text:
Hip

In vertebrate anatomy, the hip, or coxa (: coxae) in medical terminology, refers to either an anatomical region or a joint on the outer (lateral) side of the pelvis.

The hip region is located lateral and anterior to the gluteal region, inferior to the iliac crest, and lateral to the obturator foramen, with muscle tendons and soft tissues overlying the greater trochanter of the femur. In adults, the three pelvic bones (ilium, ischium and pubis) have fused into one hip bone, which forms the superomedial/deep wall of the hip region.

The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the ball-and-socket joint between the pelvic acetabulum and the femoral head. Its primary function is to support the weight of the torso in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. The hip joints have very important roles in retaining balance, and for maintaining the pelvic inclination angle.

Pain of the hip may be the result of numerous causes, including nervous, osteoarthritic, infectious, traumatic, and genetic.

Region
The hip joint, also known as a ball and socket joint, is formed by the acetabulum of the pelvis and the femoral head, which is the top portion of the thigh bone (femur). It allows for a wide range of movement and stability in the lower body.

The proximal femur is largely covered by muscles and, as a consequence, the greater trochanter is often the only palpable bony structure in the hip region.

Articulation

The hip joint is a ball and socket synovial joint formed by the articulation of the rounded head of the femur and the cup-like acetabulum of the pelvis. The socket of the acetabulum is pointing downwards and anterolaterally. The socket is also turned such that the outer edge of its roof is more lateral than outer edge of the floor. It forms the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton of the trunk and pelvis. Both joint surfaces are covered with a strong but lubricated layer called articular hyaline cartilage.

The cuplike acetabulum forms at the union of three pelvic bones — the ilium, pubis, and ischium. The Y-shaped growth plate that separates them, the triradiate cartilage, is fused definitively at ages 14–16. It is a special type of spheroidal or ball and socket joint where the roughly spherical femoral head is largely contained within the acetabulum and has an average radius of curvature of 2.5 cm. The acetabulum grasps almost half the femoral ball, a grip deepened by a ring-shaped fibrocartilaginous lip, the acetabular labrum, which extends the joint beyond the equator. The centre of the acetabulum (fovea) does not articulate to anything. Instead, it is lined with fat pad and attached to ligamentum teres. The acetabular labrum is horse-shoe shaped. Its inferior notch is bridged by transverse acetabular ligament. The joint space between the femoral head and the superior acetabulum is normally between 2 and 7 mm.

The head of the femur is attached to the shaft by a thin neck region that is often prone to fracture in the elderly, which is mainly due to the degenerative effects of osteoporosis.

The acetabulum is oriented inferiorly, laterally and anteriorly, while the femoral neck is directed superiorly, medially, and slightly anteriorly.

Articular angles
Acetabular angle (or Sharp's angle) is the angle between the horizontal line passing through the inferior aspects of triradiate cartilages (Hilgenreiner's line) and another line passing through the inferior angle of triradiate cartilage to superior acetabular rim. The angle measures 35 degrees at birth, 25 degrees at one year of age, and less than 10 degrees by 15 years of age. In adults the angle can vary from 33 to 38 degrees.

The sagittal angle of the acetabular inlet is an angle between a line passing from the anterior to the posterior acetabular rim and the sagittal plane. It measures 7° at birth and increases to 17° in adults.

Wiberg's centre-edge angle (CE angle) is an angle between a vertical line and a line from the centre of the femoral head to the most lateral part of the acetabulum, as seen on an anteroposterior radiograph.

The vertical-centre-anterior margin angle (VCA) is an angle formed from a vertical line (V) and a line from the centre of the femoral head (C) and the anterior (A) edge of the dense shadow of the subchondral bone slightly posterior to the anterior edge of the acetabulum, with the radiograph being taken from the false angle, that is, a lateral view rotated 25 degrees towards becoming frontal.

The articular cartilage angle (AC angle, also called acetabular index or Hilgenreiner angle) is an angle formed parallel to the weight bearing dome, that is, the acetabular sourcil or "roof", and the horizontal plane, or a line connecting the corner of the triangular cartilage and the lateral acetabular rim. In normal hips in children aged between 11 and 24 months, it has been estimated to be on average 20°, ranging between 18° and 25°. It becomes progressively lower with age. Suggested cutoff values to classify the angle as abnormally increased include:
 * 30° up to 4 months of age.
 * 25° up to 2 years of age.

Femoral neck angle
The angle between the longitudinal axes of the femoral neck and shaft, called the caput-collum-diaphyseal angle or CCD angle, normally measures approximately 150° in newborn and 126° in adults (coxa norma).

An abnormally small angle is known as coxa vara and an abnormally large angle as coxa valga. Because changes in shape of the femur naturally affects the knee, coxa valga is often combined with genu varum (bow-leggedness), while coxa vara leads to genu valgum (knock-knees).

Changes in the CCD angle is the result of changes in the stress patterns applied to the hip joint. Such changes, caused for example by a dislocation, change the trabecular patterns inside the bones. Two continuous trabecular systems emerging on the auricular surface of the sacroiliac joint meander and criss-cross each other down through the hip bone, the femoral head, neck, and shaft.

 * In the hip bone, one system arises on the upper part of the auricular surface to converge onto the posterior surface of the greater sciatic notch, from where its trabeculae are reflected to the inferior part of the acetabulum. The other system emerges on the lower part of the auricular surface, converges at the level of the superior gluteal line, and is reflected laterally onto the upper part of the acetabulum.
 * In the femur, the first system lines up with a system arising from the lateral part of the femoral shaft to stretch to the inferior portion of the femoral neck and head. The other system lines up with a system in the femur stretching from the medial part of the femoral shaft to the superior part of the femoral head.

On the lateral side of the hip joint the fascia lata is strengthened to form the iliotibial tract which functions as a tension band and reduces the bending loads on the proximal part of the femur.

Capsule
Proximally, capsule of the hip joint is attached to the edge of the acetabulum, acetabular labrum, and transverse acetabular ligament. Distally, it is attached to the trochanters of the femur and intertrochanteric line anteriorly. Posteriorly, it is attached to a junction between medial two-thirds and lateral one-third of the femoral neck, one finger breadth away from the intertrochanteric crest. From its attachment at the femoral neck, the fibres of the capsule reflected backwards towards the acetabulum, carrying retinacula vessels supplying the femoral head. The part of femoral neck outside the capsule is shorter in front than posteriorly.

The strong but loose fibrous capsule of the hip joint permits the hip joint to have the second largest range of movement (second only to the shoulder) and yet support the weight of the body, arms and head.

The capsule has two sets of fibers: longitudinal and circular.

 * The circular fibers form a collar around the femoral neck called the zona orbicularis.
 * The longitudinal retinacular fibers travel along the neck and carry blood vessels.

Ligaments
The hip joint is reinforced by four ligaments, of which three are extracapsular and one intracapsular.

The extracapsular ligaments are the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments attached to the bones of the pelvis (the ilium, ischium, and pubis respectively). All three strengthen the capsule and prevent an excessive range of movement in the joint. Of these, the Y-shaped and twisted iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the human body. It has a tensile strength of 350 kg. Iliofemoral ligament is a thickening of the anterior capsule extending from anterior inferior iliac spine to intertrochanteric line. Ischiofemoral ligament is the thickening of posterior capsule of the hip and pubofemoral ligament is the thickening of the inferior capsule. In the upright position, iliofemoral ligament prevents the trunk from falling backward without the need for muscular activity, thus preventing excessive hyperextension. In the sitting position, it becomes relaxed, thus permitting the pelvis to tilt backward into its sitting position. Ischiofemoral prevents excessive extension and the pubofemoral ligament prevents excess abduction and extension.

The zona orbicularis, which lies like a collar around the most narrow part of the femoral neck, is covered by the other ligaments which partly radiate into it. The zona orbicularis acts like a buttonhole on the femoral head and assists in maintaining the contact in the joint. All three ligaments become taut when the joint is extended - this stabilises the joint, and reduces the energy demand of muscles when standing.

The intracapsular ligament, the ligamentum teres, is attached to a depression in the acetabulum (the acetabular notch) and a depression on the femoral head (the fovea of the head). It is only stretched when the hip is dislocated, and may then prevent further displacement. It is not that important as a ligament but can often be vitally important as a conduit of a small artery to the head of the femur, that is, the. This artery is not present in everyone but can become the only blood supply to the bone in the head of the femur when the neck of the femur is fractured or disrupted by injury in childhood.

Blood supply
The hip joint is supplied with blood from the medial circumflex femoral and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, which are both usually branches of the deep artery of the thigh (profunda femoris), but there are numerous variations and one or both may also arise directly from the femoral artery. There is also a small contribution from the foveal artery, a small vessel in the ligament of the head of the femur which is a branch of the posterior division of the obturator artery, which becomes important to avoid avascular necrosis of the head of the femur when the blood supply from the medial and lateral circumflex arteries are disrupted (e.g. through fracture of the neck of the femur along their course).

The hip has two anatomically important anastomoses, the cruciate and the trochanteric anastomoses, the latter of which provides most of the blood to the head of the femur. These anastomoses exist between the femoral artery or profunda femoris and the gluteal vessels.

Muscles and movements
The hip muscles act on three mutually perpendicular main axes, all of which pass through the center of the femoral head, resulting in three degrees of freedom and three pair of principal directions: Flexion and extension around a transverse axis (left-right); lateral rotation and medial rotation around a longitudinal axis (along the thigh); and abduction and adduction around a sagittal axis (forward-backward); and a combination of these movements (i.e. circumduction, a compound movement in which the leg describes the surface of an irregular cone). Some of the hip muscles also act on either the vertebral joints or the knee joint, that with their extensive areas of origin and/or insertion, different part of individual muscles participate in very different movements, and that the range of movement varies with the position of the hip joint. Additionally, the inferior and Superior gemelli muscles assist the obturator internus and the three muscles together form the three-headed muscle known as the triceps coxae.

The movements of the hip joint is thus performed by a series of muscles which are here presented in order of importance with the range of motion from the neutral zero-degree position indicated:

 * Lateral or external rotation (30° with the hip extended, 50° with the hip flexed): gluteus maximus; quadratus femoris; obturator internus; dorsal fibers of gluteus medius and minimus; iliopsoas (including psoas major from the vertebral column); obturator externus; adductor magnus, longus, brevis, and minimus; piriformis; and sartorius. The iliofemoral ligament inhibits lateral rotation and extension, this is why the hip can rotate laterally to a greater degree when it is flexed.
 * Medial or internal rotation (40°): anterior fibers of gluteus medius and minimus; tensor fasciae latae; the part of adductor magnus inserted into the adductor tubercle; and, with the leg abducted also the pectineus.
 * Extension or retroversion (20°): gluteus maximus (if put out of action, active standing from a sitting position is not possible, but standing and walking on a flat surface is); dorsal fibers of gluteus medius and minimus; adductor magnus; and piriformis. Additionally, the following thigh muscles extend the hip: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and long head of biceps femoris. Maximal extension is inhibited by the iliofemoral ligament.
 * Flexion or anteversion (140°): the hip flexors: iliopsoas (with psoas major from vertebral column); tensor fasciae latae, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and gracilis. Thigh muscles acting as hip flexors: rectus femoris and sartorius. Maximal flexion is inhibited by the thigh coming in contact with the chest.
 * Abduction (50° with hip extended, 80° with hip flexed): gluteus medius; tensor fasciae latae; gluteus maximus with its attachment at the fascia lata; gluteus minimus; piriformis; and obturator internus. Maximal abduction is inhibited by the neck of the femur coming into contact with the lateral pelvis. When the hips are flexed, this delays the impingement until a greater angle.
 * Adduction (30° with hip extended, 20° with hip flexed): adductor magnus with adductor minimus; adductor longus, adductor brevis, gluteus maximus with its attachment at the gluteal tuberosity; gracilis (extends to the tibia); pectineus, quadratus femoris; and obturator externus. Of the thigh muscles, semitendinosus is especially involved in hip adduction. Maximal adduction is impeded by the thighs coming into contact with one another. This can be avoided by abducting the opposite leg, or having the legs alternately flexed/extended at the hip so they travel in different planes and do not intersect.

Clinical significance
A hip fracture is a break that occurs in the upper part of the femur. Symptoms may include pain around the hip particularly with movement and shortening of the leg. The hip joint can be replaced by a prosthesis in a hip replacement operation due to fractures or illnesses such as osteoarthritis. Hip pain can have multiple sources and can also be associated with lower back pain.

At the 2022 Consumer Electronics Show, a company named Safeware announced an airbag belt that is designed to prevent hip fractures among such uses as the elderly and hospital patients.

Abnormal orientation of the acetabular socket as seen in hip dysplasia can lead to hip subluxation (partial dislocation), degeneration of the acetabular labrum. Excessive coverage of femoral head by the acetabulum can lead to pincer-type femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI).

Sexual dimorphism and cultural significance
In humans, unlike other animals, the hip bones are substantially different in the two sexes. The hips of human females widen during puberty. The femora are also more widely spaced in females, so as to widen the opening in the hip bone and thus facilitate childbirth. Finally, the ilium and its muscle attachment are shaped so as to situate the buttocks away from the birth canal, where contraction of the buttocks could otherwise damage the baby.

The female hips have long been associated with both fertility and general expression of sexuality. Since broad hips facilitate childbirth and also serve as an anatomical cue of sexual maturity, they have been seen as an attractive trait for women for thousands of years. Many of the classical poses women take when sculpted, painted or photographed, such as the Grande Odalisque, serve to emphasize the prominence of their hips. Similarly, women's fashion through the ages has often drawn attention to the girth of the wearer's hips.

title: Hip


text: Template:Religious persecution

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Religious persecution


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fahrenheit 9/11½

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. --Tony Sidaway Talk 04:55, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Fahrenheit 9/11½
Crystal ball, likely hoax (see talk page). Delete with prejudice.  Grue  21:38, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 08:30, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * If you're pointing out an Anonymous user made the article - so? It's on IMDB. Good enough for me. Keep. -- A Link to the Past 11:09, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's like saying: "It's in Wikipedia - so it must be true!".  Grue   11:57, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Did some Anonymous user throw the movie on IMDB? -- A Link to the Past 18:16, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Fahrenheit 9/11: Until the movie actually comes out, a note about a possible sequel on the main article will be sufficient. Peter Grey 15:19, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Fahrenheit 9/11, not a hoax (I remember Moore saying it, and anyway Variety article confirms), but, movie projects are notorious for falling into "development hell", so speculation at this point. Can be reconstituted later if precise release date is set or some other irrevertible proof that it's actually going to get done comes up.  Dcarrano 15:20, July 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep MSNBC article --Arcadian 19:05, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Arcadian's article. ~ Eszett 12:17, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Peter Grey and Dcarrano. DS1953 03:10, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep for reasons stated above Av 19:51, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see how the "reasons stated above" cancel out the fact that WP:NOT a crystal ball.  Grue   20:15, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * WP:NOT a crystal ball says, and I quote: "planning or preparation for the event is already in progress and the preparation itself merits encyclopedic inclusion". The movie's being made.  I think this qualifies. Av 00:34, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Fahrenheit 9/11 and make Fahrenheit 9/11½ a redirect until the actual movie comes out. --81.154.237.252 13:20, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep movie will be made. CanadianCaesar 03:17, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep We really won't know till it does or doesn't come out. Hold on to it until we get verifiable proof.
 * Keep Keep this for the next year or so. If more plans do not come out on this sequal, remove this thread. KEEP
 * Keep it! --Spe88 05:33, August 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Darwinek 16:39, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Alfrem/Workshop

This is a page for working on arbitration decisions. It provides for work by Arbitrators and comment by the parties and others. After the analysis of evidence here and development of proposed principles, findings of fact and remedies please place proposed items you have confidence in on Requests for arbitration/Alfrem/Proposed decision.

Template
1)

 * Comment by Arbitrators:

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

Template
1)

 * Comment by Arbitrators:

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

=Proposed final decision=

Template
1) {text of proposed principle}

 * Comment by Arbitrators:

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

Template
1) {text of proposed finding of fact}

 * Comment by Arbitrators:

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

Proposed remedies
Note: All remedies that refer to a period of time, for example to a ban of X months or a revert parole of Y months, are to run concurrently unless otherwise stated.

Template
1) {text of proposed remedy}

 * Comment by Arbitrators:

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

Template
1) {text of proposed enforcement}

 * Comment by Arbitrators:

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

Analysis of evidence
Place here items of evidence (with diffs) and detailed analysis

Template

 * Comment by Arbitrators:

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:

General discussion

 * Comment by Arbitrators:

 * Comment by parties:

 * Comment by others:


text: File:Cats 009.jpg

title: File:Cats 009.jpg


text:
Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach

Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (1 February 1792 – 11 November 1847) was a German surgeon. He was born in Königsberg and died in Berlin.

Dieffenbach specialized in skin transplantation and plastic surgery. His work in rhinoplastic and maxillofacial surgery established many modern techniques of reconstructive surgery. His endeavours comprehended subcutaneous operations such as tenotomy, the surgical division of a tendon. Before the discovery of blood typing and blood matching, Dr. Dieffenbach researched blood transfusion, about which he published Die Transfusion des Blutes und die Infusion der Arzneien in die Blutgefässe (1828). In 1839, Dieffenbach performed the first successful myotomy for the treatment of strabismus on a seven-year-old boy with esotropia.

Originally, the student J.F. Dieffenbach studied theology at the universities at Rostock and Greifswald. From 1813 to 1815, he volunteered as a soldier in the Befreiungskriege (Napoleonic Wars) as a Jäger. From 1816 to 1820 he studied medicine at the University of Königsberg, then relocated to Bonn as an assistant to Philipp Franz von Walther. Following visits to Paris and Montpellier, he received his doctorate at the University of Würzburg in 1822. Afterwards, he settled in Berlin, where he focused his attention on plastic and reconstructive surgery. In 1824, he married Johanna Motherby. In 1832, he became an associate professor at the university of Berlin, and in 1840 became director of the Clinical Institute for Surgery at Charité Hospital. After his death in 1847, Bernhard von Langenbeck (1810–1887) replaced Dieffenbach as director of surgery.

Dieffenbach has been called "father of plastic surgery".

Dieffenbach Medal (Dieffenbach-Medaille)
Awarded by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Plastische, Rekonstruktive und Ästhetische Chirurgie e. V. (Association of German Plastic Surgeons), the Dieffenbach Medal was created by artist Fritz Becker. It was awarded for the first time in 1989 during the 20th annual meeting.

title: Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach


text:
Hyaloid artery

The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrients to the developing lens in the growing fetus.

During the tenth week of development in humans (time varies depending on species), the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. Regression of the hyaloid artery leaves a clear central zone through the vitreous humor, called the hyaloid canal or Cloquet's canal. Cloquet's canal is named after the French physician Jules Germain Cloquet (1790–1883) who first described it.

Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in the condition persistent hyaloid artery. More commonly, small remnants of the artery may remain. Free remnants can sometimes be seen as "floaters". An anterior remnant of the hyaloid artery can be seen in some people as Mittendorf's dot, a small pinpoint-like scar on the posterior surface of the lens. A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister's papilla.

title: Hyaloid artery


text:
Talk:Longyearbyen

Origins of the name
So...what does Longyearbyen mean? My guess is "Town of the Long Year", but the article says it was named after John Longyear, which is English...so is it "The Longyear Town"? Does anyone know? Tomer TALK 21:39, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes indeed. The Longyear guy founded the place, the first years it was called "Longyear City". Then Spitsbergen became norwegian and they changed "City" to the norwegian word "Byen".

 * "byen" means "the town". In Norwegian, the definite article goes at the end. "en by" = "a town", "byen = the town".

 * Strictly speaking, byen, is the city/town. In Norwgian it can mean either.

Population
I changed the first line to read "population of about 1900" from 1700 based on the Gov. of the Islands official website. rhmoore 08:49, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Coat of arms

Perhaps the Longyearbyen lokalstyre (local government) coat of arms should be added together with an infobox? -- Nidator 11:37, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

I updated the population of Alert, NU, Canada and added a reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ftcnt (talk • contribs) 16:05, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Airport passenger numbers
90,000 passengers in a year? Is there a source for this? It seems very high for such a small population. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.148.99.59 (talk) 13:49, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Statistics from Avinor can be found here: http://avinor.no/en/avinor/traffic/10_Traffic+statistics —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.191.4.66 (talk) 10:39, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Ban on death
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7501691.stm

I would have thought the fact that dying is illegal in this town should be mentioned —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.68.137.253 (talk) 14:20, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Done — Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 12:51, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Someone do not trust the BBC, I say they should provide a more reliable source saying it is legal to die there. if not I will put the sentence back in the artcile.
 * Dying is not illegal. The BBC is a reliable source, of course - but in this particular instance it's clearly journalistic licence, not the literal truth! SNALWIBMA ( talk - contribs ) 15:50, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
 * (ec) I think most understand that saying "it's illegal to die there" is silly. If you have a sudden heart attack and die, will you be arrested for breaking the law?  The actual concept behind your silliness - that it's too cold to bury dead people there so they have to move if they're gravely ill - is adequately explained already.  Your little catchphrase addition is just being goofy and you know it.    Doulos Christos   ♥ talk   15:51, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * we are not to decide what is literal truth or not in reliable sources. there are many stupid laws in the world, this seems to be one of them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.116.219.82 (talk) 16:05, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The article doesn't even use 'illegal', it uses 'forbidden' — these two things are separate entities. (For example, many cultures and societies have 'forbidden' actions which are still technically legal in the super-society). Quaeler (talk) 16:21, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Found a relevant article that I was trying to think of earlier - Prohibition of death. —  Tivedshambo   (t/c) 16:25, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, let's write 'forbidden' instead of 'illegal' then. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.116.219.82 (talk) 16:38, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * No. By all means go and edit Prohibition of death to add a mention of Svalbard, and by all means add a suitably worded link to that article here. But it's simply (a) silly and (b) untrue to say that it is either illegal or forbidden to die in Longyear or anywhere on Svalbard. In fact, I'd say the point is quite adequately covered by the phrase "those who fall gravely ill must be taken to another part of Norway..." SNALWIBMA ( talk - contribs ) 16:43, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Ok, i took the 3 minutes to email the office of the Governor of Svalbard asking for clarification and this is response i received. From: 	xxx@sysselmannen.no Subject: 	VS: Question concerning statutes on Longyearbyen Date: 	February 17, 2009 11:18:06 AM CEST To: 	loki@xxxx

Hello Loki

Thank you for your email. I will try to answer it:

It is not forbidden to die in Longyearbyen. But the Norwegian government does not wish to organize the community so that people, who are so old that they need help and nursing, can stay here. There is no public domiciliary care here. All inhabitants in Longyearbyen have to keep an address on the main land, and when they get old and need help and nursing from the society, they have to move back to the main land.

Med vennlig hilsen / Best regards

Liv Asta Ødegaard Informasjonsrådgiver/Information Adviser

-Opprinnelig melding- Fra: loki der quaeler [mailto:loki@xxx] Sendt: 16. februar 2009 17:32 Til: Firmapost Emne: Question concerning statutes on Longyearbyen

Hello,

I'm attempting to edit a Wikipedia article concerning Longyearbyen and there is some dispute concerning a BBC article done in July, 2008 which stated that "It is forbidden to die in the Arctic town of Longyearbyen.".

Could you provide some clarification on this? Is there an actual current law which makes the act of dying in that town a criminal action? If so, could you point me to an online link giving the text of the law (Norsk would be acceptable, though of course English would be  preferable).

Thank you for any assistance, loki

So it looks like this is a non-issue; it's not forbidden to die (so, also, do not edit Prohibition of death). Quaeler (talk) 11:00, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Longyearbyen Municipal Council
The Longbearbyen Municipal Council was set up. There is a website. Some section about this should be put in. Also in the Svalbard article. Thank you-RFD (talk) 17:02, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Warmer July than indicated in climate table in article
I have checked the average daily high in Longyearbyen in July, using the data from Norwegian Meteorological Institute, which has made their data available at eKlima for everyone, you only need to establish an account. I used data for Longyearbyen from 1961-1976 (discontinued) and Svalbard airport 1977 -1990 (the airport is close to the town, 1961-90 is the internationally agreed base period). These are the official weather stations, and the data showed that: The average daily high in July for these 30 years was 8.6 C on average (see Geography of Norway). Warmest year was 1979, with average high of 11.7 C and the coldest was 1963 with average high of 6.6 C. Some of the latest years have been very warm so a later base period would almost certainly give warmer average high. So, why is the table wrong? Is it based on data from other weather stations, like Sveagruva? Orcaborealis (talk) 19:53, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

Size of church
The article states "The congregational hall is 126 km2 (49 sq mi) while the sitting room is 112 km2 (43 sq mi).". 126 square km sounds a bit large for a church. Pictures of it seem to show a church of fairly normal size, but I can't find any reference on the exact size. Could it perhaps be 126 square _meters_? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mreftel (talk • contribs) 13:41, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
 * This has been fixed.  ◦◦derekbd  ◦   ◦my talk◦◦  14:02, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

New York Times
I'll just leave this right here: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/10/world/europe/a-harsh-climate-calls-for-banishment-of-the-needy.html Gamaliel  ( talk ) 18:59, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

Avalanche and main picture
Eleven of the houses in the main picture of this article were destroyed by an avanlance that killed two people on December 19th 2015 (the two rows to the right, closest to the mountain side), so it should probably be replaced with a more up to date image.

Source: http://svalbardposten.no/index.php?page=vis_nyhet&NyhetID=6732 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.150.57.114 (talk) 21:13, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Thank you, IP. I have updated the photo caption to say that many of houses were destroyed in the avalanche. Please, feel free to suggest a new photo that you think might be better for the article, but it needs to have a licence for free use (like photos on Wiki Commons. Iselilja (talk) 14:56, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

Liverbirds Svalbard?
The article says "20 residents of the town are members of the Liverbirds Svalbard and regularly meet in the Svalbar on match days during the winter months." Could this sentence be amended to explain what the "Liverbirds Svalbard" is? Not everybody would know. I didn't. Sadiemonster (talk) 03:29, 14 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 36 external links on Longyearbyen. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=08560A
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7501691.stm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/documents-and-publications/Reports-to-the-Storting-White-Papers/Reports-to-the-Storting/19992000/report-no-9-to-the-storting-/7.html?id=456920
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://telektronikk.com/volumes/pdf/3.2004/Page_140-152.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/lmd/campain/svalbard-global-seed-vault/frequently-asked-questions.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=869P
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/03/world/europe/03sun.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detaile.asp?placeNameID=859P
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.unis.no/10_STUDIES/1040_Student_Life/documents/Longyearbyen_map.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://svalbard.nordicvisitor.com/travel-guide/climate-and-daylight/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.lokalstyre.no/Modules/theme.aspx?Category.ID=699&ObjectType=Article&ElementID=1882
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ssb.no/dette_er_svalbard/befolkning.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://svalbardposten.no/nyheter/kvinne-valgt-av-folket
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.sysselmannen.no/Engelsk_KFmF9.pdf.file
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/Documents-and-publications/Reports-to-the-Storting-White-Papers/Reports-to-the-Storting/19992000/report-no-9-to-the-storting-/5-The-administration-of-Svalbard.html?id=456897
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110723004354/http://www.sysselmannen.no/enkel.aspx?m=44377 to http://www.sysselmannen.no/enkel.aspx?m=44377
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110723003904/http://www.sysselmannen.no/hovedEnkel.aspx?m=45270 to http://www.sysselmannen.no/hovedEnkel.aspx?m=45270
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20001210194300/http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19921127-109-0.html to http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19921127-109-0.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/documents-and-publications/Reports-to-the-Storting-White-Papers/Reports-to-the-Storting/19992000/report-no-9-to-the-storting-/14.html?id=456932
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.svalbardmuseum.no/eindex.php?kategori=5
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.spitsbergenairshipmuseum.com/index.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.vg.no/reise/artikkel.php?artid=575665
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.snsk.no/gruve-7.145618.en.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.snsk.no/svea-nord.145613.en.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=014240A
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ssb.no/dette_er_svalbard/gruvedrift.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.unis.no/30_ABOUT_UNIS/4010_Root/intro.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ssb.no/dette_er_svalbard/utdanning.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2006/desember/1165799815.02
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/12/world/fg-vault12
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ssb.no/dette_er_svalbard/turisme.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ssb.no/dette_er_svalbard/lov-rett.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.svalbardauto.no/om-oss
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120611143342/https://www.ippc.no/norway_aip/current/AIP/AD/ENSB/EN_AD_2_ENSB_en.pdf to https://www.ippc.no/norway_aip/current/AIP/AD/ENSB/EN_AD_2_ENSB_en.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/stmeld/2008-2009/stmeld-nr-22-2008-2009-/11.html?id=555023
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.avinor.no/en/airport/svalbard/timetables

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:53, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

IPA transcription
The IPA transcription in this article seems off, as I've never heard it pronounced like [jiː], only [jeː]. Can anyone confirm this pronunciation?

Orcaguy (talk) 20:13, 1 October 2017 (UTC)

 * As of recently, the text cited Bjarne Berulfsen's Norsk uttaleordbok, which is a well-known and respected resource, albeit a bit old. I agree with you, and have taken the liberty of updating the pronunciation. Unfortunately I don't have any good secondary or tertiary sources besides Store Norske Leksikon. Some primary sources below, which I hope are not geoblocked:
 * Svalbard 1974 timestamps 00:03 and 00:12
 * Abels tårn fra Huset, Longyearbyen (timestamp 00:24)
 * arj (talk) 18:29, 20 September 2022 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 33 external links on Longyearbyen. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=08560A
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7501691.stm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/documents-and-publications/Reports-to-the-Storting-White-Papers/Reports-to-the-Storting/19992000/report-no-9-to-the-storting-/7.html?id=456920
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://telektronikk.com/volumes/pdf/3.2004/Page_140-152.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/lmd/campain/svalbard-global-seed-vault/frequently-asked-questions.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=869P
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/03/world/europe/03sun.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detaile.asp?placeNameID=859P
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.unis.no/10_STUDIES/1040_Student_Life/documents/Longyearbyen_map.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://svalbard.nordicvisitor.com/travel-guide/climate-and-daylight/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.lokalstyre.no/Modules/theme.aspx?Category.ID=699&ObjectType=Article&ElementID=1882
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ssb.no/dette_er_svalbard/befolkning.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://svalbardposten.no/nyheter/kvinne-valgt-av-folket
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.sysselmannen.no/Engelsk_KFmF9.pdf.file
 * Added archive http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515164104/http://www.ssb.no/this_is_svalbard/velferdstilbud.pdf to http://www.ssb.no/this_is_svalbard/velferdstilbud.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/Documents-and-publications/Reports-to-the-Storting-White-Papers/Reports-to-the-Storting/19992000/report-no-9-to-the-storting-/5-The-administration-of-Svalbard.html?id=456897
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/documents-and-publications/Reports-to-the-Storting-White-Papers/Reports-to-the-Storting/19992000/report-no-9-to-the-storting-/14.html?id=456932
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.svalbardmuseum.no/eindex.php?kategori=5
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.spitsbergenairshipmuseum.com/index.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.vg.no/reise/artikkel.php?artid=575665
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.snsk.no/gruve-7.145618.en.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.snsk.no/svea-nord.145613.en.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=014240A
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ssb.no/dette_er_svalbard/gruvedrift.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.unis.no/30_ABOUT_UNIS/4010_Root/intro.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ssb.no/dette_er_svalbard/utdanning.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.forskning.no/Artikler/2006/desember/1165799815.02
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/12/world/fg-vault12
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ssb.no/dette_er_svalbard/turisme.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ssb.no/dette_er_svalbard/lov-rett.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.svalbardauto.no/om-oss
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/stmeld/2008-2009/stmeld-nr-22-2008-2009-/11.html?id=555023
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.avinor.no/en/airport/svalbard/timetables

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:08, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Longyearbyen. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140104021644/http://www.liverpool.no/Liverbirds/Svalbard/Liverbirds-Svalbard.aspx to http://www.liverpool.no/Liverbirds/Svalbard/Liverbirds-Svalbard.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:40, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 external links on Longyearbyen. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/66He2ainK?url=http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=869P to http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=869P
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/66He2ainK?url=http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=869P to http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detaile.asp?placeNameID=859P
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/66ALri6g8?url=http://www.sysselmannen.no/Engelsk_KFmF9.pdf.file to http://www.sysselmannen.no/Engelsk_KFmF9.pdf.file
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/66HcbFIpT?url=http://www.spitsbergenairshipmuseum.com/index.htm to http://www.spitsbergenairshipmuseum.com/index.htm
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/66BCYunA7?url=http://www.snsk.no/gruve-7.145618.en.html to http://www.snsk.no/gruve-7.145618.en.html
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/66BE9rb2a?url=http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=014240A to http://miljo.npolar.no/placenames/pages/detailn.asp?placeNameID=014240A
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/66BHIK2JO?url=http://www.avinor.no/en/airport/svalbard/timetables to http://www.avinor.no/en/airport/svalbard/timetables

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:11, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

Updated with new climate normal 1991-2020
I have made a weather box with the new official 1991-2020 climate normals, data from met.no I also changed the claim about mildest part of Svalbard, as it is the west coast (not just Nordenskiold land) that is mildest (except for Bear Island). I hope the avg high/low will soon be released so they can be added. Also I suggest the 2000-2017 weather box be removed, and the last one with precipitation, as those have no purpose any longer, and there are too many weather boxes here now.Orcaborealis (talk) 17:20, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

Good article missing bibliography for four years - how did that happen?
The bibliography was removed in 2016 with this edit. That was over 4 years ago. I put it back in a "new" references section. I moved the existing "references" to "notes."

The question is, how did this manage to not be sent to good-article-review with many of the references/notes rendered meaningless by the missing bibliography? davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)  05:22, 21 February 2021 (UTC)

Map glitch
The infobox map seems to be glitching and showing Longyearbyen in the wrong place. It also seems to change location based on which map you show/hide. Is that happening for anyone else? Relinus (talk) 21:27, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

 * You're right. It looks like an issue with the SVG. Also, the standard map template in the infobox is dumb because Longyearbyen doesn't even show up until you zoom all the way out to Earth, since it's not within Norway's (or even Europe's) bounding box. Orange Suede Sofa  (talk) 21:49, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I fixed the standard map issue by only including Earth view, as the other two are pointless. There may be another view supported by the template and I'll take a look later. I've also noticed that there are two different coords given in the infobox so that should be resolved as well. Orange Suede Sofa  (talk) 22:01, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * And finally, I found that there is an Arctic view for infobox maps, so I added that as default and left Earth as an option, which is I believe as good as that will get unless the the template supports a better bounding box, which I have not been able to find. Orange Suede Sofa  (talk) 22:16, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I see, thanks for figuring that out! Relinus (talk) 23:13, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Longyearbyen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hadiths related to Mut'ah

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. --04:49, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Hadiths related to Mut'ah
VFD was not properly formatted, fixing that; no vote on my part. --Metropolitan90 04:43, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia should not be a repository for hadith dumps. If the "evidence" doesn't fit in the main article, then it should either be in Wikisource (?) or relegated to external links. As it stands, this article is completely incomprehensible to anyone who doesn't already know what nikah mut'ah is and why it is controversial. If that is added, then the article is just a repetition of the nikah mut'ah article. Zora 21:39, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep This article is not about explaining what Nikah Mut'ah is about, rather it's to represent the arguments used to validated its abrogation or the lack of using hadithes as sources. But how could you know it, you didn't even bother to read it. --Striver 00:23, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. The article contains useful information that can help better understand the characteristics of Islamic denominations.--Zereshk 03:39, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Internal links give context and background, as is usual with Wikipedia. Thousands of articles here would be difficult to follow out of context — but they have the context of thousands of other Wikipedia articles. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:49, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Mut'ah (marriage), where it needs to be cut down and put into context. WP is not the place for extended interpretation of holy books; any such interpretations need to be closely tied to specific, encyclopedic issues.  Dcarrano 15:15, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

coment The article does not interpret the hadith, it represent how diffrent famous scholars imterpreted them. A major difrence, and worth representation. furthermore, Mut'ah (marriage) presents the concept, not shows how the scholars interpret wheather it is allowed or not. The concept is one thing, the cholars view of wheather it is allowed or not is a tottaly diffrent matter.
 * You're right, I misspoke. Rather, WP is not the place for extended discussion of interpretations of holy books, unless it's tied to a specific encyclopedic issue.  When you're discussing a religious concept, that's where the compare and contrast of interpretations should come out -- in the article about that concept.  Dcarrano 15:51, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

--Striver 16:03, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * commentwell as you said it your self "unless it's tied to a specific encyclopedic issue". In this case it tied to Nikah Mut'ah. Howeverm, i do not agree that the "contrast of interpretations " should come into the article in this case, since ther is no contrast of interpretation regarding what it is and how it was reaveled. The contrast is about how and when it got abrogated. And that is a whole other issue than describing what it is. For example, a Jew might decide to enter a nikah, in that case s/he does not want or need to know about "contrast of interpretations " regarding if its abrogated or not, s/he only wants/needs to know what it is.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Template talk:Infobox company/Syntax Descriptions

Syntax Descriptions

 * Company Name (Variable: company_name)
 * What's the name of this business organization?
 * Example: Microsoft Corporation
 * Use: the full name of the company including punctuation and style. ("Discreet, Inc.", not "Discreet Inc.")

 * Company Logo (Variable: company_logo)
 * By which graphic can the business organization be identified in the marketplace?
 * Use: a black & white logo. (Width: >= 150px. Height: >= 60px)

 * Type of company (Variable: company_type)
 * Is the company public or private?
 * Use: the exchange and stock symbol template (such as nasdaq: MSFT ), if the company is public.
 * Example (Microsoft): Public nasdaq: MSFT
 * Use: the parent company's name, if the company is private but is a subsidiary of a parent company.
 * Example (GEICO): Private (subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway)
 * Old syntax:
 * In which form was the business organization established?
 * Use: an appropriate type of corporation. If private, specify (e.g., Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, etc.)
 * Example: C Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT)
 * See also: Company (law)

 * Place and date of establishment (Variable: foundation)
 * When and where was the business organization initially established?
 * Use: the company's date and place of foundation.
 * Example: Albuquerque (1975)

 * Current location (Variable: location)
 * Where does the business organization's headquarters reside?
 * Use: the business organization's headquarters' current location. Use an address, if unique to the business organization.
 * Example: Redmond, Washington

 * Key People (Variable: key_people)
 * Which three people closely associated with the business organization are most popular and efficacious?
 * Use: no more than three names unless reasonably appropriate.
 * Use: popular names instead of formal names, if available.
 * Note: The executive branch of a business organization is not necessarily the key people.
 * Note: When creating a link for the terms 'Founder' or 'Co-founder', please use Founder or co-founder.
 * Example:Mary Smith, Founder.

 * Industry (Variable: industry)
 * Of which industry could the business organization be best classified?
 * Use: the industry classification that fits the business organization's primary business.
 * Example: software

 * Offering (Variable: products)
 * What is the business organization offering to its customers?
 * Use: the business organization's most popular products and services.
 * Use: a division of the business organization, if appropriate.
 * Example: Sony Computer Entertainment America

 * Revenue (Variable: revenue)
 * How much revenue did the business organization recognize in its most recent fiscal year?
 * Use: the business organization's latest year for which audited annual revenue data is available.
 * Use: the year the annual revenue was recognized, and use a localized currency identifier.
 * Example: $512,256,128,064 USD (2004)

 * Operating Profit (Variable: operating profit)
 * How much operating profit did the business organization recognize in its most recent fiscal year?
 * Use: the business organization's latest year for which audited annual operating profit data is available.
 * Use: the year the annual operating profit was recognized, and use a localized currency identifier.
 * Example: $512,256,128,064 USD (2004)

 * Employees (Variable: num_employees)
 * How many people does the business employ?
 * Use: The most recent figures available, listing when they are from.
 * Example: 3,493 (2004)

 * Official website (Variable: homepage)
 * What is the business organization's primary website?
 * Use: the business organization's official primary website.

Definitions

 * revenue indicator: Arrow indicates positive or negative change from last year's revenue. If you're unsure, leave it out. Compare total revenue, not just revenue from continuing operations.
 * revenue value: the abbreviated annual revenue of a business organization (e.g., $123,456 billion)
 * currency type: the abbreviated type currency local to a business organization (e.g., Wal-Mart is an American company so USD is used)
 * revenue date: a revenue value's latest fiscal year

Style

 * Prefix a revenue indicator, .   or , to revenue value. This indicates the change in revenue compared to the previous fiscal year. If there is no information available for the previous fiscal year do not use an indicator.
 * Suffix currency type and revenue date to revenue value.
 * Example: $123,456 billion USD (2004)

Sources for revenue data

 * Yahoo! Finance (see "Total Revenue" on "Income Statement" page)
 * Please do not use Hoover's revenue data. Hoover's only displays operating revenue.
 * Please verify revenue figures found on external sites, like Yahoo! Finance, with a business organization's annual report. Most businesses provide annual reports as downloadable PDF files in the "investor relations" section of their website. Financial figures are usually found in the last half of an annual report.


text:
Pavel Fitin

Pavel Mikhailovich Fitin (Павел Михайлович Фитин; 28 December 1907  24 December 1971) was a Soviet intelligence officer (INO–GUGB–NKVD–NKGB) who was the director of Soviet intelligence during World War II, identified in the Venona cables under the code name "Viktor."

Early life and education
He was born into a Russian peasant family. In 1932 Fitin graduated from the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, completing the program in agricultural engineering. In 1932-1934 he worked as an editor for the State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature. In 1934-1935 he served in the Red Army. In 1935 he continued his work in the State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature, and in 1936 he was appointed deputy chief editor of this publishing house. In 1938 he passed a training course in foreign intelligence at SHON, the foreign intelligence training school, located in Barvikha, near Moscow.

NKVD Deputy Head
Fitin became deputy chief of the NKVD's foreign intelligence in 1938, then a year later at the age of thirty-one became chief, with the rank of Lieutenant General. The Russian Foreign Intelligence Service credits Fitin with rebuilding the depleted foreign intelligence department after Stalin's Great Purge. Fitin also is credited with providing ample warning of the German invasion (Operation Barbarossa) of 22 June 1941 that began the German-Soviet War. Only the actual invasion saved Fitin from execution for providing the head of the NKVD, Lavrentiy Beria, with information that the General Secretary of the CPSU, Joseph Stalin did not want to believe. Beria retained Fitin as chief of foreign intelligence until the war ended, but demoted him.

Fitin thought it was important to build up a network of spies inside the Manhattan Project. However, at the beginning he was mainly reliant on Klaus Fuchs. Fitin gave the project the codename "Enormoz". In November 1944 he reported: "Despite participation by a large number of scientific organization and workers on the problem of Enormoz in the U.S., mainly known to us by agent data, their cultivation develops poorly. Therefore, the major part of data on the U.S. comes from the station in England. On the basis of information from London station, Moscow Center more than once sent to the New York station a work orientation and sent a ready agent, too (Klaus Fuchs)."

Another important source was John Cairncross. Pavel Fitin reported to Vsevolod Merkulov: "Valuable information on Enormoz is coming from the London station. The first materials on Enormoz were received in late 1941 from our source List (John Cairncross), containing valuable and absolutely secret documents both on the substance of the Enormoz problem and on measures by the British government to organize and develop work on the problem of atomic energy in our country. In connection with American and Canadian work on Enormoz, materials describing the state and progress of work in three countries - England, the U.S., and Canada - are all coming from the London station."

Dishonored Discharge
After Beria was executed in 1953, Fitin was discharged from the NKVD and denied his pension. Fitin was unable to find employment until 1959.

Honors
Fitin attained the rank of lieutenant-general, and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner twice, the Order of the Red Star, the Red Banner of Tuva and  Order of the Republic of the Tuvan People's Republic.

Legacy
In 1942, Joseph Stalin appointed Pavel Sudoplatov to head the intelligence work on the Manhattan Project, and to coordinate the data gathered by Soviet agents in England, Canada, and the United States. Most cables sent via the New York – Moscow connection were sent by KGB officer Leonid Kvasnikov, known as Anton, to Lieutenant General Pavel Mikhailovich Fitin, known as Viktor, who had been the head of the foreign intelligence section of the KGB at that time (NSA 2/9/44).

title: Pavel Fitin


text:
Hip (slang)

Hip is a slang for fashionably current and in the know. To be hip is to have "an attitude, a stance" in opposition to the "unfree world", or to what is square or prude. Being hip is also about being informed about the latest ideas, styles, and developments.

Hip, like cool, does not refer to one specific quality. What is considered hip is continuously changing.

Origin of term
The term hip is recorded in African American Vernacular English (AAVE) in the early 1900s. In the 1930s and 1940s, it had become a common slang term, particularly in the African-American-dominated jazz scene.

The origin of hip is unknown; there are many explanations for the etymology of hip, but they remain unproven. Research and speculation by both amateur and professional etymologists suggest that "hip" is derived from an earlier form, hep but that is disputed. Many etymologists believe that the terms hip, hep and hepcat derive from the west African Wolof language word hepicat, which means "one who has his eyes open". Some etymologists reject this, tracing the origin of this putative etymology to David Dalby, a scholar of African languages who tentatively suggested the idea in the 1960s and some have even adopted the denigration "to cry Wolof" as a general dismissal or belittlement of etymologies they believe to be based on "superficial similarities" rather than documented attribution.

Alternative theories trace the word's origins to those who used opium recreationally. Because opium smokers commonly took the drug lying on their sides or on the hip, the term became a coded reference to the practice and because opium smoking was a practice of socially influential trend-setting individuals, the cachet it enjoyed led to the circulation of the term hip by way of a kind of synecdoche. This etymology is rejected by Sheidlower. Slang dictionaries of past centuries give a term hip or hyp meaning melancholy or bored, shortened from the word hypochondriac. This usage, more prevalent around 1800, was virtually extinct by 1900.

Development
The word hip in the sense of "aware, in the know" is first attested in a 1902 cartoon by Tad Dorgan and first appeared in print in a 1904 novel by George Vere Hobart, Jim Hickey, A Story of the One-Night Stands, where an African-American character uses the slang phrase "Are you hip?" Early currency of the term (as the past participle hipped, meaning informed) is further documented in the 1914 novel The Auction Block by Rex Beach "His collection of Napoleana is the finest in this country; he is an authority on French history of that period—in fact, he's as nearly hipped on the subject as a man of his powers can be considered hipped on anything".

After the Second World War, the term moved into general parlance. The English humorist P. G. Wodehouse has his aristocratic narrator, Bertie Wooster, use the term "get hep" in his 1946 novel Joy in the Morning. Jack Kerouac described his mid-century contemporaries as "the new American generation known as the 'Hip' (the Knowing)". In 1947, Harry "The Hipster" Gibson wrote the song "It Ain't Hep" about the switch from hep to hip, Hey you know there's a lot of talk going around about this hip and hep jive. Lots of people are going around saying "hip." Lots of squares are coming out with "hep." Well the hipster is here to inform you what the jive is all about.

The jive is hip, don't say hep

That's a slip of the lip, let me give you a tip

Don't you ever say hep it ain't hip, NO IT AIN'T

It ain't hip to be loud and wrong

Just because you're feeling strong

You try too hard to make a hit

And every time you do you tip your mitt

It ain't hip to blow your top

The only thing you say is mop, mop, mop

Keep cool fool, like a fish in the pool

That's the golden rule at the Hipster school

You find yourself talking too much

Then you know you're off the track

That's the stuff you got to watch

Everybody wants to get into the act

It ain't hip to think you're "in there"

Just because of the zooty suit you wear

You can laugh and shout but you better watch out

Cause you don't know what it's all about, man

Man you ain't hip if you don't get hip to this hip and hep jive

Now get it now, look out

Man get hip with the hipster, YEAH! Got to do it!

The 1936 drama film August Week End uses the term "hip" in dialogue. Norman Mailer, one of the voices of the Hipster-Movement, formulated the content-related interpretation of the terms "hip" and "square" in an essay in 1957 as opposites in attitudes towards life,

"Hip - Square / wild - practical / romantic - classic / instinct - logic / Negro - white / inductive - programmatic / the relation - the name / spontaneous - orderly / perverse - pious / midnight - noon / nihilistic - authoritarian / associative - sequential / a question - an answer / obeying the form of the curve - living in the cell of the square / self - society / crooks - cops / free will - determinism."

title: Hip (slang)


text:
User talk:Ctong

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 21:41, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ctong


text:
User talk:Nitrogenx

eSheep
A couple problems with these edits: a) are you sure eSheep can go into an encyclopedia b) your uploaded picture contains screen names which would breach the user's privacy c) there is no image copyright tag on your uploaded picture. This presents several problems with your contributions. Could you please address them? Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 21:41, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Sheep exe.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Sheep exe.JPG. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 05:42, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer be able to have them marked as minor by default. For more information on what a minor edit is, see WP:MINOR or feel to get in touch.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 22:53, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nitrogenx


text:
Ayshea

Ayshea (born Ayshea Hague, 12 November 1948) is a British singer, actress and television presenter.

Biography
Born in Highgate, London, and educated at Arts Educational School, London, Ayshea was trained in ballet, music, drama and dance. She made her film debut at the age of nine as an uncredited extra in the film, Tom Thumb (1958). At sixteen, she was signed to her first record label, for the Fontana label, who released her debut single, "Eeny Meeny" in 1965. She made appearances on television shows such as Thank Your Lucky Stars and Discotheque. Granada TV's producer Muriel Young hired Ayshea to host her own pop show, Lift Off with Ayshea in 1969. The series ran for 122 episodes lasting until 1974.

After being romantically linked with Steve Winwood, Chas Chandler and Rod Stewart, she married Cat Stevens' record producer, Chris Brough (the son of ventriloquist Peter Brough), who produced her records and was her manager.

Ayshea was a regular on quiz shows such as The Golden Shot and Celebrity Squares. As an actress, she appeared on Jason King and had a recurring role on UFO, the Gerry Anderson live-action series. After starring in pantomimes and summer shows all over the UK, Ayshea then built up a following for her live cabaret performances.

Ayshea and Chris Brough divorced in the 1970s. In 1975, she represented Great Britain at the World Popular Song Festival in Tokyo with a song written for her by Elton John, entitled "The Flowers Will Never Die". Following an engagement to Roy Wood, who wrote and produced her single "Farewell", she later married Steve Alder who had the lead role in the London stage production of the musical Jesus Christ Superstar.

Ayshea moved to Los Angeles and appeared in the movies Gotcha (1985) and Demolition Man (1993). Married to the agent and film producer Michael Levy, Beverly Hills became her permanent home. For many years she ran a property development and interior design business.

In 2000, Ayshea moved back to the UK (in Grantham, Lincolnshire) to be close to her mother, Rose.

Albums

 * Ayshea (1970)
 * Lift Off with Ayshea (1974)

Singles

 * "Eeny Meeny / Keep My Love" (1965), Fontana
 * "Celebration of the Year / Only Love Can Save Me Now (1968), Polydor
 * "Another Night / Taking the Sun from My Eyes" (1969), Polydor
 * "Mister White's White Flying Machine / Ship of the Line" (1970), Polydor
 * "Who's Gonna Rescue Jesus? / Flowers Are Mine" (1970), Polydor
 * "Master Jack / Both Sides Now" (1971), RCA
 * "An Old Fashioned Love Song / The Family of Man" (1972), MAM
 * "Farewell / The Best Years of My Life" (1973), Harvest
 * "Another Without You Day / Moonbeam" (1974), DJM
 * "Don't Wait Till Tomorrow / Moonbeam" (1975), DJM
 * "The Flowers Will Never Die / The Best Years of My Life" (1975), DJM
 * "Golden Oldie / "Keep Me from Blowing Away (1977), DJM

title: Ayshea


text:
Confiteor

The Confiteor (so named from its first word, Latin for 'I confess' or 'I acknowledge') is one of the prayers that can be said during the Penitential Act at the beginning of Mass of the Roman Rite in the Catholic Church. It is also said in the Lutheran Church at the beginning of the Divine Service, and by some Anglo-Catholic Anglicans before Mass.

History
While Eastern liturgies begin with a confession of sin made by the celebrant alone, the earliest records of the Roman Rite all describe the Mass as beginning with the introit. However, the celebrant may have used a Confiteor-like confession of sinfulness as one of the private prayers he said in the sacristy before he began Mass. Only in the 10th or 11th century is there any evidence of the preparation for Mass being made at the altar.

Some prayers similar to the Confiteor appear earlier outside of Mass. The Canonical Rule of Chrodegang of Metz (d. 743) recommends: "First of all prostrate yourself humbly in the sight of God ... and pray Blessed Mary with the holy Apostles and Martyrs and Confessors to pray to the Lord for you." Ecgbert of York (d. 766) also gives a short form that is the germ of the present prayer: "Say to him to whom you wish to confess your sins: through my fault that I have sinned exceedingly in thought, word, and deed." In answer the confessor says almost exactly the Misereatur.

The Confiteor is first found quoted as part of the introduction of the Mass in Bernold of Constance (died 1100). The Misereatur and Indulgentiam prayers follow, the former slightly different but the latter exactly as in the Tridentine Missal. The Tridentine form of the Confiteor is found in the 14th-century "Ordo Romanus XIV" with only a slight modification, and is found word for word in a decree of the Third Council of Ravenna (1314).

In the Middle Ages, the form of the Confiteor and especially the list of the saints whom it invoked varied considerably. The Carthusian, Carmelite, and Dominican Orders, whose Missals, having by then existed for more than 200 years, were still allowed after 1570, had forms of the Confiteor different from that in the Tridentine Missal. These three forms were quite short, and contained only one "mea culpa"; the Dominicans invoked, besides the Blessed Virgin, Saint Dominic. Moreover, some other orders had the privilege of adding the name of their founder after that of St. Paul. The Franciscans for instance inserted the name of St. Francis of Assisi, and many Benedictine houses added the name of their founder, St. Benedict. The local patron was inserted at the same place in a few local uses.

To what is here taken from the Catholic Encyclopedia one can add the text of an elaborate (but ungrammatical) form of the Confiteor found in the Paenitentiale Vallicellanum II, which has been attributed to the 9th century:

Confiteor Deo et beatae Mariae semper virgini, et beato Michaeli archangelo et beato Iohanni baptistae et sanctis apostolis Petro et Paulo omnibus sanctis et tibi patri mea culpa (III vic.) peccavi per superbiam in multa mea mala iniqua et pessima cogitatione, locutione, pollutione, sugestione, delectatione, consensu, verbo et opere, in periurio, in adulterio, in sacrilegio, omicidio, furtu, falso testimonio, peccavi visu, auditu, gustu, odoratu et tactu, et moribus, vitiis meis malis. Precor beatam Mariam semper virginem et omnibus sanctis et isti sancti et te pater, orare et intercedere pro me peccatore Dominum nostrum Ies. Christum. I confess to God and to blessed Mary ever-Virgin, to blessed Michael the Archangel and blessed John the Baptist and to the holy apostles Peter and Paul along with all the saints and you Father: through my fault (thrice) I have sinned by pride in my abundant evil iniquitous and heinous thought, speech, pollution, suggestion, delectation, consent, word and deed, in perjury, adultery, sacrilege, murder, theft, false witness, I have sinned by sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch, and in my behaviour, my evil vices. I beg blessed Mary ever-Virgin and all the saints and these saints and you, Father, to pray and intercede for me a sinner to our Lord Jesus Christ.

In all editions of the Tridentine Roman Missal from 1570 to 1962 the text of the Confiteor remained unvaried, but there were changes in the related rubrics and in the wording of the Misereatur prayer with which the servers responded to the priest's Confiteor and the priest to that of the servers. In the original Tridentine Roman Missal, promulgated and published by Pope St. Pius V in 1570, this prayer included the phrase dimissis omnibus peccatis vestris/tuis ("forgive you your sins");  but in 1604 another Pope, Clement VIII, revised the original Tridentine Roman Missal of 1570, and, among other changes, removed the word omnibus ("all") from this prayer.

Texts
Since 1970, the text of the Confiteor in the Roman Missal is as follows: Confiteor Deo omnipotenti, et vobis fratres [et sorores], quia peccavi nimis cogitatione, verbo, opere et omissione: mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa. Ideo precor beatam Mariam semper Virginem, omnes Angelos et Sanctos, et vos, fratres [et sorores], orare pro me ad Dominum Deum nostrum. I confess to almighty God and to you, my brothers [and sisters], that I have greatly sinned, in my thoughts and in my words, in what I have done and in what I have failed to do, through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault; therefore I ask blessed Mary ever-Virgin, all the Angels and Saints, and you, my brothers [and sisters], to pray for me to the Lord our God.

The form in the Tridentine Roman Missal (in Latin) is longer and is said twice, first by the priest in the following form, then by the altar server(s), who replace the words "et vobis, fratres", "et vos, fratres" (and you, brethren) with "et tibi, pater" and "et te, pater" (and you, Father). Confiteor Deo omnipotenti, beatae Mariae semper Virgini, beato Michaeli Archangelo, beato Ioanni Baptistae, sanctis Apostolis Petro et Paulo, omnibus Sanctis, et vobis, fratres: quia peccavi nimis cogitatione, verbo et opere: mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa. Ideo precor beatam Mariam semper Virginem, beatum Michaelem Archangelum, beatum Ioannem Baptistam, sanctos Apostolos Petrum et Paulum, omnes Sanctos, et vos, fratres, orare pro me ad Dominum Deum nostrum. I confess to Almighty God, to blessed Mary ever Virgin, to blessed Michael the Archangel to blessed John the Baptist, to the holy Apostles Peter and Paul, to all the Saints, and to you, brethren, that I have sinned exceedingly in thought, word and deed: through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault. Therefore I beseech blessed Mary ever Virgin, blessed Michael the Archangel, blessed John the Baptist, the holy Apostles Peter and Paul, all the Saints, and you, brethren, to pray for me to the Lord our God.

In the Tridentine editions of the Roman Missal, if a priest celebrated Mass in the presence of the Pope or a cardinal, or of a nuncio, a patriarch, a metropolitan archbishop or a diocesan bishop within their own jurisdictions, he changed "et vobis, fratres", "et vos, fratres" (and you, brethren) into "et tibi, pater" and "et te, pater" (and you, Father) when reciting his own Confiteor.

Occasions of recitation
Until 1969, therefore, the Confiteor was spoken (not sung) twice at the beginning of Mass, after the recitation of Psalm 42/43, once by the priest and once by the server(s) or by the deacon and subdeacon. It was also said, once only (not by the priest), before Communion was distributed to the faithful, until Pope John XXIII in his 1960 Code of Rubrics had it omitted when Communion was distributed within Mass. As the pre-1962 editions of the Tridentine Missal did not envisage any distribution of Communion to the faithful within Mass, it was the rite of giving Communion to the faithful outside of Mass that was used even within Mass.

The Tridentine Roman Ritual also required recitation of the Confiteor before administration of Extreme Unction and the imparting of the Apostolic Blessing to a dying person. The Ritual's prescription that a penitent should begin their confession by reciting at least the opening words of the Confiteor was not generally observed.

The Caeremoniale Episcoporum of the time also laid down that, when a bishop sings high Mass, the deacon should sing the Confiteor after the sermon and before the bishop granted an indulgence. This custom, the only occasion on which the Confiteor was to be sung rather than recited, had fallen into disuse even before the twentieth century.

In the Divine Office, the Confiteor was often said at Prime and almost always at Compline.

Since 1969, the Roman Ritual, the Caeremoniale Episcoporum, and the Liturgy of the Hours no longer require recitation of this particular prayer.

As stated above, Pope John XXIII's 1960 Code of Rubrics and his 1962 edition of the Tridentine Roman Missal, use of which was authorized under the conditions indicated in the 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, and restricted under the conditions of 2021 motu proprio Traditionis Custodes, removed the recitation of the Confiteor immediately before the distribution of Holy Communion to the people. Nonetheless, in some places where the 1962 Roman Missal is used, this additional Confiteor is in fact recited. A 2011 survey showed that this practice, though controversial, is quite common. Especially in the United States, traditionalist Catholics argue that it should be restored.

Accompanying gestures and prayers
Tridentine editions of the Roman Missal prescribed that the priest should make a profound bow to the altar while reciting the Confiteor with joined hands and that he should remain bowed until the server or servers began their recitation of the Confiteor.

From 1604 to 1962, the Roman Missal also prescribed that, at the words mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa, those reciting the Confiteor should strike their breast three times. Neither the original (1570) Tridentine edition of the Roman Missal nor the Vatican II editions (from 1970 on) specify the number of times. No edition specifies the form of the breast-beating, except to say that it is to be done with the right hand. That the hand should be clenched into a fist is stated by some and denied by others. Saint Augustine of Hippo said: "No sooner have you heard the word 'Confiteor', than you strike your breast. What does this mean except that you wish to bring to light what is concealed in the breast, and by this act to cleanse your hidden sins?" (Sermo de verbis Domini, 13), and Saint Jerome said: "We strike our breast, because the breast is the seat of evil thoughts: we wish to dispel these thoughts, we wish to purify our hearts" (In Ezechiel, xviii). This gesture of sorrow for sin is found in Scripture, as for instance in and.

Tridentine editions prescribed that a prayer be said for the person who recited the Confiteor. After the priest's recitation, the server(s) prayed: "Misereátur tui omnípotens Deus, et dimíssis peccátis tuis, perdúcat te ad vitam ætérnam" (May Almighty God have mercy upon you and, your sins having been forgiven, may He bring you to eternal life). And the priest responded: "Amen". After the recitation by the server(s), the priest said the same prayer (with vestri and vestris, "you" plural, not "you" singular), and the server(s) answers: "Amen". In editions since 1970, in which the Confiteor is recited jointly, this prayer is said by the priest alone, replacing vestri and vestris ("you" and "your") with nostri and nostris ("us" and "our"). The official English translation is: "May almighty God have mercy on us, forgive us our sins, and bring us to everlasting life."

This prayer is referred to as the "absolution", a prayer for forgiveness, not a granting of forgiveness as in the Sacrament of Penance. It is therefore classified as a sacramental, not a sacrament.

Tridentine editions of the Roman Missal included a second prayer of absolution, said by the priest alone: "Indulgéntiam, absolutiónem, et remissiónem peccatórum nostrórum tríbuat nobis omnípotens et miséricors Dóminus" (May the Almighty and merciful God grant us pardon, absolution, and remission of our sins). The server(s) or deacon and subdeacon responded to this also with "Amen".

Indulgence
The 2004 Enchiridion Indulgentiarum granted a partial indulgence to those who pray the Confiteor in preparation for the Sacrament of Penance.

Usage in Lutheranism
It is Lutheran tradition for the Confiteor to be recited by the congregation at the beginning of each Divine Service. The following is a common text, similar to the 2010 ICEL translation:

Most merciful God, we confess that we are by nature sinful and unclean. We have sinned against you in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done and by what we have left undone. We have not loved You with our whole heart; we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves. We justly deserve Your present and eternal punishment. For the sake of Your Son, Jesus Christ, have mercy on us. Forgive us, renew us, and lead us, so that we may delight in Your will and walk in Your ways to the glory of your Holy Name. Amen. The Confiteor is also said during the office of Compline, the final office/liturgy of the day. In the Lutheran Service Book, used by the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod, it is first recited by the pastor, then repeated by the congregation. The Compline Confiteor is as follows:"I confess to God Almighty, before the whole company of heaven and to you, my brothers and sisters, that I have sinned in thought, word, and deed by my fault, by my own fault, by my own most grievous fault; wherefore I pray God Almighty to have mercy on me, forgive me all my sins, and bring me to everlasting life. Amen."

title: Confiteor


text:
Jean Michel Constant Leber

Jean Michel Constant Leber (8 May 1780 – 22 December 1859) was a French historian and bibliophile.

Biography
Leber was born at Orléans on 8 May 1780. His first work was a poem on Joan of Arc (1804); but he wrote at the same time a Grammaire général synthétique, which attracted the attention of J. M. de Gérando, then secretary-general to the ministry of the interior. The latter found him a minor post in his department, which left him leisure for his historical work. He even took him to Italy when Napoleon was trying to organize, after French models, the Roman states which he had taken from the Pope in 1809. Leber however did not stay there long, for he considered the attacks on the temporal property of the Holy See to be sacrilegious.

On his return to Paris Leber resumed his administrative work, literary recreations and historical researches. While spending a part of his time writing vaudevilles and comic operas, he began to collect old essays and rare pamphlets by old French historians. His office was preserved to him by the Restoration, and Leber put his literary gifts at the service of the government. When the question of the coronation of Louis XVIII arose, he wrote, as an answer to Volney, a minute treatise on the Cérémonies du sacre, which was published at the time of the Coronation of Charles X of France.

Towards the end of Villèle's ministry, when there was a movement of public opinion in favour of extending municipal liberties, Leber undertook the defence of the threatened system of centralization, and composed, in answer to François Raynouard, an Histoire critique du pouvoir municipal depuis l'origine de la monarchie jusqu'à nos jours (1828). He also wrote a treatise entitled De l'état réel de la presse et des pamphlets depuis François Ier jusqu'à Louis XIV (1834), in which be refuted an empty paradox of Charles Nodier, who had tried to prove that the press had never been, and could never be, so free as under the Grand Monarch.

A few years later, Leber retired (1839), and sold to the library of Rouen the rich collection of books which he had amassed during thirty years of research. The catalogue he made himself (4 vols., 1839 to 1852). In 1840 he read at the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres two dissertations, an "Essai sur l'appreciation de la fortune privée au moyen âge", followed, by an "Examen critique des tables de prix du marc d'argent depuis l'époque de Saint Louis"; these essays were included by the academy in its Recueil de mémoires présentés par divers savants (vol. i., 1844), and were also revised and published by Leber (1847). They form his most considerable work, and assure him a position of eminence in the economic history of France. He also rendered good service to historians by the publication of his Collection des meilleures dissertations, notices et traités relatifs à l'histoire de France (20 vols., 1826–1840); in the absence of an index, since Leber did not leave one, an analytical table of contents is to be found in Alfred Franklin's Sources de l'histoire de France (1876, pp. 342 sqq.). In consequence of the revolution of 1848, Leber decided to leave Paris. He retired to his native town, and spent his last years in collecting old engravings. He died at Orléans on 22 December 1859.

In 1832 Leber had been elected as a member of the Societé des Antiquaires de France, and in the Bulletin of this society (vol. i., 1860) is to be found the most correct and detailed account of his life's works.

title: Jean Michel Constant Leber


text:
Talk:Al-Muhtadee Billah

Who is Yang Teramat Mulia?
Is Yang Teramat Mulia an alternate name for Al-Muhtadee Billah Bolkiah? Hall Monitor 21:43, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

The title "Yang Teramat Mulia" is an equivalent to "His/Her Excellency". Well, in the case of Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah, it's of course "His Excellency" ;) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.6.228.97 (talk) 02:49, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Not a commonwealth citizen?
The entry on Brunei states that it is part of the Commonwealth of Nations, yet the entry on the prince states that he could not receive the title of "sir" and the common honorary cross, because he is NOT a citizen of the commonwealth.

Invitation:

Asalamu Alaikum Your Highness. My His Majesty invite you to visit www.maharlikasultanate.weebly.com or royalsultanate.weebly.com. Presently His Majesty is extra ordinary Plenipotentiary Minister of the Philippine Council for Sama and Bajau tribal affairs and exhorting the people's right for self-government. His Majesty is also fee simple owner of the Mindanao and Sulu, remnant of the Maharlika Sultanates which we are not bound to the the 2007 Resolution between the Government of the Philippines and our non-Muslim Family cousins in Manila who had wean the 1976 Philippine Court Decision as final and executory. Whereby, the Government appealed and was pending resolultion till 2007; acceded to the Philippine sovereignty administration of the Philippine Archipelago, stipulating the exception of Mindanao and Sulu which is reverted back to His Majesty's Royal Forefather as by the 1572 ceding to the latter prior to the recognition of its Original Certificate of Title or OCT 01-4 under the Torrens System. Also visit OCT 01-4 Legal Actions.

Wassalam.

HRM. Yang Di-Partuan Paduka Ahmad Carpenter Yu Tiamco Arpa-V ibni Maharaja Adinda Taup Angging (Anddin) Zein Ul-Abidin Sultan Shaif Ul-Hashim Abu'Bkr Mohamad Shah Fad'lun. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.207.173.140 (talk) 00:55, 22 December 2013 (UTC) This might need ironing out by someone more knowledgable than me.

title: Talk:Al-Muhtadee Billah


text:
User:Chadw1701e

Im sure I will think of something to put here soon.

title: User:Chadw1701e


text:
Charly Lownoise and Mental Theo

Charly Lownoise & Mental Theo were a DJ duo from the Netherlands. They are best known for their successful happy hardcore songs, but have also produced gabber & eurodance records.

History
Charly Lownoise was born as Ramon Roelofs on June 16, 1968 in The Hague in South Holland and was later member of Starsplash. Mental Theo was born Theo Nabuurs on February 14, 1965 in 's-Hertogenbosch, North Brabant. Their more popular tracks include "Wonderfull Days" (which samples Help Get Me Some Help by Tony Ronald), "Stars" and "Live At London". The song "Revolution" is played after AZ scores a goal at home. They played their final show together on Saturday July 30, 2022 at the Ziggo Dome in Amsterdam.

Albums

 * Charlottenburg (1995) - Urban
 * Old School Hardcore (1996) - Polydor
 * On Air (1996) - Polydor
 * Thank You Ravers (CD + DVD) (2005) - EMI Music (Netherlands)
 * Speedcity - The Greatest Hits (2006) - Sony BMG Music Entertainment (Netherlands)

Compilations

 * Kiss Your Sweet Ears Goodbye!! (1998) - Master Maximum Records
 * Speedcity (2xCD + DVD) (2003) - BMG (Netherlands)

Singles

 * "Flight to Frankfurt" (1993) - Master Maximum Records
 * "Holland" (1993) - Master Maximum Records
 * "Tiroler Kaboemsch" (1993) - Total Recall
 * "The Bird" (1993)- Hard Stuff Records
 * "Kiss the Ground" (1994) - Master Maximum Records
 * "Live at London" (1994) - Master Maximum Records
 * "Wonderfull Days" (1994) - Polydor
 * "Stars" (1995) - Urban
 * "The Bird" (1995) - ZYX Music
 * "This Christmas" (1995) - Urban
 * "Together in Wonderland" (1995) - Polydor
 * "Fantasy World" (1996) - Polydor
 * "Hardcore Feelings" (1996) - Polydor
 * "Fantasy World / Stars" (1996) - Polydor
 * "In the Mix" (1996) - Warner Special Marketing GmbH
 * "Party" (1996) - Urban
 * "Streetkids" (1996) - Urban
 * "Your Smile" (1996) - Polydor
 * "Just Can't Get Enough" (1997) - Polydor
 * "Next 2 Me" (1998) - Polydor
 * "Girls" (2000) - Polydor
 * "Wonderful Days" (2001) - Kontor Records
 * "Wonderfull Days / Is There Anybody Out There" (2001) - Bang On!
 * "Speedcity Megamix" (2004) -	BMG (Netherlands)
 * "All I Wanna Do Is F*ck with the DJ" (2007) - Master Maximum Records
 * "DJ Fuck / Tiroler Kaboemsch / Ultimate Sextrack / Verrotted" (2007) - VIP Records
 * "Live at London / 1,2,3 for Germany / The Bird / Rebel" (2007) - VIP Records
 * "Wonderful Days 2.08" (2007) - Master Maximum Records
 * "Wonderfull Days / Wonderfull Days / Motherfuck / Speedcity" (2007) - VIP Records
 * "Koning voetbal dit ek" (feat. Wesley Sneijder) (2021) - Cloud 9 Recordings
 * "Last Goodbye" (2022) - Collect! Music Publishers

EPs

 * Blast EP (1993) - Master Maximum Records
 * Tears EP (1993) - Master Maximum Records
 * Party EP (1996) - Master Maximum Trance Traxx

title: Charly Lownoise and Mental Theo