text:
Talk:List of state routes in Washington

Original routes
From a 1925 map: A few more and details at and of course
 * WASHINGTON STATE HIGHWAYS
 * PRIMARY HIGHWAYS
 * 1 Pacific Highway Oregon (Portland)-British Columbia (Blaine)
 * 2 Sunset Highway Seattle?-Idaho (Spokane Bridge)
 * 3 Inland Empire Highway Teanaway-British Columbia (Laurier)
 * 5 National Park Highway System Seattle-Yakima, west of Ethel-east of Mt. Rainier, Kosmos-Tacoma
 * 6 Pend Oreille Highway Spokane-British Columbia (north of Metaline Falls)
 * 7 North Central Highway Ellensburg-Davenport
 * 8 North Bank Highway Vancouver-Buena? Zillah?
 * 9 Olympic Highway Olympia-west of Olympia (loop)
 * 10 Chelan and Okanogan Highway Quincy-British Columbia (north of Oroville)
 * 11 Central Washington Highway Pasco-west of Spokane
 * 12 Ocean Beach Highway Kelso-Chehalis, northwest of Naselle-Oregon (Astoria)
 * 13 Willapa-Grays Harbor Highway Raymond-east of Aberdeen
 * 14 Navy Yard Highway south of Potlatch-Harper?
 * 15 Inland Empire Highway Eastern Route Idaho (Lewiston)-Malden
 * SECONDARY HIGHWAYS
 * 4 Tonasket-San Poil Highway Tonasket-Wilbur
 * 21 State Road No. 21 Charleston-Port Gamble? Kingston?
 * 22 State Road No. 22 Davenport-Kettle Falls
 * 23 Methow Valley Highway southwest of Pateros-Ruby?
 * 24 Cascade Wagon Road Marbremount?-Twisp?

Beach driving
I can't find an "official citation" I'll look for one later, but this shows up on a simple google search.

I have a few pics of beach "street signs" but they are too foggy to read, and plenty of pics of my car sitting on the beach, but that isn't a cite. I'll find a WSDOT page later, because they used to have a good one about it. SchmuckyTheCat 08:45, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Here we go:
 * Beaches are public highways, RCW 79A.05.693
 * Parts of beaches are reserved for pedestrians certain parts of the year, 79A.05.655..

There is still a better WSDOT page. SchmuckyTheCat 08:59, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, a WSDOT reference would be better - the law says nothing about them being state highways, just public highways. --SPUI (talk - don't use sorted stub templates! ) 09:47, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * public highway = state highway. cite from ocean shores police dept . SchmuckyTheCat 19:23, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * "(b) "Public highway" means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way publicly maintained when any part is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel." "Public highway" means every street, road, or highway in this state. --SPUI (talk - don't use sorted stub templates! ) 19:25, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Massive change to list
Why was this list changed to link to a whole bunch of redirects? What's more, this is starting to resemble the fiasco that happened in California. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs)  20:57, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Because those are the correct names. They will be moved there eventually. --SPUI (talk - don't use sorted stub templates! ) 21:02, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Add this to the med cabal case. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs)  21:05, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Hahaha, you're just looking for anything to use against me. --SPUI (talk - don't use sorted stub templates! ) 21:08, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I've found plenty at CA. I don't need this to make a case. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs)  21:12, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * As someone who lives here, in addition to your citation of the RCW, I can verify they are indeed always called "State Route XX" (and more often, but informally, "SR XX") and never "Washington State Route XX". Once the articles are all moved, the redirects won't be an issue. —Locke Cole • t • c 05:01, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Internationally they are "Washington State Route x". Also, SPUI needs to gain consensus for these mass moves. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs)  05:03, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Hang on.. he needs consensus for correcting the articles? So if an article about a President has the wrong birthdate, and SPUI has a source for the correct date, he needs to gain consensus for the change before he can make it? And what's this "internationally" deal? Do you have a source that overrides what Washington state (and Washington media, and Washington locals) call their state routes/etc? —Locke Cole • t • c 05:09, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * No but SPUI needs consensus for 300 page moves, don't you think? Especially when people oppose them and revet them back. Specifically, WP:AN/I has now placed a highway page move ban on all of us for this massive edit warring. We've discussed at WP:NC/NH and SPUI has no consensus. We've had discussions regarding the infobox at WT:CASH and SPUI has lost. We've tried mediation and SPUI does not want to cooperate. We've filed an RFC and so far SPUI does not want to either. You get the picture? --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs)  05:15, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Not if he's moving the pages to the correct names (and taking into account Wikipedia guidelines for disambiguation per the Manual of Style). Unless your position is that a consensus of people can, for example, have George W. Bush's birthdate changed to the wrong date in the face of evidence/proof indicating it's wrong. Also, please don't see debates as "win" or "lose"; that's when you lose sight of what really matters here: making sure Wikipedia is correct (and regarding the MoS concerns, consistant). And back to consensus for page moves; if page moves were such a huge problem, I imagine the facility would be restricted to sysops (in other words: regular editors wouldn't be able to do it if it wasn't supposed to be doable). —Locke Cole • t • c 05:28, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Specifically, people disagree that they are called "State Route x (Washington)". Read my response to SPUI's RFC in a few minutes. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs)  05:33, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * He is not moving them to the correct names. Under the law, [[Image:WA-3.svg|20px]] is called "state route number 3." SPUI is full of reasons why this correct name is not actually the correct correct name, but regardless of which side you come down on it is clear that the question of what constitutes the "correct" name does not have a clearly and unambiguously right answer. Moreover, "correct" isn't even the standard to be applying here; naming conventions (common names) is, and I would suggest that the average user is much more likely to search on "Washington State Route 3" than on "State Route 3 (Washington)." Because there is in fact no definitively "correct" answer either way, any change in the convention is subject to consensus... so why are you seeking to exempt SPUI, alone among the 1,000,000+ registered Wikipedians, from the process? --phh 05:58, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Stop confusing the issue. The laws use "state route number X" but WSDOT uses "State Route X" or "SR X". --SPUI (talk - don't use sorted stub templates! ) 07:58, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * WSDOT doesn't own the highways, or create them. The DOT can use whatever jargon it wants to refer to them, but that does not make it "correct" if it doesn't align with the law. You are the one who is confusing the issue. --phh 14:02, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * WSDOT maintains, manages and signs the highways. They also de facto create them - if they were to post a route that's not defined by law, the legislature can't go out and remove the signs. (This does happen with some spurs and business routes.) "state route number X", "state route no. X" and "state route X" are equivalent, and there's one that's clearly used regularly. --SPUI (talk - don't use sorted stub templates! ) 19:04, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Protection requested. 50+ reversions this month is a bit much; I think a cool-down period is in order.  I don't care either way which syntax is used for routes, but having this constantly appear at the top of my watchlist is kind of silly. Travisl 23:49, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Any chance everyone here could agree to stop the silly revert war until a consensus is reached? There are obviously two conflicting opinions here, but is there some reason discussion won't work? Constant reverts certainly don't make things enjoyable for anyone here. .:.Jareth.:. babelfish 06:44, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Since I saw the protection request, I've gone ahead and protected the article due to the constant edit warring. Has anyone here tried any dispute resolution?  I didn't see an RfC for the article (my internet connection is acting funny at the moment though, so it wasn't a thorough look) -- would that be a good place to start? .:.Jareth.:. babelfish 07:56, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * We've tried discussion, mediation, user RFC, everything. The other side just doesn't understand naming conventions. --SPUI (T - C - RFC - Curpsbot problems ) 11:29, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * SPUI's hostility toward any potential solution that differs from his personal preference in any way is amply documented here, here, here, here, here, here, and in many other places I don't have the time to look up at the moment. --phh (t/c) 12:58, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Make that "hostility towards the WRONG solution" and you're spot on. --SPUI (T - C - RFC - Curpsbot problems ) 14:53, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I rest my case. --phh (t/c) 15:32, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Does this mean you'll stop revert warring? If so, thanks, glad we got this worked out. —Locke Cole • t • c 15:46, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * We have standard naming conventions that articles should follow (especially for the case of disambiguation). Until there's a consensus to override these standards, we should follow them. SPUI isn't trying to force his "personal preference", he's trying to force the standard naming convention that the community has decided we should use (I note that WP:NC/NH did not result in a uniform naming convention standard for highways; it only agreed that each highway system should be handled on a case by case basis). —Locke Cole • t • c 14:56, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You're simply wrong. Naming conventions (common names) is really quite clear:

 * Rationale:

 * And in fact, the page is full of examples—I count at least 13—where the common name is favored over a more "correct" version.

 * So take an average user, selected at random from the million-plus user base of English Wikipedia. Inform the user that there is a state highway in California that has been assigned the number 7, and ask her to locate the article on the subject. What will she type into the search box? I submit that in the vast majority of cases, she is going to type either "california state highway 7" or "california state route 7". If she is a moron or perhaps a crazy person, she might type "route 7", but no rational person is going to believe that that is the best way to reach an article on a local highway in California. If she is familiar with the Wikipedia disambiguation guidelines, and if she believes that "route 7" is likely to be a popular enough search term to warrant disambiguation, she might go out of her way to type "state highway 7 (california)" or "state route 7 (california)". What percentage of users is likely to do that? My guess: it's pretty small. Use common sense.

 * So even if we concede that you're right about the "correct" names, which you aren't, at best it's a case where two naming convention policies conflict with each other: Naming conventions (common names) and Naming conventions (precision). If you'd like to have a civil discussion about the applicability of each policy to this situation in the interests of finding a solution that everyone can live with, then let's go. But don't try to pretend that you have the only possible correct answer and that therefore no discussion is necessary. --phh (t/c) 18:13, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The average visitor to Wikipedia would probably try "State Route XXX" first. Since many states have routes, those of course conflict. Proper disambiguation says we put the specifier in paranthesis (so "State Route 520 (Washington)"). That a visitor might try "Washing State Route XXX" after realizing that there are numerous overlaps for "State Route XXX" means, to me, that we should try and cover those via redirects (and SPUI has suggested this repeatedly; this covers the search field issue and also allows us to have the actual article at the correct name). But the correct name, the name used most commonly, is "SR XXX" (which is an abbreviation for "State Route XXX"). KING-5 news calls them "SR XXX", the Seattle Post-Intelligencer call them "SR XXX", locals call them "SR XXX" (or more likely, just "Route XXX"), and I wouldn't be surprised to see media outside Washington call them "SR XXX in Washington state" or "State Route XXX in Washington state". —Locke Cole • t • c 18:28, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I really, really doubt that someone in, say, Ohio would believe that, in a global encyclopedia, the most logical place to find an article about the state highway that runs past Microsoft in the state of Washington would be "State Route 520." But hey, at least this is an actual discussion! I could live with your proposed convention if it were arrived at through a process in which interested editors discussed the matter, civilly and assuming good faith, and determined it to be the best way to apply the binding WP:NC policy. What I don't like is being steamrolled by two people who've decided that no one else's opinions are valid because they've decided for themselves what's "correct," so everyone else can go fuck themselves. I resist that attitude, and if I have to keep resisting it, I will. Nonetheless, I'd very much prefer to resolve this some other way. --phh (t/c) 19:21, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

News flash, SPUI was right all along
Thank you for your e-mail to the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) asking about the official name of a state highway in Washington State. I do apologize for the delay in responding to your e-mail.

The official name is State Route #, not Washington State Route #

Again, I am very sorry for this late response. We do appreciate you taking the time to write to us.

Kimberly Colburn Customer Service WSDOT Communications PO Box 47322 Olympia, WA 98504-7322 (360) 705-7438 hqcustomerservice@wsdot.wa.gov — May. 13, '06 [06:48] <[ freakofnurxture]|[ talk]>

 * From the other side of the pond, I'd say that what the DOT says is the thing to go with. I'm all for the formal designation, over the informal, because if we are trying to educate, we should let people know what the correct name is, rather than reinforcing incorrect versions.  That's the whole point of redirects: people can type in something dumb, and they end up in the place with the correct name!  Noisy | Talk 16:34, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * There's no danger of us reinforcing people using the incorrect name. "State Route XXX" is the correct way for a person inside the state of Washington to refer to a state route inside the state of Washington.  "Washington State Route XXX" is the way many people outside the state of Washington to refer to such a route.  I would venture to guess that the vast majority of Wikipedia users are outside the state of Washington, so let's use that name, all right?
 * "Washington State Route XXX" is not an incorrect name, it is a sort of disambiguation. And parentheses are not the only way to disambiguate on Wikipedia.  This has already been discussed ad nauseum at the Arbcom case Freakofnurture took the above e-mail from, as well as Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_California_State_Highways.
 * In other words...
 * News Flash: We already knew what the correct name for the road was; that doesn't necessarily mean it's the correct name for the article.
 * Your contribution to the move warring was unnecessary, unwarranted, and unwelcome.
 * We're in Arbcom, we've got people trying to help us solve this issue. For God's sake, can't we just hold back until this is done?
 * -- Northenglish 21:59, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

His name really is Samuel Clemens but he is at Mark Twain. --Rschen7754 (talk - contribs)  22:53, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Strawman. The most common name is not "Washington State Route X". --SPUI (T - C - RFC) 01:46, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It is everywhere outside the state of Washington. Please don't say I need fact.  Be honest with me for a second.  What state are you from?  Assuming it's not Missouri, what would you call the road from Hermitage to Lebanon that carries [[Image:M0-64.svg|23px]] signs?  I would call it "Missouri State Highway 64", and I'm assuming Rschen, PHenry, and others would as well.  That's what we mean by common names.  I'm not in anyway trying to say that it's more common or more correct than simply "State Highway 64".  WP:D is clear; parentheses are not the only way to disambiguate.  "When there is another word (such as Cheque instead of Check) or more complete name that is equally clear (such as Titan rocket), that should be used."  These names aren't more common or more correct, but they're far from uncommon and incorrect... and they are more complete, thus as per WP:D we should use the more complete names such as Washington State Route 302, California State Route 1, and Missouri State Highway 64. -- Northenglish 18:19, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You're dead wrong - see . No matches outside Wikipedia. These full names are not "more complete", just plain incorrect. --SPUI (T - C) 22:55, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * According to the Revised Code of Washington, all of the state routes are in the format: State Route Number XX. Neither Washington State Route XX nor State Route XX (Washington) is technically correct. I've never heard anyone call highway 99 "Washington State Route 99," but I have heard it called State Route 99.  Sonic 3K Master  (talk) 07:33, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Your comment says that you misunderstand disambiguation - an article name of "State Route 99 (Washington)" means exactly what you say - that it is called "State Route 99". --SPUI (T - C) 06:14, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, SPUI, I see the search results. But I'm not dead wrong.  I like how you conveniently failed to answer my question.  What would you, as someone who I assume lives outside Missouri (I chose Missouri randomly), call [[Image:Missouri 64.PNG|23px]]?  Try searching google for "state highway 64 in missouri" or "missouri's state highway 64".  You get nothing, not even inside Wikipedia.  Now do a search for missouri "state highway 64".  Oh, of course you're going to get 11,000 hits, but have you read what I wrote on Arbcom?  A quick scan of the first four pages of results shows that every one of them is either (a) about a different State Highway 64 or (b) from a site that is about Missouri.
 * The question here is not what do people inside a certain state call their own state route. Wikipedia is for a global audience.  In titling our articles, we have the unique task of figuring out what to call a state highway without having defined the state first.
 * Imagine this scenario. Two hikers meet up in Mt. Hood National Forest.  It's in Oregon, but it's quite close to Washington, and neither knows which state the other is from.  One hiker wants to tell the other that he found a nice hiking spot along [[Image:WA-4.svg|23px]].  (Imagine for a moment that there is a [[Image:OR4.png|23px]] somewhere in the state, although even if there weren't, specification might still be necessary.)  How would this hiker both refer to the route and the state?  There are three ways I can think of, and since you love Google so much, here are their search results, too.
 * "Washington State Route 4" 28, 16 of which are not from Wikipedia or a mirror.
 * "State Route 4 in Washington" 4
 * "Washington's State Route 4" 0
 * Like it or not, people do call it that. -- Northenglish 00:47, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Your comment says that you misunderstand disambiguation - an article name of "State Route 4 (Washington)" means that it is called "State Route 4". --SPUI (T - C) 06:14, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Attempting to reason with SPUI is not a productive use of anyone's time. —phh (t/c) 17:46, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Going by what the RCW says seems even more incorrect. Sonic3KMaster's link says that it should be called "State Route Number 99".  I don't know of anyone who uses the word "number" when they're talking about a state route in the state.  Anecdotally, most people I know just call it "highway 99" or "highway 16" or "highway 512".
 * Incidentally, I needed to find the wiki page for US-180 to add a photo a couple days ago. I'm fairly new to this, so I searched for "US Highway 180" and had a heck of a time tracking it down (eventually I made it to U.S. Route 180, but only after I picked a different US highway page, hit its redirect, and then edited its URL to be 180).  As long as there's enough redirects, I don't much care what we end up calling WA SR-XX, as long as it's consistent. Travisl 23:53, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, that'll teach me. I wrote a big long response, and it didn't show up.  I must have just looked at the preview and not made sure I actually saved it.  Anyway...
 * Holy copy and paste, Batman! Would someone mind pointing out to me where in my previous post I said anything about parenthetical disambiguation that would lead SPUI to believe I "misunderstand" it.  Unlike my previous posts, not once did I mention anything about parentheses or articles titled "State Route 4 (Washington)".  The purpose of my previous post was not to debate disambiguation methods, rather it was to show SPUI through reason (something I will continue to do, PHenry, fruitless or not) that people do call these roads "Washington State Route XX" and it is a valid, more complete name.  Perhaps SPUI's misunderstanding came from my statement: "The question here is not what do people inside a certain state call their own state route.  Wikipedia is for a global audience.  In titling our articles, we have the unique task of figuring out what to call a state highway without having defined the state first."  I suppose I shall try to explain that further.
 * Wikipedia is a global encyclopedia. This means that we are not concerned with what the state of Washington calls their own state routes; we are concerned with what the globe calls them.  The official name does matter, particularly when determining whether to title the articles "State Route" or "State Highway" or "State Road" or something else entirely, but it does not end at the official name.  Let's take PHenry's Charles I example from our debate on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject California State Highways, and pretend for a moment with me that we're talking about living kings, although it truly doesn't matter.  A peasant in England would undoubtedly refer to his king as simply Charles I, just as a peasant in Spain would refer to his king as simply Charles I.  According to your logic, SPUI, we would title these articles Charles I (England) and Charles I (Spain), since that is what people in those countries call their own kings.  (Notice how I understand perfectly well what disambiguation means.)  But that's not what these articles are titled.  Why not?  Well, the English subject would refer to the Spanish king by the more complete name of Charles I of Spain, just as the Spanish subject would refer to the English king by the more complete name of Charles I of England, in order to disambiguate from their own kings.  Furthermore, someone from neutral Australia would refer to both kings by their more complete names to disambiguate them from each other, since if they said just "Charles I", it would not be clear which country they were talking about.  Here on Wikipedia, we use the global, more complete names.
 * The global, more complete name for [[Image:WA-4.svg|23px]] is "Washington State Route 4". The reason search results for phrases like "washington state route" are so much lower than washington "state route" is because people rarely have to refer to a state route without it already being clear what state they are talking about, but this exactly what one has to do when titling an article in a global encyclopedia.  There are still plenty of search results to show that it is a valid, more complete name.  I apologize for not linking to my search results in my previous post, but here are two I found particularly interesting: from the National Park Service and from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, two federal government agencies.
 * Did you notice how Travisl said "WA SR-XX" at the end of his post? Short for Washington State Route?
 * I noticed how you still have conveniently failed to answer my question. What would you call [[Image:Missouri 64.PNG|23px]]?
 * As proof that I do understand disambiguation, let me explain it to you. WP:D outlines a variety of different methods for disambiguation.  Parenthetical disambiguation in the form of A (B) does, in fact, refer to a topic whose proper name is A, and is used when there is another topic called A that as PHenry explained (also on the WP:CASH talk page) has equal right to the name A, and would be disambiguated with the form A (C).  Another way of stating this "equal right" theory is that when a user types A into the search box, there's a fairly equal chance they would be searching for A (B) or A (C), and further, when a user is searching for A (B) or A (C) they would be likely to type A into the search box.  But keep in mind that parentheses are not the only way to disambiguate according to WP:D.  WP:D also outlines the more complete names method, and clearly states that it should be used when possible, instead of parentheses.  More complete names, in this case disambiguation of the form B A, are used when even though simply A is the proper name, a user is more likely to type B A into the search box because he or she is already aware of the need for disambiguation.
 * -- Northenglish 22:58, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Notes for if we ever get this page unprotected.

 * The "eastern strip" of two-digit highways should start at U.S. 97, not the Columbia River. SR 22 is entirely east of US 97 and west of the Columbia River, as is about half of SR 24.
 * In the second paragraph of the "Numbering Pattern" section, I propose we use the phrase "child route" instead of spur route, in order to differentiate between (for example) SR 160 and SR 16 Spur.
 * US 101 Alternate is a current route, not former/proposed. It's a short route near Ilwaco, bypassing the section of 101 that runs west to Long Beach and back.
 * SR 168 is listed under current routes when it is actually proposed (as is SR 704).
 * I propose we list SRs 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, and 169 as children of SR 410 (functionally SR 16) instead of directly children of SR 16, since none of them connect to SR 16 and they all connect to SR 410. Highways of Washington State follows this logic as well.
 * SR 397 is listed as a child of US 95; it should be listed as a child of US 395.

Just some thoughts. -- Northenglish 22:23, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Protection
Do you guys feel like you are ready for unprotection or not? --Woohookitty(meow) 11:24, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Not until a decision on naming convention has been made one way or the other, IMHO. -- Northenglish 13:22, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh that's ridiculous. This page has been protected for weeks and weeks and weeks.  I'm unprotecting and if people start being naughty they'll just have to take the consequences. --Tony Sidaway 00:38, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Maturity is lacking from the people involved in the move war, and now the arbitrators and admins, too. Why was it necessary to call me/what I said "ridiculous"?  I didn't change any of the links that were already there, except for one that mistakenly linked to State Route 410 (California).  I did, however, put my new links at Washington State Route 410 because that is where I humbly believe they should be.  The text of the article is not an issue because I piped them.  Why was this edit necessary?  To quote SPUI, redirects are cheap. -- Northenglish 20:40, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

SR 237
SR 237 was originally numbered SR 537 when the segment of SR 20 west of the current junction with SR 536 was part of SR 536. When the North Cascades Highway was completed, the western segment SR 536 was renumbered as an extension of SR 20, and SR 537 was renumbered to SR 237, as it no longer connected with a 5XX route, and did connect with SR 20. The 3 was kept to minimize confusion. -- Northenglish 22:57, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Duplication
Due to the controversy over the state route table at List of Routes in Vermont, I am proposing three designs which should simplify the page and bring it up to par per WP:MS. (This is why there is nothing listed under state routes at the moment.) The goal is to enhance readability to not only "roadgeeks", but to every user that may or may not be familar with the terminology. See my sandbox for the designs and please comment here on what design you would like to see, or if there can be any improvements to the existing set. Thanks!  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 15:28, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I like 1A -- the graphics add a lot to the usability of the table. If there was some way to go with the graphics only, no text, I think that'd be a good option, as well.

 * Option 2 is no good -- I can't tell whether I should be reading across the rows to see the routes in order, or down the columns. Travisl 15:50, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * After talking to Atanamir, the only way to go about making the images clickable to the state route would to use some complex coding that would grossly infltate the size of the page. If you click on the image, it gives a listing of where the graphic is used, but its at the bottom and out-of-sight. I personally like Design 1, but Design 1A is also acceptable to me as well.  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 16:13, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I implemented it on List of Routes in Vermont to gauge reaction, since 1A came out better than I had expected in my sandbox. What do you think of that? The shields in the 100+ routes for Vermont were a bit more squashed than the sub-100 because of their widths but it didn't impact it as great as I would have thought.  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 16:42, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

The issue here on the Washington page would be to keep it so that the routes are listed by their parent route (all the 1XX's under 101, all the 5XX's under I-5, etc.) instead of in numerical order. Just something to keep in mind. -- NORTH talk 22:16, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Right after I posted that, I realized that I don't have a problem with reordering them numerically -- although I'd still wait until other users respond, as they might. -- NORTH talk 22:18, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I am curious as to why that was done? I hadn't seen that on other state highway logs at the time (in the east) until I got to Washington. When I was originally making the list out in the original tables, I had most of them done, then realized that I was missing a lot of routes in between since it didn't fall numerically.

 * I would suggest that it would be organized similar to other state route logs, such as List of Routes in Vermont, in which the state routes are organized under four columns. I want to hear other opinions on this as well.  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 00:49, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It wasn't done on other state route pages because Washington is one of only a few states that number their routes according to such a system. Other states usually just number them sequentially and/or geographically.  If you look at the lists for U.S. (List of United States Numbered Highways) and Interstate highways (here and here), they are listed in groups the way these Washington State Routes are because they have a similar (albeit opposite) numbering system. -- NORTH talk 02:18, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That's interesting. I guess the question that should be asked, is how the list should be organized. Is it better to use the unique Washington route list system, or number them sequentially? The latter is used on most other state route pages and, in my opinion, would provide uniformity by using it here as well.  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 02:28, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * But why should we provide uniformity with other states when the way Washington numbers their highways isn't uniform with those other states? -- NORTH talk 19:49, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * IMO, we should act on uniformity across the board in order to bring the average Joe the easiest method for finding a route. This may involve breaking the 'tradition' of this state highway log, but IMO, it would create a master plan for detailing how routes should be listed (numerically) versus something used for only one state. Unique or not, it can be confusing to "Roadgeeks" (such as myself) and probably others.  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 04:19, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * But how does the current organization make it any more difficult to find a route? Are you then proposing that we reorder List of auxiliary Interstate Highways so that it goes 105, 110, 115, 124, 126, etc.? (Note that I've struck through my original comment above.)  This isn't about the "tradition" on this page -- that's how they're numbered, so that's how they should be organized. -- NORTH talk 04:34, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Regardless of how it is organized in WDOT's books, a user should feel that he/she can browse the state highway pages and find uniformity in finding a state route. For instance, if a user is wanting to find SR 10, they should find it at the top of the route list, not buried half way down a page. At that point, they might just as well assume there is no SR 10. If there is a debate on this, perhaps we should conduct a poll and get some outside opinions on this matter to resolve the issue before a new log is implemented - in order to stave off any confusion?  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 04:46, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm confused by your SR 10 example. It's exactly where it should be -- after 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.  The one's that are slightly harder to find are the 3-digit ones, not the main ones.  However, the 3-digit ones are not hard to find at all either, as anyone who actually reads the introduction to the article will quickly become accustomed to the numbering system. -- NORTH talk 19:53, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I suppose that is a reasonable, as long as there is a description to how Washington numbers their routes. Being an out-of-state guest here, I found it confusing since I skipped the intro and went straight down :)  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 18:20, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Just for kicks, I have a list of the routes in numerical order (minus the bannered routes) here. Be warned that it's totally unreadable -- I only created it for my own reference while working on the infoboxes. -- NORTH talk 04:06, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * haha. I tried and I failed!  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 04:19, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

State Route Templates
I've made two templates for State Routes associated with I-5 and US-101. I think but they would be helpful on the State Route pages, but are they unnecessary?

Questions and comments are greatly appreciated, thanks. Sonic 3K Master  (鉄也) (talk) 19:11, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * They are awesome, except for the obvious minor errors (509 and 510 typos in the first one; should be I-5 instead of I 5).
 * Necessity is dependent on whether we reach a conclusion on whether we want to browse sequentially, or through the templates. No such conclusion has been reached yet.
 * Once change I'd like to see is to have separate lists for current and former routes -- list the current ones, then list the former ones -- rather than just an asterisk at the bottom. -- NORTH talk 19:26, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I just made the template smaller, made it I-5, and fixed some typos (I wouldn't be surprised if there are still some, though) Sonic 3K Master  (鉄也) (talk) 19:37, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * To be honest, I preferred the larger version better. Other minor gripes:
 * Typo in the 101 chart: should be 109 instead of a duplicated 107
 * I think it should be images for all or images for none (regarding the shield images for the I-X05 routes)
 * -- NORTH talk 19:45, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Sorry for being late to this, I've been out of town. I do enjoy this format, it makes the page more structured and clear. Could the widths be made consistent, such as at 90%?  Seicer  (talk) (contribs) 18:18, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Decision making time
If you have an opinion on the changes proposed in the above two sections, please vote in the poll on WT:WASH. -- NORTH talk 21:20, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Bridges as highways
I don't get the section of bridges being part of the highway systems. Of course they are, right? And why list these obscure bridges instead of well-known ones such as Tacoma Narrows, Evergreen Point, Deception Pass or Squaw Creek? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.57.220.63 (talk • contribs)
 * Agreed. Deleted.  Travisl 21:21, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Requested moves

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. Classification and inclusion of different types of roads can be handled through the regular editing process. --BDD (talk) 19:25, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

– Per WP:USSH and the Revised Code of Washington, highways maintained by the state of Washington (and WSDOT) are known as "state routes", not state highways.  Sounder Bruce  23:34, 4 May 2013 (UTC)
 * List of state highways in Washington → List of state routes in Washington
 * List of former state highways in Washington → List of former state routes in Washington
 * Support - Per nom.  Dough 48  72  23:42, 4 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support - per nom, with stipulation that all US routes and Interstate highways are removed from the table to make this a list of purely state routes (those should already be on the respective US and Interstate list pages anyway). --  LJ  ↗  02:06, 5 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support - Seeing as the Interstates and U.S. Routes are still maintained by the state, I would not be opposed to keeping them on the same list page. Perhaps redo the list to put them in different sections, though. Also an excuse to switch to the new  templates!  T  C  N7 JM  18:36, 5 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support – As long as the old names redirect to the new one. I also support the idea of making a new section for the Interstates and U.S. Routes. -DyluckTRocket (talk) 02:47, 6 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I counted roughly 8 Interstates, 13 US routes, and 222 State routes. Apteva (talk) 03:40, 6 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. Absolutely. It's just plain not the correct name, either by law, or by usage. VanIsaacWS Vexcontribs 04:27, 9 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:List of state routes in Washington


text:
Talk:West Singhbhum district

A request to all the fellow Wikipedians interested in the development of contents of this page: I shall be adding (say, by end-April/ early-May 2006) some more contents to this page. If some one may add a map and picture/s, the page shall become better. Thanks. --Bhadani 13:08, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Jharkhand workgroup Addition
WP India with Jharkhand workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Jharkhand or one of its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the irrelavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 10:59, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:West Singhbhum district


text:
User talk:72.10.100.2

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title: User talk:72.10.100.2


text: Category:Ecuador-related lists

title: Category:Ecuador-related lists


text:
Trusted by Millions

Trusted by Millions is the seventh album by Canadian rock band 54-40, released in 1996. Certified Platinum in Canada, it sold over 130,000 copies by the end of 1997.

Track listing
All tracks written by Neil Osborne, Brad Merritt, Phil Comparelli and Matt Johnson.

title: Trusted by Millions


text:
User talk:Guerberj

-- Sango  123  17:50, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page. :)

New Engineering Wiki
Engineering Wiki is a wiki entirely dedicated to collecting information about Engineering. I invite you to join this wiki.

Clackamas
Responding to a comment you made at the Portal talk:Schools page, please read this. Thanks. Harro5 22:28, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Jesus
Check out the Jesus article and edit it to keep it focused on Jesus and a biographical account of Him. Watch the Jesus page to keep it focused on Him. Thank you. Scifiintel 22:00, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

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Engineering Wiki is a wiki entirely dedicated to collecting information about Engineering. The Engineering Wiki is in early development stages at the moment. We invite you to help devlope this wiki.

Recent Changes Camp in Portland
FYI RecentChangesCamp Tedernst | talk 22:10, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

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Wikiethics
Hi,

We started a proposal Wikiethics to state the existing policies coherently and make suggestions on improving the editorial standards in Wiki. I thought you might be interested in contributing to that proposal.

Unfortunately, a pro-porn and pro-offense lobby is trying to make this proposal a failure. They unilaterally started an approval poll although almost no one including me believe that it is time for a vote, simply because the policy is not ready. It is not even written completely.

Editors who thinks that the policy needs to be improved rather than killed by an unfair poll at the beginning of the proposal, started another poll ('Do we really need a poll at this stage?') at the same time. The poll is vandalized for a while but it is stable now. A NO vote on this ('Do we really need a poll now?') poll will strengthen the position of the editors who are willing to improve the ethics policy further.

If you have concerns about the ethics and editorial standards in Wiki, please visit the page Wikiethics with your suggestions on the policy. We have two subpages: Arguments and Sections. You might want to consider reviewing these pages as well...

Thanks in advance. Resid Gulerdem 00:52, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

I would love your help.
I know you are interested in christianity, and I recently started a new wiki over at wikicities which is on the subject of christianity. Christian Knowledge Base is the site.

The goal is to have a knowledgebase on christianity from a distinctly "C(hristian)POV" rather than the NPOV. It is not meant to be a mere Christian Encyclopedia, but to foster a real sense of community. I'd like to include things like current events, news, stories, and anything that would add to both an understanding of Christianity, but also its enjoyment. I'm looking for help to build a resource that could really enrich the lives of Christians.

I know you are busy but I am actively seeking new sysops/admins to help me build this site up, and I would be positively thrilled if you could contribute in any capacity whatsoever. nsandwich 05:51, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

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Why so few Wikipedians are engineers?== ==

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Sunrise Middle School
Hi, I just started the Sunrise Middle School article, after I was inspired by your CHS article. I now attend CHS (I'm a 9th grader) and am modeling my article somewhat like yours (so they look a bit similar). Well, any help is appreciated (and sort of needed). Thank You for your time! §†SupaSoldier†§ 05:03, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

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moved Guerberj/editcounter to User:Guerberj/editcounter
Cheers. =) -- slakr \ talk / 04:05, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

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Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thon, Portland Oregon (March 7, 2015)
 You are invited!

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 * Wikipedia Edit-a-thon at the Portland Art Museum's Crumpacker Family Library (Mark Building, 2nd Floor; 1219 SW Park Avenue). Art+Feminism is a campaign to improve coverage of women and the arts on Wikipedia. No Wikipedia editing experience necessary; as needed throughout the event, tutoring will be provided for Wikipedia newcomers. Female editors are particularly encouraged to attend. Attendees should bring their own laptops and power cords.

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Wikipedia Women's Health Information Edit-a-thon: Tuesday, May 12 at OHSU
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 * Tuesday, May 12, 2015: Wikipedia Women's Health Information Edit-a-thon – 1 to 4pm
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Hope you can make it! If you have any questions or require any special accommodations, please post to the event page.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Upcoming Art+Feminism events in Oregon
You are invited to participate in Oregon's upcoming Art+Feminism events, which will be held in Portland and Eugene on Saturday, March 5, 2016. Please see the following links for additional information, or to sign up: About Art+Feminism: Art+Feminism is pleased to announce its third annual Wikipedia edit-a-thon, an all-day event designed to generate coverage of women and the arts on Wikipedia and encourage female editorship. Last year, over 1,500 participants at more than 75 events around the world participated in the second annual campaign, resulting in the creation of nearly 400 new pages and significant improvements to 500 articles on Wikipedia. For more information, see Art+Feminism.
 * Portland: Yale Union (800 SE 10th Avenue), 12:00–5:00pm
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Art+Feminism @ Portland Institute for Contemporary Art (March 18, 2017)
You are invited to the upcoming Art+Feminism edit-athon, which will be held at the Portland Institute for Contemporary Art (415 Southwest 10th Avenue #300, Portland 97205) on Saturday, March 18, 2017 from 10:00am – 5:00pm. For more information, visit Eventbrite.

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Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thon @ PNCA Library (April 29, 2017)
You are invited to the upcoming Art+Feminism edit-athon, which will be held at the Pacific Northwest College of Art (PNCA) Library at 511 NW Broadway on Saturday, April 29, 2017, from 11am to 4pm. For more information, visit the Facebook event page.

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Wiki Loves Pride at PNCA: Tuesday, June 27
You are invited to the upcoming Wiki Loves Pride edit-athon, which will be held at the Pacific Northwest College of Art (511 NW Broadway) on Tuesday, June 27, 2017, from 5–8pm. For more information, visit the meetup page or Facebook event page.

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Upcoming Wikipedia edit-a-thon dedicated to artists of color - Thursday, Oct. 26 at PNCA
On Thursday, October 26, a Wikipedia edit-a-thon dedicated to artists of color will be held from 4–8pm at the Pacific Northwest College of Art (511 NW Broadway). Learn more at Facebook. Hope to see you there! -MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:27, 21 October 2017 (UTC)

Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon: Jewish Women Artists (March 8, Oregon Jewish Museum)
On March 8 (International Women's Day), the Oregon Jewish Museum and Center for Holocaust Education and artist Shoshana Gugenheim will be hosting a Wikipedia edit-a-thon to create and improve Wikipedia articles about Jewish women artists. Click here for more information. You can also express interest or suggest articles to create or improve here. This event is free and open to the public, and will serve as both a public art action and a public educational program. Participation is welcome in person and remotely (for those outside of Portland). MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 23:25, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thon (March 10, Pacific Northwest College of Art)
On Saturday, March 10 (11am to 4pm), the Pacific Northwest College of Art (PNCA) will be hosting a Wikipedia edit-a-thon to create and improve Wikipedia articles about art, feminism, and women. You can read details on the Facebook event page, or this Wikipedia meetup page. Tutorials for new editors, reference materials, childcare, and refreshments will be provided. Bring your laptop, power cord and ideas for entries that need updating or creation. For the editing-averse, you're welcome to stop by to show your support! MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 15:50, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

Art+Feminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thon (April 13, University of Oregon)
On Friday, April 13 (3pm to 6pm), the University of Oregon will be hosting a Wikipedia edit-a-thon to create and improve Wikipedia articles about art and feminism. You can learn more at the Dashboard page, or our Wikipedia meetup page. Tutorials for new editors, reference materials, and snacks will be provided. Please bring your laptop, power cord and ideas for entries that need updating or creation. For the editing-averse, we urge you to stop by to show your support and have snacks! MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:01, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

Wikipedia Editathon: The Visibility Project - Saturday, January 19
Make+Think+Code and the Pacific Northwest College of Art are hosting a Wikipedia editathon at the Shipley Collins Mediatheque (511 NW Broadway) on Saturday, January 19 from 10am to 2:30pm. The purpose of the event is to make Wikipedia a more vibrant, representative, inclusive and diverse resource. Please visit Meetup/MakeThinkCode/TheVisibilityProject for more information. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 20:46, 14 January 2019 (UTC)

Oregon State University Black History Month Wikipedia Edit-a-thon, Friday, February 8
To commemorate Black History Month, Oregon State University, Wikimedia Nigeria, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, and AfroCROWD are hosting a Wikipedia edit-a-thon at the Oregon State University Valley Library on Friday, February 8 from 2–5pm. The purpose of the event is to reduce Wikipedia's diversity gap by creating and improving articles about African American culture and history, as well as notable people of African descent and the African diaspora in general. Please visit here for more information. Remote participation is welcome! MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:37, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

PNCA Art+Feminism Wikipedia Editathon, Saturday, March 9
The Pacific Northwest College of Art (PNCA) is hosting a Wikipedia edit-a-thon in the Shipley Collins Mediatheque (511 NW Broadway) on Saturday, March 9 from 10am – 2:30pm. This is a free community event designed to teach people to add and edit information about cis and transgender women and nonbinary folks to Wikipedia. We'll have training sessions, artist talks, snacks, free childcare, and plenty of exciting energy and collaboration! You're welcome to drop in any time during the event. Participants are encouraged to bring their own laptops and charging cables, though if you are not able, computer stations will be available. Please visit this link for more information. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 20:02, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

International Women's Day Wikipedia Edit-a-thon, Oregon Jewish Museum, Thursday, March 7
The Oregon Jewish Museum and Center for Holocaust Education, in partnership with social practice artist Shoshana Gugenheim and as part of the Art+Feminism Project, will host the 2nd Annual International Women's Day Wikipedia Edit-a-thon to edit and/or create Wikipedia articles for Jewish women artists. The event will be held at the museum on Thursday, March 7 from 4 to 8 pm. Pre-registration is preferred but not required. Members of the public are invited to come to the museum to learn about the editing process, its history, its impact, and how to do it. We aim to collaboratively edit/enter 18 Jewish women artists into the canon. Support will be provided by an experienced local Wikipedian who will be on site to teach and guide the process. This edit-a-thon will serve as both a public art action and a public educational program. Participants will have an opportunity to select an artist/s ahead of time or on site.

Please visit this link and the meetup page for more information. Thanks! MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:25, 5 March 2019 (UTC)

Please join us for our Cascadia Wikimedians annual meeting, Monday, December 23, 5:30pm PST
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Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia - Editathon 2021
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You're Invited! Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia
On, Friday, February 25, 2022, Oregon State University will be hosting an online editathon focused on Black history of the Pacific Northwest. You can learn more here and/or register here. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:25, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

Portland Art+Feminism Edit-a-thon: March 12, 2022
You are invited! An Art+Feminism Wikipedia edit-a-thon will be held in Portland, Oregon, on March 12, 2022. Learn more here!

Wikipedia is one of the most-visited sites on the internet—and it’s created by people who volunteer their time to write and edit pages. Learn how to edit Wikipedia and be a part of shaping our understanding of our world. In this workshop, volunteer Wikipedia editors will be on hand to train participants on how to get started editing pages and offer ideas for which pages you can pitch in to help improve. Show up at any point during the four hours to get started!

Also: Free burritos!! We will be providing vegan, vegetarian, and meat burritos from food cart Loncheria Las Mayos. Alder Commons has a large, fenced playground. Children are welcome! Some computers will be available to borrow, but if you have a laptop, please bring it to use. We will also be leading an online training for new editors at 11am-12pm PST. Please feel free to join that training if you are not able to show up IRL.

This event is part of the international month of events organized by Art+Feminism, which is building a community of activists committed to closing information gaps related to gender, feminism, and the arts, beginning with Wikipedia. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:37, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Parasitic Sensative Inverter.png

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International Women’s Day Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon, Sunday, March 10
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title: User talk:Guerberj


text:
Talk:East Singhbhum district

Untitled
A request to all the fellow Wikipedians interested in the development of contents of this page: I shall be adding (say, by end-April/ early-May 2006) some more contents to this page. If some one may add a map and picture/s, the page shall become better. Thanks. --Bhadani 12:57, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Jharkhand workgroup Addition
WP India with Jharkhand workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Jharkhand or one of its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article --  TinuCherian  (Wanna Talk?) - 10:17, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Odia or Bengali?
According to the 2011 census, Bengali is the most spoken language in this district. Someone keeps reverting it to Odia. Anyone who thinks Odia is the most spoken language can they provide credible sources? C1MM (talk) 05:36, 15 December 2020 (UTC)

"Jamshedpur district" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Jamshedpur district. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 July 26 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. MB 16:29, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:East Singhbhum district


text: Category:Medical lists

title: Category:Medical lists


text:
Susan Lanier

Susan Lanier-Bramlett better known as Susan Lanier, is an American actress.

Career
Lanier had a guest appearance on Welcome Back, Kotter where she played a flirtatious student named Bambi, who initially makes a move on Gabe. During the 1970s, she guest starred on shows such as Barnaby Jones, Electra Woman and Dyna Girl, Alice, Police Woman and Eight is Enough.

In 1976, she starred alongside John Ritter and Joyce DeWitt in the second pilot for Three's Company on ABC. Lanier, who served as the original choice by the producers to portray the newly created character Chrissy Snow, replaced Susanne Zenor in the cast when the characters, that were directly based from the original British sitcom Man About The House were done away with, but Lanier herself was then replaced by Suzanne Somers. In 1977, Lanier starred in the original cult classic, The Hills Have Eyes. She also starred as Sandi Chandler on the television series Szysznyk from 1977 – 1978.

She was a series regular on Tony Orlando and Dawn's Rainbow Hour for a season on CBS doing stand-up and comedy sketches with the show's guests. In the late 1970s, Lanier starred at The Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in a production of Tennessee Williams' Night of the Iguana which starred Richard Chamberlain.

Personal life
Lanier was married to musician Delaney Bramlett; she was Bramlett's third wife, following his divorce from Bonnie Bramlett and Kim Carmel Bramlett. Delaney died in 2008 from complications of gall bladder surgery.

Photographer
Lanier became a portrait photographer for magazines, book covers, and album covers, and in 2005 was voted one of LA's top ten photographers by Backstage West.

title: Susan Lanier


text:
User talk:DariusMazeika/Scrappad

Cochineal (Coccus cacti or Dactylopius coccus) is a scale insect in the order of Homoptera, native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico. A parasite, it lives primarily on the prickly pear cactus Opuntia ficus-indica and Nopalea cochinillifera by feeding on moisture in its leaves. The dried bodies of the females or eggs are the main source of expensive crimson or carmine red coloured dye primarily used as an food artificial colouring or for cosmetics named after the insect.

After synthetic pigments have been invented in late [19th century]], the booming natural dye producing industry has gradually diminished. However, current health concerns over artificial food additives caused a return of cochineal dyes; increased demand made cultivation of this insect again profitable.

The Insect
Cochineals are soft-bodied, flat, oval-shaped scale insects that cluster on cacti plants. The cacti pads are colonised by female wingless insects which are about 5 mm long. After fertilised, female increases in size and gives a birth to tiny nymphs. They secrete a waxy white substance over their bodies and their nymphs for protection from water and excessive sun. This substance makes cochineal insect appear white or grey from the outside. The body of the insect and its nymphs produces a red pigment, which makes the inners of the insect look dark purple. Initially nymphs are white. The pigment is based on carminic acid and its purpose is to protect from predators. When adult, tiny, comparing to females, males have wings and they only live long enough to fertilise the eggs.

Habitat
Native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico. Later cochineal have been introduced to Spain, Canary Island, Algiers and Australia.

The Host Cacti
All of the host plants of the cochineal colonies were identified as species of Opuntia and Nopalea (Opuntia amyclaea Tenore, O. atropes Bravo, O. cantabrigiensis Lynch, O. brasilienis (Willd.) Haworth, O. ficus-indica (L.) Mill., O. fuliginosa Griffiths, O. jaliscana Bravo, O. leucotricha De Candolle, O. lindheimeri Engelmann, O. microdasys (Lehmann) Pfeiffer, O. megacantha Salm-Dyck, O. pilifera Weber, O. robusta Wendland, O. sarca Griff. ex Scheinv. O. schikendantzii Weber, O. stricta Haworth, O. streptacantha Lem., O. tomentosa Salm-Dyck).

The feeding of the female cochineal often causes damage and sometimes kills the host cactus plant. Immature males while being nymphs feed on a cactus for a short time, and when adult, males cannot feed at all.

Cochineal-laden cacti Napalea cochinillifera were introduced into Australia for this dye with disastrous consequences. By 1925, 250000 km² of valuable range land was covered by prickly pear cactus. To control the spread of prickly pear cactus in Australia, the cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) was introduced, and by 1930, vast areas of cactus scrub have been denuded by cactus moth larvae. Side effects have caused a havoc: the moth has attacked other species of cacti, some of which are rare and endangered.

Farming
The cochineal is farmed by planting already infected pads and protecting the predators, cold and rains. Several natural enemies can reduce the whole populations of this insect on its cacti hosts. Of all the depredators, insects seem to be the most important group. Insects and their larvae as weaver worm, pyralid moth (order Lepidoptera), lady bug (Coleoptera), fly, drum worm (Diptera), needle worm (Neuroptera) and ant (Hymenoptera) have been identified. Many birds, including domestic, rodents, especially rats, and reptiles also are predators of cochineal population.

In regions, dependant on cochineal production, pest control measures have to be taken seriously. For small cultivations most effective and safe manual method of control has proved. For large cultivation farms advanced methods have to be developed: alternative bioinsecticides or traps with pheromones.

The Dye
A deep crimson dye is extracted from the Cochineal insect females. Cochineal is used to produce scarlet, orange and other tints of red colour dyes, too.

Dye Production
The insects are collected at approximately age of ninety days. The insects are knocked, brushed or picked from the cacti into bags; it is a highly labor-intensive activity. The insects are gathered by small groups of collectors who sell them to local processors or exporters.

The insects are killed by either immersion in hot water (after which they are dried) or by exposure to sunlight, steam, or the heat of an oven. The variety in the appearance of commercial cochineal is caused by these differing methods. The immersion technique produces grey grains known as grey cochineal. Heating technique produces almost black grains known as black cochineal. The insects must be dried to about 30 per cent of their original body weight before they can be stored without decaying. It takes around 70,000 insects to make one pound of cochineal.

There are two main forms of cochineal dye: cochineal extract is a colouring made from the raw dried and pulverised bodies of insects, carmine is a more purified colouring made from cochineal. The dried insects and extracts must conform to the buyer’s specification for very low maximum levels of bacteria. The colouring comes from carminic (kermesic) acid. Cochineal extract natural carminic acid content is usually 19-22%.

To prepare carmine, the powdered insect bodies are boiled in ammonia or sodium carbonate solution, the insoluble matter is removed by filtering, and alum is added to the clear salt solution of carminic acid to precipitate the red aluminium salt. Purity of colour is ensured by the absence of iron. Stannous chloride, citric acid, borax, or gelatin may be added to regulate the formation of the precipitate. For the shades of purple, lime is added to the alum.

Now Cochineal is produced commercially only in Peru, which produces about 200 tonnes per year, and the Canary Islands, which produce only about 20 tonnes per year. France is believed to be the world’s largest importer of cochineal, but Japan and Italy are also important direct importers. A high proportion of these imports are reexported in processed form, mainly to other developed economies.

History
The cochineal was used by the Aztecs and Mayans. 11 cities conquered by Montezuma in 15th century paid a yearly tribute of 2000 decorated cotton blankets and 40 bags of Cochineal dye each. Spanish conquistadors introduced the dye from Mexico to Europe during the 17th century. The Mexican city of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, and its hinterland owed much of its prosperity in the 17th and 18th centuries to the cochineal trade. It has since been imported to and cultivated in other locations, such as Peru and the Canary Islands, where it became a lucrative export. The dye industry was so economically important, that it was third highest source of income for Spanish colonies after gold and silver exports. Once Mexico has been the first dye producer during the colonial period.

Recipes for artists' use of carmine appear in many early painting and alchemical handbooks throughout the Middle Ages. Carmine lakes appear frequently in European oil paintings from François Boucher to Raoul Dufy.

In the course of the 20th century, trade in cochineal diminished, as it was replaced by synthetic compounds, like alizarin crimson and many other substitute dyes. In recent years it has become commercially valuable again, because, unlike many commercial synthetic red dyes, it is non-toxic and not carcerogenic (however, some people are allergic to carmine - see a section below).

Usage

Traditionally cochineal was used for colouring fabrics. Now it is used as a fabric and cosmetics dye and as a natural food colouring, as well as for oil paints, lake, pigments and watercolours. Cochineal dye coloured wool and cotton is still important material for Mexican folk art and crafts. Because it can cause severe allergies, when used as a food additive, the dye must be labelled on packaging labels. Sometimes Carmine is labelled as E120.

The water soluble form is used in alcoholic drinks with calcium carmine, the insoluble form, being used in a wider variety of products. Together with ammonium carmine they can be found in alcoholic drinks, bakery products and toppings, biscuits, desserts, drinks, icings, pie fillings, variety of cheddar cheese, sauces and sweets. It gives Campari and other Italian aperitifs their colour, too.

Carmine is one of the very few pigments considered safe enough for use in eye cosmetics. A bright red dye and the biological stain carmine used in microbiology is often made from the carmine extract, too. The pharmaceutical industry uses cochineal to colour pills and ointments.

Controversy
An unknown percentage of people have been found to have allergies to carmine, ranging from mild cases of hives, to anaphylactic shock. Carmine has been found to cause asthma in some people. Cochineal is one of the colours that the Hyperactive Children's Support Group recommends be eliminated from the diet of hyperactive children.

Natural carmine dye used in foods can render them rather unattractive to vegetarian consumers, and Muslims consider carmine containing food forbidden (haraam), because insects are used in dye production (see above).

title: User talk:DariusMazeika/Scrappad