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Ford Fairlane (Australia)

The Ford Fairlane and LTD are full-sized luxury vehicles produced in a series of models by Ford Australia between 1959 (with the LTD commencing production in 1973) and 2007.

From 1959 to 1964, the Fairlane was a locally assembled version of the American Ford Fairlane, which had taken its name from Henry Ford's estate, Fair Lane, near Dearborn, Michigan. The car was Ford Australia's top-of-the-range model until replaced by an Australian-assembled version of the full-sized American Ford Galaxie. In 1967, Ford Australia reintroduced the Fairlane, this time as an Australian-developed, luxury, long-wheelbase version of its mainstream Falcon/Fairmont, positioned between the Falcon and the Galaxie. The locally assembled Galaxie evolved into the LTD which was itself replaced in 1973 by an Australian-developed, Fairlane-based model, also known as the Ford LTD. Unlike its designation in Australia, in North America the LTD was not considered a luxury vehicle. In Australia, "LTD" originally stood for "Lincoln Type Design", although Ford Australia later promoted a connection with the meaning "Limited".

The Fairlane and LTD competed in the marketplace with the Holden Brougham (1968–1971), the Statesman (1971–1984), and later with the Holden Statesman and Caprice (1990–2007).

Ford produced the Fairlane/LTD at the Broadmeadows Assembly Plant and Eagle Farm, Queensland, in the early years. Until around March/April 1978 with the upcoming release of the Ford Falcon (XD) and its derivatives, Ford consolidated Falcon production at Campbellfield and Fairlane/LTD manufacturing to Eagle Farm. Around the release of the next generation during the EA Falcon era (1988), Eagle Farm ceased manufacture of cars and only produced heavy trucks until its closure in 1998.

Full-size Fairlane (1959–1962)

In September 1959, Ford Australia released three new locally-assembled models, the Fairlane 500, the lower specification Custom 300, and the Ranch Wagon. They were sourced from Ford of Canada, but were essentially the same as their 1959 US Ford counterparts. Tooling for local manufacture had taken nearly two years and had been completed at a cost of almost £1.5 million Australian.

The sedans were 9½ inches longer and 5 inches lower than the Ford Customline models which they replaced and all three models featured a 204 hp (152 kW) 332 cuin V8 engine. The Custom 300 and Ranch Wagon was fitted with a three-speed manual transmission as standard equipment and the Fairlane 500 used a fully automatic transmission. Wheelbase was 118".

For 1960, the range was updated with the grille and trim from the 1959 Canadian Meteor and engine power was increased to 220 hp (164 kW).

FB (1962)

In May 1962, the smaller 1962 US Fairlane 500 sedan was introduced as the FB model and a 221 cuin Windsor V8 was fitted in lieu of the 332. Although classified as an intermediate-sized car in the United States, the new model was referred to in Australia as the "compact" Fairlane. The new model, which was assembled in Ford Australia's Homebush plant in Sydney, New South Wales, was £200 cheaper than its predecessor at £2,000; 1,632 examples were produced.

FC (1963)

Assembly of the 1963 US Fairlane 500 sedan as the FC model was commenced by Ford Australia in November 1962. It featured a revised bonnet, front guards, grille, headlights, and taillights, and was fitted with the "Ford-O-Matic" automatic transmission as standard equipment, and a 260 cuin Windsor V8 engine was now offered as an option. The Australian production of the 1963 model totalled 1,771 units.

FD (1964)

The 1964 US Fairlane 500 sedan was assembled by Ford Australia from December 1963 as the FD model. It was introduced in April 1964, distinguished by a lack of tail fins and a new grille with seven vertical bars. A choice of two powertrains was offered in the new model, a 260 cuin Windsor V8 with Ford-O-Matic automatic transmission or a 289 cuin Windsor V8 with Cruise-O-Matic automatic transmission. The 1964 model was the last of the US Fairlanes in Australia, as Ford discontinued the model locally in 1965 to make way for the larger Ford Galaxie; 1,344 examples were produced in Australia.

ZA (1967–1968)

The ZA Fairlane series, introduced in March 1967, was designed and built in Australia, although its front-end styling resembled the American Ford Falcon sedan of that year (except for the quad headlights). The body shape was similar to the 1966–67 US Fairlane sedan, however. Offered as the Fairlane and the Fairlane 500, it was based on the Australian XR Falcon. The 2819 mm wheelbase of the Falcon was stretched to 2946 mm, the front and centre body sections were retained and a new twin-headlight grille was added. The rear quarter panels and boot from the US Fairlane were used, and square taillights (sourced from the 1966 USA Fairlane) replaced the round units used on the Falcon.

The Fairlane was equipped with a 200 cuin six-cylinder engine as standard with a 289 cuin V8 as an option. The Fairlane 500 featured the 289 cuin V8 as standard equipment. The six-cylinder engine was available with manual or automatic transmission and the V8 only with an automatic. Production of the ZA Fairlane totalled 8,814 vehicles.

ZB (1968–1969)
A model change to the ZB series in March 1968 had the 200 grow to 221 cuin and the 289 grow to 302 cuin, the top model remaining the Fairlane 500 with the larger engine. The Fairlane name badge on the rear guards was now in script rather than capitals as it had been on the ZA. The only notable external change was the taillight design (sourced from the 1967 USA market Fairlane), again following the general look of the Falcon (in this case the XT). The base model was now known as Fairlane Custom.

ZC (1969–1970)
The facelifted ZC Fairlane series, which was introduced in July 1969, featured vertically stacked rather than horizontal headlights, harking back to the look of the 1966–67 US Fairlane models. Taillights were similar to those on the ZB (again, similar in style to the 1967 US Fairlane with the inclusion of the required amber lens), but with wrap-around styling. The ZC was available in Fairlane Custom and Fairlane 500 models. A 221 cu in (3.6L) straight 6 engine was standard on the Custom, a 302 cu in (4.9L) V8 was standard on the Fairlane 500 and optional on the Custom, and a 351 cu in (5.8L) V8 was optional (with the same specs as the XW GT) on both models. Air conditioning was offered as an option for the first time. 12,513 ZC series Fairlanes were produced.

ZD (1970–1972)
The ZD series was released in November 1970 for the 1971 model year. The base engine became a 250 cuin six-cylinder unit, while the 302 and 351 V8s remained, the latter found only in the Fairlane 500. Externally, the taillights were restyled (similar to XY Falcon), and a new plastic grille with metal surround (mimicking the USA and Brazilian market 1966 model year Galaxie 500) and new boot garnish were used. Internally, new door trim patterns debuted and the speedometer backing was now black instead of the silver used on ZCs.

The ZA to ZD were basically stretched versions of the XR to XY series Ford Falcons, respectively, with the extra length added behind the rear door, moving the rear seat back and giving more leg room.

ZF (1972–1973)
An all-new, Australian-designed ZF series Fairlane was launched in April 1972, with swoopier bodywork, but criticisms launched that it looked too much like a four-headlamp version of the basic Falcon. The ZF Fairlanes were joined by an even more upscale LTD in August 1973, with hidden headlamps and vinyl roofs. Model names remained the same (Custom and 500), as did the engine choices, as the previous model year. Although this car was designed and built exclusively in Australia, its styling is reminiscent of the US-market Mercury Montego. The 1973 ZF also had the last manual transmission; afterwards, all Fairlanes were automatics.

This model was also sold in South Africa, unlike the Falcon, which was discontinued in favour of the European Granada. Only the Fairlane 500, with column shift and seating for six, was available in South Africa. These cars were fitted with the 250 hp Cleveland 351 (5.8-litre) V8 engine.

ZG / P5 (1973–1976)

November 1973 had the next series of changes, to the ZG-series Fairlane. The changes were mainly cosmetic, with a four-horizontal-bar grille and revised taillight lenses and garnish panel. An anniversary model with a standard 302 was released in 1975, but otherwise the range stayed the same as the 1974 versions. The Fairlane-based P5 series Ford LTD was released very late in the ZF model run in August 1973, three months prior to the ZG Fairlane. The LTD was only available as a four-door sedan, and the wheelbase was even longer than that of the Fairlane, itself a stretched Falcon. A luxury two-door coupé called the Ford Landau (also designated P5) was released at the same time. The Landau was based on the Australian Falcon Hardtop, so featured a 111 in wheelbase as opposed to the 121 in wheelbase of the LTD. Both models were notable for their concealed headlamps, which were revealed when their vacuum-operated grille sections were retracted. The technology was similar to that found on earlier models of the American-built Ford Thunderbird. Standard equipment on both the LTD and the Landau included integrated air conditioning, automatic transmission, electric windows, and a 351ci / 5.8L V8 engine.

Also in July 1975, Ford commenced a release of the Town Cars. These were 50th-Anniversary models, celebrating 50 years of Ford in Australia. They produced 250 of each in the LTD and Fairlane ranges. The Fairlanes in particular were optioned with LTD components, 15-inch wheels, leather interior, and electric windows to name some options. In the Fairlane, only a small handful was special-ordered with a 351 motor. All others were 302s. The LTD was 351-engine cars.

50th Anniversary Model badge

As the P5 was released during the ZF model run, it retained many ZF components. For example, the main interior upgrade from the Fairlane ZF to ZG was the turn signal stalk. The ZF had the older-style stalk with the high beam "dipper" switch on the floor. When the ZG Fairlane was released a big item was the new multifunction column stalk which incorporated the dipper switch and horn. The P5s, however, used the ZF-style stalk and still had a "squeeze rim" horn similar to Falcon GTs of the era. Because the P6 LTD was not released until about five months after the ZH Fairlane, some of the last P5s actually had a few minor ZH parts fitted.

ZH / P6 (1976–1979)
The ZH series addressed earlier complaints about the Fairlane being too close to the Falcon in May 1976. The designers retained the same central section from the upcoming XC Falcon (including that car's new rear doors), but put on lengthened front and rear ends, giving the car more bulk and a luxury impression. The styling was reminiscent of the 1968 Mercury Marquis. The range-topping LTD went further upmarket with a fancy, Rolls-Royce-inspired grille (not dissimilar to that found on the Continental Mark V. Another sign of the upmarket move was the 500 becoming the basic trim (the Custom was deleted), and the Fairlane Marquis being the upscale version. The Marquis was Ford's response to the Statesman Caprice, which was introduced in 1974 as an LTD rival. ZH also moved to the use of the metric system to denote the engine sizes: the basic engine was known as the 4.9 L, the other as the 5.8 L. All ZH Marquises built after January 1979 had Borg-Warner differentials instead of the Ford 9-inch.

The P6 Series LTD was introduced in September 1976. This model had an even more flamboyant grille with four round headlamps, aping Rolls-Royces and other luxury models. The Landau was discontinued at this time. In 1977, a limited-edition LTD "Silver Monarch" model (referencing the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II) was released and was only available in a "Stardust Silver" colour, a specially imported silver vinyl roof, and a Cranberry red velour interior. Another limited-edition model, the LTD Town Car was offered in 1978.

ZJ / FC (1979–1982)

Ford waited until May 1979 before updating the Fairlane to the ZJ Series. This model was a leap ahead into the new decade, with squared-off lines and a six-light bodyshell clearly distinguishing Fairlane from the new XD Falcon of that year. The traditional quad headlights and distinctive vertically striped taillights further differentiated the luxury model from Falcon. The trim levels were deleted: now, only a single Fairlane was available, with 302 cuin or 351 cuin V8 engine choices. In October, recognising the fuel crisis, Ford introduced a Fairlane with a 250 cuin inline-six from the Falcon.

The LTD version of the ZJ surfaced in October 1979 as the FC Series, using the same wheelbase and body panels as the Fairlane. In mid-1980, the Falcon 4.1-litre alloy head engine was made optional, the first time the LTD was available in six-cylinder guise.

ZK / FD (1982–1984)
The ZK series of March 1982 had the deletion of the 5.8 L V8, which was the first warning the company would soon drop V8s from the local line-up. Minor changes were made to grille and taillights, but otherwise, the external changes were negligible. In March 1983, the 4.9 L V8 was deleted, too, with Ford introducing a fuel-injected version of the six to take its place, claiming the new engine had acceleration figures equivalent to the V8.

The main notable mechanical change was the introduction of the coil sprung, watts link-located rear axle, one of the best live rear-axle configurations.

The LTD FC series was updated to and designated FD in March 1982 with the V8 engine option deleted the following year.

ZL / FE (1984–1988)

The revised ZL series of 1985 (launched October 1984) kept the two six-cylinder engine options; only at the end of 1986 was the carburettor version of the Fairlane deleted. The ZL again carried over all external panels, but now had integrated headlights with clear indicators, full wrap-around bumpers, and new taillights. Inside, a full digital dashboard was introduced with push-button controls at either end of the instrument binnacle. The FE series LTD was also released in October 1984.

NA / DA (1988–1991)

June 1988 had the next major revision; the Fairlane's straight edges gave way to gentle curves, based on the EA26 platform Falcon. The philosophy was the same - a long-wheelbase Falcon with a six-light body. The 4.1 L six was heavily revised, becoming a 3.9 L unit with improved fuel economy and power. These models were part of the EA26 development programme and platform (E for the market segment, A for Australia, 26 the project code). Therefore, officially they were EA26s, but colloquially, Ford aficionados prefer a two-letter code. Hence, the new Fairlanes were given the NA series code.

The equivalent LTDs came on stream as the DA series in June 1988. Like the previous generation, all N-series Fairlanes and D-series LTDs were built on the Falcon/Fairmont station-wagon platform, and this legacy is most noticeable in the disproportionally narrow station-wagon rear doors on what was meant to be a limousine and in a car that otherwise caters well for rear-seat passengers with a large amount of interior seating and legroom space. Nonetheless, these large sedans were "limousine enough" to be one of the most common platforms used by Australian body-building companies to make stretch limousines.

Revisions from November 1989 for the 1990 model year had the release of the NA II and DA II, the most notable change being the fitting of a four-speed, rather than three-speed, automatic transmission (since the Fairlane's debut, it had a three-speed).

Although Ford Australia's former official historian, the late Adrian Ryan, was emphatic, officially, an NB series Fairlane never existed, at least one early 1989 prototype fitted with a four-speed automatic escaped from the factory bearing a compliance plate marked "NB" and was registered as an "NB Fairlane". Ford also produced an alloy wheel identification-guide poster for its parts counters listing one wheel as being for an "NB Sportsman Fairlane" and at one point the Series II NA likely was going to be called the NB. Third-party parts suppliers also often list both an "NB Fairlane" an "NB – Series II Fairlane" in their parts catalogues adding to the NB mystery. DOTARS (the Commonwealth Department of Transport and Regional Services) has no record of giving Ford approval to use an "NB Fairlane" compliance plate for a production model which might explain Ford's reluctance to officially acknowledge the "NB".

NC / DC (1991–1995)

August 1991 had the news that many Fairlane/LTD purists had awaited: the reintroduction of the V8 in the NC Fairlane and DC-series LTD. Ford had never recovered from deleting the V8s in the 1980s and bowed to public pressure with its reintroduction. The 5.0 L engine was not identical to the one used in the United States Mustang and other passenger cars. For reason of better durability and perhaps cost, it was the Canadian-made Windsor engine used in the North American light truck and 4WD models. To meet the needs of the space required for a right-drive steering column, its inlet manifold was reversed. Again to meet the conversion to right-hand drive and the rerouted inlet ducting, air box, and air conditioning lines, the Australian-installed engines also had most of their serpentine belt-driven accessories on the opposite side to the US/North American models. As Australian enthusiasts often found to their frustration, these subtle changes often meant that many Ford Racing/SVO add-on bits, like the available superchargers, were not exactly the bolt-on items they were in North America. The inline-six continued. The NC also introduced a higher-spec Fairlane, called the Fairlane Ghia, and the V8 was available in this model.

The 1992 NC II and DC IIs redesignated the 3.9 L engine a "4.0-litre", but trim levels remained the same. To appeal to younger buyers, Ford briefly sold a Fairlane Sportsman Ghia in 1993 with a "Tickford"-tuned 4.0 L six used in the Falcon XR6. A second, even smaller update, known as the NC III, arrived in August 1993. It is the equivalent to the ED series Falcon, adopting the new "ozone safe" R134a air conditioning refrigerant. The base Fairlane model was also discontinued, leaving only the Fairlane Ghia.

From March 1994 production, the NC received additional changes - the fitment of a leather-wrapped steering wheel, body-coloured bumpers and side protection strips, new-design alloy wheels, and a bonnet ornament.

An idea proposed in the late 1980s was a Fairlane wagon. Most likely, had it entered production, it would have used the Falcon wagon (which rode on the Fairlane's wheelbase) body, coupled with the Fairlane's front clip.

In the early 1990s, the Falcon utilities were still of the previous-generation XF. A prototype EB Falcon utility was made which looked Fairlane-based. To impart a look of solidness, the ute had a Fairlane frontal treatment. It did not enter production.

NF / DF (1995–1996)
The Fairlane and LTD received a major front and rear restyle in March 1995 (EA77 series in Ford-speak), coinciding with the EF Falcon, and remained on the same platform. The new NF Fairlanes and DF LTDs were longer and curvier, hiding their 1980s origins reasonably well. The exterior design was more ornamental compared to the relatively clean NAs to NCs. The Fairlane Sportsman reappeared for 1996, with the same formula as 1993, with the 4.0 L six.

NL / DL (1996–1999)
In September 1996, the revised NL Fairlanes and DL LTDs appeared. In 1997, Ford introduced a higher Fairlane Concorde trim, with the same 4.0 and 5.0 L engine choices. No Sportsman variant of the Fairlane was offered.

For customers, five Dealer modified NL Series Fairlanes from Sydney and Melbourne utilised parts from the 5.0-litre Mustang Cobra and Australian delivered SVO parts due to the limited edition run of the Fairlane by Tickford and customers wanting to maintain the Luxury look but sport the GT's performance. The rounded body lines were reminiscent of the US-market Ford Taurus, while the front end styling was similar to the Lincoln Town Car.

Ford expanded the Fairlane range greatly in 1998. Beginning with the Ghia, also a basic Concorde (six-cylinder) and Concorde Ghia (V8) were offered. A Tickford-modified version was also available, with the larger engine.

The NL and DL series were the last models to come equipped with automatic self-leveling rear suspension.

The New Zealand Government also used the NL Fairlane Ghia as their designated Crown Limousines. Crown Fairlanes have mostly painted Amaretto (a few in white) and were fitted with silver "Concorde" 16 inch wheels, 6 disc cd stacker, electric adjust drivers seat and New Zealand fitted flag pole mounts on the front guards.

All of the Fairlane Ghias used by the New Zealand Government were fitted with the factory 4.0 L six-cylinder engine producing 165kw. The LTD was also used with a few being V8 models. The LTD Crown Cars were a range of colours including Dynamic White, Argon Silver, Mocha Foam and Amaretto in the facelift.

The NL and DL Crown cars all sported special government only licence plates starting with CR404 in 1997 and continuing in numerical order to CR437 in 1998. Most crown cars were retired after three years of service. The Fairlane and LTD had been used by the New Zealand Government since the 1970s through to 2010s where the Ford brand was replaced with BMW 7-Series.

The New Zealand Government still uses CR registration plates on their current Crown Cars.

AU (1999–2003)

Ford introduced its "New Edge" look to the AU series Fairlane in February 1999. The EA169 platform was somewhat of a flop and allowed rival Holden to overtake the company in the sales of full-sized cars. The AU LTD was released three months later, in May.

The AU Fairlane and LTD models were the first long-wheelbase sedans to share a model code with the Falcon (The model code is not NU which people mistakenly assume). They had Lincoln Town Car-styling cues, especially around the C-pillar. The range was pared back to just two models, the Fairlane Ghia and the LTD, although a limited-edition Fairlane Millennium Ghia was also offered in January 2000. The flagship LTD model was exported to Fiji and to its traditional export market, New Zealand. A small number of LTDs were exported to the United Kingdom, where they were converted into hearses and limousines.

A high-performance variant of the AU Fairlane was released in 1999 as the FTE TL50. Ford brought forward revisions to the Falcon and Fairlane ranges when market acceptance of the new cars proved poor in July 2000. The 2001 model year AU II models featured some improvements, and another limited edition was offered: the 75th Anniversary Ghia in October, with the same engine choices as before. The Sportsman Ghia was revived in March 2001 and lasted for more than one model year this time, remaining in the range to the end of 2002. The Sportsman Ghia featured the same Howe leather seats as the LTD, albeit without the embroidered LTD insignia.

BA (2003–2005)
Ford's new attempt to battle Holden came in July 2003 with the BA series. The BA Fairlanes and LTDs were closer to the Falcon in looks, even sharing the taillights. The 5.0-L gave way to the larger 3 Valve 5.4-L Modular V8. This engine which was a derivative of the Ford Triton engine, was known in Australia as the Barra 220. From this point, the LTD was no longer offered with a six-cylinder engine.

To capture younger buyers, the Fairlane G220 (denoting its 220 kW power output at 4,750 rpm and 472 Nm of torque from 3,250–4,000 rpm) took the place of the Fairlane Sportsman, and featured the larger engine only. The traditional automatic gearbox was replaced by a sequential automatic. Unique to the G220 were 17-inch Elegance alloy wheels, ebony headlight bezels with unique lens, and redline leather seats with warm charcoal, perforated leather inserts.

The Fairlane Ghia continued as the six-cylinder base model, but came standard with colour ICC screen, a six-CD stack, 11-speaker Premium Sound, 7-way adjustable leather seats, and woodgrain inserts. Cornering lights below the headlights in the front bumper, appear to have been installed from late 2003 onward and were not installed on early cars.

The LTD was further distinguished from the Ghia by having the 5.4 L V8 engine, Webasto Hollandia 700 sunroof, 17-inch alloy wheels, LTD bonnet and boot badging, 10-way adjustable front seats, bolstered rear seats, satellite navigation, electrochromic auto-dimming rear-vision mirror, LTD etched and tinted rear quarter windows and a unique vertical bar grille.

Ford reused the AU Sportsman Ghia wheel centre design for the BA LTD Series I and simply replaced the centre badge insert.The electrochromic rear vision mirror fitted to the LTD, was the same as that used in the Ford Territory Ghia.

The sunroof which was standard equipment on the LTD, could be optionally exchanged for a REX (Rear Entertainment Xtreme) DVD System or deleted entirely, as was often the case on vehicles destined for funeral service use. The Webasto Hollandia 700 sunroof was also installed to a number of other Australian cars at the time - notably the Holden Commodore, and parts between the sunroofs such as the control buttons and motors are often interchangeable.

The LTD gear shifter design along with the accompanying woodgrain dash inserts and door spears, were of a colour specific to the LTD.

Brakes were the same as on the Falcon, with Fairlanes coming standard with electronic brakeforce distribution and traction control.

Sources vary, with a total of between 332 and 347 BA Series 1 LTD's listed as having been manufactured by Ford.

Following Ford Australia's introduction of the BA II Falcon in October 2004, facelifted versions of the Fairlane Ghia, Fairlane G220, and LTD were introduced in March 2005. The changes which were mainly cosmetic, but nevertheless significant, were carried over in the subsequent BF model ranges. The facelifted Fairlane was headlined by a more heavily chromed exterior, including chrome rub strips, a new chromed rear appliqué, chromed wheel centres and on Fairlane Ghia and LTD, chromed wing mirror covers. The G220 was given new-design seven-spoke alloy wheels, while Fairlane Ghia and LTD added two-toned paint to their side skirts and lower valances.

For the BA II interior, the black leather seats and leather section of the door trims were replaced with new leather trim dubbed China Beige. The Ghia and G220 gained an eight-way power driver’s seat with memory function. The G220 was given a leather-wrapped sports steering wheel, and the Ghia a Rhui Maple woodgrain and leather steering wheel, and the LTD gained a Stone Maple woodgrain and leather steering wheel.

While the only BA II mechanical change was the addition of Sports Control Blade rear-suspension tune for the base Ghia and flagship LTD, a REX (Option 9A, Rear Entertainment Xtreme) DVD entertainment system became the standard for the LTD, exchangeable for a sunroof.

A total of 121 BA II LTD's are listed as having been manufactured by Ford.

An interior upgrade that would be carried over in its entirety to the subsequent BF range was the change from black to brushed silver instrument dials and dash clock, and the silver shifter surround, centre cup holder, and ICC fascia became "piano black" with the ICC buttons changed accordingly from black to silver. Chrome door handles, vent tips, and door lock barrels were also added. The original woodgrain trim was retained until the BF.

BF (2005–2007)

The BF series Fairlane and LTD models were introduced in October 2005, with the Fairlane G220 renamed the Fairlane G8. Externally, the BF was outwardly identical to the BA Mark II, but fine-tunings to steering, suspension, soundproofing and undercarriage were made. The fuel economy was also improved. Across the whole BF range, the taillight lenses were slightly changed in appearance. The Ghia went from 16-inch to 17-inch alloy wheels as standard.

Interior-wise, the only changes from the upgrades introduced in the BA Mark II were the replacement of the woodgrain inserts with "satin chrome" inserts. This colour scheme was the same for all BF Fairlane variants. The BF Ghia and LTD came with black leather seats or China beige leather seats with an eight-way adjustable drivers seat and six-way adjustable passenger seat.

The G8 featured an eight-cylinder engine with the improved exhaust system and an additional knock sensor, producing 230 kW at 5,350 rpm and 500 Nm of torque at 3,500 rpm. It was equipped with a six-speed ZF sports automatic transmission and 2.53:1 (and not for 2.73:1 as some would mistake it) nonlimited-slip final differential ratio. The G8 was distinguished by its 17-inch five-spoke alloy wheels with its firmer suspension and lower profile (225/50) tyres, 'Redline' leather seats with warm charcoal perforated-leather inserts, perforated leather-wrapped steering wheel with brushed aluminium-style inserts, perforated leather-wrapped gearshift with satin inserts, and ebony headlight bezels.

In addition to having the V8 engine, the LTD featured 17-inch seven-spoke alloy wheels, satellite navigation, ten-way power-adjustable front seats with driver's seat memory settings, bolstered rear seats, rear-seat DVD player and monitor, front fog lights, a power sunroof, electrochromic (auto-dimming) rear view mirror, a Stone Maple woodgrain and leather-wrapped steering wheel, embroidered floor mats, woodgrain gear shift, and Rabbit Rose woodgrain finishes.

In May 2007, it was announced that production of the Fairlane and LTD would cease as a decline in sales in its market segment rendered continued production of long-wheelbase models unsustainable. The last Fairlane was produced on 13 December 2007.

A total of 153 BF LTD's are listed as having been manufactured by Ford.

title: Ford Fairlane (Australia)


text:
Alexandre Rousselin de Saint-Albin

Alexander Charles Omer Rousselin de Corbeau, comte de Saint Albin (1773–1847) was a French politician.

Born in Paris, of an aristocratic family from the Dauphiné, Rousselin de Saint-Albin was educated at the Collège d'Harcourt. He embraced the ideas of the French Revolution with enthusiasm, sympathised with the Jacobin Club, and later edited the journal Feuille du salut public. As civil commissioner in Troyes, he was accused of by some of enforcing the Reign of Terror, and by the Revolutionary Tribunal of being a moderate, and he was imprisoned for a short time in 1794.

On his release from the Citoyen during the Thermidorian Reaction, Rousselin held offices in the Ministry of the Interior, and under the Directory he became secretary-general, and then civil commissioner of the Seine département. Attached to the party of Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, he was looked on with suspicion by the police of the First French Empire, and during the later years of the Empire spent his time in retirement at Provence. During the Hundred Days, however, he served under Lazare Carnot at the Ministry of the Interior.

Under the Bourbon Restoration he defended Liberal principles in the Constitutionnel, of which he was the founder. Although Louis Philippe had been his friend since the days of 1789, he accepted no office from the July Monarchy. He retired from the Constitutionnel in 1838, and died nine years later.

Works
His chief literary works deal with the soldiers of the French Revolutionary Wars:
 * Vie de Lazare Hoche, général des armées de la République française (2 vols., 1798)
 * Notice historique sur le général Marbot (1800); M. de Championnel (1860)
 * Notices of others were posthumously published by his son, Hortensius Rousselin de Corbeau de Saint-Albin, as Documents relatifs à la Revolution Française (1873).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alexandre Rousselin de Saint-Albin


text:
1984 in archaeology

The year 1984 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Explorations

 * Ian Graham makes first scientific examination and map of Maya site of Cival.

Excavations

 * Hengistbury Head, by Barry Cunliffe, is completed (begun in 1979).
 * Khok Phanom Di, by Charles Higham (1984–85).
 * May - An M4 Sherman amphibious tank lost off Slapton, England during Exercise Tiger, a rehearsal for the 1944 Invasion of Normandy, is recovered.
 * July - Uluburun shipwreck, by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology under George Bass, begun (continues until 1994).

Finds

 * July - Pirate ship Whydah Gally (wrecked off Cape Cod in 1717) discovery announced.
 * August 1 - Lindow Man is found in Lindow Moss in north west England by peat cutters.
 * September - 1928 Scania truck (sunk 1936) located in Fryken, Sweden.
 * November - Commerce raider CSS Alabama (sunk off Cherbourg peninsula in 1864) is found by the French Navy.
 * Turkana Boy is found in Kenya by team led by Richard Leakey.

Events

 * April - Jorvik Viking Centre opens in York, England.

Deaths

 * February 28: Taha Baqir, Iraqi archaeologist (born 1912)
 * April 5: Giuseppe Tucci, Italian Orientalist (born 1894)

title: 1984 in archaeology


text:
San Esteban

San Esteban may refer to:

Places

 * San Esteban, Chile
 * San Esteban, Olancho, Honduras
 * San Esteban Island, Sonora, Mexico
 * San Esteban, a barangay in Nabua, Camarines Sur, Philippines
 * San Esteban, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
 * San Esteban (Morcín), Asturias, Spain
 * San Esteban National Park, Venezuela
 * Gulf of San Esteban, Western Patagonia

Buildings

 * San Esteban, Burgos, a former Catholic church, now museum, in Spain
 * San Esteban, San Salvador, a historic Roman Catholic church in El Salvador
 * Church of San Esteban (disambiguation)
 * Al-Andalusian palatial complex and neighborhood of San Esteban, a Moorish archaeological site in Murcia, Spain

Ships

 * San Esteban (1554 shipwreck), a Spanish cargo ship wrecked off the coast of what is now Texas
 * San Esteban (1588 shipwreck), a ship of the Spanish Armada wrecked on the west coast of Ireland
 * San Esteban (1607 shipwreck), a Spanish galleon wrecked on the coast of France
 * San Esteban Apedreado, a Spanish fifth rate frigate launched in 1726 and broken up in 1744

title: San Esteban


text:
Warren Lichtenstein

Warren G. Lichtenstein (born 1965) is an American businessman and philanthropist. Lichtenstein is founder and executive chairman of Steel Partners Holdings L.P. (NYSE:SPLP), a global diversified holding company. He founded the company in 1990 at the age of 24 after beginning his career as an analyst at Para Partners, L.P. and then serving as an acquisition analyst at Ballantrae Partners, L.P. Over the past 25 years Steel Partners has grown from a private investment fund, with two employees and assets of $600,000, into Steel Partners Holdings L.P., a company with a combined revenue of more than $3.6 billion that through its holdings employs 13,500 people in 155 plants and facilities in 20 countries.

Education
Lichtenstein graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a Bachelor's degree in economics. Before that, he attended Tulane University.

Career
Lichtenstein is chairman of Steel Partners LLC, based in New York City. Lichtenstein is a former chairman of Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings, Inc., an American rocket and missile propulsion manufacturer. His tenure as Aerojet Chairman ended on June 30, 2022 by overwhelming share holder sentiment, a result of a proxy contest in which the then CEO, Eileen Drake, led a successful proxy campaign that removed Lichtenstein and all of the Steel Partners selected board members.

Lichtenstein also serves as chairman of Steel Sports, Inc., a subsidiary company of Steel Partners, founded in 2011, focused on transforming and improving the youth sports experience in America. Lichtenstein also provided the initial seed funding for both the Positive Coaching Alliance (PCA) Los Angeles Chapter (which launched in June 2015) and the PCA-New York City Chapter (which launched January 2016).

Philanthropy
Lichtenstein founded a charitable organization called Steel Partners Foundation that was a significant donor to the building of the Chabad Jewish Community Center Aspen Valley Aspen, Colorado. Steel Partners Foundation provided funding to the Aspen Art Museum, for its new building that opened in 2014. The building was designed by the Japanese architect Shigeru Ban, winner of the 2014 Pritzker Prize. Steel Partners Foundation also participated in the campaign to rebuild Tulane University after it was hit by Hurricane Katrina and 70% of the main campus was flooded and donated challenge funding to the University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences to help establish 19 new student scholarships.

Personal life
Lichtenstein has two children. A son by his first marriage and a daughter with Annabelle Bond. He was ordered to pay back child support in the largest child support case in Hong Kong history. Lichtenstein applied to the courts for more time with his daughter and in 2016 hosted a Think Tank on Parental Alienation with actor Jason Patric and professor and psychiatrist William Bernet, an editor of “Parental Alienation”.

title: Warren Lichtenstein


text:
Sherie Rene Scott

Sherie Rene Scott (born February 8, 1967) is an American actor, singer, writer and producer. She has been seen in multiple Broadway and off-Broadway plays and musicals, on numerous solo and original cast recordings, and in various film and television roles.

Early life and education
Scott was born in Kentucky. When she was four years old, her family moved to Topeka, Kansas, where she grew up. Scott moved from Topeka to New York City when she was 18 to attend the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre where she studied under Sanford Meisner. She is a writer in residence at Second Stage Theater and lives with her son in New York City.

Career
On Broadway, Scott has starred in Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, garnering nominations for a Tony Award, a Drama Desk Award and an Outer Critics Circle Award. She starred as Amneris in Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida (2000), for which she won the Clarence Derwent Award and was a Drama League Honoree. The single "A Step Too Far" performed by Elton John, Heather Headley and Sherie Rene Scott from the 1999 Elton John And Tim Rice Aida concept album charted at #15.

Scott's You May Now Worship Me, co-authored with Dick Scanlan, raised $200,000 to benefit the Phyllis Newman’s Women's Health Initiative of The Actor's Fund. The one night only fundraiser premiered March 31, 2008 at The Eugene O'Neill Theatre. You May Now Worship Me would later become the concept behind Everyday Rapture.

In 2010, Scott starred in the critically acclaimed production Everyday Rapture, which Scott wrote with co-author Dick Scanlan. Everyday Rapture began its run on Broadway at the American Airlines Theatre in previews April 19, 2010, and officially opened on April 29, 2010. The show played to sold-out audiences throughout the run, finally ending its limited engagement on July 11, 2010. Scott received Tony Award nominations for Best Book, and Best Leading Actress in a Musical, and Drama Desk Award nominations in the categories of Best Leading Actress, Best Book, and Best Musical for Rapture. Other Broadway credits include Sally Simpson in Tommy (1993), Marty in Grease (1995–96), and Maureen in Rent (1997). She originated the role of Ursula in The Little Mermaid (2007) for which she received her second Outer Critics Circle Award nomination for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical. She starred as Pepa in the musical adaptation of Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, on Broadway, which opened on November 4, 2010. For this role she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical.

Scott appeared in The Front Page as Mollie Malloy with an all-star cast including Nathan Lane, John Slattery, Holland Taylor, John Goodman, Jefferson Mays and Robert Morse. Jack O'Brien directed the production that premiered on Broadway in fall 2016 at the Broadhurst Theatre.

Whorl Inside a Loop, written by Scott and Dick Scanlan, premiered August 27, 2015 at the Second Stage Theatre. Directed by Michael Mayer and Scanlan, Whorl garnered critical acclaim, including several 'Best of 2015 Theater' Lists.

Off-Broadway roles include John Guare's play Landscape of the Body at the Signature Theatre, for which she received a 2006 Obie Award and a Lucille Lortel Award and was a Drama League honoree. Musicals include Jason Robert Brown's The Last Five Years for which she received a Drama Desk Award nomination, and the title role in Debbie Does Dallas: The Musical.

Scott can be heard on the original off-Broadway cast recording of The Last Five Years along with Norbert Leo Butz. She is an executive producer of the film The Last Five Years starring Anna Kendrick and Jeremy Jordan. Scott also makes an appearance in the film.

In regional theatre, she has appeared in world premiere productions of Randy Newman's Faust (1995). She appeared in Kander and Ebb's Over and Over, at the Signature Theatre, which was a musical adaptation of The Skin of Our Teeth, receiving a nomination for a Helen Hayes Award.

Scott co-founded the Grammy Award-winning Sh-K-Boom Records and Ghostlight Records, which seeks to preserve original cast albums and solo recordings by Broadway artists. The records, produced over 150 albums, garnered 3 Grammy awards, and 12 Grammy nominations. SKB/Ghostlight's Grammy Awards include those for the cast albums of In the Heights, The Book of Mormon and Beautiful. SKB/Ghostlight received a 2006 Drama Desk Award for dedication to the preservation of musical theatre through cast recordings. The label won their first Grammy in 2009 for the Original Cast Recording of In The Heights. Scott can be heard on numerous Grammy Award-winning and OBC cast albums, the Billboard hit single "A Step Too Far" with Elton John, "The Folks Who Live On The Hill" with jazz great Bill Charlap, as well as the critically acclaimed, "Sherie Rene…Men I've Had," Everyday Rapture the original Broadway cast album, and All Will Be Well:  The Piece Of Meat Studio Sessions, produced with Todd Almond.

Scott did a try-out of her new, "critically acclaimed" work, Piece of Meat, in collaboration with Todd Almond, in the 2012 Adelaide Cabaret Festival and premiered it in New York City at 54 Below from October 16–27, 2012.

From July 9–28, 2019, she wrote and starred in an original musical collaboration titled TWOHANDER at Feinstein's/54 Below alongside Norbert Leo Butz, with musical director Todd Almond. Scott previously shared the stage with Butz in the original productions of the musicals Dirty Rotten Scoundrels and The Last Five Years.

Discography

 * 1999 Elton John And Tim Rice's Aida (1999 Concept Album) – Island Records
 * 2000 Sherie Rene Scott: Men I've Had (Solo CD) – Sh-K-Boom Records
 * 2000 Aida (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Disney
 * 2002 Debbie Does Dallas (Off-Broadway Cast Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records
 * 2002 The Last Five Years (Off-Broadway Cast Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records
 * 2005 Bright Lights, Big City (Cast Recording Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records
 * 2005 Hair (Actors' Fund of America Benefit Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records
 * 2005 Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records
 * 2008 Disney's The Little Mermaid (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Disney
 * 2010 Everyday Rapture (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records
 * 2011 Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (Original Broadway Cast Recording) – Sh-K-Boom Records

title: Sherie Rene Scott


text:
Santa Lucia (song)

"Santa Lucia" is a traditional Neapolitan song. It was translated by Teodoro Cottrau (1827–1879) into Italian and published by the Cottrau firm, as a barcarola, in Naples in 1849. Cottrau translated it from Neapolitan into Italian during the first stage of the Italian unification. Significantly, it is the first Neapolitan song to be translated to Italian lyrics. Its transcriber, who is often miscredited as its composer, was the son of the French-born Italian composer and collector of songs Guillaume Louis Cottrau (1797–1847). Various sources credit A. Longo with the music, 1835.

The original lyrics of "Santa Lucia" celebrate the picturesque waterfront district, Borgo Santa Lucia, in the Gulf of Naples, with an invitation (sales pitch) from a boatman to take a ride in his boat to better enjoy the cool evening.

Neapolitan lyrics
Comme se frícceca la luna chiena! lo mare ride, ll'aria è serena...

Vuje che facite 'mmiezo a la via? Santa Lucia, Santa Lucia! (Repeated twice)

Stu viento frisco fa risciatare: chi vo' spassarse jenno pe mmare?

È pronta e lesta la varca mia Santa Lucia, Santa Lucia! (Repeated twice)

La tènna è posta pe' fa' 'na cena; e quanno stace la panza chiena

non c'è la mínema melanconia. Santa Lucia, Santa Lucia! (Repeated twice)

Pozzo accostare la varca mia Santa Lucia, Santa Lucia!
 * The following two lines were included in the Neapolitan version as transcribed in the "Italia Mia" website.

English lyrics
Now 'neath the silver moon Ocean is glowing, O'er the calm billows, soft winds are blowing. Here balmy breezes blow, pure joys invite us, And as we gently row, all things delight us.

Chorus: Hark, how the sailor's cry joyously echoes nigh: Santa Lucia, Santa Lucia! Home of fair Poesy, realm of pure harmony, Santa Lucia, Santa Lucia!

When o'er the waters light winds are playing, Thy spell can soothe us, all care allaying. To thee sweet Napoli, what charms are given, Where smiles creation, toil blest by heaven.

Versions
Perhaps the definitive 20th century recording of the song was that of Enrico Caruso, the great Neapolitan opera singer. Mario Lanza recorded this song in this album "Mario Lanza sings Caruso favorites", RCA Victor LSC-2393.

In the United States, an early edition of the song, with an English translation by Thomas Oliphant, was published by M. McCaffrey, Baltimore.

In Sweden, Finland, Denmark, the Faroe Islands, and Norway, "Santa Lucia" has been given various lyrics to accommodate it to the winter-light Saint Lucy's Day, at the darkest time of the year. The three most famous lyrics versions in Swedish are Luciasången, also known by its incipit, Sankta Lucia, ljusklara hägring ("Saint Lucy, bright illusion"); Natten går tunga fjät ("The night walks with heavy steps"); and the 1970s "kindergarten" version, Ute är mörkt och kallt ("Outside it’s dark and cold"). The more common Norwegian version is Svart senker natten seg ("Black the night descends"), whereas the version commonly used in Denmark is titled Nu bæres lyset frem ("Now light is carried forth"). There also exists a Sámi version, Guhkkin Sicilias dolin lei nieida ("In faraway Sicily, long ago was a girl").

In the Czech Republic (or former Czechoslovakia), it was made famous with the words Krásná je Neapol sung by Waldemar Matuška.

In Austria, it is famous under the title "Wenn sich der Abend mild". It is sung by Austrian fraternities.

In Thailand, a translation, Silpakorn Niyom (ศิลปากรนิยม), is the anthem of Silpakorn University; the founder of the university, Silpa Bhirasri, was Italian.

Performances

 * A choir sings it in Swedish in Arthur's Perfect Christmas.
 * Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961).
 * Elvis Presley recorded the song on the 1965 album Elvis for Everyone! It was featured in his film Viva Las Vegas.
 * Monsieur Tranquille made a disco version for his 1977 debut album Monsieur Tranquille – Faut pas m'chercher
 * Tolmachevy Sisters performed it as the closing track to their 2007 debut album Polovinki and on the VGTRK TV series Subbotniy Vecher in 2006.
 * Italian tenor Sergio Franchi (1926–1990) recorded this song in 1963 on his RCA Victor Red Seal album Our Man From Italy.
 * Hayley Westenra included the song in her album Treasure.
 * In 1964, Jim Nabors, Don Knotts, Andy Griffith, and a choir performed the song on The Andy Griffith Show, in the episode "The Song Festers".
 * Italian-American crooner Jerry Vale recorded a popular version of the song.
 * Tom sang the first verse of the song at the beginning of the Tom and Jerry cartoon Cat and Dupli-cat. Jerry also scats along to it when he appears.
 * Mustafa Sağyaşar recorded a version in Turkish in 1998 with his son Cemil.
 * Robot B-9 sang several verses in the Lost in Space episode "The Ghost Planet". Although normally voiced by well-known actor and voice-over expert Dick Tufeld, this version was sung by Bob May, the actor who played the Robot. It was one of the rare times May's voice was heard instead of Tufeld's. May was accompanied by actor Bill Mumy (who played Will Robinson) on the guitar. Mumy already was an accomplished musician and went on to a career in acting and music.

title: Santa Lucia (song)


text:
Talk:Joseph Bonanno

Untitled
The dates in this article are inconsistant with those in Carmine Galante which links here, or else there are two people of the same name who are not being clearly distinguished. This should be corrected with accurate information. DES 16:33, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

This page is quite inaccurate. Harry Nieman, Nov. 3, 2005

Very,very inaccurate indeed. Ice Cold 18:21, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Aside from inaccurate, needs MAJOR style work!
Parts of it read like a high-school student's sloppy research paper. This article definitely needs editing.Lawikitejana 05:33, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Needs some work on the factual basis
Things I found: 1) Joe Bonanno disliked the nickname "Joe Bananas" because the reporter who coined it disrespected his name - nothing to do with an implication of his being "crazy" as far as I ever heard. Joe Bonanno was known to be very proud of his name.

2) There appear to be no references listed for subtopics/claims, e.g., Mussolini/Fascist regime.

3) A capo is NOT a boss! A capo is a captain.  The boss is highest up - then the underboss - consigliere - capo di tutti capi (captain of captains) - capos - soldiers.Tzittnan 19:15, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * ^He's right. Wakata —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.171.47.243 (talk) 23:57, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

Castellamare del Golfo is not on the western coast of Sicily. It is in western Sicily, but is on the north coast. I've ridden the train through CdG several dozen times, and I know. 69.171.160.64 (talk) 12:53, 27 June 2011 (UTC)Brian A. Cobb, brianallancobb@hotmail.com

Inconsistent Dates
He couldn't be born in 1905 if in 1906, at the age of 26, he took his one year old son, and his wife to the United States. Also, after mentioning him being 26, later on in the article it throw off chronological ordering by mentioning something that happened when he was nineteen. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ziing (talk • contribs) 00:11, 26 January 2007 (UTC).

Movie Bonanno : Godfather's story
-Did you watched the movie Bonanno : Godfather's story? There is a lot of things they aren't wrote here. For example how Joseph Bonanno helped American Army in World War II contacting his friend on Sicily officialy Lucky Luciano did this job but in movie Luciano ask for the help Joe Bonanno. In this article We can find out that Joe Bonanno want Bill Bonanno to take over the family buisness in New York but in movie is nothing about that. In movie both Joe and Bill want to retired in Tucson. And the drug buisness Joe Bonanno disapprove the trafficking the drugs and prostitution but i find out from the diffrent sources but Bonanno family was the major drug supplier and i don't know for sure that Joe Bonanno was a drug dealer or not?? Maybe only Carmine Galante was a dealer after he took control of the family. I dont't know. And in the movie is nothing about Bonanno plot to kill his cousin, Carlo GAmbino and Thomas Lucchese. In movie is nothing about that. Maybe this plot wasn't true?? Anybody who interesting a little in organizaded crime and especially in italian Cosa Nostra should watch this movie. I like more than that of course Godfather and Once upon a time in America but this movies are fiction but Bonanno : Godfather's story is a real story of Godfather. Is one of better movies based on the true story. Of course is not class of Goodfellas or Casino but is really good. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.9.45.139 (talk) 20:08, 29 March 2007 (UTC).

I removed the word "suburban" in describing his house in Tucson. I live a few block's away (his house is in a very nice neighborhood, mine isn't) it is smack dab in the middle of Tucson. About a mile from the university. It definetly isn't suburban. It was sold a few years ago. malatesta 03:09, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Not objectively written, poorly cited
I'm sorry but I found this article quite biased, with only one reference to Bonanno's autobiography -- and that basically calling him a liar -- and a number of contentions presented as fact with no documentation or references. Having just read "Man of Honor," I'll give an example. Bonanno claims he never went to the Appalachin meeting. He says one of his men was carrying a driver's license with his name on it because he was supposed to renew it for him, something one didn't have to do in person in New York at the time. Has anyone found a mugshot, fingerprints, or any other evidence that Bonanno was actually detained during the Appalachin fiasco? I don't think so, and so I find it dubious to present his "arrest" as fact. I'm sure Joe may have taken some liberties when writing his autobiography, but I actually find it credible that he did not involve himself in drugs or prostitution, as he was an old-school Sicilian, yet this article convicts him of both -- though, as the article admits, he was never convicted of any serious crime whatsoever.

title: Talk:Joseph Bonanno


text:
1988 in archaeology

The year 1988 in archaeology involved some significant events.

Excavations

 * Excavations at Troy begin by team from the University of Tübingen and the University of Cincinnati under the direction of Professor Manfred Korfmann.
 * The Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit at Crofton Roman Villa.
 * Excavation of Ancient Greek shipwreck at Ma'agan Michael.

Publications

 * Peter Harbison - Pre-Christian Ireland: from the first settlers to the early Celts.

Finds

 * Earrings, crown and rosettes from the tomb of Queen Yabay in Kalhu (modern Nimrud, Iraq) are discovered. They were made in the late 8th century BC. They are displayed at Iraq Museum, Baghdad.
 * Discovery of the Palatine wall in Rome.
 * Uncovering of a Christian basilica of c. 300 CE at Aqaba in Jordan.
 * Discovery of a shipwreck of 500–460 BC off Gela (Sicily).
 * Accidental discovery of the remains of a Roman amphitheatre in the City of London in excavation of foundations of new Guildhall Art Gallery.
 * Discovery of the Semliki harpoon in the Katanda Territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
 * Colossal Nike statue of the Victoria Romana type from Hadrian's Library in Athens, Greece.

Births

 * Lisa Lodwick, British archaeologist (d. 2022)

Deaths

 * January 8 - Einar Gjerstad, Swedish archaeologist of the Mediterranean (b. 1897).
 * December 25 - W. F. Grimes, Welsh archaeologist (b. 1905).

title: 1988 in archaeology


text:
Suyo

Suyo may refer to:

 * Suyo District, in the province of Ayabaca, Peru
 * Suyo, Ilocos Sur, municipality in the Philippines

title: Suyo


text:
The Funeral of God

The Funeral of God is the seventh studio album by American metalcore band Zao. It was released in July 13, 2004 through Ferret Records in the US, and in July 12, 2004 through Roadrunner and Ferret in Europe and Asia. It saw the return of guitarist, Russ Cogdell, and the addition of bassist Shawn Koschik and drummer Stephen Peck after the departure of Jesse Smith. A music video was made for the song "The Rising End (The First Prophecy)".

Title note
Originally the album was going to be called, Live... from the Funeral of God, but the band's management was concerned that fans might construe that to mean it's a live recording, so the title was shortened.

Concept
The album is a concept album, narrating an apocalyptic story in which God, fed up with the path chosen by humanity, decides to disappear, leaving humanity to its fate. Subsequently, the world falls into a state of war and self-destruction. However, man soon reverts to a state in which he waits for God to return.

Sound
Sounding different from the most albums Zao released, this record is a swing towards bands such as Killswitch Engage and Shadows Fall. It also goes for a more melodic sound than their past albums, such as in the song "Psalm of the City of the Dead".

Credits
ZAO
 * Dan Weyandt – lead vocals
 * Scott Mellinger – guitar, clean vocals
 * Russ Cogdell – guitar
 * Shawn Koschik – bass, additional engineering
 * Stephen Peck – drums

Additional Musicians
 * Sara George – additional vocals on track 11
 * Josh Momper – piano

Production
 * Eric Rachel – producer, engineering, mixing
 * Alan Douches – mastering

Artwork
 * Don and Ryan Clark (Asterisk Studios) – art direction, design
 * Kris McCaddon – logo
 * Sarah Fiedler – photography
 * Chris Bruno – cover photo

Misc.
 * Ryan J. Downey – manager

Quotes

 * "The story is unique, the vocals are vicious, the guitars are cacophonic, and the barrage is relentless. Zao has returned with a preeminent fury and have outdone themselves once again." – Outburn (9/10)
 * "If the melodic end of the genre has been taken by Killswitch Engage, then the extreme end of the Kingdom belongs to Zao. No question." – Metal Hammer UK (9/10)

title: The Funeral of God


text:
Mungo people

The Mungo (Moungo) are an ethnic group of the Republic of Cameroon. Along with the other coastal peoples, they belong to the Sawa ethnic groups. The Mungo have historically been dominated by the Duala people, and the two groups share similar cultures, histories, and claims of origin.

History and geography
The Mungo share no singular origin story. Some claim the same history as the Duala and Limba, descending from a man named Mbedi. From a place called Piti (northeast of Douala), Mbedi's sons Ewale and Dibongo migrated south toward the Cameroon coast. while others trace their ancestry to a man named Lokula who migrated east from near Efik territory in modern-day Nigeria. The former tradition seems more likely, however, and the Nigerian story possibly indicates that later settlers entered Limba country from Efik territories at some point and assimilated.

By the 16th century, the Duala had become the leading traders in Cameroon. The Mungo provided goods and slaves to the Duala in exchange for goods obtained from the Europeans, such as alcohol, gunpowder, guns, mirrors, shoes, textiles, and tools.

In 1918, Germany lost World War I, and her colonies became mandates of the League of Nations. Great Britain and France split the administration of the Kameruns, partitioning the Cameroonian Littoral. The Mungo were divided in two.

The Mungo live along the Mungo River's lower stretch and the creeks that feed it. Their territory straddles the border of the Moungo division of the Littoral Province and the Fako division of the Southwest Province. Fishing is the primary means of subsistence.

Language
The Mungo who speak a dialect of Duala. Duala is part of the Bantu group of the Niger–Congo language family.

In addition, individuals who have attended school or lived in an urban centre usually speak a European language. For Littoral Mungo, this is French; for Southwest Mungo, it is Cameroonian Pidgin English or standard English; and for the Mungo it is one or the other. A growing number of the Anglophones today grow up with Pidgin as their first tongue.

Arts
The Mungo are regular attendees of the annual Ngondo, a traditional festival of the Sawa peoples. The goal is to communicate with the ancestors and ask them for guidance and protection for the future. The festivities also include armed combat, beauty pageants, pirogue races, and traditional wrestling.

Classification
The Mungo are Bantu in language and origin. More narrowly, they fall into the Sawa, or the coastal peoples of Cameroon.

title: Mungo people


text:
Talk:Carmine Galante

Death
The article says that "Sonny Red" Indelicato was involved in Galsnte's murder. However, different sources I've seen (the two "Donnie Brasco" books and "Way of the Wiseguy" by Joe Pistone for starters) say that Indelicato was a Galante suporter. Indelicato's own page doesn't add any information. If anyone has some incite, that would be helpful.Natt the Hatt (talk) 01:30, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

Hello, didn’t know how to respond to this so hope this is ok. Indelicato was definitely n on the Bonnano hit. His son Bruno was actually one of the hitmen. Rusty Rastelli got permission from the commission to kill Galente and, through Joey Massino, had the contract given to Indelicato. He conspired with Neil Dellacroce from the Gambino family to support them plan and execute it. There is footage of the Ravenite club in Mulberry Street of Bruno Indelicato outside the Ravenite an hour after the hit being congratulated by a bunch of Bonnanos and Gambinos including his Dad, Phil Giaccone and Neil Dellacroce. This footage was the main evidence that git Bruno convicted for Galente’s murder, amongst other things.

It may be true Indelicato was a Galente supporter. Mafia bosses are renowned Machievellians. Rastelli may have known Indelicato might have a problem with the Galente hit, so the hit being given to him would have been a test/warning.

Hope this helps.

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title: Talk:Carmine Galante


text:
Mama Koite Doumbia

Mama Koite Doumbia is a Malian and a member of the Economic, Social and Cultural Council of the African Union, representing West Africa.

Mama Koite Doumbia holds a higher diploma in youth training. She was elected chairperson of the African Women's Development and Communication Network (FEMNET) in 2003. In this role she was a member of the Permanent Committee of the Economic, Social and Cultural Council of the African Union. In February 2011 she received the 2011 FAMEDEV Gender Award.

title: Mama Koite Doumbia


text:
Subu people

The Subu (Isubu, Isuwu, Bimbians) are a Bantu ethnic group who inhabit part of the coast of Cameroon. Along with other coastal peoples, they belong to Cameroon's Sawa ethnic groups. They were one of the earliest Cameroonian peoples to make contact with Europeans, and over two centuries, they became influential traders and middlemen. Under the kings William I of Bimbia and Young King William, the Isubu formed a state called Bimbia.

Early population movements
The predominant Isubu oral history holds that the ethnic group hails from Mboko, the area southwest of Mount Cameroon. Tradition makes them the descendants of Isuwu na Monanga, who led their migration to the west bank of the Wouri estuary. When a descendant of Isuwu named Mbimbi became king, the people began to refer to their territories as Bimbia.

Kingdom of Bimbia
Portuguese traders reached the Wouri estuary in 1472. Over the next few decades, more Europeans came to explore the estuary and the rivers that feed it, and to establish trading posts. The Isubu carved out a role for themselves as middlemen, trading ivory, kola nuts, and peppers from the interior. However, a major commodity was slaves, most bound for plantations on nearby islands such as Annobón, Fernando Po, Príncipe, and São Tomé. By the 16th century, the Isubu were second only to the Duala in trade. The earliest Isubu merchants were likely chiefs or headmen. Bimbia, the primary Isubu settlement, grew quickly.

European traders did their best to support friendly chiefs against their rivals, adulating them with titles such as King, Prince, or Chief. An Isubu chief named Bile became leader of the Isubu as King William, although Dick Merchant of Dikolo village and other chiefs eventually opposed his dominance.

British traders became the dominant European presence in the region by the mid-19th century, and the Crown used them to enforce abolition of the slave trade in the Gulf of Guinea. In 1844 and 1848, King William signed anti-slavery treaties. In exchange, the traders provided him with annual gifts of alcohol, guns, textiles, and other goods. William was also asked to forbid practices the British viewed as barbaric, such as sacrificing a chief's wife upon his death. With William's blessing, Bimbia became a haven for repatriated slaves and escapees from the illicit trade, which continued for many more years.

The British also endeavored to educate and Christianise the Bimbians. King William rebuffed the earliest missionaries because he did not agree with their insistence on prayer and opposition to polygamy. In 1844, however, Joseph Merrick convinced William to let him open a church and school in Bimbia. In 1858, the Spanish ousted Protestant missionaries from their base at Fernando Po. King William sold a portion of his domains to the missionary Alfred Saker, who then founded Victoria (today known as Limbe). By 1875, numerous missions and schools sprung up in Victoria and other settlements. Victoria came to be a mixture of freed slaves, working Cameroonians, and Christianised Cameroonians from the various coastal groups. Cameroonian Pidgin English began to develop at this time.

Isubu society was changed fundamentally by the European trade. European goods became status symbols, and some rulers appointed Western traders and missionaries as advisors. Large numbers of Isubu grew wealthy, leading to rising class tensions. Competition escalated between coastal groups and even between related settlements. Between 1855 and 1879, the Isubu alone engaged in at least four conflicts, both internal and with rival ethnic groups. Traders exploited this atmosphere, and beginning in 1860, German, French, and Spanish merchants had established contacts and weakened the British monopoly. The Duala had gained a virtual hegemony over trade through the Wouri estuary, and the Isubu had little power left. Young King William was virtually powerless when he succeeded his father in 1878.

German administration
In July 1884, the Isubu found themselves part of the German Empire after annexation by Gustav Nachtigal. Coastal territory became the heart of the new colony, but Bimbia and the Isubu lands had already passed their prime.

German arrival on the mainland meant that the coastal peoples' monopoly on trade had ended. Years of contact with Westerners and a high level of literacy had allowed a literate upper class of Isubu clerks, farmers, and traders to emerge in Victoria and Buea. This class were familiar with European law and conventions, which allowed them to pressure the German colonial government with petitions, legal proceedings, and special interest groups to oppose unpopular or unfair policies.

British administration
In 1918, Germany lost World War I, and her colonies became mandates of the League of Nations. The British became the new colonial rulers of Isubu lands. Great Britain integrated its portion of Cameroon with the neighbouring colony of Nigeria, setting the new province's capital at Buea. The British practiced a policy of indirect rule, entrusting greater powers to Bakweri and Isubu chiefs in Buea and Victoria. Chief Manga Williams of Victoria became one of two representatives to the Nigerian Eastern House of Assembly. He was succeeded by another Isubu, John Manga Williams.

Geography
The Isubu are primarily concentrated in the Fako division of Cameroon's Southwest Province. Their settlements lie largely along the coast or just inland, east of Limbe and west of Douala. They occupy the coast directly east of the Wovea, with their main settlement at Bimbia. The town of Limbe is a mixture of Isubu and other ethnic groups.

Culture
The Isubu today are divided into the urban and rural. Those who live in the cities earn a living at a number of skilled and unskilled professions. The rural Isubu work as fishermen and farmers, mostly at the subsistence level.

Language
Isu is the Isubu language. In addition, many Isubu speak Duala or Mokpwe, the languages of the Duala and Bakweri respectively. Isu is part of the Bantu group of the Niger–Congo language family.

In addition, individuals who have attended school or lived in an urban centre usually speak a European language. For some Isubu, this is French; for others, it is Cameroonian Pidgin English or standard English. A growing number of the Anglophones today grow up with Pidgin as their first tongue.

Religion
The Isubu have been mostly Christianized since the 1930s. Evangelical denominations dominate, particularly the Baptist church. Nevertheless, remnants of a pre-Christian ancestor worship persist.

Arts
The Isubu participate in the annual Ngondo, a traditional festival of the Duala, although today all of Cameroon's coastal peoples are invited. The main focus is on communicating with the ancestors and asking them for guidance and protection for the future. The festivities also include armed combat, beauty pageants, pirogue races, and traditional wrestling.

Classification
The Isubu are Bantu in language and origin. More narrowly, they fall into the Sawa, or the coastal peoples of Cameroon.

title: Subu people


text:
File:Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle NES box art.jpg

Description
Cover art of the game The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends for NES.

Fair use in The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) Imagineering, Radical Entertainment, and Absolute Entertainment have released no such images into the public domain, and a replacement image could not be created that would adequately provide the same information.
 * 2) The image is being used for no purpose other than to identify the subject of the article.
 * 3) The image resolution has been significantly decreased from the original, so copies made from it would be of inferior quality.
 * 4) The use of this image neither detracts from the game nor inhibits its salability in any way.


text:
Annie Glenn

Anna Margaret Glenn (née Castor; February 17, 1920 –May 19, 2020) was an American advocate for people with disabilities and communication disorders and the wife of astronaut and senator John Glenn. A stutterer from an early age, Glenn was notable for raising awareness of stuttering and other disabilities among children and adults.

Early life and education
Anna Margaret Castor was born on February 17, 1920, in Columbus, Ohio, to Homer and Margaret (Alley) Castor. Her father was a dentist. In 1923, the Castor family moved to New Concord, Ohio.

Castor met John Glenn at a very young age when her parents became involved in the same community organizations as Glenn's parents. The families developed a friendship which allowed Castor and Glenn to remain close as they grew up. The pair became high school sweethearts and continued dating through college. Castor attended Muskingum College where she majored in music with a minor in secretarial skills and physical education. Castor was an active member of the swim team, volleyball team, and tennis team. She graduated in 1942. Even though she received an offer for a pipe organ scholarship from the Juilliard School, Castor declined the offer, choosing instead to stay in Ohio with Glenn. Castor and Glenn were married on April 6, 1943. They had two children, David, born in 1945, and Lyn, born in 1947.

During the early years of her marriage to John Glenn, Annie Glenn worked as an organist in various churches and taught trombone lessons.

Influence during the Space Race
Throughout the middle of the twentieth century, the Cold War tensions between the United States of America and the Soviet Union heightened. In an effort to boost American citizens' confidence in their government, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower decided to become involved in the Space Race and launch Project Mercury. Seven young men were chosen for this space mission. These all-American astronauts were regarded as wholesome heroes and their wives were the picture of domestic patriotism. Annie Glenn was one of the wives of the Mercury 7 astronauts. These women "rocketed to fame" to become celebrities.

In her book  The Astronaut Wives Club (which later became a television miniseries), Lily Koppel relates that Glenn and the other six wives formed a tight-knit support group informally called the "Astronaut Wives Club," which she cites as influential in shaping American identity, as Americans found their values of family, patriotism, and consumerism embodied in Glenn. Koppel states that American women turned to Glenn, who had been elevated in the media because of her all-American family, as a role model on how to maintain a happy home, and also an indirect propagator of the American value of consumption. The appearance of the Astronaut Wives in the media was marketed to average American housewives. For example, when the wives wore a shade of "responsible pink" lipstick to a Life photoshoot, the published photographs were retouched to show the wives wearing "patriotic red" lipstick instead. The lip color was changed to represent a new, vibrant period in American history. After the magazine was published, red lipstick became a fad. Similarly, while Mercury 7 astronauts were given sporty Corvettes to drive, the wives were strongly encouraged to keep their family-friendly station wagons, which meant that the average American housewives who were following the Astronaut Wives' example also bought station wagons. As a result of Glenn and the other members of the Astronaut Wives Club, women across the U.S. were inspired to be brave and of course, to buy the same consumer goods Glenn and the other wives had in their homes.

Speech impairment

Like her father, Annie Glenn experienced a speech stutter throughout her life. As a child, Glenn did not feel hindered by her stutter; she happily participated in activities such as softball, girl scouts, school dances, and choir. It was not until sixth grade that she realized her speech impairment. It was determined that her stutter was present in eighty-five percent of her verbal utterances. Despite her difficulty speaking, she was able to create and maintain close relationships. After graduating from college, Glenn wanted to get a job in a different town but because of her disability, her parents were worried about her living independently. However, Glenn found ways to effectively communicate without speaking out loud. For example, before shopping, she would write down exactly what she was looking for and then show the note to the sales clerk when she needed help.

At the age of 53, Glenn discovered and attended a three-week treatment course at Hollins Communications Research Institute in Roanoke, Virginia, to help with her dysfluency. After attending the treatment course, her speech was greatly improved; however, she did not consider herself "cured" of stuttering. Glenn was finally able to confidently vocally interact with others. When her husband began campaigning for the Senate, she was able to support him by giving speeches at public events and at rallies. Glenn used her newfound voice to bring attention to disabled people who she knew had been overlooked so often.

Later, Glenn became an adjunct professor with Ohio State's Speech Pathology Department.

Awards and honors
In 1983, Glenn received the first national award of the American Speech and Hearing Association for her meritorious service to those with communicative disorders. In 1987, the National Association for Hearing and Speech Action awarded the first annual Annie Glenn Award for achieving distinction despite a communication disorder. Glenn presented the award to James Earl Jones as its first recipient. She was inducted into the National Stuttering Association Hall of Fame in 2004. In 2015, Ohio State University renamed 17th Avenue (on its campus) to Annie and John Glenn Avenue.

In 2009, the Ohio State University awarded her an honorary Doctorate of Public Service to recognize her work on behalf of children and others. The department awards the "Annie Glenn Leadership Award" annually to a person that has displayed innovative and inspirational work in speech/language pathology.

Activities and involvements
Organizations in which she was involved include:
 * Delta Gamma Theta Sorority (Muskingum College)
 * The Ohio Board of Child Abuse
 * The Board of Columbus (Ohio) Speech and Hearing Center
 * The Society of Sponsors
 * The Board of Trustees of Muskingum College
 * The Advisory Panel of the Central Ohio Speech and Hearing Association
 * The advisory board for the National Center for Survivors of Childhood Abuse
 * The Board for the National First Ladies' Library
 * The National Deafness and other Communication Disorders Advisory Council of the National Institutes of Health

Personal life and death
At the time of her husband's death in December 2016, Annie and John Glenn had been married for 73 years and eight months. The couple had two children, John David, (1945), and Carolyn Ann, (1947), and two grandchildren.

Glenn died from complications of COVID-19 on May 19, 2020 at a nursing home in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Portrayals in popular culture
Glenn was played by Mary Jo Deschanel in the 1983 film The Right Stuff. The film highlighted her stutter, particularly in a scene involving U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. In a 2015 interview, she and John Glenn indicated that, although they liked the Tom Wolfe book, they did not care for the movie adaptation of The Right Stuff.

In the 2015 ABC-TV series The Astronaut Wives Club, she is portrayed by Azure Parsons and in the 2020 Disney+ series The Right Stuff by Nora Zehetner.

title: Annie Glenn


text:
User talk:Shirley Grace

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 16:36, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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user language template for sign languages
Hello Shirley Grace :o)

I noticed that you are using the sign language user template on your user page. It was created a couple of days ago and it is currently incompatible with the babel-5 template. There is a workaround to achieve the same effect here. Let me know if you want me to implement it for you.

By the way, you specified the sign language you have a basic knowledge of as 'Gallaudet' - I'm Australian but my understanding is that Gallaudet is a Deaf University using ASL. Am I missing something?

ntennis 05:59, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight
As a member of WikiProject Comics, I thought you might be interested in the Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight we have set up. Please feel free to vote on the articles listed, although bear in mind that a vote for a particular article means you are pledging to help improve the article. The goal of the collaboration is to improve articles to Featured Article status, as we feel Comics is under-represented in that area. Thanks for your help. Steve block talk 15:58, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Moe Loogham is coming
Hey Shirley, I noticed your user ID in the Wikipedians In New York category and had to say hi. So when do we start merging the WHRW wiki into Wikipedia? ;-) Drumsac 22:08, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shirley Grace


text:
Bakole

Bakole or Bakolle may refer to:

 * Bakole people of Cameroon
 * Bakole language, spoken by the Bakole people

title: Bakole


text:
User talk:CKarnstein

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 16:37, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
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 * How to write a great article
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Mineko Iwasaki
Greetings. Your last edit was very good and has made the sub-section on Memoirs of a Geisha just about right IMHO. I think it can stand alone for a while, though perhaps extra bits can be added if anyone else has something to contribute. It's important to try to be partisan, but it does appear that Golden was extremely insensitive at best and deceitful at worst.

Cheers, John Smith's 11:48, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I think we've both managed to improve the article a lot.  The Memoirs information is important, but I didn't want it to get too controversial or overshadow information about Iwasaki's life.  She is such an interesting woman in her own right. CKarnstein 05:03, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Ludwig II
Thanks for the help! -Maaya 16:09, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Geisha
That was a lovely bit of cleanup and rewriting you did on the Geisha article. Thank you for fixing that up. --Iriseyes 18:54, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Memento
Just came by to say thanks for your edits on the Memento page. That was terrific copyediting (and all in one edit!), especially for such a confusing and hard-to-describe film. Thanks a bunch.--Dark Kubrick 01:37, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you! It is a challenging film to summarize, and I'm sure there's still plenty of room for improvement in the article. CKarnstein 03:02, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Autism
Nice changes! Good work. WLU 23:52, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Back Dorm Boys
Hi. Thanks to you too, for correcting my grammar many times. English isn't my mother language, so I can't write it very well. But back there, I really want to add some infos on the Back Dorm Boys page, so I can't resist it. I'll try to put some more work on that (and maybe another pages too) when I got some new informations. See you! Th3 m4rt1n 18:29, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

A Canticle for Leibowitz
CKarnstein, I see you've shown some interest in the A Canticle for Leibowitz article in the past. I'm interested in bringing it to GA status soon and am soliciting your help. A number of revisions have been made in the past few weeks to position it for a successful nomination process. Would you mind reviewing the article and make suggestions/changes to assist in the process? Any assistance you can provide will be appreciated. Thank you. Jim Dunning | talk  03:01, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Hercules
You recently cut the differences with mythology section in Hercules: The Legendary Journeys. Most of that stuff, if not all of it, is verifiable by the individual links to the appropriate articles. Do you still think each example requires a citation when the stories are readily available here? Erikeltic (talk) 17:46, 28 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't think each example requires a citation because, as I said when I edited it, the list was excessively long and trivial. Most of those examples shouldn't be there at all, cited or uncited. CKarnstein (talk) 18:07, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Can we agree to at least pick a couple of the gems? Personally, I think the fact that's about a "Greek" character and he was given his Roman analogue's name is a riot.  I think there should be at least 3-5 good examples.  Erikeltic ( Talk ) 19:28, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

What picture is appropriate for the "Afghan" article?
I noticed your recent (Feb. 2013) edit to the Afghan article. Please feel free to weigh in on the discussion at Afghan. --Bejnar (talk) 20:22, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:CKarnstein


text:
Causing a Commotion

"Causing a Commotion" is a song by American singer Madonna from the soundtrack album to the 1987 film Who's That Girl. It was released as the album's second single on August 25, 1987, by Sire Records. Its Silver Screen Single Mix later appeared on the EP The Holiday Collection (1991). Written and produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray, the song was inspired by her relationship with then-husband Sean Penn, and his abusive and violent nature. Containing a dance-oriented, up-tempo groove, the song begins with the chorus and is accompanied by a four-note descending bassline and staccato chords in the verses.

Since its release, "Causing a Commotion" has received mixed reviews from music critics. The song was a commercial success, peaking within the top-ten in the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Italy, Sweden and the United Kingdom, and topped the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart. Madonna performed the song on the Who's That Girl World Tour in 1987 – which was transmitted via satellite to the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards – and the Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990. She also performed a brief snippet in selected shows on The Celebration Tour in 2023 and 2024. The performances were included in the home video release of the tours.

Background and release
In 1986, Madonna was shooting for her third motion picture Who's That Girl, known at the time as Slammer. Needing songs for the soundtrack of the movie, she contacted Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray, with whom she had written and produced her third studio album True Blue (1986). The song was written and produced by Madonna and Bray for the film's soundtrack. It was inspired by her then husband Sean Penn and their often tumultuous relationship. Madonna felt that her marriage to Penn was on the verge of breaking up, due to Penn's abusive and violent nature. That translated as the inspiration behind the song. In a Rolling Stone article dated September 10, 1987, Madonna spoke about Penn's impact on her life, "I don't like violence. I never condone hitting anyone, and I never thought that any violence should have taken place. But on the other hand, I understood Sean's anger and believe me, I have wanted to hit them [the paparazzi] many times. I never would, you know, because I realize that it would just make things worse. [...] I felt like he was 'Causing a Commotion' to purposefully distract me. I wrote this song and vented my frustration in it." In the United States, "Causing a Commotion" was released on August 25, 1987. In the United Kingdom, the song was released on September 17, just after the conclusion of the Who's That Girl World Tour that same month. In 1991, the Silver Screen Single Mix of the song was included on the EP The Holiday Collection (1991).

Recording and composition
"Causing a Commotion" was recorded and mixed by Stephen Bray along with Shep Pettibone, who also did additional production on the track. Junior Vasquez was the mixing engineer along with Steve Peck, the former also did the audio editing. Background vocals were provided by Donna De Lory and Niki Haris. "Causing a Commotion" has a dancey, up-tempo groove in it. The musical arrangement consists of a number of hooks interpolating with each other. It begins with the chorus, where Madonna sings the line "I've got the moves baby, You've got the motion, If we got together we'd be causing a commotion". The verses are accompanied by a four-note descending bassline and interjecting staccato chords.

The lyrics make reference to Madonna's 1985 hit single "Into the Groove" and have three parts to the vocal harmony. Andrzej Ciuk, one of the editors of the book Exploring Space noted that the proverbial status of the phrase "opposites attract" as a defining key ingredient of cultural concept of "love" and this was evident also in the song with the lyrics: "You met your match when you met me, I know that you'll disagree it's crazy, But opposites attract you'll see, And I won't let you get away so easy".

Critical reception
"Causing a Commotion" received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics. Rikky Rooksby, author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna, said that the song was "Perfectly acceptable, though not in the same class as 'Who's That Girl'." Christian Wright from Spin called the song celebratory. Camille Paglia, one of the authors of The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary, said that Madonna's command of massive, resonant basslines impressed her. She wrote: "I recall my stunned admiration as I sat in the theater in 1987 and first experienced the crashing, descending chords of Madonna's 'Causing a Commotion', which opened her dreadful movie Who's That Girl. If you want to hear the essence of modernity, listen to those chords, infernal, apocalyptic and grossly sensual. This is the authentic voice of fin de siècle." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic commented that "Causing a Commotion" and "Who's That Girl" were not among Madonna's best singles. Matthew Jacobs from HuffPost, placed it at number 46 of his list "The Definitive Ranking of Madonna Singles", calling it "cheerful, until you learn it was inspired by her abusive relationship with Sean Penn".

In August 2018, Billboard ranked it as Madonna's 85th greatest song; Joel Lynch wrote that only Madonna "could release a song this lightweight from a critically drubbed film and still take it to No. 2 on the Hot 100. The arresting, thick AF bass line and the sugary determination of her delivery make this a delight, albeit a relatively slight one". Slant Magazine's Eric Henderson called it "somehow generic and diverting in equal measure, ['Causing a Commotion'] offers one of Madonna’s most undeniable come-on lines at the center of it all". Louis Virtel from The Backlot ranked it at number 16 on a list for "The 100 Greatest Madonna Songs", and called it "jubilant and driving". Writing for Gay Star News, Joe Morgan deemed it an "absolute gem" that "unfortunately sinks in the background when it comes to Madonna’s 80s classics". The Guardian's Jude Rogers described it as "a slighter facsimile of the imperial 'Into the Groove', protesting too much about its abilities to coax out the noise police". For Medium's Richard LaBeau, "there is nothing especially bad about this track, but it is profoundly forgettable, particularly in comparison with the brilliant singles that preceded and followed it".

Chart performance
"Causing a Commotion" debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 41 the week of September 12, 1987, as "Who's That Girl" was descending from the top-ten. The song quickly climbed up the chart, ultimately peaking at number two the week of October 24, 1987, blocked from the top position by Michael Jackson's "Bad" and Tiffany's "I Think We're Alone Now." It remained in the runner-up position for three consecutive weeks, before descending the chart. The song reached the top 40 of the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and hit number one on the Dance Club Songs chart. In Canada, the song debuted at number 90 on the RPM Top 100 chart on September 19, 1987. After six weeks, the song reached a peak of number two on the chart. It was present for a total of 31 weeks and ranked at number 47 on the RPM year-end chart for 1987.

In the United Kingdom, "Causing a Commotion" entered the UK Singles Chart at number seven and peaked at number four. The song was present for a total of nine weeks. According to the Official Charts Company, the song has sold 230,000 copies there. In Germany, the song debuted on the Media Control Charts at number 66 on September 29, 1987, reaching a peak of number 14 in its third week and spending 12 weeks on the chart. The song reached the top-ten in Australia and the European Hot 100 Singles, peaking at number seven and three, respectively. Elsewhere, the song reached the top-ten in Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Switzerland, and the top 20 in Austria, Norway and Sweden.

Live performances
Madonna performed "Causing a Commotion" on the Who's That Girl World Tour and the Blond Ambition World Tour. On the Who's That Girl World Tour, "Causing a Commotion" was the sixth song of the set list. Collaborating with Marlene Stewart on the clothes for the tour, Madonna expanded on the idea of bringing her video characters to life and to display a gangster theme for the song. She wore a golden lamé jacket and performed the song while accompanied by two dancers, each holding a gun. Performances of the song on this tour can be found on the Who's That Girl: Live in Japan video, filmed in Tokyo, Japan, on June 22, 1987, and on the Ciao Italia: Live from Italy video, filmed in Turin, Italy, on September 4, 1987. The latter performance was transmitted via satellite to the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards.

On the Blond Ambition World Tour, "Causing a Commotion" was the third song of the set list. The outfit she wore for the performance was described by Carol Clerk, author of Madonnastyle, as the "perfect visual combination of masculine and feminine". Madonna wore heavy makeup with thick, blackened eyebrows and heavy application of dark liner. The performance ended with Madonna wrestling with her female backup singers. Two different performances were released on video: the Blond Ambition Japan Tour 90, filmed in Yokohama, Japan, on April 27, 1990, and the Blond Ambition World Tour Live, filmed in Nice, France, on August 5, 1990.

On occasion during her Celebration Tour in 2023, Madonna sang lines from the refrain before introducing the concept of the show to the audience and launching into a guitar-driven performance of "Burning Up."

Track listing and formats

 * US 7" single
 * 1) "Causing a Commotion" (Silver Screen Single Mix) – 4:00
 * 2) "Jimmy Jimmy" (LP Version) – 3:54

 * UK 12" single
 * 1) "Causing a Commotion" (Silver Screen Mix) – 6:33
 * 2) "Causing a Commotion" (Movie House Mix) – 9:40
 * 3) "Jimmy Jimmy" (Fade) – 3:39

 * US 12" Maxi-Single
 * 1) "Causing a Commotion" (Silver Screen Mix) – 6:33
 * 2) "Causing a Commotion" (Dub) – 7:04
 * 3) "Causing a Commotion" (Movie House Mix) – 9:40
 * 4) "Jimmy Jimmy" (LP Version) – 3:54

 * Germany / UK Reissue CD Maxi-Single (1995)
 * 1) "Causing a Commotion" (Silver Screen Mix) – 6:33
 * 2) "Causing a Commotion" (Dub) – 7:04
 * 3) "Causing a Commotion" (Movie House Mix) – 9:40
 * 4) "Jimmy Jimmy" (LP Version) – 3:54

Credits and personnel

 * Madonna – vocals, writer, producer
 * Stephen Bray – writer, producer, audio mixing
 * Shep Pettibone – audio mixing, additional production
 * Junior Vasquez – mixing engineer, audio editing
 * Steve Peck – mixing engineer
 * Jane O'Neal – photography
 * Jeri Heiden – art direction
 * Maura P. McLaughlin – design

Credits adapted from the Who's That Girl soundtrack and 12" single liner notes.

title: Causing a Commotion


text:
User talk:DaltonSerey

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! RJFJR 16:37, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:DaltonSerey


text:
Banna

Banna may refer to:

 * Banna (Battagram), a town in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
 * Banna (Birdoswald), a Roman Birdoswald in Cumbria in England
 * Banna, Bangladesh, a town in Barisal, Bangladesh
 * Banna, Ilocos Norte, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Banna people, an ethnic group from Ethiopia
 * Banna Strand, a beach in Country Kerry, Ireland
 * Ban Na district, a district in Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand
 * Om Banna, a shrine located in Pali district near Jodhpur, India
 * Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, commonly shorted to Banna, a prefecture in Yunnan, China

title: Banna