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Hatay State

Hatay State (Hatay Devleti; État du Hatay; دولة حطاي), also known informally as the Republic of Hatay (جمهورية حطاي), was a transitional political entity that existed from 7 September 1938 to 29 June 1939, being located in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. The state was transformed de facto into the Hatay Province of Turkey on 7 July 1939, de jure  joining the country on 23 July 1939.

Background
Formerly part of the Aleppo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, the Sanjak of Alexandretta was occupied by France at the end of the First World War and constituted part of the French Mandate of Syria.

The Sanjak of Alexandretta was an autonomous sanjak from 1921 to 1923, as a result of the Franco-Turkish Treaty of Ankara, as it had a large Turkish community as well as its Arab and Armenian population. Then it was attached to the State of Aleppo, then in 1925 it was directly attached to the State of Syria, still with a special administrative status.

Marshal Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later known as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk), refused to accept the Sanjak of Alexandretta as part of the Mandate and, in a speech on 15 March 1923 in Adana, he described the Sanjak as "A homeland where Turks lived for centuries and can't be a captive at the hands of enemy". Turkish policy aimed at annexing the Sanjak of Alexandretta when the French mandate of Syria was due to expire in 1935. Turks in Alexandretta initiated reforms in the style of Atatürk's, and formed various organisations and institutions in order to promote the idea of union with the Republic of Turkey.

In 1936, the elections returned two Syrian independentist MPs (favouring the independence of Syria from France) in the sanjak, and this prompted communal riots and passionate articles in the Turkish and Syrian press. In particular, Arab nationalist Zaki al-Arsuzi was influential.

In response, the Atatürk government coined the name Hatay for the Sanjak of Alexandretta, as a reference to Hittites (Syro-Hittite states), and raised the "Issue of Hatay" (Hatay Meselesi) at the League of Nations. On behalf of the League of Nations, representatives of France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium and Turkey prepared a constitution for the sanjak. The new statute came into power in November 1937, the sanjak becoming 'distinct but not separated' from Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for military matters.

On 2 September 1938, the sanjak assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Hatay State. The State lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision.

On 29 June 1939, following a referendum, the Hatay legislature voted to disestablish the Hatay State and join Turkey. This referendum has been labelled both "phoney" and "rigged", as the Turkish government organised tens of thousands of Turks from outside Alexandretta to register as citizens and vote. The French encouraged the annexation, hoping it would act as an incentive to Turkey to reject an alliance with Nazi Germany.

Hashim al-Atassi, the President of the Syrian Republic, resigned in protest at the continued French intervention in Syrian affairs, maintaining that the French were obliged to refuse the annexation under the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936.

Legislature
The Hatay State Peoples Assembly (Hatay Devleti Millet Meclisi) consisted of 40 members, consisting of 22 Turks, nine Alawites, five Armenians, two Orthodox Greeks and two Sunni Arabs.

Annexation
On 7 July 1939, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey approved the law establishing the Hatay Province and incorporating districts from Adana Province (then Seyhan Province) and Gaziantep Province. By 23 July 1939, the last vestiges of the French Mandate authorities had left Antakya, and the territory was fully annexed by Turkey. The result was a flight of many Arabs and Armenians to Syria. The region's Armenian population, having been survivors of the Armenian genocide, migrated to the French Mandate of Syria due to fears of Turkish prosecutions and therefore weren't able to contemplate Turkish sovereignty. Following the annexation, almost the entire Armenian population of Hatay had settled in Aleppo, with many others moving to Lebanon where they founded the modern town of Anjar near the ruins of its historic castle.

Population and demographics
According to the estimates of the French High Commission in 1936, out of a population of 220,000, 39% were Turks, 28% Alawite Arabs, 11% Armenians, 10% Sunni Arabs, 8% other Christians and 4% were Circassians, Kurds and Jews. Although Turks formed the largest single ethno-religious minority, Arabic speakers, including Sunnis, Alawites and Christians, were more numerous.

In 1937, most sources pointed that out of a total population of 186 thousand people (which is according to the French government's 1932 report) in sanjak of Alexandretta, 85 thousand people were Turks, 25 thousand were Armenians, and the rest was largely made up of Arabs with some Greeks, Jews, Kurds, and Circassians.

In popular culture
A fictionalized Hatay, with its own potentate and army, is the setting for the climax of the movie Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

title: Hatay State


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Marston Magna

Marston Magna (also known as Broad or Great Marston) is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated 5 mi north of Yeovil in the South Somerset district. The village has a population of 523.

History
The name Marston Magna means larger settlement by a marsh.

It was held as nine separate estates before the Norman Conquest.

The parish was part of the hundred of Horethorne.

The site of the medieval manor house survives as a moat and fish ponds south of the village.

In the early 18th century the estate was held by Sir John St Barbe, 1st Baronet (d.1723) and was passed on through the families of Ashington and Sydenham of Combe, Dulverton, Somerset.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Yeovil Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. Marston Magna is part of the electoral ward of Camelot.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Somerton and Frome county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Landmarks
The manor house on Church Green dates from 1613.

Religious sites
The Church of St Mary can date its origins to before the Norman Conquest, however the present building largely dates from around 1360, with further rebuilding in the 15th century. It has been designated as a grade I listed building. The church was held by Polsloe Priory, near Exeter from the 12th century until the dissolution of the monasteries.

In fiction
In the 1992 novel The English Patient, Marston Magna features as the home of the character Madox. In the novel, Madox travels by bus to the nearby town of Yeovil and commits suicide in an unnamed church there.

In the film of the book, the character is referred to in Anthony Minghella's screenplay as coming from the county of Dorset.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marston Magna


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User talk:Masran Silvaris

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title: User talk:Masran Silvaris


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River Slea

The River Slea is a 36.4 km tributary of the River Witham, in Lincolnshire, England. In 1872 the river was described as "a never-ending source of pure water", and was a trout river renowned throughout the East coast of England. But in the late 1960s, the Anglian Water Authority took control of the river, and thereafter it became rapidly degraded, due mostly to over-abstraction of water for use in farming.

Course
The Slea rises near West Willoughby, two miles south-west of Ancaster, at an altitude of 70 metres. The river descends 30 metres in the first 3 km of its course through Ancaster before flowing past a Site of Special Scientific Interest (alongside Sleaford Golf Club) into Sleaford.

Through Sleaford it flows above ground in two separate courses, and then curves around the foot of The Hub where a new riverside sculpture walk follows it. Leaving Sleaford, it passes Haverholme and runs down through South Kyme where it is known as the Kyme Eau to join the River Witham at Chapel Hill.

Slea Navigation
The River Slea was made navigable from the Witham up to Sleaford in 1794, although these navigations were closed in 1878, having been made uneconomic by the arrival of the railway in 1857. There is now an active Sleaford Navigation Trust that aims to reopen to navigations again as far as Sleaford.

title: River Slea


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User talk:Funkman24

here is the first dzongkha webpage

title: User talk:Funkman24


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No. 1 (BoA album)

No. 1 is the second Korean-language studio album (third overall) by South Korean recording artist BoA. The album's composition and arrangement was handled by several music collaborators, such as Yoo Young-jin, Kangta, Ahn Ik-soo, Sigurd Heimdal Rosnes, among others. Released through SM Entertainment on April 12, 2002, No. 1 marked BoA's return to South Korea following the release of her debut Japanese album Listen to My Heart a month prior, which saw widespread recognition in Japan.

No. 1 was a commercial success in South Korea, topping the monthly charts compiled by the Recording Industry Association of Korea (RIAK) for two consecutive months. It was the year's fourth best-selling album in the country, with sales of over 540,000 copies. In Japan, the album peaked at number 24 on the Oricon Albums Chart and sold over 14,000 copies.

The title track "No. 1" was released in conjunction with the album and received promotions on domestic music programs. It won various awards in South Korea, including the Most Popular Music Video (daesang) at the 2002 Mnet Music Video Festival and Grand Prize (daesang) at the 2002 SBS Gayo Daejeon.

Background and release
No. 1 was released as BoA's second Korean-language studio album on April 12, 2002. There are only limited copies of the first pressing of the album which sold out just in weeks. The first press includes "No. 1 (Original Version)", "My Sweetie (Original Version)", and "Listen to my Heart (Big Chorus Version)". Later pressings of the album contain "No. 1 (Music Video Version)" and "My Sweetie (Corrected Version)" (featuring a slightly amended ending). The Japanese issue of No. 1 was released on June 1, 2002, and includes an exclusive bonus track "No. 1 (English Version)".

Commercial performance
No. 1 experienced greater success in South Korea compared to her debut album ID; Peace B (2000). No. 1 debuted at number one on the monthly MIAK album chart with initial monthly sales of 232,626 in April 2002 and remained at number one the following month. The album was ranked at number four on the list of the best-selling albums in Korea for 2002, with reported sales of 544,853 that year. It also peaked at number 21 on the weekly Oricon Albums Chart in 2002.

title: No. 1 (BoA album)


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Fish Hoek

Fish Hoek (Vishoek, meaning either Fish Corner or Fish Glen) is a coastal town at the eastern end of the Fish Hoek Valley on the False Bay side of the Cape Peninsula in the Western Cape, South Africa. Previously a separate municipality, Fish Hoek is now part of the City of Cape Town. As a coastal suburb of Cape Town, Fish Hoek is popular as a residence for commuters, retired people and holidaymakers alike. The traditional industries of 'trek' fishing and angling coexist with the leisure pursuits of surfing, although nearby Kommetjie is usually favoured, sailing and sunbathing. There is an active lifeguard community who utilise the beach and bay for training.

History
Fish Hoek, Vissers Baay or Visch Hoek appears on the earliest maps of the Cape.

Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Fish Hoek in 1833. He described it as a "poor village" with a whaling industry.

The first grant of Crown land in Fish Hoek was granted to Andries Bruins in 1818. The land was sold several times before being bought by Hester Sophia de Kock in 1883. She was then a spinster of 51 years old. In 1901, late in life, she married a local farmer, one Jacob Isaac de Villiers, who came to live with her on the farm. Although she farmed wheat and vegetables, she started providing accommodation for people who wanted to stay in Fish Hoek, and so became the first local tourist entrepreneur. Having realized that Fish Hoek was becoming popular, she left instructions in her will that the farm was to be surveyed and the land sold as building plots.

After the deaths of Hester and Jacob, the land was sold off, the first sale taking place in 1918. The oldest house on the bay, now named Uitkyk, was bought as a fisherman's cottage in 1918 by the Mossop family of Mossop Leathers, and is still in the Mossop family. There had been a building on that site since the 1690s; a poshuis or post house and a whaling station office is all that is known of its history.

This was the beginning of the town of Fish Hoek. Initially people built holiday cottages, but as there was a good train service to Cape Town a more permanent community soon arose. By 1940 it was big enough to be declared a municipality and was administered by the Town Council until 1996. Hester and Isaac de Villiers, with other members of their family, are buried in the small graveyard next to the NG Kerk (Dutch Reformed Church) in Kommetjie Road. The farmhouse on the site of the present Homestead Naval Mess near the railway crossing became a hotel. The original building subsequently burned down in 1947.

After being part of the transitional South Peninsula Municipality from 1996 to 2000, Fish Hoek now falls under the City of Cape Town. Today Fish Hoek is regarded as a suburb of greater Cape Town and lies on the railway line from the central business district of that city to Simon's Town in the south. Until recently, Fish Hoek was a "dry" area - one of the conditions placed by the owner who gave the land for development was that there be no alcohol sold there. Nowadays, alcohol is available in restaurants and bars, but only recently have there been bottle stores allowed.

Fish Hoek is also the site of the unfavorable protester Craig Peiser who ripped off a journalists mask during the COVID-19 lockdowns.

Geography
Fish Hoek is situated in a bay at the end of a broad, low valley, between two and three kilometres wide, which runs from east to west across the Cape Peninsula from Fish Hoek on the False Bay side to Noordhoek and Kommetjie on the Atlantic side. When sea levels were higher than they are today, the valley used to be a sea passage that separated the Cape Peninsula into northern and southern islands. The valley is generally sandy and the bedrock is Cape granite. In places this is deeply weathered and in the past the rotted granite was mined for pockets of the mineral kaolinite, which is used to make ceramic goods such as hand basins and bath tubs. The valley is famous for 12,000-year-old paleolithic skeletons discovered in a cave (now called Peers' Cave) by Bertie Peers and his father in 1927. Bertie Peers was a lover and explorer of the great outdoors, a fine amateur scientist and a dedicated naturalist but his enthusiasm eventually cost him his life, when he was fatally struck by a puff adder.

It is approximately 40 kilometres by road from Fish Hoek to Cape Town. Fish Hoek is connected to the city by two road routes: Main Road along the False Bay coast, and Ou Kaapse Weg which passes over the Steenberg mountains. Fish Hoek has a railway station which is served by Metrorail's Southern Line service, with journey times of about an hour to Cape Town and 15 minutes to Simon's Town.

Climate
Fish Hoek has a mild mediterranean climate and is spared over hot summer days by the south-easterly wind known locally as "the Cape Doctor". The mountains nearby are famous for large numbers of complex caves in sandstones of the Table Mountain Group. Caves are usually found in limestones and it is not common to find complex cave systems in pure sandstone.

Economy
Fish Hoek has become well known as a tourist resort and as a place where elderly people retire.

Fish Hoek beach
The beach is about 1.5 km long and quite flat, and the bay is protected from the currents and stronger surf in the rest of False Bay. Swimming is allowed along the entire beach with lifesavers on duty during the summer peak season, and body surfing, boogie boarding, wind surfing and kayaking are popular. The water is far warmer than the Atlantic Seaboard, averaging between just under 17 °C annually (similar to Northern Mediterranean Waters like Monte Carlo or Nice, and peaking at 24 °C in summer months. Restaurants and children's play areas are situated at the southern end, and a path known as Jager Walk (also spelled Jaeger or Jagger, and known locally as the Cat Walk) runs past rock pools on the southern side of the bay.

Shark spotters are often on duty, especially during the summer tourist season. Despite this, there have been two fatal attacks on swimmers in the bay in recent years, one in November 2004 and one in January 2010. On September 28, 2011, a 44-year-old British man Michael Cohen lost part of his leg after being mauled by a Great White shark, despite the beach being closed and shark flag flying. The northern parts of the beach are less developed, and are used by trek fishermen to launch their boats and clean nets. Seasonal visits from Southern Right Whales occur from June to November each year. There is also a shark net usually deployed in the early mornings.

Education
Schools include Bay Primary, Fish Hoek Primary, Fish Hoek High School, Paul Greyling Primary, Sun Valley Primary, Silvermine Academy, The Rock Academy, Peak academy international school, iThemba School and EduExcellence private school. Although not in Fish Hoek, many travel to Star of the Sea Convent School, a historic primary school established in 1908.

Media
Fish Hoek and its surrounding suburbs are served by the local False Bay Echo newspaper, originally the Fish Hoek Echo, and the Peoples Post.

Notable residents

 * Colin Banton, cricketer
 * Emile Baron, footballer
 * Mike Bernardo, kickboxer and boxer
 * Matthew Booth, footballer
 * Fiona Coyne, actress and television presenter
 * Paul Harris, cricketer
 * Mavis Hutchison, Galloping Granny, long distance runner
 * Sir Allan Mossop, Chief Judge of the British Supreme Court for China
 * Richard Stanley, film director
 * Roger Goode, 5FM Radio personality
 * Lutcia Davis, Professional Surfer.
 * Matthew Mole, singer, songwriter

Coat of arms
The Fish Hoek municipal council adopted a coat of arms, designed by R. McNee Tait, in April 1941.

The shield was gold, displaying a silver rampant lion behind a red horizontal stripe. The crest was an arm in armour, holding a sword, emerging from a coronet. The shield was supposed to represent Andries Bruins, while the crest was taken from the arms borne by some members of the De Villiers family. Whether Andries Bruins or Jacob de Villiers ever used these designs is unclear.

title: Fish Hoek


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Aiyura Airport

Aiyura Airport is an airstrip in Aiyura, in the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. It is the main air field for Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). The pilots and mechanics who work out of Aiyura Airport live in the nearby SIL town of Ukarumpa.

title: Aiyura Airport


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Talk:Democratic unitary state

I created this article using the material on the subject from democratic centralism. As I couldn't find any evidence for use of democratic centralism as a political term with this meaning, I don't believe this material belongs on that page, which describes a well-establlished political practice.

I'm not even convinced that this page is a useful one, but I placed the material here rather than lose it altogether, in case the concept is one people consider worth inclusion in an encyclopaedia.Palmiro 12:14, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Democratic unitary state


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The World Tonight

The World Tonight is a British current affairs radio programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4, every weekday evening, which started out as an extension of the 10 pm news. It is produced by BBC News and features news, analysis and comment on domestic and world issues. Ritula Shah was the main presenter until February 27, 2023, usually presenting the first three days of the week. The programme utilises other BBC broadcasters including David Eades, Carolyn Quinn, James Coomarasamy, Roger Hearing, Samira Ahmed and Felicity Evans to regularly present on Thursdays, Fridays and in Shah's absence. Between 1989 and 2012, the main presenter was Robin Lustig.

History
The World Tonight was first broadcast on 6 April 1970, starting on the same day as the PM Programme. It was introduced following the changes at Broadcasting House which ushered in Radio 1, to create "the serious current affairs programme of the day" on the new Radio 4, as one survivor recalls.

Broadcast live at 10 pm, initially for only thirty minutes, its tone was set by presenter Douglas Stuart, a former Washington and Bonn correspondent for the BBC. The first edition contained interviews on Northern Ireland and relations between West Germany and the United States. Later that week, ideas for better government in Scotland and peace in the Middle East were featured.

Its focus on international news was set early on by events in Washington surrounding Watergate. The US time zone (five hours behind the UK) meant that the programme could bring up to the minute developments at 10 pm. Its first reporters came from within the ranks of the programme's own producers, which meant that packages or features were cut from a different cloth than standard news reports. Today's World Tonight reporters may not have come from the same stable but the emphasis on perceptive, contextual reporting has remained.

Presenters with strong journalistic credentials, including John Tusa, Anthony Howard, Richard Kershaw, Isabel Hilton and Robin Lustig, have secured and maintained the programme's reputation for authoritative coverage.

Other notable former staffers include Dominic Lawson, former editor of The Sunday Telegraph, Jim Gray, former editor of Channel 4 News, Jonathan Freedland of The Guardian, and Henry Kelly.

Veterans recall the traditionally 'relaxed' figure of the editor. The laissez faire approach of the boss over the years created a culture in which Output Editors, responsible for daily editions, were able to take risks, some of which have led to notable scoops, such as the predicted arrest on war crimes charges of General Augusto Pinochet in 1998.

A staple of the Radio 4 schedule for over four decades, 2013 figures showed The World Tonight has retained 1.75 million listeners, representing 17.8% of the national radio audience at 10 pm.

In popular culture

 * In the 1968 science fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey, The World Tonight is depicted as a television news programme on channel "BBC-12". During the programme, a reporter named Martin Amer (played by actor Mike Lovell) interviews the crew of Discovery-1 on a voyage to Jupiter.  The overall host of the show, who leads into the interview segment, is played by Kenneth Kendall.
 * In the first ever episode of BBC comedy programme The Thick of It, Secretary of State for Social Affairs, Hugh Abbott (played by actor Chris Langham), speaks live to presenter Robin Lustig on The World Tonight late after office hours, in order to try and rectify a blunder that has played out across the day regarding the multiple U-turns on whether or not they are announcing the department's new 'Anti-Benefit Fraud Executive' (colloquially named 'Snooper Force'). Abbott, however, worsens the situation by panicking and calling it the 'Sponge Avengers', and then having the interview drowned out by a nearby cleaner who is hoovering.

Current
Since 2012 the programme has used a roster of broadcasters to host, with one regular presenter as main presenter.

Past

 * Ritula Shah - regular presenter from 2009 - February 27, 2023; main presenter from 2012
 * Jane Hill – occasional presenter
 * Jackie Hardgrave
 * Claire Bolderson – regular presenter: 1999–2009
 * Julian Worricker – occasional presenter
 * Isabel Hilton – main presenter: 1995–1998
 * Harriet Cass
 * David Sells
 * Richard Kershaw
 * Robin Lustig – main presenter: 1989–2012
 * Alexander Macleod
 * Anthony Howard
 * John Morgan
 * John Tusa
 * Douglas Stuart
 * Justin Webb – 1997–1998
 * David Eades - ?-2023
 * Carolyn Quinn - ?-2023
 * Chris Mason - 2015-?

Editors

 * Roger Sawyer
 * Alistair Burnett
 * David Stevenson (Acting Editor for 2 years)
 * Prue Keely
 * Prue Keely & Jenni Russell (Joint Editors)
 * Ann Koch
 * Margaret Budy
 * Blair Thompson
 * Ken Goudie
 * Jonathan Fenton-Fischer

Current

 * Beth McLeod
 * Paul Moss

Past

 * Jonty Bloom, The World Tonight's economics and Europe correspondent.
 * Janet Cohen, Reporter World Tonight 1979-1981 & 1983-2006
 * Sally Hardcastle
 * John Schofield
 * Rachel Johnson
 * Henry Kelly
 * John Egan

Awards

 * In 2011, The World Tonight was nominated for a Sony award for Best News & Current Affairs Programme.
 * In 2009, Jonty Bloom won the Royal Statistical Society award for Statistical Excellence in Journalism.
 * In 2006, Paul Moss won the Foreign Press Association's award for Environment Story of the Year for his reports on the environmental impact of India's economic growth
 * In 2006 & 2004 Jonty Bloom's reporting on business and economics won the World Tonight the Wincott Foundation award, for radio programme of the year.
 * In 1998, Robin Lustig won a Sony Silver award as Talk/News Broadcaster of the Year.
 * In 1995, Janet Cohen won a Sony Bronze Award as Radio Reporter of the Year for work covering the 1994 US Midterm Elections, the Refugee Crisis in former Yugoslavia and the Anniversary of the D-Day landings in 1944.
 * In 1994, Janet Cohen won a New York Festivals Finalist Award for her programme, Seeing Red With The Boys in Blue, on sexual discrimination in the Police Service.
 * In 1992, Robin Lustig was awarded a Gold Medal at the New York Radio Festival for a special edition of The World Tonight broadcast live from Moscow on the last day of the Soviet Union
 * In 1990, Janet Cohen was nominated for a BP Arts Journalism Award for work on the ethics of restoring antique monuments.

title: The World Tonight


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Perentie

The perentie (Varanus giganteus) is a species of monitor lizard. It is one of the largest living lizards on earth, after the Komodo dragon, Asian water monitor, and the Crocodile monitor. Found west of the Great Dividing Range in the arid areas of Australia, it is rarely seen, because of its shyness and the remoteness of much of its range from human habitation. The species is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Its status in many Aboriginal cultures is evident in the totemic relationships, and part of the Ngiṉṯaka dreaming, as well as bush tucker. It was a favoured food item among desert Aboriginal tribes, and the fat was used for medicinal and ceremonial purposes.

Taxonomy
British zoologist John Edward Gray described the perentie in 1845 as Hydrosaurus giganteus, calling it the "gigantic water lizard". George Albert Boulenger moved it to the genus Varanus.

Within the monitor genus Varanus, it lies within the subgenus Varanus. Its closest relatives belong to a lineage that gave rise to the sand goanna and the Argus monitor.

Description
Perenties are the largest living species of lizard in Australia. Perenties can grow to lengths of 2.5 m and weigh up to 20 kg, possibly up to 3 m and 40 kg, making it the fourth-largest extant species of lizard (exceeded in size only by the Komodo dragon, Asian water monitor and crocodile monitor). However, perenties are very lean among large monitors, making it significantly less bulky than the rock monitor at a similar size.

Venom
In late 2005, University of Melbourne researchers discovered that all monitors may be somewhat venomous. Previously, bites inflicted by monitors were thought to be prone to infection because of bacteria in their mouths, but the researchers showed that the immediate effects are caused by mild envenomation. Bites on the hand by Komodo dragons (V. komodensis), perenties (V. giganteus), lace monitors (V. varius), and spotted tree monitors (V. scalaris) have been observed to cause swelling within minutes, localised disruption of blood clotting, and shooting pain up to the elbow, which can often last for several hours.

University of Washington biologist Kenneth V. Kardong and toxicologists Scott A. Weinstein and Tamara L. Smith have argued that the suggestion of venom glands "... has had the effect of underestimating the variety of complex roles played by oral secretions in the biology of reptiles, produced a very narrow view of oral secretions and resulted in misinterpretation of reptilian evolution". According to the scientists "... reptilian oral secretions contribute to many biological roles other than to quickly dispatch prey". They concluded, "Calling all in this clade venomous implies an overall potential danger that does not exist, misleads in the assessment of medical risks, and confuses the biological assessment of squamate biochemical systems".

Distribution and habitat
Perenties are found in the arid desert areas of Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory, and Queensland. Their habitats consist of rocky outcroppings and gorges, with hard-packed soil and loose stones.

Behaviour and ecology
Perenties generally avoid human contact and often retreat before they are seen. Being able diggers, they can excavate a burrow for shelter in only minutes. Their long claws enable them to climb trees easily. They often stand on their back legs and tails to gain a better view of the surrounding terrain. This behavior, known as "tripoding", is quite common in monitor species. Perenties are fast sprinters and can run using either all four legs or just their hind legs.

Typical of most goannas, the perentie either freezes (lying flat on the ground, and remaining very still until the danger has passed) or runs if detected. If cornered, this powerful carnivore stands its ground and uses its arsenal of claws, teeth, and whip-like tail to defend itself. It can inflate its throat and hiss as a defensive or aggressive display and can strike at opponents with its muscular tail. It may also lunge forward with an open mouth, either as a bluff or attack. The bite of a perentie can do much damage, not only from the teeth but also because of the oral secretions.

Feeding
The perenties are apex predators that do not have natural predators in their range. They are highly active carnivores that feed on mostly reptiles, small mammals, and less commonly birds such as diamond doves. They hunt live prey, but also scavenge carrion. Reptilian prey includes mostly lizards (such as skinks and agamids) and more seldom snakes, but this species also displays a notable example of intraguild predation, as it eats an unusually large number of other monitor lizard species such as ridge-tailed monitors, black-headed monitors, Gould's monitors, and even Argus monitors. Perenties also eat smaller members of their own species; such is the case of a 2 m perentie killing and eating a 1.5 m perentie. Other lizard prey include central bearded dragons and long-nosed water dragons. Coastal and island individuals often eat a large number of sea turtle eggs and hatchlings and hide under vehicles to ambush scavenging gulls. Mammalian prey includes bats, young kangaroos other small marsupials, and rodents. They have also been occasionally seen foraging for food in shallow water. They are able to kill kangaroos and dismember those too large to be swallowed whole using their powerful forelimbs and claws. Although adults feed predominantly on vertebrate prey, young perenties eat mostly arthropods, especially grasshoppers and centipedes.

Prey is typically swallowed whole, but if the food item is too large, chunks are ripped off for ease of consumption.

Breeding
The perentie can lay its eggs in termite mounds or the soil.

title: Perentie


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Pohnpei State

Pohnpei State is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). The other states are, from east to west, Kosrae State, Chuuk State, and Yap State. The state's main island is Pohnpei. With an area of 346 mi, it is the largest state.

History
The pre-colonial history of Pohnpei is divided into three stages: Mwehin Kawa or Mwehin Aramas (ca. 1100); Mwehin Sau Deleur (from ca. 1100 to ca. 1628); and Mwehin Nahnmwarki (from ca. 1628 to ca. 1885).

In Pohnpei there are historic ruins of a Micronesian civilization, especially the ruins of Nan Madol.

Spanish Colonization
The Caroline Islands, within which the island of Pohnpei is currently included, were visited on 22 August 1526 by the Spanish explorer Toribio Alonso de Salazar. On 1 January 1528, the explorer Alonso de Saavedra took possession of the islands of Uluti in the name of the King of Spain. The archipelago was visited in 1542, by the Matelotes Islands in 1543 and 1545, and by Legazpi in 1565.

The first European visitor to Ponapé was Pedro Fernández de Quirós, commanding the Spanish ship San Gerónimo. He sighted the island on 23 December 1595; his description of it is brief and he never landed there. The second known European visit did not occur until much later, by the Australian John Henry Rowe, his ship John Bull arrived on the island on September 10, 1825, being attacked by the natives. Pohnpei, together with the Senyavin Islands, was definitely included in the European navigation charts after being sighted by the Russian navigator Fyodor Litke in 1828, more than two centuries after the rest of the Caroline Islands. The main seat of government of the Carolinas was found on this island. The Spaniards called the island Ponapé and established the city of Santiago de la Ascensión, which became their first capital. As it was the seat of the Spanish colony (composed of officials, military, missionaries and Filipino workers) it became known simply as Colonia or Kolonia, adjacent to the current capital, Palikir.

In 1885, at the behest of the Spanish government, a new expedition was organized in the Philippines, then a colony of Spain, to proceed with the definitive occupation of the archipelago of the Carolinas, under Spanish sovereignty. The island of Ponapé, in the eastern part of the archipelago, extended over 2,000,000 square kilometers of ocean, was chosen as the seat of the government by means of the triple support of Manila-Guaján-Ponapé, which also made it possible to effectively patrol that vast expanse of jurisdictional waters.

Commander Posadillo was appointed head of the expedition and arrived on the island at the end of 1885. The scarce garrison and administrative equipment was installed on the island. The company was not economically profitable due to "the small variety of export products, the distance from the markets, the fact that it could only occupy a small number of square kilometers and the cost of maintaining a growing number of detachments"; it was rather due to prestige requirements. For this reason, when in 1887 there was an uprising by the indigenous people, who murdered the entire Spanish colony, a new expedition was immediately ordered to leave.

The troops that composed the next Spanish expedition were commanded by Commander Diaz Varela. Another chief of the Navy, Don Luis Cadarso y Rey, joined the expedition as governor of the archipelago. He would die eleven years later in Cavite, boarding the American battleship Olímpia, the flagship of the American fleet. Ponapé was reached after twelve days of painful journey and what the natives had destroyed was rebuilt, locking it in a fort. When they saw an important military presence on the island, they accepted the Spanish authority, advised by a European named Deoane, who lived among them, and who may have been the instigator of the previous rebellion.

While the Spanish domination lasted on the island, peaceful periods and skirmishes took place over that territory with a complicated morphology that made operations difficult. The rebellions were often joined by indigenous people from the adjacent islands over which no effective control could be exercised. Throughout those years, Spanish casualties as a result of these confrontations were proportionally numerous: in one of them, for example, there were thirty dead and fifty wounded. It was often necessary to apply authority with absolute force. The remains of Fort Alfonso XIII, known as "Spanish Wall", date from the colonial period.

German and Japanese control
After the Spanish–American War of 1898, Germany bought the island from Spain; under German sovereignty, the colony was officially named Kolonia. Ponapé was occupied by Japan during the First World War, after which the League of Nations declared that the Carolinas Islands should pass to the Japanese administration, as a war debt for the German defeat, together with the Marshall Islands and the Mariana Islands (except Guam, US territory). Japanese sovereignty lasted from 1914 to 1945.

United States administration
Pohnpei, when it was a district of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, initially contained the island of Kosrae, which was a municipality of the district but in 1977 became a separate district. During World War II the islands were bypassed in the American amphibious campaigns between 1943 and 1945. Military installations were attacked on several occasions, including the USS Massachusetts (BB-59) and USS Iowa (BB-61) battle ship bombardments, as well as a USS Cowpens carrier air strike (CVL-25). At the end of the war, the Carolinas became part of the Pacific Islands Trust Territory.

The Federated States of Micronesia gained full independence in 1985. Since then, Pohnpei has been a sheltered tropical port under indirect U.S. control.

Geography
The state of Pohnpei is located in the Pacific Ocean near the eastern end of the Caroline Islands. It is approximately midway between Honolulu and Manila. The land area of Pohnpei state is about 133.2 sqmi.

Pohnpei's outer islands are low islands, and include Pingelap, Mokil, Ant, Pakin, Ngatik, Nukuoro, Oroluk, and Kapingamarangi; also included is the largely submerged Minto Reef.

With the exception of coastal plains, talus slopes and alluvial fans, most of Pohnpei Island, a volcanic island, is ruggedly mountainous, lush and verdant, with the highest peak at 791 m. Its rainforest is dense and rich; extensive mangrove swamps line much of the low shore. The island is roughly circular in outline, its 80 mi coast surrounded by coral reef.

Municipalities
These are listed with their populations at the 2010 Census:
 * Pohnpei Proper (34,789)
 * Madolenihmw (5,767)
 * Nett (6,639)
 * Sokehs (6,647)
 * Kitti (6,470)
 * Kolonia (6,074)
 * U (3,192)
 * Outer islands (1,407)
 * Mwoakilloa (or Mokil) (183)
 * Pingelap (258)
 * Sapwuahfik (formerly Ngatik) (456)
 * Nukuoro (210)
 * Kapingamarangi (350)
 * Oroluk (no population) since 1985 part of Sokehs Municipality)

Politics and government
The State of Pohnpei is one of the four federal states of the Federated States of Micronesia. As a democratic federation, each state has the ability to retain large number of power within the state as well as a certain level of sovereignty typical of federal states. The chief executive of Pohnpei is the governor. Pohnpei has a unicameral legislature.

Education
Pohnpei State Department of Education operates public schools.

Public high schools:
 * Kitti High School
 * Madolenihmw High School
 * Bailey Olter High School (former Pohnpei Island Central School) in Kolonia

Private schools:
 * Calvary Christian Academy in Kolonia
 * Ohwa Christian High School in Madolenihmw
 * Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School in Kolonia
 * Seventh Day Adventist High School in Kolonia

title: Pohnpei State


text:
Kim Kyu-sik

Kim Kyu-sik (, January 29, 1881 – December 10, 1950), also spelled Kimm Kiusic, was a Korean politician and academic during the Korean independence movement and a leader of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Kim served in various roles in the provisional government, including as foreign minister, ambassador, education minister and finally as the vice president from 1940 until the provisional government's dissolution on March 3, 1947. Kim's art names included Usa, Kummun , Kimsong , and Chukchok.

Early life

Kim was born in Dongnae, now part of modern-day Busan. Orphaned at an early age, Kim studied with American missionary H.G. Underwood starting from the age of 6, taking the Christian name "Johann". He later traveled to the United States, receiving a bachelor's degree from Roanoke College in 1903 and a master's degree in English literature from Princeton University the following year.

In 1905 Kim returned to Korea, teaching widely. Following the 1910 Japanese annexation of Korea Kim fled to China in 1913.

Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
In 1919 Kim traveled to Paris for the Paris Peace Conference to lobby for Korean independence from Japan. He was sent by Lyuh Woon-Hyung and Chang Duk-soo, who had organized Sinhan Cheongnyeondang in Shanghai in the summer of 1919. His efforts in Paris proved to be futile.

The Korean National Revolutionary Party was formed in Shanghai in 1935 through a grouping of nationalist Korean parties. Organizers were Kim Kyu-sik, Kim Won-bong and Cho Soang.

Kim was a leading member of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea based in Shanghai, becoming the Vice-President. He was fluent in English and taught English to the Provisional Government's members.

After Korean Liberation
After the post World War II liberation of Korea in 1945, he returned to his homeland to join in the formation of a newly independent state, which was then under the rule of the United States Army Military Government in Korea in the south and the Soviet Civil Authority in the north. Kim was favored by the American occupation leader John R. Hodge, who saw him and Lyuh Woon-Hyung as moderate leaders on the right and left, respectively. In September 1947, the United States and Syngman Rhee et al. pushed to move the Korean question to the newly created United Nations, which voted to allow for elections in the south despite the objections of southern nationalists such as Kim Kyu-sik and Kim Ku as well as from the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea, who were opposed because of the non-participation of the North.

Death
After failed efforts to broker reunification in that year, he retired from politics. After the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, he was kidnapped and taken to the North; he reportedly died near Manpo in the far north on December 10.

In May 1988 he was posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation, the most prestigious civil decoration in South Korea. He was posthumously awarded North Korea's National Reunification Prize in 1998.

Other information

 * Educational career
 * December 17, 1913 in Shanghai, a professor of Barkdal English School
 * 1923 professor of English at Fudan University
 * 1927–1929 In Tianjin, Northern Sea University Professor of English
 * 1932–1937 Nanjing political instructor School, professor of political.
 * 1937–1940 ShChwan College Professor of English Literature, Foreign Languages and Chair, Head of Foreign Language and Literature

 * Books
 * Poems, 《Yangjayugyong》
 * 《Small English grammar》
 * 《Practical English》
 * 《Elizabeth I Age's Introduction to Theatre》
 * 《WonYongSa》

 * Degrees
 * 1903 Roanoke College(Bachelor of Arts)
 * 1904 Master of English Literature(MA) at Princeton University
 * 1923 Honorary Doctor of Law Roanoke College

 * Awards and recognition
 * Order of Merit for National Foundation (1988)
 * National Reunification Prize (1988)

title: Kim Kyu-sik


text:
Chuuk State

Chuuk State (also known as Truk) is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). The other states are Kosrae State, Pohnpei State, and Yap State. It consists of several island groups: Namoneas, Faichuuk, the Hall Islands, Namonuito Atoll (Magur Islands), Pattiw (Western Islands), and the Mortlock Islands. Chuuk is by far the FSM's most populous state, with 50,000 inhabitants on 120 km2. Chuuk Lagoon is where most people live. Weno island, in the lagoon, is Chuuk's state capital and the country's biggest city. It may hold a referendum on independence in the near future, although this referendum has been repeatedly postponed.

Indigenous settlement
Chuuk was first settled by Austronesians, believed to be from the Lapita culture of Island Melanesia. Archaeological evidence indicates that islands of Feefen and Wééné Islands had human settlements in the first and second century BCE. Later evidence indicates that widespread human settlements appeared in Chuuk during the 14th century CE, as the Chuukese culture was formed.

Spanish colonization
The first sighting recorded by Europeans was made by the Spanish navigator Alvaro de Saavedra on board the Florida during August or September 1528. They were later visited by the Spaniard Alonso de Arellano on 15 January, 1565 on board the galleon patache San Lucas.

As part of the Caroline Islands, Truk was claimed by the Spanish Empire, which struggled to control the islands in the late 19th century. The Chuuk Lagoon was then inhabited by Chuukese people (an Austronesian group) that participated in intermittent wars, as well as a small population of foreign merchants and missionaries, mostly linked to the Catholic Church. Spanish control over the islands was in part nominal. The Spanish stopped to raise a flag over Chuuk in 1886, and returned in 1895 as part of an attempt to assert control and negotiate peace between the tribes of Chuuk. No major Spanish settlement was established and traditional life continued until the German colonial era.

German and Japanese rule
The Caroline Islands were sold to the German Empire in 1899, after Spain withdrew from the Pacific after the Spanish–American War in which it lost its main colony in Asia, the Philippines. Germany incorporated the territory into its domain in the German New Guinea.

During World War I, the Imperial Japanese navy was tasked with pursuing and destroying the German East Asian Squadron and protecting the shipping lanes of Allied trade in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. During the course of this operation, the Japanese Navy seized German possessions in the Mariana Islands, the Carolinas, the Marshall Islands and Palau groups by October 1914. Chuuk then became a possession of the Empire of Japan under the mandate of the League of Nations after the defeat of Germany in World War I.

United States rule
Chuuk was one of six districts of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) which were administered by the United States under charter from the United Nations from the end of the Second World War to the mid-1980s. The termination of U.S. administration of the Chuuk, Yap, Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Mariana Islands districts of the TTPI occurred on 3 November 1986.

Independence
The Federated States of Micronesia, including Chuuk, Yap, Kosrae, and Pohnpei, was established in 1979 and signed a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. (effective 3 November 1986).

As of recent times, Chuuk has been pushing harder for independence. An independence referendum was originally scheduled to coincide with federal elections on 3 March 2015, but was pushed back to 5 March 2019. The independence referendum was further pushed back to March 2022, with a date to be announced, while the constitutional legality of the proposed secession is determined.

Geography
To the west is Yap State. To the east are Pohnpei State and Kosrae State is further east.

The main population center of Chuuk State is the Chuuk Lagoon, a large archipelago with mountainous islands surrounded by a string of islets on a barrier reef. The two major geographical and dialectic divisions of the Chuuk Lagoon are Faichuuk, the western islands, and Namoneas, the eastern islands.

Chuuk State also includes several more sparsely populated "outer island" groups, including the Mortlock Islands to the southeast, the Hall Islands (Pafeng) to the north, Namonuito Atoll to the northwest, and the Pattiw Region to west. The Pattiw Region is of particular interest in that it has some of the most traditional islands in the Pacific and is culturally related to outer islands of Yap. This group includes the islands of Pollap, Tamatam, Poluwat, and Houk. There are still traditional master navigators—Poluwat and Pollap are considered to have some of the best navigators and ocean-going outrigger canoes in the Pacific. In the islands of the Pattiw Region, and some of the Islands of Yap, are the last two remaining schools of navigation, Weriyeng and Faaluush. Visiting the Pattiw Region in the west, however, is difficult due to the lack of reliable transportation. Houk probably has the most accessible airstrip in the Pattiw Region, with planes landing every one or two weeks.

The state shares its longitude with Sydney, Australia, namely the eastern portion of the city including the CBD.

Typhoon Chataan
On 2 July 2002, heavy rains from Tropical Storm Chataan caused more than thirty landslides that killed forty-seven people and injured dozens of others, in the state's deadliest weather disaster. The landslides occurred throughout the day, some within just minutes of each other.

Demographics
Chuuk is the most populous of the FSM's states. At the census held on 1 April 2000, it had 53,595 inhabitants, compared with 34,486 for Pohnpei, 11,241 for Yap and 7,686 for Kosrae; at the census held on 4 April 2010, it had 48,654 inhabitants, compared with 36,196 for Pohnpei, 11,377 for Yap and 6,616 for Kosrae.

Religion
The majority of the state's population is affiliated with Christianity as a result of the activity of missionary groups first from Spain and then from Germany and the United States. Catholicism was introduced during the Spanish colonization period, followed by the arrival of various Protestant groups. The main religious building in the state is the Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral in Tunnuk, Weno, which is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of the Caroline Islands (Diocese Carolinensium) suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of Agaña in Guam. Other churches in the state include Sacred Heart Church on Lekinioch Island, Christ the King Church in Neiwe, Houk Catholic Church, Holy Family Church in Weno, St. Ignatius Church in Fonoton, among others.

Language
The people of the country speak the Chuukese language, a Micronesian language.

Jesuit mission at Weno
The New York Province of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) maintains a mission school on the island of Weno in Chuuk. Xavier High School is housed at the former Japanese communications center. It is a coeducational institution, drawing students from all the island groups of the Federated States of Micronesia, as well as Palau and the Marshall Islands. Teachers are both Jesuit and lay and come from Micronesia, the U.S., Indonesia, Japan, and Australia.

Spirit possession
Although Chuuk is an overwhelmingly Christian society, traditional beliefs in spirit possession by the dead still exist. Allegedly, these spirits overwhelmingly possess women, and spirit possession is usually brought on by family conflicts. The spirits, speaking through the women, typically admonish family members to treat each other better.

Cultural references
There are some references on the Chuukese language, treating guests, and on beliefs in the sci-fi book "Reefsong" from Carol Severance.

Municipalities
Of the 40 municipalities of the state, 16 fall within the Chuuk Lagoon and 24 in the Outer Islands.

In the table below, each is followed by its population at the 2010 Census:
 * Chuuk Lagoon (36,158)
 * Faichuk (11,305)
 * Eot (266)
 * Fala-Beguets (672)
 * Paata (1,107)
 * Polle (1,498)
 * Romanum (865)
 * Tol (4,579)
 * Udot (1,680)
 * Wonei (638)
 * Northern Namoneas (14,620)
 * Fono (388)
 * Piis-Penau (376)
 * Weno (13,856)
 * Southern Namoneas (10,233)
 * Fefan (3,471)
 * Param (342)
 * Tonowas (3,517)
 * Tsis (349)
 * Uman (2,554)
 * Outer Islands (12,496)
 * Mortlocks (5,677)
 * Etal (672)
 * Kutu (323)
 * Losap (248)
 * Lukunor (848)
 * Moch (932)
 * Nama (676)
 * Namoluk (355)
 * Oneop (400)
 * Pis-Losap (258)
 * Satawan (692)
 * Ta (273)
 * Northwest (6,819)
 * Fananu (580)
 * Magur (159)
 * Murilo (329)
 * Nomwin (763)
 * Onari (193)
 * Ono (172)
 * Pisaras (227)
 * Poluwat (745)
 * Pulap (1,168)
 * Pulusuk (1,116)
 * Ruo (241)
 * Tamatam (493)
 * Ulul (633)

Politics and government
The State of Chuuk is one of the four federal states of the Federated States of Micronesia. As a democratic federation, each state has the ability to retain large number of power within the state as well as a certain level of sovereignty typical of federal states. The chief executive of Chuuk is the governor. Chuuk has a bicameral legislature.

Education
Chuuk State Department of Education operates public schools.

Public high schools:
 * Chuuk High School - Weno
 * Faichuk High School
 * Moch High School
 * Mortlock High School
 * Southern Namoneas High School (SNHS)
 * Weno High School

Private secondary schools:
 * Berea Christian High School - Weno
 * Saramen Chuuk Academy
 * Xavier High School - Weno
 * Mizpah Christian High School
 * [[File:US Navy 080831-N-8878B-345 An MH-60S Sea Hawk helicopter flies over the waters of Micronesia.jpg|thumb|Chuuk State Coast]] Seventh Day Adventist Mission School

Private primary schools:
 * Pentecostal Light House Academy
 * Saint Cecilia School
 * Seventh Day Adventist Mission School

Tourism
Chuuk State received the largest number of visitors of any of the Federated States of Micronesia. However, tourism is relatively under-developed. In the FSM's Development Plan for Chuuk, published in 2016, factors which disadvantaged the development of tourism in Chuuk included a lack of infrastructure, in particular irregular ferries between islands and a lack of regular electricity supplies on all islands apart from Weno. The report recognized that it is primarily Chuuk's underwater assets that would bring tourism, including its marine diversity and the Second World War shipwrecks around the coast. Where tourism does exist, it is reliant on the diving industry, which was established in the islands by Kimiuo Aisek. A legacy of his work to make Chuuk a dive destination was the establishment of the Kimiuo Aisek Memorial Museum.

The American attacks on the Japanese fleet in 1944 were such that today Truk lagoon is the largest underwater military cemetery in the world (60 ships and 400 aircraft scattered over several kilometers), which attracts divers from all over the world. The diving conditions are very good (visibility 15-40 meters, variations in depth, minor currents, 700 varieties of fish, generous coral). However, this source of income is jeopardized by preservation issues, from rapidly disintegrating carcasses to dynamite fishing that rapidly destroys whole sections of the graveyard.

title: Chuuk State


text:
Listen to My Heart (BoA album)

Listen to My Heart (stylized in all caps) is the debut Japanese studio album (second overall) by South Korean recording artist BoA, released via Avex Trax on March 13, 2002. BoA worked with a team of songwriters and composers to produce the album, including Natsumi Watanabe, Kazuhiro Hara, Ken Harada and Akira; all of whom would collaborate with BoA again on her future albums. Musically, Listen to My Heart is primarily a pop record with influences from R&B.

Listen to My Heart saw breakthrough success for a South Korean artist in Japan, where it became the first record by a Korean artist to attain the number one position on the Oricon Albums Chart and to receive a million certification by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for selling over one million copies. BoA's successful debut in the country is considered by many to have opened the door for Korean artists in the Japanese music market.

Seven singles were spawned and promoted from Listen to My Heart. The album's first single, the Japanese version of her 2000 debut single "ID; Peace B," was released in May 2001 and marked her first single in Japan. It was met with modest success upon its release, reaching number 20 on the Oricon Singles Chart. Six singles were released afterwards including the title track "Listen to My Heart," which peaked at number five on the Oricon Singles Chart. "Every Heart (Minna no Kimochi)" was released alongside the album on March 13, and peaked at number ten.

Background and composition
After debuting in South Korea, BoA announced her entry into the Japanese market by signing a recording contract with Avex Trax on March 7, 2001. On the same day, journalists from Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan gathered in Tokyo to cover her showcase (demonstration performance) at the Avex-owned nightclub, Velfarre, which Avex invested 700 million won in. The chairman of Avex stated: "BoA has the charisma, dance moves, and vocals to surpass the queen of J-Pop, Namie Amuro." BoA also released the special album Jumping into the World around the same time, which included songs sung in English, Japanese and Mandarin. For the album Listen To My Heart, Avex Trax hired several Japanese musicians such as Natsumi Watanabe, Kazuhiro Hara, Ken Harada, Akira, Bounceback, among many others to work on it. Between 2001 and 2002, the album was recorded in various studios in Japan, and was mastered by Chris Athens at Sterling Sound in New York City.

The album's title track is an R&B and dance pop song with the aim of sounding like Jennifer Lopez. The tracks "Power," "Don't Start Now" and "Dreams Come True" were originally sung in Korean on Jumping into the World. "Every Heart-Minna no Kimochi-" is a R&B pop ballad. "Kimochi wa Tsutawaru" is a mid-tempo track. "Share Your Heart (With Me)" is a pop ballad that speaks about sharing feelings with a significant other.

"Amazing Kiss" is an up-tempo bubblegum pop song. "Happiness" is a hip-hop number with light-hearted rhymes scattered throughout. "ID; Peace B" is a Japanese language adaptation of the title track for her debut Korean album. "Nothing's Gonna Change" is a glittering ballad with soft vocals. "The Meaning of Peace" was originally sung as a duet with labelmate Kumi Koda, but was changed into a solo in the album edition.

Singles
On May 30, 2001, BoA officially debuted in Japan with the release of her debut single "ID; Peace B." The song was a moderate success, just entering in the top 20 on the Oricon Singles Chart. The album's second single "Amazing Kiss" was released on July 25, 2001; it peaked at number 23 on the Oricon Singles Chart. "Kimochi wa Tsutawaru" and "The Meaning of Peace" were subsequently made available in December of that year; the latter single was released as a collaboration with fellow Japanese singer Kumi Koda for the Song Nation project, which was created to help raise funds for the victims of the September 11 attacks. It peaked at number 12 and remained on the charts for seven weeks. "Kimochi wa Tsutawaru" peaked at number 15 on the chart, making it BoA's first single to appear in the top 15.

The titular single "Listen to My Heart" was released on January 17, 2002. It became BoA's first release to peak in the top five on the Oricon Singles Chart, as well as her first release to receive a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for selling over 100,000 copies. "Every Heart (Minna no Kimochi)" was released on the same day as the album. It saw modest levels of commercial success, peaking at number ten. The single was the first Copy Control release in Japan. "Every Heart (Minna no Kimochi)" also served as the ending theme to the popular anime Inuyasha.

"Don't Start Now" was re-recorded and released as the album's last single on May 29, 2002. The original song was written by Jeff Vincent and Peter Rafelson and was included on the 2001 eponymous album by American pop singer Brooke Allison, titled "Toodle-oo." The only difference between "Toodle-oo" and BoA's English version is the line, "Time for you to find a ho in hosiery," is altered to BoA's more age-appropriate line, "Time for you to find another fantasy." "Don't Start Now" peaked at number 17 and charted for only three weeks.

Accolades
Listen to My Heart won Rock & Pop Album of the Year at the 17th Japan Gold Disc Awards. The title track of the same name received the Gold Award at the 44th Japan Record Awards.

Commercial performance
Listen To My Heart was a commercial success, debuting at number one on the Oricon Albums Chart and selling 230,590 copies in its first week. This made BoA the first Korean artist and the first non-Japanese Asian in history to top the weekly albums chart in Japan. Listen To My Heart descended to number two on its second week, selling 140,150 copies. The album fell to number six on its third week on the chart, selling 100,970 copies. It climbed to number five the following week, selling 61,840 copies. The album spent the next two weeks charting at number six and number five, selling 42,680 copies on it fifth week, and 32,190 copies on its sixth week. The album ranked in the top 300 chart for 91 weeks in total. Listen To My Heart sold 816,690 copies by the end of 2002, making it the 12th best-selling album of the year. It was certified million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for selling over one million copies.

Legacy
BoA's successful debut in Japan is regarded by journalists for having helped improved the image of South Korea in the country. BoA's ascent to fame took place during a particularly challenging period in modern Japan-South Korea relations. Despite this, BoA continued to act as a cultural ambassador between Seoul and Tokyo, with The Diplomat noting how BoA's breakthrough in Japan in 2002 helped break down barriers that might have otherwise hindered the Japanese public from cultivating a significant interest in Korean pop culture and entertainment. In 2003, the Japanese Foreign Ministry formally invited BoA to a diplomatic dinner between prime minister Junichiro Koizumi and South Korean president Roh Moo-hyun, signifying a mutual recognition of BoA as a cultural bridge between the Japanese and Korean music markets.

Editors have credited BoA for laying the groundwork for future K-pop idols to debut in the Japanese market, including TVXQ, Girls’ Generation, Exo and BTS, despite the strained relations between South Korea and Japan. The practice of teaching foreign languages such as Japanese, Chinese, or English to K-pop trainees subsequently became a widespread trend among South Korean entertainment companies.

title: Listen to My Heart (BoA album)


text:
Yap State

The State of Yap (Yapese: Wa'ab or Waqab) is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia, located in the westernmost portion of the country. The state borders Palau to the southwest, Guam to the north, and Chuuk State to the east. According to the state's population census carried out in 2020, the total population is 11,577 residing across a total area of 119.54 sq km (46.15 sq mi), though a large majority of the area is water. The only town area in the state, Colonia, serves as the state capital.

What is now current-day Yap State and some parts of Chuuk State were the historical Yapese Empire, which at its peak, controlled 1,300 km of the western Pacific comprising all the inhabited islands and atolls between Yap and Chuuk. The rulers of the chiefdom of Gagil in Yap maintained sovereignty of these islands to the east and extracted resources and tribute, maintaining close economic and political relationships with the different island groups. After losing its influence and becoming incorporated territories of Spain, the German Empire, the Japanese Empire, and the United States through the UN-mandated Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), Yap and the islands and atolls between Yap and Chuuk formed Yap State upon the founding of the FSM.

According to the FSM Statistics Office, the population of Colonia and the municipalities of the State of Yap was 11,577 in 2020. The state has a total land area of 102 km2.

History
The islands are thought to have been populated from the Malay Archipelago. In approximately 950 AD, it was the seat of the Yapese Empire, contemporary to the Tu'i Tonga Empire. The outer islands, now part of the Yap state, were settled from Polynesia.

The island nation formerly used rai stones as currency. Since this stone money had to be made from a rock that could not be extracted on the island, its value derived from the dangers taken on expeditions to obtain it, mainly from Palau.

The Portuguese were the first Westerners to visit the island in 1525 when the navigator Diogo da Rocha arrived in Ulithi and stayed there for four months.

The Caroline Islands were under Spanish rule from the 16th century under Johannes von Yaplett until the end of the 19th century. Still, most of the communities on the islands of the present state of Yap had little contact with Europeans and lived in complete independence. In 1885, following a conflict between Spain and Germany, the arbitration of Pope Leo XIII confirmed possession to Spain against commercial advantages for Germany. On June 30, 1899, after the Spanish–American War, Spain sold the Carolines, the Palau Islands, and the majority of the Marianas to the German Empire. At the start of the First World War, in 1914, the Empire of Japan occupied the area. This occupation was formally recognized within the framework of the Mandate of the Pacific Islands created in 1919 by the League of Nations.

The Caroline Islands came under the control of the United States in 1944, which administered them as a Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under a UN mandate received in 1947. The state was once the Yap District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. On May 10, 1979, Yap ratified the Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia and became an integral part of this new nation with official independence on November 3, 1986.

Geography

The State of Yap is the westernmost state of the Micronesian Federation. Further eastwards in order are the states of Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae. It consists of the four main islands of Rumung, Maap, Gagil-Tamil, and Yap Proper (Marbaa') and 134 smaller islands southwest and east of Yap. The state stretches from the Yap main islands towards the east to Chuuk for 1,200 to 1,500 km.

The Yapanese Main Islands are located approximately 800 km southwest of Guam, 3,200 km from Tokyo, 2,000 km from Manila, and 8,000 km from Honolulu.

Languages
The State of Yap has five official languages: English, Ulithian, Woleaian, Satawalese and Yapese.

Demographics
According to the FSM Statistics Division, the 2020 population of Yap State is 11,577. The state has the third-largest population among the states in the FSM, with Chuuk and Pohnpei leading in this order. The population of the state consists mainly of the local Yapanese, Ulithians, Woleaians and Satawalese people; however, the state has been seeing a rise in the number of foreign citizens from countries such as the United States, Japan, Palau and the Philippines.

Religion
According to the 2018 International Religious Freedom Report compiled by the United States Department of State, an estimated 80% of the state population is Catholic, and the remainder is Protestant. Religious affiliation tends to follow clan lines. A majority of foreign citizens in the FSM and the state is made up of Filipino Catholics.

Municipalities

The State of Yap is divided into 21 municipalities, with each municipality having several village units incorporated through customs and historically set boundary lines. Each municipality can be placed in one of five main island groupings: Rumung, Maap, Gagil-Tamil, Marbaa' and the Neighboring Islands. The first four groupings are part of Yap Proper.

These municipalities are listed with their populations at the 2010 Census:

Not included: Pikelot.

Politics and government
The State of Yap is one of the four federal states of the Federated States of Micronesia. As a democratic federation, each state can retain a large number of power within the state as well as a certain level of sovereignty typical of federal states. As such, the State adheres to the FSM National and Yap State constitutions to develop policies and regulations.

The State Government is unique because it consists of four government branches, each serving a specific function for policymaking. The Executive Branch consists of the Governor as well as the Lieutenant Governor, along with the members of the government departments affiliated with the branch. The Executive Branch is responsible for executing laws and administering government services. The Yap State Legislature makes up the Legislative Branch, responsible for creating, debating, and passing bills for the Executive Branch to approve into law and enforce. The Yap State Court makes up the Judicial Branch, responsible for ensuring laws passed do not violate the state and national constitutions. The unique traditional branch vests its power into two groups of Yapanese chiefs. The group of Yap Main Island chiefs is known as the Council of Pilung, and the group of Yapa nese outer island chiefs is known as the Council of Tamol. The two councils make sure whether proposed bills do not violate local traditional customs and regulate cultural issues.

Information about some state government leaders and administrative staff is included below.

Economy

The GDP per capita in 2018 was US$4,510, while the total GDP in 2018 was US$52 million. According to the 2010 Labor Market Statistics data compiled by the FSM Statistics Office, 67% of the total state population is in the labor force, the highest percentage of people in the labor force in the entire nation. Most of those in the labor force are in formal work, while the rest are in home production, including subsistence.

Yap has a relatively small tourism industry, with the Yap Visitors Bureau reporting only 4,000 annual visitors from 2010 to 2017. China's Exhibition & Travel Group has announced plans to develop a 4,000-unit resort on the island. Businesses that contribute to the state's tourism share of state GDP are Manta Ray Resort and Spa, ESA, and Yap Pacific Dive Resort.

The largest retail businesses in the State are Yap Cooperative Association (YCA) General Store, Guang Mao Enterprises, Yap Savemore Enterprises and EMI Enterprises. These businesses contribute primarily to the State's retail and wholesale sectors.

The State also has a small but essential financial sector that supports the population's investment and capital needs, local small- and medium-enterprises (SMEs), the government and state institutions, and the academic sector. It has five financial services institutions: the Bank of Guam (BOG), the Bank of the Federated States of Micronesia (BFSM), Community Ayuw Services Credit Union, Western Union, and the FSM Development Bank.

The State is now expected to be one of the fastest-growing economies in the country as technological innovation is highly encouraged. Although the FSM communications industry is largely monopolized by the state-operated FSM Telecommunications Corporation based in Pohnpei, Yap saw the rise of the tech startup company iBoom when the company is expected to utilise the National Government's Digital FSM Project 2017 grant funding from the World Bank to connect each home, work office, etc. iBoom is expected to challenge previous monopoly of the FSM Telecom Corporation through competitive pricing and services.

Transportation

Yap International Airport receives service from United Airlines as well as Pacific Mission Aviation. The state also has a small dockyard, colloquially known as Gampek, in Colonia just south of Tamil Harbor that services maritime vessels for inter-state and cross-border transport and freight.

Education
Post-secondary institutions:

 * College of Micronesia-FSM Yap Campus in Rull
 * FSM Fisheries and Maritime Institute in Gagil

State secondary schools:
 * Yap High School in Colonia
 * Woleai High School in Woleai
 * Outer Islands High School in Ulithi

Private Secondary and Elementary Schools:
 * Yap Catholic High School in Lamer village, Rull
 * Saint Mary's School in Colonia
 * Yap Seventh Day Adventist School in Tamil
 * Faith Christian Academy in Makiy, Gagil
 * Yap International Christian School in Gaanelay, Rull

Notable people

 * John Mangefel: FSM Founding Father; First State Governor
 * Petrus Tun: FSM Founding Father; first FSM Vice President; Second State Governor
 * Jennifer Chieng: Boxer and mixed martial artist (MMA)

title: Yap State


text:
Dolores Gray

Dolores Gray (June 7, 1924 – June 26, 2002) was an American actress and singer. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical twice, winning once.

Early life
Both her mother and father were vaudeville actors, which is how they met. Gray's parents divorced when she was a young child. She had an older brother, Richard Gray who also had a career in Hollywood. While attending Polytechnic High School she was in the Girls' Glee Club. She was discovered by Rudy Vallee, who gave her a guest spot on his nationwide radio show.

Career
Her career commenced as a cabaret artist in restaurants and supper clubs in California and in Reno, Nevada. In Los Angeles in 1941 she appeared at the Pirate’s Den and Hollywood Playhouse. Later that year San Francisco engagements included one at Stairway to the Stars. Gray returned to Los Angeles in early April 1942; she headlined at Slapsy Maxie’s late that year. In Los Angeles, on 1 April 1943, she was the vicitim of a drive-by sidewalk shooting, fracturing her left humerus. That July, she sang at the city’s Biltmore Bowl.

In 1945 she appeared in her own radio program. While she was appearing in Annie Get Your Gun in London (1947–1950), she studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1948. As a fundraiser to help rebuild the RADA theatre, she appeared as Nell Gwyn in In Good King Charles's Golden Days at Drury Lane Theatre (Oct 1948).

Gray was briefly signed with MGM, appearing in Kismet (1955), It's Always Fair Weather (1955) and The Opposite Sex (1956).

Portraying a singing and dancing stage actress, she appeared with Gregory Peck and Lauren Bacall in the film Designing Woman (1957), as his former romantic interest. During her music career, she sang Marilyn Monroe's part on the Decca Records soundtrack album of There's No Business Like Show Business (1954).

She appeared at the London Palladium in 1958 while doing a concert tour of Europe and in cabaret at The Talk of the Town in February 1963. Among her many stage roles, she appeared in Two on the Aisle (1951), Carnival In Flanders (1953); Destry Rides Again (1959); Sherry! (1967); and 42nd Street (1986). She also performed the lead role in Annie Get Your Gun in its first London production (1947). Gray won the Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical for her role in Carnival in Flanders, even though this Broadway musical, with a script by Preston Sturges, ran for only six performances. She therefore holds a record that is unlikely to be broken: briefest run in a performance which still earned a Tony. She is the first person to have sung the English version of the French song “C'est si bon”, for the short film Holiday in Paris: Paris directed by John Nasht.

She was best known for her theatre roles. In 1973 she took over from Angela Lansbury in the London production of Gypsy at the Piccadilly Theatre. In 1987 she starred in the London production of Stephen Sondheim's Follies at the Shaftesbury Theatre to great acclaim and appeared in the Royal Variety Performance of that year with a show-stopping performance of the song 'I'm Still Here" from the show. In 1978 she also appeared on BBC TV's long-running variety show The Good Old Days – chairman Leonard Sachs had also appeared in Follies as theatre owner Dimitri Weismann, introducing Miss Gray, one of “The Weismann Girls”. Theatre critic Michael Phillips wrote that Gray's voice sounded like “a freight-train slathered in honey.” In 1988 she appeared in the Doctor Who 25th anniversary story “Silver Nemesis,” playing an American tourist.

Apart from the many soundtrack albums she appeared on, Gray recorded one album of songs in 1957 for Capitol Records with the title Warm Brandy (T897).

Personal Life and Marriage
In November 1962 Gray’s engagement to playboy-entrepreneur James B. Lofland, complete with a 25-carat engagement ring, was announced. An investment enterprise of Lofland’s would later be investigated, and on 27 June 1963 Gray appeared before the New York Supreme Court concerning the matter, though she testified that “she had no inkling of any possible fraud in the operation until she read about it in the newspapers." Separately, Gray sued Lofland for $450,000 alleging “he assaulted her in April [1963] in a dispute that ended their engagement." Lofland eventually “admitted masterminding a scheme of selling $3,000,000 of worthless oil leases to his high society friends” and was sentenced to 33-60 months imprisonment for grand larceny and perjury, to be served concurrently with his 10-year sentencing in California for possessing stolen securities.

On September 24, 1966, Gray married Andrew J. Crevolin, a California businessman and Thoroughbred racehorse owner who won the 1954 Kentucky Derby. Despite erroneous reports in the media that they divorced, they remained married until his death in 1992. The couple had no children.

Death
Gray died of a heart attack in Manhattan, aged 78. Upon her death, she was cremated and her ashes interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.

Stage work

 * Seven Lively Arts (1944)
 * Are You with It? (1945)
 * Sweet Bye and Bye (1946) (closed on the road)
 * Annie Get Your Gun (1947; 1962)
 * Two on the Aisle (1951)
 * Pygmalion (1952) (summer theatre)
 * Carnival in Flanders (1953)
 * Can-Can (1957) (summer theatre)
 * Silk Stockings (1958–59) (summer theatre)
 * Destry Rides Again (1959)
 * Lady in the Dark (1959) (summer theatre)
 * Sherry! (1967)
 * Gypsy (1973, 1976, 1982)
 * All Dressed Up (1982)
 * Going Hollywood (1983) (workshop)
 * 42nd Street (1986)
 * Star Dust (1987) (concert reading)
 * Follies (1987)
 * Broadway at the Bowl (1988)

title: Dolores Gray


text:
National research and education network

A national research and education network (NREN) is a specialised internet service provider dedicated to supporting the needs of the research and education communities within a country.

It is usually distinguished by support for a high-speed backbone network, often offering dedicated channels for individual research projects.

In recent years NRENs have developed many 'above the net' services.

East and Southern Africa

 * UbuntuNet Alliance for Research and Education Networking - the Alliance of NRENs of East and Southern Africa
 * Eb@le - DRC NREN
 * EthERNet - Ethiopian NREN
 * iRENALA - Malagasy NREN
 * KENET - Kenyan NREN
 * MAREN - Malawian NREN
 * MoRENet - Mozambican NREN
 * RENU - Ugandan NREN
 * RwEdNet - Rwanda NREN
 * SomaliREN - Somali NREN
 * SudREN - Sudanese NREN
 * TENET/SANReN - South African NREN
 * TERNET - Tanzanian NREN
 * Xnet - Namibian NREN
 * ZAMREN - Zambian NREN

North Africa

 * ASREN - Arab States Research and Education Network
 * TUREN - Tunisian NREN
 * MARWAN - Moroccan NREN
 * ENREN - Egyptian NREN
 * ARN (Algeria) - Algerian NREN
 * SudREN - Sudanese NREN
 * SomaliREN - Somali NREN

West and Central Africa

 * WACREN - West and Central African Research and Education Network
 * GARNET - Ghanaian NREN
 * TogoRER - Togolese NREN
 * GhREN - Ghanaian NREN
 * MaliREN - Mali NREN
 * Niger-REN - Nigerien NREN
 * RITER - Côte d'Ivoire NREN
 * SnRER - Senegalese NREN
 * NgREN - Nigerian NREN
 * Eko-Konnect Research and Education Network - Nigerian NREN
 * LRREN - Liberia Research and Education Network

Asia Pacific

 * APAN - Asia-Pacific Advanced Network
 * AARNet - Australian NREN
 * AfgREN - Afghanistan NREN
 * BDREN - Bangladeshi NREN
 * CSTNET - China Science and Technology Network
 * CERNET - China Education and Research Network
 * ERNET - Indian NREN
 * HARNET - Hong Kong NREN
 * KOREN - Korean NREN
 * KREONET- Korean NREN
 * IDREN - Indonesian NREN
 * LEARN - Sri Lankan NREN
 * SINET - Japanese NREN
 * MYREN - Malaysian NREN
 * NKN - Indian NREN
 * NREN - Nepal NREN
 * NREN - Islamic Republic of Iran NREN
 * REANNZ - New Zealand NREN
 * PERN - Pakistani NREN
 * PREGINET - Philippine NREN
 * SingAREN - Singaporean NREN
 * TWAREN - Taiwanese NREN
 * UniNet - Thai NREN
 * VinaRen - Vietnamese NREN
 * CamREN- Cambodia NREN
 * TEIN - Trans Eurasia Information Network

North America

 * United States – although advocated since the 1980s, the U.S. does not have one single NREN.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Name !! Type
 * Internet2 || national
 * National LambdaRail || national [closed]
 * vBNS || national [closed]
 * Edge
 * state (New Jersey)
 * ESnet || national
 * NEREN|| regional (New England)
 * CENIC || state (California)
 * CEN || state (Connecticut)
 * NEREN|| regional (Midwest|-
 * Illinois Century Network || state (Illinois)
 * KanREN|| state (Kansas)
 * LEARN|| state (Texas)
 * Merit Network || state (Michigan)
 * NERO|| state (Oregon)
 * NCREN|| state (North Carolina)
 * NYSERNet || state (New York)
 * OARnet || state (Ohio)
 * OneNet || state (Oklahoma)
 * OSHEAN || state (Rhode Island)
 * PennREN|| state (Pennsylvania)
 * THEnet|| state (Texas)
 * UEN || state (Utah)
 * WVNET||state (West Virginia)
 * WiscNet
 * state (Wisconsin)
 * }
 * NERO|| state (Oregon)
 * NCREN|| state (North Carolina)
 * NYSERNet || state (New York)
 * OARnet || state (Ohio)
 * OneNet || state (Oklahoma)
 * OSHEAN || state (Rhode Island)
 * PennREN|| state (Pennsylvania)
 * THEnet|| state (Texas)
 * UEN || state (Utah)
 * WVNET||state (West Virginia)
 * WiscNet
 * state (Wisconsin)
 * }
 * PennREN|| state (Pennsylvania)
 * THEnet|| state (Texas)
 * UEN || state (Utah)
 * WVNET||state (West Virginia)
 * WiscNet
 * state (Wisconsin)
 * }
 * WiscNet
 * state (Wisconsin)
 * }
 * }

 * Canada
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Name !! Type
 * CANARIE || national
 * ACORN-NL|| provincial (Newfoundland and Labrador)
 * ACORN-NS || provincial (Nova Scotia)
 * BCNET|| provincial (British Columbia)
 * Cybera || provincial (Alberta)
 * GTAnet|| provincial (Ontario)
 * ECN|| provincial (New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island)
 * MRnet|| provincial (Manitoba)
 * ORION || provincial (Ontario)
 * RISQ || provincial (Quebec)
 * SRNet || provincial (Saskatchewan)
 * }
 * ECN|| provincial (New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island)
 * MRnet|| provincial (Manitoba)
 * ORION || provincial (Ontario)
 * RISQ || provincial (Quebec)
 * SRNet || provincial (Saskatchewan)
 * }
 * RISQ || provincial (Quebec)
 * SRNet || provincial (Saskatchewan)
 * }
 * SRNet || provincial (Saskatchewan)
 * }

Latin America

 * RedCLARA - Cooperación Latino Americana de Redes Avanzadas (Association of Latin American NRENs)
 * Innova-Red - Argentinian NREN
 * ADSIB - Bolivian NREN
 * RNP - Brazilian NREN
 * REUNA - Chilean NREN
 * RENATA - Colombian NREN
 * RedCONARE - Costa Rican NREN
 * CEDIA - Ecuadorian NREN
 * RAICES - El Salvadoran NREN
 * RAGIE - Guatemalan NREN
 * Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana (UNITEC) - Honduran NREN
 * CUDI - Mexican NREN
 * RENIA - Nicaraguan NREN
 * RedCyT - Panamanian NREN
 * Arandu - Paraguayan NREN
 * RAAP - Peruvian NREN
 * RAU - Uruguayan NREN
 * REACCIUN CNTI?- Venezuelan NREN

Caribbean

 * C@ribNET - Caribbean NREN
 * TTRENT - Trinidad and Tobago NREN
 * JREN - Jamaica NREN
 * RADEI - NREN of the Dominican Republic

Europe

 * European Academic and Research Network
 * GÉANT - Develops and maintains the GÉANT backbone network on behalf of European NRENs. Formerly DANTE and TERENA.
 * CEENet - Central and Eastern European Research Networking Association
 * Eumedconnect - South Mediterranean Backbone
 * ANA Albanian NREN
 * ASNET-AM - Armenian NREN
 * ACOnet - Austrian NREN
 * AzScienceNet Azerbaijan NREN
 * BASNET - Belarus NREN
 * Belnet - Belgian NREN
 * BREN - Bulgarian NREN
 * CESNET - Czech NREN
 * CARNET - Croatian NREN
 * CYNET - Cypriot NREN
 * SURF - Dutch NREN
 * EENet - Estonian NREN
 * RENATER - French NREN
 * Deutsches Forschungsnetz (DFN) - German NREN
 * GRENA - Georgian NREN
 * GRNET - Greek NREN
 * KIFU/NIIF Program - Hungarian NREN
 * HEAnet - Irish NREN
 * GARR - Italian NREN
 * KazRENA - Kazakhstan NREN
 * SigmaNet - Latvian NREN
 * LITNET - Lithuanian NREN
 * RESTENA - Luxembourg NREN
 * MARNET - Macedonian NREN
 * RiċerkaNet - Maltese NREN
 * RENAM - Moldovian NREN
 * MREN - Montenegro NREN
 * SURF - Netherlands NREN (formerly SURFnet)
 * PIONIER (PSNC) - Polish NREN
 * FCCN - Portuguese NREN
 * RoEduNet - Romanian NREN
 * RUNNet - Russian NREN
 * AMRES - Serbian NREN
 * ARNES - Slovenian NREN
 * SANET - Slovakian NREN
 * RedIRIS - Spanish NREN
 * SWITCH - Swiss NREN
 * ULAKBIM - Turkish NREN
 * URAN - Ukrainian NREN
 * Jisc - United Kingdom NREN, operator of the Janet network
 * KREN - Kosovo NREN

Nordic countries

 * NORDUnet - Nordic backbone network
 * DeiC - Danish NREN
 * FUNET - Finnish NREN
 * RHnet - Icelandic NREN
 * SUNET - Swedish NREN
 * UNINETT - Norwegian NREN

Middle East

 * [//www.maeen.sa Maeen] Saudi Arabia NREN
 * Eumedconnect - Mediterranean/North African Backbone
 * ANKABUT UAE NREN
 * OMREN Omani NREN
 * IUCC - Israeli NREN
 * JUnet Jordanian NREN
 * IRAN SHOA Iranian NREN
 * PALNREN Palestinian NREN
 * Lebanon
 * Birzeit Uni/AlQuds Palestinian Authority
 * QNREN - Qatar NREN
 * HIAST Syrian NREN

Central Asia

 * RUNNet - Russian University Network, Russian NREN
 * ASNET-AM - Armenian
 * AzScienceNet Azerbaijan NREN
 * GRENA - Georgian NREN
 * KazRENA - Kazakhstan NREN
 * KRENA - Kyrgyzian NREN
 * TuRENA - Turkmenistan NREN
 * UZSCINET - Uzbekistan NREN

title: National research and education network


text:
User:GreyCat

Tools

 * Popups - User:GreyCat/monobook.js
 * Images source:
 * Flickr: Creative Commons
 * stock.xchng
 * Deletion sorting

TODO

 * Fix Pickguard
 * Finish Truss rod
 * Finish Comparison of MIDI standards
 * Gather more info to Covox Speech Thing
 * Do a merge on Effects unit
 * Redo Guitar moves, undo most of deletions, etc

title: User:GreyCat


text: File:BoA DontStartNow.jpg

title: File:BoA DontStartNow.jpg


text:
Talk:Iain Crichton Smith

Untitled
I've extended this a bit - hope it's all suitable. Sources are from the two articles linked, mainly the Edwin Morgan one, and bibliography from http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~crumey/iain_crichton_smith.html --Doughnutraffler 12:22, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Free Presbyterian Church?
Can anybody confirm whether Iain Crichton Smith did in fact have a Free Presbyterian Church family background, or is this just an assumption that the Isle of Lewis' strict religious ethos came from the Free Presbyterian Church despite the fact that the main denominational influence in the island is/was the Free Church of Scotland, with the Free Presbyterian Church being in a small minority?--PeterR 15:24, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

My Last Duchess
Isn't My Last Duchess a poem by Robert Browning, not Iain Crichton Smith??

Distate for dogma
The article juxtapositions Crichton-Smith's distate for dogma with a comment about him being an atheist. This juxtaposition is disingenuous as it suggests that only atheists are non-dogmatic. This is clearly not true, see Stalin and Richard Dawkins as examples. Velkyal (talk) 09:31, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * This would only be an issue if it wasn't cogent with Crichton Smith's personal belief. He associated religion with dogma and so chose not to participate in it. It is, therefore, relevant regardless of the suggestion. Plus, I don't understand how Stalin was a dogmatic atheist. He certainly didn't do what he did in the name of atheism. Could you explain why you believe Richard Dawkins is dogmatic? He merely goes by his interpretation of material evidence. Kryters (talk) 21:01, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merge with The Telegram (short story)
notability + WP:SPINOUT (article sizes) Widefox ; talk 08:01, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Support merge: article on story was created by an editor who has made no other edits and is likely to be a school student as the story appears to be on school syllabus, but it really doesn't seem notable. I cleaned it up after stub-sorting it, but would be happy to see it merged to the author's page - perhaps it does merit a mention, beyond the short story collection in which it appears. ... (pause to do some research and editing) ... I've just found the school syllabus listing, which includes 6 of ICS's stories, and added it to the article for the story - I think this merits inclusion in the author's article, as a level of recognition, so expect to see it when the articles are merged.  Pam  D  10:22, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Iain Crichton Smith. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060411025253/http://www.simplyscottish.com/readingroom/history/gaelic_smith.htm to http://www.simplyscottish.com/readingroom/history/gaelic_smith.htm

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title: Talk:Iain Crichton Smith


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grand Theft Auto (movie)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. NSR (talk) 13:32, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Grand Theft Auto (movie)

 * Delete - This Movie was a TV movie, and its Wikipedia article doesn't even have any notable information! if this article is to stay it needs to be updated! - The Time Killer
 * ...by the way, it was not a TV movie. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:30, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - notable, verifiable film. -- Longhair | Talk 12:25, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as above. Kappa 12:32, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Keep and Cleanup - this page needs a cleanup tag, not a VfD, and therefore is improperly listed on VfD and should be speedy kept. Sirmob 13:05, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep valid film as many others in Wikipedia. Articles can be fixed and updated, those are not real reasons for being deleted.-Poli (talk • contribs) 13:12, 2005 July 26 (UTC)
 * Keep all commercial films, they're all "notable enough." Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 14:57, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep of course. It's a Ron Howard movie, and he's quite a famous/notable director (Splash, Apollo 13, A Beautiful Mind, The Da Vinci Code...) with multiple Best Picture & Best Director Oscars under his belt.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  15:24, July 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Chairboy 16:00, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Notable film by notable director. Capitalistroadster 20:07, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Notable? Have you actually seen this movie? Hint: it's a Roger Corman production. --Calton | Talk 00:19, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Capitalistroadster. Expand. Notable film. --WikiFan04Talk 16:42, 30 Jul 2005 (CDT)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Web of Scarlet Spider

Web of Scarlet Spider is a short-lived comic book series starring Ben Reilly as the Scarlet Spider. The series was published by Marvel Comics for four issues between November 1995 and February 1996, following Web of Spider-Man issue 129. During this time, all four primary Spider-Man series and his quarterly series were paused and briefly replaced by Scarlet Spider counterparts; the others being The Amazing Scarlet Spider, Scarlet Spider, The Spectacular Scarlet Spider, and Scarlet Spider Unlimited.

The five series were instituted as part of the Clone Saga after when Peter Parker gave up being Spider-Man to retire with his pregnant wife Mary Jane, and the Scarlet Spider took on his duties. The Spectacular Spider-Man (along with Amazing, Spider-Man and Unlimited) returned to its old name and numbering when Ben Reilly left the Scarlet Spider identity behind and took on the Spider-Man name for himself.

The Scarlet Spider books were direct continuations, in terms of creative teams and story lines, of their Spider-Man counterparts. They were effectively temporary renamings of their counterparts, other than not being incorporated into their issue numbering. Creators who contributed to the title include writers Tom DeFalco, Todd DeZago, and Evan Skolnick and pencillers Paris Karounos and Tom Morgan.

The first two months of Scarlet Spider titles saw a holographic Scarlet Spider imposter destroy the real Spider's reputation. As a result, Ben Reilly (the real Spider) decided to abandon the Scarlet Spider guise in favor of a new Spider-Man costume in Spectacular Scarlet Spider #2. Web continued for two more issues, following Joe Wade in a three-part crossover that included New Warriors vol. 1 #67. Wade was an FBI agent who became possessed by nanotechs in Lady Octopus' lab explosion, giving him Scarlet Spider's appearance and powers.

The first two issues are collected in Spider-Man: The Complete Ben Reilly Epic Book 1. Issues three and four, along with New Warrior #67, were collected in Spider-Man: The Complete Ben Reilly Epic Book 2.

title: Web of Scarlet Spider


text:
User talk:SSN21

Welcome!

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SNAREs
Hi, SSN21. I just wanted to give you a heads up that I made some edits to SNARE (protein) for general clarification purposes. When you get a chance, would you take a look at my edits, and make sure that I didn't introduce any errors? Cheers! – ClockworkSoul 01:17, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, ClockworkSoul. I think it looks better than before. I planned to add more bits and pieces few months ago but it didn't work out for many reasons. One of them being my relocation to Belfast. I think I will get back to my biochemistry sandboxes some time soon. Basically once I move to my (hopefully final) house... Thanks ! SSN21 14:44, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm looking forward to it: my knowledge of SNAREs is fairly limited. Good luck with the move, and if there's anything that I can do to help you on the Wikipedia, feel free to ask! – ClockworkSoul 17:04, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lot! I think soon I will need a handful of hints and "how-tos" :) My knowledge of editing tools in Wikipedia is rather superficial (and somewhat limited...) but I certainly want to learn more. What would you say if I dropped you a one-liner once I set up my computer in that new place? I could then ask you about this, that and the other concerning the editorial side of all this? Best regards, SSN21 17:34, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Comments about Andor links on EMCCD
Hi,

No I have no complaints about your additions to the EMCCD page -- only about 62.172.106.114 (that was the talk page where the complaints were posted). It may be that this corresponds to another user of the same computer that you use. Regards, Rnt20 10:58, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:SSN21