text:
Kasey Rogers

Kasey Rogers (born Josie Imogene Rogers; December 15, 1925 – July 6, 2006) was an American actress and writer, best known for playing the second Louise Tate in the popular U.S. television sitcom Bewitched.

Life and career
Rogers was born Josie Imogene Rogers in Morehouse, Missouri, the daughter of Ina Mae (Mocabee) and Eben E. Rogers. She moved with her family to California at the age of two. As a child, her prowess at the game of baseball led her friends to nickname her Casey (after the famous poem "Casey at the Bat"). While under contract to Paramount, she used the stage name Laura Elliot. In 1955, she began working with a press agent in Hollywood, Walter Winslow Lewis III (aka "Bud"). It was Bud who suggested that she use the nickname with her maiden name and changed the "C" to a "K". They later married and had four children.

Rogers began work under the names Laura Elliott and Laura Elliot for Paramount Pictures. She appeared in movies such as Special Agent, Samson and Delilah, Silver City, Paid in Full, Two Lost Worlds, and, in perhaps her best-known film role, Alfred Hitchcock's Strangers on a Train, playing Miriam, the scheming, adulterous wife of Guy Haines (Farley Granger).

In the mid-1950s, Rogers began working on television. She guest-starred on various series, such as Sergeant Preston, Stage 7, The Restless Gun, The Lone Ranger, Bat Masterson, Maverick, Yancy Derringer, Perry Mason, as Francie Keene in the Wanted: Dead or Alive episode "Railroaded", and many other programs. In 1964 she landed a starring role on Peyton Place, portraying the character Julie Anderson, the mother of Betty Anderson (Barbara Parkins). She left the series in 1966 to replace Irene Vernon in the role of Louise Tate on Bewitched. In 1972, she performed as Louise Tate for the final time in the episode "Serena's Youth Pill". She then retired from acting, appearing in only a few guest television spots and making appearances on the Bewitched edition of E! True Hollywood Story.

A Democrat, she supported the campaign of Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election. She was a Presbyterian.

Death
After battling throat cancer for many years, Rogers went into cardiac arrest. She then suffered a stroke and died in Los Angeles, California, on July 6, 2006, aged 80. She was buried at the Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles.

Other achievements
In the 1970s, she became involved with motorcycles after her son began riding and then racing at the age of nine. Rogers became involved in the world of motocross racing. She worked closely with the AMA and established PURR ("PowderPuffs Unlimited Riders and Racers"), an association that brought women into the male-dominated sport, in 1974. PURR would later evolve into what is now the Women's Pro-Class division.

Books
Rogers wrote five books with Mark Wood. The first was The Bewitched Cookbook: Magic in the Kitchen (1996), a cookbook based on the television series Bewitched with the foreword written by Rogers' co-star and friend Sandra Gould. Her other books are Halloween Crafts: Eerily Elegant Décor (2001), Character Wreaths: Holiday Projects for Year 'Round Decor (2002), Decorating for Christmas (2003), and Create a Bewitched Falloween: 55 Projects for Decorating and Entertaining (2003). Rogers and Wood filmed an unaired pilot for a proposed how-to craft series, Hands on Holidays. The pilot was released on DVD in 2006.

In 2013, Bewitched and Beyond: The Fan Who Came to Dinner by Mark Wood (with Eddie Lucas) was published by BearManor Media, a book that recounts Wood's friendship with Rogers. The title of Charles Tranberg's biography of Agnes Moorehead, I Love the Illusion, derives from Rogers' recounting how Moorehead used this expression when asked about acting.

Partial filmography

 * Special Agent (1949) - Lucille Peters
 * Top o' the Morning (1949) - Larkin's Secretary
 * Chicago Deadline (1949) - Marcia Grantland (uncredited)
 * Samson and Delilah (1949) - Spectator
 * The File on Thelma Jordon (1950) - Dolly - Cleve's Secretary
 * Paid in Full (1950) - Tina, Bridesmaid
 * Girls' School (1950) - Lucille Farnsworth
 * No Man of Her Own (1950) - Friend of the Family (uncredited)
 * Riding High (1950) - Spectator (uncredited)
 * Union Station (1950) - Jenny - Clerk (uncredited)
 * Dark City (1950) - Stewardess (uncredited)
 * Two Lost Worlds (1951) - Elaine Jeffries
 * The Mating Season (1951) - Bridesmaid / Party Guest (uncredited)
 * A Place in the Sun (1951) - Miss Harper (uncredited)
 * Strangers on a Train (1951) - Miriam Joyce Haines
 * When Worlds Collide (1951) - Stewardess (uncredited)
 * Here Comes the Groom (1951) - Maid (uncredited)
 * Silver City (1951) - Josephine
 * My Favorite Spy (1951) - Maria (uncredited)
 * Something to Live For (1952) - Actress at Audition (uncredited)
 * Denver and Rio Grande (1952) - Linda Prescott
 * Jamaica Run (1953) - Janice Clayton
 * The French Line (1953) - Katherine 'Katy' Hodges
 * About Mrs. Leslie (1954) - Felice
 * The McConnell Story (1955) - Claire (uncredited)
 * Yancy Derringer (1958) - Black-eyed Susan
 * Wanted Dead or Alive (1959) -- episode entitled "Railroaded"
 * The Gunfight at Dodge City (1959) - Molly Day (uncredited)
 * The Restless Gun (1959) - Episode "A Trial for Jenny May"
 * Ask Any Girl (1959) - Girl in Tub (uncredited)
 * Perry Mason (1960, TV Series) - Lois Langely, Irate Inventor s3e25
 * Bat Masterson (1960) - Dixie Mayhew /Francine Wallace
 * The Naked Flame (1964) - Elena
 * Bewitched (1966-1972, TV Series) - The 2nd Mrs Louise Tate (33 episodes)

title: Kasey Rogers


text: User:Angelo Mattiello

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Angelo Mattiello


text:
University of Yangon

The University of Yangon (also Yangon University; ရန်ကုန် တက္ကသိုလ်, ; formerly Rangoon College, Rangoon University and Rangoon Arts and Sciences University), located in Kamayut, Yangon, is the oldest university in Myanmar's modern education system and the best known university in Myanmar. The university offers mainly undergraduate and postgraduate degrees (Bachelor's, Master's, Post-graduate Diploma, and Doctorate) programs in liberal arts, sciences and law. Full-time bachelor's degrees were not offered at the university's main campus after the student protests of 1996. The bachelor's degree was re-offered from 2014 on. Today degrees in Political Science are offered to undergraduate students, as well as postgraduate diplomas in areas such as social work and geology.

Initially most major universities in the country depended on Yangon University. Until 1958 when Mandalay University became an independent university, all institutions of higher education in Myanmar were under Yangon University. After the University Education Act of 1964, all professional colleges and institutes of the university such as the Institute of Medicine 1, Rangoon Institute of Technology and Yangon Institute of Economics became independent universities, leaving the Yangon University with liberal arts, sciences and law. In Myanmar, responsibility for higher education depends on various ministries. The University of Yangon depends from the Ministry of education.

Yangon University has been at the centre of civil discontent throughout its history. All three nationwide strikes against the British administration (1920, 1936 and 1938) began at Rangoon University. Leaders of the Burmese independence movement such as General Aung San, U Nu, Ne Win and U Thant are some of the notable alumni of the university. The tradition of student protest at the university continued in the post-colonial era—in 1962, 1974, 1988 and in 1996.

History
Established in 1878 as an affiliated college of the University of Calcutta, the Rangoon College was operated and managed by the Education Syndicate set up by the British colonial administration. The college was renamed Government College in 1904, and University College in 1920. Rangoon University was founded in 1920, when University College (Rangoon College - secular) and Judson College (Baptist-affiliated) were merged by the University of Rangoon Act. The American Baptist Mission decided to recognize Judson College (formerly Baptist College) as a separate institution within Rangoon University. Rangoon University modelled itself after University of Cambridge and University of Oxford. All subsequent institutions of higher learning founded by the British were placed under Rangoon University's administration: Mandalay College in Mandalay in 1925, Teachers Training College and Medical College in Yangon in 1930, and Agriculture College in Mandalay in 1938. Although it was attended only by the elites of the day, the university was at the centre of the Burmese independence movement. Students protested against the British administration's control of the university and the Rangoon Act which placed the governor as chancellor of the University of Rangoon. All three nationwide strikes against the British colonial government (1920, 1936 and 1938) began at the university. National Day in fact commemorates the rebellion of Burmese students at Rangoon University in 1920. By the 1930s the university was the hotbed of Burmese nationalism, producing a number of future senior Burmese politicians, including General Aung San, U Nu, Ba Maw, Kyaw Nyein, Ba Swe, U Thant and Thein Pe Myint.

Rangoon University became one of the most prestigious universities in Southeast Asia and one of the top universities in Asia, attracting students from across the region. The Japanese occupied the university during the Second World War, but it recovered and flourished after Burma gained independence in 1948. This golden period ended in 1962.

After the military coup of 1962 under General Ne Win, and under the Burmese Way to Socialism, Rangoon University was put directly under the control of the Directorate of Higher Education, a central government agency, whereas previously it was run by a council of professors, scholars and government officials. In addition, the medium of instruction was changed to Burmese, a radical departure from English, which had been the university's medium of instruction since its founding. Educational standards began to decline markedly, and international bodies ceased to recognize degrees issued or obtained at the university. The university was also renamed the Rangoon Arts and Sciences University (abbreviated RASU), after certain departments and faculties (medicine, economics, education, etc.) were separated from the university in 1964. Rangoon University students staged a peaceful demonstration and protest on campus against 'unjust university rules' on 7 July 1962. Ne Win sent his troops to disperse the students. Dozens of students were killed and the historic Rangoon University Student Union (RUSU) was reduced to rubble the next morning.

In November 1974 the former UN Secretary General U Thant died, and on the day of his funeral on 5 December 1974, Rangoon University students snatched his coffin on display at the Kyaikkasan Race Course, and erected a makeshift mausoleum on the grounds of the RUSU in protest against the government for not honouring their famous countryman with a state funeral. The military stormed the campus on 11 December killing some of the students, recovered the coffin, and buried U Thant at the foot of the Shwedagon Pagoda.

Student protests against protest against General Ne Win's socialist government culminated in 1988. Student protest in March 1988 was met with a violent response from the government. This did not stop the protests. On 8 August 1988, students around the country came together to protest against the military regime. The protest was supported by hundreds of thousands of people who went into the street in protest against the military rule. This is today remembered at the 8888 uprising. The movement was crushed by the army Chief of Staff General Saw Maung who took over and instated the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC or na wa ta). It is estimated that more than 300 students died in the protests. In the months and years that followed, many more were imprisoned.

In 1989, the military junta changed place names throughout Myanmar; the university was renamed the University of Yangon. The university was closed for most of the 1990s, because of fears of a repeat of the 8888 Uprising. To prevent students from congregating, the government dispersed the existing institutions and departments that made up Yangon University into separate learning institutions scattered throughout the city. Till 2013 only graduate studies, certain professional courses, and a few diploma courses were conducted at the university's main campus. Newer universities such as Dagon University, University of East Yangon and University of West Yangon were created to cater for undergraduates. Yangon University celebrated its Diamond Jubilee in a week-long celebration, which began on 1 December 1995. The Jubilee marked the school's formal establishment of 75 years. For its commemoration, the government built the Diamond Jubilee Hall, a four-storied building in the university's grounds, which cost Ks.63,00,00,000. A new set of postage stamps was also produced. Once-affiliated institutes and departments (e.g., the Institute of Economics, Yangon which began life as a department at Yangon University), which had already separated, also celebrated.

The transition to a new government in 2011 Myanmar was followed by a renewed focus on education. In 2013, Aung San Suu Kyi was named head of the Yangon University Upgrading and Restoration Committee. In December 2013, the university re-opened for undergraduate students. Initially only 50 undergraduate students were accepted. A controversial National Education Law was enacted in 2014. Under the law the university is managed by the Ministry of Education, who also appoints the university rector.

Campus

Yangon University is located in Yangon, along the southwestern bank of Inya Lake, the largest lake in the city. It is on the corner of Pyay Road and University Avenue Road in Kamayut Township, north of downtown Yangon. The modern campus of Yangon University completed construction in 1920. There are two campuses, namely Main Campus and Hlaing Campus, the former being the most well-known. Judson Church, inside the main campus of the university, is a Baptist church, and like Judson College, named after Adoniram Judson, a 19th-century American missionary who compiled the first Burmese-English dictionary. The main campus also contains a convocation hall.

Housing
The accommodation in Burma is not mixed and the availability is limited. Women's halls have many restrictive rules whilst men's a few.

Other important buildings

 * Arts Building
 * Convocation Hall
 * Judson Church
 * Recreation Centre
 * Science Building
 * Universities' Central Library
 * Universities' Dhamma Hall
 * Universities' Sanatorium
 * University Diamond Jubilee Hall
 * Universities' Hospital
 * University of Yangon Library
 * University Post Office
 * Painters' House

Main Departments
Each department offers an undergraduate degree programme. The Department of International Relations offers two: the Bachelor of Arts (international relations) and the Bachelor of Arts (political science).
 * 1) Department of Anthropology
 * 2) Department of Archaeology
 * 3) Department of Botany
 * 4) Department of Chemistry
 * 5) Department of Computer Studies
 * 6) Department of English
 * 7) Department of Geography
 * 8) Department of Geology
 * 9) Department of History
 * 10) Department of Industrial Chemistry
 * 11) Department of International Relations
 * 12) Department of Law
 * 13) Department of Library and Information Studies
 * 14) Department of Mathematics
 * 15) Department of Myanmar
 * 16) Department of Oriental Studies
 * 17) Department of Philosophy
 * 18) Department of Physics
 * 19) Department of Psychology
 * 20) Department of Zoology.
 * 21) Department of Biology

Programmes
Yangon University offers undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes. The undergraduate programmes are subdivided into three categories: Arts (B.A.), Sciences (B.Sc.), and Law(LL.B). The choice of different fields of learning takes place in upper secondary school where students choose particular subjects directed towards their tertiary education. Postgraduate degrees are separated into three groups: Doctorates, Master's, and diplomas. Although YU no longer offered the undergraduate degrees owing to the uprising in 1996, it now was reopened for the undergraduate degrees with the name of (COE) what literally means Center of Excellence in 2014 and accepted only 50 selectively excellent students for each field of studies. (Although undergraduate and postgraduate programmes are still available to current days, the recognition of status of international COE of the university has been discontinued.)

Academia

 * Benjamin Peary Pal: the first Director of Indian Council of Agricultural Research and one of the foremost scientists in Wheat genetics and breeding.
 * Hla Pe: Linguist, Professor of Burmese language and culture at the University of London (1966– 1980) and one of the compilers of a Burmese-English dictionary
 * Hla Myint: Economist and one of the pioneers of development economics
 * Htin Aung: one of the founding fathers of the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning (ASAIHL)
 * Mi Mi Khaing: Scholar and Writer
 * Muhammad Siddiq Khan: Bangladeshi librarian, and the founder of Department of Library Science of the University of Dhaka
 * Nanda Thein Zan : Writer of texts on philosophy and Buddhism
 * Sao Saimong: Scholar and linguist, well known for reformed Shan script
 * Sein Tu: Psychologist
 * Pessie Madan: Indian leader of the high-technology research and development sector
 * Pe Maung Tin: Scholar on Pali and Buddhism
 * Pho Kyar: Novelist and education reformist
 * Ronald Findlay: Ragnar Nurkse Professor of Economics at Columbia University.
 * Sir Taw Sein Ko (1864–1930): Burma's first recorded archaeologist and an interlocutor between King Thibaw and the British administration
 * Than Tun: Historian
 * Thaw Kaung: Librarian and a well-known expert in Asian library science
 * U Myint: Economist
 * U Nyun: Economist and Executive Secretary of United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific from 1959 – 1973
 * Kyaw Thet: Historian
 * Winston Set Aung : Economist and Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Myanmar
 * Yin Yin Nwe: Geologist and Myanmar's Chief Education Adviser to Myanmar President Thein Sein
 * Yoshio Nishi: Japanese scholar of Tibeto-Burman linguistics

Arts and literature

 * Ba Gale: Cartoonist
 * Kyi Aye : Burmese psychiatrist, poet, novelist, and short story writer
 * Collegian Ne Win: Film actor and footballer
 * Khin Myo Chit: Writer and journalist
 * Kyi Soe Tun: Film director
 * Than E: Singer
 * Ludu Daw Amar: Leader of the Rangoon University students strike of 1936, writer and journalist
 * Min Thu Wun: Mon-Burmese scholar and poet
 * Mya Than Tint : Novelist, Translator
 * Saya Zawgyi: Writer and part of the Khit-San literary movement (did not complete degree)
 * Thein Pe Myint: Writer, journalist and secretary general of Communist Party of Burma
 * Theippan Maung Wa: Writer and part of the Khit-San literary movement in the 1930s
 * Maung Htin: Writer and part of Khit-San literary movement
 * Myo Min (Ngwe Soe): Writer and part of Khit-San literary movement
 * Tin Maung: Film actor and director
 * Wah Wah Win Shwe: Actress
 * Nwe Yin Win: Singer
 * Kyaw Thu: Actor and chairman of Free Funeral Service Society

Business

 * Ezra Solomon: US economist and Economic Adviser of US President Richard Nixon
 * Khin Maung Aye: Chairman of CB Bank and Chairman of Myanmar Banks Association
 * Lim Chin Tsong: A tycoon in the early 20th century and a member of the Legislative Council of Burma
 * Michael Moe Myint: Founder of Myint & Associates and Myanmar Petroleum Resources Limited (MPRL)
 * Zaw Zaw: Founder of Max Myanmar and vice president of Asian Football Confederation (AFC)

Politics and government

 * Aung San: National independence figure of Burma and founder of the Armed forces of Myanmar, 5th Prime Minister of British Burma
 * B. R. Ambedkar: one of the architects of the Indian Constitution
 * Ba Cho: Minister of Information 1946–1947
 * Ba Maw: Premier of Burma from 1937 to 1939 and Prime Minister 1943–1945 (during WWII)
 * Ba Swe: 2nd Prime Minister of Burma
 * Ba Win: Minister of Trade 1946–1947
 * Khin Nyunt: Burmese spy chief and 9th Prime Minister of Burma
 * Kyaw Nyein: Deputy Prime Minister of Burma from 1948 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1958, 1st Burmese Home Affairs Minister
 * Ma Saw Sa (Judson College), first Burmese woman physician, suffragist, member of parliament
 * Maung Khin: 1st Burmese Chief Justice (1921–1924)
 * Maung Maung: Chief justices of Burma, Attorney General of Burma, and 7th President of Burma
 * Maung Maung Kha: Prime minister of Burma 1977–1988
 * Ne Win: Chairman of Revolutionary Council, 4th President and 3rd Prime Minister of Burma
 * Pe Khin: Chief architect of the Panglong Agreement
 * Shawkat Ali Khan: a framer of the Constitution of Bangladesh
 * Thakin Mya: Minister of Home Affairs 1946–1947
 * U Nu: 1st Prime Minister of Burma
 * U Razak: Minister of Education
 * U Thant: the third Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1961 to 1971
 * Usha Narayanan: First Lady of India from 1997 to 2002
 * Win Maung: the third President of the Union of Burma
 * Win Myint: the tenth president of Myanmar

title: University of Yangon


text:
User talk:Angelo Mattiello

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 20:55, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

Pixar in Spanish
Hello. I wonder if you would mind taking a look at something. Please take a look at pixar in Spanish on the talk page for List of company name etymologies. There seems to be some debate over whether a certain statement is true, and it's going to take a Spanish speaker to sort it out. What the article really needs, I suppose, is a Spanish speaker who has read The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman, but it's much easier for me to just find Spanish speakers. ;-) Thank you for your attention, and please let me know if you have any questions. —CKA3KA (Skazka) 20:54, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Angelo Mattiello


text:
Gwenview

Gwenview is an image viewer for Unix-like systems (including Linux) and is released as part of the KDE Applications bundle. The current maintainer is Aurélien Gâteau. The word "Gwen" means "white" in the Breton language and is commonly used as a first name.

History
Gwenview was first available for K Desktop Environment 3. Later it was released as part of the KDE Software Compilation 4 with a simplified user interface, making it more suitable for quickly browsing through collection of images. It also provided a full-screen interface that can be used to display images as a slide-show. In 2014, Gwenview was ported to KDE Frameworks 5 and released as part of KDE Applications.

Features
Major features include:
 * Directory browser
 * Raster image (including but not limited to BMP, PNG, JPEG, GIF, MNG, TIFF, and PSD), SVG, RAW (limited), and video support
 * Easy to use interface
 * Metadata comment editor
 * Thumbnail image view of current directory
 * Import images from external storage
 * Use of KIPI (KDE Image Plugins Interface) plugins for manipulating images
 * Filtering based on file type, file name pattern, and date.
 * Share images to social networking sites

title: Gwenview


text:
Scotland Street School Museum

Scotland Street School Museum is a museum of school education in Glasgow, Scotland, in the district of Kingston. It is located in a former school designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh between 1903 and 1906. The building is one of Glasgow's foremost architectural attractions. It is located next to the Shields Road subway station.

History
Mackintosh based the design of the school on Rowallan Castle in Ayrshire and Falkland Palace. The building features a pair of windowed Scottish baronial style tower staircases and a tiled Drill Hall. The school is an important example of the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style). During the building's construction, Mackintosh frequently battled the school board about the design (the board wanted a less expensive design). The total cost for the building was £34,291, which was over budget. The school was designed for an enrolment of 1,250. However, by the 1970s the area was experiencing urban decay, and the school's enrolment fell to under 100. The school closed in 1979.

Activities and exhibits at the museum include an opportunity to participate in a Victorian classroom situation, with employed actors playing teachers who impose strict discipline.

The school is the subject of a 2018 documentary by Margaret Moore, Scotland Street School Remembers.

title: Scotland Street School Museum


text:
Talk:MUSIC-N

?
Tell us about MusicN and if there are any composers out there today who use this software. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.22.74.226 (talk) 14:57, 15 July 2005

Merge from Music4
I think it would make sense to merge the content of Music4 on this page.Bikepunk2 (talk) 16:23, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that Music4 should be merged to here (and corrected to MUSIC IV as is used in sources.) --mikeu talk 20:52, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Cut and paste merged. Hyacinth (talk) 10:00, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

CSIRAC didn´t make digital music
As stated in the first paragraph... Why not? I´m guessing it´s because the Csirac didn´t have a DAC, just a "debugging speaker"... the IBM 704 manual doesn´t mention any DAC either, nor debugging speaker, so how did MUSIC I make sounds?

first post on wikipedia... will thank help if I made any mistakes Histriocito (talk) 01:34, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Do you mean that the reference from the University of Melbourne (http://www.csse.unimelb.edu.au/dept/about/csirac/music/ ) is pure fantasy ?

I guess they somehow adapted an external DAC on the CSIRAC. Bikepunk2 (talk) 17:10, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't know about CSIRAC but at Bell Labs Mathews describes a process where an IBM 704 or 7090 writes a "sequence of numbers recorded on the [digital magnetic] tape" which is then placed in a standalone DAC. The DAC converts the tape to a "sequence of pulses proportional to the numbers from the digital tape." This is then run through a low pass filter to produce a "smooth time function" output to a speaker. It is clear that the DAC was not a peripheral attached to the IBM at this date. He also says that it takes 4 to 10 seconds of computer time to generate each second of music. --mikeu talk 14:13, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

cleanup
I've tried to clean this up a bit and at least add one reliable source for the early versions. There's a complete family tree of N at Music N. (Though annoyingly they use lower case for "MUSIC N" despite the fact that early computers were only capable of uppercase letters.) --mikeu talk 07:30, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Clarification: the all caps for MUSIC above refers to the Bell Labs versions. The manual for MUSIC 360 mentions "MUSIC 4B" instead of MUSIC IV. --mikeu talk 07:44, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

Early computer programs like MUSIC and FORTRAN (both of which ran on the IBM 704 which had a limited character set that did not include lowercase letters) originally had names that were all uppercase. When these program were ported to a newer computer that did support lowercase there was not always a consistency in the naming convention. For example, MUSIC 360 on the IBM System/360 which had lowercase as part of the EBCDIC character set. During this transition original sources sometimes refer to MUSIC IV or Music IV. (There are also variants such as MUSIC 4 or Music 4.) I'll try to track down what the original authors called the programs that they created. I propose that the article adopt a convention of using all caps for earlier versions where this was the case and lowercase for later versions, despite the fact that some recent references often use historically incorrect usage. A section similar to the following should be placed near the top explaining how the early sources rendered the name, how the name is found in a variety of forms, and the convention adopted in the article. --mikeu talk 12:44, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

"'Because the capitalization usage was sometimes inconsistent, this article adopts the convention of using the all-caps FORTRAN in referring to versions of the language up to FORTRAN 77 and the title-caps Fortran in referring to versions of the language from Fortran 90 onward. This convention is reflected in the capitalization of FORTRAN in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3.9-1966 (FORTRAN 66) and ANSI X3.9-1978 (FORTRAN 77) standards and the title caps Fortran in the ANSI X3.198-1992 (Fortran 90), ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997 (Fortran 95) and ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004 (Fortran 2003) standards.'"

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on MUSIC-N. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080705040414/http://www.csse.unimelb.edu.au/dept/about/csirac/music/ to http://www.csse.unimelb.edu.au/dept/about/csirac/music/

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:33, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:MUSIC-N


text:
File:DVD Shrink.PNG

Summary
Disc backup view in DVD Shrink.

Source
Screenshot created by User:Thorpe.

Use rationale
This software is copyrighted, but its screenshot is being used here under U.S. fair use laws, because:
 * it helps to visually identify the software; in that sense it furthers the goal of providing verifiable information.
 * it does not limit, nor does it claim to, limit the rights of the copyright holder.
 * it does not, in any way, assist in illegal reproduction of the software or any other things covered by the license of the software.
 * it is being used for informational purposes.

title: File:DVD Shrink.PNG


text:
Tono Stano

Tono Stano (born 24 March 1960) is a Slovakia-born art photographer living and working in Prague, Czech Republic.

Life and work
Stano was born in Zlaté Moravce, now Slovakia.

He attended the secondary school of applied arts in Bratislava from 1975 to 1979, and then, from 1980 to 1986, the FAMU in Prague (School of Film, Photography, and Television). Still during their studies, he and his fellow students (e.g. Miro Svolik) at FAMU developed a new style of staged photography, full of expressive movements and metaphor, partly influenced by performance art.

Stano is mainly known for his black-and-white photographs of the female body. Several of his photographs have been used for the cover of photography books. The picture "Sense", for example, appeared on the cover of the photography book The Body by William A. Ewing.

Solo exhibitions

 * Fotochema, Prague, 1986
 * Galerie G4, Cheb, 1989
 * Le Pont Neuf, Paris, 1990
 * Galerie U Recickych, Prague, 1992
 * Palac Metro, Prague, 1992
 * Narodni technicke Museum, Prague 1995
 * Galerie Marzee, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 1996
 * Dom kultury, Bratislava, 1996
 * Schoren, St. Gallen, Switzerland 2000
 * Prazsky dum fotografie, Prague, 2001
 * Slovak Institute and Czech Centre, Berlin, 2002
 * Galerie Baudelaire, Antwerp, 2004
 * Institut Français, Budapest, 2004

Publications

title: Tono Stano


text:
Moscow Kremlin Wall

The Moscow Kremlin Wall is a defensive wall that surrounds the Moscow Kremlin, recognisable by the characteristic notches and its Kremlin towers. The original walls were likely a simple wooden fence with guard towers built in 1156. The Kremlin walls, like many cathedrals in the Kremlin, were built by Italian architects.

History
One of the most symbolic constructions in Russia's history, the Moscow Kremlin Wall can be traced back to the 12th century when Moscow was founded in 1147. The original outpost was surrounded by the first walls in 1156, built by Yuri Dolgoruki, prince of Suzdal, which were most likely a simple wooden fence with guard towers. Destroyed in 1238 by the Mongol-Tartar invasion, the Moscow Kremlin was rebuilt by the Russian Knyaz Ivan Kalita. In 1339-1340 he erected a bigger fortress on the site of the original outpost which was defended by massive oak walls. Thought to be an impenetrable defence from raids, it was proven to be useless against raids which burned Moscow in 1365.

Nevertheless, the young knyaz Dmitry Donskoy in 1367 began a rebuilding of the fortress. All winter long from the Mukachyovo village 30 virsts (country miles) from Moscow, limestone was hauled back on sledges, allowing the construction of the first stone walls to begin the following spring. The walls successfully withstood two sieges during the Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–72). Within a few years the city was adorned with beautiful white-stone walls. Whilst it was successfully invaded by the Tatars again in 1382, the massive fortification suffered no damage.

Dmitry Donskoy's walls stood for over a century, and it was during this period that Muscovy rose as the dominant power in Northeastern Rus. By the end of the 15th century, however, it was clear that the old constructions had long passed their time and Czar Ivan the Great's visions. Between 1485 and 1495 a whole brigade of Italian architects took part in the erection of a new defence perimeter including Antonio Fryazin (Antonio Gilardi), Marko Fryazin (Marco Ruffo), Pyotr Fryazin (Pietro Antonio Solari) and Alexei Fryazin the Old (Aloisio da Milano). (The term Fryazin was used to refer to all people of Italian origin at this time). The new walls were erected by building on top of the older walls (some white stone can still be seen at the base in some places). The thickness and height was dramatically increased requiring many wooden houses which surrounded the Kremlin to be torn down.

In the following centuries Moscow expanded rapidly outside the Kremlin walls and as Russia's borders became more and more secure their defensive duty has all but passed. The cannons which were installed in the walls were removed after the turn of the 17th century, as was the second, smaller wall which repeated the perimeter on the outside. During the reign of Czar Alexei Romanov, the towers were built up with decorative spires and the walls were restored. However their historical mightiness was dampened as the material became brick not stone. Successive restorations of varying scale took place during the reigns of Empress Elizabeth and Alexander the First as well as the later Soviet and Russian times, preserving their original character and style.

Specifications
With an outer perimeter of 2235 m, the Kremlin appears as a loose triangle, deviating from the geometric ideal on the southern side where instead of a straight line, it repeats the contours on the original hill on which the Kremlin rests. Because of this the vertical profile is by no means uniform, and the height at some places ranges from no more than 5 m quadrupling to 19 m elsewhere. The thickness of the walls also varies from 3.5 to 6.5 m.

The top of the walls, along their entire length, have outwardly-invisible battle platforms which also range from 2 to 4.5 m in width (in proportion to the thickness). A total of 1,045 double-horned notched "teeth" crown the top of the walls, with a height ranging from 2 to 2.5 m and thickness from 65 to 75 cm.

Some of the interior corridors inside the walls have rooms with no exterior illumination (kamoras) where particularly dangerous criminals were contained.

To date twenty towers survived, highlighting the walls. Built at a different time, the oldest one, Tainitskaya dates to 1485 whilst the newest one-Tsarskaya to 1680. Three of the towers, located in the corners of the castle have unique circular profiles. From the ground level it is only possible to enter six of the towers, the rest only from the walls.

Four gate towers exist, all crowned with ruby stars, they are Spasskaya, Borovitskaya, Troitskaya and Nikolskaya. Although up to the 1930 it was also possible to enter the Kremlin via the gates of Tainitskaya tower, however these were covered up yet leaving their portal clearly visible.

The main gates in the Spasskaya tower are normally (with the exception of official and religious ceremonies) closed to the public. The gates under the Nikolskaya tower are often used for service duties only. Visitors to the Kremlin normally enter the premises via the gates under the Troitksaya tower, except for those who wish to visit the Armoury chamber and the Treasury fond, which are accessible via the gates of the Borovitskaya tower. Before 1917 it was also possible to book an excursion, lasting over two hours, to walk along the perimeter of the Kremlin walls, beginning at the Borovitskaya tower.

The southern part of the wall faces the Moskva River. The eastern part faces Red Square. The western part, formerly facing the Neglinnaya River, is now part of the Alexander Garden. The bridge which previously crossed the river still stands, and is done in the same style as the Kremlin wall.

Restoration
Various sections of the Moscow Kremlin Wall are periodically restored and the condition of the battlements is constantly monitored. In 2015, the largest restoration in recent memory began. Brickwork and white stone decorations were repaired along the 500-metre stretch. Some of the bricks were replaced with new ones made of the same materials using the old technology. Waterproofing works were carried out. For the first time in 150 years, the Troitskaya Tower was restored. In 2016, restoration work was carried out on a 500-metre-long section of the wall.

As part of the restoration, the Borovitskaya Tower was renovated and preparations were made to preserve three unique relief white-stone emblems on its outer corners. One of them is the oldest known emblem of the Moscow state in the era of Ivan III, established during the construction of the tower in 1490. It is planned to restore the removed drawing and transfer it to the Moscow Kremlin Museum for safekeeping, and a copy is to be made for the Borovitskaya Tower.

Kremlin walls are studied by non-destructive methods, for example, using geophysical radars and pits. During the pits, wooden piles used by ancient builders to compact soils were found. It was also during this period that the bases of the walls were examined for the first time. It was found out that the foundation was 7-11 metres deep and there were also found pieces of granite, presumably from Valday.

title: Moscow Kremlin Wall


text:
Friedrich von Canitz

Friedrich Rudolf Ludwig Freiherr von Canitz (27 November 1654 – 11 August 1699) was a German poet and diplomat. He was one of the few German poets of his era that Frederick the Great enjoyed.

Biography
Canitz was born in Berlin, Brandenburg. He was influenced by Boileau. He attended the universities of Leiden and Leipzig, travelled in England, France, Italy and the Netherlands, and on his return was appointed groom of the bedchamber (Kammerjunker) to Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, whom he accompanied on his campaigns in Pomerania and Sweden.

In 1680 Canitz became councillor of legation, and he was employed on various embassies. In 1697 Elector Frederick III made him a privy councillor, and Emperor Leopold I created him a baron of the Empire. Having fallen ill on an embassy to the Hague, he obtained his discharge and died at Berlin in 1699.

He wrote verse in a restrained, sober style. He was considered as one of the poets who “produced verse that was specifically aimed at entertaining and flattering princes and high courtiers.” Although he liked making verse in many languages, he never published any of them. Canitz's poems (Nebenstunden unterschiedener Gedichte), which did not appear until after his death (1700), are for the most part dry and stilted imitations of French and Latin models, but they formed a healthy contrast to the coarseness and bombast of the later Silesian poets.

A complete edition of Canitz's poems was published by U. König in 1727; see also L. Fulda, Die Gegner der zweiten schlesischen Schule, ii. (1883).

title: Friedrich von Canitz


text:
Distort Yourself

Distort Yourself is the only studio album by American rock band Institute, led by then-former Bush frontman Gavin Rossdale. Released on September 13, 2005, through Interscope Records, the album was co-produced by Helmet frontman Page Hamilton. The album also produced the single "Bulletproof Skin."

Background and recording
Gavin Rossdale stated in 2017 that Distort Yourself was intended to be the fifth Bush album.

Release and commercial performance
The album was released on September 13, 2005, and debuted at #81 on the Billboard Top 200 Album Charts with first week sales slightly over 12,000. Total U.S. sales as of April 2008 were only 54,000 copies.

"Bulletproof Skin" served as the album's single which reached #26 on both the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart and on the Billboard Modern Rock Chart. It had considerable radio airplay upon release and, in September 2005, was performed live on nearly every late night television program as well as The Tyra Banks Show. The song was featured on the Stealth soundtrack and the video game NHL 06. A music video was also filmed for it, directed by Kevin Kerslake who has done videos for Nirvana and Green Day.

Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews from critics. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine was positive, stating that the album "sounds livelier than anything he's [Rossdale] done since Razorblade Suitcase." Erlewine also added: "Not that it sounds hip, or even particularly relevant to the sound of 2005, but that doesn't matter – Rossdale is carrying along as if nothing has changed, staying true to his vision, and those who have stuck with him will find Institute a nice revitalization for the ever-earnest post-grunge icon." Punknews.org critic Alex Marriott, who described the record as "an enjoyable effort," thought: "It's about time radio-rock got louder, and this could be the album to do that." Chuck Arnold of People responded positively to the album, writing: "the British rocker is letting his inner head-banger fly with a harder sound than anything he ever did with his old group, and though his musical makeover isn't as wildly triumphant as Stefani's dance-pop reinvention, he makes a solid, credible transformation."

Despite criticizing the album's grunge-indebted sound, Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian wrote: "His tendency toward lachrymose semi-poetry is countered by sharp production and some fairly killer choruses. This will brighten every alt-metaller's Christmas." Contactmusic.com critic Alex Lai thought that "many parts of the record is unimaginative and unspectacular, which is frustrating after a promising beginning." musicOMH's Vik Bansal wrote that the album "may not win a prize for originality, but then again it’s hardly lagging behind most of the opposition where that characteristic is concerned."

Track listing
All songs written by Gavin Rossdale, except where noted.
 * 1) "Bulletproof Skin" (Rossdale, Photek) – 4:25
 * 2) "When Animals Attack" – 4:00
 * 3) "Come On Over" – 3:58
 * 4) "Information Age" (Rossdale, Chris Traynor) – 3:42
 * 5) "Wasteland" – 4:18
 * 6) "Boom Box" – 4:36
 * 7) "Seventh Wave" – 4:23
 * 8) "The Heat of Your Love" – 3:33
 * 9) "Ambulances" – 4:35 (feat. Gwen Stefani)
 * 10) "Secrets and Lies" – 4:58
 * 11) "Mountains" – 4:05
 * 12) "Save the Robots" – 4:29

Personnel

 * Gavin Rossdale – vocals, guitar
 * Chris Traynor – guitar
 * Cache Tolman – bass
 * Josh Freese – drums

title: Distort Yourself


text:
Ship to Shore (TV series)

Ship to Shore is an Australian children's television series devised by David Rapsey and written by Glenda Hambly, John Rapsey, Mary Morris, Everett de Roche, Ysabelle Dean, Jon Stephens and others. The program was shown on the ABC and Channel 9 in Australia, on YTV in Canada, and briefly on Nickelodeon in the United States and the United Kingdom.

In September 2014, Greg Carroll, who played the show's bumbling security guard Hermes Endakis, announced he was writing a musical based on his Ship to Shore role.

Synopsis
The show centres around the lives of a group of children living on Circe Island, a fictional island off the coast of Perth, in Western Australia. Three series of the show were shot, one each in 1992, 1993 and 1996. Each episode was 24 minutes long.

The first series features comedy episodes of the children outwitting adults, particularly Hermes Endakis, played by Greg Carroll. The lead roles among the children were played by Clinton Voss, Jodi Herbert, Cleonie Morgon-Wootton and Heath Miller. Later series continued the comic tradition of the first series but included stories with social and environmental issues, particularly in the second series where the children try to stop a big corporation from destroying their island.

All Series

 * Clinton Voss as "Kelvin Crump" (78 episodes, 1993–1996)
 * Kimberley Stark as "Geraldine Crump" (78 episodes, 1993–1996)
 * Francoise Sas as "Amy Docherty" (78 episodes, 1993–1996)
 * Greg Carroll as "Hermes Endakis" (78 episodes, 1993–1996)

Series 1

 * Jodi Herbert as "Julie Jones" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Cleonie Morgan-Wootton as "Bianca "Babe" Keogh" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Heath Miller as "Ralph Knowles" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Ronald Underwood as "Billy Miller" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Christie Pitts as "Sally Johnson" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Ewen Leslie as "Guido" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Eileen Colocott as "Mrs. Crawford" (28 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Brien Fitzsimmons as "Charlie Puckrin" (27 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Louise Miller as "Andrea Selby" (27 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Igor Sas as "Andrew Knowles" (27 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Kate Hall as "Helen" (27 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Xander Allan as "The Gobbler" (12 episodes 1993-1994)
 * Caroline McKenzie as "Susan Crump" (27 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Rosalba Verucci as "Mrs. Bellini" (27 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Rob Hackney as "Gavin Garney" (1993–1994)
 * Michael Loney as "Harry Crump"
 * Michael Tukric as "Derek"

Series 2

 * Jodi Herbert as "Julie Jones" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Cleonie Morgan-Wootton as "Bianca "Babe" Keogh" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Heath Miller as "Ralph Knowles" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Ronald Underwood as "Billy Miller" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Christie Pitts as "Sally Johnson" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Ewen Leslie as "Guido" (52 episodes, 1993–1994)
 * Rob Hackney as "Gavin Garney" (1993–1994)
 * Louise Love as "Louella Docherty"
 * Sara Kotai as "Victoria-Elizabeth Dafoe"
 * Nicola Bartlett as "Rosalind Dafoe"
 * Craig Hayes as "Beanpole"
 * Brett Partridge as "Jake"
 * Michael Turkic as "Derek"
 * Ramsay Mclean as " Louden De Clair"

Series 3

 * Adam Briggs as "Milan Radich"
 * Joshua Crane as "Peter Puckrin" / "PP"
 * Monica Main as "Madeleine Mabbs"
 * Jemma Thomson as "Krystal Mabbs"
 * Heath Bergersen as "Aaron"
 * Benjamin Chow as "Garth Leong"
 * April Locke as "Sandy Leong"
 * John O'Brien as "James Leong"

Production notes
Series one was produced by David Rapsey and Barbi Taylor, series two and three by Barbi Taylor and Paul Barron, who was also the Executive Producer of all three series.

The series was filmed on location in Point Peron and Rockingham (Perth), with shots of Garden Island and the bridge to HMAS Stirling creating the feel of an island. Additional interior classroom filming was performed in Applecross Primary School, Applecross.

The show was produced by Barron Films Limited Production for Australia's ABC, Channel 9 and Ravensburger (Germany) with the support of the Film Finance Corporation of Australia and ScreenWest.

International airings
The series was also distributed internationally having been sold to China, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Poland, Portugal, Latin America, The United Kingdom and The United States.

title: Ship to Shore (TV series)


text:
John Hay (Henley MP)

John Albert Hay (24 November 1919 – 27 January 1998) was a British Conservative politician.

Hay was born in Brighton, Sussex, to John Edward Hay (Mayor of Brighton 1953) and May Hollingdale. He was a brother to author Peter Thomas Hay. He was educated at Brighton, Hove and Sussex Grammar School. He served as a Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Navy during World War II and was invalided out.

He married Beryl Found, the only daughter of Ret. Commander Herbert Found R.N. and Alice Found. They had two children, Victoria (born 1949) and Richard (born 1953). Their marriage ended in divorce.

Hay worked as a solicitor practicing in Brighton and London. He served as Chairman of the Young Conservatives 1947–49 and was elected to Parliament in 1950 as Member for Henley, South Oxfordshire. He became Parliamentary Private Secretary to the President of the Board of Trade, 1951–55, and later served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport from 1959 to 1963 under Ernest Marples, where he introduced parking meters, and as the last Civil Lord of the Admiralty from 1963 to 1964, whereupon the reorganisation of the Ministry of Defence, he became Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Army until the Labour Party won the October 1964 general election.

Hay retired from politics and Parliament in 1974 and married Janet Spruce in 1975. They emigrated to Canada and he died in West Vancouver in 1998.

title: John Hay (Henley MP)


text:
Talk:Distort Yourself

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title: Talk:Distort Yourself


text:
Oldham Loop Line

The Oldham Loop Line was a suburban-line in Greater Manchester, England, used by trains that ran from Manchester Victoria to Rochdale via Oldham Mumps. Services on the line at the time of its closure were operated by Northern Rail.

The line closed on 3 October 2009 for conversion during 2009–2012 to light rail use for Metrolink services; the route now carries trams and is known as the Oldham and Rochdale Line (ORL).

Description
The Oldham Loop diverged from the Caldervale Line at Thorpes Bridge Junction in Newton Heath, Manchester and re-joined it at Rochdale East Junction. The line was 12+1/8 mi long, and was double-track from Thorpes Bridge Junction to Shaw & Crompton, and single-line from Shaw & Crompton to Rochdale East Junction. There were two tunnels on the route between Oldham Werneth and Oldham Central railway stations. There were nine intermediate stations on the route. In the early 1970s the line from Shaw & Crompton to Rochdale was reduced to single track working. This was due to save money on maintenance when services were much reduced.

History
The history of the Oldham Loop Line was intertwined with the early history of railways in the Manchester and Oldham area, and to some extent also with the geography of Oldham which meant that there was no direct Manchester to Oldham line until quite late in the 19th century.

The first railway line to be built in the area was the Manchester and Leeds Railway (M&LR) which opened on 4 July 1839 to Littleborough and throughout on 1 March 1841. Although this line ran close to Rochdale, it missed out Middleton and more importantly Oldham as well. A station was built at Mills Hill to provide a railhead for Middleton and Oldham. This was only intended as a short time measure given that Oldham was already a substantial manufacturing centre by this date. The first railway into Oldham was a branch from Middleton Junction to Oldham Werneth which opened on 31 March 1842. This line included the Werneth Incline which had a gradient of 1 in 27 and was one of the steepest lines in the country regularly used by passenger trains. The situation of the first station in Oldham on the outskirts of town was not entirely satisfactory, and in 1847 the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, the successor to the M&LR, extended the line from Oldham Werneth to a new station at Oldham Mumps. There was also an intermediate station at Oldham Central. The line and the two new stations opened on 1 November 1847.

There was a further extension of the line from Oldham Mumps to Rochdale East Junction on 1 November 1863. This line included stations at Milnrow, New Hey and Shaw & Crompton. A branch off this line to Royton was opened on 21 March 1864, followed on 1 July 1864 by Royton Junction railway station.

The operational problems of the Werneth Incline had led to the consideration of a more direct route from Oldham Werneth to Manchester to bypass it as early as 1848, but it was not until August 1876 that construction of the line began. It took nearly four years to complete, opening on 17 May 1880 along with the stations at Hollinwood and Dean Lane. Failsworth station opened slightly later on 26 April 1881. With the construction of this section of line the whole route from Rochdale East Junction to Thorpes Bridge Junction, Newton Heath was complete and it became known as the Oldham Loop Line.

Closures
The Royton to Royton Junction line was listed for closure by the Beeching Axe of the 1960s. Royton closed to goods services on 2 November 1964 and passenger services on 18 April 1966. Although not mentioned by Beeching, a further closure in the 1960s was Oldham Central which also closed on 18 April 1966.

Royton Junction station, renamed as Royton, stayed open but by the 1980s a replacement for it was being considered. Derker opened on 30 August 1985. For a short period trains stopped at either Derker or Royton, but eventually Royton (formerly Royton Junction) railway station was closed on 8 May 1987. This was the last station closure before the whole of the Oldham Loop Line was closed for conversion to Metrolink.

Passenger train services
The pattern of passenger services over the line was always that all trains from Manchester ran to Oldham Mumps, but fewer continued on to terminate in a bay platform at Rochdale. It was not usual for trains to terminate at Oldham Mumps and instead they ran on to Royton (until its closure in 1966), and subsequently to Shaw & Crompton. While the Middleton Junction to Oldham Werneth line was open there were a few services over that route to Oldham Mumps, Royton or Rochdale. By 1950 this had reduced to a handful of trains per day, and the services over the line reduced further until its closure in early 1963.

During the late 1960s and early 1970s only slightly fewer trains ran from Oldham Mumps to Rochdale, but in May 1972 the Secretary of State for Transport announced that this part of the Oldham Loop would be closed. The closure did not go ahead because what later became the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive (GMPTE) agreed to fund the continuation of services. The involvement of the GMPTE also led to a more frequent pattern of trains serving the Oldham Mumps to Rochdale section.

From 2007 Network Rail made the annual leaf fall timetable permanent year round due to concerns over the condition of the track and performance. Trains were timetabled to connect with the Caldervale Line services to Leeds via Hebden Bridge and Bradford Interchange. All stations and all scheduled train services were operated by Northern Rail and its predecessors. During the week, trains ran every 15 minutes on the route, with express trains leaving Manchester at 00 and 30 minutes past the hour calling at Oldham Mumps, Shaw & Crompton and all stations to Rochdale, and stopping trains calling at all stations between Manchester and Shaw & Crompton, leaving at 15 and 45 minutes past the hour. This skip-stop service gave an effective half hourly service frequency to the stations on the line. During the evenings and on Sundays services were less frequent with an hourly service calling at all stations.

Goods services
At the time of closure the line's sole regular goods service was to the waste management plant next to Dean Lane railway station at the southern end of the Oldham Loop. Usually only a single train a day used this facility. Its current operation is unaffected by the conversion to Metrolink.

Rolling stock
In the period up to closure all passenger services were operated by diesel multiple units, as the line was not electrified. The most common types of unit were Class 142 and Class 150 with occasional Class 153 and Class 156.

Last day events
Events held on 3 October 2009, the last day of operation, included the naming of Class 156 unit no 156 466 as Gracie Fields to commemorate the Oldham Loop Line's 146 years of history. A steam special hauled by locomotive 45231 was the last steam train over the line. It was followed later in the day by a heritage diesel railtour. The last train from Manchester Victoria to Rochdale departed at 23:25.

Metrolink conversion
The Oldham Loop was included in proposals in 1984 for conversion to light rail operation. The proposed Light Rapid Transit system was intended to run from Rochdale via Oldham through Manchester Victoria and across Manchester City Centre via on-street tram lines. The system eventually came into operation in 1992 as Manchester Metrolink. While the Oldham loop line was not included in the first phase of Metrolink, the line is now open, having been converted to Metrolink operation as part of its Phase 3 development.

Work started on the conversion in 2009, after heavy rail services ceased on 3 October 2009. Replacement bus services were planned to operate until the tram service commenced, but lack of patronage led to their withdrawal within months. Pending completion, former rail users had the choice between normal bus services, none of which ran along the complete length of the loop line, or driving to an alternative station. The latter occurred immediately after the Oldham Loop closure, leading to severe overcrowding on the Caldervale line In response TfGM stepped in to pay for the former loop line stock to be used to strengthen Manchester-Rochdale services.

GMPTE originally announced that Metrolink services would be introduced as follows
 * Manchester to Central Park (Monsall) – spring 2011
 * Manchester to Oldham Mumps – autumn 2011
 * Manchester to Rochdale station – spring 2012
 * Manchester to Rochdale station – spring 2012

By summer 2011, the project was running several months behind schedule. The reasons include diversion of resources to other Metrolink extensions to Chorlton and Ashton (themselves badly behind schedule) and issues with the new signalling system proposed for systemwide use. Announced dates for Oldham loop openings were shown on Metrolink's own site as follows on 11 August 2011
 * Manchester to Central Park – winter 2011
 * Manchester to Oldham Mumps via former railway line – spring 2012
 * Manchester to Rochdale station – summer 2012
 * Oldham/ Rochdale street sections – 2014
 * Oldham/ Rochdale street sections – 2014

Transport for Greater Manchester announced during the week commencing 4 June 2012 that the line as far as Oldham Mumps will open to passenger services as an extension of the Manchester Victoria to St Werburgh's Road service on Wednesday 13 June 2012.

Trams finally began running through to Shaw & Crompton on 16 December 2012 and through to Rochdale on 28 February 2013, almost a year later than originally planned. This section has two new stops (at Kingsway and Newbold) and has been re-doubled from Shaw to Rochdale, except for the flyover which takes it across the Calder Valley main line. Trams also began running through to East Didsbury in May 2013, with the commissioning of the South Manchester Line extension from St Werburgh's Road.

The local press have reported a series of complaints about the conversion project and, latterly, the delayed opening dates.

Phase 3B of the expansion project involved constructing a branch between Werneth and Oldham Mumps into Oldham town centre. This was fully operational in 2014. The line between the heavy-rail Oldham Mumps and Oldham Werneth stations has been lifted for re-use in other areas.

Places served
The places served by the Oldham Loop Line in the period immediately before closure were as follows:
 * Dean Lane: for Newton Heath
 * Failsworth
 * Hollinwood
 * Oldham Werneth: for Werneth and Chadderton
 * Oldham Mumps: for Oldham Town Centre
 * Derker
 * Shaw & Crompton
 * Newhey
 * Milnrow

title: Oldham Loop Line


text:
Hygrine

Hygrine is a pyrrolidine alkaloid, found mainly in coca leaves (0.2%). It was first isolated by Carl Liebermann in 1889 (along with a related compound cuscohygrine) as an alkaloid accompanying cocaine in coca. Hygrine is extracted as a thick yellow oil, having a pungent taste and odor.

title: Hygrine


text: User talk:68.92.101.196

title: User talk:68.92.101.196


text: User talk:70.109.135.116

title: User talk:70.109.135.116


text:
Jr. Gone Wild

Jr. Gone Wild is a Canadian country/punk rock band based in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The band toured for a number of years and recorded several albums in the 1980s and 1990s. After disbanding in 1995, the group began performing and recording again in 2013.

History
The band was founded in Edmonton in 1982. Its original members were Mike McDonald, Tom Wolfe, Adele Wolfe, and Bill (Will) Pontez.

They played several gigs in Calgary including The Calgarian Hotel and The National Hotel but after only a few gigs broke up. McDonald eventually took the band and the name back to Edmonton, where he had previously fronted the band Joey Did and the Necrophiliacs, later known as Malibu Kens, (McDonald, Dobek, Scott Alloy, Dennis Lenarduzzi).

The band's next members were Mike McDonald, David Lawson, Dave "Dove" Brown, and Ed Dobek. They recorded their first album, Less Art More Pop, in 1986 on the BYO label.

Dobek and Lawson left the band in 1988. The band continued with McDonald and Brown, Steve Loree and Paul Paetz. The group went on a number of tours and experienced some personnel changes. The band won an Alberta Recording Industry Award for best rock band in 1994.

They recorded several albums, leading up to Simple Little Wish, which was released in early 1995. The band broke up later that year.

They were also associated with Edmonton/Montreal-based band Jerry Jerry and the Sons of Rhythm Orchestra, sharing several members at various junctures. According to a CBC Radio interview in the late 1980s, k.d. lang at one time played with both bands.

Jr. Gone Wild reformed in 2013 and played a reunion show with Mike McDonald, Dove Brown, Steve Loree and drummer Larry Shelast. The band got into legal difficulties after using the Alberta crest as part of their promotional material. The reunion gig was well received and the band started to perform live again, re-released their debut album Less Art More Pop! independently, and recorded a few new songs.

In 2015 NTT Films began filming a feature-length documentary that follows the history of the band, from their first gig through to the present recording sessions and live shows.

In 2015 Jr. Gone Wild performed at the Edmonton Music Awards gala.

In 2016 the song "Cosmos" from the album Less Art More Pop was recorded by Calgary band Napalmpom.

Discography

 * Less Art, More Pop! (1986)
 * Folk You (The Guido Sessions) (1989)
 * Too Dumb to Quit (1990)
 * Pull The Goalie (1992)
 * Simple Little Wish (1995)
 * Live at the Hyperbole (1995) (with Three Dead Trolls in a Baggie)
 * Still Got The Jacket (2021)

title: Jr. Gone Wild


text:
Talk:HANS device

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2021 and 10 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dalejay06.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:54, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Olivier Panis
I just removed the following text, added by an anon:
 * It was considered by some that Olivier Panis' crash in the 1997 Canadian Grand Prix would have been fatal had he been wearing the HANS device. This was mainly because some engineers in Formula 1 felt the HANS device did not suit the different stlye of car design and crash that occurs in european racing.

I think this could be a very positive addition to the article, but it really needs citing. I'd love to see some references for it, if anyone can find some. violet/riga (t) 21:03, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

I really doubt that's true. Panis's accident was confined to a double impact to the side of the car at the pedal box position. Maybe the anon author meant Dinz's crash in the 1999 European GP - where the roll-hoop broke?--Don Speekingleesh 12:33, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

This all seems mute. Formula 1 mandated HANS devices a long time ago. Somethign they woud not have done if they had any concerns about its performance. The FIA have now mandated it in GPS, WRC FIA GT and a whole bunch of other series. Sounds like soemone has sour grapes to me.

A picture?
Does anyone have a picture of this device? It's rather difficult to visualise it from the description. --rossb 19:13, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Not one that we could use here, unfortunately. violet/riga (t) 19:17, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * How about Image:Andy_Priaulx_2007_Curitiba_qualify.jpg? Marc Kupper (talk) (contribs) 16:12, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I just ordered a new HANS today, when it arrives I can take some pictures to upload to commons. I also would like to document some details about helmet post installation, as I've seen some issues with this in SCCA tech recently. Nfgusedautoparts (talk) 00:26, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

A broader entry...
The subject may be better served by beginning with an entry for Head and Neck Systems/Restraints, rather than just one brand. The original head and neck restraint was invented in 1979 by George White, and there are many other products available to racers today.

Gregg Baker, P.E., Isaac, LLC, Isaac

 * Hi Gregg - I've seen your well-informed posts on many other forums, and I'd like to welcome you to Wikipedia. May I suggest you open an account and edit under that account? It will make life easier, trust me :) I certainly think a broader article on head and neck restraints is warranted - Perhaps at "Racing head restraints"? Then HANS device and Isaac (safety device) would be linked from there, along with a Category: Head and neck restraints. FCYTravis 03:44, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Travis,

Thanks for the kind words. I've never contributed to Wikipedia before now, so I'll have to check out the account thing.

I believe your ideas are good. Also, headrestraint.org should be included in any links.

This suggestion makes a lot of sense. The article as constructed gives a muddled picture of the current state of affairs. While HANS is the original device, there are a variety of alternatives and sanctioning bodies generally specify a FIA or SFI certification standard rather than a specific device. When I work SCCA tech, i am looking for the correct FIA or SFI labeling, and not for a brand. Nfgusedautoparts (talk) 23:50, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

The more I think about this, the more I feel there should be a wikipedia page on Head and Neck Restraint systems, rather than this one named HANS, because HANS is a brand. This page could be retained because HANS is the most notable and important of the brands. Nfgusedautoparts (talk) 00:24, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Governor Easley
The Mike Easley story links to a page with a picture of Easley and the damaged car, I would like to see that picture up here, but I don't know how to do it. I think it would be good to show how safe the "HANS device" really is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.136.215.85 (talk) 02:26, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Massa
This article mentions Massa survived Basilar Fracture because of HANS; where was this sourced as there's nothing about fracture on Massa's page. Donmika (talk) 14:25, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with you. It has been widely reported that Massa suffered a fractured skull but nowhere (at least according to my recollection) has stated that it was specifically a basilar fracture.  Indeed, from my understanding it would seem unlikely - being hit by debris from the front is not going to throw the head forward.  In the absence of a reliable source I am snipping that statement. CrispMuncher (talk) 19:41, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

Notable race car drivers who died from Basilar skull fractures
This part should include Ayrton Senna — Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.106.97.252 (talk) 17:59, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

Ayrton Senna died from a number of causes. Skull fractures we one of them. In addition to the skull fractures, a piece of his suspension penetrated his helmet, and part of his upright assembly penetrated his helmet (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Ayrton_Senna#Crash paragraph two). I'm not sure what his official cause of death was, but all of those factors probably would have been fatal by themselves. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.106.97.124 (talk) 17:12, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The cause of death, which was reported by the relevant pathologists to the court in the inquest, was extensive fracturing to the base of the skull - a basilar skull fracture. It should be pointed out though that the cause of this injury was atypical in terms of a HANS device, i.e.; it was not a deceleration injury but caused by leverage against his helmet while the back part of it was wedged hard against the headrest. This information can be found on the Ayrton Senna page. Flanker235 (talk) 10:05, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

Formula One — When?
No specific dates, but it appears sometime between 1995 and 2000 Daimler Chrysler tested HANS on behalf of the FIA.

Ayrton Senna
The cause of death for Ayrton Senna is hotly disputed. There are those who support the (official FIA) notion that he was still alive and required hospitalisation even though there was no prospect of his recovering. There are other independent experts who say that the crush injuries to the base of the skull, consistent with a basilar skull fracture, meant that he died in the car. This is not a case of believing what you like. But the comment that

 * "It should also be noted that whilst Senna sustained a basilar skull fracture, the official cause of death was brain penetration by shrapnel."

is unreferenced and needs to be referenced or removed. There were three potentially fatal head injuries; shrapnel penetration, blunt force trauma, resulting in cerebral edema and a basilar skull fracture. The official report by the Italian authorities make it plain; Senna died of massive injuries to the base of the skull - a basilar skull fracture. This is what was submitted to the inquest into his death. Flanker235 (talk) 13:03, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I note that this request for a citation (on the article page) has been reverted on the basis that someone felt the article was better without the need for it. The article needs verification in line with Wiki's policy on such matters. I fail to see how an article is better without citations. Further to this, the Wiki page on the Death of Ayrton Senna makes some fairly clear points on this, notably that Senna died as a result of extensive fracturing to the base of the cranium. I am not going to go into the details here because they are outside the scope of this discussion but the matter is, at the very least, one of considerable dispute. Anyone who seeks clarification should refer to that page. I respectfully request that anyone who wants to revert this again should at least discuss the matter publicly out of politeness. Thank you. Flanker235 (talk) 03:30, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

FIA & SFI Standards
There should be some discussion of the standards specified by the SFI (38.1) and FIA (FIA 8858-2010) as sanctioning bodies now tend to specify devices meeting these standards, rather than list acceptable brands and models. Nfgusedautoparts (talk) 22:50, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

 * The actual FIA 8858-2010 standard is here https://www.fia.com/fia-standard-8858-2010-frontal-head-restraint-fhr-system-updated-05122012 Nfgusedautoparts (talk) 16:09, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:HANS device


text:
Bohumil Sekla

Bohumil Sekla (16 May 1901 in Bohuslavice – 7 August 1987 in Prague) was a Czechoslovak biologist. He specialised in genetics and was known as an expert in determining parenthood by the biological-hereditary method.

Sekla studied at Charles University in Prague, first history, then psychology and finally biology. After his studies he worked at the university and became one of the founders of modern genetics in Czechoslovakia. During 1933-45 Sekla was the leader of Czechoslovakian eugenic society (Československá eugenická společnost). During the 1950s he needed to defend genetics against Lysenkoism. When this theory got discredited he got the chance to establish and lead modern research institutes (Department of Human and Medical Genetics of the Biological Institute in 1969 and Department of Medical Genetics of the Teaching Hospital in 1970). Due to political activity during Prague Spring Sekla was forced into retirement but he continued to work as physician-specialist until 1985.

title: Bohumil Sekla


text:
Cotton fever

Cotton fever is a condition that indicates as a fever that follows intravenous drug use where cotton is used to filter the drugs. The condition derives from an endotoxin released by the bacteria Pantoea agglomerans which lives in cotton plants.

Etymology
A condition similar to cotton fever was described in the early 1940s among cotton-farm workers. The term cotton fever was coined in 1975 after the syndrome was recognized in intravenous drug users.

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of cotton fever usually appear within 20 minutes after injection, but may come on gradually over the course of a few hours. In addition to fever, they may include headaches, malaise, chills, nausea, extreme joint and muscle pain, a sudden onset of dull, sharp, piercing or burning back and kidney pain, tremors, anxiety, shortness of breath, and tachycardia. The fever itself usually reaches 38.5 - 40.3 C during the full onset. Extreme chills and uncontrollable shivering are common. The symptoms of cotton fever resemble those of sepsis and patients can be initially misdiagnosed upon admission to a hospital.

Diagnosis
Cotton fever may bear resemblance to other bodily infections such as the flu; a culture would be required to determine whether a particular patient has been infected by the specific bacteria (Pantoea agglomerans) that causes true cotton fever. Confusion continues to exist as outdated or inaccurate definitions of the condition, including its causes, remain widespread, especially among intravenous drug users, who are likely to self-diagnose based on local common knowledge.

Although it cannot be ruled out, cotton fever could possibly result from direct introduction of a small cotton fiber or other particulate matter into the bloodstream which may have attached itself to the tip of a used or blunted hypodermic needle. Another possibility is seen by the increased infection rate due to cotton particles introducing bacteria directly into the bloodstream. Cotton fever, or more specifically its symptoms, can also occur from injecting old blood back into the bloodstream. Though doing so doesn’t result in true cotton fever caused by enterobacter agglomerans, it results in presentation of cotton fever’s symptoms; fever, severe chills, myalgia, spasmodic muscles especially those of the neck and back, tachycardia, profuse hidrosis, shortness of breath, lethargy, and fatigue. Intravenous injection of old blood cells can introduce myriad bacterium and/or microbes into one’s bloodstream as old blood, i.e. blood left behind in a previously used syringe, acts as a Petri dish for culturing such micro-organisms; nonetheless, a blood smear and/or culture must be performed to determine the specific pathogenic organism.

Cotton fever has specific symptoms that differentiate it from other ailments: fever, chills, and shortness of breath. In Europe, cotton fever is commonly called "the shakes"—a reference to another common symptom of cotton fever. Those with this ailment often experience violent shaking or shivering.

These symptoms normally occur immediately following an injection, but there are reports of lags of up to an hour in length.

Under most circumstances, cotton fever is quite benign, but it is possible for it to turn into something much more serious, like pneumonia. Normally, however, the symptoms of cotton fever disappear within a few hours.

Treatment
Cotton fever rarely requires medical treatment but is sometimes warranted if the high fever does not break within a few hours of the onset. It will usually resolve itself within a day. Soaking in a warm bath along with a fever reducer can alleviate symptoms. Extreme cases (particularly severe or long-lasting) can be treated with antibiotics.

title: Cotton fever


text:
Talk:Samoan Islands

Untitled
Wouldn't it make sense to have this be, instead of a disambiguation page, a page about the island group as a whole - i.e., both the state of Samoa and American Samoa? john k 21:04, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Good initiative - done thing! =) //Big Adamsky 16:09, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

That made the figure unreadable - Marshman 00:05, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * What did? The thumbnail? //Big Adamsky 00:12, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Revert of May 13th
For the reasons outlined User_talk:Taulapapa, I reverted a large edit to this article and restored the last well-formatted version. The previous edit contained much of value, if it were sourced and properly formatted, but also a good deal of content that overlapped with a number of others, and had major formatting issues. MrZaius talk  12:47, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Girl Scout Cookies
I've removed the comment about Girl Scout cookies which was speculative and inappropriate for a broad article about the Samoan Islands. It's comparable to writing in the article on New Zealand that, "The sheep's wool grown in New Zealand is used to make rugby jumpers for the All Blacks."

Hope that makes sense. Hannybanny (talk) 04:59, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Be cool HannyBanny! SStephens13 (talk • contribs) 07:31, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Lilo and Stitch
Hi. I don't know anything about stereotypes in the US, but in Lilo and Stitch some people refer to this huge shark-like character named Gantu as Samoan. Why is that? The film and series take place on Hawaii if that is any help. Are Samoans very large or something? Mallerd (talk) 10:03, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Apostrophes and other confusing (to me) subtleties of island names
Hey, I just wanted to explain why I had so much trouble with red wikilinks. When I copied text from my document written in MS Works word processor, the apostrophes came over wrong, so Manu'a for example didn't wikilink. Also, the article names for Ta'u and Ofu-Olosega didn't match exactly how I had found the names to be written elsewhere. Finally I got the link to work, all the remaining red links are just not existing articles.--Brambleshire (talk) 19:47, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Sympathy
I am mindful that WP is not a chat room, or a bulletin board or a blog, and that entries should be about “business”.

On the other hand it would feel decidedly odd to me to continue editing on these pages without acknowledging that something terrible has happened there.

So I would like to extend my condolences, for myself and for the WP community, to the people of the Samoas, and to WP editors there. . Moonraker12 (talk) 14:01, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Deleted a POV problem
"Due to colonialism, the Samoa Islands and people were divided by Western powers."

Not only did this blatantly promote the anti-colonial point of view, it was quite incorrect. Due to Western transportation and communication technologies, there is now far more inter-island contact than there was before Western influence. Residents of Upolu can have a real-time videoconference with residents of Tutuila, or take a relatively inexpensive motorboat ride to effect an in-person visit. Hardly the sign of a "divided people"! To call them "divided" trivialized the anguish of people who are truly divided -- such as how the Kim Dynasty has brutally divided the Korean people. 184.99.28.92 (talk) 16:16, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samoan Islands