text:
Octahedral molecular geometry

In chemistry, octahedral molecular geometry, also called square bipyramidal, describes the shape of compounds with six atoms or groups of atoms or ligands symmetrically arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of an octahedron. The octahedron has eight faces, hence the prefix octa. The octahedron is one of the Platonic solids, although octahedral molecules typically have an atom in their centre and no bonds between the ligand atoms. A perfect octahedron belongs to the point group Oh. Examples of octahedral compounds are sulfur hexafluoride SF6 and molybdenum hexacarbonyl Mo(CO)6. The term "octahedral" is used somewhat loosely by chemists, focusing on the geometry of the bonds to the central atom and not considering differences among the ligands themselves. For example, [Co(NH3)6](3+), which is not octahedral in the mathematical sense due to the orientation of the N\sH bonds, is referred to as octahedral.

The concept of octahedral coordination geometry was developed by Alfred Werner to explain the stoichiometries and isomerism in coordination compounds. His insight allowed chemists to rationalize the number of isomers of coordination compounds. Octahedral transition-metal complexes containing amines and simple anions are often referred to as Werner-type complexes.

Isomerism in octahedral complexes
When two or more types of ligands (La, Lb, ...) are coordinated to an octahedral metal centre (M), the complex can exist as isomers. The naming system for these isomers depends upon the number and arrangement of different ligands.

cis and trans
For ML$a 4$L$b 2$, two isomers exist. These isomers of ML$a 4$L$b 2$ are cis, if the Lb ligands are mutually adjacent, and trans, if the Lb groups are situated 180° to each other. It was the analysis of such complexes that led Alfred Werner to the 1913 Nobel Prize–winning postulation of octahedral complexes.

Facial and meridional isomers
For ML$a 3$L$b 3$, two isomers are possible - a facial isomer (fac) in which each set of three identical ligands occupies one face of the octahedron surrounding the metal atom, so that any two of these three ligands are mutually cis, and a meridional isomer (mer) in which each set of three identical ligands occupies a plane passing through the metal atom.

Δ vs Λ isomers
Complexes with three bidentate ligands or two cis bidentate ligands can exist as enantiomeric pairs. Examples are shown below.

Other
For ML$a 2$L$b 2$L$c 2$, a total of five geometric isomers and six stereoisomers are possible.
 * 1) One isomer in which all three pairs of identical ligands are trans
 * 2) Three isomers in which one pair of identical ligands (La or Lb or Lc) is trans while the other two pairs of ligands are mutually cis.
 * 3) Two enantiomeric pair in which all three pairs of identical ligands are cis. These are equivalent to the Δ vs Λ isomers mentioned above.

The number of possible isomers can reach 30 for an octahedral complex with six different ligands (in contrast, only two stereoisomers are possible for a tetrahedral complex with four different ligands). The following table lists all possible combinations for monodentate ligands:

Thus, all 15 diastereomers of MLaLbLcLdLeLf are chiral, whereas for ML$a 5$LbLcLdLe, six diastereomers are chiral and three are not (the ones where La are trans). One can see that octahedral coordination allows much greater complexity than the tetrahedron that dominates organic chemistry. The tetrahedron MLaLbLcLd exists as a single enantiomeric pair. To generate two diastereomers in an organic compound, at least two carbon centers are required.

Jahn–Teller effect
The term can also refer to octahedral influenced by the Jahn–Teller effect, which is a common phenomenon encountered in coordination chemistry. This reduces the symmetry of the molecule from Oh to D4h and is known as a tetragonal distortion.

Distorted octahedral geometry
Some molecules, such as XeF6 or, have a lone pair that distorts the symmetry of the molecule from Oh to C3v. The specific geometry is known as a monocapped octahedron, since it is derived from the octahedron by placing the lone pair over the centre of one triangular face of the octahedron as a "cap" (and shifting the positions of the other six atoms to accommodate it). These both represent a divergence from the geometry predicted by VSEPR, which for AX6E1 predicts a pentagonal pyramidal shape.

Bioctahedral structures
Pairs of octahedra can be fused in a way that preserves the octahedral coordination geometry by replacing terminal ligands with bridging ligands. Two motifs for fusing octahedra are common: edge-sharing and face-sharing. Edge- and face-shared bioctahedra have the formulas [M2L8(μ-L)]2 and M2L6(μ-L)3, respectively. Polymeric versions of the same linking pattern give the stoichiometries [ML2(μ-L)2]∞ and [M(μ-L)3]∞, respectively.

The sharing of an edge or a face of an octahedron gives a structure called bioctahedral. Many metal pentahalide and pentaalkoxide compounds exist in solution and the solid with bioctahedral structures. One example is niobium pentachloride. Metal tetrahalides often exist as polymers with edge-sharing octahedra. Zirconium tetrachloride is an example. Compounds with face-sharing octahedral chains include MoBr3, RuBr3, and TlBr3.

Trigonal prismatic geometry
For compounds with the formula MX6, the chief alternative to octahedral geometry is a trigonal prismatic geometry, which has symmetry D3h. In this geometry, the six ligands are also equivalent. There are also distorted trigonal prisms, with C3v symmetry; a prominent example is W(CH3)6. The interconversion of Δ- and Λ-complexes, which is usually slow, is proposed to proceed via a trigonal prismatic intermediate, a process called the "Bailar twist". An alternative pathway for the racemization of these same complexes is the Ray–Dutt twist.

Splitting of d-orbital energies
For a free ion, e.g. gaseous Ni2+ or Mo0, the energy of the d-orbitals are equal in energy; that is, they are "degenerate". In an octahedral complex, this degeneracy is lifted. The energy of the dz2 and dx2−y2, the so-called eg set, which are aimed directly at the ligands are destabilized. On the other hand, the energy of the dxz, dxy, and dyz orbitals, the so-called t2g set, are stabilized. The labels t2g and eg refer to irreducible representations, which describe the symmetry properties of these orbitals. The energy gap separating these two sets is the basis of crystal field theory and the more comprehensive ligand field theory. The loss of degeneracy upon the formation of an octahedral complex from a free ion is called crystal field splitting or ligand field splitting. The energy gap is labeled Δo, which varies according to the number and nature of the ligands. If the symmetry of the complex is lower than octahedral, the eg and t2g levels can split further. For example, the t2g and eg sets split further in trans-ML$a 4$L$b 2$.

Ligand strength has the following order for these electron donors:
 * weak: iodine < bromine < fluorine < acetate < oxalate < water < pyridine < cyanide :strong

So called "weak field ligands" give rise to small Δo and absorb light at longer wavelengths.

Reactions
Given that a virtually uncountable variety of octahedral complexes exist, it is not surprising that a wide variety of reactions have been described. These reactions can be classified as follows:

 * Ligand substitution reactions (via a variety of mechanisms)
 * Ligand addition reactions, including among many, protonation
 * Redox reactions (where electrons are gained or lost)
 * Rearrangements where the relative stereochemistry of the ligand changes within the coordination sphere.

Many reactions of octahedral transition metal complexes occur in water. When an anionic ligand replaces a coordinated water molecule the reaction is called an anation. The reverse reaction, water replacing an anionic ligand, is called aquation. For example, the [CoCl(NH3)5](2+) slowly yields [Co(NH3)5(H2O)](3+) in water, especially in the presence of acid or base. Addition of concentrated HCl converts the aquo complex back to the chloride, via an anation process.

title: Octahedral molecular geometry


text:
User talk:Tuesdaydentist

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title: User talk:Tuesdaydentist


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User talk:Rmpfu89

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RfA
Thank you Rmpfu89 for your support vote. I need every one I can get :) Cheers, Redwolf24 22:49, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Requesting comments on template alteration
Hello. I see you are using one or more of the User instruments templates in your Babel box. Inspired by some recent developments, I want to rework all the templates in there (including ones used on user pages), to make them more like the regular Babel templates. However, I thought I should hear from the people this would affect before actually doing it. Please weigh in at User:Ddawson/User instruments. Ddawson 11:26, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Hello:
Hi I'm a new Wikipedian from Natick, Mass... just popped in to say hello to my Wiki neighbor:"

Merlinus (talk)

I was recently married to my lovely wife; We have lived together for several years already... -
 * Hi I Am Marc:
 * We love cats (3 currently own us)... Jeffy(15), Echo(6) & Gizmo(3). All sleep with us in the big bed and no room to move an inch.
 * I was Disabled in a 1993 (Coma)/ and am very slowly recovering. It's tough going out sometimes, though with friends I still do. I have a few supportive friends.
 * I am an "Unenrolled voter." Democrat/ Republicans, I don't care, whoever serves makes my life better in the long run I vote for!
 * Avid reader. Has collection of many hundreds of rare books. Especially Science Fiction and Fantasy.
 * Avid Music collector (2,500 albums)...mostly bootlegs...mostly rare bootlegs...Stones, Kinks, Clapton, Beatles. and solos!

I am what I am I'm strongly opinionated about disabled peoples' rights and jobs for American citizens who have trouble finding minimum wage jobs in my state today and support Universal health care, I would be dead if I did not have it. I am an idiot about Internet social skills. I hope that the Immigration Reform bill will protect disabled citizens who wish to work like myself first before considering allowing new people to come here. I was searching for an internet forum to be my outlet to express my needs, but found that Wikipedia is not best suited for that. I'm brushing up on Wikipedia's rules of conduct, and slowly starting to begin contributing again. -- Current book and CD I own hundreds of rare books

 * Current Book Jack Whyte: "Uther"
 * Current CD Faves:
 * Warren Zevon... "Life'll Kill Ya"
 * Howlin' Wolf: "Greatest Hits"
 * Latest Flick: "Charles II: The Last King"

-  Merlinus (talk)

Welcome to the Wikipedia neighborhood
Hi Its Marc (Merlinus), I read your note. You collect antique books... I have some very old ones myself. Not older than the civil war period at the oldest. I've got a few coins from that peroid too, but I rarely look at them. A lot of pre World War II European money that my grandfather gave me. It might be worthless or not, but its beautiful compared to ours today. As far as Wikipedia, lately I've mostly just been contributing comments on existing articles advocating tighter defense for against dangerious people on the internet and warning kids not to give out personal inforormation to strangers. I'll sign out for now because my wife and I have a toug=ch of brochitis and need to catch up on sleep. Take care. Marc... Merlinus. --merlinus 00:36, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

talk edits
Please sign your talk edits with four tildes ( ~ ~). - UtherSRG (talk) 23:54, 25 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Sometimes I forget. Rmpfu89 00:02, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

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AfD nomination of Movin' Out (Aerosmith song)
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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Rmpfu89! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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Platypus
Hey, your opinion is requested at the talk page of the platypus article, to finally put this stupid capitalisation debate to rest. Cheers! Aaadddaaammm (talk) 11:09, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Spontaneous Combustion (band)

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Speedy deletion nomination of Triad (album)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of Anthony Everett

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title: User talk:Rmpfu89


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User talk:Coyo

Welcome from Redwolf24
Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We as a community are glad to have you and thank you for creating a user account! Here are a few good links for newcomers:
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Hello Coyo.I hope that you are enjoying yourself here.I just wanted to drop you a line regarding the Cool Variety link that was on the Big Blue Marble discussion page.You can actually purchase video/DVD copies of the show from the.The company's e-mail,if you're interested in doing so,is info@coolvariety.com and ask about them.Tell them that I sent you.Thanks.Frschoonover 03:19, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Coyo


text:
1985 (Burgess novel)

1985 is a novel by English writer Anthony Burgess. Originally this book was published in 1978, it was inspired by, and was intended as a tribute to, George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. It was adapted by Guy Meredith as a radio play and broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 23 January 1985.

Plot introduction
1985 is in two parts. The first part, called "1984", is a series of essays and interviews (Burgess is the voice of the interviewer and the interviewee) discussing aspects of Orwell's book. The basic idea of dystopia is explicated, and term "kakotopia" is also brought up and explored etymologically. The etymology of the word "utopia" is also deconstructed. Burgess treats Orwell as being somewhat bound by his times. Orwell is seen somewhat as a war-exhausted Brit fearing the Soviet threat along with the spectre of atomic war. Orwell is treated as handling these ideas to the exclusion of other phenomena will come to alter British society. Burgess explicates the distinction between Orwell's "Ingsoc" and the more mundane "English socialism", as Burgess sees this actuality, in the Britain of his time.

The second part is a novella set in 1985, seven years in the future at the time of the novel's being written. Rather than a sequel to Orwell's novel, Burgess uses the same concept. Based on his observation of British society and the world around him in 1978, he suggests how a possible 1985 might be if certain trends continue.

The main trend to which he is referring is the expanding power of trade unions. In the hypothetical 1985 envisioned in the book, the trade unions have become so powerful that they exert full control over society; unions exist for every imaginable occupation. Unions start strikes with little reason, and a strike by one union usually turns into a general strike. Another major theme of the novella is the rise of Islam as a major cultural and political force in Britain, due to large-scale immigration from the Middle East; London abounds with mosques and rich Arabs, and Arab property ownership plays a major role in the story's economic backdrop.

The protagonist is a school teacher, and somewhat of a proponent of Classicism. He is struggling within an education system which puts more stock in more directly practical approaches to study. He is also threatened by street toughs, from day to day. He gains status with them when he loses his professional status. They are outsiders, relative to the above-mentioned system. It is fashionable among them to embrace Classical studies, with a focus on, among other things, Greek and Latin linguistics.

Plot summary
In 1985, former teacher Bev Jones mourns the death of his wife, who was killed in a hospital fire that occurred in the midst of a firemen's union strike, leaving him alone with his 13-year-old daughter Bessie, who is sexually precocious and unable to comprehend the difference between reality and fantasy due to a thalidomide-like drug taken by her pregnant mother. Bev comes to despise the union system, a hostility initially sparked when he lost his job teaching history because the unions favoured education of a practical value, but engendered by the death of his wife and her last words to him—"Don't let them get away with it".

Bev takes a job as a confectioner, but his union membership is revoked when he goes to work one day while his union is on strike, effectively making him unemployable. Knowing that he will soon lose his home, he takes Bessie to a care facility to live with other girls like herself, and becomes a wandering vagrant who lives with a group of similarly unemployed dissenters and commits petty theft to survive. Bev is eventually apprehended during one theft and sentenced to re-education at a state-run psychiatric prison, where he is subjected to propaganda films and lectures in an attempt to convert him into a useful member of society (a theme which Burgess also examines in A Clockwork Orange). Bev also meets the powerful union official Pettigrew, who warns Bev that his day is over and that syndicalism is the future of Britain. Despite the incessant re-education attempts, Bev serves his sentence unconverted and is eventually released.

Bev returns to London upon learning Bessie will be ejected from the care facility because he refuses to recant his beliefs, and ultimately chooses to sell her as a wife to a wealthy sheikh who takes an interest in her during a visit to the Al-Dorchester hotel, under the reasoning she will at least be safe and satisfied this way. Still unemployable and homeless, Bev joins a network called the Free Britons, which aims to provide infrastructure and order during the increasing strike-related chaos sweeping Britain, but eventually learns it is a front for an Islamic group aiming at the re-establishment of Britain as a Muslim state. Based on his education, the Free Britons employ Bev as their mouthpiece and task him with reporting on ongoing strike action, but he is frustrated when his work is censored by the Free Britons' leader, Colonel Lawrence. The spreading strike action eventually escalates into a general strike, reported to the reader mostly in diary form, and King Charles III takes command of the country as it grinds to a halt.

A few months after the strike, Bev is arrested again and sentenced to life in a secure prison hospital where the only way to be released is to be retrieved by a family member. In prison, Bev revives his teaching career by giving informal history lessons to other prisoners, starting with Anglo-Saxon medieval England and continuing through the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, and well into the 20th century. All the while, unverifiable news and rumors circulate among the prisoners about the outside world, some of which suggest that the Muslim conversion of Britain is well-advanced (for instance, Isle of Man residents discovering a stimulant-depressant drug has been replacing alcohol in their beer for years, in line with Islamic dietary laws).

As time passes and Bev's history lessons progress through the 20th century, he finds it increasingly difficult to explain the continuity of history in terms of the present. Unable to do so, he suggests that they can simply start over again, prompting his class to spontaneously dismiss themselves. Now alone and purposeless, and with little chance of having Bessie retrieve him, Bev slips out of his dormitory overnight and deliberately touches the prison's electric fence, killing himself.

Release details

 * 1978, US, Little Brown (ISBN 0-316-11651-3), hardback (First edition). Published concurrently in Penthouse Magazine.
 * 1978, UK, Hutchinson (ISBN 0-09-136080-3), hardback
 * 1980, UK, Arrow (ISBN 0-09-921450-4), paperback
 * 2007, CZ, Maťa (ISBN 978-80-7287-119-3), hardback, Czech translation by Milan Mikulášek
 * 2013. UK, Serpent's Tail (ISBN 978-1-84668-919-2), paperback

title: 1985 (Burgess novel)


text: Category:Humor-related lists

title: Category:Humor-related lists


text:
Category:Cooking appliances

Cooking appliances are used to heat food ingredients during the cooking process.

title: Category:Cooking appliances


text: File:Alizée-MesCourantsElectriques.jpg

title: File:Alizée-MesCourantsElectriques.jpg


text:
User talk:Stusearle

Welcome from Redwolf24
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