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Vladislav Surkov

Vladislav Yuryevich Surkov (Владислав Юрьевич Сурков; born 21 September 1962 or 1964 ) is a Russian politician and businessman. He was First Deputy Chief of the Russian Presidential Administration from 1999 to 2011, during which time he was often viewed as the main ideologist of the Kremlin who proposed and implemented the concept of sovereign democracy in Russia. From December 2011 until May 2013, Surkov served as the Russian Federation's Deputy Prime Minister. After his resignation, Surkov returned to the Presidential Executive Office and became a personal adviser of Vladimir Putin on relationships with Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Ukraine. He was removed from this duty by presidential order in February 2020.

He has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation.

Surkov is perceived by many to be a key figure with much power and influence in the administration of Vladimir Putin. According to The Moscow Times, this perception is not dependent on the official title Surkov might hold at any one time in the Putin government. BBC documentary filmmaker Adam Curtis credits Surkov's blend of theater and politics with keeping Putin, and Putin's chosen successors, in power since 2000.

Journalists in Russia and abroad have speculated that Surkov writes under the pseudonym Nathan Dubovitsky, although the Kremlin denies it.

Early years
According to Surkov's official biography and birth certificate, he was born 21 September 1964 in Solntsevo, Lipetsk Oblast, Russian SFSR. As per other statements, he was born in 1962 in Shali, Checheno-Ingush ASSR. His birth name is sometimes reported to be Aslambek Dudayev. His parents, the ethnic Russian Zinaida Antonovna Surkova (born 1935) and the ethnic Chechen Yuriy ("Andarbek") Danil'bekovich Dudayev (1942–2014), were school teachers in Duba-yurt, Checheno-Ingush ASSR.

Following the separation of his parents, his mother moved to Lipetsk and he was baptized into Eastern Orthodox Christianity. In an interview published in June 2005 in the German magazine Der Spiegel, Surkov stated that his father was ethnic Chechen and that he spent the first five years of his life in Chechnya, in Duba-yurt and Grozny. Surkov has claimed to be a relative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, the first president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.

From 1982 to 1983, Surkov attended MISiS, but did not graduate from it. From 1983 to 1985, Surkov served in a Soviet artillery regiment in Hungary, according to his official biography. However, former defence minister Sergei Ivanov stated in a 2006 TV interview that Surkov served in the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU) during the same time period.

After his military training, Surkov was accepted to Moscow Institute of Culture for a five-year program in theater direction, but spent only three years there. Surkov graduated from Moscow International University with a master's degree in economics in the late 1990s.

Business career (1988–1998)
In the late 1980s, when the government lifted the ban against private businesses, Surkov started out in business. In 1987, he became head of the advertising department of Mikhail Khodorkovsky's businesses. From 1991 to April 1996, he held key managerial positions in advertising and PR departments of Khodorkovsky's Bank Menatep. From March 1996 to February 1997, he was at Rosprom, and since February 1997 with Mikhail Fridman's Alfa-Bank. At Alfa-Bank, he worked closely with Oleg Markovich Govorun (Олег Маркович Говорун; born 15 January 1969 Bratsk, USSR).

In September 2004, Surkov was elected president of the board of directors of the oil products transportation company Transnefteproduct, but was instructed by Russia's prime minister Mikhail Fradkov to give up the position in February 2006.

Deputy Chief of the Russian Presidential Administration 1999–2011
After a brief career as a director for public relations on the Russian television ORT channel from 1998 to 1999, Surkov was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff of the President of the Russian Federation in 1999. According to the Dossier Center, Surkov has been a strong supporter of the far right also known as the ultraright since at least 2000.

During the beginning of his time in this role, Surkov's main appearances in public and in international media were as a public relations mouthpiece of the Kremlin. In August 2000, he confirmed that Gazprom would buy Vladimir Gusinsky's Media-Most, which at the time owned the only independent, nationwide Russian television channel, NTV. In September 2002, he stated on behalf of the Kremlin that they had decided not to return the statue of KGB founder Felix Dzerzhinsky that had been torn down during the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. After the 2003 Russian Duma elections, when the president's United Russia party got the most seats at 37.6%, Surkov delivered the Kremlin's enthusiastic response, saying "We are living in a new Russia now."

In March 2004, he was additionally appointed as aide to the president.

Since 2006, Surkov has advocated a political doctrine he has called sovereign democracy, to counter democracy promotion conducted by the US and European states. Judged by some Western media as controversial, this view has not generally been shared by Russian media and the Russian political elite. Surkov sees this concept as a national version of the common political language that will be used when Russia talks to the outside world. As the most influential ideologist of "sovereign democracy", Surkov gave two programmatic speeches in 2006: "Sovereignty is a Political Synonym of Competitiveness" in February and "Our Russian Model of Democracy is Titled Sovereign Democracy" in June 2006.

On 8 February 2007, Moscow State University marked the 125th anniversary of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's birth with a high-level conference "Lessons of the New Deal for Modern Russia and the World" attended, among others, by Surkov and Gleb Pavlovsky. Surkov drew an explicit parallel between Roosevelt and Russian president Putin, praising the legacy of Roosevelt's New Deal, and between the US of the 1930s and present-day Russia. Pavlovsky called on Putin to follow Roosevelt in staying for a third presidential term.

According to The Moscow Times, Surkov exerted his influence to have Ramzan Kadyrov appointed as acting Head of the Chechen Republic on 15 February 2007. Since this appointment, Kadyrov has gone on to serve two terms in office and has been accused of numerous humans rights abuses.

In October 2009, Surkov warned that opening and modernization of Russia's political system, a need repeatedly stressed by President Dmitry Medvedev, could result in more instability, which "could rip Russia apart".

In September 2011, Mikhail Prokhorov quit the Right Cause party, which he had led for five months. He condemned the party as a puppet of the Kremlin and named Surkov the "main puppet master of the political process" (главным кукловодом политического процесса), according to a report in Russian-language magazine Korrespondent picked up by The New York Times. Prokhorov had hoped that Surkov would be fired from the Kremlin, but the Kremlin stood behind Surkov and said he would not disappear from the political stage. At that time, Reuters described Surkov in a profile as the Kremlin's 'shadowy chief political strategist', one of the most powerful men in the Kremlin and considered a close ally of then-Prime Minister Putin.

Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Modernisation 2011–2013
On 28 December 2011, Medvedev reassigned Surkov to the role of Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Modernisation" in a move interpreted by many to be fallout from the controversial Russian parliamentary elections of 2011. At that time, Surkov described his past career as follows: "I was among those who helped Boris Yeltsin to secure a peaceful transfer of power; among those who helped President Putin stabilize the political system; among those who helped President Medvedev liberalize it. All the teams were great."

During this time, Surkov helped create some pro-government youth movements, including Nashi. He met with their leaders and participants several times and gave them lectures on the political situation. Nashi has been compared by Edward Lucas as the Putin government's version of the Soviet-era Komsomol.

When Putin returned to the presidency in 2012, Surkov became marginalized as Putin "pursued a path of open repression over the cunning manipulation favoured by Surkov". As a Deputy Prime Minister, Surkov criticized the Investigative Committee of Russia, which led investigations into opposition leaders, rather than the general prosecutor's office. The Committee stated he offered to resign on 7 May 2013, whereas Surkov stated he offered to resign on 28 April 2013. Putin accepted it on 8 May 2013.

Personal advisor to Putin, 2013–2020
On 20 September 2013, Putin appointed Surkov as his Aide in the Presidential Executive Office, focused on Russian aggrandizement in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Ukraine. As a result he was immediately focused on the events in Ukraine during the November 2013 Euromaidan and February 2014 Revolution of Dignity.

It came out in March 2014 that during Putin's first two terms as president, Surkov was regarded as the Kremlin's "Éminence grise" (or "Grey Cardinal" ) due to crafting Russia's system of "sovereign democracy" and directing its propaganda principally through control of state run television. On 17 March 2014, the day after the Crimean status referendum, Surkov became one of the first eleven persons who were placed under executive sanctions on the Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN) by President Barack Obama, freezing his assets in the US and banning him from entering the United States. Surkov responded to this by saying: "The only things that interest me in the US are Tupac Shakur, Allen Ginsberg, and Jackson Pollock. I don't need a visa to access their work."

On 21 March 2014, the European Union (EU) placed Surkov on its sanction list barring him from entering the EU and freezing his assets in the EU.

In February 2015, Ukrainian authorities accused Surkov of organizing snipers to kill protesters and police during the Ukrainian Euromaidan in January 2014. This accusation was dismissed by the Russian government as "absurd".

Despite being barred from entering the EU, Surkov visited Greece's Mount Athos as a part of Putin's delegation to the holy site in May 2016.

Jon Roozenbeek's doctoral work is based on the failure of Russian propaganda to implant a "Novorossiyan" identity in the occupied territories of Ukraine. The implantation of this idea was the focus of Surkov.

Hacked emails
In October 2016, Ukrainian hacker group CyberHunta released over a gigabyte of emails and other documents alleged to belong to Surkov. The 2,337 emails belonged to the inbox of Surkov's office email account, prm_surkova@gov.ru. The Kremlin suggested that the leaked documents were fake.

The emails illustrate Russian plans to politically destabilize Ukraine and the coordination of affairs with major opposition leaders in separatist east Ukraine. The document release included a document sent by Denis Pushilin, former Chairman of the People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, listing casualties that occurred from 26 May to  6 June 2014. It also included a 22-page outline of "a plan to support nationalist and separatist politicians and to encourage early parliamentary elections in Ukraine, all with the aim of undermining the government in Kiev."

Fall from power
On 11 February 2019, Surkov published in Nezavisimaya Gazeta the article "The Long State of Putin", which describes the main points of the term "Putinism" proposed by him. The article caused a stir in the media.

On 18 February 2020, Surkov was removed from his role of advisor. On 26 February 2020, he gave an interview to Aktualnyie kommentarii where he stated that he actually resigned from the post on his own initiative and the reasons were correctly disclosed by Russian journalists Vladimir Solovyev and Alexei Venediktov. Surkov added that he was primarily involved with Donbas and Ukraine, but since the "context" had changed he decided to leave. He claimed that "There is no Ukraine", adding that "coercion to fraternal relations by force is the only method that has historically proven its effectiveness in the Ukrainian direction. I do not think that some other will be invented".

House arrest report, 2022
In April 2022, amidst the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Surkov was reported to be under house arrest, on the grounds of embezzlement of funds intended for the Donbas separatist region of Ukraine.

Criticism and depictions
Before the 2010 U.S.-Russia "Civil Society to Civil Society" (C2C) summit, a U.S. House of Representatives representative for the state of Florida's 27th district, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R), was the lead signatory of a written petition which called upon the Obama administration to suspend U.S. participation in the summit until Surkov was replaced as a delegate for the Russian side. In an interview with Radio Free Europe, Ros-Lehtinen explained that she objected to Surkov's attendance as she views him as "one of the main propagators of limiting freedom of speech in Russia, intimidating Russian journalists and representatives of opposition political parties". However, the summit went ahead despite her objections. A 2007 Open Source Center "Media Aid" document identifies the Russian ura.ru information website as reportedly having links to Surkov.

Inside Russia, Surkov has drawn criticism from activists and opposition groups: In September 2010, Lyudmila Alexeyeva appealed to then-president Dmitry Medvedev to dismiss him.

In November 2010, opposition leaders Boris Nemtsov (Solidarnost), Vladimir Milov (Democratic Choice), and Vladimir Ryzhkov (People's Freedom Party) jointly demanded his resignation over policies perceived to threaten freedom of the press and journalists in Russia.

In May 2013 after his dismissal as Deputy Prime Minister, Surkov was characterized by The Economist as the engineer of "a system of make-believe", "a land of imitation political parties, stage-managed media and fake social movements".

In Western media outside Russia, a vocal and eloquent critic of Surkov and of the administration of Vladimir Putin in general has been Peter Pomerantsev. Over a short period in 2013–14, Pomerantsev wrote op-eds in The Atlantic, The New York Times, and the London Review of Books accusing Surkov, "Putin's chief ideologue" with "unsurpassed influence over Russian politics", of turning Russia into a "managed democracy", and of reducing Russian politics to nothing but "postmodernist theatre". In an October 2013 talk before the Legatum Institute, Pomerantsev, along with Pavel Khodorkovsky, termed Russia a "postmodern dictatorship".

Some time before October 2014, Igor Ivanovich Strelkov, who played a key role in the Russian military intervention in Ukraine, referred to Surkov as a "notorious" person who "focuses only on destruction...as in South Ossetia and other regions where he focused on looting rather than aid".

Rumored pseudonym of Natan Dubovitsky
On 13 August 2009, Russian business newspaper Vedomosti reported that an anonymous source told them that a recently released novel, Close to Zero (Околоноля), was written by Surkov under the pseudonym Natan Dubovitsky (Натан Дубовицкий) in the magazine Russian Pioneer (Русский пионер). It was soon realized that the pseudonym is almost identical to the name of Surkov's second and current wife, Natalya Dubovitskaya (Наталья Дубовицкая).

In a subsequent edition of Close to Zero, Surkov would write a preface to it under his real name, but would continue to deny writing the main text. In the preface, Surkov writes two seemingly contradictory statements: "The author of this novel is an unoriginal Hamlet-obsessed hack"; and, "this is the best book I have ever read".

The January 2011 debut performance of the theatrical version of the novel, directed by Kirill Serebrennikov, was attended by Surkov.

The novel, which has the English language subtitle "gangsta fiction", has as its protagonist a man by the name of Yegor Samokhodov. Samokhodov's occupation is public relations, and he is tasked with managing the reputation of a regional governor. First, he hires a writer to ghostwrite a piece of poetry to be published under the name of the governor without disclosing the ghostwriting, so that the governor may win an award and seem clever to his constituents. He then bribes a newspaper reporter to "correct" stories that portray the governor negatively, such as allegations that a factory of a relative of his is releasing chemicals into the air that harm local children.

The publishing houses and public relations firms in the novel are intensely violent, with each company having its own gang and turf wars being fought over the rights to publish or represent such acclaimed Russian authors as Alexander Pushkin and Vladimir Nabokov. Peter Pomerantsev described the book as "exactly the sort of book Surkov's youth groups burn on Red Square." The Economist wrote that the novel "expos[ed] the vices of the system [Surkov] himself had created".

Other works authored under the name Natan Dubovitsky, all published in Russian Pioneer, that are rumored to be the work of Surkov are:
 * The Little Car and the Bicycle [gaga saga] (Машинка и Велик [gaga saga]) (2012)
 * Uncle Vanya [cover version] (2014) (Дядя Ваня [cover version])
 * Without Sky (2014) (Без неба)
 * Ultranormality (2017) (Russian: Ультранормальность)

Influence outside Russia
Some outside Russia, such as Ned Resnikoff of ThinkProgress, and Adam Curtis in the BBC documentary HyperNormalisation, have claimed that Surkov's unique blend of politics and theatre have begun to affect countries outside of Russia, most notably the United States with the selection of Donald Trump for the 2016 US Republican nomination and Trump's subsequent campaign and election victory.

In an editorial for the London Review of Books quoted by Curtis, Peter Pomerantsev describes Putin's Russia thus:

"In contemporary Russia, unlike the old USSR or present-day North Korea, the stage is constantly changing: the country is a dictatorship in the morning, a democracy at lunch, an oligarchy by suppertime, while, backstage, oil companies are expropriated, journalists killed, billions siphoned away. Surkov is at the centre of the show, sponsoring nationalist skinheads one moment, backing human rights groups the next. It's a strategy of power based on keeping any opposition there may be constantly confused, a ceaseless shape-shifting that is unstoppable because it's indefinable."

Curtis claims that Trump used a similar strategy to become president of the United States, and hints that Trump's Surkovian origins caused Putin to express his admiration for Trump in Russian media.

In 2019, Surkov boasted that "Russia is playing with the West's minds", "They don't know how to deal with their own changed consciousness."

Surkov has had articles written about him and his influence on the war in Donbas by Japanese academics curious about his leaked emails and his "political technology".

In June 2021, Henry Foy published an interview with Surkov in the Financial Times in which he said "Surkov is a founding father of Putinism, and one of its key enablers." In Foy's telling, Surkov "stage-manage[d] the 2014 annexation of Crimea and Russia's involvement in the ongoing war in eastern Ukraine." Foy credited Surkov with the observation that an overdose of freedom is lethal to a state, while the latter compares Putin with Octavian. Surkov described the Minsk agreements as an act that "legitimised the first division of Ukraine". He said he was "proud that I was part of the reconquest [of Ukraine]. This was the first open geopolitical counter-attack by Russia [against the west] and such a decisive one." Surkov exhibited profound and naked cynicism: Most people need their heads to be filled with thoughts. You are not going to feed people with some highly intellectual discourse. Most people eat simple foods. Not the kind of food we are having tonight. Generally most people consume very simple-meaning beliefs. This is normal. There is haute cuisine, and there is McDonald's. Everyone takes advantage of such people all over the world.

Surkov is depicted as the main character Vadim Baranov in the 2022 French novel The Wizard of the Kremlin by Giuliano da Empoli.

Personal life
Surkov has married twice. His first marriage, to Yulia Petrovna Vishnevskaya (Юлия Петровна Вишневская, née Lukoyanova, Лукоянова) in 1987, ended in divorce in 1996. In his second marriage, Surkov married Natalya Dubovitskaya (Наталия Дубовицкая), his secretary when he was an executive at the Menatep bank, in a civil ceremony in 2004.

Surkov has four children: Artyom (Артём; born 1987), the biological child of Yulia he adopted during his first marriage; and Roman (Роман; born 2001), Maria (Мария; born 2003), and Timur (Тимур; born 2010), biological children of himself and Natalya.

Surkov has composed songs and written texts for the Russian rock-musician Vadim Samoylov, ex-member of the band Agata Kristi (Агата Кристи). He speaks English and is fond of poets of the Beat Generation such as Allen Ginsberg.

Honours and awards

 * Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class (13 November 2003) – for outstanding contribution to strengthening Russian statehood and many years of diligent work
 * Gratitude of the President of the Russian Federation (18 January 2010, 12 June 2004 and 8 July 2003) – for active participation in the preparation of the President's address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation
 * Medal of PA Stolypin, 2nd class (21 September 2011)
 * Diploma of the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation (2 April 2008) – for active support and substantial assistance in organizing and conducting the elections of the President of the Russian Federation
 * State Councillor of the Russian Federation, 1st class

title: Vladislav Surkov


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Battle of Siikajoki

The Battle of Siikajoki (Siikajoen taistelu) was fought between Swedish and Russian troops on 18 April 1808 at Siikajoki, approximately 60 km south of Uleåborg, Swedish Finland (today Oulu, Republic of Finland). During the first stage of the Finnish War, the Swedish commander Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor had decided to retreat from southern Finland, so that the Swedes would gain time, and more troops could be moved to Finland via Tornio. The retreat was also made in an effort to delay battles until the seas thawed, and to reserve troops in case the Danes took the opportunity to attack Sweden.

The Battle of Pyhäjoki, which had been fought two days earlier, was one of the first skirmishes of the war, but Siikajoki was the first major attempt to stop the advancing Russians. Carl Johan Adlercreutz had been appointed commander after Count Gustaf Löwenhielm had been captured by the Russian at Pyhäjoki. The force commanded by Georg Carl von Döbeln was trying to cross the Siikajoki River when the Russians caught up with his force. Von Döbeln decided to take a stance on the south bank of the river. He first ordered a counterattack, but was forced to pull back. At that point the Russian center opened up and the newly appointed General-Adjutant Adlercreutz ordered another attack, which threw the Russians back and halted their advance.

The Battle of Siikajoki is described in the poem "Adlercreutz" in Runeberg's epic Tales of Ensign Stål.

The Nyland Regiment distinguished themselves at the battle, and today the Siikajoki Cross can be worn by soldiers of the Nyland Brigade, which is the traditional heir, though now part of the Finnish Navy.

1st Brigade

 * Åbo Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
 * Nyland Infantry Regiment (1 battalion)
 * Nyland Jägers (1 company)
 * Nyland Dragoon Regiment (2 squadrons)
 * Finnish Artillery Regiment

2nd Brigade

 * Björneborg Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
 * Österbotten Infantry Regiment (1 battalion and 1 company)
 * Nyland Dragoon Regiment (2 squadrons)
 * Finnish Artillery Regiment

3rd Brigade

 * Tavastehus Infantry Regiment (3 battalions)
 * Nyland Infantry Regiment (1 battalion)
 * Nyland Dragoon Regiment (3 squadrons)
 * Finnish Artillery Regiment

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Siikajoki


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User talk:Mickey654

Please do not make changes to user's userpages without their permission. It is considered vandalism; if you continue, you will be blocked from editing. -- Essjay ·  Talk 07:42, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * SHUT UP FAG. Mickey654 07:43, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going to block you for 24 hours for that personal attack, and the others you've posted. I hope the timeout helps you learn your manners. Jwrosenzweig 07:44, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I am 98% sure this is a sockpuppet of User:Redwolf24isgay, aka User:Redwolf24isafag, aka User:NickBush24isgay, aka User:NickBush24isafag, aka User:Redwolf24isahomo. Redwolf24 08:09, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I have blocked you for 48 hours for repeat user page vandalism. Redwolf24 04:26, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Blocked indefinitely for repeated & returning vandalism. -- Essjay ·  Talk 23:24, July 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mickey654


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Vitis riparia

Vitis riparia Michx, with common names riverbank grape or frost grape, is a vine indigenous to North America. As a climbing or trailing vine, it is widely distributed across central and eastern Canada and the central and northeastern parts of the United States, from Quebec to Texas, and eastern Montana to Nova Scotia. There are reports of isolated populations in the northwestern USA, but these are probably naturalized. It is long-lived and capable of reaching into the upper canopy of the tallest trees. It produces dark fruit that are appealing to both birds and people, and has been used extensively in commercial viticulture as grafted rootstock and in hybrid grape breeding programs.

Riverbank grape is a translation of the scientific name Vitis riparia; means "of riverbanks" in Latin, deriving from  "riverbank".

Description
Mature vines have loose, fissured bark, and may attain several inches in diameter. Leaves are alternate, often with opposite tendrils or inflorescences, coarsely toothed, 5 - 25 cm long and 5 - 20 cm broad, sometimes with sparse hairs on the underside of veins.

V. riparia is functionally dioecious. The inflorescence is a panicle 4 - 15 cm long and loose, and the flowers are small, fragrant, and white or greenish in color. V. riparia blooms sometime between April and June and in August or September produces a small 6 - 15 mm blue-black berry (grape) with a bloom, seeded, juicy, edible, vinous in flavor, lacking the "foxy" characteristics of Vitis labrusca, but usually quite sour and herbaceous. V. riparia has a wide range and may deviate considerably in detail from the above general description. White berries, perfect flowers, large clusters, large berries, and sweet fruit are among the known variations. However, some observers consider such variations as evidence of natural hybridization with other species of grapes.

Habitat
Vitis riparia has the largest geographical range of any of the North American Vitis species. It is present across nearly the entire eastern half of North America, from southern Quebec, to Piedmont, Alabama, and the Carolinas but absent of the coastal plains and the westerner parts of North America of the Great Plains. Variants of the species have been observed as far north as Riding Mountain National Park in Manitoba, Canada and as far west as Montana, Nebraska, and North Dakota.

In the wild, the vine thrives along exposed areas with good sun exposure and adequate soil moisture, such as riverbanks, forest clearings, fence lines and along road sides. The species has adapted to a variety of soil chemistries.

Cold hardiness and disease resistance
Some V. riparia vines have been known to withstand temperatures as low as -57 C. The foliage is typically resistant to mildew and black rot, and the roots resistant to phylloxera. The berries, however, are often sensitive to mildew and black rot if the vine is exposed to prolonged wet and humid conditions.

Uses
Perhaps the most significant agricultural usage of V. riparia is as grafted rootstock for Vitis vinifera. Important advantages of the use of V. riparia (and hybrids between it and other Vitis species) include resistance to phylloxera and adaptation to variant soil types.

Due to the extensive cold hardiness and fungal disease resistance of this species, it has been used extensively in grape breeding programs to transfer cold hardy and disease resistant genes to domesticated grapes. The French-American hybrid grapes are notable examples of these attempts. V. riparia has been used extensively for over a hundred years to create hardy hybrids. Many V. riparia hybrids are currently being used and investigated by plant breeders and in breeding programs such as those conducted by the University of Minnesota's horticulture program in an effort to make a commercially viable wine grape that can survive the northern climate of the Upper Midwest. Examples of commercially important cultivars with significant V. Riparia ancestry include Baco noir, Marechal Foch, Triomphe d'Alsace and Frontenac.

While V. riparia shares many important characteristics with its cousin, Vitis vinifera, the small size of the berry (making it prone to predation by birds), the high acidity of its fruit (often up to 5% titratable acidity), the intense pigment of its juice, and the presence of herbaceous aromas in wine produced from it have made it unusable on its own for commercial viticulture.

These grapes are sometimes used to make flavorful homemade jellies, jams, and wine.

title: Vitis riparia


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Labial–coronal consonant

A labial–coronal consonant is a consonant produced with two simultaneous articulators: with the lips ('labial'; a, , or sound), and with the tongue (at the teeth or gums, a 'dental' or 'alveolar' ,  or  sound, or further back, a 'post-alveolar' or 'retroflex' ,  or  sound).

Several languages have been claimed to have such sounds, such as Margi and Bura in Nigeria. However, most researchers interpret them as having sequences of labial and coronal consonants, a rather common occurrence in Africa. The Yélî Dnye language of Rossel Island, Papua New Guinea, appears to be unique in having distinct laminal labial–alveolar (i.e. labial–denti-alveolar) and labial–retroflex (i.e. apical to sub-apical labial–postalveolar) places of articulation, as illustrated below.

Labial–coronal allophones
In some Ghanaian languages such as Dagbani, and Nzema, there are palatalized allophones of labial–velars. These are sometimes mistakenly referred to as labial–alveolars, though they actually have a post-alveolar or palatal articulation instead of a true alveolar one.

Something similar is found with the labialized alveolar stops in several Northwest and Northeast Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz and Lak. Although the double stop articulation may be more common, they are generally considered to be essentially labialized alveolars because the labial contact is light, and moreover the contact is between the inner surfaces of the lips, which are protruded as they are for [w]. This is quite different from the normal contact for [p] in these languages. The labial contact may also be realized as a trill. Compare the following minimal sets in Ubykh:

Some speakers of !Xóõ have a labial–dental allophone, (or ), of the bilabial click  in some cases (Traill 1985: 103–104).

Discounting clicks otherwise as having a velar/lingual airstream mechanism rather than a double articulation, nearly all other doubly articulated consonants in the world are labial–velars. The labial-alveolars reported from some Chadic languages have upon investigation turned out to be, , and  sequences, not single consonants. (See Margi language.)

title: Labial–coronal consonant


text:
User talk:Reggionh

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, please be sure to sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes (~~~~) to produce your name and the current date, or three tildes (~~~) for just your name. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Seeaxid 07:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
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A tag has been placed on TwinMOS, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

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For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. andy 22:58, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Yii
An article that you have been involved in editing, Yii, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Peni (talk) 15:59, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Reggionh


text:
Talk:Cocamide MEA

Thermal data
Should the melting point be higher than the boiling point? A5 00:36, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Page move from "Coamide MEA" to "Cocamide MEA"
Please forgive me if I'm mistaken, but it seems that Cocamide MEA, with two c's, should be the correct title here. The page at Cocamide DEA refers to a chemical called Cocamide MEA (not Coamide MEA), and Google turned up 11,800 pages with Cocamide MEA and a mere 63 with Coamide MEA. Furthermore, [ http://www.ewg.org/reports/skindeep/chemhealtheffect.php?chem_id=3512 this link] describing Cocamide MEA seems to describe it as being identical to what this article called Coamide MEA. Hope I've done the right thing here – please, correct me if I'm wrong. wikinick 07:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

The melting point is wrong. It should be around 64 deg celsius for cocamide MEA.

title: Talk:Cocamide MEA


text:
Dave, Emily and Chainsaw

The DSC Show, formerly The Dawn Patrol and The Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw Show (DSC), also known simply as Dave and Chainsaw, was a long-running morning radio show in the San Diego, California area. Broadcast on weekday mornings on San Diego's famous KGB-FM, the show is named for its main hosts: Dave Rickards (--"not Richards"--) and Cookie "Chainsaw" Randolph, known as the "Dean of American Sportscasters". The show originated on April 1, 1990, with Shelly Dunn as a member of the trio; she retired from broadcasting in July 2018 and was replaced by Emily Jane Maguire, the show's then-producer.

The format of the show combined humor, parodies, news, and skits. The show's bawdy humor and irreverent attitude, described as "raucous and often hilarious", sometimes sparked controversy. That said, the show was marketed as "San Diego's most dependably hilarious morning radio show".

In addition to the radio programming, the show produced three comedic films starring Denver Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw. The group also released 18 annual "Best of" CDs featuring the show's regular cast members. The proceeds from the CDs and DVDs, usually released around Christmas, supported the show's charity fund that assisted San Diego residents in need.

Programming history
The Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw Show debuted in 1990, on KGB-FM as The Dawn Patrol. In 1992, the group moved to Rock 102 and changed the show's name to The Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw Show, often referred to as simply DSC. In 1996, both radio stations were purchased by Jacor Broadcasting (which was later bought by Clear Channel). At that time, the show moved to 105.3 KIOZ (formerly KCBQ). DSC returned to KGB in 1997.

In January 2010, Clear Channel abruptly canceled the show, with executives citing an "inability to reach an agreement" with the performers. The cast claimed that no agreement was even attempted. Fans of the show protested and staged rallies, to no avail. The show remained off the air until August 2, 2010, when it was picked up by Jack 100.7 FM. The show initially featured Rickards and Randolph, without Dunn, who was still under contract with Clear Channel. 100.7 dropped DSC in the summer of 2018, after which the show returned once again to KGB.

Co-host Shelly Dunn retired in July 2018.

In addition to Rickards, Maguire, and Randolph, the show included a supporting cast consisting of Chris Boyer, percussionist and comic foil; producer Sarah Beebe, news producer who also screened listener calls; and Elaina Smith, affectionately dubbed the "Mexican Leprechaun" by other members of the show. While Dunn was in a contract dispute with Clear Channel, Smith substituted for Dunn on air. Former cast members have included: Nina Reeba (known as Ruth 66) with weather and traffic reports; sports producer David "Bromo" Abromowitz; Shelly Brown (nicknamed "Chucko" to avoid confusion with Shelly Dunn); and Anna Blake, who took over news production and call-screening when Sarah filled in for Emily (see below).

On July 26, 2022, Emily Maguire was fired from iHeartMedia and removed from the DSC Show.

On November 1, 2022, it was announced that Dave and Chainsaw would be retiring at the end of the year. The last DSC broadcast was scheduled to air on December 16, 2022, but Rickards contracted coronavirus and stayed home that week; this pushed back the final broadcast date by a week, and on December 23, Dave Rickards and Cookie "Chainsaw" Randolph signed off for the final time. Former “DSC” cast members Sarah Beebe and Chris Boyer continued with their own show: KGB Mornings with Sarah and Boyer. Later additions to the program include Clint August as co-host and former Charger Rich Ohrnberger with the sports report.

Film development
The J-K Conspiracy is a 2004 film directed by Chainsaw, and produced jointly by Denver Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw. The film stars the entire cast of The Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw Show. The story is a semi-fictional tale, written by Jules Hypenstein and based on a real event that took place several years before the movie was made.
 * The J-K Conspiracy

Plot: The J through K volume of Chainsaw's World Book encyclopedia has been stolen and (in the movie) Chainsaw accuses Dave of stealing it, triggering a comedic misadventure with guest appearances by co-starring Bob Costas, Dom Irrera, Doug Flutie, Davy Jones, Dr. Laura Schlessinger, and Don Rickles. Along the way, viewers get an inside look at real-life flashbacks, radio station politics, bizarre secret meetings, and conspiracy theories, along with the nightlife parties, sporting events, and live comedy.

The Trouble with Money is the second film produced by Denver Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw.
 * The Trouble With Money

Plot: Shamus O'Reilly is supposed to receive $1 million for a scandalous videotape desperately wanted by notorious businessman Kaiser Poppo. Before Shamus arrives for the switch, Poppo's thugs accidentally give the money to Shamus look-alike Dave Rickards, a local radio host in the wrong place at the wrong time. Rickards is chased through the streets of downtown San Diego and onto a train, where he makes a clean getaway with the cash. Now Poppo not only wants the videotape but his money back and must contend with the FBI, con men, and his long-time nemesis "The Greek". Despite advice from San Diego Mayor Jerry Sanders and Watergate legend G. Gordon Liddy, Rickards loses track of both the money and the videotape. He is then tricked into a dramatic showdown with Poppo, and the secret of the videotape is finally revealed. Shot entirely in San Diego County; cameos from Bob Costas, Luke Walton and Bill Walton.

No-Brainer is the third film by Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw. Cameos from many celebrities including Will Ferrell, Bob Saget, Paula Abdul, Paula Poundstone, and recurring guest Bob Costas.
 * No-Brainer

Podcast & Best Of
Since 2013, the show has produced a podcast recording of the live program, each day shortly after it goes off-air. Their "Best of..." CDs are also available in downloadable format, from the KFMB site store. The sale of these Best Of downloads go to the DSC Fund.

title: Dave, Emily and Chainsaw


text:
Melonite

Melonite is a telluride of nickel; it is a metallic mineral. Its chemical formula is NiTe2. It is opaque and white to reddish-white in color, oxidizing in air to a brown tarnish.

It was first described from the Melones and Stanislaus mine in Calaveras County, California in 1866, by Frederick Augustus Genth.

Melonite occurs as trigonal crystals, which cleave in a (0001) direction. It has a specific gravity of 7.72 and a hardness of 1–1.5 (very soft).

title: Melonite


text:
Aristion

Aristion (Greek: Άριστίων; died 1 March 86 BC in Athens) was a philosopher who became tyrant of Athens from c. 88 BC until he died in 86 BC. Aristion joined forces with King Mithridates VI of Pontus against Greece's overlords, the Romans, fighting alongside Pontic forces during the First Mithridatic War, but to no avail. On 1 March 86 BC, after a long and destructive siege, Athens was taken by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who had Aristion executed.

Life
Aristion's early history is preserved by Athenaeus on the authority of Posidonius. Posidonius calls him Athenion and makes him a Peripatetic philosopher, whereas others, Pausanias, Appian, and Plutarch, call him Aristion, and Appian calls him an Epicurean philosopher. There is no universally accepted resolution to this confusion, and it is possible that two separate tyrants held power in Athens in quick succession during the First Mithridatic War, whose stories became conflated together. This is the most commonly accepted explanation for the confusion between the two figures. Athenion was likely an Athenian citizen and Peripatetic philosopher elected as a hoplite general in 88 BC. Aristion is a fellow Peripatetic philosopher who seized the reigns of Athenian government in c. 88 BC.

Aristion was the illegitimate son of a Peripatetic philosopher to whose party he succeeded, so he became an Athenian citizen. He married early and began teaching philosophy at the same time, which he did with great success at Messene and Larissa. On returning to Athens with a considerable fortune, he was named ambassador to Mithridates, king of Pontus. At war with Rome, he became one of his most intimate friends and counsellors. His letters to Athens represented the power of Mithridates in such glowing colours that his countrymen began to conceive of hopes of throwing off Roman rule. Mithridates then sent him to Athens around 88 BC, where he soon contrived, through the king's patronage, to assume the tyranny. His government seems to have been of the most cruel character, so Plutarch speak of with horror and classed by him with Nabis and Catiline. He sent Apellicon of Teos to plunder the sacred treasury of Delos, though Appian says that this had already been done for him by Mithridates and added that it was by means of the money resulting from this robbery that Aristion was enabled to obtain supreme power. Meanwhile, Sulla landed in Greece and immediately laid siege to Athens and Piraeus, the latter occupied by Archelaus, the general of Mithridates. The sufferings within the city from famine were so dreadful that cannibalism was reported. Eventually, Athens was stormed, and Sulla gave orders to spare neither age nor sex. Aristion fled to the Acropolis, having first burned the Odeon, in case Sulla should use the woodwork for battering rams and other instruments of attack. The Acropolis, however, was soon taken, and Aristion was dragged to execution from the altar of Athena and poisoned. Pausanias attributes the unpleasant disease that later killed Sulla as divine vengeance for this impiety.

title: Aristion


text: User talk:69.228.148.50

title: User talk:69.228.148.50


text:
Astraea Redux

Astraea Redux, written by John Dryden in 1660, is a royalist panegyric in which Dryden welcomes the new regime of King Charles II. It is a vivid emotional display that overshadows the cautious Heroique Stanzas that Dryden composed for Oliver Cromwell's death. In the former, Dryden apologizes for his allegiance with the Cromwellian government. Dryden was later excused by Samuel Johnson for this change in allegiance when he wrote, 'if he changed, he changed with the nation.'

The period between Cromwell and the Restoration is presented in Astraea as a time of chaos, and Charles is greeted as a restorer of peace. In the traditional form of the panegyric, Charles is praised for qualities which it is hoped he will attain as well as for those he already possesses, and Dryden recommends that Charles adopt a policy of toleration.

The poem well illustrates Dryden's lifelong commitment to peace and political stability. It also shows that Dryden was looking for a royal patron.

The name of the poem Astraea Redux is defined in The Nuttall Encyclopaedia as "an era which piques itself on the return of the reign of justice to the earth." The poem's title is a reference to Greek goddess Astraea, a personification of justice.

title: Astraea Redux


text: User talk:82.190.181.197

title: User talk:82.190.181.197


text:
Tingle (character)

Tingle (チンクル) is a recurring character in The Legend of Zelda series, designed by Takaya Imamura. He first appeared in Majora's Mask, where he is a map salesman who wants to become a fairy. He has since appeared in several installments, including The Wind Waker, where he provides maps to help Link find pieces of the Triforce. He has gone on to be the star of Freshly-Picked Tingle's Rosy Rupeeland, where his origin as Tingle is shown as him tasked with collecting as many Rupees as possible. He also appears in its sequel Irozuki Tingle no Koi no Balloon Trip, where he is transported into a storybook and has to enter into relationships with women in order to escape.

He has been received negatively by western fans, who felt his role in The Wind Waker made the game worse. The negative reaction to him led to him being left out of Twilight Princess. On the other hand, the negative reception led to him getting his own game, with the belief that the hate for Tingle suggested they cared about him, and thus may come to love him. Despite the negative reception, he has developed a cult following in Japan and has been praised by multiple critics.

Concept and creation
Tingle was created by Takaya Imamura for The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask, a game designer at Nintendo EAD, doing so in a "very relaxed manner." Imamura was intending for him to have a creepy design, and hoped that he would continue to appear in more games. He is a 35-year-old man who is obsessed with the "forest fairies" known as the Kokiri and dresses up in a green costume. The Legend of Zelda producer Eiji Aonuma explained that Tingle had been designed as a way for the player to access maps in Majora's Mask. He wanted such a character to have humor to them, and wanted him to be the one to make the maps as well as sell them. He noted that someone flying with a balloon would be seen as strange, so they leaned into that with his design and characterization. Aonuma compares Tingle not wanting to grow up and wearing green to Peter Pan, also noting that he is not gay. He is also known for his catchphrase: "Tingle, Tingle! Kooloo-Limpah!" Chinkuru, Chinkuru! Kururinpa! (チンクル、チンクル! クルリンパー！). The word "kururinpa" is used by Japanese people when they spin their finger around and point to someone, indicating that they may be a crazy person.

Tingle was included in The Wind Waker due to Imamura's involvement in the game's development. Game designer Mari Shirakawa commented on how she was initially unsettled by Tingle, but grew to find him "adorable," talking about how "hate can slowly turn to love" and how if someone did not care about Tingle at all, they would neither feel love nor hate. She felt that people who hate him must care about him, a notion that caused them to begin development of Tingle's own game, Freshly-Picked Tingle's Rosy Rupeeland. She stated that he is not a "typical Nintendo character," allowing him to say and do things that typical Nintendo characters would not. Tingle was going to star in a horror game before it was cancelled.

Appearances
Tingle made his debut in the Nintendo 64 game Majora's Mask. Throughout Link's adventure, he helps Link navigate Termina by selling him maps of various areas. His father operates the pictograph contest at the Woodfall Swamp, and is ashamed by his son's behavior. Tingle's next appeared in The Wind Waker, where Link frees Tingle from prison and is given the Tingle Tuner as a reward, which allows a second player to play as Tingle. In the Wii U remake, Tingle gives Link the Tingle Bottle instead, which can be used to post on Miiverse. In both versions, Tingle gives Link a map to Tingle Island, and can be found for the rest of the game on this island. He deciphers the charts needed to haul the Triforce Shards from the ocean floor, with the number of charts reduced in the remake. He is accompanied by his brother, Ankle, and a man named David Jr. who is made to work by Tingle. His brother, Knuckle, also can appear, though only through use of the Tingle Tuner. He appears in various minor roles across the series, including Oracle of Ages, Four Swords Adventures, and The Minish Cap. He also makes minor cameos in games such as Phantom Hourglass, Spirit Tracks, and Skyward Sword. In Breath of the Wild and Tears of the Kingdom Link is able to collect and wear a Tingle outfit, which gives him a night speed bonus and makes other characters afraid of Link.

Tingle's first starring role was in the spin-off title game known as Freshly-Picked Tingle's Rosy Rupeeland for the Nintendo DS. It tells the story of Tingle becoming who he is after meeting a character known as Uncle Rupee, who encourages him to obtain wealth by any means necessary. The game was released in Europe and Japan, but went unreleased in North America despite a survey polling North American respondents whether they would be interested in it. In its sequel Irozuki Tingle no Koi no Balloon Trip, a regular man is sucked into a magical book and turned into Tingle, and has to establish relationships with women in order to escape. He is the star of Tingle's Balloon Fight DS, a rebranded and updated version of Balloon Fight, and Dekisugi Tingle Pack, a DSiWare application that includes several different minigames. Tingle appears as an additional playable character in Hyrule Warriors via the Majora's Mask DLC pack. Tingle appears in Cadence of Hyrule as a non-playable character who helps the player navigate the Lost Woods.

Outside of The Legend of Zelda and Tingle series, he appears in Super Smash Bros. Melee as part of the Termina Bay stage, as well as an Assist Trophy in Brawl and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. In those games, he threw out a large amount of items that could quickly be grabbed by all of the fighters, though may also do nothing instead. He also appears as a trophy in those games, the former based on Majora's Mask and the latter two based on The Wind Waker. Tingle also appears in Super Mario Maker as one of the unlockable "Mystery Mushroom" outfits.

Impact and reception
Outside of Japan, Tingle received an overwhelmingly negative reception, compared to notoriously criticized Star Wars character Jar Jar Binks by GamesRadar+. The editors at IGN, in an article titled "Die, Tingle, Die!", did not like Tingle, in part because his role in The Wind Waker was an integral part of "tedious fetch quests", a sentiment shared by PALGN writer Matt Keller, who felt he was the weakest element of the game. When development for Twilight Princess began, IGN staff hoped that game directors Shigeru Miyamoto and Eiji Aonuma would not include the character, saying "we're not going to stand for him in another Zelda game". Fan distaste for Tingle ultimately led to his exclusion from Twilight Princess, though the character Purlo was meant as a reference to Tingle, with the idea of him representing how a realistic Tingle would work. Nintendo World Report writer Pedro Hernandez suggested that Tingle did not become a disliked character until The Wind Waker, suggesting that him getting his own series and being "weird and flamboyant" contributed to his negative reception. He felt that Tingle was proof of just how much a minor character in The Legend of Zelda can be "so captivating." Commenting on the negative reception, Kensuke Tanabe expressed interest in making another Tingle game, hoping that he could turn him into a beloved character among western fans.

Despite his negative reception, he has developed a cult following in Japan. Writer Kyle Hilliard, however, despite finding him strange, regarded him as one of the most endearing characters in The Wind Waker. The Gamer writer Cian Maher called him one of the "most contentious" characters in the series, noting how he had the popularity to get multiple games starring himself, but also strongly disliked, citing IGN's "Die, Tingle, Die!" campaign. Maher considered him "one of Nintendo's most fascinating and ambitious characters," calling him designer Takaya Imamura's "magnum opus." Due to Tingle's continued absence as a character in the Zelda series, he is a common gamers' meme and in-joke, with the question of "Where's Tingle?" being a recurring joke around the time of Zelda title releases.

title: Tingle (character)


text: User talk:81.240.255.226

title: User talk:81.240.255.226


text: User talk:69.159.204.71

title: User talk:69.159.204.71


text:
User talk:Rochak

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Huaiwei 07:55, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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Find the rest of the Singapore community!
Yeap, you can find us in these pages:

 * Singapore portal
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 * Singapore-related topics
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Do leave your name at the notice board, and thanks again for making wikipedia your online abode! ;) --Huaiwei 14:09, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rochak


text:
Alina Cojocaru

Alina Cojocaru (born 27 May 1981) is a Romanian ballet dancer. She was previously a principal dancer with The Royal Ballet and a lead principal with the English National Ballet.

Early years
Alina Cojocaru was born and raised in Bucharest, Romania. She has one sister. From a young age she studied gymnastics. Later she began ballet classes, despite never having seen a live ballet.

Training
At the age of 7 or 8 she began gymnastic classes, progressing at the age of 9 to a Bucharest ballet school which acted as a feeder for the Romanian State Ballet school. Later the same year she took and passed the entrance exam for the school and a few months later was chosen (with 8 other Romanian students) by the director of the Kiev Ballet school to take part in a student exchange.

She left her family to train at the school, and did not speak any Ukrainian. Initially, Cojocaru and the other Romanian students were taught separately, before being integrated with the other students in the third year.

The ballet school gave a public performance every six months and it was in one of these performances that Cojocaru made her debut, dancing the role of Amor in Don Quixote.

In January 1997, aged 15, she competed in the Prix de Lausanne international ballet competition. There, she was awarded a six-month scholarship to train at the Royal Ballet School in London. In June she won a silver medal at the Moscow Ballet Competition and impressed the audience in Musketeer by Alla Rubina. She moved to London later that year to commence her training, but did not speak any English.

Professional career
After completing her six-month training with the Royal Ballet School, Cojocaru was offered a contract to join The Royal Ballet as a member of the corps de ballet. She was also offered a contract to join the Kiev Ballet as principal. She subsequently joined Kiev Ballet in November 1998, believing she would gain greater experience as a principal dancer. She stayed for one season, dancing a variety of roles.

Whilst dancing with Kiev Ballet, Cojocaru re-applied to the Royal Ballet in London, but was only invited to audition for the corps de ballet. She attended an audition for the company whilst on leave from Kiev Ballet and was offered a contract. Doubtful of development opportunities elsewhere, she accepted the contract and joined the company in November 1999. She was subsequently promoted to principal dancer in 2001. In 2004, she received the Prix Benois de la Danse for her portrayal of Cinderella.

Cojocaru's early appearances with the company included performing in the opening gala for the refurbished Royal Opera House, plus appearances with the corps de ballet in the Kingdom of the Shades from La Bayadère, as a snowflake in The Nutcracker and as a doll in Coppélia.

One of the highlights of her career is her partnership with Danish principal dancer, Johan Kobborg. The partnership began in 2001 when they danced together in Romeo and Juliet after Cojocaru filled in for an injured Miyako Yoshida. Since then, Kobborg and Cojocaru's partnership has been named one of the greatest in the history of ballet, and they have danced together at Covent Garden and worldwide.

In 2012, Cojocaru became the first ballerina to receive the Prix Benois de la Danse twice, this time for John Neumeier's Liliom with the Hamburg Ballet. The lead role of Julie also marked the first time a full-length ballet was created around Cojocaru.

In June 2013, she announced that she and Kobborg would leave The Royal Ballet at the end of 2012/13 season. Their last performance in London was in Mayerling on 5 June, followed by scheduled performances on 10 and 12 July with the company in Tokyo.

In July 2013, following her departure from the Royal Ballet, Cojocaru joined the English National Ballet as a principal dancer. The company is directed by her former Royal Ballet colleague Tamara Rojo She is also a guest at the Hamburg Ballet. She now split her time between London and Hamburg, where she developed a close creative relationship with John Neumeier.

In December 2013, she also joined the Romanian National Ballet as a principal after Kobborg became the company's artistic director. However, in 2016, actions by new leadership at the Bucharest National Opera House resulted in both Kobborg and Cojocaru resigning, triggering protests by dancers. The new management then apparently banned them from even setting foot in the theatre.

She won the Critics' Circle National Dance Awards 2017 Outstanding Female Performance (Classical) for her portrayal of the title role in Akram Khan's Giselle. In 2020, she performed a self-produced show, Alina at Sadler's Wells at the Sadler's Wells Theatre. The show included Frederick Ashton's Marguerite and Armand, and Tim Rushton's Reminiscence, a new commissioned piece, which was danced with Johan Kobborg.

In November 2020, the English National Ballet announced that she would be leaving the company as her contract had ended. Her final performance with the company was in January, as Clara in The Nutcracker.

Cojocaru was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2023 Special Honours for services to ballet.

Injury
In 2008, during rehearsal when an unidentified partner handled her awkwardly in a lift, Cojocaru suffered a whiplash injury that could have ended her career. But after surgery and months of rest, and following the rehabilitation regimen guided by Patrick Rump, she successfully recovered and eventually returned to dancing.

On DVD
Cojocaru's performance as Clara in Peter Wright's Royal Ballet production of The Nutcracker was taped and first telecast in the US in 2001. It is available on DVD. Her performance as Aurora in the Royal Ballet's new production of The Sleeping Beauty has not been telecast in the US yet, but has become available on DVD.

Her performance as Giselle, alongside Johan Kobborg as Albrecht was recorded in 2006, broadcast in England on Boxing Day, and released on DVD the following year.

Personal life
Cojocaru is married to her former dance partner Johan Kobborg. The couple live in London with their two daughters, Thalia Chulpan and Ella Armelle.

Awards

 * 1998 Prix de Lausanne
 * 2004 Prix Benois de la Danse
 * 2004 Nijinsky Prize
 * 2012 Prix Benois de la Danse
 * 2017 Outstanding Female Performance (Classical), Critics' Circle National Dance Awards 2017

title: Alina Cojocaru


text:
Talk:Advanced Authoring Format

Comment: As I've read the refs, AAF would be defined as incorporating MXF (ref) -- as like, "part and parcel", they're derived, together, somehow  as a whole unit. I'm not an expert about AAF, enough to describe it in any more, or enough to to challenge the unfavorable tone, about it, seeming evidenced in the article, above. AAF appears to have quite more support than what an unfavorable appraisal, beside it, would serve to indicate. -- (User:Gimbal)

Response: AAF is now supported by a large number of non-linear editing systems, there are so many that listing them on this entry is probably not worth it. Tapeless workflows are being built around the combination of AAF and MXF today.

MXF was definately directed in the SMPTE standards process to be a subset of the AAF data model.

Is AAF a Container format?
Is the Advanced Authoring Format a Container format?--Hhielscher 20:20, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

It isn't a simple container format, infact you can have some quite complex combination of data and editing directives in AAF. But I suppose it does fall under the concept of a "Container" or "Wrapper" format.

 * Added a link to technological essence as this is integral to AAF's context. Certainly it's good for non-programmers and other non-techies! (MonstaPro 14:36, 28 March 2007 (UTC))

On Audio Pans
Someone wrote that audio pans are not supported in AAF. You can see for yourself that audio pans are supported in the AAF Edit Protocol: []

Legal Status
I guess it would be great if somebody who knew more about it would point out the legal part of the AAF format in the article, does anyone hold the rights to the AAF format etc.

 * The license for the SDK is some sort of custom open source. It can be found here: http://aaf.cvs.sourceforge.net/aaf/AAF/LEGAL/AAFSDKPSL.TXT (There doesn't seem to be a human-readable summary). Ah (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:08, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

Missing infobox
Someone knowing information about this format, such as first&latest release date, whether it is open format etc. could add Template:Infobox file format to this article. Okterakt (talk) 22:55, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Advanced Authoring Format


text:
Talk:Operation Flashpoint: Dragon Rising

Mission Codes
There is evidence that on 3rd party sites that the extra mission codes for Pre-Order Customers appeared on Cheat Code Sites. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bonanza123d (talk • contribs) 20:15, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

Developer
OFP2 is not being developed by Bohemia Interactive Studios.

"As you’re probably aware, we currently do not have a publisher for our upcoming games and also, the Operation Flashpoint trade mark name is an intellectual property of Codemasters and thus we cannot use the name or directly control what the name will be used for. It means that unless Codemasters were to publish any of our upcoming games (which is still a possible scenario) it definitely wouldn’t be named Operation Flashpoint." - WEKS 09:57, 14 July 2005 (CET)

NAME CHANGE
We are very aware of it but there was confusion on what it was gone be called and later on it was changed to "Game 2"/"Next Gen. Game" on the offical websites, but the name kinda stuck. If you look at most of game magazines on the web you'll see they use the name Operation Flashpoint 2 more then "Next Gen. Game" or "Game 2" as Bohemia Interactive wants us to use. But when the time comes to release new data about "Game 2" I'm sure Bohemia Interactive will say that Operation Flashpoint 2 has been given a new name (just an example on how they can solve this problem) or urge websites to use the name "Game 2"/Next Gen. Game (bad name but ok)

Sorry if it's a bit confusing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.202.41.77 (talk • contribs) 00:28, 9 January 2006 (CET)

 * I think OFP 2 Is dead its owned by Codemaster not Bohemia Interactive. I think OFP 2 was going to be the next OFP although Codemaster only owning a name no engin to build the game on abandoned the project. Armed Assault is the unofficially OFP 2 so Game 2 i guess will be OFP 3 if u want to call it that. Not much is known about it yet look at this website Game 2. Wonx2150 09:13, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Needs cleanup
When I manage to find some spare time, I will revise much of the poor writing in this article. For now, I have marked it with a cleanup dialog.Gordonf238 23:55, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think the article is in need of "checking for proper spelling, grammar, usage, tone, style, and voice" (although I did make a couple of corrections). It is a stub and not a great article. I suggest that stub is put at the top of the article and the article is simply expanded. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Richardmilgate (talk • contribs) 09:54, 12 May 2006 (GMT)

 * We can't really expand the article... When you consider the game is unlikely to be out for atleast a year, and there is almost no details about the game.--Peidu 20:17, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Work had begun
We are getting underway, thanks for the head start previous page workers :D --99.246.119.39 (talk) 23:37, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

A sound crew contracted by Codemasters spent the week of 6-10 October 2008 at Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, Calif., recording sounds from an M1A1 Abrahms tank, an Amphibious Assault Vehicle; a Light Armored Vehicle; a HMMWV; a Medium Tactical Replacement Vehicle (i.e., a 7-ton truck); a Logistics Vehicle System; and a 5-ton military tow truck. Not all of these vehicles may be in the game, but the sounds you will hear during game play are real sounds recorded from real Marine Corps vehicles by active duty Marines. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.162.140.53 (talk) 20:48, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
I'm glad to see someone is making an effort to contribute about OFP2. The information needs to reformatted though as the current form does not adhere the manual of style. Right now it reads as a list of facts instead of a prose story. Also inline citations should be looked for and entered.--Fogeltje (talk) 14:33, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Does anyone feel that this article is more of an advertisement that would be on the publishers website than an article explaining what the game is.--Djpenman (talk) 02:19, 26 November 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Djpenman (talk • contribs) 02:17, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

People come to Wikipedia for information and facts. The publishers haven't released much to any information on this game, other then what can be pulled from videos. This page was created to help summarize what is know and give the best possible information about this game, for historical, research and factual purposes. Or at least that was the aim when the page was first made. --99.246.119.39 (talk) 04:07, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Copyright Infringement
http://operationflashpoint2.org/what-we-know-so-far/ has been updated noting the usage of it's content on Wikipeidia. --99.246.119.39 (talk) 04:07, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Operation flashpoint 2 !
Operation flashpoint 2 is in competition with ARMA 2 from bohemia. Arma 2 is very similiar in style and feel of OFP2DR, however the game arma 2 has a more simulated look to it and seems to be less "arcady". Both games are popular with military enthusiasts, and offer a more complete feeling miliary style FPS experience. Both games are sure to be a hit with the genre populists. "Fish" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Afishegg (talk • contribs) 03:36, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Cleaned up / citation
I have gotten much of this article cleaned up and have removed the needs cleanup and confusing tags.

As soon as possible I will be able to get a large portion of this cited. 24.34.57.62 (talk) 21:27, 5 April 2009 (UTC) Copper

Clean Up
I removed the release date from the box. It has yet to be announced by Codies, and any date posted on other sites is speculation.Also, I have added more confirmed features, as well as rewording the first bullet under "Misc", it was worded terribly, and focused on BI and their titles, instead of this title and CM. THX1386 (talk) 18:37, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Release Date
Besides vandalism the biggest bugaboo seems to be the release date. Allow me to clarify my position and see if there are other standards. The release dates given by sales-houses (like Gamestop) is a wild guess for the purpose of pre-orders. The official line is still Summer 2009 (as per their front page) and is still otherwise unconfirmed as of this post (http://community.codemasters.com/forum/showthread.php?t=345973). Michael F (talk) 17:45, 23 April 2009 (UTC)
 * GAME UK just emailed me about my preorder for this, stating the release date as 25th Sept. Should I change it to this or not? Ahluka (talk) 13:39, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah nevermind, they emailed me a couple of days ago stating 9th Oct. Ahluka (talk) 10:00, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

If it has been listed that the release date in a magazine is May 26th, 2009, then they got that from somewhere. That is a legitimate source that should be referenced within the wikipedia article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.175.43 (talk) 21:10, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
 * While I'd like to agree that it's a legitimate source, that doesn't make it factually correct. The fact remains, as of 2 May 2009 1:06 A.M. CST, the official line is still that the date is still to be determined. I'd also appreciate knowing which magazine it was. At the end of the day, they may have gotten the information from the same sources we have (or this article itself!) and thus without official confirmation the date is still Summer 2009. If the date was in 24 days, we most likely would have heard of it going gold or that they had a confirmed release date.Michael F (talk) 06:09, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

At the end of the latest trailer it shows the realese date as 'Autumn 2009'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.242.110.175 (talk) 18:13, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Vandalism
I'm afraid I'm not very experienced with the way Wikipedia works, but is this amount of vandalism (for a major release) normal? How do we get the IP-only edits locked? Of course, I want to point out that we do get some good edits from IP users, but we get a tremendous amount of vandalism per good edit. Michael F (talk) 05:52, 26 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The power to block user and/or IPs are specifically held by Administrators of Wikipedia. Non-admins like you and I, have the power to warn users/IPs at the given moment of vandalism. I highly agree that this page gets vandalised repeatedly, but how other users change the release date bothers me the most. --Playjex (talk) 19:59, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

The source has been listed several times, Game Informer Magazine, May 2009 issue. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.203.175.43 (talk) 16:34, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * First, see above about unofficial sources trumping official sources. Second, as a logistical issue, 20 days seems like such a short timeframe to go from un-announced, possibly pre-gold status to on store shelves and sold (Gamestop receives the games at least a week in advance, and you have to factor in manufacturing times, shipping times, etc). Third, Gamestop (to take an example) is listing September 1st or 2nd. Which of the above is correct? Quite possibly neither, ergo neither shall be listed. Finally, your IP was the originator of the "Bigfoot is ingame" edit, so I'm going to take your statements with a grain of salt. Michael F (talk) 02:22, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Project reality relationship to OFP2?
I saw there is a link to "Project Reality" a mod for BF2- what relevance (if any) dose it have to OFP2 in order to belong to this article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.179.163.66 (talk) 12:10, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

 * You know, that's a very good question. My thought is that it's in the same vein, what with being a "realistic" combat simulation. Michael F (talk) 23:53, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't really feel that PR has any bearing to OPFLASH:DR. To be honest, it was a mod that somewhat simulated combat, and was sort of realistic, but not nearly to the scale of games like ArmA and OPFLASH. Also, PR is a mod, not a full game, and I think the only mods that should possibly be referenced to OPFLASH are the mods to the original, and possible mods to DR.THX1386 (talk) 18:39, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

 * There is a lot of crossover on the fans between PR/ARMA/OFP, but there's no reason PR should be linked in this article WastelandSoldier (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:31, 7 July 2009 (UTC).

List Order
Question regarding a recent edit. Are list orders alphabetic by design, or was the edit simply bias between platforms? Michael F (talk) 18:27, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Island size
Is the island 107 miles from furthest point to opposite point. If so the helicopter would have to be travelling at 351mph; which is the exact speed of the V-22 Ospreys maximum speed. but the Osprey is a tiltrotor, not a helicopter; helis can nly roughly manage about 150-180 at top speed. So this does not seem right, and there is no reference to say this is true (unless the reference at the end of the section covers all of it). Can someone please confirm this though. Sorry about the really rubbishy wording.  ' The Ninja  lemming '  12:44, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think you misunderstand the area of the island. It's 106 square miles, and based on the map on the page, it appears the island, extreme to extreme, is around 25 miles. 20 minutes in a heli would bring the speed to 75 miles an hour, 12.5 miles an hour in a Jeep (assuming no intervening terrain, which there is), and 5 and a half miles an hour on foot (which is a pretty good clip!). Michael F (talk) 03:15, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Okay, cheers; just wanted to be sure. Other wise they would be running pretty damn fast, around 24mph.  ' The Ninja  lemming '  11:24, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Release Date Complaints / Delay Speculation
Release dates are a fluid thing, and unlike what posters may be implying, Flashpoint is not the only game to ever have a release date rolled back. The alternative, at best, is a half-complete and buggy game. People complain about not having a release date, then they complain it's so far off, then they complain when it gets moved back. The alternative is not getting a release date until final production, and simply having NO information for six months. Official word is unnecessary, as they told you when to expect it. You can have a team member to babysit your every insecurity and apologize for their release date, or lack of screen shots, or how your favorite widget never made it into the game. . . or that person can be making the game come out faster.

And as a guess to the cause of much of this vitriol, taking sides in a "battle" of video games is like trying to teach a pig to whistle. To spare you analogy and just jump right into it, it doesn't make either game look better, it makes it look like both games are played by self-centered children. 76.230.8.136 (talk) 15:46, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Note: I'm incredibly sorry, I didn't notice I wasn't logged in for the above comment. Michael F (talk) 15:48, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Suspect Writing Style
Perhaps I am just being paranoid, but this page reads like an actual endorsement of the game. Has anyone else noticed this and would it be contravening any wiki guidelines by doing so? 195.166.150.195 (talk) 22:35, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
 * The AI and the weapon section may be a little pro-game, but with a pre-release writeup like this, it's almost impossible to not base your information on press-releases and other marketing information. Honestly, though, I don't see much of a problem. If there's something specific that strikes you, maybe that'd help me get a foothold into what seems like advertising. Honestly, I think this provides people with the information they'd be looking for, but I'm not sure if that's advertising. Michael F (talk) 19:01, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

System requirements
I deleted the system requirements, because on the official OF:DR forums it has been stated several times that the the sytem requirements aren't final yet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.197.128.26 (talk) 00:19, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Operation Flashpoint 2 is not Dragon Rising
Bohemia Interactive Systems still have the contractual rights to develop any official SEQUEL to Operation Flashpoint, this has been confirmed by both BIS and Codemasters, including in a lawsuit from this year, thus, Operation Flashpoint 2 should not redirect here, since this title isn't Operation Flashpoint 2, it's Operation Flashpoint: Dragon Rising.
 * That doesn't make Dragon Rising not a sequel though - it's still the second Operation Flashpoint game created. Therefor it's hardly unfair for OFP2 to lead here until there actually IS an "official" sequel - which there isn't.--86.27.73.205 (talk) 20:01, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Citation is indeed needed.
How is it enraging or misleading that they (I will make this clear) RECOMMEND something? Also, the page is too informal, I've noticed several grammar errors, and citation is needed in a lot of places. 92.39.189.2 (talk) 19:07, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Question on adding Japan date
No need to do so if there is information available? Ominae (talk) 00:10, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

Codemasters ends support six months after launch date
Confirmation of no further patches or additional DLC

http://community.codemasters.com/forum/operation-flashpoint-dragon-rising-game-pc-113/407318-16-02-confirmation-no-further-patches-additional-dlc.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.2.92.122 (talk) 22:01, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

Unofficial sequel?
How is Operation Flashpoint: Dragon Rising not an official sequel to Cold War Crisis? It's the same publisher and the same title. To my understanding that is a typical example of an "official" sequel that is not considered an actual sequel by fans of the original. The ARMA series on the other hand can be considered unofficial sequels to the original Operation Flashpoints (although their articles call them "spiritual successors" which is also correct). Anyhow, I think the word "unofficial" should be removed (or even replaced by the word "official" to underline the difference to the ARMA series). --F4LL0UT (talk) 02:11, 29 January 2011 (UTC)
 * According to BIS Press Release “In the license agreement, Bohemia Interactive expressly reserved the exclusive right to develop sequels to the original OFP game”. At the same time Codemasters dropped the number 2 from the game title. --Hamarainen (talk) 18:55, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 5 external links on Operation Flashpoint: Dragon Rising. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/66EwIy9uy?url=http://uk.gamespot.com/operation-flashpoint-dragon-rising/reviews/operation-flashpoint-dragon-rising-review-6232236/ to http://uk.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/operationflashpoint2/review.html
 * Added tag to http://recruit.flashpointgame.com/en/game.php
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/66EwIy9uy?url=http://uk.gamespot.com/operation-flashpoint-dragon-rising/reviews/operation-flashpoint-dragon-rising-review-6232236/ to http://uk.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/operationflashpoint2/review.html
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/66EwFSJXv?url=http://www.bit-tech.net/gaming/pc/2009/10/07/operation-flashpoint-dragon-rising-review/ to http://www.bit-tech.net/gaming/pc/2009/10/07/operation-flashpoint-dragon-rising-review/
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 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/66EwIy9uy?url=http://uk.gamespot.com/operation-flashpoint-dragon-rising/reviews/operation-flashpoint-dragon-rising-review-6232236/ to http://uk.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/operationflashpoint2/review.html

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text:
Category:Family Guy episodes

Episodes from the cartoon series Family Guy

title: Category:Family Guy episodes


text:
Emma Gillett

Emma Millinda Gillett (July 30, 1852 – January 23, 1927) was an American lawyer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the advancement of legal studies for women. After local law schools refused to admit her because of her sex, she was admitted by Howard University, a historically black university. Yet the Washington College of Law, which she founded in 1898, did not accept people of color until 1950.

Early background
Gillett was born on July 30, 1852, in Princeton, Wisconsin, to Wisconsin homesteaders. She was educated in Girard, Pennsylvania, where her family moved following the death of her father. In 1870, she graduated from Lake Erie College and taught for the following ten years in the Pennsylvania public school system. During her time as a teacher, she became frustrated with the meager wages paid to single women teachers.

After the death of her mother, Gillett's role in the settlement of her estate sparked an interest in law, as well as being a better paying profession. Encouraged by the news of Belva Lockwood, who had become the first female law student at National University in Washington, DC; Gillett moved to Washington in hopes of following in Lockwood's footsteps. Unfortunately, she found that National University had closed its doors to women. Gillette did gain admission at Howard University and graduated in 1882 with an LLB, followed in 1883 with an LLM. She passed the bar in the District of Columbia the same year. She also became first woman to be appointed a notary public by the president of the United States.

Early career

After admission to the bar, she formed a partnership with Watson J. Newton, which continued until the death of Newton in 1913. At one time she was connected with the District Title Insurance Company and was later Vice President of the Realty Appraisal & Title Company.

Educational career
During this time, her colleague and friend, Ellen Spencer Mussey, sought her assistance in the education of women in the field of law. Mussey had been approached in 1895 by Delia Sheldon Jackson, an aspiring attorney, to apprentice her as a student of law. Realizing both the scope of the task and the significance of the opportunity, Mussey sought out the assistance of Gillett. The two opened the first session of the Woman's Law Class on February 1, 1896. The class had an enrollment of three: Jackson and two other women, Nanette Paul and Helen Malcolm.

Within a few years, the program had expanded and several prominent Washington, D.C., attorneys were brought in for assistance. Although Mussey and Gillett had not initially aspired to establish an independent law school, when Columbian College (now George Washington University) refused their request to take on the women they had educated for their final year of education—on grounds that "women did not have the mentality for law"—the two decided to establish a co-educational law school specifically open to women.

Thus, in April 1898, the Washington College of Law– which merged with American University in 1949 – was incorporated in Washington, DC, as the first law school in the world founded by women.

Accomplishments
Gillett helped in the establishment of a women's club, "The Wimondaughsis", in Washington, D.C. With Ellen Spencer Mussey, her colleague and co-founder of the Washington College of Law, Gillett founded the Women's Bar Association of the District of Columbia. Responding to the written invitation issued by Mussey, calling an initial meeting of "an association of women lawyers in the District of Columbia" on May 17, 1917, 29 other women lawyers joined Gillett and Mussey as charter members of the Women's Bar Association of the District of Columbia. At that time, only New York City, Chicago, and Omaha had organized women's bar associations.

Gillett held many additional roles, including Vice President for the District of Columbia of the American Bar Association in 1922; President of the State Suffrage Association of the District; President of the Women's Bar Association in 1921, and at the time of her death was Dean Emeritus of the Washington College of Law and Chairman of the Legal Branch of the National Woman's Party.

Death
Gillett died on January 23, 1927, after contracting pneumonia while confined to her bed after breaking her hip the previous October.

title: Emma Gillett


text:
Wikipedia:Argentina-related regional notice board/Pictures

Don't forget to upload your pictures at Commons, in order to make them available to all the wikiproject, and then add it to this list.

 * El Palmar National Park
 * Image:Parque Nacional El Palmar 1.jpg
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 * Commons:Category:Buenos Aires
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 * Image:Buenos Aires-Subte A-P2070026.jpg

 * Commons:Category:Buenos Aires Province
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 * Commons:Category:Chubut
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 * Image:Chubut-PeninsulaValdes-SeaElephants-P2230757b-closeup.jpg
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 * Image:Chubut-PuntaTombo-P2220157b-small.jpg

 * Entre Ríos Province
 * Image:Palacio San José 1.jpg

 * Commons:Category:Jujuy
 * Image:Jujuy-Tilcara-Pucara-P3130012.JPG
 * Image:Jujuy-Tilcara-Pucara-P3130004.JPG
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 * Commons:Category:Santa Cruz Province
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