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Viridiana

Viridiana is a 1961 Spanish-Mexican comedy-drama film directed by Luis Buñuel and produced by Gustavo Alatriste. It is loosely based on the 1895 novel Halma by Benito Pérez Galdós.

The film was the co-winner of the Palme d'Or at the 1961 Cannes Film Festival. In a 2016 poll of 350 experts organized by Spanish film magazine Caimán Cuadernos de Cine, it was voted the best Spanish film of all time, with 227 votes.

In the film, a novice nun is instructed to spend some time at the mansion of her reclusive uncle, her last living relative and main financial support. The uncle attempts to rape her, tries to convince her to live with him, and then commits suicide. Viridiana shares his inheritance with an illegitimate cousin, and decides against becoming a nun. Following a home invasion, the heiress is raped by one of the burglars. Saved by her cousin, the former nun agrees to make up a threesome with her cousin and his mistress.

Plot
Before taking her final vows as a nun, Viridiana is instructed to visit her only living relative, an uncle who financed her education and upkeep. This relative is Don Jaime, a recluse with a decaying mansion and estate, cared for by a servant named Ramona.

On her last night there, Don Jaime discloses that his wife, who bore an uncanny resemblance to Viridiana, died in their bed on their wedding night. He implores Viridiana to wear the wedding dress and veil that he has lovingly preserved. After drugging her coffee, he carries her to the bed and is on the verge of raping her when he regains control of himself.

In the morning, he claims that she can no longer return to the convent because she is no longer a virgin. Despite his pleas and insistence that it was a lie, Viridiana packs her belongings and flees. Waiting at a bus stop, she is apprehended by the police and brought back to the mansion. Don Jaime has hanged himself from a tree, leaving a will that divides his assets between Viridiana and an illegitimate son named Jorge.

Determined that she cannot lead a life as a nun, Viridiana decides to assist those in need. She gathers vagrants, providing them with shelter and sustenance in the outbuildings. Jorge, along with his girlfriend Lucía, arrives and becomes engrossed in renovating the neglected land and buildings. He also initiates a covert relationship with Ramona. Bored by rustic isolation and envious of Viridiana, whom Jorge wishes to conquer, Lucía leaves.

One night, while Jorge and Viridiana are in town on business with Ramona, the beggars break into the mansion. Initially, they pilfer items, but then decide to stage a banquet, complete with a group photograph set to the Hallelujah Chorus in a parody of The Last Supper. This event devolves into a drunken orgy of sex and destruction. When the owners return, most of the beggars flee, but two men capture Jorge and Viridiana, tying him up while one starts to rape Viridiana at knifepoint. As the other waits his turn, Jorge persuades him with cash to kill the assailant. The police arrive, summoned by Ramona.

A few nights later, Ramona and Jorge are playing cards in his bedroom to lively music when they invite Viridiana in to create a threesome. In a seemingly drugged state, she walks into her fate.

Censored ending
The Spanish board of censors rejected the original ending of the film, which depicted Viridiana entering Jorge's room and slowly closing the door behind her. A new ending was written and accepted that, according to some film historians, is considered even more debauched, albeit less explicit than the first. This new ending implies a ménage à trois involving Jorge, Ramona, and Viridiana. The released version of the film concludes with Jorge saying, "You know, the first time I saw you, I thought, 'My cousin and I will end up shuffling the deck together.'"

Cast

 * Silvia Pinal as Viridiana
 * Francisco Rabal as Jorge, Don Jaime's illegitimate son
 * Fernando Rey as Don Jaime, the widower of Viridiana's aunt
 * Margarita Lozano as Ramona, Don Jaime's maid
 * Victoria Zinny as Lucía, Jorge's girlfriend
 * Teresita Rabal as Rita, Ramona's young daughter
 * Rosita Yarza as the mother superior at Viridiana's convent (uncredited)
 * Francisco René as Moncho, the caretaker at Don Jaime's estate (uncredited)
 * Alfonso Cordón as Ramón, the foreman of the crew Jorge hires to fix up the estate (uncredited)
 * Manuel Alexandre as the peasant from whom Jorge buys a dog (uncredited)
 * José María Lado as the mayor (uncredited)

 * The Beggars
 * José Calvo as Don Amalio, who is blind
 * José Manuel Martín as "El Cojo" ("The Lame"), who has a bandaged foot and paints
 * Luis Heredia as Manuel "El Poca" ("The Little"), an elderly man who is short and thin
 * Joaquín Roa as Don Zequiel, a short, elderly man with a white beard
 * Lola Gaos as Enedina, who has two small daughters and cooks
 * María Isbert (credited as Maruja Isbert) as a woman who plays the guitar
 * Juan García Tiendra as José "El Leproso" ("The Leper"), who has sores on his left forearm (uncredited)
 * Milagros Tomás as Refugio, who is pregnant (uncredited)
 * Joaquin Mayol as Paco, who used to weave (uncredited)
 * Palmira Guerra as "La Jardinera" ("The Gardener"), who gardens (uncredited)
 * Alicia Jorge Barriga as "La Erona", who is a little person (uncredited)
 * Sergio Mendizábal as "El Pelón" ("The Bald"), who walks with a crutch and chooses not to come to the estate (uncredited)

Reception
While Viridiana is regarded by many modern critics as a masterpiece, its initial reception was not so uniformly positive. It was sent by the Spanish cinematographic authority to the Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Palme d'Or, but then L'Osservatore Romano, the official newspaper of the Vatican, described the film as "blasphemous", and the government of Francisco Franco banned its release in Spain. According to executive producer Pere Portabella, Spanish authorities tried to have the original negative burned, and it only survived because it was with a foreign company who had done some post-production work. The film was not released in Spain until 1977, two years after Franco's death, when Buñuel was 77 years old. For his part, Buñuel said he "didn't deliberately set out to be blasphemous, but then Pope John XXIII is a better judge of such things than I am".

The film won the Belgian Film Critics Association's Grand Prix, but Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote: "Luis Buñuel is presenting a variation on an ancient theme in his new Spanish film, Viridiana, which came to the Paris yesterday. The theme is that well-intended charity can often be badly misplaced by innocent, pious people. Therefore, beware of charity. ... It is an ugly, depressing view of life. And, to be frank about it, it is a little old-fashioned, too. His format is strangely literary; his symbols are obvious and blunt, such as the revulsion of the girl toward milking or the display of a penknife built into a crucifix. And there is something just a bit corny about having his bums doing their bacchanalian dance to the thunder of the "Hallelujah Chorus.""

In 2012, Viridiana was voted the 37th greatest film of all time in the British Film Institute's Sight & Sound directors' poll; it placed 110th in the critics' poll.

Home video
The film was released by The Criterion Collection in the United States and by Madman Entertainment in Australia (on the "Directors Suite" label) and New Zealand.

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WBIR-TV

WBIR-TV (channel 10) is a television station in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, affiliated with NBC. Owned by Tegna Inc., the station maintains studios on Bill Williams Avenue in Knoxville's Belle Morris section, and its transmitter is located on Sharp's Ridge in North Knoxville.

History
WBIR-TV signed on the air on August 12, 1956, as a CBS affiliate, taking that affiliation away from WTVK (channel 26, now WVLT-TV on channel 8). During the late 1950s, the station was also briefly affiliated with the NTA Film Network. WBIR-TV was originally owned by a consortium headed by J. Lindsay Nunn and his son, Gilmore Nunn, owners of WBIR radio (1240 AM, now WIFA; and FM 103.5, now WIMZ-FM). The station's call letters come from Jesse W. "Jay" Birdwell, who founded WBIR radio in 1941; Birdwell sold the AM radio station to the Nunns in 1944. The Nunns shared ownership with WBIR general manager John P. Hart; Knoxville residents Robert and Martha Ashe, and the Taft family of Cincinnati. In October 1959 the Tafts' broadcast subsidiary, Radio Cincinnati, Inc. (later known as Taft Broadcasting), purchased the remaining 70 percent of the WBIR stations outright from the other parties.

In January 1961, Radio Cincinnati, Inc. sold WBIR-AM-FM-TV to the News-Piedmont Company of Greenville, South Carolina, owner of WFBC-AM-FM-TV in its home city. In 1967, News-Piedmont merged with Southern Broadcasting to form the Southeastern Broadcasting Corporation. Soon afterward, Southeastern sold off most of its radio stations (including WBIR-AM-FM), purchased four more television stations and changed its name to Multimedia, Inc. WBIR shared flagship status with WFBC-TV (now WYFF).

On September 10, 1988, WBIR became an NBC affiliate, swapping affiliations with WTVK; this marked CBS' return to its original affiliate in Knoxville. At the time, NBC was the top-rated network while CBS was in third place near the midpoint of the Laurence Tisch period of that network's history. NBC was more than willing to make the switch, since WTVK had been one of its weakest affiliates while WBIR was a solid runner-up to WATE-TV; WTVK would move to VHF channel 8 not too long afterwards on December 8 and become WKXT-TV. With the switch, channel 10 became the last major commercial station in Knoxville to change affiliations. The switch also made channel 10 the third station in Knoxville to carry NBC; the network had previously aired on WATE from 1953 to 1979 before moving to WTVK in 1979. Multimedia merged with Gannett in 1995.

For a time in the 1980s, WBIR was seen on several ten-watt translators across East Tennessee and Virginia. One of them, W04BM, was licensed to LaFollette, Tennessee, and operated on channel 4.

In 2008, WBIR-TV debuted new graphics and news music. On June 1, 2011, WBIR-TV and Fox affiliate WTNZ-TV, for whom WBIR-TV was producing a 10 p.m. newscast, debuted a new high-definition news set and weather studio and a full makeover of branding. However, WBIR-TV retained their logo by adding the HD symbol to the right of the logo.

Around the first week of October 2012, Gannett entered a dispute against Dish Network regarding compensation fees and Dish's AutoHop commercial-skip feature on its Hopper digital video recorders. Gannett ordered that Dish discontinue AutoHop on the account that it is affecting advertising revenues for WBIR. Gannett threatened to pull WBIR from Dish should the skirmish continue beyond October 7 and Dish and Gannett fail to reach an agreement (WTNZ was not involved in the dispute, as the station is owned by Raycom Media, rather than by Gannett, which continues to produce its newscasts via WBIR). The two parties eventually reached an agreement after extending the deadline for a few hours.

On June 29, 2015, the Gannett Company split in two, with one side specializing in print media and the other side specializing in broadcast and digital media. WBIR was retained by the latter company, named Tegna.

The Heartland Series
The Heartland Series, hosted by Bill Landry, was a popular documentary series produced by WBIR from 1984 until 2009. It was conceived in 1984 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. It continued to celebrate the people and the land of the entire Appalachian region, presenting re-enactments of historic events and feature stories about regional culture. In February 2009, WBIR announced that it would suspend production of the series in September 2009, but would continue to show the hundreds of episodes already produced "for as long as the viewers like them." The last episode was taped at the Museum of Appalachia in Norris on August 8, 2009, before an audience estimated at 10,000 people, one of the largest crowds in the museum's history.

During its 25-year history, The Heartland Series received several awards, including four Emmy Awards. U.S. embassies around the world keep tapes of The Heartland Series broadcasts as an information resource on life in Appalachia.

Our Stories
In 2006, WBIR celebrated its 50th anniversary with a special report on some of the past stories captured on the station for the past 50 years. These reports were called "Our Stories" and included retrospectives on events such as U.S. Presidents visiting Knoxville and East Tennessee, major crimes and even the 25th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair.

Friends Across the Mountains Telethon
WBIR co-produces a yearly telethon with Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned Asheville, North Carolina ABC affiliate WLOS, benefiting Friends of the Smokies and Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The proceeds from the telethon help support critical programs and projects in the park. It is co-hosted by WBIR Anchor Emeritus Bill Williams and WLOS anchor Larry Blunt.

News operation
Prior to September 15, 2008, WBIR-TV aired LIVE at Five at 5 p.m. on weekdays. The program focused on community events and celebrity interviews. In 2008, the show was moved to 4 p.m. and was temporarily renamed LIVE at Five at Four with WBIR asking for viewers' opinions on a new name. The quirky temporary name, however, was embraced by viewers and LIVE at Five at Four remained the brand for the 4 p.m. program for the next decade and a half. In 2010, LIVE at Five at Four debuted new graphics to better reflect programming shown on the newscast. The final version of graphics on LIVE at Five at Four debut the week of December 4, 2017, as part of WBIR's revamp and update. On July 3, 2023, after 15 years of LIVE at Five at Four and nearly three decades of the "LIVE at Five" umbrella-moniker, the 4 p.m. broadcast became 10 About Town. The format of highlighting local community events and personalities remained the same during the title transitioning of LIVE at Five at Four to 10 About Town.

Until late March 2011, WBIR-TV produced a 10 p.m. newscast for CW affiliate WBXX-TV. On March 28, WBIR-TV began producing a nightly 10 p.m. newscast for Fox affiliate WTNZ (channel 43). WBIR also begin producing a weekday morning news show at 7 a.m. that begin in June 2012 for that station. Both stations' newscasts began airing in high definition on June 1, 2011, making WBIR and WTNZ the second and third stations in Knoxville to make the upgrade.

On October 28, 2013, WBIR expanded its noon newscast from 25 minutes to a full hour.

WBIR also has a 24-hour news channel called "10 News 2", that simulcasts and rebroadcasts their newscasts. As of 2023, this channel is still available but only on Comcast Xfinity cable channel 21 in Knoxville.

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

The national NBC Weather Plus network is defunct as of December 1, 2008, and was revamped as an affiliate of NBC Plus, utilizing the same graphics as Weather Plus (and is now a computer-updated loop of regional satellite/radar images, current temperatures, and daily forecasts) and without the national on-camera meteorologist segments (though the local OCM segments remained). In late 2011, it was replaced with The Local AccuWeather Channel, branded as "10 Weather Now". On October 8, 2012, it was replaced with MeTV. In early 2015, WBIR added a third digital channel (channel 10.3), which currently broadcasts the Justice Network.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WBIR-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 10, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 31 to VHF channel 10.

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User:Laymax

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Characters of Final Fantasy VIII

Final Fantasy VIII, a 1999 role-playing video game by Squaresoft, features "SeeD", an elite group of mercenaries, as well as soldiers, rebels, and political leaders of various nations and cities. Thirteen weeks after its release, it had earned more than US$50 million in sales, making it the fastest selling Final Fantasy title at the time. The game has shipped 8.15 million units worldwide as of March 2003. Additionally, Final Fantasy VIII was voted the 22nd-best game of all time by readers of Famitsu in 2006. The game's characters were created by Tetsuya Nomura, and were the first in the series to be realistically proportioned in all aspects. This graphical shift, as well as the cast itself, has received generally positive reviews from gaming magazines and websites.

The six main playable characters in Final Fantasy VIII are Squall Leonhart, a loner who avoids vulnerability by focusing on his duty; Rinoa Heartilly, an outspoken and passionate young woman who follows her heart; Quistis Trepe, an instructor with a serious yet patient attitude; Zell Dincht, an energetic martial artist with a fondness for hot dogs; Selphie Tilmitt, a cheerful girl who loves trains and flies the airship Ragnarok; and Irvine Kinneas, a marksman and womanizer who uses his charm to mask his insecurities. Temporarily playable characters include Laguna Loire, Kiros Seagill, and Ward Zabac, who appear in "flashback" sequences; SeeD cadet-turned-antagonist Seifer Almasy; and sorceress Edea Kramer. The main antagonist is Ultimecia, a sorceress from the future who wishes to compress time.

Concept and design
In Final Fantasy games, scenario writer Kazushige Nojima stresses the dynamic of the relationship between the player and the main character; thus, he puts significant thought into how that relationship will develop. With Final Fantasy VII, protagonist Cloud Strife's reserved nature led Nojima to include scenarios in which the player can select Cloud's responses to certain situations and dialogue. With Final Fantasy VIII, which also features a reserved lead protagonist in Squall, Nojima wanted to give players insight into what the protagonist is thinking, even while other characters remain uninformed: this led to Squall's inner dialogues throughout the game.

Character designer Tetsuya Nomura, while exchanging e-mails with director Yoshinori Kitase between development of Final Fantasy VII and VIII, suggested that the game should have a "school days" feel. Nojima approved of the idea, as he already had a story in mind in which the main characters were the same age. Thus, they created the concept of military academies, called "Gardens", in which students would train to become "SeeD" mercenaries. Nojima also planned for the two playable parties featured in the game—Squall's present day group and Laguna Loire's group from twenty years in the past—to highly contrast with each other. Laguna's group consists of a close-knit group of battle-hardened friends in their late twenties, while Squall's party is young and inexperienced and Squall himself does not initially understand the value of friendship.

Kitase desired to give the game a foreign atmosphere, with "foreign" being in relation to Japan, ultimately deciding on a European setting. The first character Nomura designed specifically for Final Fantasy VIII was Squall, initially giving him longer hair and a more feminine appearance. However, Kitase was unsatisfied and asked Nomura to shorten his hair and make him appear more masculine, which led to his current design. When designing Cloud, Nomura gave him distinct spiky, bright blonde hair to emphasize his role as protagonist. With Squall, Nomura wanted to try a unique angle to establish his role, giving him a characteristic gunblade scar across the bridge of his nose. At that point, the complete history of Squall's character was not yet conceived, so Nomura left the explanation for Squall's scar to Nojima. Squall's design was flourished by a fur lining along the collar of his jacket, included to challenge the game's full motion video designers, who were also developing Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within at the time. This is but one example of the demands he has consistently extended to the programmers of the series as technology has advanced.

Most Final Fantasy games include summons: creatures who are brought into battle to attack enemies or support the party. In Final Fantasy VIII, summons are called "Guardian Forces", or GFs. Nomura felt they should be unique beings, without clothes or other human-like concepts. This was problematic, as he did not want them to "become [like] the actual monsters", so he took great care in their designs. Ramuh—an old wizard summon from earlier Final Fantasy games—was replaced; other human-like designs were re-imagined as nude figures or with creature-like elements. Nomura, also the director of the Guardian Force animation sequences, wanted to create a greater impact than the summon cinematics of Final Fantasy VII. Leviathan was created as a test and included in a game demo. After this garnered a positive reaction from players, Nomura decided to create the remaining sequences in a similar fashion.

In a Famitsu Weekly interview with Kitase, Nomura, and Yuusuke Naoi, the team agreed that Final Fantasy VIII reflects Nomura's preferred technique, as opposed to VII, which featured characters that "weren't really his style". The team also decided to use realistically proportioned characters. The higher level of full motion video technology would have otherwise created inconsistency between the in-game graphics and the higher definition full motion video graphics. Additionally, Kitase explained that the main logo of the game—Squall and Rinoa embracing—was inspired by the team's efforts to express emotion through body language.

Creatures and races
The world of Final Fantasy VIII is predominantly occupied by humans. Another prominent race is the "Shumi", a small tribe of creatures with yellow skin and large arms that lives in an underground village on the Trabian continent. The Shumi frown upon showing off their large hands; NORG, the owner of Balamb Garden, was exiled from the tribe for his ostentation. All Shumi undergo a biological metamorphosis at some point in their lives; a qualified Shumi will become an Elder while another may become a mute "Moomba". Moombas are covered in red fur, which the Shumi attribute to "the passionate ingenuity in their hearts". Additionally, Moombas have appeared in several Final Fantasy spin-offs, including Chocobo World and Chocobo Racing.

Chocobos—large galliform birds that appear throughout the Final Fantasy series—are featured in the game. In the game, Chocobos are generally undomesticated and can be found in various forests throughout the world. Each forest has a minigame where the player must corral baby Chocobos to locate the mother. If the player catches a bird, a Chicobo, a baby Chocobo, named Boko will follow the player around. Boko has his own game, Chocobo World, that can be downloaded from the PlayStation disc onto a PocketStation game unit. Nobuo Uematsu created two Chocobo themes for Final Fantasy VIII: "Mods de Chocobo" and "Odeka de Chocobo".

Final Fantasy VIII also features an array of common real world creatures, such as cats and dogs. The game also includes numerous monsters, many of which have appeared earlier in the series. Popular recurring monsters that appear in the game include Adamantoise, Behemoth, Bomb, Cactuar, Iron Giant, Malboro, and Tonberry.

Squall Leonhart
Squall Leonhart (スコール・レオンハート) is the main protagonist of Final Fantasy VIII. He is a young student at Balamb Garden who is identifiable by the scar on his face that a fellow student, Seifer, inflicted. He rarely speaks and has the reputation of being a lone wolf. As Squall's story unfolds, he becomes fascinated with and falls in love with Rinoa, despite never outwardly expressing his love until the ending. Squall is characterized by forlorn memories of standing out in the rain at the orphanage where he grew up, wondering where "Sis" went. Squall wields a gunblade, a sword that uses components of a revolver to send vibrations through the blade when triggered. His Limit Break is Renzokuken, a series of sword strikes. It is later explained that the "Guardian Forces" (GF) which the SeeDs use in battle, causes memory loss, which is why Squall does not remember Ellone, Edea, and his past in the orphanage.

Rinoa Heartilly
Rinoa Heartilly (リノア・ハーティリー) is the primary female protagonist of Final Fantasy VIII. She has black hair with brown highlights. She is the 17-year-old daughter of General Caraway, a high-ranking officer in the Galbadian army, and Julia Heartilly, a successful pianist and singer. She is a member of the Forest Owls, a resistance faction seeking to liberate the small nation of Timber from Galbadian occupation. When Squall and his party of SeeD help the resistance movement fight Galbadia, Rinoa decides to stay with them; as a result, she ends up falling in love with Squall. She is outspoken, spirited, emotional, and honest with her feelings, speaking her mind without reservation. Because of her ambition, she can often be stubborn.

In battle, she wields the "Blaster Edge", which consists of an arm holster and a projectile that returns like a boomerang. In her Combine Limit Break, she attacks in unison with her dog, Angelo. When Rinoa gains Sorceress powers, she acquires a second Limit Break, Angel Wing, which increases her spell-casting ability, along with rendering her in a state of "magic" berserk for the remainder of the battle.

Laguna Loire
Laguna Loire (ラグナ・レウァール) is a man whose past and relation to the main characters are revealed throughout the game. Most sequences involving Laguna appear in the form of "dreams" experienced by the primary protagonists. Squall always experiences these dreams from Laguna's point of view, although he does not think too highly of Laguna. Laguna wields a machine gun and his Limit Break is Desperado, which involves a swinging rope, a grenade, and a barrage of bullets. In the dream segments, he is shown to be a twenty-seven-year-old soldier in the Galbadian army who travels with his companions, Kiros Seagill and Ward Zabac. He is also an aspiring journalist.

During the first two dream segments, Laguna and his team are shown getting lost and visiting the hotel where Julia Heartilly, Laguna's romantic interest, performs. After a scouting mission at Centra, the three are separated and Laguna is injured. A young woman named Raine nurses him back to health after he is brought to Winhill. He falls in love with and marries her, but is drawn away from his new home when a young girl in their care, Ellone, is kidnapped. Laguna tracks her down in Esthar, where he helps liberate the nation from the despotic rule of Sorceress Adel. The people of Esthar elect Laguna as their president and Ellone is sent back to Winhill without him. After Raine dies, her child, whom Ward and Kiros imply to be Squall in a conversation aboard the Ragnarok, and Ellone are sent to an orphanage. Laguna is unable to leave his post to visit her and remains president of Esthar to the present day. Ellone and Laguna are later reunited in space, and Laguna helps the party prepare for their fight against Ultimecia.

The concept of two main characters was planned since the beginning of the game's development. Nomura tried to create a contrast between Laguna's and Squall's occupations; thus, Laguna became a soldier with light-hearted charisma, and Squall became a reserved mercenary student. The designers intended Laguna to be more similar to the previous protagonists in the series to complement Squall, who is different from the previous main characters. Laguna is ranked seventh in Electronic Gaming Monthly's list of the top ten video game politicians.

Laguna Loire appears in Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy, where he is voiced by Hiroaki Hirata in Japanese and Armando Valdes-Kennedy in English. He is featured in his youthful Final Fantasy VIII appearance, as well as his older and Galbadian soldier forms. His knight costume is also available as downloadable content. He was also planned to appear in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep as the head of Mirage Arena.

Seifer Almasy
Seifer Almasy (サイファー・アルマシー) is a classmate and rival of Squall, who is a playable character during the Dollet sequence. He reappears as a boss later in the game. He acts as a foil to Squall in many aspects, having dated Rinoa before she met Squall, and assuming a leadership position among his friends. Like Squall, Seifer wields a gunblade which he calls "Hyperion". His Limit Break, Fire Cross, allows him to use the attack No Mercy. He later uses the more powerful techniques Demon Slice and Bloodfest against the player. Seifer has a short temper and is often depicted as a bully who desires attention. He is also fiercely independent and is often punished for his recklessness. He is the leader of Balamb Garden's disciplinary committee alongside his friends Fujin and Raijin. After joining Ultimecia, he becomes the leader of the Galbadian army.

During the introduction sequence, Seifer cuts Squall across the left side of his face with his gunblade, leaving a scar. Squall retaliates with a backhand slash that leaves Seifer with a mirrored scar. At the following field exam in Dollet, Seifer acts independently from his teammates Squall and Zell, abandoning them; consequently, he fails and is not promoted to SeeD. Spurred by dreams of a brighter future, he defects to Sorceress Edea to be her "knight". From his point of view, Squall and the others are "evil" and he recognizes himself as a hero. After she brainwashes him, he alienates himself from his friends. Eventually, Fujin and Raijin abandon him and he is defeated shortly afterward. Following Edea's defeat, the party confronts Seifer one last time as he now serves Ultimecia, and either they or Gilgamesh defeat him. Seifer escapes, kidnapping Rinoa and bringing her to Adel. At the end of the game, Seifer is seen fishing and having fun with Fujin and Raijin.

Nomura had originally intended Seifer to be not only Squall's rival, but also part of the love triangle between him, Squall, and Rinoa. Although this concept was scrapped in the final script, Seifer remains Squall's rival, with his appearance being designed to contrast with his. They have equivalent but mirrored scars on their faces and their jackets are of opposing colors and lengths. Both wield gunblades, but Squall's gunblade is larger and requires two hands, while Seifer's gunblade is lighter and can be wielded with one hand. A younger version of Seifer appears in Kingdom Hearts II as a member of the Twilight Town Disciplinary Committee alongside Fujin and Raijin. Seifer's counterpart in the virtual Twilight Town is a rival of Roxas, and at one point mentions that he does not wish to cooperate with destiny. He is voiced by Takehito Koyasu in Japanese and Will Friedle in English. He is also featured in Theatrhythm Final Fantasy as a sub-character representing Final Fantasy VIII.

The book Converging Traditions in the Digital Moving Image: Architectures of Illusion, Images of Truth discusses that while Seifer is seen as a show-off and a troublemaker, Squall identifies with him regardless. IGN listed Seifer as the 91st best video game villain, stating that he makes for a great rival due to the similarities between him and Squall.

Quistis Trepe
Quistis Trepe (キスティス・トゥリープ) is an eighteen-year-old instructor at Balamb Garden, where Squall, Zell, and Seifer are students. She wields a chain whip, and her Limit Break, Blue Magic, a common ability found throughout the Final Fantasy games, allows her to imitate monsters' attacks. Early on in the game, Quistis is discharged as an instructor because she "[lacks] leadership qualities". Afterwards, she maintains a more informal relationship with the other characters as a fellow member of SeeD.

As a child, Quistis stayed at an orphanage with most of the main characters. She then lived with foster parents, with whom she never developed any intimacy, before moving to Balamb Garden at age ten. She became a SeeD at fifteen and an instructor two years later. By this time, she has become very popular, having numerous fans who identify themselves as "Trepies". Quistis initially joins Squall to prepare him for his upcoming field exam. She later takes Squall into her confidence and tells him personally about her demotion. Squall rudely tells her to go "talk to a wall" and not burden him with her problems. When Irvine refreshes the main characters' memories about the orphanage, they remember that Squall's asocial behavior began when Ellone, an older sister figure to him, unexpectedly left the orphanage. As a result of these revelations, Quistis recognizes that her feelings for Squall are more sisterly than romantic. Later, she criticizes Squall when he nearly abandons Rinoa, his romantic interest.

When designing the characters, Nomura wanted at least one female character to wear a skirt. Quistis was originally supposed to fill this part, but Nomura decided a long skirt worn over pants would look better. The role was eventually passed to Selphie. Nomura was surprised when the writers cast her as a teacher, despite being around the same age as the rest of the group.

Quistis also appears in World of Final Fantasy where she is voiced by Miyuki Sawashiro in Japanese and Kristina Pesic in English.

Selphie Tilmitt
Selphie Tilmitt (セルフィ・ティルミット) is a student at Balamb Garden who recently transferred from Trabia Garden. She first appears when running into Squall while late for class, asking him to show her around due to having recently transferred. During the Dollet exam, Selphie joins Squall's team after Seifer abandons them. She becomes a full-fledged SeeD alongside Squall and Zell, and the three are assigned to the same team. She participates in many extracurricular activities, such as planning the Garden Festival and running the school's website. Selphie wields nunchaku, and her Limit Break Slot allows the player to cast a random spell numerous times as well as certain magic used in her limit break. She is also the pilot of the starship Ragnarok.

Zell Dincht
Zell Dincht (ゼル・ディン) is a student at Balamb Garden with Squall and Seifer. He is seventeen years old, and is a martial artist who fits the role of an unarmed character. Zell wields gloves and attacks with punches and kicks, and his Limit Break, Duel, requires the player to input button combinations to deal damage. Zell is slightly impulsive and overconfident in his skills, but is loyal to his friends. Seifer gives him the nickname "chicken-wuss", which infuriates him. He also has a passion for hot dogs; a recurring gag is that they are always sold out by the time he reaches the cafeteria.

Zell lived at the same orphanage as many of the other protagonists; where Seifer first began to bully him. Later on, the Dincht family adopted him in the town of Balamb. His motivation for enrolling at Garden is to live up to the memory of his grandfather, a famous soldier.

Zell was designed to look and act like the main character of a shōnen manga; his neighbors in Balamb describe him as a "'comic-bookish' type of hero". He also thinks of himself as Seifer's rival, despite not being the main character. The inspiration for the tattoo on his face came from an MTV music video featuring a man with a full body tattoo.

Zell's ultimate weapon is named Ehrgeiz, referencing the game which released around the same time as Final Fantasy VIII. Like Tifa, he fights using gloves and martial arts, and has a Limit Break called Dolphin Blow, which was also one of Tifa's Limit Breaks. His final Limit Break is My Final Heaven, while Tifa's was called Final Heaven.

He is voiced by Noriaki Sugiyama in Japanese.

Irvine Kinneas
Irvine Kinneas (アーヴァイン・キニアス) is a student at Galbadia Garden, one of the three mercenary academies in the game. He is one of the Garden's elite sharpshooters, and wields a rifle. His Limit Break is Shot, which deals damage and inflicts status effects depending on the type of ammunition. Irvine is depicted as a cowboy, and is tall and fair-skinned with long brown hair worn in a ponytail. He also enjoys flirting with the female characters, and is known for his marksmanship. He acts like a carefree, but misunderstood loner, but this is merely a façade to charm women and hide his lack of confidence.

After Sorceress Edea becomes the Galbadian ambassador, Balamb and Galbadia Gardens order Squall's team to assassinate her; Irvine is introduced as the sniper for the mission. Moments before the assassination attempt, he explains to Squall that he does not perform well under pressure. Despite this, he fires an accurate shot, but Edea uses magic to stop the bullet. At Trabia Garden, Irvine reveals that he and most of the other party members had lived in the same orphanage, run by Cid and Edea Kramer. However, the others could not remember this because of their use of Guardian Forces (GF), magical beings who cause severe long-term memory loss as a side effect. Because Irvine had not used a GF until he joined the party, he is able to remember his past. During the game, Irvine gradually becomes closer to Selphie, acting on the feelings he had since living with her at the orphanage.

With Irvine, Nomura tried to strike a balance between not overshadowing Squall and not becoming too unattractive. He gave Irvine a handsome appearance but a casual personality, hoping that this would make him less attractive than Squall. Keeping with this idea, Nomura gave him goggles, but this idea was abandoned in favor of an American cowboy-like appearance to set him apart from other characters in the Final Fantasy series who wore goggles.

He is voiced by Daisuke Hirakawa in Japanese.

Kiros Seagill
Kiros Seagill (キロス・シーゲル) is one of Laguna's comrades in the Galbadian Army. He wields a pair of katar (कटार) or gauntlet-daggers, which are called katal in the English version. He uses them to slice his enemies in his Limit Break, Blood Pain. Following the failed mission in Centra, Kiros is separated from Laguna and Ward. He heals quickly and decides to leave the Galbadian army, but soon finds that life without Laguna lacks excitement. His subsequent search for Laguna brings him to Winhill after nearly a year. When Laguna is forced to leave Winhill to find Ellone, Kiros accompanies him, helping him earn money as an amateur actor to fund the expedition. Kiros remains by Laguna's side throughout his adventures in Esthar, earning a place as Laguna's advisor when he becomes president. Like Ward, Kiros' interactions with Laguna are based on the staff's interactions during development.

Ward Zabac
Ward Zabac (ウォード・ザバック) is Laguna's other comrade. He is an imposing man who wields a large harpoon, which he uses in his Limit Break, Massive Anchor, to crush his opponents from above. During the incident at Centra, he loses his voice in a battle with Esthar soldiers. After being separated from Laguna and Kiros, he becomes a janitor at the D-District Prison. When Laguna becomes president of Esthar, Ward joins Kiros as an advisor, directing affairs with gestures and ellipses. Laguna and Kiros can understand what he is saying by his reactions. Like Kiros, Ward's interactions with Laguna are based on the staff's interactions during development.

Edea Kramer
Edea Kramer (イデア・クレイマー) is initially presented as a power-hungry sorceress who seizes control of Galbadia from President Deling. Her motives are unknown, but SeeD dispatches Squall to assassinate her. The mission fails after an unknown entity possesses Rinoa and Edea sends a bolt of ice through Squall's chest. It is later revealed that Edea is the wife of Headmaster Cid, and was known as "Matron" to Squall and the kids that lived at the orphanage. It is also revealed that Edea was not acting of her own will, but was possessed by a sorceress from the future named Ultimecia. After Ultimecia's control over her is broken, Edea takes the side of the SeeDs in the struggle and joins Squall's party for a short time. However, she accidentally gives her powers to Rinoa, making her a sorceress. Being a sorceress, Edea attacks with magical bursts of energy; her Limit Break, Ice Strike, consists of a magically conjured icicle being hurled like a javelin.

Adel
Adel (アデル) is a sorceress from Esthar who initiated the Sorceress War some years ago before the start of the game. As the ruler of Esthar, she ordered her soldiers to abduct girls to find a suitable successor for her powers, including Ellone. During the Esthar revolution, Laguna and Dr. Odine devised an artifact to cancel her power and placed her in suspended animation in outer space. In the present, after Edea is released from Ultimecia's control, Ultimecia possesses Rinoa and commands her to free Adel so she can become Ultimecia's new and more powerful vessel. However, after Adel is successfully freed, Rinoa is discarded as a host, but to defeat Ultimecia, Dr. Odine plans for Ultimecia to once again possess Rinoa. Eventually, Squall's party defeats Adel when she tries to absorb Rinoa at the Lunatic Pandora, and so Adel's powers are transferred to Rinoa, Ultimecia possesses her again, and using Ellone's powers, they start "Time Compression", leading to the final battle.

Cid Kramer
Cid Kramer (シド・クレイマー) is the headmaster of Balamb Garden. After the failed assassination attempt on Edea, the Garden Master, NORG, attempts to seize power from Cid and reconcile with Edea. This sparks an internal conflict, in which the students and personnel side with either Cid or NORG, but Squall and Xu quell the conflict and return Cid to power. Afterward, Cid confronts NORG, who started the conflict over financial issues. Cid is the husband of Sorceress Edea, with whom he ran an orphanage and founded the SeeD organization. They are estranged for most of the game because they lead opposing factions until Ultimecia releases her magical possession of Edea.

Because most Final Fantasy titles include a character named "Cid", Nomura wanted to design someone with differences from the past Cids in the series. He gave this version of Cid the appearance and personality of an older, benevolent character who would watch over Squall's party and offer them advice and motivation. Nojima decided that this type of good-natured character would work best as the headmaster of Balamb Garden.

Ellone
Ellone (エルオーネ) is a mysterious girl who is the missing "Sis" of Squall's past. She has the ability to send a person's consciousness back in time and into the body of another, so they can experience the actions of that person. She uses this to send Squall's party into Laguna's past adventures, hoping that they would alter the past, but eventually realizes that her abilities can view history, not alter it. Ultimecia needs this power to achieve "Time Compression", so she uses Edea and the Galbadian military to find her.

Despite being important to the story, as she connects the relationships between some character and is the target of Ultimecia, Ellone's importance is mostly told in flashbacks. After Esthar soldiers killed Ellone's parents under sorceress Adel's orders, she lived with Raine in the small Winhill village, where she also developed a close relationship with her adoptive uncle, Laguna. These peaceful times lasted until she was captured by Esthar. Afterward, Laguna travelled to Esthar to rescue her while participating in Esthar's rebellion to overthrow Adel. After Adel's incarceration in space, Laguna having to remain in Esthar as president, and Raine's death, Ellone moved to Cid and Edea's orphanage, where she became an older sister figure to Squall and the other orphans; eventually, she followed Cid to Balamb Garden. Early on in the game, Squall's party finds Ellone in the library of Balamb Garden.

Fujin
Fujin (風神) is a young woman with pale skin and short silver hair who wears an eye patch. She is a member of Balamb Garden's disciplinary committee alongside Seifer and Raijin; the three of them form a close "posse", even when Seifer leaves Garden. Fujin prefers to speak in terse sentences; in the Japanese version, she speaks in Kanji. Near the end of the game, she explains to Squall that she will temporarily break ties with Seifer because of his recent behavior. In battle, Fujin wields a chakram and uses wind-based magic. She shares her name with the Japanese god of wind, Fūjin.

Fujin and Raijin were to appear in Final Fantasy VII, but the designers excluded them due to their similarity to the Turks. In Kingdom Hearts II, a younger version of Fujin, named "Fuu" (フウ), appears as a member of Seifer's gang. She is voiced by Rio Natsuki in Japanese and Jillian Bowen in English.

Raijin
Raijin (雷神) is a member of Balamb Garden's disciplinary committee alongside Seifer and Fujin; the three form a close "posse", as he calls it. He has a habit of ending his sentences with "ya know" (もんよ). Like Fujin, he supports Seifer when he betrays SeeD and Garden to side with Edea. Near the end of the game, he stands by Fujin's plea to the party to help save Seifer from himself. In the ending FMV, he celebrates catching a large fish until Fujin kicks him into the water. In battle, Raijin wields a bō staff with large weights on either end and uses thunder-based magic. He shares his name with the Japanese god of thunder, Raijin.

Raijin and Fujin were to appear in Final Fantasy VII, but the designers decided against it due to their similarity to the Turks. In Kingdom Hearts II, a younger version of Raijin, named "Rai" (ライ), appears as a member of Seifer's gang. He is voiced by Kazuya Nakai in Japanese and Brandon Adams in English.

Ultimecia
Ultimecia (アルティミシア) is the main antagonist of Final Fantasy VIII. Ultimecia is a sorceress from the future capable of reaching her consciousness into the distant past via the "Junction Machine" to possess other sorceresses. Because she operates through the body of a possessed Edea to gain control of Galbadia, Ultimecia's existence is revealed only after she possesses Rinoa to release Sorceress Adel from her orbital prison to take as a new host. She seeks to achieve "Time Compression", which would cause all eras to merge; this would extinguish all life as she becomes an omnipresent goddess. This would give her power on par with Hyne the Great, who, according to the backstory, created the world.

Eventually, Squall and the heroes help Ultimecia start Time Compression to confront her in her own time. After Squall and his party defeat Sorceress Adel, Adel transfers her power to Rinoa only for Ultimecia to possess Rinoa again. Ellone uses her power to send their consciousness to the past, at which point Ultimecia starts Time Compression. At that moment, the heroes are able to travel to Ultimecia's distant future and defeat her. After the final battle and during an apparent decompression of time, the defeated Ultimecia transfers her powers to Edea at a point in the past. This action essentially triggers the sequence of events that form the game's plot, and creates a causal loop.

Ultimecia is the villainess representing Final Fantasy VIII in Dissidia: Final Fantasy, Dissidia 012 and Dissidia NT, where she is voiced by Atsuko Tanaka in Japanese and Tasia Valenza in English.

Biggs and Wedge
Biggs and Wedge are members of the Galbadian Army, who are major and lieutenant respectively. After the main characters defeat them at Dollet, they are demoted in rank to lieutenant and private respectively. The protagonists encounter them again at the D-District Prison. A third meeting at the Lunatic Pandora does not result in conflict; instead, they quit the Galbadian army.

General Fury Caraway
General Fury Caraway is a member of the Galbadian military who advises the main characters on their mission to assassinate Sorceress Edea. When Laguna leaves Galbadia, Caraway comforts Julia; eventually, they marry and have a child, Rinoa. Caraway and Rinoa have a problematic relationship, as he attempts to prevent her from participating in the assassination attempt. However, he later arranges her freedom from the D-District Prison.

Vinzer Deling
Vinzer Deling is the President of Galbadia. He appoints Sorceress Edea as a supposed "peace ambassador" to resolve Galbadia's political problems with other nations. His body double is defeated by SeeD and the Forest Owls resistance group. Edea kills him during her welcoming ceremony at Deling City and seizes power in Galbadia.

Mayor Dobe and Flo
Mayor Dobe is the leader of Fishermans Horizon, a town in the middle of a transoceanic highway between the continents of Galbadia and Esthar. He and his wife, Flo, detest violence and oppose the Garden's presence in their territory. Squall and his party save the Mayor from certain death when the Galbadian army invades the town.

Forest Owls
The Forest Owls are a small resistance faction that oppose the Galbadian occupation of Timber, a town in the eastern part of the continent. Zone is its leader, while Rinoa and Watts are members. Most people of Timber are affiliated with a resistance group, although the Forest Owls are the only active group.

Julia Heartilly
Julia Heartilly (ジュリア・ハーティリー) is a pianist at a Galbadian hotel which Laguna frequented during his days as a soldier. After Laguna had admired her for some time, Julia introduced herself to him, as depicted in one of the flashback sequences. Julia revealed to Laguna her dream of writing her own songs and becoming a singer. However, after Laguna is shipped out on new orders the following day, the ensuing circumstances prevent him from returning. Julia eventually marries Galbadian military officer General Caraway and has a daughter, Rinoa. She also finds success with her song "Eyes on Me", which is also the game's theme song. She was killed several years before the start of the game in a car accident. Julia is the only character in the game with an explicit character theme, named "Julia", which is a piano arrangement of "Eyes on Me".

Raine
Raine (レイン), later Raine Loire (レイン・レウァール), is Laguna's second love, as depicted in flashbacks. She found him injured at the bottom of a cliff and brought him to her hometown of Winhill to recover. She is initially irritated by his bad habits and reluctance to express himself outright, but the two grew close and eventually married. After Laguna becomes President of Esthar, his duties thwart his efforts to return to Winhill. Raine dies after giving birth to a child, who, along with Ellone, is taken away to Edea's orphanage. It is strongly implied by Ward and Kiros, as well as by gaming writers and fans, that Squall is their child.

Martine
Martine is the head of Galbadia Garden. His superior, Balamb Garden's master NORG, orders him to use SeeD members to carry out the assassination plot against Sorceress Edea. When Squall and his team travel to Galbadia Garden after fleeing Timber, Martine orders them to carry out the mission. He hopes that using Balamb Garden's SeeDs would deflect responsibility for the plot onto NORG. His actions trigger the conflict within Balamb Garden when Garden Master NORG tries to kill Headmaster Cid to appease Sorceress Edea after the mission fails. Afterward, the Galbadian military seizes Galbadia Garden and Martine flees to Fishermans Horizon.

NORG
NORG is an exiled Shumi who lent Cid the money to build and develop the Garden and took the position of Garden Master upon its completion. NORG is more concerned about the revenue acquired by SeeD as a mercenary organization rather than its noble duty of opposing the Sorceress; he is considered a "black sheep" of the Shumi tribe. After hearing about a failed assassination attempt on Sorceress Edea, NORG begins to distrust Headmaster Cid and tries to seize control of Balamb Garden, causing a conflict between factions loyal to NORG and Cid. After feigning loyalty to the Sorceress, he attempts to kill the SeeDs who carried out the failed assassination. After being defeated in battle, he enters a cocoon-like state. Shumis from the Shumi village later appear at the site of his defeat, having seemingly removed him from his cocoon by cracking it open. They also apologize for NORG's behavior.

Dr. Odine
Dr. Odine is a scientist and magic researcher from Esthar who discovered the GFs and junctioning and engineered a machine that mimics Ellone's power. Seventeen years before the events of the game, he developed the necessary technology to allow Laguna to entomb Adel. As a researcher of the Lunatic Pandora, he also helps to prevent it from reaching Tears' Point and initiating a Lunar Cry. Odine also plays a role in the plot to destroy Ultimecia, explaining how to survive time compression.

Minor SeeD members
Several other SeeD members assist Squall's party. Dr. Kadowaki is the Balamb Garden doctor who tends to Squall's wounds after his fight with Seifer in the opening sequence. She also helps Headmaster Cid after his confrontation with NORG. Nida, who is a reference to Star Wars, along with Biggs and Wedge, is a student at Balamb Garden who passes the SeeD exam along with Squall and pilots Balamb Garden after it becomes a mobile base. Xu is a high-ranking SeeD who helps Squall during the Dollet mission and the Garden civil war between NORG and Cid. She is friends with Quistis and a member of Squall's staff once he becomes the leader of Balamb Garden.

Merchandise
The characters of Final Fantasy VIII have spawned action figures, jewellery and other goods in their likeness. In 1999, action figure lineups were distributed in Japan by Bandai, Kotobukiya, Banpresto, and Coca-Cola. Bandai also released them to Europe and Australasia the same year. In 2004, action figures of Squall, Rinoa and Selphie were distributed in North America by Diamond Comics. Posters of individual characters or a collage of characters are available on many fan websites, including Final Fantasy Spirit. Other products available include mouse pads, keychains, and pens depicting individual characters or sets of characters.

Reception
The characters of Final Fantasy VIII have received praise by reviewers. The Gaming Age reviewer was originally concerned with the shift to consistently realistically proportioned characters, but he ultimately found them more appealing. Moreover, the review stated that the character designs and graphical quality allowed the characters to "convey emotions much more dramatically". Game Revolution cited similar praise, agreeing that the change "really makes the graphics impressive". Jeff Lundigran of IGN commented that the "low-polygon characters of Final Fantasy VII are gone, replaced with sometimes surprisingly realistic high-polygon models that only look better the closer they get". GameSpot agreed with the transition, claiming that "involving, personal, and emotional stories are far more believable when they come from, well, people, not short, bizarrely shaped cartoon characters".

The cast itself has received criticism from reviews. Lundigran criticized the manner in which romantic interactions play out, stating that "considering that the love story is so integral to everything that happens—not to mention forming the central image of the box art—it's incomprehensible why no one says 'I love you' to anyone, ever". With Squall, he felt that "FFVIII does break one cardinal rule: when your story is character centered, you'd better center it on a character the audience can care about. Squall, unfortunately, just doesn't fit the bill". However, GameSpot felt that Final Fantasy VIII shifts the story from the "epic" concepts of VII to the "personal", in that "the characters and their relationships are all extremely believable and complex; moreover, the core romance holds up even under the most pessimistic scrutiny". A later editorial by IGN's Ryan Clements echoed this sentiment, appreciating that Squall and Rinoa's single kiss during the finale serves "one of the player's main rewards for hours of dedication". Although the reviewer at Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine acknowledged possible fears over a romantic storyline, he wrote that "it's only later in the game, once you are really attached to all the distinct and complex characters, that the more emotional themes are gradually introduced".

title: Characters of Final Fantasy VIII


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Mati Klarwein

Abdul Mati Klarwein (April 9, 1932 – March 7, 2002) was a German painter best known for his works used on the covers of music albums.

Personal life
Mati Klarwein was born in Hamburg, Germany. His mother Elsa Kühne was an opera singer and his father Joseph Klarwein was a Brick Expressionist architect and later with the Bauhaus movement. His father was Jewish and his family fled to the British Mandate of Palestine when he was two years old, after the rise of Nazi Germany. In 1948, the family fled to Paris when Israel declared independence and Arab nations invaded the country. In Paris, Mati studied from 1949 to 1951 with Fernand Léger, and attended the art schools École des Beaux-Arts and Académie Julian.

Klarwein added "Abdul" (which means "servant" in Arabic) to his name in the late 1950s to express his sentiments about the hostility between Jews and Muslims in the Middle East: he felt that to understand each other better, every Jew should adopt a Muslim first name, and vice versa. In 1956 he met Kitty Lillaz, and traveled with her around the world, including Tibet, India, Bali, North Africa, Turkey, Europe and the Americas.

In the early 1960s, he settled for a while in New York City, meeting Jimi Hendrix. At a New York exhibition in 1961, organized by Lillaz for the unveiling of the painting Flight to Egypt Klarwein met Salvador Dalí for the first time, whom he called a spiritual father. The same year he met his wife Sofia Klarwein. Among other painters he met more often was Arik Brauer. In 1965, he obtained French citizenship with the support of André Malraux.

Style and technique
During his time in Saint-Tropez he met Ernst Fuchs, who would have a profound influence on his technique, teaching him the Mischtechnik. Much of Klarwein's most famous work is inspired by surrealism and pop culture, but also reflects his interest in deities and symbolism.

Klarwein is still best known for his art of the 1960s and 1970s, with its clear links to surrealism, popular psychedelic imagery, ethnic and exotic themes, erotic, and religious art from a number of different traditions. He also worked more conventionally across a variety of genres including still life, landscape, and portrait.

Career
The art and culture magazine Juxtapoz, quoting an unnamed source, wrote that Klarwein was "often considered 'the man literally responsible for every great, legendary record cover you've ever seen—if he didn't do it, he inspired it.'" Despite the hyperbole of this claim, it is true that many people would immediately recognize his vivid, colorful style from many album covers.

1960s
During the '60s Klarwein's fame grew and some of the decade's most progressive musicians used his artwork for their album covers.

In his painting Grain of Sand (1963–1965), many disparate images are combined together in one massive, yet oddly coherent work. Klarwein's own words illuminate the work: "I projected it as a sort of painted musical comedy movie with a Sanskrit swinging cast of thousands, starring Marilyn Monroe, Anita Ekberg, Ray Charles, Pablo Picasso, Brigitte Bardot, Roland Kirk, Cannonball Adderley, Ahmed Abdul Malik, Wonder Woman, Delacroix's Orphan Girl at the Cemetery, Litri and his bullfighters, Lawrence of Arabia, Socrates, Dalí, Rama, Vishnu, Ganesh, the Zork and a Milky Way of Playmates."

1970s
Klarwein produced comparably striking designs for the covers of two Miles Davis albums, Bitches Brew (1969) and Live-Evil (1971).

Klarwein created the cover for the 2 February 1970 Time magazine issue, showing the face of Barry Commoner, projecting a powerful image of ecology, which took the stage for the first time in the public eye.

Klarwein's painting Annunciation from 1961 was seen in reproduction by the musician Carlos Santana, who subsequently used it 1970 as the cover image of his band Santana's second album Abraxas.

His painting Zonked (1970) was originally planned as the cover image for Betty Davis's self-titled album, and was later used for the Last Poets album Holy Terror in 1993. In 1971 his cover was on the album Last Days and Time by Earth, Wind & Fire. A cover he made for Jimi Hendrix was used on a single in 1974 and for a compilation in 2010.

In 1971 he went to Hamburg and created set paintings for the film Herman Hesse's Steppenwolf. In the mid-1970s, Klarwein began a series of paintings which he referred to as "real-estate paintings" or "inscapes". In the late 1970s he collaborated with trumpeter Jon Hassell for a couple of albums on Brian Eno's Ambient label; these albums used several of Klarwein's "inscapes" on their covers.

The association of his images with these successful and widely admired musicians of the time, made Klarwein's work known outside the circle of lovers of contemporary art. Many of these paintings, and others, were included in Klarwein's first book Milk n' Honey (1973).

1980s and later
In the 1980s, Klarwein began to focus on landscape compositions, which were detailed, had different perspectives and often included floric textures. During the 1980s and 1990s, Klarwein would occasionally search for cheap paintings at flea markets and "improve" them, painting over them or adding things at his whim. Klarwein made over a hundred of these "improved paintings" throughout his career. In 1983, he published Inscapes Real-Estate Paintings, which included an interview where Klarwein said about his work, "Some visual artworks are made to be talked about more than to be seen, others are made to be seen more than to be talked about. I think I belong in the latter category."

Klarwein also painted many commissioned portraits, including Robert Graves, Noël Coward, Juliette Binoche, Richard Gere, Michael Douglas and Brigitte Bardot. He died of cancer on March 7, 2002, in Deià, on the Spanish island of Majorca.

Album covers

 * Aïyb Dieng/Bill Laswell - Rhythmagick (1997) (cover)
 * Bach/Igor Kipnis/Neville Marriner - The Complete Concertos for Harpsichord and Orchestra (1978)
 * Buddy Miles - Message to the People (1971)
 * Buddy Miles - Buddy Miles "Live" (1971)[2LP]
 * Buddy Miles Express - Hell and Back (1994)
 * Earth, Wind & Fire - Last Days and Time (1972) (cover)
 * Elements - Illumination (1987)
 * Elements - Forward Motion (1984)
 * Eric Dolphy - Iron Man (1963) (cover)
 * George Duke - Secret Rendezvous (1984)
 * Gregg Allman - Laid Back (1973) (cover)
 * Hermeto Pascoal e Grupo - Só Não Toca Quem Não Quer (Only If You Don't Want It) (1987)
 * Howard Wales & Jerry Garcia - Hooteroll? (1971) (cover)
 * Jackie McLean - Demon's Dance (1970) (cover)
 * Jam & Spoon (feat. Plavka) - Kaleidoscope (1997)
 * Joe Beck - Beck (1975)
 * Jon Hassell - Earthquake Island (1978)
 * Jon Hassell - Dream Theory in Malaya: Fourth World Volume Two (1981) (cover)
 * Jon Hassell - Listening to Pictures (2018) (cover)
 * Jon Hassell - Maarifa Street: Magic Realism Volume Two (2005)
 * Jon Hassell - Aka/Darbari/Java: Magic Realism (1983) (cover)
 * Jon Hassell - Seeing Through Sound (2020) (cover)
 * Leonard Bernstein - Age of Anxiety (1966)
 * Malcolm X - By Any Means Necessary (1971)
 * Mark Egan - Mosaic (1985)
 * Michael Shrieve - Two Doors (1996)
 * Miles Davis - Bitches Brew (1970)[2LP]
 * Miles Davis - Live-Evil (1971)[2LP] (cover)
 * Osibisa - Heads (1972) (cover)
 * Per Tjernberg & Mati Klarwein - No Man's Land (1997)
 * Per Tjernberg - Universal Riddim (2000)
 * Per Tjernberg - Universal Riddim 2 (2005)
 * Reuben Wilson - Blue Mode (recorded 1969, released 1970) (cover)
 * Santana - Abraxas (1970) (painting title, Annunciation) (cover)
 * Symphonic Slam - Symphonic Slam (1976)
 * Tempest - Living in Fear (1974) (cover)
 * The Chambers Brothers - New Generation (1970)
 * The Last Poets - This Is Madness (1971) (cover)
 * The Last Poets - Holy Terror (1993)
 * The Maids of Gravity - The First Second (1996)
 * The Mooney Suzuki - Alive & Amplified (2004) (cover)
 * White Lightnin' - White Lightnin'  (1975)

title: Mati Klarwein


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