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Power Slam

Power Slam was an independent non-kayfabe magazine published in the United Kingdom from 1991–2014 by SW Publishing, with co-founders Findlay Martin and former WCW Magazine owner Colin Bowman. Power Slam was Europe's best-selling pro wrestling publication.

The magazine began life as Superstars of Wrestling in 1991 before altering its name after 30 issues in July 1994. It was released on a Thursday every five weeks, and provided recent results, colour photographs from live events, articles on historical and contemporary matters within the business, and exclusive interviews with prominent industry figures. Power Slam stopped offering subscriptions on 4 February 2014, in anticipation of the closure of the magazine, which occurred on 14 July with the release of issue 237.

In September 2020, Power Slam's spiritual successor was launched, when Inside The Ropes Magazine debuted with its retro design, and used several of Power Slam's features, including "What's Going Down" and "Mat Musings". Findlay "Fin" Martin is a contributor and writer for the magazine.

Columnists

 * Findlay "Fin" Martin, editor. He has an edition of the wrestling blooper web series, Botchamania, named for him. In 2014, Martin joined the Wrestle Talk TV podcast, WrestlePod. As of 2017, he co-hosts the Power Slam Podcast with Inside the Ropes.
 * Mohammed Chatra, also known for presenting Pro Wrestling Noah on the UK's satellite sports channel TWC Fight! (formerly The Wrestling Channel).
 * Greg Lambert, a British journalist, wrestling manager and promoter for the XWA.
 * Rob Butcher, UK tape trader and writer.
 * Patty Therre, former executive editor of WCW Magazine.
 * Ernie "Stately Wayne Manor" Santilli, the only featured columnist to – as Stately Wayne Manor – maintain kayfabe, living up to his image as an ultra-conceited heel manager. As Manor, Santilli joined the staff halfway through the "Superstars of Wrestling" period.
 * Oliver Hurley, author of Wrestlings 101 Strangest Matches
 * Phil Jones (also a photographer)
 * Ant Evans, formerly editor of boxing news site SecondsOut and writer for Boxing Monthly magazine. Evans now works for the UFC in the UK.
 * Matthew Randazzo V, author of Ring of Hell: The Story of Chris Benoit & The Fall of the Pro Wrestling Industry
 * Alex Dale
 * Neil Docking, a journalist working in the North West of England, now the Daily Mirror's wrestling writer.
 * Neil Docking, a journalist working in the North West of England, now the Daily Mirror's wrestling writer.

Content
The magazine was geared more to pro-wrestling than sports entertainment, covering promotions from all over the world (particularly Japanese puroresu), and has also on occasion covered MMA events. This was often partly to do with involvement of professional wrestling personalities, for example Mirko "Cro Cop" Filipović appeared in the pages of Power Slam numerous times due to Japanese promoters (especially K-1) pitting him against wrestlers in legitimate shoot fights.

Power Slam took an impartial view on the wrestling world being non affiliated with any wrestling promotion or organization. Contributor Greg Lambert has been an on-screen talent and behind-the-scenes promoter/booker for Britain's Frontier Wrestling Alliance but the magazine never crossed the grounds of journalistic integrity by inviting/allowing him to promote his real-life business.

A 2009 Power Slam interview with Triple H was subject to scrutiny from the Pro Wrestling Torch, who criticized Triple H's comments within it.

In 2012, Fin Martin defended CM Punk against ongoing rumours that Punk's "straight edge" lifestyle was a ruse. Martin wrote: "We have spoken to many people over the last eight years who have been to bars and nightclubs with Punk and/or traveled with him in Europe and the U.S. and Canada, and all report that Punk has invariably abstained from alcohol, illegal drugs and tobacco."

Power Slam was used as a reference in the Jim Cornette, James Dixon, and Benjamin Richardson book, Titan Sinking: The decline of the WWF in 1995.

PS 50
Every year the magazine presented the PS 50 (akin to the PWI 500) listing the 50 wrestlers whom the writers believed to have had the most successful year, in terms of workrate and performance. 2012 winner Hiroshi Tanahashi was the first wrestler to be ranked number one in two consecutive PS 50s, followed by Austin Aries and CM Punk. There was also an annual reader's poll for various awards ('match of the year', etc.) similar to that carried out by RSPW.

Despite their criticisms, their readers polls always crowned WWE as the top promotion of the year until 2005, where TNA overtook the company for the first time. TNA would follow up that victory with another in the 2006 reader awards, although in 2007 the percentage of votes for TNA dropped considerably.

title: Power Slam


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Quincy Trouppe

Quincy Thomas Trouppe (December 25, 1912 – August 10, 1993) was an American professional baseball player and an amateur boxing champion. He was a catcher in the Negro leagues from 1930 to 1949. He was a native of Dublin, Georgia.

Early life
He was born Quincy Thomas Troupe on December 25, 1912. He later changed the spelling to Trouppe in 1946.

Career
He also played in the Mexican League, and the Canadian Provincial League. His teams included St. Louis Stars, Detroit Wolves, Homestead Grays, Kansas City Monarchs, Chicago American Giants, Indianapolis ABC's/St. Louis Stars, Cleveland Buckeyes (whom he managed to Negro American League titles in 1945 and 1947), New York Cubans, and Bismarcks (a/k/a Bismarck Churchills). He played in Latin America for fourteen winter seasons and barnstormed with black all-star teams playing against white major league players. He managed the Santurce Crabbers in the Puerto Rican winter league, winning the 1947-48 season championship.

Trouppe caught six games for the 1952 Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball and made 84 appearances with their Triple-A farm club. When he made his major league debut on April 30, 1952 at Shibe Park he became one of the oldest rookies in MLB history. He was 39 years old. On May 3, he was behind the plate when relief pitcher "Toothpick Sam" Jones entered the game, forming the first black battery in American League history. Trouppe played his last game for the Indians on May 10. In his short stint with Cleveland he was 1-for-10 with a single (off Tommy Byrne of the St. Louis Browns in his last major league game), a walk and a run scored. He handled 25 chances in the field flawlessly for a fielding percentage of 1.000.

He died at the age of 80 in Creve Coeur, Missouri.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Quincy Trouppe


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Haeundae Beach

Haeundae Beach is an urban beach in Busan, South Korea, located in the eponymous Haeundae District.

It is one of Busan's most popular tourist attractions and one of South Korea's most popular beaches. It is open around the year, and hosts a variety of events, including the Haeundae Sand Festival and Busan International Film Festival.

Description
Haeundae Beach is considered one of the most famous beaches in Korea, attracting over 10 million visitors every season. It can accommodate around 120,000 people.

The sandy portion of the beach is 1.46 km long and 40 m wide. It has a parking lot that is handicap accessible.

In 2008, the beach set the Guinness World Records for most beach umbrellas: 7,937.

Events
Various festivals are held there throughout the year. Since 1988, the Polar Bear Club has been held annually in January. During the event, participants bathe in near-freezing water. There is also Haeundae Sand Festival, the only sand-related eco-festival in Korea, during which artwork made of sand is featured and activities are available for visitors. Haeundae also hosts the Busan International Film Festival, and appeared in the 2009 disaster film Tidal Wave. The beach has also hosted e-sports events for games like StarCraft. Concerts, including some that involve floating stages, have been held at the beach.

Surroundings
The beach has a number of attractions nearby. At the west end of the beach is the former island Dongbaekseom, which is now part of the mainland. It has long been famed for its beauty. Also nearby are the Haeundae Hot Springs, the islands Oryukdo, tourist road Dalmaji-gil, APEC Naru Park, Sea Life Busan Aquarium, and a wide variety of leisure and night life establishments.

History
The beach was originally a fishing area for people in the area. It began to be used more as a leisure space in the late 19th century. During the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period, Japanese settlers taught their children to swim at the beach. During the 1950–1953 Korean War, the U.S. military was stationed at the beach and prepared it for landing ships. U.S. soldiers also used it for recreation.

The beach first opened in 1965, and was the largest beach in the country at the time. It was designated a special tourist area in 1994, and various leisure facilities were constructed in larger numbers then. The beach has been subject to erosion over time; the area of the sandy portion decreased by 54% from 1947 to 2004. The local government has taken a variety of measures to combat this. It has installed underwater breakwaters and adds sand to the beach each year.

title: Haeundae Beach


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Anh Dao Traxel

Anh Dao Traxel (Vietnamese spelling: Anh Đào Traxel; born Dương Anh Đào; born 22 August 1957) is the foster daughter of the late French president Jacques Chirac (1932–2019) and his wife Bernadette (born 1933). She was a boat-person refugee, and met Jacques Chirac at Roissy Airport in 1979. He told her "Don’t cry, ma chérie. You are coming home with us" and took her home. She was then 21 and her adoptive father was 47.

She spent two years in the home of the Chiracs. Mrs. Traxel was married twice. Her second husband, Emmanuel Traxel, is a police lieutenant. She has four children, Bernard-Jacques, Laurence-Claude, Jacques and Cassandre. The children called Jacques Chirac Grandpa. She is now the President of a European association of assistance to the families of civil servants who died during their service (Étoile européenne du dévouement civil et militaire).

French honours

 * Légion d'honneur, Chevalier (Knight) — since 2009.

Foreign honours

 * Commandeur de l'Étoile de Mohéli (Comoros)
 * Chevalier de l'Étoile de la Grande Comore (known as Saïd Ali).

title: Anh Dao Traxel


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Talk:Mihirung

Original content was at Mihirungs and by anon User:69.197.204.140, moved here and edited by me. --Mike C | talk 15:21, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mihirung


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Talk:Mobile IP

Too technical
This article is way too technical. I am a scientist, do a lot of programming, but this article was over my head. Please someone with some communication skills clean this up! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.111.193.88 (talk • contribs)

It really helps understanding IP routing before trying to understand mobile ip. However, I think adding - a post office analogy - where you move to a new residence and ask the post office to forward your mail to the new address. - a diagram would help most people get a general concept of how it works. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Noyabronok (talk • contribs) 11:15, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

Hi Gowtham9551 (talk) 05:36, 28 January 2017 (UTC)

NetBIOS
I was very surprised by the mentioned "netbios" similarities. I'm working in MIPv4/v6 since 1999, and I'm finishing my PhD on mobile data networks, were i've proposed the "TIMIP" micro-mobility scheme.

Through this time i've never seen any reference for this netbios similarity in any of teh extensive bibliography that I've studied.

Also, concerning rfcs 1001 and 1002, eventough I haven't read them, I couldn't find any of these mobility-related keywords in the RFCs: mobile / mobility / handover / handoff / terminal / agent / tunneling / encapsulation.

Thus, besides questioning this comment without further references, I also think that this line is extremly exagerated for the casual wikipedia reader "Readers may be intrigued to know that..." --Pedro Estrela (12:59, 11 May 2006 (UTC))

 * I don't believe the NetBIOS part either. The purpose of NetBIOS is entirely different. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.161.101.123 (talk • contribs)

 * NetBIOS works on the session layer, while Remote IP defines a behavior of IP discovery which is on the Network layer. Both NetBIOS and Mobile IP permit identification of remote host, but since most modern implementation of NetBIOS uses NetBIOS-over-TCP (as decribed in rfc1002) and thus requires a valid IP adresse assigned to a host, you need a lower form of IP-discovery fonctionnality like static IP, DHCP, or if the host tends to move from in and out of the network, Mobile IP. Mobile IP, in theory, autmagicaly creates a VPN with the old network, and re-acquires the old IP. It's a bit simplified, but I think it explains the difference between the 2. Sepper 16:00, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

NetBios
I have only found the following link which includes the same content copy/pasted in this article on the similarities between MIP and NetBios, but couldn't find any further references. If anyone can add additional references, please do, otherwise I believe this part should be deleted due to insufficient credible citing.--Goarany 07:39, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Invalid link
One of the references in this article gives me a 404 error as of 12 June 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.202.225.145 (talk) 10:12, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

History and Missing Bits
Mobile IP has evolved over time to its current state. Where historical forms deviate significantly from the description in the article, at least some note should be made to that effect to avoid being misleading.

Mobile IP is also not a single entity. This is mentioned in the article, but could probably be improved on. Suggested sources for helping with this:
 * Hierarchical Mobile IP: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4140.txt and http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5380
 * Proxy Mobile IPv6: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5213
 * Fast Mobile IPv6: http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc5269
 * Route Optimization: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4866.txt
 * Adaptive Route Optimization: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.79.843
 * Official Mobile IPv6 conformance test suite: http://cert.v6pc.jp/mipv6/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.11.23.233 (talk) 17:46, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2005.html, http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Mobile-IPv6. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. NortyNort (Holla) 01:24, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

Role of the remote agent
Hi all,

I modified the following points:
 * As mentioned on the care of address page, and as specified in the main RFC, the remote agent is not mandatory. Otherwise, how would one use mobile IP on a host network where it is not implemented yet?
 * incoming traffic does not necessarily "go through" the remote agent, it only does when the remote agent exists and has the same IP address as the mobile devices. In all cases, the care-of address is used as the endpoint of the tunnel, be it shared with the FA or not
 * similarly, outgoing connexions have no reason to go through the remote agent (even though the remote agent is often the exit router at the same time, but it's unrelated)

If people disagree with these changes, I'm open to the (technical) discussion. --MathsPoetry (talk) 12:05, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Actual usage
Do all cell phone service providers implement mobile ip? If not, what ip mobility alternatives are they using? A detailed list of supporting providers and communication protocol, e.g. LTE, HSPA, EDGE, etc., would be most useful. Noyabronok (talk) 11:01, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

Mobile Node vs Mobile Host
Why are we confusing between the two terms, 'node' and 'host', in Section 3?

Cyan.aqua 07:26, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Mobile IP


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Electric truck

An electric truck is a battery electric vehicle (BEV) designed to transport cargo, carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work.

Electric trucks have serviced niche applications like milk floats, pushback tugs and forklifts for over a hundred years, typically using lead-acid batteries, but the rapid development of lighter and more energy-dense battery chemistries in the twenty-first century has broadened the range of applicability of electric propulsion to trucks in many more roles.

Electric trucks reduce noise and pollution, relative to internal-combustion trucks. Due to the high efficiency and low component-counts of electric power trains, no fuel burning while idle, and silent and efficient acceleration, the costs of owning and operating electric trucks are dramatically lower than their predecessors. According to the United States Department of Energy, the average cost per kWh capacity of battery packs for trucks fell from $500 in 2013 to $200 in 2019, and still further to $137 in 2020, with some vehicles under $100 for the first time.

Long-distance freight has been the trucking segment least amenable to electrification, since the increased weight of batteries, relative to fuel, detracts from payload capacity, and the alternative, more frequent recharging, detracts from delivery time. By contrast, short-haul urban delivery has been electrified rapidly, since the clean and quiet nature of electric trucks fit well with urban planning and municipal regulation, and the capacities of reasonably sized batteries are well-suited to daily stop-and-go traffic within a metropolitan area.

In South Korea, electric trucks hold a noticeable share of the new truck market; in 2020, among trucks produced and sold domestically (which are the vast majority of new trucks sold in the country), 7.6% were all-electric vehicles.

History
Autocar Trucks and several other pioneering American truck manufacturers, such as the Walker Vehicle Company (see Walker Electric Truck), offered a range of electric trucks for sale in the 1920s. While electric trucks were successful for short-range work, especially in cities, the higher energy-density of non-renewable fuels soon led to the decline of electric-powered trucks until battery technology advanced in the 2000s.

General trucks
A few electric general lorries prototypes or produced by small manufacturers, and often converted Diesel units, have been built until the 2000s. Trials with different companies in real-world conditions, for several months or more, have been conducted, for example with Renault, E Force and Emoss heavy-duty lorries in the 2010s. Renault launched its small electric Maxity in 2010 and Mitsubishi Fuso its slightly larger eCanter in 2017. From 2018, other major manufacturers including MAN, Mercedes-Benz and DAF began deliveries of prototypes or pre-production heavy-duty units to companies for real-world testing. In 2019, the first series production of heavy-duty lorries is expected to begin with notably Renault, Volvo and MAN.

The Futuricum Logistics 18E, first delivered in March 2021 to DPD in Switzerland, uses a 680-kWh battery and has a range of "up to" 760 km.

Delivery trucks
Last-mile delivery trucks are a growing segment of truck traffic with the increase in e-commerce and direct-to-consumer sales. Also known as Walk-in-Vans and box trucks, these trucks tend to be used on either fixed routes or with a fixed region for deliveries. Large buyers of these trucks include Amazon, UPS, FedEx, Bimbo, Aramark and others. With use from direct-to-consumer sales to things like linen and bread deliveries or beverage distribution, these trucks are very common. Motiv Power Systems has delivered units used by United States Postal Service and Bimbo Bakeries USA based on Ford chassis. These Motiv options have a variety of body styles from conventional manufacturers including Morgan Olson, Utilimaster, and Rockport.

Lightning EMotors has delivery trucks built on the Izusu platform. BYD Auto has several truck models ranging from class 4 through 8 trucks. GM subsidiary BrightDrop is trying to develop custom solutions for this market. While many large automotive companies have made announcements about their intent to enter this market with showcases of their prototypes, the majority of vehicles on the road today are from smaller manufacturers.

Pickup trucks
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Chevrolet produced a small series of an electric S-10 pickup truck while Ford made a certain number of Ranger EVs.

In early 2009, Phoenix Motorcars introduced a test fleet of their all-electric SUT (Sports Utility Truck) to Maui. Miles Electric Vehicles imported the Chinese-designed ZX40ST electric small pick-up in the United States in the late 2010s.

A Canadian company named Ecotuned offers an all-electric conversion of the Ford F-150; these vehicles are used by the electricity provider Hydro Quebec and Montreal Airport.

As of 2022, Ford is manufacturing the all-electric F-150 Lightning (in a new factory built next to the existing one in Dearborn) while Rivian is making the R1T all-electric pickup truck in Normal, Illinois. General Motors is making the GMC Hummer EV and the Silverado EV.

Models in production include:
 * JAC Shuailing i3-T330
 * Dongfeng Rich 6 EV
 * Dongfeng Rich EV
 * JMC Yuhu 7 EV
 * Great Wall Wingle 7 EV
 * Jiangxi Isuzu Ruimai EV
 * Rivian R1T
 * Ford F-150 Lightning
 * GMC Hummer EV
 * Lordstown Endurance
 * Radar RD6
 * ACE Yewt
 * Tesla Cybertruck
 * Chevrolet Silverado EV
 * Maxus T90 EV

Announced models include:
 * ZERO ZED70
 * Fisker Alaska
 * GWM Poer EV
 * ALPHA SUPERWOLF
 * Canoo Pickup

Additionally, many Neighborhood Electric Vehicles are, or were, available as light pickup trucks.

Semi-trailer and tractor trucks
As of 2020, electric semi-trucks are in limited commercial use in California at Anheuser-Busch, GSC Logistics, Golden State Express (all using the BYD 8TT semi-tractor), Penske, and NFI (both using the Freightliner eCascadia semi-tractor).

These trucks are not limited to operation within seaports or drayage operations; their range (in the case of the BYD 8TT, 124 miles at full load and 167 miles at half load) allows use on regional routes. GSC Logistics demonstrated this by hauling cargo from the Port of Oakland, over the Altamont Pass, to Tracy, CA and back. After returning, the truck still had 40% of its battery remaining.

Volvo, DAF, MAN, Freightliner plan to begin series production of electric articulated lorries between 2019 and 2020. Tesla joined in 2022 with the Tesla Semi. Such vehicles are manufactured by BYD Auto (e.g., BYD 8TT).

PACCAR-owned DAF Trucks have opened a dedicated 5,000 m2 electric truck assembly line for their XF and XD range of electric trucks in Eindhoven, the Netherlands with series production from mid-2023.

On 13 May 2021, Autocar Trucks announced the launch of the E-ACTT, a fully electric terminal tractor. 98 years earlier, Autocar was the first major truck manufacturer to introduce electric trucks, in 1923.

The Kenworth T680E also became available in 2021.

History
The Port of Los Angeles and South Coast Air Quality Management District have demonstrated a short-range heavy-duty all-electric truck capable of hauling a fully loaded 40 ft cargo container. The current design is capable of pulling a 60000 lb cargo container at speeds up to 10 mi/h and has a range of between 30 and 60 mi. It uses 2 kWh/mi, compared to 5 mpgUS for the hostler semi tractors it replaces.

Economics
1 USgal of fuel is equivalent to 33.7 kWh, according to the US Department of Energy. This electric truck uses 2 kilowatt-hours per mile which is the equivalent of using only 10 kWh per every 5 mi. The diesel truck that it replaces uses the equivalent of 33.7 kWh per 5 mi. Thus, the diesel truck is using 3.37 times the amount of energy that the electric truck is using. Therefore, the only variables that are stopping commercial use of electric trucks are original vehicle cost and driving range, owing to the high battery pack cost and low specific energy. As mass production begins, the cost might eventually be comparable to diesel vehicles and with improvement in batteries the limited range of the electric truck might be a non-issue.

Cargo vans
As of 2022, the following models (among others) are available in Europe:
 * Ford E-Transit
 * Fiat E-Ducato
 * Peugeot e-Boxer/Citroen e-Jumper
 * Renault Master E-Tech Electric
 * Mercedes eSprinter
 * Maxus eDeliver 3
 * Maxus eDeliver 9
 * Peugeot e-Expert/Citroen e-Jumpy/Opel Vivaro-e/Toyota ProAce Electric/Fiat E-Scudo

Milk float
A common example of the battery electric trucks is the milk float. Because such vehicles make many stops, it is more practical to use an electric vehicle than a combustion truck, which would be idling much of the time; it also reduces noise in residential areas. For most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.

Garbage truck
With a similar driving pattern of a delivery vehicle like the milk float, garbage trucks are excellent candidates for electric drive. Most of their time is spent stopping, starting or idling. These activities are where internal combustion engines are their least efficient. These and other factors such as ease of driver training resulted in Birmingham City Council opting to use electric dustcarts to start replacing its horse driven carts in 1918. Its use of electric vehicles continued through a number of models including Electricar DV4s until 1971. Electric Dustcarts were also operated by Sheffield and Glasgow.

In preparation for the 2008 Olympic Games, 3,000 of the internal combustion engine garbage trucks in Beijing were replaced with lithium ion polymer battery pack electric drive trucks. The batteries were procured for about $3,300 each. In France, some all-electric garbage trucks produced by Power Vehicle Innovation have been operating since 2011 in the city of Courbevoie, the first local authorities in France to acquire them.

In September 2014, an electric garbage truck, called the ERV (electric refuse vehicle), was deployed in the US city of Chicago. It was the first of an up to $13.4 million purchase order for up to 20 trucks. The PO was won in a competitive bid by Motiv Power Systems in 2012, but only one truck was ever delivered. Chicago sued Motive in 2019, alleging the truck was inoperable more than 60% of the time.

In Europe, as of 2020, electric garbage trucks have been ordered by Geneva, Basel, Frankfurt, Duisburg and other cities. Traditional garbage trucks have extremely high fuel consumption, higher than American 18 wheelers achieve on most routes. Using an electric drive instead of a diesel engine dramatically lowers energy consumption, yet it is still around 1,900 Wh/km or 3,060 Wh/mi. With a 340-kWh battery, such a truck can still achieve a range of over 177 km (110 miles) before it needs recharging.

Off-road and mining truck
Some attempts to produce such lorries have been made; for example, one by PapaBravo. Electric mining trucks have the benefit of not polluting underground. In case of high-altitude mines, the downhill trip with ore recharges the batteries due to regenerative braking.

Solar assist
Solar panels on tractors typically support the HVAC system, or power devices used by the driver (hotel loads). Solar panels on trailers can be used for refrigeration batteries, for liftgate batteries, or for telematics. Small solar panels mounted on a refrigeration unit can serve as trickle chargers for the refrigeration unit's starting battery.

Heemskerk Dairy combines vehicle-integrated photovoltaics with electric forklifts, to ensure quiet operations that keep livestock relaxed.

In 2022, DHL announced that installation of solar panels on the roofs of 67 of its trucks would result in cost savings and a 100 kg/year reduction in carbon emissions per vehicle.

Retrofits
Some companies retrofits combustion trucks to electric, because it can be cheaper than buying a new electric one and brings the benefits of an all electric power train.

California
In California, 70% of the smog pollution and 80% of carcinogenic diesel soot comes from the two million trucks out of 30 million registered in that state. As a remedy, California has decided to begin the clean truck standard. California has started its zero emission truck program in which they accelerate the production and deployment of electric trucks. At the end of 2021, California had 738 ZEV trucks, mostly battery powered.

An Electrified Charging Corridor Project, with 5 charging stations for medium and heavy EVs, will be completed by 2023. Chargers are already available at TEC Fontana and TEC La Mirada.

In 2023, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency gave the legal authority to California to require that half of all heavy-duty truck sales be fully electric by 2035. By 2045, all trucks will have to be zero-emissions.

South Korea
In South Korea, electric trucks hold a noticeable share of the new truck market; in 2020, among trucks produced and sold domestically (which are the vast majority of new trucks sold in the country), 7.6% were all-electric vehicles.

China
In China, by the end of 2020, there were around 466,000 New Energy Buses (NEB) in operation, of which 378,700 buses are Battery Electric Buses (BEB), accounting for 66% and 53.8% of the total amount of buses, respectively. It is expected that 72% of China's urban public buses are expected to be electric by 2025.

Incentives
California Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project (HVIP for short) offers up-front discounts on medium and heavy duty electric trucks. Additionally, discounts will be increased for public transit agencies, school buses for public school districts, and vehicles operating in disadvantaged communities. For example, a public school district could receive up to $198,000 off the price of a new electric bus; a public transit agency could receive $69,000 off the price of a new Class 4 electric shuttle. Launched by the California Air Resources Board in 2009, the project is part of California Climate Investments.

The New York Truck Voucher Incentive Program (NYTVIP) provides vouchers, or discounts, to fleets across New York State that purchase or lease medium- and heavy-duty zero-emission battery-electric vehicles (BEV). Administered by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), NYTVIP helps make it easier for fleets to adopt zero-emission vehicle technologies by significantly reducing upfront costs. For example, purchases of the Nikola Tre BEV can qualify for an incentive valued at up to $185,000 per truck, with a scrappage requirement.

title: Electric truck


text:
Charles Muñoz

Charles Carroll Muñoz (July 2, 1926 – February 22, 2018) was an American poet, fiction writer and publisher. He wrote as Charles Muñoz and under the pseudonyms T. P. Caravan and TP Caravan.

Life and career
Muñoz served as a WWII navy aerial gunner in Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers. After the war he worked as a United States Merchant Marine radio officer, sailing on freighters, tankers, and passenger ships, and later for several years on munitions ships bound for duty in the wars in Korea and Vietnam. He came ashore for good and married the former Bernardine Martin. For a while, he entertained himself as an explorer of caves, a walker in the desert, and a writer on arctic survival for the Air Force. He then chose a more formal profession, becoming vice president of Springhouse Corporation, a publisher of books and magazines.

Writing
Muñoz was a specialist in eighteenth-century literature, a member of the Gunroom of HMS Surprise, a novelist, a science fiction writer, and especially a poet. He attended Columbia University and wrote his masters thesis on English poet Edward Young in 1953. Stowaway, his contemporary/mimetic sea novel, was published in 1957. His science fiction and fantasy short stories appeared in the 1950s and 1960s under the pseudonym T. P. Caravan. One ("Random Sample," 1953) was recently reprinted in the anthology Worst Contact (Baen Books, 2016). Muñoz's varied experiences form the background that enriches his poems, which are often conventionally suburban in their location but wildly mythic in their subtext.

Muñoz was poet laureate of Bucks County, PA, spent five years as poetry editor of Jewish Spectator magazine, and became the official list bard to the Gunroom of HMS Surprise. His poems earned four nominations for the Pushcart Prize.

Novels

 * Stowaway (Random House, 1957)

Thesis

 * Edward Young and his Search for Patronage (Columbia University, unpublished, 1953)

Short stories (all as by T. P. Caravan)

 * "Happy Solution" (1952)
 * "Last Minute" (1952)
 * "Fish Story" (1952)
 * "Dinosaur Day" (1953)
 * "Random Sample" (1953)
 * "The Cold, Cold Grave" (1953)
 * "A Stitch in Time" (1954) (with Howth Castle)
 * "The Soluble Scientist" (1954)
 * "Problem ???????????? in ? Geometry" (1954)
 * "Fission Story" (1955)
 * "The Shoemaker of Lan" (1955)
 * "Moonshine" (1955)
 * "The Immortality of Professor Bickerstaffe" (1956)
 * "The Censors: A Sad Allegory" (1963)
 * "The Court of Tartary" (1963)
 * "Blind Date" (1965)

Poetry collections

 * Fragments of a Myth - Modern Poems on Ancient Themes (Time Being Books, 2001)

title: Charles Muñoz


text:
Wakefield–241st Street station

The Wakefield–241st Street station (signed as 241st Street) is a terminal station on the IRT White Plains Road Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of 241st Street and White Plains Road in the Wakefield neighborhood of the Bronx. It is served by the 2 train at all times. This station is geographically the northernmost station in the entire New York City Subway system.

History
The station officially opened on December 13, 1920, as East 241st Street, when the final portion of the line was opened. The line had been extended one stop north from East 238th Street. This portion of the line had its opening delayed, owing to construction on the line between the two stations for the construction of the 239th Street Yard. Additional time was required to modify the structure to avoid a grade crossing at the entrance to the yard. The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940.

The station was renovated from July to December 2005 at a cost of $17.25 million. The station, as part of the renovation, got a new high-quality public address system, new platform edge and ADA tactile warning strips, major structural repairs, new canopies over the stairs and platforms, repaired walls, renewed floors, and a redesign of the area around the station booth.

In 2019, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority announced that this station would become ADA-accessible as part of the agency's 2020–2024 Capital Program. In May 2024, the Federal Transit Administration awarded the MTA $157 million for accessibility renovations at five stations, including Wakefield–241st Street. The funds would be used to add elevators, signs, and public-announcement systems, as well as repair platforms and stairs, at each station.

Station layout
At this station, there are two tracks, one center island platform and two disused side platforms here. The two tracks end at bumper blocks at the north end of the platforms. The station was formerly set up as a Spanish solution with alighting passengers using the side platforms and boarding passengers using the island platform. Now all passengers use the island platform.

The middle of the platform features a backlit track departure sign labeled Tracks 3 and 2, indicating which train leaves first. There are also crew quarters at platform level.

To the south of the station, the tracks make a connection to the 239th Street Yard before splitting into three tracks. Just three blocks north of the station on White Plains Road lies the border between The Bronx and Westchester.

The 2006 artwork featured at the station is Permanent Residents and Visitors by Alfredo Ceibal, which focuses on birds living in and visiting the city. The artwork is made of faceted glass in the platform windscreens.

Exits
The exit is at the north end. Fare control is past the bumper blocks, from where there is one stair to the southwest corner of 241st Street and White Plains Road, and two stairs to the southeast corner.

Names
This terminal station has gone by a number of different names. Becker Avenue was an earlier name for the station at the time of its construction, and it officially opened as East 241st Street on December 13, 1920. By 1984, it was renamed 241st Street on entrances and platform signs.

The station was initially signed on the New York City Subway map as 241st Street–Wakefield. It has been signed on the map under its current name since 1998.

title: Wakefield–241st Street station


text:
Blondie (album)

Blondie is the debut studio album by American rock band Blondie, released in December 1976 by Private Stock Records.

Overview
The first single "X Offender" was originally titled "Sex Offender", but since radio stations would not play a song with such a provocative title, the band renamed the song. After disappointing sales and poor publicity, the band ended their contract with Private Stock and signed with Chrysalis Records in mid 1977. Chrysalis re-released the album in September 1977, when they issued Blondie's 2nd album "Plastic Letters", along with the single "In the Flesh". The album reached No. 14 in Australia, where the band had already had a top-3 entry with "In the Flesh". The album also charted at No. 75 in the UK in early 1979, where the band had become immensely popular.

Through the production of Richard Gottehrer, who had worked with the Angels and other artists of the 1950s and 1960s, much of the music is suffused with the girl group sound of that era. Debbie Harry told an interviewer in 1978 that the band never intended to be retro and when some journalists described them that way, it was "quite a shock". Likewise she rejected any attempt to brand the music as pop, insisting that Blondie played new wave music.

The album was first digitally remastered by Chrysalis Records UK in 1994. In 2001, the album was again remastered and reissued, this time along with five bonus tracks. "Out in the Streets" (The Shangri-Las cover), "The Thin Line" and "Platinum Blonde" are three of five tracks from a 1975 demo recorded by Alan Betrock; all five were first issued on the 1994 compilation The Platinum Collection. Bonus track "Platinum Blonde" was the first song that Harry wrote. Original single versions of "X Offender" and "In the Sun" are both sides of Blondie's first single, issued on Private Stock, and are different mixes from the album versions. The two Private Stock versions are both remastered from vinyl.

Critical reception
Reviewing Blondie in 1977 for Rolling Stone, Ken Tucker called the album "a playful exploration of Sixties pop interlarded with trendy nihilism" and found that all the songs "work on at least two levels: as peppy but rough pop, and as distanced, artless avant-rock". He noted that Harry performed with "utter aplomb and involvement throughout: even when she's portraying a character consummately obnoxious and spaced-out, there is a wink of awareness that is comforting and amusing yet never condescending." He also noted that Harry was the "possessor of a bombshell zombie's voice that can sound dreamily seductive and woodenly Mansonite within the same song".

Giovanni Dadomo of Sounds gave the album a two star rating, calling it a "pretty dumb affair" and that "nobody here seems to really be trying very hard.". Dadomo went on to state the production had " an almost totally bland lack of depth and colour" finding the main highlight to be "there's plenty of Farfisa and sometimes Blondie sounds a little bit like Jim Morrison."

In 2020, Rolling Stone included Blondie at number 401 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Blondie.

Blondie

 * Deborah Harry – vocals
 * Chris Stein – guitars, bass on "X Offender"
 * Gary Valentine – bass guitar, guitar on "X Offender"
 * Clement Burke – drums, percussion
 * Jimmy Destri – Farfisa organ, grand piano, RMI piano, Roland synthesizer

Additional personnel

 * Richard Gottehrer – production
 * Rob Freeman – engineering
 * Don Hunerberg – engineering assistance
 * Greg Calbi – mastering at Sterling Sound (New York City)
 * Ellie Greenwich – background vocals on "In the Flesh" and "Man Overboard"
 * Micki Harris – background vocals on "In the Flesh" and "Man Overboard"
 * Hilda Harris – background vocals on "In the Flesh" and "Man Overboard"
 * Marty Thau – cocktail piano on "The Attack of the Giant Ants"
 * Craig Leon – co-production ("X Offender", "In the Sun"); remix engineering
 * David Perl – art direction, design
 * Shig Ikeda – photography
 * Alan Betrock – original producer of "Out in the Streets", "The Thin Line" and "Platinum Blonde"
 * Kevin Flaherty – production (2001 reissue)

title: Blondie (album)


text:
Talk:K-theory

Strange omissions
I find it hard to believe that a page on K theory doesn't mention Bott periodicity (except as a link), or mentions the Index Theorem only in passing. The page seems to consist far too much of vague assertions without substantiation (so the K group is never really defined, we are told about Quillen's construction but only in passing, and with no detail). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jdstmporter (talk • contribs) 22:34, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

No definitions redux
One Marc, on Jan 19th of 2008, correctly noted that this article contains no definitions. As a matter of fact, a worrying fraction of the articles on algebraic geometry and algebraic topology seem to consist more of Grothendieck/Serre fanboyism than of actual information. When not indulging in genius-worship, their time is spent on wildly informal descriptions of the various (supposedly very impressive) "connections" between a dozen concepts and theorems which are nowhere defined nor stated. Seriously, it all reads like sci.math crank posts.

No definitions
''In mathematics, the topic of K-theory spans the subjects of algebraic topology, abstract algebra and some areas of application like operator algebras and algebraic geometry. It leads to the construction of families of K-functors, which contain useful but often hard-to-compute information.''

All well and good, but what exactly is K-Theory? Any article on a maths topic should begin with a defintion of some kind. I would add one myself, but am not up to the task. Tompw 15:25, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * K-theory is an extraordinary (this adjective was invented for K-theory I believe) cohomology theory. It constructs so-called K-groups from topological spaces (topological K-theory) and from C^* algebras (algebraic K-theory).--MarSch 12:20, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Topological K-theory is indeed an extraordinary cohomology theory (ie the usual axioms without the dimension axiom). I don't think one can say that algebraic K-theory is an ECT. Charles Matthews 21:10, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Given that 'extraordinary' was invented for K-theory, this seems something of a tautology. However... I still don't feel that the opening sentence is a definition. It's more of a classification. Tompw 16:17, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, K-theory as of 2005 is a whole big area. It's a wretched name, but we don't have any power over that. From a top-down look, it is something like the homotopy theory of the general linear groups over any old ring. If you look at applications it is not obviously that at all; it is implicated in number theory and algebraic geometry in the biggest way. Not often I say this, but I'm not competent to give an expert discussion of how it fits together. The topological stuff is not so bad. The algebraic K-theory stuff is about trying to get good invariants in module theory (and then finding that even the K-theory of the integers Z looks very deep). Charles Matthews 17:08, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Using Quillen's definitions, K-theory can be defined for any exact category in a way that captures the algebraic and topological theories (using categories of projective modules or vector bundles). This approach also allows the study of other interesting objects in this context, such as the K-theory of a scheme. I can write an overview of these ideas for the article to give it some sense of 'what K-theory is' if desired. MarcHarper 02:52, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Having a survey would be very good. In line with the concentric style we favour, it should not 'write over' some gentler explanations at the start. We don't want people to have to cope with the axiomatics of any one perspective immediately. Charles Matthews 09:17, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Some of the aximomatic work is already laid out in the Algebraic K-theory article, though it only discusses the application to the case of rings. Perhaps it more naturally belongs here? Marc Harper 20:09, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

 * How about an softer introduction, such along the lines of:

 * K-theory is an extraordinary cohomology theory assigning to objects in certain categories (such as the category of rings and the category of topological spaces) algebraic invariants that can then be used to study the objects with the methods of algebra.

 * Consider the case of cohomology theory for topological spaces. In the category of spaces, we consider spaces to be "the same" if they are homeomorphic. This turns out to be a difficult and often too restrictive definition of sameness, and for many situations it is sufficient if the spaces are homotopic or quasi-isomorphic. Additionally, the invariants provided by cohomology theories (and homotopy theories) allow the distinguishing of many spaces in cases where it is difficult to prove directly that there does not exist a homoemorphism between two spaces, because in this regard, algebraic objects are easier to work with given current knowledge.

 * Consider Morita theory for rings. Rather than directly compare rings, which is in general difficult, we can generate the category of modules of that ring (which is the category of representations of the ring as an abelian group). Morita theory considers rings to be the same if they have the same collection of representations, defining equivalence as category-theoretic equivalence of the categories of representations. Such Morita equivalent rings share many ring-theoretic properties such as the properties of being simple, primitive, artinian, and noetherian. Algebraic K-theory compares rings in a similar but less precise way by extracting algebraic invariants from the category of projective modules over the ring, such as the Grothendieck group for the functor K_0.

 * This approach can be extended via homotopy theory to define an infinite family of invariants. To define the higher K-groups, first a simplicial set is formed from the nerve construction on the category of projective R-modules. The homotopy theory of simplicial sets can now be applied giving a family of functors K_n for all positive n by turning the simplicial set into a space (geometric realization) and applying homotopy theory for spaces. In some sense, Algebraic K-theory measures the topological and algebraic properties of the category of the representations of a ring, which can then give useful information about the ring itself.

 * These constructions for K-theory work for any object that admits a nice category like the category of projective R-modules over a ring R, such as bundles over topological spaces (see Swan's theorem) and C*-algebras. Such categories are called exact categories, defined by Quillen for the foundations of K-theory.

 * I suggest then moving some of the material on exact categories and k-theory from the algebraic k-theory article to this article, since this is where the generality belongs. -- Marc 74.139.223.145 (talk) 01:19, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I added a Lead rewrite tag since this issue has not been resolved. Linking to the algebraic K-theory and topological K-theory articles does not help since those articles refer back to this one for their definitions.--RDBury (talk) 15:14, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

Reference
Hi, thanks for this informative entry. I am looking for a reference on K-theory for sheaves. (the references given are all about C^*-algebras and topological K-theory, in my impression). I think that it would enrich this entry if such a reference was given. 10:20, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Is the definition of Serre's Conjecture wrong?
It is written:

Already in 1955, Jean-Pierre Serre had used the analogy of vector bundles with projective modules to formulate Serre's conjecture, which states that projective modules over the ring of polynomials over a field are free modules;

This seems like the wrong definition of Serre's Conjecture. The page for the conjecture says:

every finitely generated projective module over a polynomial ring is free.

For the first version, a ring of polynomial over a field is a PID, and it is known that every projective module over a PID is a free. For this, there is a characterization of projective modules as direct summand of a free module, and over a PID every submodule of a free module is free. (Ref: Jacobson, Basic Algebra II, or Anderson & Fuller: Rings & Categories of Modules).

Since this is somewhat easy to show, I doubt this was the statement of Serre's conjecture. I have changed it to the definition on the page of Serre's conjecture to reflect this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.200.85.102 (talk) 22:05, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

Possibly repeated entry
I noticed that there's a page on Algebraic K theory which seemingly covers the same subject. If the two subjects are different perhaps it would be useful to explain in what sense. 132.70.66.9 (talk) 09:28, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

To do

 * Add examples from https://web.archive.org/web/20181221072346/http://mcfaddin.github.io/documents/Curves_Talk.pdf and correct computation with the curve

Park's Book: Algebraic Geometry:
 * Define $$K^n$$ for topological K-theory
 * Add computations in topological K-theory of $$\mathbb{R}^n,S^n,S^1\times S^1$$
 * Add Mayer-Vietoris w/ computations for orientable genus-g surfaces
 * Discuss Bott-Periodicity
 * Discuss Hopf Invariant
 * Add explicit computations of K-theory for dedekind domain
 * Given examples of intersections in $$K_0(\mathbb{P}^n)$$
 * Define chern character/characteristic classes for algebraic geometry
 * Give explicit computations of characteristic classes and give derived pushforward
 * Give examples for GRR (Look in 3264 and all that...) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.212.234.13 (talk) 04:00, 20 June 2017 (UTC)

Suggestions concerning various K-theory articles (mostly for the introductions)
There are several articles on this topic: K-theory, Algebraic K-theory, Topological K-theory, K-theory of a category, etc. I think the introduction to this article (the most general one) should clarify the relations between them, and explain the way mathematicians use these words. Here're some suggestions (maybe I'll get to them some day). I'm too lazy to support my judgments with precise references, but they are mostly observations of the linguistic nature, not something controversial.

 * The words 'K-theory' may mean both an object K(X) (for whatever thing X is -- a topological space, a scheme, a Waldhausen category) and the branch of mathematics which studies (constructs, compares, etc) such objects. This double meaning is natural for mathematicians, but in an encyclopedia we should probably remark on this ambiguity. The algebraic K-theory term also has double meaning like that. Though topologists may just say cohomology theory and wash their hands.
 * The very fact that 'xyz theory' may refer to a specific object instead of a "type of thinking or a result of such thinking" (definition of a theory) is traditional in mathematics (perfect obstruction theory, extraordinary cohomology theory), but not a standard English usage. It may lead to a confusion. Personal anecdote: I remember being confused by the fact that obstruction theory in algebraic topology is a general theory (a collection of propositions which deal with the question when can maps be continuously extended), while obstruction theory in algebraic geometry is an object (a pair of vector space plus some functorial maps). The article on cohomology mentions something to this end.
 * Note: there is an article mathematical theory, which doesn't indicate this usage, and anyway a hidden redefinition of an English word wouldn't be a good idea. For more technical pieces like K-theory of a category we can surely ignore this nuance, but for broad articles like cohomology or K-theory something should be said.
 * Honestly I don't think any of the preceding three points is really a problem. The readership of this article will consist to a large majority, if not completely, of professional mathematicians. A linguistic digression into the naming of "K-theory" should, if any where, take place at an article about "theory". Jakob.scholbach (talk) 09:37, 8 December 2017 (UTC)

 * A completely different problem is that in 1957 Grothendieck invented and called "K-theory", K(X), an object which is nowadays called K0(X). The Grothendieck group construction is relatively elementary and very versatile. There were and there are useful theorems (like the Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch theorem, statements about representation rings of semisimple groups, and surely many others) which only use that K0 piece. Sometimes they even follow Grothendieck's usage and refer to this piece as a "K-theory" without further qualifications. I would say K0 has more fame and applications than higher K-groups. Thus I think this broad article should concentrate on K0 first (already true), and mention that occasionally, and historically, the words "K-theory" mean only this part (not yet clear from the text).
 * There must be included an explanation of why mathematicians started to suspect that Grothendieck's K(X) is actually K0(X). Perhaps the details should be left to Algebraic K-theory and Topological K-theory, but a nontechnical overview here would be nice. This is necessary to motivate the split between the algebraic and topological parts. The Grothendieck group K0 may be applied to any commutative monoid, but it's impossible to define even K1 without more information on where does that specific monoid come from. So it's only higher K-theory that clearly separates algebraic K-theory from topological K-theory.
 * Yes, the typical motivation is the exact sequence K_0(Z) \to K_0(X) \to K_0(U) \to 0, where U \subset X is an open subscheme and Z is its complement and Z and X are regular. The left map is not usually injective, which motivates introducing K_1. Jakob.scholbach (talk) 09:37, 8 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I disagree that introducing higher K-theory is what motivates splitting algebraic and topological K-theory. The formalism is in both cases exactly the same. What is different is the fact that in topological K-theory one often only has two interesting K-groups, K_0 and K_1, which makes the story completely different from algebraic K-theory. Another key difference is that in the topological context short exact sequences of vector bundles usually split, unlike for algebraic K-theory over a scheme. Jakob.scholbach (talk) 09:37, 8 December 2017 (UTC)

 * So I think a section explicitly dedicated to higher K-groups is needed, which would explain why people expect them and concede the point that they're more complicated and harder to interpret. On the other hand, the more specialized articles on algebraic and topological K-theory should probably acknowledge that they are mostly about higher K-groups.
 * That being said, the topological K-theory has a unique feature: due to the miracle of Bott periodicity and the philosophy of cohomology theories the passage from K0 to Kn is a piece of cake. This fact should be highlighted in that hypothetical section on higher K-groups here. Maybe it also deserves an explicit formulation in the specialized article.
 * Further remark on the language: in the field of algebraic K-theory, the historical motivation was to define Ki(R) for a ring R. There was no satisfactory solution until the work of Quillen, who used homotopy theory. The study of the particular homotopical constructions became a part of the field. For a very long time the only definition of Ki was "apply Quillen's construction, the result is what's called higher algebraic K-theory of a ring". Which is not how mathematics usually works: usually there are abstract definitions and concrete constructions, but in that case the construction was the only ingredient that we got. This should be acknowledged in this or that article. Probably this is the reason why people complain about the lack of clear definitions on K-theory pages -- sometimes there are none. The universal description that we now have ('universal additive Morita-invariant functor on small stable infinity-categories') is too technical to substitute, even for many mathematicians, including me.
 * As the detailed investigation of various homotopical constructions became accepted as a part of algebraic K-theory, the rings slowly started to disappear from a field that arose in order to study them. After Waldhausen's work one could form, say, algebraic K-theory of a category of topological spaces -- no rings involved. Thus I think now words 'algebraic K-theory' don't mean that a ring is hiding somewhere (to confirm, look at the publications in the journal K-theory or a corresponding arXiv section; that's also a sense in which algebraic K-theory is used in some fancy modern theories). But historically the ring was always present somewhere. I'm not sure, but my impression is that sometimes number theorists say 'algebraic K-theory' but they are still only interested in algebraic K-theory of rings of integers of certain fields. At least, the current article algebraic K-theory (including its extensive section on history) seems to be written from the position that rings are primary objects of interest for the field, and algebraic K-theory of other objects is a matter of curiousity rather than the focus. This position may very well be the correct one, I'm not qualified to judge. But perhaps an explicit pronouncement on this question would be welcome.

Sorry for a very long rant! Maybe it would've been quicker to implement some of the suggestions than to write them all down. I think that for the articles on these kinds of topics there is always a coordination problem: the area is not small enough to fit in one article, but the subdivision is not immediately clear. For a sad example, have you tried to sort through a mess of multiple articles related to connections? Perhaps this centralized plan on what should the introductions say about their respective subtopics would be useful. Feel free to write any objections to this overview, if you wish. Dpirozhkov (talk) 00:13, 8 December 2017 (UTC)

So, I'm quite late but reading the above reminded me of Spectral sequence. Perhaps having the analogous list for K-theory might be a way to implement the above suggestion? -- Taku (talk) 02:04, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:K-theory


text: User talk:69.197.204.140

title: User talk:69.197.204.140


text: User talk:61.246.20.74

title: User talk:61.246.20.74


text:
Talk:Muff

Handwarmer
The entry about the handwarmer has come into question. According to WP:MOSDAB, disambiguation pages should not provide information that does not exist in corresponding articles. If an article was created about a handwarmer called muff, an entry should then be listed here and linked to that article. As it stands currently, the Wiktionary link serves that function as it lists the handwarmer as one possible definition.

Neelix 15:37, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, I added the handwarmer bit months ago after noticing that all the pages using that term were semi-pornographic. But I don't count this among my important missions in life, so you can do as you see fit.--Gilabrand 15:52, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Not only, but also
So uh there's another pretty common meaning of the word 'muff', should that maybe be included as well? --80.192.61.138 (talk) 17:28, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Google translate gives:
 * Definitions of muff
 * noun
 * a tube made of fur or other warm material into which the hands are placed for warmth.
 * Through Salt Lake City and Middle America womenswear is urban grunge: purple muffs, denim waistcoats, spearmint leather blousons and animals on mohair jumpers.
 * a woman's genitals.
 * verb
 * handle (a situation, task, or opportunity) clumsily or badly.
 * the administration muffed several of its biggest projects
 * Maybe some wiktionary link or something... 78.73.226.176 (talk) 18:02, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muff


text:
Ethical Consumer

Ethical Consumer Research Association Ltd (ECRA) is a British not-for-profit publisher, research, political, and campaign organisation which publishes information on the social, ethical and environmental behaviour of companies and governments and issues around trade justice and ethical consumption. It was founded in 1989 by Rob Harrison and Jane Turner  and has been publishing the bi-monthly Ethical Consumer Magazine since. Its office is in Manchester.

History
Ethical Consumer was formed in Hulme, Manchester, UK, in 1989. Between 1989 and 2009 it was a worker co-operative, then in 2009 became a not-for-profit multi-stakeholder co-operative consisting of worker members and investor/subscriber members. It is an industrial and provident society.

Company research and ratings
Ethical Consumer researches the social, ethical and environmental records of companies, using media reporting, NGO reports, corporate communications and primary research.

Consumer publishing
It publishes a bi-monthly print magazine, Ethical Consumer Magazine, sold via subscription, shops and newsstands, and a consumer website which is partly subscription based. This includes analysis of company and product ethics by sector including: Banking Sector, Energy Industry, Fashion, Food & drink, Home & Garden, Supermarkets, Technology and Transport. Some of the causes it supports are more contentious, such as the BDS movement.

It produces reports on products and companies, and lists current boycotts. It also produces the annual UK Ethical Consumer Markets Report in conjunction (2019) with The Co-operative Bank.

Campaigning
Ethical Consumer runs consumer oriented campaigns, including a boycott against Amazon.com, Inc. for its use of tax avoidance.

Consultancy work
Ethical Consumer also undertakes consultancy, research and ethical company screenings, primarily for NGOs and third sector clients.

title: Ethical Consumer


text: Template:Ace of Base

title: Template:Ace of Base


text:
FitNesse

FitNesse is a web server, a wiki and an automated testing tool for software. It is based on Ward Cunningham's Framework for Integrated Test and is designed to support acceptance testing rather than unit testing in that it facilitates detailed readable description of system function.

FitNesse allows users of a developed system to enter specially formatted input (its format is accessible to non-programmers). This input is interpreted, and tests are created automatically. These tests are then executed by the system and output is returned to the user.

The advantage of this approach is very fast feedback from users. The developer of the system to be tested needs to provide some support (classes named "fixtures", conforming to certain conventions).

FitNesse is written in Java (by Micah Martin with help from Robert C. Martin and others ). The program first supported only Java, but versions for several other languages have been added over time (C++, Python, Ruby, Delphi, C#, etc.).

FitNesse as a testing method
FitNesse was originally designed as a highly usable interface around the Fit framework. As such its intention is to support an agile style of black-box testing acceptance and regression testing. In this style of testing the functional testers in a software development project collaborate with the software developers to develop a testing suite.

FitNesse testing is based around the notation of black-box testing, in which a system under test is considered to be a black box and is tested in terms of the outputs generated in response to predetermined inputs. A functional tester is responsible for designing the tests in a functional sense and expressing them within the FitNesse tool, whereas the software developer is responsible for connecting the FitNesse tool to the system under test so that FitNesse can execute the test and compare the actual output to the expected output.

The idea behind this testing method, as described in Fit for Developing Software, is that the forced collaboration of testers and developers will improve mutual understanding of the system and requirements by forcing the two groups to develop a common language as they learn to communicate together.

FitNesse as a testing tool
Tests are described in Fitnesse as couplings of inputs and expected outputs. These couplings are expressed variations of a decision table. The FitNesse tool supports several of these variations, ranging from literal decision tables to tables that execute queries to tables that express testing scripts (i.e. a literal ordering of steps that must be followed to reach a result). The most generic form is a fully free-form table that can be interpreted in any way the test designers like. All tests are expressed in the shape of some sort of table, however.

FitNesse is focused entirely on easily creating tests, allowing testers and developers to focus on creating high-quality tests rather than getting lost in the mechanics of executing a test. Given the way FitNesse works, creating tests easily involves three factors:
 * 1) Creating tables easily.
 * 2) Easily translating tables into calls to the system under test.
 * 3) Allowing ease and flexibility in documenting tests.

In order to meet these requirements, FitNesse leverages the wiki mechanism. Wikis classically allow for the easy and rapid creation of HTML pages and particularly simplify the expression of tables. These qualities make the basic WikiWiki language an ideal choice for a "user interface" for FitNesse: on the one hand it allows for the simple expression of very free-form tables, on the other hand it limits the contents of those tables to rather simple text.

This means that the WikiWiki language can handle whatever shape of table is required for a particular test and at the same time limits the contents of those tables to alphanumeric text that can easily be mapped into a call to a piece of software. Finally, since each test in FitNesse is a wiki page it is possible to embed each testing table within wiki text; this allows a functional tester to include descriptive text with a reasonable layout quickly.

FitNesse as a software tool
FitNesse is a tool developed in Java and shipped as a single, executable jar file. The executable includes a wiki engine, an embedded web server, a testing engine and all the resources (images, stylesheets and so on) required to create a web site in FitNesse's own style.

FitNesse is focused very much on ease of use as a testing tool. As such it ships with all required components on board: upon execution the tool launches an embedded web server which allows test pages to be exposed locally or across the Internet with equal ease. The embedded server is quite lightweight and can be run from a laptop as well as full server machine.

Upon launch the tool deploys its own Wiki engine into its embedded server. This Wiki engine is similarly focused on simplicity, meaning that it does not require a backing database to run — it simply creates a file-based collection of wiki pages which are interpreted by the Wiki engine and served by the embedded web server.

The default wiki created by the tool includes the FitNesse user guide and some examples. The default document repository is created complete with everything needed to publish a default wiki in the FitNesse style (that is, all the images, stylesheets, JavaScript files and so on are created together with the basic wiki page repository).

The wiki engine is quite basic but offers all the basic facilities common among wiki engines: a search engine, revision history per page and a file overview. It also offers some refactoring operations that allow for deleting, moving and renaming files. In addition, the wiki engine offers some test-specific facilities, such as standard buttons to run tests, ways of defining individual test pages and suites of tests and a historic overview of test results for trend analysis. Finally, the engine offers some minor security facilities for locking pages and securing access to the wiki.

Test execution
Testing within the FitNesse system involves four components per test:

 * The wiki page which expresses the test as a decision table.
 * A testing engine, which interprets the wiki page.
 * A test fixture, which is invoked by the testing engine and in turn invokes the system under test.
 * The system under test, which is being tested.

Of these components the software development team produces two: the wiki page and the fixture (of course it also produces the system under test, but from the point of view of the black-box test only two). The wiki page includes some form of decision table which expresses a test. For example, it might express tests for a component that performs division (the example is based on the one given in the FitNesse Two Minute Example):

The link between the generic testing engine and the system under test is made by a piece of Java code called a fixture. In the case of the table above this code might look like this:

The mapping between the wiki page and the fixture is a straightforward convert-to-camel case mapping. This mapping applies to all table headings and is used to identify the name of the fixture class as well as the methods of the fixture. A heading ending in a question mark is interpreted as a value to be read from the fixture, other headers are considered inputs to the fixture. Methods of the fixture are called in column order of the decision table, from left to right.

Testing engines
The actual mapping as described above (as well as the invocation of fixture methods) is done by a testing engine. FitNesse supports two of these engines: the Fit engine and the SLIM engine.

Fit
More than an engine, Fit is a testing framework unto itself. It combines functionality to invoke tests, interpret wiki pages and generate output pages. FitNesse was originally built around Fit as a user interface, which inspired the name of the tool.

Fit is a framework that combines many responsibilities in testing rather than separating responsibilities neatly. The software developer pays a price for this fact in that fixtures for the Fit engine must inherit from Fit framework base classes. This can be inconvenient in Java, as it means that the framework claims a developer's one chance at class inheritance. It also means that a fixture, by its nature, is a heavyweight construct. These considerations have prompted the FitNesse team in recent years to move to the SLIM testing engine.

SLIM
SLIM (Simple List Invocation Method) is an alternative to Fit. The SLIM engine is an implementation of the Slim Protocol. Rather than combining all the elements of wiki-based testing, the SLIM engine concentrates only on invoking the fixture; it runs as a separate server which is invoked remotely by the FitNesse wiki engine. The interpretation of the wiki page and the generation of the result page is now part of the wiki engine.

The SLIM engine allows for far more light-weight fixtures which are simple POJOs. These fixtures are not required to extend or use any framework classes, which simplifies their design and allows the fixture designer to concentrate on calling the system under test properly and in the simplest way possible. It also keeps the inheritance route open, allowing fixture developers to create fixture hierarchies if necessary.

title: FitNesse


text:
Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/August 15, 2005

I think the Flag of India is a good candidate for today as it is India's independence day. =Nichalp  «Talk»=  15:28, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't that read "a quest to find the legendary planet of Magrathea"? -- LGagnon 00:08, August 7, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:River Tyne

Move
I have proposed moving this page, as River Tyne is a disambig page for the English and the Scottish river but almost all links for the English river go to that page. MeltBanana 15:30, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Scotland?
I've added a list of all the river crossings, as I had a couple of maps and knowledgable people at hand. Now I'm puzzled - I'm 99.9% sure none of the River Tyne falls in Scotland or Cumbria, any objection if I take away those two stub thingies? Henriksdal 11:35, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The article covers the North Tyne and South Tyne too, and claims they are in Cumbria and Scotland.  Morwen - Talk 14:55, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Whoops, althouguh I meant both North and South Tyne, I was utterly wrong about the South Tyne, that does source in Cumbria. The North Tyne originates on Deadwater Fell (NY 608 972) a few kilometres south of the Scottish Border, while the South Tyne originates on Tynehead Fell (NY 752 354) in Cumbria. So just remove the Scottish stub bit? Unless there's a section of the North Tyne that does cross the border, but I can't find any myself! Henriksdal 15:13, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm. Hard to see on my map which of the many streams in the area is considered the North Tyne.  Certainly the North Tyne has tributaries in Scotland.  Morwen - Talk 15:22, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh yes, I see what you mean; I was looking at the 1:25000 OS map and wasn't paying enough attention to the streams to the south! Henriksdal 15:26, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Further to the discussion here and more heated discussion with work colleagues(!):
 * From WATER ENVIRONMENT AND WATER SERVICES (SCOTLAND) BILL: RIVER BASIN PLANNING which accompanies Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Bill. (http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/business/research/pdf_res_brief/sb02-96.pdf):
 * "The Scottish part of the Tyne should be reported in the English River Basin District covering the River Tyne basin. Only about 15 km of small watercourses draining into the River Tyne lie within Scotland."
 * So there you go..

The Tyne actually enters Tyne and Wear at Clara Vale, not Prudhoe (Prudhoe is still Northumberland). I've changed it, hope that's OK. As Clara Vale is almost a hamlet it could perhaps be changed to Crawcrook (where I live) or Ryton. Neither of these would be particularly accurate however. hedpeguyuk 19:42, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Origin of the word Tyne
Have you never noticed that on a fork the points are called 'tynes', and they all meat up at the bottom. Therefore is it possible that the origin of the name River 'Tyne' is because the main river is from two smaller ones (north Tyne, south Tyne) which join together to form a fork like shape? Take a look of an Ariel view and you will see

Interesting but I would guess not. I think Tyne may have Norse origins but really I have no idea! All rivers have tributaries and where they converge is a confluence and it may form a fork shape. The Tyne is not unique in this aspect. Having said that, it is still an interesting shape. Has anyone else got any thoughts? hedpeguyuk 18:45, April 2006 (UTC)

However the north and south tynes both meet up at the same point, and then from that merge in to one main body. Tributaries can join a river at any stage. Also, they both join at similar angles to the main river body forimg a >- shape, so it is not as if they join at rightangles, because that would have no resemblence of a fork at all.

 * The all-encompassing North East History Website says that "Tyne is an ancient Celtic river name which occurs more than once throughout the British Isles. It may simply mean river." Henriksdal 22:08, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

link from your web page
Would you please consider linking your River Tyne web page via an external link to my website which is about all the bridges on that river at http://www.bridgesonthetyne.co.uk

Derwent 22:09, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Infobox
This article sorely needs more information more easily accessible. Can somebody with the info put up an Infobox River please? Or I'll do it myself at some later date. --Storkk 12:45, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

The rest of this info. has been deleted due to rude comments.

Tyne and Wear, not Northumberland
The caption under the picture on top of the infobox says: "The River Tyne, Northumberland", but to me this looks like the Tyne east of Newcastle, i.e. South Tyneside and North Tyneside, which lies in Tyne and Wear. --Sigmundg (talk) 19:57, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

Amended - The image is taken from the banks of the Tyne at Bill Quay. The orange roof top in the bottom left hand side of the picture is local pub called 'The Albion'. I live in Bill Quay, hence my familiarity with the view. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Congocraze (talk • contribs) 09:57, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Canny picture bi the way. --Sigmundg (talk) 20:51, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Image in the infobox
Was there a discussion concerning which image should be in the infobox. At some point, an image of Newcastle/Gateshead bridges was replaced by a photograph taken from Bill Quay. In my opinion, the bridges are more recognisable and distinctive of the Tyne; the current photo could really be any river. The JPS talk to me  14:02, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

Songs Featuring the Tyne
There is a strong folk song and music tradition around the Tyne and there are a large number of traditional songs which mention the Tyne which are not listed on the main page. For example:

Coaly Tyne, Waters of Tyne (already listed), Jock o' the Side, Geordie Black, The Skipper's Dream, Fireman do your Duty, John Spencer, Waggoner, The Sailor Likes his Bottle-O, The Kielder Hunt, The Bladon Races, The Battle of Otterburn, Navvy Boots (one version), Fair Mary of Wallington, Derwentwater's Farewel.l

One of the best known Tyneside songs, and one that has many versions, does not mention the Tyne by name, but is certainly about the Tyne and its ships, and that is:

Weel may the Keel Row.

Should these be included? And a reference to the source of many of them, The Newcastle Song Book or Tyne-Side Songster., W&T Fordyce, Newcastle Upon Tyne. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jer16 (talk • contribs) 22:59, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Belated reply, but I think the section should just be a summary - it does not need a comprehensive list. There are probably too many songs included already...Jokulhlaup (talk) 17:34, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

Bridges
Follows on from above, is it me or is this article slowly turning into a list of bridges over the Tyne. They could probably do with being turned into a separate article...Jokulhlaup (talk) 17:34, 9 March 2015 (UTC)
 * List_of_crossings_of_the_Charles_River has more columns with more data of interest about each crossing. It is also a separate article. Its parent artcile. Charles_River also has much more info than the River Tyne. Both could be guides to improving this artcile. — Lentower (talk) 13:34, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

Length
The length is given as 321.4km. Someone recently changed it to 100km and was reverted due to 321.4 being referenced. A quick measure (using OS on Fugawi) gave 55.8km for Tyne 54.4km N Tyne and 58.1km S Tyne. I cannot find any way to justify the 321.4km, whereas the 100km seems plausible. Either the referenced document is referring to something different or they made a mistake. Can we remove the obviously faulty figure? Op47 (talk) 15:28, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

 * The referenced document actually suggests that the North Tyne is 66km, the South Tyne is 60km, and from the confluence to the North Sea is 59km. So you could argue 66+59=125km.  But this 321km figure seems to be all over the Internet.194.80.190.252 (talk) 17:23, 20 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I would argue that this is not dubious. The document itself has cited five scientists involved who would have reviewed the data, it is an official document from the Environmental Agency, it has surveyed in detail the Basin and length of the Tyne and surveyed the fish stock in detail. To state that the facts in here are dubious via a POV is wrong. However I would agree it would be dubious if you can find a conflicting scientific paper?Junkicroci (talk) 13:28, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

 * The referenced document is clearly inconsistent, section 1.2 giving 59 km (as mentioned above) as well as the dubious figure of 321.4 km. A Fact File also from the Environmental Agency gives North as 62.5, South as 60.6 and Main as 56.3 km. To suggest that the Tyne has suddenly become the third longest river in the UK is not really sensible...Jokulhlaup (talk) 09:04, 24 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I understand that wiki is a consensus, but I still don't believe that five scientists cited would have made an error over the figures. The figures are not abstract. The figures are meant to be objective and underlay the full paper. All the scientists are burdened by the figures they present. The first thing and last thing each scientist would have done when reviewing the paper would be to review the figures, not the abstract. Section 1.2 from the document looks like an abstract lead in; my guess is, this describes the Tyne to the relevant bodies (my guess is that this description is there to fence in specific funding); the Tyne fish stock have no bias towards funding boundaries.
 * The figures you have brought up and presented in the factfile are also wrong when you look at the real length of the Tyne for fisheries. For example they are flawed with regards to the North Tyne length. They note the length as 62.5k (39 mile). Yet the North Tyne eventually flows into Scotland, another wiki use above in this talk, on another subject, has even cited a debate were they debated the fisheries of the section of Tyne in Scotland. The shortest distance from Hexham to the Scottish Borders is roughly 95k to 100 k(60 miles+). This highlights the length of 62.5km is out by at least 40k.
 * Again, this all said, you are maybe correct, but I'll give the benefit of the doubt to a scientific document over the other documents; and if it is dubious, it is the less dubious of the other links presented which also have flaws. However you can certainly change my mind if you can find another scientific document that contradicts with the fisheries length in this document.Junkicroci (talk) 10:18, 25 May 2016 (UTC)
 * I just thought I'd update. My opinion has changed. I do think the cite is probably dubious. Looking at various cites, looking at the data in the document it looks like they have made some type of excel error. Maybe they meant to state 200km but they put the 200km in a cell for miles, and the sheet updated the kms to 321km? If you treat the 200 as km, the length is roughly 125 miles. This framework roughly fits in with the 120 length described here: https://www.amazon.co.uk/River-Inland-Waterway-Steve-Ellwood-ebook/dp/B011VL7LTE/277-3178985-8963459?ie=UTF8&*Version*=1&*entries*=0 and the 135 miles described here http://www.itv.com/news/tyne-tees/update/2016-04-20/135-mile-river-tyne-trail-opened-by-charity/ Junkicroci (talk) 12:19, 26 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Appreciate the update, it does seem to be some sort of typo that wasn't supported in the text. Rivers and the British Landscape, (2005), Sue Owen et al gives 118km as per Longest rivers of the United Kingdom, which matches with the Fact file above for North+Main as 118.8km...Jokulhlaup (talk) 17:25, 28 May 2016 (UTC)
 * I do think the 312kn is dubious (I personally think they meant 200km (125mile) and the 312km (200mile) is a typo), but I also think the data provided in the factfile is contentious and dubious and not very scientific... If you look at the Tyne from a birdseye view, it must one of the few rivers in the world with a 'meeting of the waters' (a 'Y' formation). You could therefore, depending on your bias, could argue that the South Tyne is a tributary of the Tyne and the Tyne follows on Northward to Scottish borders where it ends.  Or on the other hand, you could therefore argue the North Tyne is a tributary of the Tyne and the Tyne follows South West to Cumbria to the end of the Tyne at Alston...
 * Where does the Tyne actually end in terms of Fisheries, and not in terms of human boundaries? I reckon scientifically and to remove a bias, you have count the South and North Tyne in; otherwise it is bias. We need a scientific document.Junkicroci (talk) 14:53, 30 May 2016 (UTC)
 * As I understand it, the usual thing is to use the longest tributary (the South Tyne (marginally) in this case). I would doubt that there is a definitive document with a definitive length because it is difficult to measure a river length exactly. The more you zoom in, the more detail you get and the length increases. If the 118.8km is referenced then it is a plausable and I think we should go with that. Junkicroci, for info, the North Tyne does not flow into Scotland. There is a different Tyne that flows into the N Sea near Dunbar. The N Tyne starts about 1 mile above Kielder Water, with the confluence of Kielder Burn and a smaller unnamed stream. Also there is an instance of a Y formation river as the South Tyne's tributary, i.e. the River Allen. In short, I propose we go with 118km with Sue Owen as the reference as Jokulhlaup suggested above. Op47 (talk) 19:11, 30 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Article now changed to 118 km with Owen as a ref...Jokulhlaup (talk) 14:45, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

Length of individual tributaries
Given the links to 'North Tyne' and 'South Tyne' return to the same page (River Tyne) would it not be a good idea to actually include the length of each of the individual tributaries? This would be so anyone wanting to decide how long the Tyne is from source to sea, not just the length of the nominal River Tyne, can find out for themselves. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gallovidian428 (talk • contribs) 10:59, 4 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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River length revisited
This matter has been addressed twice above but to return to it once again. . . The length given for the Tyne currently is quite close to its probable actual length (more than can be said for many a river article in Britain) and is referenced back to Owen et al 2005. The Tyne River Trust use the same figure and could also be used as a reference though did they derive their figure from Owen or the source which Owen used or, direct from Wikipedia - anyway that's tangential.

A previous contributor makes the sensible suggestion that the length of both the north Tyne and the South Tyne be given so as to enable the reader to better understand where the overall figure comes from and make their own judgement as to the river's length - problem is finding a reference for such figures. Editor Ope47 and an IP contributor both offered up lengths for the S Tyne, N Tyne and combined main stem Tyne back in 2016. I've made my own measurements recently and the figures which emerge are these; i) combined Tyne (56.km/35.1 miles from confluence at Warden to entry into 'River Tyne Entrance' (roughly county limit marked on OS 25K mapping) or, if you prefer 58.5km/36.3 miles to point between North and South piers /entry into open sea), ii) South Tyne 64.2km/39.9 miles from its source (now marked by cairn and sculpture) to its confluence at Warden, iii) North Tyne 65.0km/40.4 miles from source at Deadwater Rigg to confluence.

An oddity with the North Tyne (and it shares this with the Thames and its tributary the Cherwell) is that one of its tributaries is rather longer than the river itself. Water falling just across the Scottish border on the eastern slopes of Carlin Tooth enters a stream known as 'Black Needle' which feeds into Scaup Burn which feeds in turn into Kielder Burn which then meets the watercourse named as the Tyne at the village of Kielder. Water describing that route has traversed an extra few kilometres to get to that spot than has water starting at the top end of the Tyne. So taking the longest tributary as the length of the river system you arrive at something like 129km as the greatest length (56+65+8) of the river system. But tradition (for whatever reason) has it that the Tyne is the shorter watercourse, giving 121km. All the figures above are original research on my part so, quite rightly should not find their way into the article but they do give a guide to what accurate external references might look like when they are found. thanks Geopersona (talk) 19:06, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:River Tyne


text:
List of Wisconsin magazines

This is a list of magazines published in Wisconsin:

Fort Atkinson

 * Hoard's Dairyman
 * Professional Distributor
 * Professional Tool & Equipment News

Madison

 * The Progressive
 * "The Wisconsin Engineer"
 * Wisconsin Magazine of History

Milwaukee

 * Birds & Blooms
 * Cabin Life
 * Discover
 * Garden Railways
 * MKE Lifestyle Magazine
 * Milwaukee Home and Fine Living
 * Model Railroader
 * OnMilwaukee.com
 * Reminisce
 * Taste of Home
 * Trains
 * Wisconsin Trails (defunct)
 * The Writer

Oshkosh

 * Nude & Natural

Other locations

 * Astronomy (Waukesha)
 * Coins (Iola, Wisconsin)
 * Goldmine
 * Knucklebones (Iola)
 * Music K-8 (Wauwatosa)

title: List of Wisconsin magazines


text:
File:Don' Let Daddy.jpg

Cover of Motorhead CD single "Don't Let Daddy Kiss Me". Alf 15:31, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: File:Don' Let Daddy.jpg


text:
WPBS (AM)

WPBS (1040 kHz) is an commercial AM radio station licensed to the city of Conyers, Georgia. It broadcasts a Vietnamese-language music and talk radio format for the Atlanta media market. The station is considered a Class D AM radio facility by the Federal Communications Commission, operating with 50,000 watts of power during the daytime, and 5,500 watts during critical hours (around sunrise and sunset) using a non-directional antenna. The station must sign off after local sunset to avoid interference to WHO in Des Moines, Iowa which is a Class A clear channel station on the same frequency.

The radio station WPBS (AM) is not related to the Watertown, New York–based PBS TV station WPBS-TV or the Public Broadcasting Service.

History
The station signed on 1050 kHz in 1979 as WCGA. The format was a locally produced and formatted CHR. It became automated as WTPO in 1986. The format then became gospel as WPBE ("Praise 1050") in 1989. In September 2003, the station changed operating frequency from its original 1050 kHz to its current dial position on 1040 kHz. In May 2005, the station changed its programming format from gospel music to the "Planeta X" Spanish talk radio format (which moved from 1310 WPBC).

In early 2008, it changed formats to "Spice Radio Atlanta" broadcasting with Desi/Hindi music and talk.

By mid-2009, the station was simulcasting with 1080 WFTD's "Atlanta Radio Korea" programming. The Korean programming of "Atlanta Radio Korea" was then heard exclusively on WPBS and dropped from WFTD, which then started carrying Spanish-language programming.

When Atlanta Radio Korea, owners of WPBS, purchased WQXI from Entercom and flipped it to from its simulcast of WSTR on December 15, Vietsong Media, owners of WFTD, purchased WPBS and has flipped the format to Vietnamese radio, as of January 1, 2017.

title: WPBS (AM)


text:
User talk:Digidave

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Wikiacc (talk) 15:32, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Digidave