text:
Talk:List of universities and colleges in Sweden

Blekinge Institute of Technology can issue Ph.Ds
The blekinge institue of technology has the rights to award P.h.D degree —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.13.128.89 (talk • contribs) July 12, 2005 at 17:08.

Jönköping University has authority to issue doctoral degrees
Jönköping University (official translation of Högskolan i Jönköping see www.hj.se/eng ) has authority to issue doctoral degrees, at least, in Social Sciences. It's translation into english is also wrong. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 137.120.208.81 (talk • contribs) January 20, 2006 at 19:51.

Total Make Over

 * I've restructured this page according to the official standard set by the Higher Education Ordinance and the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education.
 * I've tried to use the official translations of names, but while the institution prefers Jönköping University it is in fact the University College of Jönköping while the National Agency for Higher Education gives the name of Jönköping University Foundation, and although the institution has its own legal person I am not fully convinced that it can change the name from university college to university by simple vote on the board.
 * The subsections on Institutes of Technology has been removed. There are three main reasons for this. Firstly, there is no clear definition of Institute of Technology, making it very difficulty to draw a line for which institutions to include. Secondly, this is a matter where it is difficult to keep a neutral point of view. (This can be seen by scrutinizing the old list, which includes five of the six major institutes but none of the lesser colleges which, technically, have higher standing as they are recognized in law.) Thirdly, this entry is a list of universities (and university colleges), not a list of faculties and departments. As such, all institutes of technology are included in the list! Given the history of Swedish institutes of technology, I recommend a separate entry on this topic.
 * The subsection on Business Schools has been cut, basically on the same reasons as above. If a separate entry is to be created on Swedish business schools, I recommend that a lot of thought go into the differences between the actual Business Schools (Stockholm Göteborg and Jönköping, but the latter two have been incorporated into the university and university college) and the Business Schools set up as departments of business adminstration and renamed for marketing reasons. The differences in structure, research effort and educational programmes are substantial!
 * The subsection on Veterinary training have been cut, as it gave an erroneous picture of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. The latter has been included in the list of universities in consistence with the level of research and education at the institution.
 * The subsection teachers training has also been cut, as there is basically one (1) institution that is still solely used for teachers training. It is also worth noting that the 1977 Higher Education Act forced all other teachers seminars to be incorporated into a university college or university.
 * The subsection on Art Colleges has been kept. Using the same old arguments again, I have removed all departments and schools from the list as they are not universities or university colleges. I have, however, left a reference to certain Music Academies as well as the Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts in Gothenburg. The reason for this is that until recently they all had the status of university colleges.
 * Finally, the subsection on Medical Schools. Just as most Institutes of Technology and most Business Schools the Swedish Medical Schools are an integral part of universities and should not be included in this list. There is however one big difference, namely the research that is carried out in university hospitals. Thinking that lists of universities are just as much about research as about education, I have therefore kept the Medical schools in the list. 85.8.2.43 00:57, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Mälardalen
I do believe Mälardalen has been upgraded to a full university as of a year or two ago. I don't want to edit the article through as I'm not 100% sure. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Dan1113 (talk • contribs) April 10, 2006 at 06:00.

 * No. Mälardalens högskola is a "högskola", not a university. Although they are working towards becoming a real university. 130.243.240.244 11:23, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * They have applied for being upgraded to a university a couple of times, but their applications have so far always been rejected. (212.247.11.156 (talk) 21:47, 3 August 2008 (UTC))

University ↔ University College ↔ College
The term "university college" seems somewhat confusing to me, because it could mean that it is one of several colleges of one university, and not an entity in itself. To me it makes more sense to call a universitet university and a högskola college. Does anyone agree or disagree with this suggestion? Axt (talk) 13:48, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The official term is "university college", but can easily be confused for being something else. Unfortunately, the word "college" can mean lots of things (partially depending on the dialect of English), so maybe that word should be avoided. Maybe it would be better to use the Swedish "högskola" instead. (212.247.11.156 (talk) 21:09, 1 August 2008 (UTC))

 * That seems to be correct, but the word "university college" is the most confusing of options from my point of view. I think högskola should either be translated to college or used as a Swedish word, but I think (to the average speaker of English) "university college" implies that the högskola is only one of several colleges of a larger university, and not an institution in its own right. Axt (talk) 18:14, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

 * In the United States, colleges do not generally offer graduate degrees, however, the Swedish university colleges" you refer to - I believe they are 1) Malmö University College 2) Mälardalen University College - in fact, do offer graduate study and degrees and I believe should be included with the list of universities. It would be a misrepresentation to leave them out as they are degree-granting institutions... In the United States, if you can get accreditation (even if you can't actually), you can open a university right in the comfort of your own living room. Stevenmitchell (talk) 23:37, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Gothenburg University seal.png
The image File:Gothenburg University seal.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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 * File:Uppsala University seal.png
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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --21:01, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Year established as university?
I have some problems in understanding what the year in "Established as a university" refers to for the specialised institutions which don't have "universitet" in their names, namely Karolinska Institutet and the Royal Institute of Technology. Currently it says 1965 for KI and 1970 for KTH, with no references and I'm not aware that anything particular happened in that year at either institution. KI got the right to award (research) doctorates in medicine independently in 1906, and KTH got the corresponding right in engineering in 1927. For Chalmers University of Technology (not in the list since it is private, but "university" doesn't appear in their Swedish name), this right was given in 1937. To me, this seems the most relevant year to use for these institutions - the year of formal equality with "the old universities", as the definition of "university" in Swedish regulations has varied. On the other hand, that line would mean that e.g. Stockholm University College received university status already in 1904 (initially within the natural sciences), despite being named a university in 1960. Perhaps three columns or another type of explanation is needed. Unsourced years with little defined meaning doesn't seem a good idea to me in any case. Tomas e (talk) 17:41, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I think we should stick to the year in which the Swedish parliament/government formally granted/recognised the university status. Anything else could lead to an endless debate. --Axt (talk) 11:25, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

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Splitting proposal
I propose that the section 'Recognised higher education institutions' be split into a separate page called Swedish universities in international rankings. The rankings do not work very well for Swedish universities, and it is strange to present them on the same page. Fitzgunnar (talk) 07:54, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose, if rankings are split it should be into an article of university rankings overall, see the other 'Rankings of universities in (country)' articles. --AlexandraAVX (talk) 17:45, 7 August 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Joseph C. Wilson

Overhaul of article
I am a fairly new Wikipedia editor, and am probably rushing in where angels fear to tread. But I believe the main article could benefit from some tightening. From an NPOV standpoint, I am particularly concerned about the phenomenon of citation to editorials, presented as if these were reportage rather than opinion, usually for quite pejorative statements about the subject (that he is a nobody, a blowhard, etc). I also question the amount of space devoted to allegations made in WorldnetDaily, and wonder if this is an appropriately mainstream and factual source for Wikipedia. (I note that there is substantial support among senior Wikipedia people for the proposition that it is not.) Finally, the article is over-long and the chronology confusing ("Plamegate" is mentioned several paragraphs before the visit to Niger, though it happened after). I propose an overhaul which will shorten the article, and fix the chronology, while respecting NPOV standards. I will go section by section, and propose each specific change I want to make here before proceeding. Oh, and by the way, I will review the archived discussion to make sure I don't reinvent the wheel. Jonathanwallace (talk) 18:22, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I followed you here from Editor assistance/Requests. Interesting biography of a living person with a wiki article that has had no edits since 2005, but hundreds of edits before that date. Very unusual in my (short) wiki experience  :-) Ottawahitech (talk) 21:58, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I feel like Mr. Jones in the Dylan song (there's something happening here but I don't know what it is). I also posted a request for clarification on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons/Noticeboard Jonathanwallace (talk) 22:34, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

First edit
I just changed the title of the "Plamegate" section to "Disclosure of Valerie Plame Identity". I have found Wikipedia guidance that "-gate" is a disfavored formulation, and in fact I don't find that the occurrence is routinely referred to as "Plamegate" in media anyway. I am reading the archive to make sure I don't reinvent any wheels. Philosophically, I will approach editing this page with extreme caution, doing two things that are not required by Wikipedia policy: 1. I will announce any change I am about to make here, then wait a decent interval; 2. although I believe there is matter worthy of deletion in the article under Wikipedia source rules and weight policies, I will reorganize and restructure, and where appropriate add content, rather than deleting anything on a first pass. I would ask anyone who disagrees to engage me in discussion here, rather than reverting any changes after they are made. I look forward to working together. Jonathanwallace (talk) 03:37, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Chronology and other edits
I have now read the whole archived discussion thread. I am very eager to avoid similar edit wars and mutually assured reversions, so again commit to discussing the specifics of any change here, and ask anyone who disagrees to set forth their thoughts in response. First thing I want to do is reorganize the chronology of the piece, which is confusing. I will move the discussion of the Valerie Plame disclosures after that of the Niger trip. I will probably group all career details first, then the Niger trip, then the Plame disclsoure, then the book, lawsuit, etc. After these factual/biographical sections, I will stick close to the existing structure of opinions, other media disputes, etc. I am not proposing to delete any material, but would like to streamline or summarize some of the extensive quoting from editorials, which I think is overlong, dull and confusing. There may also be some material in the more straightforwardly biographical sections which can be appropriately moved down to the opinion sections. However, before I do anything along these lines, I will post something here about the specific edits I want to make. Jonathanwallace (talk) 15:10, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Revised
I just substantially overhauled the article to accomplish the follwing: 1. Reorganize sections to place them in chronological order; 2. Eliminate redundant material which was inserted due to the heavy, patchwork editing that occurred as the events unfolded; 3. Move information from "Commentary" and "controversies" sections to factual sections above, as appropriate; 4. Streamline a lot of the overly detailed "on the one hand, on the other" stuff and the "he's a hero/he's a goat" repetition; 5. review and edit the article from the perspective of NPOV, weight, and readability concerns; 6. where appropriate, preserve brief mention of certain issues in the article while moving overly intricate detail into the footnotes; 7. eliminate a certain amount of original research and synthesis, and partisan-cruft on both sides of the issue. In general, I have tried to transform this into an article which can be read in five or ten years as an encyclopedic overview, rather than a highly confusing snapshot of a energetic debate of the mid-2000's. This is a work in progress, and I will be back regularly to keep improving it. Other eyes and edits to achieve these goals are quite welcome. The original article is preserved in my user space for comparison. Jonathanwallace (talk) 15:11, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Bad Reference
wikipedia is an Encyclopedia. So why is http://u-r-next.com/wilsonBio.htm an source???? http://u-r-next.com I think the person who wrote this is not that interrested in facts.. --188.107.125.251 (talk) 19:37, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

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Request for photo?
There's already a photo … so I've removed the request for a photo, as it is obviously not needed. Prisoner of Zenda (talk) 09:23, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Joseph C. Wilson


text:
Frederick Thomas Bidlake

Frederick Thomas Bidlake (13 March 1867 – 17 September 1933) was an English racing cyclist of the late 19th century, who became one of the most notable administrators of British road bicycle racing during the early 20th century. The annual Bidlake Memorial Prize, was instituted in his memory. He was a timekeeper in cycling, motorcycling and for seaplane races in the 1930s.

Early life
Frederick Thomas Bidlake was born in Islington on 13 March 1867.

Racing cyclist
Bidlake favoured the tricycle, winning championships and setting national records, often beating bicycle riders. In 1893, he set a 24-hour tricycle record of 410 mi at Herne Hill velodrome in south London. It still stood when he died. At one time, he held all national tricycle records from 50 mi to 24-hour, plus place-to-place records, and records on the tandem tricycle. As a member of the North Road Cycling Club, he helped organise a rebel individual time trial, on 5 October 1895, at a time when the National Cyclists' Union had banned racing on roads.

Bidlake's Road Record Association records:
 * 1889 100 mi tricycle 6h 55m 58
 * 1889 London to York tricycle 18h 28m
 * 1890 24-hour tricycle 289 mi
 * 1892 London to York tricycle 15h 28m
 * 1892 London to York tricycle 13h 19m
 * 1893 24-hour tandem tricycle with Monty Holbein 333 mi
 * 1894 50 mi tricycle 2h 22m 55s
 * 1894 12-hour tricycle 194.5 mi
 * 1894 12-hour tandem tricycle with Holbein 181.5 mi
 * 1894 24-hour tricycle 356.5 mi
 * 1895 100 mi tricycle 5h 15m 57s

Cycling administrator
Bidlake helped found the Road Records Association and the Road Racing Council (forerunner of today's Cycling Time Trials, the organisation which regulates time trials in the UK), and was vice-president of the Cyclists' Touring Club alongside president George Herbert Stancer. He also timed many time-trials and record attempts over 40 years.

Founding of time-trials
The early position of cyclists on the road wasn't certain and in July 1878 parliament came close to passing an amendment of the Highways Act by which cyclists would have been banned from the road. The position of cycle racing was still less certain. The custom was for racers to shelter behind pacers, whose job was to "bring on" their riders, in the phrase of the time. On 21 July 1894, Bidlake was one of 50 in a 50 mi race on the main road north out of London. He and another rider, Arthur Ilsley, and their two pacers, were passing a woman with a horse when the horse reared and both riders crashed into a ditch.

The greatest damage was to the bicycles but the woman complained to Huntingdonshire police that such races should not take place. The National Cyclists Union, fearing action in Huntingdonshire could spread across the country and lead to another attempt to amend the Highways Act, banned its clubs from racing on the road and ordered them to compete on the track instead.

Not all riders lived near a track or wished to race there. They set up a rival body, the Road Racing Council, and on 5 October 1895 Bidlake was one of the members of the North Road club who organised a race against the clock. Les Bowerman, who researched this and races that followed, said:

"What distinguished them from earlier unpaced races was that the riders started at intervals of two or three minutes in reverse handicap order, the fastest first. Company riding was not forbidden but was unlikely to occur. This would then be very similar to a time-trial as we know it."

The fact, as Bowerman says, there were unpaced races against the clock before the North Road event in October 1895 means Bidlake can not, as he often is, be described as the founder of time-trialling. Bernard Thompson, a historian of British time-trialling, wrote:

"Neither the Road Time Trials Council or the Road Racing Council before them can claim to have invented time-trialling. Without question, time-trials took place a century ago and the National Cyclists' Union national time-trial championship time-trials are recorded in 1878 when A. A. Weir was the victor with a time of 1hr 27m 47s on a high ordinary. What the RRC did contribute was "As great a measure as possible of uniformity in the conduct of road competitions.""

But he was among those who codified a sport which became the leading part of British cycle-racing, even though its officials were so uncertain of their creation that they refused to tell the police, referred to courses and dates in code, held their races in the country at dawn, demanded riders dress completely in black, and banned even the sport's own press from saying when races would be held. Lists of competitors were headed "private and confidential" until the 1960s.

Bidlake's organisation started as a rebellion from the ruling of the National Cyclists Union but it soon became an established part of cycling authority.

Attitude to other cycling
Bidlake's time-trialling was a rebel's exercise against the dictates of the National Cyclists' Union, but in time the two parts of the sport collaborated. Both agreed that massed racing on the road was undesirable and placed all cyclists at risk. The Isle of Man, which being outside the United Kingdom was not subject to the NCU's ban nor in fear of British police, was proposed in 1914 as the site of a world championship road race.

Cycling quoted Bidlake as calling massed racing – the sort now seen in the Tour de France – "a superfluous excrescence." He continued: "Unpaced solitary speedmen perform magnificently, unobtrusively, with no obstructive crowds and give no offence. I can't believe that our road men want to alter all this to make a Manxman's holiday."

The First World War ended the idea.

Bidlake also objected to the way women had begun to wear knickerbockers to ride a bicycle. He said: "A skirtless lady on tour is bound to suffer much. She is singularly conspicuous, a centre of observation and exposed to such contumelious ridicule as the ordinary sensitive feminine nature hesitates to provoke.". Women who wore other than skirts to ride a bicycle called what they wore Rational Dress. Bidlake ridiculed it in Cycling as Laughable Dress. When the Cyclists' Touring Club defended a woman member turned away from a hotel because she was wearing it, Bidlake insisted that the CTC was defending not the outfit but the CTC's contract with the hotel to serve any member of the club.

Of women racing, he said:

"Cycle racing for women is generally acknowledged to be undesirable. My ideal of a clever lady rider is one who can ride far, who can ride at a really useful speed, who mounts hills with comfort, and makes no fuss or show of effort. The stylish, clever lady stops short of being a scorcher, but if women's races were to be organised, the participants would have to run to their limit, or else make a mockery of racing. And that limit is not pleasant to contemplate... the speed woman, dishevelled, grimy and graceless. I believe in a high standard of cycling ability as really worth while attaining by women, but not as racers... Imagine women dressed for speed, on bicycles built for speed, in attitudes necessary for speed, grabbing speed food, taking acid and finishing dead to the world."

Other sports
Bidlake took an interest in motor sports and timed a motorcycling attempt on the Land's End to John o'Groats record by George Pilkington Mills, who already held the record on a bicycle and a tricycle. An undated news cutting says: "Mr G.P. Mills on his Raleigh motorcycle completed his run from Land's End to John o'Groats on Saturday forenoon and established a new record. He started on his long and trying journey at eight on Thursday morning, and arrived at his destination at 11 am on Saturday, after being 50h 46m 30s on the road. Mr F.T. Bidlake was the timekeeper. Mr J. Silver previously held the record, having done the distance in 64h 29m, and Mr E.H. Arnott in 65h 45m. He has not only beaten the motor cycle record, but is also nearly two hours ahead of best motor car time."

He was a timekeeper for the Royal Aero Club and in the Schneider Trophy seaplane races of the 1930s.

Golden Book of Cycling
The magazine Cycling created its Golden Book of Cycling in 1933 to record those whose contributions to the sport it considered outstanding. That year, 7,000 cyclists at the Royal Albert Hall in London watched Bidlake sign the first page during a concert to honour time-trialling champions. It was the last time most saw him alive.

Death, Bidlake Testimonial fund and Bidlake Award
Bidlake was riding down Barnet Hill, north of London, on Sunday 27 August 1933, when he was hit by a car. His injuries looked superficial and he managed to get home. But he lapsed into semi-consciousness and died in London on 17 September. By this time, a testimonial fund had been established. It became a memorial fund.

Bidlake was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium in London.

A garden and monument, at Girtford Bridge near Sandy in Bedfordshire, was unveiled on 23 September 1934. More than 4,000 watched as W. P. Cook, president of the Anfield Bicycle Club and the Road Records Association, performed the unveiling ceremony. The rector of Sandy blessed the memorial. The garden is triangular with a wall of local stone on one side. In its centre, a stone reads: "This garden is dedicated to Frederick Thomas Bidlake, a great cyclist, a man of singular charm and character, an untiring worker for cyclists 1867–1933". A sundial in the centre of the garden is marked "He measured time". A facsimile milestone is engraved "F. T. B. Few have known this road as he. London 48 – York 148".

The balance of the fund was used to create an annual award – the Bidlake Memorial Prize – for the most outstanding performance or contribution to cycling. Several achievements during the 1950s were not marked by the committee, primarily because they involved riders from the breakaway British League of Racing Cyclists. Significant events overlooked included Brian Robinson's first British stage victory in the Tour de France in 1958 and Ian Steel's victory in the 1952 Peace Race.

Winners of the award include:
 * Hubert Opperman (1934)
 * Frank Southall (1935)
 * Marguerite Wilson (1939)
 * Reg Harris (1947 and 1949)
 * Eileen Sheridan (1950)
 * Beryl Burton (1959, 1960, 1967)
 * Tom Simpson (1965)
 * Hugh Porter (1968)
 * Tony Doyle (1980)
 * Chris Boardman (1992)
 * Graeme Obree (1993)
 * Nicole Cooke (2001)
 * Lynne Biddulph (2021, special award)

Archive
Bidlake's correspondence and other papers are at the National Cycle Archive at the University of Warwick.

title: Frederick Thomas Bidlake


text:
Wikipedia:University of Würzburg survey, 2005

On July 11, 2005, the Department of Psychology II, Industrial and Organizational Psychology at the University of Würzburg posted a questionnaire and asked Wikipedians who are authors and/or administrators to dedicate about half an hour to answering questions mainly on their motivation to work for Wikipedia.

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Talk:Telde

[Untitled]
I commented out a sentence in the History section about the local government -- it presumed prior knowledg of the area and didn't make sense without it. Check the edit page to see what I mean; if someone knowledgable on the area could correct it, it would be appreciated. Christiant 15:11, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

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Population?
123,265 (Infobox) or 102,170 (text) or 100,000 ? Plantek (talk) 14:02, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Telde


text:
Windsor Safari Park

Windsor Safari Park was a safari park built on St Leonard's Hill on the outskirts of the town of Windsor in Berkshire, England; it has since been converted into the site of Legoland Windsor. Billed as "The African Adventure", the park included drive-through animal enclosures, aviaries, a dolphinarium and minor theme park rides.

The park's drive-through enclosures featured lions, tigers, bears, cheetahs and baboons. In addition, the park had a Serengeti zone (featuring camels, llamas, giraffes, zebras and buffalo), an elephant enclosure, a hippo lake, chimpanzees, birds of prey, parrots and butterflies. The park closed in 1992.

History
Billy Smart Sr. bought the St.Leonard's Estate in the mid-1960s. After his death, the Royal Windsor Safari Park was founded in 1969 by his sons, the Smart brothers: Billy Smart Jr., David Smart and Ronald Smart. Built on St Leonards Hill in Windsor in Berkshire, England, the 144 acre St Leonards Estate included rolling parkland and the 110-room country house once owned by the American Horace Elgin Dodge Jr. (son of Horace Elgin Dodge of Dodge Motor Cars) and occupied by the Kennedy family during World War II, when Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. was the US ambassador to the UK. The Safari Park attracted up to 2.5 million visitors per annum, from when it opened. It grew significantly throughout the 1970s and 1980s and was eventually sold to Themes International in 1988. Drive-through natural roaming habitats were created for lions, tigers, cheetahs and baboons. A Serengeti zone was also added (featuring camels, llamas, giraffes, zebras and buffalo), an elephant enclosure, a hippo lake, and a monkey jungle. A key attraction was Seaworld, a dolphinarium complex with dolphins, an orca, penguins and sea lions performing acrobatic displays.

The first job of the financier Robert Hanson was in the 1970s as an assistant keeper of reptiles at the Safari Park.

Receivership
Themes International invested £11m developing the business but, after nine years, ran into financial difficulties. The Windsor business, in particular, had experienced dwindling visitor numbers, and the situation was exacerbated by the early 1990s recession and the cost of building an expensive new Egyptian-themed entrance courtyard and similarly themed market streets.

Themes International and the Safari Park entered receivership in January 1992, with debts of £40m and closed shortly afterwards; the expensive new developments were left largely unused.

The park was purchased soon afterwards by the Lego Group, whose ambition was to create a Legoland theme park similar to the existing Legoland in Billund, Denmark. The resulting Legoland Windsor opened in 1996.

The dolphins were relocated to Dolfinarium Harderwijk in the Netherlands.

The only attraction that remains from the Safari Park days (aside from the mansion) is the gauge funicular railway, now known as the Hill Train, which links The Beginning area of the park to the centre of the park between NINJAGO World and Kingdom of the Pharaohs.

title: Windsor Safari Park


text:
User:Tavilis

Hello! I'm a doctor specialized in Clinical pharmacology from Romania and my interests are mainly in biochemistry, pharmacology, linguistics, science fiction.

Articles I've heavily contributed to

 * Fictional country
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 * Timiş County
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 * Jocuri de cuvinte - a page about word plays, puns, palindromes, tonguetwisters and others (in Romanian)
 * Atestări - the first known quotations of some Romanian words (also in Romanian)

title: User:Tavilis


text: User talk:81.77.114.46

title: User talk:81.77.114.46


text:
Simón Iturri Patiño

Simón Iturri Patiño (1 June 1860 – 20 April 1947) was a Bolivian industrialist who was among the world's wealthiest people at the time of his death. With a fortune built from ownership of a majority of the tin industry in Bolivia, Patiño was nicknamed "The Andean Rockefeller". During World War II, Patiño was believed to be one of the five wealthiest men in the world.

Biography
Patiño's biographers are not in agreement on the details of his early life. Many wrote that he was a cholo, with a mixed Quechua and Spanish heritage, and born to a poor mother, while his authorized biography holds that he was solely of European ancestry, and the son of a provincial leader. He was actually the illegitimate son of Julio Abasto and María Patiño from Cochabamba. Before entering the mining industry, he either managed a store in Oruro, or spent years in private schools.

Eventually, Patiño started in mining with Compañía Huanchaca de Bolivia, a silver company, and then with Fricke y Compañía. Patiño was assigned to collections for the store, and in 1894, he agreed to accept a deed of land in compromise for a $250 debt owed by a prospector. The deed turned out to be for the rocky side of a mountain, and Patiño was fired from his job for settling an account in exchange for a worthless piece of property. Legend has it that Patiño was forced to pay back the store from his own funds, and was stuck with his own bad bargain.

The mountain, located near Llallagua, turned out to be richer in minerals than anyone had imagined. Although the first several years of work yielded little, the turning point came in 1900 when Patiño located a very rich vein of tin, later called "La Salvadora" (The Savior). Over the next 10 years he built up the control of nearby mines and other important mines in Bolivia, including Catavi, Siglo XX, Uncia and Huanuni. By the 1920s he had also bought out Chilean interests in his mining company and went on to buy tin smelters in England and Germany. By the 1940s he controlled the international tin market and was one of the wealthiest men in the world, hence his "title" The Tin King (Rey del Estaño).

In his 2008 book "Outliers", Malcolm Gladwell estimated the total net worth of Simon I. Patiño around USD 81.2 billion in 2008 dollars. That amount placed him in number 26 of all time wealthiest individuals in human history, ahead of Bill Gates, Carlos Slim, Warren Buffett and J.P. Morgan.

Patiño had been living between Europe and Bolivia since around 1912. In 1924, following a heart attack, his doctors told him not to return to Bolivia and he moved abroad permanently, first to Paris, then to New York and finally to Buenos Aires where he died, close to the homeland he was so fond of and wanted so desperately to return to. While living in Paris he was appointed Minister to France and represented Bolivia in 1938 at the Évian Conference.

Previous to a political shift away from his allies in the government Patiño merged the company owning his Bolivian tin property with a British company active in Malaysia.

Patiño died in 1947 and was buried in the province of Cochabamba, high in the Bolivian mountains of his birth, in a white mausoleum.

Family
Simón I. Patiño was married to Albina Rodriguez, with whom he had five children
 * René
 * Anténor
 * Graziella (married to Jorge Ortiz-Linares, a Bolivian diplomat of aristocratic Spanish descent, Ambassador of Bolivia to France during and after the Second World War, parents of George and Jaime)
 * Elena (married to José María López de Carrizosa y Martel, 3rd Marquess del Merito, Grandee of Spain)
 * Luz Mila (married to Count Guy du Boisrouvray, parents of Albina du Boisrouvray, mother of François-Xavier Bagnoud who was killed in a helicopter accident during the Paris–Dakar Rally, together with the singer Daniel Balavoine).

Epilogue
The Bolivian Revolution of 1952 confiscated the Patiño Mines. It is claimed that Patiño's son, Antenor Patiño, had a hand in the military coup that deposed the leader of that revolution, the then President Víctor Paz Estenssoro, in the 1960s.

title: Simón Iturri Patiño