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21 July 2005 London bombings

On Thursday, 21 July 2005, four attempted bomb attacks by Islamist extremists disrupted part of London's public transport system as a follow-up attack from the 7 July 2005 London bombings that occurred two weeks earlier. The explosions occurred around midday at Shepherd's Bush, Warren Street and Oval stations on the London Underground, and on London Buses route 26 in Haggerston. A fifth bomber dumped his device without attempting to set it off.

Connecting lines and stations were closed and evacuated. Metropolitan Police later said the intention was to cause large-scale loss of life, but only the detonators of the bombs exploded, probably causing the popping sounds reported by witnesses, and only one minor injury was reported. The suspects fled the scenes after their bombs failed to explode.

On Friday, 22 July 2005, CCTV images of four suspects wanted in connection with the bombings were released. Two of the men shown in these images were identified by police on Monday, 25 July 2005 as Muktar Said Ibrahim and Yasin Hassan Omar. The resultant manhunt was described by the Metropolitan police commissioner Sir Ian Blair as "the greatest operational challenge ever faced" by the Met. During the manhunt, police misidentified Jean Charles de Menezes as one of the suspected bombers and shot and killed him.

By 29 July 2005, police had arrested all four of the main bombing suspects from the 21 July attempted bombings. Yasin Hassan Omar was arrested by police on 27 July, in Birmingham. On 29 July, two more suspects were arrested in London. A fourth suspect, Hussain Osman, was arrested in Rome, Italy, and later extradited to the UK. Police also arrested numerous other people in the course of their investigations.

On 9 July 2007, four defendants, Muktar Saáid Ibrahim, 29, Yasin Hassan Omar, 26, Ramzi Mohammed, 25, and Hussain Osman, 28, were found guilty of conspiracy to murder. The four attempted bombers were each sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum of 40 years' imprisonment.

Explosions on the underground

 * 12:26 BST – An explosion occurred on a train at Shepherd's Bush Market tube station on the Hammersmith & City line in West London.
 * 12:30 BST – An explosion occurred on a train at Oval Underground station on the Northern line.
 * 12:45 BST – An explosion occurred on a Victoria line train at Warren Street Underground station (through which the Northern line also runs).

In each case, only the detonator caps fired and the bombs themselves did not go off; this may have been due to the low quality hydrogen peroxide used in the devices, which had been obtained from a large number of easily available sources. The explosions were small—only about as powerful as a large firework—and no injuries were reported, although a person who suffered an asthma attack was counted as the incident's sole injury.

In response to the blasts, the stations were all evacuated and other stations including Archway in North London, Moorgate, St Paul's in the City and Green Park in the West End were also cleared. Many parts of the London Underground system including the Victoria line, Northern line, Hammersmith and City Line, Bakerloo line and Piccadilly line were suspended.

Some eyewitnesses reported a "strange smell", described by some as resembling burning rubber, emanating from the Underground stations. Some early reports seem to be suggesting that the smell preceded the bang by several minutes. It appears that people on a train smelt a strange odour, and realised something was wrong. They ran from one carriage to another while the train was still moving and then heard an explosion behind them.

Eyewitnesses at the scenes reported seeing men running away from the site of the explosions, and there were unconfirmed suggestions that one of the bombers had been injured.

Explosion on a double-decker bus

 * 13:30 BST – A small explosion occurred in Haggerston on the Number 26 bus travelling from Waterloo to Hackney Wick, on the London Borough of Hackney side of Hackney Road. There were no fatalities in the explosion.

The vehicle involved was Stagecoach London Dennis Trident 2 (17762, LX03 BUU), identical in type to the bus destroyed on 7/7, and based at the same depot; Stratford (SD).

Early suspicion of chemical attacks
It was reported that one of the 7 July suspects, Jamal (Germaine) Lindsay, had bought £900 worth of perfumes immediately before the bombings, possibly to disguise the acrid smell of the decomposing explosives. Some witnesses reported seeing a white powder: TATP is a white crystalline powder. An eyewitness mentioned that as one of the explosions occurred there was a "smell of vinegar" which could be attributed to combustion byproducts of the explosive TATP.

University College Hospital (UCH)
University College Hospital, near Warren Street, was cordoned off at 14:30 BST, reportedly by armed police. Eyewitnesses reported seeing three armed police officers entering the building.

Both CNN and The Times reported that the armed police at University College Hospital were pursuing a suspected bomber who fled into the building following a chase on foot down Tottenham Court Road. Witnesses reported shots being fired as the man led police on the chase from Warren Street Underground station. Police say the "gunshots" may have actually been detonators going off.

An internal memo at the hospital told employees to look for a tall man with wires protruding from his clothing. The memo reportedly described the suspect as "a black male, possibly of Asian origin, about 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) tall, wearing a blue top with wires protruding from the rear of the top." The BBC spoke to Prof Jim Ryan of UCH, who said he had not seen any such memo and dismissed the idea as "absolute rumour." A BBC reporter, however, said that he had been given a copy of an email sent to staff asking them to look for the suspect.

Later in the afternoon police said they had ended their armed operation at the hospital, but returned 30 minutes later. A Scotland Yard spokesman told the BBC: "We've got our armed deployment at UCH but we can't discuss it further." There were conflicting reports on whether the redeployment was related to the bombings. CNN reported that sources told them police had returned to conduct a manhunt inside the building, but police said the deployment was unrelated to the explosions.

The first arrests
At 15:30, around two hours after the explosions, a major security alert occurred in Whitehall outside the Ministry of Defence during which a man was arrested by armed police. The man was ordered to lie on the pavement before being handcuffed and arrested, about 20 metres (yards) from Downing Street. He was also ordered to open his jacket and shirt before being taken by the police, presumably to allow police to see any hidden explosives that may have been on his person. He did not appear to be carrying any bags, and did not seem to be wearing a belt, although it was very hard for the reporter to see. The BBC reported (and television coverage showed) that he was wearing a small black backpack which the police had him remove before undoing his shirt.

Two other people were also arrested: one in the Whitehall area, and one near Tottenham Court Road, according to the BBC. But all were later released without any charges being brought against them.

According to Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair, the two arrests in Whitehall were "totally unconnected" to the earlier explosions.

Other security alerts
A security alert was declared, mid-afternoon, at St Albans railway station, north of London. The station was closed and the surrounding area evacuated following the discovery of an unattended backpack. A number 37 bus (Putney to Peckham) was also cordoned off after a suspect package was discovered. These incidents are both believed to be bomb scares.

Death of Jean Charles de Menezes
Police shot and killed a Brazilian man, Jean Charles de Menezes, at Stockwell Underground station shortly after 10:00 on 22 July. Officers had pursued de Menezes from a location under surveillance, believing him to be one of the men wanted for the attacks of the previous day. They apparently believed de Menezes, who was claimed to be wearing a heavy jacket – later shown to be an ordinary denim jacket – was a possible suicide bomber.

Police later confirmed he was not related to the bombing incidents and issued an apology, saying that "For somebody to lose their life in such circumstances is a tragedy and one that the Metropolitan Police Service regrets."

Services on the Victoria line between Victoria and Brixton and on the Northern line between Kennington and Morden were suspended at the request of the police.

Security alerts
Sky and BBC News reported that the East London Mosque on Whitechapel Road in Whitechapel had been surrounded by armed police and that residents were told to stay indoors. The mosque was evacuated at about 10:30 and searched. However, police confirmed that it was a bomb scare and the all-clear was given after just over an hour.

Security alerts continued into the weekend, with major disruption to London's transport system.

A fifth bomb
On 23 July, a suspect package was found in bushes in Little Wormwood Scrubs, just north of White City and Shepherd's Bush. It was subjected to a controlled explosion and appears to have been a further bomb made to the same design as the others used on 21 July. This led to speculation that a fifth bomber might be at large. Scotland Yard stated that they were looking for more than just the four men caught on CCTV, and by 29 July five suspected bombers had been arrested.

Like other devices used on 21 July, the device was packed into a six-and-a-quarter-litre (1½ gallon) clear plastic food container with a white lid, manufactured by Delta of India, sold in about 100 outlets across the UK. The police made an appeal to retailers who may have sold five or more in the time period.

Investigation
It was immediately apparent that the explosions were the result of an attempted terrorist attack, but it was initially unclear whether the explosions were a serious attempt to repeat 7 July bombings or were merely a symbolic attack or hoax intended to cause panic rather than mass casualties. The explosives used by the bombers consisted of chapatti flour powder mixed with concentrated liquid hydrogen peroxide, to be detonated by a charge of TATP. This was a similar explosive mixture to that used by the bombers in the 7/7 bombings two weeks earlier, which had used concentrated hydrogen peroxide and pepper. It was later confirmed that substantial improvised explosive devices capable of causing significant numbers of casualties had in fact been involved, but had failed to explode. The explosions were caused by detonators which failed to detonate the main explosive charge. Police later disclosed that some of the devices used had survived the explosions and were available for forensic investigation.

In relation to the 7 July bombings
Both sets of bombings involved three Underground trains and a bus; in both cases, rucksacks were involved; and in both cases, the three Underground explosions were roughly simultaneous while the bus explosion was an hour later.

It was later reported that three of the four devices were of similar size and weight to those used on 7 July, with the fourth being housed in a smaller plastic box; all were said to have used the same type of explosive.

Claims of responsibility
Late Thursday night, a group calling itself the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade, after a nickname for one of Osama bin Laden's lieutenants who was killed in a 2001 airstrike in Afghanistan, posted a statement claiming responsibility for the attempted bombings. The group vowed that the terror would continue as long as Europe's soldiers were in Iraq. The group also claimed responsibility for the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the 2004 Madrid train bombings, and the 2003 North America blackout. Experts doubt the legitimacy of the group, as security experts have discredited the claims of the Madrid attack, and investigators have ruled out sabotage as a cause of the blackout. In its statement, the group cited Rome, Amsterdam and Copenhagen as future targets. However, the group has made threats in the past that it has failed to carry out. The group has also previously falsely claimed responsibility for events that were the result of technical problems, such as the 2003 London blackout and Northeast Blackout of 2003.

Suspects and later arrests
Several individuals were reported to have been arrested on 22 July in connection with the bombings, including one man in Stockwell—the area where the shooting incident took place—and another man at a Snow Hill railway station in the city of Birmingham who was soon released without charge. The former may be among the individuals seen running away from the scenes of the incidents who were caught on CCTV footage. Police released images of people they wished to question with regards to the attempted bombings captured from London transport CCTV cameras.

On 25 July, two of the suspects were named by police as Yasin Hassan Omar and Muktar Said Ibrahim (also known as Muktar Mohammed Said). Yasin Hassan Omar is suspected of trying to detonate the device at Warren Street tube station and Muktar Said Ibrahim is suspected of trying to detonate the device on the bus. The Home Office has stated that both men have legally been residents for at least ten years.

On Wednesday 27 July, police arrested Omar in Birmingham. A suspect package was found in the course of his arrest. Three further arrests were also made in Birmingham. This raid was raised because the caretaker of the area found around 10 large bottles of hair dye, which can be used in explosives, and he was suspicious so called a low level police contact.

Major police raids occurred in west London on 29 July. It has been reported that a further two of the pictured suspects, Muktar Said Ibrahim and Ramzi Mohammed, were arrested in the course of these raids, while the Shepherd's Bush suspect – Hussain Osman – was arrested in Rome that day. The raids were supported by United Kingdom Special Forces. The men arrested in London were apparently the suspects wanted in connection with the Oval tube and bus bombing attempts, and the man arrested in Rome is the Shepherd's Bush suspect. A European Arrest Warrant for Hussain Osman was issued by the Metropolitan Police, and he was extradited to the UK where he was charged on 8 December 2005. In addition the suspected fifth bomber Whabi Mohammad, 22, the brother of Ramzi Mohammad, was also under arrest by 28 July.

Charges
On 7 August 2005, Yasin Hassan Omar, Muktar Said Ibrahim, and Ramzi Mohammed were charged with attempting to murder passengers and being in possession of an explosive substance. Along with a fourth man, Manfo Kwaku Asiedu, they were also charged with conspiring to murder passengers. (See the article on Hussain Osman for the charges laid against him on 8 December 2005 and other information.)

On 26 February 2008, a Tanzanian-born Muslim man who dubbed himself "Osama bin London" was found guilty of encouraging his followers to murder non-believers and of running violent Islamist training camps in Britain. Mohammed Hamid, 50, who came to England when he was five, was convicted along with three followers – Kibley da Costa, 25, Mohammed al-Figari, 45, and Kader Ahmed, 20 – whom the jury found guilty of attending the training camps. A fifth suspect, Atilla Ahmet, 43, who once boasted of being Al Qaeda's top figure in Europe, admitted three charges of soliciting murder at the start of the complex four-month trial at Woolwich Crown Court. The trial was closely watched in Britain as Hamid was accused of providing the inspiration for the men who tried to carry out suicide bombings on London's transport system on 21 July 2005.

Trial
Muktar Said Ibrahim, Manfo Kwaku Asiedu, Hussein Osman, Yasin Hassan Omar, Ramzi Mohammed and Adel Yahya began trial in relation to the attacks of 21 July 2005 at Woolwich Crown Court on 15 January 2007. The case was anticipated to last for 'up to four months,' but in fact the jury only retired to consider the verdict on 28 June 5½ months later.

On 9 July 2007, the jury found Muktar Said Ibrahim, Yasin Hassan Omar, Ramzi Mohammed, and Hussain Osman guilty of conspiracy to murder. In November 2007, Manfo Kwaku Asiedu admitted conspiracy to cause explosions while a charge of conspiracy to murder was dropped. Adel Yahya pleaded guilty to a lesser charge.

Appeals
In April 2008 the Court of Appeal judges dismissed a challenge by Ibrahim, Omar, Mohammed and Osman to their convictions.

In December 2014 an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights lodged in 2008 by Ibrahim, Omar and Mohammed claiming that their rights were breached in the 'safety interviews' after their arrests was rejected.

House raids
In the afternoon of 22 July, house raids were conducted on Harrow Road in West London (approximately a mile from Paddington railway station). The road was cordoned off by armed police and some eyewitnesses reported seeing a bomb-disabling robot.

On 25 July police announced that they had raided a property in north London. The property was a council flat in Curtis House, Ladderswood Way, New Southgate in which Yasin Hassan Omar had been living since 1999. No arrests were made in the raid although two men have been arrested in the area. Later reports suggested that explosives may have been found at the raided address.

The BBC has a summary of raids to date.

Major raids were carried out by the police on 29 July in the Notting Hill and North Kensington areas of West London. Three people were arrested during these raids, including two of the suspects who were thought to have carried out the failed bombing attempt. (see Wikinews article).

Seized vehicles
On 26 July it was reported that police had seized a vehicle abandoned in East Finchley, north London. The BBC reported that the vehicle was a white VW Golf which was not owned by any of the suspects but which was thought to have been used by them.

Individuals charged or held by police
As of 8 August 2005 the following people had been charged in relation to 21 July or 7 July bombing attempts:
 * Charged with association with the aim of international terrorism and with possessing false documents in Italy:
 * Hussain Osman, found guilty at Woolwich Crown Court of conspiracy to murder and sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum of 40 years in prison.
 * Charged with association with the aim of international terrorism:
 * Yasin Hassan Omar, arrested 27 July in Birmingham, charged 7 August, found guilty of conspiracy to murder 9 July 2007.
 * Ramzi Mohammed, charged 7 August, found guilty of conspiracy to murder 9 July 2007.
 * Muktar Said Ibrahim, charged 7 August, found guilty of conspiracy to murder 9 July 2007.
 * Charged with conspiracy to murder and conspiracy to cause explosions likely to endanger life or cause serious injury:
 * Manfo Kwaku Asiedu, charged 7 August, remanded in custody until 14 November.
 * Charged with failing to disclose information that may help police investigating an act of terrorism:
 * Siraj Yassin Abdullah Ali, remanded in custody until 11 August.
 * Shadi Sami Abdel Gadir, remanded in custody until 11 August.
 * Omar Nagmeloin Almagboul, remanded in custody until 11 August.
 * Mohamed Kabashi, remanded in custody until 11 August.
 * Yeshshiemebet Girma, remanded in custody until 11 August.
 * Muluemebet Girma, remanded in custody until 11 August.
 * Charged with failing to disclose information about suspected Shepherd's Bush bomber Hussain Osman:
 * Ismael Abdurahman, remanded in custody until 11 August.
 * Charged with assisting a person or persons in evading arrest:
 * Asias Girma, remanded in custody until 11 August.
 * Whabi Mohammed, remanded in custody until 11 August.

As of 8 August, the following individuals were being held by police in relation to 21 July or 7 July bombing attempts:
 * One of two men, arrested 1 August in raids on addresses in Clapham and Stockwell, South London
 * A woman, arrested 3 August in Stockwell

As of 8 August, the following individuals had been released from custody after being held by police in relation to 21 July or 7 July bombing attempts:
 * Two men, arrested 22 July in Stockwell, South London
 * A man, arrested 23 July in Tulse Hill, South London
 * A man, arrested 24 July near Curtis House, in New Southgate in North London and rearrested on 6 August, bailed to return in September
 * A man, arrested 25 July, again near Curtis House
 * three men, arrested 27 July in Washwood Heath, Birmingham
 * one woman, arrested 27 July in Stockwell on suspicion of harbouring offenders, bailed to return in September
 * nine people, arrested 28 July in Tooting, South London
 * three people, arrested 29 July in Notting Hill and North Kensington
 * two women, arrested 29 July in Liverpool Street station
 * three men and a woman, arrested 31 July in Brighton
 * a man arrested 2 August in Finchley, north London

Sentences

 * Muktar Said Ibrahim, Ramzi Mohammed, Hussain Osman, Yasin Hassan Omar: life sentences in prison, to serve a minimum of 40 years.
 * Manfo Kwaku Asiedu: 33 years in prison.
 * Adel Yahya: Six years nine months in prison.
 * Wahbi Mohammed, Abdul Sherif, Siraj Ali, Muhedin Ali, Ismail Abdurahman: Between seven and 17 years in prison
 * Yeshi Girma (Hussain Osman's wife): 15 years in prison
 * Esayas Girma (Yeshi's brother) and Mulu Girma (Yeshi's sister): 10 years in prison
 * Mohamed Kabashi (Mulu's boyfriend): 10 years in prison
 * Fardosa Abdullahi (Yasin Hassan Omar's fiancée): three years in prison.

Objectives and Iraq connection
During the initial investigation in Rome, Hussain said he was motivated to participate in the attacks after viewing videos of war-torn Iraq. "I am against war," Osman said "I've marched in peace rallies and nobody listened to me. I never thought of killing people." He claimed that the bombs were never meant to detonate or kill anybody, only to draw attention to the Iraq war.

Other news sources reported that the bombers watched videos of women and children killed in Iraq by British and American troops before embarking on their mission. Some quoted him as saying "Muktar showed us some DVDs with images of the war in Iraq, especially women and children killed by American and British soldiers," Hussain said, adding that they were not to talk about these videos with others.

"There was a feeling of hatred and conviction that it was necessary to give signal—to do something." Hussain denied links with either the Al-Qaeda or the 7 July bombers.

Manfo Kwaku Asiedu
Manfo Kwaku Asiedu (مانفو كواكو أسيدو) is a Ghanaian-born man who was convicted for his role in the bombings. Some sources suggest the drifter's real name is George Nanak Marquaye, as that was the name on the passport which he used when entering the country, or Sumaila Abubakari.

He was raised in Ghana and educated to the equivalent of A-level standard. He entered Britain on a flight from Ghana in late 2003.

He was charged on 7 August 2005, with conspiracy to murder and conspiring to cause an explosion. After an unexploded bomb was found in Little Wormwood Scrubs park, Asiedu turned himself in to police. During the trial, he testified against the other five defendants. The jury was unable to reach a verdict on the charge of conspiracy to murder, but rather than face a retrial, Asiedu agreed to plead guilty on the lesser charge of conspiracy to cause an explosion. On 20 November 2007, he was sentenced to jail for 33 years and the judge also recommended that Asiedu be deported back to Ghana upon release.

At 32, Asiedu was the oldest of those suspected, and was said to have no permanent address at the time of the alleged crime.

There was initial confusion that Manfo was the son of Ghana's Deputy Inspector-General of Police, K.K. Asiedu, but his son was later tracked down and absolved.

He is held at Belmarsh prison, and his first court appearance was 8 August 2005. He speaks the Twi language of Ghana and requires an interpreter in court.

Immediate response
Prime Minister Tony Blair, Home Secretary Charles Clarke, and other ministers and key officials from government and the emergency services attended a meeting in COBR. Blair interrupted a meeting with Prime Minister of Australia John Howard to attend a COBR meeting, although he and Howard later gave a joint news conference in response to the attacks on both the London Underground and Haggerston (Howard was also in Washington, D.C., at the time of the 11 September 2001 attacks.) Whitehall, the main artery serving the governmental district, was initially sealed off and evacuated, but was reopened at 14:45. It was subsequently closed again around 15:25 following an arrest and a bomb scare, both of which were fairly quickly resolved.

Sir Ian Blair, the Met police chief, described the incident as "serious" but said that there were "fewer injuries", caused by bombs that appeared to be "much smaller than those used on 7 July".

The police advised people to stay where they were and not travel unless absolutely necessary. However, people living within a 300-metre radius of the bomb sites were evacuated, due to worries about chemical agents being used. By about 16:00, however, Sir Ian Blair described the situation as "firmly under control" and urged London "to get ... moving again".

According to the Evening Standard, stranded commuters and evacuated locals in Shepherd's Bush held an impromptu street party during the evening of 21 July, in the vicinity of the crime scene, which lasted until the early morning. Music was provided by a peace activism group, and several photographs of this appeared in London's local press the following day.

International reaction
Australian Prime Minister John Howard condemned the attack, and stated that Australia stood by Britain and that people should "beware the minds of terrorists" during a press conference with Tony Blair.

The United States Department of State informed President George W. Bush of the attacks and The Pentagon raised its security level in response to the incidents in London. In addition, New York City Police Commissioner, Raymond Kelly announced that they would begin randomly searching backpacks on the New York City Subway system, though they have said that this move had been under consideration before the events in London.

China Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Jianchao has said that "China thoughts are with the peoples of London" by this tragedy and once again "condemned" any terrorist attacks targeted at civilians.

News articles

 * London bomb suspect 'had come in contact with police three times'; The Independent
 * BBC: 21 July plot suspects: Charges in full (8 August 2005)
 * Sky: Group claim responsibility for bombings
 * Guardian: Alert after explosions in London
 * BBC News, Tube cleared after minor blasts
 * CNN news story
 * FOX News: London Official Confirms Subway Blasts

Statements and announcements

 * Statement by Prime Minister Tony Blair with Prime Minister John Howard
 * Metropolitan Police request for witness information
 * Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair Statement

title: 21 July 2005 London bombings


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Utility model

A utility model is a patent-like intellectual property right to protect inventions. This type of right is available in many countries but, notably, not in the United States, United Kingdom or Canada. Although a utility model is similar to a patent, it is generally cheaper to obtain and maintain, has a shorter term (generally 6 to 15 years), shorter grant lag, and less stringent patentability requirements. In some countries, it is only available for inventions in certain fields of technology and/or only for products. Utility models can be described as second-class patents.

While no international convention requires countries to protect utility models (unlike copyright, trade marks or patents) and they are not subject to the TRIPS agreement, they are subject to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, which means that countries that do protect utility models are required to comply with rules such as national treatment and priority. Utility models are also available (in countries that have a utility model system) via the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) system of international patent applications.

Kind codes for utility models begin with U, Y, and Z for the first, second, and third levels of publication, respectively.

Definition and terminology
A utility model is a statutory exclusive right granted for a limited period of time (the so-called "term") in exchange for an inventor providing sufficient teaching of his or her invention to permit a person of ordinary skill in the relevant art to perform the invention. The rights conferred by utility model laws are similar to those granted by patent laws, but are more suited to what may be considered as "incremental inventions". Specifically, a utility model is a "right to prevent others, for a limited period of time, from commercially using a protected invention without the authorization of the right holder(s)."

Terms such as "petty patent", "innovation patent", “short-term patents”, "minor patent", and "small patent" are generally considered to fall within the definition of "utility model". The German and Austrian utility model is called the "Gebrauchsmuster", which influenced some other countries such as Japan.

Requirements for grant
Most countries having utility model laws require that the invention be new. However, many patent or utility model offices do not conduct substantive examination and merely grant the utility model after checking that utility model applications comply with formalities. This is why for a utility model the granting process is sometimes called simply registration of the utility model. Furthermore, some countries exclude particular subject-matter from utility model protection. For example, in some countries, methods (i.e., processes), chemical substances, plants and animals are barred from utility model protection.

Australia
The law in Australia provided for the grant of a utility model known, between 2001 and 2021 when it was phased out, as an innovation patent. From 1979 to 2001, a similar regime existed under the name "petty patent". For an innovation patent to be valid the invention claimed must be novel and involve an innovative step. An invention will lack novelty if it has already been disclosed to the public through prior publication or prior use anywhere in the world. Publication within a "grace period" of 12 months prior to the filing date of an innovation patent with the consent of the applicant is not considered to form part of the prior art for the assessment of novelty. The innovative step requirement is supposedly a lesser requirement than the inventive step required for a standard patent under Australian law. An invention will involve an innovative step if there are differences between the invention and the prior art, that make a substantial contribution to the working of the invention.

An innovation patent is granted automatically after a formalities check without substantive examination, however, infringement proceedings cannot be instituted unless and until the innovation patent has been certified, which requires a substantive examination. Examination cannot proceed until the innovation patent has been granted. Innovation patents have a maximum term of eight years subject to payment of annual renewal fees payable from the second anniversary of the date of filing. Innovation patents are available to persons outside Australia, but an Australian address for service must be provided. Innovation patent specifications must be prepared by a registered patent attorney unless the application proceeds as a Convention application or as a divisional application. Innovation patent applications cannot proceed as national phase of an international patent application (see Patent Cooperation Treaty), but can proceed as a divisional application from an international patent application that is open to public inspection.

European Union
In 1997, the European Commission proposed the harmonisation of utility model laws across all EU countries. In 1999, the proposal was updated. No agreement could be reached, and in 2006 the proposal was withdrawn.

Germany
In Germany, a utility model is considered to be new if it does not form part of the state of the art. The state of the art comprises any knowledge made available to the public by means of a written description or by use within Germany before the date relevant for the priority of the application. Description or use within the six months preceding the date relevant for the priority of the application shall not be taken into consideration if it is based on the conception of the applicant or his predecessor in title.

Italy
In Italy, a utility model (in Italian: 'Modello d'utilità') is considered to be new if it does not form part of the state of the art. The state of the art comprises any knowledge made available to the public by means of a written or oral disclosure, anywhere in the World, before the filing date of the application or the priority date (if claimed). The utility model must also involve an inventive step, i.e. machines, devices or items which are claimed in the utility models must be more effective and/or easier to use than the ones according to prior art. Utility models cannot claim processes or methods. At the time of filing the application a filing fee is due which also covers the maintenance for years 1 to 4. No claim fee is provided. The Italian Patent and Trademark Office (UIBM) does not perform substantive examination of the application in order to assess novelty and inventive step of what is claimed; the examination is limited to formal requirements only. Publication occurs at 18 months from the filing date or the oldest priority date, if any; at the time of filing the application the applicant may request advance publication, which normally occurs within 90 days. In any case only bibliographic data are published after 1 month from the filing. Grant generally occurs within 2 years. The validity of an Italian utility model is ascertained by the Judge and his/her technical expert, during litigation. At the end of the fourth year from the filing of the application, a maintenance fee for the years 5 to 10 falls due. Foreign companies/residents must indicate an address of service in Italy, that may correspond to the domicile of a lawyer or, as always occurs, a chartered patent attorney.

Japan
In Japan, a utility model is considered to be new if it has not been made available to the public by means of a written description or by use before the date relevant for the priority of the application (same as for patents). Japanese utility models are not subject to substantive examination, but the owner must request one or more "reports on technical opinion" before instituting infringement proceedings.

Russian Federation
Unlike patent claims, which can be issued in Russia on processes and compositions-of-matter, Russian utility model claims are limited to devices only. Other requirements include novelty and industrial applicability. Noteworthy, although in assessing novelty any printed material anywhere in the world constitutes prior art for both utility models and patents, public use outside of Russia is considered as prior art only for patents, but not for utility models.

Unlike in most other coutries, having a patent and a utility model for the same invention is not allowed in Russia. However, it is possible to have a Russian utility model and a Eurasian patent for the same invention. The main advantage of a utility model in Russia is a very short prosecution time (usually, no more than 6 moths) and a low cost. The duration of a utility model is 10 years from the priority date, and this term cannot be extended (since 2014).

During an infringement litigation in Russia, the doctrine of equivalence can be used with patents, but not with utility models. Also, it is not possible to convert an issued patent into a utility model to avoid the revocation of the patent in the post-issuance proceedings before Rospatent or courts, although the law to correct this situation has been considered by the Duma.

Spain
In Spain, (modelo de utilidad), when assessing inventive step, it is evaluated whether the invention is not “very obvious” to the person skilled in the art. In contrast, for patents, that requirement is defined as "obvious", which means that it is softer for utility models due to the introduction of the term "very". In relation to sufficiency of disclosure and absolute novelty, the same standard is applied as for patents.

Recent changes in Spanish patent law have opened the door to protect more types of inventions. The exclusions from the scope of protection of utility models are processes, inventions aimed at biological matter, and pharmaceutical substances and compositions intended for use as a medicament in human or veterinary medicine.

Availability and names
Utility model applications may be prepared and filed at local patent offices in countries where utility model protection is available.

The table below is a list of countries having utility model protection under various names as at March 2008.

(†) The members of ARIPO (Lusaka Agreement) are: Botswana, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. (*) The Dutch short-term patent is no longer granted since June 5, 2008. (+) A Malaysian Utility Innovation cannot be filed directly from a PCT, but it can be interconverted from a national phase patent application. (‡) The members of OAPI are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Togo. (°) No longer possible for PCT-derived applications, with effect from 28/12/2018 [art 46(2) of Minister Regulation No. 38 year 2018], including any pending patent applications at that date.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Utility model


text:
Jeremy Beck

Jeremy Beck (born 1960) is an American composer who "knows the importance of embracing the past while also going his own way." The critic Mark Sebastian Jordan has said that "Beck was committed to tonality and a recognizable musical vernacular long before that became the hip bandwagon it is today. Indeed, [he is] ... an original voice celebrating music."

Early life
Jeremy Joseph Beck was born January 15, 1960, in Painesville, Ohio. His father, Albert William Beck (b. April 4, 1931, in Scranton, Pennsylvania; d. May 16, 2018 in Quincy, Illinois), known as "Al", was a visual artist and poet who taught for many years at Culver-Stockton College in Canton, Missouri. His mother, Mila Katrine Aho (b. June 24, 1935, Painesville, Ohio; d. March 26, 2018 in Memphis, Tennessee), known as "Katrine", was a pianist and organist who taught music privately. Beck's parents married in 1958, but not without some controversy: the Beck family was Jewish and the Aho family was Lutheran. Albert's parents agreed to support the wedding as long as the Ahos knew they were Jewish. Katrine's parents agreed to support the wedding only if Katrine's father – Gustav Axel Aho, also known as "G.A. Aho", a Lutheran minister – performed the ceremony in his own church. Under those conditions, the nuptials took place. The family lived briefly in and around Cleveland, Ohio, before moving to Kansas City for a year, 1967–68, where Al served as dean of students at the Kansas City Art Institute. The family then settled in Quincy, Illinois. Beck's parents were divorced in 1977.

Beck's earliest musical studies were with his mother; he then began playing the cello in the 4th grade in Quincy. While in high school, Beck studied music composition and theory privately with Thom Ritter George, an Eastman graduate and conductor of the Quincy Symphony Orchestra. Following his graduation from high school in 1978, Beck moved to New York City, earning a B.S. in Composition from the Mannes College of Music where he studied with David Loeb. He later earned a master's degree in composition from Duke University where he studied with Stephen Jaffe and Thomas Oboe Lee. Following his studies at Duke, Beck completed a second master's degree and a doctoral degree in composition at the Yale School of Music, studying with Jacob Druckman, Martin Bresnick, Lukas Foss, and Allen Forte.

Working life
After graduating from Yale, Beck taught music composition and theory at the University of Northern Iowa, earning tenured there in 1998. Beck took a leave of absence from UNI to teach for a year at Chatham College in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. However, instead of returning to Iowa, in 1999, Beck accepted a position as an associate professor of music composition and theory at California State University, Fullerton, where he also earned tenure, in 2002. During his teaching years, Beck was invited to teach and lecture on American music, music theory, and composition around the world, including in St. Petersburg, Russia, and Ghana.

In 2002, Beck accepted a short-term teaching position at the University of Louisville. Following a change in the administration and the loss of his position, Beck decided to pursue a J.D. degree, graduating from the university's Brandeis School of Law in 2007. In addition to his continuing work in composition, now Beck is also a practicing attorney in Louisville, Kentucky. He blends his music background into his entertainment law practice, with an emphasis on copyright, trademark, and contracts.

by moonlight
Beck has released six CDs of his music on the innova label. About Beck's most recent release, the music critic Jonathan Woolf declared that Beck "...fashion[s] convincing music from traditional ways and means that sounds alive and relevant. ... [by moonlight] also shows his positive and tonal approach to composition, one that is happily devoid of arid technical or doctrinaire investigations." Another review declared that Beck's compositions are "Luminous, expressive, and refined [and that these] are some of the words that come to mind as the album's tonal pieces play, "by moonlight" deftly showing Beck cultivating an individual voice while operating within a tradition."

String Quartets
The critic Donald Rosenberg describes the music on Beck's CD, String Quartets (2013), as "forceful and expressive … concise in structure and generous in tonal language, savouring both the dramatic and the poetic," while Joshua Kosman of the San Francisco Chronicle states Beck's music is "appealing and skillfully crafted … [with] lush tonal harmonies." Kosman further observes that "novelty isn't the only thing music can provide, and the moody expressiveness of Beck's writing is its own reward."

IonSound Project
Beck's 2011 CD, IonSound Project, features the ensemble-in-residence at the University of Pittsburgh. His music on this recording has been described as "uplifting, buoyant and ... emotional and sensitive to both the performer and the listener." In addition, critic Andrew Sigler finds Beck's music "rhythmically intricate, and makes nods to the past while sitting squarely in the present. … Though architecturally rigorous, Beck writes clearly and without pretense[.]"

Never Final, Never Gone
Beck's third innova CD, Never Final, Never Gone (2008), features a variety of chamber and vocal music.

pause and feel and hark
His second CD, pause and feel and hark, released in May 2006, includes Black Water, a monodrama based on the novel by Joyce Carol Oates. Black Water received its Australian concert premiere at the 2012 Adelaide Fringe Festival. The stage premiere of this monodrama was produced by the Center for Contemporary Opera at Symphony Space on April 29, 2016, in New York City.

Wave
In 2004, Wave – a Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra CD devoted to Beck's music – was released on the Innova label. This recording includes his four-movement Sinfonietta for string orchestra, "a harmonically inventive, thoroughly engaging work." The disc also includes his operatic soliloquy, Death of a Little Girl With Doves, for soprano and orchestra. This "deeply attractive" composition is based on the life and letters of the sculptor Camille Claudel. The recording of this major work was heralded for its "imperious melodic confidence, fluent emotional command and yielding tenderness."

Opera
Beck's short comic opera, Review, with a libretto by Patricia Marx, was one of three finalists in the 2010 National Opera Association's New Chamber Opera Competition. It was performed by Oberlin Opera Theater in February, 2014, and twice by Peabody Opera: in October, 2011 in Baltimore, and in Richmond, Virginia, at the College Music Society's annual convention. Review was previously included in the 2009 Opera America and Houston Grand Opera New Works Sampler. Following that successful showcase, Review was then produced by the Moores Opera Center at the University of Houston and later was given its New York premiere by the Center for Contemporary Opera.

Beck's opera The Biddle Boys and Mrs. Soffel was named by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette as one of the Top Ten Cultural Events in Pittsburgh for the year 2001.

With a libretto by the composer based on a novel by Joyce Carol Oates, his monodrama Black Water received its stage premiere on April 29, 2016. Produced by the Center for Contemporary Opera, the sold-out production at Symphony Space's Thalia Theater in New York City featured Laura Bohn, soprano, and Isabella Dawis, piano, with music direction by Lidiya Yankovskaya and stage direction by Eugenia Arsenis.

Awards
Beck has earned awards, grants and honors from the American Composers Orchestra, California Arts Council, the Los Angeles Chapter of the American Composers Forum, Kentucky Arts Council, Millay Colony for the Arts, Wellesley Composers Conference, Oregon Bach Festival, and the Iowa Arts Council. In 2021, he was one of four first-place prize winners in The King's Singers New Music Prize competition.

title: Jeremy Beck


text:
User talk:Unabhängiger Wikipedianer~enwiki

Thank you very much, i am grateful for any help and advice. -- Unabhängiger Wikipedianer 13:56, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Helen Vollam

Helen Vollam (born 7 June 1974) is Principal Trombone for the BBC Symphony Orchestra. In 2004, she was the first woman to be appointed principal trombone in a London orchestra, and the first in a UK orchestra since Maisie Ringham of the Hallé Orchestra in the last century. She joined the trombone quartet, Bones Apart, in 2007, and is also an Associate member of the Chamber Orchestra of Europe.

title: Helen Vollam


text:
User talk:3 Löwi

Finnish level 4
Since there are now 4 levels of many languages (plus native), you may wish to upgrade your fi-3 to fi-4 (which I just created), if you feel it is the right thing to do. I contacted you because you were the only other person in category fi-3. --Janke | Talk 23:42, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

way to go
Tervist, lugesin läbi mõned Teie kommentaarid ja olin ausalt öeldes üllatunud nende sügavusest ja autori heast stiilist. Way to go :=))

== Hi! Can you please read up on Help:Renaming (moving) a page before attempting to move pages in the future? Cheers. -- Francs2000 22:50, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Naissaare nimetuses on ikkagi "Nõukogude" (mis on ka loogiline - olemata seejuures muidugi Nõuk. liiduvabariik) - webilehekülje tegija on nähtavasti kirjutanud mälu järgi "Sotsialistlik" ja eksinud. Revolutsioon rullus Eestist Venemaale mitte vastupidi: algas Tallinnas 5. nov., seejärel Piiteris 7. nov. PS. Petrichenko oli anarhosündikalist, st. bolševismivastane. Tervitades, --Tuulispask 12:57, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Recent trivia

 * Hi 3 Löwi, are you the 85.87.106.68 IP who has also undone my revert on Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic? -Vipz (talk) 12:08, 3 February 2023 (UTC)
 * @Vipz Interesting, I have also been been reverted by seemingly magically appearing IP's when reverting this editor before. TylerBurden (talk) 23:25, 23 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Their edit summaries are almost identical:. Yet it continues. Mellk (talk) 21:41, 28 February 2023 (UTC)
 * @TylerBurden and Vipz, you are not the only ones, see . 3 Löwi, please address these issues. Shellwood (talk) 15:21, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

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Introduction to contentious topics
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April 2023
Is this an account you made? Mellk (talk) 13:40, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * No.3 Löwi (talk) 18:18, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

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title: User talk:3 Löwi


text:
Cudworth, Somerset

Cudworth is a village and parish in Somerset, England, situated 5 mi north east of Chard in the South Somerset district. The village has a population of 69.

History
The parish of Cudworth was part of the South Petherton Hundred.

The manor was held, around 1187, by Alan de Furneaux who gave the church and 30 acre of land to Wells Cathedral to found the Cudworth prebend. The Speke family had the lordship from 1431 to 1791 when it was bought by the Pouletts of Hinton St George.

300 m east of Knight House Farm are earthworks showing the site of houses, tracks and farming from a medieval settlement.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Chard Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Yeovil county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, and was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Religious sites
The Anglican parish Church of St Michael has 12th-century origins, with the north doorway and one small window of that period remaining. The nave and chancel are from the 13th century. The Old Prebendal House was built as a vicarage in the 17th century.

title: Cudworth, Somerset


text:
African Independence Party – Renewal

African Independence Party (in French: Parti Africain de l'Indépendance) is a political party in Senegal, which was led by Majhmoud Diop.

At the 1972 congress of the original African Independence Party in Senegal, the former general secretary, Majhmoud Diop, was expelled. In 1976, in the context of rapprochement from the side of the government, Diop was welcomed to return from exile. Rapidly he gathered his followers and formed a 'Provisional Committee for Renewal of PAI'. Amongst his aides were Baba Ndiaye and Bara Goudiaby. Effectively this group started function as a separate party, calling itself PAI. Generally it became known as PAI-Rénovation (Renewal), distinguishing it from the original PAI (which was called PAI-Sénégal).

Background
In an attempt to move away from the one-party system, the National Assembly of Senegal adopted a law on July 9, 1975, which would give way to a three party system. The law identified that three distinct ideological tendencies would be represented in the political life of the country: liberal and democratic, socialist and democratic and Marxist-Leninist. The governing UPS was accorded the role as the Social Democratic party and the main opposition PDS was legalized to take the role as the liberal democratic party.

On August 14, 1976, PAI-Rénovation was registered as a legal political party under the name 'PAI'. It was recognized to take the role of the legal left in the three party system. (PAI-Sénégal was later (in 1981, after the abolition of the three party system) registered as Party of Independence and Work (PIT).)

In the 1978 elections PAI of Diop came third with 3734 votes (0.3% of the total vote).

In 1979 PAI of Diop was joined by a tendency of LD led by Moussa Kane.

PAI publishes the party newspaper Momsarev.

title: African Independence Party – Renewal