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The Fallen Idol (film)

The Fallen Idol (also known as The Lost Illusion) is a 1948 British mystery thriller film directed by Carol Reed, and starring Ralph Richardson, Bobby Henrey, Michèle Morgan, and Denis O'Dea. Its plot follows the young son of a diplomat in London, who comes to suspect that his family's butler, whom he idolises, has committed a murder. It is based on the 1936 short story "The Basement Room", by Graham Greene.

The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director (Carol Reed) and Best Adapted Screenplay (Graham Greene), and won the BAFTA Award for Best British Film.

Plot
The young son of the ambassador of a French-speaking European country, Philippe lives a lonely life at the embassy in Belgrave Square, London. Philippe's mother has been in hospital for months and his father is frequently absent. The butler, Baines, keeps Phillipe entertained by telling stories of his daring adventures in Africa and elsewhere, where he claims to have killed a man in self-defense and vanquished lions. As a result, Philippe idolises him. By contrast, Philippe hates Baines's wife, the housekeeper, who is very strict with him.

One afternoon, when Philippe's father is away, Philippe slips out of the house alone. He finds Baines in a tea shop, talking to Julie, a typist from the embassy. The couple have been carrying on a relationship, but Julie wishes to end it and has already booked to leave for the Continent. Philippe is oblivious to the meaning of their conversation and accepts Baines's explanation that Julie is his niece. Baines asks Philippe not to mention the meeting to his wife.

Later, Baines tries to tell his wife that he wants out of their marriage. She cuts him off, then announces she is leaving to spend the night with an aunt.

The next morning, Mrs. Baines pretends to leave on her trip but doubles back. Baines takes Philippe to London Zoo, where Julie joins them. They all return to the house, believing Mrs Baines is not there. A telegram from Mrs Baines awaits them, saying she will return in two days. Baines, Julie and Philippe have a "picnic dinner" and play hide-and-seek. Mrs. Baines spies on them, and later awakens Philippe, demanding to know where Julie is. He yells to alert Baines. Baines arrives and there is a struggle at the top of the main staircase. Mr. Baines tells his wife to go downstairs and they will talk later. He then withdraws toward the guest room. Determined to see if Julie is in the room, Mrs. Baines steps onto a ledge high above the staircase, to peer over a terrace. When she leans against the window, it pivots outward at the top, sweeping her off her feet and sending her plunging to her death.

Philippe does not see the fall and thinks Baines must have pushed her. Terrified and confused, he flees the house barefoot in his pajamas. He is stopped by a policeman patrolling his beat. After being questioned at Chelsea police station and refusing to say what happened, Philippe is returned to the embassy. Baines has already sent Julie home, and leaves her out of the account he gives the police. A doctor is called to certify Mrs Baines' death as an accident, but he recognizes Philippe and questions him on why he ran away. His suspicions aroused, the doctor requests the police physician be sent for, to open an official enquiry. Detective Ames of Scotland Yard arrives to investigate, and observes the three places set for dinner, which casts doubt on Baines's story. Ames announces he will return in the morning.

Julie visits the house the following morning. Soon after, Detective Ames and Inspector Crowe arrive, along with their investigators. Julie attempts to leave, but as she is a typist, the police ask her to stay to transcribe their interviews. When Crowe and Ames interrogate Philippe, he denies that Mrs. Baines slapped him, or that Julie ever visited the house. Julie overhears Philippe concealing the truth, and implores him, in French, to be honest.

Philippe attempts to make off with the telegram Mrs. Baines sent, but it is confiscated by the police as further evidence against Baines. Baines tells the truth, but the police do not believe him. Before being taken to police headquarters, Baines goes to his basement quarters to get his things. Philippe follows him. Philippe overheard Baines telling the police his fantastical stories weren't true, and that he's only ever once been abroad - to Ostend. He tearfully asks Baines if it's true. Baines admits they were fantasies. When he opens the bureau drawer, he sees his pistol and contemplates suicide.

Upstairs two investigators find a woman's footprint in the spilt soil from a potted plant on the window ledge above the main staircase, which appears to confirms Baines' story. The accusation against Baines is retracted. Julie goes to the basement and informs him. Philippe, finally convinced that he must tell the truth, tries to explain that the footprint was left in a row he'd had with Mrs. Baines two days earlier. Fortunately, Inspector Crowe has already heard too many lies and won't listen.

The police leave, and Baines and Julie share a brief moment of renewed affection. Moments later Philippe's father and mother arrive. Halfway up the stairs Philipe appears to barely recognise his parents. Resignedly, he slowly descends the steps, one at a time.

Production
Filming began on 17 September 1947. The first location scene to be filmed was of Philippe running across Belgrave Square in London.

Critical response
At the time of its release, the film was well reviewed. The Monthly Film Bulletin called the film "outstanding." In his Film Guide, Leslie Halliwell remarked, "A near perfect piece of small scale cinema built up from clever nuances of acting and cinematic technique."; awarding it a rare 3 stars out of four on his non-linear scale. Dilys Powell observed that, "A short story has become a film which is compact without loss of variety in pace and shape", whilst American, Pauline Kael, was less favourable in her review, "It's too deliberate and hushed to be much fun... you want an extra beat between the low-key lines of dialogue."

Box Office
It was one of the most popular movies at the British box office in 1948. According to Kinematograph Weekly the 'biggest winner' at the box office in 1948 Britain was The Best Years of Our Lives with Spring in Park Lane being the best British film and "runners up" being It Always Rains on Sunday, My Brother Jonathan, Road to Rio, Miranda, An Ideal Husband, Naked City, The Red Shoes, Green Dolphin Street, Forever Amber, Life with Father, The Weaker Sex, Oliver Twist, The Fallen Idol and The Winslow Boy.

As of 30 June 1949 the film earned £203,000 in the UK of which £150,553 went to the producer.

Legacy
More than a half century later, the film has continued to attract critical attention. In 2006, William Arnold wrote "Anyone who needs to be reminded how great the movies used to be should hustle on down to the Varsity this week to catch its new-print revival of the British classic The Fallen Idol." Arnold summarized Pauline Kael's earlier review, "the plot (which is based on Greene's short story "The Basement Room") is 'just about perfect', and so are the performances, Reed's Oscar-nominated direction and the dizzying art direction and camerawork that uncannily evoke the terrifying helplessness of childhood." Ty Burr wrote "the movie's a lasting pleasure: Reed's incisive direction; Greene's easy yet weighted dialogue; the farseeing deep-focus photography of Georges Perinal; Vincent Korda's luxuriant sets. Sir Ralph, in one of his very few starring roles in a movie, gives Baines the weary sharpness of a man who's smarter than his social betters yet knows enough never to show it."

The Fallen Idol was included at number 45 on Time Out magazine's 2022 list of the "100 best British films", which polled critics and members of the film industry. It was described as "one of the finest British films about children, about the ways they can be manipulated and betrayed, their loyalties misplaced and their emotions toyed with."

Home media
The Criterion Collection released the film on DVD on 7 November 2006. This DVD went out of print in 2010. In 2015, StudioCanal released a region B Blu-ray edition.

title: The Fallen Idol (film)


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Perfect set property

In the mathematical field of descriptive set theory, a subset of a Polish space has the perfect set property if it is either countable or has a nonempty perfect subset (Kechris 1995, p. 150). Note that having the perfect set property is not the same as being a perfect set.

As nonempty perfect sets in a Polish space always have the cardinality of the continuum, and the reals form a Polish space, a set of reals with the perfect set property cannot be a counterexample to the continuum hypothesis, stated in the form that every uncountable set of reals has the cardinality of the continuum.

The Cantor–Bendixson theorem states that closed sets of a Polish space X have the perfect set property in a particularly strong form: any closed subset of X may be written uniquely as the disjoint union of a perfect set and a countable set. In particular, every uncountable Polish space has the perfect set property, and can be written as the disjoint union of a perfect set and a countable open set.

The axiom of choice implies the existence of sets of reals that do not have the perfect set property, such as Bernstein sets. However, in Solovay's model, which satisfies all axioms of ZF but not the axiom of choice, every set of reals has the perfect set property, so the use of the axiom of choice is necessary. Every analytic set has the perfect set property. It follows from the existence of sufficiently large cardinals that every projective set has the perfect set property.

Generalizations
Let $$\omega_1$$ be the least uncountable ordinal. In an analog of Baire space derived from the $$\omega_1$$-fold cartesian product of $$\omega_1$$ with itself, any closed set is the disjoint union of an $$\omega_1$$-perfect set and a set of cardinality $$\leq\aleph_1$$, where $$\omega_1$$-closedness of a set is defined via a topological game in which members of $$\omega_1^{\omega_1}$$ are played.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Perfect set property


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KNWD

KNWD-FM (91.7 FM) is a student-run, non-commercial radio station broadcasting a college format from the campus of Northwestern State University of Louisiana (NSU) and serving Natchitoches, Louisiana. Although the station is licensed to the university's board of trustees, it operates independently from the NSU Department of New Media, Journalism, and Communication Arts; its operations are funded by a student activity fee and its general manager is selected by the Student Media Board. Station staff and management positions are open to all NSU students, as well as students from the Louisiana School for Math, Science, and the Arts.

History
Planning for what would become KNWD began in 1970 with two competing plans being proposed: an independent student-run station or an academic station connected to NSU's Speech and Journalism Department. The departmental proposal was for an AM station that would be used "only as an academic tool", while the student-led proposal was for an independent FM music station.

In October 1973, while still working toward final approval for an over-the-air station, students Mike Price, Russell Morrison, and Gary Lampert launched an unlicensed AM carrier current station, KNSU-AM, in their dorm. In November 1973, students approved a referendum assessing a new 50¢ fee to support the station, pending approval by the state board of education and a license from the Federal Communications Commission.

On April 22, 1974, KNSU-AM went campus-wide on via carrier current, broadcasting primarily contemporary progressive rock from the Russell Library while it awaited an FM license. The station received its non-commercial FM construction permit in August 1974; the application was accelerated by the FCC with the help of the Louisiana congressional delegation. Operating as KNWD-FM (the KNSU call letters having been previously claimed by Nicholls State University ), the student-run station officially went on air on September 30, 1975, with the slogan "Creative FM Stereo 91.7."

KNWD-FM continued to operate out of Russell Library (which later became Russell Hall when the library moved to a new building in the 1970s ) until 1988, when the station moved across campus to South Hall, which the station referred to on air as "Croce Hall" in honor of 1970s singer-songwriter Jim Croce who died in a plane crash in Natchitoches in 1973. In 1995, the station moved once again to Kyser Hall.

Equipment for the new station was funded through a $4,200 grant and a $6,600 loan from the student government, with the expectation that the loan would be paid back over several years from through the student activity fee assessment. The station also received donations of studio equipment from KTOC(AM) in Jonesboro, Louisiana. Throughout the 1970s, the SGA loan was a bone of contention between the station and student government, until it was repaid in 1977 following an increase in the student activity fee. Over the years, the station hosted a variety of fundraisers to support equipment purchases, including several notable radiothons, such as the 54-hour broadcast from atop the Old Bullard Mansion columns in 1982 and the 1987 homecoming weekend-long "Stairway to Heaven in '87" broadcast from atop Turpin Stadium.

The station transmitter and antenna were initially installed atop Russell Library, operating at 10 watts ERP. To improve coverage, the station moved the antenna to an airport beacon tower at Natchitoches Regional Airport in 1978, before relocating to the top of Harry Turpin Stadium in the mid-1980s, which allowed the station to broadcast at its licensed 255 watts ERP.

In September 1998, KNWD began streaming its signal online, and in 2014 it began streaming via the TuneIn app. Also since 2014, the station has also broadcast RBDS RadioText.

Programming
, KNWD programs a mix of "alternative and progressive music not appreciated in mainstream media." It also actively promotes local musicians, both through airplay and events. In addition, the station airs student-written news reports and coverage of Northwestern Demons athletics and NSU events.

Over its history, KNWD has had a variety of formats from progressive rock to Top 40 to album oriented rock, although for most of its history the station has followed a traditionally eclectic college radio format with a variety of specialty shows and some syndicated programming. The degree to which the station adhered to a more "professional" format with restricted playlists has also varied over the years. The station also produces themed Spotify playlists for holidays and events.

Music festivals
KNWD organizes music festivals and concerts on campus featuring local performers, as well as national acts. The station organized its first festival, featuring five local bands, in December 1975; instead of tickets, the station sold KNWD T-shirts for concert-goers to wear.

CaddoFest was a fall pep-rally and music festival held in 2013 and 2015 to complement the annual "Battle for Chief Caddo" football rivalry game against Stephen F. Austin State University. In 2016 and 2017, the station organized Neon Inferno, an EDM and hip-hop festival.

DemonFest is a music festival held in the spring by KNWD. It usually holds up to two or more up-and-coming bands as headliners and well-known local bands. KNWD launched the festival in 2000 in part as a reaction to the university booking Toby Keith for an on-campus concert, which the station felt did not reflect the interests of students. In 2007, the station combined DemonFest with the Natchitoches Jazz & R&B Festival. After a hiatus of several years, DemonFest was restarted by KNWD in 2013. In 2017, weather concerns forced the traditionally outdoor festival into Prather Coliseum. Over the years, the festival has ranged from one day of music to three days.

Other events
KNWD has organized a number of campus and local events over the years. Notably, on Halloween 1982, the station coordinated the move of the campus ghost, Isabella, from the burned ruins of Caldwell Hall to the oldest building on campus, the Old Women's Gymnasium (now Lee H. Nelson Hall and home to the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training ). The event involved more than 750 people, a marching band, and a mounted honor guard.

title: KNWD


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User:Lonnez/Computer Science House

Computer Science House (CSH) is a special interest house at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) founded in 1976. It is located on the third floor of Nathaniel Rochester Hall. Its membership is composed of a group of students of any major who share an interest in computers, community and socialization. CSH promotes learning outside of the classroom by offering seminars and resources to work on personal projects.

Computer Science House is commonly referred to as "House" or "Floor" by its members.

Early years (1976–1986)
RIT originally chartered the creation of a special interest house for computer science in 1976. During the 1981 school year, the Social, House Improvements and Evaluation committees were introduced. These groups spearheaded various titular focuses of the house. In 1982, the house received its first major donation: a PDP-11, which was housed on the floor. The computer represented a significant moment in the history of the house, and in the following year the pink and purple of the machine were adopted as the official colors.

A second PDP was acquired in 1983, and high-speed modems were built and installed to access the VAX systems hosted by the Computer Science department. In summer 1983, the first interviews for admission to the house were conducted.

2010–present
Steve Wozniak visited the house on October 7, 2013 after being invited by a freshman.

In 2016, Computer Science House celebrated its 40th anniversary. During the celebration, a new dorm building for the organization was announced.

Projects
Every active member completes a yearly major project. These projects help members to learn more about a technical or non-technical topic, benefit CSH or the community, and have a significant time commitment. In addition to some of the notable projects, CSH members have been a major factor in the evolution of the campus network and information services. For example, a CSH alumni is responsible for the account and computer registration systems at RIT.

Drink
This project allows members to log in from anywhere in the world via telnet, SSH, cellphone, or a form on the house's website and 'drop' a drink. CSH currently has two drink machines and a snack machine, all of them using Tiny Internet Interface microcontrollers to interface with the network. Computer Science House's "Internet Coke Machine" was listed as No. 3 in a list of "The Ten Greatest Hacks of All Time" in PC Magazine, behind NASA's efforts to save Apollo 13 and the PDP-1 game Spacewar! (Segan 2008).

ScheduleMaker
ScheduleMaker is a web application, developed by members of Computer Science House, used for schedule building and course discovery. It is specifically aimed for use at Rochester Institute of Technology. The idea came from CSH alumnus and jQuery creator John Resig to allow students to enter their courses and generate possible schedules.

Seminar series
CSH organizes seminars on various technologies for the benefit of the RIT community.

Shower-Oriented Audio Player (SOAP)
Speakers are installed in the bathrooms and connected to a backend audio system to allow users to stream music to any location while they shower.

Clipper project
In 1985, several ARG (Advanced Research Group) members set out to design a 32-bit workstation for use by CSH and the RIT community. This would create one of the most powerful computer systems for that time. They chose the state-of-the-art Clipper Module from Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation (now Intergraph Corporation) as a base for their computer system.

SIGGRAPH 1995
In 1995, CSH had a table at a Special Interest Group for Computer GRAPHics.

Okee project and porting NetBSD
Porting of NetBSD to a home-grown single-CPU board. The Okee CPU board was designed by an alumnus of CSH, Frank Giuffrida, to replace the CCI Tahoe 6/32 six-board CPU boardset with a single CPU board. The CPU is based around the Motorola 68040 processor.

Members of CSH ported NetBSD to the DECStation 5000 series workstations.

Network services
CSH runs all services on both its wired and wireless networks. Web hosting, email, newsgroups, and shell services are provided to all members. Backend services include OpenLDAP, MIT Kerberos, and FreeRADIUS.

Special-purpose rooms

 * Conference Room
 * Project Room
 * Research Room
 * ARG/Server Room
 * Lounge
 * Library
 * Kitchen
 * User Center
 * Software Room

Community
CSH strives to maintain a balance between social and technical. Members are encouraged to leave their doors open as often as possible. Many of the spontaneous events that occur on floor are a result of a member walking into another member's room and striking up a conversation. CSH also maintains a significant off-floor presence as members get older.

Governance
The Executive Board is an elected group of directors who each manage a different aspect of House's affairs. Through weekly meetings and active involvement on floor, the directors organize projects into different areas of interest, and encourage members to team up to complete larger tasks. The Executive Board includes the directors of Evaluations, History, Financial, Social, Research & Development, House Improvements, and Operational Communications (OpComm). It also includes the House Chairman.

Notable alumni

 * John Resig, creator of jQuery and Processing.js
 * Chris Mason (computer programmer), former director of Linux Kernel Engineering at Oracle and the founder of Btrfs
 * Tristan O'Tierney, co-founder of Square, Inc.

Trivia

 * CSH was Yahoo! Internet Life's most wired dorm of 1999
 * CSH participated in RIT ROCS (Reaching Out for Community Service) 2005

title: User:Lonnez/Computer Science House


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Talk:Jammie Dodger

Jammie Dodger
The humble Jammie Dodger was discovered in 1756 by a travelling gypsy called Burlington McGillicuddy. It originally grew on the high slopes of the Peruvian Andes, but has since been genetically cloned - and this is the specimen that we see today. McGillicuddy instantly shot to fame, and founded the International Jammie Dodger Society and the Church of Dodger. He has published 2 books: the bestseller "My life with Jammie Dodgers" and the critically acclaimed "Knitting for Beginners".

Some purists prefer the spelling "Jammy", and argue that it is more gramatically accurate. However, these people are idiots, and should be ignored.

Click here for a review of the Jammie Dodger's distant cousin, the Jaffa Cake.

Jammie DodgerS??
I'm sure this article should be under Jammie Dodgers with an 's' because that is their actual trade name, not "Jammie Dodger". --Geach 22:49, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jammie Dodger


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Kidlat Tahimik

Eric Oteyza de Guia (born October 3, 1942), better known as Kidlat Tahimik ("Silent Lightning"), is a film director, writer and actor whose films are commonly associated with the Third Cinema movement through their critiques of neocolonialism. For his contributions to the development of Philippine independent cinema, he was recognized in 2018 as a National Artist of the Philippines for Film - a conferment which represents the Philippine state's highest recognition for artists.

One of the most prominent names in the Filipino film industry, he has garnered various accolades locally and internationally, including a Plaridel honorarium for independent cinema. He is dubbed by fellow filmmakers and critics as the "Father of Philippine Independent Cinema".

In recent years, Tahimik has become a noted installation artist with his works exhibited in various public spaces in the Philippines.

Education
Tahimik attended the University of the Philippines Diliman, where he was elected President of the UP Student Council, then known as the University Student Union, from 1962 to 1963. While attending the university he became a member of the Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity. Tahimik studied at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, earning a Master in Business Administration. Upon his return, he founded AIESEC in the Philippines.

He worked as a researcher for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris from 1968 to 1972.

Influences
Tahimik grew up in Baguio, Philippines, a summer resort community established in the presence of several U.S. military bases. This experience influenced the themes of his films, most notably the semi-autobiographical Perfumed Nightmare (1977) and Turumba (1983).

The latter of these two films provides some insight into the circumstances that brought him to Europe and into the presence of filmmaker Werner Herzog, who along with director Francis Ford Coppola and his American Zoetrope studio, was instrumental in helping to release Perfumed Nightmare in the United States.

Personal life
Kidlat is the son of former Baguio Mayor Virginia de Guia. Kidlat's wife is German artist and writer Katrin De Guia. They had three children: Kidlat de Guia (or Kidlat Gottlieb Kalayaan); Kawayan Thor Kalayaan; and Kabunian De Guia (or Kabunian Cedric Enrique).

In February 2004, a fire was reported to have spread in their home 4-storey home in Benguet, the Philippines. The family was able to escape safely, but the director's film stock and collection of art and artifacts were destroyed.

He owns the vegetarian cafe Oh My Gulay located at the top of the La Azotea building in Baguio, Philippines and he also owns and maintains the Ili-Likha Artist's Village which is also in Baguio.

Feature films

 * Perfumed Nightmare (1977)
 * Who Invented the Yoyo? Who Invented the Moon Buggy? (1982)
 * Turumba (1983)
 * Takedera Mon Amour: Diary of a Bamboo Connection (1991)
 * Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow? (with Kidlat Gottlieb Kalayaan; also known as I Am Furious... Yellow, 1989 and 1994)
 * BalikBayan #1: Memories of Overdevelopment (Redux III, 2015; Redux VI, 2017; Redux VII, 2023)
 * Lakbayan (segment: "Kabayan’s Journey to Liwanang", 2018)

Short films
The films listed here are less than 50 minutes in length:
 * Yan Ki Made in Hong Kong (1980)
 * Orbit 50: Letters to My 3 Sons (1992)
 * Celebrating the Year 2021, Today (1995)
 * Japanese Summers of a Filipino Fundoshi (1996)
 * Banal Kahoy (Holy Wood) (2000)
 * Aqua Planet (2003)
 * Some More Rice (2005)
 * Our Film – Grimage to Guimaras (2006)
 * BUBONG! Roofs of the World! Unite! (2006)
 * Ang Balikbayan: Memories of Overdevelopment 1980–2010 (2010)

Television film

 * Olympisches Gold (from Vater Unser, 1981)

Writer

 * Perfumed Nightmare (1977)
 * Turumba (1983)
 * Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow? (1994)
 * BalikBayan #1: Memories of Overdevelopment (2015; 2017)

Producer

 * Perfumed Nightmare (1977)
 * Turumba (1983)
 * Abong: Small Home (2003)

Actor

 * The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser (1974) – Hombrecito
 * Perfumed Nightmare (1977) – Kidlat
 * Jag rodnar (I Am Blushing, 1981)
 * Smaragd (1987)
 * José Rizal (1998) – La Liga Filipina guest
 * Abong: Small Home (2003)
 * BalikBayan #1: Memories of Overdevelopment (2015; 2017; 2023) – Enrique of Malacca
 * 1941: Cordillera Iti Ima ti Gubat (2022)

Awards

 * 27th Berlin International Film Festival International Critics Award: Perfumed Nightmare (1977)
 * Mannheim Film Festival Top Cash Award: Turumba (1981)
 * Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize Laureate, Arts and Culture Prize (2012)
 * Berlin Film Festival Caligari Award: Balikbayan #1 Memories of Overdevelopment Redux III (2015)
 * Prince Claus Laureate (2018)

National honours

 * National Artist of the Philippines (Film and Broadcast Arts) (2018)

Honorary degree

 * University of the Cordilleras – Doctor of Humanities (August 24, 2018)

title: Kidlat Tahimik


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Luxembourgers

Luxembourgers (Lëtzebuerger ) are an ethnic group native to their nation state of Luxembourg, where they make up around half of the population. They share the culture of Luxembourg and speak Luxembourgish, a West Germanic language.

Luxembourgers were, much like Austrians, historically considered to be a regional sub-group of ethnic Germans and viewed themselves as such until the collapse of the German Confederation. Luxembourg became independent, while remaining in personal union with the Netherlands, after the signing of the Treaty of London in 1839. The personal union proved short-lived as it was bilaterally and amicably dissolved in 1890.

Legally, all citizens of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg are considered to be Luxembourgers per Luxembourgish law, although a distinct Germanic ethnolinguistic identification is vocally espoused and promoted. The corresponding adjective is "Luxembourgish".

Historical background

Most ethnic Luxembourgers live in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg), a small landlocked country in Western Europe, situated between Germany, France, and Belgium, and are of Celtic/Gallo-Roman and Germanic (Frankish) origin. Luxembourgish is the only native language of Luxembourgers (as taught by parents), although nearly all of them learn French and German in school and are able to communicate in these two languages as well from an early age on. Despite the rather small number of Luxembourgers, there is a relatively large diaspora of their people, both in Europe and elsewhere, most notably overseas in North America. Particularly, there are populations in the surrounding countries of Belgium, France, and Germany. For the most part, this is due to historic reasons, especially the three Partitions of Luxembourg, which led to former territories of Luxembourg being incorporated into each of the three surrounding countries.

As previously mentioned, there are also significant populations of Luxembourgers in the Americas, with the largest contingent being in the United States. Others migrated to the medieval Kingdom of Hungary along with Germans during the first phase of German eastward settlement (Ostsiedlung) in the 12th century (and, later on, during the Modern Age). Transylvanian Saxons (in particular) and Banat Swabians (partly) are the descendants of these settlers. Furthermore, the Transylvanian Saxon dialect is very close to Luxembourgish. In addition, the Zipser Germans in the historical region of Zips, Slovakia (but also their descendants in Maramureș and Bukovina) are also part of the Luxembourgish diaspora given the fact that part of their ancestors stemmed from the northwestern Lower Rhineland and adjacent or neighbouring areas.

The explanation for the cultural, ethnic, and linguistic ties between the Saxons in Transylvania and the Luxembourgers is rather simple, namely that the first waves of Transylvanian Saxon settlers who colonised parts of Transylvania, present-day central Romania stemmed from the Rhine-Moselle river valley region and, implicitly, from Luxembourg as well. These settlers were part of the Ostsiedlung colonisation process in Central and Eastern Europe and were invited during the late 12th century, during the High Middle Ages, by the King of Hungary Géza II to develop, fortify, and defend southern and south-eastern Transylvania against invading Asian peoples (e.g. Cumans, Pechenegs, Mongols, or Tatars). Moreover, in 2007, Luxembourg City shared the status of European Capital of Culture with the Romanian town of Sibiu (Hermannstadt), one of the most important historical urban centres of the Transylvanian Saxons, both in the past and present, in cultural, administrative, and religious regards as well.

title: Luxembourgers


text:
Franz Metzner

Franz Metzner (18 November 1870, Wscherau, near Plzeň – 24 March 1919, Berlin) was an influential German sculptor, particularly his sculptural figures integrated into the architecture of Central European public buildings in the Art Nouveau / Jugendstil / Vienna Secession period. His style is difficult to classify.

Biography
Metzer learned the craft of stone-cutting in Breslau with Christian Behrens and did apprenticeships in Saxony through 1894. He founded his own studio in Berlin in 1896 and worked predominantly for the royal porcelain factory until 1903, and became a professor at the Vienna college of arts and sciences. Metzner achieved fame by winning a gold medal at the Paris Exposition Universelle (1900).

Among his important works are the sculptures for Josef Hoffmann's 1904–1911 landmark Vienna Secession Palais Stoclet in Brussels, including the eccentric four green male nudes at the summit of the building. The Palais Stoclet is an example of "Gesamtkunstwerk", the integration of art and architecture, one of the goals of Jugendstil, and it had notable influence on birth of Art Deco.

In 1910 Metzner met the vacationing Frank Lloyd Wright and, according to the scholarship of Anthony Alofsin, Metzer affected Wright's "conventionalization" of the human figure and its incorporation into buildings like the Larkin Building and Midway Gardens. Around the same time, Metzner's designs influenced Czech artists working in Prague, Stanislav Sucharda among them.

A famous work is the 1913 Völkerschlachtdenkmal (People's Battle Monument), designed by the architect Bruno Schmitz in Leipzig. Metzner executed the powerful and strangely scaled interior figural-architectural sculpture in the "Hecker Tomb" with his teacher Behrens. The Monument was inaugurated in 1913 by Kaiser Wilhelm II. It is unique and imposing combination of Wilhelmine and Jugendstil styles.

Much of Metzner's work in Germany was lost in World War II.

Other work

 * Atlas figures, Zacherl House, Vienna, Austria, 1905, Jože Plečnik, architect
 * Tomb for the paper manufacturer Max Krause in the Jerusalem Cemetery in Berlin, 1907, Bruno Schmitz architect
 * Franz Stelzhammer Monument, Linz, Germany, 1908
 * sculpture for the Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz in Berlin, 1913, for architect Oskar Kaufmann
 * Der Rüdigerbrunnen (the Rudiger well) in the Bavarian city of Kaufbeuren

title: Franz Metzner


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The Star (South Africa)

The Star is a daily newspaper based in Gauteng, South Africa that was established in 1887. The paper is distributed mainly in Gauteng and other provinces such as Mpumalanga, Limpopo, North West, and Free State.

The Star is one of the titles of the South African Independent News & Media group (INL), owned by Sekunjalo Media Consortium whose founder and chairman is Dr. Iqbal Survé. For many years, The Star was owned by the Argus Printing & Publishing Company, controlled by the Anglo American Corporation. The Irish Independent News & Media (INM) bought and renamed the Argus in the early 1990s. Sekujalo acquired INL in 2013.

Content
The content published in The Star focuses on leading daily national, local and international national news and analysis. Its leader and opinion page offers a platform for thought leaders to contribute their opinions on topical news.

Products
The Star houses the Business Report newspaper (a financial newspaper in South Africa), as well as a carrier for the following supplements:

 * Tonight
 * Talent 360
 * Drive 360
 * Classifieds

Awards
Newspaper Journalism Awards 2012

 * Hard News: Angelique Serrao "Gauteng toll roads"
 * Feature photographs: Antoine de Ras "The Long Road Home"
 * Hard News: Louise Flanagan "92 million: Zuma's political elite benefit"
 * Enterprise News: Lebogang Seale "Raped by the justice system"
 * Feature Writing: Beauregard Tromp "The weight of water" Jonathan Ancer "Adventures of an AWOL Chequebook" shared with our sister paper Cape Times
 * News photographs: Antoine de Ras "Mogadishu Madness"
 * Feature photographs: Antoine de Ras "The Long Road Home""
 * Sports photographs: Adrian de Kock "Polo Pigeons" Standard Bank 2013 Sikuvile Journalism Awards
 * Rising Star of the Year: Kristen van Schie Vast Number of Entries Standard Bank 2014 Sikuvile Journalism Awards
 * Hard News: Angelique Serrao, Botho Molosankwe, Kristen Van Schie, Lebogang Seale & Kevin Ritchie Deadly Valentine (Series).
 * Enterprise News: Kristen van Schie After the Fall.
 * Popular Journalism: Omphitlhetse Mooki Hell Hath no Fury like a Woman Scorned.
 * Newspaper Journalist of the Year: Antoine de Ras Oscar Pistorius Standard Bank 2015 Sikuvile Journalism Awards
 * Hard News: Botho Molosankwe, Timothy Bernard, Theresa Taylor & Omphitlhetse Mooki "Joburg's Raging Fires - Firefight Scandal"
 * Hard News: Botho Molosankwe "What a Bummer"
 * Graphic Journalism: Sithembile Mtolo "Greening your home"
 * News Photographs: Bongiwe Mchunu "Extinguisher" Standard Bank 2016 Sikuvile Journalism Awards
 * Enterprise News: The Star Women's Team 2016 "The Rise of Women's Power"
 * Graphic Journalism: Lebohang Elvin Nethononda "Soweto Uprising 1976"
 * Presentation: Narianan Nelandri "16 June: 40 Years On"
 * Young Journalist of the Year: Nokuthula Mbatha "Deep in the Devil's Drug" National Arts Festival/BASA Arts Journalism Awards 2016
 * News: Silver Winners Wendyl Martin shared with its sister publication Weekend Argus

The Bang-Bang Club
The Star newspaper employed three members of the Bang-Bang Club. It employed Kevin Carter as a staff photographer in 1984. Ken Oosterbroek worked for the paper before being appointed its chief photographer in August 1991. João Silva was hired shortly afterwards.

History
The Star newspaper appeared for the first time in Johannesburg as The Eastern Star. It was founded in Grahamstown under that title on 6 January 1871 (as a resurrection of the previous Great Eastern paper), and was moved to the Witwatersrand sixteen years later by its owners, brothers Thomas and George Sheffield. In 1889, the name Eastern Star was changed to the one currently in use.

Supplements

 * Business Report (Monday-Friday)
 * Tonight (Monday-Friday)
 * Workplace (Monday & Wednesday)
 * Motoring (Thursday)
 * Play (monthly)

title: The Star (South Africa)


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Félix Aráuz

Félix Aráuz (2 May 1935 – 28 February 2024) was an Ecuadorian painter. Aráuz was among the art circles of Enrique Tábara, Aníbal Villacís, José Carreño, and Juan Villafuerte. In 1957, Aráuz began studying under César Andrade Faini at the School of Fine Arts. During his second year, his father died leaving Aráuz feeling nostalgic and isolated. Aráuz funneled his emotions into his work creating some of the most beautiful, heartfelt and dreamlike imagery to date. Both his use of color and his compositions are strong and designed to leave a lasting impression on the viewer. Aráuz's subjects usually include surreal flower arrangements, the innocence of children, faces, 'trees of life', landscapes and abstracts — all of which are created with a personal dreamlike aesthetic.

In 1967, Aráuz married Nila Villafuerte Estrada, older sister of Juan Villafuerte. Aráuz, Juan Villafuerte and José Carreño had a very close friendship forged at the School of Fine Arts. In the same year, Aráuz received a government scholarship to travel to the United States with the fellow master painter Gilberto Almeida a member of the VAN group, an artists' collective founded by Enrique Tábara, Aníbal Villacís, and Jaime Villa in order to study galleries and museums throughout New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Miami.

In 1970, arranged through his friend, Jaime Andrade, Aráuz exhibited two paintings at the Pan American Union in Washington, D.C. and at Gallery Kromex in New York. Both exhibits were considered notable. In 1971, Aráuz obtained The Great Prize of Julio National Hall in Guayaquil.

In 1987, Aráuz traveled to Basel, Switzerland to exhibit with his friend Eloísa Melo. From there, Aráuz traveled to Brussels and exhibited with Víctor Mideros. Finally, Aráuz met up with longtime friend and colleague José Carreño in Paris.

Aráuz was a professor at the School of Fine Arts beginning in 1966 and continued to paint in his studio in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Aráuz died on 28 February 2024, at the age of 88.

Awards and medals
1965 & 1969 Second Prize, National Hall, October, Guayaquil, Ecuador 1963 & 1972 First Prize, National Hall, October, Guayaquil, Ecuador

1968 Great prize, Gold Medal, National Hall, Guayaquil, Ecuador

1971 Great Prize, National Hall, Guayaquil, Ecuador

1975 Second Prize, National Hall, Guayaquil, Ecuador

1981 Gold Medal of Artistic Merit, granted by the illustrious Municipality of Guayaquil.

1996 Gold Brush Cultural Association.

title: Félix Aráuz


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Talk:Royal Naval Resrve

This page should be deleted. It appears to have been created only as a result of a misspelling. — DanMS 20:25, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Royal Naval Resrve


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Señorita México

Señorita México was the name of a national beauty pageant in Mexico, celebrated since 1952. After 2005, the pageant changed its name to "Miss Mexico". From 1952 to 1994, was the official pageant responsible for sending the country's representatives to the Miss Universe, Miss World, Miss International and other international pageants.

After the crowning of Lupita Jones, as Mexico's first Miss Universe, a dispute between Miss Jones and the pageant organizers over overdued prizes, led to a break of the longtime association between the pageant and the broadcast network Televisa. When the pageant moved to TV Azteca network, a competing pageant called "Nuestra Belleza México" was created, later directed by Miss Jones with the sponsorship of Televisa TV Network.

In 1994, Señorita México lost the bid to Nuestra Belleza México to be the official pageant for the Miss Universe pageant. Later Nuestra Belleza México also obtained the rights of sending Mexico's delegates to Miss World and Miss International.

However, the "Miss Mexico" pageant still sends delegates to other international pageants. The trade name Señorita Mexico was trademarked in the United States, by Venezuelan Entrepreneur Adan S. Perez CEO of The Miss Mexico Organization with headquarters in Las Vegas Nevada who produces The Señorita Mexico U.S. beauty pageant. He developed a franchise system in every state of The Union to bring girls from all over the United States to compete in the National beauty event, which takes place every year in Las Vegas. Adan Perez has been producing the national competition Señorita Mexico U.S in Las Vegas, since 2003.

Titleholders
Below are the names of the annual titleholders of Señorita México, listed in ascending order, the states they represented during their national crowning or assignment and their final placements in Miss Universe after their participation.

Miss Universe

 * Declared as Winner.
 * Ended as Runner-up.
 * Ended as Finalist or Semi-finalist.

Miss World

 * Declared as Winner.
 * Ended as Runner-up.
 * Ended as Finalist or Semi-finalist.

Miss International

 * Declared as Winner.
 * Ended as Runner-up.
 * Ended as Finalist or Semi-finalist.

State Tally
Anyone who follows the Olympic Games or other sporting events will be familiar with the concept of the Medal Table, which ranks countries based on their first (gold), second (silver) and third (bronze) place finishes. Below is a similar table of the top rankings for the Señorita Mexico pageant, but of the 32 Mexican states, based on all results from the first event in 1952 to the most recent competition.

title: Señorita México


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Soldier Son trilogy

The Soldier Son trilogy is a fantasy novel series by Robin Hobb. Set in a new world unrelated to her previous trilogies, the Soldier Son trilogy follows the life of Nevare Burvelle, the second son of a newly elevated Lord of the Kingdom of Gernia.

Plot
The career of a person living in Gernia is heavily influenced by their parentage. Those sons born to common parentage follow their father's career. However, for the sons of a noble, things are different. The eldest son inherits his father's title, the second son serves as an officer in the army, the third son enters priesthood, while the fourth becomes an artist. This allocation continues for further sons. Daughters are relegated to submissive roles, being primarily used to forge social links with arranged marriages.

The first book, Shaman's Crossing, concerns Nevare's education. As a young boy on the vast plains, his position as the second son, the Soldier Son, is cemented from birth. From an early age, Nevare is drilled in mounted cavalla (Cavalry) techniques, riding, survival, tactics, and all aspects of life as an officer in the King's Cavalla. As a teenager, he has a first encounter with the Specks' magic (see below), which will influence the rest of his life. Later, as a young man, Nevare's education at the King's Cavalla Academy begins. Nevare suffers the consequences of being the son of a New Noble, when the struggle between Old Nobles and New Nobles in the court of Gernia affects the supposedly independent Academy.

Book two, Forest Mage, concerns Nevare's trip in disgrace to a town near Gettys, and his time at this farthest outpost in the King's Road construction. His connection with the Specks, a race of tree people who live on after their corporeal lives, develops further. The changes imposed to his body by the Specks' magic he wields, causes rejection and discrimination by most Gernians, including his family. In spite of it, he still pursues his dream of a military career. At the same time, he also tries to save the Specks' ancestors forest from the devastations produced by the Gernian's road advance.

The third and final book, Renegade's Magic, details Nevare's sojourn with the Specks in their extensive forest near the Barrier Mountains. His cousin and her husband Spink continue to deal with events in Gettys. Nevare's disjoint personalities are united to realize the initial goal of the magic, in spite of the serious consequences it has on Nevare's life. But balance is finally achieved.

Themes
The Soldier Son trilogy is set in a post-colonial secondary world that has drawn resemblance to the nineteenth century American frontier. Scholars have identified critiques of colonialism in Hobb's writing, as well as an examination of culture-specific honor systems that blurs boundaries between the "self" and the "other".

A civilised and warlike nation, Gernia, has taken to expanding its boundaries inland as a result of its coastal lands being lost to a neighbour's vastly superior naval force. The move inland involves conquering and assimilating native peoples- Plainsmen and Specks. It has been only one or two generations since the Plainsmen have been beaten into submission, and racial and cultural tensions simmer underneath the thin veneer of civilization. But even earlier, the Specks had beaten the fiercest Plainsmen warriors using simply magic. Both Gernians and Specks consider their societies, philosophies, and ways of life the only "civilized" options.

The greater themes of the series so far are: post-colonial backlash, loss of cultural identity, racial preconception and discrimination, and "Going Native"- a term applied to those of "civilized" nature who abandon their own culture and adopt the lifestyle of a more "savage" persuasion. Rigid class and gender stratification and limited opportunities for everybody are consistent with post-colonial times. Explicit magic and shamanism opposes conventional religion and rationalism.

Reception
Writing in The Times, critic Amanda Craig stated that the Soldier Son trilogy was filled with believable characters, and commended the series as "the kind of fantasy that Anthony Trollope would have written if he lived now". Craig described Hobb's writing as having a "gloriously original touch", and viewed the series' themes as a critique of military aggression in the wake of the Iraq War. The Guardian likewise felt the Soldier Son novels were "intelligent and deep", but critiqued them for lacking "the heart and page-turning spark" of Hobb's Elderlings series.

title: Soldier Son trilogy


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FWO

FWO may refer to:

 * Fair Work Ombudsman, an agency of the Government of Australia
 * Frontier Works Organization, a staff corps of the Pakistan Army
 * Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO), a Dutch-speaking successor to the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research
 * Fort Worth Opera, professional opera company based in Texas, USA

title: FWO


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clint Borgen

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 04:43, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Clint Borgen
Vanity/self-promotion. See also Votes for deletion/Borgen Project, above. 1) The book, Geneva Nights, is published with a print-on-demand, vanity press; anyone can do an autobiography that way. 2) Wikipedia is the first hit on Google for "clint borgen" - never a good sign. 3) Most of the rest of the hits are on his website, or on various advertising-filled search-engine-optimization pages. I can't find any mentions of him that he couldn't have placed himself. CDC   (talk)  20:28, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Also can't seem to find any instances of Clint "aggressively and publicly challenging U.S. leaders." —Cleared as filed. 20:34, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dcarrano 20:56, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, vanity. royblumy 00:05, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity/self-promotion. --Etacar11 01:10, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 09:55, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable / non-encylopedic.--GrandCru 03:55, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Electroceramics

Electroceramics are a class of ceramic materials used primarily for their electrical properties.

While ceramics have traditionally been admired and used for their mechanical, thermal and chemical stability, their unique electrical, optical and magnetic properties have become of increasing importance in many key technologies including communications, energy conversion and storage, electronics and automation. Such materials are now classified under electroceramics, as distinguished from other functional ceramics such as advanced structural ceramics.

Historically, developments in the various subclasses of electroceramics have paralleled the growth of new technologies. Examples include: ferroelectrics - high dielectric capacitors, non-volatile memories; ferrites - data and information storage; solid electrolytes - energy storage and conversion; piezoelectrics - sonar; semiconducting oxides - environmental monitoring. Recent advances in these areas are described in the Journal of Electroceramics.

Dielectric ceramics
Dielectric materials used for construction of ceramic capacitors include: Lead Zirconate titanate (PZT), Barium titanate(BT), strontium titanate (ST), calcium titanate (CT), magnesium titanate (MT), calcium magnesium titanate (CMT), zinc titanate (ZT), lanthanum titanate (LT), and neodymium titanate (NT), barium zirconate (BZ), calcium zirconate (CZ), lead magnesium niobate (PMN), lead zinc niobate (PZN), lithium niobate (LN), barium stannate (BS), calcium stannate (CS), magnesium aluminium silicate, magnesium silicate, barium tantalate, titanium dioxide, niobium oxide, zirconia, silica, sapphire, beryllium oxide, and zirconium tin titanate

Some piezoelectric materials can be used as well; the EIA Class 2 dielectrics are based on mixtures rich on barium titanate. In turn, EIA Class 1 dielectrics contain little or no barium titanate.

Electronically conductive ceramics
Indium tin oxide (ITO), lanthanum-doped strontium titanate (SLT), yttrium-doped strontium titanate (SYT)

Fast ion conductor ceramics
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC), lanthanum strontium gallate magnesite(LSGM), beta alumina, beta alumina

Piezoelectric and ferroelectric ceramics
Commercially used piezoceramic is primarily lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Barium titanate (BT), strontium titanate (ST), quartz, and others are also used.

See Category:Piezoelectric materials.

Magnetic ceramics
Ferrites including iron(III) oxide and strontium carbonate display magnetic properties. Lanthanum strontium manganite exhibits colossal magnetoresistance.

title: Electroceramics


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Urwa ibn al-Zubayr

Urwa ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam al-Asadi (عُرْوَة بْن الزُّبَيْر بْن الْعَوَّام الأَسَدِيّ; c. 644–713) was an early Muslim traditionist, widely regarded as a founding figure in the field of historical study among the Muslims. He was a son of Muhammad's close aide al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, and a nephew of his wife A'isha. He spent much of his life in Medina, witnessed the First Fitna (656–661) as a youth, and supported his elder brother Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr in his failed attempt to establish his caliphate in the Second Fitna (680–692). After Abd Allah's elimination by his Syria-based Umayyad rivals, Urwa reconciled with the Umayyads, whom he paid occasional visits and maintained a literary correspondence with.

Urwa's relations with important early Islamic figures gave him access to first-hand accounts on the early Islamic period, which he collected from his father, his aunt, and a number of companions of Muhammad, passing these on to his students, above all Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri and his son Hisham. A large number of these traditions are reported in the hadith and historical literature. Some of his literary correspondences with the Umayyad caliphs Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ((r. 685 – 705)) and al-Walid I ((r. 705 – 715)) have also been reported in historical works. Combined, they cover almost all important events of Muhammad's prophetic career as well as early caliphate, and are central to the historical study of Muhammad. Modern historians have debated the authenticity of the Urwa corpus of traditions. Some hold that most of the traditions reported on his authority did indeed originate with him and the core of the information contained therein is genuine, although they have been modified and colored by later transmitters to some extent. On the other hand, some hold that much of the corpus is later, retrospective attribution to Urwa.

Biography
Sources differ on Urwa's birth year, placing it in 22, 23, 26, or 29 AH. 23 AH, corresponding to 643/644 CE, is most likely. His father was al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, a senior companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and his mother was Asma, a daughter of the first caliph Abu Bakr ((r. 632 – 634)) and sister of Muhammad's wife A'isha. Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, the counter-caliph of the Second Fitna, was his full brother.

Urwa spent his early life in Medina, during the caliphate of the third caliph Uthman ((r. 644 – 656)). After Uthman's assassination, he accompanied his father, brother, and his aunt A'isha to the southern Iraqi town of Basra, where the three elders fought against the fourth caliph Ali ((r. 656 – 661)). Urwa was not allowed to participate in the fight due to his young age. His father was killed in the battle and Urwa returned to Medina with his aunt. His father's considerable fortune enabled Urwa to concentrate on studies, and he began collecting and studying reports on the earlier period of Islam. His main informant was A'isha. It is unclear exactly when he started the activity, but he is reported to have held regular sessions of study with his friends in the Prophet's Mosque of Medina during the later years of the reign of Mu'awiya I ((r. 661 – 680)), the first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, which succeeded the earlier Medina-based Rashidun Caliphate after the First Fitna (656–661). The group included among others, his half-brother Mus'ab and the future caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. Arab historian al-Baladhuri (d. 892) narrates a report from Urwa that he spent seven years in Egypt, which according to the historian Joseph Horovitz would fall between 678 and 685, and married there. The historian Gregor Schoeler considers it unlikely that he spent seven continuous years in Egypt.

In the Second Fitna (680–692), his elder brother Abd Allah established his counter-caliphate in opposition to the Umayyads, and Urwa supported him. When the Umayyad general al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf besieged Mecca in 692 to overthrow Abd Allah, Urwa is reported to have negotiated Abd Allah's surrender with al-Hajjaj, who agreed to grant him safety. Abd Allah ultimately decided to die fighting; al-Hajjaj struck his body on a cross. Urwa escaped al-Hajjaj to Medina, where he deposited the wealth of the Zubayrid family, and then rode to Caliph Abd al-Malik ((r. 685 – 705)) in Damascus, the capital of the Umayyads, informing him of Abd Allah's death even before al-Hajjaj's messenger could reach him. The Caliph treated him with respect and granted his request to retrieve Abd Allah's body. Urwa returned to Mecca to bury Abd Allah and offered funeral prayers over him. The sources do not mention any further Damascus visits by Urwa in Abd al-Malik's time, but the two maintained correspondence, as Abd Al-Malik would consult him on the events of early Islamic period.

After the end of the civil war, Urwa settled in Medina and continued his scholarly activity. After Abd al-Malik's death in 705, Urwa traveled to Damascus to give his allegiance to the new caliph al-Walid I ((r. 705 – 715)). During this stay, Urwa's son Muhammad died in an accident, while Urwa himself suffered from gangrene in one of his feet, which had to be amputated. In 706, he was appointed to the newly established ten-member council of (jurists) by the then governor of Medina, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. The council was tasked to advise the governor on legal matters. Urwa died on his estate near Rabadha, which lay 200 km east of Medina, and was buried there. The year of his death is given variously between 93 AH and 101 AH, the most likely being 94 AH, which corresponds to 712/713 CE.

The sources describe Urwa as a person with upright character who avoided discord and lived a pious life. He is regarded as one of the 'Seven of Medina'. They were, according to the sources, the most prominent of a number of Medinan jurists who played a significant part in the development of the Medinan school of (Islamic jurisprudence). In the view of Joseph Schacht, a scholar of Islamic Law, none of them actually held to the legal doctrines of the Medinan school, since the doctrines developed only later and were ascribed to them in retrospect. Urwa is reported to have written books on law, but these have not survived. According to a report by his son Hisham (d. 763/764), Urwa destroyed them on the day of the Battle of al-Harra (August 683), when the army of the second Umayyad caliph Yazid I ((r. 680 – 683)) stormed Medina to quell the rebellion there. The scholars of the early period of Islam would write books for private use, destroying them before their deaths out of fear that they might fall into others' hands and compete with the Qur'an. Urwa destroyed the books anticipating his death in the battle. He later used to express deep regret for this loss.

Transmission of historical material
Urwa serves as a source for two types of materials on the early Islamic period: hadith and letters. His situation in an important early Islamic family enabled him to obtain first hand information on the period. He would gather accounts from his father, mother, as well as his aunt, but also reported from other authorities such as Abd Allah ibn Abbas, Abu Hurayra, Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As, Usama ibn Zayd, and Abu Dharr al-Ghifari.

Hadith
Urwa narrated a number of hadiths (traditions about the sayings and deeds attributed to Muhammad as well as early Muslims) which are transmitted through his son Hisham and his student Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (d. 742). These have been reported in hadith collections—Musnad of Ibn Hanbal (d. 855), and the canonical compilations of al-Bukhari (d. 870) and Muslim (d. 875) among others—legal works like Muwatta of Malik ibn Anas (d. 795), historical works (Ibn Ishaq, al-Tabari, al-Baladhuri), and the exegetical works (e.g. Tafsir al-Tabari). The hadiths cover all events of significance on early Islam, but his reports concerning the life of Muhammad are of central importance. According to Schoeler, these are taken as the starting point for any historical study of Muhammad's life. They include subjects like the beginning of Muhammad's prophecy, Meccan persecution, the emigration of the Muslims to Medina (hijra), campaigns against the Jewish tribes of Qaynuqa and Qurayza, the battles of the Trench and Hunayn, the treaty of al-Hudaybiya, Muhammad's letters to various people, as well as his last days. He also narrated short reports on the Rashidun period such as the Ridda wars, campaigns in Syria, the claims of Abbas, Fatima, and Muhammad's wives to his inheritance, battles of the Yarmuk, Qadisiyya, and of the Camel, and Umar's journey to Jerusalem. However, some of these are no more than passing references.

In addition to historical data, he transmitted hadiths on legal issues concerning laws (such as those on property, marriage, divorce, the status of women and slaves) and rituals, such as ablution, prayer, and pilgrimage. Many of his transmitted hadiths give explanations for various Qur'anic passages and provide historical background to their origin. This would later become a standard practice in Qur'anic exegesis to explain verses in terms of Muhammad's life.

In the traditional Muslim hadith criticism, Urwa is considered a trustworthy transmitter and is praised for his piety and depth of his knowledge. In some of his hadith narrations, Urwa did not specify the authorities from whom he got these traditions, whereas in others, his do not fulfil the requirements of isnad criticism as they developed later on. In his day, the use of was somewhat customary but was nevertheless flexible, and rules of  reliability had not yet fully developed (e.g. it was not required to stretch the  back to a companion of Muhammad). Two-thirds of his hadiths are transmitted on the authority of A'isha, although in some of these her name might have been inserted later. The historian Montgomery Watt assumes that all of the in his traditions that go beyond him are likely later insertions based on conjecture, which may or may not be correct. In some reports, his sources were written documents, such as Muhammad's letter to the residents of the East Arabian town of Hajar.

Written sources
Urwa's letters to the caliphs Abd al-Malik and al-Walid, which he wrote in response to their queries, have been reported to the fullest in the History and the Tafsir of al-Tabari (d. 923), although to a lesser extent also in earlier works of Ibn Ishaq (d. 767), al-Waqidi (d. 823), Ibn Sa'd (d. 844/845), Ibn Hanbal, and Umar ibn Shabba (d. 875), which contain excerpts and references to these letters. Some letters, however, only appear in al-Tabari's works. The letters have not survived in the documentary form nor has their exact wording been preserved, due to the process of oral transmission. Nine letters in total have been reported through three different chains of transmission from Hisham, al-Zuhri, and Abu al-Zinad, a mawla (freedman) of the family of Caliph Uthman. However, not all are transmitted through each of these. The letters contain accounts of the Meccan persecution, hijra to Abyssinia (Ethiopian Empire) and Medina, the battles of Badr and Hunayn, treaty of al-Hudaybiya, conquest of Mecca, and calumniation of A'isha.

Later authors attribute to Urwa books on the military campaigns of Muhammad. Abu al-Aswad Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman, an Egyptian orphan Urwa is said to have raised during his stay there, allegedly compiled into such a book traditions he had collected from Urwa. A 9th-century scholar from Baghdad, Abu Hassan al-Ziyadi, also compiled a now lost of Urwa. Both attributions to Urwa are spurious and it is almost certain that he did not write a book. During his day, dissemination of traditions through writings was frowned upon and he most likely relied upon oral transmission, which was the preferred medium of transmission of traditions at the time. He did write down some of the hadiths he taught, but these were written mainly as notes for topically arranging his hadith lectures and not as a book.

Authenticity
The authenticity of the traditions transmitted by Urwa concerns two questions. First, whether the vast number of traditions attributed to him can actually be traced back to him. Second, whether the material reported by him is indeed authentic. According to the Islamicist Andreas Goerke and Schoeler, the majority of the hadiths attributed to Urwa do go back to him, although some appear to be spurious. The textual analysis of the traditions transmitted by both Hisham and al-Zuhri, which differ considerably in wording and detail but share the same overall structure, reveals that most of them were indeed transmitted independently of each other and come from the same source (i.e. Urwa). On the reliability of information that indeed goes back to Urwa, Schoeler states that it is possible that some of the information Urwa received from his authorities was distorted due to bias and memory lapse, but it is unlikely that any of that material was invented or distorted beyond recognition. Nor is it likely that the reports were distorted by Urwa himself. The information on Muhammad's life, at least for the Medinan period, as derived from Urwa, is thus largely reliable.

Analyzing the al-Hudaybiya traditions attributed to Urwa, Goerke concluded that his version is the oldest of all, and has been redacted over the long transmission process. In the first step, Urwa himself combined various eyewitness reports available to him, not all of which necessarily belonged to the same event. He orally transmitted that synthesized version to Hisham and al-Zuhri, who in turn transmitted it independently of each other. The original core of the tradition going back to Urwa likely consisted of three points: a treaty between Muhammad and the Quraysh tribe; a clause requiring extradition back to Mecca of any Meccan fugitives to Medina; and actual extradition of certain individuals. Al-Zuhri's version was committed to writing significantly later than Hisham's and suffered alterations during transmission. In particular, the incident of and the revelation of the entire Sura 48 of the Qur'an on this occasion were added later. Similarly, Goerke and Schoeler concluded that the core of the hijra traditions—the harassment of the Muslims in Mecca, hijra to Abyssinia, general hijra to Medina followed by Muhammad and Abu Bakr's journey to the city—indeed goes back to Urwa. The specific details may or may not be from Urwa himself.

Professor Stephen Shoemaker has contested the conclusions of Goerke and Schoeler, arguing that only for a few elements of these traditions can a secure connection with Urwa be established, with a majority of them going back to al-Zuhri at most. Shoemaker suspects that Urwa's reputation as an authority on Muhammad's life might have resulted in attribution to him of many traditions that were previously unassigned to any authority.

Modern historians of early Islam have held Urwa's letters to be largely genuine. Early on, Leone Caetani and Horovitz endorsed their authenticity. According to the latter, even though Urwa does not name his sources, they undoubtedly come from the traditions he collected. Similarly, Watt considered the letter concerning the hijra genuine, even though it has anti-Umayyad bias due to the history of Zubayrid-Umayyad hostility. Schoeler, likewise, regards the letters as authentic, allowing for the possibility of changes in the course of transmission. Shoemaker has cast doubt on the authenticity of the letters, especially those reported only by al-Tabari. Although not entirely excluding the possibility of the letters' origin with Urwa, he argues that the very limited attestation of the letters in the sources warrants same skepticism towards them, as to hadith traditions in general. Given the widespread phenomena of forged epistles in the period concerned, it is possible that the letters were fabricated after Urwa's death. According to the historian Sean Anthony, on the other hand, the internal features of the most of these letters imply they are largely authentic. They are consistent with the image of the Umayyads and Zubayrids that emerges from other sources, are lacking any hagiographic and miraculous stories, and fit well in the context of Umayyad-Zubayrid reconciliation. The lack of any mention of Ali in these letters, towards whom these both families were hostile, adds further weight to their authenticity.

Founder of Islamic historiography
Based on the accounts that are narrated on his authority in the works of Ibn Ishaq and others, the Arabist Alfred Guillaume calls him the "founder of Islamic history". Schoeler considers his letters "the beginning of Islamic historiography", whereas Horovitz and professor Fuat Sezgin consider them the oldest surviving written records on the life of Muhammad and the oldest Arabic historical prose. The Islamicist Fred Donner states that since the later sources attribute written books to Urwa and no earlier authorities, it seems to imply that he was the first to systematically collect and write down individual traditions. To professor Abd al-Aziz Duri, Urwa laid the foundation of historical study among the Muslims that was then taken up by later generations. To the historian Chase F. Robinson on the contrary, he was a storyteller who "took some interest in the past" and perhaps taught about it, but not really a historian.

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Talk:Palm oil

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:36, 23 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Deforestation PalmOil.jpg

Environmentaljustice101
Hello What is promotional? This has inappropriate tone and and I am uncertain that is a good source but it does not appear promotional. What about this is WP:OR? I have not read it so I can't say. I do see a lot of citations so there are some citations. Do you really mean that is all OR?

please stop edit warring. The subject you are attempting to write about is appropriate and some text about it certainly will be welcome on Wikipedia. However you should learn to write WP:NPOV. Please Talk: about this here. Talk: pages are the place for this. Additionally HighPriestDuncan is correct that CITE would be an improvement but are not required. Invasive Spices (talk) 23 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palm oil


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Tina Marie

"Tina Marie" is a popular song. It was written by Bob Merrill and was published in 1955, and performed by Perry Como with an accompaniment with Mitchell Ayres and His Orchestra with The Ray Charles Singers.

Recordings
On June 21, 1955, Perry Como recorded the song for RCA Victor.The recording was released on a number of singles:
 * In the United States, by RCA Victor, as a 78rpm single (catalog number 20-6192), and a 45 rpm single (catalog number 47-6192), with the flip side "Fooled."
 * In the United States, as a children's record by RCA Victor, as a 78rpm single (catalog number BY-50), and a 45 rpm single (catalog number WBY-50), with the flip side "Round and Round," part of the Children's Bluebird Series
 * In Belgium, by RCA as a single (catalog number 18313), with the flip side "Fooled."
 * In the United Kingdom, by HMV, in October 1955, as a 78rpm single (catalog number POP-103), with the flip side "Home for the Holidays." This record reached position number 24 on the UK chart. (A pirate version was issued by HMV as a 45rpm single under the catalog number 7M-326.)
 * In Australia, The Book - Top 40 Research, 7th edition compiled by Barnes & Scanes, gives that Tina Marie was never released as a single in Australia. The same publication then goes on to show Tina Marie achieving Number 8 on the Australian music charts on January 21, 1956.

Chart performance
In the US, "Tina Marie" reached position number 5 on the Billboard chart.

title: Tina Marie


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Best of Soul

Best of Soul is the second Japanese compilation album by South Korean recording artist BoA. This is her first greatest hits album to contain her Japanese songs. The album was released on February 2, 2005, under Avex Trax.

The album contains singles from her debut Japanese album, Listen to My Heart (2002) to her third album, Love & Honesty (2004). It also contains two singles that were released for the album, "Quincy / Kono Yo no Shirushi" and "Meri Kuri". The album was released in two versions; the regular stranded CD version and a "perfect" version, which was packaged with a DVD that contained a few of her music videos.

Best of Soul was commercially successful in Japan, becoming BoA's fourth album to attain the number one position. It was certified million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) and became her third album to have been certified million, following Listen to My Heart (2002) and Valenti (2003). It has since sold a total of 1,100,000 copies.

Background and release
Best of Soul was released nearly one year after her third studio album, Love & Honesty. In order to promote the album BoA released two singles "Quincy / Kono Yo no Shirushi" and "Meri Kuri". The former debuted at number four on the Oricon single chart while the latter debuted at number five.

Commercial performance
Best of Soul ranked number one of the Oricon Albums Chart selling 489,067 copies in its first week. The album later sold 1,003,000 copies in May 2005 which made BoA the only non-Japanese Asian singer to have two albums that sold over a million copies in Japan. The first album to do so was her second studio album, Valenti which was released two years prior.

By the end of the year, Best of Soul sold a total of 1,060,039 copies in Japan according to Oricon, making it the ninth best-selling album of 2005. It remained the last album by a foreign artist to have sold over 1 million copies in Japan for 16 years until BTS, the Best in 2021, which sold over 1,120,000 copies.

title: Best of Soul


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Neal Marlens

Neal Marlens (born November 8, 1956) is an American television producer and writer. He is known for work on the television series Growing Pains, The Wonder Years and Ellen, all with his wife, fellow television producer/writer Carol Black.

Early life
Neal Marlens is one of two sons, with brother Steve, of Al and Hanna Marlens, respectively a Newsday managing editor and later an editor at The New York Times, and a Long Island school psychologist born in Vienna, Austria, in 1928 and who escaped The Holocaust by moving first to Cuba and then New York City, and who died in 2008. Neal Marlens was raised in the Audubon Woods section of West Hills, New York, and graduated from Stimson Junior High and Walt Whitman High School, both in nearby Huntington Station, New York. Neal attended Swarthmore College in the late 1970s, where he competed successfully on the men's tennis team. He added good humor and a friendly personality to a campus that sometimes lacked both.

Awards
Marlens won a 1988 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series for The Wonder Years, as well as an additional nomination in that category for 1989, and for comedy-series writing in 1988.

title: Neal Marlens


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Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam (عَبْدُ اللَّهِ ٱبْن الزُّبَيْرِ ٱبْن الْعَوَّامِ; May 624 – October/November 692) was the leader of a caliphate based in Mecca that rivaled the Umayyads from 683 until his death.

The son of al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Asma bint Abi Bakr, and grandson of the first caliph Abu Bakr, Ibn al-Zubayr belonged to the Quraysh, the leading tribe of the nascent Muslim community, and was the first child born to the Muhajirun, Islam's earliest converts. As a youth, he participated in the early Muslim conquests alongside his father in Syria and Egypt, and later played a role in the Muslim conquests of North Africa and northern Iran in 647 and 650, respectively. During the First Fitna, he fought on the side of his aunt A'isha against Caliph Ali ((r. 656 – 661)). Though little is heard of Ibn al-Zubayr during the subsequent reign of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I ((r. 661 – 680)), it was known that he opposed the latter's designation of his son, Yazid I, as his successor. Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, along with many of the Quraysh and the Ansar, the leading Muslim groups of the Hejaz (western Arabia), opposed the caliphate becoming an inheritable institution of the Umayyads.

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr established himself in Mecca where he rallied opposition to Yazid ((r. 680 – 683)), before proclaiming himself caliph in the wake of Yazid's death in 683, marking the beginning of the Second Fitna. Meanwhile, Yazid's son and successor Mu'awiya II died weeks into his reign, precipitating the collapse of Umayyad authority across the Caliphate, most of whose provinces subsequently accepted the suzerainty of Ibn al-Zubayr. Though widely recognized as caliph, his authority was largely nominal outside of the Hejaz. By 685, the Umayyad Caliphate had been reconstituted under Marwan I in Syria and Egypt, while Abd Allah's authority was being challenged in Iraq and Arabia by pro-Alid and Kharijite forces. Ibn al-Zubayr's brother Mus'ab reasserted Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr's suzerainty in Iraq by 687, but was defeated and killed by Marwan's successor Abd al-Malik in 691. The Umayyad commander al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf proceeded to besiege Ibn al-Zubayr in his Meccan stronghold, where he was ultimately slain in 692.

Through the prestige of his family ties and social links with the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his strong association with the holy city of Mecca,Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr was able to lead the influential, disaffected Muslim factions opposed to Umayyad rule. He sought to re-establish the Hejaz as the political center of the Caliphate. However, his refusal to leave Mecca precluded him from exercising power in the more populous provinces where he depended on his brother Mus'ab and other loyalists, who ruled with virtual independence. He thus played a minor active role in the struggle carried out in his name.

Family
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr was born in Medina in the Hejaz (western Arabia) in May 624. He was the eldest son of al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, a companion of Muhammad and a leading Muslim figure. He belonged to the Banu Asad clan of the Quraysh, the dominant tribe of Mecca, a trade center in the Hejaz and location of the Kaaba, the holiest sanctuary in Islam. Ibn al-Zubayr's paternal grandmother was Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib, the paternal aunt of Muhammad, and his mother was Asma bint Abi Bakr, a daughter of the first caliph, Abu Bakr ((r. 632 – 634)), and sister of A'isha, a wife of Muhammad. According to the ninth-century historians Ibn Habib and Ibn Qutayba, Ibn al-Zubayr was the first child born to the Muhajirun, the earliest converts to Islam who had been exiled from Mecca to Medina. These early social, kinship and religious links to Muhammad, his family and the first Muslims all boosted Ibn al-Zubayr's reputation in adulthood.

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr had a number of wives and children. His first wife was Tumadir bint Manzur ibn Zabban ibn Sayyar ibn Amr of the Banu Fazara. She gave birth to his eldest son Khubayb, hence Abd Allah's (epithet) "Abu Khubayb", and other sons Hamza, Abbad, al-Zubayr and Thabit. She or another of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's wives, Umm al-Hasan Nafisa, a daughter of Hasan, son of the fourth caliph Ali ((r. 656 – 661)) and grandson of Muhammad, bore his daughter Ruqayya. Tumadir's sister Zajla was at one point married to Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. He was also married to A'isha, a daughter of the third caliph Uthman ((r. 644 – 656)). A'isha or Nafisa mothered Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr's son Bakr, of whom little is reported in the traditional sources. Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr divorced A'isha following the birth of their son. From another wife, Hantama bint Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith ibn Hisham, Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr had his son Amir.

Military career
As a child, during the reign of Caliph Umar ((r. 634 – 644)) in 636, Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr may have been present with his father at the Battle of the Yarmuk against the Byzantines in Syria. He was also present with his father in Amr ibn al-As's campaign against Byzantine Egypt in 640. In 647,Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr distinguished himself in the Muslim conquest of Ifriqiya (North Africa) under the commander Abd Allah ibn Sa'd. During that campaign,Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr discovered a vulnerable point in the battle lines of the Byzantine defenders and slew their patrician, Gregory. He was lauded by Caliph Uthman and issued a victory speech, well known for its eloquence, upon his return to Medina. Later, he joined Sa'id ibn al-As in the latter's offensive in northern Iran in 650.

Uthman appointed Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr to the commission charged with the recension of the Qur'an. During the rebel siege of Uthman's house in June 656, the caliph put Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr in charge of his defense and he was reportedly wounded in the fighting. In the aftermath of Uthman's assassination, Abd Allah fought alongside his father and his aunt A'isha against the partisans of Uthman's successor, Caliph Ali, at the Battle of the Camel in Basra in December. Abd Allah ibn Al-Zubayr was killed, while he was wounded sparring with one of Ali's commanders, Malik ibn al-Harith. Ali was victorious and Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr returned with A'isha to Medina, later taking part in the arbitration to end the First Fitna (Muslim civil war) in Adhruh or Dumat al-Jandal. During the talks, he counseled Abd Allah ibn Umar to pay for the support of Amr ibn al-As.Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr inherited a significant fortune from his father.

Opposition to the Umayyads

Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr did not oppose Mu'awiya I's accession to the caliphate in 661 and remained largely inactive during the course of his reign. However, he refused to recognize Mu'awiya's nomination of his son Yazid I as his successor in 676. When Yazid acceded following his father's death in 680,Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr again rejected his legitimacy, despite Yazid having the backing of the Arab tribesmen of Syria who formed the core of the Umayyad military. In response, Yazid charged al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan, the governor of Medina, with gaining Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr's submission, but he evaded the authorities and escaped to Mecca. He was joined there by Ali's son Husayn, who too had refused submission to Yazid. Husayn and his supporters made a stand against the Umayyads in Karbala in 680, but were killed and Husayn was slain.

Following Husayn's death, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr began clandestinely recruiting supporters. By September 683, he had taken control of Mecca. He referred to himself as (the fugitive at the sanctuary, viz., the Kaaba), adopted the slogan  (judgement belongs to God alone), but made no claim to the caliphate. Yazid ordered the governor of Medina, Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As, to arrest Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr. The governor, in turn, instructed Abd Allah's estranged brother, the head of Medina's (security forces), Amr, to lead the expedition. However, the Umayyad force was ambushed and Amr was captured and subsequently killed while in captivity. Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr declared the illegitimacy of Yazid's caliphate and allied himself with the Ansar of Medina, led by Abd Allah ibn Hanzala, who had withdrawn support for Yazid due to his supposed improprieties. Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr also gained the support of the Kharijite movement in Basra and Bahrayn (eastern Arabia); the Kharijites were early opponents of the Umayyads who had defected from Caliph Ali because of his participation in the 657 arbitration.

In response to growing opposition throughout Arabia, Yazid dispatched a Syrian Arab expeditionary force led by Muslim ibn Uqba to suppress Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr and the Ansar. The Ansar were routed at the Battle of al-Harra in the summer of 683, and Ibn Hanzala was slain. The army continued toward Mecca, but Ibn Uqba died en route and command passed to his deputy Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni. The latter besieged the city on 24 September after Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr refused to surrender. The Kaaba was severely damaged during al-Sakuni's bombardment. During the siege, two potential Qurashi candidates for the caliphate, Mus'ab ibn Abd al-Rahman and al-Miswar ibn Makhrama, were killed or died of natural causes. In November, news of Yazid's death prompted al-Sakuni to negotiate with Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr. Al-Sakuni proposed to recognize him as caliph on the condition that he would rule from Syria, the center of the Umayyad military and administration. Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr rejected this and the army withdrew to Syria, leaving him in control of Mecca.

Claim to the caliphate

Yazid's death and the subsequent withdrawal of the Umayyad army from the Hejaz afforded Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr the opportunity to realize his aspirations for the caliphate. He immediately declared himself (commander of the faithful), a title traditionally reserved for the caliph, and called for all Muslims to give him their oaths of allegiance. With the other potential Hejazi candidates dead,Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr remained the last contender for the caliphate among the anti-Umayyad factions in Mecca and Medina and most of these groups recognized him as their leader. An exception were the Banu Hashim clan to which Muhammad and the Alids belonged and whose support Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr deemed important for his own legitimacy as caliph. The leading representatives of the clan in the Hejaz, Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, the half-brother of Husayn ibn Ali, and their cousin Abd Allah ibn Abbas, withheld their oaths citing the need for a stronger consensus in the wider Muslim community. Irritated,Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr besieged the clan's neighborhood in Mecca and imprisoned Ibn al-Hanafiyya to pressure the Banu Hashim. Meanwhile, the Kharijites under Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi in the Yamama (central Arabia) abandoned Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr once he forwarded his claim to the caliphate, an institution they rejected, and Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr refused to embrace their doctrine.

In the Umayyad capital Damascus, Yazid was succeeded by his young son Mu'awiya II, but Mu'awiya II wielded virtually no authority and died from illness only months after his accession. This left a leadership void in Syria as there were no suitable successors among Mu'awiya I's Sufyanid house. In the ensuing chaos, Umayyad authority collapsed across the caliphate and Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr gained wide recognition. Most of the Islamic provinces offered their allegiance, including Egypt, Kufa, Yemen and the Qaysi tribes of northern Syria. Likewise, in Khurasan, the de facto governor Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami offered his recognition. Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr appointed his brother Mus'ab as governor of Basra and its dependencies. In a testament to the extent of Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr's sovereignty, coins were minted in his name as far as the districts of Kerman and Fars in modern-day Iran; both were dependencies of Basra at that time. Nonetheless, his authority outside of the Hejaz was largely nominal.

Most of the Arab tribes in central and southern Syria remained loyal to the Umayyads and selected the non-Sufyanid Marwan ibn al-Hakam from Medina to succeed Mu'awiya II. The proclamation of Marwan as caliph in Damascus marked a turning point for Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr. Marwan's partisans, led by Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, decisively defeated the pro-Zubayrid Qaysi tribes, led by al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, at the Battle of Marj Rahit in July 684. The surviving Qaysi tribesmen fled to the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) under the leadership of Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi, who maintained his recognition of Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr's suzerainty. However, in March 685, Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr lost the economically important province of Egypt to Marwan.

Meanwhile, negotiations collapsed between Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr and the Kufan strongman al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, who afterward took up the cause of the Alid family. He declared Ibn al-Hanafiyya caliph and, unprecedented in Islamic history, the Mahdi. Al-Mukhtar's partisans drove out the Zubayrid authorities from Kufa in October 685. Al-Mukhtar later dispatched a Kufan force to the Hejaz and freed Ibn al-Hanafiyya. Mus'ab's authority in Basra and Khurasan was also beginning to waver, but was ultimately secured after he gained the backing of the powerful Azdi chieftain and military leader of Khurasan, al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra. Mus'ab also gained the defections of thousands of Kufan tribesmen and together they defeated and killed al-Mukhtar in April 687. Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr subsequently dismissed Mus'ab from office in 686/87 and appointed his own son Hamza as governor of Basra. The latter dispatched a force under Abd Allah ibn Umayr al-Laythi to drive out the Najdiyya Kharijites from Bahrayn after they overran the province, but the Zubayrids were repulsed. Hamza proved incompetent in his administration of Iraq and, following his failure to deliver the provincial revenues to the state treasury in Mecca, he was dismissed and allegedly imprisoned by his father. Mus'ab was reinstated shortly after, in 687/688. By that time, the Najdiyya Kharijites conquered Yemen and Hadhramaut, while in 689, they occupied Ta'if, Mecca's southern neighbour.

Suppression and death
The defeat of al-Mukhtar, who had opposed the Zubayrids and the Umayyads, left Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr and Marwan's son and successor Abd al-Malik ((r. 685 – 705)) as the two main contenders for the caliphate. However, Kharijite gains in Arabia had isolated Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr in the Hejaz, cutting him off from loyalists in other parts of the caliphate. In 691, Abd al-Malik secured the support of Zufar and the Qays of Jazira, removing the principal obstacle between his Syrian army and Zubayrid Iraq. Later that year, his forces conquered Iraq and killed Mus'ab in the Battle of Maskin. Al-Muhallab, who was leading the fight against the Kharijites in Fars and Ahwaz, subsequently switched his allegiance to Abd al-Malik.

After asserting Umayyad authority in Iraq, Abd al-Malik dispatched one of his commanders, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, to subdue Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr. Al-Hajjaj besieged and bombarded Mecca for six months, by which point, most of Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr's partisans and his sons Khubayb and Hamza surrendered upon offers of pardons. Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr remained defiant and, acting on his mother's counsel, entered the battlefield where he was ultimately slain on 3 October or 4 November 692.

In an anecdote recorded by 9th-century historian al-Tabari, when al-Hajjaj and his lieutenant commander, Tariq ibn Amr, stood over Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr's body, Tariq said of the latter: "Women have borne none manlier than he ... He had no defensive trench, no fortress, no stronghold; yet he held his own against us an equal, and even got the better of us whenever we met with him". Al-Hajjaj posted Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr's body on a gibbet where it remained until Abd al-Malik allowed Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr's mother to retrieve it. His body was subsequently buried in the house of his paternal grandmother Safiyya in Medina. The Umayyad victory and Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr's death marked the end of the Second Fitna.

Descendants
Following his victory, Abd al-Malik confiscated the estates of Ibn al-Zubayr in Medina and elsewhere in the Hejaz. The caliph later restored some of the properties to Ibn al-Zubayr's sons after a request by Thabit. His eldest son, Khubayb, was flogged to death in Medina by its governor Umar II during the reign of Caliph al-Walid I ((r. 705 – 715)). Thabit, meanwhile, had gained particular favor from al-Walid's successor, Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik ((r. 715 – 717)), who agreed to return the remainder of the confiscated estates to Ibn al-Zubayr's sons. Under the Abbasid caliphs al-Mahdi ((r. 775 – 785)) and Harun al-Rashid ((r. 786 – 809)), several descendants of Ibn al-Zubayr attained senior administrative posts, including his great-grandson Abd Allah ibn Mus'ab and the latter's son Bakkar ibn Abd Allah, who successively served as governors of Medina.

Assessment
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr adamantly opposed the caliphate becoming an Umayyad inheritance. Instead, he advocated that the caliph should be chosen by  (consultation) among the Quraysh as a whole. The Quraysh opposed the monopolization of power by the Banu Umayya and insisted power be distributed among all the Qurayshi clans. However, other than this conviction,Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr did not sponsor any religious doctrine or political program, unlike the contemporary Alid and Kharijite movements. By the time he made his claim to the caliphate, he had emerged as the leader of the disaffected Quraysh. According to historian H. A. R. Gibb, Qurayshi resentment towards the Banu Umayya is evident as an underlying theme in the Islamic traditions about Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr's conflict with the Umayyads and Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr was the "principal representative" of the second generation of the Hejaz's elite Muslim families who chafed at the "gulf of power" between them and the ruling Umayyad house. Though Gibb describes Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr as "brave, but fundamentally self-seeking and self-indulgent", the hostility to the Umayyads in traditional Muslim sources led to a general description of him as a "model of piety". Nonetheless, a number of Muslim sources condemned him as jealous and harsh and particularly criticized the fatal abuse of his brother Amr and his imprisonment of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr rallied opposition to the Umayyads in the Hejaz through his base in Mecca, Islam's holiest city, and his prestige as a first-generation Muslim with family ties to Muhammad. He aimed to restore the Hejaz to its former political prominence; after the assassination of Uthman, the region's position as the political center of the Caliphate had been lost first to Kufa under Ali and then to Damascus under Mu'awiya I. To that end, Ibn al-Zubayr developed a strong association with Mecca and its Ka'aba, which, combined with his control of Islam's second holiest city of Medina, furthered his prestige and gave his caliphate a holy character.

Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr rejected the offer of support from the caliphate's Syria-based army partly because it would have obliged him to relocate to Damascus. Other cities were available to him, but Ibn al-Zubayr opted to remain in Mecca, from which he issued directives to his supporters elsewhere in the Caliphate. This restricted him from exercising direct influence in the larger, more populated provinces, particularly Iraq, where his more worldly brother ruled with practical independence. In Arabia, Ibn al-Zubayr's power had been largely confined to the Hejaz with the Kharijite leader Najda holding more influence in the greater part of the peninsula. Thus, Ibn al-Zubayr had virtually rendered himself a background figure in the movement that was launched in his name; in the words of historian Julius Wellhausen, "the struggle turned round him nominally, but he took no part in it and it was decided without him".

During his rule,Abd Allah Ibn al-Zubayr made significant alterations to the Ka'aba's structure, claiming that the changes were in line with the authority of Muhammad. He called himself the "fugitive at the sanctuary [Ka'aba]" while his Umayyad detractors referred to him as "the evil-doer at Mecca".

Timeline of the two caliphates
Three Umayyad caliphs reigned during the twelve years of Ibn al-Zubayr's caliphate between 680 and 692. The short terms indicated in the upper plot in light blue and yellow correspond to the tenures of Mu'awiya II and Marwan I, respectively. (Note that a caliph's succession does not necessarily occur on the first day of the new year.)

title: Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr