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List of war deities

A war god in mythology associated with war, combat, or bloodshed. They occur commonly in polytheistic religions.

Unlike most gods and goddesses in polytheistic religions, monotheistic deities have traditionally been portrayed in their mythologies as commanding war in order to spread religion. (The intimate connection between "holy war" and the "one true god" belief of monotheism has been noted by many scholars, including Jonathan Kirsch in his book God Against The Gods: The History of the War Between Monotheism and Polytheism and Joseph Campbell in The Masks of God, Vol. 3: Occidental Mythology.)

The following is a list of war deities:

Egyptian

 * Anat-- also known as Anath-- was a goddess of fertility, sexuality, love, and war. She was the sister of Baal
 * Anhur, god of war, not a native god
 * Anuke, a goddess of war and consort of Anhur
 * Apedemak, the lion god of war: he is sometimes depicted with three heads
 * Bast, cat-headed goddess associated with war, protection of Lower Egypt and the pharaoh, the sun, perfumes, ointments, and embalming
 * Horus, god of the king, the sky, war, and protection
 * Maahes, lion-headed god of war
 * Menhit, goddess of war, "she who massacres"
 * Montu, falcon-headed god of war, valor, and the Sun
 * Neith, goddess of war, hunting, and wisdom
 * Pakhet, goddess of war
 * Satis, deification of the floods of the Nile River and an early war, hunting, and fertility goddess
 * Sekhmet, goddess of warfare, pestilence, and the desert
 * Set, god of the desert and storms, associated with war
 * Sobek, god of the Nile, the army, military, fertility, and crocodiles
 * Sopdu, god of the scorching heat of the summer sun, associated with war
 * Wepwawet, wolf-god of war and death who later became associated with Anubis and the afterlife

Berber

 * Gurzil, bull-headed warrior god.

Nilo-Saharan
Nubian
 * Apedemak, Nubian lion-headed warrior god.

Western African-Congo
Yoruba
 * Kokou
 * Ogoun
 * Oya

Eastern African-Congo
Igbo
 * Amadioha
 * Ekwensu

Ethiopian

 * Maher, god of war.

Kenya
Kalenjin
 * Boryet, Kipsigis Death-wielding god of war. Boryet (also luket) is the act of war. Death (Me'et) is observed as a consequence of war. War is thus personified as such.

Ghanaian
Akan

 * Tano, God of War and Strife for the Akan, and additionally God of Thunder for the Northern Akan peoples, such as the Asante
 * Nkunim - The deity of victory in war, called upon by warriors for victory and protection in battle.
 * Sakumo - The deity of war and duels, guardian of the Ga tribe.

Baltic

 * Kara Māte, Latvian goddess of war
 * Kauriraris, Lithuanian god of war and war steeds
 * Junda, Lithuanian goddess of war
 * Perkūnas, god of thunder and lightning, associated with war

Slavic

 * Jarovit, god of vegetation, fertility, and spring, also associated with war and harvest
 * Perun, god of thunder and lightning, associated with war
 * Svetovid, god of war, fertility, and abundance
 * Zorya Utrennyaya, goddess of the morning star, sometimes depicted as a warrior goddess who protected men in battle

Celtic

 * Agrona, reconstructed Proto-Celtic name for the river Aeron in Wales, and possibly the name of an associated war goddess
 * Alaisiagae, a pair of goddesses worshipped in Roman Britain, with parallel Celtic and Germanic titles
 * Andarta, Brittonic goddess theorized to be associated with victory, overcoming enemies, war
 * Andraste, Gaulish warrior goddess
 * Anann, Irish goddess of war, death, predicting death in battle, cattle, prosperity, and fertility
 * Atepomarus, god of horses, horsemen, and healing.
 * Badb, Irish goddess of war who took the form of a crow; member of the Morrígan
 * Bandua, Gallaecian God of War
 * Belatucadros, war god worshipped by soldiers and equated with the Roman war god Mars
 * Camulus, god of war of the Belgic Remi and British Trinovantes
 * Catubodua, Gaulish goddess assumed to be associated with victory
 * Caturix, god of war
 * Cicolluis, Gaulish and Irish god associated with war
 * Cocidius, Romano-British god associated with war, hunting and forests
 * Macha, Irish goddess associated with war, horses, and sovereignty; member of the Morrígan
 * Mars Cnabetius, Gaelic god of war
 * The Morrígan, Irish triple goddess associated with sovereignty, prophecy, war, and death on the battlefield
 * Neit, Irish god of war, husband of Nemain of Badb
 * Nemain, Irish goddess of the frenzied havoc of war; member of the Morrígan
 * Rudianos, Gaulish god of war
 * Segomo, Gaulish god of war
 * Teutates, British and Gaulish god of war and the tribe

Lusitanian

 * Neto, god believed to be associated with war, death, and weaponry

Continental Germanic

 * Baduhenna, a western Frisii goddess of warfare
 * Idis (Germanic)/itis/ides, the West Germanic cognates of North Germanic dís, they are connected with battle magic and fettering enemy armies
 * Sandraudiga, goddess whose name may mean "she who dyes the sand red", suggesting she is a war deity or at least has a warrior aspect
 * Týr, god of war, single combat, law, justice, and the thing, who later lost much of his religious importance and mythical role to the god Wōden
 * Wōden, god associated with wisdom, poetry, war, victory, and death

Norse

 * Dís, a group of lesser goddesses who are sometimes connected with battle magic; valkyrie may be a kenning for them
 * Freyja, goddess associated with love, beauty, fertility, gold, seiðr, war, and death
 * Odin, god associated with wisdom, war, battle, and death
 * Týr, god associated with law, justice, victory, and heroic glory
 * Ullr, god associated with archery, skiing, bows, hunting, single combat, and glory
 * Valkyries, choosers of the slain and connected to Odin, ruler of Valhalla; they may be the same as the dís above

Greek / Hellenic

 * Alala, spirit of the war cry
 * Alke, spirit of courage and battle-strength
 * Amphillogiai, goddesses of disputes
 * Androktasiai, spirits of battlefield slaughter
 * Ares, the main Greek god of war
 * Athena, goddess of wisdom, war strategy, and weaving
 * Aphrodite Areia, a goddess of war and beauty worshiped in Kythira and Sparta
 * Bia, personification of force and compulsion
 * Castor and Pollux, twin brothers that were the gods of war, sailors, and the constellation Gemini.
 * Deimos, personification of terror
 * Enyalius, god of war; in early periods apparently an epithet of Ares, they were differentiated later
 * Enyo, goddess of war, sometimes appears to be identical to Eris
 * Eris, goddess of discord and strife
 * Hera, in the Illiad she has a martial character and fights (and wins) against Artemis; however, this warlike aspect of her appears nowhere else in the surviving corpus, suggesting it was dropped early on
 * Heracles Promachos
 * Homados, spirit of the din of battle
 * Hysminai, female spirits of fighting and combat
 * Ioke, spirit of onslaught, battle-tumult, and pursuit
 * Keres, female spirits of violent or cruel death, including death in battle, by accident, murder, or ravaging disease
 * Kratos, personification of strength and power
 * Kydoimos, spirit of the din of battle
 * Makhai, male spirits of fighting and combat
 * Nike, personification of victory
 * Palioxis, spirit of backrush, flight, and retreat from battle
 * Pallas, Titan god of war-craft and of the springtime campaign season
 * Perses, the Titan of destruction
 * Phobos, spirit of panic, fear, flight, and battlefield rout
 * Phonoi, spirits of murder, killing, and slaughter
 * Polemos, spirit of war
 * Proioxis, spirit of onrush and battlefield pursuit
 * Zelus, personification of zeal
 * Zeus Stratios, Zeus had the epithet Stratios (Στράτιος), which means "of armies".

Roman
Etruscan
 * Bellona, goddess of war
 * Hercules Invictus
 * Honos, god of chivalry, honor, and military justice
 * Juno, has a consistent martial character and the patron goddess of Rome, the mother of Mars and Bellona
 * Mars, god of war and agriculture, equivalent to Ares as far as being war gods; aside from this they have very little in common
 * Nerio, warrior goddess and personification of valor
 * Victoria, personification of victory, equivalent to the Greek goddess Nike
 * Virtus, god of bravery and military strength
 * Laran, god of war.
 * Menrva, goddess of war, art, wisdom, and health

Balkan

 * Danubian Rider
 * Sabazios
 * Thracian Rider

Hungarian

 * Hadúr, god of war and the metalsmith of the gods

Turkic

 * Kyzaghan, Turkic deity of war

Mongolian

 * Begtse, originally a Mongolian war god, was later adopted into Tibetan Buddhism
 * Dayisun Tngri

Chinese

 * Chiyou, god of war
 * Di Qing, Star of Military Fortune, God of Valor
 * Erlang Shen, a three-eyed warrior
 * Guan Yu, Han dynasty general. God of loyalty, righteousness, and valor.
 * Jinzha, marshal of the center altar
 * Jiutian Xuannü, goddess of war, sex, and longevity
 * Li Jing, Guardian of Celestial Palace
 * Muzha, marshal of the center altar
 * Nezha
 * Wang Shan, Song dynasty general. Primordial Lord-General of Heaven. Guardian of Celestial Palace
 * Wen Qiong
 * Yue Fei
 * Zhao Lang (Zhao Gongming), God of Military Fortune, Guardian of Celestial Palace, Protector of Households
 * Xue Rengui, Tang dynasty general.

Japanese

 * Futsunushi, god of swords, martial arts, and conquest; god of the Mononobe clan
 * Hachiman Daimyōjin, Shinto god of war (on land) and agriculture, divine protector of the Minamoto clan; mostly worshipped by samurai
 * Sarutahiko, god of war and misogi.
 * Takemikazuchi, god of war, conquest, martial arts, sumo, swords, and lightning; general of the Amatsukami; god of Kashima and Ujigami of Nakatomi clan
 * Suwa Myōjin (Takeminakata-no-kami), god of valor and duty, protector of the Japanese religion
 * Bishamonten, god of war who protected Buddhist temples

Korean

 * Ch'oe Yŏng, general of Goryeo period, god of shamans, protector of humanity.
 * Pagunseong, the star at the edge of the Big Dipper in Taoism, symbolizing swords.
 * Baekmashinjang, god of war who rides a white horse.
 * Dungapshinjang, god of war who has the ability of shapeshifting.
 * Byeorakshinjang, god of war who uses thunder and lightning, sometimes punishes the evil.
 * Damuncheonwang, Buddhist god of war.

Filipino

 * Chacha’: the Bontok god of warriors
 * Hipag: the Ifugao spirits of war that give soldiers courage on the field of war but are ferocious and cannibalistic
 * Apolaqui: the Pangasinense war god
 * Aring Sinukûan: the Kapampangan solar deity governing war and death. He taught early humans metallurgy, woodcutting, rice cultivation, and warfare
 * Apolake: the Tagalog god of the sun and warriors
 * Sidapa: another Tagalog god of war, he specifically settles conflicts among mortals
 * Doce Pares: From the Spanish "Twelve Pairs", they are a group of twelve young Tagalog men who went on a quest to retrieve the Golden Calf of Mount Banahaw, together with José Rizal as a culture hero. They are said to return as giants, bearing the Golden Calf, to aid mankind in war.
 * Balangaw: a Hiligaynon and Bisaya god of the rainbow and war
 * Inaginid: a Hiligaynon and Bisaya god of war.
 * Makanduk: a Hiligaynon and Bisaya god of war.
 * Lumalayag: the Tagbanwa spirits who challenge and fight the Salakap, spirits of plague and sickness.
 * Talagbusao: the bloodthirsty Bukidnon god of war.
 * Pamdiya: the Manobo gods who initiate and preside over war.
 * Darago: the Bagobo god of warriors, whose consort is Mandarangan.
 * Mandarangan: the Bagobo war deity married to Darago and resides at the top of Mount Apo. Human sacrifices made to him are rewarded with health, valour in war, and success in the pursuit of wealth.

Vietnamese

 * Cao Lỗ, god of military innovations
 * Độc Cước, the protector of coastal settlements. Legend has it that he split himself in two with his axe, each half guards coastal villages against sea ogres.
 * Đồng Cổ, the armored protector of the Lý dynasty.
 * Liễu Hạnh, goddess of earth, heaven and war.
 * Thánh Gióng, god of triumph over foreign invaders.
 * Trần Hưng Đạo, is the national hero of the Vietnamese people, after his death he was honored as the god of exorcism and the god of war.

Hindu

 * Indra, god of heaven, kingship, thunder, rains, the gods, and the senses
 * Kartikeya, god of war and victory
 * Ayyappan, warrior deity
 * Mangala, god of war and Mars
 * Nirrti, goddess of strife
 * Parvati, and her forms of Durga and Kali
 * Shiva, god of destruction, time, and arts
 * Vishnu, god of preservation

Manipuri

 * Marjing, god of war, polo, horse and sports.
 * Panthoibi, goddess of war, love, courage and longevity.

Tamil

 * Korravai, also spelled Kotravai, is the goddess of war and victory in the Tamil tradition. She is also the mother goddess and the goddess of fertility, agriculture, and hunters.

Sinhales
Kataragama deviyo God of War and God of Victory

Sri Siddha Suniyam Deviyo God of Cavalry, God of War, God of Worrior

Rajasinha I of Sitawaka

Maha Sona God of War, God of Cemetery, God of Death, God of Worrior

Reeri Yakseya God of Death, God of War, God of Sacrifice

Kalu Kambili deviyo God of Revenge, God of War, God of Worrior,

Armenian

 * Anahit, goddess of healing, fertility, wisdom, and water; in early periods associated with war

Canaanite

 * Baal, god of fertility, storms, and war
 * Anat, goddess of war
 * Astarte, goddess of sex and war, western Semitic version of the Mesopotamian Ishtar and Inanna
 * Resheph, god of plague and war
 * Tanit, main Carthaginian goddess whose functions included war and the moon

Hebrew

 * Yahweh, originally a warrior god

Hittite

 * Šulinkatte, god of war of Hattian origin
 * Wurrukatte, god of war of Hattian origin
 * Iyarri, god of war and plague

Hurrian

 * Aštabi, a war god of Eblaite origin
 * Ḫešui, a war god
 * Nupatik, a god assumed to have warlike character
 * Shaushka, goddess of love, war, and healing
 * Ugur, a war god of Mesopotamian origin

Mesopotamian

 * Adad, a weather god often portrayed as a warrior
 * Erra, a god of war associated with Nergal, later syncretised with him
 * Ilaba, warlike tutelary god of the kings of the Akkadian Empire
 * Inanna, Sumerian goddess of love, sex and war
 * Ishtar, Akkadian (later Assyrian and Babylonian) counterpart of Inanna
 * Nergal, god of war, the underworld, and pestilence
 * Ninazu, a god of the underworld who could also be portrayed as a war deity
 * Ningishzida, a god of the underworld who like his father Ninazu could be portrayed as a warrior
 * Ninurta, warrior god
 * Pabilsag, warrior god and husband of Ninisina
 * Pap-nigin-gara, a war god syncretised with Ninurta
 * Sebitti, group of minor war gods best attested in Assyria
 * Shara, minor Sumerian god of war
 * Tishpak, a warrior god from Eshnunna
 * Zababa, tutelary god of Kish and a war god

Nuristani

 * Great Gish, god of war

Polynesia

 * 'Oro, god of war
 * Rongo, Mangaian god of war and taro

Hawaiian

 * Kū, god of war and birds
 * Pele, goddess of fire, lightning, dance, volcanoes, and violence

Māori

 * Maru, god of war and fresh water
 * Tūmatauenga, god of war and human activities

Great Plains

 * Morning Star, O-pi-ri-kus by one spelling; the god of war in Pawnee mythology

Pacific Northwest

 * Qamaits, Nuxálk warrior goddess
 * Winalagalis, Kwakwaka'wakw god of war

Aztec

 * Patterns of War
 * Huitzilopochtli, god of will, authority, war, conflict, light, victory, heroic deeds, and sun; patron of the polar south, often compels Tlaloc to bring about rain
 * Mixcoatl, god of battle, hunting, civilisation, and stars
 * Tlaloc, god of thunder, rain, fertility, child sacrifice, drought, and storms; sometimes associated with the south
 * Xipe-Totec patron of war, agriculture, vegetation, creation, fertility; patron of diseases, pubescent development, rebirth, hunting, trades, human sacrifice, chores, spring, and cardinal east
 * Tezcatlipoca, god of night, darkness, lunar light, creation, providence, power, disorder-disarray, destruction, beauty, tricks, merriment, uninhibited sexuality, deception, virility, mystery, polar north, and winter; also a chthonic deity
 * Xiuhtecuhtli, god of fire, old age, daytime, kingship, the hearth, warmth, chronicles of time, and renewal

Mayan

 * Tohil, god associated with fire, the sun, rain, mountains, and war
 * Buluc Chabtan, Mayan god of war, violence and gambling.
 * Cadmaela, Mayan goddess of war.

Voodoo

 * Ogoun, loa who presides over fire, iron, hunting, politics, and war

title: List of war deities


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Maragogi

Maragogi is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Alagoas, 125 km north of the capital city of Maceió. It has 33,032 inhabitants, a city situated on the northern coast of Alagoas state, Brazil, being the easternmost city of that state.

As the main destination in the State of Alagoas after its capital city, Maragogi attracts visitors from Maceió. From Japaratinga beach, on the southern tip, a ferryboat crosses Manguaba River into Porto das Pedras, where visitors find virtually deserted beaches. Maragogi was initially a small village called Gamela. In 1887, it was granted the status of an adopted the name of Isabel, to honor the Brazilian Princess who signed a law ending slavery in Brazil. Later on, in 1892, it was named as Maragogi after the river that baths the city. "Maragogi", according to some historians, comes from “Marahub-gy”, or river of the Marauba tribes.

Climate
Maragogi has a typical tropical climate, with warm to hot temperatures and high relative humidity all throughout the year. However, these conditions are relieved by a near absence of extreme temperatures and trade winds blowing from the ocean. January is the warmest month, with mean maxima of 31 °C and minima of 22 °C and more sun; July experiences the coolest temperatures, with means of 26 °C and 17 °C and more rain.

Vegetation
Maragogi has a tropical forest. Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 2,000 mm (about 78 inches or 2 meters) and 1700 mm (about 67 inches). The soil can be poor because high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients. There are several common characteristics of tropical rainforest trees. Tropical rainforest species frequently possess one or more of the following attributes not commonly seen in trees of higher latitudes or trees in drier conditions on the same latitude.

Demographics
As of the census of 2007, the population was 25,726 hab. The estimated population in 2020 is 33,032.

Maragogi Ethnic Groups
According to the 2007 census, the racial makeup of the city was:
 * Majority White and Multiracial.
 * Minority Black.

Maragogi Demographics History
1. Amerindians, Brazil's indigenous population, came from human groups that migrated from Siberia across the Bering Strait around 9000 BC.

2. Portuguese colonists and settlers, arriving from 1500 onward.

3. Diverse groups of immigrants from Europe arriving in Maragogi during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. And now, because of tourism.

4. African slaves brought to the country from 1530 until the end of the slave trade in 1850.

Tourism
Maragogi is located on the Coral Coast – Costa dos Corais – 130 kilometers of continuous living tropical reefs on the coast of Northeast Brazil. The municipality is the second most visited city after Maceio the state capital of Alagoas.

Its major attraction is the "Galés", a group of tropical pools formed at low tide about 6 kilometers from the city's beach. They are served by 15 large registered catamarans leaving from various points in the municipal area. Individual tours are also available.

In 2015 the city started to host sports events, with the launching of the first Trail Running competition on the region: the WINGSMAN Maragogi and then started to become the destination for adventure and outdoors tourism along with the traditional tourist looking for the best beaches in the country. Maragogi's history includes the battles between Dutch and Portuguese colonizers as well as the growth of the sugar cane and coconut plantations that formed the first wealth of the region. Today, it is tourism that provides the most important economic impact in the region. But, its potential remains unexplored. Even so, the busy waterfront in the City of Maragogi has a variety of restaurants, stores and stalls selling local arts and crafts.

Trips to snorkel or scuba dive the reefs can be interspersed by excursions on the reefs themselves or a sail (or even fish) on the local "jangada" sailing rafts. The deserted beaches of Maragogi and other rural attractions can be accessed by renting beach buggies readily available at the hotels and pousadas.

Maragogi Beach
Beaches in Maragogi have calm waters, without strong waves, with coral reefs and fine sands. During low tide, sand banks emerge forming natural pools, known as Croas (5 km away from the coast) and Galés (6 km away). "Jangadas" and boats can take tourists to these pools. On the beach's southern tip, between Vila de Japaratinga and Pontal, visitors find the less urbanized beaches with 20-m high sea cliffs. Visitors can also go on a boat ride to coral reefs 6 km away from the coast. Maragogi beach is near Maragogi River, with calm waves, flat sands and coral reefs.

Nearby Places
Porto de Galinhas (Pernambuco), Sao Miguel dos Milagres (Alagoas), Japaratinga (Alagoas)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maragogi


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Bengie Molina

Benjamin José Molina (born July 20, 1974), nicknamed "Big Money", is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) catcher. He played for the Anaheim Angels / Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (1998–2005), Toronto Blue Jays (2006), San Francisco Giants (2007–2010), and Texas Rangers (2010). He is the older brother of major league catchers José Molina and Yadier Molina.

Molina played a handful of games for the Anaheim Angels in 1998 and 1999. He became the Angels' regular catcher in 2000 and remained so through the 2005 season. In 2001, José became his teammate. Molina received his World Series ring in 2002 after the Angels defeated the Giants in the 2002 World Series. He won a Gold Glove in 2002 and 2003, leading American League (AL) catchers in percentage of attempted base stealers thrown out.

A free agent after the 2005 season, Molina sought a long-term contract but settled for a one-year deal with the Blue Jays, criticizing the Angels for not re-signing him. In 2007, he joined the Giants, replacing Mike Matheny. He won the team's Willie Mac Award in 2007 and 2008, set a career-high with 95 runs batted in (RBI) in 2008, and hit a career-high 20 home runs in 2009. Replaced by Buster Posey during the 2010 season, Molina was traded to the Rangers, reaching the World Series where the Giants this time defeated his team. Though regarded as one of the slowest baserunners of his day, Molina drew praise from many of the pitchers he caught for his skills at defense and calling a game.

Following his playing career, Molina served as a coach with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2013 and the Rangers in 2014. In 2016, he became the color commentator on the Spanish language radio broadcast for the Cardinals.

Early life
Benjamin José Molina, Jr., was born on July 20, 1974, in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, to Gladys Matta and Benjamín Molina Sr., the oldest of three boys. He attended Maestro Ladislao Martínez High School in Vega Alta, graduating with honors. As baseball in Puerto Rico is a significant part of the island's culture, Molina's father played second base as an amateur and worked as a tools technician 10 hours per day in a Westinghouse factory. The all-time hits leader in Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente (or Doble-A Beísbol) history, the elder Molina delivered a .320 career batting average and gained election to the Puerto Rican Baseball Hall of Fame in 2002. Molina's two younger brothers, José and Yadier, also materialized into distinguished defensive catchers with lengthy careers in Major League Baseball (MLB), and each of the three won at least one World Series championship.

Each day when he completed work, Molina's father went directly home, ate dinner with his family, and crossed the street from his family's home with his sons and his son's friend Carlos Diaz to Jesús Mambe Kuilan Park, exhausting countless evening hours teaching them the fundamentals of the sport. Bengie Sr. remained hopeful that his sons would become professional baseball players. Bengie Jr. was not actually a catcher growing up; his primary positions were outfielder and pitcher.

College career
After graduating high school, Molina came to the mainland United States. He enrolled at Arizona Western College (AWC) in Yuma in 1991, joining the school's baseball team that year. Needing a shortstop, the AWC Matadors moved Molina to the position. "He was really skinny," remembered Matadors coach John Stratton. "He's just turned 18. And he was not a slow baserunner. He wasn't a burner, but he was very athletic and a decent runner." Molina was named an All-Conference shortstop. He also pitched some for the Matadors, featuring a fastball and a slider, though the fastball only travelled 85 to 87 mph. Molina credited Stratton for improving his understanding of what to do in different situations during games. After Molina played two years for the Matadors, Stratton attempted to help him earn a scholarship to the University of North Alabama, but a technicality prevented Molina from attending, and he returned to Puerto Rico.

Minor leagues
On May 21, 1993, scout Ray Poitevint of the Anaheim Angels was in Vega Alta to evaluate José. The boys' mother convinced Poitevint to examine Bengie too, and a workout was arranged. Bengie impressed Poitevint with his ability to hit line drives, but his slow baserunning threatened to be an obstacle to an MLB career. "Here's a catcher's mitt. Why don't you throw down to second base, and we'll see what it looks like?" Poitevint asked. Two days later, the Angels had signed Bengie to a $1,000 contract as a catcher for their organization. Molina said several elements of the shortstop position translated well to catching, such as the needs to throw accurately, block the baseball, and move the hands quickly.

Molina's professional career began in 1993, when he played 27 games for the Rookie-level Arizona League Angels. After serving as a designated hitter for the Cedar Rapids Kernels in 1994, he made it all the way to the Class AAA level in 1995, though he spent most of the season with Class A teams and missed time with a broken wrist. After playing in a career-high 108 games as the Class AA Midland Angels' catcher in 1996, Molina played winter baseball as the third-string catcher for the Indios de Mayagüez in the Puerto Rican winter league. The team's backup catcher taught him so much about how to play the position, Molina later said "That winter with Sal Fasano was like graduate school."

Despite the education he received, Molina was sent down to the Class A advanced Lake Elsinore Storm to begin the 1997 season. "Too many catchers, not enough spots," he said. Nevertheless, following an injury to one of the Midland catchers, Molina was promoted back to Class AA. A hamstring injury limited his playing time. He began the 1998 season with the Class AAA Vancouver Canadians for the first time since 1995, but he was demoted to Midland midseason. Shocked at getting sent down, Molina might have quit baseball, had his father and veteran minor league teammate Jovino Carvajal not implored him to keep playing.

Anaheim Angels / Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (1998–2005)
The decision to continue playing brought dividends for Molina later that year. He was not initially a September callup, but when Charlie O'Brien broke his right index finger on September 15, Molina was promoted to the Angels. At this time, the Los Angeles Times referred to him as "Ben" Molina. He made his MLB debut on September 21, playing the final inning of a 9–1 loss to the Texas Rangers. Molina also played one other game for the Angels before the end of the season.

Despite receiving the late-season callup in 1998, Molina had "virtually no chance of making the Angels" out of spring training in 1999, according to the Los Angeles Times. He spent most of the season with the Angels' Class AAA club, now the Edmonton Trappers, batting .286 with 69 hits, seven home runs, and 41 runs batted in (RBI). On August 3, he replaced O'Brien for good, promoted to replace the veteran who was designated for assignment. This time, he started many of the Angels' games. He had four RBI (two apiece) in his first two, then had four RBI on August 19, including his first career home run, which came against Jim Parque in a 9–2 victory over the Chicago White Sox. Molina's season ended on September 16, when he suffered a strained left hamstring while running the bases. In 31 games (101 at bats), he batted .257 with 26 hits, one home run, and 10 RBI.

2000–2001
In 2000, Molina spent spring training competing for the position of starting catcher with Todd Greene, a power hitter who had been viewed as the Angels' catcher of the future a few years before but was struggling offensively, and Matt Walbeck. Greene was released before the start of the season, and Molina won the job. On May 12, he hit two home runs in a game for what would be the only time in his career, scoring four runs and recording four hits as well, though the effort came in a 13–11 loss to the Texas Rangers. The game was the beginning of a 14-game hitting streak lasting through June 2, in which Molina batted .517. Angel manager Mike Scioscia said, "Bengie has absolutely stepped up and done the things we thought he could do. The only question was his durability and stamina, but he definitely has the ability to lead a pitching staff to a championship." In 130 games, Molina batted .281 with 133 hits, 14 home runs, and 71 RBI. His 70 RBI while playing catcher were the most at the position in Angels history. Defensively, he posted a .991 fielding percentage and threw out 37% of attempted base stealers. Molina finished fourth in American League (AL) Rookie of the Year Award voting, behind Kazuhiro Sasaki, Terrence Long, and Mark Quinn.

Prior to the 2001 season, the Angels signed Molina to a four-year contract worth $4.25 million, keeping him under contract through 2004, with a $3 million club option or $100,000 buyout for the 2005 season. Molina remained their starting catcher in 2001. However, he was on the disabled list from May 5 through June 26, having strained his right hamstring. During this time, his brother José replaced him on the Angels' roster, having joined the organization as a free agent over the offseason. "This was our dream as kids – to play baseball in the majors. We never thought we'd be together on the same team," Bengie said. The brothers would remain teammates at the catcher position through the 2005 season, the first siblings to catch for the same MLB team since Amos and Lave Cross caught for the Louisville Colonels in 1887. On August 22 and 23, Bengie had back-to-back four-hit games. In 96 games (325 at bats), he batted .262 with 85 hits, six home runs, and 40 RBI. Defensively, he had a .991 fielding percentage and threw out 32% of attempted base stealers.

2002–2003
In 2002, it was Molina's left hamstring that caused him to go on the disabled list, from July 17 to August 1. Despite the time missed, he still appeared in 122 games. In 428 at bats, he hit .245 with 105 hits, five home runs, and 47 RBI. Defensively, he made one error in 768 chances for a .999 fielding percentage and led AL catchers by throwing out 45% of attempted base stealers. For his contributions, Molina won the Gold Glove Award, ending Iván Rodríguez's string of 10 straight won from 1992 to 2001.

The Angels made the playoffs in 2002 as the AL's wild card entry. Molina started every game at catcher for the Angels in the postseason. He had a two-RBI double against Ramiro Mendoza in Game 4 of the AL Division Series (ALDS), as the Angels defeated the New York Yankees 9–5 to win the series three games to one. Overall, Molina batted .267 with four hits and two RBI in the series. Facing the Minnesota Twins in Game 4 of the AL Championship Series (ALCS), he had a two-RBI triple, his first in two years, against Mike Jackson as the Angels won 7–1. He batted .214 with three hits and two RBI as the Angels defeated the Twins in five games. Against the San Francisco Giants in the World Series, Bengie and José became the first brothers to play in a World Series game together since Felipe and Matty Alou did so for the Giants in the 1962 World Series. Bengie reached base safely all five times he batted in Game 3, becoming the only MLB catcher ever to do so in a World Series as the Angels won 10–4. In Game 4, his eighth inning passed ball allowed J. T. Snow to go to second base, where he scored the deciding run on a David Bell single as the Angels went on to lose 4–3. After the Giants took a 1–0 lead in the first inning of Game 7, Molina had an RBI double against Liván Hernández to tie the game in the bottom of the inning. The Angels went on to prevail 4–1 for their first World Series championship. Overall, Molina batted .286 with six hits and two RBI in the series.

On pace for his best season ever offensively in 2003, Molina was a finalist for the All-Star Final Vote, which Jason Varitek ultimately won. Against the Twins on September 4, he was involved in a collision at home plate as Dustan Mohr, a former linebacker, crashed into him, scoring the game's tying run, knocking the baseball from Molina's glove, and injuring the catcher, which allowed Shannon Stewart to score the winning run from second base. Molina fractured two bones in the vicinity of his left wrist, requiring season-ending surgery. In 119 games (409 at bats), Molina batted .281 with 115 hits, 14 home runs, and 71 RBI. Defensively, he had a .993 fielding percentage and threw out an AL-leading 44% of attempted base stealers, winning his second consecutive Gold Glove Award.

2004–2005
Though Molina's wrist was healthy by the start of the 2004 season, hamstring issues caused him to miss two weeks of spring training as well as the first seven games of the regular season. Scioscia said that the 230 lb catcher "battles his weight ... he needs to keep in tune with his body and his weight, because it can impact the length of your career." In his first game back, on April 13, he hit a two-run home run against Joel Piñeiro as the Angels defeated the Seattle Mariners 7–5. He was on the disabled list twice, from June 4 to 19 with a strained left calf and from August 1 to 17 with a fractured right index finger. With speculation that the Angels might choose to promote 2001 first-round draft pick Jeff Mathis in 2005 rather than pick up Molina's $3 million option, Molina refused to speak with reporters until mid-August. In 97 games (337 at bats), he batted .276 with 93 hits, 10 home runs, and 54 RBI. Defensively, he had a .995 fielding percentage but threw out only 26% of attempted base stealers. In the playoffs for the AL West champion Angels, Molina started only two of Anaheim's three games, as José had emerged as Bartolo Colón's personal catcher and caught the pitcher in Game 2. Molina had one hit in six at bats as the Boston Red Sox swept Anaheim in the ALDS. That November, the Angels decided to pick up Molina's $3 million club option for the 2005 season.

Molina was on the disabled list from April 18 to May 12, 2005, with a right quadriceps strain. He had four hits on his 31st birthday, July 20, in a 3–0 loss to the Oakland Athletics. On July 31, he and José both hit home runs against Randy Johnson in an 8–7 loss to the Yankees. In 119 games (410 at bats), he batted a career-high .295 with 121 hits, 15 home runs, and 69 RBI. Only Víctor Martínez had a higher batting average (.305) than Molina among AL catchers. Defensively, Molina had a .996 fielding percentage, though he led the AL with 10 passed balls. He threw out 31% of attempted base stealers.

The Angels won the AL West again. Against the Yankees in the ALDS, Molina homered in each of the first three games. He batted .444 with five RBI in the series as the Angels defeated the Yankees in five games. Against the Chicago White Sox in the ALCS, he batted just .118 as Chicago defeated the Angels in five games.

Free agency (2005–2006)
Molina's contract with the Angels expired after the 2005 season, and the team decided not pursue him because they were not interested in offering him the long-term contract he sought. The New York Mets made him an offer of a three-year, $18 million contract in November, but when Molina tried to negotiate for more, the Mets traded for Paul Lo Duca and rescinded their offer. Still unsigned in January 2006, Molina threatened to sit out the season if he did not get a contract to his liking. In February, he received offers on one-year contracts from the Los Angeles Dodgers and Toronto Blue Jays. Though the Dodgers offered more money, he chose the Blue Jays' $5 million offer on February 6 because the team had fewer promising catching prospects, making it seem more likely they would offer him a long-term deal in the future. After signing with the Blue Jays, Molina expressed his anger at the Angels over how he parted company with them. "The way they let me go without a notice, without calling me, that said a lot," Molina said. "They never let me know. They just threw me like a piece of trash." However, Molina's agent Alan Nero later clarified that the Angels did indeed inform Molina of their decision.

Toronto Blue Jays (2006)
Molina got off to a slow start to the 2006 season, throwing out only 13% of baserunners in the season's first two months and getting outhit by backup catcher Gregg Zaun. Ultimately, manager John Gibbons decided to use a platoon system, with Zaun getting several of the starts against right-handed pitchers. Molina was one of Toronto's most consistent hitters in August. Against the Seattle Mariners on the 14th of that month, he caught all 14 innings of a game, ending the contest with a walk-off RBI single against Emiliano Fruto. In 117 games (433 at bats), he batted .284 with 123 hits, 19 home runs, and 57 RBI. He only threw out 18% of base stealers in 2006, a diminished total he blamed on pitchers' failure to hold runners close to the bases.

2007
After the 2006 season, Molina became a free agent and signed a three-year, $16 million deal with the Giants, who needed a replacement at the position as Mike Matheny had to retire due to concussion problems. On May 7, he hit two home runs in the fifth inning of a 9–4 win over the Mets, becoming the first Giant with two home runs in an inning since Willie McCovey in 1977. Molina also had five RBI in the game.

Molina hit his 100th home run on September 5, 2007, off of Jorge Julio in the sixth inning of a 5–3 victory against the Colorado Rockies. In a pregame ceremony on September 21, Molina was announced as the winner of the Willie Mac Award, which recognizes the Giant with the most spirit and leadership. He got the most out of 1,617 fan votes. In the first inning of the game against the Reds, Molina recorded career RBI number 500 in the bottom of the first on a single that scored Dave Roberts. However, the Giants eventually lost 9–8 in 11 innings. In 134 games (497 at bats), Molina batted .276 with 137 hits, 19 home runs, and 81 RBI. He walked only 2.9% of the time, the lowest percentage in the National League (NL). However, his 78 RBI as a catcher were at the time the second most in a season by a San Francisco Giant, trailing only Dick Dietz's 104 in 1970. Defensively, he had a .991 fielding percentage and threw out 30% of base stealers. He led his league in passed balls for the second time, this year with 16.

2008
In 2008 and 2009, Molina served as the Giants' cleanup hitter. On April 8, 2008, Molina hit two home runs, including a walk-off one against Cla Meredith in the 11th inning of a 3–2 win over the San Diego Padres. He had a 10-game hitting streak from May 17 to 28, winning the NL Player of the Week Award for May 19 through 25 after batting .652 with six doubles, a home run, and nine RBI. On June 2, he had his 1,000th hit in a 10–2 victory over the Mets. He batted .333 through June 9, then hit only .200 over his next 34 games through July 26, dropping his batting average to .282. During that stretch, however, he hit two home runs on July 22 in a 6–3 win over the Washington Nationals. He had a game-ending sacrifice fly on August 20 in a 6–5 win over the Florida Marlins.

Molina received the Willie Mac Award for the second year in a row on September 26. During the game that night against the Dodgers, he became the first player in MLB history to hit a home run and not get credit for a run scored. In the sixth inning, he hit a ball off the right field wall at AT&T Park. The umpire said the ball was in fair play, and Molina wound up at first base. Emmanuel Burriss immediately ran out to first base to pinch run for him, as Giants manager Bruce Bochy discussed the matter with the umpires. After examining instant replay, the umpires ruled the hit a home run but refused Bochy the opportunity to reinsert Molina into the game, meaning Burriss was credited with the run. San Francisco continued the game under protest but won 6–5 in the 10th inning. In a career-high 145 games and 530 at bats, Molina batted .292 with 16 home runs and a career-high 95 RBI. He led the major leagues with 11 sacrifice flies. Defensively, he had a .995 fielding percentage and threw out 35% of attempted base stealers.

2009
On April 9, 2009, Molina had four RBI in a 7–1 win over the Milwaukee Brewers. His pinch-hit, 10th-inning double drove in the only run of the game in a victory over the Padres on April 22. After starting his career 0 for 12 against Jason Marquis, he hit two home runs and had four RBI against the pitcher in an 8–3 win over the Rockies. With two strikes on him and two outs in the eighth inning against the Diamondbacks on August 27, Molina hit a three-run home run against Chad Qualls, helping the Giants come from behind to win 4–3. His eighth-inning home run against Todd Coffey snapped a tie and provided the winning margin in a 3–2 victory over the Brewers on September 4. On September 29, he hit two home runs and had four RBI in an 8–4 win over the Diamondbacks. In 132 games (491 at bats), he batted .265 with 130 hits, a career-high 20 home runs, and 80 RBI. Defensively, he had a .995 fielding percentage and threw out 23% of attempted base stealers. He again led the majors with 11 sacrifice flies, though he walked in only 2.5% of his plate appearances, the lowest percentage in the majors.

Following the 2009 season, sportswriter Daniel Brown called Molina "one the greatest offensive catchers in Giants history". Brown cited Molina's .278 average over his three seasons with the Giants, the highest of San Francisco catchers who played 350 or more games. Molina's 256 RBI were the most among Giants catchers in a three-year span.

2010
A free agent after the 2009 season, Molina was not expected to return to the Giants, as he wanted a multi-year contract and the Giants expected prospect Buster Posey to soon take over the role. The Mets were again reported to be interested in him, but that deal fell through. On January 19, 2010, Molina re-signed a one-year, $4.5 million contract with the Giants. He had four hits and four RBI on April 12 in a 6–1 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates. He batted .344 in April but hit only .212 in the season's following two months. In 61 games (202 at bats) for the Giants, Molina batted .257 with three home runs and seventeen RBI.

Texas Rangers (2010)
Following a losing streak by the Giants, and with the emergence of Posey, who had been hitting well while playing first base since a callup towards the end of May, the Giants traded Molina to the Rangers on June 30 for relief pitcher Chris Ray and a player to be named later, eventually determined as minor league pitcher Michael Main. The deal was made official the next day. With the Rangers, Molina replaced Matt Treanor as the starting catcher, though he and Treanor split playing time beginning in late August. On July 16, Molina hit for the cycle in an 8–4 victory over Boston. He had (in order) a single, a double, a grand slam home run, and a triple, leaving the game with a minor leg injury after the triple. Teammate Michael Young was surprised that Molina accomplished the feat at Fenway Park, thinking the stadium's small dimensions would not allow the ball to get far enough away from the outfielders for the slow-running Molina to make it to third base for the required triple. In 57 games (175 at bats) for the Rangers, he batted .240 with 42 hits, two home runs, and 19 RBI. His combined totals between the two ballclubs were 118 games (377 at bats), 94 hits, five home runs, and 36 RBI. Defensively, he had a .993 fielding percentage and again threw out 23% of attempted base stealers.

The Rangers reached the playoffs as AL West champions. In Game 1 of the ALDS, Molina had three hits, a home run, and two RBI in a 5–1 victory over the Tampa Bay Rays. He stole a base for the first time since 2006 in Game 5 as the Rangers again defeated Tampa Bay 5–1, eliminating the Rays. In Game 4 of the ALCS, with two out in the sixth inning and the Rangers trailing the Yankees 3–2, Molina hit a three-run home run against A. J. Burnett as the Rangers went on to win 10–3. The Rangers won the ALCS in six games, reaching the World Series for the first time in franchise history.

Since the Giants also made it to the World Series, Molina became the sixth player to play for both World Series teams in the same season, which guaranteed him a World Series ring regardless of who won. He batted .182 with one RBI as the Rangers lost the series in five games. After the season was over, Molina became a free agent. Unsigned in 2011, Molina eventually announced his retirement on February 27, 2012.

Legacy
Pitchers had great respect for Molina. "I haven't seen all the catchers in baseball, but I think we're very spoiled. … [He] takes a lot of pride in studying … knowing everyone's game and going in with a solid game plan. There's not a lot of whole lot of shaking off [signs] when we're working together," said Angels starting pitcher Jarrod Washburn. "I can't tell you much about the National League, but in the American League no one stands above him. He can catch and throw with anyone, he can block pitches, and he can get a big hit for you any day of the week...To have that stability behind the plate is nice," said Angels closer Troy Percival. "He helped me mature and succeed. I've said time and time again that he deserves half of those awards that I've gotten," said Tim Lincecum, who won the NL Cy Young Award with Molina catching him in 2008 and 2009. "The things he's done for me – for calling a game, to give me confidence throwing different pitches in different counts – really, really, really benefited me," remembered Giants starter Matt Cain.

During his career, Molina was known for his lack of speed. In a 2006 Sports Illustrated poll of 415 players, 56 percent picked Molina as baseball's slowest runner. A panel of three scouts and an analyst put together by Baseball America that same year named him the second-slowest baserunner, behind Frank Thomas. John Vorperian of the Society for American Baseball Research wrote that he is "[c]onsidered one of the slowest baserunners in his era." His three stolen bases in his career are the second-fewest of any player with at least 5,000 plate appearances, behind only Cecil Fielder's two.

A statue of Molina jumping into Neftali Feliz's arms, after striking out Alex Rodriguez for the final out of the 2010 American League Championship Series, was unveiled on August 7, 2018, at the North Plaza of the Texas Live! entertainment district of the future Globe Life Field.

Coaching and broadcasting career
On December 14, 2012, Molina was hired to be the St. Louis Cardinals' assistant hitting coach, helping out John Mabry in 2013. He joined the Rangers' coaching staff for the 2014 season as their first base coach and catching instructor. Molina was replaced by Héctor Ortiz for the 2015 season when Jeff Banister became the Rangers' new manager. In 2016, he and Polo Ascencio became the Cardinals' first Spanish-language broadcasters in 2016. Molina serves as the color analyst, while Ascencio calls the plays.

Personal life
While at Arizona Western, Molina began dating fellow freshman Josefa, a native of San Luis, Baja California, Mexico. The couple became engaged in September 1992 and were married that December. They have two children, Kyshly (born in 1994) and Kelssy (born in 1998). Molina is good friends with Ramón Castro, whom his father coached in Little League Baseball.

title: Bengie Molina


text:
George Rogers (American football)

George Washington Rogers Jr. (born December 8, 1958) is an American former football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for seven seasons from 1981 to 1987. He played college football for the South Carolina Gamecocks, earned All-American honors, and won the 1980 Heisman Trophy. He was the first overall pick in the 1981 NFL Draft, and he played for the New Orleans Saints and the Washington Redskins.

College career
Rogers was highly recruited out of high school where he played for legendary coach Cecil Morris and decided to attend the University of South Carolina when coach Jim Carlen told him that he could play in his freshman year. Due to his large size, he seemed destined to play fullback rather than tailback. However, the Gamecocks had two running backs who graduated at the same time, so he began his college career as the starting tailback midway through his freshman season.

Rogers rushed for 1,006 yards (playing in only eight games) during his sophomore year, despite splitting time with fellow sophomore Johnnie Wright. In Rogers's junior campaign, he had 1,681 rushing yards. After that season, he was given first-team All-American honors by the Associated Press and Newspaper Enterprise Association, and second-team honors from United Press International. He finished seventh in voting for the Heisman Trophy.

In 1980, the stage was set when the Gamecocks returned plenty of talent, which was headlined by senior and Heisman candidate Rogers. South Carolina finished the season with an 8–3 record. Rogers's 1,781 rushing yards was the best in the nation and earned him a spot as a finalist for the Heisman Trophy.

The Downtown Athletic Club in New York City named Rogers as the winner of the 1980 Heisman Trophy. Rogers beat out an impressive group of players, including Pittsburgh defensive lineman Hugh Green and Georgia running back Herschel Walker. Rogers also earned spots on eight All-America teams, all first-team honors.

Rogers had his number 38 retired during halftime ceremonies at South Carolina's final 1980 home game. He was the first University of South Carolina player to have his jersey retired while still active at the school.

Rogers left the Gamecocks football program as its most successful running back, and many of his records are still intact. His 5,204 yards is the highest career total by any Gamecock running back, and his 31 rushing touchdowns is tied with Harold Green for second. He is second on the all-time points scored list, with 202. Rogers rushed for over 100 yards in 27 games, including his final 22 college games.

Professional career
In the 1981 NFL Draft the New Orleans Saints selected Rogers with the first pick overall (one pick before the New York Giants selected Lawrence Taylor). He was the first of five Heisman Trophy winners selected by the Saints (Danny Wuerffel in 1997, Ricky Williams in 1999, Reggie Bush in 2006 and Mark Ingram II in 2011 were the other four).

In his first season, Rogers led the league in rushing with 1,674 yards, which set a record for rookies and is still the single season record for the Saints. He earned a trip to the Pro Bowl and was selected as the NFL Rookie of the Year.

Rogers spent his first four seasons in New Orleans. He played alongside quarterback Archie Manning in 1981 and eventually running back Earl Campbell, who was brought in during the 1984 season.

On April 26, 1985, Rogers was traded to the Washington Redskins together with the Saints' fifth-, tenth- and 11th-round selections in the 1985 NFL Draft in return for the Redskins first-round pick.

Rogers played three more seasons, all for the Washington Redskins. When he arrived in Washington, Pro Football Hall of Fame running back John Riggins was ending his professional career, while coach Joe Gibbs was trying to rebuild the team after the retirement of Riggins and quarterback Joe Theismann. Rogers had some of his biggest professional success in Washington, including a Super Bowl title in 1987, defeating the Denver Broncos, 42–10, in Super Bowl XXII. Rogers retired due to nagging injuries after the 1987 season, ending his professional career with the Super Bowl victory. When he left the NFL, Rogers had rushed for 7,176 yards with 54 touchdowns in seven seasons. Rogers ranks second all-time to Eric Dickerson on the single season rookie rushing yards record with 1,674 yards.

Rogers has cited injuries in his playing career as key to why he feels pain on a daily basis, which involves pain to his shoulder, shins, toes, and thumb; Rogers stated in 2009 that he played through concussions.

Drug arrests
Following his rookie season with the Saints, Rogers testified to a federal grand jury during an investigation into trafficking by another Saints player, that he along with other teammates had purchased and used cocaine during his rookie season with the Saints in 1981. He claimed to have spent more than $10,000 on cocaine during the season. He checked himself into a drug treatment center for cocaine addiction in 1982. Rogers claimed after a clean urine test in July 1982 while still in rehab, that he had stopped using the drug. In April 1990, George Rogers was arrested along with two other men in Columbia, South Carolina. All three were charged with possession with intent to distribute cocaine and possession of marijuana. All were released after posting $5,000 bonds. Since then, he appears to have overcome those problems and works at his alma mater in public relations and fund-raising and speaks out against the drug culture.

Other honors
In 1992, Rogers was named to the All-Century Team at University of South Carolina. He is a member of the University of South Carolina Athletic Hall of Fame, the South Carolina Athletic Hall of Fame, the South Carolina Football Hall of Fame, the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame, the College Football Hall of Fame, and the New Orleans Saints Hall of Fame.

The road that runs along the north end of Williams-Brice Stadium was renamed in his honor and is now known as George Rogers Boulevard. A statue of Rogers was erected on the boulevard in 2015.

On December 14, 2017, Rogers had another road named after him (George Rogers Avenue) in his hometown of Duluth, Georgia.

title: George Rogers (American football)


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Olivaceous woodcreeper

The olivaceous woodcreeper (Sittasomus griseicapillus) is a passerine bird in subfamily Dendrocolaptinae of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found from central Mexico south through every Central American country, on the island of Tobago, and in every mainland South American country except Chile, French Guiana, and Suriname.

Taxonomy and systematics
The olivaceous woodcreeper is the only member of genus Sittasomus. However, taxonomic systems vary in their treatment of the taxon, with some splitting it into two species. The International Ornithological Committee and the Clements taxonomy assign these 15 subspecies to the olivaceous woodcreeper; Clements distributes them among five groups.

"Grayish" group "Pacific" "Amazonian" group "Reiser's" "Olivaceous" group
 * S. g. jaliscensis Nelson, 1900
 * S. g. gracileus Bangs & Peters, J.L., 1928
 * S. g. sylvioides Lafresnaye, 1850
 * S. g. perijanus Phelps, W.H. & Gilliard, 1940
 * S. g. tachirensis Phelps, W.H. & Phelps, W.H. Jr., 1956
 * S. g. griseus Jardine, 1847
 * S. g. aequatorialis Ridgway, 1891
 * S. g. amazonus Lafresnaye, 1850
 * S. g. axillaris Zimmer, J.T., 1934
 * S. g. viridis Carriker, 1935
 * S. g. transitivus Pinto & Camargo, 1948
 * S. g. griseicapillus (Vieillot, 1818)
 * S. g. reiseri Hellmayr, 1917
 * S. g. olivaceus Wied-Neuwied, M., 1831
 * S. g. sylviellus (Temminck, 1821)

BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) splits the olivaceous woodcreeper into two species. It retains the eight "Amazonian", "Reiser's", and "Olivaceous" subspecies as S. griseicapillus but with the English name "eastern olivaceous woodcreeper". It places the seven "grayish" and "Pacific" subspecies in S. griseus with the English name "western olivaceous woodcreeper".

The North American and South American Classification Committees of the American Ornithological Society treat the olivaceous woodcreeper as one species but note that it probably consists of several species, perhaps as many as five corresponding to the Clements groups.

The olivaceous woodcreeper is genetically most closely related to the long-tailed woodcreeper (Deconychura longicauda).

Description
The olivaceous woodcreeper is one of the smallest members of its subfamily. It has a slim body and a short straight bill, and unlike most other woodcreepers has no streaks or spots. The sexes' plumages are alike but females average smaller than males. Adults are 13.1 to 19.3 cm long. Males weigh 9.0 to 18.0 g and females 8.6 to 16.0 g. Length and weight vary geographically. All subspecies have a dark iris, a dark gray to black maxilla, a black to light gray mandible with a darker tip, and gray, bluish gray, or black legs and feet.

The nominate subspecies S. g. griseicapillus is mostly olivaceous, with an olive-brown hindcrown and rufous rump, tail, and flight feathers. Its vent area is grayish and its flanks buff. In flight the wing shows a tawny band. The other members of the "Amazonian" subspecies group are similar but differ from it thus:

 * S. g. amazonus: darker and grayer, whitish "wingpits", and more rufescent tail and flight feathers
 * S. g. axillaris: a more rufescent back, ochraceous "wingpits", and more rufescent flight feathers
 * S. g. viridis: a more olive-green back and a paler, more yellowish green, vent area
 * S. g. transitivus: grayer and with a cinnamon wing band

The six subspecies of the "grayish" group are mostly olive but with a contrasting brown back. Their wings and tail are rufous. The subspecies vary somewhat with the olive parts tending in some to gray, the brown back in some being somewhat reddish or a deeper brown, and the wing band varying among whitish, buff, or tawny.

The two subspecies of the "olivaceous" group are overall olive-yellow, with deep rufous tails and flight feathers. S. g. sylviellus tends to mustard yellow and S. g. olivaceus is more olive. The "Pacific" subspecies S. g. aequatorialis is similar to the "grayish" group but has a browner back and pale tawny tail and flight feathers. "Reiser's" subspecies S. g. reiseri has a cinnamon-brown hindcrown, head, and mantle. Its tail and flight feathers are pale but rich rufous, its "wingpits" ochraceous, its flanks cinnamon, and its vent area cinnamon-buff.

Distribution and habitat
The subspecies of the olivaceous woodcreeper are found thus:

 * S. g. jaliscensis, Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
 * S. g. gracileus, Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, northern Guatemala, and northern Belize
 * S. g. sylvioides, Mexico south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and south through Central America into northwestern Colombia
 * S. g. perijanus, northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela
 * S. g. tachirensis, northern Colombia and western Venezuela
 * S. g. griseus, Tobago and Venezuela's eastern Andes and coastal mountain ranges
 * S. g. aequatorialis, the Pacific slope from western Ecuador south into northwestern Peru
 * S. g. amazonus, western Amazon Basin of southeastern Colombia, southern Venezuela, eastern Ecuador and Peru, and western Brazil east to the Negro and Madeira rivers
 * S. g. axillaris, northeastern Amazon Basin of southwestern Venezuela east to Guyana and south in Brazil to the Amazon River
 * S. g. viridis, Amazon Basin in Bolivia
 * S. g. transitivus, Amazonian Brazil south of the Amazon River, east of the Rio Tapajós south into Mato Grosso
 * S. g. griseicapillus, southeastern Bolivia east across central Brazil and south through Paraguay into north-central Argentina
 * S. g. reiseri, northeastern Brazil
 * S. g. olivaceus, southeastern Bahia state in eastern Brazil
 * S. g. sylviellus, southeastern and southern Brazil, southeastern Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina and Uruguay

The olivaceous woodcreeper inhabits a variety of wooded landscapes, generally favoring all parts of mature forest but also occurring in secondary forest and plantations. Mature landscapes include rainforest, semi-deciduous forest, terra firme and várzea forests, evergreen montane forest, cloudforest, and gallery forest. In drier areas it occurs in scrublands, caatinga, and cerrado. It has also been recorded in stands of bamboo, pine forest, mangroves, coffee plantations, and urban parks.

The olivaceous woodcreeper inhabits a range of elevations. In northern Central America it occurs from sea level to 1950 m. Subspecies S. g. axillaris is fairly common between 1200 and 1400 m and is found as low as 850 m. In Colombia it occurs below 2000 m and in Ecuador mostly below 1100 m but as high as 2000 m. It reaches as high as 2300 m in northern Venezuela, Bolivia, and southeastern Brazil.

Movement
The olivaceous woodcreeper is a year-round resident throughout its range.

Feeding
The olivaceous woodcreeper's diet is mostly arthropods but also includes seeds, fruit, and small vertebrates. In much of its range adult and larval beetles dominate its diet but in some areas ants and other Hymenoptera were the most often consumed. It forages by hitching up tree trunks and along branches and vines, mostly from the forest's mid-level to the subcanopy but sometimes in the understory. It has been documented following army ant swarms in Mexico, Central America, and southeastern Brazil but not in Amazonia. It often forages singly but also in pairs, and frequently joins mixed-species feeding flocks. In some places (e.g. in the Serra de Paranapiacaba of Brazil), they may even form a core species of such flocks. The species is known to associate with foraging groups of tamarins (Leontopithecus sp.) to snatch prey startled by the monkeys. They can also be occasionally seen catching flying prey like termites in mid-air.

Breeding
The olivaceous woodcreeper's breeding season varies geographically, from mid-March to June in Middle America and northern South America to between August and October in southern Amazonia. The species nests in cavities, either natural or those previously used by woodpeckers, but it is not known to excavate its own. Few nests have been studied; one in Costa Rica was lined with dead leaves. The clutch size is two or three eggs. Limited data suggest that most incubation and care of nestlings is by the female, though at least one instance of feeding by both parents has been noted. The incubation period and time to fledging are not known.

Vocalization
The olivaceous woodcreeper's vocalizations vary widely across the subspecies. There are at least six song types and can be sorted into two groups. Subspecies in Middle America, northern South America, and west of the Andes make "a rapid staccato trill or thin rattle". Those in Amazonia and eastern and southeastern Brazil make "a rapid, alternating series of clear whistles". The song of S. g. aequatorialis is described as "a fast, rolling, semimusical trill, 'tr-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-eu' " and that of S. g. amazonus as a "series...of successively higher-pitched and gradually louder notes, 'pu-pu-pew-pew-peh-peh-peé-peh' ". In northeastern Brazil the song is "a high, fast, slightly rising 'weeweewee---' " and in southeastern Brazil a "very high, loud, descending 'weet weet weet --' ".

Status
The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has separately evaluated the "eastern" and "western" olivaceous woodcreepers. Both are assessed as being of Least Concern. Both have very large ranges; the population size of neither is known and both are believed to be declining. No immediate threats to either have been identified. Some authors have concluded that the olivaceous woodcreeper is moderately to highly sensitive to forest fragmentation but others have found population increases following fragmentation.

title: Olivaceous woodcreeper


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Talk:Eisbein

Untitled
Originally translated from German Wikipedia. Tfine80 05:28, 24 July 2005 (UTC) I am certainly no authority on the German language, but I do know that "Bein" can also be an old word for "bone" as in the name "Fischbein". That has nothing to do with fish legs but with fish bones. This idea is also supported by another bit of information I found in the Internet which reports that "Eisbein" gets its name from the bone which was once used to make the blades of ice skates.84.133.159.148 22:09, 6 January 2007 (UTC)Steve Lindenmayer

pls redirect from pork knuckle to here
pls redirect from pork knuckle to here, this is quite more common --58.185.21.234 09:18, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ created redirect from pork knuckle to Schweinshaxe. --Komischn (talk) 01:02, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Eisbein /= Schwienhaxe
Bein and Haxe may both be terms for leg (or part of a leg), but these two terms of food are certainly not interchangeable. Anyone that was served Eisbein (disgusting overcooked thing!) when order Schweinhaxe would be understandably upset! I plan to rmv non-Eisbein info from here (hopefully finding a better article to put it in).

 * "disgusting" is in the eye of the beholder, and "overcooking" is just a necessity with this cut of meat. Eisbein, and in particular the (boiled) Northern German eponymous dish, is for many serious meat lovers/ purists the best part of the pig. So please leave your personal opinions for yourself or be a bit more differentiated about them.... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.226.58.184 (talk) 09:36, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

Ah, i remade the separate Schweinshaxe article. The German wikipedia appears to combine them, but this is deceptive: The German article is about the joint of meat, so is actually the equivalent to our Ham hock article. This article is on the dish, which is named after the joint - if it were about the joint, it wouldn't need a separate article from Ham hock. YobMod 15:17, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Soft Skin
The article says about the skin: "It is meant to be peeled off and not eaten." This is absolutely not the case. Of course there are people who don't like the skin and peel it off. But many German Eisbein lovers think the skin is the best part of the dish. It's a matter of personal taste. There is no "Eisbein etiquette" that expects you to peel it. 79.251.4.43 (talk) 11:09, 31 March 2011 (UTC)
 * So fix it. -- tooki (talk) 17:07, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

Done. I have seen people on the same table eat the fat and others leaving it alone. Also, I have seen slightly crispy skins, probably achieved by a quick grilling. Again, some people like it, others don't. --Peterk2 (talk) 23:41, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Golonka
Do Poles have to troll each and every single german article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.58.193.243 (talk) 11:58, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

"It is also a genuinely traditional Polish dish as golonka . "

This was removed by (presumably) the above IP. Ok it's a bad sentence, but it it's relevant and checks out, it should be in the article. Rich Farmbrough, 12:14, 18 September 2011 (UTC).

Maybe in a small sentence but this is just another one of those polish edits on german related topics where something is claimed and "proven" by a link in polish. Sometimes I think there's a bunch of polish editors working 24/7 to "improve" their country's image. Look for the "green vault in dresden" article for another example — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.58.193.243 (talk) 19:05, 18 September 2011 (UTC) <!--Autosigned by SineBot--

Cut? or dish?
The lead is ambivalent. Clearly Eisbein is ham hock. But is it always pickled? What is meant later by saying it is usually sold "cured"? Curing usually means dry-curing, not pickling. What does it mean to say "in parts of Germany it is known as Schweinshaxe, and it is usually grilled"; I think what is meant here is that, in parts of Germany, the same cut is grilled, and called Schweinshaxe. And how about golonka and fläsklägg: are they cured, grilled, or both? And what does "grilled on a barbecue" mean? As opposed to what? --~

title: Talk:Eisbein


title: File:Minimoni01.jpg


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User:Rob117

I am a senior at the University at Albany majoring in Anthropology and Classical archaeology. I am planning to pursue graduate study in Near Eastern archaeology beginning next year. Academically I'm interested in the history, literature, and culture of pretty much all cultures and civilizations, but particularly that of the Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern periods in Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Specific topics I like include biblical archaeology and higher criticism, Mesopotamian history and literature, Egyptology, Eurasian nomads, the history of the Indo-European languages, the so-called Dark Ages and Early Modern warfare. I'm also interested in dinosaurs, primatology, biology and genetics, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.

=Disclaimer:=

=The Three Commandments:=

title: User:Rob117


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Sheldon Hackney

Francis Sheldon Hackney (December 5, 1933 – September 12, 2013) was an American educator, historian, and chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities. He was president of Tulane University from 1975 to 1980 and president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1981 to 1993.

Early life
Hackney was born in Birmingham, Alabama on December 5, 1933, and educated in the Birmingham public school system. He had four brothers. He was a graduate of Ramsay High School and also took courses at Birmingham Southern College. After graduating from Vanderbilt University, Hackney earned his Ph.D. in American History at Yale University, where he worked with eminent Southern historian C. Vann Woodward. He subsequently served in the Navy for five years, beginning in 1956. He served on the USS James C. Owens from 1956 to 1959.

Career
Hackney began his career as a lecturer in history at Princeton University. There, he taught in an Upward Bound program for disadvantaged students and played a role in the creation of the university's African American Studies program. While at Princeton, he moved into administration, serving as the provost from 1972 to 1975.

From 1975 to 1980, Hackney was the president of Tulane University. At Tulane, Hackney was best known for approving the November 1979 decision to tear down Tulane Stadium, the on-campus home of the Green Wave football team from 1926 through 1974. The Wave moved to the Louisiana Superdome upon its completion in August 1975. Tulane Stadium stood vacant for nearly five years after Tulane and the NFL's New Orleans Saints played their final games there, hosting high school football games and an ill-fated ZZ Top concert in 1976, where many fights broke out during the show.

Hackney was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1981 to 1993. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1988. He was also the Chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) from 1993 to 1997, appointed by President Clinton. His defining initiative in the job was his first: "A National Conversation on American Pluralism and Identity," a project that helped finance and shape about 1,400 public meetings from 1994 to 1997.

Hackney specialized in the history of the American South since the Civil War. He had in an interest in American utopias and other social movements with an emphasis on the Civil Rights Movement and the 1960s, and served on the Board of Editors of the Journal of Southern History. Among the articles and books on history that Hackney published, Populism to Progressivism in Alabama won the Albert J. Beveridge Award of the American Historical Association. Dixie Redux: Essays in Honor of Sheldon Hackney, an edited collection of essays authored by his former students and collaborators will be released in November 2013.

Hackney was credited at the University of Pennsylvania with raising undergraduate minority enrollment from 13 to 30 percent and with increasing the endowment from about $160 million to $1 billion. Towards the end of his tenure, there was the so-called Water buffalo incident, a controversial affair involving a student charged with racial harassment that raised issues involving free speech and university judicial procedures nationally. In particular, Hackney's role in the incident was a subject of his 1993 Senate confirmation hearings for the NEH appointment. Hackney's memoir about the turmoil of his confirmation, The Politics of Presidential Appointment: A Memoir of the Culture War ISBN 1-58838-068-8, was published in 2002. During his confirmation, critics derided him as the "pope of political correctness." "I resent bitterly being slandered by slogan", Dr. Hackney told the Senate committee. "I am not just a cardboard figure. I am someone who has spent years defending free speech, and I will do that at NEH as well." He was confirmed, 76 to 23, and assumed the job previously held by Lynne Cheney.

Personal life and death
Hackney was the son-in-law of civil rights activists Virginia and Clifford Durr.

Hackney died at Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts in 2013, aged 79. He had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

title: Sheldon Hackney


text:
Talk:Emotional tone scale

"disinterested" on the Tone Scale
Scientology's own material uses the word 'disinterested' at point 2.6 on their Tone Scale - and this article reflects that. However, any educated Scientologist or Wikipedia editor must know the difference between the two unconnected words 'disinterested' and 'uninterested'. The former meaning 'unbiased' and the latter meaning 'not interested' or 'lacking interest'. It seems rather obvious that Scientology intends the meaning 'lacking interest' when it incorrectly uses the word 'disinterested' - so whilst it is not possible to change the wording of the Tone Scale from what The Church of Scientology themselves have dictated, may I suggest that the learned editors of this Wikipedia article insert [sic] after the word 'disinterested' to indicate that it is an error relied upon by the original author/writer/creator. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.147.82.34 (talk) 00:49, 11 January 2019 (UTC)
 * say "2. not interested; indifferent." While it also has the meaning you mention, most English readers will recognize the correct definition, especially since it is right above "boredom" on the scale. "Uninterested" might have been a better choice, but "disinterested" is not so off that a [sic] is needed. Richard-of-Earth (talk) 07:12, 12 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emotional tone scale


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José Molina (baseball)

José Benjamin Molina  (born June 3, 1975) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball manager for Algodoneros de Unión Laguna in the Mexican League and former catcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for four teams in MLB, and for the Puerto Rican national team in the World Baseball Classic (WBC). Noted for his abilities in pitch-framing and in handling pitching staffs, Molina is a two-time World Series champion in MLB and a two-time silver medalist with Puerto Rico.

Molina is the middle of three brothers (older brother Bengie and younger brother Yadier), all of whom have played catcher in Major League Baseball. They are the only three brothers in MLB history to all win World Series rings. Bengie and José did it together as members of the 2002 Anaheim Angels, and Yadier with the 2006 and 2011 Cardinals. José later won a second ring with the 2009 New York Yankees.

Early life
Molina graduated from Maestro Ladi High School in Vega Alta, Puerto Rico in 1993, and attended Ladislao Martinez High School in Vega Alta, Puerto Rico.

Draft
Molina was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 14th round of the 1993 amateur draft.

Chicago Cubs (1999)
His first major league team was the Cubs, for which he played 10 games as a September callup in 1999.

Anaheim Angels / Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2001–2007)
He joined the then-Anaheim Angels in 2001 as a free agent, but played only a handful of games before establishing himself during the 2002 season as the Angels backup catcher for his brother, Bengie.

In 2002, Molina got his first World Series ring as the Angels won the 2002 World Series against the San Francisco Giants.

In 2005, he hit a career-best six home runs, and tied his career-high with 25 RBI, as he hit .306 against lefties.

Following Bengie's departure from the Angels, Molina entered the 2006 season as the Angels' new starting catcher, though it was expected that rookie Jeff Mathis would also see substantial time handling the team's catching duties over the course of the season. However, Mathis struggled during the first month of the season and, as a result, he was ultimately demoted to the minor leagues. Molina himself then struggled offensively, and the promising offensive performance of Mathis' replacement on the roster, rookie Mike Napoli, once again relegated Molina to the role of backup catcher. Still, he played in a career-high 78 games and had a career-best 225 at-bats in 2006.

New York Yankees (2007–2009)
On July 21, 2007, Molina was traded to the New York Yankees for minor league pitcher Jeff Kennard. At the time of the trade, he had a .237 lifetime batting average, but had hit lefties much better (.269). He would go on to hit .318 for the Yankees with a home run.

On December 3, 2007, the Yankees signed Molina to a two-year deal. He served as the team's starting catcher following a shoulder injury to Jorge Posada, but returned to the backup role when the Yankees acquired Iván Rodríguez.

Molina was successful in eight of nine sacrifice bunt attempts in 2008. On September 21, 2008, Molina hit the last home run in the original Yankee Stadium, in the Yankees' final game at the ballpark, which was against the Baltimore Orioles. Following this event, Molina expressed satisfaction at being the final answer to the question presented by Babe Ruth in his last public speech at the facility, which closed by stating, "I was glad to have hit the first home run in this park. God only knows who will hit the last." Controversy emerged around the home run ball hit by Molina in a dispute regarding ownership involving fans and Yankee Stadium security. Later in 2008, the ball would come to auction, where it was estimated by auctioneer Guernsey's at $200,000-$300,000. ESPN stated "[the ball] was expected to fetch up to $400,000, but was pulled after offers fell short of the suggested opening bid of $100,000." and blamed the economic crisis of 2008.

In 2009, Molina again served as the Yankees' primary backup catcher, catching most of A. J. Burnett's games when possible and hitting .219 in 138 at bats (52 games). On October 29, 2009, in Game 2 of the 2009 World Series, he picked off Jayson Werth at first base becoming the first Yankees catcher to pick a baserunner off in the World Series since Yogi Berra who did the same in the 1950, also against the Philadelphia Phillies. Molina got his second World Series ring as the Yankees defeated the Phillies in the 2009 World Series in six games.

Toronto Blue Jays (2010–2011)
On February 19, 2010, Molina signed a one-year contract that included an option for 2011 with the Toronto Blue Jays. He had one of his best offensive seasons in 2010, producing a .681 OPS with six home runs over 57 games.

Molina returned to the Blue Jays for the 2011 season, providing veteran guidance to rookie J. P. Arencibia. The club picked up his option for $1.2 million.

In a rarely seen lineup move, Molina was named the designated hitter on May 27, 2011, against the White Sox. In addition to getting three hits off Mark Buehrle, Molina and Rajai Davis executed a double steal; this was only Molina's 11th stolen base in his 12-year career.

Tampa Bay Rays (2012–2014)
On November 28, 2011, Molina signed a one-year contract with the Tampa Bay Rays. After posting a .223 average with eight home runs and 32 RBI, Molina's 2013 contract option for $1.8 million was picked up by the Rays. On December 2, 2013, after another season with Tampa Bay in which he hit .233 with two home runs and 18 RBI, Molina signed a two-year, $4.5 million contract with the Rays.

Molina was released on November 24, 2014.

Managing & coaching career
On November 6, 2015, Molina was hired as the minor league catching coordinator for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim to work with catchers in their farm system. On October 15, 2021, it was announced that Molina would not return to the Angels coaching staff in 2022.

Molina was named manager for the Algodoneros de Unión Laguna in the Mexican League for the 2024 season.

Defense
In the minors, Molina was rated as the best defensive catcher in the Pacific Coast League by Baseball America in 2002. In his years with the Cubs and Angels, he displayed better than average range as a catcher, and also played nine games at first base. In 2004, he threw out 22 of 45 base stealers (48.89%), tops in the AL (minimum of 40 attempts). He also led AL catchers with five pickoffs in 2004, despite only 57 starts. In 2005, he caught more than half of those who attempted to steal against him, again the best percentage in the AL. In 2008, he again played excellent defense, and displayed his excellent arm, replacing the injured Jorge Posada.

In a game against the Tampa Bay Rays on April 25, 2010, Molina set a Blue Jays club record by throwing out four attempted basestealers in one game, including defending American League basestealing champion Carl Crawford, who was thrown out twice. This was the first time an AL catcher had caught four basestealers in one game since Terry Steinbach in 1992.

World Baseball Classic
Molina earned a silver medal as a backup catcher to his brother Yadier on the Puerto Rican team during the 2013 World Baseball Classic.

title: José Molina (baseball)


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La Victoria, Aragua

La Victoria is a city in the state of Aragua in Venezuela.

It is famous for the independence battle of 12 February 1814, the Battle of La Victoria, where José Félix Ribas led a young and inexperienced army that succeeded in halting the royalist troops of José Tomás Boves at La Victoria. Venezuela celebrates "Youth Day" every 12 February in La Victoria, with a ceremony usually presided over by the President of the Republic.

Notable people

 * Wilfred Iván Ojeda (1955–2011), journalist and politician

title: La Victoria, Aragua


text:
El Consejo

El Consejo is a city in the state of Aragua, Venezuela. It is the shire town of the José Rafael Revenga Municipality.

title: El Consejo


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Palo Negro

Palo Negro may refer to:

 * Palo Negro, Santiago del Estero, a municipality in Argentina
 * Palo Negro, Venezuela, the municipal seat of Libertador Municipality, Aragua, Venezuela
 * Dalbergia retusa, or Palo Negro, a Central and North American tree

title: Palo Negro


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/8 ways to safely reach base

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete (ignoring one keep vote from a meatpuppet and one unsigned keep vote) -- Francs2000 | Talk 02:17, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

8 ways to safely reach base
Delete. This page is highly inaccurate (see its talk) and just seems rather pointless in general. The information is already provided (accurately) in the Baseball article. →Vik Reykja 05:37, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

KEEPit is a good baseball teaser question, summarized here, rather than picking through a rulebook.
 * Delete as per Vikreykja. Hamster Sandwich 06:27, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete utter stupidity. Osu8907 06:34, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Disappointed. Scanning down the VfD listing, I really thought this one might give me some tips on my love life, but, alas, no. EvilPhoenix talk 08:59, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Information already provided at Baseball. DarthVader 11:32, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Leaning keep. The bugs in the article can be fixed, so that shouldn't be how the question is decided. To me, the question ought to be "will having this article make it easier to find the information?" There's no "ways to reach base safely" section there, and some of the rules being discussed here (e.g. the "hit an umpire rule") aren't even mentioned in baseball, so this information is not in fact available there; so, the article might be worth fixing and keeping. Noel (talk) 15:07, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The "bugs in the article" are directly represented in the title. There are simply not eight ways to safely reach base. →Vik Reykja 16:29, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, so rename it to "Ways to safely reach base in baseball". Noel (talk) 21:12, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Baseball.Bollar 15:29, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * So you would type in "8 ways to safely reach base"? If you don't think people would type that in the search box, then the redirect is totally useless.  I have created many redirects to aid people in finding what they're looking for, this wouldn't help at all. →Vik Reykja 16:29, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Like in said in my edit summary, redirects are cheap. If the baseball article has the valid information, what's the harm in redirecting to it?  It's not like 8 ways to safely reach base is going to be used for anything else.  Bollar 16:42, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, redirects are cheap, but the odds of someone typing "8 ways to safely reach base" into the search are so tiny, that I'd be willing to bet cash against it ever happening. Leaving it in just clutters the Wiki with noise. Delete . Fernando Rizo T/C 18:54, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * But as I just pointed about above, the baseball article does not (or did not, as of when I looked at it) have all that information. Noel (talk) 21:12, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The first hit of a Google search of 8 ways to safely reach base returns the since deleted article 7 ways to safely reach base. Same for ways to safely reach base which seems like a reasonable search question.  While I think you're correct that the probability of someone entering this exact phrase into Wikipedia's search box is exactly -0-, it does appear to help in search engine ranking and helping refer new users to Wikipedia.  In any event, had I come across this article first and knew enough about baseball to know that it was inaccurate, I would have merged and redirected it in accordance with the deletion policy.  Bollar 19:08, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a great point, Bollar, but I'm still uncomfortable with the factual inaccuracy conveyed by the title. After checking The Rules, it would appear that the article is factually correct. My mistake. Let's put up a ways to safely reach base article and make it a redirect to Baseball. Fernando Rizo T/C 16:06, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I would really like to see which rules you checked. Rules 10.05 and 10.06 of the Official Rules of Baseball clearly describe what reaching safely means.  The article in question is flat out incorrect. →Vik Reykja 17:05, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename and redirect. OK, I give :). Let's rename it to Eight ways to safely reach base in baseball or Ways to safely reach base in baseball; Only dates should be written as numerals in WP article titles. Otherwise, no further objection from me. :) Fernando Rizo T/C 16:20, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete if there is something new - add it to Baseball. Renata3 00:01, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This would make a good link from the baseball article under "Also See." Frequently, information is easier to digest if it's broken into short pieces. This article could be a useful teaching aid for a little league coach and can easily be printed on 1 page in its current format. Someone obviously put some thought into it and as is stated above, it's not available elsewhere (e.g., under baseball. -asx- 05:40, 25 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep IMO it's a handy list to have (otherwise I wouldn't have added to it). I've made a couple attempts to "fix" the article, to address some (arguable) inaccuracies with regard to baseball scoring. Since baseball has a "lists and statistics" section, I would say that would be the place to link this article.William L. Gann 03:20, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So if I wrote an article titled X ways to play guitar, and put in the list such things as cutting off the strings and sawing the neck in two, you would find that relevant and useful? This is an encyclopedia we're writing here; we should not consciously include bogus information.  →Vik Reykja 03:47, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a poor analogy and is beside the point. "Bogus information" is a reason to fix not delete. Since baseball has certain rules that are famoulsly complex and difficult to understand (infield fly anyone?) this type of article has heightened utility, even if it's difficult to find the right place for it. Maybe that place is not Wikipedia, but this is exactly the kind of thing that can (and probably does) appear as a sidebar in a baseball reference book. It qualifies as trivia in some sense, and therefore should not IMO redirect straight to the main article--a reader who wanted an information on such a specific sub-topic within baseball would probably not learn anything from the main article.William L. Gann 21:35, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Not really Wikipedia material - The Time Killer
 * Delete content duplication. JamesBurns 06:56, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * To repeat yet again, this content is not duplicated at baseball. There's no "ways to reach base safely" section there, and some of the rules being discussed in this article (e.g. the "hit an umpire rule") aren't even mentioned there, so this information is not in fact available elsewhere. Noel (talk) 15:40, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * There doesn't need to be a "ways to reach base safely" section, the information just needs to be there. Take a look at baserunning. →Vik Reykja 17:10, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I was actually looking for this list today. I could not find it at Baseball or at Batting (baseball), where I did see the reference to this article. — Fingers-of-Pyrex 21:21, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Steve Erickson

Stephen Michael Erickson is an American novelist. The author of influential works such as Days Between Stations, Tours of the Black Clock and Zeroville, he is the recipient of the American Academy of Arts and Letters award, the Lannan Lifetime Achievement Award and a Guggenheim fellowship.

Biography
Steve Erickson was born and raised in Los Angeles. For many years his mother, a former actress, ran a small theatre in L.A. His father, who died in 1990, was a photographer. Erickson had a pronounced stutter as a child when teachers believed he couldn't read. This motif occasionally has recurred in novels such as Amnesiascope. At UCLA Erickson studied literature, film, journalism and political philosophy, and for a few years he worked as a freelance writer for alternative weekly newspapers. Along with three works of non-fiction, Erickson has published 10 novels in more than a dozen languages. His books have appeared on best-of-the-year lists by The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times and The Washington Post.

A "writer's writer," Erickson is regarded as one of America's best living novelists, "a maximal visionary...in the league of [Thomas] Pynchon, [Don] DeLillo, [Margaret] Atwood, [Salman] Rushdie, [Ben] Okri, [Orhan] Pamuk." His work has been cited by Pynchon, David Foster Wallace, Richard Powers, Dana Spiotta, Neil Gaiman, William Gibson, Kathy Acker, Rick Moody, Joshua Cohen and Mark Z. Danielewski. Greil Marcus has called Erickson "the only authentic American surrealist," and Tours of the Black Clock appears on Larry McCaffery's list of the 20th Century’s Greatest Hits: 100 English-Language Books of Fiction. In a winter 2008 poll by the National Book Critics Circle of 800 novelists and writers, Zeroville was named one of the five favorite novels of the previous year, and in the December 2015 issue of Granta, Jonathan Lethem declared the then unreleased Shadowbahn (perhaps Erickson's most acclaimed work) the best American novel of whatever year in which it was ultimately published.

In 2021, the University Press of Mississippi issued Conversations With Steve Erickson as part of a series that includes William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, James Baldwin, William S. Burroughs and Toni Morrison, proclaiming Erickson "a subterranean literary figure...[whose] dream-fueled blend of European modernism, American pulp and paranoid late-century postmodernism makes him essential to an appreciation of the last 40 years of American fiction."

BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of Shadowbahn as part of its Dangerous Visions series in 2018, and a motion picture of Zeroville starring James Franco, Seth Rogen and Jacki Weaver was released in 2019. Twice a finalist for the National Magazine Award, Erickson has written for Esquire, Smithsonian, Rolling Stone and the New York Times Magazine among others, and for 14 years was founding editor of the literary journal Black Clock. Erickson is a Distinguished Professor and Chair of the Department of Creative Writing at the University of California, Riverside.

Novels

 * Days Between Stations (1985)
 * Rubicon Beach (1986)
 * Tours of the Black Clock (1989)
 * Arc d'X (1993)
 * Amnesiascope (1996)
 * The Sea Came in at Midnight (1999)
 * Our Ecstatic Days (2005)
 * Zeroville (2007)
 * These Dreams of You (2012)
 * Shadowbahn (2017)

Other

 * Leap Year (1989)
 * American Nomad (1997)
 * American Stutter (2022)

Honors and awards

 * National Endowment for the Arts (1987);
 * Notable Book of the Year, New York Times Book Review (1987): Rubicon Beach;
 * Notable Book of the Year, New York Times Book Review (1989): Tours of the Black Clock;
 * Best Books of the Year, Village Voice (1989): Tours of the Black Clock;
 * Notable Book of the Year, New York Times Book Review (1993): Arc d'X;
 * Best Fiction of the Year, Entertainment Weekly (1993): Arc d'X;
 * Best Novel nominee, British Fantasy Society (1997): Amnesiascope;
 * Notable Book of the Year, New York Times Book Review (1999): The Sea Came in at Midnight;
 * Best Books of the Year, Uncut (1999): The Sea Came in at Midnight;
 * Best Novel nominee, British Fantasy Society (1999): The Sea Came in at Midnight;
 * 2001 MacDowell Fellow;
 * 2002 MacDowell Fellow;
 * Best Books of the Year, Los Angeles Times Book Review (2005): Our Ecstatic Days;
 * Best Books of the Year, Uncut (2005): Our Ecstatic Days;
 * John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship (2007);
 * Best Books of the Year, Newsweek (2007): Zeroville;
 * Best Books of the Year, Washington Post BookWorld (2007): Zeroville;
 * Best Books of the Year, Los Angeles Times Book Review (2007): Zeroville;
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters, Award in Literature (2010);
 * Best Books of the Year, Los Angeles Times (2012): These Dreams of You;
 * Lannan Lifetime Achievement Award (2014);
 * Best Books of the Year, Los Angeles Times (2017): Shadowbahn;
 * Best Books of the Year, Bookworm, KCRW (2017): Shadowbahn

title: Steve Erickson


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title: Talk:Imperial Bank of India


text:
Ocumare de la Costa

Ocumare de la Costa is a small coastal town and the capital of the Ocumare de la Costa de Oro Municipality, located 25 miles north of Aragua, Venezuela. Called simply Ocumare, the colonial town sits at the skirts of the Venezuelan Coastal Range, adding the peculiar natural elements of the Henri Pittier National Park. Production of cocoa and fishing are the main industries in Ocumare. The valley leads into the Caribbean Sea.

Ocumare was colonized in the 17th century led by Spanish captain Lorenzo Martínez Madrid and incorporated in 1731. The original inhabitants of the area were indigenous tribes under Cacique “Barriga”.

title: Ocumare de la Costa


text:
San Casimiro

San Casimiro de Güiripa is a city in the state of Aragua, Venezuela. It is the shire town of the San Casimiro Municipality. It is named after Saint Casimir.

title: San Casimiro


text:
San Sebastián, Aragua

San Sebastián is a city in the state of Aragua in Venezuela. It is the shire town of the San Sebastián Municipality. It is twinned with Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain.

title: San Sebastián, Aragua


text:
1929 in archaeology

Below are notable events in archaeology that occurred in 1929.

Explorations

 * Expedition under Neil Merton Judd to collect dendrochronological specimens to date habitation of Chaco Canyon.
 * Blackwater Draw, New Mexico, first recognized as archaeologically significant by Ridgely Whiteman.

Excavations

 * Agora in Athens.
 * Amri.
 * Excavations at Ugarit by Claude F. A. Schaeffer begin; first texts in Ugaritic discovered.
 * New excavations of Tell Halaf, Syria, by Max von Oppenheim.
 * Excavations of palaeolithic sites at Mount Carmel, including the first of the Skhul and Qafzeh hominins, by Dorothy Garrod begin (continue to 1934).
 * First of the Pazyryk burials in Siberia, by M. P. Gryaznov.
 * Grobiņa in Latvia, by Birger Nerman.
 * Chinese archeologist Pei Wenzhong appointed field director of the continuing excavations at Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China.
 * Whitehawk Camp near Brighton in England by R. P. Ross Williamson and E. Cecil Curwen.

Finds

 * June 22: Beam HH-39 is extracted at the Show Low site in Arizona enabling A. E. Douglass to construct a continuous dendrochronology record back to AD 700 for the Southwestern United States.
 * December 1: Chinese archaeologist Pei Wenzhong unearths the first skullcap at Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China.
 * Jade relics at Sanxingdui in China.
 * Mummy of Queen Meritamen (daughter of Thutmose III).
 * Roman Amphitheatre at Chester (England) found by Hugh Thompson.
 * Ruins of Kamiros on Rhodes.
 * Guido Ucelli discovers the barges of Caligula in Lake Nemi.
 * The Lyres of Ur in the tomb of Puabi.

Publications

 * V. Gordon Childe - The Danube in Prehistory.

Births

 * May 6: Rosemary Cramp, British medieval archaeologist (died 2023)
 * July 17: Elin C. Danien, American scholar of ancient Maya ceramics (died 2019)
 * September 23: Viktor Sarianidi, Soviet archaeologist, discoverer of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (died 2013)

Deaths

 * Rodolfo Amadeo Lanciani, Italian archaeologist (born 1845)

title: 1929 in archaeology


text: Template:Highland Football League

title: Template:Highland Football League


text: Category:Punjab, Pakistan

title: Category:Punjab, Pakistan