text:
User talk:Baardheere

Welcome to Wikipedia! Please put articles in Somali at the Somali wikipedia: http://so.wikipedia.org. It could really use the work, if you're interested in improving it. Otherwise,

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License tagging for Image:Baarddheere.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Baarddheere.jpg. Wikipedia gets thousands of images uploaded every day, and in order to verify that the images can be legally used on Wikipedia, the source and copyright status must be indicated. Images need to have an image tag applied to the image description page indicating the copyright status of the image. This uniform and easy-to-understand method of indicating the license status allows potential re-users of the images to know what they are allowed to do with the images.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 19:07, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Baardheere.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Baardheere.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 08:15, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Gedo
Hello, just wanted to let you know I have responded to your comments on Talk:Gedo. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:53, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Sign your comments
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Image tagging for Image:Baardheere3.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Baardheere3.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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Image tagging for Image:Baardheere4.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Baardheere4.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 06:04, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Bardera.bridge.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Bardera.bridge.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 06:11, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Bardera.arc.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Bardera.arc.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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November 2007
Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia, it is recommended that you use the preview button before you save; this helps you find any errors you have made, and prevents clogging up recent changes and the page history. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 22:58, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Information.png|25px]] Please refrain from repeatedly undoing other people's edits. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. The three-revert rule (3RR) prohibits making more than three reversions in a content dispute within a 24-hour period. Additionally, users who perform a large number of reversions in content disputes may be blocked for edit warring, even if they do not technically violate the three-revert rule. Rather than reverting, please discuss disputed changes on the talk page. The revision you want is not going to be implemented by edit warring. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 22:58, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Bardera polytechnic
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Bardera polytechnic, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Jac16888 (talk) 19:14, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:Sarinley.primary.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Sarinley.primary.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. — neuro  (talk)  19:23, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:Bardera.bridge.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Bardera.bridge.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. Chris G Bot (talk) 12:00, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

NowCommons: File:2002cup.jpg
File:2002cup.jpg is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Commons:File:2002cup.jpg. This is a repository of free media that can be used on all Wikimedia wikis. The image will be deleted from Wikipedia, but this doesn't mean it can't be used anymore. You can embed an image uploaded to Commons like you would an image uploaded to Wikipedia, in this case:. Note that this is an automated message to inform you about the move. This bot did not copy the image itself. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 19:56, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:Orthography1972.JPG)
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July 2009
Please refrain from making test edits in Wikipedia pages, even if you intend to fix them later. Such edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 22:39, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:Abudwak.mch.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Abudwak.mch.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. ww2censor (talk) 03:38, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

File:Bardera_polytechnic_bpuniversity.jpg
I have tagged File:Bardera_polytechnic_bpuniversity.jpg as orphaned fairuse. In order for the image to be kept at Wikipedia, it must be included in at least one article. Otherwise, it will be deleted in seven days. Calliopejen1 (talk) 20:40, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

File:Yahay.mamazu.jpg listed for deletion
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Disambiguation link notification for April 19
Hi. When you recently edited Juba Valley Agricultural Institute, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Somali (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

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File:Abudwak.edu2.jpg listed for deletion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Juba Valley Colleges and Universities Student Association

A tag has been placed on Juba Valley Colleges and Universities Student Association requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.) or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that the page was nominated in error, contest the nomination by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion" in the speedy deletion tag. Doing so will take you to the talk page where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but do not hesitate to add information that is consistent with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. Lady of  Shalott  04:57, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for January 12
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Juba valley veterinary institute, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Somali (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

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Copyright problems with File:US and Somalia President, Ronald Reagan & Siad Barre.jpg
Hello. Concerning your contribution, File:US and Somalia President, Ronald Reagan & Siad Barre.jpg, please note that Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images obtained from other web sites or printed material, without the permission of the author(s). As a copyright violation, File:US and Somalia President, Ronald Reagan & Siad Barre.jpg appears to qualify for deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. File:US and Somalia President, Ronald Reagan & Siad Barre.jpg has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message. If you believe that the article or image is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA) then you should do one of the following:

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However, for textual content, you may simply consider rewriting the content in your own words. While contributions are appreciated, Wikipedia must require all contributors to understand and comply with its copyright policy. Wikipedia takes copyright concerns very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. Thank you. The image has a Corbis watermark and thus is copyright by that organistation and cannot be displayed on this wiki. -- Dianna (talk) 22:57, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:Anoole Village Gedo.jpg

A tag has been placed on File:Anoole Village Gedo.jpg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image is an unused redundant copy (all pixels the same or scaled down) of an image in the same file format, which is on Wikipedia (not on Commons), and all inward links have been updated.

If you think that your page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Stefan2 (talk) 14:15, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:Anoole Village Masjid Minerat.jpg

A tag has been placed on File:Anoole Village Masjid Minerat.jpg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image is an unused redundant copy (all pixels the same or scaled down) of an image in the same file format, which is on Wikipedia (not on Commons), and all inward links have been updated.

If you think that your page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Stefan2 (talk) 14:52, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

User: Baardheere] here, admin friends, could the three images about [[Anoole made online as copyright and other issues are cleared on/or answered in the upload form. Thanks. I couldn't log on into the commons. No valid ID, password. It takes me back the regular page. I just uploaded the images onto the "upload locally." option.  Any help is appreciated. We plan to get images at different season shot from same locations as current images depict dry season. Just for comparison.

Image
I have restored File:Baardheere4.jpg. You have a week to a) transfer it to the Commons and b) add a full description, source, licence and coord info. — RHaworth (talk · contribs) 22:52, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

Baardheere: [One week is terribly short notice. I didn't even get the chance to read the change you have given me to say about the copyright issues for the image: Baardheere4.jpg. Just in case, it was done on personal camera and date was April 29, 2006 in Bardera. Thanks. I will re-state that if you give me another chance. But the "Commons" are off limit I believe. Says User/Password NOT valid while was uploading Anoole images. Thanks.

Airlines
Hi Baardheere. I was wondering if you knew what specific carriers serve the Abudwak airport? Best regards, Middayexpress (talk) 20:05, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

Baardheere here- Thanks for the question. Mostly chartered flight from Mogadishu and Berbera fly in and out of the newly opened Abudwak Airport.
 * Thanks. Cheers, Middayexpress (talk) 14:56, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Bardera Polytechnic Computer Lab.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Bardera Polytechnic Computer Lab.jpg, which you've attributed to Bardera Polytechnic own website. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
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If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to permissions-en@wikimedia.org.

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as non-free fair use or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read the Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 16:09, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

March 2013
Please do not add or change content, as you did to Bardera, without verifying it by citing a reliable source. Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. Gyrofrog (talk) 21:42, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Thank you for your contributions. Please remember to mark your edits, such as your recent edits to Bardera, as "minor" only if they truly are minor edits. In accordance with Help:Minor edit, a minor edit is one that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute. Minor edits consist of things such as typographical corrections, formatting changes or rearrangement of text without modification of content. Additionally, the reversion of clear-cut vandalism and test edits may be labeled "minor". Thank you. Gyrofrog (talk) 21:42, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for June 9
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited List of poets from Somalia, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Somali (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

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Nomination of Aadan-gurey maxamed Cabdille for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Aadan-gurey maxamed Cabdille is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Aadan-gurey maxamed Cabdille until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Mr. Guye (talk) 02:53, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Somali Literature's written collection is only 230 years and of that only about 60 poets and creators of great cultural events exist. Aadan-Gurey Maxamed Cabdille enjoys great following in Somali poetry. Expansion of the article is reasonable but not a deletion. Very few people write about Somali and any article that makes to publication should stay. There are millions of article with less than standard layout or enought sourcing. As time passes, this article will be edited and expanded as it is important to a lot of people. Baardheere (talk)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Somali Literacy Campaign

A tag has been placed on Somali Literacy Campaign, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, group, product, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. Masum Reza 📞 22:44, 21 June 2019 (UTC)

Somali Literacy Campaign moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Somali Literacy Campaign, does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page.  Onel 5969  TT me 03:01, 12 September 2019 (UTC)

Draft:Somali Literacy Campaign concern
Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Somali Literacy Campaign, a page you created, has not been edited in 5 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.

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You may request Userfication of the content if it meets requirements.

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Your draft article, Draft:Somali Literacy Campaign

Hello, Baardheere. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Somali Literacy Campaign".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia! CptViraj (📧) 13:26, 15 March 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Ebarderamch.staff.jpg

The file File:Ebarderamch.staff.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unused personal photo. Out of scope."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 05:18, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Nurselul.and.midwifemarkabo.jpg

The file File:Nurselul.and.midwifemarkabo.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unused personal photo. Out of scope."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 05:18, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

SIDAM moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, SIDAM, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page.  Onel 5969  TT me 16:30, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Somali Literacy Campaign (March 23)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by DoubleGrazing was:

The comment the reviewer left was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.

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Your submission at Articles for creation: SIDAM (May 5)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Herpetogenesis was:

The comment the reviewer left was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.

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HᴇʀᴘᴇᴛᴏGᴇɴᴇꜱɪꜱ (talk) 15:07, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:SIDAM
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Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 22:53, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I hope I get a copy of SIDAM article back. I indeed edited the article following a notification I had received. Hoping the article will be published following the wait time-time needed for editors to decide. I do not know how to respond to this. Exercising such an excessive YES/NO power doesn't make sense. I had submitted with publications over two dozen articles in the past decade and half. And believing that SIDAM was deserving a publication with references and other publication requirements fulfilled, and now seeing my draft disappeared is disheartening. This will probably prevent me from submitting another article to Wikipedia.
 * Contributor,
 * Forever sad. Baardheere (talk) 21:06, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:SIDAM

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Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 19:13, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

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Your draft article, Draft:SIDAM

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Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 22:28, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

National Association of Indigenous Institutes of Higher Learning moved to draftspace
Thanks for your contributions to National Association of Indigenous Institutes of Higher Learning. Unfortunately, I do not think it is ready for publishing at this time because it needs more sources to establish notability and the sources cited don't actually mention this organization.. I have converted your article to a draft which you can improve, undisturbed for a while.

Please see more information at Help:Unreviewed new page. When the article is ready for publication, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page OR move the page back. ARandomName123 (talk)Ping me! 13:14, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Baardheere


text:
Numerical taxonomy

Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their character states. It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties. The concept was first developed by Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath in 1963 and later elaborated by the same authors. They divided the field into phenetics in which classifications are formed based on the patterns of overall similarities and cladistics in which classifications are based on the branching patterns of the estimated evolutionary history of the taxa.

Although intended as an objective method, in practice the choice and implicit or explicit weighting of characteristics is influenced by available data and research interests of the investigator. What was made objective was the introduction of explicit steps to be used to create dendrograms and cladograms using numerical methods rather than subjective synthesis of data.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Numerical taxonomy


text:
Robert Alexander (barrister)

Robert Alexander QC FRS FSA (18 January 1795 – 21 February 1843) was a British barrister.

He was the son of the Halifax, West Yorkshire solicitor Lewis Alexander and he studied law at Lincoln's Inn before he became a barrister. He was a founder of Halifax's Literary and Philosophical Society, and was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1835.

He in 1829 married Matilda Legard, who was the daughter of Sir Thomas Legard of the Royal Navy.

Robert Alexander died in London in 1843 and was buried in the churchyard of St. Nicholas Church, Ganton, Yorkshire.

title: Robert Alexander (barrister)


text:
Java APIs for Bluetooth

Java APIs for Bluetooth Wireless Technology (JABWT) is a J2ME specification for APIs that allows Java MIDlets running on embedded devices such as mobile phones to use Bluetooth for short-range wireless communication. JABWT was developed as JSR-82 under the Java Community Process.

JSR 82 implementations for Java 2 Platform Standard Edition (J2SE) are also available.

Background
The original Java Specification Request (JSR-82) was submitted by Motorola and Sun Microsystems, and approved by the Executive Committee for J2ME in September 2000. JSR-82 provided the first standardized Java API for Bluetooth protocols, allowing developers to write applications using Bluetooth that work on all devices conforming to the specification. The first version of JSR-82 was released in March 2002. The most recent update to JSR-82, Maintenance Draft Review 4, was released in March 2010. The specification, reference implementation, and Technology Compatibility Kit (TCK) are maintained at Motorola Open Source.

Discovery
JABWT provides support for discovery of nearby Bluetooth devices. Java applications can use the API to scan for discoverable devices, identify services provided by discovered devices, and search for devices that the device frequently contacts.

Object Exchange APIs
JABWT provides an object exchange API for transfer of data objects between devices. For example, two devices conforming to the OBEX protocol could exchange virtual business cards or calendar appointments.

Device Management
JABWT allows management of the local device’s state. JABWT applications are able to access information about the host device (such as Bluetooth address), mark their host device as discoverable to other Bluetooth devices, and register to provide services.

Security
JABWT supports connections with different levels of security. Applications using the APIs can pass parameters to the Connector.open method indicating the level of security required to establish a connection to another device.

Compatible Devices
Hundreds of mobile devices from different manufacturers comply with the JSR-82 specification. Google maintains a list of devices that conform to the JSR-82 specification.

Implementations
Several open-source implementations of the JSR-82 specification are available:
 * AvetanaBluetooth Implementation
 * BlueCove: Java Library for Bluetooth

title: Java APIs for Bluetooth


text:
Tsujiura

Tsujiura are notes used in Japan in conjunction with rice crackers called senbei in a similar way to fortune cookies. Several publications make the claim that fortune cookies are derived from tsujiura senbei.

title: Tsujiura


text:
Property of Baire

A subset $$A$$ of a topological space $$X$$ has the property of Baire (Baire property, named after René-Louis Baire), or is called an almost open set, if it differs from an open set by a meager set; that is, if there is an open set $$U\subseteq X$$ such that $$A \bigtriangleup U$$ is meager (where $$\bigtriangleup$$ denotes the symmetric difference).

Definitions
A subset $$A \subseteq X$$ of a topological space $$X$$ is called almost open and is said to have the property of Baire or the Baire property if there is an open set $$U\subseteq X$$ such that $$A \bigtriangleup U$$ is a meager subset, where $$\bigtriangleup$$ denotes the symmetric difference. Further, $$A$$ has the Baire property in the restricted sense if for every subset $$E$$ of $$X$$ the intersection $$A\cap E$$ has the Baire property relative to $$E$$.

Properties
The family of sets with the property of Baire forms a σ-algebra. That is, the complement of an almost open set is almost open, and any countable union or intersection of almost open sets is again almost open. Since every open set is almost open (the empty set is meager), it follows that every Borel set is almost open.

If a subset of a Polish space has the property of Baire, then its corresponding Banach–Mazur game is determined. The converse does not hold; however, if every game in a given adequate pointclass $$\Gamma$$ is determined, then every set in $$\Gamma$$ has the property of Baire. Therefore, it follows from projective determinacy, which in turn follows from sufficient large cardinals, that every projective set (in a Polish space) has the property of Baire.

It follows from the axiom of choice that there are sets of reals without the property of Baire. In particular, the Vitali set does not have the property of Baire. Already weaker versions of choice are sufficient: the Boolean prime ideal theorem implies that there is a nonprincipal ultrafilter on the set of natural numbers; each such ultrafilter induces, via binary representations of reals, a set of reals without the Baire property.

title: Property of Baire


text:
Dutch royal house

In the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the monarchy of the Netherlands is a constitutional office and is controlled by the Constitution of the Netherlands. A distinction is made between members of the royal family and members of the royal house.

The royal house and family is the Orange-Nassau family.

Membership
According to the Membership to the Royal House Act which was revised in 2002, the members of the royal house are:

 * the monarch (king or queen) as head of the royal house;
 * the members of the royal family in the line of succession to the Dutch throne but limited to two degrees of kinship from the current monarch (first degree are parents and second degree are siblings);
 * the heir to the throne;
 * the former monarch (on abdication);
 * the members of the royal house of further degrees of kinship if they were already members of the royal house prior to the revision of the act in 2002, were adults at the time and remain in the direct line of succession;
 * the spouses of the above;
 * the widows and widowers of the above, provided that they do not remarry, and that their spouses would still qualify if they were still alive today.

Current members
Princess Beatrix, formerly Queen Beatrix
 * The King (King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands), the current head of the royal house, oldest child of Queen Beatrix
 * The Queen (Queen Máxima), wife of the King
 * The Princess of Orange (Catharina-Amalia), eldest child of the King and Queen
 * Princess Alexia, middle child of the King and Queen
 * Princess Ariane, youngest child of the King and Queen

 * Prince Constantijn, third and youngest child of Queen Beatrix and Prince Claus
 * Princess Laurentien, wife of Prince Constantijn

Princess Margriet, sister of Queen Beatrix; an exception was made for her when the act was revised

Pieter van Vollenhoven, husband of Princess Margriet

Loss of membership
The membership is lost if the right to succeed to the Dutch throne is lost, e.g. by marrying without parliament’s approval. This applied to several members of the royal family:

 * in 1964 Princess Irene married Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma
 * in 1975 Princess Christina married Jorge Guillermo
 * in 2004 Prince Friso married Mabel Wisse Smit; the government declined to ask official parliamentary permission for the marriage
 * in 2005 Prince Pieter-Christiaan married Anita van Eijk
 * in 2005 Prince Floris married Aimée Söhngen

In addition the membership is lost when a person, who was formerly a member, loses his direct right to succession because he or she is no longer related to the current monarch within three degrees of kinship. When King Willem-Alexander assumed the throne in 2013 this applied to:

 * Prince Maurits and his wife Princess Marilène
 * Prince Bernhard and his wife Princess Annette

Membership is also lost to persons who are still in the direct line of succession, but are no longer related to the current monarch within two degrees of kinship. When King Willem-Alexander assumed the throne in 2013 this applied to:

 * Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau van Amsberg
 * Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau van Amsberg
 * Countess Leonore of Orange-Nassau van Amsberg

All children of Prince Constantijn and Princess Laurentien

title: Dutch royal house


text: Talk:Park University

title: Talk:Park University


text:
User:DDerby/Michael P. Farris

Subject's popular name (birthdate – death) can be a lead-in to the subject's real, formal, or extended name. Describe the subject's nationality and profession(s) in which the subject is most notable. Provide a description of the subject's major contributions in the immediately relevant field(s) of notable expertise.

Biography
Ensure that the following sections are organized by year. For instance, the section Marriage and children might be presented before or after the Expanded descriptions, and vice versa.

Early life
Explain the subject's early life historically using a journalistic style.

Marriage and children
If the subject married and produced offspring, describe the marriage and list the immediate offspring.

 * Subject's Son (birthdate – death) If notable, provide a brief single-line description.
 * Subject's Daughter (birthdate – death) If notable, provide a brief single-line description.

Expanded description
If an event that occurred in the life of the subject requires further explanation, elaborate.

Expanded description
If an event that occurred in the life of the subject requires further explanation, elaborate.

Death and afterwards
[If applicable] Legacy If any, describe. See Charles Darwin for example.

Religious views
If any, describe.

Works
If any, list the works organized by date of publication. See Charles Darwin for example.

title: User:DDerby/Michael P. Farris


text:
Patricia Kaas

Patricia Noëlle Kaas (born 5 December 1966) is a French singer and actress. Her music is a mix of pop, cabaret, jazz, and chanson.

Since the appearance of her 1988 debut album Mademoiselle chante..., Kaas has sold over 17 million records worldwide. She had her greatest success in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Canada, Russia, Finland, Ukraine, and South Korea with her third album Je te dis vous. In 2002, Kaas made her film debut in And Now... Ladies and Gentlemen with Jeremy Irons. She represented France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow and finished in eighth place.

1966–1984: Early life
Patricia Noëlle Kaas, the youngest of her family, was born on 5 December 1966 in Forbach, Lorraine, France, near the German border. Her father, Joseph Kaas (1927-1996), a miner, was a French Germanophone, and her mother, Irmgard (née Thiel; 1930-1989), was a German from Saar. Kaas grew up in Stiring-Wendel, between Forbach and Saarbrücken on the French side of the border. Until the age of six, she spoke only Lorraine Franconian. Her mother encouraged Kaas, then a young girl, to become a singer. At the age of only eight Kaas was already singing songs by Sylvie Vartan, Dalida, Claude François and Mireille Mathieu, as well as English-language songs such as "New York, New York", at various small events such as the marriage of her brother. Her first real success came when she received first place at a pop song contest.

Kaas took her first step into the professional music business at the age of 13, when, with the help of her brother Egon, she signed a contract with the Saarbrücken club Rumpelkammer. Kaas took the name Pady Pax — after Pax Majorettes, a brass band from Stiring-Wendel, of which she and her sister Carine were members — and for seven years appeared with the band, Dob's Lady Killers. At 16, she took a placement with a model agency in Metz. Her first attempts to break into the music business failed; a producer rejected her on the ground that the world did not need a second Mireille Mathieu. Kaas's producer at this time was the architect Bernard Schwartz.

1985–1986: Jalouse and The Beginnings
In 1985, at 19 years old, Kaas was sponsored by French actor Gérard Depardieu. Schwartz had seen her singing at the Rumpelkammer in Saarbrücken and introduced her to the songwriter François Bernheim. Bernheim worked with her and convinced Depardieu to produce her music.

Depardieu produced Kaas's first single Jalouse (Eng: Jealous), written by Bernheim and Depardieu's wife, Elisabeth. The single was published by EMI, but was a flop. Nonetheless, her encounter with Depardieu was one of the most important events at the beginning of Kaas's artistic career.

1987–1989: Mademoiselle chante le blues
Through Jalouse and Bernheim, the French songwriter Didier Barbelivien became aware of Kaas. His song Mademoiselle chante le blues (Eng: Lady sings the blues) was the singer's first big hit. The single was published in 1987 by Polydor, and reached 7th place in the French singles chart. The next year, Kaas's second single D'Allemagne (Eng: From Germany) was recorded, written by Barbelivien and Bernheim.

Shortly afterwards, Kaas's first album Mademoiselle chante... was produced. It reached 2nd place in the French album charts and stayed there for two months, remaining in the Top 10 for 64 weeks and 118 weeks in the top 100. Shortly after its appearance the album went gold in France (over 100,000 sold) and after three months it went platinum (over 350,000 sold). The album also went platinum in Belgium and Switzerland, and gold in Canada. In the same year, Kaas won Victoires de la Musique in the category of "Discovery of the Year", one of the most significant French music awards.

In 1989, Kaas suffered a traumatic personal experience, when her mother fell ill from cancer and died. The teddy bear Kaas sent to support her mother's convalescence today accompanies her everywhere as a mascot.

1990–1992: Scène de vie
In 1990, Kaas began her first world tour, which lasted 16 months in total. She sang in front of about 750,000 fans in over 196 concerts in 12 countries. Among others, Kaas sang daily for a week at the Olympia and Zenith, one of the most famous concert halls in Paris. The concerts were sold out four months before they began. Kaas also gave other successful concerts in New York and Washington D.C. in the U.S.A. At the end of the tour, Mademoiselle chante... had sold 1 million copies in France alone, achieving diamond status. Kaas received the Goldene Europa, one of the biggest German music awards.

In 1990, Kaas moved from her former record company, Polydor, to CBS/Sony. Cyril Prieur and Richard Walter, of the Paris firm Talent Sorcier, replaced Bernard Schwartz to become her managers in 1987. Prieur and Walter contributed significantly to the singer's success, in return for which Kaas referred to them as her "family".

With a new record company, she produced Scène de vie (Eng: The Stage of Life) in 1990. It reached the top of the French charts and stayed there for 10 weeks, going diamond in the process as Mademoiselle chante... had done before it. With the song Kennedy Rose, Kaas again worked with Elisabeth Depardieu and François Bernheim. This collaboration was more successful than Jalouse, reaching 34th place in the French singles charts. The song was dedicated to Rose Kennedy, matriarch of the Kennedy clan, and mother of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy.

While on the Scène de vie tour, the singer performed 210 concerts before 650,000 spectators in 13 countries, among them Japan, Canada and the USSR, where she sang in Moscow and Leningrad. At the end of 1991, her first live album Carnets de scène (Eng: Stage Notebooks) appeared, which achieved popularity beyond her dedicated fans. 13 years later, Sony also published the album as a live DVD.

In 1991, Kaas received two further awards, the World Music Award and a Bambi. In the following year, she received 3rd place in the category of 'Best International Female Singer' at the ECHO awards in Cologne, nominated alongside Cher (who received first place), Tina Turner, Madonna and Whitney Houston, four of the biggest names in the music business.

1993–1994: Je te dis vous
Kaas's 1993 album Je te dis vous (Eng.: I'm addressing you formally) was her definitive breakthrough in the international music scene, selling 3 million copies in 47 countries. It was produced in Pete Townshend's Eel Pie Studio in London, England by Robin Millar, who had already worked for Sade and the Fine Young Cannibals. In the U.S.A. and United Kingdom, it appeared under the name of Tour de charme (not to be confused with the live album of the same name). On the album, Kaas sang her first song in German: the song Ganz und gar (Eng: Absolutely) came from the pen of the German singer and songwriter Marius Müller-Westernhagen. The album also featured three tracks in English, including a cover of the James Brown number It's A Man's World. The British rock musician Chris Rea accompanied Kaas on the tracks Out of the Rain and Ceux qui n'ont rien (Eng: Those who have nothing) on guitar.

Je te dis vous became Kaas's most successful album in the German-speaking world, only just missing out on the German top 10 (it spent 2 weeks at 11th place), but spending 36 weeks in the top 100. In Switzerland, Kaas reached 2nd place in the album charts, and 1st in France. It was her third album to go diamond, 11 months after its appearance. With the single Il me dit que je suis belle (Eng: He tells me I'm beautiful) by Sam Brewski (aka Jean-Jacques Goldman), Kaas achieved her second top five single in France. A remix of Reste sur moi (Eng: Stay on me) reached the top 20 of the American dance charts.

The world tour that followed covered 19 countries. She was the first western singer to appear in Hanoi, Vietnam, after the Vietnam War, and she also toured in Cambodia, Japan, Korea and Thailand. During the tour, she also gave a benefit concert in Chernobyl in front of 30,000 spectators. In total, her audience counted 750,000 in 150 concerts. In 1994, her second live album Tour de charme (Eng: A tour with charm) was published, which, like Carnets de scène, was remade as a live DVD in 2004.

The LP was released as Tour de Charme (not to be mistaken with her second live album) in the US (on 17 August 1993) and the United Kingdom, and shows a slightly different track-listing:
 * Track 2 of the wider version (Hôtel Normandy) was replaced by a previously unreleased track (A Saint-Lunaire).
 * Track 10 is her rendering of La Vie en Rose
 * Ganz und Gar and Out of the Rain were dropped from this version.

1995–1996: Black Coffee
In the middle of the 1990s, the album Black Coffee was produced, an enigma in Kaas's career. In 1995, it was decided to produce a work specially for the American market, and containing exclusively English lyrics. It is rumoured that the album was never officially sold. It occasionally becomes available in on-line auctions, however, but the authenticity of such records is in doubt.

The title track of the album is a cover version of the Billie Holiday song of the same name, and was likewise published by Kaas on the 1997 sampler Jazz à Saint-Germain (release by Virgin). Other cover versions on the album include classics such as the Bill Withers number Ain't No Sunshine (which was taken for advertisement music for the Club Mediterranée) from 1971, and If You Leave Me Now by Chicago from 1976.

1997–1998: Dans ma chair
In 1997 Dans ma chair (Eng: In my flesh) was made. It was produced in New York by Kaas and Phil Ramone, who had previously worked with Ray Charles, Billy Joel and Paul Simon. The album marked the second time the singer officially worked with the French songwriter Jean-Jacques Goldman (they began to work together in 1993 for the song "Il me dit que je suis belle"). The collaboration with Goldman, which continues, was one of the most important of Kaas's career.

Further contributors to the success of the album were the American songwriter and singer Lyle Lovett, with the song Chanson simple (Eng: Simple song), and James Taylor with Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight, on which he duetted with Kaas. The track "Quand j'ai peur de tout" (Eng: When I'm afraid of everything), written by Diane Warren, was remade in 2003 by the band Sugababes under the name "Too Lost in You".

In 1998, following the Dans ma chair tour, the live album and video cassette (later, DVD) Rendez-vous was produced. Among the tracks are L'aigle noir (Eng: The black eagle) by the French singer and songwriter Barbara, whom Kaas had admired for a long time.

In December 1998 Kaas sang with the tenors Plácido Domingo and Alejandro Fernández in the Guildhall of Vienna, Austria. The three were accompanied by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. The concert was made into a CD and DVD in 1999 as Christmas in Vienna Vol. VI.

1999–2000: Le mot de passe
In 1999 Le mot de passe (Eng: The password) was produced by Pascal Obispo, on which Kaas was accompanied by an orchestra on several tracks. Jean-Jacques Goldman again contributed to the making of the studio album, among others with 2 songs Une fille de 'l'Est (Eng: A girl from the East) in which Kaas praised her East French heritage, and Les chansons commencent. The French singer Zazie wrote the track J'attends de nous. The song Les éternelles (Eng: The eternals) was also published in Germany as a duet with the Swiss tenor Erkan Aki under the title of Unter der Haut (Eng: Under the skin), and was the theme music of the five-part ZDF serial Sturmzeit (Eng: Stormy Times), based on a book by Charlotte Link.

In June 1999, Kaas appeared at the benefit concert Michael Jackson & Friends in Seoul, South Korea and Munich. Apart from Kaas and Jackson, Mariah Carey, Luther Vandross and Status Quo also appeared. The special events, in aid of UNESCO, the Red Cross and the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, were broadcast to 39 countries.

In September 1999, Kaas came third in Marianne, a poll for the national symbol of France, behind supermodels Laetitia Casta (first) and Estelle Hallyday (second). Most pictures of Kaas from her last albums (from Dans ma chair to Sexe fort in 2003) show the singer in very figure-accentuating clothes and suitably daring poses, and her music videos are seldom restrained performances.

On the Le mot de passe tour, Kaas was accompanied at some concerts in Germany and Switzerland by the Hannover Pops Orchestra of Norddeutscher Rundfunk under the conductor's baton of George Pehlivanian. With this ensemble, she was the star guest at, among others, the Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival of 1999. The concert of 24 July 1999 at the Guildhall Market of Hamburg was broadcast live on the German-French television station Arte. The orchestra can be heard on the 2000 live album Ce sera nous, but does not appear on the live DVD.

In 2000, an elaborately produced box set was published, which contained almost all the previous studio albums published by Sony and a comprehensive booklet with numerous pictures. In October 2000, Kaas received the Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize in Berlin.

2001–2002: Piano Bar
In April 2001 Kaas gave a concert before 50,000 spectators on the occasion of Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg's accession from his father Jean. Kaas was again accompanied by a large orchestra, on this occasion the Luxembourg Philharmonic. In the same year, Kaas began her acting career with And now... Ladies and Gentlemen with Jeremy Irons, directed by Claude Lelouch, and her record company published the greatest hits album Rien ne s'arrête (Eng: Nothing stops), where only the title track was new.

In 2000, Kaas decided to move permanently to Zürich in Switzerland. This also had consequences for her management, which likewise moved from Paris to Zürich and renamed itself International Talent Consulting. Cyril Prieur and Richard Walter remained by Kaas's side.

To accompany the film, the concept album Piano Bar by Patricia Kaas was released in 2002. While not a soundtrack to the film, some songs performed from the film were included on the album in slightly different versions, making up a sort of concept album inspired by the movie. The real soundtrack has never been released. Piano Bar... was Kaas's first published album sung mainly in English, and is a homage to the great French chanson artists of history. It includes cover versions of Where Do I Begin (originally on the soundtrack to Love Story) and an English version of Jacques Brel's Ne me quitte pas (Eng: Don't leave me), here entitled If You Go Away. The album in France reached 10th place in the charts, but was the second most successful of Kaas's albums in Germany, reaching 12th place. In 2002, Kaas again received the Golden Europa.

The Piano Bar Live tour began in September 2002 in France and lasted until April 2003. It included six sell-out concerts in the US, including appearances in Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco and Detroit, as well as at the Beacon Theatre on Broadway, New York, before 6,000 fans. Despite intensive efforts by Kaas's fans, the tour has not been published as a live album.

2003–2007: Sexe fort
On 1 December 2003, the album Sexe fort (Eng: Strong gender) was released, reaching 9th place in France. Again, Jean-Jacques Goldman contributed with C'est la faute à la vie (Eng: It's the fault of life) and On pourrait (Eng: We could), which he also produced himself, just as Pascal Obispo, the producer of Le mot de passe, did with L'Abbé Caillou (Eng: Father Caillou). Kaas sang On pourrait as a duet with the Swiss singer Stephan Eicher.

Following the release of Sexe fort, Kaas received a particular distinction on 8 December 2003 when she received the First Class Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for her contribution to friendship between France and Germany, an honour that until then had been awarded to only a few international artists.

Until the end of 2005, Kaas was on what was by then her seventh world tour. In total, she performed in 25 countries, including further appearances in China and Russia. In all, she gave 175 concerts before more than 500,000 spectators. Despite the relative failure of Sexe fort, the tour was a huge success.

By the beginning of 2005, the live album accompanying the tour Toute la musique... and the live DVD of the same name, had been released, in combination with a 'best of' album. The title track Toute la musique que j'aime (Eng: All the music I love) was written by the French singer and songwriter Johnny Hallyday. The album contains a bonus track, Herz eines Kämpfers (Eng: Heart of a Fighter), which Kaas had worked on with Peter Plate of German pop band Rosenstolz. For the TV broadcast of the German auditions for the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 in March of that year, Kaas performed the song for the first time live before an audience of millions.

2008–2010: Kabaret, world tour and Eurovision 2009
After the end of the Sexe fort tour in November 2005, Kaas took a break until the beginning of 2008, interrupted by only a few live performances. In February 2008, Kaas released the song Ne pozvonish' (You Will Not Call) with the Russian rock group Uma2rman, which was a big hit in Russia.

The new double album, Kabaret, was released on 30 March 2009. To support her new album, Kaas gave concerts in France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Finland, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania and other countries during her "Kabaret" tour. Kaas is claimed to be the first international artist to visit 28 Russian cities. The entire tour included at least 170 dates.

On 28 January 2009, it was confirmed that Kaas would represent France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow, Russia. Kaas's fans took part in an online poll in several countries, where they selected their favourite song from her Kabaret album. The song "Et s'il fallait le faire" (And if it had to be done) received a clear majority of the votes and was then chosen as the lead single, and also as the French entry, in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 where, on 16 May 2009, she finished in 8th place. The song received positive reviews in several newspapers and polls, and a clear majority of 62% of voters in a questionnaire believed in her chances to win the competition.

2011: L'ombre de ma voix
In 2011, Kaas's autobiography L’Ombre de ma Voix (The Shadow of My Voice), ghostwritten with Sophie Blandinières, was published in March by Flammarion.

2012–2014: Kaas chante Piaf
"Kaas chante Piaf" ("Kaas sings Piaf") was Kaas's new project, focusing on twenty-one of the great Edith Piaf's iconic titles, arranged by Abel Korzeniowski. This show, commemorating 50 years since the death of Piaf, opened at some of the world's most prestigious venues, like the Royal Albert Hall in London, Carnegie Hall in New-York, Olympia in Paris, Operetta Theatre in Moscow, and Sejong Cultural Center in Seoul. Although designed primarily as a live show, "Kaas chante Piaf" was also released as an album.

Discography

 * Mademoiselle chante... (1988)
 * Scène de vie (1990)
 * Je te dis vous (1993)
 * Dans ma chair (1997)
 * Le Mot de passe (1999)
 * Piano Bar (2002)
 * Sexe fort (2003)
 * Kabaret (2008)
 * Kaas chante Piaf (2012)
 * Patricia Kaas (2016)

Germinal & Falling in Love Again
In 1993, Kaas was offered a role in the Claude Berri film Germinal, but at the time she was working on her third album Je te dis vous. In 1994, Kaas was offered the main role in the film Falling in Love Again by the American director Stanley Donen. Kaas needed no better model than the German-American singer and actress Marlene Dietrich, whose song Lili Marleen she had often sung as a child. However, the project foundered owing to financial problems.

Her first successful encounter with the film industry remained in the field of singing, when she sang the title song to the 1995 film Les Misérables, based on the novel of the same name by Victor Hugo and directed by Frenchman Claude Lelouch. Her earlier hit, Il me dit que suis belle, from the 1993 album Je te dis vous, was also used by Bertrand Tavernier in his film L'appât (Eng: The bait).

And now... Ladies And Gentlemen
Kaas had her acting debut in 2001, playing the jazz singer Jane beside Jeremy Irons in Claude Lelouch's And now... Ladies and Gentlemen. The film was shown at the Cannes Film Festival among others. In Germany, the film was first seen in October 2002 at 19 Days of French Film in Tübingen, but only arrived in German cinemas in 2003, where it fared poorly at the box office.

Assassinée
Patricia Kaas played the role of a woman wounded by life for the television production "Assassinée" (Murdered), by Thierry Binisti, that aired May 2012.

Private life
She was the companion of the cook Yannick Alléno.

title: Patricia Kaas


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Wilfred Baddeley

Wilfred Baddeley (11 January 1872 – 24 January 1929) was a British male tennis player and the elder of the Baddeley twins.

Career
Wilfred, the better-known competitor, made his debut at Wimbledon in 1889 and he went on to win singles title three times in 1891, 1892 and 1895. His 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0 win over Joshua Pim in 1891 at the age of 19 years and five months made him, until Boris Becker in 1985, the youngest men's singles champion at Wimbledon. He was also runner-up in 1893, 1894 and 1896. With Herbert, he won four doubles championships at Wimbledon in 1891, 1894 – 1896. The twins retired from competitive lawn tennis after the 1897 Wimbledon Championships to pursue their law careers but made a reappearance in the doubles event at Wimbledon in 1904 and 1905. In total he participated in eight Wimbledon singles tournaments and eleven doubles tournaments between 1889 and 1905.

Baddeley was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2013.

Professional life
In February 1895 the brothers qualified in London as solicitors. They joined their uncle and father Thomas and E. P. Baddeley in Leadenhall Street at the family firm, founded by their great-grandfather in 1790. The brothers remained partners in the firm until 1919, when they retired leaving their cousin, Cyril Baddeley, to carry on in the family name.

title: Wilfred Baddeley


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Drill bit sizes

Drill bits are the cutting tools of drilling machines. They can be made in any size to order, but standards organizations have defined sets of sizes that are produced routinely by drill bit manufacturers and stocked by distributors.

In the U.S., fractional inch and gauge drill bit sizes are in common use. In nearly all other countries, metric drill bit sizes are most common, and all others are anachronisms or are reserved for dealing with designs from the US. The British Standards on replacing gauge size drill bits with metric sizes in the UK was first published in 1959.

A comprehensive table for metric, fractional wire and tapping sizes can be found at the drill and tap size chart.

Metric drill bit sizes

Metric drill bit sizes define the diameter of the bit in terms of standard metric lengths. Standards organizations define sets of sizes that are conventionally manufactured and stocked. For example, British Standard BS 328 defines 230 sizes from 0.2 mm to 25.0 mm.

From 0.2 through 0.98 mm, sizes are defined as follows, where N is an integer from 2 through 9:
 * N · 0.1 mm
 * N · 0.1 + 0.02 mm
 * N · 0.1 + 0.05 mm
 * N · 0.1 + 0.08 mm

From 1.0 through 2.95 mm, sizes are defined as follows, where N is an integer from 10 through 29:
 * N · 0.1 mm
 * N · 0.1 + 0.05 mm

From 3.0 through 13.9 mm, sizes are defined as follows, where N is an integer from 30 through 139:
 * N · 0.1 mm

From 14.0 through 25.0 mm, sizes are defined as follows, where M is an integer from 14 through 25:
 * M · 1 mm
 * M · 1 + 0.25 mm
 * M · 1 + 0.5 mm
 * M · 1 + 0.75 mm

In smaller sizes, bits are available in smaller diameter increments. This reflects both the smaller drilled hole diameter tolerance possible on smaller holes and the wishes of designers to have drill bit sizes available within at most 10% of an arbitrary hole size.

The price and availability of particular size bits does not change uniformly across the size range. Bits at size increments of 1 mm are most commonly available, and lowest price. Sets of bits in 1 mm increments might be found on a market stall. In 0.5 mm increments, any hardware store. In 0.1 mm increments, any engineers' store. Sets are not commonly available in smaller size increments, except for drill bits below 1 mm diameter. Drill bits of the less routinely used sizes, such as 2.55 mm, would have to be ordered from a specialist drill bit supplier. This subsetting of standard sizes is in contrast to general practice with number gauge drill bits, where it is rare to find a set on the market which does not contain every gauge.

There are also Renard series sequences of preferred metric drill bits:
 * R5 (factor 1.58) : M2.5, M4, M6, M10, M16, M24
 * R10 (factor 1.26): M3, M5, M8, M12, M20, M30

Metric dimensioning is routinely used for drill bits of all types, although the details of BS 328 apply only to twist drill bits. For example, a set of Forstner bits may contain 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mm diameter cutters.

Fractional-inch drill bit sizes

Fractional-inch drill bit sizes are still in common use in the United States and in any factory (around the globe) that makes inch-sized products for the U.S. market.

ANSI B94.11M-1979 sets size standards for jobber-length straight-shank twist drill bits from 1/64 inch through 1 inch in 1/64 inch increments. For Morse taper-shank drill bits, the standard continues in 1/64 inch increments up to 1¾ inch, then 1/32 inch increments up to 2¼ inch, 1/16 inch increments up to 3 inches, 1/8 inch increments up to 3¼ inches, and a single 1/4 inch increment to 3½ inches. One aspect of this method of sizing is that the size increment between drill bits becomes larger as bit sizes get smaller: 100% for the step from 1/64 to 1/32, but a much smaller percentage between 1 47/64 and 1 3/4.

Drill bit sizes are written as irreducible fractions. So, instead of 78/64 inch, or 1 14/64 inch, the size is noted as 1 7/32 inch.

Below is a chart providing the decimal-fraction equivalents that are most relevant to fractional-inch drill bit sizes (that is, 0 to 1 by 64ths). (Decimal places for .25, .5, and .75 are shown to thousandths [.250, .500, .750], which is how machinists usually think about them ["two-fifty", "five hundred", "seven-fifty"]. Machinists generally truncate the decimals after thousandths; for example, a 27/64" drill bit may be referred to in shop-floor speech as a "four-twenty-one drill".)

Number and letter gauge drill bit sizes
Number drill bit gauge sizes range from size 80 (the smallest) to size 1 (the largest) followed by letter gauge size A (the smallest) to size Z (the largest). Although the ASME B94.11M twist drill standard, for example, lists sizes as small as size 97, sizes smaller than 80 are rarely encountered in practice.

Number and letter sizes are commonly used for twist drill bits rather than other drill forms, as the range encompasses the sizes for which twist drill bits are most often used.

The gauge-to-diameter ratio is not defined by a formula; it is based on—but is not identical to—the Stubs Steel Wire Gauge, which originated in Britain during the 19th century. The accompanying graph illustrates the change in diameter with change in gauge, as well as the reduction in step size as the gauge size decreases. Each step along the horizontal axis is one gauge size.

Number and letter gauge drill bits are still in common use in the U.S. and to a lesser extent the UK, where they have largely been supplanted by metric sizes. Other countries that formerly used the number series have for the most part also abandoned these in favour of metric sizes.

Screw-machine-length drill
The shortest standard-length drills (that is, lowest length-to-diameter ratio) are screw-machine-length drills (sometimes abbreviated S/M). They are named for their use in screw machines. Their shorter flute length and shorter overall length compared to a standard jobber bit results in a more rigid drill bit, reducing deflection and breakage. They are rarely available in retail hardware stores or home centers.

Jobber-length drill
Jobber-length drills are the most commonly found type of drill. The length of the flutes is between 9 and 14 times the diameter of the drill, depending on the drill size. So a 1//2 in diameter drill will be able to drill a hole 4+1//2 in deep, since it is 9 times the diameter in length. A 1//8 in diameter drill can drill a hole 1+5//8 in deep, since it is 13 times the diameter in flute length.

The term jobber refers to a wholesale distributor—a person or company that buys from manufacturers and sells to retailers. Manufacturers producing drill bits "for the trade" (as opposed to for specialized machining applications with particular length and design requirements) made ones of medium length suitable for a wide variety of jobs, because that was the type most desirable for general distribution. Thus, at the time that the name of jobber-length drill bits became common, it reflected the same concept that names like general-purpose and multipurpose reflect.

Aircraft-length drill
Extended-reach or long-series drills are commonly called aircraft-length from their original use in manufacturing riveted aluminum aircraft. For bits thicker than a minimum size such as 1/8 in, they are available in fixed lengths such as 6, 8, 12 or 18 in rather than the progressive lengths of jobber drills. The image shows a long-series drill compared to its diametric equivalents, all are 11/32 in in diameter. The equivalent Morse taper drill shown in the middle is of the usual length for a taper-shank drill. The lower drill bit is the jobber or parallel shank equivalent.

Center drill bit sizes
Center drills are available with two different included angles; 60 degrees is the standard for drilling centre holes (for example for subsequent centre support in the lathe), but 90 degrees is also common and used when locating holes prior to drilling with twist drills. Center drills are made specifically for drilling lathe centers, but are often used as spotting drills because of their radial stiffness.

Spotting drill bit sizes
Spotting drills are available in a relatively small range of sizes, both metric and imperial, as their purpose is to provide a precise spot for guiding a standard twist drill. Commonly available sizes are 1/8", 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 5/8", 3/4", 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm and 18 mm. The drills are most ordinarily available with either 90° or 120° included angle points.

title: Drill bit sizes