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Catenin

Catenins are a family of proteins found in complexes with cadherin cell adhesion molecules of animal cells. The first two catenins that were identified became known as α-catenin and β-catenin. α-Catenin can bind to β-catenin and can also bind filamentous actin (F-actin). β-Catenin binds directly to the cytoplasmic tail of classical cadherins. Additional catenins such as γ-catenin and δ-catenin have been identified. The name "catenin" was originally selected ('catena' means 'chain' in Latin) because it was suspected that catenins might link cadherins to the cytoskeleton.

Types

 * α-catenin
 * β-catenin
 * γ-catenin
 * δ-catenin

All but α-catenin contain armadillo repeats. They exhibit a high degree of protein dynamics, alone or in complex.

Function
Several types of catenins work with N-cadherins to play an important role in learning and memory.

Cell-cell adhesion complexes are required for simple epithelia in higher organisms to maintain structure, function and polarity. These complexes, which help regulate cell growth in addition to creating and maintaining epithelial layers, are known as adherens junctions and they typically include at least cadherin, β-catenin, and α-catenin. Catenins play roles in cellular organization and polarity long before the development and incorporation of Wnt signaling pathways and cadherins.

The primary mechanical role of catenins is to connect cadherins to actin filaments, such as the adhesion junctions of epithelial cells. Most studies investigating catenin actions have focused on α-catenin and β-catenin. β-catenin is particularly interesting as it plays a dual role in the cell. First of all, by binding to cadherin receptor intracellular cytoplasmic tail domains, it can act as an integral component of a protein complex in adherens junctions that helps cells maintain epithelial layers. β-catenin acts by anchoring the actin cytoskeleton to the junctions, and may possibly aid in contact inhibition signaling within the cell. For instance, when an epithelial layer is complete and the adherens junctions indicate that the cell is surrounded, β-catenin may play a role in telling the cell to stop proliferating, as there is no room for more cells in the area. Secondly, β-catenin participates in the Wnt signaling pathway as a downstream target. While the pathway is very detailed and not completely understood, in general, when Wnt is not present, GSK-3B (a member of the pathway) is able to phosphorylate β-catenin as a result of a complex formation that includes β-catenin, AXIN1, AXIN2, APC (a tumor suppressor gene product), CSNK1A1, and GSK3B. Following phosphorylation of the N-terminal Ser and Thr residues of β-catenin, BTRC promotes its ubiquitination, which causes it to be degraded by the TrCP/SKP complex. On the other hand, when Wnt is present, GSK-3B is displaced from the previously mentioned complex, causing β-catenin to not be phosphorylated, and thus not ubiquitinated. As a result, its levels in the cell are stabilized as it builds up in the cytoplasm. Eventually, some of this accumulated β-catenin will move into the nucleus with the help of Rac1. At this point, β-catenin becomes a coactivator for TCF and LEF to activate Wnt genes by displacing Groucho and HDAC transcription repressors. These gene products are important in determining cell fates during normal development and in maintaining homeostasis, or they can lead to de-regulated growth in disorders like cancer by responding to mutations in β-catenin, APC or Axin, each of which can lead to this de-regulated β-catenin level stabilization in cells.

While less attention is directed at α-catenin in studies involving cell adhesion, it is nonetheless an important player in cellular organization, function and growth. α-catenin participates in the formation and stabilization of adherens junctions by binding to β-catenin-cadherin complexes in the cell. The exact protein dynamics by which α-catenin acts in adherens junctions is still unclear. It is believed however that α-catenin acts in concert with vinculin to bind to actin and stabilize the junctions.

Interaction with cadherins
F9 embryonal carcinoma cells are similar to the P19 cells shown in Figure 1 and normally have cell-to-cell adhesion mediated by E-cadherin with β-catenin bound to the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin. F9 cells were genetically engineered to lack β-catenin, resulting in increased association of plakoglobin with E-cadherin. In F9 cells lacking both β-catenin and plakoglobin, very little E-cadherin and α-catenin accumulated at the cell surface. Mice lacking β-catenin have defective embryos. Mice engineered to specifically have vascular endothelium cells deficient in β-catenin showed disrupted adhesion between vascular endothelial cells. Mice lacking plakoglobin have cell adhesion defects in many tissues, although β-catenin substitutes for plakoglobin at many cellular junctions. Keratinocytes engineered to not express alpha-catenin have disrupted cell adhesion and activated NF-κB. A tumor cell line with defective δ-catenin, low levels of E-cadherin and poor cell-to-cell adhesion could be restored to normal epithelial morphology and increased E-cadherin levels by expression of normal levels of functional δ-catenin.

Clinical significance
As previously mentioned, the same properties of catenin that give it an important role in normal cell fate determination, homeostasis and growth, also make it susceptible to alterations that can lead to abnormal cell behavior and growth. Any changes in cytoskeletal organization and adhesion can lead to altered signaling, migration and a loss of contact inhibition that can promote cancer development and tumor formation. In particular, catenins have been identified to be major players in aberrant epithelial cell layer growth associated with various types of cancer. Mutations in genes encoding these proteins can lead to inactivation of cadherin cell adhesions and elimination of contact inhibition, allowing cells to proliferate and migrate, thus promoting tumorigenesis and cancer development. Catenins are known to be associated with colorectal and ovarian cancer, and they have been identified in pilomatrixoma, medulloblastoma, pleomorphic adenomas, and malignant mesothelioma.

While less is known about the exact mechanism of α-catenin, its presence in cancer is widely felt. Through the interaction of β-catenin and α-catenin, actin and E-cadherin are linked, providing the cell with a means of stable cell adhesion. However, decreases in this adhesion ability of the cell has been linked to metastasis and tumor progression. In normal cells, α-catenin may act as a tumor suppressor and can help prevent the adhesion defects associated with cancer. On the other hand, a lack of α-catenin can promote aberrant transcription, which can lead to cancer. As a result, it can be concluded, that cancers are most often associated with decreased levels of α-catenin.

β-catenin also likely plays a significant role in various forms of cancer development. However, in contrast to α-catenin, heightened β-catenin levels may be associated with carcinogenesis. In particular, abnormal interactions between epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix are associated with the over-expression of these β-catenins and their relationship with cadherins in some cancers. Stimulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and its role in promoting malignant tumor formations and metastases, has also been implicated in cancers.

The role of catenin in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (or EMT) has also received a lot of recent attention for its contributions to cancer development. It has been shown that HIF-1α can induce the EMT pathway, as well as the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thus enhancing the invasive potential of LNCaP cells (human prostate cancer cells). As a result, it is possible that the EMT associated with upregulated HIF-1α is controlled by signals from this Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Catenin and EMT interactions may also play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma. VEGF-B treatment of hepatoma carcinoma cells can cause α-catenin to move from its normal location on the membrane into the nucleus and E-cadherin expression to decrease, thus promoting EMT and tumor invasiveness.

There are other physiological factors that are associated with cancer development through their interactions with catenins. For instance, higher levels of collagen XXIII have been associated with higher levels of catenins in cells. These heightened levels of collagen helped facilitate adhesions and anchorage-independent cell growth and provided evidence of collagen XXIII's role in mediating metastasis. In another example, Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been identified as activating microRNA-181s in hepatocellular carcinoma that play a role in its tumorigenesis.

Recent clinical studies
Recently, there have been a number of studies in the lab and in the clinic investigating new possible therapies for cancers associated with catenin. Integrin antagonists and immunochemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil plus polysaccharide-K have shown promising results. Polysaccharide K can promote apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB activation, which is normally up-regulated, and inhibiting apoptosis, when β-catenin levels are increased in cancer. Therefore, using polysaccharide K to inhibit NF-κB activation can be used to treat patients with high β-catenin levels.

In the short-term, combining current treatment techniques with therapeutics targeting catenin-associated elements of cancer might be most effective in treating the disease. By disrupting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, short-term neoadjuvant radiotherapy (STNR) may help prevent clinical recurrence of the disease after surgery, but much more work is needed before an adequate treatment based on this concept can be determined.

Lab studies have also implicated potential therapeutic targets for future clinical studies. VEGFR-1 and EMT mediators may be ideal targets for preventing cancer development and metastasis. 5-aminosalicylate (ASA) has been shown to reduce β-catenin and its localization to the nucleus in colon cancer cells isolated from and in patients. As a result, it may be useful as a chemopreventative agent for colorectal cancer. Additionally, acyl hydrazones have been shown to inhibit the Wnt signaling characteristic of many cancers by destabilizing β-catenin, thus disrupting Wnt signaling and preventing the aberrant cell growth associated with cancer. On the other hand, some treatment concepts involve upregulating the E-cadherin/catenin adhesion system to prevent disruptions in adhesions and contact inhibition from promoting cancer metastasis. One possible way to achieve this, which has been successful in mouse models, is to use inhibitors of Ras activation in order to enhance the functionality of these adhesion systems. Other catenin, cadherin or cell cycle regulators may also be useful in treating a variety of cancers.

While recent studies in the lab and in the clinic have provided promising results for treating various catenin-associated cancers, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may make finding a single correct therapeutic target difficult as the pathway has been shown to elicit a variety of different actions and functions, some of which may possibly even prove to be anti-oncogenic.

Catenins and cancer
Summary:
 * Associated Cancers: colorectal and ovarian cancer; pilomatrixoma; medulloblastoma; pleomorphic adenomas; malignant mesothelioma; glioblastomas.
 * Mutations in catenin genes can cause loss of contact inhibition that can promote cancer development and tumor formation.
 * Mutations associated with aberrant epithelial cell layer growth due to lack of adhesions and contact inhibition
 * Down-regulated levels of α-catenin
 * Up-regulated levels of β-catenin
 * Stimulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
 * Catenin alteration (and Wnt/β-catenin pathway up-regulation) may help stimulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (or EMT)
 * Mutations or aberrant regulation of catenins may also associate with other factors that promote metastasis and tumorigenesis
 * Treatments focus on correcting aberrant catenin levels or regulating catenin pathways that are associated with cancer development and progression

title: Catenin


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Electric bus

An electric bus is a bus that is propelled using electric motors, as opposed to a conventional internal combustion engine. Electric buses can store the needed electrical energy on board, or be fed mains electricity continuously from an external source such as overhead lines. The majority of buses using on-board energy storage are battery electric buses (which is what this article mostly deals with), where the electric motor obtains energy from an onboard battery pack, although examples of other storage modes do exist, such as the gyrobus that uses flywheel energy storage. When electricity is not stored on board, it is supplied by contact with outside power supplies, for example, via a current collector (like the overhead conduction poles in trolleybuses), or with a ground-level power supply, or through inductive charging.

As of 2017, 99% of all battery electric buses in the world have been deployed in Mainland China, with more than 421,000 buses on the road, which is 17% of China's total bus fleet. For comparison, the United States had 300, and Europe had 2,250. By 2021, China's share of electric buses remained at 98% while Europe had reached 8,500 electric buses, with the largest fleet in Europe being Moscow.

Battery
One of the most popular types of electric buses nowadays are battery electric buses. Battery electric buses have the electricity stored on board the vehicle in a battery. , battery electric buses could have a range of over 280 km with just one charge, although extreme temperatures and hills can reduce range. The buses are usually used in cities due to their limited range.

City driving involves a great deal of accelerating and braking. Due to that, the battery electric bus is superior to diesel bus as it can recharge most of the kinetic energy back into batteries during braking, which reduces brake wear. The use of electric over diesel propulsion reduces noise and pollution in cities.

When operating within a city, it is important to minimize the unloaded and rolling weight of the bus. This can be accomplished by using aluminium as the main construction material. Composite paneling and other lightweight materials can also be used. According to Finnish bus manufacturer Linkker, its fully aluminium bus construction is about 3000 kg lighter than comparably sized modern steel buses, which have a curb weight of 9500 kg. Reducing weight allows for a greater payload and reduces wear to components such as brakes, tires, and joints, achieving cost savings for the operator.

Charging
Buses may be charged at plug in stations, or on special wireless charging pads.

Sweden is studying four different dynamic charging technologies that allow buses and other vehicles to charge while driving on roads and highways. The four tested technologies are overhead wires, in-road rail, on-road rail, and in-road inductive coils.

The first solar powered microgrid for charging electric buses in the US is under construction in Montgomery County, MD, and scheduled for completion in fall of 2022.

Capacitors
Buses can use capacitors instead of batteries to store their energy. Ultracapacitors can only store about 5 percent of the energy that lithium-ion batteries hold for the same weight, limiting them to a short distance per charge. However ultracapacitors can charge and discharge much more rapidly than conventional batteries. In vehicles that have to stop frequently and predictably as part of normal operation, energy storage based exclusively on ultracapacitors can be a solution.

China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus, known as Capabus, which runs without continuous overhead lines by using power stored in large on-board electric double-layer capacitors, which are quickly recharged whenever the vehicle stops at any bus stop (under so-called electric umbrellas), and fully charged in the terminus.

A few prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005. In 2006, two commercial bus routes began to use electric double-layer capacitor buses; one of them is route 11 in Shanghai. In 2009, Sinautec Automobile Technologies, based in Arlington, VA, and its Chinese partner, Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Company are testing with 17 forty-one seat Ultracap Buses serving the Greater Shanghai area since 2006 without any major technical problems. Another 60 buses will be delivered early next year with ultracapacitors that supply 10 watt-hours per kilogram.

The buses have very predictable routes and need to stop regularly, every 3 mi, allowing opportunities for quick recharging. The trick is to turn some bus stops along the route into charging stations. At these stations, a collector on the top of the bus rises and touches an overhead charging line. Within a couple of minutes, the ultracapacitor banks stored under the bus seats are fully charged. The buses can also capture energy from braking, and the company says that recharging stations can be equipped with solar panels. A third generation of the product, will give 20 mi of range per charge or better. Such a bus was delivered by Chariot Motors in Sofia, Bulgaria in May 2014 for 9 months' test. It covers 23 km in 2 charges.

Sinautec estimates that one of its buses has one-tenth the energy cost of a diesel bus and can achieve lifetime fuel savings of $200,000. Also, the buses use 40 percent less electricity compared to an electric trolley bus, mainly because they are lighter and have the regenerative braking benefits. The ultracapacitors are made of activated carbon, and have an energy density of six watt-hours per kilogram (for comparison, a high-performance lithium-ion battery can achieve 200 watt-hours per kilogram), but the ultracapacitor bus is also cheaper than lithium-ion battery buses, about 40 percent less expensive, with a far superior reliability rating.

There is also a plug-in hybrid version, which also uses ultracaps.

Future developments
Sinautec is in discussions with MIT's Schindall about developing ultracapacitors of higher energy density using vertically aligned carbon nanotube structures that give the devices more surface area for holding a charge. So far, they are able to get twice the energy density of an existing ultracapacitor, but they are trying to get about five times. This would create an ultracapacitor with one-quarter of the energy density of a lithium-ion battery.

Future developments includes the use of inductive charging under the street, to avoid overhead wiring. A pad under each bus stop and at each stop light along the way would be used.

Drawbacks
As with other electric vehicles, climate control and extremely cold weather will weaken the performance of electric buses. In addition, terrain may pose a challenge to the adoption of electric vehicles that carry stored energy compared to trolleybuses, which draw power from overhead lines. Also, compared to trolleybuses, battery electric buses have lower passenger capacity because the weight of the batteries increases axle loads in jurisdictions where there are legal axle load limits on roads. Even when conditions are favorable, internal combustion engine buses are frequently diesel powered, and diesel is relatively inexpensive per mile. High local utility rates (especially during periods of peak demand) and proprietary charging systems pose barriers to adoption.

North America
In 2014, the first production-model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California's San Joaquin Valley. The Class-A school bus was built by Trans Tech Bus, using an electric powertrain control system developed by Motiv Power Systems, of Foster City, California. The bus was one of four the district ordered. The first round of SST-e buses (as they are called) is partly funded by the AB 118 Air Quality Improvement Program administered by the California Air Resources Board.

The Trans Tech/Motiv vehicle has passed all KCUSD and California Highway Patrol inspections and certifications. Although some diesel hybrids are in use, this is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.

Since 2015, the Canadian manufacturer Lion Bus offers a full size school bus, eLion, with a body made out of composites. It is a regular production version that is built and shipped in volume since early 2016, with around 50 units sold until 2017.

In February 2021, there were about 300 electric schoolbuses in operation in the United States. That month, Montgomery County, Maryland approved a contract to transition its 1,400 vehicle schoolbus fleet to electric buses by 2035, with the first 25 buses arriving in fall 2021.

The 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act included $2.5 billion in funding for electric school buses, to be distributed over five years.

By June 2022, 38 US states were using electric schoolbuses.

In September 2022, EPA funding for electric schoolbuses was doubled, from $500 million to almost $1 billion, due to high demand. The improvement in air quality over diesel powered school buses is expected to be helpful for children with asthma. In addition, the BIDIRECTIONAL Act was introduced in the US Senate, to "create a program dedicated to deploying electric school buses with bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) flow capability."

Transit use
Transit authorities that use battery buses or other types of all-electric buses, other than trolleybuses:

UAE
The UAE has recently introduced electric buses. The busses are public buses which serve Dubai.

Malaysia

 * Bandar Sunway
 * Kuala Lumpur
 * Putrajaya
 * Melaka City
 * Selangor
 * Kota Kinabalu (coming soon 2018)
 * Kota Bharu (coming soon 2018)
 * Kuching (on trial since 1 March 2019)

Indonesia

 * TransJakarta plans to replace aging fleet with newer electric powered buses. Available candidates are locally made MAB buses and imported BYD buses. Technical trials started by September 2019.
 * Paiton Energy took delivery of the first locally produced electric bus made by PT MAB.

India
Highlights: Cities using electric buses include:
 * On 6 March 2014, India's first intra-city e-bus was launched in Bengaluru.
 * On 17 October 2016, Ashok Leyland unveiled India's first indigenous e-bus.
 * On 8 August 2019, Government of India sanctioned 5,595 e-buses to 64 cities and state transport undertakings.
 * On 5 September 2019, India's first inter-city e-bus service, from Mumbai to Pune, was launched.

 * Ahmedabad, Gujarat
 * Bangalore, Karnataka
 * Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 * Chandigarh
 * Delhi NCR
 * Hyderabad Metropolitan Region
 * Mumbai Metropolitan Region
 * Pune, Maharashtra
 * Kolkata,West Bengal
 * Patna,Bihar
 * Rajgir,Bihar

Iran

 * Iran's first electric bus was launched in Tehran in 2021 with the brand name of SHETAB. It is the vehicle designed with PLM technology in Iran.

Israel

 * Israel has more than 100 electric buses, out of a fleet of ~13,000 buses
 * Dan, a public transport operator in Tel Aviv launched e-bus operation on 15 September 2016 with five Chariot ultracapacitor e-buses on Route 4. After 2017, Dan put other four Chariot e-buses with 32kWh ultracapacitors into service. In late 2018 and 2020 it put 19 and 10 new ultracapacitor e-buses with 40 kWh ultracapacitors into service. By late 2020, 37 Chariot electric buses operated in Tel Aviv.

China
As of 2016, 156,000 buses are being put into service per year in China. As of the end of 2020, 378,700 electric buses were in operation, accounting for 53.8% of the total amount of buses.

 * Beijing
 * Bengbu
 * Changsha (BYD x 180 vehicles)
 * Haikou (BYD)
 * Lhasa, First solar powered public bus in 2015
 * Shanghai (capabuses)
 * Shaoguan (BYD)
 * Shenzhen (BYD x 16,359 vehicles). As of 1 January 2018, every bus in Shenzhen is battery-electric.
 * Tianjin (BYD)
 * Xi'an (BYD)
 * Yancheng
 * Bengbu (BYD x 638 vehicles)

Japan

 * Community Bus "Hamurun" (Operated by Nishi Tokyo Bus) in Hamura, Tokyo since 10 March 2012
 * Community Bus "Sumida Hyakkei" (Operated by Keisei Bus) in Sumida, Tokyo since 20 March 2012
 * Kitakyushu City, Japan.

Singapore

 * Singapore's first fully electric bus was launched in 2016 on a trial basis by Go-Ahead Singapore.
 * On 24 October 2018, the Land Transport Authority procured 60 fully electric buses — 20 BYD K9 buses, 20 ST Engineering-Linkker Electric Buses, 10 Yutong E12 single-decker buses and 10 Yutong E12DD double-decker buses, for $50.64 million total.
 * On 17 October 2019, SMRT Buses began deploying BYD C6 electric minibuses on bus service 825, marking the launch of Singapore's first fully electric public minibuses.
 * On 3 April 2020, Go-Ahead Singapore, Tower Transit Singapore and SMRT Buses began deploying Yutong E12 electric buses, marking the start of the rollout of the 60 fully electric buses procured by the Land Transport Authority.
 * On 29 July 2020, SBS Transit began deploying BYD K9 electric buses.
 * On 27 October 2020, Go-Ahead Singapore, Tower Transit Singapore and SMRT Buses began deploying Yutong E12DD electric double-decker buses, marking the launch of Singapore's first fully electric double-decker buses.
 * On 25 August 2021, SBS Transit and SMRT Buses began deploying Linkker LM312 electric buses, marking the launch of Singapore's first Opportunity Charging Electric buses.

South Korea

 * Seoul has 15 electric buses nicknamed "Peanut Bus" for their shape, transferring people from subway stations in downtown to the N Seoul Tower, circulating Mt. Namsan.
 * Seoul's Gangnam District will have 11 electric buses in operation from February 2013 and 270 electric buses by the end of 2013, increasing to 400 buses by 2014. At least 3,500 electric buses will be introduced in phases until 2020, which will account for half of Seoul's bus fleet.
 * Gumi will have the world's first wireless electric bus, known as Online Electric Vehicle, in operation from July 2013 developed by KAIST. Electricity is wirelessly fed into the bus from the tracks.
 * Pohang will have automatically battery switching electric buses in operation from July 2013. Unlike conventional plug-in charging buses, the battery pack is automatically swapped with a fully charged one before complete drainage.

Thailand

 * Thai Smile Bus Co., Ltd.

Qatar
741 electric buses are operated by Mowasalat (Karwa) the country's public transit system.

Vietnam

 * VinBus made by VinFast of Vingroup

Belarus

 * Е433 «Vitovt Max Electro» (Minsk)
 * E420
 * E321

Belgium
The electrification of Belgium's buses is on a strong upward trend: As for fully electric buses, Belgium only had 4 in operation in 2019.
 * Flanders: At the end of 2019 De Lijn operated 2,295 buses, of which 368 were hybrids. De Lijn introduced its first six fully electric buses in 2020, with seven more to follow. An order for 970 electric buses, which had been cancelled, is to be reissued. The Flemish coalition agreement states that city centres must be operated emission-free by 2025 and that all buses in Flanders must be zero-emission by 2035.
 * Wallonia: At the end of 2019, OTW operated 1,769 of its own buses, of which 309 were hybrids.
 * Brussels: At the end of 2019 STIB/MIVB operated 800 buses, of which 184 (23%) of them were hybrids. Tenders for 50–100 electric buses are being prepared and the hydrogen option is also being examined.

Bulgaria

 * Since 2018 Sofia operates a fleet of 20 Yutong battery electric buses
 * Since 2020 Sofia operates a fleet of 15 Chariot-Higer supercapacitor-based electric buses. In 2021 the fleet was supplemented by 30 more electric vehicles of this type.
 * Since February 2021 Kazanlak operates a fleet of 7 Alfabus battery electric buses
 * Since February 2021 Gabrovo operates a fleet of 3 Chariot-Higer supercapacitor-based electric buses, delivered by Chariot Motors.
 * Since July 2021 Ruse operates a fleet of 20 SOR battery electric buses.

Turkey

 * Anadolu Isuzu
 * BMC
 * Bozankaya
 * Karsan
 * Otokar
 * Temsa

Finland

 * Helsinki Regional Transport Authority – 436 electric buses (34% of the total)

France

 * RATP (Paris): Line 341 is the first line of 100% electric full-size Bluebuses.

Germany

 * Berlin: Berlin public transport(Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG)) operator orders 90 new electric buses. It is still unclear which manufacturer the vehicles were ordered from. As the local German newspaper, the Tagesspiegel writes, the order is said to have gone to the Dutch electric bus and charging infrastructure manufacturer Ebusco. The delivery of all buses is scheduled for the end of 2022. This will increase BVG's fleet to 228 electric buses.
 * Munich: The Dutch electric bus manufacturer Ebusco has received a follow-up order from public transport operator Stadtwerke München in Germany. The order is for 14 electric 18-metre buses of the type Ebusco 2.2. Delivery is scheduled for the first half of 2023. "After the 12-metre buses from Ebusco met the range expectation, we are looking forward to taking its big brother on the road," says Veit Bodenschatz, managing director and Head of Bus Operations at Münchner Verkehrsgesellschaft (MVG). In Munich, the aforementioned twelve Ebusco 2.2 are already in use as solo buses in the 12-metre version, as well as two Ebusco 3.0, which, as reported, were recently handed over to Stadtwerke.
 * Konstanz: Stadtwerke Konstanz has purchased six new electric buses as a prelude to the long-term conversion of its bus fleet. The new Mercedes eCitaro e-buses have already been delivered and are scheduled to enter service on lines 6 and 14 in February. The municipal utility had already announced in October 2020 that it intended to purchase six e-buses in 2021 and to stop buying diesel buses in the future. The order was then placed with Mercedes-Benz last year, and the red-painted eCitaro buses have since arrived in Constance.

Great Britain

 * , 1000 zero-emission buses operate in London, the 2nd largest fleet in Europe.
 * Stagecoach North Scotland operates 5 Optare solo EV
 * Strathclyde Partnership for Transport runs battery-powered electric buses on one route in Glasgow, between George Square and the Transport Museum.
 * Bristol: Route 72 from City Centre to Frenchay UWE campus
 * Durham: Cathedral and City Centre loop
 * Milton Keynes: Route 7
 * Greater Manchester: Stagecoach plans to buy 105 electric buses for use in the Greater Manchester area by 2020.
 * Guildford introduced a fleet of electric buses on its Park and Ride services on 7 January 2019.
 * Newcastle: Go North East started operation of Yutong E10s under the Voltra brand name on routes 53 and 54 in June 2021.
 * Nottingham: CT4N operate a fleet of electric Optare Solos, Versas and BYD K9UR buses on contract services for Nottingham City Council
 * Since July 2020, National Express West Midlands has been operating 19 fully electric ADL/BYD double deckers on the 6 route from Birmingham to Solihull, via Hall Green and Shirley
 * Since August 2020, National Express Coventry has been operating 10 fully electric ADL/BYD double deckers on the 9/9A route between University Hospital and Finham, via Coventry rail station and Coventry Pool Meadow bus station.

Italy

 * Azienda Trasporti Bergamo — Bergamo, Italy
 * Gruppo Torinese Trasporti — Turin, Italy, uses small capacitor vehicles on two routes ("Star1" and "Star2") through city center since early 2000.
 * Azienda Trasporti Milanesi, the company responsible for public transportation in Milan, has ordered 250 electric buses in 2019, and plans to be fully electrified by 2030. As of 2019, there are 25 electric buses, 100 hybrid buses and 3 hydrogen buses in operation in the city.

Lithuania

 * Municipal public transport company "Klaipėdos autobusų parkas", Klaipėda, started using locally produced Dancer electric buses on Route 8 in April 2020.
 * Municipal public transport company "Kauno autobusai", Kaunas, operates electric trolleybuses since 1965. As of April 2020, the company operated around 100 Solaris Trollino 12AC and several Berkhof Premier AT18 trolleybuses on a network of 17 lines.
 * Municipal public transport company "Tauragės autobusų parkas", Tauragė in March 2019 announced the acquisition of electric Iveco Rosero 70C18 and Solaris Urbino Electric buses. A total of 5 electric buses were launched on three suburban routes in early 2020.
 * Municipal public transport company "Susisiekimo paslaugos", Vilnius, began using four Karsan Jest Electric buses on Route 89 in September 2019, making this route fully electric. This is an addition to the network of 19 routes, operated with 279 electric trolleybuses, mostly Solaris Trollino 15AC, Solaris Trollino IV 12, Škoda 14Tr, Škoda 14ТrМ, Škoda 15Тr and Amber Vilnis 12 AC, as of April 2020. Vilnius trolleybus network was launched in 1956.

Netherlands

The Netherlands has the most electric buses of any European country. At the end of 2019 the number had reached 770, or 15% of the entire Dutch fleet of 5,236 buses. This is expected to grow to 1,388 by the end of 2020. In the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe 47% of buses are electric, in Limburg 37% and in North Holland 31%. The main manufacturers are VDL (486 of the existing 770) Ebusco (110), Heuliez (49) and BYD (44). In 2015, the Dutch public transport authorities agreed to buy only emission-free buses from 2025 onwards, and to make the entire fleet emission-free by 2030.

Amsterdam
In December 2018 GVB ordered 31 electric buses from VDL, with an option for 69 more buses. They entered service on 2 April 2020 on routes 15, 22 and 36, and are
 * 9 Citeas SLF-120 Electric, with 216 kWh batteries
 * 22 articulated Citeas SLFA-180 Electric, with 288 kWh batteries

The buses recharge through a pantograph from 31 8 MW Heliox fast chargers at the Garage West depot on Jan Tooropstraat and seven 45 kW chargers at Sloterdijk station. EBS (Egged Bus Systems), which primarily serves Waterland to the north of Amsterdam, has also ordered 10 electric buses from VDL.

Arnhem
Arnhem has the Netherlands's only trolleybus network, which opened in 1949 and operates 46 articulated buses on six routes.

Eindhoven
On 11 December 2016 Hermes introduced 43 fully electric VDL 18-metre buses in Eindhoven, driving a daily distance of 400 km each. In 2017 this was the biggest all-electric bus operation of Europe.

Haaglanden
For use on its Haaglanden network EBS is using 116 electric buses:
 * 23 VDL Citea LLE 99 Electrics for Zoetermeer and Delft (10 m)
 * 93 Mercedes-Benz Citaro NGT Hybrids for other routes (83 12 m and 10 18 m articulated)

Rotterdam
In 2018 Rotterdam ordered 55 electric buses from VDL and in 2019 obtained a European Investment Bank loan to buy a further 105 electric and 103 hybrids.

Schiphol
Since March 2018, 100 VDL Citea articulated electric buses operated by Connexxion have served Schiphol airport. The buses have a battery capacity of 170 kWh and a range of 80 kilometres. They are charged during the day by Heliox 450 kW fast chargers, taking between 15 and 25 minutes. Overnight, 30 kW slow charges take 4–5 hours. They are powered by 100% renewable energy, from wind power and solar panels at the depots. The buses serve two different networks:
 * R-net: routes 242, 342, 347 and 347 with a total length of 78 km
 * Schipholnet: routes 180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 198, 199 and 287.

Since 2016 a fleet of 35 BYD 12-metre battery buses has provided airfield services.

Utrecht
In Utrecht, Qbuzz has operated electric buses since 2017.

Waddeneilanden
In April 2013 six all-electric BYD buses operated on the island of Schiermonnikoog. Arriva started running 16 electric buses on Vlieland, Ameland and Schiermonnikoog.

Poland

 * Kraków (Cracow): In January 2016, first 2 Solaris Urbino 12 electric buses were delivered by Solaris Bus & Coach. In September 2016, further 4 Solaris Urbino 8,9 LE electric buses were delivered by the same manufacturer. A roadside charger was installed at a bus stop on Pawia street.
 * Warszawa (Warsaw): In June 2015, Solaris Bus & Coach delivered 10 Solaris Urbino 12 electric buses. They are running on route 222. A further 20 electric buses are on order, first 10, manufactured by Ursus Bus, due to be delivered in summer of 2017 and further 10 Solaris Urbino 12 electrics by end of March 2018. There are also plans to purchase further 130 electric buses by 2020. 19 termini will be equipped with chargers, allowing buses to be topped-up using roof-mounted pantographs.
 * Zielona Góra: In October 2017 MZK Zielona Góra order 47 electric buses Ursus City Smile 12E manufactured by Ursus Bus.
 * Stalowa Wola: In September 2017 ZMKS Stalowa Wola order 10 electric buses Solaris Urbino 8,9 LE electric manufactured by Solaris Bus & Coach.

As of 2022, around 700 electric buses—not counting trolleybuses—from different manufacturers are operated in Poland, and there are plans to obtain another few hundred. The largest fleets are located in Warsaw (162 buses), Kraków (78 buses), Poznań (59 buses), Jaworzno (44 buses) and Zielona Góra (43 buses). Trolleybuses operate in Gdynia, Lublin and Tychy, with around 250–300 in service.

Romania
In Romania, except for the cities above, are operating more than 350 electric buses all over Romania, and their number is expanding. Most of the electric buses in Romania are deliveres by : Solaris ( Poland), SOR ( Czech Republic), Karsan ( Turkey), Temsa ( Turkey), BYD ( China), ZTE Bus in cooperation with BMC Trucks and Bus (Romania). The list above is incomplete, as more tenders for electric buses are being launched, and more buses and models continue to appear.
 * Cluj-Napoca: In May 2018, Solaris Bus & Coach delivered 11 Solaris Urbino 12 electric buses to the local operator CTP Cluj, Cluj-Napoca becoming the first city in Romania to use battery-electric buses in public transport. (Electric buses in the form of trolleybuses were already in use in Cluj and several other Romanian cities.) Another 19 buses are expected to be delivered in the future. The municipality's mayor, Emil Boc, announced that Cluj will have a fully electric public transport system by 2025.
 * Brasov: In 2019 -2021, SOR delivered 60 electric buses ENS12 and EBN8 to Brasov. Also in 2022, Karsan delivered 12 articulated buses type E-ATA18.
 * Iasi: Solaris delivered in 2022 20 Solaris Urbino 12 Electric.
 * Slatina : Operates since 2022 a fleet of 8 SOR ENS 12 and 10 Karsan E-ATA 10.
 * Craiova : Operates since 2020, 20 Solaris Urbino 18 electric buses.
 * Turda : Operates since late 2019 a fleet of 20 SOR electric buses, 10 SOR EBN 11 and 10 SOR EBN 9.5.
 * Alba Iulia : Operates 13 SOR ENS 12 electric buses since 2023.
 * Ploiesti : Operates 9 SOR ENS 12 since 2023.
 * Suceava : Operates both 15 Solaris Urbino 12 Electric and 25 ZTE City Roamer.
 * Zalau : Operates 10 SOR ENS 12 and 10 SOR EBN 9.5 since 2020.
 * Pitesti: Operates 40 Solaris Urbino 12 Electric.
 * Drobeta Turnu-Severin is operating 6 SOR EBN 11 electric and 3 ZTE GRANTON.
 * Constanta operates 20 BYD K9U electric buses.
 * Bistrita operates 10 SOR EBN 9.5 electric buses.
 * Buzau operates 4 Temsa Avenue Electron 12 and 9 BYD K9U Electric Buses.
 * Arad operates 10 Temsa electric buses, 5 Temsa Avenue Electron 12 and 5 Temsa MD9 LE.
 * Sibiu operates 5 Karsan Jest Minibuses and 9 Solaris Urbino 12 Electric.
 * Mangalia operates 10 Karsan E-ATAK 8.5 meters.
 * Focșani is operating 7 Karsan Jest Electric and 9 Karsan E-ATAK.
 * Timișoara operates 40 Karsan E-ATA 18.
 * Rovinari operates 3 SOR EBN8.
 * Segarcea operates 3 Karsan E-ATAK.
 * Galați will operate 20 Solaris Urbino 12 and 20 Solaris Urbino 9.5

Russia

 * In 2014 battery-powered trolleybuses started operating in Chelyabinsk. The remodeled vehicles can run up to 30 km on routes that lack wires.
 * In 2018 electric buses were introduced in Moscow. The city government has signed contracts with GAZ and Kamaz automobile companies to supply the city with 200 fast-charging electric buses. After 2021, only electric vehicles are to be purchased. With the purchase of the 100th electric bus in May 2019, Moscow became the city with Europe's largest electric bus fleet. As of March 2022, over 1000 electric buses are in operation in Moscow. Drive Electro company had provided batteries for 400 out of those 600 electric busses.
 * Russian based Electric bus manufactures are LiAZ (GAZ Group), Trolza (PC Transport Systems) and Kamaz.

Serbia

 * In 2016 GSP Belgrade, the public transport operator of city of Belgrade, launched dedicated electric bus line equipped exclusively with 5 electric buses, delivered by Chariot Motors. The line has a total length of 7.9 kilometres one-way and 13 bus stops.
 * In 2022, the Belgrade public transport operator GSP Beograd put its 10 new Chariot e-buses into commercial operation, delivered by Chariot Motors and DAT holding.

Spain

 * Empresa Malagueña de Transportes (EMT), S.A.M
 * Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid 20 all-electric and 20 hybrid diesel-electric buses and since February 2017 one Iziar ie2.
 * Councillor for the Environment, Figueres
 * León: Minibus Tecnobus Gulliver in El Ejido
 * Seville

Sweden

 * Västtrafik is running 10 electric Volvo buses in Gothenburg on route 55
 * Västmanlands lokaltrafik is running a fleet of electric Solaris buses in Västerås on route 1 to 7

Switzerland

 * transport public genève (tpg) introduce TOSA Flash Mobility, Clean City, Smart Bus a new system of mass transport with electric "flash" recharging of the buses at selected bus stops.

Aruba

 * Oranjestad (BYD)

British Columbia

 * Vancouver electric buses have been in operation since 1948, TransLink operates 260 of them.
 * Victoria – CVS Tours currently deploys North America's first all-electric double decker bus made by GreenPower Motor Company.

Ontario

 * Toronto (Proterra, New Flyer, BYD)
 * Windsor (BYD)

Québec

 * Réseau de transport de la Capitale, Quebec City's public transit authority has integrated 8 electric buses to its fleet in 2008 to serve the Old City. The Tecnobus Gulliver buses can carry up to 20 passengers and runs on $3.25 worth of electricity per day.
 * Société de transport de Montréal, Montreal, bus fleet going all-electric or hybrid by 2029. 2017 – Cité-Mobilité project : 7 electric bus on line 36 with high-speed charging.

United States
In November 2019, orders for new electric buses had outpaced manufacturing capacity.

The 2021 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act included $2.5 billion in funding for electric school buses, to be distributed over five years. By June 2022, there were commitments to 12,275 electric school buses in 38 states.

A 2022 study by National Grid and Hitachi Energy indicates that installing charging infrastructure for fleet electrification will require location-specific upgrades to the US electrical grid.

In 2022, there were 5,269 battery electric buses.

Cities using electric buses include:

 * Anaheim, CA
 * Atlanta, GA (at Emory University)
 * Cambridge, MA
 * Chattanooga, TN – CARTA
 * Chicago, IL
 * Colorado Springs, CO
 * Dallas, TX
 * Dayton, OH
 * Denver, CO – RDT Free MallRide
 * Frederick, MD
 * Greenville, SC
 * Gulfport, MS
 * Hampton, VA
 * Indianapolis, IN
 * Ithaca, NY
 * Lexington, KY
 * Los Angeles, CA
 * Louisville, KY
 * Miami Beach, FL
 * Mobile, AL
 * Nashville, TN
 * New Haven, CT
 * New York, NY
 * Pomona, CA
 * Portland, ME
 * Portland, OR
 * Philadelphia, PA
 * Providence, Rhode Island
 * Reno, NV
 * Santa Barbara, CA
 * San Antonio, TX
 * San Diego, CA
 * San Francisco, CA
 * Seattle, WA
 * Seneca, SC
 * Spokane, WA
 * Stockton, CA
 * Tallahassee, FL
 * Worcester, MA
 * Wichita, KS

California
Since 2000, the California Air Resources Board has had a Fleet Rule for Transit Agencies, which requires transit agencies to reduce emissions. In 2018 it issued the Innovative Clean Transit rule, which requires all new transit buses purchased after 2029 to be zero-emissions buses.

Long Beach, California and the Antelope Valley Transit Authority charge some of their buses on special wireless charging pads located along bus routes.

By 2019, more than 200 e-buses were in service in California. Several hundred more e-buses for California were in backlogged orders.

In 2023, Oakland, California introduced the first major fleet of electric school buses in a U.S. school district. These buses not only serve as a mode of transportation for students but also contribute 2.1 gigawatt-hours of electricity annually to the power grid, which is sufficient to power between 300 and 400 homes. This initiative holds particular importance in Oakland, a community where many students come from low-income families that are disproportionately affected by industrial pollution. The electric buses are projected to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 25,000 tons each year, thereby improving both the environment and health conditions within the community.

Total operating cost per mile
NREL publishes zero-emission bus evaluation results from various commercial operators. NREL published following total operating cost per mile: with County Connection, for June 2017 through May 2018, for an 8-vehicle diesel bus fleet, the total operating cost per mile was $0.84; for a 4-vehicle electric bus fleet, $1.11; with Long Beach Transit, for 2018, for a 10-vehicle electric bus fleet, $0.85; and with Foothill Transit, for 2018, for a 12-vehicle electric bus fleet, $0.84.

States without plans for e-buses
In 2019, "only five states, Arkansas, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota and West Virginia, ... [had] no transit agencies planning to operate electric buses or hydrogen fuel cell buses."

Australian Capital Territory

 * In September 2017, Transport Canberra began operating two electric buses based at its Tuggeranong depot.
 * In December 2020, the reelected ALP government announced that it would purchase 90 new electric buses for in 2021 with the aim to have Canberra's entire bus fleet converted to electric by 2024. Upgrades to bus depots would be completed during this time with Woden bus depot being the first to be upgraded.

New South Wales

 * In 2016 Carbridge procured a fleet of six BYD electric buses to replace its diesel car park shuttles at Sydney Airport.
 * Transport for NSW began a trial of electric buses on the South Coast before conducting a more expansive trial in region 6 in Sydney in 2019.
 * In December 2020, the NSW government announced that it would roll out 120 electric buses across Sydney in 2021. Transport minister Andrew Constance also announced a goal to transition the entire state's 8,000 strong bus fleet to battery electric by 2030.
 * Sydney, November, 2021: A new rollout of zero emissions buses has begun as part of an ARENA-supported project. The buses will be charged from a solar array installed on the roof of the Leichhardt depot, storing energy in onboard batteries capable of holding up to ten times as much energy as an electric car.

Queensland

 * Brisbane's new Brisbane Metro rapid bus system will use a fleet of 60 bi-articulated electric buses that visually resemble light rail vehicles. These buses will be supplied by Swiss-based manufacturer Carrosserie Hess.
 * Kinetic has 11 electric buses on the Sunshine Coast, and 26 total in Cairns and Gold Coast in contracts to Translink Qld

Western Australia

 * In July 2020, the Public Transport Authority announced that it would trial four Volvo electric buses on Perth's Joondalup CAT bus route.

Victoria

 * Melbourne's first fully electric bus began carrying passengers on Transdev Melbourne route 246 in October 2019. The body construction and fit out for the new bus was carried out in Dandenong by Volgren.
 * In February 2024, Ventura became the first operator in Melbourne to operate an entirely electric fleet from one of its depots. The depot in Ivanhoe was converted to operate 27 electric buses built by Volgren.<ref?

New Zealand

 * In April 2018, Auckland Transport began a trial with two electric Alexander Dennis Enviro200 buses. These buses run on the City Link service around Auckland's central business district. The trial continues as of February 2019.
 * In July 2018, Tranzurban introduced 10 electric double Decker buses in Wellington. 22 more buses are expected to be in service by 2021. NZ Bus have ordered 67 single Decker buses which will enter service between 2021 and 2023.
 * In June 2019, Red Bus introduced three Alexander Dennis Enviro200 bodied BYD K9 electric buses for use on the 29 Airport route.

Brazil

 * Sao Paulo (BYD, Higer, Eletra, MBB)
 * Campinas (BYD)
 * Sao Jose dos Campos (BYD)

Chile

 * Santiago (BYD, Yutong, Foton, King Long, Zhongtong)
 * Valparaiso (BYD)
 * According to official stats, Santiago has 1580 electric buses, being the city with the biggest electric bus fleet outside of the People's Republic of China.

Colombia

 * Bogota Transmilenio and the Sistema Integrado de Transporte de Bogotá with 1485 electric buses, made by BYD and Yutong.

Uruguay

 * Montevideo (BYD × 200 Vehicles), (Yutong × 10 vehicles, Higer × 1 vehicle)

 * In 2013 Abriely imported for Uruguay-Argentina tourist transport operator Buquebus an BYD K9 for a tourist line in Colonia del Sacramento. That line was unsuccessful, and the bus was sold in 2016 to Montevideo's biggest urban and sub-urban transit bus operator CUTCSA who numbered it ad the 2016 ("outside" the 1-1136 the covered by the 1136 units of the operator). In that service the bus proved that while constrained and limited by the battery capacity in the longer lines, it could easily work in the shorter lines; so in 2020 CUTCSA acquired 20 BYD K9s for use on three exclusive electrical lines:(CE1 Ciudad Vieja-Tres Cruces, replacing the CA1 line. (CE = "Centrica Electrica"; CA was "Centrica Accesible" or "Accesible Centrical") It was the first exclusive low floor bus line in Uruguay and a lower fare,E14 Ciudad Vieja-Pocitas replacing the 14 lines, and,the DE1 Ciudad Vieja-Carrasco line replacing the D1 line. (D=means Differential and refers to it being faster than another pre-existing line)
 * In 2020 the other three Montevidean bus operators COETC, UCOT and COME bought respectively 4, 3 and 3 Yutong E12LF (also known as ZK6128BEVG) for use in non-exclusive lines (and in COETC and UCOT cases also the CE1)

 * In the first semester of 2023 CUTCSA started testing a Higer KLQ6126GEV numbered as 2023:first in the electric exclusive lines,later in multiple lines affiliated to the groupings of lines known as "Linea A", and finally in the "Interdiferencial" lines (Interdiferential lines composing of both Differential and inter-departmental lines) in preparation for the acquisition of electric units to replace around 25% of the fleet of 1140 buses.

 * On 7 May 2023 Claudio Techera, a reporter of the magazine "Transporte Carretero"(Road Transport), uploaded to his personal YouTube channel an interview with Álvaro Gomez, Director of PRIMATUR, the official importer of Yutong in Uruguay, in which Gomez confirmed that the cooperative COETC and the company COME S.A. had signed contracts for the acquisition of 10 Yutong U12 buses by each operator, with the possibility of modifying the side windows to make it easier to replace glass broken by stones or bullets. On 11 June, the cooperative UCOT confirmed the purchase of 10 U12 units after a directors' meeting.

 * Canelones-Las Piedras (Ankai × 6). Since 2019 the bus operator Compañia del Este o Codeleste has been buying Ankai electric low-floor buses for use in general lines of different models.
 * Durazno-Durazno Department (Ankai × 2). The bus operator Nossar (which has operated urban and suburban bus services in the department since 1925, and interdepartmental services since 1987) bought 2 Ankai units for urban services, these units arrived at the Montevideo port and were driven about 200 km to Durazno by members of the Nossar family (owners of Nossar since its foundation).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Electric bus


text:
C. Boyden Gray

Clayland Boyden Gray (February 6, 1943 – May 21, 2023) was an American lawyer and diplomat who served as White House Counsel from 1981 to 1993 and as U.S. Ambassador to the European Union from 2006 to 2007. He was a founding partner of the Washington, D.C.–based law firm Boyden Gray & Associates LLP.

Early life and education
Gray was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, on February 6, 1943. His father, Gordon Gray, was a lawyer who served as U.S. National Security Advisor under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Gray's grandfather, Bowman Gray Sr., was the president of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.

Gray attended Fay School and St. Mark's School in Southborough, Massachusetts. He graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University in 1964, where he wrote for The Harvard Crimson. He also served as a sergeant in the United States Marine Corps Reserve from 1965 to 1970.

Gray then attended the University of North Carolina School of Law, where he served as editor-in-chief of the North Carolina Law Review and graduated with high honors in 1968.

Career
After graduation, Gray clerked for Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren. In 1968, he joined the firm of Wilmer Cutler & Pickering (now Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr), and became a partner in 1976. Once a Democrat, Gray switched to the Republican Party by the end of the 1970s, due to his opposition to Jimmy Carter's presidency.

Gray took a leave of absence from the firm in 1981 to serve as legal counsel for Vice President George H. W. Bush. He also served as counsel to the Presidential Task Force on Regulatory Relief, chaired by Vice President Bush. Gray later served as Director of the Office of Transition Counsel for the Bush transition team, and as counsel to President Bush from 1989 to 1993. During this time, Gray became one of the main architects of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments that suggested market solutions for environmental problems. In 1993, Bush awarded him the Presidential Citizens Medal.

Gray returned to Wilmer Cutler & Pickering in 1993, where his practice focused on a range of regulatory matters with an emphasis on environmental issues, including those relating to biotechnology, trade, clean air, and the management of risk. He also served as chairman of the section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice of the American Bar Association. Gray also served as co-chairman with former Majority Leader Dick Armey of FreedomWorks.

Gray served on the Bush-Cheney Transition Department of Justice Advisory Committee. In 2002, he founded the Committee for Justice, a Washington, DC-based nonprofit dedicated to screening judicial and US Justice Department nominees.

In January 2006, President George W. Bush gave him a recess appointment as United States Ambassador to the European Union. He took a leave of absence from the law firm of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr to accept that position. When Gray emerged as Bush's preferred candidate for the post of the United States' ambassador to the EU in July 2005, the potential nomination deeply perturbed open source advocates, who viewed his ties to Microsoft with suspicion.

Gray's last government position was as Special Envoy for European Affairs and Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy at the Mission of the United States to the European Union, having been nominated by United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice on January 11, 2008. On March 31, the White House announced his appointment to the additional post of Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy. He was a fundraiser for Donald Trump, the last Republican president of his lifetime, and was part of a legal team Trump formed after the 2020 United States presidential election.

Gray was a member of the board of directors at the Atlantic Council, The European Institute, FreedomWorks, and America Abroad Media. In addition, Gray was also a member of the Federalist Society, Harvard University's Committee on University Development, the Board of Trustees of the Washington Scholarship Fund, St. Mark's School, and National Cathedral School.

Personal life and death
Gray married Carol Taylor in 1984; they had a daughter and later divorced. He died from heart failure at his home in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., on May 21, 2023, at the age of 80.

title: C. Boyden Gray


text:
Maniac Cop III: Badge of Silence

Maniac Cop III: Badge of Silence is a 1992 American slasher film written by Larry Cohen and directed by William Lustig. It is the third and final installment in the Maniac Cop film series.

Maniac Cop III: Badge of Silence was released in the United States on videocassette on July 7, 1993 after a December 1992 airing on HBO. While receiving negative reviews upon release, it received retrospective critical praise in later years.

Plot
A priest practicing the Voodoo arts resurrects Matt Cordell, who takes his badge and comes back to life to do his bidding. Meanwhile, a pair of cameramen who are hoping to make it big come across a convenience store robbery, where a police officer named Katie Sullivan intervenes in a hostage situation; she manages to wound the suspect but realizes that the clerk is his girlfriend, and she had intentionally let him in to rob the store. There is a crossfire, and while Katie is severely wounded, she ends up killing the clerk in return.

Though rushed to the hospital, Katie is declared comatose and brain dead, much to the chagrin of investigating officer Sean McKinney. McKinney catches the report of Katie using excessive force in a hostage situation, which portrays the clerk as an innocent victim and threatens to free the badly injured Frank Jessup.

Meanwhile, stalking Katie's progress, Cordell goes to the hospital to watch her (killing a heckler in the process). He kills one of her supervising physicians with defibrillator paddles, then murders Katie's physician with X-ray radiation. The two reporters who had framed Katie are also slain by Cordell afterwards.

Meanwhile, McKinney and a physician, Susan, are investigating the murders and the strange behavior experienced by the comatose Katie. Their investigations lead them to Houngan, who admits that he had brought Cordell back from the dead, and he is interested in Katie, who is on the verge of death. At gunpoint, Cordell forces Houngan to attempt the resurrection on her, but he is unable to do so, stating her spirit is refusing to return from the dead to be with him. Cordell kills Houngan, and both he and Katie are set on fire in the process; she is immolated.

As they escape, Susan and McKinney are chased by Cordell, who survived the fire while remaining ablaze. He chases them in a beat-up police car while they ride in an ambulance. They manage to throw an oxygen tank into the burning car before both crash. However, before Cordell can back up on the other disabled vehicle, the canister goes off, blowing up the car. Later, the charred corpse of Katie is rolled into a morgue, next to the burned remains of Cordell. While the lone coroner, who rolled Katie into the morgue, is busy with his computer, the camera pans to the bodies, which shows Cordell's hand moving over to hold Katie's hand. The coroner soon notices and it cuts to black.

Cast

 * Robert Z'Dar as Officer Matt Cordell / The Maniac Cop
 * Robert Davi as Lieutenant Sean McKinney
 * Caitlin Dulany as Dr. Susan Fowler
 * Gretchen Becker as Officer Katie Sullivan
 * Paul Gleason as Hank Cooney
 * Jackie Earle Haley as Frank Jessup
 * Julius Harris as Houngan Malfaiteur
 * Grand L. Bush as William
 * Doug Savant as Dr. Peter Myerson
 * Robert Forster as Dr. Powell
 * Bobby Di Cicco as Bishop
 * Frank Pesce as Tribble
 * Lou Diaz as Lieutenant Leon
 * Brenda Varda as Gina Lindsey
 * Vanessa Marquez as Terry
 * Jeffrey Anderson-Gunter as Janitor
 * Jophery Brown as Degrazia
 * Vinnie Curto as Kenyon

Production
The original script featured a Black detective investigating a series of murders in a hospital in Harlem, New York. As the film was already in pre-production, and Lustig had started scouting location and casting actors, the pre-sale to Japan had not come through. According to Lustig, the Japanese distributor did not want a Black lead in the film, and sought Robert Davi instead. Lustig pleaded against it, but eventually Davi was cast. They had a script that did not make sense, according to Lustig in a 2019 interview. Larry Cohen refused to rewrite the script, unless he was paid for the additional work. The producers declined to pay him. As a result, Lustig had to improvise and cut scenes from the script. In Lustig's words: "We got to a point where we shot all the scenes we could shoot, after cutting all the other stuff out of the script, and it came out to be like an hour long movie. So they had to go out and shoot scenes that were just filler". At that point, Lustig walked away from the film. The film is credited to Alan Smithee.

Home media
Maniac Cop III was rated NC-17 by the Motion Picture Association of America and upheld on appeal. It was released on home video in the United States by Academy Releasing. It premiered on HBO in 1992.

Blue Underground released Maniac Cop III on DVD and Blu-ray on November 19, 2013.

Reception
A reviewer for TV Guide awarded Maniac Cop III a score of two out of four stars, writing: "After ascending to heights unusual for a modern B movie in Maniac Cop 2, the series drops back a couple of notches with this latest entry, which seems at a loss to find new things for its horrific antihero to do".

DVD Talk's Adam Tyner, who gave Maniac Cop III an overall score of one-and-a-half out of five stars, called it "borderline unwatchable", lamenting its pacing and dialogue and asserting that "nothing about the movie works". Patrick Naugle of DVD Verdict said the cast was decent, and that while the plot was disjointed and overall the film was forgettable and "just not very good" it was still "an alright time filler" that was "worth checking out, if you're a big horror buff". Michael Gingold of Fangoria rated it two out four stars and criticized the lack of emphasis on the film's antagonist. Anthony Arrigo of Dread Central gave it a score of two-and-a-half out of five stars, calling it a disappointing sequel that "only manages to stay above water thanks to a powerhouse performance from Robert Davi". Bloody Disgusting's Mike Pereira gave it three out of five stars, writing: "It's definitely the weakest of the bunch yet still delivers the qualities that have made the franchise sustain its cult following".

title: Maniac Cop III: Badge of Silence


text:
User:Startaq/HOL

Hall of Light
The HOL is a large and extensive Amiga games database, covering more than 5000 games. It includes more than 25000 screenshots and 10000 scans of Amiga material.

This page is used to link back from the Hall of Light to Wikipedia.

List of Wikipedia Amiga games articles

 * 007: Licence to Kill (885)
 * 1943: The Battle of Midway (2348)
 * 3D Construction Kit (2353)
 * 3D Construction Kit II (2354)
 * 4D Sports Boxing (2360)
 * 4x4 Off-Road Racing (2364)
 * 688 Attack Sub (2367)
 * 7 Colors (2368)
 * A Prehistoric Tale (1132)
 * A-10 Tank Killer (3171)
 * A-10 Tank Killer (3172)
 * A-Train (3339)
 * A.G.E. (3208)
 * A.P.B. (video game) (3280)
 * A320 Airbus (3173)
 * AAARGH! (3176)
 * ABC Monday Night Football (computer game) (3464)
 * ABC Wide World Of Sports Boxing (1709)
 * Abandoned Places (3177)
 * Abandoned Places 2 (3178)
 * Abuse (computer game) (3181)
 * Action Fighter (3185)
 * The Addams Family (arcade game) (3189)
 * Advanced Dungeons and Dragons: Heroes of the Lance (702)
 * Advanced Dungeons and Dragons: Hillsfar (712)
 * Adventure Construction Set (3196)
 * The Adventures of Robin Hood (video game) (3200)
 * The Adventures of Willy Beamish (3201)
 * After Burner (3206)
 * After Burner II (3207)
 * After the War (computer game) (3205)
 * Agony (game) (3209)
 * Air Support (3217)
 * Air Warrior (3218)
 * Air Warrior (3219)
 * Airborne Ranger (3221)
 * Alfred Chicken (3227)
 * Alfred Chicken (3228)
 * Alfred Chicken (3364)
 * Alien Breed (3230)
 * Alien Breed (3232)
 * Alien Breed 3D (3235)
 * Alien Breed 3D (3236)
 * Alien Breed 3D II: The Killing Grounds (3237)
 * Alien Breed II: The Horror Continues (3233)
 * Alien Breed II: The Horror Continues (3234)
 * Alien Breed II: The Horror Continues (5360)
 * Alien Breed: Tower Assault (3239)
 * Alien Breed: Tower Assault (3240)
 * Alien Syndrome (3244)
 * All Dogs Go to Heaven (computer game) (3248)
 * All New World of Lemmings (3249)
 * Alpha Waves (3251)
 * Altered Beast (3252)
 * Alternate_Reality_(computer_game) (3254)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man (video game) (3255)
 * Another World (video game) (3274)
 * Ambermoon (3256)
 * Amberstar (3257)
 * Amegas (3258)
 * American Gladiators (video game) (3260)
 * Amnios (3265)
 * Another World (video game) (2328)
 * Antago (3275)
 * Apidya (3281)
 * The Aquatic Games (3287)
 * Arabian Nights (computer game) (3289)
 * Arabian Nights (computer game) (3290)
 * Arachnophobia (video game) (3291)
 * Arcade Pool (3294)
 * Arcade Pool (3295)
 * Archon (computer game) (3300)
 * Archon II: Adept (3301)
 * Arcticfox (3302)
 * Arkanoid (3307)
 * Arkanoid: Revenge of Doh (3308)
 * Armour-Geddon (3312)
 * Army Moves (3314)
 * Arnie (computer game) (3316)
 * Arthur: The Quest for Excalibur (3321)
 * Arya Vaiv (3531)
 * Ataxx (2076)
 * Ataxx (4642)
 * Atomic Robo-Kid (3334)
 * Atomino (3335)
 * Atomix (computer game) (3336)
 * Aunt Arctic Adventure (3343)
 * Autoduel (3346)
 * Awesome (3352)
 * BC Kid (81)
 * Bad Dudes (4183)
 * Bad Dudes (407)
 * Balance of Power (computer game) (17)
 * Balance of Power (computer game) (18)
 * Barbarian (computer game) (34)
 * Barbarian (computer game) (37)
 * Bard's Tale (1985) (38)
 * Bard's Tale Construction Set (41)
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title: User:Startaq/HOL


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Canadian Heraldic Authority/archive1

Canadian Heraldic Authority
I'm looking for some feedback on this article from other Wikipedians interested in heraldry. What could be done to improve the article? How could it be expanded? --Mb1000 19:25, 18 July 2005 (UTC) I'll see what I can do. --Mb1000 16:18, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Nice article. I'm fairly sure the history section can be fleshed up a bit. I'll see if I can find ressources. I know formerly you had to prove your "worth" in order to be granted arms, that should be mentionned. A complete list of the heralds invovled is probably not much asking. Also, categories are seriously needed. I might be able to scan things from the material I received from correspondance with the CHA. Circeus 15:27, July 23, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Richard Leiterman

Richard Leiterman (March 7, 1935 – July 14, 2005) was a Canadian cinematographer, best known for documentary and feature film work in the 1960s and 1970s. His cinéma vérité, or direct camera, style helped define Canadian cinema at the time.

Biography
Born in the small town of South Porcupine in northern Ontario in 1935, the brother of film producer Douglas Leiterman. He grew up in Vancouver, where he spent his young years working as a waste collector, beachcomber and truck driver. During his mid-20s, he was encouraged by his brother-in-law, Allan King, to take a camera technician course at the University of British Columbia.

Leiterman took to the film camera like a natural. He sold his car to buy a 16mm camera, and proceeded to shoot stock footage, which he then sold to Canadian broadcasters like the CBC. Hired by Allan King as a second camera operator on a documentary, Leiterman went to London and, in 1962, co-founded Allan King Associates with him. The company focused on news-related filmmaking. In 1963, Leiterman went to the Southern U.S. to shoot One More River, a look at racism in America. Over the next few years, his documentary work took him around the world.

In 1969, Leiterman shot the Allan King-produced A Married Couple, which was featured at the Director's Fortnight at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival. Leiterman next began a series of collaborations with famed Canadian director Donald Shebib, starting with the Canadian classic Goin' Down the Road (1970), and followed by Between Friends (1973) and Wedding in White (1972). Leiterman used his documentary experience to provide a cinéma vérité look to his work.

Leiterman continued to shoot a variety of material over the following three decades, from Canadian features such as My American Cousin (1985) to American made-for-TV movies such as Stephen King's It (1990). His cinematography work earned him a Canadian Film Award (1975) a Genie Award, (1981), three Emmy Awards, and, in 2000, the Kodak New Century Award.

During the late 1990s, Leiterman shot the Canadian TV series Cold Squad. He taught cinematography for a brief time in the Advanced TV & Film program and Media Arts program at Sheridan College in Oakville, Ontario, then finally retired.

Leiterman died in Vancouver on July 14, 2005, at age 70 due to complications from a rare disease called amyloidosis.

title: Richard Leiterman


text: User talk:84.9.84.64

title: User talk:84.9.84.64


text: User talk:129.22.135.33

title: User talk:129.22.135.33


text:
2006 Arizona gubernatorial election

The 2006 Arizona gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 2006. Incumbent Governor Janet Napolitano was reelected in a landslide. Napolitano's widespread popularity contributed to her easy reelection; her general approval rating in October 2006, one month before the election, was at 58%.

This was the last time until 2022 that a Democrat was elected Governor of Arizona. It is also the last time that a Democrat swept every county in the state in a statewide election.

Candidates

 * Janet Napolitano, incumbent Governor of Arizona

Candidates

 * Don Goldwater, activist, former board member of the Goldwater Institute and nephew of Barry Goldwater
 * Mike Harris, businessman
 * Len Munsil, former president of the Center for Arizona Policy (CAP)
 * Gary Tupper, contractor

Results
[[File:2006 Arizona Republican Gubernatorial primary county map.svg|thumb|200px|Primary results by county: {{legend|#d60f0f|Munsil}}

{{legend|#a70808|61–70%}}

{{legend|#d60f0f|51–60%}}

{{legend|#ff0000|41–50%}} {{legend|#ffff00|Goldwater}}

{{legend|#ffff00|51–60%}}

{{legend|#f2f26c|41–50%}} ]]

Candidates

 * Barry Hess, currency speculator and perennial candidate

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Cochise (Largest city: Seirra Vista)
 * Graham (Largest city: Safford)
 * La Paz (Largest city: Parker)
 * Maricopa (Largest city: Phoenix)
 * Mohave (Largest city: Lake Havasu City)
 * Yavapai (Largest city: Prescott Valley)
 * Yuma (Largest city: Yuma)

title: 2006 Arizona gubernatorial election


text:
User talk:StevePR

Welcome!
Why did you replace my image in the LimeWire article? • Thorpe • 19:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:RegistryMechanic.png
Thanks for uploading Image:RegistryMechanic.png. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:01, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Spam in PerfectDisk
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on PerfectDisk, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because PerfectDisk is blatant advertising for a company, product, group, service or person that would require a substantial rewrite in order to become an encyclopedia article. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting PerfectDisk, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate PerfectDisk itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. --Android Mouse Bot 2 23:17, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:WinDVD7 Platinum.png
Thanks for uploading Image:WinDVD7 Platinum.png. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 12:17, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Registry Mechanic
An article that you have been involved in editing, Registry Mechanic, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Registry Mechanic. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice?  Socrates2008 ( Talk )   10:40, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:StevePR


text:
User talk:Oxford10

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. You may also want to check out Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful. In addition, you might want to add yourself to the new user log; if you made any edits before getting an account, you may wish to assign those to your username.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Finally, here are some open tasks:

Other links for reference: Wikiquette, image copyright tags, Merge Hope to see you around the Wiki! Remember to be Bold! with your edits, and if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 19:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Oxford10


text:
Abraham J. Williams

Abraham Jude Williams (February 26, 1781 – December 30, 1839) was an American politician from Boone County, Missouri. He was the third Governor of Missouri, serving an unelected interim term in 1825 and 1826 following the death of Frederick Bates. He also served in the Missouri State Senate.

Biography
Abraham J. Williams was born in Hardy County, Virginia, to parents Vincent and Elizabeth Williams. Williams was born physically challenged, with one leg severely atrophied. Very little is known about his childhood or education, as even friends considered him a very private man. Abraham Williams arrived in the Missouri Territory sometime between 1816 and 1820 and settled in Franklin, Howard County, Missouri. At the time Franklin was a hotbed of political activity in the soon-to-be state, with many prominent men in early Missouri history residing there. In 1820 Williams moved a few miles away to Nashville, Missouri, a small community in Boone County where he and business partner James Harris ran a tobacco warehouse.

Within a few years, Williams was on the move again, this time to Columbia, Missouri, where he established one of the first dry goods stores in the town, also providing services as a boot and shoe maker. He also purchased a large tract of land in the county and began farming operations. In 1822 Abraham Williams was elected to the Missouri State Senate as a Democratic-Republican, beginning a brief foray into politics that would lead to his election as governor. When he was re-elected to the senate in 1824 his peer chose him as President-pro-tem. He also served on the Accounts and Education committees, both important positions in the newborn state, and on the committee responsible for planning the new Missouri state capitol building.

At the time of Governor Frederick Bates's death in office on August 4, 1825, Missouri had no Lieutenant Governor—the elected one, Benjamin Harrison Reeves, having previously resigned. Under the state constitution at that time Williams was next in line to serve until a special election could be held. Abraham Williams few months as governor produced nothing remarkable, as his time in office was so limited. The state General Assembly was out of session for most of his time as governor and he neither made appointments to state positions nor signed any important legislation. One of the few official documents he signed was to offer the then-large reward of two hundred dollars ($200) for the apprehension of escaped prisoner John Patterson, convicted of murder and sentenced to death by St. Francois County jury. The aforementioned special election was held on December 5, 1825, with voters choosing John Miller, who assumed the office from Williams on January 20, 1826.

Abraham Williams resumed his position in the Senate until he was defeated later in 1826 during the regularly scheduled elections. Williams then returned to his large scale farming activities in Boone County. In 1832 his name was put forth to the General Assembly by political allies as a candidate for the United States Senate. However this was the "Age of Benton" in Missouri, and Senator Thomas Hart Benton was elected to his third term by an overwhelming margin. Abraham J. Williams died on December 20, 1839. A lifelong bachelor, he left no children or close family and no will. His estate included nearly a thousand acres of farmland south of Columbia, as well as several building lots within the city. Williams is buried in the Columbia Cemetery, Columbia, Missouri.

title: Abraham J. Williams


text:
User talk:Ded Duk

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be removed quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Shanes 19:27, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Blocked
You have been blocked for 24 hours for vandalism. Don't do it. Dunc|☺ 19:33, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * re-blocked indefinitely (account used only for vandalism)--Duk 19:54, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ded Duk


text:
South Dakota Highway 10

South Dakota Highway 10 (SD 10) is a 175.945 mi state highway in the north-central and northeastern portions of South Dakota, United States. It connects SD 1804 in Pollock with the Minnesota state line southeast of Sisseton.

SD 10 was formerly the "Glacier Trail", and used to be designated as South Dakota Highway 12 (SD 12).

Campbell County
SD 10 begins at an intersection with SD 1804 in the south-central part of Pollock. It travels to the east on Main Street. After leaving the city limits of Pollock, the highway curves to the northeast and crosses over part of Lake Pocasse. It passes the Pocassee National Wildlife Refuge and curves to the east-southeast. It then heads nearly due east to an intersection with U.S. Route 83 (US 83) north of Herreid. The two highways travel concurrently to the south. They pass the Herreid Livestock Market and the Herreid Municipal Airport and then enters the city limits of Herreid. South of the city, they cross over Spring Creek. They travel just to the west of McClarem Lake and then intersect 112th Street. At this intersection, SD 10 splits off to the east. After an intersection with SD 271 (319th Avenue), the highway enters the west-central part of McPherson County.

McPherson County
SD 10 travels just north of some sewage disposal ponds and just south of Eureka Lake and then has an intersection with SD 47 and the southern terminus of County Road 3 (CR 3; both are parts of 327th Avenue). At this intersection, SD 10 and SD 47 travel concurrently and they enter Eureka. The highways travel just south of an eastern part of Eureka Lake. An intersection with 7th Street leads to the business district of the city. At 328th Avenue, SD 47 splits off to the north, and SD 10 continues to the east. It travels just south of the Rosenthal, Neuharth, Pfeiffle, Morlocks Slough, Odessa Number 2, and Odessa Number 1 state public shooting areas. Then, it has an intersection with SD 45 and the northern terminus of SD 247 (both parts of 341st Avenue). Here, SD 10 and SD 45 travel concurrently to the east. They skirt along the northern edge of the Highway 10 State Public Shooting Area. They travel north of the Moscow State Public Shooting Area and then curve to the southeast. They intersect the southern terminus of SD 239 (350th Avenue). SD 10 and SD 45 curve back to the east. Approximately 10 mi later, they enter Leola. SD 45 splits off to the south onto Mason Street. This intersection is also the southern terminus of CR 19 (363rd Avenue). SD 10 continues to the east and, at an intersection with 373rd Avenue, enters the northwestern part of Brown County.

Brown County
SD 10 travels just north of Willow Creek Lake and crosses over Elm River before it intersects US 281 (386th Avenue) southwest of Barnard. The two highways travel concurrently to the north, while the roadway continues as 115th Street. At an intersection with 112th Street, SD 10 splits off to the east. It passes the Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge and crosses over Sand Lake before traveling through Houghton. The highway curves to the north onto 403rd Avenue and then back to the east onto 110th Street. At 404th Avenue, it intersects SD 37. The two highways travel concurrently to the east for approximately 2 mi, splitting at 406th Avenue. SD 10 continues its eastward path. At an intersection with the southern terminus of 412th Avenue, the highway enters the west-central part of Marshall County.

Marshall County
SD 10 travels through West Britton before entering Britton. At Main Street, SD 27 begins a concurrency with SD 10. They cross over some railroad tracks of BNSF Railway. At an intersection with the northern terminus of 429th Avenue, SD 27 splits to the north. Then, SD 10 curves to the southeast and then travels through an area that has a lot of lakes. It travels just south of Sixmile Lake and then just south of Cottonwood Lake. Just south-southeast of the appropriately-named Lake City, the highway begins a concurrency with SD 25. This concurrency is just under 3/4 mi. SD 10 continues to the southeast, just northeast of Clear Lake. It then slips between North Red Iron Lake and South Red Iron Lake. The highway curves back to the east and enters the northwestern part of Roberts County.

Roberts County

SD 10 continues in a relatively eastward direction and enters Sisseton. It travels just north of the Coteau des Prairies Hospital and then crosses over some railroad tracks of BNSF Railway. Just before leaving the city limits of Sisseton, SD 10 meets the southern terminus of SD 127 (459th Avenue). The highway travels just south of the Sisseton Municipal Airport just before an interchange with I-29/US 81. It then crosses over the Little Minnesota River. After a curve to the south and then to the southeast, it reaches its eastern terminus at the Minnesota state line. Here, the roadway continues as Minnesota State Highway 28 (MN 28).

History
SD 10 was formerly the "Glacier Trail". It was also formerly known as South Dakota Highway 12. The highway was redesignated in 1927, presumably to avoid confusion with nearby US 12.

The segment of the highway west of US 83 was added in the early 1960s.

title: South Dakota Highway 10


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Christie Monteiro

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 03:39, August 3, 2005 (UTC)

Christie Monteiro and associated characters on List of Tekken characters
Unnecessary page; very little information, all of which could be summarized in a short paragraph on the List of Tekken characters page. Vyran 19:28, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. There already is a short paragraph about here in the List of Tekken characters. The other pages made for each character should be merged into the main article too (read: deleted). --BradBeattie 20:26, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, already covered in List of Tekken characters. Dcarrano 23:47, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all, stubby tekkencruft. JamesBurns 08:12, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per WP:FICT for character stubs. Characters that have lengthy informative information could have their own pages. Radiant_ >|< 10:49, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all, the article List of Tekken characters is too long (and is still growing), and some material is being moved to articles of Category:Tekken characters (the work is already started). Those articles will be filled with much more info, like the character movements (see Jin Kazama or Asuka Kazama. She is not a major character, but her article is fairly long, and not appropiate to move to the article List of Tekken characters). --surueña 12:09, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm cutting back on the extra unnecessary things on the List of Tekken characters page. --Vyran 18:49, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep There are other character pages for other games too.  should we delete those as well?  --Dangerous-Boy
 * Keep Agree with Dangerous Boy. Some Tekken fan will probably create the same page in the future regarding this fictional character. --Krystyn Dominik 00:59, 23 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into main character article. Main article should be drastically expanded. Articles which grow too large for main article get their own articles, not the other way around. --Golbez 17:30, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Infinite canvas

Untitled
so how about a link to the software? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.251.84.226 (talk • contribs) 11:28, 2005 July 18.

Serialization
I do think that infinite canvas causes a certain obstacle to serialization, because serialization, especially at a daily or weekly level is inherently discrete in terms of being divided into bits that can be produced in that timespan. --Random832(tc) 00:12, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It can be an obstacle, sure, but it isn't necessarily. Infinite canvas only means that the artist can use whatever "page size" they want regardless of physical limitations (although there are still of course technical limitations regarding production and scrolling to read). One of the best-known examples of infinite canvas is Demian5's "When I Am King", which was serialized. An artist can also build on a single page in installments. — Gwalla | Talk 03:23, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

computer screens being much "cleaner" than newsprint
Why is that tagged as "original research?". It is due to similar DPI (often higher for a screen) and the digital nature of the screen, where the white is always white, no matter what's next to int. In print, dots does not have sharp borders, so you can't have perfect white dot just between black ones. That are quite widely known facts, don't you all agree? Provide me source for claim that at day sky is usually blue, would you? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.164.157.81 (talk) 4 June 2009
 * The tag is not just for the fact of how computer screens are, but also for the claim that this affects comics (and makes comics "better" on computer screens). In other words, the original research is the connection between these ideas, not just the one idea itself. r ʨ anaɢ talk/contribs 17:21, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

RSS Wii cite
The article linked to appears to no longer exist; suggest removal and replacement with a newer suitable cite. 24.113.36.43 (talk) 21:20, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Infinite canvas


text:
Eddie Acuff

Edward DeKalb Acuff (June 3, 1903 – December 17, 1956) was an American stage and film actor. He frequently was cast as a droll comic relief, in the support of the star. His best-known recurring role is that of Mr. Beasley, the postman, in the Blondie movie series that starred Penny Singleton and Arthur Lake.

Early years
Acuff was born in Caruthersville, Missouri. He was the son of DeKalb Acuff (1880-1916) and his wife Grace (later known as Mrs. H. N. Arnold),.

Career
Before beginning his Hollywood film career in 1934, Acuff performed in Broadway theatre in the early-1930s. His Broadway credits include Jayhawker (1934), Yellow Jack (1934), John Brown (1934), Growing Pains (1933), Heat Lightning (1933), and The Dark Hours (1932).

In 1935, Warner Bros. signed Acuff to a long-term contract and scheduled him to debut on film in Anchors Aweigh. He had a recurring role as the postman in the Blondie film series. Acuff was seen in three film serials — as Curly in Jungle Girl, as Red Kelly in Daredevils of the West, and as Spud Warner in Chick Carter Detective.

Death
On December 17, 1956, Acuff died of a heart attack in Hollywood, California. He is buried in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery.

title: Eddie Acuff


text: User:Ded Duk

title: User:Ded Duk


text: File:Room For Abuse.jpg

title: File:Room For Abuse.jpg