text:
User:Anders Nilsson~enwiki

About me
I'm Anders, living in Stockholm, Sweden.

title: User:Anders Nilsson~enwiki


text:
Talk:The Scotsman

Untitled
Removed: "While more than every London-based title put together" How does 80,000 issues compare to the London papers? lots of issues | leave me a message 13:31, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Political Allegiance
I'm not sure that the recent change to an untidy and unnecessarily linked "no political allegiance" is for the best. While there was seemingly nothing wrong with centre-right, could we not discuss whether that ought to have been changed? For all I know stances may have changed since the sale of the paper which may have seen a slightly more liberal line in editorial opinion, however I can not make any claims. If any change has occurred due to this, I doubt it would amount to "no political allegiance"... 86.135.171.89 20:37, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Does "rabid anti-SNP drivel" count as an allegiance? Shame there won't be a usable source with that description... - TG  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.74.84.18 (talk) 21:17, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

...Fast forward eight years...

This is still an issue. I see we’ve tried “independent”, “centrist”, some kind of “syncretism” thing, and most recently “Conservative” with a link to the relevant wiki page. The problem is, there doesn’t appear to be a whole lot of discussion prior to changes, and so we’re leaving it subject to whomever wants to make an unchallenged assertion. For that reason, I’ve reverted the recent change back to “Centrist”, for the time being anyway. (I’m not saying it’s not Conservative, but we shouldn’t be accepting what is, in this context, the mere opinion of a single editor. We need something more than that.)

SO, I propose that we leave it as-is or, perhaps better, just take the field out, until such times as it has been discussed and a consensus reached. And just by way of gentle reminder: what we want on this or any other WP page is not what we believe to be the case, but what we can show that reliable sources believe to be the case. Our job is not to say what are the facts. Our job is to say what those sources say are the facts. 70.123.153.76 (talk) 18:22, 2 March 2019 (UTC)

...Fast forward another two:...

They are not particularly politically aligned. Being SNP-sceptical doesn't make it right-wing and the source linked to back up that assertion doesn't give any reasoning for it's "conservative" moniker. It's often quite critical of what the rest of the country would consider 'right wing' so this doesn't make sense. I do not feel that it meets WP:RS either, unless someone can prove me wrong on that. Will leave for now, but I am very very sceptical that this is accurate. OH NO IT'S cmn HIDE YOUR MUM HIDE YOUR WIFE ( ❝❞ /✍ ) 09:06, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

The Times: "Scotsman staff condemn ‘disgusting’ treatment as Editor-in-Chief is sacked"
Short extract from Times article:

"Mike Wade Published at 12:01AM, April 13 2012 Devastated staff at Scotsman newspapers walked out in disgust yesterday after the shock dismissal of John McLellan, the group’s Editor-in-Chief. The latest victim of a cull of senior management by Johnston Press, Britain’s second largest newspaper publisher, Mr McLellan’s treatment was described as “utterly disgusting, demoralising and demeaning” by one senior journalist. The Scotsman, which sold more than 90,000 copies a day 20 years ago, had an estimated sale of 30,000 on Easter Monday, a decline that mirrors the fate of many regional titles. “This role (Editor-in-Chief) which has overall editorial responsibility for The Scotsman, The Edinburgh Evening News and Scotland on Sunday, will cease to exist,” said Mr Richardson, a former McVities manager, responsible for HobNobs and Ginger Nuts. “The editors of each title will report directly to the managing director of the Scottish Publishing Unit.” The memo added that Angus Morrison, the managing director of Angus Country Press has also left his post. The announcement over the company’s intranet was greeted with shock by journalists. Mr McLellan is a substantial figure in the newspaper industry, and sits on the Press Complaints Commission. As editor of The Scotsman, and overseeing the publication of both Scotland on Sunday and The Edinburgh Evening News, he was an important part of Johnston Press Scotland. Until 9am yesterday." --Mais oui! (talk) 04:34, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Magnus Linklater, the former editor, is questioning whether the title can now survive. Also seems to be a move of features and magazine production to England. --Mais oui! (talk) 04:40, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Magazine production from England means production - not content. Scotsman pubs' journalists are based around Scotland. Also, Mike Wade is a known friend of John McLellan: the views he reported were very partial. Staff morale improved with the appointment of Ian Stewart. Mr Stewart is also a substantial figure in journalism. McLellan is now working for the Scottish Conservatives — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.131.204 (talk) 23:23, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

"Unionist"
OK - I know I'm stepping into a viper's nest here, but I'm going to tackle the multiple uses of the word "Unionist" which have been added to the article by an anonymous user. There are a couple of problems with this, which might not be apparent especially to readers outside Scotland:

 * The word "Unionist" is a loaded and confusing one in Scotland. Those who are in favour of independence will often describe their opponents as Unionist, but those who are against independence do not always self-identify in those terms.  A more NPOV term would be "pro-union", or "against independence".  Citation:
 * Although the majority of people probably would agree that the Scotsman is against independence, its official position is that it hasn't decided yet. Citation:  (final section).

If the article is going to make these statements, then they need to be rigorously supported by citations from neutral sources (so not, for example, websites which campaign for indepdendence).

For the time being I'm going to add some tags to the article, to give the person who added these words an opportunity to add citations. Mortonhall (talk) 10:04, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

Good point: also at the last election, the Scotsman recommended backing the SNP! Hardly the act of a staunch Unionist journal. It is more accurate to describe the paper as "centre right" in outlook — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.131.204 (talk) 23:17, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

It is probably fair to say the paper is SNP-sceptical, in the face of recent assertions by the scottish government that membership of the EU would not be problematic if Scotland became independent. The Scotsman had a scoop in December, revealing a letter had been written by the EU president Jose Manuel Barroso stating that this was not the case. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.131.204 (talk) 23:35, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

accuracy
The article says that the paper has an audited circulation of 28,500, but the link to the source clearly says this is just an industry analysis and not the ABC figure 195.59.102.211 (talk) 20:25, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130101125719/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk:80/node/49153 to http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/49153

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abc PressGazette Belastro (talk) 16:53, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Scotsman


text:
NeoMagic

NeoMagic Corporation is a fabless semiconductor company and supplier of low-power audio and video integrated circuits for mobile use (MagicMedia).

In October 2012, NeoMagic entered into the e-commerce arena with the acquisition of its MercadoMagico.com division. MercadoMagico.com provides a multivendor platform where users buy and sell products from one another or buy electronic products directly.

History
NeoMagic Corporation was founded in 1993 in California. Working with semiconductor vendor Mitsubishi Electric as a key foundry supplier, NeoMagic introduced its first graphics processors in 1995; these were notable for being the first chips to combine a graphics logic and DRAM video memory into one chip. As this was a more power-efficient method than ones previously used by graphics processors, most of the major laptop manufacturers of the time began to use NeoMagic graphics chips in their systems. In 2000, NeoMagic left the laptop market completely, and switched their focus to producing systems on a chip, or SOCs, for mobile phones and other handheld devices, like PDAs. The firm's first handheld chips were unveiled in 2001, when NeoMagic introduced the MiMagic line. The initial MiMagic chips were based on a 32-bit MIPS Technologies RISC processor core, and featured 4MB of embedded DRAM, as well as a 1024x768-capable graphics chip, and an AC'97-compatible sound processor. Subsequent versions of the MiMagic chip family starting from the MiMagic 3 in 2002, were based on 32-bit ARM RISC processor cores. In October 2012, NeoMagic acquired MercadoMagico.com. In November 2023 they acquired Advanced Microwave Incorporated.

Adoption
These chips were used in a number of different laptop computers. In 1998, Red Hat was able to release the source code of the XFree86 driver developed by Precision Insight Inc. which was previously distributed as proprietary software. The NeoMagic driver included in the Linux kernel is partly based on the XFree86 one.

title: NeoMagic


text:
User:Balenman

Hi..

nl:Gebruiker:Balenman

title: User:Balenman


text:
Gems (Aerosmith album)

Gems is a compilation album released by Aerosmith in 1988 under the label Columbia. It was the first compilation of studio material since 1980's Greatest Hits. Concentrating mainly on heavier material than the radio-friendly singles output on Greatest Hits, the album is noted for the inclusion of the 1978 studio version of "Chip Away The Stone" – previously released as a single from 1978's Live! Bootleg, only a live rendition of the song was released at the time. Originally scheduled for release on November 8, 1988, the album was delayed one week and issued on November 15, 1988.

In 2007 The album was released by Sony BMG as part of their 'Collections' series entitled 'Greatest Hits' and reissued the following year by Sony in their 'Steel Box' series.

Personnel

 * Aerosmith
 * Steven Tyler – lead vocals, harmonica, piano, producer
 * Tom Hamilton – bass
 * Joey Kramer – drums, percussion
 * Joe Perry – lead and rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Brad Whitford – rhythm and lead guitar
 * Additional musicians
 * Jimmy Crespo – lead guitar on "Jailbait"
 * Rick Dufay – rhythm guitar on "Jailbait"
 * David Woodford – Saxophone
 * Richard Supa – Piano
 * Scott Cushnie – Piano
 * Mark Radice - Piano on "Chip Away The Stone"
 * Uncredited guitarist on some songs.
 * Production
 * David Krebs – Executive Producer
 * Steve Leber – Executive Producer
 * Gary Lyons – Producer
 * Adrian Barber – Producer
 * Tony Bongiovi – Producer
 * Jack Douglas – Producer
 * Ray Colcord – Producer
 * Don DeVito – Digital Producer
 * John Ingrassia – Project Administrator
 * James Diener – Project Director
 * Mark Wilder – Assembly, Engineer, Digital Mastering
 * Keith Garde – Creative Supervision
 * Caroline Greyshock – Photography
 * Jimmy Ienner Jr. – Photography
 * Darren S. Winston – Creative Consultant
 * Joel Zimmerman – Art Supervisor
 * Lisa Sparagano – Design
 * Ken Fredette – Design
 * Vic Anesini – Digital Mastering

title: Gems (Aerosmith album)


text:
Talk:Gems (Aerosmith album)

Vandalism
Somebody vandlised this page, but I fixed it. We may want to watch it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gen. Quon (talk • contribs) 21:11, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Aerosmith - Gems.JPG
Image:Aerosmith - Gems.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:36, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Alternate cover
Hi, I've tried to add an alternate cover and just copied from another example, but somethings wrong in the formatting some how. need to add:

 * Misc         = {{Extra album cover
 * Upper caption = Greatest Hits: Steel Box Collection
 * Type         = greatest
 * Cover        = Aerosmith - steel box.jpg
 * Lower caption = 2008 Steel Box Collection

Can someone fix please? Yellowxander (talk) 17:52, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gems (Aerosmith album)


text:
Electropherogram

An electropherogram (also called electrophoretogram, sequencing chromatogram, EPG, and e-gram) is a record or chart produced when electrophoresis is used in an analytical technique, primarily in the fields of forensic biology, molecular biology, and biochemistry. The method plots data points that represent a specific time and fluorescence intensity at various wavelengths of light to represent a DNA profile.

In the field of genetics, an electropherogram is a plot of DNA fragment sizes, typically used for genotyping such as DNA sequencing. The data is plotted with time, shown via base pairs (bps), on the x-axis and fluorescence intensity on the y-axis. Such plots are often achieved using an instrument such as an automated DNA sequencer paired with capillary electrophoresis (CE). Such electropherograms may be used to determine DNA sequence genotypes, or genotypes that are based on the length of specific DNA fragments or number of short tandem repeats (STR) at a specific locus by comparing the sample to internal size standards and allelic ladder data using the same size standard. These genotypes can be used for:

 * genealogical DNA testing
 * DNA paternity testing
 * DNA profiling
 * phylogenetics
 * population genetics

title: Electropherogram


text: User talk:63.83.35.3

title: User talk:63.83.35.3


text:
St. Marx Cemetery

St. Marx Cemetery (Sankt Marxer Friedhof) is a cemetery in the Landstraße district of Vienna, used from 1784 until 1874. It contains the unmarked grave of the famous composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

History
The cemetery was named after a nearby almshouse whose chapel had been consecrated to St Mark. It opened in 1784 following a decree by Emperor Joseph II that forbade further burials in cemeteries within the outer walls of the city of Vienna. He also ordered that bodies should be buried in unmarked graves, without coffins or embalming. This regulation however never came into effect in Vienna, because the government of the city denied its approval because the populace did not want to be reminded of the mass graves of plague times. There were no mass graves in late 18th-century Vienna.

Thus the common assumption that Mozart's grave was unmarked because he was too poor is false. His burial in 1791 after a funeral in the Stephansdom simply followed the regulations of the day.

Notable interments
It includes the graves of:
 * Johann Georg Albrechtsberger
 * Elias Parish Alvars
 * Josepha Barbara Auernhammer
 * Count Philipp von Cobenzl
 * Anton Diabelli
 * Baron Ernst von Feuchtersleben
 * Johann Baptist Gänsbacher
 * Anna Gottlieb
 * Josef Madersperger
 * Louis Montoyer
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * Franz Pfeiffer
 * Josef Strauss
 * Franz Xaver Süssmayr (unmarked)
 * Alexander Ypsilantis

Mozart
The most famous person to be buried in the St. Marx Cemetery is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Later attempts to locate his grave all failed, including a search by his widow, 17 years after Mozart's death, and by Vincent Novello in 1829. In 1855 a gravestone was erected at what was presumed to be the correct spot. Later the stone was transferred to a group of famous musicians' graves at Zentralfriedhof. At St. Marx Cemetery, a worker replaced the gravestone with a memorial tablet, which was again expanded by several contributors. The memorial known today was refurbished by Viennese sculptor Florian Josephu-Drouot in 1950.

After closing
Over the years, the rest of the cemetery decayed. In the 20th century it was restored, put under historic preservation status, and opened to the public in 1937.

title: St. Marx Cemetery


text:
User talk:Cj.23

Welcome
Welcome to Wikipedia, the greatest encyclopedia on Earth! You seem to be off to a good start. Hopefully you will soon join the vast army of Wikipediholics!

You may wish to review the welcome page, tutorial, and stylebook, as well as the avoiding common mistakes and Wikipedia is not pages.

Here are some helpful links:
 * Merge, for information about merging, renaming and moving pages.
 * Wikipedia directory is also quite useful.
 * Meet other new users You may want to add yourself to the Wikipedia new user log.
 * Assign edits to your username from before you registered.
 * Be Bold!
 * Don't let grumpy users scare you off.
 * Play nice with others
 * Contribute, Contribute, Contribute!
 * Tell us about you
 * How to upload files and image copyright tags.

By the way, an important tip: To sign comments on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~~~~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments.

Hope to see you around the Wiki! If you have any questions whatsoever, feel free to contact me on my talk page! Your very welcome. Here are some helpful links that you may or may not know about. Feel free to contact me for any questions you may have, and thanks for your message. ∞ Who ? ¿ ? 13:36, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

February 2010
If you are affiliated with some of the people, places or things you have written about, you may have a conflict of interest. In keeping with Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy, edits where there is a conflict of interest, or where such a conflict might reasonably be inferred, are strongly discouraged. If you have a conflict of interest, you should avoid or exercise great caution when:
 * 1) editing or creating articles related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with;
 * 2) participating in deletion discussions about articles related to your organization or its competitors; and
 * 3) linking to the Wikipedia article or website of your organization in other articles (see Spam).

Please familiarize yourself with relevant policies and guidelines, especially those pertaining to neutral point of view, verifiability of information, and autobiographies.

For information on how to contribute to Wikipedia when you have a conflict of interest, please see our frequently asked questions for organizations. Thank you. Verbal chat  21:27, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Hi Verbal. I'm not formally doing this for the Society, nor am I a member of the Communications Committee. Hence why Tom asked me to take a look: I'm a wiki-user with a good knowledge of the history of psychical research and parapsychology - nothing more. :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.235.152.70 (talk) 02:17, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Boston Society for Psychical Research
A tag has been placed on Boston Society for Psychical Research requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a club, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guidelines for people and for organizations. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Verbal chat  21:28, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Boston Society for Psychical Research
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Boston Society for Psychical Research. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Boston Society for Psychical Research. Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:03, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Ben Devlin

A tag has been placed on Ben Devlin requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that the page was nominated in error, contest the nomination by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion" in the speedy deletion tag. Doing so will take you to the talk page where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but do not hesitate to add information that is consistent with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. MrOllie (talk) 20:31, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cj.23


text:
User:Pydos

Hiya,

Pydos here...

I was a student of Yale College Wrexham (note NOT THE UNI), and yes am responsible for the terrible page about it. I love wikipedia because it brings everybody together in pursuit of knowledge. I do a lot of good work (mostly small edits, but occasionally new pages such as Louie Knight) if you see anything good i've done please leave a message on my talk page.

I am studying Law at Aberystwyth University (Wales), so am interested in the law pages here (but not the overtly American law portal). I am interested in postgrad work after it (possibly a Batchelor of Common Law)

'''I'm on a wikibreak at the moment, so may be one or off wikipedia sporadically. A law degree is a lot of work so I cannot guarantee when I will be on or not. Be Bold and use your best judgement without me (but it's on your own head) '''
 * Is this user a Holmesian? Well his AS English language coursework was a Sherlock Holmes pastiche, and the commentary was 2218 words long!!!

Tasks

 * Chill out (ALL EXAMS FINISHED. NOW AT AMBER ALERT).  I need to stop re-writing my exams in my head =-(
 * Get my bloody money back off Julian
 * remind myself what 8 hours of sleep feels like again
 * Enjoy myself...but i cannot use an eliptical sentence with a single verb - "you will not use 'party' as a main verb in my shop!"
 * Get Sherlock Holmes to become a featured article!!!
 * Salute the wonder that is Rosie Kendrick

Web Comics
Until I learn how to draw one myself (and, lets face it, find enough time) these are absolutely brilliant. Please check them out!

 * http://thinkingapeblues.com - Abe, Bob and Carl and their adventures in a dystopia (or is it merely somewhere in America with more zepplins?) as they reflect on the human (ape and robot) condition. Not for the naturally optimists among you

 * http://www.girlgeniusonline.com/ - 'sparks' interfere with the industrial revolution and total war breaks out! Where are the Heterodyne boys when you need them [or failing that a clank]?  Steampunk becomes gaslamp romance in the online version of the well known series

 * http://www.smbc-comics.com - Not a story as such, more a series of amusing vignettes

Music
I am a fan of Jazz and particularly acid Jazz. I really like Courtney Pine, but in the more acid areas the inimitable Zero Seven (you've heard Jose Gonsalez all of you!) , Sébastien Tellier (but can you find La Ritournelle for love or money? NO!) and some 'Little Fish' and 'Cloud' sounds good too. 'Two banks of Four' and 'Polar Bear' show promise as I love Chill EJazz - Rosie Kendrick rocks! I need to buy some Jazzanova - notably 'Secret Love 2' and whatever their latest one is. Helps to kno that Jazzanova now work for Sonar Kollectiv of course!

Favourite Quotes
Lord Peter Wimsey may have believed that quoting others was a substitute for real thought, but we know thats wrong. Here are some of my favourite quotes - both wit and wisdom;

 * what's good isn't original, and what's original isn't good - Samuel Johnson

 * This essay would not (should not?) have passed at GCSE - Bill, my history teacher, a tab - but i still got an A at AS-level (I stress this is through extreme hard work and not because A-level is easy!!!)

 * Lifes not like coursework baby - it's one damn essay crisis after another! - Boris Johnson

 * When one burns ones bridges what a pretty fire it makes Dylan Thomas - a fellow countryman

 * The thing I love about fox hunting is that you get to meet people from all walks of life - lawyers, doctors, peers - everyone! - one MFH, quoted by Mark Steel

 * [Judge]I find you a fecund liar, but i am forced to let you go
 * [defendent]Aye, you're a fecund good judge

 * "Circumstantial evidence is a very tricky thing, answered Holmes thoughtfully. It may seem to point very straight to one thing, but if you shift your own point of view a little, you may find it pointing in an equally uncompromising manner to something entirely different." 'The Boscombe Valley Mystery'

 * "I am an omnivorous reader with a strangely retentive memory for trifles." - explains me on wikipedia - 'The Adventure of The Lion's Mane'

 * "How happy is the blameless Vestal's lot!
 * The world forgetting, by the world forgot;
 * Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind!
 * Each pray'r accepted, and each wish resign'd." - by an ancestor of mine

 * "You are put on this earth to piss around. Don't let anyone tell you anything different" - Kurt Vonnegut

 * "Reason as motive, or reason as logic, or reason as a way of life?  They don't have to give me a reason - i can write my own damn reasons!" - Smiley - Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy

 * "I don't know how you survived - you were thoughtful, discrete and good at your job" - Tinker, Tailor

 * "I had eighteen straight whiskeys. I think this is a record." - Dylan Thomas. Only 18?  what a weakling!

 * "Oh brave new world that hath such people in it" - The Tempest

 * "Integra Lex Aequi Custos Rectique Magistra Non Habet Affectus Sed Causas Gubernat" (Impartial justice, guardian of equity, mistress of the law, without fear or favour rules men's causes aright) - the motto of Gray's Inn

 * To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
 * Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
 * To the last syllable of recorded time;
 * And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
 * The way to dusty death. Macbeth (Act V, Scene V)

Pydos - the film
Just some fun, taglines for what my life might be like if someone recognised my bright future...and made a film!

 * 'She was a CSI fanatic, he wanted to change the world...'
 * 'Worlds that cannot be...'
 * 'United they fell...'
 * 'He knew he was right - no one else seemed to notice' (comic)
 * 'to see her one last time...' (I admit this would be based on Tapestry)
 * 'Where the falling angel meets the rising ape'

Expertise

 * Ancient History

 * Egyptology

 * Sherlock Holmes et al

 * Doctor Who

 * Freemasonry

 * Literature

 * International Diplomacy

 * British Culture

 * British History

 * International Politics

 * Human Rights

 * Philosophy

 * Cryptography

Portals
Classic Civilisation - created this one

Star Trek added significantly to this one

coming soon...the Sherlock Holmes portal...'

Hope you find that useful.

title: User:Pydos


text:
Talk:Why I Am Not a Christian

Merge
User:BM tried to merge this into Bertrand Russell but I think it deserves its own article. Dunc|☺ 13:37, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Some sources
Hi I probably won't do much on this article but there was an edit conflict and the AfD was closed before I could post this, so here is my bit which contains lots of sources which might help.:)

 Christian responses, to be used for NPOV. We even have an article Why I Am Not a Muslim which shows it has inspired other books. Someone has also written a why I am not a hindu too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Merkinsmum (talk • contribs) 21:01, 27 August 2007 (UTC)
 * strong keep omg! (joke) this is only a thing that is on a lot of courses in schools and universities, and one of the most well known texts on atheism, esp. of the 20th century! the guardian, british reputable broadsheet).  Lauded in the British Medical Journal .  In use at Uni

Capital A
The A should not be capitalized; see the third paragraph here. Because, ironically enough, it was moved to a captial A ~2 hours ago, I wont move it until I get feedback. i said 07:31, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * moved back. pretty plain following of procedure.--ZayZayEM 11:55, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, since it had just moved, I decided it was best to talk here first. Thanks though. i said 13:13, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Missing External Link
The first external link containing all the text is broken. Does anyone know of another link? If not it must be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.91.241.213 (talk) 17:34, 26 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I've replaced it with a working link. Thanks for the heads-up! Skomorokh  17:50, 26 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The link doesn't work for me. Could someone provide another one, please? I am going to translate this article to Polish some day, and reliable sources are a must. BartłomiejB (talk) 14:05, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

Tag
I am sort of amused about the lede - "devastating in its use of cold logic" and "among the most influential books of the 20th century" and the "born-again-atheist" confession in the end of this. Instead of blurb for the already faithless, I would be interested if anything was new in that essay, if so, tell the reader and check as well wether anything found something original about it. For influential stuff filling the bookstore racks till today, see Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. Russell? Serten II (talk) 11:19, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Done with it. Merry Christmas! Serten II (talk) 12:34, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Serten II's edits
I noticed these edits by this morning. To my eye, this appears to be POV: removing detail/sources/positive reception of the work while most prominently adding a paragraph on Why I Am Not a Secularist. Maybe someone else has a better sense of what's due in terms of the whole of reliable sources on the subject? --—  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 14:23, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

 * I am OK with having the links in the full text again, but not in the lede. I will do so, but it takes some time. Connolley IS a fully reliable source, while the erased ones were mere newspaper blurb, and I doubt the "It changed my life" essay was anything reasonable. Serten II (talk) 14:30, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Similar Titles?
What’s the point of the section on similarly titled works by other authors? What does a list of titles like “Why I Am ________” or “Why I Am Not __________” have to do with the price of tea in China? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1005:B143:BC55:9445:B800:EBF0:99B1 (talk) 17:11, 5 March 2021 (UTC)

Preceded by Enlightenment
Bertrand Russell was of course preceded by the Enlightenment that influenced both the French and American Revolution. The French Revolution decided to outright ban Christianity (which it did not, but has been officially ostracised by the French Republic and deemed a Cult since the French Separation of Church from State in 1905). The American Revolution took a different tack - it decided to dilute Christianity by introducing Freedom of Belief by ostracizing the Monopoly of Belief in the Bible. So you see, Bertrand Russell was old hat long before he was even born. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.25.24.174 (talk) 09:05, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Why I Am Not a Christian


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Western history in a nutshell

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete -- Francs2000 | Talk 14:52, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Western history in a nutshell
My first thought was rename - but this article needs both a new name and new content - this is a POV essay in the style of 1066 and all that - not an encyclopedia article - if an encyclopedic article can be written on the History of the West' (and I have my doubts) this is not where it should start from --Doc (?) 13:37, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete everything encyclopedic is really "in a nutshell." If anything add an appropriate Timeline. Mmmbeer 15:20, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, The text is moved from Western culture. Please note that I have created the article with the "clean-up" denomination. I would prefer another name and a cleaned up content.
 * Problem with cleaning up the articles Western culture and Western world is that many views exist on what Western culture and Western world actually mean (which is a matter of definition).
 * For some reason, people present these lengthy contributions in these articles.
 * The added value of seperating this content in a new article and adding "in a nutshell" is to avoid a endless discussion and lenghty contributions in the other two articles. It becomes manageable.
 * 83.162.19.42 15:54, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Clone of existing article, "in a nutshell" is not encyclopedic. A large article should have leaf sub-articles to keep reasonable size, not clones. Pavel Vozenilek 17:37, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this badly-titled fork and return this material to Western culture where it belongs. History of the West would be a good summary article, but this is not it. Christopher Parham (talk) 18:00, 2005 July 26 (UTC)
 * Merge Why is this not in Western culture? Robert A West 20:46, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Bad title, since encyclopedia articles should be compendious; and the whole concept has a Whiggish POV. William Avery 14:51, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't know whether it's productive to talk about "Western History" at all. Title is mildly unencyclopedic.  Delete.  Slac  speak up!  22:05, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Coolgardie, Western Australia

Coolgardie is a small town in Western Australia, 558 km east of the state capital, Perth. It has a population of approximately 850 people.

Although Coolgardie is now known to most Western Australians as a tourist town and a mining ghost town, it was once the third largest town in Western Australia (after Perth and Fremantle). At this time, mining of alluvial gold was a major industry and supplied the flagging economy with new hope. Many miners suffered under the harsh conditions, but for a few, their find made the hard work worthwhile. Most men, however, left poorer than they had started off, with their hopes dashed.

History
Coolgardie was founded in 1892, when gold was discovered in the area known as Fly Flat by prospectors Arthur Wellesley Bayley and William Ford. Australia had seen several major gold rushes over the previous three decades, mostly centred on the east coast, but these had mostly been exhausted by the 1890s. With the discovery of a new goldfield, an entire new gold rush began, with thousands flocking to the area. The Municipality of Coolgardie was established in 1894. By 1898, Coolgardie was the third largest town in the colony, with an estimated population of 5,008 (3,151 men and 1,857 women). At its peak, 700 mining companies based in Coolgardie were registered with the London Stock Exchange. The town also supported a wide variety of businesses and services, including the railway connection between Perth and Kalgoorlie, a swimming pool (first public baths in the state), many hotels and several newspapers.

The value of Coolgardie to the colony in the late 1890s was so very significant that it was used as leverage to force Western Australia to join the Australian federation. Britain and the eastern colonies threatened to create a new state to be named Auralia around Coolgardie and other regional goldfields, such as Kalgoorlie, if the government in Perth did not agree to hold a referendum on federation. The Western Australian government reluctantly complied and a referendum was held just in time to become a founding state in the new federation. When federation did occur in 1901, Coolgardie was the centre of a federal electorate, the Division of Coolgardie. Soon after in November 1901, Alf Morgans from the state electorate of Coolgardie briefly became Premier of Western Australia. Albert Thomas, also of Coolgardie, was elected the first Member of Dundas, an electoral division south of Coolgardie.

However, the gold began to decrease in the early 1900s, and by World War I, the town was in serious decline. The federal electorate was abolished in 1913 due to the diminished population, as many of its residents left for other towns where the gold was still plentiful, and it soon ceased to be a municipality. The situation remained unchanged throughout the century, as its population slipped to around 200 and it became a virtual ghost town. An example of this decline is that, in March 1896, Coolgardie's main street was lit by an electric light, but by April 1924, the same street was lit by four hurricane lamps.

Despite this, many of the buildings from the town's peak were retained, which in recent years has helped start a small revival in the town's fortunes. The development of a tourist industry has once again created some employment in the town, resulting in a small increase in population. Coolgardie appears to be no longer in danger of dying.

Muslim Afghan cameleers
When the Coolgardie gold rush occurred in 1894, the Afghan cameleers (so-called, although some of them did not originate in Afghanistan) were quick to move in. The goldfields could not have continued without the food and water they transported. In March that year, a caravan of six Afghans, forty-seven camels and eleven calves, set out across the desert from Marree to the goldfield. It arrived in July with the camels, carrying between 135 and 270 kg each, in good condition. Another fifty-eight camels for Coolgardie arrived by ship in Albany in September.

By 1898 there were 300 members of the Muslim community in Coolgardie and 80 on average attended Friday prayer. Coolgardie held the main Muslim community in the colony at that time. There was not one Muslim woman amongst them, no marriages were performed and no burials, reflecting a relatively young and transient population.

Similar to the other structures, simple mud and tin-roofed mosques were initially constructed in the town. All of the Afghan Muslim population eventually relocated from Coolgardie generally to Perth, the new capital of Western Australia. Racism was very common towards the Afghan cameleers. There were reports of unsolved murders, and torture of Afghan-owned animals.

Transport
Great Eastern Highway (National Highway 94) runs through the town as Bayley Street. Just to the town's east, Highway 94 turns south onto Coolgardie-Esperance Highway, which heads towards Norseman, the starting point of the route east across the Nullarbor Plain.

Originally the narrow gauge railway to Kalgoorlie, the Eastern Goldfields Railway passed through Coolgardie, until 1968, when the new standard gauge line was built to the north on a new route.

The Transwa Prospector train stops 14 km north of the town at Bonnie Vale. There is a very limited public bus service to the town on the Kalgoorlie to Perth route, although school bus services are more frequent.

Goldfields
In the 1890s four goldfields were gazetted with Coolgardie as reference point:

 * Coolgardie Goldfield           (1894)
 * East Coolgardie Goldfield      (1894)
 * North Coolgardie Goldfield     (1895)
 * North-east Coolgardie Goldfield (1896)

Despite the changes to the Kalgoorlie region, Coolgardie still has a Mining Registrar.

In popular culture
The Denver City Hotel was the setting for the 2016 documentary Hotel Coolgardie while the town itself was used as the setting for the fictional town of Jardine in the 2022 mini-series, "Mystery Road: Origin."

title: Coolgardie, Western Australia


text:
Paris Protocol (1952)

On 28 August 1952 the then NATO member states signed the Paris Protocol  in Paris. Its official title is "On the Status of International Military Headquarters Set up Pursuant to the North Atlantic Treaty" and it establishes the status of allied and national headquarters and respective procedures. The Protocol is part of the so-called NATO legal acquis.

All NATO member states have ratified the protocol, except Finland and Sweden. France ratified the protocol in 1955 but denounced its ratification in 1966, then ratified the protocol again in 2016.

title: Paris Protocol (1952)


text:
Anna Bligh

Anna Maria Bligh (born 14 July 1960) is a lobbyist and former Australian politician who served as the 37th Premier of Queensland, in office from 2007 to 2012 as leader of the Queensland Labor Party. She was the first woman to hold either position. In 2017, she was appointed CEO of the Australian Banking Association.

Bligh was born in Warwick, Queensland, and studied at the University of Queensland. Before entering politics she worked for various community organisations. Bligh entered the Queensland Legislative Assembly at the 1995 state election, winning the seat of South Brisbane. She was promoted to the ministry in 1998, under Peter Beattie, and became deputy premier in 2005 and state treasurer in 2006. Bligh succeeded Beattie as premier in 2007 – Queensland's first female premier and Australia's third. She led Labor to victory at the 2009 state election, but at the 2012 election suffered a landslide defeat and announced her retirement from politics. From 2010 to 2011, Bligh was National President of the Australian Labor Party.

Early life
Bligh was born in Warwick, Queensland. She is a descendant of William Bligh, who is famous for the Mutiny on the Bounty and being the 4th Governor of New South Wales. Bligh grew up on the Gold Coast. Her parents separated when she was 13. She attended Catholic schools until Year 9 and considered becoming a nun. One of her aunts became a nun and another had entered a convent. However, the church's attitude towards divorced people (her mother was no longer permitted to take Communion) reportedly estranged her and her mother from the church.

Studying at the University of Queensland from 1978, Bligh gained a Bachelor of Arts. Bligh traces her politicisation to her first year at University, observing a right-to-march rally in King George Square where people were being hit over the head by the police. Bligh's first involvement in activism was student protests against the Vice-Chancellor Brian Wilson's controversial administrative restructuring within the university. She then went on to be involved in the Women's Rights Collective which campaigned for legalised abortion against the anti-abortion policies of the Bjelke-Petersen government. Bligh's next role was as Women's vice-president of the Student Union. She then ran an election ticket called EAT (Education Action Team) in an unsuccessful bid to oust the faction in charge, headed by the future Goss government identity David Barbagallo. Law student Paul Lucas, Bligh's future deputy premier, was a part of Barbagallo's team. Her 1982 team included the former Minister for Education, Training and the Arts Rod Welford. Anne Warner, who was a future Minister in the Goss Government, was an office holder at the time in the Union. Warner soon become one of Bligh's key political mentors.

She subsequently worked in a number of community organisations, including child care services, neighbourhood centres, women's refuges and trade unions as well as in the Queensland Public Service.

Bligh was the secretary of the Labor Party's Fairfield branch in 1987.

Parliament
Bligh was first elected to parliament at the 1995 election to the safe Labor seat of South Brisbane, succeeding Anne Warner. A member of the Socialist Left faction of the Labor Party, she was promoted to the ministry following the election of the Beattie government in 1998 as Minister for Families, Youth and Community Care and Disability Services. In 2001, Bligh became Queensland's first female Education Minister. She assumed additional responsibility for the Arts portfolio in 2004.

Education Minister
As Education Minister, Bligh introduced a number of reforms, including a universally available Prep year in every Queensland Primary school, which added a thirteenth year of education and brought Queensland schooling into line with other Australian States for the first time. She lifted the entry age of schooling, while also transforming early childhood education which led to an increase in kindergarten programs from 28% of 3-4 year olds to 94%.

Bligh also oversaw the introduction of “Earning or Learning” laws, requiring all young people aged 15 to 17 to be enrolled in school or in full-time work – effectively lifting the school leaving age from 15 to 17 - the first such laws in Australia.

Deputy Premier
In July 2005, the retirement of the Deputy Premier and Treasurer Terry Mackenroth forced a cabinet reshuffle, which saw Bligh promoted to the office of Deputy Premier and Minister for Finance, State Development, Trade and Innovation. Bligh's appointment as Deputy Premier coincided with her election to parliament ten years earlier. In early February 2006, Bligh also gained the Treasury portfolio after Beattie relinquished the responsibility to focus on attempting to fix the state's troubled health system.

Premier
Bligh had long been touted as a likely successor to the long-running Premier Peter Beattie, and he publicly endorsed her as his replacement when he announced his retirement from politics on 10 September 2007.

She was subsequently nominated unopposed by the Labor caucus in a deal that saw Paul Lucas from the Right faction succeed her as Deputy Premier. She became the leader of the Labor Party on 12 September. After Beattie formally resigned on 13 September 2007, Bligh was sworn in by the then Governor Quentin Bryce. Bligh led Labor to victory in the 2009 state election. Bligh lost eight seats from the large majority she'd inherited from Beattie, and also suffered an eight-percent swing on the two-party vote. Nonetheless, due largely to taking 34 out of 40 seats in Brisbane, Labor still won 51 seats out of 89, enough for a comfortable majority. The election marked the Queensland ALP's eighth consecutive election win; the party has been in government for all but two years since 1989.

In winning the election, Bligh became Australia's first popularly elected female premier. The two previous female premiers, Carmen Lawrence (Western Australia 1990–93) and Joan Kirner (Victoria 1990–92), became premiers following the resignation of male premiers (as Bligh did), but both were defeated at the following respective state elections. However, Bligh is not Australia's first popularly elected female head of government. Rosemary Follett and Kate Carnell were both popularly elected as Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory, and Clare Martin was elected as Chief Minister of the Northern Territory.

In 2009, Bligh was elected to the three person presidential team of the Australian Labor Party, to serve until July 2012. She served as National President of the Australian Labor Party for the 2010–11 financial year.

Queensland Floods
Anna Bligh's leadership came to national and international attention in 2011 as she led the response and recovery effort to devastating natural disasters – a series of catastrophic floods across 78% of Queensland, including Brisbane – followed by a category 5 cyclone.

In an emotion-charged speech during a media conference at the height of the crisis, Bligh rallied the state, declaring, "We are Queenslanders. We're the people that they breed tough, north of the border."

Bligh led a major reconstruction program, including a legislated Reconstruction Authority administering a $6bn rebuilding budget.

Economic Reform
As Treasurer and Premier, Bligh held responsibility for a state budget of almost $50 billion. Her reforms include:

 * Australia's largest infrastructure building program, averaging $15bn (AUD)/year, including new export chain capacity, major new roads and public transport infrastructure and a $9bn ‘Water grid’ connecting water storages and constructing new water sources, including a recycled water scheme and a desalination plant to drought proof Queensland's major urban populations.
 * Major reform of utilities, including the amalgamation of water authorities into a framework structured into supply, distribution and retail corporations of government and the restructure of electricity supply to provide for private commercial retailers, including the sale of Queensland's electricity retailer.
 * New investments into research, science and innovation – shifting a predominantly resource economy to a knowledge-based, creative economy - this 10-year program of investment saw the establishment of 36 new science research institutes and the ratio of scientists and researchers to population grow faster than any other state.
 * Privatisation of the bulk freight and coal division of the government-owned railway business in 2010.
 * Significant new investment in the Arts, including the construction of a new Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA) and other cultural infrastructure, which saw an increase in cultural tourism. These new investments, including additional funding support for the performing arts and major exhibitions, heralded a renaissance in Queensland's arts and cultural sector with the Queensland Art Gallery now being the most visited museum in the country.
 * Bligh led the successful bid for the Gold Coast to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games.

Social Policy
As Minister for Families, Youth and Community Care and Disability Services and later as Premier, Bligh oversaw a number of changes, including;

 * Implementation of Queensland's first stand-alone Disability Services agency, accompanied by a tripling of budget expenditure to services for people with a disability
 * Australia's first Royal Commission of Inquiry into Historical Abuse in Orphanages and Institutions, resulting in a compensation scheme, a dedicated counselling service and beneficial foundation for victims
 * Welfare reforms in remote indigenous communities, linking welfare payments with school attendance, alcohol rehabilitation and counselling programs
 * Legislated a Preamble to the Queensland Constitution formally recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, Queensland's indigenous peoples, as first custodians
 * The first complete overhaul of Queensland's Child Protection legislation in more than 40 years
 * Introduction of significant new legal protections for those experiencing domestic violence, including in same sex relationships, and carer and elder abuse
 * New laws to provide for same sex civil unions
 * Introduction of fluoride into all Queensland drinking water supplies

Privatisation
Bligh announced the privatisation of five government owned corporations: More than 3,000 workers were to be offered voluntary redundancies, just three months after the privatisation of QR National.
 * Queensland Motorways Limited (Operating the Gateway Bridge and Logan Motorway tolling systems)
 * The Port of Brisbane Authority
 * Forestry Plantations Queensland
 * Abbot Point Coal Terminal
 * Coal-carrying rail lines, currently owned by Queensland Rail (QR Passenger services will remain nationalised).

Queensland Motorways Limited and Forestry Plantations Queensland were not being sold, but rather being leased for an estimated 50-year lease. Since this announcement, the Queensland Government announced plans to sell Queensland Rail to the public.

Revenues from privatisation were estimated at $15 billion, to go towards balancing Queensland's state budget.

The sale of these assets aimed at removing significant overheads from the Queensland government's debt portfolio, allowing further growth of the government's capital assets, as well as aiding the government to return to its AAA credit rating. Bligh faced resistance from both within her party and the trade union movement, but defended her privatisation plan as 'not negotiable'.

The 2009 annual state conference of the Australian Labor Party – Queensland Branch, passed a motion, moved by then Treasurer Andrew Fraser MP, seconded by Parliamentary Secretary for Healthy Living Murray Watt MP, supporting the sale of the assets, recognising that the sale would allow the Queensland Government to grow its asset portfolio, and retire debt.

2012 election
Bligh's management of and performance during the 2010–11 Queensland floods was widely approved. Labor had been well behind the LNP, led by John-Paul Langbroek, for most of the time since the fall of 2010. However, the following Newspoll saw a record turnaround in Bligh and Labor's fortunes. Labor rose from a two-party deficit of 41–59 to a lead of 52–48, with Bligh's personal satisfaction-dissatisfaction standing going from a negative 24–67 to a positive 49–43. Bligh's recovery in the polls was a factor behind Langbroek being forced to stand down in favour of Brisbane Lord Mayor Campbell Newman. Newman had become a national figure during the floods, and polling showed he was the only non-Labor politician who even came close to matching Bligh's popularity during that time.

However, Newman was not a member of parliament, and a by-election could not be arranged to allow him to get a seat in the chamber. For this reason, Jeff Seeney was elected as interim parliamentary leader of the LNP while Newman led the LNP's election team and simultaneously contested the Labor-held seat of Ashgrove. Bligh harshly criticised Newman's move, saying it was irresponsible for Newman to "cut and run" from his post as Lord Mayor while Queensland was still rebuilding. She also hinted that she might call an election a year before it was due. She had previously promised not to call an election for 2011 to focus on recovery, but was concerned that the unorthodox leadership arrangement on the opposition side could make the co-operation necessary for the recovery effort impossible.

On 25 January, Bligh announced an election for 24 March. It was the first time in Queensland history that the voters knew the election date in advance of the parliament being dissolved. Bligh made this decision after learning that the Commission of Inquiry into the 2010–11 Queensland floods would not release its final report until 16 March, rather than the middle of February as originally planned. She wanted Queenslanders to see the report before they went to the polls.

Bligh asked Governor Penny Wensley to dissolve parliament on 19 February, formally beginning the 35-day campaign. She began the race as an underdog; the LNP had regained a substantial lead in polling since Newman took the leadership.

Bligh was dogged throughout the campaign by the perception that she'd misled voters about the asset sales. With Labor sinking in the polls, Bligh conceded in a 13 March interview with the Brisbane Times that in all likelihood, Labor would not be re-elected. The final Newspoll of the campaign appeared to confirm this, showing Labor's support had sunk to only 39.2 percent.

At 24 March election, Labor suffered one of the largest electoral wipeouts in Australian history, and the worst defeat that a sitting government in Queensland has ever suffered, double the previous record-holder of the 1989 election. Labor was reduced from 51 seats to seven, suffering a swing of more than 15 points. This was largely because of a near-total meltdown in Brisbane, which had been Labor's power base for over two decades. The party lost all but three of its seats in the capital, in some cases suffering swings of over 10 percent. Bligh herself suffered a 9-point swing in South Brisbane, and she only overcame her LNP challenger on Green preferences. Ten members of her cabinet were defeated. It was only the sixth time since 1915 that Queenslanders have thrown a government from office in an election.

The next day, with Labor's defeat beyond doubt, Bligh announced she was retiring from politics. She had intended to stay in parliament, but said that the severity of Labor's defeat made her realise the party could not "develop an effective opposition" with her even as a backbencher. She resigned as both premier and state Labor leader that day, and handed her resignation to Wensley the same afternoon, to take effect from 30 March 2012. Bligh had intended that the timing of her resignation would allow a by-election to be held on 28 April 2012, the same day as local government elections. She was ultimately succeeded as state Labor leader by her Transport Minister, Annastacia Palaszczuk.

Later reports suggested that Bligh would not be able to formally resign from Parliament until the writ of election for South Brisbane was returned, meaning that a by-election would be too late to coincide with the Brisbane City Council election. But on 2 April, she was declared the winner, and a writ was subsequently issued for the by-election.

After politics
In 2014, Bligh was appointed CEO of YWCA New South Wales, a not-for-profit organisation striving to end domestic violence and build a safer world for women and children. In 2017, she was made CEO of the Australian Banking Association.

As CEO, Bligh led the industry's response to the Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry, setting out to strengthen bank culture and rebuild trust.

When the Royal Commission interim report was released, Bligh described it as a “day of shame” for the industry and vowed to do “whatever it takes” to regain trust and move the industry from a selling culture to a service culture.

She oversaw the development of an updated Banking Code of Practice and worked with the industry to deliver significant reform.

In 2020, Bligh led the banking sector's response to COVID-19. For the first time, Australian banks agreed to a unified response to assist customers experiencing hardship as a result of the pandemic. Banks agreed to pause loan repayments on almost one million mortgage and business loans for at least six months. The ABA also worked with regulators to ensure that deferred loans would not affect a customer's credit rating. Bligh described the loan deferrals as “a multi-billion dollar lifeline” for customers.

Bligh attributed the banks’ response to COVID-19 to their strong “financial firepower” and their role in the wake of the Royal Commission.

Personal
On 8 June 2013, Bligh announced that she had been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Bligh's memoir, "Through The Wall", was published in April 2015.

In 2017 Bligh was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia for eminent service to the Parliament of Queensland, particularly as Premier, to infrastructure development and education reform, as an advocate for the role of women in public life, and to the not-for-profit sector.

Bligh holds Honorary Doctorates from the University of Queensland and Griffith University.

She is a non-executive director of Medibank Private and a board member of the International Banking Federation (IBFed).

title: Anna Bligh


text: User talk:217.206.114.137

title: User talk:217.206.114.137


text:
Talk:Constantine II of Greece

Pronunciation of name and title in Greek
As Κωνσταντίνος (ending in sigma) is followed by B'/δευτέρος (beginning with a voiced consonant, delta), the pronunciation should not be [ˌkonstaˈdinos ðefˈteros] but [ˌkonstaˈdinoz ðefˈteros]. Ronnlund (talk) 20:56, 3 November 2022 (UTC)

 * It's not that cut and dried. Either pronunciation is possible.  Kostaki mou (talk) 02:04, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

 * His name can also be pronounced [ˌkonstanˈdinos]. (I know.  I am one.)  I believe this pronunciation would be regarded as somewhat conservative these days.  Kostaki mou (talk) 14:47, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

kokos
greek ppl usually refer to him with the name Κοκός (kokos, cocos), maybe this should be included into this article. 79.166.4.32 (talk) 10:08, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

French translation?
Hi! I'm pretty sure that a part of this article is a translation of the French version. Am I right? Konstantinos (talk) 16:34, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Possibly. Although I did not do the translating myself, it could be possible that someone else has? The French Wikipedia oddly has very advanced articles on Greek royalty. - Therealscorp1an (talk) 22:51, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * If there is a translation (and the use of Ricardo Mateos Sainz de Medrano or Eva Celada shows it), the French article should be credited. I am the author of the French version. And when I use the work of English Wikipedia, I credit it. It is only fair! Konstantinos (talk) 05:56, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Of course. Sadly, though, I'm unsure which parts have been, when they were and by who. - Therealscorp1an (talk) 23:32, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ by myself Konstantinos (talk) 16:11, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Constantine II of Greece


text:
Therapeutic Products Directorate

Pharmaceutical Drugs Directorate (PDD), previously called the Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD), is a Canadian federal authority that regulates small molecule pharmaceutical drugs for human use. Prior to being given market authorization, a manufacturer must present substantive scientific evidence of a product's safety, efficacy, and quality as required by the Food and Drugs Act and Regulations. It is one of the ten operational directorates of the Health Products and Food Branch, a branch of Health Canada.

title: Therapeutic Products Directorate


text:
User talk:Yodacows

Reinhard Heydrich
Please stop adding Holocaust denial statements and revisionist history to the article on Reinhard Heydrich. It will be reverted by almost every serious user on this site. If you are really serious about expressing such views, then I suggest you visit the Reinhard Heydrich Talk Page. State your case, see what other people have to say, then make changes if warranted. I can tell you, though, denying the Holocaust will only draw fire from a lot of people. -Husnock 13:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Please do not violate the 3 Revert Rule as you have done on Reinhard Heydrich. It can get you blocked for a period of 24 hours. -Husnock 14:14, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

The article has been protected due to your edit warring and vandalism. Further behavior of this sort will be reported as vandalism. -Husnock 03:46, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Blanking of Holocaust denial
Please do not replace Wikipedia pages with blank content. Blank pages are harmful to Wikipedia because they have a tendency to confuse readers. If it is a duplicate article, please redirect it to an appropriate existing page. If the page has been vandalised, please revert it to the last legitimate version. If you feel that the content of a page is inappropriate, please edit the page and replace it with appropriate content. If you believe there is no hope for the page, please see the deletion policy for how to proceed. Thanks for contributing to Wikipedia! --malathion talk 18:14, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I copied and pasted the wrong thing.

NPOV
Please read WP:NPOV to understand why your edits to Holocaust denial are being reverted. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 19:04, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Three Revert Rule
If you revert Holocaust denial one more time, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia for 24 hours as you are in clear violation of Wikipedia's Three Revert Rule. Please familiarize yourself with this regulation at WP:3RR. Thank you. FCYTravis 19:20, 6 August 2005 (UTC)
 * And the reversion as is yours too and counts.
 * You've been blocked for 24 hours for 3RR violation. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 20:05, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yodacows


text:
Talk:Generic top-level domain

.tv
Why is this one not included?
 * It is not a generic top-level domain. .tv is a national domain. See .tv -- Cate 12:40, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * http://www.tv/en-def-8982ad226484/en/index.shtml?accepts=en-us%2Cen%3Bq%3D0.5 is for registering a domain name for a country?
 * I don't see the problem. Read .tv, CcTLD and maybe some other relevant articles! In general you can register foreign top level domains for any use (also unrelated to country). And this is not only for .tv but for a lot of other domains. Tuvalu decided to sell the "domain", but it is irrelevant. .tv is assigned to Tuvalu. Maybe you can also check www.iana.org (the authority who assign TLD domains). [and please sign your comments with  ~  . -- Cate 07:43, 28 October 2006

not operational
I think that most of gTLD marked as not operational should not be listed. Most of them are only proposal, never (or not yet) approved) -- Cate 13:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That's not true; the ones that are listed have actually been given preliminary approval by ICANN, and are under negotiation to be addded to the root. Thus, they are likely to be actual domains eventually, and are notable enough to list. *Dan* 14:36, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Have you some references? I find nothing in iana and icann. I know they passed the preliminary stage, but really I don't think they get further. See http://icann.org/tlds/stld-apps-19mar04/stld-public-comments.htm, they have still the status of proposal, nothing more. -- Cate 15:03, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * That document is over a year old, and ICANN has released statements since then - try scrolling a little on icann.org - with status updates, e.g. .jobs & .travel which refers to .cat, .post, and .mobi as "already entered into commercial and technical negotiations". Tverbeek 16:32, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Some of the relevant documents are even linked right here, from the articles on .jobs, .travel, .cat, .post, .xxx and .mobi. *Dan* 18:24, July 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that that the not operational domains should be listed, but in a seperate category below the operational ones. Phantom784 20:17, September 8, 2005 (UTC)

.movie
What happened to .movie? I'm pretty sure it exists (or existed).

 * No, there hasn't ever been a  TLD. --Zundark 08:51, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think one or more of the alternative DNS systems, or Internet-keyword systems mimicking DNS for users with a plugin, may have had such a pseudo-TLD at some point (new.net?). *Dan T.* 16:32, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

.shop
I'm seeing this advertised for sale by legit registrars. What's the story with it?

 * A  TLD was proposed some years ago, but nothing ever came of it. Perhaps those registrars aren't as legit as you think. --Zundark 08:51, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Many problems
I think this page needs a big overhaul, but I'm reluctant to undertake it before explaining why and hearing some feedback.

Generic TLDs are a subset of TLDs in which registrants are not required to meet any particular eligibility requirements pertinent to the suffix. This article confuses the distinction, as if any non country code TLD is a generic TLD.

Dot-com registrations were subject to screening until September 12, 1995 when Amendment 4 to the Cooperative Agreement between NSF and NSI instantiated a $100 fee for a two year registration. Dot-net and dot-org were added to the new regime that December.

Legacy TLDs such dot-mil, dot-gov and dot-edu have never been opened up as generic TLDs, and neither have most of the TLDs added under ICANN. The only new ones are dot-biz and dot-info.

 * You forget to sign your comment
 * Hmm. I think you confuse the term "generic" with the term "sponsored/unsponsored", as used in IANA/ICANN documentation. The Generic TLD are (nearly) all non CC (country code) TLD, as you see in http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htm. Cate 13:37, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * And there are many degrees of restrictions; technically, .biz does have a supposed restriction to business use only, though it's only enforced by (rarely done) later challenge rather than at registration time. .net and .org continued to have some degree of (haphazardly enforced) restriction for a year or two after 1995, as I recall.  .info is the only TLD that was explicitly created to be open for completely unrestricted registrations. *Dan T.* 16:30, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, you're right, but...
 * Allowing that "gTLD" will be used as ICANN now defines things (which is fine), it seems to me that the category includes some quite diverse kinds (unrestricted and restricted). Why are dot-edu and dot-mil listed as unsponosred? It strikes me as odd that this page bothers to describe seemingly trivial things like pseudo, proposed, unofficial and expired domains without better clarifying those other distinctions. Also, the text ignores the fact that Postel endorsed and promoted the IAHC's proposal, even though they ignored his draft. flywheel 16:41, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

pro sponsored?
I think that .pro isn't sponsored domain like you can see on this page. See: http://www.icann.org/tlds/ —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.219.27.226 (talk) 22:53, 9 January 2007 (UTC).

You are correct. .pro is not a "sponsored" domain, and it's policies are under the control of ICANN, subject to the registry agreement. Many think it is sponsored because it is a very "restricted" gTLD, as was .name when it was first introduced. Mbeatty 03:41, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

.asn
what about .asn for associations?!

i.e. www.actu.asn.au, www.aigroup.asn.au

--218.215.131.237

 * That's second-level, not top-level. --Zundark 15:09, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

UK
What about .co.uk? as in http://www.bbc.co.uk/ --Nick Scratch 21:03, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

 * That's second-level, not top-level. --Zundark 22:53, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

Anything .uk is also not a "generic" top level, but a country code domain.Mbeatty 03:29, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

.rec
Have I just dreamt up there being a proposal for .rec? Maybe there was but it got turned down? And if so, should the article make mention of such cases (like .shop, mentioned above on this talk page)? -- Jao 14:14, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * was one of the seven TLDs proposed by the IAHC in 1997. This is already mentioned in the article (though for some reason it's not mentioned in the IAHC article). --Zundark 14:50, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I stand corrected. I thought I had searched through the article, but obviously I hadn't. Thanks. -- Jao 16:49, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

.orb (orbit) - what happend?
Swedish computer magazine Computer Sweden reported sometime in the 1990's about a proposed .orb top domain meant for satellites and other objects in orbit. Does anyone know anything about this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.100.53.80 (talk) 15:23, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

.bzh - Proposed for deletion
Hi,

I am proposing the article .bzh for deletion. Please see Talk:.bzh for explanation. Your input is welcome. --Amir E. Aharoni 07:23, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

.im - Missing
http://www.pidgin.im —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.129.230.219 (talk) 21:26, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

 * That's a country code TLD (for the Isle of Man). So it's outside the scope of this article. --Zundark 21:53, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

.gov, .mil
how are they generic ? they are specific to the US, arent they?! atleast some mention of how this is a misnomer must be made in the article.

--ti 23:15, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, actually .edu is also specific, they have a contract with the US DoC, not with ICANN. The generic is a misnomer and in essence means not a ccTLD. Some ccTLDs are also not based on "country codes", e.g., .eu.  You could end up with ccTLD = two letters, gTLD = anything else minus .arpa. <shrug /> --217.184.142.12 (talk) 03:16, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Proposed merge of sponsored TLD
The Sponsored top-level domains are by definition a proper subset of the gTLDs, adding a flag sponsored or similar to the table here suffices to indicate the status, the fine print is anyway discussed in the individual TLD articles. --217.184.142.12 (talk) 03:10, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Nobody supported this, and with (maybe) hundreds of new TLDs in 2010 it's a waste of time to optimize the articles for today's situation: merge tags removed. --212.82.251.86 (talk) 12:47, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I'd still say it might a good idea. There's not a lot on the sTLD article anyway. As long as we accept that sTLD's are a subset of gTLD's. Wwwhatsup (talk) 03:02, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Revisions to new gTLDs section
Kbrose, I'm wondering your justification for removing the section of text for the new gTLD changes? -- Dan Leveille TALK 21:33, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Please read the existing text that covers the topic based on the original sources describing the program, which you should also read before reciting inaccurate and sensationalist blog references. This is also noted in the edit summaries. Kbrose (talk) 18:03, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Non-latin script top domains
Owing to the decision at ICANN yesterday, there will soon be need for a new section here and at Top-level domain about TLDs written in non-latin alphabets - they will likely be both of the generic and non-generic kind. No doubt there will be quite some of them; already last year ICANN gave up its policy that there must be only a small, restricted list of non-national top domains. So in ten years we may likely have lots of top domains relatiing to different cities, churches, business sectors and interests. Would be interesting to hear what the first new top domains will be, and how it will affect the structure of the web. For one thing, won't this create new demands on the capacity of web browsers, web servers and keyboards, if you're native to one language but want to be able to visit or direct at web addresses written in another script, without necessarily copy-pasting the URL? /Strausszek (talk) 02:51, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
 * IMHO no because copy-pasting of URLs is quite common. Anyway, there are romanizations for some scripts. --Beroal (talk) 16:41, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

Infrastructure TLD
Is this part of gTLDs?

I see name of .arpa in gTLD domains table in bottom of gTLD article. TruthPraiser (talk) 19:51, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

 * These group names are used very loosely often. Originally, arpa was just a *temporary* fix and classified as such, and not expected to survive, but when it did, all domains outside the country-code group were usually called generic, as no other specifically themed groups existed. So whether to include them here is a matter of historical taste. Kbrose (talk) 23:16, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Thanks Kbrose, but this TLD not used generally such as other gTLDs. TruthPraiser (talk) 05:28, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Not sure what you mean by 'generally', it's certainly USED a lot, by almost every host on the net, but no you can't register domains there. Use wasn't really the issue in calling them generic initially, just that they were not ccTLD. Whether arpa is 'generic' or not, isn't really of much interest to anyone, and officially IANA now designates it as 'infrastructure', like some other formerly generics now are called sponsored. I find it not terribly constructive, nor instructive, to have separate articles for all these types, but for too many WP editors disambiguation is everything down to splitting hair, and that seems to take priority over common sense and broad perspective. Kbrose (talk) 08:16, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Oh, i understand it now , thanks for your help. TruthPraiser (talk) 09:11, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

.sco or .scot
In GeoTLD category .sco is correct or .scot? TruthPraiser (talk) 06:26, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Grandfathered
At the risk of showing up my ignorance, what is "grandfathered"? I've asked seven software colleagues what it means and they shrug and tell me it must be an Americanism. Cuirmichael (talk) 12:41, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The term "grandfathering" refers to a pre-existing entity being exempted from requirements that are subsequently established and to which it would otherwise be subject. It is frequently encountered in the TLD industry. --Futhark|Talk 19:26, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * See grandfather clause. --Coolcaesar (talk) 15:14, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

 * It isn't clear what it means to a general audience, even if it is frequently encountered in the TLD industry. A Terminology section should be explaining obscure terms, not introducing new ones, especially when, as here, the meaning is not self-evident. DavidCh0 (talk) 10:21, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

.post
If I'm not mistaken, .post was approved by ICANN in 2009? Wwwhatsup (talk) 03:00, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

gTLD
"On June 20, 2011 ICANN's board voted to end most restrictions on the allowed generic top-level domain (gTLD) suffixes from the 22 currently available extensions (such as .com, .gov, .edu, etc)." Makes it sound as though now, for example, anyone can register a .gov address. Is this true, or should this be re-worded? --Shanedidona (talk) 12:34, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

.sucks
Has anyone else heard about this new TLD? Iamahashtag (talk) 20:50, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

 * I have, it looks like it going ahead, the page may have to be edited. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jacksalssome (talk • contribs) 00:08, 21 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I actually own one (service.sucks). They are very expensive ($249/y) and to be honest I only keep it to send emails from the domain to companies I am having trouble with. Jeffery Thomas 16:15, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

Promotional links on this page and promotional wikipedia pages for specific newgtlds.
I just removed 4 external links from this page that only mentioned .camp and .builders - both owned by donuts inc - and replaced them with links to the ICANN pages for newGTLDs. I have also noticed wikipedia pages for .london and many other newgtlds that should all probably be merged. Jeffery Thomas 16:21, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Generic top-level domain


text:
Rips the Covers Off

Rips the Covers Off, some copies of which are titled Rips Off the Covers, is an album by Phil Lewis' version of L.A. Guns, their first with guitarist Stacey Blades.

The studio portion of the album (songs 1-11) consists of cover songs with guitarist Stacey Blades, though songs 12 and 13 are live versions of "Revolution" and "Don't Look at Me That Way", with guitarists Keri Kelli and Brent Muscat.

A different line-up of L.A. Guns had previously recorded a cover of Led Zeppelin's "Custard Pie" on Hollywood Rehearsal.

Track listing

 * 1) "Rock 'n' Roll Outlaw" (Rose Tattoo cover)
 * 2) "I Just Want to Make Love to You" (Muddy Waters cover)
 * 3) "Tie Your Mother Down" (Queen cover)
 * 4) "Until I Get You" (Hanoi Rocks cover)
 * 5) "Wheels of Steel" (Saxon cover)
 * 6) "Nobody's Fault" (Aerosmith cover)
 * 7) "Custard Pie" (Led Zeppelin cover)
 * 8) "Moonage Daydream" (David Bowie cover)
 * 9) "Marseilles" (Angel City cover)
 * 10) "Hurdy Gurdy Man" (Donovan cover)
 * 11) "Search and Destroy" (The Stooges cover)
 * 12) "Revolution" (Live)
 * 13) "Don't Look at Me That Way" (Live)

Lineup

 * Tracks 1-11
 * Phil Lewis - vocals
 * Stacey Blades - guitars
 * Adam Hamilton - bass
 * Steve Riley - drums

 * Tracks 12-13
 * Phil Lewis - vocals
 * Keri Kelli - guitars
 * Brent Muscat - guitars
 * Adam Hamilton - bass
 * Steve Riley - drums

title: Rips the Covers Off


text: Talk:Greenwood

title: Talk:Greenwood


text:
User:Jawr256/Stuff/Trumps

{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" ! colspan="4"|Doctor Who trumps ! Name !! Strength !! Style !! Intelligence !! Fear factor
 * Davros || 2 || 3 || 10 || 8
 * Giant spiders || 3 || 2 || 6 || 6
 * Draconians || 4 || 4 || 6 || 3
 * The Fendahl || 6 || 2 || 4 || 9
 * Omega || 3 || 7 || 8 || 3
 * Silurians || 5 || 3 || 6 || 6
 * The Eigth Doctor || 4 || 8 || 2 || 2
 * The Ice Warriors || 6 || 4 || 6 || 7
 * Romana || 3 || 10 || 9 || 2
 * Omega || 3 || 7 || 8 || 3
 * Silurians || 5 || 3 || 6 || 6
 * The Eigth Doctor || 4 || 8 || 2 || 2
 * The Ice Warriors || 6 || 4 || 6 || 7
 * Romana || 3 || 10 || 9 || 2
 * The Ice Warriors || 6 || 4 || 6 || 7
 * Romana || 3 || 10 || 9 || 2
 * Romana || 3 || 10 || 9 || 2
 * Romana || 3 || 10 || 9 || 2

title: User:Jawr256/Stuff/Trumps


text:
Yusuf al-Azma

Yusuf al-Azma (يوسف العظمة, Yusuf el-Azma; ALA-LC: Yūsuf al-ʻAẓmah; 1883 – 24 July 1920) was a Syrian military figure and revolutionary who was the minister of war of the Arab Kingdom of Syria under the governments of prime ministers Rida al-Rikabi and Hashim al-Atassi, and the Arab Army's chief of general staff under King Faisal. He served as minister of war from January 1920 until his death while commanding Syrian forces at the Battle of Maysalun during the Franco-Syrian War.

Al-Azma hailed from a wealthy Damascene landowning family. He became an officer in the Ottoman Army and fought on multiple fronts in the First World War. After the defeated Ottomans withdrew from Damascus, al-Azma served Emir Faisal, the leader of the Arab Revolt, and was appointed minister of war upon the establishment of the Arab government in Damascus in January 1920. He was tasked with building the nascent Arab Army of Syria. The country, meanwhile, had been designated as a mandatory territory of France, which did not recognize Faisal's government. Al-Azma was among the more vociferous opponents of French rule and as their troops advanced toward Damascus from Lebanon, he was authorized to confront them. Leading a motley army of civilian volunteers, ex-Ottoman officers and Bedouin cavalrymen, al-Azma engaged the French at Maysalun Pass but was killed in action and his soldiers dispersed, which allowed the French to occupy Damascus on 25 July 1920. Though his army was defeated, al-Azma became a national hero in Syria for his insistence on confronting the French despite their clear military superiority and his ultimate death in the ensuing battle.

Early life and family
Al-Azma was born to a prominent mercantile and landowning Damascene family of Turkmen descent in 1883. Members of his family formed part of the Ottoman Syrian establishment; al-Azma's brother Aziz Bey served as a district governor while many of his relatives were Ottoman officers, including al-Azma's nephew Nabih Bey. Al-Azma was married to a Turkish woman, with whom he had a daughter named Laila. Laila was a young child when al-Azma died, married Cevad Asar, an Istanbul-based Turkish merchant with whom she had a son named Celal. Many members of the al-Azma family in Syria later became bankers, landowners and merchants in post-Mandatory Syria and one member, Bashir al-Azma, served as prime minister of Syria in 1962.

Military career with the Ottomans
Al-Azma graduated from the Istanbul-based Ottoman Military Academy in 1906 and was a member of the underground reformist Committee of Union and Progress. After graduating, he underwent additional military training in Germany until returning to Istanbul in 1909. From there he was promptly assigned as a military attaché to Cairo, Egypt. In 1914, al-Azma was commander of the Ottoman Army‘s 25th Infantry Division during World War I. Later during the war, he was reassigned as a deputy of War Minister Enver Pasha in Istanbul.

Toward the war's end, al-Azma was appointed chief of staff of the Istanbul-based First Ottoman Army according to historian Phillip S. Khoury, or chief of staff of the Ottoman army in the Caucasus according to historian Ruth Roded. According to historian Michael Provence, it is "widely believed" that soon after this post, al-Azma joined the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans launched by Sharif Hussein of Mecca in 1916, "but he actually served as a decorated Ottoman frontline officer until October 1918". That month, Damascus was captured by the Arab Revolt's British-backed Sharifian Army led by Hussein's son Emir Faisal. Al-Azma subsequently returned to Damascus. He joined al-Fatat, an Arab nationalist secret society founded in 1911, though it is not apparent when, and became a personal chamberlain of Emir Faisal. Unlike other ex-Ottoman officers from the empire's Arab lands who had hailed almost exclusively from modest upbringings, al-Azma came from the upper urban class. In January 1919, Faisal appointed al-Azma as Damascus' military delegate to Beirut.

Appointment

In Prime Minister Rida al-Rikabi's government, al-Azma was promoted to minister of war and on 26 January 1920 was also appointed Chief of General Staff by Emir Faisal to replace Yasin al-Hashimi, who had been arrested by British forces and detained in Palestine. Al-Azma's Damascene roots and reputation as a local and decorated Ottoman wartime general made him "an obvious choice for minister of war", according to Provence, despite having fought against the Arab Revolt months prior. During his time in office, al-Azma established the foundations and hierarchy of the modern-day Syrian Army, according to historian Sami Moubayed. He gathered arms and ammunition left behind by the Ottoman Army in Syria, raised funds for new weaponry and by mid-1920, had created a military force of some 10,000 men, primarily consisting of Bedouin volunteers and former Ottoman officers.

Opposition to the French Mandate
Faisal declared the Arab Kingdom of Syria in March 1920. However, in the secret 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement between the United Kingdom and France, the two powers negotiated the division of the Ottomans' Arab territories between themselves, and the League of Nations gave France a Mandate over Syria in April 1920. Afterwards, two principal camps emerged in the Syrian government; the minority faction favored a compromise with France due to its military superiority over the Arab forces (especially since the British withdrew their backing for King Faisal), while the majority faction rejected French rule by all means. Al-Rikabi led the minority faction while the majority camp was led by al-Azma and supported by other young former Ottoman officers. Most of the Syrian government, including Foreign Minister Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar, backed al-Azma's faction.

French forces commanded by General Henri Gouraud had landed in Beirut on 18 November 1919. Gouraud was determined to bring all of Syria under French control and demanded the immediate deployment of French forces to the Beqaa Valley between Beirut and Damascus. Against King Faisal's wishes, his delegate to General Gouraud, Nuri al-Said, agreed to the French deployment. However, when a French officer was assaulted by Shia Muslim rebels opposed to the French presence, Gouraud violated his agreement with al-Said and occupied the large town of Baalbek. The French deployment along the Syrian coast and the Beqaa Valley contributed to unrest throughout Syria and sharpened political divisions between al-Azma's camp and those who sought compromise with the French.

In northern Syria, an Alawite revolt led by Saleh al-Ali and a revolt in the Aleppo region led by Ibrahim Hananu were launched in response to the French presence. On 10 December 1919, Prime Minister al-Rikabi resigned amid pressure from the nationalists and popular opinion. The revolts derived military support from Mustafa Kemal's insurgents in Anatolia and from Faisal's government. In June 1920, al-Azma toured northern Syria to recruit more soldiers into the nascent Arab Army and establish connections with the Anatolian insurgency. Al-Azma sensed resistance to his conscription campaign, particularly in Aleppo, but managed to gather some troops. French forces later occupied parts of northern Syria in early July 1920.

On 13 July, al-Azma declared emergency measures in the Syrian National Congress, including press censorship, the power to seize civilian vehicles for military use and a call for militias across the country to support the army. Inspired by Kemal's successes against the French in Turkey, al-Azma sought to follow in the latter's path in Syria. Meanwhile, al-Hashimi had returned to the country from Palestine and was tasked with inspecting al-Azma's troops. He concluded that the Arab Army was woefully unprepared and under-equipped for a serious confrontation against the French Army. In a meeting of King Faisal's war cabinet, al-'Azma was visibly upset with al-Hashimi's conclusions. Regardless, he ultimately conceded that the army was in a precarious situation when informed that the lack of ammunition meant that each soldier would only be allotted 270 bullets for their rifle and each artillery piece could only be allotted eight shells. Despite this, all of the officers in the meeting declared their willingness to fight. According to Provence, both al-Azma and al-Hashimi "complained bitterly that they faced an impossible task in organizing defense, made all the more difficult by Faisal's refusal to seriously contemplate and prepare for military confrontation". In the struggle against France, both officers sought to implement the model of Kemal's Anatolian insurgency while Faisal continued, in vain, to seek an intervention by his erstwhile British allies.

On 14 July, France issued an ultimatum to the Syrian government to disband its army and submit to French control. On 18 July, King Faisal and the Syrian cabinet met and all ministers except for al-Azma agreed not to enter into war with the French. After King Faisal ratified the cabinet's decision, al-Azma withdrew his troops from Anjar, the hills overlooking the Beqaa Valley from the east, and the Beirut-Damascus road. On 20 July, six hours prior to the ultimatum's deadline, King Faisal informed the French liaison in Damascus of his acceptance of Gouraud's terms. However, for unclear reasons, Faisal's notification did not reach Gouraud until 21 July. Sources suspicious of French intentions accused them of intentionally delaying delivery of the notice to give Gouraud a legitimate excuse for advancing on Damascus. However, there has been no evidence or indication of French sabotage. When news of Faisal's submission to the French and his disbandment of Arab Army barracks in Damascus reached the populace, outrage ensued. A riot by soldiers and residents angry at King Faisal's decision was violently put down by Emir Zeid, resulting in some 200 deaths. Al-Azma rejected demands to disband the army and implored King Faisal for an opportunity to confront French forces.

Battle of Maysalun and death

About 12,000 French troops consisting of ten infantry battalions as well as cavalrymen and artillerymen backed by tanks and fighter bombers, began their advance on Damascus on 21 July. They first captured Anjar in the Beqaa Valley, where General Hassan al-Hindi's brigade had disbanded without a fight. The French advance surprised King Faisal who believed that French military action would be avoided by his agreement to the 14 July ultimatum as General Gouraud had promised. In response to Gouraud's action, King Faisal agreed to al-Azma's request for mobilization. About 300 of Hindi's disbanded troops from Anjar were ordered to re-mobilize at the Maysalun Pass, some 12 miles to the west of Damascus. Al-Azma managed to assemble a few hundred regular troops, and around 1,000 volunteers, including Bedouin cavalry.

On 22 July, King Faisal attempted to delay the French advance by dispatching Minister of Education Sati al-Husri to negotiate with General Gouraud, who laid out new conditions to prevent his army's offensive and gave King Faisal one more day to deliberate on the terms. The next day, while the cabinet considered Gouraud's conditions, the French requested entry into Maysalun to access its water. The Syrians interpreted the request to be an excuse for Gouraud's army to enter Damascus without a fight and King Faisal ultimately rejected Gouraud's request and his new conditions. Afterward, al-Azma departed Damascus to confront Gouraud's army in what became known as the Battle of Maysalun.

Al-Azma's troops in Maysalun were mostly equipped with rusted rifles left by Ottoman troops and rifles used by Bedouin irregulars during the 1916 Arab Revolt as well as 15 cannons. The Arab force was composed of northern, central and southern columns with camel cavalry at the head. Al-Azma led the central column which was backed by numerous civilian volunteers. Around dawn, at the approaches of Maysalun, clashes between Arab forces and the French Army took place, but most Arab resistance, which was largely uncoordinated, had collapsed by the first hour of battle. The Syrians had used up the little ammunition they had and the militarily superior French Army broke the Arab lines.

Around 10:30am French forces reached al-Azma's headquarters. The mines that had been laid by the Syrians did not explode or at least did not seriously hinder the incoming French forces. With French troops about 100 meters away from him, al-Azma rushed to an artilleryman and commanded him to fire at the French tanks. Before any shell was fired, al-Azma was fatally shot in the head and chest by machine gun fire from a French tank crew. He was the only Arab officer to die in the battle. Sporadic clashes continued for another three hours. By then, Arab forces had retreated in disarray towards Damascus. The French Army entered the city on 25 July. In his memoirs, General Gouraud wrote that after their defeat the Syrian troops left "behind 15 cannons, 40 rifles, and a general ... named Yusuf Bey al-'Azma. He died a courageous soldier's death in battle."

Legacy

Al-Azma's refusal to surrender to the French, his insistence on entering battle with inferior forces and his death commanding the Syrians in Maysalun made him a hero in Syria and the Arab world. According to Khoury, al-Azma was "henceforth immortalized by Syrians as the supreme national martyr". Likewise, Provence states that al-Azma "became the supreme symbol of interwar Syrian Arab patriotism". His statue stands in a major square named after him in central Damascus, with streets and schools named in his honor throughout Syria. Statues of al-Azma are also present across the Middle East. According to historian Tareq Y. Ismael, the defeat of al-Azma and the subsequent French takeover of Syria contributed to popular attitudes in the Arab world—that exist to the present day—which hold that "the West is not honorable in its commitments, speaks with a forked tongue about issues of democracy ... and will oppress anyone who stands in the way of its imperial designs".

A tomb for al-Azma was erected inside a shaded grove at Maysalun in the 1930s. Though it has been frequently renovated, the original structure of the tomb remains largely intact. It consists of a stone sarcophagus elevated on a platform. One side of the platform has a stairway and the other side is a concrete column which carries a large concrete roof that is further supported by a beam. The sarcophagus has a triangular roof upon which is engraved the Zulfiqar sword. The Syrian military annually honors al-Azma at his tomb on Maysalun Day.

title: Yusuf al-Azma


text: User talk:209.227.35.2

title: User talk:209.227.35.2