text:
M1 (Johannesburg)

The M1 De Villiers Graaff motorway is a metropolitan route and major freeway in the City of Johannesburg, South Africa. The highway connects the southern areas (including Booysens, Eldorado Park and Soweto) with the city centre and extends further north through Sandton into the Ben Schoeman Highway towards Pretoria. Construction began in 1962 and resulted in the demolition of many properties and houses including numerous historical Parktown Mansions.

Route
The M1 officially starts at the M68 (Columbine Avenue) Interchange in Southgate, Johannesburg South, just east of the Southgate Shopping Centre and west of Mondeor. South of this interchange, it is designated as the R82 towards Walkerville and Vereeniging. The M1 begins by heading northwards from the M68 off-ramp to reach the Uncle Charlie's Interchange with the N12 highway (Southern Bypass) in Ridgeway (west southbound interchange only). It continues north-east towards the city centre as a freeway, passing Ormonde and Booysens, and meets the M2 highway (Francis Oberholzer Freeway) at the Crown Interchange (which is immediately south-west of the Johannesburg CBD). The M1 then proceeds north-north-east through the leafy northern suburbs of Johannesburg such as Parktown, and the industrial area separating Sandton and Alexandra. The M1's northern terminus is at the Buccleuch Interchange, where it meets with the N1 (Western Bypass) and the N3 (Eastern Bypass) highways of Johannesburg and becomes the Ben Schoeman Highway (N1) to Pretoria.

The part of the M1 in Sandton, between Corlett Drive and the Buccleuch Interchange is maintained by SANRAL. Signage and extra lanes have been upgraded in 2010 with the "Gauteng Freeway Improvement Project" (GFIP). The section between Corlett Drive and a portion south of the CBD is maintained by the Johannesburg Roads Agency (JRA) with the remainder to the South also maintained by the provincial government. The northern section maintained by the Gauteng Provincial Government is also designated the P206-1.

Speed limits, which are strictly enforced, change as one gets nearer to the centre of Johannesburg, from 100 km/h in the northern section, beginning at the Buccleuch interchange, finally dropping to 80 km/h near the city centre. South of the CBD, the speed limit again increases. Before an upgrade in 2012, the speed limit was 120 km/h on the provincial government maintained stretch in Sandton, dropping to 100 km/h as it ran through the Northern Suburbs of Johannesburg (from the start of the JRA maintained section before Corlett Drive). However, subsequent to rehabilitation work in 2012, the limit in the northern section was also dropped to 100 km/h.

Background
Both the M1 and M2 motorways have their beginnings in a 1948 traffic planning scheme developed by the Johannesburg City Council and examined by American traffic engineering consultant Lloyd B. Reid in 1954. Two 10-year plans examined among other things the idea of new urban motorways and improving existing highways. The plan called for two motorways, one running east–west along the southern CBD and the other running to north–south on the western side of the CBD. The plan was linked to national and provincial governments plan by the National Transport Commission for the Western and Eastern Bypasses, the future N1 and N3 in northern Johannesburg.

The plan for the original motorway began in Bramley at Corlett Drive and headed south through Killarney and Parktown before cutting through the ridge between the University of the Witwatersrand and the Milner Park Agricultural Showgrounds and then over the Braamfontein railway yards through Newtown to the east–west interchange. From there it would cross Crown Mines land and head southwards past Robertsham to another proposed interchange and future Western Bypass (N12) before ending at the beginning of the Kimberley Road.

Ground was broken for the new North-South Motorway on 28 May 1962 by Transport Minister Ben Schoeman, Administrator of the Transvaal, F.H. Odendaal and Johannesburg Mayor, Keith Flemming, just north of the Braamfontein Yards, site of the first bridge on the elevated motorway. The first section would be opened in the CBD in 1967 and rest of the motorway between 1972 and 1974.

A two three-lane motorway was planned with large medians for breakdowns, elevated in the Central business district (CBD) as it crossed the Braamfontein railway yards and then became a double-decker motorway south through to an interchange near Westgate where it met the East-West Motorway (M2). The speed limit was set at between 80 km/h in the city, increased to 100 km/h and was set to reach 110 km/h the further one proceeded from the CBD.

The motorway is named after the white South African opposition leader and United Party head, Sir De Villiers Graaff.

1956
An early long-term motorway plan was envisaged for a future Johannesburg. The first was a north–south motorway of 18.4 km stretching from Westgate just south of the Johannesburg CBD to connect up with the existing main Pretoria Road, 5.6 km outside the Johannesburg municipal boundary in the northern suburbs. The Westgate section would connect up with an east/west motorway running just south of the Johannesburg CBD. A third section involved the reconfiguration of roads to form an eastern CBD bypass connecting the north–south motorway with Saratoga Avenue.

1958
Improvements began on Harrow Road (Joe Slovo Drive) to widen and deepen the road and included new bridges crossing over it at Joel Road, Alexandra Street and Barnato Street. Where Harrow Street met Louis Botha Avenue in Berea, this was to become an underpass of the latter. At the southern end of Harrow Road, a flyover would cross Saratoga Avenue and would eventually connect with the redesigned Siemert and Sivewright Roads.

1959
Planning began for six-lane bridge that would have to cross the Braamfontein Railway Yard and would be part of the M1 motorway to connect the city with its northern and southern suburbs.

1962
Construction finally began in 1962 on the Braamfontein Railway Bridge in Braamfontein required to connect the future M1 north and southern motorways. The Johannesburg City Engineer Department began its planning for the M1 motorway, that included a motorway from the Braamfontein Railway Bridge under construction, south to a future Westgate Interchange and included a double-decker section above Goch Street.

The construction on the Sivewright Road / Berea Street and the Siemert Road / End Street reconfiguration, important to connecting the future eastern bypass connecting the M1 in the northern suburbs at the proposed Killarney interchange with the M2 East at the proposed Heidelberg Interchange, was nearing completion. Both road reconfigurations were situated in Doornfontein, east of the Johannesburg CBD.

1963
The Johannesburg City Engineer Department continued its engineering work on plans for Goch Street double-decker section of the future M1 North route. Planning also started on a future M1 South bridge and interchange at Xavier Street in Robertsham.

1964
Johannesburg City Engineer Department's planning was completed on the Goch Street double-decker section on the future M1 northern route. The design called for a 1,100 m section made up of a 500m double-decker motorway and two 300m sections on either end of the main section.

Planning begun on the M1 motorway, heading northwards, in Braamfontein to construct a cutting through what then was known as the University Ridge. This route would separate the Witwatersrand Agricultural Society grounds and the University of Witwatersrand. Also planned was a forty-metre bridge allowing Showground Road (now Enoch Sontonga Avenue) to cross the new motorway slightly south of the new cutting.

Other essential road changes became important in accessing the planned motorways. Booysens Road was widened to become a dual carriageway to connect with the future M1 on its southern route. The Harrow Road (Joe Slovo Drive) scheme was completed. Work continued on the Berea-Sivewright motorway bypass works.

1965-1966
On the M1 motorway northern route, contracts were awarded for work from Braamfontein through University Ridge to Rockridge Road in Parktown. As the motorway was to cross under Jan Smuts Avenue on this section, work was begun on an underpass. Work that had started on the eastern-bypass, the Berea-Sivewright Street section, was completed.

At the southern end of the M1 Goch Street double-decker section, work began on the Westgate Interchange that would connect the M1 and M2 motorways, but work was problematic when mine workings below the site became an issue.

On the M1 southern section, work was begun on the Xavier Street Bridge and the Crown Gardens Interchange. While on the M1 northern section just past the end of the new Braamfontein Railway bridge, work started on the Smit Street Interchange in Braamfontein.

1968
On the M1 North, the Goch Street double decker and its two ends, a connection to a future Westgate Interchange and Braamfontein Railway bridge, were completed. Kimberly Road reconfiguration was also completed and would connect the road to the M1 South at the southern end of the motorway on the latter's completion. Work on the Siemert Road / End Street route making up part of the eastern bypass was completed. Empire Road and Oxford Road's connections to the M1 northern route had been realigned and re-orientated.

1969
In March 1969, the 2.4 km West Street to Braamfontein connection begun on the remaining sections, costing R10.3 million of which the land cost R2 million, that would connect both the M1 and M2. During October 1969, the M1 northern motorway section from De Korte Street in Braamfontein to Sherbourne Avenue, Parktown was opened.

1970
In February 1970 the Smit Street off-ramp, just north of Braamfontein Railway Bridge, opened connecting the M1 to Braamfontein. Project work on part of the eastern bypass to connect the M1 North with M2 east was completed on Siemert Road and End Street and was awaiting the completion of the Heidelberg Interchange.

1971
In January 1971 construction started on the last section of the M1 northern motorway from Parktown to Bramley. Construction of the Crown Interchange on the M1/M2 was postponed when the tenders received were consider too expensive. Work began on improving the roads connecting to the M1 on Oxford Avenue, Corlett Drive and Jan Smuts Avenue in Rosebank.

1972
More motorway on the M1 north was opened extending it from Parktown to Houghton when the 11th Avenue (R25) offramps were completed. The Crown Interchange tender on the M1/M2 was finally awarded and a completion date set for 1974. Heidelberg Interchange on the M2 eastern section was opened and connected the eastern CBD bypass to the M1 in the northern suburbs.

1973
M1 in the northern suburbs was extended from Houghton's 11th Avenue (R25) offramp to Glenhove Road in Oaklands. Part of the Crown Interchange connecting to the Westgate Interchange was now open. Work on the M1 South from the Crown Interchange was under construction.

1974
M1 in the northern suburbs was now completed to Bramley at Corlett Drive and connected the motorway and Johannesburg to the Provincial and National government's N1 Ben Schoeman Highway and Pretoria. The M1 South was finally connected to Kimberley Road (now the R553 Golden Highway) on 16 August 1974.

Final cost
The final cost of the twelve-year M1 and M2 project was R85.5 million through the awarding of twenty-seven contracts. The Provincial and National government's contributed R21 million of the final cost while land acquisitions represented 19% of the final cost. The project moved 8.3 million cubic metres of land made up of 0.3 million cubic metres of rock, 8 million cubic metres of slime and earth. Eighty new bridges were constructed, and ten mine dumps moved. Seventy kilometres of drainage pipes were laid and 500,000 cubic metres of concreted poured.

Junctions list
{| class="plainrowheaders wikitable" !scope=col|Municipality !scope=col|Location !scope=col|km !scope=col|mi !scope=col|Junction !scope=col|Destinations !scope=col|Notes
 * rowspan="25"|Johannesburg
 * rowspan="6"|Johannesburg South
 * 0.0
 * 0.0
 * 1 - Columbine Ave
 * Soweto, Southgate, Mondeor
 * 1.4
 * 0.0
 * 2 - Uncle Charlie's Interchange
 * Southern Bypass
 * Southbound exit and entry
 * 2.0
 * 0.0
 * 4 - Golden Highway
 * Southgate, Eldorado Park, Lenasia
 * Southbound exit and entry
 * 3.8
 * 0.0
 * 5 - Xavier Street
 * Ormonde, Robertsham, Ridgeway
 * 5.4
 * 0.0
 * 7 - Booysens Road
 * Booysens
 * 7.9
 * 0.0
 * 9 - Roodepoort
 * West to Crown, City West, Mayfair, Roodepoort
 * rowspan="4"|Johannesburg CBD
 * 8.5
 * 0.0
 * 10 - City
 * East
 * Northbound exit and entry
 * 0.0
 * 0.0
 * 10C - City
 * West
 * Southbound exit and entry
 * 10.1
 * 0.0
 * 11 - Carr Street
 * Newtown, Fordsburg, Johannesburg CBD
 * Northbound exit only, Southbound entrance
 * 10.6
 * 0.0
 * 12 - Smit Street
 * Braamfontein, Hillbrow, Johannesburg CBD
 * rowspan="3"|Parktown
 * 11.5
 * 0.0
 * 13 - Empire Road
 * Parktown, Braamfontein, Hillbrow
 * Northbound exit only, Southbound entrance and exit
 * 12.1
 * 0.0
 * 14A - Jan Smuts Avenue
 * Parktown
 * 12.8
 * 0.0
 * 14B - St Andrews Road
 * Parktown
 * Northbound entrance, Southbound exit
 * rowspan="1"|Forrest Town
 * 13.2
 * 0.0
 * 15 - Oxford Road
 * Forrest Town
 * Northbound exit, Southbound entrance
 * rowspan="3"|Houghton
 * 15.0
 * 0.0
 * 16 - 1st Avenue
 * Houghton Estate
 * Southbound exit Houghton Drive, Houghton
 * 16.0
 * 0.0
 * 17 - Riviera Road
 * Killarney, Houghton Estate
 * Northbound entrance, Southbound exit
 * 16.0
 * 0.0
 * 17 - 11th Avenue
 * Riviera, Houghton Estate
 * Northbound exit, Southbound entrance
 * rowspan="2"|Melrose
 * 16.4
 * 0.0
 * 19 - Glenhove Road
 * Melrose, Oaklands
 * 18.6
 * 0.0
 * 20 - Atholl / Oaklands Road
 * Melrose North, Abbottsford
 * rowspan="1"|Bramley
 * 20.0
 * 0.0
 * 22 - Corlett Drive
 * Inanda, Melrose North, Bramley
 * rowspan="3"|Sandton
 * 22.3
 * 0.0
 * 23 - Grayston Drive
 * Sandton, Atholl Gardens, Wynberg, Alexandra
 * 24.5
 * 0.0
 * 26 - Marlboro Drive
 * Morningside, Sandown, Wendywood, Marlboro
 * 27.6
 * 0.0
 * 29 - Woodmead Drive
 * Wendywood, Woodmead, Buccleuch
 * rowspan="3"|Buccleuch
 * 29.2
 * 0.0
 * 104A - Buccleuch Interchange
 * Western Bypass
 * Northbound exit, Southbound entry
 * 29.8
 * 0.0
 * 104B - Buccleuch Interchange
 * Eastern Bypass
 * Northbound exit, Southbound entry - M1 ends and route continues as the N1 Ben Schoeman Highway
 * 20.0
 * 0.0
 * 22 - Corlett Drive
 * Inanda, Melrose North, Bramley
 * rowspan="3"|Sandton
 * 22.3
 * 0.0
 * 23 - Grayston Drive
 * Sandton, Atholl Gardens, Wynberg, Alexandra
 * 24.5
 * 0.0
 * 26 - Marlboro Drive
 * Morningside, Sandown, Wendywood, Marlboro
 * 27.6
 * 0.0
 * 29 - Woodmead Drive
 * Wendywood, Woodmead, Buccleuch
 * rowspan="3"|Buccleuch
 * 29.2
 * 0.0
 * 104A - Buccleuch Interchange
 * Western Bypass
 * Northbound exit, Southbound entry
 * 29.8
 * 0.0
 * 104B - Buccleuch Interchange
 * Eastern Bypass
 * Northbound exit, Southbound entry - M1 ends and route continues as the N1 Ben Schoeman Highway
 * 104A - Buccleuch Interchange
 * Western Bypass
 * Northbound exit, Southbound entry
 * 29.8
 * 0.0
 * 104B - Buccleuch Interchange
 * Eastern Bypass
 * Northbound exit, Southbound entry - M1 ends and route continues as the N1 Ben Schoeman Highway
 * Northbound exit, Southbound entry - M1 ends and route continues as the N1 Ben Schoeman Highway

Traffic
The M1 Motorway, after it opened in 1974, was already carrying around 40,000 vehicles a day in each direction while near the central CBD area, 5,500 vehicles per hour were being recorded.

Congestion
The M1 experiences significant traffic congestion during a typical rush hour. Several public transport systems, including bus rapid transit and the Gautrain railway system aim to alleviate some of the traffic on the M1.

title: M1 (Johannesburg)


text:
Talk:Carbon (API)

Full stop in "toll free bridging"
Indeed a full stop is not in "toll free bridging," but American English suggests that there should be a period immediately before the closing quotation mark. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.227.67.1 (talk • contribs) 01:01, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * yes, but the Wikipedia Manual of Style overrides it. reverting the page. — boredzo (✍) 08:12, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Yes and the Wikipedia manual is chauvinistic and moronic. Thank you. The sky is blue. If you have us.wikipedia and uk.wikipedia and ca.wikipedia and au.wikipedia and za.wikipedia and nz.wikipedia then you can so what you want - with us.wikipedia only of course. Stop running over other cultures far superior to yours the way you run over the middle east and latin america. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.5.14.123 (talk) 13:21, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Ah, thanks. You should have linked to that rather than the "full stop" page in your summary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.227.67.1 (talk • contribs) 06:30, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Code name?
It says that Carbon is a codename -- isn't it the official name? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.224.184.255 (talk • contribs) 21:57, December 4, 2005 (UTC)

Carbon from Quicktime?
Gwernol, thanks for the addition - I must say it surprised me, I had never heard that tidbit before. Do you have a source to cite and maybe find more information? MFNickster 03:53, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No official citation, but I was one of the engineers working on QuickTime at the time, so this is from first-hand experience. I'll see if I can find any official mention of this though. Gwernol 03:58, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd really like to see something about the early history of Carbon, since it seems to have basically produced the easy binaries that can cleanly run in both the old-style OS and a newer one that years of effort by everything from Pink through Copland to early designs for the Yellow Box never accomplished. 72.235.10.142 (talk) 03:03, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

POV in Overview section?
The "something old Mac developers knew next to nothing about" strikes me as judgemental in the context. It might be just a poor phrasing, so I'm not applying the editbat on it yet. 213.162.65.17 16:06, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

As of the current time the paragraph which begins "Carbon is sometimes seen as a transitional or legacy technology. This is incorrect..." is one big piece of misleading and zealous POV. Carbon is an API whose clear purpose was to provide a platform to transition classic Mac OS apps to Mac OS X, and it now has the status of a legacy technology, most obviously because of Apple's decision to stop development on the 64-bit Carbon API even when major application vendors like Adobe were relying on it to make a 64-bit release of their software. The Mac Dev Center page no longer mentions Carbon in the overview of the mac dev platform technologies. 92.233.195.172 (talk) 07:17, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

 * You are right that the article is currently POV, but you are also expressing a zealous POV attitude. I think things will work out best if the article just cites Apple as much as possible. Really, getting upset over who writes in what language is like something out of Star Trek or Dr Suess. I tried to clean up the lead, which wasn't as POV but is more visible. Potatoswatter (talk) 20:45, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Cocoa Vs. Carbon
Could someone write a very detailed explanation of the difference between Cocoa and Carbon, and how they compare and contrast? I don't know much in that field. I think it would benefit people reading this article, especially if they are choosing one. Maybe make a "Differences between Cocoa and Carbon" page sometime? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Geek 2.0 (talk • contribs) 01:24, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Check Apple's documentation. You don't need to commit to one or the other for an entire program. Probably the current recommendation is to use mainly a mix of Cocoa and POSIX. Carbon is a bit of a compromise between the "pure OO" and "pure procedural UNIX" paradigms, and is seen by many as legacy. Potatoswatter (talk) 03:48, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Not very encyclopedic
This sentence, while you could argue that it is informative, isn't very encyclopedic. "Carbon is one of five APIs that may be accessed from a Mac OS X program; the others are Cocoa, POSIX, X11, and Java (POSIX is a Standard, X11 a WM Server and Java a language, none of these are API's. And Cocoa is more like a framework actually)."

It says something and then immediately contradicts/corrects itself. While I am a programmer, I tend to stay as far away from Apple as possible, so I don't really know what Carbon and Cocoa are, otherwise I would fix it myself.

--Alpha456 (talk) 22:14, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Whether it's technically correct or not, comments like that belong on the talk page rather than inserted into the article text; I've deleted it. Little Professor (talk) 18:26, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

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Proposed merge of Multiprocessing Services into Carbon (API)
This seems to be a component of Carbon API, so it would make sense to merge it. I don't think there are enough reliable secondary sources for the Multiprocessing Services article to pass WP:NCORP or WP:GNG. MarioGom (talk) 16:33, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

 * I thought the article passed WP:GNG, but I'm not experienced with adding substantial content to Wikipedia, so I defer to you about the notability concern. In addition to the notability concern, I think the merger also makes sense based on the short length of the article I had made. Can a merger be done at any time, or is the process like deleting an article where it might take several weeks before it can happen? huntertur (talk) 17:58, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * The process for merges is more lax. If you agree with the merge, you can go ahead and do it by adding content from Multiprocessing Services to Carbon (API), and then replace the Multiprocessing Services page with a redirect . Best, MarioGom (talk) 14:33, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't think a merge is right here, as the article also discusses aspects unrelated to Carbon. So there's no clear merge target. Ovinus (talk) 01:59, 1 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Would agree; Carbon was a transition layer to run Mac OS 9 apps on Mac OS X, and Multiprocessing Services are also a Mac OS 9 feature, so it would be detrimental to merge it into Carbon, which is Mac OS X-exclusive. DFlhb (talk) 21:41, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I think there were implementations of the Carbon API atop both Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X, as well as code to run Carbon apps in Preferred Executable Format (PEF) under Mac OS X, so you could compile code for Mac OS 9 into a PEF binary and have the same binary run on both OSes. (The Mac OS 9 implementation probably didn't pick up any features added to Carbon for Mac OS X, and may not have included all features that the initial Mac OS X implementation did.)
 * However, unless there was an implementation of Multiprocessing Services atop Mac OS X APIs, Carbon be of less use for programs using Multiprocessing Services, as the binaries of those programs wouldn't run on Mac OS X. Guy Harris (talk) 08:40, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Looks like I forgot to reply. You were right on both counts, my bad; Carbon runs on OS 9 and supports Multiprocessing Services (with limitations) on OS X. DFlhb (talk) 16:11, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Carbon (API)


text:
Talk:Khash (dish)

Origin?
Any serious sources on the origin? I've seen books claiming both Georgian and Armenian origin, but they probably just repeat after natives. And we know how stubborn Caucasians can get over silly things like that. Also doesn't 'khash' (or something similar) mean 'soup' in Persian?(PaC 07:38, 19 July 2007 (UTC))

 * I looked it up and "khash" originates from the Armenian word "khashel" which means "to boil." Aptak (talk) 21:48, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I changed sequence since khash has Armenian etymology. Aptak (talk) 00:03, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

 * PaC, you mean "ash". As regards "haş-la-ma(k)" you can check the Turkish Etymological Dictionary of Sevan Nişanyan. BTW he is an ethnic Armenian. --176.239.97.89 (talk) 23:53, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

Source
If someone wants to expend VartanM (talk) 04:06, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe we should add more Armenia, Armenian and Armenians links to the article. Now there very few. --176.239.31.32 (talk) 00:20, 25 December 2015 (UTC)

Renamed from Khash to Pacha?
Has there been a consensus on renaming this page? What is the source for the statement "The more commonly associated title to this dish has always been Pacha"? How is it determined? --Off-shell (talk) 21:20, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
 * There was no consensus on renaming the article and redirecting the origianl name of the article. The consecutive radical changes introduced by User:Meganesia significantly distorted the origianl content of the page. I'm proposing to restore the original content from [|this revision] as well as the article name. The name Khash of the dish is attested in historical manuscripts as mentioned in article dating back to 11th century.Hayordi (talk) 05:18, 4 January 2016 (UTC)

 * This article name has to be changed to Pacha: the term used in Kurdistan, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan and god knows how many otherAsilah1981 (talk) 12:32, 10 May 2017 (UTC) places. Using the Armenian name is ridiculous. Asilah1981 (talk) 12:32, 10 May 2017 (UTC)

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Khash in Armenia
The topic is missing here. Since the origin of this is Armenian, from an Armenian word "խաշել"/khashel, it's very well known and loved dish in Armenia. It is maybe the most Armenian dish. It would be nice if the editor would at least mention Armenia. 46.189.49.116 (talk) 15:18, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 19 June 2024
It’s Azerbaijan dish, not Armenian. 46.150.190.0 (talk) 10:44, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Jamedeus (talk) 21:20, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Khash (dish)


text:
Ecclesiastical Household

The Ecclesiastical Household is a part of the Royal Household of the sovereign of the United Kingdom. Reflecting the different constitutions of the churches of England and Scotland, there are separate households in each nation.

England
The Church of England Ecclesiastical Household comprises the College of Chaplains, and the associated Chapel Royal, the Royal Almonry Office, various Domestic Chaplains, and service Chaplains.

The College of Chaplains is under the Clerk of the Closet, an office dating from 1437. It is normally held by a diocesan bishop, who may however remain in office after leaving his see. The current clerk is Richard Jackson, Bishop of Hereford. The Deputy Clerk of the Closet, a new office dating only from 1677, is Paul Wright, Domestic Chaplain to the Sovereign and Sub-dean of the Chapel Royal and the sole full-time clerical member of the household. The sub-dean is assisted by Priests-in-Ordinary to the Sovereign.

The Clerk of the Closet is responsible for advising the Private Secretary to the Sovereign on the names for candidates to fill vacancies in the Roll of Chaplains to the Sovereign. He presents bishops for homage to the sovereign; examines any theological books to be presented to the sovereign; and preaches annually in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace. He receives a salary of £7 a year.

Some three or four chaplains are appointed annually, and one is kept vacant for the sovereign's own choosing.

List of Chaplains in the Household in England
The College of Chaplains consists of those appointed chaplain to the monarch. They are honorary chaplains who do not fulfill any formal duties. They preach once a year in the Chapel Royal.

During the reign of Queen Victoria, there were 36 Chaplains-in-Ordinary and a number of honorary chaplains. A new appointment as chaplain would traditionally be made among the honorary chaplains. Upon his accession in 1901, Edward VII reduced the number of chaplains-in-ordinary to 12 and removed the prerequisite that a chaplain need previously have been appointed an honorary chaplain.

Chaplains appointed as a bishop or to other senior church positions leave the household.

Chaplains in Ordinary

 * Queen Victoria

 * Charles Wesley, D.D. 1847 - 14 September 1859
 * Augustus Frederick Phipps 18 June 1847 – 27 January 1896
 * John Barlow ? – 1867 (resigned)
 * Edward Meyrick Goulburn – 1866 (resigned, appointed Dean)
 * William Henry Brookfield 1 January 1867 – ? (replacing Goulburn)
 * William Thomas Bullock 13 September 1867 – ? (replacing Barlow)
 * Francis Byng 1872 – 1889 (resigned)
 * Francis Pigou, Rural Dean, Vicar of Doncaster 4 July 1874 – ? )
 * James Moorhouse, Rural Dean, Vicar of Paddington 4 July 1874 – 1876 (resigned, appointed a bishop)
 * Edward Benson, Chancellor of Lincoln Cathedral 11 October 1875 – 1877 (resigned, appointed a bishop)
 * George Granville Bradley, 14 September 1876 – ?
 * William Henry Bliss, 8 November 1876 – ?
 * Henry John Ellison, Honorary Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, Vicar of Windsor 26 December 1879 – 25 December 1899 (deceased )
 * John Llewelyn Davies, Rector of Christ Church, Marylebone 10 February 1881 – ?
 * Thomas Teignmouth Shore, Vicar of Berkeley Chapel, Mayfair 20 September 1881 – 22 January 1902
 * Arthur Robins, Rector of Holy Trinity Church, Windsor 10 October 1882 - 1899 (deceased)
 * John Blakeney, Archdeacon of Sheffield, Prebend of York 3 January 1890 - 12 January 1895 (replacing Byng), (deceased)
 * Thomas Blundell Hollinshead Blundell, M.A., Rector of Halsall, Ormskirk 31 December 1895 - 1901
 * W. Rogers -1896 (deceased)
 * James Welldon 1892 - 6 December 1898 (resigned, appointed Bishop)
 * Clement Smith, Rector of Whippingham, Isle of Wight 2 March 1896 - 22 January 1901 (replacing Rogers)
 * Alfred Ainger 2 March 1896 - 22 January 1901 (replacing Phipps)
 * Arthur Lyttelton, 1896 - 6 December 1898 (appointed Bishop)
 * John Henry Joshua Ellison, Vicar of Windsor 1896 - 22 January 1901
 * Archibald Boyd-Carpenter, MA, Rector of St George´s, Bloomsbury 13 December 1897 - (replacing John Neale Dalton)
 * Charles Turner, Rector of St. Georges-in-the-East, London 21 April 1898 - 13 July 1898 (replacing Selwyn), (resigned, appointed Bishop)
 * Walter Lawrance, Rector of St Albans, Hertfordshire 13 July 1898 - ?
 * Herbert Edward Ryle, Hulsean Professor of Divinity at Cambridge 6 December 1898 - 4 January 1901 (resigned, appointed Bishop)
 * William Donne, Vicar of Wakefield 6 December 1898 - ?
 * Frederick Cecil Alderson 1 January 1900 - 22 January 1901 (replacing Robins)
 * Robert Henry Hadden 1 January 1900 - 22 January 1902 (replacing Ellison)
 * Robert Moberly 4 January 1901 - 22 January 1901

 * King Edward VII

 * Alfred Ainger 23 July 1901 - ?
 * fnu Duckworth, 23 July 1901 - ?
 * John Henry Joshua Ellison, Vicar of Windsor 23 July 1901 - 1910
 * James Fleming, 23 July 1901 - ?
 * Edgar C. S. Gibson, 23 July 1901 - ?
 * Charles Gore 23 July 1901 - 1 January 1902 (resigned, appointed a bishop)
 * Frederick Hervey, Canon of Norwich and Rector of Sandringham 23 July 1901 - ?
 * Robert C. Moberly, 23 July 1901 - ?
 * Handley Moule, Principal of Ridley Hall, Cambridge 23 July 1901 - September 1901 (resigned, appointed Bishop)
 * Thomas Teignmouth Shore, 23 July 1901 - ?
 * Clement Smith, Canon of Windsor and Rector of Whippingham, Isle of Wight 23 July 1901 - 1910
 * Leonard Francis Tyrwhitt, 23 July 1901 - ?
 * James Adams, Vicar of Stow Bardolph 31 October 1901 - ? (replacing Moule)
 * Armitage Robinson 1 January 1902 - October 1902 (replacing Gore), (resigned, appointed Dean)
 * Augustus Jessopp, DD, Rector of Scarning, East Dereham 15 November 1902 - (replacing Robinson)

 * Queen Elizabeth II

 * John Stott, 1959-1991 and, on his retirement in 1991, an Extra Chaplain.

Honorary chaplains

 * Queen Victoria

 * John Cawston, Chaplain of the Fleet dates unknown
 * William Henry Brookfield, Inspector of Schools 24 March 1862 - 1 January 1867
 * William Drake, Honorary Canon of Worcester, Rural Dean and Vicar of Holy Trinity Church, Coventry 24 March 1862 - ?
 * Lord Wriothesley Russell, Canon of Windsor, Rector of Chenies 28 March 1862 - ?
 * Henry Liddell, Dean of Christ Church 28 March 1862 - January 1898 (deceased)
 * Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, Canon of Christ Church, Oxford 28 March 1862 - ?
 * Joseph Lightfoot, Hulsean Professor of Divinity, Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge 28 March 1862 - ?
 * John Edward Kempe, Prebend of St Paul's Cathedral and Rector of St. James Church, Westminster 26 June 1862 - ?
 * George Protheroe 6 July 1865 - ?
 * Thomas James Rowsell, Rector of St. Christopher-le-Stocks, and St. Margaret's, Lothbury 20 January 1866 – 1869
 * Stopford Augustus Brooke 1 January 1867 - 1875
 * Francis Byng 1867 - 1872
 * Francis Pigou, ? - 4 July 1874
 * James Moorhouse, ? - 4 July 1874
 * Edward Benson, ? - 11 October 1875
 * George Bradley, Master of University College, Oxford 4 July 1874 – ?
 * William Henry Bliss, Minor Canon of Windsor, and Rector of West Isley, Berkshire 4 July 1874 – 8 November 1876
 * Henry John Ellison, Honorary Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, Vicar of St John the Baptist Church, Windsor 11 October 1875 – 26 December 1879
 * John Llewelyn Davies, Rector of Christ Church, St. Marylebone 8 November 1876 – 10 February 1881
 * Thomas Teignmouth Shore, Vicar of Berkeley Chapel, Mayfair 2 July 1878 – 20 September 1881
 * Arthur Robins, Rector of Holy Trinity Church, Windsor, and Chaplain to Her Majesty's Household Troops 7 September 1878 - 10 October 1882
 * Edward Glyn, Vicar of Kensington 10 February 1881 - ?
 * Arthur Lewis Babington Peile, Vicar of Holy Trinity Church, Ventnor 10 February 1881 - ?
 * Randall Davidson, Resident Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury 10 October 1882
 * Richard Gee, Vicar of St John the Baptist Church, Windsor 1884-1901
 * John Blakeney, Archdeacon of Sheffield, Prebend of York 1886 - 3 January 1890
 * James Welldon 1888-1892
 * Archibald Boyd-Carpenter ? - 13 December 1897
 * John Fenwick Kitto, Vicar of St Martin-in-the-Fields 3 January 1890 - 1901
 * John Erskine Clarke, Vicar of Battersea 27 July 1895 - 22 January 1901
 * Alfred Ainger, Master of the Temple 28 January 1895 - 2 March 1896
 * John Henry Joshua Ellison, Vicar of St Gabriel's, Pimlico and Vicar of St John the Baptist Church, Windsor 28 January 1895 - ?
 * Arthur Lyttelton, Vicar of Eccles 27 July 1895 - 1896
 * Clement Smith, Rector of Whippingham, Isle of Wight ? - 2 March 1896
 * Charles Turner ? - 21 April 1898
 * Walter Lawrance, Rector of St Albans, Hertfordshire ? - 13 July 1898
 * Herbert Edward Ryle, Hulsean Professor of Divinity at Cambridge 2 March 1896 - 6 December 1898
 * William Donne, Vicar of Wakefield 2 March 1896 - 6 December 1898
 * Charles Gore, Canon of Westminster 21 April 1898 -
 * Edward Perowne, Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge 21 April 1898 -
 * Robert Moberly, Canon of Christ Church, Oxford and Regius Professor of Pastoral Theology 13 July 1898 - 4 January 1901
 * Frederick Cecil Alderson, Canon of Peterborough and Rector of Lutterworth 13 December 1897 - 1 January 1900
 * Robert Henry Hadden, Vicar of St Botolph, Aldgate 13 December 1897 - 1 January 1900
 * John Stafford Northcote, Vicar of St Andrew's, Westminster, 6 December 1898 - ?
 * Handley Moule, Principal of Ridley Hall, Cambridge 6 December 1898 - 22 January 1901
 * Henry Pereira, Honorary Canon of Canterbury Cathedral 26 January 1900 - 22 January 1901
 * Owen Evans, Warden of Llandovery College 26 January 1900 - 22 January 1901
 * Edgar Gibson, Vicar of Leeds 4 January 1901 - 22 January 1901

 * King Edward VII

 * E. H. Goodwin, Chaplain to the Forces, first class 1 June 1901 - ? in recognition of his services while Principal Chaplain to the South African Field Force
 * Thomas Blundell Hollinshead Blundell, M.A., Rector of Halsall, Ormskirk 26 July 1901 - 1905, (deceased)
 * William Stuart Harris, M.A., Chaplain of the Fleet and Inspector of Naval Schools 26 June 1902 - ?

 * King George V

 * King George VI

 * Queen Elizabeth II
 * Noël Jones 1983 - 1984
 * Ray Jones 1984 - 1989
 * T. J. Thomas-Botwood, MBE 1 July 2022 –

Priests in Ordinary

 * Queen Victoria
 * John Swire

 * King Edward VII
 * H. G. Daniell-Bainbridge, 23 July 1901 - ?
 * H. D. Macnamara, 23 July 1901 - ?
 * H. A. Sheringham, 23 July 1901 -?
 * R. Tahourdin, 23 July 1901 - ?

 * Queen Elizabeth II
 * Trevitt Hine-Haycock
 * William Whitcombe
 * Jonathan Osborne

Honorary Priests in Ordinary

 * King Edward VII

 * H. Aldrich Cotton, 23 July 1901 - ?
 * E. W. Kempe, 23 July 1901 - ?
 * Edwin Price, 23 July 1901 - ?
 * John Swire, 23 July 1901 - May 1902

Scotland
Her Majesty's Household in Scotland (Ecclesiastical) consists of chaplains who are all ministers of the Church of Scotland.

The current Dean of the Chapel Royal (since 2019) is Professor David Fergusson, who was also appointed Dean of the Thistle at the same time. Other members are the Dean of the Thistle (where held by another individual), and two Domestic Chaplains: the minister at Crathie Kirk (by Balmoral Castle) and the minister at the Canongate Kirk (by the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh). There are ten "Chaplains in Ordinary". Upon retirement the chaplains may be appointed "Extra Chaplains".

Chaplains-in-Ordinary to HM in Scotland

 * King George II
 * William Gusthart from 1727 to 1764

 * Queen Victoria
 * Robert Lee, DD 17 December 1846 - 1868
 * Norman Macleod ? - 1862 (deceased)
 * John Stuart, minister of St Andrew's church, Edinburgh 8 December 1862 - ? (replacing Macleod)
 * Archibald Watson, 2 May 1868 - in place of Robert Lee, deceased
 * Robert Herbert Story, 1886-

 * King Edward VII
 * Archibald Charteris, 18 October 1901 - 1908
 * Donald Macleod, 18 October 1901 - 1910
 * Cameron Lees, 18 October 1901 - 1910
 * James MacGregor, 18 October 1901 - 1910
 * Robert Herbert Story, 18 October 1901 - 1907
 * J. R. Mitford Mitchell, 18 October 1901 - 1910
 * Samuel James Ramsay Sibbald, Minister of the Parish of Crathie 30 June 1903 - ? (in place of Charteris, deceased)

 * King George V
 * Donald Macleod, 7 May 1910 - 1916
 * Cameron Lees, 7 May 1910 - 1913
 * James MacGregor, 7 May 1910 - 1910
 * J. R. Mitford Mitchell, 7 May 1910 - 1925
 * Wallace Williamson, 7 May 1910 - 1926
 * Samuel James Ramsay Sibbald, 7 May 1910 - 1936
 * Pearson McAdam Muir, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 16 December 1910 - 1924 (in place of MacGregor, deceased)
 * Robert Howie Fisher, minister of Morningside, Edinburgh 25 July 1913 - ? (in place of Lees)
 * Alexander Miller Maclean, 27 October 1914 - 1925 (in place of J.R. Mitford Mitchell, deceased)
 * William Paterson Paterson, 10 March 1916 - 1936 (in place of Macleod)
 * John White, 8 August 1924 - (in place of Muir, deceased)
 * Archibald Main, Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, University of Glasgow 29 May 1925 - 1936 (in place of Alexander Miller Maclean, deceased)
 * Norman MacLean, Collegiate Minister of St. Cuthbert's, Edinburgh 24 August 1926 - 1936 (in place of Wallace Williamson, deceased)
 * Alexander Martin, Principal of New College, Edinburgh. 8 November 1929 - 1936
 * Robert J. Drummond, 8 November 1929 - 1936
 * Donald Fraser, 8 November 1929 - 1933
 * George Adam Smith, 3 October 1933 - 1936 (in place of Donald Fraser)
 * Charles Warr, Dean of the Chapel Royal and Dean of the Thistle, 8 November 1934 - 1936 (in place of Robert Howie Fisher; extra Chaplain in 1934 )
 * John White

 * King Edward VIII

 * Samuel James Ramsay Sibbald, 21 July 1936 - 1937
 * William Paterson Paterson, 21 July 1936 - 1937
 * John White, 21 July 1936 - 1937
 * Archibald Main, 21 July 1936 - 1937
 * Norman MacLean, 21 July 1936 - 1937
 * Alexander Martin, 21 July 1936 - 1937
 * Robert J. Drummond, 21 July 1936 - 1937
 * George Adam Smith, 21 July 1936 - 1937
 * Charles Warr, 21 July 1936 - 1937

 * King George VI
 * Samuel James Ramsay Sibbald, 2 March 1937 - 1950
 * William Paterson Paterson, 2 March 1937 -
 * John White, 2 March 1937 -
 * Archibald Main, 2 March 1937 - 1947
 * Norman MacLean, 2 March 1937 -
 * Alexander Martin, 2 March 1937 - 1946
 * Robert J. Drummond, 2 March 1937 - 1951
 * Sir George Adam Smith, 2 March 1937 - 1942
 * Charles Laing Warr, 2 March 1937 - 1952
 * James Macdougall Black, 5 May 1942 - 1948 (in place of Sir George Adam Smith, deceased)
 * James Hutchinson Cockburn, 24 November 1944 - 1952 (in place of John Stirton, deceased)
 * Andrew Nevile Davidson, 30 July 1946 - 1952 (in place of Alexander Martin, deceased)
 * John Baillie, 3 June 1947 - 1952 (in place of Archibald Main, deceased)
 * William White Anderson, 15 November 1949 - 1952 (in place of James Black, deceased)
 * John Henry Duncan, 31 October 1950 - 1951 (in place of Samuel Sibbald, deceased)
 * Thomas Bentley Stewart Thomson, 16 March 1951 - 1952 (in place of John Henry Duncan, deceased)
 * James Pitt Watson, 17 August 1951 - 1952 (in place of Robert J. Drummond, deceased)

 * Queen Elizabeth II

 * Charles Laing Warr 1 Aug 1952 - 9 Dec 1969
 * James Hutchison Cockburn 1 Aug 1952 - 1973
 * Andrew Nevile Davidson 1 Aug 1952 - 1969
 * John Baillie 1 Aug 1952 - 1960
 * William White Anderson 1 Aug 1952 -
 * Thomas Bentley Stewart Thomson 1 Aug 1952 - 1959 (thereafter Extra chaplain)
 * Professor James Pitt Watson 1 Aug 1952 - 1963
 * Professor James Stuart Stewart 1 Aug 1952 - 1966 (thereafter Extra chaplain)
 * John Annand Fraser 1 Aug 1952 - 23 June 1964 (thereafter Extra Chaplain)
 * John Lamb 1 Aug 1952 - (Domestic Chaplain Balmoral)
 * Hugh Osborne Douglas, 17 December 1959 - 18 September 1981 (in place of Thomas Thomson, resigned) thereafter Extra chaplain
 * Ronald William Vernon Selby Wright, 24 May 1963 - (in place of James Pitt Watson, deceased)
 * Henry Charles Whitley, 24 May 1963 - 1976 thereafter Extra Chaplain
 * Anderson Nicol 23 June 1964 - 1972  (in place of John Annand Fraser)
 * William Henry Rogan 1966 - 1978 (in place of James Stuart Stewart) thereafter Extra Chaplain
 * Robert Leonard Small 12 September 1967 - 1975 (in place of Edgar Primrose Dickie, retired) thereafter Extra Chaplain
 * W R Sanderson
 * William Morris 15 April 1969 - (in place of Nevile Davidson, retired)
 * George Thomson Henderson Reid 1969 - 1980   (in place of Charles Laing Warr, deceased)
 * James Boyd Prentice Bulloch 1980 - 1981 (in place of Reid, retired)
 * William Bryce Johnston 1981 - 1991 (in place of Bulloch, deceased)
 * Colin Forrester-Paton 18 September 1981 - 5 April 1988 (in place of Hugh Osborne Douglas, retired) thereafter Extra chaplain
 * Harry William Macphail Cant 1972 - 1991 (in place of Anderson Nicol, deceased)
 * Kenneth Macvicar 1974 - 1991
 * John McIntyre 1975-1986 (in place of Robert Leonard Small, retired)

 * Robin Barbour 1976- 1991 (in place of Henry Whitley, retired)
 * Allan Young 1978 - 1979  (in place of Rogan, retired)
 * Gilleasbuig Macmillan 1979 - 2014 (in place of Young, deceased)
 * William Boyd Robertson Macmillan 5 April 1988 - (in place of Colin Forrester-Paton, retired)
 * James Leslie Weatherhead 11 April 1991 -2017 (in place of Harry William MacPhail Cant, deceased)
 * Mary Irene Levison 11 May 1991 - 29 January 1993  (in place of RAS Barbour, retired) (thereafter Extra Chaplain)
 * Andrew Stewart Todd 1991 - (in place of MacVicar, retired)
 * Charles Robertson 1991 - 2010 (in place of Johnston, retired)
 * Iain Torrance 2001 - 2019 -
 * James Alexander Simpson 21 July 1992 - 2004 (in place of Alwyn James Cecil Macfarlane, retired)
 * Norman Walker Drummond 29 Jan 1993 - 2022  (in place of Levison, retired)
 * John Paterson - 2008
 * James Gibson 2004 - 2018 (afterwards extra Chaplain)
 * Angus Morrison 2006 -
 * Kenneth MacKenzie 2007 - (Domestic chaplain)
 * Lorna Hood 2008 - (in place of Paterson, retired)
 * Neil Gardner 2008 - (Domestic chaplain)
 * Alistair Bennett 2010 - 2022
 * Susan Brown 2012-
 * John Chalmers 2013-
 * Finlay Macdonald 2001 - 2015
 * David Fergusson 2015 -
 * Alastair Symington 1996 - 2017
 * George Cowie 2017 - 2022
 * James Gibson - 2018
 * Liz Henderson 2018 - (in place of Gibson)
 * George Whyte 2019 -
 * Dr Marjory Maclean 2022 - (in place of Cowie, deceased)
 * Dr Grant Barclay 2022 - (in place of Drummond)
 * Prof John Swinton 2022 - (in place of Bennett)

Extra Chaplains-in-Ordinary to HM in Scotland

 * King Edward VII

 * Malcolm C. Taylor, 18 October 1901 - ?

 * King George V

 * Malcolm C. Taylor, 7 May 1910 - ?
 * Charles Laing Warr 12 March 1926.

 * Queen Elizabeth II
 * George Thomson Henderson Reid 1980 -
 * Kenneth Macvicar 1991 -
 * William Bryce Johnston 1991 -
 * Gilleasbuig Macmillan 2014-
 * Iain Torrance 2019 -
 * John Chalmers 2022 -

 * King Charles III
 * Dr. Elizabeth Lorna Hood 2023 -
 * Dr. Angus Morrison 2023 -

title: Ecclesiastical Household


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Holonomic brain theory

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. Woohookitty 08:32, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Holonomic brain theory
Not notable. Please see this. brenneman (t) (c) 06:04, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep: The insights into neuropsychology as defined by the holonomic brain theory, deriving from the collaboration between the well known and respected Karl Pribram and David Bohm, are quite noteworthy. Ombudsman 06:28, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's good form to identify yourself as the author when voting on an articles VfD. brenneman (t) (c)  05:28, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak keep. "Holonomic brain theory" reads like crankery to me, but it seems like slightly notable crankery. Wile E. Heresiarch 08:22, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete patent nonsense. Ben-w 10:08, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * patent nonsense, as it stands, has to be unintelligible. Odd as this article is, it is definitely intelligible. -Splash 00:50, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep' -- I'd recommend anyone who thinks this should be deleted read Pribram's work for themselves. This stuff is not mainstream, but Pilbram is no fool.  See http://www.indiana.edu/~pietsch/home.html for outlines of research by Paul Pietsch, Indiana.  I have a Bachelor Degree in Psych, and have just completed a PhD in Psych.  This is a more coherent theory of mind than most I've encountered.  It's just crazy enough to be correct :-) Stephenhumphry 03:59, 18 July 2005 (UTC). -  brenneman (t) (c)  05:28, 17 July 2005 (UTC))
 * Weak keep, it gets about 150 non-mirror Google hits and they do seem to have something to say about it. THat's very few hits though (most bands would go at that level), hence my weakness. -Splash 00:50, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Crackpottery, and 150 google hits indicates non-notability. Quale 06:47, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Abstain for now on the question of keep or delete; however, since most of the votes, whether keep or delete, are mentioning that this is not mainstream science, I'd like to ask that a look be taken at all the pages that have been linked to it. Is it really appropriate to link everything involving the brain to a non-prominent, non-mainstream theory of how the brain might work?  There's a theory that Sir Francis Bacon was the author of every play attributed to Shakespeare -- that's probably a more prominent theory than the holonomic brain theory, but do we link Francis Bacon from every article about a Shakespeare play?  I don't see any, actually. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:45, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Good point -- it should not be linked to by such a range of pages. Also, I agree with JamesBurns tht it should be cleaned up -- and hopefully improved significantly by someone.  The Pribram quote is not cited.  It is a reasonable quote but needs to be given a better context to explain anything to anyone in such a short article.  The overview is ordinary at best. Stephenhumphry 04:00, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Counterpoint: Dogma is spam. Moreover, systems theory insights are necessary for counter-balancing anti-intellectual expert worship groupthink.  Ombudsman 17:38, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So, we are all too educated stupid to understand holonomic brain theory, is that your rationale for keeping and promoting the article? -- Antaeus Feldspar 23:04, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ombudsman, believe me I am with you for the most part -- I'm a big fan of the Santa Fe Institute and of Stuart Kauffman and various others who have adopted interdisciplinary approaches. I detest dogma. See my upddate of Implicate and Explicate Order re: presuppositions prevelant in science.  However, being for an interdisciplinary philosophy doesn't justify linking in and of itself - there needs to be a good reason.  That good reason should be clear in the sources (i.e. clarify why a theory is relevant to other things if you think it is).  Taken to the extreme, you can't have random links between things without any apparent justificaiton at all.  Assume that's what you're referring to (?).  Whatta you thing? Cheers Stephenhumphry 04:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Nothing wrong with scientific theories on wikipedia. -- Judson 23:07, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Crackpot theory with some notability. JamesBurns 02:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: non-notable crackpottery. Bambaiah 10:12, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: not notable crackpot Salsb 21:11, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * (Comment:) On notoriety, note the hits for [:Karl Pribram]. Holonomic brain is what Karl Pribram is most known for as far as I'm aware. Also, note the term holographic brain is actually used more often. If Karl Pribram's article is not being contested, I'm a bit lost as to why this article is (other than subjective reactions evident in "crackpottery" comments) Stephenhumphry 04:33, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's been listed reflexively, after being mentioned as an excuse for recent tagging of Moral compass, which was blindsided with the tag by Antaeus without a glimmer of discussion. Antaeus has also tagged Elliott Valenstein and Thought police in the same manner, apparently targeting only that which does not conform with his POV while tolerating vandalism that he approves, in keeping with his deletionsist, mergist, anti-forking philosophy.  Ombudsman 06:36, 20 July 2005 (UTC) .. Thanks Stephenhumphry 06:48, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So, let me get this straight, Om. You're going to use this VfD as an excuse to launch personal attacks on me even though I wasn't even the one who proposed the VfD and I haven't even voted one way or the other?  Very classy, sir, very classy.  I suppose you would like to tell me what "vandalism" I have "approved" -- using, of course, Wikipedia's definition of vandalism, not any other. -- Antaeus Feldspar 11:56, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Your VfD proposals, Antaeus, could be construed attacks on good faith contributions. You have rebuffed several de-escalation attempts aimed at encouraging you to discuss your concerns in a more collegial manner.  Instead, you have cried foul repeatedly after creating and using opportunities that test the patience of your fellow editors.  Ombudsman 18:54, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So in other words, your answers are "yes, I am going to use a VfD you didn't start and haven't even voted in for personal attacks on you" and "Hey! Look at that over there!  By golly!" respectively. -- Antaeus Feldspar 02:40, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Delete. I fully believe that this article was created in good faith, but I do not believe it belongs. An encyclopedia should not attempt to catalog every single scientific theory out there. If this theory is not generally accepted, then it should not be in an encyclopedia. If the theory later becoems accepted, it can be added then. 68.75.117.73 15:30, 21 July 2005 (UTC) Keep: if you lookup holographic brain, this is the article you get. Asking this to be deleted, is like asking people to delete Creation science because its only backed up by people who aren't convinced of a true scientific hypothesis by its own merits (saying "God/Alien/Jesus/It" did it was going on before it was called a theory). This is another viewpoint in its field, that is still being fleshed out: whether you agree with it or not should not impact your choice in keeping articles. Cwolfsheep 15:30, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Affine arithmetic

Affine arithmetic (AA) is a model for self-validated numerical analysis. In AA, the quantities of interest are represented as affine combinations (affine forms) of certain primitive variables, which stand for sources of uncertainty in the data or approximations made during the computation.

Affine arithmetic is meant to be an improvement on interval arithmetic (IA), and is similar to generalized interval arithmetic, first-order Taylor arithmetic, the center-slope model, and ellipsoid calculus — in the sense that it is an automatic method to derive first-order guaranteed approximations to general formulas.

Affine arithmetic is potentially useful in every numeric problem where one needs guaranteed enclosures to smooth functions, such as solving systems of non-linear equations, analyzing dynamical systems, integrating functions, differential equations, etc. Applications include ray tracing, plotting curves, intersecting implicit and parametric surfaces, error analysis (mathematics), process control, worst-case analysis of electric circuits, and more.

Definition
In affine arithmetic, each input or computed quantity x is represented by a formula $$x = x_0 + x_1 \epsilon_1 + x_2 \epsilon_2 + {}$$$$\cdots$$$${} + x_n \epsilon_n$$ where $$x_0, x_1, x_2,$$$$\dots,$$$$ x_n $$ are known floating-point numbers, and $$\epsilon_1, \epsilon_2,\dots,\epsilon_n$$ are symbolic variables whose values are only known to lie in the range [-1,+1].

Thus, for example, a quantity X which is known to lie in the range [3,7] can be represented by the affine form $$x = 5 + 2 \epsilon_k$$, for some k. Conversely, the form $$x = 10 + 2 \epsilon_3 - 5 \epsilon_8$$ implies that the corresponding quantity X lies in the range [3,17].

The sharing of a symbol $$\epsilon_j$$ among two affine forms $$x$$, $$y$$ implies that the corresponding quantities X, Y are partially dependent, in the sense that their joint range is smaller than the Cartesian product of their separate ranges. For example, if $$x = 10 + 2 \epsilon_3 - 6 \epsilon_8$$ and $$y = 20 + 3 \epsilon_4 + 4 \epsilon_8$$, then the individual ranges of X and Y are [2,18] and [13,27], but the joint range of the pair (X,Y) is the hexagon with corners (2,27), (6,27), (18,19), (18,13), (14,13), (2,21) — which is a proper subset of the rectangle [2,18]×[13,27].

Affine arithmetic operations
Affine forms can be combined with the standard arithmetic operations or elementary functions, to obtain guaranteed approximations to formulas.

Affine operations
For example, given affine forms $$x,y$$ for X and Y, one can obtain an affine form $$z$$ for Z = X + Y simply by adding the forms — that is, setting $$z_j$$ $$\gets$$ $$x_j + y_j$$ for every j. Similarly, one can compute an affine form $$z$$ for Z = $$\alpha$$X, where $$\alpha$$ is a known constant, by setting $$z_j$$ $$\gets$$ $$\alpha x_j$$ for every j. This generalizes to arbitrary affine operations like Z = $$\alpha$$X + $$\beta$$Y + $$\gamma$$.

Non-affine operations
A non-affine operation $$Z$$ $$\gets$$ $$F(X,Y,$$$$\dots$$$$)$$, like multiplication $$Z$$ $$\gets$$ $$X Y$$ or $$Z$$ $$\gets$$ $$\sin(X)$$, cannot be performed exactly, since the result would not be an affine form of the $$\epsilon_i$$. In that case, one should take a suitable affine function G that approximates F to first order, in the ranges implied by $$x$$ and $$y$$; and compute $$z$$ $$\gets$$ $$G(x,y,$$$$\dots$$$$) + z_k\epsilon_k$$, where $$z_k$$ is an upper bound for the absolute error $$|F-G|$$ in that range, and $$\epsilon_k$$ is a new symbolic variable not occurring in any previous form.

The form $$z$$ then gives a guaranteed enclosure for the quantity Z; moreover, the affine forms $$x,y,$$$$\dots$$$$,z$$ jointly provide a guaranteed enclosure for the point (X,Y,...,Z), which is often much smaller than the Cartesian product of the ranges of the individual forms.

Chaining operations
Systematic use of this method allows arbitrary computations on given quantities to be replaced by equivalent computations on their affine forms, while preserving first-order correlations between the input and output and guaranteeing the complete enclosure of the joint range. One simply replaces each arithmetic operation or elementary function call in the formula by a call to the corresponding AA library routine.

For smooth functions, the approximation errors made at each step are proportional to the square h2 of the width h of the input intervals. For this reason, affine arithmetic will often yield much tighter bounds than standard interval arithmetic (whose errors are proportional to h).

Roundoff errors
In order to provide guaranteed enclosure, affine arithmetic operations must account for the roundoff errors in the computation of the resulting coefficients $$z_j$$. This cannot be done by rounding each $$z_j$$ in a specific direction, because any such rounding would falsify the dependencies between affine forms that share the symbol $$\epsilon_j$$. Instead, one must compute an upper bound $$\delta_j$$ to the roundoff error of each $$z_j$$, and add all those $$\delta_j$$ to the coefficient $$z_k$$ of the new symbol $$\epsilon_k$$ (rounding up). Thus, because of roundoff errors, even affine operations like Z = $$\alpha$$X and Z = X + Y will add the extra term $$z_k\epsilon_k$$.

The handling of roundoff errors increases the code complexity and execution time of AA operations. In applications where those errors are known to be unimportant (because they are dominated by uncertainties in the input data and/or by the linearization errors), one may use a simplified AA library that does not implement roundoff error control.

Affine projection model
Affine arithmetic can be viewed in matrix form as follows. Let $$X_1,X_2,$$$$\dots,$$$$X_m$$ be all input and computed quantities in use at some point during a computation. The affine forms for those quantities can be represented by a single coefficient matrix A and a vector b, where element $$A_{i,j}$$ is the coefficient of symbol $$\epsilon_j$$ in the affine form of $$X_i$$; and $$b_i$$ is the independent term of that form. Then the joint range of the quantities — that is, the range of the point $$(X_1,X_2,$$$$\dots,$$$$X_m)$$ — is the image of the hypercube $$U^n = [-1,+1]^n$$ by the affine map from $$U^n$$ to $$R^m$$ defined by $$\epsilon$$ $$\to$$ $$A \epsilon + b$$.

The range of this affine map is a zonotope bounding the joint range of the quantities $$X_1,X_2,$$$$\dots,$$$$X_m$$. Thus one could say that AA is a "zonotope arithmetic". Each step of AA usually entails adding one more row and one more column to the matrix A.

Affine form simplification
Since each AA operation generally creates a new symbol $$\epsilon_k$$, the number of terms in an affine form may be proportional to the number of operations used to compute it. Thus, it is often necessary to apply "symbol condensation" steps, where two or more symbols $$\epsilon_k$$ are replaced by a smaller set of new symbols. Geometrically, this means replacing a complicated zonotope P by a simpler zonotope Q that encloses it. This operation can be done without destroying the first-order approximation property of the final zonotope.

Matrix implementation
Affine arithmetic can be implemented by a global array A and a global vector b, as described above. This approach is reasonably adequate when the set of quantities to be computed is small and known in advance. In this approach, the programmer must maintain externally the correspondence between the row indices and the quantities of interest. Global variables hold the number m of affine forms (rows) computed so far, and the number n of symbols (columns) used so far; these are automatically updated at each AA operation.

Vector implementation
Alternatively, each affine form can be implemented as a separate vector of coefficients. This approach is more convenient for programming, especially when there are calls to library procedures that may use AA internally. Each affine form can be given a mnemonic name; it can be allocated when needed, be passed to procedures, and reclaimed when no longer needed. The AA code then looks much closer to the original formula. A global variable holds the number n of symbols used so far.

Sparse vector implementation
On fairly long computations, the set of "live" quantities (that will be used in future computations) is much smaller than the set of all computed quantities; and ditto for the set of "live" symbols $$\epsilon_j$$. In this situation, the matrix and vector implementations are too wasteful of time and space.

In such situations, one should use a sparse implementation. Namely, each affine form is stored as a list of pairs (j,$$x_j$$), containing only the terms with non-zero coefficient $$x_j$$. For efficiency, the terms should be sorted in order of j. This representation makes the AA operations somewhat more complicated; however, the cost of each operation becomes proportional to the number of nonzero terms appearing in the operands, instead of the number of total symbols used so far.

This is the representation used by LibAffa.

title: Affine arithmetic


text:
Thiruvarur

Thiruvarur also spelt as Tiruvarur is a municipality in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the administrative headquarters of Thiruvarur district and Thiruvarur taluk. The temple chariot of the Thyagaraja temple, weighing 360 tonne and measuring 96 ft tall is the largest temple chariot in India. Thiruvarur is the birthplace of Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Syama Sastri, popularly known as the Trinity of Carnatic music of the 18th century CE. Thiruvarur Thiyagarajaa Swaamy temple is older than Tanjore big temple.

Thiruvarur was a part of Thanjavur district until 1991. The Odambokki river passes through the centre of the town. Thiruvarur covers an area of 10.47 sqkm and had a population of 58,301 as of 2011. Out of total population of Tiruvarur, 1,403,348 in the district, 257,795 are in urban area and 1,006,482 are in rural area. 65,220 households are in urban, 261,999 are in rural area. It is administered by a first grade municipality. The town is a part of the Cauvery delta region and agriculture is the major occupation. Roadways are the major means of transportation with a total of 94.06 km of district roads including three national highways passing through the town. The town was one of the five traditional capitals of the Chola empire, with one of the emperors of the dynasty, Kulothunga Chola I, having it as his capital. The town is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Thanjavur Nayaks, Marathas and the British. The town is known for the Thyagaraja temple, and the annual Asian biggest chariot festival held in the month of April.

Etymology
The historic name of the town was Aaroor (Arur) and it finds mention in the seventh century saiva canonical work, Tevaram. It was also called Śrīnagara in Sanskrit.

The term Thiru is added to all temple cities that are mostly revered by the verses of Tevaram, which is the case of Arur becoming Thiruvarur. Another name of Thiruvarur is Kamalaalayasetra, meaning the "holy place that is an abode of lotuses"; the town is also referred so due to the presence of the Kamalaalayam tank and the temple deity, Kamalambigai. During the British Raj, the town was termed Tiruvalur, Tiruvaloor, and Thiruvalur. As per the district and municipality websites, the district has the spelling "Tiruvarur", while the town has it as "Thiruvarur".

History
As per folk legend, Thiruvarur is mentioned as the capital town of a legendary Chola king, Manu Needhi Cholan, who killed his own son to provide justice to a cow.

Thiruvarur was one of the five traditional capitals of the Chola empire and the history of town revolves around the Thyagarajaswamy temple. Thiruvarur is mentioned in the saiva canonical work, Tevaram by Thirugnana Sambanthar, Tirunavukkarasar and Sundarar, the foremost Saivite saints of seventh–eighth century CE and classified as Padal petra stalam. Tirunavukkarasar mentions several traditions of the temple like Marghazhi Aathirai Vizha, Panguni Uttirai Perunaal and Veedhivitakanin Veedhi Panni. The granite structure of the temple was first constructed by Aditya Chola I (871–907 CE) in the ninth century CE and revamped during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I (985–1014 CE). The temple was upgraded and rebuilt with stone by Rajendra Chola I (1012–44 CE). The temple has inscriptions from both the emperors, later Cholas and Pandyas. The temple is believed to be an inspiration for Rajaraja Chola to build the Brihadeeswarar Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Inscriptions from the temple indicate Thiruvarur as the capital of Kulothunga Chola I (1070–1120 CE), during which the town emerged a centre of saivism. After the fall of Cholas during the reign of Rajendra Chola III in the 13th century CE, the town was caught under a power struggle between the Pandyas and Hoysalas. The royal patronage continued and the town flourished as a cultural centre during the rule of the Nayaks, Vijayanagar kings and Marathas. During the period of Marathas, the town became a temporary home to the Nataraja of Chidambaram temple. The town was briefly captured by French troops led by Lally (1702–66 CE) in 1759 CE. The Thyagarajar temple was ransacked in a failed attempt to discover hidden treasure. During the attempt, six members of the temple, suspected to be spies of the British, were killed in an encounter. The province and Tanjore were annexed by British after the failed attempt of the French to attack the King of Tanjore. After independence, Thiruvaur continued to be a part of the Thanjavur district and Nagapattinam district until 1991 and 1997 respectively. Thiruvarur was made the headquarters of Tiruvarur district when it was carved out of Nagapattinam district in 1997. In modern days, Thiruvarur regarded as the origin of Carnatic music because of the birth of great three musicians of Carnatic music (Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Syama Sastri - The trinity of Carnatic Music).

Geography
Thiruvarur is located at 9.28°N, 79.3°W. The town is bounded by Sukumar river in the north, Valaiyar river in the south while the Odambokki river flows through the centre. The town has an average elevation of 3 m from the sea level. The municipality covers an area of 10.47 sqkm Thiruvarur is situated at a distance of 300 km from Chennai, 24 km from Nagapattinam, 40 km from Karaikal, 40 km from Mayiladuthurai and 56 km from Thanjavur. The town along with the district receives an annual rainfall of 1260 mm. The town experiences tropical climate during summer; from March to May. The proximity to sea results in high humidity throughout the year and peaks 70% from August to May. The town has a plain terrain of alluvial soil consisting of sand, silt and clay. Vennar and Vettar, the tributaries of river Cauvery are the major water bodies around the town. Surface water canals contribute 89% to irrigation, while the rest 11% is accounted by dug wells and tube wells. Paddy is the major crop while the others being black gram, green gram, ground nut and gingely.

Demographics
During 1901, the population of the town stood at 15,436. According to 2011 census, Thiruvarur had a population of 58,301 with a sex-ratio of 1,053 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 5,779 were under the age of six, constituting 2,888 males and 2,891 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 32% and .66% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 82.%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 14997 households. There were a total of 18,953 workers, comprising 672 cultivators, 960 main agricultural labourers, 318 in house hold industries, 15,596 other workers, 1,407 marginal workers, 47 marginal cultivators, 261 marginal agricultural labourers, 52 marginal workers in household industries and 1,047 other marginal workers.

As per the religious census of 2011, Thiruvarur had 84.38% Hindus, 14.13% Muslims, 1.39% Christians, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.02% Jains, 0.05% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.

The population growth rate was higher during the decade of 1981–90 due to increased provision of social, economic and recreational facilities that caused the rural population to migrate to urban areas. The overall growth rate had declined over the last two decades due to poor returns in agriculture and increased migration of agricultural labourers to other urban centres. The population density of the town is high in the centre and low in the peripheral regions.

The town has 55% employed people; 12.7% are involved in primary occupations like agriculture, 2.8% in secondary occupations related to industries and 85% in tertiary occupations such as agricultural trading and tourism. About 33% population of the town is involved in agriculture and most of them are involved in trading activities. As per a survey conducted in 1997 by the Tamil Nadu Urban and Town Planning Department, 30 slums were identified in the town constituting 41% of the total population of the town.

Economy
Thiruvarur lies in the Kaveri River basin and the main occupation of the inhabitants of the town and surrounding regions is agriculture. More than 70% of the workforce is involved in agriculture; 14% being cultivators and rest are agricultural labourers. Paddy is cultivated in three seasons namely Kuruvai (June–August), Samba (August–January) and Thaladi (January–March). The daily wages of the agricultural labourers is more than the rates fixed by the Tamil Nadu government, but due to the decline in number of days of work, the income levels are lower. As of 1998, the male labourers were employed 150 days a year, while the female labourers for 120 days. A government report in 2006 put these numbers at 120 and 100 days respectively. Due to the discontinuity in the working days, the labourers migrate to other states or countries. They also shift to other professions like construction industry in the urban centres and textile industry in the district. There are no industrial estates in the town and the district – as of 2012, a government proposal is formulated to develop one at Vaippur village. Modern agricultural tools like hullers have replaced labourers and reduce the profit margin of small traders and labourers. There are no co-operative societies who acquire the farm products and the District Purchasing Centre, operated by the government of Tamil Nadu is the major procurer.

Being an agricultural town, the predominant industries are agriculture based like modern rice milling, palm oil refinery, poultry, live stock and coir based. Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies Corporation operating a modern rice mill and South India Edible Oil involved in refining oil are the large scale industries in the town. There are small service enterprises involved in automobile servicing, hotels, hospitals, boat repairing and nylon fishnet repairing. There is a weekly market at Thanjai Salai and a daily market maintained by the municipality, where vegetables and fish are sold.

Nationalized banks such as State Bank of India, Indian Bank, Central Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Indian Overseas Bank and private banks like ICICI Bank, City Union Bank have their branches in Thiruvarur. Kumbakonam Co-operative Bank, Tiruvarur Co-operative Bank and Primary Agriculture Bank are the cooperative banks that have their branches in the town. All these banks have their Automated teller machines located in various parts of the town.

Transport
Thiruvarur municipality accommodates 94.06 km of roads: 54.9 km of BT roads, 10.91 km of metal roads, 9.48 km of cement roads and 18.75 km of highways. Thiruvarur is connected by three national highways, NH 45A to Viluppuram, NH 67 to Coimbatore. And KSRTC also operating buses from Ernakulam, Cherthala, Changanasserry to Velankanni via Thiruvarur. Thiruvarur having the direct bus services to the following Cities of the State are Chennai, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Kanchipuram, Villupuram, Cuddalore, Chidambaram, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai, Salem, Karaikudi, Hosur, Erode, Tiruppur, Kodaikanal, Palani, Dharapuram, Pudukkottai, Sivagangai, Rameshwaram, Ramanathapuram, Theni, Tiruchendur, Puducherry, Karaikal and other local services to Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, Mannargudi, Mayiladuthurai, Sirkazhi, Pattukkottai, Vedaranyam, Ariyalur, Jayankondam etc. Through the state highways SH 23 from Mayiladuthurai to Thiruthuraipoondi, SH 67 from Thanjavur to Kodikkarai, SH 65 from Thiruvarur to Kumbakonam, SH 66 from Kumbakonam to Adiramapattinam, SH 67 from Nagore to Nachiyar Koil, SH 146 from Mannargudi to Sethubavachatram, SH 147 Kumbakonam to Karaikkal, SH 202 Tiruvarur - Mannargudi - Muthupet, SH 151 Kilvelur to Kachanam. The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates close to 300 daily services connecting various cities to Thiruvarur. Most of the buses via Thiruvarur are operated by the corporation ply between Tiruchirapalli and Velankanni. The corporation operates a computerised reservation centre in the municipal bus stand of the town. It also operates 40 town buses satisfying the local transport needs of Thiruvarur and the neighbouring villages. The State Express Transport Corporation operates long-distance buses connecting the town to Bangalore, Coimbatore, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram and Marthandam.

Thiruvarur railway junction is a four way junction connecting Thanjavur in the west, Mayiladuthurai in the north, Nagapattinam in the east and Thiruthuraipoondi in the south. Gauge conversion between Mayiladuthurai and Thiruvarur was completed in August 2012 and the inaugural train ran from Bangalore to Nagore via Thiruvarur. There are passenger trains to Tiruchirapalli, Thanjavur, Mayiladuthurai, Karaikal, Mannargudi and Thiruthuraipoondi. Gauge conversion between Thiruvarur and Karaikudi is completed now so daily trains are available to Karaikudi and manamadurai. There is a daily express train to Chennai via Mayiladuthurai and Ernakulam. There are two trains from Mannargudi to Tirupathi and Velankanni to Goa, operated three times a week that pass through Thiruvarur. The nearest airport to Thiruvarur is Tiruchirappalli International Airport, which is located 110 km from the town.The nearest seaport is located at Nagapattinam which is about 27 km from the town.

Education and utility services
As of 2001, Thiruvarur has a lower literacy rate compared to other part of the state. There are three government high schools out of a total of 15 schools in the town. The Central University of Tamil Nadu, established by an act of parliament in 2009, provides collegiate education in the fields of arts and science. There are five other arts and science colleges, one teacher training institute, three polytechnic colleges and two Industrial training institutes (ITI) in the town.

Electricity supply to Thiruvarur is regulated and distributed by the Thiruvarur circle of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). Water supply is provided by the Thiruvarur Municipality from Odambokki river; the distribution through water tanks located at Madapuram, Thendral Nagar, Kidarakondan, Kattapomman street, Mettupalayam, IP Koil street, Maruthapttinam and Weekly Shandy having a total capacity of 4260 kl. About 18 MT of solid waste is collected from the town everyday; 56% domestic wastes and 40% commercial wastes. Thiruvarur municipality is implementing underground drainage and the current sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks and public conveniences. Roadside drains carry untreated sewage out of the town to let out raw into the sea or accumulates in low-lying area.

Thiruvarur comes under the Thiruvarur Telecom circle of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service. There are three government hospitals in the town; the largest of them is the District Headquarters Government Hospital. There are 11 private hospitals and numerous medical shops catering to the healthcare need of the town.

Municipal administration and politics
Until 1860, Thiruvarur was the headquarters of a taluka of the same name. It was declared a third grade municipality in 1914 during the rule of British. It was promoted to a first grade municipality in 1978. The municipality has 30 wards and there is an elected councilor for each of those wards. The municipality has seven revenue villages: Vilamal, Vijayaruram, Thiruvarur south, Thiruvarur North, Keelakavadhukudi, Ramage, Sundaravilakam and Kidaramkondan. The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, engineering, revenue, health, town planning and information technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a municipal commissioner who is the executive head. The legislative powers are vested in a body of 30 members, one each from the 30 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson assisted by a deputy chairperson. Tiruvarur district was created in January 1997 and Tiruvarur town became the district headquarters.

Thiruvarur comes under the Thiruvarur assembly constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. Till 2006, the constituency was reserved for SC (Scheduled Caste) candidates. From the 1977 elections, the assembly seat was won by DMK for five times during 1977, 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011 elections and Communist Party of India for four times during 1980, 1984, 1989 and 1991 elections. The former MLA of the constituency is Muthuvel Karunanidhi, ex-chief minister and the leader of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK).

Thiruvarur is a part of the Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency) – it has the following six assembly constituencies – Thiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Thiruthuraipoondi, Vedaranyam, Kilvelur (SC) and Nannilam. The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is Dr. K. Gopal from the AIADMK. From 1957, the Nagapattinam parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress for four times during 1957–1961, 1962–67, 1967–71 and 1991–96. CPI won the seat for 5 times during 1971–77, 1977–80, 1989–91, 1996–98 and 1998 elections. DMK won 4 times during 1980–84, 1999–2004, 2004–09 and 2009-2014 elections. AIADMK won the seat two times during 1984–89 & 2014.

Law and order in the town in maintained by the Thiruvarur sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There are three police stations in the town, one of them being an all-women police station. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police.

The Thyagaraja temple
The ancient Thyagaraja Temple at Thiruvarur is dedicated to the Somaskanda aspect of Shiva. Thygaraja is the iconic form of Somaskanda and is believed to have spread widely from the tenth century CE, the period coinciding the reign of Raja Raja Chola. The temple complex spanning over an area of 20 acres has shrines dedicated to Vanmikanathar, Thyagaraja, Kamalaamba and numerous other deities. Vanmikinathar is believed to have arisen from an anthill and from the trumpet flower, Bignonia Chelenoides. The Kamalalayam temple tank covers around 33 acre, making it one of the largest in the country. The temple chariot is the largest of its kind in Tamil Nadu. Thyagaraja is believed to have performed 364 miracles in Thiruvarur similar to the 64 performed at Madurai Meenakshi Temple. Pilgrims take a holy dip in the tank during Hindu auspicious occasions like equinox and eclipse. The temple is also classified as Saptha Vidangam, meaning the seven temples having unique dance moves by Thyagaraja. The Chola inscriptions refer Thyagaraja as Vidhividangar and the name "Thyagaraja" is believed to have emerged during the 15–16th century CE.

Music, dance and literature
Historically Thiruvarur has been a centre of eminent people in religion, arts and science. Sundarar, an eighth-century Saivite saint, mentions "I am the slave of all those born in Thiruvarur" in his works in Tevaram. Two of the 63 nayanmars of Saivite tradition namely, Kalarsinga Nayanar and Tandiyadigal Nayanar were born in Thiruvarur. The Periyapuranam, a 12th-century Saiva canonical by Sekkizhar, dedicates a chapter to those born in Thiruvarur including these two saints. The town was a traditional centre of music and dance – the inscriptions from Rajaraja Chola associates a large body of dancers associated with the temple. Thiruvarur is home to Trinity of Carnatic music namely Thyagaraja (1767–1847 CE), Muthuswami Dikshitar (1775–1835 CE) and Shyama Shastri (1762–1827 CE). Muthuswami Dikshitar has sung eulogies of the temple deities of the Thyagarajaswami temple. There was large influx of the acumen of South Indian culture to the town during the 17th century CE due to the political unrest in Thanjavur and increased patronage of the Maratha kings to Thiruvarur, resulting in developments in music and dance. A unique musical instrument called Panchamuga Vadyam with each of its five ends ornamented differently is used in the temple. A type of nadaswaram (pipe instrument) called Barinayanam is also a unique instrument found only in Thiruvarur.

Chariot festival
Kulothunga Chola II (1133–50 CE) enlarged the temple ritual to have fifty six festivals, some of which are followed in modern times. The annual chariot festival of the Thygarajaswamy temple is celebrated during April – May, corresponding to the Tamil month of Chitrai. The chariot is the largest of its kind in Tamil Nadu and also No.1 Place of Biggest Chariot in the World weighing 360 tonne with a height of 96 feet. The chariot comes around the four main streets surrounding the temple during the festival. The event is attended by lakhs of people from all over Tamil Nadu. The chariot festival is followed by the "Theppam", meaning float festival. The Carnatic music festival celebrated every year also garners large audience. The town has 10 parks, with the Somasundaram Park at Panagal Road and Municipal Park at Thendral Nagar being the most prominent of them.

Notable people

 * Bakthavathsalam – Mridangam player
 * K. Balachander – Tamil film maker and director
 * Muthuswami Dikshitar – Carnatic classical composer and part of trinity
 * M. Karunanidhi – Five term chief minister of Tamil Nadu
 * Syama Sastri – Carnatic classical composer and part of trinity
 * Rajan Somasundaram – Music composer, multi-instrumentalist that created first ever music album on Sangam period poetry
 * Tyagaraja – Carnatic classical composer and part of trinity

title: Thiruvarur


text: Category:Cupertino Union School District


text:
User talk:RussHolsclaw

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