text:
Talk:Anne Cools

Untitled
Why was her picture deleted? Ground Zero 14:14, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've removed the link to the chateline article as it was broken. I'm not sure if an online version of the article still exists.Mr.Wizard 23:00, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Does anyone know why there is a see also to Conrad Black? Jack1254 (talk) 06:06, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * It has gone now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.141.189.156 (talk) 14:10, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

Criticism of feminism
added her to critics of feminism, but not sure where in the article I can put the souce. The link is on Voice for Men's site, which while I know is a wikipedia blacklisted link, is nonetheless a video of her speaking and an interview. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.81.75.121 (talk) 03:46, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Broaches
Anne c. Cools was in love with broaches. 2601:4C1:C800:7170:742A:F54C:D5DF:1A68 (talk) 22:48, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

Why is Cools listed in "Canadian female criminals" category?
Honest question. What am I missing? She was on the parole board at one time, so arguably on the other side, so to speak. MauriceYMichaud (talk) 18:25, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anne Cools


text: Category:Croatian films

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Croatian films


text:
User talk:If I Am Blocked I Will Cry

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. NickBush24 14:15, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. NickBush24 14:21, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

OK, stop your vandalism immediately or prepare to cry. You are already set up in "block user" on another of my screens, and I only need one mouseclick... FINAL AND ONLY WARNING. -- Arwel 14:22, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

ABUSIVE USER — PERMANENTLY BLOCKED. -- Arwel 14:27, 18 July 2005 (UTC) looks like you are crying — Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.212.126.190 (talk) 21:02, 13 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:If I Am Blocked I Will Cry


text:
Lårdal

Lårdal is a village in Tokke Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The village is located on the north shore of the lake Bandak and about 10 km south of the village of Høydalsmo and the European route E134 highway. The village is the site of Lårdal Church, a school, and a fast food store. Previously, there was also a grocery store, but it closed because the local population couldn't support it. Lårdal is also home to the former journalist and television presenter Bjørn Honerød. The village was historically the administrative centre of the old Lårdal Municipality from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964.

Name
The village (originally the parish) is named after the old Laardal farm (Lagardalr) since the first Lårdal Church was built there. The first element is lǫgr which means "water" or "river". The last element is dalr which means "dale" or "valley". Historically, the municipality name was spelled "Laurdal" (although the parish name goes back centuries as Laugerdal). From 1884-1920, it was spelled "Laardal". Since 1921, it has been spelled "Lårdal".

title: Lårdal


text:
Dirac fermion

In physics, a Dirac fermion is a spin-½ particle (a fermion) which is different from its antiparticle. A vast majority of fermions fall under this category.

Description
In particle physics, all fermions in the standard model have distinct antiparticles (perhaps excepting neutrinos) and hence are Dirac fermions. They are named after Paul Dirac, and can be modeled with the Dirac equation.

A Dirac fermion is equivalent to two Weyl fermions. The counterpart to a Dirac fermion is a Majorana fermion, a particle that must be its own antiparticle.

Dirac quasi-particles
In condensed matter physics, low-energy excitations in graphene and topological insulators, among others, are fermionic quasiparticles described by a pseudo-relativistic Dirac equation.

title: Dirac fermion


text:
Karl Heinrich Rau

Karl Heinrich Rau (23 November 1792 – 18 March 1870) was a German political economist.

Early career
Rau was born at Erlangen, Bavaria. He studied from 1808 to 1812 at the University of Erlangen, where he afterwards remained as a Privatdozent. In 1814 he obtained the prize offered by the academy of Göttingen for the best treatment of the question how the disadvantages arising from the abolition of trade guilds might be removed. His memoir, greatly enlarged, was published in 1816 under the title Über das Zunftwesen und die Folgen seiner Aufhebung. In the same year appeared his Primae lineae historiae politices.

Teaching and research
In 1818 he became professor at Erlangen. In 1822 he was called to the chair of political economy at Heidelberg where the rest of his life was spent, in the main, in teaching and research. He took some part, however, in public affairs: in 1837 he was nominated a member of the first chamber of the Duchy of Baden, and in 1851 he was one of the commissioners sent to England on the part of the Zollverein to study the Industrial Exhibition. A result of this mission was his account of the agricultural implements exhibited at London (Die landwirthschaftlichen Geräthe der Londoner Ausstellung, 1853). He was elected a corresponding member of the French Institute in 1856. He died at Heidelberg on 18 March 1870.

Work
His principal work is the Lehrbuch der politischen Ökonomie (1826–37), an encyclopaedia of the economic knowledge of his time, written with a special view to the guidance of practical men. The three volumes are respectively occupied with (1) political economy, properly so called, or the theory of wealth, (2) administrative science (Volkswirthschaftspolitik) and (3) finance. The two last he recognizes as admitting of variations in accordance with the special circumstances of different countries, while the first is more akin to the exact sciences, and is in many respects capable of being treated, or at least illustrated, mathematically. On economics, he adopts the general position of Adam Smith and Say, but retains a tendency to advocate the extension of the economic functions of the state.

The threefold division of this work marks his close relation to the older German cameralistic writers, with whose works he was familiarly acquainted. It is a consequence in part of his conformity to their method and his attention to administrative applications that his treatise was found peculiarly adapted for the use of the official class and long maintained its position as their special textbook. He was the economics teacher, says Roscher, of the well-governed middle states of Germany from 1815 to 1848. The book passed through many editions; in that of 1870 by Adolf Wagner it was transformed into a new book.

In the earlier part of his scientific life Rau tended strongly towards the relative point of view and a historical method in economics, but he never actually joined the historical school of economics. To the end, he occupied a somewhat indeterminate position with respect to that school; he subordinated historical investigation to immediate practical interests, and politics moved in the direction of limiting rather than extending the sphere of state action. His general merits are thoroughness of treatment, accuracy of statement, and balance of judgment; he shows much industry in the collection and skill in the utilization of statistical facts; and his exposition is orderly and clear.

Other publications
Besides the publications already mentioned, he was author of the following: Ansichten der Volkswirthschaft, 1821; Malthus und Say über die Ursachen der jetzigen Handelsstockung, 1821; Grundriss der Kameralwissenschaft oder Wirthschaftslehre, 1823; Über die Kameralwissenschaft, Entwickelung ihres Wesens und ihrer Theile, 1825; Über die Landwirthschaft der Rheinpfalz, 1830; and Geschichte des Pfluges, 1845.

Rau founded in 1834 the Archiv der Politischen Oekonomie und Polizeiwissenschaft, in which he wrote a number of articles, afterwards issued in separate form: among them may be named those on the debt of Baden, on the accession of Baden to the Zollverein, on the crisis of the Zollverein in the summer of 1852, on the American banks, on the English poor law, on List's national system of political economy and on the minimum size of a peasant property.

title: Karl Heinrich Rau


text: File:Oldereettlogos.jpg

title: File:Oldereettlogos.jpg


text:
Jaipal Reddy

Sudini Jaipal Reddy (16 January 1942 – 28 July 2019) was an Indian politician who was the Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha of India for five terms. He represented the Chevella constituency of Telangana and was a member of the Indian National Congress. He served as a Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting in the I. K. Gujral cabinet in 1998. In 1999 he returned to Indian National Congress after 21 years. In 2004 he was re-elected to 14th Lok Sabha from Miryalaguda Lok Sabha Constituency and then he served as a Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting and Union Minister for Urban Development in the United Progressive Alliance-1. In 2009 he was re-elected to the 15th Lok Sabha from the Chevella constituency and served as a Union Minister for Urban Development and Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas. He was the Union Minister for the Ministry of Earth Sciences and the Ministry of Science and Technology from 29 October 2012 to 18 May 2014.

Personal life
Reddy was born in Nermatta, a village in Chandur Mandal in Nalgonda District in Telangana State but is actually from Madgula, Mahabub Nagar district (now Ranga Reddy District) in Telangana. He had been polio-stricken since he was 18-months old, and used crutches to walk.

He had an M.A. from the Osmania University, Hyderabad. He had been an agriculturist. He married Lakshmi on 7 May 1960. The couple had two sons and one daughter.

Career
Reddy was a student leader during his college life and in 1970s he joined the Indian National Congress. He became an MLA of Kalwakurthy in Andhra Pradesh.

Reddy was an MLA of Kalwakurthy between 1969 and 1984, a constituency in Andhra Pradesh for four terms. He quit his membership of the Congress Party to protest against the emergency and joined the Janata Party in 1977 and later on its splinter Janata Dal. He was the general secretary of the Janata Party from 1985 to 1988. He was elected to the 8th Lok Sabha in 1984 from Mahbubnagar Lok Sabha. He rejoined the Congress Party in 1999 and was elected to the 14th in 2004 from Miryalaguda constituency and the 15th in 2009 from Chavella. He was also a member of the Rajya Sabha on two occasions, 1990–1996 and 1997–1998. He also held the position of leader of opposition in the Rajya Sabha for a year from June 1991 to June 1992. He served as the minister for Information and Broadcasting in the government on two occasions: in 1997–1998 under I. K. Gujral and from 2004 under Manmohan Singh with additional responsibility for Culture. He also served as the minister for Urban Development and Petroleum and Natural Gas.

He acted as the spokesman for several parties of which he has been a member and was awarded the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award in 1998. He was the first from South India and the youngest parliamentarian to achieve this award.

Removal from the Oil Ministry
The last cabinet reshuffle of the UPA-II government took place on 28 October 2012. Reddy was shifted from his current ministry to the Science and Technology ministry after he differed on the gas allocation to Reliance and his refusal to accept demands of Reliance. The oil ministry had imposed a fine of 7000 Rs. crores on Mukesh Ambani's company for the sharp drop in production of gas and violations mentioned in CAG's 2011 report. Further, the oil ministry did not approve company's US$7.2 billion stake in deal with BP. Opposition parties including the BJP, SP, and AAP said that he was removed owing to alleged pressure from the corporate houses, particularly from the Reliance group of Industries. However he refuted the claims and said that he needed to understand the new portfolio.

Death
Reddy died on 28 July 2019 at AIG Hospital, Gachibowli in Hyderabad of pneumonia.

title: Jaipal Reddy


text:
User:Scimitar/PKK

This page is a temporary page designed to serve as a place to rewrite the Kurdistan Workers Party article.

title: User:Scimitar/PKK


text:
Gina Barreca

Regina Barreca (born 1957) is an American academic and humorist. She is a Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of English literature and feminist theory at the University of Connecticut and winner of UConn's highest award for excellence in teaching. She is the author of ten books, including the best selling They Used to Call Me Snow White But I Drifted: Women's Strategic Use of Humor (Viking/Humor) and editor of 13 others. Her work has appeared in The New York Times, The Independent of London, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Cosmopolitan, and The Harvard Business Review; for 20 years she wrote columns for various Tribune newspapers as well as a series of cover stories for the Chicago Tribune. She is a member of the New York Friar's Club and an honoree of the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame.

Early life and education
Barreca grew up in Brooklyn and Long Island, New York, and is of Italian descent. She was the first woman to be named Alumni Scholar at Dartmouth College, where she earned her 1979 bachelor's degree. Her stories from this time can be found in her memoir, Babes in Boyland: A Personal History of Co-education in the Ivy League.

She was a Reynolds Fellow and earned her 1981 M.A. at New Hall, Cambridge University, and earned her 1987 Ph.D. (English Literature) from the Graduate School, City University of New York, dissertation: "Hate and Humor in Women"s Literature: Twentieth-Century British Writers.".

Professor
From 1981 to 1987, Barreca was a Graduate Assistant/Adjunct Lecturer at Queens College. In 1987 she became an assistant professor of English at the University of Connecticut, where she became an associate professor of English in 1991. From 1997 on she has been Professor of English. She has also been a Reed Fellow for English Language and Literature at UConn since 2017. As of 2018, she has received the American Association of University Professors Excellence in Research and Creativity: Career Award, and was named the Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of English Literature.

Articles and other publications
She is currently a blogger for Psychology Today, where she has over 7.5 million views.

Barreca has also published articles in The New York Times, The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, the Chicago Tribune, The Dartmouth Alumni Magazine,  The Orlando Sentinel,  Ms. magazine, and The Chronicle of Higher Education.

Barreca cowrote a series of humor columns in The Washington Post with Gene Weingarten about the differences between men and women. These became the basis of the book she wrote with Weingarten, ''I'm with Stupid: One Man. One Woman. 10,000 Years of Misunderstanding Between the Sexes Cleared Right Up.'' They worked for two years via email and on the phone without having met first.

Barreca appeared in Milton Friedman's documentary Free to Choose - Episode 6, as a student for Dartmouth College.

Books
In 2011, Barreca published a memoir about being one of the first classes of women at Dartmouth College titled Babes in Boyland: A Personal History of Co-education in the Ivy League.

Speaker
She has served as an advisor to the Library of Congress for work on humor and the American character, and was deemed a "feminist humor maven" by Ms. magazine.

Personal
Barreca married her husband, Michael Meyer, in 1991. They live in Storrs, Connecticut.

Books written

 * "If You Lean In, Will Men Just Look Down Your Blouse?" (2016), ISBN 978-1-250-06074-7
 * It's Not That I'm Bitter, or How I Learned to Stop Worrying About Visible Panty Lines and Conquered the World (2009), ISBN 978-0-312-54726-4
 * Babes in Boyland: A Personal History of Co-education in the Ivy League (2005), ISBN 978-1-58465-299-1
 * I'm with Stupid (2004), ISBN 978-0-7432-4420-6, co-written with Gene Weingarten
 * An ABC of Vice: An Insatiable Woman's Guide (2003), ISBN 978-0-939883-11-0, illustrated by Nicole Hollander
 * Too Much of a Good Thing is Wonderful (2000), ISBN 978-0-939883-06-6
 * Sweet Revenge: The Wicked Delights of Getting Even (1995), ISBN 978-0-425-15766-4
 * Untamed and Unabashed: Essays on Women and Humor in British Literature (1994), ISBN 978-0-8143-2136-2
 * Perfect Husbands (and Other Fairy Tales) (1993), ISBN 978-0-385-47538-9
 * They Used to Call Me Snow White...But I Drifted: Women's Strategic Use of Humor (1991), ISBN 978-0-14-016835-8

Books edited

 * Fast Fallen Women (2023), ISBN 978-1-954-907-78-2
 * Fast Fierce Women (2022), ISBN 978-1-954-907-00-3
 * Fast Funny Women (2021), ISBN 978-1-949-116-20-5
 * Make Mine A Double: Why Women Like Us Like to Drink (or Not) (2011), ISBN 978-1-58465-759-0
 * The Signet Book of American Humor (2004), ISBN 978-0-451-21058-6
 * Don't Tell Mama: The Penguin Book of Italian American Writing (2002), ISBN 978-0-14-200247-6
 * A Sit-down with the Sopranos: Watching Italian American Culture on TV's Most Talked About Series (2002), ISBN 978-0-312-29528-8
 * The Erotics of Instruction (1997), ISBN 978-0-87451-806-1
 * The Penguin Book of Women's Humor (1996), ISBN 978-0-14-017294-2
 * Desire and Imagination: 20 Classic Essays in Sexuality (1995), ISBN 978-0-452-01150-2
 * Fay Weldon's Wicked Fictions (1994)
 * New Perspectives on Women and Comedy (1992), ISBN 978-2-88124-533-6
 * Sex and Death in Victorian Literature (1990), ISBN 978-0-253-31015-6
 * Last Laughs (1988) ISBN 978-0677220208

Books introduced

 * Dorothy Parker. Complete Stories Colleen Bresse (Editor), Regina Barreca (Introduction) ISBN 978-0142437216
 * Louisa May. Little Women Regina Barreca (Introduction), Susan Straight (Afterword) ISBN 978-0593198025

Honorary degrees and awards
In 2000, she received an honorary degree from Shepard's College in West Virginia. She received an honorary degree from Manchester Community College in 2014, and honorary Doctorate of Human Letters, Charter Oak State College, Connecticut in 2016.

title: Gina Barreca


text:
Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe

Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe (1 September 1813 – 20 June 1893) was an English entomologist mainly interested in beetles.

Biography
He was born in Penzance, Cornwall and trained at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Appointed surgeon in the Navy he served on Australian, West Indian and Mediterranean stations. He married a Miss Mary Glasson of Cornwall and settled at Trewhiddle near St Austell where his wife's property produced china clay. Widowed in 1851 he settled in London devoting himself to natural history and entomology in particular. The results of collecting trips to Europe, North Africa and the Lower Amazons were poor and Pascoe worked mainly on insects collected by others. His entomological papers listed and described species collected by Alfred Russel Wallace (in Longicornia Malayana), Robert Templeton and other assiduous collectors but not prolific writers on systematic entomology. He became a Fellow of the Entomological Society in 1854, was president from 1864 to 1865, a Member of the Société Entomologique de France and belonged to the Belgian and Stettin Societies. He was also a Fellow of the Linnean Society (elected 1852) and was on the Council of the Ray Society. His 2,500 types are in the Natural History Museum, London.

Evolution
Pascoe accepted the fact of evolution but was an opponent to natural selection. Pascoe's 1890 book The Darwinian Theory of the Origin of Species was an attack on natural selection. It received a lengthy review in the Nature journal by Raphael Meldola who disagreed with Pascoe's criticisms but noted the work should be taken seriously as Pascoe was a respected systematic entomologist.

Works

 * 1858 On new genera and species of longicorn Coleoptera. Part III Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, (2)4:236–266.
 * 1859 On some new genera and species of longicorn Coleoptera. Part IV.Trans.Entomol. Soc. London, (2)5:12–61.
 * 1860 Notices of new or little-known genera and species of Coleoptera. J.Entomol., 1(1):36–64.
 * 1860 Notices of new or little-known genera and species of Coleoptera, pt.II. J. Entomol., 1(2):98–131.
 * 1862 Notices of new or little-known genera and species of Coleoptera. J.Entomol., 1:319–370.
 * 1864–1869 Longicornia Malayana; or a descriptive catalogue of the species of the three longicorn families Lamiidae, Cerambycidae and Prionidae collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the Malay Archipelago. Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, (3)3:1-712.
 * 1866 List of the Longicornia collected by the late Mr. P. Bouchard, at Santa Marta. Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, 5(3):279–296.
 * 1867 Diagnostic characters of some new genera and species of Prionidae.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3)19:410–413
 * 1875 Notes on Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species. Part III. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4)15:59–73.
 * 1884 Notes on Natural Selection and the Origin of Species. Taylor & Francis.
 * 1885 List of British Vertebrate Animals. Taylor & Francis.
 * 1890 The Darwinian Theory of the Origin of Species. Gurney & Jackson.

title: Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe


text:
Ko Hung

Ko Hung may represent the romanization of:
 * Ge Hong (283–343), Chinese Taoist philosopher and alchemist of the fourth century
 * Go Heung, historian of the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje

title: Ko Hung


text:
Talk:Miss Universe Organization

Untitled
This Information is all incorrect

Panama has had one miss Universe not 3.

India and Panama have had less semifinalist than the USA, Venezuela, Peru , Brazil and many others

Sweden has had 3 Miss Universe's making them the fourth most succesful countryMito 22:05, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Then be bold and fix the article. Don't forget to cite your sources. Uncle G 12:17:30, 2005-07-26 (UTC)

Table
I've started a table of all the titleholders - just wondering if anyone can fix the colours so the demarcations are clearer? PageantUpdater 08:26, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Miss Universe Organization


text:
User:Damianmontero

Damian Montero Lacasa (February 3 1973, Buenos Aires, Argentina).

Damian Montero Lacasa

His insterests include:

Skype on Usb Flash Drive

T-MobileWeb on your laptop

Democracy Calls

Unlocking the Sony GC82 GC83 GC89

Cingular Internet

I'm definitely going to go see Pirates in the Caribbean At World's End when it comes out in may 24th

title: User:Damianmontero


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Under The Mat

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 02:24, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Under The Mat
Marginally coherent talk about a band. Totally unencyclopenic. TexasAndroid 14:21, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Delete - non-encyclopedic ranting JoJan 14:53, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn --malathion talk 15:12, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no claim to notability asserted. Dcarrano 16:48, July 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity nonsense. --Etacar11 00:25, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. JamesBurns 07:50, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vain and unencyclopedic. JogCon 23:53, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Henry Cotton (doctor)

Untitled
It would seem that this article is not appropriate for category:mental health. I have placed it into category:psychiatry, instead, but considering the nature of the material this may be contentious. --Vincej 14:21, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

If Trenton State had its own page I would link it to Willow Brooks
If Trenton State had its own page I would link it to Willow Brooks but it doesn't so that's why I keep linking it to Doctor Cotton.

BTW should there be a Category listing notoriously bad medical facilities?

 * Trenton State does have its own page: New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton 68.39.174.238 00:43, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Tone
"Recent attempts to deal with obesity using surgical intervention similar to that performed by Henry Cotton may be seen to be just as inadvisable in one hundred years. Who knows what will take the place of the brutal disfigurement of women suffering from breast cancer or the castration of men suffering from prostate cancer?"

Is this tone really encyclopedic? Doesn't strike me as being so. Comments like this make the whole article seem a bit apologetic in regards to Cotton... --rsgdodge 22:22, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * That was BLATANTLY biased: no encyclopedia articel should ask rhetorical questions unless making a direct quotation from someone. That said, it does have a rather obvious lean and a lack of sourcing for most everything. 68.39.174.238 02:04, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Both this article and Focal infection theory need a machete taken to them for their completely inappropriate tone. EEng 07:26, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

Is it "Henry Andrews Cotton" or "Henry Aloysius Cotton" ?
Hello. The article mentions that the complete name of Henri Cotton was "Henri Andrews Cotton", but (at least) 2 references state that it was "Henri Aloysius Cotton": The Lancet (The cautionary tale of psychiatrist Henry Aloysius Cotton) and King's College London (Henry Cotton). So, what is correct?--Damyenj (talk) 16:06, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Cotton removing his own teeth
Did I somehow miss it, or does the article lack mention of the fact that Dr. Cotton eventually pulled out some of his own teeth, too? Okama-San (talk) 08:08, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Cotton (doctor)


text:
Archdiocese of Tomis

The Archdiocese of Tomis (Arhiepiscopia Tomisului) is a diocese of the Romanian Orthodox Church within Constanța County. It is part of the Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja. The seat is in Constanța. It is headed by Archbishop Teodosie Petrescu.

History
According to historical tradition, the apostles Andrew and Philip installed bishops here in the cities of the Roman province of Scythia Minor. Church historian Sozomen noted that in the IV century, these territories were part of a single diocese, which was governed by the Bishop of Tomis. First he mentioned the Bishop of Dobrudja was Evangelicus (approx. 303). Sozomen also wrote of a meeting in 369 between the Bishop of Tomis, Brittany, and the Eastern rimmian Emperor Valens. Bishop Gerontius of Tomis participated in the sessions of the Second Ecumenical Council in 381. It is believed that at this time the metropolis of Scythia was formed with a chair in Tomis. For this purpose, the Roman Emperor Theodosius I the Great (379–395) placed three dioceses on the Black Sea coast between the Crimea and modern-day Varna (Bulgaria) under the jurisdiction of the Tomis see. In 536, the diocese of Tomis was reorganized into a Metropolitan area and 14 subordinate Episcopal sees were established within the borders of Scythia Minor.

After the Slavic-Avar invasion, the see of Tomis became an autocephalous archdiocese. For a short time, the metropolis was restored in the X century, when Tomis was first mentioned in sources under the name of Constantia. The invasions of the XI—XII centuries, especially the Pechenegs, finally upset the Church organization in Dobrudja. Its restoration took place in the second half of the 13th century, along with the resumption of Byzantine control over the area. Since Constantia (Tomis) had suffered greatly from previous invasions, the see of the metropolis was transferred to Vicina in 1261. After the transfer of the last Metropolitan of Vicina, Hyacinth, to Wallachia (1359) and the formation of The Ungro-Wallachian metropolis, the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Silistra extended to the territory of Dobrudja. In 1388, Dobrudja became part of Wallachia. In 1417, Dobrudja was conquered by the Turks and came under the jurisdiction of the Silistrian metropolis.

In 1878, Dobrudja became part of Romania. In this situation, the entry of Dobrudja under the canonical jurisdiction of the Lower Danube Diocese (with a seat in Galaţi ) on March 16, 1879, fulfilled the religious aspirations of the Romanians Dobrogea.

In 1923 the Diocese of Constantia (Tomis) was created, which included the counties of the southern part of Dobruja: Constanţa, Ialomița, Durostor and Caliacra. In 1949 Tulcea County was also assigned the Diocese of Constantia, but in 1950, the Diocese of Constantia was abolished, and its territory returned to the Lower Danube diocese, which became known as the Tomis and Lower Danube Archdiocese in 1975.

On February 12, 1990, the Archdiocese of Tomis and Lower Danube Archdiocese was split into Archdiocese of Tomis and Archdiocese of Lower Danube; the archdiocese covered all of Dobrudja. On April 15, 2004, the diocese of Tulcea was established in the territory of Northern Dobrudja.

Ruling bishops
The following is a list of bishops of Dobrudja:

 * Bishops of Scythia
 * Evangelicus (approx. 303)
 * unnamed, participant at the First Council of Nicaea (325)
 * Saint Bretanion, martyred under Valens (364–378)

 * Archbishops of Tomis
 * Gerontius or Terentius, participant at the First Council of Constantinople (381)
 * Saint Theotimos I (390–407)
 * Timotheus, participant at the First Council of Ephesus (431)
 * John I (448)
 * Alexander, participant at the Council of Chalcedon (451)
 * Theotimos II (457)
 * Peter (c. 470–496)

 * Metropolitans of Tomis
 * Paternus (519)
 * Valentinianus (550)
 * Aniketos (10th–11th century)
 * Basil (10th–11th century)

 * Orthodox Archbishops of Vicina
 * Theodore (1285–1292)
 * Luke (1302–1306)
 * Macarius (c.1337/1338–c.1347)
 * Cyril (1347)
 * Hyacinth (1348–1359)

 * Orthodox Metropolitans of Tulcea
 * Panaret (1839–1850)
 * Dionisie (1870–1877)
 * Nichifor (c. 1877–1878)

 * Bishops of Constanţa (Tomis)
 * Ilarie Teodorescu (1923–1925)
 * Gherontie Nicolau (1926–1942)
 * Eugenie Laiu (1942–1944), locum tenens
 * Chesarie Păunescu (1944–1950)

 * Archbishops of Tomis
 * Lucian Florea (1990–2001)
 * Teodosie Petrescu (2001–present)

title: Archdiocese of Tomis


text:
Talk:List of Church of Scotland parishes

Parish boundaries
I am wondering whether and to what extent boundaries have changed with time. For example, are the parishes used under the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886 parishes which are now used by the Church? Also, I know Caithness has ten parishes much used in the collection of various kinds of data, including archeological, as in The Standing Stones of Caithness. Laurel Bush 14:22, 18 July 2005 (UTC).

 * Parish Boundaries are regulated by the relevant Presbyteries, and have been and are adjusted from time to time. The creation of a new congregation usually means (in time) that a new parish will also be created for that Church and congregation to serve.  Population shifts mean that boundaries are occasionally adjusted by Presbyteries.  The union of congregations mean that their parishes are joined together and there is no longer a boundary between them (although the external boundaries of the new larger parish remain).  A new system of Parish Grouping is blurring the whole business of Parish Boundaries.

MikeG, Carnoustie.

It can be very difficult to get historical information about what areas were served by what buildings and ministers in the past. In fact, it can be difficult to get very precise information about where exactly the boundaries run today, unless you are privy to Presbytery records. I don't know if Wikipedia can really provide that, but it would certainly be good if articles on particular parishes contained precise information about historical unions and links. One of the biggest causes of change is of course that after the disruption (1843) the Free Church built parish churches which duplicated those of the national church, and after the reunion (1929) the church was left in many areas with twice as many buildings as required. The resulting rationalisation has taken place gradually over the course of the 20th century. Another cause of change is that better transport has meant that highland ministers can travel greater distances and serve larger parishes. But demographic change is the most common reason for adjustments. --Doric Loon 19:54, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

The 2003-2004 edition of the Church of Scotland Yearbook has a special section on former parishes and congregations, including a list of former names. --Matthewross 20:19, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Photos
Good to see this list growing as more parishes and places of worship are being covered. Wouldn't it be good if we could get more pictures into these articles? They would be much more alive with visuals, and not just of the outsides of the buildings. It would be great to have an article on a church with 18th century furnishings, literally fenced table etc (there is one near Oban, I think) and an internal photo would be great there. --Doric Loon 16:59, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Maybe even church in worship, with people in it? That's more important than just the architecture. 86.161.251.244 (talk) 13:27, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Move
Mais oui, I wonder, is it really a good idea to rename this article? Apart from the fact that it creates lots of redirects (but you can fix those easily enough in time). It seems to me that we have an article called List of Church of Scotland synods and presbyteries, and that is the handier place to direct people if they want a presbytery list. What this article adds is the parishes, and there are so many of them that doing that one job properly should be quite enough for one article. I'm just thinking how these links may look confusing when they appear together on the main Church of Scotland page. A sensible compromise, if you do want the presbyteries in the title of this article, might be something like List of Church of Scotland parishes (by presbytery).--Doric Loon 14:45, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Lordy, I hadn't seen that other article! Still, it doesn't really affect the naming issue. I prefer it as it is (I try to avoid brackets whenever possible), but I cannot say that I am that bothered. What I would suggest though is that these two articles are merged: they are basically identical in layout, and even when the work is completed, it should not break the 32kB guideline, or not by much anyway. It is very hard to see the advantage of having two articles. How about: List of Church of Scotland synods, presbyteries and parishes? Too long? Hard to see what else we can call it though. For comparison see:

and I'm sure that there are lots of other similar lists out there on Wikipedia, boundless as it is.--Mais oui! 22:38, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * List of Church of England dioceses

 * A few points. Synods are defunct, and had little impact before their abolition. Sure, they are worth recording, but perhaps not given the same prominance as existing parishes and presbyteries. I'm wondering whenther lists is the best way to go, what about:

Thoughts? --Doc ask?  23:22, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) An article on Church of Scotland presbyteries - which can include a list, but also some description of history, merges, and what a presbytery does. Indeed it could include information about any presbytery, which can be split into a seperate article on that presbytery if it gets too long. (List of presbyteries can direct to that).
 * 2) Rename this back to List of Church of Scotland parishes - we can then organise it by presbytery without puting that in the title.
 * 3) Synods might be best included on the Church of Scotland presbyteries article for the moment - as a list and brief note. This can be split out later if anyone developes it (that may never happen). For the time being we could create Church of Scotland synods and List of Church of Scotland synods as redirects to the presbytery page.

 * Sounds very good. In my ignorance I didn't even know Synods had ever existed in the Kirk: I had only ever heard of them re CofE. Shows how often I attend! --Mais oui! 23:49, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's the way to go. We need the list of parishes to be in a form that people can quickly find the link to the individual parish they want, since the number of articles on particular parishes is growing fast.  I doubt if many of the presbyteries or any of the synods are really ever going to need their own article, unless someone out there has very ambitious plans.  A simple list is therefore probably enough, though we may want a fuller description of what these courts did and do.  I agree with mais oui about brackets in the title, incidentally.
 * Something else, though: you have started putting a list of towns which fall the boundaries of each presbytery, but obviously you have a long way to go with that; before you do a vast amount more work on it, we should think about the question of layout of this article, which could easily become cluttered.
 * Another question which I really don't know the answer to: the presbyteries are arranged alphabetically in this article, which is possibly helpful, but in the other one they are arranged according to presbytery number. There may be some wisdom in this - the simple list follows the official pattern, but the list with lots of information between the headings is made user-friendly. So probably that's better left as it is; I just wanted to point it out.
 * But I don't have time right now to do much work on this, so i'm just sticking my oar in to stir things and then I'll let you get on with it. --Doric Loon 12:02, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Since, two months on, there's been no answer to my last comments, I have gone in there and deleted some of what seems to me as clutter. I realise Mais Oui spent some time adding this, but I think honestly that it is out of place. Having dead links to all the presbyteries would only be sensible if one of us were planning to write those articles, and I honestly can't see it. And listing the towns lying within the presbytery bounds (apart from the fact that Mais Oui only did the first five presbyteries and the job is unlikely to be completed) is distracting, as it makes it harder to see the important things, namely the links to the parishes. Besides, as the number of parishes listed here grows, the names of the towns will be clear anyway. --Doric Loon 21:56, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

And another two months on, it looks like nothing much more is happening here, so I have moved the article back to the original title. There is a separate article with a list of presbyteries in a more helpful form for people who are looking for that info. This page does have the presbyteries, but is geared to people looking for the parishes. I hope you agree. --Doric Loon 19:49, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Parish/Parish Church
Um, is this article a list of parishes or a list of churches serving each parish? The article title suggests it should be the former, but the list of churches suggests the latter. For example, "Yester Parish" is very different to "Yester Parish Church". Yester Parish Church serves the parish of Yester, but is not the Parish itself. Even the CofS Yearbook list the Parish names, not the church names. Seems like a pretty big misunderstanding. Tpacw (talk) 16:06, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Details
Somebody (no username) has done a lot of work on the sections of this article on the presbyteries of Aberdeen and Angus. Now I think this is great, but I don't think anybody will be wanting to do the vast job of doing the same for all other presbyteries, and if they did, I think it would make the article too big. Can I suggest that these tables with ministers' names and times of services are just too detailed for this article. I don't want to delete good work, but I would imagine that moving that information to new aritcles on Presbytery of Aberdeen and Presbytery of Angus etc would be better (a few other presbyteries have their own articles - Glasgow, Europe) and that this article should be left as a list of only those parishes which have their own wiki articles. --Doric Loon (talk) 15:45, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

Structure
Yesterday I added to this article several more lists of parishes but I agree with some comments above that the article will get too big if that happens to them all. Should I create articles for every individual presbytery which would contain the detailed info here. It would take time but I think would be easier in the long term--Uvghifds (talk) 16:26, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

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text:
Rhine knee

The Rhine knee or Rhine's knee (Rheinknie) is the name of several distinctive bends in the course of the river Rhine.

Basel
In Basel, the Rhine changes its westerly direction of flow in an angle of 90 degrees to a northerly direction, along the borders of France and Germany, to flow to the North Sea. From a political viewpoint, the Rhine knee is near the tripoint of France, Germany and Switzerland. Therefore, this region is called Regio TriRhena. The Basel knee separates the High Rhine from the Upper Rhine section.

The whole Rhine knee lies within Swiss territory and is settled by the city of Basel and its adjacent municipalities Riehen and Bettingen. Farther north are the German cities of Lörrach and Weil am Rhein as well as the French towns Huningue and Saint Louis.

The Basel knee arose in the last glacial period (Würm glaciation), when the river flowed directly from today's Grenzach-Wyhlen west of the city to the area of Weil am Rhein in the north. The northern Wiese tributary transported large rubble and gravel sediments from the Feldberg glacier into the Rhine Valley, enforcing the river's characteristic bend to the south.

Bingen
The Upper Rhine again changes its flow direction from west to north at another bend near the German town of Bingen and the mouth of the Nahe tributary. Coming here from the city of Mainz, parallel to the crest of the Rhenish Massif, the turn to the north at Bingen marks the opening of a water gap between the Hunsrück mountain range in the west and the Taunus in the east, stretching up to Koblenz in the north and separating the Upper from the Middle Rhine.

The Rhine narrows at the site are called Bingen Hole (Binger Loch), marked by the Mouse Tower on an island in the river and uphill Ehrenfels Castle. Until several blasting operations in the 19th century, an underwater reef of quartzite was a great threat to ship transport.

Düsseldorf
There is also a bridge in Düsseldorf called "Rhine knee bridge".

title: Rhine knee


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User:AlexHorovitz

Alex Horovitz is just this guy. He is a technologist who works for Apple, Inc.

title: User:AlexHorovitz