text:
Talk:Immortals (Achaemenid Empire)

Continuation of the 300 Arguement
First of all..... "Frank Miller's graphic novel 300 and the motion picture present heavily fictionalized version of the Immortals in the Battle of Thermopylae. In the movie, they appear as black covered warriors who wear silver masks and wield twin swords in battle, based more upon Japanese Samurai and Ninja. They serve as King Xerxes' personal warriors but in the story they mainly serve as nameless and faceless henchmen, which Spartans easily defeat. The movie portrayed the Spartans as almost invincible, and the fact that the Immortals could kill a few was the only thing that proved that they were the greatest in the entire Army of Xerxes.".... This statement seems to be fairly opinionated, also... in the end it is the Immortals that do them in... after the spartans lost their advantage of that rock formation...

On another note, although the Frank Miller's Immortals were heavily fictionized, they were based on the original Immortals and as such are deserving of atleast a note..
 * Maybe a mention but no more. This is no D&D prestige glass page - Skysmith 09:24, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Hey can we leave 300 off this page please? Frank Miller's immortals are fictional, and don't belong here. Thanks 141.153.155.149 22:09, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

The game Rise of nations has the 'Immortals'as Persian unique infantry, starting with the 'Immortals', wich can be upgraded to 'Anusiya', wich can be upgraded to 'Athanatoi'. Fairly original, don't you think?
 * Amusing, but not surprising, I'm afraid. They are essentially the same thing - Skysmith 08:29, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not surprising at all, seeing how Rise of Nations re-uses similar names of unique units to extend the unit roster, such as adding "Elite", "Royal" or anything short of "Super" to indicate improved versions of unique units. --Scottie theNerd 13:02, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Rome: Total War has not Persian immortals.
 * Nor does Age of Empires, I believe 169.233.121.238 06:31, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * AoE does not have Immortals, so I removed the reference. Nibios (talk) 08:06, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

The Barbarian Invasion and Alexander expansions of RTW both have the Immortals, as do numerous mods. Also, why should 300 be left off the page? 300 classifies as popular culture, and the name of the section it's in is "The Immortals in popular culture". Spartan198 (talk) 18:25, 3 January 2009 (UTC) Spartan198

300
It's fictional, but there are cultural reference sections in many of the pages. The book and movie should at least be mentioned at the end.

Why do they look like orcs in the movie?--Sonjaaa 06:31, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Because they are in the same position, narrative-wise, that is, evil henchmen - Skysmith 09:23, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

I've only heard this from a History Channel Documentary and I'm not familiar with their accuracy (probably very good?) but according to the special, Immortals wore black thin cloth-material, called tiaras (like the crown)over their faces. Picture a ski mask but thinner and without the eye-holes. Frank Miller's interpretation of them might be influenced by this, hence the masks.
 * Contemporary depictions show them having helmets which left the faces bare. - Skysmith 09:23, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

In Fiction
this article is not about the characters in the comic/movie. It's supposed to be a bout historical figures. I shortened up the section. It still mentions their appearance in the film but that's all that is needed.99DBSIMLR 18:52, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Good move. It was becoming a little weird to have a serious historical aricle dominated by a comic strip creation which didn't bear any resemblence to the real thing.210.246.16.179 18:30, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * In other fiction-> Final Fantasy XI: Immortals do appear as imperial troops, however their clothing style suggest post-islamic era, as well as the empire's symbole being the two headed serpant (ferdosi wrote shahname during islamic occupation) further supports this. This ofcourse is trivial as there were/is no Immortals during islamic rule. Not sure if it's worth mentioning in the main page. RumiPantea (talk) 01:42, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Religion
Instead of this: Later in time, a strict adherence to the religion of the prophet Zarathustra and his teachings, or "truth" as the Persians called it, was required. Why not just say something to the effect of: "..., a strict adherence to Zoroastrianism, the state supported religion of the Achaemenids."

Technically it was not a state religion, it must be noted. Persians did not force conversions upon conquered peoples, for example. The note on "truth" is ambiguous and doesn't really clarify anything. Is that referencing 'Asha'? I've no idea what the Persians are calling it, besides the "Good Religion" or Mazdayasnian Zarathushrianism, etc. Okay, so I do, but that's not important in this article, unless you want to start entering in Avestan and Old Persian transliterations. And "truth" sounds a little generic. Could just as easily be talking about the Tao, or the 'Gospel' truth. In other words, note that they were required to be Zoroastrians, but leave the specifics of the religion to Zoroastrian pages perhaps? Khirad 20:05, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The comment about "truth" looks like an attempt to reconcile Herodotus' description of the Immortals' training regime (IIRC they are taught from childhood to be good with spear, good with bow, and to always tell the truth) with actual Persian beliefs and practices. 212.139.84.55 18:44, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * In avestan Amesha Spenta kind of translates to immortals in the zoroastrian faith this might be the link between them or where the idea originated. RumiPantea (talk) 01:49, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

300
I know you want 300 left off this page, but in the movie they WERE heavily fictionalized. I loved the idea that there were black ninjas that looked like ghouls under their Armour. I mean if there was an award for best remake ever, this movie i feel should get it

203.26.13.4 02:03, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

"Companions"

 * "Herodotus' source may have confused the name Anûšiya (companions) with Anauša (Immortals)."
 * "The title of "Immortals" was first revived under the Sassanids. The most famous of the Savaran units were the Zhayedan (Immortals) and numbered 10,000 men, like the Achaemenid predecessors, with the difference that they were cavalry."

This article doesn't make it clear whether the Persian units were actually called Immortals or whether this was an error. If it was an error, were the Sassanids just repeating it? I doubt they were working off Herodotus. 82.95.254.249 16:34, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

The title 'Immortals' for the Sassanian elite unit seems to not well attested and might be a Graeco-Roman invention [1]. It would in that case indeed be a descendent of Herodotus's original error, but not through the Sassanians. [1] CHARLES, MB 2011, 'THE SASSANIAN 'IMMORTALS'', Iranica Antiqua, 46, pp. 289-313 66.31.21.26 (talk) 16:20, 15 September 2018 (UTC)

Concrete proof that the Immortals actually existed?
The only sources their are come from to third party sources, and one of them is vague. Isn't it possible that Herodotus was confusing these guys with another unit? According to the article the Persian Empire itself had no record of such a unit. --Ted87 07:46, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Hello to everyone here!I'm new so I apologize if I create any problem at least for now!.Anyway as far as I'm concerned the Persians had an elite unit named AMRTAKA.It's said this unit is the original'immortals'.i don't know what it means in Persian but I don't think it actually gives that meaning knowing that taka means shield.Probably Herodotus had given them a very unique name due to their fame —Preceding unsigned comment added by Euagoras (talk • contribs) 18:54, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Obviously, no remains of the historical documents of the Persian Empire remain. All the libraries which contained accounts of soldiers sent, and those that died, full list of victories and defeats were all in the libraries throughout the Empire, but most notably at Ctesiphon. However, after the Muslim conquest of Persia, the Arabs burned all the libraries and the books. Therefore, we are now forced to rely on foreign sources rather than our own. Mr.TrustWorthy Got Something to Tell Me? 16:38, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Indiana Jones
Are the guys that defend the Holy Grail in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade based on the immortals? Doctorfluffy 17:54, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Not at all. The Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword is a fictional order of Christian militants created for the movie, who have as their sole purpose the protection of the Holy Grail. Take a look at Military Order (society) or Secret Society, those come a lot closer. Themill —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.208.120.38 (talk) 03:45, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

WH40K and Starcraft
Is there any evidence of a connection between the Necron and Protoss units and the Persian ones? The name is not good enough, that's just meant to be either descriptive or sound badass.

If I don't get an answer by the next time I look at this page, I'm deleting those references. Andy Christ 21:53, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Picture?
What a useless picture to include in such an article--the 300 one, that is. You may well be better off not using one at all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.137.155.16 (talk) 03:12, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. It seems rather strange that a photo of an actual Persian relief at Persepolis should be deleted and that a grotesque caricature like the film poster should appear in its place. Presumably the same copyright rules apply to both.210.246.8.136 05:33, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Well I have attempted to solve the picture problem. I created this illustrated version of the Persian Immortals that is hopefully somewhat more accurate than that fictionalized 300 thing-a-majiger.¤~Persian Poet Gal (talk)  09:19, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Good work!   Buistr 09:35, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * An anonymous editor 83.233.154 has twice removed the picture of a Persian Immortal (Achaemenid era not the film 300 poster) with the comment "cute picture but no authenticity whatsoever". Anon 83 has not however supplied any evidence in support of this statement. I have checked with the artist Persian Poet Gal who advises that her references were the archers freize from the Susa palace, now in the Louvre, and a modern reconstruction. Her comment was "granted that the picture isn't 100% perfect but it gives a relatively good idea of how they looked". Taking into account the uncertainties surrounding this subject I would agree. Would other editors agree that the picture should again be restored? Buistr 21:41, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The picture at the bottom of the page, from 300, is not the actual immortals. They're just the persian foot soldiers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.235.168.207 (talk) 02:19, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Maybe it would be better to use the actual Persian relief as the main visual reference for this article, instead of that RTW skin/model? Spartan198 (talk) 18:31, 3 January 2009 (UTC) Spartan198

Weapons, armor, combat style?
Perhaps more detail on exactly how they were armored, and how they fought would be a more worthwhile addition than pointless discussions about allusion to pop-culture and the origin of the term. http://www.livius.org/ia-in/immortals/immortals.html 86.137.206.238 (talk) 21:08, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Proposal to change the dates to BCE
The article is not related to Christianity-related topics and should not contain BC/AD, but rather BCE/CE. The latter is a more neutralized, global form of date system which provides no favor to any religion. The Using more common calendar terms such as common era and before common era are more neutral than terms such as before Christ or anno domini. warrior 4321  23:04, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

Support
Support as nominator. warrior 4321  23:04, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

Discussion
stop pushing era formats. The only way to increase the frequency of the era format of your preference is by writing substantial contributions. If you are the main contributor to an article, you get to pick the era format. --dab (𒁳) 14:16, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Name?
Question, why name this article Immortals (Persian Empire) when we can name it the more popular term the Persian Immortals?--Valkyrie Red (talk) 02:03, 17 October 2010 (UTC)
 * If you think it should be called that, make a proposal for a change. Don't do the change without discussion - someone tried making the change without discussion in December 2009, and another editor reverted.--Toddy1 (talk) 07:50, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. Ixfd64 (talk) 19:09, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

Immortals (Persian Empire) → Persian Immortals – Using a specific name is better. "Faction/Nation + Class", faction = Persian (from Persian Empire) and class = Immortals. For example, see Roman legion or other army-related articles. Also see the Google Books results: I think my suggested name is common in other medias (for example, history and documentary TV shows). Also, editors use "Persian Immortals" as wikilink instead of "Immortals". For example, see Greco-Persian Wars and Deadliest Warrior (season 2). Currently, Persian Immortals redirects to this article. So I think it will be a reasonable move. Zyma (talk) 23:49, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Google Books results for "Persian Immortals":
 * Google Books results for "Persian Immortals" OR "Persian Immortal":

 * Please note that there was another historic military force of the same name with its own Wikipedia article, currently listed as Immortals (Byzantine Empire). The Byzantine Immortals were named after the Persian Immortals and the two articles are directly linked. For the sake of consistency any change made to one article title should be reflected in the other Buistr (talk) 01:13, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose on reflection and in view of comments below. Present arrangement seems the tidiest one. Buistr (talk) 21:46, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I disagree with any renaming. "Immortals of Persia" gets more hits. In my studies I believe I've seen immortals without any Persia label as within the context of Antique warriors everyone knows who the subject is.  Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 01:24, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose the name of the unit was simply "Immortals", anything else is disambiguation and should best be in parentheses. In the proper context, even that is not needed, i.e. when talking about Antiquity. It is an analogous case to "Imperial Guard (Iran)" etc, or "Republican Guard (France)" etc. Constantine  ✍  06:14, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support if there are tv shows out there calling them by this name, like it's a title. Torquemama007 (talk) 17:53, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support. Natural disambiguation beats parenthetical, so this an improvement. I would prefer "The Immortals". 02:17, 26 April 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Guelf (talk • contribs)
 * Oppose. The same as Constantine/Cplakidas said. --Mossadegh-e Mihan-dust (talk) 19:54, 26 April 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:50, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Persepolis Apadana noerdliche Treppe Detail.jpg

title: Talk:Immortals (Achaemenid Empire)


text:
EcoDuro

EcoDuro, Inc. is a manufacturing, engineering and marketing company in Ann Arbor, Michigan that holds patents in the major industrial companies for its unique engineered paper pallets. EcoDuro is a company that is focused on developing products for sustainable business practices.

EcoDuro's standard pallets weigh just 9 to 19 pounds, which us about 1/3 the weight of wood pallets that are historically used. Lighter weight has advantages for reduced fuel consumption and reduced air and LTL (Less than Truck Load) shipping costs, as well as help with OSHA compliance.

The EcoDuro and other paper pallets meet the IPPC regulations and are easily recycled and re-pulpable.

History
The Company was founded in 2001 with the name Excalibur Pallet Group and the patents for its engineered paper pallets issued in major industrial countries. In 2004, the company was reformed with the name EcoDuro, Inc. with an investment from Endurance Ventures, LLC, an Ann Arbor Venture Capital Firm as its first cleantech investment. Significant, is that it was one of the rare venture capital backed companies to be moved to Michigan as opposed to being moved from Michigan.

Originally, EcoDuro built its own manufacturing, but after the product was developed, changed its model to contract manufacturing using regional partners who already had paper honeycomb capabilities and expertise.

Manufacturing locations
Grand Rapids, Michigan

Partners

 * Honeycomb Products of Michigan, Manufacturing Partner
 * Endurance Ventures, LLC, Investment Partner
 * Clark Hill, Legal Counsel

Third-party testing

 * Michigan State University School of Packaging
 * Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Customers

 * Amway
 * Consolidated Buscuit
 * GE Medical
 * Ocean Spray
 * Pfizer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: EcoDuro


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Runik

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 04:28, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Runik
NN gamer vanity -Delete Gunmetal 18:14, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. Nonsense vanity with little or no content. Gwk 18:17, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per above. Dcarrano 20:33, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as per above. royblumy 00:25 13 July, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy author now vandalizing the VFD notice on the article. NSR (talk) 23:53, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable gamer vanity. JamesBurns 05:11, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Runik


text: User talk:80.42.50.221

title: User talk:80.42.50.221


text:
Talk:Juba II

Untitled
Euphorbos - Jubas medic. the plant is named after him. Please mention.

Comment
Pliny did not write that Juba II was the first person to discover the Canaries and Madeira; he merely described the expedition Juba had sent, which included descriptions of the islands and reports of abandoned buildings on some of the Canaries.

See

http://www.ing.iac.es/PR/lapalma/pliny.html

http://www.ing.iac.es/PR/lapalma/history.html

Can someone verify what the actual text in the Lonely Planet Guide says? Twalls

Identity of daughter with Cleopatra Selene
The name of her daughter has been suggested as Drusilla, but sources state that the information is open to interpretation. See Selen for instance. Given the apparent competing theories I personally think that should be reflected in the article. --AnnekeBart (talk) 03:43, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Dates and sources for Octavian's restoration of the Numidian throne to Juba II
the Louvre.

Amyntas in 26, Cilicia was given to King Tarcondimotus. When Augustus added Juba II’s kingdom of Numidia to the province of Africa in 25, he gave Juba Mauretania (Morocco) to rule instead. In Armenia, on the Aspects of Roman History 82BC-AD14: A Source-based Approach By Mark Everson Davies, Hilary Swain

Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set - Page 251 Kevin Shillington - 2013 - ?Preview - ?More editions Mauritania then, too, became involved in the civil wars of Rome, and the kingdom was annexed to Rome by Caesar Octavian in 33BCE and then reformulated as a client-kingdom in 25BCE with Juba II of Numidia as king. Juba, son of an ...   education in Italy. Octavian, the future emperor Augustus, befriended Juba when he was a young man and in 29 ».c. made him ruler of his father's former kingdom of Numidia, which had become a Roman province after the death of Juba I in 46

Herods Contemporaries In Britain And The West J Creighton - Herod and Augustus, 2008 - booksandjournals.brillonline.com … BCE the king of Mauretania died and for a few years this part of Africa was ruled directly by Rome, however in 25 BCE Augustus installed Juba II there as king, where he … Iconographically the coinage marks a radical shift between Juba I in Numidia and Juba II in Mauretania …

 New Masters for Africa S Raven - Rome in Africa, 2012 - taylorfrancis.com … True, King Bocchus of Mauretania was rewarded for his support in the Thapsus campaign by being given the western part of Numidia; but after his death in 33 BC his kingdom was ruled directly by the Romans, and then handed over in 25 BC to Juba II, the romanized …

 The Roman Maghreb K Amine, M Carlson - The Theatres of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, 2012 - Springer … 10 The Pre-Colonial Maghreb citizen, highly cultivated in the arts and natural history. The Emperor Augustus restored Juba II as king of Numidia between 29 BCE and 27 BCE and married him off to Cleopatra Selene, daughter of Cleopatra and Mark Anthony … Related articles

… of the largest cities of Roman North Africa. It also had a long and distinguished history, starting as a Punic colony; becoming a royal Numidian capital, perhaps from … TW Potter - cambridge.org … long and distinguished history, starting as a Punic colony; becoming a royal Numidian capital, perhaps from the second century BC, and most notably under the client king, Juba II (25 BC … is a fine theatre, built in Juba's reign; an unusual amphitheatre, perhaps Augustan in origin …

Doug Weller talk 13:51, 31 August 2018 (UTC)

source missing.
was Juba II really born in Hippo Regius? any sources about that?

"Juba II was a Berber prince from Numidia, he was born in Hippo Regius"

--AZSH (talk) 19:11, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

Juba II as the Successor of King Bocchusband II
Before the death of the Moorish King of Mauretania Bocchus II, he left his Will at the Roman Palace because of there were no Moorish King after him to success him into it, so he asked for that his successor must have a Royal blood, and at his time there was no Numidia and all it's land becomes Mauretania's under the King Bocchus II, So Juba II succeed King Bocchus not Juba II .. PLEASE CORRECT YOUR MISTAKES. Jamaru25 (talk) 21:34, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

December 2019
Given that all the portraits of Juba are from a Roman period known for its realistic portraiture, it makes no sense to choose the least realistic of all for our article. Please read this study which explains why the bronze and its Madrid marble equivalent are considered fringe amongst all his known portraits. M.Bitton (talk) 23:53, 14 December 2019 (UTC)

January 2024
Juba 2 and Juba of Mauretania are the same person (a fact that is easily checked with a simple search on Google), any claim that this is not the case needs to be substantiated with more than a single source that mentions a certain "Juba". M.Bitton (talk) 15:13, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

I forgot to ping the concerned editors : and. M.Bitton (talk) 15:18, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The main problem is that "Juba of Mauretania" was ill-named, as he was never of Mauretania. Let alone the name of the page, the fact there was a writer on metrics who based his work on Heliodorus and who was a different person than Juba II is well attested in standard works on antiquity  . Neither source is merely "mention[ing] a certain Juba", and instead each devote some length in describing him; at this point, I don't think that his existence as someone other than Juba II should be disputed. The fact that he meets or not the notability criteria is another matter, but if not then the page should be deleted, not redirected. --Jahl de Vautban (talk) 15:43, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The main problem is that "Juba of Mauretania" was ill-named how so?
 * he was never of Mauretania he became the king of Mauretania, so the "of Mauretania" is important to differentiate him from his father.
 * there was a writer on metrics is he described by RS as "Juba of Mauretania"? M.Bitton (talk) 15:51, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Apologies if that wasn't clear, but my claim of him not being of Mauretania was about the person previously described at Juba of Mauretania, not this Juba II. --Jahl de Vautban (talk) 15:56, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I totally understand the issue, but regardless, creating a new article about the metric writer (as you suggested) is probably the way to go (assuming there are enough sources to warrant it). M.Bitton (talk) 16:02, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * To keep the page history, I'd prefer to restaure Juba of Mauretania to where I left it and rename it to Juba (writer on metric). The resulting redirection at Juba of Mauretania can then be changed to point to Juba II. --Jahl de Vautban (talk) 16:09, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Here, we're going back to square one as "Juba of Mauretania" is the common name for "Juba II". There really is no need for you to do that since all you want is to create a new article. If you don't want to lose what you wrore previously, just copy and paste it into the new article. Also, I believe that a better name for it would be Juba (Roman metrician) (but that's just my opinion). M.Bitton (talk) 16:12, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't see how we are going back to square one? Save the name what was written at Juba of Mauretania doesn't concern Juba II and I'm not intending of keeping the name "Juba of Mauretania" for the metrician. At the end of what I have outlined above, the situation will be the same as now, that is a page for Juba II, a redirect toward it at Juba of Mauretania and a new page at Juba (Roman metrician). The only difference with what you are proposing is that the whole history of Juba of Mauretania will have moved to Juba (Roman metrician). Per what is written at Help:Page_history renaming the page is the way to go, otherwise I will have to ask for an history merge and surely the administrators have other things to do. --Jahl de Vautban (talk) 16:28, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You're making it more complicated than it ought to be. You don't need to merge anything given the old article (which should have never been created in the first place) is now a redirect (as it should be). Just create the new article (mention in the edit summary that the content has been moved from Juba of Mauretania) and be done with it. M.Bitton (talk) 16:32, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry but I'll stand my ground. The complicateness is on me, you'll have nothing to do. I fail to see how is that unreasonable. The page was standing until yesterday, it's not like I am restoring a page who was redirected three years ago. --Jahl de Vautban (talk) 16:38, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Be my guest. Also, don't remember to keep the content about the sources attributing his work to someone else on his article. I'm done here. M.Bitton (talk) 16:46, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * As I said above, please keep content about someone else on the other article (unless you can find sources about Juba II that mention it). M.Bitton (talk) 17:01, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Did you read the source before reverting me? Had you, you would have read than it starts with "This Mauretanian monarch and prolific writer, the son of King Juba I of Numidia and grandson of Hiempsal". Isn't that Juba II? --Jahl de Vautban (talk) 17:07, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * What does the source say apart from what you quoted? M.Bitton (talk) 17:08, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You can read it yourself, it is available through the Wikipedia Library at . The page automatically switch to Italian, but you can put it in English by clicking on "Qui si trova la versione inglese della scheda". --Jahl de Vautban (talk) 17:12, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I will check it at some point in the future (as I've wasted more than enough time on this today). M.Bitton (talk) 17:16, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Juba II


text:
Konstantinos Paspatis

Konstantinos Paspatis (Κωνσταντίνος Πασπάτης, 5 June 1878 – 1 July 1903, registered at birth in England as Constantine George Paspatis) was a Greek tennis player. He competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. He was born in Liverpool, England and died in Athens.

Paspatis won a bronze medal in the singles tournament. In the first round, he defeated George S. Robertson of Great Britain and Ireland. His second round opponent was fellow Greek Aristidis Akratopoulos, whom Paspatis defeated as well. He met eventual gold medallist John Pius Boland in the semifinals, however, and was defeated. Since there was no playoff for third place, Paspatis and Momcsilló Tapavicza of Hungary are considered to share third. In the doubles tournament, Paspatis and partner Evangelos Rallis (also of Greece) were defeated in the first round by Dionysios Kasdaglis and Demetrios Petrokokkinos, also Greeks (the former from Egypt). This put the pair in two-way tie for fourth place of the five pairs.

title: Konstantinos Paspatis


text:
1935–36 in Scottish football

The 1935–36 season was the 63rd season of competitive football in Scotland and the 46th season of the Scottish Football League.

Scottish League Division One
Champions: Celtic

Relegated: Airdrie, Ayr United

Scottish League Division Two
Promoted: Falkirk, St Mirren

Scottish Cup
Rangers were winners of the Scottish Cup for the third time in a row after a 1–0 final win over Third Lanark.

County

 * * – aggregate over two legs
 * # – replay

Junior Cup
Benburb were winners of the Junior Cup after a 1–0 win over Yoker Athletic in the final replay.

Scotland national team
Scotland was winner of the 1935–36 British Home Championship.

Key:
 * (H) = Home match
 * (A) = Away match
 * BHC = British Home Championship

title: 1935–36 in Scottish football


text:
Dave Samuels

David Alan Samuels (October 9, 1948 – April 22, 2019) was an American vibraphone and marimba player who spent many years with the contemporary jazz group Spyro Gyra. His recordings and live performances during that period also reflect his prowess on the steelpan, a tuned percussion instrument of Trinidadian origin.

Biography
Samuels was born in Waukegan, Illinois, United States. At the age of six he started playing drums and piano. He learned vibes and marimba while a student at Boston University. He continued his studies at the Berklee College of Music, also in Boston, and studied with vibraphonist Gary Burton. He taught percussion at Berklee before moving to New York City in 1974. Soon he was recording and performing with Gerry Mulligan, Carla Bley, and Gerry Niewood. He played in a vibes/marimba duo with David Friedman, who had been his teacher at Boston, releasing albums under the name Double Image.

In 1979 he began recording with Spyro Gyra, eventually becoming a member of the band in 1986 and remaining with it through the 1990s. During the 1980s he also recorded with Paul McCandless, Art Lande, Anthony Davis, and Bobby McFerrin. In 1993 he created the Caribbean Jazz Project.

Samuels wrote columns for the magazines Modern Percussionist and Modern Drummer, a method book, and made an instructional video. He taught at Berklee and at the New England Conservatory of Music.

Samuels died on April 22, 2019, due to an undisclosed long-term illness.

Discography

 * 1980 One Step Ahead (Dire Silverline)
 * 1988 Living Colors (MCA)
 * 1989 Ten Degrees North (MCA)
 * 1989 Fountainhead with Andy LaVerne (SteepleChase)
 * 1991 Natural Selection (GRP)
 * 1992 Del Sol (GRP)
 * 1994 Synergy with Samuels (Tall Poppies)
 * 1998 Tjader-ized: A Cal Tjader Tribute (Verve/Polygram)
 * 2006 Mosaic (Concord)
 * 2007 Dualism

With Spyro Gyra
 * 1978 Spyro Gyra
 * 1979 Morning Dance
 * 1980 Catching the Sun
 * 1980 Carnaval
 * 1981 Freetime
 * 1982 Incognito
 * 1983 City Kids
 * 1984 Access All Areas
 * 1985 Alternating Currents
 * 1986 Breakout
 * 1987 Stories Without Words
 * 1988 Rites of Summer
 * 1989 Point of View
 * 1990 Fast Forward
 * 1992 Three Wishes
 * 1993 Dreams Beyond Control
 * 1995 Love and Other Obsessions
 * 1996 Heart of the Night
 * 1997 20/20
 * 1999 Got the Magic
 * 2003 Original Cinema
 * 2004 The Deep End
 * 2006 Wrapped in a Dream
 * 2008 A Night Before Christmas

With Caribbean Jazz Project
 * 1995 The Caribbean Jazz Project
 * 1997 Island Stories
 * 2000 New Horizons
 * 2001 Paraiso
 * 2002 The Gathering
 * 2003 Birds of a Feather
 * 2005 Diane Schuur Featuring Caribbean Jazz Project – Schuur Fire
 * 2005 Here and Now: Live in Concert
 * 2006 Mosaic
 * 2008 Afro Bop Alliance

With Double Image
 * 1977 Double Image
 * 1979 Dawn
 * 1986 In Lands I Never Saw
 * 1994 Open Hand (live)
 * 1997 Duotones
 * 2006 Moment to Moment (Live in Concert)

As sideman
With Gerry Mulligan
 * 1974 Carnegie Hall Concert  (CTI), Chet Baker, Gerry Mulligan
 * 1976 Idol Gossip
 * 1995 Dragonfly

With others
 * 1977 Gerry Niewood and Timepiece, Gerry Niewood & Timepiece
 * 1978 Dawn, David Friedman
 * 1978 Zappa in New York, Frank Zappa
 * 1979 All the Mornings Bring, Paul McCandless
 * 1981 Gallery, Gallery
 * 1981 The Navigator, Paul McCandless
 * 1981 Skylight, Art Lande
 * 1983 Hemispheres, Anthony Davis
 * 1986 Storytime, T Lavitz
 * 1991 Cool Running, Jeremy Wall
 * 1991 You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4, Frank Zappa
 * 1992 Red Sun, Dave Valentin
 * 1992 Stepping to the New World, Jeremy Wall
 * 1993 A Night in Englewood, Paquito D'Rivera & the United Nation Orchestra
 * 1993 Arc, Jimmy Haslip
 * 1994 Picture Perfect Morning, Edie Brickell
 * 1994 Two Hearts, Peter Kater
 * 1995 We Live Here, Pat Metheny Group
 * 1994 World Tour, Jason Miles
 * 1997 Playin' Hooky, Bob James
 * 1997 Imaginary Day, Pat Metheny Group
 * 1999  A Map of the World, Pat Metheny
 * 2002 Speaking of Now, Pat Metheny Group
 * 2005 The Way Up, Pat Metheny Group

title: Dave Samuels


text:
Jeffrey Max Jones

Jeffrey Max Jones Jones (born 25 April 1958) is a Mexican politician.

He graduated from Brigham Young University in International Relations in 1982. He is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the National Action Party (PAN) of Mexico since 1995. He served in the Chamber of Deputies from 1997 to 2000, representing Chihuahua's First District. He was then elected as a member of the national Senado de la Republica Senate in the year 2000, representing the State of Chihuahua. He served as president of the Border Affairs committee and member of the Agriculture and Agrarian Reform committees. His six-year term expired in 2006 since there is no immediate re-election for senators in Mexico.

Jones served from 2006 to 2009 as Undersecretary of Agribusiness Development with the SAGARPA (Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganaderia, Desarollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación) and focused on three areas: prospective planning, market development, and finance.

Jones was born and grew up in Colonia Dublán, Nuevo Casas Grandes, in northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, and lives, by coincidence, in the birth home of George W. Romney, former Governor of Michigan. Jones is bilingual, fluent in English and Spanish. He is the great-great-great grandson of Daniel Webster Jones, an influential early settler in Utah and the Arizona Territory.

title: Jeffrey Max Jones


text:
Template talk:Dublin Liffey Bridges

More Westerly Bridges
There are 3 further bridges East of the "West-Link" and West of "Sean Heuston Bridge" which are not accounted for in this template (largely as they are not strictly "Dublin City Bridges"). May add eventually however. They are (west to east): Guliolopez 18:19, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * "Anna Livia Bridge" at Chapelizod (originally "Chapelizod Bridge")
 * "Island Bridge" at Phoenix Park (originally "Kilmainham Bridge") linking Conyngham Road to South Circular Road
 * "Liffey Railway Bridge" at Heuston Station linking lines south (by Phoenix Park Tunnel) to northern lines and Connolly
 * Have since updated template to include these bridges... Guliolopez 19:50, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

West to east
Since West is Left on most maps, I've reversed the listing. I've also merged the "not in city centre" list with the main one; I can't see what the criterion or justification for having two lists was. jnestorius(talk) 17:27, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Dublin Liffey Bridges


text:
Benjamin Cooke

Benjamin Cooke (1734 – 14 September 1793) was an English composer, organist and teacher.

Cooke was born in London and named after his father, also Benjamin Cooke (1695/1705 – 1743), a music publisher based in Covent Garden (active from 1726 to 1743), whose production included a seminal edition of the collected works of Arcangelo Corelli in study scores comprising all five books of sonatas and the twelve concerti grossi.

From the age of nine, Benjamin Cooke the younger was one of four boy sopranos who sang at performances of the Academy of Ancient Music under the Academy's director Johann Christoph Pepusch (1667–1752), who supervised the boys' education. In due course Cooke became the Academy's librarian, and at the death of Pepusch assumed the leadership of the Academy.

In later life he received doctoral degrees in music from both Oxford and Cambridge universities. Like his father before him, he became a member of the Royal Society of Musicians (from 1760).

He was also the organist at Westminster Abbey and master of the Abbey's choristers for over thirty years, as well as being the organist at the church of St Martins in the Fields. He coached Abbey choristers who sang in the premiere performance of Harriet Wainwright's opera Comala in 1792. His Christmas Ode, written in a Handelian style, is one of his relatively few large-scale pieces to have been successfully revived in recent years. He wrote glees such as In the Merry Month of May, ''Deh! Dove?, How Sleep the Brave, Hark! the Lark, and In vino veritas''. He also composed a variety of church music and organ music. Many of his musical autographs are now owned by the Royal College of Music.

Cooke died on 14 September 1793, probably of a heart-attack, and was buried in the west cloister of Westminster Abbey. He was succeeded at the Abbey by Samuel Arnold, while his son Robert Cooke (1768–1814) was appointed organist of St Martin's in the Fields. Robert Cooke eventually succeeded Arnold at the Abbey.

title: Benjamin Cooke


text:
Broadseam

Broadseam is a term particular to the making of a sail. The panels that make up the sections of a sail are cut with curves on the connecting edges or seams. This method adds a three dimensional shape to what would ordinarily be a flat triangular or quadrilateral piece of fabric. Since a sail is a type of airfoil, this method of sail making adds significantly to the amount of draft a sail can have.

title: Broadseam


text:
Category:Mountains of Ukraine

The glaciers of Ukraine.

title: Category:Mountains of Ukraine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kaleici

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was MERGE and REDIRECT: 3mr, 1d.. Duly merged and redirected. -Splash 19:10, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Kaleici
Not enough context to establish notability. Sonic Mew | talk to me 18:21, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect. Google agrees with the article's subject. Gwk 18:24, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to where? Sonic Mew | talk to me 18:33, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Antalya. Gwk 18:39, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Antalya. Dcarrano 20:34, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per above. royblumy 00:20, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kaleici


text:
Aristidis Akratopoulos

Aristidis Akratopoulos (Αριστείδης Ακρατόπουλος) was a Greek tennis player. He competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Career
Akratopoulos won his first-round match in the singles tournament, defeating Edwin Flack of Australia. He met fellow Greek Konstantinos Paspatis in the second round, however, and Paspatis beat him. Akratopoulos finished in a three-way tie for fifth place.

In the doubles tournament, Akratopoulos partnered with his brother Konstantinos. The pair was defeated in the first round by eventual gold medallists Friedrich Traun of Germany and John Pius Boland of Great Britain and Ireland. They finished in a two-way tie for fourth place among the five pairs.

title: Aristidis Akratopoulos


text:
Center, Indiana

Center (originally called Tampico ) is an unincorporated community in Taylor Township, Howard County, Indiana, United States. Center is a suburb of Kokomo and is a part of the Kokomo, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Center was laid out in 1852. It was originally named Tampico, after the Mexican port, but because there is another Tampico in Jackson County it was renamed Centre (later Center) for its central location in the county.

Education
Center is served by the Taylor Community Schools Corporation. Taylor High School competes in the Hoosier Heartland Conference (HHC) for athletics.

title: Center, Indiana


text: Talk:Azetbur

title: Talk:Azetbur


text:
Talk:Baron Zouche

Untitled
Can anyonme confirm the numbering? One source lists the present baron as the 18th others the 17th.

I would like to question the clarity as well as the veracity of this article. The line of descent through the La Zouche family has been used in the past to link colonial settlers and their descendents to european royalty through "Lucy" La Zouche's marriage to Thomas de Greene (and his descendents).

Although some web sites attest this geneology... the motivation seems suspect.

In order to place the descendents of "Lucy" in line for the throne, these genealogies make Alan Baron La Zouche (de Ashby) (into) her grandfather, when Roger La Zouche is more correctly identified as such. Alan would be her uncle, and his brother Eudo La Zouche would be her father.

The apparent reason for this misplacement: Alan married into the royal line through Helen de Quincy...

So, in order to bring the whole descent into line through Eudo he had to be made into the son of his brother!

Wikipedia should not take part in perpetuating a fraud on the American public.

Please clarify in your article the correct line of descent for the La Zouche famiy... (I may do it myself...)

Guithenoc begat Josselin, who begat Eudon, who begat Geoffrey, who begat Alan (this is when they moved to England), who begat Roger, who begat Alan & Eudo...

A thorough investigation should be made into the origins of the La Zouches. The name itself sounds a little suspect...

RKI. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Robertigoe (talk • contribs) 23:53, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * This whole thing is a mess... even the references (including my own) don't make sense...--Robertigoe 22:50, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Although I certainly understand (and agree with) the thrust of the questions above, I'm not sure where they fit into this genealogy. I agree that the narrative in the first five paragraphs of the article is confusing, but I don't see that Lucy la Zouche is mentioned.....

Weis, Ancestral Roots, in the current (8th) edition shows the following:

1 -- 39-26 Geoffrey, Viscount of Porhoet 2 -- 39-27 Alan la Zouche d. 1190 3 -- 39-28 Roger la Zouche d. 1238 4 -- 38-28 Alan la Zouche d. 1270 5 -- 53-30 Roger la Zouche d. 1285 m. Ela Longsepee 6 -- 31-29 Alan la Zouche d. 1314 4 -- 39-29 Eudo la Zouche d. 1279, son of Roger(3), m. Millicent de Cantilou 5 -- 39-30 Eve la Zouche 5 -- 200-31 Sir William la Zouche, son Eudo

(39-26), etc. are Weis's line and generation numbers

That is all consistent with the article's first six paragraphs as they stand today. While I have no way of cross checking Weis, I do know that this line has been revised several times through the last four editions.Jameslwoodward (talk) 17:10, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Obituaries available
-- billinghurst (talk) 15:07, 10 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Obituary: Robert Curzon, 14th Baron Zouche
 * Obituary: Harriet Anne Curzon, 13th Baroness Zouche

La Zouche information wanted to share
https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/61157/46155_b289721-00012?pid=725977&backurl=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D61157%26h%3D725977%26tid%3D80323024%26pid%3D400166872040%26hid%3D100690015086%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3DjRF3844%26_phstart%3Ddefault%26usePUBJs%3Dtrue&treeid=80323024&personid=400166872040&hintid=100690015086&usePUB=true&_phsrc=jRF3844&_phstart=default&usePUBJs=true

title: Talk:Baron Zouche


text:
Les Tuniques Bleues

Les Tuniques Bleues (Dutch: De Blauwbloezen) is a Belgian series of bandes dessinées (comic books in the Franco-Belgian tradition), first published in Spirou magazine and later collected in albums by Dupuis. Created by artist Louis Salvérius and writer Raoul Cauvin, the series was taken up by artist Lambil after Salverius' death. It follows two United States Army cavalrymen through a series of battles and adventures. The first album of the series was published in 1970. The series' name, Les Tuniques Bleues, literally "the bluecoats", refers to the uniforms of the Union Army during the American Civil War. Cinebook has started to print the comics in English as "The Bluecoats", releasing Robertsonville Prison in 2008. It is one of the best-selling series in French-language comics.

History
Cauvin has written the stories for the first 64 volumes. Six of the first ten volumes were illustrated by Louis Salverius, with Lambil taking over after Salverius' death.

The first book, Un chariot dans l'Ouest (French for “A Wagon in the West”), was published in 1972. Cauvin retired from writing the series in 2020, with the reins being taken over by Jose Luis Munuera and the BeKa. Their first album L'envoyé spécial (“The Special Correspondent”) is published out of sequence in 2020, as volume 65, while the final album by Cauvin and Lambil is released the following year as volume 64, titled Où est donc Arabesque ? (“Where is Arabesque?”).

The stories appear first in Spirou, before being published as an album. The French editions are published by Dupuis. New albums are among the top ten best selling comics in French each year, with 184,800 copies for the 50th album alone in 2006. Les Tuniques Bleues spawned a 1989 computer game called North and South.

Plot
The original setting was the frontier of the Old West, where the main characters were American cavalrymen. Those stories, rarely longer than a single page, were comedic adventures about popular Western stereotypes and the absurdity of military life. One recurring feature was the blunder that led to the Cavalry fort being besieged by outraged Native Americans, or in one case, the cavalry having to besiege their own fort after the Indians have tricked them into leaving it and taken over. As the series progressed, the stories became longer and more involved, retaining their humorous highlights. The drawing style also changed, after the death of the original artist Salverius, from overtly cartoonish to semi-realistic.

In the second album, Du Nord au Sud, the main characters, Blutch and Chesterfield, travel east to join Ulysses S. Grant's army and fight in the American Civil War. The 18th album, Blue Retro, describes how the characters were first drafted into the military when the war had already begun and makes no mention of the time they spent on the frontier, contradicting the events in album 2 and others. This retconned origin and continuity hiccups are not detrimental to the enjoyment and understanding of the series since each album is a stand-alone adventure or collection of short stories. Adventures at the frontier fort still occasionally take place.

The two main protagonists are colorful and clashing opposites. Corporal Blutch is a reluctant soldier, highly critical of authority, whose only wish is to get out of the army and return to civilian life, often threatening to desert and coming up with ways to avoid going into yet another senseless battle. Blutch does have a heroic side and will not hesitate to fight against the Confederate troops even to the risk of his own life. Sergeant Cornelius Chesterfield is by contrast a devoted and obedient career soldier, always determined that he and Blutch should be in the thick of the action. He is proud of his scars and dreams of military glory. Though strong and brave to the point of recklessness, he is clumsy and narrow-minded, unable to clearly perceive the madness of the war around him. Though their relationship is often antagonistic, they are comrades for life and have saved each other's lives many times in spite of repeated threats made by both of doing the other in.

Other recurring characters include the somewhat insane, charge-obsessed Captain Stark and the bumbling general staff, headed by the anger-prone General Alexander. Historic figures are also occasionally present in the narrative: alongside General Grant, they include President Abraham Lincoln, Confederate commander Robert E. Lee, and war photographer Mathew Brady. As happens in fiction, especially in bandes dessinées, Blutch and Chesterfield often get sent on special missions which take them all over the map, from Mexico to Canada, and mix them up in projects from railroad construction to spying on the Confederacy's secret submarine project (based on the actual CSS David). Many albums are built around historical events or characters such as Chinese immigrant labor, the treatment of African American soldiers, Charleston's submarines, and General Lee's horse Traveller. Chesterfield even goes undercover to confront guerrilla leader William Quantrill and his henchmen Jesse and Frank James. On another occasion they had to contend with a racist officer, Captain Nepel, based on the French politician Jean-Marie Le Pen.

Historical details are generally quite exact, and accuracy has steadily improved over the years. Yet the series is first and foremost entertainment and historic details are altered to suit the story. The serious drama of the plots is balanced by frequent humorous incidents and Blutch's constant sarcastic wisecracks. Although this is not strictly speaking an adult-oriented bande dessinée, the authors are not afraid of showing the reality of war in a harsh, but tactful manner, such as dead bodies in the aftermath of a battle. Military authority, especially the uncaring and/or incompetent leader is often the subject of parody and derision.

Les Bleus de la marine
Navy Blues (Les Bleus de la marine) is the seventh album in Les Tuniques Bleues comic series by Willy Lambil and Raoul Cauvin. It was published for the first time at No. 1904 and No. 1917 in Spirou magazine, afterwards as an album in 1975. The plot is based around the Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862.

Plot
After a battle between the Confederate and Union Army's goes awry for the Northerners, even with a near suicidal cavalry charge from the 22nd cavalry regiment. Corporal Blutch and Sergeant Chesterfield are dismissed by Captain Stark for cowardice and insubordination respectively. Afterwards, both men are first reassigned to the infantry regiment where they attack a Confederate barrier too early, which gets them dismissed again. Next, they are reassigned to the artillery regiment, where they operate their own cannon. They end up getting dismissed from this regiment as well when they fire upon their own trenches. After that, they become stretch-bearers and are warned if they fail again, there would not be any place anymore for them in the army. They end up being dismissed a final time when they bring back a wounded Confederate soldier from the battlefield to the field hospital. As a final solution, Corporal Blutch and Sergeant Chesterfield are reassigned to the Navy as sailors on a sailing ship, which ends up sinking in battle with the Confederates. Following the sinking, both men are transferred to the USS Monitor and see action during the Battle of Hampton Roads against the Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia. The battle ends in a draw, bringing back glory to Corporal Blutch and Sergeant Chesterfield. As a reward, they are reassigned back to the 22nd Cavalry regiment, although a lack of manpower following one of Stark's infamous suicide charges could've also been the reason for the transfer, as both men are experienced cavalrymen.

Albums

 * 1) Un chariot dans l'Ouest
 * 2) Du Nord au Sud
 * 3) Et pour 1500 dollars en plus
 * 4) Outlaw
 * 5) Les déserteurs
 * 6) La prison de Robertsonville
 * 7) Les Bleus de la marine
 * 8) Les cavaliers du ciel
 * 9) La grande patrouille
 * 10) Des Bleus et des tuniques
 * 11) Des Bleus en Noir et Blanc
 * 12) Les Bleus tournent cosaques
 * 13) Les Bleus dans la gadoue
 * 14) Le blanc-bec
 * 15) Rumberley
 * 16) Bronco Benny
 * 17) El Padre
 * 18) Blue rétro
 * 19) Le David
 * 20) Black Face
 * 21) Les cinq salopards
 * 22) Des Bleus et des dentelles
 * 23) Les cousins d'en face
 * 24) Baby blue
 * 25) Des Bleus et des bosses
 * 26) L'or du Quebec
 * 27) Bull Run
 * 28) Les Bleus de la balle
 * 29) En avant l'amnésique!
 * 30) La Rose de Bantry
 * 31) Drummer boy
 * 32) Les Bleus en folie
 * 33) Grumbler et fils
 * 34) Vertes années
 * 35) Captain Nepel
 * 36) Quantrill
 * 37) Duel dans la manche
 * 38) Les planqués
 * 39) Puppet Blues
 * 40) Les hommes de paille
 * 41) Les Bleus en cavale
 * 42) Qui veut la peau du Général?
 * 43) Des Bleus et du Blues
 * 44) L'oreille de Lincoln
 * 45) Emeutes à New York
 * 46) Requiem pour un Bleu
 * 47) Les nancy hart
 * 48) Arabesque
 * 49) Marriage à fort Bow
 * 50) La traque
 * 51) Stark sous toutes les coutures
 * 52) Des bleus dans le brouillard
 * 53) Sang bleu chez les Bleus
 * 54) Miss Walker
 * 55) Indien, mon frère
 * 56) Dent pour dent
 * 57) Colorado Story
 * 58) Les bleues se mettes au vert
 * 59) Les quatre évangélistes
 * 60) Carte blanche pour un Bleu
 * 61) L'étrange soldat Franklin
 * 62) Sallie
 * 63) La bataille du Cratère
 * 64) Où est Arabesque ?
 * 65) L'envoyé spécial
 * 66) Irish Melody
 * 67) Du Feu sur la glace

Historical correlations
Several albums highlight historical facts of the American Civil War, other adventures are set in a place or anonymous battle. Some accounts tell of an encounter with a Native American tribe without any relation to the American Civil War. However, the chronology of the albums does not follow that of the war, but several albums are in flashback, tracing the past of the two protagonists, possibly narrated by one of them (Bull Run) or another character (Vertes Années).

English translations
Cinebook Ltd has started publishing English translations from 2008, as "The Bluecoats". Sixteen books have been published to date.

 * 1) Robertsonville Prison (French #6), 2008, ISBN 978-1-905460-71-7
 * 2) The Navy Blues (French #7), 2009, ISBN 978-1-905460-82-3
 * 3) The Skyriders (French #8), 2010, ISBN 978-1-84918-014-6
 * 4) The Greenhorn (French #14), 2011, ISBN 978-1-84918-066-5
 * 5) Rumberley (French #15), 2012, ISBN 978-1-84918-108-2
 * 6) Bronco Benny (French #16), 2013, ISBN 978-1-84918-146-4
 * 7) The Blues in the Mud (French #13), 2014, ISBN 978-1-84918-183-9
 * 8) Auld Lang Blue (French #18), 2015, ISBN 978-1-84918-245-4
 * 9) El Padre (French #17), 2016, ISBN 978-1-84918-286-7
 * 10) The Blues in Black and White (French #11), 2017, ISBN 978-1-84918-341-3
 * 11) Cossack Circus (French #12), 2018, ISBN 978-1-84918-383-3
 * 12) The David (French #19), 2019, ISBN 978-1-84918-430-4
 * 13) Something Borrowed, Something Blue ISBN 9781849185318
 * 14) The Dirty Five ISBN 978-1-80044-004-3
 * 15) Bull Run ISBN 978-1-80044-061-6
 * 16) Sallie ISBN 978-1-80044-089-0

Video games
Les Tuniques Bleues was made into a video game named North & South in 1989 by Infogrames. In 2012, this game was adapted by Anuman Interactive as a multiplayer game.

In popular culture
Les Tuniques Bleues are among the many Belgian comic characters to jokingly have a Brussels street named after them. The Rue des Comédiens/ Komediantenstraat has a commemorative plaque with the name Rue des Tuniques Bleues/ Blauwbloezenstraat placed under the actual street sign.

title: Les Tuniques Bleues


text:
Konstantinos Akratopoulos

Konstantinos Akratopoulos (Κωνσταντίνος Ακρατόπουλος) was a Greek tennis player. He competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Akratopoulos had a bye in the first round of the singles tournament. He met Dionysios Kasdaglis of Greece in the second round, losing to the eventual silver medallist. Akratopoulos finished in a three-way tie for fifth place.

In the doubles tournament, Akratopoulos partnered with his brother Aristidis. The pair was defeated in the first round by eventual gold medallists Friedrich Traun of Germany and John Pius Boland of Great Britain and Ireland. They finished in a two-way tie for fourth place among the five pairs.

title: Konstantinos Akratopoulos


text:
User:Chandler Savage

Chandler Savage (April 19, 1984 Albany, Oregon) currently studies Computer Science as an undergraduate student at Oregon State University.

title: User:Chandler Savage


text:
Evangelos Rallis

Evangelos Rallis (Greek: Ευάγγελος Ράλλης) was a Greek tennis player. He competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Rallis defeated fellow Greek Demetrios Petrokokkinos in the first round of the singles tournament. In the second round, though, he faced John Pius Boland of Great Britain and Ireland. He lost to the eventual gold medallist.

In the doubles tournament, Petrokokkinos got his revenge. Rallis, paired with Konstantinos Paspatis, was defeated by the Greek/Egyptian pairing of Petrokokkinos and Dionysios Kasdaglis. Rallis and Paspatis finished in a two-way tie for fourth among the five pairs.

title: Evangelos Rallis


text:
Derek Fowlds

Derek James Fowlds (2 September 1937 – 17 January 2020) was an English actor. He was best known for his appearances as "Mr Derek" in The Basil Brush Show (1969–1973), as Bernard Woolley in the sitcom Yes Minister (1980–1984) and its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister (1986–1988), and as Oscar Blaketon in Heartbeat (1992–2010).

Early life
Derek James Fowlds was born on 2 September 1937 in Wandsworth, London, the son of Ketha Muriel (née Treacher) and James Witney Fowlds, a salesman. In early life he and his mother and sister went to live in Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire, at the home of his maternal grandmother. There Fowlds attended Ashlyns School, a Secondary Modern School. After leaving school aged 15, Fowlds worked at a printer's firm as an apprentice and also, as his National Service, spent two years in the RAF as a wireless operator.

Career
After success in amateur acting, his teacher encouraged him to take it up as a career and Fowlds won a scholarship to RADA in 1958.

He made his debut on the West End stage in The Miracle Worker. He appeared in various film roles, including Tamahine (1963), East of Sudan (1964), Hotel Paradiso (1966), Frankenstein Created Woman (1967), The Smashing Bird I Used to Know (1969), Tower of Evil (1972) and Mistress Pamela (1974), prior to becoming familiar to British television child viewers as "Mr. Derek" in the popular British children's series The Basil Brush Show for four series, replacing Rodney Bewes as presenter.

He played the role of Lord Randolph Churchill in the ATV series Edward the Seventh (1975). In Yes Minister and its sequel Yes, Prime Minister he played the naïve and callow Bernard Woolley alongside Paul Eddington's Jim Hacker and Nigel Hawthorne's Sir Humphrey Appleby.

From 1983 to 1985, Fowlds played the lead role in the sitcom Affairs of the Heart. He featured in a more sinister role in the 1990 political thriller Die Kinder. Fowlds then played old and curmudgeonly Oscar Blaketon in the long-running Yorkshire Television police drama nostalgia series Heartbeat set in the sixties for its entire eighteen-year run beginning in 1992. The character first appeared as the local police sergeant, then retired from the force and ran the post office before becoming a publican.

Personal life and death
Fowlds married, and later divorced, Wendy Tory. He later married Lesley Judd the Blue Peter presenter and dancer. They divorced in 1978. His partner of 36 years, Jo Lindsay, died in 2012. He was the father of two sons, including the actor Jeremy Fowlds. His autobiography, A Part Worth Playing, was published in 2015.

He died at Royal United Hospital in Bath on 17 January 2020 aged 82 from complications of heart failure and sepsis, which had followed pneumonia. His funeral was held at St Katharine's Church in Holt, Wiltshire, on 17 February 2020.

title: Derek Fowlds


text:
Ohio State Route 613

State Route 613 (SR 613) is an east–west state highway in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. Its western terminus is at the Indiana state line 4 mi west of Payne (the route once continued west in Indiana as State Road 14), and its eastern terminus is at US 23 in Fostoria.

Route description
From the Indiana state line, State Route 613 follows a generally easterly direction through small towns such as Payne, Oakwood, and Continental. It shares a route with State Route 634 for 2 mi before entering Continental. After Continental, the route continues east into Leipsic, then into McComb, where it shares a route with State Route 235 for a short distance.

It continues in an eastern direction, drifting north, through Van Buren, until it meets State Route 18 south of Bloomdale. State Route 613 and State Route 18 run concurrently for 10 mi, heading into Fostoria. When the routes meet up with US 23 and SR 199 in Fostoria, SR 18 continues south along US 23 and SR 199 while SR 613 ends.

History

 * 1970 – Original route certified; no significant changes since its certification; routed along a previous alignment of State Route 113, which carries the following history:
 * 1926 – Indiana state line to Payne routed along the former alignment of State Route 111, and from Payne to 3¼ miles west of Leipsic along a previously unnumbered road.
 * 1932 – Extended east to McComb along a previously unnumbered road from 3¼ miles west of Leipsic to Leipsic, and along the former alignment of State Route 187 from Leipsic to McComb.
 * 1935 – Extended to 10 mi west of Fostoria along a previously unnumbered road.
 * 1938 – Co-signed with State Route 18 (formerly State Route 17 before 1926) from 10 mi west of Fostoria to Fostoria.

From 1938 to 1943

 * 1938 – Routed from 3 mi south of Bedford to Bedford Heights along a previously and currently unnumbered road.
 * 1943 – Entire route certified as State Route 175 (this segment decertified in 1968 ).

In Fostoria, SR 613 formerly continued east of US 23 and SR 199 along North Avenue and North Poplar Street before ending at SR 12. In 2012, the City of Fostoria and ODOT proposed removing this segment of SR 613 from the state highway system due to the narrow streets with the aim of reducing truck traffic through the city.

title: Ohio State Route 613


text:
Dick Williams

Richard Hirschfeld Williams (May 7, 1929 – July 7, 2011) was an American left fielder, third baseman, manager, coach and front-office consultant in Major League Baseball. Known especially as a hard-driving, sharp-tongued manager from 1967 to 1969 and from 1971 to 1988, he led teams to three American League pennants, one National League pennant, and two World Series triumphs. He is one of nine managers to win pennants in both major leagues, and joined Bill McKechnie in becoming only the second manager to lead three franchises to the Series (Bruce Bochy, in 2023, became the third). He and Lou Piniella are the only managers in history to lead four teams to seasons of 90 or more wins. Williams was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008 following his election by the Veterans Committee.

Early life
Williams was born on May 7, 1929, in St. Louis, Missouri, and lived there until age 13, when his family moved to Pasadena, California. He attended Pasadena High School, and then enrolled in Pasadena City College.

Playing career
Williams signed his first professional contract with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, and played his first major league game with Brooklyn in 1951. A right-handed batter and thrower, Williams was listed as 6 ft tall and 190 lb. Initially an outfielder, he separated a shoulder attempting to make a diving catch on August 25, 1952; he missed the rest of the season and permanently weakened his throwing arm. As a result, he learned to play several positions (he was frequently a first baseman and third baseman) and became a notorious "bench jockey" in order to keep his major league job. He appeared in 1,023 games over 13 seasons with the Dodgers, Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Indians, Kansas City Athletics and Boston Red Sox. Williams posted a career batting average of .260; his 768 hits included 70 home runs, 157 doubles and 12 triples. In the field, he appeared in 456 games in the outfield, 257 at third base, and 188 at first.

He was a favorite of Paul Richards, who acquired Williams four different times between 1956 and 1962 when Richards was a manager or general manager with Baltimore and the Houston Colt .45s. One such transaction occurred on April 12, 1961, when Williams was traded along with Dick Hall from the Athletics to the Orioles for Chuck Essegian and Jerry Walker. He never played for Houston; he was acquired in an off-season "paper transaction" on October 12, 1962, then traded to the Red Sox for another outfielder, Carroll Hardy, on December 10.

His two-year playing career in Boston was uneventful, except for one occasion. On June 27, 1963, Williams was victimized by one of the greatest catches in Fenway Park history. His long drive to the opposite field was snagged by Cleveland right fielder Al Luplow, who made a leaping catch at the wall and tumbled into the bullpen with the ball in his grasp.

An "Impossible Dream" in Boston
On October 14, 1964, after a season during which Williams hit a career-low .159, the Red Sox handed him his unconditional release. At 35, Williams was at a career crossroads: Richards gave him a spring training invitation but no guarantee that he would make the 1965 Astros' playing roster; the Red Sox offered Williams a job as playing coach with their Triple-A farm team, the Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League. Looking to begin a post-playing career in baseball, Williams accepted the Seattle assignment. Within days, a shuffle in 1965 affiliations forced Boston to move its top minor league team to the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League. This caused the Red Sox' Triple-A manager, Seattle native Edo Vanni, to resign in order to remain in the Pacific Northwest. With a sudden opening for the Toronto job, Williams was promoted to manager of the 1965 Leafs. As a novice pilot, Williams adopted a hard-nosed, disciplinarian style and won two consecutive Governors' Cup championships with teams laden with young Red Sox prospects. He then signed a one-year contract to manage the 1967 Red Sox.

Boston had suffered through eight straight seasons of losing baseball, and attendance had fallen to such an extent that owner Tom Yawkey was threatening to move the team. The Red Sox had talented young players, but the team was known as a lazy "country club." As Carl Yastrzemski commented, "if you don't keep your nose to the grindstone you won't (win) ... we kept our noses so far away from the grindstone we couldn't even see it."

Williams decided to risk everything and impose discipline on his players. He vowed that "we will win more ballgames than we lose" — a bold statement for a club that had finished only a half-game from last place in 1966. The only team with a worse record than the Red Sox was their arch-rival, the New York Yankees, who were headed in a downward spiral only two years after losing the 1964 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games. In spring training, Williams drilled players in fundamentals for hours. He issued fines for curfew violations, and insisted his players put the success of the team before their own. In Yastrzemski's words, "Dick Williams didn't take anything when he took over the club last spring ... to the best of my knowledge—and I would know if it had happened—no one challenged Williams all season."

The Red Sox began 1967 playing better baseball and employing the aggressive style of play that Williams had learned with the Dodgers. Williams benched players for lack of effort and poor performance, and battled tooth and nail with umpires. Through the All-Star break, Boston fulfilled Williams' promise and played better than .500 ball, hanging close to the American League's four contending teams — the Detroit Tigers, Minnesota Twins, Chicago White Sox and California Angels. Outfielder Carl Yastrzemski, in his seventh season with the Red Sox, transformed his hitting style to become a pull-hitter, eventually winning the 1967 AL Triple Crown, leading the league in batting average, home runs (tying Harmon Killebrew of the Twins), and RBI.

In late July, the Red Sox rattled off a 10-game winning streak on the road and came home to a riotous welcome from 10,000 fans at Boston's Logan Airport. The Red Sox inserted themselves into a five-team pennant race, and stayed in the hunt despite the loss of star outfielder Tony Conigliaro to a beanball on August 18. On the closing weekend of the season, led by Yastrzemski and 22-game-winning pitcher Jim Lonborg, Boston defeated the Twins in two head-to-head games, while Detroit split its series with the Angels. The "Impossible Dream" Red Sox had won their first AL pennant since 1946, then they extended the highly talented and heavily favored St. Louis Cardinals to seven games in the 1967 World Series, losing to the great Bob Gibson three times.

Despite the Series loss, the Red Sox were the toasts of New England; Williams was named Major League Manager of the Year by The Sporting News and signed to a new three-year contract. But he would not serve it out. In 1968, the team fell to fourth place when Conigliaro could not return from his head injury, and Williams' two top pitchers — Lonborg and José Santiago — suffered sore arms. He began to clash with Yastrzemski, and with owner Yawkey. With his club a distant third in the AL East, Williams was fired on September 23, 1969 and replaced by Eddie Popowski for the last nine games of the season.

Two titles in a row in Oakland
After spending 1970 as the third base coach of the Montreal Expos, working under Gene Mauch, Williams returned to the managerial ranks the next year as boss of the Oakland Athletics, owned by Charlie Finley. The iconoclastic Finley had signed some of the finest talent in baseball – including Catfish Hunter, Reggie Jackson, Sal Bando, Bert Campaneris, Rollie Fingers and Joe Rudi that were described by Finley as the "Swingin' A's" – but his players hated him for his penny-pinching and constant meddling in the team's affairs. During his first decade as the Athletics' owner, 1961–1970, Finley had changed managers a total of ten times.

Inheriting a second-place team from predecessor John McNamara, Williams promptly directed the A's to 101 victories and their first AL West title in 1971 behind another brilliant young player, pitcher Vida Blue. Despite being humbled in the ALCS by the defending World Champion Orioles, Finley brought Williams back for 1972, when the "Oakland Dynasty" began. Off the field, the A's players brawled with each other and defied baseball's tonsorial code. Because long hair, mustaches and beards were now the rage in the "civilian" world, Finley decided on a mid-season promotion encouraging his men to wear their hair long and grow facial hair. Fingers adopted his trademark handlebar mustache (which he still has to this day); Williams himself grew a mustache.

Of course, talent, not hairstyle, truly defined the Oakland Dynasty of the early 1970s. The 1972 A's won their division by 5½ games over the White Sox and led the league in home runs, shutouts and saves. They defeated the Tigers in a bitterly fought ALCS, and found themselves facing the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series. With the A's leading power hitter, Jackson, out with an injury, Cincinnati's Big Red Machine was favored to win, but the home run heroics of Oakland catcher Gene Tenace and the managerial maneuvering of Williams resulted in a seven-game World Series victory for the A's, their first championship since 1930, when they played in Philadelphia.

In 1973, with Williams back for an unprecedented (for the Finley era) third straight campaign, the A's again coasted to a division title, then defeated Baltimore in the ALCS and the NL champion New York Mets in the World Series – each hard-fought series going the limit. With their World Series win, Oakland became baseball's first repeat champion since the 1961–62 New York Yankees. But Williams had a surprise for Finley. Tired of his owner's meddling, and upset by Finley's public humiliation of second baseman Mike Andrews for his fielding miscues during the World Series, Williams resigned. George Steinbrenner, then finishing his first season as owner of the Yankees, immediately signed Williams as his manager. However, Finley protested that Williams owed Oakland the final year of his contract and could not manage anywhere else, and so Steinbrenner hired Bill Virdon instead. Williams was the first manager in A's franchise history to leave the team with a winning record after running it for two full seasons.

California Angels
Seemingly at the peak of his career, Williams began the 1974 season out of work. But when the Angels struggled under manager Bobby Winkles, team owner Gene Autry received Finley's permission to negotiate with Williams, and in mid-season Williams was back in a big-league dugout. The change in management, though, did not alter the fortunes of the Angels, as they finished in last place, 22 games behind the A's, who would win their third straight World Championship under Williams' replacement, Alvin Dark.

Overall, Williams' Anaheim tenure turned out to be a miserable one. He did not have nearly as much talent as he'd had to work with in Boston and Oakland, and the Angels did not respond to Williams' somewhat authoritarian managing style. They finished last in the AL West again in 1975. During the 1975 season, Boston Red Sox pitcher Bill Lee stated that the Angels' hitters were "so weak, they could hold batting practice in the Boston Sheraton hotel lobby and not hit the chandelier". Williams responded by having his team actually do so before the game (using Wiffle balls and bats) with the Red Sox until hotel security put a stop to it. The Angels were 18 games below .500 (and in the midst of a player revolt) in 1976 when Williams was fired July 22.

Montreal Expos
In 1977, he returned to Montreal as manager of the Expos where he remained for 5 years (Williams' longest stint as manager), who had just come off 107 losses and a last-place finish in the NL East. Team president John McHale had been impressed with Williams' efforts in Boston and Oakland, and thought he was what the Expos needed to finally become a winner.

After cajoling the Expos into improved, but below .500, performances in his first two seasons, Williams turned the 1979–80 Expos into pennant contenders. The team won over 90 games both years—the first winning seasons in franchise history. The 1979 unit won 95 games, the most that the franchise would win in Montreal. However, they finished second each time to the eventual World Champion (the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1979 and the Philadelphia Phillies in 1980). Williams was never afraid to give young players a chance to play, and his Expos teams were flush with young talent, including All-Stars such as outfielder Andre Dawson and catcher Gary Carter. With a solid core of young players and a fruitful farm system, the Expos seemed a lock to contend for a long time to come.

But Williams' hard edge alienated his players—especially his pitchers—and ultimately wore out his welcome. He labeled pitcher Steve Rogers a fraud with "king of the mountain syndrome" – meaning that Rogers had been a good pitcher on a bad team for so long that he was unable to "step up" when the team became good. Williams also lost confidence in closer Jeff Reardon, whom the Montreal front office had acquired in a much publicized trade with the Mets for Ellis Valentine. When the 1981 Expos performed below expectations, Williams was fired during the pennant drive on September 7. With the arrival of his easy-going successor Jim Fanning, who restored Reardon to the closer's role, the inspired Expos made the playoffs for the only time in their 36-year history in Montreal. However, they fell in heartbreaking fashion to Rick Monday and the eventual World Champion Los Angeles Dodgers in a five-game NLCS.

San Diego Padres
Williams was not unemployed for long, however. In 1982, he took over the San Diego Padres. By 1984, he had guided the Padres to their first NL West Division championship. In the NLCS, the NL East champion Chicago Cubs – making their first postseason appearance since 1945 – won Games 1 and 2, but Williams' Padres took the next three games in a miraculous comeback to win the pennant. In the World Series, however, San Diego was no match for Sparky Anderson's Detroit Tigers, a team that had won 104 games during the regular season. Although the Tigers won the Series in five games, both Williams and Anderson joined Dark, Joe McCarthy, and Yogi Berra as managers who had won pennants in both major leagues (Tony La Russa joined this group in 2004, Jim Leyland followed suit in 2006, followed by Joe Maddon in 2016, Dusty Baker in 2021 and Bruce Bochy—a backup catcher on that Padres team—in 2023.)

The Padres fell to third in 1985, and Williams was let go as manager just before 1986 spring training. His record with the Padres was 337–311 over four seasons. As of 2011, he was the only manager in the team's history without a losing season. His difficulties with the Padres stemmed from a power struggle with team president Ballard Smith and general manager Jack McKeon. Williams was a hire of team owner (and McDonald's restaurant magnate) Ray Kroc, whose health was failing. McKeon and Smith (who also happened to be Kroc's son-in-law) were posturing to buy the team and viewed Williams as a threat to their plans. With his San Diego tenure at an end, it appeared that Williams' managerial career was finished.

Final seasons in uniform
When another perennial loser, the Seattle Mariners, lost 19 of their first 28 games in 1986 under Chuck Cottier, Williams came back to the American League West on May 6 for the first time in almost a decade. The Mariners showed some life that season and almost reached .500 the following season. However, Williams' autocratic managing style no longer resonated with the new generation of ballplayers. He tried to play injury-plagued Gorman Thomas in the outfield, but was rebuked by the Mariners' front office because of Thomas' medical history, namely his rotator cuff. Also, Williams had trouble relating to the devoutly religious Mariners' players, namely Alvin Davis. Williams was fired on June 8, 1988, with Seattle 23–33 and in sixth place. It would be his last major-league managing job. Williams' career won-loss totals were 1,571 wins and 1,451 losses over 21 seasons.

In 1989, Williams was named manager of the West Palm Beach Tropics of the Senior Professional Baseball Association, a league featuring mostly former major league players 35 years of age and older. The Tropics went 52–20 in the regular season and ran away with the Southern Division title. Despite their regular season dominance, the Tropics lost 12–4 to the St. Petersburg Pelicans in the league's championship game. The Tropics folded at the end of the season, and the rest of the league folded a year later.

He remained in the game, however, as a special consultant to George Steinbrenner and the New York Yankees. In 1990, Williams published his autobiography, No More Mister Nice Guy. His acrimonious departure in 1969 distanced Williams from the Red Sox for the remainder of the Yawkey ownership period (through 2001), but after the change in ownership and management that followed, he was selected to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2006.

Williams' number was retired by the Fort Worth Cats. The Cats were a popular minor league team in Fort Worth and Williams played there during 1948, 1949 and 1950, while he was working his way through the Dodgers' system. Moreover, Williams—in his Hall off Fame speech—cited Bobby Bragan, his Fort Worth manager, as a significant influence on his own career. After the Texas League Cats finally disbanded in 1964, they returned as an independent league team in 2001. These "New" Cats retired Williams' number.

Hall of Fame induction
Williams was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in December 2007, and was inducted on July 27, 2008. He was inducted into the San Diego Padres Hall of Fame in 2009.

Personal life
Williams was an extra in the 1950 movie The Jackie Robinson Story. Before Williams became a major league manager in 1967, he successfully appeared on the television quiz shows Match Game and the original Hollywood Squares. According to Peter Marshall's Backstage with the Original Hollywood Squares, Williams won $50,000 as a contestant on the latter show.

His son, Rick Williams, a former minor league pitcher and major league pitching coach, became a professional scout for the Atlanta Braves.

Williams died of a ruptured aortic aneurysm at a hospital near his home in Henderson, Nevada, on July 7, 2011.

Arrest
In January 2000, Williams pleaded no contest to indecent exposure charges in Florida. The complaint against him alleged that he was "walking naked and masturbating" on the balcony outside his hotel room. Williams subsequently stated that he was not aware of the details of the complaint when he pleaded no contest, and that although he was standing naked at the balcony door, he was not on the balcony and was not masturbating.

This occurred just weeks before Baseball Hall of Fame balloting by the Veterans Committee. Williams' arrest appeared to impact consideration by the committee, and he would not be inducted to the Baseball Hall of Fame until 2008. "What happened to me down in Fort Myers when I was arrested evidently hurt me quite a bit", Williams told The New York Times.

title: Dick Williams


text:
Adah Isaacs Menken

Adah Isaacs Menken (June 15, 1835 – August 10, 1868) was an American actress, painter and poet, and was the highest earning actress of her time. She was best known for her performance in the hippodrama Mazeppa, with a climax that featured her apparently nude and riding a horse on stage. After great success for a few years with the play in New York and San Francisco, she appeared in a production in London and Paris, from 1864 to 1866. After a brief trip back to the United States, she returned to Europe. She became ill within two years and died in Paris at the age of 33.

Menken told many versions of her origins, including her name, place of birth, ancestry, and religion, and historians have differed in their accounts. Most have said she was born a Louisiana Creole Catholic, with European and African ancestry. A celebrity who created sensational performances in the United States and Europe, she married several times and was also known for her affairs. She had two sons, both of whom died in infancy.

Though she was better known as an actress, Menken sought to be known as a writer. She published about 20 essays, 100 poems, and a book of her collected poems, from 1855 to 1868 (the book was published posthumously). Early work was devoted to family and after her marriage, her poetry and essays featured Jewish themes. Beginning with work published after moving to New York, with which she changed her style, Menken expressed a wide range of emotions and ideas about women's place in the world. Her collection Infelicia went through several editions and was in print until 1902.

Early life and education
Accounts of Menken's early life and origins vary considerably. In her autobiographical "Some Notes of Her Life in Her Own Hand," published in The New York Times in 1868, Menken said she was born in Bordeaux, France, and lived in Cuba as a child before her family settled in New Orleans. There are many conflicting reports as to Menken's birth name, but she has been called Marie Rachel Adelaide de Vere Spenser and Adah Bertha Theodore, and Ed James, a journalist friend, wrote after her death: "Her real name was Adelaide McCord, and she was born at Milneburg, near New Orleans, on June 15, 1835." Menken's birth year also varies, with some records stating 1835 and some stating 1832. Elsewhere, in 1865, she wrote that her birth name was Dolores Adios Los Fiertes, and that she was the daughter of a French woman from New Orleans and a Spanish-Jewish man. About 1940, the consensus of scholars was that her parents were Auguste Théodore, a free Black man, and Marie, a mixed-race Creole, and Adah was raised as a Catholic. She had a sister and a brother.

Based on Menken's assertions of being a native of New Orleans, Wolf Mankowitz and others have studied Board of Health records for the city. They have concluded that Ada was born in the city as the legitimate daughter of Auguste Théodore, a free man of color (mixed race) and his wife Magdaleine Jean Louis Janneaux, likely also a Louisiana Creole. Ada would have been raised as Catholic. However, in 1990, John Cofran, using census records, said that she was born as Ada C. McCord, in Memphis, Tennessee, in late 1830. He said she was the daughter of an Irish merchant, Richard McCord, and his wife Catherine. According to Cofran, her father died when she was young and her mother remarried. The family then moved from Memphis to New Orleans.

Menken was said to have been a bright student; she became fluent in French and Spanish, and was described as having a gift for languages. As a child, Menken performed as a dancer in the ballet of the French Opera House in New Orleans. In her later childhood, she performed as a dancer in Havana, Cuba, where she was crowned "Queen of the Plaza."

American career
After Cuba, Menken left dance for acting, and began working as an actress in Texas first. According to Gregory Eiselein, she gave Shakespeare readings, and wrote poems and sketches for The Liberty Gazette. She was married for the first time in Galveston County, in February 1855, to G. W. Kneass, a musician. The marriage had ended by sometime in 1856, when she met and in 1856 married the man more generally considered her first husband, Alexander Isaac Menken, a musician who was from a prominent Reform Jewish family in Cincinnati, Ohio.

He began to act as her manager, and Ada Menken performed as an actress in the Midwest and Upper South, also giving literary readings. She received decent reviews, which noted her "reckless energy," and performed with men who became notable actors: Edwin Booth in Louisville, Kentucky, and James E. Murdoch in Nashville, Tennessee.

In 1857, the couple moved to Cincinnati, where Menken created her Jewish roots, telling a reporter that she was born Jewish. She did study Judaism and stayed with the faith, although she never formally converted. In this period, she published poetry and articles on Judaism in The Israelite in Cincinnati. The newspaper was founded by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, who was crucial to the Reform Judaism movement in the United States. She also began to be published in the Jewish Messenger of New York.

Ada added an "h" to her first name and an "s" to Isaac, and by 1858 she billed herself as Adah Isaacs Menken. She eventually worked as an actress in New York and San Francisco, as well as in touring productions across the country. She also became known for her poetry and painting. While none of her art was well received by major critics, she became a celebrity.

At this time, Menken wore her wavy hair short, a highly unusual style for women of the time. She cultivated a bohemian and at times androgynous appearance. She deliberately created her image at a time when the growth of popular media helped to publicize it.

In 1859, Menken appeared on Broadway in New York City in the play The French Spy. Her work was not highly regarded by critics. The New York Times described her as "the worst actress on Broadway." The Observer said, "she is delightfully unhampered by the shackles of talent." Menken continued to perform small parts in New York, as well as reading Shakespeare in performance, and giving lectures.

Her third husband was John C. Heenan, a popular Irish-American prizefighter whom she married in 1859. Some time after their marriage, the press discovered she did not yet have a legal divorce from Menken and accused her of bigamy. She had expected Menken to handle the divorce, which he eventually did.

As John Heenan was one of the most famous and popular figures in America, the press also accused Menken of marrying for his celebrity. She billed herself as Mrs. Heenan in Boston, Providence, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, using his name despite their divorce within a year of marriage. They had a son, who died soon after birth.

While in New York, Menken met the poet Walt Whitman and some others of his bohemian circle. She was influenced by his work and began to write in a more confessional style while adhering to common sentimental conventions of the time. In 1860–61, she published 25 poems in the Sunday Mercury, an entertainment newspaper in New York. These were later collected with six more in her only book, Infelicia, published a few months after her death. By publishing in a newspaper, she reached a larger audience than through women's magazines, including both men and women readers who might go to see her perform as an actress.

In 1860, Menken wrote a review titled "Swimming Against the Current," which praised Whitman's new edition of Leaves of Grass, saying he was "centuries ahead of his contemporaries." She identified with the controversial poet, and declared her bohemian identity through her support for him. That year, Menken also wrote an article on the 1860 election, an unusual topic for a woman, which further added to her image.

When Menken met Charles Blondin, notable for crossing Niagara Falls on a tightrope, the two were quickly attracted to each other. She suggested she would marry him if they could perform a couple's act above the falls. Blondin refused, saying that he would be "distracted by her beauty." The two had an affair, during which they conducted a vaudeville tour across the United States.

Mazeppa

After it ended, she appealed to her business manager Jimmie Murdock to help her become recognized as a great actress. Murdock dissuaded Menken from that goal, as he knew she had little acting talent. He offered her the "breeches role" (that of a man) of the noble Tartar in the hippodrama Mazeppa, based on the poem of that title by Lord Byron (and ultimately on the life of Ivan Mazepa). At the climax of this hit, the Tartar was stripped of his clothing, tied to his horse, and sent off to his death. The audiences were thrilled with the scene, although the production used a dummy strapped to a horse, which was led away by a handler giving sugar cubes. Menken wanted to perform the stunt herself. Dressed in nude tights and riding a horse on stage, she appeared to be naked and caused a sensation. New York audiences were shocked but still attended and made the play popular.

Menken took the production of Mazeppa to San Francisco. Audiences again flocked to the show. She became known across the country for this role, and San Francisco adopted her as its performer.

In 1862, she married Robert Henry Newell, a humorist and editor of the Sunday Mercury in New York, who had recently published most of her poetry. They were together about three years. Next she wed James Paul Barkley, a gambler, in 1866, but soon returned without him to France, where she was performing. There she had their son, whom she named Louis Dudevant Victor Emanuel Barkley. The baby's godmother was the author George Sand (A. F. Lesser). Louis died in infancy.

Menken arranged to play in a production of Mazeppa in London and France for much of 1864 to 1866. Controversy arose over her costume, and she responded to critics in the newspapers of London by saying that she was influenced by classical sculpture, and that her costume was more modest than those of ballet or burlesque. The show opened on October 3, 1864, at the Astley Theatre to "overflowing houses." She was so well known that she was referred to as "the Menken," needing no other name.

Jokes and poems were printed about the controversy, and Punch wrote:

Here's half the town - if bills be true - To Astley's nightly thronging, To see the Menken throw aside All to her sex belonging, Stripping off woman's modesty, With woman's outward trappings - A barebacked jade on barebacked steed, In Cartlich's old strappings!

(The last line refers to John Cartlich, equestrian performer )

During this time of her greatest earning, she was generous to friends, theatre people in need, and charities. While in Europe, the Menken continued to play to the American public as well, in terms of her image. As usual, she attracted a crowd of male admirers, including such prominent figures as the writer Charles Dickens, the humorist Tom Hood, and the dramatist and novelist Charles Reade.

Later life
Playing in a sold-out run of Les pirates de la savane in Paris in 1866, Menken had an affair with the French novelist Alexandre Dumas, père, considered somewhat scandalous as he was more than twice her age. Returning to England in 1867, she struggled to attract audiences to Mazeppa and attendance fell off. During this time she had an affair with the English poet Algernon Charles Swinburne.

She fell ill in London and was forced to stop performing, struggling with poverty as a result. Few realized that the glamorous star was ill until she collapsed during rehearsal and died a few weeks later. She began preparing her poems for publication and moved back to Paris, where she died on August 10, 1868. She had just written to a friend: "I am lost to art and life. Yet, when all is said and done, have I not at my age tasted more of life than most women who live to be a hundred? It is fair, then, that I should go where old people go." How long she had been a consumptive no one knew but, from what is known, she was dead at 33 – the flamelike quality that Dickens had called the “world’s delight” extinguished forever. They buried her in a corner of the little Jewish cemetery in Montparnasse, and on her grave stone are the words, “Thou Knowest,” an epitaph she had chosen from Swinburne, the poet who had said of her, “A woman who has such beautiful legs need not discuss poetry.”

She was believed to have died of peritonitis and/or tuberculosis. Late twentieth-century sources suggest she had cancer. She was buried in Montparnasse Cemetery. The inscription on her tomb reads "Thou knowest."

In 1862, Menken had written about her public and private personae: "I have always believed myself to be possessed of two souls, one that lives on the surface of life, pleasing and pleased; the other as deep and as unfathomable as the ocean; a mystery to me and all who know me."

Her only book, Infelicia, a collection of 31 poems, was published several days after her death.

Literary career
Menken wanted to be known as a writer, but her work was overshadowed by her sensational stage career and private and public life. In total, she published about 20 essays, 100 poems and a book of her collected poems, from 1855 to 1868; the book was published posthumously. Her work was not received well by contemporary critics. George Merriam Hyde, one of the most respected critics of his day, refused to critique Menken's work, saying (privately) that "it would be an insult to himself and his profession". Van Wyck Brooks joked (in public) that "her work is the best example of unintentional wit and accidental humour".

Her early work was devoted to family and romance. After her marriage to Menken and her study of Judaism, her poetry and essays for years into the 1860s featured Jewish themes. After her marriage and divorce from Heenan and meeting with writers in New York, she changed her style, adopting some influence from Walt Whitman. She was said to be the "first poet and the only woman poet before the twentieth century" to follow his lead in using free verse. The New York Times reported that Walt Whitman had disassociated himself from Menken's work, implying he thought little of it.

Beginning in New York, her poetry expressed a wider range of emotions related to relationships, sexuality, and also about women's struggle to find a place in the world. Her collection Infelicia went through several editions and was in print until 1902. In the late nineteenth century, critics were hard on women writers, and Menken's public notoriety caused even more critical scrutiny of her poems. Later critics (such as A. R. Lloyd in his book, The Great Prize Fight and Graham Gordon in his book Master of the Ring) generally dismiss her work as being devoid of talent. Admirers included Christina Rossetti and Joaquin Miller.

title: Adah Isaacs Menken