text:
User talk:Miguel.de.Icaza

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Mono development platform (patents)
Hi Miguel.

Some time ago there were a anonymous user (User:83.237.60.214) adding an sentence on Mono development platform about Portable.NET not having any problems with patents and licensing. I removed it, as I believe it's false.

I and the anonymous user started to discuss the matter on Mono's talk-page, but now I don't really now what to say and I wonder if you would like to contribute to the discussion.- David Björklund (talk) 18:26, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, You used it correct. Some like to reply on the talk-page direct, but as you did, replying on my talk-page is also okej.

 * Thanks for the clarification on Mono's talk page.- David Björklund (talk) 20:10, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Why is there no section on the critisizms of the Mono framework? Not just the patents but complaints from the MS camp about poor implimentation. I know there are such complaints, but I don't code so I cant talk!

Proprietary open source
For User:83.237.108.102: please stop this edit war; let's discuss here or in my talk page, please. No, Mono is definitely not proprietary, even if its development is leaded by a commercial company. You can say that it's commercial free software since it's presumably written (also) for a profit, but its license makes it inequivocably free sofware and open source. For another example of commercial free software I invite you to see GNAT; also many developers of GCC are paid, but this doesn't make the compiler proprietary. The same holds for many RedHat tools. --positron 13:43, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * User:83.237.108.102 doesn't seem to answer, so I'll do that instead. Mono's licensening FAQ (http://mono-project.com/FAQ:_Licensing) says:
 * "When a developer contributes code to the C# compiler or the Mono runtime engine, we require that the author grants Novell the right to relicense his/her contribution under other licensing terms.

 * This allows Novell to re-distribute the Mono source code to parties that might not want to use the GPL or LGPL versions of the code.

 * Particularly embedded system vendors obtain grants to the Mono runtime engine and modify it for their own purposes without having to release those changes back. "
 * Mono is commercial, yes. Mono is open source, yes. BUT Novell can decide to give you a version of Mono where you do not need to distribute the changes back (Which probably cost some $) . For me that sounds like you can get a proprietary version of Mono. - David Björklund (talk) 01:30, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

The project can be either open source or not. If it is released under the open source license (GPL, LGPL and so on), it is the open source project, even if written by the devil himself. If there are any additional restrictions, or the license is specific, it probably is not. I downloaded the Mono sources, they contain the file Copying.lib with the text of LGPL. To be completely sure, it would be good to check if it builds. Novell is doing something very strange by not saying nothing direct about the license in the main homepage, but there is unlinked that states all licenses are open source. Audriusa

 * Changed text so that it now mention the licensing of all different parts of Mono. There are quite a lot of open source projects that are, more or less, only driven by one company. The proprietary open source nature about Mono is because it's availible both under open source licenses and a proprietary.- David Björklund (talk) 13:03, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Portable.NET project: patents and licensing.
Hi User:83.237.60.214. I reverted your edits (twice) about Portable.NET and the patents and licensing. Mono could have problems with licensing and patents, but to this day - nothing has happend. Also, the article has a section discussing the patents and licensing.

Your addition is an opinion more than facts. - David Björklund (talk) 14:26, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi David Björklund. "Mono could have problems with licensing and patents, but to this day - nothing has happend." Doesn't that sound like a problem with licensing and patents? I think this should be said in a way or another. As the Portable .NET project is developed it a way that it doesn't have those problems at all - then it makes a difference? And then there is the part about why patents it is not a problem for Mono, doesn't this point that the licensing and patents are actually a problem for Mono development?

 * No. That sounds like they could have problems with licensing and patents - not that they have problems. Also I'd like to know how why (some sources) Portable.NET won't have any problems at all - it cover system forms, one of the problematic parts.- David Björklund (talk) 19:50, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think there is not wether Portable.NET or Mono "could" have problems, the question is which project is using a license that makes IP claims an actual problem. I have emailed a Portable.NET developer, he answered me quiet quickly in contrast to what I could think as they work on the project in they free time.

 * "In the early days, mono's class library was still LGPL, it was then changed to the MIT X11 license and mono leads announced that, if Microsoft ever wants them to buy an IP license, they will do so[1] and *that* is the difference. Portable.NET is completly GPL(+linking exception)/LGPL, thus, even if the copyright holders ("Southern Storm Software, Pty Ltd" and the "Free Software Foundation") wanted to buy such a license, the (L)GPL(+linking exception) would not allow this. If you contribute code to mono's class library and assign the copyright to Novell, it is only free as long as Novell wants it to be free (if Microsoft claims IP on that implementation Novell announced to buy it, thus, turning your contributed code into proprietary software because the MIT X11 allows such action). It's not that the MIT X11 is a bad license, it's just that the LGPL would be a much better choice for a free software project that also wants to *remain free* in the future. With "MIT X11" licensed libraries it is possible for a proprietary software company to take a library (which was jointly developed by many companies and individuals), change it, and consider the modified version their proprietary library which they license only under restrictive conditions. This means that in the long run it could happen that contributions to Mono's class library (which is licensed under the MIT X11 license) might actually help proprietary software companies to compete successfully against Free Software, like DotGNU Portable.NET.
 * [1] http://lists.ximian.com/archives/public/mono-list/2003-October/016292.html "
 * Well, what is your opinion? Should we change the text to show that the project gives a lot of attention to the patents/licensing problems, shouldn't we?

 * The issue is a practical one. If a piece of code is found to infringe a patent it is up to the patent holder to set the terms and the rules for the use of his invention.   So it is a primary directive of the Mono effort to abide by the law and if we are forced through a legal ruling to remove the code, we will remove the code.  Such a ruling would also affect Portable.NET (and the same theoretical problem happens with all software: if you infringe on someone else's code, you must abide by their rules;  if this is free software you would have to stop distribution of the infringing code no matter what license you picked).

 * If the Mono code is found to infringe on a patent, our intention is to negotiate with the patent holder, and if the terms are right, we could make the code that uses the patented invention available to those willing to abide by the terms impossed by the patent holder. The actual requirements would depend on the patent holder and the rules he wants to enforce.  This means that Mono would have two editions: one that is completely free and does not infringe any code (removing the infringing code) and another edition that has the patented code available licensed under whatever terms the patent holder might impose on us.  Open source/free software developers could continue to use Mono, without the infringing parts.

 * The difference is that Mono is in a position of offering two editions if we are ever forced to go down that path.  Portable.NET on the other hand would be limited to remove the features and there would be no option to users of the system, even if they are willing to pay or license the patent, to make use of the software.   This is detailed in the GPL section 7:

 * If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

 * The steps that Mono took were taken precisely to avoid that problem: if we are found to be infringing, we will have to remove the code, but we are still allowed to make an edition that licenses the patents to those users and customers that need it. A GPL or LGPL implementation means that we would have to cut the option without being able to offer any remedial steps to any customers.

 * The quoted text is also missing a point: if Mono's code were at any point to become proprietary, anyone could continue developing the open source edition. This is the same situation that exists today with BSD or X11.  If someone makes a proprietary version that does not stop anyone from maintaining the already existing open source code.  Today people take pieces of Mono code and stick it into their projects, this is very common, as our license is very lax and they do not have to worry about infringing the GPL or the LGPL.  They are allowed to do so.  The fact that many people borrow Mono code and include it with their projects does not mean that Mono has to stop, we continue to develop code in the open, and we continue to release it as free software.- User:Miguel.de.Icaza

Isn't it true that you do money from selling licenses of Mono? And that it is the main part of the money you get from Mono? And that you don't pay people who work on they free time on open source?

 * Yes, Mono can be licensed by people who need a proprietary license. And you are right that people who have contributed their code to Mono are not paid, but: (a) this is not different than any of the other Dual licensed projects (OpenOffice, Qt, BerkeleyDB, MySQL and others);  (b) everyone contributing that does so, knows under which terms they are contributing it, they are free to not contribute the code, or to not sign a copyright agreement license (and in that case, we are unable to integrate the code into Mono).

 * As for your financial questions, am unable to answer those, but you can read Novell's SEC filings for more details.

It sounds resonable. You said that the patents has the same effect to a software that was initially GPL, LGPL or X11. But in the GPL license i thought that if you contribute code you have to be sure that it doesn't have any problem with patents. Maybe there isn't such point in the X11? So that this is the reason of the patents problem?
 * You are confusing a few topics. Patents affect all kinds of software, regardless of the license.  Lets use an example, if company "A" has a patent that product MyGPLproduct and MyX11product infringe, they both infringe, if "company A" requests that the code be removed, both products must remove it.
 * Now, the GPL on the other hand states that if the creator of MyGPLProduct has a patent, it implicitly grants a patent license to those using copies of his software, but it can obviously not grant patents rights to patents it does not own.  Lets consider an old example: once in a lifetime the algorithm used by the GIF file format had a valid patent.  it did not matter that there were free (GPL and non-GPL) implementations of the algorithm: it was illegal to distribute those implementation (in fact, it is illegal to even develop it).
 * Now, from the Mono standpoint, we figured that if we were ever found to be in violation of a patent, we could not just tell our customers "Sorry, better luck next time". We needed a mechanism by which we could continue to support their products.  So our strategy allows Mono to be forked: one open source fork would not include infringing components, one proprietary edition would include patented components.
 * So far, we have not been forced to fork Mono.
 * Now, on a separate note, today we do license versions of Mono for proprietary use, when pieces of GPL or LGPL code can not be used by a company that needs the software; We are able to give a legal license to this code for use in a proprietary product. - Miguel.de.Icaza 05:02, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

And it really does sound when you edit the wiki page on Mono and are attacking me (without any real reason btw, even if I'm lurking on the #dotgnu and working on they JIT) as Bill Gates editing the wikipedia page on Windows :)
 * Am not attacking you. You have decided to attack Mono by trying to vilify it with the "proprietary open source" expression which you invented and does not reflect the actual practice.  In addition, you have decided to remove all the text that records your actions. - Miguel.de.Icaza

Hi,

the term "proprietary open source" exists, for example it can be meet in. It is true I'm working on the problem and publishing articles for science conferences. For example in have written article (in Russian, so you will need to translate to read it) about the problem of 'proprietary open source'. According to both analysis (not only mine)the problem of proprietary open source does exists. You said: "In addition, you have decided to remove all the text that records your actions." This is non-sense. We all know that we can hide nothing in the internet. I don't see what actions I should have to hide, but you said a lot of negative about me. I'm not attacking Mono, I'm just being objective, as it doesn't mean if you are have started the Mono project that my opinion is wrong just because it is different. We are all thinking people and if my opinion doesn't accord with your it doesn't mean that you are right and I'm wrong. Most probably the truth is somewhere between. And wikipedia is made to be objective and to reflect all opinions. So being said I would excuse your attack on me if you email a public excuse on the Mono maillist.
 * Quoting yourself is hardly a "source" for your expression.  The only other source is Bruce Perens, and in his context "proprietary open source" as I mentioned means something different.
 * Second, you are removing the discussion text from the Talk:Mono_development_platform

Edits and your user page
Hi, thanks for contributing here. I'm sorry you've immediately had to deal with conflicts. It seems you're generally handling it right, by discussing and asking for assistance from more experienced users. It's probably better not to write about yourself because it could be seen as a conflict of interest. You'll probably have more success just pointing people to the information you feel should be included. Also even though this user seems to be difficult, try not to revert things repeatedly that you don't agree with. Just explain your reasoning, ask for others to agree and if there is agreement, then ask everyone to pitch in to impliment the consensus. A good tool is to require sources to back up the edits, and if material is added without sources it can be removed. See WP:V. You have to be willing to do the same, because the quality of sources involved can be an effective tool to prevent bad information getting into articles and to justify the right material getting in. Finally, consider adding at least a couple words to your user page so that it doesn't show up as a red link. Anything I can be of assistance with, please let me know. - Taxman Talk 16:54, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments Taxman.  Although I have documented this in other places, the situation basically became problematic because this person removed the comments from the talk page and avoided the discussion while at the same time removing the text that was there.
 * I agree that I should not write about my personal involvement on the page, but in this case I was just restoring text that was there before but that this person decided should not be there (see the discussion on Talk:Mono development platform) - Miguel.de.Icaza
 * You can reply on either, most people come up with their own policy and stick with it. As you see at the top of my page I prefer to keep conversations cohesive. I saw the relevant background though didn't check through every diff. I was basically just giving general advice to try to catch you up to speed on Wikipedia conventions that can be a little daunting. Keep discussing reasonably on the talk page and if your reasoning is sound other editors will agree and a reasonable conclusion can be reached. Sometimes that may be one you don't think is ideal, but we all have to accept that of course. If the editor can't give good evidence for their position, that should be fairly obvious, and you'll likely prevail. Yes it does appear this user is being difficult so as long as you go to extra effort to stay clean, you should be successfull. It also appears enough people are now reviewing the situation which also helps in having a good result. But definitely start a userpage even if it's a couple words :). - Taxman Talk 18:24, 20 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Entered data into my page now - Miguel.de.Icaza 19:33, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I even didn't think about an existence of such policy, why you don't just make everyone register before any editing and stick this to the top. If this is not allowed at all just remove this possibility. So being said this is very strange from wikipedia admins. [krokas]

Moonlight and Microsoft support
Hello, I've added a chapter on Moonlight about Microsoft support. I've tried to present concerns that have arisen about the level of involvement of Microsoft in the project (even if they were coming from a bunch of uninformed pundits;-)), but also some answers you provided on your website about these critics. Feel free to comment on the article talk page, be it about accuracy, or tone. Hervegirod 09:36, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of Chris Toshok for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Chris Toshok is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Chris Toshok& until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. MB 23:33, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Miguel.de.Icaza


text:
User talk:Sebrenner

Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
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If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 05:08, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you recently created may not conform to some of Wikipedia's guidelines for new pages, so it will shortly be removed (if it hasn't been already). Please use the sandbox for any tests. For more information about creating articles, you may want to read Your first article. You may also want to read our introduction page to learn more about contributing. See WP:NEO and WP:V. NawlinWiki (talk) 13:17, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Charming Betsy Doctrine
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Charming Betsy Doctrine, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * covered in Statutory interpretation (it's Betsey not Betsy)

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Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Sebrenner


text:
User talk:Eyehop

Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
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If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

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title: User talk:Eyehop


text:
Droste Park

Droste Park is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region 8.

title: Droste Park


text:
Elcedes

Elcedes is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

title: Elcedes


text:
Fairview, Gauteng

Fairview is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is a small suburb found on the eastern edge of the Johannesburg central business district (CBD), with the suburb of Troyeville to the north, Jeppestown to the south and Malvern to its east. Commissioner Street, the main street in the CBD, has its eastern end in the suburb. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

History
The suburb is situated on part of an old Witwatersrand farm called Doornfontein. This small suburb has it origin in the year of 1895 or early 1896 and was known either as Fairview or Fawcus Township. The land was owned by a man called George E. Fawcus who was married to a coloured woman and sometime after 1903, had made enough money off the land and so retired to Trinidad and Jamaica. He would sell the suburb to J.G. van Boeschoten and J. Lorenz. In the Johannesburg newspaper, The Star, stands were being advertised for sale during November 1896 for an average price of £300 but some were priced as high as £450. On the return of Fawcus' wife from the Caribbean in 1912 after her husband's death, she attempted to have the suburb renamed to Fawcus Township but was not successful.

Heritage
There are several heritage sites in the suburb. In Commissioner Street, Fairview is the modern fire station in front of which stands the original fire station tower whose foundation stone was laid in 1906 by Julius Jeppe. Another heritage site is a Dutch Reformed Church in Op de Bergen Street and further down the same street, examples of early miners residences.

title: Fairview, Gauteng


text:
User talk:Billhiltonjr

Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

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title: User talk:Billhiltonjr


text:
Ferreirasdorp

Ferreirasdorp (or Ferreirastown) is an inner-city suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

First known as Ferreira's Camp (Ferreiraskamp) and later Ferreira's Township, it is the oldest part of Johannesburg. Sometimes referred to as the "cradle of Johannesburg", it is where the first gold diggings started, and where the first diggers initially settled. The city grew around the mining camp in the Ferreirasdorp area, and Johannesburg’s Main Street developed from a rough track where the present Albert Street led off towards Ferreira’s Camp. The area, together with Marshalltown was previously home to a large concentration of Eastern European Jewish immigrants. As the community's economic position improved, they mostly migrated to more middle-class Jewish areas such as Doornfontein, Hillbrow and Yeoville.

The suburb is named after Colonel Ignatius Ferreira, leader of the original group of diggers who settled in this area in 1886.

History
The suburb's origins lie in the Turffontein farm set up by Colonel Ignatius Ferreira, a Boer adventurer from Cape Colony. Ferreira had acquired a dozen claims in the vicinity and opened the reef in a cutting. The ore from both sides had a high gold content. The first tent on the site was erected in 1886, two months before gold digging started in earnest.

In 1886 Hans Sauer, who combined a medical practice with prospecting on Cecil Rhodes’s behalf, was guided from Ferreira’s Camp to the main group of gold reefs by a son of the widow Petronella Oosthuizen, the owner of a farm at Langlaagte, on which the main gold reefs had first been discovered.

Following reports of new gold finds in the Witwatersrand, Rhodes and Rudd set off for Ferreira's camp. Already at the time of Rhodes' visit, a little crowd of diggers were at work, and in the week that had passed since Sauer had been away, an Englishwoman had run up a reed and mud building called Walker's Hotel.

Within a fortnight of Rhodes' arrival in July 1886, Ferreira's camp was crowded with tents and wagons from across southern Africa. The tent town eventually became known as Ferreira’s Camp. In July, the Diamond Fields Advertiser was already reporting that the population of Ferreira's Town was 300 persons.

Gold was discovered in September 1886. On September 8, 1886, Landrost Carl von Brandis read President Paul Kruger’s proclamation, confirming the gold fields of the Rand as public diggings. When, in November 1886, a portion of the farm Randjeslaagte had been laid out as a village and named Johannesburg, the Government took over Ferreira's camp and had it properly surveyed and named Ferreira's Township.

The first building to go up in Johannesburg, the Central Hotel, was located in Ferreira’s Camp. The first barber shop in Johannesburg, the first bar, the first pub and the first brothel were all opened in Ferreira's Camp. So were the first circus, Fillis's Circus (in September 1886); the first café, Café Francais (in 1886), and the first school (in November 1886). It was also the location of the first bank branch on the Witwatersrand gold fields, when Standard Bank started doing business in a tent in Ferreira's Camp, in 1886. On 11 October 1887, Ferreirasdorp was incorporated into Johannesburg.

As the city expanded, Ferreirasdorp quickly degenerated into a slum. By the 1890s, the western side of Commissioner street, where the Johannesburg Central Police Station is now located, had developed a reputation for its brothels and the gangs that controlled them. The name Ferreirasdorp itself ultimately became "synonymous with practically everything that is vile and violent" about Johannesburg.

By the turn of the century, many contemporary sources referred to the western part of Ferreirasdorp as the 'Cantonese quarter'. The area became home to a large coloured community, and in 1898 a site was set aside for a church (St. Alban’s Anglican Mission Church) to service the coloured Anglican community. In 1925, the Communist Party of South Africa opened a school offering night classes to blacks, but it was closed during the party purges of the 1930s. In the 1960s, under the Group Areas Act, the coloured community was forcibly moved.

Jewish community
In the late nineteenth century, a significant number of Eastern European Jewish immigrants settled in the area and neighbouring Marshalltown. The community was mostly impoverished and the Adath Ysroel Orthodox Synagogue was built to meet the spiritual needs of the burgeoning community in the district. It was uncommon for the district's Jewish residents to work as miners, but most provided goods and services to the nearby mines. The district was also a point of interaction between the impoverished Jewish immigrants and the poverty-stricken black mine-workers.

The economic situation of much of the Jewish residents improved, as they became shopkeepers and artisans. This allowed these residents to leave the poor conditions of the district and migrate to middle-class Jewish areas such as Doornfontein, Hillbrow and Yeoville.

Heritage sites
A number of cultural heritage sites are present in the area:
 * The location of the Ferreira’s Camp, i.e. the area bounded by Commissioner, Ferreira, Alexander and Frederick Streets.
 * The location of the Ferreira’s wagon (apparently in the vicinity of today's Wesleyan Girls Hostel).
 * Ferreira’s Mine stope, preserved within the Standard Bank precinct as one of Johannesburg’s first sub-surface digging mines. Standard Bank was the first bank to establish itself in Johannesburg, in October 1886. In 1986, exactly one hundred years after the mine (and Standard Bank) started in Johannesburg, Standard Bank built its head office over this mine.
 * St. Alban's Mission Church, founded in 1898 to serve the local Coloured Anglican community, designed by F.L.H. Fleming.
 * Chancellor House, where Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo had their first law practice.

title: Ferreirasdorp


text:
Talk:Hasty pudding

VfD results
This article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. For details, please see Votes for deletion/Hasty pudding. -- BD2412 talk 05:11, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Subsections?

 * Why; there's not enough info for entire, full blown, subsections?
 * WB2 06:47, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Similar dishes
"Polenta is the Italian version of hasty pudding... Mămăligă is the Romanian version, also made with corn." Without citations, it's unclear whether the dishes are actually related. Simply writing that one thing is a "version" of another thing without any clear connections comes across as elitist, particularly since the article on Mămăligă makes no reference to hasty pudding. NewkirkPlaza (talk) 12:44, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

Origin
The article presently says that the term has been used in England since the 16th century at least, referencing the OED. I assume this is right (I'm not a subscriber). Bearing in mind that the New England colonies only started in the 17th century, I do not see how it could have originated under this name in New England colonies. Thehalfone (talk) 13:36, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hasty pudding


text:
Fordsburg

Fordsburg is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. Fordsburg is a residential suburb, although housing numerous shops and factories.

Today, Fordsburg is a major centre of Indian and Pakistani culture, with a large number of halal restaurants. The Oriental Plaza, located in Fordsburg, was created by the Apartheid government as a large shopping centre for Indian-owned shops, and is a major attraction in Fordsburg. The suburb was portrayed in the 2012 film Material, which highlighted some of the cultural, racial and religious issues still facing South Africa's post-apartheid society

From the earliest days of Johannesburg, the suburb housed a large Jewish community - with the Fordsburg/Mayfair Hebrew Congregation established in 1893 - as well as associated institutions such as a Kosher butchery, chevra kadisha, welfare organisations and Bet midrash.

1922 Miner's strike
Fordsburg was the site of a miners strike by Afrikaner nationalists and many Communists. Mine bosses insisted on using African labour in the mines. White workers opposed this policy, and Smuts called in the troops and airforce. This strike is also known as the Rand Rebellion. A plaque in Fordsburg Square records the people who were killed there in the last battle of the rebellion.

Writer Herman Charles Bosman and playwright Athol Fugard, as well as anti-apartheid activists such as Yusuf Dadoo, GM Naiker and Nelson Mandela spent time in Fordsburg.

title: Fordsburg


text:
Highlands, Johannesburg

Highlands is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region 8. Highlands occupies one of the highest points of Johannesburg.

title: Highlands, Johannesburg


text:
Jeppestown

Jeppestown is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

History
Jeppestown was established in or after 1886 by Julius Jeppe Sr., who formed the Ford and Jeppe Estate Company with his son, who was also called Julius Jeppe, and L.P. Ford. In 1893, the Masonic temple was completed. In 1894, Jeppestown was described as consisting of "421 buildings, two churches, a Masonic temple, St Mary's Collegiate for Girls and a library". In 1896, the suburb had 5,647 inhabitants. St Michael's School for Boys, which has since been renamed Jeppe High School for Boys, was established in 1890, and the piece of open land called Julius Jeppe Oval was converted to a park in approximately the same year. The eastern part of Jeppestown came to be known as Belgravia.

The "Jeppestown Tragedy" was a shootout that took place between police and armed robbers on 25 June 2006. Four policemen and eight robbers were killed before the remaining 15 gang members surrendered.

title: Jeppestown


text:
Jeppestown South

Jeppestown South is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. Two schools are located in the suburb, John Mitchell Primary School (principal Mr Rotteveel) and Jules High School (principal Mr G van Vuuren) which was formerly known as Edith Hinds High School.

title: Jeppestown South


text: File:Iced Earth horror show.jpg

title: File:Iced Earth horror show.jpg


text:
Lillian Allen

Lillian Allen (born 5 April 1951) is a Canadian dub poet, reggae musician, writer and Juno Award winner.

Biography
Born in Spanish Town, Jamaica, she left that country in 1969, first moving to New York City, where she studied English at the City University of New York. She lived for a time in Kitchener, Ontario, before settling in Toronto, where she continued her education at York University, gaining a B.A. degree. After meeting Oku Onuora in Cuba in 1978, she began working in dub poetry. She released her first recording, Dub Poet: The Poetry of Lillian Allen, in 1983.

Allen won the Juno Award for Best Reggae/Calypso Album for Revolutionary Tea Party in 1986 and Conditions Critical in 1988.

In 1990, she collaborated on the one-off single "Can't Repress the Cause", a plea for greater inclusion of hip-hop music in the Canadian music scene, with Dance Appeal, a supergroup of Toronto-area musicians that included Devon, Maestro Fresh Wes, Dream Warriors, B-Kool, Michie Mee, Eria Fachin, HDV, Dionne, Thando Hyman, Carla Marshall, Messenjah, Jillian Mendez, Lorraine Scott, Lorraine Segato, Self Defense, Leroy Sibbles, Zama and Thyron Lee White. Two years later, she organized a collective of artists, including Ahdri Zhina Mandiela and Afua Cooper, prompting Toronto's First International Dub Poetry Festival.

In 2006, Allen and her work were the subject of an episode of the television series Heart of a Poet, produced by Canadian filmmaker Maureen Judge. She is a Faculty of Liberal Studies Professor at the Ontario College of Art and Design University, where she teaches creative writing. She recently held the distinction of being the first Canada Council Writer-in-Residence for Queen's University's Department of English. Allen also co-produced and co-directed Blak Wi Blakkk, a 1991 documentary about the Jamaican dub poet Mutabaruka.

In 2023, Allen was named to a three-year term as Poet Laureate of Toronto.

Publications

 * 1983 Rhythm an' Hardtimes
 * 1984 The Teeth of the Whirlwind
 * 1987 If You See Truth
 * 1991 Why Me
 * 1993 Women Do This Every Day
 * 1993 Love & Other Strange Things (stage play)
 * 1999 Psychic Unrest

Discography

 * Dub Poet: The Poetry of Lillian Allen (1983)
 * De dub poets (1985)
 * Curfew Inna B.C. (1985)
 * Revolutionary Tea Party (1986)
 * Let the Heart See (1987)
 * Conditions Critical (1988)
 * Nothing But a Hero (1992)
 * Freedom & Dance (1999)
 * Anxiety (European release) (2012)

title: Lillian Allen


text:
Judith's Paarl

Judith's Paarl is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is a small suburb found on the eastern edge of the Johannesburg central business district (CBD), tucked between the suburbs of Lorentzville and Bezuidenhout Valley, with Troyeville and Kensington to the south. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

History
The suburb was founded on one of the original farms on the Witwatersrand, after a strip of land was sold from the farm Doornfontein. It originates around 1896. The suburb is possibly named after a daughter of the Lorentz family. Other sources are Judith Cornelia Estresia, wife of the original farmer owner F.C. Bezuidenhout. It had a terminus for the Johannesburg tramway network on the corner of Ascot Road and First Street.

For much of the twentieth century, along with Yeoville, it established itself as a hub for middle-class Jewish residents. These residents had usually arrived with earlier waves of Jewish migration from Europe and had established social and financial security in their adopted home.

title: Judith's Paarl


text:
Lorentzville

Lorentzville is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is a small suburb found on the eastern edge of the Johannesburg central business district (CBD), tucked between the suburbs of Bertrams and Judith's Paarl, with Troyeville to the south. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

History
The suburb was founded on one of the original farms on the Witwatersrand, after a strip of land was sold from the farm Doornfontein. The suburbs name has its origins in the name of the Lorentz family, who had lived both in Pretoria and on the Witwatersrand in the Bezuidenhout Valley. JG van Boeschoten, J. Lorentz and R.F. Bertram would purchase the land. It was laid out from 1892 but was later resurveyed in 1902.

It was previously a predominantly working class Jewish suburb and became associated with prominent Jewish South Africans such as Sol Kerzner and William Kentridge. It was home to the  Lorentzville Shul, formally known as the Bertrams Hebrew Congregation, which now operates as an art studio. It later became a hub for the Portuguese South African community, before becoming multi-ethnic.

title: Lorentzville


text:
Malvern, Gauteng

Malvern is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. Situated east of the Johannesburg CBD, it lies south of Kensington and north of the industrial suburb of Denver. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and lies just west of Bedfordview in the City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality.

History
Prior to the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886, the suburb lay on land on one of the original farms that make up Johannesburg, called Doornfontein. The area is named after Malvern or Malvern Hills in Worcestershire with the land proclaimed as a suburb on 24 June 1904. It was previously called Morriston.

title: Malvern, Gauteng


text:
User:Mcmillin24

🇦🇹🇨🇦🇫🇷🇵🇫🇩🇪🇬🇷🇮🇳🇮🇹🇱🇮🇲🇽🇳🇵🇪🇸🇨🇭🇬🇧🇺🇸🇻🇦

Hi! Most of my contributions relate to my interests. I'm a casual editor; I am a more frequent reader. My earliest considerable work on articles was related to U2 and The Simpsons, though I've recently developed an active interest in architectural history and have contributed a few articles to that effect. I have about 1600 edits since I started contributing in December 2004.

Articles I have created: The Dapper Dans, John Frink, Ottumwa High School, "Team Homer", Iowa Highway 1, The Prisoner of Chillon, Microsoft Surface, List of Carnegie libraries in Africa, the Caribbean, and Oceania, List of Carnegie libraries in Canada, List of Carnegie libraries in Europe, List of Carnegie libraries in the United States, List of Carnegie libraries in Alabama, List of Carnegie libraries in Arizona, List of Carnegie libraries in Arkansas, List of Carnegie libraries in California, List of Carnegie libraries in Colorado, List of Carnegie libraries in Connecticut, List of Carnegie libraries in Florida, List of Carnegie libraries in Georgia, List of Carnegie libraries in Hawaii, List of Carnegie libraries in Idaho, List of Carnegie libraries in Illinois, List of Carnegie libraries in Indiana, List of Carnegie libraries in Iowa, List of Carnegie libraries in Kansas, List of Carnegie libraries in Kentucky, List of Carnegie libraries in Louisiana, List of Carnegie libraries in Maine, List of Carnegie libraries in Maryland, List of Carnegie libraries in Massachusetts, List of Carnegie libraries in Michigan, List of Carnegie libraries in Minnesota, List of Carnegie libraries in Mississippi, List of Carnegie libraries in Missouri, List of Carnegie libraries in Montana, List of Carnegie libraries in Nebraska, List of Carnegie libraries in Nevada, List of Carnegie libraries in New Hampshire, List of Carnegie libraries in New Jersey, List of Carnegie libraries in New Mexico, List of Carnegie libraries in New York, List of Carnegie libraries in New York City, List of Carnegie libraries in North Carolina, List of Carnegie libraries in North Dakota, List of Carnegie libraries in Ohio, List of Carnegie libraries in Oklahoma, List of Carnegie libraries in Oregon, List of Carnegie libraries in Pennsylvania, List of Carnegie libraries in Philadelphia, List of Carnegie libraries in South Carolina, List of Carnegie libraries in South Dakota, List of Carnegie libraries in Tennessee, List of Carnegie libraries in Texas, List of Carnegie libraries in Utah, List of Carnegie libraries in Vermont, List of Carnegie libraries in Virginia, List of Carnegie libraries in Washington, List of Carnegie libraries in West Virginia, List of Carnegie libraries in Wisconsin, List of Carnegie libraries in Wyoming, Coal Palace

Articles I have significantly expanded: "Bad", "Sunday Bloody Sunday", American Gothic House, 49-Mile Scenic Drive

title: User:Mcmillin24


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Islamic Term

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 01:31, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Islamic Term
This is not needed as a more comprehensive list of Islamic Terms can be found at the wikipage List of Islamic terms in Arabic. freestylefrappe 05:18, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not precise enough to warrant a redirect. And the real list seems dic-deffy anyway, though the many editors of such a long page will probably not like my saying so. --Dmcdevit·t 05:38, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to List of Islamic terms in Arabic, why not. Dcarrano 18:20, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Keep Guys, the point of this article is not to list all terms, rather to show that some terms also have a literla meaning. that aspect of the article would be lost if it would be merged in the bigger one. Is there any way to keep that aspect and make it more encyclopedic?

what if whe rename it to "Islamic Terms with dual meaning" ?

--Striver 20:47, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Or maybe Words denoting both a literal meaning and a Islamic Term ?

Suggestions? How do whe make a article name that illuminates that subject?

--Striver 22:33, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

I think all of the article's points about double meaning (technical vs. everyday) can (and even should) be mentioned in List of Islamic terms in Arabic; why duplicate effort? Merge and Redirect. - Mustafaa 23:31, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Alright, if that aspect is explained in the begining of the article, im all for merging!

--Striver 23:41, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete a list of dicdefs, as per Dmcdevit. JamesBurns 08:05, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete There is no standard for why these terms are included and other are not. There is an Arabic language page. Useless page.  Amicuspublilius 23:08, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Please see the vfd for * List of Arabic phrases freestylefrappe 22:03, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

No vote -- but, make sure to move it to Islamic term if it gets a keep. gren 04:32, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Delete It should be merged with the "List of Islamic terms in Arabic." The "List of Islamic terms in Arabic" is needed as a quick reference, and this other list is eating away at the other list. Those terms are already in the master list, so this entry "Islamic Term" should be merged/redirected to the master list. --JuanMuslim 05:17, July 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Annie Fischer

Annie Fischer (July 5, 1914 – April 10, 1995) was a Hungarian classical pianist.

Biography
Fischer was born into a Jewish family in Budapest and studied at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music with Ernő Dohnányi and Arnold Székely. She began her career as a concert pianist in 1924 at age ten, making her debut performance with Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 1. When she was 12, she appeared with the Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich, performing Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 23 and Robert Schumann's Piano Concerto. In 1933, Fischer won the International Franz Liszt Piano Competition in her native city with a performance of Franz Liszt's Piano Sonata in B minor. Throughout her career she played mainly in Europe and Australia. She was seldom heard in the United States until late in her lifetime, giving only two concerts there by that time.

She was married to the influential critic and musicologist (and later director of the Budapest Opera) Aladár Tóth and is buried with him in Budapest.

Fischer fled with her husband to Sweden in 1940, after Hungary joined the Axis powers. After the war, in 1946, she and Tóth returned to Budapest. She died there in 1995.

Fischer's playing has been praised for its "characteristic intensity" and "effortless manner of phrasing" (David Hurwitz), as well as its technical power and spiritual depth. She was greatly admired by such contemporaries as Otto Klemperer and Sviatoslav Richter; Richter wrote, "Annie Fischer is a great artist imbued with a spirit of greatness and genuine profundity." The Italian pianist Maurizio Pollini praised the "childlike simplicity, immediacy and wonder" he found in her playing. Her interpretations of Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Schubert and Schumann, as well as Hungarian composers like Bartók have been critically acclaimed.

Fischer made studio recordings in the 1950s with Otto Klemperer and Wolfgang Sawallisch, but felt that any interpretation created in the absence of an audience would necessarily be artificially constricting, as no interpretation was ever "finished." Her legacy today thus includes many live concert recordings that have been released on CD and DVD (including a performance of Beethoven's "Emperor" concerto (available on YouTube), and Beethoven's third piano concerto with Antal Doráti conducting). Her greatest legacy, however, is a studio-made integral set of the complete Beethoven piano sonatas. She worked on this set for 15 years beginning in 1977. A self-critical perfectionist, she did not allow the set to be released in her lifetime but, since her death, it has been released on compact disc and widely praised.

Recordings
Fischer's recordings have been released by several major record companies, including BBC Records, Doremi, EMI Classics, Hungaroton, Orfeo, Palexa, Q Disc, Urania, Melodiya, and ICA Classics.

Beethoven

 * Concerto No. 1 in C major, Op. 15 (1)
 * Concerto No. 3 in C minor, Op. 37 (3)
 * Concerto No. 5 in E flat major, Op. 73 "Emperor" (1)
 * Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 2, No. 1 (2)
 * Sonata No. 2 in A major, Op. 2, No. 2 (2)
 * Sonata No. 3 in C major, Op. 2, No. 3 (2)
 * Sonata No. 4 in E flat major, Op. 7 (2)
 * Sonata No. 5 in C minor, Op. 10, No. 1 (2)
 * Sonata No. 6 in F major, Op. 10, No. 2 (2)
 * Sonata No. 7 in D major, Op. 10, No. 3 (3)
 * Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13 "Pathétique" (3)
 * Sonata No. 9 in E major, Op. 14, No. 1 (2)
 * Sonata No. 10 in G major, Op. 14, No. 2 (2)
 * Sonata No. 11 in B flat major, Op. 22 (2)
 * Sonata No. 12 in A flat major, Op. 26 "Funeral March" (1)
 * Sonata No. 13 in E flat major, Op. 27, No. 1 "Quasi una fantasia" (2)
 * Sonata No. 14 in C sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 2 "Moonlight" (4)
 * Sonata No. 15 in D major, Op. 28 "Pastoral" (2)
 * Sonata No. 16 in G major, Op. 31, No. 1 (3)
 * Sonata No. 17 in D minor, Op. 31, No. 2 "Tempest" (2)
 * Sonata No. 18 in E flat major, Op. 31, No. 3 (2)
 * Sonata No. 19 in G minor, Op. 49, No. 1 (2)
 * Sonata No. 20 in G major, Op. 49, No. 2 (2)
 * Sonata No. 21 in C major, Op. 53 "Waldstein" (2)
 * Sonata No. 22 in F major, Op. 54 (2)
 * Sonata No. 23 in F minor, Op. 57 "Appassionata" (2)
 * Sonata No. 24 in F sharp major, Op. 78 (2)
 * Sonata No. 25 in G major, Op. 79 (2)
 * Sonata No. 26 in E flat major, Op. 81a "Les Adieux" (2)
 * Sonata No. 27 in E minor, Op. 90 (2)
 * Sonata No. 28 in A major, Op. 101 (2)
 * Sonata No. 29 in B flat major, Op. 106 "Hammerklavier" (2)
 * Sonata No. 30 in E major, Op. 109 (2)
 * Sonata No. 31 in A flat major, Op. 110 (2)
 * Sonata No. 32 in C minor, Op. 111 (3)
 * Variations (32) in C minor on an Original Theme, WoO 80 (1)
 * Variations and Fugue in E major on an Original Theme 'Eroica', Op. 35

Mozart

 * Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K 466. (1)
 * Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K 466: 2nd movement, Romanze. (4)
 * Concerto No. 21 in C major, K 467 (3)
 * Concerto No. 21 in C major, K 467: 2nd movement, Andante (3)
 * Concerto No. 22 in E flat major, K 482 (5)
 * Concerto No. 22 in E flat major, K 482: 2nd movement, Andante (1)
 * Concerto No. 23 in A major, K 488: 2nd movement, Adagio (1)
 * Concerto No. 24 in C minor, K 491 (1)
 * Concerto No. 27 in B flat major, K. 595 (1)
 * Prelude and Fugue in C major, K 394 (383a) (1)
 * Rondo for Piano and Orchestra in D major, K 382 (1)
 * Sonata No. 10 in C major, K 330
 * Sonata No. 12 in F major, K 332 (300k) (1)
 * Sonata No. 14 in C minor, K 457 (1)

Schumann

 * Carnaval, Op. 9 (2)
 * Concerto in A minor, Op. 54 (2)
 * Kinderszenen, Op. 15 (2)
 * Kreisleriana, Op. 16 (2)
 * Fantasia in C major, Op. 17 (1)

Bartók

 * Concerto No. 3, Sz 119 (3)
 * Hungarian Peasant Songs (15) for Piano, Sz 71 (1)
 * Romanian Folk Dances
 * Allegro Barbaro

Liszt

 * Concert Etudes (3), S 144: No. 3 in D flat major, Un sospiro (1)
 * Concerto No. 1 in E flat major, S 124 (2)
 * Grandes Etudes (6) de Paganini, S 141: No. 6 in A minor, Quasi Presto (1)
 * Sonata in B minor, S 178 (1)
 * Hungarian Rhapsody No.14

Schubert

 * Impromptus (4), D 935/Op. 142: No. 1 in F minor (1)
 * Impromptus (4), D 935/Op. 142: No. 2 in A flat major (1)
 * Impromptus (4), D 935/Op. 142: No. 3 in B flat major
 * Impromptus (4), D 935/Op. 142: No. 4 in F minor (1)
 * Sonata in A minor, D 845
 * Sonata in A major, D 959 (1)
 * Sonata in B flat major, D 960 (2)

Chopin

 * Concerto No. 1 in E minor, B 53/Op. 11 (1)
 * Ballade No. 1 in G minor op. 23
 * Scherzo No. 3 in C sharp minor, B 125/Op. 39 (1)

Bach

 * Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D major, BWV 1050

Brahms

 * Sonata No. 3 in F minor, Op. 5

Dohnányi

 * Rhapsodies (4), Op. 11: No. 2 in F sharp minor
 * Rhapsodies (4), Op. 11: No. 3 in C major

Haydn

 * Andante with Variations in F minor, H 17 No. 6

Kodály

 * Dances of Marosszék
 * Lingering Song

Mendelssohn

 * Rondo capriccioso in E major, Op. 14
 * Scherzo in E minor, Op. 16 No. 2

title: Annie Fischer


text:
Marshalltown, Johannesburg

Marshalltown is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

The area, together with Ferreirasdorp was previously home to a large concentration of Eastern European Jewish immigrants. As the community's economic position improved, they mostly migrated to more middle-class Jewish areas such as Doornfontein, Hillbrow and Yeoville.

History
The suburb has its origin as farmland owned by Frederick Bezuidenhout Junior. This small strip of land on the farm Turffontein, was adjacent to the South African Republic-owned land of Rantjeslaagte which was soon to be proclaimed as the township of Johannesburg on 8 November 1886. The land was purchased by two businessmen, Henry Brown Marshall and his brother-in-law William M'Laren, in September 1886. The land would eventually be quickly surveyed with 553 stands and one market square which would later be known as Marshall Square. At the time, the township's name was known as Marshall's Dorp. By 26 November 1887, the township's boundaries were incorporated into Johannesburg. They would establish a brewery on eight stands in Marshalltown but sold it in 1894. The brewery's logo consisted of three castles and would eventually become part of South African Breweries.

In August 2023 the 2023 Johannesburg building fire took place.

Jewish community
In the late nineteenth century, a significant number of Eastern European Jewish immigrants settled in the area and neighbouring Ferreirasdorp. The community was mostly impoverished and the Adath Ysroel Orthodox Synagogue was built to meet the spiritual needs of the burgeoning community in the district. It was uncommon for the district's Jewish residents to work as miners, but most provided goods and services to the nearby mines. The district was also a point of interaction between the impoverished Jewish immigrants and the poverty-stricken black mine-workers.

The economic situation of much of the Jewish residents improved, as they became shopkeepers and artisans. This allowed these residents to leave the poor conditions of the district and migrate to middle-class Jewish areas such as Doornfontein, Hillbrow and Yeoville.

title: Marshalltown, Johannesburg


text:
Mayfair, Johannesburg

Mayfair is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. The suburb is west of the Johannesburg CBD and is adjacent to Fordsburg. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

History
Prior to the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886, the suburb lay on land on one of the original farms that make up Johannesburg, called Langlaagte. The land was purchased by J.B. Robinson. It was established as a suburb in 1896 and is named after Mayfair in London.

Demographics
Although designated a white area under apartheid, Indians began moving into Mayfair some time before the end of apartheid.

Today Mayfair has a large Indian population, along with a significant number of Muslim immigrants from the rest of Africa. In recent years Mayfair has become populated with a large number of Somalis and Ethiopians. Mayfair is populated by a diverse community economically and remains a vibrant part of Indian city life.

Notable residents
Former President of South Africa, F. W. de Klerk, the last to hold the office before the end of apartheid in 1994, was born here.

title: Mayfair, Johannesburg


text: User talk:24.10.216.16

title: User talk:24.10.216.16


text:
Aarhus Cathedral

Aarhus Cathedral (Århus Domkirke) is a cathedral in Aarhus, Denmark. It is the longest and tallest church in the country, at 93 m in length and 96 m in height.

The construction of Aarhus Cathedral began in the 12th century and it is the main edifice of the diocese of Aarhus for the Church of Denmark, dedicated to the patron saint of sailors, St Clemens. The cathedral is situated on the port side of the central square of Store Torv (Large Square), with address "Domkirkepladsen 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark" in the inner city. The church can seat around 1200 people.

Aarhus Cathedral is a listed building and was designated 1 February 2012.

The early churches of Aarhus
It is unknown exactly when people first settled near the mouth of the Aarhus River on the east coast of Jutland. Certainly in the 700s there was a Viking town there. Recent research has dated the building of the first city wall to 934. Aarhus must have been a town of some importance in the Viking Age, as there are six runestones in or near the city. The name is known as Aros, Arus, Aarhus or Aars, as early as the 15th century. The city's charter of 1449 names it "Aarss". After the Reformation in Denmark, the name "Aarhus" became current.

Aarhus' first church, Holy Trinity Church, a timber structure, was built during the reign of Frode King of Jutland around year 900 on top of the city's pagan burial site in what was then the center of town. The first bishop was Reginbrand, a missionary bishop of Aros in 948 under the Archbishop of Hamburg. Aros came under the rule of the Archbishop of Viborg in 1060. According to Adam of Bremen, Aros was made a dependent diocese before 998.

St. Nikolai's church was the first cathedral of Aros. The second cathedral was a timber structure built in 1102 by bishop Ulfketil near the present site to house the relics of St. Clement. St. Clement was an early Bishop of Rome who was martyred by having an anchor tied to his neck and thrown into the Black Sea, according to a fictional biography of the saint. Clement was the patron saint of sailors and especially popular in Scandinavia. The first St. Clement's church burned at some point before the 1190s.

This timber church was the center of the local veneration of St. Niels of Aarhus (also called St. Nickolas). St. Niels was a younger son of King Canute V. As a young man, Prince Niels lost interest in life at court and withdrew to the village of Skibby near Aarhus and built a church with his own hands. He lived a saintly life and helped the people in the area around Aarhus. One day, as he and a few men from the town were felling trees to build the church at Viby near the sea, one of the men complained that he was thirsty. St. Niels prayed for water and a spring appeared to slake the man's thirst; St. Niels's Spring has run ever since. It has been a place of pilgrimage for hundreds of years and many miraculous healings are said to have taken place there, especially on St. John's Day. On his death bed in 1180, St. Niels asked to be buried in "the little church by the sea" (St. Clements). He was buried in the churchyard at St. Clements.

Aarhus Cathedral
The construction of Aarhus Cathedral began in the decade after year 1190, by Bishop Peder Vognsen (d.11 April 1204) of the powerful Hvide family from Zealand. Bishop Vognsen built the cathedral around St. Clement's church because local people venerated St. Niels, and Vognsen wanted to harness that devotion for his cathedral. Vognsen also established the cathedral school of Aarhus Katedralskole, before the cathedral was completed. The church was finished in 1300 in typical Romanesque style with half-rounded arches supporting a flat timber ceiling. The second St. Clements was built of large red bricks, a new building material that became popular all over Scandinavia and northern Germany for ecclesiastical and public buildings. Four chapels were built into the north transept. The episcopal chair was moved from Our Lady Church to St. Clements.

However, in 1330, the cathedral and much of the town burned down, and the church was abandoned until 1449. By then the Gothic style of architecture had reached Denmark, and the cathedral was enlarged in stages until it reached its present size in year 1500. The nave was lengthened to 93 meters, the longest in Denmark. The transept was widened, and the typical Gothic vaulting raised the ceilings and permitted high windows which fill the building with light.

The Reformation changed life in and around the cathedral in many significant ways. In 1524 Hans Tausen (1494–1561), the Danish Luther, taught a Good Friday sermon at Antvorskov Abbey proclaiming the doctrines of Luther. His superior ordered him imprisoned in the Hospitallers monastery in Viborg, Jutland. Tausen taught from his cell and ordinary people responded with enthusiasm. His superior tried to silence Tausen, but a near riot forced his release. In the beginning, he was allowed to preach in the open air but his supporters broke open a Franciscan church, and soon Tausen had more followers than the church could accommodate. Within a year, he was the king's own chaplain. Luther's ideas quickly spread to Aarhus and soon the townspeople demanded the right to hear the liturgy in Danish. The bishop and canons attempted to stop the spread of the Lutheran doctrine in their diocese, but Tausen had caught the imagination of the people and they would not be cowed by anything the bishop might threaten. Most nobles were staunchly Catholic, and that brought even more support from common people. By 1528 most of the cities had begun the process of reforming their churches. Tausen taught that tearing apart ancient churches was wrong and that orderly change should be used to reform the church.

In 1533 Frederik I died and his son, Christian III was proclaimed King of Denmark at the Viborg Assembly (Danish: Landsting), but the State Council denominated by the Catholic bishops refused to accept the election and called upon count Christopher of Oldenburg to assist in restoring Catholic Christian II to the throne. This resulted in a two-year war called the Count's Feud. Despite the odds, Christian III prevailed and in the summer of 1536 arrested several of the bishops and threw them into prison. The last Roman Catholic Bishop of Aarhus, Ove Bille (d. 1555) was imprisoned in the summer of 1536 when Denmark officially became a Lutheran nation.

The tower is the tallest in Denmark at 96 meters. It received its present form in 1931. In 1642 lightning struck the tower and set it ablaze, destroying some of the historic bells, but damage to the interior of the church was minimal.

The fresco paintings and the stained glass window
Aarhus Cathedral has a number of fresco paintings dating from 1470 to 1520. Until the Reformation, most of the church's walls were covered in frescoes, of which many were lost. The cathedral still has 220 m2 of frescoes, more than any other church in Denmark. One pre-1470 painting was saved from the first Romanesque-style cathedral in the northwest corner, the so-called Lazarus Window, painted about 1300. It is believed that the window was used to give food to the lepers who weren't permitted inside the building.

The paintings of St Christopher and St Clement are the tallest in the country. Other figures include St Michael and St George with the dragon (pictured, left).

St Clements only has one stained glass window. It was created by Norwegian artist Emanuel Vigeland (1875–1948) in 1926. Its theme is taken from N. F. S. Grundtvig's hymn Da livtræet fæstet i graven rod. It stands 14 m high and is the largest stained glass window in all of Denmark. Three scenes are painted on the window: at the bottom, Christ's lying in his grave on Golgotha; next, Christ crucified, and topmost, Christ standing in golden light. The most unusual feature is the Crucifixion scene, which (for an unknown reason) shows Jesus's head falling to the left, unlike traditional scenes which always show Jesus's head falling to the right.

The altar
The cathedral has a wonderful altarpiece (pictured, left) carved by the famous Lübeck sculptor and painter Bernt Notke) (c. 1440–c. 1509). It was dedicated on Easter Sunday 1479 and is one of Denmark's great treasures. The altarpiece is unusual in that it has movable sections, so different scenes may be viewed during the liturgical calendar.

The pulpit was carved in oak by sculptor Mikkel van Groningen and dedicated in 1588. It shows scenes from the Old and New Testaments.

The baptismal font
The baptismal font was created in copper by the bell maker, Peter Hansen of Flensborg, in 1481. It was a gift of Bishop Jens Ivarsen Lange, (d. 1482) who just two years earlier had given the great altarpiece to St Clements. The font stands on the heads of the four evangelists in human form, but with the heads of the animals that often symbolize the four gospels in ecclesiastic art: John is eagle-headed, Mark is lion-headed, Luke bears the head of an ox, while Matthew alone has the head of a man.

The font has four scenes, carved in relief, from the life of Christ and nine of the apostles (the rest of the figures cannot be identified). The scenes are the Baptism, the Crucifixion, Christ on Judgement Day, and Mary's heavenly coronation.

For the first hundred years, the font was open and the priest dipped the child three times; later there were added a brass top and a silver tray used for the baptism of children, which is now over 300 years old.

Golden gates, the bells and the model ship

The "Golden Door" is one of five wrought iron gates that separate the nave from the choir, a reminder of the separation between the clergy and public in Catholic times. The gates were made by German-born artist Caspar Fincke (1584–1655).

In the huge bell tower hang eight bells. In 1642 lightning struck the tower and set it ablaze and damaged some of the bells. The oldest (dating from the mid-13th century is the "Martinus"; "pl" is cast in 1493, Per Tidichsøn's bell is of 1505, Caspar Kønig's is cast in 1746, the M. C. Troschell bell is cast in 1762, and a pair of L. Andersen's bells are from 1893, and lastly came the 1894 S. Frichs bell.

As is the custom in many parts of Denmark, a ship hangs at the crossing as a reminder of those lost at sea and of Denmark's close connection to the sea (pictured, left). The cathedral's ship (dated 1720) is named Enigheden (lit. English Unity) and it might have been built in Holland: the Russian tsar Peter the Great ordered warships from shipbuilders in Holland; instead of sketches, he was offered a model of the upcoming ship, which was sent by sea to Russia. A storm sank the transport by Skagen, and the model made it to shore almost intact. Some fishermen from Aarhus bought the model and subsequently offered it as a votive gift to the Aarhus Domkirke.

With the model ship's length of 2.65 m and height of 3.50 m, it is the largest church ship in any Danish church, and it is thought of as a symbol of man's sail from cradle to grave.

Tombs and memorials
The crypt of the cathedral houses the remains of thousands of people of all ranks. The church has several chapels and tombs (in both Romanesque and Baroque styles), and a number of memorials. The most striking is the Marselis Chapel, built for the Marselis family by the Flemish baroque sculptor Thomas Quellinus (1661-c.1710); the chapel's high Baroque memorial is the largest of its kind in Denmark, and beneath the floor is the family burial vault.

The organ
The main pipe organ was built by the organ builder Lambert Daniel Kastens (c. 1690–1744) in 1730. He was a student of one of Europe's best-known organ makers, Arp Schnitger (1648–1719) of Hamburg. It has been restored, enlarged, and updated several times, but the baroque facade has been maintained. The majority of voices in the current organ are built by the organ builders Th. Frobenius & Sons between 1928 and 2001. The most recent restoration took place between 2018 and 2020 by Danish organ builders Marcussen & Søn With 89 organ stop it is now Denmark's largest church organ. In 1885, pianist, composer and conductor Robert William Otto Allen (1852–1888) became the organist.

Organ specifications
Manual compass = C–c4, Pedal compass = C–g1.

In addition to the main organ, the cathedral also houses a smaller 2-manual organ with 23 stops, built in 1970 by Danish organ builders Bruno Christensen & Sønner, as well as a movable 4-stop positive organ.

title: Aarhus Cathedral


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New Doornfontein

New Doornfontein is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

title: New Doornfontein


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Newtown, Johannesburg

Newtown is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in the capital city of Gauteng Province and in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. It has the coordinates of 26.204°S and 28.034°E. The suburb originated as a manufacturing district for brick production.

Historical background
In the early 20th century, the Newtown Precinct was named "the Brickfields". In 1896, approximately 7,000 people lived in the town.

A number of industries developed at Brickfields, such as trade firms, banks, brick factories, a brewery, and fisheries. Immigrants from other nations, also settled in Brieckfields.

In April 1904, Mahatma Gandi declared an outbreak of the bubonic plague in Brickfield. The plague caused 82 fatalities and 112 people were reportedly diagnosed with it. The local government initiated the fire brigade to start fires within the town, aiming to cease the plague.

Turbine Hall
Originally built between 1927 and 1934, the Turbine Hall became the largest "three steam-driven" power stations. It is situated in the middle of Newtown and has been deemed an iconic building in the art and culture precinct.

Cleanup
The Greater Newtown Construction was initiated by City of Johannesburg Municipality Council, which rehabilitated old suburb structures, enhanced public open spaces, and introduced closed-circuit television.

Newtown's street lighting was designed by the French engineer Patrick Rimoux.

Regeneration
Johannesburg City Council partnered with Gauteng Agency, Blue IQ, in a project to develop the community of Newtown. The project included building five housing developments in which Council states, "[it will] cater for different levels of income".

The plan details that over 2,000 housing units will be built within a few years. The Nelson Mandela Bridge, inaugurated on 20 July 2003, is the northern entrance to Newtown.

title: Newtown, Johannesburg


text:
User:Skye~enwiki

i'm just here for the free food.

title: User:Skye~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Piblic Physics 3.14

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 01:03, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

The Piblic Physics 3.14, The Public Physics, The Public Physics, Too?
Triple boxed set by non-notable band. Also, see VFD for the actual band Math Blaster. Madchester 05:23, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as not even the band is notable. -- Marcika 12:00, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, on condition that the VFD for the band also results in a delete vote. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 12:11, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete them all. Vanity. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 17:25, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all, band vanity. --Etacar11 00:29, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all, non notable band vanity. JamesBurns 08:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Blade PC

A blade PC is a form of client or personal computer (PC). In conjunction with a client access device (usually a thin client) on a user's desk, the supporting blade PC is typically housed in a rack enclosure, usually in a datacenter or specialised environment. Together, they accomplish many of the same functions of a traditional PC, but they also take advantage of many of the architectural achievements pioneered by blade servers.

Description
Like a traditional PC, a blade PC has a CPU, RAM and a hard drive. It may or may not have an integrated graphics sub-system. Some can support multiple hard drives. It is in a “blade” form that plugs into an enclosure. Enclosures offered by current blade PC vendors are similar but not identical. Most have moved the power supplies, cooling fans and some management capabilities from the blade PC to the enclosure. Up to 14 enclosures can be placed in one industry standard 42U rack.

Blade PCs support one or more common operating systems (for instance Microsoft has created a “blade PC” version of their XP and Vista Business operating systems and many Linux distributions are installable). Importantly, these solutions are intended to support one user per discrete device. This is a major difference from server-based computing, which supports multiple users simultaneously using an application hosted on one discrete server (be it a discrete piece of hardware or a discrete virtual machine on a server).

Access to the device is usually achieved via various Virtual Network Computing (VNC), which allows users to log on to the blade PC via a client device (usually a thin client). Once logged on the end user experience is largely the same as if they were logged on to a local PC. It is less effective at delivering multimedia, in part because the audio and video are not synchronized, so in circumstances where there is increasing latency, there is a proportional decrease in the quality of the end user experience. All protocols are negatively impacted by increasing latency between the end user’s access device and the blade PC. One of the biggest challenges the blade PC vendors have experienced is how to minimize the impact of latency and deliver an end user experience comparable to that offered by a traditional PC, and there has been a number of new entrants in this sub-category of the blade PC in 2007.

International Data Corporation recognizes blade PCs as a category separate from other types of PCs and has begun issuing forecasts for blade PCs.

History and vendors
ClearCube, a small privately held company based in Austin, Texas, gets credit for creating and popularizing the category. Started in the late 1990s, they have been very aggressive promoting the concept especially in the United States and in vertical markets such as financial traders, hospitals and national defense organizations.

HP was second to the category with the 2004 announcement of their “Consolidated Client Infrastructure” in North America. In contrast to ClearCube, HP emphasized density while minimizing power consumption, which resulted in the ability to put far more blade PCs in an industry standard 42U rack (up to 280). HP’s first offering, however, was a Transmeta-based solution, which offered only a marginal end user experience. HP has since migrated to AMD-based blade PCs. Like the other blade PC vendors, HP offers MS RDP with their solutions, and they have announced availability of another protocol called Remote Graphics Software that has some advantages over MS RDP, especially in regard to delivery of three-dimensional and streaming content.

Hitachi offers a blade PC of their own in Japan. It is reportedly only available in Japan. There does not seem to have been any enhancements since it was first introduced in 2005. Though more like the CCI solution than the ClearCube solution, it is less dense and has all cabling out of the front of the unit.

Comparison
Common value proposition of blade PCs relative to traditional PCs:

 * Enhanced data security because all data can be maintained in the datacenter and can more easily be saved to a mass storage device, so if the access device is stolen or destroyed the data is not compromised
 * Reduced Total Cost of Ownership due to consolidation, standardization, and more redundancy
 * Better disaster tolerance for end users because with MS RDP end users can log in from anywhere to their blade PC, so even if their office is quarantined (due to a contagious disease outbreak, for instance), they can continue to have access to their blade PC and their data files so they remain productive

Design considerations
As an alternative to traditional PCs, the blade PC solutions offered by the various vendors are effectively competing with PCs, albeit they are based in datacenters. Therefore some of the more important design considerations in this category include:
 * Maximizing the end user experience (this is a “ticket” to entry – end user experience must be comparable to at least low-end traditional PCs)
 * Minimizing acquisition cost (as a result traditional PC components are frequently used rather than more expensive server components)
 * Maximizing density (because if these devices are to replace millions of traditional PCs by moving into datacenter they must minimize the amount of expensive datacenters space they require)
 * Minimizing power consumption (minimizing power input and heat output in a datacenter is critical to keeping data centers properly cooled and datacenter costs down - see HVAC)
 * Similar to traditional PCs to deploy and integrate (ease of integration is critical, or the barriers to adoption will prohibit widespread success for the category)
 * Easy to manage with the same tools used for other datacenter based HW and SW (otherwise it becomes onerous extra work)

Related client solutions

 * Blade workstation: These solutions tend to be much more expensive than the traditional blade PCs, and befitting their more high-end specs, they are much more capable.
 * Virtual PC: Unlike blade PCs, some vendors of virtualization software (such as ESX from VMware) have recently popularized the idea of using a hypervisor such as ESX to create multiple Virtual Machines (VM) that sit on top of the hypervisor, and load a client operating system in each VM. The goal then is to maximize the number of users per server to minimize acquisition cost while not so compromising the end user experience to make it too poor to use. So unlike the blade PC solutions described above, in a virtualized model all end users share the underlying hardware resources.

title: Blade PC


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North Doornfontein

North Doornfontein is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

title: North Doornfontein


text:
Talk:Protestantism in Afghanistan

"It’s strictly forbidden for a Muslim to convert to Christianity,"
 * This statement is not entirely correct. Just as it's strictly forbidden for some Christians to work on Sunday but stating that "Christians are not allowed to work on weekends" is a fallacy, I would like the article to be cleaned up for a more neutral point-of-view examination of Christianity and Protestantism in Afghanistan. This is the reason for the NPOV tag. jglc | t | c 05:24, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

yes. and?
Of course there are protestants in Afghanistan. Thousands of them, U.S. soldiers mainly - and you can bet that it will result in a load of muslim/christian children.

But seriously my point is why do you need a page about such a tenuous statement? I agree with jglc that the "banned" statement sounds quite uninformed. Islam is renowned for its tolerence of other religions of the book. where did you get this information from? try citing it as a reference. DavidP 14:22, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * DavidP brings up another issue that I have with the article (although, admittedly, my npov tag fails to adequately describe the issue) and forgot to address above: Why is there a particular need for an article on Protestants in Afghanistan? I could see, for example, a necessity for Protestantism in Ireland and Catholicism in Ireland articles.  But religion in Afghanistan - while admittedly an area of dissension and tension - is not a particularly encyclopaedic topic, and one which could be covered in a less biased manner than an article on Protestants (not Christians, but specifically Protestants) in the region.
 * The article creator's use of "Protestants," instead of "Protestantism" or "Christianity," also makes me wonder. Stating that "There are some Protestants in Afghanistan" is akin to me stating that "there are some Muslims in the US," or "there are some Buddhists in England," &c. ad infinitum. If an article is to be created discussing the status of every religious faction in every country in the world... I know that Wikipedia is not paper, but it still seems a bit of overkill to me. jglc | t | c 15:37, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Pehaps because there are Christian in Afghanistan who are not Protestant?? How about that?75.155.85.87 (talk) 08:55, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

10,000 Afghan Protestants/Christians?
I have never seen a reliable and impartial source indicating a number this high. Can anyone supply an adequate, reliable and impartial source? Scythian1 (talk) 01:46, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Protestantism in Afghanistan


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Pageview, Johannesburg

Pageview is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. Populated by non-whites, predominantly Indians, until the 1970s, it was one of two adjacent suburbs (Pageview, and the portion of Vrededorp south of 11th Street populated by non-whites) commonly known as Fietas.

History
In 1894, the land that would eventually become Pageview, was allocated by the South African Republic for Cape Coloureds (including Malays) and it became populated by Cape Malays. It was known as the Malay Camp (later Malay Location ) with 279 stands. Coloureds had managed to obtain some concessions from the Boer government of Paul Kruger, possibly because they shared the Afrikaans language. Indians lived in the Coolie location, a slum west of the city, that was burned for sanitary reasons after an outbreak of bubonic plague in 1904. Most of the displaced Indians moved into the Malay Location, and by the 1940s was it mostly inhabited by Indian South Africans. On 27 January 1942, the Malay Location Standholders and Traders Association requested the name of the township be changed to Pageview after Johannesburg Mayor J.J Page. The town was renamed on 23 February 1943 and the council asked the government to give the Indian land owners ownership of their land. In 1948, the National Party won the election and would soon introduce Apartheid. The area would be declared a white area which meant the eviction of all non-white residents, with black residents going to Soweto and Indian residents to Lenasia with evictions continuing from 1964 to 1970. Many homes were bulldozed, and housing for white people was built on some of the land, with large parts remaining undeveloped. This heritage is now commemorated at the Fietas Museum.

The Oriental Plaza, a shopping centre, was built by the Johannesburg City Council to compensate the traders who lost the shops during the forced removals.

title: Pageview, Johannesburg


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D'bi.young anitafrika

d’bi.young anitafrika is a Jamaican-Canadian feminist dub poet, activist, and singer for the band D’bi and the 333. Their work includes theatrical performances, four published collections of poetry, twelve plays, and seven albums.

Early life and education
d’bi young anitafrika was born on December 23, 1977, in Kingston, Jamaica to dub poet, Anita Stewart, and community organizer, Winston Young. Young spent much of their childhood in Jamaica watching their mother perform dub poetry. In 1993, they moved to Toronto, Canada, to join their parents where they completed high school.

Career
Young's early career included the role of “Crystal” on the Frances-Anne Solomon produced sitcom Lord Have Mercy! (2003), theatre work with Black Theatre Workshop and Theatre Passe Muraille, and artist residencies with Soulpepper Theatre, CanadianStage, Obsidian Theatre, and Banff Centre for the Arts. In 2001, their breakout role as “Stacyanne” came through Da Kink in My Hair, by Jamaican-Canadian writer Trey Anthony, for which they were nominated for a Dora Award. Badilisha Poetry X-Change has ranked d'bi young anitafrika in the top ten poets.

Young's early poetry, including their first dub poem entitled "once dere was a mxn" written in 1988, followed the foundational aesthetic of dub poetry's form, style, and content. In 2013, Young was one of the headline names for the 2013 Human Rights Concert in Harare, Zimbabwe. There, they collaborated with Zimbabwean musician Victor Kunonga on a song called Ruvengo (Hate) off Kunonga's album Kwedu.

Key works
Young's works, The Sankofa Trilogy, The Orisha Trilogy and The Ibeji Trilogy, explore the psychological and ideological impacts of colonization to capitalism on people of African descent, from a Black Feminist perspective. They are triptych dramas.

The Sankofa Trilogy are the stories of three Jamaican women, Mudgu Sankofa, their daughter Sekesu, and their granddaughter Benu. Each play uses the women's familial bond to tell of their respective journeys of revolutionary self-determination, and transformative self-expression. The Orisha Trilogy   is a series about the experiences of women characters of the past, present, and future who survived the transatlantic slave trade. In each time period, the women grapple with power, gender, and sexuality through oppression and social unrest, under the help and protection of the Orishas. The Ibeji Trilogy are three biomyth dramas about Black love as it evolves in the midst of major life changes, from friendship to romance, between mother and son, and deep self-love.

Publishing and theatre
Young established the micro-press Spolrusie Publishing, a publishing house to support the work of emerging black writers, and BQTIPOC and feminist works.

From 2008 to 2018, they also created and ran The Watah Theatre, the only black-focused performance art school in Canada. The Watah Theatre offered tuition-free professional development programs. Between The Watah Theatre and Yemoya Artist Residency, they mentored some of Canada's up and coming young black creatives and international artists of color including Amanda Parris, Kim Katrin Milan, Titilope Sonuga, and photographer, Che Kothari.

Young's style of theatre practice developed draws from their upbringing in the performative and political environment of emerging Dub poetry in Jamaica of 1980s. They use Jamaican language and idiom as nation language, as opposed to colloquialism. They work extensively with monodrama and biomythography, or “biomyth monodrama.”

They appeared on the 2021 FreeUp! The Emancipation Day Special.

The Anitafrika Method
Young's work recognizes the connections between identity and community as both inextricable and sacred. The Anitafrika Method initiates self-recovery through a creative process of performance that grounds broader notions of identity, community, social constructs, and metaphysical concepts, and focuses them into an embodied performance experience. The Anitafrika Method stems from the Dub theory of their mother, Anita Stewart. They have applied the method in a variety of disciplines and with practitioners in health care, social justice, art, and leadership development.

From January to June 2015, Young applied the method in a special collaboration with the Women's College Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada: The Black Womxn's Health Research Project.

In 2018, Young began work in postgraduate studies in the Praxes, Politics and Pedagogies of Black Performance at Goldsmiths, University of London.

Personal life
Young is non-binary.

title: D'bi.young anitafrika


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Angerapp

Angerapp can refer to the German name of:

 * Angrapa, a river that begins in northeastern Poland and ends in the Kaliningrad Oblast
 * Darkehmen district, former administrative district in East Prussia
 * Ozyorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, town in the Kaliningrad Oblast
 * Rapa, Poland, village in Poland

title: Angerapp


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Public Physics, Too?

Album by non-notable band. Also, see VFD for the actual band Math Blaster. Madchester 05:23, July 17, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Randview

Randview is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region 8.

title: Randview