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Bulk cargo

Bulk cargo is commodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities.

Description
Bulk cargo refers to material in either liquid or granular, particulate (as a mass of relatively small solids) form, such as petroleum/crude oil, grain, coal, or gravel. This cargo is usually dropped or poured, with a spout or shovel bucket, into a bulk carrier ship's hold, railroad car/railway wagon, or tanker truck/trailer/semi-trailer body. Smaller quantities can be boxed (or drummed) and palletised; cargo packaged in this manner is referred to as breakbulk cargo. Bulk cargo is classified as wet or dry.

The Baltic Exchange is based in London and provides a range of indices benchmarking the cost of moving bulk commodities, dry and wet, along popular routes around the seas. Some of these indices are also used to settle Freight Futures, known as FFA's. The most famous of the Baltic indices is the Baltic Dry Indices, commonly called the BDI. This is a derived function of the Baltic Capesize index (BCI), Baltic Panamax index (BPI), Baltic Supramax index (BSI) and the Baltic Handysize index (BHSI). The BDI has been used as a bellwether for the global economy as it can be interpreted as an indicator of an increase or decrease in the amount of raw commodities countries are importing/exporting.

Dry
Dry bulk is any cargo carried in bulk in solid form. Such carriage is often referred to as the "dry" trades. They would include:
 * Bauxite
 * Bulk minerals (sand, gravel, copper, limestone, salt)
 * Cements
 * Chemicals (fertilizer, plastic granules and pellets, resin powder, synthetic fiber)
 * Coals and cokes
 * Agricultural products such as dry edibles (for animals or humans: alfalfa pellets, citrus pellets, livestock feed, flour, peanuts, raw or refined sugar, seeds or starches.)
 * Grains (wheat, maize, rice, barley, oats, rye, sorghum, soybeans, etc.)
 * Iron (ferrous and non-ferrous ores, ferroalloys, pig iron, scrap metal, pelletized taconite)
 * Wood chips

Wet
Liquid bulk cargo includes any cargo carried in closed tanks and poured or pumped into the carrying vessel, such as:

 * Hazardous chemicals in liquid form
 * Petroleum
 * Gasoline
 * Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
 * Liquid nitrogen
 * Cooking oil
 * Fruit juices
 * Rubber
 * Vegetable oil

Specialized large ports

 * Port of Port Hedland, Australia
 * Port of Rotterdam
 * Port of Vancouver
 * Port of Liverpool
 * Port of Tyne
 * Port of Amsterdam
 * Port of Hamilton (Canada)

title: Bulk cargo


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Aleksandr Shcherbakov (Soviet politician)

Aleksandr Sergeyevich Shcherbakov (Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Щербако́в; 10 October 1901 – 10 May 1945) was a Soviet politician and statesman who was a wartime head of the Main Political Directorate of the Red Army as well as the director of the Soviet Information Bureau.

Career
Shcherbakov was born into a working-class family in Ruza, near Moscow. The family moved to Rybinsk after his father's death in 1907. After primary school, he was sent to work as an apprentice, at the age of 12, in a Rybinsk print works. He was sent to work in a factory at the age of 10. He joined the Red Guards in 1917, and joined the Communist Party in 1918. He worked for Komsomol in Rybinsk during the Russian Civil War. In 1921–24, he studied at Sverdlov University, Moscow. In 1924, he started work as a party official in Nizhny Novgorod, where he gained the trust of the provincial party boss, Andrei Zhdanov. In 1930–32, he studied at the Institute of Red Professors. In 1932, he was transferred to party headquarters in Moscow. In 1934, after Zhdanov had moved to Moscow to take charge of the party's cultural policies, Shcherbakov was appointed head of the Cultural-Education department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and, after the first Soviet Writers' Congress, in August 1934, he was appointed First Secretary of the Union of Soviet Writers, although he "was not a writer but a full-time party apparatchik, and had not even been a Congress delegate." This meant that he ran the union, while the writer Maxim Gorky held the honorary position of chairman.

Following the latter's death in 1936, Shcherbakov was transferred back to full time party work as Second Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Party Committee, under Zhdanov. During the Great Purge, he served "as a mobile purger to various reluctant provinces." In 1937–38, he was First Secretary of the East Siberian regional party, based in Irkutsk. For part of 1938, he was First Secretary in the Donetsk region of Ukraine. Late in 1938, he became First Secretary of the Moscow Regional Party Committee in 1938, a post he held until his death.

During the German-Soviet War, Shcherbakov served as the head of the political directorate of the Red Army (with the rank of colonel general) in Moscow, and at the same time was director of the Soviet Information Bureau. According to Antony Beevor's book, Stalingrad, The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943, "One of the richest sources in the Russian Ministry of Defence central archive at Podolsk consists of the very detailed reports sent daily from the Stalingrad Front to Aleksandr Shcherbakov."

Shcherbakov died of heart failure on 10 May 1945, right after Victory Day, and the following year the town of Rybinsk was renamed Shcherbakov in his honour (its original name was restored in 1957). In January 1953, TASS announced that he had been murdered, a victim of the Doctors' plot. This story was discredited later that same year, after Stalin's death.

Personality
The real causes of Shcherbakov's death were obesity and excessive drinking. The writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn knew Shcherbakov's former chauffeur, from whom he learnt that "the obese Shcherbakov hated to see people around when he arrived at his Informburo, so they temporarily removed all those who were working in the offices he had to walk through. Grunting because of his fat, he would lean down and pull up a corner of the carpet. The whole Informburo caught it if he found any dust there." Nikita Khrushchev, who had a very negative attitude towards him and considered Shcherbakov to be "a poisonous snake" and "one of the most contemptible characters around Stalin" wrote that "Shcherbakov ended up drinking himself to death – and he drank not so much because he had a craving for alcohol, but simply because it pleased Stalin when people around him drank themselves under the table." According to historian Natalia Borisova “he (Shcherbakov) enjoyed enormous authority in Moscow. He was respected, even revered, listening to every word. Many later remembered him as a most noble man, a spiritual aristocrat, an exceptional personality”.

Family

 * Wife is Vera Konstantinovna Scherbakova, née Pestroukhova (1902-05-06 — 1948-06-09) — communications engineer. She shared three sons with Alexander:
 * col. Alexander Alexandrovich Scherbakov (1925—2013) — a Honoured Test Pilot of the USSR, a Hero of the Soviet Union, Ph.D.;
 * granddaughter Elena Alexandrovna Scherbakova (b. 1952), People's Performer of the Russian Federation, a ballet dancer, a choreographer, laureate of govt. award, art director of Igor Moiseyev State Academic Ensemble of Popular Dance.
 * Konstantin Alexandrovich Scherbakov (b. 1938) — russian film scholar and writer, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation;
 * Ivan Alexandrovich Scherbakov (b. 1944) — physicist, full member of Russian Academy of Sciences, former director of GPI RAS.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Canada Drugs

Canada Drugs otherwise known as CanadaDrugs.com, was an online pharmacy based in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

It was started in 2001 by former Manitoba pharmacist Kristjan Thorkelson as an offshoot of a chain of four local pharmacies, called The Prescription Shop, in Winnipeg. With the company being one of the first in the suddenly-growing Canadian internet mail-order pharmacy industry,   Thorkelson was hailed as an "internet pharmacy pioneer."

It eventually became Canada's largest pharmacy, providing worldwide prescription services and had filled over 1,000,000 international and Canadian prescriptions through its mail-order facilities.

On 13 July 2018, it was shut down as a result of charges by the United States government for importing counterfeit, unapproved drugs between 2009 and 2012 into the US. American prosecutors accused the company of having made at least $78 million through illegal imports, including two that were counterfeit versions of the cancer drugs Avastin and Altuzan that had no active ingredients.

Origin
Canada Drugs was started in 2001 by former Manitoba pharmacist Kristjan Thorkelson as an offshoot of a chain of four local pharmacies, called The Prescription Shop, in Winnipeg. With the company being one of the first in the suddenly-growing Canadian internet mail-order pharmacy industry,   Thorkelson was hailed as an "internet pharmacy pioneer."

In addition to Thorkelson, several other fellow graduates of the University of Manitoba, class of 1991, also ventured into Manitoba's lucrative internet pharmacy industry as well. Right after graduation, Thorkelson and fellow classmate Daren Jorgenson scrapped together $7,500 each to purchase a pharmacy in Winnipeg's North End. They went their separate ways by 1994, creating their own new companies that sold prescription drugs online— mostly to Americans.

Illegal importation
On 14 February 2012, the pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche and its U.S. biotech unit Genentech announced that counterfeits of the cancer drug Avastin had been distributed in the United States. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also named Kristjan Thorkelson, Canada Drugs' founder, in the investigation. CanadaDrugs.com, however, issued a statement insisting that it has no connected to the Avastin case because the company does not sell that drug. Meanwhile, in 2013, American Paul Bottomley pleaded guilty in connection with the case.

In November 2014, United States authorities charged the six Canadian men with smuggling goods into the United States, conspiracy and international money laundering: Winnipeggers Kristjan Thorkelson, Thomas Haughton, Ronald Sigurdson, Darren Chalus, and Troy Nakamura; and B.C. resident James Trueman. Thorkelson is Canada Drugs' founder; Haughton, Thorkelson's brother-in-law, owned several drug distribution companies in Barbados and the United Kingdom; Sigurdson was listed as a chief financial officer for Canada Drugs; and Chalus and Nakamura were managers of drug sales for several of the companies. Another man, Ram Kamath, was also named in the Canada Drugs charges but had his single charge of smuggling dropped in 2015 in exchange for his cooperation with authorities.

The indictment linked CanadaDrugs.com to the distribution of two lots of counterfeit cancer medications—Avastin and Altuzan (the Turkish version of the drug)—which had no active ingredients, to medical practices in the United States. It alleged that the company attempted to conceal the issue rather than reporting the supply chain breach to the FDA.

Health Canada suspended CanadaDrugs.com's Drug Establishment Licence in 2014, disabling the company from selling prescription drugs to pharmacies until the department's concerns were addressed. Following a Health Canada "good manufacturing practice" inspection, that licence was reinstated on 3 August 2016.

In 2015, RCMP officers raided the offices of CanadaDrugs.com in Winnipeg, resulting in assets in one bank account being seized.

In 2015, U.S. government indicted Canada Drugs for the felony charges of importing counterfeit drugs and other unapproved pharmaceuticals into the United States between 2009 and 2012. U.S. prosecutors accused the men—as well as the company and affiliated companies in the United Kingdom and Barbados—of having made at least $78 million through illegal imports. Prosecutors accused its U.K. affiliate, River East Supplies, of falsifying customs documents to hide the product. The case was handled in Montana, where Canada Drugs bought another company in 2009 for its drug inventory and customer list.

In 2017, the six men were arrested in Manitoba and British Columbia under Canada's Extradition Act on June 14 and 15, respectively. They were subsequently released on bail. At this time, CanadaDrugs.com was still operating and was licensed by the College of Pharmacists of Manitoba.

On 13 April 2018, CanadaDrugs.com was sentenced to 5 years probation and to pay $34 million in fines and forfeitures. The company and two overseas subsidiaries agreed to plead guilty to introducing misbranded drugs into interstate commerce; the subsidiaries also agreed to plead guilty to selling counterfeit drugs. Thorkelson, agreed to plead guilty to knowing about and concealing a felony crime. He was sentenced to six months house arrest, five years probation, and a $250,000 fine.

CanadaDrugs.com was required to surrender the domain names for the websites it used to illegally sell drugs to Americans, and cease operations on 13 July 2018.

title: Canada Drugs


text:
Talk:Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen

Untitled
I removed a possible copyright violation by anonymous user User:63.88.161.101. The text was directly taken verbatim from here: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/AJFenton/BGV/About/bgvpbgv.htm. Trysha 21:02, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Removed reference to Basset Hounds being lazy, as they are quiet active and strong throughout most of their lives. ~Charles

Nottin but smiles
Bandit Brandon Momanyi-Frank is a white haired brother to a lab mix. At 3 months old he is full of energy and always smiling. He likes peanut butter cookies and climbing under the couch or bed to play chase. Unconfident of heights he whines when left on the couch or bed when left alone from humans or the other dogs. 2600:6C40:6100:DE1:6CEE:FD7F:25E:E7EB (talk) 21:38, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

Best in show winner for 147th Westminster
This should be updated here soon, as this breed won its category and best in show. 173.216.89.26 (talk) 03:11, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen


text:
Yves

Yves may refer to:

 * Yves, Charente-Maritime, a commune of the Charente-Maritime department in France
 * Yves (given name), including a list of people with the name
 * Yves (single album), a single album by Loona
 * Yves (film), a 2019 French film

title: Yves


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Spread the Meme

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was ALREADY DELETED, but by User:Seglea not me. -Splash 02:59, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Spread the Meme
Not notable, 125 google hits for "Spread the Meme" License Model. Thue | talk 21:03, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, advert, and thank you Thue for tracking down and eliminating these adverts. Tempshill 22:20, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad/spam, brought to you by... Mark Joyner, who's also getting deleted! --Idont Havaname 23:50, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Pavel Vozenilek 00:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Audience theory

Audience theory offers explanations of how people encounter media, how they use it, and how it affects them. Although the concept of an audience predates media, most audience theory is concerned with people’s relationship to various forms of media. There is no single theory of audience, but a range of explanatory frameworks. These can be rooted in the social sciences, rhetoric, literary theory, cultural studies, communication studies and network science depending on the phenomena they seek to explain. Audience theories can also be pitched at different levels of analysis ranging from individuals to large masses or networks of people.

James Webster suggested that audience studies could be organized into three overlapping areas of interest. One conceives of audiences as the site of various outcomes. This runs the gamut from a large literature on media influence to various forms of rhetorical and literary theory. A second conceptualizes audiences as agents who act upon media. This includes the literature on selective processes, media use and some aspects of cultural studies. The third see the audiences as a mass with its own dynamics apart from the individuals who constitute the mass. This perspective is often rooted in economics, marketing, and some traditions in sociology. Each approach to audience theory is discussed below.

Audience as outcome
Many audience theorists are concerned with what media do to people. There is a long tradition in the social sciences of investigating “media effects.” Early examples include the Payne Fund Studies, which assessed how movies affected young people, and Harold Lasswell’s analysis of WWI propaganda. Some have criticized early work for lacking analytical rigor and encouraging a belief in powerful effects.

Subsequent work in the social sciences employed a variety of methods to assess the media’s power to change attitudes and behaviors such as voting and violence. Sociologists Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld introduced the concept of a two-step flow in communication, which suggested that media influence was moderated by opinion leaders. By the late 1950s, most researchers concluded that media effects were limited by psychological processes like selective exposure, social networks, and the commercial nature of media. This new consensus was dubbed the “dominant paradigm” of media sociology and it was criticized for being too reductionist and understating the true power of media.

While the tenets of that limited effects perspective retain much of their appeal, later theories have highlighted various ways in which media operate on audiences. These audience outcomes include:

 * Agenda-setting: Asserts that media don’t tell people what to think (e.g., attitude change) but what to think about. Hence, media have the power to make things salient, setting the public agenda.

 * Spiral of silence: Stipulates that people fear social isolation and look toward media to assess popular opinion. Hence, media portrayals (accurate or not) can lead people to remain silent if they believe their opinion is unpopular.

 * Framing: Argues that media present a selective view of reality, privileging certain frames like problem definitions or moral judgments. Hence, media have the power to create interpretations of social reality.
 * Knowledge-gap: Stipulates that as the media environment becomes more information rich, higher social-economic groups acquire information at a higher rate than others. Hence, media can polarize society into better and less well informed segments.
 * Cultivation theory: Argues that television programs create a pervasive, but systematically distorted picture of social reality, leading heavy viewers to unthinkingly accept that reality. Hence, television has the power to cultivate distorted perceptions of reality.
 * Third-person effects: Asserts that individuals believe that they are relatively impervious to media influence, while believing others are susceptible. Hence, they believe media have effects (on others) and behave accordingly.

Humanists have also been concerned with how media operate on audiences. With a specific focus on rhetoric, some, such as Walter Ong, have suggested that the audience is a construct made up by the rhetoric and the rhetorical situation the text is addressing. Similarly, some forms of literary criticism such as Screen theory, argue that cinematic texts actually create spectators by sewing them into subject positions. In effect, audience members become unwitting accomplices in the production of meanings as orchestrated by the text. Hence media can promote widespread ideological outcomes such as false consciousness and hegemony.

Audience as agent
Emphasizing the agency of audiences takes a different approach to audience theory. Simply put, rather than asking what media do to people, these theories ask what people do to media. Such approaches, which are sometimes referred to as active audience theories, have been the province of the humanities and social sciences.

The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, was founded at the University of Birmingham, England in the 1960s by Stuart Hall and Richard Hoggart. Hall was instrumental in promoting what he called the “encoding/decoding” model of communication (described below). This argued that audiences had the ability to read texts in ways that were not intended by the producer of the text. Subsequent work at the Centre provided empirical support for the model. Amongst these was The Nationwide Project by David Morley and Charlotte Brunsdon. Humanistic theories of audience agency are often grounded in theoretical perspectives such as structuralism, feminism, and Marxism. Notable examples include:

 * Encoding/Decoding: Which stipulates that organizations produce texts with encoded meanings, but that individuals have the ability to understand (decode) those texts in accordance with their own beliefs, producing dominant, negotiated and oppositional readings.
 * Reception theory: An application of reader response theory that argues the meaning of a text is not inherent within the text itself, but the audience must elicit meaning based on their individual cultural background and life experiences.

Social scientific interest in audiences as agents is, in part, a consequence of research on media effects. Two lynch pins of the limited effects perspective, selective processes and the two-step flow of communication, describe how the actions of audience members mitigate media influence. Hence, one cannot understand what media do to people without understanding how people use media. Still other strains of social science investigate media choice as something worthy of study in its own right. Examples include:

 * Selective exposure: Assumes that people seek out media that confirm their actions and beliefs and avoid messages that produce cognitive dissonance. Selective exposure to partisan media is thought to contribute to social polarization.
 * Selective perception: Another selective process in which individuals interpret information they encounter so that it conforms with their beliefs. It is akin to decoding and contributes to confirmation bias.
 * Uses and gratifications theory: Argues that people have needs they seek to gratify by actively consuming media toward that end. It assumes that audience members are awareness of their motivations for using media.
 * Models of program choice: An application of welfare economics that assumes people have well-defined program preferences and that they choose programs in accordance with those preferences. These micro-level assumptions are intended to predict aggregate audience formations.

Audience as mass
A third emphasis in audience theory explains the forces that shape audiences. Understanding mass audience behavior has been a concern of media owners and advertisers since the dawn of mass media. By the early twentieth century, broadcasters were using programming strategies to better manage audiences. By mid-century, economists introduced theoretical models of program choice (see above). By the 1960s, marketing practitioners and academics began testing statistical models of mass audience behavior.

Today, there are two main ways to conceptualize the audience as a mass. These correspond to the principal forms of media: linear media like broadcasting and network television, and more recently nonlinear or on demand media supported by digital networks. The former conceives of an audience as mass as it was first described by Herbert Blumer. Essentially, the audience is a collection of individuals who are anonymous to one another, act independently, and are united by a common object of attention. The latter variation conceives of audiences as networks, in which individual audience members may be visible to one another and are capable of acting in concert. Work on the audience as a mass makes little use of the individual traits discussed above (e.g., attitudes, need, preferences) and relies instead on structural factors and the law of large numbers to reveal patterns of behavior. Examples include:

 * Laws of viewing: Argues that television audiences exhibit law-like regularities which allow analysts to predict audience formation. These empirical regularities include the “duplication of viewing law” and the “law of double jeopardy.”
 * Social network analysis (SNA): Offers a method for investigating the structure of social networks, which consist of nodes (individuals or websites) and links (relationships or ties). SNA reveals emergent properties in digital media such as information cascades and power law or "long tail" distributions.
 * Audience networks: Applies SNA to audience behavior by casting media outlets as nodes and defining tie strength based on audience duplication between nodes. Audience networks highlight the centrality of mainstream outlets and draw into question the existence of media enclaves or echo chambers.

One might imagine that explanations of mass audience behavior could be based on the micro-level factors featured in theories of audience agency. But these have a limited ability to explain large-scale patterns of audience behavior such as audience flow, audience fragmentation, or how media “go viral.” To explain those behaviors, theorists are more likely to rely on structural factors such as networks, hyperlinks, platforms, algorithms, audience availabilities and cultural proximity.

title: Audience theory


text:
Have a Nice Day (Bon Jovi album)

Have a Nice Day is the ninth studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi, released on September 20, 2005. Produced by John Shanks, the album was recorded at Sanctuary Sound II in New Jersey, and Ocean Way Recording in Hollywood, California.

Have a Nice Day was originally recorded in the summer of 2004 and planned for release in early 2005. However, due to misunderstandings between the band and its record company, the album was delayed. The band wanted to write and record more songs, remove others from the original track list, and in the process, altered existing album tracks.

Have a Nice Day peaked at number two in both the US and UK. In the US, it sold over 202,000 copies in the first week, making it Bon Jovi's best first-week sales in the band's history at that time. The album was eventually certified platinum by the RIAA.

The album produced the hit singles "Have a Nice Day" and "Who Says You Can't Go Home". Have a Nice Day has received mixed reviews by music critics. It was commonly commented that Jon Bon Jovi was "stretching" his lyrical abilities.

Background
Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora headed into the studio with producer and songwriter John Shanks in summer of 2004 to begin working on a band's ninth studio album. They started to write songs and songs came very quick. After Jon and Richie co-wrote all the songs with Shanks, they recorded them immediately using a drum machine. Sambora and Shanks played all the guitar parts, Jon recorded all the vocals and there were no bass player or drummer in the studio. Later in the recording sessions, David Bryan, Tico Torres and Hugh McDonald recorded their parts. In the meantime, the band was doing finishing touches on their boxset 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong (2004). Jon planned to turn the album over to record company right before Christmas of 2004., but he changed his mind. In December 2004, he went to Sanctuary Sound Studio to write more songs. When the band regrouped in 2005, they recorded four more songs and also worked on the revised versions of the original songs.

Lyrical themes
The lyrical themes center around political changes that happened in United States in that period and the state of music business, but also reflect personal and introspective views on issues that Jon Bon Jovi had while growing up, which he had never discussed before. He said: "I've always kept this 'chin up, glass is half-full' kind of optimism, and [now] I showed some chinks in the armor." "The song "Last Man Standing" depicts the band leader's unhappiness with the music industry. He says it reflects his "disgust of the music business in general, and its lack of true vision when it comes to supporting the artistry of developing a song, the songwriter and the bands on the road."" He explained: "Instead of creating what Andy Warhol once called '15 minutes of fame,' I think it's down to just three minutes and 30 seconds." "I don't know how this industry is ever going to have another Bob Dylan when it's all about the single, [not] the album and the vision and that inspiration. [It's] all for the sake of a 99-cent download so they can sell bulk and make their bonuses. It's heartbreaking."

Release and promotion
The album's track list, release dates for United States and Canada, and radio release date for the first single were announced on July 14, 2005. The first single, the title track "Have a Nice Day", premiered on radio stations worldwide on July 18, 2005. On September 2, 2005, it was announced that a full-length version of the song "Last Man Standing" was available for listening in the discography section on the band's official website.

Critical and commercial reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave Have a Nice Day 2.5 stars out of 5, saying that the album "picks up where 2002's Bounce left off, showcasing a harder, heavier band than either 2000's Crush or Jon Bon Jovi's 1997 solo effort, Destination Anywhere. Not only that, but this 2005 album finds Jon Bon Jovi picking up on the serious undercurrent of Bounce, writing a series of angry, somber neo-protest songs that form the heart of this record." Blogcritics gave the album 8 stars out of 10 stating that "while their glory days are behind them, there's still a lot left in the tank for Bon Jovi when they want to be a band. The chemistry between Jon and Richie is as strong as ever, and the songwriting prowess they have is a well that never seems to run dry for these guys. While not their best work, this is their best in a long time." Robert Christgau gave the album a grade of C+, stating that it is "A depressing argument for the existence of that intellectual fairy tale, the passive mass audience." Christian Hoard from Rolling Stone gave the album 3 stars out of 5 saying that it is "reliable as it is contained: Acoustic ballads such as 'Bells of Freedom' are vaguely icky, but powerhouse anthems like 'I Want to Be Loved' pack almost as much singalong potential as 'Livin' on a Prayer' did back in the day."

Personnel
Bon Jovi
 * Jon Bon Jovi – lead and backing vocals
 * Richie Sambora – guitars, backing vocals
 * David Bryan – keyboards
 * Tico Torres – drums, percussion

Additional musicians
 * Hugh McDonald – bass
 * Paul Buckmaster – string arranger (track 7)
 * David Campbell – string arranger (track 3)
 * Dan Dugmore – steel guitar (track 13)
 * Dann Huff – mandolin and bouzouki (track 13)
 * Jennifer Nettles – duet vocals (track 13)
 * B.C. Smith – programming (tracks 8, 11, 12)
 * Jonathan Yudkin – fiddle and mandolin (track 13)

Recording personnel
 * Gary McGrath – 2nd engineer
 * Jeremy Wheatley – mixing (track 1)
 * Chris Lord-Alge – mixing (track 2-6, 9-11)
 * Tom Lord Alge – mixing (track 7, 8, 11, 12)
 * Justin Niebank – mixing (track 13)

title: Have a Nice Day (Bon Jovi album)


text:
Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland

Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland (16 December 1605 – 17 March 1663) was an English diplomat and landowner who held the presidency of Munster, Kingdom of Ireland.

Life
He was the second, but the eldest surviving son, of the 1st Earl of Portland, by his second wife Frances Walgrave. He was born at Nayland in Suffolk, England.

Weston was elected to Parliament as member for Gatton on 11 March 1628, but there was a double return. Weston was one of four members returned for two seats, the other three being Sir Samuel Owfield, Sir Charles Howard and Sir Thomas Lake. Weston's election was declared void on 26 March, when Owfield and Howard were instead declared elected. Weston was instead returned for the vacant seat at Lewes, after the previous holder, Sir George Goring, was elevated to the peerage.

In 1632 and 1633, he undertook a diplomatic mission to the courts of France, Savoy, Florence and Venice. He succeeded his father as Earl of Portland in 1635.

Supplementing Portland's estates, in 1663 Charles II granted Coulsdon manor in Surrey, which had no male heir, to "Jerome second Earl of Portland" in consideration of his surrender of the presidency of Munster to the Crown.

Family
Lord Portland married Lady Frances Stuart (19 March 1617 − 13 March 1694), a daughter of the 3rd Duke of Lennox, on 10 June 1632. He was succeeded by their son Charles.

He was a first cousin of Jeremy Clarke, a Governor of Rhode Island in the American Colonies.

title: Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland


text:
Talk:Have a Nice Day (Bon Jovi album)

Genres
This is a hard rock album, with minor heavy meal elements. It should either only be Hard Rock or have HR first. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.81.33.59 (talk) 01:58, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

Editing Have a Nice Day (Bon Jovi album)#Personnel
I divided Have a Nice Day (Bon Jovi album) into subsections for "Bon Jovi" "Additional musicians" and "Recording personnel" and I intended for that to be a good edit.--Kevjgav (talk) 14:55, 1 September 2015 (UTC)

Also moved David Campbell from the "Recording personnel" to the "Additional musicians".--Kevjgav (talk) 22:30, 5 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140709100356/http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2005 to http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2005
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External links modified
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Adding Pop metal as a genre on this article
Hey,

just wanted to know if it was ok to add "pop metal" as a genre on this album? Explicitly stated as being a part of this genre in this reference: https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/sep/18/popandrock.shopping

Thanks!! AgentKozak (talk) 18:19, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Have a Nice Day (Bon Jovi album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Technology Driven Consumer Health Services

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 22:09, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Technology Driven Consumer Health Services
Reads like essay and ad. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 21:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It sure does. Delete, advert or weird original research.  Tempshill 22:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad. Pavel Vozenilek 23:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Worldcentrism

The American integral theorist Ken Wilber uses the term worldcentric to describe an advanced stage of ethical development. This involves a broadening of the spiritual horizon through the formulation of a transpersonal ethic in which we do not only desire the best for all people but for all living beings.

It is this aspect where worldcentrism is viewed as an expansion of sociocentrism where one focuses beyond self-needs to also extend care about the group, community, and society. The idea is that worldcentrism situates the positive aspects of egocentrism and sociocentrism in a larger context of concern so that consideration does not only include one's self or one's people but all peoples and all beings. Synonyms of worldcentric include global and planetary.

There are also worldcentrists who maintain that living beings engage in autopoiesis (self-making, self-producing, and self-repairing), which renders these beings as ends-in-themselves and of equal ground value, in addition to whatever extrinsic or intrinsic value they possess.

Wilber also sometimes refers to an ethical stage that is beyond the worldcentric, which he calls kosmocentric. In a kosmocentric awareness, one experiences a release of attachments of the gross realm and a radical recognition of evolutionary processes so that an individual is compassionately called to action and becomes capable of letting the gravity of outcomes go. Wilber used to associate these advanced ethical stages with mystical states, but since 2002 he has associated these advanced ethical stages with the development of complexity in the self-related lines of identity, studied by Susanne Cook-Greuter. By 2021 he had identified several levels of consciousness, with worldcentrism being at the fifth level.

title: Worldcentrism


text: User talk:65.19.225.79

title: User talk:65.19.225.79


text:
AM 0644-741

AM 0644-741, also known as the Lindsay-Shapley Ring, is an unbarred lenticular galaxy, and a ring galaxy, which is 300 million light-years away in the southern constellation Volans.

Formation
The yellowish nucleus was once the center of a normal spiral galaxy, and the ring which currently surrounds the center is 150,000 light years in diameter. The ring is theorized to have formed by a collision with another galaxy, which triggered a gravitational disruption that caused dust in the galaxy to condense and form stars, which forced it to then expand away from the galaxy and create a ring.

Physical characteristics
The ring's intense blue hue is the result of widespread formation of massive, young, blue stars. The pink regions along the ring are another sign of rampant star formation. They are rarefied clouds of glowing hydrogen gas, fluorescing as a result of the young blue stars' intense ultraviolet light.

Future of the ring
Galactic simulation models suggest that the ring of AM 0644-741 will continue to expand for about another 300 million years, after which it will begin to disintegrate.

title: AM 0644-741


text:
CD Type Thing

CD Type Thing is the first album by American punk rock band Big Drill Car, released in 1989. Many consider this album to be a classic of the late '80s hardcore punk scene, and the peak of Big Drill Car's career.

The title of the album changed with the format it was presented on: the compact disc version was entitled CD Type Thing, the vinyl format was called Album Type Thing, and the audio cassette version was called Tape Type Thing. The gimmick is similar to that of Public Image Ltd.'s 1986 album, Album.

Like many Big Drill Car albums, CD Type Thing is currently out of print.

Track listing
(All tracks written by Arnold, Daly unless noted otherwise)

 * 1) "16 Lines" (Arnold, Daly, Thomson) – 2:52
 * 2) "Clamato #11" (Daly) – 1:30
 * 3) "No Need" – 2:52
 * 4) "Brody" (Arnold, Daly, Thomson) – 2:56
 * 5) "In Green Fields" – 2:19
 * 6) "Diamond Earrings" – 3:24
 * 7) "Reform Before" (Daly) – 2:11
 * 8) "Head On" (Daly, Thomson) – 2:21
 * 9) "Swanson" (Arnold, Daly, Thomson) – 1:35
 * 10) "About Us" – 2:13

Personnel
Additional personnel
 * Frank Daly - Vocals
 * Mark Arnold - Guitar
 * Bob Thomson - Bass, Art Direction, Artwork
 * Danny Marcroft - drums
 * Stephen Egerton - Producer
 * Richard Andrews - Engineer, Producer

title: CD Type Thing


text:
Talk:CD Type Thing

Fair use rationale for Image:BigDrillCarCDTypeThing.jpg
Image:BigDrillCarCDTypeThing.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:19, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:CD Type Thing


text:
Julio Bolbochán

Julio Bolbochán (Buenos Aires, 20 March 1920 – Caracas, 28 June 1996) was the Argentine chess champion in 1946 and 1948.

Career
He learned the game from his older brother, Jacobo Bolbochán, later an International Master.

He represented Argentina in seven Chess Olympiads from 1950 to 1970. Bolbochán earned the International Master title in 1950 and the International Grandmaster title in 1977.

He had several successes at Mar del Plata: shared first with Erich Eliskases in 1951, shared first with Héctor Rossetto in 1952, and shared first with Miguel Najdorf in 1956.

Bolbochán qualified to play in the Sousse interzonal but didn't participate due to the Argentine Chess Federation not having enough funds to send him.

After 1976 he lived as a chess teacher in Venezuela.

He represented Venezuela in the 1977 Maccabiah Games, 1981 Maccabiah Games, 1985 Maccabiah Games, and 1989 Maccabiah Games. He was the chess coach at the Universidad Simón Bolívar Chess Club for over 20 years.

Games
Here is his victory in Bolbochán-Larry Evans in the 1952 Chess Olympiad in Helsinki: 1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 3. Nf3 a6 4. e3 Nf6 5. Bxc4 e6 6. O-O c5 7. Qe2 Nc6 8. Nc3 b5 9. Bb3 cxd4 10. exd4 Nxd4 11. Nxd4 Qxd4 12. Nd5 Nxd5 13. Rd1 Nc3 14. bxc3 Qb6 15. Qe5 Bb7 16. Be3 Qc6 17. Bd5 Qc8 18. Bxb7 Qxb7 19. a4 Rc8 20. axb5 Qxb5 21. Qd4 e5 22. Qg4 Rd8 23. Rxd8+ Kxd8 24. Rd1+ Ke7 25. Qf5 1–0.

title: Julio Bolbochán


text:
Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland

Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland (19 May 1639 – 3 June 1665), was the only son and heir of the 2nd Earl of Portland and Lady Frances Stuart.

The only son of Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland, Weston was christened at St Margaret's, Westminster, on 19 May 1639. He succeeded his father as Earl of Portland in 1663. In May 1665 he went as a volunteer with the Duke of York when he took command of the English fleet to fight the Dutch. Weston was at sea on the Royal James, when he was killed by a cannon shot in the Battle of Lowestoft, having made a will a few days before, on 29 May 1665. Since he never married, his title and entailed property passed to his uncle, Thomas Weston.

title: Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland


text:
Talk:Smartdust

Sort of related:

http://www.smartwater.com - Omegatron 21:12, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure why "motes" redirects to this page. "mote" is a much broader topic than nanotechnology or anything listed on this page currently.

 * Not anymore. — Omegatron 21:35, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

There should be a separate article for "motes", they are real world technology capable of being implemented wear smartdust is still quite a ways out there. http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mote.htm is a good article about motes. — Zath42 05:14, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

This article need seriouse rewriting. First of all Smart Dust was originally a Darpa project back in 70's and 80's afaik. I think the project is called SENSIT now, it's either the same project or the follow up.

Sorry I can't provide any references right now.

--- Haakoo // Håkon K. Olafsen

Is this still in the realm of "hypothetical" or have their been technical advances to make this concept a reality?

Nwjerseyliz (talk) 15:32, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

There is no source for this, as the link no longer works. 128.240.229.3 (talk) 14:56, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

-

Section "Implementations" should be completely removed - none of companies are implementing smartdust (which is just a concept - there is NO implementation for it). The companies work in area of wireless sensor networks, and produce motes that are considerably larger than the "dust". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Caligari.werden (talk • contribs) 09:29, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Smartdust


text:
Talk:Schisandra

"commonly grown in gardens" -- Where? I mean in which klimate? I live in Czech Republic and I doubt that it could survive several days in winter here.

title: Talk:Schisandra


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mark Joyner Constructs

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was RESULT delete seglea 21:06, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Mark Joyner Constructs
see also Mark Joyner, Mark Joyner Construct Zero, Spread the Meme Not a notable term, original research, 4 google hits. Thue | talk 21:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. Tempshill 22:09, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn, original research, and might be copyvio if it wasn't posted by Mark Joyner himself. See also: List of bad article ideas. --Idont Havaname 23:49, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn original research. JamesBurns 04:48, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete original research and self-promotion. DJ Clayworth 13:22, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page..


text: File:Cradle of Filth - The Principle of Evil Made Flesh.albumcover.jpg


text: User talk:64.59.17.199

title: User talk:64.59.17.199


text: User talk:207.170.62.235

title: User talk:207.170.62.235


text: User talk:68.158.2.136

title: User talk:68.158.2.136


text:
Thomas Weston, 4th Earl of Portland

Thomas Weston, 4th Earl of Portland (9 October 1609 – May 1688) was a younger son of the 1st Earl of Portland, by his second wife Frances Walgrave. He was born at Nayland in Suffolk, England.

His elder brother Jerome succeeded their father in 1635, and passed the title to his own son, Charles, in 1662. However, the 3rd Earl did not marry and produce a direct heir of his own prior to his death in 1665, so Thomas succeeded as Earl of Portland.

Lord Portland married Anne Boteler, daughter of the 1st Baron Boteler and widow of the 1st Earl of Newport, but they had no children. When he died, his estates passed to his nieces, the daughters of the 2nd Earl, but his title became extinct.

title: Thomas Weston, 4th Earl of Portland


text: User talk:151.200.8.71

title: User talk:151.200.8.71


text:
Interamnia

Interamnia – also, Interamna (Greek: Ἰντέραμνα) or Interamnium (Greek: Ἰντεράμνιον) – is an ancient Latin placename, meaning "between rivers". There were at least three towns of ancient Italy so named:

 * Interamna Nahars (or Nahartium), the modern Terni: the rivers are the Nera and the Serra
 * Interamna Praetutiana (or Interamna Praetutianorum), the modern Teramo: the rivers are the Tordino and the Vezzola
 * Interamna Lirenas, no modern successor, on the Liri River

Other

 * 704 Interamnia, an asteroid named after the town of Teramo

title: Interamnia


text:
Talk:Contagious Diseases Acts

Contagious Diseases Act
I was supposed to move this article to a new page called Contagious Diseases Acts, but when I attempted to do so, some guy with an anonymous IP wrote the article (on the same day!), which I might add, needs to be cleaned up and wikified. RashBold 21:18, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

The Contagious Disease act in Britian was a particular act with a particular effect. It should remain under this page, although the information contained therein should be included in a general overview of contagious diseases acts. The German example would probably not be all that helpful in this particular British example.

This article ignores information from Walkewitiz's book on prostitution in victorian england. (which may indeed be titled that) This argues that the act formalized what had been an informal prostitution, trapping young women in that lifestyle weras before prostitution had simply been a way to supplement thier income. Also, my research on the CD acts indicates that they were abolished by a strange partership of White Cross purity activists who wanted to eliminate vice and early feminists who wanted to improve the living conditions of prostitutes. Both wanted to recind the CD acts but once that goal was accomplished thier differences were not bridgeable. anyway,when i get a change i will put this in. user: notenderwiggin

 * The problem is that there were 3 CD Acts in Victorian Britain, all of which were designed to target very specific groups of prostitutes. And as the previous comment indicated, the CD Acts had significant implications, joining evangelical preachers and people like Josephine Butler in the same cause.  The English Acts need their own page.

 * The English Acts are separate from the European ones, having occurred later in the 19th century (1864, 1866, and 1869.) The first act was repealed by the second, and the third act was an extension of the second. The first act covered specific ports and military districts, not necessarily specific prostitutes. The second act covered those same places, plus more, plus it created a group with special powers to enforce it. The third act extended the second's time limit, and covered more areas. This article would benefit greatly from the addition of material from the Parliamentary Debates 1864-1886, Jospehine Butler's Reminiscences of a Great Crusade, (her memoirs of her fight against the Acts), Paul McHugh's Prostitution and Victorian Social Reform, and *especially* Judith Walkowitz's Prostitution and Victorian Society. I have never seen any evidence to support the article's claim that women were arrested for the purposes of being coerced into reporting on their friends and neighbors, so I would definitely like a citation to see where that information is coming from. I'm not an expert by any means, but I am writing about the opposition movement to the Contagious Diseases Acts for my Senior paper right now, and have to say that I am quite comfortable with much of the material surrounding the Acts by now. This article could also still use quite a bit of editing and reorganization.  24.159.213.56 05:47, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I should edit the part about Intimidation. What was actually said was "By these (CD Acts), in certain towns containing military bases, any woman suspected of being a prostitute could be stopped and forced to undergo a genital inspection to discover if she had a venereal disease. If she did not submit willingly, she could be arrested and brought before a magistrate. If she was found to be infected, she could be effectively imprisoned in a 'lock' hospital." http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=6838&inst_id=65. The article looks like a (probably unwitting) embellishment or misunderstanding. Tractorboy60 16:00, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Removed cleanup tag, but work remains
I've added section headings and performed some text edits. The article is still light on information:
 * India: Re-enacted?  When was it enacted and repealed?  How is UK law relevant to India?  Expert comment needed in the article on this
 * Other nations: incomplete and more information needed
 * Areas: What areas were relevant? Expert commentary with a list would be beneficial.

Adding an expert tag to see if one will come and expand this

Fiddle Faddle 06:55, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

huge unstated assumptions
"It was because of men that there was demand for prostitutes, "

Hmm... this is like saying "because of blacks there is a lot of crime in the ghetto"

"As military men were discouraged from marriage and homosexual behaviour was criminal, prostitution was considered a necessary evil."

Only because it was illegal men did not engage in homosexual behavior? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tomtul2 (talk • contribs) 22:46, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Explain chatnam
The article currently refers to a "chatnam prostitute". What does chatnam mean? Should it have a capital C, and is it a misspelling of a place name? Trafford09 (talk) 23:49, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

Source
There's a fascinating account here:  Carbon Caryatid (talk) 14:11, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Article needs more information added
This Article is not expansive enough, and each of the 3 CD acts need their own subsections added to the contents, detailing exactly what each of them comprised of. There is no data in the CD acts section to describe the forced internal examinations that women underwent, and to make it clear and concise as to how each successive law expanded upon its previous limitations, stating things such as "The Act of 1864 stated that women found to be infected could be interned in locked hospitals for up to three months, a period gradually extended to one year with the 1869 Act." is not good enough. This article needs to be much more detailed, precise and informative. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ArtemisLogic (talk • contribs) 04:56, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Contagious Diseases Acts


text:
Illinois Route 81

Illinois Route 81 is an east–west state road in northwest Illinois. It runs from U.S. Route 150 by unincorporated Lynn Center to Illinois Route 78 (Main Street) in Kewanee. This is a distance of 25.78 mi.

Route description
In Kewanee, Illinois 81 is 6th Street. It is not that far away from U.S. Route 34, which is 2nd street. In addition to Kewanee, Illinois 81 also serves Andover and Cambridge.

History
SBI Route 81 was established as Lynn Center to Kewanee. The routing of Illinois 81 has not changed since it was established.

title: Illinois Route 81


text:
User talk:Dream team 810

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. -- Rhobite 21:17, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing. -- Rhobite 21:31, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dream team 810


text:
User talk:John Whitehead

Your changes to George W. Bush
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. FreplySpang (talk) 21:17, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Hall Monitor 21:18, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:John Whitehead


text:
Chris Thompson (English musician)

Christopher Hamlet Thompson (born 9 March 1948) is an English singer and guitarist known both for his work with Manfred Mann's Earth Band, specifically for his lead vocal on the classic hit "Blinded By the Light" and for his solo accomplishments.

Biography
Thompson was born in Ashford, Kent, England, but raised in New Zealand. His early musical experiences were whilst still at school with the band The Paragons that played at weekly church youth club dances. Later, as his talent became clear, the band was reformed as Dynasty with other musicians and achieved much local success on the New Zealand music scene. Thompson's last band in New Zealand was Mandrake, formed with university friends who played the Friday and Saturday night dances in and around Hamilton City.

He went to Australia before returning to England in 1973 to pursue a musical career, eventually joining Manfred Mann's Earth Band in 1976.

In 1978, he was featured in Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds, providing lead vocals for the song "Thunder Child".

After several years with Manfred Mann's Earth Band, Thompson left in 1979 and formed the Los Angeles–based outfit Night, which enjoyed two hits during its lifetime. One of them, "If You Remember Me," the unused theme song for Franco Zeffirelli's remake of The Champ, was initially credited solely to Thompson; later pressings of the single were credited to "Chris Thompson and Night." (But this source gives lyric credit to Carole Bayer Sager for "If You Remember Me," and the music credit to Marvin Hamlisch.) The song reached #17 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and #7 Adult Contemporary. It was a very minor hit in Canada (#91). After the band broke up in 1982, he rejoined the Earth Band.

In 1980, he co-wrote and sang backing vocals on the track "No Stoppin' Us Now" with Patrick Simmons and Michael McDonald, on the Doobie Brothers' album One Step Closer. In 1983 he contributed vocals to Simmons' solo album Arcade as well as co-writing several of the tracks.

In 1981, Thompson released his debut album, Out of the Night. This was followed by five more albums, most recently Won't Lie Down in 2001.

In 1984, while functional lead singer for the re-formed Manfred Mann's Earth Band, Thompson lent lead vocals to "Runner," which slowly climbed to become a USA and UK top 30 hit, propelled by then-hot MTV airplay.

In 1986, Thompson was one of the four co-writers of the hit song "You're the Voice" – the others being Andy Qunta of Australian new wave outfit Icehouse, erstwhile Procol Harum lyricist Keith Reid and Maggie Ryder. He hoped to record the song in London but was turned down by record companies there who stated the song was "not commercial". He sent a demo to John Farnham, who had recently come off a five-year stint fronting the Little River Band. Farnham liked the song and agreed to record it for his forthcoming album, Whispering Jack. Farnham's release of "You're the Voice" was a worldwide hit, reaching top ten positions in many countries across the world.

Also in 1986, Thompson sang vocals on a solo album by ex-Genesis guitarist Steve Hackett. The album featured performances by artists such as Brian May (Queen), Pete Trewavas (Marillion), Ian Mosley (also from Marillion), and Bonnie Tyler. However, the album, entitled Feedback 86, was not released until 2002.

In spite of his already busy schedule in 1986, Thompson still found the time to return to Manfred Mann for their new album, Criminal Tango, in addition to putting out some solo material. He recorded the song "It's Not Over" for the soundtrack to the film Playing for Keeps, and this track was also featured (with a slightly longer fade-out) on his new solo album, High Cost of Living, released later the same year. The following year, "It's Not Over" would be re-recorded by Starship, becoming a top-ten hit for the group.

In 1989, Thompson recorded the single "The Challenge (Face It)" as the official theme song for the 1989 Wimbledon Tennis Championships. He co-wrote the song with Harold Faltermeyer. A year later, in 1990, Thompson worked again with Faltermeyer in writing the 1990 song for Wimbledon, Hold the Dream by Franzisca.

Also in 1990, Thompson recorded the single "This Is The Moment" as the official theme song for the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland.

In 1992, Thompson performed at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert as a backing musician, harmonising as the baritone with respected backing vocalists Maggie Ryder (contralto) and Miriam Stockley (mezzo-soprano). He also joined The Brian May Band for their South American tour the same year.

In 1995, Thompson performed "You're The Voice" in the Netherlands at the World Liberty Concert as the grand finale of the event. He also sang a studio version of it on the Alan Parsons The Very Best Live album (1995).

In 2006 and 2007, he joined Jeff Wayne for a second time to tour as The Voice of Humanity in the live version of Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds. According to the special features of the DVD Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds – Live on Stage, Thompson designed some artwork for the show.

Thompson has been featured on several albums by artists such as Alan Parsons, Jan Hammer, Steve Hackett, Bonnie Tyler, Mike Oldfield, and Sarah Brightman, as well as providing backing vocals for Brian May of Queen, during his first few solo concerts in South America in 1992.

Thompson has also been involved with the SAS Band (Spike's All Star Band) where he has performed numerous songs, especially from his repertoire with Manfred Mann's Earth Band.

With Manfred Mann's Earth Band

 * The Roaring Silence (1976)
 * Watch (1978)
 * Angel Station (1979)
 * Chance (1980)
 * Somewhere in Afrika (1982)
 * Budapest Live (1983)
 * Criminal Tango (1986)
 * Soft Vengeance (1996)
 * Mann Alive (1998)
 * ''2006 (2004)

Solo

 * If You Remember Me (1979)
 * Out of the Night (1983)
 * Radio Voices (1985)
 * High Cost of Living (1986)
 * Beat of Love (1989)
 * The Challenge (Face It) (1989)
 * Backtrack 1980-1994 (1999)
 * Won't Lie Down (2001)
 * Rediscovery (2004)
 * Timeline (2005)
 * Chris Thompson & Band – One Hot Night in the Cold (Live at the Private Music Club) (2006)
 * Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me (2012)
 * Toys & Dishes (2014)
 * Jukebox-The Ultimate Collection 1975-2015 (2015)

Other collaborations

 * A Week at the Bridge E16 (1978) With Filthy McNasty (before becoming Night)
 * Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds (1978) With Jeff Wayne
 * A Single Man (1978) with Elton John
 * The Garden of Love (1978) with Don Ray
 * Night (1979) with Night
 * Long Distance (1981) with Night
 * One Step Closer (1980) with The Doobie Brothers
 * Wolf (1981) with Trevor Rabin
 * Waving Not Drowning (1982) with Rupert Hine
 * "All the Right Moves" (1983) with Jennifer Warnes
 * Arcade (1983) with Patrick Simmons
 * Push and Shove (1985) with Chris Thompson With Hazel O'Connor
 * Running the Endless Mile (1986) with John Parr
 * Seeds of Life (1986) with Jan Hammer
 * Whispering Jack (1986) With John Farnham
 * Robbie Nevil (1986) with Robbie Nevil
 * A Place Like This (1988) with Robbie Nevil
 * Love Among the Cannibals (1989) with Starship
 * Tabaluga and the Magic Jadestone (1988) with Peter Maffay
 * Take What You Need (1989) with Robin Trower
 * After the War (1989) with Gary Moore
 * Earth Moving (1989) with Mike Oldfield
 * Try Anything Once (1993) with Alan Parsons
 * Alan Parsons Live/The Very Best Live (1994/95) with Alan Parsons
 * Excalibur featuring Michael Ernst (2003) with Alan Parsons
 * Free Spirit (1996) with Bonnie Tyler
 * SAS Band (1997) with SAS Band
 * The Show (2001) with SAS Band
 * Metallic Blue (1998) with Steelhouse Lane
 * Slaves of New World (1999) with Steelhouse Lane
 * Feedback 86 (2000) with Steve Hackett
 * Redhanded (2001) with Mads Eriksen
 * Rediscovery (2004) With Mads Eriksen
 * Berlin Live & The Aschaffenburg Remains Live at the Colos-Saal (2012) with Mads Eriksen
 * Soulmates (2002) with Mandoki Soulmates
 * Jazz Cuts (2003) with Mandoki Soulmates
 * Allstars, "Legends of Rock" (2004) with Mandoki Soulmates
 * BudaBest (2013) with Mandoki Soulmates
 * Polarity (2003) with Lava
 * Excalibur (2003) with Michael Ernst
 * Live (2005) with Siggi Schwarz & The Rock Legends
 * Woodstock (2005) with Siggi Schwarz & The Rock Legends
 * Soul Classics (2007) with Siggi Schwarz & The Rock Legends
 * On My Side (2006) with Rudi Buttas
 * How Can Heaven Love Me (1995) with Sarah Brightman
 * I Will Be with You (Where the Lost Ones Go) (Pokémon 10: The Rise of Darkrai) (2007) with Sarah Brightman
 * The Phantom of the Opera (Symphony: Live in Vienna) (2008) with Sarah Brightman
 * Mitten Ins Herz (2008) with Nicole
 * Make Me an Offer (2009) with Lindy Bingham

title: Chris Thompson (English musician)


text:
No Worse for the Wear

No Worse for the Wear is the third studio album by Orange County pop punk band Big Drill Car. It is the only album without their classic original line-up, featuring new members Keith Fallis and Darrin Norris. The band reached a little success through the album, if only for a short time before their 13-year break-up, from 1995 to 2008. The release of No Worse for the Wear would also gain Big Drill Car supporting slots on national and world tours with bands such as The Offspring (who had just released Smash to unexpected success and acclaim) and Guttermouth.

The songs "The Shake", "Nogaina", and "What You Believe" were featured, amongst other Cargo/Headhunter Records artists, in the 1997 Sega Saturn/Sony PlayStation game Courier Crisis.

Like many Big Drill Car albums, No Worse for the Wear is currently out of print.

Personnel

 * Frank Daly - Vocals
 * Mark Arnold - Guitar
 * Darrin Norris - Bass
 * Keith Fallis - Drums

Additional personnel

 * Bill Stevenson - Producer
 * Stephen Egerton - Producer
 * Jeff Powell - Engineer
 * Jeffrey Reed - Engineer
 * John Hampton - Mixing

title: No Worse for the Wear


text:
Talk:Brookfield, Illinois

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External links modified
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Addition of a notable person
Frederick A. Krehbiel founded the company Molex in Brookfield during the late 1930s Walhonding (talk) 20:59, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brookfield, Illinois


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/UNSC Resolutions on Iran-Iraq war

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was transwiki to wikisource and delete -- Francs2000 | Talk 01:21, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

UNSC Resolutions on Iran-Iraq war
Source text, rather than an article about the resolutions and their (non-)effectiveness, which would have encyclopedic merit. Only referenced from two articles. Propose transwiki Content moved to WikiSource, article can be deleted. - choster 21:20, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiSource, and change the reference in Iran-Iraq War.-Poli (talk • contribs) 21:28, 2005 July 22 (UTC)
 * keep.--Zereshk 22:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki. And you don't need to put it up on VfD to transwiki, there's tags for such purposes. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 02:37, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, instructions implied a VfD was required. - choster 18:02, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikisource. JamesBurns 04:49, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've copied the material to Wikisource. - choster 15:59, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Hot Digital Tracks

Untitled
"The Hot Digital Tracks was created in 2003, but digital downloads would not count towards the charts until 2005."

This sentence makes no sense. Would downloads not count toward other charts (e.g. the Hot 100)?

Acegikmo1

Oh, sorry, I can see where you got confused...let me try to rephrase it. OmegaWikipedia 11:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hot Digital Tracks


text:
Talk:No Worse for the Wear

Fair use rationale for Image:BigDrillCarNoWorseForTheWear.jpg
Image:BigDrillCarNoWorseForTheWear.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:19, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:No Worse for the Wear


text:
User talk:Pablo suave

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 21:21, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Pablo suave


text:
Granite City Community Unit School District 9

Granite City Community Unit School District 9 is a school district based in Granite City, Illinois, and it has currently 9 schools. The superintendent of the school district is Mr. James J. Greenwald. The Board of Education's office is located at 1947 Adams Street. The school district serves all or portions of the following cities: Granite City, Madison (far northern areas), Pontoon Beach, and Mitchell.

Current schools

 * Granite City High School (formerly Granite City High School - South)
 * Coolidge Middle School
 * Grigsby Middle School
 * Prather Elementary School
 * Mitchell School
 * Frohardt Elementary School
 * Wilson Elementary School
 * Niedringhaus Elementary School
 * Maryville Elementary School
 * Worthen Elementary School (formerly Parkview)
 * Lake Educational Support Services Center

Former schools

 * Webster Elementary School
 * Marshall Elementary School
 * Southwestern Illinois College (Granite City) (formerly Granite City High School - North)
 * Logan Middle School
 * Nameoki Elementary School
 * McKinley Elementary School


text:
User talk:WLysobey

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 21:22, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:WLysobey


text:
Urbinum

Urbinum (ancient Latin placename, meaning "small town") may refer to:

 * Urbinum Hortense, a town of ancient Italy, site unknown
 * Urbinum Mataurense, on the Metauro River, usually stated to be the modern Urbino, although sometimes the modern Urbania

title: Urbinum


text:
Noctiluca scintillans

Noctiluca scintillans is a marine species of dinoflagellate that can exist in a green or red form, depending on the pigmentation in its vacuoles. It can be found worldwide, but its geographical distribution varies depending on whether it is green or red. This unicellular microorganism is known for its ability to bioluminesce, giving the water a bright blue glow seen at night. However, blooms of this species can be responsible for environmental hazards, such as toxic red tides. They may also be an indicator of anthropogenic eutrophication.

Etymology
The name Noctiluca scintillans comes from the Latin Noctiluca, meaning "light at night" and scintillans, meaning "shining, throwing out flashes of light".

Taxonomy
It was classified with the jellyfish until 1873 when Ernst Haeckel decided to move it to the crystoflagellates with the dinoflagellates. This remained the case until 1920 when Charles Atwood Kofoid finally placed it in the order Noctilucales following certain observations. This classification is still subject to discussion today and the relationship of Noctiluca to the dinoflagellates is not yet clearly demonstrated, as the results of analysis are still too variable to assert a single classification.

At present, it is part of the phylum Myzozoa, which are unicellular flagellated organisms. It is then part of the class Dinophyceae, which has two flagella, the order Noctilucales, whose nucleus is not dinokaryonic in the adult, and the family Noctilucaceae, which has a globular shape with a tentacle.

Morphology and anatomy
Noctiluca scintillans is a single-celled spheroid organism, ranging from 400 to 1500 μm in length. It moves with the current and cannot really swim. The fact that it is translucent facilitates the observation. N. scintillans has a long cytoplasmic expansion that hangs at the base of a deep groove, close to which is the nucleus. Another identifying feature are the fine striae that start from the central nucleus and extend towards the periphery of the cell. This species is known by the appearance of blue flashes during night dives. N. scintillans should not be confused with Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca, which is a similar but smaller species (<200 micrometers).

There are 2 colours of N. scintillans. This depends on the pigment present in the vacuoles. The red form is heterotroph. This form of N. scintillans competes with copepods to feed on phytoplankton. The green form has a photosynthetic symbiont inside called Pedinomonas noctiluca which causes the green color. It is mainly autotroph or even photoautotrophic if this photosynthetic symbiont is abundant in the cells.

Noctiluca scintillans is a species capable of managing its buoyancy by regulating the intracellular ion concentration. To rise, the concentration of potassium will increase and to fall, it will use heavier elements such as calcium or magnesium.

Place in the food chain
N. scintillans has an important place in the pelagic food chain. N. scintillans is preyed upon by many copepods such as Calanus sp., Temora sp. and Acartia sp., chaetognaths and  hydromedusae. Because of their excessive proliferation, they attract many predators due to their very dense aggregations and frequent bioluminescence in this phase of their life.

The diet varies according to the green and red form. The green form is indeed autotrophic if the symbiont Pedinomonas noctiluca is abundant in its vacuole. Otherwise, it is heterotrophic, like the red form. N. scintillans then feeds on diatom aggregates, as well as copepod eggs, naupilar larvae and fish eggs.

N. scintillans can be parasitised by Euduboscquella, an intracellular parasite that infects mainly tintinnids but also dinoflagellates.

Trophonts
Noctiluca scintillans is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate that causes toxic red tides. To explain the life cycle of this species, we need to start with the trophonts. Trophonts are the non-reproductive adult life stage of many ciliated protozoa. They are eggplant-shaped with a crust consisting of two distinct layers; an outer gelatinous layer and a plasma membrane. Like all eukaryotes, the trophont is composed of a nucleus that lies close to the cytostome surrounded by cytoplasm forming the cytoplasmic centre.

Gamonts
It is with the gamonts, which is the name of the cells during gametogenesis that cell division occurs. These gamonts are produced by a small fraction of the trophonts that spontaneously initiate gametogenesis. During this transformation, the cell becomes spherical and loses some organelles including the tentacle and the nucleus moves to just below the cell surface.

This life cycle continues with two consecutive nuclear divisions to obtain 4 nuclei. This division creates bulges above the cell surface. This is followed by a continuum of synchronous nuclear divisions with each 'progenitor' connected to the others by thin filaments. As gametogenesis progresses, there is a condensation of chromosomes within the different nuclear divisions which darkens the colour of the cell. The result is four petal-shaped clusters of progenitors.

Zoospores
The progenitors of the previous stage have transformed into zoospores. At this point they are evenly distributed in one part of the cell. At the same time as the progenitors are maturing, two flagella start to develop and are actively beating. These flagella develop outside the mother cell and the mature gametes are then released into the surrounding environment. When they have all emerged, the mother cell remains ghostly.

The two flagella formed are not of the same length and therefore do not have the same function. The longer of the two is used for direction of movement in the sea water, while the shorter one provides more of a swimming force to activate the movement.

Zygote formation
This stage is still highly open to speculation. It seems that Noctiluca scintillans produces isogametes, which are gametes that fuse together to form a zygote. This zygote then has 4 flagella and 2 nuclei. This means that the species is in fact diploid, differentiating it from most dinoflagellates which are haploid.

Morphological development from zygote to trophont
At the beginning of trophont formation, the number of flagella decreases and the cells become fusiform. During further development they become rounder, and two distinct flagella are formed, one longer and one shorter, and finally only one is left. After this, the outer layer becomes discernible and the crust is formed. The result is a miniature trophont with a tentacle through which it absorbs food to eat by means of viscous materials to which the algae cling.

Thanks to its high specificity, Noctiluca scintillans could increase its biomass up to 100 times in one week.

Favorable environment
The environment plays an important role in the proliferation of Noctiluca scintillans. The population varies according to sunlight, current, the presence of nutrients (especially nitrate, ammonium and urea), water salinity, temperature and trophic stress. The amount encountered also varies according to the geography and the ocean concerned, although it is present throughout the world.

Noctiluca scintillans is found in temperate, subtropical and tropical waters. It is found abundantly close to the coast; it is a neritic species. It is also found abundantly near the mouths of rivers after heavy rainfall. They are mostly found during the warm seasons, although they can be found all year round.

Extreme conditions for the species are 2 to 31 °C and 17 to 45 psu (practical salinity unit). However, each form has its own preferences and the temperature and salinity ranges are generally more restricted.

The red form is found over a wide temperature range: between 10 and 25 °C and in salty environments. It is very abundant in eutrophic environments where diatoms dominate as this is its favourite food source. The green form is more restricted, with a temperature range of 25-30 °C.

Geographical distribution
Noctiluca scintillans ranges from tropical oceans to northern seas. It is a cosmopolitan species, found in all seas of the world.

The green form of N. scintillans is mainly found in the tropical waters of Southeast Asia, the Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman, and the Red Sea. The red form is more widespread, and is found in the seas of Central America, Europe, the Black Sea, East, South and Southeast Asia, and the Tasman Sea. It is also found on the coasts of South America and in the seas of West Africa.

The two forms overlap in the western, eastern and northern Arabian Sea with a seasonal difference in abundance. The green form is found in cold waters, with winter convective mixing, while the red form is found in the warmer summer season.

Bioluminescence
This was once a mysterious phenomenon that was called "sea fire" or "sea twinkle" by sailors and coastal dwellers. It is the transformation of chemical energy into light energy by a living being which then emits this light. Bioluminescence differs from fluorescence and phosphorescence because the latter two require contact with light to trigger the phenomenon.

N. scintillans produces luminous flashes, which constitute bioluminescence, during mechanical stress. This phenomenon can therefore be observed in agitated water, i.e. when boats are passing, near the coast at wave level or after water agitation. Bioluminescence is strongest during proliferation.

It is the reaction between luciferase and luciferin that causes the emission of light. This reaction was discovered by the Lyon physiologist Raphael Dubois at the end of the 19th century. He named the two substances luciferase, a thermolabile enzyme, and luciferin, which is preserved by hot water but is present in limited quantities in organisms.

Luciferin combines with luciferase and the two react with oxygen to form an oxidised complex. The luciferin then emits a photon. Of course, the reaction itself is not so simple, in fireflies it also requires two additional cofactors, ATP and magnesium. There are also several types of luciferin and each is associated with a specific luciferase giving different chemical reaction systems.

In the case of Noctiluca scintillans, the chemical reaction occurs in organelles called scintillons. These are dense vesicles that are abundant on the surface of the cell during the night and which bring out the vacuole.

The light is produced by mechanical stimulation due to shear stress. The deformation of the cell membrane causes an action potential across the vacuole membrane caused by Ca2+ ions released from intracellular stores. This action potential releases an influx of protons from the vacuole to the scintilla, lowering the pH from 8 to 6. This changes the conformation of luciferase making it active. Luciferin contains a binding protein that prevents it from auto-oxidising in an alkaline pH. It releases it by a conformational change in acidic pH, activating luciferin. This activation then allows the enzyme to oxidise luciferin to oxyluciferin. It is this molecule that leads to the emission of photons by an unknown process.

Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most common bioluminescent organisms in coastal areas of the world, its bioluminescence lasts 80 ms. In areas where it is abundant, its bioluminescence acts as a sensitive expressive character and provides an indication of its spatial distribution. There is a large variability in the duration of bioluminescence between species that is not yet explained. But it may be related to the number of scintillations present, the volume of scintillations, the amount of luciferin available and the amount of scintillations stimulated by proton influx which can approach 5% for Noctiluca scintillans.

Some other phenomena influence the intensity of bioluminescence and even its presence. First of all, it has been found that it varies with the circadian rhythm. The molecules are destroyed at dawn and start to be resynthesised at dusk. Their concentration is highest during 4 hours of the night, when it reaches 10 times the daytime concentration.

The intensity of the emitted light is influenced by the physiological status of the cell and also by environmental factors. The intensity is also influenced by the amount of light received during the previous day. This last phenomenon is due to the fact that for species containing chlorophyll (such as the green genus for Noctiluca scintillans), the mechanism of bioluminescence is a little different and depends on the chlorophyll a molecule. Bioluminescence is therefore influenced by cell sensitivity to stimulation, specific response, time, physiology and environmental factors.

N. scintillans is less prone to predation when in this 'phase' of bioluminescence, so this may be one of the functions of bioluminescence. The function of bioluminescence has not yet been proven, it is only a theoretical concept. However, it seems to act as a defence against predators, for oxygen, camouflage and seduction.

N. scintillans is not the only species capable of bioluminescence; Pyrocystis lunula, a dinobiont, or certain bacteria are also capable of it.

Red tides
The proliferation of N. scintillans can be toxic, and has been linked to massive mortality of fish and marine invertebrates. However, this species does not produce toxins, which are often the cause of the harmful effect of these tides when they are caused by other organisms. It is actually because of the accumulation of ammonium in excessive quantities and the reduction of dissolved oxygen in the direct ecosystem during its proliferation that N. scintillans is harmful to other species of fish and invertebrates that experience high mortality.

When the concentration of individuals exceeds one and a half million per litre, the water turns pink or orange, hence the name of the red tide phenomenon. In 1970, concentrations of 2,400,000 N. scintillans per litre were found.

This phenomenon is not always red. The colour depends on the pigment in the vacuole of the organism and can be green. (there is a picture in the morphology section).

Other species can also cause red tides, such as species of dinobionts, which are single-celled organisms with 2 flagella. It is necessary to check under the microscope whether the red tide is indeed caused by Noctiluca scintillans or not.

Eutrophication
Noctiluca scintillans was first discovered in the Arabian Sea in the 2000s, according to a recent study, which was also the first time that the sea water was undersaturated with oxygen. Since then, winter dissolved oxygen concentrations in the upper euphotic zone have remained low. It has been shown that the species grows best in an environment with abundant light (for the green genus) and with a lower dissolved oxygen concentration, this increases oxygen uptake in the species and further decreases oxygen levels. This allows the species to grow faster and thus creates waves of green Noctiluca scintillans blooms in the Arabian Sea every winter.

The eutrophication of the water is therefore not directly related to Noctiluca scintillans, but the fact that the dissolved oxygen concentration is already slightly low during the monsoon period shows a more consistent development of the species which worsens the situation by increasing its oxygen uptake and decreasing the amount of available dissolved oxygen. This decrease in natural dissolved oxygen is actually caused by the presence of phytoplankton brought in by the hypoxic waters of the Southern Ocean during the monsoon period. To date, this is the only explanation for the arrival of the low oxygen waters.

Another interesting detail is that Noctiluca scintillans produces large amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen in its excretions. The bloom of the species has often been linked to mass mortalities of marine invertebrates and fish but in reality it does not produce toxins, it accumulates lethal amounts of ammonium which is then excreted into the environment. It is during toxic red tides, that the red genus excretes these lethal amounts to the animals around it.

Impact on coral reefs
Coral reefs have been in severe decline in recent decades. According to a study conducted in 2019 in the Gulf of Mannar (South India), hypoxic conditions caused by algal blooms are causing massive mortality of coral reefs.

In this study, it is shown that Noctiluca scintillans causes the death of these corals significantly by overgrowth, as their reproduction causes a decrease in dissolved oxygen of 2 mg/L. This causes lethal hypoxia for corals of the genus Acropora, Montipora and Pocillopora.

There is still a lot of work to be done to find ways to remedy this problem, especially to understand the precise mechanisms of the interaction. Corals are home to 25% of the Earth's marine life. So there is a lot at stake in understanding this.

Calendar
The phenomenon of bioluminescence is very nice to observe, but it is not found everywhere at any time. Attached is a calendar of peak abundance in different regions of the world and in different months of the year.

title: Noctiluca scintillans


text:
Indzhe Voyvoda

Indzhe Voyvoda (Индже войвода) (c. 1755, Sliven – 1821, Sculeni) was a renowned Bulgarian leader (voivod) of an armed band of outlaws (hajduks) in Ottoman-held Bulgaria. He mainly operated in the mountainous regions of Strandzha, Sakar and the eastern Balkan Mountains.

During the feudal seditions in the Ottoman Empire, Stoyan (his nickname Indzhe comes from Ottoman Turkish ince, "slim") became the leader of a large gang of robbers. His band attempted to attack and rob the town of Kotel, but its inhabitants erected a three-metre high wall and drove them back. He later gave up robbing and began to patronize the poor Bulgarian population, according to one legend leading an insurrection in the early 19th century. In 1806 Indzhe moved to Moldova, where he enrolled in the local rulers' guard and continued to fight against the Ottomans, until dying in 1821 in the Battle of Sculeni.

He is still remembered in Bulgarian folklore, and many folk songs honour him. The Bulgarian village of Indzhe Voyvoda in the Strandzha Mountain is named in his memory.

title: Indzhe Voyvoda