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Fritz Ullmann

Fritz Ullmann (July 2, 1875 in Fürth – March 17, 1939 in Berlin) was a German chemist.

Ullmann was born in Fürth and started studying chemistry in Nuremberg, but received his PhD of the University of Geneva for work with Carl Gräbe in 1895. After some time in Geneva he went to Berlin in 1905. Ullmann taught technical chemistry during 1905-1913 and 1922-1925 at the Technischen Hochschule Berlin (now Technische Universität Berlin), first as part of the ordinary teaching staff, later on as a professor. In 1900 he introduced dimethyl sulfate as an alkylating agent. Between 1914 and 1922, when he was back in Geneva, he published the first edition of the "Enzyklopädie der Technischen Chemie" in 12 volumes ( ISBN 3527201424 ) in English the Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, a publication that exists to this day. He was married to Irma Goldberg who was his assistant from 1905 to 1910 at his laboratory.

They named after themselves the following reactions: the Ullmann reaction, the Ullmann condensation, the Graebe-Ullmann synthesis, the Goldberg reaction and the illustrious Jordan-Ullmann-Goldberg synthesis.

title: Fritz Ullmann


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Peachtree Creek

Peachtree Creek is a major stream in Atlanta. It flows for 7.5 mi almost due west into the Chattahoochee River just south of Vinings.

Peachtree Creek is an important part of the area history. Fort Peachtree was built near the creek and the Chattahoochee River to guard against the Cherokee, who were in the Cherokee County territory northwest of the river.

During the American Civil War, the Battle of Peachtree Creek was a major battle of the Atlanta Campaign. Pace's Ferry was built across the river near the creek, and Paces Ferry Road still runs roughly parallel to the creek. Another street, Peachtree Battle Avenue, runs in a similar fashion. Because it is usually called just Peachtree Battle (even by GDOT on its overpass of Interstate 75), that part of Buckhead is often called the same, which in turn gave rise to a local play called Peachtree Battle.

Its two major tributaries are the North Fork Peachtree Creek and the South Fork Peachtree Creek. The northern fork begins at the edge of Gwinnett County and flows 13.5 mi southwest, almost perfectly parallel to Interstate 85 through DeKalb County. It ends at its confluence with the southern fork, next to where the highway meets Georgia 400. The southern fork, 15.4 mi long, begins in Tucker and flows south then west, passing through Clarkston, then crossing under part of the Stone Mountain Freeway and quickly back again, west (inside) of the Perimeter. It then flows twice through the northern part of the campus of Emory University and its Wesley Woods section. The southern edge of its basin borders the Eastern Continental Divide, including Peavine Creek (which ends next to WAGA-TV) and its tributary Lullwater Creek, which originates in the Lake Claire neighborhood of Atlanta and drains Fernbank Forest and the Druid Hills Golf Club north of Ponce de Leon Avenue. Other major nearby creeks in Atlanta include Nancy Creek (which flows into Peachtree Creek just before the Chattahoochee River), and Proctor Creek (which flows directly into the Chattahoochee).

Streamflow and flooding
Since 1912, the stream gauge on Peachtree Creek (AANG1) has been located where it crosses Northside Drive just east of Interstate 75, just northwest of the Brookwood Split (where Interstate 85 leaves 75). It is located at 33.81944°N, -84.40778°W, at 764 ft above mean sea level. A 1 in rainfall puts approximately 1.5 billion gallons or almost 6 billion liters into the watershed, by USGS calculations. That watershed (above the gauge only) is 86.8 sqmi. There is also water quality monitoring equipment there, all transmitted to GOES weather satellites and back down to the USGS in real time. Prior to this current system, daily flow and water quality sampling were done as far back as 1958 and 1959, respectively. Records for this site are maintained by the USGS Georgia Water Science Center.

Flood stage is 17.0 ft depth, and due to the heavy urbanization in the area, it often reaches above this mark during heavy storms. Peachtree Creek suffered massive flooding after Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Ivan in September 2004. Late on September 16, 2004, it reached a stage of 22.63 ft, a flow of 14,200 cubic feet (106,223 gallons) or 402 cubic meters (402,100 liters) per second, and a width of 450 ft, its highest official flood record ever, which actually washed away its gauge. The creek was about ten times its normal width, three times its normal speed, and 300 times its normal flow.

The worst flood ever occurred in 1919, when on January 29 (1/29) or December 9 (12/9) it reached a flow of about 21,000 cubic feet (160,000 gallons) or 600 cubic meters (600,000 liters) per second, and a stage of 25.80 ft. Another flood occurred in 1912 just above the 2004 event, and another in 1915 just below it. (Prior to the 1940s, there are no records for depth.) Base flow for the stream is about 67 cuft per second, and a depth of about 3 ft.

The 2009 Atlanta floods set new records for most streams in the area, and Peachtree Creek at Northside Drive came a close second place, reaching a height of 23.89 ft on September 21, 2009, at 9:15 pm, and causing water to flow over the bridge. The North Fork reached a record of 18.07 ft at 7:15pm, topping the previous record of 17.70 ft in September 2004. The South Fork reached its third-highest ever at 15.21 ft 5:45pm, the record being a flood that brought it to 16.35 ft on March 16, 1976.

The other stream gauges are SPJG1 on the South Fork "near Atlanta" at Johnson Road since April 2003, and NPBG1 also "near Atlanta" on the North Fork at Buford Highway since May 2003, with another (NFPG1) on the North Fork further up "near Doraville" at Graves Road since June 2001.

Peachtree Creek Greenway
In October 2017, future plans were released for the Peachtree Creek Greenway that will run along Peachtree Creek. Construction on the first section of the Greenway began in late 2018 in Brookhaven. The goal of the greenway is to provide residents with close-to-home and close-to-work access to bicycle and pedestrian trails, serve transportation and recreation needs, and help encourage quality of life and sustainable economic growth. The trail will connect the cities of Atlanta, Brookhaven, Chamblee and Doraville.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Peachtree Creek


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Élections Québec

Élections Québec is the independent office of the National Assembly of Quebec that oversees the administration of the electoral and referendum system in Quebec, Canada. It is led by the Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec (Directeur général des élections du Québec; DGEQ).

Chief Electoral Officer
The Chief Electoral Officer designates both a person and a position. The current DGEQ is Pierre Reid, who also simultaneously serves as the president of Commission de la représentation électorale (Commission of Electoral Representation). The DGEQ is also responsible for providing electors with information and ensuring transparency in the Quebec political financing system.

A former Chief Electoral Officer, Pierre F. Côté, became well known in Quebec for his warnings and reports on alleged financing and voting irregularities during the 1995 Quebec sovereignty referendum.

List of chief electoral officers of Quebec

 * 1) Pierre F. Côté (May 25, 1978 – July 16, 1997)
 * 2) François Casgrain (interim) (July 16, 1997 – July 13, 1998)
 * 3) Jacques Girard (July 13, 1998 - April 21, 1999)
 * 4) Jean Jolin (interim) (April 21, 1999 - November 3, 1999)
 * 5) Francine Barry (interim) (November 3, 1999 - May 3, 2000)
 * 6) Marcel Blanchet (May 3, 2000 - January 1, 2011)
 * 7) Jacques Drouin (January 1, 2011 – July 11, 2014)
 * 8) Pierre Reid (July 12, 2015 – Present)

title: Élections Québec


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Herrin massacre

The Herrin massacre took place on June 21–22, 1922 in Herrin, Illinois, in a coal mining area during a nationwide strike by the United Mineworkers of America (UMWA). Although the owner of the mine originally agreed with the union to observe the strike, when the price of coal went up, he hired non-union workers to produce and ship out coal, as he had high debt in start-up costs.

Enraged that the owner had disregarded their agreement, on June 21, union miners shot at strikebreakers going to work, where the mine had armed guards. When striking union members armed themselves and laid siege to the mine, the owner's guards shot and killed three union miners in an exchange of gunfire. The next day, union miners killed superintendent McDowell and 18 of 50 strikebreakers and mine guards, many of them brutally. A twentieth victim from the non-union group was later murdered, bringing the death total to 23.

Ultimately, three miners and 20 non-miners were killed, including the superintendent and 19 strikebreakers.

Historical background
On April 1, 1922 the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) began a nationwide strike. W. J. Lester, owner of the Southern Illinois Coal Company, operated a strip mine about halfway between Herrin and Marion, Illinois. Lester at first complied with the strike.

As he had only recently opened the mine, he had massive startup debts and was willing to negotiate with the UMWA to allow his mine to remain open, as long as no coal was shipped out. Under the agreement, some United Mine Workers members were allowed to continue working during the strike. Lester told an associate that local union leaders were friendly with him; however, he was warned this did not mean he had any control over the ordinary members.

By June, Lester's miners had dug out nearly 60,000 tons of coal. Strike-driven shortages drove up demand and the price of coal, and Lester figured he could make a $250,000 profit if he sold his coal. He decided to violate the agreement he had made with the union. When the UMWA members working for him objected, he fired all the union workers.

Lester brought in mine guards and 50 strikebreakers, who were vilified as "scabs" by the union men. They had been recruited by employment agencies in Chicago. On June 16, 1922, he shipped out sixteen railroad cars filled with coal. Testimony later revealed that his mine guards possessed machine guns. They aggressively searched passers-by, and "they frighten women, they boast and are hard-boiled."

Escalation
Lester, responding to a reporter's questions, said his steam shovel operators and the railroad workers were members of their respective unions. John L. Lewis, president of the UMWA, responded in a telegram on June 20. He called the Steam Shovelmen's Union an "outlaw organization" that had also provided strikebreakers elsewhere. UMWA members, he said, "are justified in treating this crowd as an outlaw organization and in viewing its members in the same light as they do any other common strikebreakers."

There was confusion and disagreement between Lewis and William J. Tracy, representative of District No. 1, International Brotherhood of Steam Shovel and Dredgemen (IBSSD). In a widely publicized statement, Lewis said that two representatives of the UMWA had contacted the IBSSD, but "have failed to secure any satisfaction." He did note that the Steam Shovel union had been suspended from the American Federation of Labor, to which the United Mine Workers also belonged. Lewis claimed that the IBSSD was also strikebreaking in Ohio.

Tracy responded that though he had sent four individuals to the Herrin site when requested by the owner, they turned away when they saw the guards. He said that no one from his organization was working in Herrin. Tracy also criticized the UMWA for not communicating adequately about the situation.

It is unclear if Lester was telling the truth, or if he had contacted the IBSSD to disguise the use of non-union workers. To Lewis, it did not matter. Lester's workers were not UMWA members, and the UMWA claimed sole jurisdiction over all coal miners.

Lewis' message was printed in newspapers, and miners throughout the region decided to take action. Early in the morning on June 21, a truck carrying Lester's guards and strikebreakers was ambushed near Carbondale, Illinois on its way to his mine. Three men were wounded and six others jumped into the river to escape. Later in the day several hundred union miners rallied in the Herrin cemetery. Lewis' message was read to the crowd, enraging them further.

The union miners marched into Herrin and looted the hardware store of its firearms and ammunition. At about 3:30 p.m., they surrounded Lester's mine.

Lester's guards opened fire, killing two of the UMWA members and mortally wounding a third.

Siege
The mine superintendent, C.K. McDowell, called National Guard Col. Hunter to tell him the mine was surrounded and being fired upon. McDowell said he could not reach County Sheriff Thaxton, and pleaded for troops. Col. Hunter called Thaxton's deputy and told him to ask the Illinois National Guard Adjutant General for troops and to get out to the mine with as many men as possible to stop the attack and break up the mob action.

Thaxton's men did nothing. Hunter contacted the adjutant general himself and convinced him to mobilize troops. Lester, who had left the area several days earlier, was reached by phone in Chicago. Realizing the gravity of the situation, he agreed to close the mine for the remainder of the nationwide UMWA strike.

Hunter and a citizens' group laid out a plan to get a truce in place — telephoning superintendent McDowell to tell him to raise a white flag, and asking the UMWA sub-district vice president, Fox Hughes, to go to the mine and do the same. The method of getting the guards and nearly 50 strikebreakers safely out of the mine was to be worked out later.

When Superintendent McDowell later reported by phone that the shooting had died down, Hunter and the citizens' group were optimistic that a disaster would be avoided. They decided the National Guard troops were not needed after all. Hughes went to the mine with a white flag, but he never took it out or raised it. He later said he had not seen McDowell raise a white flag, so he decided Lester's men had not lived up to the bargain. He went home and did nothing, later claiming he learned that his boss in the UMWA leadership, Hugh Willis, was now involved and decided his role was finished.

During the evening, more union supporters stole guns and ammunition, and made their way to the strip mine. McDowell was to have called Hunter when the truce took effect. When Col. Hunter tried to telephone the mine, he found the phone lines had been cut. No law enforcement officers went to the mine, no government officials accompanied Hughes to ensure the white flags were raised, and no troops were activated by the National Guard despite repeated signs that Thaxton could not be counted on to act. No action was taken to enforce a truce.

Late in the evening of June 21, Sheriff Thaxton reluctantly agreed to go to the mine to ensure the truce was carried out, and the superintendent and strikebreakers were given safe passage. Despite being urged to go immediately, he claimed he needed to rest. Thaxton promised to meet Hunter and Major Davis of the Carbondale National Guard company at the sheriff's office at 6 a.m. the following morning.

That evening, Hugh Willis, the local UMWA leader, spoke to union supporters in Herrin. Willis said of the strikebreakers: "God damn them, they ought to have known better than to come down here; but now that they're here, let them take what's coming to them." Gunfire continued throughout the night, and the mob began destroying equipment to prevent the mine from reopening. They used hammers, shovels, and dynamite to wreck the draglines and bulldozers, while keeping the strikebreakers pinned down inside coal cars and behind barricades.

Surrender
The strikebreakers sent out a mine guard, Bernard Jones, with an apron tied to a broomstick. Jones told the mob the men would surrender if their safety would be guaranteed. He was told, "Come on out and we'll get you out of the county." The nearly 50 strikebreakers, guards and superintendent McDowell did as they were told, and the union miners began marching them all to Herrin, five miles away. After about a half mile, the strikebreakers encountered more men waiting at Crenshaw Crossing. One of them shouted, "The only way to free the county of strikebreakers is to kill them all off and stop the breed!" The mob grew more agitated and violent as the procession of prisoners continued. Some struck the strikebreakers with the butts of their rifles and shotguns.

Chase and massacre
By about half mile past Crenshaw Crossing at Moake Crossing, superintendent McDowell was already bloodied and limping, unable to walk any further. A union man told him, "I'm going to kill you and use you for bait to catch the other men."

He and another man grabbed McDowell and led him down a side road. Gunshots were heard, and the rest were forced to continue toward Herrin. A farmer later discovered McDowell's body. He had been shot four times – twice in the stomach, and once each in the chest and head. A car drove up to the procession, and a man came out whom some said they overheard being called "Hugh Willis" and "the president." According to the accounts of surviving captives, Willis said, "Listen, don't you go killing these fellows on a public highway. There are too many women and children and witnesses around to do that. Take them over in the woods and give it to them. Kill all you can."

The strikebreakers were taken into the woods, where they reached a barbed wire fence. They were told to run for their lives. A union man shouted, "Let's see how fast you can run between here and Chicago, you damned gutter-bums!" The mob opened fire as they ran. Many of the non-union men were caught in the fence and shot dead. Others, making it over the fence but not knowing where they were, ran through Harrison's Woods toward Herrin, a mile further north. One strikebreaker was caught and hanged, and three more were shot to death at his feet. The assistant superintendent of the mine was still alive but unconscious. A union man noticed and shot him in the head. The chase continued into the morning of the 22nd. Six men were shot and killed outside Smith's Garage in the town.

Six strikebreakers were recaptured and ordered to remove their shirts and shoes. They were told to crawl to Herrin Cemetery. By noon a crowd of about 1,000 spectators had gathered at the cemetery. They watched as the strikebreakers were roped together, and union men took turns beating and shooting them. They were also urinated upon. Those still alive at the end had their throats cut by a union man with a pocketknife. Townspeople came to watch and taunt the dead and dying along the route to the cemetery. A reporter tried to give a dying man some water and was told that if he did, "he wouldn't live to see the next day."

Aftermath
Sheriff Thaxton had failed to meet Col. Hunter and Major Davis at his office at 6 a.m. as promised; he finally showed up at 8 a.m. By then Hunter and Davis had already heard rumors of the violence against the strikebreakers. When the three finally arrived at the mine, what remained of the operation was in flames, and they learned the mob had left three hours earlier.When they traced the steps of the mob, they found the grisly evidence of the dead, dying, and wounded. Men with injuries were taken to Dr. J. Taylor Black's Herrin Hospital. In total, 19 of the 50 strikebreakers died during the massacre, and another was murdered shortly after. Three union miners had been shot and killed during the siege of the strip mine the first day, bringing the total number of victims to 23.

The dead strikebreakers were laid out in the Dillard Building in downtown Herrin. Most of the town turned out to look at them. Some gazed quietly, others cursed and spat on the bodies. Sixteen of the 19 strikebreakers killed in the action were buried in the potter's field area of Herrin Cemetery on June 25, 1922. A seventeenth victim was buried in October 1922 after he died following unsuccessful surgery for injuries incurred in the violence. Thousands attended the funerals of the three union miners who were shot and died at the beginning of the siege.

The nation reacted to the massacre with disgust. One newspaper editorial said "Herrin, Illinois should be ostracized. Shut off from all communication with the outside world and the people there left to soak in the blood they have spilled." President Warren Harding characterized it as a "shocking crime, barbarity, butchery, rot and madness." Others also compared the people of Herrin to the alleged behavior of German troops during World War I.

Lester, whose double-dealing had set the tragic events into motion, made a significant profit when the union bought his mine at "a handsome price" in order to avoid lawsuits.

The trials
At first, the inquest held by the coroner concluded that all the strikebreakers were killed by unknown individuals, and stated that "the deaths of the decedents were due to the acts direct and indirect of the officials of the Southern Illinois Coal Company." He recommended that the company and its officers be investigated in order to affix appropriate responsibility on them.

Two trials were held, the first on November 7, 1922, and the second in the winter of 1923. Only six men were indicted for the massacre, and the first two trials ended in acquittals for all the defendants. The prosecution gave up and dismissed the remaining indictments. Otis Clark was the first man to be tried on a total of 214 charges. Two years later, Clark was shot and killed by an unknown assailant. Another of the accused died in a mine accident.

A Williamson County grand jury investigating the incident faulted the Southern Illinois Coal Company for introducing strike breakers and armed guards, and for committing illegal activities such as closing public highways. It criticized the state administration for refusing to take necessary measures once the trouble had begun. Herbert David Croly of The New Republic criticized the state of Illinois for allowing the Illinois Chamber of Commerce to fund the investigation.

Croly described the retaliation for the deaths of two strikers (the third had been mortally wounded) as "atrocious". He noted that while the union miners were likely to escape punishment for killing the African-American strikebreakers, officials who have harmed strikers—such as Major Patrick Hamrock of the Colorado National Guard at Ludlow, or Wheeler after Bisbee—likewise frequently escaped justice. Croly noted that the local government was sympathetic to the union, as was public sentiment. He said that under such circumstances, the union had a responsibility to police its own members.

Missing graves of massacre victims discovered
In November 2013, eight missing graves of massacre victims were discovered by a research team led by Steven Di Naso, Eastern Illinois University geologist, and Scott Doody, author and historian. By October 2015, the team had determined the last eight graves of victims from the Herrin Massacre. Following the events of June 21–22, 1922, 16 of the victims had been buried in unmarked graves in the potter's field area of Herrin City Cemetery. The other three had been claimed by family members after their murders. A seventeenth victim was buried there after he died in October 1922, from injuries suffered during the massacre. For nearly a century, exact burial locations of the victims had been lost. The discovery of the graves provided conclusive answers to the whereabouts of these victims. The team also documented that families had arranged for the remains of five victims to be removed from these graves and reinterred in their hometowns.

Following the discovery of the unmarked graves, the city erected a monument in June 2015 at the potter's field area of Herrin City Cemetery to recognize and memorialize the 17 massacre victims who were buried here. In November 2015, the city announced that it was ending any more excavations associated with the Herrin massacre project. If family of a victim wanted exploration, they would have to make a specific request to the city council. The research team was satisfied that they have been able to identify the 17 persons buried at the Herrin City Cemetery from the massacre.

Representation in other media

 * Paul Cadmus painted The Herrin Massacre (1940), which is held by the Columbus Museum of Art
 * Song written by folksinger Jerry Swan in 2006, "The Herrin Massacre".
 * The podcast Criminal produced an episode, "Herrin Massacre," about the events surrounding the massacre.

title: Herrin massacre


text:
Talk:Alternative DNS root

A question
What about The Public Root? How does it fit in here? I'm not a DNS guru, so I leave the question to the experts. --Iromeister 21:45, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * "Public Root" is the official root zone. It do not fit as an "Alternative" and it has its own page.  SSPecter  ☎ ♠  14:22, 21 June 2007 (UTC).

 * It's not the official root zone (look at its list of root nameservers). So it should be mentioned in this article, if it's notable enough. (In fact, it's already listed in the article.) --Zundark 15:18, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * "Public Root" is more than notable; it's something one can realize after some research. goodone (talk) 20:04, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

dead .fur links
Both .fur links are currently dead. I didn't remove them because they may come online later. --roger6106 20:18, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Evidently fixed. Kind of unstable after a move, but we're working on it. --Dennis The TIger 21:19, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I marked the .fur TLD as no longer being in use, per the e-mail I had received from Dennis The Tiger. The S (talk) 15:55, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Merging alt-Root with alt-ICANN
since this was tagged on the main page, better discuss:

NO. Alt-roots are all about alternative DNS roots (a bad idea), while alternatives to ICANN are about alternative ways to manage the namespace. Some ICANN alternatives like alt-roots, I'm sure. But they are not the same thing. Alvestrand 21:34, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

204.237.9.157 (talk) 06:04, 29 November 2010 (UTC) YES, Or at least thats what I think you would have said after discovering the US goverment had taken over/imposed their will on ICANN.

Some cleanup
Changes some of the dodgy grammer referring to Dr. Emoto, as well as the claim that the fild "What the Bleep Do We Know" is a cult classic. It is neither old enough nor has the critical popularity to be considered so.

I've now removed all of the bloated stuff about the dotlove project. Since none of tge TLDs are functioning, and there seems to be nothing more than an image placeholder on their website, I get the impression that all the flapdoodle put up before was self-advertisement.

Alterations by ke6isf
Made a few notes on Cesidian and OpenNIC entries in here.

 * .glue (cesidian, ONIC): .glue is an internal TLD that is pretty much reserved for tier one DNS on alt roots. See the OpenNIC page for an explanation of this - at least in OpenNIC, they are not registered to the general public; AMMV elsewhere.
 * Cesidian alterations:
 * Unlinked article for Cesidian; it was deleted
 * Placing the OpenNIC TLDs in this list is redundant
 * Rewrite of description

Have fun.

--Dennis The TIger 21:19, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

.gbl
hello there,

should .gbl be included on this page or a related one in some way? microsoft corporation seems to use it at some occasions, but there is no documentation about it at all. a few people are speculating and many webmasters are wondering about it, especially about phx.gbl, see: http://artific.com/articles/2005/12/27/a_practically_u/

--Meinhard Benn 10:27, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, it should be included. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 20:43, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Revision - March 2008: This problem exists for more than 2 or 3 years... Anyone with any insight please include more information!

.gbl seems to be an internal Microsoft domain that leaks out either because their servers were not configured to hide their internal network or deliberately. Most of the reverse DNS entries that pointed at this domain have gone. It is still used for the message id's of all email from hotmail so I suggest adding in a category of popular internal domains, that accidentally escape onto the internet.

RonaldDuncan (talk) 23:10, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Does this work?
Do they need customers to configure their machines for this to have an effect? Will any ISPs support this? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 76.173.115.212 (talk) 04:03, 3 March 2007 (UTC).
 * Of course, if you set up your machine to resolve names with a DNS server which uses one of these alt roots -- I don't know any, though. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 201.9.235.53 (talk) 03:06, 1 April 2007 (UTC).

Does this idea exist yet?
Has anyone seriously proposed mapping natural language website names to ip addresses: "apple computer" instead of "www.apple.com", etc. If someone has proposed this, and gotten any notice about it, it should be written about somewhere on WP with links from articles like this. Let me put it this way: in 100 years maybe in 10 years, maybe in 5, we WILL have natural language URL's, and humans will NOT be typing in http:blablabla. we will be typing natural language searches, or speaking them, and getting accurate responses. I know search engines are getting there on this, but im talking about the revamping of the whole DNS.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 06:07, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

NameCoin notability
NameCoin is discussed often within BitCoin users. They are not necessarily webmasters, it's due to mining NameCoins is sometimes 1.5x more profittable.

There is a NameCoin entry in Bitcoin wiki: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Namecoin

Several BTC exchanges also offer NMC currency exchange: https://btcex.com/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aekton (talk • contribs) 04:40, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

NameCoin was also mentioned in HabraHabr: http://habrahabr.ru/blogs/crypto/120015/ Aekton (talk) 04:47, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * That in no way establishes notability. The bitcoin is definitely notable, but NameCoin clearly is not.Jasper Deng (talk) 03:47, 10 September 2011 (UTC)
 * The way most of you treats "notability" in the tech world drives me crazy. NameCoin is clearly notable, i.e. it should be "noted" and cited inside such an article. Otherwise I would say, considering the small "mass notability" of alternative dns roots (and indeed of the whole DNS stuffs, since it's mostly a tech thing many people simply ignore), that the page "Alternative DNS root" itself lacks of notability. 151.27.169.225 (talk) 10:52, 20 January 2013 (UTC)wherever I am

Google DNS
Does the Google DNS belong on this list? Unclevinny (talk) 03:48, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

Ok, it turns out that Google DNS is not a new root, it's just replacing the local redirection services, so it doesn't belong on this list. (This is how network noobs like me describe it...) Unclevinny (talk) 19:58, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

.42 TLD
Another question: What about to include the .42 experiment (wiki dot 42registry dot org) ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.229.14.189 (talk) 12:11, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

Major Notability Concerns
I am removing all of the alt-roots not referenced at this time. Considering all that I'm removing is the name and a link to the website (this article is nearly a link list) there's no loss of unique content.

Many of these alt-roots are almost certainly not notable even if they are referenced once somewhere, but as long as they're referenced, I'll leave them alone. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.153.234.44 (talk) 02:47, 29 November 2013 (UTC)

Open Root Server Network ≡ Open RSC ?
Is "Open Root Server Network" the same as "Open RSC"? Is either the same www.open-rsc.org I found mentioned in an old Internet Draft? DavidLeeLambert (talk) 17:21, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

DNSEEK
I'm removing DNSEEK, as even relative to other Alternative DNS Roots it doesn't appear to be noteworthy or referenced by anybody outside of some self-promotional posts on LowEndTalk. Pretty sure it just popped up a few days ago. -- Jonah Aragon |Talk| 18:04, 16 January 2017 (UTC)
 * It appears that DNSEEK isn't actually mention by independent sources at all. I recommend removal. Mkwia (talk) 14:59, 17 January 2017 (UTC)
 * @[[User:Mkwia|Mkwia]

]: indeed, I already removed it once and s/he continues adding it again. I asked an admin to semi-protect it, so at least if it's added again they'll have to be logged in. I'm going to clean up this entire page and cite sources where needed because it appears none of them have sources linked :) -- Jonah Aragon |Talk| 17:48, 17 January 2017 (UTC)

Removing FurNIC
I'm removing FurNIC from the list as I can't confirm it actually runs root zones outside of OpenNIC. Either way, can't find too many examples of it's relevance from independent third parties. -- Jonah Aragon |Talk| 22:59, 17 January 2017 (UTC)

ENS removal
It seems someone has quietly removed the section on ENS with the explanation that it was not notable. On Wikipedia, "Notability guidelines do not apply to content within an article", see WP:NNC. I would like to point out that it was cited to Coindesk, which along with Bitcoin Magazine is generally regarded as a reliable source on Wikipedia for matters relating to blockchains. It also seems the same editor has removed other articles on blockchain DNS frameworks which were cited to blogs. The editor did not remove entries for non-blockchain DNS schemes that do not cite reliable sources.

I had a look at the editor who removed the entry. His name is David Gerard and he wrote a book, "Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain" which criticizes blockchains and cryptocurrencies. I would think this is a potential conflict of interest. Afterall, wouldn't the existence of blockchain DNS challenge the primary argument of his book that the technology is useless? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2606:6000:6004:2C00:0:0:0:1 (talk) 03:20, 7 June 2019 (UTC)

 * If you think you have a case against me, WP:COIN is there for you. (So far there have been 0 takers.) Coindesk is not acceptable for notability, and it's false that it's "generally accepted" - this is highly disputed. Do you have coverage of this thing in mainstream RSes, outside the crypto blogs? It needs notability to be put here, else the entry's just promotional - David Gerard (talk) 07:01, 7 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Notability is not a required quality for the contents of articles - WP:NNC. If you have an issue with the article itself you may try to submit it to AfD for the whole thing as has been suggested early in this talk page. The topic of whether CoinDesk is a reliable source has been discussed on Wikipedia. In the last discussion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard#RfC_-_CoinDesk_as_a_source "An experienced editor is removing all CoinDesk references from cryptocurrency related articles on Wikipedia"). That editor is you. You are overreaching your authority on Wikipedia to remove all references to CoinDesk in violation of the general consensus. The Wikipedia guidelines for sources with no consensus recommend individual review - not blanket removal. See WP:MREL. Lastly, CoinDesk is not a blog.2606:6000:6004:2C00:0:0:0:1 (talk) 18:10, 7 June 2019 (UTC)
 * List entries generally need to be notable - or they get removed as promotional. Please stop adding promotional material to Wikipedia. Also, you just reverted someone twice in violation of GS/Crypto (specifically WP:GS/Crypto), after you'd been notified and couldn't claim not to know - David Gerard (talk) 20:06, 7 June 2019 (UTC)
 * This is incorrect. List entries do not need to be notable so long as the list itself is notable. There are some exceptions, i.e. "list of notable airline hijackings", but this is not one of those. Please refresh on the manual of style. As for your comment about GS, there are no active community sanctions on this article so I have not violated any policies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2606:6000:6004:2C00:0:0:0:1 (talk) 22:17, 7 June 2019 (UTC)

This article is not specifically about blockchain, so I'm not sure to what extent GS/Crypto apply (admittedly though, I find GS somewhat more confusing to interpret than DS). I can't tell to what extent this constitutes spamming and promotion, but that is besides the point of the source in question not being a mainstream one. Please do not reinsert without securing consensus for inclusion, and otherwise, I'd recommend you subscribe to the bold, revert, discuss cycle. I've reverted and semiprotected the page for two weeks because the source was deemed to be subpar. El_C 00:46, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

Existing Alternatives Section
The subsections on Namecoin and OpenNIC could use expanding considering they are seemingly notable enough to have their own articles. The non-defunct examples generally could use some updating and organization. Also perhaps changing the title of that section to just "Examples" or something? Seems redundant as it is currently. H iddenL emon //  talk  10:06, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alternative DNS root


text:
Number 8, Pershore

Number 8 is a community arts centre in the English town of Pershore. It includes a 250-seat auditorium used for music, theatre and cinema events, a small dance and rehearsal space, conference facilities, a gallery, café and bar. It opened in 2004 in a renovated 18th-century building at 8 High Street. Number 8 is also the home of the local arts group PODS (The Pershore Operatic and Dramatic Society), and more recently PODYS (Pershore Operatic and Dramatic Youth Society), who regularly perform there.

title: Number 8, Pershore


text:
Talk:This Station Is Non-Operational

Fair use rationale for Image:Atthedrivein anthology.jpg
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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:12, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:This Station Is Non-Operational


text:
Talk:List of refugees

George Pal
Frank Darabont stated on TCM that the director of War Of The Worlds, George Pal, as a refugee from Hungary 22yearswothanks (talk) 02:09, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

Duplicate article
Either of the two would do it?! See List of people granted asylum. Can't see how they are different.

Distinguish this page from list of people granted asylum
The way I interpret the collection of people in this article is that those listed here became successful public figures despite and after having been refugees.

The way I interpret the collection of people in the list of people granted asylum is that those listed there became refugees/sought asylum because of their prior actions. They became refugees because they were successful public figures.

Another possible distinction is that list of people granted asylum includes only those (which it seems to do) who have undergone individual status determination and not as members of a group or in escape of general turmoil.

Then you could say the list of refugees includes everyone else (fleeing from group persecution and general turmoil).

Does that make sense to other people? Could either of the two be used to distinguish these two articles better which are otherwise duplicates? Michtrich (talk) 21:30, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

 * What seems to make most sense to me is to change both articles' titles. This one should be list of refugees who became famous people and the other one should be list of famous people who became refugees. A few people would need to be moved from here to the other page then.Michtrich (talk) 22:01, 26 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of refugees


text:
Talk:Jeff Loomis

Untitled
Damn, that mp3 on the external links section really rules! Thanks for the link :) Rbarreira 21:46, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

That it does. =) -Exsequor

NPOV
With all respect to Jeff Loomis, isn't the article a bit biased? I mean, he's an amazing guitar player (I love his work on the latest Nevermore record), but "guitar hero"? Especially when he's "underrated"? // Gargaj 14:43, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, I also think some sentences are not very well written, so I' ve been trying to make the text more serious, perhaps other people can step in with new ideas for this too. Rbarreira 15:24, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Editted: The order of the information was everywhere, so I moved some things around. Also, there was no information on Jeff Loomis's small part in Sanctuary, so I added a small paragraph regarding that. DustyFloorboard 06:08, 1 June 2006 (UTC)DustyFloorboard.

Megadeth Audition
I can't find a link to it, but the information about his Megadeth audition is in the October 2005 issue of Guitar World magazine, so I'm removing the citation request.

Added infobox..
Hi. Added infobox, not so sure about the genres though, especially death and power metal, but Nevermore is a bit of everything i guess! If anyone disagrees, you know what to do. Also added a discography section. As I don't know anything about his solo career (is there any solo albums?) so I just added the Neverore releases. Grinder0-0 19:39, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Nevermore calls themselves "progressive/thrash", listed on their official myspace as that. So I changed Speed metal to Thrash (yah being a bit anal to a casual fan, but there is a different). You can list death metal, as Loomis started out in a death metal band. He was also in Sanctuary for a while, so I guess you can throw power metal in there as well. Also the first Nevermore album still has hints of power metal. Devilxhlywood 01:03, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

sanctuary time and other things
cited an interview with jeff from 2003, he mentions being too young/not ready for megadeth, being self taught and being with sanctuary for approximately four months, among other things.Devilxhlywood 00:49, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Made them references now, thanks! Grinder0-0 21:46, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Some Sugestions
Keep mind the following is just my opinion. feel free to ignore it if it's not helpful.

The lead paragraph could be more focused on what makes Loomis an important figure in his genre. The info about who his influences were might fit better in the "early days" section.

In the "early days" section a bit more info about his Wisconsin bands would be good. Of special interest might be what were the "more established" bands. The story about Friedman taking up the position with megadeth is of intrest but the wording is a bit unclear.

Overall the article has lots of good info. To me it is fairly even handed and not heavily POV. The biggest problem with it is it needs a serious edit for clarity and directness of language. I'll try to do a little of that now. Darrell Wheeler (talk) 12:37, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * No it's very helpful, thanks a lot for the input! I'll try gather some more info/refs to get more depth to the bio part. But what do you think about the equipment section? I think I cut it down to just a couple of sentences awhile back, but there's a lot of unregistered users [IP's] who keeps adding info (usually unsourced) to this so now it's like the 2nd biggest section. Grinder0-0 (talk) 15:30, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

he's also albino. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.173.176.92 (talk) 19:56, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Older gear set up
Jeff had seven custom built Axtra guitars (personal communication), each having slightly different features. They were used live mainly up to the Politics of Ecstacy tour, and hereafter one having an Into the Mirror Black (Sanctuary) cover paintjob - featuring an image of Timothy Leary - was used for playing the Dreaming Neon Black song as of the DHIADW tour. He did however use several Axtras on later recordings as well. For the DNB tour, he mainly used a black Jackson RR1. He used Seymour Duncan Distortion pick-ups on the first Nevermore album, but then switched to SD Livewire pick-ups. I think he started using EMG pick-ups on DNB Furor1 (talk) 07:42, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:36, 6 March 2019 (UTC)
 * JeffLoomisCD.jpg

title: Talk:Jeff Loomis


text:
Rick Adelman

Richard Leonard Adelman (born June 16, 1946) is an American former professional basketball player and coach. He coached 23 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Adelman served as head coach of the Portland Trail Blazers, Golden State Warriors, Sacramento Kings, Houston Rockets and Minnesota Timberwolves. He was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in the class of 2021.

Early life and playing career
Adelman was born in Lynwood, California, the son of Gladys (née Olsen) and Leonard Joseph "L. J." Adelman, who were from North Dakota and worked as teachers and farmers. Adelman began his basketball career in high school at Pius X High School in Downey, California, then matriculated to collegiate stardom at Loyola University of Los Angeles, now known as Loyola Marymount University. In the 1968 NBA draft, he was selected by the San Diego Rockets (now the Houston Rockets) in the 7th round. He played two seasons in San Diego before being taken by the expansion Trail Blazers in the 1970 expansion draft; he then played three seasons in Portland. He also played for the Chicago Bulls, New Orleans (now Utah) Jazz, and the Kansas City/Omaha (now Sacramento) Kings. He ended his playing career in 1975.

Chemeketa Community College
From 1977 through to 1983, Adelman coached at Chemeketa Community College in Salem, Oregon.

Portland Trail Blazers
He was then hired by the Portland Trail Blazers (then coached by Jack Ramsay) as an assistant. When Ramsay was fired and replaced with Mike Schuler in 1986, Adelman was retained; when Schuler was in turn fired during the 1988–89 season, Adelman was promoted to interim coach. After leading the team into the playoffs that year (despite a 39–43 record), Adelman was given the coaching position on a full-time basis in the 1989 off-season.

The next three years were quite successful for Adelman and the Trail Blazers; the team went to the NBA Finals in 1990 and 1992 (losing to the Detroit Pistons and the Chicago Bulls respectively) and went to the Western Conference finals in 1991 (losing to the Los Angeles Lakers). Adelman spent two more years with the team, but was dismissed after the 1993–1994 season.

Golden State Warriors
On May 19, 1995, Adelman was hired as the head coach of the Golden State Warriors, which came off the heels of an injury-riddled 26-win season prior to his hiring. He was unable to have a winning season in two years there, with his first season seeing the team win just ten of their last 28 games on their way to a 36–46 record. The following season saw them finish last in the division with 30 wins. On April 28, 1997, Adelman and his assistants were fired, with Adelman stating his feeling that it seemed inevitable by February.

Sacramento Kings
After a year's absence from the sidelines, Adelman was hired by the Sacramento Kings in 1998. Under Adelman's guidance, the Kings were one of the most successful teams in the Western Conference, qualifying for the playoffs every year of his Sacramento career.

During the Kings' 2000 playoff run, they met Phil Jackson's Los Angeles Lakers. Adelman questioned Jackson's motivational techniques when it was learned that Jackson compared Adelman to Adolf Hitler.

In 2002, the Kings made a serious run for the NBA Finals. After clinching the first seed in the competitive Western Conference, the Kings blazed through the opening two rounds but lost to the Lakers in a controversial series with noticeably lopsided officiating in favor of the Lakers.

In 2006, Adelman (in the final year of his contract) led the Kings to the playoffs. Despite the team struggling early in the regular season, the Kings rebounded and qualified for the playoffs as the #8 seed. Although competitive, they were defeated 4–2 by the defending champion San Antonio Spurs. Adelman's contract with the Kings expired at the end of the 2005–2006 season. On May 9, it was reported by the Sacramento Bee that his contract would not be renewed. The Kings did not reach the playoffs again until 2023, nearly 17 years later.

Houston Rockets
The Houston Rockets brought in Adelman as their new head coach five days after the dismissal of Jeff Van Gundy on May 18, 2007. Van Gundy had taken the Rockets to three playoff appearances in four years with no series victories. In his first season as head coach, Adelman guided the Rockets to a 22-game winning streak from January through March 2008, the third-longest winning streak in NBA history. However, they lost in the first round in six games.

In the 2009 season, the Rockets finished fifth in the West with a 53–29 record. They entered the playoffs without their star shooting guard, Tracy McGrady, due to an injury. Despite this loss, the Rockets defeated the Portland Trail Blazers in six games to advance to the Western Conference Semifinals for the first time since 1997. Although they would lose the series to the Los Angeles Lakers, they also proved their resilience by taking the series to seven games despite the loss of star center Yao Ming in Game 3 of that series.

Adelman won his 800th career game, 13th among coaches in NBA history, on March 24, 2008, against the Sacramento Kings.

On April 18, 2011, the Houston Chronicle reported that the Rockets would not give Adelman a new contract; Adelman and the team parted ways after four seasons and two playoff appearances.

Minnesota Timberwolves
On September 13, 2011, the Minnesota Timberwolves confirmed the hiring of Adelman as their new coach.

On April 6, 2013, Adelman won his 1,000th career game with a victory over the Detroit Pistons, becoming just the eighth coach in NBA history ever to do so.

On April 21, 2014, Adelman announced his retirement from coaching in the NBA. It was also announced that he would stay with the Timberwolves as a consultant. Adelman ranks ninth in terms of games coached and games won. He went 79–78 (.503) in playoff games and advanced to the NBA Finals twice, both times with the Portland Trail Blazers in 1990 and 1992 where they lost to the Detroit Pistons and Chicago Bulls.

NBA
Source

Personal life
The year after retirement in 2014, Adelman settled down to Portland with his wife Mary Kay to be with his family, of which he has six children and eleven grandchildren.

Adelman's son David Adelman is a professional basketball coach.

title: Rick Adelman


text:
The Byrds Play Dylan

The Byrds Play Dylan is the name of two different compilation albums by the American rock band the Byrds, one released in 1979 and the other issued in 2002. As their titles suggest, each compilation consists of interpretations of Bob Dylan penned songs, which the Byrds recorded at different stages of their career.

Neither version of the album reached the charts in the United States or the United Kingdom.

1979 album
The original version of The Byrds Play Dylan was released by Columbia Records in the U.S. in November 1979, and included all thirteen Bob Dylan covers that the band had officially released on singles or albums between 1965 and 1970. The track listing of the original American release did not present the songs in chronological order. For the album's UK and European release in February 1980, the album was reconfigured to present the tracks in chronological order by release date at the request of the Byrds' biographer Johnny Rogan. This version begins with "Mr. Tambourine Man" (the Byrds' debut single) and concludes with a live rendition of "Positively 4th Street", taken from the band's 1970 album (Untitled). The chronological running order used for the European release was retained for all subsequent CD re-issues of the album.

In 2008, the original thirteen track version of the album was re-released, with its chronological running order intact, under the augmented title of Collections: The Byrds Play Dylan.

2002 album
In June 2002, a second compilation bearing the title The Byrds Play Dylan was released, which expanded considerably on the scope of the original album and included a number of alternate versions and live recordings that had not been released while the Byrds were still together. It also included the Byrds' cover of "Paths of Victory", which had been recorded in 1990 by a reunited line-up of the band featuring original members Roger McGuinn, David Crosby and Chris Hillman. All of the material on the 2002 edition of The Byrds Play Dylan had been previously released, either on the Byrds' regular albums, on their singles, as bonus tracks on their remastered CDs, or on The Byrds box set.

Other compilations
The original 1979 release of The Byrds Play Dylan was not, in fact, the first compilation of the Byrds' Dylan covers to have been issued; an earlier, eleven track compilation had appeared in Japan in 1970 under the title The Byrds Sing Dylan. Yet another compilation of the Byrds' interpretations of Dylan's material was released in the UK and Europe as The Byrds Play the Songs of Bob Dylan in 2001.

Track listing
All songs composed by Bob Dylan, except where noted.

Original release

 * NOTE: The following track listing is the original running order as released in the U.S.

Side 1

 * 1) "The Times They Are a-Changin'" – 2:18
 * 2) "Mr. Tambourine Man" – 2:21
 * 3) "All I Really Want to Do" – 2:04
 * 4) "Chimes of Freedom" – 3:51
 * 5) "Spanish Harlem Incident" – 1:57
 * 6) "My Back Pages" – 3:08
 * 7) "Lay Down Your Weary Tune" – 3:30

Side 2

 * 1) "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" – 4:53
 * 2) "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere" – 2:33
 * 3) "This Wheel's on Fire" (Dylan, Rick Danko) – 4:44
 * 4) "Nothing Was Delivered" – 3:24
 * 5) "Lay Lady Lay [Single Version]" – 3:18
 * 6) "Positively 4th Street" [Live] – 3:08

Re-release

 * NOTE:The following track listing is for the revised, chronological running order that was used on European versions of the original album and all subsequent re-releases of it on CD.

Side 1

 * 1) "Mr. Tambourine Man" – 2:21
 * 2) "All I Really Want to Do" – 2:04
 * 3) "Chimes of Freedom" – 3:51
 * 4) "Spanish Harlem Incident" – 1:57
 * 5) "The Times They Are a-Changin'" – 2:18
 * 6) "Lay Down Your Weary Tune" – 3:30
 * 7) "My Back Pages" – 3:08

Side 2

 * 1) "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere" – 2:33
 * 2) "Nothing Was Delivered" – 3:24
 * 3) "This Wheel's on Fire" – 4:44
 * 4) "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" – 4:53
 * 5) "Lay Lady Lay" [Single Version] – 3:18
 * 6) "Positively 4th Street" [Live] – 3:08

2002 edition track listing

 * 1) "All I Really Want to Do" – 2:04
 * 2) "Chimes of Freedom" – 3:51
 * 3) "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" [1965 Version] – 3:04
 * 4) "Lay Down Your Weary Tune" – 3:31
 * 5) "Lay Lady Lay" [Single Version] – 3:17
 * 6) "Mr. Tambourine Man" – 2:31
 * 7) "My Back Pages" – 3:08
 * 8) "Nothing Was Delivered" – 3:24
 * 9) "Positively 4th Street" [Live] – 3:10
 * 10) "Spanish Harlem Incident" – 1:57
 * 11) "The Times They Are a-Changin'" – 2:18
 * 12) "This Wheel's on Fire" (Bob Dylan, Rick Danko) – 4:44
 * 13) "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere" – 2:33
 * 14) "It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)" [Live] – 3:03
 * 15) "Just Like a Woman" – 3:55
 * 16) "Lay Lady Lay" [Alternate Version] – 3:18
 * 17) "The Times They Are a-Changin'" [Early Version] – 1:54
 * 18) "Mr. Tambourine Man" [Live] – 2:30
 * 19) "Chimes of Freedom" [Live] – 3:24
 * 20) "Paths of Victory" – 3:09

title: The Byrds Play Dylan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Plod

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:19, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

plod
Hey, this should definitely be kept, because "Plod" is used in "Life on Mars" and a lot of folks don't know the origin. I had to look it up.

Neologism and/or vanity nickname (see Matt Nedrich before it gets speedy deleted) --Gunmetal 21:47, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * delete, speedy if possible Melaen 21:54, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Dcarrano 01:19, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity neologism. JamesBurns 07:21, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Plod


text:
Colmar Pocket

The Colmar Pocket (Poche de Colmar; Brückenkopf Elsass) was the area held in central Alsace, France, by the German Nineteenth Army from November 1944 to February 1945, against the U.S. 6th Army Group (6th AG) during World War II. It was formed when 6th AG liberated southern and northern Alsace and adjacent eastern Lorraine, but could not clear central Alsace. During Operation Nordwind in December 1944, the 19th Army attacked north out of the Pocket in support of other German forces attacking south from the Saar into northern Alsace. In late January and early February 1945, the French First Army (reinforced by the U.S. XXI Corps) cleared the Pocket of German forces.

Formation of the Pocket
A German bridgehead on the west bank of the Rhine 65 km long and 50 km deep was isolated in November 1944 when the German defenses in the Vosges Mountains collapsed under the pressure of an offensive by the U.S. 6th Army Group. General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny's French First Army forced the Belfort Gap and destroyed the German IV Luftwaffe Field Corps near the town of Burnhaupt in the southern Vosges Mountains. Soon afterwards, French forces reached the Rhine in the region north of the Swiss border between Mulhouse and Basel. Likewise, in the northern Vosges Mountains, the French 2nd Armored Division spearheaded a U.S. Seventh Army advance, forced the Saverne Gap, and drove to the Rhine, liberating Strasbourg on 23 November 1944. The effect of these two advances was to collapse the German presence in southern Alsace west of the Rhine to a semi-circular bridgehead centered on the town of Colmar that came to be known as the "Colmar Pocket".

German view
Apart from Normandy, the areas of France most bitterly defended by the Germans were Alsace and Lorraine. This occurred in part because the Allied surge across France in 1944 was slowed down by logistical difficulties as the Allies reached the easternmost extent of France, but the primary reason for the stout German defenses of these regions is that Alsace and Lorraine were claimed as part of Germany and would be defended as strongly as any other German soil. This perception informed Hitler's decisions of 24 November and 27 November 1944, that committed General Siegfried Rasp's 19th Army to a do-or-die defense of the region around Colmar. On 26 November, the Germans formed Army Group Oberrhein under the command of Heinrich Himmler and tasked his command with the defense of the front between the Bienwald and the Swiss border. Of prime importance to the German defense around Colmar were the bridges over the Rhine at Breisach and Chalampé, since it was over these bridges that supplies were delivered.

Allied limitations
The logistical crisis and heavy combat of autumn 1944 had dulled the fighting edge of Allied forces throughout northwestern Europe. Restricted logistical support imposed limits on the usage of artillery ammunition and the number of divisions the Allies could effectively employ in the front lines. Faulty forecasts for the numbers of infantry replacements needed prevented U.S. rifle companies from maintaining full strength.

On the part of the French, their replacement system was limited by the amount of training infrastructure they had been able to re-establish since reentering France in August 1944 and was further strained by a controversial French decision to "whiten" the French forces in Alsace by sending experienced Senegalese and other colonial troops—exhausted from fighting in Italy—to the south and replacing them with French Forces of the Interior (FFI) troops of varying quality and experience. While the FFI troops were capable of defensive operations, they had to undergo a steep learning curve in order to become effective at offensive operations, particularly where complex activities such as combined-arms operations were concerned.

At the close of November 1944, the French First Army deployed two kinds of units—highly experienced colonial units and "green" units that had recently received a large influx of FFI troops. Coupled with a supporting arms structure (artillery, engineers, etc.) that was weaker than that of other Allied field armies, the sag in French First Army troop proficiency allowed the Germans to hold the Colmar Pocket against an unsuccessful French offensive from 15–22 December 1944.

Allied force redeployments
On New Year's Day 1945, the Germans launched Unternehmen Nordwind (Operation "North Wind"), one objective of which was the recapture of Strasbourg. German troops of the 198th Infantry Division and the 106th Panzer Brigade attacked north out of the Colmar Pocket from 7–13 January. Although the defending French II Corps suffered some minor losses during this attack, the French held the front south of Strasbourg and frustrated German attempts to recapture the city. Following the failure of Nordwind, 6th Army Group was ordered to collapse the Colmar Pocket as part of General Dwight D. Eisenhower's plan for all Allied forces to close on the Rhine prior to invading Germany. Since the bulk of Allied troops surrounding the Colmar Pocket were French, this mission was assigned to the French First Army.

The U.S. 3rd Infantry Division had moved into the Vosges Mountains during mid-December to replace the worn-out U.S. 36th Infantry Division and so was already in place to support the reduction of the Colmar Pocket. Realizing the French would need the assistance of additional U.S. troops for the coming battle, General Jacob Devers, commander of 6th Army Group, arranged for the transfer of a U.S. division from another part of the front. The U.S. 28th Infantry Division duly arrived from the Ardennes front and took up position along the right flank of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division. With the 28th Division in the Kaysersberg Valley, the 3rd Division would be able to concentrate for an attack against two German divisions, the 708th (a Volksgrenadier division) and the 189th Infantry. Additionally, a U.S. armored division, the 10th, was scheduled to support the offensive, but as events developed, it was the U.S. 12th Armored Division that was eventually committed to the battle.

Weather and terrain
The winter of 1944-45 was uncommonly cold for northwestern Europe. In his History of the French First Army, General de Lattre described the weather in Alsace as "Siberian" with temperatures of -20 °C (-4 °F), strong winds, and over three feet (1 m) of snow.

The Alsatian Plain is flat and offers an attacker practically no cover other than occasional woods. The plain is also a drainage basin for the Rhine and is consequently cut by many streams and drainage canals with alluvium-coated bottoms, making them treacherous for vehicles to ford. Dotting the plain are small villages made up of sturdy masonry houses whose multi-storey construction offered defending troops a commanding view of the surrounding fields.

Initial French attack against the south flank of the Colmar Pocket
General Émile Béthouart's French I Corps (French: Ier Corps d'Armée) attacked on 20 January 1945. The 2nd and 4th Moroccan Divisions had as their initial objective Ensisheim (47.86639°N, 7.35306°W). The 9th Colonial Division conducted secondary attacks on the right flank of the corps, north of Mulhouse. In support were tanks of the French 1st Armored Division. Attacking in a snowstorm, the French I Corps initially achieved tactical surprise against its opponent, General Erich Abraham's LXIII. Armeekorps. The attack of the French I Corps slowed through the night as German counterattacks began. The difficult weather and terrain coupled with a German defense in depth stymied the French I Corps advance and severely limited its success. The French attack, however, succeeded in drawing German mobile reserves (the 106th Panzer Brigade and the 654th Heavy Antitank Battalion) and the German 2nd Mountain Division south. However, even this limited success was not without significant cost: one brigade of the French 1st Armored Division, Combat Command 1 (CC1), lost 36 of some 50 medium tanks to land mines. Losses in other tank units were similar.

Unlike most of the terrain on the Alsatian Plain, the terrain the French I Corps fought in was hemmed in by woodlands and urban areas, and so ground was won only slowly in January after the first day of the attack. The 4th Moroccan Mountain Division was able to push only some two miles (3 km) to the northeast in the direction of Cernay (47.81°N, 7.177°W). On the 4th Division's right flank and to the southeast, the 2nd Moroccan Infantry Division enjoyed greater success, pushing almost four miles (6 km) to the northeast in the direction of Wittelsheim (47.8°N, 7.235°W). On the right flank and starting from the city of Mulhouse, the 9th Colonial Division also pushed 3 - 4 mi through the suburbs of Mulhouse and the woods north of the city, with CC1 taking Richwiller (47.78°N, 7.282°W) and the 6th Colonial Infantry Regiment liberating Wittenheim (47.805°N, 7.338°W). On 24 January, a German armored counterattack near Richwiller was repulsed by the French colonial troops, with the Germans losing 15 tanks and tank destroyers. Overall, the gains of the French I Corps were greater in the western part (right flank) of its sector of the front, but the Germans in large part succeeded in stalemating the corps' advance.

Allied attack in the north
General Joseph de Goislard de Monsabert's II e Corps d'Armée launched its attack on 22–23 January. The attacking units were the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division and the French 1st Infantry Marching Division. South of the 3rd Division, the U.S. 28th Infantry Division defended its sector of the front. In reserve was the French 2nd Armored Division.

Push to the Colmar Canal and the battle for Jebsheim
General John W. O'Daniel's 3rd U.S. Infantry Division attacked to the southeast on 22 January, aiming to cross the Ill River, bypass the city of Colmar to the north, and open a path for the tanks of the French 5th Armored Division to drive on the railway bridge supplying the Germans in the Colmar Pocket at Neuf-Brisach.

The division's 7th Infantry Regiment pushed to the south, clearing the region between the Fecht and Ill Rivers. During the clearing operations of the 7th Infantry, Private First Class Jose F. Valdez sacrificed himself at a small railway station near Rosenkranz (48.13034°N, 7.3562°W) to cover the withdrawal of other members of his squad and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. The 30th Infantry Regiment moved southeast, crossed the Ill River north of the timber bridge at the Maison Rouge farm, and moved south early on 23 January, capturing the Maison Rouge bridge (48.151°N, 7.423°W). The 30th Infantry then moved south into the Riedwihr Woods (French: Bois de Riedwihr), toward the towns of Riedwihr (48.124°N, 7.445°W) and Holtzwihr (48.11°N, 7.425°W).

The bridge at Maison Rouge proved unable to support U.S. tanks (the bridge collapsed under the weight of a tank), and so the 30th Infantry had only minimal antitank capability (bazookas and three 57 mm anti-tank guns) when they were counter-attacked late in the afternoon by German infantry and heavy tank destroyers of the 708th Volksgrenadier Division and 280th Assault Gun Battalion. Without cover and unable to dig foxholes because of the frozen terrain, the 30th Infantry was forced to withdraw, taking heavy casualties when the withdrawal assumed the character of a rout. The 30th Infantry reformed on the west bank of the Ill but was out of action for three days while it reorganized.

On 25 January, the U.S. 15th Infantry Regiment followed the course of the 30th Infantry and recaptured the bridge at Maison Rouge. A German counterattack, again supported by heavy tank destroyers, overran an exposed rifle company of the 15th Infantry around 08:00 but was unable to drive on the bridge because of U.S. defensive fire. Later in the day, U.S. engineers erected a bridge over the Ill north of Maison Rouge, and a battalion of the 15th Infantry supported by tanks attacked to the south, finally securing the bridgehead. Over the next two days, the 15th Infantry pushed south toward the towns of Riedwihr and Holtzwihr, entering the Riedwihr Woods. German counterattacks were common, but the U.S. troops were able to parry them with support from tanks and tank destroyers.

On 26 January, on the south edge of the Riedwihr Woods, a German force of infantry and tanks emerged from Holtzwihr to counterattack Company B of the 15th Infantry. Believing the odds hopeless, Lieutenant Audie Murphy ordered his men to withdraw into the woods. Murphy climbed onto a burning M10 tank destroyer and engaged the Germans with the vehicle's heavy machine gun while calling for artillery fire on his own position. Unable to determine where Murphy was firing from, the German force first became confused and then was bombed by U.S. fighter-bombers that had found a hole in the clouds over the battlefield. Dismayed, the German force retreated back to Holtzwihr, pursued by Murphy. He was subsequently awarded the Medal of Honor. Riedwihr fell to the 15th Infantry on 26 January, and Holtzwihr was taken by the 30th Infantry on 27 January. The 30th Infantry continued south, reaching the Colmar Canal on 29 January.

The capture of Jebsheim (48.12583°N, 7.47778°W) was necessary to protect the north flank of the 3rd Division's advance. With the 3rd Division advancing ahead of the French 1st Infantry Marching Division on the 3rd Division's north flank, O'Daniel committed the U.S. 254th Infantry Regiment (part of the 63rd Infantry Division but attached to the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division for the duration of operations in the Colmar Pocket) to capture Jebsheim. On 26–27 January, troops of the German 136th Mountain Infantry Regiment defended Jebsheim against the advance of the 254th Infantry. On 28–29 January, Jebsheim was taken by the 254th Infantry, French tanks of Combat Command 6 (French 5th Armored Division), and a battalion of the French 1st Parachute Regiment. Subsequently, the 254th Infantry continued to push east in the direction of the Rhône-Rhine Canal. Meanwhile, the 7th Infantry had moved forward, and along with the 15th Infantry Regiment and French 5th Armored Division tanks, were positioned to drive on the fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, about 5 mi distant from the 3rd Division spearheads.

Push to the Rhine in the north
On the left flank and north of the U.S. 3rd Division, General Garbay's French 1st Infantry Marching Division attacked to the east on 23 January with the Rhine River as their objective. Facing four battalions of the 708th Volksgrenadier Division (part of General Max Grimmeiss' LXIV Army Corps) supported by heavy tank destroyers and artillery, the 1st Division's 1st Brigade fought in conditions similar to that experienced by the Americans to the south. The Germans mounted a defense in depth, using positions in the villages and forests to command the open ground to their front and liberally planting land mines to slow and channelize the French advance. Two battalions of the 708th Volksgrenadier Division counterattacked the French bridgeheads over the Ill River around 17:00 on 23 January but were repulsed. Wishing to avoid dug-in German infantry and armor in the Elsenheim Woods, Garbay directed the 1st Brigade to concentrate their advance along the road from Illhaeusern to Elsenheim. On 26–27 January, the 1st Brigade concentrated on opening this route and skirting the obstacle posed by the Elsenheim Woods, with a key attack into the woods made by the 3rd Battalion of the Marching Regiment of the French Foreign Legion (R.M.L.E.) on 27 January. At heavy cost, the village of Grussenheim was taken on 28 January by supporting tanks of the French 2nd Armored Division. Against crumbling German resistance, the French surged forward, taking Elsenheim and Marckolsheim on 31 January and reaching the Rhine River the following day. In the course of its operations in the Colmar Pocket, the French 1st Division suffered casualties of 220 killed, 1,240 wounded, 96 missing and 550 cases of trench foot.

Allied reinforcements
Noting the difficult progress of all Allied units against German resistance in the Colmar Pocket, de Lattre requested reinforcements from the U.S. 6th Army Group. Concurring, Devers subordinated the Headquarters of the U.S. XXI Corps to the French First Army. General Milburn's XXI Corps took up position between the two French corps on 28 January and assumed command of the U.S. 3rd and 28th Infantry Divisions. Two additional U.S. divisions were also assigned to the XXI Corps - the U.S. 75th Infantry Division and the U.S. 12th Armored Division. Finally, the French 5th Armored Division, 1st Parachute Regiment, and 1st Choc (commando) Battalion were placed under XXI Corps' command. The XXI Corps was given the mission of capturing the city of Colmar and driving on the bridge at Breisach.

For their part, the German high command misread the Allied objectives, believing the Allied assault to be a general pressure along the front designed to induce collapse at any given point. Hitler had agreed to a partial withdrawal in the north (the Erstein salient) during the night of 28 January, but forbade a general withdrawal over the Rhine. German outposts in the Vosges Mountains were pulled back, but the confusion of the withdrawal and the pressures of the battlefield resulted in many units becoming mixed with one another. While this did not affect the numbers available for combat, it did lower the defensive cohesion of the German units. On 29 January, Heeresgruppe Oberrhein was dissolved as a headquarters, and the units in the Colmar Pocket were again subordinated to Heeresgruppe G (Army Group G), under the command of SS-Obergruppenführer Paul Hausser.

Push to the Rhine in the center
The 3rd Division continued its south and east sidestepping maneuver. On the evening of 29 January, divisional artillery fired 16,000 105 mm and 155 mm rounds during a three-hour preparation for the assault of the 7th and 15th Infantry Regiments south across the Colmar Canal. The infantry crossed between 21:00 and midnight. After the crossings were secured, engineers began the construction of three Bailey bridges over the canal to enable armored vehicles to cross. The following day, the French armored combat commands CC4 and CC5 (both of the 5th Armored Division) crossed the canal, with CC4 supporting the U.S. 7th Infantry and CC5 supporting the U.S. 15th Infantry. Soon thereafter, the 15th Infantry and CC5 took Urschenheim in a brisk action, while the 7th Infantry was held up in front of Horbourg. The same day, the 254th Infantry attacked east toward Artzenheim with support of the French armored combat command CC6, but the Germans employed artillery support and dug-in Jagdpanther tank destroyers to parry the thrust, destroying six French tanks and four halftracks. Artzenheim was taken by the French II Corps on 1 February.

Fighting in the zone of the 3rd Division, the French 1st Parachute Regiment attacked and seized Widensolen early on 31 January. By 17:00, patrols of the U.S. 3rd Division had reached the Rhône-Rhine Canal, some 5 mi southeast from the division's crossing points over the Colmar Canal. On the same day, French CC6 was relieved from attachment to the U.S. 3rd Division, having taken severe losses with only 13 operational tanks in its tank battalion and 30 effectives in its French Foreign Legion rifle company. In its stead arrived a combat command of the French 2nd Armored Division. On 1 February, the 15th and 30th Infantry Regiments moved south along the Rhône-Rhine Canal reaching the area just north of Neuf-Brisach. On 2–3 February, the 7th Infantry drove south along the same canal passing through Artzenheim and taking Biesheim after a bitter day-long battle. Near Biesheim, Technician 5 Forrest E. Peden of 3rd Division artillery dashed through intense German fire on 3 February to summon help for an ambushed infantry unit. Returning on a light tank, Peden was killed when the tank was hit and destroyed. For his heroism, Peden was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.

After a day spent consolidating its positions, the 3rd Division moved south again on 5 February, taking Vogelgrun the following day. The fortified town of Neuf-Brisach was swiftly entered and taken on 6 February, by the 30th Infantry, with the help of two French children and another civilian, who showed the Americans undefended passages into the town. The Germans, having evacuated what remained of their men and equipment, had destroyed the bridge over the Rhine at Breisach. The taking of Neuf-Brisach marked the end of operations in the Colmar Pocket for the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division.

Clearing the pocket between Colmar and the Rhine
The 75th Division entered the front lines on 31 January, between the U.S. 3rd and 28th Infantry Divisions. Attacking on 1 February, the 289th Infantry Regiment cleared Horbourg and the 290th Infantry Regiment advanced on Andolsheim (48.065°N, 7.415°W) occupying the town at 14:00 on 2 February. The same day, the 75th Division made diversionary attacks to cover the Allied drive on the city of Colmar, adjacent to the division's western sector. On 3 February, the 75th Division cleared the Forêt Domaniale (48.055°N, 7.46°W) and consolidated its gains the following day. Moving again on 5 February, the division overran Appenwihr (48.027°N, 7.44°W), Hettenschlag (48.005°N, 7.455°W), and Wolfgantzen (48.025°N, 7.5°W). On 6 February, the 75th Division reached the Rhône-Rhine Canal south of Neuf-Brisach. This action brought a close to U.S. 75th Infantry Division operations in the Colmar Pocket.

Liberation of Colmar
Having been on the defense to this point in the battle, General Norman Cota's 28th Division was teamed with the French armored combat command CC4 and told to take the city of Colmar. Leading with the U.S. 109th Infantry Regiment on 2 February, the infantry crossed an anti-tank ditch north of the city, while the French armor located a crossing point over the obstacle. This accomplished, the French armor plunged into Colmar reaching the Place Rapp (Rapp Square) at 11:30. On 2–3 February, the 109th Infantry, the French CC4, 1st Parachute Regiment and commandos cleared the city of Germans. In a symbolic act, the French 152nd Infantry Regiment re-entered Colmar, its pre-war garrison. Pushing south on 3 February the 112th Infantry entered Turckheim (48.085°N, 7.275°W) and cleared Ingersheim (48.09806°N, 7.305°W) to the west of Colmar. Other units of the 28th Division joined the French in blocking German exit routes from the Vosges Mountains. On 6 February, the 28th Division moved eastwards to the Rhône-Rhine Canal on the south flank of the U.S. XXI Corps ending 28th Division participation in the battle.

Colmar Pocket split
On 3 February, the 12th Armored Division moved south through 28th Division lines with the objective of linking up with the French I Corps and splitting the Colmar Pocket. Combat Command B (CCB) seized a bridgehead near Sundhoffen and CCR advanced on the road between Colmar and Rouffach. The following day, CCA captured Hattstatt on the Colmar-Rouffach Road, but CCR found its way blocked by German defenses. On 5 February, CCA entered Rouffach and made contact with the 4th Moroccan Mountain Division of the French I Corps, some 17 days after French I Corps launched its assault. The same day, CCR entered the village of Herrlisheim-près-Colmar, and so the 12th Armored Division attacked, for a second time, a town named Herrlisheim in Alsace (the battles of the 12th Armored Division in mid-January 1945, at Herrlisheim north of Strasbourg saw several battalions of the division manhandled by German troops in the Gambsheim bridgehead.) Thereafter, during the battle, the 12th Armored Division screened German exit routes from the Vosges Mountains and supported the 28th Division by fire.

Collapse of the Colmar Pocket
At the start of February, the French I Corps was still clearing scattered German resistance south of the Thur River between Cernay and Ensisheim, both of which were still under German control. The clearing of this area was not completed until 3 February. On 4 February, I Corps assaulted north across the Thur River and, encountering only limited German resistance, the 4th Moroccan Mountain Division was able to push to the southern outskirts of Rouffach. Cernay, abandoned by the Germans, was occupied the same day. The following day, the 4th Moroccan Division linked up with the U.S. 12th Armored Division in Rouffach, and the 9th Colonial Infantry Division attacked Ensisheim, the original corps objective. Hirtzfelden was taken by the 2nd Moroccan Infantry Division on 6 February and the 9th Colonial Division completed the capture of Ensisheim and drove east into the Harth Woods. On 7 February, both the 9th Colonial Division and 1st Armored Division reached the Rhône-Rhine Canal east of Ensisheim. The Spahis cavalry brigade and the 151st Infantry Regiment cleared the Harth Woods on 8 February while the 1st Armored Division advanced south toward the German bridgehead at Chalampé in addition to linking up with elements of the French 2nd Armored Division at Fessenheim the same day.

During this period, the shrinking German presence on the west side of the Rhine was subjected to heavy artillery fire and airstrikes by U.S. and French aircraft. Finally, on 9 February I Corps eliminated the German rearguard at Chalampé, and with no major German forces left on the west bank of the Rhine in the region of Colmar, the Germans blew up the bridge over the Rhine at Chalampé. This signaled the end of Allied operations in the Colmar Pocket and the end of any significant German military presence in Alsace.

Aftermath
In compliance with General Eisenhower's direction, the Colmar Pocket was eliminated, and the U.S. 6th Army Group stood on the Rhine, from the Swiss border to a region well north of Strasbourg. The German 19th Army, although not completely destroyed, lost the bulk of its experienced combat troops (only the 708th Volksgrenadier Division escaped somewhat intact) and was forced to reform in Baden, using large infusions of inexperienced Volkssturm to replace its grievous losses on the plains of Alsace. The Germans left behind 55 armored vehicles and 66 artillery pieces. The elimination of the Colmar Pocket allowed the 6th Army Group to concentrate on Operation Undertone, its assault to penetrate the Siegfried Line and invade Germany, undertaken in March 1945.

For the fourth time in 75 years, the province of Alsace had changed hands between France and Germany.

After the battle, the French granted the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division the right to wear the Croix de Guerre, and the president awarded the division, as an entity, the Distinguished Unit Citation. The U.S. 109th Infantry Regiment (28th Division) was also granted the right to wear the Croix de Guerre.

Today, numerous streets in Alsace are named after Allied commanders and units that fought in the battle, and there are French and U.S. military cemeteries in the area.

title: Colmar Pocket


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Hermagor District

The Bezirk Hermagor (Okrože Šmohor) is an administrative district (Bezirk) in Carinthia, Austria.

The district has an area of 808.02 km2 and a population of 18,435 (as of 1 January 2016). The administrative center of the district is Hermagor-Pressegger See.

History
Its name refers to Saint Hermagoras, whose cult was centered at Aquileia.

Municipalities

Towns (Städte) are indicated in boldface; market towns (Marktgemeinden) in italics; suburbs, hamlets and other subdivisions of a municipality are indicated in small characters.
 * Dellach (Slov.: Dole) (4)
 * Dellach, Goldberg, Gurina, Höfling, Leifling, Monsell, Nölbling, Rüben, Siegelberg, St. Daniel, Stollwitz, Wieserberg
 * Gitschtal (Slov.: Višprijska Dolina) (5)
 * Brunn, Golz, Jadersdorf, Langwiesen, Lassendorf, Leditz, Regitt, St. Lorenzen im Gitschtal, Weißbriach, Wulzentratten
 * Hermagor-Pressegger See (Slov.: Šmohor - Preseško jezero) (1)
 * Achleiten, Aigen, Bergl, Braunitzen, Brugg, Burgstall, Danz, Dellach, Egg, Eggforst, Förolach, Fritzendorf, Görtschach, Götzing, Grafenau, Grünburg, Guggenberg, Hermagor, Jenig, Kameritsch, Khünburg, Kleinbergl, Kraschach, Kraß, Kreuth ob Mellweg, Kreuth ob Möschach, Kreuth ob Rattendorf, Kühweg, Kühwegboden, Latschach, Liesch, Mellach, Mellweg, Micheldorf, Mitschig, Möderndorf, Nampolach, Neudorf, Neuprießenegg, Obermöschach, Obervellach, Paßriach, Podlanig, Postran, Potschach, Potschach, Presseggen, Presseggersee, Radnig, Radnigforst, Rattendorf, Schinzengraben, Schlanitzen, Schmidt, Siebenbrünn, Sonnenalpe Naßfeld, Sonnleitn, Süßenberg, Toschehof, Tröpolach, Untermöschach, Untervellach, Watschig, Wittenig, Zuchen
 * Kirchbach (Slov.: Cirkno) (2)
 * Anraun, Bodenmühl, Forst, Goderschach, Grafendorf, Griminitzen, Gundersheim, Hochwart, Katlingberg, Kirchbach, Krieben, Lenzhof, Oberbuchach, Oberdöbernitzen, Rauth, Reisach, Reißkofelbad, Rinsenegg, Schimanberg, Schmalzgrube, Schönboden, Staudachberg, Stöfflerberg, Stranig, Tramun, Treßdorf, Unterbuchach, Unterdöbernitzen, Waidegg, Wassertheurerberg, Welzberg
 * Kötschach-Mauthen (Slov.: Koče - Muta) (3)
 * Aigen, Buchach, Dobra, Dolling, Gailberg, Gentschach, Gratzhof, Höfling, Kosta, Kötschach, Kreuth, Kreuzberg, Krieghof, Kronhof, Laas, Lanz, Mahlbach, Mandorf, Mauthen, Nischlwitz, Passau, Plöcken, Plon, Podlanig, Sittmoos, St. Jakob im Lesachtal, Strajach, Weidenburg, Wetzmann, Würda, Würmlach
 * Lesachtal (Slov.: Lesna dolina) (6)
 * Assing, Birnbaum, Durnthal, Egg, Frohn, Guggenberg, Klebas, Kornat, Ladstatt, Liesing, Maria Luggau, Mattling, Moos, Niedergail, Nostra, Obergail, Oberring, Pallas, Promeggen, Raut, Rüben, Salach, St. Lorenzen im Lesachtal, Stabenthein, Sterzen, Tiefenbach, Tscheltsch, Tuffbad, Wiesen, Wodmaier, Xaveriberg
 * Sankt Stefan im Gailtal (Slov.: Štefan na Zilji) (7)
 * Bach, Bichlhof, Bodenhof, Dragantschach, Edling, Hadersdorf, Karnitzen, Köstendorf, Latschach, Matschiedl, Nieselach, Pölland, Pörtschach, Schinzengraben, Schmölzing, St. Paul an der Gail, St. Stefan an der Gail, Sussawitsch, Tratten, Vorderberg

title: Hermagor District


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Diego Fernández de Cevallos

Diego Fernández de Cevallos Ramos (born 16 March 1941) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the conservative National Action Party (PAN). He was a presidential candidate in the 1994 election and President of the Mexican Senate.

Life and career
Fernández de Cevallos was born in Mexico City, the son of José Fernández de Cevallos Martínez and Beatriz Ramos Íñigo. He received a bachelor's degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and took several courses in economics at the Ibero-American University, where he also worked as a professor of criminal and commercial law.

He joined the conservative National Action Party (PAN) in 1959 and led its parliamentary group in the Chamber of Deputies (during the 55th legislature) and in the Senate (2003–06). In 1994 he ran for president representing his party and lost against the PRI candidate, Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León.

Outside politics, Fernández de Cevallos runs an influential law firm specialized in criminal, civil and commercial law. He was married only by the religious rite to Claudia Gutiérrez Navarrete. Currently he lives with his partner Liliana de León Maldonado.

At 80 years of age Fernández de Cevallos decided to join social media in order to persuade young people to adopt conservative values. President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) responded to Fernández de Cevallos' criticisms of his government by showing a video of a debate they had in 2000.

Abduction
Fernández de Cevallos was abducted from one of his properties, located in Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, on 14 May 2010. His abandoned vehicle was found nearby, with signs of a violent struggle. Fernandez de Cevallos' kidnappers demanded $100 million in exchange for his release, but decreased the amount. He was released from this abduction on December 20, 2010 in exchange for an amount that hasn't been officially disclosed by him or his family.

title: Diego Fernández de Cevallos


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Shippagan

Shippagan is a Canadian town within Shippegan Parish, Gloucester County, New Brunswick.

The parish retains the original English spelling, while the town officially adopted the colloquial French spelling on 1 July 1981.

Shippagan was greatly enlarged on 1 January 2023, when it amalgamated with Le Goulet and all or part of seven local service districts Revised census figures have not been released.

Geography
Shippagan is located in the northeastern part of the Acadian Peninsula: a combination bridge-causeway connects the town with Lamèque Island to the northeast.

The peninsula is approximately 5 km (3 miles) long and at maximum 5 km (3 miles) wide, bordered on the north-west by Shippagan Bay, to the north by Shippagan harbour to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and to the west by St Simon's Bay.

Approximately 99% of the town's residents are Francophone.

History
The town was founded by Jean Mallet (son of Francois Mallet and Marie Madeleine Larocque) and Marie Josephte Duguay (daughter of Rene Duguay and Marguerite LeBreton) from Paspébiac, Quebec and the Robichaux family from Bonaventure, Quebec in 1790, as a result of expansion of the Charles Robin Company. Jean-Baptiste Robichaux was in 1798 the first settler from Grand Chipagan to petition the government for title to his land, in 1798; he was the son of an expelled Acadian.

The location of the town is an ideal spot for fishing, which was its first economic product, as well as exporting timber from further inland. There are also numerous peat bogs in the area, and their exploitation continues to this day.

Shippagan is home to campuses of the Université de Moncton and New Brunswick Community College.

On May 25, 2021, Shippagan elected Kassim Doumbia as mayor, making him the first Black mayor in New Brunswick.

Etymology
The name originates from the Mi'kmaq Sepagun-chiche, which roughly translates as "Ducks' transit route". This name described the immediate region rather than the specific location of the current settlement that inherited the name.

Different spellings have been applied over the years. None of the earliest known francophone explorers such as Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain and Nicolas Denys mentions the name Shippagan, which appears in writing for the first time only in 1656 when Ignatius of Paris, a Capucine missionary, wrote to his superiors recommending the establishment of four or five missionary posts, one of which he called "Cibaguensi", a Latinised form of Shippagan.

During the eighteenth century various orthographies were used for the nearby settlement on the site of what is now Bas-Caraquet, most commonly Chipagan, and this is the name subsequently applied and adapted for modern-day Shippagan. Early English language texts applied the francophone spelling, "Chipagan", but from the early nineteenth centuries various anglophone variants were preferred, such as Shipagan, Ship-a-gang, Shipegan, Shippegan, Shippigan and Shippagan. By the twenty-first century custom had settled on "Town of Shippagan" which on September 9, 2009, was officially reduced to "Shippagan".

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Shippagan had a population of $2,672$ living in $1,197$ of its $1,274$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,580$. With a land area of 9.96 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Coat of arms
On August 15, 2019, the town was granted a coat of arms by the Canadian Heraldic Authority, while the announcement of the Letters Patent was made on March 28, 2020, in Volume 154, page 692 of the Canada Gazette.

Notable people

 * Luc Bourdon - an NHL ice hockey defenseman who played with the Vancouver Canucks.

title: Shippagan


text:
Amga (river)

The Amga (Амга; Амма, Amma) is a river in Sakha (Yakutia), Russia. The length of the river is 1462 km. The area of its basin is 69300 km2. The Amga freezes up in the first half of October and stays under the ice until May. Many different kinds of Fish can be found in the Amga river.

Course
The river has its source in the Aldan Highlands. It forms the eastern limit of the Lena Plateau. It is the biggest tributary of the Aldan, which it joins on the left bank a few miles west of Khandyga.

title: Amga (river)


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Genome Research

Genome Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Disregarding review journals, Genome Research ranks 2nd in the category 'Genetics and Genomics' after Nature Genetics. The focus of the journal is on research that provides novel insights into the genome biology of all organisms, including advances in genomic medicine. This scope includes genome structure and function, comparative genomics, molecular evolution, genome-scale quantitative and population genetics, proteomics, epigenomics, and systems biology. The journal also features interesting gene discoveries and reports of cutting-edge computational biology and high-throughput biology methodologies. New data in these areas are published as research papers, or methods and resource reports that provide novel information on technologies or tools that will be of interest to a broad readership. The journal was established in 1991 as PCR Methods and Applications and obtained its current title in 1995. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 6.4, which peaked in 2014 at 14.630.

title: Genome Research


text:
Category:Actuarial associations

This category is for national and international associations of actuaries.

title: Category:Actuarial associations