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Raj Thackeray

Raj Shrikant Thackeray (Marathi pronunciation: [ɾaːd͡ʒ ʈʰaːkɾeː], born Swararaj Shrikant Thackeray; 14 June 1968) is an Indian politician and the founding chairperson of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS), a regional political party. Raj was a former member of Shiv Sena till he founded MNS in 2006. He is the nephew of ShivSena Founder Balasaheb Thackeray.

Early life
Raj Thackeray's given name is a hypocorism of Swararaj. His parents were Shrikant Thackeray (younger brother of Bal Thackeray) and Kunda Thackeray (younger sister of Bal Thackeray's wife Meena Thackeray). As a child he learnt tabla, guitar and violin. Thackeray is a graduate of Mumbai's Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art. Upon graduation he joined Marmik, the weekly magazine of Bal Thackeray, as a cartoonist.

Early years in Shiv Sena
Thackeray started his political career by launching the student wing of Shiv Sena called Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena. He came to prominence during the campaign for 1990 Maharashtra assembly elections. During the 1990s, Raj believed himself to be heir of his uncle, Balasaheb. However, Balasaheb showed strong preference for his own son, Uddhav.

Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
Years after being sidelined by Bal Thackeray's other leaders working for him, Raj Thackeray resigned from Shiv Sena on 27 November 2005 and announced his intention to start a new political party. On 9 March 2006 in Mumbai, Thackeray founded Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.

2008 Anti-North Indian campaign
In February 2008, Raj Thackeray led a violent movement against migrants from the North Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in Maharashtra and more so in its commercial capital, Mumbai. At a rally in Shivaji Park, Raj warned that if the dadagiri (intimidating dominance) of these people (North Indians) in Mumbai and Maharashtra continued, he would be compelled to make them leave the metropolis. Raj was arrested along with a Samajwadi Party leader, Abu Azmi, but was released on paying a penalty of inr 15000.

Australian ban
His party, along with Shiv Sena banned Australian cricketers participating in IPL 3 from playing in Mumbai as a protest against the attack on Indian students in Australia.

Business signboards in Marathi
In July 2008, Raj issued a public warning that shops in Mumbai needed to have Marathi signboards in addition to the existing English signboards. He warned that after one month, MNS workers would start blackening non-Marathi signboards. While there had been a law passed for this earlier by Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, it had not been enforced. In September 2008, MNS workers attacked shops and blackened signboards, to enforce the demand, after which most shop owners complied and installed Marathi signboards. Six MNS workers were arrested but later released on bail.

Jaya Bachchan
Jaya Bachchan, actor and MP of Samajwadi Party, during the music launch of the Hindi film Drona, said, "हम यूपी के लोग हैं, इसलिए हिन्दी में बात करेंगे, महाराष्ट्र के लोग मा'फ़ कीजिए।" [ ISO: Hama Yūpī Kē Lōga Haiṃ, Isaliē Hindī Mēṃ Bāta Karēṃgē, Mahārāṣṭra Kē Lōga Mā'af Kījiē.] (We are people of UP (Uttar Pradesh), so we will speak in Hindi. People of Maharashtra, please excuse). Thackeray commented that she had no business alluding to all the people of Maharashtra in that statement. He threatened to ban all Bachchan films unless Jaya apologised in a public forum for hurting Maharashtrians. MNS workers began to attack theatres featuring films affiliated to her. It was only after Amitabh tendered an apology that the screening resumed. Following Raj's threat, Maharashtra Police acted against Raj, issuing a gag order preventing him from speaking to the media.

Jet airways staff reinstatement
In October 2008, Jet Airways laid off 800 temporary workers and announced layoffs of an additional 1100 workers. The laid-off workers included Marathi as well as North-Indians. Thackeray was asked to intervene. Following this, Raj Thackeray declared that most of these workers had paid security deposits to the company, and he would meet Jet management to plead their case. Unless Jet Airways cancelled the layoffs, his party would not allow any Jet Airways plane to take off from any airport in Maharashtra. Within 12 hours of Raj Thackeray's declaration, Jet chairman Naresh Goyal reversed the layoffs and reinstated the sacked employees. He said that he did it on his own and that there was no political pressure on him.

On 2 October 2009, MNS workers disrupted the screening of the film Wake Up Sid on its release in a few Pune and Mumbai theatres, after Raj objected to references in the movie to "Bombay" rather than "Mumbai". The city of Mumbai was referred to as "Bombay" in many scenes and in some songs (lyrics by Javed Akhtar). The film's producer, Karan Johar, visited Raj's residence to apologise, and agreed to all of Raj's terms, including an apology on each of the 700 frames in the film.

Telecom companies in Maharashtra had been providing customer service in English & Hindi only. Raj demanded that all telecom companies operating in Maharashtra start providing the service in Marathi also and set a deadline of 27 February 2010, after which his party MNS would launch an agitation. Following this demand, all telecom companies complied, introducing Marathi as an additional option in their customer service.

In December 2011, Raj Thackeray meeting a group from MES (Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti) advised them that they should revisit their stand of merging Belgaum with Maharashtra in the interest of Marathi speaking people of Belgaum. In a major departure from the earlier held stand of traditional right-wing groups of Maharashtra, Raj Thackeray pointed out that a practical approach rather than an emotional one is the need of the hour. However, he advocated that if the Supreme Court of India itself gives a decision in favour of Belgaum's merger, he would welcome it but the local situation in Belgaum should not be vitiated for the sake of it. He asked the MES leaders to first identify the real issue as to whether Marathis in Belgaum are being targeted for espousing the cause of Marathi language or because they were supporting the merger of Belgaum with Maharashtra. Lamenting that strikes and bandhs only add to the misery of the Marathi-speaking community in Belgaum, Thackeray said: "If the Karnataka government is ready to respect the Marathi people, their culture and language, then there is nothing wrong in Belgaum being there." His comments were strongly criticised by his cousin Uddhav as a cruel joke on the Marathi people.

Views
Raj Thackeray and his party, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, state that Maharashtra State, Marathi language and Marathi Manoos are subverted by the influence of Marathi politicians. He has opposed migration into Maharashtra from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Raj reproached North Indian leaders for politicising Chhath Puja, a festival popular in eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand calling it a "drama" and a "show of numerical strength". He stated that the Chhath Puja was a political gimmick by some parties to attract the north Indian vote. A petition was filed in the Patna civil court on 8 February against him for his remarks. His statements were criticised from political leaders, especially those from the North Indian states. He accused migrants of swamping Maharashtra, India's most industrialised state, in search of jobs. The MNS chief also accused migrants of disrespecting the local culture. In 2008, expressing his stance on new migrants settling in Mumbai, Raj said, "New immigrants to the city should be denied entry into the city, while those already staying here should show respect to the Marathi 'manoos' and his culture".

Thackeray and his party have been criticised for use of violence during their agitations, especially directed towards immigrants from UP and Bihar. On use of violence, Thackeray says that violence is a part of all agitations in Indian politics, and there are several cases of much more violence carried out by other parties and organisations. According to him, the incidents of violence involving members of his party have been unduly highlighted by North Indian politicians and journalists.

Thackeray had initially praised former Chief Minister of Gujarat and incumbent Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi for his governance, and the development of Gujarat during his tenure as chief minister. He had also expressed support for Modi for the post of Prime Minister for the 2014 Lok Sabha election. Although later on, he regretted his support for Modi and since then has been a vocal critic of him and the NDA government. For the 2019 elections to the Lok Sabha, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, did not contest any seats, and instead Thackeray urged the party supporters to vote for the NCP–Congress alliance, with Thackeray campaigning for candidates belonging to these parties.

Thackeray-led MNS criticised the centre's move to award the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India, to Adnan Sami, claiming that Sami was not an original Indian citizen.

Thackeray called for a ban on loudspeakers in Masjid.

Personal life
Thackeray is married to Sharmila Wagh, daughter of Marathi cinema photographer, producer-director Mohan Wagh. They got married on Dec 11, 1990 in Mumbai. They have a son, Amit Thackeray and a daughter, Urvashi Thackeray. His children attended the Christian School Bombay Scottish School, Mahim.

title: Raj Thackeray


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Alfonso of Molina

Alfonso of León, Lord of Molina (1202 – 6 January 1272) was an infante (prince) of León and Castile, the son of King Alfonso IX of León and his second wife Queen Berengaria of Castile. He was the brother of King Ferdinand III of Castile and León, and father of Queen Maria of Molina, wife of King Sancho IV. He became Lord of Molina and Mesa after his first marriage to Mafalda González de Lara, the heiress of those lands.

Family origins
Alfonso was the son of King Alfonso IX of León and his second wife, Queen Berengaria of Castile. On his father's side he was the grandson of King Ferdinand II of León and his first wife, Urraca of Portugal. On his mother's side his grandparents were King Alfonso VIII of Castile and his wife, Eleanor of England. His siblings included King Ferdinand III of Castile and León, Berengaria, Constance, and Eleanor.

Life
Alfonso was born near the city of León in 1202. As the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berengaria of Castile, he witnessed the bad relations between the two kingdoms during his childhood, after the annulment of his parents' marriage. At the Battle of Navas de Tolosa (1212), his father and the King of Portugal were the only kings from the Iberian Peninsula who did not take part, in contrast to those of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre. In fact, Alfonso IX took advantage of the absence of his cousin Alfonso VIII to invade Castile.

In 1222 Ferdinand III found himself at odds with Gonzalo Pérez de Lara, Lord of Molina, due to the latter's support of Alfonso IX. But the two kings managed to come to terms, ratifying the Treaty of Zafra in 1223. Berengaria played an active role in the negotiations. The aim of Gonzalo's martial actions, including the devastation of some villages near Medinaceli, was to foment an uprising of Castilian nobles against Ferdinand in support of his father.

Ferdinand was now bitterly opposed to the autonomy enjoyed by Gonzalo and his family, the House of Lara, one of the most powerful in the realm alongside that of Haro. He laid siege to the Castle of Zafra, where Gonzalo took refuge with his retainers and family. Gonzalo ultimately surrendered and accepted the conditions imposed on him. The first of these was that the Lordship of Molina would not, upon his death, pass to Gonzalo's son, Pedro González de Lara "the Disinherited", but rather to his daughter Mafalda González de Lara, who would meanwhile marry infante Alfonso de Molina. Thus the Crown would establish control over the Lordship of Molina. The Treaty of Zafra was the prelude to the future annexation of the Lordship of Molina by the Crown of Castile. Pedro Gonzalez de Lara "the Disinherited" left for the Kingdom of Aragon and always considered himself the legitimate lord of Molina. In his last will, executed in 1268, he bequeathed the lordship to infante Fernando de la Cerda, the first-born son of King Alfonso X of Castile.

The marriage between Alfonso of Molina and Mafalda González de Lara took place in 1240, and upon the death of Mafalda's father, Gonzalo Pérez de Lara, infante Alfonso, through his wife, became Lord of Molina in 1243 and governed the lordship for the rest of his life, at first jointly with his wife, and then, after her death, alone, just as stipulated in the marriage contract. He, and later his daughter Blanca, expanded the provisions of the fueros of the Lordship of Molina.

According to contemporary chroniclers, Alfonso of Molina was a man possessed of considerable virtues as well as a calm temperament. In 1230, on the death of his father Alfonso IX, he could have sought the throne of León, since Alfonso IX did not wish to bequeath it to his other son Ferdinand III, who was already King of Castile. In fact Alfonso IX named as his heirs his two daughters, infantas Sancha and Dulce. However, thanks to a substantial financial compensation, they renounced the throne of León in the Treaty of Benavente, ratified with Ferdinand in the presence of the many magnates and prelates of the realm. Alfonso of Molina, who had previously refused the throne, was rewarded by the king with his favor, with distinctions, and with many gifts, lands, and privileges. He accompanied his brother on most of his military campaigns and was closely identified with the cause of the Reconquista as well as whatever enterprises the king might undertake.

Campaign in Andalusia and the Battle of Jerez (1231)
In 1231, while he visited the main cities of León after having taken possession of it, Ferdinand reportedly sent his son Infante Alfonso, then nine years of age and living in Salamanca, to lay waste to the Almohad Caliphate territories around Córdoba and Seville, accompanied by Álvaro Pérez "the Castilian" de Castro and the magnate Gil Manrique. Nevertheless, various historians have indicated that the infante Alfonso to which contemporary chronicles refer was not the king's son, but rather his brother, Alfonso of Molina. But according to the version which holds that the infante Alfonso present at the Battle of Jerez was actually King Fernando III's son, "he sent Don Alvar de Castro, the Castilian, to go with him, to watch over the infante and as commander of the army, for the infante was very young and not yet so energetic, and Don Alvar Pérez was a respected and very energetic man."

From Salamanca, and passing through Toledo where they were joined by 40 knights, they made their way toward Andújar. From there, they began to devastate the countryside around Cordoba, and later the provincial town of Palma del Río. They exterminated all the inhabitants and seized the town, then proceeded toward Seville and Jerez de la Frontera, and camped there near the Guadalete River. Emir Ibn Hud, who had gathered a large army of seven divisions, positioned himself between the Castilians and Jerez, forcing them to give battle. During the subsequent engagement, known as the Battle of Jerez, the Castilians defeated Ibn Hud in spite of his numerical superiority. Later, King Alfonso X referred to the 1231 battle as follows: "It is fitting that you who are hearing this story know that the thing in the world that most broke the Moors, why they had to lose Andalusia and the Christians gain it from them, was this battle of Jerez. That is how the Moors were shattered. They could never again muster the daring nor the effort which they had previously against the Christians, such was the level of the shock and fear they experienced on that occasion."

After his victory in the Battle of Jerez, Álvaro Pérez de Castro the Castilian returned to Castile and handed Infante Alfonso over to his father the king, who was in Palencia.

Conquests of Cordoba and Seville and actions during the reign of Alfonso X (1236–1272)
In 1236 Alfonso of Molina distinguished himself in the conquest of Cordoba, the old capital of the Caliphate of Cordoba. Twelve years later, in 1248, he took part in the siege of Seville and captured the Torre de Oro. He also occupied a part of the Álcazar of Seville, which was known as the "Walls of the Infante of Molina".

In the division of the territory of Seville proclaimed on 1 May 1253, almost a year after the death of his brother Ferdinand III and during the reign of his nephew Alfonso X, Infante Alfonso of Molina received large grants and was one of the greatest beneficiaries of the land distribution due to his status as younger brother of Ferdinand III. The late king had asked his son Alfonso X in his will to hold him in high regard.

Later life
In 1254 he entered the Order of Calatrava, obliged to wear their habit and assured that on his death his body would be buried in the order's main monastery. He attended the Valladolid Cortes of 1258, whose main purpose was to obtain money to fund Alfonso X's designs on the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. He also attended the Toledo Cortes of 1259, whose purpose was the same, and the Jerez Council of 1268. He attended the wedding of Infante Fernando de la Cerda, first-born son and heir of Alfonso X, to Blanche of France, held in Burgos on 30 November 1269.

Death and burial
In his 1254 will, made at the time he entered the Order of Calatrava, Alfonso of Molina stipulated that he be buried in the church of the castle of Calatrava la Nueva, headquarters of the order, located in what is today Ciudad Real province.

Alfonso of Molina died in Salamanca on 6 January 1272 at the age of 70. Alfonso's body was provisionally buried in the monastery of San Francisco in Salamanca, which is no longer extant. Later, his remains were transferred to Calatrava la Nueva as specified in his will, and placed in a sumptuous sepulchre which lay under an arch in the main chapel of the monastery's church. This sepulchre and his remains have not survived to the present day.

Marriage and children
Alfonso of Molina married, in 1240, Mafalda González de Lara, Lady of Molina, daughter of Gonzalo Pérez de Lara, 3rd Lord of Molina and Mesa, and his wife, Sancha Gómez de Trava. They had two children:
 * Fernando Alfonso of Molina (1242–1250).
 * Blanca Alfonso of Molina (1243–1292), who inherited the Lordship of Molina after her father's death. In 1269, she married Alfonso Fernández de Castilla, illegitimate son of Alfonso X.

In 1244, widowed of his first wife, he married his second, Teresa González de Lara, daughter of Count Gonzalo Núñez de Lara, Lord of Belorado, and his wife María Díaz I de Haro (daughter of Diego López II de Haro). They had a daughter:

 * Juana Alfonso of Molina (1245/1246- after 1307), in 1269 married Lope Díaz III de Haro, Lord of Biscay, who was killed by Sancho IV of Castile in Alfaro in 1288. She was the mother of Diego López IV de Haro (died 1289) and María II Díaz de Haro, Lady of Biscay, who married infante John of Castile "el de Tarifa".

He married, in 1260 as this third wife, Mayor Alfonso de Meneses (c. 1230 – after 1265), Lady of Meneses and Villanueva, widow of Gonzalo Gil of Villalobos and daughter of Alfonso Téllez de Meneses "el Mozo", 4th Lord of Meneses, San Román and Villanueva, and his first wife María Yáñez de Lima. They had two children:
 * Alfonso Téllez of Molina (1262–1314), 7th Lord of Meneses and Lord of Tiedra, Montealegre, Grajal, Alba de Liste, San Román and San Felices. He was also the proprietor of half of the lordship of Alburquerque. He was commander-in-chief for Sancho IV of Castile from 10 December 1288 to 25 April 1295. He married Teresa Pérez of Asturias, daughter of Pedro Álvarez of Asturias, Lord of Noreña, and his wife Sancha Rodríguez of Lara. They had at least a son, Tello Alfonso de Meneses, Lord of Meneses, who married Maria of Portugal, Lady of Meneses and Orduña.
 * Maria of Molina (c. 1260 – 1321), Queen Consort of Castile by her marriage to her cousin Sancho IV of Castile, son of Alfonso X and Queen Violant of Aragon. They were the parents of King Ferdinand IV of Castile. She was buried in the Abbey of Santa María la Real de las Huelgas in Valladolid.

Alfonso of Molina also had several illegitimate children from various extramarital relationships:

 * Juan Alfonso of Molina (1225–1293) was declared legitimate by Pope Innocent IV in a bull published 14 October 1243. He was dean of Burgos Cathedral, and later Bishop of Palencia from 1278 to 1293. In order to be named Bishop of Palencia he had to receive a dispensation, which was published by Pope Alexander IV on 24 January 1259.
 * Urraca Alfonso (1225/1230? - ?) married García Gómez Carrillo "el de los Garfios" ('he of the hooks'), lord of Mazuelo and defender of the fortress of Jerez de la Frontera.
 * Berengaria Fernández (1230/1235? - 1272), Lady of Melgoso and Caldelas, she was the daughter of the Portuguese noblewoman Teresa Fernández de Bragança. She married, in 1251, Gonzalo Ramírez, son of Ramiro Froilaz and his wife Aldonza González Girón. They had no children, and Berengaria became the mistress of James I the Conqueror, King of Aragon with whom she had Pedro Fernández, lord of Híjar.
 * Leonor Alfonso (1230/1235 - ?) married Alfonso García de Villamayor, Lord of Villamayor, Celada, and Sisamón, and son of García Fernández de Villamayor and his wife Mayor Arias. Her husband was adelantado mayor of Andalusia and mayordomo mayor (royal high steward) for Alfonso X.
 * Juana Alfonso (1266 - ?). In 1283 she received a gift from Alfonso X.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alfonso of Molina


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All Star Baseball

All Star Baseball is a 1941 baseball board game designed by baseball player Ethan Allen. The game, manufactured by Cadaco-Ellis, was the best-selling baseball board game of all time. It has been honored as one of the fifty most influential American board games of all time.

History
Ethan Allen had formulated the idea for a baseball-themed board game while playing for the Chicago Cubs, and brought the idea to Charles Mazer, head of Cadaco-Ellis. The first edition of All Star Baseball was released in 1941 and sold for $1.25.

Unlike more simulation-focused competitors, most notably Strat-o-Matic Baseball, ASB is aimed at a younger audience and is simpler to play. The initial target audience was boys 9–12 years old. It simulates batters' performance well, but makes no attempt to model the performance of individual pitchers.

It was the only such game to have been distributed through mass market channels and toy stores for any extended period of time. The annual versions of the game were discontinued in the mid-1990s due to the loss of market share to video games and greatly increased player licensing costs, but a commemorative version was issued in 2003.

Nevertheless, many fans passionately bought each year's cards and collected statistics from neighborhood leagues, some amassing as many as 2,500 games worth of paper box scores and comparing those totals with the actual players' statistics.

Game play
The game board for ASB has two spinners on top of a diagram of a baseball field. A hole for a baserunner peg is cut at the location of each base. A cardboard back panel is inserted into cut-out slots in the board, displays the key to the game cards and cardboard wheels that can be turned to display the correct inning, the number of outs and the score.

Each circular player card has a series of lines and numbers arranged in a circle around its center. The card is placed on a spinner, which the batting player spins. (Aficionados would spin the metal pointers with rubber bands to avoid blisters.) Once the spinner came to rest between two lines, the number for that section defined what happened to that batter.

If one or more runners were on base, the pitching player would spin the other spinner, which displayed zones that defined whether runners advanced, scored or were out on the play.

Some special plays, as well as attempted steals, required the use of two special pink situation cards, which went on the pitching player's spinner and indicated the result when spun.

There were no pitching cards nor fielding cards, although pitchers' batting statistics were present on their cards. This made the game inherently less mathematically accurate than its older-audience rivals.

The chart for the meaning of each number on the cards is below. The earliest versions of ASB utilized this list:
 * 1 Home Run
 * 2 Ground out, double play with runner on first base
 * 3 Runner reaches base on error
 * 4 Fly out, all runners advance
 * 5 Triple
 * 6 Ground out, all runners advance
 * 7 Single, runners advance one base
 * 8 Fly out, runner on third base scores, others hold
 * 9 Walk (Base on balls)
 * 10 Strikeout
 * 11 Double
 * 12 Ground out, runners advance if forced
 * 13 Single, runners advance two bases
 * 14 Fly out, runners hold their bases

Later versions featured a simpler chart, augmented by second spins on the fielding player's side (presumably to give that player more to do), with only the "3" section fundamentally changed:
 * 1 Home Run
 * 2 Ground out
 * 3 Fly out (Formerly Safe on error)
 * 4 Fly out
 * 5 Triple
 * 6 Ground out
 * 7 Single
 * 8 Fly out
 * 9 Walk (Base on balls)
 * 10 Strikeout
 * 11 Double
 * 12 Ground out
 * 13 Single
 * 14 Fly out

For the 1975 release, the batting chart was reduced to the eight possible results:
 * 1 Home Run
 * 2 Triple
 * 3 Double
 * 4 Single
 * 5 Fly Out
 * 6 Ground Out
 * 7 Base on Balls
 * 8 Strikeout

All other rules of the game match those of regular baseball.

Players
Until about 1980 ASB had a mix of current Major League stars and Hall of Fame players. As more athletes (and their estates) asserted licensing rights over the use of their names the old-time players were dropped from the game, although a handful of individuals were included occasionally in an annual set.

Each of the then current players were asked to sign off on a release form granting permission to include their batting statistics in the game. This practice continued for almost 50 years after the introduction of the game. Although a few declined, most agreed despite the fact that they were not compensated for being included.

In 1995 the game came under the MLBPA license, which made the design of the game cards more sophisticated but also added significantly to the cost of production. Since the change in its business model to absorb the MLBPA royalties Cadaco has stopped issuing regular annual updates to the game, and its publishing future remains unclear.

Although numbers have varied, the typical ASB boxed set contained 40 player cards for early sets, and 63 player cards for later sets.

Cards
During most of its history ASB has had annual updates of its boxed board game with new players and updated stats. During some eras Cadaco-Ellis has also sold older cards by mail, and in recent years the cards have become popular on eBay.

As part of the special 2003 commemorative version, Cadaco also issued separate individually packaged sets of player cards for an All-Star Player Pack, the 2003 Ultimate Series (New York Yankees vs. Florida Marlins) and the 2003 Fantasy Series (Boston Red Sox vs. Chicago Cubs). These held action photos to further identify them as being collectible baseball cards.

There is a significant collectors market for older cards, which are broken down into several eras (all years are approximate) as printing technology evolved:
 * 1941-1958—Black and white cards printed on heavy cardboard, with die-cut center opening so the card can be put on a cardboard block to hold it steady beneath the spinner on the game board. Most if not all years' cards in this era have solid dark green backs.
 * 1959-1962—Old time players' cards are printed in red instead of black. The cardboard is lighter weight.
 * 1962-1967—Current players are on multicolored cards with blue-gray backgrounds and with key colors indicating American or National League. Old time players' cards have red backgrounds. Wooden baserunner pegs were also replaced with plastic pegs at this time.
 * 1968-1988—The game board is redesigned and the cardboard block to hold the cards beneath the spinner is replaced with a plastic holder on which the spinner rests; the card is inserted in the top of the holder and is centered beneath the spinner. This eliminated the need for the die-cut hole in the middle of the card, making them less likely to tear. Some die-hard players, accustomed to holding the cards through the center hole, manually cut holes in the new cards.
 * 1989-1991, 1993, 2003-2004—Player photographs are added to the cards, in part to try to increase their collector value.

Variants
The published 1941 game was considered only a first draft. In 1975, Cadaco did try a version with 8 categories instead of 14, but the cards were already collected by dedicated players and the re-design was abandoned by Cadaco. Despite the increases in complexity, the game was intended for boys, not adults.

title: All Star Baseball


text:
Survival (Grand Funk Railroad album)

Survival is the fourth studio album by American rock band Grand Funk Railroad, released in April 1971 by Capitol Records. Recorded at Cleveland Recording Company, the album was produced by Terry Knight. Drummer Don Brewer was not happy with the drum sound on the album, due to Knight's insistence of having Brewer cover his drum heads with tea-towels, after seeing Ringo Starr use the technique in the Beatles' film Let It Be (1970).

Track listing
All tracks written by Mark Farner unless noted.

Side one
 * 1) "Country Road" – 4:22
 * 2) "All You've Got Is Money" – 5:16
 * 3) "Comfort Me" – 6:48
 * 4) "Feelin' Alright" (Dave Mason) – 4:27

Side two
 * 1) "I Want Freedom" – 6:19
 * 2) "I Can Feel Him in the Morning" (Don Brewer, Farner) – 7:15
 * 3) "Gimme Shelter" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) – 6:29

Bonus Tracks – CD release
 * 1) "I Can't Get Along with Society (Remix)" – 5:41
 * 2) "Jam (Footstompin' Music)" – 4:40
 * 3) "Country Road" (Original Version) – 7:37
 * 4) "All You've Got is Money" (Original Version) – 8:18
 * 5) "Feelin' Alright" (Original Version) – 5:57

Differences in bonus tracks
The bonus tracks on the 2002 reissue labeled "Original Version" have extended sections and extra lyrics compared to the tracks as released on the original LP.

"Feelin' Alright" is a different take of the song, as heard by the different inflections in the lead vocal, placement of the instruments in the stereo mix, and musical differences in the playing. Additionally, a third verse is included that is not in the LP version.

"Footstompin' Music" became a staple at Grand Funk Railroad's concerts, having been recorded at the Survival sessions but not included on the original release. It was brought into their next album setlist, E Pluribus Funk (1971), with a slightly different arrangement and without the word "Jam" on its title. The song is featured on the live albums Caught in the Act (1975), Bosnia (1997), and Live: The 1971 Tour (recorded in 1971, released in 2002).

Personnel

 * Mark Farner – vocals, guitar, harmonica, keyboards
 * Mel Schacher – bass
 * Don Brewer – vocals, drums

LP extras
The original LP release came with 8x10 photos of each of the three bandmembers, in similar poses as the caveman image of the three from the album cover.

Charts
Album Singles

title: Survival (Grand Funk Railroad album)


text: File:Soporlachambre.jpg

title: File:Soporlachambre.jpg


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E Pluribus Funk

E Pluribus Funk is the fifth studio album by American rock band Grand Funk Railroad. The album was released on November 15, 1971, by Capitol Records. Like previous Grand Funk Railroad albums, it was recorded at Cleveland Recording Company and is the final album produced by Terry Knight. The title is a play on the latin motto of the United States of America, E pluribus unum ("Out of many, one") and translates as "Out of many, Funk". The original release cover (designed by Ernie Cefalu) was completely round and covered with a silver-like film to resemble a large coin. The back side of the cover of this album included a die cast picture of Shea Stadium to celebrate Grand Funk beating The Beatles' Shea Stadium attendance record by selling out in just 72 hours.

Critical reception
In a contemporary review, Metal Mike Saunders of Rolling Stone wrote that most of E Pluribus Funk "pretty much sputters and wheezes, the whole first side sounding like nothing so much as one long nondescript song that never catches fire." However, he described the second side as "almost a success", thus ensuring that "in some ways E Pluribus Funk may be the best Grand Funk album to date." Nonetheless, by the end of the year he named it what "the MC5 wanted to be but never were" in a piece for Fusion. In The Village Voice, Robert Christgau said the album comprised Grand Funk Railroad's "usual competent loud rock with the usual problems--melodramatic vocalizations and lack of detail."

David Fricke wrote a new review for Rolling Stone for the record's 2003 reissue, as part of the band's remastered catalogue. He wrote "For most folks, a hits disc will suffice. But the best of these reissues show that, for a time, Grand Funk were the people's choice. And the people were right." In The Rolling Stone Album Guide, Nick Catucci favourably wrote that "Farner wails like a cross between Axl Rose and Lynyrd Skynyrd's Ronnie Van Zant, Schacher sprints through fuzz-toned walking basslines, and Brewer guarantees the 'funk' promised in the disc's title." William Ruhlmann of AllMusic said the album's rushed production affected the music and wrote that Grand Funk "were still primarily a live band, able to achieve intensity, but with little sense of the varying dynamics and musical textures that might make a studio album interesting to listen to beyond being a souvenir of their live show."

Track listing
All songs written by Mark Farner.

Personnel

 * Mark Farner – organ, guitar, harmonica, keyboards, vocals
 * Mel Schacher – bass
 * Don Brewer – percussion, drums, vocals
 * Terry Knight – producer, cover art concept
 * Kenneth Hamann – engineer
 * Craig Braun – artwork, design
 * Tom Baker – arranger and conductor on "Loneliness"

Charts
Album Singles

title: E Pluribus Funk


text: User talk:71.116.163.165

title: User talk:71.116.163.165


text:
So Dark the Night

So Dark the Night is a 1946 American crime film with film noir influences featuring Steven Geray, Micheline Cheirel and Eugene Borden. Based on a story written by Aubrey Wisberg, the screenplay was written by Dwight V. Babcock and Martin Berkeley, and directed by Joseph H. Lewis.

Plot
A Parisian detective, Henri Cassin (Steven Geray), falls in love with country innkeeper Pierre Michaud's daughter Nanette (Micheline Cheirel) while on a long overdue vacation. She is a simple girl with a jealous boyfriend, Leon (Paul Marion). Nonetheless, the detective becomes engaged to her. On the night of their engagement party, the girl vanishes and later turns up dead. Cassin believes that the obvious suspect is Leon, but soon he is also found killed. Soon after Nanette's mother (Ann Codee) receives a warning that she will be the next to die, then is found strangled.

Pierre, fearing for his safety, decides to sell the inn. Henri returns to Paris, and using his investigative skill produces a rendering of the killer.

To Henri's astonishment, the sketch is of himself. When he fits his shoe into the footprint, he realizes he is the murderer. After making a full confession to the police commissioner, Henri is evaluated by a psychiatrist, who determines that he has schizophrenia. Though placed under watch of a guard, Henri escapes back to St. Margot, where he tries to strangle Pierre. The police commissioner, who has followed the detective to the village, catches him in the act and shoots him dead.

Cast

 * Steven Geray as Henri Cassin
 * Micheline Cheirel as Nanette Michaud
 * Eugene Borden as Pierre Michaud
 * Ann Codee as Mama Michaud
 * Egon Brecher as Dr. Boncourt
 * Helen Freeman as Widow Bridelle

Critical reception
At the time of its release the staff at Variety magazine gave the film a positive review, writing, "Around the frail structure of a story [by Aubrey Wisberg] about a schizophrenic Paris police inspector who becomes an insane killer at night, a tight combination of direction, camerawork and musical scoring produce a series of isolated visual effects that are subtle and moving to an unusual degree."

In 2003 the critic Dennis Schwartz lauded the film, writing: "This is Joseph H. Lewis's second feature and one that has the same intense energy as his The Big Combo (1955) and My Name is Julia Ross (1945). The Freudian story is wacky and strains credibility, but the elegant style Lewis uses is mesmerizing. The film noir's light touches are magnificently caught in the rich depiction of rural life and the character study of a psychological breakdown due to a pressured psyche that induces schizophrenia. This makes for a fascinating watch. So Dark the Night is a rarely shown obscure film, and it is a beauty. Burnett Guffey used his camera effectively in many strange angled shots while his dark black shadings express the contrasting somber mood to the airy country landscape."

The modern critic Karl Williams called the film, "[A] well-plotted and executed film noir [which] suffered from its lack of star power, but has become something of a cult classic."

The film was released on Blu-ray in 2019 by Arrow Films in the UK and Eire.

title: So Dark the Night


text: User talk:82.121.135.136

title: User talk:82.121.135.136


text: Category:Fictional artists

title: Category:Fictional artists


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User:R jayz

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Ashmodai 06:55, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User:R jayz


text:
Phenylpiracetam

Phenylpiracetam (INN: fonturacetam, brand names Phenotropil Фенотропил, Carphedon), is a phenylated analog of the drug piracetam. It was developed in 1983 as a medication for Soviet Cosmonauts to treat the prolonged stresses of working in space. Phenylpiracetam was created at the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biomedical Problems in an effort led by psychopharmacologist Valentina Ivanovna Akhapkina (Валентина Ивановна Ахапкина). In Russia it is now available as a prescription drug. Research on animals has indicated that phenylpiracetam may have anti-amnesic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and memory enhancement effects.

Human research
Phenylpiracetam is typically prescribed as a general stimulant or to increase tolerance to extreme temperatures and stress.

A few small clinical studies have shown possible links between prescription of phenylpiracetam and improvement in a number of encephalopathic conditions, including lesions of cerebral blood pathways, traumatic brain injury and certain types of glioma.

Phenylpiracetam has been researched for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Clinical trials were conducted at the Serbsky State Scientific Center for Social and Forensic Psychiatry. The Serbsky Center, Moscow Institute of Psychiatry, and Russian Center of Vegetative Pathology are reported to have confirmed the effectiveness of Phenylpiracetam(Phenytropil) describing the following effects: improvement of regional blood flow in ischemic regions of the brain, reduction of depressive and anxiety disorders, increase the resistance of brain tissue to hypoxia and toxic effects, improving concentration and mental activity, a psychoactivating(sic) effect, increase in the threshold of pain sensitivity, improvement in the quality of sleep, and an anticonvulsant action, though with the side effect of an anorexic effect in extended use.

Animal Model Research
Phenylpiracetam has been shown to reverse the depressant effects of the benzodiazepine diazepam, increases operant behavior, inhibits post-rotational nystagmus, prevents retrograde amnesia, and has anticonvulsant properties in animal models.

In Wistar rats with gravitational cerebral ischemia, Phenylpiracetam reduced the extent of neuralgic deficiency manifestations, retained the locomotor, research, and memory functions, increased the survival rate, and lead to the favoring of local cerebral flow restoration upon the occlusion of carotid arteries to a greater extent than did piracetam.

Operant behavior
In tests against a control, Sprague-Dawley rats given free access to less-preferred rat chow and trained to operate a lever repeatedly to obtain preferred rat chow performed additional work when given methylphenidate, d-amphetamine, and phenylpiracetam. Rats administered 100 mg/kg phenylpiracetam performed, on average, 375% more work than rats given placebo, and consumed little non-preferred rat chow. In comparison, rats administered 1mg/kg d-amphetamine or 10 mg/kg methylphenidate performed, on average, 150% and 170% more work respectively, and consumed half as much non-preferred rat chow.

"Present data show that (R)-phenylpiracetam increases motivation, i.e., the work load, which animals are willing to perform to obtain more rewarding food. At the same time consumption of freely available normal food does not increase. Generally this indicates that (R)-phenylpiracetam increase motivation [...] The effect of (R)-phenylpiracetam is much stronger than that of methylphenidate and amphetamine."

Pharmacology
Phenylpiracetam binds to α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the mouse brain cortex with IC50 = 5.86 μM.

Experiments performed on Sprague-Dawley rats in a European patent for using Phenylpiracetam to treat sleep disorders showed an increase in extracellular dopamine levels after administration. The patent asserts discovery of phenylpiracetam's action as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor as its basis.

"The peculiarity of this invention compared to former treatment approaches for treating sleep disorders is the so far unknown therapeutic efficacy of (R)-phenylpiracetam, which is presumably based at least in part on the newly identified activity of (R)-phenylpiracetam as the dopamine re-uptake inhibitor"

Both enantiomers of phenylpiracetam have been described in peer-reviewed research as dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors in rodents, confirming the patent claim. Their action at the noradrenaline transporter vary: the R enantiomer acts as a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (thus, an NDRI) with 11-fold lower affinity to NET than to DAT, while the S enantiomer has no such effect.

History
Pilot-cosmonaut Aleksandr Serebrov described being issued and using Phenylpiracetam, as well as it being included in the Soyuz spacecraft's standard emergency medical kit, during his 197-days working in space aboard the Mir space station. He reported "the drug acts as the equalizer of the whole organism, "tidying it up", completely excluding impulsiveness and irritability inevitable in the stressful conditions of space flight."

Availability
While not prescribed as a pharmaceutical in the West, in Russia it is available as a prescription medicine under names Phenotropil, Actitropil, Nanotropil.

Phenylpiracetam is not scheduled by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.

Athlete doping
Phenylpiracetam has been shown to possess a stimulant action in animal models and thus appears on the list of stimulants banned for in-competition use by the World Anti-Doping Agency. This list is applicable in all Olympic sports.

title: Phenylpiracetam


text: File:Soporlachambrevinyl.jpg

title: File:Soporlachambrevinyl.jpg


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Olearius

Olearius is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Adam Olearius (1603–1671), German scholar, mathematician, geographer and librarian
 * Johann Olearius (1611–1684), German theologian and hymnwriter

title: Olearius


text: Category:Fictional models

title: Category:Fictional models


text:
User:Antonxie

www.chinesesquabble.com

title: User:Antonxie


text:
Talk:Phenylpiracetam

Citations needed
-- The data in the pharmacology section calling phenylpiracetam a NDRI is dubious at best. The patent claiming increases in dopamine levels based on ONE chart has massive error bars on the data points which all conveniently lack a bottom bar. The abstracted cited for NET inhibition does not state anything regarding norepinephrine unless it's discussed somewhere within the article. -June 2018

--One CNN article noted, has a dead link. Cannot be found Google searching with reference to it.

-- Agreed. The section on pharmacology makes sweeping claims about the action of phenylpiracetam without providing any citations or other evidence. The entire page reads like an advertisement for the product. I deleted links to suppliers that included PRICING information! - Oceanlab — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oceanlab (talk • contribs) 19:50, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Add citations where you know that reliable ones exist. Challenge uncited material with the cite tag "", then after some time passes, other editors may provide citations, or the challenged material may be removed. Since you have the ability to edit the article, just complaining about citation or lack thereof isn't really helpful. Links to suppliers are generally not appropriate, so thank you for making those changes.Anastrophe (talk) 19:58, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Someone removed a large chunk of the pharmocology section explaining it's mode of action, which was covered by a valid journal citation (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS1819712411020048). The change leaves the pharmocology section pointless, as it contains no information regarding the actual pharmacology of the drug now. The chunk explaining the effect on receptors should remain as it has a valid citation, though I agree the chunk claiming it's uses in asthenia and cerebrovascular injury require better citations and thus should remain removed until better sources can be found (I'll try and look later). LiamSP (talk) 23:02, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

You're not going to find anything on it in English, because Westerners didn't patent it. There isn't going to be any further research on it in English, for the same reason. You're going to have a hard time finding anyone to translate it too. Teaching Russian has never been a priority. The Berlin Wall still exists if you turn to propaganda outlets like CNN for any type of information beyond it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.221.237.163 (talk) 03:33, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

I agree that more citations are needed and disagree that "You're not going to find anything on it in English, because Westerners didn't patent it". Although the sentiment is based in truth, it's over the top and I'm fairly certain that Life Science Solutions LLC owns the rights to this and several related nootropics in the US. Moving on, here are some citations that should be worked in (in general, and so you can get rid of the valid-but-unnecessary giant warning message), but I haven't time to do it myself at present:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968089613002290

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1819712423020198

https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/11319230-000000000-00000

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10787-020-00705-7 (Mice)

https://cp.neurology.org/content/11/3/e303.abstract (analysis of commercial nootropic products)

https://figshare.utas.edu.au/articles/thesis/Monitoring_the_internet_for_nootropic_substances_available_to_Australian_consumers/23238149 (another in Austria like the one above)

https://www.ijest.org/nootropics/does-phenylpiracetam-increase-dopamine/ (Note: There's multiple articles mentioning the drug from this source, but I'm actually a little wary of it... it claims to be an "academic journal" but reads like a pop press tabloid).

There's also some that discuss it in the context of being a doping agent within sports, like this: https://web.s.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=0019462X&AN=149907672&h=ckTuNC1odkeZXJe2YUO3ZotYyOstdg3cPZ7xKsQFpBSd9X6kuOc33MTkqBG%2fj3beQM5kLH6gUD6R62HMCcrfmA%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d0019462X%26AN%3d149907672

71.244.243.33 (talk) 03:32, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Need to re-translate
This text was apparently translated via babelfish from the German wikipedia. It must be re-translated by hand. Athf1234 07:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Wow. I was going to add the info about Olga Pyleva, but somebody beat me to it. PrometheusX303 21:40, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

I'm buzzing... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.64.117.54 (talk) 14:19, 21 February 2009 (UTC) It is in fact an OTC drug in Russia, used to treat narcolepsy.--178.219.32.24 (talk) 19:50, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

07:21, 9 January 2013 (UTC)Profmad07:21, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

A new age in Neurol-Psychological modulators, may be dawning. After the jobless pharmacologists, or sold-out as DNA scientists, it has smoldered.

When Valium was found to have specific sites,& Shulgin's List got out, Hoffman's Problem child, was on dole. Prof. Dole designed the 'methadone Project'. (Does it really stand for Dept. of Lost Employment?).(anec.) It was redundant. It had revolutionized the art-world, as much as it had science, design & technology.

Phenypiracetam, to quote Shulgin, has many erogenous zones (q.v. Chemistry is like Pornography, when you know what groups to look for).

Structurally, it resembles & replicates an array of noo(psycho)tropics, as Methylphenidate (MP) & also GABAergic agents. compounds..

Its Pharmacological profile, is a very rapid (intranasal) onset, Tachycardia is almost instant, quickly fading. It is a mild/moderate euphoriant, with a similar potency, and effect as Ethyl / Methylphenidate It too, has a slightly longer active t1/2. It gives a greater 'crystal' clear thought, without repetitive behavior (induced by amphetamines or EP)

Phenylpiracetam is an intriguing leap since the racetams, began. (Piracetam was used, (& Centrophenoxine), twenty years ago in Turkey. Piracetam, was not recognized, here at the time.

Research Chemistry should, make for a good double-blind study, of new psychotropics (nootropics).

Pharmacology is back!

07:21, 9 January 2013 (UTC)Profmad07:21, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

Google, Bing and ChatGPT are now much better translators of Russian. I've corrected the rather silly mis-translated quote in 'History'. You can get the original Russian now also from the Wayback archive link I added and all are welcome to verify the much more sensible translation those engines gave me. 71.244.243.33 (talk) 03:16, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Naming
According to the wikipedia article naming policy, "Most notably: Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's 'official' name as an article title; it generally prefers to use the name that is most frequently used to refer to the subject in English-language reliable sources." The recent change to this article's title abandoned a commonly used name to use a more "official" name, which nobody uses and nobody has heard of. Check the number of google search results if you want to see the huge magnitude of this difference.

Piojo (talk) 06:49, 31 December 2015 (UTC)

Some expansion
I'm considering expanding this article. I don't have access to Russian texts or manufacturer inserts; some help would be appreciated.

My interest comes largely from fixation: I'm getting ADHD treatment, and part of that is a big treatment for anhedonia; amphetamine isn't working as well as phenylpiracetam for that, and I'm thinking about several long-term options including atomoxetine combined with amphetamine or phenylpiracetam. For now I haven't raised this with my provider because I don't want to put strain on him, and because I don't know if I'll eventually bring it up anyway; if I start using it under medical supervision, I'll clear it with my psychiatrist first. As a compensating mechanism, I may as well work on making this a FA.

I'm obviously biased. If I write anything questionable or inappropriate, please correct if possible, or remove if necessary. I'll be citing patents as well, which frequently have studies; some studies demonstrate things other than the patent subject matter--for example, a patent for R-phenylpiracetam to treat sleep disorders includes methodology and results of a study on rats showing increases in motivation ("Present data show that (R)-phenylpiracetam increases motivation, i.e., the work load, which animals are willing to perform to obtain more rewarding food."). I do not believe I can cite this to suggest it may treat anhedonia, because postulating that an increase in reward is a treatment for motivational anhedonia (imagine that--more motivation treats a lack of motivation) is an assertion not made outright in the citation which states that R-phenylpiracetam increases motivation.

There are a few things I've seen mentioned on forums about what the Russian prescribing data says. If someone can get me a real source, I'd appreciate being able to back up the following:

 * Normal dose is 100mg-250mg single, 200mg-300mg per day;
 * Maximum tolerated dose is 750mg/day;
 * Low-lethal toxicity at 800mg/kg; d-amphetamine sulfate administered orally to rats exhibits an LD50 at just under 100mg/kg

I can't insert these into the article without reliable information. They should not be considered reliable here. These are listed in a forum post citing the manufacturer information.

Toxicity information is particularly interesting. --John Moser (talk) 02:47, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

 * By and large, IMHO, the difference between Russian and American drugs is that Russian drugs work if used intermittently, i.e. up to a couple of times a week, whereas American drugs work for a few months, following which the adverse effects cost more than the benefits from the drug. This applies to phenylpiracetam, noopept, and the like. And as such, neither category are a good answer for permanent daily use. This is off-topic, but IMHO you'd be better off optimizing your water intake, sleep amount, daily cardiovascular exercise, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, creatine, SAM-e, and the like - it's what I have done and it works for me. Also, do something that actually interests you and is somewhat hands-on - it's automatically a lot more motivating. If clinical anhedonia is your concern, why not try a drug with a proper dopaminergic effect, e.g. memantine (after the first week or two), ropinirole/pramipexole, etc.
 * Please be reminded that any biomedical claims that are not referenced from a secondary source such as a review article or a meta-analysis are subject to deletion per WP:MEDRS. --Hyperforin (talk) 05:56, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I was more trying to disclose obvious bias so editors would be aware, in case I write something that needs to come right back out. Not looking for medical advice, but thanks.
 * WP:NOR and weak research and all; what I've seen of PPR suggests it either doesn't build tolerance in all users or that it works similar to amphetamine in that raising the dose after initial use gets you to a stable level (e.g. some people start on 5mg Adderall and move up to 15mg over a few weeks, and then tolerance stops increasing). Until I see some medical studies on the topic of long-term clinical use, speculation is inappropriate for Wikipedia.
 * As for the medical advice, I've been there and done that. It's all good advice, although supplementation (water, vitamins) isn't necessarily useful, and SAM-e is a drug (and causes mania in me).  Exercise has great benefits for the clinically depressed, and produces its maximum therapeutic effect at a dose of 20 minutes of walking for three days per week; physical changes to the body as a result of increased physical health ("getting into shape") are also well-known to be beneficial to mental health--that is:  a healthier body supports a healthier mind due to other factors (e.g. less stress on the brain) rather than just the infusion of some physical activity now and then.
 * Mostly, I'd like this article to look more like the one on amphetamine. Besides just being a half-hearted attempt, a blunt list of all the things phenylpiracetam might treat--even with citations showing it's prescribed and effective for the purpose--kind of gives the impression of a dazzling wonder-drug.  Personally, I think it's a marvelous work of engineering, because it's a flexible, low-side-effect medication for so much, with low toxicity, and with such safety that self-administering users of Phenylpiracetam are distinct from self-administering users of Adderall in that one of these groups isn't so physically-dependent on a dangerous drugs with negative health consequences that anyone's noticed.  That doesn't mean PPR users aren't all physically-addicted, decaying meth heads on another substance; it just means somehow we have managed to not notice, which seems unlikely.  Even so, it's not appropriate to have an article that implies exactly that, and we need to be more-clinical and frame it all in terms of what is actually understood, not in terms of a list of such-and-such effects that exist in some unstated capacity.
 * The complaint at the top of the page remains valid. I have inserted some animal studies cited as studies on rats.  I'll need to make a statement somewhere to imply most study has been done on rodents and effects in humans are not as well studied scientifically; a giant list of things that says "X with rats did Y" sounds great, and I would speculate many readers would carry this to logical conclusions that X with humans would Y as well, and so there should be some kind of clear separation.  If there's too little real-world medical use and research in humans, perhaps we should divide the section on medical uses between "in humans" and "in animal models".
 * I believe we can be a little less stringent (but not less strict) with pharmacological studies: we should definitely say that it's a dopamine reuptake inhibitor based on studies in rats, but we don't need to isolate and heavily emphasize that this is not a studied human effect because it's generally-accepted that mammal brains are analogous in that way.  So-called civilized cultures usually don't drill into people's heads and perform microdialysis or harvest their brains after drug treatment to identify how drugs work on humans.  It is most important to not present animal models as human studies; but they are, to my understanding, valid drug action models.
 * At the same time, figuring out how psychiatric drugs work is hard. As stated, I want to avoid citing Internet accounts, even though afore-linked PMC article suggests "It is also important to pay attention to patients’ uncensored accounts of taking psychiatric drugs, available on the internet, for example."  Let someone write a paper about the wealth of information gleaned from open discussion on Reddit, and cite that.  I have a note that PPR might be an NDRI, and might remove that later, because I keep seeing norepinephrine and seratonin mentioned but can't find a study to back that up.  I'm not sure I trust the source of that information.
 * In any case, the article is editable, and I'm not going to remove the notice at the top; somebody else can dispute anything I write, and can eventually accept that it is "ready". I hope someone can supply me some scientific papers, too; there's not much on Pubmed, and I'm getting a lot out of patents. --John Moser (talk) 14:29, 6 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Pretty soon, someone will discover your non WP:MEDRS additions, and will remove them all. Patents may be okay for some technical info, but much less so for biomedical claims including those of receptor activations. Getting into details about the studies such as the type of rodent used is a total waste too for a Wikipedia article. Patents are possibly not even peer reviewed. I suggest to proceed with caution.
 * I can also see your very limited appreciation of alternatives including exercise, water, and vitamins — I guess you'll continue to pay the price for not optimizing them to the limit.
 * Your assertion of the possibility of a PPR tolerance threshold at higher doses is interesting and deserves to be explored seriously. --Hyperforin (talk) 15:32, 6 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I have an appreciation of science. As I said above:  Vitamins aren't magic bullets and everything isn't a magnesium deficiency, despite what schizotypal conspiracy theorists might publish everywhere online; water isn't going to magically cure your ails, and a water-deficient body will deal with dehydration rather than neurotransmitter problems; and the role of exercise in depression is well-explored and understood.  Only a complete quack would think any of this could be responsible for something like anhedonia, depression, schizoid personality disorder, or other serious psychiatric conditions.
 * Diet, exercise, water, vitamins, the go-to superstition of imaginary toxins and so-called clensing diets, meditation, numerology, crystal healing, and faith healing are all in the same category of bullshit. Diet, exercise, water, vitamins, and meditation get the kind of creationism-style pseudoscientific arguments because they're valid in some other context (e.g. dehydration causes acute health problems), or have a limited application to current context (e.g. exercise can decrease depression symptoms; meditation can reduce stress).
 * The *primary* general health concerns for psychiatric treatment are sleep deprivation, obesity, and stress in a cognitive sense. Chronic sleep deprivation *will* mess you up.  Obesity strains your body in ways fixed by any activity which reduces the obesity—that is, you don't need to tweak your diet to incorporate today's fad fruits or eliminate starches or whatever (although I do prefer a 25%-40% carbohydrate balance because it reduces gas and helps me not overeat), or take up marathon running every day; you just need a diet of actual food (i.e. not primarily cakes and pies) and a caloric balance that maintains a healthy BMI.  Cognitive behavioral therapy and the development of better defense mechanisms to minimize the feedback loop from heavy psychiatric stress are a huge factor.  After that, it's pharmacotherapy.
 * Try not to wave too much pseudoscience around, man. If we were doing that, we could just make unjustified connections between online forums posts and whatever was on the marketing sites for this stuff. —John Moser (talk) 14:18, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Rewrite
Basically this entire article needs to be rewritten or organized better. There is clearly some selective bias here about nootropics being beneficial since I see ZERO mention of any downsides. The article also relies too heavily on animal experiments and I think all of those pieces should be moved to a separate section called "Testing in animals" maybe.

More human studies are needed to make any claims about benefits/drawbacks when ingested by people. My ideas: - Move all the animal testing bits to its own section - Reserve the "Uses" area for research that actually applies to humans. If there isn't many, I think a collective evaluation of primary sources would suffice. While Wikipedia generally doesn't favor primary sources taking up too much of a section, I believe it is possible to write about them in an informative way. It's a drug, after all. Anyone whos taken it is qualified to speak on its effects. - Rename "Athlete doping" to "Controversies". In this renamed section, the stance of any drug administrations towards Phenylpiracetam should be included. Also, mentions of how it can be abused and, more importantly, mentions on how it can impact health negatively.

Let me know if this sounds good and I will get around to it. I have Spring Break this week so I have the free time. Any modifications you could suggest I will take into consideration. I love Phenylpiracetam, but this article pretends as if it's 100% good for you with no drawbacks which is simply not true for anything. bob

Side effects section missing
Sure there must be some side effects?--Hiveir (talk) 20:23, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phenylpiracetam


text:
Elizabeth P. Hoisington

Elizabeth Paschel Hoisington (November 3, 1918 – August 21, 2007) was a United States Army officer who was one of the first two women to attain the rank of brigadier general.

Early life
Born in Newton, Kansas, on November 3, 1918, Elizabeth Hoisington was a 1940 graduate of the College of Notre Dame of Maryland.

Military career
During World War II the United States Army expanded opportunities for women beyond nursing by creating the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). Hoisington enlisted in the WAACs in November 1942 and completed her basic training at Fort Des Moines, Iowa. At the time, women were required to serve in units before they could apply to Officer Candidate School (OCS), so Private Hoisington went to a WAAC aircraft early warning unit in Bangor, Maine. The company commander recognized her talents and made her the first sergeant soon after her arrival. She later said that she then sought out the most grizzled male first sergeant she could find and asked him to teach her what she needed to know. She said that he did such a good job that when she reached OCS she never had to open a book.

Hoisington was commissioned in May 1943 as a WAAC third officer. When the auxiliary became the Women's Army Corps (WAC) a month later, its officers changed to standard army ranks, and Hoisington became a second lieutenant. She deployed to Europe, serving in France after D-Day. Hoisington continued her career after World War II and advanced through the ranks to colonel as she commanded WAC units in Japan, Germany, and France and served in staff assignments in San Francisco and at the Pentagon.

Hoisington was appointed the seventh director of the Women's Army Corps on August 1, 1965, and served from 1966 to 1971. As director during the Vietnam War she visited WACs serving in Saigon and Long Binh in September, 1967. According to some sources, Hoisington discouraged sending army women to Vietnam because she believed the controversy would deter progress in expanding the overall role of women in the army.

On May 15, 1970, President Nixon announced the first women selected for promotion to brigadier general: Anna Mae Hays, Chief of the Army Nurse Corps, and Hoisington. The two women were promoted on June 11. Hays and Hoisington were promoted within minutes of each other. Because they were promoted in alphabetical order, Hays was the first woman in the United States Armed Forces to wear the insignia of a brigadier general. The Hoisington and Hays promotions resulted in positive public relations for the army, including appearances on the Dick Cavett, David Frost and Today shows. Hoisington, who was noted for her quick smile and ebullient personality, also appeared as a mystery guest on the popular game show ''What's My Line?

Hoisington retired from the army on August 1, 1971.

Family
Hoisington's grandfather, Colonel Perry Milo Hoisington I, helped to organize the Kansas National Guard. Her father, Gregory Hoisington, was a graduate of West Point and a colonel in the army. He was a direct descendant of Ebenezer Hoisington, a founder of the state of Vermont and a soldier in the American Revolution.

Hoisington's brother, Perry Hoisington II, was a United States Air Force general. Elizabeth Hoisington's 1970 promotion made them the first brother and sister generals in the United States military.

Death and burial
Hoisington died in Springfield, Virginia, on August 21, 2007, at the age of 88. She is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. She was survived by a younger brother, Robert (d. 2020), and a sister, Nancy (d. 2012).

title: Elizabeth P. Hoisington


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of novels

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 17:41, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

List of novels
This list would be useless and nearly endless. Mysid ( talk ) 07:05, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are also massive Lists of songs, which I also think should be deleted, but that's another vote... TheCoffee 07:17, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Lists of songs is, unlike this article, a list of lists. Notice the plural in the title. Uncle G 11:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete Do people even bother to read What Wikipedia Is Not before they start these lists?  Clearly, this is a violation of Indiscriminate Collection of Information.2: Lists or repositories of loosely associated topics.  The Literate Engineer 08:31, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per The Literate Engineer. I like lists, but not when they are unformatted and not capitalized. For such large groups, a category is better. - Mgm|(talk) 10:05, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Like Category:Novels ? ☺ Uncle G 11:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pointless (and inaccurate - several non-novels listed) Barnabypage 15:09, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, category is sufficient. Dcarrano 16:41, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Illegible and virtually useless. Not to mention it could be argued that the "article" displays POV in its definition of what a novel is (i.e. "The Odyssey"). 23skidoo 16:52, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above and comment: does this also spell the end for list of albums? Flowerparty 18:48, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, No, because like the Lists of songs article, it is a list of lists, and therefore maintainable. Cyclone49 07:09, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It links to other lists, but essentially it's a comprehensive list of theoretically all albums, listed by performer (cf. Category:Albums by artist). See Wikiproject Albums where current policy is that when an album page is created that page must be added to the list. Flowerparty 10:23, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Impossible. — Sesel wa  19:30, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect → Category:Novels. …Markaci 2005-07-23 T 00:45:37 Z
 * Delete unmaintainable list. JamesBurns 04:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Huge, impossible to maintain, rather pointless Cyclone49 07:09, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Folk punk

Artists to add to you artists section?
any ideas?

The Levellers
This page is quite US-centric. Definitely needs reference to the Levellers - they triggered a huge wave of interest in folk-punk in the late '80s/'90s in the UK. Shall I add a reference? Shinji nishizono
 * They also border on Celtic-Punk, but I think they're not too specific and would fit this article (I could be wrong, I'm not entirely familiar with their work). You could add it here or to Celtic-Punk (or to both). Use your best judgement.149.43.x.x 16:40, 17 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm a little late in this discussion, but I'm not sure if I'd consider the levellers punk at all. I love their music, don't get me wrong, but I can't here any real punk influence at all. Seems more like celtic folk than celtic punk or folk punk. I won't remove it though unless others agree with me. Ungovernable ForceThe Wiki Kitchen! 09:21, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It varies from song-to-song, but the overall "style and attitude" of the band is folk-punk. e.g. see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyXN8G--MPM

Anarchy Heart?
I don't think I've seen the anarchy heart used by any other folk punk bands except Bombs and Beating Hearts. I know we did not invent it. I'm just saying I don't see how it is a significant symbol in folk punk.

also, I would like to see more about Patrik Fitzgerald and some other early folk punks. I put that he may be the first folk punk, just because I thought it was worth being in there. but i do not like it's positioning in the article, and I think there should be more to the origins of the genre included.Bombsandbeatinghearts 17:42, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I've never seen this heart thing either, and many of the folk-punk types I know are rather more on the punk end of the spectrum; they wouldn't be entirely happy with that logo any more than the Exploited would be to be playing a Straight-edge all-ages show.... I'd suggest the removal of the image unless there's a source someone can cite for it. Xinit 01:39, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Nor have I, though I'm not very deep in the folk punk scene. I always thought it was more of a christian anarchist thing myself. I'm removing the section about it as well, unless someone can site some kind of source that this is in fact a common folk punk symbol. Ungovernable ForceThe Wiki Kitchen! 09:24, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

The new [http://www.disarmdisarm.org Disarm! Disarm!] layout makes use of the Anarchy Heart, and nearly all the folk punk kids I know (including myself) do as well. Wishing Well folks tend to, though our website doesn't show it. Canæn 08:21, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Update I now also use the symbol. I made a stencil patch of it which is now on my jacket in place of the lame punk-style circle-A which I never really liked much anyway. I've been seeing it more and more. I read a story on infoshop.org that was from a Paradise Valley corporate paper about a graffiti spree with peace signs and the anarchy heart. Some stupid cop was like, "We think it is kids because true anarchists would not put a heart next to it (an anarchy symbol)." Lol! Here's the cached version of the page since Infoshop is down right now for some reason.  Ungovernable Force  Got something to say? 09:29, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

I was always told that it was the image used for FolkAnarchism, from the likes of Crimethinc and the Curious George Brigade. I could be wrong. I originally included the A heart because I had seen it used by local groups and bands, most of which were members of or affiliated with Plan-it-X.

Finding the origins of the "anarchy heart" seems futile but, wherever it comes from, as someone who tours regularly within "folk punk" circles nationally in the United States I can assure you that is has gained popularity as symbolism among members of that scene. I am certain the image predates folk punk, as it started gaining popularity as a patch and stencil graffiti image in my town (Brattleboro, VT) before acoustic or folk punk musicians were touring through it regularly. Personally I find the image to be pretty silly, but it is part of the aesthetics of the scene documented in this article. (Pat The Bunny) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.236.94.72 (talk) 21:40, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Pogues
how can a folk-punk page not mention the pogues? possibly in my opinion the most famous punk/folk band. is there any criteria i dont know of? just curious DR Sloganx
 * The Pogues are Celtic punk.149.43.x.x 17:50, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The phrase "Celtic Punk" isn't used in Britain. The Pogues are most definitely considered Folk Punk. Since folk-punk is the combination of any traditional native music (not just American Country and Western) and punk rock, the article should accept that bands such as the Pogues (Irish Folk), The Levellers (English folk) and Gogol Bordello (Eastern European folk) do fit the category.
 * But the phrases each have specific meaning and their difference is important. Read Folk music, where it explains a bit about how usage and so forth help define the category. In this context, the terms "folk punk" and "Celtic punk" differentiate between two types of music that are very different. I've added a note about punk sub-genres that mix with other types of folk music. I believe this is appropriate. Additional examples analogous to Celtic punk are welcome - I just don't know any more off the top of my head. 149.43.x.x 03:18, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I disagree with you on this point. I wonder if there's any way we can get a consensus of opinion on this matter. I feel that your definition of folk-punk as being punk-flavoured traditional American music is ethnocentric. I would (and I believe most non-Americans) see Celtic punk as a subset of folk punk rather than an alternate category. I'm not suggesting merging the articles, but folk-punk does not refer specifically to the blend of American folk music with punk. In Britain, the specific definition of Folk-Punk is the combination of traditional British music with punk (your definition would be "country punk"). In America, the definition is the combination of traditional American music and punk. Doesn't this suggest that folk-punk is just a combination of the local traditional music and punk rock?Shinji nishizono 12:29, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm happy to consider it a sub-catagory, rather than a parallel one. That was not my intention, to alienate or separate other genres. My worry was that your suggestion was to erase the boundary between two (or more) significantly different styles of music. The way in which I drew the distinction was not meant to be an integral part of my argument, and I'm sorry if it came across as to separate things. I'll reword my revision slightly to make it more subcategorical. Thanks for your input. 149.43.x.x 19:35, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Spoonboy
Spoonboy does not consider himself folk. He is acoustic pop-punk.

Patrik Fitzgerald
as far as i know, patrik fitzgerald was the firt guy to really do folk punk. someone took that out of the article. can someone put it back in and do a good job about it? maybe in an origins section?
 * Not that I disagree, but do you have sources at all? I do appreciate that sources in these sorts of articles are hard to find. Just curious.149.43.x.x 04:11, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

all i have is his greatest hits on Cherry Red Records which says the dates that they were all recorded and they are very early. like 77-78. um. can't find much about him on the internet. his site right now is myspace.com/patrikfitzgerald

Cleanup tag
This article contains far too many instances of external links appearing directly in running text; this is not proper Wikipedia format. Links in the body of the article are to be internal links to other Wikipedia articles. If a band named in the article isn't notable enough to have its own article, then it isn't notable enough to be named in this article — especially not when the article has somehow managed to completely ignore more patently obvious notables such as Phranc or The Weakerthans. Bearcat 10:25, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, although to be fair, I think bands that one considers "ignored" ought to be a separate discussion from the bands that aren't notable. I might take a crack at cleaning it up when I'm not so busy. Cheeser1 17:01, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Inaccuracies
For the record, Team Losing is not from Greensburg, PA. They're from Lancaster, PA, almost 600 miles away from Greensburg. I have a feeling someone wrote that from Greensburg, as Greensburg is in the middle of nowhere and not a good representative town of the state of Pennsylvania. I'm changing that right now. Wesweaver 01:08, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

A Note On Listing Bands
I know we all want to see our favorite bands on Wikipedia, but when there are entire blocks of text that are just lists of bands, it's tedious to read and not very informative in terms of the actual genealogy and state of folk punk as a whole. I propose creating a list of folk-punk bands elsewhere, linking to it, and deleting any reference to a band, collective, or label that isn't described in at least a modicum of detail. Unless anyone objects, I'll do this in a few days. Pstinchcombe 00:05, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd say do it now. I'm sick of this article accruing sloppy garbage lists of bands; it's been a problem in this article for a long time. Cheeser1 02:20, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Huge Clean Up (June 8 2007)
I cleaned this article up significantly. It still needs alot of sourcing (although much of the article seems to speak for itself). Regardless, I'd be happy to discuss the changes I made, although I do want to be clear on one point: This is not a place for you to list your favorite bands. I'm sorry, I wish it were, I'd list all my favorites. But honestly, the article looked like crap before the clean up. Now it's small, concise, and readable - more importantly, it isn't full of bands who do not meet WP:N. --Cheeser1 04:11, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Riot Folk
Why isnt riot folk (www.riotfolk.org) mentioned in this article? theyre one of the largest and most important groups of folk punk musicians around right now. almost everyone who considers themselves a folk punker knows and loves riot folk. i think riot folk should definitely be mentioned in the article. (it should also have its own wikipedia article, it used to i dont know what happened) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * This article is already unreferenced enough. Your claims about the popularity of yet another website, like dozens just like it, are unsubstantiated. If you don't know what happened to it, you probably aren't familiar with the deletion process and the policy under which that article would have been deleted, called "notability" guidelines. Please read up, and instead of adding more unreferenced material to the article, you could add some reliable sources for the content that's already here or some content that comes with sources. --Cheeser1 04:06, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

A few bands to add
Chumbawamba, The Mob, The Astronauts, Blyth Power, The Apostles, Karma Sutra, Ian Stuart/Skrewdriver, TV Smith.

Agreed? Stutley (talk) 08:50, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not familiar with all of these bands, but a few of them don't seem to have wikipedia articles (though most of them do). Please only add artists with wikipedia articles. Klausness (talk) 13:30, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Debate on the definition of folk punk and differences between nations
Someone mentions that the page is US-centric. I disagree. There is no mention of US pioneers like Violent Femmes, who preceded the Pogues, and drew from American folk music, country and western, and blues. This article seens quite one-dimensional just touching on the UK contribution to the genre. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Maicocpa (talk • contribs) 17:27, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for bringing this to the talkpage. The key thing here is the need for some reliable sources. So far I have managed to establish that their first album was described as folk-punk, but All Music describes it as melodic, which doesn't sound very much like the genre being dealt with here. Bear in mind that this article is about a genre called folk punk and not attempts to mix folk and punk (of which there are lots). Some source that outlines their contribution to the folk punk and Celtic punk genres would be very useful if anyone can find one. Failing that I think that they could be mentioned in the origins sub-section as an early attempt to combine the elements. Oh and also, for future reference, new topics usually go at the foot of the page and it is helpful if you can sign your contributions on talk pages with four tildes, which will be converted to a signature when you save.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 17:50, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm very confused by what you said. In what way is folk-punk not a fusion of folk and punk? Since when is melodiousness antithetical to the folk-punk genre? The Pogues can be pretty dang melodic, too, and the description from that allmusic.com bio is "melodic folk-punk" (it also describes them as "raw and jittery"). Maicocpa is right, the Violent Femmes first album predates The Pogues' and was not merely an early attempt at folk-punk; it was a seminal success, eventually going platinum. I wish it had a citation attached for you, but the main Punk Rock article agrees, "Milwaukee's Violent Femmes jumpstarted the American folk punk scene, while The Pogues did the same on the other side of the Atlantic." They deserve, along with other North American contributions, more credit than one sentence in this article. I'm not the one to write this out, but looking for sources, that allmusic.com bio isn't a terrible place to start. "The textbook American cult band of the 1980s, the Violent Femmes captured the essence of teen angst with remarkable precision; raw and jittery, the trio's music found little commercial success but nonetheless emerged as the soundtrack for the lives of troubled adolescents the world over." "Though never a chart hit, the album remained a rite of passage for succeeding generations of teen outsiders." 24.19.213.123 (talk) 08:14, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

Folk Punk?
How many kinds of punk music are there? Let me count: pop punk, cyberpunk, hardcore punk, garage punk, proto-punk, Christian punk, celtic punk, post-punk, anarcho-punk, daft punk, ska punk, dance-punk, art punk, glam punk, crust punk, horror punk, punk jazz, punk metal, nazi punk, Punk pathetique (Ha!), noise punk, cowpunk, Guerrilla punk...

...and now folk punk. It's pretty clear that the word "punk" as it applies to musical genres is meaningless. And this is especially true of "folk punk." The British rock press invented this term in the 1980s, back when it applies the word "punk" to just about everything. But can you really bridge folk and punk music? I don't think so. This genre doesn't really exist. This article should be deleted. 207.158.4.236 (talk) 18:22, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Not really "and now" folk punk, but very much "for over 40 years folk punk" and almost all of the sub-genres listed above post-date it. There are reliable sources that indicate the existence of the genre. Is important not to conflate not having heard of something with there being no evidence for it. Of course you can always begin a AfD if you think you have good evidence it is not notable.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 18:32, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Rogue folk references
a lot of this only seems to have a tertiary relevance to punk/folk. Edward II(band) and Oysterband in particular, didn't sound like, dress like, or hang out with punks. their art wasn't punk. they weren't widely listened to by punk communities/scenes then or now, these artists more belong in world music or folk rock pages with artists like steeleye span etc.. Punk doesn't just mean "with attitude". This isn't relevant and I'll delete them again soon if nobody has anything else to say about it.Carrionist (talk) 21:47, 2 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Folk punk doesn't necessarily mean being punk and then doing folk. The references to rogue folk are an important part of the genres origins in Britain and are reliably sourced.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 19:57, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Since I haven't read the fairport convention book and it's probably safe to say there was some connection, however vague between acts like that and the pogues I"m down with the rogue folk reference in general (though personally, in years 10 years of traversing both traditional music, underground punk scenes and folk rock scenes i've never even heard that expression used) . but including bands like Edward II and Oysterband that have zero punk influence in an article about folk punk is just misleading . If being punk, dressing punk, sounding punk, having punk art aren't the criterion by which we include bands then what the hell does qualify something as folk punk? The the fact that ten years before there was a slight chance that maybe they were both listening to their mom's fairport convention records? by that logic we should then include about a million other "significant" bands, from Oasis to Paddyrasta. if folk punk isn't a crossover genre between folk and punk, what is it? - Carrionist (talk) 20:39, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

 * okay, you didn't respond, I'm going to delete those bands. Carrionist (talk) 16:36, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I didn't respond becaue there are no new points here. My position has not changed. It does not mean there is consensus.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 17:28, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

you haven't seen a guitar, banjo, washboard, and washtub bass play punk rock songs on a street corner?!? you guys fail.. GO OUTSIDE — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.173.112.106 (talk) 13:05, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

Changed opening "popularizing" folk punk band for the U.S. from The Raspberries
Regarding the change from The Raspberries to The Violent Femmes as the article's opening example of a burgeoning folk-punk band for the United States: Temporally folk punk is considered to be "born" in the late seventies and early 80s (generally designated as early 80s), making the Pogues an excellent British example who formed in 1982 (Shane MacGowan, of course, was active in the punk scene throughout the seventies, with bands such as the Nipple Erectors/The Nips and others) but The Raspberries are a terrible example for the US, who were a band only active in the early seventies (disbanded in '75 and reunited from 2004-2005), so they are not only temporally a bad example but moreover they were mostly known as a somewhat "mod" pop-rock band whose influences were much more mainstream to classify as folk-punk, especially given the time they were active and and are still considered to be far too pop-rock to even be classified as folk-punk, let alone act as a primary example for popularizing the genre, if only one band is to be listed in the opening of the article as an example of popularizing early U.S. folk-punk. The violent Femmes are used as the first example in the 1980s section, which is very appropriate as they are not only categorized as folk-punk but are often considered by many to be "the fathers" of folk punk, along with the Pogues, so are an appropriate correction from the bad choice of The Raspberries. If it is consensus that it should be changed to reflect an earlier band, I really don't care, as long as it not be changed back to The Raspberries!!! Soco_79 —Preceding undated comment added 01:00, 19 August 2012 (UTC)
 * It was an unsourced change by an IP and you are probably right.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 07:00, 19 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Agree. North8000 (talk) 12:18, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

Any objections to mergeing in the page for Anti-Folk?
The anti-folk page needs a lot of work. I see enough similarities/crossover in the genre's to place them under one article, folk punk being the bigger genre. Maybe at the top put (also known as rogue folk), anti-folk, cowpunk etc.). I would also import all of the bands, descriptions, etc. from the Anti-Folk Article. --Wesborden (talk) 08:11, 30 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I tend to view genre names as terms first. These two genre terms seem to have very different definitions. North8000 (talk) 14:41, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

Info
I don't get the issue with the image the demonstration is a popular folk punk demonstration which anarchists get together on a farm and have a festival it screams folk punk. Images don't need sources if you know it's obvious, you don't need to cite the sky is blue. Vallee01 (talk) 06:39, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I didn't touch the image, I deleted the unsourced prose you reinstated.  Rob van  vee  06:43, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Ahhhh... I will get a source but the article already exists, and the article states its folk punk. I will find a source however. Vallee01 (talk) 06:45, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah but it is not sourced in the respective article. Secondly, now that you mention it, where is your proof this image is in any way related to folk punk?  Rob van  vee  06:47, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Its a Crass festival in which anarchists get together on a farm make folk punk with acoustic guitars and get drunk with demonstrations. It's based of the punk Crass. Vallee01 (talk) 06:49, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * You said that yes, but where is your proof. "Images don't need sources if you know it's obvious"...It may be obvious to you but that's not good enough. As per WP:V, the onus is on you to cite your edits if another editor disagrees...ie...me.  Rob van  vee  06:53, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * See this, you don't need to cite the Sky is blue. However more importantly this isn't hard to find so I am not going to state if or if not the image needs a source (it doesn't), it is both Punk and Folk and it is obvious. The event is folk punk oriented demonstrations called the Crass pub festival, see link. Vallee01 (talk) 07:02, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * It depends what is being cited, if it is an absolutely obvious statement such as "The sky is blue" or "How do we known socialism politically is red?" none of those things need citations. We can use common sense when editing articles or at least we should and we do. Vallee01 (talk) 07:04, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

the + band name
"the Moldy Peaches" (e. g.) looks stupid from my point of view. I would prefer "The Moldy Peaches". 46.114.141.212 (talk) 00:42, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Disability Rhetorics
— Assignment last updated by Other Friend, Different Hat (talk) 02:32, 20 September 2022 (UTC)

Acoustic vs. Electric folkpunk
I've thought for a while about mentioning in the page how the term "folkpunk" is sort of one label that encompasses two different genres- acoustic (mostly American) folkpunk and electric (mostly European) folkpunk. Acoustic folkpunk would be bands such as Pat the Bunny and his projects, Days N' Daze, etc., mostly from America, which play unamplified music in the singer-songwriter tradition that expresses punk themes and values (similar to acoustic punk rock). It rarely interacts with traditional folk music, but is heavily influenced by alternative country and such. Electric folkpunk would be bands such as The Dreadnoughts, Flogging Molly, Kultur Shock, etc., mostly from Europe and Canada, which play traditional folk music (and songs heavily influenced by traditional folk music) in an amplified punk rock style. This category includes the celtic punk and gypsy punk, which often have very little in common with the acoustic folkpunk style of Pat the Bunny for instance. In short, acoustic folkpunk is playing punk music in a folk style and electric folkpunk is playing folk music in a punk style.

This delineation is something I see being worth mentioning, because even though they are both mixes of folk and punk music, they are very different styles. I haven't found sources to support this yet but I am 100% confident that they exist. What are people's thoughts on this? Zhuvelo (talk) 21:29, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Folk punk


text:
Robert C. Dynes

Robert Carr Dynes (born November 8, 1942) is a Canadian-American physicist, researcher, and academic administrator, and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and the former president of the University of California system, and former chancellor of the University of California San Diego.

Early years
Dynes was born in Ontario, Canada, where he earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics from the University of Western Ontario in 1964. He then earned master's (1965) and doctorate (1968) degrees in physics from McMaster University. He became a naturalized United States citizen in 1984.

Career
Dynes worked at Bell Laboratories from 1964 to 1990, studying semiconductors and superconductors. He then became professor of physics at the University of California San Diego (UCSD), in 1991. In 1996 he became Chancellor of the UCSD campus, then in 2003 was chosen to be the 18th President of the University of California system.

Dynes' scientific honors include the 1990 Fritz London Memorial Prize in Low Temperature Physics and his 2001 election to the Council of the National Academy of Sciences, a society to which he was elected in 1989.

Dynes is a fellow of the American Physical Society (1981), the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Dynes remains active in his research and heads a modest sized low temperature physics laboratory at Berkeley.

After five tumultuous years as President of UC, filled with compensation scandals, the suicide of UCSC Chancellor Denice Denton and other challenges,  on August 13, 2007, Dynes announced he would resign his position as the President of the University of California to return to his teaching position and spend time with his new wife, Ann Parode. He resigned on August 16. 2007, and was replaced by Mark Yudof, formerly chancellor of the University of Texas.

In November 2008, Dynes' close aide and his UC Associate President Linda Morris Williams was awarded a controversial pay out  and re-hired as an Associate Chancellor at University of California, Berkeley by Chancellor Robert Birgeneau. This event led President Mark Yudof to make changes to the buy out program.

Personal life
Dynes naturalized to the United States in 1984. He married Cristel Dynes in 1968 and they divorced in January 1998. He married a physics professor, Frances Hellman, in May 1998 and they divorced in 2006. He married a former UCSD legal counsel and UC Associate of the President, Ann Parode, in March 2007.

title: Robert C. Dynes


text:
Cosmic entity

Cosmic entity can refer to:

Cosmology

 * An entity that exists within the cosmos

Religion and spirituality

 * An aspect of God in Judaism in the theology of Shneur Zalman of Liadi (d. 1812)
 * In mythology, any of the major components of the created cosmos (e.g. earth, heaven, sea, night, dawn, etc.)
 * The deification of such concepts, i.e. any cosmological deity

Occultism and Theosophy

 * A transcendent concept intended to replace or supplement the traditional concept of 'God':
 * In the writings of Gottfried de Purucker  (1935)
 * In the writings of the Theosophist Alice Bailey (1920s-1940s)
 * In the Ascended Master Teachings, a group of religions based on Theosophy, a cosmic entity is equivalent to a cosmic being

Popular culture

 * Machine Elves as Described by Terence McKenna
 * A term used in the Cthulhu Mythos by H. P. Lovecraft

title: Cosmic entity


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User:Jonathan Geronimo

I like to roam around Wikipedia in my free time working on minor typo and grammar corrections. Yeah, lame, I know, but I find it relaxing in a weird way.

title: User:Jonathan Geronimo