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Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/GregRobson

GregRobson
final (11/2/0) ending 22:55 July 20 2005 (UTC)

Hi, I have been editing here for quite some time (as you can tell from my userpage and associated info). I currently have 1788 edits across all namespaces (full details via Kate's tools). I have worked on some grunt work in the past and created a few articles to fill the occasional gaps in Wikipedia's knowledge ;) I would like admin status as I am constantly getting more involved, and wanting to tidy up the category namespace amongst many other tasks. I would rather not burden the deletion pages with constant requests for trivial matters. I would also like to be able to revert the vandalism I see. Thanks. Greg Robson 21:56, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here: N/A — Self nomination

Support
 * 1) Yes. I will cast the first support vote for you.  With over two years of contributions, and a demonstrated quality of accountability, the admin hat will fit you quite well.  Denelson83  00:44, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. Lots of hard work editing, looks good to me Howee 01:34, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support I see no convincing reason that the user cannot be trusted with the key to the janitor's closet. Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 20:46, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Andre ( talk ) 01:37, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 06:47, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support Will be a good sysop--Exir Kamalabadi | Contributions 12:47, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Cool. JuntungWu 04:02, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Change to Support. Handy user. Sorry for the first oppose. Redwolf24 01:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) I find his answers to the questions unconvincing. A self-nom should have clearer reasons for wanting to be adminified. Radiant_ >|<  08:33, July 15, 2005 (UTC) I find his new answers a lot better, so I support. Radiant_ >|<  13:33, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Has a good enough balance of edits in the talk and Wikipedia spaces that if he were going to be evil to people it would have shown up by now, especially considering the time lapse. Good interaction with other editors via the various talk and category discussions I looked at, too. -Splash 01:11, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support -- JamesTeterenko 03:51, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support Bluemoose 21:28, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 22:15, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose - very shaky grip of policy. Answer below says he thinks that an admin can delete/rename categories on sight when there's a well established procedure. -Splash 15:20, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Come back in a month (Definately NOT meant in a hostile way). It took you two years to make less than 2000 edits, you haven't been very active, so step it up a bit and come back and you'll get my vote :) Redwolf24 18:51, 14 July 2005 (UTC) (Changed vote)

Neutral

Comments
 * In response to Boothy443 (1st opposition vote) — Could you give me a reason for the opposition please? If there is any flaw in my work I would like to know (even if it's lack of edits... you have no entry on Standars for Adminship page) Greg Robson 09:55, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Users need neither give a reason for opposing (or supporting), nor have an entry on the page you mention. I don't, and I don't plan to make one. Boothy443, however, opposes almost all RfAs. I imagine the bureaucrats are well aware of this fact. -Splash 23:09, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, I was just curious :) Greg Robson 07:50, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * In responsone to Redwolf24 (2nd opposition vote) — of my 1795 edits here to date, 1739 were made since November 2004. This is when I really started getting hooked. This past year has involved me doing the final year of my degree in Computer Science... the count would have been higher without the workload of a degree! My recent lack of updates were due to exams and getting involved heavily at Wikisource wikisource:Special:Contributions/GregRobson. No offence is taken by his comments. Greg Robson 19:48, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * In response to Radiant! (3rd opposition vote) — I have added to my answers... I didn't realise how much others had written when scrolling through the page. Greg Robson 09:55, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Question: what do you mean exactly by "The ability to delete the many incorrectly named or capitalised category pages would be a great bonus and timesaver for myself"? -Splash 23:09, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There are many straightforward cases of poor capitalisation or items that don't fit a naming scheme (i.e. Fooish Mountains instead of Mountains in Foo), it's time consuming to have them all listed on CfD, only for an admin to "speedy delete" them. It would benefit everyone to have someone handling the clear-cut cases. Of course anything that I wasn't 100% sure on, or that people might object on would get listed on CfD. Also as I get cracking with WikiProject Categories we'll probably be suggesting lots of changes, most of which might be minor. Greg Robson 07:50, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's what I was afraid of. There is a process for renaming categories, and it is not done unilaterally by an admin who spots something. There's even a speedy rename process, but there certainly isn't a process that says "an admin can change anything they think is minor enough to not take to CfR/CfD. I'm afraid I'm going to oppose based on a shaky grip of an important policy. -Splash 15:20, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you could clarify then: on Categories for deletion policies it states that Users that are not administrators cannot rename categories by themselves, so they should list them on Wikipedia:Categories for deletion#Speedy renaming. I take this to indicate that administrators can perform speedy renames (as they will only be dumping work on another admin by listing them which is an ineffective use of resources). If I have misunderstood this then perhaps the language needs to be improved to make it clearer? Greg Robson 15:53, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You are right to say the phrasing is unclear. But the examples you give (such as the Fooish Mountains and renaming for consistency) do not meet the speedy criteria. The incorrectly capitalized cats you mention I'd have less of a problem with (although they seem routinely to brought to CfD anyway), but the inaccurately named ones simply must go to CfD. -Splash 16:51, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I stand corrected in that case. I would like to say I know every rule back to front, but then Wikipedia is constantly changing and I have been focusing on other tasks lately. Greg Robson 18:15, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's fair enough (though how dare you have a life outside Wiki?), but I'd still prefer a firmer grip on policy before you turn into an admin. Imagine the noise if you had decided to summarily delete/rename categories out of process! -Splash 18:57, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * By other tasks I meant Wikisource! Greg Robson 22:37, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. Probably the same that I do now, I do grunt work for the majority of my time. I expect though that I will continue to tidy up large areas of the category namespace like Category:Poker and Category:Education in the United Kingdom. The ability to delete the many incorrectly named or capitalised category pages would be a great bonus and timesaver for myself.
 * WikiProject Categories — I founded this, and recently a few more people have signed up to it, I'm now looking to start and develop some consensus on how to categorise everything on Wikipedia.
 * Of course the obvious things like reverting vandalism are important, and I am always keen to undo it. Although so far, other Wikipedians seem to beat me to it!
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. Southam — it's my home town and I between myself and a couple of others it has turned into a very respectable article. Boo.com — because all I did was start it off and others have shown why Wikipedia works! Category:Education in the United Kingdom — I got lots of feedback from other users, and although it is still far from perfect in terms of language used, it is a lot better than before.
 * I also did a lot of work on WikiProject UK Parliament constituencies for the UK General Election 2005. The work involved creating templates that were worked on a lot with User:80N (see my User talk:GregRobson for our discussion.
 * I am overall pleased with all my contributions, especially my attention to detail (e.g. using — instead of -) and focus on making entries look more consistent.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A. Yes, there was an issues of "Public schools" on the capitalisation. I kept my cool however, and double checked my use of Proper nouns, and between us we cleared the matter up with a little bit of discussion. It still exists here along with other past discussions User talk:GregRobson/archive1
 * I'll be honest and say that I haven't had many problems, I always tend to "take 5" and re-read comments before responding if they are contraversial. With users not always speaking fluent English, or mistyping sentences, it is very easy to misread statements and take them the wrong way.
 * I'm completely behind the Wiki-philosophy. So long as edits are not graffiti, or copyright vios etc I'm more than happy to see my work deleted/altered/enhanced. There's no such thing as my edit... only Wikipedia edits.


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National Democratic Reconstruction

The National Democratic Reconstruction (Reconstrucción Democrática Nacional) is a political party in Colombia.

At the legislative elections on 10 March 2002, the party won parliamentary representation as one of the many small parties. In the election of 2006, the party won no seats.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: National Democratic Reconstruction


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Austrumi Linux

Austrumi (Austrum Latvijas Linukss) is a bootable live CD Linux distribution based on Slackware. It was created and is actively maintained by a group from the Latgale region of Latvia. The entire operating system and all the applications run from RAM, making Austrumi faster than larger distributions that must read from a disk, and allowing the boot medium to be removed after the operating system has booted.

title: Austrumi Linux


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User:Mr. Bene

Getting started, eh?

I'm a Canadian, from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 'Silicon Valley North'. Now living in Seattle, Washington, United States of America.

You can see my erratic contributions.

= Alignments =

 * Wikipedian philosophy: Crotchety.
 * Political: Pro-environment.
 * D&D: Chaotic good.
 * Religion: Personal.

title: User:Mr. Bene


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sock site

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:38, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Sock site
Nonsense. -- RHaworth 21:57, 2005 July 13 (UTC)
 * Redirect to shock site. --Scimitar 22:30, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense --Neigel von Teighen 22:32, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Clearly a nonsense parody of shock site upon comparison Decapod73 23:22, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - surprised there are no sockpuppets defending this one! ;-) -- BD2412  talk 23:27, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Joke articles aren't for Wikipedia. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 23:28, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax. Dcarrano 00:14, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Community Participation

Community Participation (Participación Comunidad) is a progressive political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won, as one of the many small parties, parliamentary representation. In the election of 2006, the party won no seats.

title: Community Participation


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Ljusterö

Ljusterö is an island in Sweden.

It is in the northern part of the Stockholm archipelago in Österåker Municipality, Stockholm County. It is approximately 65 kilometers north of central Stockholm.

With an area of 62.05 km2, it is the 17th largest island in the country.

The island is accessed from the mainland by regular ferries from Östanå as well as by boat from central Stockholm.

It has approximately 1,500 permanent residents and 25,000-30,000 residents during the summer season due to the large number of summer houses.

Administrative history
Ljusterö was originally its own municipality until 1967, when it became part of Österåker Municipality. In 1974, all of Österåker Municipality became part of Vaxholm Municipality, but since 1983, Ljusterö has been part of the new Österåker Municipality.

Ljusterö windfarm project

Ljusterö is the site of a proposed project to install a large number of wind turbines to generate renewable energy. The project proposes 23 turbines, each with two megawatts electrical power output. Two wind turbines, one 0.8 MW was built in 2006 and one additional with 2 MW has been approved and was installed during 2009, but the other turbines have not yet been approved by the Österåker Municipality. The project has been heavily criticised by a large number of summer residents as well as permanent residents for affecting the archipelago's environment and views too much, making the island "look like an industrial power plant". Several other negative effects has been stated, such as generation of low frequency noise, drop of real estate values etc.

title: Ljusterö


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Talk:Parcheesi

Is this Ludo?
This looks a lot like Ludo. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludo_(board_game) 92.7.110.131 (talk) 10:18, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

Rolling again after doubles
I've seen conflicting rules regarding rolling again after doubles (or, doublets). The first citation in the article A(PDF) states that, after rolling doubles, a player rolls again "excepting that if he cannot complete the total move on the dice he does not have another throw." The alternate citation in the article B(PDF) states the opposite: after rolling doubles, "if you can't take all four parts of your move don't move your pawns at all. Whether you move or not, roll again."

Perhaps the rules in the article should cite the most recent published rules from Hasbro? Thintommy 13:56, 11 June 2018 (UTC)

spelling
Is the spelling of the italicized Patcheesi supposed to be Parcheesi, or was it called Patcheesi in America for awhile? I dunno, otherwise I would change it if it were indeed a typo. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.23.121.181 (talk) 21:57, July 13, 2005

Ren & Stimpy
In an episode of Ren & Stimpy called Sven Hoek, Stimpy and Sven are looking through boardgames, one of them is "pure cheesy" - should this be added to a new section? Gohst 13:12, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Unless "Misery Date" is added to that article, I'm going to say the answer is no. 139.225.184.192 (talk) 16:30, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Use of dice
Are rolls taken as in backgammon (each die can, but does not have to, move a separate piece), or are the dice added together? Or can the player choose which? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.168.226.191 (talk) 01:21, June 16, 2006

 * I read several versions of Parcheesi rules online: 1(PDF) 2(PDF) 3(PDF) 4 5. In all the rules I read, it's clear each die can be used separately on different pawns. When moving one pawn with both dice, some rules clearly state you must use each die separately. (For example, you could use one die to capture an opponent's pawn, then continue the same piece with the other die.) Others rules are unclear, and might be interpreted that when using both dice on one pawn, it must move the sum of the dice indivisibly (and thus wouldn't be able to capture in the first example, it would have to pass over). However, in some of the unclear rules, statements or examples in other sections suggest to me that each die is always considered separately, so my overall conclusion is each die always counts as a seperate move. -- Bavi H 17:01, 23 December 2006 (UTC) Have the rules to the game changed over the years? I have an old Parcheesi game board dated 1874 with all the original pieces and rules book as entered into congress by John Hamilton in 1867. The set I have must be very rare as it has no Re-Registration dates fallowing the original date. I also own the next board dated 1874 with the fallowing date of 1890 which was the first next re-registration of the game. My first board would have been manufactured before 1890 and it looks much earlier. The next re-registration was in the 1920s. So the second board would have been manufactured before the 1920s as it does not have the date 1920s on it. There were other makers of Parcheesi early on and different rules might be reflective of the other makers. And or the re-registration dates might have made slight changes of the rules? I'd post some pics of the games I have but not sure where to do that?

Ease?
This game seems to have entered the common parlance as something very easy, as in "Maybe you'd better stick to Parcheesi". Is it actually that easy? Sounds like a standard boardgame to me.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.26.169.174 (talk) 01:36, August 6, 2006

 * You roll the dice, you move your piece, you get to the center first. Blind dyslexic earwigs can master this game. I love it, tho. :)  PacificBoy  03:05, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

 * No, depends on the rules variation. From The New Games Treasury, Mohr (1997), p. 68:"A strategic race game; the model for most modern race games. Children who can count can play; in its sophisticated form, it involves enough tactics to keep even chess lovers engaged."Ihardlythinkso (talk) 16:57, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

Rules section
The "Rules" section reads like a copy 'n' paste. I doubt we need the full set anyway. -Phoenixrod 07:30, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

"Rules" often talk about how special areas prevent pawns from being captured but never state how captures happen. 66.53.226.56 (talk) 23:11, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Pachisi isn't National Game of India
Who says Pachisi is the national game of India? Please give citation. It is hockey as far as I know. Zoydip (talk) 04:29, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

I read it somewhere... OK, I will look for the cite. Davichito (talk) 18:05, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Edgar Allan Poe
This article currently claims that Edgar Allan Poe first copyrighted an American version of Pachisi in 1867, but as he died in 1849, this seems unlikely. A quick Web search didn't turn up anything about this, verifiable or otherwise... can anyone provide any source for this information? Blandoon (talk) 23:07, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Pawns?
Why are the parcheesi-men called pawns in this article? They had separate names in India, and I have never seen a playing set in which they were called pawns. Pawns are in chess. After a respectful pause for reply, I will probably change this. J S Ayer (talk) 03:09, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed and ✅. "Pawn" is sometimes used as synonym for "token" or "piece". (But "piece" is better, and both were in play [pun] in the article.) Ihardlythinkso (talk) 16:49, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

German name
Mensch Ärgere Dich Nicht is the name of a German version of pachisi, but apparently it is a brand name, not the general name, so I will leave it deleted. J S Ayer (talk) 02:53, 13 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Mensch ärgere dich nicht is another Cross and circle game; check the category page, also linked in the "See also" section. (Actually, I haven't looked into HOW similar the rules of these two members of the family may be).--Nø (talk) 10:01, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

Number required to enter
'The safe square paragraph says you need a 6 to enter, but everything else says a 5 is needed to enter. Delter9 (talk) 02:40, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Brand name
Nowhere does it say who owns the brand name - it's Selchow & Richter if I remember correctly. Seems as though it should appear somewhere Irish Melkite (talk) 04:27, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

Merge to a variants section in Pachisi?
Doesn't seem like both need their own articles. - Richfife (talk) 18:50, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

French Game of Little Horses
Someone has just added the Jeu des petits chevaux as the French version of Parcheesi. I looked at the French page for this game, and find that it has a section listing the differences between Parcheesi and Little Horses. I think the French game should therefore be listed under Pachisi as another variant, like those we have already in various English, Spanish, and German-speaking countries. J S Ayer (talk) 00:01, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

Name of each player's starting area
No printed set of rules that I've seen -- including the one cited by this article -- calls the starting area the "nest." The cited rules call it the "corner to the player's right." Some unofficial rules call it the "home circle." Whence does the term "nest" originate? —Rogermw (talk • contribs) 23:00, 29 December 2016 (UTC)

Direction of play
I regret that our childhood Parcheesi sets seem to be no longer extant. I finally looked at the two reproduced sets of rules, and it appears to me that neither one specifies the direction of play! J S Ayer (talk) 02:39, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

Photo doesn't match text description of board
Maybe this exemplifies multiple variations?

Per the text, the board has "68 spaces around the edge of the board, 12 of which are darkened safe spaces." Also, the round starting nests are colored differently, one for each player's color. The board in the photo has no outside track and the four circular corners are all predominantly light blue, though with different arrangements of the trim around the light blue. JamesMLane t c 18:29, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

Safety
Can an opponent be sent back to jail if the are occupying my safety and I roll a 5 to get out of jail? 2601:6C0:8283:1A30:E772:1854:5196:1591 (talk) 20:26, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parcheesi


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Civic Purpose Colombia

The Civic Purpose Colombia (Cívico Seriedad Colombia) is a political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: Civic Purpose Colombia


text:
Regional Integration Movement

The Regional Integration Movement (Movimiento Integración Regional) is a political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections on March 10, 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation. In the simultaneous legislative elections of 2006, the party won 4 out of 166 Deputies and no senators.

title: Regional Integration Movement


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Christian National Party (Colombia)

The Christian National Party (Partido Nacional Cristiano) is a Christian democratic political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party, as one of the many small parties, won parliamentary representation.

title: Christian National Party (Colombia)


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New Democratic Force

The New Democratic Force (Nueva Fuerza Democrática) is a conservative political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, on 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: New Democratic Force


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Progressive National Movement

The Progressive National Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Nacional Progresista) is a progressive political party in Colombia. In the legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties participating in parliamentary representation. The party took part in the parliamentary elections of 2006, in which it won 1 out of 166 deputies and no senators. The party was of little significance in the 14 March 2010 elections.

title: Progressive National Movement


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New Liberalism

New Liberalism may refer to:

 * New liberalism (ideology), variant of social liberalism that emerged in Europe in the late 19th century
 * New Liberalism (Colombia), a political party

title: New Liberalism


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Maccabiah Games

The Maccabiah Games (a.k.a. the World Maccabiah Games; משחקי המכביה, or משחקי המכביה העולמית; sometimes referred to as the "Jewish Olympics"), first held in 1932, are an international Jewish and Israeli multi-sport event held quadrennially in Israel. The Maccabiah Games are open to Jewish athletes from around the world, and to all Israeli citizens regardless of their religion. It is the third-largest sporting event in the world by number of competitors, with 10,000 athletes competing (after the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup). The Maccabiah Games were declared a "Regional Sports Event" by, and under the auspices and supervision of, the International Olympic Committee in 1961.

Games
Originally, the Maccabiah was held every three years. Since the 1953 Maccabiah Games, the event has generally been held every four years, in the year following the Olympic Games.

The Maccabiah Games are open to Jewish athletes from around the world, as well as to all Israeli athletes regardless of ethnicity or religion; Arab Israelis have also competed in it.

Competitions at the Maccabiah are organized into four divisions: 1) Open (Seniors); 2) Juniors; 3) Masters; and 4) Disabled. The Games are organized by the Maccabi World Union.

Etymology
The name Maccabiah was chosen after Judah Maccabee, a Jewish leader who defended his country from King Antiochus. Modi'in, Judah's birthplace, is also the starting location of the torch that lights the flames at the opening ceremony, a tradition that started at the 4th Maccabiah.

History

The Maccabiah Games were the result of a proposal put forward by Yosef Yekutieli in 1929 at the Maccabi World Congress. Yekutieli, who heard about the Stockholm Olympics, wanted to form a representation for Eretz Yisrael. Following the appointment of the new British Palestine High Commissioner, Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope, the Maccabiah got the go-ahead.

The 1st Maccabiah opened on March 28, 1932. The Maccabiah Stadium in Tel Aviv, which was built with donations, was filled to capacity. Roughly 400 athletes from 18 countries took part in everything from swimming, football, and handball, to various athletics. In the first Games, the Polish delegation took first place.

The Maccabiah Games were intended to take place at an interval of three years. Following the success of the first Games, the 2nd Maccabiah was held from April 2 to 10, 1935, despite official opposition by the British Mandatory government. Over 1,300 athletes from 28 nations participated. The 3rd Maccabiah, which was originally scheduled for spring of 1938, was postponed until 1950 due to British concerns of large-scale illegal immigration, World War II, and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It became the first Maccabiah to be held after the establishment of the State of Israel.

Starting from the 4th Maccabiah, the games were changed to take place every four years in the year following the Olympics and since 1953, the Games have taken place every four years, with the exception of the 21st Maccabiah, which was postponed for one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 15th edition was marred by what became known as the Maccabiah bridge disaster, when a temporary bridge built for the march of athletes at the opening ceremony collapsed, plunging about 100 members of the Australian delegation into the waters of the Yarkon River. Four athletes were killed, and 63 injured. More than 5,000 participants from over 50 countries competed in those Games.

Over the last two decades, the number of participants grew to 9,000 athletes in the 19th Maccabiah, from 78 countries, making it the 3rd-largest sporting event in the world and the second largest sporting event in 2013, behind the 2013 Summer Universiade. It is a forum for Jewish athletes to meet and convene, and provides the athletes with opportunities to explore Israel and Jewish history.

Approximately 10,000 athletes, from 80 countries, were expected to compete in 42 sports categories in the 21st Maccabaiah. It was reportedly the world's largest sporting event in 2022. President of the United States Joe Biden attended the opening ceremonies, cheering on the U.S. delegation of 1,400 athletes—larger than the U.S. delegation to the 2021 Tokyo Olympics. This made him the first American president to attend the Maccabiah Games.

Editions of World Maccabiah
The following is an overview of the Games:

Winter Maccabiah
Prior to World War II there was an attempt to organize a winter Maccabiah. Due to the relatively warm temperatures in Palestine, the winter Maccabiot were organized in European nations. The 1st Winter Maccabiah was held in Zakopane, Poland, February 2 to 5, 1933. The games were met with great opposition; the Gazeta Warszawska newspaper encouraged Polish youth to intervene during the games to prevent the "Jewification of Polish winter sports venues".

A second attempt at the winter games was relatively more successful. The 2nd Winter Maccabiah took place February 18 to 22, 1936, in Banská Bystrica (then Czechoslovakia). In the games, 2,000 athletes from 12 nations participated. This was the last time a winter Maccabiah was ever held, and the only two Maccabiot to not take place in the Land of Israel; although Maccabi still runs smaller regional winter games to date.

European Maccabiah
List:

Pan American Maccabi Games
Latin American Maccabi's (CLAM), called Jorge Newbery Pan American Maccabi Games or Pan American Maccabiah from 1966:

Oceania Maccabiah (Junior Carnival)
The Maccabi Junior Carnivals are a sporting event held for the Jewish youth of Australia or New Zealand. It has been held annually since 1982, usually in January.

Venues were:

 * 1) Sydney 1982
 * 2) Perth 1983
 * 3) Melbourne 1984
 * 4) Sydney 1986
 * 5) Brisbane 1987
 * 6) Adelaide 1988
 * 7) Sydney 1989
 * 8) Perth 1990
 * 9) Melbourne 1991
 * 10) Sydney 1992
 * 11) Perth 1993
 * 12) Melbourne 1994
 * 13) Sydney 1995
 * 14) Melbourne 1996
 * 15) Perth 1997
 * 16) Sydney 1998
 * 17) Melbourne 1999
 * 18) Perth 2000
 * 19) Sydney 2001
 * 20) Melbourne 2002
 * 21) Perth 2003
 * 22) Auckland 2004
 * 23) Sydney 2005
 * 24) Perth 2006
 * 25) Melbourne 2007
 * 26) Auckland 2008
 * 27) Sydney 2009
 * 28) Perth 2010
 * 29) Melbourne 2011
 * 30) Brisbane 2012
 * 31) Sydney 2013
 * 32) Perth 2014
 * 33) Melbourne 2015
 * 34) Sydney 2016
 * 35) Sydney 2017
 * 36) Melbourne 2018
 * 37) Sydney 2019

Ceremonies
The Maccabiah ceremonies are two ceremonial events that take place during the first and last days of the Maccabiah games. The ceremonies are an important part of the Jewish culture in Israel and the Zionist movement. The ceremonies of the Maccabiah trace their roots to the Olympic Games of the early 20th century. As such, they share many similarities.

The Maccabiah opening ceremony, which is organized by the Maccabi World Union, has recently been presented in English, Hebrew, and Spanish.

Opening
The opening ceremonies represent the official commencement of the Maccabiah. Some sports however, such as golf and rugby, might start prior to the opening ceremonies in order to finish on time.

The opening ceremony for the first Games was held at the new Maccabiah Stadium. The Stadium, which is located next to the Yarkon River in Tel Aviv, was finished just the night before. The Stadium also hosted the 2nd Maccabiah in 1935. For the 3rd Maccabiah, the opening ceremony took place in a new stadium in Ramat Gan. The stadium has been hosting the opening ceremonies of the Maccabiah ever since, with the exception of the 16th, 19th, and 20th Maccabiah Games which were held in Teddy Stadium, Jerusalem.

The ceremonies often start with the introduction of the active participants of the Maccabi youth movement. After the parade of nations, the opening ceremony continues on with a presentation of artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theater representative of the Jewish culture. In recent games, Jewish singers from around the world participated in the opening ceremony. For example, in 2013, Grammy Award-winner Miri Ben-Ari and X Factor USA finalist Carly Rose Sonenclar performed at the opening ceremony.

Parade of Nations
Just like at the Olympics, the Maccabiah starts out with a "Parade of Nations", during which most participating athletes march into the stadium, country by country. The countries enter the stadium in accordance with the Hebrew alphabet. The parade of nations, in contrast to some other games, include junior and disabled athletes who also partake in the competitions. In accordance with the Maccabiah's tradition, the Israeli delegation always enters last.

Closing
The closing ceremony of the Maccabiah Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded. Typically, a member of Maccabi or some other well-known figure makes the closing speech and the Games officially close. The ceremony includes large artistic displays of music, singing, and dance. Various Jewish singers perform during the closing ceremony. In recent years, the closing ceremonies included popular musicians and live music and dancing.

Medal presentation
A medal ceremony is held after each Maccabiah event is concluded. The winner, second, and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum to be awarded their respective medals. Medals are awarded by an official Maccabi member.

Sports

The Maccabiah Games recognize all 28 current Olympic sports, plus a number of other sports such as chess, cricket, and netball. In contrast with the Olympic Games and other major international sporting events, the Maccabiah rules regarding accepting new sports are very lenient. New sports are accepted to the Maccabiah Games provided that competitions will only take place if at least four delegations bring competitors for that sport (three in the case of female sports, as well as the junior divisions). As a result, the Maccabiah has held various unique competitions such as duplicate bridge.

Karate, not yet on the Olympic schedule, made its debut in 1977 at the 10th Maccabiah Games. The requisite number of initial countries signed on and agreed to send delegations. Since 1977, karate has participated uninterrupted. Although at the beginning karate was only contested in the fighting or kumite category, forms or kata was included in 1981. In 1985, women's karate was added. Junior and youth categories made their debut in 2009. The World Karate Federation, a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), oversees and supervises the rules of karate competition at the Maccabiah.

The Maccabiah Games are organized into four divisions: Open, Junior, Masters, and Paralympics.

 * Open – The Open games are generally unlimited in age, and are intended for the best athletes from each delegation, bound by the governing international rules in each sport.
 * Junior – The Junior Maccabiah games are open to any qualifying athlete aged 15–18.
 * Masters – The Masters games are for older competitors; they are divided into a number of different age categories.
 * Paralympic – The Paralympic games are generally open to all athletes with a range of physical and intellectual disabilities. Past games included Para-cycling, Paralympic swimming, Para table tennis, Half Marathon, and Wheelchair Basketball.

In recent Maccabiot there has been a renewed interest in introducing new sports to the Maccabiah. In the 15th Maccabiah Games, ice hockey was first introduced. Ice hockey was not included in immediately subsequent games, but returned in the 19th Maccabiah. Squash became an official sport in the 10th Maccabiah Games in 1977. The 19th Maccabiah was also granted provisional approval for dressage and jumping competitions from the FEI.

Notable participants
Athletes who have competed in the Maccabiah Games include many Olympic gold medalists, world champions, and world record holders. Among them have been Mark Spitz, Lenny Krayzelburg, Jason Lezak, Marilyn Ramenofsky, and Anthony Ervin (swimming); Mitch Gaylord, Abie Grossfeld, Ágnes Keleti, Valery Belenky, Kerri Strug and Linoy Ashram (gymnastics); Ernie Grunfeld, Danny Schayes, (coaches); Larry Brown, Nat Holman, and Dolph Schayes (basketball); Carina Benninga (field hockey); Lillian Copeland, Gerry Ashworth, and Gary Gubner (track and field); Angela Buxton, Brad Gilbert, Julie Heldman, Allen Fox, Nicolás Massú, and Dick Savitt (tennis); Angelica Rozeanu (table tennis); Sergey Sharikov, Vadim Gutzeit, Soren Thompson, and Mariya Mazina (fencing); Isaac Berger and Frank Spellman (weightlifting); Lindsey Durlacher, Jason Goldman, Fred Oberlander, and Henry Wittenberg (wrestling); Max Fried and Dean Kremer (baseball); Donald Spero and Michael Oren (rowing); Bruce Fleisher (golf); Adam Bacher, Dennis Gamsy, Neil Rosendorff, Marshall Rosen, Bob Herman (cricket); Boris Gelfand and Judit Polgár (chess); Irwin Cotler (ping pong); Marcelo Lipatin, Jeff Agoos, and Jonathan Bornstein (association football); Steve March Tormé (fast-pitch softball); Shawn Lipman (rugby); Dov Sternberg (karate); and Ori Sasson (judo).

Participating nations

The Maccabiah Games have grown into one of the world's largest sporting events, with 85 participating countries in the current edition of the Maccabiah. Below is a list of countries that participated in the most recent games in 2017. Scroll down for participating nations from the 2014 edition and other games

 * 🇦🇱 Albania
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina
 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan
 * 🇧🇧 Barbados
 * 🇧🇾 Belarus
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 🇰🇾 Cayman Islands
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * 🇨🇳 China
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * Curacao
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark
 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador
 * 🇫🇮 Finland
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * Georgia
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * 🇬🇮 Gibraltar
 * Great Britain
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 🇭🇳 Honduras
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary
 * 🇮🇳 India
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland
 * 🇮🇱 Israel
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * 🇯🇲 Jamaica
 * 🇯🇵 Japan
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan
 * 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania
 * 🇲🇰 Macedonia
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * 🇲🇩 Moldova
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
 * 🇳🇴 Norway
 * 🇵🇦 Panama
 * 🇵🇾 Paraguay
 * 🇵🇪 Peru
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * 🇵🇷 Puerto Rico
 * 🇷🇺 Russia
 * 🏴 Scotland
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * 🇸🇷 Suriname
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland
 * 🇹🇼 Taiwan
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * 🇺🇾 Uruguay
 * 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela
 * Vietnam

Early games featured many delegations from the Arab nations. Iran, a Muslim, but not Arab country, which debuted at the 7th Maccabiah, stopped participating following the Iranian Revolution. Some of these countries have participated under multiple flags. Countries that previously participated but did not in the most recent Maccabiah are:

 * 🇦🇲 Armenia
 * 🇦🇼 Aruba
 * 🇧🇸 Bahamas
 * 🇧🇲 Bermuda
 * Bosnia & Herzegovina
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Republic of the Congo
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * 🇬🇩 Grenada
 * 🇬🇺 Guam
 * 🇬🇹 Guatemala
 * 🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau
 * 🇮🇷 Iran
 * 🇰🇪 Kenya
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg
 * 🇲🇹 Malta
 * 🇲🇺 Mauritius
 * 🇲🇨 Monaco
 * 🇲🇳 Mongolia
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand
 * 🇵🇼 Palau
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * 🇼🇸 Samoa
 * Syria
 * U.S. Virgin Islands
 * 🇿🇲 Zambia
 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe

Former entity:
 * Czechoslovakia
 * Danzig

title: Maccabiah Games


text:
Talk:Russian Christmas Music

The wikimedia file doesn't actually exist.

 * I removed the link. --bdesham 10:42, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Specific Performances
This piece has been performed and recorded frequently enough that it isn't necessary to include information about specific performances. SuperOctave (talk) 04:34, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

Sorry. Cat stepped on my keyboard a few times while editing capitalization. Reverted to correct format. User: Carlo — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.81.152.226 (talk) 15:52, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Russian Christmas Music


text:
People's Integration Movement

The People's Integration Movement (Movimiento Integración Popular) is a conservative political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: People's Integration Movement


text:
Unionist Movement (Colombia)

The Unionist Movement (Movimiento Unionista) was a center-left political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: Unionist Movement (Colombia)


text:
Moral and Social Vanguard Party Let's Go Colombia

The Moral and Social Vanguard Party Let's Go Colombia (Partido Vanguardia Moral y Social Vamos Colombia) is a progressive political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.


text:
Citizens' Footprint Movement

The Citizens' Footprint Movement (Movimiento Huella Ciudadana) is a political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: Citizens' Footprint Movement


text: Template:Campaignbox Roman conquest of Britain


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Colombian Community and Communal Political Movement

The Colombian Community and Communal Political Movement (Movimiento Comunal y Comunitario de Colombia) was a populist and civic political party in Colombia. At the legislative elections on 10 March 2002, the party was one of the many small parties with parliamentary representation. In the election of 2006, the party won no seats.


text:
Talk:Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans

Article Name
After much deliberation, I think this is the most appropriate article name for the English Wikipedia (see Naming conventions). Ideally, it would be simply "Royal Saltworks" for ease of Wikilinking, but that might be too vague. Currently Royal Saltworks redirects to this article, pending any need for disambiguation. UNESCO refers to the site as Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans and that seems as authoritative as any original research I could do using Google. In architecture school it was often called "The Saltworks of Chaux" but that doesn't seem to be as common outside architectural circles. If I knew more about the relationship of the saltworks to the Forêt de Chaux, I might pursue additional edits, disambiguation and/or redirects. Comments welcome. Dystopos 22:02, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 08:02, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 15:53, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

"Early" Enlightenment??
"The work is an important example of an early Enlightenment project"

How can a project dating to the 1770s be "an early Enlightenment project"?

Regards, Klaus Schneider -- 88.68.134.16 (talk) 18:48, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090223214018/http://www.culture.gouv.fr:80/culture/sites-sdaps/sdap25/abf/monuments_historiquesa.htm to http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/sites-sdaps/sdap25/abf/monuments_historiquesa.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 20:26, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans


text:
Democratic Unity Party (Colombia)

The Democratic Unity Party (Partido Unidad Democrática) is a socialist political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: Democratic Unity Party (Colombia)


text:
Indigenous Authorities of Colombia

The Indigenous Authorities of Colombia (Autoridades Indígenas de Colombia, AICO) is a progressive indigenist political party in Colombia.

title: Indigenous Authorities of Colombia


text:
Colombian Social Democratic Party

The Colombian Social Democratic Party (Partido Socialdemócrata Colombiano) is a political party (centre-left) in Colombia.

Social democracy is a political ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a capitalist economy, and a policy regime involving welfare state provisions, collective bargaining arrangements, regulation of the economy in the general interest, redistribution of income and wealth, and a commitment to representative democracy.

In the 2002 legislative elections, the party was one of the many small parties to achieve parliamentary representation.

title: Colombian Social Democratic Party


text:
User:Sublingual

I'll get to fleshing this out someday...

title: User:Sublingual


text:
Colombian People's Party

The Colombian People's Party (Partido Popular Colombiano) is a political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: Colombian People's Party


text:
Brea Mall

The Brea Mall is an enclosed shopping mall located in the Orange County city of Brea, California. Since 1998, the mall has been owned and operated by the Simon Property Group. It is home to four major department stores, 179 specialty shops and boutiques, and a food court. It is 1281795 sqft. The anchors are Macy's, Macy's Men's & Home, JCPenney, and Nordstrom with one vacant anchor last occupied by Sears that has yet to be redeveloped into Life Time Fitness, retail, entertainment, and apartments.

History
The mall opened in 1977. Originally, the mall was anchored by Sears and May Company California. Later, The Broadway was added, and Nordstrom opened their second California store. J. W. Robinson's and a larger Nordstrom were then constructed along with a Y-shaped addition to the main mall in the early 1990s. In 1993, The May Department Stores Company merged J. W. Robinson's and May Company California to form Robinsons-May. As a result, the J. W. Robinson's store was sold to JCPenney (relocated from original location at Orangefair Marketplace in Fullerton), and the May Company California location was renamed and expanded. The Broadway was converted to Macy's after Federated Department Stores, Inc.'s purchase of The Broadway's parent company Carter Hawley Hale Stores in 1996. In 2006, due to the merger between Federated Department Stores and The May Department Stores Company, the Robinsons-May location was converted to a Macy's furniture store. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Brea Mall also had an ice skating rink that was later removed to expand the food court.

On January 4, 2018, Sears announced that its Brea store would be closing as part of a plan to close 103 stores nationwide. The store closed on April 8, 2018, making it the mall's last original anchor store to close. On April 9, 2018, Simon announced plans to repurpose the Sears with a Life Time Fitness as well as new retail, entertainment, and apartments on three levels. The first phase is expected to open in the fall of 2020, with the remaining phases expected to open in 2021. It is one of the five malls owned by Simon that had Sears closed planned to be redeveloped. By June, Pink's Hot Dogs opened their own restaurant here.

Anchors

 * JCPenney (140000 sqft)
 * Macy's (188000 sqft)
 * Macy's Men's & Home (198000 sqft)
 * Nordstrom (182000 sqft)

title: Brea Mall


text:
Argentine literature

Argentine literature, i.e. the set of literary works produced by writers who originated from Argentina, is one of the most prolific, relevant and influential in the whole Spanish speaking world, with renowned writers such as Jorge Luis Borges, Julio Cortázar, Leopoldo Lugones and Ernesto Sábato.

Origins
As a matter of fact, the name of the country itself comes from a Latinism which first appeared in a literary source: Martin del Barco Centenera's epic poem La Argentina (1602). This composition runs 10.000 verses and describes the landscape as well as the conquest of the territory. The word was reintroduced in Argentina manuscrita, a prose chronicle by Ruy Díaz de Guzmán.

Argentine literature began around 1550 with the work of Matías Rojas de Oquendo and Pedro González de Prado (from Santiago del Estero, the first important urban settlement in Argentina), who wrote prose and poetry. They were partly inspired by oral aboriginal poetry—in particular, according to Carlos Abregú Virreyra, by the lules, juríes, diaguitas and tonocotés. A symbiosis emerged between the aboriginal and Spanish traditions, creating a distinct literature, geographically limited (well into the 18th century) to the Argentine north and central regions, with the province of Córdoba as its center, due to the foundation of the National University of Córdoba. Two names stand out from this period: Gaspar Juárez Baviano, and Antonia de la Paz y Figueroa, also known as "Beata Antula".

Gradually, with the economic prosperity of the port, the cultural axis moved eastward. The letters of the colonial age (Viceroyalty-neoclassicism, baroque and epic) grew under the protection of the independentist fervor: Vicente López y Planes, Pantaleón Rivarola and Esteban de Luca.

During the 17th century, Argentine baroque literature was poor in comparison with that from Europe and some other parts of the New World. The only remarkable poet of this period was fray José Luis de Tejeda who wrote Coronas líricas and El peregrino de Babilonia

Cultural independence from Spain
As in the rest of the continent, strong feelings of emancipation from Spain were present in Argentina. Before independence, some neoclassical authors such as Juan Cruz Varela produced numerous works related with this revolutionary spirit but still under the paradoxical Spanish domain.

Argentina's true break with Spanish tradition was manifested in literature through the adoption of French romanticism as a model, postulating the return to popular sources and to the medieval. This aesthetic and intellectual was brought by Esteban Echeverría who wrote the first local and realistic story, El Matadero ("The slaughterhouse"), as well as the nativist poem La Cautiva ("The Captive"), with the Pampas as its background. His barbed wit and opposition to powerful Buenos Aires governor Juan Manuel de Rosas forced him into exile.

In the middle of the 19th century José Mármol published the first Argentine novel, Amalia (1851–1852), a historical novel set during the dark year of 1840 which mixed fictional characters (Amalia, Daniel Bello, Eduardo Belgrano) with actual historical characters like Juan Manuel de Rosas.

As Rosas' power increased, more literary works from the opposition were produced, such as Juan Bautista Alberdi's play El Gigante Amapolas, a good example of local sainete. In the genre of essay, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento published his Facundo, a particular (re)vision of Facundo Quiroga's life from a deterministic point of view. Sarmiento conveyed aspects of sociology and semiotics in this analysis.

Echeverría, Mármol and Sarmiento are among the group of writers known as Generación del 37, who are considered the first generation of local intellectuals.

Poetry lessened in combative spirit and turned towards the anecdotal and sentimental: Carlos Guido y Spano and Ricardo Gutiérrez, the chronicle writers of folk literature. Lucio V. Mansilla published in 1870 Una excursión a los indios ranqueles, a sort of chronicle of a voluntary expedition to sign a peace treaty with the Indians. His work (enrolled in a realistic aesthetic) anticipated Generación del '80, which would be deeply influenced by modernism. Juana Manuela Gorriti was one of the first popular female writers, mainly due to her melodramatic narrative works like the novel La hija del mazorquero and the foundation of La alborada, a cultural magazine.

Literatura Gauchesca
European-oriented, indeed Euro-centric, themes and styles would remain the norm in Argentine letters, especially from Buenos Aires, during this century. The (romantic) poetry as La cautiva or the latter Santos Vega by Rafael Obligado gave a lot of importance to the nature of the pampa, sharing some elements with a picturesque, imitation-gaucho literature, purporting to use the language of the gauchos and to reflect their mentality. The first current is known as poesía nativista (nativist poetry) and became a literary tradition. The second (known as poesía gauchesca) developed in parallel as a part of that generation's understanding of national identity. Although it also is a product of literary authors, this writing takes the voice of the gaucho as protagonist from the beginning. Gauchesca is related to payador's singing, a payador being a modern equivalent of the illiterate medieval singers. A payador's work, in opposition to gauchesca, is sung spontaneously.

The first gauchesco author was Bartolomé Hidalgo who wrote during the war of independence and therefore his works had a strong political ideology. His compositions were mainly cielitos (payadoresque songs but with provocative political messages) and diálogos patrióticos (conversations between two characters about current affairs).

In a second period, gauchesca was influenced by political-faction fights. Estanislao del Campo, and Hilario Ascasubi are the most representative writers of this period. Del Campo wrote Fausto, a poem which has been read both as a parody of gauchesca and an intelligent joke towards city people. In the poem, Anastasio El Pollo meets a friend and tells him his impressions on particular event: he has seen the Devil. What El Pollo doesn't know (or pretends he doesn't) is that all he saw was actually an opera performance at Teatro Colón.

The last author of gauchesca is José Hernández, the author of Martín Fierro. Gauchesca leaves its political influences and becomes social in the sense that gauchos are disappearing, mainly due to Sarmiento and the new economic model. Hernández is considered the responsible for consolidating the gauchesco style.

Generation of 1880
The generation of 1880 emphasized the European color and cultural supremacy of Buenos Aires. The migratory current of mixed ethnicity accentuated the change of the big village for the cosmopolitan metropolis. The poetry of this period is lyric: Leopoldo Díaz y Almafuerte. The latter usually depicts the worker's life in passionate attacks against the contradictions of contemporary society. Almafuerte (pseudonym of Pedro Bonifacio Palacios) was also a teacher and a journalist whose opinions and articles gave him a lot of problems.

Essay is a recent genre that developed in the late 19th century: José Manuel Estrada, Pedro Goyena and Joaquín V. González.

Narrative works oscillated between social issues and folk literature. The predominant tendency was Realism, best represented by Miguel Cané in his autobiographical novel Juvenilia. Other writers influenced by realism were Lucio V. Mansilla, Francisco Sicardi, Benito Lynch and Carlos María Ocantos. Naturalism was also an important tendency towards the end of the century. Argentine Naturalism was commanded by Eugenio Cambaceres in his novels Sin rumbo and Música sentimental, almost forgotten today. Cambaceres was inspired by Émile Zola's theory about the naturalistic approach to literary work, but its ideology suffered considerable alterations. Julián Martel and Antonio Argerich with ¿Inocentes o culpables? added a highly loaded moral touch to Argentine naturalism.

Modern
Towards the end of the 19th century, led by the Nicaraguan Rubén Darío, modernism appears in Latin American literature. Preciosity of manner and a strong influence from Symbolism sum up the new genre, which inspires the clearest voice in poetry, Leopoldo Lugones, who was the author of the first Argentine science fiction story. The first truly modern generation in Argentine literature is the Martinfierristas (c. 1922). The movement contributes an intellectual doctrine in which a number of current trends come together: the trend represented by the Florida group, adscript to ultraísmo, with Oliverio Girondo, Jorge Luis Borges, Leopoldo Marechal and Macedonio Fernández; and the trend of Boedo, impressed by Russian realism, with Raúl González Tuñón, César Tiempo y Elías Catelnuovo. Ricardo Güiraldes, however, remains classical in style, giving a whole new freshness to gauchesca poetry and writing what is perhaps the novel, Don Segundo Sombra.

Benito Lynch (1885–1951), an eccentric short-story writer who, like Güiraldes, does not easily fit into any "generation", wrote his quirky tales in an enchanted neo-gauchoesque manner about this time. Between the end of this decade and the beginning of the following one emerged the Novísimos ("Newest"), a generation of poets (Arturo Cambours Ocampo, Carlos Carlino and José Portogalo), fiction writers (Arturo Cerretani, Roberto Arlt, Luis Maria Albamonte and Luis Horacio Velázquez) and playwrights (Roberto Valenti, Juan Oscar Ponferrada and Javier Villafañe). The group promoted philosophical reflection and a new essence for Argentinidad. Leopoldo Marechal's novel Adán Buenosayres, published in 1948 and praised by Julio Cortázar in 1949.

Also worthy of note is the literary work of Leonardo Castellani (1899–1981), a Jesuit priest who left a considerable bulk of essays, novels, tales and poetry. Expelled from the Company of Jesus, the outspoken Castellani was also widely ignored – like his contemporary Marechal – by the literary intelligentsia of his time due to his nationalist ideology.

Generation of '37
The Generation of 1937 centers on poetry, where it developed the descriptive, nostalgic and meditative in the work of Ricardo E. Molinari, Vicente Barbieri, Olga Orozco, León Benarós and Alfonso Sola Gonzáles. Fiction writers subscribed to idealism and magic realism, María Granata, Adolfo Bioy Casares, Julio Cortázar, Silvina Ocampo) or to a subtler form of realism Manuel Mujica Laínez, Ernesto L. Castro, Ernesto Sabato and Abelardo Arias) with some urban touches, as well as folk literature (Joaquín Gómez Bas and Roger Plá).

Essayists do not abound. Antonio Pagés Larraya, Emilio Carilla, Luis Soler Cañas are some of the few who stand out, although the greatest Argentine essayist after Sarmiento – Ezequiel Martínez Estrada – also belonged to the Generation of '37. Many of these writers and a number of European ones contributed extensively to Sur, a literary journal published by Victoria Ocampo, a noted commentator on the day's culture.

Neohumanism, Existentialism and other influences
In 1950, another milestone arose: the New Humanism, a response to World War II and its aftermath. On one level are avant-gardists like Raúl Gustavo Aguirre, Edgar Bayley and Julio Llinás; on another, existentialists: José Isaacson, Julio Arístides and Miguel Ángel Viola. Further away are those who reconcile both tendencies with a regionalist tendency: Alfredo Veiravé, Jaime Dávalos and Alejandro Nicotra. Other fiction writers left a highly charged testimony of the times: Beatriz Guido, David Viñas, Marco Denevi and Silvina Bullrich. In a majority of the writers, a strong influence of Anglo-Saxon and Italian poetry can be perceived. Of particular interest are the poetic works of two of Marechal's disciples, the poets Rafael Squirru and Fernando Demaría.

A new trend started in 1960, continuing until about 1990. Its influences are heterogeneous: Sartre, Camus, Eluard; some Spanish writers, like Camilo José Cela; and previous Argentine writers like Borges, Arlt, Cortázar and Marechal. Two trends were in evidence: the tracing of metaphysical time and historicity (Horacio Salas, Alejandra Pizarnik, Ramón Plaza) and the examination of urban and social disarray: (Abelardo Castillo, Marta Lynch, Manuel Puig, Alicia Steinberg).

Dirty War
The 1970s were a dark period for intellectual creation in Argentina. The epoch is characterised by the exile (Juan Gelman, Antonio Di Benedetto) or death (Roberto Santoro, Haroldo Conti, and Rodolfo Walsh) of major writers. The remaining literary journalists, like Liliana Heker, veiled their opinions in their work. Some journalists (Rodolfo Walsh), poets (Agustín Tavitián and Antonio Aliberti), fiction writers (Osvaldo Soriano, Fernando Sorrentino), and essayists (Ricardo Herrera, María Rosa Lojo) stood out among the vicissitudes and renewed the field of ethical and aesthetic ideas.

Current
The 1990s are marked by reunion among survivors of different generations, in an intellectual coalition for the review of values and texts as Argentina faced the end of the century. Some examples are Alan Pauls, Mario Areca, Aníbal Cristobo, Ernesto de Sanctis, Marco Denevi, Edgar Brau and some more.

title: Argentine literature


text:
Colombia Unite

Colombia Unite (Únete Colombia) is a political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won, as one of the many small parties, parliamentary representation. In the election of 2006, the party won no seats.

title: Colombia Unite


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Public service of the Republic of Ireland

The public service (seirbhís phoiblí) of Ireland refers to the entirety of public administration within the state government apparatus. The Department of Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform defines the Irish public service as consisting of: Two-thirds of the public service is in the health and education sectors (doctors, nurses, healthcare assistants (HCAs), consultants, teachers, classroom assistants, etc.).
 * Civil Service
 * Defence sector
 * Education sector
 * Justice sector
 * Health sector
 * Local authorities
 * Non-Commercial State Agencies or NCSA.

Civil service
The Civil Service of Ireland is the collective term for the permanent staff of the departments of state and certain state agencies who advise and work for the Government of Ireland. It consists of two broad components, the Civil Service of the Government and the Civil Service of the State. Whilst these two components are largely theoretical, they do have some fundamental operational differences.

The Civil Service of the Government
The Civil Service of the Government advises and carries out the work of the Government, through the various Departments of State, of which there are eighteen; one for each Minister of the Government. Each department is led by a senior civil servant known as the Secretary General (often referred to as "departmental head" in the media). The most senior civil servant and head of the civil service is the Secretary General to the Government, currently John Callinan. The Secretary General to the Government is a dual-hatted position as they also head up the Department of the Taoiseach, a government department analogous to a cabinet office in other countries.

The Civil Service of the State
The Civil Service of the State is a relatively small component of the overall civil service, and its members are expected to be absolutely independent of the government, in addition to normal political independence. The Civil Service of the State typically comprises specialised agencies. The Revenue Commissioners, Central Statistics Office, Office of Public Works, Comptroller and Auditor General, Courts Service of Ireland, Director of Public Prosecutions, Legal Aid Board and Prisons Service are all considered to be part of the Civil Service of the State, as opposed to being non-commercial semi-state bodies, like Fáilte Ireland and IDA Ireland. Other offices are also prescribed under the Civil Service of the State.

The largest reform of the civil service occurred in 1984 when the abolition of the Department of Posts and Telegraphs led to the halving of civil service numbers. The affected personnel, mainly postal and telecommunications workers, were transferred to An Post and Telecom Éireann, respectively. , there were 47,658 people employed in the national civil service.

Defence sector
The defence sector refers to the total number of personnel of the Irish Defence Forces, which consists of the Irish Army, Naval Service and Air Corps. Personnel numbers for each of the three services is as follows:

 * Irish Army: 7,821
 * Naval Service: 1,084
 * Air Corps: 748

State spending on defence totalled €895 million for 2016.

Education sector
The education sector represents the second largest sector of the Irish public service, with 96,432 employees working in primary, post-primary and third level institutes. The breakdown of this figure is as follows:

 * Primary schools: 44,595
 * Post-Primary: 34,470
 * Third-Level: 17,367, the majority of which are in universities (9,991) and Institutes of Technology (7,249).

Public spending in 2016 on education totalled just over €8.3 billion.

Health sector
The health sector in Ireland makes up the largest part of the Irish public service, with a total staff of 105,885. Health makes up 35% of the total number of workers in the national public service. The Health Service Executive is the largest component of Ireland's health sector, with 67,145 employed as part of it.

 * Health Service Executive: 67,145
 * Voluntary Agencies (Non Acute): 14,914
 * Voluntary Hospitals: 23,825

Spending in the health sector totalled just over €13.6 billion in 2016.

Justice sector
The justice sector refers to policing in Ireland, specifically the Garda Síochána, which has a workforce, not counting civilian staff of 13,261. Spending on policing amounted to €1.4 billion in 2016.

Local Authorities
Local government in Ireland is undertaken by 31 local authorities, each one corresponding to a city or county. Employees of local authorities are considered to be part of the Irish public service, with funding for local government provided mainly by central government, as well the local property tax. There are approximately 27,188 employed for the 31 local authorities across Ireland, with Dublin City Council with the largest employee count of all the councils with 5,330 staff.

Non-commercial state agencies
Non-commercial state agencies, or government agencies are autonomously run state agencies assigned with a specific task, and typically free to carry out their responsibilities free of government or ministerial interference. State agencies are, for the most part, established through legislation by the Dáil and overseen by the relevant committee of the Oireachtas. Examples of such state agencies include the Arts Council, Bord Iascaigh Mhara, Health Information and Quality Authority, Higher Education Authority and Transport Infrastructure Ireland

In 2016 there were 12,616 employed in various Non-commercial state agencies, with the largest by employee being the Child and Family Agency with 3,554 staff.


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Independent Social Alliance

The Independent Social Alliance (Alianza Social Independiente, ASI), known as the Indigenous Social Alliance (Alianza Social Indígena) until 2011, is a progressive indigenist party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won parliamentary representation, one of many smaller parties.

History
The movement emerged in 1991 after the guarantees provided by the new National Constitution, it was made up of indigenous people, peasants, community leaders from popular neighborhoods of Popayán, a women's organization and the amnestied indigenous people of the Quintín Lame Armed Movement, who aspired to become a new political alternative. The first Assembly was held in the indigenous community of Yaguará, municipality of Chaparral, Tolima. There were indigenous and non-indigenous leaders who since 1969 had been working to promote the movement in favor of Amerindian communities, especially in Cauca, Tolima and Antioquia; Also participating were leaders of the Cauca peasant movement and urban leaders of the neighborhoods undergoing reconstruction after the Popayán earthquake. Over the course of a few years, the party has extended its endorsements not only to candidates belonging to indigenous communities, but to independent candidates who are generally in the political center or the center-left. The party endorsed the candidacy of Antanas Mockus for the Presidency of the Republic in the 2006 elections. The party's leader is the indigenous senator Marco Avirama, and its president is the Antioqueño Alonso Tobón.

On December 2, 2005, the movement announced its support for Antanas Mockus in the 2006 presidential campaign. In the election of 2006, the party won two (out of a hundred) senatorial seats.

title: Independent Social Alliance


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Alternative for Social Advance

The Alternative for Social Advance (Alternativa de Avanzada Social) is a political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party, as one of the many small parties, won parliamentary representation.

title: Alternative for Social Advance


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Manual Crimsons football

The Manual Crimsons football program is a high school football team that represents duPont Manual High School ("Manual"). The team is currently a member of the Kentucky High School Athletic Association.

History
Manual students first organized a football team in 1892. The team won the Kentucky State Championship six times; in 1925, 1936, 1938, 1948, 1959, and 1966. The 1925 and 1938 teams claimed National Champions status due to their undefeated records and defeats of other top national teams, but the 1925 claim is considered a mythical national championship because there was no tournament. The National Sports News Service gave the 1938 High School Football National Championship to Manual. That year, Manual defeated New Britain, Connecticut in a national championship game in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The game was sponsored by the Louisiana Sports Association, which was affiliated with the Sugar Bowl.

Male Bulldogs
Manual's rivalry with the Male Bulldogs, dubbed "The Old Rivalry," dates directly to 1893 and is the oldest high school rivalry in Kentucky. The most recent winning team holds a trophy referred to as "The Barrel." The rivalry was fueled in its early years by class differences between college-bound Male students and "blue collar" Manual students. The Louisville Post wrote in 1897 that "[Male's school colors] have always waved triumphant over the Red of the 'blacksmiths' as their more cultured opponents are wont to dub them". The game, traditionally played on Thanksgiving Day, was hotly contested and widely attended, with 10,000 spectators attending as early as 1909. The rivalry paused when the schools (and football teams) were consolidated from 1915 to 1918 but was renewed in 1919 after Manual reformed and built its own stadium. Attendance averaged 14,000 from the 1920s through 1957, when crowds were so large that the schools began holding the game at Cardinal Stadium, with a capacity of over 20,000. The record attendance was 22,000 in 1966. Due to changes in the state athletics schedules the Thanksgiving Day game tradition ended in 1980 amid protests from fans, and the game was moved to late October.

Notable players and coaches

 * Mike Basrak
 * Keenan Burton
 * Sherman Lewis
 * Aidan Robbins
 * Steve Wright
 * Gerry Cooper II
 * Travis Prentice

title: Manual Crimsons football


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Let the Moreno Play Movement

The Let the Moreno Play Movement (Movimiento Dejen Jugar al Moreno) is a political party in Colombia founded by Carlos Moreno de Caro. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation. In the election of 2006, the party won no seats.

title: Let the Moreno Play Movement


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rex the red

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete all. CDC  (talk)  00:09, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Rex the red, The Bob, Sewer Scourge , Fishlips
All characters in a java-script computer game from a website with a Alexa rating of 300,000+. (And, yes, I tried the game and its pretty crap) --Doc (?) 22:05, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * (Once again I've got the notation wrong on the individual pages for a multiple nomination - if anyone can fix this - and/or post the correct way on my talk page - I'd be much obliged --Doc (?) 22:21, 13 July 2005 (UTC))
 * Fixed. :-) Oh, and delete all. -- BD2412  talk 23:26, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, though I am rather fascinated by the character called "Fishlips", reminds me of a date I had once... -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 23:28, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Beats dating "Sewer Scourge". Delete, characters from non-notable game.  Dcarrano 00:15, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all characters from non-notable animation--nixie 04:34, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable gamescruft. JamesBurns 09:22, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation

The Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation (Movimiento Independiente de Renovación Absoluta, "MIRA") is a political party in Colombia, founded on March 21, 2000 by 51,095 Colombians led by lawyer and former senator Carlos Alberto Baena and Alexandra Moreno Piraquive. The party also has functions as a non-profit organization. It has representation in the Chamber of Representatives and in the Senate of the Congress of Colombia, and has also participated in the public corporations of Colombia at a regional level, being stated as the eighth-most influential political force in the country.

The party is commonly known in Colombia as "Movimiento MIRA" or just "MIRA". Members and affiliates are known as "Miraists", and their ideology is called Miraism. On a global level, MIRA has been registered with the World Intellectual Property Organization of the United Nations since September 27, 2011. Miraism has presence in many American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, USA, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, Puerto Rico and Venezuela, as well as in some European countries: the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In Asia, it is present in Japan.

At the elections of 2002 the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation. The MIRA Movement took part in the legislative elections of 2006, in which it won 1 out of 165 deputies and 2 out of 100 senators. In 2018, MIRA took part in the legislative elections, in which it won 1 out of 166 deputies and 3 out of 102 senators. The current party Chairman is Manuel Antonio Virgüez.

Foundation
The MIRA party was created on 2 March 2000 by Carlos Alberto Baena and Alexandra Moreno Piraquive, being elected as party Chairman and Vice chairwoman, respectively. On 20 June of the same year, they requested legal recognition of the party by the National Electoral Council of Colombia, which they obtained on 26 July under the name "Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation".

First elections
The first elections in which the MIRA party participated were the regional elections of 28 October 2000. In Bogota D.C., Carlos Alberto Baena was elected councillor thanks to 20,701 votes. In the Quindío department, the economist Bernardo Valencia Cardona was elected deputy. In the Risaralda department, Martha Cecilia Alzate was elected deputy. Besides, the party obtained councillors in several municipalities and seats in several Local Administrative Units. In total, the party obtained 53 curule seats, becoming the 18th political force in the Colombian politic spectrum. Two years later, in the parliamentary elections of 2002, Alexandra Moreno Piraquive gets 81,061 votes, the highest number of votes reached by a woman running for senator in that period, and becomes senator of the Republic of Colombia.

Chairmanship of Alexandra Moreno
On 26 October 2003, the MIRA party participated in the parliamentary elections and kept Baena's position as councillor thanks to 24,277 votes and the position of Bernardo Valencia as deputy of the Assembly of Quindío thanks to 10,743 votes. The party also obtained 84 curule seats, included 10 councillor curule seats. In this period, Alexandra Moreno assumed the chairmanship of the party.

On 12 March 2006, the MIRA party obtained 237,512 votes in the parliamentary elections, which was over the 2% minimum threshold necessary to keep legal recognition in the country. As a result, Alexandra Moreno kept her seat as senator and Manuel Antonio Virgüez obtains a seat as senator. At the same time, Gloria Stella Díaz is elected as representative for Bogota thanks to 52,713 votes. After this results, the MIRA party became the ninth political force in Colombia.

In the regional elections of 2007, the MIRA party obtained for the first time a mayorship. Carlos Enrique López was elected as mayor of the Calarcá municipality in the Quindío department. Martha Liliana Agudelo, Martha Cecilia Alzate and Guillermina Bravo Montaño were elected as deputies of the Quindío, Risaralda and Valle del Cauca departments, respectively. Besides, the MIRA party obtained 35 councillors and 265 other curule seats.

Second Chairmanship of Carlos Alberto Baena
Carlos Alberto Baena is re-elected as party Chairman and Manuel Antonio Virgüez is elected as Vice chairman in 2008.

In 2009 the party participated in the popular consultation done on 27 September to select its candidates to the Congress of Colombia. In that opportunity, the party surpassed the expected votation of 80,000 votes and obtained over 205,000, 19,397 of which were given by youngsters between 14 and 18 years old. This popular consultation was the first which allowed the participation of under-age people.

In the 2010 parliamentary elections, the MIRA party obtained 324,109 votes. As a result, the party got four curule seats in the Congress of Colombia and Carlos Alberto Baena was elected to be senator. In the presidential elections of the same year, the MIRA party did not present a candidate to run for the presidency of Colombia nor supported any of the other parties´candidates. In the 2010 parliamentary elections, the MIRA party applied the zip system to their lists of candidates for the first time, which allowed it to have the same percentage of female and male candidates.

In March 2011, Marisol Moreno was elected as Vice chairwoman and Ana Belsú Rodríguez was elected as secretary general.

In the regional elections of October 2011, the MIRA party obtained the governorate of the Caquetá department, the mayorship of the El Paujil municipality, seven deputies, 47 councillors and over 300 other curule seats. Later on, in an atypical election done on 29 January 2012. the party obtained 10 additional curule seats.

In the 2012 popular consultation, the MIRA party obtained the highest votation among the participating political parties and groups thanks to 284,869 votes.

For the 2014 parliamentary elections, the party has defined a closed list of candidates to the Senate and has decided not to run for the Andean Parliament elections neither to participate in the popular consultation. The party also decided not to present a candidate for the 2014 presidential elections nor to support any other presidential candidate.

Organizational structure
The administrative and directive bodies of the MIRA party are: The members of the National Direction are:
 * The Chairman
 * The Vice chairman
 * The secretary-general
 * The congressmen of the party

Miraism
Since its foundation, the MIRA party has declared that its only political position is the Miraism, which is defined as:
 * A change in the attitude of the individual towards looking for the general welfare of people.
 * A way of doing politics without using any violent means.
 * An ideology that transcends the classical distinction between left-wing and right-wing.

Political convictions
The MIRA party has been characterized by never having forged political alliances or coalitions with any political party, and by trying to have lists of candidates with the same proportion of female and male candidates. As a result, it was the only political party who presented the same number of female candidates as that of male candidates in the 2010 elections. Moreover, the MIRA party has never been accused of having any relation with the paramilitary groups or the guerrilla movements.

Social issues
The MIRA party has been opposed to the approval of the euthanasia, abortion and same-sex marriage.

Social aid
The MIRA party has been known in the United States mainly for offering help to poor people. The party candidate to the Chamber of Representatives for the 2014 parliamentary elections Jorge Muñoz received the Presidential Citizens Medal for his social work in New York City.

Legislative activity
The MIRA party is known for its assiduous work at the Congress of Colombia. As a result, the party proposes about half of the total number of bills although it has few curule seats.

Media
The party has a biweekly generalist newspaper called MIRA The Newspaper of the people (Spanish: MIRA El periódico de la gente), and an Internet radio station called "MiraMás Online". The party's website is considered the best among all the political parties´ websites of Colombia, which made it receive the Colombia Online Prize in the category "Best political website" in 2010.

Members in active public service
The MIRA party has the following members holding curule seats in Colombia:

Senate
Source:

 * Ana Paola Agudelo García
 * Carlos Eduardo Guevara Villabón
 * Manuel Virgüez Piraquive

Chamber of Representatives

 * Irma Luz Herrera (Bogotá)

City Councils
47 councillors.

Local Administrative Units
131 aediles.


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Political Movement for Social Security

The Political Movement for Social Security (Movimiento Político por la Seguridad Social) is a progressive political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: Political Movement for Social Security


text:
We are Colombia

The We are Colombia (Somos Colombia) is a liberal political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: We are Colombia


text:
Christians for Community

Christians for Community (Cristiano por la Comunidad) is a Christian democratic political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won, as one of the many small parties, parliamentary representation.

title: Christians for Community


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Yes Colombia

Yes Colombia (Sí Colombia) is a centrist political party in Colombia. It was founded by Noemí Sanín (a dissident of Conservative Party). At the legislative elections in 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties' parliamentary representation.

title: Yes Colombia


text:
Talk:Bitrate peeling

Why the cleanup tag?
I'm curious what is left to be cleaned up on this article? It seems pretty good to me. Triddle 22:05, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Whoever wrote the article did a great job of expanding it, however the article doesn't bother to dive into the "technical aspects" of bitrate peeling, such as how it is done using set of cascaded vector quantization codebooks, residue, etc. There are two "prototype peelers" that exist one was developed by a company called Vinjey Software and is on their website (the packets aren't ordered correctly, however in the encoder so it makes it hard to peel down streams). The other peeler was written by Segher Bossenskool and might be in the archive of the xiph.org mailing list somewhere. ;-D -Hydrogenaudio.org lurker 05:53, September 3, 2005 (EST)

 * Thanks for the note but thats got nothing to do with cleanup; I've added the expansion tag to this talk page. Triddle 20:09, September 3, 2005 (UTC)

Here are several clean-up suggestions: In my opinion, the article is basically a confusing mix between being a description of two different things: If the intent is to describe a generic algorithm concept, then the article needs to be substantially rephrased to reflect that (for example, Ogg Vorbis should not be part of the introductory sentence unless it is just one entry in a longer list of technologies that may be relevant to understanding the concept). If the intent is to describe something particular to Ogg Vorbis, then probably Ogg Vorbis should be part of the article title or the whole article should be merged into the existing article about Ogg Vorbis. In either case, there should be an effort made to provide a more precise description of what the subject of the article is.
 * a description of a generic algorithmic concept that can be applied to many compression encoding scenarios, versus
 * a description of a specific proposed or existing feature of Ogg Vorbis.

On top of all this is additional confusion over whether the feature actually exists in the described Ogg Vorbis context or not. Much of the article is about Ogg Vorbis and the opening sentence says that the technique is "used on Ogg Vorbis", but there are various places in the article where it contradicts this by saying that "it is not available in Ogg Vorbis" and "exists only as a concept". A cleanup tag is definitely appropriate.

The article should also make more clear whether there is anything that distinguishes the concept from well-known compression concepts known by such terms as scalable coding or progressive coding or embedded coding, as have existed for many years and are supported in many well-known designs (e.g., JPEG, JPEG 2000, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC-based Scalable Video Coding, MPEG-4 Part 2 scalability, MPEG-2 video scalability, etc.). If the concepts are the same, then there may already be some other article on the topic and this one should be merged with that one.

—Pawnbroker (talk) 17:45, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Added information on prototype peeler
Information is from Hydrogenaudio : http://www.hydrogenaudio.org/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t34172.html 65.93.156.239 22:11, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bitrate peeling


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Citizens' Movement (Colombia)

The Citizens' Movement (Moviemento Ciudadano) is a progressive political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: Citizens' Movement (Colombia)


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Front of Hope

The Front of Hope (Frente de Esperanza) is a political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: Front of Hope


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Revolutionary Independent Labour Movement

The Revolutionary Independent Labour Movement (Movimiento Obrero Independiente y Revolucionario), or MOIR, is a left-wing party in Colombia that was founded in 1970. Francisco Mosquera was the founder and ideological leader of MOIR. In August 1994 he died, after which Hector Valencia became the Secretary General of the party. In 2008 Valencia died and the union leader Gustavo Triana, vice president of the country's largest union (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores - CUT), was elected Secretary General.

The MOIR describes itself as "a political party of the working class. Its primary mission is to lead the proletarian class struggle in Colombia for its ultimate emancipation, establishment of socialism in Colombia and realize communism. Defend the people's interests and the Colombian nation and its immediate objective is the New Democratic Revolution".

Ideology
At its founding, the MOIR believed that in Colombia it was necessary to first carry out Mao Zedong's New Democracy Revolution to achieve socialism, complemented by the formation of a true Workers' Party and an Agrarian Revolution due to the semi-feudal character of the country, all leading to the formation of a Anti-Imperialist United Front for Sovereignty and Democracy, where all sectors of society could fit against foreign domination.

Likewise, the party emphasized that the revolution had to be carried out looking at the specific conditions of the countries and with total autonomy and sovereignty of the people. In this way, it was characterized by its anti-imperialist struggle against the United States (USA) and the Soviet Union. The opposition against this last power caused problems with other pro-Soviet Marxist-Leninist organizations in the country.

Unlike other left-wing parties, the MOIR criticized the call for armed insurrection because, according to them, the conditions had not been met for an armed uprising of a revolutionary nature because this was an instrument that the people used for their emancipation. However, due to the conditions of the country, the people were not prepared due to a lack of awareness and organizational and combative level. For this reason, they affirmed that total support must be obtained from the country's population to form a true workers' party, a peasant movement that seeks true agrarian reform, and mainly attack the main problems and their causes, which are imperialism and the bourgeoisie. In this way, they alternatively defended civil resistance, civil disobedience and mass democratic struggle as their methods of political and revolutionary action.

Although unlike the other parties the MOIR does not consider a prolonged revolution necessary as an appropriate tactic in the specific circumstances of Colombia, it does not condemn this method.

History
The MOIR has an ideological base in Maoism. It split from the Peasant Student Workers Movement (Movimiento Obrero Estudiantil y Campesino, MOEC), headed by Francisco Mosquera, due to internal differences by rejecting armed struggle and adopting a marxist-leninist ideology.

This movement gained traction in universities and syndicates. It was characterized by not only its rejection of the government, but also leftist parties of the times such as the Colombian Communist Party and Socialist Bloc. It's youth organization, Juventud Patriótica (JUPA), headed by Marcelo Torres (leader of the National University of Colombia), played an important role in the student movement in 1971. It led a movement that demanded co-government and managed to recruit a large number of university students and faculty.

The study and identification with Maoism led them to be recognized by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), as well as others such as the Communist Party of Colombia - Marxist-Leninist and the extinct Tendencia Marxista Leninista Maoísta, as its related parties in Colombia. However, by 1980 they had broken ties with the CCP.

In 1972, the MOIR included electoral competition in its tactics and began its participation in parliamentary and departmental elections, and developed alliances with different political sectors. However, they maintained their criticism against the supposed revisionism and opportunism of other left-wing groups.

The 1980s
The 1980s were marked by a progressive decline in the number of militants because of dramatic splits and actions by armed groups. In this period, paramilitaries and guerrillas assassinated several party cadres and forced the central leadership to call for a massive withdrawal from the rural areas, where the MOIR was beginning to build peasant agricultural associations.

The MOIR participated in various left-wing coalitions and even cooperated with the Colombian Communist Party at times in the National Opposition Union (UNO). However, he opposed the formation of the Unitary Party of Workers (CUT), which was the point of convergence of almost all Colombian unionism, considering it an opportunist and liberal centre. In this way, its worker militants maintained their affiliation to the increasingly diminished General Party of Workers (CGT).

The 1990s and 2000s
In 1994, Francisco Mosquera, Secretary General, died and a process of divisions began within the party. Mosquera's successor and co-founder of the MOIR: Héctor Valencia, ran against with Senator Jesús Bernal Amorocho, who led the bank workers sector of the party. This faction finally becomes independent and achieves the consecutive re-election of Bernal in the Congress of the Republic of Colombia.

A second sector, led by the historical leader Marcelo Torres Benavides, called the Valencia leadership "left-wing opportunist." He split to pursue broad front politics and the reconstruction of the party, and formed the (MOIRist) Colombian Labor Party (PTC).

The PTC managed to elect Bernal as senator, but on September 2, 2002, it expelled him from its ranks for alleged embezzlement of funds in the union that he directed, which is why the PTC is left without parliamentary representation.

To complete this episode of factionalism, small groups in Bogotá considered the modern MOIR as a traitor to "Francisco Mosquera Thought" and separated from the party. These are the self-proclaimed MOIR Francisco Mosquera and the Francisco Mosquera Thought Defense Committee led by Ramiro Rojas.

The MOIR participated in the process of forming the Social and Political Front in 1999, but withdrew due to disagreements with other leftist sectors.

In 2006, the MOIR united with other revolutionary and democratic movements in the Alternative Democratic Pole (Polo Democrático Alternativo - PDA). The MOIR works with farmers in the "National Association for Agricultural Salvation" (Asociación Nacional por la Salvación Agropecuaria), with students in the "Colombian Student Organization" (Organización Colombiana de Estudiantes - OCE), with industrial workers (with other movements Central Unitaria de Trabajadores - CUT), with consumers "National League of public services users"(Liga Nacional de Usuarios de Servicios Públicos) and intellectuals "Center for Labor Studies" (Centros de Estudios para el Trabajo-CEDETRABAJO).

In the legislative elections of 2002, the MOIR won a senate seat with a senator named Jorge Enrique Robledo. Later in the legislative elections in 2006 and 2010, he was reelected senator, with a total of 80,969 and 165,339 votes respectively, the last time with the third largest vote in that election. The Colombian economic news magazine "Portafolio" considered Robledo the best senator of Colombia for his efforts in defense of agriculture, workers, education, health, national economics, users of public services, Colombian sovereignty and democracy.


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Citizens' Political Movement for Bocaya

The Citizens' Political Movement for Bocaya (Movimiento Politico Ciudadanos por Bocaya) is a political party in Colombia. At the last legislative elections, held 10 March 2002, the party won as one of the many small parties parliamentary representation.

title: Citizens' Political Movement for Bocaya


text:
User talk:Mustangerine~enwiki

Image:Mustang2005 convertible.jpg
This image contains a copyright watermark for another web site, leading one to assume that it is not free. See Image copyright tags --SFoskett 22:07, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mustangerine. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mustangerine~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:41, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:41, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mustangerine~enwiki