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An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction

"An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction" is a scientific paper by Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, which was published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1798. The paper provided a substantial challenge to established theories of heat, and began the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics.

Background
Rumford was an opponent of the caloric theory of heat which held that heat is a fluid that could be neither created nor destroyed. He had further developed the view that all gases and liquids are absolute non-conductors of heat. His views were out of step with the accepted science of the time and the latter theory had particularly been attacked by John Dalton and John Leslie.

Rumford was heavily influenced by the argument from design and it is likely that he wished to grant water a privileged and providential status in the regulation of human life.

Though Rumford was to come to associate heat with motion, there is no evidence that he was committed to the kinetic theory or the principle of vis viva.

In his 1798 paper, Rumford acknowledged that he had predecessors in the notion that heat was a form of motion. Those predecessors included Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke, John Locke, and Henry Cavendish.

Experiments
Rumford had observed the frictional heat generated by boring out cannon barrels at the arsenal in Munich. At that time, cannons were cast at the foundry with an extra section of metal forward of what would become the muzzle, and this section was removed and discarded later in the manufacturing process. Rumford took an unfinished cannon and modified this section to allow it to be enclosed by a watertight box while a blunted boring tool was used on it. He showed that water in this box could be boiled within roughly two and a half hours, and that the supply of frictional heat was seemingly inexhaustible. Rumford confirmed that no physical change had taken place in the material of the cannon by comparing the specific heats of the material machined away and that remaining were the same.

Rumford also argued that the seemingly indefinite generation of heat was incompatible with the caloric theory. He contended that the only thing communicated to the barrel was motion.

Rumford made no attempt to further quantify the heat generated or to measure the mechanical equivalent of heat.

Reception
Most established scientists, such as William Henry, as well as Thomas Thomson, believed that there was enough uncertainty in the caloric theory to allow its adaptation to account for the new results. It had certainly proved robust and adaptable up to that time. Furthermore, Thomson, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, and Antoine César Becquerel observed that electricity could be indefinitely generated by friction. No educated scientist of the time was willing to hold that electricity was not a fluid.

Ultimately, Rumford's claim of the "inexhaustible" supply of heat was a reckless extrapolation from the study. Charles Haldat made some penetrating criticisms of the reproducibility of Rumford's results and it is possible to see the whole experiment as somewhat tendentious.

However, the experiment inspired the work of James Prescott Joule in the 1840s. Joule's more exact measurements were pivotal in establishing the kinetic theory at the expense of caloric.


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1999 Tour de France

The 1999 Tour de France was a multiple stage bicycle race held from 3 to 25 July, and the 86th edition of the Tour de France. It has no overall winner—although American cyclist Lance Armstrong originally won the event, the United States Anti-Doping Agency announced in August 2012 that they had disqualified Armstrong from all his results since 1998, including his seven consecutive Tour de France wins from 1999 to 2005 (which were, originally, the most wins in the event's history); the Union Cycliste Internationale confirmed the result.

There were no French stage winners for the first time since the 1926 Tour de France. Additionally, Mario Cipollini won four stages in a row, setting the post-World War II record for consecutive stage wins (breaking the record of three, set by Gino Bartali in 1948.)

Teams
After the doping controversies in the 1998 Tour de France, the Tour organisation banned some riders from the race, including Richard Virenque, Laurent Roux and Philippe Gaumont, manager Manolo Saiz and the entire team. Virenque's team Polti then appealed at the UCI against this decision, and the UCI then forced the organisers of the Tour, Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), to allow Virenque and Saiz entry in the Tour. Initially, the team had been selected, but after their team leader Serhiy Honchar failed a blood test in the 1999 Tour de Suisse, the ASO removed Vini Caldirola from the starting list, and replaced them by, the first reserve team. Each team was allowed to field nine cyclists.

The teams entering the race were:

Qualified teams

Invited teams

Route and stages
The highest point of elevation in the race was 2642 m at the summit of the Col du Galibier mountain pass on stage 9.

Race overview
Following the Festina Affair of the previous year the 1999 edition was billed as the "Tour of Renewal" from the very beginning.

Doping
This tour also saw the mistreatment of Christophe Bassons by his fellow riders of the peloton (notably Armstrong) for speaking out against doping. The 1998 tour had been marred by the Festina doping scandal. Bassons later told Bicycling, "The 1999 Tour was supposed to be the "Tour of Renewal", but I was certain that doping had not disappeared." He quit the tour without finishing after "cracking" mentally due to his treatment by the peloton, especially in stage 10.

Subsequent to Armstrong's statement to withdraw his fight against United States Anti-Doping Agency's (USADA) charges, on 24 August 2012, the USADA said it would ban Armstrong for life and stripped him of his record seven Tour de France titles. Later that day it was confirmed in a USADA statement that Armstrong was banned for life and would be disqualified from any and all competitive results obtained on and subsequent to 1 August 1998, including forfeiture of any medals, titles, winnings, finishes, points and prizes. On 22 October 2012, the Union Cycliste Internationale endorsed the USADA sanctions, and decided not to award victories to any other rider or upgrade other placings in any of the affected events.

Other incidents
The 1999 edition of Tour de France had two bizarre moments. The first was on stage 2 when a 25-rider pile-up occurred at Passage du Gois. The Passage du Gois is a two-mile causeway which depending on the tide can be under water. A rider came down in the middle of the field during the passage, leading to the crash that cost pre-race favourites Alex Zülle, Christophe Rinero and Michael Boogerd more than five minutes to the lead group. The second bizarre incident was on stage 10, one kilometre from the summit of Alpe d'Huez. Leading Italian rider Giuseppe Guerini was confronted by a spectator holding a camera in the middle of the road. Guerini hit the spectator but recovered and went on to win the stage.

Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1999 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.

Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points led the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.

The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.

For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.

In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative, who wore a red number bib the next stage. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification. Jacky Durand won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Galibier on stage 9. This prize was won by José Luis Arrieta.

 * In stage 1, Alex Zülle wore the green jersey.
 * In stages 3 through 6, Tom Steels wore the green jersey.
 * In stage 7, Erik Zabel wore the green jersey.
 * In stage 8, Mario Cipollini wore the green jersey.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1999 Tour de France


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User talk:AlexWhiteIpods

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Feydey
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Image:Mcveigh.jpg
Hello, all images uploaded to Wikipedia need to have a copyright statement. Plese add one to Your added picture or it will be deleted. See Image_copyright_tags. With best wishes for future contributions, Feydey 12:03, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Dean McVeigh

The article Dean McVeigh has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * The linked article is not about this person in any meaningful way. Apoc2400 (talk) 17:37, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Apoc2400 (talk) 17:37, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlexWhiteIpods


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Deep inelastic scattering

In particle physics, deep inelastic scattering is the name given to a process used to probe the insides of hadrons (particularly the baryons, such as protons and neutrons), using electrons, muons and neutrinos. It was first attempted in the 1960s and 1970s and provided the first convincing evidence of the reality of quarks, which up until that point had been considered by many to be a purely mathematical phenomenon. It is an extension of Rutherford scattering to much higher energies of the scattering particle and thus to much finer resolution of the components of the nuclei.

Henry Way Kendall, Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor were joint recipients of the Nobel Prize of 1990 "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."

Description
To explain each part of the terminology, "scattering" refers to the deflection of leptons' (electron, muon, etc.) off of hadrons. Measuring the angles of deflection gives information about the nature of the process. "Inelastic" means that the target absorbs some kinetic energy. In fact, at the very high energies of leptons used, the target is "shattered" and emits many new particles. These particles are hadrons and, to oversimplify greatly, the process is interpreted as a constituent quark of the target being "knocked out" of the target hadron, and due to quark confinement, the quarks are not actually observed but instead produce the observable particles by hadronization. "Deep" refers to the high energy of the lepton, which gives it a very short wavelength and hence the ability to probe distances that are small compared with the size of the target hadron, so it can probe "deep inside" the hadron. Also, note that in the perturbative approximation it is a high-energy virtual photon emitted from the lepton and absorbed by the target hadron which transfers energy to one of its constituent quarks, as in the adjacent diagram.

Povh and Rosina pointed out that the term “deep inelastic scattering against nucleons” was coined when the quark substructure of nucleons was unknown. They prefer the term “quasielastic lepton-quark scattering”.

History
The Standard Model of physics, in particular the work of Murray Gell-Mann in the 1960s, had been successful in uniting much of the previously disparate concepts in particle physics into one, relatively straightforward, scheme. In essence, there were three types of particles:

 * The leptons, which were low-mass particles such as electrons, neutrinos and their antiparticles. They have integer electric charge.
 * The gauge bosons, which were particles that exchange forces. These ranged from the massless, easy-to-detect photon (the carrier of the electro-magnetic force) to the exotic (though still massless) gluons that carry the strong nuclear force.
 * The quarks, which were massive particles that carried fractional electric charges. They are the "building blocks" of the hadrons. They are also the only particles to be affected by the strong interaction.

The leptons had been detected since 1897, when J. J. Thomson had shown that electric current is a flow of electrons. Some bosons were being routinely detected, although the W+, W− and Z0 particles of the electroweak force were only categorically seen in the early 1980s, and gluons were only firmly pinned down at DESY in Hamburg at about the same time. Quarks, however, were still elusive.

Drawing on Rutherford's groundbreaking experiments in the early years of the 20th century, ideas for detecting quarks were formulated. Rutherford had proven that atoms had a small, massive, charged nucleus at their centre by firing alpha particles at atoms of gold. Most had gone through with little or no deviation, but a few were deflected through large angles or came right back. This suggested that atoms had internal structure and a lot of empty space.

In order to probe the interiors of baryons, a small, penetrating and easily produced particle needed to be used. Electrons were ideal for the role, as they are abundant and easily accelerated to high energies due to their electric charge. In 1968, at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), electrons were fired at protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei. Later experiments were conducted with muons and neutrinos, but the same principles apply.

The collision absorbs some kinetic energy, and as such it is inelastic. This is a contrast to Rutherford scattering, which is elastic: no loss of kinetic energy. The electron emerges from the nucleus, and its trajectory and velocity can be detected. Analysis of the results led to the conclusion that hadrons do indeed have internal structure. The experiments were important because not only did they confirm the physical reality of quarks, but also proved again that the Standard Model was the correct avenue of research for particle physicists to pursue.

title: Deep inelastic scattering


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Communist Youth of Sweden

Young Communist League of Sweden (Sveriges kommunistiska ungdomsförbund) is the youth wing of the Communist Party of Sweden (SKP). It was founded in 2000. The organization is a member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth.

title: Communist Youth of Sweden


text:
Morgan–McClure Motorsports

Morgan–McClure Motorsports was an American auto racing team that competed in the NASCAR Cup Series full-time until 2007. It operated for 28 years, starting in 1983 and ending in 2012. The team was most notable for running the No. 4 from 1983 to 2010. The team notably won the Daytona 500 three times during the 1990s. They won with Ernie Irvan in 1991, then won back-to-back in 1994–1995 with Sterling Marlin. Irvan (1992) and Marlin (1996) also each won the Pepsi 400 for a total of five points-paying wins at Daytona for the team over a six-year period.

Starting out
Morgan–McClure Motorsports was owned by business partners Larry McClure and Tim Morgan. It began in 1983 when the two purchased a race car from G. C. Spencer. The car debuted at Talladega Superspeedway and was piloted by Connie Saylor. The car finished 40th after suffering engine failure. After firing Connie because they wanted a younger driver and after obtaining the rights to No. 4 & the car he drove for G. C. Spencer, Mark Martin took over the driving duties later that year, and had one top-10 finish. In 1984, the team signed Folgers as a sponsor and began racing as car No. 4. Tommy Ellis ran twenty races that year for the team, with Lennie Pond and Joe Ruttman running the rest of the schedule. Ruttman drove sixteen races for them next season, notching one top-5 and four top-10 finishes. In 1986, MMM got Eastman Kodak sponsorship and signed Rick Wilson to handle the driving chores. Wilson got the team its first pole position at Bristol Motor Speedway in 1988, its first full season on the circuit. When Wilson announced he was leaving the team in 1989, the team was eighth in points.

The prime years
For the 1990 season, the team hired Phil Parsons, but after three races, Parsons was released in favor of Ernie Irvan. In his first race with the team, Irvan started 30th, and finished third. Two races later, Irvan won his first pole position at Bristol Motor Speedway. The team switched from Oldsmobile to Chevrolet in order to get more manufacturer support. Their first race after the switch was at the 1990 Bud at the Glen. Irvan picked up his first career victory, as well as the first victory for MMM the following week at Bristol, in the Busch 500. The next season, Irvan won the Daytona 500 and The Bud at the Glen (The latter was marred by the death of popular veteran J. D. McDuffie). When the checkered flag fell at the end of the season, the team was fifth in points. The next season, Irvan won three races over a two-month stretch, at Sears Point International Raceway, the Pepsi 400 at the Daytona International Speedway, and at Talladega Superspeedway, respectively. In 1993, Irvan won the pole twice, as well as a victory at Talladega. When Davey Allison died in an aircraft accident, Robert Yates asked Irvan to take his place. Irvan wanted out of his contract with MMM, and it ensued into an ugly lawsuit. Irvan was able to get out, but there were hurt feelings on both sides.

For the 1994 season, the team hired Sterling Marlin to drive. In his first race in the team, Marlin won the Daytona 500, beating out, ironically, Irvan. Marlin won the 500 the next year as well, in addition to two more races at Darlington Speedway and Talladega. In 1996, Marlin won two races, at Talladega and the Pepsi 400 at Daytona.

Struggles
After the team went winless with Marlin in 1997, finishing 25th in points, the team and Marlin decided to part ways. MMM hired two-time race winner Bobby Hamilton. Hamilton led 378 out of 500 laps and won from the pole at Martinsville Speedway and finished 10th in the final points standings. Soon, the team was not able repeat its success, and Hamilton left for Andy Petree Racing in 2001. He was replaced by Robby Gordon, but Gordon struggled in the ride and was released after just five races. Mike Skinner and Kevin Lepage shared the driving duties for two years without much success. In 2003, MMM switched to Pontiac. They lost their Kodak sponsorship in 2004, but MMM remained open, switching back to Chevrolet (almost being required to do so, as Pontiac had withdrawn from the Cup series at the end of 2003). Jimmy Spencer drove the car most of that year, and team co-owner Larry McClure's son Eric drove another team car to finish 26th at Talladega Superspeedway. For 2005, the team signed Lucas Oil as a sponsor, and hired Mike Wallace to drive. Wallace was replaced by John Andretti, P. J. Jones, and Todd Bodine for some of the races in 2005. In 2006, Scott Wimmer was announced as the 2006 driver with new sponsorship from the Utah-based AERO Exhaust. Wimmer had an average start of 35th and average of finish 29th, no wins, top fives, or top tens. On October 3, 2006, Larry McClure announced that the team and Wimmer parted ways. They hired Todd Bodine to drive the next two races, Charlotte and Atlanta, until they could find a permanent replacement. The last three races the team hired veteran Ward Burton, who at the time had not driven in the Cup Series in several years. On December 12, 2006, MMM announced they signed Burton to take full-time seat in 2007 with sponsorship from State Water Heaters. Burton was released before the last race of the 2007 season. Furthermore, Morgan–McClure Motorsports shut down weeks shy of the 2008 Daytona 500 due to financial problems, but had agreed to let Mike Wallace drive in the 2008 Daytona 500 if sponsorship was found. Sponsorship was found, but Larry McClure said that he was tired of just sliding by and would come back when major sponsorship could be secured. When Tony Stewart announced on August 14 that Ryan Newman would drive the No. 4 car in 2009, Morgan–McClure Motorsports protested. Tim Morgan stated, "There's some sweat and history in that number 4. We feel like it ours, " in an article for the Bristol Herald Courier. After discussions with MMM and NASCAR, on August 18 Stewart announced that Newman would drive the No. 39 instead of a No. 4 car in 2009. In 2014 Stewart did acquire the No. 4 to use with driver Kevin Harvick, who replaced Newman and the No. 39 in the 2014 season.

Rumors indicated that Morgan–McClure Motorsports would prepare a No. 4 Chevy to attempt the 2009 Daytona 500, but this did not happen. On April 11, 2009, the team made public their intentions to attempt the Aaron's 499 at Talladega Superspeedway with driver Eric McClure in the No. 4 Hefty/Walmart Chevy, however the team failed to qualify for the race. Scott Wimmer attempted to qualify the car at Bristol. Wimmer made the event, Morgan–McClure's first start since 2007. He finished 29th. Wimmer also attempted Dover but they were the only team to not qualify.

Since 2009, legal problems have prevented Morgan–McClure from actively competing. Larry McClure was charged with federal income tax fraud for not reporting $269,000 for cars used in the ARCA series. He was also forced to pay back $60,000 to Eastman-Kodak for falsifying an invoice. McClure spent eighteen months in jail and works at a family car dealership.

MMM returned to the Cup Series at Bristol in August 2010, but Kevin Lepage failed to qualify for the race. The team never attempted another race again, with their No. 4 being used by Red Bull Racing Team for Kasey Kahne in 2011 without any objections from Morgan-McClure. The team closed its doors in 2012.

Driver history

 * Connie Saylor (1983)
 * Mark Martin (1983)
 * Lennie Pond (1984)
 * Tommy Ellis (1984)
 * Joe Ruttman (1984–85)
 * Rick Wilson (1986–89)
 * Lake Speed (1986)
 * A. J. Foyt (1987)
 * Phil Parsons (1990)
 * Ernie Irvan (1990–93)
 * Jeff Purvis (1993)
 * Joe Nemechek (1993)
 * Jimmy Hensley (1993)
 * Sterling Marlin (1994–97)
 * Bobby Hamilton (1998–2000)
 * Robby Gordon (2001)
 * Kevin Lepage (2001, 2003–2004, 2010 Bristol August, but DNQ)
 * Bobby Hamilton Jr. (2001)
 * Mike Skinner (2002–03)
 * Johnny Miller (2003; road races only)
 * Stacy Compton (2003)
 * Johnny Sauter (2003)
 * Brett Bodine (2003; DNQ at Pocono & Indianapolis)
 * P. J. Jones (2003 Watkins Glen; 2005 road races; 2006 Sonoma)
 * Jimmy Spencer (2004)
 * Eric McClure (2004, 2006, 2009 Talladega April, but DNQ)
 * Mike Wallace (2004–05)
 * John Andretti (2005 Michigan in August)
 * Todd Bodine (2005–07)
 * Scott Wimmer (2006; 2009 Bristol August; Dover September; but DNQ)
 * Ward Burton (2006–07)

NASCAR Cup Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )

Car No. 04 results

 * Footnotes:

title: Morgan–McClure Motorsports


text:
User:Grubber/Contributions

New articles and original content

 * Symphony No. 3 (Bernstein), 3 Aug 2005, new article about LB's third symphony
 * Jerk (disambiguation), 28 July 2005, new dab page for jerk
 * List of Mario games by system, 18 July 2005, new list based on the chronological List of Mario games
 * Template:Infobox Vienna District and adding the information for the 23 accompanying pages of the districts of Vienna (e.g., Hernals), 13 July 2005
 * Lossy data compression, 23 June 2005
 * Network coding, specifically this edit, 11 February 2006
 * Markov chain, major overhaul (fixing numerous inaccuracies and deficiencies), as shown in this diff, 2006 June 21 through 2006 July 3
 * Diffie-Hellman problem, helped make the article more accessible and easier to read, 12 August 2006
 * Tower rule, 24 Aug 2006, a new disambiguation page
 * Almost surely, 19 Oct 2006, major rewrite/cleanup (the diff)
 * Group theory, 26 Oct 2006, lots of new content (diff)
 * Binary symmetric channel, 19 Feb 2007, expanded greatly, complete rewrite (prev version)
 * Binary erasure channel, 23 Feb 2007, expanded greatly, complete rewrite (prev version)
 * Blackwell channel, 26 Feb 2007, new article
 * Parity-check matrix, 8 Apr 2007, new article
 * Degree of a polynomial, 11 Apr 2007, new section
 * Ordered field, 20 Apr 2007, new sections, complete reorganization (diff)

New articles in Wikipedia, translated from the German WP

 * Wiener Stadtbahn, 2006 Sep 19
 * Grinzing, 2006 Aug 21
 * Wurstelprater, 2005 July 20
 * Fillgraderstiege, 2005 July 19
 * Steinhof (Vienna), 2005 July 18
 * Danube-Oder-Canal, 2005 July 15
 * Karl-Marx-Hof, 2005 July 15
 * Schottenstift, 2005 July 14 (stub)
 * Virgilkapelle, 2005 July 14 (stub)
 * Danube-Auen National Park, 2005 July 14 (stub)
 * Gasometer (Vienna), 2005 July 14
 * Simmering (Vienna), 2005 July 14
 * Favoriten, 2005 July 5
 * Ottakring, 2005 June 28
 * Bruichladdich, 2005 June 28
 * Donaustadt, 2005 June 25
 * Hernals, 2005 June 24
 * Kahlenberg, 2005 June 24
 * Zuschendorf, 2005 June 10
 * Selketalbahn, 2005 June 10
 * Friedrichsbrunn, 2005 June 10

 * Spiral, 2006 Sep 19, content added from de:Spirale, my edit diff
 * Inconnue de la Seine, 2007 April 8

Beautification & wikification

 * Quadratic, much nicer than prior version, 28 Jan 2007
 * Cleaning up common first names:
 * James, major cleanup, split out content to new page James (name); compare to the previous version, 25 Jan 2007
 * Paul, split out content to new page Paul (name); compare to the previous version, 28 Jan 2007
 * Joseph, split out content to new page Joseph (name); compare to the previous version, 30 Jan 2007
 * Ra (disambiguation), 20 January 2007, my diff
 * Presentation (disambiguation), 27 October 2006, my diff
 * Vega (disambiguation), and my changes to the page, 13 August 2006
 * Adler, compare to the previous version, 15 Nov 2005
 * James, compare to the previous version, 28 July 2005
 * Field, compare to the previous version, 12 July 2005
 * 500 (card game), compare to the previous version, 15 June 2005
 * Many dozen edits to resolve links to dab pages (e.g., "German" to "German language"), in support of Disambiguation pages with links
 * A couple hundred edits to clean up dab pages (notable ones shown above), in support of WikiProject Disambiguation

title: User:Grubber/Contributions


text:
Talk:Landser (band)

InfoBox
Looks like someone tried to format this page like other bands - with a box on the side. I don't know how to do that myself, can anyone else help out? Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.160.216.20 (talk) 06:36, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Afrika für Affen
Maybe you should add that the song "Afrika für Affen" is a Johnny Rebel cover? Just because it is mentioned there... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.74.138.167 (talk) 19:17, 29 March 2009 (UTC)
 * But it's not a Johnny Rebel cover. According to the liner notes in The Complete Johnny Rebel collection it's by "Odis and the 3 Biggots." Like the entirely second half of that compilation it's just a filler song in the same genre with no connection to Johnny Rebel other than the segregationist theme.Friendly Cave (talk) 03:41, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

"illegal in germany"
The records of this band seem to be "indiziert", which pretty much means "not to be sold to people under 18 (also, don't advertise for it)". This is not exactly "illegal". I don't know details, just saying in case any of you cares enough for this article to put some research into it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.135.73.191 (talk • contribs)

 * Well, the singer was imprisoned for being a member of the band, which sounds like a more severe application of law that merely indexing would be. --65.182.51.67 05:37, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

He was imprisoned for Nazi sympathies and/or holocaust denial and racial hatered, not for being a member of the band. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.222.241.61 (talk • contribs)

 * He indeed is in prison for being member of the band, because "Landser" was seen as "terroristische Vereinigung" (terrorist union) which is punishable by the German law. And the records not just on the index they are also "Beschlagnamt" (confiscated), which means possessing this records is a crime itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.76.62.1 (talk • contribs)

 * That's right. The band was called a "terroristic organization", the "terror" is their music. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.135.233.145 (talk • contribs)

 * Some of the CD's (almost all i guess.. with one (?) exception) are BANNED in Germany. Banned means illegal. "Indiziert" (indicated) means no advertise or public trade. Banned is illegal,banned.. No advertise,no selling and the posession is illegal. -87.174.116.13 19:06, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It is allowed to own their cds, it is forbidden(§131) to sell, broadcast, advertise, import, export ...--178.24.70.200 (talk) 18:42, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

No sources
The one source given in this article lists 'Wikipedia' as its source. Whoops! Deleted. Colonel Mustard 14:40, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

This page is far from unbiased. Landser does not call for violence against most other races in their music as the author had written. This is obviously just a byproduct of hatred against Nationalists. 66.38.169.238 23:30, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you even speak German? -- Tim

 * You're right. The problem is they're too good to be legal!--172.145.151.148 06:08, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Lol, cry more neonazis.

 * They wouldn't probably be banned in any country other then Germany with these lyrics. But Germany has very strict laws for a reason. Anyway, in my opinion banning any songs/books/movies is idiotic. The whole forbidden fruit theory. BTW: I'm Polish, I know German and yes, I've heard their songs about my country :D — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.253.101.126 (talk) 20:06, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

"the defintion of Landser"
using wikipedia, it seems to me that Landser is a colloquial term for Landsknecht, or land, servant

going along with their politcal beliefs, most notably nationalism - I would assume the actual meaning behind the name is "servant of our land" or something like that

maybe someone with more authority could research it and figure it out for certain, but it seems to name their band after a low-ranking foot soldier wouldn't have as much meaning to them as the folk term "land servant" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.116.132.101 (talk) 20:01, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Finally someone made the page accurate, good job. 66.38.169.238 07:34, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Landser is an old German term for a German foot soldier. Low ranked guy in a German army uniform. The German soldiers, whose serve at the front in the old German wars were known Landsers in the past. Today they don't use this term anymore. The word Landser derives from Landsmann (English: Compatriot). Landser means a low ranked soldier or a patriotic enforcer. In the past, in Germany soldiers addressed themselves as "Landsers", this makes this term also an synonym for the term comrade. --83.221.84.35 (talk) 10:12, 27 September 2015 (UTC)

Genre?
I need to fill in the ID3 tag so what genre music exactly is Landser? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.48.110.42 (talk) 14:24, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Just put RAC in the genre tag. FokkerTISM 00:25, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Landser (band)


text:
Talk:It girl

Compliment?
I originally noted that this was a backhanded compliment. Somebody changed this to "compliment", which it is not, so I removed the expression entirely. See : "Perhaps journalists love the phrase because it is such a backhanded compliment. Marianne Faithfull qualifies for the title of original It Girl because her fame is founded on the flimsiest of pretexts." Dictionary.com gives "a young woman who has achieved celebrity status due to her social activities and lifestyle" [that is to say, and little else]. I would suggest that talented actresses don't qualify, but perhaps the meaning has changed recently? Shantavira 12:06, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Why Marianne Faithful then, who is a legitimate recording artist and who some people prefer to the Rolling Stones. steven 10:28, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Widely considered?
Who is this widely and how have they considered? Can we at least apply some sort of source to this? --Fastfission 15:06, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. As I remember Chloë Sevigny once was it girl but she's not on this list.
 * Googling "it girl" will usually bring up entertainment articles about it, and a lot of the same names begin to pop up. I'd say Chloe acheived "it girl" status around 1995 with Kids.--Fallout boy 07:35, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, Naomi Watts for an "it girl" for year 2005 for King Kong? I think it's safe to say she has been an established actress for years already, with Mulholland Drive probably considered her breakthrough.
 * I have completely removed the section - Citing sources, No original research. It has had an unreferenced tag on it for ages now... /wangi 10:12, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

15 minutes
I rem'd a See also lk from 15 minutes of fame to here. A lk from here to that would make more sense, but i doubt that even that makes enuf to justify it. Maybe there's a wider topic on mile-wide & inch-deep cultural trends, that they connect thru better than they do directly. --Jerzy•t 19:14, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

How positive is this expression?
I just found two paragraphs in an online journal called "Eurozine" about the "it-girls". The term doesn't seem to be quite as positive as it is in Wikipedia's article. Quote:

''A new breed of useless female celebrity was dubbed the "it-girl" by the British media. Although the term was originally coined in the 1920s after Clara Bow starred in a silent Hollywood film called "It", the it-girl was very much a 1990s phenomenon. She was famous just for being famous, the sole criterion being that she should be sexually attractive. "It" has always served as a sexual euphemism but now the word was explicitly depicting the sexual objectification of women. "It" also alluded to the vacuous nature of celebrity as a whole by tacitly acknowledging that media profiles were interchangeable spaces, able to be filled by anyone with the requisite sexual presence. ''

Rdavout 09:39, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I shouldn't believe everything you read on on-line! The article as presently drafted does recognise the "re-formulation" in the 1990s, but, as a concept, "It girl" has undoubtedly been around for 80 or so years. It has probably become less "positive" in recent years, but is also used rather indiscriminately and I don't myself accept the suggestion that it has been applied particularly to mainstream cinema. IXIA 15:17, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd say it's another term that has become somewhat empty through over-use and mis-use by the media. The concept "being famous for being famous" (Paris Hilton's original claim to fame, as far as I have heard) is inherently negative, though the term seems to be more hype than anything else. The original definition seems to have been watered down so much "it girl" has become just another label anyone famous can slap on her portfolio. Just my two pieces of eight. — Ashmodai (talk · contribs) 05:39, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Good article
The current version of this article is clearly written from a neutral point of view. Key sources are cited to establish the coining of the term over 80 years ago. There is a whole series of popular novels named after this phrase. Pop culture might not be everyone's culture, and it comes and goes in fashions. However, it is clearly documentable. Love 'em or loath 'em "it girls" are at least a part of twentieth century culture. Wiki isn't about changing culture, but about recording the facts. From those facts, people can argue pro or con to the better good. Opinions minus facts is vanity, whatever we may think about "it girls". No censorship of "it girls"! I am removing the tag that questions the article's legitimacy. Alastair Haines 16:32, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Went through whole article to smooth punctuation and Wiki typographic style. The actual prose flows beautifully. Two things marred the flow of the text, though: "(strongly disputed)" at the end of the openning sentence, and the intrusion quoted below.

Some feminist critics have characterized the use of a third person pronoun to describe a human being as sexual objectification, although the sense is a woman who has "It," not a woman who is "It."
 * By all means, let's have an extra section to the article, with sourced quotes from feminists who explain how patriarchal structures drive young women to vain pursuits. However, let's not do this by spoiling the beautiful prose of the main text, that does ample justice to some talented women's moments of glory. Feminists can do a lot better than attack the it in "It girl" as objectification though. (That's how I found this article btw, doing research on usage of it.)
 * This sentence quoted above does violence to: the editor's beautiful prose; the memory of some talented, influential and charming women; the intellectual credibility of feminists; the intelligence of the reader; and, last but not least, Wiki policy of attribution.
 * On pretty much the same grounds, I'm deleting the "strongly disputed" comment. Strongly is unnecessary and unsourced, and the same goes for disputed really.
 * Congratulations to the orginal editors of this piece. Thanks for educating me about a side of life I rarely interact with. Alastair Haines 18:20, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Britney Spears still it?
Britney Spears is in the illustration, but is she still it? ssepp(talk) 17:21, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

shes an established musician, but she is more known for her personal drama —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.198.235.119 (talk) 02:26, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Posh tart
I have removed the bit about "posh tarts" because ... because it just isn't true. Maikel (talk) 16:42, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

British underground newspaper
Some reference may be made of the British underground newspaper International Times. From that page: Within a short time of the first issue, the name International Times was changed to IT after litigation threats from the London Times. The paper's logo was a black-and-white image of Theda Bara, vampish star of silent films. The founders' original intention had been to incorporate an image of the actress Clara Bow because she'd been known as The IT girl, but an image of Theda Bara was used by accident and, once deployed, was never changed.

Moved from article
The following is moved here from the article for the following reasons:
 * 1) The reference doesn't seem to support the content; however, it is from an Israeli site in Hebrew (blog?) — and I used Google translation, which might not be accurate
 * 2) The  Citation needed   tag is more than a year old (date=December 2013)

 * As Israel has gone through a fashionable and cinematic revolution in recent years, they've also adopted an "It Girl" of their own. After the equivalent role to Chloë Sevigny in the movie Kids, Sivan Levy, the actress, musician and filmmaker, overshadowed her with her role in the high accolade Israeli film Six Acts.

71.20.250.51 (talk) 15:02, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Sobchak?
NO WAY! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.190.161.115 (talk) 17:53, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

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See also section
@GrindtXX Why is Bimbo even there; Bimbo is a derogatory term whereas "it girl" is used as a compliment. Dollyplay (talk) 17:07, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

 * "It girl" isn't necessarily complimentary at all: it's often used to refer to a young woman "who is pictured in tabloids going to many parties often in the company of other celebrities, receiving media coverage in spite of no real personal achievements" (quoted from the article) – in other words, very much the same as Famous for being famous ("someone who attains celebrity status for no clearly identifiable reason"), and not a million miles from 15 minutes of fame or Bimbo. You can remove Bimbo if you like, but I think the other two should stay.

 * On a separate issue, the image of Edie Sedgwick you have added has been in this article before, but was removed (here) on the grounds that it only has a non-free use rationale for use in the article specifically about her. GrindtXX (talk) 17:55, 3 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I think Bimbo is a little too derogatory to fit within the topic of "It-Girl" i believe it would be better to remove it. Dollyplay (talk) 23:58, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

BTS
Seems like BTS was added as part of a PR campaign by fans, since the sources are dubious 88.109.66.34 (talk) 01:48, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:It girl


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Munt

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 13:31, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

Munt
Term: Munted is used within New Zealand culture. To describe the destruction of a car or other comparible object. I believe this is a case of double meaning. Where one word is good in one culture and highly insultive to the next, aka Culture Clash. It shouldn't be deleted but noted down as a offensive word in some cutures and the cultures the meanings belong to, be applied. T94xr 29th July 2005 - New Zealand.

Neologism used at a single school. Oliver Keenan 12:07, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete not notable. Oliver Keenan 12:07, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Deleted admitted neologism. - Mgm|(talk) 12:09, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non encyclopedic. Cnwb 12:26, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Feydey 12:29, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki - although the definition here is completely wrong. "To munt" - usually found in the past tense "munted" is widely used Australian slang meaning "to break" (i.e., something that is munted is stuffed, buggered, crapped out, etc). Grutness...  wha?  04:05, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 04:46, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki - it's also British slang, "munt" as a verb is used to denote extreme ugliness, while "munted" refers to the state of inebriation. Qwghlm 11:49, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * And, in case it helps, a "munter" is someone who is extremely ugly. -Splash 00:30, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Munt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nature in ramayana

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deleted. Dmcdevit·t 06:42, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

Nature in ramayana
I don't know what this is about, but I know it's not encyclopedic and likely a copyvio as it largely contains a translation of copyrighted material. Delete. Nature in Ramayana is the correct place should it be kept. - Mgm|(talk) 12:08, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This entry serves little purpose and, as the above poster noted, appears a copywrite violation of some variety. -Soltak 21:57, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. JamesBurns 04:46, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Ramayana. I have no idea where the text cited might come from, but there are many public domain translations of the Ramayana, so I wouldn't assume copyvio.  Xoloz 15:49, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * For everyone's information, the Ramayana is an ancient sanskrit epic, the source of much of Hindu tradition. Xoloz 15:51, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki the slokas (if they are non-copyvio original). The remainder of the article is pointless. Bambaiah 09:32, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Caprellidira

Discrepancy? probably not
Wow, thanks for putting this together so quickly, but EB calls Caprellidae the family. Is that incorrect, or are there just different systems of calling the taxonomy? Either way, I think the article would be even better by explaining the discrepancy. ie, why would EB call it that? - Taxman Talk 12:08, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know. I just followed ITIS, who have "skeleton shrimp" for the first time alone on the infraorder. I did the taxobox and found some images; otehr than that, I know even less about these animals than I did about krill a few weeks ago :-) Lupo 15:06, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh duh, never mind. Looking at your taxobox again I see the family name is also listed as Caprellidae. Rather confusing, but if you pulled it from ITIS, I guess it's right. - Taxman Talk 15:19, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

problem with name
I don't think this article can be kept as it is at all. 'Skeleton shrimps' refer to only those shrimps which actually do have the stick insect body form referred to in the article's first paragraph. The infraorder is actually considerably more morphologically diverse than that. The term 'skeleton shrimp' should more properly be confined to the family Caprellidae. I can change it, of course but perhaps one of the wiki arthropod specialists would be better at it?

Seascapeza (talk) 09:42, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caprellidira


text:
Geirmund Brendesæter

Geirmund "Geddi" Brendesæter (born 22 March 1970) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a defender.

Club career
Brendesæter played 13 seasons for Brann. His debut was on 1 June 1991, and he played his last match against Vålerenga in the last match of the season 2003. He played mostly as a right defender. During this period he also played 13 matches for the German team Arminia Bielefeld in 1997, but returned to Brann to play the last half of the season. Brendesæter played in total 336 matches for Brann, but scored only seven goals.

In the 2001 season, he went to the media and asked the supporters if he should retire or not. The voting ended with 3525 votes to continue, and 3429 votes to retire. Eventually Brendesæter signed a new contract. In his last match for Brann, he was put on as a substitute a few minutes before the end, the crowd going wild as he entered the pitch. He was placed as a striker, the position which he had played in as a junior player, but had never been used in for Brann.

Cult status
Brendesæther, more commonly known as "Geddi", has been subject to a certain degree of idolizing by the supporters of SK Brann. This is due to his fierce loyalty to the club, alongside his blazing right-flank raids. According to former Brann captain and Aberdeen F.C. left-back Cato Guntveit, the young Brendesæther consistently used to do the tunnel dribble on his opponents while setting the Tippeligaen alight with his firework displays and trademark haircut.

International career
Brendesæther also made six appearances for Norwegian national team between 1993 and 1995.

title: Geirmund Brendesæter


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Biscuits

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 10:17, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

The Biscuits
Delete nn band, doesn't satisfy WP:MUSIC. Also the redirect: "The Biscuits". TheMidnighters 12:09, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - band isn't notable, unless those 250 privately pressed records are important collectors items, which I doubt they are. Cnwb 12:15, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. Feydey 12:33, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete What they said. Friday 21:00, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. --Etacar11 22:53, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. JamesBurns 04:47, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:84.64.48.223

Nice job posting on the wrong talk page there, buddy >_> NickBush24 12:09, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

The next time you vandalize a page or make a personal attack you will be blocked from editing. Period. -- Essjay ·  Talk 12:12, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:84.64.48.223


text: User talk:69.238.200.8

title: User talk:69.238.200.8


text:
Kidsgrove railway station

Kidsgrove railway station serves the town of Kidsgrove in Staffordshire, England. The station is 7.5 miles north of Stoke-on-Trent. The station is served by trains on the Crewe–Derby line which is also a community rail line known as the North Staffordshire line. The station is owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Railway.

History
The present station was opened 9 October 1848 by the North Staffordshire Railway as Harecastle and was during the early years of the North Staffordshire era variously called Harecastle Junction, Kidsgrove Junction. Kidsgrove Junction, Harecastle before settling upon Harecastle in 1875. Between 1885 and 1886 and 1923 and 1924 it was called Harecastle for Kidsgrove. In 1944 it was renamed Kidsgrove.

In British Rail days it was known as Kidsgrove Central when the town had three stations, the other two were Kidsgrove Liverpool Road and Market Street Halt on the old North Staffordshire Railway's Potteries Loop Line (all three stations were opened by the North Staffordshire Railway). It is situated on the Manchester branch of the West Coast Main Line at the junction where the line from Stoke-on-Trent divides for Crewe and Manchester Piccadilly.

It is just north of the Harecastle Tunnels on the Trent and Mersey Canal and the Harecastle railway tunnel and 1965 railway diversion.

Services
Services at Kidsgrove are operated by East Midlands Railway using DMUs, London Northwestern Railway using  EMUs and Northern Trains using  and 331 EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to Crewe
 * 1 tph to Stafford
 * 1 tph to Newark Castle via Derby and Nottingham
 * 1 tph to Stoke-on-Trent only
 * 1 tph to Manchester Piccadilly via Macclesfield

On Sundays, the station is served by an hourly service between Crewe and Stafford and 6 trains per day between Manchester and Stoke-on-Trent. The first Manchester-bound train on a Sunday extends to Manchester Oxford Road. Hourly Sunday services operate between Crewe and Derby after 14:00 only.

title: Kidsgrove railway station


text:
Charles de Haldat du Lys

Charles Nicolas Alexandre Haldat du Lys (24 December 1770 – 26 November 1852) was a French physicist who performed experimental work in hydrostatics.

He was a critic of the reliability of Benjamin Thompson's researches on the generation of heat, An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction.

title: Charles de Haldat du Lys


text:
Chaine Memorial

The Chaine Memorial Tower in Larne, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, is a memorial to James Chaine, a former Member of Parliament for Antrim, who died in 1885. It is a cylindrical stone tower lighthouse with a conical roof, situated on the west side of entrance to Larne Lough.

Chaine developed Larne's short sea route to Scotland as well as establishing the town as a transatlantic port. The memorial, built in 1888, by public subscription, is a replica of an Irish round tower. The memorial is situated at the mouth of Larne harbour, and is reached via Chaine Memorial Road. There is access from Curran Road via Bay Road.

Plaque
The inscription on the plaque adorning the monument is as follows:

 * "....contributions of every class in this mixed community irrespective of creed or party, all cordially united in esteem and affection for the Memory of JAMES CHAINE of Ballycraigy and Cairncastle Co. Antrim who represented this County in the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland from February 1874 till 4 May 1885 when his early and lamented death in his 44th year of his age deprived his native County of one who had worked indefatigably for its interests especially in developing and improving the natural capabilities of the harbour of Larne and establishing its connection with Great Britain, the United States of America and with the inland parts of this County."

Lighthouse
In 1885, the Memorial Committee for Chaine sought the assistance of the Commissioners of Irish Lights to help to build and maintain a tower, but they initially refused. Eventually it was agreed the Memorial Committee would build the replica round tower, without a light, at Sandy Point Bay, and the Larne Harbour authority would maintain it. The approved tower was completed in January 1888.

In 1896 it was suggested that a light be added to the tower. As a result, the Commissioners of Irish Lights took over the tower and on 1 July 1899, an oil powered navigational light was installed 22 metres up the tower (the tower being 28 metres in height). The light was installed to aid the navigation of the Hunter Rock, a submerged rock approximately 5 miles off shore. The light was de-manned and converted to coal gas from the Larne mains gas supply in 1905, before finally being converted to electric in September 1935. During April 1948 the supply was changed from DC to AC.

Responsibility for maintaining the light now falls under the remit of the attending keeper at Ferris Point Lighthouse on the other side of the Harbour.

title: Chaine Memorial


text:
Talk:Young Communist League of Sweden

Untitled
I've suggested the article be moved, since YCL is the international English language format of all organizations who took the name given to them by the Communist Youth International. However, I can't move it myself, as I'm unable to log in on wikipedia with my anachronistic browser. --212.60.73.2 12:15, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Young Communist League of Sweden


text:
Wheel (computing)

In Unix operating systems, the term wheel refers to a user account with a wheel bit, a system setting that provides additional special system privileges that empower a user to execute restricted commands that ordinary user accounts cannot access.

Origins
The term wheel was first applied to computer user privilege levels after the introduction of the TENEX operating system, later distributed under the name TOPS-20 in the 1960s and early 1970s. The term was derived from the slang phrase big wheel, referring to a person with great power or influence.

In the 1980s, the term was imported into Unix culture due to the migration of operating system developers and users from TENEX/TOPS-20 to Unix.

Wheel group
Modern Unix systems generally use user groups as a security protocol to control access privileges. The wheel group is a special user group used on some Unix systems, mostly BSD systems, to control access to the su or sudo command, which allows a user to masquerade as another user (usually the super user). Debian and its derivatives create a group called  with purpose similar to that of a wheel group.

Wheel war
The phrase wheel war, which originated at Stanford University, is a term used in computer culture, first documented in the 1983 version of The Jargon File. A 'wheel war' was a user conflict in a multi-user (see also: multiseat) computer system, in which students with administrative privileges would attempt to lock each other out of a university's computer system, sometimes causing unintentional harm to other users.

title: Wheel (computing)


text:
Olderfleet Castle

Olderfleet Castle is a four-storey towerhouse, the remains of which stand on Curran Point to the south of Larne Harbour in Larne, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The place name of Olderfleet may be a corruption of Ulfrecksfiord (or Ulfried's Fjord), the Viking name for Larne Lough.

Olderfleet Castle is a State Care Historic Monument in the townland of Curran and Drumaliss, in the former Larne Borough Council area, at grid ref: D4133 0166.

History
The original towerhouse was possibly built by the Scoto-Irish Bissett family of Glenarm around 1250, although these remains are actually thought to be those of Curran Castle, a towerhouse built in the sixteenth century. On a 1610 map it was called Coraine Castle.

In 1315 Edward Bruce landed here with his 6000 strong army en route to conquer Ireland, with a welcome from the Bissetts. Queen Elizabeth I considered the castle of such strategic importance that it was seized for the crown and Sir Moyses Hill appointed its governor in 1569. In 1597 the castle was claimed by the MacDonnells and in 1598 it was dismantled.

The present castle was probably built about 1612. In 1621 it was granted to Sir Arthur Chichester and remained in that family until leased to William Agnew in 1823. James Chaine purchased the lease in 1865. In 1938 it was taken into State Care.

Features
What remains of the four-storey towerhouse is part of the tower with pairs of gun loops in the basement. The square remains show that it only had 1 metre thick walls and it is without visible domestic features, which means that it could have been built as a fortified warehouse and watchtower.

title: Olderfleet Castle


text:
Mechanical equivalent of heat

In the history of science, the mechanical equivalent of heat states that motion and heat are mutually interchangeable and that in every case, a given amount of work would generate the same amount of heat, provided the work done is totally converted to heat energy. The mechanical equivalent of heat was a concept that had an important part in the development and acceptance of the conservation of energy and the establishment of the science of thermodynamics in the 19th century. Its independent and simultaneous discovery by James Prescott Joule and by Julius Robert von Mayer led to a priority dispute.

History and priority dispute
Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, had observed the frictional heat generated by boring cannon at the arsenal in Munich, Bavaria, circa 1797 Rumford immersed a cannon barrel in water and arranged for a specially blunted boring tool. He showed that the water could be boiled within roughly two and a half hours and that the supply of frictional heat was seemingly inexhaustible.

Based on his experiments, he published "An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction", (1798), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society p. 102. This scientific paper provided a substantial challenge to established theories of heat and began the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics. The experiment inspired the work of James Prescott Joule in the 1840s. Joule's more exact measurements on equivalence were pivotal in establishing the kinetic theory at the expense of the caloric theory. The idea that heat and work are equivalent was also proposed by Julius Robert von Mayer in 1842 in the leading German physics journal and independently by James Prescott Joule in 1843, in the leading British physics journal. Similar work was carried out by Ludwig A. Colding in 1840–1843, though Colding's work was little known outside his native Denmark.

A collaboration between Nicolas Clément and Sadi Carnot in the 1820s had some related thinking near the same lines. In 1845, Joule published a paper entitled "The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat", in which he specified a numerical value for the amount of mechanical work required to produce a unit of heat. In particular Joule had experimented on the amount of mechanical work generated by friction needed to raise the temperature of a pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit and found a consistent value of 778.24 foot pound force (4.1550 J·cal−1). Joule contended that motion and heat were mutually interchangeable and that, in every case, a given amount of work would generate the same amount of heat. Von Mayer also published a numerical value for mechanical equivalent of heat in 1845 but his experimental method wasn't as convincing.

Though a standardised value of 4.1860 J·cal−1 was established in the early 20th century, in the 1920s, it was ultimately realised that the constant is simply the specific heat of water, a quantity that varies with temperature between the values of 4.17 and 4.22 J·g−1·°C−1. The change in unit was the result of the demise of the calorie as a unit in physics and chemistry.

Both von Mayer and Joule met with initial neglect and resistance despite having published in leading European physics journals, but by 1847, a lot of leading scientists of the day were paying attention. Hermann Helmholtz in 1847 published what is considered a definitive declaration of the conservation of energy. Helmholtz had learned from reading Joule's publications, though Helmholtz eventually came around to crediting both Joule and von Mayer for priority.

Also in 1847, Joule made a well-attended presentation at the annual meeting of British Association for the Advancement of Science. Among those in attendance was William Thomson. Thomson was intrigued but initially skeptical. Over the next two years, Thomson became increasingly convinced of Joule's theory, finally admitting his conviction in print in 1851, simultaneously crediting von Mayer. Thomson collaborated with Joule, mainly by correspondence, Joule conducting experiments, Thomson analysing the results and suggesting further experiments. The collaboration lasted from 1852 to 1856. Its published results did much to bring about general acceptance of Joule's work and the kinetic theory.

However, in 1848, von Mayer had first had sight of Joule's papers and wrote to the French Académie des Sciences to assert priority. His letter was published in the Comptes Rendus and Joule was quick to react. Thomson's close relationship with Joule allowed him to become dragged into the controversy. The pair planned that Joule would admit von Mayer's priority for the idea of the mechanical equivalent but to claim that experimental verification rested with Joule. Thomson's associates, co-workers and relatives such as William John Macquorn Rankine, James Thomson, James Clerk Maxwell, and Peter Guthrie Tait joined to champion Joule's cause.

However, in 1862, John Tyndall, in one of his many excursions into popular science and many public disputes with Thomson and his circle, gave a lecture at the Royal Institution entitled On Force in which he credited von Mayer with conceiving and measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat. Thomson and Tait were angered, and an undignified public exchange of correspondence took place in the pages of the Philosophical Magazine, and the rather more popular Good Words. Tait even resorted to championing Colding's cause in an attempt to undermine von Mayer.

Though Tyndall again pressed von Mayer's cause in Heat: A Mode of Motion (1863) with the publication of Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe's Edinburgh Review article Thermo-Dynamics in January 1864, Joule's reputation was sealed while that of von Mayer entered a period of obscurity.

title: Mechanical equivalent of heat


text: Category:Academic publishing

title: Category:Academic publishing


text:
Talk:KQEH

When will KTEH air another anime? --Ryanasaurus0077 12:17, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Nothing against this particular type of programming, but anime, science fiction, fantasy, etc., are not KTEH's staple programming. However, much of the article would suggest they are, yet tonight and the next few nights are "Six Wives of Henry VIII," "Hometime," Jean-Michael Cousteau, "History Detectives," and such. And the daytime is full of children's programming. Very different. So, perhaps the mentions of obscure anime programming could be omitted and maybe moved over here to the discussion page. If anyone has non-anime/-sci-fi trivia, that might be helpful. Michael Patrick 04:23, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Science Fiction was a staple of Sunday nights for over a decade, but it was solely because of viewer support. Once that support went away, so did the programming. Sci-Fi continued after the demise of the Sunday Sci-Fi night with various Dr. Who related programs, cheesy b-movies, and in 2005 with the introduction of Cinema Insomnia with Mr. Lobo. Dprisoner 05:12, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

I'm inclined to delete almost all the Programming section, because, sorry, it's simply not true that KTEH is a "sci-fi/anime station," while the section represents it as one. Even if it did air that kind of programming every Sunday night for a decade in the past, it was still only Sunday nights and not the whole week -- and it was in the past. Just as a first step, I've removed the second paragraph in that section. It just sounds as if it were written by one person who really, really likes that stuff and ignores the rest of the station's programming. Michael Patrick 21:10, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I see that this infromation has been removed. Shouldn't it be retained, and placed in history, or under a new subsection regarding programming history?--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 08:03, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:KTEH.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 23:29, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Station ID and Transmitters
I'm confused about these. As far as I can tell (looking for reliable links) the Program is branded "KQED Plus" -- but the actual transmitters are now KQEH (Monument Peak, near Milpitas) and KQET (Fremont Peak, near San Bautiste). I added a link to Monument Peak in the lede -- the coordinates are given in the sidebar, so maybe the link could be put there. Alanf777 (talk) 18:04, 18 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:KQEH


text:
Where You Live

Where You Live is the seventh studio album by American singer-songwriter Tracy Chapman, released on September 13, 2005, by Elektra Records. The album was co-produced by Tchad Blake. It produced two singles: "Change" and "America".

Its name comes from the line 'home is where you live/home is where you die', from the fourth song in this album, Going Back.

Track listing
All songs are written by Tracy Chapman.

 * 1) "Change" – 5:06
 * 2) "Talk to You" – 4:27
 * "3,000 Miles" – 5:58
 * 1) "Going Back" – 5:22
 * 2) "Don't Dwell" – 3:22
 * 3) "Never Yours" – 3:37
 * 4) "America" – 3:43
 * 5) "Love's Proof" – 3:44
 * 6) "Before Easter" – 3:03
 * 7) "Taken" – 3:42
 * 8) "Be and Be Not Afraid" – 4:44
 * 9) "Lose Your Love" – 6:27 (Bonus track on the Japanese version)

Personnel

 * Tracy Chapman – acoustic & electric guitar, clarinet, harmonica, mandolin, percussion, glockenspiel, keyboard bass, hand drums
 * Paul Bushnell – bass
 * Flea – bass
 * Mitchell Froom – organ, celeste, harpsichord, Fender Rhodes, Wurlitzer
 * Joe Gore – acoustic & electric guitar, dobro, percussion, bass, lap steel guitar, keyboard bass
 * David Piltch – upright bass
 * Michael Webster – keyboards
 * Quinn Smith – percussion, piano, drums, glockenspiel

title: Where You Live


text: User talk:64.66.192.62

title: User talk:64.66.192.62


text:
Communist Workers League (Senegal)

Communist Workers League (in French: Ligue Communiste des Travailleurs) was a Trotskyist political party in Senegal, founded in 1977. It originated from a split in GOR (the forerunner of the OST). It published Tribune Ouvrière. LCT adhered to the Fourth International - International Centre of Reconstruction of Pierre Lambert.

The first public act of LCT was a leafletting in support of the students strike at the Faculty of Science in Dakar in May 1977.

At the time of the 1978 elections, LCT advocated abstention.

LCT was awarded official recognition on July 8, 1982.

The general secretary was M. Mahmoud Saleh.

title: Communist Workers League (Senegal)


text:
Wikipedia:News sources/Print/Asia/Singapore

Page now redundant (Ok to delete in my opinion)


text:
Talk:Where You Live

This appears to be more an advert. Perhaps the information would better be placed into the Tracy Chapman page instead and then this page deleted.

I've tidied the page up anyway, in case you want to keep it.

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 00:36, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Where You Live


text: User:Teenangel~enwiki

title: User:Teenangel~enwiki


text:
User talk:Porao

Image:Badge CD Tenerife.png listed for deletion
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Sources for Valverde,El Hierro
Hello, good work on Valverde,El Hierro, and thanks for the contribution. However, you did not provide any references or sources in the article. Keeping Wikipedia accurate and verifiable is very important, and as you might be aware there is currently a push to encourage editors to cite the sources they used when adding content. Can you list in the article any websites, books, or other sources that will allow people to verify the content in Valverde,El Hierro? You can simply add links, preferably as the inline citations, or see citation templates for different citation methods. Thanks! Lupin|talk|popups 03:29, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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title: User talk:Porao