text:
User talk:Khalid!

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

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 * Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages.
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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 14:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Salam!
Take a look att this : Wikipedia:WikiProject Islam:The Shia Guild

Ma salam!

--Striver 16:17, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

And the obligatory Vfd for anything with the word "shia" in it... Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/WikiProject Islam:The Shia Guild. --Striver 11:59, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

And yet another VFD...

Votes for deletion/Shia ranking of the Sahaba

This one is important, take a good look at it :)

--Striver 20:34, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Good job on Nahj al Balagha, keep it up! --Striver 19:35, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Agree with Striver, excellent job, like your summaries on each sermon. --Ya Ali 21:48, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Giving you a Barnstar, Keep up the good work! --Ya Ali 13:25, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Congratulaions, you deserve it! --Striver 13:58, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Not really, i, not active there... im here most of the time :)

--Striver 17:20, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

so
can you take a look at this? [] BrandonYusufToropov 15:35, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Eid Mubarak
Eid Mubarak to you and best wishes. -- a.n.o.n.y.m t 02:47, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Eid mubarak to you to! --Striver 14:25, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Eid Mubarak
Best wishes to you and yours, BrandonYusufToropov 16:48, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Eid Mubarak
Eid Mubarak and best wishes from my side. F.a.y. تبادله خيال /c 18:59, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Eid Mubarak
Eid Mubarak to you and your familia. -- 1Muslim 17:32, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Salam
Bro, are you there? --Striver 02:24, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Im working on filing a RFC against Zora, i need to see how many people are around that wants to suport that. Are you in? --Striver 18:25, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * A RFC is a Request For Comments. Im going to file one against Zora. It does not have any real implications, but it lets us see how people that are not involved think about her behavior. It also is a prerequisit for a ArbCom, and that can lead to warnings or banning, in the worst case. --Striver 19:32, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you Khalid, i appreciate it a lot :) --Striver 17:52, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Help
Please vote to merge and redirect Islamofascism to Neofascism and religion...

... which is where it belongs. Vote here: BrandonYusufToropov 14:59, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Cricket ranking
Hi, thanks for the updates. When you update the table, please remember to update everything (including the date). In the Indian table for instance, the ranks are upto date, but the last matched played is not. Tintin 18:49, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

FYI
Templates_for_deletion--Striver 21:30, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/People reported to be born in the Kaaba --Striver 10:03, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

FYI
--Striver 04:30, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Cricket
Hello Khalid,

Thank you for updating some cricket articles recently. Have you discovered WikiProject Cricket yet? Feel free to sign up if you want, and/or join us on the discussion page.

Stephen Turner (Talk) 13:42, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Salam
I need help in the Ali article. Zora is trying to delet lots of things without giving any good justification. She is starting to get the support of other, who neither are prepared to give any arguments, execpt that they "prefer" the Zora version. Look here Talk:Ali

VFD
Articles for deletion/List of notable Muslim reports

Back atcha!
A happy and prosperous NEW YEAR to you and yours. Zora 20:51, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Happy 2006
Hey happy new year to you too man. May you and yours have a good year under the grace of Hadhrat Fatime.--Zereshk 23:30, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

A very happy new year to you and your family. And congracts on finishing the letters section in Nahj al Balagha. --Ya Ali 12:01, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Thank you, and happy new year to :) Ill be less active for a while, but ill be back :) --Striver 02:40, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Yazid I edit war
I've blocked AladdinSE for edit warring with you on this article. Policy says that all parties should be treated equally, but since you were trying to come to a compromise, and not doing straight reverts, I chose to simply warn you. Edit warring is not constructive behaviour, and in a situation like that, it's better to discuss possible compromises on the talk page, instead of just trying it out. --Phroziac. o ºO (♥♥♥♥ chocolate!) 18:02, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Eid ul Adha

 * Eid Mubarak Khalid!! -- a.n.o.n.y.m t 00:38, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Eid Mubaaaaaaaaaarak to you too bro!! :)--Zereshk 19:40, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Eid Mubarak
Best wishes to you and yours, Khalid. BYT 16:01, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

2006 bin Laden video
I recently started 2006 bin Laden video. Please improve it in any way you see fit. Thanks. KI 13:55, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

VFD
Misconceptions about the Shi'a is in a AFD, see the Shi'a Guild:

Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Islam:The_Shia_Guild

--Striver 11:24, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Cricket
Not sure if you noticed this discussion, but I thought you might have some insight to share. Guettarda 03:19, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Battle of Baghdad (1258)
Editor OldWindyBear has dug up a charge that the Shi'a collaborated with the Mongols to destroy the Abbasid Caliphate. I figured that there might be a Shi'a rebuttal to this. You might want to go to the article and check it out. Zora 09:34, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yup, I'm from Hawai'i. In possession of a book called Roadside Geology of Hawai'i. Zora 03:16, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Misconceptions about the Shi'a
Even though the afd did not show any consensus for merge, the admin has decided that the arguments for merge where better, and has decided that the article should be merged in the already to big Shi'a Islam article, something that make no sense at all. I protested and he answered See it and make your voice heard here: Talk:Misconceptions about the Shi'a

--Striver 04:18, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Vote
They want to delet ALL kind of list of Muslims, your vote is needed. Dont forget to motivate, a plain keep/delet does not count!

More info: Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Islam:The_Muslim_Guild

--Striver 04:45, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

OpenIslampedia
Salams/Greetings,

As a member of the Wikipedia community who has contributed to articles related to Islam, I thought you might be interested in a project I am trying to get going: OpenIslampedia. Please visit the site for more information.

While it is permissible to re-use content from Wikipedia (as long as it is cited appropriately and released under their GNU Free Documentation License), it is my hope that we will be able to develop new content for OpenIslampedia, more in accordance to the needs and desires of our community and audience.

Interested? Please consider joining us! As you probably know from working in Wikipedia, every contribution counts, no matter how small.

Ulises Ali Mejias

(UlisesAli 16:36, 22 February 2006 (UTC))

Assalamualikum, from bless_sins
Salam, I'm bless_sins. Although I'm an ex-Sunni, I'm not exactly a Shia either. I belive in complete Muslim unity (whether Sunni, Shia, Wahhabi, Arab, African etc...). I think one of the reason Muslims suffer today is becuase we are divided and continue to fight each other.

I'm not Sunni, however, I don't like it when people attack them (nor do I like it when people attack Shia). Saying that Wikipedia is "infested with Sunni POV" isn't exactly the freindliest thing you can say.

The Quran urges kindness and unity amongst Muslims (I can provide you with verse if you want). Let's all be united in the cause of Allah. Bless sins 02:46, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Afd time
Care to vote?

 * Articles for deletion/Hadith of Umar and religion
 * Articles for deletion/Hadith of Umar and foretelling
 * Articles for deletion/Hadith of Umar and prophecy
 * Articles for deletion/Shrines, mosques and graves

--Striver 23:06, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Afd of The Shi'a Guild
Should the guild go? I am the only one finding it usefull? I am a burden to wikipedia?

give your opinion, only a vote wont do:

Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Islam:The Shia Guild

--Striver 12:06, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikiethics
Hi,

We started a proposal Wikiethics to state the existing policies coherently and make suggestions on improving the editorial standards in Wiki. I thought you might be interested in contributing to that proposal.

Unfortunately, a pro-porn and pro-offense lobby is trying to make this proposal a failure. They unilaterally started an approval poll although almost no one including me believe that it is time for a vote, simply because the policy is not ready. It is not even written completely.

Editors who thinks that it needs to be improved rather than killed by an unfair poll at the beginning of the proposal, started another poll ('Do we really need a poll at this stage?') at the same time. The poll is vandalized for a while but it is stable now. A NO vote on this ('Do we really need a poll now?') poll will strengthen the position of the editors who are willing to improve the policy further.

If you have concerns about the ethics and editorial standards in Wiki, please visit the page Wikiethics with your suggestions on the policy. We have two subpages: Arguments and Sections. You might want to consider reviewing these pages as well...

Thanks in advance. Resid Gulerdem 20:36, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikiethics
Hi,

We started a proposal Wikiethics to state the existing policies coherently and make suggestions on improving the editorial standards in Wiki. I thought you might be interested in contributing to that proposal.

Unfortunately, a pro-porn and pro-offense lobby is trying to make this proposal a failure. They unilaterally started an approval poll although almost no one including me believe that it is time for a vote, simply because the policy is not ready. It is not even written completely.

Editors who thinks that it needs to be improved rather than killed by an unfair poll at the beginning of the proposal, started another poll ('Do we really need a poll at this stage?') at the same time. The poll is vandalized for a while but it is stable now. A NO vote on this ('Do we really need a poll now?') poll will strengthen the position of the editors who are willing to improve the policy further.

If you have concerns about the ethics and editorial standards in Wiki, please visit the page Wikiethics with your suggestions on the policy. We have two subpages: Arguments and Sections. You might want to consider reviewing these pages as well...

Thanks in advance. Resid Gulerdem 20:36, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Salam
You are welcom, hope you do well. Peace! --Striver 20:41, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Afd
Hi Khalid! I would like to inform you of this: Articles for deletion/Shi'a view of Ali.--Striver 09:01, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Template:Islam
Hi there, The Islam template is used in all Islam related articles and it carries an image of the mosque, if you take a close look at the other religion templates they all carry an icon that actually symbolizes the particular religion. The question is what symbolizes Islam? As a muslim you would agree that we cannot Idolize any symbol as sacred as it would be Shirk. So the next question is what kind of icon would correctly represent Islam and Muslims? It is undoubtedly the Shahada, because without it we wouldn't be muslims. So I have suggested to change the template image from a masjid to a Masjid with the Shahada in it. In order to have the image in the template I need build some consense, could you kindly visit the talk page (Template_talk:Islam) and make your suggestion, lets have the template change so it will correctly represent Islam. (You do not have to support it if you dont like it). thanks in advance. « ₪ M ÿ š † í c ₪ » (T) 11:36, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

salam
I'm a Shi'a and I've joint WP recently. I want to help you with shiite articles. --Sa.vakilian 19:41, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Administrator
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Salman01

The Shia Guild
Hi Khalid. Are you aware of the afd on the Wikipedia:WikiProject Islam:The Shia Guild? Since you are a member there, i thaught you might be intrested in it. --Striver 16:10, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Islamic Barnstar Award
Please offer your opinion, vote, or whatever about your choice for the image to be used with the Islamic Barnstar Award at the Barnstar proposals page. Although there is consensus for the concept of an Islamic Barnstar Award, some editors would like to change the image for the award. I was just thinking you should be aware of this discussion because you have contributed to Islamic-related articles, received the Islamic Barnstar Award, or have contributed to the Islam-related Wikiprojects, etc.--72.48.104.52 16:32, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Info on Islamophobic group
Hello,

What follows are the thoughts, expressed in their own words, and in the 'protest signs', of the obscure, very small, but very vocal 'activist group' known as "Protest Warrior".

"What's becoming clear is how the religion of Islam is addicted to war and mayhem. Not a radical minority, not a rogue sect, but its very essence is about submission and sacrifice and proving your worth by worshipping death in this life to gain a paradise of orgies and drunkenness. Their entire history is of warfare, and any accomplishments of their so-called Golden Age has been proven to be merely parasitic off the cultures they've conquered and reduced to dhimmi servitude. That every country under sharia is corrupt, belligerent, desolate and barbaric obviously gives them no pause, except to constantly drive them into further psychotic rage as they refuse to ever accept any responsibility for their conditions. They are akin to the powers in Orwell's 1984; there must always be an enemy. It's no surprise that women are treated like property in these countries as that's the only way Muslim men can feed their egos, to dominate others rather than ever actually produce something."

Kfir Alfia and Alan Lipton, founders of "Protest Warrior"

Their 'protest signs'...

Signs

I thought you might be interested in this group's sentiments. They are currently very actively editing their own article on Wiki and there is a lot of 'group think'. Perhaps you might want to become involved in the editing and discussion process on that page. If you do, please don't vandalize, and try to remain civil. Should you not want to involve youself, please forgive my intrusion.

Protest Warrior

Protest Warrior Discussion

NBGPWS 09:03, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Eid mubarak
Eid mubarak :) --Striver 13:44, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Khalid!! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 01:37, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Shaikh Ahmed bin Mohammed al-Khalili -
 * 2) Urujul Hasan Meesum -

Proposed deletion of Urujul Hasan Meesum

The article Urujul Hasan Meesum has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unsourced for nearly 2 years. Non-notable and promotional.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. M4gnum0n (talk) 18:43, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Hassan Sadiq

The article Hassan Sadiq has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Not seeing anything in the way of real, substantive notability here

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. The Blade of the Northern Lights ( 話して下さい ) 14:11, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:32, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Muhammad Rafi Usmani for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Muhammad Rafi Usmani is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Muhammad Rafi Usmani until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. ❁ᴀᴜᴛʜᴏʀ❁ (❁ᴅᴏᴍ❁) 02:31, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Khalid!


text:
Bise

The Bise (French: La Bise) is a cold, dry wind in Switzerland which blows through the Swiss Plateau from the northeast to the southwest.

Cause and effect
It is caused by canalisation of the air-current along the northern edge of the Alps, during high-pressure conditions in northern or eastern Europe. Towards western Swiss Plateau, the Bise is pressed between the Jura mountains and Pre-Alps whereby it strengthens and mostly climaxes on the western shore of Lake Geneva. In summer, the Bise wind causes rather dry and sunny weather whereas in winter, it frequently forms low stratus clouds over the Swiss Plateau by strengthening the inversion layer.

The Bise can sometimes lead to severe icing during winter months in Geneva and nearby communities. Many foreign travellers to this Swiss city have commented upon the Bise.

Measurement
The strength of the Bise wind can be determined by the analysis of the air pressure difference (in hectopascal [hPa]) between Geneva and Güttingen in canton of Thurgau. The Bise arises as soon as the air pressure in Güttingen (TG) is higher than in Geneva. The greater this air pressure difference, the stronger the Bise blows through the Swiss Plateau. In case of an inverted air pressure difference (low air pressure in Güttingen (TG) and high air pressure in Geneva), the opposite of Bise occurs: The wind blows from southwest through the Swiss Plateau.

Use and etymology
An alternative form in English is Biz. The term entered Middle English from French bise. Its origin is unknown.

The wind La Bise, along with Lake Geneva, is also mentioned in the song "Lonely Sky" which was penned and sung by the Irish singer Chris De Burgh. The song was released in 1975 on the album "Spanish Train and Other Stories". The La Bise is also mentioned in the lyrics of the French patriotic song by  and.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bise


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Our lady of ransom

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep, no consensus, but I'm going to move it per Doc and take this to CP per Durin. Dmcdevit·t 08:44, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that it was moved here. Here's its talk page. -- ʀ6ʍ  ɑ  ʏ89  20:54, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Our lady of ransom
Strikes me as highly unremarkable. JGorton 14:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't care either way - but if kept please capitalise and add the word 'School' --Doc (?) 15:06, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because it isn't notable. --Scimitar parley 15:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Move per User talk:Doc glasgow. Schools are notable. Will WP fall over from the strain of listing every school in the world? No more so than listing every little village in the world.... I fixed the formatting. -Harmil 15:48, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The entire text of the article, as it now stands, is a direct cut/paste from . The article should probably be placed on copyvio status. --Durin 18:28, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 07:48, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename. (And rewrite to avoid copyvio). Pburka 13:59, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per JamesBurns. Dcarrano 14:26, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rehabilitate to WikiProject Schools standards. D AVODD  01:29, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Captains Flat

Captains Flat is a town in the Southern Tablelands of rural New South Wales, Australia, in Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council. It is south of Queanbeyan. Captains Flat township is bounded by the non-urban parts of the locality of Captains Flat in the north, east and west, and Captains Flat Road, the Molonglo River and Foxlow Street in the south.

Name
It is suggested the town took its name from a white bullock named "Captain" who would slip away from Foxlow station, 12 km away, to graze grassy flatlands near the Molonglo River.

History

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the area was inhabited by Ngarigo Aboriginal people. The town formed as a result of mining for gold, silver, lead, zinc, copper and iron pyrites in the hills surrounding the upper reaches of the Molonglo River. The town boomed from 1881 to 1899, but went into a rapid decline until 1939, when rail access revived mining activity for another 23 years.

Mining
Copper was found in the area in 1874 by J.E. Wright of Foxlow station. The Molonglo goldfield was declared in 1882 and mining for gold and silver commenced at two mines, Koh-i-noor and Commodore, which were operated by two mining companies. Two blast furnaces were built in 1885. The two companies merged in 1894 and formed the Lake George United Mining and Smelting Company. Up to that time the mines had produced mainly copper with some silver and a small amount of gold. Processing was made harder because of the presence of zinc. To convey ore to the bins at the smelter, the company built a 2 ft (610mm) tramway in 1897. Trains of small 4-wheel dump cars were hauled by a Krauss steam locomotive. The tramway appears to have closed about 1902. In the early twentieth century the mine produced gold and copper. Mining activity ceased in 1920.

The impact on European markets due to World War II meant mining operations were subsidised by the government through power and freight concessions as the foreign revenue was seen as important to the Australian economy. In 1940, 550 people were employed and the local population was 1700. The mining company, Lake George Mines, built 152 fibro cottages for married miners, a hostel for single men and some of the population lived in tents. The company also built a theatre, hospital, tennis courts and a swimming pool, and paid for the medical staff, the provision of street lighting, electricity and water. In the 1930s and 1940s many of the old buildings were replaced including the hotel. The new hotel built in 1938 was said to have the longest bar in Australia at the time; it was 32 metres long.

Miners' strikes
There were some significant labour strikes by the miners in the 1940s and 1950s. The strike of 1948/49 and the lockout of 1954/55 both lasted for seven months. The mine closed on 11 March 1962 due to the lack of viable ore. To that point men had worked in tunnels extending 840 metres (2,800 feet) below the ground. The first strike started by a local miner named T.B. Hutchinson who fed up with the constant physical stress caused hazardous materials, threw down his miners bucket hat onto the floor in front of the visiting owner H.Wood causing a localised riot within the zinc mine.

From 1939 to 1962 just over 4 million tonnes of ore was extracted containing 1.5 million tonnes of concentrates: 39% of which were zinc, 33% pyrites, 24% lead, 5% copper, and small amounts of gold (2850 tonnes) and silver (155 tonnes). Immediately after the closure the Lake George Mines dismantled and sold the infrastructure including removing many of the cottages. The Captains Flat railway line from Bungendore opened in 1940 with tri-weekly service. This was reduced to once a week following the closure of the mine. The railway was booked out of use on 31 August 1968 but reopened for a few weeks in 1969 for the filming of the movie "Ned Kelly".

Mining pollution
The impact of sulphur and acid rain produced by the smelting has resulted in the area around the mines having a stark and somewhat alien landscape reminiscent of Queenstown in Tasmania.

In 1939 and 1942 mine tailings and slime dams collapsed into the Molonglo River. The resulting pollution severely damaged the ecological communities of the Molonglo River downstream from the mine site, and eradicated all native fish populations. Despite Federal and NSW government funded remediation programs of $2.5m in 1976, toxic leachates still enter the river from the Captains Flat mine site. The remediation works covered the waste dumps with impermeable clay and vegetation designed to reduce the risk of catastrophic failure of the dumps. The owners of the mine were not held accountable for the pollution and did not contribute to the remediation of the environmental impact. A large stretch of the Molonglo is still devoid of native fish and awaits their re-establishment.

Prospecting has commenced in the area again, begun by Monaro Mining (later known as Australian-American Mining, then AusROC Metals Ltd) and taken over by Ironbark Gold.

In February 2021 the NSW Environment Protection Authority carried out precautionary testing of surface soils in public and community spaces. They published a public report on their findings that showed the public areas that were found with high lead contamination. Areas with high levels included "Foxlow Parklet" and Captains Flat Community Preschool.

When the Captains Flat Community Preschool was made aware of these results the management committee and staff took immediate measures to ensure that the children could continue to attend in a safe manner. The Preschool was closed for one week while deep cleaning of the inside of the building and all toys in the sheds was performed. The outside playground was closed and a "shoes off inside" policy implemented when the children returned. The Preschool is on NSW Crown Land and any remediation work to be done will be performed by that Department to their own schedule. Meanwhile the Preschool will continue to operate with restrictions to keep the children safe.

The school had to be relocated to the oval near Captains Flat Public School.

Meteorology
The Captains Flat Weather Radar is the main weather radar for the ACT and the southern coast and tablelands of NSW. It is a WSR-74S type radar operated by the Bureau of Meteorology, mounted on a 22.35m tower on Mt Cowangerong.

Notable people

 * Mark Gable (born 1950 in Captains Flat), an Australian musician who serves as the frontman and a founding member of the rock band The Choirboys.
 * Ivy Weber (1892–1976), first woman elected at a general election in Victoria, and the first woman in Australia to win a seat as an independent.
 * Tom Wills (1835–1880), Australia's first great cricketer and pioneer of Australian rules football

title: Captains Flat


text:
User talk:VCA/Archive September 2007

Welcome
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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 15:00, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:VCA/Archive September 2007


text:
User:Wombat2~enwiki

A unique person. Definitely not Willy on Wheels or anything like that.

title: User:Wombat2~enwiki


text:
FabricLive.17

FabricLive.17 was the second DJ mix album mixed by English DJ and record producer Aim. It forms part of the FabricLive Mix Series by different DJs, recorded for Fabric, a nightclub and record label in London, UK. The album was released in August 2004 on the Fabric (London) label.

Track listing

 * 1)  Tony D - Come Back To You - Grand Central
 * 2)  Boards Of Canada - Roygbiv - Warp
 * 3)  James Yorkston and the Athletes - St. Patrick - Domino
 * 4)  InI - What You Say - Rapstar
 * 5)  Scott Lark - Insight - Contract Recordings
 * 6)  Lewis Parker - 101 Pianos (I've Put Out The Lights) - Virgin
 * 7)  Boogiemonsters - Strange - EMI
 * 8)  Lords of the Underground - Faith (Alternate TV track) - Pendulum
 * 9)  Bloik - Loungin' - Mint Source
 * 10)  Tom Scott - Today - UMG
 * 11)  A Tribe Called Quest - Award Tour - Zomba
 * 12)  Ed O.G. & Da Bulldogs - Love Comes and Goes - UMG
 * 13)  Diverse - Jus Biz - Chocolate Industries
 * 14)  Telegraph Avenue - Something Going - Lazarus Audio Products
 * 15)  Tempo 70 - Ell Galleton - Mericana/Salsoul
 * 16)  The Village Callers - I Don't Need No Doctor - Rampart
 * 17)  Ice Cube - It Was A Good Day (Radio Mix) - Priority
 * 18)  The Byrds - Wasn't Born To Follow - Sony
 * 19)  Fingathing - Lady Nebula - Grand Central

title: FabricLive.17


text:
Talk:Lexington, North Carolina

The official entry says that Lexington was, "at least sparsely settled by Europeans in 1775".

Editing Article: There are a number of people changing this article, deleting information, changing information, etc. and the changes are only done in malice. If you are not a native Lexingtonian. . . then please do not delete information about our city. There are several people who are editing this article that are not from Lexington, only recently moved here in the past couple of years, or do not live in Lexington. If you live at the lake. . . then you are not from Lexington. This article is about the city limits of Lexington. If you want to make an article about your area then please do so.

 * Please provide references/citations for edits that you make then there isn't an issue with reverting them. This is policy via WP:RS and WP:V, otherwise the edits are  Original Research, which isn't allowed.  There is no policy that says someone must live within a city to edit an article, by the way.  Childish comments aside, the policies are clear on edits to any article.  Pharmboy (talk) 00:54, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

List of restaurants
I am not normally a fan of lists within articles, but it would seem that a list of the BBQ restaurants would be in order, considering it is such a part of the culture and city identity. Until I moved here, I didn't realize that people really did drive 1-2 hours from Greensboro, Charlotte, etc. just to eat BBQ. And I am not just talking about the Festival. Before I would include a list, I wanted to get some input and see if there were policy objections. Pharmboy (talk) 18:59, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Ok, I added a bunch of images and updated several things. I guess I am the only one editing the page.   D ENNIS B ROWN (T) (C)  19:48, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Cathedral
Does anyone have a picture of the Anglican Orthodox Cathedral in Lexington? --Willthacheerleader18 (talk) 14:33, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lexington, North Carolina


text:
User talk:Mrhuhk

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 15:01, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. Thue | talk 15:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

poop
Do you really like to eat your own poo? --Kennyisinvisible 17:54, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Sasquatch′↔T↔C 06:17, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mrhuhk


text:
Lafayette Bunnell

Lafayette Houghton Bunnell (March 13, 1824 – July 21, 1903) was an American physician, author, and explorer. He is most well known for his involvement with the Mariposa Battalion, the first non-Indians to enter Yosemite Valley, and his book Discovery of the Yosemite and the Indian War of 1851. Bunnell led the battalion members in a vote to name the valley, and for this reason he is often credited as the person who named Yosemite. He was also a soldier and surgeon in the United States war with Mexico and the Civil War.

Biography
Bunnell was born in Rochester, New York on March 13, 1824. His father Bradley Bunnell and his uncle Douglass Houghton (both physicians) were a major influence on young Lafayette, especially instilling in him a desire to seek adventure in "the West." In 1832 Bunnell's father Bradley decided to move to Detroit, although the family stayed over in Buffalo prior to the final move; because of a cholera epidemic, Bradley Bunnell was called on to treat the sick. When they did finally settle in Detroit, young Bunnell was friends with the Ojibwe, Potowatami and French-Canadian youth. He attended a catholic school, not because he was catholic but because it was the best school in the town.

In 1845 Bunnell's father returned to Detroit. After settling various business affairs, Bunnell followed him and recommenced studying medicine under Dr. Scoville. When the War with Mexico broke out, Bunnell enlisted and worked as an orderly. For a while he was in charge of the hospital in Cordova, and had medical command of a regiment when they returned to Michigan at the end of the war. After being mustered out, rumors of the gold strike in California were confirmed by President Polk, and Bunnell decided to seek his fortune in California. He traveled overland by way of Texas and Mexico.

"During the winter of 1849–50, while ascending the old Bear Valley trail from Ridley's ferry, on the Merced river, my attention was attracted to the stupendous rocky peaks of the Sierra Nevadas. In the distance an immense cliff loomed, apparently to the summit of the mountains. Although familiar with nature in her wildest moods, I looked upon this awe-inspiring column with wonder and admiration. ... Whenever an opportunity afforded, I made inquiries concerning the scenery of that locality.  But few of the miners had noticed any of its special peculiarities."

In 1851, Bunnell was a member of the Mariposa Battalion that became the non-indigenous discoverers of the Yosemite Valley. Discovery was not the main purpose of the trip: the Battalion rode out in search of Native American tribal leaders involved in recent raids on American settlements. Bunnell explored the Valley and named many of its features. Discovery of the Yosemite, and the Indian war of 1851 (1880) contains his account of his exploration and the actions of the Battalion. The majority of what is known about Chief Tenaya and the Ahwahnechee was from Bunnell's written accounts. Bunnell was the first person who encountered Chief Tenaya who subsequently wrote a book.

Bunnell later served as a surgeon in the American Civil War. After the war he moved to Homer, Minnesota and married Sarah Smith. Although he practiced medicine a little, for the most part he lived off his army pensions and wrote histories of the upper Mississippi. He died in Homer on July 21, 1903.

Legacy
Bunnell Point at the east end of Little Yosemite Valley is named in his honour.

title: Lafayette Bunnell


text:
User talk:Robotmannick

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 15:02, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:03, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robotmannick


text: Talk:Pepsi Max 400

title: Talk:Pepsi Max 400


text:
User:Khalid!

'''I am AGAINST the Hypocritical Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and belive the saudi monarchs should be overthrown and executed.

Barnstar awarded by Ya Ali to Khalid for so much work on Nahj al Balagha and other Islam related articles.

 {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#FFFF99" {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#FFFF99"
 * style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#FFFF00;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" | nl-4
 * style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | Deze gebruiker spreekt Nederlands naar moedertaalmaatstaven. |}
 * style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#FFFF00;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" | en-4
 * style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | This user speaks English at a near-native level. |}

QUIZ

 * Who Murderd Al Muhsin?
 * 'Who are the hypocrites'' mentioned in Nahj al Balagha by Imam Ali?
 * '''Who threathend to burn down the house of Lady of the Paradise Fatima Zahra?
 * '''Who injured Fatima Zahra?
 * '''Who's son ordered the killings of Imam Hussain and his companions?
 * Who were HE & SHE who fought Imam Ali at the Battle of Siffin? (bearing in mind that Imam Ali was part of the Ahl ul Bayt, and Prophet Muhammad said that ''whosoever fights the Ahl ul Bayt fights me)
 * '''Who did Fatima Zahra prohibit from attending her funeral?

Projects

 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Islam:The Muslim Guild
 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Islam:The Shia Guild
 * WikiProject Cricket

Contribution

 * Mainly Islam and Cricket related articles
 * Nahj al Balagha

title: User:Khalid!


text:
Talk:Planning Commission (India)

needs disambig page
search for "planning commission" dumps one to this article on India's Planning Commission. The search should send one to a generic article (if not one already, there should be) or a disambig page. There are probably articles on other jurisdictions' planning commissions. also, needed is an article on Planning Commission (New York City)--68.173.2.68 (talk) 12:06, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

 * See New York City Department of City Planning--DThomsen8 (talk) 12:14, 18 June 2016 (UTC)

Do not merge
Oppose - These articles should not be merged as they are two different bodies. The Planning Commission (India) article should stay intact and note that it has ceased to exist. The new NITI Aayog article should also continue to exist. It is not as though the Planning Commission has been renamed. It has been abolished. The new NITI Aayog has a very different mandate and charter. In the United States, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was replaced by the NASA in 1958. Both articles exist, as they should exist. Do not merge here either. --Hunnjazal (talk) 01:14, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

Aayog?
What does Aayog mean?--DThomsen8 (talk) 12:10, 18 June 2016 (UTC)
 * The term in Hindi for Committee/Commission. The Masked Man of Mega Might (talk) 15:05, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

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What does this mean?
Rudimentary economic planning, deriving from the sovereign authority of the state, was first initiated in India in 1938 by Congress President Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose,Atul Tiwari ,P Jawaharlal Nehru who had been persuaded by Meghnad Saha to set up a National Planning Committee — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.131.8.107 (talk) 06:02, 31 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Planning Commission (India)


text:
Samuel von Cocceji

Samuel Freiherr von Cocceji (pronounced kok-'tse-yi) (20 October 1679 – 4 October 1755) was a German official from the Electorate of the Palatinate who served Brandenburg-Prussia and the Kingdom of Prussia. He was the son of Heinrich von Cocceji.

Early life
Cocceji was born on 20 October 1679 in Heidelberg. Cocceji studied law with his father Heinrich von Cocceji, received his doctorate in 1699 and, embarked on a three-year educational trip through Italy, France, England and Holland.

Career
In 1702, after his European travels, he became a professor of law at Viadrina University in Frankfurt (Oder). By 1723 he was Kammergerichtspräsident (president of the Kammergericht) and from 19 September 1731 to 1737 he served as the president of the Oberappellationsgericht zu Berlin (Court of Appeal in Berlin), the highest court of Prussia.

In 1738 and 1739, Cocceji was chairman of the Prussian justice department, before he was made Großkanzler (grand chancellor) in 1747. King Frederick II of Prussia appointed Cocceji to lead the legal reorganization of annexed Silesia. Cocceji subsequently reformed the legal system of all of Prussia.

Personal life
Cocceji married Johanna Charlotte von Bechefer, daughter of the Prussian Lieutenant general Jakob von Bechefer. Together they had three daughters and three sons, including:

 * Sophia Susanna Charlotte von Cocceji (c. 1720–1794), who married Gen. Dubislav Friedrich von Platen
 * Karl Ludwig von Cocceji (1724–1808), who became senior district president of Glogau.
 * Johann Heinrich Friedrich von Cocceji (1726–c. 1799), who became a Prussian colonel and royal adjutant general.
 * Carl Friedrich Ernst von Cocceji (1728–1780), a general in the service of the last King of Poland, Stanislaus II
 * Luise von Cocceji, who never married and was maid of honor to Prussian Queen Elisabeth Christine.
 * Amalie Charlotte Henriette von Cocceji (1729–1757), who married Baron Mathieu II von Vernezobre-Laurieux (1721–1782).

Cocceji died on 4 October 1755.

title: Samuel von Cocceji


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Smoksha

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 07:50, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Smoksha
Neologism dicdef, 77 google hits. Thue | talk 15:07, 19 July 2005 (UTC) No idea why it has to be deleted!! Surely, there is more loose stuff on wikipedia??
 * Delete As above. KeithD 15:24, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Thue -Harmil 15:42, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * NN, D. ComCat 22:45, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pavel Vozenilek 00:22, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 07:49, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Smoksha


text:
Battle of Okpo

The Battle of Okpo was a military engagement which took place during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98), also known as the Imjin War. Korean commanders Yi Sun-sin and Won Gyun's fleet destroyed a group of anchored Japanese transport ships. It was the first naval battle of the Imjin War, and the first victory of Admiral Yi against the Japanese naval fleet of Todo Takatora. A day later, after destroying an additional 18 Japanese transport vessels in nearby waters, Yi Sun-sin and Won Gyun parted ways and returned to their home ports after receiving news of the fall of Hanseong. The Battle of Okpo caused anxiety and nervousness among the Japanese, because afterward Yi began to deploy his navy to attack Japanese supply and carrier vessels.

Yi's headquarters were at Yeosu, which is west of Namhae Island of the southern coast of Korea. The surrounding area of Okpo and Yeosu is dotted with numerous islands and narrow straits. It was in that area where many of the naval battles in which Yi defeated the Japanese took place.

Background
The Japanese invasion of Korea began with the arrival of 400 transports bearing 18,700 men under the command of Konishi Yukinaga on 23 May 1592 for the Siege of Busanjin. Over the next several weeks, the Japanese fleet ferried Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasion force of 158,000 men to the Busan area, and the Japanese armies had advanced rapidly northward, and had seized the Korean capital of Hanseong by 16 June. As the Japanese now prepared to advance further north, logistics became an issue, and Japanese transports began exploring further up the west coast of the Korean peninsula as it was not practical to carry large amounts of supplies overland given the rough terrain and poor state of the roads.

At the time of the invasion, the Korean naval forces were divided into regional commands. Panicking after the fall of Busan to the Japanese, Gyeongsang Left Navy Commander Bak Hong ordered his weapons and stores destroyed, and scuttled his fleet of 100 warships without giving combat. Likewise, after the fall of Dongnae, Gyeongsang Right Navy Commander Won Gyun attempted to withdraw his ships to Hansando but mistook a bunch of fishing ships for the Japanese fleet. He proceeded to destroy his weapons and stores, and to scuttle his fleet. He was dissuaded from deserting his command by his subordinates, by which time he had only four vessels remaining. Won Gyun called on Yi Sun-sin for assistance; however, as commander of the Cholla Left Navy, he was not allowed to leave his region without permission from his superiors. Yi also had a number of other reasons to delay. He needed to acquire charts of the rocky coastal waters of Gyeongsang Province for his fleet to navigate safely, and he was also uncertain of the discipline of the men under his command and was forced to execute deserters to set an example, including on 12 June, the day Hanseong fell to the Japanese. Yi Sun-sin had hoped to combine his forces with that of Cholla Right Navy Commander Yi Eokgi; however, when orders came from the capital, he was ordered to combine with the now non-existent forces of Wong Gyun instead. With Wong Gyun's remaining four vessels, Yi Sun-sin had 39 warships under his command (24 large panokseon and 15 smaller hyeupson) and 46 smaller open boats.

When Yi Sun-sin and Won Gyun arrived near Geojedo on 16 June, a scouting vessel alerted them to the presence of Japanese ships anchored at the port of Okpo.

Battle
Yi Sun-sin's fleet approached Okpo on 17 June. Yi's flagship was in the center of a line with the other heavy warships in the center and light vessels to the left and right, and Won Gyun lingering at the rear of the formation. When they entered the harbor they found more than 50 Japanese transport ships, mostly unmanned, and the crews looting in the village. Angered, Yi attacked. Due to smoke around Okpo, the Japanese did not notice the arrival of the Korean fleet until it was upon them. The Japanese panicked and quickly boarded their ships in an attempt to escape, but found they were surrounded and hemmed into the port. After encircling the Japanese, the Koreans then commenced firing with their cannons. Under order from Todo Takatora, the Japanese tried to fight back with their firearms but the arquebus, while effective on land, did little damage to the thick wooden hulls of the Korean warships. Yi Sun-sin proceeded to bombard the trapped Japanese transports with his cannon and fire arrows until the Japanese threw their weapons and armor overboard, abandoned ship, and jumped into the water. In total, 26 Japanese transports were destroyed during the bombardment.

Yi Sun-sin resisted the impulse to land his men and to pursue the surviving Japanese on the island, as the risk was great and such an action would leave his fleet undermanned and vulnerable. When a group of Yi Sun-sin's men seized a Japanese ship, Won Gyun's ships fired on them, mistaking them for enemies.

Aftermath
After the battle Yi Sun-sin immediately received news of five other Japanese ships within their vicinity and gave chase. The Japanese fled to Happo harbor and abandoned their ships, which Yi ordered to be burned.

Soon after sunrise on 17 June, Yi Sun-sin received news of another 13 Japanese ships nearby and on setting sail, found the Japanese transports at Jeokjinpo. As at Okpo, the Japanese were engaged in looting and burning the village. Admiral Yi was again saddened by the Japanese harassment of the Koreans and ordered his men to throw a heavy volley of arrows and cannonballs upon the Japanese. They destroyed 11 out of 13 ships. The Koreans then took the treasures from the Japanese wrecks and sailed back to Yeosu. Enraged by the looting and encouraged by the ease of their success, Yi Sun-sin and Won Gyun briefly considered continuing on to Busan to attack the main Japanese fleet. However, word came of the fall of Hanseong eight days before, and Yi Sun-sin and Won Gyun decided to part ways and return to their home ports. Yi Sun-sin arrived back at Yeosu on 18 June, from which he wrote a long report to the court.

Yi Sun-shin's view of the Japanese slaughtering and looting local towns made him very determined to protect the Korean people by preventing the Japanese ships from even landing on shore. Later, at the Battle of Sacheon, he first used his "secret weapon", the turtle ships, and defeated the Japanese again.

title: Battle of Okpo


text:
Talk:People's Court (Germany)

Translation of German version
Can somebody provide a good translation of the German version of this article? --Der Sporkmeister 15:07, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Page name

 * 16:22, 2 May 2006 Philip Baird Shearer m (moved Volksgerichtshof to People's Court (German): Use English)
 * 16:26, 2 May 2006 Philip Baird Shearer (replace Volksgerichtshof with People's Court)
 * 12:17, 25 May 2006 Philip Baird Shearer (Not a loan word)
 * 20:01, 2 June 2006 Kelisi m (moved People's Court (German) to Volksgerichtshof: It is most commonly known under this name, and not the English translation that makes it sound like Judge Wapner's TV tribunal.)
 * 23:25, 2 June 2006 Philip Baird Shearer m (moved Volksgerichtshof to People's Court (German): Policy WP:NC. Beevor uses it in, Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Page 74)

"Use English" See WP:NC. Kelisi, where do you get your information that "It is most commonly known [in English] under this name"?

What is the difference between the naming of this article and the naming of the Supreme People's Court (最高人民法院; pinyin: Zuìgāo Rénmín Fǎyuàn)? --Philip Baird Shearer 09:47, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Lubbe?
Lubbe is listed as having been sentenced to death by the court. The page for the Reichstag fire says: "the Leipzig Trial took place and was presided over by judges from the old German Imperial High Court, the Reichsgericht." Also, most of the people accused in this trial were found not guilty, which does not sound much like the workings of the people's court. -- 80.186.89.217 04:50, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Attribution
The section on the February 1945 bombing came from our article on Roland Freisler, but was inserted without cites. I have added cites from that article to this one, and have also used cites from the articles in German and French wikipedias on the court and Freisler. I have accepted the cites on good faith and have not reviewed the sources on which they are based with the exception of those available online. Kablammo (talk) 08:06, 25 August 2019 (UTC)

Direct cause of foundation
K.C.Lammers documents the direct reason of foundation of the Volksgericht in Goebbels TB 2/III, entry 9 Nov. ‘33. Specifically, Goebbels arguments against the communist leadership’s responsibility for the Reichstag fire were dismissed by the Reichsgericht judges, which he declared a reason to establish “a court protecting the German people”. 193.91.124.69 (talk) 19:44, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:People's Court (Germany)


text:
Call-progress tone

In telephony, call progress tones are audible tones that provide an indication of the status of a telephone call to the user. The tones are generated by a central office or a private branch exchange (PBX) to the calling party.

Telecommunication equipment such as fax machines and modems are designed to recognize certain tones, such as dial tone and busy tone.

The ITU-T E.180 and E.182 recommendations define the technical characteristics and intended usage of some of these tones. ToneScript is a tone description format that may be used to specify the tone. Many European systems follow the recommendations of ETSI, European Telecommunications Standards Institute

Types

 * Busy tone (or busy signal)
 * Comfort tone
 * Conference call tone
 * Confirmation tone
 * Congestion tone
 * Dial tone
 * Disconnect tone
 * End of three-party service tone (three-way calling)
 * Executive override tone
 * Holding tone
 * Preemption tone
 * Queue tone
 * Recall dial tone
 * Record tone
 * Recorder warning tone
 * Reorder tone
 * Ringing tone, audible ringing
 * Ring tone, power ringing
 * Second dial tone
 * Special dial tone
 * Special information tone (SIT)
 * Stutter dial tone (used as a message-waiting indicator)
 * Zip tone (or Call waiting tone)

Regional and national standards
National telephone systems define tones to indicate the status of lines, equipment, or the result of calls with special tones.

Such tones are generally standardized in each country, and may consist of single or multiple frequencies.

Most European countries have harmonised to a system of tones based on a single 425 Hz, while the United States uses a dual frequency system.

Exceptions exist, notably in private networks and on some VoIP equipment. In Europe, some countries maintain national exceptions based on established older standards and have not fully adopted ETSI recommendations.

The most notable exceptions are found in the U.K. (distinct system of tones see table below), Ireland (British style ringback tone), Italy (non continuous dial tone) and France (tone frequencies at 440Hz).

Outside of Europe and North America, tone plans vary from country to country but are usually similar enough to be easily recognised by end users calling from abroad and by automatic dialling equipment, such as fax machines and modems.

Many countries have adopted plans similar to those recommended by the ETSI, others have influences of North American or British standards, while some like Japan and Australia are unique to those countries.

In many cases, when calling from abroad, busy, reorder and other call failure tones may be played by the local switch. Modern signalling protocols like SS7 send this information digitally, thus only a ringback tone or announcement generated by a distant switch in a foreign network will ever be heard by callers from other countries or networks.

Mobile phones roaming on a foreign network will often be provided with a ringback tone from the network they are temporarily hosted on. So, for example, calling a US phone in Europe may return a European ringback tone or vice versa. Increasingly, networks may opt to play their own domestic tones instead, making roaming seamless. In this case the ringing state is sent by the host network and the tone is generated by the home network.

In some instances, the tones are entirely generated by the local network or even by the telephone itself, this is increasingly common on VoIP based services. In this case no distantly generated tones will be heard.

The use of signalling protocols rather than audible tones means that a voice channel to the distant switch is unnecessary unless a call is connected. This saves network bandwidth, switch capacity and is often more user friendly as it can provide local tones or even on-screen feedback to end users.

North American tones
The tone frequencies, as defined by the Precise Tone Plan, are selected such that harmonics and intermodulation products will not cause an unreliable signal. No frequency is a multiple of another, the difference between any two frequencies does not equal any of the frequencies, and the sum of any two frequencies does not equal any of the frequencies. The frequencies were initially designed with a ratio of 21/19, which is slightly less than a whole tone. The frequencies may not vary more than ±1.8% from their nominal frequency, or the switching center will ignore the signal. The high frequencies may be the same volume as – or louder than – the low frequencies when sent across the line. The loudness difference between the high and low frequencies can be as large as 3 decibels (dB) and is referred to as "twist." The duration of the tone should be at least 537 ms.

Australian tones
Supervisory tones in the Australian PSTN are defined in AS/CA S002, published by the Communications Alliance.

title: Call-progress tone


text:
User:Weichbrodt

Hi. My name is Jerry Weichbrodt. I'm an electrical engineer/programmer living in southeast Michigan, USA. I also happen to be totally blind. I enjoy the wonderful collaborative spirit of Wikipedia and hope to help as time permits. I'm particularly interested in blindness technology, radio and communications technology, oldtime radio, and the history of sound recording. I like writing in general and try to help with issues of grammar, tence, and the like in articles I stumble across.

Wikipedia is a wonderful resource. Thanks to all who have helped to keep making it better and better.

Posted 19 July, 2005.

title: User:Weichbrodt


text:
Talk:Elephant joke

Genre
elephant joke ? I've never herd of such a thing ;)

The examples in the articles do not convince me that an elephant joke genre exists, though obviously sometimes elephants appear in jokes.

I can't believe there's a wikipedia entry on this! I've a real feeling that we should hide this article because it's not up to the tusk. I mean task. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.30.221.102 (talk) 12:54, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Redirect?
I've expanded and cleaned up this article a bit, because there definitely is such a thing as an elephant joke genre. However, I notice it's also listed on the main Joke article, so this is basically redundant. Should it be a redirect or is this a useful page to have? --Ciaran H 17:12, September 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a useful page to have because if it didn't exist, some clown would add a section to the elephant article to collect elephant jokes. This happens on the Pirate article, over and over. -EDM 04:48, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Ciaran H. Besides the elephant joke in America has a history of at least several books and common variants of usage that intertwine with standard variants.  Now if I can figure out how the Pink Panther manages to hand the smart nano bottle to the Ardvark in such a way that the ant size elephant everyone is trying to capture emerges triumphant in a funny way ... then I can use Art of Illusion to animate the joke and put a link in this stub  .... may a thumbnail of hubble? ... to play the animation of the joke.  Fortunately the Pink Panther and the ants were usually silent (except for some good music) while the Ardvark usually grunted so the sound track for the audio clip should not be too bad.

 * (Above comment written by Lazyquasar 04:38, 1 November 2005 (UTC))
 * I didn't really state an opinion either way, so I'm not sure what you're agreeing with. Are you saying this is a useful page or that this should be merged? --Ciaran H 20:14, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry. 8) My mistake. I agree with EDM, that this is a useful page for color and a place for potential jokers to skirt the rules for their own purposes.  You might have noticed my example joke has some potential for ironic, sarcastic, satirical use in various types of political discussions involving pre-emptive scientific warfare.  Doesn't even matter if some stodgy person insists on deleting it away from casual public view as I can link to it in the history when I need to spring my carefully laid trap on my buddies and dear enemies playfully stalking me in the stacks.  In other words, somewhere nearby a shout of TROLL! may be heard.  I can simply follow Larry's advice instead of engaging in a donnybrook because the material is still available for linking to a discussion here at Wikipedia or elsewhere where debate, analsyis, testing, scoring may be underway.  So I think you are both right from my parochial viewpoint. 8) user:lazyquasar

Typo
There is a typo in the joke about the elephant and the plum. It asks for the difference, but answers with how they are alike. I'm going to change it, just giving everyone the heads up.--TriPredRavage 22:56, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Encyclopedic?
Hi! Seeing pirate joke go by in recent changes, it struck me as a potential candidate for an AfD nomination or a merge. They seem okay with that, but pointed out elephant joke as similar. To be fair, I feel like I'd have to do both or neither. Is there something I'm missing about the encyclopedic value of this? I'm aware of other joke genres from lightbulb jokes to the dozens to The Aristocrats, but I've never heard of this one, and the article doesn't establish notability. --William Pietri 07:26, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * There's absolutely no question that elephant jokes are an established joke genre, at least among American 9-year-olds. I would say (no source though) that the genre is just about as well-known as lightbulb jokes. No opinion on whether the subject is encyclopedic though. -EDM 14:57, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll check with my pre-teen correspondents about this. Any particular area of the US? Meanwhile, could you say more about what distinguishes an elephant joke as a genre? Saying it's merely any joke that involve elephants doesn't seem to do it. For example, I know of no "chicken joke" genre that happens to include all jokes mentioning a chicken. There is of course a why-did-the-chicken-cross-the-road genre, and I'm hoping there's something similar here. --William Pietri 15:43, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * At the risk of running afoul of the No Original Research and Unverifiability Wikitaboos, all I can say is that I recollect hours of mindless amusement as a 9 or 10 year old telling elephant jokes, and that I had joke books that had chapters devoted to elephant jokes. The distinguishing feature of the genre is that it involves something that would make sense for a normal-sized object but ignores the size aspect when applied to an elephant. The humor derives from the resulting absurdity.  E.g. Q. How do you hide an elephant in a strawberry patch? A. Paint his toenails red.  For what it's worth, I grew up in Southern California. -EDM 16:43, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm... Are these usually told in a series? I note that the Wikibooks Jokebook lists them as a series joke and I'm wondering if that's another property that distinguishes the elephant joke from a joke with elephants. --William Pietri 19:00, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * There is definitely an elephant joke genre; my mother introduced me to them (her family was from the south/Texas, if regionality is a question). I even had a book of them once. Elephant jokes are my favorite and I was thrilled to find an encyclopedia page on them because I was trying to find just this information. Thank God for Wikipedia. Summer Born (talk) 12:29, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Riddles?
I noticed that almost every reference in this article isn't to a true joke, but to a riddle. Should this be called Elephant Riddle? Anyway, I'm adding a very famous elephant joke by Groucho Marx. Binky The WonderSkull 04:21, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Riddles are usually supposed to make sense, and test your brain. They aren't necessarily funny, and can be figured out.  These jokes make no sense, and are intended to be funny (but usually aren't). Malamockq 16:06, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Someone should add the new elephant joke by Colbert to this page.

Groucho Marx
I've removed the following:
 * One of the most famous elephant jokes was told by Groucho Marx when he portrayed the supposed African explorer and game hunter Captain Spaulding in the Marx Brothers' movie "Animal Crackers." The American Film Institute listed it as one of the 100 Greatest Movie Quotes of All Time :
 * One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got in my pajamas, I don’t know.

for the simple reason that it isn't an elephant joke as described by this article, and is not discussed as such in any source that I can find. Discussion of this line belongs in Animal Crackers (film). Uncle G 16:11, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

It was added again today, and reverted by me. Note that though the Groucho joke involves an elephant it is not in riddle form, so it's by no means an "elephant joke" as described in this article. --Wfaxon 15:19, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

I agree with Uncle G, and added the reference to that article. I also understand the point made by Wfaxon. So I've added a paragraph to the history section that refers to precursors to the elephant joke. I hope this satisfies your concerns, and provides a bit of background to elephant humor that came before the modern form. Thanks for your comments! Binky The WonderSkull 16:15, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

How do you get two whales into a Mini?
Surely this should be: "How do you get two whales in a Mini?" "In" is often understood to mean "into", even more so in this sequence of references to loading up a Mini with various large animals. Using "into" explicitly here hurts the punchline. --Wfaxon 23:21, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * My error. The book actually does say "in", not "into". Uncle G 01:42, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Asimov
Isaac Asimov's introduction into this article is sudden and jarring, not to mention completely out of place.

His name is inserted into the article without any explanation of why he might be relevant to the subject of elephant jokes (except that he made a comment on them), or even any indication of who he actually is. He's only mentioned by last name, and his name does not link to his Wikipedia page.

Moreover, he is an author, not any kind of expert in either jokes or elephants. If his place in the article is to be maintained, there ought to be a reason for it other than a few comments he made on elephant jokes. I fail to see how those comments are relevant to the history of elephant jokes.

I'll wait a few days before I do anything on the off chance that someone decides to make a case for keeping the Asimov section, but after that I plan to remove it in its entirety.

--Mediocre (talk) 05:54, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I shall put it back if you do. Your lack of understanding appears to be caused by your not actually looking at the sources cited, or even the citations.  When you do, you'll find that not only did Asimov, known as a humourist, write a book dealing with this and other types of jokes, but that his name does link to the article about him.  I find it surprising, moreover, that someone can fail to see how a description of what particular classes of people tell elephant jokes is relevant to an article about elephant jokes.  Uncle G 16:15, 30 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I refined the language in the section about Asimov, but I'm not sure it belongs in that section, or if his joke is even a true elephant joke. It seems more like a political joke that plays on the existence of elephant jokes. ("Oh, haha, you thought this was an elephant joke? But actually it's a play on the word "elephant" as in elephant in the room!") I don't think it's in the right section, but I'm not sure there's any other part of the article where it fits either. Cyanurea (talk) 20:23, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

Somewhat related: I notice that Rithcie, Oring and Gruner are almost exclusively referred to by their last names only, and are introduced that way as well. An attempt should me made to remedy this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.144.81.244 (talk) 04:09, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

The Wikipedia elephant issue
The elephant article on Wikipedia should be mentioned here, considering that both registered and non-registered users are making it say that the population has tripled. This would include You-Know-Who in the topic. Footballfan190 (talk) 00:21, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Noddy
The "Noddy" joke is sufficiently obscure that either another joke from the album should be used or the whole reference removed. --72.70.12.34 (talk) 11:44, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * BAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAW YOU'RE JUST SAYING THAT BECAUSE YOU DON'T THINK EUROPEANS MATTER, YOU FILTHY AMERICAN!!!!!!!! Yeah, no, you're right, that's pretty damn obscure. 74.94.21.101 (talk) 02:00, 28 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I've decided to be bold and remove the Noddy reference. This minor reference in the middle of the article detracts from its flow. --96.233.84.118 (talk) 10:13, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

Gong Show
I have a book, given to me by my father, that he bought in the 1960s called 101 Elephant Jokes. Every elephant joke the Gong Show contestant told came from that book, almost word for word. I remember seeing this on syndication many years ago and knowing all the answers to the jokes before he gave the answers. Primium mobile (talk) 18:34, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elephant joke


text:
Claveria

Claveria is the name of three municipalities in the Philippines named after Narciso Clavería, the Spanish Governor-General of the country from 1844 to 1849.

 * Claveria, Cagayan
 * Claveria, Masbate
 * Claveria, Misamis Oriental

title: Claveria


text:
St Paul Island

Saint Paul Island can refer to:

 * Île Saint-Paul, a small island in the French Southern Territories
 * Saint Paul Island (Alaska), United States
 * St. Paul Island (Nova Scotia), Canada
 * Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Brazil
 * St Paul's Island, Malta
 * Nuns' Island, originally Île Saint-Paul, part of Montreal city, Canada

title: St Paul Island


text:
St. Jakob-Park

St. Jakob-Park is a Swiss sports stadium in Basel. It is the largest football venue in Switzerland and home to FC Basel. "Joggeli", as the venue is nicknamed by the locals, was originally built with a capacity of 33,433 seats. The capacity was increased to 42,500 for Euro 2008, which was hosted by Austria and Switzerland. After the tournament, a number of seats were removed, thus creating more space between them. The capacity was therefore reduced to 38,512 for Swiss Super League matches or 37,500 seats for international matches The maximum capacity for concerts is 40,000.

The stadium is named after the village of St. Jakob an der Birs, which stood on the site. The name "Joggeli" is the diminutive of "Jakob" in the local dialect, making it the equivalent of "Jake".

Overview
The stadium is divided into four main blocks, A, B, C and D, each block covering one side of the stadium, and block G, consisting of the upper balcony added later. St. Jakob Park is a fairly modern stadium; construction started on 13 December 1998, replacing the former St. Jakob Stadium. The re-opening game took place 15 March 2001.

The "Genossenschaft S.J.P" officially owns the stadium, while the stadium itself is managed by "Basel United". The stadium cost around CHF 220 million to build (US$132 million, €143 million in March 2001 ).

Within the stadium, there are 32 shops on three different floors, as well as two restaurants (the "Restaurant UNO" and "Hattrick Sports Bar"). It has parking spaces for 680 cars on two different floors.

The stadium can be reached either by bus, tram or train (the stadium has its own train station).

The stadium has been awarded 4 stars by UEFA, which is the highest number of stars that can be awarded to a stadium of that size.

In 2006, there was a riot after a match between FC Basel and FC Zürich. See 2006 Basel Hooligan Incident for more details.

UEFA Euro 2008
For UEFA Euro 2008, St. Jakob Park hosted six games – three group games involving Switzerland (including the opening match), two quarter-finals, and one semi-final. Torrential rain during the 11 June match left the pitch in such a poor state that the entire grass surface was re-laid, the first time such a decision was made at a tournament of this size.

UEFA Europa League Final 2016
The stadium hosted the 2016 final of the Europa League. Sevilla beat Liverpool 3–1.

This was the first European club final hosted at the stadium, although the previous stadium of the same name, the St. Jakob Stadium, which opened in 1954 for the 1954 FIFA World Cup and closed in 1998, hosted four European Cup Winners' Cup finals in 1969, 1975, 1979 and 1984.

UEFA Women's Euro 2025
For UEFA Women's Euro 2025, St. Jakob Park will host five games – three group games (including Switzerland in the opening match), one quarter-final, and the final.

Concerts

 * AC/DC performed as the first act at the stadium on July 6, 2001, as part of their Stiff Upper Lip tour.
 * Metallica also performed at the venue on July 4, 2014, as part of their By Request tour.

title: St. Jakob-Park


text:
Emil Brunner

Heinrich Emil Brunner (1889–1966) was a Swiss Reformed theologian. Along with Karl Barth, he is commonly associated with neo-orthodoxy or the dialectical theology movement.

Biography
Brunner was born on 23 December 1889 in Winterthur, in the Swiss canton of Zürich.

He studied at the universities of Zurich and Berlin, receiving his doctorate in theology from Zurich in 1913, with a dissertation on The Symbolic Element in Religious Knowledge. Brunner served as pastor from 1916 to 1924 in the mountain village of Obstalden in the Swiss canton of Glarus. In 1919–1920 he spent a year in the United States studying at Union Theological Seminary in New York.

In 1921, Brunner published his Habilitationsschrift (a post-doctoral dissertation traditionally required in many countries in order to attain the position of a fully tenured professor) on Experience, Knowledge and Faith and in 1922 was appointed a Privatdozent at the University of Zurich. Soon after, another book followed: Mysticism and the Word (1924), a critique of the liberal theology of Friedrich Schleiermacher. In 1924 Brunner was appointed Professor of Systematic and Practical Theology at the University of Zurich, a post which he held until his retirement in 1953. In 1927 he published The Philosophy of Religion from the Standpoint of Protestant Theology and second The Mediator.

After accepting various invitations to deliver lectures across Europe and the United States, in 1930 Brunner published God and Man  and in 1932 The Divine Imperative. Brunner continued his theological output with Man in Revolt and Truth as Encounter in 1937. In the same year, he was a substantial contributor to the World Conference on Church, Community, and State in Oxford, a position which was reflected in his continued involvement in the ecumenical movement. In 1937–1938 he returned to the United States for a year as a visiting professor at Princeton Theological Seminary.

Brunner's ecclesiastical positions varied at differing points in his career. Before the outbreak of the war, Brunner returned to Europe with the young Scottish theologian Thomas F. Torrance who had studied under Karl Barth in Basel and who had been teaching at Auburn Theological Seminary, New York (and who would subsequently go on to distinguish himself as a professor at the University of Edinburgh). Following the war, Brunner delivered the prestigious Gifford Lectures at the University of St Andrews, Scotland, in 1946–1947 on Christianity and Civilisation. In 1953 he retired from his post at the University of Zurich and took up the position of Visiting Professor at the recently founded International Christian University in Tokyo, Japan (1953–1955), but not before the publication of the first two volumes of his three-volume magnum opus Dogmatics (volume one: The Christian Doctrine of God [1946], volume two: The Christian Doctrine of Creation and Redemption [1950], and volume three: The Christian Doctrine of the Church, Faith, and Consummation [1960]). While returning to Europe from Japan, Brunner suffered a cerebral haemorrhage and was physically impaired, weakening his ability to work. Though there were times when his condition would improve, he suffered further strokes, finally dying on 6 April 1966 in Zürich.

Brunner holds a place of prominence in Protestant theology in the 20th century and was one of the four or five leading systematicians.

Theology
Brunner rejected liberal theology's portrait of Jesus as merely a highly respected human being. Instead, Brunner insisted that Jesus was God incarnate and central to salvation.

Some claim that Brunner also attempted to find a middle position within the ongoing Arminian and Calvinist debate, stating that Christ stood between God's sovereign approach to mankind and free human acceptance of God's gift of salvation. However, Brunner was a Protestant theologian from German-speaking Europe (a heritage which did not lay nearly as much weight on the Calvinist–Arminian controversy as Dutch- or English-speaking theology). Thus, it may be more accurate to describe his viewpoint as a melding of Lutheran and Reformed perspectives of soteriology; the Lutheran accent, in particular, was dominant in Brunner's affirmation of single predestination over against both the double predestination of Calvin and the liberal insistence on universal salvation, a view he charged Barth with holding.

In any event, Brunner and his compatriots in the neo-orthodox movement rejected in toto Pelagian concepts of human cooperation with God in the act of salvation, which were prominent in other humanist conceptions of Christianity in the late 19th century. Instead, they embraced Augustine of Hippo's views, especially as refracted through Martin Luther.

Although Brunner re-emphasized the centrality of Christ, evangelical and fundamentalist theologians, mainly those from America and Great Britain, have usually rejected Brunner's other teachings, including his dismissal of certain miraculous elements within the scriptures and his questioning of the usefulness of the doctrine of plenary verbal inspiration of the Bible. This is in accord with the treatment that conservatives have afforded others in the movement such as Barth and Paul Tillich; most conservatives have viewed neo-orthodox theology as simply a more moderate form of liberalism, rejecting its claims as a legitimate expression of the Protestant tradition.

Relationship with Karl Barth
Brunner was considered to be the chief proponent of the new theology long before Barth's name was known in America, as his books had been translated into English much earlier. He has been considered by many to be the minor partner in the uneasy relationship. Brunner once acknowledged that the only theological genius of the 20th century was Barth.

Selected works in English

 * The Mediator, (translated by Olive Wyon; The Lutterworth Press 1934, reprinted Cambridge 2003)
 * Our Faith (1936)
 * The Divine Imperative (1st German edition 1932; English translation 1937 and 1941)
 * Man in Revolt. A Christian Anthropology (1st German edition 1937; English translation 1939 and 1941)
 * Revelation and Reason. The Christian Doctrine of Faith and Knowledge, (1st German edition 1941, English translation 1946)
 * Christianity and Civilisation (1949) Gifford Lectures Delivered at the University of St Andrews, James Clarke & Co, reprinted Cambridge 2009
 * Dogmatics. Volume I: The Christian Doctrine of God, (1950) reprinted James Clarke & Co, reprinted Cambridge 2003
 * Dogmatics. Volume II: The Christian Doctrine of Creation and Redemption, (1952) reprinted James Clarke & Co, Cambridge 2003
 * Dogmatics. Volume III: The Christian Doctrine of the Church, Faith and the Consummation, (1950) reprinted James Clarke & Co, Cambridge 2003
 * Eternal Hope (1954)
 * The Great Invitation Zurich Sermons, (1955) The Lutterworth Press, Cambridge 2003
 * I Believe in the Living God. Sermons on the Apostles' Creed, (1961) reprinted The Lutterworth Press, Cambridge 2004
 * Justice and Social Order, The Lutterworth Press, Cambridge 2003
 * The Letter to the Romans, The Lutterworth Press, Cambridge 2003
 * The Misunderstanding of the Church, The Lutterworth Press, Cambridge 2003

title: Emil Brunner


text:
Bertold of Regensburg

Bertold of Regensburg (c. 1210 – 14 December 1272), also known as Berthold of Ratisbon was a German preacher during the high Middle Ages.

Life
He was a native of Regensburg, and entered the Franciscan monastery there.

He was a member of the Franciscan community founded at Regensburg in 1226. His novitiate was passed under the guidance of David of Augsburg; and by 1246 he is found in a position of responsibility. By 1250 at the latest, he had begun his career as an itinerant preacher, first in Bavaria, where he endeavored to bring Duke Otto II back to obedience to the church. He then appears farther westward, at Speyer in 1254 and 1255, afterwards passing through Alsace into Switzerland. In the following years the cantons of Aargau, Thurgau, Konstanz, and Grisons, with the upper Rhine country, were the principal scenes of his activity. In 1260 he went farther afield, traversing after that date Austria, Moravia, Hungary, Silesia, Thuringia, and possibly Bohemia, reaching his Slavonic audiences through an interpreter. Some of his journeys in the East were probably in the interest of the crusade, the preaching of which was specially entrusted to him by Pope Urban IV in 1263.He died in Regensburg on 13 December 1272.

Work
The mixed character of his audiences led him to make his appeal as wide and general as possible. He avoids subtle theological questions, and advises the laity not to pry into the divine mysteries, but to leave them to the clergy, and content themselves with the credo. The weighty political occurrences of the time are also left untouched. But everything that affects the average man – his joys and his sorrows, his superstitions and his prejudices – is handled with intimate knowledge and with a careful clearness of arrangement easy for the most ignorant to follow. While exhorting all to be content with their station in life, he denounces oppressive taxes, unjust judges, usury, and dishonest trade. Jews and heretics are to be abhorred, and players who draw people's minds away to worldly pleasure; dances and tournaments are also condemned, and he has a word of blame for the women's vanity and proneness to gossip. He is never dry, always vivid and graphic, mingling with his exhortations a variety of anecdotes, jests, and the wild etymologies of the Middle Ages, making extensive use of the allegorical interpretation of the Old Testament and of his strong feeling for nature.

His German sermons, of which seventy-one have been preserved, are among the most powerful in the language, and form the chief monuments of Middle High German prose. His style is clear, direct and remarkably free from cumbrous Latin constructions; he employed, whenever he could, the pithy and homely sayings of the peasants, and is not reluctant to point his moral with a rough humour. As a thinker, he shows little sympathy with that strain of medieval mysticism which is to be observed in all the poetry of his contemporaries.

Reception
The German historians, from Berthold's contemporary, Abbot Hermann of Niederaltaich, down to the middle of the sixteenth century, speak in the most glowing terms of the force of his personality and the effect of his preaching, which is said to have attracted almost incredible numbers, so that the churches could not hold them; and he was forced to speak from a platform or a tree in the open air. The gifts of prophecy and miracles were soon attributed to him, and his fame spread from Italy to England. He must have been a preacher of great talents and success.

title: Bertold of Regensburg


text:
Taro (river)

The Taro (Latin Tarus) is a river in Emilia-Romagna, in northern Italy. It is a tributary of the Po and is 126 km long. It flows almost entirely in the province of Parma, west of the city Parma. The Taro flows into the Po near Gramignazzo, a frazione of the comune of Sissa, north of Parma.

The Val di Taro, or Taro valley, the drainage basin of the river, occupies an area of 2026 km2. The principal affluents of the Taro are the Ceno, Recchio and Stirone; others are the Gotra and Tarodine. Both the Taro and the Ceno rise on Monte Penna, elevation 1735 m, in the Apennine Mountains on the border between the provinces of Genoa and Parma.

The river shows strong seasonal variability. In summer it can easily dry, while in rainy periods it can reach a discharge of 1000 m3/s: this value can double on rare occasions, known piene centennali, "centennial floods", such as that of November 9, 1982.

The Val di Taro was of strategic importance during the Middle Ages, as it was traversed by the Via Francigena, the pilgrim route and main connection between Rome and France in that era.

About 20 km of the river course between Fornovo di Taro and Ponte Taro constitutes the protected area of the Parco fluviale Regionale del Taro, the Taro regional natural park. The area of the park includes the river bed itself, with numerous islets of sand and gravel and wetland areas, and surrounding areas of woodland, scrub and cultivated soil; it has a wide variety of vegetation and fauna.

Following the French conquest of Italy in the Napoleonic Wars, the river gave its name to a département, the Département du Taro.

title: Taro (river)


text:
Bayamo

Bayamo is the capital city of the Granma Province of Cuba and one of the largest cities in the Oriente region.

Overview
The community of Bayamo lies on a plain by the Bayamo River. It is affected by the violent Bayamo wind.

One of the most important education institutions in the province is the University of Granma.

History
Established in 1513, Bayamo was the second of seven cities founded by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar. Francisco Iznaga, a Basque landowner in the western portion of Cuba during the first 30 years of the colonization of Cuba, was elected mayor in 1540. Iznaga was the originator of a powerful lineage that finally settled in Trinidad, where the Torre Iznaga (Iznaga Tower) is. His descendants fought for the independence of Cuba, from 1820 to 1900.

During much of the 16th century it was one of the most important agricultural and commercial settlements of the island. Its inland situation gave it relative security against the pirates who infested West Indian seas, and the misfortunes of Santiago were the fortunes of Bayamo. Down the Cauto River, then open to the sea for vessels of 200 tons, and through Manzanillo, Bayamo drove a thriving contraband trade that made it the leading town of Cuba at the opening of the 17th century.

A tremendous flood, in 1616, choked the Cauto with trees and wrecked vessels, cutting it off from direct access to the sea; but through Manzanillo it continued a great clandestine traffic with Curaçao, Jamaica, and other foreign islands throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Bayamo was then surrounded by fine plantations.

In 1827 it acquired the status of city. In the war of 1868–1878 it was an insurgent stronghold. One of the most desperate conflicts of the war was fought nearby, and it was nearly destroyed by the opposing parties.

Demographics
In 2022, the municipality of Bayamo had a population of 236,826. With a total area of 918 km2, it has a population density of 242.0 /km2. The urban population was 169,209.

Transportation
Bayamo is an under-recognized world leader in sustainable transportation. Per a UN study only about 15% of commuters rely on motorized transport and almost three times as many (39%) rely on about 500 licensed horse-drawn carriages generally following fixed routes. The rest of the non-pedestrian traffic is bicycle and bicycle taxi.

Carlos Manuel de Céspedes Airport satisfies the city's commercial aviation needs; it has had service to Havana on Cubana Airlines.

Notable residents

 * Francisco Vicente Aguilera (1821–1877), revolutionary
 * Ricardo Villaverde (1908–1999), surgeon and businessman
 * Conrado Roblejo Aguilera (born 1966), doctor
 * José Antonio Cedeño (born 1939), artist
 * Carlos Manuel de Céspedes (1819–1874), revolutionary
 * Perucho Figueredo (1818–1870), composer of the Cuban national anthem
 * Pablo Milanés (1943–2022), singer
 * Tomás Estrada Palma (1832–1908), first president of Cuba
 * Felo Ramírez (1923–2017), radio presenter
 * Rolando Uríos (born 1971), handball player
 * Alexis Pantoja Perez (born 1969), painter
 * Sigmund Sobolewski (1923–2017), Polish Holocaust survivor
 * Sergio Pérez Barrero (Born 1953), Psychiatrist.

title: Bayamo