text:
User talk:Gilemon

Dan100 (Talk) 09:43, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Pisinbono.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Pisinbono.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Utyp
The article Utyp has been speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable, that is, why an article about that subject should be included in Wikipedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert notability may be deleted at any time.

Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and for specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. NawlinWiki 20:14, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion
For someone that apparently knows all about speedy deletion, you seem to lack the basic knowledge on the subject. You do not blank the article - this is a form of vandalism. You instead add the speedy deletion tag and the administrators deal with it.

Chrisch 14:27, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Utyp.gif)
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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Utypq.gif)
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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Utypscr.gif)
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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Utypscr.jpg)
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Notability of Luciano Fadiga
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For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. ju66l3r 18:27, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Copyright violation in Principlism
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Principlism, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Principlism is unquestionably copyright infringement, and no assertion of permission has been made. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Principlism, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. --Android Mouse Bot 2 07:54, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Beaufre.gif
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Tallogo-tag.gif
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Mooremcoverphoto.jpg
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Welcome back! And Robert A. Wilson book
Welcome back. The book you added on the Robert Anton Wilson page is by another author, Robert A. Wilson. Poor Robert A. Wilson will always have the RAW fnord attached to his name. Full steam ahead, Randy Kryn (talk) 02:34, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

Andre Beaufre
Hey there, i see you created an article Andre Beaufre which i am improving and working on, i see that you put he died in 1975 in Yugoslavia Do you know how he died and why? Thanks Goldblooded (talk) 12:39, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Icub.jpg
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Speedy deletion nomination of Strategic Communication Laboratories

A tag has been placed on Strategic Communication Laboratories, requesting that it be deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under two or more of the criteria for speedy deletion, by which articles can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may be soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
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title: User talk:Gilemon


text:
City of Burnside

The City of Burnside is a local government area in the South Australian city of Adelaide stretching from the Adelaide Parklands into the Adelaide foothills with an area of 2753 ha. It was founded in August 1856 as the District Council of Burnside, the name of a property of an early settler, and was classed as a city in 1943. The LGA is bounded by Adelaide, Adelaide Hills Council, Campbelltown, Mitcham, Norwood Payneham and St Peters and Unley.

A primarily residential upper middle class area, Burnside has little to no industrial activity and a small commercial sector. Over 257 ha of its area is dedicated to Parks and Reserves, the result being one of the greenest areas in Adelaide.

It was one of the first areas outside of Adelaide to be settled, with the early villages of Magill, Burnside, Beaumont and Glen Osmond now inner suburbs.

At the 2021 census, City of Burnside was considered the most relatively socio-economically advantaged LGA in South Australia, and the suburb of Skye the third most advantaged locality in the state (behind nearby Springfield and Mount George), according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics' SEIFA indexes.

History
Prior to the British colonisation of South Australia in 1836, Burnside was inhabited by the Kaurna, an Aboriginal people who lived around the creeks of the River Torrens during the summer months and in the Adelaide Hills during the wintertime. The area was first settled in 1839 by Peter Anderson, a Scots migrant, who named it Burnside after his property's location adjacent to Second Creek (in Scots, "Burn" means creek or stream). The Village of Burnside was established shortly thereafter and the District Council of Burnside was gazetted in 1856, being separated from the larger East Torrens Council. The council's first chairman was Dr. Christopher Rawson Penfold, of Penfolds Wines fame.

The present Council Chambers were built in 1927/28 in Tusmore, with the council becoming a municipality in 1935. With strong growth and development throughout the region, Burnside was then proclaimed a city in 1943. The 1960s brought Burnside Library, built next to the Council chambers, and the George Bolton Swimming Centre in Hazelwood Park. Both were further expanded and upgraded between 1997 and 2001.

Beaumont House, a historic structure, was constructed for the first bishop of Adelaide, Augustus Short, during 1851. Wineries, mining and olive groves were the mainstay of an early Burnside economy; Glen Osmond boasted substantial mineral deposits and world-class vineyards were established at Magill. The first council chamber was designed by chairman George Soward and built in 1869 by Thomas Hill and William Yateman.

Geography and environment
Burnside has an area of 2753 ha and is located from the east to the south-east of the Adelaide city centre and parklands, extending east to the Cleland National Park in the Mount Lofty Ranges. Two creeks of the River Torrens run through a gradually sloping plain from the ranges; there is much variation in land use and topography.

Before European Settlement in South Australia, much of the Adelaide Plains were swamps and woodland. In what became Burnside, plains leading out to Unley hosted the large Black Forest of Grey Box woodland. To the north and the floodplains of First and Second Creeks, there were Blue Gums and River Red Gums. Nearer to the foothills, in Mount Osmond and Waterfall Gully, a more diverse range of plant species existed, however Manna Gums and Blue Gums were predominant. With colonisation, much of the native foliage was cut down to enable crops and grazing. Market Gardens in the Adelaide Hills lowered the amount of water flowing down the creeks and some of the Hills Face was used for quarrying. Early crops included olives, grapes for winemaking, wheat and barley. Over the years agriculture greatly declined and only vineyards survive today in Magill and Waterfall Gully.

With new suburbs being gazetted in the 20th century, the Burnside Council undertook ambitious tree-planting, beautification and conservation schemes to slow and then reverse the negative impact on the natural environment. 190 ha of the council area is held in reserves and parks and some 35,000 trees line the streets. A "Second Generation Tree Planting Program" started in 1993. The council launched its Urban Tree Strategy in 2014, with a strategic plan covering the period to 2025. In February 2020, it won a Tree Cities of the World designation from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Arbor Day Foundation. It was one of three suburban Adelaide councils to be awarded the designation, along with the City of Mitcham and the City of Unley, which are the only three in Australia.

Notable parks and reserves include Chambers Gully, Langman Reserve and Hazelwood Park.

Council
Council consists of 13 Elected Members comprising a Mayor, and 12 Ward Councillors. The Council area is divided into six wards, with two Councillors elected from each ward. The wards are as follows:

 * Beaumont Ward (Beaumont, Leawood Gardens, Linden Park, Mount Osmond, St Georges and Waterfall Gully)
 * Burnside Ward (Burnside, Erindale, Stonyfell and Wattle Park)
 * Eastwood & Glenunga Ward (Eastwood, Frewville, Glen Osmond, Glenside and Glenunga)
 * Kensington Gardens & Magill Ward (Auldana, Kensington Gardens, Magill, Rosslyn Park and Skye)
 * Kensington Park Ward (Beulah Park, Hazelwood Park, Kensington Park and Leabrook)
 * Rose Park & Toorak Gardens Ward (Dulwich, Rose Park, Toorak Gardens and Tusmore)

The current council is:

Council Chairmen/Mayors of Burnside
Council Chairmen/Mayors since 1856 have been as follows: Prior to 1935, the head of the Elected Members was the Chairman of the District Council.

Politics
For State Government Burnside is part of the Electoral Districts of Adelaide, Bragg, Morialta, Hartley, Heysen, Norwood and Unley. Bragg takes in most of the city; it is the strongest Liberal Party district in the Adelaide Metropolitan Area and the third strongest in the state. Liberal strength is strongest in the wealthy hills suburbs to the south-east around Beaumont and weakest around Norwood in the north where the Labor Party dominates. Before their catastrophic collapse in recent years, the Democrats polled impressive results in the western near-city suburbs. The Greens gained much of the previous Democrats vote in recent elections. Bragg has been held by Jack Batty of the Liberal Party, since the 2022 by-election following Vickie Chapman's resignation.

Burnside forms the southern part of the Federal Division of Sturt, which takes in much of Adelaide's eastern suburbs, stretching from Paradise to Glen Osmond. Up until the 2007 Federal Election, it was a safe Liberal seat for over thirty years. At the election, on a two-party preferred basis, the Liberal Party gained 50.94% of the vote and the Labor Party 49.06%, a difference of only 1,712 votes. Christopher Pyne held the seat for the Liberal Party from 1993 to 2019 when he retired. He was followed by James Stevens who was elected in the 2019 Australian federal election. Stevens previously served as the chief of staff to Steven Marshall, the premier of South Australia, and prior to that as the general manager of Michell Australia.

An inquiry was launched in 2009 by the then state Local Government Minister Gail Gago into allegations of "harassment, bullying and misconduct" by then members of the City Council. After about $200,000 of expenditure by the council and $1.3 million by the state government, legal action by former councilors prevented the release of the report. A Supreme Court ruling on 27 May 2011, found that the report could be partially released, after material related to parts of the terms of reference deemed inappropriate was redacted.

Library
Burnside Library, established in 1961, is the only public library in the city of Burnside. The present library building was built in 2000, and is situated adjacent to the Council offices and is part of the civic centre at 401 Greenhill Road, Tusmore. the library is open seven days a week, from 9.30am-6pm on weekdays, except Thursday when it closes at 9pm, and on the weekend from 10am-4pm on Saturday and 2pm-5pm on Sunday.

Town Hall
The Burnside Town Hall, designed by prolific South Australian architect Charles Rutt (father of Bevan Rutt; died 17 February 1932 ). It was built in 1927, was identified as one of South Australia's 120 most significant 20th-century buildings by the Australian Institute of Architects. There is a large hall providing 260 m2 of floor space, with wooden floors, decorative windows, and a high ceiling. The building underwent modifications after Burnside Ballroom was built, and it became used for storage, office space, and as a rehearsal room for the Burnside Symphony Orchestra and Burnside Youth Concert Band. In 2019 it was fully refurbished, with ongoing work in the following two years to upgrade adjacent amenities. Situated right on the corner of Greenhill and Portrush Roads, its entrance is from the Portrush side.

Ballroom
Burnside Ballroom, adjacent to the civic centre, is also an architecturally significant building, built in 1954 by Greg Bruer and Jack Bruer, of Evans, Bruer, & Hall, who were also responsible for the Piccadilly Cinema in North Adelaide as well as several other notable buildings in Adelaide. It is heritage-listed on the South Australian Heritage Register, described as "an excellent example of a 1950s interior demonstrating characteristics of a modernist design", and it is noted that "There are no other known examples of this style of civic interior intact". It has a large ground floor as well as a mezzanine, totalling 500 m of floor space. It also has an entrance foyer, ladies' powder rooms and gentlemen's cloak rooms, bars, and a kitchen. It is available for hire.

The Burnside Symphony Orchestra is based in the council area, and performs up to four concerts annually in the Burnside Ballroom.

Demographics
The population of the City of Burnside, at the time of the 2001 census, was 40,398. This was an increase of 1,308 from the 1996 census. 53.3% of the population is female and 73.6% were born in Australia. Burnside is characterised by what is called an 'urban mix' by demographers; it contains a diverse range of age, family and household types. There are 16,835 households in Burnside, 10,917 of these are self-described families. 45% of families represent a couple with children, 11.% represent a sole-parent family and 43.1% are couples without children (or whose children have left home). The large number of couples without children (5.6% higher than the Adelaide average) owes to the sizeable elderly population. Almost a quarter (23.7%) of the population is aged 60 or over, almost a third (29.9%) is 24 or younger; mature adults are the largest population group at 46.4%. This would indicate a structure primarily of mature families and retirees, young adults are hugely unrepresented (although this is not unique to Burnside, this phenomenon is common throughout the majority of the Adelaide region); the 18-24 age group suffered a loss of 330 people between 1996 and 2001.

26.3% of the population was born abroad, less than the Adelaide average. 9% of the population came from English-speaking countries, while 14.3% did not. In decreasing order, the foreign-born population was from the United Kingdom, Italy, Malaysia, New Zealand, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, China and South Africa. These patterns are broadly in-line with that of Australia as a whole; they reflect traditional immigration from Commonwealth countries such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand, later waves of Mediterranean migrants and more recent arrivals from Asia.

Religious adherence in Burnside is higher than the Adelaide and Australian average, standing at 71.7%. Of this adherence, 67.6% represents traditional Christian denominations. Common across Australia and many developed countries, there has been a substantial decline in religiosity; this is evident but less marked in Burnside; 17.7% of residents profess no religious belief (atheism, agnosticism, etc.). The ten strongest religions/denominations in decreasing order are: Catholic, Anglican, Uniting, Orthodox, Lutheran, Baptist, Buddhism, Presbyterian, Judaism and Hinduism. Catholicism is unique for its marked increase (575 persons) in believers between 1996 and 2001, most other religions' numbers remained stable or saw a slight decrease.

Economy
Burnside has no manufacturing industries and a small number of agricultural plots still exist in the form of vineyards. It does however contain a sizeable amount of service industry; high-technology and commercial offices line the streets opposite the Adelaide park lands.

Burnside workers are employed in the Industries of Education, Health and Community Services (27%); Finance, insurance and business services (22.5%); wholesale and retail trade (16%); recreation and personal services (11.2%) and manufacturing (7.7%). In these industries they are employed as: Professionals (35.5%); clerks, salespersons and service (26.2%); Associate Professionals (13.7%); Managers and Administrators (12.4%) and tradespersons (4.8%).

Education
Burnside has two public high schools, Glenunga International High School and Norwood International High School, in its boundaries. Glenunga High remains at capacity through student enrolment from overseas and outside the local area. Its beginnings can be traced back to 1898; it was first established as the South Australian School of Mines and Industries on North Terrace, its original buildings there are now part of the University of Adelaide campus. It changed name to Adelaide Technical High School in 1918. With the move to its current location at Glenunga in 1963 the name was eventually changed to Glenunga High School a decade later. The school attained International Baccalaureate accreditation in 1990 and 'International' was added to its title. Marryatville High School is also on the boundaries of Burnside and draws most of its students from Burnside. There are also Burnside Primary School and Linden Park Primary School, both years Rec-7 public schools.

Health
The Burnside War Memorial Hospital is the only community hospital in Burnside. Otto Georg Ludwig van Rieben offered his Attunga property for use as a community hospital free of charge in 1944. The council had first suggested building a community hospital in August 1943 as part of its Post-War Reconstruction and Development Committee; it was to cost no more than 100,000 pounds and be a memorial to honour Burnside's war dead. In April 1949 the first conversion of van Rieben's home was complete and the hospital was caring for 21 patients. The hospital closed for a month in 1956 and when it reopened was given its present name: The Burnside War Memorial Hospital. The hospital is not-for-profit and reinvests all surplus into upgrading facilities, equipment and services.

The Queen Victoria Hospital on the corner of Fullarton Road and Grant Avenue in Rose Park opened in 1902 with a grant of 2,550 pounds. It was originally known as "The Queen's Home" as it opened on the birth day of Queen Victoria, (24 May). It was renamed in 1939 to the "Queen Victoria Maternity Hospital" and under the Hospital Benefits Act of 1946 became a public hospital. It operated until 1995 when it was amalgamated with the Women's and Children's Hospital and the original building was sold and converted into apartments. Over 250,000 South Australians began their lives at the hospital.

Transport

The area was originally served by horse-drawn buses and trolleys but it was electric trams and trolley buses that led to the development of Burnside as a suburban residential area.

Burnside is located at a transport crossroads for national freight movements. Freight traffic from Victoria diverges down Glen Osmond and Portrush Roads upon entering the metropolitan area via the South Eastern Freeway (formerly Mount Barker Road). Both roads carry an almost equal amount of freight traffic, Glen Osmond leads to Adelaide Airport and Outer Harbor while Portrush Road connects to the northern industrial suburbs, the state's north, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. In addition, they act as major commuter arteries for the Adelaide Hills and form the eastern part of Adelaide's outer bypass route. The current South Eastern Freeway was completed in 1999 and Portrush Road saw an extensive upgrade throughout 2003–2004.

Other major commuter roads include Kensington, Magill and Greenhill Roads, which run east–west. Glynburn and Fullarton Roads provide secondary north–south corridors, the former runs close to the foothills and alleviates congestion on Portrush while the latter forms part of Adelaide's inner bypass route. Maintenance of the extensive road network is a State Government responsibility; the Federal Government provides funding for nationally important AusLink routes. Council provides recommendations to projects and participates in the upkeep of the curbs, frontage, footpaths and minor signage.

Burnside residents rely overwhelmingly on cars as a means to travel to work; 64.3% drive their own vehicle and 5.6% are a regular passenger in one. 5.8% use public transport, in the form of Adelaide Metro buses, for their commute; 1.2% bicycle and 2.3% walk. Non-vehicular travel is on the rise, with usage higher than the Adelaide average and an increase in persons doing so between 1996 and 2001. 38% of Burnside households own one vehicle, 26.8% own two and 12.3% own three vehicles or more. Burnside and suburbs east of the city were served by an excellent tramway system that was shut down in the 1950s.

With the advent of widespread automobile travel in the mid-20th century there was a tendency for motorists to use local roads in suburbs adjacent to the CBD for their commute home. 'Rat trails' of cars sneaked through narrow side-streets, presenting traffic bottlenecks. This was a particular problem for some western Burnside suburbs because of their location. Various traffic control methods were put in place (closing streets, speed bumps, lowered speed limits, roundabouts) to counter these problems; this forced the re-routing of traffic onto major thoroughfares.

Utilities
Burnside is connected to the Adelaide water, power and gas mains. Until recently, many of the foothills suburbs did not have access to sewage systems and used septic tanks. This had been rectified in the last decade in a partnership between SA Water and the Burnside Council.

SA Power Networks is the Electricity Distributor, with approximately 10 retailers. Burnside derives its electricity via the Adelaide grid from a gas-fired plant at Torrens Island. Burnside's water supply is gained from the Adelaide area reservoirs: Mount Bold, Happy Valley, Myponga, Millbrook, Hope Valley, Little Para and South Para. Further water demands result in the pumping of water from the River Murray. The provider of water services is by the government-owned SA Water. In early times, Burnside's creeks contributed to Adelaide's water supply. With enlarged market gardens upstream in the Adelaide Hills the water level and quality dropped and this was no longer feasible.

Council maintenance services are located at the Council Depot on Glynburn Road in the suburb of Burnside.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: City of Burnside


text:
Hypex Electronics

Hypex Electronics is a Dutch electronics company known for its Class D audio amplifier modules. These employ a control method called Universal class D (UcD), invented by Bruno Putzeys and patented by Philips.

History
The company was formed in 1996. Hypex began producing the UcD in the early 2000s after Philips declined to use Putzeys' technology in its own product range. By 2004, the company had produced a 180-watt Class-D amplifier on a 40 cm2 board with around 0.02% total harmonic distortion. Putzeys joined Hypex full-time in 2005, and began working on UcD's follow-up, the NCore, with an improved reduction in distortion with 92% efficiency.

Products
Hypex modules can be found in some high-end audio products, including NAD Electronics (who produce customised versions of the original Hypex UcD)  or in musical instrument amplifiers. The TEAC AX-505 amplifier is driven by a Hypex Class D nCore, as is the NAD Master Series M10 streaming amplifier.

The NCore 400 is available in kit form, that allows the module to be used in lower-end equipment. It supports a signal-to-noise ratio of 125 decibels and a switching speed of 470-530 kilohertz.

Manufacturing
The company has its own production facility based in Malaysia. The first factory was established in Simpang Empat in 2011, moving to Parit Buntar in 2017.

title: Hypex Electronics


text:
User:Crazybyte

Hi!

I'm from nothern Germany and I think the wikipedia project is a great idea and has to be fostered. I would like to contribute a small share in this!

title: User:Crazybyte


text:
Talk:Enforcer (ice hockey)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 2 February 2021 and 14 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Twhitney3434.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:37, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I, personally, wouldn't call Joe Thornton or Derian Hatcher enforcers. Joe is more of a powerforward and Derian is more of a big tough d-man. Just my thoughts. Masterhatch 26 July 2005

Joe Thornton an enforcer? Laughable.

Matthew Barnaby? His rise to the NHL is a cinderella story for sure but an Enforcer he is not! And niether is Jordan Tootoo. Chris66 22 June 2006
 * To this note, I would suggest the creation of a Rat (hockey) or Pest (hockey) page. Barnaby is not an enforcer; his role is not to fight or to retaliate.  His role is to bait people into fighting him or retaliate by playing dirty while the refs aren't looking.  Rat or pest, not enforcer. Marimvibe 08:55, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd be fine with such an article. Go ahead and create it. Croctotheface 00:34, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Added - Pest (hockey) Marimvibe 02:07, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Too many enforcers listed
If people want a complete list of enforcers, that could be an article unto itself. This article should just have a small handful to illustrate the concept. I'll wait a bit, then make the change. Croctotheface 14:32, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that the list shojld be limited, but the fact that McSorely's fourth all time in PIM alone should get him on the list. Throw in the slash on Brashear, and he's certainly notable. Marimvibe 01:07, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Would there be tremendous opposition to paring the list down to maybe five or six names? There's already a category that functions as a list. My issue is that there really isn't any grounds for excluding any name with the list there is now. However, an extremely long list of names isn't really all that useful for an encyclopedia article, and there's no need to have two lists of enforcers--one on the page and also the category. Croctotheface 00:26, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No opposition here. Ray, Domi, Williams, McSorely, Laraque? Marimvibe 03:22, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree - there's no reason to have both a link to the category in the See also, and a list on the page, particularly when the two don't match. 64.81.240.233 00:23, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Tony Twist NEEDS to be on this list. From his Wikipedia page: "Despite a relatively short career, Tony Twist was arguably one of the best enforcers of his generation. He spent most of his time with the Blues as the protector of Brett Hull. That his yearly accumulated penalty minutes were never as high as most of the other noted NHL pugilists attests to the fact that many of them respected his prowess and were wary of going toe to toe with him. At the end of his career "The Twister" joked that his job could have been done by a cardboard cutout of him on the end of the bench because his reputation was so scary to opposing teams."  [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  00:42, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The list is, again, not intended to be a complete list of enforcers. Not including someone on the list does not make him "less" of an enforcer.  We as editors of this article have to choose between either trying to have an exhaustive list of enforcers (a list that would totally overwhelm the article and serve little purpose because it would be redundant with the category), having a small number of samples, or having no list at all.  I'd rather have no list on the article at all than see it bloat.  Just because there is a bunch of glowing pro-Twist POV at his article doesn't mean that he is more deserving than any other enforcer.  Croctotheface 01:02, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I understand, but Tony Twist was only known as an enforcer, and well known at that. Maybe we should cast a vote? That would be the fairest way I can think of, instead of having an edit war.  [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  01:26, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think we're edit warring. I mean, there are two other editors who contributed to the consensus for paring down the list, as you can see above.  All of the people who used to be on the list were "known as enforcers".  I mean, this isn't a huge deal to me in the abstract (I don't really care a whole lot about whether Twist as an individual is on the list), but if we don't draw the line somewhere, then the article becomes a huge list of names without any context.  Would it be wrong of me to think that you want to privelige Twist over the other names in the Enforcers category?  I don't really see why he should be. Croctotheface 01:48, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, because Twist was pretty a fan favourite wherever he played, still is in the hockey business doing post game shows, and his job on the Blues was to protect Brett Hull and fight anybody that messed with him. I think it should go by who has the most PIMs, in a way, and Twister had 	1121. I agree though, there really shouldn't be a big list, but it should be bigger than it is, maybe 10? I don't know, nor do I really care, but anything over 10 would be too much.  [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  02:23, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Tony Twist never fought more than 15 times in a season. How can you argue for the inclusion of Twist, when guys like Rob Ray (5 seasons of 20 or more fights protecting Hawerchuk, Mogilny and Lafontaine), and Dave Semenko (an obvious inclusion that was somehow overlooked) are omitted? And that's not even mentioning active enforcers like Donald Brashear (protecting Ovechkin and Koivu). I've removed Twist and replaced him with Semenko. I'd love to see your reasoning why Twist is in this very small list of examples and Semenko isn't. 216.191.73.124 21:46, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Because Twist is a MUCH bigger name. Twist even said that since he was so good at what he did, the players were so scared fo him, you could put a cardboard cutout of him on the bench and they'd still be scared. Youtube him. Enforcing isn't just fighting, its more than that. If it were just fighting, DJ King would be on the top of the list.  [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  22:02, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * This looks like an opinion more than actual fact. Rob ray was a much more feared than tony twist, had a much longer career, and was just as revered in Buffalo as twist was in st. Louis, and semenko practically invented the bodyguard tag in hockey, no way is Twist a bigger name. Adding tony twist to this article looks like fancruft, rather than reality. 74.13.129.135 00:34, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. If Ray, who is 6th all time in PIM, had a storied rivalry with Domi, had a rule written because of him (and an interesting, "why would they ever need that rule" type of rule, and was the quintessential enforcer isn't worthy of making the list, I have a hard time agreeing with Twist. Perhaps people shouldn't be allowed to put players from their favorite team on the list? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Marimvibe (talk • contribs) 01:19, 31 March 2007 (UTC).

 * Twist didn't just play for St. Louis, I hope you know. Seriously, YouTube him. Once again though, Fighting is not even half of being an enforcer, you need to hit well, and be respected. More than I think twist is a great enforcer.   Joe Sakic, when asked what NHL Enforcer he wanted in his corner? Tony Twist.  "The NHL's reigning toughguy, Tony Twist."  A lot of people consider Tony Twist to be one of the best if not the best enforcer of his time. Whoever thinks he doesn't belong is just being biased. Tony Twist is a PRIME example of an NHL Enforcer. Doesn't get a whole let  better than that. 445 Career Games. 10 Goals. 18 Assists. 1121 PIMs. If that doesn't speak for itself I don't know what does. Having Georges Laraque on there is a little pre-mature if you ask me. I think you should have a list of 10, and Tony Twist should without question be on that 10.   [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  03:15, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Adding Twist is pure fancruft and certainly not worthy of mention over guys like Jim Schoenfeld, Tim Hunter, Chris "Knuckles" Nilan or even Terry O'Reilly. Please stop edit warring. I see you've already been tagged as a sockpuppet for a user that has been blocked for more than a week - so don't push the 3RR with edit warring. 74.13.129.135

Kid, that was all a mistake, don't stalk me over the internet please. I could hate Tony Twist and still think he needs to be on here. I'm not a fan of Tiger Williams because of his infamous cheap shot, but he should be on here. Nor do I like Marty McSorley, but not gonna argue if he should be here or not, because he should. You obviously have a personal vendetta with either me or Tony Twist, and are just making things difficult, all of your edits are anti-Tony Twist, sounds like some PesonalPOVto me, and this whole topic should be NPOV. Just because I happen to like the guy doesn't make him any less of an enforcer, for christs sake.  [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  04:22, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

JimSchoenfeld, no mention of him being an enforcer on his page, just a disgrace to the NHL officials. Tim Hunter was able to score goals, so isn't your stereotypical enforcer. Lets face it, the old NHL was full of enforcers, theres no need to limit the page to a small number, there should be a whole page with just a list of them. BUT, if you're going to list people who fit the enforcer role to a t, Tony Twist is a PRIME EXAMPLE. Couldn't score. Couldn't get an assist, could only fight and hit and be feared.  [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  04:27, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Try watching hockey before your birth year - what was that? 1990? Look at the arguments above - you're the only person who is insisting on inserting their POV into this article. Wikipedia works by consensus and verifiability, not because one lone editor who is has an obvious agenda wants the edit inserted. you're a blocked editor using a sockpuppet to get around a block - you should be blocked again. 74.13.129.135 04:30, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

I was blocked because idiots like you can't handle the truth. Just because you don't like him, doesn't mean hes not an enforcer. I only like Twist and Domi on that list, but am not about to edit it over and over like you just because I don't argee with ONE NAME. I personally think D.J. King is the best fighter in the league right now, but am not gonna put it up there.  [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  04:35, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * i'm not interested in why you were blocked, and i don't care anything about Tony Twist either way, other than the fact that his name does not belong with those that are listed, especially when you consider all the other enforcers in league history who are not there. you're clearly not editing with a neutral point of view, and kiddy name calling isn't going to change that. and as an aside, just the fact that you can't see Tim Hunter was an elite enforcer shows that your viewpoint is limited when it comes to hockey. 74.13.129.135 04:45, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

"Kiddy" Insults, calling a name there. "Reverted FanBoy Edits", theres another name. Please don't be hypocritical. I never said Tim Hunter wasn't an "elite" enforcer, I said he wasn't your stereotypical enforcer because he could score goals. Please learn to comprehend common everyday english. Remove Tony Twist again, just because you're a biased person who doesn't like real hockey enforcers, and likes the old ones. This is about current ones. If you're a new fan to hockey, you would like to know the current or enforcers from a couple years ago, not players that didn't even wear helmets.  [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  05:14, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * keep reaching- look up the meaning of fanboy. Show me one source that shows Twist is worthy of this list over the guys listed above - Ray, Nilan, Hunter, Semenko etc. Because if as you claim Twist is MUCH bigger name it should be no problem. Again you're a blues fan trying to add a player you like, whether he belongs or not - a clear case where a selection of content is of importance only to a small population of enthusiastic fans of the subject in question. It also implies that the content is unimportant and the contributor's judgement of notability is lacking. - otherwise known as WP:FAN - fancruft. I'm waiting for some sources. 74.13.129.135 05:25, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Enforcer List
Listing any enforcer on the page without citing a reliable source leaves the information open for removal and/or tagging with Fact or [original opinion?] tags. Obviously anyone who was labeled a goon could be added as long as someone "thinks" they fit the criteria. I think we need to show examples that have been reported by a reliable source which is what Wikipedia calls for. According the this 2005 ESPN article [] the top enforcers include Tie Domi, Dave Semenko, Bob Probert, Dave Schultz and Tiger Williams from the list currently on the page. They also list Tim Hunter and Terry O'Reilly from the argument above. Tony Twist does not appear, or does Jim Schoenfeld, Rob Ray or Chris Nilan. MSNBC has Georges Laraque tagged as a top enforcer.. We should stick to those who have overwhelming evidence supporting their inclusion or otherwise everyone from Stu Grimson, Joey Kocur, and Rudy Poeschek, to Todd Fedoruk, Andrew Pters and Derek Boogard will be in this article, and this talk page will end up looking pretty ugly.  Quar te t  05:17, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Please explain why Laraque is on there then, and nobody has any problem with it?  [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  05:23, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Please see above - I picked one of many sources that list him as an elite enforcer.  Quar te t  05:27, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

So a headline that says "Veteran to provide scoring depth; Laraque one of NHL's top enforcers" that was written when the enforcer role was basically done for the time being includes him as one of the best enforcers of all time? I see. I thought wikipedia was for factual information. My mistake.  [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  05:29, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * There are an overwhelming number of articles from reliable sources that tag Laraque as a top enforcer. Again that was just one of many sources.  Quar te t  05:41, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Laraque has about as many PIM's as a girl scout, but ok.  [`.Thirty Thr33]  (Talk)  05:47, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not interested in your opinion on number of penaltly minutes or number of fighting majors - I'm not defending Laraque, I'm looking to determine what decides who makes this list - and I'm starting to think a list is a bad idea for this article without something to quantify who belongs and who doesn't.  Quar te t  05:54, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Seeing how the user above has been indef blocked, are there any other (perhaps more informed) opinions on this?  Quar te t  02:49, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd be fine with removing the list. As I said before, the choices are basically all, some, or none.  "All" would be redundant with the category and overwhelm the article.  "Some" would perhaps be a bit more informative, as it would let readers click the links and see the kind of careers that enforcers have.  The downside, as we've seen here, is that there's no way to objectively select a list.  "None" has the advantage of avoiding the need to make a decision.  It would be marginally less informative, but it may be the fairest solution and make the most sense. Croctotheface 04:36, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the list has value. I'd suggest some measure to reduce potential fanboism creeping into the list, for example freezing the list as it is now (which I think provides 99% of the value the list could have.) As it stands, the list provides a few of the more notable enforcers over a decent time frame, and includes I'd say about the most notable current enforcer in Laraque for a current state of the role. My 2 cents. Marimvibe 03:46, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. All of the individuals listed can be justified with a reliable source if needed.  Quar te t  14:20, 5 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not disagreeing with the notion that the people on the list are enforcers. The issue is that many other players are enforcers as well.  As you said yourself, it's very hard to determine who should and should not be on the list.  The question is whether the list adds enough value to the article to have to go through the process of determining who should and should not be on it.  It may be the case that eliminating the list and therefore eliminating that problem is the best thing for everyone involved. Croctotheface 04:35, 7 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I've seen this before with other articles and agree with Croctotheface. Eventually if left unchecked the article will have a huge list full of fan additions similar to how the sideburns article looks right now. If the article is written properly and cited properly, a list is redundant. Also, we'll avoid petty conflicts over one minor addition like the one above. This isn't a vote, but if it were, I'd vote remove, and incorporate the list into well-written prose. Yankees76 04:40, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

I've pulled the list until consensus is reached on this.  Quar te t  15:41, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

I think everyone would agree on something like this ==

List Of Enforcers
For a list of enforcers, please see Category:Enforcers.

75.40.63.139 16:30, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

I'm not sure if everyone would agree on this, but I think it's OK. It's a little bit sloppy/makeshift, but I agree that most people won't think to click the category link unless we tell them it's there. This seems as good a way as any to do that. Croctotheface 08:20, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Potential reference
"Best Hockey Fighters For The Buck" http://www.forbes.com/2008/10/29/best-hockey-fighters-biz-sports-nhl08_cz_ps_1029fight.html

ice hockey vs hockey
We never use the generic term hockey for any articles needing disambiguation because the word is ambiguous and in many parts of the world simply means field hockey. Thus if we used it on this page it would lead to the assumption that we were talking about enforcers in field hockey for people in parts of the world that use hockey to mean field hockey. Thus the convention was created to always use ice hockey for any articles relating to ice hockey and to use field hockey for any articles relating to field hockey even if there are no corresponding articles of the same name for both sports. This is especially noticed for players of the sports where they are always listed with ice hockey even though there is no article for any other player with that name playing field hockey or some other form of hockey. -DJSasso (talk) 14:24, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

This page got a mention in a media article
See this article. -- JOJ Hutton  02:35, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Enforcer (ice hockey)


text:
Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson

Dr Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson (26 November 1809 in Stralsund – 18 December 1848 in Berlin) was a trained medical doctor and a German entomologist.

He was the author of many articles about insects mainly in Archiv für Naturgeschichte. When writing in Latin, he latinised Wilhelm to Guillelmus becoming either ''Guil. F. Erichson or G.F. Erichson.'' He wrote a paper in 1842 on insect species collected at Woolnorth in Tasmania, Australia, which was the first detailed research published on the biogeography of Australian animals and was very influential in raising scientific interest in Australian fauna.

Erichson was the curator of the Coleoptera collections at the Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin from 1834 to 1848. Erichson's Scarabaeidae classification is nearly identical to the modern one.

Works

 * Genera Dytiscorum. Berlin (1832)
 * Die Käfer der Mark Brandenburg. Two volumes Berlin (1837-1839) Click for pdf:
 * Genera et species Staphylinorum insectorum. Berlin 1839-1840)
 * Entomographien. Berlin (1840)
 * 1839: IX. Insecten. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 5(2): 281–375. PDF
 * 1842: Beitrag zur Insecten-Fauna von Vandiemensland, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der geographischen Verbreitung der Insecten. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 8: 83-287. PDF
 * Bericht über die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Entomologie. Berlin (1838)
 * Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. Berlin (1845-1848)

title: Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson


text:
Atlantis Princess

Atlantis Princess is the third Korean studio album (fifth overall) by South Korean recording artist BoA, released through SM Entertainment on May 30, 2003. The record spawned three singles, including the Seoul Metropolitan Government promotional single "Lights of Seoul", the title track "Atlantis Princess", and "Milky Way", with accompanying music videos produced for the latter two songs. An overseas version of the album, containing a bonus video CD, was released in several territories in Asia such as the Philippines, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Atlantis Princess is primarily a pop record with lyrics touching on themes of pursuing dreams and aspirations. It was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics, with IZM complimenting BoA's performance and the album's production. The single "Atlantis Princess" ranked number one on the music programs Inkigayo and Music Camp for multiple weeks, and won Best Dance Performance at the 2003 Mnet Music Video Festival.

The album was commercially successful in South Korea, debuting at number one on the Recording Industry Association of Korea (RIAK) album chart in May 2003, with monthly sales of 128,000 copies from two days alone. It remained at number one the following month and sold over 345,000 copies in 2003, ranking as the fifth best-selling album of the year in South Korea and the second best-selling album by a female artist.

Background and release
The album's title track, "Atlantis Princess", was composed by Hwang Sung-jae and is a fast-tempo dance song that expresses a bright and hopeful message. The music video for the single was filmed in Australia in mid-May 2003. BoA performed the song on live television for the first time on Inkigayo on June 1.

The follow-up single "Milky Way" was written and produced by Kenzie. The Japanese version of the track was included as a B-side for her single "Double" and was added as a bonus track to her third Japanese album Love & Honesty (2004). "The Lights of Seoul" is a promo CD single which was a special release given to people who attended Hi Seoul Festival in May 2003, and was introduced on the website of the Seoul Metropolitan Government as a promotional track for the organization.

Reception
Lee Min-hee of IZM gave Atlantis Princess a positive review, complimenting BoA's performance and the album's production. However, a reviewer from the Daily Vault was not as impressed, feeling that there were a number of "unmemorable filler songs". Retrospectively, "Atlantis Princess" appeared at number 93 on Melon and Seoul Shinmuns list of Top 100 K-pop Songs of All Time and number 1 on The Forty-Fives list of the 45 best K-pop songs of all time.

Although Atlantis Princess was released at the end of May, it was the best-selling album of the month and debuted at number-one on the Recording Industry Association of Korea (RIAK) album chart issue for May 2003, selling 127,887 copies. It retained its number-one position the following month and sold an additional 124,747 copies. Atlantis Princess ended at number five in the year-end ranking of the best-selling albums in South Korea for 2003, selling a total of 345,313 copies throughout the year. It was the second best-selling album by a female artist in 2003 after Lee Soo-young's This Time, which sold 435,904 copies.

Covers
"Atlantis Princess" has been covered by various K-pop artists since its release, including Taeyeon, Golden Child, DKB, Iz*One, (G)I-dle's Miyeon and Woodz, Mamamoo, and Nmixx. In August 2020, Bolbbalgan4 released a cover version of the song as part of SM Station's tribute project for BoA's 20th anniversary, which peaked at number 36 on the Gaon Digital Chart and number 26 on the K-pop Hot 100. Red Velvet released a jazz remake of "Milky Way" for the same project, which peaked at number 64 on the K-pop Hot 100.

title: Atlantis Princess


text:
Fladry

Fladry is a rope mounted along the top of a fence, from which are suspended strips of fabric or colored flags, that will flap in a breeze. They are intended to deter wolves from crossing the line. Fladry lines have been used for this purpose for several centuries, traditionally for hunting wolves in Eastern Europe. They may be used to protect livestock in small pastures from wolves. They are effective temporarily, as the novelty may soon wear off, usually between three and five months.

Sometimes this technique is used to alert horses and cattle to the presence of a fence, as the use of smoothwire fences and one strand of electric may not be seen by an animal unfamiliar with such.

The use of fladry also has been suggested among techniques to prevent wolves from being attracted to dead stock that may be in conditions that make it difficult for ranchers to remove or bury the carcasses, which endangers the livestock herd once the wolves are attracted.

In culture
Russian singer and songwriter Vladimir Vysotsky (1938-1980) mentions fladry in his famous song "Wolf Hunt" (Охота на волков; 1968). Fladry is used here as a symbol of treacherous attitude of hunters toward the animals, but it may be understood as a metaphor of the stance of powers-that-be toward the people of free spirit. The "Wolf Hunt" was one of the most famous songs in the USSR during the 1970s.

title: Fladry


text:
Princess Farah

Princess Farah could refer to:

 * Princess Farah Pahlavi (born 2004), youngest child of Reza Pahlavi, former Crown Prince of Iran.
 * a recurring character from the 2003 video game Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time and its sequels

title: Princess Farah


text:
Checker Marathon

The Checker Marathon is an automobile produced by the Checker Motors Corporation of Kalamazoo, Michigan, between 1961 and 1982. It was marketed as a passenger car for consumers, as opposed to the similar Taxi, which was aimed at fleet buyers.

History
Marathons were produced in both four-door sedan and four-door station wagon forms, and the rarer six-door 9-seater and eight-door, 12-seater "Aerobus" sedans and wagons.

The Marathon was introduced in September 1960 for the 1961 model year, alongside, and later superseding, the Checker Superba Custom and differing from the Superba with its better interior appointments. Originally, it retained the Superba's A10 body code, whereas A9 was the code used for taxis. The exterior of the Marathon had a full-width egg-crate grille, differing from the Superba's narrower grille and inboard parking lights.

After a minor facelift for 1963, chassis codes changed to A11 for taxis and A12 for passenger versions. Also in 1963, the Marathon Town Custom, a limousine version on a longer (129 versus 120 in) wheelbase appeared. This version, which seated eight, received the A19E chassis code. A few years later, this was changed to A12E.

Checker did not have a nationwide dealer network and sold most of its production for fleet service.

Technical Changes
With the exception of United States government-mandated 5 mph bumpers in 1974 and ongoing mechanical changes, the Marathon remained virtually unchanged during its 21-year production run. However, Checker did comply with all safety and emissions requirements while in production. Notably, the Marathon's front suspension A-frames interchange with a 1956 Ford.

Some of these changes help in identifying the year of a Checker, and included:

 * 1963: Front parking/directional lamps changed from white to amber
 * 1964: Standard front lap belts
 * 1965: Engines switched from Continental inline-6 to Chevrolet OHV-6 and small-block V8s
 * 1966: Standard front and rear lap belts
 * 1967: Interior safety package, including energy-absorbing steering column and wheel, padded dash, recessed knobs
 * 1967: Dual-chamber brake master cylinder
 * 1968: Side marker lamps on all fenders, amber in front, red in rear (round on all Checkers)
 * 1968: Front shoulder belts for outboard passengers
 * 1969: Headrests
 * 1970: Locking steering column (Checker used full-size Chevrolet steering columns and wheels)
 * 1974: Larger, heavier silver-painted "girder"-style bumpers
 * 1975: Catalytic converter required unleaded fuel
 * 1976: Radiator (AMC Matador), engine (Chevy 350 V8 2-barrel carb, cylinders were over-bored, requiring larger pistons and rings), transmission (TH 400: Turbo Hydra-Matic), differential (Spicer 44), front lower A-frame (Ford 56 Thunderbird), front upper A-frame (63 Lincoln Continental), steering was rear drag link until 1980, pittman arm bushing tends to loosen and should be tightened every 10k miles.
 * 1978: Parallel action windshield wipers introduced
 * 1978: New "Delta"-style Chevrolet steering wheel (sans the Chevy bowtie)

Engines
The engines used were originally Continental-built L-head inline-sixes (OHV units for the wagons), but these were exchanged for Chevrolet sixes and small-block V8s for the 1965 model year. These continued to change as Chevrolet introduced modifications, peaking with the 1969 L-48 350 V8 which produced 300 hp (gross). In 1969, a Perkins 4.236 L diesel non-turbo engine was available as an option for all models, but for only one year. By 1973, power for the 350 had decreased to 145 hp and in 1975 catalytic converters were introduced. For 1980, the engine lineup was changed entirely, with a 3.8-litre V6 replacing the old inline unit, and a smaller 267 ci (4.4 L) standard V8. The big news was the Oldsmobile LF9 engine, a 5.74 L diesel V8.

End of Production
The final Marathon was manufactured in 1982, when Checker exited the automobile manufacturing business. The company continued operations for an additional 27 years producing body stampings for General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler, until January 2009, when it entered bankruptcy liquidation as a result of the downturn in the USA auto industry.

New York City
For decades, Checker was the taxicab of choice for New York City and many other American cities. The size of the car (seating many passengers), the robust construction, the lack of yearly changes to the styling (especially the 1958 and later models, simplifying parts management), and the bolt-on rear quarter panels all contributed to the Marathon's ubiquity on the streets of Manhattan.

The last New York City Checker cab retired in 1999, operated by Earl Johnson from 1978 onwards. The Marathon covered over 750,000 miles and had three engine replacements over the years.

Virtually any film set in New York City in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s will show a Checker Marathon. Many movies set in the 1950s and 1960s use Checker cabs built in the 1970s and early 1980s, since the bodies were virtually the same, and due to the lack of usable early specimens. Also, in works depicting the Soviet Union or East Bloc countries, such as the film Gorky Park   and the original Mission: Impossible television series, Checker Marathons were used to depict Soviet-made GAZ-13 Chaika automobiles.

Kalamazoo
Apart from taxicab use, Marathons were also bought by police departments, most notably in Kalamazoo, where Checker had its factory.

The Vatican
In the late 1960s and into the early 1970s, some black SCV-plated (Stato Città del Vaticano - Vatican City) A12 Marathons were used to accommodate Pope Paul VI's entourage in motorcades.

title: Checker Marathon


text:
User:Acntx/Shaba Invasions

The Shaba Invasions of Zaire occurred in 1977 and 1978.

Shaba I
On 8 March 1977 Katangan exiles based in Angola - known as the Congolese National Liberation Front (FLNC) invaded the Shaba (now Katanga) region. Within weeks the FLNC had captured several towns and controlled the railroad to a point thirty kilometers from the copper-mining town of Kolwezi. Shortly after the invasion began, the dissidents made it clear that they were not merely a reincarnation of the earlier Katangan secessionist movement, but instead aimed to take over the entire country and depose the government of President Mobutu Sese Seko.

Mobutu accused Angola, together with Cuba and the USSR, of supporting the rebels, a claim which each government denied.

After their initial success, the rebels stalled on their way to Kolwezi, but their rapid advance and the threat to Kolwezi forced Mobutu to appeal for international assistance. Belgium, France, and the United States responded to Mobutu's request by immediately airlifting military supplies to Zaire. Other African states also supported Zaire during this crisis, Morocco dispatched 1,500 troops in a French-supplied airlift. Pilots and mechanics were sent from Egypt.

With the help of Moroccan troops and French advisors the Zairian army was able to stop the advance of the exiles. On 14 April, a combined Zairian and Moroccan force counterattacked, reoccupying most of the towns and villages. The Moroccans completed their mission on 22 May and withdrew, as did the Egyptians on 25 May. On 26 May 1977, Zairian troops recaptured the last town held by the rebels in Shaba. In addition to the recapture of Shaba, the Moroccan presence during the conflict had the added benefit of permitting Mobutu to keep his elite airborne units in Kinshasa, ready to respond to a crisis elsewhere in the country.

The FLNC had expected a general uprising in support of its operation; however, because of the fragmentation of Zairian opposition groups, as well as the groups distinctive ethnic base (Lunda and Ndembu), this uprising failed to materialize.

Nevertheless, during what came to be known as the Eighty-Day War, the FLNC suffered no serious defeats, its troop strength had not diminished significantly, and its capability to conduct insurgent operations remained intact. The FLNC withdrew to Angola, and possibly to Zambia, and began to regroup for another attack.

Aftermath of Shaba I
The poor performance of Zaire's military during Shaba I gave evidence of chronic weaknesses. One problem was that some of the Zairian soldiers in the area had not received pay for extended periods. As a result, many soldiers simply deserted rather than fight. Others stayed with their units but were ineffective.

During the months following the Shaba invasion, Mobutu sought solutions to the military problems that had contributed to the army's dismal performance. He implemented sweeping reforms of the command structure, including wholesale firings of high-ranking officers. He merged the military general staff with his own presidential staff and appointed himself chief of staff, in addition to the positions of minister of defense and supreme commander that he already held. He re-deployed his forces throughout the country instead of keeping them close to Kinshasa, as had previously been the case. The Kamanyola Division, at the time considered the army's best unit and referred to as the president's own, was assigned permanently to Shaba. In addition to these changes, the army's strength was reduced by 25 percent. Also, Zaire's allies provided a large influx of military equipment, and Belgian, French, and American advisers assisted in rebuilding and retraining the force.

title: User:Acntx/Shaba Invasions


text:
Wayne Mansfield

Wayne Mansfield, of Perth, Western Australia, was the head of direct marketing business T3 Direct Marketing, operating under a series of two-dollar companies, and in 2005 became the first Australian to be prosecuted for email spamming.

Spamming cases
Mansfield was a junk faxer in the mid-1990s before turning to spamming, in which he promoted seminar-hosting companies he ran, including The Maverick Partnership and Business Seminars Australia. These messages admitted he had harvested emails from "various publicly available sources and other marketing promotions", but included instructions for recipients to unsubscribe from the list.

T3 Direct was blacklisted along with the company in June 2002 by the Spam Prevention Early Warning System (SPEWS), along with its ISP, Swiftel (now People Telecom). Swiftel suspended T3 Direct's online access for this, and also violation of its terms of service. T3 Direct was left with A$4,578 in charges outstanding to Swiftel. However, Mansfield insisted that it was the other arm of his business, concerned with web design and the management of opt-in databases, which suffered as a result.

In July of the same year, Mansfield began legal action against Perth technician and anti-spam campaigner Joey McNicol. After receiving spam from Mansfield and discovering that the unsubscribe option did not work, and that contact details in the messages were fake, McNicol had set up a website publishing the details of T3 Direct and other Mansfield companies, as well as publishing these details in newsgroups. Mansfield accused McNicol of sending his company's IP address to SPEWS, prompting the blacklisting, but lost the case as he was unable to prove McNicol had actually contacted SPEWS, and in any case the action was not ruled to be illegal. Although Mansfield's company was ordered to pay McNicol's costs in the action, Mansfield shut down that company without paying those costs and continued business using a new company. McNicol's legal fees were in part paid by donations.

In August 2013, Mansfield was fined NZ$95,000 in New Zealand under the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act 2007 for the sending of unsolicited email communications. The case was brought by the Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand) after it had received 53 complaints relating to unsolicited email from Mansfield and his entities between April and September 2010.

In 2015 Mansfield has resumed spamming, this time using a not for profit charity "The Jindalee Foundation" in an attempt to skirt anti-spam laws.

Spam Act 2003
In June 2005 the then Australian Communications Authority (ACA) (Now known as the Australian Communications & Media Authority – ACMA) brought proceedings against Mansfield and his new company, Clarity1 under the recently passed Spam Act 2003 where ACMA alleged that they were involved in the sending of 56 million spam emails during 2004. He however insisted that sending commercial emails was his "right", but claimed he had not harvested any new email addresses since the Spam Act came into force, arguing that because he had started spamming the recipients before the Spam Act and the recipients had not unsubscribed, he could infer consent (an argument that did not find favour with the Court). He also stated that telephone operators at his company had been subjected to abuse by irate callers, but promised that unsubscribe requests were handled "within minutes". He defended his campaign, citing 20,000 attendees at his business seminars.

ACMA's complaint in this matter was upheld in the Australia Federal Court on 13 April 2006. The Court imposed a penalty of A$4.5 million on Clarity1, and A$1 million on Wayne Mansfield, on 27 October 2006.

Disqualified
In April 2009, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) disqualified Mansfield from managing corporations for four years following their investigation into his role in two failed companies. These companies were Clarity1 Pty Ltd, which was at the centre of the spam case, and The Which Company Pty Ltd. "ASIC found that the companies had failed with substantial statutory debts accrued over a substantial period and that Mr Mansfield's management and involvement in the affairs of Clarity1 Pty Ltd and Which Co Pty Ltd did not meet the standards required of a person in his position."

title: Wayne Mansfield


text:
Talk:Kim Chunsu

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title: Talk:Kim Chunsu


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Criticisms of Islam

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was redirect to Opposition to Islam Dmcdevit·t 19:29, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Criticisms of Islam

 * Delete. Whether these things are true or not, this is a diatribe that has no place in an encyclopedia. --Wetman 09:51, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I redirected the article to Criticism of Islam since it's a copyvio.Heraclius 00:43, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Senegalese Party of Socialist Action

Senegalese Party of Socialist Action (in French: Parti Sénégalais de l'Action Socialiste) was a political party in Senegal led by Lamine Guèye. PSAS was formed as the Senegalese section of the African Socialist Movement (MSA) in 1957, following the breakaway from the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

In February 1957 PSAS absorbed the African Democratic Rally of Abbas Gueye.

Following the merger of the African Convention and MSA in 1958, PSAS merged with the Senegalese Popular Bloc (Senegalese section of the Convention) to form the Senegalese Progressive Union (UPS).

title: Senegalese Party of Socialist Action


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for investigation/Archives

This page is a directory of archived requests for investigation.

Archives

 * 2007
 * January
 * 2006
 * January (before reforms)
 * January (after reforms)
 * February
 * March
 * April
 * May
 * June
 * July
 * August
 * September
 * November
 * December
 * 2005
 * January
 * February
 * March
 * April (#1)
 * April (#2)
 * May
 * June
 * July
 * August
 * September
 * October
 * November
 * December
 * 2004
 * May (Wik)
 * June
 * July
 * August
 * September
 * October
 * November
 * November (CheeseDreams controversy)
 * December
 * 2003
 * July
 * August (195.92.168.169)
 * August (Michael)
 * August (New Imperialism)
 * September


text:
Huangshan City

Huangshan is a prefecture-level city in southern Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. Huangshan means Yellow Mountain in Chinese and the city is named after the famously scenic Yellow Mountains which cover much of the city's vast geographic expanse. The prefectural city of Huangshan includes three urban districts and four counties. The urban center of Huangshan was originally the city of Tunxi and is now called Tunxi District. Locals still call the city Tunxi to distinguish the urban core from other parts of Huangshan. The population of Huangshan City As of the end of 2021, the resident population of Huangshan City was 1.332 million, with an urbanization rate of 59.25%, an increase of 0.96 percentage points over the previous year. By the end of 2021, the household population of Huangshan City will be 1,485,700, with an urbanization rate of 37.82%, an increase of 1.66 percentage points. Huangshan occupies the southernmost part of Anhui. It is bordered by Chizhou to the northwest, Xuancheng to the northeast, Jiangxi Province to the southwest and Zhejiang Province to the southeast. Huangshan's history dates back to the time of the First Emperor. The city's current jurisdiction covers much of the historical and cultural region of Huizhou (徽州), which together with Anqing formed the name of Anhui Province. Huangshan is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Mount Huangshan and Hongcun and Xidi, the ancient villages of Southern Anhui. It is a major tourist destination in China.

Administration

The prefecture-level city of Huangshan administers 7 county-level divisions, including 3 districts and 4 counties.

 * Tunxi District (屯溪区)
 * Huangshan District (黄山区)
 * Huizhou District (徽州区)
 * She County (歙县)
 * Xiuning County (休宁县)
 * Yi County (黟县)
 * Qimen County (祁门县)

These are further divided into 145 township-level divisions, including 58 towns, 43 townships and 4 subdistricts.

Geography and climate
Lower elevations of Huangshan City have a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with short, cool winters and long, very hot and humid summers. At the central Tunxi District, the monthly mean temperature ranges from 4.4 °C in January to 28.1 °C in July, and the annual mean is 16.66 °C. Precipitation is concentrated in spring and the earlier part of summer, and, at 1739 mm annually, is very high for the province, and more than double than the normal annual precipitation in northern parts of the province.

Economy
Huangshan is famous for its tea, including Keemun tea, which is produced in Qimen County, and Maofeng green tea. The city is also home to significant tourism, centered on Mount Huang and including other scenic and historic sites (such as Xidi and Hongcun), which it has promoted to international markets in recent years.

Transportation
Due to rugged terrain, Huangshan was historically a secluded region. The Xinan River provided an outlet to the east. Winding, narrow roads through Huang Mountains made trips to Xuancheng, Wuhu, Guichi and the Yangtze River slow and arduous. In recent decades, improvements to the transportation infrastructure have made the city and its surrounding tourist attractions more accessible.

Air
The Huangshan Tunxi International Airport, also referred to as the Tunxi Airport, is located in Tunxi District and is known by the IATA abbreviation TXN. The airport was opened in October 1959, and has been expanded five times, including an expansion in 2000. The airport offers regular flights to cities across China, as well as Seoul, Hong Kong, and Taipei. The airport also offers chartered flights to Incheon, Nagasaki, Osaka, Fukuoka, and other regional destinations.

Rail
Huangshan's main passenger station is now Huangshan North station, which is accessible via high-speed rail over the Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway and the Hangzhou–Huangshan intercity railway. Trains run from Huangshan to many cities.

Until 2015, Huangshan City was served by one railway line, the Anhui–Jiangxi Railway. The line, which was completed in 1982 and has stations in Jixi County, She County, Tunxi District, Xiuning County, and Qimen County. Trains formerly ran from Huangshan Station in Tunxi to Nanjing, Shanghai, Bengbu, Huaibei, Qingdao and Beijing among other cities in the north, and stops in the south included Jingdezhen, Yingtan, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Kunming. Trains still run to Beijing West, Hefei and Wuhu.

Road
Major expressways which pass through Huangshan City include the G56 Hangzhou–Ruili Expressway, the G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway, and National Route G205.

The Hefei-Tongling-Huangshan Expressway heads north to Tongling on the Yangtze River and then to Hefei, the provincial capital of Anhui. The Huangshan-Taling-Taolin Expressway and Anhui Provincial Route S326, also pass through the city.

Cultural history
In the Ming dynasty, Zheng Zhizhen (1518–1595), a native of Qimen County, wrote the opera Mulian Rescues His Mother According to local legend, Zheng was blind when he wrote the opera and was restored to full sight by a grateful Guanyin (the legend also has it that when Zheng later wrote a love story he went blind again).

In 2011, Local authorities promoted performance of the Ming dynasty play Mulian Rescues His Mother as a tourist attraction.

Notable people

 * Zhang Rongqiao (b.1966), physicist and aerospace engineer, served as the chief designer of Tianwen-1 Mars mission
 * Gloria Ai (b.1987), business anchorwoman and author

International relations
Huangshan City is twinned with:

 * 🇸🇲 Serravalle, San Marino (1999)

Other notes
In early 2008, the BBC broadcast a series of 5 documentaries on life for schoolchildren in China, called "Chinese School". One of the three schools documented was Xiuning High School, the top school in the county. This was situated in the town of Xiuning, in the county of Xiuning in Huangshan.

title: Huangshan City