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Hyposmocoma

Hyposmocoma is a genus of moths with more 350 species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The genus was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1881. Most species of Hyposmocoma have plant-based diets, but four species, such as Hyposmocoma molluscivora, eat snails. The caterpillars spin silk, which they then use to capture and eat snails. These are the first caterpillars known to eat snails (or mollusks of any kind).

Some species feature amphibious caterpillars. This trait has evolved at least three times within this genus.

Species

 * Subgenus Euperissus Butler, 1881
 * Hyposmocoma adelphella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma adolescens Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma agnetella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma albocinerea (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma alticola Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma anthinella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma argentea Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma argomacha Meyrick, 1935
 * Hyposmocoma argyresthiella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma arundinicolor (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma aspersa (Butler, 1882)
 * Hyposmocoma auroargentea Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma barbata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma basivittata (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma bitincta (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma brevistrigata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma caecinervis Meyrick, 1928
 * Hyposmocoma catapyrrha (Meyrick, 1935)
 * Hyposmocoma centralis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma centronoma Meyrick, 1935
 * Hyposmocoma chilonella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma chloraula Meyrick, 1928
 * Hyposmocoma cleodorella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma columbella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma complanella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma confusa (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma coprosmae (Swezey, 1920)
 * Hyposmocoma corticicolor (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma cristata (Butler, 1881)
 * Hyposmocoma cryptogamiella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma cuprea (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma diffusa (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma digressa (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma discolor Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma divergens (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma dorsella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma ekaha Swezey, 1910
 * Hyposmocoma elegans (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma eleuthera (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma emendata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma empetra (Meyrick, 1915)
 * Hyposmocoma enixa Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma ensifer Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma epicharis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma erebogramma (Meyrick, 1935)
 * Hyposmocoma erismatias Meyrick, 1928
 * Hyposmocoma exaltata (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma exornata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma exsul (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma falsimella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma ferruginea (Swezey, 1915)
 * Hyposmocoma flavicosta (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma fluctuosa (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma fractivittella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma fugitiva (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma fulvida Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma fulvocervina Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma fulvogrisea (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma fuscodentata (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma fuscofusa (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma fuscopurpurata Zimmerman,
 * Hyposmocoma hirsuta (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma homopyrrha (Meyrick, 1935)
 * Hyposmocoma humerella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma incongrua (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma inflexa Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma insinuatrix Meyrick, 1928
 * Hyposmocoma jugifera Meyrick, 1928
 * Hyposmocoma kauaiensis (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma latiflua Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma lichenalis (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma lignicolor (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma limata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma longitudinalis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma lugens Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma lunifer Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma mactella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma maestella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma malacopa Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma margella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma mediocris (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma mormopica (Meyrick, 1935)
 * Hyposmocoma municeps (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma mystodoxa Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma nemo (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma nemoricola (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma nigrodentata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma ningorella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma ningorifera (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma nipholoncha Meyrick, 1935
 * Hyposmocoma niveiceps Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma obliterata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma obscura Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma ocellata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma ochreovittella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma oculifera Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma ossea Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma pallidipalpis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma palmifera (Meyrick, 1935)
 * Hyposmocoma palmivora Meyrick, 1928
 * Hyposmocoma paltodorella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma passerella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma petalifera (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma petroptilota (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma phantasmatella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma philocharis (Meyrick, 1915)
 * Hyposmocoma pittospori (Swezey, 1920)
 * Hyposmocoma plumbifer (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma pluviella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma poeciloceras (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma polia (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma praefracta (Meyrick, 1935)
 * Hyposmocoma pritchardiae (Swezey, 1933)
 * Hyposmocoma psaroderma (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma pucciniella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma puncticiliata (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma punctifumella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma quadripunctata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma quadristriata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma radiatella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma rediviva (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma repandella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma roseofulva Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma rotifer (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma rusius Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma rutilellum (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma sagittata (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma scandens Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma scepticella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma sciurella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma semifuscata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma semiusta (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma sideroxyloni (Swezey, 1932)
 * Hyposmocoma sordidella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma spurcata (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma stigmatella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma subargentea Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma subaurata (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma subeburneum (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma sublimata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma subnitida Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma subocellata (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma subsericea Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma sudorella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma terminella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma thermoxyla Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma tigrina (Butler, 1881)
 * Hyposmocoma tischeriella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma trichophora (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma tricincta Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma trilunella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma trivitella (Swezey, 1913)
 * Hyposmocoma unicolor (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma veterella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma vicina Walsingham, 1907
 * Subgenus Hyposmocoma
 * Hyposmocoma abjecta (Butler, 1881)
 * Hyposmocoma adjacens (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma admirationis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma advena Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma albifrontella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma albonivea Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma alliterata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma alveata (Meyrick, 1915)
 * Hyposmocoma anisoplecta Meyrick, 1935
 * Hyposmocoma arenella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma argentiferus (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma atrovittella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma auripennis (Butler, 1881)
 * Hyposmocoma auropurpurea Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma bacillella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma bella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma belophora Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma bilineata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma blackburnii (Butler, 1881)
 * Hyposmocoma butalidella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma calva Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma candidella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma canella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma carbonentata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma carnea Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma cincta Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma cinereosparsa Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma commensella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma communis (Swezey, 1946)
 * Hyposmocoma conditella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma continuella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma coruscans (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma corvina (Butler, 1881)
 * Hyposmocoma costimaculata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma crossotis Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma cupreomaculata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma discella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma divisa Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma domicolens (Butler, 1881)
 * Hyposmocoma elegantula (Swezey, 1934)
 * Hyposmocoma empedota Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma endryas Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma evanescens Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma fallacella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma ferricolor Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma fervida Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma filicivora Meyrick, 1935
 * Hyposmocoma flavipalpis (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma fractinubella Wahingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma fractistriata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma fuscopurpurea Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma fuscotogata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma geminella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma genitalis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma haleakalae (Butler, 1881)
 * Hyposmocoma hemicasis Meyrick, 1935
 * Hyposmocoma humerovittella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma hygroscopa Meyrick, 1935
 * Hyposmocoma illuminata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma impunctata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma indicella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma intermixta Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma inversella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma iodes Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma irregularis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma lacertella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma lactea Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma lacticretella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma lebetella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma leporella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma lignivora (Butler, 1879)
 * Hyposmocoma lineata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma liturata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma lixiviella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma longisquamella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma lucifer Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma ludificata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma lupella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma malornata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma marginenotata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma mediella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma mediospurcata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma mesorectis Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma metallica Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma metrosiderella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma mimema Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma mimica Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma modesta Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma montivolans (Butler, 1882)
 * Hyposmocoma nebulifera Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma neckerensis (Swezey, 1926)
 * Hyposmocoma nephelodes Walsingham, 1908
 * Hyposmocoma niger Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma nigralbida Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma nigrescens Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma nividorsella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma notabilis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma numida Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma ochreocervina Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma ochreociliata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma oxypetra Meyrick, 1935
 * Hyposmocoma paradoxa Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma parda (Butler, 1881)
 * Hyposmocoma partita Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma patriciella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma persimilis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma petroscia Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma phalacra Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma pharsotoma Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma picticornis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma progressa Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma prophantis Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma propinqua Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma pseudolita Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma punctiplicata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma quinquemaculata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma rhabdophora Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma rubescens Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma sabulella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma saccophora Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma saliaris Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma scapulellum (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma schismatica Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma scolopax Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma semicolon (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma semifusa (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma sideritis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma similis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma somatodes Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma straminella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma subcitrella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma subflavidella Wralsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma subscolopax Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma suffusa (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma suffusella (Walsingham, 1907)
 * Hyposmocoma swezeyi (Busck, 1914)
 * Hyposmocoma syrrhaptes Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma tarsimaculata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma tenuipalpis Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma tetraonella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma thiatma Meyrick, 1935
 * Hyposmocoma thoracella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma tomentosa Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma torella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma torquata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma trifasciata (Swezey, 1915)
 * Hyposmocoma trimaculata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma trimelanota Meyrick, 1935
 * Hyposmocoma tripartita Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma triptila Meyrick, 1915
 * Hyposmocoma trossulella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma turdella Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma unistriata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma vermiculata Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma vinicolor Walsingham, 1907
 * Hyposmocoma virgata Walsingham, 1907
 * Unknown subgenus
 * Hyposmocoma anoai Medeiros, Haines & Rubinoff, 2017
 * Hyposmocoma aumakuawai P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma carnivora P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma eepawai P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma ekemamao Schmitz and Rubinoff, 2009
 * Hyposmocoma eliai P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma hooilo Medeiros, Haines & Rubinoff, 2017
 * Hyposmocoma ipohapuu Kawahara & Rubinoff, 2012
 * Hyposmocoma ipowainui P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma kahaiao P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma kahamanoa P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma kaikuono Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2008
 * Hyposmocoma kamakou P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma kamaula Medeiros, Haines & Rubinoff, 2017
 * Hyposmocoma kanaloa Medeiros, Haines & Rubinoff, 2017
 * Hyposmocoma kapakai Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2008
 * Hyposmocoma kaupo Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2008
 * Hyposmocoma kawaikoi P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma kikokolu Schmitz and Rubinoff, 2009
 * Hyposmocoma laysanensis Schmitz and Rubinoff, 2009
 * Hyposmocoma mahoepo Medeiros, Haines & Rubinoff, 2017
 * Hyposmocoma makawao Kawahara & Rubinoff, 2012
 * Hyposmocoma menehune Schmitz and Rubinoff, 2009
 * Hyposmocoma mokumana Schmitz and Rubinoff, 2009
 * Hyposmocoma molluscivora Haines & Rubinoff, 2006
 * Hyposmocoma moopalikea P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma nihoa Schmitz and Rubinoff, 2009
 * Hyposmocoma nohomaalewa P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma nohomeha Medeiros, Haines & Rubinoff, 2017
 * Hyposmocoma oolea Medeiros, Haines & Rubinoff, 2017
 * Hyposmocoma opuulaau P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma opuumaloo Schmitz and Rubinoff, 2009
 * Hyposmocoma pahanalo Medeiros, Haines & Rubinoff, 2017
 * Hyposmocoma papahanau Schmitz and Rubinoff, 2009
 * Hyposmocoma papaiili P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma pukoa P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma pupumoehewa P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma tantala Kawahara & Rubinoff, 2012
 * Hyposmocoma uhauiole P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma waauhi Medeiros, Haines & Rubinoff, 2017
 * Hyposmocoma wahikanake P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma waihohonu P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma waikamoi P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011
 * Hyposmocoma wailua P. Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011

There are a number of undescribed species.

title: Hyposmocoma


text:
Fadhili William

Fadhili William Mdawida (November 11, 1938 – February 11, 2001), often referred to simply as Fadhili William, was a Kenyan recording artist and composer who is most famous as the first person to record Adam Salim's song "Malaika" which he recorded with his band The Jambo Boys around 1963.

Fadhili William was born to Halima Wughanga and Ramadhan Mwamburi in Taita-Taveta District near Mombasa. His father, who died when Fadhili was only seven, was a traditional musician. Like three of his siblings – Ali Harrison Mwataku, Esther John and Mumba Charo – he became a musician.

He started singing while in primary school in Taita. He went on to Government African School, in Pumwani in Nairobi. He then dropped out of Shimo la Tewa Secondary School, where he had joined Form Three, to pursue a musical career.

It was while at Pumwani, he said in an interview, that he fell in love with a beautiful girl, "an angel," to whom he composed and recorded Malaika (Angel) to console her when she was given away to an older man who could pay a bride price.

Malaika was recorded at the Equator Sound Studios under the guidance of Charles Worrod, who went on to promote and distribute the ballad. He was also the author and singer of the famous hit song "Taxi Driver", which he narrates a story about him trying to rent a cab to Nakuru, where a woman wrote him a letter to go to Nakuru so he doesn't break a promise. His tire got a puncture when he was in Naivasha, hence the song, where he is trying to rent a cab. He is recognized and appreciated in Kenya as one of the founding fathers of Classics, or commonly known as "Zilizopendwa." Although he died in 2001, his legacy lives on and his music still touches many hearts to this day.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fadhili William


text:
Conservative Punk

Conservative Punk was a website that promoted conservative views in the punk subculture. It was created by Nick Rizzuto, an employee of a New York City rock radio station, partially in response to the left-liberal group Punkvoter  (created by NOFX lead singer Fat Mike). The Conservative Punk website received significant press coverage during the 2004 presidential election. It includes contributions from talk radio personality Andrew Wilkow and former Misfits singer and Gotham Road frontman Michale Graves. Dorian Lynskey of The Guardian wrote about Rizzuto: "To his critics he's a crank bringing punk's good name into disrepute – but to his supporters he's the fearless voice of a formerly silent minority."

In early 2010, Nick Rizzuto, without notice, stopped paying the hosting fees for Conservativepunk.com, causing the website and discussion forum to become inaccessible. Longtime members and regular posters created a replacement site, ConPunk.com, in order to maintain the community, but that site went offline in May 2013, in favor of a Facebook group which too has closed as of 2014.

title: Conservative Punk


text: User talk:84.170.91.81

title: User talk:84.170.91.81


text:
Electrodialysis reversal

Electrodialysis reversal (EDR) is an electrodialysis reversal water desalination membrane process that has been commercially used since the early 1960s. An electric current migrates dissolved salt ions, including fluorides, nitrates and sulfates, through an electrodialysis stack consisting of alternating layers of cationic and anionic ion exchange membranes. Periodically (3-4 times per hour), the direction of ion flow is reversed by reversing the polarity of the applied electric current.

Current reversal reduces clogging of membranes, as salt deposits in the membrane gets dissolved when the current flow is reversed. Electrodialysis reversal causes a small decrease in the diluted feed quality and requires increased complexity infrastructures, as reversible valves are required to change the flow direction of diluted and concentrated streams. However, it greatly increases ion exchange membranes durability, and membrane cleaning prevents electrical resistance increase of membrane as deposits accumulate in the membrane pores.

The polarity reversal of EDR alternately exposed membrane surfaces and the water flow paths to concentrate with a tendency to precipitate scale and desalted water that tends to dissolve scale. This allows the process to operate with supersaturated concentrate streams up to specific limits without chemical additions to prevent scale formation.

title: Electrodialysis reversal


text:
Dale Long

Richard Dale Long (February 6, 1926 – January 27, 1991) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball with the Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Browns, Chicago Cubs, San Francisco Giants, New York Yankees and Washington Senators between and. Listed as 6 ft tall and 205 lb, he batted and threw left-handed.

Long's career was marked by two milestones. In, he set an MLB record by hitting a home run in eight consecutive games. Then, two years later, Long became the first left-handed-throwing catcher in the majors since Jiggs Donahue in.

Career
A native of Springfield, Missouri, Long graduated from high school in Adams, Massachusetts, and turned down an offer from the Green Bay Packers to play football, opting instead for a baseball contract. He got into one game at age 18 for the top-level Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association during the wartime 1944 season, then began his career in earnest in 1945 in the Cincinnati Reds' organization. Long spent six more full seasons in the minor leagues, playing for five different parent clubs, before he debuted with the Pirates in 1951, ending that season with the St. Louis Browns. During his spring training with the 1951 Pirates, the southpaw first baseman was convinced to try catching by the club's general manager, Hall of Famer Branch Rickey. The experiment ended after one game, but Long would briefly return to the position again in the majors seven years later.

After 3 $1⁄2$ additional seasons in the minors (including an MVP-winning 1953 campaign in the Pacific Coast League) Pittsburgh gave Long another chance in. He hit .291 with 79 RBIs, while collecting double-figure totals in extra-base hits with 19 doubles, 13 triples (best among MLB players), and 16 home runs.

In 1956, Long posted career highs in home runs (27) and RBI (91), made the National League All-Star team, and put his name in the record books by hitting eight home runs in eight consecutive games between May 19 and May 28, breaking the previous mark of six straight games, shared by Ken Williams (1922), George Kelly (1924), Lou Gehrig (1931), Walker Cooper (1947) and Willie Mays (1955). Since then, his achievement has been matched only by Don Mattingly (1987) and Ken Griffey Jr. (1993), both in the American League.

Long's home-run binge capped a torrid start to his 1956 season. He collected 15 hits—raising his batting average from .384 to .411—and 17 runs batted in during the eight-game stretch. With his batting average still above .310 in June, Long was selected as the National League's starting first baseman in the 1956 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, played at Griffith Stadium on July 10. He was hitless in two at bats, but the Senior Circuit won the game, 7–3. It would be Long's only appearance in a midsummer classic.

Traded to the Cubs in May, Long belted 55 homers for them in 2 $1⁄2$ seasons. In the latter weeks of, he became the majors' first southpaw catcher since Donahue, 56 years before. Long performed this feat in a pair of Cubs losses at Wrigley Field, during the first game of a doubleheader versus the Pirates on August 20 and on September 21 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. In both cases, he had been shifted from first base in the ninth inning and wore his first-baseman's mitt, rather than a catcher's glove, on his right hand. He caught 1 $2⁄3$ total innings, and recorded one assist, without an error, although he did permit a passed ball. In, he tied another home run record, when he hit back-to-back pinch-hit homers.

In, Long divided his playing time between the Giants and Yankees. As a member of the Yankees, he faced his former Pirates' team in the 1960 World Series. His pinch single in the ninth inning of Game 7 helped the Yankees tie the score at 9–9, but that only set the stage for Bill Mazeroski's Series-winning blow in the Pittsburgh half of the frame.

Long was selected by the "new" Washington Senators in the 1960 Major League Baseball expansion draft, and was the club's regular first baseman during its maiden season. But in July, he was traded back to the Yankees for young outfielder Don Lock. When the Yanks won the 1962 World Series over the Giants, Long earned a championship ring. He was a late-inning substitute for regular Bill Skowron in Game 1, and drove in an insurance run with a single in the eighth inning of the Yankees' 6–2 victory. Then, he started Game 2 at Candlestick Park and was hitless in three at bats. For the Series, he was one-for-five overall as New York prevailed in seven games. Long's MLB playing career ended in August 1963. The Bombers removed him from the active roster and named him as an extra coach on manager Ralph Houk's staff through the rest of the season. He wasn't activated for the September stretch drive or the 1963 World Series, when New York fell to the Dodgers in four straight games. Long's 21-season professional playing career concluded with a 24-game stint with the Triple-A Jacksonville Suns in 1964. He briefly remained in baseball as an umpire in the minor leagues in the late 1960s.

In his ten-season MLB career, Long was a .267 hitter with 805 hits, 132 home runs and 467 RBI in 1,013 games. He recorded a .988 fielding percentage as a first baseman. In World Series play, he hit .250 in eight at bats, with two singles and one run batted in.

Dale Long died of cancer at age 64.

title: Dale Long


text: User talk:84.170.91.156

title: User talk:84.170.91.156


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sept (slang)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 22:04, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Sept (slang)
A (self-proclaimed) neologism, that "originated in 2001". I've never heard of it, and I can't find any evidence of its existence on Google. It was hard to do a search for it, because of abreviations for September, so I searched for the "related phrase," "septed fool." That picked up no hits at all, so I very much doubt the rest of the article as well. Not notable, and in any case a dicdef, so delete. --Dmcdevit·t 20:43, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The article says that "the term is new and relatively obscure". Ta da! Say no more. DES 20:51, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fake, and dictdef even if it ain't. Tempshill 22:24, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons already stated. --Idont Havaname 23:43, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete slang dicdef. JamesBurns 04:46, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete we need a word for this concept, but not a Wikipedia entry. Ppe42 05:25, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete how about Krunk? Rich Farmbrough 22:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. To me, Sept (slang) was that clique of V:tM players in high school...  Almafeta 01:09, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Enfield (heraldry)

The enfield is a fictitious creature sometimes used in heraldry.

Description
The enfield has the head of a fox, forelegs like an eagle's talons, the chest of a greyhound, the body of a lion, and the hindquarters and tail of a wolf. It is occasionally portrayed with wings.

O'Kelly
The earliest known example of the enfield is the crest of the Ó Cellaigh clan of Ireland. Ó Cellaigh of Uí Maine are the most documented O'Kelly sept in early Irish history and annals. The enfield appears in Leabhar Ua Maine.

The ancient tradition among the O'Kellys is that they have borne this fabulous animal since the days of King Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh who fell "fighting like a wolf dog" on the side of the High King of Ireland, Brian Boru, at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. When Tadhg Mor fell this mythical beast issued from the nearby sea to protect the dead body of the chief until it was retrieved for proper burial by his kinsmen.

The animal is sculptured on many old (c. 1375–1650) tombstones of the O'Kelly family in the Abbey of Kilconnell (founded ca. 1353 by King William Buidhe Ó Cellaigh), and in the old church of Cloonkeen.

In 1859, an excavation project found a bronze 15th century O'Kelly seal 20 ft deep in a bog, prompting considerable research on the origins of the O'Kelly enfield on the seal:

"I have searched in several works on heraldry for a description of the enfield, but without success. It does not appear to be a cognizance of much in use, and it does not appear to be found in Gwillam's "Display of Heraldry" folio: not even in Cap 26 of that book, which chapter treats solely of fictitious creatures, supposed to be compounded of different kinds and natures, such as Griffons, Wiverns, dragons, cockatrices, harpies, mermaids. Neither is the term enfield given or explained in Crossley's "Signification of things borne in Heraldry". To my gifted friend, Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms, I, however am indebted for the following definition of this composite fabulous creature, viz. :— "The Enfield is a heraldic animal, having the head of a fox, the breast feathered as an eagle's, the foreclaws also of an eagle; the remainder of the body that of a wolf." It follows from such description that the enfield, being compounded of the fox, eagle, and wolf, indicated that he, by whom it was borne, was reputed to possess the subtlety and cunning of the first named beast; the magnanimity and fortitude, with the honour, labor, industry, and diligence, in great manners, of the eagle; and the fierceness of the wolf."

Williams (1989) suggests that the enfield on the crest of the O'Kelly's is derived from the onchú.

Modern uses
The beast was on the coat of arms of the Municipal Borough of Enfield, which was amalgamated with the Municipal Borough of Edmonton and the Municipal Borough of Southgate to form the London Borough of Enfield. It is unclear whether the beast has any historic connection with the town, but it still makes a striking example of canting arms. It is used on the logo and the modern coat of arms of the London Borough of Enfield and as an emblem by some organisations there: for example, on the badges of Enfield County School, Chace Community School, Enfield Ignatians R.F.C. and of the football clubs Brimsdown F.C., Enfield (1893) F.C. and Enfield Town F.C., as well as Oneida FC.

In Australia, it was used in the crest of the former City of Enfield, South Australia (which was named after the London borough), and is still used by the Enfield Brass Band. It is also used as the centrepiece of the squadron crest of 38 Squadron of the Royal Australian Air Force, in Queensland.

title: Enfield (heraldry)


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User:H2d2

Don't hate me.

title: User:H2d2


text:
Illinois Route 134

Illinois Route 134 (IL 134) is a 5.62 mi east–west state route in northeastern Illinois. It runs from U.S. Route 12 (US 12) and IL 59 in Fox Lake to IL 120 (Belvidere Road) in Hainesville.

Route description
Illinois 134 is called Big Hollow Road in Fox Lake. In Round Lake, it is called Round Lake Road west of downtown, and Main Street east of downtown. After its terminus, Big Hollow Road continues further west for an additional 5.8 miles under county control first as Lake County Highway A26. It then crosses the county line and becomes McHenry County Highway A26 and continues until Illinois Route 31.

History
SBI Route 134 originally ran from Paris to the Indiana state line on what is now U.S. Route 150. In 1950, it was placed on the current route, and has not been changed since.

title: Illinois Route 134


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History of the Anglican Communion

The history of the Anglican Communion may be attributed mainly to the worldwide spread of British culture associated with the British Empire. Among other things the Church of England spread around the world and, gradually developing autonomy in each region of the world, became the communion as it exists today.

Origins

The only provinces of the Anglican Communion with a direct and unbroken history stretching back to the pre-Reformation church are to be found in Great Britain and Ireland: the Church of England, the Church in Wales, the Church of Ireland and the Scottish Episcopal Church. As its name suggests, the Scottish situation is unique; the national Church of Scotland is Presbyterian and for some years in the late 17th and early 18th centuries the Scottish Episcopal Church, despite its similarities to the Church of England, was regarded with some suspicion because of its occasional associations with Jacobite opposition to the House of Hanover.

Although Henry VIII broke with the Church of Rome in the 1530s, he strongly resisted thereafter associating the English Church with the Continental Protestant Reformation. Henry's position was however, reversed in the brief reign of his young son Edward VI 1547–1553, when the leaders of the Church of England, especially Thomas Cranmer, actively sought to establish England in the centre of evolving Reformed churches. Cranmer's ambitions, however, were not widely shared amongst the bulk of laity and clergy; and accordingly, the return to the religious forms of traditional Roman Catholicism under Queen Mary was widely welcomed.

The Elizabethan Settlement in England was broken in 1570 with the excommunication of Elizabeth. Although few, if any, concessions were made to the Papacy or to Roman Catholic doctrine, a small number of changes were then made to the Articles of Religion and to the Prayer Book, especially in relation the Real Presence and to the continuation of worship in more traditional forms. Only one of Mary's English and Welsh bishops conformed to the Elizabethan settlement, though all save 300 of the parish clergy subscribed. In Ireland the position was reversed; all bishops save two accepted the Elizabethan Settlement, but the bulk of parish clergy and laity remained loyal to the pope. In the period since 1553, Continental Reformed Protestantism had itself continued to develop, especially in Geneva and Heidelberg, but English divines who wished the Elizabethan church to take part in these developments were to be bitterly disappointed; Elizabeth refused any further change to the forms or structures of religion established in 1559. In particular, Protestant controversialists began to attack the episcopal polity, and the defined liturgy of the Elizabethan Church as incompatible with the true Reformed tradition; and, in response, defenders of the established church began, from the early 17th Century onwards, to claim these specific features as positively desirable, or indeed essential.

The attempt to impose in Scotland a Prayer Book on the English model, drove the three kingdoms into civil war. However, the Puritan sympathies of the victorious Parliamentary armies in the English Civil War, and the consequential abolition during the Commonwealth of English bishoprics and cathedral chapters with the suppression of the Book of Common Prayer, resulted in English churchmen beginning to recognise Anglican identity as being distinct from and incompatible with the traditions of Presbyterian Protestantism. This distinction was formalised at the Restoration of Charles II, when the proposals of Puritan divines for further reform of the Prayer Book were thoroughly rejected; and 1,760 clergymen were deprived of their livings for failing to subscribe to the 1662 Book. From this date onwards dissenting Protestant congregations were to be found throughout England, and the established church no longer claimed or sought to comprehend all traditions of Protestant belief. In Ireland and in many of England's American Colonies, the numbers who subscribed to Presbyterian congregations formed the majority of the Protestant population; while in Scotland from 1689, following the accession of William and Mary, Presbyterian church polity was revived, and constituted in that kingdom, the established church; so that those ministers and congregations who continued to subscribe to the Anglican Episcopalian traditions eventually became a dissenting minority.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, divines of the Church of England increasingly differentiated their faith from that of the Protestant churches. Controversy broke out into the open after 1829, with the removal of religious restrictions on political rights in the United Kingdom, following which elected members of the UK Parliament (the legal authority in England for definitions of religious faith), might include both Roman Catholics and Dissenters. The Tractarians undertook a re-examination of Anglican traditions of the 19th century; developing these into the general principle that Anglicanism represented a via media between Protestantism and Catholicism; or otherwise, that the Church of England together with the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches, represented three 'branches' of the Universal Church, whose faith derived from Scripture and Tradition independent of legislative formulae. The issue was more pressing insofar as Anglican societies were engaging actively in missionary work, often in conjunction with Christians of other traditions; resulting in the foundation of new churches, especially in Africa. Anglican traditions implied an expectation that these churches should develop self-government and a locally based episcopacy; but it was unclear who had legal power to create such bishoprics, who had the authority to appoint to them, and what discretion such bishops would have to define local statements of faith and forms of worship. Matters came to a head with the case of John William Colenso appointed to the Bishopric of Natal in 1853. When Bishop Colenso published commentaries on the Epistle to the Romans and on the Pentateuch that questioned traditional teachings, he was deprived of his see by the bishops of the South African church in 1863; but then re-instated on appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1866. Whatever the merits of the Colenso case, the implied action of a British court in constraining matters of faith and discipline in a church outside the United Kingdom was instrumental in the decision to summon the first Lambeth Conference in 1867.

As Britain's worldwide colonial empire grew, the Church of England began to spread with it. But at first no bishops were sent overseas; all colonial churches reported back to the Bishop of London. At the time of the American Revolution, there had already been considerable American demand for a local bishop; and after that event the Church of England in the new United States certainly needed to organize itself on a local basis.

Anglicanism in the colonies
The first Anglican service in North America was conducted in California in 1579 by the chaplain accompanying Sir Francis Drake on his voyage around the globe. The first baptisms were held in Roanoke, North Carolina, by the ill-fated Roanoke colony. The continuous presence of Anglicanism in North America, however, begins in 1607 with the founding of Jamestown, Virginia. By 1700 there were more than 100 Anglican parishes in British colonies on the mainland of North America, the largest number in Virginia and Maryland. The American War for Independence resulted in the formation of the first independent national church in the Anglican tradition.

The 1609 wreck of the flagship of the Virginia Company, the Sea Venture, resulted in the settlement of Bermuda by the company. This was made official in 1612 when the town of St. George's, now the oldest surviving English settlement in the New World, was established. It is the location of St. Peter's Church, the oldest-surviving Anglican church outside of the British Isles (Britain and Ireland) and the oldest surviving non-Roman Catholic church in the New World, also established in 1612. It remained part of the Church of England until 1978 when the Anglican Church of Bermuda was formed. The Church of England was the state church in Bermuda and a system of parishes was set up for the religious and political subdivision of the colony (they survive, today, as both civil and religious parishes). The parish of St. John the Baptist in the city of St. John's, Newfoundland (part of the Diocese of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador) is the oldest in Canada, founded in 1699 in response to a petition drafted by the Anglican townsfolk of St. John's and sent to the Bishop of London, Henry Compton. In this petition the people also requested help in the rebuilding of their church, which had been destroyed, along with the rest of the city, in 1696 by the French under the command of General Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville.

On August 12, 1787, Charles Inglis was consecrated Bishop of Nova Scotia with jurisdiction over all the British possessions in North America. In 1793 the see of Quebec was founded; Jamaica and Barbados followed in 1824 and Toronto and Newfoundland in 1839. Meanwhile, the needs of India were met, on the urgent representations in Parliament of William Wilberforce and others, by the consecration of T. F. Middleton as Bishop of Calcutta, with three archdeacons to assist him. In 1829, on the nomination of the Duke of Wellington, William Broughton was sent out to work as the Archdeacon of Australia. The first Anglican church in Latin America, St. John's Cathedral (Belize City), was built in the colony of British Honduras (Belize) in 1812.

Soon afterwards, in 1835 and 1837, the sees of Madras and Bombay were founded, while in 1836 Broughton himself was consecrated as the first Bishop of Australia. Thus down to 1840 there were but ten colonial bishops; and of these several were so hampered by civil regulations that they were little more than government chaplains in episcopal orders. In April of that year, however, Bishop Blomfield of London published his famous letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, declaring that "an episcopal church without a bishop is a contradiction in terms" and strenuously advocating a great effort for the extension of the episcopate.

The plan was taken up with enthusiasm and, in 1841, the bishops of the United Kingdom met and issued a declaration which inaugurated the Colonial Bishoprics Council. Subsequent declarations in 1872 and 1891 served both to record progress and to stimulate to new effort. The Diocese of New Zealand was founded in 1841, being endowed by the Church Missionary Society through the council, and George Augustus Selwyn was chosen as the first bishop. Moreover, in many cases bishops were sent to inaugurate new missions, as in the cases of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, Lebombo, Corea and New Guinea; and the missionary jurisdictions so founded developed in time into dioceses.

It was only very gradually that these dioceses acquired legislative independence and a determinate organization. At first, sees were created and bishops were nominated by the crown by means of letters patent; and in some cases an income was assigned out of public funds. Moreover, for many years all bishops were consecrated in England, took the customary "oath of due obedience" to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and were regarded as his extraterritorial suffragans. But by degrees changes were made on all these points.

America
In 1783 the parishes of Connecticut elected Samuel Seabury as their bishop and sent him to England for ordination. However John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury at the time, found that he had the authority neither to create new bishops without legislation nor to dispense with the Oath of Allegiance to the Crown which formed part of the ordination ceremony. Seabury then went to Scotland where, free from such legal difficulties, he was ordained in 1784. Eventually, with new legislation in place, the Archbishop of Canterbury was able to consecrate William White and Samuel Provoost as bishops for the new Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America in 1787 and James Madison, Bishop of Virginia in 1790.

The Protestant Episcopal Church held its first General Convention in 1785, and organized using a system of state conventions in place of dioceses. They adopted a constitution and canons and approved an American version of the Book of Common Prayer in 1789 in Philadelphia. William White, who had served as presiding officer of General Convention in 1785 and 1786, was also elected presiding officer of the 1789 convention. He was the first bishop to preside over the convention. When in a second session of the 1789 convention, Bishop Seabury was seated and the New England churches acceded to the constitution. The bishops then withdrew and Bishop Seabury became the first bishop to preside over a separate House of Bishops. The American church officially adopted the term "diocese" in 1839 with the formation of a second diocese in the state of New York.

Provincial organization
Local conditions soon made a provincial organization necessary, and it was gradually introduced. The bishop of Calcutta received letters patent as metropolitan of India when the sees of Madras and Bombay were founded; and fresh patents were issued to Bishop Broughton in 1847 and Bishop Gray in 1853, as metropolitans of Australia and South Africa respectively. Similar action was taken in 1858, when Bishop Selwyn became metropolitan of New Zealand; and again in 1860, when, on the petition of the Canadian bishops to the Crown and the colonial legislature for permission to elect a metropolitan, letters patent were issued appointing Bishop Fulford of Montreal to that office. Subsequently, metropolitans were chosen and provinces formed by regular synodical action, a process greatly encouraged by the resolutions of the Lambeth Conferences on the subject. The constitution of these provinces was not uniform. In some cases, as South Africa, New South Wales, and Queensland, the metropolitan see was fixed. Elsewhere, as in New Zealand, where no single city can claim pre-eminence, the metropolitan was either elected or else was the senior bishop by consecration. Two further developments must be mentioned:

 * The creation of diocesan and provincial synods, the first diocesan synod to meet being that of New Zealand in 1844, while the formation of a provincial synod was foreshadowed by a conference of Australasian bishops at Sydney in 1850;
 * Towards the close of the 19th century the title of archbishop began to be assumed by the metropolitans of several provinces. It was first assumed by the metropolitans of Canada and Rupert's Land, at the desire of the Canadian general synod in 1893; and subsequently, in accordance with a resolution of the Lambeth Conference of 1897, it was given by their synods to the bishop of Sydney as metropolitan of New South Wales and to the bishop of Cape Town as metropolitan of South Africa. Civil obstacles delayed its adoption by the metropolitan of India.

Freedom from state control
By degrees, also, the colonial churches were freed from their rather burdensome relations with the state. The Church of the West Indies was disestablished in 1868. Other colonial churches followed suit over the next few decades.

In 1857 it was decided, in Regina v. Eton College, that the Crown could not claim the presentation to a living when it had appointed the former incumbent to a colonial bishopric, as it does in the case of an English bishopric. In 1861, after some protest from the crown lawyers, two missionary bishops were consecrated without letters patent for regions outside British territory: C. F. Mackenzie for the Zambezi region and J. C. Patteson for Melanesia, by the metropolitans of Cape Town and New Zealand respectively.

In 1863 the privy council declared, in Long v. The Bishop of Cape Town, that "the Church of England, in places where there is no church established by law, is in the same situation with any other religious body." In 1865 it adjudged Bishop Gray's letters patent, as metropolitan of Cape Town, to be powerless to enable him "to exercise any coercive jurisdiction, or hold any court or tribunal for that purpose," since the Cape colony already possessed legislative institutions when they were issued; and his deposition of Bishop Colenso was declared to be "null and void in law" (re The Bishop of Natal). With the exception of Colenso the South African bishops forthwith surrendered their patents, and formally accepted Bishop Gray as their metropolitan, an example followed in 1865 in the province of New Zealand.

In 1862, when the Diocese of Ontario was formed, the bishop was elected in Canada, and consecrated under a royal mandate, letters patent being by this time entirely discredited. And when, in 1867, a coadjutor was chosen for the bishop of Toronto, an application for a royal mandate produced the reply from the colonial secretary that "it was not the part of the Crown to interfere in the creation of a new bishop or bishopric, and not consistent with the dignity of the Crown that he should advise Her Majesty to issue a mandate which would not be worth the paper on which it was written, and which, having been sent out to Canada, might be disregarded in the most complete manner."

And by the turn of the century the colonial churches  were entirely free in this matter. This, however, was not the case with the Church in India. Here the bishops of sees founded down to 1879 received a stipend from the revenue (with the exception of the bishop of Ceylon). They were not only nominated by the crown and consecrated under letters patent, but the appointment was expressly subjected "to such power of revocation and recall as is by law vested" in the crown; and where additional oversight was necessary for the Church in Tinnevelly, it could only be secured by the consecration of two assistant bishops, who worked under a commission for the Archbishop of Canterbury which was to expire on the death of the bishop of Madras. Since then, however, new sees were founded which are under no such restrictions.

Autonomy
By degrees, also, the relations of colonial churches to the Archbishop of Canterbury changed. Until 1855 no colonial bishop was consecrated outside the British Isles, the first instance being Bishop MacDougall of Labuan, consecrated in India under a commission from the Archbishop of Canterbury; and until 1874 it was held to be unlawful for a bishop to be consecrated in England without taking the suffragan's Oath of Due Obedience. This necessity was removed by the Colonial Clergy Act of 1874, which permitted the Archbishop of Canterbury at his discretion to dispense with the oath.

But the most complete autonomy did not involve isolation. The churches were in full communion with one another and acted together in many ways; missionary jurisdictions and dioceses were mapped out by common arrangement and even transferred if it seems advisable; e.g., the Diocese of Honolulu (Hawaii), previously under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury, was transferred in 1900 to the Episcopal Church in the United States of America on account of political changes. Missionary activity of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America resulted in creation of other provinces of the communion, including Brazil, Mexico, Central America, the Philippines and Japan. In Brazil and Japan the Church of England also had a presence, but the Episcopal Church work was more extensive and the Episcopal Church consecrated the first bishops.

Though the See of Canterbury claims no primacy over the Anglican Communion analogous to that exercised over the Roman Catholic Church by the Pope, it is regarded with a strong affection and deference, which shows itself by frequent consultation and interchange of greetings. By this the Archbishop of Canterbury is held as the titular and spiritual head of the Anglican Communion, but his role is strictly an honorary one.

Lambeth Conferences
The conference of Anglican bishops from all parts of the world, instituted by Archbishop Longley in 1867 and known as the Lambeth Conferences, though even for the Anglican Communion they have not the authority of an ecumenical synod and their decisions are rather of the nature of counsels than commands, have done much to promote the harmony and co-operation of the various churches within Anglicanism.

An even more imposing manifestation of this common life was given by the great Pan-Anglican Congress held in London between June 12 and June 24, 1908, which preceded the Lambeth Conference opened on July 5. The idea of this originated with Bishop Montgomery, secretary to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and was endorsed by a resolution of the United Boards of Mission in 1903.

As the result of negotiations and preparations extending over five years, 250 bishops, together with delegates, clerical and lay, from every diocese in the Anglican Communion, met at Lambeth Palace, the opening service of intercession being held in Westminster Abbey. In its general character the meeting was but a church congress on an enlarged scale and the subjects discussed, e.g. the attitude of churchmen towards the question of the marriage laws or that of socialism, followed much the same lines. The conference had no power to decide or to legislate for the church, its main value being in drawing its scattered members closer together, in bringing the newer and more isolated parts into consciousness of their contact with the parent stem, and in opening the eyes of the Church of England to the point of view and the peculiar problems of the daughter-churches.

Bonn Agreement
In 1931 the Anglican Communion and the Old Catholics of the Union of Utrecht enter into full communion in the Bonn Agreement. Both the Old Catholics and the Anglicans agree on several key points:

 * 1) Each communion recognises the catholicity and independence of the other and maintains its own.
 * 2) Each communion agrees to permit members of the other communion to participate in the sacraments.
 * 3) Inter-communion does not require from either communion the acceptance of all doctrinal opinion, sacramental devotion or liturgical practice characteristic of the other, but implies that each believes the other to hold all the essentials of the Christian faith.

With this new inter-communion cross-episcopal ordinations began, further endorsing the apostolic succession within Anglicanism.

Modern history
Meetings began in 1937 about inter-communion between the Episcopal Church and the Presbyterians. After two years these talks arrived at no concrete conclusion because the Episcopalians insisted on the historic episcopate. The Presbyterians backed out of the talks in 1940.

title: History of the Anglican Communion


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User talk:MLBOSU

MLBOSU:Sandbox is in the main article space, and has been deleted. Use a user subpage such as user:MLBOSU/Sandbox for editing experiments. Thanks, Thue | talk 20:45, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:MLBOSU


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Thomas Hopko

Thomas John Hopko (March 28, 1939 – March 18, 2015) was an Eastern Orthodox Christian priest and theologian. He was the Dean of Saint Vladimir’s Orthodox Theological Seminary from September 1992 until July 1, 2002 and taught dogmatic theology  there from 1968 until 2002. In retirement, he carried the honorary title of Dean Emeritus.

Life and education
Thomas Hopko was born in Endicott, New York of Rusyn descent. His ancestors are linked to the Rusyn village of Naviczke (now Nevyts'ke) near the city of Uzhorod. He was baptized and raised in St. Mary’s Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Greek-Catholic Church, Endicott. He gained his B.A. in Russian studies at Fordham University in 1960, followed by a Master of Divinity degree at St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in 1963. He later completed a master's degree in philosophy at Duquesne University in 1968 and a Ph.D. in theology at Fordham University in 1982. At St. Vladimir's Seminary, Hopko studied with such renowned Orthodox theologians as Fr. Alexander Schmemann, Fr. John Meyendorff, Nicholas Arseniev and Serge Verkhovskoy. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1963 and served several parishes in the states of Ohio and New York. In 1968 he began to teach at St. Vladimir's and eventually succeeded his teacher Serge Verkhovskoy as professor of dogmatic theology. He was elevated to the rank of archpriest in 1970 and, upon his election as dean, to the rank of protopresbyter (1995).

Activities and affiliations
Hopko was an Orthodox Christian lecturer and speaker, known both in Orthodox and ecumenical circles. He served as a member of the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches and as a delegate from the Orthodox Church in America to the Assemblies of WCC in Uppsala, Sweden, and Nairobi, Kenya. He was also President of the Orthodox Theological Society in America (1992–1995). In retirement, he had several popular podcasts on Ancient Faith Radio.

Hopko has written about the ordination of women and the reasons for its rejection in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Podcasts

 * Speaking the Truth in Love
 * The Names of Jesus
 * Worship in Spirit and Truth

Writings

 * All the Fulness of God: Essays on Orthodoxy, Ecumenism and Modern Society
 * Speaking The Truth In Love: Education, Mission, And Witness In Contemporary Orthodoxy
 * If We Confess Our Sins: Preparation and Prayers
 * The Lenten Spring: Readings for Great Lent
 * The Winter Pascha: Readings for the Christmas-Epiphany Season
 * The Orthodox Faith Volume One: Doctrine and Scripture
 * The Orthodox Faith Volume Two: Worship
 * The Orthodox Faith Volume Three: Church History
 * The Orthodox Faith Volume Four: Spirituality

Death
Hopko died of complications from congestive heart failure due to amyloidosis on March 18, 2015, in the Pittsburgh suburb of Wexford, Pennsylvania. He was survived by his wife and five children. Days before his death, his daughter Juliana created a blog wherein she provided periodic status updates about his declining health and eventual death.

title: Thomas Hopko


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Jean Louis Lassaigne

Jean Louis Lassaigne (22 September 1800 – 18 March 1859) was a French chemist. He is best known for the sodium fusion test named after him.

Early life
Lassaigne was born in Paris. Initially he worked in the laboratory of Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, and in 1828 was named professor of chemistry and physics at the École Royale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (Royal School of Veterinary) in Maisons-Alfort. He filled this role until 1854.

Contributions and major works
In 1825 Lassaigne partnered with François Leuret to publish "Recherches physiques et chimiques pour servir à l’historie de la digestion" (Physical and chemical research for understanding digestion). Four years later Lassaigne wrote an investigation about chemistry as part of medical sciences "Abrégé élémentaire de chimie considérée comme science accessoire à l'étude de la médecine, de la pharmacie et de l'histoire naturelle" (Elementary summary of chemistry considered as an ancillary science to the study of medicine, pharmacy and natural history), at the same time he was admitted as member to prestigious "Société de Chimie Médicale" (Medical Chemistry Society) in Paris.

He became a chemical researcher, where he did research related to pure chemistry, inorganic chemistry, industrial chemistry, animal chemistry, and forensic chemistry, which led to many discoveries. His major works were studies about phosphoric ether, pyrocitric acid, pyro acids of the malic acid, chromium salts, and compounds of iodine. Lassaigne also did research on processes for the carbonization of organic matter.

Lassaigne discovered new alkaloids and made major investigations related to toxicology of phosphorus and hydrocyanic acid. He also discovered new dyes, and in 1831 won an award by "Société d'Encouragement de l'Industrie" (Society for Encouragement of Industry) for his work on the process of enamel elaboration for pottery.

In 1843, Lassaigne presented a procedure for detecting the presence of nitrogen in organic compounds by heating them with molten potassium. This procedure was later extended to the detection of sulfur and halogens in organic compounds.

title: Jean Louis Lassaigne


text:
Kénédougou Kingdom

The Kénédougou Kingdom, (Cebaara Senufo: Fǎngi Kenedugu), (c. 1650–1898) was a pre-colonial West African state established in the southeastern portion of present-day Mali, as well as parts of northern Côte d'Ivoire and western Burkina Faso.

Early History
Kénédougou, meaning 'country of the plain', was first established in the 17th century by the Dioula Traore clan. The new kingdom, mostly inhabited by the Senufo people, was conveniently located to dominate the exchange of desert and forest goods. However, the Senoufo traditionalist practices put them at odds with the Muslims to their north. Kenedougou adopted some Mandé practices such as the royal title of faama.

Legendary Origins of the Traoré dynasty
According to legend, the Traoré family originated in Gbotola near Kankan in what is now Guinea. A local seer predicted that, were they to sacrifice their aunt and go east, they would establish a powerful dynasty. They refused to kill their relative for ambition, even as other passing seers repeated the same prophecy. One day the aunt in question was told about the prophecy. In order to benefit her family, she prepared herself for sacrifice and committed suicide. When the family heard the news they buried the aunt and traveled east.

Under Kong
Nanka Traoré became Kénédougou's first ruler and began the Traoré dynasty, which would last into the late 19th century. There is little information about the kingdom's formative years, and approximately five to seven famas ruled between the foundation of the dynasty and Fama Douala Ba. Kénédougou's existence was marked by relative peace compared to neighboring states of the period.

In the 18th century, Kénédougou was a far-flung extension of the Kong Empire. By 1825, Kong power had declined in the region and the kingdom, under the rule of Doaula Ba Traoré, was able to establish independence.

19th Century
During much of the 19th century, Kenedougou was a war with Bobo-Dioulasso and their former overlords in Kong. Faama Daoula Traore (r. 1840-1877) expanded his holdings at their expense and consolidated administrative control. He died in 1877, and was succeeded by his son Tieba.

Tieba
During this period, Kenedougou faced a double threat as French colonial forces and Samori Toure began swallowing up commercial partners in the south, west and east. Faama Tieba moved the capital of the kingdom from Bougoula to his mother's home city of Sikasso in 1877. There he built a new palace on a strategic hill called the Mamelon and a massive city wall, the Tata of Sikasso, which remains a tourist attraction today.

Kenedougou's conflict with Toure's Wassoulou Empire began in 1884 when Tieba sent his brother Siaka to reinforce the frontier between the two kingdoms at the Bagoe River. The region soon became a depopulated battleground. Tieba also conquered the Minianka region.

Samori attacked Sikasso with an army of 12,000 men in April 1887, and laid siege to the city for 15 months, but failed to take it before a French column rescued the city. In the aftermath, Tieba signed a treaty of alliance with the French. He continued to campaign to the east, but was poisoned and died near Bama in January 1893.

Babemba
Following Tieba's death, his brother Babemba Traoré assumed the throne, later expanding Kenedougou territory into modern-day Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. He maintained the relationship with France, but in 1898 stopped sending the annual tribute and expelled and attacked the French ambassador.

The French launched an artillery assault against Sikasso's tata on April 15th 1898, and the city fell on May 1. Rather than see the French take control of his city, Faama Babemba ordered his guards to kill him.

Legacy
Kénédougou was one of the last major hold-outs against French ambitions in West Africa. The territory of the kingdom was assimilated into the colony of French Sudan, and later into the country of Mali.

The memory of Tieba and Babemba are still revered to this day in Mali as symbols of African resistance to the French.

title: Kénédougou Kingdom


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kermit syndrome

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 22:05, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Kermit syndrome
NN unreal dicdef. smoddy 20:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no evedence of wide use, dicdef at best DES 20:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I echo DESiegel. Tempshill 22:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons stated seglea 23:24, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:One-liner program

July 2019
That C program won't compile under gcc, main is int not void. You don't need the return explicity specified, so I propose to just delete the "void"? 84.93.243.76 20:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Some of the programs are not one-liners, but rather multi-liners crammed on "one" line by removing newlines. The standard for lines are the 80 and 132 characters per line offered by terminals. I suggest to remove those longer than 132 characters and give better examples for true one-liners. -- JS
 * With 8-bit home computers, a one-liner was whatever fit in one BASIC line, typically around 255 characters. Since they often had 40 column or fewer displays, limiting to one line would remove an entire genre. --scruss (talk) 16:43, 13 July 2019 (UTC)

Not an Expression
The term "one liner" should only apply to something that when expressed on one line and the return is hit, then a meaningful answer is returned. It gets murky when you include expressions. Bare expressions are only one-liners when they are typed into what would be an interpreter for the language of the expression.

Usually when talking of one-liners we mean one liners typed into a command line shell such as bash, sh, csh, tcsh, cmd.exe etc. Not a Python shell or other programming language shell (as opposed to the command-line shells built primarily to start programs written in other languages).

One liners should then include the invocation of a specific compiler or interpreter together with the source to run and should give the required result after hitting return on that single line.

It would be wrong to state the following for example as an AWK one-liner: NR == 10 The proper statement would be something like: awk 'NR == 10' path_to_some_text_file Similarly the perl equivalent below relies on showing the options to the perl invocation which are instrumental in making the command work: perl -n -e '($.==10) and print' text_file

Even though Python is my main programming language, the Python examples are very misleading because
 * 1) They fail to state that they must be executed from the Python shell (which is marginal as they don't work from a command shell)
 * 2) They require input data that is not shown so do nothing if typed in as the first expressions of the python shell.
 * 3) Python is not a particularly good language for writing proper one-liners in.

I think the main explanation needs changing and the Python examples removed. --Paddy (talk) 12:58, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Paddy you are wrong, the AWK examples were taken from the AWK book, They are in a section called examples of one-liners or something alike, They are called one-liners because are written in one-line pattern-action parts. You need to understand the AWK strcucture to see why. The volunteer who wrote that section omitted the explanation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2806:106E:B:DCE2:B91C:FFCC:4813:8157 (talk) 08:27, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

x-liner program
Can someone point out the significance of one-liner programs? Else two-liner program and any other x-liner program articles could qualify for article existence. --Abdull (talk) 00:06, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

 * one-liner is a wrong term, one-liners (plural) refer to one-line programs. In its origin programs written composing Unix filters with pipes, also called stream processing. One-line programs are not necessary one line long, just very short.
 * Because AWK is rich enough to write programs as done with general purpose programming languages, the term one-line program is used to refer to programs written in the AWK style, one line per pattern, in contrast to those written in AWK using the conventional structured programming style. By extension this term is also used in other languages.
 * The title should be changed either to "one-line programs" or "one-liners". A programmer skilled to write elegant one-line programs,may be called a one-liner, the person not the program. Is just basic grammar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2806:106E:B:DCE2:B91C:FFCC:4813:8157 (talk) 13:49, 14 October 2021 (UTC)

I agree. "one-liner program" is inadequate as an encyclopedic heading. It does rather imply a whole family of "x-liner programs" Something like "Single line editors" or "single line processors" would be better. Some authority please chime in! Janopus (talk) 17:54, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

 * A one liner refers to the amount of processing one can do succinctly, as well as the ease of solving common problems. It can be used as an "acid test" for the utility of a scripting language or of how expressive a language is; or as simple code golf. If you program at the command-line prompt, especially in a Unix type environment then creating one-liners can be a very useful skill. Conversely, if you stick within GUI environments then you may never come across the need to develop a one-liner.
 * A one-liner is a very common term that is in regular use. Changing the page title makes no sense - it would be the equivalent of changing some page that refers to, for example, a dirt-biker racing phrase just because I don't know what the common phrase means as I don't dirt-bike. --Paddy (talk) 05:59, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

BASIC
I can't believe that this article has been around so long without any mention of the rich tradition of one-liners in BASIC. I shall see what I can do to remedy this --scruss (talk) 00:48, 3 July 2018 (UTC)

Information copied from https://wiki.tcl-lang.org/
I just reverted an edit that was a verbatim copy of text from https://wiki.tcl-lang.org/revision/gold?V=748 (archive.org).

This web site is licensed under the Tcl/Tk Licensing Terms which say The authors hereby grant permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and license this software and its documentation for any purpose, provided that existing copyright notices are retained in all copies and that this notice is included verbatim in any distributions..

I'm not sure Wikipedia can comply with the "copyright notices are retained in all copies" since anyone can edit. I'll ask for advice on one of the Wikipedia: forums related to copyrights and licensing.

In any case, here is a copy of the license:

Tcl/Tk Licensing Terms

The following terms apply to the all versions of the core Tcl/Tk releases, the Tcl/Tk browser plug-in version 2.0, and TclBlend and Jacl version 1.0. Please note that the TclPro tools are under a different license agreement. This agreement is part of the standard Tcl/Tk distribution as the file named "license.terms".

Tcl/Tk License Terms

This software is copyrighted by the Regents of the University of California, Sun Microsystems, Inc., Scriptics Corporation, and other parties. The following terms apply to all files associated with the software unless explicitly disclaimed in individual files.

The authors hereby grant permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and license this software and its documentation for any purpose, provided that existing copyright notices are retained in all copies and that this notice is included verbatim in any distributions. No written agreement, license, or royalty fee is required for any of the authorized uses. Modifications to this software may be copyrighted by their authors and need not follow the licensing terms described here, provided that the new terms are clearly indicated on the first page of each file where they apply.

IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR DISTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, ITS DOCUMENTATION, OR ANY DERIVATIVES THEREOF, EVEN IF THE AUTHORS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

THE AUTHORS AND DISTRIBUTORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE AUTHORS AND DISTRIBUTORS HAVE NO OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.

GOVERNMENT USE: If you are acquiring this software on behalf of the U.S. government, the Government shall have only "Restricted Rights" in the software and related documentation as defined in the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FARs) in Clause 52.227.19 (c) (2). If you are acquiring the software on behalf of the Department of Defense, the software shall be classified as "Commercial Computer Software" and the Government shall have only "Restricted Rights" as defined in Clause 252.227-7013 (c) (1) of DFARs. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the authors grant the U.S. Government and others acting in its behalf permission to use and distribute the software in accordance with the terms specified in this license.

This is the main Tcl Developer Xchange site, www.tcl-lang.org.

davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)  22:43, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I have opened a discussion at Wikipedia talk:Copyrights. Please participate.  The outcome will determine if material from https://wiki.tcl-lang.org can stay on this page.  davidwr/  (talk)/(contribs)  23:02, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Followup: The good news is that it appears that the Wikipedia editor and the editor of the page at wiki.tcl-lang.org appear to be collaborating. This revision of this article from September 18 was copied in part to this revision of the page on tcl-lang.org on September 19.

 * My hope is that the person managing the page at wiki.tcl-lang.org will explicitly release the material that was put on that web site first under a Wikipedia-compatible license. That will make the copyright issue "go away."  davidwr/  (talk)/(contribs)  23:15, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

"one-liner" is wrong, "one-line" programs belong to the "one-liners" category of programs
The title is wrong, a very short single line program is called one-line the set of one-line programs is called the one-liners, it is wrong to call a single program one-liner. This is how the term is used in the cited AWK book. Here the context:

An essential philosophy of the original Unix design is "small is beautiful". Instead of writing programs (or commands) with lots of options, they preferred to write special purpose languages that do one thing but do it well. Those languages formed part of the Unix programming environment. After Unix pipes. invented/discovered by Douglas McIlroy, they became an essential feature of Unix.

The pipe mechanism is a way to interconnect programs in a cooperating by providing the output produced by one program as the input of a consumer program. Abstractly, pipes are a kind of file, which is used as the standard output by the producer and as the standard input by the consumer. Both programs run at the same time, the pipe works as a kind of buffer, a lines queue which are written by the producer and read by the consumer. The data flowing through pipes are called streams.

This mechanism is best used by interconnecting very simple programs written in specialized languages like AWK, sed, grep, wc, etc., short enough that the text is often passed as a parameter. For example, the Unix shell command: counts the files with either the "catalog" or "collection" string with any lower upper case combination. The same one-line program written in an imperative general purpose programming language would have a structure similar to this pseudocode:

By the time when Unix was written, many business applications was done by COBOL batch processing. COBOL is a very very very, verbose language, it was impressive to see how many of those programs, mainly those generating reports, could be replaced by one-line programs.

Please rename the article to one-line programs (programmers jargon)
The AWK section was taken from the cited AWK book, in that chapter says that one can write conventional programs in AWK, but the aim of AWK is to write one-line programs. AWK programs have a pattern-action structure, the short programs with simple actions are called one-liners in that book, because one can write a program like this: the AWK collection of programs written with one or several pattern-action (a very simple one) are called one-liners in that book, because they are built with one or several one-line pattern-action lines. In other texts the authors use one-line programs (see The Unix Programming Environment). I tried to fix the article, but was an unsuccessful effort. I simply how to do it, the changes were reverted before I finished, and I did not find how to change the title.

I do not support the idea to erase this article, because I have seen the term one-liner is used by extension to programs written in Python with lines analogous to one-line programs. Also books promising to teach programmers to became one-liners (programmers who write one-line based code).

Neither I know how to classify this article, once edited, in the programmers jargon category.

The article is also wrong considering obfuscated programs one-liners, obfuscated code is never one-line because the goal to write one-line programs in the Unix philosophy, is a way to write neat programs, not illegible ones. Got it?

I am not going to waste more time with this article, is up to other skilled volunteers to fix it. I gave up! sorry!

title: Talk:One-liner program


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"Ariel Brio"

"Ariel Brio"
obvious vanity Robinh 20:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * delete
 * delete --Richhil 20:52, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * why not Speedy delete under the new policy? seglea 23:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, new policy applies here. Pavel Vozenilek 00:20, 23 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
My Hero (song)

"My Hero" is a song by American rock band Foo Fighters. It was released in January 1998 as the third single from their second album, The Colour and the Shape (1997). The song, which reached number six on the US Billboard Alternative Songs chart, is considered a Foo Fighters classic and a staple at the band's concerts.

Background
Although the song was first released on The Colour and the Shape album in 1997, it was played live as early as 1995. On July 17, 1995, Grohl demoed the hit song for the first time by himself on an 8-track reel-to-reel in the basement of his Seattle home. The demo features Grohl singing and playing drums, bass, and guitars. Although the lyrics are not complete, the vocal melody is the same as the melody of the final studio recording of the song. In the Foo Fighters 2011 documentary Foo Fighters: Back and Forth, bassist Nate Mendel states he knew the band had a future when he heard Grohl’s demo of "My Hero" “because the song was great”.

In a 1999 interview, Grohl said that the song is "'about heroes that are ordinary'" and added that he looks up to everyday people more than he looks up to celebrities. During Foo Fighters' appearance on VH1 Storytellers in 2009, Grohl explained that the song was written while watching 1980s movies like Valley Girl. Grohl also stated that the band wrote the song about Pete Stahl and Chip Donaldson without even knowing it.

The recording of the song was done using two different drum tracks played back simultaneously for the introduction and verses.

Music video
The music video for "My Hero" was directed by Dave Grohl. It features a man running into a burning building to rescue a woman's baby, another woman's dog, and finally a framed picture of the first woman. The eyes of both the baby and the dog are blocked out. The camera follows the man throughout the video, with his face never being shown. It is presented in a continuous "long take" format, although actual transitional cuts are disguised by smoke. During shots inside the building, the band is seen performing the song, seemingly unconcerned about the chaos around them.

Critical reception
"My Hero" was ranked by Entertainment Weekly as Foo Fighters' 14th-greatest song, was ranked by Kerrang as Foo Fighters' seventh-greatest song, was ranked by American Songwriter as the greatest Foo Fighters song, and was ranked by Rolling Stone readers as Foo Fighters' fourth-greatest song.

Objection to use in 2008 presidential campaign
In 2008, Foo Fighters criticized the campaign of Republican presidential candidate John McCain for using their song at rallies without their permission. Foo Fighters responded to the incident, saying: "'It's frustrating and infuriating that someone who claims to speak for the American people would repeatedly show such little respect for creativity and intellectual property. . . The saddest thing about this is that 'My Hero' was written as a celebration of the common man and his extraordinary potential. To have it appropriated without our knowledge and used in a manner that perverts the original sentiment of the lyric just tarnishes the song.'"

The McCain campaign asserted that the song was used properly under blanket licensing (which does not require the artist's permission), and all proper royalties were paid.

The band played a stripped-down, acoustic version of the song during an appearance at the end of the 2012 Democratic National Convention, in which McCain's 2008 opponent, Barack Obama, secured the presidential nomination.

Other versions
On September 3, 2022, Foo Fighters played a tribute concert to their late drummer, Taylor Hawkins, at Wembley Stadium. During that concert, the band played "My Hero" with Hawkins's 16-year-old son, Shane Hawkins, on drums. Video of the song went viral,  and the performance yielded a Drumeo Award for Drum Performance of the Year for Shane Hawkins. According to Far Out, Shane Hawkins's drumming style was "uncannily similar" to that of his father, and the "powerhouse performance of ‘My Hero’ will go down as one of the stadium’s most emotionally charged songs ever witnessed".

UK single

 * 1) "My Hero" - 4:21
 * 2) "Baker Street" (Gerry Rafferty cover) - 5:39
 * 3) "Dear Lover" - 4:34
 * 4) Enhanced section Containing:
 * 5) *Everlong [Video]
 * 6) *Monkey Wrench [30sec Clip]
 * 7) *My Hero [Song File Format]

Japan special edition maxi single

 * 1) "My Hero"
 * 2) "Requiem" (Killing Joke cover)
 * 3) "Drive Me Wild" (Vanity 6 cover)
 * 4) "Down in the Park" (Gary Numan cover)
 * 5) "Baker Street" (Gerry Rafferty cover)
 * 6) "See You" (acoustic)
 * 7) "For All the Cows" (Live at Toshiba-EMI Ltd on 2 April 1997 in Japan)

Australian single

 * 1) "My Hero"
 * 2) "Dear Lover"
 * 3) "For All the Cows" (Live at Toshiba-EMI Ltd on 2 April 1997 in Japan)

Personnel

 * Dave Grohl – vocals, lead guitar, drums
 * Pat Smear – rhythm guitar
 * Nate Mendel – bass

Weekly charts
Live version

title: My Hero (song)


text:
List of tango singers

This is a list of notable tango singers, that is, notable singers who are accomplished in the tango genre. Many tango musicians have been both musicians and singers, but this does not exclude from this list. While the vast majority of earlier tango singers were Argentines, this list illustrates the diversification of tango over time, with the growth in female stars such as Susana Rinaldi and the spread of tango around the world, as far as Russia (Pyotr Leshchenko), Poland (Jerzy Petersburski), and Turkey (İbrahim Özgür).

A

 * Carlos Acuña  (1915–1999) known for his deep, high and expressive voice. His foreign travels brought him success in Uruguay, Mexico, Italy and Spain, where he became a close friend of the exiled Juan Perón.
 * Alberto Arenas
 * Imperio Argentina

B

 * Amelita Baltar
 * Alfredo Belusi
 * Beba Bidart
 * Eladia Blázquez
 * Sofía Bozán

C

 * Enrique Campos
 * Luis Cardei
 * Alberto Castillo
 * Pascual Contursi
 * Ignacio Corsini

D

 * María de la Fuente
 * Hugo del Carril
 * Ángel Díaz (singer)
 * Fernando Díaz
 * Roberto Díaz

E

 * Eduardo Espinoza
 * Gabino Ezeiza

F

 * Néstor Fabián
 * Ada Falcón
 * Roberto Flores
 * Roberto Fugazot

G

 * Carlos Gardel
 * Roberto Goyeneche
 * Graciela Susana

I

 * Agustín Irusta

J

 * Rubén Juárez

L

 * Libertad Lamarque
 * Juanita Larrauri
 * Raúl Lavié
 * Amanda Ledesma
 * Pyotr Leshchenko (1898–1954), the "King of Russian Tango" enjoyed great popularity both in Russia and abroad despite being suppressed in the Soviet Union. He sang mainly in Russian, also singing gypsy music. He died in a prison camp near Bucharest.
 * Claudia Levy
 * Mario Luna
 * Virginia Luque

M

 * Agustín Magaldi
 * Azucena Maizani
 * Tita Merello
 * Nina Miranda
 * Miguel Montero
 * Alberto Morán
 * Daniel Melingo

O

 * Sabina Olmos
 * Nelly Omar
 * İbrahim Özgür (1905–1959), dubbed "The King of Turkish Tango" for his singing and composition, after an earlier successful career in jazz. He began tango recordings in 1938. His nostalgic, "velvet" voice was well-suited for his mournful songs, haunted by his unrequited love for an Indian princess he met during his grand tour of Asia in the 1930s. His most famous such song, Mavi Kelebek ("Blue Butterfly"), won him a legion of female fans. Özgür was the first male tango singer to rise to prominence in Turkey, where the tango tradition had been dominated by women.

P

 * Anita Palmero
 * Jerzy Petersburski

Q

 * Rosita Quiroga

R

 * José Razzano
 * Susana Rinaldi (born 1935), known as "la passionaria du tango", is also an actress. To avoid military rule, she settled in France where she has enjoyed a successful career. A UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador and social justice campaigner, she has been active in the artists' rights movement.
 * Marcela Ríos
 * Pablo Ramos
 * Edmundo Rivero

S

 * Mercedes Simone
 * Alba Solís
 * Julio Sosa (1926–1964), from Uruguay; was one of the most important tango singers during tango's unhappy years in the 1950s and early 1960s. His passion for poetry led to his sole published book; his passion for fast cars led to his young death.
 * Hrysoula Stefanaki popular Greek singer / vocalist, and musician, born in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, best known for her outstanding & unique performances on national & international retro songs such as "Tango Noturno", "Blue Haven", "The last waltz", "Regretting for wasted years"etc.

T

 * Tania
 * Juan Carlos Thorry

V

 * Jorge Valdez
 * Adriana Varela
 * Virginia Vera
 * Carlos Vidal
 * Ángel Villoldo
 * Olavi Virta Finland.

Z

 * Julia Zenko

Source lists
ti   This person appears on this list of notable tango singers, tango.info (URL accessed 2006-09-19).

TT   This person appears in todotango.com (URL accessed 12 July 2006).

title: List of tango singers


text:
Yumboes

Yumboes are supernatural beings in the mythology of the Wolof people (most likely Lebou ) of Senegal, West Africa. Their alternatively used name Bakhna Rakhna literally means ''good people. ''

Description
Yumboes are the spirits of the dead and, like many supernatural beings in African beliefs, they are completely of a pearly-white colour. They are sometimes said to have silver hair. They stand about two feet tall.

The Yumboes live beneath the Paps hills and come out to dance in the moonlight. They feast on large tables, waited on by servants who are invisible except for their hands and feet. Yumboes eat corn (which they steal from the humans) and fish (which they catch on their own). They invite both natives and foreigners to their feasts.

Background
The only known source for legends on yumboes is Thomas Keightley's book The Fairy Mythology. Keightley received his account from a woman who had lived on Goree Island, off the coast of Senegal, when she was a child. She had heard about the yumboes from a Wolof maid. Keightley remarked on the yumboes’ resemblance to European fairies.  They also bear a resemblance to ancestral ghosts described in many African countries.

In popular culture
On Pottermore, yumboes appeared as African house elves and the mascots of Senegal's national quidditch team.

One of the adventure gamebooks based on the television series Knightmare features yumboes as savage, flesh-eating creatures. Alighting on their island causes them to attack the player.

Yumboes appear as helpful fairies in the 2021 novel Skin of the Sea by Nigerian Welsh writer Natasha Bowen.

In the 2021 bizarro novella Not Seeing Is A Flower by Urhobo writer Erhu Kome, Yumboes are small creatures who assist in the running of the Dharma/Cupid organization.

title: Yumboes


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Jante/archive1

Jante
I am nominating this article. It is succinct and sexy. Please be open minded about women in heels.MikeLowryBadBoys 20:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello Mike. Have you read any of our other featured articles?  I don't think your stub is quite up to that level yet do you? Dunc|☺ 20:53, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Refer to peer review This is nowhere near featured quality, this is barely more than a stub. Please review What is a featured article, read a few featured articles, improve the article and renominate it when it's ready. slambo 20:58, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Refer to Requests for expansion. As this article's primary need is expansion, refering it to peer review would be inappropriate at this time. --Allen3 talk 23:02, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * It sure is succinct. I'm removing it from FAC at this time, feel free to renominate it when it meets the criteria. Bishonen | talk 02:47, 23 July 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:81.79.244.164

title: User talk:81.79.244.164


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New York City Economic Development Corporation

New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) is a public-benefit corporation that serves as the official economic development organization for New York City. NYCEDC gives its mission as strengthening business confidence in New York City, diversifying the city's economic sectors, and delivering sustainable infrastructure.

History
NYCEDC was formed in 1991 as the result of a merger of two major not-for-profit and a handful of minor corporations which performed economic development services for the City. One of the major merger partners was the Public Development Corporation (PDC), formed in 1966 to rescue the City from its then-deteriorating economy by selling City property and leasing industrial space. PDC was responsible for construction of the Nassau Street Mall, the Brooklyn Army Terminal, Jamaica Center, and the South Street Seaport, among other activities. The second major merger partner was the Financial Services Corporation (FSC) originally formed in 1979 as the NYC Economic Capital Corporation to administer government financing programs that promote business expansion in New York City. Formation of the NYCEDC followed recommendations from the consulting firm McKinsey & Company, who had been engaged in mid-1990 to "advise on the reorganisation of the NYC development system.

Carl Weisbrod, formerly of PDC prior to its merger with FSC, was the first president of NYCEDC under the Dinkins administration. Weisbrod was succeeded by Charles Millard and Michael G. Carey under the Giuliani administration, followed by Andrew Alper, the first president appointed to the position during the Bloomberg administration. Robert C. Lieber was appointed in January 2007 and served until Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg appointed him as Deputy Mayor for Economic Development & Rebuilding in December 2007. Seth Pinsky served as President from February 2008 to August 2013.

Applied Sciences NYC
One of NYCEDC’s largest initiatives to date is Applied Sciences NYC, a competition to create a new world-class engineering campus in NYC. In December 2011, Mayor Bloomberg announced the selection of a historic partnership with Cornell University and the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to create a groundbreaking, two-million-square foot applied science and engineering campus on Roosevelt Island, to be called Cornell Tech. Applied Sciences NYC is expected to more than double the number of both full-time graduate engineering students and faculty in New York City. Over the next three decades the Applied Sciences NYC initiative is expected to generate more than $33 billion in overall nominal economic impact, add over 48,000 jobs, and launch nearly 1,000 spin-off companies. The Applied Sciences NYC initiative also includes the establishment of a campus in Downtown Brooklyn developed by a consortium led by NYU that focuses on the challenges facing cities, and a new institute for data sciences at Columbia University.

Governance
The Mayor of New York appoints seven members, including the chairperson. Ten additional members are appointed by the Mayor from nominees of the Borough Presidents and the Speaker of the New York City Council. Each Borough President nominates one member and the Speaker nominates five. Ten are appointed by the Chairperson from a list of persons approved by the Mayor. NYCEDC is not a New York City agency.

In 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio appointed 10 new members to the board of directors and, its board of directors has 27 members.

In April 2021, restaurateur Danny Meyer was named as chairman.

Other entities
New York City Industrial Development Agency (NYCIDA) is a public benefit corporation under New York State law that provides companies with access to tax-exempt bond financing or tax benefits to strengthen and diversify the City’s tax and employment base, helps businesses locate and expand their operations within New York City, and encourages economic development by retaining jobs and creating new ones. NYCIDA is administered by NYCEDC.

New York City Capital Resource Corporation (NYCCRC), also administered by NYCEDC, is a local development corporation that provides lower-cost financing programs for eligible capital projects to qualified not-for-profit institutions and manufacturing, industrial, and other businesses.

Public projects
NYCEDC's joint projects with New York City as of 2018 include:
 * Hunts Point, Bronx
 * Coney Island, Brooklyn
 * Sunset Park Waterfront, Brooklyn
 * 125th Street, Manhattan
 * Essex Crossing, Manhattan
 * The High Line, Manhattan
 * The Hub, Bronx
 * Downtown Jamaica Initiatives, Queens
 * Gotham Center, Queens
 * Hunter's Point South, Queens
 * Willets Point, Queens
 * East River Ferry Service
 * St. George Terminal, Staten Island
 * Kingsbridge Armory, Bronx
 * New York Wheel, Staten Island
 * Empire Outlets, Staten Island
 * Seward Park, Manhattan
 * Brooklyn Army Terminal, Brooklyn

Controversial projects
In November 2018, the news media reported that Amazon.com was in final talks with the government of New York State to construct one of two campuses for its proposed Amazon HQ2 at Queens West in Long Island City. The other campus would be located at National Landing in Crystal City, Virginia. The selection was confirmed by Amazon on November 13, 2018, but on February 14, 2019, Amazon announced it was pulling out, citing unexpected opposition from local lawmakers and unions.

Waterfront rehabilitation
NYCEDC has been involved in plans to redevelop miles of the City’s working waterfront. It states that it helps improve public access to waterfronts through projects such as the construction of the East River Waterfront Esplanade along a two-mile shorefront of Lower Manhattan.