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Cicutoxin

Cicutoxin is a naturally-occurring poisonous chemical compound produced by several plants from the family Apiaceae including water hemlock (Cicuta species) and water dropwort (Oenanthe crocata). The compound contains polyene, polyyne, and alcohol functional groups and is a structural isomer of oenanthotoxin, also found in water dropwort. Both of these belong to the C17-polyacetylenes chemical class.

It causes death by respiratory paralysis resulting from disruption of the central nervous system. It is a potent, noncompetitive antagonist of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor. In humans, cicutoxin rapidly produces symptoms of nausea, emesis and abdominal pain, typically within 60 minutes of ingestion. This can lead to tremors, seizures, and death. LD50(mouse; i.p.) ~9 mg/kg

History
Johann Jakob Wepfer's book Cicutae Aquaticae Historia Et Noxae Commentario Illustrata was published in 1679; it contains the earliest published report of toxicity associated with Cicuta plants. The name cicutoxin was coined by Boehm in 1876 for the toxic compound arising from the plant Cicuta virosa, and he also extracted and named the isomeric toxin oenanthotoxin from Oenanthe crocata. A review published in 1911 examined 27 cases of cicutoxin poisoning, 21 of which had resulted in death – though some of these cases involved deliberate poisoning. This review included a case where a family of five used Cicuta extracts as a topical treatment for itching, resulting in the deaths of two children, a report that suggests that cicutoxin may be absorbed through the skin. A review from 1962 examined 78 cases, 33 of which resulted in death, and cases of cicutoxin poisoning continue to occur:

 * A child used the stem of a plant as a toy whistle and died of cicutoxin poisoning
 * A 14-year-old boy died 20 hours after consuming a 'wild carrot' in 2001
 * In 1992, two brothers were foraging for wild ginseng and found a hemlock root. One of them ate three bites of the supposed ginseng root and the other one ingested one bite. The first brother died three hours later while the second made a full recovery with supportive medical care after experiencing seizures and delirium.

All plants from the genus Cicuta contain cicutoxin. These plants are found in swampy, wet habitats in North America and parts of Europe. The Cicuta plants are often mistaken for edible roots such as parsnip, wild carrot or wild ginseng. All parts of the Cicuta plants are poisonous, though the root is the most toxic part of the plant and toxin levels are highest in spring – ingestion of a 2–3 cm portion of root can be fatal to adults. In one reported incident, 17 boys ingested parts of the plant, with only those who consumed the root experiencing seizures whilst those who consumed only leaves and flowers merely became unwell. The toxicity of the plants depends on various factors, such as seasonal variation, temperature, geographical location and soil conditions. The roots remain toxic even after drying.

Plants containing cicutoxin
Cicutoxin is found in five species of water hemlock, all belonging to the family Apiaceae. These include all four species in the genus Cicuta and one species from the genus Oenanthe: the bulblet-bearing water hemlock, C. bulbifera; the Douglas water hemlock, C. douglasii; the spotted water hemlock or spotted cowbane, C. maculata; Mackenzie's water hemlock, C. virosa; and, the water dropwort, O. crocata. Cicutoxin is found in all parts of these plants, along with several other C17 polyacetylenes. C. virosa, for example, produces isocicutoxin, a geometric isomer of cicutoxin, while O. crocata contains the toxin oenanthotoxin, a structural isomer of cicutoxin. Cicuta plants also produce multiple congeners of cicutoxin, such as Virol A and Virol C.

Chemistry
Building on Boehm's work, Jacobsen reported the first isolation of pure cicutoxin as a yellowish oil in 1915. Its chemical structure was not determined until 1953, however, when it was shown that it has a molecular formula of C17H22O2 and it is an aliphatic, highly unsaturated alcohol with two triple bonds conjugated with three double bonds, and two hydroxyl groups. The first synthesis of cicutoxin was reported in 1955. Though the overall yield was only 4% and the product was the racemic mixture, the synthesis has been described as "a significant accomplishment" given that it was achieved "without the benefit of modern coupling reactions". The absolute configuration of the naturally-occurring form of cicutoxin was reported in 1999 to be (R)-(−)-cicutoxin, systematically named as (8E,10E,12E,14R)-heptadeca-8,10,12-triene-4,6-diyne-1,14-diol. Outside of a plant, cicutoxin breaks down when exposed to air, light, or heat, making it difficult to handle.

Cicutoxin has a long carbon structure and few hydrophilic substituents which gives it hydrophobic characteristics. Hydrophobic and/or small molecules can be absorbed through the skin. Research has shown that cicutoxin will pass through the skin of frogs and the experience of the family who used a Cicuta plant as a topical antipruritic strongly suggests that the compound is able to pass through human skin.

Laboratory synthesis
The first total synthesis of racemic cicutoxin was published in 1955 and reported that this racemate was about twice as active as the naturally-occurring enantiomer. A complete synthesis of the natural product, (R)-(–)-cicutoxin, in four linear steps was reported in 1999, from three key fragments: (R)-(–)-1-hexyn-3-ol (8), 1,4-diiodo-1,3-butadiene (9), and THP-protected 4,6-heptadiyn-1-ol (6). (R)-(–)-1-hexyn-3-ol (8) is a known compound and was obtained by Corey-Bakshi-Shibata reduction of 1-hexyn-3-one. 1,4-diiodo-1,3-butadiene (9) is also a known compound and it is readily available by dimerization of acetylene accompanied by addition of iodine in the presence of platinum (IV) catalyst and sodium iodide. The last key fragment, THP-protected 4,6-heptadiyn-1-ol (6) is a known compound.

The first step is the Sonogashira coupling of compound 8 and 9. This step gave dienynol (10) with 63 percent yield. The second step is a palladium -catalyzed coupling reaction. The coupling of compound 6 and 10 leads to the 17-carbon frame (11) with 74 percent yield. Compound 11 already has the stereo center in place and only needs a few structural changes: the third and fourth step. The third step is the reduction of the C5 triple bond in compound 11, this was accomplished by using a compound called Red-Al. The last step is the removal of the THP protection group. When THP is removed and a hydrogen is bound to the oxygen, then (R)-(–)-cicutoxin is formed. These four steps are the full synthesis of cicutoxin and gives an overall yield of 18 percent.

Biochemistry
Cicutoxin is known to interact with the GABAA receptor and it also has been shown to block the potassium channel in T lymphocytes. A similar effect where potassium channels in neurons are blocked could account for the toxic effect on the nervous system. The interactions are explained in Mechanism of action.

Mechanism of action
The exact mechanism of action is not known for cicutoxin, even though it is well known to be a violent toxin. The mechanism is not known because of the chemical instability of cicutoxin, but there have been studies that delivered some evidence for a mechanism of action.

Cicutoxin is a noncompetitive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist in the central nervous system (CNS). GABA normally binds to the beta domain of the GABAA receptor and activates the receptor which causes a flow of chloride across the membrane. Cicutoxin binds to the same place as GABA, because of this the receptor is not activated by GABA. The pore of the receptor won't open and chloride can't flow across the membrane. Binding of cicutoxin to the beta domain also blocks the chloride channel. Both effects of cicutoxin on the GABAA-receptor cause a constant depolarization. This causes hyperactivity in cells, which leads to seizures.

There also have been some studies that suggest that cicutoxin increases the duration of the neuronal repolarization in a dose-dependent manner. The toxin could increase the duration of the repolarization up to sixfold at 100 μmol/L. The prolonged action potentials may cause higher excitatory activity.

It has been demonstrated that cicutoxin also blocks potassium channels in T-lymphocytes. The toxin inhibits the proliferation of the lymphocytes. This has made it a substance of interest in research for a medicine against leukemia.

Metabolism
It is unknown how the body gets rid of cicutoxin. There is evidence that it has a long half-life in the body, because of a patient who was submitted in a hospital after eating a root of a Cicuta plant. The man was in the hospital for two days and still had a fuzzy feeling in his head two days after leaving the hospital. There is also the case of a sheep (discussed in Effects on animals) where the sheep fully recovered after seven days.

Symptoms
First signs of cicutoxin poisoning start 15–60 minutes after ingestion and are vomiting, convulsions, widened pupils, salivation, excess sweating and the patient may go into a coma. Other described symptoms are cyanosis, amnesia, absence of muscle reflexes, metabolic acidosis and cardiovascular changes which may cause heart problems and central nervous system problems which manifest themselves as convulsions and either an overactive or underactive heart. Due to an overactive nervous system respiratory failure occurs which may cause suffocation and accounts for most of the deaths. Dehydration from water loss due to vomiting can also occur. If untreated, the kidneys can also fail, causing death.

Treatment
The adverse effects from cicutoxin poisoning are gastrointestinal or cardiac nature. With no antidote known, only symptomatic treatments are available, though supportive treatments do substantially improve survival rates. Treatments used include the administration of activated charcoal within 30 minutes of ingestion to reduce the uptake of poison, maintaining open airways to prevent suffocation, rehydration to address the dehydration caused by vomiting, and administration of benzodiazepines that enhance the effect of GABA on the GABAA receptor or barbiturates to reduce seizures.

Effects on animals
The LD50 of cicutoxin for mice is 2.8 mg/kg (10.8 μmol/kg). In comparison, the LD50 of virol A is 28.0 mg/kg (109 μmol/kg) and of isocicutoxin is 38.5 mg/kg (149 μmol/kg).

Cattle usually ingest parts of Cicuta plants in Spring, while grazing on new growth around ditches and rivers where these plants grow. Animals display similar effects of cicutoxin poisoning as do humans, but without vomiting (which can lead to increased lethality) – recorded symptoms include salivation, seizures, frequent urination and defecation, and degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscles. Seizures are usually short, less than a minute per seizure, and occur at intervals of 15 to 30 minutes for around two hours. Ewes recover more slowly after eating cicutoxin-containing tubers, taking up to seven days to recover fully.

Research studies on ewes has shown that skeletal and cardiac myodegeneration (damage of muscle tissues) only occur after a dose sufficient to induce symptoms of intoxication is administered. Analysis of the animal's blood showed elevated serum enzymes that indicate muscle damage (LDH, AST and CK values). At necropsy, the ewe's heart had multifocal pale areas and pallor of the long digital extensor muscle groups; by contrast, a ewe given a lethal dose of cicutoxin-containing tubers had only microscopic lesions. The number and duration of seizures had a direct effect on the skeletal and cardiac myodegeneration and amount of serum change.

Ewes given up to 2.5 times the lethal dose along with medications to treat symptoms of cicutoxin poisoning recovered, demonstrating that symptomatic treatment can be life-saving. Medications administered included sodium pentobarbital (at 20–77 mg/kg intravenously) at the first seizure to control seizure activity, atropine (75–150 mg) to reduce salivary excretion during anesthesia, and Ringer's lactate solution until the ewes recovered.

Medical use
Cicutoxin has been shown to have anti-leukemia properties as it inhibits the proliferation of the lymphocytes. It has also been investigated for antitumor activity, where it was shown that a methanolic extract of C. maculata demonstrated significant cytotoxicity in the 9 KB (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma) cell structure assay.

title: Cicutoxin


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Morinville

Morinville is a town in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region of Alberta, Canada. It is approximately 34 km north of Edmonton along Highway 2.

History
Morinville was settled by Jean-Baptiste Morin, a priest and missionary of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, who brought many French settlers in the late 1800s, followed by several German pioneers.

The monument located in St. Jean Baptiste Park lists the many names of pioneers and settlers to Morinville. Once situated on the street at 100 Avenue and 100 Street, the monument was moved to its present location in 2000, as it was a safety hazard and very difficult to enjoy with all the traffic at the intersection.

The first post-office opened in 1894.

The Roman Catholic Church of the St. Jean Baptiste Parish was built in 1907. The church, along with its adjacent but now inoperative convent Morinville Convent, was declared a historical site in 1975. In 2005, the grounds of the church were landscaped with a clock tower, new grass, trees and shrubs, in celebration of Alberta's 100th anniversary as a province. On June 30 2021, the church was completely destroyed by a suspicious fire, still under investigation.

Morinville has a long history of successful business ventures as one of the first locations in Western Canada to open a Royal Bank of Canada in 1910 and a credit union in 1940. A series of successful international business ventures include Champion Pet Foods, which exports around the world.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Morinville had a population of 10,385 living in 3,768 of its 3,981 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 9,848. With a land area of 11.15 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

The population of the Town of Morinville according to its 2020 municipal census is 10,578, a NaN% change from its 2016 municipal census population of 9,893.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Morinville recorded a population of 9,848 living in 3,491 of its 3,611 total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of 8,569. With a land area of 11.15 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

Economy
As of 2010, 93% of Morinville's tax base is residential in nature. One of the town's larger businesses, Champion Pet Foods, employs approximately 50 people.

Attractions
Recreation amenities in Morinville include walking trails, a splash park, a trout pond, a skateboard park, a hockey arena, a curling rink, numerous parks and playgrounds, and outdoor fitness equipment stations along the trail system and at the splash park among other amenities. Other recreation amenities are available in St. Albert and Edmonton to the south.

The Morinville Leisure Centre (MLC) opened in May 2019. The facility contains an arena, a multi-use court space and a small gym. Future expansion of this facility is in consideration.

Education
The Sturgeon Public School Division operates 2 schools in Morinville – École Morinville Public (ECE to Grade 4) and Four Winds Public School (Grade 5–9). Greater St. Albert Catholic Regional Division offers faith-based education in three schools – École Notre Dame Elementary, Georges H. Primeau Middle School and Morinville Community High School. Prior to 2011, Morinville had only Catholic schools, and no secular or Protestant schools. This led to non-Catholic parents starting an advocacy campaign to introduce a secular option for education in Morinville. In response, Sturgeon School Division and the Town of Morinville agreed to provide space for a secular education program for grades 1–4 for the 2011–2012 school year. Further, the Government of Alberta committed to conducting a census in Morinville, Legal, St. Albert and a portion of Sturgeon County to determine the minority faith in the area as a precursor to developing a long-term solution to address secular education in Morinville.

Media
Morinville is served by four local weekly newspapers — The Free Press, Farm 'n' Friends, the St. Albert Gazette, and The Morinville News.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Morinville


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Ash Crimson

Ash Crimson (アッシュ・クリムゾン) is a character in The King of Fighters fighting game series developed by SNK Playmore. His first appearance was in The King of Fighters 2003 as leader of its Hero Team. Ash, a teenager, participates in the series' fighting tournaments. He employs a personal fighting style that involves pyrokinesis with green flames. Despite being the series' protagonist during its third story arc, Ash's behavior is generally antagonistic and he tries to steal powers from several recurring characters, leaving them powerless. His identity and intentions are further explored in the 2011 title, The King of Fighters XIII, and he has been featured in print adaptations and a drama CD based on the games.

SNK Playmore staff created Ash as an evil main character, in contrast to previous main characters. His moves have been reworked in every game in which he has appeared, gaining new techniques as a result of his actions or modified to balance the character roster. Critical response to Ash has been largely negative due to his androgynous appearance and his technique. In interviews and press releases, video game publisher UTV Ignition Entertainment noted that he was unpopular with Western gamers and his design was better suited to Japanese fans. Reception in later years has been slightly more positive, with the character's relationships and tragic story arc being well received.

Appearances
Introduced in The King of Fighters 2003, Ash leads the New Hero Team of Duo Lon and Shen Woo which participates in a new King of Fighters tournament. After the tournament, he ambushes host Chizuru Kagura and steals her powers, telling Iori Yagami he will be his next opponent. In The King of Fighters XI, the character teams up with Oswald and Shen Woo. At the game's end Ash leaves his teammates to fight each other, after disclosing that Oswald's price for joining him was finding a drug he can only obtain after defeating their pharmacist's enemy, their own teammate Shen. He later finds a berserker, Iori, defeats him and steals his powers. When Ash's comrade Elisabeth Blanctorche accuses him of abandoning his original mission and becoming obsessed with power, he leaves after saying that Kyo Kusanagi will be his next victim. Ash also appears as an available fighter in the KOF: Maximum Impact 2's update KOF Maximum Impact Regulation A and The King of Fighters XII, games without a storyline.

In The King of Fighters XIII Ash is the only character not part of a team, and it is learned that he works for Those From the Past (seen in 2003 and XI). However, he has a conflict with organization leader Saiki at the end of the game, with his real plan revealed. Ash is the final boss in The King of Fighters XIII as "Ash driven insane by the Spiral of Blood" (血の螺旋に狂うアッシュ) (also known as Evil Ash) with power stolen from Saiki, who is trying to possess him instead. He ultimately sacrifices himself to destroy Saiki, his very own ancestor. While Ash's memories start disappearing from almost every people who knew him, he still makes cameos in some endings.

It is revealed in The King of Fighters XIV that Ash is trapped in a time vortex, with an entity known as Verse enveloping him. It is later also revealed that Verse, along with an unnamed blue creature, whose half of their power fragments somehow implanted into young Shun'ei, was created from Ash's result on changing his timeline back in the previous tournament, creating timeline interferences and resulting in Samurai Shodown's Nakoruru traveling to the present and stuck there, along with a time-displaced Mui Mui of Dragon Gal and Love Heart of Sky Love. The new tournament participant, Kukri of the Official Invitation Team, is hired by Elisabeth to find Ash's whereabouts. With Verse's defeat as his reality manipulation energy spreads around worldwide, Kukri and Elisabeth finally found Ash alive. Due to the ongoing multiversal crisis which revives many deceased fighters like himself in his home universe, he returns in The King of Fighters XV, accompanied by his childhood friend Elisabeth, and their new ally, Kukri, and manage to survive the event without ceasing from existence, thanks to Kukri's confirmation of the outcome on defeating Otoma=Raga, thus finally live peacefully with Elisabeth once again.

Ash has made appearances in various other King of Fighters media as well. In the fourth chapter of the anime The King of Fighters: Another Day, he sets fire to a city to lure Kyo into a trap. He is also prominent in the manhua adaptations of The King of Fighters 2003 by Wing Yang and King Tung. In the 2003 tournament, Ash's team is defeated in the final but later helps defeat the demon Mukai. Although he is not part of the recurring tournament in The King of Fighters XII manhua, he briefly confronts Kyo in an attempt to steal his powers. Ash also appears in the CD drama KOF: Mid Summer Struggle, which has a mock King of Fighters tournament. Outside The King of Fighters, the character appears in a dating sim part of the Days of Memories series.

Creation and development
Ash was designed as an "attractive evil character", in contrast to previous King of Fighters heroes. The supervising designer created the character as desired, with few changes since conception. When The King of Fighters 2003 was released and Ash introduced, the staff did not want to disclose information about him, instead telling fans to look forward to his "exploits." His canonical height is 178 cm (5'10") and he weighs 59 kg (130 lbs). According to a staff member, Falcoon, the goal was to make Ash an ambiguous protagonist who made players "feel bad" for cheering for him. Although Falcoon did not design the character, he added details while illustrating him. Due to Ash's late appearance in The King of Fighters 2003, the staff joked that teammate Shen Woo seemed more like the series' main character than Ash did. For The King of Fighters XIII, producer Kei Yamamoto wanted gamers who had played previous titles with Ash to consider the character's motivation and whether they could relate to him. One of three reasons for the title of KOF: Maximum Impact 2 Regulation "A" was Ash's introduction to the spin-off series. Falcoon called the character "really wild" because of his role in the series and his personality. Nona (another artist in charge) said that of the original King of Fighters characters, he liked Ash and looked forward to his development.

In The King of Fighters XII Ash was the character the staff worked on the most, reworking his movements and speech to be more consistent with the rest of the cast. The King of Fighters XIII producer Kei Yamamoto jokingly called him a character players could use to "show off". His EX version in the game makes more multiple hits than his regular form, and the "disgusting" style of his "Génie" (ジェニー) move is said to fit his character. Since his introduction, Ash has acquired new moves in accordance with his action in the series. After The King of Fighters 2003 Ash gained Chizuru Kagura's "Germinar" (ジェルミナール), a move allowing him to steal his opponents' special moves. After defeating Iori Yagami, the character acquired the "Fructidor" (テルミドール) Neo Max move (his strongest attack in The King of Fighters XIII). During the game's development, the staff considered returning Fructidor's animation style to an earlier version they had tested.

Artist Ogura stated that designing Ash's final form was conceived shortly after he saw early designs of Saiki. Following this, Ogura tried drawing Ash's possessed form from The King of Fighters XIII where he was careful in showing that while the enemy's body is Ash's, the one fighting is Saiki as represented by his black flames. Despite early pressure about that, once seeing Saiki's similarities with Ash, Ogura managed to draw the Evil Ash easily. The idea behind this character was giving an vibe of a repulsive person.

For The King of Fighters XV, designer Tomohiro Nakata said several fans already knew The King of Fighters XIV would tease his return. In his reappearance in XV, Ash was given a new design reminiscennt of the original one. While SNK looked forward to his interactions to his previous enemies Chizuru and Iori, they were also glad that he managed to join his friend Elizabeth for the first time in the franchise due to their close relationship.

Reception
Ash Crimson's character had a mixed reception in video-game publications. When he was introduced, GameSpy's Christian Nutt called him a "clone" of Guile from the Street Fighter series because of their similar movesets but Ash's team was praised as new characters with new elements in the series. Lucas M. Thomas of IGN wrote that a major fan complaint was the character's strength in the games, which made him one of the strongest opponents despite an apparent lack of effort. According to Thomas, Ash is "nothing if not strange" and the writer lamented his many appearances in the KOF 2003 manhua compared with more-popular characters. When playable characters for the arcade version of The King of Fighters XIII were introduced, Anime News Network's Todd Ciolek speculated about Ash's lack of teammates and wondered if he was alone because "no one likes Ash now." Marissa Meli of UGO Networks ranked Ash sixteenth on a list of "The Most Androgynous Video Game Characters", with Meli jokingly attributing his androgynous appearance to a desire by Japanese designers to confuse Western gamers about their sexuality. Writers for Game Informer joked about their surprise at the discovery that Ash is a male character. After UTV Ignition Entertainment polled fans to choose an artbox for console versions of The King of Fighters XII, the company announced that Ash's unpopularity reduced the number of potential covers to two (featuring Kyo and Iori). Den of Geek described Ash as one of the best The King of Fighters with the writer comparing him with Loki based on their antagonistic and tricky behaviour as well as how his heroic traits in KOF XIII gave fans different thoughts, while Complex described him as one of gaming's "douchiest" characters androgynous look as well as how he steals the powers of Chizuru Kagura and Iori Yagami. GamesRadar found the character's name as one of the worst one ever seen in gaming.

In an interview with Ignition Entertainment director of business development Shane Bettehausen, Alex Lucard of Diehard GameFan said that North American SNK fans detested Ash and complained about his inclusion in The King of Fighters XII without a storyline while popular series characters were overlooked. Bettehausen defended the character, calling him "nuanced and improved" and his moves "incredibly effective". In June 2009, Stephen Totilo of Kotaku interviewed Bettehausen, who asked him while Totilo was playing to guess Ash's gender. When Totilo said the character was female, Betehausen called KOF "progressive" in introducing a cross-dressing character and said that fans were apparently "warming up to him". On Destructoid, Jonathan Holmes praised Ash's character as "defying traditional gender roles while kicking some ass" and called him "the perfect mascot for the KoF series as a whole." Kevin S.from GameRevolution wondered about his removal in The King of Fighters XIV seeing Ash as a "fan favorite" character.

title: Ash Crimson


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The Idlers

The Idlers of the United States Coast Guard Academy (USCGA) are an all-male collegiate a cappella ensemble specializing in the performance of sea shanties and patriotic music.

Overview
A relatively exclusive group with a history and traditions similar to many fraternal organizations, the Idlers are the only all-male a cappella vocal group at the U. S. Coast Guard Academy. Membership is attained through annual auditions overseen by the current members and the director. Group size varies based on current requirements, but generally includes between 12 and 20 men. The ideal group includes 3 or 4 members for each part: Tenor 1, Tenor 2, Baritone, and Bass. The group began in 1957 with 14 singers, two of which were freshman (4/c cadets). The Idlers have an elected president, who historically was the "pitch" and leads rehearsals in the absence of the director. The vice president was the "vice-pitch", also an elected position.

Founding
The Idlers were formed in 1957 by eight members of the USCGA Class of 1959 on summer cruise. They quickly drew the attention of the Academy's bandmaster Don Janse and began building their repertoire and fame. In the fall of 1957, the Idlers membership was extended to all Academy classes, as reflected in this photo, taken several months thereafter. Within two years the Idlers had recorded three vinyl albums (for both the Design and MGM labels), and had performed for President and Mrs. Eisenhower at the White House and on The Bell Telephone Hour (NBC).

1960s
Don Janse went back to school in the early 1960s and John Heffermann briefly directed the Idlers. When Don returned he brought a number of new tunes which would soon become Idlers staples, including arrangements of Banua, The First Time I Ever, and the Coast Guard Hymn.

1970s
The 1970s saw a resurgence of interest in folk music. Patterned after The Kingston Trio, a splinter group known as The New London Trio performed with guitar, upright bass, and banjo. The Idlers sang at the re-interment of Captain Hopley Yeaton, the father of the Coast Guard, on October 19, 1975. The Singing Idlers made an appearance on Saturday Night Live on February 28, 1976, where Leon Redbone was the musical guest, and the hostess Jill Clayburgh sang "Sea Cruise" backed by the group. During the Academy centennial in 1976, several reunion attendees and other Idlers living nearby performed at a black tie dinner held at the Norwich Sheraton – arguably the first reunion of past and present members on the same stage. In January 1977 the Idlers performed at the Smithsonian Air & Space Museum and the American History Museum associated with the Presidential Inauguration of Jimmy Carter.

1980s
In both 1980 and 1982, The Idlers performed at Carnegie Hall during Eve Queler's performance of Wagner's Rienzi opera. In 1984, the Idlers and Icebreakers appeared on a sailing ship float with a Statue of Liberty head (and Robert Vaughn ) in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. The 1980s drew to a close with Don Janse's retirement in 1987. Dr. Robert Newton had been conducting the Idlers sister group, The Icebreakers, and now began directing both groups. Dr. Newton took the Idlers on their first annual tour of Florida in 1989, performing for Magic Music Days at Walt Disney World, and at the Palm Beach International Polo Club, accompanied on the keyboard by then LTjg Mark Dietrich, I'86. The Idlers performed at three Balls during President George H. W. Bush's Inauguration in 1989.

1990s
In 1990, The Idlers supported the Coast Guard's Bicentennial celebration with performances at the Senior Bowl in Mobile, AL, and the military tribute ball in Dallas, TX. With the start of the Gulf War, The Idlers supported dozens of USO functions throughout the country, with notable performances in and around New York City, at Ellis Island, and at Fisher's Island in Miami, FL. The Idlers were in such great demand that several quartets were formed, featuring one vocalist for each of the 4 parts. Singing Valentines, intimate dinner parties, accent performances for Flag Dinners – nothing was too small for an Idlers Quartet. The Idlers marched in the November 22, 1990 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade with Miss America 1991, Marjorie Vincent. The group performed throughout Washington D.C. during President William J. Clinton's Inauguration in 1993. The group sang aboard the aircraft carrier USS Intrepid (CV-11) as part of the October 24, 1995, tribute to slain leader Yitzhak Rabin.
 * 40th Year Reunion
 * 1998 saw the first stand-alone reunion of The Idlers. Conceived and executed by Edward "Cherry" Beale, I'92, the reunion spanned an entire weekend in April.  An opening dinner was hosted at The Griswold Inn in Essex, Connecticut, on Friday night. Some remarked that this was the retirement dinner Don Janse never got. Saturday was filled with rehearsals for the reunion concert in Leamy Hall.  The audience was full, and the show was opened by Forebitter of Mystic Seaport. Performances by the current Idlers, quartets, and Trios filled the middle of the program.  John Heffermann, then Don Janse took turns conducting the combined 50-voice ensemble. Bob Newton finished the program, then handed out awards and recognition.

2000s
The group traveled to New Orleans for a November 9, 2001 USO concert. The Idlers performed from the Parade of Roses' Abe Lincoln float on New Year's Day, 2004. The city of Fort Worth, Texas declared January 13, 2006 to be USCG Academy day in honor of a performance by The Idlers. - Members of the group performed a patriotic salute and the National Anthem in Browns Stadium to a sold-out crowd on September 9, 2007.
 * 50th Year Reunion
 * The 50th year reunion was held April 18, 2008 at the Griswold Inn, and April 19, 2008 at the Coast Guard Academy. Thirty nine men returned to pay tribute to the 50 classes of graduates, and five decades of spreading goodwill through song.

2010s
The Idlers started their 6th full decade with a week-long tour of Italy in March 2010. A recording from a cathedral in Italy served as the basis for their latest CD. In 2011 and 2012, the group completed spring break tours of Florida, with numerous public appearances including Disney World.

General
The Idlers memorize all their music. The repertoire varies from year to year but typically is heavy on Sea Chanteys and patriotic tunes. The occasional show tune and holiday song round out the mix. The Sea Chanty list is weighted towards capstan songs. Several numbers feature soloists, but a principal concern of all Idlers is the ability to blend well. No individual voice stands out, as they work together to create a smooth and pleasing harmony.

Repertoire

 * Core numbers
 * Banua
 * Eternal Father
 * Alma Mater
 * Mingulay Boat Song
 * The Rattlin' Bog
 * The Armed Forces Medley

 * Regular favorites
 * 10,000 Miles Away
 * The Idlers Song
 * South Australia
 * High Barbaree
 * A Whale of a Tale
 * Drunken Sailor
 * Eddystone Light
 * The Wild Rover

Discography
(incomplete, reference)
 * Sing Along with The Idlers, 1960, Pickwick
 * Americana, 1960, Pickwick
 * Blow Ye Winds (with CGA Singers), 1960, MGM
 * Songs of Action (with CGA Singers), 1965?, MGM
 * Good Times Are Not Over, 1968, CGA
 * Songs of Seas and Waterways (with CGA Singers), 1976, CGA
 * A Seabag of Songs (with CGA Singers), 1977, CGA
 * Cadet Music (with Icebreakers), 1993, CGA
 * Cadet Music (with Icebreakers), 1997, CGA
 * USCGA Cadet Glee Glub (with Icebreakers), 2004, CGA
 * Ten Thousand Miles Away, 2006, CGA

Instruments
Some performances are augmented by various instruments. An upright bass, banjo, and 12-string guitar are typical – these instruments were the staple of the New London Trio in the mid- and late 1970s. Over the years, The Idlers have also performed with a squeezebox (or concertina), the harmonica (or mouth organ), spoons, washboard, tin whistle, and squeeze-bulb klaxon horn.

Current members
The 2023-2024 members of The Idlers are 1/c Dillion Nitz, 1/c Lucas Stevens, 1/c Mychal Riccio, 1/c Ryan Younes, 2/c Kieth Nico Carreon, 2/c John Rex Gaviola, 2/c Luke Myers, 2/c Nicholas Monahan, 2/c William Nunn, 3/c Miguel Cotto, 3/c Gabriel Cooper, 3/c Aidan Garcia, 3/c Justus Moorlach, 3/c Christian Short, 4/c Ryan Doty, 4/c Anthony Fotos, 4/c Collin Key, 4/c Carson Wirtz.

Notable and famous Idlers

 * Edward K. Beale, I'92, Commander, author, helicopter pilot, Idlers historian
 * Gary Blore, I'75, Rear Admiral (Bio)
 * Dan Burbank, I'85, Captain, Astronaut (Bio), musician
 * Everett Rollins, I'79, Captain
 * Jerry Cronin, I'80, Musician (Dramtreeo Site)
 * Nicholas Dujmovic, I'80, Historian & Author
 * Frank Giampietro, I'91, Poet
 * Richard Healing, I'62, Member: NTSB (Article / Article);
 * Joel Sipes, I'59, Rear Admiral
 * Joseph Vorbach, I'59, Rear Admiral (Bio)

title: The Idlers


text:
Waynesville–St. Robert Regional Airport

'''Waynesville-St. Robert Regional Airport, also known as Forney Field''', is a public and military use airport located at Fort Leonard Wood in Pulaski County, Missouri, United States. The airport's passenger terminal is operated under the control of the U.S. Army and general aviation is under the direction of a board named by the cities of Waynesville and St. Robert. Formerly known as Waynesville Regional Airport at Forney Field, it is served by one commercial airline with scheduled service subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.

It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021–2025, which categorized it as a non-primary commercial service airport (between 2,500 and 10,000 enplanements per year).

History
During World War II the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces. It was known as Forney Army Airfield until 1998. It was attached to Fort Leonard Wood and was part of the Army Service Forces.

Facilities and aircraft
Waynesville-St. Robert Regional Airport covers an area of 237 acres (96 ha) at an elevation of 1,159 feet (353 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with an asphalt surface measuring 6,037 by 150 feet (1,840 x 46 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2016, the airport had 25,807 aircraft operations, an average of 71 per day: 50% military, 32% general aviation and 18% scheduled commercial. In June 2021, there were 14 aircraft based at this airport: 9 single-engine and 5 military.

Accidents and Incidents

 * On August 4, 1955, American Airlines Flight 476, a Convair CV-240 flying from Tulsa to New York crashed while attempting an emergency landing at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, after the No. 2 engine caught fire. While descending the right wing caught fire and eventually failed, crashing in a forest 1 km NW of the airport. All 30 occupants (3 crew, 27 passengers) died. The investigation revealed a defective cylinder in the No. 2 engine failed, causing the fire.

Other sources

 * Essential Air Service documents (Docket OST-1996-1167) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 * Order 2007-3-5: selecting Big Sky Transportation Co., d/b/a Big Sky Airlines, and Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd. to provide subsidized essential air service (EAS) at the above communities (Burlington, IA; Cape Girardeau, MO; Fort Leonard Wood, MO; Jackson, TN; Marion/Herrin, IL, Owensboro, KY) for the two-year period from June 1, 2007, through May 31, 2009, using 19-seat Beech 1900D turboprop aircraft as follows: Big Sky at Cape Girardeau, Jackson, and Owensboro for a combined annual subsidy of $3,247,440; and Great Lakes at Burlington, Fort Leonard Wood, and Marion/Herrin for a combined annual subsidy of $2,590,461.
 * Order 2009-10-13: selecting Great Lakes Aviation, Ltd. to provide subsidized EAS at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, for the two-year period from November 1, 2009, through October 31, 2011, at an annual subsidy of $1,292,906.
 * Order 2010-9-9: selecting Hyannis Air Service, Inc. d/b/a Cape Air to provide EAS at Fort Leonard Wood, for an annual subsidy of $1,478,102, also for a two-year period beginning when the carrier inaugurates service. An additional $959,664 in annual subsidy may be incurred when all-cargo flights are used to transport luggage to/from Fort Leonard Wood.

title: Waynesville–St. Robert Regional Airport


text:
Military camp

A military camp or bivouac is a semi-permanent military base, for the lodging of an army. Camps are erected when a military force travels away from a major installation or fort during training or operations, and often have the form of large campsites.

In the British Army, Commonwealth armies, the United States Marine Corps, and other military forces, permanent military bases are also called camps, including Tidworth Camp, Blandford Camp, Bulford Camp, and Devil's Tower Camp of the British Army; and Camp Lejeune and Camp Geiger of the United States Marine Corps.

Background
Historically, army camps referred to large field camps of military troops that could include several thousand people. In the Middle Ages, camp followers (i.e. wives, prostitutes, sutlers, laundresses, craftsmen, blacksmiths, squires, etc.) were also integrated into the camps. The composition varied, depending on whether it was a mercenary army with a few leaders, or large armies with many nobles and knights, such as those of the Crusades.

Leaguer
Leaguer and harbour are British terms for military camps; 'harbour' for temporary camps. The name, coming from 16th Century Dutch leger, was used for a military camp, particularly one laying siege.

During World War II leaguer was used in the Western Desert campaign particularly for camps of armoured formations. The arrangement of the leaguer depended on purpose and whether day or night. By day dispersed for protection against air attack with elements of the formation able to cover each other, at night ("close leaguer") the tank regiment forming a square or triangle, the tanks facing out with the support vehicles drawn up in the middle (but moving out of the leaguer and to the rear just before dawn).

Other uses
The term "bivouac" also has non-military uses. In the Rhineland carnival tradition, "bivouac" refers to an open-air carnival, usually organized by a carnival society. A well-known example is the "Funkenbiwak" organized by the Rote Funken carnival society, which takes place on the Neumarkt square in Cologne.

title: Military camp


text:
East Calgary (territorial electoral district)

East Calgary was an electoral district in the Northwest Territories from 1894 - 1905, which was created when Calgary was split into East and West Calgary.

The two ridings would later be merged to form the new Calgary Alberta provincial electoral district, when Alberta became a province separate from the Northwest Territories.

Election results 1894 - 1902
Note:
 * Northwest Territories is non-partisan except from after the 4th General Election in 1898 to 1905.


text:
Olean Lumber

The Olean Lumber and Supply Corporation, successor of Olean Lumber Co, Inc., was established August 17, 1928 and is Olean, New York's oldest lumber retailer.

History
The business occupies the former site of the Chamberlain Mfg. Company of the late-19th century; the Fobes Lumber Company and the Troy Lumber Co. After the Troy Lumber Company ceased business, businessmen W.H. McKay and A.B. McKane purchased the site and created the original Olean Lumber Company in 1921. However, some sources, such as the "History of the Counties..." book by J.H. Beers, point to the Olean Lumber Company being founded in 1854, in stark contrast to a 1935 article in the Olean Times Herald chronicling the fact that McKay and McKane created the company in 1921.

In 1921, Alexander J. McMullen came to Olean from Pennsylvania and accepted the position as office manager of the company. When McMullen purchased the company from McKay and McKane in 1928, it was renamed "The Olean Lumber and Supply Corporation." He became president and general manager. Howard Mitchell was named vice president, secretary and shop foreman, according to an Olean Times Herald article dated 8/17/1935.

Upon A.J. McMullen's passing in 1962, his son, Richard McMullen became company president. It was at this time that he would introduce the Cash and Carry concept.

Richard McMullen died on July 26, 1978, from a stroke caused by arteriosclerosis. This left George E. Baker as president. McMullen's son, Jeffrey McMullen, was named Vice President. George F. Mayer was secretary and Roy S. Crandall was Treasurer. The company opened Green Street Custom Kitchen and Bath Center in 1985, according to the NYS Department of State.

In 1988 Jeffrey McMullen was named president.

According to the New York Department of State, the company was purchased by Kelly Chaffee in March 2005 and is undergoing renewal.

Presidents

 * Alexander J. McMullen, (1921–1962) (Vice: Howard Mitchell, 1928–1941, Elizabeth Orr, 1941–1947, Richard McMullen, 1947–1962)
 * Richard J. McMullen, (1962–1978) (Vice: George E. Baker, 1962–1978)
 * George E. Baker, (1978–1988) (Vice: George F. Mayer, 1978–1984, Jeffrey McMullen, 1984–1988)
 * Jeffrey R. McMullen, (1988–2003) (Vice: John McMullen, 1991–2003)

External sources
New York State Department of State (NYS DOS) and Divisions of Corporations Public Entity File(s), Olean Times Herald advertisements (OTH adv.) 1935-2003, public company memorandums (1985, 1988), Olean NY 'Root Book' (1993) sec. 96, p. 226, Rootsweb.com Incorporated, general history courtesy: Olean Lumber website (http://www.geocities.com/oleanlumber), "From the History of the Counties of McKean, Elk, Cameron, and Potter, Pennsylvania" by J.H. Beers, (Chicago, 1890) at https://web.archive.org/web/20051226154408/http://www.happeningsinthehills.com/mckean/history/otto.htm and so forth are responsible for specific dates and information detailed within the article.

title: Olean Lumber


text:
Marvel Fanfare

Marvel Fanfare was an anthology comic book series published by American company Marvel Comics. It was a showcase title featuring a variety of characters from the Marvel universe.

Volume one
Marvel Fanfare featured characters and settings from throughout the Marvel Universe, and it included stories of varying lengths by an array of creators. The title was published every two months and ran for 60 issues, cover dated from March 1982 to December 1991. It was edited throughout its run by Al Milgrom, who also wrote and drew an illustrated column, entitled "Editori-Al", in most issues. Marvel Fanfare's original working title was Marvel Universe, which was later appropriated by Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter for the encyclopedia series The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe.

The series began with a Spider-Man/Angel team-up story by Chris Claremont and Michael Golden. Other Spider-Man appearances in the title included team-ups with the Scarlet Witch in issue #6 (Jan. 1983) and the Hulk in issue #47 (Nov. 1989). Several characters appeared in multiple issues including Doctor Strange, Weirdworld, the Warriors Three, the Black Knight, and Shanna the She-Devil. Writer Roger McKenzie wrote several stories for Marvel Fanfare including a two-part Iron Man vs. Doctor Octopus tale drawn by Ken Steacy. A Captain America backup story in issue #29 (Nov. 1986) featured early work by artist Norm Breyfogle.

Marvel Fanfare was envisioned as a showcase of the comics industry's best talent. Each issue featured 36 pages of material with no advertisements and it was printed on magazine-style slick paper. It was more than twice as expensive as standard comic books ($1.25 in 1982 when most titles were 60 cents and $2.25 in 1991 when most were $1).

Editor Milgrom wrote of his experience with the series:

"It was intended that [Marvel Fanfare] would appeal especially to the fans. [I] tried to get the best possible stuff ( . . . by either established pros or talented newcomers). At least part of the purpose was to use better paper, more elaborate, detailed coloring and, by charging a higher cover price, to eliminate all those unsightly ads. The creators were paid a bonus 50% rate, too. I was sometimes 'accused' of just using up inventory material — as if that was necessarily a bad thing. I did use some inventory stuff — if I thought it was of high enough quality. As with any grand vision, the results sometimes fell short of the goal. . . . What finally killed it was the advent of incentive payments to freelancers — top creators could make far more than the rate-and-a-half Fanfare paid if they worked on many of the better-selling regular titles. That and my workload and family obligations made it tough to keep the book going. And sales had begun to drop as well."

Examples of inventory stories which saw publication in Marvel Fanfare include a comics adaptation of The Jungle Book in issues #8–11, the Black Widow serial in #10–13, the Hulk story in #29, and the Silver Surfer story by Steve Englehart and John Buscema in #51.

Volume two
Marvel Fanfare volume two was published monthly for six issues, dated September 1996 to February 1997. This version of the title was edited by James Felder.

Like the first volume, the title featured different creative teams in each issue and starred different characters from around the Marvel universe. However, the talent were mostly newcomers, the paper was cheap and it cost half the price of most other comics (99 cents when most comics cost $1.95). The title features the early work of writer Joe Kelly and penciller Scott Kolins.

Collected editions

 * X-Men: In the Savage Land collects Marvel Fanfare #1–4, 96 pages, June 1988, ISBN 978-0871353382
 * Marvel Fanfare: Strange Tales collects Marvel Fanfare #1–7, 244 pages, April 2008, ISBN 978-0785127024
 * The Jungle Book includes material from Marvel Fanfare #8–11, 64 pages, April 2007
 * Black Widow: Web of Intrigue collects Marvel Fanfare #10–13, 176 pages, April 2010, ISBN 978-0-7851-4475-5
 * Thor: The Warriors Three collects Warriors Three stories from Marvel Fanfare #13 and #34–37, 136 pages, September 2010, ISBN 978-0785144809
 * Doctor Strange & Doctor Doom: Triumph & Torment includes Namor the Sub-Mariner stories from Marvel Fanfare #16 and #43, 160 pages, 2013, ISBN 978-0-7851-8454-6
 * Cloak & Dagger: Crime and Punishment includes Marvel Fanfare #19, 264 pages, June 2012, ISBN 978-0785161295
 * Weirdworld includes Marvel Fanfare #24–26, 312 pages, April 2015, ISBN 978-0785162889
 * The Incredible Hulk Visionaries — John Byrne includes the Hulk story from Marvel Fanfare #29, 208 pages, June 2008, ISBN 978-0785127055
 * Essential Moon Knight vol. 3 includes Moon Knight stories from Marvel Fanfare #30 and 38–39, 528 pages, November 2009, ISBN 978-0-7851-3070-3
 * Essential Silver Surfer vol. 2 includes Marvel Fanfare #51, 600 pages, June 2007, ISBN 978-0-7851-2700-0
 * Women of Marvel: Celebrating Seven Decades includes Hellcat story from Marvel Fanfare #59, 1,160 pages, January 2011, ISBN 978-0785143260
 * Uncanny X-Men Omnibus Volume 2 includes the Savage Land story from Marvel Fanfare #1–4, 912 pages, April 2014, ISBN 0-7851-8572-0

title: Marvel Fanfare


text:
Talk:Battle of the Rosebud

Neutrality
The article recalls that although Reno had counted only 10 dead, further research would count 28. I think since this makes mention of the up-to 56 wounded it should also mention the up-to 28 dead.

 * This article is downright racist, especially the "first time tribes showed cohesion fighting together"passage. What kind of colonialist hogwash is this ???      -VictoryBlood 09:18, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I concurr. This article is completely biased. It is narrated exclusively from the perspective of the Anglo-Americans. It does not represent the views of our people whatsoever. We lost many courageous souls in battle that day, and to have it be trivialized in such a manner is disgusting. There should be a revolution amongst the Wikipedia community. Why should we let these barbaric foreigners push us around any longer? They stole our lands, butchered our people, destroyed our religion, exploited our culture, desecrated our sacred places and exposed us to diseases to which we had no immunity. We cannot let them rewrite our history. It's about time those visitors from across the ocean showed us some respect. We must assert ourselves as the heirs to the glorious civilization of our ancestors. We must force them to recognize that we are the true guardians of the land, that as visitors, they may use it if they like, but their use must meet with our expressed approval. EightDeer 17:57, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

EightDeer sounds a bit too militant, and off topic. The whole article needs a re write, but to go on with such a proclaimation? very odd. However your respect to our culture and history is admirable. Militant action with militant need, the need being the peoples aproval and aspiration, I dont see Pine Ridge taking up arms in revolt, or Quito in a revolutionary blaze, thus the violent method illegitamate, not to mention inpractical. Revolution with need, not desire.

Sioux historians Stanley Vestal, Robert Utley, and Dee Brown would have to disagree with what is written as the outcome to this conflict. They all clearly state that the "bluecoats" retreated and "despite Crook's claims, the true victory, both tactical and strategic, lay with the Indians." (Utley,2008)

History channel made a documentary where archaeological proof and Indian and US soldiers testimonies support  that Crazy Horse defeated Crook force (whose indian scout saved his life during the battle)and forced them to retreat leaving the open field to the American Natives return and help in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.23.133.163 (talk) 18:22, 13 May 2009 (UTC)
 * "first time tribes showed cohesion fighting together" Native American fighting was based on brave individual and small group actions, contrasting to American large unit tactics arising from Civil War experience. It is hardly an insult. SGGH ping! 11:06, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

It is hardly racist to claim that native tribes were in the habit of fighting each other prior to the arrival of white men. And that it was unusual for previously warring tribes to form an alliance.

Nevertheless, Indian warriors proved (not for the first time) that knowing how your enemy has displayed himself can win a battle. I think this discussion is a little overblown, and the article, although maybe in need of an edit, should basically stand as it is now.

The subtext of the argument, that Indians are somehow perfect lovers of the land, in balance with nature, is in conflict with the evidence that they caused the extinction of much of the large fauna that previously inhabited the Americas. Kadathdreamques (talk) 21:15, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

Tactical versus Strategic Victory
Although there can be legitimate debate as to which side won this battle, that victory would merely be a Tactical victory. In no way can this be considered a Strategic victory for either side. Strategy is about winning, about winning the war, not the battles. The Native Americans lost this war and lost it rather quickly. They won many battles and piled up many tactical victories, but they lost the war. Their loss was strategic.

At the Battle of Cannae, Hannibal won one of the greatest tactical victories in recorded history. Yet the victory was hollow because Hannibal failed to achieve Strategic Victory by defeating ROME and not too many years later the Punic Wars resulted in a complete and utter defeat of Carthage--A strategic victory for the Romans.

The U.S. fought a great number of land, sea and air battles in Viet Nam. Our side scored tactical victories in most all of them. But in 1975 we lost the war. We failed at Strategic Victory while our opponents--the North Vietnamese--achieved a great Strategic Victory.

There is a distinct and unassailable difference between Strategic and Tactical Victory. Great Sioux War of 1876-77 was a strategic defeat for Native Americans, no matter how you want to re-interpret history. --Mike Cline (talk) 15:51, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

It was Sitting Bull who realized there was no way for Indians to win a war against the US. He understood that although they could win tactically, there was no strategic victory possible. I doubt he used those words, or thought in those terms though. Kadathdreamques (talk) 21:34, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

I find it interesting that the name of the "Indian scout" who saved Crook is not listed in these comments. Since he wasn't Lakota, is this not a form of racism as well? Part of the problem with the primary source of this entry is that it is old and little or nothing of the Indian side was obtained. It took over a century for their side (mostly correct) of the Little Bighorn battle to be confirmed. Military reports of the time were self-serving as well. It needs a re-write for the brave men and woman who fought in this battle that laid the foundations of the Indian victory at The Little Big Horn. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.66.32.228 (talk) 13:32, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

New rewrite.
Lets face it, much of this is from a book written over 50 years ago, hence distorted and bias, but apparently still a primary source. Few of the "facts" have ever very been carefully examined and properly recorded. The same history in relation to Custer and the Little Big Horn, has been rewritten so many times and examined so closely they can tell you how many gum wrappers were left behind since 1876. This prime cause and prelude to the more famous, yet also poorly analyzed, disaster (or victory) at the Little Big Horn is in much need of a good unbiased overview and rewrite by some competent historian, who might leave his mark doing so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Newmans2001 (talk • contribs) 03:02, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

 * needed is comparison to nazi massacre in warsaw and other places, showing USA could match Hitler for evil actions — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.63.103.0 (talk) 04:43, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

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Standards of warfare
"By the standards of Indian warfare, the Battle of the Rosebud was a long and bloody engagement." - needs references to "Indian warfare standards". It also seems questionable to make general value judgements about Indian Warfare are we are speaking of persons belonging to different tribes and it is unclear how they effect warfare of one another. --Rebentisch (talk) 14:12, 17 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of the Rosebud


text:
Talk:Ben and Jerry's

Move to Ben & Jerry's?

Moved. violet/riga (t) 18:24, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Regarding the potential merger of Vermonster into Ben and Jerry's, I endorse the merge. The "Vermonster" alone fails the general notability guideline, but does merit mention in the B&J article, perhaps in a subsection on flavors, combination, sundae offerings, or other products.  Saebvn (talk) 23:22, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ben and Jerry's


text:
Prince Tsunenaga

Prince Tsunenaga (恒良親王) (1324 – May 5, 1338) was one of the sons of Japanese Emperor Go-Daigo. He became involved in the Nanboku-chō wars between the true Imperial line and the Ashikaga clan.

In 1336, Tsunenaga was sent along with his brother Takanaga to be escorted by Nitta Yoshisada to Echizen Province where, it was hoped, they could escape the attacks of the Ashikaga. According to the epic Taiheiki, Tsunenaga was secretly made heir-apparent before he left, but no other documents confirm this. In fact, in November of that year, his brother Narinaga was officially named Crown Prince.

Fleeing the Ashikaga, Nitta brought the Princes away from Yoshino, where the Southern Court of Go-Daigo was based, towards Tsuruga in Echizen. They eventually made it to the castle of Kanagasaki. In January 1337 the castle came under siege, and by April those inside were reduced to eating horseflesh to survive before the gates were stormed. Tsunenaga escaped from the castle, but was captured and killed soon afterwards.

title: Prince Tsunenaga


text:
Bowman Field (Kentucky)

Bowman Field is a public airport 5 mile southeast of downtown Louisville, in Jefferson County, Kentucky. The airport covers 426 acre and has two runways. The FAA calls it a reliever airport for nearby Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport.

History
Established in 1919, Bowman Field is Kentucky's first commercial airport and is the oldest continually operating commercial airfield in North America. It was founded by Abram H. Bowman, who was drawn to aviation by the interest generated during World War I.

Bowman found an outlet for his enthusiasm after meeting and forming a brief partnership with Louisvillian Robert H. Gast, a pilot and World War I veteran of the Royal Flying Corps. Bowman leased a parcel of land east of Louisville from the U.S. Government in 1919 to operate the airfield, which opened in 1921.

The first business ventures began with the aerial photography business in 1921, and the 465th Pursuit Squadron (Reserve) began operations at Bowman Field in 1922.

Charles Lindbergh landed the Spirit of St. Louis at the airport in 1927, viewed by 10,000 spectators.

During the Great Depression, Louisvillians would often come to the Art Deco terminal building to watch airplanes depart and land as a form of inexpensive entertainment.

During the 1930s Eastern Air Lines and Trans World Airlines (TWA) carried passengers and mail in and out of Bowman Field. However, it could not be expanded due to its proximity to downtown. In 1947, the airlines moved to Standiford Field.

During World War II Bowman Field was one of the nation's most important training bases and the nation's busiest airport. The facility became known as "Air Base City" when a bomber squadron moved in and more than 1,600 recruits underwent basic training in a three-month period. The United States Army Air Forces' school for flight surgeons, medical technicians, and flight nurses also called Bowman Field home.

Bowman Field was used in the James Bond film Goldfinger as the base for Pussy Galore's Flying Circus; principal photography of hangars, aircraft, etc., were done there in fall of 1963.

Historic buildings
In 1988, three adjacent buildings at the airport were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Bowman Field Historic District. They are the airport Administration Building (1929; 1936–37), the Curtiss Flying Service Hangar (1929), and the Army Air Corps Hangar (1931–32). Since many urban airports are located in industrial areas, this verdant setting is unusual and contributes to the ambience of the Bowman Field Historic District.

The buildings of the Bowman Field Historic District are related not only by proximity and historical function, but by their Art Deco/Art Moderne styling and use of masonry materials such as brick, stone and concrete.

The dominant landmark of Bowman Field is its terminal, known as the Administration Building, styled in aerodynamic Streamline Moderne, and designed by the firm of Wischmeyer and Arrasmith. As built in 1929, it was a fairly modest two-story structure with one-story wings, housing administrative and communications offices, weather station, and restaurant. During 1936 and 1937, it nearly tripled in size. This was accomplished by demolishing the east wing and retaining the west and central sections as west wings of the new building. The Administration Building faces an elliptical landscaped island surrounded by a driveway and paved parking area.

Current operations
Today Bowman Field is home to hundreds of privately owned aircraft as well as several commercial operations, including Aero Club of Louisville, Inc., and Louisville Executive Aviation. Several flight schools including Louisville Aviation, Kentucky Flight Training Center, Flight Club 502, and Cardinal Wings. operate there as well. The airport is home to multiple flight clubs.

In the year-long period ending June 20, 2022, the airport averaged 268 aircraft operations per day: 47% local general aviation, 45% transient general aviation 7% air taxi and <1% military. 235 aircraft are based at this airport: 195 single-engine, 29 multi-engine, 6 jet, and 5 helicopter.

Bowman Field is operated by the Louisville Regional Airport Authority, which also operates Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport.

title: Bowman Field (Kentucky)


text:
User talk:Datafuser

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MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Datafuser


text:
User talk:Ecspike

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Ragib 02:45, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Ecspike