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Shoulder sleeve insignia

Shoulder sleeve insignia (SSI) are distinctive cloth patches worn on the left sleeve of the United States Army uniform just below the shoulder seam by soldiers assigned to divisions, corps, armies, and other specifically authorized organizations. They are also worn on the right sleeve by soldiers to indicate former overseas service with certain units during periods of U.S. military operations in hostile conditions (MOHC).

Colored
Shoulder sleeve insignia were often designed with intricate designs including bright colors, when created. Because these bright colors and designs risk standing out when a soldier is in combat or in hiding, the shoulder sleeve insignia in its color form was commonly only worn on the dress uniform or service uniform when a soldier was not in combat. However, with the retirement of the Army Green Uniform in 2015, the full-color SSI was discontinued and was replaced with a CSIB (combat subdued identification badge). For combat uniforms, "subdued" versions have been created for wear on the battlefield. After a few years of retirement, the full-color SSI returned with the "pinks and greens" uniform that was re-introduced in the late 2010s.

"Full color" SSI were only worn on the brown service coat during the 1940s, and on the green "Class A" uniform and on the OG-107 during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Formerly, full color SSI were also worn on the "full color" (white letters on black or dark blue material) Military Police brassard, worn by MPs while wearing the green "Class A" service uniform or while wearing subdued field uniforms (BDU or DCU) in a garrison environment. However, with the ACU, the MP brassard was replaced by a rectangular patch made of fabric or infrared-reflective material, reading "MP". In one notable exception, the U.S. 1st Infantry Division wore full-color SSI on their BDUs and ACUs for a time, before that too was replaced with a subdued version.

Subdued
The subdued version of the SSI created for the Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) features patches that are primarily olive, dark brown, and black, to match the BDU. In general, this version is obsolete because the Army phased out the BDU in the late 2000s in favor of the Army Combat Uniform (ACU).

The subdued version created for the Desert Camouflage Uniform (DCU) is primarily tan and "spice" brown, to match the uniform's design. This version is also obsolete, as the Army phased out DCUs in favor of ACUs.

The subdued version created for the ACU is the version widely used in the field today. Since the Army-wide adoption of the ACU, SSI for the ACU have been developed. These SSI are primarily foliage green, light brown, and black, though a few patches also feature red and maroon colors for some details. Unlike previous patches, the ACU SSI are velcro-backed, designed to attach to the velcro pockets on the shoulder of the uniform, instead of being sewn on. This makes them easier to remove and replace.

Since the development of the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) uniform (commonly known as MultiCam as it is derived from Crye Precision's proprietary pattern) new SSI have been procured where the "Foliage" green of the ACU SSI is replaced by "Bagby" green. Velcro remains the method for attaching the SSI to the uniform.

Wear
The SSI is typically worn on the left upper arm, just below the uniform's shoulder seam on all but the ACU. The most common place for the SSI to be worn on the ACU is on the upper sleeve, attached using a velcro backing; however, it is also sometimes worn on other places, notably when the soldier's body armor covers the shoulders, such as the shoulder pads of interceptor body armor, which covers the upper arm. Some units (such as the 3rd Infantry Division) also wear SSIs on their helmets. SSI are also occasionally worn on the backpacks or rucksacks of soldiers, but this is not standard practice and is usually personal preference.

Which SSI is worn depends on the chain of command that the soldier's formation is a part of. Usually, the soldier wears the SSI of their division or separate brigade, but if they fall under the command of a different division, they must wear the SSI of that division. The First Army has directed that all subordinate brigades wear the First Army SSI instead of their own authorized brigade SSI.

Military operations in hostile conditions
Those soldiers who are combat veterans are authorized permanent wear of the SSI of the unit they fought with on their right shoulder. This shoulder sleeve insignia recognizes "former wartime service" and is frequently called a "combat patch". Per Army Regulation 670-1, a soldier is authorized to wear the SSI of their higher headquarters. This is not dependent on whether or not the higher headquarters deployed, or to whom the soldier was attached throughout his/her deployment. Exceptions have been made for operations of relatively short duration such as service in the Dominican Republic, Panama and Grenada.

With the transformation of the U.S. Army into a brigade-centered force, the SSI that soldiers may wear for wartime service has grown. Where soldiers once fought only under the command of their home division headquarters, this is no longer always the case. Early in the Global War on Terrorism, soldiers could earn the wartime service patch of several units during a single deployment according to their chain of command. Under current policy, soldiers may only earn one SSI per deployment.

Entire formations of soldiers are rarely deployed to the same command structure. For example, a battalion from a separate support brigade may be attached to a brigade combat team during on deployment, which, in turn, would be attached to a different division headquarters. It is a misconception that in that deployment, soldiers in the battalion could earn three patches at once; the patch of their regular headquarters (the separate brigade), the patch of the brigade combat team that they were attached to, and the patch of the division that the brigade combat team was attached to. In actuality, the regulation states that soldiers will wear the shoulder sleeve insignia of former wartime service of the lowest deployed echelon authorized its own distinctive SSI, which applies to divisions, separate brigades, and a handful of battalions. After March 27, 2007 the policy was changed to allow units of company level and higher to wear the SSI of their regular headquarters as a combat patch. This policy change also means that units above company level no longer receive multiple combat patches for single deployments, in turn simplifying what combat patch soldiers are actually entitled to wear.

Although all U.S. Army army groups, field armies, and corps have SSI, they do not award combat patches of these to all soldiers serving under them. These combat patches are usually only given to soldiers who serve the corps or army headquarters directly, and not one of the subordinate units.

There is no time-in-theater requirement for wear of the SSIFWTS and orders are not created to authorize it. U.S. soldiers are also not required to wear a SSIFWTS, and if they can wear more than one SSIFWTS then soldiers can alternate from one to another, but they cannot wear more than one at a time.

History
The 81st Infantry Division "Wildcat" is generally agreed to have been first U.S. Army unit authorized an SSI. In 1918, during World War I, the 81st Division sailed for France after training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. On their left shoulder the men of the division wore an olive drab felt patch with the silhouette of a wildcat - after Wildcat Creek, a stream that flows through Fort Jackson. When men of the other fighting divisions challenged the right of 81st soldiers to wear the patch, General John J. Pershing ruled that the 81st could keep this distinctive insignia. He also suggested that other divisions adopt shoulder patches of their own. This patch was officially adopted by the U.S. Army on October 19, 1918. The first patches were often primitive but by World War II, the manufacture was regulated.

By World War II, all army groups, field armies, corps, and divisions, as well as all major Army commands, had unique SSI. These SSI would often be created with symbolism alluding to the unit's formation. Examples include the 82nd Airborne Division, which included an "AA" on its patch alluding to the "All-American" soldiers from every state that made it up, and the 29th Infantry Division, which included blue and grey to allude to soldiers that made it up being from states on both sides of the American Civil War.

Most US formations had unique patches which varied greatly in size and makeup, with the exception of U.S. armored divisions (as well as 1st Armored Corps and the U.S. Army Armor Center & School), all of which adopted the same patch (a yellow, red and blue triangle with a symbol for armor in the middle). Each division and I Armored Corps then included its number in the upper yellow portion of the patch to distinguish it. The SSIs of those armored units which survived into the Cold War became irregular pentagons (some units later than others) with the addition of rectangular section at the bottom, bearing the division's nickname or "U.S. Army Armor Center".

Subdued patches and insignia were introduced during the Vietnam War and were made mandatory for wear on the field uniform starting July 1, 1970.

SSIs are generally authorized only for units commanded by a general officer. In the early 1960s, separate armor regiments began creating SSI, and the number of separate brigades increased. Today, most separate brigades have their own SSI, but those brigades permanently assigned to divisions do not. A handful of smaller units have SSI (including the U.S. Army's ranger battalions [all of which have identical SSIs apart from the number], Trial Defense Service, and Headquarters & Headquarters Company, U.S. Army), but most units of battalion level and smaller do not have SSIs of their own. A handful of SSIs are designated for use by units which are not under a unified command wearing that SSI; these include Special Forces, Department of the Army Staff Support, and the SSI designated for soldiers assigned outside of DOD (e.g., military attachés).

Shoulder sleeve insignia galleries

 * Field Army insignia of the United States Army
 * Corps Insignia of the United States Army
 * Division insignia of the United States Army
 * Brigade insignia of the United States Army
 * Miscellaneous shoulder sleeve insignia of the United States Army

title: Shoulder sleeve insignia


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User talk:Mepcotterell

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Eliezer 04:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:Mepcotterell.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Mepcotterell.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 22:44, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mepcotterell


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User talk:Paraphile

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Eliezer 04:19, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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DUDE I SAW YOU ON XBOX LIVE! Mysmartmouth 07:21, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paraphile


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alianism

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:39, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Alianism
Google searches for "Alianism" etc. yield no related results. Additionally, user on this IP has a record of vandalism. Almost certainly, the subject is fake. M412k 04:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Hoax, nonsense.  I speedied it at least twice tonight already, but since it's on VfD now, we can go through the full process.  Antandrus  (talk) 04:53, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. As above. Themindset 06:34, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 08:52, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete when the first google hit is this page...definitely nn/hoax. -- Etacar11   23:28, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 00:07, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Cookiecaper 00:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I'd just like to say that I personally know a sect of Alianists and that the religion is not a hoax. I don't who added the article to Wikipedia because Alianism doesnt promote use of technology and therefore I doubt that it was a practicing member who posted it. However, most of the information in the article is correct according to my source and she finds the idea of you dismissing her religion as a hoax hurtful and deeply discriminatory. Alianist members are also in the process of setting up a website she tells me so the point about there being no search results on google is totally moot. I have to say it sends a very bad message, image wise, about Wikipedia that it is willing to delete the first publication about a new religion for absolutely no reason. And to the person who was talking about the IP address you'll probably realise that this has the same address. This is because I am on a computer at Sydney Girls High School in Sydney. This does not, however, make me a student, nor does it make up opinions invalid. (Unsigned comment by, user's first edit)
 * I think this open patronising of such a worthwhile religion is horrible. i am a converted full believer of Alianism. My husband converted me in order for us to be married in a traditional Alian ceremony. I am slightly unorthodox in the fact that I use computers and do believe in technology, but i find it terribley offensive that my deep spiritual belief would be questioned in this way. (Unsigned comment by, user's first edit)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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User talk:Wmvo

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. You may also want to check out Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

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Other links for reference: Wikiquette, image copyright tags, Merge Hope to see you around the Wiki! Remember to be Bold! with your edits, and if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 04:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wmvo


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User talk:Georgeslegloupier

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Eliezer 04:20, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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WorkChoice
I'd suggest "WorkChoice macht frei", but that would be bad of me. ;-)

Ben Aveling 08:31, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

I worked out what you are referring to, riské (I found out about reductio ad Hitlerum recently) but it was still clever. Georgeslegloupier 03:04, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Hicks
Yeah, I wasn't surprised.

I'm torn between suspecting that David Hick's is more mad than bad, and being very suspicious of the treatment he's receiving.

In one sense, what happens to him isn't important, he's just one person, and probably not a very good one at that. On the other hand, the rules that apply to him are the same rules that apply to us all - so there is an element of precedence about this, as well as symbolic significance, that makes him worth fighting for.

A conservative is a liberal who has just been mugged.

A liberal is a conservate who has just been arrested.

Thanks for the message.

I appreciate it.

Ben Aveling 07:22, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

2006 FIFA World Cup controversies
Hi Georgeslegloupier! Thanks for your recent interest in the AfD of the 2006 World Cup controversies article. Your input is most appreciated. Since the AfD is now closed and the World Cup almost over, I'd like to encourage you to put some input into the improvement of this article, either by improving where you think you can, or by suggesting changes on the talk page. Kind regards, MyNam e IsNotBob  03:32, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Georgeslegloupier


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User talk:Marktaff

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Eliezer 04:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
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Article count in the main page redesign
It seems that your motion for including the article count in the main page redesign won out, and has now been included on the project page. Would you consider changing your vote from "Object" to "Support" now? Fieari 22:15, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marktaff


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Wikipedia:Peer review/Angkor Wat/archive1

Angkor Wat
I'll expand the lead to two paragraphs, but otherwise I'm running out of improvements to make here. Any comments or suggestions would be welcome. Mark1 04:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks great, you're lucky yo have so many free images. The lead could be expanded to at least two paragraphs to summarise the whole article. A consistent notes system should be used throughout the whole article, including links to external pages, Footnote3 and Footnote4 are both good, just make use the note in the text has the same number as the note in the list. Is Angkor Wat a World Heristage site, if so a that could be included in the discussion of preservation of the structure . A map showing whereabouts Angkor Wat is in reation to other places in Cambodia would be good too, I think the floor plan is too big. --nixie 04:41, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Overall, good and solid work, and an interesting read. Only thing I have to point out is my, uhm, dislike for red links in a featured article, so if you would at least makes stubs it would, in my opinion, look better. I agree with Petaholmes that a map showing it's location would be a good addition, and I think more could be written on the effects of tourism on the temple (not just the bad, like graffity and extra wear, but also the good, like restoration and bringing in mone to preserve it (I would assume)). WegianWarrior 07:10, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks both of you- I'll get to work on those. Reducing the size of the plan will be tricky- it's difficult to show both the size of the outer parts and the detail of the inner- but I'll see what I can do. ;) Mark1 07:36, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Would it be an idea to rotate the plan 90º to the left or right? I do realise it would mean remaking the picture, but it would also make it narrower - which would make it easier for people with low resolution monitors. Anotehr idea would be to have it as a thumbnail (say 250 - 300 pixels wide) and point out that readers can click on the picture for a larger version. WegianWarrior 21:17, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The problem with rotating the plan is that north would no longer be at the top- since the western orientation of the temple is one of its most notable features, that would be confusing. Thumbnailing might work, although the key would then be illegible. Mark1 00:35, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Could you reduce the number of red links, by either removing them or creating articles about them? Other than that, excellent article, definitely FA-quality.Borisblue 01:56, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

The red-links are now all stubbed or taken out, and I've expanded the lead to two paragraphs. Mark1 03:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I've shifted the images around and shrunk the map to 480px, which is big enough to be able to read the key. Reading through it again I think a separate section on the role of the structure now that describes tourism and conservation, it would be a good section to tidy up the end of the article - since there is no conclusion as is. The organisation of the references and notes will have to be addressed before going to FAC. --nixie 06:59, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for doing the pictures. I've moved the info on conservation and tourism at the present time to the end, and I've changed the first inline external link to a footnote- how does it look? I'm holding off converting all the notes until we're happy with the structure. Mark1 05:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Looks great. Akgkor has been World Heritage listed since 1992, there is some info on the listing on the UNESCO site. --nixie 12:28, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

I've added a location map, done the notes, and mentioned the World Heritage listing (although its effects on Angkor Wat itself are a bit fuzzy). Thanks for all the help! Mark1 04:44, 26 July 2005 (UTC)


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User talk:Foey~enwiki

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. You may also want to check out Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

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Other links for reference: Wikiquette, image copyright tags, Merge Hope to see you around the Wiki! Remember to be Bold! with your edits, and if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 04:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Foey. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Foey~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:54, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:58, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Foey~enwiki


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/International Program

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETED. Postdlf 05:11, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

International Program
Simple nn link PhilipO 04:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: File:Dangerdoom.jpg

title: File:Dangerdoom.jpg


text: User talk:69.70.74.129

title: User talk:69.70.74.129


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Lection

A lection, also called the lesson, is a reading from scripture in liturgy. In many Christian denominations, the readings of the day are appointed in the lectionary.

History
The custom of reading the books of Moses in the synagogues on Sabbath is a very ancient one. Since the prophetic books were written after the books of Moses, readings from them began later, and were common at the time of Jesus. This element in synagogue worship was taken over with others into the Christian divine service, as may be gathered from passages in the gospels such as St Luke 4:16–20 and 16:29. During early Christianity, readings began to be made from the writings of the Apostles and evangelists as the New Testament canon developed. Mention of this is found within the New Testament itself, for example in Colossians 4:16 and in First Thessalonians 5:27.

The oldest manuscripts of the Gospels have marginal marks, and sometimes actual interpolations, which can only be accounted for as indicating the beginnings and endings of liturgical lessons.

From the 2nd century onwards references multiply, though the earlier references do not prove the existence of a fixed lectionary or order of lessons, but rather point the other way. Justin Martyr, describing divine worship in the middle of the 2nd century says: "On the day called Sunday all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the Apostles, or the writings of the Prophets are read as long as time permits" (Apol. i. cap. 67). Tertullian about half a century later makes frequent reference to the reading of Holy Scripture in public worship (Apol. ~9; De praescript. 36; De amina, 9).

The canons of Hippolytus, written in the first half of the 3rd century says, "Let presbyters, subdeacons and readers, and all the people assemble daily in the church at time of cockcrow, and betake themselves to prayers, to psalms and to the reading of the Scriptures, according to the command of the Apostles, until I come attend to reading" (canon xxi).

There are traces of fixed lessons coming into existence in the course of the 3rd century. Origen refers to the Book of Job being read in Holy Week (Commentaries on Job, lib. i.). In the 4th century such references are frequent. John Cassian (c. 380) states that throughout Egypt the Psalms were divided into groups of twelve, and that after each group there followed two lessons, one from the Old Testament and one from the New Testament (De caenob. inst. ii. 4), implying but not absolutely stating that there was a fixed order of such lessons just as there was of the Psalms. St Basil the Great mentions fixed lessons on certain occasions taken from Isaiah, Proverbs, St Matthew and Acts (Hom. xiii. De bapt.). From Chrysostom (Horn. lxiii. in Act. etc.), and Augustine (Tract. vi. in Joann. &c.) both state that Genesis was read in Lent, Job and Jonah in Passion Week, the Acts of the Apostles in Eastertide, lessons on the Passion on Good Friday, and lessons on the Resurrection on Easter Day.

In the Apostolic Constitutions (ii. 57, ca. 380) a service is described which is required of the church. First come two lessons from the Old Testament by a reader, the whole of the Old Testament being made use of except the books of the Apocrypha. The Psalms of David are then to be sung. Next the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles of Paul are to be read. Finally the four Gospels are to be read by a deacon or a priest. Whether the selections were ad libitum or according to a fixed table of lessons is not mentioned.

The Third Council of Carthage (397) forbade anything but Holy Scripture to be read in church. This rule has been adhered to so far as the liturgical epistle and gospel, and occasional additional lessons in the Roman Missal are concerned, but in the divine office, on feasts when nine lessons are read at matins, only the first three lessons are taken from Holy Scripture, the next three being taken from the sermons of ecclesiastical writers, and the last three from expositions of the day's gospel; but sometimes the lives or Passions of the saints, or of some particular saints, were substituted for any or all of these breviary lessons.

Nothing in the shape of a lectionary is extant older than the 8th century, though there is evidence that Claudianus Marnercus made one for the church at Vienna in 450, and that Musaeus made one for the church at Marseille ca. 458.

Conclusion of readings
In many Christian denominations, when the lector finishes reading the scripture lesson, they say one of the following:

 * "The Word of the Lord."
 * "May God bless the reading of His Word."
 * "Here endeth the first/second lesson."

The congregation responds with "Thanks be to God."

If the reading is from one of the Epistles in the Bible, lectors may conclude it with:

 * "Here endeth the Epistle."

If the reading is from one of the Gospels in the Bible, lectors may conclude it with:

"The Gospel of the LORD."

The congregation responds with "Praise to You Lord Jesus Christ" (along with a bowing their heads at the mention of the name "Jesus Christ").

title: Lection


text:
Pauri

Pauri is a town and a municipal board in Pauri Garhwal district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Pauri is the seat of the Divisional Commissioner of the Garhwal Division.

Geography
Pauri is located at 30.15°N, 78.78°W. It is located 1,765 meters above sea level. Pauri provides a panoramic view of the snow-covered Himalayan peaks of Nanda Devi and Trisul, Gangotri Group, Thalaiya-Sagar, Nilkantha, Bandar Poonch, Swargarohini, Kedarnath, Kharcha Kund, Satopanth, Chaukhamba, Ghoriparvat, Haathi Parvat, Sumeru, etc. The errand across 9Kandoliya-Tekka stretch along evergreen deodar trees is worth walking. The town is visited by tourists, researchers, and students from across the world.

Climate
The region has a sub-temperate to temperate climate, which remains pleasant throughout the year. The climate of Pauri is very cold in winters and the region experiences low to moderate snowfall in the months of January or February. The climate is soothing in summer when flowers bloom in the nearby forests and tourists flock to town. In rainy season the climate is very cool and lush greenery covers the town.

Demographics
According to the Census India 2011 the Pauri Nagar Palika Parishad has population of 25,440 of which 13,090 are males while 12,350 are females. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 2766 which is 10.87% of total population of Pauri (NPP). In Pauri Nagar Palika Parishad, Female Sex Ratio is of 943 against state average of 963. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Pauri is around 877 compared to Uttarakhand state average of 890. Literacy rate of Pauri city is 92.18% higher than state average of 78.82%. In Pauri, Male literacy is around 95.74% while female literacy rate is 88.44%. Pauri Nagar Palika Parishad has total administration over 6,127 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage.

India census, Pauri had a population of 24,742. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. In Pauri, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

The language most commonly used in Pauri Garhwal is Garhwali.

Kendriya Vidyalaya
This is one of the most premier institutions of the town providing English medium education up to 12th class under CBSE board. Currently, it is being run from a temporary campus in Kandoliya but a permanent building is all set in Siroli village which is 8 km from the town.

Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College
Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College (GBPEC), now known as Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology (GBPIET), is an autonomous State Government Higher Technical Institution. It was created in 1989 to honour the Indian Freedom Fighter, Bharat Ratna, Govind Ballabh Pant. The institute is located at a height of 1800m (approx 5905 ft.) above Sea Level and overlooks the Great Himalayan Range on its East flank. The college offers courses such as Bachelor of Technology, Master of Technology and Master of Computer Applications, Mechanical Engineering and Civil Engineering.

Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Central University
Dr. B. G. R Campus, referred to as the Pauri campus of Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University is a full-fledged educational campus established in 1971. Pauri College is one of the three campuses of Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, located in Srinagar, Garhwal. The campus offers arts, science and law courses at graduation, post graduation and research fellowships levels.

St. Thomas School
St. Thomas School is an educational institution in the town, established in 1973. The school comes under the Bijnor Diocese, headed by Rev. John Vadakle. It offers education in Science up to class 12th. It is an English medium school affiliated with ICSE board.

Messmore Inter College
Established in the British era, Messmore Inter College or MIC is one of the oldest schools in the Garhwal region. The school was established in 1865 and offers education in science and arts up to class 12th. This is a Hindi medium, government aided school. The school is affiliated with Uttarakhand Board and is co-educational. This college belongs to the association of Methodist churches in India.

DAV Inter College
This is a Hindi medium, government aided school. The school is affiliated with Uttarakhand Board and offers co-education.

Sri Guru Ram Rai Public School
Sri Guru Ram Rai Public School was established by SGRR education mission in the heart of the city. The school is running classes from I to XII and is offering streams science, commerce and humanities for classes XI and XII.

Government Inter College (GIC)
This is a Hindi medium, government aided school. The school is affiliated with Uttarakhand Board.

Girls Government Inter College (GGIC)
This is a Hindi medium, government aided school. The school is affiliated with Uttarakhand Board.

Places of interest

 * Kandoliya Mandir-Kandoliya devta is the local deity, referred in the local language as the bhumi devta. The temple has been in the area for years, amidst thick pine forest. In the region, it is a custom to begin every auspicious work with the blessings of Kandoliya thakur. Every year, a bhandara (feast) is held in the month of May–June in the temple. It is attended by lakhs of devotees.Kandoliya.JPG
 * Nag Dev Mandir-Nag Dev is a small temple located in the Pine and Rhododendron forest region. The temple belongs to the nag devta (the snake god). Located away, from the hustles and bustles of town, the place offers solace to the tired soul.
 * Kyunkaleshwar Temple-This is an 8th-Century-old, Shiv temple believed to be raised by Adi Shankracharya. The presiding deity of the temple are Shiva, his wife Parvati and sons, Ganesha and Kartikeyan. The temple in itself is a historic shrine and visited by thousands of Shaivaites. Kyunkaleshwar temple is known for the artistic stone work done in the temple premises. The temple also has a Sanskrit Vidyalaya and Gurukul where young children come to learn Veds and Purans.
 * Laxmi Narayan Temple-Located on the main Laxmi-Narayan Temple Road in the main city and is visited by locals round the day. The temple is named after Lord Laxmi Narayan or Vishnu. It also houses a Shiv temple, Hanuman temple, Durga temple, Ganesha Temple.
 * Hanuman Mandir-The Hanuman Mandir in Pauri is located in the Deodar Forest. It is located around 2 km from the main city.
 * Methodist Church, Chopra-The church is over 100 years old and is located in the lower chopra region of the town. The church is located a stone throw away distance from MIC Pauri.
 * Methodist Church, Gadoli-The church belongs to the Methodist community based in Gadoli region.
 * Dhara Road-A flourishing market area in the city, having small and big shops selling a variety of things.
 * Khirsu-Located 15 km away from the Pauri city, this small, tourist village has apple orchards and huge gardens which remains filled with flowers and fruits in Spring. The region is known its views of the Himalayas. The Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam (GMVN) runs a Tourist Rest House (TRH) in Khirsu which is a stop-over for a day or two for tourists visiting Pauri.
 * Chaukhamba View Point-It is located 4 km away from Pauri and overlooks the Idwal Valley and Chaukhamba Peak. It is situated in the dense forest of oak and rhododendron.
 * Ransi Ground-It is located at a distance 2.5 km from the town. One of the highest points in Pauri, Ransi is a picnic spot. It has a Sports Stadium – the second highest stadium in Asia where games and tournaments are frequently organised. The stadium set amidst deodar trees.
 * Kandolia Ground-Most of the local sports are organized in this ground.
 * District Library-The library is open round the year for enthusiasts and houses a variety of books.
 * Nagdev Evergreen Forest-Pleasant walk during the whole year.
 * Laxman Temple-A rare temple dedicated to Lord Laxman which is considered over 1000 years old.
 * Sita Mata Temple-The temple is around 15 km from the main town and is considered to be one of the only temples dedicated to Sita.
 * Danda Nagraja Temple-Danda Nagaraja Temple is a temple of Lord Krishna in Pauri Garhwal, Uttrakhand. As per the beliefs, Lord Krishna crawled all the way top of this hill first time in snake form, where now the temple Danda Nagaraja is standing. This temple is also known for the views from there and it is around 34 km from the main city Pauri Garhwal bus station.
 * Jwalpa Devi Temple-A temple dedicated to the Goddess Jwalpa. It is situated on the right bank of the Nawalika River (nayar), 34 km from Pauri, on the main Pauri-Kotdwara road.
 * Mahabgarh temple-A temple dedicated to Lord Shiva in Pauri Garhwal
 * Pauri Viewpoint- Main viewpoint of the city, it is located at the top left of the city, full view of city is visible from this viewpoint.

Media and communications
All India Radio has a local station in Pauri which transmits various programs of mass interest.

Notable people

 * General Bipin Rawat (1958–2021), India's 1st Chief of Defense Staff, last Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, 26th Chief of the Army Staff and 37th Vice Chief of the Army Staff.

 * Lieutenant General Lakshman Singh Rawat – Former Deputy Chief of the Army Staff and father of General Bipin Rawat.

title: Pauri


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Exposure2k

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETED. Postdlf 05:10, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Exposure2k
Practically empty page PhilipO 04:26, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I placed a Speedy Delete tag on it, since all it says is abc. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 04:36, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Johannes Cesaris

Johannes Cesaris (fl. 1406 – 1417) was a French composer of the late Medieval era and early Renaissance. He was one of the composers of the transitional style between the two epochs, and was active at the Burgundian court in the early 15th century.

Life and career
Little is known about his life, excepting the years he was active in Bourges. He was a cleric for the Duke of Berry in Bourges in 1406, and maître des enfants (choirmaster to the boys) at the cathedral there from 1407 to 1409. In 1417 he was probably the organist at Angers cathedral. A Pierre Cesaris, possibly a relative, was active in Bourges until 1443. There is a reference in a contemporary poem, Le champion des dames by Martin le Franc to Johannes Cesaris being a popular composer in Paris in the early part of the century (this is the same manuscript that contains the famous portraits of Guillaume Dufay and Gilles Binchois).

Music
Of his works, one motet, two ballades, and five rondeaux survive, as well as a sixth rondeau which has a contested attribution (it may be by Passet). Stylistically, they span both the manneristic complexities of the ars subtilior, which was the predominant style in Avignon in the 1390s, and the relatively simple song style of the early 15th century as it was developing in the courts of France and Burgundy. His motet A virtutis ignitio/Ergo beata/Benedicta filia, for four voices with three simultaneously sung texts, is isorhythmic in all parts. One of the secular songs, the rondeau A l'aventure va Gauvain, is in a style which suggests the later generation, and may have been written later than 1417; indeed many of his pieces are from manuscripts dated from early to mid-century.

One of his pieces, the ballade Le dieus d'amours, was copied into the famous Chantilly Codex, the illuminated manuscript which is the primary source for the Avignon repertory of the ars subtilior.

Editions
Cesaris's works are included in the following collections:

Recording

 * Arnold de Lantins, Missa Verbum Incarnatum, Ricercar CD RIC 207, sung by the Capilla Flamenca Psallentes. Contains the motet A virtutis ignitio by Cesaris, as well as music by Arnold de Lantins and Johannes Brassart.
 * Gothic Voices, Christopher Page, Lancaster & Valois: French & Engl Music 1350-1420, Hyperion Records CDH55294. Contains 2 rondeaux Se vous scaviez, ma tres douce maistresse and Mon seul voloir/Certes m’amour by Cesaris.

title: Johannes Cesaris


text:
User:Freedman

Hello everyone! My name's Brittany, and I love doing things on Wikipedia! I'm not good at creating pages, but I like to edit little tidbits or add things that seem nice. I don't vandalize, but I really dislike it when people do! The categories at the bottom are prooty sweet!!

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title: User:Freedman


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William Dreyer

William Dreyer may refer to:

 * William Dreyer, co-founder of Dreyer's, an American producer of ice cream
 * William J. Dreyer (1928–2004), molecular immunologist

title: William Dreyer