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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Race and intelligence/archive1

Race and intelligence
This is the most well researched and referenced article I've found and seveal experts in the field are active contributors. It is quite neutral and fact-based despite the controversiality of the subject matter, and its strict focus on concrete reporting of the facts despite the "taboo" associated with it embodies what Wikipedia is all about. If ever an article deserved to be featured, it's this one. --Malathion 19:37, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Archived peer review
 * For the interested commentator, consensus scientific statments and surveys on which this article is based: --Rikurzhen 00:09, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" a report from the American Psychological Association -- later published as Neisser et al (1996)
 * "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" -- later published as Gottfredson (1997) -- a statement signed by 52 intelligence researchers meant to outline "conclusions regarded as mainstream among researchers on intelligence".
 * Snyderman, M., & Rothman, S. (1987). "Survey of expert opinion on intelligence and aptitude testing". American Psychologist, 42, 137–144. (some details in this section)
 * Right now, this article may not satisfy the stable criteria because it has recently undergone a transition to Summary style for the sake of meeting size limits. That said, the prospect is that future edits will be minor, so I support. --Rikurzhen 20:07, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. While the topic of this article is controversial, the article itself is not controversial in the Wikipedia sense of the word. Despite the disparate personal views of the editors, no NPOV or accuracy dispute exists. Trust that the WP process has taken care of these things. Trust but verify ;) (see above). --Rikurzhen 00:50, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Non-stable because controversial.  That the topic is controversial is not a problem, but the article itself has too much ongoing controversy. Jun-Dai 20:11, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There is quite a lot of debate on the talk page, but looking at the edit history, almost all of the edits are from a few editors following the consensus and progressively improving the article. The one revert war that I can find (with User:Zen Master) seems to have been resolved. --Malathion 20:19, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The dispute is by no means resolved, there is still an open request for arbitration. zen master T 14:10, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It's my observation that controversy has not actually been a stability issue for this article in the past. Current controversies on the talk page involve fine details (e.g. where the phrase culture-only or environment-only is preferable, or whether a graphic is an appropriate detail for a summary section). The major change to content/structure in the last several months has been the shift to summary style: concern about stability should focus there. --Rikurzhen 20:20, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Still objecting. You can see on the talk page that controversy exists over the article in it present state.  That is even more apparent in this thread.  Also, a few points that have been percolating in my brain: The article makes vague reference to objections to the notion of race as a valid biological category of humans and to the validity of intelligence quotients, but it gives no serious space to the objections, even though they, as far as I have known, are pretty significant   .  Most of the article takes for granted that these are valid, even though they are very much in question.  The agenda isn't quite as clear and the bias quite as strong as it is in some similar articles (see Intelligence quotient), but this article as it stands is problematic, to say the least.  In fact, it's probably the most extreme case I've seen nominated here, though I confess I haven't been around for long. Jun-Dai 23:52, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You'll want to famaliarize yourself with the consensus scientfic statements I pasted above and the extensive reference list of primary and secondary sources for this article before taking to tertiary web sources. What you're pointing out is a failing of the public media, not this article. The existence of objectors is covered extensively before data and interpretations are discussed. Examine the article and sub-articles for more details. --Rikurzhen 00:06, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 *  The content of the sub-articles does not provide a basis for this article being featured. The fact that objections are somewhat better covered in the sub-articles doesn't make up for the heavy slant of the main article.
 * Claims that this article is non-neutral or factually incorrect should warrant an NPOV tag and a serious discussion on the talk page. Such claims would have to address the content of the three major references I posted above. But with countless editors over the past years, this article has not degraded to an edit war of POVs, but rather has instead made excellent progress towards all of the criteria of FAs. If you still insist on your point, please give some criticisms with citations instead of merely implying that the many editors of this article are all mistaken. --Rikurzhen 01:48, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 *  I'd agree that the article warrants an NPOV tag, but that's a larger fight than I'm willing (or have the time) to take on right now. Meanwhile, leaving aside issues of bias and characterizations of consensus for the moment (I still object on those terms), I do have one comment: The paragraph on racial distinctions consists of a bunch of disoorganized, mostly extraneous information.  The sentences "The national and state governments of the United States employ race in the census, law enforcement, and innumerable other ways. Many minority races have political organizations to represent their interests. Racial discrimination is illegal in many areas of public and private life, including employment" are not directly related to the article, and seem much more like they are trying to pose an argument (in defense of racial distinctions or the validity thereof).  The paragraph, within the context of this article, shouldn't really contain any information other than to explain what "racial distinctions" are, which is something it barely touches on, even though it is so central to the background of the topic.  If these sentences are important in explaining the history of racial distinctions with regard to the study of race and "intelligence", then, then there should be some explanation as to why they are important, as it is not at all clear in the paragraph itself.  What's more, how does one "employ race" in the census, etc.?
 * That section has been bouncing around for a while. It is intended to bring non-Americans up to speed on the race consciousness that exists in U.S. society. This was specifically requested. Your suggestions for improvement are of course appreciated. Feel free to chip in if you have specific ideas. --Rikurzhen 02:37, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. The fact that the article requires a self-referential paragraph in the lead section to defend itself shows that it's not ready, and not likely to be so anytime soon. --Michael Snow 20:25, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I assume you mean this: This article conforms with the mainstream opinion among researchers on intelligence, and conclusions presented here are fully described in the major textbooks, professional journals and encyclopedias in intelligence. That was added because many people will find the results presented in the article surprising as the public press has not reported on them, and it was desirable to prepare them for the suprise. That's a feature of the topic, not the article's quality. If there's a problem with this article, that's not it. --Rikurzhen 20:32, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Be that as it may, self-referential writing is terrible and should be avoided at all costs - I cringe whenever I see it. [this article, this paragraph, the views presented here, 'etc, are dead giveaways]. Perhaps some rephrasing is in order. →Raul654 20:37, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Are there any tricks for avoiding that kind of langauge? --Rikurzhen 20:40, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest just deleting it outright. It's not clear what useful purpose is being served with that "warning" anyway. --Malathion 21:01, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Still object, and as I investigate further I get increasingly suspicious that this and related articles suffer from a serious lack of balance in their presentation. In reading the article, one gets the distinct impression that there is a connection between race and intelligence. This is naturally a very controversial position to take, so the article does not say so bluntly, but casts the overall picture as reflecting "mainstream opinion" in the field. The (now-removed) paragraph I noted served to reinforce this impression further.
 * Malathion asserts that "seveal [sic] experts in the field" are working on this article. Now, perhaps someone with serious expertise could really confirm that this article describes the "mainstream opinion" among those who study this phenomenon. But in looking around, I have found only Rikurzhen making any claim that resembles expertise in this field, in this case "a graduate student in the field of genetics." Reasonably related to the topic, yes, so I'll assume Rikurzhen has more-than-usual familiarity with the subject matter, but not such a high level of expertise that we should show excessive deference.
 * This is not my field of expertise either, so it is difficult to address issues point-by-point or identify precisely what elements make the article unbalanced overall. However, the article feels like it is pushing an agenda, and while it may be subtle this only makes it more insidious. Having a paragraph like the one cited is a red flag, and makes me think the content needs to be carefully scrutinized.
 * I will explain a little of how the article achieves such an unbalanced effect, even while making gestures toward neutrality and without blatantly advocating the position it works to promote. From what I can tell, the issue of race and intelligence is part of a larger debate over the heritability of intelligence generally. The content here appears to lean heavily to the theories of Arthur Jensen and J. Philippe Rushton, supporters of the idea that intelligence is heritable. For a critical view, the article relies heavily on Stephen Jay Gould, an exponent of popular science who is not particularly a specialist in this area. It does not acknowledge researchers and experts in the field who dispute Jensen and Rushton's theories; examining the nature of publications in the footnotes confirms this. Perhaps the editors involved are not familiar with the material needed because they have not engaged the scholarship on the other side, I don't know their reasons for the path they have ended up on. But the effect is clearly to balance the "serious science" in support of a connection between race and intelligence, against the "popular science" that denies this connection, and it is easy to guess how the reader is expected to resolve the issue, based on the relative credibility of those cast as the proponents for either side of the debate.
 * Quickly looking for information on the internet other than Wikipedia, I found a short biography of Jensen (described as a "major proponent of the hereditarian position") listed on an Indiana University website about Human Intelligence. Here, Jensen is effectively contrasted with a contemporary named Leon Kamin (an "active critic of the hereditarian theory of intelligence"). Interestingly, Jensen and Rushton have fairly substantial Wikipedia articles about them, with significant contributions from some of the same editors working on this article. Kamin, on the other hand, has no article at the present time. This may not be malicious, but clearly an article about Kamin is needed at some point, and I also consider it likely that this article needs to incorporate his views. Anyway, such observations strongly suggest to me that Wikipedia's coverage of articles in this field overall suffers from serious systemic bias.
 * Basically, this is an article about scientific theories that has gone astray and tried to become an article about scientific facts. Report the facts about the competing theories; do not report the theories as if they were fact. A major overhaul is needed here, and I think it would be a serious embarrassment to Wikipedia to call this a featured article in its present state. --Michael Snow 23:23, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no such thing as a scientific fact. There are only theories and the increasing confidence in those theories as they survive experiment and test. I suspect you're uncomfortable with the article because you feel a conflict between your prejudices and the theories the article seems to support. But that's exactly why the article is a good one. --mc6809e

 * It's not my field either, so I can't comment concretely, but I'd like to know whether the position that intelligence and race are connected is actually controverial among those more "in the know". It's certainly controversial in popular culture, but if the research points us in a different direction, I don't think Wikipedia should shy away from contradicting popular opinion. It may very well be the case that the "serious science" is being accurately reprenented here. Btw, sorry about any typos; I recently switched to the Dvorak keyboard layout. --Malathion 23:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't believe there are any experts in the field of intelligence working on this article, but most of the contributors are PhD scientists/students. If you'd like to famaliarize yourself with the science on which this article is based, at least three top-prority references exist (see above). More recent literature reviews are also available. --Rikurzhen 23:52, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Michael, I don't think that is a valid objection. You cannot a priori label an article as NPOV because it presents a scientific consensus (for example, the heritability of intelligence, or the correlation between race and measured intelligence). For example, google finds you lots of critics of the points laid out on Evolution, but that doesn't make Evolution POV. Granted, there could be other reasons for Evolution or Race and intelligence being NPOV. But the fact that viewpoints outside the scientific consensus come off as less reliable is not one of those. That being said, I would love it if we were able to replace the viewpoints attributed to Gould and others with more satisfying arguments. Suggestions are welcome (don't think we haven't looked). Arbor 09:08, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Conditional support. The online references need to be properly formatted according to MoS guidelines. A simple hyperlinked title is not sufficient: if the article is printed, or the linked source document is moved or erased, the reference becomes useless. Other than that, this is a great article about an interesting subject. Phil s 21:16, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't quite understand. You're suggesting the references should be moved from their sub-page to the main page? --Rikurzhen 21:20, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * No... I think you're talking about the footnotes. It does look like the footnotes section could use some cleaning up. --Rikurzhen 21:58, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have been fighting with the footnotes and references for that article for quite some time. I agree that currently they are below par, but it's a huge task, and not much precendent on WP on how this should be handled. I tried to solicit some guidance for this very article at Footnote3 (which is the style we are trying adopt). But rest assured that everything will be in order real soon now. (The FAC caught us somewhat off-guard, a major refactoring is in progress due to the transition to Summary style. Excuse the mess.) Arbor 08:53, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. The article presents a unique challenge: consensus statements of expert opinion contradict widely (and in many cases stubbornly) held beliefs.  As a case in point, that IQ is substantially heritable is beyond significant technical dispute among experts (both consensus statements reflect this  ), but outside the field, heritability is very much in dispute (see above comments regarding the general heritability of intelligence ).  Given these disparate perspectives, the article's point of view on the issue of heritability is, to my mind, a model of NPOV (see this section and the related sub-article).  As an editor who was drawn to the subject because of the expert/layperson belief dichotomy, I take pride in the WP community's unique response, which has been, in short, to assemble an article with unusually high verifiability. --DAD T 03:00, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, the summary section bothers me, it brings up a number of things not coverd in the article and I can't think of any featured artlcies where there is a summary at the end, it is not encyclodedia style. In paricular the final statement about genetic engineering needs to go, since the genetic determinants of intellegence are unknown this is highly unlikey and it is not the purpose of an encyclopedia article to speculate about the future. The other parts of the summary should be moved to their respecitive sections.--nixie 03:53, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Interesting. The summary was a remnant from the time when this article was >150k. As with the suggestion above, I've commented it out for the moment. --Rikurzhen 04:36, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * The article also used both inline cites, like Ralpf (1996), and footnotes. The inlines should probably be changed to footnotes for internal consistency.--nixie 06:48, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There's an editor who's particular keen on fixing up the references. The footnotes are new, so we're still half-way finished. --Rikurzhen 06:56, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll vote in a few days, when the editing activity has decreased somewhat :) --nixie 08:54, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm one of the editors and I never like the summary either. I say kick it out with all speed. Arbor 08:55, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree. For all the reasons nixie listed, and very poor writing to boot, the Summary should be removed.  The statement about iodine is novel; the first part of the Summary reads like everyone trying to have the last word, which is ridiculous -- the article should speak for itself.  --DAD T 17:26, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Easy ... Done. --Rikurzhen 17:30, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I strongly object to large scale deletion of long standing material. At the very least, much of the material should be moved to other sections as suggested. Ultramarine 17:51, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Extremely unstable right now. Ultramarine 19:21, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Instability is largely due to cleanup either recommended by, or inspired by, the present FAC. --DAD T 19:23, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object Totally concur with Michael Snow. Also very biased in favor of the hypothesis that there is a relationship. 172 18:34, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment The evolution and global warming articles are also very biased in favor of the scientific consensus ... unless we decide to fabricate data and include our own opinions, that's not something we get to change; see the consensus statements linked above. --Rikurzhen 18:50, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. the hypothesis that there is a relationship is scientific consensus (see the helpful material linked on the top of this page for support for that statement). I don't understand the sentiment underlying your comment, unless it's a knee-jerk reaction (for which I have strong sympathies)—in that case I urge you to read up on the material and reconsider your objection. Arbor 19:33, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 *  That may be true, to a limited extent--but the very concept of race as a biological categorization of humans, or that intelligence can be measured in any particularly meaningful manner is not consensus, and while this is made clear in a few of the external links, it is by no means clear in the text of the article, which seems to imply some sort of consensus on these matters.
 * The article does not imply consensus, it reports it. As editors, that's all we can do.  Because the scientific consensus statements listed above directly contradict your statements, I'm guessing you're referring to the popular consensus.  Just as Evolution and Global warming do not dwell on the popular consensus, the present article does not.  --DAD T 02:27, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * While there is a great deal of public discussion of whether race is a vaid biological category, social and medical scientists still go around using race in their research; thus our hands are tied. We must report on what the IQ research says, without introducing personal bias. Although we do report examples of these kinds of critcisms (including Sternberg et al, 2005), we can't act on that POV by not report on anything else. Stepping out of the WP NPOV/NOR shell for a second: the theoretical considerations of some population biologists wrt race do not seem to have penetrated into other fields, where concepts of race as still grounded in "common sense" and "self-reported race". --Rikurzhen 02:34, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Absurdly strong support, if I (as a fledgling editor of the article in question) am allowed to comment. I "found" this page at the time of its VdD six weeks ago (or so), and have since tried to help. This is potentially the best Wikipedia article I have ever seen, and a shining example of (1) our "secret sauce": NPOV, and (2) the fact that collaborative editing can produce amazingly informative, correct, well-written, and relevant material ('Wiki works", and not only about Pokémon), and (2a) even if the material is controversial. I would also like it to be a shining example of (3) references and verifiability, by pet peeve about WP. It already far outclasses most other WP articles in that respect, but there is some cleanup left to do. After the article went to Peer Review, we started a major reorganisation based on Summary style which has kept us entertained during the past few weeks, so the current article is in a state of flux. I would suggest we wait until it stabilises again. Arbor 19:33, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object POV pushing propaganda which states what is not true: that there is a scientific consensus supporting the concept. The "research" presented is largely junk science, and vociferous objections from the scientific community are not cited. Stirling Newberry 23:17, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. "The concept" has no clear antecedent.  Any meaningful response and/or edit requires knowing what you mean.  Kindly explain.  Also, vociferous objections are cited in multiple places, from accusations of racism and biased results (including comparison of one scientist's goals to Hitler's) to more moderated objections that neither race nor intelligence have any scientific basis and that any attempt to study them is not science and/or is ethically wrong.  All appear to be carefully cited.  Kindly elaborate on what objections are not covered. --DAD T 00:05, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Race and intelligence is an area of intelligence research studying the nature, origins, and practical consequences of group differences in intelligence. Members of any racial-ethnic group may be found at any IQ level, but averages among groups often differ in where their members tend to cluster along the IQ scale. Similar clustering is seen amoung racial-ethnic groups in related variables, such as school achievement or reaction time. In the U.S., most variation in IQ occurs within individual familes, not between races. However, differences of average IQs among groups has been pronounced enough to merit a scientific investigation.

This is the intro-paragraph, and it is a mendacious misstatement of current knowledge, POV propaganda and crypto-racism. Stirling Newberry 01:25, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ad hominems aside, do you think the differences of average IQs among groups has not been pronounced enough to merit a scientific investigation? – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 02:07, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sure we are all well-aware of the first paragraph. I note your (SN's) post does not answer either of my questions, which were asked with the genuine hope of engaging your concerns.  The accusations you level are quite serious (and surprising) since the first paragraph reflects several published consensus statements, as has been repeatedly noted on this page.  I'm sure other observers would find it helpful to know what base of support you are drawing upon.  Best, --DAD T 02:21, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Quadell: The scientific investigation has been going on for decades. Perhaps a better question is, "What published statements -- preferably indicating broad consensus -- contradict anything in the first paragraph?" --DAD T 02:21, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * This is POV pushing on its face. is an example of the kind of debunking that Rushton et al regularly get. The article is crypto-racist right wing pseudo-science. Stirling Newberry 02:28, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * as far as I can tell, Richard Nisbett, the author you cite, would agree with the intro paragraph and would endorse the article, if not all the POVs therein. --Rikurzhen 02:30, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * That very Nisbett article is listed right on the Race and intelligence page, and nothing in Nisbett's article contradicts anything in the first paragraph. Nisbett is concerned with whether the gap is closing, and his viewpoint is prominently featured in the article.  He also is concerned with evidence for heredity, and the malleability of IQ, points of view which receive extensive treatment and which the article favors no particular position.  Nisbett's accusations against Rushton and Jensen are quite mild compared to the vitriol that the R&I article aims at them.  You have just provided outstanding evidence of the article's NPOV. --DAD T 02:44, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. This article seems to have several objections based on the fact that it's a controversial topic, but I think controversial topics should be able to be featured articles. It gives a lot of interesting information, it's well-organized and well-illustrated, it's meticulously referenced, and it describes all veiwpoints about as fully as could be expected. There is of course room for improvement - but I wish every article on Wikipedia were as NPOV as this one! The authors have had to work extremely hard making the article NPOV, since it's such a sensitive topic, and the effort has paid off. There will be some people who will object to any article that contains information they don't like, and that's disappointing, but I don't see how any article could explain the current state of knowledge and debate much more fairly. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 02:07, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. There is no scientific nor even pseudo-scientific consensus to describe the issue only in terms of "race" and "intelligence". The supporters of the article would love to get the controversy bogged down analyzing their sources using their one sided method of framing the issue, they completely ignore all criticisms against how the issue is framed and the historic evidence against the subject (see scientific racism). I theorize that most/all of the pro editors of race and intelligence must be ultra racist or insanely politically motivated themselves because nothing else comes close to explaining their support for the unscientific one sided presentation of the subject which subtly presumptively induces racism in others -- not to mention the repeated obfuscation, repetition of language confusion, and misdirection on talk pages. If the issue is described and framed only in terms of "race" and "intelligence" the brain will only think about the issue in terms of "race" in search of causes which will make it easier for the supporters of the article (aka the psychology of language propaganda experts) to later on intentionally confuse description of the issue with cause for the issue. zen master T 03:40, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess it goes without saying that ZM has a unique view on this subject, which we've been unable to corroborate with citations, and thus is not found in the article. Lengthy discussions to that effect can be found in the article's talk pages. And yes... we all just love being called ultra-racist obfuscating propagandists ;) --Rikurzhen 04:17, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. This article is a shining testament to Wikipedia's abiding flaw. This (and a disturbingly large collection of support articles) are all strongly POV.  Carefully done, well written and researched, but heavily biased.  Some of the reasons this article is "stable" have to do with the obvious enthusiasm and eloquence of its major contributers.  I see the comment by Jun-Dai  that this is a "larger fight than I'm willing (or have the time) to take on right now" and suspect many others have felt the same.  I know I have. We need a William M. Connolley analog to balance this out.  brenneman (t) (c)  04:46, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * William M. Connolley wouldn't be needed if people respected the IPCC consensus statements as representative of expert opinion on climate change. Likewise, if people would respect the APA and WSJ consensus statements and the Snyderman & Rothman survey data, then we would all be much better off. --Rikurzhen 05:41, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. The general US population, including even Stanford professors, NYT science reporters and MDs (who write papers on which medications suit which people, etc.) call certain loose categories or subsets of the US population "races". (I think it is an objectionable practice on many grounds, but they could care less what I think about it. I know. I've written to some of them. Guess what the response was.)  The US education system is strongly, if not completely, tied to selecting individuals for college entrance and other valued positions in society on the grounds of I.Q. tests -- tests whose names suggest that they measure something called "intelligence." I am troubled because I see no clear definition of "inte lligence" other than the tests that supposedly measure it. Perhaps I am simply uninformed at some deep and hidden level and can be reformed. Be that as it may, the results of parceling the US population into groups that roughly reflect genetic herit age, and that also roughly reflect the social ills and/or the social perks that the society doles out to people, and then using the testing instruments that purportedly measure "intelligence", turn out to raise some very important warning flags that need to be understood and heeded by the electorate.

 * When college administrators use testing instruments as part of their admissions procedures, they are (or ought to be) interested in determining whether an individual will have an adequate foundation to efficiently utilize the college environment. Tests can be constructed that determine whether that foundation exists. People desiring to take other paths in life will likely undergo similar evaluations before significant resources are devoted to trying t o train them.

 * The results obtained when the averages for scores on these tests are computed for the so-called "racial" groups indicate something of profound importance for makers of public policy: The several groups are not equally well prepared to do well in endeavors that require the aptitudes measured by the tests. Green people do great, and pink people do poorly. It does not follow logically that pink people do not do well because they are pink. It does not follow ethically that because some people are pink the institutions of society should not be allowed to function for their full benefit. It does not follow from any principle of economic utility known to me that one sector of a population should be disadvantaged either through design or th rough neglect and therefore be unable to make its optimum contribution to the society as a whole.

 * The terms used to discuss and debate this question are ill-suited to rational discussion. In fact, they are very heavily loaded with emotional baggage. Thos e factors, in turn, distract most people from the true issues and result in emotionally volatile confrontations. The fact remains, however, that rational planning intended for the public good cannot afford to ignore the clear signs that something is not going well.

 * I fully share the negative reactions that I suspect are behind many objections to this article. I flinch at the very mention of the word "race". I question the intelligence of people who appear to have a circular definition of intelligence. I would like it much better if we had single clear words tied firmly to adequate operational definitions instead of a situation in which there are probably as many definitions of "race" as there are people who use the word. But such words and their defini tions enter a language by a slow process of adaptation, failure, and reformulation. We are not there yet, and we will not get there without facing the issues and working through them.

 * My own background is in physics, in philosophy, and a bunch of other t hings that have even less direct bearing on this issue. So I am clearly aware that I would be out of my depth if I tried to assure other people of the formal correctness and the experimental adequacy of the conclusions reported in the "Race and Intelligence" article. On the other hand, I have from time to time raised rather incoherent objections or fears pertaining to things that I have flagged for myself as questionable and have later found the article to have been amended to resolve the problems I have noted. I have also never picked up on the slightest hint of evasiveness or manipulative behavior on the part of the major participants engaged in improving this article.

 * Give us a better term than "race" if you can. Give us a substitute for "intelligen ce" that makes it transparently clear that we are measuring capabilities and inferring from them some kind of underlying capacity without, perhaps, really needing to do so. But examine the article with an eye to determining whether it tells people what the fight is about, why there is a fight, what the payoff is if we can determine what disadvantages some groups and how to prevent that from happening.  P0M 07:04, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. This and many supporting articles suffer from systemic bias, as others have noted. Jokestress 08:27, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This article is not stable and not uncontroversial as explained on the criteria page. This should not have even been nominated based on those guidelines. Jokestress 17:38, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Fantastic article One of Wikipedia's very best. Being made even better due to this exchange of views. For those who find the article one sided; What do you think intelligence is? What physically executes those information processes? What at conception is the blueprint for the hardware (wetware) those processes run on? What is passsed from parents to children? Parents's parents's paremts... that's ancestory right? ancestory is another way of saying race right? Chimps are different from humans due to genes. Oranges are different from tangerines due to genes even tho they can interbreed. What farmer uses environment to change an orange tree to a tangerine tree? Who wants a world with less diversity in their fruit? Humans have many qualities we can be proud of, only a few of which are measured by IQ tests. IQ tests do not measure who is the superior human. But rejecting evidence and logic because you don't like the conclusion isn't being even a bit superior. 4.250.33.21 08:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok there! Most of this discussion should probably go on the articles talk page. Let's all just cool our jets. (Including me.)  brenneman (t) (c)  13:32, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

129.34.20.23 18:05, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. The article should be moved to Research on race and intelligence or should be expanded to discuss popular beliefs and arguments on the issue from outside the scientific community. Christopher Parham (talk) 04:50, 2005 July 16 (UTC)
 * Comment. I think the root of that suggestion is very good. (For example, both global warming and global warming controversy exist.) But I think in practice it would be better to expand the current History section of this article into Race and intelligence (History), and use that article to detail the ideas/writings/etc inside and outside the field and up to the present, which would include popular beliefs, criticisms, etc. I've been not-so-subtly trying to tempt people to work on this idea. --Rikurzhen 05:25, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm glad to see you're receptive, but I'm not sure why current popular viewpoints would be filed under History. Really, I just think the article should make clearer that the belief that race and intelligence are not connected is widespread and give some suggestions for why that is (especially when 200 years ago it almost certainly was not so widespread). Is there any polling data available on this issue? Christopher Parham (talk) 05:49, 2005 July 16 (UTC)
 * I have seen polling data on experts and heard of polling data on public intellectuals like newspaper editors, but nothing on the general public. The idea that history is a good context to explain current popular views is just a suggestion, but it makes sense to me in the context of Gould's The Mismeasure of Man and the fact that the present is a product of history. (Not that we need to debate that point on the FAC page.) --Rikurzhen 05:55, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * These comments are being discussed on the Talk:Race and intelligence page here and here.
 * Object The graph in the leading section of the article makes a bold statement suggesting that race is strongly correlated with intelligence. This would have been fine if the graph was well supported by research, but the graph makes a questionable interpretation of a study of 1,880 adults in Journal of School Psychology. The distributions IQ scores of non-white adults is of course what makes the graph controversial and looking at the study it is clear that African-Americans constituted 10.21% of the sample, while Asians and Hispanics groups PUT TOGETHER constituted less than 1.3% of the sample! If the active contributors to the article are experts in the field, I suggest that they update the graph based on research specifically carried out to study the correlation of IQ scores and race
 * Except the graph is based on data taken from that study and others. For example, Roth et al 2001 did a meta-analysis with over 6 million test subjects. See the full footenote. The White and Black averages are verified by the concensus statements (listed at the top of this page) and while the numbers for Asians and Hispanics are less precisely known, the given values are representative of the set of published figures. This would be better discussed on the talk page. --Rikurzhen 23:02, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I did see the other studies mentioned in the footnote, however given a bold statement made by the graph, I will not remove my objection until more detail is given on the other studies. Please provide the titles of the articles and the journals where the articles were published for the following references used to substantiate the footnote: Roth et al., 2001; Rushton, 1995; Herrnstein & Murray, 1994
 * How much time do people have to weigh in on a piece before a determination is reached? I've been spending a great deal of time on the (unexpected) FAS process for Blackface and just happened to see the FAS for this article, which I've never seen before.  Unfortunately, I have a bunch of deadlines of my own to tend to. That means likely no time to read this until mid week.  Will there be time left for me to still be able to weigh in? deeceevoice 11:51, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Object Concur with Michael Snow, this is not FA material. St33lbird 19:11, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Object until neutrality has been determined. --JB Adder | Talk 00:05, July 18, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Leonov (crater)

Leonov is a small lunar impact crater that lies to the south of Mare Moscoviense, one of the few maria on the far side of the Moon. This crater has a heart-shaped outline, due to an outward bulge along the northwest side. The rim of Leonov is worn, and several tiny craterlets lie along the edge. The inner walls and interior floor are relatively featureless.

In 1970, the crater was named after Russian cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, the first human to perform an extravehicular activity (EVA or "spacewalk") in Earth orbit in 1965.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Leonov (crater)


text:
User talk:Ally G

The image is a copyright violation, since it is being used w/o the permission of the owner. Unless you're the owner, which in that case, you're using WIkipedia for advertising. --Madchester 18:47, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ally G


text:
Hibernians F.C.

Hibernians Football Club is a Maltese professional football club based in the town of Paola.

History
The club played one season in 1922 as Constitutionals FC, representing the pro-British Constitutional Party. They started up again in the 1927–28 season and became a top amateur side, winning the Amateur League in 1930–31.

Meanwhile, the Constitutional Party had upset the Catholic Church so much that, in May 1930, Catholics were told not to vote for the party. The football club changed its name a year later to Hibernians Football Club as a nod to Hibernian, the club founded by Irish Catholics in Edinburgh. They won their first match as Hibernians 2–1, against HMS Antelope (H36) in October 1931. They had to wait for a place to become available in the professional league, but in January 1933 they joined the league with a 3–1 victory over Sliema Rangers. They have stayed in the top division ever since.

Around 1970 English football legend Sir Stanley Matthews managed Hibernians. He led the club to a League title and two Maltese FA Trophies.

Hibernians faced a long period of decline followed the success of the 1980s to the end of the decade. Hibernians have a futsal team, which plays in Malta's top futsal league, the Premier Futsal League.

Stadium
The club's home ground is Hibernians Stadium, a multi-use stadium in Paola, which has a capacity of about 3,000.

Honours
Source:
 * Maltese Premier League Star full.svg
 * Winners (13): 1960–61, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1978–79, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1993–94, 1994–95, 2001–02, 2008–09, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2021–22
 * Maltese FA Trophy
 * Winners (10): 1961–62, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1997–98, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2011–12, 2012–13
 * Maltese Super Cup
 * Winners (4): 1994, 2007, 2015, 2022
 * Cassar Cup
 * Winners (2): 1961–62, 1962–63
 * Testaferrata Cup
 * Winners (3): 1977–78, 1978–79, 1980–81
 * Independence Cup
 * Winners (3): 1967–68, 1968–69, 1970–71
 * Sons of Malta Cup
 * Winners (3): 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72
 * Olympic Cup
 * Winners (1): 1962–63
 * Schembri Shield
 * Winners (1): 1961–62

European record

 * Accurate as of 11 August 2022

Legend: GF = Goals For. GA = Goals Against. GD = Goal Difference.

Players
Maltese teams are limited to eight players without Maltese citizenship. The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country.

Managers

 * 🇲🇹 Robert Gatt (30 June 1998 – 8 July 2007)
 * 🇦🇱 Edmond Lufi (2007 – 8 September 2008)
 * 🏴 Mark Miller (1 July 2008 – 2012)
 * 🇲🇹 Michael Woods (13 June 2012 – 2013)
 * 🇷🇸 Branko Nišević (30 May 2013 – 2016)
 * 🏴 Mark Miller (2016 – 5 March 2018)
 * 🇲🇹 Mario Muscat (5 March 2018 – 4 July 2018)
 * 🇮🇹 Stefano Sanderra (4 July 2018 – 30 June 2022)
 * 🇮🇹 Andrea Pisanu (8 July 2022 – 6 February 2023)
 * 🇲🇹 Silvio Vella (7 February 2023 – 1 June 2023)
 * 🇷🇸 Branko Nišević (17 July 2023 – )

Women's team
A women's team plays in the Women's Maltese First Division. The team is the national record champion with twelve titles, the most recent being won in 2016.

title: Hibernians F.C.


text:
Strines

Strines is a village in Greater Manchester, in the valley of the River Goyt. It is located midway between Marple and New Mills, about six miles south-east of Stockport. The village falls within the Marple parish and the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport. Immediately surrounding Strines are the villages of Woodend, Hague Bar and Brookbottom, where there is a conservation area. Close by are the villages of Mellor and Rowarth, and the hamlet of Turf Lea.

Transport

The village is served by Strines railway station on the Hope Valley Line. The station, and all stopping services, are operated by Northern Trains. There is generally an hourly daytime service each way between New Mills and Manchester Piccadilly, with additional calls during weekday peak periods. On Saturdays and Sundays, most eastbound services continue through to Sheffield.

The 358 bus route, which runs between Stockport and Hayfield, passes through Strines; buses are operated by Stagecoach Manchester.

Strines Print Works
Strines had a print works from 1792 to 2001. From 1899, it was one of the Calico Printers' Association mills. The works reservoir remains, with a Grade II listed Chinese dovecote in its centre which dates from at least 1853.

title: Strines


text:
Talk:Mazatec

"Xi̱taꞌén" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xi%CC%B1ta%EA%9E%8C%C3%A9n&redirect=no Xi̱taꞌén] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 05:00, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mazatec


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Class of '99

Class of '99 was a short-lived American alternative rock supergroup consisting of members from notable rock bands:
 * Layne Staley of Alice in Chains as vocalist
 * Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine as lead guitarist
 * Stephen Perkins of Jane's Addiction as drummer
 * Martyn LeNoble of Porno for Pyros as bassist
 * Matt Serletic of Collective Soul as keyboardist

These five musicians collaborated to cover Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" (as well as "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 1)") for the soundtrack to Robert Rodriguez's 1998 science-fiction horror film, The Faculty. Contrary to rumors and popular belief, the five musicians collaborated solely to cover the songs for the film and did not create a band or intend on releasing other new material.

In 1999, a single of both versions was released on the Sony International record label. It also contained Stabbing Westward's "Haunting Me". The "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" video was directed by Jim Shea, and aired for the first time in January 1999.

As the recordings took place in November 1998, Class of '99 is now notable for being Staley's final appearance in the studio prior to his death from a drug overdose in April 2002.

title: Class of '99


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Craigie Aitchison, Lord Aitchison

Craigie Mason Aitchison, Lord Aitchison (26 January 1882 – 2 May 1941) was a Scottish politician and judge.

Early life
Mason was born on 16 January 1882 in Falkirk, the second son of Elizabeth Mason Craigie and Revd James Aitchison, senior minister of the Erskine United Free Church.

He was educated at Falkirk High School and the University of Edinburgh where he was the Vans Dunlop Scholar in Mental Philosophy and Muirhead Prizeman in Civil Law. He graduated with an MA in 1903 and an LLB in 1907.

Career
Aitchison became an advocate in 1907. He was particularly effective as a defence counsel in criminal cases, and was regarded as the best advocate before a jury since Sheriff Comrie Thomson. He was noted for the Bickerstaff and John Donald Merritt cases.

He was made a King's Counsel in 1923. He worked with Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and others to secure the release of Oscar Slater, the victim one of the most notorious miscarriages of justice of the early 20th century. Aitchison who was leading Counsel at the appeal in 1929 gave a 14-hour speech.

Politics and law officer
An unsuccessful Liberal candidate for Clackmannan and East Stirlingshire in November 1922 and December 1923, he joined the Labour Party and contested The Hartlepools at the October 1924 general election and Glasgow Central in May 1929 — where he reduced a Unionist majority of nearly 6,000 to only 627.

He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Kilmarnock at a by-election in October 1929, and sat for the constituency until October 1933 as a Labour then National Labour member.

He was appointed as Lord Advocate in June 1929 serving in the Second Labour Government alongside Sir William Jowitt, the new Attorney General for England and Wales whose defeat at The Hartlepools in 1924 was attributed to Aitchison's drawing votes to the Liberals.

He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1929, and served as Lord Advocate until October 1933. He was then raised to the bench as Lord Justice Clerk, with the judicial title Lord Aitchison, at which point he automatically resigned his seat in the House of Commons, which resulted in a by-election.

Personal life
In 1919, he married Charlotte Mary Forbes Jones (d. 1970), daughter of James Jones of Torwood Hall, Larbert. They had two sons, one of whom, John Ronald Craigie Aitchison (1926–2009) was a noted painter and a member of the Royal Academy.

title: Craigie Aitchison, Lord Aitchison


text:
Europort

Europort may refer to

 * Ports and other logistics centres
 * Wakefield Europort, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, UK
 * Rosslare Europort, Rosslare Harbour, County Wexford, Ireland
 * Thames Europort, Stone, Kent, UK
 * Vatry Europort, Marne, France

 * Other:
 * Europort Avenue, Gibraltar
 * Communauté de communes de l'Europort, former communauté de communes in Marne, France

 * Spelling variants
 * Europoort - part of the Port of Rotterdam
 * Europorte - A rail freight subsidiary of Eurotunnel
 * Europorte 2 - A former rail freight subsidiary of Eurotunnel

Similar spellings

 * Eurosport, television sports network

title: Europort


text:
Athanase Coquerel

Athanase Coquerel may refer to:

 * Athanase Laurent Charles Coquerel (1795–1868), French Protestant theologian
 * Athanase Josué Coquerel (1820–1875), French Protestant theologia, son of Athanase Laurent Charles Coquerel

title: Athanase Coquerel


text:
User talk:Samgeo

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Hi, the page you submitted for Federation of Astronomical Societies seems to be a copyright violation from their page. Submitting such material without explicit permission is illegal. If you have permission please paste it on the article's talk page. Thanks and enjoy your time here. gren 19:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Samgeo


text:
User talk:Marasek

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

I also have some comments on your categorization effort. First, Wikipedia naming policy is to use plurals for most categories, and to use lower case outside of proper names, so that Category:Domesticated Plant would likely be better named Category:Domesticated plants. Second, I do not believe it is necessary to tag so many individual plants. Take, for example, the article Barley. It is already in Category:Cereals, which is a subcategory of Category:Food crops. By tagging the latter, you would cover many plants at once. This is probably not the end of the matter, since these higher level categories themselves are a mess right now, and if you could help to rationalize them, that would be a welcome contribution.

I hope these thoughts are helpful. Thank you and good luck. — Pekinensis 19:42, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm...maybe I rushed into this. I wanted to replace List of domesticated plants by a category.Marasek 20:13, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

That seems like a good impulse. I've been thinking about our taxonomy of useful plants for some time, and have not come to any conclusions besides that our current system is neglected and unsatisfactory. I would like to see an intuitive, logical system that reflects several different ways that a user might approach the question.

I see several basic hierarchies, starting with phylogeny, use, plant-part, and domestication status. I am trying to reflect categories that are important in daily life, but the result so far is that some of these are ill-defined, or reflect a limited view of human culture, and certainly this list list is incomplete.

 * Phylogeny is already well treated.
 * Use:
 * Fiber
 * Medicine and recreation
 * Food
 * Flavoring
 * Macronutrients
 * Fat (i.e. nuts and oilseeds)
 * Protein (i.e. legumes)
 * Starch (i.e. cereals and starchy root vegetables)
 * Micronutrients
 * Main dish (i.e. vegetables)
 * Dessert (i.e. fruits)
 * Plant part
 * Seed
 * Fruit
 * Leaves
 * Roots, tubers, corms, rhizomes, et cetera
 * Above-ground stems
 * Domestication status
 * Domesticated
 * Wild

I'm not saying that these should be the categories, but I would like the categories to reflect them.

Figuring this all out seems like a big project, and I'm happy to let it stand for the moment.

— Pekinensis 20:55, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm....I do not think that it is necessary to have such a fine grained system of categories. For instance, main dish and dessert seems to be far too cultural specific to me. Further, I will assume that a plant is wild if it is not domesticated.
 * As a user, I think I'd rather have a long list of domesticated plants. Then there are plants like flax, which are used for fibers and oil, or cannabis sativa, which is used for fibers and as drug.
 * In de.wikipedia the respective category is "Nutzpflanze" (usable plant, agricultural plant), which is a long list and has some subcategories. Honestly, I don't see the additional information/use that a category like "cereals" provide. Marasek 21:11, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Indeed, I don't see the use of any of these categories, but it is a compulsion. :)

I think the issue of multiple-use plants is not an issue, because the category system should be a directed acyclic graph and not a tree.

I agree that the distinction between main dish and dessert is ill-defined and culture-specific, but it seems like a very important intuitive distinction for many people. Indeed, I note that the Chinese, Spanish, and German wikipedias all separate fruits from vegetables, separating okra, green beans, and eggplants on the one hand from peaches, grapes, and pineapples on the other.

I suppose I see a use for finer categories like "cereals" in expanding the reader's ideas by showing a list of possiblities they might not have thought of, without overwhelming them as might a wider category.

However my motivation for listing the hierarchies above was to try and pick apart the notions that current category system is trying to convey, as a step toward imagining a more self-consistent system. Certainly, drastically simplifying the system would be one way to achieve self-consistency.

I'm happy to be lazy for the moment, and let it all be.

— Pekinensis 21:59, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Marasek. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Marasek~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:18, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Marasek


text:
File:Ainsi soit je.jpg

The cover of Mylène Farmer's album Ainsi soit je...

Rationale of fair use for Ainsi soit je...

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this album.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the album in any way.
 * 4) For an article about an album, the cover artwork is very important and adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality, and could not be used as artwork on illegal CD or vinyl copies of the album.
 * 6) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is. The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:Ainsi soit je.jpg


text:
Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station

Firenze Santa Maria Novella (in English Florence Santa Maria Novella) or Stazione di Santa Maria Novella is the main railway station in Florence, Italy. The station is used by 59 million people every year and is one of the busiest in Italy.

It is at the northern end of the Florence–Rome high-speed railway line Direttissima, which was completed on 26 May 1992 and the southern end of the Bologna–Florence railway line, opened on 22 April 1934. A new high speed line to Bologna opened on 13 December 2009. The station is also used by regional trains on lines connecting to: Pisa, Livorno (Leopolda railway); Lucca, Viareggio (Viareggio–Florence railway); Bologna (Bologna–Florence railway) and Faenza (Faentina railway).

History
The station was inaugurated on 3 February 1848 to serve the railway to Pistoia and Pisa, and was initially called Maria Antonia (from the name of the railway, named in honour of Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies); it was much closer to the Santa Maria Novella church than the current station. It was renamed after the church after the unification of Italy.

In 1932 through a number of newspaper editorials, published in La Nazione, Florence's main daily, Romano Romanelli a reputed and influential Florentine sculptor, criticized the original project by the architect Mazzoni for the new Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station. A constructive debate resulted in the final choice of the project sponsored by the architect Marcello Piacentini and designed by Gruppo Toscano.

The station was designed in 1932 by a group of architects known as the Gruppo Toscano (Tuscan Group) of which Giovanni Michelucci and Italo Gamberini, Berardi, Baroni, Lusanna were among the members; the building was constructed between 1932 and 1934. The plan of the building, as seen from above, looks as if it were based on the fascio littorio, the symbol of Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party, many documents give this explanation, but, that shape was forced by the pre-existing station. The "blade" represented by the first two-passenger tracks and the postal ones were in fact the extension of the 1861 alignment which included the tracks of the line from Livorno.

The building is a prime example of Italian modernism, but has little to do with the Italian Rationalism movement, being more strongly influenced by the Viennese architecture of Loos and Hoffman, with perhaps a nod to Wright; but it is the building's complete originality that makes it outstanding. The competition to design the station was controversial but the approval by Mussolini of the Gruppo Toscano project was hailed as an official acceptance of modernity. The station was designed to replace the aging Maria Antonia Station, one of the few example of architecture by I. K. Brunel in Italy, and to serve as a gateway to the city centre.

The Gruppo Toscano was only responsible for the main frontal building of the station. The heating plant, platforms, other facilities and details such as benches and baggage shelves were all designed in a contrasting style by the official Ministry of Communications architect, Angiolo Mazzoni. Outside and adjacent to the station is also Michelucci's white marble Palazzina Reale di Santa Maria Novella, built to host the royal family on visits to Florence.

While it is of a "uncompromisingly modern" design, the use of pietra forte (a hard sandstone) for the station's stone frontage was intended to respond to and contrast with the nearby Gothic architecture of the church of Santa Maria Novella. The interior of the station features a dramatic metal and glass roof with large skylights over the main passenger concourse, which is aligned perpendicular to the tracks and acts as a pedestrian street. The skylights span the passenger concourse without any supporting columns, giving a feeling of openness and vast space and reinforcing the convergence of all the public functions of the station on the passenger concourse.

Near platform #16 there is a statue and a memorial plaque in remembrance of the train loads of Jewish people who were deported from Italy to Nazi concentration camps during World War II.

Train services
The station is served by the following services:

 * High speed services (Frecciarossa) Turin – Milan – Bologna – Florence – Rome – Naples – Salerno
 * High speed services (Frecciarossa) Venice – Padua – Bologna – Florence – Rome – Naples – Salerno
 * High speed services (Frecciargento) Trieste – Venice – Padua – Bologna – Florence – Rome
 * High speed services (Frecciargento) Udine – Treviso – Venice – Padua – Bologna – Florence – Rome
 * High speed services (Frecciargento) Venice – Padua – Bologna – Florence – Rome
 * High speed services (Frecciargento) Venice – Padua – Bologna – Florence – Rome – Fiumicino Airport


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Alternative history (fiction)/archive1

Alternative history (fiction)
I have been in an ongoing reversion with another user and we have fundamental differences of opinion. Several people have made changes in addition to ours, yet the other user keep insisting that his changes are correct (as do I), although he is ignoring most of the things people say that disagree with him.

I have cited several sources in support of my contention, both in the article and on the talk page and he has not responded to any of my (or other people's) citations. I won't get into the substance of the arguments because I don't want to be accused of misrepresenting them, although they can be read on the talk and in the history pages.Shsilver 19:45, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't mean to put you off, but I'm afraid this is the wrong place for your problem, please see the instructions at the top of the page. Requests for comment is the best page for content disputes. Could you move the article there, please? You'll get better feedback from RFC, as readers of Peer review aren't expecting to take on disputes. Bishonen | talk 22:56, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * ...testing. :) — RJH 16:03, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, well. I also posted a message on User talk:Shsilver, but have had no response to any of it, although the user has been around, editing. I will now move the article myself. Bishonen | talk 14:22, 14 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Republic of Genoa

Untitled
Please add a map. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.247.69.139 (talk) 00:15, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Golden Age
Would it be fair to say that the "Golden Age' of Genoa was in the 12th and 13th century?
 * Unless you went on to detail why so, this would not be an informative statement. You could also discuss the power and energy of Genoa without recourse to a "Golden Age". --Wetman 23:39, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No. Contrary to the article's current wording, Genoa's golden age (taken by its normal criteria - an identifiable period of increased relative power, wealth, status never attained before or since) came during its period as the bankers to the Habsburgs and Spanish America. On the other hand, the Republic was much less free and democratic by that point after Doria's reforms and it had less territory. So it'd still be arguable. -LlywelynII (talk) 18:16, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Sovereignty
Was the Republic fully sovereign or nominally subject of the Empire? Fornadan (t) 20:05, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure of the precise legalities, but it started out as an Imperial bishopric. The commune finally assumed most authority in the 1090s; Conrad let the city mint its own coins. Actual Imperial influence would've varied depending on whether the Guelf or Ghibellines were in charge and whether the Emperor's army was south of the Alps at the time, but the 1911 says they acknowledged Naples (ie, the Hohenstaufen emperors) and then (after the extinction of that line) the viscount of Milan and then the French. Doria helped the city move out of the French orbit, but I'm not sure how much authority the French actually enjoyed. -LlywelynII (talk) 18:16, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Genoese Commune-ist Period
The Italian wiki has a separate article for it. Could someone please translate it, put it up on its own page, and link it from here; or use this book to give us one? There's not much freely accessible information on the period or a list of the consuls in English. -LlywelynII (talk) 18:16, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

"Regno di Spagna"
Why is Spain the only region depicted as a "kingdom" in the graphic? In 1300 nor in in 1400 there wasn't sucha a kingdom. It could be somehow argued that Spain could exist after marriage of the Catholic kings in late S. XV, but the sovereignity of the respective kingdoms that belonged to the king and the queen was kept at least until late XVIII, in no way the dates depicted in the graphic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.155.76.54 (talk) 14:31, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

Holy Roman Empire
Not mentioned once in the article. Srnec (talk) 19:07, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Rise
The presentation of information in the Rise section seems uneven. For example, the single sentence describing Genoa as a maritime republic could be expanded on, and perhaps merged with a later line in the section describing how Genoa became a major naval power. Heliopoptropolis (talk) 21:04, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

Republic of Genoa
After reading this article, I was surprised to find no mention of the Black Plague (I think starting around 1347 AD), some have suggested it started with Genoa trading ships from the Black Sea. This became a major issue for the rest of Europe for the next 100 or so years. While I don't think it requires blame, it might have been useful to have a reference to this or other entries that cover this history of Genoa and other aspect related to global trade. It wasn't too long after 1347 this that Genoa lost to Venice, and perhaps it gives some insight into Genoa's change in fortune. DrVALewis (talk) 01:19, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The article is woefully incomplete. Viriditas (talk) 21:31, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Republic of Genoa


text:
Lake Gilmer

Lake Gilmer is four miles (6 km) west of downtown Gilmer, Texas, in the United States. It is located at State Highway 852 (SH 852).

The lake opened on September 29, 2001. It is 1,010 acres (4.1 km2) in size and has another 1557 acres (6.3 km2) of land that is planned to be developed into hiking and nature trails.

title: Lake Gilmer


text:
Tinola

Tinola is a Filipino soup usually served as a main course with white rice. Traditionally, this dish is cooked with chicken or fish, wedges of papaya and/or chayote, and leaves of the siling labuyo chili pepper in broth flavored with ginger, onions and fish sauce.

Variants
Variants of the dish can substitute chicken with fish, seafood, or pork. Chayote or calabash (upo) can also be substituted for green papaya. In addition to pepper leaves, other leafy vegetables can also be used like pechay, spinach, moringa leaves, and mustard greens, among others. Additional ingredients like potatoes and tomatoes can also be added.

Cultural significance
One of the earliest mentions of the dish is in José Rizal's first novel, Noli Me Tangere, where Kapitan Tiago served it to Crisostomo Ibarra upon arriving from Europe. He was given the chicken liver and gizzard; meanwhile, to the dismay of the corrupt Spanish friar, Padre Damaso, who got chicken neck and wing, which is considered to be the least favored chicken part.

Similar dishes
Tinola is very similar to binakol and ginataang manok, but differ in that the latter two use coconut water and coconut milk, respectively. A related dish is lauya of the Ilocano people. However, lauya is partial to pork or beef knuckles.

A similar soup dish is known as sinabawang gulay (lit. "vegetable soup", also utan Bisaya), which is made from moringa leaves and various vegetables.

title: Tinola


text:
User:Kevinfowels

The content of Kevin fowles was not sufficently note-worthy to merit an article on Wikipedia, and was removed. We welcome newcomers, and encourage you to become a Wikipedian. That article's content could be incorporated into your user page, however. A subject must be notable to merit inclusion in the actual encyclopedia. Stewart Adcock 19:47, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Kevinfowels


text:
Athanase Josué Coquerel

Athanase Josué Coquerel (16 June 1820 – 24 July 1875) was a French Protestant theologian.

Life
The son of Athanase Laurent Charles Coquerel, he was born in Amsterdam and studied theology at Geneva and at Strasbourg, and at an early age succeeded his uncle, C. A. Coquerel, as editor of Le Lien, a post which he held till 1870. In 1852 he took part in establishing the Nouvelle Revue de théologie, the first periodical of scientific theology published in France, and in the same year helped to found the Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français (Historical Society of French Protestantism).

Meanwhile, Coquerel had gained a reputation as a preacher, and especially as the advocate of religious freedom; but his teaching offended to the orthodox party, and on the appearance (1864) of his article on Renan's Vie de Jésus in the Nouvelle Revue de théologie he was forbidden by the Paris consistory to continue his ministerial functions. He received an address of sympathy from the consistory of Anduze, and a provision was voted for him by the Union Protestante Libérale, to enable him to continue his preaching. He received the cross of the Légion d'honneur in 1862. Coquerel died in Fismes (Marne).

Works
Coquerel's major works were Jean Calas et sa famille (1858); Des Beaux-Arts en Italie (Eng. trans. 1859 by Emily and Edward Higginson ); La Saint-Barthélémy (1860); Précis de l'Eglise réformée (1862); Le Catholicisme et le protestantisme considérés dans leur origine et leur développement (1864); Libres études, and La Conscience et la foi (1867).

title: Athanase Josué Coquerel


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/John III of Portugal/archive1

John III of Portugal
This article needs a total check ragarding language, quotation criteria and several other aspects like images. The objective is to make it a featured article. I'm willing to collaborate. Thanks. --Gameiro 19:48, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * See my comments at Featured article candidates/John III of Portugal. In future, submit here first, address comments, then archive and submit to FAC. Happy editing. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 19:56, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Can someone help listing things where the article needs to improve?--Gameiro 02:32, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Adress my above objections and let me know when this is done, and I shall review it again. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 19:34, 16 July 2005 (UTC)


text:
Craig Newsome

Craig Newsome (born August 10, 1971) is an American former professional football cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected in the first round of the 1995 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers, where he played for four years. He won Super Bowl XXXI with the Packers, beating the New England Patriots. He was later traded to the San Francisco 49ers in 1999.

Amateur career
Newsome played for Eisenhower High School in Rialto, California, the same high school as Ronnie Lott, and attended San Bernardino Valley College before transferring to Arizona State.

NFL career
The Packers selected Newsome in the first round with the 32nd pick in the 1995 NFL Draft. He was the starting cornerback on the 1996 Green Bay Packers championship team. He also had a forced fumble and an interception in Super Bowl XXXI. On September 19, 1999 the Packers traded Newsome to the 49ers. Newsome was forced into retirement after the 1999 season, as three shattered vertebrae left him physically disabled.

Post NFL career
Newsome coached the La Crosse River Rats of the Indoor Football League in 2000, located in La Crosse Wisconsin. He currently resides in Holmen, Wisconsin where he is a coach on the Holmen High School football team.

title: Craig Newsome


text: Category:Intelligent design movement

title: Category:Intelligent design movement


text:
Talk:Frozen yogurt

FDA Regulations
If somebody could find the government publication for "NAICS code 311520: Ice Cream and Frozen Dessert," it could be a better source than the currently cited source.XLBSS (talk) 21:33, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

Fructose
The reference to fructose (vs. sugar) being of interest to diabetics is incorrect, out of date and should be removed. Research done by the ADA, presented in June 2007, showed that fructose consumption significantly elevates plasma lipids such as triglicerides and LDL cholesterol. The ADA recommends AGAINST the ingestion of added fructose by diabetics. Foods where fructose naturally occurs in small amounts (i.e., fresh fruit and vegetables) is allowable, as long as it is only 3-4% of the energy intake from these foods. Frozen yoghurt sweetened with fructose would not qualify as a recommended food for diabetics. This reference to fructose for diabetics is dangerous and irresponsible.

Freezing Point
If the freezing point of yogurt is higher than that of milk why does frozen yogurt both freeze and melt slower than regular ice cream. Wouldn't it freeze faster and melt slower? that frozen yogurt is somehow more healthful than ice cream. Katr67 22:30, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I am not sure the information on the heat of enthalpy is necessary, it is probably not even correct because heat of enthalpy is property of the compound and is usually seen in comparison with other compounds and elements (i.e., water, metal, gas, oil, etc.). In this case, frozen yogurt and ice cream are both mainly water. The correct term would be the colligative properties, in which the different solutes depress the freezing point or elevate the boiling point of the solvent. --Luxdormiens (talk) 05:56, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Popularity
Frozen yogurt became popular in the 1980's.

The part about it being popular at the university seems to me to be of little interest to anyone not from that area. Bigger problem it is written in a supremely anecdotal and informal style. Case in point: "students flock daily to receive their delicious frozen sustenance." I mean, come on. Slightly over the top for an encyclopedia article don't ya think? I actually don't mind the style so much as think it doesn't belong here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.102.196.38 (talk) 09:50, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Popular Culture
The "Frogurt references in popular culture" is totally pointless. Such trivia are also discouraged by Wikipedia... I think it should simply be removed. 198.103.223.52 21:59, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Benefits of frozen yogurt
This is a note regarding a recent string of edits:, , , , and .

I feel strongly that the proposed additions to this article push a strong viewpoint that frozen yogurt is an extremely healthful food when this is not an overwhelmingly-accepted position. Additionally, the edits have only one new source which does not attempt to assert that frozen yogurt is healthy nearly as strongly. Besides, this source also contains quotes from scientists who discount many of the claims:
 * 1) "I would not agree with those studies," says Margo Denke, M.D., who does research on nutrition and cardiovascular disease and serves on the AHA nutrition committee.
 * 2) "There have been some interesting leads, but nothing has crystallized out of it," says Anthony Hitchins, an FDA microbiologist who formerly conducted and reviewed yogurt research at USDA's Human Nutrition Research Center.
 * etc

Other phrases such as "refreshing, tangy", "that everyone liked and recommended", "which are necessary", "Numerous health benefits beyond its nutritional value", and "can help to rebalance" are also unencyclopedic/sound like a sales pitch.

« D. Trebbien ( talk ) 03:43 2008 March 4 (UTC)

frozen yogurt
add melting time! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.248.184.91 (talk) 22:11, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

froyo
Froyo is not a recognised alternative name for frozen yoghurt, it is as the link clearly showed, nothing more than one example of a manufacturing machine. --Brideshead (talk) 15:49, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

Has frozen yogurt ever actually been referred to as "frogurt" outside of that one Simpsons halloween episode? Just throwing that out there. 71.56.2.160 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 13:39, 18 September 2008 (UTC).
 * It was referred to as 'frogurt' on episode 11 of The Suite Life on Deck. Though it seems to me that this was probably a little Simpsons reference. 146.115.31.95 (talk) 05:31, 3 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I first heard the portmanteau word "frogurt" before The Simpsons existed. Of course it could have been coined multiple times independently -- it's a rather obvious name, I think.  Joule36e5 (talk) 08:26, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

- Froyo brings up 200,000 search results on google so I think it's fair to put it as an alternative name. I've changed round the froyo/frogurt thing as frogurt is basically just the Simpsons name for it - Peter —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.67.62.198 (talk) 20:18, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Uh, yeah, 'froyo' certainly IS a recognized alternative name for frozen yogurt. If it's not used in Britain, it doesn't belong on Wikipedia? Do I have that right? "Froyo" is even arguably a new product, separate from "frozen yogurt" (sold by TCBY, etc.). 'Froyo' or "tart frozen yogurt" has been gaining HUGE popularity since the advent of West Coast (and now nationwide) 'froyo' shops like Pinkberry. Ben and Jerry's and dozens of other US manufacturers are now marketing a product called FROYO, specifically. (And hundreds more are offering a new product called 'TART frozen yogurt,' or some variation thereon.) (Incidentally, Ben and Jerry's used to offer a more ice cream-tasting frozen yogurt product in various flavors [like Cherry Garcia, etc.] when the low-fat craze was big in the late '80s and '90s, but I think those products have all been phased out, at this point.)  Interestingly, the original frozen yogurt (in the form of, say, Dannon/Danone bars) was as tart as the new "froyo," but consumers back then wanted something that tasted more like ice cream, so eventually the tart stuff was no longer offered. Seethaki (talk) 17:10, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

A Google search for froyo recipe (no quotes) also brings up many valid results (it is also sometimes spelled fro-yo or fro yo). I know I'm only one data point, but I say froyo because it is easier to say than frozen yogurt. It is becoming a more popular moniker since the recent California froyo boom, as Seethaki has said. Marcipangris (talk) 21:01, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

i grew up with it being called "frogurt" in the 70s (US). then it faded away. this second wave it is now "froyo". i don't know the simpsons ref, but frogurt was a legitimate term once.

as an old geezer, i still call it frogurt. it's a dated term, like "ice milk" or "oleo". 66.30.47.138 (talk) 23:32, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

Lost
There's a character on Lost caled Neil "Frogurt". Don't know why he gets called frogurt, but he's listed in Characters of Lost. Not really relevant I suppose, just felt like saying it. Spongefrog (talk) 19:58, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Relative statements need reference
You can't just say "xxx is closer." Closer relative to whom/what? Company x is closer than company y? 69.239.106.118 (talk) 20:49, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Name of next version of Android
So, how are we going to deal with this redirect when people search the site for froyo? --newspaperman (talk) 07:56, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The search result for "froyo" is a disambiguation page.XLBSS (talk) 08:04, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

Froghurt redirect
Would be helpful for us Commonwealth types. I understand that Froghurt probably isn't a trademark, but I am certain that people will be using this as a search term (I did) and that it isn't an ambiguous term. I would create the redirect myself if I had an account. 90.215.124.167 (talk) 13:28, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

 * ✅ here it is]. Spongefrog,   (I am Czar of all Russias!)  19:22, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Presence of active, live bacteria cultures
It would be good if there were some mention in the article about whether froyo has live bacteria in it. I came to this wiki page looking for info on specifically that. NYT article: http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/garden/frozen-yogurt-tasty-but-no-health-food.html?pagewanted=2 Journal articles: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=frozen+yogurt+bacteria&hl=en&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2001&as_sdtp=on Marcipangris (talk) 20:51, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I have tried to address this issue in a neutral manner by citing FDA regulations in the introduction of the frozen yogurt article.XLBSS (talk) 08:04, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

First store in Britain in 2008?
I looked at the link provided as evidence and it only suggests that 'Lick' is only the first frozen-yoghurt cafe in Brighton. I'm fairly certain that there have been others in the UK before that - I've had frozen yoghurt from one since I was very little. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.171.230.30 (talk) 10:30, 30 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I removed "The first frozen yogurt shop in the UK, Lick, based in Brighton opened in March 2008. Later that year, frozen yogurt shops began opening in London and across the country." since none of it is born out by the sources it includes, even it's own spam external link. Alistair Stevenson (talk) 10:47, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

Homemade?
Any recipes or advice for how to make your own, rather than having to eat store-bought? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.206.46.9 (talk) 15:14, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Cook's Illustrated published homemade frozen yogurt recipes (with flavor variations) in May 1996. XLBSS (talk) 08:04, 12 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Er, put yogurt in the freezer? As I did when I was a kid in the early 80sTalltim (talk) 12:13, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

Frozen yogurt invention claimed by The Spa (formerly in Harvard Square)
In the 1970s, a Harvard Square (Cambridge, MA) store called "The Spa" claimed to have invented frozen yogurt.

This claim also cited hereand here and here

This item refers to The Spa collaborating with a local dairy, which may well have been H. P. Hood, which the Wikipedia article cites as froyo's inventor.

I (KB) second this entry. I consumed soft-serve "frozen yogurt" at The Spa on Brattle Street (Harvard Square) Cambridge, Mass in the summer of 1971 (if not earlier). The original flavors were vanilla and peach (both fairly tart). The Spa offered one topping the following summer: granola.

Other uses of term is incorrect.
This section states that versions of Android prior to kitkat have dessert codenames. However, neither Honeycomb nor Jellybean would really be classified as desserts. It is more accurate to state that Android codenames reference sweets. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.114.134.70 (talk) 22:02, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

Can this be correct?
'As others saw the success of TCBY, frozen yogurt took off in the 1980s, reaching sales of $25 million in 1986.' Seems a piddling amount for what was a fairly serious fad food. Whereas frozen yogurt (as a whole) was already selling $300 million worth back in the 1970's --well before the trend was in full swing-- according to the news link "The Great Soft-Yogurt War is On" (posted within the above talk entry "Frozen Yogurt Invention Claim by The Spa Harvard Square)".
 * reply (KB)* Agreed. It's possible, since TCBY was a single chain... but as big as TCBY was nationwide, It should've done more at the height of the fad...

(KB) I must say: the statement "Unlike previous pre-packaged versions introduced earlier, TCBY's yogurt was soft-serve dispensed at the point of sale through a machine." is inaccurate, since the original "frozen yogurt" was served this very way a decade earlier (as documented in the aforementioned articles). While styles of frozen yogurt varied since its invention, TCBY merely widened the selection, as well as expanded the market through nationwide promotion to fat-conscious consumers, offering a less tart product. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:197:500:F58A:6534:BA16:800D:D9C5 (talk) 05:34, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

Euro tart?
"This new euro tart flavor" What exactly does that mean? Talltim (talk) 12:16, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Online Communities
— Assignment last updated by Charityjoyn (talk) 00:17, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frozen yogurt


text:
User:Erlendnn

Erlendnn normally contributes to the Norwegian (nynorsk) Wikipedia.

In the English-language version I mostly add interwikis to nn:, but occassionally also correct mistakes I discover.

For further information, please see nn:Brukar:Erlend or contact me at nn:Brukardiskusjon:Erlend.

nb:Bruker:Erlend nn:Brukar:Erlend

title: User:Erlendnn


text:
NK Domžale

Nogometni klub Domžale (Domžale Football Club), commonly referred to as NK Domžale or simply Domžale, is a Slovenian football club based in the town of Domžale that competes in the Slovenian PrvaLiga, the top tier of Slovenian football. They have won both the Slovenian PrvaLiga and the Slovenian Cup twice.

History
NK Domžale were founded in 1920 as SK Disk.

The club's golden age began in the summer of 2002, when Slaviša Stojanovič became a head coach and brought them into the Slovenian top division. In the 2005–06 season, they advanced through the first two qualifying rounds of the UEFA Cup before being eliminated in the first round by VfB Stuttgart. They played in the 2006–07 qualifying rounds, but were eliminated by Hapoel Tel Aviv. After a 4–0 win against Primorje on 13 May 2007, Domžale were confirmed as league champions for the first time. They won another league title in the 2007–08 season.

Stadium
Domžale play their home games at the Domžale Sports Park, which was built in 1948. The stadium was renovated and modernized in 1997 and 1999. Work on the new western stand started in October 2003 and was finished in April 2004. In June 2006, the stadium received floodlights, mounted on four concrete towers and placed at each corner of the stadium.

Honours

 * League
 * Slovenian PrvaLiga
 * Winners (2): 2006–07, 2007–08
 * Runners-up (3): 2004–05, 2005–06, 2010–11
 * Slovenian Second League
 * Winners (1): 2002–03

 * Cup
 * Slovenian Cup
 * Winners (2): 2010–11, 2016–17
 * Runners-up (1): 2009–10
 * Slovenian Supercup
 * Winners (2): 2007, 2011
 * Runners-up (1): 2008
 * MNZ Ljubljana Cup
 * Winners (2): 1992–93, 2002–03

Domestic league and cup results

 * Key

 * P – Matches played
 * W – Matches won
 * D – Matches drawn
 * L – Matches lost
 * GF – Goals for
 * GA – Goals against
 * Pts – Points

Summary
Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against.

By season
All results (home and away) list Domžale's goal tally first.

QR1 = First qualifying round; QR2 = Second qualifying round; QR3 = Third qualifying round; PO = Play-off round; R1 = First round.

title: NK Domžale


text:
Jake Gaudaur

Jacob Gill Gaudaur, Jr., (October 5, 1920 – December 4, 2007) was a Canadian Football League (CFL) player, executive, and commissioner. His 45-year career in Canadian football, including 16 years as the league's fourth commissioner (and its longest-serving commissioner), oversaw the start of the modern era of professional Canadian football. As an amateur artist, Gaudaur made two important contributions, designing both the Hamilton Tiger-Cats "Leaping Tiger" logo, as well as an early version of the CFL logo. With Ralph Sazio, he co-wrote "The Tiger-Cat Marching Song", the fight song of the Tiger-Cats.

Early life
Jake Gaudaur, Jr. was born in Orillia, Ontario on October 5, 1920, and was an all-around athlete at Orillia Collegiate Institute. Like his father, Jake Gaudaur Snr., he was a national rowing champion as well as an excellent lacrosse player.

Gaudaur was based at Uplands Air Force Base and served as a RCAF pilot during the Second World War spending the war training more pilots.

Football career
In 1940, aged 19, he began playing football and joined the Hamilton Tigers. The following year he played for the Toronto Argonauts. Gaudaur served as a pilot in the Second World War and won the 30th Grey Cup with the Toronto RCAF Hurricanes in the 1942 season.

Following the war, Gaudaur played for, and was part owner of, the Toronto Indians of the Ontario Rugby Football Union (1945–1946) and then played for the Montreal Alouettes during the 1947 season.

Gaudaur returned to Hamilton to stay in 1948. When the Tigers merged with the Hamilton Flying Wildcats in 1950, Gaudaur became team captain of the resulting Hamilton Tiger-Cats and played through the 1951 season. In 1952, he left the playing field to become director of the team but returned to play a final year in the 1953 season winning the Tiger-Cats first Grey Cup, playing centre.

From 1954, Gaudaur was President of the Tiger-Cats and was President & General Manager from the 1956 season to 1967. The Ti-Cats appeared in 9 Grey Cups over his term as general manager and won in 1957, 1963, 1965, and 1967.

CFL Commissioner
Jake was the 4th Commissioner of the CFL serving from 1968 through 1984. During Jake's first year as Commissioner, CFL adopted a new Constitution. In 1980, Jake negotiated and signed on behalf of CFL a record television contract with Carling-O'Keefe Breweries for $15.6 million which covered a 3-year period (1981–1983). By 1983, CFL signed a record television agreement with Carling-O'Keefe Breweries for $33 million over a 3-year period (1984–1986). When met with a crisis when Nelson Skalbania briefly acquired the Montreal Alouettes, Gaudaur arranged for the league to seize the franchise, rebrand it as the Montreal Concordes, and sell the franchise to a new owner, Charles Bronfman. This, along with the continued television sponsorship, kept the Montreal franchise alive for another five seasons.

"During his 16-year tenure as commissioner, Gaudaur did wonders for the league. By 1983, new television contracts had increased revenue six-fold, while game attendance had nearly doubled. Gaudaur was also instrumental in establishing a Player Pension Plan and aided greatly in the founding of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame and Museum. Above all, he kept the CFL strictly Canadian. Gaudaur was appointed Governor to Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1981 and took on the duties of chairman of the board in 1984. His fundraising efforts resulted in a $1.25 million renovation programme for the Hall to make it one of the most advanced institutions of its kind at the time."

In his last season as CFL commissioner, in 1983, Jake took a personal interest developing a close bond between the CFL and The War Amps kicking off a special tradition – the annual CFL PLAYSAFE Award, saluting the League's support of the PLAYSAFE Program which continues today.

Honours

 * He was inducted as a builder into the Toronto Argonauts Hall of Fame in 1984.
 * He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame as a Builder in 1984.
 * In 1985, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.
 * He was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (1990).
 * The Jake Gaudaur Veterans' Trophy, presented annually to the CFL player "who best demonstrates the attributes of Canada's veterans in times of war, peace and military conflict", was awarded for the first time in 2010.
 * In 2012 Jake was inducted into the Hamilton Sports Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Jake had three daughters.

He died in Burlington, Ontario at the age of 87 in 2007 following a long battle with prostate cancer.

title: Jake Gaudaur


text:
Douglas Max Utter

Douglas Max Utter (born December 8, 1950, in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American expressionist painter.

His paintings have been displayed in more than 150 exhibitions during the past 20 years, including thirty one-person shows in Cleveland, New York City, Phoenix, and Germany. These exhibits have been reviewed in Art in America, New Art Examiner, The Washington Post, Dialogue, The Plain Dealer, and many other publications. In 1987 he was awarded the grand prize for painting at the Cleveland Museum of Art's May Show and has received Ohio Arts Council Fellowships in 1993, 1995 and 2001, and by the Artists Fellowship, Inc of New York in 2004.

As a writer he has been honored by the Cleveland Press Club and the Poets and Writers Guild of Greater Cleveland. Utter is a founding editor of Angle Magazine / A Journal of Arts and Culture, and is currently managing editor of Artefakt Magazine. His critiques and essays on the arts have been published in New Art Examiner, (Chicago), Art Papers (Atlanta), Fiberarts, Ceramics Monthly, The Plain Dealer, Artefakt, Dialogue, Northern Ohio Live, CLE Magazine, and the Cleveland Free Times.

Utter is the son of noted American biochemist Merton F. Utter, and was educated in part at Case-Western Reserve University. He has taught painting and drawing courses at the University of Akron, Kent State University, and the Cleveland Institute of Art. He has two children: Christopher Benjamin Utter, born 2/9/84 and Elizabeth Anne Hyler, born 8/26/85. About his recent exhibit "Asymptotes" he says: "In geometry, an asymptote is a line or curve that approaches, but never quite meets another line. Since the mid 1980s many of my paintings have been about emotional commitment, and about the way that people touch or do not touch one another, physically and spiritually. Mainly I think intimacy is a matter of approximations; we do the best we can, but most often sympathy, for instance, can only approach empathy, unless it overshoots its goal and sinks in a welter of self-pity. In my experience it is very hard to lose oneself entirely, or give all of oneself, to a cause, or to another human being, or to the act of painting. Although most of these eighteen works on canvas deal with the situation of a single human presence, distorted by mood or circumstance, they are essentially about how hard, and how necessary, it is to try to touch."

Recently, Utter has contributed to the upcoming book about friend and colleague Stephen Kasner. (Stephen Kasner WORKS: 1993 - 2006).

title: Douglas Max Utter