text:
Harry Magdoff and espionage

Harry Magdoff was accused by a number of authors as having been complicit in Soviet espionage activity during his time in US government. He was accused of passing information to Soviet intelligence networks in the United States, primarily through what the FBI called the "Perlo Group." Magdoff was never indicted, but after the end of the Cold War, a number of scholars have inspected declassified documents (including those of the Venona project) from U.S. and Soviet archives. They cite these documents to support the claim that Magdoff was involved in espionage. Other authors have taken issue with some of the broader interpretations of such materials which implicate many Americans in espionage for the Soviet Union, and the allegation that Harry Magdoff was an information source for the Soviets is disputed by several academics and historians asserting that Magdoff probably had no malicious intentions and committed no crimes.

Investigation
An FBI file description says Magdoff and others were probed as part of "a major espionage investigation spanning the years 1945 through 1959" into a suspected "Soviet spy ring which supposedly had 27 individuals gathering information from at least six Federal agencies. However, none of the subjects were indicted by the Grand Jury."

A mass of previously unremarked materials collectively known as the Venona project was declassified by the U.S. government in 1995. Among these were Army decryptions of Soviet cables which revealed there to be some number of American citizens involved in espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union. Magdoff was among those investigated as a member of what was called the Perlo group.

The public accusation that Magdoff was working for Soviet intelligence was itself not new; it had originated with defector Elizabeth Bentley who provided this information to the FBI and later testified to that same effect in open hearings. Bentley told the FBI:

 * On the date specified I went to the apartment of John Abt, was admitted by him to his apartment and there met four individuals, none of whom I had ever seen before. They were introduced to me as Victor Perlo, Charlie Kramer, Henry Magdoff and Edward Fitzgerald. They seemed to know, at least, generally that they could talk freely in my presence and I recall some conversation about their paying Communist Party dues to me, as well as my furnishing them with Communist Party literature. There followed then a general discussion among all of us as to the type of information which these people, excepting Abt, would be able to furnish. It was obvious to me that these people, including Abt, had been associated for some time and that they had been engaged in some sort of espionage for Earl Browder.

Victor Perlo, leader of the group, asked if the material was going to "Uncle Joe" (Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union).

The Army Signals Intelligence Corp and the FBI conducted a thirty-eight-year investigation into communist espionage with mixed results. According to Counterintelligence Reader, the Venona project confirms the accuracy of much of Bentley's testimony. Critics of Bentley point out that some of her claims were disputed at the time, and that the testimony of Bentley and others before various Congressional committees during the Red Scare was sometimes exaggerated or involved guilt by association assertions.

Decrypted cables
According to A Counterintelligence Reader, Magdoff was a member of the Perlo group. Magdoff was identified by Arlington Hall cryptographers in the Venona cables and by FBI counterintelligence investigators as being a possible Soviet information source using the cover name "KANT" as of 1944. The name "KANT" appears in declassified decryptions from New York to Moscow, dated 5, 13 and 30 May 1944. The first is described by the decrypters as being sent from Pavel Ivanovich Fedosimov in which he requests to "telegraph a reply to No. 139 and advise about the possibility of a meeting with KANT."

On 13 May cable, "MAYOR", according to Arlington Hall counterintelligence Iskhak Abdulovich Akhmerov, reports on the first meeting Elizabeth Bentley had with the Perlo group for the purposes of obtaining secret government information to transmit to the Soviet Union. Magdoff's surname was transmitted in the clear.

 * On HELMSMAN'S instructions GOOD GIRL contracted through AMT a new group:

 * [53 groups unrecoverable]

 * MAGDOFF – "KANT". GOOD GIRL's impressions:  They are reliable FELLOWCOUNTRYMEN ["members of a Communist Party"], politically highly mature; they want to help with information.  They said that they had been neglected and no one had taken any interest in their potentialities.

Magdoff at the time was ending a prolonged leave of absence due to a gall bladder operation was unsure of the type of material he could deliver. As a person targeted by Soviet intelligence as a potential recruit, or "probationer" in Soviet parlance, "KANT" was subject to a background check and a request was made for more information. The 30 May cable transmits personal histories for several members of the group.

 * 2. "KANT" became a member of the CPUSA a long time ago, being [8 groups unrecovered], works in the Machine Tool Division of the DEPOT.

A number of U.S. government agencies (as well as locations within the U.S.) were also given cover names. In this case, "DEPOT" is said by NSA analysts to be code for the War Production Board, where Magdoff worked in the Statistics and Tools Divisions.

Moscow Archives
In Moscow the request was processed. Evidence was unearthed in the Comintern Archives in the late 1980s has Lt. General Pavel Fitin, head of KGB foreign intelligence operations, requesting of Comintern Secretary General Georgi Dimitrov, information to pursue Magdoff's recruitment. This document was published in a book by historians Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, and also in the memoirs of the Soviet Case Officer for Julius Rosenberg and Klaus Fuchs, Alexandre Feklisov, published in 2001.

The Moscow Center then responded to New York KGB headquarters on 25 February 1945 in Venona decrypt #179,180. The authors of Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America, researchers Allen Weinstein, currently Archivist of the United States, and ex-KGB Officer Alexander Vassiliev say cover name "KANT" was replaced with "TAN". Moscow Center expressed concern that knowledge of some persons being recruited was widely known among other CPUSA members, so it was not uncommon for code names to change. The code name "TAN" appears Anatoly Gorsky's Memo dated December 1948, a document from the KGB archives analyzed by Alexander Vassiliev. Gorsky was then a senior official of the Committee of Information (KI), the Soviet agency at the time supervising Soviet foreign intelligence.

A top secret internal FBI memo dated 1 February 1956 from Assistant Alan H. Belmont to the Director and head of the FBI's Internal Security Section, L. V. Boardman, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using Venona materials to prosecute suspects. In this memorandum, which remained classified forty-one years until the Moynihan Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy obtained its release to the public in 1997, Boardman quotes the 13 May 1944 Venona transcript, which named several members of the Perlo group, including Magdoff. Though Belmont was of the opinion that Venona evidence could lead to successful convictions, it was ultimately decided, in consideration of compromising the Army Signals Intelligence efforts, that there would not be prosecutions. The memo also raises questions about the disclosure of classified information to unauthorized persons based upon an exception to the hearsay rule requiring expert testimony of cryptographers revealing their practices and techniques to identify specific code names.

Chronology

 * 25 February or 5 March 1944, a rainy Sunday, Elizabeth Bentley meets with Harry Magdoff and others in John Abt's apartment in New York, the initial contact with the Perlo group (Haynes and Klehr, Venona, 1999, pg. 409); "the group specifically discussed the information they would be able to furnish her and with respect to Magdoff, Bentley advised, '.....Magdoff, who had just returned from a period of approximately six months hospitalization, expected to return to the War Production Board but was uncertain as to what specifically he would be able to furnish.....' " (pg. 182, paragraph 3)
 * 5 May 1944, Venona decrypt 629 KGB New York to Moscow asks to "Urgently...advise about the possibility of a meeting with KANT"; KANT identified as Harry Samuel Magdoff.
 * 13 May 1944, Venona decrypt 687 KGB New York to Moscow reports on Bentley's contact with a new group in Washington, "MAGDOFF – KANT"..."reliable"...politically highly mature"..."they want to help with information". KANT identified as Harry Samuel Magdoff.*KGB agent & Earl Browder instruct Bentley on new recruits, Venona 687 New York to Moscow, 13 May 1944.
 * 30 May 1944, Venona 769, 771 KGB New York to Moscow, addressed to KGB head Pavel Fitin the probationers of the new group gives personal histories, " 'KANT' became a member of the CPUSA a long time ago...works in the Machine Tool Division of the DEPOT" (KGB NY Reports on new Agents from ACP working in US Govt, Venona 769, 771 KGB New York to Moscow, 30 May 1944, p. 1); KANT identified as Harry Samuel Magdoff. (p. 3)
 * 29 September 1944, in Moscow, Fitin to Dimitrov Memo asks to Comintern General Secretary to provide any information to KGB head on members of the Perlo group, including "Magdoff, works on the WPB."
 * 25 February 1945, Moscow Center to Venona to New York 179, 180 KGB Moscow, uses code name "TAN"; subsequent researchers identify TAN as Harry Magdoff.
 * 20 December 1946, "Magdoff indicated that he was happy to be leaving the Commerce Department..." (pg. 176).
 * 30 December 1946, Magdoff retires from government service.
 * December 1948, Anatoly Gorsky, senior official of the Committee of Information (KI), the agency then supervising Soviet foreign intelligence reports in KGB file 43173 vol.2 (v) lists Magdoff as number "3. 'Tan' – Harry Magdoff, former employee of the Commerce Department" of Elizabeth Bentley's contacts in his report on compromised American sources and networks; NKVD operatives are ranked either alphabetically or in chronological order, beginning with pre-World War II names, followed by World War II names, with the Soviet Case Officer himself the last in line.
 * 1 February 1956, FBI Belmont to Boardman Memo discusses prosecution of the members of the Perlo group, including " 'Kant' (Harry Magdoff)" but weighs the disclosure of Government techniques and practices in the cryptography field to unauthorized persons and would compromise the Government's efforts in the communications intelligence field.

Skeptical Views
Victor Navasky, editor and publisher of The Nation, has written an editorial highly critical of the interpretation of recent work on the subject of Soviet espionage, arguing that historians who rely too much on Venona material are guilty of using every individual mentioned in the cables as prima facie proof of their involvement in Soviet espionage.

 * Appendix A to their book on Venona, Haynes and Klehr list 349 names (and code names) of people who they say "had a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence that is confirmed in the Venona traffic." They do not qualify the list, which includes everyone from Alger Hiss to Harry Magdoff, the former New Deal economist and Marxist editor of Monthly Review, and Walter Bernstein, the lefty screenwriter who reported on Tito for Yank magazine. It occurs to Haynes and Klehr to reprint ambiguous Venona material related to Magdoff and Bernstein but not to call up either of them (or any other living person on their list) to get their version of what did or didn't happen.

Print

 * Elizabeth Bentley, Out of Bondage: The Story of Elizabeth Bentley (New York: Ivy Books, 1988) ISBN 0-8041-0164-7
 * Frank J. Donner, The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of America’s Political Intelligence System (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980)
 * Alexandre Feklisov, The Man Behind the Rosenbergs: Memoirs of the KGB Spymaster Who Also Controlled Klaus Fuchs and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York:  Enigma, 2001)  ISBN 1-929631-08-1
 * Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999)  ISBN 0-300-07771-8
 * Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, The Secret World of American Communism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); p. 312 (Document 90) reproduces a copy of the 29 September 1944 Fitin to Dimitrov memo (RTsKhIDNI 495-74-485) ISBN 0-300-06855-7
 * Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Kyrill Anderson, The Soviet World of American Communism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998) ISBN 0-300-07150-7
 * Herbert Romerstein, Stanislav Levchenko, The KGB Against the "Main Enemy": How the Soviet Intelligence Service Operates Against the United States (Lexington, Mass.:  Lexington Books, 1989) ISBN 0-669-11228-3
 * Ellen Schrecker, The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History With Documents (Boston: St. Martin's Press, 1994)
 * Ellen Schrecker, Many are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston: Little Brown, 1998)
 * Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—the Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999) ISBN 0-7881-6422-8
 * Nigel West, Venona: The Greatest Secret of the Cold War (London: HarperCollins, 1999) ISBN 0-00-653071-0

Online

 * FBI Silvermaster group file, Part 2c, pgs. 182–188 (pgs. 3–9 in PDF format). Magdoff described in the context of Elizabeth Bentley's testimony pertaining to the Perlo group.
 * FBI Silvermaster group file, Part 5b, pgs. 170–178 (pgs. 86–94 in PDF format).
 * Victor Navasky, "Cold War Ghosts," The Nation, 16 July 2001.
 * United States. National Counterintelligence Center. A Counterintelligence Reader. NACIC, no date.
 * Vladimir Pozniakov, A NKVD/NKGB Report to Stalin: A Glimpse into Soviet Intelligence in the United States in the 1940s
 * Fitin to Dimitrov, 29 September 1944
 * Venona 687 KGB New York to Moscow, 13 May 1944, Perlo group

Images

 * Venona 629 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 May 1944.
 * *KGB agent & Earl Browder instruct Bentley on new recruits, Venona 687 New York to Moscow, 13 May 1944.
 * KGB NY Reports on new Agents from ACP working in US Govt, Venona 769, 771 KGB New York to Moscow, 30 May 1944, pp. 1, 2, 3.
 * ALBERT's network & material photos. Silvermasters network widely known, Venona 179, 180 KGB Moscow to New York, 25 February 1945.

title: Harry Magdoff and espionage


text:
Paul Jones' Army

Paul Jones' Army was a professional wrestling heel stable in the NWA's Jim Crockett Promotions in the mid-1980s led by manager Paul Jones. The group's primary storyline was against "The Boogie Woogie Man" Jimmy Valiant in a long running storyline between Jones and Valiant.

History
Paul Jones formed Paul Jones' Army in the early 1980s in Jim Crockett Promotions to help him battle "The Boogie Woogie Man" Jimmy Valiant and his friends, Manny Fernandez, Wahoo McDaniel, Pez Whatley and Hector Guerrero. January 1984, Valiant was attacked by Paul Jones and The Assassins. They tied him to the wrestling ring ropes so that Jones could cut his beard off. This led to a grudge match (with hyped supershow called 'Boogie Man Jam '84' in Greensboro, North Carolina. For this match Dusty Rhodes in Valiant's corner was tied by a rope to Paul Jones. Valiant defeated Assassin II, who was unmasked and revealed as Hercules Hernandez. Due to the beard cutting attack, he feuded heavily with Paul Jones and his "Army" of wrestlers, from 1984 through to late 1986. This army of wrestlers included The Barbarian, Baron von Raschke, Teijo Khan, and The Assassins. During this three-year feud, Valiant received help from Héctor Guerrero and "Raging Bull" Manny Fernandez. Although Jimmy Valiant would lose a Loser Leaves Town Tuxedo Street Fight to Paul Jones at Starrcade 1984 in Greensboro, North Carolina the feud with Paul Jones stable continued, which would come to include Abdullah The Butcher. In 1985, Valiant and Ragin' Bull Manny Fernandez formed a team called B and B Connection ("Boogie Woogie" and "Bull"). In the spring of 1986 Pez Whatley turned on Valiant, cutting off his pony tail, later joining Jones' Army as Shaska Whatley. During The Great American Bash 1986 summer shows, Paul Jones adopted a military style look in his long feud with Valiant and labeled his stable of wrestlers The Army. Valiant would beat Shaska Whatley in a hair vs hair match, but with outside interference lost a hair vs hair match to Paul Jones only weeks later. In the fall of 1986, The Ragin Bull Manny Fernandez, Valiant's best friend accepted Jones' money and turned on Valiant, starting a feud between the two. Paul Jones at this point shortened his army to his newly acquired tag team of Ragin Bull and Rick Rude. The war between Valiant and Paul Jones climaxed at Starrcade 1986 with Valiant putting up the hair of Big Mama against the hair of Paul Jones in a No DQ Match which Valiant won (while the Ragin Bull was placed in a cage above the ring).

Championships and accomplishments

 * Jim Crockett Promotions
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - Manny Fernandez and Rick Rude

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Paul Jones' Army


text:
Margaret Smith (Scottish politician)

Margaret Smith (born 18 February 1961) is a Scottish Liberal Democrat politician. She is the former Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Edinburgh West constituency, a seat she held from 1999 Scottish Parliament election until 2011 Scottish Parliament election. She was the Scottish Liberal Democrats Spokesperson for Education. She was the first openly lesbian MSP.

At the 2011 election, she lost her seat to the Scottish National Party's Colin Keir who won with a majority of 2,689. As the Liberal Democrats failed to win any seats on the Lothian regional list, Smith was not returned as an MSP. Her constituency seat was however won back in 2016 by the Liberal Democrats candidate Alex Cole-Hamilton.

title: Margaret Smith (Scottish politician)


text:
Talk:Proconsul

Untitled
I believe the "History" section of this article is woefully incomplete. What about someone (more knowledgeable than myself) added a bit of discussion with systems like the ancient-Roman Consuls and Proconsuls. Was this system (or any other one that might be discussed) similar to or very different from the ancient-Chinese one? - J.R. There's an immense amount to be added, and perhaps this article should be regarded as a stub. There's also much that can be learned from the comparison of different political systems, but it does not necessarily follow that you can usefully compare a particular official post in one, with a similar post in another. The article specifies that the notitia dignitatum  refers to the end-stage of the Western Roman empire, but the earlier period needs to be discussed more. Do we have a map for the provinces of the Roman empire? A list of unfamiliar names is not very helpful. And the title needs a distinctive word. This will presumably affect other articles, and I'm new at this, and a little confusedd about the different ways for disambiguation, and I ask for some guidance. DGG 02:48, 13 September 2006 (UTC).

Typo?
The term has also been used as a disparagement towards individuals, especially ambassadors, who have attempted to influence the governments of foreign countries. In one instance, former Canadian cabinet minister Lloyd Axworthy called former United States ambassador to Canada Paul Cellucci "the U.S. ambassador-turned-proconsul" in an opinion piece in the 29 April 2003 Globe and Mail newspaper. Axworthy's comments were in response to Cellucci's frequent warnings to the Canadian government on domestic policy matters (such as the decriminalization of marijuana) which were often perceived by Canadians as threats.

Shouldn't the 3rd last word in that sentence read "Americans"? ChristopherBorcsok 17:08, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Clarity
Is it just that I'm an idiot (NB: this may well be the case) or is the Ancient Rome section of this article exceptionally difficult to comprehend? Perhaps someone with expertise in the area could take a look at it. It seems rather disjointed and confused currently. DublinDilettante (talk) 22:11, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Opening
Prior to this edit, the opening of the article stated that a proconsul "was a Roman consul whose imperium (the power to command an army) was extended, or a former consul who was given consular imperium." Since this highly misleading description has been in the article for a long time, so I thought I would explain why I changed it. Pro is Latin for "for," as in "on behalf of." Constitutionally, only a currently serving consul could exercise military command. If a former consul (or anyone else) commanded troops, it was, at least theoretically, on behalf of the consul and thus proconsular. Proconsuls were generally former consuls. But there are counterexamples, notably Scipio. The vital point about the proconsulship is he exercised command on behalf of someone else. To focus on the "former consul" angle misses the basis for extending this concept to semi-independent modern commanders like MacArthur. 10W40 (talk) 09:32, 8 February 2017 (UTC)

Proconsuls and consuls
It isn't the case that a proconsul is a former consul. While initially proconsuls were almost always former consuls and propraetors former praetors, by the late republic many praetors were prorogued pro consule. For example: Year 80 has Gaius Claudius Nero pr 81 procos Asia, Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella pr 81 procos Cilicia. Year 60 has Gaius Octavius pr 61 procos Macedonia, and Quintus Tullius Cicero pr 62 procos Asia. Ifly6 (talk) 06:05, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Eg OCD4 sv "pro consule, pro praetore": After Sulla all governors seem to have ranked pro consule. Ifly6 (talk) 06:22, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Proconsul


text:
Kuje Science Primary School

Kuje Science Primary School is a primary school in Kuje, Nigeria. After reconstruction funded largely by British Airways' charity program "Change for Good",  it was re-opened in 2002 in a ceremony attended by President Olusegun Obasanjo. This event took place two days before the anniversary of the introduction of the most widely accepted human rights treaty in history; The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. It has over 3,500 students.

"Kuje school is an excellent example of what a committed and generous public and private sector partnership can achieve," said Dr Christian Voumard, UNICEF Representative in Nigeria. "It is the largest project funded by Change for Good in Africa and is yet another example of how private sector funds can be put to very good use within the public domain," he added. Basic amenities which are not available to many schools in the country include an electricity generator, a supply of clean water, and separate toilets for boys and girls. The school also has a library and a computer and science laboratory; offering a stark contrast to those facilities offered by the majority of schools in the country.

UNICEF and British Airways hope that Kuje school will lead the way in influencing and spurring much needed changes to Nigeria's education system.

"We were very happy and eager to work with UNICEF on this initiative," said Steven Harrison, British Airways' manager in Nigeria. "We are delighted that through the highly successful Change for Good program, we have rebuilt this school, which is certain to make a positive contribution to the education of thousands of Nigerian children."

title: Kuje Science Primary School


text:
An Kyong-ho

An Kyong-ho (18 January 1930 – January 2016) was a North Korean politician.

He was born in Gangwon, and is a graduate of Kim Il-sung University in Pyongyang. He formerly served as the Chief Director of the Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland. He first entered international news in 1988, when he attended south–north preparatory talks. He was a delegate to the 9th and 11th sessions of the Supreme People's Assembly, held in 1990 and 2003.

title: An Kyong-ho


text:
An Min-chol

An Min-chol is a North Korean politician and bureaucrat. He was a delegate to the 10th and 11th sessions of the Supreme People's Assembly. In addition, he serves at the general manager of the Sŏwŏn Cooperative Farm Committee in Pŏng-gun, South Hwanghae Province.

title: An Min-chol


text:
An Myong-ok

An Myong-ok is a North Korean politician. He served as a delegate to all sessions of the Supreme People's Assembly, from the 8th in 1986 to the 11th in 2003.

title: An Myong-ok


text:
Holy Cross Monastery

Holy Cross Monastery refers to the Monastery of the Cross, Jerusalem, Israel, where tradition places the tree from which the Cross of Jesus was made.

Holy Cross Monastery can also refer to:

Europe

 * Heiligenkreuz Abbey, Austria
 * Santa Cruz Monastery, Coimbra, Portugal
 * Św. Krzyż Monastery, Łysa Góra, Poland

New World (US and Australia)

 * Holy Cross Orthodox Monastery (Castro Valley, California), US
 * Holy Cross Monastery (Mangrove Mountain, New South Wales), Australia, an Eastern Orthodox monastery
 * Holy Cross Monastery (Wayne, West Virginia), US
 * Holy Cross Monastery (West Park, New York), US
 * Holy Cross Monastery and Chapel, Cincinnati, US

title: Holy Cross Monastery


text:
An Yong-hyon

An Yong-hyon is a North Korean politician. He served as a delegate to the 10th and 11th sessions of the Supreme People's Assembly, held in 1998 and 2003.

title: An Yong-hyon


text:
Pae Tal-jun

Pae Tal-jun (born 1936) is a high-ranking North Korean politician and bureaucrat. He formerly served as Minister of State Construction Control(국가건설감독성 상) and as Chairman of the Central Committee of the Korean Union of Architects(조선건축가동맹). He was appointed to the Ministerial post in 1998 by the 10th Supreme People's Assembly, at which he was also a delegate.

Pae also served as a delegate to the Assembly's 11th session in 2003. In 2004, he was awarded the Order of Kim Il-sung.

Pae is a graduate of Bratislava University of Czechoslovakia. He began his career as a city planner in Pyongyang in 1966, becoming a vice chairman of the State Construction Committee(국가건설위원회) in 1983.

title: Pae Tal-jun


text:
Talk:This is Daniel Cook.

This is Daniel cook making a lasagna

This is Emily Yeung
Is This is Daniel Cook going to be replaced by This is Emily Yeung, or will the two shows run alongside each other? I guess I should have seen a spinoff coming; Daniel Cook is probably at least seven now (he was born in 1999), so perhaps he's gone on to something more advanced.Ohyeh 23:00, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Daniel's got a new show, I Dare You (And in development: Dino Dan), so we'll only have one active 'This is...' host at a time, it appears. Radagast 22:59, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Jays Pitcher
In the episode This is Daniel Cook Playing Baseball, Daniel gets pitching lessons from a Toronto Blue Jays pitcher. I wasn't really paying attention, so what pitcher meets Daniel?Ohyeh 01:53, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

The Doc of course, Roy Halladay. I added his name to the list of notable guests.

The little boy could probably give 90% of Blue Jays pitchers pitching lessons. 24.222.211.154 19:57, 31 August 2006 (UTC)MD

Is this vandalism?
There are a couple of episodes here called This is Daniel Cook at a Funeral and This is Daniel Cook putting his Dog to Sleep. I don't know for sure, but I have suspicions that this is vandalism and that the episodes are fake. I'm thinking this is vandalism because This is Daniel Cook is a preschooler show; why would you want to air something as personal and as private as a funeral or killing your dog, all done with a six-year-old kid? Could someone please do some investigating (I have a little hint it's the guy with the comment called Daniel Cook that possibly added these episodes).Ohyeh 01:54, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. The entire edit was vandalism. I have reverted it. --Targetter (Lock On) 01:58, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * And no, the vandalism was done by 24.36.129.59, not by anyone on this talk page. --Targetter (Lock On) 05:47, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * and now MORE vandalism *sigh* :(--Dustyjo 03:24, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * all fixed :P--Dustyjo 03:26, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Change the tense
I'd like to make a suggestion that this article be put into past tense; the show has pretty much died off, as Daniel, who is now older is starting a couple of new shows called Dino Dan and I Dare You.Ohyeh 16:48, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In that case, I'd propose Daniel gets his own article. Daniel Cook (television personality). Elle Bee 22:00, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Danielcookcd.jpg
Image:Danielcookcd.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 07:14, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:This is Daniel Cook.


text: User talk:69.232.217.251

title: User talk:69.232.217.251


text: Talk:An Min-chol

title: Talk:An Min-chol


text:
Talk:An Kyong-ho

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on An Kyong-ho. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050123010443/http://nk.chosun.com:80/english/database/database.html?ACT=p_detail&id=64 to http://nk.chosun.com/english/database/database.html?ACT=p_detail&id=64

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:31, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:An Kyong-ho


text: Talk:An Myong-ok

title: Talk:An Myong-ok


text:
Talk:Harry Magdoff and espionage

Archives

 * /Archive1
 * /Archive2

Is several a weasel word.
In the lead saying several historians seems like a weasel word. This seems to be a rather small area of expertise, can't you come up with a number instead of several? Klehr, Haynes, and Weinstein could be considered historians who have written about the subject and 2 of them from the article name Magdoff; who else should be counted? Now clearly a lot of argumentative editors have worked on this article, if it's gonna degenerate into a big never-ending brouhaha please forget about it. Nitpyck (talk) 07:24, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on Harry Magdoff and espionage. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130918034225/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/13may_new_recruits.pdf to http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/13may_new_recruits.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120330161421/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/30may_kgb_ny.pdf to http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/30may_kgb_ny.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050224074214/http://www.nacic.gov/history/CIReaderPlain/Vol3Chap1.pdf to http://www.nacic.gov/history/CIReaderPlain/Vol3Chap1.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130918034225/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/13may_new_recruits.pdf to http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/13may_new_recruits.pdf
 * Added tag to http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=library.document&id=50A
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090225204811/http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page44.html to http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page44.html
 * Added tag to http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=library.document&id=50A
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130918034225/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/13may_new_recruits.pdf to http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/13may_new_recruits.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120330161421/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/30may_kgb_ny.pdf to http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/30may_kgb_ny.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120330161453/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/25feb_alberts_network.pdf to http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/25feb_alberts_network.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:31, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Harry Magdoff and espionage. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051211111653/http://www.nacic.gov/history/index.html to http://www.nacic.gov/history/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:33, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harry Magdoff and espionage


text:
Chicago Spire

The Chicago Spire was a skyscraper project in Chicago that was partially built between 2007 and 2008 before being cancelled. Located at 400 N. Lake Shore Drive, it would have stood 2,000 ft high with 150 floors and been the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. When originally proposed as the Fordham Spire in July 2005, the design had 116 stories, included a hotel and condominiums, and was topped with a broadcast antenna mast. The building was designed and spearheaded by Spanish architect-engineer Santiago Calatrava and Chicago developer Christopher T. Carley of the Fordham Company. On March 16, 2006, the Chicago Plan Commission unanimously approved the initial design of the building. On November 4, 2016, a court ruling brought the original development plan and the extended litigation over the nine-year-old project to a close. Developer Garrett Kelleher signed over the property location to the project's biggest creditor, Related Midwest, who announced that they would not build the Spire and released plans for a different project.

Planning
Christopher T. Carley of the Fordham Company proposed the Fordham Spire in July 2005. In the proposal the Spire was to be a 116-story structure with hotel and condominiums topped by a tall broadcast antenna mast. The initial design of the building was passed unanimously by the Chicago Plan Commission on March 16, 2006, and by the Chicago Zoning Committee on March 23, 2006. On March 29, 2006, the Chicago City Council also approved the building's design. As part of the approval process, the council passed a measure that raised the height limit on structures at the site to accommodate the 2000 ft design height. The Fordham Spire would have become the second tallest building in the entire world, surpassed only by the Burj Khalifa, and would have become the tallest freestanding structure as well as the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, surpassing the CN Tower in Toronto.

The building was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and was being developed by Garrett Kelleher of Shelbourne Development Group, Inc., the then-owner of St Patrick's Athletic F.C.

Chicago Mayor Daley said he approved of the design, stating that it was environmentally friendly. Burton F. Natarus, who was the 42nd-ward alderman when the building was announced, said, "This is a very unique opportunity for the city of Chicago. This building belongs to Chicago and should be in Chicago." Donald Trump immediately voiced opposition to the building, stating that the tall structure would be a target for terrorists and did not even seem to be a viable project.

Initial financial problems
After several months of development in 2005, Carley failed to obtain sufficient financing for the construction of the building. Irish developer Garrett Kelleher, executive chairman of Shelbourne Development Group, Inc., acquired the land and took over the project. It was announced that he would put up 100% of the equity, something Carley had been unable to do. He also had the financial backing to acquire the land, something Carley lacked. Kelleher stated he would consider using Carley's services on the development and that "Carley will be paid an unspecified sum for his involvement in the deal so far." Kelleher later renamed the project "Chicago Spire" after briefly going by "400 North Lake Shore Drive", as it was no longer a Fordham project.

New designs

In the final quarter of 2006, Shelbourne Development issued two separate press releases regarding the construction and design of the spire. A November 2006 press release stated that construction of the Chicago Spire would begin in June 2007. In early December 2006, Shelbourne Development issued another press release stating that the design of the building had been revised. This included the removal of the hotel and the antenna mast, making the building consist solely of condominium units. The design change altered the building design such that it was wider than the original plan. Additionally, the spire no longer tapered at the top, resulting in an increase in floor space and overall floor count. The revision also removed the separate parking structure from the original plan, instead incorporating underground parking into the spire itself. This first major redesign of the Chicago Spire was criticized by architectural critics and city officials.

In late December 2006, the Chicago Tribune reported that the developer was soliciting opinions on a further revision from community leaders. Several weeks following that report the Chicago Tribune held an exclusive interview with architect Santiago Calatrava and lead developer Garrett Kelleher. During the interview, Calatrava drew out design ideas restoring the rotating design of the building and showcasing his vision for the Chicago Spire's lobby. On March 26, 2007, further revisions were shown during a public presentation by Shelbourne Development showcasing the most recent design.

Approval
Following the March 26, 2007 public presentation by Shelbourne Development, residents showed a favorable reaction to the newest design of the Chicago Spire. The Chicago Plan Commission approved the final plans of the Chicago Spire on April 19, 2007. Chicago's zoning committee also approved the tower on April 26 and, on May 9, 2007, the Chicago City Council approved the final design of the Chicago Spire.

Marketing
By June 2008, Shelbourne had sold more than 350 of the 1,193 units—more than half of those to foreign investors in markets where certain United States Securities and Exchange Commission regulations do not apply. Shelbourne announced on September 30, 2008 that the building's penthouse had been sold to Beanie Babies manufacturer Ty Warner. Kelleher offered to rent out units at a guaranteed 7.5% return to spur sales. The approach is common outside the United States where the tower was marketed more heavily and was meant to spur sales of the smallest units, which are the most likely to be purchased as rental property investments by foreigners.

Financial crisis and suspension of construction

By October 2008, the late-2000s recession was beginning to affect the project. Construction was suspended and the tower's architect, Santiago Calatrava, placed an $11.34 million lien on the construction site, stating that Kelleher had not yet paid him for his work. Within a few months Anglo Irish Bank, the primary lender for the project, was on the brink of financial collapse. The bank's stocks had lost nearly all of their value and Anglo Irish Bank was facing nationalization. Due to the bank's dire financial situation, Shelbourne Development was forced to suspend construction, and would eventually have to pay back the $69.5 million (USD) it had already borrowed.

Additional litigation and liens threatened the project by autumn 2009. The owner of the NBC Tower in Chicago sued to evict Shelbourne Development from their sales office, where extensive modeling of Chicago Spire units had been installed. The lawsuit alleged that Shelbourne was behind $316,000 (USD) in lease payments. In addition to this and other liens listed on the property, Bank of America filed a lawsuit against Shelbourne Development for $4.92 million (USD). The lawsuit was an attempt to collect that sum on two unpaid loans used for initial construction at the Chicago Spire site.

After these setbacks, the AFL–CIO and Kelleher announced in late 2009 that they were discussing the potential for a $170 million (USD) land loan that would retire Kelleher's loan from Anglo Irish Bank, pay off the outstanding liens, and restart work in exchange for making the construction a complete union job. Due to the lack of construction and the sluggish economy, Chicago unions were desperate to find work for their employees as they faced near 30% unemployment. Construction of the Chicago Spire would have provided approximately 900 full-time jobs to union members for four years if construction had resumed. In addition to the $194 million (USD) that Kelleher has invested personally in the project already, backup financing of an unspecified amount and from an unknown source in the form of mezzanine capital and bridge loans has been guaranteed and would have kicked in automatically if the $170 million (USD) AFL-CIO loan had been secured.

But within weeks of the official announcement that Kelleher was searching for union bailouts, four major labor union investment funds declined to offer Shelbourne Development any loans. Kelleher continued to search for financing. Shelbourne Development faced eviction from its offices on the 50th floor of 111 South Wacker Drive on which Shelbourne owed $27,600 in unpaid rent. Earlier in the year, the spire's Chicago sales office had been ejected from the nearby NBC Tower.

In October 2010 Anglo Irish Bank Corp. filed a $77 million foreclosure lawsuit against Kelleher, claiming that loans made to Kelleher's development company had been in default for a year. The bank was expected to take possession of the site. By the end of the year, courts handed control of the site to a receiver, leaving the project (at the time) dead. In addition, two Chicago firms purchased the tax lien certificates on the property.

End of the project
In 2013, with the Chicago Spire site for sale by Ireland's National Asset Management Agency (NAMA), interest resumed, drawing in at least a half-dozen offers for the property. Under the involuntary bankruptcy ruling in October 2013, Shelbourne had until the end of March 2014 to obtain approval of a reorganization plan, and was considering a bid to take back control of the property, reigniting hope that the skyscraper might actually be built.

However, on October 31, 2014, the developer failed to make a required payment to Related Midwest and Related filed suit to compel Shelbourne to turn over the deed to the property. On 4 November 2016, Garrett Kelleher signed over the property located at 400 N. Lake Shore Drive to Related Midwest. President Curt Bailey said that Related Midwest would not build the Spire.

In February 2016, Shelbourne sought court approval to take up an offer of up to $135 million from Atlas Apartment Holdings intended to underpin the project's emergence from bankruptcy, with a deadline of August 31, 2016 for having a court-approved reorganization plan. At a hearing on March 11, 2016, Shelbourne announced that it had reached agreement on a repayment plan with the project's creditors, including Related Midwest, which had bought up much of the project's debt. Assuming the project finds funding to satisfy that agreement, Atlas said that the building would be built and that Atlas would control the project, but that Kelleher would still be the developer, with the intention of building the same building planned prior to the suspension of construction.

In early 2018, the former developer Garrett Kelleher launched a $1.2 billion (USD) lawsuit, in the US Federal District Court in Illinois, against NAMA alleging that the agency destroyed his chances of building the Chicago Spire through a combination of "sheer spite" and "consistent incompetence". The lawsuit is formally brought by Kelleher's company, Shelbourne North Water Street Corporation.

Future site development
In 2016, Crain's Chicago Business reported that Related Midwest had hired former SOM architect Michael Pfeffer to guide the design of developments on the former Chicago Spire site. Although President Curt Bailey disclosed no project details—such as whether, for example, Related Midwest plans to build one big tower or multiple structures on the site—he did announce the development firm's intent to discuss plan outlines with the public in 2017.

In 2018, it was revealed that Related Midwest will build two skyscrapers at the site of the Spire. The taller of the two would include 300 condominiums and a 175-room luxury hotel and the other 550 apartments. The two tower plan has been approved by the city and the development will be called 400 Lake Shore Drive.

Location
The skyscraper was being constructed at 400 N. Lake Shore Drive, on Chicago's waterfront west of Navy Pier and northeast of the Loop, in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area. The site is at the junction of Lake Michigan and the Chicago River, and is bordered by the Ogden Slip of the Chicago River to the north, North Lake Shore Drive to the east, the Chicago River to the south, and existing residential property to the west. The site was originally zoned for two 35 to 50-story buildings. Originally, it was to be sold by a joint venture of LR Development Company of Chicago and JER Partners of Virginia for $64 million to Christopher Carley of the Fordham Company. After numerous short-term extensions, and later Carley's failure to obtain financing, Kelleher of Shelbourne Development purchased the land instead and pledged to finance the rest of the project.

DuSable Park
When the project was first announced, the Fordham Company pledged almost $500,000 to assist in the development of the city's proposed DuSable Park, which would adjoin the property of the Chicago Spire. DuSable Park would cover 3.24 acre and a $11.4 million budget was planned for its renovation. On March 26, 2007, Shelbourne pledged to pay $6 million toward the development of the park, making up the deficit left over from the city's own initial pledge of $6 million and far exceeding the Fordham Co's initial offer. In May 2007 Shelbourne's pledge jumped to $9.6 million. Soil tests performed in December 2000 on the soil of the proposed park showed contamination of radioactive thorium. Thorium was used by the Lindsay Light Company, which operated a location nearby. After the closing of the location in the 1930s, contaminated soil was dumped on the location of the proposed park. In March 2003, the Chicago Park District stated that the thorium clean-up on that land was incomplete. Hazards of contamination can be avoided by laying a minimum of 6 in of concrete over any affected soil, an approach that would be more feasible for the site of the Chicago Spire than for the adjacent park.

In 2012 the Chicago Park District received funding from the EPA for remediation of the site, bagging the radioactive soil and shipping it to a Superfund site. By summer 2013 the Park District website reported the remediation had been completed by September 2012.

Architecture
As with many of his designs, Calatrava was inspired by themes and designs in nature for the tall, twisting skyscraper. He likened the structure to an imaginary smoke spiral coming from a campfire near the Chicago River lit by Native Americans indigenous to the area, and also related the building's newly designed pinnacle to the "graceful" and "rotating forms" of a snail shell.

Standing at 2000 ft, the Chicago Spire would have further transformed the always-growing Chicago skyline. Plans for the tower included 1,193 condominiums with each of the building's 150 stories rotated 2.4 degrees from the one below it for a total 360-degree rotation. In February 2008, prices for the condominiums were announced as ranging from $750,000 to US$40 million. For supplemental structural support, each floor was to be surrounded by cantilevered corners and four concave sides. Similar to the Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) and John Hancock Center observation decks, the Chicago Spire design included a community room on the top floor offering residents a view of four U.S. states. The design for the soaring four story lobby of the skyscraper included translucent glass walls framed by arching, steel-reinforced concrete vaults. The building has been described as a giant "drill bit" by the public and others in the media have likened it to a "tall twisting tree" and a "blade of grass".

The curved design offered two major benefits to the structure of the building. First, curved designs, such as that found in Calatrava's Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden, tend to add to the strength of a structure. A similar principle has been used in the past with curved stadium roofs. In addition to structural support, the curved face of the exterior would minimize wind forces. In rectangular buildings, a fluid wind flow puts pressure on the windward face of the building; while air moves around it, a suction is applied to the leeward face. This often causes a sway in tall buildings usually counteracted, at least partially, by stiffening the structure or by using a dynamic wind damper. Since the curved design of the Chicago Spire would not completely negate wind forces, a tapering concrete core and twelve shear walls radiating from it were planned to counteract the remaining wind load.

Additionally, the Chicago Spire was designed with world-class sustainable engineering practices to meet Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold recognition. Sustainable features included recycled rainwater, river water used for cooling, ornithologically-sensitive glass to protect migratory birds, intelligent building and management systems, waste storage and recycling management, and monitored outdoor air delivery.

Construction
Following the city approval, it was announced that construction of the Chicago Spire was to begin in the summer of 2007, with caisson work scheduled to begin as early as June 2007. DuSable Park was designated as a staging area for the construction of the tower. The sales center for the Chicago Spire opened on January 14, 2008.

On September 19, 2008, a spokeswoman for the developer announced that construction was continuing on the building, but that the pace of construction would be slowed until the financial markets recovered from the subprime mortgage crisis. Kelleher promised that he still had financial backing, although analysts questioned the ability of the project to survive the current economic decline. A contractor to build the building's superstructure had not yet been named. The October 1, 2008 edition of The Wall Street Journal said that the building foundation was complete and the above ground construction would not continue until the markets recover. The Spire has remained a fenced-off hole in the ground at 400 N. Lake Shore Drive since 2008. But before Shelbourne faced financial difficulties and was forced into bankruptcy, about 370 of the planned 1,200 luxury condos were sold, half of which were to people outside the U.S., according to the suit. “Shelbourne remains the only person logically capable of completing it because it still owns the intellectual property necessary to construct it and it still maintains the goodwill of the diverse governmental and community interests without which a project of this dimension would be doomed,” the lawsuit states.

Underground phase
Crane parts and construction equipment arrived at the site on June 25, 2007. The following day Shelbourne Development officially announced the first construction contract. In preparation for construction, 34 concrete and steel caissons were drilled 120 ft into bedrock underground; this was completed June 25, 2008. A cofferdam with a 104 foot diameter and 78 foot depth was installed to create a work environment and would have later acted as a foundation for the building's core. Utility upgrades were planned for the surrounding neighborhood.

title: Chicago Spire


text: Talk:Pae Tal-jun

title: Talk:Pae Tal-jun


text: Talk:An Chang-ryon

title: Talk:An Chang-ryon


text:
WPHI-FM

WPHI-FM (103.9 MHz) is a commercial radio radio station licensed to Jenkintown, Pennsylvania, and serving the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The station is owned by Audacy, Inc., simulcasting an all-news radio format with co-owned KYW (1060 AM). Its studios are located in Audacy's corporate headquarters in Center City, Philadelphia.

WPHI-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 270 watts, as a Class A station. The transmitter tower is in the Roxborough neighborhood of Philadelphia (40.04169°N, -75.23614°W). The station is short-spaced due to adjacent channel interference from WMGM in Atlantic City, WXCY-FM in Havre de Grace, Maryland, and WNNJ in Newton, New Jersey (all located on 103.7 FM) and WAEB-FM in Allentown and WNNK in Harrisburg (both located on 104.1 FM).

WIBF-FM
The station signed on the air November 1, 1960. Its original call sign was WIBF-FM and it was owned by Fox Broadcasting, not related to the more recent Fox Broadcasting Company television network. The call letters stood for the station's owners, brothers William and Irwin Fox and their father Benjamin Fox, a local real estate developer.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the station featured a format of MOR, big bands, Dixieland jazz and the area's first FM country music show, plus religious and ethnic programs. By the mid-1970s, the station switched to Christian radio and ethnic programming during the day and Spanish-language tropical music at night. The Barry Reisman Show, featuring Jewish music and talk, was broadcast during the afternoon drive time from 1969 through the station's sale in 1992. In 1965, the station picked up a television sister in WIBF-TV, channel 29 (now WTXF-TV, a station coincidentally owned by the Fox Broadcasting Company).

WDRE

In October 1992, the station was sold by the Fox family to Jarad Broadcasting. On November 9, 1992, at midnight, co-owned WDRE from Garden City, New York, started simulcasting its modern rock programming with WIBF-FM. WIBF's branding was changed to "103.9 WDRE" to match the New York station. The simulcasting was part of a large effort by Jarad called "The Underground Network", a group of seven stations from across the country simulcasting WDRE. In 1995, the network ceased operations, as WDRE in New York changed its call letters back to WLIR. The cessation of the network then made WIBF-FM in Philadelphia an independent, local modern rock station. WIBF-FM then changed its own call sign to WDRE - "We DaRE to be Different" - to match its branding.

WDRE used the slogan "Philly's Modern Rock". "Alive" by Pearl Jam was the first song played on WDRE.

The station helped launch the careers of several famous disc jockeys and broadcasters. They include Preston Elliot and Steve Morrison of the Preston and Steve morning show on WMMR, Bret Hamilton of WCAU-TV, Marilyn Russell (formerly of Y100, WXPN, WMGK, and WOGL), Jim McGuinn (also known as Rumor Boy), the former Program Director of WPLY, and Mel "Toxic" Taylor, who went on to WYSP. Taylor (formerly of WPST and WIFI) was the first DJ hired for the only two shows that were live from Philadelphia each week.

When WDRE Philadelphia became a local radio station in 1995, talent was hired from within the city (e.g. Bret Hamilton, formerly of WIOQ) and outside of the city. While WDRE never became a true mainstream radio station in the Philadelphia radio market due to its weak signal, the station gained a cult status. As a result, events like the station's music festival (known as "DREfest") sold out to a crowd of over 25,000 people.

Sale to Radio One
In December 1996, Radio One bought WDRE from Jarad, and on December 16, WDRE announced that the station would flip to a then-undisclosed format in February 1997.

With the pending format flip, the staff at WDRE organized a concert called "Bitterfest", which was to be held at The Electric Factory. The concert featured local acts G Love and the Fun Lovin' Criminals, and was created to celebrate the life of WDRE as a local institution for modern rock. On February 7, 1997, "Bitterfest" was held to a sold-out crowd of over 3,000 people, with all of the WDRE staff present at the event. At midnight on February 8, 1997, as the crowd at "Bitterfest" chanted "'D-R-E! 'D-R-E! 'D-R-E!", a lucky (or unlucky) listener was selected to "pull the plug" on WDRE, with the station ending with the first song that started the format: Pearl Jam's "Alive". Two of the WDRE disc jockeys (Preston Eliot, Bret Hamilton) went to Y100, as did 'DRE Program Director Jim McGuinn, and midday and Sunday night DJ Marilyn Russell (as Promotions Director for Y100). Y100 was also bought out by Radio One in 2000, and flipped in 2005 to urban contemporary.

Urban and gospel
On February 10, 1997, after a weekend of stunting with classic soul music, the station flipped to urban contemporary, branded as "Philly 103-9". The call letters were soon changed to WPHI. When the station rebranded as "The Beat" in April 2002, it shifted to rhythmic top 40. By 2006, Radio & Records/Nielsen BDS moved it to the urban contemporary panel. Mediabase followed suit in 2011, completing the rhythmic to urban shift.

On February 27, 2005, Radio One moved the "Beat" format to the 100.3 frequency, which was formerly Y100. 103.9 then flipped to urban gospel, branded as "Praise 103.9". The call sign was changed to WPPZ-FM on March 3.

Except for "The Yolanda Adams Morning Show" and CeCe McGhee weekday afternoons, the station ran without DJs throughout the day until August 2007. In late August, the addition of performer Lonnie Hunter from Chicago was named the midday personality along with Sheik Meah. Motivational speaker Les Brown was added on Sundays from 7–9pm. In September, Pastor Alan E. Waller joined the staff to do a Saturday morning show from 10–11:00 and two more weekend shows were added. The "Holy Hip-Hop Show" was added on Saturdays from 7–9pm and a Christian dating show was added on Sundays from 9–11pm.

WPPZ's staff includes Lonnie Hunter, Brother Marcus, and CeCe Magee. Former DJs include Church Lady (2007–2008), Ed Long (2005–2007), CoCo Brother (2011–2013), and Les Brown and B.I.G. C.I.T.Y. (2008–2009; 2009–present).

"Boom"; hip hop
On September 27, 2016, at midnight, WPPZ and WPHI swapped frequencies, with "Praise" moving to 107.9 FM, and "Boom" moving to 103.9 FM. It also marked the return of the WPHI call letters to the frequency that originated the call letters. With the change, WPHI's classic hip hop format shifted to urban contemporary; the classic hip hop songs were reduced to just a few per hour, with the station now emphasizing currents and recurrents. This marks the fourth attempt by Radio One to compete against long dominant WUSL.

Eight months after WPHI's format switch, WISX flipped to a classic hip hop-leaning rhythmic AC on June 30, 2017. On December 24, 2019, WPHI rebranded as "Hip Hop 103.9".

Entercom/Audacy
On November 5, 2020, Urban One announced that it would swap WPHI-FM, WHHL and the intellectual property of WFUN-FM in St. Louis, and WTEM in Washington, D.C. to Entercom, in exchange for WBT/WBT-FM, WFNZ and WLNK in Charlotte, North Carolina. Under the terms of the deal, Entercom would take over operations of WPHI-FM under a local marketing agreement (LMA) on November 23, and flip it to a simulcast of KYW. Ahead of the change, the "Hip Hop" format and branding moved to WRNB on November 16, and the two stations simulcast for a week. The change in ownership and format took place at midnight on November 23. The swap was consummated on April 20, 2021. The WPHI call letters were retained to prevent competitor re-use (Nielsen's measurement systems no longer require specific callsign verification by panelists).

WDRE era

 * "103.9 WDRE Philadelphia, The Birth 1992" — studio footage of "WIBF" format to "WDRE" format switch at midnight; press parties, including a press event with Joey Ramone; photos of staff and guests
 * WDRE Reunion — articles and footage about WDRE on the University of Pennsylvania WXPN website
 * WDRE 103.9 FM — archived copy of the original WDRE website
 * — follow-up on WDRE popularity after end of format
 * — short letter to the editor with WDRE end date given
 * Philadelphia FM Radio History — timeline of 103.9
 * 103.9 WDRE...Philly's Modern Rock — page on Angelfire, with DJ locations

title: WPHI-FM


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Disco Grad Student

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD✉ 23:36, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Disco Grad Student
An article about a non-notable street performer. Delete --Neigel von Teighen 15:13, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non notable street performer. Hamster Sandwich 17:16, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn performer. JamesBurns 09:22, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Enterprise (train service)

Enterprise is the cross-border inter-city train service between Dublin Connolly in the Republic of Ireland and Belfast Lanyon Place in Northern Ireland, jointly operated by Iarnród Éireann (IE) and NI Railways (NIR). It operates on the Belfast–Dublin railway line.

History
The Great Northern Railway (Ireland) (GNR(I)) introduced the service as the "Enterprise Express" on Monday 11 August 1947 in an attempt to compete with air and road transport which were challenging the railways. In particular, business travel was and is an important market. Customs checks were limited to the Belfast and Dublin terminals to reduce journey times by ensuring that journeys were non-stop, and advance booking was available. The name of the train comes from the "enterprising" approach that the GNR(I) took to make journeys more convenient for passengers despite the requirement for customs checks. The initial service ran between Belfast Great Victoria Street and Dublin Amiens Street Junction (renamed Dublin Connolly in 1966). Locomotives of GNRI Class V were initially used, followed in 1948, by GNRI Class VS.

In October 1950 the service was extended to Glanmire Road station (renamed to Cork Kent in 1966) in Cork. This proved unsuccessful and ceased in September 1953 when the governments of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland nationalised the GNR as the Great Northern Railway Board (GNRB). The Cork service's unpopularity may also have been due to the six-and-a-half-hour journey time.

On 1 October 1958 the GNRB was dissolved and its assets and liabilities were split between Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ) and the Ulster Transport Authority (UTA) — the predecessors of Iarnród Éireann (IÉ) and Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) respectively. Following the completion of the Belfast Central Line Project, which involved the relaying of track along the route of the former Belfast Central Railway, the Belfast terminal moved to the newly constructed Belfast Central station in April 1976. The new station was named after the former railway and was located some distance from Belfast City Centre, adjacent to the city's markets. (The name was a source of confusion to tourists and was eventually renamed to in 2018).

The service was upgraded in September 1997 with a new timetable and new coaching stock from French train makers De Dietrich Ferroviaire (now Alstom DDF). At this point the service, which had operated under either the IÉ or NIR brands, was branded separately as Enterprise.

The service has suffered disruption, particularly during the Troubles when it was regularly halted by bomb threats. These became so frequent and caused such considerable disruption to the service that a campaigning group, the Peace Train Organisation was formed in 1989. Since the Northern Ireland peace process however, such disruption has diminished. Renewed investment in recent years has seen the line upgraded to continuously welded track capable of 145 km/h running along the southern part of the route, as part of Iarnród Éireann's rail network upgrades. The Northern Ireland section of the line was also upgraded to 90 mph running on many sections of the line.

Journey times vary between 2 hours 5 minutes (with four intermediate stops) and 2 hours 20 minutes (with six intermediate stops), with an average speed of 93 and 84 km/h respectively.

The Railway Preservation Society of Ireland runs a steam Enterprise in the summer months to exchange its Dublin-based engine with its Whitehead-based engine.

Autumn 2009 disruption
On Friday 21 August 2009 20 m of the Broadmeadow estuary viaduct, north of Malahide, collapsed, causing serious disruptions to Enterprise services. During the disruption the Enterprise operated between Belfast Central and Drogheda, with buses connecting Drogheda with Dublin Connolly. The line reopened on Monday 16 November with full services resumed.

Mid-life refurbishment
The Enterprise underwent a face-lift during 2009, with the carriages being resprayed in silver with green livery, some of which could be seen at Translink's York Road Maintenance Depot.

In 2014, a mid-life refurbishment programme was announced for the Enterprise service. Rotating refurbishment involved substituting non-Enterprise trainsets on an individual basis which began in November 2014 with 5-car IE 22000 Class Trains Numbered 22036-22039 working the 07:35,10:35,13:20,16:05,19:00 and 21:35 (retimed 21:15 in June 2015) with a return to service of the first revamped coaches in November 2015. Refurbishment provided new mechanical running gear, in coach electronics and modernised interiors. The first refurbished set, consisting of DVT 9002 and Locomotive 206, operated a trial service from York Road Depot in Belfast to Dublin Connolly and back, on Thursday 15 October 2015 departing York Road at 10:27 and departing Dublin at 13:05. The same set operated its first official passenger service after its refurbishment on Monday 16 November 2015 working the 08:00 Belfast Central (Now Lanyon Place) To Dublin Connolly. The first set: 9002 Entered Service on Monday 16 November 2015, 9001 then entered service on 5 February 2016, working the 18:05 Belfast Central to Dublin Connolly, 9003 entered service on 1 April 2016 working the 08:00 Belfast to Dublin, And 9004 entered service on 20 June 2016, By the time the first 3 DD Sets were in service, The refurbishment was officially completed on Sunday 10 April 2016, to coincide with the introduction of an enhanced Enterprise timetable. From Sunday 10 April 2016, The following changes occurred: 06:50 Belfast to Dublin was retimed 06:45. 09:35 Dublin to Belfast was retimed 09:30. 11:00 Dublin to Belfast was retimed 11:20. Also from Monday 11 April 2016 onwards, the 21:15 Belfast to Dublin was withdrawn and replaced by the 20:05 Belfast to Dublin.

Services
Passengers can travel "First Plus" or "Enterprise Class". Additional to a trolley service there is a "Café Bar" serving alcohol, soft drinks, tea & coffee and hot and cold snacks. The seating in the Cafe Bar is the same as the other rail seats, with the same tables.

First Plus comes with more leg room, reclining seats, tinted windows with blinds, complimentary newspapers (on most services the two main Belfast papers but on occasion the Irish Independent and Irish Times are available). Food is available for purchase in First Plus with a full three-course menu serving breakfast (before 12pm), lunch and dinner (after 12pm). Tea and Coffee from this menu come with complementary refills. First Plus is also significantly quieter as it is rare for either First Plus carriage to be full to capacity. A member of the train crew checks passengers tickets at the door to the First Plus carriages, since many people are unaware there are two classes of carriage on the train.

Both classes have air conditioning vents designed into the rim of the window frames and free WiFi supplied by NI Railways. The WiFi is limited to 150MB of data each day per device. A glass display is atop the door of every carriage showing an analogue clock face with the current time, the destination station, the next station, and any other information may be scrolled down the bottom of the display. Approximately 3 minutes from every stop the computer will announce "we are now approaching (station name)" to give passengers enough time to gather their belongings before disembarking. Since the Enterprise brand aims to be politically neutral, there are no Irish Rail or NI Railways logos inside or outside the train (with the exception of the alcohol consumption policy poster, which includes the logos of both operators), only Enterprise specific branding, all announcements are made only in English and not in Irish, and all items available for purchase are dual priced in pounds sterling as well as in euro. Payments made by card are charged in sterling. Both classes include dedicated areas for wheelchair users.

Current fleet
Each push-pull trainset consists of seven coaches and a 201 Class locomotive. The 28 carriages were delivered as four sets of seven but entered service as three sets of eight, with two locomotives from each operator. The coaches were manufactured by De Dietrich Ferroviaire, while the locomotives are from GM-EMD; ownership of the rolling stock is shared between both operators, with carriage maintenance by NIR and locomotives maintained by IE. The coaching stock is based on the Class 373 EMU stock used by Eurostar, with the interiors identical. The EMU stock is articulated and permanently coupled, but the Enterprise is ordinary coaching stock.

The service had suffered from a lack of reliability of the locomotives, which provide head end power to the train. Unlike IÉ's Dublin-Cork services, which operate with the locomotive operating with a generator control car that provides power for lighting and heating the train, the Enterprise fleet was only equipped with an ordinary control car, which had no power generating capability. This meant that the locomotive had to provide all the power for the train, both motive and generating. Extended operation in this mode caused damage, so four further locomotives were allocated to Enterprise from the IÉ fleet. However, this still required locomotives to be used in HEP mode, so in May 2009 the Minister for Regional Development in Northern Ireland requested an estimate for the provision of generator functions for the existing rolling stock so that head-end power mode would no longer be needed.

In order to avoid further problems, a modified Mark 3 Generator van, formerly 7604, was introduced on Monday 10 September 2012. Three further such generator vans have since entered service.

If an Enterprise set is unavailable, either a NIR or an IÉ set can be used. Both NIR and IÉ have equipped six each of their newest DMUs (3000 and 29000) and ten 22000 Class DMUs to each other's specifications so they may be used in the event of a breakdown.

Formation
The formation of the train is: DVT with First Plus, First Plus, buffet carriage, four standard carriages, a Mark 3 Generator Van and a 201 Class locomotive, with the locomotive at the Belfast end and the control car at the Dublin end.

All trains have a driving trailer, numbered 9001–9004, containing a driving cab, a luggage area and 29 First Plus seats. It weighs 42 tonnes and has a wheelchair space. The cab is only used for services from Belfast, as the locomotive goes south.
 * Driving Van Trailer First

The second carriage in the Enterprise train set, numbered 9101–9104, is an additional First Plus coach with 47 seats (no wheelchair space or luggage area). It weighs 40 tonnes.
 * Trailer First Plus

Next coach, numbered 9401–9404 is a buffet coach.
 * Trailer Buffet

Coach four, numbered 9213–9216, is standard class with a wheelchair space.
 * Trailer Standard Disabled Space

Coaches five to seven, numbered 9201–9212, are standard class (no wheelchair space).
 * Trailer Standard

Since 2012 electric power for the train is no longer delivered from the locomotive but from a separate generator van. Their final numbers are 9602, 9604, 9606 and 9608.
 * Trailer Generator Van

Future fleet
Both IÉ and NIR have an ambition to introduce hourly services, but it would be necessary to procure new, faster rolling stock to achieve the required improvements in frequency and speed. In 2005, they investigated procuring new rolling stock when seven 125 mph capable Class 222 DEMUs built for the British network became available as one of the possible options, which also included the procurement of additional 22000 Class DMUs as part of IÉ's order. New rolling stock would most likely be a multiple unit rather than locomotive-hauled, similar to IÉ's plans for Dublin-Cork services.

In 2024, an announcement was made that funding totalling €165m had been secured from multiple sources to procure new rolling stock for Enterprise. This new fleet will be formed of a total of eight new bi-mode EMU sets, intended to use the current 1.5kV overhead lines (OHLE) that is in place between Dublin Connolly and Malahide, with battery power used for the rest of the route to Belfast Grand Central. In the event that the remainder of the route to Belfast is electrified, the batteries would be removed and the trains run wholly using the OHLE. The procurement of twice the number of trains would additionally allow the service frequency to be increased to hourly, with the journey time reduced to less than two hours. With the order placed before the end of 2024, the new trains are intended to enter service by 2029.

Future developments
Press reports from 2007 have stated that NIR & IÉ plan to introduce a new hourly service. This was reiterated in a statement by Conor Murphy, the then Northern Ireland Minister for Regional Development, who stated that the two companies had made a presentation to the North/South Ministerial Council in October 2007 putting forward the case for improvements in the frequency and speed of the service.

Any improvements to the service would require significant investment in track and signalling, as well as new rolling stock. In April 2008, the then Minister for Regional Development stated that the major improvements to the infrastructure and rolling stock required by Enterprise would be in the region of £500 million. However, the introduction of an hourly timetable remains an ambition for NIR and IÉ.

The line south of the border was upgraded to continuous welded rail in the 1990s, while NIR has also made track improvements to allow an increase in speed. Enterprise would require a minimum of seven trains to operate an hourly service – until 2013, IÉ had a significant number of stored Mark 3 rolling stock available, of which five sets were push-pull capable.

However, all of IÉ's Mark 3 carriages were scrapped during 2013 and 2014. NIR also withdrew its "Gatwick" set in June 2009 and it has been preserved by the RPSI. The introduction of the 22000 Class could potentially be used to enhance the frequency of the Enterprise which has led to a surplus of locomotives that could be utilised. The major issue remains the capacity at Dublin Connolly, which is stretched. Plans have been mooted to transfer Enterprise's northern terminus from Lanyon Place to Belfast Great Victoria Street, which is more centrally located and is co-located with Europa Buscentre, providing an integrated rail/bus journey to all parts of the island.

In July 2024, as part of a set of major improvements to its national timetable, Iarnród Éireann announced that Enterprise would transition to an hourly frequency following the opening of Belfast Grand Central in October 2024. The expanded service would operate from Monday–Saturday, and allow arrivals in both Belfast and Dublin before 9.00am. In order to meet the new service frequency from its launch, the existing Enterprise fleet is to be supplemented by a pair of 22000 Class units, and one Class 3000 unit from NI Railways, each of which will be six cars long. This is until the planned entry into service of the new fleet from 2029.

Criticism
In November 2007 the cross-border IBEC-CBI Joint Business Council, in a submission to the North/South Ministerial Council, stated that Enterprise was falling behind compared to the improvements of other international rail providers, with delays "often up to an hour" and serious reliability problems and an uncompetitive journey time against making the journey by road.

With the faster road journey to Dublin and the Enterprise's unreliability and infrequency, it has faced a loss of revenue as passengers switch to much cheaper and faster alternatives.

title: Enterprise (train service)


text: Talk:An Yong-hyon

title: Talk:An Yong-hyon


text:
Keystone High School

Keystone High School may refer to:

 * Keystone Charter School — Sandy Valley, Nevada
 * Keystone High School (LaGrange, Ohio)
 * Keystone Oaks High School — Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Keystone Job Corp High School — Drums, Pennsylvania
 * Keystone Junior/Senior High School — Knox, Pennsylvania
 * Keystone Heights Junior-Senior High School — Keystone Heights, Florida
 * Keystone National High School a correspondence school — Pennsylvania
 * Keystone School — San Antonio, Texas

title: Keystone High School


text:
Mandela Challenge Plate

The Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate is a rugby union trophy contested between Australia and South Africa. It is named after South Africa's first democratically elected president, Nelson Mandela.

History
Initially designed to be held every two years, the trophy was first contested as a one-off match in 2000, with Australia winning the game 44-23 at Melbourne's Docklands Stadium. The second, played in Ellis Park, Johannesburg in 2002, was also South Africa's home game in the Tri Nations, and was won 33–31 by South Africa. The 2004 event, delayed until 2005, was played over two legs, and was not part of the Tri Nations. Since South Africa were the holders, Australia needed to win both games to reclaim the trophy. Australia won the first game 30–12, but lost the return leg at Ellis Park, 33–20.

Between 2006 and 2011, with the expansion of the Tri Nations series so that each country plays each other three times, the plate was contested over three Tests, akin to the Bledisloe Cup, with the exception of 2007 and 2011, when teams only played 4 games each, to accommodate for the Rugby World Cups in those years. In 2012, the Tri Nations was expanded to include Argentina and the competition was renamed The Rugby Championship. The teams now play each other twice, and the challengers are required to beat the holders in both games to win the plate.

The trophy is a leather-clad silver plate containing a 24 carat (100%) rim, and a central gold disk showing a Wallaby and a Springbok (the icons of the two teams). It was designed by Flynn Silver, an Australian family company from Kyneton, Victoria.

Matches
Source:

title: Mandela Challenge Plate