text:
User talk:Heycos

Building up of BTCC on wikipedia
Hi I notice that you are working on building up the BTCC pages on Wikipedia. I thought I'd point you in the direction of my site that I am developing at the moment on the same subject: www.btccaction.co.uk It seems we are both doing similar things at the same time although in different ways.

Good luck with that.

AndySpeed

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

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Redwolf24

P.S. I like messages :-P

Anglicanism and the Anglican Communion
Hello! I noticed that you have identified yourself as an Anglican, and so I thought that you may be interested in checking out a new WikiProject - WikiProject Anglicanism. Please consider signing up and participating in this collaborative effort to improve and expand articles related to Anglicanism and the Anglican Communion! Cheers! Fishhead64 23:44, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

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WP British Motorsport
Glad to hear you're onboard! There's a lot that comes under the heading British Motorsport yet only one FA, so I thought this WP was needed. Alexj2002 18:49, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:JamesThompsonSEAT.jpg)
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WikiProject British Motorsport - Collaboration of the month
The British Motorsport Wikiproject which you are a listed as a member of has started a collaboration of the month. You can nominate and vote for articles related to Motorsport in the UK with a view to working to improve one article each month to Good Article status. Please take a moment to have a look at the project page here. Thanks! Alexj2002 13:23, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Image:WSR-RAC-MG.jpg
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Re: Young Driver Award
Thanks for the message on my talk page; I have just had a quick look at the article and it looks very good. Nice job. I've inserted a link to the BRDC article. Adrian M. H. 19:08, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Tim Harvey
You edit to 'Tim Harvey' is classed as vandalism. I have recommended it for a speedily deletion tag JFBurton 16:09, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Ignore the above. Nonsense. Fan-1967 16:30, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Image:A1GP-rnd22-CZE.png listed for deletion
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Gurgling
I have begun an article for gurgling. Thanks for requesting :) --Anthony5429 22:42, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:A1-rnd2-BRA-AUS.png
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London Meetup - January 12, 2008
Hi! There's going to be a London Wikipedia Meetup coming Saturday January 12, 2008. If you are interested in coming along take part in the discussion over at Meetup/London7. The discussion is going on until tomorrow evening and the official location and time will be published at the same page late Thursday or early Friday. Hope to see you Saturday, Poeloq (talk) 02:00, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Team Eurotech
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Template:BTCC season has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. WOSlinker (talk) 08:14, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Encke Sport for deletion
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Heycos


text:
Sigbin

The Sigbin or Sigben is a creature in Philippine mythology said to come out at night to suck the blood of victims from their shadows. It is said to walk backwards with its head lowered between its hind legs, and to have the ability to become invisible (have a stealth ability) to other creatures, especially humans. It resembles a hornless goat, but has very large ears which it can clap like a pair of hands and a long, flexible tail that can be used as a whip. The Sigbin is said to emit a nauseating odor.

It is believed to issue forth from its lair during Holy Week, looking for children that it will kill for their hearts, which it fashions into amulets.

According to the legend, there are families known as Sigbinan ("those who own Sigbin") whose members possess the power to command these creatures, and are said to keep the Sigbin in jars made of clay. The Aswang are said to keep them as pets. There is speculation that the legend may be based on sightings of an actual animal species that is rarely seen; based on the description of the Sigbin in popular literature, the animal species might be related to the kangaroo.

The myth is popularly known in Visayas Islands and Mindanao especially in rural areas. It is also said that it looks like a dog and owned by rich people who hid those creatures in a jar.

Other theories suggests that the sigbin might be a vagrant species of macropodidae living in seclusion that made its way to the Philippines from Australia due to migration way back millions of years ago. It was often described by some as having a red-brownish hue suggesting it might be the red kangaroo, although the diet of the sigbin and the kangaroo are far too similar since the latter is an herbivore. Some theories debunked it as for the fact that the Wallace Line is responsible for separating species that exists within the areas of Sulawesi, Lombok, New Guinea, and Australia from Mainland Southeast Asia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Bali, and The Philippines.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sigbin


text:
Splügen Pass

The Splügen Pass (Splügenpass; Passo dello Spluga; Pass dal Spleia 2114 m) is an Alpine mountain pass of the Lepontine Alps. It connects the Swiss, Grisonian Splügen 5 km to the north 675 m below the pass with the Italian Chiavenna 21 km to the south at the end of the Valle San Giacomo 1789 m below the pass.

Geography
The pass road connects the Swiss Hinterrhein valley and Splügen in the canton of Graubünden with the Valle San Giacomo and Chiavenna in the Italian province of Sondrio, the road continuing to Lake Como. The pass is the water divide between the drainage basins of the Rhine, which flows into the North Sea, and the Po, which flows into the Adriatic. The pass is overlooked by Pizzo Tambo and the Surettahorn, on its western and eastern side, respectively. On the Italian side of the pass is Montespluga, a small three street village that is cut off from both Italy and Switzerland during the winter. Since the opening of the San Bernardino road tunnel in 1967, the pass has lost its former importance; it is not kept open in winter. Thanks to its lack of importance, it is now a quiet pass where essential portions of the historical roads have survived allowing a good historical review for hikers on the Via Spluga.

History
The pass was in use in the Roman era. It possibly corresponds to Cunus Aureus shown on the Tabula Peutingeriana (which may alternatively have referred to the Julier Pass). The name Splügen itself is possibly derived from specula ("lookout"). In the Middle Ages, the bishops of Chur had the trade route relocated to Septimer Pass.

From 1818 to 1823 the modern road was built at the behest of the Austrian authorities, then ruling the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia in the south. In 1840, author Mary Shelley traveled through the pass on the way to Lake Como with her son. She describes the pass in her travel narrative, Rambles in Germany and Italy, published in 1844: "A few years ago, there was no path except across this mountain, which being very exposed, and difficult even to danger, the Splugen was only traversed by shepherds and travellers of the country on mules or on foot. But now, a new and most marvellous road has been constructed - the mountain in question is, to the extent of several miles, cleft from the summit to the base, and a sheer precipice of 4000 feet rises on either side. The Rhine, swift and strong, but in width a span, flows in the narrow depth below. The road has been constructed on the face of the precipice, now cut into the side, now perforated through the living rock into galleries: it passes, at intervals, from one side of the ravine to the other, and bridges of a single arch span the chasm. The precipices, indeed approach so near, in parts, that a fallen tree could not reach the river below, but lay wedged in mid-way. It may be imagined how singular and sublime this pass is, in its naked simplicity. After proceeding about a mile, you look back and see the country you had left, through the narrow opening of the gigantic crags, set like a painting in this cloud-reaching frame. It is giddy work to look down over the parapet that protects the road, and mark the arrowy rushing of the imprisoned river. Mid-way in the pass, the precipices approach so near that you might fancy that a strong man could leap across.""

In 1843 the road was further expanded with a 312 m long avalanche gallery designed by the Swiss engineer Richard La Nicca which today is out of use but largely preserved. Plans to build a railroad line across Splügen Pass were abandoned in favour of the Gotthard railway line, which opened in 1882.

The Pass is also mentioned in Arthur Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Illustrious Client, a Sherlock Holmes short story of 1924. The Austrian Baron Adalbert Grüner, the villain of the story, murdered his wife by throwing her from the Pass, although Holmes cannot prove it.

title: Splügen Pass


text:
Lover/Fighter

Lover/Fighter is an album by Canadian artist Hawksley Workman, released in 2003. The album debuted at #33 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

Track list disc: 1

 * 1) "We Will Still Need a Song" – 3:50
 * 2) "Even An Ugly Man" – 4:46
 * 3) "Wonderful and Sad" – 3:51
 * 4) "Anger as Beauty" – 5:43
 * 5) "No Reason to Cry Out Your Eyes (On the Highway Tonight)" – 3:16
 * 6) "Tonight Romanticize the Automobile" – 4:29
 * 7) "The Future Language of Slaves" – 6:19
 * 8) "Smoke Baby" – 6:08
 * 9) "Autumn's Here" – 4:59
 * 10) "Ilfracombe" – 5:06 (Bonus Track)
 * 11) "Addicted" – 5:13 (Bonus Track)
 * 12) "A Knife in the Country (Edit)" – 4:46
 * 13) * European Bonus Track Only
 * 14) "Lust" – 8:22
 * 15) * European Bonus Track Only
 * 16) "Where It Used to Snow" – 3:17
 * 17) * European Bonus Track Only

Track list disc: 2

 * 1) "Jealous of Your Cigarette" (Video - live)
 * 2) "Your Beauty Must be Rubbing Off" (Video - live)
 * 3) "The Making of Lover/Fighter" (Video)

title: Lover/Fighter


text:
Hafei

Hafei, officially Hafei Motor Co., Ltd., is a Chinese automaker currently operating as a subsidiary of Changan Ford, and manufacturing passenger vehicles.

It previously independently manufactured sedans, MPVs, mini vehicles, small trucks, and vans for commercial use.

History
Hafei was formerly owned by Aviation Industry Corporation of China. The earliest Hafei products were Suzuki Carry-based microvans and trucks sold under the Songhuajiang brand, named after the Songhua River, but by 2002 they were sold directly under the Hafei brand. Their vehicles have always carried the "HFJ" identity code, no matter the brand.

As of 2009, the company had exported products to a total of 40 nations.

In 2009, the Chang'an Automobile Group purchased most Hafei-related assets prompted by a Chinese State policy aimed at consolidating the domestic automobile manufacturing industry.

In 2015, Changan announced it would discontinue all Hafei production and convert existing lines to serve Changan Ford.

Production bases
Hafei has production facilities in Northern China.

Historical Models
Hafei produced small cars and MPVs in addition to small trucks and commercial vans. These so-called mini vehicles made up the majority of the Hafei model line. Many Hafei consumer offerings were designed by Pininfarina.

Model list

 * Baili, a small city car
 * Lobo, a small city car, Pininfarina-designed
 * Zhongyi, Pininfarina-designed
 * Zhongyi V5, a microvan based on the Chana Star 5
 * Junyi, a microvan based on the Chana Star S460, first new product after its acquisition by Chang'an.
 * Ruiyi, a mini pickup based on the Hafei Zhongyi
 * Minyi, (Xinminyi/Luzun-Xiaobawang) a microvan and pickup
 * Luzun-Dabawang, a microvan
 * Xiaobawang, a microvan
 * Saibao III, Pininfarina-designed compact sedan
 * The Coda Sedan electric car from Coda Automotive used the Saibao III body with different front and rear fascias. This variant may have been available in parts of China c. 2013.
 * Saibao V, Pininfarina-designed compact to midsize sedan
 * Saima, a license-built Mitsubishi Dingo is a small city car added to the Hafei product line in April 2001.
 * Hafei Songhuajiang HFJ6350 (松花江), a license-built rebadged eighth generation Suzuki Carry, This model had wide popularity in China during the 1990s.
 * Hafei Songhuajiang HFJ7080D/HFJ7130, a sedan rebadged from the Yulon Sunny 303. Assembling took place between 1992 and 1993 and was fitted with a 1.3 litre Mitsubishi engine.

title: Hafei


text:
Unanimism

Unanimism (French: Unanimisme) is a movement in French literature begun by Jules Romains in the early 1900s, with his first book, La vie unanime, published in 1904. It can be dated to a sudden conception Romains had in October 1903 of a 'communal spirit' or joint 'psychic life' in groups of people. It is based on ideas of collective consciousness and collective emotion, and on crowd behavior, where members of a group do or think something simultaneously. Unanimism is about an artistic merger with these group phenomena, which transcend the consciousness of the individual. Harry Bergholz writes that "grossly generalizing, one might describe its aim as the art of the psychology of human groups". Because of this collective emphasis, common themes of unanimist writing include politics and friendship.

The primary unanimist work is Romains's multi-volume cycle of novels Les Hommes de bonne volonté (Men of Good Will), the ideas in which can be traced back to La vie unanime. The narrative jumps from character to character, rather than following one at a time, in an effort to reveal the nature and experience of the group as a whole.

Other writers sometimes called unanimistes—many associated with the Abbaye de Créteil—include Georges Chennevière, Henri-Martin Barzun, Alexandre Mercereau, Pierre Jean Jouve, Georges Duhamel, Luc Durtain, Charles Vildrac and René Arcos.

title: Unanimism


text:
William Thomson (musicologist)

William Thomson (fl. 1695–1753) was a Scottish folk song collector and singer.

He is said to have been the son of Daniel Thomson, one of the king's trumpeters for Scotland. As a boy singer, he sang at a concert – The Feast of St. Cecillia – in 1695. Before 1722, he had settled in London, and according to Charles Burney had a benefit concert that year. He appears to have become a fashionable singer, as his volume, dedicated to Caroline of Ansbach, Princess of Wales, contains a lengthy list of notable persons as subscribers.

He was the editor of the first collection of Scottish folk songs published together with their melodies. This is a folio named Orpheus Caledonius, a collection of the best Scotch songs set to Musick, entered at Stationers' Hall on 5 January 1725. The book consists of 50 songs with their airs, along with a simple accompaniment. A second volume, in two volumes octavo, had another 50 added.

The two editions are interesting and valuable, although Sir John Hawkins described him as "a tradesman" and said that his collection was injudicious and incorrect. The words of the songs were largely taken from Allan Ramsay's Tea-Table Miscellany, published in 1724.

title: William Thomson (musicologist)


text:
User:LeoX

I am a student in Hong Kong and I like to edit topic related to computer. I like Mr. Bean too.

title: User:LeoX


text:
Thong, Kent

Thong is a hamlet southeast of Gravesend in Kent, England. The population of the hamlet is included in the civil parish of Shorne.

It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names and appeared as a question answer for Round Britain Quiz on BBC Radio 4.

The name 'Thong' is first attested in the Registrum Roffense of circa 1200, where it appears as Thuange. The name may correspond with the Middle Low German dwenge meaning 'trap', but this cannot be confirmed.

title: Thong, Kent


text:
Evil laughter

Evil laughter or maniacal laughter is manic laughter by a villain in fiction. The expression dates to at least 1860. "Wicked laugh" can be found even earlier, dating back to at least 1784. Another variant, the "sardonic laugh," shows up in 1714 and might date back even further. A 2018 paper argued that this specific type of laugh has foundations in human psychology.

In comic books, where supervillains utter such laughs, they are variously rendered as mwahahaha, muwhahaha, muahahaha, bwahahaha, etc. These words are also commonly used on internet blogs, bulletin board systems, and games. There, they are generally used when some form of victory is attained, or to indicate superiority over someone else (ownage), or also mockingly at a statement one finds hard to believe but which was uttered in earnestness.

During the 1930s, the popular radio program The Shadow used a signature evil laugh as part of its presentation. This was a rare case of a non-villain character using an evil laugh, and it was voiced by actor Frank Readick. His laugh was used even after Orson Welles took over the lead role. Actor Vincent Price's evil laugh has been used or copied many times in radio, film, music, and television, notably at the end of the music video Michael Jackson's Thriller.

In films, evil laughter often fills the soundtrack when the villain is off camera. In such cases, the laughter follows the hero or victim as they try to escape. An example of this is in Raiders of the Lost Ark, where Belloq's laugh fills the South American jungle as Indiana Jones escapes from the Hovitos.

title: Evil laughter


text: User talk:212.200.196.46

title: User talk:212.200.196.46


text:
User talk:Stemcd

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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title: User talk:Stemcd


text:
Talk:Boris Podolsky

Untitled

 * Article: de:Boris Podolski
 * Corresponding English-language article: Boris Podolsky
 * Worth doing because: a lot of
 * Originally Requested by: --Sheynhertz-Unbayg 03:19, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Status:finished translation Lectonar 10:54, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boris Podolsky


text:
Talk:Library fires

 * 1) Redirect Talk:List of destroyed libraries

Untitled
This page will be without end cuz fires in libraries only in one country were non-countible times.

title: Talk:Library fires


text:
Jules Romains

Jules Romains (born Louis Henri Jean Farigoule; 26 August 1885 – 14 August 1972) was a French poet and writer and the founder of the Unanimism literary movement. His works include the play Knock ou le Triomphe de la médecine, and a cycle of works called Les Hommes de bonne volonté (Men of Good Will). Sinclair Lewis called him one of the six best novelists in the world.

He was nominated for the Nobel prize in literature sixteen times.

Life
Jules Romains was born in Saint-Julien-Chapteuil in the Haute-Loire but went to Paris to attend first the Lycée Condorcet and then the prestigious École Normale Supérieure. He was close to the Abbaye de Créteil, a utopian group founded in 1906 by Charles Vildrac and René Arcos, which brought together, among others, the writer Georges Duhamel, the painter Albert Gleizes and the musician Albert Doyen. He received his agrégation in philosophy in 1909.

In the interwar years, he pleaded the cause of pacifism and a united Europe against incipient fascism and despotism. In 1927, he signed a petition (that appeared in the magazine Europe on 15 April) against the law on the general organization of the nation in time of war, abrogating all intellectual independence and all freedom of expression. His name on the petition appeared with those of Lucien Descaves, Louis Guilloux, Henry Poulaille, Séverine... and those of the young Raymond Aron and Jean-Paul Sartre from the École normale supérieure.

His novel The Boys in the Back Room (Les Copains, literally "the pals") appeared in English in 1937.

During World War II he went into exile first to the United States where he spoke on the radio through the Voice of America and then, beginning in 1941, to Mexico where he participated with other French refugees in founding the Institut Français d'Amérique Latine (IFAL).

A writer on many varied topics, Jules Romains was elected to the Académie française on 4 April 1946, occupying chair 12 (of 40). He served as President of PEN International, the worldwide association of writers from 1936 to 1941. In 1964, Jules Romains was named citizen of honor of Saint-Avertin. Following his death in Paris in 1972, his place in the Académie française was taken by Jean d'Ormesson.

He was criticized by writer and politician Aimé Césaire in the 1950 essay Discourse on Colonialism for racist statements by the title character of his novel Salsette Discovers America: "I will not even censure our Negroes and Negresses for chewing gum. I will only note... that this movement has the effect of emphasizing the jaws, and that the associations which come to mind evoke the equatorial forest rather than the procession of the Panathenaea.... The black race has not yet produced, will never produce, an Einstein, a Stravinsky, a Gershwin."

Unanimism
Jules Romains is remembered today, among other things, for his concept of Unanimism and his cycle of novels in Les Hommes de bonne volonté (The Men of Good Will), a remarkable literary fresco depicting the odyssey over a quarter century of two friends, the writer Jallez and politician Jerphanion, who provide an example in literature of Unanimism.

Romains originally considered unanimism to mean an opposition to individualism or to the exaltation of individual particularities, universal sympathy with life, existence and humanity. In later years, Romains defined it as connected with the end of literature within "representation of the world without judgment", where his social ideals comprise the highest conception of solidarity as a defense of individual rights. His first book was La vie unanime, published in 1904, and in the preface to Men of Goodwill he identified the ideas in it as essentially the same as those of that later work.

In popular culture
The Red Envelope catalog company, in their 2007 Holiday catalog, surprisingly featured Les Createurs (the twelfth volume of Les Hommes de bonne volonté) on the cover in a photograph, showing a female model playfully frustrated with her husband, a male model posing as a detached intellectual, half-heartedly helping her to decorate the Christmas tree, while his attention is focused on reading Les Createurs.

Works

 * Men of Goodwill (Les Hommes de bonne volonté, 1932-1946; 27 volumes Paris: Calmann Lévy)
 * The body's rapture (Psyche), London: John Lane, 1933
 * Salsette Discovers America, New York: Knopf, 1942
 * Tussles with time (Violation de Frontières, 1951), London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1952
 * The Death of a Nobody (Mort de quelqu'un, 1911)

Filmography

 * Knock, directed by René Hervil (1925, based on the play Knock)
 * Knock ou le triomphe de la médecine, directed by Roger Goupillières and Louis Jouvet (1933, based on the play Knock)
 * Donogoo Tonka, directed by Reinhold Schünzel (1936, based on the play Donogoo)
 * Donogoo, directed by Reinhold Schünzel and Henri Chomette (1936, based on the play Donogoo)
 * Dr. Knock, directed by Guy Lefranc (1951, based on the play Knock)
 * ', directed by Yves Robert (1965, based on the novel ')
 * Knock, directed by Lorraine Lévy (2017, based on the play Knock)

Screenwriter

 * The Portrait (1923), directed by Jacques Feyder (1923)
 * Volpone, directed by Maurice Tourneur (1941)

title: Jules Romains


text:
Talk:Male rights

Apart from being a badly-written personal essay, this is clearly written from a pro-"male rights movement" POV. Morwen - Talk 10:57, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

are you kidding me?
I find it hard to take anything seriously in which every other word is spelled incorrectly

VfD
I closed the VfD. There was no consensus. I'm being bold and just redirecting. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 05:54, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Male rights


text:
Nicholas Barker

Nicholas Howard Barker (born 1973) is an English extreme metal drummer best known for his work in Cradle of Filth from 1993 to 1999, Dimmu Borgir from 1999 to 2004, Brujeria from 2003 to 2005 and from 2016 to 2022, and Shining from 2022 to 2023. Currently he is the drummer for Borstal, Liquid Graveyard, Twilight of the Gods, and United Forces.

Biography
Barker was born on 25 April 1973. He joined Cradle of Filth as their original drummer, playing on the first four albums. After leaving in 1999, he joined Norwegian symphonic black metal band Dimmu Borgir. After being removed from the line-up, Barker went on to play with Brujeria, Old Man's Child, Lock Up, Gaahl and King ov Hell, Ancient, Atrocity, Leaves' Eyes. In 2007 he recorded with Winter's Thrall, on their EP In:Through:Out.

On Dimmu Borgir's 2002 World Misanthropy video, Barker mentioned the following names as influences on his playing style: Neil Peart (Rush), Gene Hoglan (Dark Angel, Death, Strapping Young Lad), Clive Burr, Nicko McBrain (Iron Maiden), Dave Lombardo (Slayer), and Pete Sandoval (Morbid Angel).

In 2011, Barker joined Los Angeles death metal band Sadistic Intent, replacing longtime drummer Emilio Marquèz.

Barker was drumming in United Forces, featuring two former members of Stormtroopers of Death, vocalist Billy Milano and bassist Dan Lilker, and guitarist Anton Reisenegger. Barker also joined Voices, featuring former members of Akercocke, as live drummer for their tour of the United Kingdom with Winterfylleth.

In July 2023 it was announced that Barker was battling kidney failure.

Brujeria

 * Brujerizmo (2000, Roadrunner Records)
 * Pocho Aztlan (2016, Nuclear Blast)

Cradle of Filth

 * The Principle of Evil Made Flesh (1994, Cacophonous Records)
 * V Empire or Dark Faerytales in Phallustein (1996, Cacophonous Records)
 * Dusk... and Her Embrace (1996, Music for Nations)
 * Cruelty and the Beast (1998, Music for Nations)
 * From the Cradle to Enslave (1999, Music for Nations) (only on the Funeral in Carpathia re-recording)

Dimmu Borgir

 * Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia (2001, Nuclear Blast)
 * Alive in Torment EP (2002, Nuclear Blast)
 * World Misanthropy EP (2002, Nuclear Blast)
 * World Misanthropy DVD (2002, Nuclear Blast)
 * Death Cult Armageddon (2003, Nuclear Blast)

Lock Up

 * Pleasures Pave Sewers (1999, Nuclear Blaster)
 * Hate Breeds Suffering (2002, Nuclear Blast)
 * Play Fast Or Die (2004, Toy Factory)
 * Necropolis Transparent (2011)
 * Demonization (2017)

Monolith

 * Sleep with the Dead 7" (1992, Cacophonous Records)
 * Tales of the Macabre (1993, Vinyl Solution)

Old Man's Child

 * In Defiance of Existence (2003, Century Media Records)

Winter's Thrall

 * In:Through:Out EP (2007, self-released)

Noctis Imperium

 * Glorification of Evil: The Age Of The Golden Dawn LP (2008, Ariah Records)

Liquid Graveyard

 * By Nature So Perverse LP & CD (2016, Sleaszy Rider Records/Season Of Mist)

Live / session

 * Borknagar – live drums 1999
 * Nightrage – live drums 2004
 * Anaal Nathrakh – live drums 2004
 * God Seed – live drums 2007 and 2008
 * Gorgoroth – live drums 2008
 * Testament – live drums 2007
 * Symbolic Death Tribute Band – recording of the DVD – live drums on 12 December 2007
 * Divine Heresy – session drums 2008 'Bleed the Fifth'
 * Noctis Imperium – session drums 2008 'Glorification of Evil: The Age Of The Golden Dawn'
 * Exodus
 * The More I See
 * Anathema – Bloodstock Open Air UK Festival 2009
 * Ancient
 * Criminal – live drums in Santiago (2010)
 * Evile – Live drums in London (12/8/2009)
 * River Freshney – Live drums in London (22 July 2010)
 * Leaves' Eyes - Live Drums 2009
 * Nuclear Assault - Maryland Deathfest XIV (28 May 2016)
 * Voices - live drums 2016
 * Obskkvlt (Galician band) session drums in 2017 for the 2019 album "Blackarhats".

title: Nicholas Barker


text:
NerdTV

NerdTV was a technology TV show from PBS. NerdTV was not aired, instead each episode was released as a MPEG-4 video file, freely downloadable and licensed under a Creative Commons license. Transcripts and audio-only versions of the released episodes were available as well.

The show features Robert X. Cringely interviewing famous and influential nerds. Each episode was about one hour and features a single guest from the world of technology. From September 6, 2005 to November 29, 2005, thirteen episodes comprising Season One were released on the Internet. Another thirteen episodes were promised for Season Two, in which the show was renamed SuperNerds, along with a more consistent release schedule and better quality video files. Season Two was never created.

NerdTV008 – Avram Miller
This episode is one of the first where the subject (Avram Miller) is not an entrepreneur, which is to say he didn't create a company that was successful, though he did facilitate many successful startup companies through his investment portfolio while at Intel. The show chronologically follows his career, including:
 * Biotech (although the term didn't exist yet) experiences with brain-wave analysis.
 * networked computer monitoring in the hospital environment in the mid-late 1960.
 * starting & running a company in Israel at the end of the War of Attrition.
 * working with Ken Olsen for Digital Equipment Corporation around the time of IBM's launch of the PC.
 * to finally joining Intel and working with them to develop numerous new ideas and venture capitalist investments Intel Capital.

Reception
Chin Wong of Manila Standard Today wrote, "An hour with a technology guru may be too much for nontechies, but for those with an abiding interest in the industry, NerdTV is must-see TV." In a mixed review, Wired's Jason Silverman stated, "Cringely will surely refine the show as the season progresses. One lesson from episode one: Turn off your cell phone. But without additional resources -- a second camera and an editor? a shiny round table? -- NerdTV is not likely to be an important moment in web TV history. Episode one will be of great interest to Mac cultists. But one imagines that PBS would prefer that the series reach beyond the small clique of hard-core geeks."

title: NerdTV


text:
Talk:Orexin

How
How many amino acids in orexins? Molecular weights of the peptide? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.158.118.18 (talk) 18:23, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

ÁReferences, e.g. on the discovery of orexins, would be nice. JFW | T@lk  11:00, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Well you should have added some then. It took me all of two minutes to find a suitable reference on the web. -- Derek Ross | Talk 17:33, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Well, great. Thanks for doing a sofixit on me! JFW | T@lk  18:41, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * My goodness! I didn't know about that one. It seens that there's a template for everything nowadays! -- Derek Ross | Talk 22:37, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Sofixit is really nice when an anon complains on the talk page about his/her favourite theory or subject being underrepresented. To look more legitimate, it may be advisable to. JFW | T@lk  23:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the article, I have learned what I wasn't aware of about Orexin A.

Article is a little heavy on the feeding/metabolism side which may be overplaying the role of orexin. Primarily seems to be important in regulating sleep/wake transition and maintaining high alertness, not so much involved in general arousal or ingestive activity.

Also would be good to ensure that either both names are used at all times or that one name is used consistently. Switching between orexin and hypocretin in the same paragraph is distracting. Until the literature settles on one name we should use both. Personally I strongly dislike hypocretin (hard to abbreviate, for one thing - OXA vs. HCRT-1 saves three keystrokes every time I type it) but think it is appropriate to include the name here. As article is titled "orexin" I placed this name first in all instances. -DrNixon 08:20, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

I don't think it's fair to say that the primary role of the orexins is either sleep/wake regulation or appetite regulation, or anything else at this point. Given the presence of long-form leptin receptors on orexin neurons, their coexpression with dynorphin in lateral hypothalamic neurons, and their connectivity with NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus and lateral hypothalamus, I think it's fair to say that appetite regulation/ingestive behavior is not merely an incidental effect of the orexins. Many neuropeptides perform several functions. Is it fair to describe a single function as the primary function? I have studied other functions of the orexins besides sleep/wakefulness and appetite regulation, and I believe there is great potential for many other functions to be revealed.

As one who has administered orexin-A centrally to both rats and mice, I believe you are mistaken about arousal. We haven't published our data concerning arousal per se (it's not what we were studying), so all I have is my word, but mice are very much aroused beyond simple wakefulness upon central delivery of orexin-A. (Wang et al have reported increased spopntaneous activity in orexin-A-treated rats with free access to running wheels.) This might simply be a pharmacological effect, but it does point toward an endogenous role for orexins in arousal.

Also, in reference to the above comments on the discovery of the orexins, I think a reference to "clone 35" by Gautvik et al is in order. I'll get on it. Dcs002 (talk) 10:13, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Great to see somebody with expertise contributing to the article! Please don't go beyond the published literature, though, even if you know it's wrong.  This can be pretty frustrating -- I know it is for me concerning my own area of expertise -- but we have to stick to it or else we'll have statements in articles that other people have no way of verifying.  Regards, Looie496 (talk) 23:18, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comments, and thanks to everybody who cares enough about neuroscience to take the time to share your insights! What a marvelous creation this Wikipedia is! :o)

 * I would never publish my own observations on the article page unless they were in the research literature. I think my point was to give people here on the discussion page a pause to think about characterizing the orexins as "not so much involved in general arousal." I'm not aware of that conclusion appearing anywhere in the literature, and personally I've seen evidence to the contrary. I don't think there's any real definitiveness to the point of endogenous arousal just yet, though I admit I've fallen far behind in my literature reading. I actually wrote my doctoral thesis on the appetitive effects of orexin-A in 2002, and I did further work with it in 2005-06, but once that work was done my attention turned elsewhere. Dcs002 (talk) 06:16, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:30, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Nympholepsy?
Could someone do a text search in the article for "nympholepsy" and check if the usage is appropriate? or was it intended to be "narcolepsy"? According to a online dictionary, "nymplolepsy" means "an emotional frenzy" 137.92.97.114 (talk) 03:10, 30 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure that the editor meant narcolepsy. I'll make the change. -- Derek Ross | Talk 03:27, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Agonists and antagonists
Would it be useful to explain to the reader that peptides don't have much practical value as treatments because they can't cross the blood-brain barrier? Looie496 (talk) 00:05, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

 * No, I would strongly recommend against posting such an opinion. Work has been done, primarily by William Frey and his lab group in St. Paul, MN, and Scott Panter at the VAMC in San Francisco, CA, that demonstrates a method of delivering neuropeptides intact via the intranasal route. Human studies have been proposed using specially designed vortex nasal spray devices to bring the peptides in contact with the olfactory epithelium (though at least one human study reported in the research literature used an electronic atomizer). The peptides are then transported directly, via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, to the brain, and widely distributed from the olfactory bulb backward and from the pons forward. The blood-brain barrier simply doesn't exist where the olfactory nerves contact the olfactory epithelium. This method has been used in mice and rats for some 15 years now with many peptides and other large molecules.

 * Several human studies showed functional improvement in patients with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment (MCI, a precurser of Alzheimer's disease) following intranasal insulin administration (Neurology. 2008 Feb 5;70(6):440-8. Epub 2007 Oct 17 and BMC Neurosci. 2008 Dec 10;9 Suppl 3:S5, others) and one other compound that I think is still confidential. (I am affiliated with that research group, and I signed a confidentiality agreement concerning their unpublished work.) The functional improvement in Alzheimer's patients is HUGE NEWS, because it's the first time ever that a treatment has been found to improve function, as opposed to simply slowing down the degenerative process. In the case of insulin, it is believed by the investigators that the known "nerve growth factor" function of central insulin is actually working in the brain to repair some of the damage caused by AD.

 * A quick look at PubMed shows that oxytocin, MSH/ACTH4-10, vasopressin, NAP, TRH, and possibly other peptide substances have been delivered to humans intranasally, mostly with functional effects.

 * ALL OF THIS has been done by delivering peptide molecules directly to the human brain via the intranasal route. Animal testing using intranasal orexins has begun, but we haven't yet published anything.Dcs002 (talk) 07:13, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Point taken. I was actually aware of the oxytocin work but somehow didn't make the mental connection.  It would be nice to get an article on intranasal administration of drugs that would give an overview of these techniques.  Regards, Looie496 (talk) 16:56, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh my, I didn't even think to look if that page existed. I'll start one sometime soon if no one else does. I'm fairly current with that literature. Dcs002 (talk) 01:13, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * That would be excellent. Cheers! Oh, and welcome to Wikipedia! -- Derek Ross | Talk'' 05:02, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Problem: "Intranasal route" apparently had a page until last March, when it was merged with "insufflation." I think this was a mistake on many levels. My reasons for this opinion are posted on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Insufflation#Merger_proposal I don't know what to do right now. I believe the page needs to be made, but I don't know what to do in light of the existing redirect and the consensus that was made before I was aware of the discussion. Any suggestions? Dcs002 (talk) 10:52, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh heck, let's make this even more confusing. I just found a page called Nasal_administration. Now I'm even more confused! Dcs002 (talk) 10:54, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Insufflation is clearly the wrong article for this stuff, but is there a major problem with the title "nasal administration"? Looie496 (talk) 17:32, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't have a huge problem with "nasal delivery," but I think it should be "intranasal" to be correct. I've put that out on the Nasal_administration discussion page along with my reasons. Someone on the discussion page for Insufflation changed the redirect to the Nasal_administration page, so that's where I'll take this whole thing. Thanks for your help Looie!  Dcs002 (talk) 15:47, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Nicotine addiction
See Paul Kenny's article in the online Early Edition of the PNAS for the week of November 24, cited in Scientists find blocking a neuropeptide receptor decreases nicotine addiction LeadSongDog (talk) 20:01, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Interesting. -- Derek Ross | Talk 20:28, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Wow, thanks for the link. This kinda surprises me. (I am behind on my reading!)

Effect on thyroid hormones
Can anyone clarify/confirm/deny the hypocretin effect on thyroid hormones suggested by www.naturalnews.com/025325.html ? "... hypocretins are wired to many different aspects of nerve function. They provide input to the primary department in the hypothalamus gland that controls the production of TRH (thyroid releasing hormone), which has control of the pituitary (which makes TSH), and thus has overall control of thyroid hormone production. The message hypocretins deliver is as follows, "We are in a state of high stress alert wherein our brain must remain hyper-vigilant, however, to conserve fuel so we don't perish, turn down the production of thyroid hormone in the rest of the body (a self preservation strategy, especially during times of famine or infection).""

Some data at "Altered setting of the pituitary-thyroid ensemble in hypocretin-deficient narcoleptic men " but I'm not sure if it's too specific to a disease state. Rod57 (talk) 11:23, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I looked at either TRH or TSH (can't remember which now) in a few rats after chronic orexin-A administration into the lateral hypothalamus, and I found no effect on whichever of those two I tested. It was in the late 1990s, so my memory is foggy. We didn't pursue it any further. Dcs002 (talk) 07:19, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

History and nomenclature
I just added discovery of receptors, clarified authorship of Sakurai and colleagues, referenced clone 35 in the 3rd paragraph, and removed "dispute" from 4th paragraph.

Ever since the infancy of this article, the name Masashi Yanagisawa has been featured prominently, and I've wondered if he or someone in his lab had been editing this page to hail him as the sole discoverer of the orexins. The convention is usually that the first author of the paper is the first name credited with the contents of the paper. Many years ago I switched the reference from Masashi Yanagisawa (no "et al" or "and colleagues" at the time, just him) to Sakurai and colleagues, and I added the reference to de Lecea and colleagues, but within a few days my changes were erased and Yanagisawa was again hailed as the sole discoverer. And it's not just his name, it's Masashi Yanagisawa at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. No one else's affiliations are named in this article, and I'm not sure how appropriate it is. And until I inserted the reference to Gautvik and clone 35, Yanagisawa's name was always the one that appeared first, though that group's paper was actually the third to be published on these peptides.

I've always thought that Gautvik and colleagues and de Lecea and colleagues (same group really) should get the lion's share for the discovery of these peptides because a) they first identified clone 35, b) their work published in 1998 was a continuation of their earlier published work, which I think establishes them as the pioneering lab group, and c) well, their paper was published before Sakurai and colleagues, albeit only a month (which is really considered to be the same time). Sakurai and colleagues deserve a great deal of credit for the thoroughness of their description of the peptides, getting the exact sequence correct, describing one function (feeding) of these peptides, and most of all for discovering the receptors. (Maybe I'm also driven by what I perceive as the promotional nature this article has historically had in regards to Yanagisawa.)

The reason I removed the word "disputed" from the fourth paragraph is that I believe it connotes a sense of animosity that doesn't exist. Researchers simply publish under whichever name they prefer, being sure to mention the other name, and everyone seems to be waiting too see whether the field decides on one name or the other. That's the attitude I've seen at conferences anyway. Yes there are reasons given on both sides why the name should be one or the others, but these are more like competing proposals than a subject of real dispute. Dcs002 (talk) 07:01, 24 September 2009 (UTC)
 * As you of course know, the last author is frequently the person who designed and managed the work, but I completely agree that the usual way of citing the work would be either "Sakurai et al" or "the laboratory of Masashi Yanagisawa"; just plain "Masashi Yanagisawa" is misleading. Anyway, it looks like the reference dates back to the very first version of the article in 2003, and probably was based on a press release, since the editor who created the article doesn't seem to focus much on biology of any sort.  Regards, (and remember to sign your talk page messages!) Looie496 (talk) 00:17, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

I have updated the nomenclature paragraph to recognize a nomenclature compromise. Having hypocretin refer to the gene and orexin refer to the peptide/proteins is reflected in GenBank database searches and the IUPHAR database or Guide to Pharmacology. That being said, individual authors and labs will probably continue to refer to orexin/hypocretin by whichever name suits them. 08:06, 7 September 2015 (UTC) 149.171.66.108 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.171.66.108 (talk)

Removed reference to criticism of the use of the term 'orexin' because the feeding may be incidental to general arousal. That comment did not have a citation and a paper that might be relevant (Ida et al 1999) actually follows the orexin nomenclature. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 149.171.66.108 (talk) 06:25, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

Brown fat activation
The orexin article says: "Hence obesity in narcoleptic patients may be due to orexin deficiency leading to brown-fat hypo activity and reduced energy expenditure." This is, however, impossible because adult humans do not have brown fat. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.20.48.39 (talk) 10:01, 5 June 2012 (UTC)
 * That's not actually true. Adult humans have less brown fat than children but they still have some, mostly in their upper chest and neck. See our article on Brown fat for pictures. -- Derek Ross | Talk'' 22:13, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

Structure & Content Suggestions
Narcolepsy is mentioned several times before it is defined under “wakefulness.” I would suggest to either define it (or describe it) earlier in the article or just hyperlink it for people to read about it themselves. I also think the last paragraph under “wakefulness” can be categorized under a different heading. It does not directly relate to wakefulness, but is useful because it is talking about the problems that can occur if one does not have orexin-producing neurons. Under ‘food intake,’ why does orexin increase the craving for food? You could tie this in with the increased obesity rate for those with low levels of orexin. The ‘energy metabolism’ section could be expanded or even grouped with the ‘food intake’ section. Overall, the article was very informative and had a lot of good content! Cbruha11 (talk) 15:19, 28 March 2014 (UTC)

If higher levels of orexin correlate with improved mood and less depression, but also greater wakefulness, then how could orexin explain higher incidence of depression in narcoleptics? If anything it would suggest to me that narcoleptics should have lower incidences of depression, which the page doesn't read to suggest. Scuriusx86 (talk) 23:55, 10 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, just a guess but narcoleptics are possibly more prone to depression owing to the difficulty of moving forward with their lives caused by sleeping and cataplexy. It may well be that orexin makes them less depressed than they would otherwise be and yet does not have enough of an effect to cancel out the negative feelings caused by that frustration. -- Derek Ross | Talk'' 07:49, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

Orexin A of greater importance?
It's been a while since I visited this page, but I just noticed this: "Studies suggest that orexin-A may be of greater biological importance than orexin-B." I know I've been away from orexin research for a long time now, but on its face this statement seems preposterous. First, the fact that orexin-B has been observed as less potent or less effective than orexin-A at anything only means we don't know if its main endogenous function is to do something we haven't thought to test. Orexin-A is clearly more effective at inducing feeding. Does that make it more biologically important? We don't know what we don't know here. We don't know all of the possible functions of these peptides. Second, when I was studying the orexins (which ended in 2006), orexin-A had simply been studied more than orexin-B. We knew more about it, so researchers had a lot more to build on, and therefore a lot more was published, building a clearer picture of its function in the brain. It was more effective at inducing the effects that we were looking for, but we have no idea what all of its effects are. We can't know that for any neuropeptide until we figure out exactly how the human brain works. Third, importance is a vague and dependent statement of a thing's value, and is nearly a meaningless thing to say on a scientific level. Scientists speak in specifics. Important for what? Appetite? Arousal? Memory? Important how? Activation? suppression? Survival under extreme conditions? The fact that orexin-B is preserved across so many species is compelling evidence of its evolutionary importance. We either need to source that claim or get rid of it. Dcs002 (talk) 11:07, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

I agree. Orexin-A is certainly the go-to peptide for agonist-based studies and the OX1 receptor has got more selective antagonists for it, but that doesn't mean that OX-B or the OX2 receptor doesn't do anything. I have therefore removed that sentence. (149.171.66.108 (talk) 06:29, 3 October 2016 (UTC))

Influenza vaccine
We should probably add the epidemic (1,300 cases) of narcolepsy in Europe caused by the Pandemrix influenza vaccine, which triggered an autoimmune reaction to hypocretin receptor 2. An exposed region of the influenza nucleoprotein A shared residues with a fragment of the first extracellular domain of hypocretin receptor 2. People with HLA-DQB1*0602 haplotype developed protective immunity to influenza and an autoimmune reaction to hypocretin receptor 2, leading to death of the cells and incurable narcolepsy. There were 1,300 cases out of 30 million doses of Pandemrix, so it's a relatively rare reaction, on the order of the other known, rare risks of influenza vaccines. Ahmed SS,Volkmuth W, Duca J, et al. Antibodies to influenza nucleoprotein cross-react with human hypocretin receptor http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/7/294/294ra105 Science Translational Medicine. 01 Jul 2015; 7(294):294ra105. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab2354 Gretchen Vogel Why a pandemic flu shot caused narcolepsy http://news.sciencemag.org/health/2015/07/why-pandemic-flu-shot-caused-narcolepsy Science. 1 July 2015 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac8792. And Science calls it hypocretin. Is that the name now? --Nbauman (talk) 03:15, 6 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Both names are still widely used in the literature -- orexin a bit more widely, I think. Regarding the vaccine, it might be reasonable to add a paragraph on that story. Looie496 (talk) 15:39, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

Housekeeping
I'm not a specialist in this area, but it does appear that the clause, "but immunocytochemistry tactics revealed the various projections this area truly had to other parts of the brain. " from the second paragraph of the Discovery section needs some kind of verb.

..had to connect...???

I'm hoping that someone can add the right verb. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joel1947 (talk • contribs) 17:11, 29 July 2017 (UTC)

Edit War
High plasma triglycerides (from a high fat diet) and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) increases orexin levels, which increases appetite through orexin-stimulated neuropeptide Y action. A high fat diet more than a high calorie diet has been shown to increase obesity and orexin release.

 * The poorly sourced content needs to be re-added with a review. Not primary sources.  Please with WP:Primary and WP:3RR. Petergstrom (talk) 17:59, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

These are biomedical claims and therefore need secondary sources to support them. Here are a couple of possibilities:

Boghog (talk) 18:29, 3 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks Boghog - is it ever the case that a 'citation needed' or 'better source needed' tag can be added.--Iztwoz (talk) 18:37, 3 February 2018 (UTC)
 * The above primary sources are both animal studies and the accompanying text implies that results of these studies may also apply to humans. This is not acceptable per WP:MEDANIMAL. One would need to modify the text to state that these are animal studies. Boghog (talk) 19:31, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Adv Molecular Bio Bass-FSU-Fa23
— Assignment last updated by Achait2023 (talk) 17:11, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orexin


text:
User:Martin Fasani

Bio
Martin Fasani is a developer focused on web usability. He worked as a consultant for companies in Buenos Aires, Argentina while studying and researching about usability on web interfaces. In February 2002 after getting a phone call from Spain he decided to move and start over in Europe leaving his design career at the Universidad de Buenos Aires.

Actually is interested on social networking and telecommunications. His latest project and beta service is called "bemovil" an it's an idea that combines both together. Years ago Martin was a speaker in Flash Forward 2000 London presenting with Manuel Clement the new sound objects in Macromedia Flash.

bemovil is an experimental project which is not related, nor managed by any company and it's his personal research about social networking and usability on web interfaces. It will be used as well to publish and link related articles focused on mobile phone services, texting, semantic web and about general programming / data modeling.

Open Source contribution
Interbase php class Description: Interbase access wrapper that logs errors in a table Download the class

Martin has been one of the early testers of Javascript HTTP Request in all browsers. HTTP Request (Ajax) is now being used in all websites enabling all web developers to refresh parts of the webpage on real time. Download HTTP Request Class

Yogurt Social Project Martin is assigned as a developer in the Yogurt Social Network project, a free PHP/MySQL social network portal, where I'm planning to contribute with ideas and coding.

Open Source Implementations
Fasani.de Martin Fasani Resume and open source contributions

title: User:Martin Fasani


text:
Azobisisobutyronitrile

Azobisisobutyronitrile (abbreviated AIBN) is an organic compound with the formula [(CH3)2C(CN)]2N2. This white powder is soluble in alcohols and common organic solvents but is insoluble in water. It is often used as a foamer in plastics and rubber and as a radical initiator.

As an azo initiator, radicals resulting from AIBN have multiple benefits over common organic peroxides. For example, they do not have oxygenated byproducts or much yellow discoloration. Additionally, they do not cause too much grafting and therefore are often used when making adhesives, acrylic fibers, detergents, etc.

Mechanism of decomposition
In its most characteristic reaction, AIBN decomposes, eliminating a molecule of nitrogen gas to form two 2-cyanoprop-2-yl radicals:
 * [[Image:Formation of Radicals from AIBN.png|480px]]

Because azobisisobutyronitrile readily gives off free radicals, it is often used as a radical initiator. This happens at temperatures above 40 °C, but in experiments is more commonly done at temperatures between 66 °C and 72 °C. This decomposition has a ΔG‡ of 131 kJ/mol and results in two 2-cyano-2-propyl (carbon) radicals and a molecule of nitrogen gas. The release of nitrogen gas pushes this decomposition forward due to the increase in entropy. And the 2-cyano-2-propyl radical is stabilized by the −CN group.

Chemical reactions
These radicals formed by the decomposition of AIBN can initiate free-radical polymerizations and other radical-induced reactions. For instance, a mixture of styrene and maleic anhydride in toluene will react if heated, forming the copolymer upon addition of AIBN. Another example of a radical reaction that can be initiated by AIBN is the anti-Markovnikov hydrohalogenation of alkenes. AIBN has also been used as the radical initiator for Wohl–Ziegler bromination. The AIBN-derived 2-cyano-2-propyl radical abstracts the hydrogen from tributyltin hydride. The resulting tributyltin radical can be used for removal of a bromine atom.

AIBN-derived radicals abstract a hydrogen from HBr to give a bromine radical, which can add to alkenes. This type of hydrohalogenation of an alkene proceeds with anti-Markovnikov selectivity.
 * Hydrohalogenation of Alkene Reaction.png

Production and analogues
AIBN is produced in two steps from acetone cyanohydrin. Reaction with hydrazine gives the substituted dialkylhydrazine. In the second step, the hydrazine is oxidized to the azo derivative:
 * 2 (CH3)2C(CN)OH +  N2H4  →   [(CH3)2C(CN)]2N2H2  +  2 H2O
 * [(CH3)2C(CN)]2N2H2 +  Cl2  →    [(CH3)2C(CN)]2N2  +  2 HCl

Related azo compounds behave similarly, such as 1,1′-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile). Water-soluble azo initiators are also available.

Safety
AIBN is safer to use than benzoyl peroxide (another radical initiator) because the risk of explosion is far less. However, it is still considered as an explosive compound, decomposing above 65 °C. A respirator dust mask, protective gloves and safety glasses are recommended. Pyrolysis of AIBN without a trap for the formed 2-cyanopropyl radicals results in the formation of tetramethylsuccinonitrile, which is highly toxic.

title: Azobisisobutyronitrile


text:
Liu Xuan (gymnast)

Liu Xuan (born August 12, 1979) is a former Chinese artistic gymnast. She competed in the 1996 and 2000 Olympic Games and won two Olympic medals, including gold on the balance beam in 2000. She was born in Changsha, Hunan.

Gymnastics career
Liu was coached by Guo Xinming and Zhang Zhen. She took up gymnastics with encouragement from her mother, who had to stop training when her gym closed during the Cultural Revolution. In fact, Liu's decision to continue training for another four years after a disappointing performance at the 1996 Olympics (where she failed to make the beam final because of a fall in the team competition) was partly to realize her mother's unfulfilled dream.

In 2000, Liu became China's first Olympic champion on balance beam, as well as its first all-around medalist in women's gymnastics. She also led the Chinese team to a third-place finish, but in 2010, their bronze medal was stripped by the International Olympic Committee and awarded to the United States instead after one of the Chinese team members, Dong Fangxiao, was found to have been underage during the competition. In March 2012, the bronze medal Liu and her teammates won at the 1999 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships was forfeited to Ukraine for the same reason.

Eponymous skill
Liu was the first female gymnast to perform a one-arm giant swing on the uneven bars; she also performed this skill into a Geinger release move. The skill is named after her in the Code of Points, but because it was considered too risky for women, it was given a low difficulty rating to discourage gymnasts from attempting it. As a result, Liu stopped performing it after the 1996 Olympics.

Post-gymnastics career
At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Liu served as the on-site gymnastics reporter for Hong Kong broadcaster TVB.

In July 2009, she became a contracted actress for TVB.

Personal life
Liu married her boyfriend, musician Wang Tao, in Happy Valley, Hong Kong in December 2013. The couple have two children.

Results

 * 2000 Olympics: 3rd team (disqualified), 3rd all-around, 1st balance beam
 * 1998 Asian Games: 1st team, 1st all-around, 1st beam
 * 1998 World Cup: 1st beam, 3rd bars
 * 1997 World Championships: 3rd team, 7th all-around
 * 1996 Olympics: 4th team
 * 1996 World Championships: 3rd beam, 9th bars
 * 1995 World Championships: 2nd team
 * 1995 USA/CHN/BLR: 3rd team, 8th all-around
 * 1994 DTB Cup: 1st beam, 5th bars, 8th floor
 * 1994 Asian Games: 1st team, 2nd bars
 * 1994 World Championships: 4th team

title: Liu Xuan (gymnast)


text:
ENTAC

ENTAC ("Engin Téléguidé Anti-Char") or MGM-32A was a French MCLOS wire-guided anti-tank missile. Developed in the early 1950s, the weapon entered service with the French Army in 1957. Production ended in 1974 after approximately 140,000 had been built.

Development
The missile was developed by the French Government agency - DTAT (Direction Technique des Armements Terrestres) at the same time as the private industry SS.10. Development time for the ENTAC was longer than the SS.10, so it did not enter service until 1957. It proved to be a great improvement over the SS.10, which had entered production five years earlier. Once fully developed and tested, production of the ENTAC was given to the firm of Aerospatiale. The ENTAC was designed to be a man-portable weapon or operated from a small vehicle like the Jeep, replacing the Nord SS.10 in French service.

Design
The missile is launched from a simple metal box, which is connected to an operator station. An individual operator station can control up to 10 launcher boxes. The operator manually steers the missile by means of a small joystick. These course corrections are transmitted to the missile via a thin set of wires that trail behind the missile - see MCLOS. Like many early ATGMs, the missile had a large minimum range (see 9M14 Malyutka) due to the time it took to get up to flight speed and come under operator control.

Australia
Used from 1964 until 1985.

France
The missile first entered service in 1957. The ENTAC may have been used by France in small numbers during the 1960s and 1970s on peacekeeping operations.

India
ENTAC missiles entered service in 1968 after being ordered a year prior. They were used by 12 GUARDS(IND)most effectively against Pakistani tanks during the 1971 war.

Iran
Ordered in 1966 and delivered from 1966-1969. It remained in service after the 1979 Iranian revolution and was used against Iraqi tanks during the 1980-88 war.

Israel
Entered service in 1963 after being ordered the year before. It is likely that they were used during the 1967 Six-Day War against Arab tanks.

Lebanon
Ordered in 1966 and entered service in 1967. These were deployed during the Lebanese Civil War and was used in street fighting, particularly during the early 1980s.

South Africa
French-made missiles were in the inventory, alongside locally manufactured licence-built missiles. Having acquired some 500 examples by 1969, expeditionary units of the South African Defence Force first deployed ENTACs against People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) and Cuban military advisers during Operation Savannah. The system was often mounted on unarmoured Land Rovers. South African servicemen destroyed at least one FAPLA mortar position with their missiles in September 1975. Two Angolan T-54/55 tanks were also eliminated by ENTAC crews, working in concert with Eland and Ratel-90 armoured cars, during Operation Askari, 1984.

United States
The US army purchased the Model 58 ENTAC with an improved warhead to replace the Nord SS.10 (or MGM-21A). It was designed to be an interim weapon, used as the BGM-71 TOW was being developed. The first missiles were deployed in 1963, that year the missile received the US designation MGM-32A. In US service the missile was based on the M151 Jeep and issued to the Anti-tank Platoon of the Heavy Weapons Company. In Korea (7th ID @ 1st CAV) it replaced the Scorpion tracked AT vehicle, a 90MM SP Gun which could not climb the hilly terrain as easily as the Jeep. Using extended cables missiles could be fired from defilade. The missile was phased out between 1968 and 1969, being replaced with the more advanced BGM-71 TOW. It was used in the Vietnam War against fortified infantry positions, but not enemy tanks. It was fired by the 14th Infantry Regiment, amongst others.

Models

 * ENTAC / MGM-32A

Former operators

 * 🇦🇺 - Around 500 ordered in 1962 and delivered from 1963-64. Served from 1964–1982, after which it was replaced by the MILAN.
 * 🇧🇪 - Around 2,500 ordered in 1961 and delivered from 1961-66 for the AMX-VCI tank destroyer variant.
 * 🇨🇦 - Ordered in 1959 and delivered from 1960-1963. Around 2,000 delivered.
 * 🇫🇷 - First adopted in 1957.
 * 🇮🇳 - Around 2,000 ordered in 1967 and delivered from 1968-71. Replaced by the MILAN from 1982.
 * 🇮🇷 - Around 2,000 ordered in 1966 and delivered from 1966-69.
 * 🇮🇩 indonesia - Around 500 ordered in 1962 and delivered from 1963-64. Now retired.
 * 🇮🇱 israel - Around 1,000 ordered in 1962 and delivered from 1963-64.
 * 🇱🇧 lebanon - Around 200 acquired in 1967 after being ordered in 1966.
 * 🇲🇦 - Around 500 ordered in 1972 and delivered from 1973 to 1974. Supplanted by BGM-71 TOW from around 1977.
 * 🇳🇴 - Around 1,000 ordered in 1965 and acquired from 1966-1968.
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa - Around 500 acquired by 1969. Supplemented by MILAN from 1975 and eventually eased out of service.
 * 🇺🇸 - Acquired as the MGM-32A in 1963. Replaced by the BGM-71 TOW between 1968 and 1969 and transferred to National Guard units before being retired completely by 30 September 1972.
 * UNITA - Presumably acquired from South African stockpiles.

title: ENTAC


text:
Magnus Stinnerbom

Magnus Stinnerbom is a fiddler from Värmland, Sweden, whose principal instrument is the viola. He is the son of the influential fiddler Leif Stinnerbom, who co-founded the Nordic folk band Groupa. Magnus is currently playing with the groups Harv (with Daniel Sandén-Warg) and Hedningarna. He has toured the U.S. and Europe with Finnish singer Sanna Kurki-Suonio, and he has also contributed to the record Nils Holgersson.

title: Magnus Stinnerbom


text:
Krishnaswamy Sundarji

General Krishnaswamy "Sundarji" Sundararajan, (28 April 1928 – 8 February 1999) was the Chief of the Army Staff of the Indian Army from 1986 to 1988. He was the last former British Indian Army officer to command the Indian Army.

During his army career, he had commanded the Operation Blue Star under orders from Indira Gandhi to clear the Golden Temple shrine. Widely respected as a scholar warrior, he was regarded as one of the most promising generals of Independent India. He introduced a number of technology initiatives to the Indian Army. He was also questioned for his role in recommending the Bofors howitzer in the Bofors scandal. As the Chief of the Army Staff, he planned and executed Operation Brasstacks, a major military exercise, along the Rajasthan border.

Early life and education
Sundarji was born in a Tamil Hindu Brahmin family in Chengelpet, Madras Presidency, British India on 28 April 1928. His official name was Krishnaswamy Sundararajan, but he was popularly known by the informal name of Sundarji. He studied at the Madras Christian College only to leave it before receiving a degree. Later in his career, he graduated from the Defence Services Staff College at Wellington, Tamil Nadu. He also studied at the Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in the US, and the National Defence College in New Delhi. He held a Master of Arts in international studies from the University of Allahabad and an MSc in defence studies from Madras University.

Military career
Sundarji joined the British Indian Army in 1945 during the Second World War, though the war ended before he could see any active service. On 28 April 1946, he was given an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the Mahar Regiment. His early career as an army officer involved operating in the troublesome areas of the North-West Frontier Province and then in Jammu and Kashmir.

In the period following India's independence, he saw action in Kargil district, Jammu and Kashmir, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948. In 1963, he served in the UN mission in the Congo, where he was chief of staff of the Katanga command and was mentioned in dispatches for his gallantry.

Sundarji served as the commanding officer of an infantry battalion during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He played an important role as brigadier general staff of a corps in the Rangpur sector of Bangladesh, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. This war led to the liberation of Bangladesh. As an acting brigadier, he was appointed Deputy Military Secretary, Army HQ, on 20 January 1973.

Sundarji was promoted to major general on 26 July 1974. For the first time in the history of the Indian Army, an infantry officer became the general officer commanding of the elite 1st Armoured Division. He was chosen by General K. V. Krishna Rao to be part of a small team for reorganising the Indian Army, especially with regard to technology. He raised the Mechanised Infantry Regiment by amalgamating various battalions from the army's premier infantry regiments.

Operation Blue Star
He was promoted to lieutenant general on 5 February 1979. In 1984, he led Operation Blue Star, intended to evict extremists who had occupied the Golden Temple in Amritsar. He later said "We went inside with humility in our hearts and prayers on our lips". According to his wife, Sundarji emerged a changed man after this operation.

Chief of Army Staff
In 1986, he was promoted to general and appointed Chief of the Army Staff (COAS). After taking over as COAS, he wrote a letter to his soldiers warning of deteriorating standards, and the evil of sycophancy. His operation at Sumdorong Chu in 1986, known as Operation Falcon, was widely praised. The Chinese had occupied Sumdorong Chu, and Sundarji used the Indian Air Force's new airlift capability to land a brigade in Zimithang, north of Tawang. Indian forces took up positions on the Hathung La ridge, across the Namka Chu river, where India had faced a humiliating defeat in 1962. The Chinese responded with a counter-build-up and adopted a belligerent tone. Western diplomats predicted war, and some of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's advisers blamed Sundarji's recklessness. But Sundarji stood by his steps, at one point telling a senior aide, "Please make alternate arrangements if you think you are not getting adequate professional advice." The confrontation petered out.

He was also involved in Operation Brasstacks, a large-scale mechanised artillery and war gaming effort in July 1986 near the Pakistan border, which led to similar Pakistani buildup. The situation was defused through diplomatic talks in February 1987.

Operation Pawan
In 1987, the Indian government forced Sri Lankan president to accept a ceasefire agreement with LTTE and the Indian Peace Keeping Force was sent to Jaffna to disarm the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). However, the Indian Army had no experience in unconventional jungle warfare and took heavy casualties. Among the few successes was the bombing of the LTTE controlled jetties by the Indian Navy Marine Commandos, then known as the Indian Navy Special Commando Force. The Indian Peace Keeping Force force was withdrawn in 1990.

Nuclear policy
Sundarji was amongst the core team that created Indian nuclear policy. As a senior army general, he wrote the Indian Nuclear Doctrine along with Admiral R.H. Tahiliani. Post retirement, he was unhappy with the lack of response among politicians regarding nuclear security, and wrote the book Blind Men of Hindustan in 1993, which discussed nuclear strategy for India and compared India's nuclear policy to six blind men who misinterpret an elephant by touching parts of it.

Legacy
Sundarji was amongst the most far-sighted armoured corps commanders in the Indian Army. Despite being commissioned in the infantry, he was a keen student and admirer of tank warfare. He pioneered various operational guidelines and challenged his commanders to push the machines and men to the limits. In various exercises, he is known to have ordered tanks full speed up sand dunes in the Thar Desert in 70 degree heat. Amongst other things, he designed the all black uniform of the Armoured Corps. He then went on to create the Mechanised Infantry Regiment. With emphasis on speed, technology and mobile weaponry, it is now an integral part of the Indian strike corps.

Sundarji can also be credited for shaping modern Indian Army thinking. In his stint as the commandant of the College of Combat (now Army War College, Mhow), he practically rewrote the war manual with emphasis on speed, decisive action, technology and armour. Sundarji was also one of the few to predict the total rout of the Iraqi forces in the Gulf War. Writing for India Today, he saw what superior air power and technology could do.

He also left behind a partially completed autobiography titled Of Some Consequence: A Soldier Remembers, of which he had completed 33 episodes out of a planned 105.

Personal life
Sundarji married Padma Sundarji when he was a major. They had two children, Pria and Vikram. In 1978, when he was serving as general officer commanding XXXIII Corps in the Eastern Command, she died of cancer at the Army Hospital, Delhi Cantonment. Later, he married for the second time. His second wife, Vani, wrote the introductory chapter of Sundarji's memoirs Of some consequence – A soldier remembers, which was published after his death.

Death
In January 1998, Sundarji was diagnosed with motor neuron disease, from which he died on 8 February 1999 at the age of 70.

title: Krishnaswamy Sundarji


text:
Talk:Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 June 2021
The Willy Wonka prequel is NOT a prequel to this movie. It is not a prequel to any existing incarnation of the character, and is more so a prequel to the Willy Wonka from the book. This section should be removed from this page as the 'Wonka prequel has no direct relation to 2005's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory''. 2600:8807:C0C6:B200:41C9:B011:290E:D80C (talk) 04:10, 14 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Run n Fly (talk) 16:34, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

This article describes that the Wonka prequel will be set in it's own universe separate from this film. https://discussingfilm.net/2021/06/05/nathan-crowley-joins-wonka-exclusive/

This article, that broke the news of Chalamet's casting several weeks ago, claims that the prequel is based only on "characters created by Roald Dahl". https://deadline.com/2021/05/timothee-chalamet-willy-wonka-warner-bros-1234762658/

It has no relation to this movie. If you insist on keeping this section on the page, there should at least be a similar "prequel" section on the page of 1971's Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ethanhart129 (talk • contribs)
 * Looks like you made the edit yourself, so I'm closing this edit request. ‑‑Volteer1 (talk)

Score recording date
Thank you first of all for all of your contributions to the article. I've looked into it as well and it seems as though the recording date of the score is not verifiable. Unless we find a reliable source that explicitly states "the score was recorded between 2004 and 2005", we might as well scratch the "recorded" parameter in the infobox. Would you agree? Throast (talk | contribs) 21:48, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree. And you're very welcome for the edits! Ethanhart129 (talk • contribs) — Preceding undated comment added 21:54, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

1971 adaptation hatnote
Regarding my edit removing the hatnote:, from my experience roaming Wikipedia, hatnotes are usually used when the titles of two works or names of two people are either the same or very similar. I thought that the distinction between the two film titles was clear enough since the 1971 adaptation has a unique title compared to the book and the 2005 adaptation; I assumed most people are familiar with this. Perhaps, there's evidence that the 1971 film is sometimes mistakenly referred to as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory? If so, I wasn't aware of it. Throast (talk | contribs) 22:34, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I think it's very possible that a casual Wikipedia reader might confuse this film's title with the other one, and as hatnotes are a cheap investment, I don't see the harm in having them in this instance. I'm perfectly content to be overruled if other editors disagree, but obviously at least some folks shared my concern or the hatnotes wouldn't have been there to begin with, so a discussion seemed prudent prior to removing them. DonIago (talk) 00:47, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Splitting proposal
I propose that the section Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film) to be split into a separate page called Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (soundtrack). The section is individually too lengthy and off-topic and can be large enough to make their own page. 122.162.75.39 (talk) 06:15, 14 July 2022 (UTC)

 * It doesn't seem particularly lengthy to me, but I'm willing to defer to the opinions of other editors. DonIago (talk) 12:57, 14 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I think the music section is looking quite good as it is. Apart from a few reviews of the album, coverage mostly concerns the production aspects, which are imo more relevant to the film in general rather than to the soundtrack in particular. The section gives readers just the right depth of coverage they can expect from a good film article. For these reasons, I oppose splitting off Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (soundtrack). Throast  { { ping }} me! (talk | contribs) 18:51, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with your perspective, but the article could be influenced with chart performance and reception, so that it could be manageable enough to split and move in its entirety to the music section 223.178.84.154 (talk) 17:59, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think the soundtrack charted in any significant way. We already include a few select reviewers in this article, I don't think more need to be added. Throast  { { ping }} me! (talk | contribs) 18:07, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Throast there could be additional tracklists and awards to be added, with more information 223.178.84.154 (talk) 18:56, 2 December 2023 (UTC)
 * There could be, or there are? We shouldn't split an article based on hypotheticals. DonIago (talk) 00:04, 3 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Additional tracklists strike me as WP:CRUFT, and awards already fit well into this article's award section (there aren't that many after all). I'm opposed to this trend of splitting film soundtrack articles by default when they can be efficiently covered in their respective film articles. I don't see enough standalone significance here. Throast  { { ping }} me! (talk | contribs) 11:11, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

Comparing box office to Wonka (2023)
It seems unreasonable to compare this film's box office returns, which is nearly 20 years old, to those of Wonka (2023). Adjusted for inflation, the 2005 film would have grossed over 700 million in today's US$. Individual sources comparing the two without acknowledging inflation whatsoever should not be be used per WP:RS imo. Throast  { { ping }} me! (talk | contribs) 21:38, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * It does seem a bit off to compare the two without making any adjustment for inflation. DonIago (talk) 17:49, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Adjusting for inflation ourselves would probably violate WP:OR (and open a Pandora's box in terms of which calculator to use as a source; it would need to be regularly updated, etc). I suggest removing any such comparisons altogether. Throast  { { ping }} me! (talk | contribs) 22:27, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I fully agree with and have removed it from the Wonka page.  Mike  Allen   23:37, 16 January 2024 (UTC)


text:
Kshetram

Kshetram (Kshetra) literally means a region. In Hindu mythology, it is referred to as the physical holy location where a temple or a collection of temples, its tank and deities exist.

Sacred geography
There exist privileged regions and places where energy in the form of terrestrial magnetism rises heavenward. As per Hindu religious mythology, Prana (gravity) pulls life downwards, while apanan (levity) pulls life upwards. Such places are called Tirtha (ways), Kshetra (ways) or pitha (base). Sacred geography can identify sacred places and sometimes explain the importance of those which are already known.

The dwelling of gods must be built on such privileged ground (kshetras), and, as a rule, sacred cities arise around them. The temple should be close to a water course or near a lake located to the east or north. For the building of a temple, it should have a lake on the left (north) or in front (east), and not otherwise. If the temple is built on an island, the presence of water all around is of good omen.

title: Kshetram