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Loch Ryan

Loch Ryan (Loch Rìoghaine, ) is a Scottish sea loch that acts as an important natural harbour for shipping, providing calm waters for ferries operating between Scotland and Northern Ireland. The town of Stranraer is the largest settlement on its shores, with ferries to and from Northern Ireland operating from Cairnryan further north on the loch.

Location and geography
Loch Ryan is orientated on a north–south axis, its mouth looking northward into the North Atlantic and Firth of Clyde, and the town of Stranraer sitting on its southern shores. The loch is bounded by the Rhins of Galloway peninsula on its western side and the Scottish landmass in the east (comprising Galloway and South Ayrshire), the northern points of the loch are Milleur Point and Finnarts Point. The loch itself is about 8 mi long from north to south, and about 3 mi wide at its widest point. Nearby roads include the A77 in the east and the A718 in the west.

The Loch Ryan basin as it is seen today formed as a result of geological and glacial activity. The first period of activity occurred during the Paleozoic era, with two periods of change. Firstly, during the Devonian period (360 to 416 million years ago) the land in the area underwent a series of shearing events which considerably altered its shape, forming a basin. Then, during the Permian period (250 to 300 million years ago) this basin filled up with sediments which were compacted to form soft sandstones. At this point in time the area would have been positioned around the equator and would form part of the Pangaea supercontinent. The second period of activity was as a result of the numerous glacial episodes during the Quaternary period, from 2 million years ago up until the last glaciers retreated 10,000 years ago. As all of northern Europe experienced numerous Ice ages, glacier formation created ice flows and Ice sheets. The erosive force of the ice moved across the land, removing the soft sandstone and leaving behind the harder rocks. When the ice sheet melted with the rising temperatures 10,000 years ago the basin was uncovered and was flooded by the sea, forming the loch that is seen today.

Since the end of the last ice-age the sea has continued to change the loch by erosion and deposition. The loch has a sandbank on its western shores called 'the Scar'. This bank, just south of the village of Kirkcolm, is an important breeding ground for terns.

History and usage
Historically the loch has seen human activity on its shores since ancient times. Sheltered from the rough seas of the North Channel and the North Atlantic the loch has been an important safe harbour for vessels. William Smith, Britain's foremost classicist of the 19th century, identifies Ptolemy's toponym Abrauannus (Ἀβραουάννος), with Loch Ryan, particularly with its outlet to the sea. Ptolemy described Abrauannus or Abravannus as a river of Britannia Barbara, that discharged itself a little northward of the Promontorium Novantum, or Mull of Galloway into Luce Bay. According to Smith, Abravannus is probably the stream which flows through Loch Ryan into the sea – Ab-Ryan, or the offspring of Ryan, being easily convertible into the Roman form of the word Ab-Ryan-us – Abravannus.

In early 1307 at the beginning of Robert the Bruce's campaign in the wars of independence he sent two forces to attempt to gain control of south west Scotland. One force, led by his two brothers, consisting of eighteen galleys, landed in the loch. In the Battle of Loch Ryan, they were immediately overwhelmed by local forces, led by Dungal MacDouall, who was a supporter of the Comyns.

The loch would have been used historically for traditional maritime activities including fishing. The Statistical account of Scotland 1791–99, records:

 * "This bank abounds with oysters of a most excellent flavour. They are found indeed all around the shores and might be got in great quantities would people drag for them ....... A variety of fish, as skate, flounders, small cod, haddocks, whiting, lobsters, crabs and sometimes turbot are caught within the loch"

The later Account of 1834-45 expands on this issue, as it states:

 * "Loch Ryan at one time was famous for its herring fishery. I have heard old people say that they have known 300 sail boats in the bay at one time which had come from the highlands and other places, in order to fish or purchase herrings.  For many years past the shoals of herrings may be said to have deserted the loch."

A lighthouse was built at Cairn point in 1847 at the northern end of the village of Cairnryan. In 1849 the principal link to Northern Ireland was moved from Portpatrick to Stranraer in Loch Ryan. The reasons for this move were the increasing tonnages of the vessels operating the route which were more susceptible to harsh storms when moored at the exposed Portpatrick harbour on the Rhins coast. The calmer safer waters of the loch allowed larger ships to ply the route as demand increased.

Second World War
During World War II the loch was busy with wartime activity. Cairnryan became "No. 2 Military Port", an important secondary large-scale port facility that was available for use should facilities on the Mersey and the Clyde became unavailable due to enemy bombing. Construction of port facilities began in 1941 and two large piers the North Deep and the South Deep, serviced by a dedicated railway line, were completed by 1943. A total of 1.5 mi of quayside was available, although the facilities were never used to their full capacity as the Clyde and Mersey never received the crippling bomb damage that was feared. The harbour was used as an import point for troops coming from the US after 1942. Only one of the two piers still stands today, and it is unusable due to the poor condition of the wooden piles (the pier has been unused since a small section collapsed with tragic consequences in the 1990s). With the U-boat menace in the Atlantic taking a heavy toll on merchant shipping the area became an important centre for anti-U-boat operations. Flying boats operated from the loch to protect allied shipping making its way to Liverpool or Glasgow either via the North Channel or the Firth of Clyde. There were two RAF stations on the loch, RAF Wig Bay operating from Wig Bay near Kirkcolm and RAF Stranraer operating from the town.

Just north of Cairnryan are what looks like a number of concrete 'boats' resting on the shore - these too are a legacy of the second world war. They are 'Beetles' from the Mulberry harbour project. The beetle pontoons were used to hold up the 'Whale' roadway sections, with four of the whales being built at Cairnryan. With easy access to the North Atlantic, Loch Ryan was used as the surrender destination for the U-boats which were out in the Atlantic in 1945 when hostilities ceased. The U-boats and their crews were held at Cairnryan, before the boats were finally towed out into the Atlantic and sunk. Other wartime activity on the loch included construction of target rafts made out of wood and cork, which were built in Stranraer then floated out the Loch and round the Rhins of Galloway to their positions in Luce Bay for bombing practice (operating out of West Freugh). The loch was used by Winston Churchill when he departed from Stranraer in a Boeing Flying boat on 25 June 1942 when making his second visit of the war to the USA.

The comedian Tony Hancock had a connection with Air Sea Rescue during World War II. He enlisted with the Royal Air Force on 7 September 1942 and volunteered for aircrew but failed on his eye sight. He was then transferred to the RAF Regiment and after 2 months he was redirected to the  transit office in Blackpool where he was given the opportunity to train as a wireless operator. He failed on a four words a minute test and was subsequently posted to Stranraer in Scotland.

RAF Wig Bay is situated five miles north of Stranraer on the West shore of Loch Ryan and it is to here that Hancock was assigned to the Marine Craft Section. His principal duties appear to have been the custody of a heap of coal and a boiler house. So he made the decision to endow himself with the title of "fuel controller" and hung a sign stencilled by himself to that effect on the door of his hut. He was also responsible for the lighting of fires in the Nissen huts.

There he did his comedy feeling that show business could provide the only escape from the icy hell of RAF Wig Bay in wintertime where it was so cold the men literally slept in their uniforms. Everyone shaved fully dressed he remembered, you stood in ablutions at seven thirty in the morning singing "the whiffenpoof Song" in the boots you had been wearing in bed. The summer of 1944 found him finally assigned to no. 9 gang show unit posted overseas.

Ship breaking facility
Following their withdrawal from service in 1972 and 1979 respectively, both HMS Eagle and HMS Ark Royal were taken to Cairnryan in order to be scrapped. HMS Eagle was taken under tow from Devonport in October 1978, and was followed by her sister HMS Ark Royal in September 1980.

The ship breaking facility in Loch Ryan disposed of numerous former naval vessels; ranging from frigates and submarines to aircraft carriers.

Today
Today the loch serves as an important location for the ferry link to Northern Ireland, representing the shortest crossing distance between Britain and Ireland. The port activity has increased substantially since the route first started operating out of the Loch in 1849. There are currently a total of four conventional RORO ferries. These are split between two ferry companies, Stena Line and P&O Ferries.

On 21 November 2011, Stena Line relocated their ferry service to Belfast to a location north of Cairnryan Village. Loch Ryan Port is now served by two Superfast Conventional ferries replacing the HSS Fastcraft and old tonnage Stena Caledonia and Stena Navigator. Stena Superfast VII and Stena Superfast VIII now complete the crossing from Loch Ryan Port to Belfast in 2 hours 15 minutes. P&O, operating from Cairnryan run two conventional ferries (European Causeway & European Highlander). The investment in new port facilities at Cairnryan gives security to the future of the North Channel route. It will also lead to future potential small craft maritime development at the southern end of the Loch, which will be completely free from large and regular ferry traffic. The Loch already sees small craft usage, with the Loch Ryan Sailing club operating from Wig Bay, and Stranraer Marina in Stranraer harbour beside the West Pier.

Between 1992 and 1999 Sea Containers operated the SeaCat fast ferry on the Stranraer - Belfast route. They subsequently moved to Troon, before finally ending the service altogether in 2005. While conventional ferries (moving at around 15 knots) have worked the route for many decades the fast ferries were capable of much greater speeds (around 40 knots). The wash that these large craft generated led to speed restrictions being imposed within the majority of the loch, with fast ferries unable to increase their speeds above 12 kn until they were to the north of Old House point on the northern side of Cairnryan. Further speed restrictions were imposed on the HSS during the tern breeding season, when wash from the ship could cause problems for the breeding birds on the Scar. The levels of wash that the fast ferries created was the subject of some controversy, with many suggesting that the death by drowning of a man and his two sons in the loch in July 2003 was due to their boat being overwhelmed by a large wave created by a nearby passing ferry. The Marine Accident Investigation Branch report on the incident suggested, however, that the condition of the boat, the lack of safety equipment on board and a poor lookout were more likely to have been contributing factors, but did emphasise that speed limits should be adhered to and that small boat owners should be made aware of the dangers of ferry-induced washes.

Rail access
With the 73-mile direct rail link between Stranraer and Dumfries being closed in 1965, Stranraer station only connects the Glasgow South Western Line to Ayr, Paisley Gilmour Street and Glasgow Central as well as Kilmarnock, Dumfries and Carlisle for the West Coast Main Line to Preston, Crewe and London Euston.

title: Loch Ryan


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Pillsbury A-Mill

The Pillsbury A-Mill is a former flour mill located on the east bank of the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was the world's largest flour mill for 40 years. Completed in 1881, it was owned by the Pillsbury Company and operated two of the most powerful direct-drive waterwheels ever built, each capable of generating 1,200 horsepower (895 kW). In 1901 one of the turbines was replaced with a 2,500 horsepower one. Both the mill and its headrace tunnel are contributing resources to the St. Anthony Falls Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The mill is also independently on the NRHP. The mill was named a National Historic Landmark in 1966 and has since been converted into the A-Mill Artist Lofts.

History

In 1879, after five years of secret planning, Charles Alfred Pillsbury announced to the public that he would build the largest and most advanced flour mill the world had ever seen. He had traveled to mills all over the world, searching for the best technique for milling flour on a large scale. Despite the convention of the time, Pillsbury decided that he wanted his new mill to be designed by an architect in order to make the building visually appealing. Architect LeRoy S. Buffington, with the loose advice of several engineers, carried out the design. Construction started in 1880 and was finished in 1881 under a contractor named George McMullen. The mill was built to put out 5,000 barrels a day at a time when a 500-barrel mill was considered large. Eventually the capacity increased to 17,500 barrels a day. However, for some years the mill was not operated at full capacity.

When it was still in use, the seven floors and the basement of the mill all had specific purposes. The basement held a transformer vault, water inlets, and an electrical room. On the first floor there was a small floor-mounted sifter, a larger ceiling-hung sifter, and a pressure tank. On the second floor there were conveyor belts and a staff lunchroom. The third floor contained more belts and bins and the fourth floor held a dust collector, centrifugal machine, gyration shifter, grinder, scale, and a packing bin. The fifth floor held a sifter, separator, and a centrifugal machine. The sixth floor held flour bins and the seventh floor was an electrical room.

In 2003, production in the mill ceased and the mill lay empty. The building was then acquired by local developer Shafer Richardson. In 2006 they launched plans to convert and preserve the A-Mill complex as the rebranded East Bank Mills, a loft-style apartment complex containing 759 to 1,095 housing units. However, this redevelopment plan fell through due to financial matters.

In 2011, the National Trust for Historic Preservation included the mill on its annual list of 11 Most Endangered Places.

In 2013, Twin Cities-based developer Dominium gained approval for a $100 million renovation plan to transform the A-Mill into 251 affordable live/work artist lofts. The exterior of the mill was conserved in order to preserve the historical architecture of the building. However, major changes were made to the interior of the mill and the courtyard behind it. The overall project, which included other buildings within the complex, cost a total $175 million.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 and is a National Historic Landmark.

Architecture and engineering

On the outside, the Pillsbury A-Mill is a rectangular structure measuring 175 feet (53 m) by 115 feet (35 m). The foundations are of Platteville limestone. The exterior wall thickness varies from 8'-0" (2.4 m) thick at the basement to 2'-0" (0.6 m) thick at the top of the building. The outside walls are of load-bearing stone with heavy timber framing on the interior (the timber was added after the completion of the building). There are six chimneys on the flat, gravel roof of the building.

Due to vibrations of milling machines and poor design, the mill was fortified in 1905. Certain sections were rebuilt in the process. To this day, the walls bow inward 22 in on the top. Unlike other similarly large mills in the area, most notably the Washburn A Mill, the Pillsbury A-Mill never exploded or caught fire. As a result, it still contains its original wood frame.

During the renovation project, a new hydroelectric turbine was installed in a tunnel below the complex. The same tunnel was originally used to mechanically power milling equipment with diverted river water. Due to the significant investment made in sustainable features such as the hydro-electric turbine and a hydrothermal system providing 75% of the building's energy needs, the project achieved LEED Gold Certification in 2017.

Pillsbury A Mill Complex - now part of the A-Mill Artist Lofts
identifies buildings in the complex - use TIFF version
 * see above
 * see above

Pillsbury A Mill Complex - other

 * (razed)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pillsbury A-Mill


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Akram Pahalwan

Akram Pahalwan (1930 – 12 April 1987), also known as Iki Pehlwan, was a Pakistani wrestler and a part of the Bholu Brothers tag team in professional wrestling during the late 1960s. Some of his opponents were Haji Afzal (1963), George Gordienko (1967), Anton Geesink (1968), Antonio Inoki (1976) and Halal Mahdame (1964).

Professional wrestling career
Pahalwan was initially trained in Lahore as a student of The Great Gama. Akram started his professional wrestling career in 1953, wrestling Ugandan and Kenyan wrestlers in East Africa. He defeated Mahindar Singh in Nairobi with a submission hold in a match where Singh’s elder brother was the referee. The East African public named him "The Lion" when he defeated the Ugandan Champion Idi Amin.

Pahalwan participated in around 280 major wrestling events during the 1950s. In 1958, he was proclaimed the Champion of Malaya in Singapore when he defeated Hari Ram.

During the 1960s, Pahalwan also remained a part of the Bholu Brothers wrestling team. In 1965, Pahalwan defeated Indian wrestler Hardam Singh at the National Stadium, Karachi in the third round. In 1967 he toured UK. The Bholu Brothers were rated 10th in the 1968 tag team world ratings. In 1968 Akram wrestled in Suriname, South America where he was beaten unconscious by Anton Geesink. Later in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) he injured his left arm in a match against Bill Verna of Australia.

In 1976, the Bholu Brothers claimed to be the world champions and slated Pahalwan to fight Antonio Inoki. On the day of the match Inoki defeated Pahalwan with a chicken wing armlock. Pahalwan did not submit, but the ring doctor stopped the match because his left arm broke under the submission hold. Pahalwan's wrestling career ended after his match with Inoki.

title: Akram Pahalwan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joe Sixpack

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECT to John Q. Public. -Splash 00:32, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Joe Sixpack
Dicdef for 'the average guy' and already in Wiktionary. I don't see how this can possibly be more than a dicdef; it may be possible to merge/redir it somewhere but since I couldn't find a suitable place I'm nominating it for deletion. Radiant_ >|< 12:53, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. Just checked and Wiktionary doesn't have an entry for it yet. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 17:37, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Dcarrano says wiktionary sent it to us so I feel rather silly now. Redirect to John Q. Public as it actually metions Joe Sixpack. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 05:26, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to John Doe. It's used as a form of anonymity and should be listed as such; the John Doe article also does mention Joe Sixpack as a variation of John Doe.--Mitsukai 17:39, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Redirect as above. --Carnildo 21:23, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If I'm not mistaken, Wiktionary transwikied this to us, so I'd feel a little dumb sending it back to them. Redirecting to John Doe doesn't work for me because "Joe Sixpack" generally represents "the average guy", while "John Doe" generally represents someone who is trying to be anonymous or whose identity is being hidden for legal reasons, really not the same thing at all.  Thus, oddly enough for an article I don't think can be expanded much if at all, I nonetheless end up with keep .  Dcarrano 00:02, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I'm glad they're using the transwiki log to keep us all informed about the transwikies, because I just looked and it's not there. Actually, funnily enough, I did transwiki it to Wiktionary in May; was that after they had given it to us? :) --Dmcdevit·t 08:12, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Whoops, misread. Redirect to John Q Public, then.  Dcarrano 17:04, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Joe Sixpack is more like John Q Public than John Doe, so perhaps redirect to the former? Xoloz 15:53, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. JamesBurns 04:49, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to John Q Public per above. Xoloz 06:21, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Redirect to John Q Public per above. Saswann 16:59, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and redirect to John Q Public, not to John Doe which is a legal term. Eliot 21:06, 22 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Microflyovers

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied by Manning Bartlett. A и D я 01D TALK  EMAIL  13:46, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Microflyovers
This is the name of a product that the person who created this article is promoting. If you look at contribs he created a bunch of articles about the various products. Elfguy 12:54, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Hou Cheng

Hou Cheng (fl.  198–199) was a military officer serving under the warlord Lü Bu during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

In historical records
In 198, during the Battle of Xiapi, fought between the warlords Lü Bu and Cao Cao (with support from Liu Bei), Cao's forces besieged Lü Bu in Xiapi (下邳; present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu) and directed the waters of the Yi (沂) and Si rivers to flood the city. After three months, the morale of Lü Bu's army fell drastically and his men gradually alienated him.

Around this time, Hou Cheng sent a trader to purchase 15 horses, but the man escaped with the horses and headed towards Xiaopei (小沛; present-day Pei County, Jiangsu) with the intention of defecting to Liu Bei. Hou Cheng personally pursued the trader and retrieved all the horses. Lü Bu's officers then threw a feast to celebrate Hou Cheng's achievement. Hou Cheng prepared 5-6 hu (斛) of wine and about ten roasted hogs, and he presented half a hog and five dou (斗) of wine to Lü Bu before the feast started. He knelt down and said, "With your grace, I managed to retrieve the stolen horses. The others came to congratulate me, so I prepared some wine and hogs for a feast. I don't dare to start first, so now I present the food and wine to you." Lü Bu was furious and he said, "I banned alcohol, but you and the others dare to throw a party! Are you plotting with them to kill me?" Hou Cheng was shocked and he immediately left. He also discarded the wine he prepared and returned the gifts he received from the other officers. On 7 February 199, Hou Cheng, along with his colleagues Song Xian (宋憲) and Wei Xu (魏續), captured Lü Bu's strategist Chen Gong and general Gao Shun, and led their troops to surrender to Cao Cao.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
This incident was dramatised in Chapter 19 of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. When Hou Cheng presented wine to Lü Bu, the latter was angry because Hou defied his ban on alcohol. Lü Bu ordered Hou Cheng to be executed, but Song Xian and Wei Xu pleaded with their lord to spare Hou Cheng. Lü Bu then had Hou Cheng flogged 50 times before releasing him. Hou Cheng later plotted with Song Xian and Wei Xu to betray Lü Bu, so he stole Lü Bu's horse, the Red Hare, escaped from Xiapi, and went to Cao Cao's camp, where he told Cao Cao about their plot. With the aid of Song Xian and Wei Xu, Cao Cao's forces broke into Xiapi and captured Lü Bu.

title: Hou Cheng


text: Category:Flagellates

title: Category:Flagellates


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Sweden

Welcome to WikiProject Sweden!

Scope
The Sweden WikiProject is a group dedicated to improving Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to Sweden. The goal of the project is to improve the general quality of Sweden-related articles. It is a central place for assistance, guidance and help in the creation, improvement and management of all Sweden-related articles. For article assessment, see WikiProject Sweden/Assessment.

If you feel that you can have a positive contribution to the project, feel free to become a member by adding your username to the list of members, below. If you don't know what to write or where to begin, or if you have doubts or ideas on how to improve an article, please address the project's |discussion forum.

Departments
Currently active departments Related projects and task forces:
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Sweden-related lists
(Lists that might make Featured lists as per criteria)
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Featured lists

 * Basshunter discography
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 * Crafoord Prize
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 * List of female Nobel laureates
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 * List of songs recorded by Basshunter
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Featured pictures

 * Image:Carta Marina.jpeg
 * Image:Linköping-tekniska verken.jpg

Good articles

 * Alexander Edler
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[[Image:Updated DYK query.png|15px]] Did you know?
These articles were featured on the main page in the "Did you know?"-section.

See Category:Articles needing translation from Swedish Wikipedia

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Sweden


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hallicart

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied by Manning Bartlett. A и D я 01D TALK  EMAIL  13:46, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Hallicart
This is the name of a product that the person who created this article is promoting. If you look at contribs he created a bunch of articles about the various products. Elfguy 12:55, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:81.77.237.30

title: User talk:81.77.237.30


text:
Talk:Darlington, New South Wales

Untitled
This article contains factual errors. The "landmarks" paragraph is erroneous. The Eveleigh Railway Yards are located in the adjoining suburb of Eveleigh. The area known as "The Block" is in Redfern. The suburb is bounded to the east not by the railway, but by Abercrombie Street. (refer Sydway 2005). Australian plural of bus is "buses", not "busses". (unsigned comment by User:Neil lefevre)
 * Your supposition is inaccurate as is Sydway. The Block is an integral part of Darlington, the Railway Yards abutt Darlington, and are disconnected from the rest of Eveleigh (the "Technology Park"), such that the Railway yards can only be accessed from any other point in Eveleigh by transiting through Darlington.  Sydway doesn't reflect lived experience, and a map maker, or a government department, doesn't determine the extent of a living suburb.  In future, you might consider signing your comments. Fifelfoo 23:42, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

I think that 'living' suburbs is very high-minded, but a bit vague for an encyclopedia. The soulution could be to distinguish between Darligton the suburb and Darlington the locality. Suburb boundaries, as arbitrary as they might seem, are historical artifacts. Suburb identity is heritage - not something that can be modified on a whim. Note that the Darlington-Redfern boundary could pre-date the railway line. I don't know if that is the case, but it is quite possible. Redfern station was once known as Eveleigh Station, and was the terminating station for the western line. The suburb boundaries, meanwhile, were often based on estate boundaries drawn up much earlier. NeilLeFevre 23:49, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, UBD shows The Block as Darlington. Perhaps this is a good moment to get out the State's maps, and then discuss the issue of the living suburb. Fifelfoo 23:58, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't know how to respond to this. Are you joking? Is there some sort of agenda that you're promoting? Are we talking about 'The Block' or about some other 'block'? UBD does not show the block as being part of Darlington. It is clearly in Redfern. Turn to map 15. The red line running up the centre of Abercrombie St, between Lawson and Vine Streets, is the suburb boundary. The black line in the railway easement is... you guessed it... the railway. NeilLeFevre 18:07, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * With no answer for the above for a couple of weeks, I will correct the inaccuracies in the page. Neil LeFevre 08:52, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Darlington, New South Wales


text:
User talk:Iamfscked

Welcome,, to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics! You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages. The Wikipedia directory is also quite useful.

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Hope to see you around the Wiki! And if you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! Bratsche talk 5 pillars 12:56, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Raymundo Favila
A tag has been placed on Raymundo Favila requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Mr. Vernon (talk) 20:20, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

As reviewing administrator, I rescued the article. Please, never add so little information as you did, even at the beginning. Add at least the university position, doctoral institution, and some idea of the field, and the major publications. If there are references to the work, add it. Not everyone in the Math GP is necessarily notable. He is, but you have to say something to show it more than just the title of his thesis. See WP:PROF for more information about what counts for academics. I'd advise you to add more very quickly, before it gets nominated for regular deletion. And read our guide to writing Wikipedia articles..DGG (talk) 21:10, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

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Jkatz (WMF) (talk) 23:53, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iamfscked


text:
Beer in Thailand

Beer in Thailand was first brewed in 1933 when a licence was granted to the Boon Rawd Brewery, which still produces Thailand's best-known lager, Singha (pronounced "sing"), sold in standard (5 percent ABV), light (4.5 percent ABV), and draught versions.

Singha's largest competitor is Chang beer, made by Thai Beverages, whose sponsorship of Everton F.C. saw its name and logo appear on the team's kit from 2004 to 2017.

The Thai Asia Pacific Brewery (TAPB) has brewed Heineken at its Nonthaburi plant since 1995, as well as Tiger, Cheers, and Cheers X-Tra (6.5 percent ABV). It is the Thai importer of Guinness and Kilkenny.

Boon Rawd Brewery also makes Leo, a standard lager, and Thai Beverages Archa, a mass-market, non-premium lager. Boon Rawd Brewery also sold a global brand called Mittweida, but this was replaced by a beer brewed in partnership with InBev, Kloster. It also sells a 6.5 percent lager called Thai Beer.

Other Thai beers are Phuket Beer and Siam, both in Pathum Thani Province. Siam Beer exports Bangkok Beer abroad, but does not sell it in Thailand. Phuket Beer and Federbräu are the only Thai beers brewed in accordance with the German purity law, the Reinheitsgebot. Phuket Lager received the first gold medal ever for a beer from Thailand at the 2006 Monde Selection Awards. Klassik beer is another local beer brewed in Pathum Thani Province.

Foreign beers are not very popular in Thailand, mainly because the government protects its domestic breweries by the imposition of import duties up to 60 percent. In addition, all imported beer must bear an import sticker on the bottle cap. As a result, Thai brewers have entered into partnerships with Western brewers, such as Carlsberg's with Thai Beverages and Asahi's with Boon Rawd.

Economics
In the past, the economics of beer market in Thailand were stable but last year it grew due to innovation amongst Thai beer companies such as Singha, Chang, and others in an attempt to attract new customers.

Even though mainstream beer in Thailand is more than 80% and costs is 1.8 hundred thousand million.

Thailand has two big companies: Boon Rawd Brewery and Thai Beverages, with the following turnovers.

Thai Beverages:
 * 2012 – Income : 34,386 million baht loss : 1,256 million baht
 * 2013 – Income : 32,935 million baht loss : 447 million baht
 * 2014 – Income : 35,193 million baht profit : 396 million baht
 * 2015 – Income : 43,112 million baht profit : 1,215 million baht
 * 2016 – Income : 44,397 million baht profit : 2,780 million baht

Boon Rawd Brewery:
 * 2012 – Income : 98,990 million baht profit : 3,115 million baht
 * 2013 – Income : 105,563 million baht profit : 3,256 million baht
 * 2014 – Income : 113,897 million baht profit : 2,915 million baht
 * 2015 – Income : 116,548 million baht profit : 2,310 million baht
 * 2016 – Income : 104,794 million baht profit : 770 million baht

In 2018, the proportions were Leo 53%, Chang 38%, and Singha 5%.

All the above reasons make us know why economics of beer market in Thailand are growing.

Craft beer
Two types of licenses are available in Thailand for would-be beer producers. Thailand's 1950 Liquor Act states that beer can only be made in a factory making more than 1,000,000 litres per year or in a brewpub producing at least 100,000 litres per year for sale on-site with no bottling permitted. Brewpub beers cannot be sold off-premises. The finance ministry in 2000 ruled that, for either type of producer to be legal, they must be a limited company with capital of at least 10 million baht. The maximum penalty for "home brewing" under the 1950 Liquor Act used to be 200 baht for making it and 5,000 baht for selling it. A new law passed by the National Legislative Assembly in December 2016 raised the maximum penalty for illegal production to 100,000 baht or a prison sentence of six months, or both. The maximum fine for selling illegal beer was raised to 50,000 baht. To sell craft beers off-premises, one small brewer explained, "We have two choices: Either hire an overseas factory to make it or build a factory abroad on our own,..." and import it.

Meanwhile, military-controlled ASEAN neighbour Myanmar, in January 2017, got its first craft beer microbrewery, "Burbrit". Its name is derived from "Burma" and "Britain", in recognition of British influence on Burma's brewing history.

Thai industrial breweries

 * Asia Pacific Breweries
 * Boon Rawd Brewery
 * Carlsberg
 * Heineken
 * Phuket Beer (San Miguel Brewery in Thailand, under supervision of Tropical Beverage Company. )
 * San Miguel Brewery
 * ThaiBev

title: Beer in Thailand


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hallipath

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Speedied by Manning Bartlett. A и D я 01D TALK  EMAIL  13:46, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Hallipath
This is the name of a product that the person who created this article is promoting. If you look at contribs he created a bunch of articles about the various products. Elfguy 12:57, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: User talk:216.52.67.200

title: User talk:216.52.67.200


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of quarterlies

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus, so keep. Bratsche talk  5 pillars 20:38, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

List of quarterlies
Small list of some magazines that appear four times a year. Redundant with List of magazines. Radiant_ >|< 12:57, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The two lists serve different functions that are both potentially useful, so this should be kept in some form.  Could categorify instead, but I think there might be some value in this context to listing mags that don't have their own articles; don't have a big preference either way.  Dcarrano 15:36, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as a subsection of List of magazines. If magazine names already exist there, one should still merge "quarterly" as an important category. Xoloz 15:56, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 July 15

Category:Southern District → Category:Southern District of Hong Kong

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 13:31, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

    A category like "Eastern District" does not make much sense out of context. Also, I wonder about "North" vs. "Northern" for consistency, but it should probably reflect common usage even if inconsistent (I have no idea which is correct). --Tabor 21:40, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Category:North District → Category:North District of Hong Kong
 * Category:Eastern District → Category:Eastern District of Hong Kong
 * Category:Central and Western District → Category:Central and Western District of Hong Kong

 * Rename No contention. siafu 22:32, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename Northern might be better, but do not oppose nom's suggestion.  ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  06:26, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The official names are indeed Eastern, Southern, Central and Western, but North. :-) — Instantnood 13:08, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course the one I choose is wrong :) ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  13:13, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose unless disambiguation is necessary, which is not the case currently at the present moment. — Instantnood 10:01, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose unless prove is given that there's another district in the world with the official names "North District", "South District" etc. Deryck C. 12:09, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment erm...try typing "North District" etc in google and you will discover just how many places in the world uses that term.--Huaiwei 12:37, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Rap

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep --Kbdank71 13:29, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Not my nomination; just fixing up a merge tag that was placed on the category page suggesting merge to Category:Hip hop--Tabor 20:52, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Unless something has changed, rap and hip-hop are not equivalent. siafu 22:31, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep agree with siafu, definately a different style and genre. I see that MakeRocketGoNow placed the merge tag, but did not start a discussion as to why, I'll invite them to this Cfr.  ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  06:30, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Rap category was sparsely populated; everything was under Category:Hip hop, which I assumed was the preferred Category. I thought someone was sort of unnecessarily re-inventing the wheel. I invite others to determine whether an artist is rap or hip-hop because I sure couldn't tell you. I withdraw my merge tag.  MakeRocketGoNow 18:51, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. People should use more specific categories if possible, but there's basically nothing wrong with this category. — Stevey7788 (talk) 06:03, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The associated articles might need to be considered. Currently rap music redirects to hip hop music, while rap redirects to rapping.  And the rapping article opens, "Rapping is one of the elements of hip hop and the distinguishing feature of hip hop music."  I'm no expert in this area but some consistency and/or explanation might help. --Tabor 17:43, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Good points, if not already resolved, I will view them but can not even begin to pretend I'm an expert on the matter. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  03:30, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I reviewed the related articles, and am midly concerned about the redirects, but that can be dealt with in the near future. I removed MakeRocketGoNows merge tag, as it was mutually withdrawn, and added this cat to Category:Hip hop. I gained my reasoning from the hip hop article, and added a desc text for source. Please take a moment to view these changes and comment. Thanks.   ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  03:48, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Members of Hamas

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:11, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Empty. As per talk page, articles were recatted under Category:Hamas. Cfd notice added on July 4 by User:Alphax. --Kbdank71 15:10, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. -Splash 15:37, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No argument. siafu 18:12, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  06:36, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

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Category:American musical performers

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was merge --Kbdank71 13:27, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

One article. Dup of Category:United States musicians Cfd notice added on July 2 by User:Paul foord. --Kbdank71 14:54, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge the one article to that cat, then delete. -Splash 15:37, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per nom, but suggest Category:Musicians of the United States. siafu 18:14, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What about singers? Maurreen 07:50, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I would normally immediately suggest merge, but I had to see what the reasoning was, as it was created farily recently by TUF-KAT. Evidentally works on WikiProject World music, and I think there either may be more to it, or just didn't do enough research on the current category structure. Will invite them to this CFR.   ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  06:40, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to American musicians and delete Category:United States musicians. "United States" is not an adjective.  Googling "american musician" receives 89,000 hits.  Googling "United States musician" gets 554, many of which appear to be derived from this site's own use of that awkward phrase.  Postdlf 08:08, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/delete per KBdank. Categorize by the country (United States), not the continent (America). Radiant_ >|< 14:56, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * See above comments under Category:United States painters; the premises of your comment are incorrect. Postdlf 17:45, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * See also the CIA World Factbook table of the correct adjectives and nouns to use in referring to nationality. Anyone have any contrary evidence?  Postdlf 18:10, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm on a wikivacation right now, and don't have anything to add. It doesn't really matter to me which one is used. Tuf-Kat 23:13, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Peace movements

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:23, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Empty. Dup of Category:Peace organizations Cfd notice added on July 3 by an anon, who created the category 1 hour earlier. --Kbdank71 14:54, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. -Splash 15:37, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. siafu 18:15, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, well at least they noticed their mistake and were nice enough to Cfd it :) ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  06:47, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Australian anglicans

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:22, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Empty. Cfd notice added on July 10 by User:Paul foord, who created the category 12 minutes earlier. --Kbdank71 14:51, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete empty and unused. -Splash 15:37, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. siafu 18:15, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Another one? Almost makes me wonder if we need a "self-revert" link, I'm sure I could have used it a few times.  ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  06:49, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Mexican Wikipedians

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:21, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Empty. Duplicate of Category:Wikipedians of Mexico. Cfd notice added on July 5th but not listed here. --Kbdank71 14:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per nom. -Splash 15:37, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. siafu 18:16, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pavel Vozenilek 21:55, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete duplicate. — Stevey7788 (talk) 06:12, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Battles of the Operations Against Tampa of the American Civil War

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The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:20, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

A category which will always consist of a single article: Battle of Tampa. Gamaliel 08:06, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, overcategorization. Radiant_ >|< 08:19, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete insufficient material for a cat. -Splash 15:37, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete A single article does not a category make. siafu 18:17, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, --//-- Pavel Vozenilek 21:55, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

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Category: Wig Wearers

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:16, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Almost every actress has worn a wig at some point, so you'd have to add almost every actress. What's the point of that, and who cares who's wearing wigs? ♥purplefeltangel 02:05, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or listify, trivial. Radiant_ >|< 08:19, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unencyclopedic. -Splash 15:37, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not useful, unverifiable. siafu 18:17, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's crap like this that makes me wish we had a pre-approval process for categories.  Postdlf 21:15, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep--The Brain 12:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per the nominator. Kaibabsquirrel 01:37, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not only pointless but incorrect caps. So, since I'm bald, if I wore a wig, I could be categorized somwhere on Wiki? Woohoo. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  03:52, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe we need Category:Bald Wikipedians. And of course it would need two subcategories: Category:Bald Wikipedians who wear wigs and Category:Bald Wikipedians who don't wear wigs.  Then we'd have to figure out if mere hairpieces or toupees count as wigs.  That might require more subcategories...  Then perhaps Category:Bald Wikipedians who have considered wearing wigs but don't...  Postdlf 03:01, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't forget Category:Balding Wikipedians who have gotten caught using spray-on hair. Delete.  --Kbdank71 14:12, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm. categories. Now to keep it red!!   ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  07:12, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

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Category:Peruvian terrorists

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:12, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

We've already gotten rid of categories like "Terrorists" itself, "Left-wing terrorists", etc. The consensus was clear that the issue was about the word "Terrorists". Now this. -- 01:50, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Jmabel | Talk 01:50, July 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delte. in order to improve Wiki with a NPOV base. Messhermit 03:56, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per the nominator. Kaibabsquirrel 04:00, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or Rename to less controversial wording. Revolutionary, insurgent, whatever. siafu 18:18, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd have no problem with a category like Category:Peruvian armed factions; I'd expect it to include paramilitaries, not just leftist factions. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:08, July 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this is a good idea. I can work on it when I get back from vacation. siafu 18:04, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neutralitytalk 14:28, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete w/o question. It's midly concerning that it's cat'd under Category:Peruvian people by occupation. Terrorism an occupation? My guidance counselor was way off. ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  03:55, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe we should have Category:Peruvian people by calling? ; )  Postdlf 04:24, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:Lisa I'Anson

Untitled
Anyone know anything about her unusual surname (you often get Le or D' before a name but very rarely I')

 * Am I right in thinking she was radio 1's first black female DJ? That should be mentioned if true--MartinUK 20:31, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Lisa I'Anson wasn't the first black woman DJ on Radio 1 Martin, 'The Ranking Miss P' (Rita Marley's sister) had a Sunday Night Reggae slot from March 1985. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.26.63.27 (talk) 09:30, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Most Unpopular Big Brother 'Celebrity'??
Is it true she received the record number of a) nominations for eviction from fellow housemates and/or b) from viewers in a single voting session? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.77.60.149 (talk) 00:44, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Neutrality of the article
I think it's fair to say that this article needs some work. It appears somewhat biased, opinionated and unsourced. Michael Wincott (talk) 16:48, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Done some work on the article. Hopefully it seems a bit more neutral and sourced now. Michael Wincott (talk) 05:43, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

it would appear someone does not like the facts of her expulsion from Radio 1 and deleted it. ALL facts are referenced and correct.

I edited the part about her getting laid off by Radio 1. The quotes and the overall negative tone do not go along with the Wikipedia neutrality and are not important for the matter. mgoesche (talk) 17:46, 11 November 2009

I have reinstated the above as it is all factual, with referenced quotes from people who were involved. The whole incident was not only pivitol to I'Anson's career but also is a small part of Radio 1/clubbing & Ibiza folklaw.

Surname: I'Anson not l'Anson
I've fixed all misspellings of Lisa's surname, from l 'Anson to I 'Anson (they look the same, don't they? Look at them in the edit window). Her own pronounciation makes it clear that her name begins with an I, not a (small) L. Anyway, I'Anson is an unusual name: can anybody find a source which gives its origin? -- Red rose64 (talk) 19:54, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Interesting you should raise this. I've just been researching Thomas John I'Anson Bromwich (English mathematician: 1875-1929) and I was fairly sure it was lowercase L not uppercase i. However, I've come into possession of some documents from 1930 where his name is definitely spelled with an uppercase i - the popular font of the time was fully seriffed, and there are four symmetrically places serifs on the I, at top and bottom, so no shadow of a doubt it appears to be capital i. It is also clear that the document in question (Journal of the London Mathematical Society) ought to know, as Bromwich himself would have communicated with the editors and contributors copiously - he published in it himself.

 * However, there are many places on the web where it's definitely shown as lowercase L, including a scholarly university site which perhaps ought to know ... Be that as it may, it seems that "uppercase i" for this name is backed up - but still causes confusion. And I refuse to believe that Lisa I'Anson herself doesn't know how to spell her own surname. --Matt Westwood 21:05, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Since raising this thread I've looked at the family history of James Cudworth, whose middle name was I'Anson. I found this:
 * -- Red rose64 (talk) 21:26, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Good call. Suppose it's pronounced "Yanson", yeah? --Matt Westwood 21:28, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Good call. Suppose it's pronounced "Yanson", yeah? --Matt Westwood 21:28, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Test
Test Lisalease (talk) 03:40, 22 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lisa I'Anson


text:
Category:Cercozoa

Cercozoans are members of the phylum Cercozoa. There are two subphyla: Filosa and Endomyxa.

title: Category:Cercozoa


text:
John Cope (British Army officer)

Sir John Cope (July 1688 – 28 July 1760) was a British soldier, and Whig Member of Parliament, representing three separate constituencies between 1722 and 1741. He is now chiefly remembered for his defeat at Prestonpans, the first significant battle of the Jacobite rising of 1745 and which was commemorated by the tune "Hey, Johnnie Cope, Are Ye Waking Yet?", which still features in modern Scottish folk music and bagpipe recitals.

His military service included the wars of the Spanish and Austrian Successions. As with many of the senior officers present at Dettingen in 1743, victory resulted in promotion, and he was appointed military commander in Scotland shortly before the 1745 Rising. Although exonerated by a court-martial in 1746, Prestonpans ended his career as a field officer.

In 1751, he was appointed governor of the Limerick garrison, and deputy to Viscount Molesworth, commander of the army in Ireland. He died in London on 28 July 1760.

Biographical details

For someone who held high rank, Cope's background is unusually obscure, and for many years biographies referred to his parentage as unknown. His father Henry Cope (1645 – c. 1724), was a captain in the Foot Guards, who resigned his commission in April 1688 in order to marry Dorothy Waller. While Cope's date of birth is often given as 1690, parish records show he was baptised on 7 July 1688 at St Giles in Camden; he had two siblings, Mary (1679–1758) and a brother Henry, who died young.

The Cope baronets of Hanwell were the senior branch of the family, with other Copes spread throughout England and Ireland. His grandfather William (1612–1691) fought for Parliament in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, married his brother's widow, and purchased the Icomb Place estate in Icomb, Gloucestershire.

William allegedly disapproved of Henry's marriage, and only allowed him use of Icomb Place during his lifetime. When he died in 1724, it passed first to his sister Elizabeth (1647–1731), then to his niece Elizabeth (1682–1747), effectively disinheriting John.

Cope's cousin, another Sir John Cope (1673–1749), was disinherited by his father for similar reasons, but also had an extremely successful career. He became a director of the Bank of England in 1706, sat as an MP from 1708 to 1741, and succeeded his father as baronet.

In 1709, Cope had a son James, whose mother is unknown; he later became commercial consul in Hamburg, and was briefly an MP before dying unmarried in 1756, four years before his father. In December 1712, Cope married Jane Duncombe, supposedly an illegitimate sister of Baron Feversham (1695–1763), heir to Sir Charles Duncombe (1648–1711), one of the richest men in Britain.

While Jane's date of death is unrecorded, in August 1736 Cope remarried, his second wife being an Elizabeth Waple, of whom little is known. In July 1758, he wrote to Sir Robert Wilmot (1708–1772), referring to the 'malice and abuse' of his relatives and asking him to act as trustee for John and Elizabeth, his two children by a Mrs. Metcalf. To ensure his direct family would not benefit, if his children died, Cope left his property to Sir Robert's son.

John Metcalf (ca 1746–1771) was educated at Eton, quickly spent the £3,000 left him by his father, ran into debt, and in 1771 committed suicide in Edinburgh. Elizabeth became the second wife of Sir Alexander Leith (1741–1780); she is described only as 'a daughter of Sir John Cope,' and no mention is made of their two sons.

Career

Educated at Westminster School, in 1706 he joined the household of Lord Raby (1672–1739), British ambassador to Prussia. In 1707, Raby arranged for Cope to be commissioned into the Royal Regiment of Dragoons, then fighting in Spain under James Stanhope, part of the War of the Spanish Succession. Appointed aide-de-camp to Stanhope, Cope took part in the 1708 capture of Minorca and the Battle of Almenara in 1710.

When George I succeeded in 1714, the Whigs formed the new government, with Stanhope as its dominant figure. In 1715, Cope was commissioned captain in the 2nd Foot Guards, then the Horse Guards in 1720. Both units were normally based in London, the Horse Guards having served there continuously since 1691, providing security for the monarch and government. This gave officers like Cope regular contact with highly influential people, while being in London made it easier to combine political and military careers.

After Stanhope died in 1721, Sir Robert Walpole replaced him as chief minister and in the 1722 election, Cope was elected MP for the Whig-controlled constituency of Queenborough. While relatives like Edward Cope Hopton (1708–1754) were Tory MPs, Cope, his former brother-in-law Feversham, his cousin Sir John, and nephew Monoux Cope (1696–1763), were all Whigs. In 1727, he was MP for Liskeard; defeated at Orford in 1734, he was returned unopposed in a 1738 bye-election. However, as Walpole's influence weakened, many Whig MPs did not contest the 1741 election, including Cope.

His military career continued to progress. In 1730, he became colonel of the 39th Foot, then successively the 5th Foot, the 9th Dragoons and finally the 7th Dragoons in 1741. He served in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession and was promoted lieutenant general in February 1743. He led a cavalry brigade at the Battle of Dettingen in June 1743, where King George II became the last ruling British monarch to command troops in battle. In the aftermath of victory, Cope was appointed commander of military forces in Scotland.

1745 Rising
The July landing of Prince Charles on Eriskay was confirmed in early August. Most of Cope's 3,000–4,000 men were inexperienced recruits, but his main handicap was the poor advice he received from local experts, particularly John Hay, 4th Marquess of Tweeddale, the Secretary of State for Scotland.

Leaving his cavalry at Stirling under Thomas Fowke, Cope and the infantry marched on Corrieyairack Pass, the key connection point between the Western Highlands and the Lowlands. He found the Jacobites already in possession, and after conferring with his officers, withdrew to Inverness on 26 August, leaving Edinburgh exposed. Using the newly constructed military road network, the lightly equipped Jacobite army moved much faster than expected.

Cope loaded his troops onto ships at Aberdeen, and reached Dunbar on 17 September, only to find Charles had entered the city earlier the same day. Joined by Fowke and the cavalry, Cope advanced towards Edinburgh, confident he could deal with a Jacobite army of no more than 2,000. While a reasonable assessment, his army's effectiveness was undermined by inexperience, and the poor quality of many senior officers. This included James Gardiner, later mythologised for his heroic death, who was described as a 'nervous wreck'. On 16 September, his dragoons fled in panic from a small party of Highlanders, the so-called 'Coltbridge Canter'.

The two armies made contact on the afternoon of 20 September; Cope's forces faced south, with a marshy area immediately in front, and park walls protecting their right (see Map). The 1746 court-martial agreed the ground was well chosen, and the disposition of his troops appropriate. During the night the Jacobites moved onto his left flank and Cope wheeled his army to face east (see Map); his dragoons panicked and fled, exposing the infantry in the centre. Attacked on three sides, they were over-run in less than 15 minutes, with their retreat blocked by the park walls to their rear; government losses were 300 to 500 killed or wounded and 500 to 600 taken prisoner.

Unable to rally his troops, Cope left the field with his artillery commander, Colonel Whitefoord, while his infantry commander Peregrine Lascelles fought his way out. Joined by Fowke and the dragoons, they reached Berwick-upon-Tweed the next day with some 450 survivors. Several hours after the battle, Cope wrote to Tweeddale; I cannot reproach myself; the manner in which the enemy came on was quicker than can be described...and the cause of our men taking on a destructive panic...

He was replaced as commander in Scotland first by Roger Handasyd, then Henry Hawley, who was also over-run by the Highland charge at Falkirk Muir in January 1746. Cope had retained his ability to make friends in high places; by inviting him to a public reception, George II indicated his personal support. Tried by a court-martial in 1746, the only witness against Cope was the mathematician Richard Jack, whose testimony was discounted owing to his exaggeration of his own accomplishments and the lack of corroboration. In the end, all three officers were exonerated, the Court ruling that the defeat had occurred due to the 'shameful conduct of the private soldiers'.

Despite this, Cope never held field command again, although Lascelles and Fowke continued their careers. A modern historian has summarised the Report's findings as follows: "The Report of the Board's proceedings was published in 1749. Anyone who scrutinizes it closely can only conclude that the Board was correct. What emerges from the pages is not, perhaps, the portrait of a military genius but one of an able, energetic and conscientious officer who weighed his options carefully and who anticipated - with almost obsessive attention to detail - every eventuality except the one which he could not have provided for in any case: that his men would panic and flee."

Legacy

In 1751, Cope was appointed Governor of Limerick, and deputy to Viscount Molesworth, commander of the army in Ireland; neither post required residence, and he seems to have quietly accepted the end of his career. Writing to Fowke on 19 July 1753, he states 'I am just as desirous not to be employed, as those who could employ me are unwilling to do it, so in that we are perfectly agreed.' He also suffered from severe gout, a common illness at the time; another letter dated 8 July 1755 mentions his residence in Bath, whose Spa waters were a favourite remedy for invalids.

Many perceptions of Cope's responsibility for Prestonpans come from third party accounts, none of whom were present, and often written with specific objectives. In his 1747 book Life of Colonel Gardiner, Nonconformist minister Philip Doddridge turned evangelical convert Gardiner into a Christian hero, largely by ridiculing Cope; this remains an enduring myth.

Gardiner also features in Walter Scott's 1817 novel Waverley, his heroic death convincing the English Jacobite hero the future lies with the Union, not the Stuarts. The suggestion attributed to Lord Mark Kerr, governor of Berwick, that Cope fled so fast, he brought news of his own defeat, appears to be yet another embellishment by Scott.

The most enduring legacy was provided by Alan Skirving, a local farmer who visited the battlefield later that afternoon where he was, by his own account, mugged by the victors. He wrote two songs, "Tranent Muir" and the better known "Hey, Johnnie Cope, Are Ye Waking Yet?", a tune that still features in Scottish folk music and bagpipe recitals.

title: John Cope (British Army officer)


text:
Battle of Elba

The naval Battle of Elba (or Battle of Monte Cristo) was a naval battle which took place on 28 August 1652 during the First Anglo-Dutch war, between a Dutch squadron under Johan van Galen and an English squadron under Captain Richard Badiley.

Battle
The English were trying to reach Livorno, where a squadron under Captain Henry Appleton was under siege by the Dutch squadron. Leaving four of his fourteen vessels to maintain the watch over Livorno, van Galen took his remaining ten ships to intercept Badiley's squadron. The two encountered each other between Montecristo and Elba Islands. The Phoenix was captured by the Jaarsveld, while the other English warships retreated into Porto Longone. The captured ship, Phoenix, was recaptured 2 months later during a night raid at Livorno.

Ships involved:

Netherlands

 * Jaarsveld 44 (Rear-Admiral Johan van Galen)
 * Prinses Roijaal 34 (Albert Corneliszoon 't Hoen; killed)
 * Wapen van Zeeland 32 (Joost Willemszoon Block; killed)
 * Eendracht 40 (Vice-Admiral Jacob de Boer)
 * Maan 40 (David Janszoon Bondt; killed)
 * Vereenigde Provinciën/Zeven Provinciën 40 (Hendrick Claeszoon Swart; killed)
 * Haarlem 40 (Dirck Quiinen Verveen)
 * Maagd van Enkhuysen 34 (Cornelis Tromp)
 * Zeelandia 32 (Andries de Boer)
 * Jonge Prins 28 (Cornelis Barentszoon Slordt)

The Jaarsveld and four other ships of the squadron belonged to the Amsterdam Admiralty, but the Prinses Roijaal, Eendracht and Jonge Prins belonged to the Noorderkwartier Admiralty, while Wapen van Zeeland and Zeelandia belonged to the Zeeland Admiralty.

England

 * Paragon 42 (Admiral Richard Badiley)
 * Elizabeth 38 (Capt. Jonas Reeves)
 * Phoenix 38 (Capt. John Wadsworth) - Captured by Eendracht
 * Constant Warwick 32 (Capt. Owen Cox)

The squadron was convoying four merchantmen, who however took no part in the Action and made their way independently into Porto Longone.
 * Mary Rose 32 (Capt. Jonas Poole)
 * William and Thomas 30 (Capt. John Godolphin)
 * Thomas Bonaventure 28 (Capt. George Hughes??)
 * Richard and William 24 (Capt. John Wise??)

title: Battle of Elba


text:
Lulworth Castle

Lulworth Castle, in East Lulworth, Dorset, England, situated south of the village of Wool, is an early 17th-century hunting lodge erected in the style of a revival fortified castle, one of only five extant Elizabethan or Jacobean buildings of this type. It is listed with Historic England as a scheduled monument. It is also Grade I listed. The 18th-century Adam style interior of the stone building was devastated by fire in 1929, but has now been restored and serves as a museum. The castle stands in Lulworth Park on the Lulworth Estate. The park and gardens surrounding the castle are Grade II listed with Historic England.

History
The foundations for Lulworth Castle were laid in 1588, and it was completed in 1609, supposedly designed by Inigo Jones. It was built as a hunting lodge by Thomas Howard, 3rd Viscount Howard of Bindon, a grandson of the 3rd Duke of Norfolk. In 1607 Viscount Bindon wrote to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, crediting him with the origins of the design:"'If this little pile in Lulworth Park shall prove pretty or worth the labour bestowed in the erecting of it, I will acknowledge, as the truth is, that your powerful speech to me at Bindon laid the first foundation of the pile in my mind, which ever since has laboured for a speedy finishing for the contentment of those for whose further liking of that place the care is taken'."

According to the NHLE listing, the building was subsequently remodelled 1609-11 for Thomas, Lord Suffolk; remodelled again in 1641 for Humphrey Weld; in the early 18th century by the Bastard brothers of Blandford Forum for the then owner, Edward Weld; and in the 1780s by Catholic architect John Tasker for Thomas Weld. Tasker also built the Roman Catholic chapel in the grounds. Pevsner's assessment of the castle building two hundred years later views it as a Jacobean case of one-upmanship among wealthy landowners whose residential needs are already satisfied elsewhere, hence a series of " 'mock castles', such as the Elizabethan castellated house par excellence that is Longford Castle" which probably inspired Bindon.

In 1641, Humphrey Weld, a grandson of Sir Humphrey Weld (died 1610), purchased it from Howard's heir, Lord Howard de Walden. The castle was seized by the Roundheads during the English Civil War, who used it as a garrison. Weld regained the property after the war finished and held on to it despite growing debts. Having married off his only daughter to an earl, Humphrey chose his catholic nephew, William Weld as his successor. William struggled with near insolvency, but partially rescued the estate finances by ensuring his son, Humphrey III (died 1722), married well into the Simeons family. Margaret Simeons and her parents helped out with a dowry and managed the estate after she was widowed. Humphrey was succeeded by their son, Edward Weld (Senior) who had the means to decorate the interiors of the castle, build extensions and lay out the grounds, despite personal legal difficulties he managed to overcome.

Thomas Weld, Edward's youngest son, eventually inherited the property after his eldest brother, also Edward, died as a result of a riding accident in 1775. Twenty-five-year-old Thomas set about refurbishing the interiors in Adam style. He enriched the collection of books in the magnificent library, a few of which are extant. He also entertained George III at Lulworth. Thomas and his wife Mary produced fifteen children, most of whom survived, and together with their descendants were able to retain Lulworth as the family seat into the 21st century.

Following the French Revolution, surviving members of the French royal family were invited to use Lulworth as one of their residences-in-exile. Later Charles X of France and family also stayed there briefly, following the July Revolution of 1830 on their way to Edinburgh.

St Mary's Chapel, Lulworth
Thomas Weld built a Roman Catholic church dedicated to St. Mary to serve as the family chapel in the grounds of the castle in 1786. Pevsner relates that he needed permission from King George III on condition that it did not look like a church from outside. It was to be the first Roman Catholic chapel to be built in England since the time of the Protestant Reformation. It was designed by John Tasker in the form of a Greek mausoleum at a cost of £2,380. The building has been Grade I listed.

On 15 August 1790 John Carroll, an American Jesuit friend of Thomas, was consecrated bishop by Bishop Charles Walmesley, in the chapel of Lulworth Castle. Carroll had been named the first Catholic bishop in the United States (as Bishop of Baltimore) in 1789, and he came to Walmseley for Episcopal Consecration. The next episcopal consecration took place there on 19 December of the same year when John Douglass was consecrated bishop of The London District (which included the home counties, the West Indies with the exception of Trinidad, and the Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey) by William Gibson, titular bishop of Acanthus, and Vicar Apostolic of the Northern District. After his sudden death in Stonyhurst in 1810, Thomas Weld was buried in the Lulworth chapel crypt.

Restoration
The castle was gutted by fire on 29 August 1929 and was left as a roofless ruin, the family building a new residence for themselves nearby. In the 1970s, restoration work began with the help of English Heritage. The restoration, finished in 1998, included a new roof and restored surviving walls in the interior, but no new internal walls or replacements for the destroyed upper floors were constructed.

In 1986 the Baltimore-born organ builder William Drake restored the 1780 Seede organ at the Roman Catholic Chapel at Lulworth Castle, a project that attracted attention internationally.

The castle is still owned by the Weld family and is a tourist attraction, holding medieval-themed events. Part of the Lulworth Estate is in use as an MoD firing range as well as a wildlife conservation area.

Since 2017, the site has been used as the location for the Bestival music festival, with the castle's foreground being the location for the main "Castle" stage.

title: Lulworth Castle