text:
Trinculo

Trinculo can refer to:
 * Trinculo, a character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
 * Trinculo (moon), a natural satellite of Uranus.
 * Trinculo, a crater on Miranda, which is also a natural satellite of Uranus.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trinculo


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Coolcat, Davenbelle and Stereotek/Proposed decision

all proposed

Please note that Coolcat has begun using the account.

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority "support" vote will be passed.
 * Items that receive a majority "oppose" vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority "support" or "oppose" vote will be open to possible amendment by any Arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.

Conditional votes for or against and abstentions should be explained by the Arbitrator before or after his/her time-stamped signature. For example, an Arbitrator can state that she/he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were passed.

On this case, 5 Arbitrators are away/inactive (Fennec, Mav, Nohat, David Gerard, Sannse) and none are recused, so 4 votes are a majority

Proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on. Non-Arbitrators may comment on the talk page.
 * For all items:

Motions and requests by the parties
Place those on the discussion page.

Proposed temporary injunctions
Four net "support" votes needed to pass (each "oppose" vote subtracts a "support") 24 hours from the first vote is normally the fastest an injunction will be imposed.

Template
1)

{text of proposed orders}

 * Support:

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

=Proposed final decision=

Template
1) {text of proposed principle}

 * Support:

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Mediation
1) Wikipedia mediators are "are part of the Mediation Committee, and are experienced and trusted Wikipedians."

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:36, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 14:22, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 20:13, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 22:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 23:03, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 17:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Informal mediation
1.1) Informal mediation is welcomed as a part of the normal editing process regardless of whether a user is an official Mediator.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 23:54, August 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 22:49, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 22:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 23:03, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 17:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Competence
2) Some tasks necessary for the functioning of Wikipedia require skill and, in the case of mediation, the trust of the community.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:36, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 14:22, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 20:13, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 22:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 23:03, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 17:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Clarification of issues
3) When there are a number of problems, it may serve to attempt to resolve the most pressing, then observe the situation.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:36, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 14:22, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 20:13, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 22:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 23:03, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 17:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Stalking
4) It is not acceptable to stalk another editor who is editing in good faith. (Note that everyone is expected to assume good faith in the absence of definite evidence to the contrary.) Once an editor has given reason to suspect bad faith, monitoring is appropriate, but constantly nit-picking is always a violation of required courtesy.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 21:12, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 00:28, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:32, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 18:16, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Monitoring of problem users
4.1) There are hundreds of administrators available to monitor problem users.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:36, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 14:22, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 22:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 23:03, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:
 * Available, perhaps, but only dozens that are actively editing, and that doesn't mean it's easy to get one to do so anyway. Jayjg (talk) 07:41, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 17:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC) - I concur with Jaw

Template
1) {text of proposed finding of fact}

 * Support:

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Mediation attempts by Coolcat
1) has unsuccessfully attempted to mediate a number of contested articles Javier Solana, Greco-Turkish relations, and Nanking Massacre. Please look at the talk pages of these articles for examples of the results of Coolcat's efforts.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:50, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 14:26, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 20:15, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 22:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 23:04, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 17:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Coolcat's status as a mediator
1.1) is not a Mediator. His nomination as a Mediator had no support Wikipedia_talk:Mediation_Committee. Self-nomination ; opposition by  ; opposition by   citing attempts to mediate disputes where he had a strong POV. Coolcat responds to opposition . El C reinforces his point . Having gained no support after several months nomination removed by

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:50, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 14:26, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 20:15, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 22:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 23:12, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 17:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Restructuring pages
1.2) has engaged in the practice of "restructuring" talk pages . This results in the talk pages being confused as comments have been moved out of the context in which they were made.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 15:33, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 00:07, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 21:23, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 07:41, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:53, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 17:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

POV editing by Coolcat
2) has a history of POV editing which has attracted the attention of other users. He may have moderated his behavior but continues to engage in it in some instances see these edits.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 15:33, September 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 00:07, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 07:47, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:53, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 17:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Efforts by Davenbelle and Stereotek to monitor Coolcat
3), , and have monitored  and have brought problems he has caused to the attention of the community.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:50, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 14:26, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 20:15, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 22:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 21:23, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * →Raul654 17:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC) - true, but I don't think this adadquently conveys the idea that they have been hounding Coolcat whereever he goes - in both his legitimate and illegimtimate edits. →Raul654 17:54, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * How about my form below? James F. (talk) 00:02, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Alternative, stronger, form
3.1), , and monitored  with the view to bringing problems he caused to the attention of the community. However, this has tipped over into effectively "wikistalking" or "hounding" Cool Cat, and so disrupting Wikipedia and discouraging his positive contributions.

 * Support:
 * Not totally happy with the wording, but it puts across the point. James F. (talk) 00:02, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with James. Two users with the best of intentions, but their actions don't aquit them well. →Raul654 02:31, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 13:40, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:29, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 18:32, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Cool Cat editing in good faith
4) While Cool Cat has made objectionable edits, there's sufficient evidence to suggest that all of Cool Cat's actions have been taken in good faith.

 * Support:
 * →Raul654 18:04, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Good faith is not affected by results. James F. (talk) 01:19, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:30, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * He apologizes readily enough, but keeps on and on. Fred Bauder 21:15, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:
 * He seems to edit in good faith, and yet he cannot seem to stop making objectionable edits. This has dragged on for months - it's surprising the point still doesn't get across. Jayjg (talk) 17:05, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Proposed remedies
Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.

Template
1) {text of proposed remedy}

 * Support:

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Coolcat prohibited from mediating
1) Due to lack of community support, is prohibited from holding himself out as a mediator or attempting to serve as a mediator of any dispute, see Requests_for_arbitration/Coolcat%2C_Davenbelle_and_Stereotek/Workshop, Requests_for_arbitration/Coolcat%2C_Davenbelle_and_Stereotek/Workshop, Requests_for_arbitration/Coolcat%2C_Davenbelle_and_Stereotek/Workshop, and Requests_for_arbitration/Coolcat%2C_Davenbelle_and_Stereotek/Workshop. This ban shall continue in effect until such time as he is officially appointed to the Mediation Committee.

 * Support:
 * Second choice Fred Bauder 13:59, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 20:18, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 22:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * James F. (talk) 22:49, 10 August 2005 (UTC) We shouldn't ban people from trying to help in good faith, however mis-guided their attempts may turn out to be. Would vote for "The Arbitration Committee counsels Coolcat to avoid attempting to serve as a mediator due to past difficulties", though, possibly. Meant to vote on this a week ago. Whoops.
 * I can't vote to prohibit someone from trying to help, even if they are useless at it. Theresa Knott  (a tenth stroke) 21:27, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur with the above. →Raul654 17:57, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Coolcat prohibited from mediating for one year
1.1) Due to lack of community support, is prohibited from holding himself out as a mediator or attempting to serve as a mediator of any dispute for a year.

 * Support:
 * Second choice. James F. (talk) 14:54, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * First choice Fred Bauder 15:32, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Second choice. Jayjg (talk) 18:45, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * First choice ➥the Epopt 21:29, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 21:27, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose. I dislike the idea of someone who is trying to help being barred from doing so, but he is clearly someone who shouldn't be mediating. →Raul654 18:00, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Cool Cat warned from mediating
1.2) The Arbitration Committee strongly counsels Cool Cat to avoid attempting to serve as a mediator due to past difficulties

 * Support:
 * James F. (talk) 14:54, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Third choice Fred Bauder 15:32, August 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Last choice ➥the Epopt 21:29, 26 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This one I like. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 21:27, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Third choice. Jayjg (talk) 07:49, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 17:58, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

,, and
2), , and are counseled to let other editors and administrators take the lead in monitoring . If subsequent proceedings which involve Cool Cat show that he has been hounded by them, substantial penalties may be imposed.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:59, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 22:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 15:34, 22 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 21:27, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 17:58, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

,, and
2.1), , and are strongly cautioned to not interfere with Cool Cat's efforts to improve the quality of his participation on Wikipedia with the guidance of his mentors.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 13:43, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:31, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg (talk) 04:16, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 08:04, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:
 * I still prefer remedy 2.0 Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 18:37, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Coolcat placed on Probation
3) is placed on Probation for one year. This means that any administrator, in the exercise of their judgement for reasonable cause, documented in a section of this decision, may ban Cool Cat from any article he disrupts by inappropriate editing. Cool Cat must be notified on his talk page of any bans and a note must also placed on WP:AN/I.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 15:39, September 1, 2005 (UTC) 3rd choice if mentor proposal does not pass Fred Bauder 13:34, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 00:08, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Secondary choice in lieu of mentorship. James F. (talk) 08:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 21:32, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:53, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * I think this would be acceptable to me if was for a shorter duration, or a smaller scope, or both. →Raul654 18:13, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:
 * I'm really leery of this "probation" idea. As it is, people often question what hard restrictions mean, this will only compound the problem. I'd prefer a clear prohibition on editing certain topics for at least part of the time. Jayjg (talk)  07:53, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Please propose your alternative, perhaps ban on Turkish topics. However, please note that most of the controversy centers on ethnic issues such as Kurdish and Armenian questions. Fred Bauder 23:17, September 5, 2005 (UTC)

Alternative proposal
3.1) is prohibited from editing any articles related or referring to Turks, Kurds, or Armenians for a period of 3 months, and is placed on Probation for one year. The latter means that any administrator, in the exercise of their judgement for reasonable cause, documented in a section of this decision, may ban Cool Cat from any article he disrupts by inappropriate editing. Cool Cat must be notified on his talk page of any bans and a note must also placed on WP:AN/I.

 * Support:
 * Jayjg (talk) 17:16, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 17:44, September 6, 2005 (UTC) Second choice if mentor proposal does not pass Fred Bauder 13:34, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 15:54, 7 September 2005 (UTC) Second choice.
 * Now tertiary choice in lieu of mentorship. James F. (talk) 08:03, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:53, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 20:22, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * →Raul654 18:16, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Alternative proposal II
3.2) is prohibited from editing for one year.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 01:22, 24 September 2005 (UTC) First choice if mentor proposal does not pass Fred Bauder 13:34, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * Outrageous. This user is clearly well intentioned. This remedy is way over the top. →Raul654 17:56, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed, far too strong. James F. (talk) 23:55, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 05:27, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg <small style="color:darkgreen;">(talk) 17:02, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Coolcat prohibited from restructuring
4) is prohibited from moving the comments of others around on the talk page of any article or any user talk page other than his own. Additionally he is not permitted to archive any talk page other than his own. Cool Cat may make no edit to a talk page which is not at the end of a section unless he begins a new section at the bottom of the page. This restriction shall last for one year.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 15:39, September 1, 2005 (UTC) Added clarification Fred Bauder 23:14, September 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 00:08, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 21:37, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg <sup style="color:darkgreen;">(talk) 07:51, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:53, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 18:00, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Coolcat Mentorship
5) is, for one year, placed under a mentorship as follows: If Coolcat should disruptively edit articles relating to Turkey or the Kurds (or on mostly-unrelated articles with sections dealing with Turkey or the Kurds, such as the Armenian Holocaust on Holocaust), an admin may block him for a short time, up to three days.

Coolcat will have users: Mark Ryan, Tony Sidaway, and MacGyverMagic. as his mentors. The mentors will have the power to block Coolcat or prohibit him from editing certain articles. In addition, the mentors may overrule or modify administrator-imposed blocks on Coolcat stemming from this decision at their prerogative (and thus act as an avenue of appeal).

 * Support:
 * →Raul654 07:38, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 13:32, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg <small style="color:darkgreen;">(talk) 13:33, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:31, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 07:52, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 18:39, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Template
1) {text of proposed enforcement}

 * Support:

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:

Enforcement by ban
1) For the period covered by the remedies in this matter if assumes the role of mediator with regard to any dispute or restructures or archives any talk page other than his own he may be briefly banned, up to a week in the case of repeat offenses.

 * Support:
 * Fred Bauder 14:03, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 22:21, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:
 * I'd much rather people just state words to the effect of "This person has no skill in this area, you'd be a fool to accept him as a mediator" on the talk pages in question. Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 21:34, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
 * As with Theresa. James F. (talk) 22:51, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think the attempts at mediation, though annoying, are serious enough to warrant banning. Jayjg <small style="color:darkgreen;">(talk) 19:10, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 18:08, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 00:32, 1 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Enforcement by warning
2) For the period covered by the remedies in this matter if assumes the role of mediator with regard to any dispute, then any user may add one copy of the following text to the talk pages of the users potentially involved in the attempted mediatation:

"Potentially involved" is to be interpreted narrowly; excessive use of the warning will be considered at best spam and at worst, vandalism by the Arbitration Committee.

For the period covered by the remedies in this matter if restructures or archives any talk page other than his own he may be briefly banned, up to a week in the case of repeat offenses.

 * Support:
 * ➥the Epopt 17:28, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 20:24, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 22:51, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Jayjg <small style="color:darkgreen;">(talk) 19:07, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose:

 * Abstain:
 * →Raul654 18:22, 24 September 2005 (UTC) - I don't like this idea but cannot think of a better alternative.

=Discussion by Arbitrators=

Motion to close
Four net "support" votes needed to close case (each "oppose" vote subtracts a "support") 24 hours from the first motion is normally the fastest a case will close.

 * Everything important seems to have passed. James F. (talk) 22:36, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 01:11, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 19:03, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * →Raul654 20:28, 4 October 2005 (UTC)


text:
William Cornwallis

Admiral Sir William Cornwallis, (10 February 1744 – 5 July 1819) was a Royal Navy officer. He was the brother of Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, British commander at the siege of Yorktown. Cornwallis took part in a number of decisive battles including the siege of Louisbourg in 1758, when he was 14, and the Battle of the Saintes but is best known as a friend of Lord Nelson and as the commander-in-chief of the Channel Fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. He is depicted in the Horatio Hornblower novel, Hornblower and the Hotspur.

His affectionate contemporary nickname from "the ranks" was Billy Blue, and a sea shanty was written during his period of service, reflecting the admiration his men had for him.

Early life
William Cornwallis was born 10 February 1744. His father was Charles, the fifth baron and first earl Cornwallis, and his mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Viscount Charles Townshend. William was the younger brother of General Charles Cornwallis. He went to Eton College in 1753.

Seven Years' War
The young William entered the navy in 1755 aboard the 80-gun HMS Newark (1695) bound for North America in the fleet of Admiral Edward Boscawen. Cornwallis was shortly after exchanged into HMS Kingston (1697) and was present in her at the siege of Louisbourg in 1758. The siege was one of the pivotal battles of the war. Louisbourg was the only deep water harbour that the French controlled in North America, and its capture enabled the British to launch an attack on Quebec City. General James Wolfe's attack on Quebec and victory at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham saw the beginning of the end of French colonisation in North America.

When Kingston returned to England in 1759, Cornwallis was taken aboard the 60-gun HMS Dunkirk (1754) by Captain Robert Digby. During the planned French invasion of Britain in 1759, Dunkirk was with Admiral Edward Hawke's squadron and took part in the Battle of Quiberon Bay against the French fleet under Admiral Conflans. The victory was part of what became known as Annus Mirabilis of 1759 and in concert with the other victories of that year gave the Royal Navy almost complete dominance over the oceans for over a century. The succession of victories led Horace Walpole to remark "our bells are worn threadbare ringing for victories".

Cornwallis remained in Dunkirk when she was assigned to the Mediterranean fleet then commanded by Admiral Charles Saunders. Dunkirk was detached on blockade duty, ensuring the French fleet remained in the city of Heraklion, Crete. Cornwallis moved to Saunders' flagship HMS Neptune (1757) where he remained for little over a year. On 5 April 1761, Cornwallis passed his examination for lieutenant and was promoted into the newly commissioned third-rate HMS Thunderer (1760). In July 1761, Cornwallis was with Thunderer and two other line-of-battle ships blockading Cadiz. Two French ships escaped the blockade and the British squadron set off in pursuit. Thunderer caught up with the 64-gun FRENCH SHIP Achille and captured her in a single-ship action that lasted about half an hour. The British lost seventeen killed and one hundred and thirteen wounded.

In July 1762, Cornwallis received his first command in the 8-gun sloop-of-war HMS Wasp (1749). In 1763, he was given command of the more powerful and newly launched 14-gun HMS Swift (1763). He continued in her into the peace with France after the Treaty of Paris had ended the war in 1763. During the peace in 1765, he was promoted post-captain and given command of the 44-gun HMS Prince Edward (1745). He commanded her until she was paid off and the ship was sold in 1766. In September of the same year, he was given command of HMS Guadeloupe (1763) and was variously employed throughout the peace between the Seven Years' War and the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.

American Revolutionary War
When the French lent their official support to the American cause in 1778 with the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, the war between Britain and the United States became a global war. Captain Cornwallis was in command of the newly commissioned HMS Lion (1777). Lion was sent, with Admiral John Byron, to the West Indies.

Battle of Grenada
When war was officially declared, the Comte d'Estaing, the French naval commander in North America swiftly captured the islands of Saint Vincent and Grenada. Byron on hearing the news that Saint Vincent had been captured assembled his forces but on his way to recapture the island he received intelligence that d'Estaing and his fleet were in the process of capturing Grenada. Byron consequently took his fleet to Grenada in the hopes of engaging them and preventing the capture of Grenada. The island however had only held out for two days and was already in French hands.

The Battle of Grenada took place on 6 July 1779. d'Estaing saw the British fleet of 21 ships of the line approaching and weighed anchor. Byron gave chase and attempted to form line of battle as per the Sailing and Fighting Instructions set down by Admiral Blake in 1653. d'Estaing, realising that his force although superior in guns was not so in numbers, had ordered his captains not to engage directly but to bear away when British ships approached and to bear down on any individual ship that might through wind or poor seamanship become separated from the line.

This tactic proved successful and d'Estaing's ships managed to escape the superior force causing considerable damage to three of the British ships. Cornwallis' Lion was one of those ships and when he became separated from the British fleet she was forced to break away and make a run for Jamaica rather than risk capture. Lion suffered a reported 21 killed and 30 wounded.

Duty in the West Indies
During his time in the West Indies, Cornwallis came to own, then later free the "doctoress" Cubah Cornwallis. Cubah became Cornwallis' mistress and housekeeper in Port Royal, Jamaica. Later she treated Cornwallis' friend, Captain Horatio Nelson on his return from the disastrous mission to Nicaragua. She also treated Prince William Henry, later William IV, when he was stationed in the West Indies.

Lion remained on the Jamaica station under the orders of Admiral Peter Parker and when she was repaired began a series of cruises in the West Indies. On 20 April 1780 Cornwallis was in command of a small squadron of two line-of-battle ships, Lion and HMS Bristol (1775) and one large 44-gun frigate, HMS Janus (1778).

Off Saint-Domingue the small British squadron discovered a convoy under the protection of four ships-of-the-line and one frigate commanded by Monsieur de la Motte Picquet. The French chased and the British ran. The French outsailed the British ships and when in range opened fire. The chase continued throughout the night and into the morning of the 21st. The breeze died and the two squadrons began to repair their damage. When the wind blew once more the chase renewed and continued throughout the night of the 21st and into the 22nd.

On the morning of the 22nd three sails appeared to leeward. The arrival of these new sails would determine the outcome of the battle. The newcomers proved to be the 64-gun HMS Ruby (1776), the 32-gun HMS Niger (1759) and the 28-gun HMS Pomona (1778). The French squadron bore away for Cap-Français, leaving the two small British squadrons to repair and make for Jamaica. The British squadron under Cornwallis had lost 12 killed including Captain Glover of the Janus.

Cornwallis returned to England in Lion in June 1781 and took part in the second relief of Gibraltar. He was appointed to command the 74-gun third-rate HMS Canada (1765), and immediately returned to the West Indies under the orders of Admiral Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood.

Canada was with Hood's fleet at the Battle of St. Kitts in 1782. Hood took his 21 ships of the line and lured the French fleet of 29 ships of the line under the Comte de Grasse from its anchorage at Basseterre on St. Kitts and then sailed into the roadstead and anchored. Hood then repulsed de Grasse's efforts to dislodge the British fleet. The Battle of Brimstone Hill sealed the fate of the island despite Hood's efforts and St. Kitts fell into French hands. With the island in enemy hands and the French fleet cruising off the harbour, Hood was forced to withdraw and made his way to Antigua. Canada in Commodore Edmund Affleck's division suffered 1 killed and 12 wounded. On 22 March Hood joined Admiral George Rodney's fleet in Barbados.

Battle of the Saintes
Between 9 April 1782 and 12 April 1782, Canada made up part of the fleet of Admiral Rodney at the Battle of the Saintes. During the battle, Cornwallis and Canada were fourth in line on the starboard tack in the centre division between HMS Repulse (1780) and HMS St Albans (1764). Canada sustained 35 casualties in total with 12 killed and the rest wounded. The outcome of the battle meant that the French and Spanish abandoned their planned invasion of Britain's most valuable Caribbean island, Jamaica. The battle, although a victory for the English caused a great deal of controversy in later years that included Cornwallis' direct criticism in writing of Rodney. The final couplet of the poem said to have been written in Cornwallis' own hand reads:

"Had a chief worthy Britain commanded our fleet, Twenty-five good French ships had been laid at our feet."

It appears that the criticisms of Admiral Hood and Cornwallis went unheard and Rodney was created a baron and given a life pension of £2,000 per year. Cornwallis was sent home under Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves with the convoy that included the captured French flagship FRENCH SHIP Ville de Paris. A violent storm hit the convoy and Ville de Paris sank along with several of the convoy and one of the escorts, HMS Centaur (1759). The convoy and her escorts finally arrived at Portsmouth and Canada was paid off in October 1782.

Home service and peace
In January 1783 Cornwallis was given command of HMS Ganges (1782) and in March of the same year was moved to HM Yacht Charlotte. The American Revolutionary War between Britain and the allied forces of America and France ended with Britain's defeat in September 1783 and the subsequent signing of the Treaty of Paris. With the peace came the downsizing of the navy. Cornwallis however remained employed in command of the royal yacht until 1787. In 1787 he was briefly given command of HMS Robust (1764) before hoisting his broad pennant as commodore in the 64-gun HMS Crown (1782) in October 1788 when he was appointed commander-in-chief of the East Indies Station.

Third Anglo-Mysore War
In November 1791 Cornwallis ordered that French shipping be intercepted and searched for contraband. The British and French were not at war but the French were openly aiding the Tipu Sultan in his war against the British. Cornwallis detached Captain Richard Strachan in HMS Phoenix (1783) to intercept the FRENCH FRIGATE Résolue and two French merchant ships that were heading for the French held port of Mangalore. The subsequent Battle of Tellicherry saw Phoenix capture and search all of the vessels. The local French commander was outraged and sent word back to France, but the French authorities were too busy with internal upheaval to pay the incident much notice.

French Revolutionary Wars
Though the conflict with Tipu Sultan was over, the French Revolutionary Wars had only begun. Promoted to rear-admiral on 1 February 1793, Cornwallis remained in the area and aided in the capture of Pondicherry, captaining his new flagship, the frigate HMS Minerva (1780), and commanding a small flotilla of three East Indiamen —Triton, Princess Charlotte, and HMS Calcutta (1795). He left command of Pondicherry to Captain King and returned to England, docking at Spithead in August 1793. He was succeeded in command of the East Indies Station by Commodore (later Admiral) Peter Rainier.

In May 1794 he hoisted his flag aboard the 74-gun HMS Excellent (1787) and was promoted vice-admiral of the blue squadron. In August he shifted his flag to the newer and larger 80-gun HMS Caesar (1793) and then once more in December to the first rate HMS Royal Sovereign (1786). Throughout this period he was in command of various divisions within the Channel Fleet. The Channel Fleet was responsible for preventing invasion from France and for the blockade of French Channel ports.

First Battle of Groix
On 16 June 1795 he was in command of a small squadron that sighted a much larger French fleet. The ensuing action became famously known as "The Retreat of Cornwallis."

Cornwallis was cruising near Brest with five ships of the line, Royal Sovereign, HMS Mars (1794), HMS Triumph (1764), HMS Brunswick (1790), HMS Bellerophon (1786), two frigates and one cutter, HMS Phaeton (1782), HMS Pallas (1793), HMS Kingfisher (1782) when a French fleet of twelve sail of the line and fourteen large frigates appeared, commanded by Admiral Villaret Joyeuse. The odds being very greatly against him, he was compelled to order a retreat. But two of his ships were slow and unweatherly and fell behind the rest. The van of the French fleet began to catch the two slower British ships. The rearmost ship, Mars, was caught and suffered severely in her rigging and was in danger of being surrounded by the French. Witnessing this, Cornwallis turned his squadron around to support her. The French admiral made the assumption that Cornwallis must have sighted assistance beyond his own field of vision and had turned to engage the enemy knowing that a superior force was nearby to come to their relief. The French admiral ordered his ships to disengage and Cornwallis and his small squadron retreated in order. The action is remarkable evidence of the moral superiority which the victory of the Glorious First of June, and the known efficiency of the British crews, had given to the Royal Navy. The reputation of Cornwallis was amplified and the praise given him was no doubt the greater because he was personally very popular with officers and men.

Court martial
In 1796 Cornwallis incurred a court-martial (in consequence of a misunderstanding and apparently some temper on both sides) on the charge of refusing to obey an order from the Admiralty. He was practically acquitted. The substance of the case was that he demurred on the ground of health at being called upon to go to the West Indies, in a small frigate, and without "comfort".

Command of the Channel Fleet

Cornwallis was promoted Admiral of the Blue squadron on 14 February 1799, and held the Channel Command for a short interval when Admiral Jervis (Earl St. Vincent) fell ill in 1801. Cornwallis took command once more when Jervis stood down as commander and became first Lord of the Admiralty between 1801 and 1804. On 23 April 1804 he advanced to the rank of Admiral of the White. On 9 November 1805 he was promoted Admiral of the Red. During this time Cornwallis was in charge of protecting the coast of the United Kingdom as Napoleon was building a large invasion force. Following Admiral Nelson's victory at Trafalgar, Cornwallis was removed from his post and Earl St. Vincent took his place.

Honours and politics
In 1796, Cornwallis was promoted to Rear-Admiral of Great Britain, the title becoming Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom after the Act of Union came into force in 1801, and then in 1814 he was promoted to Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom

His greatest honours might be considered to be his various nicknames among the sailors, "Billy go tight" (given on account of his rubicund complexion), as well as "Billy Blue", "Coachee", and "Mr Whip". Sailors appear to have only given nicknames to those commanders whom they liked. The various nicknames of Cornwallis seem to show that he was regarded with more of affection than reverence. Cornwallis was also made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1815.

Cornwallis served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Eye during the periods, 1768–1774, 1782–1784, 1790–1800 and, 1801–1807. He also served as MP for Portsmouth from 1782 to 1790.

Later life
Cornwallis never married. In 1800 he leased and later purchased the Newlands estate in Milford on Sea in Hampshire. He was joined by his close friend and fellow naval officer Captain John Whitby and his wife Mary Anna Theresa Whitby. John Whitby died in 1806, but Mary and her infant daughter Theresa stayed on looking after Cornwallis into his old age. On Sir William Cornwallis' death in 1819, Mary Whitby and her daughter inherited his fortune.

title: William Cornwallis


text:
Alexis Christoforous

Alexis Christoforous (born October 19, 1970) is a New York-based Correspondent for ABC News. Her reports are featured across the ABC News platform including "ABC News Live", "Good Morning America"," "Nightline", ABC-TV affiliate stations, as well as the ABC Radio Network.

Previously, she worked for Yahoo Finance as an Anchor and Correspondent, interviewing CEOs of Fortune 500 companies and covering major business events including The World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, and the annual meeting of Warren's Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway.

Prior to Yahoo Finance, she was an Anchor and Correspondent for CBS News where her reports were seen on CBS' "The Early Show", "CBS Evening News Weekend", "CBS News Sunday Morning with Charles Osgood" "CBS Up to the Minute," "CBS This Morning" as well as over 200 local CBS affiliate stations internationally. Her reports were also heard on the CBS Radio Network and WCBS Newsradio 880.

From 1999–2005 Christoforous was Anchor and Correspondent for CBS Marketwatch where she anchored the nationally syndicated program "MarketWatch Weekend." She was also a fill-in anchor for the local CBS affiliate, WCBS-TV, New York. In addition to her business reporting, Christoforous conducts many entertainment interviews including with Tony Bennett, Madonna, and Ringo Starr.

Her father is Greek-Cypriot and her mother is Italian-American.

Christoforous is a graduate of Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts where she was a drama major. She graduated cum laude from New York University with a degree in Broadcast Journalism. She lives in New York City with her husband and three children.

Early career
She began her business news career at Bloomberg Television and Radio in 1994, where she anchored the national PBS program "Bloomberg Morning News" and was Bloomberg's first reporter to report live from the floor of the New York Stock Exchange.

Christoforous covered the stock market bull run of the early 1990s and the subsequent Internet bubble burst of 2000. She reported on the economic impact of the September 11, 2001, attacks, the resignation of New York Stock Exchange CEO Richard Grasso and the wave of Wall Street scandals, including Enron, Worldcom and Martha Stewart.

title: Alexis Christoforous


text:
N20 road (Ireland)

The N20 road is a national primary road in Ireland, connecting the cities of Cork and Limerick. Buttevant, Croom, Charleville, Mallow and Blarney are major towns along the route. A short section of the route (from Limerick to Patrickswell) is motorway standard and is designated as the M20 Motorway.

M20 Rosbrien Interchange (Limerick) to Patrickswell
The route starts at junction 1 at the Rosbrien interchange (south of Limerick city) where it connects to the M7 and the N18 which together form the Limerick Southern Ring Road. The route continues from this interchange as motorway. This route was redesignated as motorway in August 2009. The route bypasses Dooradoyle and Raheen, through which the old N20 route used to run until the early 2000s. Interchanges and link roads connect to these locations. Two further interchanges are located on the motorway, at either end of Patrickswell. At the latter, the N20 route leaves the main road (which continues as the N21 to Tralee), so one must diverge from the motorway to stay on the N20. The former route of the N20 before the M20 opened is now classified as the R526.

N20 Patrickswell to Cork City
A wide two lane road brings traffic along the Croom bypass (prior to the opening of this bypass at a cost of €20 million on 12 July 2001, the route went through the town). Past this new section of road, narrow two-lane road commences, ending at Charleville. The route passes through the town, running along Main Street. The road between Charleville and Buttevant is of similar design. At Mallow a relatively high specification road is encountered, with an older bypass of the town (early 1990s) passing up the hill from it as dual carriageway. A viaduct brings the road across the Blackwater River and Valley. The rest of the route to Cork is two lanes wide, with a section of 2+1 road (a pilot installation) south of Mallow. The route becomes dual carriageway on the approach to Cork. Junctions on this dual carriageway section are not numbered. New relief roads in Cork bring the route into the city centre while avoiding the winding streets through which the route ran until around 2000. The route terminates at the city center with two lanes going in each direction.

M20 motorway

Under the government's cancelled Transport 21 initiative, the Atlantic Corridor road project aimed to link Letterkenny to Waterford via Limerick and Cork with high quality roadway. A major part of this proposal involved the potential upgrading of the N20 route between Cork and Limerick. It was proposed to upgrade or replace the entire N20 with a new M20 motorway, approximately 90 km in length. It was to be constructed in two stages: a southern section and a northern section. It was suggested that the project could be progressed as a public-private partnership scheme.

The first segment of M20 motorway came into existence on 28 August 2009 following the redesignation of a 10 km stretch of existing N20 dual-carriageway, between Rossbrien and Attyflin, as a motorway.

In October 2017, then Taoiseach Leo Varadkar stated that the motorway project would be a "priority". By late 2021, it was reported that there would not be a decision on a preferred route until at least early 2022. The preferred M20 route was published in March 2022, with the projected €1.5 billion project dated to "2030 or beyond". In June 2024, the National Road Design team recommended that the revised 80km of the N20 be developed as a tolled motorway. At that time, the project was estimated at €2 billion, and it was suggested that construction "could start in 2027 and be finished by 2031".

title: N20 road (Ireland)


text:
Category:Islamists

This category comprises articles about people who adhere to Islamism and/or Islamic fundamentalism.

title: Category:Islamists


text:
Béla II of Hungary

Béla the Blind (Vak Béla; Bela Slijepi; Belo Slepý; c. 1109 – 13 February 1141) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1131 to 1141. He was blinded along with his rebellious father Álmos on the order of Álmos's brother, King Coloman of Hungary. Béla grew up in monasteries during the reign of Coloman's son Stephen II. The childless king arranged Béla's marriage with Helena of Rascia, who would become her husband's co-ruler throughout his reign.

Béla was crowned king at least two months after the death of Stephen II, implying that his accession to the throne did not happen without opposition. Two violent purges were carried out among the partisans of his predecessors to strengthen Béla's rule. King Coloman's alleged son Boris tried to dethrone Béla but the king and his allies defeated the pretender's troops in 1132. In the second half of Béla's reign, Hungary adopted an active foreign policy. Bosnia and Split seem to have accepted Béla's suzerainty around 1136.

Early years until 1131
Béla was the only son of Duke Álmos—the younger brother of King Coloman of Hungary—by his wife, Predslava of Kiev. Historians Gyula Kristó and Ferenc Makk write that Béla was born between 1108 and 1110. Álmos devised several plots to dethrone his brother. In retaliation, the king deprived Álmos of his ducatus or "duchy" between 1105 and 1108. Álmos did not give up his ambitions and King Coloman had him and the child Béla blinded between 1112 and 1115 to secure a peaceful succession for his own son, Stephen. According to one of the two versions of these events recorded in the Illuminated Chronicle, the king even ordered that Béla should be castrated but the soldier who was charged with this task refused to execute the order.

"[The] King took the Duke and his infant son Bela and blinded them. He also gave orders that the infant Bela should be castrated. But the man who was instructed to blind them feared God and the sterility of the royal line, and therefore he castrated a dog and brought its testicles to the King."

After their blinding, Álmos lived in the monastery of Dömös, which he had founded. Kristó and Makk write that it is probable that Béla lived with his father in the monastery. The Annales Posonienses relates that "the child was growing in the reign of King Coloman's son, Stephen", who ascended the throne in 1116. Having hatched a failed plot against the king, Álmos left the monastery and fled to Constantinople in about 1125. For unknown reasons, Béla did not follow his father to the Byzantine Empire. The Illuminated Chronicle narrates that he was kept "concealed in Hungary from the fury" of the king. Béla settled in the Pécsvárad Abbey, whose abbot sheltered him in secret.

Álmos died in exile on 1 September 1127. According to the Illuminated Chronicle, Béla's partisans "revealed to the King, who believed him to have died after his blinding, that Béla was alive". On hearing this, King Stephen II "rejoiced with great joy, for he knew beyond doubt that he would have no heir". The king even arranged Béla's marriage with Helena of Serbia and granted Tolna to the couple around 1129.

King Stephen II died in early 1131. A late source—the Ottoman Turkish chronicle known as Tarih-i Üngürüs or The History of the Hungarians—narrates that Béla ascended the throne after his predecessor's nephew Saul, whom Stephen II had nominated as his heir, had died. Béla II was crowned in Székesfehérvár on 28 April, substantiating the reliability of this report. However, no scholarly consensus on the exact circumstances of Béla's ascension exists. According to Gyula Kristó, Béla was crowned by Archbishop Felician after a civil war between his and Saul's partisans, but Pál Engel does not mention any conflict related to Béla's succession.

Consolidation (1131–1132)

Béla's blindness prevented him from administering his kingdom without assistance. He put his trust in his wife and her brother Beloš. Both royal and private charters from Béla's reign emphasize Queen Helena's pre-eminent role in the decision-making process, proving that the king regarded his wife as his co-ruler. According to the Illuminated Chronicle, at "an assembly of the realm near Arad" in early to mid-1131, Queen Helena ordered the slaughter of all noblemen who were accused of having suggested the blinding of her husband to King Coloman. Béla distributed the goods of the executed magnates between the newly established Arad Chapter and the early 11th-century Óbuda Chapter.

Béla's was on good terms with the Holy Roman Empire, jeopardizing the interests of Boleslaw III of Poland who had been warring with the empire. The Polish monarch decided to support a pretender to the Hungarian crown named Boris. Boris was born to King Coloman's second wife Euphemia of Kiev after his mother was repudiated for adultery. After Boris arrived in Poland, a number of Hungarian noblemen joined him. Others sent messengers to Boris "to invite him that he should come and with their help claim the kingdom for himself", according to the Illuminated Chronicle.

Accompanied by soldiers from Poland and Kievan Rus, Boris marched into Hungary in mid-1132. Béla, now at war with a common enemy, entered into an alliance with Leopold III, Margrave of Austria. Before launching a counter-attack against Boris, Béla gathered a council near the river Sajó. The Illuminated Chronicle relates that the King asked "the eminent men of Hungary" who were present if they knew whether Boris "was a bastard, or the son of King Coloman". The King's loyalists then attacked and murdered all those who proved to be "disloyal and divided in their minds" during the meeting. Boris, who thought that the majority of the Hungarian lords supported his claim, sent one of his agents to Béla's camp to incite the King's personal retinue to mutiny. "[Samson] proposed to go to the assembly of the King and there openly and publicly insult him. All approved and [Boris] himself, misled by empty hope, gave him great thanks; for he wanted to complete what he had begun, and he thought that after the King had been thus insulted the kingdom would be his. The King had taken up his station near the river [Sajó], and as he sat in his tent with his nobles and soldiers, behold, [Samson] entered and said to the King: 'Vile dog, what are you doing with the kingdom? It is better that your lord [Boris] have the kingdom and for your to live in your monastery, as your father did.' There was commotion among the nobles of the realm, and Johannes, the son of Otto, the King's notary, said to Count Bud: 'Why are we waiting? Why do we not seize him?' As they made to seize him, he hastily leapt upon a horse and fled."

Béla tried to persuade the Polish monarch to stop supporting the pretender. However, Boleslaw remained loyal to Boris. In the one decisive battle of the conflict, which was fought near the river Sajó on 22 July 1132, the Hungarian troops loyal to Béla and his Austrian allies managed to defeat Boris and his supporters.

Expansion (1132–1139)
Boleslaw III of Poland could not assist Boris after the Battle of the Sajó. Béla's allies—Soběslav I of Bohemia and Volodimirko of Peremyshl—invaded Poland each year between 1132 and 1135. Soběslav regularly—in 1133, 1134, 1137, and 1139—visited Béla's court. The Czech monarch even persuaded Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor to force Boleslaw III to abandon Boris and recognize Béla's rule in Hungary in August 1135.

Hungary adopted an expansionist policy after Boris's attempts to dethrone Béla. The chronicler Thomas the Archdeacon relates that Gaudius, who became Archbishop of Split in 1136, "enjoyed great favor with the kings of Hungary" and "often visited their court". The report suggests that Split accepted Béla II's suzerainty around 1136, but this interpretation of the sources is not universally accepted by historians. The exact circumstances surrounding the submission of Bosnia are unknown but the region seems to have accepted Béla's suzerainty without resistance by 1137. Historian John V. A. Fine writes that the northeastern regions of the province formed part of Queen Helena's dowry. The Hungarian army penetrated into the valley of the Rama River, a tributary of the Neretva River, in about 1137. Although Béla assumed the title King of Rama in token of the new conquest, the permanent occupation of the region is not proven.

Hungarian troops participated in a campaign launched by Grand Prince Yaropolk II of Kiev against Vsevolod of Kiev in 1139. Béla strengthened his alliance with the Holy Roman Empire. For this purpose, he gave financial support to Otto of Bamberg's missions among the Pomeranians and arranged the engagement of his daughter Sophia with Henry, son of the new German king Conrad III in June 1139.

Last years (1139–1141)
According to the Hungarian chronicles, in the last few years of his life Béla became a drunkard. His courtiers took advantage of his drunkenness to receive grants from him. When he was in an alcoholic stupor, he sometimes ordered the execution of innocent men. Béla died on 13 February 1141, "on the Ides of February, a Thursday". He was buried in the Székesfehérvár Cathedral.

"After King Bela had been established in his rule of the kingdom, he indulged himself much with wine. His courtiers found that whatever they asked of the King in his drunkenness he would grant, and after his drunkenness he could not take it back. In his drunkenness he delivered Poch and Saul, who were in religious orders, into the hands of their enemies, and they were killed without cause."

Family
Béla married Helena of Serbia upon the initiation of his cousin, King Stephen II at the beginning of 1129. Helena was a daughter of Uroš I of Rascia and his wife Anna, whose origin is uncertain. Queen Helena gave birth to at least six children. The first of these, the future King Géza II of Hungary, was born in 1130. Three brothers—Ladislaus, Stephen and Álmos—were born in the early 1130s. Sophia, the first daughter of the royal couple, was born around 1135; she died as a nun in Admont Abbey after her engagement with Henry Berengar of Germany was broken. Béla II's youngest daughter, Elizabeth, who was born in about 1140, married Mieszko III of Poland.

The following family tree presents Béla's ancestors and some of his relatives who are mentioned in the article.

*Whether Géza's first or second wife was his children's mother is uncertain.

title: Béla II of Hungary


text: User talk:80.44.204.158

title: User talk:80.44.204.158


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/'THE 5th DOWN'

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect. (I think this is also in the spirit of the "recreate" votes below.) Eugene van der Pijll 22:07, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

'THE 5th DOWN'
A poorly-named, poorly written, WALL OF TEXT article about a single game involving two college teams. GarrettTalk 13:25, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Of interest only for trainspotters who scribble down statistics about every football game everywhere. Even the writing style is more appropriate for a sports column than for an encyclopedia.   — J I P | Talk 13:38, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, rename, cleanup. A national championship game is notable, but not usable in this format.  Indifferent Bollar 14:19, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was not a national championship game, it was an early regular season game. Christopher Parham (talk) 16:21, 2005 July 24 (UTC)
 * Delete then Recreate We're obligated to delete it, I think, because of the improperly formatted title.  However, a properly titled article about this event would not be inappropriate, since it is the only American football game in one of the two major leagues (the NFL and Division I) on record in which a 5th down was played.  That it resulted in the win is true; that it ultimately determined the national championship is also technically true, as Colorado split the championship with Georgia Tech, which they would have been unable to do with one less win and one more loss on their record.  The Literate Engineer 17:26, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to a better name, and cleanup. per Literate Engineer Dsmdgold 20:38, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, then Recreate to a better quality article. User: 24.171.36.233 10:55 PM, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Definitely worthy of an entry, but needs an appropriate name and stylistic revisions. Fernando Rizo T/C 00:18, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ugh. Delete. Thorns Among Our Leaves 03:23, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge a summary of the unique situation to Down (football), leave this as redirect. Christopher Parham (talk) 03:26, 2005 July 25 (UTC)
 * Comment I have created an article at Colorado v Missouri, 1990 football game, which covers the information here in a more encyclopedic style and has some additional info. The name is a bit inelegant and I would not object to it being moved. I vote that 'THE 5th DOWN'  be redirected to the new article. Dsmdgold 04:18, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I've just voted to keep that one. Even so I think you should have rewritten and moved this article instead of making a VfD fork. Nabla 18:22, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (as above}. *Plus*, ive decided to nominate Colorado v Missouri, 1990 football game for Deletion aswell. As i dont think it belongs on Wikipedia. - The Time Killer
 * Delete minor football game, trivial. JamesBurns 07:09, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn.  Grue   05:22, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Colorado v Missouri, 1990 football game - this is a much better write-up. Xaa 20:07, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Redirect as above. Nabla 18:22, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. JDoorjam 19:32, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Agronomists

title: Category:Agronomists


text:
Talk:Act of Union 1840

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River rejuvenation

In geomorphology a river is said to be rejuvenated when it is eroding the landscape in response to a lowering of its base level. The process is often a result of a sudden fall in sea level or the rise of land. The disturbance enables a rise in the river's gravitational potential energy change per unit distance, increasing its riverbed erosion rate. The erosion occurs as a result of the river adjusting to its new base level.

Signs
River rejuvenation can lead to a number of changes in landscape. These include the formation of waterfalls and rapids, knick points, river terraces and incised meanders. Rejuvenated terrains usually have complex landscapes because remnants of older landforms are locally preserved. Parts of floodplains may be preserved as terraces alongside the down-cutting stream channels. Meandering streams may become entrenched, so a product of older river systems is found with steep, very pronounced V-shaped valleys - often seen with younger systems.

Example
One ancient example of rejuvenation is the Nile, which was rejuvenated when the Mediterranean Sea dried up in the late Miocene. Its base level dropped from sea level to over two miles below sea level. It cut its bed down to several hundred feet below sea level at Aswan and 8000 feet below sea level at Cairo. After the Mediterranean re-flooded, those gorges gradually filled with silt.

Causes of rejuvenation
Rejuvenation may result from causes which are dynamic, eustatic or isostatic in nature. All of these cause the river to erode its bed vertically (downcutting) faster as it gains gravitational potential energy. That causes effects such as incised meanders, steps where the river suddenly starts flowing faster, and fluvial terraces derived from old floodplains.

Dynamic rejuvenation
A region can be uplifted at any stage. This lowers the base level and streams begin active downward erosion again.

Dynamic rejuvenation may be caused by the epeirogenic uplift of a land mass. Warping or faulting of a drainage basin will steepen the stream gradient followed by the downcutting. The effect of seaward tilting can be felt immediately only when the direction of that stream is parallel to the direction of tilting.

Eustatic rejuvenation
Eustatic rejuvenation results from worldwide decrease in sea level, and two types of such rejuvenation are recognized. Diastrophic eustasy is the change in sea level due to variation in capacity of ocean basins, whereas glacio-eustasy is the change in sea level due to withdrawal or return of water into the oceans, due to the accumulation or melting of successive ice sheets.

Eustatic rejuvenation relocates the mouth of the stream. Shifting of a stream toward a new lower base level will proceed up-valley. The result may be an interrupted profile with the point of intersection of the old and new base levels.

Static rejuvenation
Three changes may bring static rejuvenation, to the stream.
 * 1) decrease in loads
 * 2) increase in runoff because of increased rainfall
 * 3) increase in stream volume through acquisition of new tributaries

Rejuvenation due to decrease in load took place during post glacial times along many valleys that formerly received large quantities of glacial outwash. With change to no glacial conditions stream load decreased and valley deepening ensued.

Rejuvenation may result in a "knickpoint", as it appears on a river profile, which often appears as a rapids or a waterfall. An example is Seljalandsfoss in southern Iceland, where isostatic (dynamic) uplift has occurred as a result of both construction and deglaciation.

Static rejuvenation may also occur, in rare instances, when a downstream knickpoint erodes its way upstream to a lake which establishes base level for its tributaries. When the knickpoint reaches the lake, the lake drains, and the base level of upstream waters lowers rapidly from that of the (now former or shrunk) lake to that of the river downstream of the knickpoint. At some point in the future, a quite dramatic example will appear when Niagara Falls cuts its way back to Lake Erie.

Canyons and gorges
Canyons and gorges are in the initial phase of valley development and are considered some of the most interesting valley forms. These forms result from accelerated entrenchment caused by recent tectonic activity such as especially vertical uplift. The uplift creates high-standing plateaus and as a result, perpetuates the downward erosive power of existing rivers.

Knickpoint and river terraces
A knickpoint is a point on the river's course where there is a change in the gradient of the river profile. An example of a visible knickpoint would be a waterfall. However, some knickpoints can be concealed in the landscape. It is important that while there are other contributing factors to such features in the landscape, rejuvenation is one of the major influences. As mentioned, when a river rejuvenates, it gains more energy and erodes vertically to meet its new base level.

A river terrace is the remains of an old floodplain at a higher elevation than the present one. It typically results from river rejuvenation with further rejuvenation able to form new terraces, resulting in a step like profile around a river.

title: River rejuvenation


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Talk of the Town (magazine)

Talk of the Town was a short-lived quality arts supplement distributed with London copies of the UK Independent on Sunday newspaper from 2003 to 2004.

Talk of the Town only lasted some 60 issues, or just over a year, and was unusual because of its limited distribution, quality presentation and exclusive list of contributors. Each had a cover design by Andre Carrilho, usually featuring a caricature of the subject of that issue's main feature, including Billy Bragg, Rupert Murdoch, Colin Thubron, Bartley Gorman, Quentin Blake, Princess Diana, Martha Graham, Patrick Leigh Fermor, Morrissey, Brian Sewell, Diana Mosley, Peter Blake, Frank Gehry, Michael Foot, Driff Field, Michael Barrymore, Ronald Searle and J. G. Ballard.

The magazine, edited by Ian Irvine, was similar in format to The Spectator and Punch magazine, consisting of around 50 pages of columns and features by Robert Hanks, Cole Moreton, Tania Glyde, Ben Thompson and others. Most issues featured a Michael Heath cartoon. Guest contributors included Jonathan Myerson, Martin Rowson, Rhoda Koenig and Geoff Dyer. Each issue contained either a short story or an extract from a then-new novel by writers including Ballard, A. S. Byatt, Tibor Fischer, Clare Morrell, Russell Hoban, Isabel Vane, Carol Birch, Maggie Gee, Andrea Levy, Joe Sacco, Laurence Ellis, Toby Litt, Leslie Chamberlain, Jonathan Sim, William Brookfield, Leslie Forbes and M. John Harrison.

Although not all articles and subjects were London-centred, regular features include Secret London (obscure buildings, shops and amenities), London Lives (eccentric residents) and London Observed (a black-and-white reportage photo from the early- to mid-20th century).

title: Talk of the Town (magazine)


text:
Lottie Moon

Charlotte Digges "Lottie" Moon (December 12, 1840 – December 24, 1912) was an American Southern Baptist missionary to China with the Foreign Mission Board who spent nearly 40 years (1873–1912) living and working in China. As a teacher and evangelist she laid a foundation for traditionally solid support for missions among Southern Baptists, especially through its Woman's Missionary Union.

Virginia plantation roots
Moon was born to affluent parents who were staunch Baptists, Anna Maria Barclay and Edward Harris Moon. She grew up on the family's ancestral 1500 acre tobacco plantation called Viewmont, near Scottsville, Virginia. Lottie was fourth in a family of five girls and two boys. Lottie was only thirteen when her father died in a riverboat accident.

The Moon family valued education, and at age fourteen Lottie went to school at the Baptist-affiliated Virginia Female Seminary (high school, later Hollins University) and Albemarle Female Institute in Charlottesville, Virginia. In 1861 Moon received one of the first Master of Arts degrees awarded to a woman by a southern institution. She learned Latin, Greek, French, and Italian. Later, she would become an expert at Chinese.

Spiritual awakening
A spirited and outspoken girl, Lottie was indifferent to her Christian upbringing until her early teens. She underwent a spiritual awakening after a series of revival meetings on the college campus. John Broadus, one of the founders of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, led the revival meeting in 1858 where Moon experienced this awakening.

Although educated females in the mid-19th century generally had few career opportunities, her older sister Orianna became a physician and served as a Confederate Army doctor during the American Civil War. Lottie helped her mother maintain the family estate during the war, and afterward began a teaching career. She taught at female academies, first in Danville, Kentucky. In Cartersville, Georgia, Moon and her friend, Anna Safford, opened Cartersville Female High School in 1871. Moon also joined the First Baptist Church and ministered to the impoverished families of Bartow County, Georgia.

To the family's surprise, Lottie's younger sister Edmonia accepted a call to go to north China as the first single woman Baptist missionary in 1872. By this time, the Southern Baptist Convention had relaxed its policy against sending single women into the mission field, and Lottie soon felt called to follow her sister to China. On July 7, 1873, the Foreign Mission Board officially appointed 32-year-old Lottie as a missionary to China.

Early years in China (1873–1885)
Lottie joined her sister Edmonia at the North China Mission Station in the treaty port of Dengzhou, in Shandong, (see Penglai, Prefecture City Yantai) and began her ministry by teaching in a boys school. (Edmonia had to return home a short time later for health reasons.) While accompanying some of the seasoned missionary wives on "country visits" to outlying villages, Lottie discovered her passion: direct evangelism. Most mission work at that time was done by married men, but the wives of China missionaries Tarleton Perry Crawford and Landrum Holmes had discovered an important reality: Only women could reach Chinese women. Lottie soon became frustrated, convinced that her talent was being wasted and could be better put to use in evangelism and church planting. She had come to China to "go out among the millions" as an evangelist, only to find herself relegated to teaching a school of forty "unstudious" children. She felt chained down, and came to view herself as part of an oppressed class - single women missionaries. Her writings were an appeal on behalf of all those who were facing similar situations in their ministries. In an article titled "The Woman's Question Again," published in 1883, Lottie wrote:

"Can we wonder at the mortal weariness and disgust, the sense of wasted powers and the conviction that her life is a failure, that comes over a woman when, instead of the ever broadening activities that she had planned, she finds herself tied down to the petty work of teaching a few girls?"

Lottie waged a slow but relentless campaign to give women missionaries the freedom to minister and have an equal voice in mission proceedings. A prolific writer, she corresponded frequently with H. A. Tupper, head of the Southern Baptist Foreign Mission Board, informing him of the realities of mission work and the desperate need for more workers—both women and men.

Expanded work (1885–1894)
In 1885, at the age of 45, Moon gave up teaching and moved into the interior to evangelize full-time in the areas of P'ingtu and Hwangshien. Her converts numbered in the hundreds. Continuing a prolific writing campaign, Moon's letters and articles poignantly described the life of a missionary and pleaded the "desperate need" for more missionaries, which the poorly funded board could not provide. She encouraged Southern Baptist women to organize mission societies in the local churches to help support additional missionary candidates, and to consider coming themselves. Many of her letters appeared as articles in denominational publications. Then, in 1887, Moon wrote to the Foreign Mission Journal and proposed that the week before Christmas be established as a time of giving to foreign missions. Catching her vision, Southern Baptist women organized local Women's Missionary Societies and even Sunbeam Bands for children to promote missions and collect funds to support missions. Moon was instrumental in the founding of The Woman's Missionary Union, an auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Convention, in 1888. The first "Christmas offering for missions" in 1888 collected over $3,315, enough to send three new missionaries to China.

In 1892, Moon took a much needed furlough in the US, and did so again in 1902. She was very concerned that her fellow missionaries were burning out from lack of rest and renewal and going to early graves. The mindset back home was "go to the mission field, die on the mission field." Many never expected to see their friends and families again. Moon argued that regular furloughs every ten years would extend the lives and effectiveness of seasoned missionaries.

War, conflict and scarcity (1894–1912)
Throughout her missionary career, Moon faced plague, famine, revolution, and war. The First Sino-Japanese War (1894), the Boxer Rebellion (1900) and the Chinese Nationalist uprising (which overthrew the Qing Dynasty in 1911) all profoundly affected mission work. Famine and disease took their toll, as well. When Moon returned from her second furlough in 1904, she was deeply struck by the suffering of the people who were literally starving to death all around her. She pleaded for more money and more resources, but the mission board was heavily in debt and could send nothing. Mission salaries were voluntarily cut. Unknown to her fellow missionaries, Moon shared her personal finances and food with anyone in need around her, severely affecting both her physical and mental health. In 1912, she only weighed 50 pounds. Alarmed, fellow missionaries arranged for her to be sent back home to the United States with a missionary companion. However, Moon died en route at the age of 72, on December 24, 1912, in the harbor of Kobe, Japan.

Her body was cremated and the remains returned to her family in Crewe, Virginia, for burial.

Relationship with Crawford Howell Toy
Rumors characterize Moon's relationship with Crawford Howell Toy, a former teacher who became a controversial figure among Southern Baptists in the late 19th century, as romantic. Moon first met Toy at the Albemarle Female Institute. Lottie—who previously learned Latin, Greek, French, Italian and Spanish and would become one of the first women to earn a master's degree in languages—studied Hebrew and English grammar under Toy's tutelage. Toy wrote of Moon, "She writes the best English I have ever been privileged to read." While some contend Toy proposed to Moon before the Civil War, her mention of a marriage proposal from Toy dates from 1881. In the interim, Toy supported the Confederacy and became a professor of Old Testament studies at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, while Moon aided her mother on their Virginia estate.

However, following controversies concerning Darwinism and Toy's criticism of some Baptists' Christological Old Testament interpretations, Toy submitted his resignation from Southern in 1879. Moon's 1881 correspondence with FMB secretary H. A. Tupper, mentions her plans for a spring wedding with Toy, who was by then teaching Old Testament and religion at Harvard University. However, the engagement was broken and their marriage never occurred, with vague mentions of religious reasons. Toy's controversial new beliefs regarding the Bible, as well as Moon's commitment to remain in China doing mission work for Southern Baptists seem involved. Toy ultimately broke his affiliation with Southern Baptists and became a Unitarian.

Modern legacy
Lottie Moon has come to personify the missionary spirit for Southern Baptists and many other Christians as well. The annual Lottie Moon Christmas Offering for International Missions has raised a total of $1.5 billion for missions since 1888, and finances half the international missions budget of the Southern Baptist Convention every year.

In terms of feminist historiography, Regina Sullivan argues that the decision of the Southern Baptists to allow women to engage in foreign mission work fit in well with the Protestant expectation that women ought to be the most pious members of society, influencing men to lead moral lives. However Moon was impatient with the usual restraints, and deliberately moved her China mission out of reach of male authority. Furthermore, she went so far as to persuade Southern Baptist women to form their own missionary organizations. However, Moon's feminist leadership was not followed by women back home. The Women's Missionary Union made her appear a martyr to the Christian cause rather than a feminist voice within the Baptist Church. Sullivan emphasizes Moon was a pioneer for gender equality; as she wrote from China in 1893, "What women have a right to demand is perfect equality."

title: Lottie Moon