text:
Giant crab

A Giant crab is a type of crustacean.

Giant crab may refer to:
 * Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira kaempferi), possesses the longest leg span of any marine crab species alive
 * Coconut crab (Birgus latro), the largest terrestrial invertebrate species alive
 * Tasmanian giant crab (Pseudocarcinus gigas), another large crab species

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Giant crab


text:
Canadian Unity Council

The Canadian Unity Council (CUC) was a privately owned, non-profit organization whose mission was to promote the Canadian Unity and the current federal institutions.

The CUC started as the "Canada Committee" in 1964, in the middle of Quebec's Quiet Revolution. The period corresponds to the rise of both the Quebec independence movement and the demands for reform by Quebec federalists.

The election of the Parti Québécois in 1976 gave the impulse for a coalition strategy, which included all federalist parties. Funded by the Government of Canada, the CUC published numerous pro-Canada studies advertising the merits of Canadian federalism.

In 1996, the Centre for Research and Information on Canada (CRIC) was created to assist in the CUC's mission to promote the federal government's view of what federal Canada is.

In 2006, the Government of Stephen Harper announced the reduction of funding for the Unity Council.

Centre for Research and Information on Canada
The Centre for Research and Information on Canada (CRIC) was an organization established in 1996 by the CUC to manage its research and communications activities. The organization was divided into two branches: one to research on Canada (CRIC Research) and the other to inform Canadian citizens of the research's findings (CRIC Information).

The research office was located in Ottawa and is responsible for conducting studies and polls, and drafting special publications. The Communications and Citizen Participation Office oversaw the activities of three regional offices: the Ontario and Atlantic Canada Regional Office (Toronto), the Western and Northern Regional Office (Calgary) and the Quebec Regional Office (Quebec City). The CRIC published a weekly newsletter called Opinion Canada.

As of August 9, 2010, the CIRC and the Canadian Unity Council are no longer available on the Internet.

Board of directors

 * 2005
 * Chairman of the Board -The Honourable Bob Rae, P.C., O.C., Q.C., LL.D. - Partner, Goodmans - Toronto, ON
 * Vice-Chairman - Mr. George N. Addy - Senior Partner, Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg LLP - Toronto, ON
 * Vice-Chairman - Mr. Gilbert G. Dalton, C.A. - Executive Vice-President & C.F.O., Baine Johnston Corporation - St. John's, NL
 * Secretary - Mr. Ronald Bilodeau - Vice-President, East Canadian Pacific Railway - Montreal, QC
 * President & Chief Executive Officer - Mr. Michel Desjardins - The Canadian Unity Council - Montreal, QC

title: Canadian Unity Council


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scannicchio

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 20:04, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Scannicchio
Delete: Appears to be vanity. --Durin 14:29, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity Manik Raina 15:18, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity, needs translation, goonn -Harmil 15:38, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Jaxl 18:20, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 05:54, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Edward Fox (author)

Edward Lyttleton Fox  (born 1958 in New York), resident in London, is a writer from the United States.

Published works
Edward Fox is the author of three books:

 * "Obscure Kingdoms: Journeys to distant royal courts" (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1993, and Penguin, 1995, ISBN 0-14-014671-7).
 * "Palestine Twilight': the murder of Dr Albert Glock and the archaeology of the Holy Land" (London: HarperCollins, 2001 and 2002, ISBN 0-00-638459-5).
 * Reprinted in the United States as "Sacred Geography: A tale of murder and archaeology in the Holy Land" (Henry Holt/Metropolitan Books, 2001 and 2002).
 * Spanish translation "Crepusculo en Palestina" (Barcelona: Alba Editorial, 2003).

 * "The Hungarian who walked to heaven: Alexander Csoma de Koros" (London: Short Books, 2001, ISBN 0-571-20805-3). Life of traveller and philologist Sándor Kőrösi Csoma, 1784—1842

title: Edward Fox (author)


text:
Sacred Arias (Andrea Bocelli album)

Sacred Arias (Arie Sacre), is the sixth studio album by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli.

Released in 1999, the album, featuring music composed in traditional Christian styles, is not only Bocelli's most commercially successful classical album to date with over 5 million copies sold, but also the biggest selling classical album by any solo artist in history. Bocelli was accompanied by the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, conducted by Myung-whun Chung.

Track listing

 * 1) Vavilov (misattributed to Caccini): "Ave Maria"
 * 2) Mascagni: Cavalleria rusticana – "Sancta Maria"
 * 3) Gounod: "Ave Maria"
 * 4) Schubert: Ellens Gesang, Op. 52/6, D 839 – "Ave Maria"
 * 5) Franck: "Panis angelicus"
 * 6) Rossini: Stabat Mater – "Cujus animam"
 * 7) Verdi: Requiem – "Ingemisco"
 * 8) Mozart: "Ave verum corpus", K. 618
 * 9) Wagner: Wesendonck Lieder, WWV 91/1 – "Der Engel"
 * 10) Handel: Serse, HWV 40 – "Frondi tenere ... Ombra mai fu"
 * 11) Niedermeyer: "Pietà, Signore"
 * 12) Rossini: Petite messe solennelle – "Domine Deus"
 * 13) Schubert: "Wiegenlied", Op. 98/2, D 498 – "Mille cherubini in coro"
 * 14) Gruber: "Silent Night"
 * 15) Wade: "Adeste Fideles (O Come, All Ye Faithful)"
 * 16) Jean-Paul Lécot: "Gloria a te, Cristo Gesù"
 * 17) Georges Bizet: "Agnus Dei" (Bonus)
 * 18) Eric Lévi: "I Believe"'' (Bonus)

Awards
In 2000, the album led Bocelli to receive an ECHO Klassik for "Bestseller of the year", as well as a 2000 Classical BRIT Award for "Album of the Year", and a Goldene Europa for classical music, in 2000.

PBS special
A DVD of the concert, filmed in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome, was also released in 1999. The concert aired on the PBS program Great Performances. This broadcast was nominated in 2000 for an Emmy Award – Outstanding Classical Music-Dance Program. Sacred Arias Special Edition, a two disc set with CD and DVD was released in 2003.

title: Sacred Arias (Andrea Bocelli album)


text:
Explosive ROF

An explosive ROF was a UK government-owned Royal Ordnance Factory (ROF), which specialised in manufacturing explosives during and after World War II. In World War I, the name used in the UK for government-owned explosives factories was National Explosives Factory; the cordite factory at Gretna was known as HM Factory, Gretna.

These Second World War factories were built for the Ministry of Supply with the Ministry of Works, in all cases except ROF Irvine, acting as agent. Explosive ROFs specialised in producing either high-explosives, such as TNT (trinitrotoluene) or RDX; or propellants, such as cordite, but there were minor exceptions to this demarcation. The products from these explosive ROFs were shipped to filling factories for filling into munitions.

Pyrotechnics, such as fuses and screening smokes, tended to be made at the Filling Factories and filled directly into munitions.

ICI and Ministry of Supply agency factories
A number of UK World War II explosives factories were built and owned by ICI. These privately-owned explosives factories were not considered part of the ROF organisation and they were not called ROFs. ICI also managed numerous munitions factories constructed with Ministry of Supply funding; these were known as agency factories. ICI Nobel's Ardeer site and its World War II agency factories produced, for example, 35% of the combined ROF and Agency Factories output of Cordite and 15% of the combined output of TNT.

Royal Naval Factories
In both World War I and II the Royal Navy had its own government-owned factories producing propellants and explosives, for naval guns. These were the Royal Navy Cordite Factory, Holton Heath (RNCF), Dorset (World War I & World War II), and the Royal Navy Propellant Factory, Caerwent (RNPF), Monmouthshire (World War II only), respectively. They both were closed as explosive manufacturing sites after World War II. Naval propellants were then manufactured at ROF Bishopton and filled at ROF Chorley, and later ROF Glascoed.

National Explosives Factories (WW I)

 * HM Factory, Gretna
 * NEF Pembrey
 * Barnbow National Filling Factory No 1, later ROF Barnbow

To be expanded

Royal Navy Factories (WW I and WW II)

 * Royal Navy Cordite Factory, Holton Heath (RNCF)
 * Royal Naval Gun Factory, Westhoughton. Formerly Messrs Musgrave and Sons.
 * Royal Navy Propellant Factory, Caerwent (RNPF)

UK high-explosive ROFs (WW II)

 * ROF Bridgwater
 * ROF Drigg
 * ROF Irvine
 * ROF Pembrey

Propellant ROFs (WW II)

 * ROF Bishopton
 * ROF Ranskill
 * ROF Sellafield
 * ROF Wrexham

title: Explosive ROF


text:
Talk:Baghdad Airport Road

8km long, or 12km long?
I have read elsewhere that the expressway is 12 km long. The article currently says that it is 5 miles, 8 km long, and, in a subsequent paragrapn, that it is 12 km long. Well, it is either one or the other. -- Geo Swan 15:07, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

Naomi Klien assertion
I excised the Naomi Klien "correction". Is there room for the assertion? Possibly. But it shouldn't be asserted as a fact. Either Klien misunderstood what she was told, or the translator mistranslated, or Sgrena herself misspoke or was misinformed. There is no route separate from Route Irish reserved for diplomats. Occasionally, as needed, the US military would shut down the on-ramps to Route Irish, effectively reserving it for the sole use of denizens of the Green Zone.

So, while it can be verified that Klien made her assertion, it can not be presented as a correction. -- Geo Swan 00:29, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

One thing about Irish...
...it was always a hell of a ride! NetSerfer 14:07, 21 March 2006 (UTC) Totally Irish was always one hell of a ride. Especially driving it at 5 m.p.h. looking for roadside bombs with Iron Claw.

Naming of the Road
I don't think the road was named after the university but the unit guarding the road at one point which is the 1/69th Infantry aka the Fighting Irish. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.108.117.235 (talk) 07:00, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
I corrected information regarding the MSR designations, both what route is actually 'Irish' and why it's named that. I removed the following (which is incorrect): ''Nickname In 2005, the Irish Brigade was given the job of safeguarding the route. The Irish Brigade is the modern United States National Guard unit descended from the 69th New York State Volunteers, formed at the beginning of the American Civil War. The Civil War unit was composed predominantly of Irish immigrants.'' Nothing against the NYNG, but the MSRs were named after sports teams. NetSerfer 13:20, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, it's nice that you added that information, but the other story is frequently cited. From what I can tell the timeline does not support the naming deriving from the unit, so I've explained that accordingly. It's better to handle misinformation this way rather than just deleting it. --Dhartung | Talk 08:01, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Roger that. I'll clean up the text a bit. NetSerfer 02:20, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Good cleanup, Netserfer. Thanks for your time on this Route Irish and on the real one. --Habap 18:23, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

POV issues
First, I added a "main article" link so that people know there's a full article on the topic where most of the discussion belongs. Second, I added the SectPOV tag after starting to make a few fixes, because there are some odd claims in the text -- like that "Ambassador Negroponte" ordered the soldiers around, which doesn't make sense since he does not have a role in the military command structure. There are a few claims in the Italian report that were vigorously disputed by the Americans, and that should be noted in this article. The incident should be in the article, but it should be summarized better. I'm not sure that a detailed discussion of closure procedures is really relevant to the *Route Irish* article, given that they may have changed since then and different units (mainly Iraqi) now perform those duties. --Dhartung | Talk 09:20, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * 1) Adding a main article link is good.
 * 2) I think your {SectPOV} tag is misplaced:
 * 3) The article is completely correct to refer to him as "Ambassador Negroponte", because, prior to being appointed National Director of Intelligence John Negroponte was the Ambassador to Iraq. More particularly, he was the ambassador, not NDI, at the time of the Italian's shooting.
 * 4) American policy, at the time, was to allow locals, and risk-taking foreigners, to use Route Irish most of the time. The highway was closed approximately once a day, to allow ordinary travelers to ride in armored buses to the airport.  The highway was also closed whenever a VIP -- like, for example, Ambassador Negroponte, wanted to travel to the airport.  Negroponte didn't have to "order the soldiers around".  Closing the highway for his convenience was policy.
 * 5) I based this section not on the Italian report -- I based it on the official US report. So, whether the Italian report contains claims disputed by the Americans is neither here nor there.
 * 6) Please explain why the closure procedure, which as you predicted. has been abandoned, is not relevant to this article. This road was routinely called "The most dangerous road in the world".  You seem to be suggesting that the danger of using this road, and the procedure the US used to transport individuals, should be stripped from the article merely because a new, different procedure is in place?

 * Cheers! --  Geo Swan 07:24, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Lack of Context
The article appears to assume that readers know the "Route Irish" appellation and the general description are from a post-Iraq War persepective. The war is not mentioned explicitly, and that may confuse readers wondering about both the road's significance and certain specific statements. I believe the article needs to clearly state and cite when "Route Irish" came into use among U.S. soldiers, and then more widely and try to provide some Saddam-era background. --Fsotrain09 22:12, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

why....
why is PFC Keith "Matt" Maupin specifically mentioned? it doesn't appear that he did anything in particular that would earn him the right to have a convoy with many people named after him. hornplayer2 (talk) 05:17, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baghdad Airport Road


text:
Camillo Rondani

Camillo Rondani (21 November 1808 – 17 September 1879) was an Italian entomologist noted for his studies of Diptera.

Early life, family and education
Camillo Rondani was born in Parma when the city was part of the French Empire Napoleon having crowned himself King of Italy. The Rondani family were wealthy landowners and of "rich and of ancient origins" with ecclesiastical connections preliminary.

Camillo's early education was in a seminary. He then passed into the public school system where, encouraged by Macedonio Melloni his physics and chemistry teacher in the preparatory course for the University of Parma, he did not attend the law lessons though his family had insisted. He attended mineralogy classes given by a Franciscan priest Father Bagatta and was taught natural history, a complementary course to botany for Medicine and Pharmacy. The Reader of Botany to the Athenaeum Parmesan was Professori Giorgio Jan, assistant at the Imperial Museum in Vienna and holder of the chair of zoology in Parma University. From Jan, Rondani received many gifts to his collection: Coleoptera and a herbarium. Through Jan, Rondani gained access to the house of the Conte Stefano Sanvitale, where an entomological club had access to the insect collection of Pietro Rossi.

Career in law, politics and commerce
Rondani qualified as a lawyer in 1831. A plan to study zoology at the University of Paris, a condition of his proposed appointment as Professor of Natural Science in Parma, came to nothing as Italy was thrown into political turmoil, the university urging its students to die for the unity of Italy, a resurgent demand of Giuseppe Garibaldi. Following the Ducal restoration after three years of provisional government, not only was the chair of Zoology a distant dream, but the legal faculty had been removed to Piacenza in order to diminish the number of politically active students.

Camillo and his brother Emilio, who had been imprisoned by the temporary government, turned to colonial commerce. Rondani studied the insects of the exotic products describing two of the beetles he found Cis jalapa from chillies and Brucus dolici from Santa Domingo coffee.

Marriage and farming
In 1833 Rondani married his first love, Petronilla, for whom he later named a new species of Ceria now Sphiximorpha petronillae. The couple ran a family farm on the pleasant hillsides of Guardasone. This was transformed with dams and scientific soil management systems which he used for studying agronomy and, with Petronilla, poetry and the arts. It was at this time that his studies of Diptera began, possibly because of their agricultural significance.

A few years later, Petronilla died.

Entomology studies
After his wife died, Rondani focused intensely on entomology, working especially on the biology of parasitic insects (Diptera and Hymenoptera).

Although little of his entomological work was published by Rondani himself, it raised him to preeminence. In 1840, he became a member of the Academy of France, published his first paper, and corresponded with Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville on insects of Sicilian amber. Further publications rapidly followed on species new to Italy, new to science, plans of classifications, taxonomic arguments, and initial work on his masterwork, the Prodomo, a treatise on Diptera. Many were (confusingly) printed locally at the printing office in Parma, but then, following amendments in the entomological journals Nuovi Annali di Scienze Naturali di Bologna, Magazin de Zoologie de M. J. Guérin Ménéville, and the Annales de la Société Entomologique de France.

In the nationalistic wars of 1848 the Rondani's were recalled to Parma. Camillo was briefly elected to represent Traversetolo. Following the catastrophic defeat of the Piedmontese at the Battle of Novara, Rondani retired back to Guardasone, and for some years, as Italians became increasingly involved in colonial ambition, worked on exotic Diptera. In these years he began to collaborate with the Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday with whom he was to co-found the Italian Entomological Society.

Later career
In 1855, when Luisa Maria of Borbone, sister of Maria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies reopened the university of Parma, which had virtually closed its doors in 1849, Rondani became Professor of Agronomy. The Prodromo began in earnest, as Rondani alternated teaching with research much of it in applied entomology. Ten years Parma became part of the United Provinces of Central Italy, joining Tuscany, Modena and Piacenza). This led to changes in the university. The chair of agronomy was abolished and Rondani became emerito University professor of the University and insignito of the cross of the Saints Maurizio and Lazzaro. He became a natural history teacher in the R.? Grammar school and also Director of the Agrarian Institute where he taught agronomy. Rondani remained in both posts for the next ten years though the Institute passed to the Provincial Administration in 1865.

Rondani became a popular writer for several newspapers and had various assignments from government and from the Camera d'Agricoltura e Commercio [Agriculture and Commerce Chamber] and the Giunta Superiore di Statistica [Advanced Committee of Statistics] for which he was awarded a medal. He maintained his interest in politics to the last, being an influential member of the Consigli della Provincia e del Comune, unhesitatingly supporting liberal and progressive ideals.

Second marriage and demise
He married a second time, to his cousin Elisa Gelati.

Rondani died on September 17, 1879. His collection is in La Specola Museum, Florence, Italy.

Insects named in honour of Rondani

 * Rondania Robineau-Desvoidy, 1850 — a tachinid fly genus Tachinidae
 * Chrysogaster rondanii Maibach & Goeldlin, 1995 — a hoverfly Syrphidae
 * Fannia rondanii (Strobl, 1893) — a lesser house fly Fanniidae
 * Tabanus rondanii Bellardi, 1859 — a horsefly Tabanidae from Mexico
 * Philoliche rondani Bertoloni, 1861 — a horsefly Tabanidae from South Africa
 * Pteromalus rondanii Dalla Torre, 1898 — a parasitic wasp Pteromalidae
 * Rhopalocerus rondanii Villa, 1833 — a beetle Colydiinae
 * Tetralobus rondanii Bertoloni, 1849 — a click-beetle Elateridae

Works
Other works see: Sabrosky's Family Group Names in Diptera
 * Dipterologiae Italicae prodromus (1856–1877, six volumes)

title: Camillo Rondani


text:
30th G8 summit

The 30th G8 summit was held in Sea Island, Georgia, United States, on June 8–10, 2004.

Overview
The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum that brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada starting in 1976. The G8, meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of Russia. In addition, the president of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981. The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975.

The G8 summits during the 21st-century have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for anarchists, anticapitalists and domestic terrorists.

Leaders at the summit
The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The 30th G8 summit was the first summit for Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin.

Participants
These summit participants are the current "core members" of the international forum:

Priorities
Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, which take place primarily amongst multi-national civil servants in the weeks before the summit itself, leading to a joint declaration which all countries can agree to sign.

Issues
The summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.

Protests
The protests against the 2004 meeting of the G8 summit in Sea Island, Georgia, took place over the course of several days in the cities of Brunswick and Savannah, Georgia. Local police coordinated with the Georgia Army and Air National Guard, Georgia State Troopers, and agents from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, and the Secret Service, as well as officers from the Georgia Department of Natural Resources and others who arrived to control crowds and prevent terrorist attacks. Military vehicles (HUMVEEs) and Georgia State Patrol vehicles roamed the city streets and in Savannah and Brunswick near the bridge to the Island daily. The National Guard soldiers also patrolled on foot, searching for weapons and explosives and watching for known "domestic terrorist" groups and the so-called black bloc protesters.

The protests began in Savannah on June 8 with an anti-G8 march. However, about one third of those who marched were undercover agents from the FBI. Much of the planned "black bloc" protests in Savannah were thwarted when the leader of one "domestic terrorist" group was arrested in Savannah for possession of marijuana. Also, National Guard soldiers found several stockpiles of materials that the protest groups intended to use in a "sleeping dragon" maneuvers as well as bats with nails driven through them and piles of rocks and bricks. Then several protesters wearing all black clothing were confronted by National Guard soldiers in riot gear and then arrested by police after they congregated in front of the Starbucks and The Gap stores and began shouting antiglobalization slogans. At least three explosives were found by National Guard soldiers, though none of them turned out to be very big. One "dummy bomb" was found in a trashcan near a hotel where some members of the media were staying. It consisted of a shoe box with an alarm clock, newspapers and dead leaves. On the last day of the Summit, three protesters showed up on River Street, dressed as the Statue of Liberty, but they walked through the street quickly shouting anti-Bush slogans and then left.

In Brunswick, the protests began with an antiwar march on June 8, and a vigil was held on the night of June 9, which attracted about 300 people and the Fair World Fair. The following day, a group of around 100 protesters began congregating near the gates of a chemical plant, until they were directed by security to leave by. The last and most eventful action, the March for a Free Palestine, took place in Brunswick. Several activists made a replica of part of the wall being built between Israel and Palestine, and burnt it to the ground. A breakaway group decided to cross the bridge and head to Sea Island where the G8 meetings were wrapping up. However, the bridge is about 1.5 miles long, and the temperature was in the low 90s with the humidity being above 70 percent. Thus, after crossing the bridge, many of the protesters were overheated, and all were in need of water. They were given bottles of cold water by the National Guard troops who were waiting for them at the end of the bridge. Then the protesters voluntarily loaded onto air-conditioned buses and were taken back to the Brunswick side of the bridge. A few protesters wanted to continue their march, but they were blocked from entering Sea Island by a security fence and the same National Guard troops who were handing out water. So they sat down in front of the gate for about 20 minutes until the police ordered them to leave. A few were arrested, but most voluntarily loaded onto the buses and went back to Brunswick.

The protests were considerably smaller than past G8 Summits, owing in large part to the overwhelming military and police presence. The extent of the military and police presence was somewhat controversial as it led some to believe that martial law had been declared. However, then-Georgia governor Sonny Perdue was unapologetic about his decision to mobilize the security forces.

Security
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designated the summit a National Special Security Event (NSSE), because of the protests and so many heads of state of government attending. However, DHS started to handle another NSSE at the same time: the state funeral of former president Ronald Reagan.

State funeral of Ronald Reagan
The G8 summit began three days after former US president Ronald Reagan died. President George W. Bush was at the summit at the same time that Reagan's casket was brought to the Capitol to lie in state, which was on the second day of the summit (June 9). Taking his place at the ceremony at the Capitol was Vice-President Dick Cheney.

Some of the world leaders who attended the summit decided to extend their stay in the US to attend the funeral in Washington. One of them was German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. Joining him in doing so were British Prime Minister Tony Blair and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Schröder said about extending his stay: "It is appropriate that the German chancellor says, 'Thank you,' and that is what I'm doing."

Those that did not extend their stay, like Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin, French President Jacques Chirac, and Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern, also serving as President-in-Office of the European Council, paid tribute at the summit. The funeral took place the day after the summit ended. Martin cited the ongoing election campaign as the reason for not extending his stay in the US.

Ahern's tribute had special significance, as he paid tribute to Reagan's Irish roots, recalling his visit to Ireland in 1984.

For Afghan Interim President Hamid Karzai, the summit was part of his week-long visit to the US. He scrapped a visit to the West Coast to visit the Afghan community and went to Washington instead, beginning his visit there by attending the funeral.

Business opportunity
For some, the G8 summit became a profit-generating event; as for example, the official G8 Summit magazines which have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998.

The summit planning committee contracted with a Georgia-based wireless communication provider for 450 handsets and service to be used during the run up to the international event. In order to ensure reliable coverage in the coastal area around Sea Island, the company increased coverage and system capacity in advance of the summit. The handsets were deployed to coordinate operations, logistics, transportation, and other critical aspects of the preparations for the summit.

title: 30th G8 summit


text:
User talk:CharlesWiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
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 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight
As a member of WikiProject Comics, I thought you might be interested in the Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight we have set up. Please feel free to vote on the articles listed, although bear in mind that a vote for a particular article means you are pledging to help improve the article. The goal of the collaboration is to improve articles to Featured Article status, as we feel Comics is under-represented in that area. Thanks for your help. Steve block talk 15:24, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Palpatine
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Maru (talk) 23:38, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Venom
Hey Charlie,

I found your name on the Wikiproject Comics page. I was wondering if you could weigh in on a discussion going on at. I don't have a lot of background knowledge on this stuff, and it seems like I'm standing between two editors, neither of whom really want to give.

--MikeJ9919 22:04, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

RE: WikiProject Anime and manga participantion
You are listed at a participant of WikiProject Anime and manga. A recent change in how participants are listed — using a category — will result in your inadvertent removal from the project. If you wish to continue your participantion, please check the the project page for details on how to add yourself back to the project. --TheFarix 00:22, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Marianne.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Marianne.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Respect Thread Conversions
I'm looking for folks to help convert Respect Threads to wiki formatting on Project Fanboy: WikiFans. Respect Threads, showcase scans of feats performed by comic book characters and have gained an audience on several comic book message boards. A few other wiki editors and myself are trying to convert them from the unprofessional look of a bunch of posts on a message board to the formatting common with WikiMedia wiki's. To view an example of what we're doing, here is a link to Respect Silver Surfer.

I was wondering if you might have time to contribute your comic book knowledge and/or scans of comic book characters performing feats, and help us out with our Respect Articles project?Millennium Cowboy (talk) 02:39, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:CharlesWiki


text:
Asmus Jacob Carstens

Asmus Jacob Carstens (or "Jakob", May 10, 1754 – May 25, 1798) was a Danish-German painter, one of the most committed artists of German Neoclassicism. His career was erratic, partly because of his difficult personality, and the majority of his large projects were left incomplete, or subsequently destroyed. Much of what survives is in the form of drawings, many using "a schematic, pale colouring as a timid and humble accessory to the dominating figure-drawing", that were planned for large fresco commissions that never materialized.

Biography
He was born in Sanct Jürgen near Schleswig to a miller. At the time this was part of Denmark–Norway. He had a youthful passion for painting, but was apprenticed to a cooper (barrel-maker) for five years. After quitting his master in 1776, he went to Copenhagen, where he studied at the academy and supported himself for seven years by drawing portraits in red chalk, producing during the time a large historical picture, the "Death of Æschylus", and another painting, "Æolus and Ulysses". In 1783 he went to Italy where he was much impressed by the work of Giulio Romano. His means did not permit him to go beyond Milan and Mantua, where he remained a month and then went to Lübeck, where he lived five years painting portraits.

He was then introduced by the poet Overbeck to a wealthy patron, by whose aid he went to Berlin, where his "Fall of the Angels", a colossal picture containing over 200 figures, gained him a professorship in the academy of fine arts. Two years' labour in Berlin and a travelling pension enabled him in 1792 to go to Rome, and study the works of Michelangelo and Raphael. At the end of this time he made a strongly worded attack on the Prussian academy and was dismissed; he was based in Rome for the brief remainder of his life, where he developed his final style.

He gradually produced some fine subject and historical paintings, e.g. "Plato's Symposium" and the "Battle of Rossbach" which made him famous. He was appointed professor at Berlin, and in 1795 a great exhibition of his works was held in Rome in the studio of Pompeo Batoni; he died in Rome in 1798. He mostly designed in pencil or chalk and watercolour and painted paintings in fresco; he rarely painted in oil.

A biography was published in 1806 by his friend, the critic and archaeologist Karl Ludwig Fernow, who was later the royal librarian at Weimar, which has the best collection of his graphic work. Bertel Thorvaldsen and Joseph Anton Koch both studied and worked with him in Rome, and copied many of his works; Koch made etchings of several, which were published in Rome in 1799. The Thorvaldsens Museum has several works by all three artists based on Carstens' designs.

title: Asmus Jacob Carstens


text:
Talk:Olympic Stadium

Rebuild or existing
Panathinaioko stadium (1896) was completely rebuild for 1896. So was the stadium for Berlin 1936 (ie, stadium Berlin 1916 was taken down). Should be treated equally here. -DePiep 14:35, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Not really a disambig...
This is not really a disambig - more like a description of a category, and a list of things that fall into that category. Therefore, I'm removing the disambig notice. Please drop me a note if you disagree. Cheers! BD2412 T 22:31, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Montreal's Olympic Stadium
Removed the following paragraph from the introduction:

'Montreal's "Stade Olympique" (picture right) is arguably the world's most famous stadium, having cost over $2.2 billion. It is often described as the most beautiful piece of architecture on Earth.'

In addition to there being no citation or support given for such claims, they seem a bit strange considering how widely ridiculed the stadium is in its home country of Canada, both for the high cost of the structure and for its current state of disrepair. Haunti (give'r) 03:13, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

plural: stadiums or stadia?
The article uses both forms of the plural. I guess it should at least be consistent. Spebudmak 00:30, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I thought we had discussed this before (perhaps in relation to another article) and concluded that "Stadiums" was more popularly used. Any thoughts on why we should use one or the other? Wiktionary lists both as valid alternatives, and says "In formal writing, the Latinate plural stadia is preferred; in other contexts, the Anglicised plural stadiums is more common". bd2412  T 16:18, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

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Definition of Olympic Stadium
João Havelange Olimpic Stadium is currently listed for the 2016 entry. This venue will host track and field events but will not host opening and closing ceremonies. Therefore, this article needs to provide a more precise definition of what constitutes an Olympic stadium. The apparent intent of this article is to identify one and only one stadium for each Olympic games. I would suggest that the venue used for opening ceremonies should be listed. This would be Maracanã Stadium for 2016. ShelbyBell (talk) 03:39, 3 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Generally, the Olympic Stadium must be the venue of the opening and closing ceremonies and the athletics events (and occassionally the football finals). I believe that Rio de Janeiro is using the Estadio Jornalista Mario Filho for the ceremonies and the Joao Havelange Stadium for the athletics events. My opinion is that the latter stadium should host both events (ceremonies and athletics) (before the Olympics, there'll be a capacity expansion which its design supported) and the Mario Filho should host football finals only. This should apply for the Paralymics as well. That way, the Joao Havelange Stadium could be considered the real Olympic Stadium. The definition on what an Olympic Stadium is is going to result in several edit wars throughout the next few years on the following articles: Olympic Stadium, 2016 Summer Olympics, 2016 Summer Paralympics, Estádio do Maracanã, Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, Olympic Stadium (London). Such edit wars cannot easily be prevented. I tried to explain my point at two of the forum at which I post everyday, but several users there have always defeated by opinions, and I usually end up warring with them. On the 2016 Summer Olympic Stadium issue, I myself don't want to end up warring with several users on Wikipedia. Jim856796 (talk) 02:19, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Defined by whom? If there is a legitimate and reasonable controversy, we should just discuss all stadiums that could possibly be included and explain any controversy attached to the description. bd2412  T 02:24, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Generally, it's just the universal definition of an Olympic Stadium, it doesn't have to be defined by a particular person (or probably does). Jim856796 (talk) 01:12, 28 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Resurrecting this thread, the Rio 2016 website refers to the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange as "Olympic Stadium" and Maracanã Stadium simply as "Maracanã". I think both should be included in the list with a footnote explanation. Hack (talk) 08:55, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

Built and/or Constructed?
I don't understand it, some of the stadia are listed as "built" and others as "constructed" what's the difference, some are in both, some are in one or the other. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.5.231.88 (talk) 22:51, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Edit?
The fact that only one Olympic stadium (White City Stadium) has ever been demolished isn't mentioned on here and I can't edit the page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.5.231.88 (talk) 23:02, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Stade Olympique de Colombes in Sydney and Rome?
So says the last list. Must be a strange error, right? Fomalhaut76 (talk) 18:55, 19 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Just a typo I expect. I've corrected the links - Ba se me nt 12  (T.C) 23:09, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

Conflicting information?
It's been a long week, so perhaps I'm missing something obvious here, but don't these two sentences contradict?

"While only one (the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum) has been the main stadium twice, both the Panathinaiko Stadio and the Vélodrome de Vincennes have hosted events at subsequent Olympics."

"Wembley will become the second stadium to have been used twice but only host one Olympics after the Melbourne Cricket Ground which was the venue in 1956 and hosted the first game of the Sydney 2000 football tournament."

Grunners (talk) 19:17, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Non-free file problems with File:SochiOlympicsStadium.jpg
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Olympic stadium requirements
I think this article should include requierements IOC tell a host city to its olympic stadium: Capacity, amenities, etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Palacesblowlittle (talk • contribs) 16:54, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

Native language
Is there any reason St. Moritz Olympic Ice Rink is listed as both the English and native version of the stadium? In German, the majority language of St. Moritz, the stadium seems to be referred to as "Olympia-Eisstadion Badrutts Park" or "Eisstadion Badrutts Park". Hack (talk) 07:00, 10 August 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Olympic Stadium


text:
User:TomStuart

Yes, hello.

I'm a computer science PhD student at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory.

title: User:TomStuart


text:
Mindstar Rising

Mindstar Rising is a science fiction novel by British writer Peter F. Hamilton, published in 1993. It is the first book in the Greg Mandel trilogy. The novel introduces the major characters in the series, most notably Greg and Julia Evans. The novel combines elements of classic detective novels with science fiction.

Plot summary
The focus of the novel is the growth of the company Event Horizon, founded by Julia's grandfather Philip Evans. Beset by industrial saboteurs, the company seeks help in the form of ex–Mindstar Brigade soldier turned private detective Greg Mandel. The company is leading the way in rebuilding a twenty-first-century England after the People's Socialist Party (PSP), a tyrannical communist government, had first crushed the country and then collapsed, leaving it in shambles. Initially hired to solve a mystery involving missing stocks from a zero-g satellite production facility, he is then re-hired to find the source of attacks on a stored personality of Philip Evans after the industrialist's death.

The Event Horizon trilogy
Greg Mandel is the lead character in Mindstar Rising, plus two subsequent novels and a novella by Peter F. Hamilton. All the stories feature Mandel, Julia Evans and the company Event Horizon.

The stories are set in a near-future England, centred on Hamilton's own home county of Rutland. Mandel is a former officer of the "English Army", who fought in the "Mindstar Brigade", a tactical psychic unit. He was given the psychic powers of intuition and detecting emotions, skills he uses for his new profession of psychic detective.

The stories are set in a Britain recovering from the damages suffered during ten years of "Marxist-Maoist" dictatorship under the People's Socialist Party and also the ravages of global warming and collapsing financial markets.

After three highly successful novels featuring Mandel had launched his career, Hamilton only briefly returned to him for the novella The Suspect Genome. The Suspect Genome was published in Interzone in 2000 and was winner of the British Science Fiction Association Award for best short in 2001. Apart from this, Hamilton otherwise moved on to writing quite different books. The author said in 1996, that "Greg was a very good start for me and people have enjoyed it and I think: "leave it at that".

Release details

 * Hamilton, Peter F. Mindstar Rising. London: Pan Books, 1993. ISBN 0-330-32376-8 (paperback, first edition).

title: Mindstar Rising


text:
Talk:Marvel Knights

Elektra

 * Finished Series or not ? :Brown Shoes22--Brown Shoes22 14:39, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Finished in 2003 by all accounts. I think the original writer may have been confused by the periodic Ultimate Electra minis.  I have moved the link to the Finished Series section. Canonblack 12:59, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Daredevil

 * No Marvel Knghts tag on the cover, so isn't now not under Marvel Knight ?--Brown Shoes22 20:43, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Marvel Knights as a team

 * I may be wrong but I think the actual reason for the formation of this team was to capture the Punisher and not to battle Ulik. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gabknight2005 (talk • contribs) 11:52, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Edits
I tried to update the page, and provide references. It's very important to note that Marvel is no longer saying Marvel Knights is outside of continuity. On the contrary, the banner is in the Marvel Universe 616, but a darker, stand-alone look at characters in that universe.

However, I cannot get the rest of the page to post. The edits are all still there, below the "production" section, when you click on "edit this page" but it doesn't show up.

I thought I did the "references" according to instructions.Myst3 (talk) 00:01, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

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Image issues
The fair use of image:Inhumans.jpg in this article is questionable. Listed below is/are the reason(s) for this:

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If the above concern(s) can be addressed in light of the relevant policies and/or guidelines, the image use can be retained. If not, the image needs to be removed from the article.

- J Greb (talk) 19:37, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Image removed as it is improperly, and confusingly, used to identify the imprint as a whole. - J Greb (talk) 16:16, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Canon or Non-Canon?
I was wondering if anyone can shed some light on this for me. I've assumed over the last few years that most if not all of the mini-series produced under the Marvel Knights imprint were considered non-canon (i.e Spider-Man: With Great Power..., Captain America: The Chosen, and Silver Surfer: Requiem). When X-Men: Magneto Testament came out I assumed that this was likewise considered non-canon, however, Magneto's Wikipedia page lists his real name as the Max Eisenhardt, revealed in the book's first issue. With the previously mentioned series not being considered canon, should this one be considered canon even though Marvel.com, which I would assume to be the truth according to Marvel itself, doesn't list any mention of Max Eisenhardt on Magneto's profile?--BigBang616 (talk) 08:24, 24 October 2009 (UTC)

Foundation of the line?
All the information here is about the line getting folded into the main line. Any info on the foundation of the line and it's history? I know it started in the late 90s so why does the article begin at 2006? Also, the line got relaunched last year with Hulk, Spider-Man and X Men books. That should be touched upon in the article too. IrishStephen (talk) 14:32, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Marvel Knights


text:
Sad but True

"Sad but True" is a song by American heavy metal band Metallica. It was released in February 1993 as the fifth and final single from their 1991 self-titled album. The music video for the single was released in October 1992.

Music
"Sad but True" is in D Standard tuning, however the song was originally written and demoed in E Standard. Bob Rock, who produced The Black Album, recalled to Musicradar.com: "We were in pre-production, which was uncomfortable because nobody had ever made them go through their songs in such a deliberate way before, and six songs in 'Sad But True' came along. Suddenly, I realized that every song, including this one, was in the key of E. I brought this to the band's attention, and they said, 'Well, isn't E the lowest note?' So I told them that on Mötley Crüe's Dr. Feelgood, which I produced and Metallica loved, the band had tuned down to D. Metallica then tuned down to D, and that's when the riff really became huge. It was this force that you just couldn't stop, no matter what."

Rock, Hetfield, and Ulrich are all credited as producers, and Randy Staub and his assistant, Mike Tacci.

Track listing
US single
 * 1) "Sad but True"
 * 2) "So What?"

International single part 1
 * 1) "Sad but True" – 5:27
 * 2) "So What?" – 3:09
 * 3) "Harvester of Sorrow" (live) – 6:41

International single part 2
 * 1) "Sad but True" – 5:27
 * 2) "Nothing Else Matters (Elevator Version)" – 6:31
 * 3) "Creeping Death" (live) – 8:01
 * 4) "Sad but True" (demo) – 4:53

UK picture single
 * 1) "Sad but True" – 5:26
 * 2) "Nothing Else Matters" (live) – 6:13
 * 3) "Sad but True" (live) – 6:12

UK and German 7-inch single
 * 1) "Sad but True" – 5:24
 * 2) "Nothing Else Matters" – 6:29

French single
 * 1) "Sad but True" – 5:27
 * 2) "Nothing Else Matters (Edit)" – 6:29

International 7-inch single
 * 1) "Sad but True"
 * 2) "Nothing Else Matters" (live)
 * 3) "Sad but True" (live)

Personnel
Personnel adapted from Metallica liner notes
 * Metallica
 * James Hetfield – vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Kirk Hammett – lead guitar
 * Jason Newsted – bass
 * Lars Ulrich – drums
 * Additional Performer
 * John Marshall – guitar on "Nothing Else Matters" (live)

Cover versions
In 2020, the Mongolian hunnu band The HU released a cover of the song translated entirely into Mongolian.

The Metallica Blacklist, a compilation album released in 2021, features seven covers of the song, including a live version by Sam Fender and studio versions by Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit, Mexican Institute of Sound, Royal Blood, St. Vincent, White Reaper and YB.

Samples
Kid Rock sampled the track for his song "American Bad Ass" from his 2000 album The History of Rock.

title: Sad but True


text: File:TheByrdsBoxedSetCover.jpg

title: File:TheByrdsBoxedSetCover.jpg


text:
Jack Brooks (lyricist)

Jack Brooks (14 February 1912 – 8 November 1971) was an English-American lyricist.

Brooks was born in Liverpool, England. His family was Jewish and originally from Russia, having changed their surname to Brooks from Bruch. He wrote lyrics of many popular songs, including "Ole Buttermilk Sky" (with Hoagy Carmichael) "That's Amore" (with Harry Warren) and "(Roll Along) Wagon Train" (with Sammy Fain) the second theme used on the television program, Wagon Train. He joined the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) in 1946.

"Ole Buttermilk Sky" was written for the 1946 film Canyon Passage, and was sung by Carmichael in the movie. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. It became a big hit for Kay Kyser that year.

"That's Amore" first appeared in the 1953 film The Caddy where it was sung by Dean Martin. The song was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1953. It was a signature song for Martin for decades. Music critic Joe Queenan has described the song as "A charming, if goofy, parody of popular Neapolitan organ-grinder music".

Brooks also wrote the lyrics for many songs in movies, such as "Let Me Be a People" and "Turn It On" in comedian Jerry Lewis' film, Cinderfella (1960).

He died in Los Angeles, California.

title: Jack Brooks (lyricist)


text:
Othmar Reiser

Othmar Reiser or Otmar Rajzer (21 December 1861 – 31 March 1936, Pickern) was an Austro-Slovenian ornithologist and naturalist who worked as curator of the bird collections in the natural history museum at Sarajevo, working there from its foundation for thirty-three years during which he explored various regions including the Balkans and South America and collected specimens. Several species have been named after him.

Biography
Reiser was born in Vienna, son of a well known lawyer, Otmar Reiser sr. whose namesake father was a well-known mayor of Maribor. He studied at the local gymnasium, at Novo Mesto (matriculating in 1882) and then joined as a reserve lieutenant in the 47th Infantry Regiment. He then went to the College of Agriculture in Vienna (graduating in 1887). He was involved in founding the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo and then joined its department of Natural History and worked there until retirement in 1919. He worked at the ornithological observatory at Ljubljana and studied Balkan birds. He also studied the birds of Sarajevo and contributed specimens to the Maribor Museum. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Graz in 1932. His collections of eggs and bird skins were donated to the museum in Sarajevo. Reiser exhibited his collections at the 1891 International Ornithological Congress in Budapest, at the Millenium Exhibition, Budapest and at the international hunting exhibition in Vienna (1910). He took part in expeditions to Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, Brazil, and Serbia. He also collected plants and was in charge of the herbarium after the death of the botanist Franz Fiala.

In 1903 he took part in an expedition of the Austrian Academy of Sciences to north-east Brazil, during which he was the first to observe the Spix's macaw in the wild since its original discovery 84 years earlier.

Works

 * Bericht über die Besichtigungen des Spix-Aras bei Paranaguá in Piauí während der Expedition der K.u.K Akademie der Wissenschaften im Jahre 1903
 * Die VogelSammlung des bosnischhercegowin Landesmuseums in Sarajevo, Budapest (1891)
 * Bericht über die botanische Ergebnisse meiner naturwissenschaftlichen Sammelreisen in Serbien in den Jahren 1899 u. 1900 (1905)
 * Materialen zu einer Ornis Balcanica Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien (1939)
 * Die Vögel von Marburg an der Drau. Nebst Erinnerungen an den steierischen Ornithologen Eduard Seidensacher, Graz 1925.

title: Othmar Reiser


text: User talk:Giovannicarbonara

title: User talk:Giovannicarbonara


text:
Umklapp scattering

In crystalline materials, Umklapp scattering (also U-process or Umklapp process) is a scattering process that results in a wave vector (usually written k) which falls outside the first Brillouin zone. If a material is periodic, it has a Brillouin zone, and any point outside the first Brillouin zone can also be expressed as a point inside the zone. So, the wave vector is then mathematically transformed to a point inside the first Brillouin zone. This transformation allows for scattering processes which would otherwise violate the conservation of momentum: two wave vectors pointing to the right can combine to create a wave vector that points to the left. This non-conservation is why crystal momentum is not a true momentum.

Examples include electron-lattice potential scattering or an anharmonic phonon-phonon (or electron-phonon) scattering process, reflecting an electronic state or creating a phonon with a momentum k-vector outside the first Brillouin zone. Umklapp scattering is one process limiting the thermal conductivity in crystalline materials, the others being phonon scattering on crystal defects and at the surface of the sample.

The left panel of Figure 1 schematically shows the possible scattering processes of two incoming phonons with wave-vectors (k-vectors) k1 and k2 (red) creating one outgoing phonon with a wave vector k3 (blue). As long as the sum of k1 and k2 stay inside the first Brillouin zone (grey squares), k3 is the sum of the former two, thus conserving phonon momentum. This process is called normal scattering (N-process).

With increasing phonon momentum and thus larger wave vectors k1 and k2, their sum might point outside the first Brillouin zone (k ' 3). As shown in the right panel of Figure 1, k-vectors outside the first Brillouin zone are physically equivalent to vectors inside it and can be mathematically transformed into each other by the addition of a reciprocal lattice vector G. These processes are called Umklapp scattering and change the total phonon momentum.

Umklapp scattering is the dominant process for electrical resistivity at low temperatures for low defect crystals (as opposed to phonon-electron scattering, which dominates at high temperatures, and high-defect lattices which lead to scattering at any temperature.)

Umklapp scattering is the dominant process for thermal resistivity at high temperatures for low defect crystals. The thermal conductivity for an insulating crystal where the U-processes are dominant has 1/T dependence.

History
The name derives from the German word umklappen (to turn over). Rudolf Peierls, in his autobiography Bird of Passage states he was the originator of this phrase and coined it during his 1929 crystal lattice studies under the tutelage of Wolfgang Pauli. Peierls wrote, "…I used the German term Umklapp (flip-over) and this rather ugly word has remained in use…".

The term Umklapp appears in the 1920 paper of Wilhelm Lenz's seed paper of the Ising model.

title: Umklapp scattering


text:
United States domestic market

The term United States domestic market (USDM) is an unofficial term used chiefly by automotive enthusiasts to describe the United States' economic market for American brand automobiles and parts. Similar automotive enthusiast terms Japanese domestic market (JDM) and European domestic market (EDM) are used to designate Japanese and European market automobiles and parts respectively.

The term is also applied to vehicles that comply with United States regulations, most notably the lights and bumpers, which different from European standards. The incompatibility requires manufacturers to develop USDM and EDM versions of their models if they want to sell them in both regions.

Sometimes the conversion in the factory lane is done after the model was launched in the European market. The conversion to United States federal laws is often called "federalization".

title: United States domestic market


text:
John Cassell

John Cassell (23 January 1817 – 2 April 1865) was an English publisher, printer, writer and editor, who founded the firm Cassell & Co, famous for its educational books and periodicals, and which pioneered the serial publication of novels. He was also a well-known tea and coffee merchant and a general business entrepreneur who supposedly sold and coined the term Cazeline which mutated into the word gasoline, though dictionaries do not support this etymology. A fervent Christian, he campaigned throughout his life for the temperance movement in Britain, and for the reduction of taxes on publishing. He was a social reformer who recognised the importance of education in improving the life of the working class, and whose many publications, both magazines and books, brought learning and culture to the masses.

Early years
John Cassell was born on 23 January 1817 in Manchester, then in Lancashire; the son of Mark Cassell, landlord of a public house called "The Ring O' Bells" at 8 The Old Churchyard, Hunt's Bank, Manchester. The family enjoyed a reasonable standard of living for the first 10 years until his father was disabled by a fall, dying 3 years later. The burden of providing for the family fell on his mother who made a living through upholstery work, though this left her with little time for her son. John received little education as a result and, from an early age, was required to work as a factory hand, manufacturing "tape" and velveteen. Cassell detested the work, which was both confining and monotonous, and felt oppressed by the appalling social conditions around him. Seeking better prospects, he impressed a local carpenter with his woodworking skills and was offered an apprenticeship.

Temperance movement
In 1833, Cassell came under the influence of the temperance movement, and "signed the pledge" at a local meeting held by a Mr. Thomas Swindlehurst; he also witnessed the well-known temperance campaigner Joseph Livesey speak at the Oak Street Chapel in Manchester. At the time, alcoholism was a pressing social issue; tea and coffee were prohibitively expensive for the working classes, milk was seen as a luxury, and beer, by contrast, was relatively cheap and readily available. Cassell strongly identified with the ideals of the movement and, having first honoured his indentures of apprenticeship, decided to become a travelling temperance lecturer. Making good his lack of formal education, he had also sought self-improvement by teaching himself general knowledge, English literature and some French language.

In 1836, having spent several months lecturing on teetotalism in the Manchester area, Cassell set off by foot for London, stopping on the way to speak about temperance to any audience that he could find, and supporting himself by doing carpentry odd-jobs. In October 1836, after 16 days of walking, he finally arrived in London with the princely sum of 3 pence in his pocket, unable even to afford lodgings for the night. That same evening, he spoke at a temperance meeting at the New Jerusalem Schoolroom near Westminster Bridge Road, and for the next 6 months was involved in temperance campaigning in the capital.

In April 1837, Cassell was enrolled as a recognised agent of the "National Temperance Society", and toured around England and Wales, lecturing and taking total abstinence "pledges". In 1841, while on a temperance tour of the eastern counties, he met a Lincolnshire woman, Mary Abbott, whom he married the same year. Mary inherited a sum of money from her father which enabled the couple to settle in St. John's Wood, London, and gave John the capital he needed to invest in a business. Their home became a meeting place for writers, artists and reformers - people such as George Cruikshank, William and Mary Howitt, and Ellen Wood.

Tea, coffee and temperance tracts
In 1843, Cassell set himself up as a tea and coffee merchant in Coleman Street, City of London. The business was an immediate success, moving eventually to larger premises in 80 Fenchurch Street. His teas and coffees were extensively advertised in the press, and slogans such as "Buy Cassell's shilling coffee" made them quite a household word. He bought a second-hand printing press to produce advertising leaflets for his wares and this led him to writing and publishing his own temperance tracts.

Temperance periodicals and the "Working Man's Friend"
Cassell went into partnership with his brother-in-law, and this allowed him to concentrate on editing and writing periodicals, the first of which, The Teetotal Times, appeared in 1846, becoming, in 1849, The Teetotal Times and Essayist a monthly, which continued for a few years afterwards. In July 1848, he started publication of Standard of Freedom, a weekly newspaper aimed at the popular market, whose principles were free-trade and freedom of religion. It only lasted until 1851, becoming incorporated into the Weekly News and Chronicle.

In 1850, he started the Working Man's Friend, a weekly magazine aiming to educate its readers without patronising them or playing to the lowest common denominator, and sympathetic to the life of working-class people. Its readers sent in hundreds of letters and articles for publication, and the magazine drew praise from figures such as Richard Cobden, politician and social reformer, and the Earl of Carlisle. In 1851, in order to expand the business, Cassell purchased William Cathrell's printing plant in The Strand, London, bringing the printing of the Working Man's Friend in-house.

Business expansion
In 1851, The Illustrated Exhibitor, a monthly periodical about The Great Exhibition, started publication, to great success, achieving sales of 100,000 by December. The expansion of the company meant a move to bigger premises at "La Belle Sauvage Yard", previously the site of a centuries-old inn, on the north side of Ludgate Hill, in 1852.

Around this time the Cassell's Library series started to appear; 26 volumes were eventually published including books on history, biography and science. In April 1852, the weekly Popular Educator started publication, achieving both popular success and critical acclaim - "a school, a library and a university" was how one commentator described it. The magazine inspired readers to continue their education in local classes, with Cassell offering practical and financial help where needed. It became something an institution, helping to improve the education, prospects and employment opportunities of the nation; even Lloyd George, future Prime Minister of Britain, credited the Popular Educator with bolstering his meagre childhood education and helping him to better himself. This was followed in 1852 with the Popular Biblical Educator, which hoped to do for religion what its predecessor had done for general knowledge.

In 1853, the Illustrated Family Paper started publication, aiming to provide literary recreation for a family audience. It included not just educational articles but serialisations of novels as well. One of these, The Warp and the Weft, a tale about Lancashire mill workers by John Frederick Smith, appeared during the Lancashire Cotton Famine, and inspired readers of the paper to contribute a large sum to a relief fund for cotton workers. At the time of the Crimean War he procured from Paris the woodcuts used in L'Illustration, and by printing them secured a large circulation for the Paper. In 1867, after Cassell's death, the magazine was reduced in size and changed its name to Cassell's Magazine.

Partnership with Petter & Galpin
By the end of 1854, an unexpected call to repay credit advanced by his paper supplier forced Cassell to sell the copyright and stock for the Illustrated Family Paper, Popular Educator and other completed publications. This was only meant to be a temporary measure until the business found its feet again. Hence he found himself in semi-partnership with the printing firm "Petter & Galpin". During this interim period The Illustrated Family Bible a periodical in penny parts appeared and achieved popularity abroad as well as at home. In 1865 came the Illustrated History of England, in weekly and monthly parts, totalling 8 volumes and with around 2000 illustrations; more than a quarter of a million copies were sold of the first edition.

Other periodicals included The Illustrated Magazine of Art (1853–54, later revived as The Magazine of Art to greater success some years after Cassell's death), The Freeholder (monthly magazine of the "free land" movement), and the religious magazines The Pathwayand The Quiver (first edition 7 September 1861). Cassell also conceived the idea of daily paper but this did not come to fruition until three years after his death; The Echo, as it was called, lasted only a few years from 1868 to 1875, when it was sold off, continuing, under various management, until 1905.

Cassell visited the United States in 1853 to attend the World Temperance Convention in New York, and again in 1854 and 1859 on publishing business. He met the author Harriet Beecher Stowe and arranged for the publication of an illustrated edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin in Britain - to great success. Cassell strongly supported the cause of the slavery abolitionists.

In 1859, on his return from the US, he went into full partnership with Petter & Galpin, the company becoming Cassell, Petter & Galpin. The company was particularly successful in its production of illustrated editions of classic literature such as Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver's travels, The Vicar of Wakefield and others. The great French artist Gustave Doré provided illustrations for Dante's Inferno (1861),  Don Quixote, and a special edition of the Holy Bible. The company's premises at La Belle Sauvage yard also gained the distinction of a visit from the French Emperor Napoleon III himself, as it was publishing the English edition of his book, The History of Julius Caesar.

Cassell played an important part in lobbying government to reduce the burden of taxation on paper and periodical publications - the "tax on knowledge" as it was called - and his endeavours in the 1850s helped to repeal Newspaper Advertisement Duty, Newspaper Stamp Duty and Paper Duty (the latter in 1861).

Final years
In his final years Cassell, seeing the business opportunities being opened up by the development of artificial light, set up an oil distillation works at Hanwell. Despite his efforts the venture came to nothing and, though no serious financial loss was sustained, the project was a great drain on his time and energy.

Cassell died, aged only 48, of an internal tumour, on 2 April 1865 at his home at 25 Avenue Road, Regent's Park, London; the same day as his friend Richard Cobden. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. He was survived by his widow Mary, who died in Brighton on 6 July 1885. He also left a daughter, Sophia (d. 1912). The company, Cassell, Petter & Galpin, which at the time of his death, employed 500 people, continued under the management of the remaining partners, Petter and Galpin.

title: John Cassell


text:
Pat O'Hara Wood

Hector "Pat" O'Hara Wood (30 April 1891 – 3 December 1961) was an Australian tennis player.

O'Hara Wood was born in St Kilda, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. He is best known for his two victories at the Australasian Championships (now the Australian Open) in 1920 and 1923. Pat was quick around the court, had textbook groundstrokes, sharp volleys and a solid serve. He died in 1961, aged seventy in Richmond, Australia. His brother Arthur O'Hara Wood (1890–1918) was also an Australian tennis player and won the 1914 Australasian Championships.

After attending Melbourne Grammar School, he entered Trinity College (University of Melbourne) in 1911, where he excelled at cricket as well as tennis, leading the Trinity College team to a memorable victory against Ormond College in March 1911, where he made 167 not out. In 1916, as a 23-year-old law student, he enlisted as an officer in the Australian Army. In 1919, as Captain Pat O'Hara-Wood, he and Bombardier Randolph Lycett won the doubles event at the Inter-Allied Games in Paris.

On 3 August 1923 he married Australian tennis player Meryl Waxman.

title: Pat O'Hara Wood


text:
Palmer Theological Seminary

Palmer Theological Seminary is a Baptist seminary in St. Davids, Pennsylvania. It is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA. It was founded in 1925 as Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary. Its parent institution is Eastern University.

History
The seminar was founded as Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary in 1925 in Philadelphia by six Conservative Baptist ministers from the American Baptist Publication Society. In 1932, a collegiate department was founded. Originally located on Rittenhouse Square, it moved in 1940 to Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, just across the street from the city boundary.

The seminary originally established a collegiate division to prepare some students for the academic rigor of seminary-level courses. This evolved in 1952 into Eastern Baptist College, since 2002 Eastern University in St. Davids, Pennsylvania near Valley Forge and further west on the Philadelphia Main Line from Philadelphia. In 2004, Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary re-merged with Eastern University, now as a subsidiary. The following year, the seminary changed its name to Palmer Theological Seminary in honor of its longest serving president (1936–48), Gordon Palmer. In 2010, the University also established the Smith School of Christian Ministries to oversee certain programs.

In 2012, the seminary moved from the Wynnewood campus to an interim location at the American Baptist Missions Center in nearby King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. In June 2016, the seminary moved to the main campus of Eastern University in St. Davids, Pennsylvania.

Over the years, the seminary has combined evangelical theology with the affirmation of women in ministry and commitment to social justice and ethnic diversity. From the beginning, the Seminary welcomed female students. The Seminary continues to affirm its founding motto, "The Whole Gospel for the Whole World."

Musical discoveries at the seminary
In July 2005, an 80-page Beethoven manuscript of a piano four hands version of the Grosse Fugue was discovered in the library archives by one of the librarians. The manuscript was authenticated by Jeffrey Kallberg at the University of Pennsylvania and by Stephen Roe, head of Sotheby's Manuscript Department. Lost from view for well over 100 years, it is thought by some to be one of the most important musicological finds in recent years. The event paralleled the earlier find on July 31, 1990, of a Mozart manuscript, which had been donated to the seminary in 1951 by Marguerite Treat Doane (daughter of noted hymnist William Howard Doane). It was rediscovered along with some lesser manuscripts of the same period. The Beethoven manuscript was auctioned by Sotheby's in London on December 1, 2005 for US$1.72 million to an anonymous bidder later revealed to be Bruce Kovner.

Notable faculty and alumni

 * Ron Sider, professor and founder of Evangelicals for Social Action
 * Craig Keener, professor and author of the bestselling IVP Bible Background Commentary (New Testament)
 * Samuel Escobar, retired professor and world-renowned missiologist
 * Barry Black, alumnus and United States Senate Chaplain
 * Charles E. Booth, Senior Pastor of the Mt. Olivet Baptist Church and fully affiliated Professor of Preaching at the Trinity Lutheran Seminary in Columbus, Ohio.
 * Bernard Ramm, alumnus, author, theologian, professor
 * Carl F. H. Henry, evangelical theologian, author, first editor-in-chief of Christianity Today
 * Wayne E. Croft, Sr., Senior Pastor of the St. Paul's Baptist Church in West Chester, Pennsylvania and The Jeremiah A. Wright, Sr. Associate Professor of Homiletics and Liturgics in African American Studies at Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia
 * Tony Campolo, alumnus, speaker, bestselling author, and social activist
 * Michael A. O'Donnell, alumnus, speaker, and author
 * Wayne "Coach" Gordon, President of the Christian Community Development Association and SeniorPastor at Lawndale Community Church
 * Thaddeus Kirkland, Mayor of Chester, Pennsylvania and former Pennsylvania State Representative
 * L. David Schlosser, longtime Baptist pastor, enshrined member of the Chapel of the Four Chaplains (deceased 1990)
 * Jay Smith, Christian apologist
 * Alyn E. Waller, Senior Pastor of Enon Tabernacle Baptist Church and President of Lott Carey Baptist Foreign Mission Society
 * William David Thompson, Pastor of First Baptist Church in Philadelphia and former Director of Homiletics at Eastern Baptist Seminary.
 * Edward R. Dalglish, Old Testament Teacher,
 * Gaddala Solomon, a student of Edward R. Dalglish and Baptist Pastor from India
 * Brenda Salter McNeil, an intercultural engagement expert and faculty at Seattle Pacific University.
 * Josiah Ramanjulu, church planter in Andhra Pradesh India.

title: Palmer Theological Seminary


text:
NWEAMO

New West Evolving Arts & Music Organization (NWEAMO), founded by composer Joseph Waters in Portland, Oregon, U.S. in 1998, is a nonprofit organization based in San Diego, California that produces the annual international festival of electro-acoustic music.

NWEAMO is dedicated to forging connections between the composers, performers and lovers of avant garde classical music with the DJs, MCs, guitar-gods, troubadours and gourmets of experimental popular music. The organization promotes music that involves the creative use of computers and electronics mixed with acoustics. Today, NWEAMO has showcased artists in prime venues across the world.

In a healthy cultural milieu NWEAMO celebrates both classical and popular music. The idea behind this seemingly controversial connection is that without any connection, both genres suffer. When classical music does not connect with popular culture, it becomes a music of experts, unable to reflect and contribute meaningfully in the broad marketplace of developing ideas and cultural experimentation. Popular music on the other hand, becomes naïve and superficial, untethered to its historical roots and broad cultural underpinnings, without connection and communication with classical music. NWEAMO attempts to generate a synthesis that reveals new possibilities for both.

Festivals
Originally NWEAMO concerts featured a variety of electro-acoustic styles and genres, ranging from Intelligent dance music to the abstract avant garde. Eventually the word "Electronic" was replaced with "Evolving" in the acronym to reflect the inclusion of visual art, installation art, dance, sound art and acoustic music to the festival, and to allow future growth.

In 2002 the festival added San Diego, California to its locations. In 2005 the festival expanded further, with an additional night added in Mexico City. New York City and Venice, Italy were added 2006. The 2007 festival included a summer component in Europe (Berlin, May 18–19; and Venice, May 25–26) in addition to the main autumn festival: San Diego (Oct 5 & 6, 2007); Boulder, Colorado (Oct. 13, 2007); Morelia, Mexico (Oct. 19, 2007) & New York City (Oct. 26 & 27, 2007). Each year the festival supports the work of approximately 30 composers/performers.

Themes
Each year the festival focuses on a theme:
 * 2019 East Meets West (San Diego)
 * 2018 East Meets West (San Diego)
 * 2017 East Meets West (Tokyo, Japan)
 * 2016 East Meets West (San Diego)
 * 2015 People Of The City (San Diego & Brooklyn, NY)
 * 2014 Things (San Diego)
 * 2013 Emotional circuits: Electric animal (San Diego)
 * 2012 Festival of Hidden Identities (San Diego)
 * 2011 East Meets West (San Diego)
 * 2010 Around the Corner...Art is Made (San Diego, Venice Italy)
 * 2009 What Is A Machine (San Diego, Venice Italy)
 * 2008 Can Art Be About Sex? (San Diego, Miami, Stonybrook, New York City)
 * 2007 Synesthesia: The Mixing of Senses (San Diego, Boulder, Morelia (Mexico), New York City)
 * 2006 Pulse: The Influence of Africa (Portland, OR; San Diego, CA; New York City, NY, Venice, Italy)
 * 2005 Connection to the Ancients (Portland, OR; San Diego, CA; Mexico City)
 * 2004 Invented Instruments (In Memory of the 30th anniversary of the death of Harry Partch)(Portland, OR; San Diego,)
 * 2003 The Plastic Fantastic Interactive(Portland, OR; San Diego,)
 * 2002 To Beat Or Not To Beat, That Is The Question (Portland, OR; San Diego,)

title: NWEAMO


text:
Kondratyuk (crater)

Kondratyuk is a worn crater on the Moon's far side. It is located to the west-northwest of the large walled plain Fermi, and to the northeast of the crater Hilbert. To the north-northwest is Meitner, and to the northeast lies Langemak.

This is an eroded crater formation with a rim that has been partly damaged by subsequent impacts. The small, sharp-rimmed satellite crater Kondratyuk A lies on the interior floor, along the northeast inner wall. In the southwest part of the floor is Kondratyuk Q.

Prior to formal naming by the IAU in 1970, Kondratyuk was called Crater 278. It is named in honor of Yuri Kondratyuk, a Ukrainian and Soviet engineer and mathematician, who fought and died in World War II, as a volunteer of the Red Army.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Kondratyuk. In this case both satellite craters are within Kondratyuk itself.

title: Kondratyuk (crater)


text: User talk:64.201.102.42

title: User talk:64.201.102.42


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Monterey Penninsula airport

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:51, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Monterey Penninsula airport
Delete. Word-for-word duplicate of Monterey Peninsula Airport. I would have simply made this a redirect, but I don't see how it would be of much use. The article's name is misspelled and nothing links to it, so I doubt the redirect would ever serve its purpose. Wasn't sure if this qualified for a speedy deletion. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 14:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess there are five possible wrong capitalizations...? Yeah, just delete it.  Dcarrano 15:00, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. No harm there, as we know at least one person can't spell peninsula. -- BD2412 talk 15:16, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Odd capitalizations that won't be found by Wikipedia's 'go button' logic won't help users find the real article. Monterey Penninsula Airport (note doubled 'n') probably would be a good idea for a redir, tho'. Niteowlneils 15:17, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no value in this page, even as a redirect. -Harmil 15:27, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Unless it is already a policy to allow redirects from misspellings, I think it would be a bad precedent. People misspell lots of things in many ways -- we could soon be overwhelmed by variant spellings of article names redirected. Ground Zero 18:21, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I always speedy clones that have no significant editing history (this had one version only prior to VfD) and this is no exception. IN case anyone is wondering why, it's to avoid having to do a tricky history merge at a later point. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:15, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Chitman13

Dear user: I understand that you are new to wikipedia, but could I please request that you stop creating new articles for the sole purpose of posting promotional blurbs about science-fiction books? I appreciate that you wish to contribute, but the articles that you are creating will have to be greatly expanded in order for other readers to understand their content - I'm interested in some of the books you posted about, but have no idea who their author is, when they were published, &c. And most of the "synopses" that you posted are really back cover copy. Again, I appreciate your desire to contribute, but I would ask you to please help us clean up the articles you have created. jglc | t | c 14:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

-Thanks, but how do I delete pages? Sorry, very new to this and can't quite figure it out. - Mark

 * For now, don't worry about deleting the pages. Only administrators can do that. I would suggest that you instead focus on cleaning up and expanding the pages that you have already created. They look good, it's just that it would be nice to have some more information on them. jglc | t | c 15:15, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, Mark; also, when you write a comment on a person's talk page or a discussion page, it's helpful if you sign your comment. Do so by adding four tildes ( ~ ) behind your comment. Don't do this on article pages, though :) Have fun! jglc | t | c 15:41, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the tip, I'm sure I'll pick it up eventually! chitman13 15:47, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Commonwealth
Please don't delete the details about the void trilogy as it is the same universe making it strongly relating to the topic and important to have as it will have some themes from the commonwealth saga. If you want to talk more about this please respond on my talk page. Also I am trying to get the commonwealth saga to become a featured article do you want to help? Cheers.  Culv e  rin  ?   Talk  11:15, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Chitman13