text:
WLIR-FM

WLIR-FM (107.1 FM, Talkradio 107.1) is a radio station licensed to Hampton Bays, New York, and serving eastern Long Island. The station's studios and offices are located on Third Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, with additional offices on Long Island in Bay Shore, and transmitting facilities located in Northampton in Suffolk County. The station is owned by businessman John Catsimatidis through his Red Apple Media company.

History
The station went on the air on November 14, 1980, as WWHB under the moniker "The New 107 FM WWHB", with an adult contemporary music format. In 1984, Eddie Simon along with his brother, singer Paul Simon, purchased the station. Its format then shifted to a Top 40/CHR format as "Laser Hot HB107". On September 1, 1990, WWHB began simulcasting AOR station WNEW-FM from New York City.

Country and Spanish quadcasts (1996–2003)
On December 7, 1996, the station became part of the Big City Radio trimulcast (and eventual quadcast) with other 107.1 stations in Briarcliff Manor, New York and northern New Jersey and later, the Lehigh Valley/Allentown, Pennsylvania area. WWHB and the other two multicast stations switched formats to country as "Y-107". The call sign was changed to WWVY on May 16, 1997, then to WWXY on March 22, 1999 (after 107.1 FM in Briarcliff Manor, New York changed from WWXY to WYNY). On May 9, 2002, after a day of stunting with construction noises, the quadcast adopted a Tropical music format branded "Rumba 107". The format was ill-suited to the quadcast suburban signals, and at the end of the year, Big City Radio filed for bankruptcy and sold the quadcast to Nassau Broadcasting, who broke up the quadcast and sold the individual stations.

Modern rock, ESPN, and Christian (2003–2011)
Jarad Broadcasting picked up WWXY in April 2003. 107.1 FM initially simulcasted WLIR (92.7 FM) from Garden City, New York, but in January 2004, 92.7 FM was purchased by Univision and flipped to Spanish language "Latino Mix" WZAA, simulcasting WCAA. 107.1 FM then became a fully transplanted WLIR, taking on a modern rock format and the WLIR-FM call sign, turning into "THE BOX". This format lasted until September 2005, when a smooth jazz/chill music format called "NeoBreeze" was adopted. This format was a failure, and the modern rock format returned in December 2005. In January 2008, the music ended and WLIR began simulcasting WEPN (ESPN Radio, 1050 AM) in a local marketing agreement. WLIR was sold to Livingstone in 2011 and flipped to a Christian format branded as "Hope Radio".

Christian and sports flips (2011–2017)
On August 5, 2013, Livingstone Broadcasting shifted the "Hope Radio" Christian format to WBLI-HD2 along with translators 94.9 W235BB Hauppauge, New York; 96.5 W243BF Shirley, New York; 101.5 W268AN Plainview, New York and 104.5 W283BA Selden, New York. WLIR-FM dropped the Christian format and became "Champions Radio" touted as "Long Island's First & Only Sports Radio Station". WLIR-FM was broadcast on 107.1 and 96.9 W245BA in Suffolk County, New York. The format was short lived.

On February 24, 2014, WLIR-FM dropped all sports programming and reverted to Christian formatted "Hope Radio".

On August 1, 2014, Pillar of Fire began a lease of WLIR-FM. WAWZ-FM, Zarephath, New Jersey (STAR 99.1) was broadcast on WLIR-FM as well as its translators as "STAR 107.1". The lease ended in April 2015 and WLIR-FM reverted to Christian formatted "Hope Radio".

On July 1, 2017, the station was sold to VMT Media Inc. and continued to air the "Hope Radio" format.

Real-FM (2018–2020)
On January 1, 2018, the station dropped "Hope Radio" and began broadcasting an unbranded mix of oldies and classic rock music as a transitional format, simulcasting on 96.9 W245BA. On April 20, 2018, the station officially re-launched as classic hits "Real-FM".

WABC simulcast (2020–present)
On July 1, 2020, Red Apple Media – owner of WABC in New York City – began operating the station through a local marketing agreement, and converted it to a near-simulcast of WABC's talk programming. An exception to the simulcast is a local morning program hosted by Frank Morano, which replaces Brian Kilmeade (as it is already cleared by competitor WRCN-FM). A week later, Red Apple Media announced its intent to acquire the station outright, and that Morano would also join WABC's main lineup on weekday overnights and Sunday nights.

title: WLIR-FM


text:
Sheila Dunn

Sheila Mary Dunn (11 April 1940 – 3 March 2004) was an actress who worked both on television and in the theatre. She also performed under her married name, Sheila Camfield.

Her father was Bill Dunn, a former ICI chairman who invented the bullet-proof engine for the Spitfire.

She appeared in two editions of The Wednesday Play in the early part of her career. In 1965 she married director Douglas Camfield, after which she appeared in a number of drama series and serials directed by him, including Shoestring, Target, and three Doctor Who serials: The Daleks' Master Plan (1965), The Invasion (1968) and Inferno (1970).

She also appeared in episodes of Z-Cars, The Bill and Kessler.

Her most prolific role in the latter stages of her career was in the Harry Hill TV series in which she played Harry's mother.

For over 25 years she worked and performed for The Richmond Shakespeare Society, including in the box office and behind the bar, as well as on stage.

She died peacefully at her home in Twickenham on 3 March 2004. Her funeral was held on 15 March at Mortlake Crematorium, with a celebration of her life held afterwards at the Mary Wallace Theatre.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sheila Dunn


text:
Talk:Dean drive

Testing
It might be nice to add a few words saying that most alleged reactionless drives employing rotating unbalanced weights seem to work when placed on a surface, or hung on a rope, because they can scoot themselves along by "slip and stick friction," employing the fact that the coefficient of stationary friction is greater than the coefficient of sliding friction. When you hang such devices from a ballistic pendulum, where they can't get any traction, they show no net acceleration in any particular direction.

There is newfound interest in reactionless drives based on observations that either Mach's Principle or rotating superconductors may permit shielding of inertial mass, but I think everyone agrees that mechanical reactionless drives are a dead end, and as was observed in the article, if you build the device described in Dean's patent, it doesn't work. Hermitian 22:15, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, assuming the patent was based on what Dean considered to be a working drive, then it logically follows that at least ONE device, based on the patent, should be something that Dean, at least, would consider to be a working drive. The problem, of course, is, "How much of the working drive did Dean leave out of his patent?" V (talk) 04:13, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Not Everyone Agrees —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.103.199.34 (talk) 05:11, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

While mechanical reactionless drives are certainly out of favor, it is hyperbole to say that "everyone agrees that mechanical reactionless drives are a dead end". The U.S. Patent office continues to receive applications for new patents for mechanical reactionless drives and grants at least some of them. That alone demonstrates that there are at least some who don't agree that mechanical drives are a dead end. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.103.199.34 (talk) 05:08, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Absolutely have people not yet given up. Here's a site where it is claimed that a Dean Drive has been succussfully reconstructed and tested.  http://www.inertialpropulsion.com/  Very likely the reconstruction differs from the original, but they are calling it a reconstruction because the Dean Drive patent was the starting point for their efforts.  And, yes, patents have been filed for this device. V (talk) 22:10, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

That is not hyperbole, as the people who disagree are not competent to comment. A few crackpots always exist who claim to have evidence against almost every scientific law. That may count in the non-scientific world, but is irrelevant to real physicists. The USPO is not qualified to judge the scientific validity of inventions, and has itself even employed crackpots such as 'Dr' (internet-bought) Thomas Valone. As for Provatidis, one can assume only that academic standards are much lower in Greece. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.185.251.10 (talk) 16:53, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Nevertheless, professor Provatidis has co-authored a paper on Dean drive in cooperation with one of the biggest aerospace industries (C. Provatidis and M. Gamble, Support forces in a synchronized rotating spring-mass system and its electromagnetic equivalent, International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 313–334, 2013). I found the Conclusion of this paper very interesting, but I am not allowed to continue this talk unless I violate the copyright (I fear because the paper includes two pages referring to company's IP rights; I have never met such an event). Thanks! CProvat (talk) 19:45, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

Summary of Debate Needed
I was just rereading some of the debate that was generated by the disputed editing made by Gwernol and reverted article information on the "history" page. It occurs to me that the debate produced some good information about the Dean drive and the controversial subject of whether or not it really works. Maybe we ought to summarize the "best of" material on this page.

That would include a summary of quotes where applicable by Gwernol, juxtaposed with material taken directly from Wikipedia policy documents. It may be that we can get a reconsideration of certain changes in the article with regard to a more neutral presentation. There are clearly differences of opinion regarding what Wikipedia policy IS. I think a convincing case can be made that some of the material presented in the article that was subsequently reverted ought not to have been removed.

IF the case can be made convincing enough, we COULD take the next step in the dispute resolution process for a more formal review of the dispute. This isn't going to be easy though and we will have to stick to the facts. (i.e., no personal attacks or emotional arguments. 71.35.28.231 (talk) 02:12, 5 July 2008 (UTC) [User I]
 * To some extent, dealing with the issue can be a matter of starting off with remarks to the effect that the Dean drive is controversial, as demonstrated by the various claims and counterclaims that have been made over the years. Some of the claims are factual --e.g., a device actually existed which Dean demonstrated to various people, some of whom were quite technically competent, and who became convinced that the device exhibited anomalous behavior-- and some counterclaims are certainly factual --e.g., devices that Dean described in patents cannot exhibit anomalous behavior-- and some counterclaims may be flawed --e.g. of those who flatly state the demonstrated device did not or could not work to exhibit anomalous behavior, none present any evidence they ever saw Dean demonstrate it, so how could they know?.  How is it "original research" to simply read the counterclaims and the articles they reference (when possible), and state such an obvious thing about the authors of those counterclaims?  Meanwhile, here's a [slightly edited] quote from William O. Davis' article in the May, 1962 Analog:  "Actually, the situation [with respect to theory and the Dean drive] is no worse than it once was in the field of electricity.  It was sincerely believed a century or so ago that it would be impossible to do work with alternating current without violating Conservation of Momentum, since the average current was zero.  Although the current in one direction is balanced by an equal flow in the opposite direction, the flows are not equal and opposite simultaneously and thus work can be done.  Furthermore, when all else failed, radiation was invoked to preserve the Conservation of Momentum.  We are going to try the same approach. ..."  That's how Davis starts leading up to the notion of "gravitational inertial radiation" as a means of Conserving Momentum and thus explaining how the demonstrated Dean drive could exhibit the anomalous behavior that he witnessed.  They actually published in the article a fairly complicated equation (with integrals) way "over the heads" of most readers of a science fiction magazine in 1962, and Davis basically wrote that the equation indicates that if a "changing acceleration" and the necessarily associated "critical action time" are added to Newtonian Mechanics, then some of the energy associated with an applied force does not become kinetic energy of the object to which that force was applied, and (since Energy must also be Conserved) could be expected so appear in some other form (such as a radiant form).  So far as I know, NOBODY making counterclaims about the Dean drive has ever challenged Davis' equations.  In G. Harry Stine's June 1976 article, he indicates that Davis' team "... wrote a scientific paper.  Entitled "Some Aspects of Certain Transient Mechanical Systems," Davis delivered it on April 23, 1962 at the Washington, DC meeting of the American Physical Society.  There were no comments."  Regarding Davis' 1962 Analog article ("The Fourth Law of Motion"), Stine wrote: "... the article didn't draw the sort of comment we had expected ..."  It's almost as if a lot of people found Davis' ideas too alien to be worth discussing or even remembering.  Even today people who say certain things (as on this very discussion page, see the first sentence in the "Dean Drive Impossible" section) are at the very least demonstrating considerable ignorance of the WHOLE story.  I really wish there was an easy way, besides waiting decades for copyrights to expire, to get that whole story onto the Web (the "rexresearch" links near the start of this page can't be expected to stay valid, but currently they do seem to lead to accurate copies of certain articles).  I know of only one other place on the Web, "halexandria.org" that contains a fair amount of analysis of Davis' work (and others); it MAY qualify as a suitable Wikipedia reference, if one can get past the mysticism while hunting down the hard-science "inertial propulsion" links, such as this one:  http://www.halexandria.org/dward133.htm  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.9.73.3 (talk) 08:45, 5 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Two other pages at the "halexandria" site that may be useful are dward137.htm and dward138.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.54.28.10 (talk) 13:35, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Goolge Knol
I have recreated the article that I wrote here (that was promptly removed) on google's new site http://knol.google.com/k#. I am willing to have collaborators that are willing to add the the article without destroying it. If you wish to please contact me http://knol.google.com/k/norman-dean/the-dean-drive/7jcs3n6lqlbh/2#

Thank you

Norman M. Dean

Nurotoxin (talk) 04:32, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Good for you! I was going to suggest something along those lines but didn't know to contact you outside of Wikipedia's public forum. Given the unfounded accusations of the use of proxies made by Gwernol (see:  request), it probabably wouldn't have been advisable anyway.

 * It is clear to me that Wikipedia has become a preserve for pseudoskeptic cranks who can't accept anything not already in the mainstream. Pseudoskepticism has been called "closemindedness with deception". The problem runs so deep that links to references on pseudoskepticism are BLACKLISTED from Wikipedia. (For further information about this term: www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Pseudoskeptic - which is a blacklisted page)

 * There needs to be some sort of vetting process for aspiring Wikipedia administrators to weed out the worst of the breed. It seems to me that some overly-skeptical individuals go out of their way to suppress knowledge and behave in ways that are unnecessarily antagonistic.

 * I've thought for a long time that somebody ought to put up a private Website devoted exclusively to the Dean drive and all its aspects and link it to this discussion page here. At least there you could freely present all the facts and let the readers decide for themselves without the distraction of arguments with forum trolls over the content.

 * I visited the Knol site but didn't see any unambiguous way to contact you. I've got some pretty good information I wouldn't even think of trying to post on Wikipedia, even on this discussion page.  I would be willing to upload it to a site that really was trying to get at the truth, however.
 * 01:30, 1 August 2008 (UTC) [User I]

 * Is there a better website than the Proto-science wiki http://protoscience.wikia.com/ for discussing such non-mainstream ideas and machines? --DavidCary (talk) 19:16, 15 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Knol has been discontinued as of May 1, 2012 --Hugh7 (talk) 19:59, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

I don't see a problem
I will admit I am not a "true" follower, but I can't see the fundamental difference between scooting a chair with casters across a hard floor by creating an difference in momentum by leaning into the chair and a dean drive. Isn't it the difference in momentum/force created by closing a frame that holds two concentric weights moving in counter circular motion? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.115.121.23 (talk) 01:51, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The difference between the chair you mention and a Dean Drive is a change in the inertial reference frame caused by the action of the Dean Drive mechanism. One important thing to keep in mind - your chair casters have a property known as "stick-slip" friction.  When the casters first encounter a rolling force, they don't immediately roll because even the best bearings have some friction.  After the force rises above the break-away level, the casters roll and the friction level falls to a point less than what it was before the rolling started.

 * Many would-be mechanical inertial drives will work on casters, rollers or sliders but not when suspended like a pendulum. When that is done, they turn into simple mechanical oscillators and just wiggle back and forth.  That is why the pendulum test is considered one primary hurdle for any inertial drive mechanism.

 * Your chair (with you in it) is essentially a mechanical oscillator. Another well-known mechanical oscillator is a mechanism called a Buehler Drive on which the Dean Drive is based. It was originally used as an industrial vibrator at the beginning of the industrial revolution and is still around in many applications today, wherever strong vibratory motion is needed.

 * The Buehler Drive has rotating off-center weights and oscillates back and forth - as would you and your chair - but does not physically move beyond the amplitude of the oscillation. The Dean Drive moves the axles of the rotating weights at the proper point in each oscillation cycle, thereby creating a second inertial frame of reference.  The weights do not return to the same point in the oscillatory cycle, leading to a (hypothetical) unbalanced impulse.

 * This explanation is very basic but nonetheless has been the focus of many heated discussions on this page (see archive). The subject is highly controversial and discussions tend to veer off the track into name-calling and hyperbole, generating far more heat than illumination.  There are many detailed explanations available on the Web that you might want to read.

 * Incidentally, the Buehler Drive should not be able to produce the motion it does, according to some experts. Since it obviously does, this mechanism presents us with an anomaly.

 * With the Dean Drive, we have a situation similar to the early days of AC electric current. Experts once maintained that AC could not be used as a power source since its oscillations exactly cancelled the electrical potential in each half of the cycle.  Today we know that this was an illogical argument but back then it was a subject of serious disputes.  Perhaps one day we will view the current debate on the Dean Drive in a very different light.

 * January 12, 2011 [User I] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.17.130.226 (talk) 05:44, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

needs someone smarter than I to edit
In the first section, "there is no known theoretical mechanism for a mass to be moved one way while nothing moves the other way, at least in a flat spacetime." is untrue. Objects move relative to one another all the time. Consider the planets in their orbits. Consider the expanding universe. Consider an object falling into a gravitational well. Consider Newton's First Law. Needs someone smarter than you to comment! There is no known exception to Newton's third law. Some textbooks still say that electrical charges do not obey it. That is untrue. Even over astronomical distances (with an obvious time-delay) it applies. Even at the quantum level, it applies. Please do not try to 'make your little education do the work of some', as De Morgan used to say. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.185.251.10 (talk) 16:40, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

Now, accelerating without a reaction mass, other than the case of something affected by gravity, well now, that's something altogether different. In my opinion the opening section needs to be rewritten to make this distinction more clear, by someone more skilled than I. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.41.40.24 (talk) 11:03, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

Stochastic Electrodynamics
SED has been disproven? I've read about some null experiments but not actual disproof. Why isn't this mentioned in the main article and why aren't any sources cited? 98.154.22.134 (talk) 14:22, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

Call for Deletion of Entire Article
It is a disgrace to Wikipedia, an insult to physicists as a profession, and a disservice to students, even to mention this ludicrous device. There is no doubt that it could never produce nett motion in outer space. There is no room for waffle. The fact that some 'academics' (such as Provatidis) defend it should serve as evidence that those academics are incompetent, and not as valid support for an untenable thesis. No reputable print encyclopedia would ever have included it, and Wikipedia's somewhat laissez-faire attitude smacks more of intellectual laziness than open-mindedness. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.185.251.10 (talk) 16:30, 18 April 2013 (UTC)
 * There are several good reasons to include this article even though the device itself has been effectively dismissed as an actual working device. First, the Dean drive was a frequent science fiction narrative vehicle and featured in popular science and science fiction magazine articles in the 1960s and so some interest in it still exists. Second, the history of the promotion and eventual discounting of this device now serves as a cautionary tale when considering similar claims for other reactionless drives. Third, proposals to NASA and modern reactionless drive research papers now include statements as to how spurious thrust effects due to friction and other ordinary environmental interactions (collectively referred to as "Dean drive" effects) are excluded from the experimental results. Aldebaran66 (talk) 18:51, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

tone of the article
Why is the tone so positive, and pretending that it might still work? It's been +50 year, and:

 * Dean didn't leave any working model
 * No independent test has ever been made by third parties
 * He refused independent tests while still alive
 * No one has made a working model from the patents
 * At least one physics textbook gives it as an example of drive that was not able of breaking Newton's motion laws
 * All positive coverage is decades old, except one theoretical paper by a mechanical engineer
 * It's given as an example of the dubious stuff that Campbell promoted in the 1950s-1960s, by three different books from reputable authors (and I found more mentions of this fact in other books, like, written by the guy who gives his name to the sci-fi award Thomas D. Clareson Award for Distinguished Service)

Dean's grandson has edited the article to defend his grandfather. I am sorry for him, but wikipedia can't give the impression that the principles behind the Dean Drive are considered anything other than completely wrong by today's physicists. --Enric Naval (talk) 19:18, 28 May 2013 (UTC)
 * I added the pseudoscience banner as Dean never provided any theoretical basis for operation and was evasive about demonstrating a working prototype, the usual tip-offs of a pseudo-scientific (and nonfunctional) device. I also increased the class to B as the article is fairly complete and pretty well-referenced now. Aldebaran66 (talk) 20:52, 28 May 2013 (UTC)

Conflict of interest in recent edits
A great many recent edits have been made by an editor whose WP username would appear to indicate that he is one of the authors of the papers he's citing. This appears to me to be a WP:COI violation. The same editor has made edits to several other articles, adding material (with refs to what may be his own paper) that seems to try to give credence to pseudoscience-y ideas. It is my opinion that all of this editor's work (or at least that which references what appears to be his own paper) is suspect. Jeh (talk) 21:42, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

Summary of a Letter regarding the Dean Drive Evaluation by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research
The Sept. 1976 issue of Analog SF, p. 171, published a letter from Joseph P. Martino regarding the evaluation of the Dean Drive by the AFOSR. In 1960. In 1960, Joseph P. Martino contacted Dean and was allowed to perform a series of experiments which are described in the letter. At first, the drive appeared to work as stated, and this was supported by the initial analysis. A check of the analysis by Martino showed it was in error, and after correction, showed no net thrust. An independent contractor examined the bathroom scale used and found that it worked as a "negative peak reading" device, in that "it gave a constant reading equal to the negative peaks of the vibration." Another independent contractor, Jacob Rabinow, was then asked to evaluate the drive. Rabinow performed a pendulum test, where the drive suspended on a pendulum pulled a load attached with a rigid rod. Rabinow found that Dean drive moved the load through sharp jerks, pushing back on the static friction of the floor. When the load it was pulling was on a lubricated sheet, it merely oscillated back and forth. The conclusion of these tests were that the drive did not work. Although the device did not work, Martino felt that "Dean was sincere in his belief . . . and was not a Con artist."--RKihara (talk) 16:28, 7 February 2017 (UTC)

It works because of the cam
Just like the website describes, it does work. The motors are being driven by electricity at a constant speed. If you have a firm grasp of the "fundamental anomaly" as described on the website,, then it's easy to see why the "rectifier" works.

The weights are moving at a constant speed, so the parent body does not oscillate when they "swing next to eachother", because they are not accelerating. instead, as the weight is forced to turn because it is attached to the rotor shaft, the weight pulls on the rotor shaft to result in this change in direction. The motor is not stressed at this time, and drives constantly.

when the cam freezes in place, it prevents the rotor mount from moving back in the other direction (of its oscillation). So, as the weights move along the opposite side of the rotation, they pull on the entire machine instead. When this happens, the motor will be stressed, and consume more energy than normal. The motor is moving at a constant speed (or trying to), but during this push will require more energy to do so. (so although the rotor is not accelerating, although it actually is because it slowed down at one part of the rotation, the motor is at a higher load).

basically the tuning of the system allows for more energy to be consumed during specific points of the rotation of the rotors.

if you placed the mechanism on a more frictionless surface, and the original builders managed to make it work on a surface with a certain amount of friction, you may need to increase the weight of the enclosure to result in an increased load on the motors. So, the way the air force tester simply placed the machine tuned for a frictioned surface on a frictionless surface, it's imaginable that the enclosure moved too easily, and the motors were not able to be loaded as much as they were using the small wheels, so the motors would not consume extra energy at the time that it would on the wheels. YOu can observe the loading in one of his videos, when he actually pushes the machine resulting in a change in motor speed. the motors are loaded so much they slow down. additionally, if the tester placed the machine in an oil, the oil viscosity would result in a "pocket" that would trap the machine if it were unable to overcome the pocket. So if the machine "barely worked" under the designers original conditions, it wouldn't take very much to throw the delicate tuning off. If the rotor were specifically accelerated more dramatically during the right moments of the rotation, this might allow for a broadening operating conditions, although it would result in other problems the engineers would need to overcome, to prevent saturating the rotor for example. 2603:800C:706:2000:2C73:9F54:C698:8F91 (talk) 04:28, 2 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I get the impression that this is not about improving the article (the purpose of this page). See WP:NOTFORUM. --Hob Gadling (talk) 05:41, 2 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dean drive


text: User talk:64.83.223.150

title: User talk:64.83.223.150


text: Category:Independent baseball leagues

title: Category:Independent baseball leagues


text:
Norman Pearlstine

Norman Pearlstine (born October 4, 1942) is an American editor and media executive. He previously held senior positions at the Los Angeles Times, Time Inc, Bloomberg L.P., Forbes and The Wall Street Journal.

Early life and education
Pearlstine was born and raised in a Jewish family in Collegeville, Pennsylvania,  the son of Gladys (née Cohen) and Raymond Pearlstine. His mother was chairman of Montgomery County Community College and his father was an attorney. He has two sisters: one of whom is literary agent Maggie Pearlstine Hattersley (married to British politician Roy Hattersley). He graduated from The Hill School and then received a Bachelor of Arts in history from Haverford College. He obtained a J.D. from the University of Pennsylvania and did postgraduate work at the law school of Southern Methodist University.

Career
Pearlstine worked for the Wall Street Journal from 1968 to 1992, except for a two-year period, 1978–1980, when he was an executive editor for Forbes magazine. At the Journal, he was a staff reporter in Dallas, Detroit, and Los Angeles (1968–73); Tokyo bureau chief (1973–76); managing editor of The Asian Wall Street Journal (1976–78); national editor (1980–81); editor and publisher of The Wall Street Journal/Europe (1982–83); managing editor (1983–91); and executive editor (1991–92).

He was interim president of the New-York Historical Society from 1992 to 1994.

After leaving the Wall Street Journal he launched SmartMoney and was later the general partner of Friday Holdings (along with Richard Rainwater, Barry Diller and Paramount Pictures chief Martin S. Davis), a multimedia investment company, prior to succeeding Jason McManus as editor in chief at Time Inc. in 1995, the first outsider in the position. He was editor in chief of Time Inc. between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2005.

Pearlstine was a senior adviser to the Carlyle Group's telecommunications and media group in New York. Pearlstine then joined Bloomberg L.P. in June 2008 as chief content officer, a newly created position. In that role Pearlstine was charged with seeking growth opportunities for Bloomberg's television, radio, magazine, and online products and to make the most of the company's news operations. Pearlstine also was chairman of Bloomberg Businessweek, the magazine Bloomberg L.P. acquired from McGraw-Hill in 2009, and as co-chairman of Bloomberg Government, a web-based subscription service devoted to coverage of the impact of government actions on business, including legislation, regulation, and contracts.

In October 2013, Pearlstine returned to Time Inc. as chief content officer, a position similar to the one he held at Bloomberg. In July 2017, he announced that he would be retiring from Time Inc.

On June 18, 2018, Pearlstine was named executive editor of the Los Angeles Times by owner Patrick Soon-Shiong. In October 2020, Pearlstine stepped down from his post at the Times.

Personal
Pearlstine has been married four times. During college, he married Charlene Pearlstine; they divorced while he was in law school. In 1973, he married Adele Wilson, a schoolteacher. In 1988, he married Nancy Friday; they divorced in 2005. In the same year, he married Jane Boon, an industrial engineer and the author of the novel Edge Play.

Recognition
In January 2005, the American Society of Magazine Editors named Pearlstine the recipient of its Lifetime Achievement Award and inducted him into the Magazine Editors’ Hall of Fame. He was honored with the Gerald Loeb Lifetime Achievement Award for Distinguished Business and Financial Journalism in 2000. He received the National Press Foundation's Editor of the Year Award in 1989.

Pearlstine received the 2019 Medal for Lifetime Achievement in Journalism from the Poynter Institute during their annual Bowtie Ball on November 2, 2019.

Pearlstine served on the boards of the Tribeca Film Institute and the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs. He was a member of the advisory board of the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at the City University of New York and was previously co-chairman of the Center on Communication Leadership and Policy at the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism where he remains a member. He was on the boards of the Carnegie Corporation, and the Committee to Protect Journalists. He is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. and he serves on the board of the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. From 2006 to 2011, Pearlstine was president and CEO of the American Academy in Berlin.

Pearlstine was briefly part of the controversy surrounding Matthew Cooper when, after the United States Supreme Court refused to review adverse lower court decisions, he gave Cooper's notes to the independent prosecutor investigating the outing of Valerie Plame as a covert agent of the CIA. From this experience, Pearlstine wrote a book entitled Off the Record: The Press, the Government, and the War over Anonymous Sources for Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

title: Norman Pearlstine


text:
Al Menbar

Al Menbar may refer to either of two political organizations in Bahrain:
 * Al-Menbar Islamic Society
 * Al-Menbar Progressive Democratic Society
 * Al-Menbar Media. A media company established by Yasser Al-Habib

title: Al Menbar


text:
Khan Jahan Ali

Khan Jahan Ali or Ulugh Khān (উলুগ খান জাহান), was a Muslim saint and the Khan-i-Azam of Khalifatabad (now in Bangladesh). It is believed that he built the great Mosque City of Bagerhat, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Background and early life
He is also known by the name "Ulugh Khan", and this suggests that he is of Turkic, possibly Uzbek origin. Initially a noble under the Tughlaq Sultanate, Khan Jahan seems to have migrated to Bengal following the Capture of Delhi by the Timurid Empire led by Timur in 1398.

Migration
After migrating to Bengal, Khan and his companions were welcomed by 12 Muslim saints to Champanagar (which was renamed Barobazar after the 12 saints). Khan stayed here for a number of years. 126 dighis are attributed to him and mosques built during his stay include Gorar, Golakata, Jor-Bangla, Pir Pukur, Satgachia, Monohar, Sukkur Mollick, Nungola, Pathagar and Adina. Damdama and the dighis of Galakata and Saudagar can also be found here. Khan completed the road built by Ghazi, which originally went from Barobazar to Jessore, extending it to Bagerhat.

Khan was able to acquire a forest area in the Sundarbans as a jagir from Sultan Mahmud Shah of Bengal. The official title Khan-i-Azam was given to him displaying that he was an officer and local ruler under the Bengal Sultanate. Khan worked with his two deputies, Burhan Bura Khan and his son, Fateh Khan, to clear up a lot of dense forest area in order to set up human settlements and rice cultivation. He and his group of sappers embanked the land along streams to keep saltwater out and dug hundreds of tanks (known as dighis) for water storage. This area he governed came to be known as Khalifatabad and stretched up north to Naldi in Lohagara. He built numerous mosques here such as Singar, Bibi Begeni, Chunakhola, Ranabijoypur, Nine Dome, Zinda Pir and Reza Khuda as well as the Ghora dighi. Most notably, he built the Sixty Dome Mosque which was one of the largest during this period.

Khan also travelled to Jessore where he established the township of Murali-Qasba. It was situated near a number of little towns such as Bogchar and he built a road to connect them all (now known as Khanjalir Jangal). He left behind two disciples here, Gharib Shah and Beram Shah; to carry on preaching Islam as he continued. The tombs of Beram Shah, Burhan Khan and Fateh Khan, dighis of Sarbabad, Mirzapur, Lashkar and mosques of Mathbari, Maguraghona, Masjidkur, Gharib Shah, Shubharara Mosque can be found in Murali-Qasba. In Phultala, he established the Poyogram-Qasba. Two mosques that were built here were as large as the Sixty Dome Mosque but are now ruins. The roads in this town had a "rectangular cheeseboard pattern". One of the roads still in use is Khanjali Road and one of the mosques which isn't in ruins here is Dakshin Dihi mosque. One of Khan's houses and Shahabatir Dighi can also be found in Poyogram.

He founded numerous caravanserais, constructing hundreds of mosques as well as madrasas, roads and bridges. There is a single-domed mosque attached to his tomb. The Sixty Dome Mosque was also used as his central assembly hall and as a madrasa. He excavated a large number of dighis, especially when constructing mosques to enable wudhu facilities. The most notable dighis are the Khanjali Dighi, excavated in 1450 and located near his tomb, and Ghoradighi, measuring 750 by to the west of the Sixty Dome Mosque. He is said to have built a highway from Bagerhat to Chittagong, a 20 mi long road from Samantasena to Badhkhali, and a road running from Shuvabara to Daulatpur in Khulna.

His role as administrator of Khalifatabad did not stop him from also preaching the religion of Islam to the local people which he focused on even more after retiring. His humanitarian work such as establishment of dighis for clean water was a number of reasons why the local Hindus were attracted to Islam. He led a simple life and had a number of disciples; most notably, Shaykh Muhammad Tahir (better known as Pir Ali), who is buried near him. It is unknown how, but Khan died on 25 October 1459 (27 Dhul Hijjah 863 AH).

Legacy
After his death, he was buried in a mazar near one of his mosques and dighis. Khan Jahan Ali's Tank contains crocodiles which are considered to be descended from the two crocodiles which Khan rode on. The great-grandmother of Haji Faqir Humayun Kabir, a guardian of the shrine, is said to have fought with them. Hundreds of visitors visit the shrine everyday, and also pet the resident crocodiles.

Khan Jahan introduced a new architectural style in his buildings, which is named after him. The Khan Jahan style architecture is seen throughout the modern-day Khulna Division. The Khan Jahan Ali Airport is a proposed airport in Mongla to be named after him.

One of the Bangladesh Navy's auxiliary ships is named after him as "BNS Khan Jahan Ali". The ship was made by Ananda Shipyard & Slipways Limited and handed to the Bangladesh Navy on 6 November 2014. The 80-metre-long tanker can carry 2,400 tons of diesel and 120 tons of aviation fuel. It can go 24.5 km per hour with full load and can refuel two war ships simultaneously. The ship was commissioned on 6 September 2015. Previously, there was an oil tanker with the name "BNS Khan Jahan Ali". This was an Ex-Soho Maru (T1056) made by Setoda's Naikai Shipbuilding in 1963. It was sold after 1983 and commissioned on 14 July 1987 as a naval tanker. It was decommissioned after 28 years on 5 September 2015.

List of the things named after Khan Jahan Ali

 * Khan Jahan Ali Bridge
 * Khan Jahan Ali Airport
 * Khan Jahan Ali Thana, Khulna
 * Khan Jahan Ali Hall(student's hostel) in KUET
 * Khan Jahan Ali Hall(student's hostel) in Khulna University
 * Khan Jahan Ali Road, Khulna
 * Khan Jahan Ali Ideal College, Shiromoni, Khulna.
 * Khan Jahan Ali Degree College, Begerhat.

title: Khan Jahan Ali


text:
Talk:Pigging

Netherlocks/Interlocks cleanup
Is it me, or is the section on interlocks unlike most other wikipedia articles (IE internal references and/or citations), with it's excessive sales-pitch references to netherlocks who are clearly just trying to sell/garner PR on their product rather than actually contributing. Where is the evidence that, to back up the claim, which I quote "valve interlocks, which is nowadays adopted by all global oil and gas operating companies." - what, *all* of them? Even the small ones? The article is also not a stand-alone editable section, given the header, pigbacking on the "Safety considerations". Could someone well versed in wikipedia editing clean up the excessive - and unhelpful (linking to a page that says "Netherlocks has developed process interlocking solutions for various applications such as pressure relief valves" does not tell me how they work or what they look like - a sales pitch, rather than learning) external links in this section? Thanks. 80.43.238.201 (talk) 01:45, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

Merger with Pipeline inspection gauge
Pigging is a standard required practice for cleaning pipes. Inspection gauges are different and distinct from pigging. It might make more sense to link inspection gauge as a part of smart pigging as these are used to determine dents in pipelines. KB —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.59.143.221 (talk) 14:10, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Pigging has a wider meaning: It is used for pipeline inspection as well as for pipeline cleaning. Merging it with "Pipeline inspection gauge" would limit it to pipeline inspection only. --BonGoggle (talk) 08:17, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Seems like these articles would better serve the reader as one. Thoughts? Sag6 (talk) 13:42, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

They need to be merged and the Pipeline inspection gauge article needs to go away. Mrmcgibby (talk) 14:56, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

merged or not, PIG is a universal term and includes "smart" pigs (inspection, gaging) as well as "dumb" pigs (cleaning, separation, etc). PIGs can be a air-filled plastic ball or a half-million-dollar magnetic-flux leakage (MFL) inspection tool. They're all PIGs.

I also took the liberty to add appropriate text and links to 2 of the major types of smart pigs: MFL and EMAT. Ken (talk) 16:32, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

-Just a note about terminology: "dumb" pigs are normally called "utility" pigs. After having thought about this subject for some years in a major Oil Company, I would probably support the idea of merging the two subjects of utility and inspection pigs under one article but, after a general common introduction, discuss them in dedicated chapters: they are intertwined but different technical disciplines.--Adilullo (talk) 03:50, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

God help us: Backing up to the "Pipeline inspection gauge" - the term is incorrect. The gauging plate is attached to a pig identified as a "Gauging Plate Pig". The gauging plate can only find a dent if it happens to stop or lodge at the dented area (in which case, I hope you have installed a tracking transmitter on the pig), otherwise the gauging plate simply comes in at the receiver end of the line and is found damaged - there is no resonable conclusion drawn from the bending the infers "dent". The gauging plate is just pron to bending from a partially closed valve, a check valve clapper, going around a bend in the pipe that is either to sharp of a bend for the length of the pig used to carry the gauging plate or the speed of the pig was to fast the the gauging plate struck the side of the bend while attempting to traverse the bend. The only use of the gauging plate pig is found "if the plate comes in undamaged" then then is no obstruction in the line (qualify this as to the point of) reducing the diameter to a point the gauging plate is damaged. Most of the gauging plates used are far to small in diameter to give any useful information at all. Better to spend your time and money on running a caliper (geometry) pig. This tool will size the dented area - assure you the pipe is either dented or the bends are sharp radius and it keeps track of the distance traveled, as well as giving the distance location of the obstruction. Newer versions of the caliper pig will provide o'clock orientation of the suspect dent - know if the dent is on the top side of the line or the bottom of the line enables one to determine if the dent is potential third party damage or simple rock denting caused during the construction of the line. Top of the line denting can be seen down to .5 percent of pipe diameter (and should be looked at down to this size; bottom of the line "dent" damage is generally not considered a problem unless is larger than 2 percent of the pipe diameter. Ovality found in a pipeline is generally not looked at or relieved unless it is at least 5 percent of the pipeline diameter. "Pipeline Inspection Gauge" should be dropped (as a term assoicated with pigging).  Mr. Kit Dual  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.153.179.62 (talk) 03:07, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

agreed, gage plates are pretty useless, I believe the major reason for their use is customer (pipeline operator) insistence. I know we argued against them often, always to no avail (never argue with a paying customer). But they are cheap, and therefore, customers like them. If there was construction near the line and you had a good prior history, at least it could tell you if significant damage was done. But that's about it.

However in the term Pipeline Inspection Gauge/Gage, gage plates are but one type of gauge used and the colloquial/general-use term includes caliper as well as MFL, ultrasonic, et al "gauges". Ken (talk) 19:04, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Merger is completed. However, it needs expert attention and extensive cleanup. Beagel (talk) 08:01, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Etymology of "pig"
What is the evidence that the etymology of the word "pig" is "Pigs get their name from the squealing sound they make while traveling through a pipeline."? Mrmcgibby 21:50, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't add it to the article, but I heard that's where the name comes from on a Modern Marvels episode on the History Channel. I don't know if their source was reliable. However, this pigging company also relates the story. I've also found sources that say the original pigs squealed. I'll add it back in and if anyone objects, they can remove it and say why here. -- Kjkolb 03:03, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Please cite whatever reliable reference you can find before putting it back. I've removed it for now. Mrmcgibby 20:04, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Here's a cite from a magazine. -- Kjkolb 04:00, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

The etymology of "pig" seems more likely to be an acronym of "Pipeline Inspection Gauge". Sag6 (talk) 13:42, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

I just spent two weeks working in natural gas processing and interstate pipeline operations. When I asked them if the pigs "squealed" every one I asked responded "no" and that likely the only sound to be heard was a "thump" sound when they passed by a pipe weld. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paniti (talk • contribs) 17:38, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

- The name did originally come from the squealing sound, made by a separation (or poly) pigs. Yes, they did squeal, but only a cetain type of pig squeals and more modern materials seem to have reduced the squealing. Other types of PIGs (inspection, gaging, cleaning, etc) do not squeal except in certain conditions (frozen wheel bearings would be one). People in the industry invented "Pipeline Inspection Gage" afterward as a bit more business-like name which could also fit with the very commonly used (by then) PIG name. I worked as an engineer for a specific company involved in designing, building and using smart pigs. Ken (talk) 16:04, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

I added a source for the squeling sound, hope its a good source also for the whole site here is another potential overview refrence that could help http://www.ppsa-online.com/about-pigs.php Vonabisz (talk) 12:36, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Interupting flow?
You say that the pig doesn't interupt production flow. I am afraid that this is not the case! Production flow must be stopped for the pigging run to take place. A slug of fluid is fired behind the pig to push it along but there is no production whilst this is being done. Just thought I'd clear that up.
 * I'm afraid you're simply wrong. Perhaps this is true for the pigging runs that you've done, but 99% of the runs we do are done in the pipeline product. Mrmcgibby 20:04, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Yes pigging runs are done in the pipeline product but you will not be running production flow through them. For the simple reason that a pig is essentially a loose plug. You simply cannot run production flows while pigging. The slug that is pushed behind it may well be the product too but production flow is lost. Ask any major operator.
 * I just did ask a major operator. They're quite confused by your statement.  Are you talking about a specific type of pigging?  We do inline inspection of oil, gas, and other lines and most of our runs are done with production flow in the line.  That is to say, the product in the line is being used for whatever purpose it would normally be used for when the line is not being pigged.  Perhaps we differ on the definition of "production flow"? Mrmcgibby 19:22, 6 January 2006 (UTC)  (P.S. Please sign your entries with ~ )

I have some experience with pigs. They are used with different purposes in different processes: Brindis 21:52, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Pigs used in lube oil or painting blending: they are used to clean the pipes to avoid cross-contamination, and to empty the pipes into the product tanks (or sometimes to send a component back to its tank). Usually pigging is done at the beginning and at the end of each batch, but sometimes it is done in the midst of a batch, eg when producing a premix that will be used as an intermediate component.
 * Pigs used in oil and gas pipelines: they are used to clean the pipes but also there are "smart pigs" used to measure things like pipe thickness along the pipeline(photo here ). They usually do not interrupt production, though some product can be lost when the pig is extracted. They can also be used to separate different products in a multiproduct pipeline.

-I have designed smart pigs for 5 years now. I can tell you that we do not interupt the production / flow of the lines we inspect. Even in gas we do not use a slug to "push", and the product in the line is not effected in any way. We may ask for reduced / increased flow rates, but we do not ask for a slug of non-production fluid. MMMBOB 17:50, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

-and likewise my experience (4 years in design, mfg and deployment) aggrees with MMMBOB. The movement of the product is what moves the pig. In many cases the flow rate of the product is controlled very carefully as the speed of the pig is extremely important to the reliability of the data (especially true in Magnetic Flux inspection). The sealing surfaces of the pigs are designed to allow some bypass when needed; as a rule the pig moves a bit slower than the material due to this bypass. Some bypass actually makes the pig's speed easier to control. Since pigs sometimes get stuck, some bypass is needed to prevent totally plugging the line. Ken (talk) 16:12, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

-With respect to pigging in the oil industry, of which I have direct experience within a major Oil Company, what Mrmcgibby and MMMBOB say has been quite often true, i.e. pigging does not imply production/flow stops. But there are some circumstances when production may have to be significantly reduced, temporarily stopped or completely stopped during the pigging operation. I provide a few practical examples, just for clarity: In conclusion, pigging has many different purposes and a wide applicability so that an absolute statement about production stop may be misleading. What is important is that most pigging operations may be carried out by pushing the pig with the produced fluid (possibly at a limited flowrate) and only in specific contexts a complete production stop is required.--Adilullo (talk) 03:32, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * cleaning operations of gas lines with a gas velocity higher than that acceptable for a cleaning pig (which is normally in the range 0.5 - 2.5 m/s, or so) may imply a significant production reduction (e.g. from 10 m/s to 2 m/s);
 * cleaning operations carried out with support from suspending fluids (e.g. gels or solvents) and, possibly, multiple pigs, require flow interruption during gel/fluid injection in the line, even if the final driving fluid is the product itself;
 * a complete production stop may be required, for example, when the fluid pressure available from the producing system is not sufficient to push the pig from the launching to the receiving trap, so that the driving fluid needs to be introduced artificially. In that case, the higher pressure of the driving fluid may "kill" the production system during the pigging operation.

-It would be worth adding a paragraph on PIG speed control via bypass? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jerryludlow (talk • contribs) 16:26, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

GPS?
I've got real heartburn with this part:

"Modern pigging systems are highly sophisticated sets of equipment that consist of a standard 5-6 finned pig with an intelligent transmitter that has a global positioning system fixed on it to tell the exact location of the pig inside the pipeline while it is on the move. Along with the GPS positioner there are a host of other instruments like the internal camera that takes live video of the pipe condition inside while the pig is moving, the thickness gauge that constantly measures the thickness of the wall of the pipe as the pig moves. "

>GPS will not work from within a pipeline as GPS requires line of site/signal to work, unless something is severely lacking in my knowledge. I'll give it a few days for comments and then I'll rewrite it towards how I know the ones I used worked. Ken (talk) 22:29, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

nevermind, I've decided to re-write it. If you disagree with what I've written, talk to me here. Ken (talk) 18:11, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

>In my experience too, GPS does not work within a pipeline. Pig tracking systems (i.e. methods to monitor the position of the pig from outside the line) work on different principles, all based on the detection the presence of the pig in a specific location of the pipeline where a sensor has been installed (different types are available). Instead, internal position in intelligent pigs is normally measured by an odometer, i.e. one or more wheels that roll while the pig is sliding and an electronic system to measure their turns. As far as I know, I would discard any mention to GPS systems.--Adilullo (talk) 03:40, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

"As far as I know, I would discard any mention to GPS systems.." >that's probably a very good idea....Ken (talk) 01:41, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

The use of GPS and pigs works in this general manner: The pig is outfitted with an Inertial Navigation System (INS). There is a correlation between the INS package and above ground collected data at Global Point Stations (GPS). GPS points are taken at various locations along the length of the pipeline; these points must be taken at some point that is recognizable by the pig (such as valves, bends in the pipe etc..). Once a pig run has been obtained, the GPS collection points are entered onto the pig data stream at the appropriate locations. The INS package plots all turns and distance of the pig travel; once the GPS points are entered at the correct locations and aligned with the INS data the programming routine used with the INS package can "Predict" further GPS locations along the pigs travel. An "as-built" map of the pipeline can be created from the combination of entered correction point GPS and the INS predictions; the more GPS points collected - the better the mapping. Hope this helps - Mr. Kit Dual —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr. Kit Dual (talk • contribs) 02:14, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

yes, your explanation fairly well matches the re-write I did of that section. The re-write I did mostly served to correct the impression that the pig communicated directly via GPS, which it can't and doesn't. Unfortuately, accurate mapping is a necessary service as many pipelines weren't mapped very well when built. It is often disconcerting to the general public to realize that the exact route of the pipeline isn't as precisely known as would normally be thought. Ken (talk) 18:54, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Surveying does not have to be done with GPS. It looks like there is misunderstanding in the field about GPS, GIS and 'surveyed location'.  However in theory a pig in an above ground plastic pipe with a gas could theoretically use GPS for the position location though it seems like a fringe case and needs to be specifically described.
 * Idyllic press (talk) 23:44, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

New work
There has been work done in the past that used capacitive sensor technology to detect defects in polyethylene pipes for natural gas that can be added and should help the article more. Most of the topics talks about magnetic flux which is more for metal pipe, but very little in the article talks about any plastic pipeline. This test was conducted by NETL a DOE entity. Website containing the article. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/publications/td/dtrs56-benchmark_report_final.pdf Pages in reference are C35 (PDF Page starting at 185)--Guilio 2008 (talk) 12:23, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Typo -  In the antepenultimate sentence of the very last paragraph this appears: ... propogated outware through the pipes all. Obviously needs correction.76.218.103.232 (talk) 18:35, 4 January 2011 (UTC) 76.218.103.232 (talk) 18:37, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Gate valves?
The article says pigs don't work with butterfly valves but do work with ball valves. What about gate valves?

When fully open, it appears a gate valve should not block the flow path, though the gate guide channels might cause pig snagging, and also the guide channels apparently can't be cleaned by a pig. (?)

DMahalko (talk) 04:52, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

 * As long as the valve is full-diameter and not restricting the diameteric circle of the pig, it should work. Functions of the pig such as cleaning and inspection can not be done in ancillary areas such as gate guides, etc. However since those areas are normally more replaceable than the basic pipe itself, this isn't a huge concern. Also consider that inspection technologies such as MFL are calibrated for the particular wall thickness of the pipeline and become fairly useless at inspecting valve bodies due to their much-increased thickness. Ken (talk) 19:49, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

 * I added reduced port valves as an obstruction, mentioned in the NTSB Report on the Carlsbad gas pipeline accident of 2012 that killed 12 people. Pipelineexaminer (talk)

About Types of Pigs
Don't you think it is appropriate to add a detailed description of each type of pigs are required here? Kir360 (talk) 17:19, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Safety Considerations
I added a blurb about the "flying pig" incident in Grand Prairie, TX, in October 2010. Pipelineexaminer (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 01:28, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

Bent pipe shape distortion, and minimum bend radius to prevent leakage or pig jamming?
So, bent pipes are typically not uniformly circular but slightly oval in shape, and the non-circularity can get really severe in tightly bent pipe.

Also a pig -MUST- be more than a simple flat disc for it to stay concentric in the pipe. It must apparently use two discs connected with a rod, or at least a disc with a long rod sticking out of center of the disc.

Either case appears to limit the pipe bend radius, to be very large and sweeping for a pig to:
 * seal itself around the non-circular deformed pipe wall in the bend
 * not jam the rod-body of the pig against the walls in the bend, between the disc-ends of the pig.

DMahalko (talk) 06:18, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

 * A proper pipeline bend/curve is circular in cross section, not oval. But there are lots of 'non-proper' bends out there.... The pig I worked with (smart pigs) used disks connected by spacers. The spacers were the electronics and such. The diameter of the spacers were smaller than the diameters of the disks. The diameters of the disks, spacers and the length between them determines the minimum radius that the pig can traverse. In very small diameter pigs, the electronics must be spread out along several sections due to space limitations. Each section has a swivel joint to allow further bending of the entire tool. The largest tools are usually in 2 sections, 1 for the sensors and electronics, the other for the batteries. Ken (talk) 14:42, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

Scraping / scrapers
Might be worth stating that the alternative names (especially when working with muslim clients) for pigging and PIG are scraping and scraper Naindj (talk) 16:37, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

Dairy farms
Back in the 1970's the milking systems on dairy farms used sponge pigs to clean out the pipe work after each milking session (typically twice a day). I'm not sure if this is the case these days or if other means have been developed.

Idyllic press (talk) 23:49, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pigging


text:
Range Regional Airport

Range Regional Airport is a public use airport located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) southeast of the central business district of Hibbing, in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. It was formerly known as Chisholm-Hibbing Airport or Chisholm-Hibbing Municipal Airport. The airport is mostly used for general aviation but is also served by one commercial and one charter airline. Scheduled passenger service is subsidized by the Essential Air Service program.

As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 8,896 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 8,926 enplanements in 2009, and 11,227 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a non-primary commercial service airport based on 2008 enplanements (between 2,500 and 10,000), but would be considered primary commercial service based on enplanements in 2010.

Facilities and aircraft
Range Regional Airport covers an area of 1,600 acres (647 ha) at an elevation of 1,354 feet (413 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with asphalt surfaces: 13/31 is 6,758 by 150 feet (2,060 x 46 m) and 4/22 is 3,075 by 75 feet (937 x 23 m).

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 28,850 aircraft operations, an average of 79 per day: 84% general aviation, 8% air taxi, 9% scheduled commercial and <1% military. At that time, there were 42 aircraft based at this airport: 40 single-engine, 1 multi-engine and 1 helicopter.

Accidents and incidents
2 January 1993: An Express Airlines Saab 340A crashed hard onto the runway at Chisholm-Hibbing Municipal Airport due to wing ice accretion. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was destroyed.

1 December 1993: Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 crashed while on approach to Chisholm-Hibbing Airport. All 18 passengers and crew on board were killed.

title: Range Regional Airport


text:
User talk:Johnvalor

Hello Johnvalor and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like it here and decide to stay.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

Read the tutorial and learn how to edit a page.

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If you need any help, see the help pages and glossary, add a question to the help desk, or ask me on my talk page.

I hope you will enjoy editing and being a Wikipedian. Good luck!-- Anti-Anonymex2 Come to my page! I've gone caliente loco! 20:35, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Johnvalor


text:
Cyril Luckham

Cyril Alexander Garland Luckham (25 July 1907 – 8 February 1989) was an English film, television and theatre actor. He was the husband of stage and screen actress Violet Lamb.

Career
The son of a paymaster captain in the Royal Navy, Cyril Luckham was educated at RNC Osborne and Dartmouth and briefly followed his father into the service. He was promoted Lieutenant in 1930 and retired the following year, transferring to the Emergency List. Afterwards he trained for the stage with the Arthur Brough school at Folkestone, making his debut with Brough's company there in The Admirable Crichton in 1935. For several years he appeared in provincial repertory, notably with the Rapier Players at Bristol's Little Theatre. He had been promoted to Lieutenant-Commander on the retired list in 1938 and was recalled to the Navy when the War broke out. He was invalided out soon afterwards following serious illness and returned to the theatre. Luckham made his West End debut as Torvald Helmer in A Doll's House at the Arts Theatre in July 1945. For several years afterwards his stage work was largely back in the provinces including the touring company of the Old Vic. Luckham played the White Guardian in the long running science fiction television series Doctor Who. He appeared in The Ribos Operation, the first serial in The Key to Time season, and Enlightenment. In 1965 he played Sir Hugh Archibald-Lake in The Wednesday Play (BBC) Vote, Vote, Vote for Nigel Barton. In the 1967 BBC serialisation of The Forsyte Saga, Luckham played Sir Lawrence Mont, father-in-law of Fleur Forsyte. He appeared in an episode of Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) (1969); and, as the villain and unscrupulous art dealer in the episode I Always Wanted a Swimming Pool, in the 1971 series of Public Eye. Luckham was a familiar face as a character actor in the 1970s: playing the puppet prime minister in 1971's dystopian TV drama The Guardians, in which the British state becomes one policed by the ubiquitous Guardians; The 7th Duke of Marlborough, in the 1974 Thames mini-series Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill; Father O'Hara, in Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em; the benevolent grandfather, in The Cedar Tree, (a series that ran on ATV from 1975 to 1979); in the 1975 Wodehouse Playhouse episode, 'A Voice from the Past'; as Mr. Luffy, in an episode of the 1978 TV series based on the Famous Five books by Enid Blyton; as the evil psychic, Edward Drexel, in the 1979 supernatural thriller series The Omega Factor; and, as the equitable schoolboard chairman of 'Bamfylde', in the 1980 Andrew Davies (writer)' adaptation of To Serve Them All My Days.

Partial filmography

 * Murder in Reverse? (1945) - One of Crossley's Guests
 * Stranger from Venus (1954) - Dr. Meinard
 * Out of the Clouds (1955) - The Doctor
 * The Battle of the River Plate (1956) - Lt. Jasper Abbot - HMS Achilles (uncredited)
 * The Hostage (1956) - Hugh Ferguson
 * Yangtse Incident: The Story of H.M.S. Amethyst (1957) - Commander-in-Chief Far Eastern Station
 * How to Murder a Rich Uncle (1957) - Coroner
 * The Birthday Present (1957) - Magistrate
 * Invasion Quartet (1961) - Col. Harbottle
 * Some People (1962) - Magistrate
 * Billy Budd (1962) - Alfred Hallam - Captain of Marines
 * Espionage (TV series) ('Do You Remember Leo Winters', episode) (1964) - Admiral Bond
 * The Pumpkin Eater (1964) - Doctor
 * The Great War (BBC TV, 1965)
 * The Alphabet Murders (1965) - Sir Carmichael Clarke
 * A Man for All Seasons (1966) - Archbishop Cranmer
 * The Naked Runner (1967) - Cabinet minister
 * Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) - Prior Houghton
 * One More Time (1970) - Magistrate
 * Mr. Forbush and the Penguins (1971) - Tringham
 * The Guardians (1971) - Sir Timothy Hobson
 * The Doll - Sir Arnold Wyatt - (Three episodes)
 * The Cedar Tree (1976-1978) - Charles Ashley
 * Providence (1977 film) - Doctor Mark Eddington
 * The Omega Factor  (1979) - Drexel

title: Cyril Luckham


text:
Cruz das Almas

Cruz das Almas (translation: Souls' Cross) is a municipality, in the state of Bahia, in Brazil. Founded in 1897, it is home to the Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia and is one of the main cities of Bahia.

In 2022, it had a population of 60,348 inhabitants. Its climate is tropical, hot and humid. The economy is based on agriculture, especially tobacco, citrus fruits (oranges and Tahiti lime) and cassava production.

It is also home of the Embrapa Cassava & Fruits. Cruz das Almas is well known for its Saint John Festival in June, where fireworks are used as "espadas" in a beautiful but dangerous game.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Feira de Santana
 * Santo Antônio de Jesus
 * Castro Alves, Bahia

Persons
Famous persons includes the featherweight boxer Sertão.

title: Cruz das Almas


text:
List of United Kingdom flags

This list includes flags that either have been in use or are currently used by the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies.

The College of Arms is the authority on the flying of flags in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and maintains the only official register of flags for these countries. It was established in 1484 and as part of the Royal Household operates under the authority of the Crown. The Lord Lyon King of Arms, established prior to 1399, holds a similar role within Scotland. A separate private body called the Flag Institute, an educational charity financed by its own membership, also maintains a registry of United Kingdom flags that it styles 'the UK Flag Registry', though this has no official status under UK law.

Flags recognised by planning law
Certain classes of flag enjoy a special status within English planning law and can be flown without needing the planning permission normally required for advertisements. These include any country’s national flag, civil ensign or civil air ensign; the flag of the Commonwealth, the United Nations or any other international organisation of which the United Kingdom is a member; a flag of any island, county, district, borough, burgh, parish, city, town or village within the United Kingdom; the flag of the Black Country, East Anglia, Wessex, any Part of Lincolnshire, any Riding of Yorkshire or any historic county within the United Kingdom; the flag of St David; the flag of St Patrick; the flag of any administrative area within any country outside the United Kingdom; any flag of the British Armed Forces; and the Armed Forces Day flag.

Current national flags
National and subnational flags of the United Kingdom.

Constituent countries of the United Kingdom
The flags of England and of Scotland are ancient war flags which became by usage the national flags of the Kingdom of England (which included Wales) and of the Kingdom of Scotland respectively and continued in use until the Act of Union 1707. Thereafter, they were as de facto flags of those parts of the United Kingdom. The flag of Wales was formalised in 1959, but has ancient origins; the dragon was used as a battle-flag by countless Welsh rulers, the current flag being a redesign of the flag carried by Henry Tudor. The Flag of Northern Ireland is controversial. The coat of arms of the Government of Northern Ireland, a red cross on a white field, defaced with a Red Hand of Ulster within a six pointed star topped with a crown, became used as a local flag, though the end of the province's Government in 1973 ended its official status. This flag has continued to be the internationally recognisable de facto flag of Northern Ireland through its use by international sporting organisations (for example FIFA, UEFA, and the Commonwealth Games) to represent Northern Ireland, though locally it has the allegiance mainly of the Unionist community. The St Patrick's Saltire is also sometimes used by the UK government in London to represent Northern Ireland when a discrete Northern Ireland flag is required.

British Overseas Territories
In 1999, the maritime flags of the British Overseas Territories were updated at the request of the Ministry of Defence. The white discs were removed from the field of the flags and each respective coat of arms was increased in size for ease of identification. As the MoD only had authority over sea flags, the governments of the Overseas Territories were free to continue using the flags with white discs on land. The Overseas Territories' governments did switch to the updated flags over a staggered period of time, however some old-style flags with white discs may still be seen. Such flags have generally been adopted by Order in Council. Civil (Red Ensign) flags are under the control of the United Kingdom Secretary of State for Transport and are split into two categories: Category 1 is to register ships of unlimited tonnage and type. Category 2 is to register commercial ships and yachts of up to 150 gross registered tons.

Governors' flags
Prior to 1999, all governors' flags had smaller discs and the outer green garland without the gold ring. Therefore, the dates given do not reflect this minor, consistent change.

Communities and local government
Since 2012 it has been permitted in planning law in England to fly a flag of any British island, county, district, borough, burgh, parish, city, town or village without planning permission as an advertisement. Official bodies such as the Department for Communities and Local Government encourage the use of these flags

Banner of arms (flag form of a coat of arms) have long been used to represent local authority councils and the areas they cover. Some of these include the banners used by Northumberland and Hertfordshire County Councils which before 2012 had already "released" their banners of arms for use as historic county flags, in most cases a historic county flag is derived or (for the two counties) directly adopted.

Community (or civic) flags have also been adopted to cover small areas or places.

Historic areas
It is explicitly permitted to fly the flag of the Black Country, East Anglia, Wessex, any Part of Lincolnshire, any Riding of Yorkshire or any historic county within the United Kingdom without needing any permission or consent.

title: List of United Kingdom flags


text:
Batn-El-Hajar

Batn-El-Hajar or Belly of Stones is a reach of approximately 160 km in length stretching from the Dal Cataract of the Nile downriver to the now under Lake Nubia submerged Second Cataract in present-day Sudan.

History
Batn-El-Hajar is a barren and granite-rich landscape limiting arable soil and, thus, sparsely inhabited. It was the traditional border between Upper Nubia and Lower Nubia. In this area are a number of important A-Group and Meroitics archeological sites.

title: Batn-El-Hajar


text:
Kartar Singh Duggal

Kartar Singh Duggal (1 March 1917 – 26 January 2012) was an Indian writer who wrote in Punjabi, Urdu, Hindi, and English. His works include short stories, novels, dramas and plays. His works have been translated into Indian and foreign languages. He has served as director of the All India Radio.

He was awarded the Padma Bhushan by Government of India in 1988. In 2007, he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, the highest honour given by Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters.

Early life and education
He was born in Dhamyal, Rawalpindi District, (now in Pakistan) to Mr Jiwan Singh Duggal and Mrs Satwant Kaur. He was married to Ayesha Duggal (formerly Ayesha Minhaj), a medical doctor. He received his M.A. Honours in English at Forman Christian College, Lahore.

Career
Duggal started his professional career with All India Radio (AIR). He worked there from 1942 to 1966 in various jobs including Station Director. For the AIR, he wrote and produced programmes in Punjabi and other languages. In addition, he authored a large number of plays and dramas. He was the Secretary/Director, National Book Trust, India from 1966 to 1973. From 1973 to 1976, he served as an Information Advisor at the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Planning Commission).

He has founded many institutions, including:
 * Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation
 * Institute of Social and Economic Change, Bangalore
 * Zakir Husain Educational Foundation

Duggal had been a member of many literary and cultural centres including being the President of Punjabi Sahitya Sabha (Punjabi Literary Society), Delhi. He was nominated Fellow of the Punjabi University in 1984. He was also honoured with a nomination to the Rajya Sabha (Indian Parliament Upper House) in August 1997.

He died on 26 January 2012 after a brief illness.

Work
Duggal has authored twenty-four collections of short stories, ten novels, seven plays, seven works of literary criticism, two poetry collections and an autobiography. Many of his books have been adopted by various universities for graduate studies. Among his works are:

Short stories

 * Birth of a Song (in English)
 * Come Back My Master (in English)
 * Dangar (Animal)
 * Ikk Chhit Chananh Di (One Drop of Light)
 * ’’ swere sar’’
 * ’’pipal patea’’
 * Nawan Ghar (New House)
 * Sonar Bangla (Golden Bungalow)
 * Tarkalan Vele (In the Evening)
 * Jeenat Aapa(A Muslim girl)
 * ''A Room 10'x 8'

Poetry

 * Veehveen Sadi te Hor Kavitaavaan (Twentieth Century and Other Poems)
 * Kandhe Kandhe (Shore Shore)

Novels

 * Sarad Poonam Ki Raat (A Cold Full Moon Night)
 * Tere Bhanhe (Your Wishes)
 * Nails and flesh (1969)
 * "Man Pardesi"(1982)
 * "Ab Na Bassoon ih gaon" (Hindi-1996)

Other works

 * Sat Natak (True Nanak) (One-Act Play)
 * Band Darwaaze (Closed Doors)
 * Mitti Musalmaan Ki (A Muslim's Earth)
 * Philosophy and Faith of Sikhism, Himalayan Institute Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-89389-109-1.
 * Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir, New Delhi: National Book Trust, 1999. ISBN 81-237-2765-8.

Awards
Kartar Singh Duggal has been bestowed by many awards throughout his career, including:

He is well travelled. He has visited Bulgaria, North Korea, Russia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, the UK and the U.S. He resided in New Delhi after retirement and spent his time reading.
 * Padma Bhushan
 * Sahitya Akademi Award
 * Ghalib Award
 * Soviet Land Award
 * Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad Award
 * Bhai Mohan Singh Vaid Award
 * Bhartiya Bhasa Parishad Award
 * Punjabi Writer of the Millennium, Award of Government of Punjab
 * Bhai Vir Singh Award (1989) presented by the Vice-President of India for outstanding literary contribution
 * Praman Patra (1993) presented by the Chief Minister of Punjab for outstanding contribution to Punjabi literature
 * Sahir Award (1998)by Adeeb International (Sahir Cultural Academy) Ludhiana, India

The Library of Congress has 118 of his works.

title: Kartar Singh Duggal


text:
User talk:Christ est les quotidiens

Hello, Christ est les quotidiens. May I ask if you have created an account with this name, or just the userpage? If you have an account, I notice that there are no contributions to Wikipedia from it, nor from your IPs 217.162.124.139 and 217.162.125.97. Have you considered making some contributions, such as editing an article? Bishonen | talk 20:38, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Deletion
This article page has been deleted. N.b. one user or two (two IP addresses, but they may have been one user) have put material on the page. The page is not the user page of a Wikipedia user. Rather, it is an article page mislabelled as a "user:" page. The contents, in French, were rambling observations of signs of the apocalypse gathered from the newspapers. The article was tagged for speedy deletion by user:bishonen. I will delete the article page but leave this talk page in place. This way, if the page is recreated, these comments will survive and explain the situation to any future editor/administrator evaluating the page. Geogre 02:54, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Christ est les quotidiens


text:
Mary Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire

Mary Alice Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, (Gascoyne-Cecil; 29 July 1895 – 24 December 1988) was a British courtier who served as Mistress of the Robes to Queen Elizabeth II from 1953 to 1967. She was the granddaughter of Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury.

Early life
She was born the Honourable Mary Alice Gascoyne-Cecil in Hatfield, Hertfordshire on 29 July 1895. She was the second daughter of James Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne, and Lady Cicely Alice Gore, who served as Extra Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Alexandra. Her maternal grandparents were Arthur Gore, 5th Earl of Arran and Lady Edith Jocelyn (daughter of Robert Jocelyn, Viscount Jocelyn and sister of Robert Jocelyn, 4th Earl of Roden). Her paternal grandparents were Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury and the former Georgiana Alderson (eldest daughter of Sir Edward Hall Alderson, a Baron of the Exchequer).

In 1903, her father succeeded as the Marquess of Salisbury and she was styled Lady Mary Gascoyne-Cecil. Her older brother, Robert became the 5th Marquess of Salisbury upon their father's death in 1947. Her younger brother, Lord David Cecil, was a prominent biographer, historian and academic.

Functions
She was Mistress of the Robes to Elizabeth II from 1953 to 1967 and Chancellor of the University of Exeter from 1955 to 1972. She was awarded Hon. LLD (Exon) in 1956.

The Duchess of Devonshire had an interest in Jacob sheep and kept a flock at Chatsworth House in Derbyshire. When a breed society, the Jacob Sheep Society, was formed in July 1969, she became its first president. From 1972 onwards, the society published a flock book.

Marriage and children
On 21 April 1917, Lady Mary was married to Edward Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington. Edward was the eldest son of Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire and his wife, Evelyn Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (eldest daughter of Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne). In 1938, he succeeded his father as the 10th Duke of Devonshire. They had five children:

 * William John Robert Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington (10 December 1917 – 10 September 1944), killed in action in World War II. Married to Kathleen Kennedy, daughter of Ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy and sister of John F. Kennedy (later U.S. president).
 * Andrew Robert Buxton Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire (2 January 1920 – 3 May 2004). Married Deborah Mitford
 * Lady Mary Cavendish (1922–1922), who died in infancy.
 * Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Alice Cavendish (1926–2018), who never married. She served as an Extra Lady-in-Waiting to Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon.
 * Lady Anne Evelyn Beatrice Cavendish (1927–2010), a prison visitor who married Michael Lambert Tree.

On 26 November 1950, her husband Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire, had a heart attack and died at Compton Place while being attended by John Bodkin Adams, the suspected serial killer. In the process of transferring his assets to his son, the death of the Duke fell 10 weeks prior to a required 5-year period, and his estate was subjected to taxes of 80%.

Honours
She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1946 and a Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) in 1955.

Death
The Duchess died in Westminster, London, aged 93, and is buried next to her husband in the churchyard at Edensor, Derbyshire, near Chatsworth.

title: Mary Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire


text:
Esteban Manuel de Villegas

Esteban Manuel de Villegas (5 February 1589, in Matute, La Rioja – 3 September 1669, in Nájera, La Rioja) was a 17th-century Spanish poet.

Biography
Villegas studied grammar in Madrid and later enrolled at the University of Salamanca on 20 November 1610. There he obtained a degree in Law, though he never entered the legal profession. Though he was the royal treasurer in Nájera, he did not obtain any of the positions he wanted. Despite coming from a wealthy family, he spent his entire life in financial difficulties due to his numerous children and his continuous involvement in litigation. At the age of 36, he married Doña Antonia de Leyva Villodas, twenty years younger than him. In 1659 he was tried by the Inquisition which accused him of believing himself in possession of the absolute truth. He was jailed after responding that he knew more about thorny questions than the Church Fathers. He wrote satires against religious communities. Many of these writings are lost, as they were confiscated by the Inquisition. The Inquisition condemned him to four years of exile in Santa María Ribarredonda, but he was pardoned after a year. It seems probable that the rest of the sentence was remitted, for the report of the local inquisition lays stress on Villegas’s simple piety, on the extravagance of his attire, and on the eccentricity of his general conduct and conversation, so marked as to suggest a mental disturbance. He died at the age of 80 in Nájera.

Works
Villegas wrote a lyrical book that was very original for its time, "Las Eróticas" (Nájera, 1618, later widely reprinted, especially by Sancha in Madrid, 1774 and 1797), the title-page of which bore under a rising sun the motto "Me surgente, quid istae?". This book earned him more than a few enemies because of his excessive pride, and he tried to suppress the emblem of the copies that he could; Lope de la Vega referred to this in his Laurels for Apollo, but did not mention Villegas by name.

The book is divided into two parts; the first is written in heptasyllables, imitation of Anacreontic style and matter; the second is in endecasyllables, being historical in content. It contained very delicate poems in short meters, which he managed with special skill. This book of poems contains very free translations of Horace, elegies, idylls, epigrams and some sonnets. It handles the syllables quantitatively and it uses Sapphic, Adonic, and Anacreontic meters rather than the forms then current in Spanish literature. This is why his poetry is purely formal, strictly following form and with many circumlocutions. For this reason he set a strong precedent for Neoclassicism in the 18th century. His longer works have a strong flavour of culterano, as in his Ode to Philip III. His intention to introduce quantitative meter only appears in his introduction to the "adónicos sáficos", since these lend themselves well to a hendecasyllabic form:

He also, fortunately, tried to adapt Spanish poetry to the Anacreontic style; he was imitated during the 18th century in this lyric subgenre, specially cultivated in Villegas' style, particularly by Juan Meléndez Valdés and José Iglesias de la Casa. Also his gracefully rhythmic pastoral "Cantilenas" was much imitated. At an advanced age, he translated Boethius' "De consolatione Philosophiae" and, wiser after his encounter with the Inquisition, left in Latin the part corresponding to free will. He wrote in addition two volumes to "Disertaciones" in which he commented on the classics which had been lost. This work was lost into the hands of Father Martín Sarmiento shortly thereafter. In addition he composed "Discurso contra las comedias" and "Antiteatro", which were never published.

title: Esteban Manuel de Villegas


text: Template:UKFlags

title: Template:UKFlags


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orla

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy deleted. Dmcdevit·t 21:09, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Orla
Sorry Orla, I don't think your time has come yet. NNV Bobbis 20:39, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete using updated deletion criteria for vanity pages. --Alan Au 20:50, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, what's the new criterion? drini ☎ 21:07, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. See Deletion of vanity articles for more on the new criterion (A7). --Dmcdevit·t 21:09, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orla