text:
Kristina från Duvemåla

Kristina från Duvemåla ("Kristina from Duvemåla") is a Swedish musical written by former ABBA members Björn Ulvaeus (lyrics) and Benny Andersson (music). It is based on a series of four novels by Swedish author Vilhelm Moberg detailing a family's poverty-driven migration from Sweden to America in the mid-19th century: The Emigrants (1949), Unto a Good Land (1952), The Settlers (1956), and The Last Letter Home (1959).

History
The show premiered at the Malmö Opera and Music Theatre in Malmö, Sweden, on 7 October 1995 and received a rapturous welcome. The audience gave it a 10-minute standing ovation, while the critics unanimously praised it. Martin Nyström of Dagens Nyheter wrote that Andersson and Ulvaeus "created a great Swedish musical that thematically touches on the great questions of our time" and compared Andersson's musicality with that of Schubert; while Svenska Dagbladet's Carl-Gunnar Åhlén concluded that Björn Ulvaeus "succeeded in presenting the drama without getting bogged down, despite its almost Wagnerian length." A few years later, however, Dagens Nyheter reviewer Marcus Boldemann wrote that "Kristina från Duvemåla is not an A-class musical work."

On 12 October 1996, the 90-minute (of a nearly four-hour score) concert version with the original cast was presented, in Swedish, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as an opening event of the Plymouth Music Series 1996–1997 season in Orchestra Hall; and next day in Chisago Lakes High School in Lindstrom, Minnesota – the area where much of the events in Moberg's books took place and where the statue of the books' two main characters stands on the main street of the town.

The American premiere received a glowing review from Minneapolis Star and Tribune: "I have seen the future of the music theater, and its name is Kristina... Engaging, emotionally charged – and at times haunting – a piece of work capable of enchanting US viewers even when performed in a cut-down, concert version and in a tongue foreign to the audience"; while Helen Sjöholm who performed the role of Kristina was described as "extraordinary."

Time magazine later wrote that "the show has Swedes, Americans, Indians; a sacrificial whore and the death of a child; and – in case you think it sounds too solemn for your tastes – a bilingual fart joke... and it's one of the most ambitious swatches of musical theater (39 songs!) since Gershwin's 1935 "Porgy and Bess," with one of the most serious, lyrically seductive scores since Rodgers and Hammerstein were creating their midcentury, midcult epics."

Subsequently, the musical was staged at Gothenburg Opera and then premiered at the Stockholm's Cirkus that was specially renovated for it. This production won four 1998 Guldmasken Theatre Awards (Swedish equivalent of Tony Award). Counting all three runs, which were almost continuous, interrupted only by summer vacations and hiatuses due to the production's physical moving, Kristina från Duvemåla ran for nearly four years (more than 650 performances in total), making it the second longest running musical in Swedish history. In 2001, a touring concert staging was presented featuring most of the original performers recreating their previous roles. All three original Swedish productions were directed by Lars Rudolfsson with set design by Tony Award-winner Robin Wagner and musical direction by Anders Eljas.

The original cast triple CD set was released in 1996 and peaked at number two on the Swedish album chart, remaining on it for a total of 74 weeks and winning the 1996 Swedish Grammis Award as the best album. For a number of years, the song "Guldet blev till sand" (Gold Can Turn to Sand) performed by Peter Jöback held the distinction of having spent the longest amount of time on the national Swedish radio chart Svensktoppen.

By the mid-2000s, the show had been translated into English by Björn Ulvaeus and the Les Misérables English lyricist Herbert Kretzmer. English translations of individual songs have been presented at various concert performances throughout the last two or three years, mainly by Helen Sjöholm or Swedish musical theatre stalwart Tommy Körberg, always in association with Benny Andersson or Björn Ulvaeus.

In the US
In March 2006, a workshop was held in New York and featured Sara Chase as Kristina, Clarke Thorell as Karl Oskar, Kevin Odekirk as Robert and Alice Ripley as Ulrika, the latter performing the song "You Have to Be There" from the musical in her and Emily Skinner's 2006 show at The Town Hall in New York and later releasing this live recording on Raw at Town Hall 2-CD set.

At the time, there had been talk of a fall 2007 opening at The Broadway Theatre, but those plans never materialized partly due to a protracted legal battle over the use of the original book written for the musical.

The English-language premiere of the musical, in a concert version under the name "Kristina: A Concert Event," took place at Carnegie Hall on 23 and 24 September 2009, with Helen Sjöholm as Kristina, Russell Watson as Karl Oskar, Louise Pitre as Ulrika and Kevin Odekirk as Robert.

The performances received mixed reviews, from TIME commenting that "some of the most rapturous melodies ever heard in Carnegie Hall poured out of that grand old barn last night" to Variety concluding that "Moberg's series adds up to some 1,800 pages, and many in the restless Carnegie Hall audience may have felt they were sitting through all of them...U.S. audiences are likely to find Kristina's epic tale less than gripping." Talkin' Broadway critic Matthew Murray admitted: "It’s a musical you don’t just want to listen to: During the better portions of its score – of which there are many – you feel you have to...Andersson’s work is so big, so thoroughly conceived, and so varied in style, tempo, and color that it often feels more like a symphony than a musical. Of course, making it one would mean jettisoning the specific story treatment and lyrics, losses most shows couldn’t weather. But its music is so good that Kristina could be even more powerful as a result."

The Carnegie Hall concert recordings were released on a 2-CD set by Decca Records on 12 April 2010.

In the UK
Kerry Ellis premiered the song "You Have to Be There" in its English-language version, at Thank You for the Music, a special event celebrating the music of Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus on 13 September 2009. The song is featured on her debut album Anthems (2010) produced by Brian May. She has since sung the song at various live events, including Anthems: The Tour (2011).

The UK premiere of the musical, also in a concert version, took place at the Royal Albert Hall on 14 April 2010.

Similarly to the US, it received a mixed critical response. "The inspiration for both score and lyrics feels more like a retread of the worst excesses of Les Misérables (a fact amplified here by sharing the English lyricist of that show, Herbert Kretzmer) and Frank Wildhorn, with the occasional Lloyd Webber rock riff thrown in for good measure," wrote The Stage, while The Times concluded that "the piece displayed moments of musical power. But it will need major restructuring if it is to work on the theatrical stage... if it showed gleams of promise, this concert also emphasised that Kristina still has a long road to travel before any of us is truly moved to say thank you for the music."

Contrary to these opinions, chief classical music and opera critic for the Independent Edward Seckerson wrote a highly sympathetic review of the performance, calling Benny Andersson "a composer/melodist of startling distinction." He suggested that "this one-off concert performance...presented only its bare bones, a series of musical snapshots from a much larger whole... So dramatically sketchy, musically sumptuous. But Andersson's gorgeous folk-sourced melodies (like a Swedish Grieg) spirited us forward from one accordion-flecked knees-up and effusive ballad to the next... If ever a piece sung a nation's pride, this is it."

Original cast (1995–1999)

 * Kristina – Helen Sjöholm
 * Karl Oskar – Anders Ekborg
 * Robert – Peter Jöback
 * Ulrika – Åsa Bergh
 * Fina-Kajsa – Marianne Mörck
 * Danjel – Tommy Juth
 * Arvid – Lars Leishem

Replacement performers included Frida Bergh (Kristina), Joakim Jennefors (Karl Oskar), Niklas Andersson (Robert), Lisa Gustafsson (Kristina) and Christer Nerfont (Robert).

Helsinki, Gothenburg and Stockholm cast (2012–2015)

 * Kristina – Maria Ylipää
 * Karl Oskar – Robert Noack
 * Robert – Oskar Nilsson
 * Ulrika – Birthe Wingren
 * Fina Kajsa – Veronika Mattsson / Helen Elde
 * Danjel – Kent Sjöman
 * Arvid – Ingemar Raukola

Norway, Norwegian premiere concert cast (2016)
On 9 September 2016, the concert version with a Norwegian cast (but sung in Swedish) was presented at Lillestrøm Kultursenter, Lillestrøm. It was later presented at Lørenskog Hus, Lørenskog, and at Ullensaker Kulturhus, Jessheim. The entire run was sold out and got rave reviews in the press. The Romerike symphony Orchestra and St. Laurentius choir was conducted by Anders Eljas who was also musical director for this production.
 * Kristina – Reidun Sæther
 * Karl Oskar – Espen Grjotheim
 * Robert – Sigurd Marthinussen
 * Ulrika – Kirsti Lucena Andersen
 * Fina Kajsa – Hege Schøyen
 * Danjel – Christian Ranke
 * Arvid – Morten Gjerløw Larsen

Bømlo Teater, Norwegian premiere, fully staged version (2021)
In August 2021, the first fully staged production was played on the outdoor stage at Bømlo Teater in Bømlo on the west coast of Norway. The version was the same as the one developed for the Helsinki production. It was played for the first time in Norwegian, translated by Runa Våge Krukhaug. The production was directed by Jostein Kirkeby-Garstad, and conducted by musical director Gunvald Ottesen.
 * Kristina – Christine Guldbrandsen
 * Karl Oskar – André Søfteland
 * Robert – Anders Gjønnes
 * Ulrika – Mareike Wang
 * Fina Kajsa – Britt Synnøve Johanssen
 * Danjel – Espen Hana
 * Arvid – Håkon Kvarven Paulsen

Lørenskog Hus (fully staged) and Oslo concert version (2024)
In October 2024, will premiere both a fully staged production at Lørenskog hus just outside Oslo Norway and the concert version in Oslo later in the year. The version was the same as the one developed for the Helsinki production, and was later done at Bømlo Teater. The production will be directed by Ola Beskow, choreogrphed by Simen Gloppen and conducted by musical director Anders Eljas. The whole cast will later do the concert version at Oslo konserthus with the only cast change being Herbord Kråkevik as the narrator/Fina Kajsa

 * Kristina – Sanne Kvitnes
 * Karl Oskar – Anders Gjønnes
 * Robert – Frank Kjosås
 * Ulrika – Solveig Andsnes
 * Fina Kajsa – Elise Hellem Ratvik
 * Danjel – Christian Ranke
 * Arvid – Frikk Hana

Plot
For 25 years Nils has worked with an iron rod to move stones from the fields of his farm Korpamoen in Ljuder's parish, Småland, Sweden. One day he slips and a big rock rolls onto him, breaking both his hip and femur. As a cripple he cannot work and is forced to sell the farm. His oldest son, Karl Oskar, barely of age, convinces Nils to sell the farm to him, and he buys it for 1700 riksdaler.
 * Prologue

Karl Oskar visits his girlfriend Kristina, who waits for him and pictures him making his way through the familiar surroundings ("Duvemåla Pasture"). Karl Oskar tells her that he has bought his father's farm, and can now marry her ("My Lust For You"). They marry and begin a life together, but times are hard because of bad harvests (King of Stone's Kingdom). Kristina worries that they cannot support their growing family, and suggests to her husband that they take steps to prevent another pregnancy. Karl Oskar says that it would be a betrayal of his love for her.
 * Act I

Karl Oskar's younger brother, Robert, is on his way to begin work as a farm hand on a nearby farm. He stops by a stream and wishes he was as free as the water ("Out Towards a Sea").

Kristina is pregnant again, and she and Karl Oskar worry that they won't be able to feed their children during winter, because of a drought and bad harvest. An angry Karl Oskar tells God that since he took their hay last year, he might as well take the rest. Shortly thereafter lightning strikes the barn, setting it on fire. Kristina tells her husband that he got what he wished for ("Bad Harvest").

Young Arvid, who works as a farmhand beside Robert at the farm of Nybacken, is unjustly punished by his mistress; in desperation, he sets out to kill her with an axe, but Robert stops him. The two boys dream of a better world, a world across the ocean, called North America, which Robert has read about.

Kristina loves her home, and is happy to be married to Karl Oskar and have their three children (Blåklintstäcket/Kristina's Apple Tree). One day Robert returns home, having been beaten by his master. He refuses to go back, and asks for his share of the inheritance so he can leave Sweden and travel to North America. Karl Oskar confesses that he has been considering the same thing; he and Robert try to convince Kristina that she will love America, but she is too afraid ("No"). Kristina asks her beloved Uncle, Danjel, to help her change her husband's mind. In a dream, Danjel has a vision where he is called to fulfill his uncle's work of restoring God's Kingdom on earth and to lead the people away from the false teachings. One night he gathers a group of outcasts to celebrate communion ("Little Group"); the gathering is disrupted by the Provost and the local authorities, who scatter the group and intend to bring them all to justice for breaking the law. One of the persons in the room, Ulrika of Västergöhl, a former prostitute who is now born again through Christ and lives in Danjel's house, is furious over the hypocrisy of their persecutors, one of whom used to be her customer. Ulrika vows that her illegitimate daughter Elin will never have to suffer because her mother was a whore ("Never").

Kristina, and Karl Oskar's parents, try to convince him to stay, pointing out the advantages of home ("Golden Wheat Fields"). When Kristina makes christening porridge for the new baby, their starving oldest daughter (Anna) eats it, but the grain swells in her stomach, and she dies ("Come To Me Everyone"). Realising that the poverty in Sweden is just as dangerous as anything overseas, Kristina agrees to move. They visit the Provost and write down their reasons for emigrating in the church book. The provost warns them of all the horrors waiting in America, saying that God will wipe America off the face of the earth within fifty years. The emigrants begin their journey. Karl Oskar, Kristina, their children and Robert have gained some companions; Danjel and his family are moving to escape religious persecution, along with Ulrika and her daughter, and so is Arvid, who has also been living with Danjel. A group of 16 people leaves Ljuder, never to return ("We Open Up the Gateways.")

The ship turns out to be smaller than they had thought it would be. Karl Oskar must bunk with the bachelors. For the first time in their marriage, Kristina and Karl Oskar are separated ("Farmers at Sea"). One day Kristina discovers lice on her body. She is horrified, since she has never had them before in her life, and blames Ulrika, who has none ("Lice"). An old woman on the ship, Fina-Kajsa, is traveling to find her son in America, carrying a big grindstone because she has heard grindstones are very expensive in America. Fina-Kajsa tells the story of how lice came to be.

One night in the middle of a storm Karl Oskar is woken by his oldest son, Johan, who tells him that his mother is bleeding. Kristina, pregnant with her fifth child, has fallen ill with scurvy. The captain does what he can to help her, and Karl Oskar sits by her side, waking through the longest night of his life ("Stay"). When morning finally comes Kristina is alive, but Danjel's wife, who has been ill for a long time without telling her husband, has died ("Burial at Sea"). Fina-Kajsa has a letter from her son, saying that he has plowed 100 acres of fields with good soil. Karl Oskar asks where this is, and Fina-Kajsa reads: "Taylors Falls, Minnesota." Easy to remember, Karl Oskar points out ("Minne" meaning "memory" in Swedish).

On Midsummer's Eve land is finally spotted, after two and a half months on the ocean. The sight of all the New Yorkers out for a Sunday walk overwhelms the immigrants, and so does the foreign language ("A Sunday in Battery Park"). An apple given by one friendly lady to the children reminds Kristina of home. Johan asks if they can go home now. Kristina remembers her motherland, where they now are celebrating midsummer ("Home"). The group travels by train and steamboat, amazed at how wide America is ("Travel Through America"). At a land grab Karl Oskar's and Kristina's daughter Lill-Märta disappears. At the last moment, when the paddle steamer already started moving, Ulrika finds Märta and returns the girl to her parents.

One night the immigrants are left on a pier in Stillwater. It is dark and rainy, and no one understands what they say; they are completely abandoned, until Baptist pastor Henry O Jackson shows up and offers the immigrants shelter, warmth and food. As Danjel prays, thanking the Lord for the food, they find out that they have a word in common: "Amen." Robert tells his friend Arvid of his plans to go on the California trail and dig for gold and asks him to come along. Karl Oskar is highly skeptical, but his brother is firmly set on leaving ("The Dream of Gold"). The women are amazed by how Pastor Jackson handles household chores, and begin to understand that women are more equal in this country. The immigrants struggle to communicate with Reverend Jackson ("To Think That Men Like Him Can Exist").

Karl Oskar and Kristina continue to Lake Ki-Chi-Saga, where they intend to build their new home. Here, with help from Ulrika, Kristina gives birth to a healthy son. Karl Oskar reads the Christmas Gospel for his little family, and Kristina tells her new-born child about the land where she was born, and of her astrakan apple tree which is still carrying fruit ("My Astrakan").

A few years have passed by. The settlers gather and celebrate their choice to move to this New World ("The Superiors"). But Kristina lies awake at night, tormented by her longing for Sweden, and begs God to let her return ("Bright Evenings in Springtime"). Karl Oskar tells her that if God tries to move her back he will reach out his hand and keep her by his side. He shows her the boots that belonged to their daughter Anna, and reminds her why they left Sweden. He plans to write to her father and ask for some seeds from her astrakan tree, in the hope that a new tree planted at their new settlement will help her feel at home.
 * Act II

When Christmas comes Karl Oskar has bought Kristina a new stove, called the Queen of the Prairie. Their friends gather at New Duvemåla to celebrate Christmas, and they all marvel at the new stove ("The Queen of the Prairie"). The fun gathering is disrupted when Karl Oskar gets into a fight with Nöjd, a fur hunter, who tells Karl Oskar that he does not own the land he farms, which is stolen from the Indians. Karl Oskar describes his plight back home in Sweden, and tells Nöjd how hard he has worked to turn the wild grass on his property into a home and a farm ("Wild Grass").

One evening in June, a strange man is spotted down at the lake shore. Robert has come back from the gold fields. Arvid is not with him, but Robert has a lot of money, which Karl Oskar deposits at the bank. Kristina finds Arvid's watch and demands to know where Arvid is. Robert tells her that he eventually reconciled to his fate and then tells her the story of how they went searching for gold, but ended up lost in the desert. Arvid drank poisoned water and died ("Robert's Story"). The money Robert gives to Karl Oskar turns out to be counterfeit. Karl Oskar becomes furious ("Wild Cat Money"), believing that his brother knew this. Robert walks out to the woods where he finds a lonely stream, the symbol of the freedom he never found. He has caught yellow fever, and by the stream he dies ("Out Towards a Sea (Reprise)").

Karl Oskar and Kristina plant seeds in their new farmlands, and a great wheat field is grown ("The Field"), along with Kristina's apple tree, planted from seeds from home.

Back in Sweden Ulrika was a whore and no respectable man would look at her twice. Now she tells Kristina she has had several suitors ("Won't You Marry Me?") and has decided to marry Pastor Jackson, with whom she has been in love since they met; she will convert to Baptism. Kristina and Ulrika cherish their friendship ("A Miracle of the Lord"). Kristina comes to watch her friend being baptised by Pastor Jackson ("Down to the Sacred Wave").

Kristina suffers a miscarriage and Ulrika takes her to the doctor, then brings Karl Oskar the bad news that, after her miscarriage, Kristina's body cannot take much more. Another childbirth would mean her death ("Miscarriage"). A devastated Kristina thinks of all the bad things that have happened to her, having to leave her home, losing her child and now her husband's love. She desperately prays to God, not knowing what she will do if he isn't real ("You Have To Be There").

As time passes, Kristina begins to feel better. One day the settlers gather for a big harvest feast ("Harvest Feast"), and she tells Uncle Danjel of her wish to live long enough to see her children grow up. She also tells him about her apple tree, which finally is blooming and will give fruits to the autumn. After the feast Kristina tries to convince Karl Oskar that it is God's meaning that husband and wife should be together, and that if God wants her to live she will live, but if He wants her to die He will take her regardless. Karl Oskar argues, until she repeats the words he said to her so many years ago ("Here You Have Me Again").

During the civil war, the state of Minnesota gets a civil war of its own, an Indian uprising. Chaos, murder and violence begin to spread ("Red Iron/The Sioux uprising") at the same time as Kristina finds out that she is once again carrying a child. She tells Karl Oskar, who is worried. She turns to God and asks for help to comfort him, since she is so weak and tired herself ("Help Me Comfort"). The settlers have to leave their homes as the uprising spreads ("Where Do We Belong?"). Karl Oskar sends the children away with Danjel, but cannot leave himself because Kristina has miscarried again, and lies dying in her bed.

Karl Oskar is the only settler remaining in St. Croix Valley, but the apples on the Astrakan tree have finally matured. Karl Oskar gives Kristina the first of the ripe apples, and she smells it. She tells Karl Oskar not to grieve, saying she will be waiting for him at Duvemåla Pasture, as she used to ("I'll Be Waiting There"). Kristina then dies peacefully in her husband's arms.

Music numbers in the original set
(English translations in parentheses)

{| width="100%"
 * width="50%" valign="top" |
 * width="50%" valign="top" |

Act I

 * Prolog – Orkester, Nils, Märta, Karl Oskar, Robert
 * Duvemåla hage (Path of Leaves and Needles) – Kristina
 * Min lust till dig/Wedding (Where You Go I Go With You) – Kristina, Karl Oskar, Ensemble
 * Kung i stenrike (Stone Kingdom) – Kristina, Karl Oskar
 * Robert vid bäcken (Down to the Sea) – Robert
 * Missväxt (A Bad Harvest) – Kristina, Karl Oskar, Anna, Ensemble
 * Bröderna vill åka till Nordamerika (No!) – Karl Oskar, Robert, Kristina
 * Bönemötet (He's Our Pilot) – Danjel, Inga-Lena, Ulrika, Elin, Arvid, others
 * Aldrig (Never) – Ulrika
 * Om ett fat korngrynsgröt (Golden Wheat Fields/All Who Are Grieving) – Kristina, Karl Oskar, Nils, Märta, Ensemble
 * Vi öppnar alla grindar (We Open Up the Gateways) – Brusander, Kristina, Karl Oskar, Robert, Ulrika, Danjel, Ensemble
 * Bönder på havet (Peasants at Sea) – Ensemble
 * Löss (Lice) – Ulrika, Kristina, Fina-Kajsa, Ensemble
 * Kristina nära döden (In The Dead of Darkness) – Karl Oskar
 * Begravning till sjöss (Funeral at Sea) – Captain Lorentz, others
 * Battery Park – New York (A Sunday in Battery Park) – Ensemble, Danjel, Robert, Fina-Kajsa, Ulrika
 * Hemma (Home) – Kristina
 * Resan i Amerika/Från New York till Stillwater – Ensemble, Danjel
 * Hemma hos Pastor Jackson (Dreams of Gold) – Robert, Arvid, Karl Oskar
 * Tänk att män som han kan finnas (American Man) – Kristina, Ulrika, Elin, Fina-Kajsa
 * Modern och barnet (Summer Rose) – Kristina
 * width="50%" valign="top" |

Act II

 * Överheten (Emperors and Kings) – Ensemble, Ulrika, Danjel, Fina-Kajsa, Karl Oskar, Kristina
 * Ljusa kvällar om våren (Twilight Images Calling) – Kristina, Karl Oskar, Anna with angels
 * Präriens drottning (Queen of the Prairie) – The children, Karl Oskar, Kristina, Ensemble
 * Vildgräs (Wild Grass) – Karl Oskar
 * Robert kommer tillbaka (Robert's story/Gold Can Turn To Sand) – Robert, Kristina, lill-Märta
 * Wild Cat Money – Karl Oskar, Robert
 * Robert vid bäcken – repris (Down to the Sea – Reprise) – Robert
 * Åkern (The fields grow) – Orchestra, Kristina, Karl Oskar
 * Ulrikas tre friare – Ulrika, Kristina, Nöjd, Abbott, Thomassen
 * Ett herrans underverk (Miracle of God) – Ulrika, Kristina
 * Dop (Down to the Waterside) – Ensemble, Pastor Jackson, Ulrika
 * Missfall (Miscarriage) – Ulrika, Karl Oskar
 * Du måste finnas (You Have to Be There) – Kristina
 * Skördefest – Orchestra, Karl Oskar, Ulrika, Danjel, Kristina
 * Här har du mig Igen (Here I Am Again) – Kristina, Karl Oskar
 * Red Iron/Hjälp mig trösta (Sioux rise/With Child Again) – Red Iron, Kristina
 * De flyendes kör (Rising from the Myth and Legend) – Ensemble
 * Slutet (I'll Be Waiting There) – Kristina, Karl Oskar
 * }

Kristina: A Concert Event (2009 English language version)
On 23 and 24 September 2009, Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus, Ki-Chi-Saga and Universal Music presented "Kristina: A Concert Event"; Music by Benny Andersson; Lyrics by Björn Ulvaeus and Herbert Kretzmer. The concert took place at Carnegie Hall.

 * Act One
 * Overture
 * Path of Leaves and Needles
 * Where You Go I Go With You
 * Stone Kingdom
 * Down to the Sea
 * A Bad Harvest
 * No!
 * He's Our Pilot
 * Never
 * Golden Wheat Fields
 * All Who Are Grieving
 * We Open Up the Gateways
 * Peasants at Sea
 * Lice
 * In The Dead of Darkness
 * A Sunday in Battery Park
 * Home
 * American Man
 * Dreams of Gold
 * Summer Rose

 * Act Two
 * Emperors and Kings
 * Twilight Images Calling
 * Queen of the Prairie
 * Wild Grass
 * Gold Can Turn To Sand
 * Wildcat Money
 * To The Sea
 * Miracle of God
 * Down to the Waterside
 * Miscarriage
 * You Have to Be There
 * Here I Am Again
 * With Child Again
 * Rising from the Myth and Legend
 * I'll Be Waiting There

Note: In the Playbill for the concert the song "Summer Rose" was listed as a reprise at the end of Act Two but was not performed at either of the two concerts.

The cast featured:

 * Kristina – Helen Sjöholm
 * Karl Oskar – Russell Watson
 * Ulrika – Louise Pitre
 * Robert – Kevin Odekirk
 * Daniel – David Hess
 * Brusander – Robert Ousley
 * Arvid – Greg Stone
 * Fina-Kajsa – Joy Hermalyn
 * Jackson – Walter Charles
 * Nojd – Raymond Jaramillo McLeod

 * Ensemble – Derin Altay, Chris Bohannan, Jane Brockman, Walter Charles, Rebecca Eichenberger, Osborn Focht, Blythe Gruda, Liz Griffith, Joy Hermalyn, David Hess, Michael James Leslie, T. Doyle Leverett, Rob Lorey, Frank Mastrone, Raymond Jaramillo McLeod, Linda Mugleston, Jan Neuberger, Robert Ousley, Sal Sabella, Wayne Schroder, Greg Stone, Jessica Vosk, Kathy Voytko
 * Understudies – For Kristina: Kathy Voytko; For Karl Oskar: David Hess

American Theatre Orchestra

Music director and conductor: Paul Gemignani

Director: Lars Rudolfsson

Music (1995 original cast recording)
The song titles are the original Swedish ones. The titles in parentheses are the titles directly translated into English.

 * Act One
 * "Prolog"
 * "Duvemåla hage" (Duvemåla Pasture)
 * "Min lust till dig" (My Desire for You)
 * "Ut mot ett hav" (Out to a Sea)
 * "Missväxt" (Bad Harvest)
 * "Nej" (No)
 * "Lilla skara" (Little Group)
 * "Aldrig" (Never)
 * "Kom till mig alla" (Come to Me, Everyone)
 * "Vi öppnar alla grindar" (We Open All the Gates)
 * "Bönder på havet" (Peasants at Sea)
 * "Löss" (Lice)
 * "Stanna" (Stay)
 * "Begravning till sjöss" (Burial at Sea)
 * "A Sunday in Battery Park"
 * "Hemma" (Home)
 * "Från New York till Stillwater" (From New York to Stillwater)
 * "Tänk att män som han kan finnas" (To Think that Men Like Him Exist)
 * "Kamfer och lavendel" (Camphor and Lavender)
 * "Drömmen om guld" (The Dream of Gold)
 * "Min astrakan" (My Astrakan [Apple Tree])

 * Act Two
 * "Överheten" (The Superiors)
 * "Ljusa kvällar om våren" (Bright Evenings in Springtime)
 * "Präriens Drottning" (The Queen of the Prairie)
 * "Vildgräs" (Wild Grass)
 * "Jag har förlikat mig till slut" (I Have Resigned at Last)
 * "Guldet blev till sand" (The Gold Turned into Sand)
 * "Wild Cat Money"
 * "Ut mot ett hav (repris)" (Out to a Sea (Reprise))
 * "Vill du inte gifta dig med mig?" (Won't You Marry Me?)
 * "Ett Herrans underverk" (A Miracle of the Lord)
 * "Down to the Sacred Wave"
 * "Missfall" (Miscarriage)
 * "Du måste finnas" (You Must Exist)
 * "Skördefest" (Harvest Feast)
 * "Här har du mig igen" (Here You Have Me Again)
 * "Red Iron"/"Hjälp mig trösta" (Red Iron/Help Me Comfort)
 * "Var hör vi hemma?" (Where Do We Belong?)
 * "I gott bevar" (In Good Keeping)

title: Kristina från Duvemåla


text:
Cookbury

Cookbury is a village and civil parish in the local government district of Torridge, Devon, England. The parish, which lies about five miles east of the town of Holsworthy, is surrounded clockwise from the north by the parishes of Thornbury, Bradford, Ashwater, Hollacombe, and Holsworthy Hamlets. In 2001 its population was 158, little changed from the 146 residents it had in 1901.

The parish church has an unusual dedication to St John the Baptist and the Seven Maccabees and still has its 13th-century tower and chancel. It was designated as redundant in 1982, but classed as a chapel-of-ease in 1987 and restored in 1992, united with the neighbouring parish of Bradford.

Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter from 1307 until his death in 1326, was born in the parish at Stapledon, now a farmhouse but once the mansion of the family.

The U.K. national cycle route 3 passes through Cookbury linking the Tarka Trail with Bude on the North Cornwall coast.

Within the parish of Bradford & Cookbury are National Trust Dunsland (featuring a SSSI) and a Forestry Commission woodland at Bramble Wood.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cookbury


text:
List of dinosaurs and other Mesozoic reptiles of New Zealand

Although the evidence is rare, fossils reveal that there were Mesozoic reptiles, including dinosaurs in New Zealand. Possibly because it lacks the right conditions for fossilization, only fragmentary dinosaur remains have been found there. These fossils are often only a single bone or a piece of a bone, and thus the dinosaurs' species cannot be identified. By comparing the fossils with other, more complete remains from other areas it can be inferenced which family or order a given fossil belonged to. Marine fossils are more common than fossils of land animals in New Zealand because dead animals and plants are easily preserved in sand and mud. Therefore, some fossils of marine reptiles are complete enough to be assigned to a specific genus or species.

Species list
So far, there have been fossils found in New Zealand that have been identified as coming from:

Non-avian dinosaurs
Dinosaurs that lived in the Ross Dependency, a part of Antarctica within the Realm of New Zealand, include the tetanuran Cryolophosaurus. The Ross Dependency, unlike the Chatham Islands, is not actually part of New Zealand, and this is why it is excluded from the list above until sufficient evidence shows that it entered what was the sector of Gondwana that is now New Zealand. Newer fossils from a Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary fossil formation known as the Takataka Grit in the Chatham Islands include six or seven (possibly more) bones from dinosaurs, as well as numerous bones from early birds, but more information is needed about these to add them to the list.

Other Mesozoic reptiles
Fossils of other reptiles from the Mesozoic Era have also been found in New Zealand. These creatures include:


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/London slang

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Eugene van der Pijll 19:20, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

London slang
If this is London slang at all, it's not anything I've heard, in 20 years of living in London. Maybe this is the slang of some tiny group of clubbers; maybe it's nonsense. In any case, a proper article on slang in London would be far more detailed than this, as it would need to describe all the different kinds of slang prevalent in different London ethnic and socioeconomic groups, as well as subcultures. Delete or rewrite from scratch. -- Karada 08:03, 22 July 2005 (UTC) *Delete although I actually suspect a copyvio. David | Talk 12:10, 22 July 2005 (UTC) see below.
 * Delete. Direct quote from WP:WWIN: "[Wikipedia is not]: A usage guide, or slang and idiom guide. Wikipedia is not in the business of saying how words, idioms, etc., are used. We aren't teaching people how to talk like a leet cracker or a Cockney chimney-sweep." Exactly. --Dmcdevit·t 08:08, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - this stuff belongs in wiktionary, if anywhere, though they're probably not going to take it in this format -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 08:10, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - as I said on the discussion page: many of the words are defined quite adequately in the average dictionary; this sounds like a particular subculture's slang (see Gina Yashere on the Lenny Henry show) rather than "London" slang. Brequinda 08:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I live in London and know very few of these words. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 12:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Dmcdevit. Dcarrano 17:00, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this isn't anything I recognise and includes none of the slang I've heard Londoners use. Vashti 19:01, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete questionable whether London slang varies significantly from general British slang, but if there is a legitimate article on this subject then this isn't it. PatGallacher 23:41, 2005 July 22 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 04:20, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons provided above. Binadot 22:46, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

All subsequent votes are associated with the cleaned up version of the article, which has significantly altered its content. -- Francs2000 | Talk 14:34, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep I think the current version is fine. Secretlondon 08:12, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep VfD~=cleanup.  Grue   16:40, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Strongest keep possible good rewrite.  Grue   09:51, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I live in london. Its nonsense. "Peckish", and "Snog" are slang terms nationally not only in london, and "queue" isn't a slang term whatsoever.     21:51, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * NOTE: The article was entirely rewritten.  Keep new version.  It's now linguistics, so anyone who opposed on Wiktionary grounds should really revisit the article.  It is not duplicate material, and it is not a list of slang terms anymore.  Geogre 03:24, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I have read the rewritten version, and sorry, I still vote to delete. Its starting point is still BA's guide to London slang, there is not a great deal apart from that.  Some of the words are general British slang.  London is a large multi-cultural city, you'll be hard pressed to find many words that are common across not London but not elsewhere.  BA were producing an advertising campaign aimed at an American audience, not a serious exercise in linguistics. PatGallacher 10:43, 2005 July 25 (UTC)
 * Change of vote to keep following rewrite. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 14:34, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I change my vote, to keep and improve new version. Needs a clearer distinction between general British slang and specifically London slang, but the rewrite is now a good, and improving, article. -- Karada 22:00, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good rewriting work. David | Talk 08:36, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into British slang or United Kingdom slang.Rich Farmbrough 11:37, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into British slang or Delete, I personally don't see how any of these words mentioned on the article are slang, since when is "loo" or "lift" slang? These are just words used in the United Kingdom instead of "toilet" and "elevator". The article is mostly nonsense, needs a cleanup and also at the same time seems like a huge promotion for a British Airways campaign I've never even heard of. — Wackymacs 19:40, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The point being that what is being sold/promoted abroad as London slang isn't at all. Londoners know this - the advert isn't aimed at us so we are not exposed to the misinformation. Secretlondon 12:44, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scott Tarin

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 17:43, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Scott Tarin
Vanity page-- BMIComp (talk, HOWS MY DRIVING) 08:04, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete per Deletion of vanity articles. --KFP 13:06, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete: does not recite notability so Speedy per new vanity policy. - Gblaz 14:54, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy it. -- Etacar11   00:08, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 04:19, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.
 * Delete nn vanity. JamesBurns 04:19, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
File:Pixies herecomesyourman .jpg

Fair use rationale for use in Here Comes Your Man
The image Pixies-herecomesyourman_.jpg is being linked here; though the picture is originally copyright, I (CloudNine 12:11, 8 June 2007 (UTC)) feel it is covered by fair use because:

 * 1) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality, and could not be used as artwork on illegal CD copies of the single.
 * 2) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is. The cover is being used for informational purposes only, and its use is not believed to detract from the original single in any way.
 * 3) No free or public domain images have been located for this single.
 * 4) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the single in any way.

title: File:Pixies herecomesyourman .jpg


text:
Talk:Rice v. Cayetano

Untitled
Starting a new version of the article on the temp page. KeithH 08:04, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Temp page moved to main article. RedWolf 04:32, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Use of the word Indian
The article uses words such as "Indian" and "American Indian" in the history, petitioner's case, respondent's case, the majority and dissenting opinions, and the reaction to the opinions. Are those really the words used by the petitioner, respondent, justices, and people who are reacting in a legal fashion to this case? JohnWycliff (talk) 16:11, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Commentary on Petitioner's Argument
The article also comments on the Petitioner's Argument while discussing it; in particular to clarify its implicit intent. For instance, analogies to Nuremberg laws may evoke anti-Nazi sentiments but these may not have been the Petitioner's intent-- indeed, the intent may be simply to show that similar laws were not enacted in the United States, and the only popularly known Laws that did so were those by the Nazis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.60.91.105 (talk) 18:40, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Relations?
The article implies (without citations!) that the plaintiff was related to William Harrison Rice which would of course need to be verified. But there are a couple articles on them now. W Nowicki (talk) 02:32, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Massively biased and poorly sourced
Come on, guys. A whole paragraph claiming to explain Hawaiian history without a single source? What is this? Sparksflame (talk) 02:13, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rice v. Cayetano


text:
Imielin

Imielin (Immenau O.S.) is a town in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice. Outer town of the Metropolis GZM – metropolis with the population of 2 million. It is located in the Silesian Highlands. The population of the town is 9098 (2021).

Geography
The municipality is situated a short distance to the south-west of Junction 41 on the A4 Highway.

It has been in the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999, previously having been in the Katowice Voivodeship, and before that, in the Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship. Imielin is one of the towns included in the 2.7 million conurbation – Katowice urban area and within a greater Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area populated by about 5,294,000 people.

Economy
The area is both industrial and agricultural. There are dolomite deposits and, beneath the flatter area to the south-west of the municipality, coal deposits.

Late Medieval
The earliest mention in the records of Imielin dates from 1386. At that time it was part of the Duchy of Racibórz (Ratibor), the eastern border of which was marked by the Przemsza River. Imielin, like the neighbouring villages of Kosztowy and Chełm Śląski was nevertheless isolated from the rest of the duchy by the dense forest which were a feature of the area formed by the sources and headwaters of the Kłodnica and Mleczna rivers. For this reason in 1391 the Duke of Opava-Ratibor gifted this eastern portion of his lands to the Bishop of Kraków. From then until 1742 these villages were no longer part of the political entity of Silesia, control over them instead being exercised by the bishops of Kraków.

Early Modern and Nineteenth century
Following the annexation of Silesia to Prussia by Frederick the Great, sovereignty over the villages was removed from the bishops of Kraków in 1772, and in 1796 administrative control and ownership of the land was also transferred to the Prussian crown. In 1802 Alt Gatsch (Stara Gać) was established as a daughter settlement, followed in 1820 by Neu Gatsch (Nova/New Gać).

During the period of pan-European warfare with which the nineteenth century opened, the Napoleonic general Jean Lannes, who had been appointed Prince of Severia by the Duchy of Warsaw, asserted control over Imielin, along with Severia, citing in support the fact that historically both had belonged to the Bishopric of Kraków. Following the end of the Napoleonic War, Imielin was in 1817 returned to Prussia, and in 1818 it was incorporated into the newly created Pleß administrative district.

Twentieth century
Imielin's excellent transport links to the industrial cities of Katowice, Oświęcim and Tychy enabled it to grow considerably during the twentieth century, both as a residential town for commuters to these larger centres and on account of businesses establishing themselves in Imielin itself. The official population count increased from 2,614 in 1900 to 5,200 in 1931, and to 7,757 in 1970.

Massacre during Second World War
During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939, German soldiers mass murdered 28 Poles on the night of 4 and 5 September. The victims included refugees, three women and one 5-year-old child.

Sights
A noteworthy building is Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, a gothic revival building constructed between 1909 and 1912, and subsequently enlarged in 1953: in 1957 the height of the tower was increased to 27 meters. There is also a small chapel where Napoleon prayed on his way to Russia during his invasion of Russia.

Notable people from Imielin

 * Albin Siekierski (1920–1989), author

title: Imielin


text:
Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii

Puerto Rican migration to Hawaii began when Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes in 1899. The devastation caused a worldwide shortage in sugar and a huge demand for the product from Hawaii. Consequently, Hawaiian sugarcane plantation owners began to recruit the jobless, but experienced, laborers from Puerto Rico. In thirteen separate groups, 5883 Puerto Rican men, women and children traveled by ship, train then ship again to the islands of Hawaii to begin their new lives in the sugar plantations.

Prelude
In the 19th century, Puerto Rico depended mainly on its agricultural economy. The island together with Cuba was the Spanish Crown's leading exporter of sugar, coffee, tobacco and cotton. When the island was ceded to the United States after the Spanish–American War, as stipulated by the agreements of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, most of its industries were taken over by American industrialists. Labor was provided by Puerto Ricans who depended on the nation's agriculture as their only source of income. On August 8, 1899, Hurricane San Ciriaco, with winds of over 100 miles per hour, struck Puerto Rico and, on August 22, another hurricane followed. The floods, caused by 28 days of continuous rain, damaged the agricultural industry and left 3,400 dead and thousands of people without shelter, food or work. As a result, there was a shortage of sugar from the Caribbean in the world market and a huge demand for the product from Hawaii and other sugar producing countries. To meet the demand, plantation owners began a campaign to recruit the jobless laborers in Puerto Rico. By 1901, the Hawaiian sugar output was 360,000 tons of raw sugar.

First immigrants from Puerto Rico
On November 22, 1900, the first group of Puerto Ricans consisting of 56 men, began their long journey to Maui, Hawaii. The trip was long and unpleasant first sailing from San Juan harbor to New Orleans, Louisiana. Once in New Orleans, the travelers boarded a railroad train to the Port of Los Angeles, California or San Francisco. From there they set sail aboard the SS City of Rio de Janeiro to Hawaii. According to the "Los Angeles Times" dated December 26, 1901, the Puerto Ricans were mistreated and starved by the shippers and the railroad company. They arrived in Honolulu, on December 23, 1900, and were sent to work in one of the different plantations owned by the "Big Five" on Hawaii's four islands. Often, groups of men, women with children would refuse to continue the journey to Hawaii. A December 15, 1900 San Francisco Examiner article said that 60 Puerto Ricans were forced onto the Rio in California, but 50 "escaped". By October 17, 1901, 5,000 Puerto Rican men, women and children had made their new homes on the four islands. Records show that, in 1902, 34 plantations had 1,773 Puerto Ricans on their payrolls; 1,734 worked as field hands and another 39 were clerks or luna/overseers (foremen).

Between 1900 and 1901, 11 trips took place to move Puerto Ricans to Hawaii to work in the fields.

People came from different places to work in the sugar plantations of Hawaii: the first were the Chinese, the second came from Portugal, the third group came from Japan, the fourth group came from Puerto Rico, the fifth came from Korea and the sixth group came from The Philippines and all these people worked together in the plantations. This mix of people of different tongues led to the need of a common vernacular which led to Hawaiian Pidgin.

In thirteen separate groups, 5883 Puerto Rican men, women and children traveled by ship, train then ship again to the islands of Hawaii to begin their new lives in the sugar plantations.

Discrimination by the "Big Five"
The "Big Five" was the name given to a group of sugarcane corporations that wielded considerable political power in the Territory of Hawai‘i and leaned heavily towards the Hawai‘i Republican Party. The "Big Five" consisted of Castle & Cooke, Alexander & Baldwin, C. Brewer & Co., Amfac and Theo H. Davies & Co.

The owners of the "Big Five" were Euro-Americans who would indulge in discrimination and bigotry against ethnic groups who worked the plantations. They had an association called the "Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association" (HSPA) whose power was equivalent to an oligarchy. The Attorney General of Hawai‘i, referring to the Big Five, said in 1903, "There is a government in this Territory which is centralized to an extent unknown in the United States, and probably almost as centralized as it was in France under Louis XIV." Wages and living accommodations depended upon their job and race. Europeans were paid more and received better quarters. Most of the workers moved from plantation to plantation to work because they did not like the work they did and because of the racial discrimination.

In 1920, Puerto Rican and Portuguese sugar plantation workers at Ewa, a district of Oahu, joined work strikes that began with the Filipino and Japanese workers, who were demanding better pay and an end to discriminatory practices.

Struggle for U.S. citizenship
According to the State of Hawaii Data Book 1982, by the year 1910, there were 4,890 Puerto Ricans living in Hawaii. Puerto Rico and Hawaii were unincorporated and incorporated territories of the United States respectively; however, the passage of the Jones–Shafroth Act of 1917, the same year that the United States entered World War I, gave American citizenship, with limitations, to the Puerto Rican residents in Puerto Rico but excluded those who resided in Hawaii. Yet, the "non-citizen" Puerto Ricans were assigned draft numbers and were expected to serve in the military.

The Plantation owners, like those that comprised the "Big Five", found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various other states of the Union. In 1917, Puerto Ricans in the island, believing that they were entitled to the same rights that every other U.S. citizens had, tried to sign up to vote in a local Hawaiian election and were denied their rights by the county clerk who claimed that early immigrants to Hawaii were not covered by the Jones Act.

Manuel Olivieri Sanchez, a court interpreter at the time, became enraged in what he viewed as a violation of the civil rights of his fellow countrymen. He encouraged his fellow Puerto Ricans to protest by telling them that "If you are not allowed to vote, don't answer the draft call". Olivieri Sanchez led a legal battle for the recognition of the Hawaiian Puerto Ricans as citizens of the United States. In the first legal battle the lower court ruled in favor of the county clerk, however Olivieri Sanchez did not give up the fight and took the case before the Territorial Supreme Court, which reversed the decision of the lower court, granting the Puerto Ricans of Hawaii their United States citizenship.

Struggle against discrimination
Olivieri Sanchez' victory was not welcomed by members of HSPA, who depended on the cheap labor non-citizens provided. In 1930, HSPA began to circulate false rumors, they made it be known that they (HSPA) were planning to recruit laborers in Puerto Rico, while at the same time they had the "Honolulu Star Bullentin" and some local newspapers they controlled run anti-Puerto Rican stories, that—for example—claimed Puerto Ricans were "unhealthy hookwormers who had bought disease to Hawaii".

In December 1931, Olivieri Sanchez wrote a letter to the editor of the Hawaiian Advertiser where he stated that he saw all of the rhetoric as a tactic by HSPA to push all the different ethnic groups in the local labor force back to work on the plantations. He was right, the HSPA wanted to persuade the United States Congress to exempt the territory from a law, which in 1924 was requested by California to prevent the migration of Filipinos and Japanese nationals to the U.S. (National Origins Quota Action (Immigration Act) and Johnson Immigration Act of 1924). HSPA's secretary treasurer claimed that the association was unwilling to import Puerto Ricans to Hawaii. His defamation of Puerto Ricans condemned not only the Puerto Ricans of Hawaii, but also those on the island of Puerto Rico. Despite the efforts of Olivieri Sanchez, HSPA had their way and Hawaii was exempted from the stern anti-immigration laws of the time.

The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by the activist descendants of the original immigrant laborers. Because it was recognized that they were born in an incorporated United States territory and that they were legal American citizens with full local voting rights and therefore were entitled to actively campaign for statehood recognition of the Hawaiian Islands.

Puerto Rican influence
Currently, there are over 30,000 Puerto Ricans or Hawaiian-Puerto Ricans living in Hawaii. Puerto Rican culture and traditions are very strong there. One of the traditions that is still practiced is the "compadrazgo". When a person baptizes somebody's child, he or she becomes the "padrino" (godfather) of the child and the "compadre" or "comadre" of the child's parents. There is a relationship of respect, mutual affection and obligation between the child, parents and compadres. The children ask for a blessing "La Bendición" and the padrinos respond with a "Dios te bendiga" (God bless you).

Food
The platano, a main staple of Puerto Rican cuisine was not found in Hawaii. But as in Puerto Rico, the Hawaiian-Puerto Ricans enjoy the preparation of the pasteles (meat pies) during the Christmas holidays. The confection of the pastel is an event where the whole family participates. Some of the members of the family cut the green bananas (in place of the plantains) and season them while others prepare the masa (dough). The masa is then filled with seasoned pork and other ingredients, wrapped in banana or ti plant leaves and finally tied with a string. The pastel is boiled in water until cooked.

Music
When the Puerto Ricans immigrated to Hawaii they took along with them their music and their musical instruments. Among the musical instruments introduced to Hawaii was the Puerto Rican cuatro. The Cuatro was a four stringed guitar developed in Puerto Rico in 1875; however, it eventually evolved into a ten stringed guitar. Other musical instruments introduced were the Maracas, a rattle containing dried seeds and the Guiro (percussion instrument made out of a gourd and played with a scraping stick). Soon, these instruments were not only limited to playing Spanish songs but, were also absorbed by the typical songs of Hawaii. Cachi Cachi music is a style of music which began in Hawaii in the early 1900s when the Puerto Ricans immigrated to Hawaii.

In 1998, Master guitarmaker William R. Cumpiano and his colleagues wrote, directed and produced "Un Canto en Otra Montaña: Música Puertorriqueña en Hawaii" (A Song Heard in Another Mountain: Puerto Rican Music in Hawaii), a short-feature video documentary on the music and social history of the century-old Puerto Rican Diaspora in Hawaii.

Puerto Ricans in Hawaii and Centennial
On December 23, 2000 the Puerto Ricans in Hawaii celebrated a centennial celebration. They published a Puerto Ricans of Hawaii recipe book featuring how the people managed to prepare their cuisine in Hawaii, improvising with other ingredients when necessary. Los Pleneros de la 21, a bomba and plena musical group were part of the celebration.

The following table is in accordance to the U.S. Census 2000 Data for the State of Hawaii. Despite having left Puerto Rico long ago, and being a product of intermarriages, many still identify as Puerto Rican when some Puerto Rican heritage exists in their family history.

The Puerto Rican "coquí" in Hawaii
During the late 20th century, the "coquí", a thumbnail-sized tree frog endemic to Puerto Rico, became established in Hawaii, most likely as stowaways in shippings of potted plants. Its loud mating call, "music to the ears" of Puerto Ricans on their native highland, is considered an annoyance in Hawaii where this invasive species reaches much higher population densities. Unsuccessful efforts were made to exterminate the infestation.

Notable Hawaiian-Puerto Ricans
Some of the Hawaiian-Puerto Ricans who have distinguished themselves are:
 * Augie Colón (1928-2004) - Percussionist with Martin Denny; originator of "jungle noises" in exotica music.
 * Faith Evans (U.S. Marshal) - A former state legislator and the first woman in the United States to serve as a U.S. Marshal.
 * Felicia Garcia-Alves - In 2000, was recognized as one of the most outstanding women's basketball athletes in Hawaii, and in Puerto Rico.
 * Bruno Mars (Peter Gene Hernandez), singer-songwriter; his paternal grandfather was a Puerto Rican from New York
 * Rodney Morales – author of novel "When the Shark Bites (2002)" and the short story collection "Speed of Darkness (1988)".
 * Manuel Olivieri Sanchez - Led the battle for U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans living in Hawaii
 * Hilda Ortiz - In 1924, became the first Puerto Rican teacher in Hawaii
 * Nancy Ortiz - Host of "Alma Latina", a three-hour Sunday radio show of Latin-American music.
 * Alex Santiago - Former Hawaii State Representative

title: Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii


text:
Jason Bellini

Jason Bellini (born July 12, 1975) is an American journalist. Since 2012, he has been a correspondent for The Wall Street Journal. Bellini was a CNN correspondent from 1998 to 2005.

Early life
Bellini and his brother, Jarrett Bellini, were born and raised in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1992, Bellini became a U.S. Senate Page in Washington, D.C. The next year, Bellini graduated from Chaparral High School in Scottsdale, Arizona, where he worked on the school newspaper and became an Eagle Scout. In 1997, Bellini earned a bachelor's degree in history from Georgetown University.

Professional career
In 1998, Bellini began his career with CNN as a production assistant and contributor to a news program for middle school and high school students. He also served as a field producer for CNN International, covering the NATO airstrikes against Serbian forces in Kosovo. One of his Kosovo stories achieved Medalist Status in the 1999 New York Festival Awards.

In 2000, Bellini worked for MTV where he served as part of that network's "street team" for MTV's Choose or Lose election coverage that followed the presidential candidates on the campaign trail during Election 2000. He was also a freelance writer for Washingtonpost.com and Channel One News. In 2001 Bellini spent months in New York City covering the aftermath of the September 11 attacks as the crisis evolved into an international war on terrorism. He later traveled to Central Asia to report on the story from Afghanistan. He also covered the Kashmir conflict from India. Bellini received a gold medal from the New York Festivals for "Jason's Journal: The Holy Land", a program he produced on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In 2003, Bellini reported as one of CNN's 18 embedded journalists during Operation Iraqi Freedom. He reported, often from the front lines, from his position with the U.S. Marines. In February 2003, Bellini was part of the team of CNN correspondents and anchors that covered the breaking news story of the Space Shuttle Columbia tragedy.

In 2005, Bellini became the lead news anchor for CBS News on Logo. Until August 2008 was the lead news anchor for CBS News on Logo. He received the 2006 "Journalist of the Year" award from the National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association (NLGJA). In 2008, he was based in Singapore as a correspondent for Bloomberg TV. From 2009 to 2010: Bellini freelanced for The Daily Beast and The Wall Street Journal. In 2012, he produced a CNBC documentary, UPS/FedEx: Inside the Package Wars.

In 2012, Bellini became a senior producer and reporter at The Wall Street Journal. From 2013 to 2014, Bellini was a frequent guest on FOX NEWS' On the Record w/ Greta Van Susteren. In 2017, Bellini began hosting and producing a WSJ video series called "Moving Upstream."

Personal life
He is openly gay. Bellini is the older brother of Jarrett Bellini, a writer and journalist. Jason currently lives in Washington, DC.

title: Jason Bellini


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lumchan

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 17:44, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Lumchan
Delete. This is some private joke and is Not Notable. Bubamara 08:06, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. --KFP 13:01, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An anime fan's nickname??  Someone's license plate??  Oh my goddess!  Dcarrano 17:03, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn self promotion. JamesBurns 04:20, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Typical non-notable fan neologism, evidently used in reference to Urusei Yatsura. Binadot 22:48, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lumchan


text:
.NET Reflector

.NET Reflector is a class browser, decompiler and static analyzer for software created with .NET Framework, originally written by Lutz Roeder. MSDN Magazine named it as one of the Ten Must-Have utilities for developers, and Scott Hanselman listed it as part of his "Big Ten Life and Work-Changing Utilities".

Overview
It can be used to inspect, navigate, search, analyze, and browse the contents of a CLI component such as an assembly and translates the binary information to a human-readable form. By default Reflector allows decompilation of CLI assemblies into C#, Visual Basic .NET, C++/CLI and Common Intermediate Language and F# (alpha version). Reflector also includes a "Call Tree" that can be used to drill down into intermediate language methods to see what other methods they call. It will show the metadata, resources and XML documentation. .NET Reflector can be used by .NET developers to understand the inner workings of code libraries, to show the differences between two versions of the same assembly, and how the various parts of a CLI application interact with each other. There are a large number of add-ins for Reflector.

.NET Reflector can be used to track down performance problems and bugs, browse classes, and maintain or help become familiar with code bases. Using the Analyzer option, it can also be used to find assembly dependencies, and even windows DLL dependencies. There is a call tree and inheritance-browser. It will pick up the same documentation or comments that are stored in xml files alongside their associated assemblies that are used to drive IntelliSense inside Visual Studio. It is even possible to cross-navigate related documentation, searching for specific types, members and references. It can be used to effectively convert source code between C# and Visual Basic.

.NET Reflector has been designed to host add-ins to extend its functionality, many of which are open source. Some of these add-ins provide other languages that can be disassembled too, such as PowerShell, Delphi and MC++. Others analyze assemblies in different ways, providing quality metrics, sequence diagrams, class diagrams, dependency structure matrices or dependency graphs. It is possible to use add-ins to search text, save disassembled code to disk, export an assembly to XMI/UML, compare different versions, or search code. Other add-ins allow debugging processes. Some add-ins are designed to facilitate testing by creating stubs and wrappers.

History
.NET Reflector was originally developed by Lutz Roeder as freeware. Its first versions can be tracked back to January 2001.

Archive.org hosts a collection of the early versions of Reflector.

On 20 August 2008, Red Gate Software announced they were taking responsibility for future development of the software.

In February 2010 Red Gate released .NET Reflector 6 along with a commercial Pro edition that enabled users to step into decompiled code in the Visual Studio debugger as if it were their own source code.

On 10 January 2011 Red Gate announced that .NET Reflector 7 would incorporate Jason Haley's PowerCommands add-in.

On 1 February 2011 Red Gate announced that .NET Reflector would become a commercial product as of version 7, which was released on 14 March 2011. This led to the creation of several free alternatives, including dotPeek, CodeReflect and the open source program ILSpy. Subsequently, on 26 April 2011, due to community feedback Red Gate announced that they would continue to make .NET Reflector 6 available for free to existing users (while new users will have to pay for Reflector).

title: .NET Reflector


text:
Pierre Victor, baron de Besenval de Brünstatt

Pierre Victor, baron de Besenval de Brünstatt, also Pierre Victor, baron de Besenval de Brunstatt, (born Peter Joseph Viktor Besenval von Brunnstatt; 14 October 1721 – 2 June 1791) was a Swiss military officer in French service.

Biography
Besenval was born in Solothurn, Switzerland, to Johann Victor Besenval von Brünstatt and Katarzyna Bielińska. His father was a colonel of the regiment of Swiss Guards in the pay of France. Through his mother, Besenval was the grandson of Polish politician Kazimierz Ludwik Bieliński.

In 1731, Besenval joined the Swiss Guards as a cadet. He was promoted to ensign in 1733 and became the commander of the regiment's Besenval company in 1738. In the French army, he was promoted to brigadier in 1747, maréchal de camp in 1758, and lieutenant-general in 1762, the same year he was appointed inspector-general of the Swiss troops in French service. Besenval served at first as aide-de-camp to Victor François de Broglie during the campaign of 1748 in Bohemia, then as aide-de-camp to the Duke of Orléans during the Seven Years' War.

In the early 1760s, Besenval played a key role in the Duke of Choiseul's reform of the army. After being appointed military governor of Haguenau, he was made lieutenant colonel of the Swiss Guards in 1767. After the accession of King Louis XVI, Besenval became a favorite of Queen Marie Antoinette.

French Revolution
When the French Revolution broke out, Besenval remained firmly attached to the royal court and was given command of the troops which the king had concentrated in Paris in July 1789, a move which led to the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789. Besenval showed incompetence in the crisis and attempted to flee to his home country in late July. He was arrested and tried by the tribunal of the Châtelet in November 1789 of the crime of lèse-nation, but was acquitted on 1 March 1790. He died in Paris on 2 June 1791 in his residence, the Hôtel de Besenval.

Works
Besenval authored moral-philosophical essays, novels and poetic epistles. He is principally known as the author of his Mémoires, which were published between 1805 and 1806 by Joseph-Alexandre Pierre, Vicomte de Ségur, who was said to be his actual son, in which are reported many scandalous tales, true or false, of the court of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The authenticity of these memoirs is not absolutely established.


text:
Preston Cloud

Preston Ercelle Cloud, Jr. (September 26, 1912 – January 16, 1991) was an American earth scientist, biogeologist, cosmologist, and paleontologist. He served in the United States Navy (in which he was a bantamweight boxing champion), and led several field explorations of the U.S. Geological Survey. In academia, he was a member of the faculty of Harvard University, University of Minnesota, University of California, Los Angeles, and lastly University of California, Santa Barbara. He was best known for his work on the geologic time scale and the origin of life on Earth, and as a pioneering ecologist and environmentalist. His works on the significance of Cambrian fossils in the 1940s led to the development of the concept "Cambrian explosion," for which he coined the phrase "eruptive evolution."

Early life and education
Cloud was born in West Upton, Massachusetts. He was the third of seven children of Preston Ercelle and Pauline L. (née Wiedemann) Cloud. His father was an engineer-draftsman, and his mother, a genealogist. He grew up in Waynesboro, Pennsylvania, where he developed a love for the outdoors. He enjoyed Scouting and was an Eagle Scout. Upon graduating from Waynesboro High School in 1929, Cloud spent three years in the United States Navy (1930–1933) where he excelled at boxing. He was the bantamweight champion of the Pacific Fleet Scouting Force. Due to the Great Depression, he could not join university, and attended night school at George Washington University, so that he could self-support by doing odd jobs during daytime. Ray S. Bassler, his geology professor and Curator of Geology at the U.S. National Museum, helped him to get manual jobs in the museum. Because of his keen interest in paleontology, he was given a job as a preparator in the paleontology laboratory under G. Arthur Cooper. It was Cooper who guided him to have his first technical publication on Devonian brachiopods from Illinois in 1938. In 1937 he earned his BSc degree, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He enrolled for PhD at Yale University graduate school in geology the same year. Working on the major systematic monograph on a group of Paleozoic brachiopods, under the supervision of C. O. Dunbar, he received his doctorate in 1940. His thesis directly earned him the A. Cressey Morrison Prize in Natural History of the New York Academy of Sciences, and was published by the Geological Society of America as Special Paper 38 in 1942.

Professional career
In the summer of 1939, Cloud worked as field assistant to A. Lincoln Washburn on Victoria Island in western Arctic Canada. For the rest of the year he taught at the Missouri School of Mines in Rolla. During 1941 to 1942 he returned to Yale University to continue work on brachiopod evolution as a Sterling Research Fellow. At the height of World War II, he was recruited to the United States Geological Survey to work on the wartime Strategic Minerals Program. He embarked on a field party to investigate manganese deposits in Maine during the summer of 1941. In 1943, he joined Virgil Barnes of the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology in the Ellenburger Project, studying the stratigraphy and sedimentology of this important early Paleozoic carbonate complex. He became chief of party for bauxite investigations in Alabama.

After the war, in 1946, Cloud was appointed as Assistant Professor of Paleontology and Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology at Harvard University. In 1948 he returned to the U.S. Geological Survey to become chief of the Branch of Paleontology and Stratigraphy. He was chief of party to map and investigate the geology of Saipan in the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific. He became Chief Paleontologist from 1949 to 1959. In 1961 he was appointed as Chairman of the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Minnesota. He established the School of Earth Sciences at that university, becoming its first Head. In 1965 he moved to the University of California, Los Angeles, as Professor of Biogeology, jointly with the Institute of Geophysics and the Department of Geology. In 1968 he transferred to the University of California, Santa Barbara campus, as full Professor. At UCSB he founded the Preston Cloud Research Laboratory, originally dedicated to paleomicrobiology and to studies of the first lunar geological samples from the Apollo 11 space mission. In addition, between 1974 and 1979 he was again a member of the U.S. Geological Survey based in Santa Barbara. He retired in 1974, but continued as Professor Emeritus. He spent the rest of his life at UCSB.

Achievements and recognitions
Cloud was a member of the National Academy of Sciences for thirty years, he was chairman of the Geology Section and occupied positions in its Council and Executive Committee. In 1967-69 he headed the Academy's "Committee on Resources and Man," whose alarming report "Resources and Man" introduced to a wider public, among other things, the work on energy-resources of his friend M. King Hubbert, and the Hubbert peak theory of Peak oil production. He also gave the Hadean geologic eon, Earth's earliest, its name, using the Greek word for the Underworld to refer to a molten state of constant heat.

Cloud was the author of over 200 scientific and lay publications. Notably, his 1978 book, Cosmos, Earth, and Man: A Short History of the Universe, written for a general readership, has been called 'one of the first and finest presentations of "a more ample and more coherent picture of the world"' (Alles), and his 1988 Oasis in Space: Earth History from the Beginning a "comprehensive work of synthesis and reflection... a documented history of the earth and life on it... and an impressive capstone to his remarkable scholarship" (Crowell).

One of Cloud's scientific heirs, his nephew John P. Grotzinger, is the Project Scientist for the NASA Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover Mission Team.

In 1990 special volume titled “Proterozoic Evolution and Environments” was published in the American Journal of Science in honour of Cloud's works.

University of California, Santa Barbara has a graduate student award named Preston Cloud Memorial Awards, which is given annually and carries minimum $200 for first-time attendance at a national or major meeting of a professional organization such as the Geological Society of America, American Geophysical Union, Association of American Petroleum Geologists, or for a student presenting a talk at such a meeting for the first time.

Cambrian Explosion
Preston Cloud was the first scientist to systematically recognise the importance of the rich fossils of the Cambrian rocks in evolutionary terms. In order to explain the somewhat sudden appearance of diverse animals during the Cambrian Period, he invented the term "eruptive radiation" in his 1948 paper. According to him, the earlier use of the term like "explosive" was misleading because the actual evolution could occur over a period of millions of years, and it "probably did not make a loud noise," he described, as implicated by the term. He postulated that adaptive radiation in any favourable ecological condition could always result in diversification of an original population into several distinct lineages, thus giving rise to eruptive evolution. Although his innovative thinking was largely ignored at the time, extensive research on the Cambrian fauna since the late 1970s, such as the fossils of the Burgess Shale, has established that the bio-geological event is a true documentation of the evolutionary origins of the animals, especially the body plans of modern animals.

Personal life
Cloud was a noted public speaker and symposium participant on the subjects of resources, the human future, origin of life and the primitive earth, and he regularly delivered many popular lectures.

Cloud was of small stature, and with a rather Asian-like complexion. During his service in World War II, as D. L. Peck, Director of the U.S. Geological Survey, noted in a letter dated January 29, 1941: "[Preston Cloud] created quite a stir among the locals who suspected that this person of slight stature, emerging from holes in the ground, must certainly be a Japanese spy in their midst.” At 5'6", he would often put his desk and chairs on 4-inch-high raisers so that, as he claimed, he could look down on others to show his authority.

Cloud was an ardent humanist.

In graduate school, Preston was engaged to Mildred Porter. When Preston resigned from Harvard, they were divorced. In his time at Washington, he married Frances Webster, with whom he had three children, Karen, Lisa, and Kevin. The family moved to Minnesota in 1961, and though Preston and Frances were amicably divorced in 1965, two years later Preston relocated the entire family to Santa Barbara, California, when he accepted a professorship at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

In Santa Barbara, Preston met and, in 1973, married Janice Gibson, an opera singer and mother of three children, Morgan, Dante, and Amanda. Preston and Janis remained together for the remainder of his life. Preston Cloud died at home, on January 16, 1991, of pneumonia, brought on as a complication of Lou Gehrig's disease.

Awards

 * 1941, awarded the A. Cressey Morrison Award in Natural History, New York Academy of Science
 * 1956, awarded the Rockefeller Public Service Award
 * 1956, elected an honorary fellow of the Paleontological Society of India
 * 1959, awarded the Department of Interior Distinguished Service Award
 * 1961, elected to the National Academy of Sciences
 * 1969, elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1971, awarded the Paleontological Society Medal
 * 1973, awarded the Lucius Wilbur Cross Medal of the American Philosophical Society
 * 1973, elected to the American Philosophical Society
 * 1976, awarded the Penrose Medal by the Geological Society of America
 * 1977, awarded the Charles Doolittle Walcott Medal by the National Academy of Sciences
 * 1980, elected a Foreign Member, Polish Academy of Sciences
 * 1982, elected Fellow of Guggenheim Foundation

title: Preston Cloud


text:
SLAM project

The SLAM project, which was started in 1999 by Thomas Ball and Sriram Rajamani of Microsoft Research, aimed at verifying software safety properties using model checking techniques. It was implemented in OCaml, and has been used to find many bugs in Windows Device Drivers. It is distributed as part of the Microsoft Windows Driver Foundation development kit as the Static Driver Verifier (SDV). "SLAM originally was an acronym but we found it too cumbersome to explain. We now prefer to think of 'slamming' the bugs in a program." It initially stood for "software (specifications), programming languages, abstraction, and model checking". Note that Microsoft has since re-used SLAM to stand for "Social Location Annotation Mobile".

title: SLAM project