text:
Talk:Multi-licensing

Edit Requests
The following suggestions have been made to this article.

 * An explication of GFDL, MIT, MySQL and Mono licenses
 * Cite this quote from the second paragraph: "When software is dual-licensed, recipients can choose which terms they want to use or distribute the software under."

Merger
I think that Proprietary open source is a poorly written article, created by a user just to promote a political agenda against Mono development platform. The use of the term is identical to dual license, so maybe if we redirect that here said user will stop reverting the Mono article. Not that I have much hope, but you never know... scot 20:36, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

I've never heard of the term, and it appears without citation or context. Don't bring your spam to us. Keep it over there. --216.114.170.29 05:23, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The term has been used, by Bruce Perens, though it was an HP excecutive who coined it--see http://perens.com/Articles/Economic.html. And the point of the merger is to eliminate the spam over there, by addressing the concerns of dual GPL/commercial licensing here.  And with luck, the anonymous editor who keeps reverting the Mono article will finally give up and admit that the Mono license isn't some evil conspiracy to enslave us all...  scot 05:43, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Particular purpose only
This article talk about Dual licencing So we expect to find all use of dual licencing such as:
 * Licence with compatibility provisions such as cecill
 * common dual licence such as artistic licence/gpl or gpl/BSD (very common for work derived from BSD licenced work in the linux kernel)

Tri vs. Dual
Some open source projects are Tri-licensed (Mozilla software), so dual and tri-licenses should be differentiated. --70.111.218.254 16:37, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think there's any need for the differentiation. Triple licensing is pretty much a dual dual licensing (ie. GPL/LGPL + GPL/MPL). Besides, the LGPL itself could be considered a dual license because it allows relicensing under GPL, so Mozilla's license could be just MPL/LGPL. Also the GPL could be considered a multilicense because it allows relicensing under later versions (if the original contributor allowed it). So "GPL2 or later" is a multilicense equal to "GPL2/GPL3/orlater", and LGPL2.1 is "LGPL2.1/GPL2/LGPL3/GPL3/...". Azrael Nightwalker (talk) 19:29, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

We could call the article multi license. --69.54.29.23 18:40, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

License VS Licence
This page is inconsistent per WP:SPELLING. While both License and Licence are allowed, I think that we should stick to the same spelling within an article. Nineko 04:58, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Done (and I did some other clean ups while I was at it). Gronky 10:03, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

 * So, although, the article is called Dual-licensing, all instances of "license" were changed to "licence"—except, of course, the ones in bold that refer to the title. :) – Mipadi 15:00, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The verb is always spelled with an "s". ...X is dual-licensed... ...dual-licensing is Y... ...Z dual-license their software... Gronky 01:28, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Software only?
Can't other works, such as text or images, be dual-licensed? --DStoykov 03:29, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Sure. For example, you can license your photos under Creative Commons attribution-noncommercial-sharealike license, and sell it under a commercial (typical copyright) license. Azrael Nightwalker (talk) 19:29, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Text removed
A recent paragraph addition was entered (Dec 26th) in the Business Models section. I found the text lacking any citations, even as it made many claims that could have been verified. In particular, the there was a statement made that the GPL could not be used to add community work to a commercial license. This statement can be identified as false, by looking into the mySQL project, which is one of the most well-known dual license projects. mySQL does use both GPL and commercial licenses, for the purpose of using community generated code in their commercial offerings. I have removed that paragraph of text. --71.168.124.11 (talk) 01:08, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

I really don't understand this article
Let's say I use the sourcecode of a multiply-licensed software. Consider Android (that article says it's dual-licensed under Apache and GPL).

The lede of this article says, "When software is multi-licensed, recipients can choose which terms they want to use or distribute the software under." Now: Let's say I am a recipient, and I want to redistribute the software myself, with or without modifications of my own. It really doesn't seem that I'm free to choose Apache license alone, when I redistribute my copy of Android, because Android contains another project's GPL code (Linux kernel and more).

So what's the real story here? Is the Android article wrong? Is it not a single dual-licensed distribution, but actually a collection of several distributions, of which some have an Apache license and some have the GPL license?

Is the article accurate and complete, or, does "multiple-licensing" actually have a different meaning, or more meanings, besides "When software is multi-licensed, recipients can choose which terms they want to use or distribute the software under"? --76.102.243.117 (talk) 20:05, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I guess that what I'm asking for is specific examples, preferably with well-known multi-licensed software like, let's just say, Mozilla, which is triple-licensed MPL/GPL/LGPL. Which is weird all by itself, because FSF says MPL and GPL are not compatible at all. Thanks for any help, here's to improving the article. --76.102.243.117 (talk) 20:22, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Multi-licensing


text:
Bampton Lectures

The Bampton Lectures at the University of Oxford, England, were founded by a bequest of John Bampton. They have taken place since 1780.

They were a series of annual lectures; since the turn of the 20th century they have typically been biennial. They continue to concentrate on Christian theological topics. The lectures have traditionally been published in book form. On a number of occasions, notably at points during the 19th century, they attracted great interest and controversy.

1780–1799

 * 1780 – James Bandinel Eight Sermons preached before the University of Oxford
 * 1781 – Timothy Neve Eight Sermons preached before the University of Oxford
 * 1782 – Robert Holmes The Prophecies and Testimony of John the Baptist, and the parallel Prophecies of Jesus Christ
 * 1783 – John Cobb Eight sermons preached before the University of Oxford
 * 1784 – Joseph White Mahometism and Christianity
 * 1785 – Ralph Churton On the Prophecies Respecting the Destruction of Jerusalem
 * 1786 – George Croft Eight Sermons preached before the University of Oxford
 * 1787 – William Hawkins Discourses on Scripture Mysteries
 * 1788 – Richard Shepherd The Ground and Credibility of the Christian Religion
 * 1789 – Edward Tatham  Chart and Scale of Truth
 * 1790 – Henry Kett A Representation of the Conduct and Opinions of the Primitive Christians, with Remarks on Gibbon and Priestley
 * 1791 – Robert Morres Eight sermons preached before the University of Oxford
 * 1792 – John Eveleigh Eight Sermons Preached before the University of Oxford
 * 1793 – James WilliamsonThe Truth, Inspiration, Authority, and End of the Scriptures, considered and defended
 * 1794 – Thomas Wintle Expediency, Prediction, and Accomplishment of the Christian Redemption Illustrated
 * 1795 – Daniel Veysie The Doctrine of Atonement illustrated and defended
 * 1796 – Robert Gray, Sermons on the Principles Upon Which the Reformation of the Church of England was Established
 * 1797 – William Finch Objections of Infidel Historians and Other Writers Against Christianity
 * 1798 – Charles Henry Hall Fulness of Time
 * 1799 – William Barrow Answers to some Popular Objections against the Necessity or the Credibility of the Christian Revelation

1800–1824

 * 1800 – George Richards The Divine Origin of Prophecy Illustrated and Defended
 * 1801 – George Stanley Faber Horae Mosaicae
 * 1802 – George Frederic Nott Religious Enthusiasm
 * 1803 – John Farrer Sermons on the Mission and Character of Christ and on the Beatitudes
 * 1804 – Richard Laurence An attempt to illustrate those articles of the Church of England, which the Calvinists improperly consider as Calvinistical
 * 1805 – Edward Nares A View of the Evidences of Christianity at the End of the Pretended Age of Reason
 * 1806 – John Browne, Fellow of Corpus Christi College Sermons preached before the University of Oxford
 * 1807 – Thomas Le Mesurier The Nature and Guilt of Schism
 * 1808 – John Penrose An Attempt to Prove the Truth of Christianity
 * 1809 – John Bayley Somers Carwithen A view of the Brahminical religion
 * 1810 – Thomas Falconer Certain Principles in Evanson's Dissonance of the 'Four generally received Evangelists'
 * 1811 – John Bidlake The Truth and Consistency of Divine Revelation
 * 1812 – Richard Mant An Appeal to the Gospel
 * 1813 – John Collinson A Key to the Writings of the Principal Fathers of the Christian Church who flourished during the first three centuries
 * 1814 – William Van Mildert The General Principles of Scripture-Interpretation
 * 1815 – Reginald Heber The Personality and Office of the Christian Comforter
 * 1816 – John Hume Spry Christian Union Doctrinally and Historically Considered
 * 1817 – John Miller The Divine Authority of Holy Scripture
 * 1818 – Charles Abel Moysey The Doctrines of Unitarians Examined
 * 1819 – Hector Davies Morgan A Compressed View of the Religious Principles and Practices of the Age
 * 1820 – Godfrey Faussett The Claims of the Established Church to exclusive attachment and support, and the Dangers which menace her from Schism and Indifference, considered
 * 1821 – John Jones The Moral Tendency of Divine Revelation
 * 1822 – Richard Whately The Use and Abuse of Party Feeling in Matters of Religion
 * 1823 – Charles Goddard The Mental Condition Necessary to a due Inquiry into Religious Evidence
 * 1824 – John Josias Conybeare An Attempt to Trace the History and to Ascertain the Limits of the Secondary and Spiritual Interpretation of Scripture

1825–1849

 * 1825 – George Chandler The Scheme of Divine Revelation Considered
 * 1826 – William Vaux The Benefits Annexed to a Participation in the Two Christian Sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper
 * 1827 – Henry Hart Milman Character and Conduct of the Apostles Considered as an Evidence of Christianity
 * 1828 – Thomas Horne The Religious Necessity of the Reformation
 * 1829 – Edward Burton Inquiry into the Heresies of the Apostolic Age
 * 1830 – Henry Soames An inquiry into the doctrines of the Anglo-Saxon church
 * 1831 – Thomas William Lancaster The Popular Evidence of Christianity
 * 1832 – Renn Dickson Hampden The Scholastic Philosophy considered in its relation to Christian Theology
 * 1833 – Frederick Nolan Analogy of Revelation and Science Established
 * 1834 – Richard Laurence An Attempt to illustrate those Articles of the Church of England which the Calvinists improperly consider as Calvinistical
 * 1836 – Charles Atmore Ogilvie Eight Sermons
 * 1837 – Thomas S. L. Vogan The Principal Objections against the Doctrine of the Triniy
 * 1838 – Henry Arthur Woodgate The Authoritative Teaching of the Church
 * 1839 – William Daniel Conybeare An analytical examination into ... the writings of the Christian Fathers during the Ante-Nicene period
 * 1840 – Edward Hawkins Connected Principles
 * 1841 – Samuel Wilberforce was invited to lecture butwithdrew following the death of his wife Emily
 * 1842 – James Garbett Christ, as Prophet, Priest, and King
 * 1843 – Anthony Grant The Past and Prospective Extension of the Gospel By Missions to the Heathen
 * 1844 – Richard Wiliam Jelf An inquiry into the means of grace, their mutual connection, and combined use, with especial reference to the Church of England
 * 1845 – Charles Abel Heurtley Justification
 * 1846 – Augustus Short The Witness of the Spirit with our Spirit
 * 1847 – Walter Augustus Shirley
 * 1848 – Edward Garrard Marsh The Christian Doctrine of Sanctification
 * 1849 – Richard Michell The Nature and Comparative Value of the Christian Evidences

1850–1874

 * 1850 – Edward Meyrick Goulburn The Resurrection of the Body
 * 1851 – Henry Bristow Wilson The Communion of Saints
 * 1852 – Joseph Esmond Riddle The Natural History of Infidelity and Superstition in contrast with Christian Faith
 * 1853 – William Thomson The Atoning Work of Christ viewed in Relation to some Ancient Theories
 * 1854 – Samuel Waldegrave New Testament Millenarianism
 * 1855 – John Ernest Bode The Absence of Precision in the Formularies of the Church of England
 * 1856 – Edward Arthur Litton The Mosaic Dispensation Considered as Introductory to Christianity
 * 1857 – William Edward Jelf Christian Faith, Comprehensive, not Partial; Definite, not Uncertain
 * 1858 – Henry Longueville Mansel The Limits of Religious Thought
 * 1859 – George Rawlinson Historic Evidence for the Truth of the Christian Records
 * 1860 – James Augustus Hessey On Sunday: its Origin, History, and Present Obligation
 * 1861 – John Sandford The Mission and Extension of the Church at Home
 * 1862 – Adam Storey Farrar A Critical History of Free Thought in reference to the Christian Religion
 * 1863 – John Hannah The Relation between the Divine and Human Elements in Holy Scripture
 * 1864 – Thomas Dehany Bernard The Progress of Doctrine in the New Testament
 * 1865 – James Bowling Mozley Miracles
 * 1866 – Henry Parry Liddon The Divinity of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ
 * 1867 – Edward Garbett Dogmatic Faith, an inquiry into the relation subsisting between revelation and dogma
 * 1868 – George Moberly The Administration of the Holy Spirit in the Body of Christ
 * 1869 – Robert Payne Smith Prophecy a Preparation for Christ
 * 1870 – William Josiah Irons Christianity as Taught by St. Paul
 * 1871 – George Herbert Curteis Dissent, in Its Relation to the Church of England
 * 1872 – John Richard Turner Eaton The Permanence of Christianity
 * 1873 – Isaac Gregory Smith Characteristics of Christian Morality
 * 1874 – Stanley Leathes The Religion of the Christ

1875–1899

 * 1875 – William Jackson, FSA Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford The Doctrine of Retribution
 * 1876 – William Alexander The Witness of the Psalms to Christ and Christianity
 * 1877 – Charles Adolphus Row Christian evidences viewed in relation to modern thought
 * 1878 – Charles Henry Hamilton Wright Zechariah and his Prophecies Considered in Relation to Modern Criticism
 * 1879 – Henry Wace The Foundations of Faith
 * 1880 – Edwin Hatch The Origin of Early Christian Churches
 * 1881 – John Wordsworth The One Religion: truth, holiness and peace desired by the nations, and revealed by Jesus Christ
 * 1882 – Peter Goldsmith Medd The One Mediator
 * 1883 – William Henry Fremantle The World as the Subject of Redemption
 * 1884 – Frederick Temple The Relations between Religion and Science
 * 1885 – Frederic William Farrar The History of Interpretation
 * 1886 – Charles Bigg The Christian Platonists of Alexandria
 * 1887 – William Boyd Carpenter Permanent Elements of Religion
 * 1888 – Robert Edward Bartlett The Letter and the Spirit
 * 1889 – Thomas Kelly Cheyne The Origin and Contents of the Psalter
 * 1890 – Henry William Watkins Modern Criticism considered in its Relation to the Fourth Gospel
 * 1891 – Charles Gore The Incarnation of the Son of God
 * 1892 – Alfred Barry Some Light of Science on the Faith
 * 1893 – William Sanday Inspiration
 * 1894 – John Richardson Illingworth Personality, Human and Divine
 * 1895 – Thomas Banks Strong Christian Ethics
 * 1897 – Robert Lawrence Ottley Aspects of the Old Testament
 * 1899 – William Ralph Inge Christian Mysticism (online text)

1900–1949

 * 1901 – Archibald Robertson Regnum Dei
 * 1903 – William Holden Hutton The Influence of Christianity Upon National Character
 * 1905 – Frederick William Bussell Christian Theology and Social Progress
 * 1907 – James Hamilton Francis Peile Reproach of the Gospel: An Inquiry into the Apparent Failure of Christianity
 * 1909 – Walter Hobhouse Church and the World: in Idea and in History
 * 1911 – John Huntley Skrine Creed and the Creeds: Their Function in Religion
 * 1913 – George Edmundson The Church in Rome in the First Century
 * 1915 – Hastings Rashdall The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology
 * 1920 – Arthur Cayley Headlam Doctrine of the Church and Christian Reunion
 * 1922 – Leighton Pullan Religion Since the Reformation
 * 1924 – Norman Powell Williams The Ideas of the Fall and of Original Sin
 * 1926 – Alfred Edward John Rawlinson New Testament Doctrine of the Christ
 * 1928 – Kenneth E. Kirk The Vision of God: The Christian Doctrine of the Summum Bonum ISBN 0-8192-2087-6
 * 1930 – Laurence Grensted Psychology and God a study of the implications of recent psychology for religious belief and practice
 * 1932 – B. H. Streeter Buddha and the Christ
 * 1934 – Robert Henry Lightfoot History and Interpretation in the Gospels
 * 1936 – Frank Herbert Brabant Time and eternity in Christian thought
 * 1938 – Alfred Guillaume Prophecy and Divination among the Hebrews and other Semites
 * 1940 – George Leonard Prestige Fathers and Heretics ISBN 0-281-00452-8
 * 1942 – Trevor Gervase Jalland The Church and the Papacy: a Historical Study
 * 1944 – Spencer Leeson Christian Education
 * 1946 – Philip Arthur Micklem The Secular and the Sacred
 * 1948 – Austin Farrer The Glass of Vision

1950–1999

 * 1952 – Robert Leslie Pollington Milburn Early Christian Interpretations of History
 * 1954 – Henry Ernest William Turner The Pattern of Christian Truth: A Study in the Relations Between Orthodoxy and Heresy in the Early Church
 * 1955 – Thomas Maynard Parker Christianity and the State in the Light of History
 * 1956 – E. L. Mascall Christian Theology and Natural Science: Some Questions on their Relations
 * 1958 – John Gordon Davies He Ascended Into Heaven
 * 1960 - Eric Waldram Kemp "Counsel and Consent"
 * 1962 – Alan Richardson History Sacred and Profane
 * 1964 – Stephen Neill Church and Christian Union
 * 1966 – David Edward Jenkins The Glory of Man
 * 1968 – Frederick William Dillistone Traditional Symbols and the Contemporary World
 * 1970 – Cheslyn Jones Christ and Christianity: a study in origins in the light of St Paul
 * 1972 – Howard E. Root "The Limits of Radicalism"
 * 1974 – Peter Baelz The Forgotten Dream: Experience, Hope and God
 * 1976 – Geoffrey W. H. Lampe God As Spirit ISBN 0-19-826644-8
 * 1978 – A. R. Peacocke Creation and the World of Science
 * 1980 – Anthony E. Harvey Jesus and the Constraints of History
 * 1982 – Peter Hinchcliff Holiness and Politics ISBN 0-232-51502-6
 * 1984 – J. A. T. Robinson The Priority of John
 * 1986 – Maurice Wiles God's Action in the World
 * 1988 – John Barton "People of the Book?"
 * 1990 – Alister E. McGrath Genesis of Doctrine: a Study in the Foundations of Doctrinal Criticism
 * 1992 – Colin Gunton The One, the Three and the Many: God, Creation and the Culture of Modernity ISBN 0-521-42184-5
 * 1994 – Eric William Heaton The School Tradition of the Old Testament
 * 1996 – Ursula King Christ in All Things: Exploring Spirituality With Teilhard De Chardin ISBN 1-57075-115-3

2000–present

 * 2000 – John Habgood Varieties of Unbelief
 * 2001 – David Fergusson Church, State and Civil Society ISBN 0-521-52959-X
 * 2003 – Oliver O'Donovan The Ways of Judgment ISBN 978-0-8028-2920-7
 * 2005 – Paul S. Fiddes Seeing the world and knowing God: ancient wisdom and modern doctrine
 * 2007 – Raymond Plant Religion, Citizenship and Liberal Pluralism
 * 2009 – Richard Parish Catholic Particularity in Seventeenth-Century French Writing: Christianity is Strange
 * 2011 – Frances Young God's Presence: A Contemporary Recapitulation Of Early Christianity
 * 2013 – Michael Banner Imagining life: Christ and the human condition
 * 2015 – David F. Ford, Daring Spirit: John's Gospel Now
 * 2017 – George Pattison A Phenomenology of the Devout Life
 * 2019 – Peter Harrison Rethinking Relations Between Science and Religion YouTube Published as Some New World: Myths of Supernatural Belief in a Secular Age
 * 2021 – Jessica Martin Four-Dimensional Eucharist
 * 2022 - Alec Ryrie The age of Hitler, and how we can escape it
 * 2023 - Willie James Jennings Jesus and the Displaced: Christology and the Redemption of Habitation
 * 2024 - Rowan Williams Recognizing Strangers: Solidarity and Christian Ethics

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bampton Lectures


text:
Springfield, West Virginia

Springfield is a census-designated place (CDP) in northwestern Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, Springfield had a population of 477. Springfield is located north of Romney along West Virginia Route 28 at its junction with Green Spring Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 1) and Springfield Pike (West Virginia Secondary Route 3).

History
Established on December 16, 1790, at the "Cross Roads" of Hampshire County on the property of William and Samuel Abernethy by an act of the Virginia General Assembly, Springfield was named in commemoration of the Battle of Springfield (1780).

George Washington first visited the Springfield area in 1748 as a member of a party that surveyed the land holdings of Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in the South Branch Potomac River Valley.

In June 1861, the town organized a company of men known as the "Potomac Guards" in support of the Confederacy. The company was under the command of Captain Philip T. Grace.

On August 23, 1861, Springfield played host to an American Civil War skirmish between the Unionists and the Confederates.

Historic Sites
Today, Springfield is the site of a number of historic private residences dating from the 18th and 19th Centuries.
 * 63 Springfield Pike (1860), Springfield Pike (CR 3)
 * Ridgedale (George W. Washington Farm), Washington Bottom Road (CR 28/3)
 * Frenchwood, Route 28 South and Market Street
 * The house is currently being restored. Captain John W. Shouse supposedly built the circa 1855 brick house.
 * Springfield United Methodist Church, Vine Street

Churches

 * Assembly of God
 * Community Bible Assembly of God Church, Poland Road (CR 28/2)
 * Springfield Assembly of God Church, WV Route 28
 * Methodist
 * Springfield United Methodist Church, Vine Street
 * Pentecostal
 * Emmanuel House of Prayer, WV Route 28
 * Presbyterian
 * Springfield Presbyterian Church, Market Street (WV Route 28)

title: Springfield, West Virginia


text:
Robin Eubanks

Robin Eubanks (born October 25, 1955) is an American jazz and jazz fusion slide trombonist, the brother of guitarist Kevin Eubanks and trumpeter Duane Eubanks. Younger brother Shane Eubanks, twin to Duane Eubanks, is a DJ. His uncles are jazz pianist Ray Bryant and bassist Tommy Bryant. His mother, Vera Eubanks, was famed pianist Kenny Barron's first piano teacher.

Biography
Robin Eubanks was born on October 25, 1955, in Philadelphia. After graduating cum laude from the University of the Arts, he moved to New York City where he first appeared on the jazz scene in the early 1980s. He played with Slide Hampton, Sun Ra, and Stevie Wonder. Eubanks also the musical director with the jazz drummer Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers. He also was a member of jazz drummer Elvin Jones Jazz Machine. He was a contributor on fellow jazz trombonist Steve Turre's 2003 release One4J: Paying Homage to J.J. Johnson. Eubanks has also released several albums as a bandleader.

He played for 15 years in double bassist Dave Holland's quintet, sextet, octet and big band. J.J. Johnson recommended Eubanks for the position at the Oberlin Conservatory in Ohio, where he taught for 20 years as a tenured professor of Jazz Trombone and Jazz Composition until his resignation for sexual misconduct. He has also taught at New England Conservatory and Berklee College of Music in Boston. He was a member in the all-star group the SFJAZZ Collective for 10 years 2008-2019. His notable students include trombonist Andy Hunter of the WDR Big Band.

Robin is one of the pioneers of M-Base. He has appeared on numerous television shows and specials, including The Tonight Show, Saturday Night Live and The Grammys. he also pioneered the use of electronic effects with the trombone.

Robin is a frequent lecturer, guest soloist and clinician at various colleges and universities in the U.S. and around the world.

Eubanks was voted #1 Trombonist by Down Beat magazine and Jazz Times.

As leader

 * Different Perspectives (JMT, 1988)
 * Dedication (JMT, 1989) - with Steve Turre
 * Karma (JMT, 1990)
 * Mental Images (JMT, 1994)
 * Wake Up Call (Sirocco Jazz, 1997)
 * Robin Eubanks Sextet: 4: JJ / Slide / Curtis and Al (TCB, 1998)
 * Mental Images: Get 2 It (REM, 2001)
 * EB3 Live Vol. 1 (CD and DVD, RKM, 2007)
 * Robin Eubanks and Mental Images: Klassik RocK Vol. 1 (Artistshare, 2014)
 * Robin Eubanks and the Mass Line Big Band: More Than Meets The Ear (Artistshare, 2015)

As sideman
With Geri Allen With Art Blakey With Steve Coleman With Sonny Fortune With Craig Handy With Joe Henderson With Dave Holland With Ronald Shannon Jackson With Elvin Jones With Bobby Previte With Hank Roberts With Herb Robertson With others
 * Open on All Sides in the Middle (Minor Music, 1987)
 * The Gathering (Verve, 1998)
 * Not Yet (Soul Note, 1988)
 * I Get a Kick Out of Bu (Soul Note, 1988)
 * World Expansion (JMT, 1987)
 * A Better Understanding (Blue Note, 1995)
 * Split Second Timing (Arabesque, 1992)
 * Reflections in Change (Sirocco Music, 1999)
 * Big Band (1996)
 * The Razor's Edge (ECM, 1987)
 * Points of View (ECM, 1998)
 * Prime Directive (ECM, 1999)
 * What Goes Around (ECM, 2002)
 * Not for Nothin' (ECM, 2001)
 * Extended Play: Live at Birdland (ECM, 2003)
 * Pathways (Dare2, 2010)
 * Decode Yourself (Island, 1985)
 * The Truth: Heard Live at the Blue Note (Half Note, 1999)
 * Weather Clear, Track Fast (Enja, 1991)
 * Slay the Suitors (Avant, 1993)
 * Hue and Cry (Enja, 1993)
 * Black Pastels (JMT, 1988)
 * Shades of Bud Powell (JMT, 1988)
 * Betty Carter: The Music Never Stops (Blue Engine, 2019)
 * Kenny Drew: Follow the Spirit (Sirocco Jazz, 2000)
 * Bill Hardman: What's Up (SteepleChase, 1989)
 * Andrew Hill: But Not Farewell (Blue Note, 1990)
 * Abdullah Ibrahim: Good News from Africa: Portrait (Enja, 1990)
 * Joe Jackson: Symphony No. 1 (Sony Classical, 1999)
 * J. J. Johnson: The Brass Orchestra (PolyGram, 1996)
 * B.B. King: Live at the Apollo (MCA, 1990)
 * Mingus Big Band: Essential Mingus Big Band (Dreyfus, 1996)
 * Barbra Streisand: The Concert (Sony, 1994)
 * Sun Ra: Other Side of the Sun (Universe, 1978)
 * Superblue: Superblue 2 (Blue Note, 1989)
 * Talking Heads: Naked (Sire, 1988)
 * McCoy Tyner Big Band: Uptown/Downtown (Milestone, 1988)
 * McCoy Tyner: Uptown/Downtown (WEA, 2000)
 * The Uniphonics: Crawl (2010)
 * Grover Washington Jr.: All My Tomorrows (Sony, 1994)
 * Sadao Watanabe: Remembrance (Verve, 1999)
 * Chip White: Harlem Sunset (Postcards, 1994)

title: Robin Eubanks


text:
User talk:Exmachina~enwiki

Welcome!
Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place — I sure do — and want to stay. Before getting too in-depth, you may want to read about the five pillars of Wikipedia. If you need help on how to title new articles check out the naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and the FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check the Village Pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or the Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on my user talk page. ---

Additional tips
Here's some extra tips to help you get around in the 'pedia!
 * If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes (~). If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
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 * If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.
 * If you're still entirely confused, or would like to get a better grasp of your wikipedia skills, and you have an IRC client (or don't mind getting one), check out the Bootcamp. It's not what it sounds like, but it is fun and can help you with your editing skills.
 * If you're bored and want to find something to do, try the Random page button in the sidebar, or check out the Open Task message in the Community Portal.

Happy Wiki-ing.
— Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' 16:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Superfecundation
Hi there. Thanks for your contributions to superfecundation and your message on my talk page. I have a lot of interest in pregnancy and birth, having written breastfeeding and various other health and biology articles. I actually first heard about superfecundation from one of my other favourite sites - The Straight Dope (http://www.straightdope.com/columns), which has been an inspiration for a few of my articles.

As for making your own articles, well I tend to come up with things that I find out from other websites, books or even tv and film (I wrote Osteogenesis imperfecta after watching Unbreakable and noticing that the article didn't exist). Many people write articles based on requests (Requested articles/Applied arts and sciences may interest you) or missing articles. There are also WikiProjects such as Clinical medicine which have collaborative efforts or details of those articles which need creating or expanding. My best advice is to just write about what interests you.

If you have any questions, or need help with anything at all, feel free to drop me a line on my talk page. Enjoy your editting! violet/riga (t) 11:44, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

wikiversity
If you cast a wikiversity vote, please make a link at your Wikimedia meta-wiki user page linking back to your wikipedia user page. If you do not do so, your vote will not count. --JWSchmidt 15:08, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

MfD nomination of Talk:Carpal tunnel/to do
Talk:Carpal tunnel/to do, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Talk:Carpal tunnel/to do and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Talk:Carpal tunnel/to do during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Tom (LT) (talk) 01:28, 8 November 2014 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Exmachina. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Exmachina~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:44, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Exmachina~enwiki


text:
Khara

Khara can refer to

Places

 * Khara, Iran, a village in Isfahan Province, Iran
 * Khara-Khoto, the ruins of a medieval city in western Mongolia
 * Khara, Pakistan, a town in Punjab, Pakistan
 * Khara, Nepal, a village in Nepal
 * Khara, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India

Other uses

 * Khara, a character in the ancient Sanskrit epic the Ramayana
 * Khara (surname), Surname or clan (ਖਰ੍ਹਾ) - Alternate transliterations are Khaara, Khaira, Khahra, Khehra - in Northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan
 * Studio Khara, an animation studio associated with Hideaki Anno
 * Khara Boondi, an Indian spicy snack made of chickpeas
 * Khara, the fictional disease that destroyed planet 4546B thousands of years ago in the video game Subnautica.

title: Khara


text:
M83 (album)

M83 is the debut studio album by French electronic music band M83, released on 18 April 2001 on Gooom. The album was reissued on 6 September 2005 on Mute Records for its North American release, and is thus sometimes referred to as 0905.

Produced by both M83 and Morgan Daguenet, the album is predominantly instrumental, with dialogue samples from various films and television programmes appearing across the songs. The track titles, if read sequentially, form a short story.

Background and recording
Recorded as a duo by founding members, Anthony Gonzalez and Nicolas Fromageau, the album was recorded at Echotone, in the Autumn of 2000, with co-producer Morgan Daguenet. The track "Slowly", included on the album's 2005 reissue, was recorded two years later at the same location.

Personnel
M83
 * Anthony Gonzalez
 * Nicolas Fromageau

Recording personnel
 * M83 − production, mixing
 * Morgan Daguenet − production, mixing

Artwork
 * Stylophone − design

title: M83 (album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Made it Whack

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Userfy --Allen3 talk 12:36, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

Made it Whack
Lyrics of some song. This is linked from User:Admiral Roo's page, along with a bunch of other similar lyrics pages. Userfy if the song is Admiral Roo's own work, otherwise delete as a copyvio. — J I P | Talk 16:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Agree with above, but contact Admiral Roo. Howabout1 Talk to me! 16:31, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

See my entry on Talk:Made it Whack. --Admiral Roo 17:56, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:220.174.163.236

title: User talk:220.174.163.236


text:
User:Nish sengal

Nish.

title: User:Nish sengal


text:
Category:Phocaean colonies

Colonies in antiquity founded by Phocaeans.

title: Category:Phocaean colonies


text:
Talk:Adolf Wahrmund

Untitled
Adolf true mouth? http://216.239.39.104/translate_c?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://lexikon.freenet.de/Adolf_Wahrmund&prev=/search%3Fq%3DAdolf%2BWahrmund%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D Same person? --Sourduck 16:30, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adolf Wahrmund


text:
Banca

Banca may refer to:

Places

 * Bangka Island, an island lying east of Sumatra, part of Indonesia
 * Banca, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département, France
 * Banca, Tasmania, a locality in Tasmania, Australia
 * Banca, Vaslui, a commune in Vaslui County, Romania
 * Banca, a village in Dealu Morii Commune, Bacău County, Romania

Other

 * Banca or Bangka (boat), a Philippine outrigger canoe

title: Banca


text:
Nuclear Power Corporation of India

The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is an Indian public sector undertaking based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is wholly owned by the Government of India and is responsible for the generation of electricity from nuclear power. NPCIL is administered by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).

NPCIL was created in September 1987 under the Companies Act 1956, "with the objective of undertaking the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the atomic power stations for generation of electricity in pursuance of the schemes and programmes of the Government of India under the provision of the Atomic Energy Act 1962." All nuclear power plants operated by the company are certified for ISO-14001 (Environment Management System).

NPCIL was the sole body responsible for constructing and operating India's commercial nuclear power plants until setting up of BHAVINI Vidyut Nigam in October 2003. As of 10 August 2012 the company had 21 nuclear reactors in operation at seven locations, a total installed capacity of 7380 MWe. Subsequent to the government's decision to allow private companies to provide nuclear power, the company has experienced problems with private enterprises "poaching" its employees.

title: Nuclear Power Corporation of India


text:
Veleti

The Veleti, also known as Veletians, Wilzi, Wielzians, and Wiltzes, were a group of medieval Lechitic tribes within the territory of Western Pomerania, related to Polabian Slavs. They had formed together the Confederation of the Veleti, also known as the Union of the Veleti, a loose monarchic confederation of the tribes. Said state existed between the 6th and 10th centuries, after which, it was succeeded by the Lutician Federation.

Name
The name Veleti stems from the root vel- ('high, tall'). The Veleti were called by other names, probably given by their neighbours, such as Lutices, Ljutici, or Volki, Volčki. The latter means 'wolf', and the former probably 'fierce creature' based upon the comparison with the belarusian definition lyutyj zvěr.  In common with other Slavic groups between the Elbe and Oder Rivers, they were often described by Germanic sources as Wends. In the late 10th century, they were continued by the Lutici. In Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni, the Wilzi are said to refer to themselves as Welatabians.

Veleti tribes
The first mention of a tribe named Veltae is found in Ptolemy's second-century Geography, Book III, chapter V: "Back from the Ocean, near the Venedicus Bay [Baltic Sea], the Veltae dwell, above whom are the Ossi." The Bavarian Geographer's anonymous medieval document compiled in Regensburg in 830 contains a list of the tribes in Central Europe east of the Elbe. Among other tribes it also lists the Uuilci (Veleti), featuring 95 civitates.

The Veleti did not remain a unified tribe for long: local tribes developed, the most important being: the Kissini (Kessiner, Chizzinen, Kyzziner) along the lower Warnow and Rostock, named after their capital Kessin; the Circipani (Zirzipanen) along the Trebel and Peene Rivers, with their capital believed to be Teterow and strongholds in Demmin and probably even Güstrow; the Tollenser east and south of the Peene along the Tollense River; and the Redarier south and east of the Tollensesee on the upper Havel. The Hevelli living in the Havel area and, though more unlikely, the Rujanes of Rugia might once have been part of the Veletians. Even the Leitha region of Lower Austria may have been named for a tribe of Veleti, the Leithi.

This political splitting of the Veleti probably occurred due to the size of the inhabited area, with settlements grouped around rivers and forts and separated by large strips of woodlands. Also, the Veletian king Dragowit had been defeated and made a vassal by Charlemagne in the only expedition into Slavic territory led by Charlemagne himself, in 789, causing the central Veletian rule to collapse. The Veleti were invaded by the Franks during their continuous expeditions into Obodrite lands, with the Obodrites being allies of the Franks against the Saxons. Einhard made these claims in "Vita Karoli Magni" (Life of Charles the Great), a biography of Charlemagne, King of the Franks.

After the 10th century, the Veleti disappeared from written records, and were replaced by the Lutici who at least in part continued the Veleti tradition.

Known leaders

 * Dragovit (c. 740–810)
 * Liub (810–823)
 * Milegast (823–823)
 * Cealadragus (823–?)

title: Veleti


text: User talk:141.158.97.121

title: User talk:141.158.97.121


text:
Category:Achaean colonies

Colonies in antiquity founded by Dorian Achaeans (not to be confused with Mycenaean Achaeans)

title: Category:Achaean colonies


text:
SEAT 133

The SEAT 133 is a small rear-engined car designed and sold by SEAT in Spain from 1974 until 1979, and until 1982 to export markets. The car used the chassis and engine of the by then defunct Fiat/SEAT 850 and featured a new body in the style of the contemporary, somewhat bigger and only indirectly related Fiat 127.

History
The car was first exhibited at the Barcelona Motor Show in May 1974. It was developed by SEAT, with which Italian company Fiat had signed an agreement of collaboration in the 1950s. The 133's design premise was that it had to be a cheap car both to develop and build. Thus, the final product inherited most of its components from the SEAT 850 (or very closely related Fiat 850).

The 133 effectively replaced the SEAT 850 and the SEAT 600 both of which had been produced in considerable numbers with around 800,000 of the more venerable 600 built – almost exclusively for the domestic market - by 1974.

Initially the 133 was only sold in Spain and did not enjoy great success, since it suffered from frequent overheating problems. It was intended to replace the old 600 and 850 models, and was also meant to provide a means for SEAT to open new markets and make up for the loss of sales in Spain that would come with the disappearance of the restrictions in car imports during the 1970s. Export rates were higher than for the 133's predecessors (as well as the remainder of the SEAT range), reaching 36.7 percent in 1976. Up to 200,000 SEAT 133s had been produced by 1979 in Spain.

Noteworthy at that time was the engine's compression ratio of only 8:1, which permitted the car to run on 85 octane petrol/gasoline. This was still appropriate in Spain, but elsewhere in western Europe even "regular" fuel grades by now generally guaranteed a higher minimum octane rating.

As with the 850, it was a rear-wheel drive, rear-engined car – a layout that was being supplanted by front-engined, front-wheel drive hatchbacks like the Renault 5 and Fiat's own Fiat 127 at the time. Reflecting the rear engine lay-out, there was just a small well for parcels behind the back seats, with more room for luggage at the front boot.

Export markets
The SEAT 133 was named as the Fiat 133 in certain export markets where the SEAT brand was unknown. Around 127,000 units were exported, mostly under the Fiat name.

The SEAT 133 was exported to Germany from the autumn/Fall of 1974: there it found some success among rear-wheel-drive loyalists in the mid-seventies. It was also sold in Britain from June 1975. These countries had no SEAT dealership network at the time, and the cars were branded as Fiat 133s, to be marketed alongside the Fiats 126 and 127.

From 1977 to 1980 the Fiat Argentine subsidiary built them, also under the Fiat name, and from 1981 to 1982 by Sevel Argentina. Around 15,821 Fiat 133 were made in the Fiat/Sevel Plant at Córdoba, Argentina, between 1977 and 1982.

A sporty version called FIAT 133 T IAVA developed by Industria Argentina de Vehículos de Avanzada (IAVA) was made between 1979 and 1980.

In April 1977, it was announced that Egypt was about to become the world's 32nd car-producing country. This followed the signing of an agreement for the shipment of CKD kits from Seat's Barcelona plant to the Helwan premises of the Nasr Automotive Manufacturing Company for assembly, in order to supply the Egyptian market and for export to Iraq.

Motorsport
The 133 is popular in the Finnish low-budget motorsport called jokamiesluokka, a local folk racing series, where over 30 percent of the drivers chose to drive Fiat 133s at one point.

title: SEAT 133


text:
Talk:Petit Jean State Park

Self-linking through redirects
Does it make sense to mention Petit Jean Mountain as a link, seeing as how that just redirects back to Petit Jean State Park? N0YKG 16:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Nope. It is against policy. Jecowa 18:46, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for

—76.172.62.228 (talk) 17:55, 7 May 2017 (UTC)
 * There doesn't seem to have been much wrong with the coordinates in the article, and you haven't said what you think is wrong with them. Nevertheless, I've reduced their precision and moved them somewhat nearer the center of the park. If you still think the coordinates are erroneous, please provide a clear explanation of the problem. Deor (talk) 21:44, 7 May 2017 (UTC)

Proposed merge with CCC architecture of Petit Jean State Park
Target article is small; no reason for this to be split out in separate article MB 02:06, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a good idea to me. The CCC history of the place is well-told throughout the park. It is definitely an integral part of the park, not just a side topic.  Brandonrush Woo pig sooie!  04:00, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 06:19, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petit Jean State Park


text:
Talk:University of Wolverhampton/to do

 * Replace list of campuses with more detailed campus sections . Added --Webteam-wlv (talk) 16:28, 5 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Replace list of schools with more detailed school sections.
 * Bring to History section up-to-date . | History section updated --Webteam-wlv (talk) 15:44, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of Wolverhampton/to do


text: File:ClassicsBWCover.jpg

title: File:ClassicsBWCover.jpg


text:
User:Deus ex machina/French grammar

Je suis heureux que vous êtes venu à ma façon

Verbs
Verbs are classified by the endings on their infinitive forms: an "-er verb," for example, is a verb ending in -er. The great majority of verbs are -er verbs, but there are many -ir verbs, and a few -re verbs. Historically, these groups descend from Latin's -are, -ire, and -ere verbs, respectively.

In most -ir verbs, the suffix -ir becomes the infix -iss- in parts of the conjugation; this infix descends from Latin's inchoative infix -isc-, which is also the root of Italian's -isc- and Romanian's -esc-. From the French infix -iss-, English derives several inchoative verbs ending in -ish, such as finish (from finir), polish (from polir), and nourish (from nourrir).

Most verbs are conjugated by adding various endings to the verb stem, where the stem is obtained by removing the ending from the infinitive; however, -er, -ir, and -re verbs are all conjugated differently from one another, and there are many irregular verbs. The choice of ending to add depends on the subject's person (first, second, or third person) and number (singular or plural), as well as on the verb's own mood, tense, and aspect. However, many endings will be the same for multiple verb forms, or will be homophones (spelled differently, but pronounced the same), such that subject pronouns are obligatory in modern French: without the pronouns, "je chante" ("I sing") and "il chante" ("he sings") would be indistinguishable, and in speech, both would be indistinguishable from "tu chantes" ("you sing").

Moods
As with English verbs, French verbs are conjugated in three moods: an indicative (l'indicatif), an imperative (l'impératif), and a subjunctive (le subjonctif). While the rules that determine the correct mood are quite complex, they are simplified and summarized in the following table:

Many linguists consider a fourth mood, the conditional (le conditionnel), which is used in almost exactly the same circumstances as the conditional in English. In French, « Je le ferais si j'avais assez de temps » is "I would do it if I had enough time" in English. Other linguists consider the conditional to be a specific tense within the indicative mood. The two camps do not disagree in the rules for when and how to use the conditional.

Tenses and aspects of the indicative mood
The indicative mood has five "simple" (synthetic) tenses: the present (le présent), the simple past (le passé simple), the imperfect (l'imparfait), the future (le futur), and the conditional (le conditionnel). Note that, as discussed above, the conditional can be considered a separate mood completely, rather than a tense of the indicative. The use of the various tenses is described in the following table:

Additionally, the indicative has five compound (two-word) tenses, each of which results from applying the perfect aspect (e.g., "have done") to one of the above simple tenses. These tenses are used to indicate events prior to the corresponding simple tenses; for example, « A ce moment-là, il se souvint de ce qu'il avait promis » ("At that moment, he remembered what he had promised"). In addition, except in literature or very formal speeches, the present perfect is used in modern French wherever the simple past would have been used in older or more literary writing. Since this use is much more common than its use as a true present perfect, it is usually called the compound past (le passé composé). Further, where older or more literary French would have used the perfect aspect of the simple past tense (le passé antérieur), modern non-literary French uses the pluperfect (le plus-que-parfait; the perfect aspect of the imperfect tense), or sometimes a new form called the surcomposé (literally, "over-compound"), which re-applies the perfect aspect to the compound past, resulting in a structure like « Je l'ai eu fait » (literally, "I've had done it").

Unlike English or Spanish, French does not mark for a continuous aspect. Thus, "I am doing it" (continuous) and "I do it" (not) both translate to the same sentence in French: « Je le fais. » However, this information is often clear from context; and in the case of the past tense, the difference between the imperfect tense and the simple and compound past tenses is often the difference between continuous and not.

Tenses and aspects of the subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood has only two simple tenses: a present (le présent du subjonctif) and an imperfect (l'imparfait du subjonctif). Of these, only the present is used nowadays; like the simple past indicative, the imperfect subjunctive is only found in older and more literary works. When both tenses are used, there is no difference in meaning between the two; the present is used in subordinate clauses whose main clauses are in a present or future tense, as well as in the few main clauses that use the subjunctive, and the imperfect is used in subordinate clauses whose main clauses are in a past tense. Except in literature and very formal speeches, modern French uses the present subjunctive wherever an older or more literary work would use the imperfect.

As with the indicative, the subjunctive also has one compound tense for each simple tense. The difference between the present perfect subjunctive (le passé du subjonctif) and the pluperfect subjunctive (le plus-que-parfait du subjonctif) is analogous to the difference between the present subjunctive and imperfect subjunctive; of the two, only the present perfect subjunctive is found in modern French.

Tenses and aspects in other verb forms
The tenses and aspects of other verb forms are mostly as in English, except for the lack of a continuous aspect marking:

 * The imperative only has a present tense, with a rarely-used perfect aspect: "fais-le" means "do it," while "aie-le fait" means "have done it."
 * The infinitive has a present tense, with a perfect aspect: "faire" means "to do," while "avoir fait" means "to have done."
 * There is a present participle, with a perfect aspect: "faisant" means "doing," while "ayant fait" means "having done." As noted above, this participle is not used in forming a continuous aspect. Further, it cannot be used as a noun, in the way that present participles in English have the same form as gerunds; the only noun verbal is the infinitive.
 * There is a separate past participle: "fait" means "done." As in English, it can be used in the passive voice, in the perfect aspect, or on its own as an adjective. The past participle has no perfect aspect, except arguably in the special surcomposée tense described above.

Compound tense auxiliary verbs
In French, all compound tenses are formed with an auxiliary verb (either être "to be" or avoir "to have"). Most verbs use avoir as their auxiliary verb. The exceptions are fourteen commonly used verbs of motion or change of state, as well as their derivatives, and all reflexive verbs. Those fourteen verbs, plus three common compounds, are:

 * monter¹ - to climb/go up
 * rester - to stay
 * sortir¹ - to go out
 * venir - to come
 * (devenir - to become)
 * (revenir - to get back)
 * aller - to go
 * naître - to be born
 * descendre¹ - to go down
 * entrer - to enter
 * (rentrer - to return)
 * retourner - to send back/ to return
 * tomber - to fall
 * arriver - to arrive
 * mourir - to die
 * partir - to leave or part
 * (passer¹ - to pass by)

¹ If these verbs have direct objects, they are conjugated with avoir.

As is implied above, these verbs spell the mnemonic "Mrs. Vandertamp" (or "Dr Mrs Vandertramp" if the three compounds are included).

In other Romance languages, such as Italian, this exact same distinction is made between the two auxiliary verbs. The semantic basis for it lies in the quality of the subject; where the subject is not an active agent or initiator of the action or change (that is, when it is an unaccusative verb) the auxiliary être is used.

The distinction between the two auxiliary verbs is important for the correct formation of the compound tenses and is also essential to the agreement of the past participle.

Past participles
The past participle is used in French as both an adjective and to form all the compound tenses of the language. When it is used as an adjective, it follows all the regular adjective agreement rules, but when it is used in compound tenses, it follows special agreement rules.

-er verbs form the participle by changing the -er ending to -é, -ir verbs by changing -ir to -i, and -re verbs by changing to -u. Therefore, the past participle of parler, "to speak", is parlé; for finir, "to finish", fini, and for vendre, "to sell", vendu.

The rules of agreement for past participles differ for avoir verbs and être verbs. For avoir verbs, the past participle does not agree with the subject, but it will agree with a direct object that comes before the verb, either in the form of a pronoun or a relative clause using que: elles ont mangé les fraises que j'avais cueillies. Elles les ont mangées.

For the fourteen commonly used être verbs, the past participle always agrees with the subject: elles sont parties.

For reflexive verbs, the past participle agrees with the direct object of the sentence if the direct object is a reflexive pronoun. For most sentences, the past participle agrees with the subject. For example, in « Elles se sont lavées, » the direct object is se, referring to the feminine third-person plural elles; therefore, -es'' is added for agreement. However, in sentences such as « Elles se sont lavé les mains, » the direct object is les mains, not se and nothing is added to the past participle. In sentences with reflexive pronouns as indirect objects, the past participle never agrees; there is no agreement in « Elles se sont parlé » because se replaces à elles-mêmes in the construction parler à quelqu ' un ("talk to someone").

Conjugation
$$ Create a new article? $$ French verbs are divided into three conjugations by the ending of their infinitives: -er verbs, -ir verbs, and -re verbs. They are conjugated thus:

Non-finite forms:
 * Infinitive: parler
 * Present participle: parlant
 * Past Participle: parlé

Non-finite forms:
 * Infinitive: choisir
 * Present participle: choisissant
 * Past participle: choisi

Non-finite forms:
 * Infinitive: attendre
 * Present participle: attendant
 * Past participle: attendu

Nouns
Every French noun has a grammatical gender, either masculine or feminine. The grammatical gender of an animate noun usually corresponds to the noun's natural gender. For such nouns, there will very often be one noun of each gender, with the choice of noun being determined by the natural gender of the person described; for example, a male singer is a "chanteur," while a female singer is a "chanteuse." In some cases, the two nouns are identical in form, with the difference only being marked in neighboring words (due to gender agreement; see the section on articles); a Catholic man is "un Catholique," while a Catholic woman is "une Catholique." Nonetheless, there are some such nouns that retain their grammatical gender regardless of natural gender; "personne" ("person") is always feminine, while "professeur" ("teacher") is always masculine, regardless of the sex of the person being referred to; in Canadian French, however, there is the feminine form "professeure."

A noun's gender is not perfectly predictable from its form, but there are some trends. As a very broad trend, nouns ending in -e tend to be feminine, while the rest tend to be masculine, but there are very many exceptions. More consistently, some endings, such as -tion, occur almost exclusively on feminine nouns, while others, such as -eau, occur almost exclusively on masculine ones. Nonetheless, a noun that seems masculine from its form might actually be feminine (e.g., souris - "mouse"), or less commonly, vice versa (e.g., squelette - "skeleton").

$$ List of masculine/feminine endings ? $$

As with English, nouns are inflected for number; to form a plural noun from the singular, usually add -s, or sometimes -x. However, since final consonants are generally not pronounced in French, adding -s or -x does not generally affect pronunciation, so the singular and plural forms of most nouns are generally pronounced the same. Further, nouns that end in -s (e.g., Français - "Frenchman") in their singular forms generally do not change forms even in writing. However, some nouns are pronounced differently in their plural forms: œil ("eye") becomes yeux, cheval ("horse") becomes chevaux, and os ("bone" or "bones") is pronounced differently when it is plural from when it is singular; and even with nouns for which this is not the case, a distinction will still usually be made in speech, as there will usually be a neighboring article or determiner whose pronunciation does change with the noun's number (due to number agreement; see the section on articles). As with English, most uncountable nouns are grammatically treated as singular, though some are plural, such as les mathématiques (mathematics), and some nouns that are uncountable in English are countable in French, such as une information (a piece of information).

Nouns in French are not inflected for case or person. (However, pronouns are; see the section on pronouns.)

Articles
French has three articles: definite, indefinite, and partitive. (The meaning and use of each is described below.) Articles agree with their nouns in gender and number; for example, a feminine, singular noun requires a feminine, singular article. However, none of the articles distinguishes between masculine-plural and feminine-plural; thus, each article has a masculine, singular form, a feminine, singular form, and a plural form. The morphology of the articles is as follows:

 * 1) Le and la become l' before a vowel; see the section on elision and liaison.
 * 2) The prepositions à ("to" or "at") and de ("of" or "from") contract with le(s) to form au(x) and du/des, respectively. These contractions are obligatory, except that le does not contract before a vowel (since it becomes l').
 * 3) Un(e) is also the word for "one"; this makes semantic sense.
 * 4) Des is the plural form of both the indefinite article and the partitive article; this makes sense, as there is no real difference in meaning. Note that many grammarians describe it as exclusively indefinite or as exclusively partitive, saying that the other article has no plural form; this amounts to the same thing.
 * 5) The partitive article is formed by adding the preposition de ("of" or "from") to the definite article.
 * 6) Du and de la become de l' before a vowel; see notes 1 and 5 above.

The French definite article is analogous to the English definite article the. Like the, the French definite article is used with a noun referring to a specific item when both the speaker and the audience know what the item is; so, «J'ai cassé la chaise rouge» ("I broke the red chair"). Unlike the, the French definite article is also used with an uncountable noun to describe all of it, or with a plural noun to describe all of them; so, «J'aime le lait» ("I like [no article] milk") or «J'aime les romans» ("I like [no article] novels").

The French indefinite article is analogous to the English indefinite article a/an. Like a/an, the French indefinite article is used with a noun referring to a non-specific item, or to a specific item when the speaker and audience don't both know what the item is; so, «J'ai cassé une chaise rouge» ("I broke a red chair"). Unlike a/an, the French indefinite article has a plural form, often translated as some but usually simply omitted in English; so, «Il y a des livres là-bas» ("There are some or [no article] books over there"). $$ fix spaces $$ There is no English partitive article; the French partitive article is often translated as some, but often simply omitted in English. It is used to indicate an indefinite portion of something uncountable, or an indefinite number of something countable: «J'ai du café» ("I have some or [no article] coffee").

As may be seen from the above, French, articles and determiners are required in French much more often than in English. This might be attributed to the fact that in speech, it is generally impossible to distinguish the singular and plural forms of a noun, so it is useful to include articles and determiners so as to make the distinction clear.

Adjectives
Most adjectives follow the noun, except for a small but common subset, corresponding roughly to adjectives describing beauty, age, goodness, or size (BAGS). For some adjectives, the meaning changes based on its position relative to the noun:

 * mon ancienne maison ("my former house") vs. ma maison ancienne ("my ancient house")
 * ma propre maison ("my own house") vs. ma maison propre ("my clean house")
 * un grand homme ("an important man") vs. un homme grand ("a tall man")

Many compound words contain an adjective: belle-mère (one word: "mother in law") vs. belle mère (two words: "handsome mother"). Some of them use an archaic form of the feminine adjective (without -e): grand-route, grand-rue (but une grande route "a long way", une grande rue "a long street").

Possessive determiners
Possessive determiners (or possessive adjectives) agree with the object possessed:

Examples:
 * This is my car. «C'est ma voiture.»
 * Their flowers are pretty. «Leurs fleurs sont jolies.»

$$ More spaces to fix $$

Personal pronouns
On is commonly used to translate the english passive voice and is comparable to english's one ("on a volé la Joconde" would be literally translated by "(some)one has stolen the Joconda (Mona Lisa)"). In addition, on is tending to replace the more formal nous in oral situations (« on a ce qu'il faut » for "we have what's needed").

Direct object pronouns
Note: The pronouns me, te, and le/la contract to m ' , t ' , and l '  respectively.

Examples:
 * (I have a book.) I'm giving it to the teacher. «Je le donne au prof.»
 * (Danielle is my sister.) Have you seen her? «Est-ce que tu l ' as vue?»

$$ And more ! $$

Indirect object pronouns
Indirect object pronouns replace only people. Note: lui is used for both masculine and feminine indirect objects.

Examples:
 * « Je donne mon livre à elle. » becomes « Je lui donne mon livre. »
 * « Il prépare une surprise à moi. » becomes « Il me prépare une surprise. »

Notice that reflexive and indirect object pronouns cannot be used together. « Je me fie à ce mécanicien. » :
 * Wrong: « Je me lui fie. »
 * Right: « Je me fie à lui. »

Reflexive pronouns
Note: me, te, and se contract to m ' , t ' , and s '  respectively.

As odd as it may seem, the French do say « nous nous voyons tous les jours » ("we see each other daily") thus repeating twice nous (or vous).

$$ Take off italics when using guillemets $$

Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns agree with the object being possessed. Note: To form the plural of these pronouns, simply add -s. Example: les vôtres (yours)

Examples:
 * Is this flower yours or mine? « Cette fleur, c'est la tienne ou la mienne ? »
 * I'm talking to my brother while you're talking to yours. « Je parle à mon frère pendant que tu parles au(x) tien(s). »

The pronoun y
$$ Needs more info. $$ y is used to replace a preposition plus a noun, some of which are the following:
 * à
 * en
 * dans
 * derrière
 * devant
 * sous
 * sur

Examples:
 * « Allez-vous à Paris ? Oui, nous y allons. »
 * « Est-ce que tu travaille dans ce bureau ? Non, je n ' y travaille plus. »

The pronoun en
$$ Needs more info. $$ en is used to replace:
 * an indefinite article
 * Tu connais des professeurs ici? Oui, j ' en connais.
 * partitive expression
 * Voulez-vous du jus? -> Non, je n ' en veux pas.
 * nouns used with quantity expressions or numbers
 * As-tu des frères? Oui, j ' en ai deux.
 * J'ai beaucoup d'oranges. J ' en ai beaucoup. (Notice the placement of beaucoup)
 * de  noun
 * Il est revenu de France? Non, il en revient lundi.
 * de  infinitive
 * Ils ont peur de nager? Oui, ils en ont peur.

Interrogatives
Lequel is used as the interrogative pronoun in French. It signifies which one or which ones. It agrees with the noun it replaces:

Examples: « Lesquelles dois-je lire, parmi ces lettres ? » ("Which ones should I read, among those letters?") « Lequel est le plus amusant ? » ("Which [of them] is the funniest?")

Lequel can be contracted with à and de. — Auquel ? » (I want to talk to a young man. To which one?) — Desquels ? » (I need these pens. Which ones?)
 * « Je veux parler à un jeune homme.
 * « J'ai besoin de ces stylos.

Determiners
The demonstrative determiners (or demonstrative adjectives) can mean either this or that, these or those. To be more precise or to avoid ambiguity, -ci or -là can be inserted after the noun:

 * cet homme-ci "this man"
 * cet homme-là "that man"

Ça is a popular shorthand form for cela (meaning that, it can mentally understood as : ce-là (this-there)). For example : Notice here the widely used in oral "c'est", a compound of ce and est.
 * « Ça/cela n'a pas d'importance. » (It doesn't matter.)
 * « Tu vois ça (pointing with index) ? Eh bien, c'est la tour Eiffel ! » (You see this? It is the Eiffel Tower!)

Another demonstrative determiner, the word quel, means which or what. It agrees with the noun it modifies:

Examples: quel train, quelle chaise, quels hommes, and quelles classes.

Quel can be used as an exclamation.
 * « Quel film ! » (what a movie!)
 * « Quelle gentillesse ! » (what kindness!)

Pronouns
These pronouns agree with the noun they refer to (this one, that one, these ones, those ones). To distinguish between this/that and these/those, -ci or -là can be used as a suffix just as in the demonstrative determiners.

 * « Tu vois cet homme ? Celui-ci ? Non, celui-là. » "Do you see that man? This one here? No, that one over there."

Negation
French has a two part negation, consisting of the ne particle, which signifies a global negation, preceding the verb, and one of several other words following the verb, clarifying the type of negation:

 * ne ... pas      "not"
 * ne ... rien     "nothing"
 * ne ... jamais   "never"
 * ne ... personne "nobody" (but the word personne alone means person)
 * ne ... aucun(e) "not any", but not identical to the german kein
 * ne ... plus     "not any more, no longer"
 * ne ... guère   "not much, not any" (archaic)
 * ne ... que      "only"
 * ne ... point    "not, not at all" (mostly literary)

Examples:
 * « Je ne sais pas. »           "I don't know."
 * « Nous n'avons vu personne. » "We didn't see anybody."
 * « Il ne fume plus. »          "He doesn't smoke anymore."
 * « Je n'ai aucune idée. »      "I have no idea."

In colloquial French it is common to drop the ne in fast speech, although this can create some ambiguity with the ne...plus construction, meaning either "I (do something) still" or "I (don't do anything) any more."

It is also common in current literary style to omit the pas when the construction is of the ne...pas form with the verbs vouloir and pouvoir ("to want", "to be able to"). $$ Excerpt for example? $$

Word order

 * Subject
 * ne (establishes global negation within phrase)
 * Reflexive pronoun
 * Indirect Object pronoun me, te, nous, vous
 * Direct Object pronoun
 * Indirect Object pronoun lui, leur
 * y and/or en
 * Finite verb form
 * complement to ne to clarify form of negation (pas, rien, personne, jamais)
 * Past participle
 * Object (may be a negative complement)

$$ Example sentences $$

Grammaire française &

title: User:Deus ex machina/French grammar


text:
SEAT 131

The SEAT 131 is a rebadged Fiat 131, a mid-size family car, produced by the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT from 1975 to the middle of 1984. The SEAT 131 was presented in May 1975 in the Barcelona Motor Show.

With SEAT having formed a partnership with Fiat, the SEAT 131 was a rebadged version of the Fiat 131, which had been presented nine months earlier in Turin. It received a few locally produced engines and other concessions to the Spanish market. The SEAT 131 entered production in early 1975 in Barcelona and up to the end of its production life cycle 412,948 units were produced.

Versions
Two sedan versions were offered: the SEAT 131 L, featuring rectangular front lamps, 1438 cc OHC engine and four-speed gearbox, and the SEAT 131 E which featured four round headlamps, a 1592 cc DOHC engine, and a five-speed gearbox.

The range grew up in the spring of 1976 with the SEAT 131 5 puertas unofficially known as the SEAT 131 Familiar, which was the estate version offered with both engines. In 1977 the 131 Automatico (Automatic gearbox) was released and the following year a very short production of the SEAT 131 CLX 1800 was offered.

In 1978, the SEAT 131 evolves into the SEAT 131 Mirafiori/Supermirafiori (Panorama for the estate versions), with the same changes as seen on its Italian cousin. The engines remained largely the same, but a 1.8 liter diesel Perkins 4.108 engine was also available from 1979. In 1981, the Diesel version was developed with a new Sofim engine. This 2500 cc engine was much more powerful than the Perkins version (72 hp against only 49 hp) and was one of the most successful taxis in Spain during the early 1980s.

A new CLX edition was launched in 1980. Available only in metallic silver or metallic bronze colours, this 131 CLX had a 1919 cc engine, developing 114 PS at 5800 rpm.

In 1982, the SEAT 131 changed again, gathering all the body changes seen on the Fiat 131 series 3. The 131 was now available in CL, Supermirafiori and Diplomatic versions. The Diplomatic was the top of the range, with a 1,995 cc engine and features such as power steering, power windows or air conditioning. The Panorama versions were the cars chosen by the "Cuerpo Nacional de Policia" (Spanish Police force) as patrol cars. In 1984, the whole SEAT 131 range was phased out, without a direct substitute. The brand new Fiat Regata-based SEAT Málaga took its place in 1985.

Curiosities
The implementation of the diesel engines in the SEAT 131 range took place almost four years after its launch. This would practically exclude the use of the SEAT 131 in the taxi fleet, in spite of its significant performance in both comfort and roominess. In the meantime however, for a great number of Spanish taxi owners and other professionals who were opting for the SEAT 131 as their taxicab of choice, a very common practice was the after-market replacement with a diesel engine of a newly purchased gasoline-powered SEAT 131. Engines that were widely used for this purpose were derived from Perkins, Barreiros, Mercedes-Benz and Sava, but the most widespread option was the Sava 1,795 cc engine producing 52 hp-metric.

Awards

 * Car of the Year 1976, from the Spanish newspaper ABC
 * Car of the Year 1979, from the Spanish magazine Motorpress

title: SEAT 131


text:
Eliades Ochoa

Eliades Ochoa Bustamante (born 22 June 1946) is a Cuban guitarist and singer from Loma de la Avispa, Songo La Maya in the east of the country near Santiago de Cuba.

He began playing the guitar when he was six and in 1978 he was invited to join Cuarteto Patria, a group founded in 1939, as its leader. Although he looks like a guajiro, and he still wears his trademark cowboy hat, his roots are in the son, and he only agreed to take on the role of leader if he was allowed to introduce new elements to the repertoire. He plays the guitar, tres and also a variant of the guitar, with two additional strings. His involvement with the Buena Vista Social Club and the Wim Wenders film of the same name (1999), has led him to worldwide fame.

In 2010 he recorded an album with a number of Cuban and Malian musicians, including Toumani Diabaté, titled AfroCubism.

Albums

 * Harina de maíz criolla (1980)
 * Son de Oriente (1980)
 * María Cristina me quiere gobernar (1982)
 * Chanchaneando con Compay Segundo (1989)
 * La parranda del Teror con el Cuarteto Patria (1992)
 * A una coqueta (1993)
 * Se soltó un león (1993)
 * La trova de Santiago de Cuba. ¡Ay, mamá, qué bueno! (1995)
 * Eliades Ochoa y el Cuarteto Patria (1996)
 * Buena Vista Social Club (1997)
 * CubÁfrica (1996)
 * Cuidadito Compay gallo...que llegó el perico (1998)
 * Continental Drifter (1999)
 * Sublime Ilusión (1999)
 * Tributo al Cuarteto Patria (2000)
 * Estoy como nunca (2002)
 * Las 5 leyendas (2005)
 * AfroCubism (2010)
 * Un Bolero Para Ti (2011)
 * Mi guitarra canta (2011)
 * Eliades y la Banda del Jigüe (2011)
 * Lo más reciente de Eliades Ochoa (2012)
 * El Eliades que Soy (2014)
 * Lost and Found (2015)
 * Los años no determinan (2016)

Compilations

 * Grandes éxitos de Eliades Ochoa (2001)
 * Cuarteto Patria 1965-1981 (2004)
 * Guajiro Sin Fronteras: Grandes Exitos (2005)
 * A la Casa de la Trova (2005)
 * The Essential Collection (2005)
 * Best of Buena Vista (2006)
 * Coleccion Cubana  (2007)

Collaborations

 * 1996	Manu Dibango, CD CubÁfrica
 * 1996	Bévinda, CD Hasta siempre comandante
 * 1998	Cyrius Martínez, CD De Santiago a Baracoa
 * 1999	Charlie Musselwhite, CD Continental Drifter
 * 1999	Hermanas Ferrín, CD Mi linda guajira
 * 1999	Moncho (Ramón Calabuch Batista), CD Quédate conmigo
 * 2000	Luis Eduardo Aute, CD Mira que eres canalla Aute!
 * 2001	Jarabe de palo, CD De vuelta y vuelta
 * 2004	Blof Umoja, CD Umoja
 * 2010	Buena Fe, CD Pi 3,14
 * 2010	William Vivianco, CD El mundo está cambiao
 * 2011	Enrique Bunbury, CD Cantinas
 * 2011	Lia (Ofelia), CD Lia, océano de amor
 * 2013	David Blanco, CD Amigos
 * 2013	Bob Dylan, CD From another world
 * 2014	Pupy y los que son son (César Pedroso), CD Sin límites
 * 2016	María Ochoa, CD Guajira más Guajira

title: Eliades Ochoa


text:
Mark Murray (administrator)

Mark Andrew Murray (born July 5, 1954) is president of the Meijer chain of stores, based in Michigan. He was the third president of Michigan's Grand Valley State University, serving from 2001 to 2006.

Education
Murray graduated from Lansing Catholic Central High School (now Lansing Catholic High School) in 1972. Then he went on to receive his master's degree in Labor and Industrial Relations and his bachelor's degree in Economics from Michigan State University.

Career
Prior to his tenure at Grand Valley, he served in Michigan state government. He acted as the treasurer, budget director, and director of the Department of Management and Budget, as well as the acting director of the Family Independence Agency, the director of the Merit Scholarship Award program, and the Special Policy Advisor to the Governor in K-12 education.

He was also Vice President of Finance and Administration at Michigan State University and a member of the Board of Education in the City of Detroit. During his time as president at GVSU, a number of students believed that he had a strong resemblance with Sam the Eagle, one of Jim Henson's Muppets. His name had been floated as a potential candidate for Governor of Michigan in 2010, but his spokesman denied Murray was interested. In 2013, Murray joined the advisory board of Blackford Capital's Michigan Prosperity Fund.

title: Mark Murray (administrator)


text:
Talk:Uniform Penny Post

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 January 2019 and 3 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Figueroa1234$.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:58, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

2005 edits
These lks from what is now penny postage may be about Hill's picture being on them, and perhaps are irrelevant here. Or are they from the period discussed?

--Jerzy·t 16:49, 2005 July 19 (UTC)
 * ==See also==
 * Penny Black
 * Penny Red
 * Two pence blue
 * VR official
 * Sorry, don't understand where this text was cut from. I've restored the links as all are definitely relevant to Penny postage, being the first stamps of that system (as per their articles). JackyR 00:06, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Edit war
The postal authority that implemented the Uniform Penny Post was Royal Mail, a government department of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland not of the British Isles, which is merely a geographical term, and besides being totally inaccurate terminology is considered offensive by many Irish people. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is the proper and correct term to be used even if occasional sources use the term British Isles. Here is a perfectly correct and accurate online reference that could be used. If you want to change the term please bring it to an WP:AfD and stop the edit warring. Thanks ww2censor (talk) 03:05, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
 * > The postal authority that implemented the Uniform Penny Post was Royal Mail <
 * In fact, it was the General Post Office (GPO). The GPO's distribution system -- because it was built on that originally established for the delivery of royal and government documents -- was referred to as the Royal Mail, but the GPO itself (later simply The Post Office) has been officially called "Royal Mail", with "Post Office Limited" as one its operating divisions until 2007, only since 2002 (after a very brief period as "Consignia"). -- Picapica (talk) 09:56, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uniform Penny Post


text:
Richie Rich (designer)

Richard Eichhorn, professionally known as Richie Rich, is an American fashion designer, television personality, figure skater, singer, actor and author. During the 1990s, he was part of the original group of New York City club personalities named The Club Kids.

Rich was born in the New York Metropolitan Area and at a young age, his family relocated to San Francisco Bay Area where he began studying theater and competing in figure skating.

In 1999, Rich and Traver Rains founded the fashion brand, Heatherette.

Early life and discovery
Rich was born in New Jersey and relocated to California at 12 years old, and was raised in San Francisco Bay Area. The nickname “Richie Rich” derived from the teasing of other children.

Rich began figure skating at a young age with the famous Ice Capades. During his teen years, Rich would sneak out of his house to the club One Step Beyond and started go-go dancing at Club I-Beam in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood.

In the fall of 1992, Julie Jules encouraged Rich to enter the “Club Kid Style Summit” contest. Rich entered and won a trip to New York City to host the opening of Club USA on December 17, 1992.

Ice Capades
While training under coach Christy Kjarsgaard Ness, trainer of Kristi Yamaguchi for the Olympics, Rich was scouted to tour as a skating performer with the Ice Capades under the choreography of two-time Emmy winner Sarah Kawahara. Kawahara's choreography subjects include Peggy Fleming, the 2002 Winter Olympics opening ceremony, Will Ferrell in Blades of Glory and Margot Robbie in I, Tonya.

Original Club Kid
As a club kid in the '90s and a fixture of The Limelight, Rich created a name for himself attending parties with Michael Alig and DJ Keoki, drawing attention with his theatrical clown-punk makeup and over-the-top outfits that he made himself.

The New York club kids of the early ’90s picked up where Studio 54 left off. Gay kids, trans kids, fashion freaks and art weirdoes all converged nightly in cult Manhattan hotspots like Danceteria and The Limelight. They would wear outrageous outfits and party to thumping house music.

Heatherette
The name Heatherette was inspired by an opera singer named Heather and the song by Grace Jones: "Warm Leatherette".

Heatherette was launched in 2001, with a runway show during New York Fashion Week featuring a video by photographer, David LaChapelle, starring Amanda Lepore for a collaboration with MAC Cosmetics. Heatherette continued as a part of the official New York Fashion Week 16 times over a period of 9 years.

Heatherette has been featured in publications such as Vogue, Teen Vogue, Vanity Fair, GQ, Time, Newsweek, Glamour, Elle, People, Paper, Rolling Stone, Billboard, Trace, W, WWD, New York Times, and others.

MAC Cosmetics
On March 20, 2008, a collaboration collection with MAC Cosmetics, called "Heatherette for MAC", was released and includes illustrations of Traver Rains and Richie Rich on the cardboard packaging. The limited edition line included much more than the original collaboration. The full line included powders, lipsticks, eye shadows, eye pencils, glitter, and nail polish.

A*Muse, Popluxe, Villionaire
In 2008 Rich showed the line at the Waldorf Astoria New York Ballroom, titled "Richie Rich", with a guest appearance by Pamela Anderson. Inspired by his longtime friend, Rich and Anderson launched a capsule collection playfully titled A*Muse.

The limited collection included t-shirts and swimsuits featuring images of Anderson and Rich. They launched a fashion tour, titled A*muse, in New Zealand, Vancouver, Montreal, Toronto, Miami, and Chicago.

Rich went on to launch two collections with former business partner and fashion executive, Keri Ingvarsson and with Chris Coffee of Gotham Beauty called Popluxe.

Popluxe debuted at Lincoln Center during New York's Mercedes Benz Fashion Week, with a guest runway appearance by Ellen DeGeneres.

The second collection, called Villionaire, premiered at New York's Hammerstein Ballroom with runway appearances by Johnny Weir and MTV's JWoww.

RICHERETTE by Richie Rich

Richerette is an evolved version of Heatherette ,defining pop-culture fashion for the bold and individual. Playful, eye-catching collections with a wink to nostalgia.

Television
In addition to appearances on the talk show circuit as a Club Kid, Joan Rivers, Geraldo and Phil Donahue. Rich was a featured role as himself on the Ashton Kutcher-produced WB series, The Beautiful Life, guest judged on multiple iterations of Top Model (America, Canada, Germany), Project Runway (America, Canada, Germany) and has appeared on various other shows such as MTV's My Super Sweet 16, Made, TRL, VH1's Supergroup, Basketball Wives, The Fabulous Life of... (Pamela Anderson and Nicky Hilton), The Anna Nicole Show on E!, MTV News, Logo TV, the Tonight Show, The Tyra Banks Show, The Today Show, Good Day New York Live, NBC's Fashion on Ice Live, appearance on Impraktical Jokers.

Filmography
 * Shampoo Horns (1998)
 * Zoolander (2001)
 * Party Monster (2003)
 * One Last Thing... (2005)
 * My Super Ex-Girlfriend (2006)

title: Richie Rich (designer)


text:
Lee Richardson (politician)

Lee Richardson (born October 31, 1947) is a Canadian businessman and politician. He served as the member of Parliament for the riding of Calgary Southeast from 1988 to 1993 as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and for Calgary Centre from 2004 to 2012. He resigned from the House of Commons in 2012 to accept an appointment as principal secretary to the Premier of Alberta.

Education
Richardson was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan. He was educated at the University of Calgary and the University of Alberta. He also attended Oxford University in England.

Personal life
Richardson married Susanne Reece in 1971 and they had three children. Susanne died from cancer in 1998.

Early career
Richardson first entered federal politics serving on Parliament Hill as Executive Assistant to former Prime Minister John Diefenbaker from 1972 to 1974.

From 1974 to 1983 he served successively as Executive Assistant, Director of the Office of the Premier and Chief of Staff to Alberta Premier Peter Lougheed.

In 1983 Richardson returned to Ottawa to serve as Deputy Chief of Staff to the newly elected Progressive Conservative leader and Leader of the Opposition Brian Mulroney.

After the 1984 federal election, Richardson served as Prime Minister Mulroney's Deputy Chief of Staff and Special Advisor on Western Affairs. Richardson remained in the Prime Minister's Office until he ran in the 1988 general election in the federal riding of Calgary Southeast. Richardson won with 62.67% of the vote. Richardson's candidacy was the first political endorsement of Peter Lougheed following his retirement.

Richardson served on the board of directors for the Calgary Olympic Organizing Committee of the 1988 Winter Olympics.

In his first term as a parliamentarian, Richardson served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Communications and the Minister of Transport. He was instrumental in relocating the National Energy Board to Calgary and placing the Calgary International Airport under local authority. Richardson was defeated in the 1993 federal election by Jan Brown, a Reform Party candidate. He returned to Calgary in 1993 to form Lee Richardson Financial Corporation.

Return to federal politics
Richardson returned to federal politics in 2004, winning the election in the electoral district of Calgary Centre which had previously been held by PC Leader Joe Clark. He was re-elected in 2006, capturing 55.4% of the vote, in 2008 with 55.6% of the vote, and in 2011 with 57.7% of the vote.

Among his parliamentary duties, Richardson first served on the Environment Committee where he became the only Conservative to win the Sierra Club's "Green Parliamentarian" award.

Richardson was appointed Chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Natural Resources in 2006.

From 2007 until 2011, Richardson served as the Chair of the International Trade Committee. According to the Montreal Gazette, "the International Trade Committee, under the genial chair of Conservative Lee Richardson, is a collegial exception to the toxic tone of most House committees."

The International Trade Committee under Richardson chairmanship successfully vetted three free trade agreements. The committee went clause by clause through and referred back to the House the following trade agreements; Bill C-2: An Act to implement the Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the Republic of Colombia, the Agreement on the Environment between Canada and the Republic of Colombia and the Agreement on Labour Cooperation between Canada and the Republic of Colombia (Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act), Bill C-8: An Act to implement the Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the Agreement on the Environment between Canada and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Agreement on Labour Cooperation between Canada and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Canada-Jordan Free Trade Act) and Bill C-46: An Act to implement the Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the Republic of Panama, the Agreement on the Environment between Canada and the Republic of Panama and the Agreement on Labour Cooperation between Canada and the Republic of Panama (Canada-Panama Free Trade Act).

After the 2011 federal election, Richardson was one of eight members of Parliament who put their name forward to be the Speaker of the House of Commons. Richardson lasted to the fifth round and placed third.

Resignation
On May 30, 2012, Richardson resigned from Parliament to accept an appointment as principal secretary to the Premier of Alberta. In his farewell speech he remarked to his colleagues that: "While we advocate for different ideas of Canada, we are all Canadians and we all love our country. We would all, I think, do well to remember that and leave the partisan furies at the water's edge."

Ian MacDonald from the Montreal Gazette remarked that: "while leaders of all parties joined in personal tributes to Richardson, about 200 MPs lined up to shake his hand as he stood at his front-row seat by the door at the far end of the House. It was a good half-hour before he could leave the House. In four decades of attending the House, I’ve never seen anything quite like it."

Similar sentiments were brought forward from the media noting Richardson's ability to be impartial to all sides in the House of Commons and in his riding office where he was willing to help all Calgarians.

Community involvement
Richardson served the Board of Southminster United Church; and continues to serve as a board member of the Calgary Homeless Foundation.

He was Chair of the Advisory Board to the University of Calgary Institute for the Humanities and was on the faculty of the Banff Centre School of Management for ten years.

Richardson currently is on the Calgary Stampede Board of Directors and is a Calgary Flames Ambassador.

Awards and recognition
Richardson received the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977 "in recognition of significant contribution to compatriots, community and to Canada", the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal in 1992, the Alberta Centennial Medal in 2005 "in recognition of outstanding service to the people and province of Alberta", and the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 in recognition of his "contributions to Canada".

Calgary South Centre
Results based on redistributed results. Conservative Party change is compared to a combination of Progressive Conservative Party and Canadian Alliance totals.

title: Lee Richardson (politician)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/WikiProject Climbing

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 12:38, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Climbing, WikiProject Climbing/General
No major edits to project page since creation in June 2004, and subpage consists of one comment. Hiding talk 16:42, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment You are quite correct, I'm afraid. Is it traditional to VfD inactive projects? Whoever put the project together seems to have done much work. Would it be appropriate to userfy and copy this to subpage in the creator's namespace? -Willmcw 20:53, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment There isn't really a policy on WikiProjects, at least that I can find. They just tend to get mothballed.  I'd argue there isn't a huge amount of work or discussion here, but I'm not going to press the point, it's a borderline delete with me.  If it sparks interest to the point people reactivate it, so much the better. Hiding  talk 21:24, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. If someone else gets interested he would likely prefere to start from scratch than from such poor pages. Pavel Vozenilek 00:27, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Project has petrified. Xoloz 05:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete inactive project. JamesBurns 08:00, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Hiding. Radiant_ >|< 12:13, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
William Dwyer

William Dwyer may refer to:

 * William Dwyer (Irish politician) (1887–1951), Irish independent politician
 * Bill Dwyer (mobster) (1883–1946), American Prohibition-era gangster
 * Bil Dwyer (1907–1987), American cartoonist and humorist
 * William Lee Dwyer (1929–2002), U.S. federal judge
 * Ubi Dwyer (Bill Dwyer, 1933–2001), Windsor Free Festival organiser
 * Bil Dwyer (born 1962), American actor and comedian
 * William A. Dwyer Jr. (1914–1982), American lawyer, judge, and politician from Philadelphia
 * William Gerard Dwyer (born 1947), American mathematician
 * Bill Dwyer (1887–1943), English comedian in the double act Clapham and Dwyer

title: William Dwyer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Erkling

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Redirect --malathion talk 02:30, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Erkling
Incomplete VfD, completed by Salleman 23:35, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-encyclopedic, no sources, no distinction between fiction and reality, presenting a theory, and so on. --DrTorstenHenning 16:45, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Minor Harry Potter Beasts. --Salleman 23:35, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect Der Erlkönig. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 01:16, August 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't confuse erkling (Rowling's creation) with erlking (from German folklore). --Salleman 01:56, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Erlking, which is effectively a disambiguation page (and also contains a pointer to Der Erlkönig.) Nandesuka 02:54, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Erkling


title: User:Gadget850


text:
Category:Athenian colonies

Colonies in antiquity founded by Athenians.

title: Category:Athenian colonies


text:
User talk:Jkoski4257

Welcome!
Hello, Jkoski4257, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions; I hope you like it here and decide to stay. We're glad to have you in our community! Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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Happy editing!

-- Sango  123  16:46, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Feel free to leave a message on my talk page if you need help with anything or simply wish to say hello. :)

title: User talk:Jkoski4257