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Pride & Prejudice (2005 film)

Pride & Prejudice is a 2005 historical romantic drama film directed by Joe Wright, in his feature directorial debut, and based on Jane Austen's 1813 novel of the same name. The film features five sisters from an English family of landed gentry as they deal with issues of marriage, morality and misconceptions. Keira Knightley stars as Elizabeth Bennet, while Matthew Macfadyen plays Mr Darcy who falls in love with her.

Screenwriter Deborah Moggach initially attempted to make her script as faithful to the novel as possible, writing from Elizabeth's perspective while preserving much of the original dialogue. Wright encouraged greater deviation from the text, including changing the dynamics within the Bennet family. Wright and Moggach set the film in an earlier period and avoided depicting a "perfectly clean Regency world", presenting instead a "muddy hem version" of the time. It was shot entirely on location in England on an 11-week schedule. Wright found casting difficult due to past performances of particular characters. The filmmakers had to balance who they thought was best for each role with the studio's desire for stars. Knightley was well known in part from her role in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, while Macfadyen had no international name recognition.

Produced by Working Title Films in association with StudioCanal, Pride & Prejudice was released on 16 September 2005 in the United Kingdom and on 11 November in the United States. The film's themes emphasise realism, romanticism and family. It was marketed to a younger, mainstream audience; promotional items noted that it came from the producers of 2001's romantic comedy Bridget Jones's Diary before acknowledging its provenance as an Austen novel. Austen scholars opined that Wright's work created a new hybrid genre by blending traditional traits of the heritage film with "youth-oriented filmmaking techniques".

Pride & Prejudice was successful at the box office, grossing $121.6 million worldwide on a budget of $28 million. The film received positive reviews from critics upon release, with praise directed towards Knightley's performance. It received four nominations at the 78th Academy Awards, including Best Actress for the 20-year-old Knightley, making her the third-youngest Best Actress nominee at the time. The film received other accolades, including the BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer for Wright.

Plot
During the late 18th century, Mr and Mrs Bennet and their daughters – Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, and Lydia – live at Longbourn, their estate in rural England. Mrs Bennet, eager to secure suitable marriages for her daughters, is delighted when wealthy bachelor Charles Bingley moves into nearby Netherfield Hall.

At an assembly ball, Bingley, his sister Caroline, and his friend Mr Darcy meet the local society. Bingley and Jane are immediately taken with each other, while Elizabeth instantly dislikes the snobbish Darcy and overhears his dismissive remarks about her.

Later, visiting the Bingleys, Jane falls ill and must stay to recuperate. While Elizabeth is visiting Jane at Netherfield, she verbally spars with the haughty Caroline and the aloof Darcy. Jane recovers and, soon after, Mr Bennet's cousin Mr Collins, a pompous clergyman, visits the Bennets; as the closest male relative, Collins will inherit Longbourn as it is entailed on the male line.

Mr Collins intends to propose to Jane, but Mrs Bennet says she will soon be engaged and consequently suggests Elizabeth, whom Collins considers an agreeable alternative. The Bennet sisters also meet the handsome and charming soldier Lieutenant Wickham, whose father worked for the Darcy family. He wins Elizabeth's sympathy by telling her that Mr Darcy denied him his rightful inheritance.

At the Netherfield ball, Elizabeth dances with Darcy, though the encounter is strained. The next day, Collins proposes to Elizabeth, who roundly rejects him; despite her mother's anger, her father supports her decision.

Elizabeth is astonished when her close friend, Charlotte, fearing spinsterhood, announces her engagement to Mr Collins. The Bingley party unexpectedly returns to London. Elizabeth urges Jane to visit their aunt and uncle, the Gardiners, who live in London, hoping she reconnects with Bingley.

Months later, Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr Collins, who reside next to Lady Catherine de Bourgh's estate in Kent. Elizabeth unexpectedly meets Darcy, who is Lady Catherine's nephew and visiting with his cousin, Colonel Fitzwilliam. Unaware that Jane is Elizabeth's sister, Fitzwilliam mentions that Darcy recently untangled Bingley from an imprudent match with an "unsuitable" family.

Distraught, Elizabeth is then met by Darcy, who surprisingly proposes marriage, declaring his ardent love despite her inferior rank and family. Offended and angry, she refuses him. He defends separating Jane and Bingley, believing Jane indifferent to his friend, and criticises the other Bennets' occasional social impropriety. Elizabeth also cites his mistreating Wickham.

Angry and heartbroken, Darcy later delivers Elizabeth a letter describing Wickham's true character: Wickham squandered the bequest Darcy's father left him, then attempted to seduce Darcy's 15-year-old sister, Georgiana, into eloping to gain her fortune.

Elizabeth returns home, as does Jane. Accompanying the Gardiners on a trip to the Peak District, Elizabeth reluctantly tours Pemberley, the grand Darcy estate. She unexpectedly runs into Darcy, who invites her and the Gardiners to dine there. Darcy's manner has softened considerably, his manners impressing the Gardiners, and Georgiana sharing her brother's flattering reports about Elizabeth.

An urgent letter from Jane reveals that Lydia has run off with Wickham. Darcy leaves abruptly, and Elizabeth returns home, certain she will never see Darcy again. Her mother fears Lydia's disgrace will ruin her other daughters' chances of good marriages.

After a tense waiting period, Mr Gardiner sends news that Lydia and Wickham are now married, and the newlyweds return to Longbourn. Lydia lets slip to Elizabeth that it was Darcy who found them and paid for their wedding; he also purchased Wickham's military commission.

Bingley and Darcy return to Netherfield and visit Longbourn. Bingley proposes to Jane, who accepts. Late that night, Lady Catherine arrives to see Elizabeth and demands she never become engaged to Darcy because, she claims, Darcy has been engaged to marry Lady Catherine's daughter, who suffers poor health, since infancy. Deeply insulted, Elizabeth orders her to leave.

Walking early the next morning, Elizabeth encounters Darcy, who apologises for his aunt's intrusion. He professes his continued love and Elizabeth, her feelings radically altered, accepts his proposal. She tells her father the truth of Darcy's actions, and Mr Bennet gives Elizabeth his consent to marry, overjoyed she has found love.

Cast

 * Keira Knightley as Elizabeth "Lizzy" Bennet
 * Matthew Macfadyen as Mr Darcy
 * Brenda Blethyn as Mrs Bennet
 * Donald Sutherland as Mr Bennet
 * Rosamund Pike as Jane Bennet
 * Jena Malone as Lydia Bennet
 * Tom Hollander as Mr Collins
 * Penelope Wilton as Mrs Gardiner
 * Judi Dench as Lady Catherine de Bourgh
 * Simon Woods as Charles Bingley
 * Carey Mulligan as Catherine "Kitty" Bennet
 * Talulah Riley as Mary Bennet
 * Rupert Friend as George Wickham
 * Kelly Reilly as Caroline Bingley
 * Tamzin Merchant as Georgiana Darcy
 * Claudie Blakley as Charlotte Lucas
 * Cornelius Booth as Colonel Fitzwilliam
 * Peter Wight as Mr Gardiner
 * Roy Holder as Mr Hill
 * Pip Torrens as Netherfield Hall Butler
 * Meg Wynn Owen as Mrs Reynolds
 * Sinead Matthews as Mrs Betsy

Conception and adaptation
As with several recent Jane Austen adaptations, Pride & Prejudice was an Anglo-American collaboration, between British studio Working Title Films (in association with French company StudioCanal) and its American parent company Universal Studios. Working Title at the time was known for mainstream productions like Bridget Jones's Diary and Love Actually that drew international audiences, rather than films in the historical drama genre. Its co-chairman Tim Bevan explained that the studio wanted to "bring Austen's original story, concentrating on Lizzie, back in all its glory to the big screen for audiences everywhere to enjoy". Given a "relatively inexpensive" budget of £22 million ($28 million), the film was expected to excel at the box office, particularly based on the commercial successes of Romeo + Juliet (1996) and Shakespeare in Love (1998) as well as the resurgence of interest in Austen's works.

Given little instruction from the studio, screenwriter Deborah Moggach spent over two years creating the script. She had sole discretion with the early script, and eventually wrote approximately ten drafts. Realising it held "a perfect three-act structure", Moggach attempted to be as faithful to the original novel as possible, calling it "so beautifully shaped as a story – the ultimate romance about two people who think they hate each other but who are really passionately in love. I felt, 'If it's not broken, don't fix it'". While she could not reproduce the novel's "fiercely wonderful dialogue in its entirety", she sought to keep much of it.

Moggach's first script was closest to Austen's book, but later versions trimmed extraneous storylines and characters. Moggach initially wrote all scenes from Elizabeth's point of view in keeping with the novel; she later set a few scenes from the male perspective, such as when Bingley practices his marriage proposal, to "show Darcy and Bingley being close" and to indicate Darcy was a "human being instead of being stuck up". Small details were inserted that acknowledged wider events outside of the characters' circle, such as those then occurring in France. While Moggach is the only credited screenwriter, playwright Lee Hall provided early additions.

Television director Joe Wright was hired in early 2004, in his feature film directorial debut. He was considered a surprising choice for a film in the romance drama genre due to his past work with social realism. Wright's body of work had impressed the producers, who were looking for a fresh perspective; they sent him a script despite the fact that Wright had not read the novel. He commented that at the time, "I didn't know if I was really all that interested; I thought I was a little bit more mainstream than this, a bit more edgy. But then I read the script and I was surprised I was very moved by it". He next read the novel, which he called "an amazing piece of character observation and it really seemed like the first piece of British Realism. It felt like it was a true story; had a lot of truth in it about understanding how to love other people, understanding how to overcome prejudices, understanding the things that separate us from other people ... things like that".

The only adaptation of Pride and Prejudice Wright had seen was the 1940 production, which was the last time the novel had been adapted into a feature film. The director purposely did not watch the other productions, both out of fear he would inadvertently steal ideas and because he wanted to be as original as possible. He did, however, watch other period films, including Ang Lee's Sense and Sensibility, Roger Michell's Persuasion, and John Schlesinger's Far from the Madding Crowd; Wright cited this last film as the greatest influence on his own adaptation, calling it "very real and very honest – and it is quite romantic as well". In trying to create an atmosphere of charged flirtation, the director also gained inspiration from teen romance films such as Sixteen Candles and The Breakfast Club.

Wright came on while Moggach was on her third draft. Despite her desire to work closely with Austen's dialogue, Wright made an effort to not "be too reverential to [it]. I don't believe people spoke like that then; it's not natural." While a few scenes, such as the discussion over accomplished women, aligned closely with the author's original dialogue, many others "substituted instead a mixture of modern idiom and archaic-sounding sentence structure". One alteration concerned politeness; Wright noted that while Austen's work had characters waiting before speaking, he believed that "particularly in big families of girls, everyone tends to speak over each other, finishing each other's sentences, etc. So I felt that the Bennet family's conversations would be overlapping like that." Sense and Sensibility actress and screenwriter Emma Thompson aided in script development, though she opted to be uncredited. She advised the nervous director about adapting Austen for the screen and made dialogue recommendations, such as with parts of the Collins-Charlotte storyline.

Citing the year Austen first wrote a draft of the novel, Wright and Moggach changed the period setting from 1813 (the novel's publication date) to the late eighteenth century; this decision was partly because Wright wanted to highlight the differences within an England influenced by the French Revolution, as he was fascinated that it had "caused an atmosphere among the British aristocracy of fear". Additionally, Wright chose the earlier period because he hated dresses with an empire silhouette, which were popular in the later period. The decision helped make the film visually distinct from other Austen adaptations. In comparison to the popular 1995 BBC version, which featured Colin Firth and Jennifer Ehle, producer Paul Webster desired to make an adaptation that "doesn't conform to the television drama stereotypes of a perfect clean Regency world". Wright and Moggach opted for a "muddy hem version" of Longbourn, presenting a more rural setting than in previous adaptations out of a desire to depict the Bennets in "very close proximity to their rural life" and to emphasise their relative poverty. While the degree of poverty was criticised by some critics, Wright felt that the "mess adds to the drama of the predicament that the family were in", and helps contrast the Bennets, Darcys, and Bingleys.

Casting
Wright found casting of the film to be difficult because he was very particular about "the types of people [he] wanted to work with". While interviewing to direct, he insisted that the actors match the ages of the characters in the novel. Wright specifically cast actors that had rapport on and off screen, and insisted that they partake in three weeks of rehearsal in improvisation workshops. Wright also had to balance who he thought was best for each role with what the producers wanted – mainly a big name attraction. Though Wright had not initially pictured someone as attractive as English actress Keira Knightley for the lead role of Elizabeth Bennet, he cast her after realising that the actress "is really a tomboy [and] has a lively mind and a great sense of humour". Knightley at the time was known for Bend It Like Beckham and the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. She had been an Austen fan since age 7, but initially feared taking the role out of apprehension that she would be doing "an absolute copy of Jennifer Ehle's performance", which she deeply admired. Knightley believed Elizabeth is "what you aspire to be: she's funny, she's witty and intelligent. She's a fully rounded and very much loved character." For the period, the actress studied etiquette, history and dancing but ran into trouble when she acquired a short haircut while preparing for her role in the bounty hunter film Domino.

Webster found the casting of Darcy especially hard due to the character's iconic status and because "Colin Firth cast a very long shadow" as the 1995 Darcy. Wright later commented that his choice of Knightley allowed him to cast comparative unknown Matthew Macfadyen, something that would have been impossible had he chosen a less well-known actress for Elizabeth Bennet. Macfadyen at the time was known for his role in the British television spy series Spooks, but had no recognition internationally. A fan of the actor's television work, Wright called Macfadyen "a proper manly man ... I didn't want a pretty boy kind of actor. His properties were the ones I felt I needed [for Darcy]. Matthew's a great big hunk of a guy."

According to Wright, Rosamund Pike was cast as the eldest sister "because [he] knew she wasn't going to play her as a nice, simple person. Jane has a real interior world, she has her heart broken." Despite being Pike's ex-boyfriend, Simon Woods was cast as her romantic interest Mr Bingley. The other three Bennet sisters were played by Talulah Riley, Carey Mulligan, and Jena Malone, the only American actress among them. Wright believed Malone to have a "pretty faultless English accent". Mulligan heard about the casting call at a dinner hosted by Julian Fellowes, to whom she had written a letter after failing to get into drama school; she won the part after three auditions. Tamzin Merchant appears as Georgiana Darcy; she was hired despite having no previous acting experience after she wrote a letter to the casting director. In addition to Merchant, Pride & Prejudice was the feature film debut of both Mulligan and Riley.

Donald Sutherland reminded Wright of his own father and was cast as the Bennet patriarch; Wright thought the actor possessed the "strength to handle those six women". Brenda Blethyn was hired to play Mrs Bennet, whom Moggach believed to be the unsung heroine of the film; Wright explained that it was "a tricky part [to fill], as she can be very annoying; you want to stop her chattering and shrieking. But Brenda has the humour and the heart to show the amount of love and care Mrs Bennet has for her daughters." Wright convinced veteran actress Judi Dench to join the cast as Lady Catherine de Bourgh by writing her a letter that read "I love it when you play a bitch. Please come and be a bitch for me." Dench had only one week available to shoot her scenes, forcing Wright to make them his first days of filming.

Cinematography
Cinematographer Roman Osin broke many of the conventions of the period piece, often piercing through the glamorous settings to focus on the characters' humanity. He kept the camera moving in many of the scenes, although almost every shot would have been memorable even as a still, suffused with rich colour and light, both for interiors and outdoors. In the scene in which Darcy escorts Lizzie into the carriage, he takes her hand, and then, walking away is shown momentarily closing his fingers and then opening them, in what became infamous as the "hand flex". Of note is the extended "onesie" shot in which the camera swirls seamlessly between characters and rooms during the ball at Netherfield, to show the charged emotions and confusions that overlaid the graceful and poised surroundings.

Costume design
Known for her BAFTA award-winning work on the 2004 film Vera Drake, Jacqueline Durran was hired as the costume designer. She and Wright approached his film "as a difficult thing to tackle" because of their desire to distinguish it from the television adaptation. Due to Wright's dislike of the high waistline, Durran focused on later eighteenth century fashions that often included a corseted, natural waistline rather than an empire silhouette (which became popular after the 1790s). A generational divide was established: the older characters dress in mid-eighteenth century fashions while the young wear "a sort of proto-Regency style of hair and dress".

Durran's costumes also helped emphasise social rank among the different characters; Caroline Bingley for instance is introduced in an empire silhouetted dress, clothing that would have then been at the height of fashion. During her interview, Durran opined that all the women wear white at the Netherfield Ball due to its contemporary popularity, an idea that Wright credits as his reason for hiring her. Costumes and hairstyles were adjusted to appeal to contemporary audiences, sacrificing historical accuracy.

To help differentiate the Bennet sisters, Durran viewed Elizabeth as the "tomboy", clothing her in earthy colours because of her love of the countryside. For the other sisters, Durran remarked, "Jane was the most refined and yet it's still all a bit slapdash and homemade, because the Bennets have no money. One of the main things Joe wanted was for the whole thing to have a provincial feel. Mary is the bluestocking: serious and practical. And then Lydia and Kitty are a bit Tweedledum and Tweedledee in a kind of teenage way. I tried to make it so that they'd be sort of mirror images. If one's wearing a green dress, the other will wear a green jacket; so you always have a visual asymmetry between the two." In contrast to the 1940 film, the 2005 production displayed the Bennet sisters in worn-down but comfortable dresses.

Mr Darcy's costume went through a series of phases. Durran noted: "The first time we see him he's at Meriton [sic], where he has a very stiffly tailored jacket on and he's quite contained and rigid. He stays in that rigid form for the first part of the film. By the time we get to the proposal that goes wrong in the rain, we move to a similar cut, but a much softer fabric. And then later he's got a completely different cut of coat, not interlined and he wears it undone. The nth degree is him walking through the mist in the morning, completely undressed by 18th-century standards. It's absolutely unlikely, but then Lizzie's in her nightie, so what can you say?"

Filming
Moggach believed the novel was very filmable, "despite it containing no description and being a very unvisual book". To Wright, many other period films had relied on paintings for inspiration rather than photographs, causing them to appear unreal. He thus used "Austen's prose [to give him] many visual references for the people in the story", including using close-up shots of various characters. The filmmakers also changed several scenes to more romantic locales than those in the book. For instance, in the film, Darcy first proposes outdoors in a rainstorm at a building with neoclassical architecture; in the book, this scene takes place inside a parsonage. In the film, his second proposal occurs on the misty moors as dawn breaks; in the book, he and Elizabeth are walking down a country lane in broad daylight. Wright has acknowledged that "there are a lot of period film clichés; some of them are in the film and some are not, but for me it was important to question them". During script development, the crew created a "constant going back and forth between script and location". The film was shot entirely on location within England on an 11-week schedule during the 2004 summer. Co-producer Paul Webster noted that "it is quite unusual for a movie this size to be shot entirely on location. Part of Joe [Wright]'s idea was to try to create a reality which allows the actors to relax and feel at one with their environment." Working under production designer Sarah Greenwood and set decorator Katie Spencer, the crew filmed on seven estates in six different counties. Because "nothing exists in the United Kingdom that is untouched by the twenty-first century", many of the sites required substantial work to make them suitable for filming. Visual effects company Double Negative digitally restored several locations to make them contemporaneous; they eradicated weeds, enhanced gold plating on window frames, and removed anachronisms such as gravel driveways and electricity pylons. Double Negative also developed the typeface used for the film's title sequence.

Production staff selected particularly grand-looking residences to better convey the wealth and power of certain characters. Locations included Chatsworth House in Derbyshire, the largest privately held country house in England with its spectacular rooms frescoed by Antonio Verrio. Chatsworth House is often believed to have been Austen's inspiration for the Darcy residence. Chatsworth and Wilton House in Salisbury stood in for Pemberley. After a search of various sites in England, the moated manor house Groombridge Place in Kent was chosen for Longbourn. Location manager Adam Richards believed Groombridge had an "immense charm" that was "untouched by post-17th Century development". Reflecting Wright's choice of realism, Groombridge's interior was designed to be "shabby chic". Representing Netherfield Park was the late-18th century site Basildon Park in Berkshire, leading it to close for seven weeks to allow time for filming. Burghley House in Cambridgeshire stood in for Rosings, while the adjacent town of Stamford served as Meryton. Other locations included Haddon Hall (for The Inn at Lambton), the Temple of Apollo and Palladian Bridge of Stourhead (for the Gardens of Rosings), Hunsford (for Collins' parsonage and church) and Peak District (for Elizabeth and the Gardiners' tour). The first dance scenes were shot on a set in a potato warehouse in Lincolnshire with the employment of local townspeople as extras; this was the only set the crew built that was not already in existence.

Music
Italian composer Dario Marianelli wrote the film score. The soundtrack is performed by the French pianist Jean-Yves Thibaudet accompanied by the English Chamber Orchestra.

The early piano sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven "became a point of reference" and "starting point" for the original score. Some pieces were inspired by the film's period, with the assumption that they could conceivably have been heard during that time and contained actual dance cues that were fitting for the late eighteenth century. Pieces that actors perform were composed first, before filming began.

The soundtrack ultimately contained seventeen instrumental tracks of music organised in a different way from the film.

Editing
In contrast to the five-hour BBC adaptation, Wright compressed his film into two hours and nine minutes of screen time. He remarked that the film is "obviously about Elizabeth and Darcy, following them and anything that detracts or diverts you from that story is what you have to cut". Some of the most notable changes from the original book include time compression of several major sequences, including the departure of Wickham and the militia, Elizabeth's visit to Rosings Park and Hunsford Parsonage, Elizabeth's visit to Pemberley, Lydia's elopement and subsequent crisis; the elimination of several supporting characters, including Mr and Mrs Hurst, Mr and Mrs Phillips, Lady and Maria Lucas, Mrs Younge, several of Lydia's friends (including Colonel and Mrs Forster) and various military officers and townspeople; and the elimination of several sections in which characters reflect or converse on events that have recently occurred—for example, Elizabeth's chapter-long change of mind after reading Darcy's letter.

Moggach and Wright debated how to end the film, but knew they did not want to have a wedding scene "because we didn't want Elizabeth to come off as the girl who became a queen at this lavish wedding, or for it to be corny". Shortly before the North American release, the film was modified to include a final scene (not in the novel) of the married Darcys enjoying a romantic evening and passionate kiss at Pemberley in an attempt to attract sentimental viewers; this became a source of complaint for the Jane Austen Society of North America (JASNA). After watching a preview of the film before its wide release, former JASNA president Elsa Solender commented, "It has nothing at all of Jane Austen in it, is inconsistent with the first two-thirds of the film, insults the audience with its banality and ought to be cut before release". It had been removed from the British version after preview audiences found it unintentionally humorous; however, later audiences complained that they were excluded from viewing this version, causing the film to be re-released in the UK and Ireland 10 weeks after the original UK premiere date. The original British version ended with Mr Bennet's blessing upon Elizabeth and Darcy's union, thus circumventing the last chapter in the novel, which summarises the lives of the Darcys and the other main characters over the next several years.

Romanticism and realism
Film, literary, and Austen scholars noted the appearance of romance and romanticism within Pride & Prejudice, especially in comparison to previous adaptations. Sarah Ailwood marked the film as "an essentially Romantic interpretation of Austen's novel", citing as evidence Wright's attention to nature as a means to "position Elizabeth and Darcy as Romantic figures ... Wright's Pride & Prejudice takes as its central focus Austen's concern with exploring the nature of the Romantic self and the possibilities for women and men to achieve individual self-fulfillment within an oppressive patriarchal social and economic order." Likewise, Catherine Stewart-Beer of Oxford Brookes University called Elizabeth's presence on the Derbyshire cliff a "stunning, magical evocation of Wright's strong stylistic brand of Postmodern Romanticism", but found this less like Austen and more reminiscent of Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights. In her analysis, University of Provence scholar Lydia Martin concluded that the "Romantic bias of the film is shown through the shifts in the characters' relationships, the soundtrack and the treatment of landscape".

Realism is a prominent aspect of the film, a theme confirmed by Wright in interviews as well as the DVD audio commentary. In a 2007 article, Ursinus College film studies professor Carole Dole argued that Pride & Prejudice is "a hybrid that embraces both an irreverent realism to which younger audiences are accustomed (and which reflects the director's realist aesthetic) and the classic heritage film's reverence for country houses, attractive landscapes and authentic period detail". Such "irreverent realism" included the depiction of Longbourn as a working farm complete with chickens, cattle and pigs; as Dole explains, "The agricultural realities of 1790s England are equally evident in the enclosed yard with barn and hay where Lizzie twirls barefoot over the mud on a rope swing". Referring to recent adaptations such as 1999's gritty Mansfield Park, Dole cited Pride & Prejudice as evidence that the heritage film is still around but has "been transformed into a more flexible genre". Jessica Durgan agreed with this assessment, writing that the film "simultaneously reject[s] and embrac[es] heritage to attract a larger audience".

Family
Raised with three sisters, Moggach was particularly interested in the story's family dynamics. Brock University professor Barbara K. Seeber believed that in contrast to the novel, the 2005 adaptation emphasises the familial over the romantic. Evidence of this can be seen in how Pride & Prejudice "significantly recast the Bennet family, in particular its patriarch, presenting Mr Bennet as a sensitive and kind father whose role in the family's misfortunes is continually downplayed." Seeber further observed that the film is "the first to present Mrs Bennet in a sympathetic light", with Mr Bennet displayed as "an attentive husband as well as a loving father."

Stewart-Beer and Austen scholar Sally B. Palmer noted alterations within the depiction of the Bennet family; Stewart-Beer remarked that while their family home "might be chaotic, in this version it is, at heart, a happy home—much happier and much less dysfunctional, than Austen's original version of Longbourn ... For one, Mr and Mrs Bennet actually seem to like each other, even love each other, a characterisation which is a far cry from the source text." Producer Paul Webster acknowledged the familial theme in the DVD featurette "A Bennet Family Portrait", remarking "Yes, it's a great love story between Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy, but underpinning it all is the kind of love that runs this family."

Depiction of Elizabeth Bennet
Wright intended for the film to be "as subjective as possible" in being from Elizabeth's perspective; the audience first glimpses Darcy when she does. This focus on Elizabeth features some dramatic changes from the novel. Knightley's Elizabeth has an "increasingly aloof and emotionally distant" relationship with her family. Evidence of this can be seen with Elizabeth's gradual alienation from Jane as the film progresses; this is in contrast to the book, where Elizabeth confides more of her feelings to Jane after difficult events. Wright wanted to create a "real" relationship between the two sisters and have them grow apart, as he thought the book depicted them as too "syrupy." Moggach's intent was for Elizabeth to "keep secrets to herself. They are a great burden to her ... As she keeps all this to herself, we feel for her more and more. The truest comedy, I believe, is born from pain."

In her "feisty, impassioned" interactions with Darcy and "rebellious refusal to 'perform'" for Lady Catherine, Stewart-Beer sees Knightley's depiction as "far removed from Austen's original Elizabeth, who has a greater sense of grounded maturity, even though both Elizabeths have an occasional inclination to fluster, fun and giggles." According to George Washington University professor Laurie Kaplan, while Wright's focus on Elizabeth is consistent with the novel, the screenplay removed her line of self-recognition: "Till this moment, I never knew myself". Kaplan characterises the sentence as Elizabeth's "most important", and believes its deletion "violates not only the spirit and the essence of Austen's story but the viewer's expectations as well."

Marketing
After a string of Jane Austen semi-adaptations in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Pride & Prejudice was positioned to take audiences "back into the world of period drama and what many saw as a more authentic version of Austen." While the novel was known to audiences, the large number of related productions required the film to distinguish itself. It was marketed to attract mainstream, young viewers, with one observer referring to it as "the ultimate chick-flick romance" and "more commercial than previous big-screen Austen adaptations." Another wrote that it brings "millennial girlhood to the megaplex ... If Ehle's Lizzie is every forty-, or fifty-something's favorite independent, even 'mature,' Austen heroine, Knightley is every twenty-something's sexpot good girl." An ampersand replaced the word "and" in the film title, similar to the 1996 postmodern film Romeo + Juliet.

Already a star at the time of release, Knightley's appearance in the film was emphasised by featuring her in all promotional materials (similar to Colin Firth's prominent appearance in the 1995 adaptation). Several commentators likened the main poster of Pride & Prejudice to that of 1995's Sense and Sensibility, which was seen as an attempt to attract the same demographic. Advertising noted that the film came "from the producers of Bridget Jones's Diary", a 2001 romantic comedy film, before mentioning Austen. Leading up to the release, fans were allowed to download pictures and screensavers online, which emphasised the differences between Pride & Prejudice and previous adaptations. Lydia Martin wrote that in contrast to past Pride and Prejudice productions, marketing materials downplayed the "suggested antagonism between the heroes" in favour of highlighting a "romantic relationship", as can be seen with the positioning of the characters as well as with the tagline, "Sometimes the last person on earth you want to be with is the one you can't be without."

Box office
On 11 September 2005, Pride & Prejudice premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival as a special Gala Presentation. The film was released in cinemas on 16 September in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It achieved the number one spot in its first week, earning £2.5 million ($4.6 million) while playing on 397 screens. The film stayed at the top for two more weeks, earning by then a total of over £9 million at the UK box office. It was featured on 412 screens at its widest domestic release.

On 11 November 2005, the film debuted in the United States with an opening weekend of $2.9 million on 215 screens. Two weeks later, it played on 1,299 screens and box office returns increased to $7.2 million; the film left cinemas the week of 24 February 2006 with a total US gross of $38,405,088. Jack Foley, the president of distribution of Focus Features, the film's US distributor, attributed Pride & Prejudice's success in America to Austen's appeal to "the boomer market" and its status as a known "brand".

Pride & Prejudice was released in an additional fifty-nine countries between September 2005 and May 2006 by United International Pictures. With a worldwide gross of $121,147,947, it was the 72nd highest-grossing film of 2005 in the US and was the 41st highest internationally.

Home media
In the US and UK, Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the standard VHS and DVD in February 2006 for both widescreen and fullframe; attached bonus features included audio commentary by director Joe Wright, a look into Austen's life and the ending scene of Elizabeth and Darcy kissing. On 13 November 2007, Universal released the deluxe edition DVD to coincide with the theatrical arrival of Wright's 2007 film Atonement. The deluxe edition included both widescreen and fullscreen features, the original soundtrack CD, a collectible book and booklet, as well as a number of special features not included in the original DVD. In the US, a Blu-ray version of the film was released by Universal on 26 January 2010, which also contained bonus features.

Reception

Pride & Prejudice was only the second film version after "the famed, but oddly flawed, black-and-white 1940 adaptation, starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier", and until 2005, The Times considered the 1995 television adaptation "so dominant, so universally adored, [that] it has lingered in the public consciousness as a cinematic standard." Wright's film consequently met with some scepticism from admirers of Austen, especially in relation to plot changes and casting choices. "Any resemblance to scenes and characters created by Miss Austen is, of course, entirely coincidental," mocked The New Yorker's film critic. Given Austen's characters were landed gentry, especially criticised was the re-imagining of the Bennetts as country bumpkins, lacking even the basics of table manners, and their home "a barnyard".

Comparing six major adaptations of Pride and Prejudice in 2005, The Daily Mirror gave the only top marks of nine out of ten to the 1995 serial and the 2005 film, leaving the other adaptations behind with six or fewer points. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 86% based on reviews from 182 critics, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The website's consensus reads: "Sure, it's another adaptation of cinema's fave Jane Austen novel, but key performances and a modern filmmaking sensibility make this familiar period piece fresh and enjoyable." On Metacritic the film has an average score of 82 out of 100, based on 37 reviews. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A to F.

Critics claimed the film's time constraints did not capture the depth and complexity of the television serials and called Wright's adaptation "obviously [not as] daring or revisionist" as the serial. JASNA president Joan Klingel Ray preferred the young age of Knightley and Macfadyen, saying that Jennifer Ehle had formerly been "a little too 'heavy' for the role." Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian, while praising Knightley for an outstanding performance "which lifts the whole movie", considered the casting of the leads "arguably a little more callow than Firth and Ehle." He does add that "Only a snob, a curmudgeon, or someone with necrophiliac loyalty to the 1995 BBC version with Colin Firth and Jennifer Ehle could fail to enjoy [Knightley's] performance." At the time, BBC film critic Stella Papamichael considered it Knightley's "best performance yet." However, The Daily Telegraph critic thought Knightley's acting skills slight, in her view, "Someone who radiates little more than good-mannered perkiness", and that between her and Macfadyen there was "little spark".

Critics were divided about Macfadyen's portrayal of Darcy, expressing pleasant surprise, dislike for his lack of gradual emotional shift as in the novel, and praise for his matching the insecure and sensitive personality of the book character better than Firth.

Critics also drew attention to other aspects of the film. Writing for The Sydney Morning Herald, Sandra Hall criticised Wright's attention to realism for being "careless with the customs and conventions that were part of the fabric of Austen's world." In another review, Time Out magazine lamented the absence of Austen's "brilliant sense of irony", remarking that the film's "romantic melodrama's played up at the expense of her razor-sharp wit." More positively, Derek Elley of Variety magazine praised Wright and Moggach for "extracting the youthful essence" of the novel while also "providing a richly detailed setting" under Greenwood and Durran's supervision. Equally pleased with the film was the San Francisco Chronicle's Ruthe Stein, who wrote that Wright made a "spectacular feature film debut" that is "creatively reimagined and sublimely entertaining". Claudia Puig of USA Today called it "a stellar adaptation, bewitching the viewer completely and incandescently with an exquisite blend of emotion and wit".

Influence and legacy
Wright's adaptation failed to have the same cultural influence as the 1995 serial and has since attracted sharply-divided opinions. However, even three years after the release, Knightley was still associated with Elizabeth Bennet among a generation of young viewers who had not seen the 1995 production. Given the varied opinions about the film, JASNA published an edited special issue of its online journal Persuasions On-Line in 2007 with the collaboration of 19 Austen scholars from six countries; the intent was to foster discussion and stimulate scholarly analysis. JASNA had done this only once before, for the 1996 film Emma.

Pride & Prejudice influenced later productions in the costume drama and heritage film genres. Literary critics protested that Wright's adaptation effectively "popularized Austen's celebrated romance and brought her novel to the screen as an easy visual read for an undemanding mainstream audience". Carole Dole noted that the film's success "only made it more likely that future adaptations of Austen will feature, if not necessarily mud, then at least youthful and market-tested performers and youth-orientated filmmaking techniques balanced with the visual pleasures of the heritage film." She cited Anne Hathaway in the 2007 film Becoming Jane as an example. Jessica Durgan added that Pride & Prejudice conceived a new hybrid genre by rejecting the visual cues of the heritage film, which attracted "youth and mainstream audiences without alienating the majority of heritage fans".

Production of Pride & Prejudice began Wright's relationship with Working Title Films, the first of four collaborations. Many members of the film's cast and crew joined Wright in his later directorial efforts. For his adaptation of Atonement, which he viewed as "a direct reaction to Pride & Prejudice", Wright hired Knightley, Blethyn, Marianelli, Thibaudet, Greenwood, and Durran. Atonement employed themes similar to Austen's, including the notion of a young writer living in "an isolated English country house" who "mixes up desires and fantasies, truths and fiction". Wright's 2009 film The Soloist included Hollander, Malone, and Marianelli, while Hollander was also featured in Hanna (2011). Wright's 2012 adaptation of Anna Karenina features Knightley, Macfadyen, Marianelli, Durran, and Greenwood and is produced by Bevan, Eric Fellner, and Webster.

On 11 December 2017, Netflix announced that a person from Chile watched the film 278 times during the entire year. It was later reported that the person was a 51-year-old woman, who declared herself as "obsessed" with the film and saw Elizabeth Bennet as "a feminist icon".

title: Pride & Prejudice (2005 film)


text:
User talk:Wiechert~enwiki

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title: User talk:Wiechert~enwiki


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Ronald Fraser (actor)

Ronald Fraser (11 April 1930 – 13 March 1997) was a British character actor, who appeared in numerous British plays, films and television shows from the 1950s to the 1990s.

An unusual appearance and unique delivery made him a natural comedic actor. Fraser was a familiar figure in West End clubs during the Sixties, and despite a long-standing reputation as one of the hardest drinking of British actors he was still working in his last years. He was perhaps best known as Basil "Badger" Allenby-Johnson in the 1970s television series The Misfit.

Background
Ronald Fraser was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, the son of an interior decorator and builder from Scotland. He attended Ashton Grammar School. He was educated in Scotland and did national service as a lieutenant in the Seaforth Highlanders.

While serving in Benghazi in North Africa, he appeared in the comic play French Without Tears by Terence Rattigan. He trained as an actor at RADA until 1953 and soon appeared at Glasgow's Citizens' Theatre. He joined the Old Vic repertory company in 1954, making his first London appearance in The Good Sailor, a stage adaptation of Herman Melville's novel, Billy Budd.

In the West End, he appeared in The Long and the Short and the Tall, The Ginger Man, The Singular Man, Androcles and the Lion, The Showing Up of Blanco Posnet, Purple Dust by Seán O'Casey, Entertaining Mr Sloane, Joseph Papp's production of The Pirates of Penzance and High Society. He also played Falstaff in a production of The Merry Wives of Windsor at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park. His only Broadway show was the flop La Grosse Valise by Robert Dhéry, Gérard Calvi and Harold Rome.

He appeared in numerous television roles from 1954, and in nearly 50 films from 1957, mostly in comedies. In 1996 Fraser voiced the chief judge in The Willows in Winter.

Film credits

 * Black Ice (1957) – Tom
 * Bobbikins (1959) – Sailor Joe (uncredited)
 * There Was a Crooked Man (1960) – Gen. Cummins
 * The Sundowners (1960) – Ocker
 * The Long and the Short and the Tall (1961) – L / Cpl. Macleish
 * Don't Bother to Knock (1961) – Fred
 * The Best of Enemies (1961) – Perfect
 * Raising the Wind (1961)
 * The Hellions (1961) – Frank
 * The Pot Carriers (1962) – Red Band
 * The Girl on the Boat (1962) – Colonel (uncredited)
 * In Search of the Castaways (1962) – Guard at Dockyard Gate
 * Private Potter (1962) – Doctor
 * The Punch and Judy Man (1963) – Mayor Palmer
 * The V.I.P.s (1963) – Joslin
 * Girl in the Headlines (1963) – Sgt. Saunders
 * The Beauty Jungle (1964) – Walter Carey
 * Victim Five (1964) – Inspector Lean
 * Crooks in Cloisters (1964) – Walt
 * The Counterfeit Constable (1964) – Sergent Timothy Reagan
 * Daylight Robbery (1964)
 * Flight of the Phoenix (1965) – Sergeant Watson
 * The Whisperers (1967) – Charlie Ross
 * Fathom (1967) – Colonel Campbell
 * Sebastian (1968) – Toby
 * The Killing of Sister George (1968) – Leo Lockhart
 * Sinful Davey (1969) – MacNab
 * The Bed Sitting Room (1969) – The Army
 * Too Late the Hero (1970) – Pvt. Campbell
 * The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer (1970) – Tom Hutchinson
 * The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins (1971) – George (segment "Wrath")
 * Ooh... You Are Awful (1972) – Reggie Campbell Peek
 * Rentadick (1972) – Major Upton
 * Swallows and Amazons (1974) – Uncle Jim
 * Percy's Progress (1974) – Bleeker
 * Paper Tiger (1975) – Sergeant Forster
 * Hardcore (1977) – Marty
 * Come Play With Me (1977) – Slasher
 * The Wild Geese (1978) – Jock McTaggart
 * Trail of the Pink Panther (1982) – Dr. Longet
 * Tangiers (1985) – Jenkins
 * Absolute Beginners (1986) – Amberley Drove
 * Scandal (1989) – Justice Marshall
 * Let Him Have It (1991) – Niven's Judge
 * The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1993) – Dean

Television credits

 * The Invisible Man (1959) – Sharp
 * Danger Man (1961) – Giuseppe Morelli
 * The Ordeal of Dr. Shannon (1962) – Dr. James Mathers
 * The Avengers  (The Gravediggers) (1965) – Sir Horace Winslip
 * Sword of Honour (1967) – Apthorpe
 * The Misfit (1970–1971) – Basil Allenby-Johnson
 * The Rivals of Sherlock Holmes (1973) – Horrocks
 * Pygmalion (1973) – Col. Pickering
 * Melissa (1974) – Felix Hepburn
 * The Sweeney (1976) – Titus Oates
 * Pennies From Heaven (1978) – Major Archibald Paxville
 * The Famous Five (1978) – Mr. Barling
 * Spooner's Patch (1979) as Inspector Spooner (1979)
 * Brideshead Revisited (1981) – Red-Haired Man
 * Minder (1985–1989) – Self-Inflicted Sid / Albert Goddard
 * Lovejoy (1986–1991) – Michael Edwards / Drummer
 * Life Without George (1987–1989) – Harold Chambers
 * Doctor Who (The Happiness Patrol) (1988) – Joseph C.
 * Taggart (1992) – Angus Collins
 * The Blackheath Poisonings (1992) – Doctor Porter
 * The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993) – Donald
 * TFI Friday (1996) – Himself

Personal life
Fraser was a resident of Hampstead, London. He was a heavy drinker and a well-known figure in the local hostelries. He was married from 1956 to 1964 to Elizabeth Howe, and the couple had two daughters.

He died of a haemorrhage, aged 66, in London on 13 March 1997.

title: Ronald Fraser (actor)


text:
User talk:Notorious4life

Disambiguation link notification for January 4
An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Detroit River, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Belle Isle.

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April 2021
Hi, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. It appears that you tried to give a page a different title by copying its content and pasting either the same content, or an edited version of it, into Horse Island (Michigan). This is known as a "cut-and-paste move", and it is undesirable because it splits the page history, which is legally required for attribution. Instead, the software used by Wikipedia has a feature that allows pages to be moved to a new title together with their edit history.

In most cases for registered users, once your account is four days old and has ten edits, you should be able to move an article yourself using the "Move" tab at the top of the page (the tab may be hidden in a dropdown menu for you). This both preserves the page history intact and automatically creates a redirect from the old title to the new. If you cannot perform a particular page move yourself this way (e.g. because a page already exists at the target title), please follow the instructions at requested moves to have it moved by someone else. Also, if there are any other pages that you moved by copying and pasting, even if it was a long time ago, please list them at Requests for history merge. Thank you. Warm Regards, ZI Jony  (Talk) 22:29, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:1833 disestablishments in Michigan

A tag has been placed on Category:1833 disestablishments in Michigan requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Liz Read! Talk! 15:01, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

Cut-and-paste moves
I appreciate you fixing the titles of those articles, but per WP:CPMV, cut-and-paste moves are discouraged. The recommended procedure for moving pages where redirects exist at the target title is to ask at WP:RM/T (which I've done for the couple islands I noticed this at). jp×g 04:26, 22 April 2021 (UTC)

The Cut
Your information regarding The Cut in Roscommon County is in error. There is NO Cut River in Roscommon County. It is simply The Cut. The Lyon Manor quadrangle map of the USGS is used as a reference.... this map verifies the name as I have stated. The road signs are wrong, the Roscommon Road Commission is wrong, the DNR is wrong, and all of the tourist maps contain false information. Many Wikipedia articles on this area are also wrong. There is a Cut River in the Upper Peninsula near Brevort,Mich., which also has a Cut River Road nearby. There is no Cut River Road in Roscommon... but there IS a Cut Road. I believe no information is better than false information...please correct all of your erroneous articles. Thanks 172.222.22.234 (talk) 20:53, 3 June 2021 (UTC) Dennis Goetzinger
 * Yawn 😴 -Notorious4life (talk) 02:32, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

River Rouge, Michigan
Nice picture of the central business district. Donnie Love (talk) 11:25, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

List of communities in Grand Traverse County
why didn’t you use process? WP:PROD —¿philoserf? (talk) 16:26, 19 September 2021 (UTC)

Islands of the Detroit River as featured topic?
I was looking through the WP:FT critera recently and got the idea of doing one. Of course, I've written a bunch about the islands of the California Delta, but... well, there's about a hundred of those. But then another idea struck me -- the islands of the Detroit River! There's only about thirty of those, so it seems conceivable (there are some FTs with as many as 64 articles); I got three of them (Stony Island, Fox Island and Powder House Island) to GA in a couple of days. Of course, 30 is a pretty big number, so I don't think I would be able to do it alone. However, I notice that you've done some pretty good writing on the subject (and in fact created many of the articles); would you be interested in working together to bring it to FT status? jp×g 07:04, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the late reply. I tend not to check my talk page often.  The islands in the Detroit River are of local interest to me, as I reside near the area and spend most of springtime fishing on a boat in the river.  The list has come a long away, and I commend you on the individual creation and very detailed information.  I know the history of some of the islands, but you've done a great job in mustering up sources and historic photos.  A long time ago, I compiled the List of islands of Michigan article and some sub-articles.  It almost made featured list status, but it needs more references and fell by the wayside.  I have never sought to make articles to a GA level status, and I mostly work on municipality and other miscellaneous geography articles (even though some of them are pretty good, in my opinion).  When you began creating individual articles, I thought that most of them weren't worthy of their own article.  Then, I saw how quickly they were expanded with very detailed information.  When wintertime comes, I tend to spend more time, and I can add some island articles to my to-do list.  —Notorious4life (talk) 20:24, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Unincorporated Communities of Michigan and No "Former Villages"?
I definitely commend you for all the work you've been doing with regard to standardizing the infoboxes for the municipalities around the state and adding the helpful census maps for each county. I also applaud you for the effort you've put into starting a comprehensive listing of the unincorporated communities in Michigan as well. Definitely not a small task. And your thoughtfulness in your approach is refreshing, too. However, I did want to take exception to one statement you make on your page where you state: "After that, there are no villages that simply dissolved and returned back to being unincorporated, although there are several cases of a village being absorbed into another city and becoming effectively defunct. There are no current unincorporated communities that were formerly incorporated in the past."

There are actually several currently-unincorporated communities in Michigan that were once either villages or cities (and I'm definitely excluding all those which were subsumed into other incorporated communities, such as Mineral Hills, Wood Creek Farms, Quakertown, East Saginaw, Stambaugh, Delray, Fordson, Fort Gratiot, West Bay City, etc., etc., etc.). The best known ones are probably the Village of Oscoda, incorporated 1885 and disincorporated 1919, and neighboring Au Sable, incorporated as a village 1872, as a city 1889 and disincorporated 1931, both of which are now unincorporated communities. I've found other sources noting incorporated villages in Michigan that are no longer and are also not a part of another incorporated community. The Census Bureau helped me find the following:
 * Village of Potts, Oscoda Co., incorporated between 1880-1890, disincorporated by 1900 (Oscoda Co. actually had an incorporated community at one point!)
 * Village of Dodge, Clare Co., incorporated between 1880-1890, disincorporated by 1900
 * Village of Boardman, Kalkaska Co., incorporated between 1890-1900, disincorporated before 1910
 * Village of Naubinway, Mackinac Co., incorporated between 1890-1900, disincorporated prior to 1910 (c.1906-ish?)
 * Village of Palmer, Marquette Co., incorporated 1883 or 1889, disincorporated 1901
 * Village of Mikado, Alcona Co., incorporated 1907, disincorporated prior to 1920
 * Village of Tower, Cheboygan Co., incorporated 1906, disincorporated prior to 1920
 * Village of Marlborough, Lake Co., incorporated 1903, disincorporated prior to 1910 [1907-ish?])
 * Village of Croton, Newaygo Co., incorporated 1870, disincorporated 1907
 * Village of Sherman, Wexford Co., incorporated 1887, disincorporated c.1912-ish
 * Village of Pine Run, Genesee Co., incorporated in 1928 (cannot locate a disincorporation date)
 * Village of Lisbon spanning Sparta Twp, Kent Co. and Chester Twp., Kent Co., incorporated 1869, disincorporated by 1950
 * and there are quite a few others, but you get the point.

Also, around 1890, there were several incorporated villages in Houghton County organized around some of the copper mines, including the Village of Dollar Bay, the Village of Osceola Mills, the Village of Osceola Mine, and the Village of Tamarack Mills. All of these incorporated villages had been disincorporated by 1900.

I wonder if the Office of the Great Seal of the State of Michigan would have a comprehensive listing of all cities and villages which have disincorporated over the years? They are the ones who certify all incorporations as well as boundary changes, annexations, etc., so they may possibly have maintained the records to track something like this. Anyway, I just wanted to throw some more information your way since you've already gathered so much already. I hope this helps. CBessert (talk) 20:27, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what I meant when I wrote, "There are no current unincorporated communities that were formerly incorporated in the past." Some text within my draft article hasn't been proofread or verified yet.  A long time ago, it seemed that the word "village" was often used interchangeably with that of an actual incorporated village and that of an unincorporated community colloquially referred to as a village.  Many such villages seemed to disappear after 1900, and I often wondered if they were actually incorporated under the guidelines established in the General Law Village Act (Act 3) of 1895.  Many villages were established before that time by special legislation, but those designations were revoked under Section 7 if they didn't meet the new act's guidelines.  Maybe that is why many villages "disincorporated" after the turn of the century, especially as their economy and population dwindled.  Regardless, they were still technically incorporated at one time.  It might be difficult to verify whether informal villages were actually incorporated or not, but I think the biggest indication would be if they appeared in a census.  More recently disincorporated or annexed villages are easier to identify.

 * I've been to a few of the communities you listed above—most recently Naubinway. Many of these communities seem to exist now as census-designated places.  Even with as much exhaustive research as I could find, I never knew Naubinway was actually "incorporated" as a village in the past, even though its history commonly referred to it as a village in its early days.  There are some villages I have been to where I wonder how they are still incorporated, such as Garden, Prescott, or Wolverine.  Some modern examples (in my area) of unincorporated communities referred to as a "village" (even listed as such on road signage and township websites) include Willow, New Boston, Scofield, and even old Rawsonville.  This makes me wonder if the meaning of the word village—a mere unincorporated community or an actual incorporated municipality—has been blurred over time.

 * The compilation of the List of unincorporated communities in Michigan is a daunting process, but it is a very interesting one. It often provides a travel agenda when I go on vacations.  It would definitely be useful to look up "former villages" or even "former cities" that are now unincorporated and include that information.  Even if precise dates are unknown, it would still be useful to mention which communities were once incorporated.  Thanks for the compliments and suggested information.  I will put that into consideration when doing further edits and research.  —Notorious4life (talk) 00:05, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Southgate, MI seal.png
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:38, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Keweenaw County, Michigan labels
Template:Keweenaw County, Michigan labels has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. WikiCleanerMan (talk) 23:18, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

File:Douglas House historic marker (Crawford County), MI.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Douglas House historic marker (Crawford County), MI.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 21:51, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Chippewa County, Michigan labels
Template:Chippewa County, Michigan labels has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. WikiCleanerMan (talk) 21:00, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Mackinac County, Michigan Labels
Template:Mackinac County, Michigan Labels has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. WikiCleanerMan (talk) 21:02, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

Missaukee mounds
Missaukee mounds 2600:387:C:6B17:0:0:0:8 (talk) 21:46, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

pls svg
it would be better if your county maps were in .svg format. WeaponizingArchitecture (talk) 23:52, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Former populated places in Washtenaw County, Michigan

A tag has been placed on Category:Former populated places in Washtenaw County, Michigan indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 01:09, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for July 24
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Disambiguation link notification for July 31
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Census-designated places in Allegan County, Michigan

A tag has been placed on Category:Census-designated places in Allegan County, Michigan indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 01:05, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

Dating photographs of neighborhoods
Hello, It would be nice if you could date the photographs of neighborhoods or other landmarks you contribute to articles. Things evolve over time and it is very relevant to readers to know this in the captions/notations of said photographs. One such example is the photograph you contributed of the Brightmoor neighborhood. How recent was this picture? Where specifically (street) was it taken? What has changed about the neighborhood over time? All of this can be told through some simple descriptions or even just a date for the picture. Thanks. 76.151.240.147 (talk) 20:58, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

Image of Sugar Island Township, MI on Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain.
I am working on a book about the St. Marys River. I came across your image of Sugar Island Township, MI on Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain. I was wondering if you have similar images of the rest of the river? And can I use them in my book? Skip Skipkadar@Gmail.com ps: I read your bio, we have a few things in common I'm a downriver guy too, Lincoln Park born and raised, Also I was a teacher /administrator too. (Retired) 2601:408:4201:1CB0:54A9:62E3:7276:FF0 (talk) 15:59, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

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Allouez Township
Hi Notorious4life. You added references for "Romig 1986" to Allouez Township, but you haven't supplied the required full cite to show what work that refers to. Could you add the cite or let me know what work this refers to? -- LCU ActivelyDisinterested ∆transmissions∆ °co-ords° 09:06, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Oops, I forgot to add it at the bottom. It is referenced now in the article.  Notorious4life (talk) 11:13, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

Quick question
Hey! I noticed that you largely upload a good amount of images to the English Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions and the work that you do. I do have a quick question: when uploading photos for use on Wikipedia, why do you upload your photos locally on the English Wikipedia rather than on Commons? —  Red-tailed hawk (nest) 23:55, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I generally only upload photos to directly insert into a Wikipedia article, so I usually do that process first and then go back to export it to Commons, unless a bot or other user does that first. I try to ensure all my photos make their way to Commons, but maybe I am doing the process backward since I am not too familiar with Commons. —Notorious4life (talk) 00:19, 17 December 2022 (UTC)

Buzzwick Airport
Grafton is not part of Buzzwick Airport or a runway. You are posting incorrect information. Please look at the air charts and current information posted by the FAA and State of Michigan. Knbuzzardair (talk) 23:59, 17 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, although some maps show that east-west land as part of the airport; perhaps a former runway or defunct property, maybe even a driveway, and the red balls are on the power lines to make sure airplanes can see them. Why are they there if no aircraft would actually be landing/departing from that direction along Grafton? Either way, whatever. -Notorious4life (talk) 03:33, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Michigan State Historic sites in Charlevoix County

A tag has been placed on Category:Michigan State Historic sites in Charlevoix County indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 05:42, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Michigan state historic sites in Charlevoix County

A tag has been placed on Category:Michigan state historic sites in Charlevoix County indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

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Grayling Charter Township
I think the original statement in the change you made here was meant to use the word, "residence", rather than "residents". A residency is a length of time spent in a certain place, i.e. Doctor's two-year residency. Mgrē@sŏn ( Talk ) 13:56, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:MeatMK.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:MeatMK.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --Hammersoft (talk) 23:11, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

 * The image was just added to the article Mortal Kombat 4, where the character made its first known appearance. —Notorious4life (talk) 23:24, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:MeatMK.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:MeatMK.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:19, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

Better source request for File:Somerset Center, Michigan train station.jpg
Thanks for your upload to Wikipedia: You provided a source, but it is difficult for other users to examine the copyright status of the image because the source is incomplete or generic. Please consider clarifying the exact source so that the copyright status may be checked more easily. It is best to specify the exact source (such as the web page, or printed document) where you found the image, rather than only giving the source domain, search engine, pinboard, aggregator, or the direct/bare URL of the image file itself. Please update the image description with a URL that will be more helpful to other users in determining the copyright status.
 * File:Somerset Center, Michigan train station.jpg

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source in a complete manner. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. If you have any questions please ask them at Media copyright questions. Thank you. — Ирука13 07:51, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

October 2023
Hello, Notorious4life. I noticed that your recent edit to Summerfield Township, Monroe County, Michigan added a link to an image on an external website or on your computer, or to a file name that does not exist on Wikipedia's server. For technical and policy reasons it is not possible to use images from external sources on Wikipedia. Most images you find on the internet are copyrighted and cannot be used on Wikipedia, or their use is subject to certain restrictions. If the image meets Wikipedia's image use policy, consider uploading it to Wikipedia yourself or request that someone else upload it. See the image tutorial to learn about wiki syntax used for images. Thank you.  -  Sumanuil  '''. ''' (talk to me) 22:19, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

Please be careful with how you use map sources
I'm not sure how Google Maps was supposed to support this information about the Ralph post office's coverage area even if that post office hadn't closed over a decade ago? (As far as I'm aware, zip code != post office coverage area.) Ed [talk] [OMT] 17:30, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you for clarifying the information about Ralph on the West Branch Township article. I was unaware that the Ralph post office had closed, but it seems the 49877 ZIP Code still uses the Ralph designation—similar to other post offices that closed but still have a ZIP Code under their name (e.g. Azalia, Elmira, Lupton, Moscow). Perhaps, the Ralph ZIP Code is now just a P.O. box served by another post office. —Notorious4life (talk) 17:40, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

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File:Geddesburg (Ann Arbor) historic marker.jpg listed for discussion
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title: User talk:Notorious4life


text:
User:NRaja

I am a software programmer from Hyderabad. I am most interested in learning and the brain.

I am biased in my own particular culture. I don't like Bush much at all, but I would most grudgingly offer him tea if he came to visit, and a jolly hot vindaloo. Blair would get French Fancies and scones with cream.

With great respect NRaja

title: User:NRaja


text:
Uncle Moishy and the Mitzvah Men

Uncle Moishy and the Mitzvah Men is a Jewish American children's educational entertainment group based in New York City, featured in audio and video releases, as well as appearing live in concert. Their tapes, CDs and videos are sold in most Jewish music and Judaica stores.

Uncle Moishy has traveled internationally, giving shows in Israel, Canada, England, Austria, South Africa and Hong Kong.

Lead musicians and singers Moshe Tanenbaum and Yossi Berktin are Hasidic Orthodox Jews who play "Uncle Moishy" and lead the "Mitzvah Men" in song and verse that expresses the observant religious lifestyle of Orthodox Judaism. They focus on the religious aspects of Judaism that most easily relate to young children, such as the laws of Shabbat, kashrut and the giving of charity, as well as the good deeds of Pirkei Avot (Ethics of Our Fathers), such as helping others and being nice.

Origins
Milton Tanenbaum was born and grew up in East End, Toronto. His parents owned a grocery store. Tanenbaum went to Jewish school during his childhood. He started using the title Uncle in 1967 when his rabbi started referring to him as Uncle Milty, referencing the comedian Milton Berle who went by the same nickname. He started going by his Hebrew name, Moishy, at the suggestion of the Lubavitcher Rebbe during a farbrengen in 1975. There the Rebbe encouraged Jews to publicly go by their Jewish names. Despite not being Lubavitch, he heeded the advice and started going by Uncle Moishy.

In 1979 his first album appeared in conjunction with the Jewish Education Program. The original band members were Tanenbaum, Zale Newman, and Chaim Shainhouse; Shainhouse left early on, though he composed for and sang on the first few albums. Uncle Moishy is produced and managed by the Suki and Ding company. The group has produced 22 audio albums and 14 videos to date.

Currently
In 2017, Moshe Tanenbaum under new management, producers known as Sonic Duo, released his first solo album titled 'Welcome'. In 2018, the 'All New Uncle Moishy' Yossi Berktin, with producers Suki and Ding released the character's 19th album.

In 2021, Moshe Tanenbaum in collaboration with Artscroll and Doni Gross released an 11-song album entitled We Are So Special and a children's book.

title: Uncle Moishy and the Mitzvah Men


text:
Talk:Birch–Murnaghan equation of state

Untitled
I don't know, why the first cite was used - I found it on the PNAS server and did not find any link with what is titled Murnaghan equation. Apart from that, some hints should be made to account for the limits of these EOS (i.e. free energy, not internal energy,...)

I came across this 'Birch-Murnaghan' page when searching the web for the full expression of Birch-Murnaghan in E(V) form. I was happy to have found this page at first, but then noticed that the equation which you give there is the Murnaghan equation of state, not the Birch-Murnaghan. In my opinion, the title of this page should be changed to 'Murnaghan equation of state', and the occurrence of the word 'Birch' in the text should be deleted.

If anybody wants to include the correct Birch-Murnaghan expression, here it is:

introduce this notation: eta = (V0/V)**(1/3)

Then, E(V) is:

E(V) = E0 + 9/16*B*V0*[(eta**2-1)**3*BP + (eta**2-1)**2*(6-4*eta**2)]

And P(V) is:

P(V)=3/2*B*(eta**7 - eta**5)*(1 + 3/4*(BP-4)*[eta**2 - 1])

where B is the bulk modulus, BP its pressure derivative, V0 the equilibrium volume and E0 the equilibrium energy.

I have added these equations but it would be a good idea if sombody checks them! Andreww 11:14, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, the two equations should be treated in separate articles as they have nothing in common (save the name). Murnaghan equation of state has been created on fr and is now featured article, if anyone feels like translating (which I might do myself, but not in a too near future). Tizeff (talk) 06:50, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Birch–Murnaghan equation of state