text:
User talk:Mass147

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 19:56, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Meblanchard.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Meblanchard.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. -- Carnildo 14:23, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Book links in Selectorate theory
Such links are not appropriate per WP:EL. They are not references, but links to promotional information about the book.

Also, this is part of a larger dispute which you might want to comment on: Conflict_of_interest/Noticeboard.-- Ronz 20:07, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Vega4 logo.PNG)
Thanks for uploading Image:Vega4 logo.PNG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 06:01, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Disaster Capitalism
Hey, very interesting, if I were you I would post the article on your own page or in a subpage under it, and if you still have it the voting process including the justifications given by which people. I googled the term, and it came back with 25 000 hits, having been coined by a well-known writer and having been used in established mainstream media sources such as the Guardian newspaper, obviously it shouldn't have been taken down.Lebanese blond 09:42, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on J'Attendrai Le Suivant, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. If you plan to expand the article, you can request that administrators wait a while for you to add contextual material. To do this, affix the template   to the article and state your intention on the article's talk page. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Maralia 06:44, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Of course I agree that the article should stay now—at the time I nominated it for speedy deletion, it consisted of only a link to the youtube video, and had not been edited for two hours. Next time you start a new article, you might want to create it as a user subpage if you're not ready to fully flesh it out yet; it's easy to move it into the main namespace when the article is ready, and you won't have to worry about anyone tagging it before then. Anyway, thanks for expanding on this article after I tagged it. Have a good day! Maralia 14:14, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Request
Hi, could you help me please? How do I pronounce the word "Tiger" in Farsi please? Ryan4314 (talk) 22:17, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok thanks, your description was very good. I thought it might be something like that. The "ب" symbol is the "ba" sound right? Ryan4314 (talk) 23:52, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok thankyou, or should I say "bah-shay moto-sha-kee-ram", does that sound right lol? Ryan4314 (talk) 00:10, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, what's the plural please. As in how do you say "Tigers"? Ryan4314 (talk) 08:08, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Omlette-fold.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Omlette-fold.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 01:52, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Media
Why would "media" be capitalised here? This is not consistent with the Wikipedia Manual of Style. Ground Zero | t 22:50, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia meetup
As someone who may live or work near Washington D.C., you may be interested - if you've not heard already - about the meetup scheduled for Saturday, May 17th, at Union Station. For details, please see Meetup/DC 4.

You are receiving this automated message because your userpage appears in Category:Wikipedians in the District of Columbia. Addbot (talk) 21:48, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Singletary
Neither the NFL nor 49ers have officially confirmed that Singletary has been promoted. At this point, there are only reports about the claim, which have already been documented. --  StarScream1007  ►Talk  01:00, 21 October 2008 (UTC)
 * OK good point

License for Image:Faidherbe-chaligny Metro.jpg
The image Faidherbe-chaligny Metro.jpg is a candidate to be copied to the Wikimedia Commons. When you uploaded this image, you licensed it for use under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL). On behalf of the Wikipedia and Commons communities, thank you. However, the GFDL requires that reproductions of the image (and any other GFDL-licenced works), must be accompanied by the full text of the GFDL. The GFDL is intended more for documentation and not images, so downstream re-users may be hindered by additional restrictions of the GFDL which may not work well on the use of one image.

Before I copy this image to the Commons, I wanted to ask whether you would be willing to multilicense your work under an additional license, such as a Creative Commons licence. Creative Commons licences, such as the Attribution Share-Alike license provide a similar copyleft permission to the GFDL, but without some of its requirements such as the distribution of the licence text. All you need to do, is place the additional license tag alongside your current license. Users can choose between which one they want to use the image under. There are many free licenses accepted on Wikipedia and Commons which can provide freedoms similar to the GFDL, but without some of its requirements.

You are under no obligation whatsoever to alter the license. Doing so merely cooperates with those members of the community who believe that multilicensing your work can ease the reuse of images outside of Wikipedia.

If you use a GFDL license tag which requires distribution of Wikipedia's general disclaimer (indicated by "Subject to disclamiers" in the template), it is also suggested that you switch it to one which does not apply them.

It is also strongly advised, to update to the 1.3 version of the GFDL.

Whether or not you choose to dual-license your work, thank you for your consideration.

Thanks! --Sfan00 IMG (talk) 15:42, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Dingle
Hi, this great photo File:Dingle Panorama.jpg doesn't show the Ring of Kerry as you write but is a part of the Dingle Way. The Ring of Kerry is located on the Iveragh Peninsula, which lies north south of the Dingle Peninsula. --Peter Eisenburger (talk) 14:10, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

D.C. Meetup, Saturday, June 6, 2009
The 7th DC Meetup dinner will be held this Saturday, June 6th, starting at 5 p.m. The event will be at Bertucci's, near George Washington University and the Foggy Bottom metro station. It will follow the Apps for Democracy open source event at GWU. For details or to RSVP if you haven't already, see Meetup/DC 7. (You have received this announcement because your user page indicates that you live in Maryland, Virginia, or DC.) Delivered by The  Helpful  Bot   at 19:55, 2 June 2009 (UTC) to report errors, please leave a note here.

Volunteer opportunity in Bethesda, Thursday, July 16
The Wikimedia Foundation will be conducting an all-day Academy at the National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda, Maryland, on Thursday, July 16. The team that will be teaching at the Academy, a mix of paid staff and volunteers, is looking for four more volunteers to be teaching assistants, providing one-to-one assistance in workshops whenever a workshop participant has a problem following the instructional directions. (We currently have two editors signed up as teaching assistants, and are looking for a total of six.)

The NIH editing workshops are only for two hours, but volunteers are asked to meet the Wikimedia Foundation team at the hotel in Bethesda at about 7:15 a.m. (time to be finalized shortly) and to stay for the entire day, which ends at 4:30 p.m. Lunch will be provided. (The full schedule can be found here.)

The team is not necessarily looking for expert editors (though they are welcome), just people who can help novices who might get stuck when trying to do some basic things. If you've been an editor for at least 3 months, and have done at least 500 edits, you probably qualify.

If you're interested, please send John Broughton an email. If you might be interested, but would like further information, please post a note on his user talk page, so that he can respond there, and others can see what was asked.

(You have received this posting because your user page indicates that you live in Maryland or DC. --EdwardsBot (talk) 04:17, 10 July 2009 (UTC))

WP:Hornbook -- a new WP:Law task force for the J.D. curriculum
Andrew Gradman talk/WP:Hornbook 20:43, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

D.C. Meetup, Saturday, September 26
The 8th DC Meetup dinner will be held this Saturday, September 26, starting at 6 p.m. The event will be at Burma Restaurant (740 6th St, NW near the Gallery Place-Chinatown Metro station). For details or to RSVP if you haven't already, see Meetup/DC 8. (You have received this announcement because your user page indicates that you live in Maryland, Virginia, or DC.) --EdwardsBot (talk) 06:59, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Webinar / edit-a-thon at the National Library of Medicine (NLM)
Join us at the NLM next week, either in person or online, to learn about NLM resources, hear some great speakers, and do some editing!

On Tuesday, 28 May there will be a community Wikipedia meeting at the United States National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland - with a second on Thursday, 30 May for those who can't make it on Tuesday. You can participate either in-person, or via an online webinar. If you attend in person, USB sticks (but not external drives) are ok to use.

Please go to the event page to get more information, including a detailed program schedule.

If you are interested in participating, please register by sending an email to pmhmeet@gmail.com. Please indicate if you are coming in person or if you will be joining us via the webinar. After registering, you will receive additional information about how to get to our campus (if coming in-person) and details about how to join the webinar. Klortho (talk) 05:34, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

Have time on Saturday?
I'm sorry for the last-minute notice, but on Saturday, June 8, from 3 to 6 PM, Wikimedia DC and the Cato Institute are hosting a Legislative Data Meetup. We will discuss the work done so far by WikiProject U.S. Federal Government Legislative Data to put data from Congress onto Wikipedia, as well as what more needs to be done. If you have ideas you'd like to contribute, or if you're just curious and feel like meeting up with other Wikipedians, you are welcome to come! Be sure to RSVP here if you're interested.

I hope to see you there!

(You can unsubscribe from future notifications for D.C.-area events by removing your name from this list.)

Harej (talk) 03:56, 6 June 2013 (UTC)

DC meetup & dinner on Saturday, June 15!
Please join Wikimedia DC for a social meetup and dinner at Vapiano (near Farragut North/Farragut West) on Saturday, June 15 at 5:30 PM. All Wikipedia/Wikimedia and free knowledge/culture enthusiasts, regardless of editing experience, are welcome to attend! All ages welcome!

For more information and to sign up, please see the meetup page. Hope to see you there! Kirill [talk] 19:26, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Join us this Sunday for the Great American Wiknic!
Boilerplate message generously borrowed from Wikimedia NYC. To unsubscribe from future DC area event notifications, remove your name from this list.

Harej (talk) 15:21, 19 June 2013 (UTC)

DC meetup & dinner on Saturday, July 13!
Please join Wikimedia DC for a social meetup and dinner at Vapiano (near Farragut North/Farragut West) on Saturday, July 13 at 6:00 PM. All Wikipedia/Wikimedia and free knowledge/culture enthusiasts, regardless of editing experience, are welcome to attend! All ages welcome!

For more information and to sign up, please see the meetup page. Hope to see you there! Kirill [talk] 00:01, 6 July 2013 (UTC)

DC meetup & dinner on Saturday, August 24!
Please join Wikimedia DC for a social meetup and dinner at Vapiano (near Farragut North/Farragut West) on Saturday, August 24 at 6:00 PM. All Wikipedia/Wikimedia and free knowledge/culture enthusiasts, regardless of editing experience, are welcome to attend! All ages welcome!

For more information and to sign up, please see the meetup page. Hope to see you there! Kirill [talk] 03:41, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

Are you free on Wednesday? Join us at the Wikimedia DC WikiSalon!
Wikimedia DC invites you to join us for our next DC WikiSalon, which will be held on the evening of Wednesday, August 24 at our K Street office.

The WikiSalon an informal gathering of Wikimedia enthusiasts, who come together to discuss the Wikimedia projects and collaboratively edit. There's no set agenda, and guests are welcome to recommend articles for the group to edit or edit on their own. Light refreshments will be provided.

We look forward to seeing you there! Kirill [talk] 11:16, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

Meet up with local Wikipedians on September 14!
Are you free on Saturday, September 14? If so, please join Wikimedia DC and local Wikipedians for a social meetup and dinner at Vapiano (near Farragut North/Farragut West) at 6:00 PM. All Wikipedia/Wikimedia and free knowledge/culture enthusiasts, regardless of editing experience, are welcome to attend! All ages are welcome!

For more information and to sign up, please visit the meetup page. Hope to see you there! Kirill [talk] 18:32, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

Are you free next Thursday? Join us at the Wikimedia DC WikiSalon!
Wikimedia DC invites you to join us for our next WikiSalon, which will be held from 7 to 9 PM on Thursday, September 5 at our K Street office.

The WikiSalon is an informal gathering of Wikimedia enthusiasts, who come together to discuss the Wikimedia projects and collaboratively edit. There's no set agenda, and guests are welcome to recommend articles for the group to edit or edit on their own. Light refreshments will be provided.

We look forward to seeing you there! Kirill [talk] 14:32, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Are you free next Thursday? Join us at the Wikimedia DC WikiSalon!
Wikimedia DC invites you to join us for our next WikiSalon, which will be held from 7 to 9 PM on Thursday, September 26 at our K Street office.

The WikiSalon is an informal gathering of Wikimedia enthusiasts, who come together to discuss the Wikimedia projects and collaboratively edit. There's no set agenda, and guests are welcome to recommend articles for the group to edit or edit on their own. Light refreshments will be provided.

We look forward to seeing you there! Kirill [talk] 05:27, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

Are you free on Sunday? Join us for a special Wikimedia DC WikiSalon!
Wikimedia DC invites you to join us for a special WikiSalon at the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Library's Digital Commons Center. We will gather at 3 PM on Sunday, October 13, 2013 to discuss an important topic: what can Wikipedia and the DC area do to help each other? We hope to hear your thoughts and suggestions; if you have an idea you would like to pursue, please let us know and we will help!

Following the WikiSalon, we will be having dinner at a nearby restaurant, Ella's Wood Fired Pizza.

If you're interested in attending, please sign up at the event page. We look forward to seeing you there! Kirill [talk] 01:46, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Josh Rouse

The article Josh Rouse has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * unreferenced blp

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Hell In A Bucket (talk) 10:50, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

Wikimedia DC Meetup
Dear Fellow Wikipedian in Washington, DC:

I do not know if you know this but on meetup.com there is a group focused on sponsoring meetups for edit-o-thons of Wikipedia called Wikimedia DC. Wikimedia DC is the local chapter of the Wikimedia Foundation. The meetup group is free to join and Wikimedia DC membership is as simple as filling out a form. I hope to see you at the next meet up. My best regards, Geraldshields11 Geraldshields11 (talk) 15:13, 14 December 2013 (UTC)

Meetups coming up in DC!
Hey!

You are invited to two upcoming events in DC:

 * Meetup at Capitol City Brewery on Saturday, January 25 at 6 PM. Please join us for dinner, drinks, socializing, and discussing Wikimedia DC activities and events. All are welcome! RSVP on the linked page or through Meetup.
 * Art and Feminism Edit-a-Thon on Saturday, February 1 from Noon – 5 PM. Join us as we improve articles on notable women in history! All are welcome, regardless of age or level of editing experience. RSVP on the linked page or through Meetup.

I hope to see you there!

(Note: If you do not wish to receive talk page messages for DC meetups, you are welcome to remove your username from this page.)

Harej (talk) 00:07, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

Coming up in February!
Hello there!

Our February WikiSalon is coming up on Sunday, February 23. Join us at our gathering of Wikipedia enthusiasts at the Kogod Courtyard of the National Portrait Gallery with an optional dinner after. As usual, all are welcome. Care to join us?

Also, if you are available, there is an American Art Edit-a-thon being held at the Smithsonian American Art Museum with Professor Andrew Lih's COMM-535 class at American University on Tuesday, February 11 from 2 to 5 PM. Please RSVP on the linked page if you are interested.

If you have any ideas or preferences for meetups, please let us know at Wikipedia talk:Meetup/DC.

Thank you, and hope to see you at our upcoming events! Harej (talk) 18:41, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

DC Meetups in March
 Happy March!

Though we have a massive snowstorm coming up, spring is just around the corner! Personally, I am looking forward to warmer weather.

Wikimedia DC is looking forward to a spring full of cool and exciting activities. In March, we have coming up:

 * Evening WikiSalon on Wednesday, March 12 from 7 PM – 9 PM. Meet up with Wikipedians for coffee at the Cove co-working space in Dupont Circle! If you cannot make it in the evening, join us at our...
 * March Meetup on Sunday, March 23 from 3 PM – 6 PM. Our monthly weekend meetup, same place as last month. Meet really cool and interesting people!
 * Women in the Arts 2014 meetup and edit-a-thon on Sunday, March 30 from 10 AM – 5 PM. Our second annual Women in the Arts edit-a-thon, held at the National Museum of Women in the Arts. Free lunch will be served!

We hope to see you at our upcoming events! If you have any questions, feel free to ask on my talk page.

— Harej (talk) 05:11, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

An exciting month of wiki events!
 Hello there,

I am pleased to say that April will be a very exciting month for Wikipedia in Washington, DC. We have a lot of different events coming up, so you will have a lot to choose from.

First, a reminder that our second annual Women in the Arts Edit-a-Thon will take place on Sunday, March 30 at the National Museum of Women in the Arts.

Coming up in April, we have our first-ever Open Government WikiHack with the Sunlight Foundation on April 5–6! We are working together to use open government data to improve the Wikimedia projects, and we would love your help. All are welcome, regardless of coding or editing experience. We will also be having a happy hour the day before, with refreshments courtesy of the Sunlight Foundation.

On Friday, April 11 we are having our first edit-a-thon ever with the Library of Congress. The Africa Collection Edit-a-Thon will focus on the Library's African and Middle East Reading Room. It'll be early in the morning, but it's especially worth it if you're interested in improving Wikipedia's coverage of African topics.

The following day, we are having our second annual Wiki Loves Capitol Hill training. We will discuss policy issues relevant to Wikimedia and plan for our day of outreach to Congressional staffers that will take place during the following week.

There are other meetups in the works, so be sure to check our meetup page with the latest. I hope to see you at some of these events!

All the best, James Hare

(To unsubscribe, remove your username here.) 01:29, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Two edit-a-thons coming up!

Hello there!

I'm pleased to tell you about two upcoming edit-a-thons:

 * This Tuesday, April 29, from 2:30 to 5:30 PM, we have the Freer and Sackler edit-a-thon. (Sorry for the short notice!)
 * On Saturday, May 10 we have the Wikipedia APA edit-a-thon, in partnership with the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center, from 10 AM to 5 PM.

We have more stuff coming up in May and June, so make sure to keep a watch on the DC meetup page. As always, if you have any recommendations or requests, please leave a note on the talk page.

Best,

James Hare

(To unsubscribe, remove your username here.) 20:38, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

Meet up with us

Happy May!

There are a few meetups in DC this month, including an edit-a-thon later this month. Check it out:
 * On Thursday, May 15 come to our evening WikiSalon at the Cove co-working space in Dupont Circle. If you're available Thursday evening, feel free to join us!
 * Or if you prefer a Saturday night dinner gathering, we also have our May Meetup at Capitol City Brewing Company. (Beer! Non-beer things too!)
 * You are also invited to the Federal Register edit-a-thon at the National Archives later this month.

Come one, come all!

Best,

James Hare

(To unsubscribe, remove your username here.) 20:20, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

Washington, DC meetups in June

Greetings!

Wikimedia DC has yet another busy month in June. Whether you're a newcomer to Wikipedia or have years of experience, we're happy to see you come. Here's what's coming up:

 * On Wednesday, June 11 from 7 to 9 PM come to the WikiSalon at the Cove co-working space. Hang out with Wikipedia enthusiasts!
 * Saturday, June 14 is the Frederick County History Edit-a-Thon from 11 AM to 4 PM. Help improve local history on Wikipedia.
 * The following Saturday, June 21, is the June Meetup. Dinner and drinks with Wikipedians!
 * Come on Tuesday, June 24 for the Wikipedia in Your Library edit-a-thon at GWU on local and LGBT history.
 * Last but not least, on Sunday, June 29 we have the Phillips Collection Edit-a-Thon in honor of the Made in America exhibit.

Wikipedia is better with friends, so why not come out to an event?

Best,

James Hare

(To unsubscribe, remove your username here.) 01:41, 31 May 2014 (UTC)

The Great American Wiknic and other events in July

I am pleased to announce our fourth annual picnic, the Great American Wiknic, will take place at Meridian Hill Park in Washington, D.C. on Sunday, July 13 from 1 to 5 PM (rain date: July 20). We will be hanging out by the statue of Dante Alighieri, a statue that was donated to the park in 1921 as a tribute to Italian Americans. Read more about the statue on Wikipedia. If you would like to sign up for the picnic, you can do so here. When signing up, say what you’re going to bring!

July will also feature the second annual Great American Wiknic in Frederick, Maryland. This year’s Frederick picnic will take place on Sunday, July 6 at Baker Park. Sign up here for the Frederick picnic.

What else is going on in July? We have the American Chemical Society Edit-a-Thon on Saturday, July 12, dedicated to notable chemists, and our monthly WikiSalon on Wednesday, July 16.

We hope to see you at our upcoming events!

Best,

James Hare

(To unsubscribe, remove your username here.) 21:22, 30 June 2014 (UTC)

Battle of Fort Stevens Edit-a-Thon!

Greetings!

Sorry for the last minute update, but our friends at the DC Historical Society have scheduled a Battle of Fort Stevens Edit-a-Thon to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Civil War battle fought in the District. The event will last from noon to 2 PM on Wednesday, July 30. Hope you can make it!

Best,

James Hare

(To unsubscribe, remove your username here.) 21:16, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

Wikipedia and YOUR History: Taking Control of the Internet
Come one and come all. To a presentation at the Laurel Historical Society about how you can help verify, validate, and edit the information that is on the front line of local history.
 * Show the Internet who is the better editor.
 * Be the creator of culture that you know you are.
 * Spread the knowledge of noteworthy people who no one but you cares about.
 * Lead the charge to a better Wikipedia --- eventually.

Geraldshields11 (talk) 02:08, 6 September 2014 (UTC)

Wikipedia and YOUR History: Taking Control of the Internet
See you at the Laurel Pool Room, 9th and Main Street, Laurel, MD on Thursday, September 11, 2014 at 7:00 PM EST. See http://www.meetup.com/Wikimedia-DC/events/205494212/ for more information. Geraldshields11 (talk) 02:13, 6 September 2014 (UTC)

Wikimedia DC invites revolutionaries, free thinkers, and other sundry editors to a DC WikiSalon
The WikiSalon is a special meetup usually held during the first and third full weeks of every month, from 7 PM to 9 PM. It's an informal gathering of Wikimedia enthusiasts, who come together to discuss Wikimedia wikis and collaboratively edit. There's no set agenda, and guests are welcome to recommend articles for the group to edit or edit on their own.

If you're coming by Metro, the closest station is Dupont Circle (on the Red Line). If you're driving, a lot of parking opens up downtown after 6:30 PM, so finding a parking space (even a free one) should be easy. Once you've found the building, go to Cove on the second floor. We will be in the conference room. When: Wednesday, September 17, 2014 at 7:00 PM to 9:00 PM

Where: The Cove, Dupont Circle, 1730 Connecticut Avenue NW, 2nd floor, 20009, DC

For more information, see http://www.meetup.com/Wikimedia-DC/events/205500822/

My best regards, Geraldshields11 (talk) 02:25, 6 September 2014 (UTC)

Wikimedia DC's Wonderful meetups
Wikimedia DC's Upcoming meetups My best regards, Geraldshields11 (talk) 22:49, 6 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Thursday, September 11: “Wikipedia and YOUR History: Taking Control of the Internet, One Article at a Time!”
 * A presentation at the Laurel Historical Society about how you can help verify, validate, and edit the information that is on the front line of local history. Laurel Pool Room, 9th and Main Street in Laurel, MD. 7 PM.
 * Wednesday, September 17: WikiSalon
 * Come for the pizza, stay for the conversation. 7 PM – 9 PM
 * Saturday, September 20: September Meetup
 * Get dinner and drinks with fellow Wikipedians! 6 PM
 * Sunday, September 21: Laurel History Edit-a-Thon
 * Local history for Wikipedia! 10:15 AM – 4 PM
 * Saturday, September 27 – Sunday, September 28: Please RSVP for the Open Government WikiHack at Eventbrite by clicking on the link. The National Archives and Records Administration and Wikimedia DC are teaming up to come up with solutions that help integrate government data into Wikipedia. 10:30 AM – 5 PM each day

The wonderful annual meeting! And more!

Hello, fellow Wikipedian!

I am excited to announce our upcoming Annual Meeting at the National Archives! We'll have free lunch, an introduction by Archivist of the United States David Ferriero, and a discussion featuring Ed Summers, the creator of CongressEdits. Join your fellow DC-area Wikipedians on Saturday, October 18 from 12 to 4:30 PM. RSVP today!

Also coming up we have the Human Origins edit-a-thon on October 17 and the WikiSalon on October 22. Hope to see you at our upcoming events!

Best,

James Hare

(To unsubscribe, remove your username here.) 21:20, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

End-of-the-year meetups

Hello,

You're invited to the end-of-the-year meetup at Busboys and Poets on Sunday, December 14 at 6 PM. There is Wi-Fi, so bring your computer if you want!

You are also invited to our WikiSalon on Thursday, December 18 at 7 PM.

Hope to see you at our upcoming events!

Best,

James Hare

(To unsubscribe, remove your username here.) 02:22, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

Nomination of Josh Rouse for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Josh Rouse is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Josh Rouse until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Hell in a Bucket (talk) 17:51, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

Museum hacks and museum edits
 Hello there!

Upcoming events:

 * February 6–8: The third annual ArtBytes Hackathon at the Walters Art Museum! This year Wikimedia DC is partnering with the Walters for a hack-a-thon at the intersection of art and technology, and I would like to see Wikimedia well represented.
 * February 11: The monthly WikiSalon, same place as usual. RSVP on Meetup or just show up!
 * February 15: Wiki Loves Small Museums in Ocean City. Mary Mark Ockerbloom, with support from Wikimedia DC, will be leading a workshop at the Small Museum Association Conference on how they can contribute to Wikipedia. Tons of representatives from GLAM institutions will be present, and we are looking for volunteers. If you would like to help out, check out "Information for Volunteers".

I am also pleased to announce events for Wikimedia DC Black History Month with Howard University and NPR. Details on those events soon.

If you have any questions or have any requests, please email me at james.hare@undefinedwikimediadc.org.

See you there! – James Hare

(To unsubscribe, remove your username here.) 03:11, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Wikimedia DC celebrates Black History Month, and more!
 Hello again!

Not even a week ago I sent out a message talking about upcoming events in DC. Guess what? There are more events coming up in February.

First, as a reminder, there is a WikiSalon on February 11 (RSVP here or just show up) and Wiki Loves Small Museums at the Small Museum Association Conference on February 15 (more information here).

Now, I am very pleased to announce:

 * Tuesday, February 17 from 10 AM to 3 PM there will be #WikiTurgy at the University of Maryland. Join fellow theatre enthusiasts for a “mass act of public dramaturgy!”
 * Thursday, February 19 from 10 AM to 4 PM we are hosting the Howard University Black History Edit-a-Thon. We are working in partnership with the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center to improve Wikipedia’s coverage of African-American and African diasporic history.
 * Tuesday, February 24 from 6 PM to 8 PM we have the Black History Month “First Edit” at NPR. Help improve Wikipedia and help others make their first edit to Wikipedia!
 * Finally, our monthly dinner meetup is on Saturday, February 28.

There is going to be a lot going on, and I hope you can come to some of the events!

If you have any questions or need any special accommodations, please let me know.

Regards,

James Hare

(To unsubscribe, remove your username here.) 18:20, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

Editing for Women's History in March
 Hello,

I am very excited to announce this month’s events, focused on Women’s History Month:

 * Sunday, March 8: Women in the Arts 2015 Edit-a-thon – 10 AM to 4 PM
 * Women in the Arts and ArtAndFeminism Wikipedia Edit-a-thon at the National Museum of Women in the Arts. Free coffee and lunch served!
 * More information • RSVP on Meetup
 * Wednesday, March 11: March WikiSalon – 7 PM to 9 PM
 * An evening gathering with free-flowing conversation and free pizza.
 * More information • RSVP on Meetup (or just show up!)
 * Friday, March 13: NIH Women's History Month Edit-a-Thon – 9 AM to 4 PM
 * In honor of Women’s History Month, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is organizing and hosting an edit-a-thon to improve coverage of women in science in Wikipedia. Free coffee and lunch served!
 * More information • RSVP on Meetup
 * Saturday, March 21: Women in STEM Edit-a-Thon at DCPL – 12 PM
 * Celebrate Women's History Month by building, editing, and expanding articles about women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields during DC Public Library's first full-day edit-a-thon.
 * More information • RSVP on Meetup
 * Friday, March 27: She Blinded Me with Science, Part III – 10 AM to 4 PM
 * Smithsonian Institution Archives Groundbreaking Women in Science Wikipedia Edit-a-thon. Free lunch courtesy of Wikimedia DC!
 * More information • RSVP on Meetup
 * Saturday, March 28: March Dinner Meetup – 6 PM
 * Dinner and drinks with your fellow Wikipedians!
 * More information • RSVP on Meetup

Hope you can make it to an event! If you have any questions or require any special accommodations, please let me know.

Thanks,

James Hare

To unsubscribe from this newsletter, remove your name from this list. 02:25, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Upcoming attractions in DC
 Hello!

Here are some upcoming DC meetups in April and May:

 * Tuesday, April 14: National Archives Hackathon on Wikipedia Space with American University – 2:30-5pm
 * See the latest work on the Wikipedia Space exhibit in the new NARA Innovation Hub and brainstorm on new ideas for a public exhibit about Wikipedia
 * Friday, April 17: Women in Tech Edit-a-thon with Tech LadyMafia – 5-9pm
 * Team up with Tech LadyMafia to improve Wikipedia content on women in the history of technology.
 * Saturday, April 25: April Dinner Meetup – 6 PM
 * Dinner and drinks with your fellow Wikipedians!
 * Friday, May 1: International Labour Day Edit-a-Thon – 1:30 PM to 4:30 PM
 * An edit-a-thon at the University of Maryland

Hope to see you at these events! If you have any questions or require any special accommodations, please let me know.

Cheers,

James Hare To remove yourself from this mailing list, remove your name from this list. 22:17, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

February events and meetups in DC
Greetings from  Wikimedia DC !

February is shaping up to be a record-breaking month for us, with nine scheduled edit-a-thons and several other events:
 * On Friday, February 12, NPR will host a Black History Month First Edit event.
 * On Saturday, February 13 and Sunday, February 14, we're working with the Wiki Education Foundation to hold a series of four edit-a-thons at the AAAS 2016 Annual Meeting.
 * On Tuesday, February 16, we're holding the Smithsonian American Art Museum and American University WikiWorkshop with Professor Andrew Lih's class.
 * On Saturday, February 20, the Smithsonian American Art Museum will host the African American Artists Edit-a-Thon.
 * On Friday, February 26, Howard University will host its second annual Black History Month Edit-a-Thon.
 * On Saturday, February 27, we have three different events. In the morning, we're holding an Accessibility Edit-a-Thon at Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library.  In the afternoon, we'll host our second February WikiSalon at Cove Dupont Circle, followed by our monthly dinner meetup at Vapiano.

We hope to see you at one—or all—of these events!

Do you have an idea for a future event? Please write to us at [mailto:info@wikimediadc.org info@wikimediadc.org] !

Kirill Lokshin (talk) 16:40, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

''You're receiving this message because you signed up for updates about DC meetups. To unsubscribe, please remove your name from the list.''

March events and meetups in DC
Greetings from  Wikimedia DC !

Looking for something to do in DC in March? We have a series of great events planned for the month:
 * On Wednesday, March 9, we'll host our first March WikiSalon at Cove Dupont Circle.
 * On Friday, March 11, the National Archives will host the Women in the Civil War Edit-a-Thon.
 * On Saturday, March 19, the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian will host the Color History with the Smithsonian! event, and we'll hold our second Accessibility Edit-a-Thon at the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library.
 * On Sunday, March 20, the American Chemical Society will host the Computers in Chemistry Edit-a-Thon.
 * On Saturday, March 26, we'll host our second March WikiSalon at Cove Dupont Circle, followed by our monthly dinner meetup at Vapiano.

Can't make it to an event? Most of our edit-a-thons allow virtual participation; see the guide for more details.

Do you have an idea for a future event? Please write to us at [mailto:info@wikimediadc.org info@wikimediadc.org] !

Kirill Lokshin (talk) 16:30, 6 March 2016 (UTC)

''You're receiving this message because you signed up for updates about DC meetups. To unsubscribe, please remove your name from the list.''

title: User talk:Mass147


text:
User talk:Philosofool

Invitation
Banno 23:42, August 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. Comps, then wikis...
 * Welcome. I thought you might like to comment on WikiProject Philosophy/readability given your comments in Philosophy of science. Banno 20:48, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

History of science
Please consider joining the proposed History of Science Wikiproject--ragesoss 01:52, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Deleting references
Hi. I'm glad to see you have an interest the Beer article. One of the problems we've had with that article in the past has been the lack of reference material. As such I don't quite understand why you are so keen to remove reference sources. Apart from one source where you have to register, the sources are simply a click away and the material can be read. This is not POV stuff. It is sourced. If you have uncertainties about the way the information is presented then please help to improve it. Join me in a discussion. Help me improve the article. Will you do that? SilkTork 18:29, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Sure. What I don't like about the references is that they're not clearly on the point of the claims; I didn't find the information after looking around of the page.  Also, I think the claims are misleading.  Lots of brit ales are greater than 4%. I recently found the average of 3.7% for all bitters in Terry Foster's "Pale Ale." However, Foster is quick to point out that the median ABV of beers labeled bitter is higher than this.  The average is calculated like this: if there are 72 oz. of Bud (god forbid) in my fridge at 4.3% ABV and 12oz. of Fuller's ESB at 5.6% then the average is (72 x 4.3 + 12 x 5.6) / 84 = 4.48... but the median ABV is (4.3 + 5.6) / 2 = 4.95.  So if for some unbelieveable reason, there's more Bud than ESB,  well, the average ABV represents Bud more than ESB.  That's fine information, but it's not really clear that it's the most pertinent to understanding british beer.  Why not the median instead?  Same goes for Belgian ale and global lagers.  Anyway, I'll look into the article and see what I can write to improve it.

Some great recent edits and improvements. I'm pleased you have decided to tidy up the beer article. It has always been on the verge of being a featured article, but due to the size and complexity of the subject, and an uncertainty how to approach it, it has been pulled one way and another. Also, due to its general interest nature (almost everybody has drunk beer), people like to come along and add the bits they know. Even when they bits they know are not that useful or accurate! I like some of your suggestions for improving the section on beer strength. I've coped some of them into the section while keeping the bits that people have in the past said they found useful. See what you think. Cheers! SilkTork 12:55, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 *  Also, due to its general interest nature (almost everybody has drunk beer), people like to come along and add the bits they know. Even when they bits they know are not that useful or accurate! Ahh! I know, it drives me nuts! "This one time I had a beer that my friend made and it had sage in it instead of hops. He said that that the way Robin Hood probably had his beer. Then we went to the Ren Faire and got drunk on mead." Ahh!!!

Belgian beer
I would appreciate it if you would explain to me why the introduction I used (quoting a well-known and authoritative expert) was "not encyclopaedic"? Also, I do not understand why you replaced the entire first paragraph when you only complained about the quote. I had corrected the inaccurate information in the last two sentences and now they are incorrect again. Thanks. Mikebe (talk) 07:42, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

 * an encyclopedia article begins with information of the most general kind and proceeds to the more specific. The particular quote that you included was about a fairly specific aspect of beligian beer--it's quality and role in Belgian society. Also, quotation is not the preferred manner of presentation in an encyclopedia, because an encyclopdia is supposed to represent the shared view of authorities, not the view of a single one. To quote a specific authority rather than to summarize their shared view is to give that particular authority special consideration. The general view in any scholarly work, encyclopedias included, is that quotation should be reserved for those cases in which the particular wording is an object of focus, or in which an author is substantiating their particular interpretation of a text. So for example, if I want to say that some Belgians believe in beer styles, I might quote some writing of a Belgian on the subject of beer style in which he says something that strongly implies that he believes in sytles. Or (as a case of the first kind) I might notice that a particular author uses the word "types" when discussing Belgian beer. I hadn't noticed the other corrections. philosofool (talk) 18:01, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

 * OK. Thanks for the explanation. I am going to edit the first paragraph again to fix the incorrect information. Mikebe (talk) 18:43, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

I've posted to you on the IPA talk page and I want to add something, but it's not relevant there, so I'm posting it here. I recently got the information about changes in Belgian beer strength from 1900 to 1950 and, as I have been telling you, there is no connection with that law, but there is a connection with the state of the country -- war, peace, reconstruction, financial crisis, etc. I hope we can avoid these kinds of discussions in the future. Peace. Mikebe (talk) 11:24, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Pouring Beer.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Pouring Beer.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 06:20, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:06, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Philosofool


text:
User talk:Isadora Quagmire

Welcome
Welcome! (We can't say that loud/big enough!)

Here are a few links you might find helpful:

 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Meet other new users
 * Learn from others
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you

If you have any questions or problems, no matter what they are, leave me a message on my talk page.

We're so glad you're here! -- Essjay ·  Talk 19:56, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

Marika Fingerroos
Please note my post to Talk:Marika Fingerroos. --Easyas12c 13:11, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Isadora Quagmire! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:29, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Camila Finn -

Nomination of Camila Finn for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Camila Finn, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Camila Finn until a consensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. The Wordsmith Communicate 06:58, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Isadora Quagmire


text:
User:Poppafuze

Pages I liked (or their subjects)

 * Hiroo Onada  ...wow this guy had dedication
 * Anarchism  ...the page has been (at various times) protected and disputed, proving it's own point.  Duh.

Things I keep around
Template_messages How_to_edit_a_page Manual_of_Style Help:Table

Math
TeX math will gen a png... $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}$$  ...and the page with more:  Help:Formula

html math will not... √(1−e²)

plain math might... $$ax^2 + bx + c = 0$$

Code

 * tt
 * Real quick, some monospaced font with italics and linkage gets put up with tt.

 * code
 * Slightly more complex, some  with the     tag and the background is faint.

 * leading space limited format
 * Just a simple indent for a box of code, but links can go in:

$ cat foo > and this old house just crashed just a friggin space.
 * 1) notrealcommand

 * pre limited format
 * Use pre to ignore wiki but keep special chars

there was no above

 * nowiki, no format
 * Use nowiki for the hardcore special chars and stuff....

~poppafuze:% cd /somedir ~poppafuze:% cat somefile | grep "\\foo" ~poppafuze:% fg somejob

Facts n Refs
Is that a fact?

And the more ... ...gauntlet.

Organization tagged  like this.

Tags

 * Minor verbage infractions get -->  ...or maybe

 * the  tag...

 * On some occasions,

 * And finally, the thermonuclear version...

Javascript
/monobook.js

title: User:Poppafuze


text:
File:Mariah Carey - I'll Be There.jpg

Cover for the Mariah Carey featuring Trey Lorenz single "I'll Be There" (1992). Image copyright is owned by Columbia Records.

Rationale of fair use for I'll Be There (Jackson 5 song)
The image Image: is being linked here; though the picture is originally copyright, I (Extraordinary Machine 20:40, 9 July 2006 (UTC)) feel it is covered by fair use because:

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this single.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality, and could not be used as artwork on illegal vinyl or CD copies of the single.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the single in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a single, the cover artwork is arguably one of the most important images that could be included. This is the artwork, intended by Columbia Records for wide distribution. As such, it has future historical significance, and is a more appropriate choice than any other image available.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is. The cover is being used for informational purposes only, and its use is not believed to detract from the original single in any way.

title: File:Mariah Carey - I'll Be There.jpg


text:
Terrain-following radar

Terrain-following radar (TFR) is a military aerospace technology that allows a very-low-flying aircraft to automatically maintain a relatively constant altitude above ground level and therefore make detection by enemy radar more difficult. It is sometimes referred to as ground hugging or terrain hugging flight. The term nap-of-the-earth flight may also apply but is more commonly used in relation to low-flying military helicopters, which typically do not use terrain-following radar.

TFR systems work by scanning a radar beam vertically in front of the aircraft and comparing the range and angle of the radar reflections to a pre-computed ideal manoeuvring curve. By comparing the distance between the terrain and the ideal curve, the system calculates a manoeuvre that will make the aircraft clear the terrain by a pre-selected distance, often on the order of 100 m. Using TFR allows an aircraft to automatically follow terrain at very low levels and high speeds.

Terrain-following radars differ from the similar-sounding terrain avoidance radars; terrain avoidance systems scan horizontally to produce a map-like display that the navigator then uses to plot a route that avoids higher terrain features. The two techniques are often combined in a single radar system: the navigator uses the terrain avoidance mode to choose an ideal route through lower-altitude terrain features like valleys, and then switches to TFR mode which then flies over that route at a minimum altitude.

The concept was initially developed at the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory in the 1950s. It was first built in production form starting in 1959 by Ferranti for use with the TSR-2 aircraft, flying for the first time in an English Electric Canberra testbed in 1962. While the TSR-2 project was ultimately abandoned, the concept was widely deployed in 1960s and 70s strike aircraft and interdictors, including the General Dynamics F-111, Panavia Tornado and Sukhoi Su-24 "Fencer". The wider introduction of stealth aircraft technologies through the 1990s has led to a reduction in low-altitude flight as a solution to the problem of avoiding anti-aircraft weapons and the technique is no longer common. Most aircraft of this class have since retired although the Su-24 and Tornado remain in use in some numbers.

Technology
The system works by transmitting a pencil beam radar signal towards the ground area in front of the aircraft while the radar scans up and down. The signal is sent as a series of brief pulses and the reflections of these pulses off the ground produces very powerful returns. The time the pulse takes to travel to and from the terrain produces a range measurement to the terrain in front of the aircraft. The angle relative to the aircraft is returned by a sensor on the vertical gimbal that returns a calibrated voltage.

At the same time that the radar is sending out pulses, a function generator is producing a varying voltage representing a preferred manoeuvring curve. This is similar in shape to a ski jump ramp, flat under the aircraft and then curving upward in front of it. The curve represents the path the aircraft would take if it was manoeuvring at a constant g-force, while the flat area under the aircraft extends forward a short distance to represent the distance the aircraft moves in a straight line before starting that manoeuvre due to control lag. The resulting compound curve is displaced by a pilot-selected desired clearance distance.

The timing of the pulses is much faster than the vertical scanning, so for any one pulse the angle is fixed. When then pulse is sent, the function generator is triggered. When the return is seen, the system sums the output from the generator at that instant with the output from the angle sensor on the radar. The resulting voltage represents the angle between the actual and preferred location. If the voltage is positive, that means the terrain lies above the curve, negative means it is below. This difference is known as the angle error.

To guide the aircraft, a series of these measurements are taken over the period of one complete vertical scan out to some maximum distance on the order of 10 km. The maximum positive or minimum negative value of the angle error during the scan is recorded. That voltage is a representation of the change in pitch angle the aircraft needs to fly at to keep itself at the desired clearance altitude above the terrain while manoeuvring at the selected load factor. This can be fed into an autopilot or displayed on the pilot's heads-up display. This process produces a continually computed path that rises and falls over the terrain with a constant manoeuvring load.

One problem with this simple algorithm is that the calculated path will keep the aircraft in positive pitch as it approaches the crest of a hill. This results in the aircraft flying over the peak while still climbing and taking some time before it begins to descend again into the valley beyond. This effect was known as "ballooning". To address this, real-world units had an additional term that was applied that caused the aircraft to climb more rapidly against larger displacements. This resulted in the aircraft reaching the desired clearance altitude earlier than normal and thus levelling off before reaching the peak.

Because the radar only sees objects in the line-of-sight, it cannot see hills behind other hills. To prevent the aircraft from diving into a valley only to require a hard pull-up, the negative G limit was generally low, on the order of one-half G. The systems also had problems over water, where the radar beam tended to scatter forward and returned little signal to the aircraft except in high sea states. In such conditions, the system would fail back to a constant clearance using a radio altimeter.

Terrain avoidance normally works in a relative fashion; that is, the absolute altitudes of objects are not important. In some cases, it is desirable to provide an absolute number to indicate the amount of clearance or lack of it. The height of the top of any particular feature relative to the aircraft can then be calculated through $h = H - R sin φ$, where H is the altitude over the ground measured by the radio altimeter, φ is the angle and R the range measured by the radar, with h being the resulting height of the object over the current flight path. The clearance between the aircraft and terrain is then $H - h$.

Initial work at Cornell
The TFR concept traces its history to studies carried out at the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory for the USAF Aeronautical Systems Division. This led to the development of a system known as "Autoflite."

Early Airborne Interception radars used conical scanning systems with beamwidths on the order of four degrees. When the beam hits the ground, some of the signal scatters back toward the aircraft, allowing it to measure the distance to the ground in front of it. When looking downwards at an angle, the near and far side of the radar's circular beam was spread out into an ellipse on the ground. The return from this pattern produced a "blip" that was similarly spread out on the radar display and not accurate enough for terrain avoidance. It was, however, accurate enough to produce a low-resolution map-like display of the ground below the aircraft, leading to the wartime development of the H2S radar.

To provide the accuracy required for terrain following, TFR systems have to be based on the monopulse radar concept. The monopulse technique produces a beam of the same width as a traditional design, but adds additional information in the radio signal, often using polarization, which results in two separate signals being sent in slightly different directions while overlapping in the center. When the signals are received, the receiver uses this extra information to separate the signals back out again. When these signals are oriented vertically, the signal from the lower beam hits the ground closer to the aircraft, producing a spread-out blip as in the case of earlier radars, while the upper beam produces a similar blip but located at a slightly further distance. The two blips overlap to produce an extended ellipse.

The key feature of the monopulse technique is that the signals overlap in a very specific way; if you invert one of the signals and then sum them, the result is a voltage output that looks something like a sine wave. The exact midpoint of the beam is where the voltage crosses zero. This results in a measurement that is both precisely aligned with the midline of the signal and is easily identified using simple electronics. The range can then be accurately determined by timing the precise moment when the zero-crossing occurs. Accuracies on the order of a meter for measurements of objects kilometers away are commonly achieved.

Development in the UK
The Cornell reports were picked up in the UK where they formed the basis of an emerging concept for a new strike aircraft, which would eventually emerge as the BAC TSR-2. The TSR-2 project was officially started with the release of GOR.339 in 1955, and quickly settled on the use of TFR to provide the required low-level performance. The Royal Aircraft Establishment built a simulator of the system using discrete electronics that filled a room.

During this same period, the Royal Air Force was introducing its newest interceptor aircraft, the English Electric Lightning. The Lightning was equipped with the world's first airborne monopulse radar, the AIRPASS system developed by Ferranti in Edinburgh. In the case of the Lightning, the monopulse signal was used to accurately measure the horizontal angle, in order to allow the AIRPASS computer to plot an efficient intercept course at long range. For TFR use, all that had to change was that the antenna would be rotated so it measured the vertical angle instead of horizontal. Unsurprisingly, Ferranti won the contract for the radar component sometime in 1957 or 58. Shortly after the project started, in 1959 the project lead, Gus Scott, left for Hughes Microcircuits in nearby Glenrothes, and the team was taken over by Greg Stewart and Dick Starling. The initial system was built from a surplus AI.23B AIRPASS, and could be mounted to a trailer and towed by a Land Rover for testing. A significant issue is that the amount of signal returned varies greatly with the terrain; a building's vertical walls produces a partial corner cube that returns a signal that is about 10 million times stronger than the signal from sand or dry ground. To deal with the rapidly changing signals, an automatic gain control with 100 dB of range was developed.

The radar measures only relative angles in reference to the stabilized boresight line using aircraft instruments, so the aircraft's radio altimeter is used to produce a reference to calculate actual altitudes. The beamwidth of the radar was small enough that objects to either side of the aircraft's flight path might be a potential hazard if the aircraft was blown sideways or started a turn close to the object. To avoid this, the radar scanned in an O-shaped pattern, scanning vertically from 8 degrees over the flight path to 12 degrees below it, while moving a few degrees left and right of the flight path. Additionally, the system read turn rates from the instruments and moved the scanning pattern further left or right to measure the terrain where the aircraft would be in the future.

Tests of the system were carried out using Ferranti Test Flight's existing DC-3 Dakota and, starting over the winter of 1961/62, an English Electric Canberra. The test aircraft carried cameras looking in various directions, including some looking at the aircraft instruments and radar displays. This allowed the system to be extensively examined on the ground after the flight. Each flight returned data for flights over about 100 miles, and over 250 such flights were carried out. Early tests showed random noise in the measurements which rendered the measurements useless. This was eventually traced to the automatic gain control using very high gain while at the top of the scanning pattern where the terrain was normally at long distances and required the most amplification. This had the side-effect of making spurious reflections in the antenna's side lobes being amplified to the point of causing interference. This was addressed by moving from an O-shaped pattern to a U-shaped one, and only allowing the gain to increase when scanning upward to prevent it from re-adjusting to high gain when moving downward and thereby avoiding low-lying terrain appearing in the sidelobes with high gain.

Advances in electronics during development allowed the original vacuum tube electronics to be increasingly transistorized, producing a much smaller system overall. As the system was further developed it was moved to a Blackburn Buccaneer for higher-speed testing. The tests were carried out from RAF Turnhouse at the Edinburgh Airport, close to Ferranti's radar development site in the city.

During testing, the radar was not connected to the aircraft's autopilot system and all control was manual. The curve was chosen to produce a one-half G maximum load. The path to fly was indicated by a dot in an AIRPASS heads-up display. The pilot followed the computed path by pitching until the aircraft's velocity vector indicator, a small ring, was centred around the dot. In tests, the pilots very quickly became confident in the system and were happy to fly it at the minimum clearance setting even in bad weather.

As the pilots became familiar with the system, the engineers continually reduced the selected clearance downward until it demonstrated its ability to safely and smoothly operate at an average of only 30 m clearance. This was tested against rough terrain, including mountain ridges, blind valleys and even cliff faces. It was also found to property guide over artificial objects like the television antennas at Cairn O' Mounth and the Kirk o' Shotts transmitting station, bridges over the River Forth, and overhead power lines.

Development in the US
In spite of the early start of Cornell's work, for reasons that are not well recorded, further development in the US ended for a time with the concept in a semi-complete form. This changed dramatically after the 1960 U-2 incident, which led to the rapid switch from high-altitude flying over the USSR to the low-altitude "penetrator" approach. In the short term, a number of terrain avoidance radars were introduced for a variety of aircraft. The first true TFR in the US was the Texas Instruments AN/APQ-101, which launched the company as the market leader in TFR for many years. In the early 1960s, they developed TFR systems for the RF-4C version of the Phantom II, the Army's Grumman OV-1 Mohawk, and the advanced AN/APQ-110 system for the General Dynamics F-111.

For a variety of reasons, the TSR-2 project was cancelled in 1965 in favor of purchasing the F-111, a platform of similar concept based around a similar radar. In contrast to Ferranti's design, the APQ-110 offered several additional controls, including a ride quality setting for "hard", "soft" and "medium" that changed the G force of the calculated curve's descent profile from 0.25 to 1 G, while always allowing a maximum 3 G pullup. It also included a second set of electronics to provide hot-backup in case the primary unit failed, and fail-safe modes that executed the 3 G pullup in the case of various system failures.

Spread
Ultimately the F-111 ran into delays and cost overruns not unlike the TSR-2. After examining several concepts, the RAF eventually decided to use the Buccaneer. Although this platform had been extensively tested with the Ferranti radar, this potential upgrade was not selected for service. Unhappiness with this state of affairs led the RAF to begin discussions with their French counterparts and the emergence of the BAC/Dassault AFVG, an aircraft very similar to the F-111. After successful initial negotiations, the UK dropped its options on the F-111K. Shortly thereafter, Marcel Dassault began to actively undermine the project, which the French eventually abandoned in 1967.

The next year, the UK government began negotiations with a wider selection of countries, leading eventually to the Panavia Tornado. Texas Instruments used their experience with the F-111 TFR to win the radar contract for the Tornado IDS.

Advantages and disadvantages
Terrain following radar is primarily used by military strike aircraft, to enable flight at very low altitudes (sometimes below 100 ft) and high speeds. Since radar detection by enemy radars and interception by anti-aircraft systems require a line of sight to the target, flying low to the ground and at high speed reduces the time that an aircraft is vulnerable to detection to a minimum by hiding the aircraft behind terrain as far as possible. This is known as terrain masking.

However, radar emissions can be detected by enemy anti-aircraft systems with relative ease once there is no covering terrain, allowing the aircraft to be targeted. The use of terrain-following radar is therefore a compromise between the increased survivability due to terrain masking and the ease with which the aircraft can be targeted if it is seen.

Even an automated system has limitations, and all aircraft with terrain-following radars have limits on how low and fast they can fly. Factors such as system response-time, aircraft g-limits and the weather can all limit an aircraft. Since the radar cannot tell what is beyond any immediate terrain, the flight path may also suffer from "ballooning" over sharp terrain ridges, where the altitude becomes unnecessarily high. Furthermore, obstacles such as radio antennas and electricity pylons may be detected late by the radar and present collision hazards.

Integration and use
On aircraft with more than one crew, the radar is normally used by the navigator and this allows the pilot to focus on other aspects of the flight besides the extremely intensive task of low flying itself. Most aircraft allow the pilot to also select the ride "hardness" with a cockpit switch, to choose between how closely the aircraft tries to keep itself close to the ground and the forces exerted on the pilot.

Some aircraft such as the Tornado IDS have two separate radars, with the smaller one used for terrain-following. However, more modern aircraft such as the Rafale with phased array radars have a single antenna that can be used to look forward and at the ground, by electronically steering the beams.

Other uses
Terrain-following radar is sometimes used by civilian aircraft that map the ground and wish to maintain a constant height over it.

Military helicopters may also have terrain-following radar. Due to their lower speed and high maneuverability, helicopters are normally able to fly lower than fixed-wing aircraft.

Systems are now available that mount to commercial UAV's, allowing the carriage of Ground Penetrating Radar or magnetometry sensors for sub-surface survey. This is being exploited in finding unexploded ordnance and in archaeology.

Alternatives
There are very few alternatives to using terrain-following radar for high-speed, low altitude flight. TERPROM, a terrain-referenced navigation system provides a limited but passive terrain-following functionality.

title: Terrain-following radar


text:
Harry Hodson

Henry Vincent Hodson (12 May 1906 – 26 March 1999) was an English economist and editor.

Career
Hodson was born in Edmonton, London. He was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and Balliol College, Oxford, becoming a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, in 1928. He was later a member of the Economic Advisory Council and Editor of The Round Table from 1934 to 1939. He was Director of the Empire Division of the Ministry of Information from 1939 to 1941, then became Reforms Commissioner of the Government of India.

Returning to England in 1942, he was made Principal Assistant Secretary and later Head of Non-Munitions, at the Ministry of Broadcast until 1945.

At the end of the Second World War, he returned to journalism, becoming assistant editor of The Sunday Times, and was editor from 1950 until 1961. He was editor of The Annual Register from 1973 until his retirement in 1988. He died on 26 March 1999.

From 1927, Hodson was a freeman of the Mercers' Company by right of patrimony. In 1964, he was Master of the company. He was made Provost of the Ditchley Foundation in 1961.

He was on the governing body of Abingdon School from 1972 to 1986.

Personal life
In 1933 he married Margaret Elizabeth Honey.

He died in Kensington and Chelsea, London in 1999, aged 92.

Publications
Hodson's publications include:

 * Economics of a Changing World (1933),
 * The Empire in the World (1937),
 * Slump and Recovery (1929, revised 1937 and 1938),
 * The British Commonwealth and the Future (1939),
 * Twentieth Century Empire (1948),
 * Problems of Anglo-American Relations (1963),
 * The Great Divide: Britain-India-Pakistan (1969), and
 * The Diseconomics of Growth (1972).

title: Harry Hodson


text:
Kane Roberts

Kane Roberts (born Robert William Athas; January 16, 1962) is an American rock guitarist and singer best known as a former lead guitarist for Alice Cooper. Additionally, he has performed as a solo act, and his cover of the then unreleased Bon Jovi song "Does Anybody Really Fall in Love Anymore" (which had already been covered by Cher on her Heart of Stone album) cracked the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100. Roberts is notable for his Rambo-like appearance and physique and his usage of an electric guitar shaped like a machine gun.

Career
Roberts was the guitarist who played on Alice Cooper's Constrictor and Raise Your Fist and Yell and their respective tours. He is the man responsible for Alice's metal years in the late 1980s, as he co-wrote nearly every track from those albums. Just by being on stage, he was a part of the show with his huge physique and rocket shooting guitars.

After Raise Your Fist and Yell, Roberts released his first solo album, Kane Roberts, which featured Cooper's lyrics on "Full Pull." He then guested on Cooper's 1989 Trash album, playing guitar on "Bed of Nails," which he co-wrote. Two years later, he released a second solo album, Saints and Sinners, which contained the Bon Jovi-penned "Does Anybody Really Fall in Love Anymore?", previously recorded by Cher as well.

While he is primarily a guitar player, Roberts is also a skilled vocalist, capable of extreme high range, as is evident on his solo projects. He has contributed backing vocals on several albums, including Steve Vai's Sex & Religion, Desmond Child's Discipline, and the song "Shocker" by the Dudes of Wrath, which served as the title track from the 1989 film of the same name.

His additional musical contributions include playing on the Bob Ezrin-produced Count Three & Pray album by Berlin, and the 1986 Rod Stewart album Every Beat of My Heart. He also co-wrote "Take It Off" with Paul Stanley and Bob Ezrin, which appeared on Kiss' Revenge album.

Roberts took a long hiatus from music after his second solo album, but returned in 1999 with a band called Phoenix Down, named for a life potion in the video game franchise Final Fantasy. Phoenix Down recorded one album, entitled Under A Wild Sky. Fans of both say that much of the record is inspired by the seventh game in the series, one of Roberts' favorite games.

After several years away from the music industry, working in graphic arts and as a video game programmer, Roberts began work on a new album, Touched, in 2006.

On October 23, 2011, Roberts performed with Talon at Firefest VIII, marking his first live performance in over twenty years. In 2012, Roberts released Unsung Radio, a collection of previously unreleased tracks. In 2016, Roberts featured on a track for the Northern Ireland-based hard rock outfit, Maverick. The track and video (also featuring Roberts) for "Asylum" also included Jakob Samuel from Sweden's The Poodles.

On January 25, 2019, Roberts released a new solo album, The New Normal, on Frontiers Records.

In late 2019, it was reported that Roberts is working on his next solo album, which was described as being heavier than the previous album.

In July 2022, Alice Cooper announced that Roberts would rejoin his touring band for the fall of 2022 tour following the departure of Nita Strauss. This marks Roberts' first official stint in Cooper's band in over 30 years. On March 3, 2023, Alice Cooper announced that Nita Strauss would return for the 2023 tour.

Studio albums

 * Kane Roberts (1987)
 * Saints and Sinners (1991)
 * Unsung Radio (2012)
 * The New Normal (2019)

with Alice Cooper

 * Constrictor (1986)
 * Raise Your Fist and Yell (1987)
 * "Bed of Nails" (1989)
 * "Dead Don't Dance" (2023)

with Phoenix Down

 * Under a Wild Sky (1999)

title: Kane Roberts


text: User talk:70.240.112.17

title: User talk:70.240.112.17


text:
Luxulyan railway station

Luxulyan railway station (Logsulyan) serves the civil parish and village of Luxulyan in mid-Cornwall, England. The station is situated on the Atlantic Coast Line, measured from the zero point at London Paddington (via Box and Plymouth Millbay). Great Western Railway manage the station and operates all the trains that call.

History
The first railway at Luxulyan was a horse-worked line from Par Harbour to Molinnis which was built by Joseph Treffry, opening on 18 May 1847. It climbed up the side of the Luxulyan Valley on a cable-worked incline and then crossed it on the Treffry Viaduct.

On 1 June 1874 a new line was opened by the Cornwall Minerals Railway. Running from Fowey to Newquay, it bypassed the incline, instead passing beneath the Treffry Viaduct and entering Luxulyan through the 50 yard (46m) Luxulyan Tunnel. The tramway was retained from Luxulyan over the Treffry Viaduct to a quarry at Colcerrow until about 1933.

A new siding to serve the Treskilling China Clay Works was opened in 1916. This survived until 1975 but the public goods yard closed on 27 September 1964, as did the connection to the stub of the Colcerrow branch east of the station. The passing loop and the second platform face were taken out of use at the same time.

Facilities
There is a single platform on the east side of the track which has a shelter and seats. At the southern end of this is the car park which connects to a small lane that leads to the village's main road. The station has a solar powered help point which allows waiting people to find out when the next trains will arrive.

Services
Luxulyan is a request stop on the line, so passengers wishing to alight must inform the conductor and passengers wishing to join the train must signal to the driver. The typical service is one train every two hours in each direction between Par and Newquay, with some services extending to Plymouth and one train in the summer extending to Penzance. On summer Saturdays, there is just one train per day in each direction due to the intercity services running through to Newquay in lieu of the local services. Trains are usually operated by Class 150 Sprinters.

Community rail
The trains between Par and Newquay are designated as a community rail service and is supported by marketing provided by the Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership. The line is promoted under the Atlantic Coast Line name. The Kings Arms pub in Luxulyan is part of the Atlantic Coast Line rail ale trail.

title: Luxulyan railway station


text:
Drillers Stadium

Drillers Stadium was a former minor league baseball stadium located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. From 1981 to 2009, Drillers Stadium was home to the Tulsa Drillers, of the Double-A Texas League. For a number of years Drillers Stadium also hosted one of the regular season baseball games played between Oklahoma State University and the University of Oklahoma in the Bedlam Series. Drillers Stadium is located on the southwest corner of Yale Avenue and 15th Street, in the Tulsa State Fairgrounds complex that also includes Expo Square Pavilion, the QuikTrip Center and Golden Driller, a racetrack, a waterpark, and the sites of the former Bell's Amusement Park and of Oiler Park, where Tulsa's professional baseball teams had played since 1934.

Baseball
After the Tulsa Oilers, a Triple-A team, left Tulsa in 1976 due to the continuing deterioration of Oiler Park, followed by the partial collapse of the Oiler Park grandstand during a 1977 exhibition game, Tulsa County's long-delayed efforts to build a new stadium were accelerated. The new 8,000 seat stadium was completed in 1981 and named Robert B. Sutton Stadium, in honor of its chief benefactor, a local oil executive. However, Sutton was convicted in 1982 on obstruction of justice charges, and the ballpark was renamed Tulsa County Stadium. The stadium received the name Drillers Stadium in 1989. The stadium eventually seated 10,997, making it the largest stadium in Double-A baseball. Originally a multi-purpose stadium with an artificial surface playing field, it later acquired a Prescription Athletic Turf (PAT) grass surface. Though it primarily served as a baseball stadium, monster truck rallies and concerts were also held there.

On December 19, 2008, construction began on ONEOK Field, a new ballpark in downtown Tulsa. The Drillers played their final game in Drillers Stadium on September 7, 2009, and moved to the new ballpark before the 2010 baseball season. The University of Tulsa conducted a formal study in 2009 to consider whether the school might use the empty stadium to restore its baseball program, which had been terminated in 1980; but the university concluded that the financial demands of adding a new sport were more than it could accept. In 2011 the stadium was used as a location for a faith-themed baseball film entitled Home Run.

Soccer
Beginning in May 2013, it is the home stadium for the Tulsa Athletics of the National Premier Soccer League. In 2014, the stadium was renamed Athletics Stadium after further renovations were complete to make the stadium more soccer friendly for the Tulsa Athletics. Notable changes include the demolition of the former first-base side bleachers, in order to lengthen the soccer field's length to 110 yards, as well as the removal of Drillers' signage and a coat of green paint.

Planned demolition
On April 5, 2016, Proposition 3 of the Tulsa "Vision 2025" initiative was approved by Tulsa voters, paving the way for the demolition of Athletics Stadium as the new site of the USA BMX "Epicenter" facility. The stadium was to be replaced by a multimillion-dollar indoor BMX arena, but those plans hit a snag in mid-2017 when a disagreement over soft drink "pouring rights" derailed the negotiations and saw the BMX project move to an alternate location on a parcel of city-owned industrial property, northwest of downtown.

As of March 2019 the stadium and the adjacent offices have been demolished leaving nothing of the former stadium remaining.

title: Drillers Stadium


text:
Mike Borzello

Michael Ross Borzello (born August 14, 1970) is an Italian-American professional baseball coach who has worked for the New York Yankees, Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago Cubs and San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB).

In June 1991, Borzello signed with the St. Louis Cardinals. After five years as a minor league catcher in the Cardinals organization, he became a bullpen catcher/batting practice pitcher and charted games for the New York Yankees. From 2008 to 2010, he was a Los Angeles Dodgers catching instructor. From 2011 through 2021, he served as a catching/strategy coach and associate pitching coach for the Chicago Cubs.

Early life
Borzello was raised in Tarzana, Los Angeles. He is of Italian descent. He grew up in the game of baseball and is the godson of former Major League manager and Hall of Famer Joe Torre. His sister, Keri Borzello, was an NCAA Women's College World Series participant in 1994, as a catcher and first baseman for the Missouri Tigers. She later transferred to UCLA after a career ending rotator cuff injury.

Early in his life, a then-12-year-old Borzello had been serving as a batboy for the Atlanta Braves - at that time, managed by Torre - and found himself in the middle of a series of brawls between the Braves and the visiting San Diego Padres on August 12, 1984, at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium. "When the fans started throwing stuff and jumped onto the field, I was like, 'OK, I gotta get out of here,' Borzello later said.

Career
Borzello graduated from Taft High School in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California and was a baseball player during his college years at California Lutheran University. He played as a catcher in Minor League Baseball in the farm system of the St. Louis Cardinals organization from 1991 through 1995, never getting above class A.

In 1995, after his playing career ended, Torre offered him a job with the New York Yankees as a bullpen catcher and batting practice pitcher. Borzello earned four World Series rings with the New York Yankees during the 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2000 seasons. During his time in pinstripes he went to 6 World Series. When Torre left the Yankees for the Dodgers after 2007, he brought Borzello with him as catching instructor going to the NLCS in 2008 and 2009 ultimately losing to the Philadelphia Phillies both years.

In 2012, Borzello left the Dodgers to join the Cubs as a catching instructor/strategist and associate pitching coach. He earned another World Series ring with the Cubs in the 2016 World Series. He was ejected for the first time in his career on August 29, 2020 (along with Cubs manager David Ross, Reds manager David Bell, Reds Designated Hitter Joey Votto, and Reds Left Fielder Jesse Winker). He was suspended for 1 game for his actions. He was ejected again in Pittsburgh by Greg Gibson after Kris Bryant was hit by a pitch. Overall, Borzello coached under four different Cubs managers: Dale Sveum, Rick Renteria, Joe Maddon, and David Ross. On October 6, 2021, Cubs general manager Jed Hoyer announced that Borzello was departing the organization. In 2023 Borzello joined the San Diego Padres as an advance scout.

Borzello was named pitching coach for Team Italy in the 2023 WBC where they defeated Cuba and the Netherlands before ultimately losing to eventual tournament champion Japan

title: Mike Borzello


text:
Mary T. Meagher

Mary Terstegge Meagher Plant (born October 27, 1964) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and world record-holder. In 1981 she bettered her own existing world records in the 100-meter butterfly (57.93) and 200-meter butterfly (2:05.96). These times would stand as the respective world records for 18 and 19 years, respectively, and are considered to be among the greatest sports performances ever.

Early life
Meagher is the daughter of two-time Notre Dame basketball letterman James L. Meagher. She was a competitive athlete from an early age. At the 1979 Pan American Games in San Juan, Puerto Rico, she set her first world record—at the age of 14—in the 200-meter butterfly. "When she was a teenager, Mary showed no weaknesses," reflected Dennis Pursley, one of her early coaches. "Every athlete I've ever known had some form of weakness, be it in terms of motivation, technique or physical attributes, but Mary was the exception." She graduated from the Sacred Heart Academy high school in Louisville, Kentucky, alongside her sister, future U.S. Representative Anne Northup.

1980 Boycott and on
Meagher was expected to compete for medals at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Russia. However, Meagher, along with the rest of the United States Olympic team, never got her chance due to the American-led boycott of the Moscow Olympics.

However, in 1981 Meagher gave one of the most memorable performances in competitive swimming at the U.S. Swimming National Championships held in Brown Deer, Wisconsin in 1981. At the meet, Meagher set world records in both the 200-meter and 100-meter butterfly, the two primary distances at which the butterfly is contested in competitive swimming. The times for both records were considered astonishing, especially the record of 57.93 seconds that Meagher set in the 100-meters—a drop of over a second. Both times would stand as the world records for nearly two decades: American swimmer Jenny Thompson lowered the 100-meter record in 1999, while Susie O'Neill of Australia set the record in the 200-meter a year later. Some have argued that Meagher's records in the butterfly were among the most impressive records ever set in sport, let alone swimming, ranking among such noteworthy records as Bob Beamon's long jump world record in 1968. These two swims led Meagher to being named Female World Swimmer of the Year by Swimming World Magazine, which she again won in 1985.

Meagher attended the University of California, Berkeley, where she swam for the California Golden Bears swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Pacific-10 Conference competition. She received the Honda Sports Award for Swimming and Diving twice, recognizing her as the outstanding college female swimmer of the year in 1984–85 and again in 1986–87. In 1987, she also won the Honda Broderick Cup as the nation's top female collegiate athlete. She graduated from the University of California in 1987 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in social sciences.

At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Meagher won gold medals in both the 100-meter and 200-meter butterfly races, along with another gold by swimming the butterfly leg of the women's 4×100-meter medley relay for the winning U.S. team in the event final. Returning to compete at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, Meagher won a bronze medal in the 200-meter butterfly. By the time she left competitive swimming, Meagher had won 24 U.S. national swimming titles.

Personal life
Meagher was the 10th of 11 siblings. She married former speed skater Mike Plant. They now live in Peachtree City, Georgia, with their two children, Maddie and Drew. Mike Plant's brother and Meagher's brother-in-law, Tom Plant, was also a speed skater and Olympian. Meagher's older sister Anne Meagher Northup served as a US Congresswoman.

In Louisville a swimming complex is named for Meagher, and a street is named in her honor in Elizabethtown, Kentucky.

title: Mary T. Meagher


text:
Alexandros Nikolopoulos (weightlifter)

Alexandros Nikolopoulos (ΑλέξανδροςΝικολόπουλος, 1875 in Athens, date of death unknown) was a Greek weightlifter. He competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. In the one-handed event now known as the snatch, Nikolopoulos finished third out of the four lifters. He lifted 57.0 kilograms with one hand, matching the silver medallist Viggo Jensen, but could only manage 40.0 kilograms with the other, the same as fourth-place finisher Sotirios Versis.

title: Alexandros Nikolopoulos (weightlifter)


text: Category:Hungarian weightlifters

title: Category:Hungarian weightlifters


text:
File:There's Got to Be a Way (Mariah Carey single - cover art).jpg

Cover for the Mariah Carey single "There's Got to Be a Way" (1991). Image copyright is owned by Columbia Records.

Rationale of fair use for There's Got to Be a Way
The image Image: is being linked here; though the picture is originally copyright, I (Extraordinary Machine 20:33, 9 July 2006 (UTC)) feel it is covered by fair use because:

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this single.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality, and could not be used as artwork on illegal vinyl or CD copies of the single.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the single in any way.
 * 4) For an article about a single, the cover artwork is arguably one of the most important images that could be included. This is the artwork, intended by Columbia Records for wide distribution. As such, it has future historical significance, and is a more appropriate choice than any other image available.
 * 5) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible or visible than it already is. The cover is being used for informational purposes only, and its use is not believed to detract from the original single in any way.


text: Category:German weightlifters

title: Category:German weightlifters


text:
Talk:Joseph Ashton (actor)

Miscellaneous
May be worth mentioning somewhere that Ashton's Otto voice (as of 2004-5) is not entirely different from his normal speaking voice (Behind the scenes, Where The Red Fern Grows DVD). Also, would it be fair to include him in Category:Native American artists (PR background material, The Education of Little Tree film)? knoodelhed 20:02, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and added Ashton's page to Category:Native American artists. Also, the page states that he attended the University of La Verne and I believe he did but I cannot seem to find any sources that can prove this. I also added Ashton to the University of La Verne's "Notable Alumni" section but without a reliable source to back it up, I might have to remove both claims in both articles. Meatsgains (talk) 17:24, 24 December 2013 (UTC)

"Joseph Ashton (actor" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Joseph Ashton (actor and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 19:40, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joseph Ashton (actor)


text:
Electron optics

Electron optics is a mathematical framework for the calculation of electron trajectories in the presence of electromagnetic fields. The term optics is used because magnetic and electrostatic lenses act upon a charged particle beam similarly to optical lenses upon a light beam.

Electron optics calculations are crucial for the design of electron microscopes and particle accelerators. In the paraxial approximation, trajectory calculations can be carried out using ray transfer matrix analysis.

Electron properties
Electrons are charged particles (point charges with rest mass) with spin 1/2 (hence they are fermions). Electrons can be accelerated by suitable electric fields, thereby acquiring kinetic energy. Given sufficient voltage, the electron can be accelerated sufficiently fast to exhibit measurable relativistic effects. According to wave particle duality, electrons can also be considered as matter waves with properties such as wavelength, phase and amplitude.

Geometric electron optics
The Hamilton's optico-mechanical analogy shows that electron beams can be modeled using concepts and mathematical formula of light beams. The electron particle trajectory formula matches the formula for geometrical optics with a suitable electron-optical index of refraction. This index of refraction functions like the material properties of glass in altering the direction ray propagation. In light optics, the refractive index changes abruptly at a surface between regions of constant index: the rays are controlled with the shape of the interface. In the electron-optics, the index varies throughout space and is controlled by electromagnetic fields created outside the electron trajectories.

Magnetic fields
Electrons interact with magnetic fields according to the second term of the Lorentz force: a cross product between the magnetic field and the electron velocity. In an infinite uniform field this results in a circular motion of the electron around the field direction with a radius given by:

 * $$ r = \frac{mv_\perp}{eB}$$

where r is the orbit radius, m is the mass of an electron, $$v_\perp$$is the component of the electron velocity perpendicular to the field, e is the electron charge and B is the magnitude of the applied magnetic field. Electrons that have a velocity component parallel to the magnetic field will proceed along helical trajectories.

Electric fields
In the case of an applied electrostatic field, an electron will deflect towards the positive gradient of the field. Notably, this crossing of electrostatic field lines means that electrons, as they move through electrostatic fields change the magnitude of their velocity, whereas in magnetic fields, only the velocity direction is modified.

Relativistic theory
At relativistic electron velocity the geometrical electron optical equations rely on an index of refraction that includes both the ratio of electron velocity to light $v/c =\beta$ and $$\mathbf{A}\cdot\mathbf{s}$$, the component of the magnetic vector potential along the electron direction: $$n(\mathbf{s}) = \frac{mv}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}} + \frac{e}{c}\mathbf{A}\cdot\mathbf{s}$$ where $$m$$, $$e$$, and $$c$$ are the electron mass, electron charge, and the speed of light. The first term is controlled by electrostatic lens while the second one by magnetic lens.

Although not very common, it is also possible to derive effects of magnetic structures to charged particles starting from the Dirac equation.

Diffractive electron optics
As electrons can exhibit non-particle (wave-like) effects such as interference and diffraction, a full analysis of electron paths must go beyond geometrical optics. Free electron propagation (in vacuum) can be accurately described as a de Broglie matter wave with a wavelength inversely proportional to its longitudinal (possibly relativistic) momentum. Fortunately as long as the electromagnetic field traversed by the electron changes only slowly compared with this wavelength (see typical values in matter wave), Kirchhoff's diffraction formula applies. The essential character of this approach is to use geometrical ray tracing but to keep track of the wave phase along each path to compute the intensity in the diffraction pattern.

As a result of the charge carried by the electron, electric fields, magnetic fields, or the electrostatic mean inner potential of thin, weakly interacting materials can impart a phase shift to the wavefront of an electron. Thickness-modulated silicon nitride membranes and programmable phase shift devices have exploited these properties to apply spatially varying phase shifts to control the far-field spatial intensity and phase of the electron wave. Devices like these have been applied to arbitrarily shape the electron wavefront, correct the aberrations inherent to electron microscopes, resolve the orbital angular momentum of a free electron, and to measure dichroism in the interaction between free electrons and magnetic materials or plasmonic nanostructures.

Limitations of applying light optics techniques
Electrons interact strongly with matter as they are sensitive to not only the nucleus, but also the matter's electron charge cloud. Therefore, electrons require vacuum to propagate any reasonable distance, such as would be desirable in electron optic system.

Penetration in vacuum is dictated by mean free path, a measure of the probability of collision between electrons and matter, approximate values for which can be derived from Poisson statistics.

Electron Optics Simulation Software
Commercial programs

 * SIMION (Ion and Electron Optics Simulator)
 * EOD (Electron Optical Design)
 * CPO (electronoptics.com)
 * MEBS (Munro's Electron Beams Software)
 * Field Precision LLC

Free Software

 * IBSIMU (by Taneli Kalvas) (ibsimu.SourceForge.net)

title: Electron optics