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Grumman FF

The Grumman FF "Fifi" (company designation G-5) was an American biplane fighter aircraft operated by the United States Navy during the 1930s. It was the first carrier aircraft with retractable landing gear. It was produced under licence in Canada and known as the Goblin in Canadian service and Delfín (English: "Dolphin") in Spanish service.

Design and development
The FF-1 was Grumman’s first complete aircraft design for the US Navy. The Navy had asked Grumman if their retractable landing gear made for the O2U-1 Scout planes could be retrofitted to the Navy's Boeing F4B-1 fighters; instead Grumman proposed a new fighter design. The prototype XFF-1 (serial number A8878) was built to a contract placed on 22 April 1931, first flying on 29 December of that year, a two-seat design, with an enclosed cockpit, fuselage of all-metal construction, and wings covered largely with fabric. The XFF-1 was powered initially by a 616 hp (459 kW) Wright R-1820-E Cyclone radial engine, it achieved 195 mph (314 km/h) during service trials. Later the original engine was exchanged for a 750 hp (560 kW) Wright R-1820-F Cyclone and the XFF-1 reached a top speed of 201 mph (323 km/h), faster than any US Navy fighter in service at the time.

A production order was placed for 27 two-seat FF-1 (G-5) on 19 December 1932. Meanwhile, Grumman had completed a second prototype (serial number A8940) to a two-seat scout configuration as the XSF-1 (G-6). Subsequently, 33 production SF-1s were ordered based on the two-seat configuration. They differed from the FF-1 principally in having revised internal equipment and in being powered by R-1820-84 Cyclones instead of the R-1820-78 model installed in the fighter version. One XSF-2 was also completed, this having a Pratt & Whitney R-1535-72 two-row engine in place of the Cyclone.

The distinctive retractable main landing gear design for the FF-1 had originated with Grover Loening's employment of Grumman's future founder, Leroy Grumman, who had hired both Grumman and Jake Swirbul to work in his own aircraft firm in 1928 – after the Loening Aeronautical Engineering Company folded in the 1932–33 timeframe, Loening in turn contributed to the Grumman firm's later successes, with the Grumman-designed, manual crank-operated retractable main gear design used for a number of Loening's military aircraft designs being used on the FF-1, and later Grumman F2F and F3F follow-on biplane fighter designs; culminating in the Grumman F4F Wildcat also using it, as well as the amphibious single-engined Grumman JF and J2F Duck multi-use biplane military aircraft.

Operational history
FF-1s were delivered to Fighter Squadron VF-5B of the USS Lexington (CV-2) beginning in June 1933. In service the FF-1 became familiarly known as the "Fifi". Delivery of SF-1s started on 30 March 1934, and they also served aboard the Lexington, with Scout Squadron VS-3B. Both the FF-1 and SF-1 were withdrawn from first-line US Navy squadrons in late 1935 and 1936. The 25 remaining FF-1s were sent to the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia where they were modified and redesignated FF-2s. The FF-2s were modified with dual controls used for instructional duties by various Naval Reserve activities across the United States. SF-1s were also used by the Naval Reserve. The last FF-2 was stricken from the Naval Record in 1942. The Canadian Car and Foundry Co acquired a manufacturing licence for the G-23, an improved FF-1, of which it completed a total of 52, some of which were assembled from US-built components. Thirty-four were acquired by the Spanish Republican government in 1937 by presenting forged Turkish credentials. This batch was built primarily to bypass the US embargo placed on belligerents during the Spanish Civil War. Referred to as the GE-23 Delfin (en:'Dolphin') by the Spanish Republican Air Force, the aircraft fought in the conflict, but were outclassed by opposing fighters and losses were high. A victory against a Heinkel He 59B was the only recorded "kill" by a Grumman biplane fighter. Eleven survived to serve in the Ejército del Aire Español, nicknamed Pedro Rico for its rotundity.

Although initially rejected as a fighter by the Royal Canadian Air Force as outdated and too slow, with the advent of war, the last 15 of the CC&F production batch were taken on strength as Goblin Is. The aircraft type served with the RCAF from 17 September 1940 until 21 April 1942. "A" Flight of No. 118 RCAF Sqn was equipped with Goblins at Rockcliffe in Ottawa, and subsequently became No. 118 (Fighter) Sqn., later stationed at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, where the Goblins for a time constituted the sole fighter force on the east coast.

Prior to RCAF use, single examples were delivered to Nicaragua, Japan, and Mexico.

The sole G-23 purchased by the Nicaraguan government saw limited service before being relegated to a scrap yard at Zololtan Air Field in 1942, destined to remain there until 1961 when it was purchased and shipped to the US. In 1966, Grumman restored the aircraft before passing it to the US Navy where it remains as one of the displays at the Naval Aviation Museum at Pensacola, Florida.

The Japanese example was purchased as an example of Grumman's undercarriage, however by the time it was delivered better designs were already in use.

The Mexican example was intended to be a pattern aircraft to allow a production line to be set up there but this never occurred.

Variants

 * XFF-1 (Grumman Model G-5)
 * Single prototype, serial number A8878

 * FF-1
 * 27 built, two-seat U.S. Navy carrier-borne fighter

 * FF-2
 * 25 of the original FF-1 fighters converted by the Naval Aircraft Factory with dual controls to serve as fighter trainers

 * XSF-1 (Grumman Model G-6)
 * One built, second prototype, serial number A8940

 * SF-1
 * 33 built, two-seat U.S. Navy carrier-borne scout

 * XSF-2 (Grumman Model G-13)
 * One aircraft, an SF-1 airframe with the 650 hp (485 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1535-72 Twin Wasp Junior engine driving a Hamilton Standard propeller.

 * GG-1
 * Single company demonstrator built from FF-1 and SF-1 components. Powered by a 450 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp.  Later modified with a 890 hp Wright R-1820-F52, full span split flaps on the lower surface of the top wing and ailerons on the bottom wing and sold American businessman Howard F. Klein as a demonstrator to the Canadian Car & Foundry Company.

 * Goblin Mk.1
 * 15 G-23s built under license by the Canadian Car & Foundry Company, but not delivered to the Spanish Republicans. Later taken on strength with the RCAF.

 * AXG1
 * A single Grumman G-23 supplied to the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for evaluation in 1935.

 * GE.23 Delfin
 * Designation for the 34 G-23s delivered to the Spanish Republicans in 1938. 34-delivered.

Operators

 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Royal Canadian Air Force
 * No. 118 (Fighter) Squadron RCAF – 15 aircraft, designated Goblin I
 * No. 123 (Army-Co-operation) Squadron RCAF – 5 aircraft (transferred from 118 (F) Sqn, designated Goblin I

 * Imperial Japanese Navy – one CC&F example designated AXG
 * Imperial Japanese Navy – one CC&F example designated AXG

 * Mexican Air Force – one intended as pattern for production in Mexico.
 * Mexican Air Force – one intended as pattern for production in Mexico.

 * Military Aviation Corps – 1 example, serial GN-3
 * Military Aviation Corps – 1 example, serial GN-3

 * 🇪🇸 Spanish Republic
 * Spanish Republican Air Force – 34 aircraft delivered serials AD-001 to AD-034
 * Ejército del Aire – 11 examples that survived the civil war.

 * United States Navy
 * United States Navy

title: Grumman FF


text:
Posner

Posner or Pozner may refer to:
 * Posner (surname)
 * Posner Park, in Florida, US
 * Posner's theorem in algebra
 * Posner cueing task, a neuropsychological test

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Posner


text:
Liam Flood

Liam Flood (c. 1943 – 16 August 2014) was an Irish bookmaker and professional poker player who was the 1997 European poker champion.

Poker career
Flood began playing poker tournaments in the 1980s in Ireland. He won the Irish Poker Open in 1990 and 1996, becoming one of only four players to have won that tournament multiple times. He was a close friend of Terry Rogers who created the Irish Poker Open tournament, and has run the tournament since Rogers died in 1999.

He was a finalist in series 1 and 2 of the Late Night Poker television series and went on to be the floorman for the Celebrity Poker Club spin-off. In 1997, he had an 11th-place finish in the pot-limit hold-em tournament at the World Series of Poker. In 1998, he had a 15th-place finish in the no-limit hold-em tournament at the World Series.

His biggest cash win to date is a second-place finish at the Party Poker World Open in Maidstone, Kent, England on 3 April 2005. He won $150,000. Flood also appeared in the 2005 World Speed Poker Open. His total lifetime professional tournament winnings exceeded $1,100,000.

In 2007, Flood won the Party Poker European Open, beating Darren Hickman in the final head-to-head and pocketing the first prize of $125,000. This was his first outright win in a televised tournament.

On 16 August 2014, Flood died at the age of 71.

title: Liam Flood


text:
Temptation of Saint Anthony in visual arts

The Temptation of Saint Anthony is an often-repeated subject in the history of art and literature, concerning the supernatural temptation reportedly faced by Saint Anthony the Great during his sojourn in the Egyptian desert. Anthony's temptation is first discussed by Athanasius of Alexandria, Anthony's contemporary, and from then became a popular theme in Western culture.

The common medieval subject, included in the Golden Legend and other sources, shows Saint Anthony being tempted or assailed in the desert by demons, whose temptations he resisted; the Temptation of St Anthony (or Trial...) is the more common name of the subject. But strictly there are at least two different episodes deriving from Athanasius's Life of St. Anthony and later versions of the life that may be represented, though all usually have this name. The most common is the temptation, by seductive women and other demonic forms, but the Martin Schongauer composition (copied by Michelangelo) probably shows a later episode where St Anthony, normally flown about the desert supported by angels, was ambushed and attacked in mid-air by devils. Anasthasius describes another episode where the saint was attacked on the ground.

History
The earliest work to depict Saint Anthony being assaulted by demons is a wall painting in the atrium of Santa Maria Antiqua of the 10th century. The subject became especially popular in the late European Middle Ages, from around 1450. The century following saw the most famous depictions in book illumination, prints and paintings. These include the depictions of Martin Schöngauer (ca. 1470), Hieronymus Bosch (ca. 1505) and Matthias Grünewald (1512–1516).

In the modern era the theme has been treated by the Spanish painter Salvador Dalí and the French author Gustave Flaubert, who considered his 1874 book The Temptation of Saint Anthony to be his masterwork. Flaubert's contemporary Odilon Redon was inspired by the 1874 interpretation to create three series of lithographs. The works have been compiled together in publications including a free eBook by Project Gutenberg.

In 1946 the David L. Loew-Albert Lewin film production company held a contest for a painting on the theme of Saint Anthony's Temptation, with the winner to be used in the film The Private Affairs of Bel Ami. Various artists produced paintings on this subject, and the contest was won by Max Ernst, whose work was duly shown in the film. However, the most well-known of these paintings is a failed contestant, Salvador Dalí's version.

Notable versions of the subject

 * Saint Anthony Abbot Tempted by a Heap of Gold, Sienese, 15th century
 * The Temptation of St Anthony, a widely circulated engraving by Martin Schongauer
 * The Temptation of Saint Anthony (Michelangelo), a 15th-century painting by Michelangelo (his first), which was painted after the Schongauer engraving, in the Kimbell Museum in Ft. Worth.
 * Triptych of the Temptation of St. Anthony, Hieronymus Bosch, c. 1501, in the National Museum of Ancient Art in Lisbon.
 * The Temptation of St Anthony (Bosch painting), a 16th-century painting by Hieronymus Bosch or a follower, in the Prado Museum in Madrid.
 * The Temptation of St Anthony, another Bosch version, in Kansas City
 * Isenheim Altarpiece by Matthias Grünewald (1512–1516)
 * The Temptation of St. Anthony, a 1547 painting by Pieter Huys
 * The Temptation of Saint Anthony (Carracci), a 1598–1600 painting by Annibale Carracci
 * The Temptation of St. Anthony, a c. 1650 work by David Teniers the Younger
 * The Temptation of St. Anthony, a 1650 painting by Joos van Craesbeeck
 * The Temptation of Saint Anthony, several 17th-century paintings by Mattheus van Helmont
 * The Temptation of St. Antonius, an 1887 painting by Paul Cézanne
 * The Temptation of St. Anthony, an 1897 painting by Lovis Corinth
 * The Temptation of Saint Anthony (Ernst painting), a 1945 painting by Max Ernst
 * The Temptation of St. Anthony (Dalí), a 1946 painting by Salvador Dalí
 * The Temptation of St. Anthony, 1942–5, a series of paintings by Michael Ayrton
 * The Temptation of St. Anthony, a 1947 painting by Leonora Carrington
 * The Temptations of Saint Anthony / Las tentaciones de San Antonio, a c. 1947 painting by Diego Rivera
 * The Temptation of Saint Anthony, a fictional modern painting featured in Kurt Vonnegut's 1973 novel Breakfast of Champions
 * The Temptation of St. Anthony, a 1645 print by Jacques Callot


text:
List of storms named Calvin

The name Calvin has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Tropical Storm Calvin (1981), briefly threatened Baja California Sur
 * Tropical Storm Calvin (1987), did not make landfall
 * Hurricane Calvin (1993), a Category 2 hurricane that killed 37 people in Mexico
 * Tropical Storm Calvin (1999), weak tropical storm which formed over open waters
 * Tropical Storm Calvin (2005), briefly threatened Acapulco but moved away
 * Hurricane Calvin (2011), a Category 1 hurricane that stayed off the coast of Mexico
 * Tropical Storm Calvin (2017), minimal tropical storm that made landfall in southwestern Mexico
 * Hurricane Calvin (2023), a Category 3 hurricane that passed south of Hawaii as a tropical storm

title: List of storms named Calvin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/We're off to See the Wizard

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:07, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

We're off to See the Wizard
Perpetual stub about a single song (as information about it is covered on the movie page). As it stands is only an opinion and some of the most obscure trivia one could ever dream of. Created by user with habit of creating stubs for the purpose of listing useless trivia (as is on the page now), then flooding creating a flood of incoming links. --InShaneee 15:32, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The number of piss-poor song stubs in wikipedia is truly staggering. Delete. Or maybe redirect. If someone wants to write a real article here I will probably change my vote. -R. fiend 16:12, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, it's been expanded, and although it's still not a great article I'll change my vote, as promised, to weak keep. Could use more, I think. -R. fiend 04:23, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. There are articles about far less notable songs, and this one is fairly iconic. Needs expansion, however. 23skidoo 17:25, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep because, because, because, because, becauauauase, because we have other bits from the movie with their own article too (say it quick, and it fits the music) e.g. Yellow brick road. They are faaaaaaar more notable than any pokemon creation will ever be.-Splash 22:05, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Highly notable song. Methinks it can be expanded.  CanadianCaesar 23:46, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. My understanding is that the diggers at Tobruk used to sing this song but can't verify it. Nevertheless, this is a well-known song from a very well known musical and there is now a real article there. Capitalistroadster 23:55, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect Merge applicable info (sans the unmaintainable and extraneous "References in popular culture section") into The Wizard of Oz (1939 movie), redirect the namespace. Fernando Rizo 00:08, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Oz is sufficently famous and long-lived such that individual songs are notable, and are useful as cultural references, in their own right. Xoloz 03:57, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Revolución 06:11, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with main article. Radiant_ >|< 12:37, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to The Wizard of Oz (1939 movie). The song is not really notable outside of the context of the film, likely because it's so specific to the film. "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" is the only Oz song that really needs its own seperate article. That being said, if it is kept, move it to We're Off to See the Wizard --FuriousFreddy 19:06, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Freddy's right, it should be moved. -R. fiend 04:01, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems mildly arbitrary to declare that Over the Rainbow is the only Oz song of note, no? Everybody knows why you go to see the Wizard, just as everybody knows that something happens way up high (though I actually forget what, precisely). -Splash 04:19, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The difference between the songs is that "Over the Rainbow" is a famous song in its own right independent of The Wizard of Oz. It won an Academy Award, became Judy Garland's signiture song, and has been covered and used in many contexts independent of the film. "We're Off to See the Wizard", on the other hand, because it is so specific to the film itself, is only used in direct, allusional, or parodical reference to The Wizard of Oz. You'll never hear someone sing "We're Off to See the Wizard" at a talent show and expect to make an impact (unless they're staging an act or medley that includes other Oz songs). For the same purpouse, "A Whole New World" from Aladdin deserves its own article (it was a #1 pop hit, and later became a popular wedding song), but "Prince Ali" and "Arabian Nights" do not. --FuriousFreddy 14:34, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Brian Pittman

Untitled
Results 1 - 10 of about 236 for "Brian Pittman" reliant k

Erm, why is it a speedy delete? He's a bona-fide band member of a well-known group Sherurcij 15:32, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

That hurts on the inside
oooh, that must hurt to know one of the guys in your band left to be in another band. They probably werent like really hurt or anything, but still the thought...
 * I think Brian wanted to try a different type of music, and he was tired of all the touring. Matt Thiessen has said that there's no hard feelings, and they are friends the way they have always been. RoryS89 01:24, 5 June 2006 (UTC)RoryS89

title: Talk:Brian Pittman


text:
List of storms named Carlotta

The name Carlotta has been used for eleven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and one in the Australian region of the South Pacific.

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Hurricane Carlotta (1967), did not make landfall.
 * Hurricane Carlotta (1971), no land was affected.
 * Hurricane Carlotta (1975), did not come near land.
 * Hurricane Carlotta (1978), Category 4 hurricane, did not affect land.
 * Tropical Storm Carlotta (1982), did not make landfall.
 * Hurricane Carlotta (1988), did not make landfall.
 * Hurricane Carlotta (1994), churned in the open ocean.
 * Hurricane Carlotta (2000), killed 18 after sinking a freighter.
 * Hurricane Carlotta (2006), remained at sea
 * Hurricane Carlotta (2012), made landfall near Puerto Escondido, Mexico.
 * Tropical Storm Carlotta (2018), brushed the southwestern coast of Mexico without making landfall.

In the Australian region:
 * Cyclone Carlotta (1972), remained well off the Queensland coast.

title: List of storms named Carlotta


text:
User:AlexSwanson

Born 1962, married one child; lives and works in Milton Keynes, United Kingdom

Qualifications:

MA (Hons)(IIii) in Computing from Aberdeen University

Diploma in Statistics from the Open University

Member of the British Computer Society and Chartered IT Professional.

title: User:AlexSwanson


text: User talk:195.3.113.141

title: User talk:195.3.113.141


text:
List of storms named Carlos

The name Carlos has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Tropical Storm Carlos (1979), did not make landfall
 * Tropical Storm Carlos (1985), did not affect land
 * Hurricane Carlos (1991), no damage reports
 * Tropical Storm Carlos (1997), never threatened land; no casualties or damage were reported
 * Tropical Storm Carlos (2003), damaged about 30,000 houses in Mexico, with a monetary damage total of 86.7 million pesos (2003 MXN, $8 million 2003 USD)
 * Hurricane Carlos (2009), did not affect land
 * Hurricane Carlos (2015), a small tropical cyclone which brushed the western coast of Mexico
 * Tropical Storm Carlos (2021), did not affect land

The name Carlos has been used once in the Australian region.
 * Cyclone Carlos (2011), record three-day total of 684.8 mm (26.96 in) rain was recorded at Darwin International Airport

The name Carlos has been used once in the South-West Indian Ocean.
 * Cyclone Carlos (2017)

title: List of storms named Carlos


text:
Dave Welch

Dave Welch is an English poker player based in St Albans, who made several appearances on the Late Night Poker television series, including the season 1 grand final and the season 6 semi-final.

His biggest cash win to date was FF 250,000 ($40,750) for winning the 1998 Euro Finals of Poker no limit hold'em poker tournament, defeating a number of players including Padraig Parkinson, Dave "Devilfish" Ulliott, Patrick Bruel and Surinder Sunar.

As of 2008, his total live tournament winnings exceeded $360,000.

Welch is married to poker player Debbie Berlin, another Late Night Poker regular.

title: Dave Welch


text:
Historical-grammatical method

The historical-grammatical method is a modern Christian hermeneutical method that strives to discover the biblical authors' original intended meaning in the text. According to the historical-grammatical method, if based on an analysis of the grammatical style of a passage (with consideration to its cultural, historical, and literary context), it appears that the author intended to convey an account of events that actually happened, then the text should be taken as representing history; passages should only be interpreted symbolically, poetically, or allegorically if to the best of our understanding, that is what the writer intended to convey to the original audience. It is the primary method of interpretation for many conservative Protestant exegetes who reject the historical-critical method to various degrees (from the complete rejection of historical criticism of some fundamentalist Protestants to the moderated acceptance of it in the Roman Catholic tradition since the Divino afflante Spiritu encyclical letter), in contrast to the overwhelming reliance on historical-critical interpretation in biblical studies at the academic level.

The historical-grammatical method arose in the context of the Enlightenment in the Western world. Prior to this, Medieval Christianity tended to emphasize the four senses of Scripture: the literal, allegorical, moral, and anagogical; however, interpretation is always subject to the Church's magisterium. The process for determining the original meaning of the text is through examination of the grammatical and syntactical aspects, the historical background, the literary genre as well as theological (canonical) considerations. While there is not a common Eastern Orthodox Christian hermeneutic, Orthodox scholars tend to draw upon spiritual and allegorical readings of the Bible, in conversation with the Church Fathers and the Church's traditions.

Historical development
The historical-grammatical method appeared in the eighteenth century when German scholars applied philological and the nascent scholarly historiographical methods to biblical studies, guided by the Enlightenment rationality. The founder of historical-grammatical method was the scholar Johann August Ernesti (1707–1781) who, while not rejecting the historical-critical method of his time, emphasized the perspicuity of Scripture, the principle that the Bible communicates through the normal use of words and grammar, making it understandable like any other book. Ernesti's set of interpretive principles and practices first received the name the historical-grammatical method or historical-grammatical method of interpretation in the book Elementa Hermeneutices Novi Testamenti (1811) by Karl Augustus Theophilos Keil (1754–1818). "In passing mention ought to be made of J. A Ernesti who so emphasized the grammatical meaning of the words that Holy Writ has no future meaning and is comparable to any other book; and also J. S. Semler, who, although he did not wish to be counted among the rationalists nevertheless advanced its cause and its prominence by his one-sided emphasis upon the historical method and by relying upon the accommodation theory, holding that Jesus adjusted himself to the views of His day."

In reaction to the appropriation of the historical-critical method by rationalist and liberal Protestant scholars, the conservative theologian and journalist Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg (1802–1869) embraced the historical-grammatical method as a bulwark of orthodoxy in defense of the historicity of miracles and inspiration of the Scriptures. Based on this method, scholars Franz Delitzsch (1813–1890) and Johann Friedrich Karl Keil (1807–1888) wrote extensive biblical commentaries, consolidating the existence of the historical-grammatical method, independent from both the pietist reading and the historical-critical reading of the Bible, thus separating the interpretive methods born out of the Enlightenment modernity. The translation of Ernesti's works into English by Moses Stuart and its subsequent adoption as a textbook at the Andover Theological Seminary and the Princeton Theological Seminary made the method popular among English-speaking evangelicals.

During polemics between science and religion in the Nineteenth century, the historical-critical method of biblical hermeneutics became associated with liberal theology while the "conservative" or "traditionalist" position was supposed to adopt the historical-grammatical method. However, an American pioneer of liberal theology, Hosea Ballou, employed the historical-grammatical method; while the traditional evangelical scholar, William Robertson Smith, adhered to the historical-critical methods. Amid these controversies, adherents of the historical-grammatical method embraced the liberal theologian Benjamin Jowett's concept of each biblical text having only one signification determined by the authorial intent.

In the twentieth century, theologically conservative theologians claimed that their methods of exegesis were based on the historical-grammatical method. However, many exegetes who claim to use the historical-grammatical method selectively choose historical data or perform superficial lexical analysis, as well as reject the cornerstone concept of this method: the perspicuity of the Scriptures, which does not require cosmovision presuppositions or a special illumination by the Holy Spirit to attain the "correct interpretation" of the Scriptures.

Original meaning of texts
The aim of the historical-grammatical method is to discover the meaning of the passage as the original author would have intended and what the original hearers would have understood. The original passage is seen as having only a single meaning or sense. As Milton S. Terry said, "A fundamental principle in grammatico-historical exposition is that the words and sentences can have but one significance in one and the same connection. The moment we neglect this principle we drift out upon a sea of uncertainty and conjecture."

Many practice the historical-grammatical method using the inductive method, a general three-fold approach to the text: observation, interpretation, and application. Each step builds upon the other, which follows in order. The first step of observation involves an examination of words, structure, structural relationships and literary forms. After observations are formed, then the second step of interpretation involves asking interpretative questions, formulating answers to those questions, integration and summarization of the passage. After the meaning is derived through interpretation, the third step of application involves determining both the theoretical and practical significance of the text and appropriately applying this significance to today's modern context. There is also a heavy emphasis on personal application that extends into all aspects of the practitioner's life. Theologian Robert Traina, in his 1952 Methodical Bible Study, wrote that "the applicatory step is that for which all else exists. It represents the final purpose of Bible study."

Technically speaking, the historical-grammatical method of interpretation is distinct from the determination of the passage's significance in light of that interpretation. Together, interpretation of the passage and determining the meaning define the term "hermeneutics".

Other literal methods
The historical-grammatical method is not the only method based on a literal reading of the Bible. Among other methods are the exegesis of the ancient School of Antioch, the approach of the Karaites, the Golden-age Spanish Jewish rationalism, some scholastics like the School of St. Victor, the philogical method of the Reformers, the Protestant scholasticism of the Puritans and Francis Turretin, the devotional reading of the Pietists, and the Biblical Reading method of the evangelical Victorians. What makes the Historical-grammatical method unique is its insistence on the possibility of attaining a single objective reading, based upon the Enlightenment's Cartesian rationalism or Common-Sense realism.

Reader-response method
In the reader-response method, the focus is on how the book is perceived by the reader, not on the intention of the author. While the methods focused on the Aesthetics of reception the objective is how the book is perceived by the reader without worrying about the authorial intent or original audiences, the historical-grammatical method considers the reader-response irrelevant. Reader-centered methods are diverse, including canonical criticism, confessional hermeneutics, and contextual hermeneutics. Nevertheless, the historical-grammatical method shares with reader-centered methods the interest in understanding the text as it became received by the earliest interpretive communities and throughout the history of Bible interpretation. Moreover, neither approach rejects assumptions of orthodoxy nor belief in the supernatural.

Historical-critical method
The historical-critical method is used by many academic Bible scholars in universities, including many Roman Catholic and Protestant institutions. The method uses different approaches, like source criticism, genre criticism, tradition criticism, and redaction criticism in an attempt to discover the sources and factors that contributed to the making of the text as well as to determine what it meant to the original audience. There also a systematic use of historical, sociological, archeological, linguistic, anthropological and comparative mythology data. Scholars who use the historical-critical method treat the Bible as they would any other text. In contrast to the historical-grammatical method, historical-criticism does not aim to determine what a text means for people today nor to produce novel theological insights. For those reasons, some traditional scholars and conservative Christians tend to reject the method, even though many of them use aspects of it that naturally overlap with the historical-grammatical method, such as attempting to determine what was meant when a passage was written.

title: Historical-grammatical method


text:
1987 Truro by-election

The 1987 Truro by-election, was caused by the death of David Penhaligon, the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Truro on 22 December 1986 in a car crash near the city. The election was held on 12 March 1987. The constituency was renamed Truro and St Austell in 1997.

The Liberal Party, standing with the backing of the Social Democratic Party as part of the SDP-Liberal Alliance, formed a shortlist of five candidates: Matthew Taylor (Penhaligon's economic policy assistant), Paul Tyler (outgoing chair of the Liberal Party and former MP for Bodmin), Doris Ansari (chair of Cornwall County Council's planning and employment committee), Malcolm Brown (Penhaligon's part-time constituency agent), and Philip Beckerlegge (solicitor and Liberal candidate for Cirencester and Tewkesbury in 1983 and 1987). Taylor was the favourite and was chosen to be the Liberal candidate.

The Conservative candidate was Nick St Aubyn who would go on to become member for Guildford. The Labour Party and Green Party put forward candidates. The only other candidate was Helen Anscomb, who represented Death off Road: Freight on Rail. Anscomb had previously taken part in four other by-elections of the 49th Parliament and on this occasion focused her campaign on the issue of road safety as Penhaligon had been killed in a car accident.

After the election, Anscomb lodged an election petition against the return of Taylor on the grounds that he had appeared on Channel Four News and BBC Newsnight without the other candidates, in breach of election law. The petition was stayed and eventually withdrawn due to her ill-health.

This election is notable for being the last by-election during that term of parliament, as a general election (which saw the Tories achieve a third successive win) was called three months later.

title: 1987 Truro by-election


text:
Alex Miller

Alex Miller (born 4 July 1949) is a Scottish football manager and former player. As a player, he had a 15-year career with Rangers, winning several trophies. As a manager, he won the 1991–92 Scottish League Cup with Hibernian. He subsequently worked for Premier League club Liverpool for nine years, assisting Gérard Houllier and Rafael Benítez.

Playing career
Miller started his playing career with Clydebank Strollers before he made the move to Rangers. He played for Rangers from 1967 until 1982 and made 309 appearances during his spell at Ibrox, scoring 33 goals. After being coached by David White he was promoted to the first team, and won his first medal in the 1970 Scottish League Cup Final. He impressed the supporters having played in the 1971 Scottish Cup Final against Celtic despite having a broken jaw. However, under coach William Waddell, he was mostly a second choice player and was not in the squad in one of the biggest successes of the club's history, the triumph in the 1972 European Cup Winners' Cup Final.

It was only after Jock Wallace took over as coach that he became increasingly used, often as a substitute. As a regular from the mid-1970s, he won multiple titles, contributing to three Scottish Football League championships, three Scottish Cups (also losing in four further finals) and five Scottish League Cups.

Early coaching career
Miller was appointed as player-manager when he played briefly for South China in Hong Kong in 1983, but was unable to save the club from relegation. He then had the same role at Morton in the first part of the 1983–84 season before contentiously joining the Greenock club's rivals, St Mirren, who were at that time in a higher division.

St Mirren
Miller managed St Mirren from 1983 until 1986. He guided the Paisley club to qualification for European competition. One of their all-time great nights came in a European campaign when in 1985, Slavia Prague were knocked out after a 3–0 Saints win at Love Street. Miller moulded a side that would win the 1987 Scottish Cup Final, but departed during that season.

Hibernian
Miller was then manager of Hibernian from 1986 to 1996, through a "difficult" period in the club's history, as the club came through financial problems. He led the team to victory in the 1991–92 Scottish League Cup, beating Rangers in the semi-final (1–0) and Dunfermline Athletic in the final (2–0). Hibs qualified for the UEFA Cup, losing on the away goals rule to RSC Anderlecht, then reached the 1993 Scottish League Cup Final, but this time lost out to Rangers (1–2). Hibs finished the 1994–95 season in third place in the league. Miller was sacked by Hibs in 1996, with some observers accusing him of having betrayed Hibs' "cavalier ideals".

Coventry and Aberdeen
Miller then moved to Coventry City, accepting an offer from his Scottish compatriot Gordon Strachan to become assistant manager. A year later, unable to resist the challenge of being his own man again, he moved to Aberdeen taking over the manager's post from Roy Aitken. However this stint was not a successful one and he was replaced in 1998 by Paul Hegarty.

Liverpool
Miller joined English Premier League side Liverpool as Director of Scouting under Gérard Houllier in 1999. However, when Rafael Benítez was appointed manager of Liverpool in 2004, he overhauled the scouting system. Miller then subsequently worked as first team coach, helping the club win the Champions League in 2005 and the FA Cup in 2006. Miller left Liverpool in May 2008 to manage Japanese side JEF United Chiba.

JEF United Chiba
Despite taking over the club when they had taken just two points from eleven games, Miller managed to guide the team to safety from relegation. However, following a string of poor results in the next season which the club was in the relegation zone, Miller's contract was terminated by the club in July 2009.

AIK
Miller was appointed manager of Swedish team AIK in June 2010 as the successor of Mikael Stahre and the interim solution Björn Wesström. AIK had been in some danger of relegation when Miller was appointed, but they eventually finished 11th in the 16-team division.

Sibir Novosibirsk
Miller was appointed head coach of Russian First Division club Sibir Novosibirsk in January 2012. Miller became the first British head coach in Russian football. Miller left the club after just nine matches in charge.

Return to St Mirren
Miller returned to St Mirren on 3 November 2015, as assistant manager to Ian Murray. He became caretaker manager after Murray resigned in December.

Personal life
Two of Miller's sons, Graeme and Greg, both played for Hibs while Miller was manager there. Miller also employed Greg as a coach while he was manager of JEF United Chiba.

Manager
St Mirren
 * Renfrewshire Cup: 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86

Hibernian
 * Scottish League Cup: 1991–92
 * Tennents' Sixes: 1990
 * East of Scotland Shield: 1989–90

Aberdeen
 * Aberdeenshire Cup: 1997–98

title: Alex Miller


text:
Talk:Nestlé Milk Chocolate

I have changed this to a redirect to Nestlé, again. The article, such as it is, contains no more information than the title. If Nestlé Milk Chocolate has had some long and interesting history, then by all means make an article out of that. Saying "Nestlé Milk Chocolate is a kind of milk chocolate made by Nestlé" is just silly, and makes for a useless article. tregoweth 15:36, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Recreating This Article
i have decided to resurrect this article, I made it much more descriptive, though please note this is a work in progress. Please do not delete this again, and I shall do my best to improve this article reguraly. Feel free to add more content, and images. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Coolboygcp (talk • contribs) 07:33, 2 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Nestlé Milk Chocolate. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130214063853/http://www.nestleusa.com/en/Brands/Chocolate/Nestle-Milk-Chocolate to http://www.nestleusa.com/en/brands/chocolate/Nestle-Milk-Chocolate

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:15, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.goldenswanchocolate.com/about-us/ http://peterschocolate.com/pages/history.html http://time.com/8195/13-most-influential-candy-bars-of-all-time/. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. /wiae /tlk  22:29, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

Article is now far more insightful
Before, the wiki article was a mess with grammatical errors, no sources, and a general lack of understanding of the content. With the addition of my recent edits, the article now seems far more substantiated and insightful than it ever was before. NeonHD7 (talk) 01:06, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nestlé Milk Chocolate


text:
List of storms named Cosme

The name Cosme has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Tropical Storm Cosme (1983), did not affect land.
 * Hurricane Cosme (1989), a large Category 1 hurricane that made landfall near Acapulco; brought heavy rains, which killed at least 30 people due to drowning.
 * Hurricane Cosme (1995), a Category 1 hurricane that never affected land, caused no damage or fatalities.
 * Tropical Storm Cosme (2001), did not make landfall; dissipated about 820 mi (1,320 km) west-southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.
 * Hurricane Cosme (2007), a Category 1 hurricane that stayed far from land, effects were mostly minor.
 * Hurricane Cosme (2013), a Category 1 hurricane; did not make landfall but caused minor damage to the west coast of Mexico and the Revillagigedo Islands.
 * Tropical Storm Cosme (2019), never threatened land.

The name Cosme has been used for two tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific.
 * Typhoon Sudal (2004) (T0401, 03W, Cosme), strongest typhoon to strike the island of Yap in the Federated States of Micronesia in about 50 years.
 * Tropical Storm Halong (2008) (T0804, 05W, Cosme), caused 58 deaths and $94 million (USD) in damage in Luzon, leading to its retirement and being replaced by Carina for future seasons.

title: List of storms named Cosme


text:
Talk:American Standard Companies

Untitled
See the history of the American Standard for earlier article history; should have been merged and redirected at time of the creation of the "American Standard Companies" article. -- Infrogmation 15:36, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Restoring American Standard (plumbing fixture company) article
Now that American Standard Companies has been split up, we need to create a new article about the plumbing fixture company. Steelbeard1 (talk) 17:49, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

The links to the footnoted Trane news releases no longer work. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Squotis (talk • contribs) 15:44, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Standard Companies


text: Template:Bio-book-stub

title: Template:Bio-book-stub


text:
Template talk:Bio-book-stub

This template is for stubs about books that are biographies or autobiographies, not for biographical stubs about people.

 * Is the stub coded correctly? When I look at Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! the picture is at the very bottom of the screen. --HappyCamper 19:04, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've changed the code. It's taking a while to refresh, however, so I can't yet confirm that it's fixed. - Dudesleeper / Talk  15:02, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Bio-book-stub


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DiMENSiON

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:10, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

DiMENSiON
Was marked speedy, though not a true candidate. Vanity Band page, non-notable, no google hits Gblaz 15:38, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I originally marked it speedy, but was mistaken (pulled the trigger a little too fast), Gblaz was correct to change it to vfd. Non-notable vanity page. - Chairboy 15:49, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete … G u y M … (soapbox) 15:42, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Apparent Vanity --Irishpunktom\talk 15:44, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 15:46, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. — Fingers-of-Pyrex 15:47, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- BMIComp (talk) 15:57, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Grpunkim 18:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. -- Etacar11   01:06, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. JamesBurns 08:12, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:68.62.97.24

title: User talk:68.62.97.24


text:
User talk:JensBenecke

It's way too late, but everyone deserves a welcome, so...

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! Y0u (Y0ur talk page) (Y0ur contributions) 15:38, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called JensBenecke. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name JensBenecke~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:50, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JensBenecke


text:
Bangar

Bangar May be related to :

Geology

 * Khadir and Bangar, alluvial soil types in India and Pakistan

Places

 * Bangar, Brunei, a town in Brunei
 * Bangar, India a town in Rajasthan, India
 * Bangar, Iran (disambiguation), places in Iran
 * Bangar, La Union, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Mukim Bangar, a mukim subdivision in Brunei

People

 * Bangar (caste), a Hindu and Sikh group of India

title: Bangar


text: User talk:84.65.2.181

title: User talk:84.65.2.181


text:
Naguilian

Naguilian may refer to the following places in the Philippines:

 * Naguilian, Isabela
 * Naguilian, La Union
 * Naguilan barangay in Calayan, Cagayan

title: Naguilian


text:
Pugo

Pugo may refer to:

 * Boris Pugo, a Soviet politician
 * Pugo, La Union, a Philippine town
 * Pugo (comedian), a famous Filipino comedian and vaudevillian (1898-1978), born Mariano Contreras. Teamed up with Togo in the tandem Pugo and Togo and Bentot in movies, radio and television
 * the Pugo dialect of the Gallong language, a Tibeto-Burman language of Northeast India
 * pugo means buttocks in Esperanto

title: Pugo


text:
User:Dominic/RFA cliché no. 1

I thought he/she/they already was/were an admin

This is the most common phrase encountered at Requests for adminship.

 * [[Image:Arwi_characters.jpg|left|50px]]This Wikipedia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by [ expanding it].

title: User:Dominic/RFA cliché no. 1


text:
List of storms named Cristina

The name Cristina has been used for seven tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

 * Hurricane Cristina (1984), did not affect any land
 * Tropical Storm Cristina (1990), did not make landfall
 * Tropical Storm Cristina (1996), made landfall near Puerto Ángel; claimed 13 lives and left 62 missing; 11 fishing boats were reported missing and 350 people were left homeless
 * Tropical Storm Cristina (2002), never threatened land; no impact reported
 * Tropical Storm Cristina (2008), did not make landfall
 * Hurricane Cristina (2014), peaked at Category 4 intensity
 * Tropical Storm Cristina (2020), never threatened land

title: List of storms named Cristina


text: User talk:64.28.86.59

title: User talk:64.28.86.59


text:
Gwyllion

Gwyllion or gwyllon (plural noun from the singular Gwyll or (Yr) Wyll "twilight, gloaming") is a Welsh word with a wide range of possible meanings including "ghosts, spirits" and "night-wanderers (human or supernatural) up to no good, outlaws of the wild." Gwyllion is only one of a number of words with these or similar meanings in Welsh. It is a comparatively recent word coined inadvertently in the seventeenth century by the Welsh lexicographer Dr John Davies of Mallwyd.

Folklore
According to folklorist Wirt Sikes the gwyllion are female fairies of frightful aspect who haunt lonely roads in the Welsh mountains and lead travellers astray. They are gloomy spirits more akin to hags or witches, as distinct from the Welsh ellyllon (elves) that are more benevolent. Those who encountered them either by night or on a misty day would be sure to lose their way even if they were perfectly familiar with the road. One gwyll in particular was known as the Old Woman of the Mountain who haunted Llanhyddel Mountain in Monmouthshire, and the popular tradition in that district was that she was the ghost of a woman who had been regarded in life as a witch. She is known to utter strange cries and shouts throughout her mountain in order to frighten wayfarers.

The Old Woman has also been encountered on Black Mountain in Breconshire. One man reported meeting her there and at the same time found that he had lost his way. Thinking she was human he called out for her to stay but receiving no answer he thought she was deaf. He tried to overtake her but she led him further astray, always out of reach, until he found himself in a marsh. When she uttered a cackling laugh he suspected she might be a gwyll so he drew his knife, whereupon the Old Woman vanished. His suspicions were confirmed for it was well known that Welsh ghosts and fairies were afraid of knives and could be banished by them.

This exorcism by knife, according to Sikes, is a particularly Welsh tradition. The gwyllion often came into the houses of the people at the parish of Aberystruth, especially in stormy weather. She was always made welcome, not out of any sense of friendship but out of fear of what she might do to them if she were offended. She was provided with clean water and care was taken that no knife or any other cutting tool should be in the corner near the fire where the fairies liked to sit. While it was desirable to exorcise them when in the open air it was not prudent to display an inhospitable attitude towards any member of the fairy realm.

Another traveller encountered the gwyllion at night on Bedwellty Mountain. There were several such spirits dancing fantastically around him. He also heard the sounds of a bugle-horn and what seemed like invisible hunters riding by. Although he was afraid he drew his knife and the fairies vanished. Sikes speculates that if these ideas are traced back to their source then they may have some connection with the sword Excalibur and the role it plays in the primeval world. The folklorist Katharine Briggs suggested that it may have to do with the traditional fairy vulnerability to cold iron.

In popular culture

 * The Gwyllion is featured as the main antagonist in the 2013 CGI animated film Barbie: Mariposa and the Fairy Princess. She appears as a vengeful old woman with light grey hair who attacked the crystal fairies.

 * In The Lord of the Rings Online video game the culture of Dunland, sparsely described by J. R. R. Tolkien, is heavily based on the Welsh mythology. Gwyllion, also called "the Old Woman of the Mountain", appears in Dunland as a secondary antagonist who is in alliance with Saruman the White.

 * In the Good Kid song 'Witches', the Gwyllion are mentioned in the lyric; "Now just take a look at this through Gwyllion eyes".

 * In the Choose Your Own Adventure book, The Enchanted Kingdom, one storyline involves the protagonist traveling to a mountain range and defeating a group of "ghouls" by brandishing a knife with a plastic handle. The ghouls, enemies of the fairies, are portrayed similarly to Gwyllion and seem to be based on them.

title: Gwyllion


text:
Earth and water

In the writings of the Ancient Greek chronicler Herodotus, the phrase earth and water (γῆ καί ὕδωρ – ge kai hydor, ) is used to represent the demand by the Persian Empire of formal tribute from the cities or people who surrendered to them.

Usage in Herodotus' histories
In Book 4, Herodotus mentions for the first time the term earth and water in the answer of king Idanthyrsus of the Scythians to king Darius. In Book 5, it is reported that Darius sent heralds demanding earth and water from king Amyntas I of Macedon, which he accepted. It was also requested of the Athenian embassy to Artaphernes in 507 BC, which complied. In the 6th book, Darius sent heralds throughout Greece demanding earth and water for the king (Hdt. 6.48). There were not many city-states that refused.

In Book 7, he recounts that when the Persians sent envoys to the Spartans and to the Athenians demanding the traditional symbol of surrender, an offering of soil and water, the Spartans threw them into a well and the Athenians threw them into a gorge, suggesting that upon their arrival at the bottom, they could "Dig it out for yourselves."

Just before the second Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes, the Spartans voluntarily sent two men of noble birth to Susa for execution, in atonement for the death of the Darius' heralds. This did not satisfy Xerxes who punished the Greeks by defeating the Spartan Army and destroying Athens.

Interpretation
The demand for earth and water symbolized that those surrendering to Persians gave up all their rights over their land and every product of the land. Giving earth and water, they recognized the Persian authority over everything; even their lives belonged to the king of Persians. Then negotiations would take place to specify the obligations and the benefits of the liegemen.

The phrase earth and water, even in modern Greek, symbolizes unconditional subordination to a conqueror.

According to the modern historian J. M. Balcer, the significance of earth and water is that they were Zoroastrian symbols and representative of vassalage to the Persian Empire. "Persian heralds traveled throughout Greece demanding the recognition of Persian Suzerainty and the Zoroastrian symbols of earth and water, the marks of vassalage...".

However, according to a new analysis by Daniel Beckman, the ritual of "earth and water" originated from a Neo-Assyrian practice that represented the violent conquest of a city, while in the Achaemenid Empire it symbolized peaceful, voluntary submission.

title: Earth and water


text:
List of storms named Daniel

The name Daniel has been used for ten weather systems worldwide: eight tropical cyclones in the eastern Pacific Ocean and two European windstorms (with one later becoming a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone).

In the Eastern Pacific:
 * Hurricane Daniel (1978), a Category 3 hurricane that did not affect land.
 * Hurricane Daniel (1982), a Category 3 which reached Hawaii as a tropical depression and dissipated in the Alenuihaha Channel between Maui and the Big Island.
 * Tropical Storm Daniel (1988), did not make landfall.
 * Tropical Storm Daniel (1994), no reports of damage or casualties
 * Hurricane Daniel (2000), a Category 3 hurricane that threatened Hawaii for a time while weakening.
 * Hurricane Daniel (2006), a powerful Category 4 hurricane that brought rain to Hawaii as a tropical depression.
 * Hurricane Daniel (2012), a Category 3 hurricane that did not affect land.
 * Tropical Storm Daniel (2018), a weak tropical storm that never threatened land.

In Europe:
 * Storm Daniel (2019), a European windstorm that moderately affected the Iberian Peninsula and Western Europe; also known as Storm Xavier
 * Storm Daniel (2023), a European windstorm and later medicane which severely affected Greece and caused catastrophic damage in Libya due to multiple dam failures, leaving over 4,000 people confirmed dead and more than 8,000 missing.

title: List of storms named Daniel


text: User talk:12.40.184.2

title: User talk:12.40.184.2


text:
Paris Gibson

Paris Gibson (July 1, 1830 – December 16, 1920) was an American entrepreneur and politician.

Gibson was born in Brownfield, Maine. An 1851 graduate of Bowdoin College, he served as a member of the Montana State Senate and as a Democratic member of the United States Senate between 1901 and 1905.

Career
In 1853 he was elected to the Maine legislature. After moving to Minnesota, where he built the North Star Woolen Mill at St. Anthony's Falls, he served on the University of Minnesota Board of Regents from 1871 through 1879, and was a founding Trustee for Lakewood Cemetery. He abandoned his failed business interests in Minnesota to try his luck out West and, in 1880, paid a visit to the Great Falls of the Missouri River and quickly recognized their potential for producing hydroelectric power.

Gibson convinced his friend, railroad magnate James J. Hill, to invest in a townsite at the falls and urged that Hill extend his railroad through the new city. In 1883 the city of Great Falls, Montana, was founded with Gibson as mayor.

By 1887 Hill rail lines linked Great Falls to Butte, Montana, and Helena, Montana. However, the main line of Hill's Great Northern Railway bypassed Great Falls to the north. Despite this setback, Great Falls became a major center of trade for area farmers and ranchers, and its dams on the Missouri River contributed power for ore processing and grain milling industries.

When William A. Clark resigned from the United States Senate, Gibson, a Democrat, was elected to fill the seat, and he served from March 7, 1901, until March 3, 1905. He did not seek re-election. He died in Great Falls and is buried there in Highland Cemetery.

Personal life
Paris was married to Valeria Goodenow Sweat. They had four children; two died at an early age, at 1 and 2 years old. They had two sons who lived to adulthood.

In 1912, Philip was sent to Warm Springs, a state mental hospital in Warm Springs, Montana, for "exhaustion of paresis", sometimes known as "general paralysis of the insane," where he died. Some time later, Theodore suffered a similar health problem and was also sent to Warm Springs, where he died.

Gibson House haunting
Kelly Parks purchased the Theo Gibson home in Great Falls in 2010. She asserts the house, which was built in 1890, is haunted by Valeria Gibson's ghost.

title: Paris Gibson


text:
User talk:Ngiese

Hi, please make sure that new articles you submit are encyclopedic and consist of more than an external link. See The perfect stub article for more info on starting articles, or feel free to try Tutorial. Again, welcome, and best wishes, Meelar (talk) 15:42, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ngiese


text:
List of storms named Darby

The name Darby has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

 * Tropical Storm Darby (1980) – did not affect land
 * Tropical Storm Darby (1986) – remained at sea, remnants affected Arizona and California
 * Hurricane Darby (1992) – Category 3 hurricane, remained well offshore but caused minor damage in Mexico and California
 * Hurricane Darby (1998) – Category 3 hurricane, never affected land
 * Hurricane Darby (2004) – Category 3 hurricane, remnants affected the Hawaiian Islands
 * Hurricane Darby (2010) – Category 3 hurricane, dissipated off the coast of southern Mexico
 * Hurricane Darby (2016) – Category 3 hurricane, made landfall on the Island of Hawaii as a tropical storm
 * Hurricane Darby (2022) – Category 4 hurricane, churned in the open ocean and dissipated south of the Island of Hawaii.

title: List of storms named Darby


text:
Talk:Operation Searchlight

Scope
As far as I know, the Operation Searchlight was the crackdown initiated on March 25, 1971. It did not cover the whole war. For references, see Major Siddiq Salique's book "Witness to surrender". --Ragib 15:42, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Death toll
The main article on Bangladesh states: 'Rough estimates of those massacred range from several hundred thousand to 3 million', whereas only the figure 3 million is given here. I am not personally familiar with attempts to arrive at a definitive figure, so I'll leave it unchanged, but if someone with better knowledge could attend to it, that would be much appreciated. --Benwilson528 13:35, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * See here. There is no definitive number, but most estimates agree on a number between 1 million and 1.5 million. The 3 million number is an upper limit. Thanks. --Ragib 16:20, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Excuse me "most experts agree on a figure of 1 to 1.5 million" this is nonsense and most clearly a figure plucked out of the air. Please do not make emotive baseless statements and provide sources to back up such statements. Also in order to be more balanced the overall article needs to clearly mention how the mukhti bahini rebel fashion were ethnically cleansing loyal pakistanis in the east pakistan, and also the incidents were west pakistani military men had their wives raped bybengali east pakistani military officers and the said unfortunate women were forced to serve food to the bengali offices naked. This had been one of the incidents of mutiny which had appalled Tikka Khan into action. Also more needs to be made of the clear links between mujib and the indians. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.202.218.32 (talk) 21:24, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, the conservative figure of 1 to 1.5 million has been supported by multiple independent sources (e.g., R.J. Rummel). Please refer to the references. As for your other claims, feel free to come up with references from reliable sources rather than handwaving. Thank you. --Ragib (talk) 16:28, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Sources and accounts investigated by Gerlach suggest a likely death toll of between 200,000 to less than one million. Gerlach also notes the highly politicized nature of the Bengali and Pakistani accounts of events and the corresponding numbers. Rummel's overall death counts as well as his use of sources has been disputed (see Harff's comments on his work), though not specifically in relation to Bangladesh. His whopping numbers in relation to the USSR are inflated and in any case not up to date, since the opening of USSR archives (see Snyder, Kotkin, Applebaum and many others, on the numbers of the Gulag and the famine/collectivisation and the Great Terror). Similar things apply to the numbers he uses with regard to Mao's China. Anyway, Harff (in "No Lessons Learned..", 2003) also gives numbers for "Pakistan" of 1,000,000 to 3,000,000. Easterly, Gatti, and Kurlat (2006) give 2,125,000. However, Ulfelder and Valentino (2008) give 650,000. In general, though, I find it wiser not to use numbers from compilation datasets (which all of the above are), whose purpose it is to study trends of mass killings rather than any specific case. It is preferable to use the numbers that arise from the specific studies of the specific killing campaign, which is the case with Gerlach who is also a newer source than any of the above datasets.

POV
To state that it was a Genocide in the first sentence is not a WP:NPOV.

This article does not cite its sources. Further as there have not been any trials (but see Raymond Faisal Solaiman v People's Republic of Bangladesh & Ors)it can only be an alleged genocide if a genocide at all. Please see the article Genocide, it is not at all clear that even if the top figure of three million were killed that it would qualify as a Genocide as the "in part" would not be reached. The only way that this could be considered a genocide is if those targeted were "emblematic of the overall group, or is essential to its survival", but that Bangladesh was created and has survived it would suggest that the group killed were not. --Philip Baird Shearer 14:19, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
 * So a death cannot be a murder until someone is prosecuted for it? Or the genocide in Serbia didnt exist because a large enough part of the various communities werent killed? Removing Neutrality tag, have fun and please post with something more than sophistry next time. Also see --89.100.1.161 18:07, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

See Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Appeals Chamber - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) the massacre of Muslim men was defined as a genocide by an international tribunal. The tribunal did define the Srebrenica massacre as a genocidal act. Genocide has a specific set of criteria defining it and it is not at all clear that this operation can be defined as an itent to commit genocide (see for example Genocide) the plan to kill 3 million -- which is an alledged number -- out of the total population of East Pakistan is not enough for it to be a planned genocide. I am aware of the Allegations of genocide in that article, because I spent several months working on the atrocities section of that article. Notice it says "allegations of gencide" not "genocide". --Philip Baird Shearer 20:12, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yet again you ignore the point, no where does it mention that anyone was convicted of genocide or that people were indicted on it, Genocide as a word and genocide as a crime are different, just as murder and many other terms that have both legal and common-use definitions are. Stop with the pointless sophistry and straw mans. --89.100.1.161 11:49, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

This is not a blog page it is an encyclopedia article. The word has to carry precise meaning if the encyclopedia is to remain credible. Your argument would carry more weight if the word "genocide" was not linked to the article genocide which states "Genocide is a term defined by Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) as ...". Please read WP:NPOV because a first sentence in an article that stats "Operation Searchlight was a planned genocide carried out by the Pakistan Army to curb the Bengali nationalist movement in erstwhile East Pakistan in 1971." is in clear violation of that Wikipedia policy--Philip Baird Shearer 12:29, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Article is riddled with WP:POV and WP:OR violations. Hardly any sources are provided and those statements that do cite sources, it seems the entire article is largely based on two books. Needs to be improved.Aaron Pris (talk) 05:43, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Operation Searchlight and Razakars
The Razakar, Al Badr groups were activated much after the launching of the operation (around June 1971), by which time Operation Searchlight ended. Their information should not be in the Operation Searchlight info box but in the Bangladesh Liberation War section.Maglorbd (talk) 02:55, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Article issues
This article was recent removed from Selected anniversaries/March 26 due to claims that this article is currently "heavily sourced to involved parties, not independent sources, and is unwikified in heaps of places" As such, I have tagged this article with article issues for now until such issues on this article itself have been resolved. Please see Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/March 26 for more details on the objections. Cheers. Zzyzx11 (talk) 00:40, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

Factual Errors
Mukti Bahini was created long before operation search light took place. 119.154.9.79 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:22, 21 March 2012 (UTC).

Darkness Shines POV-pushing
Darkness Shines, you know as well as I do that The British Medical Journal and The Guardian are WP:RS, and you have failed to even achieve consensus that Bose is fringe. Please stop your unjustified edit warring and mass deletions of content you disagree with.TheTimesAreAChanging (talk) 02:39, 26 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually, a letter to the editor is not RS, Which this is] And certainly not for historical facts. Darkness Shines (talk) 13:11, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Operation Searchlight. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/in-paper-magazine/books-and-authors/how-the-east-was-lost

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Link rot had set in before url was archived.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:52, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

 * That item is online here. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 18:04, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

Independent research reverted
What is meant by independent research? Does it mean commentary that contradicts well established historical facts? Then what is an non-independent research? Where did Hiro Dilip run his "research"?

The first ref provided was an empty ref. The second one could not be verified. Both invalid. If your book-cite cannot be verified by clicking on the link, please, provide a direct quote in the ref. Use "quote" parameter. The "fact" you provide is divergent from established facts, and needs to handled with more care than the sloppiness I had to remove. Aditya (talk • contribs) 15:34, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Here is another article that mentions it link.Saadkhan12345 (talk) 17:56, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Here is another. And, another. It all seems to stem from this. BBC keeps attributing its numbers to "independent researchers" without ever naming the research. May be this one could have helped, but the source requires subscription. So far I have been able to find only the British Medical Journal to cite a research, and not just vague attributions. I guess the particular place for this BBC viewpoint may be better dealt in the article on 1971 Bangladesh genocide. May a section on disputed numbers or something. That would be able to handle the divergent numbers with adhering to any particular bias. Aditya  (talk • contribs) 03:21, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Are you saying the fact that independent researches have claimed is not true? Another point: If you look at this article Kargil War, along with many others, it shows claims from both side. No need to make a separate paragraph on 1 sentence or 3 words. Saadkhan12345 16:23, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Not at all. Wikipedia is not about the truth. It is about verifiable facts. If BBC claims a number, then do write "BBC claims...". If the Bangladesh mainstream claims a number than you may write "In Bangladesh it is believed..." or something. And, so on. If someone says there is "independent research" and then does not cite the research, then do not write "independent research" as if you know what that means. You don't know, BBC does. And, if there are 2/3 different numbers to deal with then present none as facts, apart from the the one that has been more established, and write the rest of the numbers in a comprehensive manner, preferably in a section for the disputes. The 3 words you mention probably does not cover the "fact". There is no fact here, just different claims. Aditya  (talk • contribs) 03:32, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

Third opinion
wants to offer a third opinion. To assist with the process, editors are requested to summarize the dispute in a short sentence below.

There are two different death tolls for Bangladesh Liberation War, one claimed by Bangladesh government, and another by BBC, who mentions "independent researchers" as their source. It is prudent, and meets WP:N and WP:V if we write something like - "Bangladesh government and majority of Bangladesh sources claim ... died. However, BBC claims, citing unnamed independent researchers, that it was ...". Thank you. Aditya mentions on Talk:Operation Searchlight I believe this is wrong here and we shouldn't write BBC claims here because BBC doesn't claim the figure 300,000 dead but Independent researchers do. I believe we don't have to cite the research and check whether the claim is true because we don't do this for reliable sources.
 * Viewpoint by (Aditya Kabir):Link
 * Viewpoint by (Saadkhan12345):I believe the lead becomes biased and non-neutral with one sided claim and therefore we should add independent figure claim.
 * 1. If BBC claims a number, then do write "BBC claims..."
 * 2. If someone says there is "independent research" and then does not cite the research, then do not write "independent research".
 * Third opinion by Kautilya3:
 * Aditya Kabir's proposed version seems fair, and I don't understand the objection to it. If you have reliable sources that have done an analysis of the death toll, please feel free to cite them. News sources are not particularly authoritative for these matters. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 21:28, 18 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Aditya you do reliaze that one of the source for this statement "as the death of up to 3,000,000 civilians" is from bbc and the second is from aljazeera. So its ok if I add bbc claim to it? Saadkhan12345 (talk) 12:00, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * "Up to..." should be able to cover it. Alternatively "a death toll assumed to be something between ... and ..." may also cover both views. Alternatively we can replace the BBC source for the first claim. Should not be difficult. Aditya  (talk • contribs) 12:58, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Sorry. Are you trying to say we can give range that can cover both views? Like estimate range of 300k-3m? Saadkhan12345 (talk) 13:08, 23 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Something like that. Yes. Aditya (talk • contribs) 21:31, 23 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Good work. Aditya (talk • contribs) 08:27, 24 November 2017 (UTC)

Talbot citation
This is the original text from the new citation "The crackdown code-named 'Operation Searchlight' which sealed the fate of national unity was launched at midnight on 25 March. Yahya later justified it by citing the threats to non-Bengali Muslims, the murders committed by the Awami League and its insults to the army." in Ian Talbot, India and Pakistan: Inventing the Nation (2000) Oxford University Press pp. 258

It is reasonably reflective of the sentence in the article which reads which the Pakistani state justified on the basis of anti-Bihari violence by Bengalis in early March.  Likewise, the Pakistani state claimed to justify starting Operation Searchlight on the basis of anti-Bihari violence by Bengalis in early March.  Perhaps you may like some modification to pull the existing sentence closer to the Talbot citation? TurboCop (talk) 12:21, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

Supported by the usa?
In the infobox it says pakistan was supported by the usa, but where is the source for that? Control+F usa does not show any mention of the usa outside of the infobox. Sjobenrit (talk) 08:03, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Hello I have removed the statement saying that PAKISTAN was supported by the UNITED STATES.
 * Thank you. Muhammad Mahd (talk) 12:21, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

Removing this sentence regarding 8 EBR
8 EBR units under Major Zia made a surprise attack on the barracks of the 20 Baluch regiment and killed 250 West Pakistani soldiers. This event would have been a major Bangladesh victory but it is not mentioned in sources from Bangladesh, including Bengali officers who had served with 8 EBR in Chittagong in March, (then) Captain S. Ali Bhuyan (Author Muktijuddhay Noi Mash.ISBN 984-11-0326-5), (then) Captain Oli Ahmed, (author of Rastrobiplob Samorik Bahinir Sadashsbindu Abong Bangladesher Muktizuddah), and (then) Major Mir Shawkat Ali or (then)Lt. Shamsher Mubin or then (Captain) Haroon, and by Major Rafiqu Islam ( author of A Tale of Millions ISBN 984-412-033-0) who could not get Major Zia to come to the city. Maj. Gen. K.M Safiullah ( Bangladesh at War, ISBN 984-401-322-4) also makes no no mention of any such incident.Maglorbd (talk) 04:48, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Operation Searchlight


text:
MV A1C William H. Pitsenbarger

MV A1C William H. Pitsenbarger was a civilian-crewed container ship operated by Red River Shipping Corp. of Rockville, Maryland, under charter to Military Sealift Command from 2001 to 2008. She was named in honor of William H. Pitsenbarger, a US Air Force Medal of Honor recipient.

According to the Naval Vessel Register, A1C William H. Pitsenbarger was disposed of by return to owner on 29 August 2008.

title: MV A1C William H. Pitsenbarger


text: User talk:152.19.29.5

title: User talk:152.19.29.5


text:
Talk:Frank Serpico

Picture used at the top of the article
Perhaps a photo should be used that shows his face? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.228.194.26 (talk) 07:07, 24 May 2018 (UTC)

 * In this case, perhaps that's not a good idea :D 116.231.78.79 (talk) 10:26, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

Lousy photo. This article shows a better photo but using it is possibly stealing.

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/nypd-honors-whistleblower-frank-serpico-50-years-late/ar-AATtPqH?ocid=msedgntp

Charliestalnaker (talk) 20:55, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

Opinion paragraph
To date the NYPD has neglected to Issue Serpico his Medal of Honor certificate with authentic NYPD Seal. Nor has the medal itself a proper designation as to his rank of Detective on back of said medal. STOP REDACTING THE WHOLE TRUTH 2600:1700:24A0:73C0:510C:B247:6548:FBD9 (talk) 03:49, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I see that this text was previously added to the article, first by an unregistered editor who, presumably intending to put it into the article body, instead put it inside a citation to The New York Times on 11 December 2021 (diff) and then by a registered editor "WHOLETRUTH2021" who added it more visibly on 11–12 December 2021 (diff, diff). WHOLETRUTH2021's edits were reverted (diff, diff), whereas the version buried inside a citation was not and was later moved out of the citation by another editor (diff).
 * I see that the Twitter account "SerpicoDet", which is Mr. Serpico's, says that he added the text on 11 December 2021.
 * Although the previous additions of the text did not follow procedure, I think was verifiable with attribution to Mr. Serpico at the time. The matter is now historical (and more verifiable), as Mr. Serpico has recently received the certificate.  I'll work on this in the article.
 * —2d37 (talk) 03:16, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Another Twitter user referred to some of the edits linked above.  —2d37 (talk) 03:52, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Done for now: Special:Permalink/1070182490 —2d37 (talk) 04:36, 6 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frank Serpico


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/White on rice

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Transwiki and delete -- Francs2000 | Talk 01:49, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

White on rice
Wikipedia is not a dictionary.-- BMIComp (talk) 15:44, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary. — Fingers-of-Pyrex 16:00, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete slang dicdef. JamesBurns 08:12, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The link from the VfD page to this page appears to be bad.  Dcarrano 18:58, July 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. Dcarrano 18:58, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Pittsburgh toilet

A Pittsburgh toilet, or Pittsburgh potty, is a basement toilet configuration commonly found in the area of Pittsburgh in the United States. It consists of an ordinary flush toilet with no surrounding walls. Most of these toilets are paired with a crude basement shower apparatus and large sink, which often doubles as a laundry room.

Origin
The most popular explanation for the Pittsburgh toilet is related to Pittsburgh's status as a major industrial city in the 20th century. According to this explanation, toilets such as these were said to be used by steelworkers and miners who, grimy from the day's labor, could use an exterior door to enter the basement directly from outside and use the basement's shower and toilet before heading upstairs.

Alternatively, they may have served to prevent sewage backups from flooding the living areas of homes. As sewage backups tend to flood the lowest fixture in a residence, a Pittsburgh toilet would be the fixture to overflow, containing the sewage leak in the basement.

title: Pittsburgh toilet


text:
List of storms named Elida

The name Elida has been used for several tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
 * Hurricane Elida (1984) – a Category 4 hurricane with no impacts on land
 * Hurricane Elida (1990) – a Category 1 hurricane with no impacts on land
 * Tropical Storm Elida (1996) – a moderate tropical storm with limited impacts, mainly rainfall, on the Baja California peninsula
 * Hurricane Elida (2002) – a rare Category 5 hurricane that strengthened in record time for a Pacific hurricane; impacts on land were limited to large swells
 * Hurricane Elida (2008) – a Category 2 hurricane with no impacts on land
 * Tropical Storm Elida (2014) – a weak tropical storm with no impacts on land
 * Hurricane Elida (2020) – a Category 2 hurricane with no impacts on land

title: List of storms named Elida


text:
Santol

Santol may refer to:
 * Santol (fruit), a tropical fruit
 * Santol, La Union, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Santol, a barangay of Quezon City in the Philippines
 * Santol, Balagtas, a barangay of Balagtas in the Philippines
 * an alternative name for Orobol, an isoflavone
 * Santol, a former canine ambassador at the Fairmont Le Château Frontenac in Québec City

title: Santol


text:
Category talk:Weather warnings and advisories

Consolidation
Nearly all the articles in this category are very short, definition-type articles that do not seem to warrant separate articles in an encyclopedia. It might be better to expand the article on Severe weather terminology to include all of these terms/definitions. That would result in a single, substantial encyclopedia article, rather than a lot of short definition-type articles. Each existing article would then need to be redirected to the main article.

Right now, the Severe weather terminology article does not contain everything and needs some clean up, but could easily be expanded/improved.

Comments on this suggestion would be appreciated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wyatts (talk • contribs)


text:
User talk:PilotSierra

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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For future reference, for articles with almost no content other than a pointer to another article, the Redirect feature is often your best option. When you change the main article to a new title, as you did when you created American Standard Companies and removed almost all of the information from American Standard, using the Page move feature is a good idea; you may ask me if you need any help with something like that. I think I took care of most of that, and put the info about the purchase of Armitage Shanks that had been in the American Standard article into the American Standard Companies article, but you may wish to look over the article to see if can be improved further. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 15:45, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Ustun_aydingoz.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ustun_aydingoz.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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Non-free use disputed for Image:Ustun aydingoz.jpg
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Copyright problems
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title: User talk:PilotSierra


text:
Dudley Gordon, 3rd Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair

Lieutenant-Colonel Dudley Gladstone Gordon, 3rd Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair DSO (6 May 1883 – 16 April 1972), styled Lord Dudley Gordon from 1916 to 1965, was a British peer, soldier, and industrialist.

Early life and family
Aberdeen was the second son of John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, and his wife Ishbel, daughter of Dudley Marjoribanks, 1st Baron Tweedmouth. He attended Harrow School and was awarded an honorary doctorate of Law from the University of Aberdeen.

Military service
He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 8th Battalion of the Gordon Highlanders in 1914. He was shortly thereafter transferred to the 9th Battalion as a temporary captain, and was later promoted to temporary major. In 1917, he received the Distinguished Service Order for gallantry in supervising the construction of two artillery tracks under enemy fire. He later gained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and served as commander of the 8/10th Battalion from 1917 to 1919.

Career
He worked for J. and E. Hall Ltd (an engineering company based in Dartford, Kent) from 1907 and became a director in 1910.

Aberdeen was President of the British Association for Refrigeration from 1926 to 1929, President of the British Engineers Association from 1936 to 1939, and President of the Federation of British Industries between 1940 and 1943, as well as serving as President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

Aberdeen was a founding member and President (between 1921 and 1931) of Gravesend Rugby Football Club, originally known as Darenth RFC.

Family
Lord Aberdeen and Temair married, firstly, Cécile Elizabeth Drummond (7 August 1878 – 17 September 1948), daughter of George James Drummond, on 25 April 1907. They had five children:

 * David George Ian Alexander Gordon, 4th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (21 January 1908 – 13 September 1974)
 * Lady Jessamine Cécile Marjorie Gordon (14 August 1910 – 14 December 1994), married Michael Harmsworth and had issue.
 * Archibald Victor Dudley Gordon, 5th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (9 July 1913 – 7 September 1984)
 * Captain Michael James Andrew Gordon (22 May 1918 – 8 October 1943)
 * Alastair Ninian John Gordon, 6th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (20 July 1920 – 19 August 2002)

He married, secondly, Margaret Gladys Munn (died 22 November 1990) on 17 June 1949.


text: Template:Infobox airline alliance

title: Template:Infobox airline alliance


text:
Talk:.nr

Comments
.nr domains are not free. It is .co.nr that is free, but .co.nr is not a real top level domain of Nauru; someone simply registered co.nr, and so .co.nr addresses are simply subdomains of co.nr. Jon Harald Søby 15:46, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

www. in itself is a subdomain ^^, 220.233.233.122 (talk) 10:59, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:.nr


text:
List of storms named Emilia

The name Emilia has been used for eight tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

 * Tropical Storm Emilia (1978) – never affected land.
 * Tropical Storm Emilia (1982) – never affected land.
 * Tropical Storm Emilia (1988) – never affected land.
 * Hurricane Emilia (1994) – Category 5 hurricane, threatened Hawaii but turned away without affecting land.
 * Tropical Storm Emilia (2000) – never affected land.
 * Tropical Storm Emilia (2006) – came near Baja California but turned away.
 * Hurricane Emilia (2012) – strongest storm of the season, churned in the open ocean.
 * Tropical Storm Emilia (2018) – never affected land.

title: List of storms named Emilia


text:
Talk:George Lerner

Untitled
Does anyone know where he was born and lives now?

Is he still alive?

NO

Reference
The reference doesn't seem to support the $0.50 claim. Can we find a citation for it? RJFJR (talk) 14:30, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Lerner


text:
Mimi (folklore)

Mimis (or Mimih spirits ) are fairy-like beings of Arnhem Land in the folklore of the Aboriginal Australians of northern Australia. They are described as having extremely thin and elongated bodies, so thin as to be in danger of breaking in case of a high wind. To avoid this, they usually spend most of their time living in rock crevices.

According to Aboriginal folklore, Mimi had human form and made the first rock paintings before the Aboriginal people first came to northern Australia. The Mimi taught the Aboriginal people how to paint, and how to hunt and cook kangaroo meat. The Mimis are considered to be mischievous but generally harmless.

title: Mimi (folklore)