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Saethre–Chotzen syndrome

Saethre–Chotzen syndrome (SCS), also known as acrocephalosyndactyly type III, is a rare congenital disorder associated with craniosynostosis (premature closure of one or more of the sutures between the bones of the skull). This affects the shape of the head and face, resulting in a cone-shaped head and an asymmetrical face. Individuals with SCS also have droopy eyelids (ptosis), widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), and minor abnormalities of the hands and feet (syndactyly). Individuals with more severe cases of SCS may have mild to moderate intellectual or learning disabilities. Depending on the level of severity, some individuals with SCS may require some form of medical or surgical intervention. Most individuals with SCS live fairly normal lives, regardless of whether medical treatment is needed or not.

Signs and symptoms
SCS presents in a variable fashion. The majority of individuals with SCS are moderately affected, with uneven facial features and a relatively flat face due to underdeveloped eye sockets, cheekbones, and lower jaw. In addition to the physical abnormalities, people with SCS also experience growth delays, which results in a relatively short stature. Although, most individuals with SCS are of normal intelligence, some individuals may have mild to moderate mental delays. More severe cases of SCS, with more serious facial deformities, occurs when multiple cranial sutures close prematurely.

Cranial defects

 * Flat, asymmetric head and face
 * Head is typically cone-shaped (acrocephaly) or flat (brachycephaly) but can also be long and narrow (dolichocephaly)
 * Head is short from front to back
 * Lopsided face
 * Low-set hairline causing forehead to appear tall and wide

Defects of the hands and feet

 * Webbing (syndactyly) between the second and third finger and between the second and third toes
 * Short fingers and toes (brachydactyly)
 * Broad thumb and/or a broad hallux (big toe) with a valgus deformity (outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone/joint)
 * Hands have a single palmar flexion crease

Ocular defects

 * Unevenly positioned eyes that may be crossed (strabismus) or wide-set (hypertelorism)
 * Vision problems due to abnormal facial anatomy, which causes mechanical disturbances of the extraocular muscles, resulting in strabismus (crossed eyes)
 * Tear duct stenosis (narrowing of the tear duct)
 * Drooping eyelids (ptosis)
 * Downward slanting palpebral fissures (separation between upper and lower eyelids)
 * Nearsightedness (myopia)
 * Epicanthal folds (skin folds of the upper eyelid covering the inner corner of the eye)
 * Blepharophimosis (bilateral ptosis with reduced size of eyelid)
 * Optic atrophy
 * Refractory errors

Ear, nose, and mouth defects

 * Small, low-set ears that may be rotated somewhat backwards and has a prominent (bulging) pinna
 * Beaked nose (slightly bent downward at tip) that is slightly off center and contains a deviated septum
 * Malocclusion associated with dental abnormalities including enamel hypoplasia (thin enamel due to incomplete formation), hyperdontia (extra teeth), and peg teeth (small, abnormally shaped teeth)
 * Cleft palate with high arch

Less common defects

 * Short stature
 * Vertebral fusions
 * Congenital heart problems
 * Speech problems
 * Anal atresia (malformed rectum)
 * Undescended testes (cryptorchidism)
 * Renal (kidney) abnormalities
 * Personality disorders

Craniosynostosis
The cranium consists of three main sections including the base of the cranium (occipital bone), the face (frontal bone), and the top (parietal bones) and sides (temporal bone) of the head. Most of the bones of the cranium are permanently set into place prior to birth. However, the temporal and parietal bones are separated by sutures, which remain open, allowing the head to slightly change in shape during childbirth. The cranial sutures eventually close within the first couple of years following birth, after the brain has finished growing.

In individuals with SCS, the coronal suture separating the frontal bones from the parietal bones, closes prematurely (craniosynostosis), occasionally even before birth. If the coronal suture closes asymmetrically or unilaterally, then the face and forehead will form unevenly, from side-to-side. People with SCS have pointy, tower-like heads because their brain is growing faster than their skull, resulting in increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and causing the top of the head and/or forehead to bulge out to allow for brain growth. The face appears uneven, particularly in the areas of the eyes and cheeks, and the forehead appears wide and tall.

Because of the abnormal forehead, there is less space for the normal facial features to develop. This results in shallow eye sockets and flat cheekbones. The shallow eye sockets make the eyes more prominent or bulging and cause the eyes to be more separated than normal (hypertelorism). The underdeveloped eye sockets, cheekbones, and lower jaw cause the face to appear flat. Furthermore, the minor downward slant of the eyes along with the drooping eyelids (ptosis) adds to the overall unevenness of the face.

Genetics
SCS is typically inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. However, on occasion, children with a microdeletion of 7p21 (chromosome containing the locus responsible for SCS) develop new abnormalities and typically show significant neurological abnormalities. An increased parental age may play a role in the development of new mutations and abnormalities.

Linkage analysis and chromosomal rearrangement revealed the cause of SCS to be mutations in the TWIST gene (twist transcription factor gene) located on chromosome 7p21. The TWIST gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (b-HLH) transcription factor that controls head mesenchyme development as the cranial tube forms. More than 35 varying TWIST mutations involving the b-HLH domain of the protein have been identified in people with SCS. The mutations include missense, nonsense, and frameshift deletion/insertion mutations that either shorten or disrupt the b-HLH domain. Most individuals with SCS have a single large deletion in the region 7p21, which contains the region that codes for the TWIST gene.

In searching for the gene responsible for SCS, scientists at Johns Hopkins Children's Center began studying the TWIST gene because its effects on mice. The TWIST gene in mice, functions in the development of the muscle and skeleton of the face, head, hands, and feet. Mice that were lacking both copies of the TWIST gene were spontaneously aborted prior to birth, and had serious deformities including abnormal limb and head defects and failure of the neural tube to properly close. However, mice with a single copy of the non-working TWIST gene survived. Further examination revealed that these mice had only minor skull, hand, and foot defects similar to those seen in SCS. The mouse TWIST gene is located on chromosome 12 in mice, which corresponds to the short arm of chromosome 7 in humans. With this information, scientists began to isolate and map the human TWIST gene on the short arm of human chromosome 7. They revealed that the human TWIST gene was in the same region that was absent in people with SCS. While looking for different mutations in the human TWIST gene, five different types of mutations were discovered in individuals with SCS. Since none of these mutations were seen in normal individuals who didn't have SCS, this provided enough evidence to conclude that the TWIST gene was the causative agent of SCS1. Researchers also studied the TWIST gene in Drosophila (fruit fly) in order to determine its function. They discovered that in the presence of two TWIST protein molecules combined together, the TWIST gene functions as a DNA transcription factor, meaning it binds to the DNA double-helix at specific locations in order to control which genes are "turned on" or activated. The majority of the identified mutations in the TWIST gene interfere with how the protein attaches to DNA, preventing the activation of other genes that would normally be turned on during fetal development.

Prenatal diagnosis
Prenatal diagnosis of Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome in high risk pregnancies is doable, but very uncommon and rarely performed. Furthermore, this is only possible if the mutation causing the disease has already been identified within the family genome. There are a few different techniques in which prenatal testing can be carried out. Prenatal testing is usually performed around 15–18 weeks, using amniocentesis to extract DNA from the fetus's cells. Prenatal testing can also be performed during weeks 10–12 using chorionic villus sampling (CVS) to extract DNA from the fetus. Recently, there has been an increased interest in utilizing ultrasound equipment in order to detect fetal skull abnormalities due to immature fusion of the cranial sutures.

Clinical diagnosis
The overall diagnosis of SCS is primarily based on clinical findings and observations based on dysmorphology examination (assessing structural defects) and radiographic evaluation (X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans).

Molecular/genetic diagnosis
A clinical diagnosis of SCS can be verified by testing the TWIST1 gene (only gene in which mutations are known to cause SCS) for mutations using DNA analysis, such as sequence analysis, deletion/duplication analysis, and cytogenetics/ FISH analysis. Sequence analysis of exon 1 (TWIST1 coding region) provides a good method for detecting the frequency of mutations in the TWIST1 gene. These mutations include nonsense, missense, splice site mutation, and intragenic deletions/insertions. Deletion/duplication analysis identifies mutations in the TWIST1 gene that are not readily detected by sequence analysis. Common methods include PCR, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and chromosomal microarray (CMA). Cytogenetic/FISH analysis attaches fluorescently labels DNA markers to a denatured chromosome and is then examined under fluorescent lighting, which reveals mutations caused by translocations or inversions involving 7p21. Occasionally, individuals with SCS have a chromosome translocation, inversion, or ring chromosome 7 involving 7p21 resulting in atypical findings, such as, increased developmental delay. Individuals with SCS, typically have normal brain functioning and rarely have mental impairments. For this reason, if an individual has both SCS and mental retardation, then they should have their TWIST1 gene screened more carefully because this is not a normal trait of SCS. Cytogenetic testing and direct gene testing can also be used to study gene/chromosome defects. Cytogenetic testing is the study of chromosomes to detect gains or losses of chromosomes or chromosome segments using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and/or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Direct gene testing uses blood, hair, skin, amniotic fluid, or other tissues in order to find genetic disorders. Direct gene testing can determine whether an individual has SCS by testing the individual's blood for mutations in the TWIST1 gene.

Differential diagnosis
Genetic testing allows for a definitive diagnosis because it allows similar conditions to be differentiated from each other based on which gene is mutated. The following table contains conditions similar to SCS:

Treatment
The physical abnormalities resulting from SCS are typically mild and only require a minor surgical procedure or no procedure at all. One of the common symptoms of SCS is the development of short (brachydactyly), webbed fingers and broad toes (syndactyly). These characteristics do not cause any problems to the function of the hands or feet, and thus, no medical procedure is required to fix the abnormalities, unless the patient requests it. Webbing of the fingers may affect the base of the fingers, resulting in delayed hand growth during childhood, but this contributes no functional impairments. Sometimes, individuals with SCS develop broad toes because the bones at the ends of the toes are duplicating themselves. This is especially seen in the big toe, but requires no surgical intervention because it doesn't negatively affect the overall function of the foot. Individuals with these toe abnormalities walk normally and can wear normal footwear.

In more severe cases, frequent surgeries and clinical monitoring are required throughout development. A child born with asymmetrical unilateral coronal synostosis should undergo cranioplasty within its first year of life in order to prevent increased intracranial pressure and to prevent progressive facial asymmetry. Cranioplasty is a surgical procedure to correct prematurely fused cranial bones. The surgery acts to reconstruct and reposition the bones and sutures in order to promote the most normal growth. Cranioplasty is necessary in order to continue to grow and is important for two main reasons. First of all, the skull needs to be able to accommodate the growing brain following childbirth, which it can't because the skull doesn't grow as fast as the brain as long as the sutures remain fused. This results in an increase in pressure surrounding the brain and inhibits the brain from growing, causing the individual to experience significant problems, and if left untreated can eventually lead to death. Secondly, cranioplasty may be required for appearance purposes. This is especially the case in individuals with asymmetrical unilateral coronal synostosis, which requires reconstructive surgery of the face and skull. If cranioplasty is not performed, especially in individuals with unilateral coronal synostosis, then facial asymmetry will get worse and worse over time, which is why cranioplasty should be performed as soon as possible.

Surgery may also be required in individuals with vision problems. Vision problems usually arise due to a lack of space in the eye orbit and skull because of the abnormal bone structure of the face. Decreased space may also lead to abnormal or missing tear ducts and nerve damage. Reconstructive surgery is usually required in order to increase cranial space, correct tear duct stenosis, and/or correct ptosis of the eyelids in order to prevent amblyopia (lazy eye).

Midfacial surgery may also be required during early childhood to correct respiratory problems, dental malocclusion, and swallowing difficulties. A cleft palate is also corrected with surgery, and may involve the use of tympanostomy tubes. If needed, an individual will undergo orthognathic treatment and/or orthodontic treatment after facial development is complete. Since hearing loss is frequently associated with SCS, it is recommended that audiology screening persist throughout childhood.

After cranial reconstructive surgery, a child may be required to wear a molding helmet or some other form of head protection until the cranial bones set into place. This typically takes about three months and depends on the child's age and the severity of the condition. Following recovery, individuals with SCS look and act completely normal, so no one would even be able to tell that they have SCS.

Epidemiology
SCS is the most common craniosynostosis syndrome and affects 1 in every 25,000 to 50,000 individuals. It occurs in all racial and ethnic groups, and affects males and females equally. If a parent carries a copy of the SCS gene mutation, then there is a 50% chance their child will also carry a copy of the gene mutation, in which case, the child may or may not show signs of SCS. There is also a 50% chance their child will have two working copies of the gene, and would therefore, not have SCS. If both parents carry a single copy of the SCS gene mutation, then there is a 25% chance their child will have two gene mutation copies (so child would develop severe SCS), a 25% chance their child would have two normal copies of the gene (so would be completely normal), and a 50% chance their child would carry one gene mutation copy and 1 normal copy (so child may or may not display SCS). In rare situations, two normal parents can have a child with SCS due to a de novo mutation. The exact cause of the de novo mutation is unknown, but it doesn't seem to be related to anything that the parents did or didn't do during the pregnancy. SCS due to a de novo mutation is so rare that the proportion of past cases is unknown.

History
In 1931, Haakon Saethre, a Norwegian psychiatrist, described similar characteristics between a mother and her two daughters. They all had long and uneven facial features, low-set hairlines, short fingers, and webbing between the second and third fingers and between the second, third, and fourth toes. A year later in 1932, F. Chotzen, a German psychiatrist, described a father and his two sons as having very similar characteristics as the mother and her daughters, as well as having hearing loss, short stature, and mild mental retardation. Hence, the name Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome was derived from the two scientists, who had separately described the condition without any previous knowledge of the other.

title: Saethre–Chotzen syndrome


text: User talk:172.136.30.179

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Payne Whitney Gymnasium

The Payne Whitney Gymnasium is the gymnasium of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. One of the largest athletic facilities ever built, its twelve acres of interior space include a nine-story tower containing a third-floor swimming pool, fencing facilities, and a polo practice room. The building houses the facilities of many varsity teams at Yale, including basketball, fencing, gymnastics, squash, swimming, and volleyball. It is the second-largest gym in the world by cubic feet.

The building was donated to Yale by John Hay Whitney, of the Yale class of 1926, in honor of his father, Payne Whitney. Because it was designed in the Gothic Revival style that prevailed at Yale between 1920 and 1945, it is commonly known as "the cathedral of sweat". For the design of Payne Whitney Gymnasium, architect John Russell Pope was awarded the Silver Medal at the 1932 Olympic Games Art Competition.

The stuffed original Handsome Dan, the bulldog mascot of Yale and the first college mascot in the United States, resides in a glass cabinet near the entrance to the building.

Facilities

The basketball team plays in the John J. Lee Amphitheater, which was named in 1996 for John J. Lee, '56 M.Eng., a star basketball player and benefactor in restoration projects; the volleyball and gymnastics teams also compete in the Amphiteater. The wing opposite the Amphiteater houses the Robert J. H. Kiphuth Exhibition Pool (6 lanes, 25 yards), where the swimming teams compete. The pool is named for Yale's legendary swimming coach and athletic director.

A series of three crew tanks runs along the back of the gym, providing training facilities for the crews. Above the crew tanks is the Practice Pool, one of the world's largest suspended natatoriums (5 lanes, 50 meters, 2 bulkheads). Above the Practice Pool are recreational basketball courts.

On the wings, the Adrian "Ace" Israel Fitness Center is located above the Kiphuth Exhibition Pool, and the Brady Squash Center is located above the Amphitheater. The Squash Center, one of the world's premier competition facilities, is also home to the U.S. Squash Hall of Fame. The roof of the Squash Center has a small outdoor running track.

The tower itself contains the Kiphuth Trophy Room (where mementos from Harvard-Yale game balls to Olympic gold medals are displayed), several multi-purpose recreational areas, the fencing salon, and the gymnastics studio.

The Lanman Center, located behind the Amphitheater wing, provides a vast spread of additional flexible floor space, with a balcony running track ringing the facility.

Renovation
The William K. Lanman Center was added in 1999 as a new wing, with additional courts for basketball and volleyball, and an indoor running track. This was the first phase of a $100 million renovation program.

In 2006 the building was having external work done to repair flashing and stop leaks. Other work included the purchasing of banners and benches for the Kiphuth Exhibition Pool, the resurfacing of the floor in the Lee Amphitheater, and the upgrading of the Practice Pool's filtration system.

title: Payne Whitney Gymnasium


text:
National emblem of Indonesia

The national emblem of Indonesia is called Garuda Pancasila. The main part is the Garuda with a heraldic shield on its chest and a scroll gripped by its legs. The shield's five emblems represent Pancasila, the five principles of Indonesia's national ideology. The Garuda claws gripping a white ribbon scroll inscribed with the national motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika written in black text, which can be loosely translated as "Unity in Diversity". Garuda Pancasila was designed by Sultan Hamid II from Pontianak, supervised by Sukarno, and was adopted as the national emblem on 11 February 1950.

History

Garuda, the discipled carrier or vehicle (vahana) of the Hindu god Vishnu, appears in many ancient Hindu-Buddhist temples of ancient Indonesia. Temples such as Mendut, Borobudur, Sajiwan, Prambanan, Kidal, Penataran, Belahan, and Sukuh depict the images (bas-relief or statue) of Garuda. In Prambanan temple complex, there is a single temple located in front of Vishnu temple, dedicated to Garuda. However, there is no statue of Garuda inside the chamber today. In the Shiva temple, also in Prambanan complex, there is a relief telling an episode of Ramayana about Garuda's nephew who also belongs to the bird-god race, Jatayu, tried to rescue Sita from Ravana's hand. The deified statue of King Airlangga depicted as Vishnu mounting Garuda from Belahan, probably the most famous statue of Garuda from ancient Java. Now the statue is one of the important collection of Trowulan Museum.

Garuda appear in many traditions and stories, especially in Java and Bali. In many stories Garuda symbolises the virtue of knowledge, power, bravery, loyalty, and discipline. As the vehicle of Vishnu, Garuda also bears the attributes of Vishnu, which symbolise preservation of cosmic order. Balinese tradition venerated Garuda as "the lord of all flying creatures", and "the majestic king of birds". In Bali, Garuda traditionally portrayed as a divine creature with head, beak, wings, and claw of an eagle, while has the body of a human. Usually portrayed in intricate carving with golden and vivid colours, as the vehicle of Vishnu or in battle scene against Nāga (dragon) serpents. The important and noble position of Garuda in Indonesian tradition since ancient times has venerated Garuda as the national symbol of Indonesia, the embodiment of Indonesian ideology, Pancasila. Garuda also chosen as the name of Indonesian national airlines, Garuda Indonesia.

After the Indonesian National Revolution ended and followed by the Dutch acknowledgement of the Indonesian independence in 1949, there was a need to create a national emblem of United States of Indonesia. On 10 January 1950 the Committee of State Seal was formed, under co-ordination of Sultan Hamid II of Pontianak as the State Minister of No Portfolio, with Muhammad Yamin as the chairman, and Ki Hajar Dewantara, M. A. Melkias Agustinus Pellaupessy, Mohammad Natsir, and Raden Mas Ngabehi Poerbatjaraka as committee members. The committee task is to select the proposals of United States of Indonesia national emblem to be presented to the government.

According to Mohammad Hatta, in his memoire "Bung Hatta Menjawab", to fulfill the mandate of the Cabinet, Minister Priyono launched the design competition. After the competition was held, there were two proposed designs selected as the finalists; one was the work of Sultan Hamid II and the other one was the work of Muhammad Yamin. The design proposed by Sultan Hamid II was accepted by both the People's Consultative Assembly (DPR) and the government, while Yamin's design was rejected because it featured shining sun emblem that seemed to be influenced by the Japanese Empire flag. Sukarno as The President of United States of Indonesia together with Mohammad Hatta as the Prime Minister, asked Sultan Hamid II to change the red and white ribbon being held by the Garuda talons to a white scroll bearing the national motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika". On 8 February 1950, the design created by Sultan Hamid II was presented to President Sukarno. The design featured the Garuda in its anthropomorphic form, similar to the traditional depiction in ancient Javanese, Balinese, and Siamese art. However, the Islamic party Masyumi expressed their objection and stated that the bird with human neck and shoulders with both hands holding the Pancasila shield was too mythical.

Sultan Hamid II edited his design and proposed the new version, this time discarding the anthropomorphic form, the eagle-like Garuda was done in stylised naturalistic style and named Rajawali (eagle) Garuda Pancasila. President Sukarno presented this design to the cabinet and Prime Minister Hatta. According to AG Pringgodigdo in his book "Sekitar Pancasila" published by the Minister of Defence and Security, the improved design of Garuda Pancasila by Sultan Hamid II was officially adopted in United States of Indonesia Cabinet Assembly on 11 February 1950. At that time, the Rajawali Garuda Pancasila was still "bald" without crest crowning its head like current version. President Sukarno introduced the national emblem of Indonesia to the public at Hotel Des Indes, Jakarta, on 15 February 1950.

Sukarno continued to improve the design of Garuda Pancasila. On 20 March 1950, Sukarno ordered the palace artist Dullah to make several improvements according to his suggestions, such as the addition of a crest and the change of talons position to the scroll. It was believed that Sukarno suggested the crest addition because the "bald" Garuda was considered too similar to the bald eagle in the United States Great Seal.

Scroll and motto
The Garuda clutches in its talons a scroll bearing the National Motto of Indonesia, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" which is an Old Javanese stanza of the epic poem "Sutasoma" attributed to the 14th-century poet sage of the Javanese Majapahit Empire, Empu Tantular. The text was redesicovered by the Dutch scholar Brandes from among the many lontar manuscripts among the Dutch booty called the Lombok treasure — looted from the destroyed Lombok palace in 1894. who is said to have committed the phrase to writing for the first time.

The poem expounded a doctrine of reconciliation between the Hindu and Buddhist faiths: meaning literally "Although diverse, both truthful to Dharma — thus there exists no duality in Truth". This spirit of religious tolerance was an essential element in the foundation and security of the newly emerging State of Majapahit and the thus fledgling Republic of Indonesia. It is roughly rendered, Diverse, yet united or perhaps more poetically in English: Unity in Diversity. The official Indonesian language translation is: Berbeda-beda namun tetap satu jua.

Uses
The National Emblem is used to symbolize Indonesian government and as official emblem of Indonesian ministries, departments and institutions. It is commonly displayed in Indonesian state palaces, monuments, government offices, buildings and also Indonesian embassies abroad. It is also used in private offices and buildings, also in the classes of public schools, placed on the wall slightly upper than the President's and Vice-President's photographs that flanked the emblem. Also, it is used on the front of every Naval vessel, denoting governmental status of the vessel. Moreover, every governor and head of cities or regencies wears the National Emblem on their headgear's badge. The President uses it on every plane he/she travelled with. Every Ministry, Provincial, Military and Police flag also uses it on one side.

The Indonesian National Emblem is used as part of governmental institutions' and organisations' emblems. Such as being included within the emblems of Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), General Elections Commission (KPU), People's Representative Council (DPR), and Regional Representative Council (DPD).

In sports, many sport branches uses the National Emblem as their uniform insignia, such as football, creating the nickname for the Indonesia national football team as the "Garuda Team".

However, some elements of Garuda Pancasila is used in some on non-national and non-governmental organisation. For example, the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra) used the head of Garuda Pancasila as the main part of their symbol. The rallying symbol of Prabowo Subianto's 2014 presidential campaign also used the Garuda Merah (red Garuda), a red silhouette of Garuda Pancasila, which raised the controversy and protest whether a partisan non-governmental organisations should be allowed on using the national emblem as rallying symbol. The controversy also raised from pro-Prabowo musician Ahmad Dhani who campaigned through a music video that displays golden Garuda Pancasila — which looks like the German imperial eagle, in aesthetic imagery reminiscent of Nazi's style fascism. The red Garuda is again used as part of Prabowo's campaign for presidency in the 2019 election.

Garuda
The Garuda is the golden eagle, common to both Hinduism and Buddhism. The Garuda has the wings, beak, and feet of the golden eagle, but a man's arms and trunk. The Garuda is commonly used as an emblem in South and Southeast Asian nations. The use of the Garuda in Indonesia's coat-of-arms invokes the pre-colonial Hindu kingdoms that spanned across the archipelago, from which the present-day Republic of Indonesia is understood to be descended.

However, unlike the traditional anthropomorphic form of Garuda as featured in the temples of Java, the Balinese Garuda, or the national emblem of Thailand, the design of Indonesia's Garuda Pancasila is rendered in modern naturalist style. The design of Garuda Pancasila was inspired by the elang Jawa or Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi), an endangered raptor endemic to the mountainous forest regions of Java. The Javan hawk-eagle's resemblance to the Garuda Pancasila is most obvious with the prominent crest crowning its head and the plumage colored dark-brownish to chestnut-gold. By presidential decree, the Javan hawk-eagle was legally registered as the national bird of Indonesia, and thus attributing the endangered species very high protection.

As for the national emblem, the Garuda symbolizes strength and power, while the gold color symbolizes greatness and glory.

The feathers on the Garuda of the Indonesian coat-of-arms are arranged so that they invoke the date of 17 August 1945, the officially recognized Indonesian Day of Independence. The total number of feathers symbolizes the date of the proclamation of Indonesian independence: These numbers of feathers correspond to "17/8/1945" international date format for Indonesian Independence Day.
 * The number of feathers on each wing totals 17
 * The number of feathers on the tail totals 8
 * The number of feathers below the shield or base of tail totals 19
 * The number of feathers on the neck totals 45

Emblems
Each section of the shield has a symbol corresponding to the Pancasila principles laid down by its founder, President Sukarno. The numbers of some elements in these symbols might evokes certain numbers, such as 17 and 5 which represents the date of independence and the number of principles in Pancasila, respectively.

Escutcheon
The escutcheon (in heraldic terms) or shield is a martial symbol, representing the defense of the country. It is divided into five sections: a background divided into quarters, colored red and white (the colors of the national flag) in a checkerboard pattern; and a smaller, concentric shield, black in background. A thick, black line lies horizontally across the shield, symbolizing the equator which passes through the Indonesian archipelago.

Star
The black shield bearing the golden star at center corresponds to the first Pancasila principle: "Belief in One Supreme God". The color black represents the color of nature. Upon this shield at center is a golden, five-pointed star. This is a symbol common not only among Indonesia's sanctioned faiths of Islam, Protestantism, Hinduism, Catholicism, Buddhism and Confucianism, as well as among some of the Aliran Kepercayaan (native religions), but of the secular ideology of socialism as well.

This tenet of Pancasila has been criticized, for it suggests compulsory religious belief as well as compulsory monotheism. Supporters of Sukarno's legacy, however, believe that this tenet was meant to unify Indonesia's population who have diverse beliefs and faiths from every part of the country (the star being a prominent symbol used by these faiths).

Chain
In the bottom right quarter, on a red background, is a chain made up of 9 round links representing women and 8 square links representing men, together they sum the number 17. This chain represents successive human generations. It corresponds to the second principle of the Pancasila, the principle of "Just and Civilized Humanity". The chain is in gold color, representing the country's mineral wealth and its shape as a necklace is an indirect reference to its maritime wealth as it is a reminder of pearl necklaces made from sea pearls abundant in its waters.

Banyan tree
At the upper right quarter, on a white background, is the banyan tree (Indonesian: beringin). This symbol corresponds to the third Pancasila principle, the principle of "The Unity of Indonesia". The banyan is known for having expansive above-ground roots and branches. The Republic of Indonesia, as an ideal conceived by Sukarno and the Nationalists, is one country out of many far-flung cultural roots, made up of millions of people from a number of ethnic communities and groups and from 38 provinces from far west of Sumatra to far east of Papua. The tree, common in many parts of the country, was for many years till the present the party symbol of Suharto's Golkar and thus one of the more recognizable symbols of the New Order period. It also thus represents Indonesia's indigenous flora and forests.

Bull
In the upper left quarter, on a red background, is the head of the Javanese wild bull, the banteng. This represents the fourth principle of Pancasila, the principle of "Democracy that is Guided by the Inner Wisdom in the Unanimity Arising Out of Deliberations Amongst Representatives". The banteng was chosen to symbolize democracy as Indonesians saw it as a social animal. The banteng was also adopted as a symbol of Sukarno's Nationalists, and later by his daughter Megawati Soekarnoputri's Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle. The bull is a symbol of Indonesia's fauna and wildlife.

Rice and cotton
In the lower left quarter, on a white background, are a gold-and-white paddy and cotton. There are 17 seeds of rice and 5 cotton buds. These represent the fifth Pancasila principle, the principle of "Social Justice for the Entire People of Indonesia". The rice and cotton represent sustenance and livelihood.

Mars Pancasila
The Mars Pancasila (lit. 'Pancasila March'), colloquially and significantly better known by its incipit Garuda Pancasila, was composed by Sudharnoto as a patriotic song to commemorate the Indonesian struggle.

Garuda Pancasila Akulah pendukungmu Patriot proklamasi Sedia berkorban untukmu
 * Lyrics
 * Pancasila dasar negara
 * Rakyat adil makmur sentosa
 * Pribadi bangsaku
 * Ayo maju maju
 * Ayo maju maju
 * Ayo maju maju

O, Garuda Pancasila I am your supporter A patriot of Proclamation (I am) willing to sacrifice for you
 * Literal translation
 * Pancasila the basis of the country
 * The people right and prospering
 * My nation's character
 * Let us go forth
 * Let us go forth
 * Let us go forth

O, Garuda Pancasila A soldier for you, I am A vanguard of Proclamation, I stand I place my life and fortune in your hands
 * Poetic translation
 * Pancasila the law of the land
 * People prospering hand-in-hand
 * Our nation's pride and joy
 * Onwards, march all
 * Onwards, march all
 * Onwards, march all

title: National emblem of Indonesia


text:
Talk:Academic Festival Overture

Nice article
=) Nice article. --User:Jenmoa 04:48, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Finished quote
I've finished the quote with the essential reference to von Suppé that sets the tone. "Its structural refinement"- on this occasion- is not part of its appeal: its episodic structure is easily grasped, however. With a ref. added, I expanded slightly on the comedy. --Wetman (talk) 00:22, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Linked recording
Sorry, but the linked recording is quite awful. I would suggest that you would rather include no recording instead of this collection of wrong notes and intonation cruelties. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.177.173.90 (talk) 16:39, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Assuming you mean the YouTube link, I've removed it. Graham 87 10:42, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Choral Finale
At the Last Night of the 1992 BBC Proms, Andrew Davis conducted the BBC Symphony and Chorus in this work and for the closing peroration the choir leapt to its feet and lustily sang Sir Malcolm Sargent's arrangement of "Gaudeamus Igitur." Sargent had also performed this at the Royal Albert Hall in 1961 and evidently his concert's programme notes stated that Brahms himself had sanctioned such a choral finale. I am unable to provide a "citation," so does anyone know if the claim is verifiable? This You Tube link takes you to the Andrew Davis performance ...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjIGaL9HsDI

Philipson55 (talk) 14:37, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

When was the degree actually conferred?
From other sources, it seems that it was not the previous year (1879) to 1880, but at the ceremony in early January of the following year 1881, already described in the article. Marlindale (talk) 23:41, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

The Los Angeles Philharmonic Program Notes (External Links) say the degree was already given in 1879, but it seems that the premiere of the overture, and the "Academic Festival" it commemorated, with the giving of the degree, were on the same day in January 1881. Marlindale (talk) 02:46, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

Recipients of honorary degrees
Often, a recipient will give a speech at a convocation. For Brahms, writing a composition was an analogue of that, it seems. Marlindale (talk) 03:06, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Academic Festival Overture


text: Wikipedia:POTD/July 18, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/July 18, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/July 18, 2005


text:
Talk:Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

Merge
I'm not sure the proposed merge is a good idea. VCSELs and VECSELs are not the same thing.--Srleffler (talk) 12:04, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

These are completely different devices. It would be like merging tricycles and bicycles. They are fundamentally different in nature and are used different. VECSELs have much higher output power with good beam quality, VCSELs do not. Their size, shape, components, pumping, and virtually every other characteristic is different. -Jake Smith —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.135.210.24 (talk) 00:59, 15 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. The proposal to merge is closed. Thanks for your input.--Srleffler (talk) 01:38, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

"See also..."
Under "See also" I think the term and link to "Light Peak" is obsolete, as there I found nothing that relates to this VCSEL article! (Okay, they wanted LightPeak to be optical, but they decided to make it electrical... that word "optical" is all that could be associated with this VCSEL article... IMHO not enough!) 217.109.123.82 (talk) 13:07, 18 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Yep.--Srleffler (talk) 02:43, 19 September 2014 (UTC)

Changes
After reading I would like to suggest some changes ... (of course that's just my personal opinion) JB. --92.195.43.179 (talk) 19:27, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * in the image show in which direction the beam is emitted ... the related wording might confuse some people
 * put the current use of the device first and manufacturing and historical details after
 * in that respect the very first sentences might focus more on the practical value of the design in relation to alternatives


text:
Kuiper

Kuiper is a Dutch occupational surname meaning cooper. Common spelling variants include Kuyper, Kuipers, Kuijper, Kuijpers, Kuypers, and De Kuyper. Notable people with the name include:

Kuiper

 * Adrian Kuiper (born 1959), South African cricketer
 * Barend Klaas Kuiper (1877–1961), Dutch-American historian
 * David Kuiper (born 1980), Dutch rower
 * Duane Kuiper (born 1950), American baseball player
 * Edith Kuiper (born 1960), Dutch economist
 * Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper (1907–2003), Dutch Indologist
 * Gerard Kuiper (1905–1973), Dutch-American astronomer after whom the Kuiper belt was named
 * Glen Kuiper (born 1963) American broadcaster
 * Hennie Kuiper (born 1949), Dutch cyclist
 * J. P. Kuiper (1922–1985), Dutch professor of social medicine
 * Michael Kuiper (born 1989), Dutch martial artist
 * Nick Kuiper (born 1982), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Nicky Kuiper (born 1989), Dutch footballer
 * Nicolaas Kuiper (1920–1994), Dutch mathematician, known for Kuiper's test, Kuiper's theorem, and the Eells–Kuiper manifold
 * Peter Kuiper (1929–2007), Dutch-German actor
 * Piet Kuiper (1934–2017), Dutch botanist
 * Rienk Kuiper (1886–1966), Frisian-Dutch president of Calvin College
 * Roel Kuiper (born 1962), Dutch historian, philosopher and politician
 * Taco Kuiper (1941–2004), South African publisher and journalist

Kuyper

 * Abraham Kuyper (1837–1920), Dutch prime minister, theologian, and founder of a Protestant church
 * Elisabeth Kuyper (1877–1953), Dutch Romantic composer and conductor
 * Frans Kuyper (1629–1691), Dutch Socinian writer and printer
 * Jacques Kuyper (1761–1808), Dutch draftsman and composer

title: Kuiper


text: User talk:69.204.227.13

title: User talk:69.204.227.13


text:
Olympic House

Olympic House, originally named Sports House is home to the offices of 44 officially sanctioned Hong Kong sports associations, including Hong Kong Rugby Union, Hong Kong Triathlon Association and Hong Kong Sailing Federation. It also houses the Territory's National Olympic Committee, the Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China, which oversees the building's management.

Opened in 1994, the building is immediately adjacent to Hong Kong Stadium, in So Kon Po in Causeway Bay.

History
On 11 July 2005, Jacques Rogge, IOC Chairman and Timothy Fok, chair of the local Olympic Committee, led a ceremony to rename the building 'Olympic House' ahead of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and Paralympics, with IOC permission to use of the official emblem of the games, for which Hong Kong would host the equestrian events (at the Hong Kong Sports Institute in Fo Tan).

title: Olympic House


text:
William Gemmell Cochran

William Gemmell Cochran (15 July 1909 – 29 March 1980) was a prominent statistician. He was born in Scotland but spent most of his life in the United States.

Cochran studied mathematics at the University of Glasgow and the University of Cambridge. He worked at Rothamsted Experimental Station from 1934 to 1939, when he moved to the United States. There he helped establish several departments of statistics. His longest spell in any one university was at Harvard, which he joined in 1957 and from which he retired in 1976.

Writings
Cochran wrote many articles and books. His books became standard texts:
 * Experimental Designs (with Gertrude Mary Cox) 1950 ISBN 0-471-54567-8

 * Statistical Methods Applied to Experiments in Agriculture and Biology by George W. Snedecor (Cochran contributed from the fifth (1956) edition) ISBN 0-8138-1561-4
 * Planning and Analysis of Observational Studies (edited by Lincoln E. Moses and Frederick Mosteller) 1983.
 * Planning and Analysis of Observational Studies (edited by Lincoln E. Moses and Frederick Mosteller) 1983.

title: William Gemmell Cochran


text:
Tucson Weekly

The Tucson Weekly is an alternative newsweekly that was founded in 1984 by Douglas Biggers and Mark Goehring, and serves the Tucson, Arizona, metropolitan area of about 1,000,000 residents.

The paper is a member of the Association of Alternative Newsmedia. New issues arrive at kiosks throughout Tucson every Wednesday. Jim Nintzel is the current editor. Staff members include Logan Burtch-Buus, Tirion Morris, Christopher Boan, Jeff Gardner, Kathleen Kunz and Chelo Grubb.

The founding editor was Douglas Biggers, who served as editor and publisher until he sold the paper to Wick Communications in 2000. He founded Edible Baja Arizona.

Longtime editor Jimmy Boegle left the Weekly in late 2012 to start his own independent paper in Palm Springs, California.

10/13 Communications bought the paper from Wick in 2014.

In 2021, Times Media Group acquired the Tucson publications of 10/13 Communications (including The Explorer, the Marana News, Foothills News, Desert Times, Tucson Weekly, and Inside Tucson Business).

Notable journalists
Former editors include Dan Huff, Carol Ann Bassett, James Reel, Michael Parnell, Dan Gibson and Mari Herreras. Longtime Weekly and Arizona Daily Star reporter Chris Limberis was posthumously inducted into the Arizona Newspaper Association Hall of Fame in 2006.

Red Meat
The Tucson Weekly was a launching point for the comic strip Red Meat, created by Tucsonan Max Cannon in 1989.

title: Tucson Weekly


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/July 20, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/July 20, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/July 20, 2005


text: Category:Gyms

title: Category:Gyms


text:
User:Jfl

John Francis Lee lives in Chiang Rai, Thailand 19.93333°N, 99.85°W

Hopes to be able to contribute to the pages on Chiang Rai and Northern Thailand, with the help of his friend ThiThat, aka Tee.

title: User:Jfl


text:
Ibadah

Ibadah (عبادة, ‘ibādah, also spelled ibada) is an Arabic word meaning service or servitude. In Islam, ibadah is usually translated as "worship", and ibadat—the plural form of ibadah—refers to Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) of Muslim religious rituals.

Ibadah
In Arabic ibadah is connected with related words such as "Ubudiyyah" ("slavery"), and has connotations of obedience, submission, and humility. The word linguistically means "obedience with submission".

In Islam, ibadah is usually translated as "worship" and means  obedience, submission, and devotion to God.

Other sources (noted Islamist author Abul A'la Maududi and others) give a broader definition of ibadah, including keeping speech free "from filth, falsehood, malice, abuse", and dishonesty, obeying Islamic Shariah law in "commercial and economic affairs" and in "dealings with your parents, relatives, friends", and everyone else.

Ibadat
Ibadat (عبادات) is the plural form of ibādah. In addition to meaning more than one ibādah, it refers to Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) on "the rules governing worship in Islam" or the "religious duties of worship incumbent on all Muslims when they come of age and are of sound body and mind". It is distinguished from other subjects of jurisprudence in Islam which are usually known as muʿāmalāt (interpersonal transactions).

Ibadat include what are known as the "pillars of Islam": According to Oxford Islamic Studies, "because they are of central importance to the Muslim community, the ibadat form the first subject matter of Islamic jurisprudence and most collections of prophetic traditions (hadith)." The subject of ibadat is especially important in Islam (according to author Faleel Jamaldeen) because without these religious laws, "Muslims would likely create their own rituals and prayers, and the religion of Islam would falter and eventually disappear."
 * Declaration of faith (shahadah), translated as "There is no god other than Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah";
 * ritual prayer (salat), observed five times every day at prescribed times, with prescribed preparations (ritual cleaning), prescribed movements (standing, bowing, prostrating, sitting) and prescribed verses, phrases;
 * alms giving (zakah) -- customarily 2.5% of a Muslim's total savings and wealth above a minimum amount known as nisab, which is based on income and the value of all of one's possessions;
 * fasting (sawm) -- the abstention from eating and drinking during daylight hours—especially during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan;
 * pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) —the annual Islamic pilgrimage to the most holy city of the Muslims, and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and can support their family during their absence.

title: Ibadah


text:
Valentyna Shevchenko (politician)

Valentyna Semenivna Shevchenko (Валентина Семенівна Шевченко; 12 March 1935 – 3 February 2020) was the Chairperson of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR.

Biography
Shevchenko was born the daughter of a miner, Semen Solianyk, in Kryvyi Rih, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Soviet Union.

From 1975 to 1985, Shevchenko was deputy chairperson of the Supreme Council Presidium of the Ukrainian SSR. After the death of Oleksiy Vatchenko, she began acting as the chairwoman until her official appointment on petition of Volodymyr Shcherbytsky.

In 1989 Shevchenko refused to sign prohibition against the People's Movement of Ukraine.

From September 1997 on she was the honorary president of the National Fund of social defence of mothers and children: "Ukraine – children".

Shevchenko died on 3 February 2020 at the age of 84.

title: Valentyna Shevchenko (politician)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dalton marks

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:34, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Dalton marks
A summer job at MedSeek and having hobbies does not automatically make a subject notable... --Mysidia 05:02, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Bovlb 05:36:02, 2005-07-13 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity, NN. Xoloz 05:37, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for all the usual reasons. - Lucky 6.9 05:59, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable / vanity - Tεx  τ  urε  19:52, 19 July 2005

 * Delete - non-notable --Forig 12:16, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

(UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Collaboration of the week/Acholi language

Acholi language (July 20)

 * Nominated on 05:03, 13 July 2005 (UTC); needs 5 votes by 20 July.

This language article is very worthy of a lengthly article. It is currently only containing a small introduction section, with an infobox and a table of some words in the language. It is in need of history, grammar, vocabulary, writing system, poem, literature, classification and speakers sections. With a lot of work and help this could become a very good featured article.

Support:
 * 1) Wackymacs 05:03, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) NatusRoma 02:09, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Fenice 07:12, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Chamdarae 02:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Comments

 * While I like the idea of improving languages, I think a better way of doing things would to work our way down the List of languages by total speakers. See Below. Conrad Leviston 16:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think we need to improve the articles on a wide range of languages, not only those with large numbers of speakers (although those are certainly important too). There are still too few lengthy articles on Nilotic languages, and I support any move to improve this. Chamdarae 02:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Gayle Gardner

Gayle Gardner (born c. 1950) is an American sportscaster who worked for ESPN and NBC Sports beginning in 1987 until 1993. Gardner is considered a pioneer in sports broadcasting, having been the first female sports anchor to appear weekly on a major network.

Career
Gardner graduated from Brooklyn College in 1969 and earned a master's degree in film and broadcasting from Boston University in 1971.

Gardner started her career in Boston under the name Gail Granik. She began working as an intern for WBZ-TV and after graduating from BU she became an associate producer for the station's Sonya Hamlin Show. By 1974, she was the show's executive producer. She then worked as the producer of the Pat Collins Show on WCBS-TV. She returned to WBZ in 1976 as the executive producer and interviewer for the station's New England Patriots pregame show. In 1977, she began making appearances on WBZ's news broadcasts, serving as a tertiary sports anchor behind Len Berman and Jimmy Myers. In 1978, she became the nightly sports anchor for WDIV-TV in Detroit. At the time of her hiring she was the only woman to serve as a daily sports anchor in a top-10 market. She then worked as a reporter and weekend sports anchor for WJZ-TV in Baltimore.

After being hired by ESPN in 1983, Gardner served as a SportsCenter anchor for three years. Gardner then worked for NBC from 1987 to 1993. Among the assignments that she undertook included anchoring NBC's New Year's Day college football bowl game coverage, NFL Live!, Major League Baseball: An Inside Look, NBC's 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics coverage, the French Open, Wimbledon, and NBC's "Prudential Sports Updates". In 1989, she became the first woman to regularly host Major League Baseball games for a major television network, NBC.

In January 1989, Gardner was a member of the NBC broadcast team for Super Bowl XXIII (San Francisco vs. Cincinnati).

On August 3, 1993, Gardner became the first woman to do televised play-by-play of a baseball game when she called the action of a game between the Colorado Rockies and the Cincinnati Reds.

Gardner later worked on the Food Network before writing a screenplay. She spent three years on the Food Network.

In 2004 (to celebrate the 25th anniversary of SportsCenter), Gardner returned to anchor a special "old school" edition of SportsCenter alongside Stuart Scott.

title: Gayle Gardner


text:
Olympia Brewing Company

The Olympia Brewing Company was a brewery in the northwest United States, located in Tumwater, Washington, near Olympia. Founded in 1896 by Leopold Friederich Schmidt, it was bought by G. Heileman Brewing Company in 1983. Through a series of consolidations, it was acquired by Pabst Brewing Company in 1999; the Tumwater brewery was closed in 2003.

History
Leopold Schmidt, a German immigrant from Montana founded The Capital Brewing Company at Tumwater Falls on the Deschutes River in the town of Tumwater, near the south end of Puget Sound. He built a four-story wooden brewhouse, a five-story cellar building, a one-story ice factory powered by the lower falls, and a bottling and keg plant and in 1896, began brewing and selling Olympia Beer. In 1902, the firm became Olympia Brewing Company, with Frank Kenney as the Company Secretary. It was Frank Kenney who proposed the slogan "It's the Water" to promote the brewery's flagship product. Statewide Prohibition, which began in January 1916, four years before National Prohibition, ended beer making operations. After Prohibition ended, a new Olympia Brewery (47.0155°N, -122.9035°W) was erected just upstream from the original, and Olympia beer went back on sale in 1934.

Olympia was a very popular regional brand in the Pacific Northwest for half of a century. It eventually expanded nationwide, repositioned as a low-price lager. During the 1970s, Olympia acquired Hamm's and Lone Star, and also produced Buckhorn Beer, which had previously been a product of the Lone Star Brewing Company. Until the mid-1970s, competitor Coors of Colorado had a limited 11-state distribution area; Washington and Montana were not added until 1976, and Oregon did not approve sales of Coors in grocery stores until 1985.

Between 1970 and 1980 Olympia faced flat revenues among consolidating nationwide breweries and, in 1982, the Schmidt family, which owned and operated the brewery and company, elected to sell the company. Olympia was subsequently purchased by G. Heileman Brewing Company in 1983, which was purchased by Stroh Brewery Company in 1996. In 1999, Pabst bought most of the Stroh brands, including Olympia.

The brewery was eventually purchased by Miller Brewing Company. For a time, the Olympia brewery took over the brewing of other Pacific Northwest brands as their original breweries were closed one by one, including the Lucky Lager brewery in Vancouver, Washington, the Henry Weinhard's brewery in Portland, and even the brewery of its arch-rival, Rainier Beer, in Seattle. In 2002, SAB bought out Miller Brewing Co. SABMiller closed the Tumwater facility in mid-2003, citing the unprofitability of such a small brewery.

Pabst was purchased, along with the Olympia label, by beer industry veteran Eugene Kashper with backing from TSG Consumer Partners in 2014, and Olympia Beer was brewed under contract by MillerCoors at their brewery in Irwindale, California.

Ag Energy Resources of Benton, Illinois purchased the machinery from Olympia Brewing to make ethanol for motor fuel use.

Part of the brewery complex was heavily damaged in a fire on October 7, 2018. The administration building's south side partially collapsed, and a 3-alarm fire call caused fire units to respond from many neighboring departments.

On January 25, 2021 Pabst Brewing Company announced on Twitter that it was "temporarily pausing production" of Olympia Beer because of a lack of demand and to focus attention on its distilled spirit line under the Olympia Distilling Company brand.

Presently, Olympia Beer is produced in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan by Great Western Brewing.

Use of artesian water
For many years, Olympia Beer was brewed with water obtained from artesian wells. The company's promotions made much of the use of artesian water in the brewing process. One later advertising campaign, rather than explaining what artesian water was, claimed the water was controlled by a mythical population of "artesians". Once the brewery was taken over by a larger company, the use of artesian water was discontinued, and so was that advertising campaign.

In downtown Olympia, current efforts to preserve the use of artesian water at one of the remaining public wells has been the mission of H2Olympia: Artesian Well Advocates.

In popular culture
Daredevil Evel Knievel was sponsored by Olympia Beer. Olympia paid a hefty price tag to have Evel sew patches onto his jackets, signs on his vehicles, even stitching "Olympia Beer" onto parachutes attached to his dragster. This was an attempt to take Olympia nationwide.

Dustin Hoffman's character, Benjamin Braddock drinks a can of Olympia beer in The Graduate (1967). Paul Newman drinks Olympia in the movie, Sometimes a Great Notion (1970). Nearly the entire cast, including Marvin Gaye drinks Olympia bottles, stubbies, cans and tall boys, in Chrome and Hot Leather (1971). A neon sign advertising Olympia beer can be seen in the window of the liquor store in American Graffiti (1973). Clint Eastwood promoted the brand in several popular films, including Magnum Force (1973), Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974), The Eiger Sanction (1975), Every Which Way but Loose (1978) (in which his orangutan Clyde also indulges), and Oly is seen in Any Which Way You Can (1980). The werewolves of "The Colony" in 1980's The Howling drink Oly, as do Farmer Vincent and his family in Motel Hell, and Rebecca Balding is seen drinking Olympia in bed in Silent Scream, also from that year. The Blues Brothers Band drinks $300 worth of Olympia in 'Bob's Country Bunker' tavern in The Blues Brothers (1980) John Denver drinks an Olympia in "Oh, God!" (1977). Signage and cans being consumed are also easily visible in The China Syndrome (1979). The brand was also featured in the movie Friday the 13th Part III (1982) and Airport 1975 (1974). A neon light Olympia Beer sign can be seen in the roadhouse bar in the vampire cult-classic Near Dark (1987) and in the Matt Damon film Promised Land (2012). In the independent B-movie Clawed: The Legend of Sasquatch (2005), the teen-age campers and the adult hunters were drinking the brand. Josh Brolin's George W. Bush drinks a barely recognizable bottle of Olympia beer in W. (2008). Bill Hader's character drinks several cans of Olympia Beer in The To Do List (2013). Many of the characters in The Hollywood Knights drink Olympia beer in stubby bottles. It can also be seen in the 1983 American horror/thriller film Cujo. Olympia Beer is also being drank by Tommy Lee Jones in A Coal Miners Daughter.

The second word in American rock band Creedence Clearwater Revival's name is derived from an Olympia advertising campaign.

The movie House of Games includes a set with cases of Olympia Beer stacked toward the back of the room.

In a Mickey Rooney movie from the Andy Hardy series, the title character has to change a tire on his dad's car. On the street in front of their house, Mickey and his dad remove a case of Olympia Beer from the trunk to get at the spare tire jack.

Olympia Beer was praised as one of the top 25 beers in the world in a 2012 MensJournal.com review article.

title: Olympia Brewing Company


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Tea/Picture Guidelines

WikiProject Tea Picture Guidelines are intended to be common sense features that pictures taken for the infobox should have, it does not apply as much to other pictures within the article. It is hoped that for each infobox two pictures will be available, one of steeped leaves and one of dry leaves for the commonest variety of the tea in question.

Dry leaf pictures

 * 1) Use a scale is almost always forgotten, when picturing dry tea leaves.
 * 2) Take picture from the top in order to provide a fair comparison of size and less perspective.
 * 3) Cover the whole area of the picture as the infobox is small and it would be a waste to have a waste of space.
 * 4) Use sharp focus because the detail of the leaves is often important.
 * 5) Use white background so that if any is showing it does not cause inconsistensies in the different pictures, but have as less as possible showing.
 * 6) Spread leaves out evenly and not in a pyramid, again avoiding perspective.
 * 7) Show just the tea and not boxes or utensils that you have lying around the place.

Steeped leaf pictures

 * 1) If possible use a clear glass and take the picture from an angle.
 * 2) Use white background avoiding inconsistensies.
 * 3) Steep the tea properly using the specified brewing parameters.
 * 4) Show just the tea and not boxes or utensils that you have lying around the place.

Perfect picture
No picture available

Problems

 * Bad zoom and not enough detail
 * Pyramid rather than spread out
 * Wasted space

Problems

 * Utensils rather than tea
 * Bad zoom and not enough detail, fuzzy
 * Tea in a bowl rather than lying flat

Steeped leaf example
No picture available


text:
George Molnar

George Molnar  (Molnár György) (25 April 1910, Nagyvárad – 16 November 1998, Sydney) was born in Nagyvárad, Austria-Hungary and came to Australia in 1939 as a sponsored migrant, to take up a job as government architect. His talents were such that in Australia he became a much admired cartoonist and an architecture lecturer at the.

Molnar studied architecture and engineering in Budapest, graduating in 1932. He initially worked as a government architect in Canberra. Later he taught architecture at UNSW and University of Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning.

His friendship with Bernard Hesling led to his being employed as a cartoonist for the Daily Telegraph from 1945 before moving to the Sydney Morning Herald in 1954.

In 1971, he was awarded an OBE for services to journalism and architecture. and became an officer of the Order of Australia in 1988.

title: George Molnar


text:
Talk:Congee

Why called "congee"
I would like to know why its called "congee"? My *guess* is that its from "congealed". If anyone knows or has time to find out, please update the article! cbm 05:05, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have an Indian friend and one time when our housemate was sick, he suggested boiling some rice in water and drinking the water, and of course, eating the rice. The concotion he described sounded very much like Congee and when I asked him what his culture called it, he said, Kunji.

 * Unfortunately, I neglected to ask him from what part of India he came from and what language they spoke.

 * Wolf ODonnell 12:04, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * seems this is now answers in the article: from Tamil kanji. cbm 20:35, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The article says "The Webster's Dictionary lists the etymology of "Congee" as coming from China[2], but the reference [2] actually says "Boiled rice; rice gruel. [India]". Time to change the intro paragraph? 58.246.142.130 (talk) 23:27, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Yea, my family refers to it as kunji and we speak Tamil. --Htdmangoes1089 (talk) 02:20, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

It's worth noting that the OED says it comes from Tamil, but that beyond that its origin is doubtful, and that George Uglow Pope specifically said it was "not Dravidian". --76.121.3.11 (talk) 06:07, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

This is an article sorely in need of a history section. The article implies that the dish is Asian, and the name Asian. That is not quite correct, as can be inferred from the (unexplained) existence of Portuguese congee. Congee is a English word, and there needs to be some explanation of the British connection.124.197.15.138 (talk) 18:38, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

since this is the english wikipedia the english name should be in the title. About the portuguese canja one can say that in portugal theres a local variant of each and every dish ever made so that's not an issue. From the americas down to africa to scandinavia to china, india or even haway theres lots and lots of portuguese dishes THERE and their dishes HERE ... portuguese discoveries were actually a globalized culinary interchange.Sotavento (talk) 10:11, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

just for the record, it is more commonly called "jook" (cantonese) in the US, to the point where some refer to congee as "the British name for jook". 66.105.218.33 (talk) 04:26, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

 * It's a western English term. Other countries don't call it "congee". Only western English speakers ever say that word. It's like "Kung Fu" is not a Chinese word. Just westerners mispronouncing "gong fooh" which is the actual chinese word for Kung Fu. Congee is obviously English speaking westerners, mispronouncing the original Tamil words for this dish. But it's certainly not a British dish since nobody in Britain traditionally have these rice dishes.

Just because it's a British colonial word. It doesn't mean they invented it. According to SCMP, the British colonised India, and they came across an East Indian congee rice dish for the first time. And so they tried to copy the Tamil pronunciation and that's how the English word "congee" was born. Despite many other east Asian countries also already have congee dishes in that time era too, and none of them call it "congee" in their own language. 49.186.96.78 (talk) 08:57, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

Suspension variety
Isn't there a variety of congee where it's more about rice suspended in broth/water? It's a non-Cantonese variety. --Madchester 02:24, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you meaning the Teochiu-style? :-) — Instantnood 08:13, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Okayu
Should Okayu be merged into this article? Or should each of the variants of congee merits its own entry? (Please respond at talk:Okayu.) — Instantnood 09:18, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the two should merge, okayu is just japanese for "white congee". As such, I threw on the merge-to in Okayu and merge-from here. --Sjschen 05:15, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it's not necessarily appropriate to merge Okayu into this article. Congee is a very popular breakfast eaten with Youtiao, and Congee shops are found everywhere in China. However, it rarely happen in Japan. Because it is widely believed that Okayu is a meal for toddlers (baby food), patients or for elderly persons, so Okayu shop cannot be hardly ever found in Japanese city area. But, in zen temple, Okayu is a very popular breakfast in Zen temple in Japan. It is believed that Okayu is poor meal, and also believed Buddhist should be content with plain living. Thus, I think there are differences in culture between China (or Korea) and Japan. I hesitate to merge Okayu into this article. - Opponent 14:40, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

 * What I think we need to do is distinguish between the cultural vs. "what it is". For example, "pinto beans and rice" (aka Gallo Pinto) was a common staple for people growing up poor in the Southern United States and, for this man at least, it is a satisfying dinner. Folks in other areas of the United States see that as "missing a main course". Nothing is different about the beans and rice, however how they are viewed ends up being more of a cultural footnote. In this light, I believe that Rice Congee and Okayu should be merged with appropriate cultural context. - FeloneousCat 02:25, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I support a merge.
 * In China, congee is also seen as a food for patients, or for those who need to eat something which is easy to digest, as well as being a normal food.
 * Having a separate Japanese congee article, or a congee article in which Japanese congee is the only type of congee with its own separate section seems to me to be just part of the wider phenomenon of identifying Japanese culture as somehow unique, different from, and unconnected to similar surrounding cultures. Using the word “okayu” is also part of this.
 * I think we should have either one congee article with a general description and then each type in its own section under its own name, or separate articles for all the different types. LDHan 16:15, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Should it be Okayu or Kayu?
In a Japanese dictionary or encyclopedia, it would be listed under kayu, not okayu. Okayu is the conversational form. This is perhaps a common way to refer to the Japanese dish in English, but is it correct style for Wikipedia? 58.94.188.176 15:25, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Suggestion
User:Alanmak's comment in an edit to the article (23:24, December 5, 2005): "I suggest making a template to show all the ways used to refer to rice congee in different countries." — Instantnood 08:42, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Okayu for the sick -- not only Japanese
The association of eating congee when you're sick is not only a Japanese association. It also exists in Chinese culture, and strongly so. Thus, I'm curious as to why in this article, Okayu is given the distinction that associates Okayu with the sick as if it only existed in Japan.

 * A similar, although less extreme, situation exists in Bengali culture. Jau is very often fed to expectant mothers, young children, and sick people, even if it can also be had as a breakfast food. In this way, it is similar to chicken soup in the US, which can of course be a normal meal but is often associated with sick people. I agree that the Japanese version need not get special attention with respect to this fact, if it is true that many congee-eating cultures view the food the same way anyway. --SameerKhan 03:52, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Different types of congee
I suggest we create a "congee" article, with different types of congee explained (e.g. rice, tapioca, bean, etc. /meal or dessert) Right now it seems like there is only "rice congee".

ZHOU rather than OKAYU
In South China, particularly in Guangdong and Hong Kong, rice congee(zhou)is consistently served as staple food, primarily for breakfast but also for lunch or dinner. Beef, pork, fish, peanuts, cuttlefish, etc. are regularly added for different cuisine of zhou. Most local restaurants serve some kind of zhou as part of traditional chinese food.

Historically, zhou was also the preferred means of rice cooking during bad harvest since it takes less rice to cook.

Both in terms of breadth and depth, zhou is many time more important than okayu and should be given appropriately more space.

Isn't "rice congee" redundant?
Isn't "rice congee" redundant, since congee is by definition a rice porridge? (Does anyone know how to change the title of a Wikipedia article?) --71.244.110.187 02:09, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

I'm not too sure. In (South) India, we refer to porridge as congee/kanji. It could be made from things like ragi or oats or a mixture of grains. And of course, rice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.110.59.185 (talk) 19:17, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

Compare Congee with Xifan
I've always known "RP" as 稀饭 (pinyin: xifan,) yet the article makes no mention nor distinction. Room to elaborate? Thanks. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.5.44.172 (talk) 17:47, 1 February 2007 (UTC).
 * Good question. In China, the breakfast dish is 稀饭, which is more like yesterday's rice with hot water. It's not put in a blender, or whatever. That's a distinct dish, and maybe not even a type of congee. It may deserve an article, and be added to Porridge. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 08:27, 26 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I see it's mentioned in Origins section. I think, as a breakfast dish, it's called xifan all over the country. Is this so? Anna Frodesiak (talk) 08:29, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

 * What 稀饭 means is entirely dependent on context and speaker. PKU's dialect survey （p. 123) shows that 稀饭 is used as the more common term for 粥 in Shuangfeng, Changsha, Jinan, and Wuhan. Chengdu only has 稀饭 （粥 doesn't exist in the dialect), while Hefei and Yangzhou use 粥 more commonly but use 稀饭 synonymously. The survey also shows the Guangzhou and Yangjiang pronunciations to be [tʃʊk] (+their yinru tone) which you can use as a source for "jook" which I must say is remarkably well transliterated. The 现代汉语词典 says that 稀饭 means 粥 (not a type of 粥, just 粥) but usually denotes 粥 made from rice or millet. The terms were originally synonymous but have come to be used for distinct meanings in Mandarin. I have always understood 粥 to be the umbrella term for the many types of congee they have and 稀饭 as a dialectal loan into Mandarin taken as a synonym for 泡饭 which is what user Anna Frodesiak was describing and is primarily a breakfast food but is still eaten or other meals quite commonly.

 * Whether the distinction is made or not is not always obvious. When chairman Mao says 稀饭 in Mandarin he probably means 粥 because that's what it means in his dialect. In American English, there is a distinction made between fries and chips, so a Briton traveling in the US and ordering chips in a restaurant would probably be met with some confusion. We can think of Chinese in a similar fashion as also being a pluricentric language, and while most terms have clear demarcations, the more oral and everyday you get the blurrier those lines become. -Devin Ronis (d.s.ronis) (talk) 06:12, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the thoughtful reply. I reckon we should just keep it the way it is then. Anna Frodesiak (talk) 00:59, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Three labels and links for Chinese are misleading
The second, third and fourth labels and/or links for 粥 in different varieties of Chinese in this article's box are misleading:

There is a piped link to Taishan dialect in the label "Sei Yap". According to Wikipedia, however, Sei Yap and Tóisàn are not the same thing; rather, the latter is only one of several Sei Yap dialects: The second paragraph in the Cantonese (linguistics) article says "the Taishan dialect [is] one of the sei yap or siyi (四邑) dialects", and further down, we find the phrase "Sìyì (四邑, sei yap), exemplified by Taishan dialect".

So, if [ʦuk³] is the pronunciation not only in Taishan but in all Sei Yap dialects, please change the piped link from [[Taishan dialect| to either [[Sze Yup| or [[Cantonese (linguistics)|. If there is a Sei Yap dialect which does not use the pronunciation [ʦuk³], please change the label from "Sei Yap" to "Tóisàn", "Hoisanese", "Taishan" or some such.

Since the above is part of Cantonese (粵語), it is misleading to use the label "Cantonese" for [ʧok5] in another entry, as this implies that the entries not labeled "Cantonese" are not Cantonese. How about changing it to [[Standard Cantonese|Standard<br />Cantonese]] or, if it is a general Yuehai (粵海) pronunciation, to [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Yuehai]]?

If there is a Wu dialect which does not use the pronunciation [ʦɔʔ5], please change the link from [[Wu (linguistics)|Shanghainese]] to [[Shanghainese]]. If all Wu dialects use [ʦɔʔ5], please change the label from [[Wu (linguistics)|Shanghainese]] to <tt>[[Wu (linguistics)|Wú]]</tt> or something similar. Thank you. Wikipeditor 20:14, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Mandarin name
According to the article, the Mandarin name for congee is 粥. I'm only an intermediate Mandarin speaker, but I thought it's called 稀飯 in Mandarin? Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 17:54, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * congee=porridge=粥(zhou, pronounced as the word Joke without k)= 稀飯(xifan, pronounced approximately like sifan or shifan). 粥 can appear in both written and spoken Chinese, and 稀飯 appears more frequently in spoken language. --ARMOR

 * Same question was asked on a Taiwanese BBS, and someone looked up the official dictionary in Taiwan... The Dept of Education officially equated the two... zhou is same as xifan. -- Kschang77 17:26, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * ok, i'll bite: if it's "pronounced as the word Joke without k", why not say "pronounced as the word (name) Joe"?? talk about trying to confuse people!  66.105.218.33 (talk) 04:30, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Xifan should be made by Rice, but Zhou can be made by other things--I think this is a difference.--刻意(Kèyì) 14:45, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

Variations of Chinese Congee
zhou does have several Chinese varieties that bears discussion.

Most people associate congee with Cantonese version, as that is the most widely available, due to proliferation of Chinatowns. Cantonese congee, or if you prefer Cantonese pronunciation, "jook" or "juk", is almost glue-like consistency, with almost NO whole kernels. Common recipes in Chinatown includes:
 * yu-peen juk -- juk with slices of fish, usually sole or cod, deboned
 * gai juk -- juk with chicken, may or may not be deboned
 * pei-dang sow-yok juk -- juk with century egg (pei-dang) and salted pork (no fat)
 * tien-jai juk -- juk with cooked peanuts and pork liver / kidney slices
 * ju-hong juk -- juk with congealed pork blood cubes
 * bak juk -- literally, "white juk", or just plain juk

Juk must be served piping hot or it's worthless. Often, the other ingredients are cooked, but unheated, and kept near the kitchen. When ingredients are called for, they are left at the bottom of the serving bowl, and hot congee is added on top. The eater can then stir the congee and mix up the ingredients him/herself.

Other style of Chinese jook is basically watery rice. Cantonese is "pao-fan" which literally means "rice soaking (in soup)". Soup this case means high quality stock, beef, chicken, pork, etc.

There was this legend about how to eat congee. Once there was this prosperous village, and the village chief has a beautiful daughter, who is also quite smart. She likes someone who is rather poor, but also very bright, but he can't seem to impress the village chief. In fact, the village chief organized a special event... inviting the best bachelors from 100 "li" (Chinese "mile") in various contests. The winner of the three event contest shall marry his daughter and inherit the villge chief title. With a little coaching from the girl, the "hero" managed a tie with other contestants, or at least were not eliminated from two events. The third event was a secret, and she was of no help. The contest: eating a bowl of extremely hot congee. Whoever finishes fastest was the winner. The "hero" demonstrated the "layer" technique... skim the surface, which is cool enough to eat. Others tried stirring it with chopstick, blowing on it, one even burned his mouth and tongue. The hero finished first, married the girl, and lived happily ever after, and his technique for eating juk was passed down through the centuries. :) (Well, that's the version I was told any way!)

-- Kschang77 17:26, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * When you say "Most people associate congee with Cantonese version, as that is the most widely available,", of course you actually mean most people in the west associate congee with the Cantonese version as that is the most widely available in the west. Even in SE Asia where the majority of the overseas Chinese live, the Cantonese versions are just one of many mainly southern Chinese types of congee. And obviously within China itself, each region will have its own variation of congee which will be generally known only to that region. LDHan 18:30, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Me bad. I sometimes keep forgetting that I live in the USofA and that's NOT the center of the world. :D --Kschang77 07:09, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

--Indian "Kanji"--
 * This section should be updated. First, kanji is a bad spelling of the word for rice porridge in South Indian languages and leads to mispronunciation in English.  Unfortunately, I can't think of what English spelling would reproduce the right sound, but I'm bringing this up so people are aware.  Second, rice porridge is eaten all over South India (perhaps North India as well, but my experience does not extend this far), with the point being not only Tulus eat this.

Problem with box
Why is the Vietnamese name given in the box as a Chinese character? Badagnani 07:32, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Please fix this. Badagnani 07:58, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * That's an inherent problem with providing Chinese characters to gloss Vietnamese words without proper context. People are going to assume that Vietnamese is written with Chinese characters like their East Asian counterparts. The solution is not to mention the Chinese at all. DHN 08:30, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

I think there's a problem with the order of names, at the moment it doesn't seenm to have any particular order at all, alphabetical would be better. LDHan 19:10, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Sometimes soup instead of porridge
Chinese congee can also be a soup rather than a porridge (perhaps this depends on the recipe). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.244.192.135 (talk) 15:17, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Congee in Thailand
In thailand congee is a common breakfast food. It often includes either chicken, pork or king prawns (South Thailand). It is often made using chilli oil, ginger, fish sauce, sugar etc (not sure exactly) Yet much more flavoursome than the Chinese or Singapore version. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.66.60.91 (talk) 15:55, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Can somebody knowledgeable please add a note on pronunciation? In particular, is the "g" hard or soft? kon-jee or kon-ghi? Bjartmarr (talk) 05:43, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I've added the IPA transcriptions for both the British and American pronunciations. It's derived from the word kanji and is thus pronounced "con-jee". --SameerKhan (talk) 17:47, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

How can there be an "American" pronunciation of a British-Asian word? Isn't this just an error?124.197.15.138 (talk) 18:40, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

Questionable Neutrality?
At the end of the first paragraph is it said: "What does not change however, is Asia's love for the dish." This is a biased comment and IMO should be altered. 124.168.141.156 (talk) 23:59, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

^^^^ The above user is me. I have decided to remove the offending line myself and have added in it's place a sentence on how it;s preperation varies regionally. --AbrahamSalloum (talk) 00:50, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

Small Note on Pronunciation
2.	โจ๊ก 	jo:hk High tone 	noun, loanword, Chinese 	congee; rice gruel cooked with soup and meat

http://www.thai-language.com/dict

It is often transcribed as / jork / and has a long vowel. To write it as 'chok' suggests it rhymes with the English word 'chalk,' or sounds like the Thai word for 'luck.'

--Steve (talk) 01:58, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

 * The spelling "chok" is per the official transcription system (RTGS) and reflects the pronunciation when one follows RTGS, and not the pronunciation system for English. PS I actually speak the Chinese language (Teochew) from which the word was derived and in this Chinese language "chok" is actually pronounced with a hard "ch" sound, fairly similar to the English "chalk". - Takeaway (talk) 12:30, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

Min Chinese
Why does Min Chinese use the term 糜 when all other Chinese dialects refer to it as 粥 or 稀飯?--KAVEBEAR (talk) 00:25, 16 September 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Teochew porridge
This article is about the Singaporean version of Teochew muay, which is covered in the congee article. The congee article is so far lacking in coverage of Singapore. Merging the Singapore article into congee would improve the congee article's coverage and prevent the proliferation of multiple articles about essentially the same dish. Ibadibam (talk) 20:19, 1 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Totally disagree. Teochew porridge is a version of Singapore porridge. If merged, there are no diversity of congge articles. See also (Fried rice,Nasi goreng,Chaufa,Sinangág,Thai fried rice and American fried rice). Fried rice/Congee are general articles,however (Fried rice-Nasi goreng,Chaufa,Sinangág,Thai fried rice  and American fried rice)/(Congee-Teochew porridge) are sub-articles. Lee788 (talk) 22:11, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for, ! Is there another type of congee or porridge eaten in Singapore besides Teochew porridge? As I understand it, Teochew muay and congee are regional variations of the same dish. In Singapore, is Teochew porridge the local version of Teochew muay, or is Teochew muay also served as a separate dish? I note that we do have separate articles for bubur ayam, juk and canja. Perhaps what's really called for is an article on Teochew muay, of which Teochew porridge would be a section. Ibadibam (talk) 19:37, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Support Teochew porridge is a distinct variation of congee native to Singapore the congee article only discusses Teochew porridge so it should be merged. Juk the type of congee eaten in South Korea is only spoken about in the South Korea section but unlike the Singapore section it also discusses the variations present in South Korea. The Singapore section on the other hand only discusses the Teochew version and nothing else. Merging is correct. (137.147.18.159 (talk) 07:26, 2 February 2016 (UTC))
 * I support to merge it. There is no reason to extend an already existing articles (congee) to the new ones. If this article merge together, the congee essay will be more informative as what was suggested by Ibadibam (talk). Magbantay (talk) 22:11, 2 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Disagree: There seems to be quite a bit of writeup in the Teochew porridge, which if fully merged here would make the Teochew porridge subsection quite long. My suggestion is to follow what is done with Korea's Juk, which provides a wikilink to the article while keeping the summarized version here. (FYI Juk's standalone article is even shorter.) Zhanzhao (talk) 06:23, 6 February 2016 (UTC)
 * At this point, the Teochew porridge article is shorter than many of the regional sections at Congee, excepting the bulleted list of side dishes, which has already been incorporated as an inline list at . Given that Singapore-style Teochew porridge is an adaptation of Teochew muay, it seems odd that we'd have a standalone article about the Singapore dish and not one about the original. Ibadibam (talk) 22:41, 31 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Am I confused or something? But is not Teochew porridge from Chaozhou originally? How is it just considered a Singaporean dish? I grew in Shantou and the US eating it every morning and my family has no connection to Singapore. Classic chicken or egg first question, did the Teochew dish precede the Singaporean dish? Did the Singaporeans create anything new?--KAVEBEAR (talk) 19:15, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Oppose – Teochew porridge has received a great deal of coverage. As such, it qualifies for its own standalone article. North America1000 19:18, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

Congee and the month of Karkkidakam in Kerala
The article says "Karkkidakam is known as the month of diseases since the monsoon starts during Karkkidakam. Karikkidaka Kanji is eaten to promote the immune system". There is a factual error about rains in Karkkidakam. In Kerala, rainy season starts in second haldf of Idavam (hence the name Idavappathi - pathi meaning half) which starts about 1st June. Karkkidakam starts in Mid July. Traditionally, it was month with a lot of rain and overcast sky throughout the month. As people were not having much work to do at that time as sowing was over earlier and harvesting was to start only a month or more later depending on the area, people used this time of the year for rest and recuperation. Unnikn (talk) 13:13, 19 April 2017 (UTC)

Greek lapas and Turkish ashure
Are they congee? Not all porridges are congee, and I'm moving the two subsections here until it is provided that they are congee. --Phonet (talk) 23:25, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

Cyprus and Greece
Lapas or known in Greek as Λαπάς, Boiled rice congee often served with plenty of lemon juice, salt and boiled shredded chicken. Sometimes eaten by children, and elderly but mostly eaten by ill people namely those with loose bowel movements to help heal the gut. Cooked 1:5 rice to water. (possible variations to this recipe in Balkans, Middle East etc.)

Turkey
In Turkish cuisine, wheat-based mixed dessert congee is called an ashure. It is a little similar with eight ingredient Chinese congee. It mostly uses seven, ten or twelve ingredients. The ingredients can vary spontaneously but it must be vegan (no animal-based ingredients) like nuts, fruits, grains and sugar. Twelve ingredients represent Alevi behavings called as Twelver. Alevi communities cook it at the tenth day of Muharrem, which is the first month of the İslamic calendar. It is a common dessert in Turkey, Greece and Albania.

Mistaken redirect
"Arroz caldoso" redirects to this article. This is a mistake. It should be "Arroz caldo" that does so.

Quite rightly, this article nowhere mentions Arroz caldoso. What it does mention is Arroz caldo under the Philippines heading. It is a name used in some provinces for the Filipino dish Lugaw. It is a congee, 100% of Chinese origin, and is very often flavored with ginger.

Arroz caldoso, despite its somewhat similar name, is a quite different dish. It is a term in Spanish cuisine. It is of Mediterranean, not Chinese origin; it is not a congee; and it is never flavored with ginger. A user who types in the words "Arroz caldoso" should arrive at the article on the Mediterranean dish, and not be redirected to this article on Congee. He is literally being misdirected to the wrong side of the planet!

A separate and distinct problem — it's of no direct concern to readers of the Congee article — is that the article on the Mediterranean dish has been given the title Caldoso. This is a mistake. It should be "Arroz caldoso". "Caldoso" by itself just means soupy: the word standing by itself is not the name for any dish. This needs correction and is being addressed separately. I only mention it here to explain that the title can't be fixed without running into the problem that it will redirect to Congee! :=)

Please discuss, for I am about to raise these multiple issues at RfD. Ttocserp 10:00, 5 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I've started a move discussion at Talk:Caldoso. --Paul_012 (talk) 19:03, 6 June 2018 (UTC)

Origin of Congee vs Origin of Rice Porridge
Congee - because of the name - comes from India. However, the inclusion of 粥 or 稀飯 as "congee" implies that it is an adopted food from India to China. There is no evidence that "congee" migrated out of India and into China. Seeing that rice cultivation began in China and spread throughout Asia, it would call to reason that China would also be the originator of its own rice porridge. It could be that China and India both developed their own versions of rice porridge independently (this dish is one of the simplest in the book, as it is mostly water and rice at the core), but the Indian version of rice porridge became known to the Anglophone world via British colonization. Hence congee. SSS (talk) 17:47, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

Congee in Malaysia
I would hazard a guess that there's probably not many reputable English sources for this, but Malaysia also has its own unique congee/bubur that isn't found in Singapore or Indonesia: bubur lambuk, a spiced congee. It is commonly eaten to break the Ramadan fast. The most famous version of the bubur lambuk being bubur lambuk kampung baru, which is made by volunteers at Masjid Kampung Baru during Ramadan. Aiseeyah (talk) 14:28, 18 June 2021 (UTC)

Origins
The entry states that the dish has Indian origins. From what I understand, and as stated in the article itself, congee originated in China, not India. While the word, "congee" likely came from Tamil, the dish itself appears to be Chinese. Indeed, it is only known as "congee" in Hong Kong English. If you do a web search for congee restaurants, the results will invariably be Chinese (usually Hong Kong cuisine). The Indian dish, which is often sweet, is more like rice pudding than congee.

Similarly, the Japanese dish, which is cooked in 30 minutes, seems more like rice soup (e.g. American chicken rice soup) than congee or porridge. Thirty minutes is simply not enough time to break down the rice grains or release the starch (unless you use a pressure cooker).

Unfortunately, I'm not knowledgeable enough to do edits. If anyone agrees with me, please do the edits. In particular, the beginning section which states that the dish originated in India. As for whether a dish is more like rice soup, rice pudding or rice porridge/congee, that's opened to debate. Sdc100 (talk) 00:11, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

Bøl Jūk mâ
@B 36.37.207.219 (talk) 17:03, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

Bøl Jūk mâ
Bol Juk ma 36.37.207.219 (talk) 17:04, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Congee