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List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1991

This page is a list of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1991.

United States and Canada Fellows

 * Janet Abramowicz, Artist, New York City; Senior Lecturer on Fine Arts, Harvard University
 * Allen L. Anderson, Composer; Assistant Professor of Music, Brandeis University
 * Janis Antonovics, James J. Wolfe Professor of Botany and Director, University Program in Genetics, Duke University
 * Renee Baillargeon, Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 * Tina Barney, Photographer, Watch Hill, Rhode Island
 * Madison Smartt Bell, Writer; Writer in Residence, Director of Creative Writing, Goucher College
 * Edward Allen Boyle, Professor of Chemical Oceanography, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 1991
 * Thomas Boyle, Writer; Professor of English, Brooklyn College, City University of New York
 * John Brewer, John and Marion Sullivan University Professor, University of Chicago
 * David Brody, Artist and Musician; Professor of Art, University of Washington, Seattle
 * James H. Brown, Regents' Professor of Biology, University of New Mexico
 * Joan Jacobs Brumberg, Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellow and Professor of Human Development and Women's Studies, Cornell University
 * Ann Marie Callaway, Composer, Rodeo, California
 * David Carroll, Professor of French, University of California, Irvine
 * Vincent J. Cheng, Associate Professor of English, University of Southern California
 * Daniel Chirot, Professor of International Studies and of Sociology, University of Washington
 * Carolyn A. Chute, Writer, Parsonsfield, Maine
 * Joseph D. Collins, Development Policy Analyst; Lecturer in Sociology, University of California, Santa Cruz
 * Papo Colo, Artist, New York City
 * Constance S. Congdon, Playwright; Playwright-in-Residence, Amherst College
 * Noble David Cook, Professor of History, Florida International University
 * Jonathan K. Crary, Associate Professor of Art History, Barnard College, Columbia University
 * Fred Curchack, Theatre Artist; Professor of Art and Performance, University of Texas at Dallas
 * Susan G. Davis, Associate Professor of Communication, University of California, San Diego
 * Pablo G. Debenedetti, Chair, Class of 1950 Professor of Chemical Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University
 * Thomas J. Devlin, Professor of Physics, Rutgers University
 * Avinash Kamalakar Dixit, John J. F. Sherrerd '52 University Professor of Economics, Princeton University
 * Richard Mansfield Dudley, Professor of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * Dale F. Eickelman, Ralph and Richard Kleeman Lazarus Professor of Anthropology and Human Relations, Dartmouth College
 * Jean Bethke Elshtain, Laura Spelman Rockefeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics
 * Thomas M. Engelhardt, Writer, New York City
 * Bjorn Erik Engquist, Professor of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles
 * Robert P. Epstein, Film Maker, San Francisco, California
 * Anne Flournoy, Film Maker, New York City
 * Helene P. Foley, Olin Professor of Classics, Barnard College, Columbia University
 * Regenia A. Gagnier, Associate Professor of English, Stanford University
 * Alice P. Gast, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University
 * Michael Ghil, Professor of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysics & Director, Institute of Geophysics & Planetary Physics (IGPP), University of California, Los Angeles
 * Allan F. Gibbard, Richard B. Brandt Professor of Philosophy, University of Michigan
 * Faye D. Ginsburg, Professor of Anthropology and Director, Certificate Program in Culture and Media, New York University
 * Francine du Plessix Gray, Writer, Warren, Connecticut
 * Mark Irwin Greene, John Eckman Professor of Medical Sciences and Head, Immunology and Center for Receptor Biology and Cell Growth, University of Pennsylvania
 * Edward L. Greenstein, Professor of Biblical Studies, The Jewish Theological Seminary of America
 * Jonathan E. Grindlay, Professor of Astronomy, Harvard University
 * Kenneth Gross, Professor of English, University of Rochester
 * Philip Haas, Film Maker, New York City
 * Harmony Hammond, Artist, Galisteo, New Mexico; Professor of Art, University of Arizona
 * Craig S. Harris, Composer and Musician, New York City
 * N. Katherine Hayles, Professor of English, University of California, Los Angeles
 * Cheryl Temple Herr, Associate Professor of English, University of Iowa
 * Haruzo Hida, Professor of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles
 * Dan Hofstadter, Writer, Philadelphia; Staff Writer, The New Yorker
 * Linda K. Hogan, Writer; Associate Professor of English, University of Colorado at Boulder
 * Michael A. Holly, Head of Research, Clark Institute of Art, Williamstown, MA
 * Keith J. Holyoak, Professor of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
 * Eric Holzman, Artist, New York City
 * David E. Irwin, Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 * John T. Irwin, The Decker Professor in the Humanities; Professor of English, Johns Hopkins University
 * Rachel Jacoff, Marion Butler MacLean Professor of the History of Ideas and Professor of Italian, Wellesley College
 * Mark F. Jarman, Poet; Professor of English, Vanderbilt University
 * Brandt Junceau, Artist, Brooklyn, New York
 * Robert A. Kaster, Kennedy Foundation Professor of Latin Language and Literature and Professor of Classics, Princeton University
 * Stanley Kelley, Jr., Emeritus Professor of Politics, Princeton University
 * Richard Kieckhefer, Professor of the History and Literature of Religions, Northwestern University
 * James T. Kloppenberg, Professor of History, Harvard University
 * Win Knowlton, Artist, New York City
 * Nancy Harrison Kolodny, Nellie Z. Cohen and Anne Cohen Heller Professor of Chemistry, Wellesley College
 * Lucy Komisar, Journalist and Author, New York City
 * Dexter C. Kozen, Joseph Newton Pew, Jr. Professor in Engineering, Cornell University
 * Steve Krieckhaus, Choreographer, Glenmoore, Pennsylvania
 * Bruce K. Krueger, Professor of Physiology, University of Maryland at Baltimore
 * Anne LeBaron, Composer; Assistant Professor of Music, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Herbert Leibowitz, Editor and Publisher, Parnassus: Poetry in Review, New York City; Professor Emeritus of English, Graduate Center and College of Staten Island, City University of New York
 * Richard E. Lenski, Professor of Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University
 * Douglas N. C. Lin, Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz
 * Wendell M. Logan, Composer; Professor of African-American Music, Oberlin Conservatory of Music
 * Charles Beardsley Luce, Artist, Brooklyn, New York
 * Gail R. Martin, Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley
 * G. Steven Martin, Professor of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Head, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Berkeley
 * Olga Matich, Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of California, Berkeley
 * Elaine Mayes, Photographer; Professor of Photography, Tisch School of the Arts, New York University
 * James H. Merrell, Professor of History on the Lucy Maynard Salmon Chair, Vassar College
 * Lorrie Moore, Writer; Professor of English, University of Wisconsin, Madison
 * David M. Moss, Composer, Performer, and Radio Artist, Marlboro, Vermont
 * Ian Mueller, Professor of Philosophy, University of Chicago
 * Matt Mullican, Artist, New York City
 * Susan Naquin, Professor of History, Princeton University
 * Vasudha Narayanan, Professor of Religion, University of Florida
 * Molly Nesbit, Professor of Art, Vassar College
 * Felicity A. Nussbaum, Professor of English, University of California, Los Angeles
 * Katharine F. Pantzer, Retired Research Bibliographer in the Houghton Library, Harvard College Library
 * Thomas G. Paterson, Retired Professor of History, University of Connecticut
 * Robert A. Pentelovitch, Artist, New York City
 * Philip Perkis, Photographer; Professor of Photography, Pratt Institute
 * Mary L. Poovey, Professor of English, New York University
 * Jeremy D. Popkin, Professor of History, University of Kentucky
 * Francine Prose, Writer, New York City
 * Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
 * Matthew Ramsey, Associate Professor of History, Vanderbilt University
 * Velcheru Narayana Rao, Professor of South Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison
 * Thomas B. Rauchfuss, Director, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 * Claude Rawson, Maynard Mack Professor of English, Yale University
 * Anne W. Robertson, Claire Dux Swift Professor of Music, University of Chicago
 * Martin Rocek, Professor of Physics, State University of New York at Stony Brook; Member, School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey
 * Susan Rose-Ackerman, Henry R. Luce Professor of Jurisprudence, Yale University
 * Barbara H. Rosenwein, Professor of History, Loyola University of Chicago
 * Edward Benjamin Rothstein, Music Critic, The New York Times; Fellow, New York Institute for the Humanities, New York University
 * Betye Irene Saar, Artist, Los Angeles
 * David William Sanford, Composer, Princeton, New Jersey
 * Londa L. Schiebinger, Professor of History and Women's Studies, Pennsylvania State University
 * Jeffrey T. Schnapp, Pierotti Chair in Italian Literature, Stanford University
 * Laurie Sheck, Poet, Princeton, New Jersey; Lecturer in English, Rutgers University
 * Jane Shore (poet), East Calais, Vermont; Associate Professor of English, George Washington University
 * Debora Shuger, Professor of English, University of California, Los Angeles
 * Neil Asher Silberman, Writer, Ohain, Belgium
 * Peter H. Solomon, Jr., Professor of Political Science, University of Toronto
 * Jana Sterbak, Artist, Montreal
 * Arthur L. Stinchcombe, Johns Evans Professor of Sociology and Professor of Political Science and Organization Behavior, Northwestern University
 * Edward H. Tenner, Writer, Plainsboro, New Jersey
 * John F. Torreano, Artist, New York City
 * Alan Trachtenberg, Neil Gray, Jr., Professor of English and American Studies, Yale University
 * Fred W. Turek, Professor of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University
 * Christopher Uhl, Associate Professor of Biology, Pennsylvania State University
 * Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, James Duncan Phillips Professor of Early American History and Professor of Women's Studies, Harvard University
 * Joseph J. Villafranca, Evan Pugh Professor of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University: 1991
 * Joseph S. Viscomi, Lawrence Myer Slifkin Professor of Literature, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 * Yoshimasa Wada, Artist, San Francisco
 * Calvert W. Watkins, Victor S. Thomas Professor of Linguistics and the Classics, Harvard University
 * Samuel Weber, Professor of English and Comparative Literature, University of California, Los Angeles
 * Liliane Weissberg, Joseph B. Glossberg Term Professor in the Humanities, University of Pennsylvania
 * Dara Wier, Poet; Professor of English, University of Massachusetts Amherst
 * Alan B. Williamson, Writer; Professor of English, University of California, Davis
 * Brenda Wineapple, Writer; Washington Irving Professor of Modern Literary and Historical Studies, Union College, Schenectady
 * Jeffrey A. Wolin, Photographer; Ruth N. Halls Professor of Photography, Indiana University Bloomington
 * Andrew Chi-Chih Yao, William and Edna Macaleer Professor of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University
 * David Da-Wei Yao, Thomas Alva Edison Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, Columbia University
 * Paul Zaloom, Theatre Artist, West Hollywood, California

Latin American and Caribbean Fellows

 * José M. Aguilera, Professor of Chemical Engineering and Associate Dean for Development, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
 * Victor Hernández Cruz, Writer, Aguas Buenas, Puerto Rico
 * Carlos Augusto Di Prisco, Senior Researcher, Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research, Caracas; Professor of Mathematics, Central University of Venezuela
 * José Miguel Franco Codinach, Professor of Fine Arts, Higher Institute of Art, Havana, Cuba
 * Alejandro Frank, Professor of Physics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City
 * Luisa Futoransky, Writer, Paris, France
 * Norberto Gómez, Sculptor, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * Efraín Gonzales de Olarte, Senior Economist, Institute of Peruvian Studies, Lima, Peru
 * Célia R. Gouvêa Vaneau, Choreographer, São Paulo, Brazil
 * Jorge Heine, Senior Fellow, Latin American Center for Economy and International Politics (CLEPI), Santiago, Chile
 * Jorge E. Illueca, Coordinator of Environmental Management and Chief, Terrestrial Ecosystems Branch of the United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi, Kenya
 * Alberto Kornblihtt, Career Scientist, Institute for Research in Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology, National Research Council of Argentina; Professor of Molecular Biology, University of Buenos Aires
 * Alberto J. Laiseca, Writer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * Carlos Martínez Assad, Senior Researcher, Institute of Social Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City
 * Manuel R. Moreno Fraginals, Professor of the History of Culture, Higher Institute of Art, Havana, Cuba
 * Gustavo Moretto, Composer, New York City and Cliffside Park, New Jersey
 * José Nun, Senior Researcher, National Research Council of Argentina; Director, Latin American Center for the Analysis of Democracy (CLADE), Buenos Aires
 * Cecilia Portal, Photographer, Albuquerque, New Mexico
 * Adriana Puiggrós, Career Scientist, National Research Council of Argentina; Professor of the History of Argentine and Latin American Education, University of Buenos Aires
 * Alberto Guillermo Ranea, Career Scientist, National Research Council of Argentina; Professor of Philosophical Problems, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires
 * Ranulfo Romo, Professor of Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City
 * Jerson L. Silva, Associate Professor of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil


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The Sandcastle (novel)

The Sandcastle is a novel by Iris Murdoch, published in 1957. It is the story of a middle-aged schoolmaster (Bill Mor) with political ambitions who meets a young painter (Rain Carter), come to paint a former school headmaster's portrait.

Synopsis
Bill Mor is a middle-aged History and Latin teacher at a public school. He is married to Nan and has two children, Donald and Felicity. Mor has political ambitions to stand as a candidate for the Labour party, although his wife is firmly opposed to any such ambitions. At a friends' dinner, he makes the acquaintance of Rain Carter, a young artist who has arrived at the school to paint a portrait of Demoyte, the school's former headmaster. Mor shows Rain Carter around the town. They are spotted together by Mor's friend Tim Burke, who suspects Mor and Carter might be having an affair.

On one outing, Mor wants to show Miss Carter a small river outside the town. Miss Carter lets Mor, who doesn't have a license, drive her car through rough terrain, but the car gets stuck and damaged. Mor gets home late from this misadventure but chooses not to tell his wife about the incident. Nan and Felicity go away for a holiday in Dorset, and the love affair between Mor and Rain Carter develops during this time.

Nan comes home early from her holiday and surprises Mor kneeling in front of Rain with his head in her lap. In despair, Nan goes to Tim Burke. After a moment of mutual attraction between the two, Burke advises Nan to go back to her husband and not to ruin their relationship. However, Bill finds himself incapable of letting go of Rain. He is taken by her to an exhibition of her works in London and is deeply impressed with the pictures.

Meanwhile, Mor's son Don climbs the school tower with a friend and is saved from a dangerous fall by his father, upon which Don is expelled from the school. He runs away from home and is missing for days. During his absence, there is a function at the school for the unveiling of the new portrait. Nan gives a public speech at this gathering, praising and encouraging her husband's political ambitions. Rain, who knew nothing of this side of Mor's life, decides to leave him in order not to be in the way of his ambitions and resolves to go back to France.

That night, she paints until the early hours of the morning, changing Demoyte's face in the portrait and, by daybreak, has left. Don returns home.

Characters in "The Sandcastle"

 * Bill Mor
 * Nan Mor (Mor's wife)
 * Felicity Mor (Mor's daughter)
 * Donald Mor (Mor's son)
 * Rain Carter
 * Demoyte (former headmaster)

The Title
There is only one reference to a 'sandcastle' in the book. From Iris Murdoch's The Sandcastle, Chapter Five:

"I can recall, as a child, seeing pictures in English children's books of boys and girls playing on the sand and making sandcastles – and I tried to play on my sand. But a Mediterranean beach is not a place for playing on. It is dirty and very dry. The tides never wash the sand or make it firm. When I tried to make a sandcastle, the sand would just run away between my fingers. It was too dry to hold together. And even as I poured sea water over it, the sun would dry it up at once."

Adaptations
William Ingram adapted it as a television drama in 1963.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Sandcastle (novel)


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Eudimorphodon

Eudimorphodon was a pterosaur that was discovered in 1973 by Mario Pandolfi in the town of Cene, Italy and described the same year by Rocco Zambelli. The nearly complete skeleton was retrieved from shale deposited during the Late Triassic (mid to late Norian stage, 219-215 million years ago), making Eudimorphodon one of the oldest pterosaurs known. It had a wingspan of about 100 cm and at the end of its long bony tail may have been a diamond-shaped flap like in the later Rhamphorhynchus. If so, the flap may have helped it steer while maneuvering in the air. Eudimorphodon is known from several skeletons, including juvenile specimens.

Discovery and species
Eudimorphodon currently includes one species, the type species Eudimorphodon ranzii, which was first described by Zambelli in 1973. It is based on holotype MCSNB 2888. The specific name honors Professor Silvio Ranzi. A second species, Eudimorphodon rosenfeldi, was named by Dalla Vecchia in 1995 for two specimens found in Italy. However, further study by Dalla Vecchia found that these actually represented a distinct genus, which he named Carniadactylus in 2009. A third species is Eudimorphodon cromptonellus, described by Jenkins and colleagues in 2001. It is based on a juvenile specimen with a wingspan of just 24 centimeters, MGUH VP 3393, found in the early nineties in Jameson Land, Greenland. Its specific name honors Professor Alfred Walter Crompton; the name is a diminutive because the exemplar is so small. In 2015 it was named as a separate genus Arcticodactylus by Alexander Kellner. Specimen BSP 1994 I 51, in 2003 referred to a cf E. ranzii, was in 2015 by Kellner made the genus Austriadraco.

In 1986 fossil jaw fragments containing multicusped teeth were found in Dockum Group rocks in western Texas. One fragment, apparently from a lower jaw, contained two teeth, each with five cusps. Another fragment, from an upper jaw, also contained several multi-cusped teeth. These finds are very similar to Eudimorphodon and may be attributable to this genus, although without better fossil remains it is impossible to be sure.

Many fossils have been found that once were referred to Eudimorphodon, making Eudimorphodon represent one of the most abundant pterosaurs from Italy. Today, these have largely been made separate genera.

Description
Eudimorphodon was a small pterosaur, being 1 m in length, and weighing no more than 10 kg. Its fourth finger had a very large size, and attached to the membrane making up the wing. Eudimorphodon showed a strong differentiation of the teeth, hence its name, which is derived from ancient Greek for "true dimorphic tooth". It also possessed a large number of these teeth, a total of 110 of them densely packed into a jaw only 6 cm long. The front of the jaw was filled with fangs, per side four in the upper jaw, two in the lower jaw, that rather abruptly gave way to a line of smaller multipointed teeth, 25 in the upper jaw, 26 in the lower jaw, most of which had five cusps

The morphology of the teeth are suggestive of a piscivorous diet, which has been confirmed by preserved stomach contents containing the remains of fish of the genus Parapholidophorus. Young Eudimorphodon had slightly differing dentition with fewer teeth and may have had a more insectivorous diet. The top and bottom teeth of Eudimorphodon came into direct contact with each other when the jaws were closed, especially at the back of the jaw. This degree of dental occlusion is the strongest known among pterosaurs. The teeth were multi-cusped, and tooth wear shows that Eudimorphodon was able to crush or chew its food to some degree. Wear along the sides of these teeth suggests that Eudimorphodon also fed on hard-shelled invertebrates. The teeth distinguish Eudimorphodon, because almost all other pterosaurs either had simple teeth, or lacked them altogether. Benson et al. (2012) noticed that the teeth would have been perfect for grabbing and crushing fish.

Phylogeny and classification
Despite its great age, Eudimorphodon has few primitive characteristics making the taxon of little use in attempting to ascertain where pterosaurs fit in the reptile family tree. Basal traits though, are the retention of pterygoid teeth and the flexibility of the tail, which lacks the very long stiffening vertebral extensions other long-tailed pterosaurs possess. The paucity of early pterosaur remains has ensured that their evolutionary origin continues to be a mystery, with different experts suggesting affinities to dinosaurs, archosauriformes, or prolacertiformes.

Within the standard hypothesis that the Dinosauromorpha are the pterosaurs' close relatives within an overarching Ornithodira, Eudimorphodon is also unhelpful in establishing relationships within Pterosauria between early and later forms because then its multicusped teeth should be considered highly derived, compared to the simpler single-cusped teeth of Jurassic pterosaurs, and a strong indicator that Eudimorphodon is not closely related to the ancestor of later pterosaurs. Instead it is believed to be a member of a specialized off branch from the main "line" of pterosaur evolution, the Campylognathoididae. The following phylogenetic analysis follows the topology of Upchurch et al. (2015).

In 2020 however, a study upheld by Matthew G. Baron about early pterosaur interrelationships found Eudimorphodon to group with the clade Novialoidea, both within the clade called Lonchognatha.

title: Eudimorphodon


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Only Happy When It Rains

"Only Happy When It Rains" is an alternative rock song written and produced by American alternative rock band Garbage for their self-titled debut studio album (1995). It was recorded at the band's own studio, Smart Studios, in Madison, Wisconsin, and is known for its tongue-in-cheek lyrics parodying the typically angst-filled themes of mid-'90s alternative rock.

Replacing "Queer" at the last-minute as the lead-in single for the debut album, "Only Happy When It Rains" was the band's breakthrough track in the United Kingdom, receiving positive reviews from the music press and strong support from BBC Radio One. In the United States, the single built upon the success of "Queer" at alternative radio and in early 1996 charted strongly on the Hot 100.

The music video made MTV's next-big-thing Buzz Bin category, helping "Only Happy When It Rains" to cross over to Top 40 radio formats, and propelling the album Garbage from being a Heatseeker title into the top half of the Billboard 200 album chart. In Europe, where it was the fourth single from Garbage, it followed the success of "Stupid Girl", by reaching the top ten European Alternative Rock airplay charts over the summer of 1996.

"Only Happy When It Rains" is one of Garbage's enduring works, covered by multiple artists, including Metallica, featured as a playable track in the video game Guitar Hero 5, and heard in episodes of '90s television shows such as Homicide: Life on the Street and The X-Files. In 2019, it was used in the Captain Marvel soundtrack.

Composition and recording
"Only Happy When It Rains" was written and recorded between March 1994 and May 1995. It was written in sessions with band members Duke Erikson, Shirley Manson, Steve Marker and Butch Vig in Marker's basement recording studio, and recorded at Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin. Bass guitar was played by Mike Kashou, and additional percussion by Pauli Ryan. In the latter stages of the album's recording, Garbage mixed this song twice before it was mastered. At the last minute, Vig made the guitar tracks louder; he later claimed it still did not sound the way he heard it in his head. The mix was noted for Manson's voice being at the same volume as the instruments; in mainstream pop, the lead vocal is usually louder than the instruments. The song is in the key of G♯ minor, the time signature of 4/4, and at a tempo of 120 beats per minute. Its chord progressions are G♯m–F♯–E–C♯m–E–F♯ in the verses and C♯-F♯-A-B in the chorus.

Marker explained the song's bleak lyrics as a mockery of the angsty "wearing your heart on your sleeve thing" prevalent in mid-1990s alternative rock songs, as well as a self-deprecating reference to Garbage's own dark lyrics. Manson explained that the song was "a dig at ourselves because we like records that don't make us feel very happy, and at this so-called 'alternative' scene of 'we're so weird and more wonderful than everybody else'". Vig added that "'Only Happy When It Rains' was "about what happened with grunge and the angst-filled thing which has dominated the American alternative rock scene... With us there's self-deprecation, we have to poke fun at ourselves because we're so incredibly obsessive about the songs and the lyrics, which makes us filled with self-loathing, hurhur." Garbage said they referenced both the title of The Jesus and Mary Chain song "Happy When It Rains" (1987) and Manson's own Scottish psyche. Lyrically, Manson described "Only Happy When It Rains" as "about wanting love but knowing life will always get in the way... yet not being obliterated by that. It's a song for people that know what it is like to live on the dark side of life. It's about devotion but a different kind—a devotion to the truth and to freedom... and to hell with the consequences."

When "Only Happy When It Rains" was remastered in 2007 for Garbage's greatest hits album Absolute Garbage, it had to be reverse engineered from a damaged backup DAT as the analog masters for the debut album had been lost. This resulted in some discernible differences in the remaster. The original master tapes were found a few years later.

In 2015, an early demo mix of "Only Happy When It Rains" was included as a previously unreleased bonus track on Garbage (20th Anniversary Super Deluxe Edition).

Critical reception
Upon both the release of Garbage and of "Only Happy When It Rains" as a single, the song received a positive reception from music journalists. Larry Flick from Billboard described it as "solid all the way through", praising the overall production. Steve Baltin from Cash Box picked it as Pick of the Week, adding, "When Shirley Manson requests "pour your misery down on me", it's hard to say no. Rarely has sadism sounded as inviting as it does on Garbage's high-energy, poppy masochistic anthem." He noted Manson's "alluring vocals" and stated that "giving the song its cool rock star vibe is the strong guitar solo in the middle. A winning song, "Only Happy When It Rains" validates the accolades being heaped upon the group." Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian described it as "perversely pretty". Patrick Brennan of Hot Press declared it his Single of the Fortnight, writing, "It's hugely refreshing to come across a song which celebrates all those sad moments of loneliness that can be so life affirming",. Another editor, Jackie Hinden felt that "Only Happy When It Rains" was "like a Pretenders for the nineties". A reviewer for Kerrang! wrote, "A truly inspired single... Garbage combine a slightly sinister acidic approach with an infectious melodic atmosphere and an alternative punch. The result is awesome". Alastair Mabbot, writing for The List, described the song as "Spitting Image's notion of alternative rock". A reviewer for Music Week stated that "Shirley Manson's vocals veer between fuzzy darkness, grinding catchy and crystal brilliance." The magazine's Leo Finlay compared the song to Mazzy Star, and that it "employs the current hip status of country music to devastating effect". In reviews for the debut album, Robert Yates of Q wrote that there was "a nice self-deflating Morrissey touch to [the song]". Spin's Eric Weissard said the song was the only one he hated in Garbage's debut album, but reacted positively to the intro where "backward guitars produce a chiming solo."

At the end of 1995, Melody Maker rated "Only Happy When It Rains" the 49th best Song of the Year, writing up: "In a year of sunny Britpop, reservoir supplies of ironic bubblegum pop-noir were dangerously low. This burst of mocking miserablism helped". The track has been described as Garbage's signature song, and in 2000 was ranked as 69th in a list of 100 Greatest Pop Songs Of All Time jointly compiled by Rolling Stone and MTV.

Single release and chart performance
Initially, Mushroom Records had scheduled "Queer" to be the lead single for the UK release of the debut album Garbage, matching the single release strategy internationally. At last minute, it was decided to release "Only Happy When It Rains" as a single ahead of the album, with "Queer" rescheduled to later in 1995. "Only Happy When It Rains" was quickly picked up by radio, and was C-listed by Radio One, and reached number 47 on the airplay chart. Mushroom issued the single on a limited-edition 7-inch vinyl, CD and cassette on September 18, 1995. All formats were backed with two new tracks recorded specifically for the single: "Girl Don't Come" and "Sleep". After its first week on-sale, "Only Happy When It Rains" debuted and peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 29. At the end of the month, Garbage made their debut live appearance to perform the single on Top of the Pops, providing momentum for the album Garbage to debut on the UK Albums Chart at number 12.

In United States, after multiple stations began playlisting "Only Happy When It Rains" from mid-December 1995, Almo Sounds officially serviced the track to alternative radio at the start of January 1996. By the end of its first week, "Only Happy" had been added by thirty-five stations, in addition to the nine who jumped the release date. The track gained another eighteen stations the following week, and increased its playcount by almost 500 plays and a week later debuted on the Billboard Modern Rock chart. On February 20, Almo Sounds issued a commercial single for "Only Happy" in two formats, CD maxi and cassette single, backed with "Girl Don't Come" and "Sleep" as b-sides. On March 26, Almo serviced a new single remix of "Only Happy When It Rains" (which muted the synths) to Top 40 radio. Thirteen stations initially playlisted the single remix, rising to fifty by the end of the following month. Almo's marketing partner, Geffen, was at this point committed to working "Only Happy When It Rains" up to be a sizable hit. Garbage made their US TV debut performing "Only Happy When It Rains" on Saturday Night Special on April 27 as the song peaked at number 54 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart. In mid-May, "Only Happy When It Rains" peaked at number 16 on the alternative charts and at number 55 on the Hot 100, eventually spending twenty weeks on the chart. Garbage rounded out the promotional work for the track by performing "Only Happy When It Rains" at the 1996 MTV Movie Awards on June 8.

In Australia and New Zealand, Garbage's Australasian record label, White, released "Only Happy When It Rains" on May 27, 1996 as the follow-up to "Stupid Girl". The single was issued on CD single and cassette, backed with "Driving Lesson" and a house remix of album track "Dog New Tricks", both of which had been recorded by the band earlier in the year. On June 16, 1996, "Only Happy When It Rains" debuted on the ARIA singles chart and spent nine weeks in the top 100, peaking at number 80. A month later, the song debuted at number 42 on the New Zealand singles chart, peaking the following week at 38th.

Across Europe, Mushroom Records international distributor BMG released "Only Happy When It Rains" in two formats, a two-track card sleeve CD single with "Dog New Tricks", or a four-track maxi single with "Dog New Tricks", a remix of "Stupid Girl" by Red Snapper and a remix of "Queer" by Danny Saber. Following the band's performance at the Lowlands Festival, the single was a success in the Netherlands, peaking at number 34 on the Dutch Top 40 and number 36 on the Single Top 100. "Only Happy When It Rains" began to be playlisted by a number of radio stations across the continent, eventually reaching number eight on the European alternative rock chart by September 1996.

Music video
The music video for "Only Happy When It Rains" was filmed in mid-January 1996 in Los Angeles by director Samuel Bayer, simultaneously with the video for single "Stupid Girl". As Almo Sounds thought "Only Happy When It Rains" would be more successful, the video was given a higher budget than the video for "Stupid Girl". The music video debuted in the United States on February 12, where MTV playlisted it immediately as a "Buzz clip", thus guaranteeing it heavy rotation.

The video begins with a short prologue sequence in which several children dressed in animal costumes play in an overcast field, before cutting to Garbage as the song begins. Garbage are located in a litter-strewn warehouse, where the male band members destroy vinyl records, videotape and musical instruments as Manson performs to the camera. Some sequences feature Manson performing the song while on her own in dilapidated toilet stalls. The video ends with inter-cut footage of Manson joining the children on the field.

The "Only Happy When It Rains" video was first commercially released – along with out-take footage shot while filming – on VHS and Video-CD on 1996's Garbage Video. A remastered version of the video was later included on Garbage's 2007 greatest hits DVD Absolute Garbage and made available as a digital download via online music services the same year. The "Only Happy When It Rains" video was uploaded to VEVO in 2013.

Track listings
Continuing their theme of collectible 7-inch vinyl releases, which had seen "Vow" packaged in an aluminum sleeve and "Subhuman" in black rubber, Mushroom packaged the 7-inch format for "Only Happy When It Rains" in a "Prismaboard" (rain-effect) die-cut card sleeve, with a hologram logo sticker on the inner jacket. The B-side of the vinyl was pressed with a double-groove, so that either "Girl Don't Come" or "Sleep" played depending on where the stylus landed; the songs were shorter on the vinyl than they were on the CD or cassette formats to accommodate both on one side of the disc. This pressing was limited to 5,000 copies. The original design for the vinyl was for the sleeve to be made from wood, or corrugated cardboard, with wing-nuts in each corner like a flower-press. The nuts were meant to be unscrewed to find the vinyl disc inside - between ten layers of different types of cardboard.

 * UK 7-inch single
 * 1) "Only Happy When It Rains" – 3:58
 * 2) "Girl Don't Come" – 2:03
 * 3) "Sleep" – 1:41

 * UK CD and cassette single
 * 1) "Only Happy When It Rains" – 3:58
 * 2) "Girl Don't Come" – 2:33
 * 3) "Sleep" – 2:11

 * US CD and cassette
 * 1) "Only Happy When It Rains" - 3:58
 * 2) "Girl Don't Come" - 2:33
 * 3) "Sleep" - 2:11

 * Australian CD and cassette single
 * 1) "Only Happy When It Rains" - 3:58
 * 2) "Driving Lesson" - 3:47
 * 3) "Dog New Tricks" (The Pal Mix) - 4:05

 * European CD maxi

 * 1) "Only Happy When It Rains" - 3:58
 * 2) "Dog New Tricks" (The Pal mix) - 4:03
 * 3) "Stupid Girl" (Red Snapper mix) - 7:37
 * 4) "Queer" (Danny Saber mix) - 5:40

 * European CD single
 * 1) "Only Happy When It Rains" - 3:58
 * 2) "Dog New Tricks" (The Pal mix) - 4:03

Credits and personnel
Garbage
 * Shirley Manson – vocals, guitar
 * Steve Marker – guitars, bass, samples and loops
 * Duke Erikson – guitars, keyboards, six-string and fuzz bass
 * Butch Vig – drums, loops, noise and efx

Additional musicians
 * Mike Kashou - bass
 * Pauli Ryan - additional percussion

Production
 * Recorded & produced by Garbage
 * Recorded at Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin, USA
 * Second engineer: Mike Zirkel
 * Mastered: Howie Weinberg (Masterdisk)
 * Editing & post production: Scott Hull (Masterdisk)

Covers
As one of Garbage's signature songs, "Only Happy When It Rains" has been covered by a number of artists over the years. In 2000, comedic musician Richard Cheese performed a lounge arrangement of the song on his album Lounge Against the Machine. In 2006, The Pretenders played the song with Shirley Manson at VH1 Decades Rock Live!. In 2007, Metallica covered the song during an acoustic performance at Neil Young's Bridge School Benefit show. In 2010, The I.M.F.s (Bernard Fowler, Stevie Salas, T. M. Stevens and Dave Abbruzzese) played a funk/soul version of the song at Rockpalast. Actress Katerina Graham recorded a pop rock cover for use in The Vampire Diaries' second season episode "The Sacrifice". In 2017, New Years Day and Lzzy Hale from Halestorm covered the song at Alternative Press Music Awards. New Years Day later included a studio version of the cover featuring Hale on their 2018 EP Diary of a Creep.

In 2009, "Only Happy When It Rains" was featured as a playable song in the videogame Guitar Hero 5. By playing the song in "Career Mode", a virtual avatar of Shirley Manson could be unlocked for use elsewhere within the game.

Media
"Only Happy When It Rains" appeared in the Homicide: Life On The Street episode "White Lies" and in a 1999 episode of The X-Files entitled "Terms of Endearment". The song was going to appear in the 1997 movie Nightwatch (along with "Supervixen"), but they got replaced by different songs in the final cut. "Only Happy When It Rains" also appeared in the 2019 movie Captain Marvel. In 2021, it appeared in season 1 of the show Cruel Summer.

title: Only Happy When It Rains


text: User talk:68.90.8.59

title: User talk:68.90.8.59


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Hagberg Group

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Spam spam spam spam spam. Wonderful spam! Sorry. Woohookitty 06:24, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

The Hagberg Group
Spam. Uppland 18:01, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. - Grpunkim 18:34, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete no claim to notability -Harmil 18:49, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. Google gives less than 30 hits when filtering out Wikipedia and mirrors. Note that ENews.tk, that is listed as part of the group and has its own advertisment article, probably ought to go the same way. / Alarm 23:03, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Bkerr

Brian Kerr

I've just started to actually make some edits. I think I will try to copy-edit some pages as I have time, in order to get a feel for the community.

Copyediting @ WP:TIE and How_to_copy-edit

title: User:Bkerr


text:
Alexander Gordon, 7th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair

Alexander George Gordon, 7th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, (31 March 1955 – 12 March 2020) was a Scottish peer and the son of Alastair Gordon, 6th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair.

Life
Gordon was educated at Cothill House, Abingdon, and Harrow School.

He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire in 1998.

The Dowager Marchioness is a patron of Haddo House Choral and Operatic Society.

Marriage and issue
He married Joanna Clodagh Houldsworth in 1981. They had four children:
 * George Ian Alastair Gordon, 8th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (b. 4 May 1983). He married Isabelle Coaten. They have two sons and one daughter:
 * Ivo Alexander Ninian Gordon, Earl of Haddo (b. 18 July 2012)
 * Lord Johnny David Nehemiah Gordon (b. 23 June 2014)
 * Lady Christabel Alexandra Lully Gordon (b. 1 March 2016)
 * Lord Louis George Solomon Gordon (b. 5 September 2018)
 * Lord Sam Dudley Gordon (b. 25 October 1985). Lord Sam is married to Isobel Tatham. They have one son and one daughter:
 * Bertie Raiph Dudley Gordon (b. 30 August 2016)
 * Lara Sophie Bebe Gordon (b. 21 September 2018)
 * Lady Anna Katherine Gordon (b. 2 September 1988). Lady Anna is married to Sarah McChesney (b. 1987) in 2017.
 * Lord Charles David Gordon (b. 8 June 1996)


text:
Eivind Berggrav

Eivind Josef Berggrav (25 October 1884 – 14 January 1959) was a Norwegian Lutheran bishop. As primate of the Church of Norway (Norwegian: Preses i Bispemøtet i Den norske kirke), Berggrav became known for his unyielding resistance against the Nazi occupation of Norway during World War II. Berggrav also became an important figure in 20th-century ecumenical movement and served as president of the United Bible Societies.

Background
Berggrav was born Eivind Jensen in Stavanger and raised in Asak in Østfold. His father, Otto Jensen (like his father before him) was an educator and parish priest, who when Eivind was 22 became for a short time Norway's National Minister of Education and Church Affairs in a coalition government before returning to his Skjeberg parish. Rev. Jensen later became dean in the Diocese of Kristiania, and, in the year before his death, bishop of the Diocese of Hamar. His wife, and Eivind's mother, was Marena Christine Pedersen (1846–1924). His sister's daughter was Kari Berggrav, the pioneer press photographer

Career
Eivind studied theology in Oslo at what was then the University of Kristiania beginning in 1903, and continued family tradition by becoming a priest in the Church of Norway. He changed his surname to that of his paternal grandmother's family: to Jensen Berggrav in 1907 and a decade later to simply Berggrav.

Upon graduating from the university in 1908, Jensen Berggrav taught school for a decade (at the Eidsvoll folkehøgskole, Holmestrand offentlige lærerskole and Akershus fylkesskole). He also started writing for the journal, Kirke i Kultur, which Berggrav continued to do intermittently for decades, until his death. During World War I Berggrav filed some stories as a war correspondent for the Morgenbladet, Norway's largest newspaper. Berggrav also became involved with the Østlandsk reisning political party and the Østlandsk ungdomsfylking youth movement with Alf Frydenberg. Both social movements sought to incorporate the language spoken in eastern Norway into the national written language. (See Norwegian language conflict).

Berggrav eventually was called as a parish priest in Hurdal, and he continued to study for his doctorate in theology at the University. In the three years after he received it in 1924, Rev. Berggrav also served as chaplain of Botsfengselet national prison in Oslo. In 1928 Berggrav was selected as bishop for the Diocese of Hålogaland based at Tromsø. He dedicated a number of new chapels as he served the largely rural diocese until 1937. In that year, although younger than many other candidates, Berggrav was selected bishop for the Diocese of Oslo, which although the first among equals, remains the highest position in Norway's national church. The funeral of Queen Maud the following year first brought Berggrav international attention. Except technically during his house arrest during 1942-1945 as discussed below, Berggrav continued to lead the Norwegian faithful until 1951.

Resistance leader
Berggrav achieved international renown for leading the Church of Norway's resistance to the Nazi occupation of Norway during World War II, even though he was under isolated house arrest during most of the war.

In the years immediately before the war, Bergrrav worked with then Crown Prince Olav and others to try to mediate between Germany and England. Shocked by the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, with its attempted capture of King Haakon VII, Berggrav initially appealed to Norwegian Christians to "refrain from any interference" and to refuse to "mix themselves up in the war by sabotage or in any other way." After King Haakon was forced to leave for England after 62 days of fighting, with his king's approval, Berggrav became the leader of the Administrative Council which tried to govern his occupied homeland. However, it became increasingly clear that the occupying Nazi powers would not honor their promises to allow Norwegians freedom of religion nor preserve their structures of government. On 25 September, the Nazis dissolved the Administrative Council, in favor of another established by Vidkun Quisling, a Norwegian priest's son who had a military career before becoming a Nazi sympathizer (and whom King Haakon refused to appoint as prime minister after the 1940 Nazi invasion).

A month later Berggrav led his six fellow bishops of the Church of Norway, with ten leaders of other denominations, to form the Christian Council for Joint Deliberation. When the Nazis ordered the Church of Norway to alter its liturgical practices, Bishop Berggrav refused to comply. Matters grew even more serious in January 1942 when the Nazis wound down their occupation government and allowed Quisling (head of a party with only 1% popular support) to try again. On 1 February 1942, a group of Quisling sympathizers invaded Nidaros Cathedral and by the end of the day refused the Cathedral's Dean Kjellbu entry to conduct services. Thousands of Norwegians gathered outside to sing "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God", and the following day all seven Norwegian bishops resigned.

Shortly after Easter, 1942, Berggrav was arrested, and Quisling tried to get him indicted, which provoked further public uproar. Along with four other members of the Christian Council, Berggrav was initially imprisoned in the Bredtvet concentration camp. Berggrav was saved from execution by Theodor Steltzer and Helmuth von Moltke, members of the Kreisau Circle and Schwarze Kapelle. Instead, the bishop was placed in solitary confinement at an isolated location in the forests north of Oslo, allowed to see no one but his guards. Almost all of the priests of the Church of Norway resigned in protest against the Nazi tyranny, as did teachers a few months later when faced with Quisling's proposal to force Norwegian children to join an organization modeled on the Hitler Youth. Since all the clergy of the Church of Norway were also civil servants at the time, this shunning of the orders of the Quisling regime sent a powerful message to Norwegians that tyrants would not be obeyed - no matter what the price.

With his guards' implicit cooperation, Berggrav often secretly left his hut in Asker to meet with the Norwegian underground. Because his face was well known, the bishop often wore disguises, such as a policeman's uniform or thick glasses and a fake mustache. In its Christmas 1944 edition, Time magazine put Berggrav on its cover; he thus became one of the relatively few Protestant religious figures to have received this honor.

Author and publisher
Berggrav wrote many books, all in the Norwegian language, but some translated into English: The Norwegian Church in Its International Setting, Man and State, and With God in the Darkness, and Other Papers Illustrating the Norwegian Church Conflict. Berggrav founded an association focused on Norway's local history, Romerike Historielag, in 1920, and continued to contribute pieces long after he relinquished the helm upon becoming bishop. Berggrav also led the Norwegian Bible Society (Det Norske Bibelselskap) from 1938 to 1955, even after his retirement as Norway's primate.

Personal life
Berggrav married Kathrine Seip (1883–1949), the daughter of pastor Jens Laurits Arup Seip (1852–1913). They remained married until her death in 1949. Their son Dag Berggrav became an important civil servant and sports administrator. Berggrav died in Oslo and was buried in Vår Frelsers Gravlund with a simple slab gravemarker.

Honors and legacy

 * After World War II ended, Berggrav received Norway's highest medal, the Order of St. Olav.
 * President Harry S Truman awarded Bishop Berggrav the Medal of Freedom.
 * The Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America remembers Berggrav on 14 January.
 * In a 2005 poll for Norwegian of the Century (Store Norske) celebrating a century of Norwegian independence, Bishop Berggrav polled 19th (the winner being King Olav V).

Other sources

 * Godal, Odd Eivind Berggrav: Leader of Christian Resistance (SCM Press. 1949)
 * Johnson, Alex and Harriet L. Overholt Johnson . Kjell Jordheim, translator. Eivind Berggrav, God's Man of Suspense (Augsburg Publishing House, 1960)
 * Robertson, Edwin Hanton Bishop of the Resistance: A Life of Eivind Berggrav, Bishop of Oslo, Norway ( Concordia Publishing House, 2001)
 * Molland, Einar Fra Hans Nielsen Hauge til Eivind Berggrav. Hovedlinjer i Norges kirkehistorie i det 19. og 20. århundre ( Oslo: Gyldendal, 1968)

title: Eivind Berggrav


text:
User talk:Grymnir

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Ragib 18:02, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
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Thank you, Ragib! Regards! --Grymnir 18:09, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grymnir


text:
User talk:Iasthaai

Welcome!

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text:
User talk:Fugazi301282

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Ragib 18:02, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
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Proposed deletion of Skatelab

The article Skatelab has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Subject is not notable per WP:GNG or WP:CORP."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 05:16, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fugazi301282


text:
User talk:Ckg

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Ragib 18:02, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
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Nomination of NetworkVirginia for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article NetworkVirginia is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/NetworkVirginia until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Vahurzpu (talk) 19:57, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

I don't understand why this article is being considered for deletion. Network Virginia (which has now effectively evolved into the MARIA network) was a hugely important network in the Research and Education networking community. It made several advances in promoting unified access to broadband throughout Virginia, delivering access to K-12 schools, museums, colleges and universities, and many public sector entities, at uniform rates regardless of locale. Ckg (talk) 13:03, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:Getz at the Gate (Stan Getz album)
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Your draft article, Draft:Getz at the Gate (Stan Getz album)

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Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 16:41, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ckg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stikman

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Jitse Niesen (talk) 00:37, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Stikman
keep

 * Delete will change my vote if someone cleans this thing up big time. Grpunkim 18:11, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non notable cartoon. --Several Times 18:00, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn local, transitor, teenage cartoon flap. -Splash 19:21, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.  ral  315  22:49, August 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable, and what's with this 'not revealing its name' nonsense? (And although the spelling of the article is quite poor, I'm not about to change my vote after a cleanup; the subject is just inappropriate.) --IByte 22:50, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. -- Etacar11   01:41, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stikman


text:
User:Justayankeefan

I am an occasional editor of Wikipedia. Classes at U Albany takes up too much of my time to be useful at this point in time. However, if anyone wants me to attempt to take pictures or research something about the Albany County area, I'll do my best to answer them.

title: User:Justayankeefan


text:
User:Zalky

Zalky is a new user/contributor to Wikipedia, starting in July 2005.

title: User:Zalky


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BarterBee.com - Trade DVDs, CDs, and Video Games for $1.00

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was deleted. – ABCD✉ 18:48, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

BarterBee.com - Trade DVDs, CDs, and Video Games for $1.00
Non-notable advertising Gblaz 18:04, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Worse...it's a copyvio. I've tagged and bagged it. - Lucky 6.9 18:07, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a copyright violation, and has advertising. - NickC 18:10, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, I'd have thought. -- High (Hopes) 19:44, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete copyvio. JamesBurns 08:20, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a shame. Delete. --Genocide2st 16:18, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Vary Quick - The Time Killer

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:70.89.34.234

title: User talk:70.89.34.234


text:
Talk:Merope Gaunt

Untitled
I'm wondering why the = sign was changed to a + sign? I thought = means married, which they were. What does + mean on a family tree?
 * The + sign usually means there was no valid marriage contract between the two parties, though it can also mean a legal union without formal marriage vows; common law couples come to mind here. In this case I take it that the implication points to Merope and Tom Riddle Sr. never having been wed.  (One could say that as the wedding occured while Riddle Sr. was under the influence of Merope's potion, he was of unsound mind at the time -- the perfect ploy to obtain an annulment, making Voldemort literally and figuratively a bastard.)
 * I'm not sure about this. Dumbledore called her "Merope Riddle" in the chapter "The secret Riddle", which does imply a wedding.
 * So they were in a marriage that Tom Riddle Sr. later had annulled. I'd like to think it was because the groom was under the influence and/or the wedding was a fraud, to a person who didn't exist (as a pureblood witch in a family like the Gaunts, it is unlikely there would be any record of Merope anywhere in the Muggle world until her marriage).  That's my opinion, though I'd like to hear what others think.

Née vs. born
I think the more approriate use today is born, as the French spelling as slipped out of standard. TDS (talk • contribs) 21:43, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Not really. 'Née' is still used in many, more traditional publications. It is certainly retained in Wikipedia's many articles on notable women up to and including the present day. Take a look at the former Camilla Parker Bowles, Lady Diana Spencer, Sarah Ferguson, and on a more relevant note, Lily Evans, any of the Black sisters, and Molly Prewett. Compare with Queen Noor, Courtney Cox, Audrey Hepburn and Letizia, Princess of Asturias, all of which use 'born'. I personally believe usage of 'née' or 'born' is dependant on the context of the passage, and that here 'née' would be more appropriate. -- 70.48.13.192 08:15, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Merope Gaunt


text: Talk:High-Inquisitor

title: Talk:High-Inquisitor


text:
Talk:Durmstrang

While Durmstrang does have extensive grounds, couldn't they still be connected to the sea in some way? I mean, the way the students of Durmstrang arrived at Hogwarts was by Boat, so isn't it possible?

I don't want to be edit happy, but I'll delete the "suggesting it is far from the sea" bit after the it says that Durmstrang has extensive grounds. Feel free to re-add it if you feel you have sufficient reasoning for doing so.

Speculation
This article is largely speculative. Unless someone can provide a cite for the following points I will remove them in one week: Extrapolating a location from the described costumes of the students is unavoidably speculative, and violates WP:NOR. --DDG 19:53, 3 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The language of teaching is German
 * The location is far north
 * I largely agree, see my comments interspersed in the text. I would like to see your version discussed here first, however. --Ghirla | talk 08:32, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The language of teaching is most probably not German (I'd say Russian, see a map for possible locations of the schools next to this text. Krum tells Hermione that the castle is in a place where winter days are very short, therfore they must be quite close to the arctic circle, which means quite far North. Also all the names and accents of the Durmstrang people are Slavic, not Germanic Lag 21:37, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't think of anything that gives away the language at Durmstrang in the books aside from the German origin of the name. I do know there are still German-language schools in Baltic states (and if it really was founded in the 13th century it would correspond to the Teutonic Knights activities in Christianizing Eastern Europe), but there's no way to know without asking Rowling.  — Laura Scudder ☎ 17:52, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

'tsigeika' coats
One of the lines reads that the movie shows the durmstang students wearing Russian ushankas and tsigeika coats. What is a tsigeika coat? I've googled it, to no avail. I've searched Wikipedia... is this legit? // visitor

 * I checked with someone from the area, and he confirmed that this is a kind of coat. It might be an issue of transliteration. Anyone with more info, please respond. Phi*n!x 15:32, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have heard the expression "tsigeika" for that long fur-collared coat before, but have no idea how it is actually spelled. They are different from boyar coats, which often have fur collars but are much fancier. I have scoured google in vain. --Bluejay Young 12:27, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Self-contradiction?
The third paragraph of the "Uniform and Study" section says that the idea that Durmstrang filters its students based on bloodline is speculative. However, the next section assumes it to be true (end of 2nd Paragraph). I will change the latter within then next week unless anyone thinks otherwise. Phi*n!x 16:31, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I changed it. Change it back or reword it if you have good reason to. Phi*n!x 16:03, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There's another: "...Hermione, who is Muggle-born and would not have been admitted at his school."
 * —wwoods 17:01, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Good call. I just tried to fix that one, but it may need some work. Phi*n!x 18:16, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

location
Woulden't the school have to be somewhere in Bulgaria because Krum is on the Bulgaria national Quidich team?

 * No- it probably does mean that Krum is from Bulgaria, but Durmstrang is almost certainly an international school that covers many countries in Eastern Europe. See the "Location" section of this article for an explanation of why Durmstrang is probably not in Bulgaria based on climate indicators.Phi*n!x 17:34, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

What should the location in the userbox say then? Something like "Unspecified European location"? -- Broken Sphere 03:42, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Photo
The photo used is too dark. Does anyone have a picture in which we can actually see the content? Michael 05:55, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I am the uploader, and I can see the picture pretty well on my screen. I spent a while looking through the Durmstrang opening in the GoF movie trying to find the best shot, and this is what I came up with.  That being said, I would use a basic image editor to brighten the picture, but I am pretty sure that it violates copyright law to edit a copyrighted image. --Phi*n!x 20:09, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I watched the movie again and found a better image, which I now posted. An admin might want to delete the one I posted before. --Phi*n!x 16:41, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Hmmm...Was it actually seen in the movie? Michael 08:04, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Blazon
I have seen an image of the Durmstrang blazon (crest) in locations such as a Hot Topic T-Shirt. Does anyone know if this is official in any way and if we might find some fair use rationale to post it in the infobox? -Phi*n!x 21:16, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I got a good look at it tonight while viewing some trailers. It is the double-eagle crest of Imperial Russia and should be very easy to obtain. The slight suspicion in which Rowling suggests we are to hold Durmstrang (do they study the Dark Arts there?) and nearly everything about their portrayal in the film strongly suggests both the Soviet Union and post-Cold War Russia with its uneasy alliances with the West. Having sat through eight U.S.-vs-U.S.S.R. Olympiads, I wondered what was missing in the Quidditch scene at the beginning and realized I was looking for "CCCP". Some things about film-Durmstrang also seem quite German; the school's name, the quasi-military march with which the boys enter the hall, their very short haircuts. Old Russia had kind of a love-hate relationship with Germany; there were periods where the two countries got along and had cultural exchange, and many Russian royals married German nobility (Queen Alexandra was German) but they also fought Germany on many occasions. --Bluejay Young 12:36, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Name
I was wondering, could it be that the name Durmstrang comes from Sturm und Drang. Sturm und Drang was a movement in German literature and music taking place from the late 1760s through the early 1780s, influenced e.g. by Goethe, Mozart and Haydn. It means "storm and urge," or "storm and impulse", which in my opinion fits the schools image quite nicely.
 * Yes, and the article mentions this already. -Phi*n!x 01:38, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

In-universe
I have tried my best to preserve the content of the article while making the wording less in-universe. Input would be appreciated. -Phi*n!x 01:40, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:HP School
Template:HP School has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. — Fbv65 e del / ☑t / ☛c || 21:29, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Location, location, location
Another editor and I are having a bit of an edit war over the location of Durmstrang. As anyone who has read the books knows, the location of the school is never given. Third opinions would be much appreciated. :) faithless   (speak)  13:58, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Correct, it's never given. To be honest, I always got the impression it was in Bulgaria. Will (talk) 14:06, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the input. :) I can see why you would think that, but isn't Bulgaris rather warm for heavy furs? I don't know, I've never been there, but I think it's just above Greece and Turkey, which makes me imagine it's rather warm. I've always kind of imagined it not really being in any country, but rather somewhere around the north pole. But the point is, we just don't know. :) faithless   (speak)  14:20, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * (reprinted from Faith's user page, where it got a tad heated there betwixt him and someone else):
 * Well, let's look at this argument from a different angle. I have worn ushankas and Tsigeica coats. Does this make me Russian? If so, my grandpappy will likely disown me, thieving, ex-commie bastard I (apparently) now am. Clearly, the answer is: OF COURSE NOT! Clothes do not specify nationality any more than hairstyles do, And by the way, you are making an assumption by placing Beaubatons in France. Is France the only place in Europe where they speak French, or have French accents and French names? Think hard, now. Omg! Such a sitation exists in at least x other countries: Switzerland, Canada, Luxeumbourg, Monaco, Belgium....and Russia. (yes, Russian folk are taught to speak a language fluently; one of the reasons why their language schools are considered amongst the best in the world, and yes, I am leaving off Haiti, Tahiti, New Caledonia and Martinique, as it is reasonable to assume chicks from that neck of the woods would at least pic up a tan).
 * I think its best not to make any assumptions about the books. Don't fault the film's wardrobe folk for getting lazy. -  Arcayne   (cast a spell)  14:05, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It's safe to say that Beauxbatons is south of Dijon, though. Will (talk) 16:58, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It is? Wow. I've got to go there - there be hot chicks there, and this is pretty muych true, as not every gal can pull off wearing those hats, you know. Oh, by the way - you wouldn't happen to have, oh I don't know, a citation that says that, do you? We cannot include a mapquest directions without it. Does the Wizarding World use mapquest? hmmm. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  17:51, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Involves a bit of synthesis - Maxime and Hagrid head south (so it looks to the Ministry like they're going to Beauxbatons), and they manage to give a ministry official "the slip around Dijon". Will (talk) 17:53, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

It is my personal belief that Beauxbatons is located along France's Mediterranean coast, most likely the city of Marseille. We see in GoF that Hogwarts serves bouillabaisse to the visiting students, a fish stew which originated in the port city and is rarely served anywhere else (I certainly have never had it, though I am a vegetarian). Still, that's the best "proof" there is, and that ain't no proof. faithless  (speak)  06:46, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I've had bouillabaisse before - just 2 weeks ago, in fact - and I was nowhere near the south of France when the meal took place. Do you think that perhaps you are making an error here? Might it not be possible that the wizarding world might have some sort of food distribution and preservation network that might approximate the shipping of foodstuffs and preservation/refrigeration of said foodstuffs? As Ayn Rand wrote in Atlas Shrugged, "When faced with a logical paradox, check your assumptions; you will always find that at least one of them is in error." I think its an apt application in this case. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  20:22, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Question for Arcayne: In this edit you applied citation needed tags on two statements: Please understand that I am in 100% agreement that claims of non-obvious fact need to cite sources, but I am not sure it is even possible to do in these cases. In the first, one cannot prove a negative statement "It is not stated whether..." with a source citation, we could only hope to disprove it by providing such a sourced claim. It is claimed to be not stated anywhere, and we cannot definitively prove it was not, only that perhaps it was (and in which case the premise would be false and the statement falls). We can only provide a source citation, in principle, if it was stated by a (reliable) source that it was not stated, and that is also a non-starter. Similarly, in the second statement, "It is unknown whether..." also cannot be proven or cited with a source, only perhaps disproven if a source is produced which contradicts it. What we have here are requests for citations that are by definition practically and logically impossible to fulfill, for all intents and purposes, therefore they are moot and should be speedily removed in my opinion. Or perhaps the disputed text could be modified in some way so that a citation needed tag is appropriate, or the text should just be removed altogether as irrelevant fancrufting, weasel wording, and quasi-speculation (which i think was the real reason for the citation needed tag, if I may say so while still assuming good faith...). --T-dot ( Talk/ contribs ) 18:18, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) "It is not stated whether this is an actual school tradition, or a consequence of the former headmaster Igor Karkaroff being a Death Eater, serving the dark wizard Lord Voldemort."
 * 2) "It is unknown whether he is telling the truth, and if he is, whether it is Karkaroff's policy, or a general policy of the school."

 * (edit conflict)Three things motivated my decision to use cn tags instead of outright purging. 1. I had just flushed a good portion of the article as useless cruft, I thought that stuff having half a chance at citation should just be tagged. 2. I'd kinda like to see the info cited, if its possible, as it would provide some nice texture to the article. 3. My information about the novels is imperfect. Maybe it had come up at one point.
 * However, cruft is cruft. If you wished, you could dump it now. I was planning on waiting a month and doing it myself, if no reliably sourced citations come up. - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  18:35, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Durmstrang


text:
I Belong to You (Whitney Houston song)

"I Belong to You" is a 1991 song recorded by American singer Whitney Houston for her third studio album, I'm Your Baby Tonight (1990). It was written by Derek Bramble and Franne Golde, produced by Narada Michael Walden, and was released on October 18, 1991, as the album's fifth single by Arista Records. "I Belong to You" was a Top 10 hit on the US Billboard R&B chart, and also charted in the UK and the Netherlands. The song garnered Houston a nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 35th Grammy Awards (1993).

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that Houston "delivers a mature and restrained vocal within a lush, urban-angled swing/R&B arrangement." He noted its "contagious chorus". A reviewer from Music & Media said that "the hip hop-shaped beat is more raw than the melody line, reminiscent of Beats International's 'Dub Be Good to Me'. Vintage Houston."

Alan Jones from Music Week viewed it as "a pleasant but unexceptional soul shuffle". James Hunter of Rolling Stone commented that the song "acts out its claim in a penthouse bedroom", and described its production by Narada Michael Walden as "high-end grooves accented by pinballing counterrhythms."

Music video
The music video for "I Belong to You" features some shots from "My Name Is Not Susan", that are extended and/or unreleased in the video to that song. Former heavyweight champion Mike Tyson was featured in the video and was also featured in "My Name is Not Susan" as well. The video also includes footage from Houston's I'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour (1991).

Track listings and formats

 * UK 12" vinyl
 * 1) "I Belong to You" (Shep Pettibone Remix Edit) — 4:32 B
 * 2) "I Belong to You" (UK Remix Edit) — 4:48 A
 * 3) "I Belong to You" (Album Version) — 5:28
 * 4) "One Moment in Time" — 4:42

A Additional Production and Remix by John Waddell B Additional Production and Remix by Shep Pettibone
 * UK CD maxi-single
 * 1) "I Belong to You" (Album Version Edit) — 4:40
 * 2) "I Belong to You" (UK Remix Edit) — 4:49 A
 * 3) "I Belong to You" (Shep Pettibone Remix Edit) — 4:32 B
 * 4) "One Moment in Time" — 4:42

 * US 7" vinyl
 * 1) "I Belong to You" (Album Version Edit) — 4:41
 * 2) "I Belong to You" (International Remix) — 4:52 A

 * US, UK 12" vinyl
 * 1) "I Belong to You" (UK Mix) — 8:55 A
 * 2) "I Belong to You" (UK Dub) — 8:45 A
 * 3) "I Belong to You" (69th Street Mix) — 9:27 B
 * 4) "I Belong to You" (69th Street Dub) — 4:16 B

Personnel

 * Credits
 * Lead vocals, backing vocals, vocal arrangement — Whitney Houston
 * Producer, arranger — Narada Michael Walden
 * Additional production and remix — John Waddell
 * Post production and remix — Shep Pettibone
 * Executive producer — Clive Davis

title: I Belong to You (Whitney Houston song)


text: Category:Cemeteries by country

title: Category:Cemeteries by country


text:
Scaphognathus

Scaphognathus was a pterosaur that lived around Germany during the Late Jurassic. It had a wingspan of 0.9 m (3 ft).

Naming
The first known Scaphognathus specimen was described in 1831 by August Goldfuss who mistook the tailless specimen for a new Pterodactylus species: P. crassirostris. The specific name means "fat snout" in Latin. This specimen was an incomplete adult with a 0.9 m (3 ft) wingspan recovered from the Solnhofen strata near Eichstätt. In 1858 Johann Wagner referred the species to Rhamphorhynchus. After recognising the fundamentally different snout shape, Wagner, after previous failed attempts by Leopold Fitzinger and Christoph Gottfried Andreas Giebel, who used preoccupied names, in 1861 named a distinct genus: Scaphognathus, derived from Greek skaphe, "boat" or "tub", and gnathos, "jaw", in reference to the blunt shape of the lower jaws.

In the early twentieth century, the "rhamphorhynchoid" nature of S. crassirostris was recognized after the discovery of the second specimen in Mühlheim, whose long tail was preserved. The second Scaphognathus specimen was more complete than its predecessor, but only half the size (twenty inch wingspan) and with partially ossified bones. These characters indicate that the second specimen was a juvenile.

Description
The Scaphognathus is known from three specimens, all of which originated in the Kimmeridgian-age Solnhofen Limestone. Physically it was very similar to Rhamphorhynchus, albeit with notable cranial differences.

For one, Scaphognathus had a proportionately shorter skull (4.5 in) with a blunter tip and a larger antorbital fenestra. Its teeth oriented vertically rather than horizontally. The traditional count of them held that eighteen teeth were in the upper jaws and ten in the lower. S. Christopher Bennett, studying a new third specimen, SMNS 59395, in 2004 determined there were only sixteen teeth in the upper jaws, the higher previous number having been caused by incorrectly adding replacement teeth. Comparisons between the scleral rings of Scaphognathus and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been diurnal. This may also indicate niche partitioning with contemporary pterosaurs inferred to be nocturnal, such as Ctenochasma and Rhamphorhynchus.

Classification
The cladogram (family tree) of rhamphorhynchids below is the result of a large phylogenetic analysis published by Andres & Myers in 2013.

Literature

 * Fantastic Facts About Dinosaurs (ISBN 0-7525-3166-2)

title: Scaphognathus


text:
User talk:G.B. Blackrock

Hello, G.B. (may I call you G.B.?) and welcome to Wikipedia!

Thanks for creating an article for the Transformers comic! I have been meaning to do it myself but never saw enough need. I've now expanded it by moving material from the Transformers series article to it. — J I P | Talk 18:06, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks! I had hoped someone might come in to provide more information, but it seemed most important to at least have the link available.

G.B. Blackrock

Jedikiah article
Hey great job in starting the Jedikiah article. Been meaning to create character pages for Tomorrow People for a while. I've added Tomorrow People character template to the page. If you create any more character pages you can add it there too. Will hopefully get around to creating some pages myself.--NeilEvans 00:27, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Jedikiah (Tomorrow People)
I have nominated Jedikiah (Tomorrow People), an article you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Jedikiah (Tomorrow People). Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. TTN (talk) 18:34, 20 October 2008 (UTC) TTN (talk) 18:34, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Nomination of Action Masters for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Action Masters, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Action Masters until a concensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Blest Withouten Match (talk) 20:24, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Action Masters for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Action Masters is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Action Masters& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. TTN (talk) 10:57, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:G.B. Blackrock


text:
User talk:TheGoodReverend

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- ZeWrestler  Talk 18:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

You may be interested
You might be interested in this current vote: Votes for deletion/List of Roman Catholics -Doohickey

title: User talk:TheGoodReverend


text:
Golden Field Guide

The Golden Field Guides are a series of larger pocket-sized books that were created by Western Publishing and published under their "Golden Press" line (mostly used for children's books at the time), as a related series to the Golden Guides. Edited by Herbert Zim and Vera Webster, the books were written by experts in their field and illustrated with a simple straightforward style.

Unlike the Golden Guides, the Field Guides went more in-depth, being more aimed at the high school/college level. They also had sturdier covers, obviously intending that they be used in the field. Most note that they are a "Guide to Field Identification" on the cover. To go more in-depth and intended as both identification and educational, most of the Field Guides limited themselves to North America, while the Golden Guides were usually worldwide.

The series, updated, was relaunched in 2001 as "Golden Field Guides by St. Martin's Press". Certain titles have been discontinued, such as the Amphibians of North America and Families of Birds books.

Series list

 * Amphibians of North America, by Hobart Muir Smith (1978) — discontinued by St. Martin's Press
 * Birds of North America, by Chandler Robbins and Bertel Bruun (1966)
 * Eastern Birds, by James Coe (1994) — limited release in original but continued by St. Martin's Press
 * Families of Birds, by Oliver L. Austin (1971) — originally published as a Golden Guide (small format) and later, slightly modified, as Golden Field Guide (large format); later discontinued by St. Martin's Press
 * Reptiles of North America, by Hobart Muir Smith, Edmund D. Brodie, David M. Dennis, and Sy Barlowe (1982)
 * Minerals of the World, by Charles A. Sorrell (1973) — later renamed Rocks and Minerals
 * Seashells of North America, by R. Tucker Abbott (1968)
 * Skyguide, by Mark R. Chartrand and Helmut K. Wimmer (1982) — later renamed Night Sky
 * Trees of North America, by C. Frank Brockman and Rebecca A. Merrilees (1968)
 * Wildflowers of North America, by Frank D. Venning and Manabu C. Saito (1984)

There were some other "Golden Guides" issued but not normally considered part of the regular series.

Associated Series list

 * National Parks of the World, by Kai Curry-Lindahl, Jean-Paul Harroy, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1972) — volumes 1 & 2
 * A Golden Guide to Environmental Organizations, by Bruce W. Halstead (1972)
 * The Golden Guide to Lawns, Trees and Shrubs, by John Strohm (1961)
 * The Golden Guide to Flowers A Handbook for Home Gardeners, by John Strohm (1962)

title: Golden Field Guide


text:
Frank Harris Patterson

Frank Harris Patterson (1890 — 1976) was a Nova Scotian lawyer, jurist and historian.

Born in Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia, Patterson was called to the Bar of Nova Scotia in 1921. In 1958 he was appointed to the Supreme Court bench, retiring in 1965. A well-known Nova Scotia historian, Patterson wrote many books and articles, including A History of Tatamagouche and Acadian Tatamagouche and Fort Franklin. He lived most of his life in Truro, Nova Scotia, and died there in 1976.

title: Frank Harris Patterson