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Repeat Performance

Repeat Performance is a 1947 American film noir (with fantasy elements) starring Louis Hayward and Joan Leslie. The film was released by Eagle-Lion Films, directed by Alfred L. Werker, and produced by Aubrey Schenck.

Plot
On New Year's Eve 1946, Sheila Page is standing over her dead husband Barney with a gun in her hand. She panics and goes to two friends for help. While seeking help from the friends at a pair of parties, she wishes that she could live 1946 all over again.

Magically, on the way to see the trusted producer John Friday for advice, she tells the poet William Williams about her desire for a re-do exactly at the strike of midnight on New Year's. Her wish is granted and she is transported back to the beginning of 1946 with her husband alive. She attempts to relive the year without making the mistakes she and her friends made throughout the year, but certain events repeat themselves, including Williams being committed to a psychiatric institution. Nonetheless, Sheila is left to question whether there really is such a thing as fate or not.

The story climaxes again on New Year's Eve, when through Sheila's interferences over the year, her husband, a sloppy alcoholic hopelessly devoted to Paula Costello, a now-indifferent fellow playwright, becomes convinced that his spouse is trying to destroy him. He violently confronts her. This time, her friend William, who believes in Sheila's foresight, shoots her husband with her gun.

Cast

 * Louis Hayward as Barney Page
 * Joan Leslie as Sheila Page
 * Virginia Field as Paula Costello
 * Tom Conway as John Friday
 * Richard Basehart as William Williams
 * Natalie Schafer as Eloise Shaw
 * Benay Venuta as Bess Michaels
 * Ilka Grüning as Mattle
 * John Ireland as Narrator (uncredited)
 * Eric Wilton as Reveler (uncredited)

Production
There were various actors and directors in mind for the film, with Jules Dassin once in mind to direct while Franchot Tone and Constance Dowling were tapped in mind for the lead roles. Eventually, Dowling was dropped for Sylvia Sidney in mind. All of the considerations would instead be washed away for Alfred L. Werker to direct for Joan Leslie and Louis Hayward.

The film reversed the original story that involves Barney having been the one killing his lover before he relives the previous year and Sheila being a drunk. This was evidently done due to the perception that Joan Leslie could not play a villain. Also, in the book by William O'Farrell, the Richard Basehart character called William Williams was a cross dressing poet.

Filming began November 1946.

Eagle-Lion, noticing the good reviews for Basehart, gave him higher billing and even gave the film a premiere showing in his home town of Zanesville, Ohio.

Restoration
The film was restored after a screening in 2007 featuring a guest appearance by cast member Joan Leslie resulted in the discovery that a 35mm print had badly decomposed. The Film Noir Foundation, UCLA and others then followed up with restoration of the film, now available on Blu Ray.

Remake
This film was remade as the television film Turn Back the Clock (1989) directed by Larry Elikann. It featured Connie Sellecca, David Dukes, Jere Burns, Wendy Kilbourne and original cast member Joan Leslie.

title: Repeat Performance


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List of libraries in Hong Kong

This is a list of libraries in Hong Kong.

Public libraries and other libraries open to the public
The Hong Kong Public Library consists of 65 libraries organised by district.

University libraries

 * The Chinese University of Hong Kong
 * Architecture Library
 * Ch'ien Mu Library, New Asia College
 * Li Ping Medical Library
 * Elisabeth Luce Moore Library, Chung Chi College
 * University Library
 * Wu Chung Multimedia Library, United College
 * City University of Hong Kong
 * Run Run Shaw Library
 * Chu Hai College of Higher Education
 * The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts
 * Hong Kong Baptist University
 * The Hong Kong Institute of Education (now called The Education University of Hong Kong).
 * The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
 * The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
 * Lingnan University
 * Fong Sum Wood Library
 * The Hong Kong Metropolitan University
 * Hong Kong Shue Yan University
 * The University of Hong Kong
 * Dental Library
 * HKU Education Library
 * HKU Fung Ping Shan Library
 * HKU Lui Che Woo Law Library
 * HKU Main Library
 * HKU Music Library
 * HKU Yu Chun Keung Medical Library
 * The University of Hong Kong
 * Dental Library
 * HKU Education Library
 * HKU Fung Ping Shan Library
 * HKU Lui Che Woo Law Library
 * HKU Main Library
 * HKU Music Library
 * HKU Yu Chun Keung Medical Library

Private libraries

 * Kwang Hwa Information and Cultural Center
 * Sun Yat Sen Library
 * Christian Science Reading Room
 * Helena May Library

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of libraries in Hong Kong


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Periodontology

Periodontology or periodontics (from Ancient Greek, – 'around'; and ,  – 'tooth', genitive , ) is the specialty of dentistry that studies supporting structures of teeth, as well as diseases and conditions that affect them. The supporting tissues are known as the periodontium, which includes the gingiva (gums), alveolar bone, cementum, and the periodontal ligament. A periodontist is a dentist that specializes in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease and in the placement of dental implants.

The periodontium

The term periodontium is used to describe the group of structures that directly surround, support and protect the teeth. The periodontium is composed largely of the gingival tissue and the supporting bone.

Gingivae
Normal gingiva may range in color from light coral pink to heavily pigmented. The soft tissues and connective fibres that cover and protect the underlying cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone are known as the gingivae. The gingivae are categorized into three anatomical groups: the free, attached and the interdental gingiva. Each of the gingival groups are considered biologically different; however, they are all specifically designed to help protect against mechanical and bacterial destruction.

Free gingiva
The tissues that sit above the alveolar bone crest are considered the free gingiva. In healthy periodontium, the gingival margin is the fibrous tissue that encompasses the cemento-enamel junction, a line around the circumference of the tooth where the enamel surface of the crown meets the outer cementum layer of the root. A natural space called the gingival sulcus lies apically to the gingival margin, between the tooth and the free gingiva. A non-diseased, healthy gingival sulcus is typically 0.5-3mm in depth, however, this measurement can increase in the presence of periodontal disease. The gingival sulcus is lined by a non-keratinised layer called the oral sulcular epithelium; it begins at the gingival margin and ends at the base of the sulcus where the junctional epithelium and attached gingiva begins.

Attached gingiva
The junctional epithelium is a collar-like band that lies at the base of the gingival sulcus and surrounds the tooth; it demarcates the areas of separation between the free and attached gingiva. The junctional epithelium provides a specialized protective barrier to microorganisms residing around the gingival sulcus. Collagen fibres bind the attached gingiva tightly to the underlying periodontium including the cementum and alveolar bone and vary in length and width, depending on the location in the oral cavity and on the individual. The attached gingiva lies between the free gingival line or groove and the mucogingival junction. The attached gingiva dissipates functional and masticatory stresses placed on the gingival tissues during common activities such as mastication, tooth brushing and speaking. In health it is typically pale pink or coral pink in colour and may present with surface stippling or racial pigmentation.

Interdental gingiva
The interdental gingiva takes up the space beneath a tooth contact point, between two adjacent teeth. It is normally triangular or pyramidal in shape and is formed by two interdental papillae (lingual and facial). The middle or centre part of the interdental papilla is made up of attached gingiva, whereas the borders and tip are formed by the free gingiva. The central point between the interdental papillae is called the col. It is a valley-like or concave depression that lies directly beneath the contact point, between the facial and lingual papilla. However, the col may be absent if there is gingival recession or if the teeth are not contacting. The main purpose of the interdental gingiva is to prevent food impaction during routine mastication.

Alveolar mucosa
This area of tissue is non-keratinized and is located beyond the mucogingival junction. It is less firmly attached and is redder than attached gingiva. It provides for the movement of cheek and lips.

Periodontal ligament
The periodontal ligament is the connective tissue that joins the outer layer of the tooth root, being the cementum, to the surrounding alveolar bone. It is composed of several complex fibre groups that run in different directions and which insert into the cementum and bone via Sharpey's fibres. The periodontal ligament is composed mostly of collagen fibres, however it also houses blood vessels and nerves within loose connective tissue. Mechanical loads that are placed on the teeth during mastication and other external forces are absorbed by the periodontal ligament, which therefore protects the teeth within their sockets.

Alveolar bone
In periodontal health, the alveolar bone surrounds the teeth and forms the bony socket that supports each tooth. The buccal and lingual plates and lining of the sockets are composed of thin, yet dense compact or cortical bone. Within the cortical plates and dental sockets lies cancellous bone, a spongy or trabecular-type bone which is less dense than compact bone. The anatomic landmarks of the alveolar process includes the lamina dura, the alveolar crest, and the periodontal ligament space.

Cementum
Cementum is the outer layer of the tooth root; it overlies the dentine layer of the tooth and provides attachment for the collagen fibres of the periodontal ligament. It also protects the dentine and provides a seal for the otherwise exposed ends of the dentinal tubules. It is not as hard as enamel or dentine and is typically a light yellow colour.

Gingival diseases
Gingivitis is a common condition that affects the gingiva or mucosal tissues that surround the teeth. The condition is a form of periodontal disease; however, it is the least devastating, in that it does not involve irreversible damage or changes to the periodontium (gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum or alveolar bone). It is commonly detected by patients when gingival bleeding occurs spontaneously during brushing or eating. It is also characterized by generalized inflammation, swelling, and redness of the mucosal tissues. Gingivitis is typically painless and is most commonly a result of plaque biofilm accumulation, in association with reduced or poor oral hygiene. Other factors may increase a person's risk of gingivitis, including but not limited to systemic conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and some medications. The signs and symptoms of gingivitis can be reversed through improved oral hygiene measures and increased plaque disruption. If left untreated, gingivitis has the potential to progress to periodontitis and other related diseases that are more detrimental to periodontal and general health.

Periodontal diseases
Periodontal disease encompasses a number of diseases of the periodontal tissues that result in attachment loss and destruction of alveolar bone.

Periodontal diseases take on many different forms but are usually a result of a coalescence of bacterial plaque biofilm accumulation of the red complex bacteria (e.g. P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola) of the gingiva and teeth, combined with host immuno-inflammatory mechanisms and other risk factors that can lead to destruction of the supporting bone around natural teeth. Untreated, these diseases can lead to alveolar bone loss and tooth loss. , periodontal disease accounted for 70.8% of teeth lost in patients with the disease in South Korea. Periodontal disease is the second most common cause of tooth loss (second to dental caries) in Scotland. Twice-daily brushing and flossing are a way to help prevent periodontal diseases.

Healthy gingiva can be described as stippled, pale or coral pink in Caucasian people, with various degrees of pigmentation in other races. The gingival margin is located at the cemento-enamel junction without the presence of pathology. The gingival pocket between the tooth and the gingival should be no deeper than 1–3mm to be considered healthy. There is also the absence of bleeding on gentle probing.

Periodontal diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, the most prominent being dental plaque. Dental plaque forms a bacterial biofilm on the tooth surface; if not adequately removed from the tooth surface in close proximity to the gingiva, a host-microbial interaction gets underway. This results in the imbalance between host and bacterial factors which can in turn result in a change from health to disease. Other local or systemic factors can result in or further progress the manifestation of periodontal disease. Other factors can include age, socio-economic status, oral hygiene education and diet. Systemic factors may include uncontrolled diabetes or tobacco smoking.

Signs and symptoms of periodontal disease: bleeding gums, gingival recession, halitosis (bad breath), mobile teeth, ill-fitting dentures and buildup of plaque and calculus.

Individual risk factors include: gender, smoking and alcohol consumption, diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis and Vitamin D conditions, stress and genetic factors.

2018 AAP/EFP classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions
In 2017, the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) and the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) together collaborated to revise and adopt a new classification system for periodontal conditions to aid in a more personalized approach to patient care. In 2018 they released an updated classification system which includes a multi-dimensional staging and grading system for periodontitis classification, a recategorization of various forms of periodontitis, and the inaugural classification for peri-implant diseases and conditions.

Periodontal health, gingivitis, and gingival diseases and conditions

The 2018 Disease Classification for periodontal health, gingivitis, and gingival diseases and conditions are outlined in detail below:

 * 1) Periodontal health and gingival health
 * 2) Clinical gingival health on an intact periodontium
 * 3) Clinical gingival health on a reduced periodontium
 * 4) * Stable periodontitis patient
 * 5) * Non-periodontitis patient
 * 6) Gingivitis—dental biofilm-induced
 * 7) Associated with dental biofilm alone
 * 8) Medicated by systemic or local risk factors
 * 9) Drug-influenced gingival enlargement
 * 10) Gingival diseases—nondental biofilm-induced
 * 11) Genetic or developmental disorders
 * 12) Specific infections
 * 13) Inflammatory and immune conditions
 * 14) Reactive processes
 * 15) Neoplasms
 * 16) Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases
 * 17) Traumatic lesions
 * 18) Gingival pigmentation

Disease classification for the three major forms of periodontitis

The 2018 Disease Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions breaks down the category of periodontitis into three forms and each of these forms are further broken down into two or more subcategories.

 * 1) Necrotizing periodontal diseases
 * 2) Necrotizing gingivitis
 * 3) Necrotizing periodontitis
 * 4) Necrotizing stomatitis
 * 5) Periodontitis as manifestation of systemic diseases – Classification of these conditions should be based on the primary systemic disease according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) codes
 * 6) Periodontitis
 * 7) Stages: Based on severity and complexity of management
 * 8) * Stage I: Initial periodontitis
 * 9) * Stage II: Moderate periodontitis
 * 10) * Stage III: Severe periodontitis with potential for additional tooth loss
 * 11) * Stage IV: Severe periodontitis with potential for loss of the dentition
 * 12) Extent and distribution: Localized, generalized; molar-incisor distribution
 * 13) Grades: Evidence or risk of rapid progression, anticipated treatment response
 * 14) * Grade A: Slow rate of disease progression
 * 15) * Grade B: Moderate rate of disease progression
 * 16) * Grade C: Rapid rate of disease progression

Other conditions affecting the periodontium

The 2018 Disease Classification of Periodontal Disease and Conditions contains a category for other conditions that may have an effect upon the health of the periodontium.

 * 1) Systemic diseases or conditions affecting the periodontal supporting tissues
 * 2) Other periodontal conditions
 * 3) Periodontal abscesses
 * 4) Endodontic periodontal lesions
 * 5) Mucogingival deformities and conditions around teeth
 * 6) Gingival phenotype
 * 7) Gingival/soft tissue recession
 * 8) Lack of gingiva
 * 9) Decreased vestibular depth
 * 10) Aberrant frenum or muscle position
 * 11) Gingival excess
 * 12) Abnormal colour
 * 13) Condition of exposed root surface
 * 14) Traumatic occlusal forces
 * 15) Primary occlusal trauma
 * 16) Secondary occlusal trauma
 * 17) Orthodontic forces
 * 18) Prostheses and tooth-related factors that modify or predispose to plaque-induced gingival diseases/periodontitis
 * 19) Localized tooth-related factors
 * 20) Localized dental prostheses-related factors

Peri-implant diseases and conditions
The 2018 Disease Classification of Periodontal Disease and Conditions divides this category into four subcategories:
 * Peri-implant health
 * Peri-implant mucositis
 * Peri-implantitis
 * Peri-implant soft and hard tissue deficiencies

Prevention
The most effective prevention method is what can be achieved by the patient at home, for example, using the correct tooth brushing technique, interdental cleaning aids such as interdental brushes or floss and using a fluoridated toothpaste. It is also advised that patients receive bi-annual check ups from their dental health provider along with thorough cleaning.

Treatment
Along with specialist periodontist treatment, a general dentist or dental hygienist can perform routine scale and cleans using either hand instruments or an ultrasonic scaler (or a combination of both). The practitioner can also prescribe specialized plaque-removal techniques (tooth brushing, interdental cleaning). The practitioner can also perform a plaque index to indicate to the patient areas of plaque they are not removing on their own. This can be removed through the procedure of a dental prophylaxis.

Aetiology
The primary aetiological factor for periodontal disease is plaque biofilm of dental biofilm. A dental biofilm is a community of microorganisms attached to a hard, non-shedding surface. In the oral cavity, hard non-shedding surfaces include teeth, dental restorative materials and fixed or removable dental appliance such dentures. It is this adherence to non-shedding surfaces that allows bacteria in a dental biofilm to have unique characteristics of clinical significance. The stages of biofilm formation:

 * 1) Formation of an acquired pellicle: involves selective absorption of salivary and GCF molecules through an electrostatic affinity with hydroxyapatite.
 * 2) Bacterial transportation: bacteria will readily adhere to the acquired pellicle through adhesins, proteins and enzymes within one to two hours.
 * 3) Reversible interaction: there is electrostatic attraction or hydrophobic interaction between microorganisms and the tooth surface.
 * 4) Irreversible interaction: bacterial adhesins recognise specific host receptors such as pili and outer membrane proteins. The different species of bacteria bind together and require specific receptors to interact with the pellicle.
 * 5) Co-adhesion: there is a natural affinity for oral microorganisms to adhere to one another which is termed co‐adhesion. Co-adhesion involves the adherence of planktonic or single culture cells to already attached organisms on a surface. The organisms which make first contact with the surface and allow the platform for later co-adhesion of bacteria are called early colonisers; they facilitate the formation of complex multispecies dental biofilms.
 * 6) Multiplication: through continued growth and maturation of existing plaque micro-organisms and the further recruitment of later colonisers.
 * 7) Climax community (homeostasis): after a prolonged period of stability, the bacterial community has sufficient nutrients and protection to survive. These complex biofilms are usually found in hard to cleanse areas. Nutrition is provided from dietary consumption of the host for supra-gingival biofilm organisms and from blood and GCF for the sub gingival biofilm organisms.
 * 8) Detachment: from one surface to another or within biofilm allows colonization at remote sites.

Bacteria contained within the biofilm are protected by a slimy extracellular polysaccharide matrix which helps to protect them from the outside environment and chemotherapeutics agents. An example of a chemotherapeutic agent is an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine mouth-rinse or antibiotics. Thus, antibiotics are not generally used in the treatment of periodontal disease, unlike other bacterial infections around the body. The most effective way to control the plaque biofilm is via mechanical removal such as toothbrushing, interdental cleaning or periodontal debridement performed by a dental professional.

Pathogenesis
An individual's host response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Even in a mouth where the gingiva appear healthy, there is constant low-level inflammatory response facilitated by the host to manage the constant bacterial load of plaque micro-organisms. Leukocytes and neutrophils are the main cells that phagocytose bacteria found in the gingival crevice or pocket. They migrate from the tissues in a specialized exudate called gingival crevicular fluid also known as GCF. Neutrophils are recruited to the gingival crevice area as they are signalled to by molecules released by plaque microorganisms. Damage to epithelial cells releases cytokines which attract leukocytes to assist with the inflammatory response. The balance between normal cell responses and the beginning of gingival disease is when there is too much plaque bacteria for the neutrophils to phagocytose and they degranulate, releasing toxic enzymes that cause tissue damage. This appears in the mouth as red, swollen and inflamed gingiva which may bleed when probed clinically or during tooth brushing. These changes are due to increased capillary permeability and an influx of inflammatory cells into the gingival tissues. When gingival disease remains established and the aetiology is not removed, there is further recruitment of cells such as macrophages, which assist with the phagocytic digestion of bacteria, and lymphocytes, which begin to initiate an immune response. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced inside the gingival tissues and further escalate inflammation, which impacts the progression of chronic systemic inflammation and disease. The result is collagen breakdown, infiltrate accumulation as well as collagen breakdown in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone resorption. At this stage, the disease has progressed from gingivitis to periodontitis and the loss of supporting periodontium structure is irreversible.

Risk factors
A risk factor is a variable that in health can be defined as "a characteristic associated with an increased rate of a subsequently occurring disease". Risk factors are variables that contribute to disease, rather than being factors that induce disease. Risk factors may be seen as modifiable and non-modifiable. Modifiable risk factors are often behavioural in nature and can be changed by the individual or environmental circumstances, whereas non-modifiable factors are usually intrinsic to an individual's genetics and cannot be changed. To determine risk factors for a disease, evidence-based research and studies are needed for evidence, with longitudinal studies giving the most statistically significant outcomes and the best reliability for determining risk factors. Risk factors often coexist with other variables, rarely acting alone to contribute to a disease. Risk factors can be genetic, environmental, behavioural, psychological, and demographic in nature.

There are many risk factors that contribute to placing an individual at higher risk for developing gingival and periodontal diseases. However, the only aetiological factor for periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, or biofilm. Identification of one's risk factors plays an important role in the diagnosis, treatment and management of periodontal diseases. It was previously believed that each human being had the same risk of developing periodontal diseases, but through the identification and classification of risk factors, it has become well understood that each individual will have a differing array of risk factors that generate susceptibility and contribute to severity of periodontal disease.

Individual, modifiable risk factors include:

 * Tobacco smoking: tobacco smoking is firmly established as a major risk factor for periodontal disease, with the relationship between smoking exposure and periodontal tissue destruction being supported strongly by various research papers. Smoking decreases the healing abilities of the oral tissues by destroying blood vessels and supply and preventing essential immune-defence organisms from penetrating the tissues. Therefore, pathogenic bacteria are able to destruct the periodontal tissues more rapidly and escalate the severity of disease. Although the clinical signs of inflammation are less pronounced, smokers have a larger portion of sites with deep pocketing depths and loss of clinical attachment when compared with nonsmokers. Smoking cessation and counselling is an integral part of a dental professional's work with periodontal disease patients. Smoking cessation has been proven to prevent progression of periodontal disease and to return the oral microflora to a less pathogenic microbial state.
 * Alcohol consumption: more research needs to be conducted in the form of longitudinal studies on the effects of alcohol on the periodontal tissues. However, current studies suggest that alcohol consumption moderately increases one's risk for progression of periodontal disease.
 * Diabetes Mellitus: diabetes falls under the category of modifiable risk factors as although it cannot be cured, it can be controlled, which greatly helps periodontal disease control. A clear two-way relationship has been established with blood glucose control directly affecting periodontal disease severity and progression, and vice versa. Periodontal disease patients with diabetes mellitus also have poorer healing abilities than those without diabetes, and hence are at an increased risk for more severe diseases if blood glucose control is poor and when healing abilities are affected by systemic disease.
 * Obesity and vitamin D deficiency are both risk factors for periodontal disease that go hand in hand. Obesity is generally associated with a decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables, with an increase in foods high in fat, salt and sugar. Having a poor diet not only contributes to obesity but also results in a lack of essential nutrients, including vitamin C, D, and calcium, which all play important roles in ensuring a healthy immune system and healthy oral tissues and bone.
 * Poor oral hygiene: as plaque is the only aetiological factor for periodontal disease, poor oral hygiene is the most prominent risk factor in initiating, progressing and determining severity of disease. Performing brushing and interdental cleaning is perhaps one of the most effective ways at removing dental plaque biofilm and prevention of periodontal diseases.
 * Cardiovascular disease: not only does poor oral hygiene have a clear relationship with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, high concentrations of cholesterol and the mechanisms of oral bacteria in the process of atherosclerosis may increase in individuals with chronic periodontitis.
 * Stress: various studies have demonstrated that individuals under psychological, ongoing chronic stress are more likely to have clinical attachment loss and decreased levels of alveolar bone due to periodontal destruction. This is due to the increased production of certain immune cells and interleukins, which decrease the defensive mechanisms against pathogenic bacteria, therefore increasing chances of developing periodontal disease.
 * Pregnancy: studies have shown that the oral tissues are affected and altered during pregnancy due to a decreased immune response and increased vascular blood supply and volume systemically. it is important to note that pregnancy does not cause gingival and periodontal diseases but may exacerbate the inflammatory response to a pre-existing disease. It is also important to note that pregnancy does not detract minerals from the oral tissues or teeth as previously thought and heard in old wives' tales. Existing disease often presents during pregnancy due to an altered oral environment, and not merely due to pregnancy causing disease. These effects can be prevented by good oral hygiene through toothbrushing and interdental cleaning.

Non-modifiable risk factors include:

 * Genetics and the host response have been shown to play an important role in periodontal disease development in studies on identical twins and isolated indigenous populations. Periodontal disease also may result due to an abnormal or decreased immune response, rather than aggressive properties of bacterial pathogens.
 * Osteoporosis: in individuals with osteoporosis, studies have shown that alveolar bone is less dense than in a healthy adult. However, this does not demonstrate a relationship with periodontal pathogens or clinical attachment loss, therefore more research is needed to investigate if osteoporosis is a true risk factor for periodontal disease.
 * Drug-induced disorders: many drugs and medications can have an adverse effect on the periodontal tissues, through contributing to various oral conditions such as dry mouth and gingival enlargement (gingival hyperplasia). It is crucial that dental professionals ensure that poly-pharmacy patients have medical history reviewed at each visit to correctly evaluate the patient's risk and determine appropriate course of action for dental treatment.
 * Haematological disorders: important cells and nutrients carried in the blood to the periodontal tissues are crucial for the tissues' defence mechanisms and response to toxins and pathogens, gas exchange and efficient hemostasis. Therefore, red blood cells have a pivotal role in maintaining the health of the periodontium, meaning haematological disorders can have profound detriment to the periodontal tissues and the onset of disease.

Risk characteristics must be considered in conjunction with risk factors as variables that may also contribute to increasing or decreasing one's chances of developing periodontal disease. Numerous studies show that age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, education and genetics also have strong relationships on influencing periodontal disease.

Periodontal disease is multifactorial, requiring dental and oral health professionals to have a clear and thorough understanding of the risk factors and their mechanisms in order to implement effective disease management in clinical practice.

Diagnosis
Periodontitis and associated conditions are recognised as a wide range of inflammatory diseases that have unique symptoms and varying consequences. In order to identify disease, classification systems have been used to categorize periodontal and gingival diseases based on their severity, aetiology and treatments. Having a system of classification is necessary to enable dental professionals to give a label to a patient's condition and make a periodontal diagnosis. A diagnosis is reached by firstly undertaking thorough examination of the patient's medical, dental and social histories, to note any predisposing risk factors (see above) or underlying systemic conditions. Then, this is combined with findings from a thorough intra and extra oral examination. Indices such as the periodontal screening record (PSR) and the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) are also used in making a diagnosis and to order or classify the severity of disease.

If disease is identified through this process, then a full periodontal analysis is performed, often by dental hygienists, oral health therapists, or specialist periodontists. This involves full mouth periodontal probing and taking measurements of pocket depths, clinical attachment loss and recession. Along with this other relevant parameters such as plaque, bleeding, furcation involvement and mobility are measured to gain an overall understanding of the level of disease. Radiographs may also be performed to assess alveolar bone levels and levels of destruction.

Phases of periodontal therapy
Contemporary periodontal treatment is designed based on the trimeric model, and is performed in four phases. These phases are structured to ensure that periodontal therapy is conducted in a logical sequence, consequently improving the prognosis of the patient, in comparison to indecisive treatment plan without a clear goal.

Non-surgical phase
The non-surgical phase is the initial phase in the sequence of procedures required for periodontal treatment. This phase aims to reduce and eliminate any gingival inflammation by removing dental plaque and calculus, restoration from tooth decay and correction of defective restoration, as these all contribute to gingival inflammation, also known as gingivitis. Phase I consists of treatment of emergencies, antimicrobial therapy, diet control, patient education and motivation, correction of iatrogenic factors, deep caries, hopeless teeth, preliminary scaling, temporary splinting, occlusal adjustment, minor orthodontic tooth movement and debridement.

Re-evaluation phase
During this phase, patients are seen 3–6 weeks after initial therapy; it is required to re-evaluate the steps carried out after the phase I therapy. Usually 3–6 week re-evaluation is crucial in severe cases of periodontal disease. The elements which are required to be re-evaluated are the results of initial therapy (phase I therapy), oral hygiene and status, bleeding and plaque scores and a review of diagnosis and prognosis and modification of the whole treatment plan if necessary.

Phase II therapy (surgical phase)
After post-phase I, it is necessary to evaluate the requirement of periodontium for surgery. Factors identifying if the surgical phase is required are: periodontal pocket management in specific situations, irregular bony contours or deep craters, areas of suspected incomplete removal of local deposits, degree II and III furcation involvements, distal areas of last molars with expected mucogingival junction problems, persistent inflammation, root coverage and removal of gingival enlargement.

Phase III therapy (restorative phase)
During this phase, any defects need to be restored with removable or fixed through dental prosthesis, prosthodontics, or other restoration processes.

Phase IV therapy (maintenance phase)
The last phase of periodontal therapy requires the preservation of periodontal health. In this phase, patients are required to re-visit through a scheduled plan for maintenance care to prevent any re-occurrence of the disease. The maintenance phase constitutes the long-term success for periodontal treatment, thus contributing to a long relationship between the oral health therapist, dentist, or periodontist and the patient.

Periodontal and restorative interface
The prognosis of the restorative treatment is determined by the periodontal health. The goals for establishing periodontal health prior to restorative treatment are as follows:

 * 1) Periodontal treatment should be managed to assure the establishment of firm gingival margin prior to tooth preparation for restoration. Absence of bleeding tissue during restorative manipulation provides accessibility and aesthetic outcome.
 * 2) Certain periodontal treatment is formulated to increase sufficient tooth length for retention. Failure to accomplish these methods prior restorations can lead to the complexity or risk of failure of treatment such as impression making, tooth preparation and restoration.
 * 3) Periodontal therapy should follow restorative method as the resolution of gingival inflammation may result in the repositioning of teeth or in soft tissue and mucosal changes.

Standard of periodontal treatment
Non-surgical therapy is the golden standard of periodontal therapy which consists of debridement with a combination of oral-hygiene instructions and patient motivation. It mainly focuses on the elimination and reduction of putative pathogens and shifting the microbial flora to a favourable environment to stabilize periodontal disease. Debridement is thorough mechanical removal of calculus and dental biofilm from the root surfaces of the tooth. Debridement is the basis of treatment for inflammatory periodontal diseases and remains the golden standard for surgical and non-surgical treatment in the initial therapy. It is conducted by hand instrumentation such as curettes or scalers and ultrasonic instrumentation. It requires a few appointments, depending on time and clinician skills, for effective removal of supragingival and subgingival calculus, when periodontal pockets are involved. It can assist in periodontal healing and reduce periodontal pocketing by changing the subgingival ecological environment. Prevention of periodontal disease and maintenance of the periodontal tissues following initial treatment requires the patient's ability to perform and maintain effective dental plaque removal. This requires the patient to be motivated in improving their oral hygiene and requires behaviour change in terms of tooth brushing, interdental cleaning, and other oral hygiene techniques. Personal oral hygiene is often considered an essential aspect of controlling chronic periodontitis. Research has shown that it is important to appreciate the motivation of the patient behaviour changes that have originated from the patient. Patients must want to improve their oral hygiene and feel confident that they have the skills to do so. It is crucial for the clinician to encourage patient changes and to educate the patient appropriately. Motivational interviewing is a good technique to ask open-ended questions and express empathy towards the patient.

Role of the oral health therapist
An oral health therapist is a member of the dental team who is dual-qualified as a dental hygienist and dental therapist. They work closely with dentists and a number of dental specialists including periodontists. It is common for the oral health therapist to be involved in the treatment of gingival and periodontal diseases for patients. Their scope of practice in this area includes oral health assessment, diagnosis, treatment and maintenance and referral where necessary. They also have expertise in providing oral health education and promotion to support the patient to maintain their at-home oral care. Oral health therapists are employed by the dental team to share the responsibilities of care. They are an important asset as they have been uniquely and specifically trained in preventative dentistry and risk minimization. This allows the dental team to work more competently and effectively as dentists can manage more complex treatments or significantly medically compromised patients.

Periodontist
A periodontist is a specialist dentist who treats patients for periodontal-related diseases and conditions. They are involved in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease. Periodontists receive further specialist training in periodontics after completing a dental degree. Periodontists provide treatments for patients with severe gingival diseases or complex medical histories. Periodontists offer a wide range of treatments including root scaling and planing, periodontal surgery, implant surgery and other complex periodontal procedures.

List of procedures performed by a periodontist:

 * non-surgical treatments
 * gum graft surgery
 * laser treatment
 * regenerative procedures
 * dental crown lengthening
 * dental implants
 * pocket reduction procedures
 * plastic surgery procedures

Training
Before applying to any postgraduate training program in periodontology, one must first complete a dental degree.

Canada
Canadian programs are accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation of Canada and are a minimum of three years in length and usually culminate with a master (MSc or MDent) degree. Graduates are then eligible to sit for the fellowship exams with the Royal College of Dentists of Canada. Dentistry is a regulated profession. To become a licensed dentist in Canada one must have a BDS, DDS, or DMD degree and be certified by the National Dental Examining Board of Canada.

United States

The American Dental Association (ADA)-accredited programs are a minimum of three years in length. According to the American Academy of Periodontology, U.S.-trained periodontists are specialists in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases and oral inflammation, and in the placement and maintenance of dental implants. Many periodontists also diagnose and treat oral pathology. Historically, periodontics served as the basis for the speciality of oral medicine. Following successful completion of post-graduate training a periodontist becomes board-eligible for the American Board of Periodontology examination.

Maintenance
After periodontal treatment, whether it be surgical or non-surgical, maintenance periodontal therapy is essential for a long-term result and stabilization of periodontal disease. There is also a difference in the maintenance of different types of periodontal disease, as there are different types, such as:

Gingivitis
The reversible inflammation of the gums is easily prevented by patients. After the removal of the inflammatory product, usually plaque or calculus, this allows the gums room to heal. This is done by patients thoroughly cleaning teeth every day with a soft bristle toothbrush and an interdental aid. This can be floss, interdental brushes, or whatever is preferred by the patient. Without patient compliance and constant removal of plaque and calculus, gingivitis cannot be treated completely and can progress to irreversible periodontitis.

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)
Also acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, it is a type of periodontal disease different than many other periodontal diseases. Clinical characteristics include gingival necrosis (breakdown of the gums), gingival pain, bleeding, halitosis (bad breath), as well as a grey colour to the gingiva and a punched out appearance. It is treated through debridement, usually under local anaesthetic due to immense pain. To maintain and treat the condition completely, a chlorhexidine mouthwash should be recommended to the patient to use twice daily, oral health instruction should be provided (using a soft bristle toothbrush or electric toothbrush twice a day) and an interdental cleaning aid, such as floss or interdental brushes, which cleans the areas that the toothbrush cannot reach. The patient should also be educated on proper nutrition and diet and healthy fluid intake. Smoking cessation should occur not only to completely eradicate the disease but also for the health of the patient. Pain control can be done through ibuprofen or paracetamol/acetaminophen. In the case of an immunocompromised patient, antibiotics should be prescribed. Assessment of treatment should be done after 24 hours of treatment and continued every 3–6 months until signs and symptoms are resolved and gingival health and function restored.

Chronic periodontitis
The inflammation of the gums and irreversible destruction of the alveolar bone and surrounding structures of the teeth, which is usually slow progressing but can have bursts. Local factors explain presence of disease, such as diet, lack of oral hygiene, plaque accumulation, smoking, etc. It is characterized by pocket formation and recession of the gingiva (shrinkage of the gums). Treatment and maintenance are important in stopping disease progression and to resolve the inflammation. Treatment usually consists of scaling and root planning, surgical therapy, and regenerative surgical therapy. After treatment, patient care and regular maintenance check-ups are important to completely eradicate the disease and present its recurrence. This is done through plaque control and removal: twice daily toothbrushing and daily interdental cleaning; chlorhexidine mouthwash can also be effective. The patient should also present to a dentist for maintenance check-ups at least every three months for an in-office check-up and if necessary, plaque control.

title: Periodontology


text:
File talk:WKHughes1.jpg

This image I found already on the web, I believe it is from a publication of the Citizens Electoral Council. I intended to scan in my original cliping of just the November 14 artical, but this one also has a copy of the November 17 artical as well.

title: File talk:WKHughes1.jpg


text:
Semana Musical Llao Llao

Semana Musical Llao Llao is a classical music festival in Argentina. The festival was created in 1993 and is held at the Llao Llao Hotel, near Bariloche. The Festival breaks through the Argentine tradition, and brings classical music to the foothills of the Andes. The festival is held yearly in October.

Past Performers

 * Martha Argerich
 * Yousuko Horigome
 * la Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional
 * Luis Ascot
 * Tommy Tichauer
 * Guelfo Nally
 * University of La Plata Quartet
 * Alejandro Drago
 * Rafael Gintoli
 * Paula Peluso
 * Eduardo Hubert
 * São Paulo Quartet
 * Tartini Chord Quartet
 * Akiko Ebi
 * Ástor Piazzolla Foundation Quintet

title: Semana Musical Llao Llao


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/WikiProject British TV channels

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus, therefore keep. Eugene van der Pijll 18:15, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject British TV channels
I propose deletion, since project inactive since creation in April 2004, therefore nothing major to archive Hiding talk 12:31, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to WikiProject Television Stations--BaronLarf 16:59, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I can see the point of the merge, but leaving a redirect behind seems pointless. How is someone going to type this one in? Hiding  talk 17:47, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep ... for the time being. I created it it, in the hope that other people might join me in bringing all the british TV channels up to scratch. However immediately after I lost my job etc etc, so never really got anywhere with it. Now I realise it has been over a year since I did anything, I'd like the chance to try and get some other members to the project and make it an active project. If I haven't been able to activate it in a month or so then merge into it's parent. MrWeeble 22:18, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Hiding. Radiant_ >|< 12:12, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
George Collingridge

George Collingridge (29 October 1847 – 1 June 1931) was an Australian writer and illustrator best known today for his early assertions of Portuguese discovery of Australia in the 16th century.

Early life
He was born in Oxfordshire, England, educated in Paris (in the 15th arrondissement), served in the Papal Zouaves (alongside his brother Alfred, who died in the Battle of Mentana), and migrated to Australia in 1879 aboard the Lusitania (not the ship of the same name that sank in 1915). He settled in the then isolated area of Berowra, before moving to nearby Hornsby, New South Wales.

Career
Since his French academic qualifications as a "Professeur" were not recognised by Australian universities, he worked as an artist and art teacher, and contributed drawings and articles to local newspapers. He founded the first Australian art magazine, Australian Art: a Monthly Magazine & Journal, and with his brother, Arthur Collingridge (1853 – 1907), was one of the founders of the Royal Art Society of New South Wales.

His publication of The Discovery of Australia in 1895 earned him accolade as a "genius" and as "an authority on geographical matters" from members of the Royal Geographical Society as well as foreign honours: in 1908 he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of Santiago by the King of Portugal. In 1917 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of Isabella la Catolica by the King of Spain. However, not everyone was as complimentary; his official biographer, O.H.K. Spate, described him as of "undisciplined intellect" and lacking a "rigorously judicial habit of mind"; the book was a financial failure; and a proposed scheme to use a simplified version of the book, The First Discovery of Australia and New Guinea (1906), in schools was withdrawn.

Collingridge published "Alice in One Dear Land" in 1922. It is a handmade book with numerous small tipped in plates. Alice is depicted in the Australian bush with a koala, this is the first depiction of "Alice in Wonderland" in an Australian setting.

Collingridge's distant relative, Vanessa Collingridge, published a book on Captain Cook, entitled Captain Cook (2002), and the publication of this book has caused a certain resurgence of interest in George Collingridge in recent years.

He died at Berowra on 1 June 1931 and was buried at Field of Mars Cemetery.

title: George Collingridge


text:
Heathrow Connect

Heathrow Connect was a train service in London provided jointly by Heathrow Express and Great Western Railway (GWR), between Paddington station and Heathrow Airport. The service followed the same route as the non-stop Heathrow Express service but called at certain intermediate stations, connecting several locations in West London with each other, the airport, and Central London. It ran every half-hour throughout the day and evening. The service was launched on 12 June 2005 and ceased on 19 May 2018, when it was absorbed into the TfL Rail concession, in advance of becoming part of the Elizabeth line once it opened on 24 May 2022.

History
In the late 1990s, British Airports Authority (BAA) built an airport rail link from Heathrow Airport to London Paddington station. This opened in June 1998, with non-stop Heathrow Express trains taking just 15minutes between Heathrow and Paddington.

In 2004, First Great Western Link and BAA (the operators of Heathrow Express) planned a stopping service between Heathrow and Paddington, using train paths previously occupied by stopping services from Slough. BAA spent £35million on the project, including the purchase of five new Siemens Desiro Class 360 trains.

In June 2005, the Heathrow Connect branded stopping service between Heathrow and Paddington was launched. Although cheaper than Heathrow Express, the journey took around 25minutes from Paddington, and ran less frequently. One benefit of the new service was that residents of West London (including airport staff) could reach the airport without needing to backtrack via Paddington. Trains were owned and operated by Heathrow Airport Holdings through Heathrow Express.

From the opening of Heathrow Terminal 5 in 2008, Heathrow Connect provided a shuttle service between Heathrow Central and Terminal 4 to connect with Heathrow Express.

In May 2018, Heathrow Connect service were absorbed into TfL Rail ahead of the new Crossrail project. In May 2022, TfL Rail services were rebranded as the Elizabeth line, with through trains running through central London from November 2022. Heathrow Express services will continue to terminate at London Paddington.

Structure
Heathrow Connect had a complex operating structure: Heathrow Airport Holdings (formerly BAA) supplied the rolling stock and on-board staff through its Heathrow Express subsidiary, and owned the track from Airport Junction to the terminals. GWR collected the revenue for journeys between Paddington and Hayes & Harlington, while Heathrow Airport Holdings collected the revenue for journeys between Hayes & Harlington and Heathrow.

Fares
Fares between Paddington and Hayes & Harlington were the same as for GWR services, but the single fare between Hayes and Heathrow was £6.30. Oyster cards, Travelcards and Freedom Passes were not valid between Hayes & Harlington and Heathrow, but could be used throughout the rest of the route. When the service was first introduced in 2005, the fare for the 3 mi journey from Hayes to Heathrow was £6, which at £2 per mile made it one of the most expensive train journeys in the world.

The service was designed principally for the use of airport staff and West London residents for travel to Heathrow or Paddington. With a staff ID card, discounted fares were available for the journey between Hayes and Heathrow.

Heathrow Connect was marketed as a cheaper way to reach Paddington from Heathrow and vice versa, with a single fare of £10.30 (less than half the Heathrow Express fare, but almost double the price of a London Underground journey) and a journey time of 25minutes against the Express time of15 minutes. Passengers were also permitted to use their Railcards to access discounts. Originally it was not intended to be used as a cheaper (but slower) alternative to the Heathrow Express service from Paddington to Heathrow: every Connect service was overtaken by an Express service en route, and at Paddington trains were originally advertised on departure boards as running to Hayes & Harlington only. Standard-class travel between Heathrow Airport terminals was free, and this included Heathrow Connect services.

Route
Heathrow Connect used the relief lines of the Great Western Main Line between Paddington and Airport Junction, replacing some stopping services operated by First Great Western Link. As part of the original Heathrow Express project, these lines were electrified at 25 kV AC overhead as a diversionary route, and featured Automatic Train Protection. An additional flyover bridge was built in 2008 as part of Crossrail works to enable trains to enter or leave the airport spur without crossing any of the Great Western Main Line tracks.

Services initially terminated at Heathrow Central. Following Heathrow Express services being diverted to Terminal 5, from March 2008 Heathrow Connect services were extended to Terminal 4.

The service pattern,, was as follows:
 * Monday-Saturday, Heathrow Connect services ran half-hourly between Paddington and Heathrow Central (for terminals 2 & 3), stopping at Ealing Broadway, West Ealing, Hanwell, Southall and Hayes & Harlington. In early mornings and late evenings, some Heathrow Connect services were extended beyond Heathrow Central to either Terminal 4 or Terminal 5.
 * On Sundays, all Heathrow Connect services were extended to Terminal 4, but did not call at West Ealing or Hanwell. Service frequency was also reduced from half-hourly to hourly.

Rolling stock
Heathrow Connect used five-car electric multiple units. Four were built by Siemens Mobility in Krefeld, Germany for Angel Trains as demonstrator Desiros. One was brought to Northampton Kings Heath Siemens Depot in 2002 before South West Trains' Class 450s were delivered. The others were used at the Wildenrath Test Centre.

All four were purchased by Heathrow Connect and rebuilt before being sent to England. A fifth five-car set was delivered in November 2005, but did not enter service until December 2006. A fifth carriage was added to the original four four-car sets in 2006.

Replacement by TfL Rail
On 20 May 2018, TfL Rail took over the services operated by Heathrow Connect as a precursor to the full opening of the Elizabeth line, which at that time was expected to take place in December 2018.

Fares on the service were integrated into the TfL fare scheme, and therefore matched the fare scheme of London Underground services, with the exception of a premium for single journeys to and from Heathrow using Pay As You Go (Oyster and contactless). Passengers are able to use Oyster cards, Travelcards and Freedom Passes to travel between Hayes & Harlington and Heathrow.

TfL Rail had originally planned to replace the Class 360 units with Class 345s, but due to delays with the signalling system in the Heathrow Airport tunnels and late delivery of Class 345 units, a contingency plan was implemented. The Class 360s were used between London Paddington and Heathrow, supplemented by two Class 345 trains per hour running between London Paddington and the extended bay platform at Hayes & Harlington, until enough Class 345s were delivered. The Class 360s were fully replaced in September 2020.

For the eventual opening of the core of the Elizabeth line in May 2022, the service was given Elizabeth line branding and train paths were extended via the new tunnels at Paddington through Central London, calling at stations such as Bond Street, Liverpool Street and Canary Wharf to Abbey Wood. The line has fully opened as of November 2022. Eastbound trains from Heathrow will terminate at Shenfield or Abbey Wood.

title: Heathrow Connect


text:
Hurricane season

Hurricane season may refer to:
 * Atlantic hurricane season
 * Pacific hurricane season
 * Hurricane Season (novel), 2017 novel by Mexican writer Fernanda Melchor
 * Hurricane Season (2023 film), Mexican film by Elisa Miller based on Fernanda Melchor's novel of the same name
 * Hurricane Season (2009 film), American film by Tim Story
 * Hurricane Season (album), 2011 album by Dan Andriano
 * Sports years of various sports of the Miami Hurricanes of the University of Miami
 * Hurricane Season: Walking on Dead Fish, 2008 documentary film about football in the wake of Katrina directed by Franklin Martin
 * Hurricane Season: A Coach, His Team, and Their Triumph in the Time of Katrina, 2007 book by author Neal Thompson about a football team's success after Hurricane Katrina

title: Hurricane season


text:
Pratique

Pratique is the license given to a ship to enter a port, that indicates to local authorities (on assurance from the captain) that it is free from contagious disease. The clearance granted is commonly referred to as free pratique. A ship can signal a request for pratique by flying a solid yellow square-shaped flag. This yellow flag is the Q flag in the set of international maritime signal flags.

In the event that free pratique is not granted, a vessel will be held in quarantine, according to the customs and health regulations prevailing at the port of entry, typically until a customs or biosecurity officer makes a satisfactory inspection.

Since flying the Q flag involves a request for boarding by Port State Control, it has also become an invitation to Customs to inspect a vessel for dutiable goods or contraband, as in the Rich Harvest case, where a yacht carrying a large quantity of alcohol flew the Q flag in order to seek exemption from having to pay duty during a temporary visit to port. The same vessel was also flying the Q flag when she was boarded in Cape Verde and found to be carrying more than one ton of cocaine. However, although the captain had thereby invited the authorities to make an inspection (being, according to his claim, ignorant of the fact that the boat was carrying contraband), he and the crew were nevertheless arrested for trafficking.

A question over who granted pratique arose with the Ruby Princess COVID-19 incident.

title: Pratique


text:
Berge Østenstad

Berge Østenstad (born 15 September 1964) is a Norwegian chess player and Norway's sixth International Grandmaster. Østenstad plays for the chess club in Asker. He appears on the official FIDE rating list as "Ostenstad, Berge".

Berge Østenstad has won more Norwegian Chess Championships than any other player apart from Simen Agdestein, eight in total. He won in 1984, 1990, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2004 and 2011. He played for Norway in the Chess Olympiads of 1984, 1990 and 2004.

Østenstad gained the title of International Master in 1987. He achieved his first GM norm in Gausdal in 1990, his second in Biel in 1990 and the third in Gothenburg in 2003. His rating peaked the required 2500 in 1991. The Biel norm came after FIDE liberalized the requirements for GM norms by allowing them to be achieved before the tournament ended, and made these changes retroactive.

title: Berge Østenstad


text:
Yara (singer)

Carla Nazih al-Berkashi (كارلا نزيه البرقاشي; born June 1, 1983), known as Yara (يارا), is a Lebanese pop singer. She won the music competition broadcast on LBC "Kass el-Nojoum" in 1998 for which she had made a name by singing "Awedak". She was discovered by Lebanese composer Tarek Abou Jaoudeh. Tarek became her producer, and also chose her stage name, "Yara". Being his protegee, he composed most of her first singles, including "Hob Kbir". Her first album, " Twassa Feyi " released in 2005. The singer also works as an ambassador for the Lebanese Red Cross.

Personal life
Yara who is a Christian, has one sister and one brother.

She is a supporter of FC Barcelona and a fan of the football player Lionel Messi. During a visit to Spain in October 2016, Yara attended the Manchester City vs Barcelona match. Shortly afterwards, Yara was presented with the opportunity to meet with Lionel Messi and other players.

Discography
Albums: Singles:
 * Twassa Feyi (2005)
 * Enta Menni (2008)
 * La'ale' Khalijiya (2009)
 * Ya 3ayesh Bi 3youni (2014)
 * Mou Mehtajkom (2016)
 * M3azzabni L Hawa (2017)

 * Bala'ab Ala Al Makshouf (2021)

Remixes

 * Yara x Douzi x Dj Youcef - Mallet (Harout Zadikian Remix) (2020)

title: Yara (singer)


text:
Talk:Ethyl Corporation

Cleanup
Re the cleanup question: I assume the methyl bromide alludes to the controversy over Ethyl/Albemarle's production of the stuff: see Corpwatch (strongly POV, but it indicates the issues). Tearlach 12:35, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Should there be a section with a heading for TEL? RJFJR 17:13, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Ethyl is part of Newmarket (NYSE:NEU). As a company Ethyl mostly ships fuel additives made by Afton around the world. Ethyl has a marketing and servicing agreement with Innospec (nee Octel) to market and service remaining TEL customers worldwide

The key point about Ethyl is that it managed the shrinkage of the TEL market very nicely while preserving shareholder value. The company divested itself of non-core businesses (aquired during the conglomerate mania of the the 1960s-1980s), aquired complementary businesses to keep its postion as a leading supplier of fuel additives.

As for TEL, Ethyl shut down its TEL operations and bought/buys TEL from Octel (Associated Octel) which was Ethyl's Non-US operations (owned by Great Lakes Chemical Corp) Now Chemtura.Chemtura and ALB were big players in the bromine business. Ethyl needed bromine to make Ethyl Bromide.

GLCC spun out OTL in 1998. Sadly no one wants to be associated with the rich heritage of TEL anymore. So Ethyl changed its name to NewMarket in 2004, and Octel changed its name to Innospec. Of the five TEL plants operating in 1998, there is only one remaining Ellesmere Port UK.

"Lead pollution has increased by over 625% in the past century due in large part to pollution by leaded fuel." While I concur with the rise in lead contamination, the use of lead-based paint for both exterior and interior surfaces until recently outlawed also was a contributing factor to lead contamination. The paint will flake, erode, degrade resulting in a finely divided lead-containing powder. ASIDE: Children living in apartments or other dwelling with interior lead-based paint would consume the chips -- crunchy but sweet. Children in a middle class neighborhood were found to have high blood lead levels though their houses contained no lead-based paint. Investigation found the children were eating lead-based paint from a can in a neighbor's garage -- it tastes like bubblegum. Source: FDA investigator speaking at LSU seminar in the 1970's.  J. R. Madden 17:50, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Note
There is a good deal of information about Ethyl and leaded gasoline that has not been included on this page. I would also note that Mr. Madden is a longstanding Ethyl employee, (See http://www.linkedin.com/in/jamesrmadden) and that this page needs to be flagged for bias. -- Bill Kovarik, Ph.D., wkovarik, April 20, 2010.

 * 2. From what I read, Canada was taken to court by the corporation under NAFTA rules because there are/were limits to the use Ethyl. Whether the Canadian Parliament ended up changing the legislation I do not know, could still be pending, but the whole thing is worth knowing in this context. 144.136.192.45 (talk) 03:13, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

Proposed correction, and comments:
-Although many have found it entertaining to read, Bill Bryson's book contained a number of inaccuracies. This referenced date is one of them. Directly from Ethyl Corporation website: "In 1921 Charles Kettering discovered that a certain combination of chemicals added to gasoline could reduce the noisy and harmful engine “knock” produced by gasoline of that time. Kettering formed the General Motors Chemical Corporation, a joint venture between General Motors and Standard Oil of New Jersey in 1923. A year later, the company became Ethyl Gasoline Corporation and finally, Ethyl Corporation in 1942." (http://www.ethyl.com/index.htm) -"The purpose of a Wikipedia talk page (accessible via the talk or discussion tab) is to provide space for editors to discuss changes to its associated article or project page. Article talk pages should not be used by editors as platforms for their personal views on a subject." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.77.46.220 (talk) 21:00, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

One of the most cynical statements I have ever read on Wikipedia, or anywhere else for that matter...
"The use of tetraethyllead, while toxic, prevented the emissions of many millions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which would have resulted from inefficient engines with lower compression ratios and larger displacement."

The worst thing about this statement is that it is, strictly speaking, true. However, ascribing ANY positives to the use of TEL is patently absurd. If you have the time and/or inclination, I heartily recommend that you read the article written by Jamie Kitman titled "The Secret History of Lead" (http://www.thenation.com/article/secret-history-lead), which documents the fact that Kettering and Midgley knew that ethanol was a perfectly suitable additive to gasoline that would solve both the knocking and compression problems.

At risk of jeopardizing my point, I submit the following: crediting TEL with reducing carbon dioxide emissions is approximately the same as crediting Adolf Hitler with staving off overpopulation. The solution is far, far worse than the problem, and made worse in this case by better (and well-known) alternatives. In summation, I badly want to delete that line (the whole paragraph, in fact) but if I did it would be restored for blanking a section. Instead, I make my case here in the hopes that a consensus can be reached. 2601:1:100:53D:DCBE:26ED:B916:579 (talk) 02:39, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

The other, possibly even MORE cynical, and certainly more disingenuous, part of the -opinion- (vice FACT) in the quoted statement is that the continued use of TEL as "the easy way out" of the engineering challenges regarding more efficient internal combustion engines actually -retarded- the production of such engines for literally DECADES, which is proven by the FACT that such engines became readily and widely available relatively shortly after legislators were forced by the people of this great nation to take action against the poisonous nature of TEL. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.164.128.3 (talk) 02:56, 17 March 2016 (UTC)

Cleanup and Rewrite tags
I have added pov and rewrite tags. This article has almost certainly been cleansed by corporate PR at some point. I have removed the cynical statement referenced in the previous comment, but I don't know enough to fix the article otherwise. 81.99.182.245 (talk) 04:14, 19 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Just came by to add the logo, but yeah, definitely POV issues. Faceless Enemy (talk) 11:42, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ethyl Corporation


text:
Manscape

Manscape is the seventh studio album by the British post-punk group Wire, released in May 1990 by Mute Records. It was produced by David M. Allen, mostly recorded and mixed at RAK Studios, engineered by Roy Spong, and published by Dying Art Ltd.

Background
Manscape saw Wire exploring electronica more deeply than on previous works. Bass and drums were mostly sequenced, and a 1990 UK and European tour saw the band performing live without drummer Robert Gotobed. They played mostly new material from the LP, as well as a few older songs reworked to fit the electronic instrumentation. The rise and evolution of dance music informed the record, while lyrically it remained part cut-up and part obliquely referential.

"The Morning Bell" is about the British public school system, while "Small Black Reptile" is about the political system. The record's centrepiece, "You Hung Your Lights in the Trees/A Craftsman's Touch", spans over ten minutes. Bassist Graham Lewis's wife, Liv Elvander, co-wrote the lyrics for "What Do You See?".

"Life in the Manscape", which was recorded at Worldwide Studios after the album sessions at RAK Studios, was added to the CD version of the album when the RAK sessions had failed to produce a single. The track was released as the album's only single.

The original vinyl release has a significantly different running order and omits "Life in the Manscape", "Stampede" and "Children of Groceries".

Critical reception
In a contemporary review, Entertainment Weekly wrote that the music is "wonderfully crafted, amounting to a textbook in evocative synthesizer sound. It's expressive, too, oscillating between pain and meditations. No matter what discomfort the lyrics might indicate, the music is strangely beautiful." On release the NME's Stuart_Maconie said "Mostly though, 'Manscape' is an idiosyncratic triumph.", giving it a 7 out of 10. AllMusic's retrospective review said, "taken for what it is, Manscape is edgy, brainy dance music, but taken as part of the largely brilliant Wire oeuvre, it's a disappointment." Trouser Press thought the album was soulless and called it "Wire's absolute nadir."

In their 2015 "Wire Albums from Worst to Best" list, Stereogum ranked it 14th out of 15, writing, "There are flashes of intriguing material, like "Sixth Sense" ... "Small Black Reptile" is a fun slice of atmospheric pop, and "Torch It" even approaches Nine Inch Nails, if Trent Reznor sounded like a more distinguished British punk. But beyond these few highlights, so much of the album gets lost in meandering MIDIscapes that remove both the edge and the character from the band's songwriting. Add to that the slap-bass keyboard patches and flanger-heavy fuzz guitar, and for all of the things that Manscape does right, it's still an album that sounds hopelessly trapped in the early '90s."

Track listing
All tracks written by Bruce Gilbert, Robert Gotobed, Graham Lewis and Colin Newman, except as indicated.
 * 1) "Life in the Manscape" – 3:28
 * 2) "Stampede" – 4:35
 * 3) "Patterns of Behaviour" – 4:33
 * 4) "Other Moments" – 3:50
 * 5) "Small Black Reptile" – 3:14
 * 6) "Torch It!" – 7:31
 * 7) "Morning Bell" – 4:22
 * 8) "Where's the Deputation?" – 3:51
 * 9) "What Do You See?" (Liv Elvander, Gilbert, Gotobed, Lewis, Newman) – 6:47
 * 10) "Goodbye Ploy" – 3:50
 * 11) "Sixth Sense" – 4:19
 * 12) "Children of Groceries" – 3:03
 * 13) "You Hung Your Lights in the Trees/A Craftsman's Touch" – 10:03

 * UK Vinyl Version (Mute STUMM 80)

 * 1) "Patterns of Behaviour" – 4:16
 * 2) "Goodbye Ploy" – 3:47
 * 3) "Morning Bell" – 4:19
 * 4) "Small Black Reptile" – 3:12
 * 5) "Torch It!" – 7:25
 * 6) "Other Moments" – 3:47
 * 7) "Sixth Sense" – 4:18
 * 8) "What Do You See? (Welcome)" (Elvander, Gilbert, Gotobed, Lewis, Newman) – 6:46
 * 9) "Where's the Deputation?" – 3:46
 * 10) "You Hung Your Lights in the Trees / A Craftsman's Touch" (edited) – 7:19

Personnel

 * Wire
 * Colin Newman
 * Graham Lewis
 * Bruce Gilbert
 * Robert Gotobed
 * Production
 * David M. Allen – production
 * Roy Spong – engineer on [2-13] (at RAK Studios)
 * Paul Kendall – engineer on [1] (at Worldwide Studios)
 * Joe Gibb – engineer on [1] (at Konk Studios)
 * Jon Wozencroft – design
 * Neville Brody – design

title: Manscape


text:
Talk:Peter Falk

german ancestors
the names Falk and Hochhauser are german family names. not polish, russian or jewish. so, his ancestors came from Germany or Austria. 2001:9E8:B401:1000:D518:17:FFE9:B93F (talk) 08:47, 29 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The names are not Polish or Russian but "typically Jewish" names are often German names. Just consider Rothschild. So I understand the point of his comment. Str1977 (talk) 22:06, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Falk


text:
Prince of Peace

Prince of Peace may refer to:

In religion

 * "Prince of Peace" in Isaiah 9 in the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible
 * interpreted by Christians as a Christian messianic prophecy referring to Jesus Christ
 * interpreted by Jews in other ways as Pele-joez-el-gibbor-abi-ad-sar-shalom

Churches and religious establishments

 * Prince of Peace Lutheran Church, Woodridge, Illinois, U.S.
 * St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church (Mobile, Alabama), now known as Prince of Peace Church
 * Prince of Peace Votive Church, Nombre de Dios (mission), St. Augustine, Florida, U.S.
 * Tigoni Conventual Priory (the Prince of Peace Conventual Priory), Tigoni, Nairobi Province, Kenya
 * Prince of Peace Abbey in Oceanside, California, U.S, founded by St. Meinrad Archabbey
 * Prince of Peace Parish, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Schools and colleges

 * Prince of Peace Preparatory, a school in Clinton, Iowa, U.S.
 * and 2 other schools in Iowa
 * Prince of Peace Lutheran College, Everton Hills, North Brisbane, Australia
 * Prince Of Peace Academy, parish of Mother of God Roman Catholic Church (Covington, Kentucky)
 * Prince of Peace Catholic Church and School, a school in Hoover, Alabama, U.S.
 * Prince of Peace Catholic Schools, former names for Shawe Memorial High School and Pope John XXIII Elementary, Madison, Indiana. U.S.
 * Prince of Peace Catholic School, a grade school in Plano, Texas, U.S.
 * Prince of Peace Catholic School, a grade school in Taylors, South Carolina, U.S.
 * Prince of Peace Catholic School, an elementary school in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
 * Prince of Peace Christian School, a K-12 school is Plano, Texas, U.S.

Music

 * Prince of Peace, 1969 album by Johnny Nash
 * Prince of Peace: Radio Broadcast 1970, album by Leon Russell
 * "Prince of Peace", single from 2016 album Of Dirt and Grace: Live from the Land by Hillsong United
 * "Prince of Peace", song by Crowbar (Canadian band)
 * "Prince of Peace", track on 2007 album Ilembe by Ladysmith Black Mambazo
 * "Prince of Peace", track on 1973 album Izipho Zam (My Gifts) by Pharoah Sanders
 * "Prince of Peace", track by Paul Revere & the Raiders from their 1971 album Indian Reservation

Other uses

 * Prince of the Peace (title), a non-hereditary title in the peerage of Spain
 * Prince of Peace (Indian film), an unrealized Indian film by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao, starring Pawan Kalyan as Jesus Christ
 * The Lawton Story of The Prince of Peace, a 1948 American film
 * Prince of Peace, 2003 portrait by Akiane
 * Prince of Peace, novel by James Carroll (author) (born 1943)
 * Prince of Peace, a book by Isabella Macdonald Alden

title: Prince of Peace


text:
Expresso (newspaper)

Expresso is a flagship weekly publication of the Impresa Group for Portugal.

History
Expresso was first published on 6 January 1973. The founder was Francisco Pinto Balsemão. The paper is based in Lisbon and is published on a weekly basis. The newspaper is part of the Portuguese company Impresa, which also controls various magazines, including Caras and Visão, among others.

Expresso was published in broadsheet format until September 2006 when it switched to Berliner format. It is the first Portuguese paper to be published in Berliner format.

A weekly newspaper, it incorporates various supplements, covering general news, business, sports, international news, entertainment, society, a magazine, recruitment and real estate classified supplements, as well as having a site on the Internet. It is particularly known for its editorial independence and its probing political reporting.

The Prémio Pessoa is a notable Portuguese award instituted in 1987 by Expresso and the Unisys Company. It is one of the most reputed prizes awarded in Portugal, named after the poet Fernando Pessoa. In 1980 Expresso, in partnership with SDG – Simuladores e Modelos de Gestão – created the Global Management Challenge, a strategic management competition for university students.

In 2014, Expresso was the recipient of the Meios and Publicidade award in the category of weekly generalist publication. The paper received the European Newspaper Award in 2006 and in 2015 in the category of weekly newspaper.

Circulation
The circulation of Expresso was 138,000 copies during the period between January and September 2000. Between January and March 2003 its circulation was 142,000 copies, making it the best-selling newspaper in Portugal.

Expresso was again the best-selling newspaper in the country with a circulation of 118,000 copies in 2007. Its circulation was 117,507 copies in 2008. The 2011 circulation of the paper was 108,923 copies. The paper sold 93,707 copies between September and October 2013. It dropped to 71,465 copies between January and August 2015.

title: Expresso (newspaper)


text:
Hopi Reservation

The Hopi Reservation is a Native American reservation for the Hopi and Arizona Tewa people, surrounded entirely by the Navajo Nation, in Navajo and Coconino counties in northeastern Arizona, United States. The site has a land area of 2,531.773 sq mi (6,557.262 km2) and, as of the 2020 census had a population of 7,791.

The two nations formerly shared the Navajo–Hopi Joint Use Area until the Navajo–Hopi Land Settlement Act created an artificial boundary through the area. The partition of this area, commonly known as Big Mountain, by acts of Congress in 1974 and 1996, has resulted in continuing controversy.

The system of villages unites three mesas in the Pueblo style traditionally used by the Hopi. Walpi is the oldest village on First Mesa, having been established in 1690 after the villages at the foot of mesa Koechaptevela were abandoned for fear of Spanish reprisal after the 1680 Pueblo Revolt. The Tewa people live on First Mesa. Hopi also occupy the Second Mesa and Third Mesa. The community of Winslow West is off-reservation trust land of the Hopi tribe.

The Hopi Tribal Council is the local governing body consisting of elected officials from the various reservation villages. Its powers were given to it under the Hopi Tribal Constitution.

The Hopi consider their life on the reservation (in particular, the traditional clan residence, the spiritual life of the kivas on the mesa, and their dependence on corn) an integral and critically sustaining part of the "fourth world". Hopi High School is the secondary education institute for reservation residents. Hopi Radio, a station with a mix of traditional Hopi and typical American programming is run for the reservation and provides internships for Hopi High School.

Communities

 * Keams Canyon
 * Lower and Upper Moenkopi
 * Polacca
 * Winslow West
 * Yuuwelo Paaki (Spider Mound)
 * New Oraibi (Kiqotsmovi, Kykotsmovi)

First Mesa

 * Waalpi (Walpi)
 * Hanoki (Hano or Tewa)
 * Sitsomovi (Sichomovi)

Second Mesa

 * Songoopavi (Shongopavi)
 * Musangnuvi (Mishongnovi)
 * Sipawlavi (Shipaulovi)

Third Mesa

 * Hoatvela (Hotevilla)
 * Paaqavi (Bacavi)
 * Munqapi (Moencopi)
 * Orayvi (Oraibi)

Time zone
The Hopi Reservation lies within the Mountain Time Zone, like most of Arizona, but unlike the surrounding Navajo Nation, it does not observe daylight saving time.

Aerial views
Aerial views looking north along the central three of the reservation's five major washes, from west to east:

title: Hopi Reservation


text:
South Africa national rugby league team

The South Africa national rugby league team to date have competed at two Rugby League World Cups in 1995 and 2000.

Rugby league was originally introduced to South Africa in the 1950s with the staging of several series tournaments within the country that saw fixtures between the English and the French however this concept failed to generate the needed interest and was not upheld. The South Africans did not see further international rugby league until the 1960s where the first national side undertook fixtures against the visiting British and a tour to Australia. From the 1960s onwards the international fixture list for the South Africans was minimal and it was not until the early 1990s when they began to play with some lasting regularity.

Since they began playing international rugby league South Africa have always found it difficult to compete against the more established nations and so progress and improvement have been slow. Possibly their greatest achievement to date has been the qualification and participation in two World Cups in both 1995 and 2000 where South Africa failed to win a fixture after being seeded in tough groups at both tournaments where they had to play world champions Australia along with England, Fiji, France, Papua New Guinea and Tonga.

South Africa traditionally play in a predominately green uniform with black shorts, they have commonly been referred to as The Rhinos since the early 1990s. The South African emblem is a red and yellow King Protea plant which is the national flower of South Africa. South African internationals are played at a variety of venues throughout the country with no singular home ground being used.

It has often been said that South Africa has great potential for rugby league, but the sport has a relatively low profile in the country with rugby union being the predominant and more established code. This is exacerbated by the fact that very few schools offer rugby league as an extracurricular activity and there are relatively few youth clubs. The popularity of the South Africa national rugby union team and South Africa national rugby sevens team in the country further hinders the development of rugby league as potential players are groomed to play in the national and provincial Rugby union teams and the national Rugby sevens team from a young age.

History
Rugby league first gained attention in South Africa when the English and French attempted expansion in the 1950s for the purpose of creating further international opposition. Three games were then played between the two nations on the continent but both sides viewed the matches as nothing more than friendly fixtures so never undertook the games in a serious manner and the public never subsequently took to the three exhibition games. Though rugby league was only seriously played in South Africa beginning in the 1950s, the sport was not unknown to South Africans prior to that decade; for example, a number of notable black and Coloured rugby union players, such as David Barends, Green Vigo, and Enslin Dlambulo, code-switched from union to league and moved overseas, in part because of the allure of professionalism, while also escaping the apartheid regime.

Over the next several years, rugby league lay dormant in South Africa and it was not until the 1960s when talks of creating a national side began. After much discussion within South Africa, it was eventually agreed for a national side to play a touring Great Britain and then undertake a tour of Australasia. The first South African national side played their first competitive fixture on 23 August 1962 and put on a good showing against the much stronger British but eventually lost by nineteen points 49–30. The following two fixtures turned out to be much the same with the South Africans being defeated on another two occasions but putting in good performances whilst never being comprehensively beaten. The South Africans embarked on their first tour eleven months later with a twenty-four-man squad that included several former Springboks. The tour started with several friendly fixtures against various minor representative sides where they gained two comfortable victories; the first international fixture of the tour took place in Brisbane against the world champion Australians and the South Africans performed with courage but eventually lost the match 34–6. The following test was played a week later in Sydney that again saw the team put in a tough effort but lost again 54–21. South Africa left Australia without an international win and be low on confidence heading to New Zealand to play a sole fixture against the New Zealand national side whom were expected to win comfortably. However, the match turned out to be a tough encounter and surprisingly saw the team gain its first international victory 4–3 The South Africans featured several Australian players bought in to cover injuries and improve the quality of the side and so the match against New Zealand is not counted as a test match.

After this first string of international fixtures the South Africans became disheartened after only winning four of the thirteen tour matches and rugby league again lay dormant for decades.

The Rugby League World Cup tournament had been scheduled to be held in France in 1965, this time with the inclusion of the South African team. However the tournament was abandoned.

The early 1990s saw new South African administrators begin to rebuild the international facet of South African rugby. During 1992, the South African national side again played for the first time in years against several combined African representative teams and the following years saw things look more promising for the Africans with their qualification into the 1995 World Cup and more regularity in international fixtures. Their first World Cup saw the South Africans seeded into the toughest group of the competition containing Australia, England and Fiji. The South Africans found their three group matches extremely difficult and failed to win a match during the tournament.

2000- present
The following years saw the South Africans play on an inconsistent basis against several touring sides and qualify for their second consecutive World Cup in 2000. Leading into the tournament they were hopeful of gaining their first Cup win after being drawn into an easier yet still competitive group with France, Papua New Guinea and Tonga. After initial optimism leading into the competition the South Africans faced Tonga in their first world cup fixture and be comprehensively beaten 66–18. The following world cup matches added further disappointment and diminish all optimism the South Africans originally had with further heavy losses to both Papua New Guinea and the French.

After a second disappointing World Cup the side again began playing irregularly with one off fixtures over the next several years and it was not until 2006 when they again undertook another tour. A tour to Italy was undertaken in June 2006, which saw the South Africans play in two tests and a nines competition in Montelanico.

In 2008, the South Africa Rhinos were scheduled to participate in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup Qualifiers in the Atlantic pool also featuring the USA, Japan and the West Indies. The winner of the tournament entered into the repecharge round for the chance to qualify for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. South Africa withdrew alongside the West Indies due to financial reasons, leaving the tournament as a one off fixture between the US and Japan. As a result of their withdrawal South Africa forfeited the opportunity to qualify for the World Cup.

In 2011 however, the South Africa national rugby league team participated in the Atlantic Qualification Tournament as part of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup Qualifiers. The winner of the tournament qualified for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup that is to be held in England and Wales. Despite beating Canada 36–22 in a warm-up match before the beginning of the tournament, South Africa nevertheless lost to USA 40–4 in the opening match of the tournament.

In 2015 South Africa were confirmed to take on Lebanon in a one-off 2017 Rugby League World Cup qualifier in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. However the match was shifted to a two match playoff in Pretoria, South Africa due to a controversial arrest of the leader of UAE rugby league who was in charge of organizing the initial match at the Dubai Sports City complex.

Current squad

 * Coby Thomas
 * Kamren Cryer
 * Joel Tubbs
 * Shane Gillham
 * Marcelle Viljoen
 * Jason King
 * Ash Bull
 * Jason Cutler
 * Bevan De Vries
 * Keegan Turner
 * Ayden Perry
 * Gideon Mzembe
 * Joshua Hill
 * Kalum Gulliver-Brown
 * Chelsea Adams
 * Harry Blake
 * Reilly Canning
 * Hershelle Classen
 * Will Shears
 * Luke de Vlieg
 * Jason Smith
 * Bradley Sparrow
 * Ethan Sweet
 * Jovan Pienaar
 * Byron Hutchinson
 * Kobe Martin

Notable players
Since rugby league has been known to the nation of South Africa since the 1950s many players of South African birth or heritage have gone on to attain notability in representing either South Africa, other nations or appearing in major domestic leagues around the world, some of the more notable South Africans have included:

Record

 * Below is a list of test matches played by the South Africa XIII up until 13 November 2023.

2009

 * SA (34) vs British defence Force (38)
 * SA (12) vs Australian Universities (42)
 * SA "A" (24) vs British community Lions (42)
 * SA (6) vs British community Lions (36)

title: South Africa national rugby league team


text: User talk:69.172.8.83

title: User talk:69.172.8.83