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Carbon suboxide

Carbon suboxide, or tricarbon dioxide, is an organic, oxygen-containing chemical compound with formula C3O2 and structure O\dC\dC\dC\dO. Its four cumulative double bonds make it a cumulene. It is one of the stable members of the series of linear oxocarbons O\dC_{n}\dO, which also includes carbon dioxide (CO2) and pentacarbon dioxide (C5O2). Although if carefully purified it can exist at room temperature in the dark without decomposing, it will polymerize under certain conditions.

The substance was discovered in 1873 by Benjamin Brodie by subjecting carbon monoxide to an electric current. He claimed that the product was part of a series of "oxycarbons" with formulas C_{x+1}O_{x}, namely C2O, C3O2, C4O3, C5O4, …, and to have identified the last two; however, only C3O2 is known. In 1891 Marcellin Berthelot observed that heating pure carbon monoxide at about 550 °C created small amounts of carbon dioxide but no trace of carbon, and assumed that a carbon-rich oxide was created instead, which he named "sub-oxide". He assumed it was the same product obtained by electric discharge and proposed the formula C2O. Otto Diels later stated that the more organic names dicarbonylmethane and dioxallene were also correct.

It is commonly described as an oily liquid or gas at room temperature with an extremely noxious odor.

Synthesis
It is synthesized by warming a dry mixture of phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10) and malonic acid or its esters. Therefore, it can be also considered as the anhydride of malonic anhydride, i.e. the "second anhydride" of malonic acid.

Several other ways for synthesis and reactions of carbon suboxide can be found in a review from 1930 by Reyerson.

Polymerization
Carbon suboxide polymerizes spontaneously to a red, yellow, or black solid. The structure is postulated to be poly(α-pyronic), similar to the structure in 2-pyrone (α-pyrone). The number of monomers in the polymers is variable (see Oxocarbon). In 1969, it was hypothesized that the color of the Martian surface was caused by this compound; this was disproved by the Viking Mars probes (the red color is instead due to iron oxide).

Uses
Carbon suboxide is used in the preparation of malonates; and as an auxiliary to improve the dye affinity of furs.

In chemical synthesis, carbon suboxide is a 1,3-dipole, reacting with alkenes to make 1,3cyclopentadiones. Because it is so unstable, it is a reagent of last resort.

Biological role

Carbon suboxide, C3O2, can be produced in small amounts in any biochemical process that normally produces carbon monoxide, CO, for example, during heme oxidation by heme oxygenase-1. It can also be formed from malonic acid. It has been shown that carbon suboxide in an organism can quickly polymerize into macrocyclic polycarbon structures with the common formula (C3O2)n (mostly (C3O2)6 and (C3O2)8), and that those macrocyclic compounds are potent inhibitors of Na+/K+-ATP-ase and Ca-dependent ATP-ase, and have digoxin-like physiological properties and natriuretic and antihypertensive actions. Those macrocyclic carbon suboxide polymer compounds are thought to be endogenous digoxin-like regulators of Na+/K+-ATP-ases and Ca-dependent ATP-ases, and endogenous natriuretics and antihypertensives. Other than that, some authors think also that those macrocyclic compounds of carbon suboxide can possibly diminish free radical formation and oxidative stress and play a role in endogenous anticancer protective mechanisms, for example in the retina.

Structure and bonding
The structure of carbon suboxide has been the subject of experiments and computations since the 1970s. The central issue is the question of whether the molecule is linear or bent (i.e., whether ). Studies generally agree that the molecule is highly non-rigid, with a very shallow barrier to bending. According to one study, the molecular geometry is described by a double-well potential with a minimum at θC 2 ~ 160°, an inversion barrier of 20 cm−1 (0.057 kcal/mol), and a total energy change of 80 cm−1 (0.23 kcal/mol) for 140° ≤ θC 2 ≤ 180°. The small energetic barrier to bending is around the same order of magnitude as the vibrational zero-point energy. Therefore, the molecule is best described as quasilinear. While infrared and electron diffraction studies have indicated that C3O2 has a bent structure in the gas phase, the compound was found to possess at least an average linear geometry in the solid phase by X-ray crystallography, although the large thermal ellipsoids of the oxygen atoms and C2 have been interpreted to be consistent with rapid bending (minimum θC 2 ~ 170°), even in the solid state.

A heterocumulene resonance form of carbon suboxide based on minimization of formal charges does not readily explain the molecule's non-rigidity and deviation from linearity. To account for the quasilinear structure of carbon suboxide, Frenking has proposed that carbon suboxide be regarded as a "coordination complex" of carbon(0) bearing two carbonyl ligands and two lone pairs:. However, the contribution of dative bonding in C3O2 and similar species has been criticized as chemically unreasonable by others.

title: Carbon suboxide


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Bay Bridge Series

The Bay Bridge Series,  or the Battle of the Bay, is a series of baseball games played between—and the rivalry of—Major League Baseball's Oakland Athletics of the American League and San Francisco Giants of the National League. The series takes its name from the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge which links the cities of Oakland and San Francisco. As of 2018, the winner of the annual series retains a trophy fashioned from a piece of the original bridge.

Although competitive, the regional rivalry between the A's and Giants is considered a friendly one with mostly mutual companionship between the fans, as opposed to Cubs–White Sox, or Mets–Yankees games where animosity runs high, though sections of each fanbase does harbor towards the entirety of the other. This, however, is limited as many people see the opposing team as no threat to their own; hats displaying both teams on the cap are sold from vendors at the games, and once in a while the teams both dress in uniforms from a historic era of their franchises. Many fans actively cheer for both teams when they are not playing against the other. A's fans cite the Giants blocking a potential move to San Jose as a point of contention.

The series is also occasionally referred to as the "BART Series" for the Bay Area Rapid Transit system that links Oakland to San Francisco. However, the name "BART Series" has never been popular beyond a small selection of history books and national broadcasters and has fallen out of favor, likely because BART does not provide direct or easy access to Oracle Park in San Francisco. Bay Area locals almost exclusively refer to the rivalry as the "Bay Bridge Series" or the "Battle of the Bay."

Originally, the term described a series of exhibition games played between the two clubs after the conclusion of spring training, immediately prior to the start of the regular season. It was first used to refer to the 1989 World Series which the Athletics won and the first time both teams had met since they moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. Today, it also refers to games played between the teams during the regular season since the commencement of Interleague play in 1997. Through the 2023 season, the A's have won 74 games, and the Giants have won 70.

History prior to Bay Area move
The Giants and Athletics met in the, and  World Series as the New York Giants and Philadelphia Athletics. The Giants won, 4–1, in 1905, and the Athletics won in 1911 (4–1) and 1913 (4–2), respectively. Hall of Famers such as John McGraw, Roger Bresnahan, Christy Mathewson, Joe McGinnity and Rube Marquard took part on the Giants side while the Athletics had Connie Mack, Chief Bender, Eddie Plank, Rube Waddell, Frank Baker and Eddie Collins.

1989 World Series
The San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics met for the first time in the 1989 World Series. This series was interrupted minutes before Game 3 on October 17, 1989, when an earthquake, measuring 6.9 on the Richter Scale, struck the San Francisco Bay Area. The resulting damage to both Candlestick Park and to a lesser extent the Oakland Coliseum, along with the emotional and economic damage to the area, delayed the resumption of the series for 10 days, the longest interval between games in World Series history. The earthquake caused the collapse of a portion of the Bay Bridge, the centerpiece of many promotions for the "Bay Bridge Series"; however, experts have suggested that the Series actually helped to save countless lives, as many would-be commuters from both sides of the Bay had left work early or stayed in the cities to watch the game. As a result, traffic on the roads below collapsed portions of the Bay Bridge and Cypress Street Viaduct portion of Interstate 880 in Oakland (while this disaster killed one person on the Bay Bridge and 42 people on the viaduct, local officials initially assumed that the death toll would be well into the hundreds) was significantly lighter than it would normally be at rush hour.

The Athletics swept the Giants to win their most recent World Series championship.

Interleague play
Both teams met for the first time in the regular season in June 1997.

The Giants' Barry Zito started 0–4 against his former team, finally beating the Athletics on June 12, 2010 at AT&T Park.

Athletics San Jose relocation controversy (aka The Bay Blackjack Series)
The A's have been considering relocating to San Jose, California, for 13 years but have reportedly met resistance from the Giants. San Jose is located in Santa Clara County, which is considered to be the Giants "territory". The Athletics claim that former owner Walter A. Haas, Jr. agreed for the Giants to take over the Santa Clara area when the Giants were considering moving to Florida and needed revenue. The Giants contend that the agreement was not based upon actually relocating the team to Santa Clara as the A's contended. MLB Commissioner Bud Selig, who was fraternity brothers with A's managing partner Lew Wolff at the University of Wisconsin, stated that the A's would not be able to survive as a franchise if they remained at the Oakland Coliseum. The Giants claimed that the territorial rights were "explicitly reaffirmed by Major League Baseball on four separate occasions," when former managing partner Peter Magowan bought the team in the early 1990s. The Giants stated "upon purchasing the team 20 years ago, our plan to revive the franchise relied heavily on targeting and solidifying our fan base in the largest and fastest growing county within our territory. Based on these Constitutionally-recognized territorial rights, the Giants invested hundreds of millions of dollars to save and stabilize the team for the Bay Area, built Oracle Park privately and has operated the franchise so that it can compete at the highest levels.

Future
With the A's leaving Oakland after the 2024 season for Las Vegas in 2028 (and West Sacramento in the interim), due to issues with their stadium, the rivalry in the form of the Bay Bridge series and Bay Area series will end in 2024 (the final Bay Bridge Series game will take place on August 18, 2024). Instead of being focused on the Bay Area, the rivalry will continue as one over Northern California. When the team does move to Las Vegas as planned, however, the teams may still meet in 6 games annually due to the other West division teams being paired up in Interleague rivalries (barring a swap of the forced pairings). Even still, the teams would at least still meet in an annual 3-game series with alternating venues each season.

After plans for Cisco Field were shuttered due to the Giants blocking the plan with the decision upheld by the United States Supreme Court, the A's attempted to build their new waterfront stadium. With the city of Oakland not willing to help fund the stadium, the A's instead purchased land near Allegiant Stadium, home of the Las Vegas Raiders (who also formerly played in Oakland) and T-Mobile Arena, home of the Vegas Golden Knights in April 2023. The plans later shifted to a new stadium built on the Tropicana Las Vegas and were approved by the Nevada State Legislature and Nevada Governor Joe Lombardo by June.

Despite the rivalry, following the Athletics plans for relocation, Athletics and Giants fans during a July 25, 2023 game at Oracle Park chanted "Sell the Team" as part of an event known as "Unite the Bay" in the hopes that the rivalry would be saved.

Club success
Note: Giants records only from 1958 when they moved to San Francisco, as are Athletics records from 1968 when they moved to Oakland. As of October 2, 2023.

Summary of results
Updated to most recent meeting, August 6, 2023.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bay Bridge Series


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/First Mate

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Redirect → executive officer (Split between delete and redirect indicates no desire to preserve article contents) --Allen3 talk 17:11, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

First Mate
Delete. This appears to be fanfic. Although the character is real, he is billed in the credits as "Messenger Pirate." The details here seem pulled out of thin air ("Katanga Anthologies" gets no legitimate Google hits), and this is just the wrong use for this article name. -- BD2412 talk 22:59, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this, but a real article should probably exist about the use of the term "first mate". The previous redirect to executive officer wasn't bad, but it appears the article doesn't even mention "first mate" in it, which it should as the redirect's subject. -R. fiend 23:04, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup and Redirect. If this is a real character, he should have a mention somewhere, but this isn't it. "First Mate" is too ambiguous, and definately needs content re-write. --Blu Aardvark 23:06, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I should clarify: the character in the image was a real character appearing in the movie, Raiders of the Lost Ark, but he is not referred to as the "First Mate" either in the film or in the credits. The actor, Eddie Tagoe, had a significantly larger part as "Chocolate Mousse" in the 1984 farce, ''Top Secret!.
 * Delete unclear, perhaps nonexistance context. As noted above, a proper first mate article could exist, but this is not it. Friday 23:16, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to executive officer as per R. fiend -Harmil 23:57, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to executive officer as per Harmil and subsequently R. fiend
 * Above vote by Mysekurity. -- BD2412 talk|undefined 01:37, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Executive officer, as per Harmil. JamesBurns 08:55, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per above comments. Falphin 18:18, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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WiseGirls

WiseGirls is a 2002 crime drama film directed by David Anspaugh and starring Mira Sorvino, Mariah Carey and Melora Walters. The film was produced by Lions Gate Films, Leading Pictures and Intermedia Films. The story centers around Meg Kennedy (Mira Sorvino), a medical school dropout who gets a part-time job as a waitress working at an Italian restaurant in New York City. Befriending other waitresses, Kate (Melora Walters) and Raychel (Mariah Carey), Meg slowly learns that the restaurant is run by mobsters as she delves deeper into their dangerous world.

The film premiered at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival and was released later that year on HBO and Cinemax with international distribution managed by Intermedia Films. Upon release, the film received generally mixed reviews from critics, with praise for the plot twists, themes and the performances of the cast, particularly Carey, but criticism for its directing, tone and overuse of mafia stereotypes.

Plot
Returning from Missouri as a medical school dropout, Meg Kennedy (Mira Sorvino) moves to Staten Island, New York City, staying with her grandmother due to not having found a place for herself. With the recommendation of Mrs. Saladino, a woman who looks after Meg's grandmother, Meg takes work at an Italian restaurant, run by Gio Esposito (Joseph Siravo). At first, Meg makes mistakes and fails to live up to Esposito's expectations. However, she soon proves her worth by saving the life of a restaurant patron from a gunshot wound. Meg becomes a well known waitress by the restaurant's customers and saves enough money from her tips to buy her own apartment.

Meg befriends two other waitresses including Kate (Melora Walters), who aspires to be a Broadway star, and Raychel (Mariah Carey), an outspoken, brassy woman. The three become close friends making a pact to meet once a year at a particular bar. Meg also opens up to them about recent loss of her fiancé. Despite this, Meg becomes aware that the restaurant is not only mob-owned, but also a front for drug-dealing operations of which Raychel and possibly Kate appear to be aware. Struggling to pull her life together, Meg finds it harder to accept monetary tokens from restaurant owner Mr. Santalino (Arthur J. Nascarella), while also fending off the romantic attentions of his son, Frankie (Christian Maelen).

Things come to a breaking point when Esposito drunkenly punches Meg in the face. Mr. Santalino and Frankie kills Esposito while Meg watches in horror. Frankie forces Meg at gunpoint to cut Esposito's body up into little pieces so they can dispose of his body in a meat grinder. Meg later tells Kate everything that happened and lets her know that she plans on leaving town. Kate tries to stop her but in the process reveals that she is actually an undercover police officer and that she had recorded everything Meg said. The police then tap Meg's necklace and put her back undercover at the restaurant, hoping that Mr. Santalino or Frankie will confess to the murder of Esposito.

That night, during her shift, Meg pretends to have a headache and goes to get an aspirin from Frankie but fails to get a confession from him. Meg tries to warn Raychel, who was promoted to manager, to get out of the restaurant before the police come but is interrupted by Frankie and his drinking friends. Meg later sees Mr. Santalino, and gets a confession out of him. Meg thanks him for his heroics and he subsequently promises to do what he did to Esposito to any other man who lays a finger on her. However, in the process, Mr. Santalino notices Kate watching and he rips Meg's necklace off, horrified at her betrayal. In a gun fight, Kate shoots Frankie dead while she is also shot. Meg attempts to save Kate's life but Mr. Santalino drags her away and attempts to shoot her. Before he can do so, Raychel shoots him dead but she is consequently arrested. Meg tries to use a knife to save Kate's lungs from filling up with blood, but is ultimately shot by Kate's partner, Garcia, who consequently realises that Meg was saving her.

A year later, Raychel lays flowers at Meg's gravestone. Kate, who survived thanks to Meg, visits Raychel at the bar the friends made a pact to meet every year. Kate lets Raychel know that she was the reason she got off on probation. Kate then reveals Meg, who is alive and well and Meg jokes that she'd have to kill Raychel if she told her how she survived. The three friends share a drink together and express their adoration for each other.

Production

In 1999, American singer Mariah Carey began working on a film and soundtrack project titled All That Glitters and signed a $100 million deal with Virgin Records. The film was retitled as Glitter and production began in 2000. During this time, Carey also began working on another film entitled WiseGirls. This film was produced by Lions Gate Films, Leading Pictures and Intermedia Films. Following commencement for Glitter and the release of the soundtrack's lead single "Loverboy", Carey embarked on a short promotional campaign for the song but was stopped short due to Carey being hospitalized, citing "extreme exhaustion" and a "physical and emotional breakdown". Promotion and production for Glitter and WiseGirls respectively came to a halt and both films received a "publicity boost". Virgin Records commented on Carey's hospitalisation stating that,

"Mariah is looking forward to being able to participate in both her album and movie projects [...] She has been making great recovery progress, and continues to grow stronger every day. Virgin Music Worldwide continues to give its absolute commitment and support to Mariah on every level."

In an interview, Anthony Esposito, a producer of WiseGirls, noted that "when he spent time with Carey during the WiseGirls shoot, it was clear she had been pushing herself to the limit. After a day of shooting on the film, he says Carey would often just keep on working into the night". He also called Carey "a person that never, ever relaxes". Released in 2001, Glitter met to negative reviews and was called one of the worst films ever made. Carey subsequently parted ways with Virgin Records.

Controversy
During production for WiseGirls, rumours surfaced of a feud and physical altercation between Carey and Mira Sorvino, the lead actress of the film. Tabloids reported that Carey started the fight by throwing a salt shaker at Sorvino. Both Carey and Sorvino's publicists acknowledged that "words were exchanged" between the two after Carey was late to set but Sorvino's publicists also acknowledge that "the incident was ridiculously blown up and never turned physical". A People article which had quoted WiseGirls producer Billy Blake, stated that the two had "wrestled to the floor". Blake later issued a statement denying knowledge of the incident saying that, he did not "have firsthand information of any altercation between Mariah Carey and Mira Sorvino as [he] was not on the set that day". After Carey was hospitalised, Sorvino stated that,

"We had one verbal argument, one day [...] but there was no physicality whatsoever — as if you could really imagine me rolling on the ground and pulling her hair out, as the National Enquirer said [...] I'm very sorry for the recent troubles that she's experiencing. I think she'll come out of it fine. She's a very smart person."

In 2002, once the film's promotion began, Carey stated in an interview for Reuters that, "2001 was chock-full of rumours, so why even address it, it's nonsense". In 2018, Sorvino confirmed on Twitter that Carey did "throw a salt shaker over [her] head" but there was "no wrestling or physical contact".

Promotion and release
For WiseGirls, Carey appeared on MTV Italy and Entertainment Tonight among other channels to promote the film. Anspaugh, Carey, Sorvino and Melora Walters were present at the film's world premiere at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival. The film was released on HBO and Cinemax.

Critical reception
Upon release, the film received mixed or average reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 44% based on 9 reviews. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle stated, "It's a good film - not a classic, but odd, entertaining and authentic". Variety reviewer David Rooney remarked that the film was "directed with very conventional efficiency by David Anspaugh" and that "the drama's script keeps enough surprises up its sleeve to remain entertaining. Its themes of female bonding and friendship suggest a theatrical target of young women, with a more solid afterlife in ancillary". The Hollywood Reporter writer Kirk Honeycutt stated that in the film, "Anspaugh goes for a lively surface but one with a strong emotional undertow". He went on to sat that "WiseGirls can't help suffering a bit from over-familiarity [...] but Anspaugh and his actors bring enough vigor to the enterprise that the film comes off as a well-done genre piece..."

Fox News was critical of Anspaugh's "extremely misguided mob movie" saying that even Carey could not save the "awful, terrible mob stereotypical movie that pales considerably next to The Sopranos and The Godfather" and that the film "raises just about every crude Mafia reference it can think of [...] Nearly every word out of Carey's mouth is the f-word". Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club criticized the tone and pacing, saying "The film's tone varies wildly from scene to scene, and sometimes even from second to second. That identity crisis especially comes through in the film's performances: Carey is sketch-comedy broad throughout, while Sorvino opts for wan naturalism".

Mariah Carey's role
Carey's performance as Raychel was given favorable reviews, with some critics calling it a comeback after her film, Glitter. David Rooney from Variety stated that Carey's "second time out as an actress proves luckier than the first [...] downsizing from her disastrous debut headliner "Glitter" to a more modest co-starring role with charm and relaxed assurance". His biggest praise was for Carey saying "by far the most engaging performance [was] Carey, giving trash-talking, husky-voiced Raychel plenty of heart as well as chutzpah and sexy attitude". Fox News also praised Carey's role saying she had found her "forte [...] and now it's her handlers' turn to find more roles like this — wisecracking, world-weary, street-savvy people". Kirk Honeycutt from The Hollywood Reporter noted that "the scathing notices for Glitter will be a forgotten memory [...] once people warm up to Raychel. She's a don't-mess-with-me woman who develops a joyous sense of family in friendship with her fellow waitresses".

Carey responded to the film's reception, saying that "Sometimes you have to go through difficult stuff, either to learn a lesson or maybe reconnect with something that has slipped away a bit. But that's how life is. You may keep getting hit, but you have to just keep on standing up again". In an interview, Carey noted that it was working with Sorvino and Walters which helped her get through filming saying,

"This experience was so great and just to have these two amazing actresses working with me and David Anspaugh [director] creating an environment that allowed me to create a character and to allow me to go deep into myself and to do something different and explore a different side of my creativity and I would love to try to continue to do projects that are unexpected like this. Nobody's expecting this."

Producer, Anthony Esposito, stated that he "had such a great experience with Mariah Carey on Wisegirls that [he] wanted to make another film with her". Esposito went on to say that Carey's "performance in WiseGirls is outstanding, with reviews from Sundance praising her work [and that given] the right role, the depth of Mariah's performance will make everyone take notice of her great acting ability". In 2002, Esposito cast Carey in "Sweet Science", a film about a "determined boxing manager who drafts an unknown female boxer", but the film never came into fruition.

title: WiseGirls


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title: Talk:Banded iron formation


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User talk:Cuahl/r

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Talk:Red brick university

Heriot-Watt?
Is Heriot-Watt in Scotland a red brick university or not? MacRusgail 23:00, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No, Heriot-Watt is a Glass plate university (I think), as it gained university status in 1966. And it is mostly 70s architecture, with not much in the way of the victorian "Red brick". Vclaw 22:55, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Etymology
"The term 'red brick' was coined by a professor of music at the University of Liverpool to describe these civic universities" - do we know who or when? The OED gives the term as coined by "Bruce Truscott" in a 1943 book, though that was a pseudonym - this page says Truscott was the Professor of Hispanic Studies at Liverpool. Hmm hmm hmm. Any ideas? Shimgray | talk | 17:40, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, is there a specific term other than "redbrick" for the architectural style which is being referenced? Shimgray | talk | 18:02, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Proto-red brick
''Of these, only UCL and Southampton were founded on principles similar to those of the civic universities and for this reason they may be considered proto-red brick. The other two did not, until much later in their existence, grant the freedom of education to the poor and non-Anglican that was the basis of the movement.''

"Proto-red brick" would mean the first or earliest, or a predecessor. This would only apply to UCL (founded 1826), which pre-dates the red-bricks by half a century. The paragraph which preceded this mentions UCL, Exeter, Newcastle, Leicester, Southampton, Dundee and Wales. This sentence then says UCL and Southampton were founded on the same lines as the proper red-bricks and "the other two" were not (Leicester certainly was, its early history is very similar to Southampton's and it had an early emphasis on providing an education for returned servicemen after the first world war). --ajn (talk) 23:57, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Hull University
Hull University is a Red Brick university having degree style similar to the Universities of Leicester and Southampton.

The University of Hull developed from University College Hull, which was opened in 1928. The university received its Royal Charter in 1954; i.e. before the Robbins Report.

Hull had a very large role to play in in World War II too. Being a port, and also the plane designed by Robert Blackburn which played a significant role in air force of UK.

Its architecture for old buildings is in victorian style, however its new buildings are in glass-plate form. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.237.47.4 (talk) 11:23, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * So in other words, Hull is not a Red Brick university by any definition! Sorry. --Tomsega (talk) 23:42, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

First Red Brick University
There seems to be a bit of a dispute within Wikipedia pages as to which city had the first Red Brick university. The Birmingham page states that "The city built its own university in 1900, The University of Birmingham, which became the first of Britain's Redbrick universities." (does this mean first in time or first in excellence? and where does this idea come from if the second is the case?). But on this page it is stated that "The civic university movement started in 1851 with Owens College, Manchester (now the University of Manchester), which became the founding college of the federal Victoria University in 1880 and attained university status when the federal university was dissolved in 1903." Does this mean that the college alone is given the status of first Red Brick University despite only being a small section of what is now Manchester University? Whatever happens there is a need for clarification of exactly what is meant by both statements. Ammi 13:36, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Reading the only one in the inter-war years

 * The University of Reading, founded in the late 19th century as an extension college of Oxford, was the UK's only academic establishment to be granted university status during the inter-war period,

This was removed because of Queen Mary College's 1934 charter - however QMC has never had university status. And QMC dates back from 1885. Timrollpickering 23:56, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Misleading statement on Reading University
The article contains the following statement:

 * The University of Reading, founded in the late 19th century as an extension college of Oxford, received its charter in 1926. Despite being the first university to be based on a self-contained campus, Reading is often classed as one of the civic universities and is therefore "Red Brick", ...

This may well be true, but it is somewhat misleading in the context of this article. The original London Road site of the university hardly qualifies as a 'self-contained campus', and is much more akin to the sort of 'edge of the city centre' sites of the other red brick 'civic' universities quoted. I suspect that the author of the above statement is actually referring to the much larger, 'edge of town', Whiteknights campus. This does qualify as a self-contained campus but wasn't acquired by the University until 1947. -- Chris j wood 13:38, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Russell Group
Is this a prerequisite in the term's use? I'm sure I remember Queen's being called a Red Brick before it joined the RG and Exeter, Hull, Leicester, Reading, Aberystwyth, Bangor, Swansea and Lampeter all aren't in the RG. Timrollpickering 22:36, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

6 civic unis
Everyone knows the term applies to the six 'civic' unis which are listed at the start of the article but can anyone actually find a citation? I can't seem to find one using google... 172.141.153.180 19:27, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Rather than adding one particular citation I've added a ref to a webpage for EACH of the six in which they refer to themselves as 'redbrick'. Perhaps there are other universities that have casually described themselves as redbrick.. in which case we must distinguish between institutions that are 'Red Brick' (or 'redbrick') and those that are only 'red in brick'!

-- Tomsega 23:49, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Page move
I had this page moved from Red Brick universities because the capitalisation was unnecessary. In retrospect, I wonder if it would have been better to move it to Red brick university per the singular nouns naming convention. Note that Plate glass university is singular. Any thoughts? Cordless Larry (talk) 22:28, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a good idea. — mholland (talk) 10:47, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Singular seems to read better. Shimgray | talk | 18:02, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

 * As no objections, done. Shimgray | talk | 12:09, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure about this. As there is clearly some confusion between 'the' Redbrick universities and universities that happen to have 'bricks that are red', as it were, I think it's appropriate to suggest either 'redbrick' (one word) or 'Red Brick' (capitals) should designate the prior. Perhaps as a compromise the page should be changed to 'Redbrick'?--Tomsega (talk) 01:48, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Recent edits/vandalism
Somebody recently changed the opening sentence to say there are "seven" redbrick universities and then accordingly added Reading to the list. Please don't edit wikipedia on what you would like to see stated. If Reading is a redbrick uni, about 10 others are as well. It didn't gain university status before WWI and is simply not. Thank you. --Tomsega (talk) 14:05, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

This has recently happened again (86.172.6.79 (talk) 21:37, 25 August 2010 (UTC))

six? what?
What's with this talk of there being only that many red bricks? This doesnt gel with anything I've heard. Red brick usually includes a lot more than that, e.g. Newcastle, Essex, etc.... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.222.166.102 (talk) 14:10, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Six? "civic universities"?
I haven't read the 1943 work that coined the phrase, but I assume it specifically restricts the term "red brick university" to the six listed institutions. There are two points that need clarification:
 * The term "civic university" is used but not defined in the article. Indeed, there is no civic university article in Wikipedia.
 * Do later writers keep the same definition as Peers or not?

Just because the 1943 definition restricted the term to six specific institutions, that does not oblige all subsequent English speakers to keep the same definition; see semantic change and etymological fallacy. If many speakers use the term differently from Edgar Allison Peers, Wikipedia must not privilege Peers simply by virtue of his priority. If "civic university" has a certain meaning, it may apply to institutions beyond Peers' Original Six; if "red brick university" is used synonymously with "civic university", likewise.

I take issue with this statement by above:
 * Rather than adding one particular citation I've added a ref to a webpage for EACH of the six in which they refer to themselves as 'redbrick'. Perhaps there are other universities that have casually described themselves as redbrick.. in which case we must distinguish between institutions that are 'Red Brick' (or 'redbrick') and those that are only 'red in brick'!

This seems to violate WP:SYN. It seems a circular argument to say that Peers' Original Six's websites "refer to themselves" (authoritatively enough for WP:VER) as 'redbrick', whereas other institutions only "casually describe themselves" as such. Who decides whether the website is being casual or not? jnestorius(talk) 12:44, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I would recommend adding in a re-direct for this page for 'Civic university', especially as there is already a dedicated section in this article on that. I agree that the term needs to be slightly better explained in the text. It is pretty straight forward. I found this reference in Access and Equity: Comparative Perspectives by Heather Eggins (Ed.) (https://www.sensepublishers.com/media/37-access-and-equity.pdf):

 * The civic universities were distinguished by being non-collegiate institutions that admitted men without reference to religion and concentrated on imparting to their students ‘real-world’ skills, often linked to engineering. They owed their heritage mainly to University College of London University. The focus on technological subjects distinguished these universities from Oxford and Cambridge and from the newer University of Durham (which was established in 1832) that were collegiate institutions which concentrated on the liberal arts and imposed religious tests on staff and students.

 * This can be incorporated into the text quite easily.

 * Finally, as the book that coined the term is based on civic universities you can't expand it beyond that definition really. Obviously there are lots of universities (and editors) who would like to be in that bracket despite the fact that they are formed in entirely different ways and all after the civic movement had ended as such. Mountain cirque 14:40, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

 * It is quite plausible that "redbrick" was originally synonymous with "civic university" but no longer is. The idea that you can't expand it beyond the book that coined it is the epitome of etymological fallacy. The definitions in the free online dictionaries of Collins and Oxford are not so precise as Wikipedia. I imagine the OED definition is more comprehensive than the free dictionaries; if you have access to it it would be worth quoting. And "there are lots of universities who would like to be in that bracket" is a statement worth including if you have a reliable source for it :) jnestorius(talk) 21:27, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Point taken, thanks. It might need a tweak to show that the term is more broadly used now. Here is the OED defnition:
 * redbrick university  n. Brit. (orig. somewhat depreciative) (originally) a British university founded in the late 19th or early 20th cent. in a major provincial city, typically having buildings of red brick (as opposed to stone); (later also) any recently founded or created university; freq., esp. in early use, in contrast with Oxbridge.

 * The term was coined by E. Allison Peers, Professor of Spanish at the University of Liverpool, writing under the pseudonym ‘Bruce Truscot’; in the work cited in quot. 1943, he compares two fictional universities called Redbrick and Oxbridge. Mountain cirque 16:45, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red brick university


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ararat (movie)

keep Dementedd is going around and randomly putting cleanup and vfd tags on articles --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 23:00, 10 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Sean O'Neill

Sean O'Neill is the name of:

 * Seán O'Neill (born 1938), Gaelic football player for Down
 * Sean O'Neill (table tennis) (born 1967), American table tennis player and coach
 * Seán O'Neill (hurler) (born 1972), Irish hurler for Limerick
 * Sean O'Neill (rower) (born 1980), Irish / New Zealand rower
 * Sean O'Neill (actor) (born 1985), Canadian, actor and arts professional
 * Sean O'Neill (footballer) (born 1988), association footballer
 * Sean O'Neill (Louth Gaelic footballer) (born c. 1980), Gaelic football player for Louth
 * Sean O'Neill, Irish musician, better known as John O'Neill (guitarist)

title: Sean O'Neill


text:
The Thaw (Star Trek: Voyager)

"The Thaw" is the 39th episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the 23rd episode of the second season. In this science fiction television show, the crew of a spaceship discover aliens who are mentally connected to a computer. The spacecraft finds a planet that was destroyed by a solar flare, and the survivors are in hibernation pods.

Michael McKean guest stars in this episode.

Plot
Voyager discovers a planet that nineteen years before suffered a major ecological disaster. The crew finds a set of stasis pods containing five of the planet's inhabitants; two are dead from heart attacks, and the other three should have been reawakened already. Since the planet has recovered from the disaster, Captain Kathryn Janeway decides to revive the other three, but the crew cannot wake them, their brains tied to a central computer connecting all the pods. B'Elanna Torres and Harry Kim volunteer to occupy the other pods and be connected to the central computer.

They find themselves experiencing a virtual reality, a strange, dark circus-like atmosphere. A sadistic clown appears to lead the group of computer-generated characters, attempting to bring the new arrivals to play. Torres and Kim learn from the aliens that the virtual reality was intended to make a utopia based on their thoughts, but grew on their fears instead and gained the power to induce death. Torres makes a deal with the clown to leave stasis to explain the situation to Voyager, leaving Kim and the aliens behind as hostages.

The clown, while waiting, prepares to torture Kim. Just as the clown is about to slice him with a scalpel, his hand is stopped by The Doctor, who as a hologram is immune to the simulation's powers. The Doctor explains that Janeway is prepared to provide the clown a simulated brain in exchange for Kim and the aliens. However, the clown reads from his captives' minds that a simulated brain will not be the same as a real one, and refuses. Before the Doctor returns to report to Janeway, one of the aliens provides a subtle hint of how to dismantle the computer system.

With this information, Torres begins to shut down the simulation. The clown notices the deception as elements of the program are removed, and kills the alien that gave the hint. Janeway stops Torres before the clown takes another life. The Doctor, after communicating with the crew, informs the clown that Janeway will offer herself as a brain for the system in exchange for the remaining hostages. The clown agrees, and soon Janeway appears in the simulation while the remaining hostages are freed. Too late, the clown realizes that Janeway too is a hologram, her mind only minimally connected to the system. With no living being left connected, the crew finish disabling the computer. As the clown fades away, the Janeway hologram tells him that in the end, fear wants to be defeated.

Production
The teleplay was written by Joe Menosky with the story by Richard Gadas. The episode was directed by Marvin V. Rush. Rush was the director of photography on The Next Generation and directed the episode The Host. He was hired to direct an episode before it was written, and it was pure luck that he got The Thaw rather than being chosen for his visual expertise. When he read the script he said "it was a subject matter and a notion that really resonated with me", he saw it as an essay on the nature of fear and he really wanted to tell the story. Visually he was inspired by Federico Fellini's 8½.

The show features several guest stars including: Thomas Kopache, Carel Struycken, Tony Carlin, and Shannon O'Hurley. A major character in the plot, the 'fear clown', is played by guest star Michael McKean.

Reception
In 2017, this episode was noted as featuring scary and eerie Star Trek content. In 2012, Den of Geek ranked this the seventh best episode of Star Trek: Voyager, but calling it creepy, for including a virtual "clown of fear". In 2014, Io9 ranked The Thaw's clown as the sixth least threatening villain of Star Trek.

In 2021, ScreenRant ranked "The Thaw" the eighth scariest episode of all Star Trek franchise episodes, and the scariest of the Voyager series.

title: The Thaw (Star Trek: Voyager)


text: Category:Languages of Vatican City

title: Category:Languages of Vatican City


text:
Ten-lined June beetle

The ten-lined June beetle (Polyphylla decemlineata), also known as the watermelon beetle, is a scarab beetle found in the western United States and Canada. The adults are attracted to light and feed on foliage. They can make a hissing sound when touched or otherwise disturbed, which can resemble the hissing of a bat. This sound is made by their wings pushing down, forcing the air out between their wings and back. They can be an agricultural pest affecting a wide range of crops because their larvae feed on plant roots and can weaken or kill the plants.

Description
They are relatively large in size, some growing to sizes as large as 1.5 inches (3 cm) or more. As in other members of this genus, the males have large distinctive antennae consisting of several lamellate plates, which they close up when threatened. The antennae are used to detect pheromones emitted by the females. The wing covers (elytra) have four long white stripes and one short stripe each. The underside of the thorax is covered with brownish hairs.

Life cycle
Eggs: The eggs are oval, dull, and creamy. They are about 1/16 of an inch long. Larva: The grub can grow up to 2 inches with 3 pairs of legs, with a white body and brown head. The larval stage can last as long as 4 years.

title: Ten-lined June beetle


text: User talk:69.205.10.68

title: User talk:69.205.10.68


text: Category:Languages of San Marino

title: Category:Languages of San Marino


text:
Ixtapa

Ixtapa is a resort city in Mexico, adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the municipality of Zihuatanejo de Azueta in the state of Guerrero. It is located 5 km northwest of the municipal seat, Zihuatanejo, and 245 km northwest of Acapulco.

In the 2005 INEGI Census, the population of Ixtapa was 6,406.

Creation of Ixtapa
Ixtapa is a government-planned tourist resort that was begun in the early 1970s, and constructed on what was once a coconut plantation and mangrove estuary.

In 1968, the Bank of Mexico created a special fund for the creation of new tourist destinations on the country's coastlines. The first two such destinations were Cancún, in the state of Quintana Roo, and Ixtapa, next to the town of Zihuatanejo. The development of Ixtapa was supported by a loan from the World Bank.

The master plan for Ixtapa was developed by architects Enrique and Agustín Landa Verdugo, who also participated in the choice of the site. Their project defined the tourist destination's street layout and zoning. The project is organized in super-blocks with irregular shapes, with the high-speed streets separating these blocks, and culs-de-sac within them. A couple of architects were selected to build this city, some are still residents of this town. Architects Miguel Ángel Rojas and Concepción Rivera live and work in this town. The famous Mexican telenovela Marimar was filmed here in 1994.

Transportation
Ixtapa can be reached by air, bus and highway and has its own airport, Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo International. Flights are available from Mexico City, several provincial cities, and various places in the United States and Canada.

Airlines: Aeroméxico, Air Canada, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Frontier Airlines, Interjet, Sunwing Airlines, TAR Aerolineas, United Airlines, US Airways and WestJet.

Charter Lines: Apple Vacations, Canjet, Champion Air, Funjet Vacations, Delta Vacations, Ryan International, Global Air, Transat Holidays, Sunwing Vacations, Sun Country, Magnicharters, and others.

Bus Lines: Autovias, Costa Line, Estrella de Oro, Estrella Blanca, La Linea Plus, Parhikuni, Primera Plus, Turistar/Futura, Omnibus de Mexico and others.

Popular culture
Parts of the 1987 film Hot Pursuit with John Cusack, Wendy Gazelle, Robert Loggia, Jerry Stiller, and Ben Stiller (in his first starring role) were filmed in and around the area.

title: Ixtapa


text:
United States at the 1896 Summer Olympics

Fourteen competitors from the United States competed in three sports at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The Americans were the most successful athletes in terms of gold medals, beating host nation Greece, 11 to 10, despite fielding only 14 competitors compared to an estimated 169 Greek entrants. However, the Greeks' 46 total medals dwarfed the Americans' 20.

The United States team had 27 entries in 16 events, with 20 of the 27 resulting in top-three finishes.

Most of the American competitors were students at Harvard University or Princeton University or members of the Boston Athletic Association. The team trained at The Pennington School, in Pennington, New Jersey, while preparing for the first modern Olympic Games.

Medalists
Of the 14 Americans at the Athens Games, 12 won medals. Charles Waldstein, a shooter, and Gardner Williams, a swimmer, were the two who did not win any medals. The following competitors won medals at the games. In the discipline sections below, the medalists' names are bolded.

Multiple medalists
The following competitors won multiple medals at the 1896 Olympic Games.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
 * width=78% align=left valign=top |

 * width="22%" align="left" valign="top" |

Athletics
The United States squad of 11, which featured only one national champion, won nine gold medals in the twelve athletics events, with contributions from six different athletes. Six silver medals and two bronze medals also went to the Americans in athletics.

Track & road events

Field events

Shooting
The Paine brothers contested only two events, taking the top two spots in the event in which they both competed, the military pistol. Sumner was the only one of the two to enter the free pistol, which he won. Waldstein was the third member of the American shooting contingent, competing in the military rifle event.

Swimming
Williams competed in two swimming events, with his results currently being unknown (lost in the years since).


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Filyovskaya line

The Filyovskaya line (Филёвская ли́ния, ), or Line 4 and 4A, formerly the Arbatsko-Filyovskaya line (Арбатско-Филёвская)is a line of the Moscow Metro. Chronologically the sixth to open, it connects the major western districts of Dorogomilovo and Fili along with the Moscow-City with the city centre. At present it has 13 stations and is 14.9 km long.

History
The history of the Filyovskaya line is one of the most complicated in Moscow Metro, due to the eastern radius falling victim of changing policies. Originally the earliest stations are the oldest, dating to 1935 and 1937 when they opened as part of the First stage and operated as a branch from what later became the Sokolnicheskaya line. In 1938 the branch service was liquidated, and the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line was created by trains now terminating at Kurskaya. However, during the Second World War, the station Arbatskaya suffered damage when a German bomb pierced its ceiling, as all of the 1930s stations were built subsurface.

The threat of the Cold War becoming hot meant that these early stations were not suited to double as bomb shelters, and instead, a deep parallel section was built. This would have meant the end of the Filyovskaya line, had Nikita Khrushchev as part of his visit to New York City not been inspired by seeing elevated and surface lines. Upon his return, and coinciding with his pursuit to save costs on architecture and construction, he cancelled the planned deep-level extension to Fili and instead built a surface line that would see the old stations reopened. In 1958 the Arbatsko–Filyovskaya line was inaugurated, becoming the sixth to open (the term Arbatsko- was dropped later). The line continued to extend westwards reaching Fili in 1959, along with its separate depot, the Fili Park in 1961 and ultimately the housing complex of Kuntsevo in 1965. A further extension was built to a newer development in Krylatskoye in 1989.

All of the stations, save Molodyozhnaya and Krylatskoye, were at ground level, the original late 1950s trio was built to an identical side-platform configuration, while the remaining four with a standardised island platform. Despite the success in saving costs, the Russian climate, particularly the winter, the sharp bends, and the small station size made the line one of the most unpopular with passengers.

By the 21st century, however, Filyovskaya line's fate would change radically. First the rising Moscow City business centre required a metro line, and a two-station branch was opened from Kievskaya in 2005 to Delovoy Tsentr and again in 2006 to Mezhdunarodnaya. In December 2020 the route from Alexandrovsky Sad, line's eastern terminus, to Mezhdunarodnaya was given its own number on metro maps.

In early 2008, with the realization of the Strogino–Mitino extension the Filyovskaya line's underground end was taken up by the same Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line, and its terminus was a redesigned platform at.

Timeline
* Service branch of 0.9 km was used to connect Aleksandrovsky Sad and Ploshchad Revolyutsii.

** Segment exists as branch on route Aleksandrovskiy Sad – Kiyevskaya – Mezhdunarodnaya.

*** On 2 January 2008 the Filyovskaya line was shortened to its terminus at Kuntsevskaya, whilst the stations Molodyozhnaya and Krylatskoye were passed on to the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line

Rolling stock
The line is served by the Fili (№ 9) depot and currently the whole fleet is undergoing replacement. The oldest E type trains in Moscow were retired in 2009. Six carriage fleet of 24 trains (a mix of Ezh, Ezh1, Em-508 and Em-509) will was passed on to other depots and replaced by the new 81–740.1/741.1 "Rusich" (also known as "Skif") which are more suited for the outdoor climate that the line has. Also, there are five old 81-717/714 trains from Koltsevaya and Kalininskaya lines. They are mostly running on the "Aleksandrovsky sad" – "Mezhdunarodnaya" line, but some trains are running on the main line to "Kuntsevskaya".

In the summer of 2018, the operation of new 81-765.2/766.2/767.2 "Moskva" trains began. By December 2018 the line was solely operating 81–765.2/766.2/767.2s. The 81-765/766/767s are also suited for the outdoor climates the line has but have gangways between every carriage and are more advanced.

Subway car types used on the line over the years:

Recent developments and future plans

After the line lost its terminus, its passenger flow dropped substantially, making it more local. Presently work is planned to upgrade the surface stations, and to finish replacement of the rolling stock. The branch service originally having 15 minute intervals now has 5 min which makes 1:1 ratio of trains traveling from Aleksandrovsky Sad.

title: Filyovskaya line


text:
Hydrogen selenide

Hydrogen selenide is an inorganic compound with the formula H2Se. This hydrogen chalcogenide is the simplest and most commonly encountered hydride of selenium. H2Se is a colorless, flammable gas under standard conditions. It is the most toxic selenium compound with an exposure limit of 0.05 ppm over an 8-hour period. Even at extremely low concentrations, this compound has a very irritating smell resembling that of decayed horseradish or "leaking gas", but smells of rotten eggs at higher concentrations.

Structure and properties
H2Se adopts a bent structure with a H−Se−H bond angle of 91°. Consistent with this structure, three IR-active vibrational bands are observed: 2358, 2345, and 1034 cm−1.

The properties of H2S and H2Se are similar, although the selenide is more acidic with pKa = 3.89 and the second pKa = 11, or 15.05 ± 0.02 at 25 °C.

Preparation
Industrially, it is produced by treating elemental selenium at T > 300 °C with hydrogen gas. A number of routes to H2Se have been reported, which are suitable for both large and small scale preparations. In the laboratory, H2Se is usually prepared by the action of water on Al2Se3, concomitant with formation of hydrated alumina. A related reaction involves the acid hydrolysis of FeSe.
 * Al2Se3 +  6 H2O  ⇌ 2 Al(OH)3  +  3 H2Se

H2Se can also be prepared by means of different methods based on the in situ generation in aqueous solution using boron hydride, Marsh test and Devarda's alloy. According to the Sonoda method, H2Se is generated from the reaction of H2O and CO on Se in the presence of Et3N. H2Se can be purchased in cylinders.

Reactions
Elemental selenium can be recovered from H2Se through a reaction with aqueous sulfur dioxide (SO2).
 * 2 H2Se + SO2 ⇌ 2 H2O + 2 Se + S

Its decomposition is used to prepare the highly pure element.

Applications
H2Se is commonly used in the synthesis of Se-containing compounds. It adds across alkenes. Illustrative is the synthesis of selenoureas from cyanamides:

 * [[Image:SelenoureaRxn.PNG|273px|Selenourea reaction]]

H2Se gas is used to dope semiconductors with selenium.

Safety
Hydrogen selenide is hazardous, being the most toxic selenium compound and far more toxic than its congener hydrogen sulfide. The threshold limit value is 0.05 ppm. The gas acts as an irritant at concentrations higher than 0.3 ppm, which is the main warning sign of exposure; below 1 ppm, this is "insufficient to prevent exposure", while at 1.5 ppm the irritation is "intolerable". Exposure at high concentrations, even for less than a minute, causes the gas to attack the eyes and mucous membranes; this causes cold-like symptoms for at least a few days afterwards. In Germany, the limit in drinking water is 0.008 mg/L, and the US EPA recommends a maximum contamination of 0.01 mg/L.

Despite being extremely toxic, no human fatalities have yet been reported. It is suspected that this is due to the gas' tendency to oxidise to form red selenium in mucous membranes; elemental selenium is less toxic than selenides are.

title: Hydrogen selenide


text:
User:*Surak*

Other Wikis

 * Wikipedia (Lëtzebuergesch/Luxemburgisch) - Wikipedia (Plattdüütsch/Platdütsk/Plattdeutsch) - Wikipedia (Alemannisch)
 * Vikipedio (Esperanto) - Wikipedio (Ido) - Wikipedia (Interlingua) - Wikipedia (Interlingue/Occidental) - Vicipaedia (Latein) -- Vükiped (Volapük)
 * Wicipedia (Cymraeg/Walisisch/Kymrisch) - Wicipae'dian (Englisc/Anglo-Saxon) - Vicipéid (Gaeilge/Gaoluinn/Gaeilge na hÉireann/Gaedhilge/Irisch) - Wikipedia (Gaelg/Gailck/Manx/Manx-Gälisch) - Wikipedia (Gàidhlig/Schottisch-Gälisch/Ersisch) - Wikipedia (Kernewek/Kernowek/Karnuack/Kornisch)

de:User:*Surak* eo:User:*Surak* la:User:*Surak* simple:User:*Surak*

title: User:*Surak*


text:
Sindhi

Sindhi may refer to:
 * something from, or related to Sindh, a province of Pakistan
 * Sindhi people, an ethnic group from the Sindh region
 * Sindhi language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by them

People with the name

 * Sarkash Sindhi (1940–2012), poet of the Sindhi language
 * Ubaidullah Sindhi (1872–1944), political activist
 * Ahmad Bakhsh Sindhi (1917–2000), leader of the Indian National Congress
 * Abu Raja Sindhi, 10th century Islamic scholar
 * Abu Mashar Sindhi, 8th century Arabic historian and Islamic scholar

title: Sindhi


text:
Conduct unbecoming

Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman (or conduct unbecoming for short) is an offense that is subject to court martial in the armed forces of some nations.

Use in the United Kingdom
The phrase was used as a charge in courts martial of the British Armed Forces in the 18th and the early 19th centuries although it was not defined as a specific offence in the Articles of War. For instance, in 1813, Colonel Sir J Eamer was brought before a court martial "For behaving in a scandalous, infamous manner, such as is unbecoming the character of an officer and a gentleman, towards Captain B V Symes of the same regiment..." The charge seems to have been first codified under the Naval Discipline Act of 10 August 1860, which states, "Article 24: Every Officer subject to this Act who shall be guilty of Cruelty, or of any scandalous or fraudulent Conduct, shall be dismissed with Disgrace from Her Majesty's Service; and every Officer subject to this Act who shall be guilty of any other Conduct unbecoming the Character of an Officer shall be dismissed, with or without Disgrace, from Her Majesty's Service."

Use in the United States
The offense is defined in the punitive code, Article 133, of the United States Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), enacted at.

"Article 133. Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman: Any commissioned officer, cadet, or midshipman who is convicted of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman shall be punished as a court-martial may direct."

The elements are:
 * 1) That the accused did or omitted to do certain acts; and
 * 2) That, in the circumstances, these acts or omissions constituted conduct unbecoming an officer and gentleman.

Here "officer" is understood to include all commissioned officers, cadets, and midshipmen, hence the more common term conduct unbecoming. A "gentleman" (in this case a term not limited to men) is understood to have a duty to avoid dishonesty, indecency, indecorum, lawlessness, injustice, unfairness, and cruelty.

Police discipline
"Conduct unbecoming an officer" is also used in some civil police agencies.

title: Conduct unbecoming


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jacob arthur barrett

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 07:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Jacob arthur barrett
No verifiable information. No notability can be confirmed. Page creator also created two vandal articles that have been speedied. Bobbis 23:05, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, probably vandalism. Friday 23:13, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or speedy as attack page. Kappa 23:25, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. DarthVader 00:50, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn -mysekurity 01:17, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete attack page. --Etacar11 02:51, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete attack page. JamesBurns 08:56, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Magic: The Gathering World Championship

external link
The external link seems to lead to a random search page, nothing useful.
 * that appears fixed now. Boneyard 12:23, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Can anyone add the Legacy format decklists too? And maybe the format of the whole tournament?

Day 1 (Wednesday, November 29) 6x Standard format (Swiss)

Day 2 (Thursday, November 30) 2x Time Spiral Booster Draft format (each one consisting of 3x Swiss)

Day 3 (Friday, December 1) 6x Extended format (Swiss)

Day 4 (Saturday, December 2) 4x Team Rochester Draft format (New Draft for each round)

Day 5 (Sunday, December 3) Individual Players top 8s, and Top 2 National teams.

Reenen Laurie - 10:47, 29 November 2006 (+2 GMT)

Frank Karsten
It appears that the article linked to for Frank Karsten is for a completely different person... --Drantin (talk) 13:23, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Indeed. Fixed that. OdinFK (talk) 10:58, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Player nationality
Anyone against using flagicons for the nationality? It is more beautyful while making the site more clear. OdinFK (talk) 11:00, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Order of championships
The order of the championships should be changed to chronological instead of inverse chronological. If nobody gives a good reason not to, I'll do that in a few days. OdinFK (talk) 11:01, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Changes to the World Championships
Wizards just announced that the World Championships will now be split into a Magic World Cup team event, set to take place at Gen Con, and the new 16-player World Championship shall now be called the Magic Players Championship. I've tried to put that information into the article but I wasn't sure whether the article should continue to chronicle these new events or another page should be created for when they come around. Olliewiththeface (talk) 23:23, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

Problems
This article has quite a few problems from poorly sourced (and poorly verified) content and extensive use of WOTC sources. The external links themselves are also quite abundant. Plus a "decklist" link compared to the tables is somewhat inconsistent.

I would suggest that, instead of listing every card that a player had in their deck, we could list the primary colors used.

Regardless, I'm going to remove the poorly sourced material. Maxx-♥ talk and coffee ☕ 13:07, 14 November 2023 (UTC)


text:
Faith Hope Love

Faith Hope Love is the third studio album by the American rock band King's X. "Six Broken Soldiers" is the first King's X song to feature drummer Jerry Gaskill on lead vocals.

Personnel

 * Dug* Pinnick – lead and backing vocals, bass guitar
 * Ty Tabor – lead and backing vocals, lead, rhythm and acoustic guitars, sitar
 * Jerry Gaskill – lead and backing vocals, drums, percussion

Additional personnel

 * Galactic Cowboys (Monty Colvin, Alan Doss, Ben Huggins, Dane Sonnier) – backing vocals on "Mr. Wilson" & "Faith Hope Love"
 * Max Dyer – cello on "Six Broken Soldiers", "Faith Hope Love" & "Legal Kill"
 * Erik Ralske – French horn on "Six Broken Soldiers"
 * Little Willie Sammy Taylor – pipe organ on "Six Broken Soldiers"
 * Kemper Crabb – soprano recorder on "Legal Kill"

Reception
Faith, Hope, Love proved to be King's X's most commercially successful album, nearly reaching gold status.

The album was listed at #52 in the 2001 book CCM Presents: The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music.

Chart performance
Singles – Billboard (United States)

title: Faith Hope Love


text:
Percy Kirke

Lieutenant General Percy Kirke (c. 1646 – 31 October 1691), English soldier, was the son of George Kirke, a court official to Charles I and Charles II.

Career
In 1666 Kirke obtained his first Army commission in Lord Admiral's regiment, and subsequently served in the Blues. In 1673 he was with Monmouth at Maastricht during the Franco-Dutch War and was present during two campaigns with Turenne on the Rhine. In 1680 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and soon afterwards colonel of the 2nd Tangier Regiment (afterwards the King's Own Royal Lancaster Regiment). In 1682 he became Governor of Tangier and colonel of the Tangier Regiment (afterwards the Queens Royal West Surrey Regiment). That same year, he visited Meknes, where Moulay Ismail, as a gesture of goodwill, freed one of his English slaves and delivered him to Kirke.

In the view of the historian Thomas Babington Macaulay, he was "a military adventurer whose vices had been developed by the worst of all schools, Tangier.... Within the ramparts of his fortress he was a despotic prince. The only check on his tyranny was the fear of being called to account by a distant and a careless government. He might therefore safely proceed to the most audacious excesses of rapacity, licentiousness, and cruelty. He lived with boundless dissoluteness, and procured by extortion the means of indulgence."

Kirke commanded his regiment at the Battle of Sedgemoor in July 1685 during the Monmouth Rebellion and then ruthlessly hunted down the fugitives after the battle.

Brigadier Kirke took a notable part in the Glorious Revolution three years later, and William III promoted him. He commanded at the relief of Derry, breaking the Jacobite Irish Army's siege of the city. Following the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690, he oversaw the Capture of Waterford, Ireland's second largest settlement at the time, on 25 July 1690. He took part in his last campaign in Flanders in 1691.

He was appointed a Groom of the Bedchamber to King William from 1689 to his death. He also briefly served as MP for West Looe as a Tory in 1689–90.

He died, with the rank of lieutenant general, at Brussels on 31 October 1691. His eldest son, Lieutenant General Percy Kirke (1684–1741), was also colonel of the Lambs.

title: Percy Kirke


text:
George Harris

George Harris may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * George Harris (barrister) (1809–1890), English writer
 * George Washington Harris (1814–1869), American writer and humorist
 * George Frederick Harris (painter) (1856–1924), Welsh portrait and landscape painter
 * George Albert Harris (1913–1991), American painter, muralist, and lithographer
 * George Harris (actor) (born 1949), British film, television, and stage actor
 * Hibiscus (entertainer) (George Harris, Jr., 1949–1982), American war protester, then actor
 * George Harris, a character in Uncle Tom's Cabin

Military

 * George Harris, 1st Baron Harris (1746–1829), British general
 * George W. Harris (1835–1920s), American Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient

Politics

 * George Harris, 3rd Baron Harris (1810–1872), Governor of Trinidad
 * George E. Harris (1827–1911), United States Representative from Mississippi
 * George Harris (Queensland politician) (1831–1891), Member of the Queensland Legislative Council, Australia
 * George Harris, 4th Baron Harris (1851–1932), English cricketer and politician
 * George Chesley Harris (1879–1954), merchant and politician in Newfoundland

Religion

 * George Harris (Unitarian) (1794–1859), English Unitarian minister in Scotland
 * George Harris (theologian) (1844–1922), American theologian and academic administrator
 * George Clinton Harris (1925–2000), bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Alaska

Science and medicine

 * George Prideaux Robert Harris (1775–1810), Australian naturalist
 * George Harris (physician) (1856–1931), Inspector General of Civil Hospitals in the Punjab, United Provinces and Bengal
 * George Frederick Harris (geologist) (1862–1906), English palaeontologist
 * George Harris (philosopher) (born 1947), American philosopher

Association football

 * George Harris (footballer, born 1875) (1875–1910), English-born footballer for Aston Villa, Wolves and Grimsby Town
 * George Harris (footballer, born 1877) (1877–?), English-born footballer for Stoke and Southampton
 * George Harris (footballer, born 1878) (1878–1923), English footballer for Aston Villa and West Bromwich Albion
 * George Harris (footballer, born 1940) (1940–2022), English-born footballer for Watford and Reading
 * George Harris (soccer) (born 1948), Australian former football (soccer) player

Cricket

 * George Harris, 4th Baron Harris (1851–1932), English cricketer and politician
 * George Harris (cricketer, born 1880) (1880–1954), English cricketer
 * George Harris (cricketer, born 1904) (1904–1988), English cricketer
 * George Harris (cricketer, born 1906) (1906–1994), English cricketer

Other sports

 * George Harris (Australian footballer) (1902–1981), Australian rules footballer
 * George Harris (Carlton president) (1922–2007), Australian football club president
 * George Harris (wrestler) (1927–2002), American wrestler and wrestling manager
 * George Harris (judoka) (1933–2011), American judoka
 * Duke Harris (George Francis Harris, 1942–2017), Canadian ice hockey player
 * George Harris (baseball), American baseball player
 * Lloyd Harris (tennis) (Lloyd George Harris, born 1997), South African tennis player

Others

 * George P. Harris (c. 1820–1873), co-founder of Australian retailer Harris Scarfe
 * George Delancey Harris (1892–1958), American business executive
 * George Bernard Harris (1901–1983), United States federal judge

title: George Harris


text:
Matthew White Ridley, 4th Viscount Ridley

Matthew White Ridley, 4th Viscount Ridley (29 July 1925 – 22 March 2012) was a British nobleman. He was Lord Steward of the Household from 1989 to 2001.

Background, education and military service
Ridley was the son of Matthew White Ridley, 3rd Viscount Ridley, and Ursula Lutyens, daughter of Sir Edwin Lutyens. His younger brother Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale was a Conservative Party politician who served as a government minister for nearly all of Margaret Thatcher's years as prime minister.

Matthew Ridley was educated at Eton College and spent several months studying agriculture at King's College, University of Durham (now Newcastle University). The Second World War interrupted his education and he joined the Coldstream Guards, serving in Normandy and Germany in 1944–45. He then studied at Oxford, graduating with a degree in Agriculture from Balliol College in 1948.

He then served as an aide-de-camp to Sir Evelyn Baring, then Governor of Kenya. During this time he furthered his interest in nature and science. In 1955, Ridley and zoologist Lord Richard Percy spent four months on an uninhabited island in the Seychelles studying the plight of the dwindling sooty tern.

Later he joined the Territorial Army, reaching the rank of Brevet Colonel in the Northumberland Hussars: he became Honorary Colonel of that unit in 1979.

Public life
Ridley succeeded his father in the viscountcy in 1964. He was Chairman of Northumberland County Council from 1967 to 1979. He chaired several companies and societies, before serving as Chancellor of the University of Newcastle from 1988 to 1999, as Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland from 1984 to 2000, and as Lord Steward of the Household from 1989 to 2001. He was succeeded by the Duke of Abercorn as Lord Steward in 2001.

He was made a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter in 1992 and appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in 1994. He retired in 1999 and did not stand for election as a hereditary peer after the House of Lords Act.

Marriage and children
Ridley was married on 3 January 1953 to Lady Anne Katharine Gabrielle Lumley (born 16 November 1928, died 2006), daughter of Lawrence Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough. They had four children together:

 * the Hon. Cecilia Anne Ridley (born 1 December 1953);
 * the Hon. Rose Emily Ridley (13 August 1956 – 24 June 2020), married Owen Paterson in 1980 and had two sons and a daughter;
 * Matthew White Ridley, 5th Viscount Ridley (born 7 February 1958); and
 * the Hon. Mary Victoria Ridley (born 30 November 1962).

Ridley died on 22 March 2012 and was succeeded in the viscountcy by his only son.


text:
Gotcha! (quartet)

Gotcha! is an American barbershop quartet formed in 1996 by four members of the Masters of Harmony chorus.

Gotcha! became the international champions of the Barbershop Harmony Society in 2004 after six previous attempts at the title.

Baritone Alan Gordon became a member of SPEBSQSA (now BHS) when he was 10 years old. He has achieved much in the barbershop world, including becoming a singing judge. In addition to having been assistant director of the Masters of Harmony Chorus and their baritone section leader, he directed the Verdugo Hills Chorus at their Sweet Adelines International competition. He is a Master Director in SAI.

Bass Jim Kline had previously achieved many non-gold medals with SPEBSQSA, most of them with the 139th Street Quartet, which was frequently featured on television—including appearances on "Night Court" and "Cheers".

Lead Chris Vaughn is a lead section leader for the Denver Mile High Chorus.

Tenor Garry Texiera would later direct the Indianapolis-based Circle City Sound Chorus.

The original bass of the quartet was Scott Wilson.

Discography

 * Right Now! (CD/cassette; 1999)
 * Gotcha! Again! (CD; 2003)
 * Gotcha! At Last (CD; 2006)

title: Gotcha! (quartet)


text: Category:Languages of Monaco

title: Category:Languages of Monaco


text:
Talk:Miguel de Icaza

Ximian Status
isn't Ximian acquired by Novell and no more exist ? i just changed "now renamed" by "later renamed", but few minutes later i realised the same change was done and reverted by Kb0pxn1 last week! any reason ? 196.205.224.176 (talk) 05:36, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Older Discusssion
Has anyone see the movie Antitrust? How big of a part did Miguel have? Is the movie work renting?

-- It's not very big at all. In fact, I don't even know where he is in the movie. I believe he was mainly a director type, behind the scenes, not an actual actor. He must've been an extra or something. The movie is worth renting, in fact, I bought the DVD for $5 at Wal-Mart.

--It's all together like one second, during the scene when Milo is in the preschool, and discovers all of the spying being done on his friends. He doesn't have a speaking role or anything. And yes, the movie is definately worth renting or buying.

This article quality has gone down, down, down
I used to point people to wikipedia when they asked for the Bio, but it is now mostly trivia and uninteresting stuff. I would edit it myself, but am not supposed to.
 * I can add any piece of relevant information for which a reference is given. So please just write content here. Cheers! Nicolas1981 (talk) 14:27, 2 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Your comment is meaningless when you don't even say who you are. -- 24.254.86.34 (talk) 21:08, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

OOXML
I've added a bit on Miguel's views on OOXML and a link to his slashdot posting which explains his view Gunny01 08:48, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

i dont understand why that link and sentence has been removed, is someone trying to sweep facts under the rug —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.106.173.173 (talk) 00:29, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

The section heading Advocacy of Microsoft open technologies is POV, because it's controversial how open these really are. See Talk:Office_Open_XML. --94.223.19.104 (talk) 12:12, 12 September 2017 (UTC)

Is this really relevant?
In March 2010, he was named as the fifth in the "Most Powerful Voices in Open Source".

Is this really relevant? This article is quite centered on unimportant stuff. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.133.59.41 (talk) 12:15, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Personal life section
The Personal life section contains an entry about Israel that seems to be out of context and a plug-in to promote certain opinions on the Israeli Palestinian conflict.

A survey of his blog posts (http://tirania.org/blog) especially in 2002, show that he was biased against Israel/pro-Palestinian in his views [1,2,3], but towards the end of 2006 seems to have read more on the Israeli Palestinian conflict and might have realized that the issue is not as simple as he originally thought[4]:

“My books on the Israeli/Palestine conflict now amount for a considerable part of my bookshelf real estate...“

“…My friend had good points against both solutions, the one state solution and the two state solutions. And I agree that both have problems, but the status quo of "one state and a colony" is way worse.”

A more comprehensive separate section on his personal views on middle-east conflicts/human rights issues might be a better idea, but I did not find any reference, for example, to the Syrian crisis and its effect on the Palestinians which is a little puzzling, similarly I could not find any info on human rights violations under Hamas/ISIS/Iran rule etc. This leads me to believe that I might be missing something. Does anyone know/have reference to where he publishes his stands on those issues?

References: [1] http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2002/May-12.html [2] http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2002/Aug.html [3] http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2002/Oct.html [4] http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2006/Dec.html

50.187.215.41 (talk) 00:36, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Miguel de Icaza. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150402152213/http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dndotnet/html/deicazainterview.asp to http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dndotnet/html/deicazainterview.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:35, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:28, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Gnomelogo.svg

title: Talk:Miguel de Icaza


text:
Wikipedia:African Collaboration of the Month/History

Culture of Ethiopia
''Nominated July 7 2005, needs 12 votes by August 4, 2005. ''

Support:
 * 1) Falphin 7 July 2005 13:20 (UTC)
 * 2) Pharos 7 July 2005 19:38 (UTC)
 * 3) — mark ✎ 7 July 2005 23:03 (UTC)
 * 4) nixie 7 July 2005 23:51 (UTC)
 * 5) Revolución 8 July 2005 01:07 (UTC)
 * 6) Gyrofrog (talk) 8 July 2005 03:50 (UTC)
 * 7) Warofdreams 8 July 2005 09:14 (UTC)
 * 8) Fenice 8 July 2005 09:31 (UTC)
 * 9) 500LL July 8, 2005 14:47 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Not much of an article. Ethiopia has a very diverse and large culture. 7 July 2005 13:20 (UTC)
 * Quite a good choice. Ethiopia has a very rich culture, and this is a very poor article.--Pharos 7 July 2005 19:38 (UTC)
 * Good choice. Will add something about the languages if this one's chosen. — mark ✎ 7 July 2005 23:03 (UTC)
 * The LOC Country study has some information that might be worth modifying, there are also a few other articles that can be used to write summary sections for music, cuisine etc.--nixie 7 July 2005 23:51 (UTC)
 * I'm in shock this already has 9 votes and is only been up a day and half. Falphin 8 July 2005 15:48 (UTC)

Architecture of Africa
''Nominated:July 8, 2005 needs 6 votes by July 22, 2005. ''

Support: Comments:
 * 1) Warofdreams 8 July 2005 11:07 (UTC)
 * 2) BrianSmithson 8 July 2005 12:04 (UTC)
 * 3) Fenice 9 July 2005 11:15 (UTC)
 * 4) Revolución 9 July 2005 18:50 (UTC)
 * 5) Demarioj 15:48, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This is an extremely broad subject about which it would be useful to pool knowledge. It could provide a summary of regional and local styles and forms of architecture, discuss materials and the purposes of architecture, and act as a jumping off point for specific styles - see for instance Islamic architecture or the stub on Sahelian architecture. Warofdreams 8 July 2005 11:07 (UTC)
 * What about architecture of Africa? I believe that's the normal convention. --Dmcdevit 21:10, July 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * After some searching I think you're right. In instences when it is a style the name goes first then architecture, ex:Gothic architecture, but when it involves an entity it follows the patter of Architecture first then the entity. Ex:Architecture of Ireland, Architecture of Birmingham, Architecture of the United Kingdom. Falphin 21:29, 9 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've changed the title. Warofdreams 09:38, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Second Liberian Civil War
''Nominated:July 7, 2005 needs 6 votes by July 21, 2005. ''

Support Comments:
 * 1) Dmcdevit July 7, 2005 07:54 (UTC)
 * 2) Fenice 8 July 2005 09:32 (UTC)
 * 3) Warofdreams 8 July 2005 11:34 (UTC)
 * 4) Scott Ritchie 02:06, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Greenman 07:24, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Dvyost 11:55, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * An important recent (ended '03) conflict that received international attention (which seems to be rare even for wars in Africa). It was an ethnic and political struggle with notable war crimes and peacekeepers sent by the ECOWAS, the UN, and even (sort of) the US. Especially important in light of the current unstable peace and potential for flare-up. A desperately needed topic. --Dmcdevit July 7, 2005 07:54 (UTC)
 * I've made a start at the article by copying relevant info from the History of Liberia article. It still needs a good deal of work. Warofdreams 8 July 2005 11:34 (UTC)

Dar es Salaam
''Nominated:July 7, 2005 needs 3 votes by July 14, 2005. ''

Support:
 * 1) Revolución 7 July 2005 05:47 (UTC)
 * 2) Fenice 8 July 2005 09:33 (UTC)
 * 3) Scott Ritchie 02:06, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Joolz 10:26, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Greenman 10:03, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Rich Farmbrough 11:01, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Former capital of Tanzania and also the largest city in the country. Revolución 7 July 2005 05:47 (UTC)
 * While the article could be expanded, it is better than those on many equally important African cities. Warofdreams 8 July 2005 09:20 (UTC)
 * I think a city is going to be easier to do than some of the other candidates -- Joolz 10:26, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

West Africa
Nominated:July 24, 2005

Support
 * 1) Dvyost 21:17, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Revolución 23:15, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Warofdreams 10:54, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 21:15, August 4, 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * Over a thousand articles link here, but it isn't much of an article. (This is true for all of the Africa regional articles I've seen, which might make good future candidates).  Possible sections: Geography/Climate, History (right now this stops in pre-history, but could summarize the Ghana, Mali, Songhai Empires, then the French/British and post-col), Geology, Economy, Culture/Language, Regional politics and organizations, Recent and current conflicts.  Much of this information is already available in Wikipedia, just needs to be summarized and combined. --Dvyost 21:17, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Acholi language
Nominated:July 21, 2005

Support
 * 1) Wackymacs 06:06, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Revolución 23:16, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 21:15, August 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) TreveXtalk 00:16, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) *drew 02:51, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * This is a very empty article in need of attention, it failed the IDRIVE and COTWS nominations. I hope it gets more attention here, as it is a language and deserves a better article. Wackymacs 06:06, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Central Africa
Nominated:August 8, 2005

Support
 * 1) Dvyost 19:34, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) *drew 07:06, 13 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) --Revolución (talk) 02:35, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Bancroftian 23:16, August 20 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Warofdreams 12:24, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * Close to 500 articles link here, but the article remains nothing more than a basic definition of the region. Even a few hours spent consolidating existing articles on the area would improve this article tremendously.  Including regional overview articles would help tie all of Wikipedia's Africa coverage together.  --Dvyost 19:34, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Definatley needs revison, important region with a small article. It doesn't add up.  Bancroftian 23:16, August 20 2005 (UTC

African Democratic Rally
Nominated:September 19, 2005 Support
 * 1) --Soman 21:20, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Dvyost 23:09, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * A movement that played a very important role in Francophone Africa. Mother organization of several current major political parties in the region. Complex and intriguing history. --Soman 21:20, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Gnawa
Nominated:August 27, 2005.

Reason: I started this article a couple of months ago. I than presented it to peer review. I think it is time now to nominate it here and looking forward to become a featured article. -- Svest 01:10, August 28, 2005 (UTC) Wiki me up™

Support

Comments

Black Consciousness Movement (2 votes)

 * Nominated November 18 2005

 * Support:
 * 1) Harro5 06:09, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * 2)  Ban e  s  10:41, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments:
 * A poor stubby article on an important organisation during the South African apartheid movement. Sorely in need of improvement, and a recent enough topic that it may draw some attention to this COTW. Harro5 06:08, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Ashanti Confederacy (3 votes)

 * ''Nominated November 26, 2005;;

 * Support
 * 1) Ashanti Confederacy needs some work --Melaen 22:34, 26 November 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Smmurphy(Talk) 03:39, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Dvyost 04:36, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments
 * Basically no introduction, hundreds of years in a single paragraph, no references. Smmurphy(Talk) 03:39, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Kibera (2 votes)
Nairobi (Kenya) slum; largest slum in Africa with around a million inhabitants. Currently a stub. — Matt Crypto 11:07, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Support:
 * — Matt Crypto 11:07, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Ezeu 20:45, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Kingdom of Aksum

 * ''Nominated: March 15, 2006 (UTC)

 * Support:
 * 1) Yom 02:03, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Comments
 * The Aksumite kingdom was considered by Mani as the third most powerful empire in the world (the top four in no particular order being China, Rome, Persia, and Aksum), and there's plenty of history that could be incorporated into the article that is still missing. It's currently on the verge of major archaelogical breakthroughs (one paper described it as Greece in the 1820s or Egypt in the 1890s) as only 3% of its remains have been uncovered, but there is still plenty of information to be added. Yom 02:03, 15 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Intensity interferometer

An intensity interferometer is the name given to devices that use the Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect. In astronomy, the most common use of such an astronomical interferometer is to determine the apparent angular diameter of a radio source or star. If the distance to the object can then be determined by parallax or some other method, the physical diameter of the star can then be inferred. An example of an optical intensity interferometer is the Narrabri Stellar Intensity Interferometer. In quantum optics, some devices which take advantage of correlation and anti-correlation effects in beams of photons might be said to be intensity interferometers, although the term is usually reserved for observatories.

An intensity interferometer is built from two light detectors, typically either radio antenna or optical telescopes with photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), separated by some distance, called the baseline. Both detectors are pointed at the same astronomical source, and intensity measurements are then transmitted to a central correlator facility. A major advantage of intensity interferometers is that only the measured intensity observed by each detector must be sent to the central correlator facility, rather than the amplitude and phase of the signal. The intensity interferometer measures interferometric visibilities like all other astronomical interferometers. These measurements can be used to calculate the diameter and limb darkening coefficients of stars, but with intensity interferometers aperture synthesis images cannot be produced as the visibility phase information is not preserved by an intensity interferometer.

title: Intensity interferometer


text:
User talk:YuuyanArcher

Welcome
Hi and welcome to wikipedia. I hope you like it and decide to stay. Here are some handy links for newcomers. Also you can sign your name on talk pages and vote pages with three tildes like this ~~~, and your name with a time stamp with four like this ~~~~. If you have any questions, ask me on my talk page.Howabout1 Talk to me! 23:08, July 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Welcome
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Help pages
 * Village pump
 * Help desk
 * Wiquette
 * Merge

New wiki
There's a new wiki here that's all about Avatar: The Last Airbender. Howabout1 Talk to me! 18:31, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:YuuyanArcher


text:
Talk:Drum Workshop

Merge?
Dw and Pacific should not be combined. They have the same ownership, but are made in different factories, and in different parts of the world using different techiniques to make the drums. DW has features that pacific does not have, and pacific's hardware and finishes are made differently. The pages SHOULD NOT be combined.

I agree. You wouldn't put Dodge and Chrylser on the same page even though it is the same parent company. The pages should be linked, but there is no reason to not have a dedicated Pacific page.

Fair use rationale for Image:Dwdrumslogo.gif
Image:Dwdrumslogo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:18, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

why delete?
i don't see why this should be deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aptpupil79 (talk • contribs) 22:59, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Drum Workshop