text:
User:Tippin

TIPPIN - The names Tippin, Tippins, and Tipping, all originate from a Vicking Lord, who came over to England with Canute in the 11th Centery. The Lord had three sons, one of which was called Tipping, and the name is decended from him.

title: User:Tippin


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Colégio Culto à Ciência

The Colégio Culto à Ciência (Portuguese for "Cult to Science" High School), denominated E.E. Culto à Ciência), is a public secondary school located in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was founded in 1874, as a boy's private school by Sociedade Culto à Ciência, which members were partly of  the Mason's Commission of the Campinas' Justice Lodge "Independence". Composed by the city's farmers, merchants and intellectuals, among such were: Antônio Pompeu de Camargo; Francisco Glicério; Manoel Ferraz de Campos Salles, then the Secretary of the Campinas' Lodge (later, President of Brazil during 1898-1902 ); Jorge Krug; Joaquim Bonifácio do Amaral, the Viscount of Indaiatuba; Joaquim Egídio de Souza Aranha, the Marquis of Tres Rios; Cândido Ferreira; and, the Baron of Atibaia.

The school's name reflects the influence of positivism on its founders. In 1890 the school went through a financial crisis and had to close its doors until 1896, when it was reopened under the aegis of the state (then province of São Paulo), as the Ginásio Estadual (State Gymnasium).

Until 1964, when a controversial educational reform was promoted by the military régime, it was an equalitarian, high quality school, used both by the economical élite and the ascending middle class. Presently, they are part of the state educational system, Secretaria do Estado de São Paulo.

Notable alumni

 * Alberto Santos-Dumont - pioneer aviator,
 * Antonio Ferreira Cesarino Junior - jurist, physician, economist and university professor at the (University of São Paulo and at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo,
 * Regina Duarte - TV actress,
 * Fausto Silva - TV showman,
 * Renato M.E. Sabbatini - scientist and professor,
 * Marcelo Damy - physicist and university professor (USP and UNICAMP).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Colégio Culto à Ciência


text:
Talk:Dudgeonea

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title: Talk:Dudgeonea


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Talk:Rover P4

Untitled
I find it strange that this otherwise very good article insists on using the "P4" designation as if it were part of the car's name. It was not. From the point of view of owners and public Rover never inroduced a car called the P4 90 - this is nonsense: it was ONLY referred to as a "Rover 90". To say "I have a P4" would have been a completely bizarre thing to say, perhaps unless you were a Rover employee or car nerd - for everyone else, these cars were Rover 80s and 90s and 105s or whatever. I think the article should reflect this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.37.199.166 (talk)

 * I was under the impression that the P4 nomenclature was fairly common over there when I wrote the article. For comparison, the NA and NB names for the Mazda MX-5 are in widespread use by enthusiasts, but nearly unknown to all others.  That said, I have no problem at all with your clarifying addition to the article.  --SFoskett 13:50, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's great, thanks very much. It sounds very much like your MX-5 model is much the same as my experience - I don't know any real Rover enthusiasts, only ordinary owners (including my family and the various 90s, 105Ss and 100s we had!), and whereas I'm happy to accept that the enthusiasts very likely do say "P4", I am quite sure that this term wasn't in general use among owners and other "ordinary" (?!) people. Thanks for your kind reply and cooperation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.37.199.166 (talk)

Range summary
How about adding this?

The P4 seroes encompassed several different models, although no more than two or three were available at the same time. All except the 80 used the Rover IOE engine, first introduced with the P3 range in 1948.

Comments? -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 09:09, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

 * As an interested reader (not a wiki editor) that table seems a most useful summary of a complex model range, and I'd welcome it as an addition to the main article.
 * I note one anomaly though: Sometimes the bore of the 2.6-litre engine is given as 73.025mm (2.8750 in), and sometimes as 73mm (2.9 in). The metric dimensions suggest the first bore is the larger (73.025 > 73), but the Imperial ones the opposite (2.8750 < 2.9).
 * Using the standardised 25.4 conversion factor, 73mm is 2.874 in; 73.025mm is exactly 2.8750 in, so it seems likely to me that the '73 / 2.9' dimensions are simply a rounded version of '73.025 / 2.8750', and consequently that the latter is likely the 'true' dimension in all cases. That is, however, synthesis or original research or some similar naughtiness. 80.175.14.26 (talk) 22:03, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * My notes (made circa 1995 from a book in Bolton public library) show that for the 1958 model season (which began in about August/September 1957), the bore was increased from 73 mm to 73.025 mm, and for the Rover 90, the power output increased from 90 to 93 bhp, but apparently the 105R/105S remained 108 bhp. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 20:38, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rover P4


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aelred Doyle

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 17:49, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Aelred Doyle
Vanity, no notability established -- Ferkelparade π 09:09, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - "Aelred Doyle" gets four google hits -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 09:15, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article does not say why he is notable. Thue | talk 10:03, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Article does not explain what he has written and 4 Google hits indicate that his work is not widely known. Capitalistroadster 10:22, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no verifiable claim to notability. Dcarrano 17:13, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. Do those 4 hits even have anything to do with this person?  Doesn't look like it.  --  Etacar11   00:41, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 04:22, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Johann Wilhelm Meigen

Untitled
Wiil continue to ponder this You were right of course. Few more typs etc this pm Thanks

I added in a species of fly that Megigen discovered. --Hieu87 (talk) 07:39, 26 March 2009 (UTC)Hieu87

title: Talk:Johann Wilhelm Meigen


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Talk:Cariban languages

Carib/Cariban
Which term is more appropriate for this article? Carib is a more common name for the language family, and is used in most other relevant Wikipedia articles, as well as (I think) most linguistic research. But some linguists prefer Cariban, which is more consistent with other language family names, and could avoid confusion with individual languages such as (Island) Carib or "Black Carib" (Garífuna), which are not members of the Carib(-an) family. Chamdarae 09:11, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

I think the question of which term to use is very important. As the article stands right                  now it looks a little silly since the title and first sentence utilize "cariban" yet the second sentence starts out with "carib." I have one source to quote: On Reconstruction Grammar: Comparative Cariban Morphosyntax (1998). This is a recent, large work, that consistently refers to the family as Cariban. My 2 cents. Hospitalhill 02:59, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

I represent the publisher of a language book on the Carib (Galibi) language, "A Carib grammar and dictionary". I would respectfully like to call wikipedia editors attention to the excerpt chapter, "The Carib language" available from our website, in the hopes that you may find it useful in further work on this and related articles. --Magoriabooks (talk) 02:53, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Outdated History
I am going to modify the history section to include information from the last 30-40 years that refutes the theory of the "savage caribs" invading the Antilles, killing and canibalizing the men, and taking their wives as concubines. I will reference this theory, but will include many more references to the fact that this invasion theory was more tied in with Spanish colonial law allowing for the enslavement of those labelled Carib than with a historical reality. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mahabhusuku (talk • contribs) 15:02, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

Carib people is a DAB page
Hi! The problem with linking to Carib people is that it is a disambiguation page, and should not be linked to. I may well have linked to the wrong article instead; in that case, please fix the link to point to the correct article. But it shouldn't be left linked to the dab page. Thanks! - Gorthian (talk) 02:00, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Just delete the links, then. None of the articles are appropriate.  — kwami (talk) 02:04, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

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Caripe Chapter of Language and Lodges.
Caripe language is not Caribbean, is from Monagas Venezuela. Calling it family is part of the the reductionism. I deserve my aport to be published again, because Im not a linguistic Im a Wayana, speake Caripe, as my granma and my family. We cult ancestry. We dont know from where this academycs imagine words whitout sense and history of our language that we had never heared. 186.185.10.55 (talk) 01:26, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cariban languages


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/E-Pro

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 01:42, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

E-Pro
Delete as spam. Thorsten1 13:16, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless proof of notability is presented.-Poli (talk • contribs) 14:13, 2005 July 23 (UTC)
 * Delete did not find anything relevant on Google. Renata3 16:47, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as per Poli. Balster neb 18:03, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Guero. Notable Beck single.  -- Norvy (talk) 17:03, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/E-Pro


text:
User talk:ArinArin

Please use my Talk page in the Catalan WP (English is understood).

File:Lampropeltis getula californiae.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Lampropeltis getula californiae.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted.

title: User talk:ArinArin


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Peter Pank

Peter Pank is a Spanish-language comic book written and drawn by Spanish cartoonist Max (Francesc Capdevila) in 1983. It is an adult-oriented parody of J.M. Barrie's Peter and Wendy, with the protagonist as a vicious, rebellious, belligerent punk with a "No Future" attitude.

The comic mostly follows the original work's plot, but is heavily influenced by punk culture and anarchism. Various characters have been replaced with more "adult" versions: the Lost Boys are punks, the Natives are hippies, the pirates are rockers, and the mermaids are BDSM dominas. Many parts of the comic include male and female nudity. The comic ends with Peter sentenced to be hanged for rape, and Wendy and her brothers returned home, her becoming a prostitute and the boys becoming drug addicts.

title: Peter Pank


text:
Talk:HVDC converter station

'''Static inverter plant... From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia... A static inverter station (...)'''

Plants and stations
Plant or station? --Abdull 09:17, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This is a funny bit of "engineering speak". It's common for engineers in certain disciplines to refer to a (hmmm...) "a collection of related equipment" as a "plant". So, for example, telecom engineers refer to the big rectifier in a telephone switching office that converts mains power to 48 Vdc as "the rectifier plant". In The Hunt for Red October, you'll hear the sub's command crew and engineer refer to the nuclear reactor subsystem as "the reactor plant". I think that this is the same sort of thing.
 * Atlant 11:42, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * A radio or TV station would not be called a radio plant anywhere on Earth. I think British speaking persons favor station while Americans favor plant in many applications. To me station implies monitoring, control, possibly modification, while plant infers manufacturing from raw materials such as wind, sun, coal, or oil. Refering to the electrical utility as the mains is also British Ccpoodle 11:24, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The statement Air coils have the advantage of generating less acoustical noise than iron-core coils is true, but the noise in question is related to the AC component of the power. For a DC system with no AC at all, there would be no noise benefit. For a DC system that's operating normally (small, but non-zero AC components which the choke is working on). I don't believe the acoustic noise would be of interest...especially not in a power substation setting. Russella (talk) 18:38, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The title of this page is not ideal. A better title would be "HVDC Converter Station", because this is the term in common industry usage (eg see http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel4%2F61%2F16289%2F00754078.pdf%3Farnumber%3D754078&authDecision=-203), and also because the converters routinely perform either an inversion or rectification function. Many HVDC converter stations regularly change direction of power transfer, and the converter changes from inverting to rectification.  This change would have consequential effects on other pages, but would be an improvement. Marshelec (talk) 01:00, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Fully agree - consider it done.Clampower (talk) 12:29, 27 August 2012 (UTC)

 * This page and other pages like it make no mention of the inverter process, but go into great detail on the rectification process. I'm curious how the inversion is done at these high voltages... is it PWM with H-bridges? motor-gen sets? None of the wikipedia articles go into detail regarding the inverter side, so I'd like to see some expert on this topic update this page and others like it to include this.. thanks. 108.180.206.226 (talk) 10:55, 11 December 2013 (UTC)

RECTIFIERS and INVERTERS
Rectifier and inverter are available in good articles in the Wikipedia. Why on earth not link to those? That's a big mystery. I have corrected this problem by inserting the appropriate Wikilinks. By the way, inversion is a more complicated process than rectification is. ALSO, this kind of an inverter has nothing to do with the simple kind of electronic inversion that is used in digital logic circuits.24.121.195.165 (talk) 18:49, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:HVDC converter station


text:
Bettingen

Bettingen (Swiss German: Bettige) is a municipality in the canton of Basel-Stadt in Switzerland.

History
Bettingen is first mentioned in 777 as Bettingen.

Geography
Bettingen has an area,, of 2.23 km2. Of this area, 0.76 km2 or 34.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1 km2 or 44.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.42 km2 or 18.8% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 14.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.8%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.2%. Out of the forested land, 43.5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 15.2% is used for growing crops and 14.8% is pastures, while 4.0% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The municipality is located in the agglomeration of Basel, on the right bank of the Rhine river and on the slopes of St. Chrischona.

Bettingen is split into two settlements. Dorf Bettingen is an Alemannic settlement, located in a small basin. Chrischonahöhe is the other settlement, located around a St. Chrischona pilgrimage centre (established 1840) on one of the hills. As early as 1356 a church was built on the heights, dedicated to Saint Chrischona. Since 1925 there have been a hospital and retirement homes in the area.

A landmark for Bettingen, the Swisscom-Sendeturm St. Chrischona communications tower is located on the Chrischonahöhe.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, a Cup Gules.

Demographics
Bettingen has a population of. , 24.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of -1.2%. It has changed at a rate of 2.7% due to migration and at a rate of -2.7% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks German (1,091 or 94.8%), with French being second most common (13 or 1.1%) and English being third (10 or 0.9%).

Of the population in the municipality 171 or about 14.9% were born in Bettingen and lived there in 2000. There were 329 or 28.6% who were born in the same canton, while 343 or 29.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 282 or 24.5% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 5 live births to Swiss citizens and 5 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 10 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 5 while the foreign population increased by 5. There were 4 Swiss men who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 7 non-Swiss men and 11 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 14 and the non-Swiss population increased by 21 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.6%.

, there were 480 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 555 married individuals, 61 widows or widowers and 55 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 427 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. There were 125 households that consist of only one person and 33 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 446 households that answered this question, 28.0% were households made up of just one person and there were 4 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 142 married couples without children, 134 married couples with children There were 18 single parents with a child or children. There were 4 households that were made up of unrelated people and 19 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 193 single family homes (or 69.9% of the total) out of a total of 276 inhabited buildings. There were 42 multi-family buildings (15.2%), along with 26 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (9.4%) and 15 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.4%). Of the single family homes 12 were built before 1919, while 21 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (55) were built between 1961 and 1970.

there were 458 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 115. There were 20 single room apartments and 219 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 417 apartments (91.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 26 apartments (5.7%) were seasonally occupied and 15 apartments (3.3%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.01%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Sights
The entire hill and surrounding area of St. Chrischona is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the LPS Party which received 21.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (17.41%), the EVP Party (17.37%) and the SP (14.23%). In the federal election, a total of 479 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 65.4%.

Economy
, Bettingen had an unemployment rate of 1.9%. , there were 10 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 2 businesses involved in this sector. 10 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 5 businesses in this sector. 416 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 31 businesses in this sector. There were 581 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.8% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 292. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 5, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 10 of which 1 was in manufacturing and 9 (90.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 277. In the tertiary sector; 13 or 4.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1 was in the movement and storage of goods, 28 or 10.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 1.8% were in the information industry, 8 or 2.9% were technical professionals or scientists, 7 or 2.5% were in education and 115 or 41.5% were in health care.

, there were 264 workers who commuted into the municipality and 366 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 17.4% of the workforce coming into Bettingen are coming from outside Switzerland, while 1.1% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 26.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 33% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 203 or 17.6% were Roman Catholic, while 463 or 40.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 3 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.26% of the population), there were 4 individuals (or about 0.35% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 159 individuals (or about 13.81% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 3 (or about 0.26% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 282 (or about 24.50% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 32 individuals (or about 2.78% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Bettingen about 480 or (41.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 302 or (26.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 302 who completed tertiary schooling, 50.3% were Swiss men, 24.8% were Swiss women, 12.6% were non-Swiss men and 12.3% were non-Swiss women.

, there were 30 students in Bettingen who came from another municipality, while 117 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Bettingen


text:
Talk:Blue Island, Illinois

Untitled
Hey all, I'm the WikiProject Cities assessor of this article. If feedback is what you want and need, come to my talk page and give me a holler! --Starstriker7(Dime algoor see my works) 02:37, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

I came back a few days ago to do a some updating of the article and was surprised to find the attached to the page. With such a general comment it's difficult for me to address whatever concerns you may have. Let's discuss them here. Thanks!

Trivia section
I've tagged the 'claim to faim' section as trivia. It looks like theres some good information in there so I won't delete it, however if someone would like to relocate it that'd be great. I might delete all the unsourced information as the entire sections longer than the article. Thanks, --''MattWT 21:40, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Matt: I've just recently gotten into the world of "Wikipedia", with this article being the main focus of my attention at this time. I work on it, as you can see by the "history", a little at a time every day, adding things that seem important or relevant to me as one having been involved with my community for over twenty years. My inspiration to get involved was brought on by the paucity of information included in the article for Blue Island when I saw it for the first time. But, that's what Wikipedia is, and I took the ball and ran with it. When I opened the article last night and saw what had happened, my immediate reaction was that someone had vandalized it, and my immediate reaction was to restore it to its most current condition.

I don't know how much experience you have as an editor for this wonder of modern technology, but its undoubtedly more than mine. Having said that, there are a couple of issues with the "Claim to Fame" section that you should consider: First of all, including info to this section was my way of adding material as I had time to do it so that it would be immediatly available to anyone who was interested in seeing what Blue Island is all about. It was always my intention to later go back and edit it into logical sections so that the article would flow better. Maybe know is the right time to do it.

Secondly, to my eyes at least, the items that you deleted seemed to be referenced adequately so that anyone who might think that I was "making stuff up" could satisfy themselves and go somewhere else (frequently in Wikipedia itself) and cross check. With your help, I look forward to it becoming clear to me what the requirements are so that it's done to standard in the future.

As a point of curiosity, you've completely removed some of the items, left other in while taking parts of them out, and leaving others completely intact. Perhaps as we work our way thru this, we can clear up why this is so.

I look forward to hearing from you. This sojourn into the world of Wikipedia has been an educational experience for me and I look forward to any contributions of value that I can make in the future. I hope you see this. I'm not quite sure that its the right way to do it, but here goes. Thanks Burnhamandroot —Preceding unsigned comment added by Burnhamandroot (talk • contribs) 18:03, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Once I get back from work, I will be happy to reply to this. I'm on your side, and you have done nothing wrong! Happy editing. --''MattWT 19:46, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Origin of the name "Blue Island"
'According to the article as it stands at the moment, Blue Island'' was so named because it once was an island in Lake Chicago. However, the text makes it clear that it was so named because the high ridge looked like an island in the surrounding flat plain. I believe that the text would be more accurate if it read something like this:

Early pioneers gave the ridge the name because at a distance it looked like an island set in a trackless prairie sea. The blue color was attributed to atmospheric scattering or to blue flowers growing on the ridge. From the Chicago Democrat, February, 1834: "Nearly south of this town and twelve miles [19 km] distant is Blue Island. This name is particularly appropriate. It is a table of land about six miles [10 km] long and an average of two miles [3 km] wide, of an oval form and rising some forty feet out of an immense plain which surrounds it on every side. The sides and slopes of this table, as well as the table itself, are covered with a handsome growth of timber, forming a belt surrounding about four or five thousand acres of beautiful table land. In summer, the plain is covered with luxurious herbage. It is uninhabited, and when we visited it, from its stillness, loneliness, and quiet, we pronounced it a vast vegetable solitude. The ridge, when viewed from a distance, appears standing in an azure mist of vapor, hence the appellation 'Blue Island'."

In fact, Blue Island once was an island when Lake Chicago covered the surrounding area. It is situated at the south end of a glacial moraine that was an island when the water level was higher.

'''Any comments or concerns? Michael Glass (talk) 05:50, 15 December 2015 (UTC)'''

Changed along the lines proposed above. Michael Glass (talk) 13:53, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added tag to http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/PatentSearch/Image.asp?PatentDocClassCode=STA&Accession=IL0900%5F%5F%2E490&Format=PDF&Page=1&Index=30&QryID=72237%2E98
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101127224133/http://oah.org/pubs/magazine/labor/bassett.pdf to http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/labor/bassett.pdf
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title: Talk:Blue Island, Illinois


text:
Swallowwort

Swallowwort or swallow-wort is a common name for several plants and plant families. The term may be a description of poisonous effects, or indicate that a plant was formerly used medicinally for tonsillitis.

It may refer to:

 * Any of several vines of the genus Vincetoxicum, especially white swallowwort (Vincetoxicum hirundinaria), black swallowwort (Vincetoxicum nigrum), and pale swallowwort (Vincetoxicum rossicum)
 * Any of several vines of the genus Cynanchum. Cynanchum is from Greek words meaning "to choke a dog."
 * Greater celandine (Chelidonium majus).
 * Greater celandine and swallowwort were each often categorized with tetterworts because they were used to treat tetter. This led to nomenclature confusion among these worts.
 * many plants of the genus Asclepias
 * Euphorbia maculata
 * Seutera angustifolia, a plant of the genus Seutera

title: Swallowwort


text:
Talk:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 10:44, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld → Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld = Rationale: WP standards for the naming of royals dictate that "Name of Place" is used for consorts and sovereigns. Victoria was neither. Charles 22:24, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Support As nominator. Charles 22:28, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Support it is true. Gryffindor  13:45, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
This move will bring the name of the article into compliance with existing standards for royals. Charles 22:28, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Miscellany
Is "Viktoria" Wikipedia style? --Henrygb 09:21, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * You know, I've never seen it spelled that way in reference to this person. I'll check up on it.--Marysunshine 23:00, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

I've just checked the page history, and it was created as "Viktoria" and then moved to "Victoria" in 2005, but the spellings remained the same. I've also done a cursory search of various genealogical sources, and they unanimously refer to her as "Victoria." The biographies I've read of Queen Victoria do the same, so I've taken the liberty of changing it. Marysunshine 23:17, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

death
Is it really proper to list her death as having taken place at "Frogmore house" rather than "Windsor" or an actual incorporated place?--Dmz5 05:30, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * "Windsor" implies that she died at Windsor Castle. I've tweaked the prose to show that the house was near Windsor. PeterSymonds | talk  10:43, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Comments on the rumors of affairs section
In this section, mention is made on the royal family having a history of poryphira. In that article it is clear that the connection is speculative at best. Also, the possibility of paternal transmission of haemophilia is grossly overstated. Is there any reason for me not to modify it?

spiderwing (talk) 11:05, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, given that two RS are cited, the two books, I'd be careful to avoid censorship. It is speculative, but much about the past is, and two books have been written, at least in part, accepting the theory.--Wehwalt (talk) 15:28, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * It is speculative, yes. But it is not original research; that's different. It is academic, historical speculation that is suggested in many biographies of Queen Victoria, and books about porphyria etc. There's no reason to modify it, because it cites reliable sources. PeterSymonds (talk)  16:51, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, there are serious problems with the citations used on this article. The citations that has been added for 'Queen Victoria's Gene' does not actually go to anything related to the this book.  Instead, it goes to an unsourced artilcle unconnected to the book or authors in question.  Similarly John Pohl's 'The Purple Secret' has also been given a citation that leads to an unconnected, unsourced article with no connection with that book or author.  Why on earth has no-one checked this?  I'm adding citation requests.  It should be the responsibility of all users to actually check that citations are actually what they claim to be.  This is just sloppy.  Indisciplined (talk) 01:42, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

 * OK, located a citation we can use for John Rohl's book, which I have now added. If someone can produce something for 'Queen Victoria's Gene', we're back on track.  Indisciplined (talk) 02:02, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

Princess Louisa Inlet
Was this princess ever referred to as Louisa? There is a lovely inlet on the BC coast called Princess Louisa Inlet that may have been named after this lady or her granddaughter. Many adjoining geographic features are named for children of her daughter, Queen Victoria. -- KenWalker | Talk 01:47, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Victoire/Victoria
Was her name Victoire or Victoria? I thought her name was Victoire and her and her husband (Prince Edward) made up the name Victoria for Eventual queen Victoria to create a British sounding version of the mothers French name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.61.20.206 (talk) 21:12, 12 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Indeed, her real name was Victoire, pronounced in French, Victoria is the version for the British (see German Wikipedia)--Chiemseehering (talk) 14:06, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

First regency in Germany?
The article mention in passing, that she served as regent in Germany after the death of her first spouse, but this is not given one sentence except for being mentioned in passing in connection to her potential regency in Britain. Should this not be mentioned at all? If she was regent of a state, being a minor German principality, does it not deserve a description? --Aciram (talk) 15:30, 7 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Added a little myself.--Aciram (talk) 17:10, 7 October 2016 (UTC)

Arms?
What were they? Robin S. Taylor (talk) 18:06, 2 August 2017 (UTC)
 * I think the arms of her sisters-in-law (except the queens Caroline and Adelaide) are not available either. But if you have a source which shows their arms, you can submit a request at Graphics Lab/Illustration workshop, so that other users may draw them. Keivan.f  Talk 04:55, 12 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I did a Google search and it turns out that the Duke and Duchess of Kent's joint achievement is rather impressively displayed above the entrance to no. 51 The Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells, TN2 5TE: until lately an Indian restaurant but now to let. Nos. 51-55 are called Royal Victoria House which has this plaque on it. Google street view shows that these arms are the same as those of her paternal grandfather as given on p. 34 of Louda and Maclagan's Lines of Succession. The same arms were borne by Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, whose article has an illustration already, so all you'd need to do would be to impale them with the Duke of Kent's arms instead of the Prince of Wales's. Opera hat (talk) 16:46, 12 June 2018 (UTC)

Precedence
One assumes that, during the reign of George III, Victoria would have the precedence of the wife of a son of the sovereign (behind the Queen (Charlotte), the Princess of Wales (Caroline), the Duchess of York & Albany (Frederica) and the Duchess of Clarence (Adelaide)). During the reigns of George IV and William IV she would have been the wife of a brother of the sovereign (theoretically a lesser rank, but actually higher since neither king had children and three of the senior women had died).

Upon Queen Victoria's accession, what rank would the dowager duchess have had? She was not a queen dowager - The Prince Edward never having been king - and there is no place for the mother of the monarch otherwise. Even the lowest royal rank of the wife of a former sovereign's grandson does not work as Edward's grandfather Frederick, Prince of Wales was never a monarch either. Robin S. Taylor (talk) 00:39, 22 December 2017 (UTC)
 * She was still the mother of the British sovereign, and should have necessarily enjoyed a high rank in the court, but where her place in the order of precedence was is not clear to me. She would probably be placed after the sovereign herself and above her granddaughters. That's what the rank of Diana, Princess of Wales, would have been had she stayed alive to see her son's reign. Keivan.f  Talk 04:51, 12 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I think officially she'd rank as the wife of a royal duke, which is above all other ranks of the nobility but below all the other royals and great officers of state. Though in practice, I suspect she was given precedence with the Queen's uncles and aunts. Celia Homeford (talk) 08:28, 12 June 2018 (UTC)
 * From the description of the coronation in the London Gazette of 4 July 1838, it appears that she ranked after the Duchess of Gloucester (daughter of George III; the Queen's aunt) and before the Duchess of Cambridge (wife of the Queen's uncle). Opera hat (talk) 15:48, 12 June 2018 (UTC)

Regency
Should there be a position section within the infobox in regard to the Duchess’s regency in Leiningen? 2600:1700:2740:1B20:3168:6436:A65D:2258 (talk) 22:55, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I Agree with you Versailleslover123 (talk) 20:47, 23 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Regents are normally not given such a thing. Their position as regents were temporary. They had no clear successor or predecessor. It does not look good to place them as if they preceeded the monarch they ruled as regent for, since they did not preceed the monarch as monarch. It is only confusing and bluring to cindlude their regent position in infoboxes. That is not done in wikipedia and that should not start either. It will only cause confusion and in the end may cause the infoboxes to be deleted altogether because they only cause confusion. So please to not do that.--Aciram (talk) 22:49, 23 February 2023 (UTC)


text: User:Sam Vimes/LOI template

title: User:Sam Vimes/LOI template


text:
Attica Zoological Park

Attica Park, officially Attica Zoological Park (AZP), is a private zoo located in the suburb of Spata, approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Athens, Greece. It is the only zoo in Greece. The zoo is home to more than 1,500 animals representing 220 species, in an area of 20-hectares (49 acres). It is open 365 days a year.

The zoo is a member of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) and the European Association of Aquatic Mammals (EAAM).

History
The zoo, opened its doors to the public in May 2000, initially as a bird park, hosting the third-largest bird collection in the world featuring 1100 birds of 300 species, farm animals for the younger visitors and three very impressive walk-in aviaries – miniatures of three continents (Africa, Asia and the Americas) in which visitors can walk and admire the relevant bird fauna and flora.

World of Reptiles was added in April 2001, followed by Greek Forest in 2002, the African Savannah exhibit in 2003, a big cat exhibit and expansion of the African Savannah in 2004, a monkey exhibit in 2005, Land of the Cheetah, a chimpanzee (two of which came from ZooParc de Beauval) a siamang gibbons exhibit, and a desert exhibit (with Bactrian camels and Somali wild asses) in 2008.

In 2010, the zoo opened a dolphinarium and added two male southern white rhinos, that came from Whipsnade Zoo in England. In 2005, the zoo began to run daily shows featuring birds of prey. In 2010 the zoo began shows with its newly installed dolphinarium showing sea-lions and dolphins.

In February 2010, Atu, a zoo-born pygmy hippopotamus, that was born in February 2009, was transferred to Duisburg Zoo in Germany, after a request by the EEP representative. The breeding of this species is highly important due to the fact that the birth rate of male hippos has fallen in contrast to the female one. Moreover, death rates amount to 30% within the first 60 days of their birth. His parents came from Edinburgh Zoo and from Aalborg Zoo. The zoo received the pair in November 2004, and since then three calves have been born to this pairing. The first one being also a male that was sent to Zurich Zoo and the last one being a female named Matima, that died a month and a half later due to a sudden pulmonary edema.

World of Reptiles
World of Reptiles opened in April 2001 and it was the first addition to the zoo after its opening. Among the species in World of Reptiles are the cane toad, Madagascar day gecko, green tree python, yellow anaconda, tokay gecko, western ratsnake and the carpet python.

Greek Forest
The Greek Forest exhibit opened the following year in the summer of 2002 and includes species rarely seen in Greece. This exhibit features Eurasian Lynxes, wild boars, Eurasian grey wolves, Eurasian brown bears, fallow deer, Griffon Vultures and the endangered Cretan wild goat also known as the kri-kri. In the past it also featured Eurasian Otters.

African Savannah
The African Savannah is an Africa-themed area that was opened in February 2003 and it is the largest exhibit in the zoo. Animals on display in this area include the reticulated giraffe, Rothschild's giraffe, Grant's zebra, Kafue lechwe and the South African ostrich. Sometimes Arabian and Scimitar oryxes can be viewed in this exhibit. Also in their own exhibits the area features sitatungas, pygmy hippos, Southern white rhinos and South African cheetahs. In the past there was also an exhibit with African Wild Dogs. In 2020 a giraffe feeding station was added in the African Savannah.

Indonesia
Indonesia was added in 2013. It features an Indonesian-themed aviary and a Komodo dragon exhibit. Birds in this area include the Bali myna, Victorian crowned pigeon, Nicobar pigeon, white-naped pheasant-pigeon, crested partridge and Luzon bleeding-heart.

Ground Birds
Ground Birds is a long row of cages home to a large variety of ground bird species, particularly pheasants. Exhibited species include blue eared pheasant, Edwards's pheasant, Elliot's pheasant, African green pigeon, yellow cardinal, California quail, Reeves's pheasant and the golden pheasant. Across from the exhibit is the zoo's animal hospital and the ZooCafe.

Birds of Prey
Birds of Prey is a row of cages for multiple raptor species. The exhibit is home to bald eagles, white-backed vultures, white-headed vultures, Egyptian vultures, king vultures, griffon vultures, bateleurs and palm-nut vultures. Nearby is the zoo's farm and petting zoo where visitors can see and pet Cameroon sheep, Nigerian Dwarf goats, zebus, Falabella ponies, and an endangered breed of pony, the Skyrian pony and more.

Water World
Water World consists of two big pond and an elevated kiosk that offers a view of the whole zoo. The pond is home to a variety of waterfowl and other aquatic birds. Water World residents include Egyptian geese, black swans, red-breasted geese, barnacle geese, ruddy shelducks, white storks and Canada geese.

Parrots & Lory Land
Parrots consists of a row of cages that are home to the zoos many parrot species. The exhibit is home to monk parakeets, keas, palm cockatoos, yellow-collared lovebirds, hooded parrots and African grey parrots.

Lory Land consists of a walk-through exhibit, that is home to rainbow lorikeets, chattering lories, purple-naped lories and yellow-bibbed lories.

Animals of S. America
Animals of S. America consists of four enclosures, one of which is a walk-through aviary, for species native to South America. This area is home to a family of greater rheas (two of which are leucistic), capybaras, Patagonian maras, llamas and giant anteaters. The walk-through aviary, was the first exhibit in this area, from when the zoo was just a bird park. The aviary is home to 11 birds native to the Americas as a whole, but it mostly features birds from South America, such as scarlet ibises, Chiloé wigeons, southern screamers, wood ducks and guira cuckoos. There can be found also a big cage with mamy species of Macaws such as: Red-and-green macaw, Military macaw and Blue and gold macaw and also a new exhibit with a fishing cat can be seen nearby.

Birds of Africa
Birds of Africa consists of a walk-through aviary, home to 10 bird species, the smallest mixed species aviary out of the three walk-though aviaries of the zoo, and its home to species such as the village weaver, glossy ibis, blue-winged goose, African spoonbill, superb starling, blacksmith lapwing and the hamerkop.

Birds of Asia
Birds of Asia consists of a walk-through aviary, home to 12 bird species, the largest mix of species out of the three continental themed aviaries, and its home to species from Asia and Australasia, such as the demoiselle crane, the crested pigeon, the red-whiskered bulbul, the maned duck and the Torresian imperial-pigeon. Next to the aviary its the zoo's main plaza and Educational Center.

Other animals

Other zoo residents, that do not belong to any particular attraction are the greater flamingoes, the Indian crested porcupine, the European bee-eater, the serval and more. The zoo's big cats include Southern African lions, Sumatran tigers, Persian leopards, pumas and as of 2020 a pair of clouded leopards that recently had cubs. The zoo has several walk-through enclosures, including a "Lemur Forest" the Birds of Africa, Asia and America the Lory Land and the Bat forest. In December 2015, two male Asian elephants, named Leso and Myo, arrived at the park from Emmen Zoo in the Netherlands. In 2018 the zoo welcomed a cauldron of Rodrigues flying foxes.

Future Extensions
In 2021, the zoo began constructions for an Asian enclosure that will house red pandas, Chinese muntjacs and Asian small-clawed otters, and will expect them in the following months. The zoo also began construction for a brand new area called "Thalassa" (sea in Greek), after closing the dolphin show area. "Thalassa" will house a new enclosure for the parks bottlenose dolphins, African penguins and harbor seals and it will also open a new enclosure for sea lions in 2023. In June of 2022 the zoo announced the arrival of a pair of Linnaeus's two-toed sloths, with the male coming from Munich Zoo and the female coming from Parque de las Ciencias which also houses the BioDome which is where the Granada's zoo is located.

Breeding programs
Attica Zoological Park actively participates in major programs of global importance. One of this programs was developed by WWF Russia and the Russian Academy of Sciences in collaboration with the Ministry of Natural Resources in Russia, the European Endangered Species Program of EAZA (EEP) of this species, Sochi Natural Park and other key partners.

The aim of this program is the breeding of this species in a controlled environment and the gradual reintroduction of their offspring in the Northern Caucasus, where today there are less than 10 individuals left in the wild, risking complete extinction of the species.

The Attica Zoological Park, with the help of Parc des Félins in France, acts as a key center for the safe and successful breeding of Persian leopards, by hosting a breeding pair in a specially designed enclosure.

Conservation
In May 2001, the Attica Zoological Park became a member of EAZA. The AZP is actively involved in 37 EEPs (European Endangered species Programs), and 31 species in the park are monitored by ESBs (European Studbooks), as well as other advanced methods such as Species360 (International Species Information System).

In 2011, PELARGOS, an independent non-profit civil company, was founded by the zoo's owner and the park's co-owner at the time, Rudy Rallis. This organisation fights for the protection and conservation of Greek wildlife. Since its creation, PELARGOS has carried out a number of important projects in collaboration with some of the most respected and recognizable conservation organizations in Greece. Until recently PELARGOS was financed only by Attica Park's contributions, as dictated by the charter of EAZA. More recently PELARGOS has also gone ahead with initiatives financed by third parties such as, the Niarchos Foundation and the Green Fund of the Ministry of Environment. Apart from the financial support it offers, Attica Park also provides substantial help through its scientific knowledge, its international relations with recognized scientists, and mostly through the work and dedicated support of its staff.

A first aid station for the Mediterranean monk seal was built in the zoo's premises in collaboration with MOm (Hellenic Society for the Study and Protection of the Monk Seal). The station was built and was fully equipped with the full financial support of PELARGOS. The station mostly helps young seals that lost their mothers due to weather conditions, until they can be reintroduction in the National Marine Park of Alonnisos Northern Sporades. Since 2015 the zoo has nursed and released six monk seals with the last two being released in 2019.

In 2014 and after five weeks of rehabilitation in the zoo, a golden jackal was released in the protected area of the Moustos wetland.

In January 2016 the zoo released a great white pelican at Lake Kerkini, and on November of the same year the zoo released multiple wader species in Missolonghi–Aitoliko lagoon.

In June 2015 the zoo received three griffon vultures from ANIMA's rehabilitation facility, where they had arrived exhausted or poisoned. During their stay in the zoo, they were able to regain strength and reinforce their social behaviour, so as to be reintroduced successfully in the wild. on 19 November 2015, a team from Attica Zoological Park, in collaboration with ANIMA and the Natural History Museum of Crete, travelled to the Lasithi Range in Crete, where six vultures were successfully released. Three from AZP and another three from ANIMA's Rehabilitation Center.

Incidents and criticism
In June 2010 the dolphinarium started working with shows by sea lions and dolphins. There were initially four dolphins bought from the Lithuanian Marine Institute, then seven more were added from the same source. The Greek Green Party took Attica Zoological Park to court claiming animal welfare issues in 2011. In April 2011, a provisional order was issued by the Athens Court temporarily prohibiting the operation of the dolphinarium. BBC sent a correspondent to cover the story and the controversy was presented in an article by Lauren St John in The Sunday Times. In August 2011, the Greek court issued a decision declaring itself not competent to pass judgement on the case. Although the zoo claimed that the case in question has been decided permanently and that the company has been vindicated, this decision only addressed the ability of this particular court to decide the issue.

In December 2018, two jaguars, escaped their controlled area, triggering the security protocol. The two big cats, named Jenny and Spotty, escaped their enclosure, after a gazelle, that was ready to be transferred to another facility, escaped and crashed on the enclosure's glass fence. The animals escaped from a hole in the broken glass while the park was still open. The park's staff immediately stepped in, and followed the zoo's protocol in this situations. The staff, with the help of the park's vet, shot the two animals and killed them. The zoo's owner stated that they could not sedate the animals, because anaesthesia in big cats, such as tigers and lions, takes 5 to 6 minutes to kick in and that would put the park's visitors and staff in danger. The park's owner was incredibly saddened with the incident, because he bottle-fed and raised one of the jaguars since it was a baby.

title: Attica Zoological Park


text:
William Fox-Pitt

William Speed Lane Fox-Pitt (born 2 January 1969) is an English equestrian who competes in eventing. His career highlights include winning three Olympic medals in the team event, with silver in 2004 and 2012, and bronze in 2008. At the World Equestrian Games, he won team gold and individual silver in 2010, and team silver and individual bronze in 2014. He also won World team medals in 2002 and 2006. At the European Championships, he has won six team gold medals, as well as Individual silver in 1997 and 2005, and Individual bronze in 2013. He is the recordman CCI*****'s winner with 14 grand slam titles. In 2011, he became the first rider to win five different five-star events, having won the Burghley Horse Trials a record six times (1994, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2011), Rolex Kentucky three times (2010, 2012, 2014), Stars of Pau twice (2011, 2013), the Badminton Horse Trials twice (2004, 2015), and the Luhmühlen Horse Trials once (2008). A serious fall in 2015 left him in a coma for two weeks, but he came back to make the British eventing team and attend the 2016 Summer Olympics. He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours.

Family background and education
Fox-Pitt was born in Hampstead, the eldest son of William Oliver Lane Fox-Pitt (1932-2012, known as Oliver) and Marietta Speed. His father competed in many sports, and in addition had a career in the city, founding an investment bank now known as Fox-Pitt Kelton Cochran Caronia Waller. Oliver and Marietta were both equestrian competitors, riding at Badminton and Burghley, and his siblings have been very successful as well. His paternal grandfather was Major-General "Billy" Fox-Pitt a Dorset landowner who served in both World Wars and was a founding officer of the Welsh Guards.

Fox-Pitt was educated at Wellesley House School in Kent, Eton College and the Goldsmiths, University of London.

Fox-Pitt began riding at age four. At 13, he stopped riding because he feared he would be bullied by his peers.

He is married to former eventer and current ITV Racing presenter Alice Plunkett. They have four children.

Sporting career
He is the recordman of CCI*****'s winner with 14 titles. He is also the only rider to have won 5 out of the six CCI*****'s having won Burghley (1994, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2011), Badminton (2004 & 2015), Pau (2011, 2013), Kentucky (2010, 2012, 2014) and Luhmuhlen (2008). He holds the record for the most wins (six) at the Burghley Horse Trials; William's victories coming in 1994, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2011. Additional major wins have been at the Badminton Horse Trials in 2004 and again in 2015, at Gatcombe Park in 1995, 2000, 2003 and 2005. Team golds in European Championships in 1995, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2009. He took individual silver at the 1997 Europeans, team bronze at the 2002 and 2011 Europeans, individual silver at the 2005 Europeans, team silver at the 2006 Aachen World Equestrian Games, team silver at the 2021 Nations Cup in Boekelo, team gold at the 2010 World Equestrian Games, individual bronze at the 2013 Europeans, team silver and individual bronze at the 2014 World Equestrian Games, and team silver at the 2015 Europeans. He also represented Great Britain at the (1996 Summer Olympics/Atlanta), (2004 Summer Olympics/Athens), (2008 Summer Olympics/Beijing), (2012 Summer Olympics/London) and (2016 Summer Olympics/Rio), winning team silver in Athens, team bronze in Beijing and team silver in London. In 2006 he was ranked the leading rider in Britain for the sixth year running and 2nd in the world, and as of 2014 he was ranked 1st in the world.

William is married to Channel 4 Racing presenter Alice Plunkett. They have two sons; Oliver (born in August 2005) and Thomas (born 15 November 2006), and two daughters; Chloe (born October 2012) and Emily (born September 2014). William is a regular columnist in the weekly equestrian magazine, Horse & Hound.

In the eventing world, one of his best known partnerships is with the horse Tamarillo.

In October 2015, a fall at a competition in France left him in a coma for two weeks. After regaining consciousness, he had initial trouble with blindness and then double vision, but was ultimately able to earn a spot on the British team for the 2016 Olympics and returned to international competition with the stallion Chilli Morning. He was the only remaining member of the 2012 team who won silver in London 2012.

On 12th May 2024, 35 years after he first competed at Badminton Horse Trials, William announced that this years Badminton would be his last.

Career highlights

2024
 * 13th Badminton Horse Trials (Grafennacht)

2023
 * 2nd Maryland CCI***** (Grafennacht)
 * 3rd Aston le Walls CCI*** (Duke Legacy)

2022
 * 7th Aachen CCI**** (Little Fire)

2021
 * 1st Houghton CIC**** (Little Fire)
 * 2nd Boekelo CCI**** (Grafennacht)
 * Team Silver at the Nations Cup in Boekelo (Grafennacht)
 * 2nd Osberton YH Champs CCI* (Cayiano)

2020
 * 1st Cornbury CCI** (Centurian Bay)

2019
 * 1st Tattersalls Horse Trials CCI*** (Georgisaurous)
 * 2nd Festival of British Eventing Novice Championships (Grafennacht)

2018
 * 2nd Blenheim Palace Horse Trials CCI*** (Oratorio II)
 * 2nd Tattersalls Horse Trials CCI*** (Little Fire)

2017
 * 1st Barbury Horse Trials CIC*** (Clifton Signature)

2016
 * 12th Individual at the Summer Olympics in Rio (Chilli Morning)

2015
 * Team Silver at the European Championships in Scotland (Bay My Hero)
 * 1st Badminton Horse Trials CCI**** (Chilli Morning)
 * 4th Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI**** (Bay My Hero)

2014
 * FEI World number 1 eventing rider
 * Individual Bronze and Team Silver at the World Equestrian Games in France (Chilli Morning)
 * 1st Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI**** (Bay My Hero)
 * 9th Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI**** (Seacookie)

2013
 * 1st Stars of Pau CCI **** (Seacookie)
 * 3rd Stars of Pau CCI **** (Cool Mountain)
 * Individual Bronze at the European Championship in Sweden (Chilli Morning)
 * 3rd Luhmühlen Horse Trials CCI **** (Neuf des Coeurs)
 * 4th Luhmühlen Horse Trials CCI **** (Lionheart)
 * 1st Bramham Horse Trials CCI***(Chilli Morning)
 * 5th Badminton Horse Trials CCI **** (Parklane Hawk)
 * 2nd Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI **** (Seacookie)

2012
 * FEI World number 1 eventing rider
 * 1st Bramham Horse Trials CCI***(Chilli Morning)
 * 1st Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI **** (Parklane Hawk)
 * Team Silver at the Summer Olympics in London (Lionheart)

2011
 * Team Bronze at the European Championships in Luhmuhlen (Cool Mountain)
 * 1st Burghley Horse Trials CCI **** (Parklane Hawk)
 * 1st Stars of Pau CCI **** (Oslo)

2010
 * FEI World number 1 eventing rider
 * 1st Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI **** (Cool Mountain)
 * Team Gold and Individual Silver at FEI World Equestrian Games Kentucky (Cool Mountain)

2009
 * Team Gold at the European Championships in France (Idalgo)

2008
 * FEI World number 1 eventing rider
 * 1st Burghley Horse Trials CCI **** (Tamarillo)
 * 2nd Burghley Horse Trials CCI **** (Ballincoola)
 * 3rd Badminton Horse Trials CCI **** (Ballincoola)
 * 1st Bramham Horse Trials CCI*** (Navigator)
 * 1st Luhmühlen Horse Trials CCI **** (Macchiato)
 * Team Bronze at the Summer Olympics in Beijing

2007
 * 1st Bramham Horse Trials CCI*** (Macchiato)
 * 1st Burghley Horse Trials CCI **** (Parkmore Ed)
 * 1st Blair CCI*** (Macchiato)
 * 5th Burghley Horse Trials CCI **** (Ballincoola)

2006
 * 9th Badminton Horse Trials CCI **** (Ballincoola)
 * 11th Luhmühlen Horse Trials CCI **** (Birthday Night)
 * 1st Hartpary CCI*** (Moon Man)
 * 15th Aachen WEG **** (Tamarillo)
 * 3rd Blenheim Horse Trials CCI*** (Parkmore Ed)
 * 6th Burghley Horse Trials CCI **** (Ballincoola)

2005
 * 1st Burghley Horse Trials CCI **** (Ballincoola)
 * 1st Boekelo Horse Trials CCI*** (Mr. Dumbledore)
 * 2nd Badminton Horse Trials CCI **** (Tamarillo)
 * 1st Bramham Horse Trials CCI*** (Mr. Dumbledore)
 * 2nd Bramham Horse Trials CCI*** (Idalgo)
 * 1st Gatcombe British Open (Moon Man)
 * Team gold and individual silver at the European Championships (Tamarillo)
 * Winner of the British Eventing Premier League

2004
 * 1st Badminton Horse Trials CCI **** (Tamarillo)
 * 4th Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI **** (Ballincoola)
 * 7th Fontainebleau (Stunning)
 * Team silver at the Athens Olympics (Tamarillo)

2003
 * 5th Le Lion d’Angers (Idalgo)
 * 8th Le Lion d’Angers (Igor de Cluis)
 * 1st Boekelo (Tom Cruise)
 * Team gold and 8th individual European Championships, Punchestown, Ireland (Moon Man)
 * 1st CIC World Cup Qualifier, Thirlestane Castle (Stunning)
 * 1st British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (Stunning)
 * 2nd British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (Moon Man)
 * 1st British Intermediate Championships, Gatcombe Park (Tom Cruise II)
 * 1st Luhmühlen Horse Trials CIC *** (Tom Cruise II)
 * 1st Bramham Horse Trials CCI *** (Wallow)
 * 2nd Bramham Horse Trials CCI *** (Ballincoola)
 * 7th Saumur (Coastal Ties)
 * 1st Chatsworth CIC World Cup Qualifier (Stunning)
 * 3rd Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI **** (Moon Man)

2002
 * FEI World number 1 eventing rider
 * Team bronze World Equestrian Games, Jerez, Spain (Tamarillo)
 * 1st Burghley Horse Trials CCI **** (Highland Lad)
 * 7th Burghley Horse Trials CCI **** (Moon Man)
 * 4th Boekelo (Stunning)
 * 3rd British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (Moon Man)
 * 4th British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (Stunning)
 * 4th Rolex Kentucky Three Day CCI **** (Stunning)
 * 2nd Badminton Horse Trials CCI **** (Tamarillo)
 * 6th Bramham Horse Trials CCI *** (Highland Lad)
 * 8th Bramham Horse Trials CCI *** (Just A Sovereign)

2001
 * 5th and Team gold European Champs, Pau, France (Stunning)
 * 4th Bonn Roderberg CCIO (Barclay Square)
 * 4th Saumur (Stunning)
 * 9th Burghley Horse Trials CCI **** (Springleaze Macaroo)

2000
 * 1st British Open Champs, Gatcombe Park (Moon Man)
 * 1st Blenheim Horse Trials CCI *** (Stunning)
 * 2nd Blenheim Horse Trials CCI *** (Tamarillo)

1999
 * 2nd Achselschwang (Moon Man)
 * 7th Bramham Horse Trials CCI *** (Moon Man)

1997
 * Individual silver and Team gold European Open Championships, Burghley (Cosmopolitan II)
 * 2nd Scottish Open Championships, Thirlestane Castle (Cosmopolitan II)
 * 3rd Badminton Horse Trials CCI **** (Cosmopolitan II)

1996
 * 5th Olympic Games Team Competition, Atlanta, USA (Cosmopolitan II)
 * 6th Bramham Horse Trials CCI *** (Lismore Lord Charles)
 * 5th Boekelo (Mostly Mischief)

1995
 * 6th and Team gold European Open Championships, Pratoni del Vivaro, Italy (Cosmopolitan II)
 * 1st Bramham Horse Trials CCI *** (Cosmopolitan II)
 * 1st British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (Chaka)
 * 6th Blenheim Horse Trials CCI *** (Loch Alan)
 * 5th Boekelo (Faerie Diadem)

1994
 * 1st Burghley Horse Trials CCI **** (Chaka)
 * 2nd Scottish Open Championships, Thirlestane Castle (Chaka)
 * 7th Punchestown (Thomastown)
 * 2nd British Open Championships, Gatcombe Park (Chaka)

1993
 * 7th Badminton Horse Trials CCI **** (Chaka)

1990

 * 4th and Team gold Young Rider European Championships (Steadfast)
 * 3rd Young Rider National Championships (Faerie Sovereign)

1989

 * Individual bronze and Team silver Young Rider European Championships, Achselschwang, Germany

1988

 * 4th and Team gold Young Rider European Championships, Zonhoven, Belgium (Steadfast)

1987

 * Individual silver Junior European Championships, Pratoni del Vivaro, Italy (Steadfast)
 * 5th Junior National Championships

1985

 * 8th Junior National Championships 1985

title: William Fox-Pitt


text:
User:Hamstersanonymous

SG Links
Wikiportal/Singapore WP:SG! Wikipedians/Singapore

title: User:Hamstersanonymous


text:
Gueuze

Gueuze (geuze, ; gueuze,  )  is a type of lambic, a Belgian beer. It is made by blending young (1-year-old) and old (2- to 3-year-old) lambics, which is bottled for a second fermentation. Because the young lambics are not fully fermented, the blended beer contains fermentable sugars, which allow a second fermentation to occur.

Due to its lambic blend, gueuze has a different flavor than traditional ales and lagers. Because of their use of aged hops, lambics lack the characteristic hop aroma or flavor found in most other beers. Furthermore, the wild yeasts that are specific to lambic-style beers give gueuze a dry, cider-like, musty, sour, acetic acid, lactic acid taste. Many describe the taste as sour and "barnyard-like". Because of its carbonation, gueuze is sometimes called "Brussels Champagne".

In modern times, some brewers have added sweeteners such as aspartame to their gueuzes to sweeten them, trying to make the beer more appealing to a wider audience. The original, unsweetened version is often referred to as "Oude Gueuze" ("Old Gueuze") and became more popular in the early 2000s. Tim Webb, a British writer on Belgian and other beers, comments on the correct use of the term Oude gueuze' or 'oude geuze', now legally defined and referring to a drink made by blending two or more 100% lambic beer."

Traditionally, gueuze is served in champagne bottles, which hold either 375 or. Traditionally, gueuze, and the lambics from which it is made, has been produced in the area known as Pajottenland and in Brussels. However, some non-Pajottenland/Brussels lambic brewers have sprung up and one or two also produce gueuze – see table below. Gueuze (both 'Oude' and others) qualified for the European Union's designation 'TSG' (Traditional Speciality Guaranteed) in 1997/98.

Etymology
The name was first seen as the Flemish word 'geuze-bier' in a French text in 1829.

There is some debate on where the word gueuze originated. One theory is that it originated from geysa (geyser), Old Norse for gush, since, during times of vigorous fermentation, gueuze will spew out of the bunghole of its enclosing oak barrel.. Another one derives it from a street called 'Geuzenstraet' (Geuzen Street) in Brussels, an old street that used to host the former entrance of "La Bécasse" pub (the street is now erased ; it was next to Rue de Tabora).

Another theory derives it from the French word 'gueuse' (meaning pig iron or raw iron), as originally, gueuze was defined as raw (unblended), aged, but fine-tasting lambic.

Méthode Traditionnelle
Some American craft breweries have begun blending young and old sour beers, to produce their own versions of the traditional gueuze. In 2016 Jester King Brewery released a blended, spontaneously fermented beer which it labelled as "Méthode Gueuze." However, the High Council for Artisanal Lambic Beers (HORAL) objected to the name, and the two parties arranged a meeting in Belgium. It was agreed that in future the American brewers would use the designation "Méthode Traditionelle" as a style name.

Commercial production of Gueuze
Commercial production of gueuze commenced in the 19th century; modern breweries that produce gueuze include:
 * 3 Fonteinen
 * Boon
 * Belle-Vue
 * Cantillon
 * De Cam
 * Girardin
 * Hanssens
 * Lindemans
 * Mort Subite
 * Oud Beersel
 * De Troch
 * Tilquin
 * Timmermans

Both gueuze and lambic are protected under Belgian (since 1965) and European (since 1992) law.

Oude Geuze breweries and beers
Information extracted from Webb.

Pajottenland / Brussels

 * Boon
 * Mariage parfait Oude Gueuze (8%)
 * Moriau Oude Gueuze (7%)
 * Oude Gueuze (7%)
 * Dekoninck Gueuze (6%)
 * Cantillon
 * Gueuze 100% lambic (5%)
 * Lou Pepe Gueuze (5%)
 * De Cam Oude Gueuze (6.5%)
 * De Troch Cuvée Chapeau Oude Gueuze (5.5%)
 * 3 Fonteinen
 * Vintage Oude Gueuze (8%)
 * Oude Gueuze (6%)
 * Millennium Gueuze (7%)
 * 50e Anniversary Gueuze (6%)
 * Girardin
 * 1882 Gueuze black label (5%)
 * 1882 Gueuze white label (5%)
 * Hanssens Artisanaal Oude Gueuze (6%)
 * Lindemans Cuvée René Oude Gueuze (5.5%)
 * Mort Subite Natural Oude Gueuze (7.2%)
 * Oud Beersel Oude Gueuze (6%)
 * Timmermans 'Limited Edition' Oude Gueuze (5.5%)

Non-Pajottenland / Brussels

 * Gueuzerie Tilquin - Oude Gueuze Tilquin à l'Ancienne (6.4%)
 * Van Honsebrouck - Gueuze Fond Tradition (5%)

title: Gueuze


text: Category:Health in Poland

title: Category:Health in Poland


text:
VAXstation

The VAXstation is a discontinued family of workstation computers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation using processors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture. VAXstation systems were typically shipped with either the OpenVMS or ULTRIX operating systems. Many members of the VAXstation family had corresponding MicroVAX variants, which primarily differ by the lack of graphics hardware.

VAXstation 100
The VAXstation 100 is an intelligent graphics terminal (also described as a Display subsystem) introduced by Digital in May 1983 for the VAX-11 line of computers. The VAXstation 100 was Digital's first workstation hardware for the VAX platform; the graphics terminal approach was selected due to the lack of availability of a VLSI VAX CPU necessary to create a standalone VAX workstation when the project began in 1981. The VAXstation 100's design was based on two internal research projects at Digital - a dedicated VAX workstation named SUVAX (Single User VAX), and a project to port Smalltalk-80 to a VAX-11/780 equipped with a bitmap display, the latter being noted as having a greater influence on the finished product. Digital's literature suggested various configurations for the VAXstation 100, such as attaching multiple VAXstation 100s to a large VAX-11/78x system, or attaching a single one to a smaller system such as a VAX-11/725 to create a single user workstation.

The VAXstation 100 consisted of a desk-side unit housing a Motorola 68000 processor, a dedicated bit blit accelerator built from AMD 2901 logic, and a total of 640KB of RAM (128KB for the CPU, and a 512KB frame buffer). Attached to this unit was a 19" monochrome monitor, an LK201 keyboard, a mouse, and optionally a graphics tablet and five-button puck. The VAXstation 100 interfaced with the host VAX system over a fibre optic cable with a maximum length of 300 meters to a Unibus card named the Unibus Window Module. Application logic ran on the host's VAX CPU, and the code for displaying graphics ran on the VAXstation 100's processor. The VAXstation 100's processor was capable of directly accessing a 256KB window of the host system's memory, which was used to share data and commands between the host and the workstation.

Digital's official software for the VAXstation was the VAX Display Subsystem Software (VDSS) which was installed under VAX/VMS and provided a basic GUI environment for the VAXstation 100 with terminal emulation software. Custom GUI applications could be developed using the VAXstation Display Management Library (known as VSTA) and the VAXstation Core Graphics Library. Third-party interfaces were developed for the VAXstation 100, most notably, the earliest versions of the X Window System.

VAXstation 500
The VAXstation 500 was a VAXstation system with color graphics, introduced in March 1985. It consisted of a MicroVAX I and a Tektronix 4125 colour terminal.

VAXstation 520
The VAXstation 520 was a follow-on to the VAXstation 500 which used a MicroVAX II as the host system instead of a MicroVAX I. At the time of its introduction in September 1985, a configuration with 2MB of memory, a 32MB hard disk and two 400KB floppy disk drives cost $40,790.

VAXstation I
Introduced in October 1984, it was code named "Seahorse", and used the KD32 CPU module containing a 4 MHz (250 ns) MicroVAX I processor.

VAXstation II
Code named "Mayflower", it used the KA630 CPU module containing a 5 MHz (200 ns) MicroVAX 78032 microprocessor. It was essentially a MicroVAX II in a workstation configuration.

VAXstation II/RC
A short-lived, lower-cost "Reduced Configuration" variant of the VAXstation II. Compared with the standard VAXstation II, a number of the slots on the backplane were filled with epoxy to limit the system's upgradability. It was discontinued when Digital discovered that enterprising customers were removing the epoxy, or replacing the backplane in order to convert the RC into a standard VAXstation II.

VAXstation II/GPX
Introduced in December 1985, it was code named "Caylith", and was a variant of the VAXstation II with hardware-enhanced, high-performance color graphics.

VAXstation 2000
Introduced in February 1987, it was code named "VAXstar" or "Kapri", and used the KA410 CPU module containing a 5 MHz MicroVAX II processor with no cache. It was essentially a MicroVAX 2000 in a workstation configuration.

VAXstation 3100 Model 30 (VS42A-xx)
Code named "PVAX", it used the KA42-A CPU module containing an 11.12 MHz (90 ns) CVAX microprocessor with a 64 KB external cache.

The VT1300 X terminal was essentially a diskless VAXstation 3100 Model 30, running the VAXELN operating system.

VAXstation 3100 Model 38 (WS42A-xx)
Code named "PVAX rev#7", it used the KA42-B CPU module containing a 16.67 MHz (60 ns) CVAX+ microprocessor with a 64KB external cache.

VAXstation 3100 Model 40 (VS42S-xx)
Code named "PVAX", it used the KA42-A CPU module containing an 11.12 MHz (90 ns) CVAX microprocessor with a 64KB external cache. It used the same CPU module and system board as the Model 30, but was housed in a larger case which could hold additional 5.25" and 3.5" drives.

VAXstation 3100 Model 48 (WS42B-xx)
Code named "PVAX rev#7", it used the KA42-B CPU module containing a 16.67 MHz (60 ns) CVAX+ microprocessor with a 64KB external cache.

VAXstation 3100 Model 76
Code named "RigelMAX", it used the KA43-A CPU module containing a 35.71 MHz (28 ns) Rigel microprocessor with a 128 KB external cache. It provided two separate SCSI buses, one for internal devices and one for external.

VXT 2000
The VXT 2000 was an X terminal using the SOC microprocessor. This system was essentially a VAXstation 3100 Model 30 without any mass storage and set up to network boot a VAXELN image that allowed it to be an X Window System terminal.

VAXstation 3200 and VAXstation 3500
Code named "Mayfair/GPX", it used the KA650 CPU module containing a CVAX chip set operating at 11.12 MHz (90 ns cycle time) with 64 KB of external secondary cache. They differed by the enclosure used, the 3200 using a BA23, whereas the 3500 used the BA213. As such, they were effectively workstation configurations of the MicroVAX III and MicroVAX 3500 respectively.

VAXstation 3520 and VAXstation 3540
The VAXstation 3520 and VAXstation 3540, code named "Firefox", were multiprocessor computers with two or four CVAX chip sets respectively, contained on KA60 CPU modules running at 12.5 MHz (80 ns cycle time). They were based on the experimental DEC Firefly multiprocessor workstation, and were positioned as mid-range workstations. The first official announcement from Digital regarding these workstations was on 10 January 1989, although it was a "programme announcement" with no dates or prices provided.

VAXstation 4000 Model VLC
The VAXstation 4000 VLC (Very Low Cost), aka VAXstation 4000 M30, was an entry-level workstation introduced on 30 October 1991. It was code named "PVAX2/VLC". It used the KA48 CPU module containing a 25 MHz (40 ns cycle time) SOC microprocessor. It had 8 to 24 MB of memory, using the MS40-BA SIMM, which was a low-height standard 72-pin 80 ns memory module with parity.

VAXstation 4000 Model 60
The VAXstation 4000 Model 60, code named "PMariah", was announced on 30 October 1991 and became available on 25 November 1991. It used the KA46 CPU module containing a Mariah chip set operating at 55 MHz (18 ns cycle time) with 256 KB of external cache. It supported 8 to 104 MB of memory, with SIMMs installed in pairs. SIMMs used were the 4 MB MS44L-AA and the 16 MB MS44-DA, which both had parity. It was the first VAX system to use the TURBOchannel interconnect. The upgrade path was to the VAXstation 4000 Model 96.

VAXstation 4000 Model 90
The VAXstation 4000 Model 90, code named "Cougar", was a further development of the VAXstation 4000 Model 60. Development of the VAXstation 4000 Model 90 began in mid-1991.

The workstation used the KA49-A CPU module containing a NVAX microprocessor operating at 74.43 MHz (14 ns cycle time) with a 256 KB external secondary cache. The NVAX had a 64-bit data bus to the NMC (NVAX Memory Controller) two gate array. The system module contained eight SIMM slots, and the workstation supported 16 to 128 MB of memory with parity. 16 MB MS44L-BC and 64 MB MS44-DC memory kits were used to populate the SIMM slots. Each memory kit contained four SIMMs with capacities of 4 MB and 16 MB respectively.

The VAXstation 4000 Model 90 supported 3D graphics hardware, the SPXg and SPXgt options. These modules had their own connector on the system module.

I/O was based around the NCA, a gate array which implemented an input/output adapter. The I/O subsystem had two independent 32-bit buses that communicated with the I/O and graphics options available. One of the buses interfaced to a TURBOchannel slot, the firmware contained within ROMs and the graphics options. The other bus interfaced to the Ethernet and EDAL controllers. EDAL was a 16-bit general-purpose bus for I/O. The EDAL controller consisted of a CEAC (CDAL-to-EDAL Chip) and a SQWF chip.

Ethernet was provided by the SGEC (Second-Generation Ethernet Controller) chip. SCSI was provided by the NCR 53C94, which connected to the EDAL bus. Serial lines were provided by a DC7085 quad UART. The four serial lines were used for the keyboard, mouse, modem and printer/console. A 64-entry FIFO queue was provided for all four serial lines and was implemented by a small external SRAM. Voice-quality sound was provided by an AMD Am79C30.

The VAXstation 4000 Model 90 could be upgraded to a VAXstation 4000 Model 96.

VAXstation 4000 Model 90A
The VAXstation 4000 Model 90A, code named "Cougar+", was a faster version of the Model 90. It used the KA49-A CPU module containing a NVAX microprocessor operating at 83 MHz (12 ns cycle time) but was otherwise the same. The upgrade path was to the VAXstation 4000 Model 96.

VAXstation 4000 Model 96
The VAXstation 4000 Model 96, code named "Cougar++", was a faster version of the Model 90A. It was discontinued on 30 September 1999, with the last shipments concluding on 31 December 1999.

It used the KA49-C CPU module containing a NVAX microprocessor operating at 100 MHz (10 ns cycle time) but was otherwise the same.

VAXstation 8000
The VAXstation 8000, code named "Lynx", was a high-end workstation introduced on 2 February 1988. It was essentially a VAX 8250 packaged in a deskside enclosure with a 3D graphics pipeline developed jointly with Evans & Sutherland. It was the only VAXstation to use a Full VAX processor instead of a MicroVAX as its main CPU.

Software
DTP software for VMS on the VAXstation included Interleaf IWPS/IWPS-Plus, CGS Digi-Design/ORIS, DECwrite and WordPerfect.

Mechanical CAE software: Applicon Bravo (in 1988; with 3D-views), SDRC applications (incl. FEM pre- and postprocessing, I-DEAS), Prime GNC (GNC i.e. Graphical Numerical Control; a Numerical control application), MCS (Manufacturing & Consulting Services) ANVIL-5000, ISYKON (bought by Intergraph) Proren, EUCLID-IS, Unigraphics, and MEDUSA

title: VAXstation


text:
Talk:LIMS

mergefrom:Scientific_Computing_&_Instrumentation
I'm recommending that the subject specific content be merged from the Scientific Computing & Instrumentation article. As for the rest of the content there, I'm a bit skeptical of the need for a full article about a niche journal. I would be much more comfortable keeping the article if its significance were further expanded. --Alan Au 09:33, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:LIMS


text:
Carte orange

The carte orange (Orange Card) was a pass for the public transportation system in Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region. A holder of the pass was entitled to unlimited use of the public transit system within a given period of time, with Cartes oranges being available for durations of one week or one month. The carte orange was discontinued in February 2009, and replaced by Navigo semaine (one-week pass) and Navigo mois (one-month pass) on a Navigo card.

The Île-de-France region, with regards to public transportation, is divided in six concentric zones, the first one being the city of Paris. The most basic pass for Paris and its close banlieue covered zones 1–2, costing €17.20 for a one-week pass and €56.60 for a one-month pass.

Description and use
The Carte Orange itself was composed of a subway pass and an identity card, both of which were stored in a small, transparent, flexible plastic folder.

The subway pass — a small, rectangular ticket composed mainly of stiff paper — listed the period of time and the zones for which it was valid, as well as its price. At the top of the front side of the ticket, there was a thin, holographic strip, to prevent counterfeiting. On the reverse side, there was a brown, magnetic strip on which the card's data (zones and dates) were stored. The user fed the Carte orange ticket into a turnstile upon entering a metro station, and the machine, after reading the ticket, returned it to the user. A weekly Carte Orange was valid only for one seven-day period, always starting on Monday and ending on Sunday.

The identity card was an attempt on the part of the public transit authorities to link each Carte Orange to one person, preventing multiple people from sharing one Carte Orange. The identity card featured a space in which the user had to print their full name and, in the lower left-hand corner, a space to which the user had to affix a small, colour photograph of themself. On the back of the card, the user was required to fill out their full address. A passport-size photo had to be presented when purchasing the Carte Orange, and the ticket office worker affixes the photo to the ID card. Photo booths are often located near ticket offices.

As an additional security measure, many Paris Métro turnstiles did not accept the same Carte orange ticket more than once in a short lapse of time. In the event that someone accidentally exited a station prematurely (by following the wrong signs, for instance), it may have been necessary to wait (usually only a few minutes) before re-using the ticket. The intention of this mechanism was to prevent multiple passengers from using a single Carte orange to enter an unmonitored metro entrance.

When using the bus or tramway, the user did not validate their ticket electronically; rather, they showed the driver the identity card and the ticket, who then determined whether or not the Carte Orange was valid for the route.

It was not possible to travel with a Carte Orange beyond the zones that the card was valid, and the transportation authority required the travelers to purchase a ticket valid for the entire trip, regardless of the zones already covered by the carte orange. While some stations have special ticket windows that sold extensions for arriving passengers who needed them (notably for tourists the Versailles station in Zone 4), others do not. This sometimes resulted in a traveller being stuck in the station until they could attract the attention of a metro employee, or jump the turnstile. The Charles de Gaulle Airport RER stop (located in Zone 5) was, unfortunately for tourists, one of those stations that did not have an accessible ticket window on the incoming side.

Security features
The Carte orange had several features intended to make fraud more difficult; the date of each carte's validity was printed in large characters, in 1997 the holographic strip was added, and a new kind of ink was introduced. Before the introduction of these new security features, it was estimated that 2.5% of all Cartes oranges were counterfeit.

History
The Carte orange was launched in 1975, at a time when fare collection for public transit in Paris and the surrounding region was very complicated — in fact, someone wanting to traverse Paris at the time might have had to buy five separate tickets. There had been several attempts to simplify ticketing in the Parisian public transport system in the past. Notably in 1968 a ticket valid for use in the bus and metro, the Ticket ivoire commun (common ivory ticket) was introduced and three years later a ticket valid in the SNCF, buses, metro and cars de banlieue was launched. Nevertheless, the Carte orange was novel in that it was the first ticket that gave the passenger unlimited access to all of the region's public transports for a flat rate, and during a specific period of time. a one-use ticket can be used in any form of the Paris public transit system.

Initially, the Carte orange was only available to workers, who had to supply proof of employment in order to purchase it. This restriction was soon removed, however, and the Carte became very popular: while transit authorities had estimated that 650,000 Cartes oranges would be sold, within 6 months of its introduction 900,000 were in use. According to Michel Margairaz, a historian of Parisian transports, the gap between these figures can be explained due to a problem in the transit authorities' methodology — they assumed that only those public transit users who would save money with the Carte orange would buy one, but this was not to be the case. Many people were attracted to the idea of using Parisian public transports without worrying about tickets or fares, even if it proved to be more expensive.

Public transit revenues, not only passenger convenience, were central concerns for the Carte's architects: according to Paul Josse, an official involved in the creation of the Carte orange, the new pass "couldn't cost the state or municipal governments a sou." Furthermore, the RATP and the SNCF, respectively responsible for Île de France and national public transit, had to work out a revenue-sharing scheme, but this proved to be relatively easy.

The Carte orange was also intended to boost the use of public transit, then in rapid decline, due to increasing use of cars. In fact, at the end of the 1960s, the transport ministry was actually considering abolishing bus service in Paris. However, within a year of the Carte's introduction, bus usage went up 40%, and more generally, it has been estimated that during the first ten years of its existence, the Carte led to an increase of 20% in the use of Parisian public transport.

Finally, the Carte was intended to make fares more equitable; before the Carte's introduction, those who lived further from the city centre paid much more than more centrally located residents. While it seemed reasonable that those who wanted to travel further should pay more, many people who lived far from downtown Paris had to make many more connections as they travelled compared to others who travelled no further, connections for which they had to pay. The flat-rate system introduced by the Carte changed this.

Phaseout
The Carte orange has been phased out and replaced by the Navigo card. This new card contains a chip and is scanned at turnstiles, carries a photo of the user on the card itself, and may be linked to an account that the user has with the RATP. Thus, unlike the Carte orange, when a Navigo card is lost or stolen, it may be replaced (for a fee). The Carte orange was officially replaced by the Navigo card on May 20, 2008.

The consequence of the phase out of the Carte orange is that it is more expensive for short-term visitors and tourists to take advantage of the maximum discounts available from advance bulk purchase of trips. This is because the Navigo card must either be linked to a French account (available to residents only) or purchased for a €5 fee (Carte Navigo Découverte).

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User talk:Rhammond

Welcome!

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ironfurnaces.com
I have tried to join your website, but it keeps asking me to log in, when I have just done so, or it tells me that my user name or password is wrong. I do not understand what is going on: is that site needing a response from you? I am potentially able to contribute a lot of information, but need to discuss this with you. Peterkingiron (talk) 17:42, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

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