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Talk:Edward Heath

Ireland
I thought I saw Heath admit to some part of Bloody Sunday in an interview in the early nineties. When asked about the Tianenmen Square massacre I recall him saying "Oh, the Chinese just did what we did on Bloody Sunday". There was a moment of silence, and then the interviewer moved swiftly on. Does anyone else remember this? It had a sense of unreality about it, given the way it was handled, and afterward I could never be sure I heard it. Look of horror on his face at what he had said will stay with me forever, though.--Muinchille1

Yup, it's mentioned in one of the final chapters of the 2010 Ziegler biog, along with confirmation that Heath was handsomely remunerated by various major companies for opening doors to China. That said, when before the Saville Inquiry, Heath vehemently denied that the British authorities had specifically ordered the Bloody Sunday killings.

Lead image
I've included two possible candidates to be the lead image to the right. A is the current lede image, while B is (in my view) a better candidate.

MOS:LEADELEMENTS says that all images (but the lead image in particular) should be relevant and technically well-produced. And MOS:LEADIMAGE says that the lede image should be representative, a natural representation (I'm not really sure what this means), an appropriate representation and the type of image used for similar purposes in high-quality reference works.

B is from 1966, while A is from 1987, which means that B was taken while Heath was Conservative Leader and only four years away from being Prime Minister, while A was taken 12 and 13 years after he had left each of these roles, respectively. And it is clear that Heath is most notable for being Prime Minister. Heath in A doesn't really look like how he looked as Prime Minister, but as an older gentleman. It is clear to me that this makes B a much more relevant and appropriately representative image.

Secondly, A is clearly a better quality image than B. A is 10,157 × 12,633 pixels, while B is 581 × 708 pixels. But this is to be expected, as A was taken over 20 years before B and A is a professional photograph of exceptional quality (for comparison, is 1,927 × 2,566 pixels). However, I don't think that B is of a low enough quality to mean that it isn't technically well-produced and the type of image used for similar purposes in high-quality reference works (remember Heath was a politician most notably from the 1960s and 70s). And I can't find anything on MOS:IMAGES that specifies a minimum size. Anecdotally, on my rather large monitor, I can't notice the low quality at all and we must remember that the image will only appear on phone screens and in the top right hand corner of the page.

Finally, and I realise that this may be subjective and that it may not really fit into any Wikipedia policy, but B is clearly a kinder image of Heath than A, A being taken when he was in his 70s and not really smiling. Please let me know what you think about this! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 18:18, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

 * The Allan Warren photo has been the consensus lead image for quite a while, and I'm happy with it because it is probably the best photo of Heath on Commons. Not a great fan of B as the infobox image.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 18:49, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the feedback! I was wondering what you meant by "best" and why you're not a great fan of B. Thanks a lot in advance! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 20:00, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

 * The Allan Warren photo is technically and artistically the best photo of Heath. It also looks good in the infobox, which B doesn't as it is a less clear angle.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 20:10, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks so much for getting back to me. That's very clear. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 22:17, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree that a photograph from the period when he was PM would be more appropriate. I do not think the issue should turn on the technical or artistic quality of the image as a portrait, for the reasons given by FollowTheTortoise, so long as it is of reasonable quality. However, I do not think that photo B is the most flattering of Heath, and if a better one could be found, that would be preferable. --Blurryman (talk) 22:48, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment. I completely agree and will keep a lookout for a better image. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 23:03, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I've added an option C. It might not be terribly kind (though it's not as bad as A), but Heath is almost facing the camera, it is from 1969 and it's 952 × 1,178 pixels, which is larger than B and (I think, at least) of a high enough quality for this article, especially when you bear in mind the fact that Heath's premiership began over 50 years ago! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 23:14, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

 * C is better but I'm not keen on Heath's forced smile (one of his trademarks). You can browse all of the photos of Heath on Commons here.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 08:04, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for getting back to me again! The big smile does seem to be a trademark of Heath's, so perhaps it makes C a more natural and appropriate representation? I think that this image would be perfect, but I don't think that it's avaliable to us. I've also added an option E, which I've seen around Wikipedia, but it is from 1960, so possibly shows Heath a little too young (though it's not as out of date as the 1987 picture and still shows Heath as a minister) and it's only 581 × 724 pixels (which might not disqualify it, but may still act against it). FollowTheTortoise (talk) 10:30, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

 * What about this one? It might be possible to get permission from the National Portrait Gallery. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 10:56, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

 * This would undoubtedly make a good infobox image if it was CC licensed, but since the National Portrait Gallery is selling it for money they are unlikely to allow its license to be changed. We'll have to stick to the ones on Commons. E is okay but it does show Heath as quite a bit younger than his term as Prime Minister.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 16:29, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I completely agree. In my view, C is the best image that we've got. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 19:04, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

 * A - I dont see anything wrong with the current image. 16:38, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment! If you have a moment, it would be really useful if you could explain in a little more depth what you think about my concerns that A isn't very contemporaneous. It would also be useful to know, while you can't see anything wrong with A, whether you think that C (or B or E) would be a better pick. Thanks in advance. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 19:12, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

 * There isn't a rule saying that it has to be a photo showing him as Prime Minister. This was only from 1970-74 and he lived to be 89. Overall, the Allan Warren image is still the best one.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 20:13, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your thoughts and thank you for taking the time to reply to me! That is true in an explicit sense. But the manual of style does say that the lead image should be relevant and representative (see above), which I understand as meaning that the image should be contemporaneous to the period that the subject is best known for (which for Heath is 1970 to 1974). To me, this means that the image should be from around this time and represent the subject as they were at this time, criterium I don't think that A meets. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 21:18, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

As someone who remembers his tenure as PM, I find A B has a striking resemblance to the caricatures by Michael Cummings and is too low quality. B C has the trademark greasy smile and beats C E for me. Overall, I agree with the comment by ianmacm. Heath's 'incredible sulk' was a long and notable feature of his public life, and I think it is well captured by the Allan Warren image. William Avery (talk) 20:46, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks so much for replying! You might have got your lettering confused, but I think that I've got the jist of what you're saying. It is clear to me that Heath was best known for the period 1970 to 1974 (when he was Prime Minister), secondly 1965 to 1975 (when he was Conservative Leader) and then thirdly during his so-called "incredible sulk" from circa 1975 onwards. But this is not to forget his career as a minister and MP before 1965, which perhaps comes fourth. Therefore, the image should preferably be from the first period, but if not then the second period. I personally don't think that it is appropriate to have an image of Heath 12 and 13 years after he stopped being Conservative Leader and Prime Minister, respectively, during a period that he is only third most famous for, and when he didn't really look like he looked as Prime Minister and Conservative Leader. FollowTheTortoise (talk) 21:28, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry. I've corrected the letters. William Avery (talk) 21:48, 1 August 2021 (UTC)
 * No probs. I made the same mistake! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 09:25, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

I'd vote for photo C. (But what happened to photo D?) --Blurryman (talk) 22:58, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for replying! It got delayed by the three day week. I might have been thinking about another image that I'd link to when I added E, but it is a mistake. Thanks for pointing it out! FollowTheTortoise (talk) 09:25, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 29 October 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Snow closure. -- Calidum 14:14, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

Edward Heath → Ted Heath – Nobody ever calls him Edward Heath, it's always Ted Heath, so that's the name we should use for his article, following Article titles. Richard75 (talk) 10:24, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. This is how the subject of the article is most commonly referred to in reliable secondary sources, eg BBC News. I'm not seeing a preponderance of Ted Heath in these mainstream sources.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 10:42, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Unlike, say, Tony Blair or Bill Clinton, Heath was and is usually referred to in serious sources by the name Edward. "Ted" is and was used in informal sources, but it is nonsense to say that "nobody ever calls him Edward".   Ghmyrtle (talk) 10:55, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose, as per Ghmyrtle. He was also known as "Teeth Heath" and "Grocer Heath", but wouldn't suggest either of those as a better title. Martinevans123 (talk) 11:00, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose as per Ghmyrtle. To provide reference for this, the UK government website refers to him as "Edward Heath", while it refers to Tony Blair as "Tony Blair" (despite Tony being a contraction of Anthony). Combined with other sources, "Edward Heath" complies with WP:COMMONNAME. Bibeyjj (talk) 11:04, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

Ian Harvey
Recently I saw a TV interview with Michael Cockerell, in which he mentioned a tale of somebody finding a copy of Ian Harvey's memoirs (1971) lying in Sir Ted's study, inscribed with "To Ted, who knows what's it's like" or words to that effect. When the same person called a second time, the book had been removed and was nowhere to be found.

At least one of Sir Ted's earlier biographers (I forget which one) mentioned that the example of Ian Harvey's disgrace might well have been among the factors causing Heath to keep his inclinations to himself.

I haven't kept up with Michael Cockerell's books in recent years, but maybe he mentions the tale in print somewhere.Paulturtle (talk) 04:05, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edward Heath


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User:Bombcar

Bombcar 21:10, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Bombcar


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Shakeeb Dallal

Shakeeb Dallal (1920–1992) was a Palestinian politician born in the city of Tulkarm, British Mandate Palestine. He was a Palestinian politician and Commander, and Of the members and leaders of the Palestine Liberation Organization. the son of Jamil H. Dallal, who was active in the 1936 Arab Uprising against the British Mandate.

Political and military life
Shakeeb Dallal was one of the founders of Ba'ath party and was a member of the PLO and a member of its PNC, the Palestinian National Council. In his younger years, he was an important participant in the Palestine Arab Workers Society, led by Sami Taha, and played a significant role in expanding the Society, especially in the Nablus, Jenin and Tulkarm areas.

Military battles
He led The Great Battle of Beit Shean in 1947, and was wounded in it.

Death
He died in 1992 in Amman, Jordan.

title: Shakeeb Dallal


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Ghost in the Shell (video game)

Ghost in the Shell (攻殻機動隊 GHOST IN THE SHELL) is a cyberpunk-themed third-person shooter video game developed by Exact and Production I.G for the PlayStation. A part of the larger Ghost in the Shell media franchise, it utilizes the same English voice cast as the feature film of the same name, although the two do not share a story continuity. The game was first released in July 1997, along with soundtrack albums, an artbook and a guidebook.

The game's story and art design were written and illustrated by Masamune Shirow, the author of the original manga. Ghost in the Shell's plot revolves around a recruit of Public Security Section 9 as he investigates and combats the Human Liberation Front. The player controls a Fuchikoma, a robotic fighting vehicle capable of traversing walls and ceilings.

The game received mainly positive reviews. It was praised for its graphics, animation, music and unusual wall-climbing mechanics. However, it received criticism for its tedious and repetitive gameplay and low difficulty. Fifteen years after its release, Game Informer listed Ghost in the Shell as one of the best manga and anime-based games.

Gameplay

The player controls a spider-shaped think tank robot, known as Fuchikoma, that is able to jump, thrust forward, strafe to the side, climb walls, and hang upside-down from ceilings. The camera auto-adjusts its position when scaling walls and ceilings for easy maneuvering, and automatically switches between first and third-person perspectives depending on the environment, although the player can stay in first-person view at will.

The Fuchikoma is equipped with twin machine guns and guided missiles. Both weapons have unlimited ammunition, however up to six missiles can be launched at once after a charge time. Grenades can be found throughout missions and a maximum of three can be carried at a time. Enemies vary from humanoid robots to helicopters and sport an array of firearms and explosives. Some stages of the game are governed by a time limit. Seventeen cutscenes can be unlocked throughout the missions and depending on the player's score in training mode. Once unlocked, the cutscenes can be reviewed on the options menu.

The training mode contains six stages to learn the basic game elements. The first five stages introduce the player to targets in various settings and using the controls effectively, with the sixth being a battle against another Fuchikoma. The twelve missions that compose the story take place in different environments, including a warehouse complex, a sewer, the city highways, and the enemy base inside of a skyscraper. The missions display a variety of gameplay objectives: the first mission is a raid; the third level is an Explosive Ordnance Disposal mission that involves the elimination of bombs attached to red barrels; the fourth level is a sea chase on a boat; the fifth level is a game of hide-and-seek with the player having to locate a boss wearing thermoptical camouflage; and the game's final boss fight ends with a free fall battle down the skyscraper under a timer.

Plot
The plot follows the members of Public Security Section 9, mainly consisting of Major Motoko Kusanagi, Chief Aramaki, Batou, Togusa, Ishikawa, Saito, and a nameless male, the Rookie, controlled by the player. The game's story is told using mission briefings and animated cutscenes.

After the terrorist organization known as the Human Liberation Front claims responsibility for blowing up the Megatech Body Corporation building, Section 9 is sent to resolve the situation. Section 9 is able to trace the terrorists' communications and find their location in the bay area; however, it is a trap. Chief Aramaki later announces that the leader of the Human Liberation Front is a mercenary known as Zebra 27. Ishikawa then reports that the Energy Ministry is interested in files relating to Zebra; Aramaki orders further investigation.

The Rookie's skill is put to the test, leading chase missions and surviving an ambush. Eventually, the Human Liberation Front's secret base is discovered in Aeropolis II tower by following the enemy supply line, along with the terrorists' intentions of using a nuclear reactor. Ishikawa informs Aramaki that an official of the Energy Ministry named Sawamura has been in contact with Zebra and is connected to Megatech Body Corporation. While conducting the raid on the enemy's base, the reactor begins to overload. In order to shut it down, squad leader Motoko Kusanagi attempts to remove the protective barrier from an access point nearby, as the rest of the team search for the other building's control room. After disarming the reactor, Kusanagi locates the leader on top of the tower. Batou and Togusa encounter obstacles that prevent them from moving to the top, leaving the Rookie as the only available member. Once he reaches the top, he engages the leader in combat and defeats him in a free fall battle off of the tower.

After the mission, it is revealed that Sawamura planned to collect bribes from Megatech in exchange for covering up a defect in the nuclear reactor, which was going to explode, and presenting it as a terrorist attack; however, Zebra seized the reactor to take it over and wanted to extort money from Sawamura. Kusanagi declares the entire experience as at least good training for the Rookie and acknowledges the Rookie's cleverness, but criticizes the overdependence on the Fuchikoma.

Development
The game was in development for one and a half years, and involved the work of several divisions, being Kenji Sawaguchi and Tetsuji Yamamoto the total director and producer respectively. The programming was done by Exact, known for the Jumping Flash! series. Ghost in the Shell was designed and targeted to a mature audience; developers did not make Motoko playable to prevent the game appearing to be a character-based game for children. The original manga's creator Masamune Shirow was the main designer of the characters and mecha for the game.

The concept for the Fuchikoma came from one climactic scene of the film: the battle between Motoko Kusanagi and the big spider-like tank in the museum of paleontology. Based on this tank design, mecha creators Shōji Kawamori and Atsushi Takeuchi made a smaller version, designed for one person, that would be used by the police. Thus, the player becomes the pilot of one of these combat machines.

At Production I.G, Hiroyuki Kitakubo directed the animation scenes, wrote the screenplay and did the storyboards; Toshihiro Kawamoto was animation supervisor and a character designer. The scenes are noticeably different when compared to the film namesake directed by Mamoru Oshii, because the game is colored using a full digital technique. The scenes are a combination of traditional animation and backgrounds that were rendered in three dimensions to ensure smooth transitions for the camera movement. Adobe Photoshop was used to add the finishing details to the scenes.

The Japanese voicing of the game was done by a different cast than the film's: Motoko Kusanagi was played by Hiromi Tsuru, Batou by Shinji Ogawa, Chief Aramaki by Soichi Ito, Ishikawa by Kiyoshi Kobayashi, Togusa by Hirotaka Suzuoki, Saito by Nobuyuki Hiyama, and the Fuchikoma were voiced by Katsue Miwa. The English localization was dubbed by the same cast used for the original movie, although the game does not specify the respective roles in the credits. Motoko was voiced by Mimi Woods, Batou by Richard Epcar, Aramaki by William Frederick, and Togusa by Christopher Joyce; the roles of Bob Papenbrook, Wendee Lee, Jimmy Krakor and Julie Maddalena are not reliably known.

Release and promotion
The game was originally released in Japan by Sony Computer Entertainment on July 17, 1997. The following day, a launch party was held at the Yebisu Garden Hall: the Megatech Body Night. The event featured the game's music artists Takkyu Ishino, Joey Beltram and Mijk van Dijk performing live, and a Fuchikoma robot appeared. All who bought tickets received a papercraft kit of the Fuchikoma and ten posters of the game were raffled. A Japanese demo disc was also released with the first mission playable.

The first edition of Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine was published in October 1997 and featured the game on its cover. Having acquired the North American license to publish Ghost in the Shell video games in mid-1996, THQ released the game in North America on December 2, 1997. It was released in Europe by Sony Computer Entertainment on July 1, 1998. THQ's producer Don Nauert said that aside from dubbing and changing the button configuration, the English localization of the game was not modified nor censored.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack albums for the game were titled Ghost in the Shell: Megatech Body (攻殻機動隊有機肉威感), named after the cybernetic body manufacturer in the Ghost in the Shell series. The albums were produced by Takkyu Ishino and feature techno tracks by other composers including Mijk van Dijk. Two versions of the albums were released by Sony Music Entertainment Japan on July 17, 1997: Megatech Body CD., a standard single disc; and Megatech Body CD., Ltd., a limited two-disc edition. ''Megatech Vinyl. Ltd.'' was a limited two LP record set scheduled to be released.

Related media
Kodansha released three books and one video about the game. Ghost in the Shell Official Art Book (攻殻機動隊 OFFICIAL ART BOOK) was published on July 4, 1997; the artbook contains concept designs, scenes and commentary. Two guidebooks were published: Ghost in the Shell: Basic File (攻殻機動隊 GHOST IN THE SHELL 上巻 ベーシックファイル) on July 17, 1997, and Ghost in the Shell: Master File (攻殻機動隊 GHOST IN THE SHELL 下巻 マスターファイル) on August 29, 1997. The video, Making of Game Ghost in the Shell All of Digital Animation (MAKING OF GAME 攻殻機動隊デジタルアニメーションのすべて), features interviews with the animation staff; it was released on VHS on April 22, 1998. A LaserDisc was also released in 1998 that included interviews on side A and the in-game cutscenes on side B.

Reception
Ghost in the Shell gained an aggregate rating of 78.50% at GameRankings based on six reviews. AllGame praised the graphics, sound and gameplay; the review stated, "Even with plenty of eye candy and strong audio, a game is nothing without actually being fun to play and as you've probably guessed, Ghost in the Shell supplies the fun, whether you're familiar with the license or not." GameSpot rated the game as good, eulogizing the controls as "simple... most people will take to them like a fish to water" and praising the animation sequences. GameFan reviewers cited the game's unique wall-scaling mechanics and stated that it lives up to the name of the Ghost in the Shell series. IGN said that the game was great, faithful to its manga counterpart, stating that "the techno music, including tracks from artists like Derrick May and Hardfloor, is superb," but adding that "the levels aren't incredibly difficult, and don't really encourage replay." Super GamePower reviewed the game shortly after the movie was released in Brazil, stating that the opening animation was better than the animation in the film. In Russia, Velikij Drakon lauded the orientation system, the game graphics and the overall design, highlighting the unlockable animation scenes. NowGamer praised the gameplay mechanics but criticized the option to unlock, stating, "The tremendous feeling of agility you get from Ghost In The Shell and the slick weapons is where the fun comes from. But it's a tough game and playing for more scenes of new footage will not be compelling enough for a country in which anime is a cult industry and not a national fixation."

GamePro did not find the game worthy of its name, although the cutscenes were praised, stating, "The cinemas at the opening of the game and between each level are stunning; however, the game graphics, particularly buildings and enemies, are lackluster at best. The sound effects are bland, and there are no weapon power-ups to be found. Put that all together and you get a very generic game." Next Generation said it is an enjoyable game but eventually begins to feel tedious. Computer and Video Games offered similar criticism, declaring that "it was too repetitive to become anything more than a good game." Edge criticized the gameplay features such as camera control and boss difficulty. Electronic Gaming Monthly reviewers criticized the game for its easy bosses and its repetitive and short gameplay value. Famitsu liked the battles but complained about the Fuchikoma attaching to walls when not intended.

The Herald-News praised the game for being original and worth playing, unlike other movie adaptations. In 2013, Game Informer listed Ghost in the Shell as one of the best anime and manga-based games released in English, and the best of the franchise's titles; the other seven games in the list were released more than six years after Ghost in the Shell.

title: Ghost in the Shell (video game)


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Clubs/Templates/Republic of Ireland

This page lists templates used for of the WikiProject on Football manual of style for clubs from Republic of Ireland.


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Clubs/Templates/Russia

This page lists templates used for of the WikiProject on Football manual of style for clubs from Russia.


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Leather carving

Leather carving is the process of giving a three-dimensional appearance to leather craft objects or works of art by cutting and stamping the surface. Many different kinds of leathers can be used for these crafts.

Materials
The only type of leather suitable for carving is vegetable tanned, full grain leather. This is because the vegetable tanning process allows the leather to absorb water, which is used to soften the leather before the carving process, and the grain of the leather is necessary to allow the leather to hold the shape after the carving process is complete. Other leathers lack these two essential qualities. While the process of cutting into the leather and pushing the edges of the cuts in is relatively modern, marking wet leather has been around since the Roman period. There are some examples of Roman leather at Vindolanda near Hadrian's wall and the book "Purses in Pieces" is very informative with some lovely examples of medieval carved leather work. Historically, tools for stamping leather would probably have been made out of bone, but would not have been too different from those used today.

Tools
Three main tools are used in leather carving:

 * Swivel knife — used to make the bold cuts that define the pattern or image being carved.
 * Stamp set — A set of stamping tools used to shape and color the leather to create the final image. Usually contains at minimum a beveler, pear shader, seeder, and background tool, but sets often contain other tools and sometimes several variations on the same tool.
 * Rawhide mallet — used to drive the stamps used to mat down the background and create shading and patterns.

Camouflage tool
This tool, which creates an impression similar to that of a sea shell, is used to add emphasis to areas of a carving, often in the stem or down the centre of a leaf in a floral design. It is used in a similar way to other stamping tools, by holding it vertically over the leather and striking with the rawhide mallet. When using the Camouflage tool, the impressions created should be equally spaced, starting from the centre of the design and working out towards the tips of the stems or leaves in the design. The impressions should get progressively lighter.

Pear shader
The Pear shader is used to press down areas of the design that need to appear curved. The action of the pear shader causes the leather tooled by it to appear slightly darker. The pear shader is slightly unusual in that it may be tilted during use to provide the desired effect. It should be moved only slightly between each tap with the mallet so that it creates a consistent shading of the leather.

Beveler
This tool is used to create an indention on one side of a cut so that one side is raised. This tool, when used correctly, can produce very realistic results. There are many variations of this tool that include a variety of shapes, such as diamonds or ovals. There are also a variety of faces that include striped, checked, rounded, smoothed, and crosshatched

Veiner or shell tool
These tools create a curved impression of a series of short, closely spaced lines. They may be used interchangeably, the only difference being that the veiner creates a simple curved line, while the shell tool has a pattern resembling the edge of a scallop along the inside edge. They are used to continue to create the impression of depth created by the beveler, and to create the impression of a curved surface. These tools are used in the usual way, but like the pear shader, may also be tilted to help create the impression of depth where they are used beside a cut.

Seeder
The seeder creates a small circular impression, that is used to represent seeds. As the face of this tool is so small, care must be taken when striking that you do not cut right through the leather. If stamping an area using this tool, stamp around the outside first, then fill in the centre.

Background tool
This step in producing a carved leather article is used to emphasise the design, and is not even necessary in some cases. It consists of the pushing down of any areas of leather that have not been already carved. The background tool has a crosshatched pattern on its head, which has the effect of significantly darkening the leather it is used on. As with the seeder, the face of this tool is often small, so care must be taken not to strike it too hard.

When using this tool, take care that the impressions created by it do not overlap, and also take care not to stamp into the design or over the border. When the entire face of the tool is not needed, or to create tidy corners, the tool can be tilted so only part of the face creates an impression.

Method
All leather needs to be prepared a certain way for leather carvers to carve the leather. The leather carver will "case" the leather by soaking it in water, then letting it dry to the proper dampness, thus making the leather easier to tool. If the leather is too dry, impressions will fade over time, or will not be made to a consistent depth. Too wet, it will not hold a sharply defined carving. Properly cased leather feels cool to the touch, and has the feel, of firm, wet clay. A damp sponge can be used to maintain the dampness while tooling but should never be used to replace proper casing.

Swivel knife cuts
When the leather has been properly cased, the swivel knife is used to make the bold cuts that form the backbone of the carved image. These cuts are made to a depth of up to approximately half the thickness of the leather being used, depending on the effect desired by the leather worker. Care must be taken during this step to keep the swivel knife vertical at all times, as any tilt is detrimental to the ability of the leather to be properly stamped later in the carving process.

 Veiners, Seeders, and other Specific Tooling

Various other tools may be needed to add details to the carving depending on the pattern. Here is where the carver can add character, especially to floral carving.

Beveling
After shading is completed with the Pear Shader, the Beveler is used to compress one side of the cut. This creates the impression of depth by pressing down parts of the image relative to the foreground. The Beveler is used by holding it vertically, with the foot of the tool in contact with the leather, and striking it lightly with the rawhide mallet. The tool is then moved forward along the cut about half its width, and struck again with the mallet. This process is completed until the entire length of the cut has been appropriately beveled.

As a general rule, the outside of curves and the outside edge of anything overlapping another part of the design is beveled. The exception to this rule is leather that will later be stamped with another tool, and, if the background is to be treated with the background tool, the background itself.

Decorative cuts
This is the final step in creating a carved design. The swivel knife is again used to create small, decorative cuts in the design to enhance its appearance. These cuts may be made in parts of the design that have already been stamped, which is why it is necessary to leave this step until last.

title: Leather carving


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Astrophysical plasma

Astrophysical plasma is plasma outside of the Solar System. It is studied as part of astrophysics and is commonly observed in space. The accepted view of scientists is that much of the baryonic matter in the universe exists in this state.

When matter becomes sufficiently hot and energetic, it becomes ionized and forms a plasma. This process breaks matter into its constituent particles which includes negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions. These electrically charged particles are susceptible to influences by local electromagnetic fields. This includes strong fields generated by stars, and weak fields which exist in star forming regions, in interstellar space, and in intergalactic space. Similarly, electric fields are observed in some stellar astrophysical phenomena, but they are inconsequential in very low-density gaseous media.

Astrophysical plasma is often differentiated from space plasma, which typically refers to the plasma of the Sun, the solar wind, and the ionospheres and magnetospheres of the Earth and other planets.

Observing and studying astrophysical plasma
Plasmas in stars can both generate and interact with magnetic fields, resulting in a variety of dynamic astrophysical phenomena. These phenomena are sometimes observed in spectra due to the Zeeman effect. Other forms of astrophysical plasmas can be influenced by preexisting weak magnetic fields, whose interactions may only be determined directly by polarimetry or other indirect methods. In particular, the intergalactic medium, the interstellar medium, the interplanetary medium and solar winds consist of diffuse plasmas.

Possible related phenomena
Scientists are interested in active galactic nuclei because such astrophysical plasmas could be directly related to the plasmas studied in laboratories. Many of these phenomena seemingly exhibit an array of complex magnetohydrodynamic behaviors, such as turbulence and instabilities.

In Big Bang cosmology, the entire universe was in a plasma state prior to recombination.

Early history
Norwegian explorer and physicist Kristian Birkeland predicted that space is filled with plasma. He wrote in 1913: "It seems to be a natural consequence of our points of view to assume that the whole of space is filled with electrons and flying electric ions of all kinds. We have assumed that each stellar system through its evolution throws off electric corpuscles into space." Birkeland assumed that most of the mass in the universe should be found in "empty" space.

title: Astrophysical plasma


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Clubs/Templates/Scotland

This page lists templates used for of the WikiProject on Football manual of style for clubs from Scotland.


text: File:StillCruisinCover.jpg

title: File:StillCruisinCover.jpg


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Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Stevey7788

 * ''The following discussion is preserved as an archive of a request for adminship that did not succeed. Please do not modify it.

Stevey7788
final (10/11/2) ending 21:13 24 July 2005 (UTC)

This user does much good work with RC patrol, welcoming newbies, reverting vandalism, and would make great use of the admin tools. User is very helpful and patient with newbies, and also quick to compliment others on their work. While I consider this to be only a secondary consideration for an admin, this user has also done some great work for articles (just take a quick look through the contributions). Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 21:48, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate, please indicate acceptance of the nomination here:

Support
 * 1) Strong support of course, as nominator! Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 21:14, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Strong support a friend of Y0u is a friend of mine :) Redwolf24 22:19, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. Friendly users on RC patrol are great to have as admins. Regarding Splash's concern in the oppose section... I once thought the same way (Requests for adminship/Khaosworks), but I have come to appreciate that good-faith contributors will be cautious about using their powers in areas they have little experience. Limited experience on VFD might even be a sign of sanity... Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:02, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * True, but since the RfA he's been diving into places like TfD and getting things a bit wrong e.g. he put a TfD tag on the template page of a textual template which is disruptive to the articles it appears in. I'd already put it on the talk page and notified the author etc. This is minor (and the template is barely used) and it's all good to dive in, but it does bely unfamiliarity with things and shows he didn't read around things properly first (which would be essential if he were to acquire a new set of unfamiliar tools). -Splash 13:18, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support. I've reviewed some of Stevey7788's recent edits and he seems to be careful and focused, qualities which I'd like to see in an administrator. Wile E. Heresiarch 02:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Careful support - user is a good editor but needs to relax as far as how SPUI points out. I don't like cuss words either, but it's impossible to remove them from an all-inclusive project.  -- M e r o v i n g i a n  (t) (c) 11:12, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. Seems to make lots of valuable edits.  I don't believe that any lack of familiarity really matters at the end of the day, so long as the user is acting in good-faith.  Also, the fact that he gets offended by offensive user pages is probably a good sign.  Stewart Adcock 22:13, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support. Based on Stevey7788's responses here, I am moving my vote from neutral to support. His polite responses, willingness to admit mistakes, and ability to modify his actions are all important qualities for an administrator. I hope he now understands the importance of discussion, and of seeking feedback, for controversial actions. — Knowledge Seeker দ 04:30, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support I think the opposers' concerns are totally off the mark.  Grue  09:04, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Demonstrated good commitment to the Wikipedia project, and has made good article content contributions. I would like to see more deletion related activity (e.g. VfD/TfD), however, when this user receives administrative privileges, and I would also like the user to bear in mind the issue over objectionable user page content in the future. However, I am confident that this user would use administrative privileges well, and seems like an affable and reasonable individual; I thus have no qualms about offering my support. --NicholasTurnbull 03:10, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support.  Stevey's right, gratuitous offensive material is unnecessary.  His method of addressing the situation was misguided, but he has apologized, which is good enough for me. --Spangineer  (háblame)  19:05, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) Oppose, too little experience of admin-related things. In amongst a healthy edit-count and good article work, there is next to no participation in VfD/TfD/CfD etc (though appeared on VfD a little while ago today) and I see only a little evidence of RC/NP patrol in the last 1000 edits (judged from edit summaries). The bulk of the Wikipedia: space edits are either to the sandbox or to things related to the sandbox. The talk page edits are a mixture of template welcomes and interaction: the interaction appears to be uniformly pleasant, which is good. I think that, given the user's slight reluctance and current inexperience in the spikier areas of WP, a month or two trying out some new things would be healthy. -Splash 05:29, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Oppose, removes "offensive content" consisting of text from user pages and the word "fuck" from messages when not used as a personal attack. --SPUI (talk) 14:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Oppose for the reasons above. --Silversmith Hewwo 01:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Oppose, per SPUI. The Wikipedia doesn't need pseudo-moralists, thank you very much I do not agree with the user's line of thought. --Sn0wflake 05:17, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Neutralitytalk 14:26, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Oppose users should edit for a lot longer before applying for administratorship. A simple editcount is not a good evaluation of a user's sincerity towards the Wikimedia...users should be "time-tested". freestylefrappe 00:50, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 07:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Oppose, to short a time, not enough involvement. Unenthused by the accusations of attempted censorship.--nixie 08:20, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Oppose, reluctantly. Wikipedia is not censored. · Katefan0(scribble) 17:58, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) As per above. Maybe next time. Andre ( talk ) 22:51, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Oppose, death to censorship. Dmn / Դմն 19:42, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I do apologize. Although this is what Wikiquette says: Be careful of the words you choose — what you intended might not be what others think, I fully understand that I do not have the right to modify other's comments and what Profanity says. I promise that I will try not to ever let myself "censor" other's comments in the future as I had done to SPUI's. This won't ever happen again. — Stevey7788 (talk) 21:42, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Neutral Neutral. I don't like the repeated censoring. But to be fair, Stevey stopped after I asked him to. It's still too recent and I'd like to see administrators discussing their actions more instead of just repeatedly pushing them, so I'm staying with neutral for now. — Knowledge Seeker দ 20:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC) Moved to support. — Knowledge Seeker দ 04:30, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Neutral. Contribute for four more months and then you'd get my vote of support. Denelson83  06:04, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral. Seems like a good user, but contribution list doesn't show much breadth of experience.  Would be willing to support at a later time.  PedanticallySpeaking 17:13, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * You may also want to check out my contribution list or user page if you want to know more about me. (Also, according to Kate's tool, I have over 3300 edits ) Although I first refused Y0u's offer to nominate me, I carefully thought about it and finally decided that I might need some admin tools to help me better serve the Wikipedia community. I thank all of you for participating in this nomination, regardless of whether you support or oppose my nomination. Thank you all again. — Stevey7788 (talk) 21:30, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I haven't been doing a lot of RC patrol work recently, but I am very familiar with it and have mainly done vandalism reverting and vandal warnings in the past. Now, I'm more into doing the wikilinks and article cleanups. — Stevey7788 (talk) 16:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * In reply to User:SPUI's objections: The user only removed the content from SPUI's user page once, and when it was restored, he did not attempt to remove it again, so while maybe he should not have removed it, I have no doubt that it was done in good faith. The user is well within his rights to say that he would like to see it removed from User:SPUI's userpage, however you look at it. Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 14:28, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately not. WP:NOT censored for anyone. It's pretty well established that a user can put pretty much what they like on their user page, as long it's not a personal attack of otherwise illegal content. That's not policy, of course, but, like I said, it's pretty well established. (Actually, he can say he wants he wants it removed, but he shouldn't actually remove it.) -Splash 15:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * While I agree that he should not have removed it, it was at worst ONE error made in good faith from which the user quickly backed down, and I'd like to say that I really don't feel like it should be that big of a deal. Making the user an admin will not make them more able to make such changes (since rollback reverts to the last version, and if only offensive content is removed in such a revert, it is almost certainly vandalism.)  If it had happened repeatedly (I am referring to user pages themselves,) either to user pages in general or to SPUI's userpage, I would consider this a much stronger objection.  Also, I can find no indication that WP:NOT applies to userspace, only that offensive content can be used in articles when it adds content to the article.  WP:NOT states "While obviously inappropriate content (such as inappropriate links to shock sites) is usually removed immediately, except from an article directly concerning the content...." and SPUI's user page is not an article concerning any of the removed content.  Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 15:31, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that this is a pretty minor issue (the second example is a replacement of a single word: while the decision to do so was wrong (and more wrong than the first example, imo), it too is minor). However, if WP:NOT doesn't apply to userspace, then there certainly isn't a place that says "it's ok to remove content you don't like from other users' userpages". Anyway, it wasn't the substance of my personal oppose vote, so it's not especially important to me. It is a point Stevey7788 might want to consider in future though. -Splash 15:40, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Y0u said "The user only removed the content from SPUI's user page once, and when it was restored, he did not attempt to remove it again". I count two removals. One would have been fine, a mistake but harmless, but again removing it again without any attempt at discussion is not behavior appropriate for an administrator, in my opinion. — Knowledge Seeker দ 20:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, putting "GAY SEX, ANAL, ALL NIGHT!" was somewhat shocking, and it looked almost like vandalism. When I removed it, SPUI reverted it immediately. I realize that many people have been editing SPUI's user page because of the GAY SEX message on the top. I invite you to visit my talk page and SPUI's talk page for the full story. Now, I will always be careful around user pages and remember to carefully discuss matters with them — I will take care to see that I will never do this again. SPUI is not a really bad person either, I have noticed that he has often been very helpful here, writing and improving articles on the U.S. transportation network, which is one interest we have in common. Thank you all for you concerns. — Stevey7788 (talk) 20:27, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I apologize, it was indeed removed twice. I was in error.  However, I still stand by my opinion that it was at worst a misjudgment made in good faith.  Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 20:33, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * What you are failing to grasp is that those changes he made are not being directly opposed, but rather, his line of thought is being opposed. I do not feel comfortable with the idea of supporting the adminship of an editor with such a conservative mindset, and I think the same is valid for most of those who are currently in opposition. --Sn0wflake 20:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I fully agree that it was two edits - but I was not at all willing to do it the third time because I knew what I had done was facing some opposition and that the 3RR must be respected. You may want to see my message to Knowledge Seeker, my talk page, and SPUI's talk page. Also, I was never aware of any policy which says that removing offensive words is not something to be done on Wikipedia. I really thought that I was doing something helpful to Wikipedia. But if some people oppose my actions and on removal of vulgar words, I will be very careful not to remove them to avoid POV and conflict. Addendum: about my "line of thought" - although I do not fully consider myself a convervatist, I am somewhat farther awy from leftist and radical thoughts, but I always take care not to create a POV situation, which I have never encountered really before. I have now read Profanity and understand why my actions are not acceptable. Besides, I will now always take full care to carefully discuss everything and to do things slowly when it comes to other user's pages and comments  — Stevey7788 (talk) 22:23, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Regarding Sn0wflake's comments: at least for me, my concern is the actions, not the thoughts. It is fine to be conservative—I am rather conservative myself, and personally feel that profanity should be used rarely if ever in comments. However, the important thing is to recognize that my personal standards don't necessarily apply to others. To Stevey: there is no policy forbidding removal of offensive words, and in fact this would be encouraged for the most part on articles. But there are policies on editing others' user pages and on editing others' comments. Nevertheless, I am impressed enough by Stevey's comments here that I am switching my vote to "support". Stevey, you don't have to carefully discuss everything either—it's all right to be bold too—but just make sure you are familiar with the relevant policies before doing so. For whatever reason, user pages on WIkipedia are considered to be somewhat sacrosanct, especially for productive editors. It would take a lot for me to edit someone's page without asking them about it first—and if the user reverted, and was a productive contributor, I would certainly ask for feedback before doing it again. — Knowledge Seeker দ 04:30, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * My not so civil vote might have left you under the impression that I do not respect your POV, but plase do not understand it as such. I simply am strongly against any manner of censorship when it comes to everyday things such as cursewords. While I am not very willing to change my vote, I will at least reword my vote. --Sn0wflake 22:55, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry. Although this is what Wikiquette says: Be careful of the words you choose — what you intended might not be what others think, I fully understand that I do not have the right to modify other's comments. I promise that I will try my best not to ever let myself "censor" other's comments in the future as I had done to SPUI's. Besides that, I do think that the Comments section is getting cluttered up over the discussion of one issue. — Stevey7788 (talk) 01:13, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A. Usually, Wikipedia chores are my normal everyday tasks. I do a lot of wikifying, new page patroling, RC patroling, new user welcoming, page cleanups, sandbox raking and other work that Wikipedia is in need of. I will try my best to serve Wikipedia as an administrator and do what the community needs me to do.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. I am interested in a wide range of topics. One of the topics I am interested in are the different ethnic groups and cities of the United States. Other interest are biological species and history. I rarely sit quitely and read an article like a rock in front of the computer moniter — instead, I like to correct mistakes and add more information to the article. A lot of good articles also exist here on Wikipedia. I always like the "monster articles" (such as San Gabriel Valley or History of the Yosemite area) that one or two people work very hard on and write exclusively for Wikipedia.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
 * A. Not really. There were a few small hassles like when Buckshot defaced my and other users' pages. Overall, however, Wikipedia is full of great people like Zscout370, Hadal, Everyking, and many other Wikipedians which I really admire. In my opinion, Wikipedia is an excellent community where people can get together to share and write about the many interesting things we meet in the world.


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Talk:Caracal, Romania

[Untitled]

 * In the city there are the ruins of a tower, built in 217 by the Roman emperor Caracalla, after whom the place is named.

This is taken from 1911 Britannica, but I think it's wrong. bogdan ʤjuʃkə | Talk 21:13, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caracal, Romania


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Nordic Valley Ski Area

Nordic Valley (formally titled Wolf Creek Utah Ski Resort) is a small local ski area in Nordic Valley, Utah. The area was known as Nordic Valley until June 29, 2005, when it was acquired by the nearby Wolf Creek Golf Resort.

The resort is known for its inexpensive tickets and as a good place to take children for their first introduction to skiing or snowboarding. Nordic Valley has been described as having "the least expensive skiing and riding in Utah".

The Mountain
Nordic Valley consists of a large beginner slope on the skiers left and several steeper and longer runs on the skiers right, with a terrain park cutting between the two. The short double chairlift Bridger and the newly installed longer Crockett access the beginner slope and the Terrain Park. Apollo, a longer double chairlift with a midway unloading station, provides the only access to most of the resort's terrain as it runs up the center of the hill; it also accesses the beginner slope and terrain park. The new Nordic Express, a high speed six pack, is accessed from Apollo and provides the most difficult terrain at the resort. A short surface lift, the Magic Carpet, is also available for beginners.

The creation of the Crockett Triple Chair expanded the beginner slope several hundred feet up the hill, and allowed the doubling in size of the Terrain Park. The triple chair also allows easier access to the forested area to the north of the terrain park.

The entire mountain is lit for night skiing, and snowmaking covers most runs. The resort's snowmaking system was revamped in the summer of 2006, one year after its acquisition by Wolf Creek golf resort. The new system has dramatically improved the reliability of the resort's snow. Though its low elevation makes for a shorter ski season than most ski areas in Utah, the snowmaking provides a stable base for at least a few months each year.

The Community
The surrounding community is also called Nordic Valley by locals.

title: Nordic Valley Ski Area


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Free Love Freeway

"Freelove Freeway" is a song written by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, who starred in the British comedy series The Office. Gervais first performed the song as David Brent in Series 1, Episode 4 (titled Training) of the show. From 2018, "Freelove Freeway" also appears in Freeview adverts in the United Kingdom.

Versions
The first version of "Freelove Freeway" was played by Brent during an employee training seminar. He went home to get his guitar and entertained his employees with his original songs he used to sing with his rock band Foregone Conclusion.

In 2004, singer-songwriter and musician Noel Gallagher, whilst still in the Britpop mega-band Oasis, recorded the song with Gervais in a professional studio. The new full band recording, which has an added verse, is available as a special feature on the DVD of The Office Christmas Specials. A longer, one-take version of the song is also available as an easter egg on the series one DVD.

Gervais and Mackenzie Crook (as Gareth Keenan) performed the song at the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium in 2007.

In January 2009, Gervais was a guest on BravoTV Inside the Actors Studio season 15 with James Lipton, where at one point of the interview he answered Lipton's question as David Brent. Then Brent obliged the audience by singing his latest song "Freelove Freeway" with a guitar supplied to him by Lipton.

In 2013, Gervais brought back his famous character Brent on his YouTube channel in a web series, "Learn Guitar with David Brent". He plays guitar, gives some tips on how to play and answers fan questions. Among the songs he played are "Freelove Freeway", "Spaceman Came Down", "Ooh, La La" and "Life on the Road".

title: Free Love Freeway


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Glenn Maerz

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 23:39, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Glenn Maerz
Delete nn, vanity, or hoax. 4 Google hits TheMidnighters 21:14, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Do not delete Glenn Maerz is a municipal political treasure here in Goshen, NY, and to delete this article would be a crime. He is a legitimate political activist as well as member of the Citizens for Open Space Coalition (http://www.citizensforopenspace.org/7343.html) and the article is entirely factual. (Unsigned comment by )
 * He also can't decide which political party he is from: the name of the party has changed since this article was nominated for deletion. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 21:38, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The Shirtless Grizzly Bear Party of New York has been renamed the Nudist Party of New York in a PR bid for New Yorkers to take its candidates more seriously; please do your research before talking about something you know nothing of in the future, because I'm not always going to be around to do your homework for you. (Unsigned comment by )
 * And that change took place while this article was being written did it? PS please don't change the attribution for your comments from your IP to a username.  If you have a user name please sign in and use it. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 00:45, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I was informed of the name change shortly after I wrote the article, yes, but the change apparently took place many weeks ago.  What other problems do you have with this article, if any?
 * There, I've created an account.
 * Good. The problem I have with the article is the individual in question isn't notable enough for an encyclopedia. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 00:52, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * How can you make such a judgement as a non-resident of Goshen? He is a local celebrity here and deserves at the very least a stubbed entry on Wikipedia for all his fame.
 * That's precisely my point. If he's not notable outside one small town in New York, he's not notable enough for an encyclopedia. -- Francs2000 |Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px|  ]] 01:03, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. You are underestimating Goshen's importance and quite frankly, I find that very offensive.  We'll see who's not "notable" outside of one "small town" in New York when Governor Maerz is sworn in in 2007.
 * Oh please, stop wasting my time. The guy is an activist that Google has never heard of. He comes from a town in New York with less than 13,000 people living in it, and the article about him establishes no notability outside who his wife and children are, and the fact that he might one day run for Mayor of New York for a political party that no-one has ever heard of. Come back when he actually gets elected. -- Francs2000 | Talk[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 01:13, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Again, you're failing to do your research. It is a run for Governor, not Mayor, that Mr. Maerz is considering, and I already linked you to an article that establishes Mr. Maerz's prominent seat on the board of directors for the successful Open Space Coalition.  You want me to stop wasting your time? I'm sorry; I know you're a very busy man, spending every waking hour of your day patrolling Wikipedia and all.
 * Delete, nn -- Francs2000 |Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 21:38, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete looks like a joke to me. joke or not, nn. Friday 21:48, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete per TheMidnighters, plus abuse of process. Dcarrano 22:06, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not delete Glenn Maerz is an active politician of Goshen and a model citizen. Deleting this entry would be a slap to to the face of this great member of society. (Unsigned comment by )
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 01:21, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete lets stop wasting time--Porturology 02:06, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable vanity. JamesBurns 09:32, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It is not vanity. I've never even met Mr. Maerz, but you can't live here in Goshen and not know of him. (Unsigned comment by )

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Ali Imran

Ali Imran (علی عمران) is a fictional character in various Urdu language detective novels written by Asrar Ahmed under the pseudonym of Ibn-e-Safi. He serves as the titular protagonist in the Imran Series nvels. He is usually referred to only by his last name in the context of the novels.

Imran is written out as a bright and young Oxford graduate, holding both a master's degree and a doctorate in chemistry. Although being highly inquisitive and trained in the matters of criminology, Imran is portrayed rather as showing clumsiness at times to hide the fact that he is a spymaster for a special branch of secret service spy operatives, working for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Like Inspector Clouseau in The Pink Panther, this facet of his personality serves also as comic relief throughout the novel series and teems the extreme morbidity and ruthlessness espionage with decent humour.

Early years
Ali Imran is an ageless character. He is described to be in his late twenties in earlier novels, and in some later books, early thirties.

Imran's childhood was briefly described by Ibn-e-Safi in one of the novels, Dr. Duago, when he was stating the reasons for Imran's paradoxical personality. Imran's mother was a pious Muslim lady, who wanted to see her son following the religion as well. However, Imran's father, Mr. Fazal Rahman (who was also the director general of the Intelligence Bureau's detective unit), chose an American missionary school for his early education. The contradictory teachings of his mother and his school transformed Imran's personality in such a twisted manner that after getting initially confused, he started ridiculing almost everything. Also, due to the strict and dictatorial personality of Fazal Rahman, Imran started living a dual personality from his childhood, acting differently at home and in the outside world.

It is often told in the novels that Imran's family is Pashtun and descendant of Genghis Khan.

Time in London
After completing high school, Imran was sent to London to live with one of Mr. Rahman's English friends, who was a police officer. That friend urged Imran to study criminology, and even provided him with some cases for practical experience. It was during this time that Imran first met the Chinese criminal mastermind, "Sing Hee", and defeated a gangster named McLawrence, who had terrorised London.The entire story is mentioned in Imran Series novel Lashon ka Bazaar.

Imran returned to his homeland after earning MSc and D.Sc. degrees in chemistry.

Start of crime fighting career
Mr. Rahman wanted Imran to join a local university as a professor after his return from London, but Imran flatly refused. After some time, he became friends with Captain Fayyaz, who was a subordinate of Mr. Rahman. Imran started helping Fayyaz in some of his cases, which boosted Fayyaz's profile, and also made some higher officials notice Imran's skills. This led to Imran's appointment as "Officer On Special Duties" in his own father's department. Mr. Rahman was infuriated at first, but couldn't object because Imran was being recommended by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In Bhayanak Aadmi (Imran Series no. 4), Imran dealt with a mysterious smuggler of Shadab Nagar in his own style, which was dismissed by Mr. Rahman as a "non-detective, scoundrelly approach". Imran had also brought with him an Anglo-Burmese girl, Roshi, from Shadab Nagar. This annoyed Mr. Rahman so much that he forced Imran to resign and ordered him to leave the house.

Imran moved into a flat (which was previously illegally confiscated by Captain Fayyaz), and together with Roshi, opened a private detective agency, disguised as a "Divorce Bureau", since the law didn't allow any private detectives.

Secret Service
Sir Sultan, who was a secretary in Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and a friend of Mr. Rahman, used to highly acknowledge Imran's abilities, and once requested for his aid in getting rid of a blackmailer. After Imran successfully helped him out, he offered to Imran the position of chief officer (X-2) in the ministry's secret service, which Imran accepted.

Imran's role as X-2 is in complete contrast to his apparent personality. As Ali Imran, he acts as an opportunist, becoming either a police informer or a blackmailer according to the situation's needs. He also works as an informant and a mere "outside agent" for the Secret Service, and is almost always made fun of by other Secret Service members. However, as X-2, he is feared by the same Secret Service members, who do not know the identity of their chief officer, and have only heard his voice over the telephone or a transmitting device. The voice of X-2 is different from the voice of Ali Imran. The members of Secret Service follow X-2's orders almost religiously, scared of any punishment that he may give if they disobey him. Only three other people know Imran's position as X-2, and those include Sir Sultan, Roshi, and Tahir/Black Zero (a Secret Service member whose duty was to pose as X-2 in Imran's absence).

Imran's adventures as X-2 included (among others) the thwarting of many espionage attempts, discovering of spies within national institutions, stopping a civil war conspiracy, and encounters with Zeroland (an international, mysterious, and highly resourceful "nation" of criminals). He was considered a "specialist" of Zeroland, having obtained high knowledge of its hierarchy, operations, and scientific advancements. Imran also had to deal with double crossing foreign agents, who conspired to reveal the identity of X-2.

As X-2, Imran reports directly to Sir Sultan, or to the Head of the State.

Description and personal life
In the books, Ali Imran has frequently been described as young, good looking and having a strong, athletic body, but also with a perpetual demeanor of foolishness showing constantly on his face. Sometimes, the words "gorgeous moron" have been used to state his presence. He also dresses in an eccentric manner, referred to by Ibn-e-Safi as his "technicolor" outfit. For example, Imran may wear a pink coat, with a light green shirt, a yellow necktie, white pants, and a purple flat hat with a red rose in it. However, at times when the need arises, he wears proper and expensive suits. Imran's foolish acts have often described by Ibn-e-Safi to be his second nature and completely without any fabrication. In Imran's own words, he is a "fool of 1st degree(اول درجے کا احمق)" in times of peace.

Imran lives in a modest flat that he obtained through Captain Fayyaz. However, in later books, Mr. Rahman referred to that flat as his own property.

Imran's household staff include his cook, Sulaiman, and Joseph Mugonda, Imran's black bodyguard. In later novels, Sulaiman marries a girl named Gul-Rukh and they both live with Imran.

Personality traits
Imran possesses a sharp wit, which when combined with his intelligence and foolish sense of humour, often leads to interesting conversations. He rarely shuts up, annoying all others around him, even in the face of grave circumstances. He is sometimes stated to be an expert in enraging even the most serene of people. One of his other talent is being a very good actor as he can cry on a moment's notice or change into a completely different personality when necessary.

Imran has often shown a certain disregard towards rules, and does break them if doing so is to his own advantage. It was due to his non-conformity to rules that Mr. Rahman demanded his resignation after he dealt with the smuggler of Shadab Nagar. However, Imran does not override the law and respects its authority, showing yet another side of his paradoxical personality.

Due to Imran's apparently vulnerable nature and handsome looks, women quickly develop a crush on him, but most of the time, Imran uses them to achieve his own goals and offers nothing but a cold shoulder. He is mostly unmoved by the charms of the fairer sex (just like Colonel Faridi), but has been shown to develop some affectionate feelings of friendship towards some of the women he had encountered, notably, Roshi and Mariana (during the Ad Lava series). Juliana Fitzwater, the only female member of Secret Service, has shown romantic feelings towards Imran on numerous occasions. Theresia Bumble Bee of Bohemia (T3B), who is one of the main antagonists of Imran Series and chief of the Zeroland, also has a huge crush on Imran, and Imran often flirts with her. However, being an extremely beautiful woman, Theresia once made Imran "aware of the existence of the most delicate portions of his mind" when she appeared before him without any disguise and makeup. Rather Sung Hi presumed Theresia might be in her real appearance. Otherwise she only appeared without makeup in Kalay Chiragh where Ali Imran when saw, instantly recognized her as Theresia Bumble Bee of Bohemia.

Imran is fiercely patriotic and protecting his country from foreign spies and threats is his top priority. It is his this personality trait that makes him highly ruthless in the line of his duty. At times, Imran had also dropped his comical nature and acted in a cold and serious manner, intimidating other Secret Service members to an extent that they followed his lead silently without any objection. This was specially evident during Secret Service's adventure in the tribal area of Shikral.

Mostly, Imran likes working alone, though he keeps in contact with his subordinates, either as X-2 or as Imran.

Intelligence
Despite his foolish exterior, Imran is a quick thinker and a demon planner. He often comes up with clever and prompt solutions to different problems, and concludes correctly about various aspects of a case. He is also an expert con-artist, and uses his sharp tongue and comical personality to squeeze the required information out of other people.

Combat
Imran can handle himself in hand-to-hand combat easily and has never really lost a fight. His style of fighting is often described as playful, with his face calm and his actions and movements smooth and under his control. In some novels, it is revealed that he has become a master of all martial arts and has created his own fighting style. Sometimes, he acted in a cowardly manner during a fight to give his opponent a false sense of superiority and then used it to his advantage. His basic strategy most of time is being defensive in such a way that he tires out his opponent to subdue him.

Imran can also handle a great array of weapons competently. He once used a wooden stick to defend himself against opponents armed with spears. He also judged at another time that a gun was not loaded by feeling its weight. Most of the times he's armed with an air gun which is modified to be used as to fire bullets which can be lethal or to blow out toxic or non-lethal air to subdue his enemies.

Imran is also proficient in the Sing Art, the technique of literally dodging bullets by judging the hand movements of the attacker, and moving sharply. The Sing Art was devised by Sing Hee, who performed it in front of Imran during his student years in London. Imran asked Sing to perform it again five times, and being a quick learner, was able to grasp the technique. Sing, initially stunned at Imran's brilliance, then declared Imran to be his nephew in the cunning arts, while Imran started calling Sing his "uncle". The Sing Art, however, works only if the attacker is single and is firing a single shot at a time.

Linguistics
Imran is a fluent speaker in many languages, including Urdu, Hindi, Tamil and almost all the regional ones. Foreign languages that he is shown to be fluent in include English, Arabic, Persian, Swahili, Shakrali (a fictional language in the series), French, Russian, Greek, Italian, Spanish, and German. He is also capable of assuming native accents. It is not stated when or how he learnt all of them, but it can be assumed that most of these were learnt by him during his time in London.

title: Ali Imran


text:
Libro d'Oro

The Libro d'Oro (The Golden Book), originally published between 1315 and 1797, is the formal directory of nobles in the Republic of Venice (including the Ionian Islands). It has been resurrected as the Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Italiana (The Golden Book of Italian Nobility), a privately published directory of the nobility of Italy. The book lists some of Italy's noble families and their cadet branches.

Venetian Libro d'oro
In the oligarchic Republic of Venice the series of restrictions to eligibility for membership in the Great Council that began in 1297 with the decreed Serrata del Maggior Consiglio, or closing of the Great Council, resulted in 1315 in the compiling of a directory of members of eligible families, the Libro d'Oro or "Golden Book". The book was permanently closed in 1797, with the fall of the Venetian Republic.

19th century
In 1896 the Libro d'oro was founded. Its members were families who had obtained decrees granting, renewing or confirming a title of nobility by the king or royal decrees or ministerial recognition of a noble title. It was intended to avoid abuses and usurpations in the maintenance of existing titles in the pre-unification states, and was responsible for keeping a "record of noble titles" in which membership was compulsory for the public use of the titles. In 1889 a list of families who had obtained decrees granting or recognition of titles of nobility after the unification of Italy was drawn up, as were 14 regional lists, where families were already recorded in the official lists of states pre-unification.

It was initially an official register kept in the State Central State in Rome compiled by the heraldry consultants of the Kingdom of Italy, a government body established in 1869 at the Ministry of the Interior.

Early 20th century
First published in its current form in 1910, it includes some 2,500 families, and may not be considered exhaustive. Included are those listed in the earlier register of the Libro d’Oro della Consulta Araldica del Regno d’Italia and the later Elenchi Ufficiali Nobiliari of 1921 and of 1933.

In 1921 it was decreed as the “Official list of noble and titled families of the Kingdom of Italy". The list included all family members already in the regional registers, but it marked with an asterisk those who had obtained title by royal or ministerial decree. In 1933 a second '"Official List of the Italian nobility" was decreed, to which was attached a list of requirements to establish nobility. Those enrolled in the Italian Official lists of nobility (1921–1933 and SUPL. 1934–36) had three years to provide documentation for inclusion in the Golden Book of 1933, so this is much shorter than the 1921 edition.

After the Second World War
Following the Second World War and the decision by a referendum to abolish its monarchy, the new Italian Republic officially ended its recognition of titles and hereditary honours in its new constitution of Italy, so ceased to maintain the Consulta Araldica, an official government body regulating the nobility which had been a department of the Ministry of the Interior. No titles are now recognized. Only those families bearing titles before 28 October 1922 (i.e. before the rise to power of Fascism) were permitted to use predicates of such titles as a part of their names. These laws did not apply to the Papal nobility of Rome, insofar as their titles had been created by the Pope, when he was a sovereign head of state of the Papal States (i.e. until the Capture of Rome on 20 September 1870). After a period of uncertainty, the Italian aristocracy continued to use their titles in the same way as they had in previous centuries. This behaviour was cemented by the continued publication of Il Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Italiana, published as much to prevent self-styled aristocrats from social climbing as to list the established nobility.

Current status
The Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Italiana ("Golden Book of the Italian Nobility") is regularly published by the Collegio Araldico of Rome. It should not be confused with a social register - wealth, status and social contacts are of no consideration on the decision as to whether a person may be included in the book, the only consideration is the blood or marital relationship to the head of a noble family. Nor is it a peerage reference such as those published in Great Britain (e.g., Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage, Burke's Peerage). The currently published Libro d'Oro is not an official publication of the Italian state, which currently does not have a civic office to recognise titles of nobility or personal coats of arms. The most recent (25th) edition of Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Italiana was published in 2014 http://www.collegioaraldicoromano.it/libro-d-oro

It is structured in volumes divided into two series:
 * Golden Book of the Italian nobility, old series in 11 volumes
 * Golden Book of the Italian nobility, new series, in 30 volumes

States and cities
In addition to the Libro d'oro of Venice, such books had existed in many of the Italian states and cities before the unification of Italy. For example, the Libro d'Oro of Murano, the glass-making island in the Venetian Lagoon, was instituted in 1602, and from 1605 the heads of the Council of Ten granted the title cittadino di Murano to those heads of families born on the island or resident there for at least twenty-five years. A Libro d'Oro was also compiled on each of the Venetian Ionian Islands as a nobiliary of the members of local Community Councils (Zante 1542, Corfu 1572 and Cephalonia 1593). After the Ionian Islands were conquered and annexed by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797, the Libro d'Oro was ceremoniously burned.

In the reformed Republic of Genoa of 1576 the Genoese Libro d'Oro, which had been closed in 1528, was reopened to admit new blood.

By extension, a Libro d'Oro is a by-name for any nobiliary directory, as when Al. N. Oikonomides refers to "the recently published 'libro d'oro' of the wealthy ancient Athenians (J.K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600-200 B.C. (Oxford 1971)".

title: Libro d'Oro


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Clubs/Templates/Spain

This page lists templates used for of the WikiProject on Football manual of style for clubs from Spain.


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Football/Clubs/Templates

This page lists navbox templates used for of the WikiProject on Football manual of style for clubs.

See links for navbox templates used on articles on clubs from each country.

Europe

 * Albania
 * Belgium
 * Bulgaria
 * Croatia
 * Czech Republic
 * England
 * Estonia
 * Faroes
 * Finland
 * France
 * Germany
 * Greece
 * Hungary
 * Iceland
 * Italy
 * Kazakhstan
 * Latvia
 * Moldova
 * Netherlands
 * Northern Ireland
 * Norway
 * Poland
 * Portugal
 * Republic of Ireland
 * Romania
 * Russia
 * Scotland
 * Serbia
 * Slovakia
 * Slovenia
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * Switzerland
 * Ukraine

Asia

 * China
 * Hong Kong
 * India
 * Japan
 * Malaysia
 * Singapore
 * South Korea
 * Taiwan

America

 * Costa Rica
 * Argentina

Africa

 * Egypt
 * Libya


text:
Kurz

Kurz is a German-language surname surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Heinz D. Kurz (born 1946), Austrian economics professor
 * Hermann Kurz (1813–1873), German poet and novelist
 * Isolde Kurz (1853–1944), German poet and short story writer, daughter of Hermann Kurz
 * Marco Kurz (born 1969), German footballer and manager
 * Rob Kurz (born 1985), American basketball player
 * Robert Kurz (philosopher) (1943–2012), German philosopher and publicist
 * Sebastian Kurz (born 1986), former Austrian politician who twice served as chancellor of Austria
 * Selma Kurz (1874–1933), Austrian operatic soprano
 * Siegfried Kurz (1930–2023), German composer, conductor and academic teacher
 * Toni Kurz (1913–1936), German mountaineer
 * Vilém Kurz (1872–1945), Czech pianist and piano teacher
 * Wilhelm Adolfovich Kurz (1892–1938), Austrian-born Soviet official
 * Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz (1834–1878), German botanist whose standard author abbreviation is Kurz

title: Kurz


text:
C-element

In digital computing, the Muller C-element (C-gate, hysteresis flip-flop, coincident flip-flop, or two-hand safety circuit) is a small binary logic circuit widely used in design of asynchronous circuits and systems. It outputs 0 when all inputs are 0, it outputs 1 when all inputs are 1, and it retains its output state otherwise. It was specified formally in 1955 by David E. Muller and first used in ILLIAC II computer. In terms of the theory of lattices, the C-element is a semimodular distributive circuit, whose operation in time is described by a Hasse diagram. The C-element is closely related to the rendezvous and join elements, where an input is not allowed to change twice in succession. In some cases, when relations between delays are known, the C-element can be realized as a sum-of-product (SOP) circuit. Earlier techniques for implementing the C-element include Schmitt trigger, Eccles-Jordan flip-flop and last moving point flip-flop.

Truth table and delay assumptions
For two input signals the C-element is defined by the equation $$y_n=x_1x_2+(x_1+x_2)y_{n-1}$$, which corresponds to the following truth table: This table can be turned into a circuit using the Karnaugh map. However, the obtained implementation is naive, since nothing is said about delay assumptions. To understand under what conditions the obtained circuit is workable, it is necessary to do additional analysis, which reveals that Thus, the naive implementation is correct only for slow environment.
 * delay1 is a propagation delay from node 1 via environment to node 3,
 * delay2 is a propagation delay from node 1 via internal feedback to node 3,
 * delay1 must be greater than delay2.

Implementations of the C-element
Depending on the requirements to the switching speed and power consumption, the C-element can be realized as a coarse- or fine-grain circuit. Also, one should distinguish between single-output and dual-rail realizations of C-element. A dual-rail C-element can be realized on 2-input NANDs (NORs) only. A single-output realization is workable if and only if:
 * 1) The circuit, where each input of a C-element is connected through a separate inverter to its output, is semimodular relatively to the state, where all the inverters are excited.
 * 2) This state is live for the output gate of C-element.

Static and semistatic implementations
In his report Muller proposed to realize C-element as a majority gate with feedback. However, to avoid hazards linked with skews of internal delays, the majority gate must have as small number of transistors as possible. Generally, C-elements with different timing assumptions can be built on AND-OR-Invert (AOI) or its dual, OR-AND-Invert (OAI) gate and inverter. Yet another option patented by Varshavsky et al. is to shunt the input signals when they are not equal each other. Being very simple, these realizations dissipate more power due to the short-circuits. Connecting an additional majority gate to the inverted output of C-element, we obtain inclusive OR (EDLINCOR) function: $$z_n = x_1 x_2 + (x_1 + x_2) \overline{y_n}$$. Some simple asynchronous circuits like pulse distributors can be built solely on majority gates.

Semistatic C-element stores its previous state using two cross-coupled inverters, similar to an SRAM cell. One of the inverters is weaker than the rest of the circuit, so it can be overpowered by the pull-up and pull-down networks. If both inputs are 0, then the pull-up network changes the latch's state, and the C-element outputs a 0. If both inputs are 1, then the pull-down network changes the latch's state, making the C-element output a 1. Otherwise, the input of the latch is not connected to either $$V_\text{dd}$$ or ground, and so the weak inverter dominates and the latch outputs its previous state. There are also versions of semistatic C-element built on devices with negative differential resistance (NDR). NDR is usually defined for small signal, so it is difficult to expect that such a C-element will operate in full range of voltages or currents.

Gate-level implementations
There is a number of different single-output circuits of C-element built on logic gates. In particular, the so-called Maevsky's implementation is a semimodular, but non-distributive (OR-causal) circuit loosely based on. The NAND3 gate in this circuit can be replaced by two NAND2 gates. Note that Maevsky's C-element is actually a Join element, whose input signals cannot switch twice. Yet another circuit with OR-causality, which operates as a Join element. A realization of C-element on two-input gates only has been proposed by Tsirlin and then synthesized by Starodoubtsev et al. using Taxogram language This circuit coincides with that attributed to Bartky , and can operate without the input latch. Note that both the Maevsky and Tsirlin circuits are based actually on so-called David cell. Its fast transistor-level implementation is used in the semistatic C-element proposed. Yet another semistatic circuit using pass transistors (actually MUX 2:1) has been proposed. Yet another version of the C-element built on two SR-latches has been synthesized by Murphy using Petrify tool. However, this circuit includes inverter connected to one of the inputs. This inverter should have small delay. However, there are realizations of RS latches that already have one inverted input, for example. Some speed-independent approaches assume that zero-delay input inverters are available on all gates, which is a violation of true speed-independence but is fairly safe in practice. Other examples of using this assumption also exist.

Non-transistor implementations
Other technologies suitable for realizing asynchronous primitives including C-element, are: carbon nanotubes, single-electron tunneling devices, quantum dots, and molecular nanotechnology.

Generalization for multiple-valued logic
The definition of C-element can be generalized for multiple-valued logic, or even for continuous signals:
 * $$\text { if } x_1=x_2=...=x_m, \text { then } y_n=\text{any}(x_1,x_2,...,x_m), \text { else } y_n=y_{n-1}.$$

For example, the truth table for a balanced ternary C-element with two inputs is Since the majority gate is a particular case of threshold gate, any of known realizations of threshold gate can in principle be used for building a C-element. In the multiple-valued case, however, connecting the output of majority gate to one or several inputs may have no desirable effect. For example, using the ternary majority function defined as

 * $$y = \begin{cases}

+1 & \text{if}\ x_1+x_2+x_3 \geqslant +1,\\ 0 & \text{if}\ x_1+x_2+x_3 = 0,\\ -1 & \text{if}\ x_1+x_2+x_3 \leqslant -1 \end{cases}$$ does not lead to the ternary C-element specified by the truth table, if the sum $$x_1 + x_2 + x_3$$ is not split into pairs. However, even without such a splitting two ternary majority functions are suitable for building a ternary inclusive OR gate.

title: C-element


text:
User talk:Dfettinger

Moved from anonymous talk
Please do not add commercial links or links to your own private websites to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. smoddy 20:47, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey Smoddy. Thanks for the heads up.  I thought each link was highly relevant to the subject matter, otherwise I would not have posted.  I will respect your request, as I'm not here to cause trouble by any stretch, but I would encourage you to check out the links themselves and get back to me as to whether or not you still feel that they are "spammish."  This is a fantastic resource that I would like to add to and help to flourish.
 * Thanks!
 * --Dfettinger 20:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi. I do apologise.  I saw the URL and thought "porn".  You don't know how much of that stuff we get.  Anyway, if you put it back in, I shan't object.  Cheers for understanding!  smoddy 21:00, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the quick reply :) Should I note each link with a "not porn" flag for clarity?  It's great that you guys are so on the ball -- I imagine you must have a lot of spammers to deal with.  Keep up the good work.
 * --Dfettinger 21:02, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * If you put by each link, then it will be clear to editors without distracting readers. Cheers, smoddy 21:05, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dfettinger


text: User talk:66.81.171.242

title: User talk:66.81.171.242


text:
Talk:Baltic region

Scandinavia is not baltic
I never heard anybody refer to Scandinavia (Norway,Denmark,Sweden) as baltic. If we cannot provide a source for this then teh sentence should be removed.

baltic region =/= baltic states

82.131.76.52 (talk) 18:16, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Defining the extent and limits of an exotic region
Hm.. the more I click my way around on these pages, the more I come to realize that perspectives and understandnings on all these exotic regions and continents vary and are highly subjective and even biased. Perhaps the English usage is much more inconsistent, unprecise and overlapping than the native-speakers' usage. If so, this is similar to other vaguely-defined regions that are found in the minds of distant groups of people and mean different things to them. See also Talk:Siberia, Talk:Latin America, Talk:Scandinavia, Talk:Middle East and Talk:Balkans, and also exonym versus autonym for similar discussions of namings and meanings. //Big Adamsky 18:23, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

The Grand Duchy of Finland was called 'Baltic' under imperial Russia?
Please provide a source for this bit of information. Otherwise, the sentence should be removed. Clarifer 11:41, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baltic region


text:
User:Dosey

Name: Dosey

title: User:Dosey


text:
Vajdahunyad Castle

Vajdahunyad Castle (Hungarian: Vajdahunyad vára) is a castle in the City Park of Budapest, Hungary. It is a copy of Hunyad Castle, known as Corvin Castle (Romanian: Castelul Corvinilor), in Hunedoara, Romania. It was built in 1896 as part of the Millennial Exhibition which celebrated the 1,000 years of Hungary since the Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin in 895. The castle was designed by Ignác Alpár to feature copies of several landmark buildings from different parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, especially the Hunyad Castle in Transylvania (now in Romania). As the castle contains parts of buildings from various time periods, it displays different architectural styles: Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque. Originally, it was made from cardboard and wood, but it became so popular that it was rebuilt from stone and brick between 1904 and 1908. Today, it houses the Museum of Hungarian Agriculture, the biggest agricultural museum in Europe.

The statue of the chronicler Anonymus (by Miklós Ligeti) is also displayed in the castle court. Anonymus lived in the 12th century (his true identity is unknown, but he was a notary of Béla III of Hungary), who wrote the chronicle Gesta Hungarorum (Deeds of the Hungarians).

The external wall of the castle contains a bust of Béla Lugosi, a Hungarian-American actor famous for portraying Count Dracula in the original 1931 film.

title: Vajdahunyad Castle