text:
Italian Liberal Party

The Italian Liberal Party (Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI) was a liberal political party in Italy.

The PLI, which was heir to the liberal currents of both the Historical Right and the Historical Left, was a minor party after World War II, but also a frequent junior party in government, especially after 1979. It originally represented the right-wing of the Italian liberal movement, while the Italian Republican Party the left-wing. The PLI disintegrated in 1994 following the fallout of the Tangentopoli corruption scandal and was succeeded by several minor parties. The party's most influential leaders were Giovanni Giolitti, Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Malagodi.

Origins
The origins of liberalism in Italy are with the Historical Right, a parliamentary group formed by Camillo Benso di Cavour in the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia, following the 1848 revolution. The group was moderately conservative and supported centralised government, restricted suffrage, regressive taxation, and free trade. They dominated Italian politics following the country's unification in 1861, but never formed a party. The Liberals were indeed a loose coalition of local leaders, whose sources of strength were census suffrage and the first-past-the-post voting system.

The Right was opposed by its more progressive counterpart, the Historical Left, which overthrew Marco Minghetti's government during the so-called "parliamentary revolution" of 1876, which brought Agostino Depretis to become Prime Minister. However, Depretis immediately began to look for support among Rightists MPs, who readily changed their positions, in a context of widespread corruption. This phenomenon, known in Italian as trasformismo (roughly translatable in English as "transformism" — in a satirical newspaper, the PM was depicted as a chameleon), effectively removed political differences in Parliament, which was dominated by an undistinguished liberal bloc with a landslide majority until World War I.

Two liberal parliamentary factions alternated in government, a conservative one led by Sidney Sonnino and a progressive one led by Giovanni Giolitti, who started as a member of the Historical Left and served as Prime Minister in 1982–1983, 1903–1905, 1906–1909, 1911–1914 and 1920–1921. Giolitti, whose faction was by far the largest, sought to unify the liberal establishment into a united party, the Liberal Union, in 1913, also with the participation of Sonnino. The Liberals governed in alliance with the Radicals, the Democrats and, eventually, the Reformist Socialists.

The brief party
At the end of World War I, universal suffrage and proportional representation were introduced. These reforms caused big problems to the Liberals, who found themselves unable to stop the rise of two mass parties, the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and the Italian People's Party (PPI), which had taken the control of many local authorities in northern Italy even before the war. Through the Christian-democratic PPI, Catholics, who were long inactive due to the trauma of the capture of Rome and the struggles between the Holy See and the Italian state, started to be involved in politics, in opposition to both the PSI and the liberal establishment, which had governed the country for virtually sixty years.

The Parliament was thus fundamentally divided in three different blocs and fragmentation brought about instability, with the Socialists and the rising Fascist instigators of political violence on opposite sides. In this chaotic situation, in 1922 the Liberals re-grouped within the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), which immediately joined an alliance led by the National Fascist Party and formed with it a joint list for the 1924 general election, transforming the Fascists from a small political force into an absolute-majority party. The PLI, which failed to subdue the Fascists, was banned by Benito Mussolini in 1926, along with all the other parties, while many old Liberal politicians were given prestigious, but not influential, political posts, such as seats in the Senate, which was stripped of any real power by the Fascist reforms.

Post World War II
The PLI was re-established in 1943 by Benedetto Croce, a prominent intellectual and senator, whose international recognition and parliamentary membership allowed him to remain a free man during the Fascist regime, despite being an anti-fascist himself, and joined the National Liberation Committee. After the end of World War II, Enrico De Nicola, a Liberal, became "provisional Head of State" and another one, Luigi Einaudi, who as Minister of Economy and Governor of the Bank of Italy between 1945 and 1948 had reshaped Italian economy, succeeded him as President of Italy.

In the 1946 general election the PLI, as part of the National Democratic Union, won 6.8% of the vote, which was somewhat below expectations for a coalition representing the pre-Fascist political establishment. Indeed, the Union was supported by all the survivors of the Italian political class before the rise of Fascism, from Vittorio Emanuele Orlando to Radical Francesco Saverio Nitti. In its first years, the PLI was home to very different ideological factions and, for instance, it was successively led by Leone Cattani, a representative of the internal left, and then by Roberto Lucifero, a monarchist-conservative. In 1948 Bruno Villabruna, a moderate, was elected secretary and sought to re-unite all the Liberals under the party (also Cattani, who had left the party after Lucifero's election, returned into the fold).

Giovanni Malagodi
In Giovanni Malagodi the PLI found a consequential leader. Under his 18 years at the head, Malagodi moved the party further to the right on economic issues. This caused in 1956 the exit of the party's left-wing, including Cattani, Villabruna, Eugenio Scalfari and Marco Pannella, who established the Radical Party. In particular, the PLI opposed the new centre-left coalition which also included the Italian Socialist Party, and presented itself as the main conservative party in Italy.

Malagodi managed to draw some votes from the Italian Social Movement, the Monarchist National Party and especially Christian Democracy, whose electoral base was mainly composed of conservatives suspicious of the Socialists, increasing the party's share to a historical record of 7.0% in the 1963 general election. After Malagodi's resignation from the party's leadership, the PLI was defeated with a humiliating 1.3% in the 1976 general election, but tried to re-gain strength by repositioning in the political centre and supporting social reforms supported by the Radicals, such as divorce.

The Pentapartito
After Valerio Zanone took over as party secretary in 1976, the PLI adopted a more centrist and, to some extent, social-liberal approach. The new secretary opened to the Socialists, hoping to put in action a sort of "lib–lab" cooperation, similar to the Lib–Lab pact experimented in the United Kingdom from 1977 to 1979 between the Labour Party and the Liberals. In 1983 the PLI finally joined the Pentapartito coalition composed also of the Christian Democracy (DC), the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) and the Italian Republican Party (PRI). In the 1980s the party was led by Renato Altissimo and Alfredo Biondi.

In 1992–1994 the Italian party system was shaken by the uncovering of the corruption system nicknamed Tangentopoli by the Mani pulite investigation. In the first months, the PLI seemed immune to investigation. However, as the investigations further unravelled, the party turned out to be part of the corruption scheme, along with its coalition partners. Francesco De Lorenzo, the Liberal Minister of Health, was one of the most loathed politicians in Italy for his corruption, that involved stealing funds from the sick and allowing commercialisation of medicines based on bribes.

Dissolution and diaspora
The party was disbanded on 6 February 1994 and at least four heirs tried to take its legacy:
 * the Federation of Liberals (FdL), led by Raffaello Morelli and Valerio Zanone, the official successor party, first joined the Patto Segni, then The Olive Tree;
 * the Union of the Centre (UdC), led by Alfredo Biondi, Raffaele Costa and Enrico Nan, was an associate party of Forza Italia (FI) and was merged into it in 1998 (other Liberals, including Antonio Martino, Giuliano Urbani, Giancarlo Galan and Paolo Romani, directly joined FI);
 * the Liberal Left (SL) of Gianfranco Passalacqua, representing the party's left-wingers, was finally merged into the Democrats of the Left in 2006;
 * the Italian Liberal Right (DLI), led by Gabriele Pagliuzzi and Giuseppe Basini, joined National Alliance (AN).

In a few years after 1994, most Liberals migrated to FI, while others joined the centre-left coalition, especially Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL).

Re-foundation
The party was re-founded in 1997 by Stefano De Luca and re-took its original name in 2004. The new PLI gathered some of the former right-wing Liberals, but soon distanced itself from the centre-right coalition, led by FI, to follow an autonomous path and try to unite all the Liberals, from left to right, in a single party.

Ideology, position, factions
The party's ideological tradition was liberalism,   including different variants and factions. Indeed, as the party was at times the bulwark of secular conservatism and monarchism, it has been variously described as classical-liberal, conservative-liberal, liberist (meaning economically liberal and/or right-libertarian), liberal-conservative, and conservative. The party's political position has been usually described as centre-right and to the right of Christian Democracy, but sometimes also centrist. The party always included more progressive factions, chiefly including the one that broke away to form the Radical Party in 1956, and, under the leadership of Valerio Zanone, it arguably became a centre-left party: while under Giovanni Malagodi the PLI refused any cooperation with the Italian Socialist Party, under Zanone and the "lib-lab" pact the party became a close ally of the Socialists. Additionally it held laicist positions more similar to the other two centrist parties in the Pentapartito, Italian Republican Party and Italian Democratic Socialist Party.

Popular support
Before World Wars the Liberals constituted the political establishment that governed Italy for decades. They had their main bases in Piedmont, where many leading liberal politicians of the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Italy came from, and southern Italy. The Liberals never gained large support after World War II as they were not able to become a mass party and were replaced by Christian Democracy (DC) as the dominant political force. In the 1946 general election, the first after the war, the PLI gained 6.8% as part of the National Democratic Union. At that time they were strong especially in the South, as DC was mainly rooted in the North: 21.0% in Campania, 22.8% in Basilicata, 10.4% in Apulia, 12.8% in Calabria and 13.6% in Sicily.

However, the party soon found its main constituency in the industrial elites of the "industrial triangle" formed by the metropolitan areas of Turin, Milan and Genoa. The PLI had its best results in the 1960s, when it was rewarded by conservative voters for its opposition to the participation of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) in government. The party won 7.0% of the vote in 1963 (15.2% in Turin, 18.7% in Milan and 11.5% in Genoa) and 5.8% in 1968. The PLI suffered a decline in the 1970s and settled around 2–3% in the 1980s, when its strongholds were reduced to Piedmont, especially the provinces of Turin and Cuneo, and, to a minor extent, western Lombardy, Liguria and Sicily. By the end of the 1980s, similarly to the other parties of the Pentapartito coalition (Christian Democrats, Socialists, Republicans and Democratic Socialists), the Liberals strengthened their grip on the South, while in the North they lost some of their residual votes to Lega Nord. In the 1992 general election, the last before the Tangentopoli scandals, the PLI won 2.9% of the vote, largely thanks to the increase of votes from the South. After the end of the "First Republic" former Liberals were very influential within Forza Italia (FI) in Piedmont, Liguria and, strangely enough, in Veneto, where a former Liberal, Giancarlo Galan, was three times elected president.

The electoral results of the PLI in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections since 1913 are shown in the chart below.

Leadership

 * Secretary: Alberto Giovannini (1922–1924), Quintino Piras (1924–1926), Giovanni Cassandro (1944), Manlio Brosio (1944–1945), Leone Cattani (1945–1946), Giovanni Cassandro (1946–1947), Roberto Lucifero (1947–1948), Bruno Villabruna (1948–1954), Alessandro Leone di Tavagnasco (1954), Giovanni Malagodi (1954–1972), Agostino Bignardi (1972–1976), Valerio Zanone (1976–1985), Alfredo Biondi (1985–1986), Renato Altissimo (1986–1993), Raffaele Costa (1993–1994)
 * President: Emilio Borzino (1922–1925), Benedetto Croce (1944–1947), Raffaele De Caro (1947–1961), Gaetano Martino (1961–1967), Vittorio Badini Confalonieri (1967–1972), Giovanni Malagodi (1972–1976), Agostino Bignardi (1976–1979), Aldo Bozzi (1979–1987), Salvatore Valitutti (1988–1991), Valerio Zanone (1991–1993), Alfredo Biondi (1993–1994)
 * Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (1946), Luigi Einaudi (1946), Francesco Saverio Nitti (1946–1947), Epicarmo Corbino (1947–1948), Raffaele De Caro (1948–1961), Giovanni Malagodi (1961–1971), Aldo Bozzi (1971–1987), Paolo Battistuzzi (1987–1993), Savino Melillo (1993–1994)

title: Italian Liberal Party


text:
Talk:Campaign for an Independent Britain

Neutrality
Just removed the link to the Leicester Mercury “NATO are not peacekeepers” for the sake of neutrality as it appears to be an opinion piece in that newspaper.

I wonder now if the top box relating to neutrality should now be removed.

Also, the last two edits were made by volunteer editors.

Does anybody else have objections to this box being removed? Iza MK (talk) 13:00, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Most of the article does not comply with Wikipedia's content policies, specifically Neutral point of view and Verifiability. When this is resolved the templates can be safely removed. In my opinion the best way to do this is to stubify it. The article can then be expanded from reliable sources. SailingInABathTub 🛁 22:41, 20 February 2023 (UTC)
 * That's very helpful. Thank you. I'll try that. Iza MK (talk) 07:55, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Fishman Affidavit

Edits by Marbahlarbs
Added link to Scientology Fishman page

Why was the Church suing Fishman in the first place?

The suit was dropped on request of the Church. This is not mentioned. There's a lot missing from this article.

Marbahlarbs 08:49, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Innacuracy
This article states: "However, under United States law, while the copyrights of court documents are held by the US or state Governement, free reproduction and distribution of the materials are permitted. Accordingly these documents may be borrowed from the court library, or copied for a nominal fee. This practice differs slighly from public domain materials which may be freely copied and distributed and freely altered. Copyrights on court documents are preserved to ensure that court filings and decisions are consistently reproduced." This is not true and should be seriously reworded to reflect the truth. Arnie Lerma tried to do this and "freely distributed" some documents to USENET claiming his actions were protected by fair use. He lost the case and was convicted of copyright violation. Reference: ORDER, RTC v. Lerma, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Civil Action No 95-1107-A signed by Leonie M. Brinkema, United States District Judge, October 4, 1996. --AI 04:56, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

 * When copyrighted documents become part of a court record, the government can copy them for you and will do so for a small fee payable to the court. But individuals are not free to make or distribute copies themselves.  The current version of the article doesn't explain this very well. But the point is that some people did obtain legal copies of the Fishman Declaration from the court, before Judge Harry Hupp sealed the file.  --Touretzky 02:14, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Moved this statement from main article since it is confusing and may be incorrect:

 * Under United States law, while the copyrights of court documents are held by the US or state Government, free reproduction and distribution of the materials is permitted. Accordingly these documents may be borrowed from the court library, or copied for a nominal fee. This practice differs slighly from public domain materials which may be freely copied and distributed and freely altered. Copyrights on court documents are preserved to ensure that court filings and decisions are consistently reproduced.

Documents generated by the court are generally in the public domain.

Roadrunner 21:27, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * "He lost the case and was convicted of copyright violation" -- that simply isn't so; Brinkema found for the defendants. -- 98.108.208.207 (talk) 22:44, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The result of the case was that the Washington Post was off the hook completely, and that while Lerma had violated copyright, it was a minimal fine with no costs assessed for Scientology. That memorandum opinion appears to be where Brinkema is finding that there was no copyright (or trade secret) violation by the Washington Post, and not the final result. I'll check for a reference that best describes the result and add clearer wording. AndroidCat (talk) 02:00, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

OT VIII

 * The Fishman Affidavit contained among others, a version of the secret Scientology course called "OT 8". Some Scientologists have done this course and posted reproductions of it from memory to the internet. This proved that Fishman`s version of OT 8 was a complete fabrication. (emphasis added)

The text above was added by. The first sentence is factual and not in dispute. The second is probably true but is unreferenced. The third sentence is original research. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:22, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

The discussion of what Fishman submitted in the case as OT VIII was removed with the edit summary that "cited source for Jesus information doesn't mention Jesus". The citation in that paragraph does not mention Jesus, but it is a citation for the statement that Fishman got his copy of OT VIII from a different source than he got the other OT levels from. Last time I checked, no one was disputing that the version of OT VIII submitted in the Fishman Affidavit contained that statement about Jesus, even if they disputed whether that was the real OT VIII, a forgery, or an old authentic version since superseded by a newer version scrubbed of such controversial parts. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:36, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Notable?
In general I don't think a primary document like an affidavit would be a suitable subject for an encyclopedia article. Steve Dufour 04:38, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Notability is established by the existence of multiple reliable sources and academic and journalistic discussion of the subject. It is not a matter of opinion. --FOo 04:44, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * In that case this article should be deleted. No one is discussing the affidavit itself, although they might be discussing its contents. Steve Dufour 04:56, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm really tired of this sort of repeated tactic as well as a series of completely gratuitous time-wasting AFDs. What happened to your "deal"? AndroidCat 14:13, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Nobody seems to be watching over Barbara's article. BTW there are about 400 Project Scientology articles, to me that seems to be about 360 too many for the importance of the subject. I would really prefer not to spend my time with them anymore. Steve Dufour 14:03, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Naturally, you are free to use your time as you wish. Since you are concerned with the wise use of people's time, I suggest you take WP:SNOW into account before proposing any more deletions. It is a waste of time to repeat this exercise for 360 more Scientology-related articles. --FOo 20:03, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * As stated, you are free to completely ignore the article, and any others. But the Fishman Affidavit is clearly notable, due to the widespread controversy and republication. Superm401 - Talk 04:41, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 15:13, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Fishman Affidavit


text:
Pilgrims Society

The Pilgrims Society, founded on 16 July 1902 by Sir Harry Brittain KBE CMG, is a British-American society established, in the words of American diplomat Joseph Choate, 'to promote good-will, good-fellowship, and everlasting peace between the United States and Great Britain'. It is not to be confused with the Pilgrim Society of Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Membership
Over the years it has boasted an elite membership of politicians, diplomats, businessmen, and writers who have included Henry Kissinger, Margaret Thatcher, Caspar Weinberger, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Henry Luce, Lord Carrington, Alexander Haig, Paul Volcker, Thomas Kean, George Shultz, and Walter Cronkite among many others. Members of the immediate Royal Family, United States secretaries of state and United States ambassadors to the Court of St. James's are customarily admitted ex officio to membership in the Society.

Activities
The Society is notable for holding dinners to welcome into office each successive U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom. The patron of the society is King Charles III.

Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered a speech to the Society on March 18, 1941.

History
The first informal meeting of the Pilgrims of Great Britain included General Joseph Wheeler, Colonel (later General Sir) Bryan Mahon, the Hon Charles Rolls and Harry Brittain.

The first meeting of the Pilgrims of the United States was at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York on 13 January, 1903.

The Pilgrims of Great Britain and the Pilgrims of the United States have reciprocal membership.

Executive Committee members are and have included:
 * Marshal of the Royal Air Force the Lord Stirrup KG GCB AFC (President)
 * Mrs Diane Simpson (Chairman)
 * Mr Piers Coleman (Honorary Secretary)
 * Mr Mark Seligman (Honorary Treasurer)
 * Mr Abdul Bhanji
 * Sir Peter Bottomley, MP
 * Mr Peter Cadbury
 * Mrs Kweilen Hatleskog
 * Air Marshal Sir David Walker KCVO OBE
 * Ms Xenia Wickett
 * George Zambellas|Admiral Sir George Michael Zambellas, GCB, DSC, ADC, DL, FRAeS
 * Mr Mark Fox
 * Mrs Fionuala Goritas
 * Mr Charles V Anson, Esq CVO
 * Mr Cristopher Box
 * Professor Kathleen Burk
 * Sir Peter Westmacott GCMG LVO

Mrs Amy Thompson is the Executive Secretary, successor to Mrs Tessa Wells

Notable members

 * Queen Elizabeth II
 * King Charles III
 * Senator Nelson W. Aldrich
 * Ambassador Winthrop W. Aldrich
 * Philanthropist John Nicholas Brown II
 * Columbia University President Nicholas Murray Butler
 * NATO Secretary General Lord Carrington
 * Ambassador John W. Davis
 * Vice President Charles G. Dawes
 * Admiral William J. Crowe
 * Senator Chauncey Depew
 * CIA Director Allen W. Dulles
 * Secretary of State John Foster Dulles
 * Ambassador James W. Gerard
 * General Alexander Haig
 * Ambassador to the United States Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax
 * Ambassador W. Averell Harriman
 * Ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy
 * Ambassador Henry R. Luce
 * Financier John Pierpont Morgan Sr.
 * Congressman Ogden Reid
 * Ambassador Whitelaw Reid
 * Publisher Ogden Mills Reid
 * Publisher Whitelaw Reid (journalist)
 * Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor
 * Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
 * Attorney General Elliot Richardson
 * General of the Army George C. Marshall
 * Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon
 * Oil Refiner John D. Rockefeller
 * Banker David Rockefeller
 * Secretary of State Elihu Root
 * Banker Jacob Schiff
 * Ambassador John Hay Whitney
 * Theologian Robin Ward

title: Pilgrims Society


text: User talk:65.54.97.194

title: User talk:65.54.97.194


text: Category:Austrian orchestras

title: Category:Austrian orchestras


text:
Jingwei

Jingwei is a bird in Chinese mythology, who was transformed from Yandi's daughter Nüwa. She is also a goddess in Chinese mythology. After she drowned when playing in the Eastern Sea, she metamorphosed into a bird called Jingwei. Jingwei is determined to fill up the sea, so she continuously carries a pebble or twig in her mouth and drops it into the Eastern Sea.

Classic version
The story is recorded in the Shanhaijing: Three thousand ninety li farther southeast, then northeast, stands Departing-Doves Mountain. On its heights are many mulberry trees. There is a bird dwelling here whose form resembles a crow with a patterned head, white beak, and red feet. It is called Jingwei and makes a sound like its name. She is the younger daughter of the Flame Thearch named Nüwa. Nüwa was swimming in the Eastern Sea when she was unable to return to shore and drowned. She then transformed into the bird Spirit-Guardian and regularly carries twigs and stones from the Western Mountains to fill up the Eastern Sea. The Zhang River emanates from here and flows eastward into the Yellow River.

The poet Tao Qian mentioned Jingwei in his Thirteen Poems upon Reading the Guideways through Mountains and Seas, where he made an association between Jingwei and Xingtian in their persistence to overcome tragedies but also mentions their inability to be free from it:

"'[Jingwei] bites hold of twigs, determined to fill up the deep-blue sea. Xingtian dances wildly with spear and shield, his old ambitions still burn fiercely. After blending with things, no anxieties should remain. After metamorphosing, all one's regrets should flee. In vain do they cling to their hearts from the past. How can they, a better day, foresee?'"

In popular culture
Jingwei has a dialogue with the sea where the sea scoffs at her, saying that she won't be able to fill it up even in a million years, whereupon she retorts that she will spend ten million years, even one hundred million years, whatever it takes to fill up the sea so that others would not have to perish as she did. From this myth comes the Chinese chengyu (four-character idiom) "Jingwei Tries To Fill the Sea" (Jīngwèi tián hǎi 精衛填海), meaning dogged determination and perseverance in the face of seemingly impossible odds.

She is also a playable Smite heroine.

Fruit fly genetics
Professor Manyuan Long of the University of Chicago named a Drosophila gene (jgw) after Jingwei because it is - like the princess - "reincarnated" with a new function and a new appearance (structure). Related genes were named following Chinese mythology.

title: Jingwei


text:
Susie Essman

Susan Essman (born May 31, 1955) is an American stand-up comedian, actress, writer and television producer, best known for her role as Susie Greene on Curb Your Enthusiasm, Bobbi Wexler on Broad City, and the voice of Mittens in Bolt.

Early life
Essman was born on May 31, 1955 in The Bronx, New York City, and was raised in the suburb of Mount Vernon. Her father, Leonard Essman, was an internist and clinical oncologist. Her mother, Zora (née Pressman), taught Russian at Sarah Lawrence College. She is the great granddaughter of silent film actor and Russian opera impresario Leo Feodoroff. Essman is Jewish; her grandparents emigrated from Russia and Poland.

Performing
Essman has been traveling and appearing at clubs throughout the country for more than three decades. In 1988, she appeared on HBO with Joy Behar and other rising female comedians on On Location: Women of the Night II. On January 5, 1989, she was a guest on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. Her first half-hour special premiered on September 20, 1992 on HBO’s One Night Stand. As much of her comedy draws from her ethnic background, she has been featured in such documentaries as, Heroes of Jewish Comedy and A History of Jewish Comedy.

Essman made her UK standup comedy debut at the Corn Exchange at the Newbury Comedy Festival in July 2007. While in England, she appeared on the British television show 8 Out of 10 Cats.

Essman began her acting career with small parts in two 1988 films – Crocodile Dundee II and Punchline – but is best known for her role as Susie Greene, the wife of Jeff Greene (portrayed by Jeff Garlin), on the HBO comedy series Curb Your Enthusiasm. Essman told The New York Times that, by the show's third season, she could not "walk down the street anymore without people stopping her and begging her to say [her character's catchphrase] 'You fat fuck'". In 2007, Slate named Essman's character one of the best on television, and a reason the publication looked forward to the return of the show.

She also provided the voice of Helen Higgins on the Comedy Central series Crank Yankers; she was an occasional correspondent on the first season of the network's The Daily Show. She appeared on Comedy Central's Roast of Bob Saget on August 17, 2008 and provided the voice of "Mittens" (the cat) in the 2008 Disney animated film, Bolt, and later reprised the role in the 2009 short Super Rhino, released on the film's home media. She also made an appearance on the Regis Philbin version of Million Dollar Password.

Writing
Essman's book, What Would Susie Say: Bullshit Wisdom About Love, Life and Comedy, was published in October 2009 by Simon & Schuster.

Personal life
Essman was diagnosed with celiac disease in 2002 and used to be a pescatarian — "not a moral thing," she explains, but "aesthetic"; chicken "grosses me out" — and "lives on sushi". She married Jim Harder, a commercial real estate broker, in September 2008. She owns a Shih Tzu named Popeye. Her sister, musician and composer Nora Essman Morrow, died in 2023.

Essman is a good friend of Joy Behar and has appeared on The View multiple times. In 2009, Behar hosted an event at the 92Y with Essman as a guest.

title: Susie Essman


text:
User talk:Me, but logged in

You'd be better off e-mailing, you know. I don't log in much. :) --Me, but logged in

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User talk:SenorPapaBear

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Pickling

Pickling is the process of preserving or extending the shelf life of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar. The pickling procedure typically affects the food's texture and flavor. The resulting food is called a pickle, or, if named, the name is prefaced with the word "pickled". Foods that are pickled include vegetables, fruits, mushrooms, meats, fish, dairy and eggs.

Pickling solutions are typically highly acidic, with a pH of 4.6 or lower, and high in salt, preventing enzymes from working and micro-organisms from multiplying. Pickling can preserve perishable foods for months, or in some cases years. Antimicrobial herbs and spices, such as mustard seed, garlic, cinnamon or cloves, are often added. If the food contains sufficient moisture, a pickling brine may be produced simply by adding dry salt. For example, sauerkraut and Korean kimchi are produced by salting the vegetables to draw out excess water. Natural fermentation at room temperature, by lactic acid bacteria, produces the required acidity. Other pickles are made by placing vegetables in vinegar. Like the canning process, pickling (which includes fermentation) does not require that the food be completely sterile before it is sealed. The acidity or salinity of the solution, the temperature of fermentation, and the exclusion of oxygen determine which microorganisms dominate, and determine the flavor of the end product.

When both salt concentration and temperature are low, Leuconostoc mesenteroides dominates, producing a mix of acids, alcohol, and aroma compounds. At higher temperatures Lactobacillus plantarum dominates, which produces primarily lactic acid. Many pickles start with Leuconostoc, and change to Lactobacillus with higher acidity.

History
Pickling with vinegar likely originated in ancient Mesopotamia around 2400 BCE. There is archaeological evidence of cucumbers being pickled in the Tigris Valley in 2030 BCE. Pickling vegetables in vinegar continued to develop in the Middle East region before spreading to the Maghreb, to Sicily and to Spain. From Spain it spread to the Americas. On the other hand, fermented salt pickling reportedly has its origins in China.

Pickling was used as a way to preserve food for out-of-season use and for long journeys, especially by sea. Salt pork and salt beef were common staples for sailors before the days of steam engines. Although the process was invented to preserve foods, pickles are also made and eaten because people enjoy the resulting flavors. Pickling may also improve the nutritional value of food by introducing B vitamins produced by bacteria.

Etymology
The English term "pickle" first appears around 1400 CE. It is from Middle English pikel, a spicy sauce served with meat or fish, borrowed from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German pekel ("brine") but later referred to preserving in brine or vinegar.

South Asia
South Asia has a large variety of pickles (known as achar (अचार, اچار) in Nepali, Assamese, Bengali, Hindi (अचार), Punjabi, Gujarati, Urdu (اچار) uppinakaayi in Kannada, lonacha (लोणचं) in Marathi, uppilittathu or achar in Malayalam,  oorukai in Tamil, pacchadi(పచ్చడి) or ooragaya(ఊరగాయ) in Telugu, which are mainly made from varieties of mango, lemon, lime, gongura (a sour leafy shrub), tamarind, Indian gooseberry (amla), and chilli. Vegetables such as eggplant, carrots, cauliflower, tomato, bitter gourd, green tamarind, ginger, garlic, onion, and citron are also occasionally used. These fruits and vegetables are mixed with ingredients like salt, spices, and vegetable oils. The pickling process is completed by placing filled jars in the sun where they mature in the sun. The sun's heat destroys moulds and microbes which could spoil the pickles.

In Pakistan, pickles are known locally as achaar (in Urdu اچار) and come in a variety of flavours. A popular item is the traditional mixed Hyderabadi pickle, a common delicacy prepared from an assortment of fruits (most notably mangoes) and vegetables blended with selected spices. Although the origin of the word is ambiguous, the word āchār is widely considered to be of Persian origin. Āchār in Persian is defined as 'powdered or salted meats, pickles, or fruits, preserved in salt, vinegar, honey, sugar or syrup.' In Sri Lanka, a date and shallot pickle achcharu is traditionally prepared from carrots, chilli powder, shallots and ground dates mixed with garlic, crushed fresh ginger, green chilis, mustard seeds and vinegar, and left to sit in a clay pot.

Indian pickles are mostly prepared in three ways: salt/brine, oil, and vinegar, with mango pickle being most popular among all.

Southeast Asia
Singapore, Indonesian and Malaysian pickles, called acar are typically made out of cucumber, carrot, bird's eye chilies, and shallots, these items being seasoned with vinegar, sugar and salt. Fruits, such as papaya and pineapple, are also sometimes pickled.

In the Philippines, pickling is a common method of preserving food, with many commonly eaten foods pickled, traditionally done using large earthen jars. The process is known as buro or binuro. Pickling was a common method of preserving a large variety of foods like fish throughout the archipelago before the advent of refrigeration, but its popularity is now confined to vegetables and fruits. Atchara is primarily made out of julienned green papaya, carrots, and shallots, seasoned with cloves of garlic and vinegar; but could include ginger, bell peppers, white radishes, cucumbers or bamboo shoots. Pickled unripe mangoes or burong mangga, unripe tomatoes, guavas, jicama, bitter gourd and other fruit and vegetables still retain their appeal. Siling labuyo, sometimes with garlic and red onions, is also pickled in bottled vinegar and is a staple condiment in Filipino cuisine.

In Vietnamese cuisine, vegetable pickles are called dưa muối ("salted vegetables") or dưa chua ("sour vegetables"). Dưa chua or dưa góp is made from a variety of fruits and vegetables, including cà pháo, eggplant, Napa cabbage, kohlrabi, carrots, radishes, papaya, cauliflower, and sung. Dưa chua made from carrots and radishes are commonly added to bánh mì sandwiches. Dưa cải muối is made by pressing and sun-drying vegetables such as cải xậy and gai choy. Nhút mít is a specialty of Nghệ An and Hã Tĩnh provinces made from jackfruit.

In Burma, tea leaves are pickled to produce lahpet, which has strong social and cultural importance.

East Asia
A wide variety of foods are pickled throughout East Asia. The pickles are often sweet, salty, and/or spicy and preserved in sweetened solutions or oil.

China is home to a huge variety of pickled vegetables, including radish, baicai (Chinese cabbage, notably suan cai, pao cai, and Tianjin preserved vegetable), zha cai, chili pepper (e.g. duo jiao), and cucumbers, among many others.

Japanese tsukemono (pickled foods) include takuan (daikon), umeboshi (ume plum), tataki gobo (burdock root), gari and beni shōga (ginger), turnip, cucumber, and Chinese cabbage.

The Korean staple kimchi is usually made from pickled napa cabbage and radish, but is also made from green onions, garlic stems, chives and a host of other vegetables. Jangajji is another banchan consisting of pickled vegetables.

Western Asia
In Iran, Turkey, Arab countries, the Balkans, and the South Caucasus, pickles (called torshi in Persian, turşu in Turkish language and mekhallel in Arabic) are commonly made from turnips, peppers, carrots, green olives, cucumbers, eggplants, cabbage, green tomatoes, lemons, and cauliflower.

Sauerkraut, as well as cabbage pickled in vinegar, with carrot and other vegetables is commonly consumed as a kosher dish in Israel and is considered pareve, meaning that it contains no meat or dairy so it can be consumed with either.

Central and Eastern Europe
In Hungary, the main meal (lunch) usually includes some kind of pickles (savanyúság), but pickles are also commonly consumed at other times of the day. The most commonly consumed pickles are sauerkraut (savanyú káposzta), pickled cucumbers and peppers, and csalamádé, but tomatoes, carrots, beetroot, baby corn, onions, garlic, certain squashes and melons, and a few fruits like plums and apples are used to make pickles too. Stuffed pickles are specialties, usually made of peppers or melons pickled after being stuffed with a cabbage filling. Pickled plum stuffed with garlic is a unique Hungarian type of pickle just like csalamádé and leavened cucumber (kovászos uborka). Csalamádé is a type of mixed pickle made of cabbage, cucumber, paprika, onion, carrot, tomatoes, and bay leaf mixed up with vinegar as the fermenting agent. Leavened cucumber, unlike other types of pickled cucumbers that are around all year long, is rather a seasonal pickle produced in the summer. Cucumbers, spices, herbs, and slices of bread are put in a glass jar with salt water and kept in direct sunlight for a few days. The yeast from the bread, along with other pickling agents and spices fermented under the hot sun, give the cucumbers a unique flavor, texture, and slight carbonation. Its juice can be used instead of carbonated water to make a special type of spritzer ('Újházy fröccs'). It is common for Hungarian households to produce their own pickles. Different regions or towns have their special recipes unique to them. Among them all, the Vecsési sauerkraut (Vecsési savanyú káposzta) is the most famous.

Romanian pickles (murături) are made out of beetroot, cucumbers, green tomatoes (gogonele), carrots, cabbage, garlic, sauerkraut, bell peppers, melons, mushrooms, turnips, celery and cauliflower. Meat, like pork, can also be preserved in salt and lard.

Polish, Czech and Slovak traditional pickles are cucumbers, sauerkraut, peppers, beetroot, tomatoes, but other pickled fruits and vegetables, including plums, pumpkins and mushrooms are also common.

North Caucasian, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian pickled items include beets, mushrooms, tomatoes, sauerkraut, cucumbers, ramsons, garlic, eggplant (which is typically stuffed with julienned carrots), custard squash, and watermelon. Garden produce is commonly pickled using salt, dill, blackcurrant leaves, bay leaves and garlic and is stored in a cool, dark place. The leftover brine (called rassol (рассол) in Russian) has a number of culinary uses in these countries, especially for cooking traditional soups, such as shchi, rassolnik, and solyanka. Rassol, especially cucumber or sauerkraut rassol, is also a favorite traditional remedy against morning hangover.

Southern Europe
An Italian pickled vegetable dish is giardiniera, which includes onions, carrots, celery and cauliflower. Many places in southern Italy, particularly in Sicily, pickle eggplants and hot peppers.

In Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia and Turkey, mixed pickles, known as turshi, tursija or turshu form popular appetizers, which are typically eaten with rakia. Pickled green tomatoes, cucumbers, carrots, bell peppers, peppers, eggplants, and sauerkraut are also popular.

Turkish pickles, called turşu, are made out of vegetables, roots, and fruits such as peppers, cucumber, Armenian cucumber, cabbage, tomato, eggplant (aubergine), carrot, turnip, beetroot, green almond, baby watermelon, baby cantaloupe, garlic, cauliflower, bean and green plum. A mixture of spices flavor the pickles.

In Greece, pickles, called τουρσί(α), are made out of carrots, celery, eggplants stuffed with diced carrots, cauliflower, tomatoes, and peppers.

In Spain, pickles, known as "encurtidos", are mainly made with olives, cucumbers, onions and green peppers ("guindillas" or "piparras"). "Banderillas" are small pieces of pickled cucumber and green pepper, along with olives and anchovies, mounted into toothpicks, and are very popular as Tapas.

Northern Europe
In Britain, pickled onions and pickled eggs are often sold in pubs and fish and chip shops. Pickled beetroot, walnuts, and gherkins, and condiments such as Branston Pickle and piccalilli are typically eaten as an accompaniment to pork pies and cold meats, sandwiches or a ploughman's lunch. Other popular pickles in the UK are pickled mussels, cockles, red cabbage, mango chutney, sauerkraut, and olives. Rollmops are also quite widely available under a range of names from various producers both within and out of the UK.

Pickled herring, rollmops, and salmon are popular in Scandinavia. Pickled cucumbers and red garden beets are important as condiments for several traditional dishes. Pickled capers are also common in Scandinavian cuisine.

North America

In the United States and Canada, pickled cucumbers (most often referred to simply as "pickles"), olives, and sauerkraut are most commonly seen, although pickles common in other nations are also very widely available. In Canada and the US, there may be a distinction made between gherkins (usually smaller), and pickles (larger pickled cucumbers).

Sweet pickles made with fruit are more common in the cuisine of the American South. The pickling "syrup" is made with vinegar, brown sugar, and whole spices such as cinnamon sticks, allspice and cloves. Fruit pickles can be made with an assortment of fruits including watermelon, cantaloupe, Concord grapes and peaches.

Canadian pickling is similar to that of Britain. Through the winter, pickling is an important method of food preservation. Pickled cucumbers, onions, and eggs are common. Pickled egg and pickled sausage make popular pub snacks in much of English Canada. Chow-chow is a tart vegetable mix popular in the Maritime Provinces and the Southern United States, similar to piccalilli. Pickled fish is commonly seen, as in Scotland, and kippers may be seen for breakfast, as well as plentiful smoked salmon. Meat is often also pickled or preserved in different brines throughout the winter, most prominently in the harsh climate of Newfoundland.

Pickled eggs are common in many regions of the United States. Pickled herring is available in the Upper Midwest. Giardiniera, a mixture of pickled peppers, celery and olives, is a popular condiment in Chicago and other Midwestern cities with large Italian-American populations, and is often consumed with Italian beef sandwiches.

Pennsylvania Dutch Country has a strong tradition of pickled foods, including chow-chow and red beet eggs. In the Southern United States, pickled okra and watermelon rind are popular, as are deep-fried pickles and pickled pig's feet, pickled chicken eggs, pickled quail eggs, pickled garden vegetables and pickled sausage.

Various pickled vegetables, fish, or eggs may make a side dish to a Canadian lunch or dinner. Popular pickles in the Pacific Northwest include pickled asparagus and green beans. Pickled fruits like blueberries and early green strawberries are paired with meat dishes in restaurants.

Thanksgiving
Pickles were part of Thanksgiving dinner traditions as early as 1827. The first mention of pickles at Thanksgiving comes from Sarah Josepha Hale's novel Northwood. (Hale is best known for her successful campaign to have Thanksgiving recognized as a national holiday in the United States.) Pickled peaches, coleslaw and other mixed pickles continue to be served alongside cranberry sauce at Thanksgiving dinner in present times.

Mexico, Central America, and South America
In Mexico, chili peppers, particularly of the Jalapeño and serrano varieties, pickled with onions, carrots and herbs form common condiments.

In the Mesoamerican region, pickling is known as encurtido or "curtido" for short. The pickles or "curtidos" as known in Latin America are served cold, as an appetizer, as a side dish or as a tapas dish in Spain. In several Central American countries it is prepared with cabbage, onions, carrots, lemon, vinegar, oregano, and salt. In Mexico, "curtido" consists of carrots, onions, and jalapeño peppers and used to accompany meals common in taquerías and restaurants.

Another example of a type of pickling which involves the pickling of meats or seafood is the "escabeche" or "ceviches" popular in Peru, Ecuador, and throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. These dishes include the pickling of pig's feet, pig's ears, and gizzards prepared as an "escabeche" with spices and seasonings to flavor it. The ceviches consist of shrimp, octopus, and various fishes seasoned and served cold.

Process
In traditional pickling, fruit or vegetables are submerged in brine (20–40 grams/L of salt (3.2–6.4 oz/imp gal or 2.7–5.3 oz/US gal)), or shredded and salted as in sauerkraut preparation, and held underwater by flat stones layered on top. Alternatively, a lid with an airtrap or a tight lid may be used if the lid is able to release pressure which may result from carbon dioxide buildup. Mold or (white) kahm yeast may form on the surface; kahm yeast is mostly harmless but can impart an off taste and may be removed without affecting the pickling process.

In chemical pickling, the fruits or vegetables to be pickled are placed in a sterilized jar along with brine, vinegar, or both, as well as spices, and are then allowed to mature until the desired taste is obtained.

The food can be pre-soaked in brine before transferring to vinegar. This reduces the water content of the food, which would otherwise dilute the vinegar. This method is particularly useful for fruit and vegetables with a high natural water content.

In commercial pickling, a preservative such as sodium benzoate or EDTA may also be added to enhance shelf life. In fermentation pickling, the food itself produces the preservation agent, typically by a process involving Lactobacillus bacteria that produce lactic acid as the preservative agent.

Alum, short for aluminum sulfate, is used in pickling to promote crisp texture and is approved, though not recommended, as a food additive by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Another common crisping agent is calcium chloride, which evolved from the practice of using pickling lime. See also firming agent.

"Refrigerator pickles" are unfermented pickles made by marinating fruit or vegetables in a seasoned vinegar solution. They must be stored under refrigeration or undergo canning to achieve long-term storage.

Japanese Tsukemono use a variety of pickling ingredients depending on their type, and are produced by combining these ingredients with the vegetables to be preserved and putting the mixture under pressure.

Possible health hazards of pickled vegetables
In 1993, the World Health Organization listed traditional Asian pickled vegetables as possible carcinogens, and the British Journal of Cancer released an online 2009 meta-analysis of research on pickles as increasing the risks of esophageal cancer. The report, citing limited data in a statistical meta analysis, indicates a potential two-fold increased risk of esophageal cancer associated with Asian pickled vegetable consumption. Results from the research are described as having "high heterogeneity" and the study said that further well-designed prospective studies were warranted. However, their results stated "The majority of subgroup analyses showed a statistically significant association between consuming pickled vegetables and Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma".

Consuming pickled vegetables is also associated with a 28% increase in the risk of stomach cancer.

The 2009 meta-analysis reported heavy infestation of pickled vegetables with fungi. Some common fungi can facilitate the formation of N-nitroso compounds, which are strong esophageal carcinogens in several animal models. Roussin red methyl ester, a non-alkylating nitroso compound with tumour-promoting effect in vitro, was identified in pickles from Linzhou, Henan (formerly Linxian) in much higher concentrations than in samples from low-incidence areas. Fumonisin mycotoxins have been shown to cause liver and kidney tumours in rodents.

A 2017 study in Chinese Journal of Cancer has linked salted vegetables (pickled mustard green common in Chinese cuisine) to a fourfold increase in nasopharynx cancer. The researchers believe possible mechanisms include production of nitrosamines (a type of N-nitroso compound) by fermentation and activation of Epstein–Barr virus by fermentation products.

Historically, pickling caused health concerns for reasons associated with copper salts, as explained in the mid-19th century The English and Australian Cookery Book: "The evidence of the Lancet commissioner (Dr. Hassall) and Mr. Blackwell (of the eminent firm of Crosse and Blackwell) went to prove that the pickles sold in the shops are nearly always artificially coloured, and are thus rendered highly unwholesome, if not actually poisonous."

Risk reduction
Reduction of suspected carcinogens from pickled products is a subject of active research.

 * Fungi are of interest both for spoilage prevention and reduction of mycotoxins. Some pickle cultures are said to contain bacteria producing natural antifungals.
 * Nitrites, responsible for the creation of N-nitroso compounds, are reduced by low pH and/or high temperature. Inclusion of a porcini enzyme (or the whole mushroom) also reduces nitrite content.

title: Pickling


text:
Talk:Pickling

Removal of Unreferenced Material
''I've taken out the section below. Although it is correct it's not referenced. I hope to include the information in the article again at some point when I discover the correct references for the material.'' TheRegencyCook (talk) 10:28, 28 July 2022 (UTC)

In the U.S. and Canada, and sometimes Australia and New Zealand, the word pickle alone almost always refers to a pickled cucumber, except when it is used figuratively. It may also refer to other types of pickles such as "pickled onion", "pickled cauliflower", etc. In the UK, pickle, as in a "cheese and pickle sandwich", may also refer to Ploughman's pickle, a British version of chutney.

Brining/Pickling Confusion
Merging the entries for "brining" and "pickling" could cause confusion, as brining is often used to describe the process of curing meat using a salting process. Brining and pickling are similar in that both processes are used to preserve food by inhibiting the growth of bacteria by adjusting the ph of the storage environment. Pickling uses an acid (eg vinegar), brining uses an alkali (eg salt), so the two processes are chemically different.

Merge with Leuconostoc mesenteroides
Could someone explain the sentence that says in some middle eastern countries they eat pickles with almost every meal. That sounds very innacurate. -Balzack Tebaggard
 * Oppose - This article is about pickling / fermenting, not about a single specific type of bacteria. --Webaware 08:08, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

It varies from household to household. Pickles can be served as an appetizer to any dish in Middle Eastern cuisine. It's not necessarily eaten with every dish at home but most often in restaurants you'd be served a plate of pickles as an appetizer while waiting for the main course. In some household pickles is always eaten either as an entrée or as a condiment/side dish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.150.201.181 (talk) 05:33, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

History
The page needs a "history" section. Surely there is a lot of ancient history in pickling? How/where did it start? Fig 14:28, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

I fully concur. There is some good information about the history of soaking foods in Salt in Mark Kurlansky's book of the same name, and I am sure that there must be additional information elsewhere. Utopienne 17:27, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

This is such a good point. Busy updating the history section. TheRegencyCook (talk) 10:25, 28 July 2022 (UTC)

Hindu-nationalists are misrepresenting the information in the original sources. The sources say that cucumbers are native to India not the pickling first originated in India. So maybe the image attached to the history section needs a revision as well?

https://www.history.com/news/pickles-history-timeline

http://www.nyfoodmuseum.org/_ptime.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.150.201.181 (talk) 13:41, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

History section, attached image:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickling#/media/File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg

Move proposal
See Talk:Ume. Badagnani (talk) 04:52, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Removing Merge Template for Brining
I am removing the merge template with brining. The template has been up since August 2007 with no comment made. However, the corresponding template at brining was removed back in Aug 2007 after just 5 days with edit summary "Pickling is not brinnig". I agree with that comment. The purpose of pickling is the long term preservation of food. Brining, on the other hand, is a treatment which is not for preservation, but for alteration of flavor, and often done just before eating. (e.g. brining poultry just prior to cooking) Though similar, they are separate topics, not deserving of a merge. (I did add links in the see also sections, which I hope is satisfactory.) -- 128.104.112.147 (talk) 19:49, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Picture problem
The picture that appears here (and at gherkin) is not a gherkin, at least in American usage. It's a pickling cucumber. Many prepared "gherkins" are actually made from immature cucumbers, but not of the size shown in the picture.--Chapka (talk) 18:53, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

"The Pickling Process"
As it stands, this section actually describes the _canning_ process, which is neither necessary nor sufficient for making pickles (brine pickles won't ferment if you kill all the lactobacilus by boiling the cans...and if they did, the gas would just burst the seals anyway). Barring objection, I'll take a swing at revision in the near future. --Craigkbryant (talk) 20:39, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I'd like to second this. As it stands, I think this section could simply be removed.  The actual pickling process is already briefly described in the introduction to the article. --Pesto (talk) 18:39, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Thirded. It takes only a cursory google search to learn that the correct method for pickling is really just adding brine or vinegar (or both) to your vegetables and letting it ferment. I'm going to take a stab at revising this section now. Niksko (talk) 12:17, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

Korean Translation
Clicking Korean in the list of languages leads to the respective page for "Cucumber". As I do not know how to fix this, I'll just leave a note here. I don't think the page for Pickling exists at the moment in Korean language Wikipedia. (Which would be "절임" I think...) KingDynamo (talk) 10:57, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Germany and Sauerkraut
Shouldn't Sauerkraut, one of the most clichéd pickled dishes, be mentioned here? (Also, pickled gherkins are popular in Germany; there are even regions that depend on their production) Fzwoberlin (talk) 11:54, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Pickled animals
Shouldn't there be some mention of animals pickled for science? FunkMonk (talk) 03:58, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

Anaerobic fermentation
Does anaerobic fermentation always take place during pickling? Can't a vegetable simply be preserved in vinegar? Norman21 (talk) 16:43, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:56, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Contradiction in definition of pickle
The article says at the top that pickling is the process of preserving or expanding the lifespan of food by either anaerobic fermentation in brine or immersion in vinegar. But then under Indian pickle it says these fruits and vegetables are generally mixed with ingredients like salt, spices, and vegetable oils and are set to mature in a moistureless medium., which seems like it doesn't really fit the definition of pickle at top.

Either the definition of pickling should be broadened to include salt+oil (not brine), or it should call out that most Indian "pickle" is technically not pickled per the definition of the article and is technically cured.

Jun-Dai (talk) 23:43, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Pickling Spice
A search for Pickling Spice redirects to this page, but there's no mention of the spice blend in the article. What is the use of having a redirect to a page that has no information about the original search term? (BTW, this isn't the first time I've found this, just the first time I've taken the time to mention it.) Either a section should be added to the page discussing the blend and why it's used or the redirect should be removed. I'm not changing anything right now because I've no particular opinion as to which is better, but I did want to call it to the attention of those who know enough about the subject to do whatever's appropriate. Thanks in advance for whatever you end up doing! JDZeff (talk) 21:06, 17 October 2018 (UTC)

A quick web search finds several formulas for pickling spices. If somebody wanted to add this section, it would be easy to create a list of typical ingredients, without adding a specific recipe. JDZeff (talk) 22:39, 17 October 2018 (UTC)

What dairy can be pickled?
The lead paragraph says: "Foods that are pickled include vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, dairy and eggs." What is meant by "dairy" in this context? Roly (talk) 19:39, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pickling


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Manuel Martínez (athlete)

Manuel "Manolo" Martínez Gutiérrez (born December 7, 1974) is a retired Spanish shot putter. Nicknamed the "Gentle Giant", his personal best throw outdoors is 21.47 metres and he has an indoor best of 21.26 m. These marks are the Spanish national records for the event. His international career lasted from 1992 to 2011 and he earned national selection on 84 occasions – the most by any Spanish athlete.

Born in León, Spain, he established himself as a junior athlete at the age of seventeen by winning the silver medal at the World Junior Championships and becoming the European Junior Champion the following year. His first major medals as a senior thrower came indoors when he won silver at the 2000 European Athletics Indoor Championships and then secured the bronze at the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

His career highlights also came indoors, as he won at the 2002 European Indoor Championships and went on to take the gold medal at the 2003 World Indoor Championships. He scored the bronze medal at the 2004 Athens Olympics in May 2013 following an IAAF drug test disqualified the first-place participant.

He represented Spain at the Olympics four times consecutively from 1996 to 2008, and also competed at five consecutive editions of the European Athletics Championships. He participated in the shot put at every World Championships in Athletics from 1993 to 2009, with the sole exception of the 1999 event.

In other competitions, he was a two-time gold medallist at the Mediterranean Games (2001 and 2009), including a Games record of 21.03 m, won gold at the 2001 Summer Universiade, and won three titles at the Ibero-American Championships. He was also the bronze medallist at the 2001 Goodwill Games, 2004 IAAF World Athletics Final, and 2005 European Indoor Championships.

Martínez improved Spanish national records on 31 occasions in his career. He won 16 consecutive outdoor national titles in the shot put from 1993 to 2008, and also won 15 indoor titles. He competed domestically for C.D. Universidad León Atletismo and was coached by Carlos Burón. Martínez retired from competitive athletics in April 2011.

Outside of shot putting, he is an artist and an actor. He starred in Estigmas, a film directed by Adán Aliaga and produced by Jaibo Films. The film is adapted from Lorenzo Mattotti's comic, Stigmate. He performed the role of Goliat in 2011 film El Capitán Trueno y el Santo Grial and the role of Tyson in the 2012 series La fuga.

title: Manuel Martínez (athlete)


text:
Category:Canadian cardinals

To list a page in this category, do not edit this category page. Instead, edit the page you want to list, add  at the bottom. See FAQ/Categorization for details.

title: Category:Canadian cardinals


text:
Naxalbari

Naxalbari (also spelled Naksalbari) is a village in the Naxalbari CD block in the Siliguri subdivision of the Darjeeling district in the state of West Bengal, India. Naxalbari is known for being the site of a 1967 revolt that eventually led to the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency.

History
Naxalbari became famous for being the site of a left-wing poor peasants uprising in 1967, which began with the "land to tiller" slogan, an uprising continuing to this day (see Naxalite).

The Naxalbari uprising was triggered on 25 May 1967 at Bengai Jote village in Naxalbari when the police opened fire on a group of villagers who were demanding their right to the crops at a particular piece of land. The firing killed 9 adults and 2 unknown children. The CPI (ML) have put up busts of Lenin, Stalin, Mao and Charu Majumder on that piece of land. The spot has Bengai Jote Primary School next to it. There is a memorial column erected that has the names of the people who died during the police firing. The names are 1. Dhaneswari Devi (F), 2. Simaswari Mullick (F), 3. Nayaneswari Mullick (F), 4. Surubala Burman (F), 5. Sonamati Singh (F), 6. Fulmati Devi (F), 7. Samsari Saibani (F), 8. Gaudrau Saibani (M), 9. Kharsingh Mullick (M) and "two children".

Location
Naxalbari is located at 26.68315°N, 88.19961°W. It has an average elevation of 152 metres (501 feet).

The stretch of land, where Naxalbari is situated, lies on the Terai region at the base of the Himalayas. To the west of Naxalbari, across the border river Mechi lies Nepal. The entire stretch of the land surrounding Naxalbari is covered by farmlands, tea estates and forests and small villages consisting of an area of 182.02 km². The Naxalbari block has six Gram Panchayats (village councils), viz. Gossainpur, Lower Bagdogra, Upper Bagdogra, Hatighisha, Naxalbari and Moniram, from north to south. The population of the Naxalbari block was 144,915 in the year 2001.

Area overview
The map alongside shows the Siliguri subdivision of the Darjeeling district. This area is spread across the foothills of the Himalayas and is a plain land gently sloping from north to south. While the northern part is mentioned as the Terai region, the larger southern portion forms the western part of the Dooars region. While 55.11% per cent of the population resides in rural areas, 44.89% resides in urban areas. On the western side, the Mechi River forms a long border with Nepal. On the eastern side the Mahananda River forms a short border with Bangladesh.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full-screen map.

Police station
Naxalbari police station has jurisdiction over the Naxalbari CD block.

CD block HQ
The headquarters of the Naxalbari CD block is at Naxalbari.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Naksalbari had a total population of 1,618 of which 811 (50%) were males and 807 (50%) were females. There were 138 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Naksalbari was 1,289 (79.67% of the population over 6 years).

Transport
Naxalbari has a railway station on the Katihar–Siliguri line. Daily trains run from New Jalpaiguri via Siliguri Town, Siliguri Junction, Matigara and Bagdogra. There are four trains running from New Jalpaiguri; New Jalpaiguri-Katihar Passenger, New Jalpaiguri-Aluabari-New Jalpaiguri DEMU Ring Rail, New Jalpaiguri-Balurghat DEMU and New Jalpaiguri-Radhikapur DEMU.

There is also a bus service from Siliguri Court More to Naxalbari.

Naxalbari's Panitanki neighbourhood is on Nepal's eastern border with India at Jhapa District, Province No. 1. There is a border crossing to the Kakarbhitta neighbourhood of Mechinagar municipality with a checkpoint for customs and crossing by third-country nationals while citizens of Nepal and India cross without restriction.

Education
Naxalbari has two major government high schools, one for males and one for females, and one college. There are many public and private primary schools.

 * Nand Prasad High School - A government boys high school, which runs from class 5th to 12th grade. It was founded in 1943.
 * Nand Prasad Girls High School - A government girls high school, which runs classes from 5th grade to 12th grade. It was founded in 1973.
 * Naxalbari Nepali High School - A government co-ed high school, from 05th Grade to 12th Grade. Founded in 1985, it was recognized by the Govt. of W. B. in 2000.
 * Naxalbari College - A government college. It was established in 2008.
 * Shreema Shishu Udyan School - A private primary school for boys and girls, which runs classes from 1st grade to 5th grade. It was founded in 1979.
 * Sabuj Sathi Nursery School - A private primary school for boys and girls, which runs classes from pre-nursery to 4th grade. It was founded in 1984. Mrs. Laxmi Ghosh established Shreema Shishu Udyan and Sabuj Sathi Nursery School.
 * Sarada Vidya Mandir - A private primary school for boys and girls, which runs classes from pre-nursery to 8th grade (increase every year up to 10th). It was established in 1998.
 * Sister Margaret English Public School - This school only teaches up to the primary level.
 * Raja Rammohan Navodaya Vidyalaya - A private Bengali medium primary level school.
 * Seventh Day Adventist English School- A minority Christian institution founded in 1960, with classes from Nursery to 10th, following the ICSE pattern and a co-educational school with day and boarding facilities for the students. The school plans to upgrade to classes 11th and 12th in the coming years and offer all three streams, Commerce, Science and Humanities.

title: Naxalbari


text:
Richard Tuttle

Richard Dean Tuttle (born July 12, 1941) is an American postminimalist artist known for his small, casual, subtle, intimate works. His art makes use of scale and line. His works span a range of formats, from sculpture, painting, drawing, printmaking, and artist’s books to installation and furniture. He lives and works in New York City, Abiquiú, New Mexico, and Mount Desert, Maine.

Biography
Tuttle was born in Rahway, New Jersey and raised in nearby Roselle. He studied art, philosophy and literature at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut from 1959 to 1963. After receiving his B.A. in 1963, he moved to New York where he spent a semester at the Cooper Union and had a brief stint in the U.S. Air Force. He then began working at the Betty Parsons Gallery. One year after taking a job as an assistant to Betty Parsons, she gave him his first show in 1965.

Tuttle's reputation as a master was secured in Europe as it swiftly embraced Tuttle's minimalist art. In the United States, however, acceptance of his work was slower. His works on paper are considered seminal works in American art. His first works, small monochrome reliefs, were followed by making palm-size paper cubes with cut-out designs and shaped wood reliefs that seemed like a twist on geometric abstraction. Beginning in the mid-1960s, he began to create eccentrically-shaped painted wood reliefs, followed by ideograms made of galvanized tin, and unstretched, shaped canvases dyed in offbeat colors. Tuttle had a survey exhibition in 1975 at the Whitney Museum of American Art. The exhibit was controversial and the show's curator Marcia Tucker lost her job as a result, after a scathing review by Hilton Kramer. Kramer, then art critic for The New York Times, wrote, referring to Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's dictum "less is more", "in Mr. Tuttle's work, less is unmistakably less ... One is tempted to say, where art is concerned, less has never been as less than this". According to art critic Christopher Knight of the Los Angeles Times, Tuttle's Wire pieces, which the artist made in 1971 and 1972, "collectively rank as his most distinctive contribution to art history". In 1983, Tuttle made Monkey's Recovery for a Darkened Room (Bluebird), a wall relief of branches, wire, cloth, string and wood scraps, which he says formally relates to Jan van Eyck's Crucifixion and Last Judgement diptych.

In the early 1980s, Tuttle embarked on an extensive series of suites of watercolors, The Loose Leaf Notebook Drawings. Each sheet consisting of a few strokes on low-grade loose leaf paper. The paints bleed and pooled, causing the paper to buckle, giving the works three-dimensionality. The illustration from the suite 5 Loose Leaf Notebook Drawings from 1980 to 1982, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, demonstrates how the suites challenge viewers to contemplate the distinction between fine art and trash. His works in the 1990s consisted mostly of smaller-sized work, followed by bodies of low-relief wall-bound pieces that integrate painting, sculpture, and drawing.

In 2004, Tuttle installed Splash, his first public art project, a mural 90 by 150 feet with about 140,000 pieces of colored glass and white ceramic tiles. It stretches up the side of a luxury condominium building designed by Walter Chatham for a private, guarded island community in Miami Beach called Aqua. Tuttle has always "privileged newness, not found or weathered elements that refer to past lives and experiences," Sharon Butler wrote in a Two Coats of Paint review of "Days, Muses and Stars," his 2019 expansive multiple-gallery exhibition at Pace. "The distinctive feature of his aesthetic endeavor is his reverence for the present. His objects, though they may convey a sense of wabi-sabi precariousness, are invariably made of pristine materials that reflect the proximate experience of making." Tuttle's work has been extremely influential on a younger generation that has embraced the casualism that he pioneered.

Textile works
During a residency at The Fabric Workshop and Museum in 1978, Tuttle embraced the silkscreen printing process and the idea of fabric to make a series of clothing — Shirts in 1978 and Pants in 1979. I Don't Know, Or The Weave of Textile Language, on view at the Tate Modern in 2014, was made for the museum's turbine hall and is Tuttle's largest to date spanning nearly 40 feet in length. Featuring the textiles he designed and fabricated, the work is suspended from the ceiling in contrast to the hall’s industrial architecture.

Exhibitions
Tuttle's first major museum exhibition in 1975 was covering his first ten years of work organized by the Whitney Museum in New York. Tuttle has since been the subject of museum exhibitions around the world, and included in the Venice Biennale (1976, 1997, 2001), three documenta (1972, 1977 and 1987) and three Whitney Biennial exhibitions (1977, 1987, 2000). In 2005, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art organized a major retrospective of Tuttle's 40-year career. The exhibition traveled to museums throughout the United States, including the Whitney Museum of American Art in November 2005. Tuttle continues a 20-year relationship with the Kunsthaus Zug in Zug, Switzerland, out of which have grown five exhibitions and many publications from catalogues to posters and ephemera.

An exhibition of his new fabric sculptures, Richard Tuttle: Walking on Air, was on view through April 25, 2009 at The Pace Gallery's 534 West 25th Street gallery. A series of his colored aquatints was on exhibit at the Dubner Moderne gallery in Lausanne, Switzerland from February 11 through March 15, 2010.

Collections
The Centre Georges Pompidou, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Honolulu Museum of Art, Kunsthaus Zug (Zug, Switzerland), Kunstmuseum Winterthur (Winterthur, Switzerland), the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.); Serralves (Porto, Portugal), the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, the Tate Modern, and the Whitney Museum of American Art (New York City) are among the public collections holding work by Richard Tuttle

Recognition
Tuttle has been the recipient of many awards for his work, including the 74th American Exhibition, Art Institute of Chicago Biennial Prize, the Skowhegan Medal for Sculpture in 1998, and the Aachen Art Prize in 1998 from the Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst. In 2012, he was elected to the National Academy and in 2013 he was invited to become a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Tuttle was the artist in residence at the Getty Research Institute from September 2012 through June 2013.

He presented a lecture in collaboration with his poet wife, Mei-Mei Berssenbrugge, through the Visiting Artists Program at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in April 2009.

Art market
Tuttle is represented by the Pace Gallery in New York, Galerie Schmela in Düsseldorf, Galerie Greta Meert in Brussels, and by the Annemarie Verna Galerie in Zürich. In 2002, a tin wall piece called Letters (The 26 Series) (1966) sold at auction for $1 million.

Personal life
Tuttle is married to the poet Mei-mei Berssenbrugge. For their residence in Abiquiú, New Mexico, they commissioned architect Steven Holl to design a 1,300-square-foot guest cottage, built between 2001 and 2005.

title: Richard Tuttle


text:
Kråkstad

Kråkstad is a village and former municipality located in Nordre Follo municipality in Akershus, Norway.

Overview
The parish of Kraakstad was established as a municipality January 1, 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). Ski was separated from Kråkstad July 1, 1931 - and the rest of Kråkstad was merged with Ski January 1, 1964.

The village has 839 inhabitants (2006), and a train station on Indre Østfoldbanen. The Norwegian footballer Martin Andresen grew up in this village.

Mayhem
Members of the black metal band Mayhem lived in a house near the village in the early 1990s, and became infamous when vocalist Dead committed suicide inside the house on 8 April 1991 by slitting his wrists and neck and then shooting himself in the forehead with a shotgun. Guitarist Euronymous then took photographs of Dead's corpse, one of which became the cover of their Dawn of the Black Hearts album. Dead's suicide was said to cause "a change in mentality" in the black metal scene and was the first in a string of infamous events carried out by its members.

Kråkstad Church
Kråkstad Church (Kråkstad Kirke) is a parish church with its origins in the mid-1100s and has 200 seats. It was dedicated on 29 January to Saints Peter and Paul. The medieval church has a roughly square nave and narrow, short chorus. The structure is built from stones of uniform size and good cleavage. After a lightning strike and fire in 1801, only the walls remained and were badly damaged. The church was rebuilt with internal walls of smooth plaster. The timbered west tower was also built in 1882 with two bells which were recast after the fire of 1801. Apart from parts of the altarpiece, most of the interior decor is from 1882. The church organ is from J. H. Jørgensen and dated to 1943.

There are some remains of an old hillfort in the forest above Vientjern (a small lake), a few kilometers outside Kråkstad.

Etymology
The municipality (originally the parish) was named after the old farm Kråkstad (Norse Krákustaðir), since the first church was built there. The first element is an old river name (*Kráka), referring to the crow; the last element is staðir (homestead, farm). Until 1921 the name was written Kraakstad.

title: Kråkstad


text:
WBFS-TV

WBFS-TV (channel 33) is an independent television station in Miami, Florida, United States. It is owned by the CBS News and Stations group alongside WFOR-TV (channel 4), a CBS owned-and-operated station. The two stations share studios on Northwest 18th Terrace in Doral; WBFS-TV's transmitter is located in Andover, Florida.

WBFS-TV was established in 1984, marking the fourth attempt at activating the channel for full-power use in Miami. The aggressive program purchasing and promotional tactics of its builder, the Grant Broadcasting System, carried the company into bankruptcy, but WBFS was its most successful station and became a competitive independent in the market. After being owned by a consortium of Grant's creditors throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Paramount Stations Group reached a deal to purchase WBFS-TV in 1994, resulting in the station joining UPN in 1995; however, WBFS-TV was passed over for affiliation with The CW in 2006 and affiliated instead with MyNetworkTV, airing that service's offerings until 2022. WFOR-TV previously produced dedicated local newscasts for this station until 2011.

Three unbuilt construction permits
Channel 33, allocated to Miami since the introduction of ultra high frequency (UHF) channel assignments in 1952, went unused by a full-power station for more than 30 years. There had been some activity around it when it was first assigned, drawing two applicants; the Miami Biscayne Television Corporation obtained the construction permit, but it went unbuilt. In the 1960s, three bids were made to start a channel 33 station, by Gem Broadcasting, proposing an all-Spanish-language station; and Supreme Broadcasting; Gem was replaced by Gateway Television Corporation, led by Miamian and former Federal Communications Commission (FCC) attorney Vincent B. Welch. Gateway was awarded the construction permit in 1964 after the other two firms dropped out of the running.

Gateway abandoned its bid by 1966, and Hialeah food processor Budd Mayer filed for the channel, proposing subscription television (STV) operation using the Telemeter system. Gold Coast obtained a construction permit in March 1967, though no station ever materialized. In the meantime, beginning in 1974, WCIX (channel 6), hampered by a poor signal in Broward County, began operating a translator on channel 33.

"Florida's Super Station"
In 1977, Miami STV Inc., a company owned by the Block family of Milwaukee, filed with the FCC for authority to build channel 33. Like Gold Coast of a decade earlier, Miami STV was aligned with a subscription television operation, in this case SelecTV. Miami STV was granted a construction permit in July 1980, with the FCC turning down an application for a high-power satellite of WCIX in the process; the owners proposed a hybrid service of ad-supported and subscription programs, similar to what WKID was already broadcasting on channel 51.

The call letters WBFS-TV were assigned under Block in February 1983; that November, the Shlenker Group, which owned KTXH in Houston and KTXA in Fort Worth, Texas, filed to buy a majority stake in the unbuilt station from Miami STV for $46,250. Shlenker would finance construction; in exchange, plans for STV operation would be dropped. At the end of 1983, the WCIX channel 33 translator was shut down.

From the new Guy Gannett tower adjacent to US 441, WBFS-TV began broadcasting on December 9, 1984. It operated from studios on Northwest 52nd Avenue in Miami Gardens, converting a former Beck's brewery. By the time it went on the air, investment had turned over: Milton Grant, a stockholder in the Shlenker Group, had become the outright owner, and WBFS-TV's sign-on heralded the start of the Grant Broadcasting System of independent stations. Unlike most stations, WBFS-TV was not heavily reliant on movies in prime time. Grant, an aggressive buyer of syndicated programming sometimes years in advance, brought this style to the Miami market. The station promoted its maximum-power signal of 5 million watts, enough to reach into West Palm Beach, with slick imaging and the slogan "Florida's Super Station". The marketing blitz for WBFS's launch was said to have cost $2 million over 60 days. The station also aired Miami Hurricanes football and men's basketball.

Grant bankruptcy and Combined ownership
The Grant Broadcasting System sold the Fort Worth and Houston stations in early 1985 and expanded to new startup independents in two larger markets, Philadelphia (WGBS-TV) and Chicago (WGBO-TV). By March 1986, WBFS had tied WCIX as the top independent station in South Florida. However, the new stations and WBFS-TV had to grapple with their high promotional expenses and rapidly rising programming costs. The other Miami stations saw Grant's strategy coming and matched his bids, blunting the impact of his spending. Equally importantly, when the television advertising market slowed down, the highly leveraged Grant-Shlenker consortium faced financial difficulties. Syndicators began to seek payment from a group that did not have the resources to pay. Programs were hastily pulled from the WBFS-TV schedule because their syndicators, such as Embassy Pictures, were threatening to pull the programs and already shopping them to channel 33's competitors.

On December 8, 1986, all three Grant television stations filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in Philadelphia. This protected them from the demands of the syndicators. WBFS-TV was the most successful of the three stations economically, though only in relative terms. Before taxes, it lost $6.54 million in 1986, compared with $9.72 million at the Philadelphia station and $13.76 million in Chicago. One syndicator even went as far as to file a competing application against WBFS-TV's license renewal, largely as a leverage maneuver in bankruptcy court.

In a March 1987 bankruptcy court proceeding in Philadelphia, Grant was allowed to continue operating its stations until at least July 1 through cash and accounts receivables to fund operations, denying a motion by the company's creditors to assume control of the stations or force their sale. However, on July 7, Grant agreed to enter into receivership and turn over control of the company and its three stations to its television program suppliers and bondholders under a reorganization plan to repay $420 million in debt from the stations' operations by 1995, at which point the stations would be sold off. The reorganization plan was formally filed on October 13 and approved on March 30, 1988. In July 1988, Combined Broadcasting, a creditor-controlled company, took over Grant and the three stations.

Despite being run by a consortium of creditors, WBFS continued to do well under Combined's stewardship. It became the over-the-air home of the expansion Miami Heat of the NBA in 1988. It added rights to 50 games from the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball's National League and 10 road games of the Florida Panthers of the NHL in 1993.

In 1993, Combined put WBFS and WGBO up for sale, seeking $90 million for the pair. Chris-Craft Industries expressed interest in both stations, and Renaissance Communications, owner of competing independent WDZL (channel 39), also looked into a bid to combine both stations' programming, but Combined took them off the market later in the year. Combined sold WGBO to Univision in early 1994 for $30 million; not all of the Spanish-language network's programming was airing in Chicago at the time. In April 1994, Combined signed an affiliation agreement for WBFS-TV with The WB, a new television network slated to start in January 1995.

Sale to Paramount and affiliation with UPN
In 1994, Combined reached an agreement to sell WBFS-TV and WGBS-TV to Paramount Stations Group. As a consequence, Paramount announced that the two stations would join the forthcoming United Paramount Network (UPN), which was created through a programming partnership with Chris-Craft, and that WBFS-TV and WDZL would swap proposed affiliations to leave WBFS-TV with UPN and WDZL with The WB. Even though the deal did not close for nearly a year—as it was dependent on Paramount selling another Philadelphia station, WTXF—WBFS joined the new UPN at its launch on January 16, 1995.

As UPN expanded in programming offering, the sports teams left. The Heat had returned to WBFS-TV in 1993, but they signed a deal with WAMI-TV (channel 69) in 1998. The Marlins followed suit in 1999.

In 2000, Paramount's parent company Viacom merged with CBS, making WBFS a sister station to CBS owned-and-operated station WFOR-TV. WBFS moved into WFOR-TV's facilities in Doral, and the two Miami stations and WTVX in the West Palm Beach market, which had been owned alongside WBFS by Paramount and Viacom prior to the merger, were placed under one general manager: Steve Mauldin, who had been leading WFOR-TV since 1998. However, revenue was flat to down across the three stations, and WBFS-TV's share of Miami designated market area TV revenues slipped from 8.7 to 7.3 percent between 2001 and 2006.

Since being consolidated with WFOR-TV, WBFS-TV has occasionally aired CBS network programming to accommodate the CBS station's coverage of news and weather events and Miami Dolphins preseason coverage (to which WFOR-TV holds the rights).

Transition to MyNetworkTV
On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation (which had been formed from the split of Viacom in two) and Time Warner's Warner Bros. Entertainment division announced that they would dissolve UPN and The WB, moving some of their programming to a newly created network, The CW. Twelve CBS-owned UPN stations were chosen as charter affiliates of The CW; WBFS-TV was not included, as the deal also included a long-term affiliation pact with 16 Tribune Broadcasting stations—including WBZL (the former WDZL).

To serve affiliates of the two networks not selected for The CW—namely its own—News Corporation announced the creation of MyNetworkTV on February 22, 2006. After initially announcing plans that May to take WBFS-TV independent, CBS opted to affiliate three of its stations—WBFS-TV; WUPL in New Orleans, similarly situated to WBFS-TV; and WTCN-CA in the West Palm Beach market—with MyNetworkTV in July.

By 2023, the station no longer aired MyNetworkTV programming.

Newscasts
The first news of any kind on WBFS-TV came in the form of prime time news breaks supplied by WTVJ in 1993.

Soon after the Viacom-CBS merger in 2001, and in the wake of the September 11 attacks, WBFS began to air a nightly 10 p.m. newscast from WFOR-TV. This was the third prime time news broadcast in the market after WSVN's long-established 10 p.m. newscast and a WTVJ-produced newscast in that slot on WB affiliate WBZL. In 2003, the newscast was expanded from 30 minutes to a full hour, and the next year, WBFS added a two-hour-long extension of WFOR's weekday morning newscast, airing from 7 to 9 a.m., which replaced paid programming in that time slot and competed against WSVN's morning newscast Today in Florida. The morning newscast failed to garner viewership and aired for the last time on October 17, 2008, when WBFS-TV's weekend newscasts were also dropped and several on-air talent and six behind-the-scenes employees were dismissed as part of budget cuts. The newscast ended in September 2011.

A prime time newscast, now airing at 9 p.m., was re-introduced in July 2022 using the new CBS News Now format. The Now format was discontinued in 2023; WBFS would later reintroduce a locally produced 9 p.m. newscast anchored by Jim Berry and Najahe Sherman. A morning newscast from 7 to 8 a.m. was restored in January 2024.

Sports programming
In 2020, Inter Miami CF announced that, alongside WFOR-TV, WBFS would carry regionally televised matches.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WBFS-TV ended programming on its analog signal, on UHF channel 33, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 32, using virtual channel 33.

title: WBFS-TV


text:
HMS Gaspee

Several ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name Gaspee (or Gaspe):

 * Gaspee (1763) was a revenue schooner famously destroyed in the 1772 Gaspee Affair in Narragansett Bay.
 * HMS Gaspée (1773) was a schooner or brig purchased in North America, and captured on 23 November 1775. Her captors scuttled her but the Royal Navy retrieved her in May 1776. She served again in 1777 but her subsequent fate is unknown.

title: HMS Gaspee