254.94.100 (talk) 02:27, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

That section is a direct copy from the Dash Berlin myspace biography, and thus designed to be spin. Its inclusion is very poor form indeed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.216.239.13 (talk) 21:33, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

Yes this article does need to be separated from 'Alice Deejay' and will need to be cleaned up when done so (S2333 (talk) 11:02, 13 December 2009 (UTC))

The Dash Berlin section would be much better suited to a separate article. I agree that the current revision needs to be rewritten to a more objective form. Jet (talk) 14:48, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Totally agree that Dash Berlin has to be separated from Alice Deejay. Different styles, different times, nothing in common. 89.208.2.53 (talk) 19:50, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Dash Berlin
Hi, i'm from the Netherlands, so sorry for my bad English! I was searching around for Dash Berlin, and i was directed to Alice Deejay! So i read it further, and i read that Dash Berlin was formed by Molijn & Kalberg! But, Dash Berlin was formed by Jeff X, and not by Molijn & Kalberg, he teamed up with them, but before he teamed up, Dash Berlin already exist! So why they say that? If u want a source, click here! --Simon.D (talk) 16:49, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Dash Berlin now have their own article, where referenced information pertaining to them should be placed. Equally, this article is still in need of citations and third party reliable sources, rather than the opinionated fancruft that previously existed therein. Thanks,

 * Derek R Bullamore (talk) 15:05, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Alice Deejay. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131231100227/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259165-DISQUES-D-OR.html?year=2000&type=7 to http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259165-DISQUES-D-OR.html?year=2000&type=7
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140102201334/http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259165-DISQUES-D-OR.html?year=2000 to http://www.snepmusique.com/fr/pag-259165-DISQUES-D-OR.html?year=2000&type=6

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:28, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Alice Deejay. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150222163550/http://hangout.altsounds.com/features/129430-happened-alice-deejay.html to http://hangout.altsounds.com/features/129430-happened-alice-deejay.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150222174419/http://www.meproductions.nl/alice-dj to http://www.meproductions.nl/alice-dj
 * Added tag to http://www.ifpi.se/wp-content/uploads/ar-2000.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060323005643/http://dancemusic.about.com/cs/interviews/a/ProntiKalmaniIn.htm to http://dancemusic.about.com/cs/interviews/a/ProntiKalmaniIn.htm/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:40, 1 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alice Deejay


text:
Wikipedia:Featured list candidates/List of sex positions

List of sex positions
This list has been in the top 100 for pages viewed on Wikipedia for at least a year. It contains references, drawings and is at least as comprehensive as the average human sexuality book. It is the currently the number one list on Wikipedia by number of page views (not just looking at en, but overall) and is the first link returned from a Google search of list of sex positions. I consider it featured list quality or very close. Jrincayc 12:47, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, it is very good, but I think this has too much content to be a list! Perhaps it should be nominated on WP:FAC - if they shoot it down then we may take it. -- ALoan (Talk) 13:52, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Support seems quite comprehensive. I love the pictures (its funny how generic sex position picture always have a guy with a huge beard and long hair). Where can you see the top 100 most viewed pages on wikipedia?--The_stuart 14:38, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Current Statistics and old statistics on usage. Jrincayc 12:10, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks alot, intresting stuff!--The_stuart 13:08, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Support Rama 12:41, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Ian ≡ talk 01:53, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, I don't like how image heavy this is. Images should complement the list (i.e. go alongside the text that is there), not lengthen it (some sections would be much much shorter if the images weren't there).  Most of the images are on the subpages, so I'd suggest removing some of them from this list.  I'm also a bit displeased with the inconsistent linking on the page (some entries just redirect to another entry's article and there the two are said to be synonymous). --Spangineer  (háblame)  17:53, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I didn't get any comments on it, so I just went in and made the changes myself. The page still seems to be rather messy, but now I'm neutral. --Spangineer  (háblame)  03:56, August 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Jrincayc 12:28, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Support well that was educational. --Sophitus 22:19, August 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * NOTE: Let's give this to 13:52 on 9 August (ie a whole fortnight) to allow for Spangineer's concerns to be addressed and/or for further comments, jguk 08:54, 6 August 2005 (UTC)
 * sex positions 2A05:1A00:208:1D00:A9DD:B8CA:F4F5:4D5A (talk) 01:01, 11 September 2023 (UTC)


text:
User:Prog1

Prog1 or Progone (AKA: Progressive One) My real name is Matthew Piatkowski. I am a photographer and artist. All photos I took can also be seen at my online gallery and/or Photography/Model Site,

I currently have over 60,000 photographs that I have taken on my Backup harddrive. Unfortnately, I'll never be able to post a third of my best pictures.

For any questions or comments regarding my pictures or art please email me at (mailto:matthew.piatkowski@gmail.com) or contact me on Myspace Profile

title: User:Prog1


text:
Pope Benjamin II of Alexandria

Pope Benjamin II of Alexandria was the 82nd Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark from 1327 to 1339. His episcopate lasted for eleven years, seven months and 26 days from 10 May 1327 (15 Pachons 1043 AM) to 6 January 1339 (11 Tobah 1055 AM). The See of St Mark remained vacant for 11 months and 26 days after his death. He died on the day of the feast of Epiphany (6 January 1339, 11 Tobah 1055 AM). He was buried in Deir Shahran (the monastery of Shahran). His body was later transferred to the Monastery of Abba Bishoy in the Nitrian Desert, the monastery that he restored after it was destroyed in riots. In his time, the Papal Residence was at the Church of The Holy Virgin Mary and St Mercurius in the Coptic quarter of Cairo.

Contemporary Rulers of Egypt During His Episcopate
He episcopate was at the time of the third reign of Al-Sultan Al-Nasser Ibn Qalawun. El-Malik el-Nasser Nasr el-Din Muhammad ibn Qalawun ( الملك الناصر ناصر الدين محمد بن قلاوون), commonly known as Al-Nasir Muhammad ( الناصر محمد), or by his kunya: Abu'l Maali or as Ibn Qalawun (born 1285– died 1341 AD) who was the ninth Mamluk sultan of Egypt. Al-Nasir Muhammad ruled for three reigns: first as a child (December 1293–December 1294), then from 1299–1309, and a third reign from 1310 until his death in 1341.

Brief biography
His name at birth was Benjamin. He was born in a town of Demicrat (دميقراط) at the deep south of Egypt. He loved the life of solitude and tranquility and thus he led a life of solitude in the desert near his hometown. As many of his relatives and acquaintances started visiting him, he left the place and went to the monastery of the Mule in the Mount Tura to realize his longing for the life of solitude away from people. This was not possible, as soon his virtues became known. Many believers admired him and came asking for his advice and for his prayers. When Abba Barsoum El-Aarian saw him, he prophesied that he would sit on the throne of St. Mark. Indeed, 43 days after the repose of Pope John IX, the 81st patriarch, the bishops gathered at the Patriarchate to elect the monk Benjamin from Deir al-Baqal in Mount Tura. He was ordained on 15 Bashans 1043 AM (10 May 1327 AD) and was called Benjamin II.

In his days, as characteristic of the entire period, a storm of extreme persecution and distress fell on the Copts. Many churches and monasteries were destroyed. The monks and nuns were harassed, and the life of the bishops became especially hard. Of particular mention was a wave of persecution unleashed by the governor Sharaf el-Din ibn el-Taj, who remained in office for one year and then he died. His successor was a patient and fair governor who treated Muslims and Christians with fairness. Thus, Abba Benjamin was able to rebuild what was destroyed of the churches and monasteries especially the monastery of Abba Bishoy in the Nitrian Dessert, which had been completely destroyed.

In the third year of his papacy (March 1330 AD, 1046 AM), 20 bishops gathered in the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great during Lent to consecrate the Holy Oil of Chrismation (Miron).

Then, the church faced a new wave of distress, this time at the hands of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad. The Emperor of Ethiopia intervened to create an atmosphere of peace between the Patriarch and the Sultan, which restored a period of tranquility.

title: Pope Benjamin II of Alexandria


text:
Bedtime story (disambiguation)

A bedtime story is a popular form of storytelling.

Bedtime story or Bedtime stories may also refer to:

Film

 * A Bedtime Story, a 1933 comedy film
 * Bedtime Story (1938 film), a British drama film directed by Donovan Pedelty
 * Bedtime Story (1941 film), a 1941 comedy film
 * Bedtime Story (1964 film), a 1964 comedy film, with a different plot than the 1941 film
 * Bedtime Stories (film), a 2008 family fantasy comedy starring Adam Sandler

Television

 * Bedtime Stories (1974 TV series), an BBC2 anthology series
 * "Bedtime Stories" (How I Met Your Mother), an episode of the television series How I Met Your Mother
 * "Bedtime Stories" (Supernatural), an episode of the television series Supernatural
 * "Bedtime Story" (Charlie Jade), an episode of the television series Charlie Jade
 * "Bedtime Story" (Golden Girls episode), an episode of the television series Golden Girls
 * Tim & Eric's Bedtime Stories, a TV anthology series

Music

 * Bedtime Stories (David Baerwald album), 1990
 * Bedtime Stories (Madonna album), 1994
 * "Bedtime Story" (Madonna song), a 1994 song from the above album
 * Bedtime Story (album), a 1972 album by Tammy Wynette
 * "Bedtime Story" (Tammy Wynette song), 1972
 * "Bedtime Story" (Warm Guns song), 1983
 * Bedtime Stories, a 1975 album by Judge Dread

Other

 * Bedtime Stories, a series of children's storybooks by Arthur S. Maxwell
 * "Bedtime Stories", a newspaper column by American author Thornton W. Burgess
 * Bed/Time/Story, a 1974 memoir about drug addiction by Jill Schary Robinson

title: Bedtime story (disambiguation)


text:
Natural Products Association

The Natural Products Association or NPA (formerly the NNFA, or the National Nutritional Foods Association) is the largest and oldest nonprofit organization representing the interests of manufacturers and retailers of the natural products industry, which includes organic and health foods, dietary supplements, natural ingredient cosmetics, and other similar products. The organization includes more than 1,900 members accounting for more than 10,000 retailers, manufacturers, wholesalers and distributors of natural products.

History
The Natural Products Association was founded in 1936 as the American Health Foods Association (AHFA) to inform consumers about the benefits of the natural nutrition industry. In 1937, the association changed its name to the Natural Health Foods Association (NHFA), representing retailers, manufacturers and distributors. In 1943, NHFA was renamed to the National Dietary Foods Association (NDFA). In 1970, NDFA officially became the National Nutritional Foods Association (NNFA). The organization renamed itself the Natural Products Association or NPA in June 2006. It has over 650 members today. Its members include suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers representing 10,000 storefronts.

Programs
The science and regulatory affairs department oversees the association's third-party certification programs.

Natural Seal
The NPA Natural Seal is described as the first and only natural products certification in the United States. Currently only home care and personal care products and ingredients can be certified. The association requires that certified products must be at least 95 percent natural ingredients or ingredients from natural sources, excluding water. NPA-certified products must use natural ingredients, avoid ingredients with health risks, don't use animal testing, and include biodegradable or recycled material in the packaging. Products also must list all ingredients on the package label, and NPA requires 100 percent natural fragrances and colorants. Certified products are said to appear in more than 85,000 stores nationwide. NPA has certified more than 1,200 products and ingredients since 2008, including well-known brands like Burt's Bees and J.R. Watkins.

GMP Certification
The Natural Products Association launched the first third-party Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) program for the manufacturing of dietary supplements and ingredients in 1999. NPA GMP Certification is awarded to companies that comply with the NPA GMP standard as verified through comprehensive third-party inspections of facilities and GMP-related documentation. More than 70 companies are known to have achieved certification. NPA also offers a series of GMP training seminars across the United States each year.

Advocacy
The Natural Products Association educates members of Congress about the industry and the impact of federal legislation and regulations. In addition, NPA provides comments to federal agencies on how regulatory enforcement activities may affect manufacturers, retailers and consumers of natural products and dietary supplements. NPA's regional offices are primarily responsible for monitoring state legislative activity, though the national office leads outreach in California and Hawaii.

Natural Products Day
Each year, NPA hosts Natural Products Day for NPA members and others in the industry to visit Congressional offices and talk to senators, representatives and their staffs about legislative and regulatory issues. NPA also presents Congressional Champion Awards to selected legislators. In addition, the association hosts a California Natural Products Day in Sacramento.

The Big Natural
Offering two days of industry-driven, educational sessions, workshop programming, case studies, interactive discussions, networking and benchmarking. The Big Natural brings together industry leaders, innovators and government officials who share insights that will educate, empower and spark innovative ideas to drive the industry forward.

Dietary Supplement Caucus
The Dietary Supplement Caucus (DSC) was launched in 2006 to serve as a bipartisan, bicameral group to facilitate discussions among congressional lawmakers about issues related to dietary supplements. In 2008, the DSC, in cooperation with the Natural Products Association and the Council for Responsible Nutrition, held its first briefing. The briefings continue to be held on Capitol Hill.

Industry Education
The Natural Products Association offers a variety of educational programs and resources for both members and non-members. These include:

 * GMP training seminars for dietary supplement manufacturers about federal GMP requirements, compliance with GMP rules, and how to prepare for regulatory inspections.
 * Labeling seminars covering both mandatory and non-mandatory elements of dietary supplement labeling, including labeling basics and regulations around health claims.
 * The NPA Retailer's Staff Education Toolkit helps store owners educate their sales staff about what may and may not be discussed with customers about dietary supplements.
 * Webinars and conference education sessions on industry topics throughout the year.

NPA members typically receive discounts off the price of education sessions.

Regional Offices
Members of the Natural Products Association also may join one of five regional offices. Each region is governed by its own board of directors and the president of each region also sits on the national NPA Board of Directors. Regional offices include: NPA East; NPA Midwest; NPA Northwest; SENPA Southeast Natural Products Association; and NPA Southwest.

title: Natural Products Association


text:
Betzenweiler

Betzenweiler is a municipality in the Biberach district of Baden-Württemberg, in southwestern Germany.

The 9.7 km2 area is between the basin of Federsee and the Bussen, the largest mountain in central Swabia.

The official language is German, but day-to-day conversations by almost all of its inhabitants are in Swabian dialect.

Relative to its size of ca. 713 Betzenweiler has a big industry and more in-commuters than out-commuters.

There are about 15 bigger companies, some with more than 200 employees, and a lot of small ones.

title: Betzenweiler


text:
The Amazing Scarlet Spider

The Amazing Scarlet Spider is a short-lived comic book series starring Ben Reilly as the Scarlet Spider. The series was published by Marvel Comics for four issues in November and December 1995 in between The Amazing Spider-Man #406 and #407. During this time, all four primary Spider-Man series and his quarterly series were paused and briefly replaced by Scarlet Spider counterparts; the others being Web of Scarlet Spider, Scarlet Spider, The Spectacular Scarlet Spider and Scarlet Spider Unlimited.

The five series were instituted as part of the Clone Saga after when Peter Parker gave up being Spider-Man to retire with his pregnant wife Mary Jane, and the Scarlet Spider took on his duties. Amazing (along with Spider-Man, Spectacular and Unlimited) returned to its old name and numbering when Ben Reilly left the Scarlet Spider identity behind and took on the Spider-Man name for himself.

The Scarlet Spider books were direct continuations, in terms of creative teams and story lines, of their Spider-Man counterparts. They were effectively temporary renamings of their counterparts, other than not being incorporated into their issue numbering. The writer of the two issues was Tom DeFalco and the penciller was Mark Bagley.

Both issues are collected in Spider-Man: The Complete Ben Reilly Epic Book 1.

title: The Amazing Scarlet Spider


text: Template:Wards of Bradford

title: Template:Wards of Bradford


text:
Creggan, County Tyrone

Creggan (An Creagán ) is a townland in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the historic barony of Omagh East and the civil parish of Termonmaguirk and covers an area of 4022 acres.

Popular places of tourist interest include the An Creagán centre, located three miles north of Carrickmore on the main Cookstown to Omagh road. Tourists are drawn to the old-fashioned cottages located near the An Creagán centre.

The popular traditional folk song, The "Creggan White Hare", is named for this townland.

The population of the townland declined during the 19th century:

title: Creggan, County Tyrone


text:
Thorstein Helstad

Thorstein Helstad (born 28 April 1977) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a centre-foward. Helstad is currently 1.87m (6 ft 2 inches) tall.

Career
Helstad was born in Hamar, Norway and started his career in his local club FL Fart where he at age 16 scored two goals against Løten in 1993 that made the team win promotion to Norwegian Third Devision. He transferred to the local Norwegian First Division side HamKam, at the age of 18, and played for the club between 1995 and 1997. Helstad joined the Tippeligaen side Brann ahead of the 1998 season. He became one of the biggest stars in the team, and was Tippeliga top scorer in both 2000 and 2001 and won the Kniksen Award as the best striker in 2000. Helstad was sold to Austria Wien alongside Raymond Kvisvik, where he won both the Austrian Bundesliga, the Austrian Cup and the Austrian Supercup. After scoring 14 goals in 69 matches for the Austrian side, Helstad returned to Norway where he signed a four-year deal with Rosenborg.

With Steffen Iversen as the preferred striker, Helstad never managed to gain a regular spot in the first squad, but was often used as a winger in a 4–3–3 system.

After scoring 24 goals in 58 matches, Helstad returned to Brann in June 2006. Since he transferred in the middle of the season he won both gold with Rosenborg and silver with Brann.

In July 2008, Brann accepted a €2 million bid for Helstad from French club Le Mans, where he was installed as their starting striker. Helstad scored 21 goals in 2010–11.

In June 2011, Helstad made a free transfer move to recently relegated and former Champions League finalist Monaco.

He announced his retirement from playing in April 2014.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Norway's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Helstad goal.

Honours
Austria Wien
 * Austrian Bundesliga: 2002–03
 * Austrian Cup: 2002–03
 * Austrian Supercup: 2003

Rosenborg
 * Tippeligaen: 2004, 2006

Brann
 * Tippeligaen: 2007

Individual
 * Tippeligaen top scorer: 2000, 2001, 2007
 * Kniksen Award Attacker of the Year: 2000, 2007
 * Norwegian Football Association Gold Watch

title: Thorstein Helstad


text:
Septimus Winner

Septimus Winner (May 11, 1827 – November 22, 1905) was an American songwriter of the 19th century. He used his own name, and also the pseudonyms Alice Hawthorne, Percy Guyer, Mark Mason, Apsley Street, and Paul Stenton. He was also a teacher, performer, and music publisher.

Biography
Winner was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the seventh child to Joseph E. Winner (an instrument maker specializing in violins) and wife Mary Ann. Mary Ann Winner was a relative of Nathaniel Hawthorne, hence Septimus' use of the Hawthorne name as part of his pseudonym Alice Hawthorne.

Winner attended Philadelphia Central High School. Although largely self-taught in the area of music, he did take lessons from Leopold Meignen around 1853, but by that time he was already an established instrumental teacher, and performed locally with various ensembles.

From around 1845 to 1854, Septimus Winner partnered with his brother Joseph Eastburn Winner (1837–1918) as music publishers. Septimus continued in the business with various partners and names until 1902.

Winner was especially popular for his ballads published under the pseudonym of Alice Hawthorne, which became known generically as "Hawthorne's Ballads". His brother was also a composer, publishing under the alias Eastburn. Septimus Winner was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970.

In addition to composing popular songs, Winner also produced more than 200 instruction method books for more than twenty-three instruments. He wrote more than 1,500 easy arrangements for various instruments and almost 2,000 arrangements for violin and piano.

Songs
In 1855, Winner published the song "Listen to the Mockingbird" under the Alice Hawthorne name. He had arranged and added words to a tune by local singer/guitarist Richard Milburn, an employee, whom he credited. Later he sold the rights, reputedly for five dollars, and subsequent publications omitted Milburn's name from the credits. The song was indeed a winner, selling about 15 million copies in the United States alone.

Another of his successes, and still familiar, is "Der Deitcher's Dog", or "Oh Where, oh Where Ish Mine Little Dog Gone", a text that Winner set to the German folk tune "In Lauterbach hab' ich mein' Strumpf verlor'n" in 1864, which recorded massive sales during Winner's lifetime.

The first verse of "Der Deitcher's Dog" is particularly noteworthy as its first verse has become a popular nursery rhyme:

Modern versions occasionally change "cut" to "so".

The original song is written in German dialect Pennsylvania "Dutch"), and subsequent verses praise lager, but lament the fact that "mit no money", drinking it is not possible, and praise sausages and thence to speculate on the fate of the missing dog:

Another of Winner's best-remembered songs, "Ten Little Injuns", was originally published in 1864. This was adapted, possibly by Frank J. Green in 1868 as "Ten Little Niggers" and became a standard of the blackface minstrel shows. It was sung by Christy's Minstrels and became widely known in Europe, where it was used by Agatha Christie in her 1939 novel And Then There Were None, about 10 killings on a remote island. In 2005, film historian Richard Finegan identified Winner as the composer of The Three Stooges song "Swingin' the Alphabet" featured in their 1938 film Violent Is the Word for Curly. Winner had originally published it in 1875 as "The Spelling Bee".

In 1862, Winner was court-martialed and briefly jailed, accused of treason, because he wrote and published a song entitled "Give Us Back Our Old Commander: Little Mac, the People's Pride". It concerned General George B. McClellan, whom President Abraham Lincoln had just fired from the command of the Army of the Potomac. McClellan was a popular man, and his supporters bought more than 80,000 copies of the song in its first two days of publication. He was released from arrest after promising to destroy all of the remaining copies. Shortly after his release, he wrote, "Oh Where, oh Where Ish Mine Little Dog Gone". The song reappeared in 1864 when McClellan was a presidential candidate. In 1880, the words were rewritten as a campaign ditty on behalf of Ulysses S. Grant.

Winner's 1865 love song of the American Civil War, Sweet Ellie Rhee (or "Carry Me Back to Tennessee"), is widely considered to have been introduced to South Africa by Americans working in the Transvaal gold mines, and to have greatly influenced the well-known Afrikaans song Sarie Marais.

Personal life
Artist Margaret F. Winner was his youngest daughter.

Songs
The most popular Septimus Winner songs include:

 * "How Sweet Are the Roses" (1850)
 * "I Set My Heart Upon a Flower" (1854)
 * "What Is Home Without a Mother" (1854)
 * "Listen to the Mockingbird" (1855)
 * "Abraham's Daughter" or "Raw Recruits" (1861)
 * "Der Deitcher's Dog" (1864)
 * "Ellie Rhee" or "Carry Me Back to Tennessee" (1865)
 * "What Care I?" (1866)
 * "Whispering Hope" (1868)
 * "Ten Little Injuns" (1868)
 * "The Birdies' Ball" (1869)
 * "Come Where the Woodbine Twineth" (1870)
 * "Love Once Gone Is Lost Forever" (1870)

title: Septimus Winner


text:
Andelfingen, Germany

Andelfingen is a small village in the south of Germany, in the municipality of Langenenslingen, in the district Biberach. It has a population of 1200.

title: Andelfingen, Germany


text:
Possum Kingdom State Park

Possum Kingdom State Park is a state park in Palo Pinto County, Texas, USA, that was built in the 1940s by Civilian Conservation Corps Company 2888 and opened to the public in 1950. It covers approximately 1530 acre, and lies in the Palo Pinto Mountains and Brazos River Valley of Texas. The park borders the large Possum Kingdom Lake, a 20000 acre lake known for its clear blue waters. Possum Kingdom winds for 65 mi down the Brazos River, and has more than 300 mi of shoreline. A privately owned store and marina in the park cater to boaters and campers.

The Boy Scouts of America have a summer camp "Constantin" on the shores of Possum Kingdom Lake as does the YMCA at camp "Grady Spruce".

Camp Grady Spruce is directly across from the most well known geological feature of the lake called "Hell's Gate", a channel which cuts between an island and a row of cliffs.

The title of the song "Possum Kingdom" by Toadies is derived from Possum Kingdom State Park.

On April 15, 2011, the park was closed due to wildfires, and was reopened on May 25, 2011.

Due to Texas' severe drought, another breakout of wildfires that began on August 30, 2011, plagued the Possum Kingdom Lake area. The fires burned into September, and though the park was not damaged, 39 homes and 9 recreation vehicles were destroyed.

title: Possum Kingdom State Park


text:
Talk:Mittelbiberach

Mittelbiberach is a village between Reute and Stafflangen.The river Rotbach flows through the village. Parts of Mittelbiberach are Reute, Oberdorf, Findenmösle, Unterreute and Geradsweiler. In 2002 Mittelbiberach had a population of 3.731.

Mittelbiberach has a lot of associations like the "Bürgermilitärcorps Mittelbiberach", Fanfarenzug MBC, Mittelbiberacher Bauerntheater etc. This wonderful village offers a lot of sports activities like football, table tennis, volleyball, gymnastics, karate and tennis. Mittelbiberach is the perfect village for young people.

Every year a lot of people visit the famous "Maria Geburt Festival". It is a festival with a lot of traditions.

title: Talk:Mittelbiberach


text:
Smart v HM Advocate

Smart v Her Majesty's Advocate is a Scots law case that effectively excludes the common law doctrine of Volenti non fit injuria from Scots criminal law, when concerning assault.

The case saw the accused, William Smart, who was charged with assault, lodging the defence that his victim Issac Wilkie has consented to a "square go". Therefore Smart could not be charged with assaulting Wilkie or any injuries arising from the fight.

Facts
In 1974, Smart faced trial at Paisley Sheriff Court, where Sheriff McLean and a jury were in charge. Smart put forth a succinct two-part argument. Initially, he asserted that the victim had willingly participated in the fight and comprehended the potential risks, thus challenging the grounds for an assault charge. Additionally, he claimed to have acted in self-defense. Regrettably, this argument was dismissed due to a lack of substantial evidence. The central unresolved issue revolved around whether consent could serve as a defense against an attack.

Ruling
The sheriff ruled that:

"Now something has been said about consent. I direct you in law that consent—if you in fact were to find that Wilkie had consented in some way to this assault—then that would not be a defence … if the act is criminal it cannot lose its criminal character because the victim consented, and the reason is not far to seek. "

Smart was found guilty of assault by the jury and sentenced to detention for a period of three months. Smart chose to appeal this decision claiming consent was a defence to a charge of assault on the grounds that both men had chosen to fight without weapons in similar conditions to a boxing match. Smart relied on a passage from Gordon, Criminal Law at page 773, which stated: "If A and B decide to fight each other they cannot be guilty of assaulting each other, so long as neither exceeds the degree of violence consented to or permitted by law."

The appeal was heard on 24 January 1975 in the High court of justiciary, who on appeal held that it was not a defence to a criminal charge of assault that the injuries had been caused in the course of a consensual fight. The court held that:

"it is in the public interest that it should be decided and made known that consent to a 'square go' is not a defence to a charge of assault based on that agreed combat."

The situation was different from indecent acts or injuries caused in the course of organised sports, such as boxing.

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Smart v HM Advocate


text:
User:N. Harmonik

Someone who goes around categorizing articles mostly.

title: User:N. Harmonik


text:
Henry Coxe

Henry Octavius Coxe (20 September 1811 in Bucklebury, Berkshire, England – 8 July 1881 in Oxford) was an English librarian and scholar.

The eighth son of Rev. Richard Coxe and Susan Smith, he was educated at Westminster School and Worcester College, Oxford. Immediately on taking his degree in 1833, he began work in the manuscript department of the British Museum, became in 1838 sub-librarian of the Bodleian Library in Oxford, and in 1860 succeeded Dr. Bulkeley Bandinel as head librarian, an office he held until his death in 1881.

Having proved himself an able palaeographer, he was sent out by the British government under Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston to inspect the libraries in the monasteries of the Levant in 1857. He discovered some valuable manuscripts, but the monks were too wise to part with their treasures. One valuable result of his travels was the detection of the forgery attempted by Constantine Simonides. He was the author of various catalogues, and under his direction that of the Bodleian, in more than 720 volumes, was completed. He published Rogri de Wendover Chronica, 5 vols (1841–44); the Black Prince, an historical poem written in French by Chandos Herald (1842); and Report on the Greek Manuscripts yet remaining in the Libraries of the Levant (1858).

He was not only an accurate librarian but an active and hardworking clergyman, and was for the last twenty-five years of his life in charge of the parish of Wytham, near Oxford. He was likewise honorary fellow of Worcester and Corpus Christi.

In 1839 he married Charlotte Esther, daughter of Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner, and fathered five children, of whom Susan Esther (1842–1894) married John Wordsworth, future Bishop of Salisbury.

title: Henry Coxe


text:
Viable system model

The viable system model (VSM) is a model of the organizational structure of any autonomous system capable of producing itself. It is an implementation of viable system theory. At the biological level, this model is correspondent to autopoiesis.

A viable system is any system organised in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable. The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an abstracted cybernetic (regulation theory) description that is claimed to be applicable to any organisation that is a viable system and capable of autonomy.

Overview
The model was developed by operations research theorist and cybernetician Stafford Beer in his book Brain of the Firm (1972). Together with Beer's earlier works on cybernetics applied to management, this book effectively founded management cybernetics.

The first thing to note about the cybernetic theory of organizations encapsulated in the VSM is that viable systems are recursive; viable systems contain viable systems that can be modeled using an identical cybernetic description as the higher (and lower) level systems in the containment hierarchy (Beer expresses this property of viable systems as cybernetic isomorphism). A development of this model has originated the theoretical proposal called viable systems approach.

Components
Here we give a brief introduction to the cybernetic description of the organization encapsulated in a single level of the VSM.

A viable system is composed of five interacting subsystems which may be mapped onto aspects of organizational structure. In broad terms Systems 1–3. are concerned with the 'here and now' of the organization's operations, System 4 is concerned with the 'there and then' – strategical responses to the effects of external, environmental and future demands on the organization. System 5 is concerned with balancing the 'here and now' and the 'there and then' to give policy directives which maintain the organization as a viable entity. In addition to the subsystems that make up the first level of recursion, the environment is represented in the model. The presence of the environment in the model is necessary as the domain of action of the system and without it there is no way in the model to contextualize or ground the internal interactions of the organization.
 * System 1 in a viable system contains several primary activities. Each System 1 primary activity is itself a viable system due to the recursive nature of systems as described above. These are concerned with performing a function that implements at least part of the key transformation of the organization.
 * System 2 represents the information channels and bodies that allow the primary activities in System 1 to communicate between each other and which allow System 3 to monitor and co-ordinate the activities within System 1. Represents the scheduling function of shared resources to be used by System 1.
 * System 3 represents the structures and controls that are put into place to establish the rules, resources, rights and responsibilities of System 1 and to provide an interface with Systems 4/5. Represents the big picture view of the processes inside of System 1.
 * System 4 is made up of bodies that are responsible for looking outwards to the environment to monitor how the organization needs to adapt to remain viable.
 * System 5 is responsible for policy decisions within the organization as a whole to balance demands from different parts of the organization and steer the organization as a whole.

Algedonic alerts (from the Greek αλγος, pain and ηδος, pleasure) are alarms and rewards that escalate through the levels of recursion when actual performance fails or exceeds capability, typically after a timeout.

The model is derived from the architecture of the brain and nervous system. Systems 3-2-1 are identified with the ancient brain or autonomic nervous system. System 4 embodies cognition and conversation. System 5, the higher brain functions, include introspection and decision making.

Rules for the viable system
In "Heart of Enterprise" a companion volume to "Brain...", Beer applies Ashby's concept of (Requisite) Variety: the number of possible states of a system or of an element of the system. There are two aphorisms that permit observers to calculate Variety; four Principles of Organization; the Recursive System Theorem; three Axioms of Management and a Law of Cohesion. These rules ensure the Requisite Variety condition is satisfied, in effect that resources are matched to requirement.

Regulatory aphorisms
These aphorisms are:

 * It is not necessary to enter the black box to understand the nature of the function it performs.
 * It is not necessary to enter the black box to calculate the variety that it potentially may generate.

Principles of organization
(Principles are 'primary sources of particular outcome')

These principles are:
 * Managerial, operational and environmental varieties diffusing through an institutional system, tend to equate; they should be designed to do so with minimum damage to people and cost.
 * The four directional channels carrying information between the management unit, the operation, and the environment must each have a higher capacity to transmit a given amount of information relevant to variety selection in a given time than the originating subsystem has to generate it in that time.
 * Wherever the information carried on a channel capable of distinguishing a given variety crosses a boundary, it undergoes transduction (converting energy from one form to another); the variety of the transducer must be at least equivalent to the variety of the channel.
 * The operation of the first three principles must be cyclically maintained without delays.''

Recursive system theorem
This theorem states:
 * In a recursive organizational structure any viable system contains, and is contained in, a viable system.
 * Society itself can be seen as a system of recursion. In this case, recursion refers to systems that are nested within other systems.

Axioms
(Axioms are statements 'worthy of belief')

These axioms are:
 * The sum of horizontal variety disposed by n operational elements (systems one) equals the sum of the vertical variety disposed by the six vertical components of corporate cohesion. (The six are from Environment, System Three*, the System Ones, System Two, System Three and Algedonic alerts.)
 * The variety disposed by System Three resulting from the operation of the First Axiom equals the variety disposed by System Four.
 * The variety disposed by System Five equals the residual variety generated by the operation of the Second Axiom.

The law of cohesion for multiple recursions of the viable system
This law ('something invariant in nature') states:
 * The System One variety accessible to System Three of recursion x equals the variety disposed by the sum of the metasystems of recursion y for every recursive pair.

Measuring performance
In Brain of the Firm (p. 163) Beer describes a triple vector to characterize activity in a System 1. The components are:
 * Actuality: "What we are managing to do now, with existing resources, under existing constraints."
 * Capability: "This is what we could be doing (still right now) with existing resources, under existing constraints, if we really worked at it."
 * Potentiality: "This is what we ought to be doing by developing our resources and removing constraints, although still operating within the bounds of what is already known to be feasible."

Beer adds "It would help a lot to fix these definitions clearly in the mind." System 4's job is essentially to realize potential. He then defines Consider the management of a process with cash earnings or savings for a company or government:
 * Productivity: is the ratio of actuality and capability;
 * Latency: is the ratio of capability and potentiality;
 * Performance: is the ratio of actuality and potentiality, and also the product of latency and productivity.
 * Potentially £100,000 but aiming to make £ 60,000. Actually sales, savings or taxes of £40,000 are realized.
 * So Potentiality = £100,000; Capability = £60,000; Actuality = £40,000.
 * Thus latency = 60/100 = 0.6; Productivity = 40/60 = 0.67; And performance = 0.6 × 0.67 = 0.4 (or actuality/potential 40/100).

These methods (also known as normalisations) can be similarly applied in general e.g. to hours worked in the performance of tasks or products in a production process of some kind.

When actuality deviates from capability, because someone did something well or something badly, an algedonic alert is sent to management. If corrective action, adoption of a good technique or correction of an error, is not taken in a timely manner the alert is escalated. Because the criteria are applied in an ordered hierarchy the management itself need not be, but the routine response functions must be ordered to reflect best known heuristic practice. These heuristics are constantly monitored for improvement by the organization's System 4s.

Pay structures reflect these constraints on performance when capability or potential is realized with, for example, productivity bonuses, stakeholder agreements and intellectual property rights.

Metalanguage
In ascending the recursions of the viable system the context of each autonomous 5-4-3-2 metasystem enlarges and acquires more variety.

This defines a metalanguage stack of increasing capability to resolve undecidability in the autonomous lower levels. If someone near process level needs to innovate to achieve potential, or restore capability, help can be secured from management of higher variety.

An algedonic alert, sent when actuality deviates by some statistically significant amount from capability, makes this process automatic.

The notion of adding more variety or states to resolve ambiguity or undecidability (also known as the decision problem) is the subject of Chaitin's metamathematical conjecture algorithmic information theory and provides a potentially rigorous theoretical basis for a general management heuristic. If a process is not producing the agreed product more information, if applicable, will correct this, resolve ambiguity, conflict or undecidability.

In "Platform for Change" (Beer 1975) the thesis is developed via a collection of papers to learned bodies, including UK Police and Hospitals, to produce a visualization of the "Total System". Here a "Relevant ethic" evolves from "Experimental ethics" and the "Ethic with a busted gut" to produce a sustainable earth with reformed "old institutions" becoming "new institutions" driven by approval (eudemonic criteria "Questions of Metric" in Platform... pp 163– 179) from the "software milieu" while culture adopts the systems approach and "Homo faber" (man the maker) becomes "Homo Gubernator" (self-steering).

Applying VSM
In applying the VSM variety measures are used to match people, machines and money to jobs that produce products or services. In a set of processes some jobs are done by one person. Some are done by many and often many processes are done by the same person. Throughout the working day a participant, in completing a task, may find the focus shifts between internal and external Systems 1–5 from moment to moment.

The choices, or decisions discriminated, and their cost (or effort) defines the variety and hence resources needed for the job. The processes (Systems 1) are operationally managed by System 3 by monitoring performance and assuring (System 2) the flow of product between System 1s and out to users.

System 3 is able to audit (via 3*) past performance so "bad times" for production can be compared to "good times". If things go wrong and levels of risk increase the System 3 asks for help or puts it to colleagues for a remedy. This is the pain of an algedonic alert, which can be automatic when performance fails to achieve capability targets. The autonomic 3–2–1 homeostatic loop's problem is absorbed for solution within the autonomy of its metasystem. Development (the System 4 role of research and marketing) is asked for recommendations.

If more resources are required System 5 has to make the decision on which is the best option from System 4. Escalation to higher management (up the metalinguistic levels of recursion) will be needed if the remedy requires more resources than the current level of capability or variety can sustain. The pleasure of an algedonic alert which are performance improving innovations can also be handled in this way.

In a small business all these functions might be done by one person or shared between the participants. In larger enterprises roles can differentiate and become more specialized emphasizing one or more aspects of the VSM. Local conditions, the environment and nature of the service or product, determines where warehousing, sales, advertising, promotion, dispatch, taxation, finance, salaries etc., fit into this picture. Not all enterprises charge for their transactions (e.g. some schools and medical services, policing) and voluntary staff may not be paid. Advertising or shipping might not be part of the business or they might be the principal activity. Whatever the circumstances, all enterprises are required to be useful to their users if they are to remain viable. For all participants the central question remains: "Do I do what I always do for this transaction or do I innovate?" It is embodied in the calls on System 4. The VSM describes the constraints: a knowledge of past performance and how it may be improved.

Beer dedicated Brain of the Firm to his colleagues past and present with the words "absolutum obsoletum" which he translated as "If it works it's out of date".

Organizations

 * Metaphorum Society
 * Cybernetics and Society
 * SCiO – Systems & Cybernetics in Organisations (UK)
 * Cwarel Isaf Institute
 * Malik Management

title: Viable system model


text:
User talk:Asfalterisk

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! TheCoffee 12:55, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Non-free use disputed for Image:Alundracover.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Alundracover.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 17:39, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asfalterisk


text:
Dettingen an der Iller

Dettingen an der Iller is a town in the district of Biberach in Baden-Württemberg in Germany, located on the Iller river. At the end of 2015 its population was approximately 2100.

title: Dettingen an der Iller


text: Talk:Gríma Wormtongue

title: Talk:Gríma Wormtongue


text:
Missile Datcom

Missile DATCOM is a widely used semi-empirical datasheet component build-up method for the prediction of missile aerodynamic coefficients. It is an example of an engineering aeroprediction method which can be used to generate an aerodynamic database of the vehicle’s aerodynamic coefficients at various flight conditions. It has been in continual development for over twenty years, with the latest version released in December 2014. It has traditionally been supplied free of charge by the United States Air Force to American defense contractors. The code is considered restricted under International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and should not be distributed outside the United States.

title: Missile Datcom


text:
Regina Hall

Regina Lee Hall (born December 12, 1970) is an American actress. She rose to prominence for her role as Brenda Meeks in the comedy horror Scary Movie film series (2000–2006). She has since appeared in the television series Ally McBeal (2001–2002), Law & Order: LA (2010–2011), Grandfathered (2016), and Black Monday (2019–2021), and in the films The Best Man (1999), its 2013 sequel The Best Man Holiday, About Last Night (2014), Vacation (2015), Girls Trip (2017), The Hate U Give (2018), and Little (2019). For the comedy film Support the Girls (2018), Hall received critical acclaim, and became the first African American to win the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress.

Early life
Hall was born the daughter of a contractor and electrician father, Odie Hall, and a teacher mother, Ruby. After graduating from Immaculata High School, Hall enrolled at Fordham University in the Bronx, where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in English in 1992. She later enrolled at New York University, where she earned a master's degree in journalism in 1997. Reflecting on college, Hall said: "I loved being a student. I could've gone to school until I was 75 years old as long as somebody would've paid my rent. I would've been a professional student."

She wanted a career with impact and envisioned a career in writing or journalism, but Hall's first semester of graduate school changed drastically when her father died of a stroke. "It was sudden. And I think when sudden events that are painful happen in your life, you know, they redirect your course," Hall reflected. "When you're young, you don't grasp the gravity of life. But when you lose someone that you spend most of your life with, and you're young, you do. And so I think that started me thinking about what I really wanted to do in life. And I know my father would have wanted me to finish school. So I did that." She began a career in the entertainment industry, starting off with a guest appearance on Sadat X's 1996 album Wild Cowboys on the track, "The Interview".

Career
In 1997, Hall appeared in her first television commercial at the age of 26. Her television career began with a role on the soap opera Loving, and guest appearances on the Fox police drama New York Undercover. She played Candy in the 1999 film The Best Man. She left a lasting impression on viewers with her portrayal of the character Candace "Candy" Sparks. Hall reflected: "It was my very first movie. I met Sanaa Lathan on it, and we did Love and Basketball together, which was my second film. And then, at that point, I was visiting L.A. to stay and it led to a third film and a fourth film. And it was really a big deal because I'd never been on a set before." It signaled a pivotal point for Hall's career. As a key member of the all-star cast, she welcomed rising-star status in "Black-Hollywood".

Hall gained more recognition with her role in the comedy-horror-spoof Scary Movie (and the sequels Scary Movie 2, Scary Movie 3, and Scary Movie 4) portraying the sex-crazed Brenda Meeks, and the TV movie Disappearing Acts. The Scary Movie films would become some of her best known roles. In 2001, Hall landed the role of Coretta Lipp on the prime-time drama Ally McBeal, which was originally a recurring role over several episodes but was made a main character in the 5th season of the show. A year later, she starred in the action-drama Paid in Full, a film directed by Charles Stone III. Since then, she has appeared in leading roles in films such as Malibu's Most Wanted, King's Ransom and The Honeymooners.

She appeared in the film Law Abiding Citizen in 2009. She had a role in the 2010 Danneel Harris and Arielle Kebbel film Mardi Gras. From its fall 2010 debut until a series overhaul in January 2011, Regina Hall portrayed Deputy District Attorney Evelyn Price on Law & Order: LA.

In 2012, she portrayed Candace Hall in Steve Harvey's movie Think Like a Man, a romantic comedy based on his book Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man. Hall reprised her role as Candace Sparks in The Best Man Holiday in 2013. She believed the characters had evolved from the first film. Hall felt The Best Man Holiday was different from any sequel she had ever done before since it was not "immediate" and it had been fourteen years since the release of the original. Hall felt the first film had "the joy of the wedding" and in the sequel "they come together for the holidays, but it's deeper than that. This one's definitely different, but we still laughed. There was so much laughter behind the scenes." Hall joked about how all of the male members of the cast were married while all of the women were not, stating that Morris Chestnut was happily married while walking around "with his shirt off!"

Hall appeared in the 2014 film About Last Night, costarring Kevin Hart. She and Hart were seen as the film's highlight as they had a "great dynamic together" and the two were credited with having the funniest lines in the film. All of the cast was seen as having a "perfect mix of charisma and likability". Jessica Herndon of the Associated Press stated "Hart and Hall are the best part of this film. They play the couple you know all too well: fiery, able to press one another's buttons and always caught in the makeup to breakup game." Negative reviews of the film also praised the pairing of Hall with Kevin Hart. Mick LaSalle of The San Francisco Chronicle expressed that Hart was "well paired for Hall, who matches him for comedy." At the time of the film's release, both Hall and Hart expressed interest in working on other projects together. About Last Night was her third ensemble film and Hall reflected that she learned from actors she worked with in ensembles.

Hall reprised her role as Candace Hall in Think Like a Man Too. She revealed what members of the cast partied the most in the film shortly before the movie's release. "Everyone kind of had their fun, I'm not gonna lie. We went out, we gambled. Kevin [Hart] parties. There were parties, and we all went. It was good fun". In July 2014, it was announced Hall would star in a Lifetime film, entitled With This Ring, with Eve and Jill Scott.

In the 2015 film People Place Things, Hall had a major role as the love interest of a newly divorced man. In 2016, Hall was in Barbershop: The Next Cut. She played the role of Angie, one of the hair stylists, alongside Ice Cube, Common, and Eve. In 2017, Hall co-starred in the comedy film Girls Trip, which became a critical and commercial success. In 2018, Hall was part of the ensemble cast of the drama film The Hate U Give, based on the 2017 novel.

Hall had the lead in Support the Girls, a film directed by Andrew Bujalski. For the latter, she received critical praise, and was nominated for several awards, winning the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress. She is the first African-American to win the award. That same year she was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In 2019, Hall hosted the 2019 BET Awards.

In October 2020, she inked a first-look deal with Showtime. Under the pact, Hall will develop and produce television projects via her production company, RH Negative. A mere months later, her company signed a six-film deal with ViacomCBS.

She cohosted the 94th Academy Awards with Amy Schumer and Wanda Sykes on March 27, 2022.

Personal life
Around 2004, Hall's mother was diagnosed with scleroderma, a rare autoimmune disease. When not working in Hollywood, Hall can be found volunteering for the care of senior citizens at a Sherman Oaks, California, convalescent home twice a week as well as raising public awareness for the disease. "When my mom was diagnosed, I didn't know much about the condition. But Dana Delany, who is an actress and now a friend of mine, put me in touch with Bob Saget. Bob had made a television movie about scleroderma years ago because his sister had died from it. That was back when they didn't even know what it was. Anyway, Bob had a group called the Scleroderma Research Foundation, so I donated to that and my mother even went to the doctor Bob had suggested, who happened to be over at Johns Hopkins." Hall announced in November 2010 that she would be writing for ABILITY Magazine.

In 2010, when she was 40, Hall unsuccessfully tried to become a Catholic nun after a bad break-up, having previously wanted to become one at the age of 14. In the latter case, she was refused for being too old, as the cut-off age is 39.

In 2014, she signed as an ambassador for Elizabeth Taylor's White Diamonds.

title: Regina Hall


text:
Lleida CF

Lleida Club de Futbol is a Spanish football team based in Lleida, in the autonomous community of Catalonia. Founded in July 2011, it plays in, holding home games at Camp d'Esports, with a capacity of 13,500 seats.

History
In mid-May 2011, historic club Lleida was liquidated due to a €27.2 million debt. Its berth was auctioned and acquired by an entrepreneur from Lleida, Sisco Pujol, who created the new Lleida Esportiu, which started competing in Segunda División B; the club was also scheduled to take part in the 2011–12 Copa del Rey, in place of Unió Esportiva. Emili Vicente, the last manager of the previous club, was the first manager of the new one.

Esportiu played its first friendly game on 6 August 2011, with Poblade Mafumet (2–0); fifteen days later the team played its first official match, losing 1–3 at home to Reus. The cup campaign ended in the first round with a loss by the same score at Andorra. In 2013, just in their second season, Lleida played for the first time the promotion playoffs to Segunda División, as they did a year later, losing respectively to Real Jaén and Leganés; Toni Seligrat led the team in both seasons. In 2016, their third try in four years, the team lost in the playoff final to Sevilla Atlético, after a penalty shootout.

In the 2017–18 Copa del Rey, Lleida reached for the first time the round of 16 after eliminating top-level side Real Sociedad, by overcoming a disadvantage of three goals in the aggregate score in the previous round. In their first appearance in the round of 16, the club was eliminated by Atlético Madrid 7–0 on aggregate.

After a league restructuring, Lleida ended up in the new fourth-tier Segunda Federación for the 2021–22 season. In a first playoff for six years, the club lost to the seeded Sestao River Club after a goalless draw on 21 May.

Season to season

 * 10 seasons in Segunda División B
 * 3 seasons in Segunda Federación/Segunda División RFEF

Records

 * Record league victory: 0–6 vs. Atlético Baleares (3 April 2016)
 * Record league defeat: 5–1 vs. Villarreal B (3 October 2015), 4–0 vs. Sabadell (21 December 2019)
 * Record attendance: 13,700 vs. Sevilla Atlético, Segunda División B Play-off (19 June 2016)
 * Most league appearances: 193, Pau Torres (2012–2015, 2018–2021)
 * Most league goals scored: 29, Jaime Mata (2012–14)
 * Most goals scored, season: 19, Pedro Martín (2018–19)
 * Highest league position: 3rd in Segunda División B (2014)
 * Copa del Rey best: Round of 16 (2017–18)
 * Record consecutive league appearances: 88, Pau Torres (August 2012 – November 2014)
 * Youngest player: Òscar Canadell, 17 years and 158 days (against Ontinyent, 6 April 2014)
 * Oldest player: Óscar Rubio, 39 years and 356 days (against Hércules, 5 May 2024)

Coaches

 * ''Statistics are correct as of 5 May 2024.

title: Lleida CF


text:
Ostrobothnia

Ostrobothnia (East Bothnia) refers to various areas in Finland:
 * Ostrobothnia County, province of the Kingdom of Sweden 1634–1775
 * Ostrobothnia (historical province), province of the Kingdom of Sweden before 1809
 * Ostrobothnia (region), in modern Finland
 * Other regions in modern Finland:
 * South Ostrobothnia
 * Central Ostrobothnia
 * North Ostrobothnia

title: Ostrobothnia


text:
User talk:Juryu

Welcome!
Hello, Juryu, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * If you haven't already, drop by the new user log and tell others a bit about yourself.
 * Always sign your posts on talk pages with  so others will know who left which comments.
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Our policies, guidelines, and simplified ruleset
 * How to edit a page and write a great article
 * The Wikipedia tutorial and picture tutorial
 * The handy Manual of Style
 * And finally, remember to be bold in updating pages!

I hope you enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Although we all make mistakes, please keep in mind what Wikipedia is not. If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. The Community Portal can also be very useful.

Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  13:03, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Juryu


text:
File:MatCrossGuinnessBrewery.JPG

Dublin, 15th August 2003. Subject: User:Mat_cross, photographer G. Prior.

title: File:MatCrossGuinnessBrewery.JPG


text:
Charles Anderson Dana

Charles Anderson Dana (August 8, 1819 – October 17, 1897) was an American journalist, author, and senior government official. He was a top aide to Horace Greeley as the managing editor of the powerful Republican newspaper New-York Tribune until 1862. During the American Civil War, he served as Assistant Secretary of War, playing especially the role of the liaison between the War Department and General Ulysses S. Grant. In 1868 he became the editor and part-owner of The New York Sun. He at first appealed to working class Democrats but after 1890 became a champion of business-oriented conservatism. Dana was an avid art collector of paintings and porcelains and boasted of being in possession of many items not found in several European museums.

Early life
Dana was born in Hinsdale, New Hampshire on August 8, 1819. He was a descendant of Richard Dana, progenitor of most of the Danas in the United States, who emigrated from England, settled in Cambridge in 1640, and died there about 1695. At the age of twelve, Charles Dana became a clerk in his uncle's general store at Buffalo, until the store failed in 1837. At this time, he began the study of Latin grammar, and prepared himself for college. In 1839 he entered Harvard, but the impairment of his eyesight forced him to leave college in 1841. He also abandoned his intentions to study in Germany and enter the ministry. From September 1841 until March 1846 he lived at Brook Farm, where he was made one of the trustees of the farm, was head waiter when the farm became a Fourierite phalanx, and was in charge of the Phalanx's finances when its buildings were burned in 1846. During his time with Brook Farm, he also wrote for the Transcendental publication, the Harbinger. In 1846, he married widow Eunice Macdaniel.

Journalism
Dana had written for and managed the Harbinger, the Brook Farm publication devoted to social reform and general literature. Later, beginning 1844, he also wrote for and edited the Boston Chronotype of Elizur Wright for two years. In 1847 he joined the staff of the New-York Tribune, and in 1848 he wrote from Europe letters to it and other papers on the revolutionary movements of that year. In Cologne he visited Karl Marx, one of his friends, and Ferdinand Freiligrath. (From 1852 to 1861, Marx was one of the main writers for the New-York Daily Tribune).

Returning to the Tribune in 1849, Dana became a proprietor and its managing editor, and in this capacity he actively promoted the anti-slavery cause, seeming to shape the paper's policy at a time when Horace Greeley was undecided and vacillating. However, in 1895, as editor of The Sun, he wrote "we are in the midst of a growing menace," the year of eventual black heavyweight champion Jack Johnson's first professional fight. "The black man is rapidly forging to the front ranks in athletics, especially in the field of fisticuffs. We are in the midst of a black rise against white supremacy" in the field of fistic sport.

When Charles A. Dana bought The Sun in 1868, he used the paper to support General Grant as the presidential candidate, aiming to unify the country during the aftermath of the Civil War. The extraordinary influence and circulation attained by the newspaper during the ten years preceding the Civil War was in a degree due to the development of Dana's genius for journalism, reflected not only in the making of the Tribune as a newspaper, but also in the management of its staff of writers and in the steadiness of its policy as the leading organ of anti-slavery sentiment.

In 1861, Dana went to Albany to advance the cause of Greeley as a candidate for the U. S. Senate, and nearly succeeded in nominating him. The caucus was about equally divided between Greeley's friends and those of William M. Evarts, while Ira Harris had a few votes that held the balance of power. At the instigation of Thurlow Weed, the supporters of Evarts went over to Harris.

During the first year of the war, the ideas of Greeley and of Dana as to the proper conduct of military operations were somewhat at variance; the board of managers of the Tribune asked for Dana's resignation in 1862, apparently because of this disagreement and wide temperamental differences between him and Greeley.

Civil War
When Dana left the Tribune, Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, made him a special commissioner of the War Department during the American Civil War. In this capacity, Dana discovered frauds committed by quartermasters and contractors. As the eyes of the administration, as Abraham Lincoln called him, Dana spent much time at the front and sent to War Secretary Edwin Stanton frequent reports concerning the capacity and methods of various generals in the field. In particular, the War Department was concerned about rumors of Ulysses S. Grant's alcoholism. Dana spent considerable time with Grant, becoming a close friend and assuaging administration concerns. Dana reported to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton that he found Grant, as historian John D. Winters writes, to be "modest, honest, and judicial . . . 'not an original or brilliant man, but sincere, thoughtful, deep, and gifted with a courage that never faltered.' Although quiet and hard to know, he loved a humorous story and the company of his friends." Dana also observed the growing problem of cotton speculators, who were often going beyond established limits into rebel territory with the purpose of trading and often collaborating with the rebels. Dana warned President Lincoln and Stanton that the cotton trading and all related activity needed to be stopped, maintaining that General Grant was in full agreement with his assessment and recommendations. Dana went through the Vicksburg Campaign and was present at the Battle of Chickamauga and the Chattanooga Campaign. He urged placing General Grant in supreme command of all the armies in the field, which Lincoln did on March 2, 1864. After returning to Washington, Dana received a telegram from assistant Secretary of War H. P. Watson instructing him to go to Washington to pursue another investigation, and he was received by Stanton, who offered him the position of Assistant Secretary of War, which he accepted. It was reported in the New York papers the next morning. Dana held this position from 1863 to 1865. With the likely exception of John Rawlins, Dana had a greater influence over Grant's military career than any other political or military man.

Return to journalism
In 1865–1866, Dana conducted the newly established and unsuccessful Chicago Republican, when the paper was owned by Jacob Bunn, and published by A.W. (Alonzo) Mack (1822-1871). He became the editor and part-owner of The Sun, a New York City newspaper, in 1868, and remained in control of it until his death. Upon taking control of the organization, he announced his credo:

"It will study condensation, clearness, point, and will endeavor to present its daily photograph of the whole world's doings in the most luminous and lively manner."

Under Dana's control, The Sun opposed the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson; it supported Grant for the presidency in 1868; it was a sharp critic of Grant as president; and in 1872 took part in the Liberal Republican revolt and urged Greeley's nomination. In contrast with "the young Dana [who was] touched by the Transcendental wand, a fiery youth, frank, open, trusting, a believer in the possibility of realizing an ideal society upon earth ... the Dana of the seventies and eighties and nineties [was] an aging cynic.... [H]e fought civil service reform tooth and nail.... He believed in expanding the American republic by wholesale land-grabbing.... He was opposed to the main aims of the labor movement.... Half the time he and the Sun were on the side of the worst politicians in Tammany, and against the reform movements in city government."

Dana made the Sun a Democratic newspaper, independent and outspoken in the expression of its opinions respecting the affairs of either party. His criticisms of civil maladministration during General Grant's terms as president led to a notable attempt on the part of that administration, in July 1873, to take him from New York on a charge of libel, to be tried without a jury in a Washington police court. Application was made to the United States District Court in New York for a warrant of removal, but in a memorable decision Judge Samuel Blatchford, later a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, refused the warrant, holding the proposed form of trial to be unconstitutional. Perhaps to a greater extent than in the case of any other conspicuous journalist, Dana's personality was identified in the public mind with the newspaper that he edited.

In 1876, the Sun favored Samuel J. Tilden, the Democratic candidate for the presidency, opposed the Electoral Commission, and continually referred to Rutherford B. Hayes as the "fraud president". In 1884 it supported Benjamin Butler, the candidate of Greenback-Labor and Anti-Monopolist parties, for the presidency, and opposed James G. Blaine (Republican) and even more bitterly Grover Cleveland (Democrat). Circulation peaked about 150,000, and the advent of Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World cut deeply into the Sun's circulation. Dana was a very old-fashioned publisher who distrusted the Linotype and relied not on advertising but on the two-cent cover price for his funding.

In 1888 it supported Cleveland and opposed Benjamin Harrison, although it had bitterly criticized Cleveland's first administration, and was to criticize nearly every detail of his second, with the exception of Federal interference in the Pullman strike of 1894; and in 1896, on the free silver issue, it opposed William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic candidate for the presidency. In a word, the Sun had abandoned its original working-class clientele and was now a staunch supporter of the conservative business community.

Writing
Dana's literary style came to be the style of The Sun—simple, strong, clear, boiled down. He recorded no theories of journalism other than those of common sense and human interest. He was impatient of prolixity, cant, and the conventional standards of news importance. Three of his lectures on journalism were published in 1895 as the Art of Newspaper Making.

With George Ripley he edited The New American Cyclopaedia (1857–1863), reissued as the American Cyclopaedia in 1873–1876.

Dana had an interest in literature. His first book was a volume of stories translated from German, entitled The Black Aunt (New York and Leipzig, 1848). In 1857, he edited an anthology, The Household Book of Poetry. His translation from German of "Nutcracker and Sugardolly: A Fairy Tale" was published in 1856 by the Philadelphia publisher C.G. Henderson & Co. In addition to translating German, Dana could read the Romance and Scandinavian languages. With Rossiter Johnson, he edited, Fifty Perfect Poems (New York, 1883).

Dana edited The Life of Ulysses S. Grant: General of the Armies of the United States, published over his name and that of General James H. Wilson in 1868. His Recollections of the Civil War and Eastern Journeys: Some Notes of Travel in Russia, in the Caucasus, and to Jerusalem were published in 1898.

Early in his journalism career, in 1849, he wrote a series of newspaper articles in defense of anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and his mutual banking ideas. They were published in collected form in 1896 as Proudhon and His Bank of the People by Benjamin Tucker, who did so partly to expose Dana's radical past, as Dana had late in life become quite conservative, editorializing against radicals, "reds," and the free silver movement. This book remains in print today through a Charles H. Kerr Company Publishers edition with an introduction by Paul Avrich.

Art collecting
Dana was an art collector. In 1880 he built a large residence in New York City on the corner of Madison Avenue and 60th Street and furnished it with paintings, tapestries, and Chinese porcelains, giving his greatest attention to his porcelains. He devoted much time and historical study in these areas of art throughout his life. An unnamed connoisseur praised the historical value and quality of items in his collection, noting that "they are not in the British Museum; they are not in the Louvre; and they are conspicuously absent at Dresden."

Commentary on sources

 * Recollections of the Civil War was actually written by Ida Tarbell; it is "a biographical essay disguised as a memoir." Guarneri, Carl J., Lincoln's Informer, p. 6.
 * Historian Allan Nevins wrote that Wilson's biography of Dana "is thoroughly unsatisfactory. It is too brief: it lacks documentation; it gives too much emphasis to Dana's service as Assistant Secretary of War in the Civil War, and too little to his work as editor; and above all, it makes no real effort to explore Dana's personality, to penetrate to the inner life of the man." Nevins, Allan, "The Effects of Greeley on Dana," The Journalism Quarterly, vol. V, no. 2 (June, 1928), p. 1.
 * On the other hand, Guarneri writes, "In 1907 Dana's wartime colleague James H. Wilson compiled a deeply admiring biography that is important for including unique Civil War anecdotes and now-lost letters." Guarneri, Carl J., Lincoln's Informer, p. 6.

title: Charles Anderson Dana


text:
Scarlet Spider (comic book)

Scarlet Spider is the title of two comic book series published by Marvel Comics about two clones of Spider-Man while they functioned as the then-current version of the Scarlet Spider. The first volume lasted only two issues as a brief temporary replacement of the Spider-Man series and was published in 1995. The second volume started publishing in January 2012 and ended in December 2013 with issue 25 after a total of 26 issues, because there was a special Marvel Point One issue published between issues 12 and 13.

Volume 1
The first volume starred Ben Reilly as the Scarlet Spider. It was published for two issues in November and December 1995 in between Spider-Man issues 63 and 64. During this time, the four primary Spider-Man series and his quarterly series and were paused and briefly replaced by Scarlet Spider counterparts; the others being Web of Scarlet Spider, The Amazing Scarlet Spider, The Spectacular Scarlet Spider, and Scarlet Spider Unlimited.

The five series were instituted as part of the Clone Saga after when Peter Parker gave up being Spider-Man to retire with his pregnant wife Mary Jane, and the Scarlet Spider took on his duties. Spider-Man (along with Amazing, Spectacular and Unlimited) returned to its old name and numbering when Ben Reilly left the Scarlet Spider identity behind and took on the Spider-Man name for himself.

The Scarlet Spider books were direct continuations, in terms of creative teams and story lines, of their Spider-Man counterparts. They were effectively temporary renamings of their counterparts, other than not being incorporated into their issue numbering. The writer of the two issues was Howard Mackie and the pencillers were Gil Kane and John Romita Jr.

Volume 2
On July 22, 2011, during the San Diego Comic-Con, Marvel released an image to the audience depicting a burnt sweater of the original Scarlet Spider. This led many readers to assume that Ben Reilly would be returning and taking on the mantle of Scarlet Spider once again. However, through introduction of the Marvel Now event, Marvel Point One showed readers that Kaine Parker would be the main character in the new Scarlet Spider series.

Ryan Stegman, the series' penciller states that volume 2 is set to be of a darker tone than The Amazing Spider-Man series. Stegman also states that the new Scarlet Spider is meant to be a grittier and scarier version of the original Spider-Man. The writer of the series, Christopher Yost, states that Kaine would be moved to Houston, Texas due to characters in New York knowing that he was a villain in his former life, and that Kaine needed a fresh start. Yost also states that due to the brand new location of Houston in a Spider-Man comic book, several new villains would be introduced in the Marvel world as well as a brand new supporting cast. Yost stated that the Scarlet Spider series would be a story about a former super-villain who is finding himself and is on the pursuit of a journey of self-discovery.

The second volume stars Peter Parker's first genetic clone, Kaine as the Scarlet Spider. After helping to stop Spider-Island, Kaine has been cured of his clonal degeneration. While fleeing to Mexico he stops in Houston to steal money from criminals, but ends up becoming the superhero, Scarlet Spider.

The first issue sold over 50,000 copies, but sales dropped to an average of about 22,000 copies being sold per issue by July 2013. The series introduces several new characters in the Marvel world, such as Aracely Penalba (the demigod superhero known as Hummingbird), Dr. Donald Meland and his husband Wally Layton. The character Annabelle Adams is also introduced in the Marvel world as a love interest for Kaine. The characters play pivotal roles in the growth of Kaine as a superhero.

On July 6, 2012 Marvel teased readers with the submission of an article displaying a logo titled Minimum Carnage, and that more information would be released soon. The 2012 San Diego Comic-Con revealed that the Scarlet Spider series along with the Venom series, would be collaborating for the Marvel event, Minimum Carnage.

On May 10, 2013, Christopher Yost revealed his plans of Scarlet Spider and the Superior Spider-Man meeting for the first time in Superior Spider-Man Team-Up issue #2, in a Marvel arc titled 'Sibling Rivalry'. Scarlet Spider's and Superior Spider-Man's meeting is said to collaborate with the Scarlet Spider and Superior Spider-Man Team Up series'.

Volume 3
Following the events of the 2016 Spider-Man event "The Clone Conspiracy", Ben Reilly was brought back after a twenty year absence, and a new Scarlet Spider title written by Peter David was launched. The title ran for 25 issues before folding in late 2018.

title: Scarlet Spider (comic book)