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Hans Hellmut Kirst

Hans Hellmut Kirst (5 December 1914 – 13 February 1989) was a German novelist and the author of 46 books, many of which were translated into English. Kirst is best remembered as the creator of the "Gunner Asch" series which detailed the ongoing struggle of an honest individual to maintain his identity and humanity amidst the criminality and corruption of Nazi Germany.

Early years
Hans Hellmut Kirst was born in Osterode, East Prussia. Osterode is today Ostróda in Poland.

Kirst joined the German Army in 1933 and served as an officer during World War II, ending the war as a First Lieutenant and Nationalsozialistischer Führungsoffizier. Kirst was a member of the Nazi Party, stating later that he had "confused National Socialism with Germany".

Kirst later indicated that after the war he did not immediately believe accounts of Nazi atrocities. "One did not really know one was in a club of murderers," he recalled.

Literary career
Kirst's first novel was published in 1950, translated into English as The Lieutenant Must Be Mad. The book told of a young German officer who sabotaged a Nazi garrison.

Kirst won an international reputation with the series Null-acht, fünfzehn (Zero-Eight, Fifteen), a satire on army life centered on Gunner Asch, a private who manages to buck the system. Initially conceived as a trilogy — 08/15 in der Kaserne (1954), 08/15 im Krieg (1954), 08/15 bis zum Ende (1955) — the three-book narrative was expanded to five with the publication of 08/15 Heute in 1963 and 08/15 in der Partei in 1978. The series follows the career of Asch, a common man in an impossible situation, from the years before World War II, to the Eastern Front, and finally into the world of post-war Germany.

The Gunner Asch series was published in English as: The Revolt of Gunner Asch (1955), Forward, Gunner Asch! (1956), The Return of Gunner Asch (1957), What Became of Gunner Asch (1964) and Party Games (1980). ("Party Games", NOT part of the Gunner Asch series)

Other major novels by Kirst set during the Third Reich and World War II include Officer Factory, about the investigation into the death of a training officer in an officer school near the end of World War II, Last Stop, Camp 7, the story of 48 hours in an internment camp for former Nazis, The Wolves, a tale of crafty resistance in a German village, and The Nights of the Long Knives, about a fictitious 6-man squad of SS hit men. All of these novels featured humor and satire, with leading characters often shown positioning themselves as outspoken, ardent Nazis during the Third Reich era before effortlessly flipping to become equally ardent in their claims to have been anti-Nazi and 100% pro-democracy or pro-communist after the tide turned.

Kirst also wrote about the July 1944 attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler in Aufstand der Soldaten (1965), which was translated into English as Soldiers' Revolt.

Kirst's non-World-War-II-themed novels included The Seventh Day (1957), a nuclear holocaust story that received worldwide acclaim and was dubbed "so convincing, that it doesn't seem like fiction at all". Using a wide array of viewpoint characters, most of them Germans, it describes – step by step and day by day – how in just a single week a chain of small incidents escalates into bigger incidents, small-scale fighting, all-out war, resort to nuclear arms and finally a worldwide nuclear exchange with Europe totally destroyed by the Seventh Day and "the Days of Humanity were numbered". Symbolic characters are a pair of star-crossed lovers, a West German boy and his East German girlfriend, who spend the entire book desperately searching for each other finally to find and run towards each other but before they can touch a nuclear explosion vaporizes both of them in a split second.

Die letzte Karte spielt der Tod (1955) is a fictional account of the life of Soviet spy Richard Sorge, published in the United States as The Last Card and in the United Kingdom as Death Plays the Last Card.

In 1965 Kirst was nominated for an Edgar Award of the Mystery Writers of America for his 1962 book Die Nacht der Generale, translated into English as The Night of the Generals. The book dealt with an investigation into a series of murders of prostitutes during and after World War II committed by one of three German generals. The book was made into a 1967 film of the same name, which starred Omar Sharif and Peter O'Toole.

Kirst also wrote the Konstantin Keller series of detective novels set in Munich in the 1960s and published in English translations as Damned to Success (and also as A Time for Scandal), A Time for Truth and Everything has a Price.

In 1972 Kirst was a member of the jury at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival. He was also a member of International PEN and The Authors Guild.

Legacy
At the time of his death, the New York Times noted that "his novels, many of them replaying the events of the war, reflect his acceptance of his nation's guilt," but that some critics "charged him with trivializing the history of the Third Reich.

Death
Kirst died in Bremen in February 1989 aged 74 years and was survived by his wife, Ruth, and a daughter.

Kirst's books were translated into 28 languages and sold a total of 12 million copies during his lifetime.

Works in English translation

 * The Lieutenant Must Be Mad. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1951/London: George G. Harrap and Co., 1951.
 * The Revolt of Gunner Asch. Boston: Little, Brown, 1955. UK title: Zero Eight Fifteen: The Strange Mutiny of Gunner Asch: A Novel. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1955.
 * Forward, Gunner Asch! Boston: Little, Brown, 1956. UK title: Gunner Asch Goes to War: Zero Eight Fifteen II: A Novel. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1956.
 * The Return of Gunner Asch. Boston: Little, Brown, 1957/London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1957. Subtitled Zero Eight Fifteen III in the UK edition.
 * The Seventh Day. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1959. UK title: No One Will Escape: A Novel. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1959. (online copy at archive.org)
 * Officer Factory: A Novel. London: Collins, 1962/Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963.
 * The Night of the Generals: A Novel. New York: Harper and Row, 1963/London: Collins, 1963.
 * What Became of Gunner Asch. New York: Harper and Row, 1964/London: Collins, 1964.
 * Brothers in Arms: A Novel. New York: Harper and Row, 1965/London: Collins, 1965.
 * Soldiers' Revolt. New York: Harper and Row, 1966. UK title: The 20th of July. London: Collins, 1966 .$$*$$
 * The Last Card. New York: Pyramid Books, 1967. UK title: Death Plays the Last Card. London: Fontana/Collins, 1968.
 * The Wolves. New York: Coward-McCann, 1968. UK title: The Fox of Maulen. London: Collins, 1968.
 * Last Stop, Camp 7. New York: Coward-McCann, 1969. UK title: Camp 7 Last Stop. London: Collins, 1969.
 * No Fatherland. New York: Coward-McCann, 1970. UK title: Undercover man. London: Collins, 1970.
 * The Adventures of Private Faust. New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1971.
 * Who's In Charge Here? London: Collins, 1971.
 * Hero in the Tower. New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1972/London: Collins, 1972.
 * A Time for Scandal. London: Collins, 1973. American title: Damned to Success: A Novel of Modern Munich. New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1973.
 * A Time for Truth. London: Collins, 1974/New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1974.
 * A Time for Payment. London: Collins, 1976.
 * The Nights of the Long Knives. New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1976/London: Collins, 1976.
 * Everything Has Its Price. New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1976. UK title A time for payment.
 * The Affairs of the Generals. New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1979. UK title: Twilight of the Generals. London: Collins, 1979.
 * Party Games. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979/London: Collins, 1980.
 * Heroes for Sale. London: Collins, 1982.

$$*$$ Most of these novels are pure fiction. But not only is "The 20th of July" based on the assassination attempt against Hitler but Kirst followed the development of this event by using archive sources step by step. He filled in only small gaps of minor importance, where no sources were available.

List of novels in German

 * Wir nannten ihn Galgenstrick, 1950
 * Sagten Sie Gerechtigkeit, Captain? 1952 (Neufassung 1966, Letzte Station Camp 7)
 * Aufruhr in einer kleinen Stadt, 1953
 * 1. Band: 08/15 in der Kaserne, 1954
 * 2. Band: 08/15 im Krieg, 1954
 * 3. Band: 08/15 bis zum Ende, 1955
 * Die letzte Karte spielt der Tod, 1955
 * Gott schläft in Masuren, 1956
 * Mit diesen meinen Händen, 1957 (literal translation: With these my hands)
 * Keiner kommt davon, 1957 (literal translation: 'No one gets away (with it)’
 * Kultura 5 und der rote Morgen, 1958 (literal translation: "Kultura 5" and the red morning)
 * Glück läßt sich nicht kaufen, 1959 (literal translation: Fortune cannot be bought)
 * Fabrik der Offiziere, 1960
 * Kameraden, 1961 (literal translation: Comrades)
 * Die Nacht der Generale, 1962 (literal translation: The night of the generals)
 * Bilanz der Traumfabrik, 1963
 * 08/15 heute, 1965 (literal translation: 08/15 Today)
 * Aufstand der Soldaten, 1965
 * Letzte Station Camp 7, 1966 (first edition 1952, Sagten Sie Gerechtigkeit, Captain?; literal translation Last Station Camp 7)
 * Die Wölfe, 1967 (literal translation: the Wolves)
 * Deutschland deine Ostpreußen, 1968 (literal translation: Germany your East Prussians)
 * Kein Vaterland, 1968 (literal translation: No Fatherland)
 * Soldaten, Offiziere, Generale, 1969 (literal translation: Soldiers, Officers, Generals)
 * Faustrecht, 1969
 * Heinz Rühmann, (biography), 1969
 * Held im Turm, 1970
 * Das Udo Jürgens Songbuch, 1970
 * Kriminalistik, BLV-juniorwissen Band 5, 1971
 * Verdammt zum Erfolg, 1971
 * Gespräche mit meinem Hund Anton, 1972
 * Verurteilt zur Wahrheit, 1972
 * Verfolgt vom Schicksal, 1973
 * Alles hat seinen Preis, 1974 (literal translation: Everything has its price)
 * Und Petrulla lacht, 1974
 * Die Nächte der langen Messer, 1975 (literal translation: The nights of the long knives)
 * Generals-Affären, 1977
 * Die Katzen von Caslano, 1977
 * Endstation Stacheldraht, 1978
 * 08/15 in der Partei, 1978 (literal translation: 08/15 in the party)
 * Der Nachkriegssieger, 1979
 * Der unheimliche Freund, 1979
 * Hund mit Mann-Bericht über einen Freund, 1979
 * Eine Falle aus Papier, 1981 (literal translation: A trap made of paper)
 * Bedenkliche Begegnung, 1982
 * Geld-Geld-Geld, 1982 (literal translation: Money-Money-Money)
 * Ausverkauf der Helden, 1983
 * Die gefährliche Wahrheit, 1984 (literal translation: The dangerous truth)
 * Die seltsamen Menschen von Maulen, 1984
 * Blitzmädel, 1984
 * Ende 45, 1985
 * Das Schaf im Wolfspelz. Ein deutsches Leben, 1985
 * Ein manipulierter Mord, 1987 (literal translation: A manipulated murder)
 * Geschieden durch den Tod, 1987
 * Erzählungen aus Ostpreußen, 1987 (literal translation: Tales from East Prussia)
 * Die merkwürdige Hochzeit in Bärenwalde, 1988 (literal translation: The strange feast in "Bärenwalde"/bear forest)
 * Stunde der Totengräber, 1988 (literal translation: Hour of the grave-diggers)
 * Der unheimliche Mann Gottes, 1988
 * Menetekel ’39, 1989
 * Vergebliche Warnung, Der Polenfeldzug, 1989
 * Die Ermordung des Rittmeisters, 1992
 * Erinnerungen an eine unvergessene Heimat

Film adaptations

 * 08/15 (1954)
 * 08/15 – Part 2 (1955)
 * 08/15 at Home (1955)
 * Officer Factory (1960 film) (1960)
 * The Night of the Generals (1967)
 * Fabrik der Offiziere (miniseries) (1989, TV miniseries)

title: Hans Hellmut Kirst


text:
User talk:Sotomura

Welcomes
Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  13:22, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

Welcome to Esperanza!
Welcome,, to Esperanza, the Wikipedia member association! As you might know, all the Esperanzians share one important goal: the success of this encyclopedia. Within that, we then attempt to strengthen the community bonds, and be the "approachable" side of the project. All of our ideals are held in the Charter, the governing document of the association.

Now that you are a member, you might be interested in some of our programs. A quite important program is the StressUnit, which seeks to support editors who have encountered any stress from their Wikipedia events, and are seeking to leave the project. So far, Esperanza can be credited with the support and retention of several users. We have a calendar of special events, member birthdays, and other holidays that you can add to and follow.

In addition to these projects, several more missions of Esperanza are in development, and are currently being created at Esperanza/Possibles.

I encourage you to take an active voice in the running of Esperanza. We have a small government system, headed by our Administrator general, Celestianpower, and guided by the Advisory Committee, KnowledgeOfSelf, JoanneB, Titoxd and FireFox. The elections have ended.

If you have any other questions, concerns, comments, or general ideas, Esperanzian or otherwise, know that you can always contact me via email or talk page. Alternatively, you could communicate with fellow users via our IRC channel, #wikipedia-esperanza (which is also good for a fun chat or two :). I thank you for joining Esperanza, and look forward to working with you in making Wikipedia a better place to be!

Thanks! -    nath  a  nrdotcom  ( T •  C  • W) 23:37, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Now Celestianpower I'd know a little about. Am I supposed to add that little subpage now? --Anthony Jake La (Tetsuya-san; talk : contribs) 23:41, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

== Esperanza Newsletter, Issue #1 ==

Path of Radiance
I don't own the game, but just by looking at the article you can see there are no interwiki links in the introduction or descriptions of anyone (except for one or two).--Zxcvbnm 22:51, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I see. Yeah, I'll see about allowing the article to give a better understanding. --Tetsuya-san (talk : contribs) 06:03, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

You took out my Mewtwo comment about the cave!!
Why would you take out my mewtwo (the one with the cave) comment. You should not have done that!! There was no good reason to take it out!!
 * For the reason that it wasn't really confirmed. Do you have a PokéDex entry that supports that claim? Hearing it would be a very good thing. --Tetsuya-san (talk : contribs) 06:02, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Elections
 Esperanza elections

Thanks for supporting me in the Esperanza Advisory Council Elections. Although I wasn't elected to the Advisory Council, I am very happy with the response I received from my fellow Wikipedians. I was shocked at the support, and was touched by it. Hopefully I will re-apply in June and try again for the job. Thanks again, H ig hway Rainbow Sneakers

I'm confused.
Hello, Tetsuya-san. I'm confused about the Shuckle article. What is the point of the template if the links do not work? All the links, except the Pokemon.com one, bring up 404 messages on the websites. Can you please explain this to me?

dposse 23:59, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The template is supposed to be "subst" into the article. Where ever you see the silly and stuff in the article, that's when the article IS NOT subst. That is a task for you to do by yourself. See the Template:Pokerefs page for further information. --Tetsuya-san (talk : contribs) 06:17, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Old Skool Esperanzial note
Since this isn't the result of an AC meeting, I have decided to go Old Skool. This note is to remind you that the elections are taking place now and will end at 23:50 UTC on 2006-04-29. Please vote here. Thanks. --Cel es tianpower háblame 20:42, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Do you need help?
Hello, would you like me to help you with any articles, because I would be glad to help you work on any article you want, especially Pokémon articles. I would gladly fix stubs, clean up articles, expand sections, or anything else. Im also trying to help stop vandalism. If you would like me to do anything for you, leave a message on my talk page, thanks Cute Minun  (Talk)  19:12, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

A short Esperanzial update
As you may have gathered, discussions have been raging for about a week on the Esperanza talk page as to the future direction of Esperanza. Some of these are still ongoing and warrant more input (such as the idea to scrap the members list altogether). However, some decisions have been made and the charter has hence been amended. See what happened. Basically, the whole leadership has had a reshuffle, so please review the new, improved charter.

As a result, we are electing 4 people this month. They will replace JoanneB and Pschemp and form a new tranche A, serving until December. Elections will begin on 2006-07-02 and last until 2006-07-09. If you wish to run for a Council position, add your name to the list before 2006-07-02. For more details, see Esperanza/June 2006 elections.

Thanks and kind, Esperanzial regards, —Cel es tianpower háblame 16:00, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Charizard FAC
I've replied at the FAC page. Thanks again, H ig hway Daytrippers  15:06, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Trademarks
Hello. I have noticed on the talk pages for Palkia and Dialga that you referenced a site that showed the trademarks for their names. I was wondering if there is a U.S. site like that as well. I tried to do a search, but could not find what I wanted. I want to be able to see which U.S. companies hold trademarks to video game characters as well. Thank you for your time. - Saturn Yoshi  THE VOICES 03:33, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't believe so. I've never seen any American site so open like that. - T e tsuya-san (talk : contribs) 03:36, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html That would have to be a close equivalent. - T e tsuya-san (talk : contribs) 13:36, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay. Thank you.  - Saturn  Yoshi  THE VOICES 16:45, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Paragraph in Diamond and Pearl article
I noticed you readded a deleted paragraph. It was rather redundant to do so - I merged only the necessary stuff in the Gameplay paragraph where the rest were repeated. May I ask that you rectify this? - T e tsuya-san (talk : contribs) 11:45, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, I'm just collecting your consensus here. One of the paragraphs you "restored" also seemingly contained some OR. - T e tsuya-san (talk : contribs) 11:49, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Well that’s just it. One of your reasons for deleting it was OR, but I didn’t see any OR, just something unreferenced, so I restored it and added the reference with the relevant info( which was already used elsewhere, so I just linked it to the existing ref tag). --WikidSmaht (talk) 06:50, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The other reason is that it was in two different paragraphs, and it was repeated. Not only that, but as per my edit summary, some of the information in the paragraph did not meet what was said in the sources. Sounds a bit like OR to me. - T e tsuya-san (talk : contribs) 10:04, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Precisely which information are you referring to? I don’t mean to be difficult, but you need to be more specific. --WikidSmaht (talk) 10:11, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Just to clarify.
Clarifying on what I said since I usually don't make full messages in an edit summary, bots and people using AWB to make edits usually separate the sections out. - T e tsuya-san (talk : contribs) 04:42, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I don’t see why I would care what bots and the AWB do? Not being a smart ass, I really don’t get it. Neither speaks for Wikipedia in any official capacity. Plus, that statement seems inaccurate, I’ve seen plenty of bot and AWB edits which do no such thing. Btw, I hate the AWB. It doesn’t work for me, last I tried, and I’ve seen it “correct” too many things which were fine the way they were. Actually, those spaces most often come from section edits, because the blank line that always occurs at the end of an edit box gets interpretted that way when submitted.
 * But anyway, that’s a minor side issue, my reversion was mainly made for the edit summary, with which I intended to draw your attention to Talk:Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, where I clarified my edit summary comment that “Romanization ‘source’ link doesn’t work.”. Obviously this was fruitless, as you haven’t replied there. Please do. --WikidSmaht (talk) 19:47, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Sorry
In Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, I didn't see the links above and the space was unintentional.  T ennis   Dy  N  ami  T  e  (sign here) 22:49, 29 January 2007 (UTC)
 * No problem. I suspect the space is added by Wikipedia itself. - T e tsuya-san (talk : contribs) 00:31, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Your GA nomination of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl
The article Pokémon Diamond and Pearl you nominated as a good article has passed, see Talk:Pokémon Diamond and Pearl for eventual comments about the article. Good luck in future nominations. Funpika 20:35, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Your username
Whenever I see your username, I think of Teddiursa. I just thought I'd let you know how funny I think this is. --Brandon Dilbeck 03:42, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'm a stinky little teddy bear who likes to devour hamburgers and cry for mommy. :) - T e tsuya-san (talk : contribs) 03:44, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Pokémon Diamond Japanese Boxart.jpg)
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Suggestion
Hey Jake, you should put the Japanese on your page actually IN Japanese. Otherwise it just looks immature, and you're just another Japanophile-wannabe. kthx ;D BlackxxJapan 12:06, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
 * 私のなまえは　is better. Remember that spaces are a no-no in Japanese.  All of that should be one block.BlackxxJapan 14:54, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I thought about that, ポールちゃん. :x - Sotomura (Tetsuya-san) (yell : see) 14:58, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It's all good now :3 Yay! BlackxxJapan 15:13, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion for edit summaries
Please do not call edits stupid; in regard to the D/P page, it was an honest mistake, and the IP would not appreciate being insulted (or having their edits insulted). - A Link to the Past (talk) 06:05, 5 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll remember that. - Sotomura (Tetsuya-san) (yell : see) 09:06, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

The Pokemon Diamond and Pearl talk page
You deleted my contribution the the 'European release date' section of the Pokemon Diamond and Pearl talk page. I would just like to know why you did this as I think I made a valid point. 84.67.158.11 19:19, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
 * You may be inclined to undo it, seeing as I don't believe, when I made any edit that I did, I rolled back any edits deliberately. - Sotomura (Tetsuya-san) (yell : see) 21:00, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Um, no, I didn't remove your edit. Refer to 82.43.218.5, please. - Sotomura (Tetsuya-san) (yell : see) 21:03, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh, sorry! I saw your name on the history page after my edit and thought it was you!

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WP:POKE is doing some housecleaning
This notice is to inform you that because many people have added their names to WikiProject Pokémon but do not seem to be active, all names are being deleted in an effort to find out who is still truly interested in the project. All you have to do is re-add your name if you'd still like to be considered a member of WP:POKE. Any questions, you can contact me on my talk page. -ΖαππερΝαππερ BabelAlexandria 17:46, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Fansites
Just a general note, looking at your contribs, no articles in particular. Wikipedia "policy" does not say no to fansites explicitly. The rule is no fansites for sources. Fansites are allowed, just not long lists of fan sites. Just remember to leave a more clear edit summary as to why you're removing external links instead of just "wikipedia says no". My best regards. Spigot Map  04:50, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
 * True. I'll keep a bit less hold to WP:EL then. - Sotomura (Tetsuya-san) (yell : see) 05:23, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

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Pokémon Diamond and Pearl
I would just like to let you know that an article you have substantially contributed to, Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, is now a featured article candidate. The nomination page can be found here. Artichoker [ talk ]  00:10, 25 October 2008 (UTC)
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Parallel ATA master and slave correction
Thanks for that. I've been working on that article for forever and never noticed that. I'm quite certain I even edited the sentence in question, quite a while ago, and never notice that redundancy. Jeh (talk) 20:27, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Sotomura


text:
Teraphim

Teraphim (תְּרָפִים) is a word from the Hebrew Bible, found only in the plural, and of uncertain etymology. Despite being plural, teraphim may refer to singular objects. Teraphim is defined in classical rabbinical literature as "disgraceful things", but this is dismissed by modern etymologists. Many Bible translations into English translate it as idols or household god(s); its exact meaning in ancient times is unknown.

Teraphim in the Hebrew Bible

There are three extended passages involving teraphim: during Rachel and Jacob's escape from Laban; with Michal's haphazard assistance of David fleeing Saul; and as the main object of desire in the narrative of Micah's Idol. There are also a number of minor references to them as an element of culture or illicit religion. Polemic is absent from the earlier stories.

Rachel
According to Genesis 31, when her husband Jacob escapes, Rachel takes the teraphim belonging to her father Laban and hides them on a camel's saddle. When Laban comes looking for them, she sits on them and claims that she cannot get up because she is "in the women's way," i.e. menstruating. From this it can be deduced that the teraphim were small, perhaps 30-35 cm.

Rachel doesn't state her reason for taking them. Some, citing the use of teraphim for divination in other Biblical passages, argue that Rachel either wanted to prevent Laban from divining the location of Jacob and herself as they fled, or she wanted to perform divination of her own. Rachel may also have intended to assert her independence from her father and her legal rights within the extended family; in ancient Middle Eastern custom, the possession of familial idols was an indicator of authority and property rights within a family.

Michal
In 1 Samuel 19, Michal helps her husband David escape from her father Saul. She lets David out through a window and then puts a teraphim in her bed to trick Saul's men, who believe it is David. This suggests that the teraphim is the size and shape of a man. Additionally, the passage refers to the teraphim, implying that teraphim were a fixture in every household. Van der Toorn claims that "there is no hint of indignation at the presence of teraphim in David's house."

However, teraphim are also referenced in 1 Samuel 15:23, in which Samuel rebukes Saul, telling him that "presumption is as iniquity and teraphim". Samuel asserts that rebellion and the use of teraphim are equally grave transgressions, thereby denouncing the latter as idolatry. Some argue that teraphim in this context refers to decorative statues, not to idolatrous ritual items.

Micah
See Micah's Idol

Other passages
Hosea 3:4 says that "the Israelites will live many days without king or prince, without sacrifice or sacred stones, without ephod or teraphim." As in the Micah story, the teraphim is closely associated with the ephod, and both are mentioned elsewhere in connection with divination; it is thus a possibility that cleromancy involved teraphim. Josiah's reform in 2 Kings 23:24 outlawed teraphim.

Zechariah 10:2 states, "For the oracle idols spoke delusion, The augurs predicted falsely;

And dreamers speak lies

And console with illusions.

That is why My people have strayed like a flock, They suffer for lack of a shepherd."

In Ezekiel 21:21, Nebuchadrezzar uses various forms of divination to determine whether to attack Rabbah or the Kingdom of Judah first: "he shakes the arrows, he consults the images [teraphim], he looks at the liver."

In post-biblical writing

Josephus mentions that there was a custom of carrying "housegods" on journeys to foreign lands, and it is thus possible that the use of teraphim continued in popular culture well into the Hellenistic period and even beyond.

The implied size of the teraphim, and Michal's successfully passing one off as David, has led to rabbinical conjecture that the teraphim were heads, possibly mummified. According to Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, teraphim were made from the heads of first-born men who had been slaughtered. Each head was shaved, salted, and spiced, and a golden plate with magic words engraved upon it was placed under the tongue. The head then was mounted on a wall. It was believed that the teraphim would talk. Similar descriptions are given in the writings of Eleazar of Worms and Tobiah ben Eliezer.

During the excavation of Jericho by Kathleen Kenyon, evidence of the use of plastered human skulls as cult objects was uncovered, lending credence to the rabbinical conjecture.

Suggested meaning and use
Micah's usage of the teraphim as an idol, and Laban's regard of them as representing "his gods", are thought to indicate that teraphim were images of deities. Calling teraphim "elohim" is connected by some to Egyptian epigraphs which make a parallel construction of the phrase "our gods and dead". It is considered possible that teraphim originated as a fetish, possibly initially representative of ancestors, but gradually becoming oracular. Karel Van der Toorn argues that they were ancestor figurines rather than household deities, and that the "current interpretation of the teraphim as household deities suffers from a one-sided use of Mesopotamian material."

Etymology
Ackerman suggests connection of the word teraphim to burial within the nachalah (נחלה) of the family, connecting threads including Bloch-Smith. "[T]he existence of the tomb constituted a physical claim to the patrimony, the נחלה".

Benno Landsberger and later, in 1968, Harry Hoffner advocated derivation from the Hittite tarpiš, 'the evil daemon'.

Casper Labuschagne claims that teraphim comes via cacophemic metathesis from the root פתר (p-t-r), 'to interpret'. Shiki-y-Michaels, in one element of an ambitious presentation, recaps some scholars' guesses: Speiser gives רפה (r-p-h), 'to be limp', also 'to sink, relax'; Albright suggests רפי (r-p-y), with the sense of 'slacken or sag'; and Pope argues רפפ (r-p-p), 'tremble'.

Labuschagne (in addition to the above) agreed with forebears who said the term teraphim was related to the Hebrew רופא (rophe), and that teraphim were healers. "Almost every characteristic that commentators have given to the teraphim (oracles, healers, gods) they have attributed to the rephaim... who are deified ancestors" in various Semitic languages. Reducing two mysteries to one question, this solution is neat to the point of demanding caution.

title: Teraphim


text:
Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia

Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (29 January 1882 – 13 March 1957), was the only daughter and youngest child of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Her husband was Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and they were both first cousins of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia. She was also first cousin of Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Queen consort of Denmark and the grandmother of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, and Prince Michael of Kent. Queen Juliana of the Netherlands was also her half-first cousin.

Early life
Elena and her three surviving older brothers, Kirill, Boris, and Andrei, had an English nanny and spoke English as their first language. The young Elena had a temper and was sometimes out of control. At four years old, she posed for the artist Henry Jones Thaddeus. She grabbed a paper knife and threatened her nurse, who hid behind Thaddeus. "The little lady then transferred her attentions to me, her black eyes ablaze with fury," recalled Thaddeus. Elena, raised by a mother who was highly conscious of her social status, was also considered snobbish by some. "Poor little thing, I feel sorry for her," wrote her mother's social rival, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, "for she is really quite sweet, but vain and pretty grandiose."

Marriage and children
She was engaged to Prince Max of Baden, but Max backed out of the engagement. Elena's mother was furious and society gossiped about Elena's difficulty in finding a husband. At one point in 1899, the seventeen-year-old Elena was reputedly engaged to Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, however this came to nothing as he fell in love with Countess Sophie Chotek.

Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, the third son of George I of Greece, first proposed in 1900, but Elena's mother was reluctant to allow her daughter to marry a younger son with no real fortune or prospects of inheriting a throne. She finally agreed to let Elena marry Nicholas, who was Elena's second cousin through his mother Olga Constantinovna of Russia and her father Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, in 1902 after it became clear that no other offers were on the horizon.

The couple married on 29 August 1902 in Tsarskoye Selo, Russia. Like many imperial weddings, it was a grand affair, and was attended by the Emperor and Empress of Russia, the King and Queen of the Hellenes, among other royals and nobility of Russia.

Elena's "grand manner" irritated some people at court. According to the British diplomat Francis Elliot, there was an incident between Elena and her sister-in-law Princess Marie Bonaparte: Allegedly, Elena refused to greet Marie and "drew back her skirts as if not to be touched by her." Elena thought that Marie was beneath her, because her grandfather operated the Monte Carlo Casino. Elena looked down on another sister-in-law Princess Alice of Battenberg because of the latter's morganatic blood. The Dowager Empress wrote that Elena "has a very brusque and arrogant tone that can shock people."

Prince and Princess Nicholas of Greece and Denmark had three daughters:

 * Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark (1903–1997); married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia (1893-1976) in 1923 and had issue:
 * Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (1924–2016); married firstly to Princess Maria Pia of Savoy (b. 1934) from 1955 to 1967 and had issue; married secondly to Princess Barbara of Liechtenstein (b. 1942) in 1973 and had issue.
 * Prince Nikola of Yugoslavia (1928–1954); did not marry and had no issue.
 * Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia (b. 1936); married firstly to Howard Oxenberg (1919-2010) from 1961 to 1966 and had issue; married secondly to Neil Balfour (b. 1944) from 1969 to 1978 and had issue; married thirdly to Manuel Ulloa Elías (1922-1992) in 1987, no issue.
 * Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark (1904–1955); married Carl Theodor, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (1900-1967) in 1934 and had issue:
 * Hans Veit, Count of Törring-Jettenbach (b. 1935); married Princess Henriette of Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (b. 1938) in 1964 and had issue.
 * Countess Helene of Törring-Jettenbach (b. 1937); married Archduke Ferdinand Karl Max of Austria (1918-2004) in 1956 and had issue.
 * Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (1906–1968); married Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902-1942) in 1934 and had issue:
 * Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b. 1935); married Katharine Worsley (b. 1933) in 1961 and had issue.
 * Princess Alexandra of Kent (b. 1936); married The Hon. Sir Angus Ogilvy (1928-2004) in 1963 and had issue.
 * Prince Michael of Kent (b. 1942); married Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz (b. 1945) in 1978 and had issue.

Grand Duchess Elena suffered from ill health after the birth of Princess Marina, which caused her husband anguish.

According to her niece, Princess Sophie of Greece, Grand Duchess Elena's priorities, throughout her life, remained as follows: “God first, the Grand Dukes of Russia then and finally everything else.” Thus, the Grand Duchess and her husband, Prince Nicholas, visited Russia annually to visit their relatives.

Life in exile
The family was later affected by the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent turmoil in Greece, which became a republic and resulted in the family living in France for a time.

While living in France Grand Duchess Elena became deeply involved in charity work for Russian exiles, particularly children. Short of money due to their exile from Greece and the loss of their Russian income, Prince Nicholas and his family lived in reduced, but elegant, circumstances. Grand Duchess Elena's fabulous jewel collection, as well as Prince Nicholas' own artwork, were their sources of income.

Princess Olga of Greece married Prince Paul of Yugoslavia; Princess Elizabeth of Greece married Count Karl Theodor zu Toerring-Jettenbach, son of Duchess Sophie in Bavaria and scion of an old and rich Bavarian mediatized family; and Princess Marina of Greece married the Prince George, Duke of Kent in November 1934.

Grand Duchess Elena became a widow early in 1938, as Prince Nicholas suffered a heart attack and died suddenly. She remained in Greece throughout the Second World War, dying there in 1957. She bequeathed her personal library to the Anavryta School.

Her diaries during the period of the Second World War (1941-1946), written in English, were translated into Greek and published by Ioanna Varvalouka in 2024.


text: Category:Food safety

title: Category:Food safety


text:
Jurong Police Division

The Jurong Police Division (or  'J' Division) is one of the seven land divisions of the Singapore Police Force. Jurong Division first came into existence as the ‘Rural West’ Division on 24 Sep 1965 and operated from a standalone building located at Bukit Panjang. As the communities in the west grew, police posts were built in Ama Keng, Mandai and Kranji.

Following Singapore's independence, the western part of Singapore underwent rapid rural, industrial and urban development. From then on, the Rural West Division expanded to meet the challenges of policing a larger population. In 1976, it shifted to the Taman Jurong Police Station at Yung Ho Road. In 1980, the Division shifted to Corporation Road and became known as the Jurong Police Division. On 5 May 2002, Jurong Police Division moved to its current premises at No. 2 Jurong West Ave 5 which became the Division's headquarters.

Jurong Division serves a residential population of over 730,000 residents which covers a stretch of land from Boon Lay and Tuas in the west to areas like Bukit Batok, Choa Chu Kang and Bukit Panjang in the northwest. Besides residential estates, it also covers major industrial areas and has a long coastal area lined with over 100 sea-fronting companies.

History
Jurong Division traces its history back to the Rural West Division, which manages a large swath of previously uninhabited and agricultural areas. Rapid urbanisation resulted in a reorganisation of divisional boundaries, and the division's headquarters moved to the Taman Jurong Police Station at Yung Ho Road in 1975. It relocated again in 1980 to Corporation Road, concurrently changing its name to its present-day name, Jurong Police Division.

With the implementation of the Neighbourhood Police Centre system in the division in 1999, the headquarters was moved to its present location at 2 Jurong West Avenue 5, Singapore 649482.

In November 2018, Woodlands Police Division was formed, and took over operations of two NPCs from Jurong Police Division (Woodlands East NPC & Woodlands West NPC).

Establishments

 * Jurong Division HQ
 * Bukit Batok Neighbourhood Police Centre
 * Bukit Batok Neighbourhood Police Post
 * Hong Kah North Neighbourhood Police Post
 * Bukit Panjang Neighbourhood Police Centre
 * Bukit Panjang South Neighbourhood Police Post
 * Choa Chu Kang Neighbourhood Police Centre
 * Choa Chu Kang Neighbourhood Police Post
 * Jurong West Neighbourhood Police Centre
 * Boon Lay Neighbourhood Police Post
 * Jurong Neighbourhood Police Post
 * Hong Kah South Neighbourhood Police Post
 * Nanyang Neighbourhood Police Centre
 * Nanyang Extended Police Post

title: Jurong Police Division


text:
User talk:Veeraraghavan

Use Tamil fonts to view Tamil Characters:

Breakthrough in Indian civilizational studies
Breakthrough into the Mysteries of Indian Civilization The ancient civilization of this country has a record of 5000-7000 years of archeology in the form of epigraphs, artifacts, and monuments Etc. It also has tradition and belief running to timeless past. Literature Record dating to 3000 years at least in Two languages that is Sanskrit and Tamil. Myths of time immemorial and Oral tradition apart.

This country has been the land of confluence of various forces the Gods, Demons etc. This country has also been the pioneer of civilization, of knowledge, of Gurus, of Incarnations, a way of life on earth, a path finder.

Such a country has also been banned by influence of feudalism and its values and isolation of common man and oppression against him. Seeds of such a dichotomy were sowed in early Sanskrit writings which language had been appropriated by the elite the ruling class who were grouped as Arya (Nobles) Though they do not form a race during the initial stages they consolidated slowly during the medieval period.

The distortion created by the varna- ashrama dharma with varied interpretation had been the root cause hate in the current day society.

Page 1 of 9 The Hub :: View topic - Breakthrough in Indian civilizational studies 12/23/2004

This apart the story of Indian civilization takes us to the Indus valley which is the first known settlement thus far though more explorations are revealing settlements across the subcontinent during a period earlier to this. A complete biography of this civilization could be written but for the mystery of the script that reveals it.Early attempts to reveal it pointed to Dravidian settlements though this had been contested right through by Aryan lobby. The missing link continues to be an area of distortion and exploitation by various interested group who would like to appropriate the civilization. While the entire Sanskrit literature is abound by Dichotomy of Indian culture reflecting dominance of one over the other ,efforts are on in pioneering works of Dr.Loganathan to set things right.

The discovery of Sumerian as Archaic Tamil is a breakthrough in this direction Efforts are also on to unravel the Indus script as Proto- Tamil. A new ground has been laid in retrieving Sanskrit into its base Tamil. It is being concluded that it is only a stream of Tamil. Let us now begin with realising Sumerian as Archaic Tamil:

Quote

[The more he knows about either, the better. But even after lesson five of "Teach yourself Sumerian", an experienced linguist will already be able to discern the type of language, whether it has an ergative sentence structure (Sumerian yes, Tamil no), whether it is flexive or agglutinative or isolative, etc. etc. So when the professor of Sumerian at my Alma Mater dismissed the Dravidian connection, I know his knowledge of Dravidian doesn't match his knowledge of Sumerian, yet I wouldn't dismiss his opinion as entirely uninformed.-By Dr.Loganathan.] Here we have tried to retrive â€¦Â¤Â§ÃÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Ã½(Sumerian)suruppak neri(code) into Tamil: 1. [u] ri-a u sud-ra ri-a ( In those distant days, in those far remote days) 2. gi ri-a gi bad-du ri-a ( In those nights, in those far-away nights) 3. mu ri-a mu sud-ra ri-a ( In those years, in those far remote years) 4. u-ba gestu.tuku inim.galam inim.zu-a kalam-ma ti-la-am ( In those days, the intelligent one, who made the elaborate words, who knew the (proper) words, and was living in Sumer . 5.Suruppak gestu.tuku inim.galam inim.zu-a kalam-ma ti-la-am ( Suruppak - the inelligent one, who made the elaborate words, who knew the (proper) words, and was living in Sumer Page 2 of 9 The Hub :: View topic - Breakthrough in Indian civilizational studies 12/23/2004 "cuudu"chudar=the primordial ray. 2.Ã¾ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â¨Ã Ã€Ã±ÃŽÂ¨Ã Ã¾ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚ =irul soozhndha ap pandaiya kawlam. 1. Â°Ã· Â±ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚ Â°Ã· ÃÂ¼Ã· Â±ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚=oor vilangiya ath thol kawlaththil. 3.Ã£Â§Â¾Â¡Ã· Â«ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚ Ã£Ã ÃÂ¼Ã· Â«ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚ =moothor arindha am mudhal kawlam. 4.ÃÃ•Ã€Â¡Ã¬ÃŒ Â§Â¸Â¡Ã»Â¦Â¾Â¡ÃŒÃ²Ã Â±Ã‰ ÃÃ‰Â¸Ã„Ãµ Â±Ã‰ ÃÃ… Â¸Ã‡Ãµ ÃÂ¾Â¢ Ã¾Ã¸ Â¬Ãµ =ÃÃ•Ã€Â¡Ã¬ÃŒ Ã¾Ã°Â¼ Â§Â¸Â¡Ã» Â«Ã…Ã½ ÃÃ‰Ã¬ Â¸Ã„Ãµ Â±Ã›Ãµ ÃÃ… Â¸Ã‡Ãµ Â¯Ã» Ã¾Ã¸Ã„Ãµ.Â§Â¸Â¡Ã»=code laid down by suruppak with extraordinary brillianceÃÃ‰Ã¬ Â¸Ã„Ãµ Â±Ã›Ãµ ÃÃ… Â¸Ã‡Ãµ Â¯Ã» Ã¾Ã¸Ã„Ãµ lived in sumeria 5.Â°Ã· Â§Â¸Â¡Ã» Â¦Â¾Â¡ÃŒÃ²Ã Â±Ã‰ ÃÃ‰Â¸Ã„Ãµ Â±Ã‰ ÃÃ… Â¸Ã‡Ãµ ÃÂ¾Â¢ Ã¾Ã¸ Â¬Ãµ =the intelligent one who divised the code lived in sumer. Gestu can be Â§Â¸Â¡Ã»=Â«Â¸Å Ã²=Â«Â¸Ã¬Â§Â¸Â¡Ã» Ã…ÃŒÃ²Ã nig.nam kal-kal-en nig-e me-kal-kal ( You appreciate something, it appreciates you).Â¿Â¡Ãµ Â¿Â¢Â¸ÃºÃ—Â¸Â¨Ã„ Â¸Ã¼ÃˆÂ¡Ã¸.Â«Ã½ Â¿Â¢Â¸ÃºÂ§Ã… Â¦ÃÃ¶ Â¸Â¡Ã°ÃŽÃµ Ta.Â¿Â¡Ãµ Â¿Ã¸ Â¿Â¢Â¸ÃºÃ—Â¸Â¨Ã„ Â¸Ã¼ÃˆÂ¡Ã¸.Â«Ã½ Â¿Â¢Â¸ÃºÂ§Ã… Â¦ÃÃ¶ Â¸Â¡Ã°ÃŽÃµ repetition of words like kal-kal,nil-nil as reverberating sounds either to stress a point or to strech a meaning is even today found in pinglish(nigerian english)down-down means far down.go-go means go fast right now. One must keep in mind that @ the time sumerian tablet were written there must not have been grammar limitation or that the tablets followed colloquial slangs.here kal should be interpreted as kalvi ,gnyan,kal -kal is to stress a point that we should be abreast with information on our surrounding to know the truth. i think this interpretation could be accomodated linguistically. This duplication of words occurs in sanskrit sloka which says rogawn mochaya mochaya awyur vardhaya vardhaya Ta/ÃÂ¦ÃÃƒÂ¢Â«Ã½:. nikaznam naa-kal jii kukuuyidu. Â¿Â¡Ãµ Â¿Â¢Â¸ÃºÂ¨Ã… Â¸Ã¼Â¸Â¡Ã…Â¢ÃŠÃ½ Â¯Ã»Ã‡Ãµ ÃŒÃ•Â¸Â¢ÃŽÃµ jii might have existed earlier in tamil now avilable in sanskrit. tamu.moo kan.Gim iGi. Kan.kan ( My son, your eyes should be brilliant like the sun). Â¾Ãµ Ã£Ã¬Â¸Ã± Ã¾Â¨Ã Â¸Â½Ã¸ÃŒÂ¸=let thy vision throw radiance of the sun he-su-he-za-a nanna li-bi-in-du-ga za-a-akam bi-in-du-ga That one has not recited as "Known! Be it Known!" of Nanna, that one has recited as a "Tis Thine!" Â²Ã Â²ÃÃ… Â¿Ã½Ã‰Â¡ Ã¾Ã„Â¢ Ã€Â£Ã‚Â¢Ã½ Ã Ã¬Â¸, Æ’Â¡Â«Â¸Ãµ Ã€Â£Ã‚Â¢Ã½ Ã Ã¬Â¸ (this could be-Â§Â¸Ã™ (Ã»Ã…Â¢)- Â§Â¸Ã‡Â¡ Â¿Ã½(Ã‰Ã„Â¡)ÃˆÂ¡Ã¶ Ã¾Ã•Ã´Ã€Â¢Ã½ÃªÂ¸ Â¯Ã» Â«Â¸Ãµ (Ã¾Ã•)Ã€Â¢Ã½ÃªÂ¸. By questioning to the deeper consciousness and acting acccordingly one purifies ones soul. 124 ki-gim dagal-la-za he-zu-am That you are broad as the earth -- be it known! Page 3 of 9 The Hub :: View topic - Breakthrough in Indian civilizational studies 12/23/2004 Â¸Â£ÃºÂ¹Â¢Ãµ Â¾Â¸Ã¸Ã„ Æ’Â¡Â« Â® Ã Â¬Ãµ! Ã¾Ã¬(Â¸Â¢)(refer to earth)(kig)Ã¾ÃµÂ¾(imdunimdu= refer to you)Â«Â¸Ã„Ã† Â§Â¸Ã©(Ã˜)Â¬Ãµ an-gim mah-a-za he-zu-am That you are lofty as Heaven-- be it known! Ã…Â¡Ã½ Â¹Â¢Ãµ ÃÂ¡â€¹Â« Æ’Â¡ Â® Ã Â¬Ãµ!(Â«ÃÃŒ Ã¾Ãµ ÃÂ¸ Â¬Ã† Â§Â¸Ã©(Ã˜)Â¬Ãµ!)that this vast expanse queried be it known 135. nin-ki-aga-an-na-me-en mir-mir-zu ga-am-du Oh my lady veloved of An, I have verily recited your fury! Â¿Â¢Ã½ Â¸Â¡ÃÂ¸ Â¬Ã±Â½ ÃÃ½ ÃÂ£Ã· ÃÂ£Ã·Æ’Â¤ Â¹Â¡Â«Ãµ Ã Ã¬Â¯=Â¿Â¢Ã½Â¸Â¢ Â«Â¸ Â«Ã½Ã‰Â§Ã Â±Ã½ÃÂ¢Ã· ÃÂ¢ Ã·Ã™Â¸ Â«ÃµÃŽ (Ãª).Â±Ã½ Â«Ã½Ã‰Ãµ Â§Ã€Â¡Â¿Ã…Â§Ã‡ Â±Ã½ ÃÂ¢Ã ÃÂ¢Ã·Ã©Â¸(fury) Â¬Ãµ Â±Ã½Ã•. 123. an-gim mah-a-za he-zu-am That you are lofty as Heaven-- be it known! Ã…Â¡Ã½ Â¹Â¢Ãµ ÃÂ¡â€¹Â« Æ’Â¡ Â® Ã Â¬Ãµ!(Â«ÃÃŒ Ã¾Ãµ ÃÂ¸ Â¬Ã† Â§Â¸Ã©(Ã˜)Â¬Ãµ!)that this vast expanse queried be it known 124 ki-gim dagal-la-za he-zu-am That you are broad as the earth -- be it known! Â¸Â£ÃºÂ¹Â¢Ãµ Â¾Â¸Ã¸Ã„ Æ’Â¡Â« Â® Ã Â¬Ãµ! Ã¾Ã¬(Â¸Â¢)(refer to earth)(kig)Ã¾ÃµÂ¾(imdunimdu= refer to you)Â«Â¸Ã„Ã† Â§Â¸Ã©(Ã˜)Â¬Ãµ 125. ki-bala-gul-gul-lu-za he-zu-am That you devastate the rebellious land- be it know ! Â¸Â£ÃºÃ…Ã„ Â¦Â¸Â¡Ã¸Â¦Â¸Â¡Ã¸Ã– Æ’Â¡Â« Â® Ã Â¬Ãµ! (Ã¾Ã¬(your/its) Ã€Ã„ÃŒ-{Ã…Ã¸Ã„ÃŒ} (strength) Â¯Ã»ÃŒ Â¯Ã»(from the innermost) Â¯Ã†(plough) Derive your strength from the innermost. 125a kur-ra gu-de-za he-zu-am That you roar at the land - be it known! ÃŒÃ½Ãˆ ÃœÃ‚Â¢Â§Â¼ Æ’Â¡Â« Â® Ã Â¬Ãµ! =ÃŒÃ¼Ãˆ ÃœÃŠÃ†(ÃœÃŠÂ¼)you will bounce back. 135. nin-ki-aga-an-na-me-en mir-mir-zu ga-am-du Oh my lady veloved of An, I have verily recited your fury! Â¿Â¢Ã½ Â¸Â¡ÃÂ¸ Â¬Ã±Â½ ÃÃ½ ÃÂ£Ã· ÃÂ£Ã·Æ’Â¤ Â¹Â¡Â«Ãµ Ã Ã¬Â¯=Â¿Â¢Ã½Â¸Â¢ Â«Â¸ Â«Ã½Ã‰Â§Ã Â±Ã½ÃÂ¢Ã· ÃÂ¢ Ã·Ã™Â¸(ÃÂ¢ ÃƒÃ©Â¸) Â«ÃµÃŽ(Ãª).Â±Ã½ Â«Ã½Ã‰Ãµ Â§Ã€Â¡Â¿Ã…Â§Ã‡ Â±Ã½ ÃÂ¢Ã ÃÂ¢Ã·Ã©Â¸(fury) Â¬Ãµ Â±Ã½Ã•. 24. uLukaL eenliillee aal siiyimma Â¯Ã™Â¸Ã» Â²Ã±Ã„Â£Ã¸Â§Ã„(Â±Ã½Ã‰Â¢Ã¸ Ã¾Â¨Ã„) Â¬Ã¸ ÂºÂ£ÃµÃ (Â«Ã†Â¢Â¨Ã) 25. iin-anna saaGki paartta utu-eekaL Â®Ã‰Ã½Ã‰Â¡(Â«Ã½Â¨Ã‰Ã‚Â¢Ã½) ÂºÂ¡ÃÂ¸Â¢(Â¦ÂºÃ¶Â¨Â¸ Ã€Â¡Ã·Ã²Â¾ )Â¯ÃÂ²Â¸Ã» Â¯Ã(Â¯Ã‚Ã·Ã³Â¾-Ã£ÃÃ…Ã·) Â§â€ Â¸Ã¸(Â§Â¸Ã™ÃÂ¸Ã») 26. niitaah kaaLka uunuta munsiiyee Â¿Â£Â¾ Â¿Â¢Ã²Â¾Ãµ) Â¸Â¡Ã»Â¸(Â¸Â¡Ã¸Â¸Ã») Â°Ã›Ã²Â¾(Â°Ã›Ã•Â¸-Ã¾ÃƒÃ²Â¾Ãµ Â¯Ã•Â¸-Â¦Ã…Ã¶Ã‚Â¢Ã¸Â¸Â¡Ã‚) Ã“Ã½ÂºÂ£Â§Ã‚ 27. il iisakkunRa kiishnee edu Ã¾Ã¸ Â®Å ÃŒÃ½Ãˆ(Â®Ã†-ÃŒÃ¼ÃˆÃµ)Ã¾Ã¸Ã„Ãƒ(house) ÃŒÃ¼ÃˆÃµ Â¸Â£Å Â§Ã‰ Â±ÃŽ (Â¸Â£Â§Ã† Â¿Â£ÃŽÃµ)Â¦Ã…Ã‡Â¢Â§Ã‚ Page 4 of 9 The Hub :: View topic - Breakthrough in Indian civilizational studies 12/23/2004 (society) Â¦Â¾Â¡Â¼Ã•Ãµ. 28. tamu uurunakiinee kuuv mun.iduvee Â¾Ã“ Â°Ã•Ã‰Ã¬Â¸Â¢Â§Ã‰(Â°Ã· Ã¾Ã‰Ã¬(Â¾Â¢Ã·)Â¦Â¸Ã‰) Ãœ Ã“Ã½Ã‚Â¢Â§Â¼ (ÃœÃ…Â¢ Ã“Â¨ÃƒÃ‚Â¢Â¼) 29. Kootiyum eeNliille emmana sii Â§Â¸Â¡Â¾Â¢Ã”Ãµ(ÃŒÃŠÃ”Ãµ) Â²Ã±Ã„Â£Ã¸Â§Ã„(Â±Ã½Ã‰Â¢Ã¸ Ã¾Â¨Ã„) Â±ÃµÃÃ‰ ÂºÂ£ {ÃÃ‰ Â¬Ã†(Ã²Â¾Â¢Ã–Ãµ)}- ÃŒÃŠ Â«Â¨ÃÃ´Ã€Ã Â±Ã½ ÃÃ‰ Â¬Ã†Ã²Â¾Â¢Ã–Ãµ Ã¾Ã¸Â¨Ã„. 30. Ninmoo iin-anna aataavumun. tamuzi Â¿Â¢Ã½Â§ÃÂ¡(Â¿Â¢Ã½ Ã“Ã½) Â®Ã‰Ã½Ã‰Â¡(Â«Ã½Â¨Ã‰Ã‚Â¢Ã½) Â¬Â¾Â¡Ã—Ã“Ã½(Â¬Â¾(â€ )Ãƒ(Ã“)Ã—Ãµ Â¾Ã“Æ’Â¢ (Â¯Ã±ÃŽÃµ Â°Ã†Â¢) Now it is getting proved that that the base of sanskrit is Tamil: Let us see this by my retrivals: The word sanskrit should be splitted as sa-krit and read as hathirutha. For all the manipulation of the consonants and creation of four order including for sa-sa,sha,shah,ha are with the help of ha and it may be the corruption of "ha-thiruththam " that it became to be called as sanskrit.Sanskrit is Tamizhin Ha-thiruththam etymologically it could be hathiruth-hathrith-sathrith-sanskrith.ÂºÃÃ·Ã´Ã€Ã‚Â¡ÃÂ¢,Â¬Ã…Â¡â€ Ã‚Â¡ÃÂ¢=Ã¾Â¨Â¾ Â¾ÃÂ¢Ã†Â¢Ã¸ ÃÂ£Ã°ÃŒÃµ Â¦Ã€Â¡-Ã˜Ã=Ã‚Â¡Â§Ã Â§ÂºÃ·Â§Ã€Ã½=ÂºÃÃ·Ã´Ã€+Ã‚Â¡ÃÂ¢, Ã‚Â¡Â§ÃÃ…Â¡Â¸(Â¬ÃŒÂ¸)Ã‚Â¡ÃÂ¢+Â¬Ã…Â¡â€ ,Â±Ã½ÃˆÂ¡Â¸Â¢ÃƒÃ. The first verse in rgkrit tamil retrieved: Â«Ã¬Â¿Â¢Ãµ Â®Â§Â¼ Ã’Â§ÃƒÂ¡Â¸Â¢Â¾Ãµ. Â¿Â¢Ãµretained still in kannada(Â¿Â¢Ã½) Â«Â¸Ãµ(Â¯Ã»Ã‡Ãµ-internal fire) Â®Â§Â¼ (equivelance)Ã¾Ã°ÃŽ(ignite)purohit=Ã€Â¡Ã·Â¸Â¼Ãµ(vast expanse) lexically pawrkadam/parkadam/porkadam/porkitham/porhitham/purhitham/purohitam Ã‚Ë†Ã½Ã‚Å Ã‚ Â§Â¾Ã…Ãµ Ã•Ã²Ã…Â¢Æ’Ãµ Â§â€ Â¡Â¾Â¡ÃƒÃµ ÃƒÃ²Ã‰ Â¾Â¡Â¾ÃÃµ Â±Ã½Ã›Â¨Â¼Ã‚ Â§Â¾Â¨Ã… Â¯Ã‚Ã·Ã…Â¢Â¼Ãµ ,Â§Â¸Â¡Ã·Â¾Â¡Ã•Ãµ(Â§Â¸Â¡ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Ã…Ã•Ãµ)Ã¾ÃƒÃ²Â¾Â¢Ã‰ Â¾Â¡Ã¸-Â¾ÃÃ·. Â«Ã¬Ã‰Â¢(Â¿Â¢Ã½ Â«Â¸Ãµ)Ã¢Ã·â€ Â¢(Â¦Ã€Â¡ÃÂ¸Â¢) {Ã¢Ã·}-Ã…Ã¥Ã€Â¢Ã·(Ã…Ã•ÃÂ¢Ã½) Ã•â€žÂ¢Ã€Â¢Ã·(Â¯Ã•Â¸Â¢-Ã€Â¢Ã½) Â®Â¼Â§Ã‚Â¡(Â®ÃŽÂ¨Â¼Ã‚) Ã¡Â¾Â¨Ã‰Ã· Â¯Â¾(Â¯Ã³Â¾Â¨Ã‰) â€¦Â§Â¾(ÂºÂ¡Ã·Ã³Ã/Â§ÂºÃ·Ã²Ã) Ã…Â¡ÃµÃ‰(Ã…Â¡Ã‰Ãµ) Â²â€ Ã…Ã¬(Â±Ã˜Ã…/Â²Ã¼ÃˆÂ¢Ã‚)-â€žÂ¾Â¢(Â¸Â¾Â¢). ---Â«Ã¬Ã‰Â¢Ã‰Â¡(Â¿Â¢Ã½ Â«Â¸Ãµ) ÃƒÃ‚Â¢Ã(Ã¾Â¨ÃˆÂ¨Ã)â€°Ã›Ã…Ã²(Â¸Ã›Ã…Ã²/Â«ÃÃŒÃ…Ã), Â§Ã€Â¡â€žÃµ (Â§Ã€Â¡Â¸Ãµ/Â¦Ã€Ã•ÃŒÃµ)( Â²Ã…(Â²Ã…Â¢) Â¾Â¢Â§Ã…Â¾Â¢Â§Ã…(Â¾Â¢Â¨Â¸ Â¾Â¢Â¨Â¸)(astonishment)(unlimited) Ã‚â€žâ€¦Ãµ(Ã‚Â¡Â¸Ã‡Ãµ/Ã‚Â¡ÃÂ¸Ã™Ãµ)Ã…Â£ÃƒÃ…Ã²Â¾ÃÃµ(Â¾Â£Ã…Â£Ã·Ã…Ã‡Ã·Â¾Ãµ Â¬Ãµ)/(Â¾Â£Ã‚Â¢Ã· Ã…Ã‡Ã·Â¾Â¨Ã Â¬Ãµ). Â«Ã¬Â§Ã‰(Â¿Â¢Ã½ Â«Â¸Ãµ) Ã‚Ãµ(Â±Ãµ) Ã‚Ë†Ã½Ã‚Ãµ(Â²Ã¼ÃˆÃµ/Â±ÃƒÂ¢+Â«ÃƒÃµ) Â«Ã²Ã…ÃƒÃµ(Â«Ã²ÃÃ…ÃƒÃµ-Â¬Ã¼Ãš Ã…ÃƒÃµÃ’) Ã…Â¢â€°Ã…Â¾â€ (Ã…Â¢Â¨Ã‡Ã…Â¨Â¾) Ã€ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢Ãƒ(Â«)â€¦Â¢(Ã€Â¡Ã· Â§Ã€Â¡Ã¼ÃˆÂ¢) â€¦ Ã¾Â¾(Â±Ã¶Â¾/Â¯Ã‚Ã·Ã³Â¾) Â§Â¾Â§Ã…â€žÂ¤(Â§Â¾Â¨Ã…Ã¬ÃŒ) Â¸Ã®ÂºÂ¾Â¢(Â¸Ã¼ÃˆÂ¾Â¢/Â¸Ã¼ÃˆÃ). Â¿Â¢Ã½ Â«Â¸Ãµ Â±Ãµ Â²Ã¼ÃˆÃµ(Â±ÃƒÂ¢+Â«ÃƒÃµ) Â«Ã²ÃÃ…ÃƒÃµ(-Â¬Ã¼Ãš Ã…ÃƒÃµÃ’) (Â«Â¾Ã‰Â¡Ã¸)Ã…Â¢Â¨Ã‡Ã…Â¨Â¾ Ã€Â¡Ã· Â§Ã€Â¡Ã¼ÃˆÂ¢ Â±Ã¶Â¾/Â¯Ã‚Ã·Ã³Â¾ Â§Â¾Â¨Ã…Ã¬ÃŒ Â¸Ã¼ÃˆÂ¾Â¢/Â¸Ã¼ÃˆÃ(Â¯Â¸Ã³Â¾Ã). ---Â«Ã¬Ã‰Â¢Ã·(Â¿Â¢Â¨Ãƒ Â«Ã¬Ã‰Â¢) Â§â€ Â¡Â¾Â¡(Â§Â¸Â¡Ã·Â¾) Â¸Ã…Â¢Ã¬Ã¬(kalvi/Â¸Ã¼Â¸)-ÃƒÃâ€ Â¤(â€ Â¥ÃÃƒÃœ Ã·Ã³Ã/ÃœÃƒÂ¢Ã²Ã/Â¯Ã®ÂºÃƒÂ¢Ã²Ã) â€¦Ã²Ã‚â€°(Ã‚Ã²Ã‚Ã¬-Â²Ã¼ÃˆÂ¢Ã‚Â¸) ÂºÂ¢Ã²Ãƒ(ÂºÂ£Ã·Â¾/ÂºÂ£Ã•Â¨Â¼Â¨Ã) â€°ÃƒÃ… (Â¸ÃƒÃ…Ã¸) Page 5 of 9 The Hub :: View topic - Breakthrough in Indian civilizational studies 12/23/2004 Â¾Ãâ€ Â§Â¾Â§Ã…Â¡(Â¾Ãµ Â«Â¸Ã² Â§Â¾Â¨Ã…Â§Ã‚Â¡) Â§Â¾Â§Ã…Ã€Â¢Ã·(Ã€Â¢(Ãˆ)Ã·(here it refers to God) Â§Â¾Â¨Ã…Ã‚Â¡Â¸Ã°ÃŽÃµ). Â¿Â¢Â¨Ãƒ Â«Ã¬Ã‰Â¢ Â§Â¸Â¡Ã·Â¾ kalvi/Â¸Ã¼Â¸ â€ Â¥ÃÃƒ-ÃœÃ·Ã³Ã/ÃœÃƒÂ¢Ã²Ã/Â¯Ã®ÂºÃƒÂ¢Ã²Ã Ã‚Ã²Ã‚Ã¬-Â²Ã¼ÃˆÂ¢Ã‚Â¸ ÂºÂ£Ã·Â¾/ÂºÂ£Ã•Â¨Â¼Â¨Ã- -Â¸ÃƒÃ…Ã¸ Â¾Ãµ Â«Â¸Ã² Â§Â¾Â¨Ã…Â§Ã‚Â¡ Ã€Â¢(Ãˆ)Ã·(here it refers to God) Â§Â¾Â¨Ã…Ã‚Â¡Â¸Ã°ÃŽÃµ. Gruha could be a Corruption of Old Tamil Word Koorai Which goes to the root Kooru(Pyramid is the todays meaning of this representative structure)Kooru/koorai/kurai/kruhai/gruha. Rig Veda May be subtle tamil word Ã¾Â¨ÃƒÃ¬ÃŒ(kadavul) Â§Ã…Ã»Ã…Â¢.it means whole lot of changes in meaning of the word Rg veda. Rig/iraigu/iraikku -veda has been connected to the meaning a bodyofknowledge Now i feel ve+da+veelvi(sacred oblation to god.This is substantiated by the first verse of rg veda. Â«Ã¬Ã‰Â¢Ãµ Â®Â¦Ã‡ Ã’Â¦ÃƒÂ¡â€ Â¢Â¾Ãµ.I conclude by giving the correct retrieval for rg veda=Ã¾Â¨ÃƒÃŒ Â§Ã…Ã»Ã…Â¢. As i said sanskrit branched out of her mother Tamil by exploiting and interpolating on the ayutha ezhuththu.Creating two intermediary order of consonents. If can intelligently remove some of these order from sanskrit words and replace them with tamil consonents we are looking at the mother of sanskrit that is Tamil. Eg:agni-fire in tamil it can be fit as : Agani=Aga+ni ni might be referral to godly attribute sacredity,and Aga-fire (horrific).We can try to interprete sanskrit sentences by applying this method to prove it is an offshoot of tamil. the examples presented are put in tamil characters as follows: Â´Â¼Ãµ-flow,-pronounced as "odam"ÂµÃ°Â¼Ãµ-run,flow again,but read as "ottam" In the first case the consonent 'Â¼' is read as "da" since the same occurs in the middle of the word so in the second order there can be only two order of the consonents evn modern english exemplifies this like: p,b. t,d. c,j. k,g. h=is ha in sanskrit and ayutha ezhuththu in tamil. most of others are combination consonents like f=p+h, q=ku=k+u. w=u+u x=a+k+s z=s+h+e+e. Ã€Â¡Â¸Ãµ=part.Ka tranforms to Ga in the middle. Ã€Â¡Ã¬ÃŒ=beetle nut.here Gu gets reduced to 'ikku' Page 6 of 9 The Hub :: View topic - Breakthrough in Indian civilizational studies 12/23/2004 Now i will talk about the intermediate orders produced by sanskrit Kha=ik+a+ha. gha=ig+a+ha/ik+ha+a+ha,presuming that ga second order consonent is produced by combination of ik+1/2ha. cha=ich+a+ha jha=ij+a+ha/ich+ha+a+ha tha=it+a+ha dha=idh+a+ha/ith+ha+a+ha fa=ip+a+ha bha=ib+a+ha/ip+ha+a+ha The uniqueness in Tamil is giving importance to mey ezhuththu and in combination with vowels produce consonents Ith+a=tha this is not in sanskrit. So what gets exploited so much so is the "ha"produced by tamil ayutham. ---One has to remember that second order has no written recognition in tamil pa becomes ba in any place of the word other than at the start of the word but cannot be expressed in writting it is a oral convention. words starting with consonents will have expressed first order. r,s,l,zha normally do not start a word except with the help of a consonent preceding. "r,s,l,zha normally do not start a word except with the help of a consonent preceding" even vowels can precede them. ya=is formed by=A+i+a The peculiarity of cha is that at any place other than the first in a word it lightens to sa and preceding with another half consonent ich it regains cha status. Language learners in the formal education pattern are not fed with good logic resulting in bad pronounciation which we often see. kha/gha" as "Â¸Â·Â«' and with that eliminate the need for 'â€¹' in the script? "Â¸Â·Â«'can be "Â¸Â·"and "ig"can be"Â·Ã¬"."ghan"(musik)can be"Â¸Â·Â¬Ã½".it could be "Â¸Â·Â¡Ã½" . Like this we transliterate sanskrit text but my idea goes beyond this. Since sanskrit is a derived language from tamil i am in the order of fixing sanskrit to tamil orgin not to attempt adapting tamil to sanskrit as i told you that sanskri is a derived language. I had already told you that we have to eliminate intermediate Page 7 of 9 The Hub :: View topic - Breakthrough in Indian civilizational studies 12/23/2004 consonents from sanskrit words and adopt tamil equivalent to prove that the world is classical tamil or sumerian tamil.There may be varients in the process of development cycle of sanskrit. One thing comes to my mind is that rg veda could be a product of 1st tamil sangam. tamil and sankrit are now two school of thoughts emerging from their mother sumerian tamil.While formulation of rg veda there might two school of thoughts one to restrict phonetics to first order consonents and second to elongate to intermediary order this also the reason i believe that we can reduce sanskrit to its orginal tamil form. May be we are making some progress here that may lead into understanding better how from the same basic phonology of Sumerian the phonology of Sanskrit as different from it developed. The need to induce large volume of words into the vocabulary could have resulted in thinkers of those days to extrapolate (ha)to form multitude of permutations in the language and form a new structural varient from sumerian tamil. sanskrit and c.tamil should then share same roots for their ancestors are same that is dravidians and not aryans. Attempt towards this proposition ahs already started and let us hope in the near future we will be able to substantiate this view. --I am amused by the discussion on Aytham here.Earlier i had posted once on this topic and how Aytham is a precursor to the development of Consonantal orders specially now visible in Sanskrit.Somehow that didn`t suit well for the moderator here. Anyway i would to throw a gist of the development of this word as i understand which may be sounding orderly for this discussion group. I believe Aytham is the base for the development of consonantal order and hence Sanskrit thereof. For this the premise is the consonant are primarily expressed in base order namely ka,cha,ta,tha,pa,.Any change in this structure occurs due to compounding of Aytham.Some call it Ahenum and represented by diatrix. One should clearly distinguish between sound generation and its encryption for the purpose of Iyar tamizh. In case isai tamizh generation of sounds are understood in a said pattern and it is devoid of encreyption.So when you say Thyagaraja kriti is encrypted it only means an attempt but the sounds cannot be exactly replicated in written form. In case of iyar tamizh or for that matter any language the pattern is set and ofcurse reset over the years. There is always a gap ,even in sanskrit which has developed four orders of consonant,between what is pronouced and what is captured in script,this is due to the following: Limitations of sound mechanism vis-vis voice chord capability of individual (individual to individual). Replication and standardisation leading to dialects or vice-versa that is dialects developing to languages.one of the reason that sanskri remained unchanged is because it was never spoken or atleast by the masses. But even sanskrit developed many languages or atleast influenced many including Dravidian(this grouping i do not subscribe to). Confusion of order syntax: There are no rules in SK which definitely point as to why a particular order was used in a particular place in the word.Some have argued that with the four order you are capturing the sounds produced in a better manner.Then the question arises why four, again no answer. For instance if one captures: Agni in sk the Ga consonant is of third order it could however be captured as Akhni,Akni,Aghni depending on phonetic receipts thus standardisation in Sk is difficult leading to lot of offshoots. Where as Agni is very well fitting into Tamil vocabulory it cannot be pronounced anyother way and even if done so it can be captured in this way only. Thus there is no scope for confusion in Tamil.Perhaps Sk through panini tried to encrypt Isai part of that language which i believe is a varient of Tamil. Remember Tolkaapiyar has clearly distinguished between Iyar and isai tamizh and stated that the rules for isai is beyond the scope of his analysis in his book.Infact he has stated the isai tamizh transcends all rules laid by him for iyar tamizh. "These are very personal views of the author and his solemn research it is possible that a diametrically opposite view is held for which no responsibility is taken by this article author." I would like to directly dwelve into the book instead wasting time on describing such agreat work which already has a place of eminance in Tamil. 1.The letters A« to Naý form the scheme of alphabet design in Tamil. 2.There are total 30 independent sounds and three dependant sounds. 3.A measure of sound length is equivalent to the wink time of the eyes. 4.All sounds of a vowel have one measure except long vowels Which has two measure. Aw,EE,Oo,AeAe,Aai,Oo,Oou.¬,®,µ,°,¶,³,². 5.No sound produce three measure if necessary the same can be done. 6.There are twelve Vowels. 7.Eighteen consonantswith ýNa at the end. 8.A consonant has 1 and 1/2 measure. 9.Three dependant sounds have 1/2 measureþ,´,·.1/2E,1/2O/1/2Ha.

I would like to Start this series befitting to this group with my own interpretation of this Classic. I would like to directly dwelve into the book instead of wasting time on describing such a great work which already has a place of eminance in Tamil. 1.The letters A« to Naý form the scheme of alphabet design in Tamil. 2.There are total 30 independent sounds and three dependant sounds. 3.A measure of sound length is equivalent to the wink time of the eyes. 4.All sounds of a vowel have one measure except long vowels Which has two measure. Aw,EE,Oo,AeAe,Aai,Oo,Oou.¬,®,µ,°,¶,³,². 5.No sound produce three measure if necessary the same can be done (This is the Flexibility visualised by Tolkaapiyar which should be read in relation with the higher orders of consonants derived from primary orders). 6.There are twelve Vowels. 7.Eighteen consonantswith ýNa at the end. 8.A consonant has 1 and 1/2 measure. 9.Three dependant sounds have 1/2 measureþ,´,·.1/2 E,1/2 O,1/2 Ha.

---«,¬,þ,®,¯,°,±,²,³,´,µ,¶,·. Dependant sounds are þ,¯,·. ¸,¹,º,»,¼,½,¾,¿,À,Á,Â,Ã,Ä,Å,Æ,Ç,ÈÉ. akshara / > ezuttu) Since you had raked up this issue let me explain: ±Ø+òÐ=the meaning of ezhu is arise see ezhuchchi ezhu also means a state of defining an art of explaining thing,See ezhudhu means to write to express.Compare this with akshara=A+(k)shara=shara can be a series ,a row, it is defined as representing Alphabets or syllable. Aksharawnawm Akawrosmi.Whereas the same when converted into a verb or an act of expression looses its importance and Likhita/Lekhi comes to rescue. Akshara can be retrieved to Tamil as A+chawrndha(Belonging to A (metaphysical))=or adhanai chawrntha=belonging to that. While the verb representation is retained in Ezhuththu as ezhududhal (Kriya). I hope this would suffice to clarify your doubt. I would request you to use Murasu Anjal and bear with me. Yawdhum oorae yawvarum kaelir.

A vowel is always combined after the consonant(1/2measure) to release it full shape. ik,iC,it,ith,ip,ir, ì,î,ð,ò,ô,÷are consonant of strong expression.

A vowel is always combined after the consonant(1/2measure) to > release it full shape. > ik,iC,it,ith,ip,ir, ì,î,ð,ò,ô,üare consonant of strong expression. > > ¹,»,½,¿,Á,É.-sounds of mild nature. Â,Ã,Ä,Å,Æ,Ç,-sounds of intermediate nature.Mellinam,vallinam,idaiyinam as they are called. The evaluation of Vowel-consonant relation in Tolkappiyam is par excellance which could not be located by me while reading Sanskrit or Aphabhramsha Grammer. The categorisation of Vowel-consonant in relation with sound produce into strong/mild/intermediate orders of sounds shows the depth of grammar roots in Tamil prior to Tolkappiyam. Tolkappiyar do not claim himself as originator of grammar in Tamil in the very early part of the work he states ÜðÊ ±ØÐ¾ø ±ýÁÉ¡÷ ÒÄÅ÷(thus states the "Bard/poets/learned"[No sound produce three measure if necessary the same can be done]This could be the primary discovery towards agglutination in the later stage.The reference to Bards points to such similar works preexisting. ¯½÷ó§¾¡÷ ¸ñ¼Å¡§È(as visualised by the enlightened in the very next sentence when he talks of measure of a sound in a syllable. ¦ÁöÂ¢ý ÅÆ¢§Â ¯Â¢÷ §¾¡ýÚ ¿¢¨Ä§Â=Beutifully classifying Vowels as soul and consonant as body and stating that through the body the soul enlivened which resulted in vowel consonant. He classifies vowels again as : «,þ,¯ as pointer. ¬,²,µ as questioner. «Ç À¢ÈóÐ ¯Â÷¾Öõ ´üÚ þ¨º ¿£¼Öõ ¯Ç ±É ¦Á¡Æ¢À þ¨º§Â¡Î º¢Å½¢Â ¿ÃõÀ¢ý Á¨ÈÂ ±ýÁÉ¡÷ ÒÄÅ÷. This is a authoritative text on how Vowels and consonants beyond this existed in Tamil.Which only means iyar thamizh has the set framed by Tolkappiyam with isai thamizh having additive sounds of vowels and consonants. This should be read in conjunction with No sound produce three measure if necessary the same can be done. The flexibility of Tamizh grammar in recognition of sounds and combination thereof cannot be more precisely expressed than this.

«õ ãÅ¡Úõ(the categorisation of consonants into strong mild and intermediate) ÅÆí¸¢-þÂø ÁÕí¸¢ý ¦Áö ÁÂíÌ ¯¼ý ¿¢¨Ä ¦¾Ã¢Ôí¸¡¨Ä. In that categorisation. ÅÆí¸¢Â þÂø ÁÕí¸¢ý if the original nature of "vowel-consonants" so changes(I propose marungin as change maru+ngin is other side maruppu ,mawtru.). Consonant fades(mey mayangu). udan nilai theriyun kawlai(¯¼ý ¿¢¨Ä should be pointing to the vowel adjuncting the consonant forming the new vowel consonant.¦¾Ã¢Ôý¸¡¨Ä thus exposites.)For the consonant fades in sound vowel explicits with force to form higher orders.The higher orders can thus be formed according to Tolkappiyan. I would like to have Dr.Logas view on this discovery i hope the conventional meaning assigned to this verse is thrashed. I thus conclude the first chapter on tolkappiyam with ny own discovery of how the thirteenth vowel or (ha) increases the order of consonants to be precise vowel-consonants. The formation of Ha itself may be a vowel-consonant though i feel it has neutar quality. the expression could be reduction in the measure of consonant Ikì in conjunction with a«.It could be quarter measure of Ik +one measure A like it occurs for m in (om). Having laid the sound structure Tolkappiyar went on to discuss some combinatory method of consonants.Like: ð,ø,ü,û are followed by ¸,º,À(Vowel consonant). Of these ø,û can be followed by Â,Å. Mild consonants are followed by hard consonants. Of these ý,ñ are also followed by ¸,º,À,Á,Â,Å,». Â,Ã,Æ are followed by hard consonants and ¹. Á is followed by Å. excepting Ã,Æ other consonants can have immediate double occurances.

Lesson definitely refers to a structure framed by Tolkappiyar when he started with expression of syllable and sound system. Second he talks about some usages of syllables and occurances. Third with how sounds emanate.etc and so forth. ¦Áö ÁÂíÌ¾ø is a state of trance where ¦Áö ±ØòÐ fades are gets so embedded that vowel becomes more explicit and emanates higher orders. A pertinent question that you have raised that it occurs only in strong consonants¸,º,¼,¾,À,yes true since this is how sanskrit might have generated higher orders.In case of mild and intermediate consonants they are independent sound systems devoid of known orders but as tolkappiyar states þ¨º ¾Á¢ú may have orders in them too. Let us now see what Tol has to say about this Letter which i had been stating as source of higher order consonants. ÌÈ¢Â¾ý ÓýÉ÷ ¬Ô¾ô ÒûÇ¢ ¯Â¢§Ã¡Î Ò½÷ó¾ ÅøÄ¡Èý Á¢¨ºò§¾ ®È¢Âø ÁÕí¸¢Ûõ þ¨º¨Áò §¾¡ýÚõ ¯ÕÅ¢Ûõ þ¨ºÂ¢Ûõ «Õ¸¢ò §¾¡ýÕõ ¦Á¡Æ¢ ÌÈ¢ôÒ ±øÄ¡õ ±Øò¾¢ý þÂÄ ¬Â¢¾õ «·¸¡ì ¸¡¨ÄÂ¡É.

After the short vowels occurs the Ayutha. Incombination with such vowels preceding the ayutha the strong "vowel-consonants"follows.«·Ð.

®È¢Âø(here should be construed as the fusion between vowel that precedes the ayutham and the "strong vowel-consonant"that follows,This fusion results in culmination of musical notes.I would like to say that higher orders are representative of musik and may be that is the reason Lord Krishna said that he represents Sawman among vedas) ÁÕí¸¢Ûõ þ¨º¨Áò §¾¡ýÚõ.

¯ÕÅ¢Ûõ þ¨ºÂ¢Ûõ(in structure and musical notes) «Õ¸¢ò §¾¡ýÕõ(it looks alike)

¦Á¡Æ¢ ÌÈ¢ôÒ ±øÄ¡õ ±Øò¾¢ý þÂÄ¡(Sound which cannot be expressed in writing) ¬Â¢¾õ(ayutham) «·¸¡ì(represented by this sound akhkawk) ¸¡¨ÄÂ¡É (exposited)

On Vadachchol: þÂü¦º¡ø ¾¢Ã¢¦º¡ø ¾¢¨ºî¦º¡ø Å¼¦º¡ø ±ýÚ «¨Éò§¾ ¦ºöÔû ®ð¼î ¦º¡ø§Ä. 1 «ÅüÚû,þÂü¦º¡ø¾¡§Á ¦ºó¾Á¢ú ¿¢ÄòÐ ÅÆì¦¸¡Î º¢Å½¢ ¾õ ¦À¡Õû ÅÆ¡¨Á ¨ºìÌõ ¦º¡ø§Ä. 2 ´Õ ¦À¡Õû ÌÈ¢ò¾ §ÅÚ ¦º¡ø ¬¸¢Ôõ §ÅÚ ¦À¡Õû ÌÈ¢ò¾ ´Õ ¦º¡ø ¬¸¢Ôõ þÕ À¡üÚ ±ýÀ ¾¢Ã¢¦º¡ø ¸¢ÇÅ¢. 3 ¦ºó¾Á¢ú §º÷ó¾ ÀýÉ¢Õ ¿¢ÄòÐõ ¾õ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢É§Å ¾¢¨ºî¦º¡ø ¸¢ÇÅ¢. 4 "Å¼¦º¡ø ¸¢ÇÅ¢ Å¼ ±ØòÐ ´Ã£ ±Øò¦¾¡Î Ò½÷ó¾ ¦º¡ø ¬Ìõ§Á. 5" "Flexed words are those with higher order Vowel-consonants and the same when taken to Tamil have to be adapted to the tamil phonetic orders or retrieved"

º¢¨¾ó¾É ÅÃ¢Ûõ þ¨Âó¾É Å¨ÃÂ¡÷. 6 Here one should see in aphorism no.6. above were a words structural deformity is addressed due to borrowings and adaptations. On vadachol which i had told that it should be construed as vadaintha chol a word that is flexed with phonetic orders. While Tol classifies words asþÂü¦º¡ø, ¾¢Ã¢¦º¡ø, ¾¢¨ºî¦º¡ø, Å¼¦º¡ø.iyarchol,thirichchol,thisaichchol,vadachchol,The interpretation for the word vada has yet remained Northern which indicates primarily Sanskrit while it may be so I do not find reality in that meaning since thisaichchol has already been taken to mean words of twelve different regions if Tolkaappiyar wanted to indicate directions he would a placed a suitable word.Vada hence should be construed as vadaintha(Flexed)Indicating the vowel- consonants orders available in sanskrit and other such languages. "Flexed words are those with higher order Vowel-consonants and the same when taken to Tamil have to be adapted to the tamil phonetic orders or retrieved"

¯Ã¢î¦º¡ø ¸¢ÇÅ¢ Å¢Ã¢ìÌõ ¸¡¨Ä þ¨ºÂ¢Ûõ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢Ûõ ÀñÀ¢Ûõ §¾¡ýÈ¢ ¦ÀÂÃ¢Ûõ Å¢¨ÉÂ¢Ûõ ¦Áö ¾ÎÁ¡È¢ ´Õ ¦º¡ø ÀÄ ¦À¡ÕðÌ ¯Ã¢¨Á §¾¡ýÈ¢Ûõ ÀÄ ¦º¡ø ´Õ ¦À¡ÕðÌ ¯Ã¢¨Á §¾¡ýÈ¢Ûõ ÀÂ¢Ä¡¾Åü¨Èô ÀÂ¢ýÈ¨Å º¡÷ò¾¢ ¾õ¾õ ÁÃÀ¢ý ¦ºýÚ ¿¢¨Ä ÁÕí¸¢ý ±î ¦º¡ø ¬Â¢Ûõ ¦À¡Õû §ÅÚ ¸¢Çò¾ø. Again urichchol are those words which when exposites itself by placement its orgin has to be traced WRT Sound,attributes and marks.These are those words that can also stand alone and display meanings.These words have to be clearly studied independantly and WRT context it is in.These can be foriegn words adaptations as well.

¯Ã¢î¦º¡ø: Rig Veda May be subtle tamil word þ¨ÃìÌ(iraiku) §ÅûÅ¢(veelvi). it means whole lot of changes in meaning of the word rg veda Rig/iraigu/iraikku -veda has been connected to the meaning a body ofknowledge Now i feel ve+da=veelvi (This is the Tamil word sacrificial fire).There are consonent transformation in this form that is noticed in Sanskrit when it became a separate stream .(sacred oblation to god. This is substantiated by the first verse of rg veda . «ìÉ¢õ ®¦Ç Ò¦Ã¡†¢¾õ i conclude by giving the correct retrieval for rg veda=þ¨ÃÌ iraiku §ÅûÅ¢ veelvi. Ru+cha identified as mantra of rg veda is ru=irai/rai/ri/ru. cha=chol iraichol=chol is word= irai refers to god. The first verse in rgkrit tamil retrieved: «ì¿¢õ ®§¼ Ò§Ã¡¸¢¾õ.I glorify Agni, the high priest of the sacrifice, the divine ¿¢õ(nim)retained still in kannada(¿¢ý) «¸õ(¯ûÇõ(ullam)-internal fire) > > ®§¼ ilae(idae) > > > > > (equivelance)þðÎ(ittu)like(idli-idduli)(ignite) purohit=À¡÷¸¼õ(pawrkadam)/purohitam(vast expanse) > > > > > lexicallypawrkadam/parkadam/porkadam/porkitham/porhitham/purhitham/pu rohitam

Tol allows production of sounds but restricts representation through syntaxes and rules and points all the sounds that cannot be represented as Vadachol and fixes grammar rule for adoption.This scheme i feel is more scientific that letting loose people to pronounce a consonant differently and searching for scripting within the four orders as well as beyond.

title: User talk:Veeraraghavan


text:
User:Mtcedar

External Link

 * Mtcedar's HomePage
 * Internet Political-Economy Directory

 * Mtcedar's Blog

ja:利用者:杉山真大 ko:사용자:스기야마마사히로 zh:User:杉山真大

title: User:Mtcedar


text:
Antikythera

Antikythera (,  ;  Αντικύθηρα, ) or Anticythera, known in antiquity as Aigilia (Αἰγιλία), is a Greek island lying on the edge of the Aegean Sea, between Crete and Peloponnese. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality of Kythira island.

Antikythera may also refer to the Kythira-Antikythira Strait, through which Mediterranean water enters the Sea of Crete.

Its land area is 20.43 km2, and it lies 38 km south-east of Kythira. It is the most distant part of the Attica region from its heart in the Athens metropolitan area. It is lozenge-shaped, 10.5 km NNW to SSE by 3.4 km ENE to WSW. It is notable for being the location of the discovery of the Antikythera mechanism and for the historical Roman-era Antikythera wreck.

Its main settlement and port is Potamós (pop. 34 inhabitants in the 2011 census). The only other settlements are Galanianá (pop. 15), and Charchalianá (pop. 19). Antikythera is periodically visited by the Ablemon Nautical Company ferry F/B Ionis on its route between Piraeus (Athens) and Kissamos-Kastelli on Crete.

History

The earliest known inhabitants (5th or 4th millennium BC) were likely seasonal hunters who traveled there to exploit the presence of migratory birds. The population of the island then changed frequently as it was settled and abandoned several times, including a period of significant influence by Cretan culture during the Bronze Age. In antiquity, the island of Antikythera was known as Aegilia or Aigilia (Αἰγιλία), Aegila or Aigila (Αἴγιλα), or Ogylos (Ὤγυλος).

Between the 4th and 1st centuries BC, it was used as a base by a group of Cilician pirates until their destruction by Pompey the Great. Their fort can still be seen atop a cliff to the northeast of the island. The archaeology of the island has been thoroughly surveyed and the data made openly available for further study.

Antikythera is one of the few islands in the Aegean which were never ruled by the Ottoman Empire, as the Ottomans did not consider the small island a worthwhile conquest. Nevertheless, it was noted on Ottoman maps as Küçük Çuha, a name that has persisted in modern Turkish.

Antikythera, known as Cerigotto in Italian, was administered by the Venetians as part of the Ionian Islands, despite being several hundred kilometres away from the main Ionian archipelago. The Venetians held out in Antikythera until 1800 while the rest of the Ionian Islands had fallen to Napoleonic France in 1797. It became a British protectorate in 1815 as part of the United States of the Ionian Islands. The island was then ceded to Greece under the Treaty of London (1864).

From 1864 to 1912, Antikythera was the southernmost point of Greece, as Crete and the surrounding islands including Gavdos were then part of the Ottoman Empire.

Antikythera is most famous for being the location of the 1900 discovery of the Antikythera wreck, from which the Antikythera Ephebe and Antikythera mechanism were recovered. The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient mechanical calculator (sometimes described as the first mechanical computer) designed to calculate astronomical positions which has been dated to about 205 BC. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until a thousand years later.

Fauna
Antikythera is a very important stop-over site for migratory birds during their seasonal movements, due to its geographical position and certain features (a longitudinal island, with a north–south direction and very low human impact). Furthermore, the island hosts the largest breeding colony of Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae) in the world. The importance of Antikythera for studying bird migration led to the creation of Antikythera Bird Observatory (A.B.O) by the Hellenic Ornithological Society. The island, along with its associated islets, has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International. The island also has a large population of wild goats.

Climate Observation Center (PANGEA)
Following an agreement among European Investment Bank, the Kithira-Antikithira Commission of Inland Property, the National Observatory of Athens, the Municipality and the Greek Public, a total fund of 25m euros will be used to install one of the largest Climate Observatory Centers in Europe. The project has also gained the support of Cosmote and Niarchos Foundation.

Notable people

 * Andreas Anagnostakis (1826–1897) physician

title: Antikythera


text:
List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe

Sabe is a territory located in present-day Benin, based in and around the town of Savé

In the Yoruba language, the word Oba means king or ruler. It is also common for the obas of the various Yoruba domains to have their own special titles. In Sabe the Oba is referred to as the Onisabe of Sabe

Records for Sabe are fragmentary and conflicting, containing a long succession of rulers styled Ola and Oba. It is suggested by one source that recent rulers alternate between descendants of either of two brothers.

The list presented here represents the official record kept by the traditional authorities of Sabe.


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Antena 3 CNN

Antena 3 Cable News Network, known as Antena 3 CNN, formerly Antena 3, is a Romanian news channel owned by Antena 3 S.A. and part of the Intact Media Group. An Exclusive News Partner of CNN International in Romania since September 27, 2022, it focuses on news programmes and current events, mainly with political and economic topics. It was launched on June 27, 2005 as the third Romanian 24-hour news channel, after Realitatea TV being the first television channel launched in 2001 and N24 being the second television channel launched in 2004, which was later transformed into a generalist television channel in 2010.

It is one of the most viewed Romanian news channels, leading in television ratings on the news segment in prime-time hours together with Romania TV (mostly above and sometimes second to Antena 3 CNN in ratings)   The station is one of the five Romanian TV channels that have live anchors from 06:00 every morning to 01:00 every night.

Antena 3 CNN was also distributed in Serbia in the Romanian language-extra package of the DTH platform Digi TV. The official website of the TV channel hosts all daily shows which are made available for watching in an archive that is generally reloaded every month. Starting 2006 the TV channel also allowed online users to watch it live on the internet on its official website, and now on their on-demand subscription service Antenaplay. Furthermore, since October 29, 2020, the 3FM radio station (currently only in Bucharest) also airs all of Antena 3 CNN's programmes.

The station's website receives an average between of 300,000 to 400,000 visitors a day being one of the most visited Romanian websites on the market. By comparison, Gazeta Sporturilor, a media product owned by Ringier, gets more than one million hits a day.

It is affiliated CNN International since 2011, after CNN ceased their affiliation with Realitatea TV. later becoming a partner channel of CNN in May 2020. Its main news program is News Hour with CNN, broadcasting from Monday to Friday at 18:00 EET/EEST, while its other television programs that are notable for airing on Antena 3 CNN include Sinteza zilei, În gura presei, În fața națiunii, Decisiv, NewsRoom, Exces de putere, Descoperiți, Subiectiv and Gătit la costum, among others.

Controversies
However, since 2016, some of their programmes have broadcast Fox News news materials, reports about possible political implications of George Soros in civic movements, funded NGO's and protests in Romania and most of their head anchors showed support and sympathy during the 2016 U.S. elections to candidate and former U.S. President Donald Trump, holding generally a right-wing like attitude in these topic, even though their channel is against most right-wing political parties in Romania, except for ALDE.

The channel is widely viewed as untrustworthy. It recently showed a soft-eurosceptic attitude after heads of the European Commission cautioned and criticised the Romanian government for the penal code modifications which might affect the rule of law in Romania, but generally swings after Jean Claude Juncker's positive view of Romania entering the Schengen area and after saying that "Romania is ready to take the presidency of the EU Council", that contradicts Iohannis' negative remarks that "the Romanian government is not ready to take the responsibility of the presidency". It is a 24 hours news channel with pretty much allegiance to the Romanian centre-left wing political spectrum and relates more positively about the centre-left government coalition of PSD and ALDE than the usual media, usually inviting ministers, MPs and political figures of the PSD-ALDE government coalition than the opposition that is usually just one guest, rarely being the opposition parties leaders, and reflects in a mostly negative perspective the opposition parties and the actual presidential administration. Largely known for launching heavy campaigns against the former head of the DNA, Laura Codruța Kövesi because of her allegedly abusive and "Soviet-style" management of the institution and using it as a "mechanism of secret police" by the Romanian Intelligence Service in favour of the presidential power, calling it repeatedly as the "deep state" the "parallel state" or the "binomial power".

The channel has been accused of taking a series of biased positions during the coverage of Dan Voiculescu's conviction and arrest, about the GRIVCO criminal files, and excess of zeal during a judiciary requirement to where were forced to leave the building where their headquarters and studios are located in several days after confiscation by the fiscal authorities (ANAF). It is regarded as the most supportive of the Romanian government, others being Realitatea TV and Digi24 with the most opponent and critical attitude of the PSD-ALDE government and partially neutral B1 TV (although very rival to Antena 3 until the end of the Băsescu presidency) and TVR, the Romanian public broadcaster.

title: Antena 3 CNN