text: User talk:129.120.32.53

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:129.120.32.53


text: Category:Health in Saudi Arabia

title: Category:Health in Saudi Arabia


text:
WCK

WCK may refer to:
 * Windward Caribbean Kulture, a Dominican band
 * Wick railway station, Scotland (CRS code: )
 * World Central Kitchen, a food aid organization
 * WCK, a radio station in Stix Baer & Fuller, a store in St. Louis, US
 * Wild Cartoon Kingdom, a defunct American magazine

title: WCK


text:
Gaigirgordub, Guna Yala

Gaigirgordub, called El Porvenir until July 1, 2016, is the capital of the Panamanian comarca (indigenous territory) of Guna Yala. The settlement is located on a small island and contains a landing strip, a museum (the Museo de la Nación Guna, or Museum of the Guna Nation), a hotel, government offices, and an artisans' cooperative. There is also a small beach.

title: Gaigirgordub, Guna Yala


text:
File:Glow-discharge-tubes.gif

Figure 1 shows what can happen when an electric current passes through a gas discharge tube. A number of visual phenomena may appear, depending on the gas pressure, voltage across the tube, tube length, gas type, and other factors. It should be noted that at the cathode (the source of electrons), the electron density is the same as at the anode.

Figure 2 shows a hypothetical "funnel-shaped" glow discharge tube, in which the cathode is much larger than the anode; the electron density increases towards the anode.

Figure 3 shows a spherical glow discharge tube. The cathode has become a "virtual cathode", and some the glow discharge phenomena have disappeared. The electron density at the anode is much greater than at the virtual cathode. Image created by Ian Tresman on July 13th, 2005, based on an images by Hannes Alfvén in his book Cosmic Plasma (1981), p.55

title: File:Glow-discharge-tubes.gif


text:
A Beautiful Lie

A Beautiful Lie is the second studio album by American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars, released on August 30, 2005 through Virgin Records. It was produced by Josh Abraham.

A Beautiful Lie differs notably from the band's self-titled debut album, both musically and lyrically. Whereas the eponymous concept album's lyrics focus on human struggle and astronomical themes, A Beautiful Lie's lyrics are "personal and less cerebral". It is the first to feature guitarist Tomo Miličević and the only one to feature bassist Matt Wachter, who left the band in 2007. The album produced four singles, "Attack", "The Kill", "From Yesterday", and "A Beautiful Lie"; of which three of those four singles managed to chart within the top 30 on the US Modern Rock chart, with "The Kill" and "From Yesterday" entering the top three.

A Beautiful Lie received positive reviews from music critics, many praising the album for diverging from the sound of the band's previous work. It has been stylistically described as post-hardcore, hard rock, alternative rock and emo. The success of the album had helped the band receive accolades for their singles such as "The Kill" and "From Yesterday".

History
A Beautiful Lie was recorded on four different continents in five different countries over a three-year period to accommodate lead singer Jared Leto's acting career. The album's title track, as well as three other songs, were composed in Cape Town, South Africa, where Leto was later met by his bandmates to work on the tracks. It was during this time that Leto conceived the album's title. Prior to this, the album was tentatively to be released under the title Battle of One. It was leaked onto peer-to-peer file sharing networks almost five months before its scheduled release; the version of the album that leaked was unmastered. Because of this, the band was forced to set back the album's release date.

To promote A Beautiful Lie, Thirty Seconds to Mars included the songs "Battle of One" and "Hunter" (originally performed by Björk) as bonus tracks. "Golden passes" were also included with three of the special versions of the album that entitled the buyer free entrance and backstage access to any Thirty Seconds to Mars show for the rest of their formation.

The original 2005 release of the album included the hidden track "Praying for a Riot" inside the song "A Modern Myth". Later releases of the album dropped the song.

A Beautiful Lie sold 21,000 copies in its first week of release in the US and has gone on to sell more than 1.2 million copies in the US alone.

Deluxe edition
On November 26, 2006, a special edition of A Beautiful Lie was released and features different artwork, a third bonus track (all versions have at least two); the UK version of the song "The Kill" entitled "The Kill (Rebirth)", and a DVD that features the music video for "The Kill", the making of the video for "The Kill", live performances and MTV2 moments involving the band.

Before production of the Deluxe Edition, the band requested that the members of the "Echelon" send in their names so that they could be thanked for their support over the years. As a result, the inside cover(s) of the Deluxe Edition contain a large list of printed fan names. In addition to this, the front cover contains a lenticular image consisting of the Mithra (phoenix) and the Trinity (skulls).

2007 re-release
A Beautiful Lie was re-released on November 26, 2007, following extensive touring throughout Europe, in an attempt to expose themselves to a larger audience. The re-release is essentially the same as the original release, although includes different artwork. The album was re-released in Ireland again in November 2007, the version contains the UK version of "The Kill" and a second bonus track, and an acoustic version of the song "A Beautiful Lie" recorded live on a radio session.

Critical reception
A Beautiful Lie received generally positive reviews from music critics. Jon Wiederhorn from Revolver noted that "intensity and passion clearly inform the textural hard rock of A Beautiful Lie," which "boasts echoing riffs, moody bass lines, and strong vocal melodies that evoke a radio-friendly mix of Staind, Nine Inch Nails, U2, and The Cure." Jaan Uhelszki of the San Francisco Chronicle described the album as "full of ferocious electronics, overcaffeinated guitar lines and anxious drumming paired with brainy, brittle but emotionally austere lyrics." Nylon magazine called it "an album that is digestible without losing the rough-around-the-edges appeal that the band's rapidly expanding fan base crave." Alternative Addiction commented that the band recorded "an album with a handful of very impressive tracks," beginning with "Attack", the first song on the record, which "soars sonically with processing mixed and forceful vocals."

Christa L. Titus from Billboard felt that the band "proved its potency" with songs like "The Kill", "Was It a Dream?", and "From Yesterday", and praised Leto's vocal ability by writing, "[he] alternates between cathartic shouts and a tantalizing croon that shows his capable vocal range." Kaj Roth from Melodic praised the sonic variety and summarized the record as "an impressive list of anthemic rock songs." Davey Boy of Sputnikmusic echoed this sentiment, writing that A Beautiful Lie "works well as an album due to greater variety". He also found the record "a more controlled effort" than the band's debut album 30 Seconds to Mars (2002). Kerrang! magazine called it a "great album to close your eyes and fall in to, an anthemic eruption of upfront emotion."

In a mixed review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic wrote that the "band floats out of time, inspired heavily by '90s alt rock but too clean, heavy, and facile to truly be part of that tradition, yet too indebted to the past to sound like part of the 2000s, either." He found the band "capable enough at shifting from tense quiet verses to piledriving, heavy choruses, but they borrow the worst habits from all their favorite groups, and then assemble them in insufferably earnest fashion, playing clichés as if they were revelations." Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone stated, "[d]espite some credible modern-rock tunes, Leto's self-involved myopia guarantees that his band's second disc is long on melodrama."

Accolades
At the Billboard Music Awards, "The Kill" and "From Yesterday" were nominated in the category of Modern Rock Single of the Year in 2006 and 2007, respectively. In 2007, A Beautiful Lie was named Best Album by Rock on Request. Thirty Seconds to Mars received the Kerrang! Award for Best Single in two consecutive years for "The Kill" and "From Yesterday" in 2007 and 2008. Metal Edge ranked A Beautiful Lie one of the top 10 albums of 2005. Melodic included it among the best albums of the year. Alternative Addiction ranked it at number six on their list of 20 best albums of the year. In 2009, Kerrang! listed A Beautiful Lie at number four on their list of the 50 best albums of the decade. The album was included in Rock Sound's 101 Modern Classics list at number 78.

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from A Beautiful Lie album liner notes.

Thirty Seconds to Mars
 * Jared Leto – vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Tomo Miličević – lead guitar, synthesizers, programming
 * Matt Wachter – bass guitar, keyboards
 * Shannon Leto – drums, percussion

Additional musicians
 * Miguel Atwood-Ferguson – viola on track 10
 * Caroline Campbell – violin on track 10
 * Steve Dress – strings contractor and double bass on track 10
 * Vanessa Freebairn-Smith – cello on track 10
 * Oliver Goldstein – additional synthesizer on tracks 1, 6–7
 * Neel Hammond – violin on track 10
 * Wataru Hokoyama – string arranger on track 10
 * Jeremy Rubolino – programming on track 12
 * Matt Serletic – piano on track 3

Production
 * Josh Abraham – production on tracks 1–10
 * Thirty Seconds to Mars – production; creative direction and design
 * Brian Virtue – production on tracks 3, 11–12; additional engineering; mixing and engineering on tracks 11–12
 * Ryan Williams – engineering; mixing
 * Brandon Belsky – assistant engineer
 * Tom Lord-Alge – mixing on track 1
 * Femio Hernandez – mixing assistant
 * Dave Riley – assistant engineer
 * Sean Geyer – assistant engineer
 * Brian Gardner – mastering
 * Sean Mosher-Smith – creative direction and design
 * Olaf Heine – photography
 * Gary Stiffelman – legal
 * Irving Azoff – management
 * Dian Vaughn – business management

title: A Beautiful Lie


text:
Chichica, Ngöbe-Buglé

Geography
Chichica is located in the Comarca (indigenous reservation) Ngäbe-Buglé in the Republic of Panama . Before the formation of the Comarca in 1997, Chichica was in the province of Chiriquí in the Republic of Panama. The Comarca is divided into three regions: Ňö Kribo, Nedrini, and Kadri. Each of these is divided into districts, and the districts are divided into corregimientos, or townships per the Panamanian system. Chichica is located in the region Kadri, District Münä, and corregimiento of Chichica.

The Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé is characterized by mountainous terrain, steep slopes, and generally nutrient poor soil with high rock content, all characteristics that make farming difficult. This is interesting because agriculture and subsistence farming are the main forms of work in the Comarca. On the Caribbean slope there is no dry season and tropical forest dominates the landscape; on the Pacific slope there is a windy dry season (December to April) and a wet season. As a result of increased seasonal variation, there are more localized geographies on the Pacific slope and vegetation consists of grasses mixed with tropical forest cover. Small perennial streams and larger rivers run on both sides of the continental divide and are used for bathing, laundry, and drinking. In the region most travel is done on foot or horseback, however in the community of Chichica year-round road access is available.

The topography of Chichica is dominated by ridges and valleys, where the concentration of population is along the ridges extending into the valleys. The main town of Chichica is more contiguous as neighborhoods expand or as older neighborhoods grow from water sources in the valleys toward the main ridge. To the North is the Cordillera, or central spine of mountains, that split Panama in North and South halves. To the South are the Pacific Ocean and the coastal plain – making Chichica in the Pacific slope climate. Chichica and its corregimiento does not touch the Cordillera or the Pacific Ocean, however these two topographical/geological formations play heavily into the climate, transportation, diet, and daily lives of the people of Chichica.

The city of Chichica is located 8.4 miles (13.5 kilometers) North of Tolé in direct line of travel. On roads, Chichica is 15.7 miles (25.2 kilometers) North of Tolé. Using public transportation, which can be picked up at the piquera, or bus stop, in Tolé, it takes between 45 minutes and 1 hour to reach Chichica. Using private transportation, which 4x4 is necessary, the time can be cut in half. Its primary road is oriented in a Southwesterly to Northeasterly direction on top of a ridge. The initial rise into Chichica from the river – Río Culebra – and stream – Quebrada Otoe – is Northwest to Southeast. Lastly, in the neighborhood of Cuatro Pinos, the road changes to a direct North/South orientation.

As you drive into Chichica from Tolé, the first neighborhood is El Retiero – which is located on the initial incline into Chichica, until the road changes to its SW/NE direction. At this point, there is a trail on your right that leads to the neighborhood of Cerro Plata – a 45 minute walk from the Chichica schools. As you continue forward into Chichica, the neighborhood of La Loma will be to your left, before you reach the store “La Tiendita.” La Loma continues down the hill and wraps behind the school where it meets up with the neighborhood of Las Naranjas. The main part of town that runs from “La Tiendita” to the Health Center is called Chichica Centro or just Chichica. Within that space, there is a small path that runs off to the right, in front of the Evangelical Church, to the neighborhood of La Jujuca. This neighborhood runs past the stream all the way to the large rock outcrop that looks over La Tinta Valley. This trail is also the primary trail to Las Tijeras.

Just after the Health Center, there is a nondescript trail on the left to the neighborhood of La Pita – previously called Los Mangos. When the road diverges for the first time, you have reached the neighborhood of Cuatro Pinos. This neighborhood continues on both roads and stops at the large hill that descends toward Cerro Grito and Peña Blanca. The center of Cuatro Pinos, where a piquera used to exist, is at the triangle of land that divides the road the second time. This division routes the road toward Peña Blanca or toward Cerro Algadón. Lastly, if you follow the road that diverges toward Cerro Algadón, you will descend into the town of Las Lajitas. There is some disagreement about Las Lajitas being its own city or a neighborhood of Chichica; however, the consensus that has been discovered is that Las Lajitas is not part of Chichica due to gathered census data from the Panamanian Government. The main disagreement is between the age groups – older people dividing the two towns and younger people grouping Las Lajitas as a neighborhood of Chichica. There is a confusion of boundaries as well because of the conjoined aqueduct system and a cultural center of Chichica that is located in Las Lajitas.

title: Chichica, Ngöbe-Buglé


text: User talk:199.246.158.2

title: User talk:199.246.158.2


text:
User talk:Germen/Archive

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  16:03, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * You're welcome! Hope you enjoy the place, and don't hestiate to ask if you have any questions. --Spangineer (háblame)  18:23, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Misuse of minor edits
Please be aware that you should not mark controversial edits such as reverts as minor edits. You should also comment all such edits clearly. Axon 17:15, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ma malakat aymanukum and Sex slavery
I am not going to revert again on Ma malakat aymanukum... I do not know enough about the issue and you do have a point although I think it needs some smoothing out. When you equate the ma malakat aymanukum to sex slavery there is a problem. The context is very different ans the ma malakat aymanukum are a product of war and have a means of getting freedom through sex/children. Also, there is the implication of forced sex... which, it is not clear is allowed with ma malakat aymanukum... sex is permissible but slavery implies a certain amount of control and force. You cannot directly equate the two like that. A link to the article with further explanation is needed to make the issue clear and not leave the reader thinking something that is not true. There is a link between the two... but ma malakat aymanukum is complex and should be fully explained on its own page, not as an equation with sex slavery. gren 13:23, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Gren, OK, I added a separate heading 'ma malakat amaynukum' as the concept is central in understanding sex slavery in islamic countries.

Hope this is alright. --Germen 14:01, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Umm, how you did that I think still oversimplifies and gives a biased view to anyone who doesn't read the full article. For instance, "allowed to have sex with" -- there are different forms of allowance... in terms of Mahram I am allowed to marry someone not in my family, but that doesn't mean it will be allowed by them or will happen.  Allowed (in terms of sex outside of marriage) can mean that the act is permissible, or it can be used to imply rape... that is a huge difference which is not fully explained in your little blurb. gren 23:48, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Vandal
Reverting POV and undiscussed edits made by you does not constitute Vandalism. --Irishpunktom\talk 14:48, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

3RR
Please be aware that Wikipedia has a rule called the Three-revert rule. The rule, essentially, maintains that a user can not make the same revert for the same article three times in 24 hours. This rule extends to parts of the same revert.

Just make sure you are aware of it, so it does not sneak up on you. --Irishpunktom\talk 15:06, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism/3RR
You keep using "vandalism" in edit summaries (and elsewhere) for things that are content disputes. Please read Vandalism, and only use this term when it is appropriate.

Also, you have been reported for violating the 3RR (see above). Please do not violate the 3RR - you can (and will) be blocked from editing for violating it. Noel (talk) 20:44, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Islamophobia
As has been stated above, reverting POV, uncited edits and undiscussed and poorly commented edits is not vandalism as we define it here. You have yet to provide any dicussions or citations for your inexplicable redefinition of islamophobia and your edits have not only been reverted by me but by other editors. Please note I have also listed you for breach of the 3RR again Axon 16:50, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

3RR
You've been reported for a 3RR violation at Islamophobia and have been temporarily blocked from editing. If you feel this block is unfair, feel free to e-mail me using the link on my user page. SlimVirgin (talk) 14:22, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

You've been reported for a 3RR violation at Islamophobia and have been temporarily blocked from editing. If you feel this block is unfair, feel free to e-mail me using the link on my user page. Jayjg (talk) 19:39, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Reverting
Germen, you've been reported three times and blocked twice recently for 3RR at Islamophobia. Directly after each block, an anon IP has turned up to revert to your version. I asked you by e-mail whether this was you, and you said it wasn't, but it happened again after your recent block, and the IP address resolved to the country you had e-mailed me from, a country not many editors on the English WP post from. This is to give you fair warning that if it happens again, whether the IP address resolves to that country or not, you and the IP may be blocked for another 24 hours for block evasion. I know it's frustrating when edits you regard as correct don't stick, but please try to gain consensus on the talk page, or try to get other editors involved rather than reverting so much. Cheers, SlimVirgin (talk) 14:36, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * SlimVirgin, as I told you by e-mail, I was not responsible for the reverts after my first block. Nevertheless, I did and do still consider this block partial and biased, as you blocked only me and not the team of my opponents which cooperated to press their POV. Are you Muslim as well?--Germen 1 July 2005 13:07 (UTC)

VfD tags
You are not allowed to remove someone else's Votes for deletion notice on top of a page you are editing. If you want to argue for the article to be kept, wait until the nominator has completed nominating the article by writing the reasons why they want it deleted, and add your keep vote (with reasons) below. David | Talk 10:15, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

This note was added without discussion. So I removed it. --Germen 10:17, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Anyone can nominate an article for deletion - they do not need to discuss it with the person who created the article. David | Talk 10:18, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

OK, I will solve the problem. --Germen 10:20, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * You've removed the notice again. This is considered vandalism and if you continue it, you may be blocked from editing. Please go to Votes for deletion/Prejudice (islam) and make your case there rather than removing the VfD tag from the article. David | Talk 10:27, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That is a lie. I did not remove the notice, I moved it. I would like to remind you of the 3RR rule.--Germen 10:30, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The notice must go above the page content: see WP:DP. David | Talk 10:34, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop moving the VfD tag for Prejudice (islam) from the top of the page. It is considered vandalism. David | Talk 10:42, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing. David | Talk 10:48, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

3RR
You have been reported. (unsigned from Germen)

 * The 3RR does not cover reverting vandalism. David | Talk 10:57, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Block
You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia by insisting on moving the VfD tag for Prejudice (islam) contrary to deletion policy. If you wish to make useful contributions, you are welcome to come back after the block expires. David | Talk 11:12, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Please see Undeletion_policy. There is no template. Thanks. -- BMIComp (talk) 18:00, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Germen/Archive


text:
July 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

July 14 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 16

All fixed commemorations below are celebrated on July 28 by Old Calendar.

For July 15th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 2.

Saints

 * Martyrs Cyricus (Quiricus) and his mother Julitta, of Tarsus (c. 305)
 * Martyr Lolianus, kicked to death.
 * Martyr Abudimus of the isle of Tenedos (4th century)
 * Saint Asiya the Wonderworker, of Tanis in Syria (5th century)
 * Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Great Prince Vladimir the Great (Basil in holy baptism), Enlightener of the Russian Land (1015)

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Saints Eutropius, Zosima and Bonosa, martyrs in Porto near Rome under Aurelian (c. 273)
 * Saints Secundinus, Agrippinus, Maximus, Fortunatus and Martialis, martyrs in Pannonia (4th century)
 * Saints Catulinus (Cartholinus), Januarius, Florentius, Julia and Justa, martyrs in Carthage in North Africa.
 * Saint Apronia (Evronie), the sister of Bishop Aprus of Toul, from whom she received the veil (sixth century)
 * Saint Felix of Pavia, a martyr in Pavia in Italy.
 * Saint Aeternus (Eternus), ninth Bishop of Evreux in France (c. 660)
 * Saint Donald of Ogilvy (c. 716) and his nine virgin daughters, nuns of Abernathy, Scotland.
 * Saint Benedict of Angers, Bishop of Angers in the west of France (c. 820)
 * Saint Adalard of Corbie, called the younger, he was a monk at Corbie in France (c. 824)
 * Saint Haruch, Bishop near Werden in Germany (c. 830)
 * Saint Athanasius of Naples, Bishop of Naples in Italy (872)
 * Saint Edith of Polesworth, Abbess of Polesworth in England and a sister of a King of England (c. 925)

Post-Schism Orthodox saints

 * Saint Zosima, monk, of Alexandrov, Vladimir (c. 1713)
 * Saint Job (Kundrya), Archimandrite, of Malaya Ugolka, Carpatho-Russia (1985)  (see also: October 9 - Uncovering of relics)

New martyrs and confessors

 * New Hieromartyr Vladimir, Archpriest of Lipsinsk.
 * New Hieromartyr Peter Troitsky, Deacon (1938)

Other commemorations

 * Translation of the relics (971) of St. Swithun, Bishop and Wonderworker, of Winchester (863)
 * Finding of the head of Saint Matrona of Chios (1462) (see also: October 20)
 * Synaxis of All Saints of Kiev.

title: July 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gerald Kagan

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was ALREADY SPEEDIED, but not by me. -Splash 01:54, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Gerald Kagan
Vanity --PhilipO 18:31, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Comment Seems like this user believed he was editing his User: page. --PhilipO 18:46, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy, blanked. Dcarrano 18:48, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy, my mistake. Gkagan 18:52, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy--Forig 12:01, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Date and walnut loaf

Date and walnut loaf is a traditional bread eaten in Britain, made using dates and walnuts. It is often made with treacle or tea to give it a dark brown colour.

Traditionally from Scotland, date and walnut loaf is still enjoyed in many tea rooms around the country. It is also enjoyed in cafes, bakeries and tea rooms in Australia, New Zealand and across the Commonwealth. Date bread was first recorded as a recipe in 1939, and now today is used to make holidays like Christmas and Thanksgiving a little more festive.

title: Date and walnut loaf


text:
Yuksom

Yuksom is a historical town, just 40 km north of Gyalshing city in the Gyalshing district in the Northeast Indian state of Sikkim. It was the first capital of Kingdom of Sikkim established in 1642 AD by Phuntsog Namgyal who was the first Chogyal (temporal and religious king) of Sikkim. The coronation site of the first monarch of Sikkim is known as the "Throne of Norbugang". Yuksom is where there is the Norbugang Chorten near the Norbugang throne, the place Namgyal was crowned and several monasteries and a lake. The dynastic rule of the Chogyal lasted for 333 years.

The Chogyal established the first monastery at Yuksom in Sikkim known as the Dubdi Monastery in 1701, which is part of Buddhist religious pilgrimage circuit involving the Norbugang Chorten, Pemayangtse Monastery, the Rabdentse ruins, the Sanga Choeling Monastery, the Khecheopalri Lake, and the Tashiding Monastery.

For the Bhutia community of Sikkim, Yuksom has special religious and cultural significance. It has a number of famous Buddhist monasteries and historical monuments as well as ancient Gorkhas small Village. Being at the head of the Khangchendzonga National Park and as the base camp for trekking to Mt. Khangchendzonga, it has large influx of mountaineers from all parts of the world. The village people, as stake holders in biodiversity preservation of the Rathong Chu valley, where the village is situated, have played a significant role in trendsetting and promotion of ecotourism in the area. The inhabitants of this village have most successfully adopted promotion of ecotourism not only in the region but also for other similar areas in Sikkim. Yuksom is thus considered a model village for eco-tourism.

Etymology
Yuksom literally means the "meeting place of the three learned monks" as three monks who came from Tibet selected Phuntsog Namgyal as the first King of Sikkim and gave him the title Chogyal. 'Chogyal' means "Religious King" or "the king who rules with righteousness". Yuksom is also one of the sacred landscape "Demazong" (meaning a valley of rice) of four religious sites blessed by Guru Padmasambhava, which are considered to be the four plexuses of the human body, and Yuksom symbolically represents the 'third eye'.

History
Buddhism was introduced to the state from Tibet as early as the 9th century. In Tibet, the struggle for power between the "Yellow hats" and the "Red hats" led to the latter migrating to Sikkim and converting the mild mannered local Lepchas to Buddhism. In the 13th century, relations between Sikkim and Tibet were cemented by a "Brotherhood treaty" signed between the Lepcha chief Thekong Thek and Tibetan prince Khe-Bhumsa at Kavi, in north Sikkim.

In 1641, Lama Lutsum Chembo travelled from Tibet to Denjong (meaning hidden country) now known as Sikkim to propagate the Buddhist religion. He was then joined by two other lamas, Sempa Chembo and Rinzing Chembo. The trinity of Lamas came from the Kham district in Tibet. Their primary aim was to perpetuate Tibetan hold on Sikkim and to propagate Buddhism in Sikkim. They assembled from different directions at Norbugang, which later came to be known as Yuksom. The area in the Rathong chu Valley at Narbugong was considered as blessed by the 9th century Guru Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche). In 1642 the Lamas went in pursuit of the fourth person, as the current three lamas represented three directions of North, South and West and Padmasambhava's vision had predicted the requirement for a fourth person from the east. Near present-day Gangtok, they found a man churning milk. He offered them some refreshments and gave them shelter. So impressed were they by his deeds that they realised that he was a chosen one. They also identified Phunstsog Namgyal's ancestral royal links with Tibet and decided that he was the right person to become the temporal and religious head of the region so brought him to Yuksom. They then crowned him at Norbugang near Yuksom as the temporal and religious king of Sikkim, with the title "Chogyal". The crowning took place at Norbugang on a pedestal set in stones, in a pine-covered hill, and he was anointed by sprinkling water from a sacred urn. At that time he was 38 years of age. He was a fifth generation descendant of Guru Tashi, a 13th-century prince from the Mi-nyak House in Kham in Eastern Tibet. The stone throne on which the coronation took place still stands and is known as the Throne of Norbugang.

Thereafter, the dynastic rule of Chogyals, propagation of the Buddhist religion and building of monasteries and chortens took firm roots in Sikkim. The Namgyal monarchy of 12 kings lasted from 1642 until 1975 (333 years). Tibetan Mahayana Buddhism known as Vajrayana sect was introduced, which ultimately was recognized as the state religion of Sikkim.

Geography and environment
Yuksom is a large village with a total area of 812.16 ha situated at an average altitude of 1780 m. It lies in a basin-like valley surrounded by mountain ranges. Located at the head of the Khangchendzonga National Park, it is the gateway to Mt. Kangchenjunga A popular mountaineering trek starts from Yuksom, which is well connected by a road network with Geyzing and Gangtok.

The climate in Yuksom, which is located at a moderate altitude, is pleasant from March to June and September to November, while in the winter season, the coldest months are December and February. The natural environmental setting of the town, ensconced amidst rich forests is further accentuated by its history, architecture and Buddhist legacy that evolved from the 17th century with Yuksom's establishment as the first capital of Sikkim. Situated at the head of Khangchenjunga National Park, the largest Protected Area in Sikkim, and at starting gate for the trekking trail to Mt. Khangchendzonga, Yuksom and its hills was named in the past as Ney-Pemathang for its beautiful landscape. The forest cover in the hills consist of broad-leaved oak, birch, maple, chestnut, magnolia, rhododendron, silver fir, ash and alder, which complement the epithet of "biodiversity hot-spot" given to Sikkim.

Administration
The first act that Phuntsog initiated after becoming the King was the conversion of the local Lepcha tribes to Buddhism and set about expanding his kingdom up to the Chumbi Valley in Tibet, parts of modern-day Darjeeling in the south, and parts of eastern Nepal. In this effort the three lamas also lent full support to him.

Phuntsog moved his capital to Yuksom and instituted the first centralised administration. The kingdom was divided into twelve Dzongs or districts under a Lepcha Dzongpon (governor) who headed a council of twelve ministers. During his reign Buddhism was consolidated as the established religion in Sikkim. He was succeeded by his son, Tensun Namgyal in 1670. However, the importance of Yuksum as capital ended when in 1670, Phuntsok Namgyal's son Tensung Namgyal, shifted the capital to Rabdentse.

At present, Yuksom is a heritage village in the Geyzing subdivision of West District of Sikkim. It is now an important tourist destination. It is also the starting point of the popular trek to Goechala (via Dzongri). It is the base camp of Himalayan Mountaineering Institute for treks to Mt. Khangchendzonga.

Demographics
Yuksom is a well established village; according to 2001 census, there are 364 households in the village inhabited by 1,951 persons. However, the visiting population of tourists far exceeds the permanent population as it is on the trekking route and is also as a religious centre for Buddhists. In the village, the Bhutias and the Nepalese constitute major communities, with the Bhutia community being the dominant ethnic group. However, the service and the trading sectors are dominated by people from the plains.

Economy and facilities
With the Himalayan trekking to Khangchendzonga mountain and the Khangchendzonga National Park, centred in the Yuksom town as the base camp, the economy of the town has now become tourism centric. Consequently, the Khangchendzonga Conservation Committee (KCC) located at Yuksom, with the village community as the stakeholders, with Forest Department acting as the chief coordinating agency, have planned several innovative programmes to promote ecotourism, concurrent with encouragement of local handicrafts.

The village has well established primary and secondary schools. There are three primary schools, one junior school and a senior secondary school. Basic amenities of primary health, potable drinking water, gas and electric supply, post and telegraph office are all well established. To meet the increasing tourist inflow, infrastructure facilities such as hotels guest houses and transportation have also developed, although with attendant concerns of effect on biodiversity and ecological preservation. The environment awareness level is also very high among the village community so much so that the village is now at the core of social activists. They keep a close watch on the environmental and economic conditions in the village.

The Yuksom-Dzongri trek is a popular high altitude trek along the Rathong Chu River in West Sikkim. The trek passes through dense forests, alpine lakes and terminates at the Khangchendzonga. An ecotourism impact study of this route has been carried out jointly by the Forest Department, the Mountain Institute and the Khangchendzonga Conservation Committee (KCC), which is based in Yuksom. Considering that this route has recorded large number of visitors (mostly from England, United States, Germany, France, Australia, Netherlands and Switzerland) in the period between 1990 and 2005 (more than doubled in this period of 15 years), two main trekking seasons of March to May and September to November with October being the peak month have been noted. However, the winter months of January and February are the lean months. Based on this study, innovative additional trek routes have been planned to encourage ecotourism all through the year. The additional packages suggested are the "Monsoon Magic" Alpine Treks and Subtropical Winter Treks, which would promote ecotourism economy with due consideration of the carrying capacity of the region.

Biodiversity festival
As sequel to the above efforts by the local community, a biodiversity festival was held at Yuksom, for one day, the first of its kind to be held in Sikkim (the second festival was held at Chungthong) by KCC, and the Forest Department of Government of Sikkim. The objective of the festival was to create awareness among the people of the villages to conserve cultural and natural heritage. This festival was attended by 200 villagers and also some foreign tourists. In the festival the focus was on pictorial exhibitions of the natural biodiversity setting and cultural heritage of the Rathong Chuu valley, the steps taken to preserve and conserve the biosphere, interest of ecotourism in the valley along the trek route Yuksom Dzongri through the Khangchendzonga National Park, diverse exhibits relating to medicine, paper making, horticulture, Khecheopalri Lake pollution and actions for its preservation, effects of deforestation and need to preserve forest wealth, measures for hill slope stability, energy efficient methods for cooking using local produce, garbage reduction, replacement and reuse, composting with biodegradable wastes, promoting traditional handicrafts and handlooms (carpets, sheep wool blankets, etc.). Puppet shows, music and local dance programmes also formed part of the festival.

Not only the biodiversity festival, even the Buddhist monasteries here are a part of Sikkim culture and are an attraction to tourists as well. The Tibetan Buddhist monastery, Dubdi Monastery, is located in the area and so is the smaller Mallu Monastery. Established in 1701,the Dubdi Monastery is the oldest monastery in Sikkim and is located at the top of a hill about an hour's walk from Yuksom. It was also known as the Hermit's Cell after its reclusive founder Lhatsun Namkha Jigme.

Films

 * Singalila in the Himalaya
 * Goecha La: In Search of Kangchenjunga by George Thengummoottil http://www.theindia.info/Goecha_La:_In_Search_of_Kangchenjunga Film speaks about Yuksum and Goecha La trekking in Sikkim

title: Yuksom


text: User talk:82.156.71.55

title: User talk:82.156.71.55


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/O-Pearl

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP: 5k, 2d. Counted brand-new author's vote since article clearly created in good-faith. -Splash 01:51, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

O-Pearl
Simple link and image without text. Questionable value PhilipO 18:32, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable erotic website/owner. Dcarrano 18:46, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep this is about a rather famous body modification actress. She is know for the size of her piercings as well as for how much weight you can hang from them.  The article does need a good cleanup, is clearly encylopedic.  Vegaswikian 06:02, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand (no pun intended). Agree with Vegaswikian. JamesBurns 08:36, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Vegaswikian. Poli (talk • contribs) 07:06, 2005 July 15 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep as per Vegaswikian. I was the one who created the article but wasnt' sure what to write. She is unique and well known in the piercing circles. SS goku 18:45, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep as long someone cleans up and expands, as noted above. Themindset 02:07, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/O-Pearl


text:
Love Gun

Love Gun is the sixth studio album by American hard rock band Kiss, released on June 30, 1977. Casablanca Records and FilmWorks shipped one million copies of the album on this date. It was certified platinum and became the band's first top 5 album on the Billboard 200. The album was remastered in 1997 and again in 2014.

Overview
Love Gun is the first Kiss studio album to feature a lead vocal performance from Ace Frehley, making it the first to feature lead vocal performances from all four band members. Before Love Gun was completed, a Gallup poll indicated that Kiss was the most popular band in the United States, beating Aerosmith, Led Zeppelin and the Eagles. On August 26, 27 and 28, 1977, Kiss recorded three shows at the LA Forum for their next release, their second live album Alive II.

The album cover was painted by fantasy artist Ken Kelly, who had previously contributed the cover for 1976's Destroyer. A cardboard "Love Gun" (assembly required) was included inside the album, along with a Kiss merchandise order form.

Recording
According to the diary of album engineer Corky Stasiak, Kiss entered the Record Plant to begin recording Love Gun on May 3, 1977 and completed it on May 28th, with their cover of “Then She Kissed Me” being the last song cut. He also notes that Ace didn’t join the others until May 9 and that many of the basic tracks were completed by Paul, Gene and Peter. Producer Eddie Kramer notes that, in addition to Ace lying on his back to sing “Shock Me,” he recalls recording Peter’s drums in a hallway and that while Gene is often quoted as playing the piano on “Christine Sixteen” himself, Kramer claims HE played the piano on the song, with Gene standing over him, coaching him to “play like a neanderthal.” Eddie and Alex Van Halen played on the demo of “Christine Sixteen” and Simmons insisted the band replicate the song note for note, including the lead solo.

Songs
"I Stole Your Love" Stanley has said the song "came quickly. It was influenced in some ways by the Deep Purple song 'Burn'.”

"Christine Sixteen" Then-unknown guitarist Eddie Van Halen and drummer Alex Van Halen played on the demo of this song, as well as "Got Love for Sale". The lyrics have a similar theme to "Goin' Blind" from Hotter than Hell; both songs involve older men lusting after underage girls. It was sampled by Tone Loc on "Funky Cold Medina".

"Shock Me" The song was inspired by an event that took place during Kiss's Rock and Roll Over tour when Frehley suffered an electric shock. On December 12, 1976, Kiss performed a concert at the Lakeland Civic Center in Lakeland, Florida. During the opening song, Frehley touched an ungrounded metal staircase railing. He was knocked backward, and the concert was delayed for 30 minutes. The show was eventually completed, and Frehley lost feeling in his hand for the remainder of the concert.

This was the first lead vocal that Frehley recorded. In his autobiography, he states that he originally intended for Gene Simmons to sing the song, but the bassist encouraged Frehley to try it himself. Frehley recorded his lead vocal part while lying on the floor of the studio because he liked the added pressure on his chest.

"Tomorrow and Tonight" The song was written to try to recapture the feeling of "Rock and Roll All Nite", but never reached the success of the aforementioned hit. A soundcheck recording of the song appears on Alive II. The song was never played live by the band until Kiss Kruise VII in November 2017.

"Love Gun" The title song has been played on every Kiss tour since its release. Stanley has cited it as the Kiss song he is the proudest of writing. It was the first song that he wrote, arranged, and produced in its entirety. The song shares many of its lyrics with "The Hunter", written by Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and originally recorded by Albert King in 1967. In his autobiography Face the Music, Stanley acknowledges the derivation: "I stole the idea of a 'love gun' from Albert King's version of 'The Hunter'." Both Led Zeppelin (as part of "How Many More Times") and Free, two big influences on Paul, recorded the song on their first albums in 1968.

"Plaster Caster" The song was inspired by Cynthia Plaster Caster, a former groupie famous for casting penises of famous rock musicians, such as Jimi Hendrix.

"Then She Kissed Me" The track is one of several gender-reversed covers of the Crystals' 1963 single "Then He Kissed Me".

Reissues
Love Gun was reissued for the first time in 1985. The reissue included the original artwork, and while it featured a plain sleeve the jacket still contained a reference for the original color sleeve. The first 10,000 pressings contained label errors: specifically, the third track of the 'A' side was listed as "Plaster Caster" but played as "Got Love for Sale", and the 'B' side track listings were completely out of order.

Love Gun was remastered and reissued in 1997 as part of the Kiss Remasters series.

It was remastered and reissued in a deluxe edition on October 28, 2014, with sleeve notes by Def Leppard's Joe Elliott and a second disc containing demos, live rarities, and a 1977 interview with Gene Simmons. All tracks on the second disc were previously unreleased, bar the demo of "Reputation", which had appeared on the compilation Kiss 40 a few months earlier. The three live tracks were recorded at the Capital Center in Landover, Maryland on December 20, 1977. "The potential for this to be the greatest deluxe edition of all time," noted music writer Geoff Barton, "is ruined by a too-clean remastering job – plus, if truth be told, a track that has dated badly in 'Christine Sixteen'."

Track listings
All credits adapted from the original release.

Personnel

 * Kiss
 * Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar, first guitar solo on "I Stole Your Love", bass on "Love Gun"
 * Gene Simmons – vocals, bass; rhythm guitar on "Christine Sixteen" and "Got Love for Sale"
 * Peter Criss – drums, vocals
 * Ace Frehley – lead guitar, vocals; all guitars and bass on "Shock Me"

 * Additional personnel
 * Eddie Kramer – keyboards on "I Stole Your Love", "Christine Sixteen", "Love Gun"
 * Tasha Thomas, Ray Simpson, and Hilda Harris − backing vocals on "Tomorrow and Tonight"
 * Jimmy Maelen – conga drums on "Almost Human"

 * Production
 * Eddie Kramer – producer, engineer
 * Corky Stasiak – engineer
 * Dennis Woloch – design
 * Ken Kelly – cover art
 * David Spindel – photography

title: Love Gun


text:
Berengaria of Portugal

Berengaria of Portugal (Berengária, Bengjerd; c. 1198 – 27 March 1221) was a Portuguese infanta (princess) and Queen of Denmark, by marriage to King Valdemar II. She was the fifth daughter of King Sancho I of Portugal and Dulce of Aragon. She was the mother of Danish kings Eric IV, Abel and Christopher I.

Life
Berengaria was the tenth of eleven children born to her parents. By the age of fourteen in 1212, Berengaria was an orphan; her father died in 1212, while her mother had died in 1198. In various annals and ballads she is called Bringenilæ, Bengerd, Bengjerd and related forms.

Marriage
Berengaria was introduced to King Valdemar through his sister, Ingeborg, the wife of King Philip II of France, another of her cousins; she was by that time at the French court, having left Portugal with her brother Ferrante in 1212.

Old folk ballads say that on her deathbed, Dagmar of Bohemia, Valdemar's first wife, begged the king to marry Kirsten, the daughter of Karl von Rise and not the "beautiful flower" Berengaria. In other words, she predicted Berengaria's sons' fight over the throne would bring trouble to Denmark, although this is merely legend and there is no historical proof of this.

Queen
Valdemar's first wife, Dagmar of Bohemia, had been immensely popular, blonde and with Nordic looks. Queen Berengaria was the opposite, described as a dark-eyed, raven-haired beauty.

The Danes made up folk songs about Berengaria and blamed her for the high taxes Valdemar levied, although the taxes went to his war efforts, not just to his wife. The great popularity of the former queen made it difficult for the new queen to gain popularity in Denmark. She is noted to have made donations to churches and convents. Berengaria was the first Danish queen known to have worn a crown, which is mentioned in the inventory of her possessions (1225).

In 1221 Berengaria, after giving birth to three future kings, died in childbirth. Queen Berengaria is buried in St. Bendt's Church in Ringsted, Denmark, on one side of Valdemar II, with Queen Dagmar buried on the other side of the King.

Legacy

King Valdemar's two wives play a prominent role in Danish ballads and myths – Queen Dagmar as the soft, pious and popular ideal wife and Queen Berengaria (Bengjerd) as the beautiful and haughty woman.

Issue

 * Eric IV of Denmark (1216–1250), King of the Danes (1241–1250)
 * Sophie (1217–1247), married John I, Margrave of Brandenburg
 * Abel of Denmark (1218–1252), King of the Danes (1250–1252)
 * Christopher I of Denmark (1219–1259), King of the Danes (1252–1259)
 * Stillborn child (1221)

title: Berengaria of Portugal


text:
Talk:Toht

In one of the Indiana Jones comics by Marvel, Indy encounters Toht's sister. I don't remember, but I think when she mentions her brother, she also mentions his name. It's not official but it's as official as it can go. Anyone knows about it? Pictureuploader 18:34, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toht


text:
WOI (AM)

WOI (640 kHz) – branded Iowa Public Radio – is a non-commercial AM radio station licensed to Ames, Iowa, and serving the Des Moines metropolitan area. Owned by Iowa Public Radio, it is a listener-supported public radio station airing a news and talk format. WOI 640 is the flagship station for Iowa Public Radio's News Network, affiliated with NPR, Public Radio International and the BBC World Service. Its transmitter is located at a two-tower array off Zumwalt Station Road near Y Avenue, southwest of Ames.

By day, WOI is powered at 5,000 watts using a single non-directional antenna. Due to its low transmitting frequency and Iowa's flat land (with near-perfect ground conductivity), its daytime footprint is equivalent to that of a full-power FM station, providing at least secondary coverage to almost all of Iowa-as far east as Cedar Rapids and as far west as Sioux City. Its secondary signal also covers portions of Minnesota, Nebraska, Missouri and South Dakota. Its daytime coverage area is similar to that of central Iowa's most powerful AM station, 50,000-watt WHO. But 640 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A KFI in Los Angeles. To avoid interference, WOI reduces power at night to 1,000 watts, with power fed to both towers in a directional pattern that pushes the signal to the east, concentrating it in the Des Moines and Ames areas. Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator K284CN at 104.7 MHz.

Historically, WOI is one of the oldest radio stations in the United States, having begun experimental transmissions in 1911.

Historical broadcasts
The history of WOI can be traced back to 1911. "Dad" Hoffman, a physics professor at what was then Iowa State College, installed a transmission line between the Campus Water Tower and the Engineering Building and set up a wireless telegraph station. By 1913, this was known as experimental station 9YI and it was sending and receiving weather reports by Morse code on a regular basis.

The first sound broadcast was an hour of concert music on November 21, 1921. The Commerce Department issued a full radio license to WOI in April 1922. The first regular broadcast took place on. The original call sign 9YI is now W0YI and is retained by the ISU Campus Radio Club, with the amateur radio station in the Electrical Engineering building.

WOI may be the oldest fully licensed non-commercial station west of the Mississippi River. Sister station WSUI, founded by the University of Iowa in Iowa City, also began telegraph transmissions in 1911 and also has claims to being the earliest educational station west of the Mississippi. Other Midwestern universities also started stations in the 1910s: the University of Minnesota's KUOM in 1912, St. Louis University's WEW also in 1912 and the University of Wisconsin's WHA in 1915.

Farm reports and sports
The first regular programming on WOI was farm market reports gathered by ticker tape and Morse code, broadcast throughout the state. Another early staple was sporting events by Iowa State's athletic teams. In 1925, "The Music Shop" aired for the first time. One of the longest-running programs in the history of radio, it moved to WOI-FM in the 1970s before going off the air in 2006. In 1927. another longtime favorite, "The Book Club" was added; it also aired until 2006.

On December 1, 1949, Iowa State launched an FM sister station to WOI 640, WOI-FM at 90.1 MHz. WOI-TV was subsequently launched in 1950 as the first television station in central Iowa. It was also the first commercial TV station owned by an educational institution. It was affiliated with all four networks at the time: CBS, NBC, ABC and the Dumont Network. It became solely an ABC affiliate in 1955. WOI-TV was sold by the Iowa Board of Regents on March 1, 1994; the station is now owned by Tegna.

NPR affiliate
WOI-AM-FM became a charter member of National Public Radio (NPR) when it began its regular schedule of afternoon news program All Things Considered in 1971.

Today WOI's programming consists of both NPR and locally produced talk shows along with local news reports and BBC news updates. The classical music of the early years migrated exclusively to 90.1 WOI-FM in the 1960s. When the radio services of Iowa's state universities were merged into Iowa Public Radio in 2004, WOI became the flagship of IPR's Operations and IT services.

title: WOI (AM)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Demunican Party

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedy Delete as nonsense. Deletion carried out by Tony Sidaway. A и D я 01D TALK  EMAIL  04:00, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Demunican Party
Nominated for deletion because I can't find any record of this party existing (despite the fact that the article's believable enough internally). I tried searching for anarchists in West Paris but had little luck. I think it's a fake. Jwrosenzweig 18:35, 13 July 2005 (UTC) (Note: Please forgive any formatting errors here -- I haven't vfd'd something in months.)

Although I am not a user on Wikipedia I live in Paris and have heard rumors of such a party, however it is very low key. I am surprised to see an article on Wikipedia about it and believe that it is important that it remains on. -In-hawn Yeo Having lived in Paris for a considerable amount of time and being immersed in the french culture for a considerable period of time i can verify the existence of the Demunican Party or more precisely that it is rumored that a party that goes by that name does exist. However there is no existing proof of who actually is a member and hence due to the lack of knowledge regarding them there are no mainstream articles available.- Cormac Vizzard
 * Can you provide any news clippings about the party? If it's an actual organization, that would almost certainly change my position -- as it is, I can't find one site on the Internet that mentions "Demunich Gum", the alleged founder of the party, nor can I find "Demunican" used as a word in any context. Is it possible it's spelled in another way? Jwrosenzweig 18:43, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I live in France and I think I have seen one of the minor parties named Demunican on a list. Although this shall be soon verified as to see if it really does exist, from what I have found so far from past achieves, there are traces of its existence. It would seem that there is a distinct connection between one of the german parties hence questioning its origin. Could it be that the Demunican party is related to Demunication that is a currently a small but influencial movement that is being issued in Paris? - Seijin Oh

I am also not a user of Wikipedia but as Mr Yeo, I am also familiar with the party and its whereabouts. I am a resident of the neighbourhood of Passy and come into contact with the headquarters (located on the corner of Rue Beethoven and Rue Chardin). It seems to be very popular with the youths of the nearby schools, but as far as I can tell, it was founded in 2002 and would most probably qualify as a "One Member Party" as described in the article concerning the French Political Parties. It seems to be low key more than anything, and thus would be widely unknown as I doubt their base is strong enough for any actual Political action as

believe the term party is a glorification of their existance...more like hooliganism with ideals...but then again what is else is a revolution...but it is true they do exist...their most famous appearance was at the St. Lazare metro station where in 5 minutes like a swarm of ants they tore down every piece of advertising in the station and dissapeared...again there is no positive proof to say it was them as officially they don't even exist...but being a journalist in this city you learn things most others don't and I would be willing to wager that it was none other than the Demunicans Who is to say what type of knowledge is notable or not. Isnt the very purpose of an encyclopedia to gather information from as many different resources as humanly possible in order to further our knowledge and understanding of the world we live in today. The fibre that separates an internet encyclopedia from one in binding is that here space is limitless causing knowledge to be limitless and the thirst for knowledge to be perpetual. Hence those for the deletion of this article should think once more about what they are truly asking for and should learn to see the world from outside the claustrophobic environment they choose to inhabit.
 * Well as I study political sciences at Sorbonne I continuously hear about different low-key parties with few members that one can not hear about via the internet. This is the first such group I hear of, and I believe it is important to leave the article on as it will most likely encourage the other small political parties of Paris to make themselves more public rather than remain private and exclusive clubs. It would also greatly aid my research project on such groups, so would you please let the article remain on Wikipedia. -In-hawn Yeo
 * Gentlemen (or ladies), thank you for your comments, but you don't seem to know about Wikipedia's policy of Verifiability. Unless you can produce reference to this political organization in published books, news media, or some other independent and reliable source, we can't leave it up.  If you know it's been mentioned in newspapers, post some links so we can see that.  If you don't, it doesn't matter how many people believe the party exists, we can't keep the article up. Jwrosenzweig 19:14, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Fortunately I was able to find an article I was looking at about these so called "Demunicans" and I have scanned it and uploaded it to my yahoo webpage. Hopefully this will verify their existence. demunican
 * Delete. Political parties unverifiable except from geocities pages don't belong in Wikipedia.--Scimitar 20:41, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even if it actually exists as a one-member party, it is not sufficiently notable for
 * Delete*Deleteinclusion.Martg76 21:23, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable, and probably not notable if verified. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  21:25, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonverifiable, possible hoax. -- BD2412 talk 23:36, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverified. Scan looks like it's from a really old newspaper, not something recent, but I can't understand French so ?. --Etacar11 00:56, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh for heaven's sake. This is obvious tosh, so I speedied it. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 01:19, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Comendador, Dominican Republic

Comendador is the capital of the Elías Piña province of the Dominican Republic. It has a border crossing to the Haitian town Belladère.

Population
The municipality had, in 2012, a total population of 43,894. In this numbers are included the population of the municipal district Sabana Larga.

History
The city was named after its founder, the "Comendador of Lares" (Comendador was the chief of a military or religious order) but on 29 November 1930 it was changed to Elías Piña. By the Law 342 of 29 May 1972 the city was named again Comendador.

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.

title: Comendador, Dominican Republic


text: Category:Health in the United States

title: Category:Health in the United States


text:
Dunstable, New Hampshire

Dunstable, New Hampshire was a town located in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. It has been divided into several current cities and towns, including Nashua, Hollis, Hudson, Litchfield, and Merrimack.

The town was originally part of a larger town of Dunstable, Massachusetts, when Massachusetts stretched from Rhode Island up to Maine. The original tract of land was bisected by the Merrimack River, an important route for the lucrative fur and log trade. Dunstable was incorporated as a township in 1673. On July 3, 1706, during Queen Anne's War, tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy raided the town, killing nine while seven of the natives were killed.

When the New Hampshire-Massachusetts border was surveyed and adjusted in 1741, the northern part of the town was determined to be in New Hampshire, and was incorporated as a New Hampshire town in 1746. Both the northern New Hampshire half and the southern Massachusetts half prospered, and various villages were formed along the Merrimack, but also along Salmon Brook, the Nashua River, Pennichuck Brook, and the Souhegan River, which also ran through the tract.

Over the years, other towns were formed from parts of the original area on both sides of the state line, and in 1836 the remaining part that still bore the name of "Dunstable, New Hampshire" was renamed "Nashua", after the name of the river that flowed into the Merrimack at the location then referred to as "Indian Head". Six years later Nashua split into "Nashville" and "Nashua", but in 1853 they rejoined and became the "City of Nashua". The name Nashville is preserved in the city's Nashville Historic District, and the name Dunstable can still be found in the streets "New Dunstable Road", "Main Dunstable Road", and "East Dunstable Road".

title: Dunstable, New Hampshire


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Jimaní

Jimaní is the capital and the second largest city of the Independencia Province of the Dominican Republic. It serves as one of the two main border crossings to Haiti (with Dajabón), with a duty-free open-air marketplace operating on the border with Haiti. The town suffered damages in the flash flood of May 25, 2004, which killed many citizens during the night and washed away hundreds of homes.

History
The name "Ximani" is of native Taíno origin. Historian Rafael Leonidas Pérez y Pérez in his book "Annotations on the history of Jimaní", says that Ximani was a Cacique of the chieftainship of Xaragua who had control of the town that lied in the middle of the two lakes, Lake Enriquillo and Lake Azuei, as well as the pass that leads to Pic la Selle making it a strategical and important part of the island. The name "Ximaní" is recognized when the Spaniards signed a peace agreement with the natives through Enriquillo at "the Lagoon of Ximaní" in 1536.

Another version claims the name belongs to a French Count (Count of Jimaní). General Paul Decayette, the Conde de Jimani and member of the Court of Faustin Soulouque, invades through the north. He is confronted and beaten by the Dominican army in Sabana Larga near the town of Dajabón. The exact date was January 24, 1856. With this victory the Dominicans put an end to the 12 years Dominican-Haitian War, one of the longest wars of independence in the Western Hemisphere (though with intermissions). Pérez y Pérez clarifies however that this official, was called "of Jimani" because of him having owned that land, which was awarded to him during the expansion of the French occupation. The historian argues that the French did not occupy the west side of the island, particularly that territory, until the mid 18th century.

By the time of the Dominican War of Independence, Jimani was practically deserted with most of the fighting taking place in Neiba. After the independence of 1844 the earliest inhabitants of Jimaní came from various communities of the southwest, such as Neiba, Duvergé, El Estero, Las Salinas, Azua de Compostela, Santa Cruz de Barahona, and Haitian immigrants from the mountains that married or had common-law marriages with Dominicans, forming families in the most populous neighborhood of the community, known as Jimaní Viejo. By the 1930s Jimaní belonged to Neiba and in 1938 it became part of the commune of La Descubierta, forming a part of the Province of Baoruco.

On the 18 of March 1943, by means of the law number 229, Jimani was elevated to municipal district. On December 29, 1948, the province of Baoruco was split into two provinces, the west side receiving the name of Independence Province. On January 1, 1950, Jimani officially became the Capital of the new province Independencia.

Climate
Lying in a valley in the rain shadow of the northeast trade winds, Jimaní has a hot semi-arid climate with relatively constant temperatures throughout the course of the year. Annual rainfall is bimodal, peaking in May and October; the dry season occurs from December through February.

Economy
Agriculture and commerce with Haiti represent the main economic activities of this municipality. In agriculture the main products are cassava, batata, melon, peppers, cilantro and tomatoes.

Jimaní has a popular duty-free open-air marketplace with Haiti that is also visited by people from adjoining towns and even from distant regions of the country. In this market, basic food products are sold, as well as foreign beverages, clothes, shoes, and new and used electrical appliances.

The customs zone of the border is called "The Door" and it is visited by foreign tourists that come to observe the dynamics of the business and intercultural and interracial relation between Dominicans and Haitians.

The municipal City Hall receives monthly RD$1,000,000 as mandated by the General Law of Budget, through the Dominican Municipal League. The authorities of the City Hall estimate the internal tax collection to be about $15,000 monthly.

The municipal districts El Limón and Boca de Cachón receive monthly $500,000 each one, from the transfer ordered by the law through the Dominican Municipal League.

There are two financial institutions in Jimaní. A branch office of the Reserve Bank and a branch office of the Cooperative of Savings and Credit of Neiba (Coopacrene).

Education
There are six basic schools with two daily schedules and four public high schools, three of them for adults.

Health
The municipality has a municipal hospital and four rural clinics or hospitals. The majority of the Jimanisenses prefer to seek medical attention in the Regional University Hospital Jaime Mota of Barahona.

Culture and religion
Jimaní is mostly Catholic. Local holidays are celebrated March 19, in honor of their Saint San José. A carnival is being added to the Patronal Feast, to expand the celebration. Also being instituted is the celebration of a Cultural Week each year, in memory of the flood that destroyed a big part of the population in May 2004.

As a historic-cultural monument, Jimaní conserves intact and conditioned the "Mansion of Trujillo", one of many the dictator built in the border region, although he never spent the night in this particular one.

Public works
Local governments have carried out different works for the community, such as the reconstruction and restructuring of the municipal cemetery, the reconstruction of street gutters, rehabilitation of electric lighting in the urban area and in the sector of Tierra Nueva. There are also ongoing projects to enlarge the aqueduct network for the neighborhoods of La Cu and El Cerro.

Organizations
In Jimaní there are several community associations. For example, in each of the towns that conform the municipality there is an Association of Farmers as well as an Association of Mothers.

There is also a Lions Club, the Association of Minibuses Jimaní-Barahona, a committee that represents the Association of "Jimanisenses" in Massachusetts, US, a technical team of World Vision, Fundasur (Foundation of the South) and Conani (the National Council for Childhood and Adolescence).

title: Jimaní


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Political Party of Radicals

The Political Party of Radicals (Politieke Partij Radikalen, PPR) was a Christian-radical and green political party in the Netherlands. The PPR played a relatively small role in Dutch politics and merged with other left-wing parties to form GreenLeft (Dutch: GroenLinks) in 1991.

Before 1968
The foundation of the PPR is linked to formation of the De Jong cabinet and the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).

After the 1967 general election, it became clear that a centre-right cabinet would be formed by the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and Christian Historical Union (CHU), the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Progressive forces within the KVP and ARP had hoped for the formation of a centre-left cabinet with the Labour Party (PvdA) without the participation of the CHU and the VVD.

In March 1967, a group of "regret voters" (ARP-members who regretted voting ARP) published an advertisement in the Protestant newspaper Trouw, aimed at the leadership of the ARP: they claimed that the left-wing, so called "evangelically radical", ideal of the ARP could not be realised in a cabinet with the VVD. In April, the group began to meet regularly with dissidents from the KVP in the Hotel Americain, this gave the group the name "American Group". The group included Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman, prominent ARP politician, his son Bas de Gaay Fortman, Jo Cals, former KVP prime minister, and Ruud Lubbers, member of the KVP and future prime minister. In May, the group became a formal organisation, the Working Group Christian Radicals, which was oriented at making their mother parties more progressive. They had some success in the KVP, which was seeking new allies and a new image, after it had lost the 1967 general election.

In February 1968, the leaders of the KVP, Norbert Schmelzer, ARP, Barend Biesheuvel and CHU, Jur Mellema made a public appearance, stating that the three parties wanted to work together more closely. The co-operation would eventually lead to the formation of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) in 1974. With that appearance, the hopes of the Christian Radicals within the KVP that a progressive alliance with the Labour Party would be formed were shattered.

1968–1977
On 27 April 1968, part of the group of Catholic radicals left the KVP and formed the Political Party of Radicals (PRP). Prominent radicals, like Lubbers and Cals, did not join the party. A group of radical KVP MPs led by Jacques Aarden left the KVP parliamentary party and formed their own group-Aarden, the parliamentary party of the PPR. The party is joined by some prominent "regret-voters" from the ARP, most prominently Bas de Gaay Fortman.

The party began to co-operate closely with the Labour Party (PvdA), the newly founded Democrats 66 (D66) and initially with the left-wing Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP) in the so-called Progressive Accords (PAK). The parties proposed common election manifestos and formed a shadow cabinet. The PSP left the alliance before the negotiations ended, because the alliance was not socialist enough. The PPR participated in the 1971 general election as part of the PAK. The PPR won only two seats, while the PAK wins only 52 seats, a third of parliament. Jacques Aarden led the party in parliament. Some prominent members left the PPR, because they think the party has failed. The Biesheuvel cabinet was formed by the ARP, KVP, CHU, VVD and the Democratic Socialists '70.

In the 1972 general election, the parties tried again. The PAK now won 56 seats and the PPR 7. Former ARP-politician Bas de Gaay Fortman led the party in the elections. A continuation of the Biesheuvel cabinet, which fell within one year is excluded. The only possibility is a centre-left government with the PAK parties and the Christian democratic parties. The PAK parties refuse this possibility and want to form a PAK minority cabinet. A compromise is found in the progressive Den Uyl cabinet, an extra-parliamentary cabinet composed out of PvdA, D66 and PPR and progressive individuals from the ARP and the KVP, including former Radicals such as Lubbers and Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman. The PPR supplied two ministers, Harry van Doorn Minister for Culture, Recreation and Social Work, and Boy Trip, Minister without Portfolio for Science and one state secretary, Michel van Hulten, for Transport, Public Works and Water Management. The fact that the PPR was co-operating with the ARP and KVP, which many members of the party had just left led to considerable upheaval within the party. The party congress adopted a resolution stating that the party would not co-operate with these parties in the next cabinet.

1977–1989
Before the 1977 elections, Bas de Gaay Fortman was replaced as political leader by Ria Beckers. The election results were especially disastrous: the party lost four seats: this is attributed to the political competition between PvdA Prime Minister Joop den Uyl and his Christian Democrat competitor Dries van Agt, which caused many PSP-sympathisers to vote for Den Uyl, and also the anti-KVP/ARP resolution adopted by the congress, which made serious participation in cabinet impossible.

In 1979, following the first direct elections to the European Parliament, the PRP was involved with the Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties (CEGRP) and its unsuccessful efforts to create a single pan-European platform for green and radical politics.

In the early 1980s, the placement of American nuclear weapons became an important political issue. The PPR was involved in the organisation of national demonstrations against nuclear weapons and more than 80% of the members of the PPR attended one of the two mass protests against the placement nuclear weapons of 1981 and 1983.

The party began to debate its political course: some members (known as the Godebald-group) wanted to continue co-operation with the PvdA. Many of the party's founders and former ministers, such as Erik Jurgens were part of this group. Others wanted to co-operate with the Pacifist Socialist Party and the Communist Party of the Netherlands. They were called the Wageningen Group. Another group wanted to reform the party's course and continue as an independent Green party: Bas de Gaay Fortman and former Provo and Kabouter Roel van Duijn were important exponents of this group. At the party congress of 1981 the party voted on these options, which were colour-coded: the Red option (cooperation with the PSP and CPN), the Blue option (co-operation with the D66 and the PvdA) and the Green option (independent green party). An alliance was struck between the Reds and Greens. The party decided to break its alliance with D66 and the PvdA and try to form an alliance with the PSP and CPN, which would have a strong green identity. In the 1981 general election it kept its three seats. After the elections a CDA/PvdA/D66 cabinet was formed – a continuation of the Den Uyl cabinet without the PPR. The cabinet fell after several months in the subsequent 1982 election where the party lost one seat. In 1985 CDA-dissident Stef Dijkman joined the PPR parliamentary party. He had split from the CDA in 1983 together with Nico Sholten, who joined the PvdA parliamentary party.

In the 1980s, the cooperation between PPR, CPN and PSP began to take shape. The parties co-operated mainly in municipal and provincial elections and legislatures, because a higher percentage of votes is necessary to gain seats in such elections. In the 1984 European election the PPR, CPN and PSP formed the Green Progressive Accord that entered with one list in the European elections. They won one seat, which rotated between the PSP and PPR. Party-members also met each other in grassroots extraparliamentary protest against nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Both the PSP and CPN were unwilling to co-operate intensively with the PPR, which was slightly larger in seats and which they saw as a non-socialist party.

After 1989
In 1989, the PSP initiated talks with the PPR and the PSP. Their initiative was supported by an open letter from members of trade unions, environmental movements and the arts which called for one progressive formation to the left of the PvdA. After long negotiations, which were pressured by the fall of the second Lubbers cabinet and the subsequent earlier elections, the party entered in the 1989 general election as part of GreenLeft. They were joined by the Evangelical People's Party (EVP). Ria Beckers was top candidate and she became chair of the GreenLeft parliamentary party. In 1991 the PPR dissolved itself into GreenLeft when GreenLeft became a formal political party. In the same year, GreenLeft's only MEP, former PPR-chair, Verbeek announced that he would not give up his seat in the European Parliament, to allow a former member of the PSP to enter the European Parliament. He would continue as an independent and would be top candidate for The Greens in the 1994 European election, without success.

The PPR left a considerable mark on GreenLeft. In particular the green, environmentalist ideals of the PPR still play an important role.

Name
The name "Political Party of Radicals" referenced the origin of the party, it was founded by the so-called Christian Radicals: progressive Catholics. Because they wanted to open their party to all Christians as well as to non-Christians, the dropped the reference to Christianity in their name.

Ideology and issues
The party did not have a manifesto of principles, instead election manifestos which addressed current issues guided the party's behaviour.

Although the party had Christian roots, it denounced a direct relationship between religion and politics. The party can be seen as an early green party with a post-materialist agenda consisting of environmental protection, third world development, nuclear disarmament, democratisation of the economy and grass roots democracy. The party favoured the implementation of a basic income.

During its existence, the party changed from a Christian ally of the Labour Party (PvdA) with its roots in the Catholic trade union movement to a party on the left of the PvdA with links to the environmental movement. Several decisions were important in this, but especially the 1981 congress in which the party decided not to cooperate, but try to found a political alliance left of the PvdA with a green program.

Representation
This table the PPR's results in elections to the House of Representatives, Senate, European Parliament and States-Provincial, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter, is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election, these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. It also possible that the leader of the PPR is a member of cabinet, therefore its participation in cabinets is also listed: if the PPR was in cabinet the highest ranking minister is listed. The membership of PPR and the party chair is also represented.

* : Group Van Aarden, who split from the Catholic People's Party in 1968; no formal ties with the PPR. ** : elected on combined PvdA/PPR lists (estimate). *** : elected on combined PPR/CPN/PSP or PPR/PSP lists (estimate). **** : joined by group Dijkman. ***** : cooperating in GreenLeft parliamentary parties.

Municipal and Provincial Government
The PPR supplied several municipal and provincial councillors. In the 1970s it also cooperated in the North Holland provincial executive and in several local executives such as Amsterdam.

In the following figure one can see the election results of the provincial election of 1982 per province. It shows that the support for the party was distributed equally throughout the country, with a slight tendency to the West (North, Utrecht and South Holland) and South (Brabant and Limburg).

* : elected on combined PvdA/PPR lists (estimate). ** : elected on combined PPR/CPN/PSP or PPR/PSP lists (estimate).

Electorate
The PPRs electorate consisted of young, well educated voters, who often had a Catholic or Protestant background. The electorate was slightly more concentrated in the West (North, Utrecht and South Holland) and South (Brabant and Limburg).

Organisational structure
The highest organ of the PPR was the Congress. It convened once every year. It appointed the party board and decided the order of candidates on electoral lists for the House of Representatives, Senate and European Parliament and had the final say over the party program.

Linked organisations
The PPR published its own magazine which was called Radicals Paper (Dutch: Radikalenkrant) between 1968 and 1973 and 1982 and 1990 and PPR Action Paper (Dutch: PPR aktiekrant; PPRAK) between 1973 and 1981.

The PPRs youth was organised in the Political Party of Radicals Youth (Dutch: Politieke Partij Radicalen Jeugd; PPRJ) In 1991 the PPRJ merged into DWARS GreenLeft youth.

In the 1980s the scientific institute of the PPR cooperated strongly with the scientific institutes of the PSP and CPN. They published De Helling together since 1987. The Rode Draad was published since 1985 it was a magazine for municipal and provincial councillors of both the PSP, PPR and CPN.

International cooperation
Since 1979 the party cooperated with other Green and left-wing parties in organisations like Grael, which later became the European Green Party.

Relationships to other parties
Cooperation has been an important theme for the PPR as the party was founded as party of left-wing Christians who wanted to cooperate with the PvdA, which later became committed to forming a political alliance left of the PvdA.

Between 1971 and 1977 the relations with PvdA and Democrats 66 were especially close. The three parties formed the core of the Den Uyl cabinet. After the elections of 1977, when the PPR lost a lot of seats, and 1981 when the PPR was excluded from the second Van Agt cabinet.

The relations with the CPN and PSP started out badly, as the CPN and the PSP saw the party as a reformist, non-socialist party. After 1981 when the PPR had committed itself to extra-parliamentary protest the relations with the reforming CPN and PSP became better. In 1989 this resulted in the formation of the GreenLeft

title: Political Party of Radicals