text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 July 17

Category:Toon Tunes and Category:Toon Tunes albums

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:50, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Categories created for a series of two cartoon music CDs; more categories created by MascotGuy. tregoweth 22:15, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. One article in one, the other is empty.  --Kbdank71 15:18, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Toon out <- delete. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  06:56, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Psycho films

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:48, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

There is no such thing as a psycho film. All of the films in this category comfortably fit into either Category:Horror films, Category:Thriller films, or both. — Xezbeth 17:09, July 17, 2005 (UTC) to its content prior to the guy's (or gal's) starting the "Psycho" article, which content he had also adjusted to fit in with the new article's content. Very honest and brave, whoever did that.
 * Delete. At best, it's ambiguous—I thought it meant the Psycho series of films, not a sub-genre of questionable distinctiveness.  Has anyone verified that psycho (genre) is not simply original research?  Postdlf 17:23, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes and no. Apparently the film critic Kim Newman has at some point classified a "psycho" genre.  It's not clear whether the anonymous user who unilaterally decided that 50-odd films were not horror films but "psycho films" instead was using the same definition, however. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:58, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That is a good point... -Splash 17:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Niz 17:50, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nominator. -Splash 17:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Seems to be related to an attempt to re-write the Horror film article to exclude serial killer films. JW 10:08, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Is a clearly worded attempt to separate supernatural horror films from non-supernatural bizarre crime tales, which have been overly absorbed in the Horror category. Knee-jerk POV in reason to delete ("There is no such thing")  is evident. 12.73.196.14 00:31, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It is considered good form, if you are the author of the article under VfD, to disclose that fact. As for keeping the category or not, the question is not "is it a clearly worded attempt to separate supernatural horror films from non-supernatural bizarre crime tales?" but "is separating films into those categories a critical approach taken by experts in the field or is it one editor's idea of how we should classify films?"  The latter is of course original research. -- Antaeus Feldspar 02:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oooh. original thinking! That-Which-Must-Not-Be-Named! Stodgy old thing, aren't we?  Well, fortunately, as Mr. Rattigan points out, a "Psycho Film" genre is *not* an original proposition to the person who set up the category, but does come from at least one identified expert.  In defiance of whom, it appears, Wikipedia will clutch tightly to a tradition born of youthful gore fans and publicity agents.
 * This anonymous author has defaced the horror film article with the arbitrary removal of all "non-supernatural" films, he has gone through numerous film articles changing the words "horror" to "psycho" (e.g. Texas Chainsaw Massacre is not a horror film, apparently), he has written a weak article (apparently psycho films stopped being made in 1930) about these so-called "psycho films". i have no problem with an article dealing with "psychopaths in the movies" but it cannot be classed as a "genre" unless its widely accepted, which this is not. and even the article, by its description of psycho films, seems to be just describing slasher film, which has a perfectly good article of its own. Niz 10:03, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Defaced? Because you don't agree with something revised, it is defaced?  Well, another stodgy old beak intrudes.  Seems to me "slasher film" is a far more narrow, and more juvenile, name for the genre under discussion, but I guess it could do to make the logical distinction which is, namely, that Norman Bates and Jack the Ripper are not Dracula and The Mummy.  Oh, and, the article seems to have stopped at the 40s, but it doesn't seem to be complete.  Like many articles around here.  Maybe we should wait until it's completed to pass judgment. And, PS, last time we checked, the real defacement was, someone reverted the article on Horror films
 * Keep - If Britain's foremost horror critic Kim Newman has written about it as a genre, there is no reason why it does not belong as an entry on Wiki. Agreed that initial reason given for deletion was blatantly POV. The entry needs work and more research, but as to whether there should be an entry for a Psycho genre, yes. David L Rattigan 0718 19 JULY 2005 GMT
 * You seem to be talking about whether there should be an article on the subgenre, not about whether this category should exist. Postdlf 06:23, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * the category should be deleted, the Psycho (genre) article should be renamed Psychos in film or something, and have "see also" pointing to slasher film, horror film, thriller film etc. once its satisfactory defined what is a "psycho film", only then should categorization begin. one anonymous author's opinion and unilateral changes should not excuse the defacing of all horror-related articles in this way. if Kim Newman truly defined a separate genre for psychos, and wasnt just writing about "the history of psychos in the movies", then its not widely accepted by anybody else and should go on the Kim Newman article instead.
 * Oddly, the Psycho (genre) article has not been put up for deletion or renaming, only the appendixed list of films at Category:Pscyho films. So this aspect of the discussion is moot.  As for segregating Kim Newman's work on the genre because it is "not widely accepted", I do hope you have the statistics to back up that claim.  Without them, your rationale is just reactionary POV, like the rest of the deletionists; and, as I say, the "wide acceptance" which you may perceive is mostly based on the contemporary horror-fan community, and studio ad-men and fan magazine authors who pander to them.  If that is the standard for Wikipedia content, then the project is doomed.
 * Delete as per nom. --Kbdank71 15:16, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, here comes the admin to the rescue - tne who did not like the Category:Films by country discussion and hurried it to an early grave, on the grounds that there was "no concensus" even while an active discussion was in progress to reach a concensus, and who now wants to be sure a concensus is kept here for the sake of the Wikistablishmentarians. Danky, old boy, why aren't you at work getting Category:movie genres renamed Category:Film genres, since there was a definite concensus there and all discussion stopped, and 9 days have now passed.  Oh yes, you didn't agree with the concensus there, so we can take our times.
 * Because it was nominated on the 13th and it's only the 19th. That's actually only 6 days.  I believe I may have mentioned at some point that you fail to grasp how things work around here, and I'd be happy to explain it to you, using small words if necessary.  No response was forthcoming, so I'll just assume you're trolling.  --Kbdank71 17:00, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Deep thinking, and NPOV, where art thou?
 * The antics of the article's author have convinced me that this category should be deleted. Not as a petty "He's annoying and therefore I'll abuse my power to retaliate" thing, though I'm sure he'll announce that it's exactly that; it's that until other people can turn up the existing body of theory upon which this is based, we would be taking his word on the correctness of his interpretation and his classification -- and he has shown through his unwillingness to do anything but insult that such trust cannot be extended to him.  Without any shred of evidence he has leapt to insulting conclusions about what must be going through the heads of everyone who disagrees with him on this matter; there is no reason to believe he is not rendering whatever existing critical theory does exist on "psycho films" through the same distorting lens. -- Antaeus Feldspar 01:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete There is no such genre as a psycho film. --ThomasK 02:12, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I've never heard of it as a genre - when clicked, I was thinking it was a category for Psycho (1960) and the sequels it spawned: Psycho II (1983), Psycho III (1986), Psycho IV: The Beginning (1990), Bates Motel (1987), Psycho (1998 remake).--jiy 21:46, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete I don't believe it's a major genre, maybe a sub-genre. And even if it is kept it's wrong to change the descriptions the films so categorised to be psycho film. That's often not their primary categorization. SteveCrook 14:25, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not a widely accepted genre or sub-genre, at least not under this name. DES 19:09, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Arguments against deletion are all based in fan tradition.  There needs to be some way to separate films about supernatural horror from extreme, but human, gore/shock horror, and neither Category:Slasher films nor Category:Thriller films - based on their respective articles here -  can accommodate all the "mad human killer" films that are now under Psycho film. JVC 03:30, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment by 12.73.195.30, an IP that has less than 30 edits.
 * Keep, as per above is broadest category possible to cover scary non-supernatural films (BTW, Boris Karloff even proposed these as two distinct film genres, although he used "Terror" for the supernatural films and wanted "Horror" to mean what this Wikipedia author is attempting to corrale under "Psycho films"). Albus Dumbledore 01:52, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment by 12.73.196.40, an IP with only 10 edits.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Knob ends

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:26, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Category appears to exist only to disparage its subjects, with only one article (which itself is the subject of a VfD). I vote Delete. Pburka 15:45, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as an attack category. -Splash 17:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Infantry divisions by nationality

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 14:45, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

An empty category creatd since September 2004. Seems like its probable sub-cats are all in Category:Infantry divisions, which is its parent category. I would propose merging the two categories to Category:Infantry divisions by nationality.--Huaiwei 11:11, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment It appears to have been a categorization effort to seperate out the divisions by period as some articles seem to focus on WWI 67.71.168.74 12:04, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Use "Infantry divisions by country" name. Pavel Vozenilek 00:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep category:infantry divisions as the parent category of category:infantry divisions by nationality and category:infantry divisions by period/by war. — Instantnood 05:43, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's empty, and all pertinent subcats are already in Category:Infantry divisions. --Kbdank71 15:12, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:United States painters

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus (keep) --Kbdank71 14:43, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Merge to Category:American painters. I'm getting tired of coming across this one and I'm going to make it quite clear: googling "American painter" gets 102,000 hits. Googling "United States painter" gets 603, and even those meager results appear to have come almost entirely from Wikipedia and its mirrors. All I've ever seen against the use of "American" to mean from the United States are political arguments based on sensitivity to other residents of North and South America, never evidence of what the term actually means in the minds of most English speakers that would go against such usage. Postdlf 08:18, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Or perhaps Category:African Americans should be changed to Category:United States Africans. Postdlf 08:24, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * No, merge the other way around. And "African Americans" should be "United States black people", though race is an odd way of categorising people. James F. (talk) 14:21, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Please, for the sake of all that is holy, tell me that you're being facetious. Postdlf 16:24, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see what the relevance of this dicussion is to this CfD, but it may save you from a repetitve debate if you take a look at a previous ethnicity CfD. This resulted in a consensus to delete that was considered to be overridden by the number requests that it go to RfC. -Splash 17:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The race issue wasn't relevant—I simply brought up an absurd example of what this obtuse kind of naming convention would lead to. Postdlf 18:45, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not being facætious. We have a very long-term policy of not using the term "American" to refer solely to people of the United States of America. I see no particular reason to throw this out of the reason now. James F. (talk) 10:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Reverse merge per James F. Category:American painters→Category:United States painters since that's they way all the other similar cats are named. -Splash 17:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it's not: see Category:American people and the subcategories of Category:American people by occupation; the majority are in the form of "American ____." But even if all others were in the form of "United States ____", "United States" is not an adjective and "American" is the most widely used term by far.  That is, if we actually want to follow what is actually practiced in the real world instead of inventing our own little language preferences.  Postdlf 18:45, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge American painters → United States painters, then delete the poorly named Category:American painters. Just because the other categories are wrong doesn't mean this one should be. We can change the others later. Grutness...  wha?  01:31, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you please explain your rationale? Postdlf 03:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Certainly. As has been previously the case in "American X" vs "United States X" on CFD (and this has been here a lot recently), "American" is far too ambiguous. It does not automatically refer to the United States, whereas this category is intended to refe to just that. we've recently had Category:American dependent territories on here, which intended to refer to dependent territories in the Americas. We've now got "American painters", which is meant to refer to painters from the United States. it is clear that the term is too ambiguous. For further evidence, I can cite the book Essential History of American Art (ISBN 075255349-6), which lists such American painters as Diego Rivera and David Siqueiros. Grutness...  wha?  01:59, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OMG, Postdlf, haven't you heard? It is a crime to be an American on Wikipedia!  We have to be sensitive to international peculiarities.  As the 800-pound (er, excuse me, that is 362.87-kg) gorilla on the international block, we have to let them dictate the policy.  (going to find a towl, because I'm dripping with sarcasm) —Mike 03:00, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I actually hate admitting that I'm an American these days. Nonetheless, in the English language, whether it is American english or British english, "American" is the term used for someone from the United States.  No one proposing alternatives has actually shown that they have any substantial usage in the real world, which is what we should be following, after all, isn't it?  No one told me we could just decide to call things whatever we wanted to call them here regardless of what they were actually called.  Postdlf 03:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Agree with Postdlf.
 * Merge - I think this probably applies to other categories that use the term "United States" instead of "American", and maybe the whole thing should be looked at. The problem is United States is a country not a nationality. Saying "United States painters" is like saying "Germany painters" or "France painters", it's illiterate. JW 09:42, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to United States. Classify by the country, not the continent. America is quite a bit bigger than the US (see WP:CSB). Radiant_ >|< 09:55, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * North and South America are the continents. The Americas refer to them collectively.  An American, however, is someone from the United States because the U.S. successfully co-opted the word.  JW is right that "United States painters" is simply illiterate and there is no excuse for tolerating it.  Postdlf 10:36, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * And the BBC agrees.,,,,,, As does Britannica.,.  Note the qualification Britannica makes of "Latin American literature", in contrast to unqualified "American literature".  So what else do you need to see?  Postdlf 11:11, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Reverse merge America into United States. The name of the country is not America.  --Kbdank71 12:40, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it often is, in common usage, and dictionaries will cite that meaning of "America" before any other. And the links from non-U.S. sources that you've just ignored include such a usage.  But that's not even the point; the name of the Netherlands isn't  Dutch, yet that's what people from the Netherlands are called.  Postdlf 17:30, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sure in parts of the middle east, common usage is "Infidel". So let's just use that, shall we?  I'll repeat:  The name of the country is not America, period.  Not "it often is", not "it rarely is".  Not at all.  If you've got such a problem with adjectives vs nouns, then rename the category to Category:Painters from the United States.  --Kbdank71 15:08, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * See also the CIA World Factbook table of the correct adjectives and nouns to use in referring to nationality. Anyone have any contrary evidence?  Postdlf 18:09, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Postdlf. Am I missing something, or is there another adjective that means "person from the United States"?  People who live in North America are Canadians, Americans, Mexicans, Cubans.  People who live in South America are Venezuelans, Brazilians, Columbians, Peruvians, etc.  It is perhaps my American POV, but I believe American, as an adjective, does not primarily mean "of or pertaining to North, South, or Central America".  If this is common usage outside of the US and there is some other adjective more commonly used for "people from the US" (um, other than "idiots"), I'd like to see some evidence.  -- Rick Block (talk) 15:34, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * *Reverse merge America into United States, or USA. My dictionary indicates America may mean the United States, but "American" can refer to all of the Americas -- Central America, South America, etc. Central Americans, South Americans, etc. [I didn't word that well the first time]
 * Whatever the decision, all these could be brought into consistency
 * Artists of the American West
 * American architects
 * American cartoonists
 * American comics artists
 * American illustrators
 * U.S. illustrators
 * American photographers
 * United States sculptors
 * Art in the United States
 * American photography
 * American visual art
 * Art museums and galleries in the U.S.
 * American art critics
 * U.S. artists

-->>sparkit| TALK << 18:19, July 18, 2005 (UTC) 'Reverse Merge contents of Category:American painters to Category:United States painters or Category:Mexican painters or Category:Canadian painters as appropriate. Then delete. DES 22:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per requesters suggestion. When I become the global dictator I aspire to be I'll post an edict requiring all countries to adopt one-word names to eliminate all the confusion. No more prefixes like 'United', 'Great', or 'New'.--Hooperbloob 23:20, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I bow to you, oh dictator, since we are already referred to as simply the States. However I do fear that means we would have to cede the northeastern U.S. back to the British (drop the "New" from "New England" and you have "England"). —Mike 02:16, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Leave it where it is, which is perfectly clear already. Jonathunder 23:37, 2005 July 18 (UTC)
 * Use "American" or "U.S." "United States" is stilted, etc. Maurreen 14:56, 20 July 2005 (UTC) Forgot to sign earlier.
 * Merge category:United States painters into category:American painters. — Instantnood 05:53, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge category:United States painters to category:American painters Classify by nationality not by form of government. Hiding talk 15:16, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strongly disagree with the proposal. My voting card says on the top "for United States citizens only." Are you going to say that is a wrong usage? United States works as an adjective and is perfectly clear. CDThieme 18:40, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Reverse merge per James F. No need to repeat reasons given above. DES 19:13, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Reverse merge the American painters category (leaving out the Canadians, Mexicans, etc.) and redirect or create a disambiguation page for "American Painters" in search. So Google's wrong in its classification system (which is subject to no controls whatsoever): why must Wikipedia be.  Strictly knee-jerk reactionary POV evident in all arguments favoring "American" over "United States". 12.73.195.30 03:17, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Category:American painters in line with most Wikipedia categories and normal everyday usage. Heavy PC bias in counter proposal. CalJW 22:01, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Notable people in Latter Day Saint history

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge --Kbdank71 14:30, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Should not add "notable" to cateogry names. See previous Cfd on Notable Latter Day Saints. Merge to either Category:Latter Day Saint history or Category:Latter Day Saints.  ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  05:48, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Category:Latter Day Saints since the articles are all about people. -Splash 17:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Are all the notable people in LDS history automatically members of that faith? I mean, technically, Jesus is notable to LDSs, but was not a LDS himself. Grutness...  wha?  01:33, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Splash. We're not going to have any non-notable Latter Day Saint articles.  Postdlf 18:48, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Category:Latter Day Saints. --Kbdank71 14:58, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Vienna

Viktor Adler - Count Alois von Aehrenthal - Peter Altenberg - Elizabeth Anscombe - Alfred Jules Ayer - Richard Avenarius - Kasimir Felix Badeni - Hermann Bahr - Banat - August Bebel - Moritz Benedikt - Alban Berg - Max Black - Blaue Reiter group - Albert Christian Theodor Billroth - Alexander Bogdanov - Francis Herbert Bradley - Brenner Circle - Franz Brentano - Josef Breuer - C. D. Broad - Hermann Broch - Martin Buber - Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot - Pablo Casals - Houston Stewart Chamberlain - Aaron Copland - Cusanus - Carl Dallago - Gabriele D’Annunzio - Richard Dehmel - Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev - Édouard Drumont - Maurice Drury - Eugen Dühring - Johann Eckhardt - Morris Engel - Paul Engelmann - Brian Farrell - Marcel Faust - Gustav Theodor Fechner - Ludwig Ficker - Frank Field - Egon Friedell - Heinrich Friedjung - Christoph Willibald Gluck - Karl Goldmark - Eugene Goosens - Mervyn Griffiths-Jones - Franz Grillparzer - Theodor Haecker - Eduard Hanslick - Maximilian Harden - Roy Harrod - Joseph Matthias Hauer - Ferdinand von Hebra - Erich Heller - Hello, Dolly! - Hermann von Helmholtz - Carl Hempel - Johann Friedrich Herbart - Theodor Herzl - Paul Hindemith - Josef Hoffmann - Hugo von Hoffmanstal - Friedrich Hölderlin - Wilma A. Iggers - Oscar Jászi - Jean Paul - Joseph Joachim - Jung Wien - Kakania - Leopoldine Kalmus - Vasili Kandinsky - Hans Kelsen - Gustav Kirchhoff - Paul Klee - Gustav Klimt - Raoul Kneucker - Rudolf Koder - Ernest von Koerber - Oskar Kokoschka - Richard von Krafft-Ebing - Werner Kraft - Jacob Kraus - Karl Kraus - Bela Kun - Kurnberger - Josef Labor - Else Lasker-Schüler - Moritz Lazarus - Franz Léhar - Nikolai Lenin - Theodor Lessing - Georg Christoph Lichtenberg - Wilhelm Liebknecht - Princw Alfred Liechtenstein - Prince Alois Liechtenstein - Detlev von Liliencron - Adolf Loos - Hendrik Antoon Lorentz - Loris - Karl Lueger - Elizabeth Lutyens - Maurice Maeterlinck - Otto Mahler - Hans Makart - Heinrich Mann - Jacques Maritain - Thomas Masaryk - Gerhard Masur - Wolfram Mauser - Fritz Mauthner - Arthur May - John McTaggart - R. Medvedev - Alexius Meinong - Karl Menger - Walter Methlagl - Giacomo Meyerbeer - Theodor Hermann Meynert - Theodor Meynert - Dorothy Moore - George Edward Moore - Kolo Moser - Robert Musil - Ernst Nagel - Johann Nepomuk Nestroy - Otto Neurath - Nicholas of Cusa - Eduard van der Nüll - Josef-Maria Olbrich - Wilhelm Ostwald - Palestrina - David Pears - Charles Pierre Péguy - Niccola Piccini - Henry Pleasants - Jules Henri Poincaré - Pierre Puvis de Chavannes - W. V. Quine - Philip Radcliffe - Ferdinand Raimund - Jean-Philippe Rameau - Alfred Redl - Odilon Redon - Max Reger - Max Reinhardt - Jean Paul Richter - Rainer Maria Rilke - Eero Sarinen - Felix Salten - Paul Schick - Egon Schiele - F. C. S. Schiller - Anton von Schmerling - Arthur Schnitzler - Georg Ritter von Schönerer - Carl Schorske - Franz Schubert - Clara Schumann - Heinrich Schütz - Ignaz Philipp Semmelweiss - Joseph Skoda - Michael Slattery - Daniel Spitzer - Eduard Spranger - Henry Wickham Steed - Heymann Steinthal - Erik Stenius - Max Sterner - Margarete Stonborough - Thomas Stonborough - Eduard von Taaffe - Hans Tietze - Erica Tietze - Ernst Toller - Georg Trakl - Barbara Tuchman - Franz von Uchatius - Henry van de Velde - Maria Vetsera - Karl von Vogelsang - Otto Wagner - Friedrich Waismann - Bruno Walter - W. H. Watson - Karl Maria von Weber - Frank Wedekind - Gerson Weiler - Otto Weininger - Franz Werfel - Andrew Whiteside - John Wisdom - Fritz Wittels - Anna Wittgenstein - Clara Wittgenstein - Fine Wittgenstein - Hans Wittgenstein - Hermann Wittgenstein - Hermine Wittgenstein - Karl Wittgenstein - Kurt Wittgenstein - Leopoldine Wittgenstein - Louis Wittgenstein - Ludwig Wittgenstein - Margarete Wittgenstein - Paul Wittgenstein - Rudi Wittgenstein - Hugo Wolf - Karl Wolff - Charlotte Wolter - Georg Herik von Wright - Harry Zohn - Stefan Zweig

Edward Timms
Victor Adler - Böhm-Bawerk - Freud - Herzl - Josef Hoffmann - Hoffmanstal - Klimt - Kraus - Loos - Mahler - Rosa Mayreder - Schnitzler - Schoenberg - Otto Wagner - Adelheid Popp

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Charles Matthews/Vienna


text: User talk:172.148.87.131

title: User talk:172.148.87.131


text:
User talk:Kkkc

Manual of Style for club season articles
As you have

Manager templates
I note that you have created a template for Sunderland, and have tweaked the Liverpool one. Could you find the time to tweak the Southampton one as well, so that the three are more or less consistent. Cheers! Daemonic Kangaroo 09:06, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The format is great; can you make it the same width as the Sunderland one; also I deliberately left out the caretaker managers (we've had too many!). Thanks Daemonic Kangaroo 10:47, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for sorting the template out - I would rather leave out the caretaker managers, but if someone else wants them included I wouldn't revert it. As for coming from Hong Kong, I'm afraid not. I'm Southampton born & bred, and after brief sojourns in Portsmouth, London and Luton I've been living in Southampton for the past 33 years. My interest in articles on football on Hong Kong only goes so far as linking to articles where former Saints players spent time in Hong Kong; Thus I requested the article on Bulova (Hong Kong) because Mel Blyth, Phil Boyer & Charlie George all played there at some time. Best wishes.    Daemonic Kangaroo 18:28, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Templates
Yup, I could create templates for discipline. There is already this template (I could make the minute column be optional). But also, there is this table, created by another user, that I was thinking to make a template similar to that one (without the colors column to follow the pattern used on the other tables). What do you think? --ClaudioMB 16:54, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Template for discipline

 * I've created these templates for disciplinary. As I said before, I didn't use colored columns to keep the same layout of the other tables. Please, feel free to make any suggestion on it. By the way, if a player receives a second yellow card with a red one, we should count only the red card or the second yellow also counts? Or a third column for second yellow (with red) could be used and red card column only for direct red? Regards. --ClaudioMB 23:13, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * P.S.: I've invited User:Glennb28, who, I believe, have created the Crewe table, and User:Falastur2 to give their opinions on this. Just to have more good ideas. --ClaudioMB 23:49, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know if you missed the discussion, but after changing some ideas with other editors, I created this table using templates. I hope that is something you were expecting. So, if you like to give your opinion about that, it will be great. Regards.--ClaudioMB 22:20, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

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Sunderland A.F.C. season 2007-08
Hi there, not meaning to seem owny or anything but I'd just like to question why you made this change largely against the Manual of Style for season articles. Also I think there is a little bit of statistical overkill added in the player stats, and generally unneeded sections. Also, the transfers section was simplified to be easier on the eye and this has seemed to have been reverted as well as the squad section. The colours in the table appear a bit garish too and detract from the fact the article is about Sunderland. Thanks. Sunderland06 (talk) 16:37, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

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File copyright problem with File:Pius VI.jpg
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Hong Kong meetup 58
SusanLai (talk) 05:13, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

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Hong Kong meetup 83
SusanLai (talk) 10:15, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 83
SusanLai (talk) 12:01, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Hong Kong meetup 84
SusanLai (talk) 07:09, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Kkkc


text:
User:Mrdelayer~

I don't think we need this here. - Ta bu shi da yu 05:11, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Mrdelayer~


text:
Jane Hall (journalist)

Jane Hall was one of four regular pundits on the Fox News Channel program Fox News Watch and frequently appeared on The O'Reilly Factor, usually having clashes with the host. She was a Fox News Channel contributor. She left Fox News in 2009.

Hall is also an associate professor in the School of Communication at American University.

Hall also has been editor-in-chief of the business magazine View, a staff writer at TV Guide and an associate editor at People magazine. She has published articles for Columbia Journalism Review and The Harvard Journal of Press and Politics.

Hall is interviewed frequently on TV and radio, including The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, Charlie Rose, CBS This Morning and National Public Radio. She has moderated panels on issues in journalism at Columbia University and the Center for Communications in New York.. Hall is frequently on CNN's media show, "Reliable Sources," and is the moderator of The American Forum series on WAMU, the NPR station in Washington DC

Hall is a native of Abilene, Texas. She attended Mills College in Oakland, California, and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from the University of Texas at Austin. She is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and also holds a master's degree in journalism from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in New York City.

title: Jane Hall (journalist)


text:
User:Hamster Sandwich

Like the community where I live, Wikipedia has all kinds of people roaming around. And like the community I live in, I don't really want anything to do with most of you. Of course, in my little village, I have my friends and the shopkeepers I am friendly with, and that is where I choose to spend my earnings. Here in Wikipedialand things should be no different. What I spend here is time and effort. And just like in my 'hood, I do what I can to make it a better place to live by cleaning up trash and trying to be as polite as possible.

Very little about me:
 * Claudio Arrau - Piano Sonata No. 29 (Beethoven) Op. 106, "Hammerklavier"

Recorded: 1963 September. Bachzaal. The Netherlands.

00:00 - I. Allegro

10:48 - II. Scherzo: Assai vivace

13:21 - III. Adagio sostenuto. Appassionato e con molto sentimento

33:55 - IV. Introduzione: Largo - Fuga: Allegro risoluto

title: User:Hamster Sandwich


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Toonarific Cartoon Archive

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Joyous (talk) 01:08, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Toonarific Cartoon Archive
Very likely to be Vanity. Penwhale | Blast the Penwhale 05:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree. Delete drini ☎ 06:46, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Fallstorm 07:47, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * "The largest animation reference on the internet" has Alexa #188,361? I'm sure it's a fun site, but delete.  Dcarrano 18:22, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * More MascotGuy sub-trivia. Delete. tregoweth 22:04, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable self promotion. JamesBurns 08:13, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Bear River, Nova Scotia

Bear River is a community situated at the head of the tidewaters of the Bear River. The river itself is the border between the Annapolis and Digby counties of Nova Scotia and thus, splits the community so that half the community is in Annapolis County and the other half in Digby County.

The community is adjacent to the Bear River First Nation which administers the Bear River 6, 6A and 6B reserves.

History
Originally inhabited by the Mi'kmaq, the area was called "Eelsetkook", meaning "flowing along by high rocks." It was previously called "St. Anthony". It was also named "Imbert", after Simon Imbert, a Frenchman who commanded a relief ship for Port Royal in 1612. The name "Imbert" was gradually corrupted to "Bear". It is also occasionally referred to on maps as "Hillsburgh". This term is believed to be another corruption of "Imbert" or "Hebert", after Louis Hebert, an apothecary who accompanied Samuel de Champlain in 1604.

Bear River was an important shipbuilding location in the late 19th century. One of many large vessels built in the community was the brigantine Dei Gratia, the vessel which discovered the famous mystery ship Mary Celeste in 1872. The climate and soil conditions in the Bear River area are conducive to the growing of grapes and several vineyards have emerged. Bear River was home to the first solar aquatics wastewater management facility in North America; the facility ceased to function when the Municipality of the District of Digby re-routed waste water to the Smith's Cove treatment facility. After a few years of disuse, the community has made it into a community greenhouse. The community is known for its thriving artistic community, the largest per capita in Nova Scotia. There are many artist studios, shops and galleries in the downtown and immediate area. Crafts produced include clothing, woodwork, pottery, quilts, fabric arts, and an assortment of painted media.

The community is run by volunteers as there is no community government. The Bear River Board of Trade is the primary organization to pursue economic development and also maintains the waterfront park and Visitor Information Center. The Bear River Historical Society operates the Bear River Heritage Museum which is open through the summer and early fall with displays of historical photos, archival materials and artifacts of the rich history of the area. The Digby County Exhibition is held in Bear River each year.

The community is working to become an eco-community in its determination to remain low-tech, with no fast food, malls or box stores, and the exploration of alternative energy sources.

Notable residents

 * William M. Jones, soldier
 * Bob Snider, singer/songwriter

title: Bear River, Nova Scotia


text:
Category:Nintendo games

Video games published by Nintendo and its subsidiaries (such as Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development, Monolith Soft, HAL Laboratory and Intelligent Systems, among others)

title: Category:Nintendo games


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eric Powley

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was speedy delete. Gamaliel 06:46, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Eric_Powley
Vanity, nn. Fallstorm 06:03, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete speedy --Barista | a/k/a マイケル | T/C 05:55, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete joke. drini ☎ 06:45, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
User talk:Neves2882

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Neves2882


text:
Positional good

Positional goods are goods valued only by how they are distributed among the population, not by how many of them there are available in total (as would be the case with other consumer goods). The source of greater worth of positional goods is their desirability as a status symbol, which usually results in them greatly exceeding the value of comparable goods.

Various goods have been described as positional in a given capitalist society, such as gold, real estate, diamonds, and luxury goods. Generally any coveted goods, which may be in abundance, that are considered valuable or desirable in order to display or change one's social status when possessed by relatively few in a given community may be described as positional goods. What could be considered a positional good can vary widely depending on cultural or subcultural norms.

More formally in economics, positional goods are a subset of economic goods whose consumption (and subsequent utility), also conditioned by Veblen-like pricing, depends negatively on consumption of those same goods by others. In particular, for these goods the value is at least in part (if not exclusively) a function of its ranking in desirability by others, in comparison to substitutes. The extent to which a good's value depends on such a ranking is referred to as its positionality. The term was coined by Austrian-British financial journalist Fred Hirsch, and the concept has been refined by American economics professor Robert H. Frank and Italian economist Ugo Pagano.

The term is sometimes extended to include services and non-material possessions that may alter one's social status and that are deemed highly desirable when enjoyed by relatively few in a community, such as college degrees, achievements, awards, etc.

Concept
Although Thorstein Veblen emphasized the importance of one's relative position in society with reference to the concept of conspicuous leisure and consumption, it was Fred Hirsch who coined the concept of the "positional good", in Social Limits to Growth. He explained that the positional economy is composed of "all aspects of goods, services, work positions and other social relationships that are either (1) scarce in some absolute or socially imposed sense or (2) subject to congestion and crowding through more extensive use" (Hirsch, 1977: 27).

Hence, Hirsch distinguished categories of positional goods. Some depend, essentially, on their relative positions (pride of superiority, status, and power); others, such as land for leisure activities or land for suburban housing, are positional merely because their total amount is fixed. However, land is valued at least in part for its absolute contribution to productivity, which does not derive from its relative ranking. Thus, some economists (such as Robert H. Frank and Ugo Pagano) include only goods (like status and power) which are valued specifically because of their relative quality. In addition, jural positions can also be considered as positional goods (cf. Pagano and Vatiero 2017, and Vatiero 2021 ).

Hirsch's main contribution is his assertion that positional goods are inextricably linked to social scarcity – social scarcity relates to the relative standings of different individuals and arises not from physical or natural limitations, but from social factors; for instance, the land in Inter-Provincial Montioni Park is physically scarce, while political leadership positions are socially scarce.

The broad theme of Hirsch's book was, he told The New York Times, that material growth can "no longer deliver what has long been promised for it – to make everyone middle-class". The concept of positional good explains why, as economic growth improves overall quality of life at any particular level, doing "better" than how an individual's grandparents lived does not translate automatically into doing "well", if there are as many or more people ahead of them in the economic hierarchy. For example, if someone is the first in their family to get a college degree, they are doing better. But if they were at the bottom of their class at a weak school, they may find themselves less eligible for a job than their grandfather, who was only a high school graduate. That is, competition for positional goods is a zero-sum game: Attempts to acquire them can only benefit one player at the expense of others.

In the case of positional goods, people benefiting from a positional good do not take into account the externalities of their respective sufferers. That is, in the case of "public ... goods, the consequences of this failure implies that an agent consuming the public good does not get paid for other people's consumption; in the case of a positional ... good, the equivalent failure implies that an agent consuming positive amounts is not charged for the negative consumption of other agent's consumption" (Pagano 1999:71). That is, while, in the case of public goods, we have the standard underinvestment problem in their supply, because excluding individuals from externalities that have the "same sign" may turn out to be impossible, by contrast, in the case of positional goods, we have a problem of over-provision, because all agents may try to consume positive amounts of these goods, neglecting to consider the externality on others. For public goods, an undersupply, for positional goods, it signifies an over-supply. In other words, in positional competitions, people work harder to compete and consume more than they would under optimal conditions.

Some economists, such as Robert Frank, argue that positional goods create externalities and that "positional arms races" can result for goods that might boost one's social status relative to others. This phenomenon, Frank argues, is clearly bad for society, and thus government can improve social welfare by imposing a high luxury tax on certain luxury goods to correct for the externality and mitigate the posited social waste.

However, in some cases it may be less clear that such government intervention is warranted in response to these externalities. For example, in certain cases, such government actions can potentially impede improvements in living standards and innovation. Technological advance itself is possible in part because wealthy individuals are willing to be first purchasers of new and untested goods (e.g., early cellphone models in the early 1990s). There is a certain experimentation and risk that accompany luxury goods, and if they are found to be useful they may eventually be mass-produced and made affordable to the common person: one era's luxuries are another's commonplace goods. In short, the negative positional externality can be compensated by the public goods of infant industry effects and research and development.

In his response to the cited article by Kashdan and Klein, Robert Frank wrote the following: "In the short run, the tax would not change the total level of spending. Rather, it would shift the composition of spending in favor of investment. Innovation is hardly confined to the consumption sector. Producers of capital goods also have strong incentives to come up with useful innovations. And with the greater aggregate investment spending caused by a consumption tax, more resources than before would be available for research and development. There is thus no reason to expect innovation to slow down, even in the short run. In the long run, which is what really counts for the point Kashdan and Klein are attempting to make, their argument collapses completely. Higher rates of investment mean a higher rate of income growth, which means that consumption along the high-savings trajectory will eventually exceed what it would have been had we remained on the low-savings trajectory. From that point forward, there would be more expenditure on innovation in both the consumption and capital goods sectors..."

Definitions
One early instance of positional economy comes from San Gimignano – a Tuscan medieval town that has been described as the Manhattan of the Middle Ages because of its towers (in the past there were about eighty towers). Towers were not built by aristocratic families to live in them, but to "demonstrate" to community, their power, affluence, and status of each family. In this case, the owner of a tower consumed a positive level of positional good, like power, instead the family which did not own a tower or owned a lower building consumed a negative level of positional good, that is, it consumed the exposure stemming from the power of the owner. For this reason, there is a zero-sum game in the family consumptions. There is a party consuming a positive amount of positional good and at the same time there is a counterparty consuming a negative amount of such a good. The aristocratic family – owners of a tower – enjoyed the positive consumption of the positional good, namely it had a positive utility deriving from the positional good. On the contrary, the family – non-owners of a tower – suffered from the negative consumption of the positional good (the consumption of exposure to power of others), namely it had a negative utility. For this reason, there is a zero-sum game in the family utilities.

Towers were not built stuck to each other; it would have reduced the construction costs because a part of walls would be shared. Instead, among towers there is a gap, but this gap is not large enough for a person to pass through; it is the size of a brick. The reason of this gap and its size is to keep costs of construction high, and to deny the positive consumption of a positional good to families which were not rich enough to build the entire edifice. For this reason, positional good is related to a higher pricing. The case of San Gimignano's towers explains three meanings of positional good, each one resting on the idea of social scarcity: 1) the first one based on a zero-sum game in the consumptions, 2) the second one based on a zero-sum game in the payoffs (utilities), and 3) the third one related to higher pricing mechanism to deny the consumption of others.

The definition centered on a zero-sum game in the consumptions is originated from contributions of Ugo Pagano: When one party's level of consumption is positive, then at least one other party's level of consumption must be negative. However while the dimension of positional good is binary, the net (utility) impact of a positional good may be positive, zero, or negative. The individual utility derives from the individual preferences on the level of consumption. If reasonable conditions – positive (negative) consumptions imply positive (negative) utilities – hold, then a second kind of definition of positional goods may be formulated: Zero-sum game in the payoffs. Positional goods are goods whose utility of their consumptions is relative (negatively) to the consumption of the others.

A last definition of positional good derives from the so-called "Veblen effect", which is witnessed whenever individuals are willing to pay higher prices for functionally equivalent goods (a significant example is the luxury goods market). The Veblen effect also implies that a sufficient decrease in price leads not to an increase in demand, but to a decrease, because the social status derived from acquiring the goods in question may fall (remember the role of gap among San Gimignano's towers). In this respect, positional goods are goods for which the satisfaction derives (at least in part) from higher pricing.

This brings us to an intriguing parallel between positional goods, such as "luxury goods", and what are known as "Giffen goods". Rae observed that in the case of "mere luxuries", while a halving of the price would require a doubling in the number of units purchased, in order to satisfy vanity to the same extent, a reduction of the price to a small fraction of its previous level would reduce demand to zero. Cournot also admitted that some goods "of whim and luxury ... are only desirable on account of their rarity and of the high price which is the consequence thereof ... [i]n this case a great fall in price would almost annihilate the demand" (cf. Schneider ).

Triad of economic goods
People constantly compare themselves to their environments and care greatly about their relative positions, which influence their choices. Therefore, it could be argued that the paradigm of homo economicus should be extended, so that positional goods are included in theories of individual consumption and social concerns are considered among the basic motivations for individual economic behaviour. The triad of economic goods – private, public, and positional goods – can be defined in terms of individual and total consumption. Private goods are characterized by the fact that they are consumed only by single individuals. The exclusion of others from positive amounts of consumption is impossible in the case of public goods. Instead, when some individuals consume positional goods, other individuals must be included in the consumption of related negative quantities.

A pure positional good can be defined as a good of which a certain amount of positive consumption by one agent is matched by an equally negative amount of consumption by another agent. That is, in the case of positional goods, individuals' consumption levels have opposite signs. However, in the case of certain positional goods, such as Olympic medals, one may talk of new positional products created out of nothing; such products do not result in negative externalities, especially if even last place at the Olympics is viewed as prestigious enough to bring positive utility to the competitor.

The distinction among private, public and positional goods brings different rules for deriving total demand. In a diagrammatic view, total demand of a private good is the horizontal sum of individual demands. For a public good, instead, total demand is the Samuelsonian vertical summation of individual demands. Finally, for positional goods, the optimal level of consumption does not coincide, as it does in the case of private goods, with the intersection of any individual marginal rate of substitution curve with the marginal cost curve since an externality emerges for the consumption of other.

Thus, it is necessary to first calculate the total marginal rate of substitution and, consequently, find the intersection with the marginal cost curve. As in the case of public goods, the total marginal rate of substitution is calculated by the summation of individual marginal rates of substitution. But in the case of positional goods, one marginal rate of substitution is subtracted since there is negative consumption. Therefore, the total marginal rate of substitution is the difference between the two individual marginal rates of substitution.

title: Positional good


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zemsky's Corporation

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE. -- Francs2000 | Talk 22:10, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Zemsky's Corporation
Vanity, nn, see Votes for deletion/Zemsky's Corporation/1 for the previous VfD on the exact same article. Penwhale | Blast the Penwhale 05:58, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy for recreation of a deleted article. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 06:24, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Kombucha drops

Merge and redirect
Kombucha drops appears to be copied and pasted verbatim from this webpage: []. I'm going to merge it with and redirect it to Kombucha and let it be handled there. Edwardian 05:57, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kombucha drops


text:
Chisasibi

Chisasibi (ᒋᓵᓰᐲ; meaning Great River) is a village and Cree reserved land (TC) on the eastern shore of James Bay, in Eeyou Istchee, an equivalent territory (ET) in Nord-du-Québec, Canada. It is situated on the south shore of La Grande River (the Grand River), less than 10 km from the river's mouth. Chisasibi is one of nine Cree villages in the region, and is a member of the Grand Council of the Crees of Quebec.

The territory surrounding Chisasibi is part of the municipality Eeyou Istchee James Bay, of which parts are jointly managed by the municipalities of the Jamésie TE and the Cree Regional Authority of the Eeyou Istchee TE.

The land area of the town is 491.63 km2 and the area of the associated Chisasibi Cree village municipality is 825.11 km2.

History
The Cree have lived in the region for many centuries but were nomadic. In 1803, the Hudson's Bay Company founded Fort George, a trading post on the north shore which was relocated to the largest island at the mouth of La Grande River in 1837. Fort George became a permanent village as the local Cree population abandoned their nomadic way of life in the early 20th century and settled nearby. In 1940, its population was about 750 and grew to almost 2,000 in 1980.

In the mid-1970s, the construction of the James Bay hydro-electric project began, diverting upstream rivers into the La Grande watershed, increasing its flow significantly, resulting in erosion of Fort George Island (also called Governor's Island) and disruption to the formation of a solid ice cover in winter. In response, the Quebec Government built a new community on the mainland's south shore, relocating the population and some 200 houses to the new site in 1981. The village was renamed Chisasibi (official name: Cree Nation of Chisasibi). At the same time, the Fort George Relocation Corporation was formed to oversee the relocation.

The Cree Nation of Chisasibi

Chisasibi is the most northern Cree village accessible by road and the northernmost community with year-round road access in eastern North America. A 90 km paved road, running from Radisson and parallel to La Grande River, connects Chisasibi to the James Bay Road (French: Route de la Baie James). The James Bay Road (formerly part of Route 109) was built from 1971 to 1974 as part of the James Bay hydroelectric project and connects Matagami to Radisson. Chisasibi Airport is located 1.7 NM northwest of the village and Air Creebec operates scheduled service from this airport. Though this is the most northern village, this is not where the road ends. From La Grande-1 generating station (LG-1), the road continues north to a location called Longue Pointe (Long Point). It is the farthest one can go by road east of the Hudson Bay.

Many Cree in Chisasibi engage in hunting, trapping, and fishing activities, but all catch is for local consumption. Other economic activity includes local services (health care and education), employment by Hydro-Québec and some hospitality services. An elected Chief, Deputy Chief, and Council help administer the Cree Nation of Chisasibi Office.

Other Cree villages near Chisasibi are Whapmagoostui, 200 km to the north in Nunavik, on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay near the Northern village of Kuujjuarapik, and Wemindji, about 100 km to the south.

Demographics
In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Chisasibi had a population of 4,985 living in 1,056 of its 1,281 total private dwellings an increase of 2.3% from its 2016 population of 4,872. With a land area of 480.29 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

As of the 2021 census the population of Chisasibi comprises 4,305 Cree, 345 other First Nations, 240 Inuit, 10 Métis, and 245 non-native people. The average age is 30.0 with 29.6 for men and 30.5 for women. The majority of the population is between 15 and 64 years old (61.5 per cent), 31.1 per cent are under 15 and 7.8 per cent are 65 and older.

Languages
Cree is spoken as the first language in Chisasibi, in addition to English, as a primary language for official dealings.

The mother tongue of the majority of the residents is Cree at 81.3 per cent, with 6.6 per cent for other indigenous languages. For Canada's official languages, English is the mother tongue for 8.4 per cent and French for 2.9 per cent of the population. In addition 0.7 per cent report a non-Indigenous language as their mother tongue

Around 76,4 per cent of the population speak English, with 3.5 per cent speaking French, 15.7 per cent speaking both English and French, and 4.4 per cent speaking neither.

There has been criticism of the Quebec language policy with respect to native languages, particularly Cree, many related to Hydro-Québec's hydroelectric dam project in the James Bay region.

Education
The Cree School Board operates Waapinichikush Elementary School (with 788 students) and the James Bay Eeyou School, a high school, which has 494 students École Eeyou De La Baie James; ᒉᐃᒥᔅ ᐯᐃ ᐄᔨᔨᐤ ᒋᔅᑯᑎᒫᒑᐅᑭᒥᒄ). The Eeyou School opened in 1980.

Previously, the school provided boarding services for high schoolers from further afield of the James Bay region, such as Eastmain, Whapmagoostui, and Wemindji, as (at the time) all high school classes in the region were located in Chisasibi.

In addition, adult education is available in Chisasibi, including vocational and general education.

Climate
Chisasibi has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc), typical of the central latitudes of Quebec, with cold and snowy winters and mild, rainy summers.

title: Chisasibi


text:
Talk:Chitty

Quote:

''The Chitty are a distinctive group of Tamil language people found mainly in Malacca, who are also known as the Indian Peranakans. As of today, their population stands at 2,000.''

So, Chitty is a group of people or a group of languages? I'm changing it. __earth 05:58, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Chitty-Chetty?
hey, just wondering... is there any relation between the two? Do they also keep caste distinctions? Domsta333 13:12, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

So what does Columbo Chitty mean?
Is chitty just a Tamil word for Tamils living in traditionally non-Tamil-speaking areas?

This could have a disambiguation?
It could be the subject of this article, then Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, then chitty (slang for cheque), and Chitty as a surname, I believe it exists.--J.b p.b 101 (talk) 10:11, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

The Melaka Chitty
Hey guys, just a small contribution..

The Melaka Chitty's are a clan. The clan started of in a small village a.k.a 'Kampung' in the malay language located in Gajah Berang Melaka.

The Chitty's comprise of a few family names, not just only people with the Chitty surname as we do have ppl from a other surnames that belong in the clan. However, there are some of us who still keep the 'chitty' name going.. :)

Today, a very big portion of the clan has moved out of the village and have migrated to areas like Melaka town, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. There is a significant group of Melaka Chitty's in Singapore as well.

I've lost quite a lot of my Chitty roots but am keen to still save as much of it's culture as i can.. :)

Regards,

Prashan Chitty a.k.a [Mr. P!] —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chittyboy (talk • contribs) 04:21, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Chitty


text:
Talk:Shrone Hill

Untitled
All these facts have no reference and are only derived locally in the parish of Lattin/Cullen. I’m interested in researching this topic further and adding more detail to this site (both fact and fiction). If anyone would like to contact me my email address is patrickjmurray@yahoo.co.uk

NOTE
Please note that the place name is called "Shronell", not "Shronel". I have made a page about the area which u might be interested at looking over. Search "Shronell" in wikipedia and it should pop up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Daithiocondun (talk • contribs) 16:34, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shrone Hill


text:
Institution of the Counsellors

The Institution of the Counsellors is the current appointed branch in the administrative system of the Baháʼí religion. It consists of the 9 International Counsellors of the International Teaching Centre, the 90 Continental Counsellors, their Auxiliary Board Members, and assistants. The Counsellors, a respected and high-ranking position, are appointed to 5-year renewable terms, and organized into boards working on 5 continents that are coordinated by the International Teaching Centre.

The Institution of the Counsellors was created in 1968 by the Universal House of Justice to perpetuate the work done previously by the Hands of the Cause. The functions of the institution are generally "protection" from schism and "propagation", or spreading, of the religion at an international level. Members of the institution have no legislative or executive power, and do not fill the role of clergy, but they are tasked with "stimulating, counseling, and assisting" the elected institutions and Baháʼí communities generally. They fill a largely advisory and inspirational role.

The continental and international Counsellors are appointed by the Universal House of Justice, the supreme institution of the religion. Continental Counsellors appoint Auxiliary Boards, who in turn appoint assistants. When including the Hands of the Cause, the whole structure is sometimes called the 'appointed branch' of the religion, or the 'Institution of the Learned', to contrast it with the elected Spiritual Assemblies. All members of the institution, from the International Teaching Centre to Auxiliary Board members serve 5-year terms that begins on the Day of the Covenant, which falls on either November 25 or 26, except for local Assistants, whose duration of service is "left to each Continental Board to decide for itself".

There are no formal qualifications, pre-requisites, or training needed to be appointed to the Institution of the Counsellors.

International Teaching Centre

The International Teaching Centre is a board of nine Counsellors that was created in June 1973 to extend the role of the Hands of the Cause resident at the Baháʼí World Centre. It operates from a building on the Baháʼí arc next to the Universal House of Justice. The announcement of its creation outlined its duties: "co-ordinate, stimulate and direct" the Continental Counsellors and act as liaison to the House of Justice; provide reports and recommendations to the Universal House of Justice and advice to the Counsellors; be alert to opportunities for growth of the religion; and "determine and anticipate" needs for teaching and propose teaching plans.

All Hands of the Cause were initially members of the board, as well as three Counsellors. Over time, as Hands of the Cause grew older and could not be replaced, the board transitioned to four Counsellors in 1979, seven in 1983, and to the present nine in 1988.

The Counsellors of the International Teaching Centre also serve 5-year terms.

The International Teaching Centre is responsible with overseeing the security and ensuring the protection of the Baha'i faith. It must investigate all cases of Covenant-breaking with the help of the Continental Counsellors and their auxiliaries, evaluate their reports and decide whether to expel the offender from the Baha'i faith, they submit their decisions to the Universal House of Justice for its final words.

Continental Boards of Counsellors
The Continental Boards of Counsellors are responsible for protecting and propagating the Baháʼí Faith at a continental level, as well as informing the Baháʼí World Centre of developments in their area. As individuals they are known as 'Continental Counsellors'.

They were created to perpetuate the role of the Hands of the Cause, who could no longer be appointed after 1957. They outrank the National Spiritual Assemblies, though only in an advisory role since they have no administrative authority, but they are regarded as lower than the Hands. The announcement of their creation on 21 June 1968 also changed the Hands of the Cause from continental to worldwide appointments. The Counsellors took on the responsibility of directing the work of the Auxiliary Boards, appointees working closer with local communities, and one Counsellor from each board was appointed as the trustee of funds. At first the Hands resident in Haifa directed the boards of Counsellors, until the International Teaching Centre was created in 1973.

Upon their creation in 1968 there were 11 distinct boards: three each in Africa, the Americas, and Asia, and one each for Australia and Europe. In 1980 that arrangement was changed to five boards: one each in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia, and Europe.

The term of Continental Counsellors is 5 years, though the term length may be changed at the discretion of the Universal House of Justice. If a Continental Counsellor is appointed to the International Teaching Centre, they must relinquish their role on the continental board, and if they are elected to the Universal House of Justice, they cease to be a Counselor.

Some of the duties assigned to the Counsellors include directing the Auxiliary Boards in their area, advising National Spiritual Assemblies, keeping the Universal House of Justice informed of conditions in their area, and "stimulating, counseling and assisting" individuals and local and national Spiritual Assemblies. In addition, advising the regional Baháʼí councils became part of their duties when they were created in 1997.

Auxiliary Boards
The Auxiliary Boards were created in April 1954 by Shoghi Effendi to assist the Hands of the Cause. The first group of Auxiliary Board members were organized on a continental basis, similar to the Hands themselves. The first boards continued focusing on teaching work and a second set of boards were created in October 1957 to focus on the job of 'protection', that is, maintaining unity and responding to attacks by enemies of the Baháʼís.

The boards were transitioned in 1968 to the jurisdiction of the Continental Counsellors, appointed to a geographic area. Unlike the Counsellors, Auxiliary Board Members are designated as either "protection" or "propagation". Those dedicated to protection focus on responding to or preventing opposition, while those dedicated to propagation focus on encouraging Baháʼí communities in their teaching work. They are generally not permitted to be members of any elected institution. If they are elected as a delegate to the national convention, or to the national spiritual assembly, they must choose between that role or being a board member. If elected to the Universal House of Justice, they must join the House of Justice and cease to be members of the board.

Initially in 1957 there were 72 Auxiliary Board members appointed. 50 years later, there were about 1,000.

Assistants
Due to the rapid growth of the religion around the world, the Universal House of Justice in 1973 allowed Auxiliary Board members to appoint their own assistants to maintain adequate contact with assemblies and individuals in their areas. In 2008 there were about twelve thousand such assistants worldwide. Unlike other members of the Institution of the Counsellors, assistants to the Auxiliary Board may serve on Spiritual Assemblies, and are sometimes youth.

title: Institution of the Counsellors