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User:Christopher Parham/Sandbox

Ritual substitution is a process in which one object replaces another for the purpose of a ritual. An expendable object may be substituted for a valuable one: for instance, the Nuer tribe of southern Sudan used cucumbers to replace valuable oxen in sacrificial rituals. In other rites, people may represent gods or other people; for instance, in a séance the medium may act as a ritual substitute for the dead person with whom communication is attempted.

Worklist
cochineal economics

This is a listing of the 85 Federalist Papers, which were key documents in the early political history of the United States. The articles were written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay and were published in 1788. The authorship of some of the papers is disputed and is difficult to settle conclusively since all the essays were written under the same pseudonym, Publius. The table below follows the modern scholarly consensus as to authorship. The date given is that of the first publication in a newspaper.

title: User:Christopher Parham/Sandbox


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Timeline of Portuguese history (Third Dynasty)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

16th century

 * 1580
 * Invasion of Portugal by a Spanish army commanded by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba.
 * Battle of Alcântara between Portuguese and Spanish forces.
 * The Fortress of St. Julian, in Lisbon, surrenders to the Spanish.
 * Anthony of Portugal, the Prior of Crato, is acclaimed King of Portugal in Santarém.
 * Death of Luís de Camões, Portugal's national poet.
 * Beginning of the Cortes (General Assembly of the Kingdom) of Tomar.
 * 1581
 * Philip II of Spain is acclaimed in the Cortes of Tomar as King Philip I of Portugal in a personal union of the Crowns. Portugal loses de facto independence to Spain.
 * Anthony of Portugal, the Prior of Crato, takes refuge in England.
 * The Azores refuse to recognize Philip I of Portugal as King.
 * 1582
 * The Spanish Fleet of Santa Cruz defeats the Portuguese-French Fleet of Strozzi in the Azores.
 * Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar in Portugal.
 * 1583
 * Cortes in Lisbon.
 * King Philip I of Portugal departs for Madrid and leaves the government of Portugal with Portuguese trustees.
 * The Azores are submitted.
 * Francis Drake attacks Portuguese Brazil.
 * 1589 – Anthony of Portugal, the Prior of Crato, attacks Lisbon with English aid, but with no success.
 * 1595 – Anthony of Portugal, the Prior of Crato, dies in Paris.
 * 1598 – Philip III of Spain becomes Philip II of Portugal.

17th century

 * 1621 – Philip IV of Spain becomes Philip III of Portugal.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Gaudiya Math

The Gaudiya Math is a Gaudiya Vaishnava matha (monastic organisation) formed on 6 September 1920,  about 30 months after Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati took sannyasa, the renounced order of life. On 7 March 1918, the same day he took sannyasa, he established the Sri Chaitanya Math in Mayapura in West Bengal, later recognised as the parent body of all the Gaudiya Math branches. Its purpose was to spread Gaudiya Vaishnavism, the philosophy of the medieval Vaisnava saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, through preaching and publishing.

From the beginning of Chaitanya's bhakti movement in Bengal, devotees, including Haridasa Thakur and others, whether Muslim or Hindu by birth, have been participants. This openness and disregard for the traditional caste received a boost from the "broad-minded vision" of Bhaktivinoda Thakura, a nineteenth-century magistrate and prolific writer on bhakti topics, and was institutionalised by his son and successor Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura in the twentieth-century Gaudiya Math.

Branches
The Gaudiya Math had established 64 branches. Most were in India, but preaching centres were maintained for a time in British Burma, England and Germany. The first European preaching center was established in London in 1933 (London Glouster House, Cornwall Garden, W7 South Kensington) under the name Gaudiya Mission Society of London'. Lord Zetland, the English Secretary of State, was the president of this society. The second European preaching center was opened by Swami B.H. Bon Maharaj in Berlin (W30 Eisenacherstr. 29).

History
Soon after the Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati's death (1 January 1937), a dispute began and the original Gaudiya Math mission divided by the court in 1948 into two administrative bodies which continued preaching on their own, up to the present day. In a settlement they divided the 64 Gaudiya Math centers into two groups. Sri Chaitanya Math Branch were headed by Srila Bhakti Vilasa Tirtha Maharaj. Gaudiya Mission were headed by Ananta Vasudev Prabhu, who became known as Srila Bhakti Prasad Puri Maharaj after accepting sannyasa for short duration.

Many of the disciples of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati did not agree with the spirit of these newly created two fractions, or were simply inspired to expand the mission of their guru on their own enthusiasm, started their own missions. Many of these autonomous missions are still known as Gaudiya Math. Some of the other notable new missions are:

Some are very large missions, and some are smaller branches started by individual Vaishnavas. What they hold in common is that they are autonomous branches of the tree of the Gaudiya Math. Almost all of them have published books and periodicals and opened one or more temples. There is little cooperation among these missions. Nevertheless, in 1994 many of them formed united the World Vaisnava Association — Visva Vaisnava Raj Sabha (WVA–VVRS).
 * Sri Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti established by Bhakti Prajnan Keshava Maharaj and Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar Goswami Maharaj (1940)
 * Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math established by Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar Maharaj (1941)
 * Sri Chaitanya Gaudiya Math established by Srila Bhakti Dayita Madhav Goswami Maharaj (1953)
 * International Society for Krishna Consciousness established by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (1966)
 * Sri Krishna Chaitanya Mission established by Srila Bhakti Vaibhava Puri Goswami Maharaj (1966)
 * Science of Identity Foundation established by Siddhaswarupananda Paramahamsa (1977)
 * Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust established by Srila Bhakti Hridaya Bon (1979)
 * Sri Caitanya Sangha, a.k.a. Gaudiya Vaishnavite Society, established by Tripurari Swami (1985)
 * Sri Gopinatha Gaudiya Math established by Srila Bhakti Pramode Puri Goswami Maharaj (1989)

title: Gaudiya Math


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Canadian Heraldic Authority/archive1

Canadian Heraldic Authority
I'm nominating this article (which I started) because I think that it's pretty well written (it's been peer reviewed), and it deals with a topic (Heraldry & heraldic institutions) that many people are not familiar with. --Mb1000 19:46, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

*In response to your concerns: I did not feel it nessessary to include details about particular grants of arms granted since 1988. It can be easily understood that since 1988 the Canadian Heraldic Authority has been granting armorial bearings to Canadians, thus fulfilling it's purpose. The article does mention the main heralds of the Authority (e.g. The Saint-Laurent Herald, The Fraser Herald). Also mentioned is the fact that the Authority is the Canadian counterpart of the Collage of Arms, and the Court of the Lord Lyon.
 * Oppose - a very good start - well done - but the article is rather sparse: there must be more to say about it.  What has it done since it was created in 1988?  Who are the Heralds? (no Kings of Arms or Pursuivants?)  Does it have premises?  Does it have any staff, other than the heralds?  What is its budget?  Are there fees to pay?  In what ways is it the same as, or different from, other heraldic bodies, such as the College of Arms or the Court of Lord Lyon. In any event, the article will need some references. -- ALoan (Talk) 19:56, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The article deals with the fact that the grant process is, "financed by the "petitioner", that is the person requesting the grant or registration of arms, who pays the fees associated with the request and grant/registration." As fees differ from grant to grant I did not feel that it would be wise to estimate in this article. [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]--Mb1000 20:40, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the response: I was really asking for more details, not information about individual grants.  Are statistics available - for example, how many grants has it made?  Have any grants been controversial or notable in any way (famous grantees; interesting achievements)?  What are the names of the Heralds (rather than just their titles)?  I know there are references to the College of Arms and Court of Lord Lyon, but they are quite different in scope and procedure: how does this authority operate?  Is there no estimate of the fees involved (e.g. application fee, hourly rate?)? -- ALoan (Talk) 09:30, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. The image Image:Coat of arms of the CHA.jpg has no copyright information.  If it was drawn by the uploader, it is under whatever license the uploader wants; otherwise, it is probably copyrighted and falls under "fair use", in which case it should be tagged as coatofarms, and needs to indicate the image source. --Carnildo 21:24, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Object- not comprehensive or detailed. For example, several sections are merely bullet-point lists, with little or no description. Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 22:14, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, due to the expansion of the article, support. Great work! Flcelloguy | A note? | Desk 15:59, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * In response to the concerns of Carnildo The image in question (Image:Coat of arms of the CHA.jpg) has been tagged as coatofarms, and information has been added about it's source. [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]]--Mb1000 23:17, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. --Carnildo 23:51, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Object, I agree totally with the point raised by ALoan and Flcelloguy. This article needs to be significantly fleshed out.--nixie 06:25, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support the current version, out of curiosity how long was this on peer review?--nixie 05:04, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Can't even remember! And I'd Like to thank you for supporting the article's nomination!--Mb1000 13:16, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for you suggestions. I have just added significant amounts of information to the article, including information regarding fees and processing time. I found it to be unnessesary to add the names of individual heralds, as little or no information is available online regarding them. I did some reserch but could not find any particularly famous grantees. I hope my new additions will make you reconsider your objections. Thank-you. --Mb1000 17:39, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks - you have gone a some way towards addressing my objections. However, sections 2 and 3 are still very skeletal - if there is no further information to add, perhaps they should be merged into another section (for example, section 2 would work reasonably well as a second paragraph in the lead).  I still think there is more to say - I am not very surprised that there is little information available online: what about offline sources? -- ALoan (Talk) 18:23, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Made quite a few changes, so take a look! Merged what was section 2 (Purpose) into the lead section (Section 0 as I call it), reworded extensivly, and generally moved text around for better flow. Unfortunatly, there is less information offline then there is online! --Mb1000 20:03, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I also added a bunch of things into the article, and I wish to see if some of yall's objections have been met. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 02:02, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Support - an excellent response. I think the new additions need a light copyedit, but I will support now. -- ALoan (Talk) 09:59, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * A spell check has be completed, but I think this article should be in British English, IMHO. I will also support this article. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 23:23, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Support I eventually noticed there was no actual categories to put it in, so I created one. Circeus 22:04, July 30, 2005 (UTC)


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Timeline of Portuguese history (Fourth Dynasty)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

17th century

 * 1640, December 1: a small group of conspirators storms the Palace in Lisbon and deposes the Spanish Governor, Margaret, Duchess of Mantua. The Duke of Bragança, head of the senior family of the Portuguese nobility (and descended from a bastard of João I), accepts the throne as Dom João IV of Portugal, despite deep personal reluctance, by popular acclaim and at the urging of his wife. His entire reign will be dominated by the struggle to establish and maintain independence from Spain. Francisco de Lucena, secretary to the governing council of Portugal for the past 36 years and thus the most experienced bureaucrat in the country, smoothly changes his loyalties and becomes chief minister of the restored monarchy.
 * 1641 The Inquisition attempts to derail the national restoration by giving its support to a counter-revolution mounted by a duke, a marquis, three earls and an archbishop. The plot fails, quelled by Francisco de Lucena, who has the ringleaders executed, but it initiates a 28-year-long war of independence against Spain punctuated by frequent internal threats to the stability of the new regime. Meanwhile, the Dutch renew their attack on Angola and capture the most extensive Portuguese slaving grounds in Africa, including the Angolan port of Luanda. The Portuguese garrison flees upriver while trying to decide whether to declare continuing loyalty to the Habsburgs, accept Dutch rule or declare for João IV. They choose the House of Bragança and appeal to the Portuguese colony of Brazil for help in fending off African and Dutch attacks on their enclave. Salvador de Sá, leader of Rio de Janeiro, persuaded by the Jesuits in Brazil, also declares for King João and responds to the Angolan appeal.
 * 1644 – Elvas withstands a nine-day siege by Spanish troops.
 * 1648 – The Brazilians under Salvador de Sá land in Angola, expel the Dutch and restore the African colony to Portugal.
 * 1654 – Anglo-Portuguese treaty between João IV and Oliver Cromwell signed at Westminster. João agrees to prevent the molestation of the traders of the English Protector; they are allowed to use their own bible and bury their dead according to Protestant rites on Catholic soil. The Brazilians drive the Dutch out of the great plantation colonies of the north-east, re-establishing the territorial integrity of Portugal's South American empire.
 * 1656 – Death of João IV after a reign of 15 years. His Queen now reigns as Regent for their son, Afonso VI of Portugal. She seeks an accommodation with Spain. Portugal loses control of Colombo in Ceylon when it is captured by the Dutch.
 * 1659 – The Treaty of the Pyrenees ends Spain's long war with France, and Spanish troops are freed once more to suppress the Portuguese ‘rebellion’. The Spaniards besiege Monção and are driven off by the Countess of Castelo Melhor.
 * 1660 – On the restoration of Charles II in Britain, the Queen-Regent re-negotiates the treaty of 1654. Portugal is allowed to recruit soldiers and horses in England for the fight against Spain; and to seek out 4,000 fighting men in Scotland and Ireland and charter 24 English ships to carry them. The expeditionary force is to be issued with English weapons on arrival in Portugal and guaranteed religious freedom of worship.
 * 1661 – Catarina da Bragança, sister of Afonso VI, marries Charles II of Great Britain on 31 May. She brings to London a dowry of 2,000,000 gold pieces, the practice of drinking afternoon tea, and England is given colonial toe-holds in the Portuguese Empire at Tangier and Bombay. Servicing the wedding debt burdens the Portuguese exchequer for the next half-century, and this marriage with a Protestant monarch is deeply unpopular with that section of the Portuguese nobility which favours alliance with France.
 * 1662 – In a palace coup d'état in Lisbon a restive younger faction of the nobility, supported by the young Afonso VI, overthrows the Queen Regent and installs the 26-year-old Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3rd Count of Castelo Melhor as ‘dictator’ to prosecute the war with Spain. The adolescent (and possibly retarded) king is married to a French princess and the young dictator models his government on the royal absolutism of the Bourbon dynasty. Opposition to this pro-French absolutism (from the King's sister the Queen of England, and his younger brother Prince Pedro) is swept aside, and Castelo Melhor initiates the final, successful phase of the Portuguese war of restoration with the aid of the Franco-German Marshal Schomberg, who brilliantly commands an international mercenary army against the Spanish forces.
 * 1665 – 17 June, Portugal is finally victorious at the Battle of Montes Claros, in which Schomberg defeats the Spanish army under the Prince of Parma; Spain ceases to make war, but peace will not be signed for another three years.
 * 1667 – Castelo Melhor and his Francophile party are overthrown in a new palace revolution. Prince Pedro, leader of the Anglophile party, becomes Regent for Afonso VI, who is declared incapable of governing and removed to the Azores. The French alliance is rejected, though Pedro shores up his political position by marrying his brother's estranged Queen. Castelo Melhor flees into exile (ironically, to England).
 * 1668 – Peace treaty with Spain ends nearly 30 years of war. Spain restores to Portugal all her former possessions and territory with the exception of Ceuta in Morocco. Portugal remains economically weak, however, agriculturally undeveloped and dependent on British grain and trade goods generally, especially woven cloth. The Count of Ericeira, economic adviser to the Prince Regent, advocates the development of a native textile industry modelled on Flemish lines. ‘Factories’ are established at Covilhã with easy access to flocks of sheep and clean mountain water, but are highly unpopular with both town consumers and traditional weavers. Meanwhile, Portuguese attempts to develop a silk industry are fiercely resisted by the French, who wish to monopolize that market.
 * 1683 – Death of Afonso VI. Pedro II becomes king.
 * 1690 – Suicide of Luís de Meneses, Count of Ericeira.
 * 1692 – Great drought disrupts Portuguese silk production.
 * 1697 – Discovery of gold in the interior of São Paulo province, Brazil.

18th century

 * 1700 – Brazil now producing 50,000 ounces of gold per year.
 * 1703 – Sir John Methuen negotiates a Military Treaty with Portugal on 16 May, giving Britain an entry to Portugal at a time when the Bourbon dynastic alliance of France and Spain appears to threaten English access to the Continent. This is followed on 27 December by the commercial Methuen Treaty, signed to stimulate trade with Britain. This (which lasts until 1810) opens up new markets for Portuguese wine but helps to destroy the native textile industry by letting in British cloth at preferential rates. The fashion for Portuguese wine in Britain (which has banned the import of French wine due to the war of the Spanish Succession, which will last until 1714) makes the wine trade so profitable and competitive that over the next 40 years inferior wines, often adulterated and artificially coloured are passed off as the genuine article – giving ‘port’ a bad name.
 * 1705 – Brazil is now producing 600,000 ounces of gold per year. For the second time in its history, Portugal controls one of the greatest gold-producing sources in the world.
 * 1706 — João V of Portugal becomes king. He presides over a great flowering of Portuguese art and culture underpinned by the fabulous wealth provided by Brazilian gold. Social and economic reform are neglected for the next 40 years, and the pious King indulges in a penchant for fabulously expensive building. The Portuguese royal family is now the wealthiest in Europe and João V even considers moving his throne and court to Rio de Janeiro. The taxation of the Brazilian trade brings in an enormous personal revenue to the monarch and he is able to construct an absolutist regime similar to that of the French Kings, concentrating on pomp and ceremony at court. There is however no attention to the impoverished national agriculture, inadequate transport, neglected merchant navy and minimal industrial development of the country since corn and cloth can easily be exported, foreign ships can be hired and ‘every problem in Portugal can be solved by the King’s gift of a little basket of gold coins bearing his effigy’. Meanwhile, the Brazilian gold rush continues and civil war breaks out between the mining camps of Portuguese immigrants lately come to the north of the country and the Paulistas of southern Brazil who discovered the gold in the first place.
 * 1717 – Beginning of construction of the great palace-monastery of Mafra, which João V vowed on the birth of his heir, and which he intends as a rival to the Escorial. The elegance of the suites and courtyards are matched by the costliness of the furnishings in more than 1,000 rooms. The scale of the buildings and formal gardens is stupendous in relation to the impoverished countryside around it. However the roped gangs of forced labourers and the military regiment which controls them provides local employment throughout a generation, particularly in the servicing of the 7,000 carts and wagons and feeding of draught animals.
 * 1732 – Disaster at Elvas: lightning strikes the gunpowder magazine in the castle. The explosion and fire kill 1500 people and destroy 823 houses.
 * 1735 – Completion of the palace-monastery at Mafra.
 * 1742 – João V orders the construction in Rome of the Capela de São João Baptista for installation in the Igreja de São Roque to honour his patron saint and to requite the Pope, whom he has persuaded to confer a patriarchate on Lisbon. For its size, this is reckoned the most expensive building ever constructed. Designed by the papal architect Vanvitelli, and using the most costly materials available including ivory, agate, porphyry and lapis lazuli, the chapel is erected in the Vatican in order that the Pope may celebrate Mass in it before it is dismantled and shipped to Portugal.
 * 1750 — Death of João V. His son José I of Portugal becomes king. His powerful chief minister, Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal, embarks on a programme of reform to drag Portugal into the 18th century.
 * 1752 – Building of the rococo palace of Queluz.
 * 1755 – The Great earthquake of Portugal is the most shattering natural phenomenon of the Age of Enlightenment. Striking at 9.30 am on All Saints' Day (1 November), it destroys much of Lisbon and many towns in parts of the Alentejo and Algarve (Faro, Lagos and Albufeira are devastated). In Lisbon, three major shocks within ten minutes, a host of rapidly spreading fires touched off by the candles of a hundred church altars, and a vast tsunami that engulfs the seafront, leave 40,000 dead out of a total population of 270,000. The Alfama district of the old city is largely untouched owing to its situation on a rocky massif, as is Belem. The Customs House is flooded and the India House and the English Factory destroyed, so that no trade can legitimately be conducted. The King proves himself able in crisis management and his illegitimate half-brothers, the royal dukes, organize defence, security, the burying of the dead and the continuance of religious observance. The disaster is described by Voltaire in Candide. Rebuilding begins immediately under the vigorous direction of Pombal, who now consolidates his position as Portugal's enlightened despot and leading statesman. It is decided to reconstruct Lisbon as the finest city in Europe, on the grid plan already adopted in the leading cities of Spanish America.
 * 1759, January 13 — All members of the Távora family are executed for high-treason and attempted regicide by orders of the Marquis of Pombal.
 * 1762 – 1763 — Spanish invasion of Portugal stopped with the help of Great Britain.
 * 1777 — Maria I of Portugal becomes Queen regnant. The King consort is her husband and uncle, Pedro III of Portugal. Pombal is dismissed.
 * 1792 — João assumes royal responsibilities due to the declining mental health of his mother, Maria I of Portugal.
 * 1799 — João officially becomes Prince regent

19th century

 * 1807 – Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, invades Portugal and the Portuguese Royal Family is transferred to the colony of Brazil and the colony is elevated to the status of kingdom and center of the Portuguese Empire. Portugal changes the official name from Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves to Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
 * 1808 – Insurrection against Napoleon's general, Junot and landing of Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington) to defeat the French at the Battle of Vimeiro. Beginning of the Peninsular War. Subsequent French attack in 1810 led by Masséna repulsed at the Lines of Torres Vedras.
 * 1816 – João VI becomes king. Portugal is governed by a Regency council headed by Marshal Beresford, head of the Portuguese army in the Peninsular War.
 * 1820 – Insurrection against the British-led Regency begins in Porto on 24 August. The Regency's troops decline to act against their countrymen and on 15 September declare for King, Cortes and Constitution. A provisional government is established on 1 October to oversee elections to the Cortes.
 * 1821 – The national assembly opens on 26 January and on 9 March adopts a liberal parliamentary constitution (ratified 1822), inspired by the recent liberal advances in Spain, notably the 1812 Constitution of Cadiz. Metropolitan Portugal demands the return of João VI to Lisbon. João VI advises his son, Pedro, to declare the independence of Brazil and become its emperor, to ensure its continued rule by the Bragança dynasty. João VI lands in Portugal on 4 July, but only after consenting to the restrictions on his power proposed by the Cortes and agreeing to accept the new constitution, to which he swears allegiance on 1 October. But his wife Queen Carlota Joaquina and younger son Dom Miguel refuse to do so and become the focus of a reactionary movement.
 * 1822 – Brazil declares independence. Pedro becomes Emperor Pedro I of Brazil. Military coup against the parliamentarians. Fearing a move by France against democratic Portugal, or a civil war, Brigadier Saldanha, a grandson of the Marquis of Pombal, raises a small army and expels the ‘constitutional extremists’ from Lisbon. He proposes instead a compromise constitution in which the powers of the crown will be partially restored to the King. (This is the first of Saldanha's seven coups d'état in his career).
 * 1823 – In May a 'Regency of Portugal' is established by the expelled traditionalists who had opposed the constitution at Valladolid, under the presidency of the Patriarch of Lisbon and becomes a centre for plotting to put Dom Miguel on the throne.
 * 1824 – At the end of April Miguel attempts a coup d'état but is defeated with British aid and goes into exile in Vienna.
 * 1826 – Death of João VI, 10 March. The country is split between radicals and absolutists. Emperor Pedro I of Brazil becomes king Pedro IV of Portugal but abdicates in favour of his daughter Maria II of Portugal, naming his sister as Regent and inviting all parties swear to accept a new constitution, drawn up by Pedro on 23 April and somewhat less liberal than that of 1820, based upon the Brazilian constitution. Pedro's constitution (the Charter of 1826) assigns authority to the crown to moderate between the legislative, executive and judicial powers of the state and proposes a House of Lords of 72 aristocrats and 19 bishops. Miguel (in Vienna) makes a show of agreement.
 * 1827 – In July Pedro names his brother Dom Miguel as Lieutenant and Regent of the Kingdom. Miguel leaves Vienna and visits Paris and London on his way to Portugal.
 * 1828 – Dom Miguel arrives in Lisbon in February and though he makes a show of abiding by the constitution, after various moves against the constitutional forces he usurps the throne and abolishes parliament and the constitution, re-instituting the mediaeval Cortes and claiming to be 'Absolute King' (proclaimed 4 July). Many of the liberal parliamentarians are imprisoned, executed or driven into exile. All Portuguese territories apart from Terceira in the Azores declare for Miguel, but he is recognized as King only by Mexico and the USA. Beginning of civil war, known as the Liberal Wars.
 * 1831 – Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicates in favour of his son Pedro II of Brazil and sets out to regain Portugal for his daughter.
 * 1832 – Pedro's expeditionary force of Portuguese exiles and foreign mercenaries gathers in Terceira, regains the Azores, then sails for Portugal. Pedro is supported by Britain and France and the Portuguese intelligentsia, including the politically ambitious soldiers Saldanha and Sá de Bandeira. 9 July: Pedro lands at Porto, where he is closely besieged by some 13,000 Miguelites across the river Douro. His defending force, the city garrison being commanded by Sá de Bandeira, includes an international brigade with a British contingent under Charles Shaw and Colonel George Lloyd Hodges. The city suffers cholera, starvation and bombardment.
 * 1833 – Miguel's navy is defeated by Pedro's Admiral Charles Napier at the fourth Battle of Cape St Vincent. The Duke of Terceira defeats Miguel's army at Almada and occupies Lisbon.
 * 1834
 * May 16, the Duke of Terceira wins the Battle of Asseiceira. Miguel capitulates at the Concession of Evoramonte on May 26. End of the civil war: Miguel is exiled to Genoa, where he renounces his capitulation. For many years he plots his return, but is never able to put it into effect. After two years of bitter and destructive war the country is once again bankrupt and beholden to foreign creditors, and the constitutional radicals turn their anger against the landowners and ecclesiastical institutions that had supported Miguel. The crown lands (a quarter of the national territory) are taken over by the state to help pay the national debt.
 * September 24, Death of Dom Pedro. Maria II of Portugal becomes queen in her own right. Dissolution of the monasteries – over 300 monastic orders are abolished – however the sale of church and crown lands does not revitalise Portugal in the way that had been anticipated.
 * 1835 – Revolutionary fervour is rekindled by an urban uprising and a military coup d'état. The national Guard sides with the insurgents and approved the call for Sá da Bandeira to lead the nation and bring back the constitution of 1822. Queen Maria is forced to swear allegiance to the 1822 constitution but the moderate leader, Saldanha, reaches an accommodation with Sá da Bandeira and a modest programme of modernisation can begin.
 * 1839 – An unsettled period of many short-lived governments ends temporarily with the stable coalition led by José Travassos Valdez, 1st Count of Bonfim, which remains in power for two years.
 * 1843 – Queen Maria II marries Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who rules with her as Fernando II, the thirtieth King of Portugal. He commissions the German architect Baron Eschwege to begin the building of the Pena Palace at Sintra.
 * 1846 – Spring: A ‘peasants' revolt’ inaugurates the last phase of the Revolution, starting as an uprising of the peasants of the Minho, largely led by women (their movement is named after the semi-mythical ‘Maria da Fonte’) against land enclosures and new land taxes demanded by the Costa Cabral government to finance its grandiose public works. They make common cause with the clergy and call for the return of the exiled Miguel as their saviour. Martial law is declared but soldiers refuse to fire on their kin. Fall of the Costa Cabral government and substitution of a government of national reconciliation in Lisbon. Autumn: A revolutionary government is proclaimed in Oporto with Sá da Bandeira at its head. He opens negotiations with Britain, whence Costa Cabral has fled into exile, and settles terms for his return to take responsibility for the national debt. Civil war between the supporters of Queen Maria and the radical constitutionalists. The Conde do Bonfim, for the Porto junta, is defeated by Saldanha at the siege of Torres Vedras and exiled to Angola.
 * 1847 – Convention of Gramido brings the civil war to an end. Return of the political exiles from Angola.
 * 1848 – Costa Cabral returns as prime minister.
 * 1851 – Another coup d'état by Saldanha. He ejects Costa Cabral, appoints himself prime minister and rules reasonably progressively from the house of lords for a full five-year term. Thus a proper parliamentary regime is finally established, with a two-party system and a bourgeois monarchy. Portugal enters its Age of Regeneration, with an old-fashioned cavalry officer in charge. The government embarks on an elaborate programme of public works to modernize the country, beginning with the establishment of a modern post office and a programme of road-building: in the entire country there is less than 200 km of all-weather road surface, and the government uses road taxes to finance 200 km of new road per year.
 * 1853 – Pedro V becomes king.
 * 1861 – Luís I becomes king.
 * 1869 – The government of Sá da Bandeira formally abolishes slavery in all Portuguese territories.
 * 1870 – A financial crisis in the wake of European recession brings the fall of the government and yet another coup d'état by the aged Duque de Saldanha.
 * 1881 – Republican insurrection in Porto. It is violently put down by the authorities, who afterwards institute a tight press censorship. Opponents of the government are accused of anarchism and exiled to the colonies.
 * 1889 – Carlos I becomes king.

20th century

 * 1906
 * João Franco is appointed as Prime Minister of Portugal.
 * Big strike of the typographers.
 * Foundation of the Escola Superior Colonial (Superior Colonial School)
 * 1907
 * João Franco establishes a dictatorship within the framework of the monarchy.
 * Student's strike at the University of Coimbra.
 * 1908
 * January 28, Failed Republican revolutionary attempt. The conspirators are arrested.
 * February 1, King Carlos I of Portugal and his son and heir, prince Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, are killed in the Regicide of Lisbon by Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buiça, republicans of the Carbonária (the Portuguese section of the Carbonari).
 * Manuel II, King Carlos youngest son, becomes king.
 * The Portuguese Republican Party manages to elect all its candidates in the local elections of Lisbon.
 * 1909
 * King Manuel II of Portugal goes in a personal trip to Madrid, London and Paris.
 * The Portuguese Republican Party's Conference takes place in Setúbal, where the motion to accelerate the revolutionary movement to establish the Republic is approved.
 * In Lisbon a demonstration with more than 100,000 persons protests against the political and economical situation of the Monarchy.
 * 1910
 * October 4, Beginning of the Republican Revolution.
 * 5 October, The last King of Portugal, Manuel II of Portugal, flees into exile. After Manuel, several lines of pretenders ensued.
 * 5 October, The Republic is officially proclaimed in Lisbon. End of the Monarchy.


text:
Timeline of Portuguese history (First Republic)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

1910

 * October 4 - Beginning of the Republican Revolution. The Republic is proclaimed in Loures, just north of Lisbon.
 * October 5
 * The Republican Revolution, supported by popular uprising and virtually no resistance, is victorious and puts an end to the Monarchy.
 * The last King of Portugal, Manuel II of Portugal, and the Portuguese Royal Family embark in Ericeira for exile in England.
 * The Republic is officially proclaimed in Lisbon.

1917

 * Portugal joins the allied forces in World War I.

1921

 * The Portuguese Communist Party was founded from the ranks of the Portuguese Maximalist Federation as the Portuguese Section of the Communist International.

1925

 * Bernardino Machado is elected President of the Republic for the 2nd time.

1926

 * The 28 May 1926 military coup d'état ends the 1st Portuguese Republic.


text:
Timeline of Portuguese history (Second Republic)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

1926

 * May 27, The General Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa arrives at Braga with the purpose of initiating a Coup d'état.
 * The Republican Government and Prime Minister António Maria da Silva, knowing of the forthcoming coup, try to organize resistance believing the uprising can be defeated.
 * May 28, A Military coup d'état (henceforth known as the 28th May 1926 coup d'état) begins in Braga led by Gomes da Costa. Believing it to have failed, Gomes da Costa announces his surrender.
 * May 29
 * The Portuguese Communist Party interrupts its 2nd Congress due to the political and military situation.
 * The Confederação Geral do Trabalho (national trade union center) declares its neutrality in the military confrontations.
 * The Military Coup spreads to the rest of the country, by influence of Mendes Cabeçadas, Sinel de Cordes and Óscar Carmona, and establishes the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) against the democratic but unstable 1st Republic.
 * The Government of Prime Minister António Maria da Silva resigns.
 * May 30
 * The General Gomes da Costa is acclaimed in Porto.
 * The President of the Republic, Bernardino Machado, resigns.
 * José Mendes Cabeçadas Júnior becomes Prime Minister and President of the Republic.
 * June 3, António de Oliveira Salazar becomes Minister of Finance; he resigns 16 days after nomination.
 * June 3, The Congress of the Republic of Portugal (National Assembly) is dissolved by dictatorial decree.
 * All heads of Municipalities are substituted.
 * The Carbonária (the Portuguese section of the Carbonari) is banned.
 * All Political parties are banned.
 * June 17, General Gomes da Costa provokes a military coup.
 * June 19, General Gomes da Costa becomes Prime Minister.
 * June 22, Censorship is instituted.
 * June 29, General Gomes da Costa becomes President of the Republic.
 * July 9
 * General Gomes da Costa is obliged to step down and goes into exile.
 * General António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona, of the conservative military wing, becomes Prime Minister.
 * September 15 - Failed military coup.
 * September 18 - Failed military coup.
 * November 29 - General António Óscar Carmona becomes President of the Republic.
 * December 16, The Police of Information of Lisbon, a Political Police, is created.

1927

 * February, Failed Republican revolutionary attempt against the Ditadura Nacional in Porto and Lisbon.
 * March 26, The Police of Information of Porto, a Political Police, is created.
 * May 17, Minimum years of schooling reduced from the 6th to the 4th grade; in all levels of non-university schooling students are divided by sex.
 * The Confederação Geral do Trabalho (national trade union center) is dissolved.
 * August - Failed right wing military coup.
 * December 1 - Students demonstrate in Lisbon against the Ditadura Nacional.

1928

 * February, The Comissão de Propaganda da Ditadura (Commission for the Propaganda of the Dictatorship) is created.
 * March 17, The Police of Information of Porto and Lisbon are fused.
 * April 18, General José Vicente de Freitas becomes Prime Minister.
 * April 26, António de Oliveira Salazar becomes Minister of Finance for the 2nd time.
 * General António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona remains President of the Republic.
 * Acordo Missionário (Missionary Agreement) between the Catholic Church and the Portuguese Republic, giving special status to the action of the Catholic Church in Portugal's colonies.
 * Failed Republican revolucionary attempt against the Ditadura Nacional.
 * The Portuguese Communist Party's Main Office is closed.

1929

 * July 8, Artur Ivens Ferraz becomes Prime Minister.
 * Roman Catholic religious institutes are again permitted in Portugal.
 * The Portuguese Communist Party is reorganized under Bento Gonçalves. Adapting the Party to its new illegal status, the reorganization creates a net of clandestine cells to avoid the wave of detentions.

1930

 * January 21, Domingos da Costa e Oliveira becomes Prime Minister.
 * The Acto Colonial (Colonial Act) is published, defining the status of Portuguese colonies (Angola, Cabinda, Cape Verde, Portuguese Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Mozambique, Goa, Diu, Daman & Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Portuguese Timor and Macau).
 * The fundamental principles of the new regime are presented by António de Oliveira Salazar on the 4th anniversary of the 28th of May Revolution.

1932

 * July 5, António de Oliveira Salazar becomes Prime Minister.

1933

 * A new Constitution is approved in a false referendum, defining Portugal as a Corporative, Single Party and Multi-continental country (in Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania).
 * A fascist-leaning right-wing Dictatorial regime entitled Estado Novo is installed.
 * The Single Party União Nacional (National Union) is created.
 * The Estatuto do Trabalho Nacional (Code of National Labour) is published, prohibiting all free trade unions.
 * A Political Police, the PVDE (Polícia de Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado; State Defense and Vigilance Police) is created.
 * Censorship, particularly of the Mass media, is systematic and generalized.

1934

 * A General Strike, supported by communist and anarcho-syndicalist unions, was held on 18 January, but was quickly controlled by security forces.

1935

 * The Portuguese Communist Party's Secretary General Bento Gonçalves participates in the 7th Congress of the Comintern. Soon after returning to Portugal he is arrested by the Political Police PVDE.

1936

 * May 19, Creation of the Mocidade Portuguesa (Portuguese Youth), a compulsory paramilitary youth organization similar to the Hitler Youth.
 * July, Beginning of the Spanish Civil War; Portugal promptly supports Nationalist Spain under General Francisco Franco and sends military aid (the Battalion of the Viriatos) in their fight against the Spanish Republicans.
 * The Tarrafal concentration camp for political prisoners is opened in the colony of Cape Verde, under direct control of the political police PVDE.
 * The political police PVDE focuses its action against Communism and the underground Portuguese Communist Party. During this pre-World War II period, several Italian Fascist and German Nazi advisors came to Portugal, to help the PVDE adopt a model similar to the Gestapo.

1937

 * December, The female section of the Mocidade Portuguesa is created.

1939

 * The Iberian Neutrality Pact is put forward by Salazar to Francisco Franco.

1942

 * Salazar meets with Spanish dictator Francisco Franco.
 * The Portuguese Communist Party's Secretary General Bento Gonçalves dies in the concentration camp of Tarrafal.

1943
October 8, Although officially neutral during World War II, Portugal, after considerable pressure from the Allies, allowed the British the use of the ports of Horta on Faial Island and Ponta Delgada on São Miguel Island, as well as the airfields of Lajes on Terceira Island and Santana Field on São Miguel.

1945

 * The Political Police PVDE is reorganized and renamed PIDE (Polícia Internacional de Defesa do Estado; International Police for the Defense of the State).
 * October 8, The MUD (Movimento de Unidade Democrática - Movement of Democratic Unity) is created with official permission.

1948

 * January, The MUD is banned.

1949

 * April 4, Portugal is a founding member of NATO.
 * The President António Óscar Carmona meets with Spanish dictator Francisco Franco.
 * Spanish dictator Francisco Franco receives a Doctorate honoris causa by the University of Coimbra.
 * In the (fraudulent) Presidential elections, General Norton de Matos, backed by the oppositionist illegal organization MUD tries and fail to win the Presidency of the Republic.

1951

 * António de Oliveira Salazar becomes Provisional President of the Republic due to the death of President António Óscar de Fragoso Carmona.
 * Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes becomes President of the Republic.
 * The Portuguese government overhauls the entire colonial system in an attempt to curb criticism on Portuguese Colonialism: all Portugal's colonies were renamed Portuguese Overseas Provinces.

1954

 * The Dadra and Nagar Haveli Portuguese enclave, dependent of Daman, is occupied by India.

1956

 * Amílcar Cabral founds the PAIGC (Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde, African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde).
 * December, The MPLA, Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), is founded by Agostinho Neto.

1957

 * The FNLA - Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), is founded as União das Populações do Norte de Angola (Union of the Populations of Northern Angola).

1958

 * Américo Thomaz becomes President of the Republic.

1959

 * Pijiguiti Massacre - Portuguese soldiers open fire on protesting dockworkers in Bissau (Portuguese Guinea), killing 50.

1960

 * January, A group of ten Portuguese Communist Party members escaped from the high-security prison in Peniche. Among the escapees was Álvaro Cunhal.
 * January 4, Portugal is one of the founding member of the EFTA - European Free Trade Association.

1961

 * February 4, The Portuguese Colonial War starts in Angola with the attacks on the Prison, Police headquarters and Radio station in Luanda.
 * March 15, Attacks in northern Angola by the UPA (União do Povo Angolano; Union of the Angolan People), against Portuguese colonists and African populations, causing hundreds of deaths.
 * The Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar takes on himself the office of Minister of National Defense and reorganizes the Government to face the war in Africa.
 * December 12, the Indian army conquers Portuguese Goa.
 * December 19, the Indian army conquers Portuguese Daman and Diu.

1962

 * June 25, The FRELIMO - Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (Mozambican Liberation Front) is founded in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania).
 * The PAIGC Guerrilla warfare against the Portuguese begins with an abortive attack on Praia.
 * March 24 - The Academic Crisis of '62 culminates in a huge student demonstration in Lisbon brutally repressed by the shock police, which caused hundreds of students to be seriously injured.

1963

 * The FLEC (Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda; Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda) is founded.
 * January, Amílcar Cabral and PAIGC declare full-scale war against the Portuguese in Guinea.

1964

 * The FRELIMO controls most of Northern Mozambique.
 * February, The first Party Congress of the PAIGC takes place at liberated Cassaca, in which both the political and military arms of the PAIGC were assessed and reorganised, with a regular army (The People's Army) to supplement the guerilla forces (The People's Guerillas).

1965

 * 6th Congress of the Portuguese Communist Party, one of the most important congresses in the Party's history, after Álvaro Cunhal released the report The Path to Victory – The tasks of the Party in the National and Democratic Revolution, which became an important document in the anti-fascist struggle.

1966

 * August 6, The Salazar Bridge is inaugurated in Lisbon above the Tagus river. It is the longest suspension bridge in Europe and a replica (made by the same engineers) of the Golden Gate bridge in San Francisco.
 * The UNITA - União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (National Union for Total Independence of Angola) is founded by Jonas Savimbi.

1967

 * By this time the PAIGC had carried out 147 attacks on Portuguese barracks and army encampments, and effectively controlled 2/3 of Portuguese Guinea.

1968

 * Reorganisation of the Government.
 * September 25, António de Oliveira Salazar leaves the Government due to health problems.
 * September 28, Marcello das Neves Alves Caetano becomes Prime Minister.
 * Portugal begins a new campaign against the guerillas in Portuguese Guinea with the arrival of the new governor of the colony, General António de Spínola.

1969

 * The Single Party União Nacional is renamed Acção Nacional Popular (National Popular Action).
 * The Political Police PIDE is renamed DGS (Direcção Geral de Segurança, Directorate-General of Security).
 * Beginning of the Primavera Marcelista (Marcelist Springtime), a timid and failed opening of the regime.

1970

 * July 27, Death of António de Oliveira Salazar.
 * Portugal invades Conakry, in the Republic of Guinea, 400 amphibious troops attacked the city and freed hundreds of Portuguese Prisoners of war kept there by the PAIGC.

1973

 * January, Amílcar Cabral, leader of the PAIGC, is assassinated in Conakry by a disgruntled former associate under influence of the Portuguese Political Police DGS.
 * September 24, Independence of Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese Guinea) is unilaterally declared.
 * November, A United Nations' General Assembly vote recognizes the Independence of Guinea-Bissau, unprecedented as it denounced illegal Portuguese aggression and occupation and was prior to complete control and Portuguese recognition.

1974

 * The Carnation Revolution of the 25 April puts an end to five decades of dictatorship.


text:
User:Necromancing

I'm a new user here. Please be patient as I find the time to build my profile. Thank you.

I am a professional artist, so in the mean time please check out my website: www.mattbogard.net.

title: User:Necromancing


text:
Timeline of Portuguese history (Third Republic)

This is a historical timeline of Portugal.

1974

 * April 25, The Carnation Revolution puts an end to the authoritarian regime of Estado Novo. Prime-minister Marcello Caetano exiled to Brazil

1975

 * Independence is granted to all Portuguese colonies in Africa and independence is promised to East Timor.
 * March 11, A right-wing coup fails: A turn to the left in the revolution happens and major industries and big properties are nationalized by government
 * August 2, A meeting takes place in Haga (near Stockholm in Sweden) where the Committee for Friendship and Solidarity with Democracy and Socialism in Portugal is created. This Committee supported democratic trends in Portugal and opposed pro-soviet communist tendencies. In the meeting were present Olof Palme, Harold Wilson, Helmut Schmidt, Bruno Kreisky, Joop den Uyl, Trygve Bratteli, Anker Jørgensen, Yitzhak Rabin, Hans Janitschek, Willy Brandt, James Callaghan, François Mitterrand, Bettino Craxi and Mário Soares.
 * November 25, A coup removes far-left influence in politics
 * December 7, East Timor is violently annexed by Indonesia

1976

 * April 2, a new Constitution is approved. The Constitutional Assembly disestablishes itself.
 * April 25, the Constitution of 1976 enters into force.
 * November 19, Jaime Ornelas Camacho becomes the first President of the Regional Government of Madeira.

1980

 * December 4, Prime minister Francisco Sá Carneiro and the Minister of Defence Amaro da Costa died in a plane crash, in strange circumstances.

1984

 * Carlos Lopes wins the first Olympic gold medal for Portugal in the Los Angeles '84 marathon

1986

 * January 1, Portugal becomes a member of the European Economic Community, today's European Union

1998

 * Lisbon organizes the World's Fair Expo '98
 * June 28, in the first Portuguese abortion referendum, the proposal to allow an abortion until 10 weeks of pregnancy is rejected by 50.91% of the voters. This is the first referendum in the history of the Portuguese democracy.
 * November 8, in the regionalisation referendum, a proposal to establish, in mainland Portugal, eight administrative regions and to disestablish the 18 districts, is rejected in the polls: on the first question, the simple institution of the administrative regions is rejected by 60.67% of the voters; in the second question, the proposal to create eight regions is rejected by 60.62% of the voters. This is the first referendum in the history of Portugal to have more than one question.

1999

 * December 20, Macau, the last overseas Portuguese colony, is returned to China

2001

 * March 4, Hintze Ribeiro Bridge collapse: 59 people died in the collapse of an old bridge over the Douro river. Hours after the accident, Jorge Coelho, Minister of Social Infrastructure, resigns.

2002

 * January 1, Portugal adopts the euro as currency.

2004

 * Summer, 2004 European Football Championship is held in Portugal

2006

 * The Dakar Rally, the longest and, arguably, the hardest off-road rally in the world starts in Lisbon.

2007

 * February 11, in the second Portuguese abortation referendum, almost 9 years after the first, the proposal to allow the abortion until 10 weeks of pregnancy is now approved by 50,91% of the voters.

2010

 * May 17, the law that allows same-sex marriage is approved by the Portuguese President of the Republic, Aníbal Cavaco Silva.

2017

 * June: June 2017 Portugal wildfires in central Portugal killing more 60 people and 250 injured.
 * 28 June, military base Tancos arms theft scandal.


text:
User talk:El Farte Grande

Hi, please note that you can test edit in Sandbox, and not disrupt articles. You might also want to consider getting a new username, as yours might be considered offensive, or at least in poor taste. Meelar (talk) 19:47, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:El Farte Grande


text:
Virtual displacement

In analytical mechanics, a branch of applied mathematics and physics, a virtual displacement (or infinitesimal variation) $$\delta \gamma$$ shows how the mechanical system's trajectory can hypothetically (hence the term virtual) deviate very slightly from the actual trajectory $$\gamma$$ of the system without violating the system's constraints. For every time instant $$ t,$$ $$\delta \gamma(t)$$ is a vector tangential to the configuration space at the point $$\gamma(t).$$ The vectors $$\delta \gamma(t)$$ show the directions in which $$\gamma(t)$$ can "go" without breaking the constraints.

For example, the virtual displacements of the system consisting of a single particle on a two-dimensional surface fill up the entire tangent plane, assuming there are no additional constraints.

If, however, the constraints require that all the trajectories $$\gamma$$ pass through the given point $$\mathbf{q}$$ at the given time $$\tau,$$ i.e. $$\gamma(\tau) = \mathbf{q},$$ then $$\delta\gamma (\tau) = 0.$$

Notations
Let $$M$$ be the configuration space of the mechanical system, $$t_0,t_1 \in \mathbb{R}$$ be time instants, $$q_0,q_1 \in M,$$ $$C^\infty[t_0, t_1]$$ consists of smooth functions on $$[t_0, t_1]$$, and

$$ P(M) = \{\gamma \in C^\infty([t_0,t_1], M) \mid \gamma(t_0)=q_0,\ \gamma(t_1)=q_1\}. $$

The constraints $$\gamma(t_0)=q_0,$$ $$\gamma(t_1)=q_1$$ are here for illustration only. In practice, for each individual system, an individual set of constraints is required.

Definition
For each path $$\gamma \in P(M)$$ and $$\epsilon_0 > 0,$$ a variation of $$\gamma$$ is a function $$\Gamma : [t_0,t_1] \times [-\epsilon_0,\epsilon_0] \to M$$ such that, for every $$\epsilon \in [-\epsilon_0,\epsilon_0],$$ $$\Gamma(\cdot,\epsilon) \in P(M)$$ and $$\Gamma(t,0) = \gamma(t).$$ The virtual displacement $$\delta \gamma : [t_0,t_1] \to TM$$ $$(TM$$ being the tangent bundle of $$M)$$ corresponding to the variation $$\Gamma$$ assigns to every $$t \in [t_0,t_1]$$ the tangent vector

$$\delta \gamma(t) = \frac{d\Gamma(t,\epsilon)}{d\epsilon}\Biggl|_{\epsilon=0} \in T_{\gamma(t)}M.$$

In terms of the tangent map,

$$ \delta \gamma(t) = \Gamma^t_*\left(\frac{d}{d\epsilon}\Biggl|_{\epsilon=0}\right). $$

Here $$\Gamma^t_*: T_0[-\epsilon,\epsilon] \to T_{\Gamma(t,0)}M = T_{\gamma(t)}M$$ is the tangent map of $$\Gamma^t : [-\epsilon,\epsilon] \to M,$$ where $$\Gamma^t(\epsilon) = \Gamma(t,\epsilon),$$ and $$\textstyle \frac{d}{d\epsilon}\Bigl|_{\epsilon = 0} \in T_0[-\epsilon,\epsilon].$$

Properties

 * Coordinate representation. If $$\{q_i\}^n_{i=1}$$ are the coordinates in an arbitrary chart on $$M$$ and $$n = \mathop{\rm dim}M,$$ then

\delta \gamma(t) = \sum^n_{i=1} \frac{d[q_i(\Gamma(t,\epsilon))]}{d\epsilon}\Biggl|_{\epsilon=0} \cdot \frac{d}{dq_i}\Biggl|_{\gamma(t)}. $$

 * If, for some time instant $$\tau$$ and every $$\gamma \in P(M),$$ $$\gamma(\tau)=\text{const},$$ then, for every $$\gamma \in P(M),$$ $$\delta \gamma (\tau) = 0.$$

 * If $$\textstyle \gamma,\frac{d\gamma}{dt} \in P(M),$$ then $$\delta \frac{d\gamma}{dt} = \frac{d}{dt}\delta \gamma.$$

Free particle in R3
A single particle freely moving in $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ has 3 degrees of freedom. The configuration space is $$M=\mathbb{R}^3,$$ and $$P(M)=C^\infty([t_0,t_1], M).$$ For every path $$ \gamma \in P(M)$$ and a variation $$\Gamma(t,\epsilon)$$ of $$ \gamma, $$ there exists a unique $$ \sigma \in T_0\mathbb{R}^3 $$ such that $$ \Gamma(t,\epsilon) = \gamma(t) + \sigma(t)\epsilon + o(\epsilon), $$ as $$\epsilon \to 0.$$ By the definition,

$$ \delta \gamma (t) = \left(\frac{d}{d\epsilon} \Bigl(\gamma(t) + \sigma(t)\epsilon + o(\epsilon)\Bigr)\right)\Biggl|_{\epsilon=0} $$

which leads to

$$ \delta \gamma (t) = \sigma(t) \in T_{\gamma(t)} \mathbb{R}^3. $$

Free particles on a surface
$$N$$ particles moving freely on a two-dimensional surface $$S \subset \mathbb{R}^3$$ have $$2N$$ degree of freedom. The configuration space here is

$$M= \{(\mathbf{r}_1, \ldots, \mathbf{r}_N)\in \mathbb{R}^{3\, N} \mid \mathbf{r}_i \in \mathbb{R}^3;\ \mathbf{r}_i \neq \mathbf{r}_j\ \text{if}\ i \neq j\}, $$

where $$\mathbf{r}_i \in \mathbb{R}^3$$ is the radius vector of the $$i^\text{th}$$ particle. It follows that

$$ T_{(\mathbf{r}_1, \ldots, \mathbf{r}_N)} M = T_{\mathbf{r}_1}S \oplus \ldots \oplus T_{\mathbf{r}_N}S, $$

and every path $$\gamma \in P(M)$$ may be described using the radius vectors $$\mathbf{r}_i$$ of each individual particle, i.e.

$$\gamma (t) = (\mathbf{r}_1(t),\ldots, \mathbf{r}_N(t)).$$

This implies that, for every $$\delta \gamma(t) \in T_{(\mathbf{r}_1(t), \ldots, \mathbf{r}_N(t))} M, $$

$$\delta \gamma(t) = \delta \mathbf{r}_1(t) \oplus \ldots \oplus \delta \mathbf{r}_N(t),$$

where $$\delta \mathbf{r}_i(t) \in T_{\mathbf{r}_i(t)} S.$$ Some authors express this as

$$ \delta \gamma = (\delta \mathbf{r}_1, \ldots, \delta \mathbf{r}_N).$$

Rigid body rotating around fixed point
A rigid body rotating around a fixed point with no additional constraints has 3 degrees of freedom. The configuration space here is $$M=SO(3),$$ the special orthogonal group of dimension 3 (otherwise known as 3D rotation group), and $$P(M)=C^\infty([t_0,t_1], M).$$ We use the standard notation $$ \mathfrak{so}(3) $$ to refer to the three-dimensional linear space of all skew-symmetric three-dimensional matrices. The exponential map $$\exp : \mathfrak{so}(3) \to SO(3)$$ guarantees the existence of $$\epsilon_0 > 0$$ such that, for every path $$\gamma \in P(M),$$ its variation $$\Gamma(t,\epsilon),$$ and $$t \in [t_0,t_1],$$ there is a unique path $$ \Theta^t \in C^\infty([-\epsilon_0, \epsilon_0], \mathfrak{so}(3)) $$ such that $$\Theta^t(0) = 0$$ and, for every $$\epsilon \in [-\epsilon_0,\epsilon_0],$$ $$\Gamma(t,\epsilon) = \gamma(t)\exp(\Theta^t(\epsilon)).$$ By the definition,

$$ \delta \gamma (t) = \left(\frac{d}{d\epsilon} \Bigl(\gamma(t)\exp(\Theta^t(\epsilon))\Bigr)\right)\Biggl|_{\epsilon=0} = \gamma(t)\frac{d\Theta^t(\epsilon)}{d\epsilon}\Biggl|_{\epsilon=0}. $$

Since, for some function $$\sigma : [t_0,t_1]\to \mathfrak{so}(3),$$ $$\Theta^t(\epsilon) = \epsilon\sigma(t) + o(\epsilon)$$, as $$\epsilon \to 0$$,

$$ \delta \gamma (t) = \gamma(t)\sigma(t) \in T_{\gamma(t)}SO(3). $$

title: Virtual displacement


text:
Mbaba Mwana Waresa

Mbaba Mwana Waresa is a fertility goddess of the Zulu religion of Southern Africa. She rules over rainbows, agriculture, harvests, rain, and beer and has power over water and earth. She taught her people how to sow and reap and also the art of making beer. It is this act that has made her one of the more revered goddesses of the Zulu people.

Description
Mbaba Mwana Waresa lives in the clouds, in a round hut made of rainbow arches. Whenever is heard the telltale sound of her thunder drum, people know that she is pouring much-needed waters from her heavenly home. She is the daughter of the sky god Umvelinqangi. She is able to shapeshift her appearance to that of an animal, hence her other name, Nomkhubulwane, which means "She who chooses the state of an animal".

According to legend, Mbaba Mwana Waresa was unable to find a suitable husband in the heavens, so she scoured the land in search of a mortal husband, and then defied the other gods when she fell in love with a mortal man. In order to make sure he loved her, she tested him by sending a beautiful bride in her place while she disguised herself as a hag. Her earthly lover was not fooled and recognized her immediately. They married and to this day, they live in her rainbow-covered house in the sky.

Worship
The Zulu call on her when they need guidance to make an important decision.

title: Mbaba Mwana Waresa


text:
Hemmingsmarks IF

Hemmingsmarks IF is a Swedish football club located in Hemmingsmark in Piteå Municipality outside Piteå.

Background
Since their foundation Hemmingsmarks IF has participated in the middle and lower divisions of the Swedish football league system. The club currently plays in Division 5 Norrbotten Södra which is the seventh tier of Swedish football. In 2005, they reached Division 2 Norrland, but their stay was short-lived as they were relegated at the end of the season. HIF play their home matches at the Hifton in Hemmingsmark.

The club are affiliated to the Norrbottens Fotbollförbund. Norrbottens FF demoted Hemmingsmarks IF to Division 5 for the 2011 season as HIF are a feeder club to Infjärdens SK and are not permitted to play in the same division as their elite club. This unfortunate situation arose as ISK were relegated to Division 4 Norrbotten Södra at the end of the 2010 season.

Attendances
In recent seasons Hemmingsmarks IF have had the following average attendances:

title: Hemmingsmarks IF


text: Category:Cycle racing in France

title: Category:Cycle racing in France


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Internet Movie Database

The IMDB article needs to be removed from Wikipedia for good. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mark512 (talk • contribs)


text:
Social Security Board

Social Security Board may refer to:
 * Social Security Board (Belize)
 * Social Security Board (Myanmar)
 * Social Security Board (United States), now the Social Security Administration

title: Social Security Board


text:
User talk:Mark512

Please don't tamper with this vfd. Your actions are considered to be vandalism. --Canderson7 19:07, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --Canderson7 20:03, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 20:23, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Blocked for 24 hours
You have been temporarily blocked from editing for vandalism of Wikipedia. If you wish to make useful contributions, you may come back after the block expires. - jredmond 20:44, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mark512


text:
Talk:Central force

Untitled
a bit confusin indeed, one should distinguish between the force itself and the potential field, furthermore the point, the force is acting to or from, is not in every case the origin, this is just a special case.

According to Classical Mechanics by Goldstein, page 7, a central force is one where the direction of the force lies along the radius vector. Similarly, page 88 in Theoretical Physics by Georg Joos says that a central force is one whose representative vector always points towards a fixed point O. This does not mean that the magnitude of a central force is a function of the magnitude of it's position vector r.

80.43.112.158 22:09, 16 April 2007 (UTC) physics dude

Removed the external link Central Forces & Orbits Oxford University Physics Dept. This requires permission to access the page. Zeyn1 (talk) 14:46, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Central forces do not exist in nature.
The central force problem is a simplifying approximation to the two body problem.

Central forces are non-physical, they violate the law of conservation of momentum.

Gravity and Electrostatic forces are is not examples of a central force. The gravitational force depends on the distance between the objects, not the distance of the objects to the barycenter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Norbeck (talk • contribs) 05:23, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 11:09, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Central force


text:
Kodak Fortress

Kodak fortress (Кодак; Kudak) was a fort built in 1635 by the order of Władysław IV Vasa, ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Commonwealth's Sejm, on the Dnieper river near what would become the town of Stari Kodaky (now near the city of Dnipro in Ukraine). In 1711, according to the Treaty of the Pruth the fortress was destroyed by the Russians.

One of the Dnieper Rapids was called after the fortress.

History
It was constructed by Stanisław Koniecpolski to control Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Sich, to prevent Ukrainian peasants from joining forces with the Cossacks and to guard the southeastern corner of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Poles tried to establish order in that area, and commissioned French military cartographer and engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan to construct the fort. The building cost around 100,000 Polish złotys. The annual maintenance of 8,000 registered Cossacks also cost about 100,000 Polish zlotys. The dragoon garrison was commanded by the French officer Jean de Marion.

Shortly after construction was completed in July 1635, in the Sulyma uprising, the Cossack forces of Ivan Sulyma captured the fortress in a surprise attack on the night of 11/12 August 1635. The Cossacks killed the entire German mercenary garrison (numbering 200 men, 15 Germans on duty outside the fortress survived) and demolished the fortress. Legend has it that Jean Marion was covered with gunpowder, put on a pole and set on fire, and that the subsequent explosion threw him into the Dnieper.

The Poles hired the German engineer Friedrich Getkant and rebuilt Kodak, three times larger, in 1639. The fortress contained a Catholic church with a monastery and an Orthodox church. Its garrison increased to 600, with artillery support. About two miles outside of the fortress was erected a huge guard tower. Jan Zoltowski became governor of the fortress, while Adam Koniecpolski (a nephew of Stanisław) became commandant.

During the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648, Krzysztof Grodzicki commanded the fortress. It surrendered to the Cossacks on 1 October 1648, after a 7-month siege, upon hearing the news of Polish defeat at the Battle of Pyliavtsi on 24 September 1648. Rank and file defenders were massacred or drowned in the river after they had left Kodak upon capitulation. The Cossacks sold the Kodak commander and some other officers to the Tatars as slaves.

After the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654, Kodak fortress was manned by the Cossacks. Peter I of Russia razed it in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of the Pruth with the Ottoman Empire in 1711.

The Soviet government attempted to destroy the remnants of fortress in order to eradicate traces of Polish influence on Ukraine by establishing a quarry on the site in the early 1930s. The quarry closed in 1994, but by then two thirds of fortress was completely destroyed. One wall remained from the fortifications.

the site consists only of ruins, but has become a popular tourist attraction.

title: Kodak Fortress


text:
École supérieure de commerce de Pau

The École Supérieure de Commerce de Pau (or ESC Pau) is a French business school created in 1969.

Campus

 * The campus covers 40,000 square metres and has 10,000 square metres of learning areas for 941 students.
 * Broadband Internet, with Wi-Fi wireless connections, which cover all the buildings and the campus. There are more than 60 Internet access points all over the school.
 * An Intranet network that can only be used by students and teachers in the school.

Lecture and class rooms

 * 1 lecture hall with a 300-seat capacity and 1 with 100 seats equipped with networked computers, videoconferencing and video projection on a projection screen.
 * 21 lecture rooms each with a 40-seat capacity for studying in small groups.
 * 38 class rooms for lessons in sub-groups (languages and workshops) and teamwork.
 * 10 rooms reserved for student union associations equipped with computers and telephones to allow you to work on projects in optimum conditions.
 * 203 open access computers.
 * 1 language lab.
 * 1 video and hi-fi control room at students and teachers’ disposal.
 * 1 video studio to stage the school paper or practice interviews.
 * 1 business incubator to enable graduates to continue working on a company creation or takeover project when they leave school.

Student life

 * 1 student clubroom renovated in 2003, equipped with an audio control room, a bar, a snack bar service, a relaxation area (sofa, darts, table football, computer games, table tennis tables, etc.), Internet access and a terrace giving onto the campus.
 * 1 Media Center: a light spacious area that is pleasant to work in, containing 15000 books (French and international academic works, literary works), 350 press subscriptions, an INSEE (National Statistic and Economic study Institute) and APEC (Executive Employment Association) space (access to all the resources of these two organizations.
 * 1 worldwide electronic library (access reserved to students and teachers) : 11000 newspapers, 8600 international academic periodicals, 100 000 market studies, reports and balance sheets of all European companies, balance sheets and economic perspectives for all the countries in the world, memorandums and summaries of the best academic works. This library is an advantage that you should highlight when trying to obtain a placement or a mission in a company. It is also a practical way to find out what is going on in universities around the world, either for simple information, or from the perspective of studying abroad.

title: École supérieure de commerce de Pau


text:
Category:Zulu deities

See also Zulu mythology.

title: Category:Zulu deities


text:
Nation Records

Nation Records is a record label set up by Kath Canoville and Aki Nawaz in 1988.

History
The label was set up after major labels declined to release their fusion of world music and dance music, an album called Fuse (1989). Featuring the earliest appearance by Talvin Singh as Mahatma T, the label went on to feature the early releases of Asian Dub Foundation, Transglobal Underground, Fun-Da-Mental, Loop Guru, Hustlers HC, Natacha Atlas, Joi, Swami, TJ Rehmi and Charged.

title: Nation Records


text:
Talk:Weasleys' Wizarding Wheezes

Name
What is the correct name of the shop? Is it Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes or Weasleys' Wizarding Wheezes? Both are mentioned in the article, and I don't have a book handy to check. If it's the second one, the article needs moved. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 19:52, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks Bjwebb. You may prove useful in the future. --Lord Voldemort (Dark Mark) 18:03, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

The name is definitely "Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes", at least in the British edition. Maybe there is a different name, with the "Wizarding" bit in it, in the American edition. Could someone check the US one and then we can decide on the main variant(s)? Mairene 15:58, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Weasleys' Wizarding Wheezes


text: Category:German bishops

title: Category:German bishops


text:
Kate Gulbrandsen

Kate Gulbrandsen (born 6 August 1965 in Slemmestad) is a Norwegian singer. In 1986 she represented Norway at the Yamaha Song Festival in Tokyo with the song "Carnival". She won the Norwegian national final Melodi Grand Prix 1987 in a very close regional vote, giving her the opportunity to compete for Norway at the Eurovision Song Contest 1987 with the song "Mitt liv" (My Life), written by Rolf Løvland and Hanne Krogh. She went on to place ninth overall.

Gulbrandsen tried to represent Norway again in 1989, singing "Nærhet" (Closeness) at the Melodi Grand Prix, although was unplaced. The song was rerecorded by Gulbrandsen in 1991, with a slightly different arrangement.

Her version of Jørn Hansen's "Med gullet for øyet" was the official song of the 1998 Winter Paralympics in Nagano, Japan.

In 2004, after more than ten years away from the Norwegian popular music scene, Kate made a musical comeback in country style with two new tracks reaching Norsktoppen, Norway's main pop chart. These included a new version of the Dolly Parton hit "Jolene", which was included on her 2005 album release "Vi to" (We Two). Kate's "Jolene" spent 11 weeks in Norsktoppen, and was cited as the 8th most popular song of Norsktoppen in 2004.

Today she lives in Hokksund with her daughter Sandra. She is still remembered well as one of Norway's former Eurovision singers, and appeared in the audience at one of the semifinals for the 2009 Melodi Grand Prix contest in Norway, where a tribute to her 1987 participation was shown.

In 2023, she returned to the Norwegian Melodi Grand Prix contest with her song "Tårer i Paradis" (Tears in Paradise). She participated in the first semi-final on 14 January, but ultimately didn't qualify to the final.

Discography

 * The Beauty and the Beat (1987)
 * Sol om natten (1991)
 * Vi to (2005)

title: Kate Gulbrandsen


text:
User talk:Hollyvic

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
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 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 19:53, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, just one question
what were you thinking when you said that FYE was Freshman year experience? also, why did you redirect it the a dud link? --daunrealist 18:14, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Someone else had already created a link on another page to FYE (as freshman year experience), so I made a stub for it. Later, it was determined that FYE wasn't deserving of its own page, so the info was integrated into the parent page and FYE was eliminated. I did not direct anything to a dud link, but rather, what you are referring to was probably just some messy cleanup of that situation. Hollyvic 18:05, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hollyvic


text:
User talk:Clementleroy~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 19:54, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Escpau.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Escpau.gif. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Unspecified source for Image:Escpau.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Escpau.gif. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self-no-disclaimers tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 20:29, 17 May 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 20:29, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Escpau.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Escpau.gif. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:05, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Clementleroy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Clementleroy~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:09, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:39, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Clementleroy~enwiki


text: Category:Cycle races

title: Category:Cycle races


text:
User talk:198.215.16.182

Nomination of Obould Many-Arrows for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Obould Many-Arrows is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Obould Many-Arrows until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. TTN (talk) 18:09, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.215.16.182


text:
Phillip Alford

Phillip Alford (born September 11, 1948) is an American former actor best known for his roles as Jem Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird, and Boy Anderson in Shenandoah (1965). Since retiring from acting, he has become a businessman.

Career
Alford appeared in three productions with Birmingham's Town and Gown Civic Theatre, whose director called up Alford's mother to see if her son was interested in auditioning for the part of Jem in To Kill a Mockingbird. Initially Alford had refused, but agreed to audition under the condition that he would miss half a day of school. As one of the three finalists, he was called to New York City for a screen test several weeks later and won the role of Jem Finch.

During the filming, his parents drove to Hollywood to be with him, and his sister became the stand-in actress for Mary Badham, who played Jem's sister, Scout, in the film. He and Badham were constantly bickering and at odds with each other during most of the shoot; at one time after their worst argument, he had planned mischief against her.

Alford's other acting credits include: Bristle Face (1964) (TV); the role of "Boy" in Shenandoah (1965); The Intruders (1970) (TV); and Fair Play (1972) (TV).

Personal life
Since retiring from acting, Alford now works as a businessman in Grenada, Mississippi and stays out of the limelight. He followed his father into the construction business. Alford is divorced and has two children.

title: Phillip Alford


text:
Niko

Niko may refer to:

People
The given name is sometimes a short form of Nikola, Nikolas, Nikolaos or others.
 * Nikō (1253–1314), Japanese Buddhist disciple of Nichiren
 * Niko (musician), American musician active from 2002
 * NiKo (born 1997), Bosnian professional esports player
 * Niko Etxart (born 1953), Basque singer and musician
 * Niko Hurme (born 1974), Finnish bass player
 * Niko Kovač (born 1971), Croatian soccer player and manager
 * Niko Kranjčar (born 1984), Croatian soccer player
 * Niko Lalos (born 1997), American football player
 * Niko Moon (born 1982), American singer and songwriter
 * Niko Nirvi (born 1961), Finnish journalist
 * Niko Omilana (born 1998), British YouTuber, prankster, internet troll and perennial political candidate
 * Niko Ott (born 1945), West German rower
 * Niko Pirosmani (1862–1918), Georgian painter
 * Maurizio De Jorio (born 1967), Italian Eurobeat artist using the stage name Niko

Fictional characters

 * Niko Bellic, the main character of the game Grand Theft Auto IV
 * Niklaren Goldeye (nickname Niko), a character in Tamora Pierce's Emelan books
 * Niko, in the 1994 film The Mask
 * Niko, the main character in the 2008 animated Christmas film The Flight Before Christmas
 * Niko, the playable protagonist of the video game OneShot
 * Dr. Niko "Nick" Tatopoulos, the main character in the 1998 film Godzilla
 * Niko Leandros, in the Cal Leandros book series by Rob Thurman

Other uses

 * Nikō (company), former name of Japanese camera-maker Cosina
 * Niko Resources, Canadian oil and gas company
 * Niko, a common abbreviation of Mykolaiv (Ukrainian), also known as Nikolaev or Nikolayev (Russian), a city in southern Ukraine

title: Niko


text: Category:German clergy

title: Category:German clergy


text:
Kiruna FF

Kiruna FF is a Swedish football club located in Kiruna. The men's team competes in Division 2 Norra Norrland, in the Swedish football league system. The women's team competes in the fifth level.

Background
Kiruna FF/BoIS was formed on 21 December 1970, when Kiruna AIF, IFK Kiruna, Kebne IK and Kiruna BK merged into one club. Since 2009 the club has been called Kiruna FF. The Men's team plays in Division 3 Norra Norrland and the Ladies team in Division 1. Kiruna FF is Sweden's northernmost football club.

The 1991 season was the most successful in the history of the club when Kiruna FF progressed from the Division 1 Norra (Spring competition) to compete in the Division 1 Kvalsvenskan (Autumn competition) which was the highest level of second tier Swedish football. In contrast since 2009 the club have been playing in the fifth tier in Division 3 Norra Norrland following their relegation from Division 2 Norrland in 2008.

Thanks to their concerted efforts the club has trained a number of committed and well-trained youth leaders over the years. A key objective is to foster long-term prospective first-team players in accordance with the club's Corporate Plan. Two players from KFF that now compete in the Allsvenskan and Damallsvenskan are Jonas Lantto (Gefle IF) and Selina Henriksson (Umeå IK).

The club won the Midnattsolscupen (Midnight Sun Cup) in 1985, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2005 and 2008.

The club is affiliated to Norrbottens Fotbollförbund.

Attendances
In recent seasons Kiruna FF have had the following average attendances:

Current squad
As of 27 April 2010.

League

 * Division 1 Norra:
 * Winners (1): 1991

Cups

 * Midnattsolscupen:
 * Winners (6): 1985, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2005, 2008

title: Kiruna FF


text:
Friedrich von Logau

Friedrich von Logau (January 1605 – 24 July 1655) was a German poet and epigrammatist of the Baroque era.

Life
He was born the son of Georg von Logau, estate owner in Brockut near Nimptsch in Silesia (present-day Niemcza, Poland). His father died in the year of his birth. From 1614 to 1625 Logau was educated at the renowned gymnasium school in Brieg, benefitted by Duke John Christian, and subsequently studied law at the University of Altdorf near Nuremberg.

Finishing his studies two years later, he administered his family estates from 1633, but had to flee to the ducal court in Brieg from approaching troops under Albrecht von Wallenstein shortly afterwards. As his family's estates were devastated, he finally entered the service of Duke Louis IV of Brieg as a low-paid ducal councillor in 1644. In July 1648 he was admitted to the Fruitbearing Society (Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft) under the name Der Verkleinernde (literally "the diminishing one") by Prince Louis I of Anhalt-Köthen. Logau regarded himself as a follower of Martin Opitz; but he did not allow such ties to influence his independence or originality. In 1653 he followed Duke Louis IV to the court of Liegnitz.

Logau was married twice; his beloved first wife died in 1640; the second marriage remained unhappy. He died at the age of 50 in Liegnitz, where he is buried in the St John parish church. His son Balthasar Friedrich was elevated to the noble rank of a Freiherr (Baron) in 1687.

Works

Logau's epigrams show a range and variety of expression. They appeared in two collections under the pseudonym Salomon von Golaw (an anagram of his real name, referring to Gohlau and the Proverbs of Solomon) in 1638 (Erstes Hundert Teutscher Reimensprũche) and 1654 (Deutscher Sinngedichte drei Tausend). He had suffered under the adverse conditions of the time; but his satire is not merely the outcome of personal feeling. In the turbulent age of the Thirty Years' War he was one of the few men who preserved intact his intellectual integrity and judged his contemporaries fairly. He satirized with unsparing hand the court life, the useless bloodshed of the war, the lack of national pride in the German people, and their slavish imitation of the French in customs, dress and speech.

Logau's Sinngedichte were rediscovered and edited in 1759 by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Karl Wilhelm Ramler, who first drew attention to their merits; a second edition appeared in 1791. The composer Joseph Haydn set several of his verses in his canons, or a capella songs (Hob. XXVIIb). A critical edition was published in 1872 by G. Eitner, who also edited a selection of Logau's epigrams for the ''Deutsche Dichter des XVII. Jahrhunderts (vol. iii, 1870); there is also a selection by F.L. Oesterley in Kũrschners Deutsche Nationalliteratur'', vol. xxviii. (1885). See H. Denker, Beitrage zur literarischen Würdigung Logaus (1889); W. Heuschkel, Untersuchungen über Ramlers and Lessings Bearbeitung Logauscher Sinngedichte (1901).

title: Friedrich von Logau


text:
Steve Braun (actor)

Steve Braun (born August 14, 1976) is a Canadian television and movie actor from Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Career
Braun's credits include The Immortal, a TV show in which he and co-star Lorenzo Lamas hunted demons; The Trip, an independent film about coming of age in the HIV era; and Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004), a major motion picture release in which he plays the leader of a group of obnoxious punks. He starred as Brian Kelly in the 2004 thriller The Skulls III. He also played the role of "Jonesy" in the 2007 thriller film Wrong Turn 2: Dead End. He also co-starred in the 2005 horror movie Pterodactyl as Willis Bradbury.

Braun was cast in a recurring guest role in The WB show Twins, as Jordan, the unrequited love interest of Mitchee Arnold, played by Sara Gilbert. The series, which debuted on September 16, 2005, was cancelled in May 2006.

title: Steve Braun (actor)


text:
World Youth Day 1995

World Youth Day 1995 (Pandaigdigang Araw ng Kabataan 1995) was a Catholic youth festival that took place from January 10 to 15, 1995, in Manila, Philippines. It was the first time for an Asian country to host the event. Pope John Paul II presided over the event, marking his second trip to the country as Pope after his visit in 1981, and also the last papal visit in the country of the 20th century and 2nd millennium.

The program of the days
Since the opening ceremony, the Pope underlines the importance of the Filipino Catholic Church. At the meeting of the Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences (FABC), the Pope points out what are the new areas of the contemporary mission: the poor of cities, migrants, refugees, young people, the media and social communications. "In the first millennium," he says, "the Cross has been planted on the soil of Europe; in the second on that of America and Africa; we can pray that in the third Christian millennium in this vast and vital continent there will be a great harvest of faith to be harvested".

Events
A week before the celebration of the World Youth Day proper, two representatives from each of countries all over the world gathered for an International Youth Forum (IYF) at the University of Santo Tomas. The Philippines sent eight representatives, while others were from the different Catholic religious youth organizations and campuses. These were the selected youth leaders and coordinators. During their five-day stay in UST, representatives were grouped and discussed issues and concerns laid out by the Episcopal Commission on Youth, on topics set months before.

The IYF was also a venue wherein few from these selected youth representative had able to have a short talk with the Pope. Young pilgrims gathered from many different parts of the world to celebrate God together, to learn other cultures and to speak as "brothers and sisters" among themselves. There was also a Mass where some youths directly received Communion from the Pope. Youth pilgrims gathered from different parts of the world to worship and talk together. Different activities were held, including a traditional Barrio Fiesta, where it was possible to search company and entertainment. During these days, Masses were celebrated every day in most parishes throughout the Philippines.

The closing Mass, held at Luneta Park, was estimated to have been attended by more than 5 million people, the second-largest papal gathering in history.

The event saw the presence of Catholic representatives of all Chinese communities: China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, and Singapore. Already on January 12, the archbishop of Taipei, Joseph Ti-kang, celebrated mass with 5 priests of the "official" Chinese Roman Catholic Church. On January 14, through Radio Veritas, the pope launches a message of reconciliation between the "official" and underground Chinese Church addressed to "all the Catholic faithful". At the end of the Mass in Luneta Park, the Pope greeted in Chinese, the language of China and Taiwan.

This was Pope John Paul II's last visit to the Philippines, as his scheduled return for the World Meeting of Families in January 2003 fell through due to the progression of Parkinson's disease.

Official song
The official song for World Youth Day 1995 was released in 1994, titled "Tell the World of His Love", composed by Trina Belamide.

Theme
"As the Father has sent me, so am I sending you" (Jn 20:21), the same as that of the World Youth Day of 1994, which was celebrated at the diocesan level on Palm Sunday of that year, fall on March 27.

John Paul II's assassination attempt
Ramzi Yousef, an Al-Qaeda member, attempted to assassinate the Pope in the Bojinka Plot, but the plan was discovered four days earlier and Yousef fled to Pakistan.

title: World Youth Day 1995


text:
User talk:N410

In long ago days I wrote much of the early pages for Dave Eggers and The Strokes. I mostly just correct awkward sentences now.

User koonce listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect User koonce. Since you had some involvement with the User koonce redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. UnitedStatesian (talk) 00:03, 22 June 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:N410


text:
Karl Matzek

Karl George Matzek ( 6 July 1895 – 16 April 1983) was an Austrian artist of Czech descent who is best noted for his panoramas of historic battles and murals of Biblical scenes in churches.

Matzek was a graduate of the Berlin Academy of Art. His artwork was shown in museums and at major galleries of Europe at his artistic height (in the 1930s). He was awarded various medals for his works, including a gold medal from the Russian tsar for his "Battle of Borodin".

Matzek fought in the Austrian-Hungarian cavalry in World War I, and was imprisoned in Siberia after the October Revolution. He was able to escape, and in the following years he managed to walk back to Europe, although details of this trek are largely unknown. On a winter day after World War II, he was found sick and half-frozen by villagers of Balatun in Bosnia. He remained in the town, supported by the townspeople in exchange for painting frescos in their churches. Matzek was placed in the most honorable home in the community, of a young widow with three children, the mother of the sculptor Slobodan Pejić. For almost ten years, Matzek educated the boy (he was the only father the boy ever knew; they became inseparable and painted frescos together, the boy painting the lower parts and Matzek painting the upper areas), and eventually married the mother.

In Harkanovci there is the parish church of Our Lady, built in 1799, restored and expanded in 1938. The entire interior was painted with frescoes and stained glass was created for the windows. The frescoes were painted by Karl Matzek in the period from 1955 to 1957. His frescos decorate also churches/monasteries in Janja, in Dragaljevac, in Bijeljina and elsewhere. Earlier Matzek had been sentenced to death by communist authorities, but in Bosnia he was saved by the influence of the parish priest don Mirko Gazivode. In return he painted two murals in the church. Parishioners liked them and then ordered all other frescoes in the church.

Matzek migrated to Perth, Western Australia, in 1958. There he painted the Stations of the Cross, a series of 14 pictures, in the "Como Catholic Church" and in 1961 a series of murals for the Church of Sts. Peter and Paul at the Redemptorist Monastery, North Perth. Matzek later moved to Canberra, where a sizeable Serbian immigrant population had accumulated beginning in 1949. The Serbs built St George Serbian Orthodox Church in 1966, after the Government granted them a block of land at the National Circuit, Forrest, close to Parliament House. In the following year, Matzek, then 77, was commissioned to decorate the interior of the church, and for the next 16 years, until his death in 1983, he devoted himself to painting the side walls, ceiling and altar screen, depicting episodes in Serbian history as well as Biblical scenes. Even though the Church itself is small in size, Matzek's two 20-metre-long panoramas and murals have attracted visitors daily from all parts of Australia and overseas. Times had been rough for many years after his arrival to Australia, but Matzek had hoped that his family could join him there eventually. Since he had moved to Australia and until his death, due to difficulties and expenses involved in global communication in those times, Matzek remained only in written contact with the family in Bosnia, hoping for a long time that they could join him. He sent art books and art journals to Pejić, and supported his family financially as much as possible.

Later in his life, during his continued work with the Church, Matzek converted to the Orthodox faith as "George". Following a brief illness, Matzek died on 16 April 1983, and was buried at the St. Sava Monastery Cemetery in Canberra.

title: Karl Matzek


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